text: Males increase reproductive success by migrating to a spawning area. The male then initiates building a spawning site to draw in females in the surrounding area. This most likely occurs in small pits with small pebbles to protect the area where eggs are laid. Once females enter, the male wraps around her pectoral fin and body, fertilization occurs, and the female leaves. Around 25-30 eggs are released each fertilization cycle. Often, these reproductive cycles occur in communal nesting sites, where the male controls the territory and protects it from intruders.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: Many fishing mechanisms can be used including fishing lures and live fishing bait. Lures can consist of either spoons or floating minnows. Mackerel, sardines, or other fish can be used for fishing bait.

text: Many fishing mechanisms can be used including

entity_name: Fishing lure

text: fishing lure

text: s and

entity_name: Fishing bait

text: live fishing bait

text: . Lures can consist of either spoons or floating minnows. Mackerel, sardines, or other fish can be used for fishing bait.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

text: For most species, reproduction is seasonal. Ovulation coincides with male fertility. This cycle is usually coupled with seasonal movements that can be observed in many species. Most toothed whales have no fixed bonds. In many species, females choose several partners during a season. Baleen whales are largely monogamous within each reproductive period.

text: For most species, reproduction is seasonal.

entity_name: Ovulation

text: Ovulation

text: coincides with male

entity_name: Fertility

text: fertility

text: . This cycle is usually coupled with seasonal movements that can be observed in many species. Most toothed whales have no fixed bonds. In many species, females choose several partners during a season. Baleen whales are largely

entity_name: Monogamy

text: monogamous

text: within each reproductive period.

text: Each rod is sized to the fish being sought, the wind and water conditions and also to a particular weight of line: larger and heavier line sizes will cast heavier, larger flies. Fly rods come in a wide variety of line sizes, from size #000 to #0 rods for the smallest freshwater trout and pan fish up to and including #16 rods for large saltwater game fish. Fly rods tend to have a single, large-diameter line guide (called a stripping guide), with a number of smaller looped guides (aka snake guides) spaced along the rod to help control the movement of the relatively thick fly line. To prevent interference with casting movements, most fly rods usually have little or no butt section (handle) extending below the fishing reel. However, the Spey rod, a fly rod with an elongated rear handle, is often used for fishing either large rivers for salmon and Steelhead or saltwater surf casting, using a two-handed casting technique.

text: Each rod is sized to the fish being sought, the wind and water conditions and also to a particular weight of line: larger and heavier line sizes will cast heavier, larger flies. Fly rods come in a wide variety of line sizes, from size #000 to #0 rods for the smallest freshwater trout and pan fish up to and including #16 rods for large saltwater game fish. Fly rods tend to have a single, large-diameter line guide (called a stripping guide), with a number of smaller looped guides (aka snake guides) spaced along the rod to help control the movement of the relatively thick

entity_name: Fly fishing

text: fly line

text: . To prevent interference with casting movements, most fly rods usually have little or no butt section (

entity_name: Handle

text: handle

text: ) extending below the

entity_name: Fishing reel

text: fishing reel

text: . However, the

entity_name: Spey casting

text: Spey rod

text: , a fly rod with an elongated rear handle, is often used for fishing either large rivers for

entity_name: Salmon

text: salmon

text: and

entity_name: Rainbow trout

text: Steelhead

text: or saltwater

entity_name: Surf fishing

text: surf casting

text: , using a two-handed casting technique.

text: Fishing is probably oldest and one of the important activity of humankind. Ancient remains of spears, hooks and fishnet have been found in ruins of the Stone Age. The people of the early civilisation drew pictures of nets and fishing lines in their arts (Parker 2002). Early hooks were made from the upper bills of eagles and from bones, shells, horns and thorns of plant. Spears were tipped with the same materials, or some times with flints. Lines and nets were made from leaves, plant stalk and cocoon silk. Ancient fishing nets were rough in design and material but they were amazingly, as if some now use (Parker 2002). Literature on the indigenous fishing practices is very scanty. Baines (1992) documented traditional fisheries in the Solomon Island. Use of the herbal fish poisons in catching fishes from fresh water and sea documented from New Caledonia (Dahl 1985). John (1998) documented fishing techniques and overall life style of the Mukkuvar fishing Community of Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. Tribal people using various plants for medicinal and various purposes (Rai et al. 2000; Singh et al. 1997; Lin 2005) extends the use notion for herbal fish stupefying plants. Use of the fish poisons is very old practice in the history of human kind. In 1212 AD King Frederick II prohibited the use of certain plant piscicides, and by the fifteenth century similar laws had been decreed in other European countries as well (Wilhelm 1974). All over the globe, indigenous people use various fish poisons to kill the fishes, documented in America (Jeremy 2002) and among Tarahumara Indian (Gajdusek 1954).An ecological niche refers to the way in which a species utilises the resources of its environment and its relation to other species in the biological community. In biological community, no two coexisting species share the same niche. Similarly, no two coexisting castes have the same traditional niche in rural India; their niches are so differentiated as to preempt excessive competition for the same resources (Gadgil 2001a). The concept of the ecological niche has been used in a number of ways in anthropology: as a specialized part of human society, as synonymous with culture, and as a segment of the habitat (Donald 1972). Indian society is an agglomeration of several thousand endogamous groups or castes each with a restricted geographical range and a hereditarily determine mode of subsistence. These reproductively isolated castes may be compared to biological species, and the society thought of as a biological community with each caste having its specific ecological niche (Gadgil and Malhotra 1983).

method: UNH-qee

text: Bait fish can also be contrasted with feeder fish. Feeder fish is a term used particularly in the context of fish aquariums. It refers essentially the same concept, small fish that are eaten by larger fish, but adapted for use in a different context.

text: Bait fish can also be contrasted with

entity_name: Feeder fish

text: feeder fish

text: . Feeder fish is a term used particularly in the context of fish

entity_name: Aquarium

text: aquarium

text: s. It refers essentially the same concept, small fish that are eaten by larger fish, but adapted for use in a different context.

text: Slow reproduction and growth make tautog more vulnerable to overfishing. The species is managed by focusing on reducing fishing mortality rates, as well as restrictions on gear, size limits, possession limits, and limited fishing seasons. At present, the Blue Ocean Institute recommends that consumers avoid eating this fish because the populations are at low levels that are not considered sustainable.

text: Slow reproduction and growth make tautog more vulnerable to overfishing. The species is managed by focusing on reducing fishing mortality rates, as well as restrictions on gear, size limits, possession limits, and limited fishing seasons. At present, the

entity_name: Blue Ocean Institute

text: Blue Ocean Institute

text: recommends that consumers avoid eating this fish because the populations are at low levels that are not considered sustainable.

text: From the 1980s to the present day, laws and regulations on fishing have been much stricter. Today there are restrictions on vessels and gear and on the number of days fishing fleets are allowed to be out at sea. This has created an atmosphere of intense competition between fishermen and regulators, which has translated into “ghost fishing” and increased numbers of “bycatch” or "bykill". For example, when regulators made the fishing season shorter, fishermen responded by increasing the size of their fishing fleets and by using more powerful ships. Incentive structures are set up so that fishermen are compelled to take drastic and irresponsible measures to ensure a catch. In efforts to maximize their earnings with increasing restrictions on fishing, many fishermen put out more hooks, lines and nets. Fouled gear is cut adrift and less selective gear is used and instances of bycatch grow dramatically. Often, fishermen exceed their catch limits and fish populations decrease faster than they can be replenished which has resulted in crashing fish stock.

text: From the 1980s to the present day, laws and regulations on fishing have been much stricter. Today there are restrictions on vessels and gear and on the number of days fishing fleets are allowed to be out at sea. This has created an atmosphere of intense competition between fishermen and regulators, which has translated into “

entity_name: Ghost net

text: ghost fishing

text: ” and increased numbers of “

entity_name: Bycatch

text: bycatch

text: ” or "

text: bykill

text: ". For example, when regulators made the fishing season shorter, fishermen responded by increasing the size of their fishing fleets and by using more powerful ships. Incentive structures are set up so that fishermen are compelled to take drastic and irresponsible measures to ensure a catch. In efforts to maximize their earnings with increasing restrictions on fishing, many fishermen put out more hooks, lines and nets. Fouled gear is cut adrift and less selective gear is used and instances of bycatch grow dramatically. Often, fishermen exceed their catch limits and fish populations decrease faster than they can be replenished which has resulted in crashing fish stock.

text: The breeding size is . Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod, editor of Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine, and Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, retired curator of fishes at the Smithsonian Institution, wrote that the breeding of this species is a problem, since the species is nearly identical to Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus and is difficult to spawn.

text: The breeding size is . Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod, editor of

entity_name: Tropical Fish Hobbyist

text: Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine

text: , and Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, retired curator of fishes at the

entity_name: Smithsonian Institution

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: , wrote that the breeding of this species is a problem, since the species is nearly identical to

entity_name: Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus

text: Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus

text: and is difficult to spawn.

text: The breathings (rough and smooth breathing) and accents (see e.g. Greek diacritics) are given fully and usually correctly. The breathings are indicated by sigla ⊢ and ⊣, often used in codices from the 9th and 10th century. In some cases breathings are given incorrectly (e.g. Matthew 9,7.16).

text: The breathings (

entity_name: Rough breathing

text: rough

text: and

entity_name: Smooth breathing

text: smooth breathing

text: ) and accents (see e.g.

entity_name: Greek diacritics

text: Greek diacritics

text: ) are given fully and usually correctly. The breathings are indicated by sigla ⊢ and ⊣, often used in codices from the 9th and 10th century. In some cases breathings are given incorrectly (e.g. Matthew 9,7.16).

method: UNH-ecn

text: The act of taking a breath is controlled by the respiratory center of the brain, which decides the characteristics of each breath, timing and size. The respiratory center sends a signal along the phrenic nerve, excites the diaphragm muscle cells, leading to muscle contraction and descent of the diaphragm dome. As a result, the pressure in the airway drops, causing an inflow of air into the lungs.

text: The maximum size for this fish is  but usually grows up to . It is diamond shaped with yellow fins. The colouration of this fish is silver.

text: The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping scales. Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca. They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.

text: The bony fish lineage shows more

entity_name: Synapomorphy

text: derived

text: anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an

entity_name: Operculum (fish)

text: operculum

text: , and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping

entity_name: Fish scale

text: scales

text: . Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca. They mostly

entity_name: Spawn (biology)

text: spawn

text: a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.

text: The development of the fish from juvenile to adult is dependent on the system of hierarchy, and can be described as density-dependent. There is aggression involved in these small families although usually not between the male and the females. The aggression usually exists between the males. The largest male will suppress the development of the next smallest male and the cycle continues until the smallest fish is evicted from the host anemone. Within each anemone, the regulation of the species is controlled by the female, since the amount of space for fish in her anemone is directly proportional to her size (which eventually reaches a maximum), so she ultimately controls the size of the other fish. Amphiprion percula are very competitive fish and this causes the smaller fish to have a stunted growth. There is the potential for a fish to ascend in rank by contesting its dominant. This depends on the relative body sizes of the two fish, and is very unlikely to happen since A. percula maintain well-defined size differences between adjacent individuals  in rank. However, in an aquarium, this fish is peaceful, and it can live in an aquarium environment well.

text: The development of the fish from juvenile to adult is dependent on the system of hierarchy, and can be described as density-dependent. There is aggression involved in these small families although usually not between the male and the females. The aggression usually exists between the males. The largest male will suppress the development of the next smallest male and the cycle continues until the smallest fish is evicted from the host anemone. Within each anemone, the regulation of the species is controlled by the female, since the amount of space for fish in her anemone is directly proportional to her size (which eventually reaches a maximum), so she ultimately controls the size of the other fish.

entity_name: Orange clownfish

text: Amphiprion percula

text: are very competitive fish and this causes the smaller fish to have a stunted growth. There is the potential for a fish to ascend in rank by contesting its dominant. This depends on the relative body sizes of the two fish, and is very unlikely to happen since A. percula maintain well-defined size differences between adjacent individuals  in rank. However, in an

text: aquarium

text: , this fish is peaceful, and it can live in an aquarium environment well.

text: Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

text: Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of

entity_name: Organochloride

text: chlorinated organic compounds

text: , including chlorinated

entity_name: Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

text: dioxins

text: . Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the

entity_name: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: . Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

text: Excavations may be simple depressions dug up in the substrate, such as the nests of bowfin, smallmouth bass, and Pacific salmon, but it can also consist of fairly large burrows used for shelter and for nesting. Burrowing species include the mudskippers, the red band-fish Cepola rubescens (burrows up to 1 m deep, often with a side branch), the yellowhead jawfish Opistognathus aurifrons (chambers up to 22 cm deep, lined with coral fragments to solidify it), the convict blenny Pholidichthys leucotaenia  whose burrow is a maze of tunnels and chambers thought to be as much as 6 m long, and the Nicaragua cichlid, Hypsophrys nicaraguensis, who drills a tunnel by spinning inside of it.  In the case of the mudskippers, the burrows are shaped like a J and can be as much as 2 m deep. Two species, the giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri and the walking goby Scartelaos histophorus, build a special chamber at the bottom of their burrows into which they carry mouthfuls of air. Once released the air accumulates at the top of the chamber and forms a reserve from which the fish can breathe – like all amphibious fishes, mudskippers are good air breathers. If researchers experimentally extract air from the special chambers, the fish diligently replenish it. The significance of this behaviour stems from the facts that at high tide, when water covers the mudflats, the fish stay in their burrow to avoid predators, and water inside the confined burrow is often poorly oxygenated. At such times these air-breathing fishes can tap into the air reserve of their special chambers .

text: Excavations may be simple depressions dug up in the substrate, such as the nests of

entity_name: Bowfin

text: bowfin

entity_name: Smallmouth bass

text: smallmouth bass

text: , and

entity_name: Oncorhynchus

text: Pacific salmon

text: , but it can also consist of fairly large burrows used for shelter and for nesting. Burrowing species include the mudskippers, the

entity_name: Cepola

text: red band-fish

text: Cepola rubescens (burrows up to 1 m deep, often with a side branch), the

entity_name: Yellowhead jawfish

text: yellowhead jawfish

text: Opistognathus aurifrons (chambers up to 22 cm deep, lined with coral fragments to solidify it), the

entity_name: Pholidichthys leucotaenia

text: convict blenny

text: Pholidichthys leucotaenia  whose burrow is a maze of tunnels and chambers thought to be as much as 6 m long, and the Nicaragua cichlid,

entity_name: Hypsophrys nicaraguensis

text: Hypsophrys nicaraguensis

text: , who drills a tunnel by spinning inside of it.  In the case of the mudskippers, the burrows are shaped like a J and can be as much as 2 m deep. Two species, the

entity_name: Giant mudskipper

text: giant mudskipper

text: Periophthalmodon schlosseri and the walking goby Scartelaos histophorus, build a special chamber at the bottom of their burrows into which they carry mouthfuls of air. Once released the air accumulates at the top of the chamber and forms a reserve from which the fish can breathe – like all amphibious fishes, mudskippers are good air breathers. If researchers experimentally extract air from the special chambers, the fish diligently replenish it. The significance of this behaviour stems from the facts that at high tide, when water covers the mudflats, the fish stay in their burrow to avoid predators, and water inside the confined burrow is often poorly oxygenated. At such times these air-breathing fishes can tap into the air reserve of their special chambers .

text: Voracious and opportunistic in feeding habits, the blotchy swellshark is known to consume numerous types of fishes and invertebrates, including an unusually high diversity of cartilaginous fishes. Like other Cephaloscyllium species, it is capable of rapidly inflating its body as a defense against predators. This species is oviparous, with females laying encapsulated eggs two at a time. There is no well-defined breeding season and reproduction occurs year-round. The eggs hatch after approximately one year. The blotchy swellshark is harmless and fares well in captivity. It is caught as bycatch in commercial bottom trawls, though its population does not seem to have suffered from fishing activity. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) presently lacks sufficient information to assess its conservation status.

text: Voracious and opportunistic in feeding habits, the blotchy swellshark is known to consume numerous types of

entity_name: Fish

text: fish

text: es and

entity_name: Invertebrate

text: invertebrate

text: s, including an unusually high diversity of

entity_name: Chondrichthyes

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es. Like other Cephaloscyllium species, it is capable of rapidly inflating its body as a defense against predators. This species is

entity_name: Oviparity

text: oviparous

text: , with females laying

entity_name: Egg case (Chondrichthyes)

text: encapsulated

text: eggs two at a time. There is no well-defined

entity_name: Seasonal breeder

entity_section: Breeding season

text: breeding season

text: and reproduction occurs year-round. The eggs hatch after approximately one year. The blotchy swellshark is harmless and fares well in captivity. It is caught as

text: bycatch

text: in

entity_name: Commercial fishing

text: commercial

entity_name: Bottom trawling

text: bottom trawl

text: s, though its population does not seem to have suffered from fishing activity. The

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: (IUCN) presently lacks sufficient information to assess its conservation status.

text: In common with many other channichthyid fishes, reproduction in Chionodraco hamatus involves laying eggs in a nest and parental guarding. Similar morphological features suggest that at least Chionodraco rastrospinosus has similar reproductive behaviours.

text: In common with many other

entity_name: Channichthyidae

text: channichthyid

text: fishes, reproduction in

entity_name: Chionodraco hamatus

text: Chionodraco hamatus

text: involves laying eggs in a nest and parental guarding. Similar morphological features suggest that at least

entity_name: Chionodraco rastrospinosus

text: Chionodraco rastrospinosus

text: has similar reproductive behaviours.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: Sport harvesting of red abalone is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, only nine of which may be taken south of Mendocino County. Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of the San Francisco Bay. A size minimum of  measured across the shell is in place.  A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time.

text: Sport harvesting of

entity_name: Haliotis rufescens

text: red abalone

text: is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, only nine of which may be taken south of

entity_name: Mendocino County, California

text: Mendocino County

text: . Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of the

entity_name: San Francisco Bay

text: San Francisco Bay

text: . A size minimum of  measured across the shell is in place.  A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time.

text: Elacatinus, also widely known as neon gobies, also exhibit social monogamy. Hetereosexual pairs of fish belonging to the genus Elacatinus remain closely associated during both reproductive and non-reproductive periods, and often reside in same cleaning station to serve client fish.

entity_name: Elacatinus

text: Elacatinus

text: , also widely known as neon gobies, also exhibit social monogamy. Hetereosexual pairs of fish belonging to the genus Elacatinus remain closely associated during both reproductive and non-reproductive periods, and often reside in same cleaning station to serve client fish.

text: The Mount Emu system is a very popular fishing stream with residents and visitors along its course, where trophy sized trout can be pursued. The creek is regularly stocked with brown trout from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (with the assistance of the Terang Angling Club.) There is also a small population of native brown trout. Trophy size trout are there to be taken but most fish average around . Some of the more popular spots to be fished are McKinnons bridge, Castlecary Road bridge, Ayresford Road and Panmure bridge. Other fish to be caught include redfin, eels, tench, tupong and black fish.

text: The Mount Emu system is a very popular fishing stream with residents and visitors along its course, where trophy sized trout can be pursued. The creek is regularly stocked with

entity_name: Brown trout

text: brown trout

text: from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (with the assistance of the Terang Angling Club.) There is also a small population of native brown trout. Trophy size trout are there to be taken but most fish average around . Some of the more popular spots to be fished are McKinnons bridge, Castlecary Road bridge, Ayresford Road and Panmure bridge. Other fish to be caught include redfin,

entity_name: Eel

text: eel

text: s,

entity_name: Tench

text: tench

entity_name: Pseudaphritis urvillii

text: tupong

text: and black fish.

text: Many of the animals found in our world can also be found in Narnia. In addition, there are talking versions of most of these animals. When Aslan breathed upon the first animal pairs, some not only gained thought and speech, but changed in size as well. Smaller animals (rodents, birds and small mammals) are larger than their non-talking relatives and larger animals are slightly smaller. Talking beasts can be divided into three main categories: Avian, Mammal, and Reptile. There are no talking fish or insects.

text: Many of the animals found in our world can also be found in Narnia. In addition, there are talking versions of most of these animals. When

entity_name: Aslan

text: Aslan

text: breathed upon the first animal

entity_name: PAIRS Foundation

text: pairs

text: , some not only gained thought and speech, but changed in size as well. Smaller animals (

entity_name: Rodent

text: rodents

entity_name: Bird

text: birds

text: and small

entity_name: Mammal

text: mammals

text: ) are larger than their non-talking

entity_name: Kinship

text: relatives

text: and larger animals are slightly smaller. Talking beasts can be divided into three main categories:

text: Avian

text: Mammal

text: , and

entity_name: Reptile

text: Reptile

text: . There are no talking

text: fish

text: or

entity_name: Insect

text: insects

text: Currently, the system comprises 70 national fish hatcheries, 9 fish health centers, 7 fish technology centers, and a historic national fish hatchery. National fish hatcheries are located in 35 states and produce more than 60 different species of fish.

text: Currently, the system comprises

entity_name: List of National Fish Hatcheries in the United States

text: 70 national fish hatcheries

text: , 9 fish health centers, 7 fish technology centers, and a historic national fish hatchery. National fish hatcheries are located in 35 states and produce more than 60 different species of fish.

text: Although it has been previously thought that fish of this species lack teeth, it has been found that they have very reduced teeth. As the fish grows, teeth on the upper jaw are lost due to damage, while teeth on the lower jaw are overgrown by the surrounding bone. It has been suggested that this species exhibits pedomorphosis, that is, they retain many juvenile traits into adulthood. Some of these include an absence of a dorsal fin spine and a reduced number of ribs. S. auritus reaches a length of about 17.5  centimetres (6.9 in) TL.

text: Although it has been previously thought that fish of this species lack teeth, it has been found that they have very reduced teeth. As the fish grows, teeth on the upper jaw are lost due to damage, while teeth on the lower jaw are overgrown by the surrounding bone. It has been suggested that this species exhibits

text: pedomorphosis

text: , that is, they retain many juvenile traits into adulthood. Some of these include an absence of a

text: dorsal fin spine

text: and a reduced number of

text: rib

text: s. S. auritus reaches a length of about 17.5

text: centimetre

text: s (6.9

text: in

text: TL

text: A common variation on the animal-mask theme is the composition of several distinct animal traits in a single mask, sometimes along with human traits. Merging distinct animal traits together is sometimes a means to represent unusual, exceptional virtue or high status. For example, the Poro secret societies of the Senufo people of the Ivory Coast have masks that celebrate the exceptional power of the society by merging three different "danger" symbols: antelope horns, crocodile teeth, and warthog fangs. Another well-known example is that of kifwebe masks of the Songye people (Congo basin), that mix the stripes of a zebra (or okapi), the teeth of a crocodile, the eyes of a chameleon, the mouth of an aardvark, the crest of a rooster, the feathers of an owl and more.

text: A common variation on the animal-mask theme is the composition of several distinct animal traits in a single mask, sometimes along with human traits. Merging distinct animal traits together is sometimes a means to represent unusual, exceptional virtue or high status. For example, the Poro

text: secret societies

text: of the

text: Senufo people

text: of the Ivory Coast have masks that celebrate the exceptional power of the society by merging three different "danger" symbols: antelope horns, crocodile teeth, and warthog fangs. Another well-known example is that of kifwebe masks of the

text: Songye people

text: Congo basin

text: ), that mix the stripes of a

text: zebra

text: (or

text: okapi

text: ), the teeth of a

text: crocodile

text: , the eyes of a

text: chameleon

text: , the mouth of an

text: aardvark

text: , the crest of a rooster, the feathers of an

text: owl

text: and more.

text: The reservoir is public and is a fishing spot. A fishing license is required to fish on the reservoir.

text: Various species of this genus represent minor local fisheries in their ranges, with many having commercial importance. Fish are taken by a variety of methods including seine, gill and cast nets as well as by line. Recreational fishing for the is common, especially in Australia where they are valued as food fish or for live bait for larger species. Estuarine aquaculture in India, Japan and Taiwan has utilized sillagos as an important species and similar trials have been conducted in Australia. They can be very delicious when deep fried.

text: Various species of this genus represent minor local

text: fisheries

text: in their ranges, with many having commercial importance. Fish are taken by a variety of methods including

text: seine

text: gill

text: and

text: cast net

text: s as well as by

text: line

text: Recreational fishing

text: for the is common, especially in Australia where they are valued as

text: food fish

text: or for

text: live bait

text: for larger species. Estuarine

text: aquaculture

text: in

text: India

text: Japan

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: has utilized sillagos as an important species and similar trials have been conducted in Australia. They can be very delicious when deep fried.

text: Bony fishes form a taxonomic group called Osteichthyes. They have skeletons made of bone, and can be contrasted with cartilaginous fishes which have skeletons made of cartilage. Bony fishes are divided into ray-finned and lobe-finned fish. Most fish are ray-finned, an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of over 30,000 species. It is  the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant. Nowadays they are mainly extinct, with only eight living species. Bony fish have fin spines and rays called lepidotrichia. They typically have swim bladders, which allows the fish to create a neutral balance between sinking and floating without having to use its fins. However, these are absent in many species, and have developed into primitive lungs in the lungfishes. Bony fishes also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without having to use fins to swim.

text: Bony fish

text: es form a

text: taxonomic

text: group called Osteichthyes. They have skeletons made of bone, and can be contrasted with

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es which have skeletons made of

text: cartilage

text: . Bony fishes are divided into

text: ray-finned

text: and

text: lobe-finned fish

text: . Most fish are ray-finned, an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of over 30,000 species. It is  the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. In the distant past, lobe-finned fish were abundant. Nowadays they are mainly extinct, with only eight living species. Bony fish have fin spines and rays called lepidotrichia. They typically have

text: swim bladder

text: s, which allows the fish to create a neutral balance between sinking and floating without having to use its fins. However, these are absent in many species, and have developed into primitive lungs in the lungfishes. Bony fishes also have an

text: operculum

text: , which helps them breathe without having to use fins to swim.

text: Such lures are often designed to resemble smaller creatures that would normally be considered as food for the target fish species. (They are painted to look like the prey of the target species; usually smaller fish, frogs, or insects.) One of the key features of the topwater lure is the "action" that it imparts as it travels along the water's surface. The more effective lures have an action that closely resembles that of the actual living creature. The lure is typically fitted with one of more fish hooks (usually treble hooks) to hook the target fish as it strikes the lure. Variations exist that include internal rattles to generate sound that might be similar to the sounds created by the actual, live creature being emulated. some also include small light sources such as LEDs that might be battery powered. There are also jointed bodies, moving eyes, holographic finishes, etc. all of which are incorporated to encourage the target species to strike the lure. The lure is normally attached to the end of a fishing line that is attached to a fishing rod and reel and is cast into areas where the target species might be found and "worked" skillfully within that are to encourage strikes. This type of fishing is considered by many to one of the more exciting methods used to catch fish. A frequent mistake when fishing topwater lures is to initiate the hookset immediately upon seeing the fish strike the lure. In many species, especially bass, it is important to wait a few seconds before initiating the hookset to ensure that the lure is in the best position in the fish's mouth to optimize the chances of a successful hooking. Black bass, spotted seatrout, ladyfish, redfish, bluefish, tarpon, bonefish, barracuda, & pickerel are examples of fish that might be taken by the topwater approach.

text: Such lures are often designed to resemble smaller creatures that would normally be considered as food for the target fish species. (They are painted to look like the prey of the target species; usually smaller fish,

text: frog

text: s, or

text: insect

text: s.) One of the key features of the topwater lure is the "action" that it imparts as it travels along the water's surface. The more effective lures have an action that closely resembles that of the actual living creature. The lure is typically fitted with one of more

text: fish hook

text: s (usually treble hooks) to hook the target fish as it strikes the lure. Variations exist that include internal rattles to generate sound that might be similar to the sounds created by the actual, live creature being emulated. some also include small light sources such as

text: LEDs

text: that might be battery powered. There are also jointed bodies, moving eyes,

text: holographic

text: finishes, etc. all of which are incorporated to encourage the target species to strike the lure. The lure is normally attached to the end of a

text: fishing line

text: that is attached to a

text: fishing rod

text: and

text: reel

text: and is cast into areas where the target species might be found and "worked" skillfully within that are to encourage strikes. This type of fishing is considered by many to one of the more exciting methods used to catch fish. A frequent mistake when fishing topwater lures is to initiate the

text: hookset

text: immediately upon seeing the fish strike the lure. In many species, especially bass, it is important to wait a few seconds before initiating the hookset to ensure that the lure is in the best position in the fish's mouth to optimize the chances of a successful hooking.

text: Black bass

text: spotted seatrout

text: ladyfish

text: redfish

text: bluefish

text: tarpon

text: bonefish

text: barracuda

text: pickerel

text: are examples of fish that might be taken by the topwater approach.

text: Many hypoxic environments never reach the level of anoxia and most fish are able to cope with this stress using different physiological and behavioural strategies.  Fish that use air breathing organs (ABO) tend to live in environments with highly variable oxygen content and rely on aerial respiration during times when there is not enough oxygen to support water-breathing.  Though all teleosts have some form of swim bladder, many of them are not capable of breathing air, and they rely on aquatic surface respiration as a supply of more oxygenated water at the surface of the water.  However, many species of teleost fish are obligate water breathers and do not display either of these surface respiratory behaviours.

text: Many hypoxic environments never reach the level of

text: anoxia

text: and most fish are able to cope with this stress using different

text: physiological

text: and behavioural strategies.  Fish that use air breathing organs (ABO) tend to live in environments with highly variable oxygen content and rely on aerial respiration during times when there is not enough oxygen to support water-breathing.  Though all

text: teleosts

text: have some form of

text: swim bladder

text: , many of them are not capable of breathing air, and they rely on aquatic surface respiration as a supply of more oxygenated water at the surface of the water.  However, many species of teleost fish are obligate water breathers and do not display either of these surface respiratory behaviours.

text: Characteristic fish species are:

text: Characteristic fish species are:

text: The  is an illustrated Japanese leishu encyclopedia published in 1712 in the Edo period. It consists of 105 volumes in 81 books. Its compiler was Terashima or Terajima (), a doctor from Osaka. It describes and illustrates various activities of daily life, such as carpentry and fishing, as well as plants and animals, and constellations. As seen from the title of the book (和 (wa), which means Japan and (漢 (kan), which means China), Terajima's idea was based on a Chinese encyclopedia, specifically the Ming work Sancai Tuhui ("Pictorial..." or "Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers") by Wang Qi (1607), known in Japan as the . Reproductions of the Wakan Sansai Zue are still in print in Japan.

text: The  is an illustrated

text: Japan

text: ese

text: leishu

text: encyclopedia published in 1712 in the

text: Edo period

text: . It consists of 105 volumes in 81 books. Its compiler was

text: Terashima

text: or

text: Terajima

text: (), a doctor from

text: Osaka

text: . It describes and illustrates various activities of daily life, such as

text: carpentry

text: and

text: fishing

text: , as well as

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: , and

text: constellations

text: . As seen from the title of the book (

text: 和 (wa)

text: , which means Japan and (

text: 漢 (kan)

text: , which means China), Terajima's idea was based on a

text: Chinese encyclopedia

text: , specifically the

text: Ming

text: work

text: Sancai Tuhui

text: ("Pictorial..." or "Illustrated Compendium of the Three Powers") by

text: Wang Qi

text: (1607), known in Japan as the . Reproductions of the Wakan Sansai Zue are still in print in Japan.

text: Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. The two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce DNA replication and the creation of a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) joins up so that homologous chromosome sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in human reproduction each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual organism in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.

text: Sexual reproduction is a form of

text: reproduction

text: where two

text: morphologically

text: distinct types of specialized reproductive

text: cells

text: called

text: gamete

text: s fuse together, involving a female's large

text: ovum

text: (or egg) and a male's smaller

text: sperm

text: . Each gamete contains half the number of

text: chromosome

text: s of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of

text: cell division

text: , which only occurs in

text: eukaryotic

text: cells, known as

text: meiosis

text: . The two gametes fuse during

text: fertilization

text: to produce

text: DNA replication

text: and the creation of a single-celled

text: zygote

text: which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called

text: genetic recombination

text: , genetic material (

text: DNA

text: ) joins up so that

text: homologous chromosome

text: sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in

text: human reproduction

text: each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual

text: organism

text: in

text: multicellular organism

text: s, including

text: animal

text: s and

text: plant

text: s, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.

text: Cironka () is a traditional Macedonian dish. It originates from Prespa region. This dish is made from common bleak. The fresh fish are salted with a lot of salt until they become whitish. Then, the fish are left in a bowl for six to seven days. The bowl must be covered and except the fish, we can put some nettle. After that, the fish are threaded and they're left to dry on sunny weather, until they get hard. Then the fish are fried on both sides, and placed in hot water to become less salty. The fish are served with some peppermint, oil, vinegar and garlic.

text: Cironka () is a traditional

text: Macedonian

text: dish. It originates from

text: Prespa

text: region. This dish is made from

text: common bleak

text: . The fresh fish are salted with a lot of salt until they become whitish. Then, the fish are left in a bowl for six to seven days. The bowl must be covered and except the fish, we can put some

text: nettle

text: . After that, the fish are threaded and they're left to dry on sunny weather, until they get hard. Then the fish are fried on both sides, and placed in hot water to become less salty. The fish are served with some

text: peppermint

text: oil

text: vinegar

text: and

text: garlic

text: Skin breathing, known as cutaneous respiration, is common in fish and amphibians, and occur both in and out of water. In some animals waterproof barriers impede the exchange of gases through the skin. For example, keratin in human skin, the scales of reptiles, and modern proteinaceous fish scales impede the exchange of gases. However, early tetrapods had scales made of highly vascularized bone covered with skin. For this reason, it is thought that early tetrapods could engage some significant amount of skin breathing.

text: Skin breathing, known as

text: cutaneous respiration

text: , is common in fish and amphibians, and occur both in and out of water. In some animals waterproof barriers impede the exchange of gases through the skin. For example, keratin in human skin, the scales of reptiles, and modern proteinaceous fish scales impede the exchange of gases. However, early tetrapods had scales made of highly vascularized bone covered with skin. For this reason, it is thought that early tetrapods could engage some significant amount of skin breathing.

text: Fishing styles and gear used in the pursuit of blue marlin vary, depending on the size of blue marlin common to the area, the size of fish being targeted, local sea conditions, and often local tradition. The main methods used by sport fishermen are fishing with artificial lures, rigged natural baits, or live bait.

text: Fishing styles and gear used in the pursuit of blue marlin vary, depending on the size of blue marlin common to the area, the size of fish being targeted, local sea conditions, and often local tradition. The main methods used by sport fishermen are fishing with

text: artificial lures

text: , rigged natural

text: baits

text: , or

text: live bait

text: Helium as a breathing gas has no narcotic properties, so helium mixtures such as trimix, heliox and heliair are used for deep diving to reduce the effects of narcosis, which worsen with increasing depth. As pressure increases with depth, the density of the breathing gas also increases, and the low molecular weight of helium is found to considerably reduce the effort of breathing by lowering the density of the mixture. This reduces the Reynolds number of flow, leading to a reduction of turbulent flow and an increase in laminar flow, which requires less work of breathing. At depths below  divers breathing helium–oxygen mixtures begin to experience tremors and a decrease in psychomotor function, symptoms of high-pressure nervous syndrome. This effect may be countered to some extent by adding an amount of narcotic gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen to a helium–oxygen mixture.

text: Helium as a breathing gas has no

text: narcotic properties

text: , so helium mixtures such as

text: trimix

text: heliox

text: and

text: heliair

text: are used for

text: deep diving

text: to reduce the effects of narcosis, which worsen with increasing depth. As pressure increases with depth, the density of the breathing gas also increases, and the low molecular weight of helium is found to considerably reduce the effort of breathing by lowering the density of the mixture. This reduces the

text: Reynolds number

text: of flow, leading to a reduction of

text: turbulent flow

text: and an increase in

text: laminar flow

text: , which requires less work of breathing. At depths below  divers breathing helium–oxygen mixtures begin to experience tremors and a decrease in psychomotor function, symptoms of

text: high-pressure nervous syndrome

text: . This effect may be countered to some extent by adding an amount of narcotic gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen to a helium–oxygen mixture.

text: The effect of inbreeding on reproductive behavior was studied in the poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa.  One generation of full-sib mating was found to decrease reproductive performance and likely reproductive success of male progeny.  Other traits that displayed inbreeding depression were offspring viability and maturation time of both males and females.

text: The effect of

text: inbreeding

text: on reproductive behavior was studied in the

text: poeciliid

text: fish Heterandria formosa.  One generation of full-sib mating was found to decrease reproductive performance and likely reproductive success of male progeny.  Other traits that displayed

text: inbreeding depression

text: were offspring viability and maturation time of both males and females.

text: The intensity of bad breath may differ during the day, due to eating certain foods (such as garlic, onions, meat, fish, and cheese), smoking, and alcohol consumption. Since the mouth is exposed to less oxygen and is inactive during the night, the odor is usually worse upon awakening ("morning breath"). Bad breath may be transient, often disappearing following eating, drinking, tooth brushing, flossing, or rinsing with specialized mouthwash. Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath), which affects some 25% of the population in varying degrees.

text: The intensity of bad breath may differ during the day, due to eating certain foods (such as

text: garlic

text: onion

text: s,

text: meat

text: fish

text: , and

text: cheese

text: smoking

text: , and

entity_name: Long-term effects of alcohol consumption

text: alcohol consumption

text: . Since the mouth is exposed to less oxygen and is inactive during the night, the odor is usually worse upon awakening ("morning breath"). Bad breath may be transient, often disappearing following eating, drinking,

text: tooth brushing

text: flossing

text: , or rinsing with specialized

text: mouthwash

text: . Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath), which affects some 25% of the population in varying degrees.

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the round ribbontail ray as Vulnerable. It cannot withstand heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive rate, and there is widespread degradation of its coral reef habitat, including from agricultural runoff and destructive fishing practices such as blast fishing. This species is caught by commercial and fisheries throughout its range, using line gear and trawls. One region where it is heavily pressured is in Indonesian waters, where it and other large rays are taken intentionally and otherwise by tangle netters, longliners, and trawlers operating off Java, Bali, New Guinea, and Lombok. All landed individuals are brought to market for human consumption.

text: The

text: (IUCN) has assessed the round ribbontail ray as

text: Vulnerable

text: . It cannot withstand heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive rate, and there is widespread degradation of its coral reef habitat, including from

text: agricultural runoff

text: and destructive fishing practices such as

text: blast fishing

text: . This species is caught by

text: commercial

text: and

text: fisheries

text: throughout its range, using line gear and

text: trawl

text: s. One region where it is heavily pressured is in Indonesian waters, where it and other large rays are taken intentionally and otherwise by

text: tangle net

text: ters,

text: longliners

text: , and trawlers operating off Java,

text: Bali

text: New Guinea

text: , and

text: Lombok

text: . All landed individuals are brought to market for human consumption.

text: Little is known about the reproductive habits of the sawfish. They are estimated to mate once every two years, with an average litter of around eight. They mature very slowly: it is estimated that the larger species do not reach sexual maturity until they are  long and 10 to 12 years old. Their reproduction rates, lower than that of most fish, make these animals especially slow to recover from overfishing.

text: Little is known about the

text: reproductive

text: habits of the sawfish. They are estimated to mate once every two years, with an average litter of around eight. They mature very slowly: it is estimated that the larger species do not reach sexual maturity until they are  long and 10 to 12 years old. Their reproduction rates, lower than that of most fish, make these animals especially slow to recover from overfishing.

text: Some wild cave fish have populations that are albinistic.  The Mexican cave tetra is a species that has evolved specialized characteristics in a series of independent caves.  One of these is albinism linked to the Oca2 gene, a known pigmentation gene, This trait has evolved independently in at least two caves.

text: Some wild

text: cave fish

text: have populations that are albinistic.  The

text: Mexican cave tetra

text: is a species that has evolved specialized characteristics in a series of independent caves.  One of these is albinism linked to the Oca2 gene, a known pigmentation gene, This trait has evolved independently in at least two caves.

text: When the fisheries policy was originally set up the intention was to create a free trade area in fish and fish products with common rules. It was agreed that fishermen from any state should have access to all waters. An exception was made for the coastal strip, which was reserved for local fishermen who had traditionally fished those areas. A policy was created to assist modernisation of fishing vessels and on-shore installations.

text: The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of  bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians.

text: The first

text: jawed vertebrates

text: appeared in the late

text: Ordovician

text: and became common in the

text: Devonian

text: , often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of

text: bony fishes

text: , the

text: actinopterygii

text: and

text: sarcopterygii

text: , evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the

text: Placodermi

text: , a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late

text: Silurian

text: . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first

text: labyrinthodonts

text: , which was a transitional between fishes and

text: amphibians

text: As mentioned before Herr and his colleagues made a robotic fish that was propelled by living muscle tissue taken from frog legs. The robotic fish was a prototype of a biomechatronic device with a living actuator. The following characteristics were given to the fish.

text: Acorn worms breathe by drawing in oxygenated water through their mouth. The water then flows out the animal's gills which are on its trunk. Thus, the acorn worm breathes about the same way as fish.

text: Despite facing significant fishing pressure and having a low reproductive rate, the common stingaree remains abundant and there is no evidence of population decline. It appears to be less sensitive to habitat degradation than other stingrays, and is numerous in relatively developed areas such as in near Sydney. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species under Least Concern. Its range encompasses a number of marine protected areas, and it would potentially benefit from the implementation of the 2004 Australian National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks.

text: Despite facing significant fishing pressure and having a low reproductive rate, the common stingaree remains abundant and there is no evidence of population decline. It appears to be less sensitive to

text: habitat degradation

text: than other stingrays, and is numerous in relatively developed areas such as in near

text: Sydney

text: . As a result, the

text: (IUCN) has listed this species under

text: Least Concern

text: . Its range encompasses a number of

text: marine protected area

text: s, and it would potentially benefit from the implementation of the 2004 Australian National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks.

text: Newer research suggests that a branch of Placoderms was most likely the ancestor of present-day gnathostomes. A 419-million-year-old fossil of a placoderm named Entelognathus had a bony skeleton and anatomical details associated with cartilaginous and bony fish, demonstrating that the absence of a bony skeleton in Chondrichthyes is a derived trait. The fossil findings of primitive bony fishes such as Guiyu oneiros and Psarolepis, which lived contemporaneously with Entelognathus and had pelvic girdles more in common with placoderms than with other bony fish, show that it was a relative rather than a direct ancestor of the extant gnathostomes. It also indicates that spiny sharks and Chondrichthyes represent a single sister group to the bony fishes. Fossils findings of juvenile placoderms, which had true teeth that grew on the surface of the jawbone and had no roots, making it impossible to replace or regrow as they broke or wore down as they grew older, proves the common ancestor of all gnathostomes had teeth and place the origin of teeth along with, or soon after, the evolution of jaws.

text: Newer research suggests that a branch of

text: Placoderm

text: s was most likely the ancestor of present-day gnathostomes. A 419-million-year-old fossil of a placoderm named

text: Entelognathus

text: had a bony skeleton and anatomical details associated with cartilaginous and bony fish, demonstrating that the absence of a bony skeleton in Chondrichthyes is a derived trait. The fossil findings of primitive bony fishes such as

text: Guiyu oneiros

text: and

text: Psarolepis

text: , which lived contemporaneously with Entelognathus and had pelvic girdles more in common with placoderms than with other bony fish, show that it was a relative rather than a direct ancestor of the extant gnathostomes. It also indicates that spiny sharks and Chondrichthyes represent a single sister group to the bony fishes. Fossils findings of juvenile placoderms, which had true teeth that grew on the surface of the jawbone and had no roots, making it impossible to replace or regrow as they broke or wore down as they grew older, proves the common ancestor of all gnathostomes had teeth and place the origin of teeth along with, or soon after, the evolution of jaws.

text: The size at sexual maturity is only confidently known for the female of the species, being around 600 mm in fork length, although the male has been estimated to reach maturity at between 600 and 650 mm.In the Atlantic, the species is known to spawn from spring through to early autumn,although fish living in waters greater than 27 degrees Celsius spawn year round. However, even when year-round spawning occurs, there are seasonal peaks, with fish in the Western Pacific Ocean showing these peaks in May and in December – January.The fish is oviparous, producing pelagic eggs and larvae. The larval stages have been studied in detail by Richards (2006), with the diagnostic features of the larvae include a supraoccupital crest and distinctive patterns of pigment and melanophores.  The growth of the fish has also been studied, with the size of fish at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years ages are estimated to be 30, 46, 59, 69 and 77 cm in length respectively. The migration pattern of juveniles is poorly known, with only a migration from equatorial spawning grounds to the coasts of Japan recorded, often floating in the currents under large mats of Sargassum.

text: The size at

text: sexual maturity

text: is only confidently known for the female of the species, being around 600 mm in

text: fork length

text: , although the male has been estimated to reach maturity at between 600 and 650 mm.In the Atlantic, the species is known to spawn from spring through to early autumn,although fish living in waters greater than 27 degrees Celsius spawn year round. However, even when year-round spawning occurs, there are seasonal peaks, with fish in the Western Pacific Ocean showing these peaks in May and in December – January.The fish is

text: oviparous

text: , producing pelagic eggs and

text: larva

text: e. The larval stages have been studied in detail by Richards (2006), with the diagnostic features of the larvae include a supraoccupital crest and distinctive patterns of

text: pigment

text: and melanophores.  The growth of the fish has also been studied, with the size of fish at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years ages are estimated to be 30, 46, 59, 69 and 77 cm in length respectively. The migration pattern of juveniles is poorly known, with only a migration from equatorial spawning grounds to the coasts of

text: Japan

text: recorded, often floating in the currents under large mats of

text: Sargassum

text: This practice has been alleged to be cruel. On 8 July, 2008 Taipei animal rights activists criticised a Taiwanese chef for serving a dish that included a deep fried fish with its head still twitching. The chef served the carp with its body deep-fried and covered with sweet and sour sauce. The diners jabbed at the fish's eyes and mouth with their chopsticks to prompt the fish to move; the mouth and gills opened and it was seen trying to breathe.

text: This practice has been alleged to be cruel. On 8 July, 2008

text: Taipei

text: animal rights activists criticised a Taiwanese chef for serving a dish that included a deep fried fish with its head still twitching. The chef served the carp with its body deep-fried and covered with sweet and sour sauce. The diners jabbed at the fish's eyes and mouth with their chopsticks to prompt the fish to move; the mouth and gills opened and it was seen trying to breathe.

text: Discarded plastic bags, six pack rings and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries. Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion.Fishing nets, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. Known as ghost nets, these entangle fish, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation.

text: Discarded

text: plastic bag

text: s,

text: six pack rings

text: and other forms of plastic waste which finish up in the ocean present dangers to wildlife and fisheries. Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion.

text: Fishing net

text: s, usually made of plastic, can be left or lost in the ocean by fishermen. Known as

text: ghost net

text: s, these entangle

text: fish

text: dolphin

text: s,

text: sea turtle

text: s,

text: shark

text: s,

text: dugong

text: s,

text: crocodile

text: s,

text: seabird

text: s,

text: crab

text: s, and other creatures, restricting movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in those that need to return to the surface to breathe, suffocation.

text: The shapes and proportional sizes of the otoliths vary with fish species. In general, fish from highly structured habitats such as reefs or rocky bottoms (e.g. snappers, groupers, many drums and croakers) will have larger otoliths than fish that spend most of their time swimming at high speed in straight lines in the open ocean (e.g. tuna, mackerel, dolphinfish). Flying fish have unusually large otoliths, possibly due to their need for balance when launching themselves out of the water to "fly" in the air. Often, the fish species can be identified from distinct morphological characteristics of an isolated otolith.

text: The shapes and proportional sizes of the otoliths vary with fish species. In general, fish from highly structured habitats such as reefs or rocky bottoms (e.g.

text: snappers

text: grouper

text: s, many

text: drums and croakers

text: ) will have larger otoliths than fish that spend most of their time swimming at high speed in straight lines in the open ocean (e.g.

text: tuna

text: mackerel

text: dolphinfish

text: Flying fish

text: have unusually large otoliths, possibly due to their need for balance when launching themselves out of the water to "fly" in the air. Often, the fish species can be identified from distinct morphological characteristics of an isolated otolith.

text: Fish make up 99% of the osprey's diet. It typically takes fish weighing  and about  in length, but the weight can range from  to . Virtually any type of fish in that size range are taken.

text: A pneumograph or respiratory strain gauge uses a flexible sensor band that is placed around the chest, abdomen, or both. The strain gauge method can provide feedback about the relative expansion/contraction of the chest and abdomen, and can measure respiration rate (the number of breaths per minute). Clinicians can use a pneumograph to detect and correct dysfunctional breathing patterns and behaviors. Dysfunctional breathing patterns include clavicular breathing (breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals and the accessory muscles of respiration to inflate the lungs), reverse breathing (breathing where the abdomen expands during exhalation and contracts during inhalation), and thoracic breathing (shallow breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals to inflate the lungs). Dysfunctional breathing behaviors include apnea (suspension of breathing), gasping, sighing, and wheezing.

text: A

text: pneumograph

text: or respiratory strain gauge uses a flexible sensor band that is placed around the chest, abdomen, or both. The strain gauge method can provide feedback about the relative expansion/contraction of the chest and abdomen, and can measure

text: respiration rate

text: (the number of breaths per minute). Clinicians can use a pneumograph to detect and correct dysfunctional breathing patterns and behaviors. Dysfunctional breathing patterns include

text: clavicular breathing

text: (breathing that primarily relies on the

text: external intercostals

text: and the

text: accessory muscles of respiration

text: to inflate the lungs),

text: reverse breathing

text: (breathing where the abdomen expands during exhalation and contracts during inhalation), and

text: thoracic breathing

text: (shallow breathing that primarily relies on the external intercostals to inflate the lungs). Dysfunctional breathing behaviors include

text: apnea

text: (suspension of breathing), gasping, sighing, and wheezing.

text: This fish is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the Cypriniform order. Some defining characteristics of fish in this order are that they are generally found in freshwater, are ray-finned fish, and lack proper spines. There are 26 families in this order, and the Jullien’s golden carp is part of the Cyprinidae family. The Cyprinidae family includes more species of fish than any other family of fish. Two common types of fish found in this family are carp and minnows, both of which are characterized by their convex dorsal and ventral surfaces, lack of adipose fin, and thin lips.

text: This fish is a species of freshwater

text: ray-finned fish

text: in the

text: Cypriniform

text: order. Some defining characteristics of fish in this order are that they are generally found in

text: freshwater

text: , are

text: ray-finned fish

text: , and lack proper spines. There are 26 families in this order, and the Jullien’s golden carp is part of the

text: Cyprinidae

text: family. The Cyprinidae family includes more species of fish than any other family of fish. Two common types of fish found in this family are

text: carp

text: and

text: minnows

text: , both of which are characterized by their convex dorsal and ventral surfaces, lack of

text: adipose fin

text: , and thin lips.

text: Demersal fish are white fish. Unlike oily fish, white fish contain oils only in their liver, rather than in the gut, and can therefore be gutted as soon as they are caught, on board the ship. White fish has dry and white flesh. They can be divided into benthopelagic fish (mostly "round" fish) which live near the sea bed, such as cod, and  benthic fish (flatfish) such as plaice which live on the sea bed. Benthic fish tend to be "flat", so they can lie on the bottom.

text: Demersal fish are

text: white fish

text: . Unlike

text: oily fish

text: , white fish contain

text: oils

text: only in their

text: liver

text: , rather than in the

text: gut

text: , and can therefore be gutted as soon as they are caught, on board the ship. White fish has dry and white flesh. They can be divided into

text: benthopelagic fish

text: (mostly "round" fish) which live near the sea bed, such as

text: cod

text: , and

text: benthic fish

text: flatfish

text: ) such as

text: plaice

text: which live on the sea bed. Benthic fish tend to be "flat", so they can lie on the bottom.

text: With catch-and-release after the fish is landed, it must be held for five minutes until it takes a breath. The fish has a large blood vessel running down its spine and lifting the fish clear of the water for trophy shots can rupture this vessel, causing death.

text: Fish nets have different sizes. The small sized nets are used for fishing small fish while the big sized nets are used for fishing large fish. For instance half inch up to one inch grade nets are used for fishing Nkejje, one inch up to 6 inch grade for fishing tilapia, and above 6 inch for Nile perch. The fishermen use boats to haul the nest. The bigger the boat, the larger the volume of fish. One net can weigh up to 10 kg, without fish. A small boat may nott be able to handle such a load.

text: Gill infection may cause breathing at the surface and fast respiration. Gill examination may reveal numbers of white spots or wet mount of a gill from a biopsy may reveal the trophozoites. The fishes' breathing can slow, causing them to rest on the sand or gravel.

text: Gill

text: infection may cause breathing at the surface and fast respiration. Gill examination may reveal numbers of white spots or wet mount of a gill from a

text: biopsy

text: may reveal the trophozoites. The fishes' breathing can slow, causing them to rest on the sand or gravel.

text: Substantial physiological changes may occur in fish with high tissue concentrations of selenium.  Fish affected by selenium may experience swelling of the gill lamellae, which impedes oxygen diffusion across the gills and blood flow within the gills.  Respiratory capacity is further reduced due to selenium binding to hemoglobin.  Other problems include degeneration of liver tissue, swelling around the heart, damaged egg follicles in ovaries, cataracts, and accumulation of fluid in the body cavity and head.  Selenium often causes a malformed fish fetus which may have problems feeding or respirating, distortion of the fins or spine is also common.  Adult fish may appear healthy despite their inability to produce viable offspring.

text: Substantial physiological changes may occur in fish with high tissue concentrations of selenium.  Fish affected by selenium may experience swelling of the gill

text: lamella

text: e, which impedes oxygen diffusion across the gills and blood flow within the gills.  Respiratory capacity is further reduced due to selenium binding to

text: hemoglobin

text: .  Other problems include degeneration of liver tissue, swelling around the heart, damaged egg follicles in ovaries, cataracts, and accumulation of fluid in the body cavity and head.  Selenium often causes a malformed fish fetus which may have problems feeding or respirating, distortion of the fins or spine is also common.  Adult fish may appear healthy despite their inability to produce viable offspring.

text: A typical fish is ectothermic, has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with scales, and lays eggs.

text: A typical fish is

text: ectothermic

text: , has a

text: streamlined

text: body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with

text: scales

text: , and lays eggs.

text: Demand breathing systems reduce the amount of gas required to adequately ventilate the diver, as it needs only to be supplied when the diver inhales, but the slightly increased work of breathing caused by this system is a disadvantage at extreme levels of exertion, where free-flow systems may be better. The demand system is also quieter than free-flow, particularly during the non-inhalation phase of breathing. This can make voice communication more effective. The breathing of the diver is also audible to the surface team over the communications system, and this helps to monitor the condition of the diver and is a valuable safety feature.

text: The spotted sunfish is not a threatened species, and has not been evaluated by the IUCN. No current management practices exist for this species by itself, however general habitat improvements benefit the species. Its potential as an indicator species makes it valuable to stream management. It faces potential vulnerability in North Carolina, but has not faced significant decline or need for immediate management. Because it is common, the spotted sunfish has been used in many studies of centrarchid fishes. It is not a common fish in aquariums. It has little commercial or sport value, except as a potential pan fish. It is feisty and has firm flesh. General centrarchid management should be sufficient to maintain a healthy population of spotted sunfish. Intense management for more desirable sport fish could cause a decline in spotted sunfish. Conflicts between invasive cichlids and centrarchids has been observed. Management to prevent the spread of cichlids is an important step in maintaining the sunfish population. As with many exotic fish, the cichlids originated from aquarium releases or escapes. Hurricanes and floods have aided the spread of exotic species. One current management practice is to ban the sale of an animal in an area where it could be established. Further study of this fish may reveal areas where it faces decline. Drainage of wetlands and channelization would be expected to reduce abundance.

text: The spotted sunfish is not a threatened species, and has not been evaluated by the IUCN. No current management practices exist for this species by itself, however general habitat improvements benefit the species. Its potential as an indicator species makes it valuable to stream management. It faces potential vulnerability in North Carolina, but has not faced significant decline or need for immediate management. Because it is common, the spotted sunfish has been used in many studies of centrarchid fishes. It is not a common fish in aquariums. It has little commercial or sport value, except as a potential

text: pan fish

text: . It is feisty and has firm flesh. General centrarchid management should be sufficient to maintain a healthy population of spotted sunfish. Intense management for more desirable sport fish could cause a decline in spotted sunfish. Conflicts between invasive cichlids and centrarchids has been observed. Management to prevent the spread of cichlids is an important step in maintaining the sunfish population. As with many exotic fish, the cichlids originated from aquarium releases or escapes. Hurricanes and floods have aided the spread of exotic species. One current management practice is to ban the sale of an animal in an area where it could be established. Further study of this fish may reveal areas where it faces decline. Drainage of wetlands and

text: channelization

text: would be expected to reduce abundance.

text: The size of the world's fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. Fishing vessels can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.  The same study estimated that the world's 29 million fishermen caught  of fish and shellfish that year.

text: The size of the world's

text: fishing fleet

text: is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion.

text: Fishing vessel

text: s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations

text: Food and Agriculture Organization

text: estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.  The same study estimated that the world's 29 million fishermen caught  of fish and shellfish that year.

text: Most of these fish have four pairs of barbels and a large adipose fin. The maximum size is 2 metres. In all fish except those of the subfamily Sisorinae, some sort of adhesive apparatus, either in the form of a thoracic adhesive apparatus or in plaited paired fins, allow the fish to adhere to objects.

text: Most of these fish have four pairs of

text: barbels

text: and a large

text: adipose fin

text: . The maximum size is 2 metres. In all fish except those of the subfamily Sisorinae, some sort of adhesive apparatus, either in the form of a thoracic adhesive apparatus or in plaited paired fins, allow the fish to adhere to objects.

text: Compared to eagle owls of similar length, fish owls tend to be even shorter in tail length and even heavier in build, have relatively larger wings (the tawny and Blakiston's being particularly chunky in shape), have considerably longer legs, and have a rough texture to the bottom of their toes. At least the latter two features are clear adaptations to aid these owls in capturing fish. Diurnal raptors who feed largely on fish have similar, if not identical, rough texture under their toes, which helps these birds grasp slippery fish. Unlike diurnal raptors who capture fish such as the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) as compared to most terrestrial raptors, the fish owls have large, powerful, and curved talons and a longitudinal sharp keel sitting under the middle claw with all having sharp cutting edges that are very much like those of eagle owls. Also, unlike fish-eating diurnal raptors will not submerge any part of their body while hunting, preferring only to put their feet into the water, although fish owls will hunt on foot, wading into the shallows. Unlike most owls, the feathers of fish owls are not soft to the touch and they lack the comb and hair-like fringes to the primaries, which allow other owls to fly silently in order to ambush their prey. Due to the lack of these feather-specializations, fish owl wing beats make sounds. The brown fish owl in particular is said to have a noisy wing beat, sometimes described as producing a singing sound, but another description claimed they could be "as silent as any other owl" in flight. The lack of a deep facial disc in fish owls is another indication of the unimportance of sound relative to vision in these owls, as facial disc depth (as well as inner ear size) are directly related to how important sound is to an owl's hunting behavior. Also different from most any other kind of owl, the bill is placed on the face between the eyes rather below it, which is said to impart this fish owl with a "remarkably morose and sinister expression". Similar adaptations, such as unwillingness to submerge beyond their legs and lack of sound-muffling feathers are also seen in the African fishing owls, which do not seem to be directly related. The brown fish owl has sometimes been regarded as conspecific with the Blakiston's fish owl (B. blakistoni), but there is an approximately  gap in their distributions, not to mention a large number of physical differences not the least of which is the Blakiston's considerably greater size.

text: conspecific

text: with the

text: Blakiston's fish owl

text: (B. blakistoni), but there is an approximately  gap in their distributions, not to mention a large number of physical differences not the least of which is the Blakiston's considerably greater size.

text: Coral reefs are the result of millions of years of coevolution among algae, invertebrates and fish. They have become crowded and complex environments, and the fish have evolved many ingenious ways of surviving. Most fishes found on coral reefs are ray-finned fishes, known for the characteristic sharp, bony rays and spines in their fins. These spines provide formidable defences, and when erected they can usually be locked in place or are venomous. Many reef fish have also evolved cryptic coloration to confuse predators.

text: Coral reef

text: s are the result of millions of years of

text: coevolution

text: among algae, invertebrates and fish. They have become crowded and complex environments, and the fish have evolved many ingenious ways of surviving. Most fishes found on coral reefs are

text: ray-finned fishes

text: , known for the characteristic sharp, bony rays and spines in their fins. These spines provide formidable defences, and when erected they can usually be locked in place or are

text: venomous

text: . Many reef fish have also evolved

text: cryptic coloration

text: to confuse predators.

text: Another theory is that sexual reproduction originated from selfish parasitic genetic elements that exchange genetic material (that is: copies of their own genome) for their transmission and propagation. In some organisms, sexual reproduction has been shown to enhance the spread of parasitic genetic elements (e.g.: yeast, filamentous fungi). Bacterial conjugation, a form of genetic exchange that some sources describe as sex, is not a form of reproduction, but rather an example of horizontal gene transfer. However, it does support the selfish genetic element theory, as it is propagated through such a "selfish gene", the F-plasmid. Similarly, it has been proposed that sexual reproduction evolved from ancient haloarchaea through a combination of jumping genes, and swapping plasmids.

text: Another theory is that sexual reproduction originated from

text: selfish parasitic genetic elements

text: that exchange genetic material (that is: copies of their own genome) for their transmission and propagation. In some organisms, sexual reproduction has been shown to enhance the spread of parasitic genetic elements (e.g.: yeast, filamentous fungi).

text: Bacterial conjugation

text: , a form of genetic exchange that some sources describe as sex, is not a form of reproduction, but rather an example of

text: horizontal gene transfer

text: . However, it does support the selfish genetic element theory, as it is propagated through such a "selfish gene", the

text: F-plasmid

text: . Similarly, it has been proposed that sexual reproduction evolved from ancient

text: haloarchaea

text: through a combination of

text: jumping genes

text: , and swapping

text: plasmid

text: s.

text: Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.In a normal resting state the work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. It can increase considerably due to illness or constraints on gas flow imposed by breathing apparatus, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition.

text: Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to

text: inhale

text: and

text: exhale

text: a

text: breathing

text: gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.In a normal resting state the work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. It can increase considerably due to illness or constraints on gas flow imposed by breathing apparatus, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition.

text: As a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally.  Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, and paper type. Several websites on the Internet offer "authentication" tests to distinguish originals from reproductions.

text: The PVR-BASC has a hinged bellows counterlung, similar to that of the Interspiro DCSC, and like the DCSC the top cover of the counterlung is weighted to improve breathing effort. However unlike the DCSC, the PVR-BASC uses an internal secondary bellows to discharge a portion of the exhaled gas during the inhalation part of the breathing cycle, when the main counterlung closes and pumps out the contents of the inner bellows. The reduction in volume of the inner counterlung with depth results in an approximation of a mass discharge proportional to breathing volume.

text: The PVR-BASC has a hinged

text: bellows

text: counterlung

text: , similar to that of the

text: Interspiro DCSC

text: , and like the DCSC the top cover of the counterlung is weighted to improve

text: breathing effort

text: . However unlike the DCSC, the PVR-BASC uses an internal secondary bellows to discharge a portion of the exhaled gas during the inhalation part of the breathing cycle, when the main counterlung closes and pumps out the contents of the inner bellows. The reduction in volume of the inner counterlung with depth results in an approximation of a mass discharge proportional to breathing volume.

text: The common ancestor of all present gnathostomes lived in freshwater, and later migrated back to the sea. To deal with the much higher salinity in sea water, they evolved the ability to turn the nitrogen waste product ammonia into harmless urea, storing it in the body to give the blood the same osmolarity as the sea water without poisoning the organism. This is the system currently found in cartilaginous fishes. Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) later returned to freshwater and lost this ability, while the fleshy-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) retained it. Since the blood of ray-finned fishes contains more salt than freshwater, they could simply get rid of ammonia through their gills. When they finally returned to the sea again, they did not recover their old trick of turning ammonia to urea, and they had to evolve salt excreting glands instead. Lungfishes do the same when they are living in water, making ammonia and no urea, but when the water dries up and they are forced to burrow down in the mud, they switch to urea production. Like cartilaginous fishes, the coelacanth can store urea in its blood, as can the only known amphibians that can live for long periods of time in salt water (the toad Bufo marinus and the frog Rana cancrivora). These are traits they have inherited from their ancestors.

text: The common ancestor of all present

text: gnathostomes

text: lived in freshwater, and later migrated back to the sea. To deal with the much higher salinity in sea water, they evolved the ability to turn the

text: nitrogen

text: waste product

text: ammonia

text: into harmless

text: urea

text: , storing it in the body to give the blood the same

text: osmolarity

text: as the sea water without poisoning the organism. This is the system currently found in

text: cartilaginous fishes

text: Ray-finned fishes

text: (Actinopterygii) later returned to freshwater and lost this ability, while the

text: fleshy-finned fishes

text: (Sarcopterygii) retained it. Since the blood of ray-finned fishes contains more salt than freshwater, they could simply get rid of ammonia through their gills. When they finally returned to the sea again, they did not recover their old trick of turning ammonia to urea, and they had to evolve salt excreting glands instead.

text: Lungfish

text: es do the same when they are living in water, making ammonia and no urea, but when the water dries up and they are forced to burrow down in the mud, they switch to urea production. Like cartilaginous fishes, the

text: coelacanth

text: can store urea in its blood, as can the only known amphibians that can live for long periods of time in salt water (the

text: toad

text: Bufo marinus

text: and the

text: frog

text: Rana cancrivora

text: ). These are traits they have inherited from their ancestors.

text: Matsya Varahi is depicted as two-armed, with spiral-coiled hair and holding a fish (matsya) and a kapala. The fish and wine-cup kapala are special characteristics of Tantric Shakta images of Varahi, the fish being exclusive to Tantric descriptions.

text: The danger level from consuming fish depends on species and size. Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury. Sharks, such as the mako shark, have very high levels of mercury. A study on New Jersey coastal fish indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5 parts per million, a level that could pose a human health concern for consumers who regularly eat this fish. Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding Southern Italy showed that, undoubtedly, greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues. Moreover, the concentration, measured in milligrams of mercury per kilogram of fish, steadily increases with the size of the fish. Anglerfish off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram, higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram. Annually, Italy catches approximately a third of its fish from the Adriatic Sea, where these anglerfish were found.

text: The danger level from

text: consuming

text: fish depends on species and size. Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury.

text: Shark

text: s, such as the

text: mako shark

text: , have very high levels of mercury. A study on

text: New Jersey

text: coastal fish

text: indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5

text: parts per million

text: , a level that could pose a human health concern for

text: consumer

text: s who regularly eat this fish. Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding

text: Southern Italy

text: showed that, undoubtedly, greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues. Moreover, the concentration, measured in

text: milligram

text: s of mercury per

text: kilogram

text: of fish, steadily increases with the size of the fish.

text: Anglerfish

text: off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram, higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram. Annually,

text: Italy

text: catches approximately a third of its fish from the

text: Adriatic Sea

text: , where these anglerfish were found.

text: The larvae hatch after about three weeks, and then live in the pond as aquatic predators. They are vulnerable to fish predation, and water bodies containing fish are rarely used for breeding (this means they do not usually use running water, larger lakes, nor many garden ponds).

text: The larvae hatch after about three weeks, and then live in the pond as aquatic predators. They are vulnerable to

text: fish

text: predation, and water bodies containing fish are rarely used for breeding (this means they do not usually use running water, larger lakes, nor many garden ponds).

text: Fisheries production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in marine biodiversity, especially through loss of vulnerable and endangered species. The transboundary nature of these issues are:  that many fish stocks are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of fish, or larvae. Fishing overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and overfishing in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations.  All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing fisheries management, especially the ecosystem approach to fisheries.  Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of vulnerable and endangered species.The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from trawlers and purse seiners; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and fishmeal for aquaculture; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing.

text: Fisheries

text: production in the Bay of Bengal is six million tonnes per year, more than seven percent of the world's catch. The major transboundary issues relating to shared fisheries are: a decline in the overall availability of fish resources; changes in species composition of catches; the high proportion of juvenile fish in the catch; and changes in

text: marine biodiversity

text: , especially through loss of vulnerable and

text: endangered species

text: . The transboundary nature of these issues are:  that many

text: fish stocks

text: are shared between BOBLME countries through the transboundary migration of

text: fish

text: , or

text: larvae

text: Fishing

text: overlaps national jurisdictions, both legally and illegally – overcapacity and

text: overfishing

text: in one location forces a migration of fishers and vessels to other locations.  All countries (to a greater or lesser degree) are experiencing difficulties in implementing

text: fisheries management

text: , especially the

text: ecosystem approach to fisheries

text: .  Bay of Bengal countries contribute significantly to the global problem of loss of

text: vulnerable

text: and

text: endangered species

text: .The main causes of the issues are: open access to fishing grounds; Government emphasis on increasing fish catches; inappropriate government subsidies provided to fishers; increasing fishing effort, especially from

text: trawlers

text: and

text: purse seiners

text: ; high consumer demand for fish, including for seed and

text: fishmeal

text: for

text: aquaculture

text: ; ineffective fisheries management; and illegal and destructive fishing.

text: Zander, carp, catfish, mullet, and bass fishing is excellent in the river which has good easy access and low banks. There are fishing guides who specialise in fishing this area. The area is little fished and catches can be excellent. Local fishermen may act as guides. The fishing is not free and night fishing is banned. A fishing licence for Catalonia is required. Carp fishing is best in winter when the carp form huge shoals. Catfishing is best in summer when the catfish go on huge feeding frenzies. Local catfishing guides at Ascó usually stock bait and tackle.

text: Zander

text: carp

text: catfish

text: mullet

text: , and

text: bass

text: fishing is excellent in the river which has good easy access and low banks. There are fishing guides who specialise in fishing this area. The area is little fished and catches can be excellent. Local fishermen may act as guides. The fishing is not free and night fishing is banned. A fishing licence for Catalonia is required. Carp fishing is best in winter when the carp form huge shoals. Catfishing is best in summer when the catfish go on huge feeding frenzies. Local catfishing guides at Ascó usually stock bait and tackle.

text: Bottom-dwelling in nature, the longtail butterfly ray frequents sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallower than . Its diet consists of bony fishes, molluscs, and crustaceans. This species gives birth to live young; the developing embryos are nourished first by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk") supplied by its mother. There is no defined breeding season, and females bear litters of up to seven pups. Used for its meat, the longtail butterfly ray is often caught by artisanal and commercial fisheries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as Near Threatened, citing the high levels of fishing pressure within its range and its low reproductive rate.

text: Bottom-dwelling

text: in nature, the longtail butterfly ray frequents sandy or muddy

text: habitat

text: s in coastal waters shallower than . Its diet consists of

text: bony fish

text: es,

text: mollusc

text: s, and

text: crustacean

text: s. This species

text: gives birth to live young

text: ; the developing

text: embryo

text: s are nourished first by

text: yolk

text: and later by

text: histotroph

text: ("uterine milk") supplied by its mother. There is no defined

text: breeding season

text: , and females bear litters of up to seven pups. Used for its meat, the longtail butterfly ray is often caught by

text: artisanal

text: and

text: commercial

text: fisheries

text: . The

text: (IUCN) has listed this species as

text: Near Threatened

text: , citing the high levels of fishing pressure within its range and its low reproductive rate.

text: Most corys prefer soft, acidic water. They can, however, tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including temperatures that are cooler than tropical. They do not do well in fish tanks with high nitrate levels. This ion leads to the infection of the barbels, which will shorten and become useless. The barbels may also be affected by constant contact with a sharp substrate. They are more likely to thrive if there is an open area of substrate on the bottom of the tank where they can obtain submerged food. It is a myth that salt cannot be used on this species of fish as a means of parasite medication. Salt can be added to the water of the Corydoras catfish in order to rid the fish of ich. These fish are fairly easy to keep, being peaceful, hardy, active and entertaining. Occasionally they will dart to the surface, sticking their snout above the water for an instant to take a "breath" of air. This behavior is perfectly normal and is not an indication that anything is wrong with the fish. However, if this is done in excess, it can indicate poor water conditions.

text: Most corys prefer soft, acidic water. They can, however, tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including temperatures that are cooler than tropical. They do not do well in fish tanks with high

text: nitrate

text: levels. This ion leads to the infection of the

text: barbels

text: , which will shorten and become useless. The barbels may also be affected by constant contact with a sharp

text: substrate

text: . They are more likely to thrive if there is an open area of substrate on the bottom of the tank where they can obtain submerged food. It is a myth that salt cannot be used on this species of fish as a means of parasite medication. Salt can be added to the water of the Corydoras catfish in order to rid the fish of ich. These fish are fairly easy to keep, being peaceful, hardy, active and entertaining. Occasionally they will dart to the surface, sticking their snout above the water for an instant to take a "breath" of air. This behavior is perfectly normal and is not an indication that anything is wrong with the fish. However, if this is done in excess, it can indicate poor water conditions.

text: In Tai O, a vertical marination method (插鹽) is the most popular way to prepare Cantonese salted fish. In this method, fish such as Ilisha elongata and mayau will first be gutted and then washed. The cleaned fish are inserted head down vertically into a heap of salt. Under gravity, the juice of the fish can flow out from the mouth of the salted fish. Through this method, the salted fish can be kept as dry as possible.

text: In

text: Tai O

text: , a vertical marination method (插鹽) is the most popular way to prepare Cantonese salted fish. In this method, fish such as Ilisha elongata and mayau will first be gutted and then washed. The cleaned fish are inserted head down vertically into a heap of salt. Under

text: gravity

text: , the juice of the fish can flow out from the mouth of the salted fish. Through this method, the salted fish can be kept as dry as possible.

text: Little is known of the reproduction of this fish. Adults with ripe gonads have been found in May and early July and adults that have already spawned have been found in late July. Examination of the stomach contents of this fish showed algae, plant material and detritus.

text: The plural deers is listed in some dictionaries. As a general rule, game or other animals are often referred to in the singular for the plural in a sporting context: "He shot six brace of pheasant", "Carruthers bagged a dozen tiger last year", whereas in another context such as zoology or tourism the regular plural would be used. Eric Partridge refers to these sporting terms as "snob plurals" and conjectures that they may have developed by analogy with the common English irregular plural animal words "deer", "sheep" and "trout". Similarly, nearly all kinds of fish have no separate plural form (though there are exceptions—such as rays, sharks or lampreys). As to the word fish itself, the plural is usually identical to the singular, although fishes is sometimes used, especially when meaning "species of fish". Fishes is also used in iconic contexts, such as the Bible story of the loaves and fishes, or the reference in The Godfather, "Luca Brasi sleeps with the fishes."

text: The plural deers is listed in some dictionaries. As a general rule,

text: game

text: or other animals are often referred to in the singular for the plural in a sporting context: "He shot six

text: brace

text: of pheasant", "Carruthers bagged a dozen tiger last year", whereas in another context such as zoology or tourism the regular plural would be used.

text: Eric Partridge

text: refers to these sporting terms as "snob plurals" and conjectures that they may have developed by analogy with the common English irregular plural animal words "deer", "sheep" and "trout". Similarly, nearly all kinds of fish have no separate plural form (though there are exceptions—such as rays, sharks or lampreys). As to the word fish itself, the plural is usually identical to the singular, although fishes is sometimes used, especially when meaning "species of fish". Fishes is also used in iconic contexts, such as the

text: Bible

text: story of the

text: loaves and fishes

text: , or the reference in

text: The Godfather

text: , "Luca Brasi sleeps with the fishes."

text: Two examples using the term "fishing" help clarify the distinction. The phrase "to fish pearls" uses metonymy, drawing from "fishing" the idea of taking things from the ocean. What is carried across from "fishing fish" to "fishing pearls" is the domain of metonymy. In contrast, the metaphorical phrase "fishing for information" transfers the concept of fishing into a new domain. If someone is "fishing" for information, we do not imagine that the person is anywhere near the ocean; rather, we transpose elements of the action of fishing (waiting, hoping to catch something that cannot be seen, probing) into a new domain (a conversation). Thus, metaphor works by presenting a target set of meanings and using them to suggest a similarity between items, actions, or events in two domains, whereas metonymy calls up or references a specific domain (here, removing items from the sea).

text: In more recent Scandinavian folklore, the draug (the modern spelling used in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) is often identified with the spirits of mariners drowned at sea. The creature is said to possess a distinctly human form, with the exception that its head is composed entirely of seaweed. In other tellings, the draug is described as being a headless fisherman, dressed in oilskin and sailing in half a boat (the Norwegian municipality of Bø, Nordland has the half-boat in its coat-of-arms). This trait is common in the northernmost part of Norway, where life and culture was based on fishing more than anywhere else. The reason for this may be that the fishermen often drowned in great numbers, and the stories of restless dead coming in from sea were more common up north than anywhere else in the country.

text: In more recent

text: Scandinavian folklore

text: , the draug (the modern spelling used in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) is often identified with the spirits of

text: mariner

text: s

text: drowned

text: at sea. The creature is said to possess a distinctly human form, with the exception that its head is composed entirely of

text: seaweed

text: . In other tellings, the draug is described as being a headless fisherman, dressed in

text: oilskin

text: and sailing in half a boat (the Norwegian municipality of

text: Bø, Nordland

text: has the half-boat in its coat-of-arms). This trait is common in the northernmost part of Norway, where life and culture was based on fishing more than anywhere else. The reason for this may be that the fishermen often drowned in great numbers, and the stories of restless dead coming in from sea were more common up north than anywhere else in the country.

text: Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals. Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary. Assessment of circulation is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but pulse checks may be done on less serious patients.

text: Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. Particularly the "

text: ABC

text: "s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention, must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. The same

text: mnemonic

text: is used by all

text: emergency health professionals

text: . Attention must first be brought to the

text: airway

text: to

text: ensure it is clear

text: Obstruction

text: choking

text: ) is a life-threatening emergency. Following evaluation of the airway, a first aid attendant would determine adequacy of

text: breath

text: ing and provide

text: rescue breathing

text: if necessary. Assessment of

text: circulation

text: is now not usually carried out for patients who are not breathing, with first aiders now trained to go straight to chest compressions (and thus providing artificial circulation) but

text: pulse

text: checks may be done on less serious patients.

text: Some fisheries retain bycatch, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. Sometimes bycatch are sorted and sold as food, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America where cost of labour is cheaper. Bycatch can also be sold in frozen bags as "assorted seafood" or "seafood medley" at cheaper prices. Bycatch can be converted into fish hydrolysate (ground up fish carcasses) for use as a soil amendment in organic agriculture or it can be used as an ingredient in fish meal. In Southeast Asia bycatch is sometimes used as a raw material for fish sauce production. Bycatch is also commonly de-boned, de-shelled, ground and blended into fish paste or moulded into fish cakes (surimi) and sold either fresh (for domestic use) or frozen (for export). This is commonly the case in Asia or by Asian fisheries. Sometimes bycatch are sold to fish farms to feed farmed fish, especially in Asia.

text: Some fisheries retain bycatch, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. Sometimes bycatch are sorted and sold as food, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America where cost of labour is cheaper. Bycatch can also be sold in frozen bags as "assorted seafood" or "seafood medley" at cheaper prices. Bycatch can be converted into

text: fish hydrolysate

text: (ground up fish carcasses) for use as a soil amendment in

text: organic agriculture

text: or it can be used as an ingredient in

text: fish meal

text: . In

text: Southeast Asia

text: bycatch is sometimes used as a raw material for fish sauce production. Bycatch is also commonly de-boned, de-shelled, ground and blended into

text: fish paste

text: or moulded into fish cakes (

text: surimi

text: ) and sold either fresh (for domestic use) or frozen (for export). This is commonly the case in Asia or by Asian fisheries. Sometimes bycatch are sold to

text: fish farms

text: to feed farmed fish, especially in Asia.

text: Sexual reproduction be either homothallic or heterothallic. Homothallic reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the asexual oogonium and antheridium. This fusion leads to the formation and release of sexual oospores, the primary inoculum for the next season. Heterothallic sexual reproduction is the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms, leading to "outcrossing".

text: Sexual reproduction be either

text: homothallic

text: or

text: heterothallic

text: Homothallic

text: reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the asexual

text: oogonium

text: and

text: antheridium

text: . This fusion leads to the formation and release of sexual

text: oospore

text: s, the primary inoculum for the next season.

text: Heterothallic

text: sexual reproduction is the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms, leading to "

text: outcrossing

text: The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not over-exploited.  As one example, in the state of Michigan, walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay and the St. Clair River]], where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye.  This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above.  The slot limit protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.

text: The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies.

text: Management

text: may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not

text: over-exploited

text: .  As one example, in the state of

text: Michigan

text: , walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from

text: Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay

text: and the St. Clair River]], where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye.  This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above.  The

text: slot limit

text: protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.

text: In terms of structure, the Blakiston's fish owl is more similar to eagle-owls than it is to other fish owls but it shares a few characteristics with both types of owl. Like all fish owls, its bill is relatively long, the body relatively husky and wings are relatively long compared to eagle-owls. It also shares with other fish owls a comparatively long tarsi, although relative to their size the three smaller fish owl have a proportionately longer tarsus. Other than these few characteristics, a Blakiston's fish owl skull and skeleton is practically the same as that of a Eurasian eagle-owl. The talons of the Blakiston's fish owl are similar in shape and size to those of the Eurasian eagle-owls. It has been stated that the combination of wavy cross patterns on the underside of the Blakiston's plumage and its huge talons make it look strikingly like an outsized great horned owl (B. virginianus) from below. Two external characteristics that Blakiston's share with eagle-owls, but not with the other fish owls, is that its tarsi are totally feathered and that its wing beats are silent, although apparently the Blakiston's has relatively fewer sound-blocking combs on its wing primaries than the a comparable eagle-owl would. Among standard measurements, which at average and maximum are greater than any other living owl other than tail length, the wing chord measures , the tail measures , the tarsus is  and the culmen is around .

text: In terms of structure, the Blakiston's fish owl is more similar to eagle-owls than it is to other fish owls but it shares a few characteristics with both types of owl. Like all fish owls, its bill is relatively long, the body relatively husky and wings are relatively long compared to eagle-owls. It also shares with other fish owls a comparatively long tarsi, although relative to their size the three smaller fish owl have a proportionately longer tarsus. Other than these few characteristics, a Blakiston's fish owl skull and skeleton is practically the same as that of a Eurasian eagle-owl. The talons of the Blakiston's fish owl are similar in shape and size to those of the Eurasian eagle-owls. It has been stated that the combination of wavy cross patterns on the underside of the Blakiston's plumage and its huge talons make it look strikingly like an outsized

text: great horned owl

text: (B. virginianus) from below. Two external characteristics that Blakiston's share with eagle-owls, but not with the other fish owls, is that its tarsi are totally feathered and that its wing beats are silent, although apparently the Blakiston's has relatively fewer sound-blocking combs on its wing primaries than the a comparable eagle-owl would. Among standard measurements, which at average and maximum are greater than any other living owl other than tail length, the

text: wing chord

text: measures , the tail measures , the

text: tarsus

text: is  and the

text: culmen

text: is around .

text: Lancelets have no respiratory system, breathing solely through their skin, which consists of a simple epithelium. Despite the name, little if any respiration occurs in the gill slits, which are solely devoted to feeding. The circulatory system does resemble that of primitive fish in its general layout, but is much simpler, and does not include a heart. There are no blood cells, and no haemoglobin.

text: Lancelets have no respiratory system, breathing solely through their skin, which consists of a simple

text: epithelium

text: . Despite the name, little if any respiration occurs in the gill slits, which are solely devoted to feeding. The circulatory system does resemble that of primitive fish in its general layout, but is much simpler, and does not include a

text: heart

text: . There are no blood cells, and no

text: haemoglobin

text: Walleyes grow to about  in length, and weigh up to about .  The maximum recorded size for the fish is  in length and  in weight. The rate depends partly on where in their range they occur, with southern populations often growing faster and larger. In general, females grow larger than males. Walleyes may live for decades; the maximum recorded age is 29 years. In heavily fished populations, however, few walleye older than five or six years of age are encountered. In North America, where they are highly prized, their typical size when caught is on the order of , substantially below their potential size.

text: Handline fishing, or handlining, is a fishing technique where a single fishing line is held in the hands. It is not be confused with handfishing. One or more fishing lures or baited hooks are attached to the line. A hook, fishing lure, or a fishing jig and many times a weight and/or a fishing float can be attached to the line. Handlining is among the oldest forms of fishing and is commonly practiced throughout the world today.

text: Handline fishing, or handlining, is a fishing technique where a single

text: fishing line

text: is held in the hands. It is not be confused with

text: handfishing

text: . One or more

text: fishing lures

text: or

text: baited

text: hooks

text: are attached to the line. A hook,

text: fishing lure

text: , or a

text: fishing jig

text: and many times a

text: weight

text: and/or a

text: fishing float

text: can be attached to the line. Handlining is among the oldest forms of fishing and is commonly practiced throughout the world today.

text: Hooks are used for fishing but on a small scale. The size of the hook used depends on the type of fish. Hooks have numbers. The lower the number, the bigger the hook. Hooks used for tilapia are from numbers eleven to sixteen. Those for nile perch are from seven to 10. Lung fish are fished with hooks of numbers six and five. Bigger hooks are used for bigger fish so that they do not break free and swim away.On Lutoboka landing site on Bugala Island in Kalangala District, fishermen se hooks of number 12 to fish nile perch. 1000 hooks are put in water. Sprat is put on the hook as bait. The hooks are put 5 meters apart. Not all of them get fish. Some times the fishermen get 10 to twenty fish of different sizes. The hooks are kept in a wooden chest.

text: Hooks are used for fishing but on a small scale. The size of the hook used depends on the type of fish. Hooks have numbers. The lower the number, the bigger the hook. Hooks used for tilapia are from numbers eleven to sixteen. Those for nile perch are from seven to 10. Lung fish are fished with hooks of numbers six and five. Bigger hooks are used for bigger fish so that they do not break free and swim away.On Lutoboka landing site on

text: Bugala Island

text: in

text: Kalangala District

text: , fishermen se hooks of number 12 to fish nile perch. 1000 hooks are put in water. Sprat is put on the hook as bait. The hooks are put 5 meters apart. Not all of them get fish. Some times the fishermen get 10 to twenty fish of different sizes. The hooks are kept in a wooden chest.

text: Fish are consumed fresh, or may be preserved by traditional methods, which include combinations of drying, smoking, and salting, or fermentation. Modern methods of preservation include freezing, freeze drying, and heat processing (as in canning). Frozen fish products include breaded or battered fillets, fish fingers and fishcakes. Fish meal is used as a food supplement for farmed fish and for livestock. Fish oils are made either from fish liver, especially rich in vitamins A and D, or from the bodies of oily fish such as sardine and herring, and used as food supplements and to treat vitamin deficiencies.

text: Fish are consumed fresh, or may be preserved by traditional methods, which include combinations of drying, smoking, and salting, or fermentation. Modern methods of preservation include freezing, freeze drying, and heat processing (as in canning). Frozen fish products include breaded or

text: batter

text: ed fillets,

text: fish finger

text: s and

text: fishcake

text: s. Fish meal is used as a food supplement for farmed fish and for livestock. Fish oils are made either from fish liver, especially rich in vitamins A and D, or from the bodies of oily fish such as sardine and herring, and used as food supplements and to treat vitamin deficiencies.

text: The early armoured fish did not have a skull in the common understanding of the word, but had an endocranium that was partially open above, topped by dermal bones forming armour. The dermal bones gradually evolved into a fixed unit overlaying the endocranium like a heavy "lid", protecting the animal's head and brain from above. Cartilaginous fish whose skeleton is formed from cartilage lack a continuous dermal armour and thus have no proper skull roof. A more or less full shield of fused dermal bones was common in early bony fishes of the Devonian, and particularly well developed in shallow water species.

text: The early

text: armoured fish

text: did not have a skull in the common understanding of the word, but had an

text: endocranium

text: that was partially open above, topped by

text: dermal bone

text: s forming

text: armour

text: . The dermal bones gradually

text: evolved

text: into a fixed unit overlaying the endocranium like a heavy "lid", protecting the animal's head and brain from above.

text: Cartilaginous fish

text: whose skeleton is formed from

text: cartilage

text: lack a continuous dermal armour and thus have no proper skull roof. A more or less full shield of fused

text: dermal bone

text: s was common in early

text: bony fishes

text: of the

text: Devonian

text: , and particularly well developed in shallow water species.

text: The Co-operative Food is one of the leading retailers of responsible fish in the UK having launched its Responsible Fish Sourcing Policy in 2008 after commissioning research in association with NGOs, academics and its suppliers. The Co-operative Food was commended by the Marine Conservation Society with a 'gold award' (2011) and a 'silver award' (2013) and, for its sourcing policy, The Co-operative was one of five organisations accredited with the 2010 Seafood Champion Award. Their fish sourcing policy specifies that no fish sold by The Co-op can be found on the Marine Stewardship Council's 'Fish To Avoid' list, all  own brand tuna must be pole and line caught and own brand farmed salmon is certified by the RSPCA. In 2015 the co-op became one of the first retails to join the 'Ocean Disclosure Project' which requires the business to report transparently on the geographic locations, fishing methods and sustainability characteristics of all of the fisheries from which they source. This move confirmed an ongoing commitment by The Co-operative Food in promoting transparent and responsible fishing in the UK.

text: The Co-operative Food is one of the leading retailers of responsible fish in the UK having launched its Responsible Fish Sourcing Policy in 2008 after commissioning research in association with NGOs, academics and its suppliers. The Co-operative Food was commended by the

text: Marine Conservation Society

text: with a 'gold award' (2011) and a 'silver award' (2013) and, for its sourcing policy, The Co-operative was one of five organisations accredited with the 2010 Seafood Champion Award. Their fish sourcing policy specifies that no fish sold by The Co-op can be found on the

text: Marine Stewardship Council

text: 's 'Fish To Avoid' list, all  own brand

text: tuna

text: must be pole and line caught and own brand farmed

text: salmon

text: is certified by the

entity_name: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

text: RSPCA

text: . In 2015 the co-op became one of the first retails to join the 'Ocean Disclosure Project' which requires the business to report transparently on the geographic locations, fishing methods and sustainability characteristics of all of the fisheries from which they source. This move confirmed an ongoing commitment by The Co-operative Food in promoting transparent and responsible fishing in the UK.

text: Many palaeontologists originally considered the acanthodians close to the ancestors of the bony fishes. Although their interior skeletons were made of cartilage, a bonelike material had developed in the skins of these fishes, in the form of closely fitting scales (see above). Some scales were greatly enlarged and formed a bony covering on top of the head and over the lower shoulder girdle. Others developed a bony flap over the gill openings  analogous to the operculum in later bony fishes. However, most of these characteristics are considered homologous characteristics derived from common placoderm ancestors, and present also in basal cartilaginous fish.

text: Many palaeontologists originally considered the acanthodians close to the ancestors of the bony fishes. Although their interior

text: skeleton

text: s were made of

text: cartilage

text: , a bonelike material had developed in the skins of these fishes, in the form of closely fitting scales (see above). Some scales were greatly enlarged and formed a bony covering on top of the head and over the lower

text: shoulder girdle

text: . Others developed a bony flap over the gill openings  analogous to the

text: operculum

text: in later bony fishes. However, most of these characteristics are considered homologous characteristics derived from common

text: placoderm

text: ancestors, and present also in basal

text: cartilaginous fish

text: The plains topminnow is small, almost always shorter than 2.5 inches (6.35 cm). The fish has a flat head and an upturned (superior) mouth. It lacks any distinctive markings. The male plains topminnow’s fins are iridescent and have a red tip with blue-purple bands, as well as a gold stripe on the body. Both males and females are usually olive-brown with white on its underside. The plains topminnow also has bronze reflections with faint blue-green cross-hatching on its back and sides. Its fins are colorless or yellowish in immature fish, females and non-breeding males. There are no black bars on the fish’s body, which makes it distinguishable from the banded killifish, a more common species, which is often found in the same habitats as the plains topminnow. Two other distinct features of the plains topminnow are its rounded caudal fin and the absence of an externally visible lateral line. The plains topminnow has 33 to 37 ctenoid scales in its lateral line. The dorsal fin has 9-12 rays, the anal fin 12-15 rays and the origin of the anal fin is slightly forward of the dorsal fin, the pelvic fin is small and in the abdominal position. The plains topminnow also has a squared caudal fin, a trait that many topminnows and killifish share. There is little sexual dimorphism between males and females except during breeding season, when males have bright orange-red fin tips.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts. Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods.

text: Amphibious fish

text: such as the

text: mudskipper

text: can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of

text: anguillid eel

text: s may absorb oxygen directly. The

text: buccal cavity

text: of the

text: electric eel

text: may breathe air. Catfish of the families

text: Loricariidae

text: Callichthyidae

text: , and

text: Scoloplacidae

text: absorb air through their digestive tracts.

text: Lungfish

text: , with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and

text: bichir

text: s have paired lungs similar to those of

text: tetrapod

text: s and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills.

text: Gar

text: and

text: bowfin

text: have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way.

text: Loaches

text: trahiras

text: , and many

text: catfish

text: breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as

text: gourami

text: s and

text: betta

text: s) have a

text: labyrinth organ

text: above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably

text: snakeheads

text: pikeheads

text: , and the

text: Clariidae

text: catfish family.

text: The total range of this fish extends to less than . It is a slow-growing, long-lived fish and the generation turnover time is approximately twelve to fifteen years. At one time the population was dwindling because of excessive spear fishing, but in 1972, the New South Wales authorities put a ban in place, preventing all spear fishing and commercial fishing for this species. Its population size since then seems to have stabilised and the IUCN has listed it as being "Near Threatened".

text: The total range of this fish extends to less than . It is a slow-growing, long-lived fish and the generation turnover time is approximately twelve to fifteen years. At one time the population was dwindling because of excessive spear fishing, but in 1972, the New South Wales authorities put a ban in place, preventing all spear fishing and commercial fishing for this species. Its population size since then seems to have stabilised and the

text: IUCN

text: has listed it as being "

text: Near Threatened

text: The first dorsal spine, the illicium is modified and is used as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic esca (lure), which looks like a small fish with a pinkish to brownish coloration.  The illicium is twice the length of the second dorsal spine and its often darkly banded. The second dorsal spine is practically straight and is mobile, and the third one is bent towards the back of the body; both are membranously attached to the head. They are well separated from each other and also from the dorsal fin.

text: The first dorsal spine, the

text: illicium

text: is modified and is used as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic

text: esca

text: lure

text: ), which looks like a small fish with a pinkish to brownish coloration.  The illicium is twice the length of the second dorsal spine and its often darkly banded. The second dorsal spine is practically straight and is mobile, and the third one is bent towards the back of the body; both are membranously attached to the head. They are well separated from each other and also from the

text: dorsal fin

text: Recreational fishermen usually fish either from a boat or from a shoreline or river bank. When fishing from a boat, or fishing vessel, most fishing technique can be used, from nets to fish traps, but some form of angling is by far the most common. Compared to fishing from the land, fishing from a boat allows more access to different fishing grounds and different species of fish.

text: Recreational fishermen usually

text: fish

text: either from a

text: boat

text: or from a

text: shoreline

text: or

text: river bank

text: . When fishing from a boat, or

text: fishing vessel

text: , most

text: fishing technique

text: can be used, from

text: nets

text: to

text: fish trap

text: s, but some form of

text: angling

text: is by far the most common. Compared to fishing from the land, fishing from a boat allows more access to different fishing grounds and different species of fish.

text: Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes, for example the andropodium in the Hemirhamphodon or in the Goodeidae.

text: Similar organs with similar characteristics are found in other fishes, for example the andropodium in the

text: Hemirhamphodon

text: or in the

text: Goodeidae

text: The method of fishing depends on the type and size of the fish to be caught. Trawling is used to catch shrimp, carite, snapper and cavali. The main catches from seine and gill nets are king fish, shark and carite. Fish pot catches are red snappers and jacks. Fishing is a year-round activity in the Caribbean and it directly employs thousands of people.

text: The method of

text: fishing

text: depends on the type and size of the fish to be caught. Trawling is used to catch

text: shrimp

text: , carite,

text: snapper

text: and

text: cavali

text: . The main catches from seine and

text: gill net

text: s are

text: king fish

text: shark

text: and carite. Fish pot catches are

text: red snapper

text: s and

text: jack

text: s. Fishing is a year-round activity in the Caribbean and it directly employs thousands of people.

text: In late December 1984, a Chukchi hunter spotted a herd of up to 3,000 beluga whales struggling for breathing room in small pools of open water in the ice-covered waters off the Chukchi Peninsula. Easterly winds had packed the narrow Senyavin Strait with drift ice up to  thick, creating a wide ice pack that the whales could not cross on a single breath. While the locals tried to keep the animals alive by feeding them with frozen fish and keeping the breathing holes open, it soon became evident that the belugas would eventually perish unless they could be freed.

text: In late December 1984, a

text: Chukchi

text: hunter spotted a herd of up to 3,000

text: beluga whale

text: s struggling for breathing room in small pools of open water in the ice-covered waters off the

text: Chukchi Peninsula

text: . Easterly winds had packed the narrow

text: Senyavin Strait

text: with

text: drift ice

text: up to  thick, creating a wide ice pack that the whales could not cross on a single breath. While the locals tried to keep the animals alive by feeding them with frozen fish and keeping the breathing holes open, it soon became evident that the belugas would eventually perish unless they could be freed.

text: The most common reproductive strategy for fish is known as oviparity, in which the female lays undeveloped eggs that are externally fertilized by a male. Typically large numbers of eggs are laid at one time (an adult female cod can produce 4–6 million eggs in one spawning) and the eggs are then left to develop without parental care. When the larvae hatch from the egg, they often carry the remains of the yolk in a yolk sac which continues to nourish the larvae for a few days as they learn how to swim. Once the yolk is consumed, there is a critical point after which they must learn how to hunt and feed or they will die.

text: The most common reproductive strategy for

text: fish

text: is known as

text: oviparity

text: , in which the female lays undeveloped eggs that are externally fertilized by a male. Typically large numbers of eggs are laid at one time (an adult female

text: cod

text: can produce 4–6 million eggs in one spawning) and the eggs are then left to develop without parental care. When the larvae hatch from the egg, they often carry the remains of the yolk in a yolk sac which continues to nourish the larvae for a few days as they learn how to swim. Once the yolk is consumed, there is a critical point after which they must learn how to hunt and feed or they will die.

text: This species reaches up to  long, but is more often around . Specimens weighing  have been noted. Fish of this family are known for their thick scales and large eyes, which take up about half the length of the head. This species is the largest in the Priacanthidae. It can also be distinguished from others in the family by its long pelvic fins. These are longest, relative to body size, in smaller individuals. The tail fin is rounded. The fish has an elongated oval shape as an adult and is laterally compressed. It is red in color, and all the fins may be yellowish except the pectorals, which are pink to colorless. The membranes between the dorsal spines may be slightly darkened to totally black, and the long pelvic fins may be quite dark. The juvenile is not well known but it is likely silver in color. The appearance of the fish shows some geographical variation, mainly in size.

text: This species reaches up to  long, but is more often around . Specimens weighing  have been noted. Fish of this family are known for their thick scales and large eyes, which take up about half the length of the head. This species is the largest in the Priacanthidae. It can also be distinguished from others in the family by its long

text: pelvic fin

text: s. These are longest, relative to body size, in smaller individuals. The tail fin is rounded. The fish has an elongated oval shape as an adult and is laterally compressed. It is red in color, and all the fins may be yellowish except the

text: pectorals

text: , which are pink to colorless. The membranes between the dorsal spines may be slightly darkened to totally black, and the long pelvic fins may be quite dark. The juvenile is not well known but it is likely silver in color. The appearance of the fish shows some geographical variation, mainly in size.

text: A 2014 study found that the fish was depleted or overexploited at 93% of the sites examined and well-managed or unfished in only 7%; the fish appeared to be extirpated in 19% of these sites. Arapaima are particularly vulnerable to overfishing because of their size and because they must surface periodically to breathe.

text: A 2014 study found that the fish was depleted or

text: overexploited

text: at 93% of the sites examined and well-managed or unfished in only 7%; the fish appeared to be

text: extirpated

text: in 19% of these sites. Arapaima are particularly vulnerable to overfishing because of their size and because they must surface periodically to breathe.

text: Diet: Feeds on demersal fishes, shrimp, and squid. Reproduction: Are ovoviviparous, birth about 7 to 11 pups per litter.

text: BPA affects growth, reproduction, and development in aquatic organisms. Among freshwater organisms, fish appear to be the most sensitive species. Evidence of endocrine-related effects in fish, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles has been reported at environmentally relevant exposure levels lower than those required for acute toxicity. There is a widespread variation in reported values for endocrine-related effects, but many fall in the range of 1μg/L to 1 mg/L.

text: In regard to the relationship between atmospheric pressure and breathing, when the atmospheric pressure is lower, the air pressure within the breathing system must be correspondingly lower in order for inhalation to occur i.e. lower than the atmospheric pressure (based upon a pressure gradient being established and in keeping with Boyle’s law). This means that in order to achieve inhalation, the air pressure within the breathing system must be relatively lower at high altitudes (low atmospheric pressure) than at low altitudes (high atmospheric pressure); this typically involves a relatively greater lowering of the thoracic diaphragm. In regard to exhalation, when the atmospheric pressure is lower, the air pressure within the breathing system does not need to be as high in order for exhalation to occur; therefore, the diaphragm does not typically need to raise as high in order to achieve exhalation. At low altitudes where the air pressure is higher, inhalation can be achieved with a relatively smaller reduction of the air pressure within the breathing system, and exhalation requires a relatively greater increase of air pressure within the breathing system. Again, this is based upon a pressure gradient being established between the atmospheric pressure and the air pressure within the breathing system.

text: In regard to the relationship between

text: atmospheric pressure

text: and breathing, when the atmospheric pressure is lower, the air pressure within the breathing system must be correspondingly lower in order for inhalation to occur i.e. lower than the atmospheric pressure (based upon a

text: pressure gradient

text: being established and in keeping with

text: Boyle’s law

text: ). This means that in order to achieve inhalation, the air pressure within the breathing system must be relatively lower at high altitudes (low atmospheric pressure) than at low altitudes (high atmospheric pressure); this typically involves a relatively greater lowering of the thoracic diaphragm. In regard to exhalation, when the atmospheric pressure is lower, the air pressure within the breathing system does not need to be as high in order for exhalation to occur; therefore, the diaphragm does not typically need to raise as high in order to achieve exhalation. At low altitudes where the air pressure is higher, inhalation can be achieved with a relatively smaller reduction of the air pressure within the breathing system, and exhalation requires a relatively greater increase of air pressure within the breathing system. Again, this is based upon a pressure gradient being established between the atmospheric pressure and the air pressure within the breathing system.

text: Snakeskin gourami generally feed on aquatic insect and other small living organism in its habitat. Like other labyrinth fish, it can breathe air directly, as well as absorb oxygen from water through its gills.

text: Snakeskin gourami generally feed on aquatic insect and other small living organism in its habitat. Like other

text: labyrinth fish

text: , it can breathe air directly, as well as absorb oxygen from water through its gills.

text: Electroreception occurred early in evolutionary history with the evolution of an ampullary sensory system that included receptors able to detect weak electric signals in the environment (less than 1ųV/cm or 50 Hz). Sense organs specialized for electroreception have only been found among vertebrates, and around 8.600 species are known to be electroreceptive. The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system, but the distribution of electroreception in terms of evolution involves different classes of fish.  First, there is an origin of a common ancestor of current existent vertebrates (close to lampreys and gnathostomes). This ancestor evolved a lateral line that is important in processing sensory information and present in today’s hagfishes. Ampullary receptors are ancestral to jawed fish, for lampreys and agnathans were found to have ampullary receptors 400 million years earlier. Second, there is a loss of electroreception in amniotes. This could be due to the fact that air is a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields, unlike water. Third, there is also a loss of electroreception in gars, bowfin, and teleosts (neopterygian fishes). Ampullary receptors are present in all surviving cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes except a few species present in Neopterygii (which include gars, bowfins, and teleosts) Fourth, monotremes and a least three groups of fresh-water teleosts re-evolved electroreception. Fifth, a group of teleosts, Xenomystinae, acquired passive electrolocation with low frequency sensitive ampullary receptors. Sixth, another group of teleosts, Mormyroids, evolved passive electrolocation and active location, as well as a pulse type EOD in active electrolocation. Seventh, Silurifiormes and Gymnoformes evolved passive electrolocation, and Gymnoformes also evolved active electrolocation with a pulse type or wave type EODs.

text: Electroreception

text: occurred early in evolutionary history with the evolution of an ampullary sensory system that included receptors able to detect weak electric signals in the environment (less than 1ųV/cm or 50 Hz). Sense organs specialized for electroreception have only been found among vertebrates, and around 8.600 species are known to be electroreceptive. The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system, but the distribution of electroreception in terms of evolution involves different classes of fish.  First, there is an origin of a common ancestor of current existent vertebrates (close to lampreys and gnathostomes). This ancestor evolved a lateral line that is important in processing sensory information and present in today’s hagfishes. Ampullary receptors are ancestral to jawed fish, for lampreys and agnathans were found to have ampullary receptors 400 million years earlier. Second, there is a loss of electroreception in amniotes. This could be due to the fact that air is a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields, unlike water. Third, there is also a loss of electroreception in gars, bowfin, and teleosts (

text: neopterygian

text: fishes). Ampullary receptors are present in all surviving cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes except a few species present in Neopterygii (which include gars, bowfins, and teleosts) Fourth, monotremes and a least three groups of fresh-water teleosts re-evolved electroreception. Fifth, a group of teleosts, Xenomystinae, acquired passive electrolocation with low frequency sensitive ampullary receptors. Sixth, another group of teleosts, Mormyroids, evolved passive electrolocation and active location, as well as a pulse type EOD in active electrolocation. Seventh, Silurifiormes and Gymnoformes evolved passive electrolocation, and Gymnoformes also evolved active electrolocation with a pulse type or wave type EODs.

text: Gypsophila oldhamiana (Manchurian baby's-breath, Oldham's baby's-breath) is a flowering plant of the family Caryophyllaceae.

text: Gypsophila oldhamiana (Manchurian baby's-breath, Oldham's baby's-breath) is a flowering plant of the

text: family

text: Caryophyllaceae

text: A jigging motion can be used to attract fish which are normally caught while trying to strike the lure but they can also be snagged by the hooks as they investigate the jigged lure. The lure can also be fished motionless and the angler feels for the bait to be picked up by a fish and then sets the hook after waiting for the fish to fully take the bait. After a strike occurs the hook is set and then the fish is hauled in and the caught fish is removed.

text: A

text: jigging

text: motion can be used to attract fish which are normally caught while trying to strike the lure but they can also be snagged by the hooks as they investigate the jigged lure. The lure can also be fished motionless and the angler feels for the bait to be picked up by a fish and then sets the hook after waiting for the fish to fully take the bait. After a strike occurs the hook is set and then the fish is hauled in and the caught fish is removed.

text: Energy investment by workers required to produce reproductives is considerable. Newly emerged males and queens are no more functional than pupae; both depend heavily on solid prey brought in by workers, thus competing with larvae for food resources. As a result, worker quantity must remain high in order to maintain reproductive output. Workers must maintain food stores and defend the nest, and colonies whose work force diminishes too early in the colony’s life cycle will suffer a greater overall total loss in reproductives.

text: Energy investment by workers required to produce reproductives is considerable. Newly emerged males and queens are no more functional than

text: pupae

text: ; both depend heavily on solid

text: prey

text: brought in by workers, thus competing with

text: larvae

text: for food resources. As a result, worker quantity must remain high in order to maintain reproductive output. Workers must maintain food stores and defend the nest, and colonies whose work force diminishes too early in the colony’s life cycle will suffer a greater overall total loss in reproductives.

text: Fishing tackle can be contrasted with fishing techniques. Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the manner in which the tackle is used when fishing.

text: Fishing tackle can be contrasted with

text: fishing techniques

text: . Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the manner in which the tackle is used when fishing.

text: Many of these characteristics are also shared with the tribe Compsurini in Cheirodontinae. Though unrelated, this group contains inseminating species with caudal organs. However, the caudal organs and other similar characteristics are structured differently. They also share the elongate cytoplasmic collar binding the flagellum to the elongate nucleus at some stage of spermiogenesis, which was previously assumed to be exclusive to glandulocaudines. These fish also occasionally have gill glands.

text: Many of these characteristics are also shared with the tribe Compsurini in

text: Cheirodontinae

text: . Though unrelated, this group contains inseminating species with caudal organs. However, the caudal organs and other similar characteristics are structured differently. They also share the elongate cytoplasmic collar binding the flagellum to the elongate nucleus at some stage of spermiogenesis, which was previously assumed to be exclusive to glandulocaudines. These fish also occasionally have gill glands.

text: Filial cannibalism is particularly common in teleost fishes, appearing in at least seventeen different families of teleosts. Within this diverse group of fish, there have been many, variable explanations of the possible adaptive value of filial cannibalism. One of these is the energy-based hypothesis, which suggests that fish eat their offspring when they are low on energy as an investment in future reproductive success. This has been supported by experimental evidence, showing that male three-spined sticklebacks, male tessellated darters, and male sphinx blenny fish all consume or absorb their own eggs to maintain their physical conditions. In other words, when males of a fish species are low on energy, it might sometimes be beneficial for them to feed on their own offspring to survive and invest in future reproductive success.

text: Filial cannibalism is particularly common in

text: teleost

text: fishes, appearing in at least seventeen different families of teleosts. Within this diverse group of fish, there have been many, variable explanations of the possible adaptive value of filial cannibalism. One of these is the energy-based hypothesis, which suggests that fish eat their offspring when they are low on energy as an investment in future reproductive success. This has been supported by experimental evidence, showing that male

text: three-spined stickleback

text: s, male

text: tessellated darter

text: s, and male

text: sphinx blenny

text: fish all consume or absorb their own eggs to maintain their physical conditions. In other words, when males of a fish species are low on energy, it might sometimes be beneficial for them to feed on their own offspring to survive and invest in future reproductive success.

text: Fishing in Egypt has its own rules and regulations because people tend to fish in an excessive way, in addition many fishermen use techniques that pollute the inner lakes and fishing spots. All lakes in Egypt are open to fishing except the restricted areas because its mainly touristic sight-seeing, also skiing and jet skiing is restricted in many lakes because it damages the fishing environment. Some boat types are restricted in fishing areas such as racing boats. The bass tournaments are popular between fishermen in Egypt, but to participate in such an event you have to be registered at a fishing association. These fishing tournaments are only allowed at a certain time of year so it doesn’t damage the bass population of the lakes. It is prohibited to troll or jug in ski areas. Fishermen have a limited quantity of fish that they are allowed to fish per day and it depends on the type of fish. It is strictly prohibited to catch new born fishes because it endangers there existence   In addition, a boat cannot anchor less than 100 feet away from shoreline to respect the privacy of homeowners. Swimming is prohibited except in swimming areas for security issues, and of course skinny dipping is prohibited. Any kind of chemical treatments may not be used under any circumstances. Night lighting must within the permitted areas due to security issues. In any circumstances if rules are broken the fisherman may get arrested or may be denied of future entry to the lake.

text: Fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish, e.g. on the end of a fishing hook, or inside a fish trap. Traditionally, nightcrawlers, insects, and smaller bait fish have been used for this purpose. Fishermen have also begun using plastic bait and more recently, electronic lures, to attract fish.

text: Fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch

text: fish

text: , e.g. on the end of a

text: fishing hook

text: , or inside a

text: fish trap

text: . Traditionally,

text: nightcrawlers

text: insect

text: s, and smaller

text: bait fish

text: have been used for this purpose. Fishermen have also begun using

text: plastic bait

text: and more recently, electronic

text: lure

text: s, to attract fish.

text: Mark Ridley influences the thinking of his audience by showing an approach other than what Darwin described. Darwin proved his point of low reproductive rate using the elephant as a prime example and conversely, Mark Ridley explains high reproductive rates through the Atlantic Cod. Mark Ridley explains fecundity using the Atlantic Cod, “The fecundity of females increases with size and age. A 40 inch female may lay about 3 million eggs, and a 50 inch female up to 9 million eggs in one spawning season” (Dave, 2010).  Furthermore, not looking at size but at age “An average 10-year-old female cod lays about 2 million eggs in a breeding season, and large individuals may lay over 5 million” (Ridley, 2003). Out of the 2 million eggs only two survive. The two eggs that survive on average are the ones that will successfully continue to exist living. These are the eggs that will one day reproduce to continue the cycle of life.  This is important in understanding evolution because the eggs that do evolve into fish and continue living are successful in reproduction. Fecundity varies depending on which animal is being considered. As seen above, it can be either a high reproductive rate or a low one. Fecundity is closely related to fitness. Fitness is a term describing the measure of reproductive success, “In evolutionary theory, ﬁtness is a technical term, meaning the average number of offspring left by an individual relative to the number of offspring left by an average member of the population” (Ridley, 2003). “Those individuals who leave the largest number of mature offspring are the fittest” (Kimball, 2010). The production of a large number of offspring is a measure of fitness.  Fitness for the Atlantic cod is measured by the number of fertilized eggs they produce because they provide little to no care for their young. Both Darwin and Ridley stress the condition of fecundity perceiving it from different perspectives.  All in all, Ridley along with other evolutionists believe organisms produce more offspring than the given limited amount of resources will allow to ever survive.

text: Mark Ridley influences the thinking of his audience by showing an approach other than what Darwin described. Darwin proved his point of low reproductive rate using the elephant as a prime example and conversely, Mark Ridley explains high reproductive rates through the

text: Atlantic Cod

text: As in most Haliaeetus eagles, the tarsus and tail are relatively short compared to other very large eagles at  and  in length, respectively, the Philippine eagle besting it by up to  and  apparently. In all sea and fish eagles, the toes are relatively short and stout, with the bottom of the foot covered in spiracles and the talons being relatively shorter and more strongly curved than in comparably sized eagles found in forests and fields, such as the "booted eagle" group (i.e. Aquila) or "harpy eagles", all of these specializations developed in the aid of capturing fish rather than medium-sized mammals and large birds, although clearly these are not excluded from capture. As in all fish and sea eagles, as well as the majority of the world's fish-eating raptors, Steller's sea eagle has spiracles, which are bumpy waves all along the bottom of their feet, which allow them to hold fish that may otherwise slip out of their grasp. The feet are very powerful despite not bearing talons as long as those of a harpy eagle. In one case, a wildlife veteranian was badly injured when a female eagle grabbed his arm and embedded her talons, piercing through to the other side of his arm. Perhaps the most noted physical feature of Steller's sea eagle, other than its overall great size, is its extremely large bill and prominent head. The skull is around  in total length, the culmen is from  and the bill from the gape to the tip is around .  Steller's sea eagle's bill is probably the largest of any living eagle, just surpassing to the Philippine eagle with a sole known culmen measurement (from a mature female) of , and are similar in robustness (if slightly shorter in culmen length) to those of the largest accipitrids, the Old World vultures.

text: As in most Haliaeetus eagles, the

text: tarsus

text: and

text: tail

text: are relatively short compared to other very large eagles at  and  in length, respectively, the Philippine eagle besting it by up to  and  apparently. In all sea and fish eagles, the toes are relatively short and stout, with the bottom of the foot covered in spiracles and the talons being relatively shorter and more strongly curved than in comparably sized eagles found in forests and fields, such as the "booted eagle" group (i.e.

text: Aquila

text: ) or "harpy eagles", all of these specializations developed in the aid of capturing fish rather than medium-sized mammals and large birds, although clearly these are not excluded from capture. As in all fish and sea eagles, as well as the majority of the world's fish-eating raptors, Steller's sea eagle has spiracles, which are bumpy waves all along the bottom of their feet, which allow them to hold fish that may otherwise slip out of their grasp. The feet are very powerful despite not bearing talons as long as those of a harpy eagle. In one case, a wildlife veteranian was badly injured when a female eagle grabbed his arm and embedded her talons, piercing through to the other side of his arm. Perhaps the most noted physical feature of Steller's sea eagle, other than its overall great size, is its extremely large

text: bill

text: and prominent head. The skull is around  in total length, the

text: culmen

text: is from  and the bill from the gape to the tip is around .  Steller's sea eagle's bill is probably the largest of any living eagle, just surpassing to the Philippine eagle with a sole known culmen measurement (from a mature female) of , and are similar in robustness (if slightly shorter in culmen length) to those of the largest accipitrids, the

text: Old World vulture

text: s.

text: In 2005, an infestation of Hydrilla verticillata was discovered in the reservoir, the first time the invasive weed was discovered in Brazil. The dam has also had negative effects on downstream fish reproduction and has a  long fish ladder.

text: In 2005, an infestation of

text: Hydrilla verticillata

text: was discovered in the reservoir, the first time the invasive weed was discovered in Brazil. The dam has also had negative effects on downstream fish reproduction and has a  long

text: fish ladder

text: In the classical sense, a fish decoy is an object that is used to attract a predator fish.  However, fish decoys have also been used to attract sturgeon.  The reasons why sturgeon are attracted by decoys is a point of discussion, as it may be competition based (thinking another fish has found some food that the sturgeon might want) or might be reproductive - or just something as simple as plain curiosity.

text: Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human's (see vision in fishes). Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of  millivolt. Other fish, like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication.

text: Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human's (see

text: vision in fishes

text: ). Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the

text: lateral line system

text: , which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of  millivolt. Other fish, like the South American electric fishes

text: Gymnotiformes

text: , can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication.

text: On a macrocosmic level, the consciousness of living—the dim awareness that we are alive for a moment on this planet as it spins, meaninglessly, around the cold and infinite galaxy—gives human beings "the status of a small god in nature," according to Ernest Becker: "Yet, at the same time, as the Eastern sages also knew, man is a worm and food for worms. This is the paradox: he is out of nature and hopelessly in it; he is dual, up in the stars and yet housed in a heart-pumping, breath-gasping body that once belonged to a fish and still has the gill marks to prove it ... Man is literally split in two: he has awareness of his own splendid uniqueness in that he sticks out of nature with a towering majesty, and yet he goes back into the ground a few feet in order blindly and dumbly to rot and disappear forever. It is a terrifying dilemma to be in and to have to live with" (Becker, 1973, p. 26).

text: Exposure of zebra fish to a chemical environmental agent, analogous to that caused by anthropogenic pollution, amplified the effects of inbreeding on key reproductive traits.  Embryo viability was significantly reduced in inbred exposed fish and there was a tendency for inbred males to sire fewer offspring.

text: About the fish species, there are fishes of small size such as pirañas, tare’yi and a variety of small piky.

text: - Attach a line release mechanism to the RC boat and then attach the line/hook and (instead of casting) drive the line out with the RC boat. When a fish strikes, the line disconnects, and the fisherman reels in the fish with a regular fishing pole. This allows the fisherman to catch any size fish.

text: - Attach a line release mechanism to the RC boat and then attach the line/hook and (instead of

text: casting

text: ) drive the line out with the RC boat. When a fish strikes, the line disconnects, and the fisherman

text: reels

text: in the fish with a regular

text: fishing pole

text: . This allows the fisherman to catch any size fish.

text: Partial clutch cannibalism occurs when a parent consumes a part of its offspring. "Parental manipulation of brood size may allow the parent the maximize lifetime reproductive output by adjusting current reproductive costs in favour of future survival and subsequent opportunities for reproduction." Unlike total or whole clutch cannibalism, partial clutch cannibalism invests in both current and future reproduction. Male parents, particularly male fish, may eat some of their offspring in order to "complete his current parental cycle, and remain in sufficiently good condition to engage in further breeding cycles."

text: A fishing lure is a type of artificial fishing bait which is designed to attract a fish's attention. The lure uses movement, vibration, flash and color to bait fish. Many lures are equipped with one or more hooks that are used to catch fish when they strike the lure. Some lures are placed to attract fish so a spear can be impaled into the fish or so the fish can be captured by hand. Most lures are attached to the end of a fishing line and have various styles of hooks attached to the body and are designed to elicit a strike resulting in a hookset. Many lures are commercially made but some are hand made such as fishing flies. Hand tying fly lures to match the hatch is considered a challenge by many amateur entomologists.

text: A fishing lure is a type of artificial

text: fishing bait

text: which is designed to attract a

text: fish

text: 's attention. The lure uses movement, vibration, flash and color to

text: bait

text: fish. Many lures are equipped with one or more

text: hooks

text: that are used to catch fish when they strike the lure. Some lures are placed to attract fish so a spear can be impaled into the fish or so the fish can be captured by

text: hand

text: . Most lures are attached to the end of a

text: fishing line

text: and have various styles of hooks attached to the body and are designed to elicit a strike resulting in a hookset. Many lures are commercially made but some are hand made such as

text: fishing flies

text: . Hand tying fly lures to match the hatch is considered a challenge by many amateur

text: entomologists

text: Fishing (creek and river) was done near the village sites, and the fish were stored in large subsurface caches and is domestic and most common. All band members except the very young children assisted in harvesting and processing the catch. Available fish species include chinook salmon, silver salmon, chum salmon, broad whitefish, hunpback whitefish, round whitefish, least cisco, sheefish, grayling, Dolly Varden, burbot (loche), pike, sucker, eel, blackfish, lake trout, and one non-fish species, freshwater mussels. The main economical fish (łuk'a) species are mostly Pacific salmon species. In Upper Kuskokwim region, salmon have been an important food resource as well as in other places in the North. There are five species of Pacific salmon recognized in Alaska, but only three of them (king or chinook, dog or chum and silver or coho) regularly venture up to the Upper Kuskokwim region. Currently, king or chinook (gas) salmon occupies the majority of the harvest of salmonids in this region, followed by dog or chum (srughat'aye) and silver or coho (nosdlaghe) salmons. Whereas hundreds of thousands, and even millions, of salmon enter the Kuskokwim River, by the time they reach the headwaters only a few thousand or even a few hundred are left to spawn in any given stream. In the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan language, August is nosdlagheno'o (lit. «coho salmon month»).

text: Fishing

text: (creek and river) was done near the village sites, and the fish were stored in large subsurface caches and is domestic and most common. All band members except the very young children assisted in harvesting and processing the catch. Available fish species include chinook salmon, silver salmon, chum salmon, broad whitefish, hunpback whitefish, round whitefish, least cisco, sheefish, grayling, Dolly Varden, burbot (loche), pike, sucker, eel, blackfish, lake trout, and one non-fish species, freshwater mussels. The main economical

text: fish

text: (łuk'a) species are mostly

text: Pacific salmon

text: species. In Upper Kuskokwim region, salmon have been an important food resource as well as in other places in the North. There are five species of

text: Pacific salmon

text: recognized in Alaska, but only three of them (king or chinook, dog or chum and silver or coho) regularly venture up to the Upper Kuskokwim region. Currently,

text: king or chinook

text: (gas) salmon occupies the majority of the harvest of salmonids in this region, followed by

text: dog or chum

text: (srughat'aye) and

text: silver or coho

text: (nosdlaghe) salmons. Whereas hundreds of thousands, and even millions, of salmon enter the Kuskokwim River, by the time they reach the headwaters only a few thousand or even a few hundred are left to spawn in any given stream. In the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan language, August is nosdlagheno'o (lit. «coho salmon month»).

text: All of the individuals first develop into males and then later there is a possibility that they become females (protandrous hermaphrodites). This also can be termed as plasticity in sex differentiation. This is shown when there are males, females, and juveniles together in an anemone. In the social groups, the female is the dominant and largest member, with signs of aggression towards other members of the social group. The next rank in the social hierarchy were the fishes that will become males and other fishes that stay as non-reproductive. One experiment placed three juvenile anemonefish in a tank and their behaviors were observed over a month. Observations about social rank were made throughout this period, based on interactions with the group. There was also a noticeable correlation between aggressive behaviors and appeasing behaviors. There were many other signs of dominance in this hierarchy, such as the continuous occupation of territory in the tank by the dominant fish, and increase in body mass of the dominant fish compared to that of lower ranked fish (indicating growth suppression). In addition, a difference in certain steroid levels of the fish indicated that there was reproductive suppression also occurring. The individuals that were ranked lower were reproductively suppressed, which was apparent around the first stage of when the group was formed. Gradually, the sex differentiation and dominance were formed after social interactions occurred for a while. Another experiment performed was if we removed the female from the anemone, then the next dominant male would become the female. There is also a dominance hierarchy that exists here. Females actually utilize aggressive dominance to control the males to prevent the formation of other females, and dominant males prevent juvenile males from mating.

text: All of the individuals first develop into males and then later there is a possibility that they become females (

text: protandrous hermaphrodites

text: ). This also can be termed as

text: plasticity

text: dominance hierarchy

text: that exists here. Females actually utilize aggressive dominance to control the males to prevent the formation of other females, and dominant males prevent juvenile males from mating.

text: The sauger (Sander canadensis) is a freshwater perciform fish of the family Percidae which resembles its close relative the walleye. They are members of the largest vertebrate order, Perciformes. They are the most migratory percid species in North America. Saugers obtain two dorsal fins, the first is spiny and the posterior dorsal fin is a soft-rayed fin. Their paired fins are in the thoracic position and their caudal fin is truncated which means squared off at the corners, a characteristic of the Percidae family. Another physical characteristic of Saugers are their ctenoid scales which is common in advanced fishes. Saugers have a fusiform body structure, and as a result saugers are well adapted predatory fishes and are capable of swimming into fast currents with minimal drag on their bodies. They may be distinguished from walleyes by the distinctly spotted dorsal fin, by the lack of a white splotch on the caudal fin, by the rough skin over their gill, and by their generally more brassy color, or darker (almost black) color in some regions. The average sauger in an angler's creel is  in weight.

text: The sauger (Sander canadensis) is a

text: freshwater

text: perciform

text: fish of the family

text: Percidae

text: which resembles its close relative the

text: walleye

text: . They are members of the largest vertebrate order,

text: Perciformes

text: . They are the most migratory percid species in North America. Saugers obtain two dorsal fins, the first is spiny and the posterior dorsal fin is a soft-rayed fin. Their paired fins are in the thoracic position and their caudal fin is truncated which means squared off at the corners, a characteristic of the Percidae family. Another physical characteristic of Saugers are their

text: ctenoid scales

text: which is common in advanced fishes. Saugers have a fusiform body structure, and as a result saugers are well adapted predatory fishes and are capable of swimming into fast currents with minimal drag on their bodies. They may be distinguished from walleyes by the distinctly spotted

text: dorsal fin

text: , by the lack of a white splotch on the

text: caudal fin

text: , by the rough skin over their gill, and by their generally more brassy color, or darker (almost black) color in some regions. The average sauger in an

text: angler's

text: creel

text: is  in weight.

text: These fish are elongated in shape, with scales marked in such a way as to make visual differentiation of individual scales easy by simple naked-eye observation. The pectoral fins are positioned immediately behind the operculum or gill cover, while the pelvic fins are further back along the body, about midway between the head and the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin is positioned above and slightly behind the pelvic fins, and midway between the pelvic fins and the tail fin is the anal fin. The tail fin is forked in shape. Males usually possess more elongated and ornate unpaired fins than females. In the case of C. arnoldi, the tail fin of the male is somewhat asymmetrical, the upper lobe being larger than the lower lobe, and this modification of the more usual symmetrical tail fin shape (tail fin symmetry is a characteristic of the majority of fishes belonging to the Actinopterygii) is linked to the reproductive activity of the species.

text: These fish are elongated in shape, with scales marked in such a way as to make visual differentiation of individual scales easy by simple naked-eye observation. The pectoral fins are positioned immediately behind the

text: operculum

text: or gill cover, while the pelvic fins are further back along the body, about midway between the head and the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin is positioned above and slightly behind the pelvic fins, and midway between the pelvic fins and the tail fin is the anal fin. The tail fin is forked in shape. Males usually possess more elongated and ornate unpaired fins than females. In the case of C. arnoldi, the tail fin of the male is somewhat asymmetrical, the upper lobe being larger than the lower lobe, and this modification of the more usual symmetrical tail fin shape (tail fin symmetry is a characteristic of the majority of fishes belonging to the Actinopterygii) is linked to the reproductive activity of the species.

text: Measurements have shown that typically, male electric fish that’s dominating usually has lower EOD frequency and longer EOD duration. An experiment has shown that, when two males are placed in the same fish tank, both fishes enhance their EOD in the first short period of time. However, after leaving the fishes in a dark period (mimicking night time), the male with higher EOD amplitude, which is also usually the male with bigger body size, will further enhance its EOD; on the contrary, the male with smaller body size/ smaller EOD does not enhance its EOD.

text: The headspot eviota is a small sized fish, it can grow up to a size of  length.

text: This fish is an omnivore, but when hungry, stressed, or seeking live food it is very aggressive. This characteristic combined with its large size make it a danger to humans. Piranha attacks on humans are anecdotal for the most part. The piraya prefers to eat small fish and insects, along with seeds and aquatic plant material.

text: This fish is an

text: omnivore

text: , but when hungry, stressed, or seeking live food it is very

text: aggressive

text: . This characteristic combined with its large size make it a danger to humans. Piranha attacks on humans are anecdotal for the most part. The piraya prefers to eat small fish and insects, along with seeds and aquatic plant material.

text: Characteristic fish species include all of the species from the previous zones with addition of;

text: It's a small size fish that can reach a maximum size of 7 cm length.

text: It's a small size

text: fish

text: that can reach a maximum size of 7 cm length.

text: This is a small size fish that can reach a maximum size of 3 cm length.

text: This is a small size

text: fish

text: that can reach a maximum size of 3 cm length.

text: Both rainbow and brown trout throughout the river system with fish in the upper reaches reaching trophy size (i.e. over 4.5 kg) with the average through the rest of the system being around 1.5 to 2 kg. Fish numbers are good throughout the system though there are fewer fish per kilometre in the upper reaches. This is made up for by the quality and size of the fish being larger in this section.

text: The devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result it is sensitive to environmental changes.  The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for swordfish. The 2004 IUCN Red List listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as endangered in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.

text: The devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result it is sensitive to environmental changes.  The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for

text: swordfish

text: . The 2004

text: IUCN Red List

text: listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as

text: endangered

text: in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.

text: The bigeye trevally is also popular with anglers, with the species rated as an excellent gamefish in larger sizes. The species is commonly taken by boat fishermen over reef complexes, however schools often hang around jetties and wharves, allowing for frantic fishing when the fish are on the bite, especially after dusk. The species is also occasionally taken from beaches, but rarely in large quantities. Common techniques for catching the fish include bait fishing, which can involve both live or dead bit including fish, squid or various crustaceans, or lure fishing. Bigeye trevally are known to accept many lure types including bibbed lures, surface poppers and metal slugs jigged in rapid retrieve from the ocean floor. Soft plastic lures are known to take the species, as are saltwater fly patterns. In larger sizes, gear must be robust and well maintained to land the fish.

text: The bigeye trevally is also popular with

text: anglers

text: , with the species rated as an excellent

text: gamefish

text: in larger sizes. The species is commonly taken by boat fishermen over reef complexes, however schools often hang around

text: jetties

text: and

text: wharves

text: , allowing for frantic fishing when the fish are on the bite, especially after dusk. The species is also occasionally taken from

text: beach

text: es, but rarely in large quantities. Common techniques for catching the fish include bait fishing, which can involve both live or dead bit including fish,

text: squid

text: or various crustaceans, or lure fishing. Bigeye trevally are known to accept many lure types including bibbed lures, surface poppers and metal slugs jigged in rapid retrieve from the ocean floor. Soft plastic lures are known to take the species, as are

text: saltwater fly

text: patterns. In larger sizes, gear must be robust and well maintained to land the fish.

text: Gameplay, like other games in the fishing simulator genre consists of casting a line from a fishing pole to reel in fish. In the game, the player casts the line and reels in fish with the touch screen. Whether or not a player can catch a fish usually depends on timing and the placement of the tackle. The game includes multiple fishing techniques, including bait fishing as well as fly fishing. The game also includes 15 stages, 40 fish, and over 100 pieces of tackle. Players can also keep caught fish in a fish tank for display.

text: Gameplay, like other games in the fishing simulator genre consists of casting a line from a

text: fishing pole

text: to reel in fish. In the game, the player casts the line and reels in fish with the touch screen. Whether or not a player can catch a fish usually depends on timing and the placement of the

text: tackle

text: . The game includes multiple fishing techniques, including bait fishing as well as fly fishing. The game also includes 15 stages, 40 fish, and over 100 pieces of tackle. Players can also keep caught fish in a fish tank for display.

text: A great threat to Pacific salmon conservation is commercial fishing. There are many methods of harvest for the commercial salmon fishing industry, such as trolling, seining, and gillnetting. Gillnets are an extremely size-selective method of harvest, where a long net is placed in the path of the salmon’s migration to their natal stream in hopes of entangling the salmon for commercial harvest. Fish too small to be caught pass through the net, fish too large cannot be entangled, only catching fish that fall somewhere in between. By selectively harvesting certain sizes of fish, governed by the mesh-size of the gillnet, some age-class and length-class fish are selectively removed from the population, progressively leaving phenotypically smaller spawners. Fecundity generally decreases with length. So, smaller fish produce fewer eggs than larger fish. There is also concern regarding the genetic information passed down from the fish. If the majority of spawning fish in a particular salmon run has gotten smaller due to the size-selective fishing methods, the run could eventually evolve to become smaller.

text: A great threat to Pacific salmon conservation is commercial fishing. There are many methods of harvest for the commercial salmon fishing industry, such as trolling, seining, and gillnetting.

text: Gillnets

text: are an extremely size-selective method of harvest, where a long net is placed in the path of the

text: salmon’s migration

text: to their natal stream in hopes of entangling the salmon for commercial harvest. Fish too small to be caught pass through the net, fish too large cannot be entangled, only catching fish that fall somewhere in between. By selectively harvesting certain sizes of fish, governed by the mesh-size of the gillnet, some age-class and length-class fish are selectively removed from the population, progressively leaving phenotypically smaller spawners. Fecundity generally decreases with length. So, smaller fish produce fewer eggs than larger fish. There is also concern regarding the genetic information passed down from the fish. If the majority of spawning fish in a particular salmon run has gotten smaller due to the size-selective fishing methods, the run could eventually evolve to become smaller.

text: A typical human breathes between 12 and 20 times per minute at a rate primarily influenced by carbon dioxide concentration, and thus pH, in the blood. With each breath, a volume of about 0.6 litres is exchanged from an active lung volume (tidal volume + functional residual capacity) of about 3 litres. Normal Earth atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases. After just two or three breaths of nitrogen, the oxygen concentration in the lungs would be low enough for some oxygen already in the bloodstream to exchange back to the lungs and be eliminated by exhalation. Crude simulation of oxygen transport through the lungs and bloodstream suggests that the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood would be about 50% of saturation 1 minute after switching gases and would reach zero within 3 minutes.

text: A typical human

text: breath

text: es between 12 and 20 times per minute at a rate primarily influenced by

text: carbon dioxide

text: concentration, and thus

text: pH

text: , in the

text: blood

text: . With each breath, a volume of about 0.6 litres is exchanged from an active

text: lung volume

text: (tidal volume + functional residual capacity) of about 3 litres. Normal

text: Earth atmosphere

text: is about 78%

text: nitrogen

text: , 21%

text: oxygen

text: , and 1%

text: argon

text: , carbon dioxide, and other gases. After just two or three breaths of nitrogen, the oxygen concentration in the lungs would be low enough for some oxygen already in the bloodstream to exchange back to the lungs and be eliminated by exhalation. Crude simulation of oxygen transport through the lungs and bloodstream suggests that the

text: partial pressure

text: of oxygen in arterial blood would be about 50% of saturation 1 minute after switching gases and would reach zero within 3 minutes.

text: The bluefin trevally is a fast swimming, mainly piscivorous predator which shows a wide range in hunting techniques. Two studies of adult fish in Hawaii found fish to be the dominant food type in the species, making up over 95% volume of the stomach contents by weight. Here the main fish selected were small reef dwellers, with fish from the families Labridae, Mullidae, Scaridae and Priacanthidae being the most common. Despite the preference of several families, bluefin trevally do take a very wide variety of fish in small amounts, including various species of eel. The species appears to have a preference for fish of a specific size, which depends on its own length and age. Cephalopods (mainly octopus or squid) and a wide array of crustaceans are also taken in smaller quantities, with shrimps, stomatopods and crabs being the most common. The diet of juveniles in Hawaiian and South African estuaries has also been determined, with these younger fish having a more crustacean based diet than the adults. In Hawaii, crustaceans make up 96% of the gut contents numerically, with tanaids and isopods dominating the diet, while fish (mainly gobioids) only make up 4% numerically. Juveniles less than 170 mm in South African estuaries feed predominantly on mysids and paenid prawns, before shifting to a more fish based diet at larger sizes. Small fish are able to effectively filter these small crustaceans from the water, while adults are not. In both cases, a transition to a more fish based diet with age was found to occur, although the length at which this transition occurred varied between location. The diet overlap with the similar C. ignobilis is low in the Hawaiian Islands, suggesting there is some separation of feeding niches.  Calculations suggest each individual bluefin trevally consumes around 45 kg of fish per year on average, making it one of the most effective predators in this habitat.

text: The bluefin trevally is a fast swimming, mainly

text: piscivorous

text: predator

text: which shows a wide range in hunting techniques. Two studies of adult fish in Hawaii found fish to be the dominant food type in the species, making up over 95% volume of the stomach contents by weight. Here the main fish selected were small reef dwellers, with fish from the families

text: Labridae

text: Mullidae

text: Scaridae

text: and

text: Priacanthidae

text: being the most common. Despite the preference of several families, bluefin trevally do take a very wide variety of fish in small amounts, including various species of

text: eel

text: . The species appears to have a preference for fish of a specific size, which depends on its own length and age.

text: Cephalopod

text: s (mainly

text: octopus

text: or

text: squid

text: ) and a wide array of crustaceans are also taken in smaller quantities, with

text: shrimp

text: s,

text: stomatopod

text: s and

text: crab

text: s being the most common. The diet of juveniles in Hawaiian and South African estuaries has also been determined, with these younger fish having a more crustacean based diet than the adults. In Hawaii, crustaceans make up 96% of the gut contents numerically, with

text: tanaid

text: s and

text: isopod

text: s dominating the diet, while fish (mainly

text: gobioids

text: ) only make up 4% numerically. Juveniles less than 170 mm in South African estuaries feed predominantly on

text: mysid

text: s and paenid

text: prawn

text: s, before shifting to a more fish based diet at larger sizes. Small fish are able to effectively filter these small crustaceans from the water, while adults are not. In both cases, a transition to a more fish based diet with age was found to occur, although the length at which this transition occurred varied between location. The diet overlap with the similar C. ignobilis is low in the Hawaiian Islands, suggesting there is some separation of feeding niches.  Calculations suggest each individual bluefin trevally consumes around 45 kg of fish per year on average, making it one of the most effective predators in this habitat.

text: Itoi Shigesato no Bass Tsuri No. 1 is set on the fictional  where the BAC (Bass Angler's Club) catch fish and compete in tournaments. There are several types of fish and there is a size-range within each type. The goal of the player is to catch the most and the largest fish possible as to compete in extra competitions such as quizzes. In order to have the greatest success in fishing, players must determine the most fruitful part of Lake Akahoshi given the weather conditions and the time of the day. The player is also able to select from a number of different lures that can be used to attract different species and different sizes of fish. The most sought-after fish in the game is the "over 80cm Bass."

text: The comparative method is based on the Neogrammarian rule that the Indo-European sound laws are applied without exception. The method compares languages and applies the sound laws to find a common ancestor. For example, compare the pairs of words in Italian and English: piede and foot, padre and father, pesce and fish. Since there is a consistent correspondence of the initial consonants that is far too frequent to be coincidental, the languages can be assumed to stem from a common parent.

text: The comparative method is based on the

text: Neogrammarian

text: rule that the

text: Indo-European sound laws

text: are applied without exception. The method compares languages and applies the sound laws to find a common ancestor. For example, compare the pairs of words in Italian and English: piede and foot, padre and father, pesce and fish. Since there is a consistent correspondence of the initial consonants that is far too frequent to be coincidental, the languages can be assumed to stem from a common parent.

text: It is distributed throughout the Indian Ocean of coast of India, Sri Lanka, and possibly Pakistan. It is a small schooling fish found in depth of 20-50m. Maximum length do not exceed 17.5 cm. The fish lack dorsal soft rays and only present 34 to 38 anal soft rays. There are 23 to 26 keeled scutes on belly. The characteristic feature to identify the fish is the presence of a dark blotch behind upper part of gill opening, and spots on cheeks and paired fins. Gill arches are pinky orange in color.

text: It is distributed throughout the

text: Indian Ocean

text: of coast of

text: India

text: Sri Lanka

text: , and possibly

text: Pakistan

text: . It is a small

text: schooling

text: fish found in depth of 20-50m. Maximum length do not exceed 17.5 cm. The fish lack dorsal soft rays and only present 34 to 38 anal soft rays. There are 23 to 26 keeled scutes on belly. The characteristic feature to identify the fish is the presence of a dark blotch behind upper part of gill opening, and spots on cheeks and paired fins. Gill arches are pinky orange in color.

text: The speckled peacock bass is the largest species and can grow over 100 centimeters in length, and may be the largest of all cichlid fishes. Most display a color pattern based on a theme of three wide vertical stripes on their bodies, sometimes with smaller intermediate bands, only a grey, brown, yellow, or green background. They also exhibit a spot on their tail fins that resembles the eyes on a peacock's tail feathers—a feature which resulted in their common names (this "ocellus" is a common feature of South American cichlids, and is thought to deter predators and fin-biting piranhas). In addition, many adult fishes (primarily males, but also some females) develop a pronounced hump on their foreheads (nuchal hump) shortly before and during the rainy season, when the fishes generally spawn. Other physical traits can vary greatly, depending on the species, individual and stage of development. These include, but are not limited to: dark rosettes instead of stripes, light speckles and impressive shades of bright green, orange, blue and gold. Very young fish exhibit dark horizontal stripes down half (C. orinocensis, C. ocellaris, et al.) or the whole (C. temensis, C. pinima, et al.) body.

text: No license is necessary for recreational sea fishing. There are many detailed regulations about fish species, size limits, fishing methods and prohibited areas.

text: There are no reliable statistics of the pastimes of Chileans, but it is believed that fishing is the third or fourth most popular hobby.  Simple and low-cost fishing gear is the most popular. The most popular bait used includes earthworms, fresh-water crab, shrimp, snails, small fish, and white beans. The more complex fishing gear has gained in popularity with imported rods and reels running less than 5,000 Chilean pesos, and fly fishing gear selling for less than 50,000 Chilean pesos. Fly fishing is the fastest growing sector in sport fishing in Chile. Tourists have come to know Chile as the destination for salmon fishing. The increase in tour guides for tourist fishing has been explosive — from only a few fishing lodges in the 1990s, to over a dozen new lodges in the new century. Lawmakers and participants in sport fishing are working together to make new laws to help regulate the fishing tourism industry and ensure its longevity.

text: There are no reliable statistics of the pastimes of Chileans, but it is believed that fishing is the third or fourth most popular hobby.  Simple and low-cost fishing gear is the most popular. The most popular bait used includes earthworms, fresh-water crab, shrimp, snails, small fish, and white beans. The more complex fishing gear has gained in popularity with imported rods and reels running less than 5,000 Chilean pesos, and fly fishing gear selling for less than 50,000 Chilean pesos.

text: Fly fishing

text: is the fastest growing sector in sport fishing in Chile. Tourists have come to know Chile as the destination for salmon fishing. The increase in tour guides for tourist fishing has been explosive — from only a few fishing lodges in the 1990s, to over a dozen new lodges in the new century. Lawmakers and participants in sport fishing are working together to make new laws to help regulate the fishing tourism industry and ensure its longevity.

text: Tachypnea is sometimes distinguished from hyperpnea when tachypnea is meant as rapid and shallow breaths, whereas hyperpnea is meant as rapid and deep breaths. This distinction is not always followed; the words can be synonymous. Similarly, some speakers maintain a distinction between hyperpnea and hyperventilation, whereby in hyperpnea, the increased breathing rate is desirable as it meets the metabolic needs of the body, but in hyperventilation, the rate of ventilation is inappropriate for the body's needs (except in metabolic acidosis, when  needs to be breathed off). The resulting decrease in  concentration results in the typical symptoms of light-headedness, tingling in peripheries, visual disturbances etc, whereas in hyperpnea in the contradistinguished sense, there are generally no such symptoms. This distinction, too, is not invariably followed.

text: Tachypnea

text: is sometimes distinguished from hyperpnea when tachypnea

text: is meant as

text: rapid and shallow breaths, whereas hyperpnea is meant as rapid and deep breaths. This distinction is not always followed; the words can be

text: synonym

text: ous. Similarly, some speakers maintain a distinction between hyperpnea and

text: hyperventilation

text: , whereby in hyperpnea, the increased breathing rate is desirable as it meets the metabolic needs of the body, but in hyperventilation, the rate of ventilation is inappropriate for the body's needs (except in

text: metabolic acidosis

text: , when  needs to be breathed off). The resulting decrease in  concentration results in the typical symptoms of light-headedness, tingling in peripheries, visual disturbances etc, whereas in hyperpnea in the contradistinguished sense, there are generally no such symptoms. This distinction, too, is not invariably followed.

text: In many sexually reproducing species, such as mammals, birds and amphibians, the females are responsible for bearing the offspring for a certain period of time, during which the males are free to mate with other available females and therefore can father many more offspring, thus continue to pass on their genes. The fundamental difference between male and female reproduction mechanisms determines the different strategies each sex employs to maximize their reproductive success. For males, their reproductive success is limited by access to females, while females are limited by their access to resources. In this sense, females can be way choosier than males because they have to bet on the resources provided by the males to ensure reproductive success.

text: In many sexually reproducing species, such as

text: mammal

text: s,

text: bird

text: s and

text: amphibian

text: s, the females are responsible for bearing the offspring for a certain period of time, during which the males are free to mate with other available females and therefore can father many more offspring, thus continue to pass on their genes. The fundamental difference between male and female reproduction mechanisms determines the different strategies each sex employs to maximize their

text: reproductive success

text: . For males, their reproductive success is limited by access to females, while females are limited by their access to resources. In this sense, females can be way choosier than males because they have to bet on the resources provided by the males to ensure reproductive success.

text: This fish is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 14.5 cm length.

text: This

text: fish

text: is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 14.5 cm length.

text: Modern knowledge of the reproductive cycles of aquatic species has led to the development of hatcheries and improved techniques of fish farming and aquaculture. Better understanding of the hazards of eating raw and undercooked fish and shellfish has led to improved preservation methods and processing.

text: Modern knowledge of the reproductive cycles of aquatic species has led to the development of

text: hatcheries

text: and improved techniques of

text: fish farming

text: and

text: aquaculture

text: . Better understanding of the

text: hazards

text: of eating raw and undercooked fish and shellfish has led to improved preservation methods and processing.

text: The International Organization for Standardisation, ISO, is the worldwide federation of national standards bodies. ISO defines quality as "the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."(ISO 8402). The quality of fish and fish products depends on safe and hygienic practices. Outbreaks of fish-borne illnesses are reduced if appropriate practices are followed when handling, manufacturing, refrigerating and transporting fish and fish products. Ensuring standards of quality and safety are high also minimizes the post-harvest losses."

text: The

entity_name: International Organization for Standardization

text: International Organization for Standardisation

text: , ISO, is the worldwide federation of national standards bodies. ISO defines quality as "the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."(ISO 8402). The quality of fish and fish products depends on safe and hygienic practices. Outbreaks of fish-borne illnesses are reduced if appropriate practices are followed when handling, manufacturing, refrigerating and transporting fish and fish products. Ensuring standards of quality and safety are high also minimizes the post-harvest losses."

text: The superorder Elopomorpha contains a variety of types of fishes that range from typical silvery-colored species, such as the tarpons and ladyfishes of the Elopiformes and the bonefishes of the Albuliformes, to the long and slender, smooth-bodied eels of the Anguilliformes. The one characteristic uniting this group of fishes is they all have leptocephalus larvae, which are unique to the Elopomorpha. No other fishes have this type of larvae.

text: The superorder Elopomorpha contains a variety of types of fishes that range from typical silvery-colored species, such as the tarpons and ladyfishes of the

text: Elopiformes

text: and the bonefishes of the

text: Albuliformes

text: , to the long and slender, smooth-bodied eels of the

text: Anguilliformes

text: . The one characteristic uniting this group of fishes is they all have

text: leptocephalus

text: larvae, which are unique to the Elopomorpha. No other fishes have this type of larvae.

text: EU legislation currently states that there are total allowable catches for each species, which are sub-divided between European Union member states, the intention of which is to conserve fish stocks. The individual countries then use this figure as a basis for quota allocation to individual fishermen or fishermens organisations. The quota rules however require that any fish which is caught outside quota allowances or below minimum landing size be discarded and that it is an offence for a fishing vessel to be carrying on board any fish for which it does not have a valid quota or which is outside regulated size limits. This is an example of discarding practice being driven by political considerations. Years after difficult negotiations between stakeholders and member states, the EU updated the Common Fisheries Policy and included in Article 15 the Landing Obligation (Discard ban). Until 2019 the law will be implemented progressively. The Landing Obligation does not allow the fisher to land bycatches, it is the obligation to do so. All species subject to an regulation like catch quotas or minimum sizes, have to be landed. However, these landings are not feasible for direct human consumption and are therefore expected to be used in the fishmeal industry. The reform of the Common Fisheries Policy is based on regulation formats in Norway and Iceland.

text: EU legislation

text: currently states that there are total allowable catches for each species, which are sub-divided between

text: European Union member state

text: s, the intention of which is to conserve fish stocks. The individual countries then use this figure as a basis for quota allocation to individual fishermen or fishermens organisations. The quota rules however require that any fish which is caught outside quota allowances or below minimum landing size be discarded and that it is an offence for a fishing vessel to be carrying on board any fish for which it does not have a valid quota or which is outside regulated size limits. This is an example of discarding practice being driven by political considerations. Years after difficult negotiations between stakeholders and member states, the EU updated the Common Fisheries Policy and included in Article 15 the Landing Obligation (Discard ban). Until 2019 the law will be implemented progressively. The Landing Obligation does not allow the fisher to land bycatches, it is the obligation to do so. All species subject to an regulation like catch quotas or minimum sizes, have to be landed. However, these landings are not feasible for direct human consumption and are therefore expected to be used in the fishmeal industry. The reform of the Common Fisheries Policy is based on regulation formats in Norway and Iceland.

text: There are also limitations on fishing areas and gear characteristics (mesh and gear size, amongst others). Recreational fishing is common and popular in inland fresh water streams, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Every recreational fishing enthusiast desiring to use those kinds of national water resources for fishing, must respect rules and be aware of several limitations. A yearly individual fee must be paid to the state for fishing in suitable inland or oceanic waters.

text: There are also limitations on fishing areas and gear characteristics (mesh and gear size, amongst others).

text: Recreational fishing

text: is common and popular in inland fresh water streams, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Every recreational fishing enthusiast desiring to use those kinds of national water resources for fishing, must respect rules and be aware of several limitations. A yearly individual fee must be paid to the state for fishing in suitable inland or oceanic waters.

text: The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in cartilaginous fish, or bone in bony fish. The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays, which with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and on round the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear. Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

text: The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in

text: cartilaginous fish

text: , or bone in

text: bony fish

text: . The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating

text: vertebra

text: e which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no

text: limbs

text: or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the

text: fins

text: , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays, which with the exception of the

text: caudal fin

text: s, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the

text: gill

text: s and on round the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or

text: middle ear

text: . Low frequency vibrations are detected by the

text: lateral line

text: system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

text: Most people here are self-sufficient. Fishing and other marine products are the major source of income, fish drying and other curing of sea denizens follows second. Beach fronts and foreshores are mostly converted to fish drier/Fish Flake or  curing rows/hand flake (Tagalog:''bilaran''). Mangrove-made barn houses called boat shed (Tagalog:''kamalig'') were mostly found near the shore use for smoked fish curing and a type of fishmeal processing called fish hydrolysate(Tagalog:''dyako''). It also became a major business of some natives. Fish meal processing of bycatch contributes extra income to fishermen, where it is sold by heaps or kilograms to fish meal processor(Tagalog:''magdyadyako'') .

text: Most people here are self-sufficient. Fishing and other marine products are the major source of income, fish drying and other curing of sea denizens follows second. Beach fronts and foreshores are mostly converted to fish drier/

text: Fish Flake

text: or  curing rows/

text: hand flake

text: Tagalog

text: :''bilaran''). Mangrove-made barn houses called boat shed (

text: Tagalog

text: :''kamalig'') were mostly found near the shore use for

text: smoked fish

text: curing and a type of

text: fishmeal

text: processing called

text: fish hydrolysate

text: Tagalog

text: :''dyako''). It also became a major business of some natives. Fish meal processing of

text: bycatch

text: contributes extra income to fishermen, where it is sold by heaps or kilograms to fish meal processor(

text: Tagalog

text: :''magdyadyako'') .

text: The pits of the river have very different characteristics including their morphology and size. Recreational fishing is practiced only by wading, except for a segment of the river where fishing is practiced with canoe or from the pit of the mille 22 up to the pit 16. This is the upstream sector from the pit 23 to pit 54.

text: Fishing is a popular activity at this lagoon, however limitations are also implemented. There are designated fishing areas in the lower east end of the lagoon due to algae preventing quality fishing in other parts of the lagoon. Those who are fishing on a boat are not allowed to anchor, because doing so would disrupt the lagoon’s natural environment as well as endanger the species that live in the waters.  In addition, all California Fish and Game Laws are highly enforced during this activity. There is a fishing license requirement for those that are 16 years and older. Shoreline fishing is allowed from all public access shorelines in all parts of the lagoon, fishing from a vessel is only allowed in the passive recreation areas.

text: Fishing is a popular activity at this lagoon, however limitations are also implemented. There are designated fishing areas in the lower east end of the lagoon due to algae preventing quality fishing in other parts of the lagoon. Those who are fishing on a boat are not allowed to anchor, because doing so would disrupt the lagoon’s natural environment as well as endanger the species that live in the waters.  In addition, all

entity_name: California Department of Fish and Wildlife

text: California Fish and Game Laws

text: are highly enforced during this activity. There is a fishing license requirement for those that are 16 years and older. Shoreline fishing is allowed from all public access shorelines in all parts of the lagoon, fishing from a vessel is only allowed in the passive recreation areas.

text: Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in aphids, Daphnia, rotifers, nematodes and some other invertebrates, as well as in many plants. Among vertebrates, strict parthenogenesis is only known to occur in lizards, snakes, birds and sharks, with fish, amphibians and reptiles exhibiting various forms of gynogenesis and hybridogenesis (an incomplete form of parthenogenesis). The first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in vertebrates was described in the fish Poecilia formosa in 1932. Since then at least 50 species of unisexual vertebrate have been described, including at least 20 fish, 25 lizards, a single snake species, frogs, and salamanders. Other, usually sexual, species may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically and Komodo dragons; the hammerhead and blacktip sharks are recent additions to the known list of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates. As with all types of asexual reproduction, there are both costs (low genetic diversity and therefore susceptibility to adverse mutations that might occur) and benefits (reproduction without the need for a male) associated with parthenogenesis.

text: Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in

text: aphid

text: s,

text: Daphnia

text: rotifer

text: s,

text: nematode

text: s and some other invertebrates, as well as in many plants. Among

text: vertebrates

text: , strict parthenogenesis is only known to occur in lizards, snakes, birds and sharks, with fish, amphibians and reptiles exhibiting various forms of gynogenesis and hybridogenesis (an incomplete form of parthenogenesis). The first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in

text: vertebrates

text: was described in the fish

text: Poecilia formosa

text: in 1932. Since then at least 50 species of unisexual vertebrate have been described, including at least 20 fish, 25 lizards, a single snake species, frogs, and salamanders. Other, usually sexual, species may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically and

text: Komodo dragon

text: s; the

text: hammerhead

text: and

text: blacktip shark

text: s are recent additions to the known list of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates. As with all types of

text: asexual reproduction

text: , there are both costs (low genetic diversity and therefore susceptibility to adverse mutations that might occur) and benefits (reproduction without the need for a male) associated with parthenogenesis.

text: The fish has come under increasing pressure from commercial fishing and has recently become the focus in the United Kingdom of a conservation effort by recreational anglers. The Republic of Ireland has strict laws regarding bass. All commercial fishing for the species is banned and  several restrictions are in place for recreational anglers, a closed season May 15 – June 15 inclusive every year, a minimum size of 400 mm, and a bag limit of two fish per day. In a scientific advice (June 2013), it is stressed that fishing mortality is increasing. The total biomass has been declining since 2005. Total biomass, assumed as the best stock size indicator in the last two years (2011–2012), was 32% lower than the total biomass in the three previous years (2008–2010).

text: The fish has come under increasing pressure from commercial fishing and has recently become the focus in the

text: United Kingdom

text: of a

text: conservation

text: effort by recreational anglers. The Republic of Ireland has strict laws regarding bass. All commercial fishing for the species is banned and  several restrictions are in place for recreational anglers, a closed season May 15 – June 15 inclusive every year, a minimum size of 400 mm, and a bag limit of two fish per day. In a scientific advice (June 2013), it is stressed that fishing mortality is increasing. The total biomass has been declining since 2005. Total biomass, assumed as the best stock size indicator in the last two years (2011–2012), was 32% lower than the total biomass in the three previous years (2008–2010).

text: Below the Radar is the second album by British progressive rock band Breathing Space but is the third album to carry the Breathing Space name. This album was recorded during an interim period after the departure of guitarist Mark Rowen, and Liam Davison of Mostly Autumn fame (who played all the guitar tracks on Iain Jennings' solo album Breathing Space) recorded all the guitar tracks and played a few live shows with the band. This album showcases a much rockier sound than Coming Up for Air and has been well received by the Breathing Space fans.

text: Below the Radar is the second album by British

text: progressive rock

text: band

text: Breathing Space

text: but is the third album to carry the

text: Breathing Space

text: name. This album was recorded during an interim period after the departure of guitarist Mark Rowen, and Liam Davison of

text: Mostly Autumn

text: fame (who played all the guitar tracks on Iain Jennings' solo album

text: Breathing Space

text: ) recorded all the guitar tracks and played a few live shows with the band. This album showcases a much rockier sound than

entity_name: Coming Up for Air (Breathing Space album)

text: Coming Up for Air

text: and has been well received by the

text: Breathing Space

text: fans.

text: The natural histories of Figaro species are poorly known. F. boardmani feeds mostly on fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods, and has an oviparous mode of reproduction.

text: The natural histories of Figaro species are poorly known. F. boardmani feeds mostly on fishes,

text: crustacean

text: s, and

text: cephalopod

text: s, and has an

text: oviparous

text: mode of reproduction.

text: Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.

text: Vision

text: is an important

text: sensory system

text: for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: s like

text: birds

text: and mammals, but have a more

text: spherical

text: lens

text: . Their

text: retina

text: s generally have both

text: rod cell

text: s and

text: cone cell

text: s (for

text: scotopic

text: and

text: photopic vision

text: ), and most species have

text: colour vision

text: . Some fish can see

text: ultraviolet

text: and some can see

text: polarized light

text: . Amongst

text: jawless fish

text: , the

text: lamprey

text: has well-developed eyes, while the

text: hagfish

text: has only primitive

text: eyespot

text: s. Fish vision shows

text: adaptation

text: to their visual environment, for example

text: deep sea fish

text: es have eyes suited to the dark environment.

text: Larger sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters. For example, if we wish to know the proportion of a certain species of fish that is infected with a pathogen, we would generally have a more precise estimate of this proportion if we sampled and examined 200 rather than 100 fish.  Several fundamental facts of mathematical statistics describe this phenomenon, including the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.

text: Larger sample sizes generally lead to increased

text: precision

text: when

text: estimating

text: unknown parameters. For example, if we wish to know the proportion of a certain species of fish that is infected with a pathogen, we would generally have a more precise estimate of this proportion if we sampled and examined 200 rather than 100 fish.  Several fundamental facts of mathematical statistics describe this phenomenon, including the

text: law of large numbers

text: and the

text: central limit theorem

text: The slender sole is harvested by the commercial fishing industry, and is considered to be a good food fish, but it is not landed in significant quantities due to its small size.

text: The slender sole is harvested by the

text: commercial fishing

text: industry, and is considered to be a good food fish, but it is not landed in significant quantities due to its small size.

text: Ice fishing gear is highly specialized. An ice saw, auger or chisel is used to cut a circular or rectangular hole in the ice.  The size of the hole depends on the type of fish sought,  generally suggested is 8 inches (20 cm). Power augers are sometimes used. If these tools are not available, an axe may be used to chop the hole. A skimmer, a large metal spoon with holes in it, is used to remove new ice as it forms and to clear slush left from making the hole. During colder periods most ice anglers choose to carry a heater of some type.  The heater is not only for warmth but it also for keeping an angler's fishing hole from freezing.  When temperatures fall to -20 °F (-29 °C) or colder it becomes very hard to keep a fishing hole open.

text: Ice fishing gear is highly specialized. An ice

text: saw

text: auger

text: or chisel is used to cut a circular or rectangular hole in the ice.  The size of the hole depends on the type of fish sought,  generally suggested is 8 inches (20 cm). Power augers are sometimes used. If these tools are not available, an axe may be used to chop the hole. A skimmer, a large metal spoon with holes in it, is used to remove new ice as it forms and to clear slush left from making the hole. During colder periods most ice anglers choose to carry a heater of some type.  The heater is not only for warmth but it also for keeping an angler's fishing hole from freezing.  When temperatures fall to -20 °F (-29 °C) or colder it becomes very hard to keep a fishing hole open.

text: While extremely severe commercial and recreational overfishing in the 1800s and the early 1900s caused the first strong declines of Murray cod, overfishing by recreational fishermen, aided by inadequate fishing regulations, continues today and remains an extremely serious threat to Murray cod. The current size limit of 60 centimetres in most states is inadequate now that scientific studies have documented average size at sexual maturity in Murray cod. This and catch data and computer modelling exercises on wild Murray cod stocks indicate measures such as raising the size limit to 70 centimetres and reducing the bag and possession limits from 2 and 4 fish respectively to 1 fish are urgently needed to maintain the long-term viability of wild Murray cod populations. As of November 2014, the NSW Department of Fisheries has introduced a maximum size limit of 75 cm for Murray Cod to provide protection for large breeding fish, as well as a new minimum size limit of 55 cm.

text: While extremely severe commercial and recreational overfishing in the 1800s and the early 1900s caused the first strong declines of Murray cod,

text: overfishing

text: by recreational fishermen, aided by inadequate fishing regulations, continues today and remains an extremely serious threat to Murray cod. The current size limit of 60 centimetres in most states is inadequate now that scientific studies have documented average size at sexual maturity in Murray cod. This and catch data and computer modelling exercises on wild Murray cod stocks indicate measures such as raising the size limit to 70 centimetres and reducing the bag and possession limits from 2 and 4 fish respectively to 1 fish are urgently needed to maintain the long-term viability of wild Murray cod populations. As of November 2014, the NSW Department of Fisheries has introduced a maximum size limit of 75 cm for Murray Cod to provide protection for large breeding fish, as well as a new minimum size limit of 55 cm.

text: The residual reproductive value represents an organism's future reproduction through its investment in growth and survivorship. The cost-of-reproduction hypothesis predicts that higher investment in current reproduction hinders growth and survivorship and reduces future reproduction, while investments in growth will pay off with higher fecundity (number of offspring produced) and reproductive episodes in the future. This cost-of-reproduction tradeoff influences major life history characteristics. For example, a 2009 study by J. Creighton, N. Heflin, and M. Belk on burying beetles provided "unconfounded support" for the costs of reproduction. The study found that beetles that had allocated too many resources to current reproduction also had the shortest lifespans. In their lifetimes, they also had the fewest reproductive events and offspring, reflecting how over-investment in current reproduction lowers residual reproductive value.

text: Sorubim is a small genus of long-whiskered catfish native to tropical South America. A number of characteristics allows the differentiation of each species in the genus. Sorubim species are important food fish in South America and are highly significant to fisheries of some areas; however, harvests of these fish are not identified as much as other, more popular food fishes such as Colossoma, Arapaima, and Brachyplatystoma. Some species of this family are popular aquarium fish.

text: Sorubim is a small

text: genus

text: of

text: long-whiskered catfish

text: native to

text: tropical

text: South America. A number of characteristics allows the differentiation of each species in the genus. Sorubim species are important food fish in South America and are highly significant to fisheries of some areas; however, harvests of these fish are not identified as much as other, more popular food fishes such as

text: Colossoma

text: Arapaima

text: , and

text: Brachyplatystoma

text: . Some species of this family are popular

text: aquarium

text: fish.

text: The level of biological information known about each species in Caranx is generally related to how important they are commercially. All species are predatory fish, taking smaller fish, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. Most species form schools as juveniles, but generally become more solitary with age. Reproduction and growth has been studied in a number of species, with these characteristics varying greatly between species.

text: The level of

text: biological

text: information known about each species in Caranx is generally related to how important they are commercially. All species are

text: predator

text: y fish, taking smaller fish,

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: cephalopod

text: s as prey. Most species form schools as juveniles, but generally become more solitary with age.

text: Reproduction

text: and growth has been studied in a number of species, with these characteristics varying greatly between species.

text: Albino and normally pigmented channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differ in their characteristics.  Normal individuals of this species are superior to albinos in body weight and total length. Albinos crossed with other albinos require 11 days longer to spawn and produce smaller egg masses.  These masses contain eggs of lighter weight with poorer hatchability than crosses of normal fish. The albino fish have lower survival rates than normal fish but dress-out percentages are nearly equal.

text: Albino and normally pigmented

text: channel catfish

text: (Ictalurus punctatus) differ in their characteristics.  Normal individuals of this species are superior to albinos in body weight and total length. Albinos crossed with other albinos require 11 days longer to spawn and produce smaller egg masses.  These masses contain eggs of lighter weight with poorer hatchability than crosses of normal fish. The albino fish have lower survival rates than normal fish but dress-out percentages are nearly equal.

text: The age of first reproduction for Goldeyes is 7–10 years for females and 6–9 years for males.  They spawn in late May or early June.  The eggs that they lay are about 4 mm in size and they are semi-buoyant.  This is a rare trait in fresh water fish, but is more common in marine fish.  The eggs are suspended in the water and they drift downstream or to quiet waters.  The majority of growth that occurs between June and September.

text: Some fish species use internal fertilization and then disperse the developing eggs or give birth to live offspring. Fish that have live-bearing offspring include the guppy and mollies or Poecilia. Fishes that give birth to live young can be ovoviviparous, where the eggs are fertilized within the female and the eggs simply hatch within the female body, or in seahorses, the male carries the developing young within a pouch, and gives birth to live young. Fishes can also be viviparous, where the female supplies nourishment to the internally growing offspring.  Some fish are hermaphrodites, where a single fish is both male and female and can produce eggs and sperm. In hermaphroditic fish, some are male and female at the same time while in other fish they are serially hermaphroditic; starting as one sex and changing to the other. In at least one hermaphroditic species, self-fertilization occurs when the eggs and sperm are released together. Internal self-fertilization may occur in some other species. One fish species does not reproduce by sexual reproduction but uses sex to produce offspring; Poecilia formosa is a unisex species that uses a form of parthenogenesis called gynogenesis, where unfertilized eggs develop into embryos that produce female offspring. Poecilia formosa mate with males of other fish species that use internal fertilization, the sperm does not fertilize the eggs but stimulates the growth of the eggs which develops into embryos.

text: Some fish species use internal fertilization and then disperse the developing eggs or give birth to live offspring. Fish that have live-bearing offspring include the

text: guppy

text: and mollies or

text: Poecilia

text: . Fishes that give birth to live young can be

text: ovoviviparous

text: , where the eggs are fertilized within the female and the eggs simply hatch within the female body, or in

text: seahorse

text: s, the male carries the developing young within a pouch, and gives birth to live young. Fishes can also be

text: viviparous

text: , where the female supplies nourishment to the internally growing offspring.  Some fish are

text: hermaphrodite

text: s, where a single fish is both male and female and can produce eggs and sperm. In hermaphroditic fish, some are male and female at the same time while in other fish they are serially hermaphroditic; starting as one sex and changing to the other. In at least one hermaphroditic species, self-fertilization occurs when the eggs and sperm are released together. Internal self-fertilization may occur in some other species. One fish species does not reproduce by sexual reproduction but uses sex to produce offspring;

text: Poecilia formosa

text: is a unisex species that uses a form of

text: parthenogenesis

text: called

text: gynogenesis

text: , where unfertilized eggs develop into embryos that produce female offspring. Poecilia formosa mate with males of other fish species that use internal fertilization, the sperm does not fertilize the eggs but stimulates the growth of the eggs which develops into embryos.

text: A curious pattern of reproduction has been found in Polycheira rufescens, where specimens change their sex from male to female and from female to male in a reproductive season

text: A curious pattern of reproduction has been found in

text: Polycheira rufescens

text: , where specimens change their sex from male to female and from female to male in a reproductive season

text: Janusiscus schultzei was a Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrate) dating from the Early Devonian period in Siberia, approximately 415 million years ago. It may be a common ancestor of either Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) or Osteichthyes (bony fish) or both. If it is an ancestor to both types of fish, then J. schultzei would also be a common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of Hans-Peter Schultze.

text: Janusiscus schultzei was a

text: Gnathostomata

text: (jawed vertebrate) dating from the

text: Early Devonian

text: period in

text: Siberia

text: , approximately 415 million years ago. It may be a common ancestor of either

text: Chondrichthyes

text: (cartilaginous fish) or

text: Osteichthyes

text: (bony fish) or both. If it is an ancestor to both types of fish, then J. schultzei would also be a common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of

text: Hans-Peter Schultze

text: In addition, invasive species and increasing human presence are not only responsible for the fragility of some populations. According to a report from the Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks (MDDEP) conducted in 1998, the presence of pollutants and toxic agents in the waters of the river is also a "stressful" for fish. In several places in the river, a disturbing proportion of fish (over 13%) had abnormalities, which would signal a "precarious state of health" of the community ichthyological. However, the significant presence of fish-eating fish and some vulnerable species such as banded killifish, brought MDDEP to maintain the integrity index fish "average" (except in the Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, where he was considered "low"). Chub black chin, stonecat and lamprey East are also part of sentinel species in the watershed of the Richelieu River, like copper redhorse, whose presence is an indication of the quality of water and aquatic. The data presented in the 1998 report are still used as a reference in 2011.

text: In addition, invasive species and increasing human presence are not only responsible for the fragility of some populations. According to a report from the Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks (MDDEP) conducted in 1998, the presence of pollutants and toxic agents in the waters of the river is also a "stressful" for fish. In several places in the river, a disturbing proportion of fish (over 13%) had abnormalities, which would signal a "precarious state of health" of the community

text: ichthyological

text: . However, the significant presence of

text: fish-eating

text: fish and some vulnerable species such as banded killifish, brought MDDEP to maintain the integrity index fish "average" (except in the Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, where he was considered "low"). Chub black chin, stonecat and lamprey East are also part of sentinel species in the watershed of the Richelieu River, like copper redhorse, whose presence is an indication of the quality of water and aquatic. The data presented in the 1998 report are still used as a reference in 2011.

text: The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and the gas bladders of today's fish are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the esophagus, that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the  bony fish. In most of the ray-finned fish the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of carps, trouts, herrings, catfish, and eels have retained the physostome condition with the sack being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the gar, bichir, bowfin and the lobe-finned fish, the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based tetrapods. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are homologous to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their gills).

text: The lungs of today's terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: s and the

text: gas bladder

text: s of today's

text: fish

text: are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the

text: esophagus

text: , that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the

text: bony fish

text: . In most of the

text: ray-finned fish

text: the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of

text: carp

text: s,

text: trout

text: s,

text: herring

text: s,

text: catfish

text: , and

text: eel

text: s have retained the

text: physostome

text: condition with the sack being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the

text: gar

text: bichir

text: bowfin

text: and the

text: lobe-finned fish

text: , the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based

text: tetrapod

text: s. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are

text: homologous

text: to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their

text: gill

text: s).

text: Because of the high solubility of most PPCPs, aquatic organisms are especially vulnerable to their effects.  Researchers have found that a class of antidepressants may be found in frogs and can significantly slow their development.  The increased presence of estrogen and other synthetic hormones in waste water due to birth control and hormonal therapies has been linked to increased feminization of exposed fish and other aquatic organisms. The chemicals within these PPCP products could either affect the feminization or masculinization of different fishes, therefore affecting their reproductive rates. In addition to being found only in waterways, the ingredients of some PPCPs can also be found in the soil. Since some of these substances take a long time or cannot be degraded biologically, they make their way up the food chain. Information pertaining to the transport and fate of these hormones and their metabolites in dairy waste disposal is still being investigated, yet research suggest that the land application of solid wastes is likely linked with more hormone contamination problems. Not only does the pollution from PPCPs affect marine ecosystems, but also those habitats that depend on this polluted water.

text: Although the features of NDEs vary from one case to the next, common traits that have been reported by NDErs are as follows:

text: Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into swim bladders, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish ancestors.) They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with lepidotrichia (bone fin rays). They also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without having to swim.

text: Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into

text: swim bladder

text: s, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish ancestors.) They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with

text: lepidotrichia

text: (bone fin rays). They also have an

text: operculum

text: , which helps them breathe without having to swim.

text: While flag of convenience ships have been involved with some of the highest-profile oil spills in history (such as the Maltese-flagged , the Bahamian-flagged , the Marshallese-flagged Deepwater Horizon, and the Liberian-flagged SS Torrey Canyon,  and ) the most common environmental criticism they face regards illegal fishing. These critics of the flag of convenience system argue that many of the FOC flag states lack the resources or the will to properly monitor and control those vessels. The Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) contends that illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) vessels use flags of convenience to avoid fisheries regulations and controls. Flags of convenience help reduce the operating costs associated with illegal fishing methods, and help illegal operators avoid prosecution and hide beneficial ownership. As a result, flags of convenience perpetuate IUU fishing which has extensive environmental, social and economic impacts, particularly in developing countries. The EJF is campaigning to end the granting of flags of convenience to fishing vessels as an effective measure to combat IUU fishing.

text: While flag of convenience ships have been involved with some of the highest-profile oil spills in history (such as the Maltese-flagged , the Bahamian-flagged , the Marshallese-flagged

text: Deepwater Horizon

text: , and the Liberian-flagged

text: SS Torrey Canyon

text: ,  and ) the most common environmental criticism they face regards illegal fishing. These critics of the flag of convenience system argue that many of the FOC flag states lack the resources or the will to properly monitor and control those vessels. The

text: Environmental Justice Foundation

text: (EJF) contends that

entity_name: Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

text: illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

text: (IUU) vessels use flags of convenience to avoid fisheries regulations and controls. Flags of convenience help reduce the operating costs associated with illegal fishing methods, and help illegal operators avoid prosecution and hide beneficial ownership. As a result, flags of convenience perpetuate IUU fishing which has extensive environmental, social and economic impacts, particularly in developing countries. The EJF is campaigning to end the granting of flags of convenience to fishing vessels as an effective measure to combat IUU fishing.

text: 1995 saw the production of "Smell Your Destiny", another parodic interactive web art project much in the same vein as "The Transgenic Bagel". In this artwork, Rapoport posited that traits historically considered undesirable are now considered more desirable. For example, aggressiveness and competitiveness were once considered negative traits when displayed by women, but now such traits are seen as a key to success in the corporate environment. Rapoport proposed that these new values and traits might be administered to a population by means of aromatherapy. She introduced the idea that pharmaceutical pills that carried specific favorable traits could be fed to fish living near or within a given society. After consuming the pills, the fish would give off a "stink" that would permeate the air and be inhaled by the inhabitants of the surrounding community, thus transmitting the desired traits / societal values to its citizens. This process was historically specific, in that pills fed to fish in the Qumran region in 150 BCE would have been different from those fed to fish today. This piece displayed Rapoport's characteristic love of word play...for instance, the names of the pills given to the fish were all puns of common over-the-counter products, e.g. "Anvil" (for Advil), All-to-rest (for Allerest), Chums (for Tums), My-Thrill (for NyQuil), Contract (for Contac), No-mor-fussin (for Robitussin), and Re-lax (for Ex-Lax), etc.

text: 1995 saw the production of "Smell Your Destiny", another parodic interactive web art project much in the same vein as "The Transgenic Bagel". In this artwork, Rapoport posited that traits historically considered undesirable are now considered more desirable. For example,

text: aggressiveness

text: and

text: competitiveness

text: were once considered negative traits when displayed by women, but now such traits are seen as a key to success in the corporate environment. Rapoport proposed that these new values and traits might be administered to a population by means of

text: aromatherapy

text: . She introduced the idea that

text: pharmaceutical

text: pills that carried specific favorable traits could be fed to fish living near or within a given society. After consuming the pills, the fish would give off a "

text: stink

text: " that would permeate the air and be inhaled by the inhabitants of the surrounding community, thus transmitting the desired traits / societal values to its citizens. This process was historically specific, in that pills fed to fish in the

text: Qumran

text: region in 150 BCE would have been different from those fed to fish today. This piece displayed Rapoport's characteristic love of

text: word play

text: ...for instance, the names of the pills given to the fish were all puns of common

text: over-the-counter

text: products, e.g. "Anvil" (for

text: Advil

text: ), All-to-rest (for Allerest), Chums (for Tums), My-Thrill (for

text: NyQuil

text: ), Contract (for

text: Contac

text: ), No-mor-fussin (for

text: Robitussin

text: ), and Re-lax (for Ex-Lax), etc.

text: The urogenital opening is where bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity. In some organisms, including birds and many fish, discharge from the urological, digestive, and reproductive systems empty into a common sac called the cloaca.

text: The urogenital opening is where

text: bodily waste

text: and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the

text: body cavity

text: . In some organisms, including

text: bird

text: s and many

text: fish

text: , discharge from the

text: urological

text: digestive

text: , and

text: reproductive system

text: s empty into a common sac called the

text: cloaca

text: The museum is the home of the famous Cretaceous fossil Gillicus in Xiphactinus, better known as the "fish within a fish," which shows a small fossil fish inside the stomach of a larger fossil fish.

text: The museum is the home of the famous

text: Cretaceous

text: fossil Gillicus in Xiphactinus, better known as the "fish within a fish," which shows a small fossil fish inside the stomach of a larger fossil fish.

text: Breathing (which in organisms with lungs is called ventilation and includes inhalation and exhalation) is a part of respiration. The rate at which breaths occur, usually measured in breaths per minute, is called the ventilation rate, or, by long-standing convention, the respiratory rate (despite that in precise usage ventilation is a hyponym, not a synonym, of respiration).

text: Breathing

text: (which in organisms with lungs is called

text: ventilation

text: and includes

text: inhalation

text: and

text: exhalation

text: ) is a part of

text: respiration

text: . The

text: rate

text: at which breaths occur, usually measured in breaths per minute, is called the ventilation rate, or, by long-standing convention, the respiratory rate (despite that in precise

text: usage

text: ventilation is a

text: hyponym

text: , not a

text: synonym

text: , of

text: respiration

text: The diet of the brown whipray consists of crustaceans and small bony fishes. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous; females produce litters of 1–2 young and supply them with histotroph ("uterine milk") during gestation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the brown whipray under Least Concern because most of its range lies within Australian waters, where it is caught by prawn trawlers but at only minimal levels since the mandatory installation of bycatch reduction devices. However, larger numbers are caught in the Arafura Sea and marketed for meat, skin, and cartilage.

text: The diet of the brown whipray consists of

text: crustacean

text: s and small

text: bony fish

text: es. Reproduction is

text: aplacental viviparous

text: ; females produce litters of 1–2 young and supply them with histotroph ("

text: uterine

text: milk") during

text: gestation

text: . The

text: (IUCN) has listed the brown whipray under

text: Least Concern

text: because most of its range lies within Australian waters, where it is caught by

text: prawn

text: trawl

text: ers but at only minimal levels since the mandatory installation of

text: bycatch

text: reduction devices. However, larger numbers are caught in the

text: Arafura Sea

text: and marketed for meat, skin, and

text: cartilage

text: Other common names for this familiar fish include suck fish, stout sucking fish, common sucker, shark-sucker, brown sucker, and shark pilot.

text: Youthful men do the fishing while the women are involved in fish drying (sardines), traditional processing of fish and cooking. People who do not go fishing themselves but hire to catch fish, own most fishing units. The involvement of family is less. The othergroups involved in fishing include fish traders, boat owners and fish smokers.

text: These fish have an eel-like body. Some of these fish can reach a maximum length of about 1 metre (40 in). Very characteristic of this group is the long nose appendage with two tubulated nostrils. Mastacembelids have a series of well-separated dorsal spines on their back, hence the name of their family, spiny eels.

text: These fish have an

text: eel

text: -like body. Some of these fish can reach a maximum length of about 1 metre (40 in). Very characteristic of this group is the long nose appendage with two tubulated nostrils. Mastacembelids have a series of well-separated dorsal spines on their back, hence the name of their family, spiny eels.

text: Fish protein powder (FPP) describes a food grade powder product designated primarily for human consumption applications.  It differs significantly from fish meal products which are designated for animal feed applications. Fish protein powders have various sanitary processing, purity and functional characteristics which establish them as human food ingredients.  Production plants registered for the USA market are located in Peru and France.

text: Fish protein powder (FPP) describes a food grade powder product designated primarily for human consumption applications.  It differs significantly from

text: fish meal

text: products which are designated for

text: animal feed

text: applications. Fish

text: protein

text: powders have various sanitary processing, purity and functional characteristics which establish them as human food ingredients.  Production plants registered for the USA market are located in Peru and France.

text: Additionally, the use of explosives may be used as a fishing technique in the live food fish trade.  While the majority of these fish do not survive the blast of such explosions, the remaining fish that are only stunned are collected for the live food fish trade.  The use of cyanide makes a stronger argument in that the more coral reef fish captured alive, the more lucrative the catch is for the fisherman.  Live fish, according to the [WWF], fetch five times more than a dead fish. This is why banning the live-fish trade would similarly harm the reefs.  Fisherman would resort to the "dead fish trade", be forced to deal in a larger quantity of fish, and the process of dangerous fishing techniques continues.  To illustrate the effects of repeated explosions in the proximity of a coral reef system, roughly one half of the coral reefs in Komodo National Park in Indonesia have been destroyed. The use of cyanide and explosives in fishing proves to be an effective technique in catching fish, but its powers are indiscriminating and as a result the coral reefs are being held hostage to such practices.  The future of the reefs are in question just as are the futures of those who subsist from them because "from a long term perspective, the question of ethics of using the ocean...contains a commitment for future generations".

text: There is no denying Oscar Peterson's impact on the art form of Fish decoys.  Just the sheer number of counterfeits bear out the importance of his work.  Oscar's fish were the first known pieces to exhibit the traits that have become known as the "Cadillac style". His brightly colored, somewhat abstractly shaped fish were truly the design of an ingenious self-taught artist.

text: There is no denying Oscar Peterson's impact on the art form of

text: Fish decoy

text: s.  Just the sheer number of counterfeits bear out the importance of his work.  Oscar's fish were the first known pieces to exhibit the traits that have become known as the "Cadillac style". His brightly colored, somewhat abstractly shaped fish were truly the design of an ingenious self-taught artist.

text: Angling is the principal method of sport fishing, but commercial fisheries also use angling methods such as longlining or trolling. Catch and release fishing is increasingly practiced by recreational fishermen. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to certain species, meaning fish below and/or above a certain size must, by law, be released.

text: Angling is the principal method of

text: sport fishing

text: , but

text: commercial fisheries

text: also use angling methods such as

text: longlining

text: or

text: trolling

text: Catch and release

text: fishing is increasingly practiced by

text: recreational fishermen

text: . In many parts of the world,

text: size limits

text: apply to certain species, meaning

text: fish

text: below and/or above a certain size must, by law, be released.

text: Male cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing ray finned fishes, have fins that have been modified to function as intromittent organs, reproductive appendages which allow internal fertilization. In ray finned fish they are called gonopodiums or andropodiums, and in cartilaginous fish they are called claspers.

text: Male

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es (sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing

text: ray finned fish

text: es, have fins that have been modified to function as

text: intromittent organ

text: s, reproductive appendages which allow

text: internal fertilization

text: . In ray finned fish they are called gonopodiums or andropodiums, and in cartilaginous fish they are called claspers.

text: Its breathing bag was worn on the chest. It had one or two oxygen cylinders, across the lumbar part of the back: often one, but this image shows two. Its duration in use was one or two hours, dependent on the size of oxygen cylinder fitted. Its absorbent (tradename Protosorb) was loose in the bottom of the breathing bag, restrained by a perforated cloth partition, and not in a canister. It had two wide breathing tubes running from the breathing bag to either a strapped-in mouthpiece (used with goggles) or an industrial-type fullface mask known as a Vistarama face mask, with a curved window and an inner orinasal mask. The canister seen on the front of the bag was to cool the gas in circuit, as the absorbent gets warm as it absorbs carbon dioxide, and that warming of the gas in circuit is welcome when scuba diving in cold water, but is not welcome in hot industrial situations including in deep mines.

text: Its

text: breathing bag

text: was worn on the chest. It had one or two

text: oxygen

text: cylinders, across the

text: lumbar

text: part of the back: often one, but this image shows two. Its duration in use was one or two hours, dependent on the size of oxygen cylinder fitted. Its absorbent (

text: tradename

text: Protosorb) was loose in the bottom of the breathing bag, restrained by a perforated cloth partition, and not in a canister. It had two wide

text: breathing tubes

text: running from the breathing bag to either a strapped-in

text: mouthpiece

text: (used with goggles) or an industrial-type

text: fullface mask

text: known as a Vistarama face mask, with a curved window and an inner

text: orinasal mask

text: . The canister seen on the front of the bag was to cool the gas in circuit, as the absorbent gets warm as it absorbs

text: carbon dioxide

text: , and that warming of the gas in circuit is welcome when

text: scuba diving

text: in cold water, but is not welcome in hot industrial situations including in deep mines.

text: Disease is a prime agent affecting fish mortality, especially when fish are young. Fish can limit the impacts of pathogens and parasites with behavioural or biochemical means, and such fish have reproductive advantages. Interacting factors result in low grade infection becoming fatal diseases. In particular, things that causes stress, such as natural droughts or pollution or predators, can precipitate outbreak of disease.

text: Disease is a prime agent affecting

text: fish mortality

text: , especially when fish are young. Fish can limit the impacts of pathogens and parasites with behavioural or biochemical means, and such fish have reproductive advantages. Interacting factors result in low grade infection becoming fatal diseases. In particular, things that causes stress, such as natural droughts or

text: pollution

text: or predators, can precipitate outbreak of disease.

text: This fish is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 2.3 cm length.

text: This

text: fish

text: is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 2.3 cm length.

text: The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air-breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen.

text: Not all individuals express this trait. There are two main populations of the species, a southern population found as far north as San Francisco, and a second population extending to the northern reaches of its range. Fish of the southern population are bioluminescent, but most northern fish are not, particularly those from the Puget Sound. The nonluminescent fish lack luciferin in their photophores. In experiments, nonluminescent fish can be made luminescent by dosing them orally or by injection with luciferin obtained from the luminescent ostracod crustacean Vargula hilgendorfii. This crustacean has a similar, but not identical, luciferin compound which can apparently function in the photophores of the fish, as well. It is thought that the fish obtains its luciferin in the wild by eating this type of crustacean, perhaps a relative such as Vargula tsujii, and that the nonluminescent northern population does not have any of these available to them.

text: Not all individuals express this trait. There are two main populations of the species, a southern population found as far north as

text: San Francisco

text: , and a second population extending to the northern reaches of its range. Fish of the southern population are bioluminescent, but most northern fish are not, particularly those from the

text: Puget Sound

text: . The nonluminescent fish lack luciferin in their photophores. In experiments, nonluminescent fish can be made luminescent by dosing them orally or by injection with luciferin obtained from the luminescent

text: ostracod crustacean

text: Vargula hilgendorfii

text: . This crustacean has a similar, but not identical, luciferin compound which can apparently function in the photophores of the fish, as well. It is thought that the fish obtains its luciferin in the wild by eating this type of crustacean, perhaps a relative such as

text: Vargula tsujii

text: , and that the nonluminescent northern population does not have any of these available to them.

text: The game's theme is fishing, with a general goal of catching as many fish and telling the biggest lies about their size possible.  The machine's backglass is topped with a plastic fish that thrashes its tail when the player achieves certain goals, and the players launches balls with an autoplunger shaped like a fishing rod.

text: Geodakyan Evolutionary Theory of Sex theory (ETS) (ETS) was proposed by Vigen Geodakyan in 1960-80s. This theory has many components related to systemic effects in sex ratios, shapes of phenotypic distributions in male and female phenotypes, sex dimorphism, mutation rates in genotypes, sex differences in birth ratios, mortality rates, and in susceptibility to new diseases.Geodakyan started working on the theory in 1965. Two main hypotheses of this theory that complement each other are: the principle of conjugated subsystems and the theory of asynchronous evolution. These hypotheses relate to the paradox of sexual reproduction  and suggest an explanation of why sexual reproduction became the most common way of reproduction among three types of reproduction known in biology: asexual, hermaphrodite reproduction and sexual reproduction. The paradox of sexual reproduction (discussed more on the page evolution of sexual reproduction) notes that Hermaphrodite reproduction gives the highest diversity of configurations and an easier mating process than bi-sexual reproduction (such as in humans, when half of the members (males) can’t reproduce and can only diversify the genes). Since in bi-sexual reproduction members of species can mate only with the opposite sex, there are fewer opportunities for mating and a lower diversity of outcome of their gene recombinations, in comparison to hermaphrodites. Meanwhile bisexual species still have to share food and other resources with members who don’t reproduce (males). In spite of these disadvantages of bi-sexual reproduction, paradoxically, most plants and animals shifted from hermaphroditism and gonochorism to sexual dimorphism. Why? (Figure 1). (for comparison of types of reproduction see the review: In 2001, Vladimir Iskrin began refining and expanding on Geodakyan's theory.

text: Geodakyan Evolutionary Theory of Sex theory (ETS) (ETS) was proposed by Vigen Geodakyan in 1960-80s. This theory has many components related to systemic effects in

text: sex ratio

text: s, shapes of phenotypic distributions in male and female phenotypes,

text: sex dimorphism

text: mutation rate

text: s in genotypes, sex differences in

text: birth ratio

text: s,

text: mortality rates

text: , and in susceptibility to new diseases.Geodakyan started working on the theory in 1965. Two main hypotheses of this theory that complement each other are: the principle of conjugated subsystems and the theory of asynchronous evolution. These hypotheses relate to the paradox of

text: sexual reproduction

text: and suggest an explanation of why sexual reproduction became the most common way of reproduction among three types of reproduction known in biology:

text: asexual

text: hermaphrodite

text: reproduction and

text: sexual reproduction

text: . The paradox of sexual reproduction (discussed more on the page

text: evolution of sexual reproduction

text: ) notes that

text: Hermaphrodite

text: reproduction gives the highest diversity of configurations and an easier mating process than bi-sexual reproduction (such as in humans, when half of the members (males) can’t reproduce and can only diversify the genes). Since in bi-sexual reproduction members of species can mate only with the opposite sex, there are fewer opportunities for mating and a lower diversity of outcome of their gene recombinations, in comparison to hermaphrodites. Meanwhile bisexual species still have to share food and other resources with members who don’t reproduce (males). In spite of these disadvantages of bi-sexual reproduction, paradoxically, most plants and animals shifted from

text: hermaphroditism

text: and

text: gonochorism

text: to

text: sexual dimorphism

text: . Why? (Figure 1). (for comparison of types of reproduction see the review: In 2001, Vladimir Iskrin began refining and expanding on Geodakyan's theory.

text: Some species are considered air-breathing fishes because of their ability to breathe by highly vascularized buccopharyngeal pouches (pharynx modified for breathing air). They usually are active only at night.

text: Founded in 1944 by a small group of fertility experts who met in Chicago, its initial name was the American Society for the Study of Sterility and then the American Fertility Society (AFS). Though primarily an American organization, it now has members from over 100 countries worldwide.Key activities are the Annual Meeting that brings together several thousand of interested professionals from different countries, as well as courses, seminars, workshops and publications. Special interest groups are focused on assisted reproductive technology,  andrology, reproductive surgery, contraception, menopause, genetic counseling, business practices,  reproductive endocrinology, sexuality, adolescent endocrinology, reproductive nursing, reproductive biology, mental health, imaging techniques,  laboratory techniques, fertility preservation, and reproductive immunology. ASRM has an Ethics Committee that provides guidance on ethical issues. The ASRM Practice Committee issues clinical guidelines and reports. Its statements and actions are closely followed by the media. The European counterpart of ASRM is ESHRE.

text: Founded in 1944 by a small group of fertility experts who met in Chicago, its initial name was the American Society for the Study of Sterility and then the American Fertility Society (AFS). Though primarily an American organization, it now has members from over 100 countries worldwide.Key activities are the Annual Meeting that brings together several thousand of interested professionals from different countries, as well as courses, seminars, workshops and publications. Special interest groups are focused on

text: assisted reproductive technology

text: andrology

text: reproductive surgery

text: contraception

text: menopause

text: genetic counseling

text: , business practices,

entity_name: Reproductive endocrinology and infertility

text: reproductive endocrinology

text: sexuality

text: adolescent endocrinology

text: , reproductive nursing,

text: reproductive biology

text: , mental health, imaging techniques,  laboratory techniques, fertility preservation, and

text: reproductive immunology

text: . ASRM has an Ethics Committee that provides guidance on ethical issues. The ASRM Practice Committee issues clinical guidelines and reports. Its statements and actions are closely followed by the media. The European counterpart of ASRM is

entity_name: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

text: ESHRE

text: In India, Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) are fishing nets that are fixed land installations for fishing. While commonly known as "Chinese fishing nets" in India, the more formal name for such nets is "shore operated lift nets". Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. Each structure is at least 10 m high and comprises a cantilever with an outstretched net suspended over the sea and large stones suspended from ropes as counterweights at the other end. Each installation is operated by a team of up to six fishermen. While such nets are used throughout coastal southern China and Indochina, in India they are mostly found in the Indian cities of Kochi and Kollam, where they have become a tourist attraction. The Indian common name arises because they are unusual in India and different from usual fishing nets in India.

text: In

text: India

text: , Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) are

text: fishing nets

text: that are fixed land installations for

text: fishing

text: . While commonly known as "Chinese fishing nets" in India, the more formal name for such nets is "shore operated

text: lift net

text: s". Huge mechanical contrivances hold out horizontal nets of 20 m or more across. Each structure is at least 10 m high and comprises a cantilever with an outstretched net suspended over the sea and large stones suspended from ropes as counterweights at the other end. Each installation is operated by a team of up to six fishermen. While such nets are used throughout coastal

text: southern China

text: and

text: Indochina

text: , in India they are mostly found in the

text: India

text: n cities of

text: Kochi

text: and

text: Kollam

text: , where they have become a tourist attraction. The Indian common name arises because they are unusual in India and different from usual fishing nets in India.

text: Fish reproduction

text: Fish reproduction

text: He invented the level-winding fishing reel.  Shakespeare also founded and was one of the key people of Shakespeare Fishing Tackle. which he founded in 1897, as a fisherman aiming to improve the fishing-reel mechanism.

text: He invented the level-winding

text: fishing reel

text: .  Shakespeare also founded and was one of the key people of

text: Shakespeare Fishing Tackle

text: . which he founded in 1897, as a fisherman aiming to improve the fishing-reel mechanism.

text: These fish are protogynous hermaphrodites, with females able to change sex to male. This is not uncommon among the serranids. Rypticus is unique, though, in that a fish has both male and female reproductive tissues which are separate on the cellular level but are wrapped around each other in the gonad.

text: These fish are

text: protogynous hermaphrodites

text: , with females able to change sex to male. This is not uncommon among the serranids. Rypticus is unique, though, in that a fish has both male and female reproductive tissues which are separate on the cellular level but are wrapped around each other in the gonad.

text: Aside from aigikampoi, the fish-tailed goats representing Capricorn, other fish-tailed animals rarely appeared in Greek art, but are more characteristic of the Etruscans. These include leokampoi (fish-tailed lions), taurokampoi (fish-tailed bulls) or pardalokampoi (fish-tailed leopards).

text: Aside from aigikampoi, the fish-tailed goats representing Capricorn, other fish-tailed animals rarely appeared in Greek art, but are more characteristic of the Etruscans. These include leokampoi (fish-tailed

text: lion

text: s), taurokampoi (fish-tailed

text: bull

text: s) or pardalokampoi (fish-tailed

text: leopard

text: s).

text: The Anthropological Survey of India identified that in Gujarat, Hindu Rajputs are 'by and large' non-vegetarians, regular drinkers of alcohol, and also smoke and chew betel leaves. These traits are also followed by Rajputs of Rajasthan with mutton, chicken and fish being consumed; and also pork (which historically dates back to the predilection for Rajput warriors and princes to hone their fighting skills by hunting and eating wild-pig). In Pakistan, Muslim Rajputs are non-vegetarians, and prefer goat mutton and other forms of meat except pork.

text: The Anthropological Survey of India identified that in Gujarat, Hindu Rajputs are 'by and large' non-vegetarians, regular drinkers of alcohol, and also smoke and chew betel leaves. These traits are also followed by Rajputs of

text: Rajasthan

text: with mutton, chicken and fish being consumed; and also pork (which historically dates back to the predilection for Rajput warriors and princes to hone their fighting skills by hunting and eating wild-pig). In Pakistan, Muslim Rajputs are non-vegetarians, and prefer goat mutton and other forms of meat except pork.

text: Other commons traits of the cases are:

text: Other commons traits of the cases are:

text: Fishing tackle is a general term that refers to the equipment used by fishers. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle. Some examples are  hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders and tackle boxes.

text: Fishing tackle is a general term that refers to the equipment used by fishers. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle. Some examples are

text: hooks

text: lines

text: sinkers

text: floats

text: rods

text: reels

text: baits

text: lures

text: spears

text: nets

text: gaffs

text: traps

text: waders

text: and tackle boxes.

text: Cartilaginous fishes are a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class includes sharks, rays and chimaeras. Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and pubioischiadic bars evolved. In rays, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.

text: Cartilaginous fish

text: es are a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of

text: cartilage

text: rather than

text: bone

text: . The class includes

text: shark

text: s,

text: ray

text: s and

text: chimaera

text: s. Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny

text: keratin

text: in hair and feathers. Originally the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and pubioischiadic bars evolved. In

text: rays

text: , the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.

text: Catastrophic injuries in fishing may be related to equipment, fish, alcohol, or the environment. Equipment issues generally involve penetrative injuries from the use of hooks and harpoons, but may also be caused by the fishing rod, lure, sinker, or bait. Fish-related injuries result from mishandling, poisoning, and contamination from consumption. Environmental causes may include overexposure to solar radiation, lightning strikes, hypothermia during ice fishing, snakebites, and viral infection spread by mosquitoes.

text: Catastrophic injuries in fishing may be related to equipment, fish, alcohol, or the environment. Equipment issues generally involve penetrative injuries from the use of

text: hooks

text: and

text: harpoon

text: s, but may also be caused by the

text: fishing rod

text: lure

text: sinker

text: , or

text: bait

text: . Fish-related injuries result from mishandling, poisoning, and contamination from consumption. Environmental causes may include

text: overexposure to solar radiation

text: , lightning strikes,

text: hypothermia

text: during

text: ice fishing

text: snakebite

text: s, and viral

text: infection

text: spread by

text: mosquito

text: es.

text: The first dorsal spine, called the "illicium", is modified and is used as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic  esca (lure). This latter should look like a small fish and has a cluster of dark swellings and long filaments.

text: The first dorsal spine, called the "

text: illicium

text: ", is modified and is used as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic

text: esca

text: lure

text: ). This latter should look like a small fish and has a cluster of dark swellings and long filaments.

text: Wildlife is an invaluable treasure but it is being exploited due to illegal trade of many of its species.Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than the reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited.  The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow growing populations such as many larger species of fish.  Initially when a portion of a wild population is hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as density dependent inhibition is lowered.  Hunting, fishing and so on, has lowered the competition between members of a population.  However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to decrease in numbers.

text: Wildlife is an invaluable treasure but it is being exploited due to illegal trade of many of its species.Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than the reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited.  The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow growing populations such as many larger species of fish.  Initially when a portion of a wild population is hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as

text: density dependent

text: inhibition is lowered.  Hunting,

text: fishing

text: and so on, has lowered the competition between members of a population.  However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to

text: decrease in numbers

text: In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass Holocephali) in the class Chondrichthyes of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of bony fishes.

text: In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass Holocephali) in the class

text: Chondrichthyes

text: of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of

text: bony fishes

text: It is difficult to estimate the number of recreational fishing boats. They range in size from small dinghies to large charter cruisers, and unlike commercial fishing vessels, are often not dedicated just to fishing.

text: It is difficult to estimate the number of

text: recreational fishing boats

text: . They range in size from small dinghies to large charter cruisers, and unlike commercial fishing vessels, are often not dedicated just to fishing.

text: Factory ship -Farley Boats -Farm-Raised Catfish -Fécamp -Felucca -Feskekôrka -Fibras Industriales S.A. -Field & Stream -Fifie -Firehole River -Fish -Fish (food) -Fish aggregating device -Fish and Game New Zealand -Fish emulsion -Fish farming -Fish flake -Fish hatchery -Fish hook -Fish hydrolysate -Fish in Australia -Fish market -Fish meal -Fish measurement -Fish migration -Fish oil -Fish preservation -Fish processing -Fish processing facility -Fish product sales -Fish products -Fish research institutions in the Maharashtra -Fish sauce -Fish stock -Fish stocking -Fish trap -Fish wheel -Fisheries and Oceans Canada -Fisheries Centre -Fisheries management -Fisheries Research Services -Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory -Fisheries science -Fisherman -Fishermen's Union Trading Co. -Fishery -Fishery Resources Monitoring System -Fishfinder -Fishing -Fishing bait -Fishing by country -Fishing communities in Maharashtra -Fishing fleet -Fishing in Alabama -Fishing in Angola -Fishing in Bangladesh -Fishing in Chad -Fishing in Chile -Fishing in Ethiopia -Fishing in Ghana -Fishing in India -Fishing in Ohio -Fishing in the North Sea -Fishing in Uganda -Fishing in Wyoming -Fishing industry -Fishing industry in Canada -Fishing industry in China -Fishing industry in New Zealand -Fishing industry in Russia -Fishing industry in Scotland -Fishing industry in the United States -Fishing light attractor -Fishing line -Fishing lure -Fishing net -Fishing reel -Fishing rod -Fishing rod tapers -Fishing sinker -Fishing swivel -Fishing tackle -Fishing techniques -Fishing tournament -Fishing vessel -Fishing weir -Fishingkaki -Flatfish -Fleetwood -Flemish Cap -Flesh Fly (Fly-Fishing) -Float (fishing) -Florida stone crab -Flosser -Flounder -Flounder boat -Flounder tramping -Fly fishing -Fly lure -Fly rod building -Fly Tyer -Fly tying -Food and Agriculture Organization -Food of the Tlingit -Forage fish -Fort Frances Canadian Bass Championship -Frank Mundus -Freshwater prawn farm -Fulton Fish Market -Fur-Fish-Game -FV Cornelia Marie -FV Northwestern -FV Wizard

text: Factory ship

text: Farley Boats

text: Farm-Raised Catfish

text: Fécamp

text: Felucca

text: Feskekôrka

text: Fibras Industriales S.A.

text: Field & Stream

text: Fifie

text: Firehole River

text: Fish

text: Fish (food)

text: Fish aggregating device

text: Fish and Game New Zealand

text: Fish emulsion

text: Fish farming

text: Fish flake

text: Fish hatchery

text: Fish hook

text: Fish hydrolysate

text: Fish in Australia

text: Fish market

text: Fish meal

text: Fish measurement

text: Fish migration

text: Fish oil

text: Fish preservation

text: Fish processing

text: Fish processing facility

text: Fish product sales

text: Fish products

entity_name: Fish research institutions in the Maharashtra

text: Fish research institutions in the Maharashtra

text: Fish sauce

text: Fish stock

text: Fish stocking

text: Fish trap

text: Fish wheel

text: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

text: Fisheries Centre

text: Fisheries management

text: Fisheries Research Services

entity_name: Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory

text: Fisheries Research Services Marine Laboratory

text: Fisheries science

text: Fisherman

text: Fishermen's Union Trading Co.

text: Fishery

text: Fishery Resources Monitoring System

text: Fishfinder

text: Fishing

text: Fishing bait

text: Fishing by country

text: Fishing communities in Maharashtra

text: Fishing fleet

text: Fishing in Alabama

text: Fishing in Angola

text: Fishing in Bangladesh

text: Fishing in Chad

text: Fishing in Chile

text: Fishing in Ethiopia

text: Fishing in Ghana

text: Fishing in India

text: Fishing in Ohio

text: Fishing in the North Sea

text: Fishing in Uganda

text: Fishing in Wyoming

text: Fishing industry

text: Fishing industry in Canada

text: Fishing industry in China

text: Fishing industry in New Zealand

text: Fishing industry in Russia

text: Fishing industry in Scotland

text: Fishing industry in the United States

text: Fishing light attractor

text: Fishing line

text: Fishing lure

text: Fishing net

text: Fishing reel

text: Fishing rod

text: Fishing rod tapers

text: Fishing sinker

text: Fishing swivel

text: Fishing tackle

text: Fishing techniques

text: Fishing tournament

text: Fishing vessel

text: Fishing weir

text: Fishingkaki

text: Flatfish

text: Fleetwood

text: Flemish Cap

text: Flesh Fly (Fly-Fishing)

text: Float (fishing)

text: Florida stone crab

text: Flosser

text: Flounder

text: Flounder boat

text: Flounder tramping

text: Fly fishing

text: Fly lure

text: Fly rod building

text: Fly Tyer

text: Fly tying

text: Food and Agriculture Organization

text: Food of the Tlingit

text: Forage fish

text: Fort Frances Canadian Bass Championship

text: Frank Mundus

text: Freshwater prawn farm

text: Fulton Fish Market

text: Fur-Fish-Game

text: FV Cornelia Marie

text: FV Northwestern

text: FV Wizard

text: Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate.

text: Fishing is the activity of trying to catch

text: fish

text: . Fish are normally caught

text: in the wild

text: Techniques

text: for catching fish include

text: hand gathering

text: spearing

text: netting

text: angling

text: and

text: trapping

text: . Fishing may include catching

text: aquatic animal

text: s other than fish, such as

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: cephalopod

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s, and

text: echinoderm

text: s. The term is not normally applied to catching

text: farmed fish

text: , or to

text: aquatic mammal

text: s, such as whales where the term

text: whaling

text: is more appropriate.

text: Recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition; it can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits. Angling is a method of fishing, specifically the practice of catching fish by means of an "angle" (hook). Anglers must select the right hook, cast accurately, and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions, species, fish response, time of the day, and other factors.

text: Recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition; it can be contrasted with

text: commercial fishing

text: , which is fishing for profit. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a

text: rod

text: reel

text: line

text: hook

text: s and any one of a wide range of

text: baits

text: . Angling is a method of fishing, specifically the practice of catching fish by means of an "angle" (hook). Anglers must select the right hook,

text: cast

text: accurately, and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions, species, fish response, time of the day, and other factors.

text: They did, however, have certain traits separating them from cartilaginous fishes, traits that would become pivotal in the evolution of terrestrial forms. With the exception of a pair of spiracles, the gills did not open singly to the exterior as they do in sharks; rather, they were encased in a gill chamber stiffened by membrane bones and covered by a bony operculum, with a single opening to the exterior. The cleithrum bone, forming the posterior margin of the gill chamber, also functioned as anchoring for the pectoral fins. The cartilaginous fishes do not have such an anchoring for the pectoral fins. This allowed for a movable joint at the base of the fins in the early bony fishes, and would later function in a weight bearing structure in tetrapods. As part of the overall armour of rhomboid cosmin scales, the skull had a full cover of dermal bone, constituting a skull roof over the otherwise shark-like cartilaginous inner cranium. Importantly, they also had a swim bladder/lung, a feature lacking in sharks and rays.

text: They did, however, have certain traits separating them from cartilaginous fishes, traits that would become pivotal in the evolution of terrestrial forms. With the exception of a pair of

text: spiracles

text: , the

text: gills

text: did not open singly to the exterior as they do in sharks; rather, they were encased in a gill chamber stiffened by

text: membrane bone

text: s and covered by a bony

text: operculum

text: , with a single opening to the exterior. The

text: cleithrum bone

text: , forming the posterior margin of the gill chamber, also functioned as anchoring for the pectoral fins. The cartilaginous fishes do not have such an anchoring for the pectoral fins. This allowed for a movable joint at the base of the fins in the early bony fishes, and would later function in a weight bearing structure in tetrapods. As part of the overall armour of

text: rhomboid

text: cosmin scales

text: , the

text: skull

text: had a full cover of

text: dermal bone

text: , constituting a

text: skull roof

text: over the otherwise shark-like cartilaginous

text: inner cranium

text: . Importantly, they also had a

text: swim bladder

text: lung

text: , a feature lacking in sharks and rays.

text: Farmed fish eat specially formulated pellet feeds containing the required nutrients for both fish health and the health of humans who eat fish. A fish feed should be nutritionally well-balanced and provide a good energy source for better growth.  Commercially farmed fish are broadly classified into herbivorous fish, which eat mostly plant proteins like soy or corn, vegetable oils, minerals, and vitamins; and carnivorous fish, which are given fish oils and proteins. Carnivorous fish feed contains 30-50% fish meal and oil, but recent research suggests finding alternatives to fish meal in aquaculture diets. Among the various feeds investigated, soybean meal appears to be a better alternative to fishmeal. Soybean meal prepared for the fish industry is heavily dependent on the particle sizes contained in the feed pellets. Particle size influences feed digestibility. The particle sizes of fish pellet feed are influenced by both grain properties and the milling process. Properties of the grain include hardness and moisture content. The milling process affects particle size based on the mill equipment type used, and some properties of the mill equipment (for example corrugations, gap, speed, and energy consumption).

text: Farmed fish eat specially formulated pellet feeds containing the required nutrients for both fish health and the health of humans who eat fish. A fish feed should be nutritionally well-balanced and provide a good energy source for better growth.  Commercially farmed fish are broadly classified into herbivorous fish, which eat mostly plant proteins like soy or corn, vegetable oils, minerals, and vitamins; and carnivorous fish, which are given

text: fish oil

text: s and proteins. Carnivorous fish feed contains 30-50%

text: fish meal

text: and oil, but recent research suggests finding alternatives to fish meal in

text: aquaculture

text: diets. Among the various feeds investigated,

text: soybean meal

text: appears to be a better alternative to fishmeal. Soybean meal prepared for the fish industry is heavily dependent on the particle sizes contained in the feed pellets. Particle size influences feed digestibility. The particle sizes of fish pellet feed are influenced by both grain properties and the milling process. Properties of the grain include hardness and moisture content. The milling process affects particle size based on the mill equipment type used, and some properties of the mill equipment (for example corrugations, gap, speed, and energy consumption).

text: Ellis Lake is the location of the annual Marysville fishing derby, when the lake is stocked with fish and local children can fish and win prizes for the size of fish they catch.

text: A number of factors influence the rate of breathing. Carbon dioxide levels, particularly the arterial and cerebrospinal fluid levels, detected by medullary central chemoreceptors, cause an increase in the rate of breathing when high and a decrease when low. The acidity of blood, detected by peripheral chemoreceptors, causes an increase in the rate of breathing when low and a decrease when high. Significant hypoxia, primarily detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic body, can cause an increase in the rate of breathing. Factors internal to the lung, including pulmonary stretch or detection of irritants, can also stimulate breathing.

text: A number of factors influence the

text: rate of breathing

text: . Carbon dioxide levels, particularly the arterial and

text: cerebrospinal fluid

text: levels, detected by medullary

text: central chemoreceptors

text: , cause an increase in the rate of breathing when high and a decrease when low. The

text: acidity

text: of blood, detected by

text: peripheral chemoreceptors

text: , causes an increase in the rate of breathing when low and a decrease when high. Significant

text: hypoxia

text: , primarily detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the

text: aortic body

text: , can cause an increase in the rate of breathing. Factors internal to the lung, including pulmonary stretch or detection of irritants, can also stimulate breathing.

text: Needless to say, given the above remarks about likely sterility if the fishes are maintained in water whose chemical parameters are incorrect, prospective parents must be maintained in soft, acidic water throughout their lives if they are to remain capable of reproduction. Failure to do so will destroy any chances of success from the very start. Furthermore, it is highly advisable to filter the water of the breeding aquarium over peat, or alternatively use one of the commercially available 'Blackwater Tonic' additives to provide the necessary chemical environment conducive to reproduction. Parent fishes should, in addition, be conditioned heavily with copious live foods to bring them into prime breeding condition.

text: When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus glands, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.

text: When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the

text: tonsil

text: s,

text: thymus gland

text: s, and

text: Eustachian tube

text: s, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic

text: branchial pouch

text: es.

text: In order to differentiate female workers from female reproductive wasps in Polistes metricus, behavior must be studied since they are morphology similar. Female reproductives are referred to as queens or foundresses. The reproductive queens have more developed ovaries compared to the workers. Consequently, female Polistes have the ability to be reproductive depending on the social and physical environment they occupy.  Polistes metricus is considered to be a eusocial organism, characterized by sterile castes, overlapping generations, and cooperative care for offspring. Polistes metricus, like Polistes dominula and Polistes annularis, differs from many other advanced eusocial insects in that the distinction between reproductive females and non-reproductive females is subtle.

text: In order to differentiate female workers from female reproductive wasps in

text: Polistes

text: metricus, behavior must be studied since they are

text: morphology

text: similar. Female reproductives are referred to as queens or foundresses. The reproductive queens have more developed

text: ovaries

text: compared to the workers. Consequently, female Polistes have the ability to be reproductive depending on the social and physical

text: environment

text: they occupy.  Polistes metricus is considered to be a

text: eusocial

text: organism, characterized by sterile castes, overlapping generations, and cooperative care for offspring. Polistes metricus, like

text: Polistes dominula

text: and

text: Polistes annularis

text: , differs from many other advanced eusocial insects in that the distinction between reproductive females and non-reproductive females is subtle.

text: A service on such a scale and with such lavish sculptural elements was unprecedented; a later large Meissen service, the Möllendorff Dinner Service of the 1760s had under 1,000 pieces.  The distinctive characteristic of the service, from which it gets its name, is its decoration in very low relief: each plate or other piece of flatware has a delicate background with radiating bands based on a scallop shell, against which there is in the central well a pair of swans on the water amid bullrushes, and a crane in the air, descending to join another on the left.  The standing crane grasps a fish in his beak, and the head of another fish can be seen in the water beneath the swan on the right.  "Brühl" in German means a damp, marshy place, so the theme of the service was a play on its owner's name.

text: A service on such a scale and with such lavish sculptural elements was unprecedented; a later large Meissen service, the

text: Möllendorff Dinner Service

text: of the 1760s had under 1,000 pieces.  The distinctive characteristic of the service, from which it gets its name, is its decoration in very low

text: relief

text: : each plate or other piece of flatware has a delicate background with radiating bands based on a

text: scallop

text: shell, against which there is in the central well a pair of swans on the water amid

text: bullrush

text: es, and a

text: crane

text: in the air, descending to join another on the left.  The standing crane grasps a fish in his beak, and the head of another fish can be seen in the water beneath the swan on the right.  "Brühl" in German means a damp, marshy place, so the theme of the service was a play on its owner's name.

text: Eventually the growths inhibit the fish's ability to swim, breathe or eat, and secondary bacterial infections usually kills the fish.

text: Eventually the growths inhibit the fish's ability to swim, breathe or eat, and secondary

text: bacteria

text: l infections usually kills the fish.

text: Shoaling preferences in banded killifish differ in shoal species composition, shoal size, and individual body size within the shoal. The shift in preferences is triggered by predatory stimuli. In the presence of predatory stimuli, a banded killifish individual will prefer the bigger conspecific shoal, but only as long as the shoal is homogenous in individual fish size. If the size of individual fish were different, they would join a shoal of similarly sized fish regardless of shoal size. This preference is maintained by predatory threat. Body size is a more significant determinant of shoaling preference than shoal size and species composition.

text: Shoaling preferences in banded killifish differ in shoal species composition, shoal size, and individual body size within the shoal. The shift in preferences is triggered by predatory stimuli. In the presence of predatory stimuli, a banded killifish individual will prefer the bigger conspecific shoal, but only as long as the shoal is

text: homogenous

text: in individual fish size. If the size of individual fish were different, they would join a shoal of similarly sized fish regardless of shoal size. This preference is maintained by predatory threat. Body size is a more significant determinant of shoaling preference than shoal size and species composition.

text: This fish is not related to any of the families found in its range (Ariidae, Ictaluridae, or Heptapteridae). It is most similar to Ictaluridae, but lacks some important characteristics to classify this fish into this family or the other two families. Initial study has placed this fish above Diplomystidae, Cetopsidae, and Hypsidoridae, but further classification is unknown. This family probably represents a basal group in which intermediates have disappeared.

text: This fish is not related to any of the families found in its range (

text: Ariidae

text: Ictaluridae

text: , or

text: Heptapteridae

text: ). It is most similar to Ictaluridae, but lacks some important characteristics to classify this fish into this family or the other two families. Initial study has placed this fish above

text: Diplomystidae

text: Cetopsidae

text: , and

text: Hypsidoridae

text: , but further classification is unknown. This family probably represents a

text: basal

text: group in which intermediates have disappeared.

text: This hermaphroditic parasite belongs to the Eucestoda subclass, of class Cestoda. It parasitizes fish and fish-eating water birds. The fish-eating water bird is the definitive host and reproduction occurs in the bird's intestine. Eggs of the tapeworm are passed with the bird’s feces and hatch in the water where the first larval stage, the coracidium, is produced. The coracidium is then ingested by the first intermediate host, a cyclopoid copepod (e.g. Macrocyclops albidus). The second larval stage then subsequently develops in the tissue of this host. Within one to two weeks, the infected copepod is ingested by the second intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The third larval stage, the plerocercoid, grows in the abdomen of the fish. When the fish is eaten by a bird, the larvae mature and adults start to produce eggs within two days. Reproduction takes place within one to two weeks, after which the parasite dies.

text: This hermaphroditic parasite belongs to the Eucestoda subclass, of class Cestoda. It parasitizes fish and fish-eating water birds. The fish-eating water bird is the definitive host and reproduction occurs in the bird's intestine. Eggs of the tapeworm are passed with the bird’s feces and hatch in the water where the first larval stage, the coracidium, is produced. The coracidium is then ingested by the first intermediate host, a cyclopoid copepod (e.g.

text: Macrocyclops albidus

text: ). The second larval stage then subsequently develops in the tissue of this host. Within one to two weeks, the infected copepod is ingested by the second intermediate host, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The third larval stage, the plerocercoid, grows in the abdomen of the fish. When the fish is eaten by a bird, the larvae mature and adults start to produce eggs within two days. Reproduction takes place within one to two weeks, after which the parasite dies.

text: Stream metabolism can be influenced by a variety of factors, including physical characteristics of the stream (slope, width, depth, and speed/volume of flow), biotic characteristics of the stream (abundance and diversity of organisms ranging from bacteria to fish), light and nutrient availability to fuel primary production, water chemistry and temperature, and natural or human-caused disturbance, such as dams, removal of riparian vegetation, nutrient pollution, wildfire or flooding.

text: Stream metabolism can be influenced by a variety of factors, including physical characteristics of the stream (slope, width, depth, and speed/volume of flow), biotic characteristics of the stream (abundance and diversity of organisms ranging from

text: bacteria

text: to

text: fish

text: ), light and nutrient availability to fuel primary production, water chemistry and temperature, and natural or human-caused disturbance, such as dams, removal of

text: riparian vegetation

text: nutrient pollution

text: wildfire

text: or

text: flooding

text: Generally, the purpose behind the implementation of protected slot limits is to improve the angling opportunities in a particular body or bodies of water.  Protected slot limits are most often used to regulate the harvest from waters where natural reproduction of the concerned fish species occurs.  The protected slot limit is set in such a way that it protects the size of those fish deemed most important to the species spawning success in that fishery.  With the size of the most sexually productive fish protected from harvest it is likely that an increased number will spawn during a given year and hence lead to more naturally produced individuals.  The effort to increase the number of fish through natural reproduction mitigates the need for artificial stocking of a species to provide for a viable recreational fishery.

text: Generally, the purpose behind the implementation of protected slot limits is to improve the

text: angling

text: opportunities in a particular body or bodies of water.  Protected slot limits are most often used to regulate the harvest from waters where natural reproduction of the concerned fish species occurs.  The protected slot limit is set in such a way that it protects the size of those fish deemed most important to the species

text: spawning

text: success in that fishery.  With the size of the most sexually productive fish protected from harvest it is likely that an increased number will spawn during a given year and hence lead to more naturally produced individuals.  The effort to increase the number of fish through natural reproduction mitigates the need for artificial stocking of a species to provide for a viable recreational fishery.

text: Unlike other modes of diving, which rely either on breath-hold or on breathing supplied under pressure from the surface, scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas, usually compressed air, allowing them greater freedom of movement than with an air line or diver's umbilical and longer underwater endurance than breath-hold. Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a diving regulator. They may include additional cylinders for decompression gas or emergency breathing gas. Closed-circuit or semi-closed circuit rebreather scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases. The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit; therefore, a smaller cylinder or cylinders, may be used for an equivalent dive duration. They far extend the time spent underwater as compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption. Rebreathers produce fewer bubbles and less noise than scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection, scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals, and media divers to avoid bubble interference.

text: Unlike other modes of diving, which rely either on

text: breath-hold

text: or on

text: breathing supplied under pressure from the surface

text: , scuba divers carry their own source of

text: breathing gas

text: , usually

text: compressed air

text: , allowing them greater freedom of movement than with an

text: air line

text: or

text: diver's umbilical

text: and longer underwater endurance than breath-hold. Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more

text: diving cylinder

text: s containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a

text: diving regulator

text: . They may include additional cylinders for decompression gas or emergency breathing gas. Closed-circuit or semi-closed circuit

text: rebreather

text: scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases. The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit; therefore, a smaller cylinder or cylinders, may be used for an equivalent dive duration. They far extend the time spent underwater as compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption. Rebreathers produce fewer bubbles and less noise than scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection, scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals, and media divers to avoid bubble interference.

text: Bank fishing is fishing from places where the land meets the waters edge. Fishing from rocks is usually called rock fishing. Like rock fishing, bank fishing is typically done by casting fishing bait or lures into the water in an attempt to catch fish. Bank fishing is usually performed with a rod and reel but nets, traps, and spears, and fishing lines used without rods can also be used. People who fish from a boat can sometimes access more areas in prime locations with greater ease than bank fishermen. However many people don’t use boats find fishing from a bank has its own advantages. Many things contribute to success in bank fishing, such as local knowledge, water depth, bank structure, location, time of day, and the type of bait and lures.

text: Bank fishing is

text: fishing

text: from places where the land meets the waters edge. Fishing from rocks is usually called

text: rock fishing

text: . Like rock fishing, bank fishing is typically done by

text: casting

text: fishing bait

text: or

text: lure

text: s into the water in an attempt to catch fish. Bank fishing is usually performed with a

text: rod

text: and

text: reel

text: but

text: nets

text: traps

text: , and

text: spear

text: s, and fishing lines used without rods can also be used. People who fish from a boat can sometimes access more areas in prime locations with greater ease than bank fishermen. However many people don’t use boats find fishing from a bank has its own advantages. Many things contribute to success in bank fishing, such as local knowledge, water depth, bank structure, location, time of day, and the type of bait and lures.

text: The original version of the expression derives from the fishing industry, in which fishermen must literally decide who is to fish, and who is to cut the bait used for fishing. Both the task of fishing, and that of cutting the bait, were considered equally important to the goal of catching fish.

text: Pregnancy has been traditionally defined as the period during which developing embryos are incubated in the body after egg-sperm union. Despite strong similarities between viviparity in mammals, researchers have historically been reluctant to use the term "pregnancy" for non-mammals because of the highly developed form of viviparity in eutherians.  Recent research into physiological, morphological and genetic changes associated with fish reproduction provide evidence that incubation in some species is a highly specialized form of reproduction similar to other forms of viviparity.  Although the term "pregnancy" often refers to eutherian animals, it has also been used in the titles of many international, peer-reviewed, scientific articles on fish, e.g.

text: Pregnancy has been traditionally defined as the period during which developing embryos are incubated in the body after egg-sperm union. Despite strong similarities between

text: viviparity

text: in

text: mammals

text: , researchers have historically been reluctant to use the term "pregnancy" for non-mammals because of the highly developed form of viviparity in

text: eutherians

text: .  Recent research into physiological, morphological and genetic changes associated with fish reproduction provide evidence that incubation in some species is a highly specialized form of reproduction similar to other forms of viviparity.  Although the term "pregnancy" often refers to eutherian animals, it has also been used in the titles of many international, peer-reviewed, scientific articles on fish, e.g.

text: Also Pristimantis sobetes, a related species but from a different species group, have been found to display similar skin texture plasticity, suggesting that this trait may be more common in Pristimantis than in other amphibians.

text: Also

text: Pristimantis sobetes

text: , a related species but from a different species group, have been found to display similar skin texture plasticity, suggesting that this trait may be more common in

text: Pristimantis

text: than in other amphibians.

text: Hunting close to the sea floor, the bignose shark feeds on bony and cartilaginous fishes, and cephalopods. It is viviparous, meaning the embryos are sustained to term via a placental connection. Females bear litters of three to15 pups after a 10-month gestation period. Despite its size, this shark lives too deep to pose much danger to humans. It is caught incidentally by commercial fisheries in many parts of its range; the meat, fins, skin, liver oil, and offal may be used. The International Union for Conservation of Nature presently lacks enough information to assess the global conservation status of this species. However, the various fishing pressures within its range are cause for concern given its slow reproductive rate, and it may have already declined in the northwestern Atlantic and elsewhere.

text: Hunting close to the

text: sea floor

text: , the bignose shark feeds on

text: bony

text: and

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es, and

text: cephalopod

text: s. It is

text: viviparous

text: , meaning the

text: embryo

text: s are sustained to term via a

text: placenta

text: l connection. Females bear litters of three to15 pups after a 10-month

text: gestation period

text: . Despite its size, this shark lives too deep to pose much danger to humans. It is

text: caught incidentally

text: by

text: commercial fisheries

text: in many parts of its range; the meat,

text: fins

text: skin

text: liver oil

text: , and

text: offal

text: may be used. The

text: presently lacks enough information to assess the global conservation status of this species. However, the various fishing pressures within its range are cause for concern given its slow reproductive rate, and it may have already declined in the northwestern

text: Atlantic

text: and elsewhere.

text: One variable is differences between fish. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per gram of body weight than larger fish. Labyrinth fish can breathe atmospheric oxygen and do not need as much surface area (however, some of these fish are territorial, and do not appreciate crowding). Barbs also require more surface area than tetras of comparable size.

text: One variable is differences between fish. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per gram of body weight than larger fish.

text: Labyrinth fish

text: can breathe atmospheric oxygen and do not need as much surface area (however, some of these fish are territorial, and do not appreciate crowding).

text: Barb

text: s also require more surface area than

text: tetra

text: s of comparable size.

text: Hinchinbrook Island was inhabited by the Bandjin people, along a western coastal strip.  Shell middens and fish traps are evidence of their activities.  Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area.  The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days.  At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds.  To this day fish are still captured by these traps feeding the local birds.

text: Hinchinbrook Island was inhabited by the

text: Bandjin

text: people, along a western coastal strip.

text: Shell midden

text: s and

text: fish traps

text: are evidence of their activities.  Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area.  The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days.  At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds.  To this day fish are still captured by these traps feeding the local birds.

text: Many biologists studying these fairly unknown creatures consider their reproduction one of the most important concepts of the species to understand, because most of the fish's behavior is based off its reproduction habits.  Bayou killifish reproduce sexually and are oviparous, meaning that they give birth via laying eggs.  This is a characteristic that most of the fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes share, though some may be viviparous. Little is known about the spawning seasons of the bayou killifish, however biologists do know that this species of killifish spawns mainly during the Spring, more specifically during the Spring Tides—periods of 3 to 6 days biweekly, that occur in a period known as the semilunar phase. Biologists conclude that this tide-associated spawning may be a common component in the reproductive strategies and behaviors of most, if not all, Cyprinodontids of North America.  Although many studies have been conducted involving the reproduction of these killifish, few findings have been made referring to the full reproductive habits of the Bayou Killifish.  Future studies and research is crucial to understanding these creatures, and more importantly their well-being in future generations.  Entire populations of F. pulvereus rely on its reproductive habits and behaviors.

text: Many biologists studying these fairly unknown creatures consider their reproduction one of the most important concepts of the species to understand, because most of the fish's behavior is based off its reproduction habits.  Bayou killifish reproduce sexually and are

text: oviparous

text: , meaning that they give birth via laying eggs.  This is a characteristic that most of the fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes share, though some may be

text: viviparous

text: . Little is known about the spawning seasons of the bayou killifish, however biologists do know that this species of killifish spawns mainly during the Spring, more specifically during the

text: Spring Tide

text: s—periods of 3 to 6 days biweekly, that occur in a period known as the

text: semilunar phase

text: . Biologists conclude that this tide-associated spawning may be a common component in the reproductive strategies and behaviors of most, if not all,

text: Cyprinodontid

text: s of North America.  Although many studies have been conducted involving the reproduction of these killifish, few findings have been made referring to the full reproductive habits of the Bayou Killifish.  Future studies and research is crucial to understanding these creatures, and more importantly their well-being in future generations.  Entire populations of F. pulvereus rely on its reproductive habits and behaviors.

text: The coconut crab is terrestrial and uses structures called branchiostegal lungs to breathe air. They cannot swim and would drown in water, yet they possess a rudimentary set of gills. They can breathe on land and hold their breath underwater. The branchiostegal lungs are seen as a developmental adaptive stage from water-living to enable land-living, or from fish to amphibian.

text: The

text: coconut crab

text: is terrestrial and uses structures called

text: branchiostegal lung

text: s to breathe air. They cannot swim and would drown in water, yet they possess a rudimentary set of gills. They can breathe on land and hold their breath underwater. The branchiostegal lungs are seen as a developmental adaptive stage from water-living to enable land-living, or from fish to amphibian.

text: Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is fishing for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit, or subsistence fishing, which is fishing for survival.

text: Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is

text: fishing

text: for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with

text: commercial fishing

text: , which is fishing for profit, or

text: subsistence fishing

text: , which is fishing for survival.

text: In biology, mating (or mateing in British English) is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals, while other definitions extend the term to mating in plants and fungi. Fertilization is the fusion of both sex cell or gamete.  Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and subsequent internal fertilization. Mating may also lead to external fertilization, as seen in amphibians, fishes and plants. For the majority of species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy); for example, banana slugs.

text: In

text: biology

text: , mating (or mateing in

entity_name: American and British English spelling differences

text: British English

text: ) is the pairing of opposite-

text: sex

text: or

text: hermaphroditic

text: organism

text: s, usually for the purposes of

text: sexual reproduction

text: . Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals, while other definitions extend the term to mating in plants and fungi.

text: Fertilization

text: is the fusion of both

text: sex cell

text: or

text: gamete

text: .  Copulation is the union of the

text: sex organ

text: s of two sexually reproducing animals for

text: insemination

text: and subsequent

text: internal fertilization

text: . Mating may also lead to

text: external fertilization

text: , as seen in

text: amphibians

text: fish

text: es and plants. For the majority of species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (

text: autogamy

text: ); for example,

text: banana slug

text: s.

text: Fishing techniques can be contrasted with fishing tackle. Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the manner in which the tackle is used when fishing.

text: Fishing techniques can be contrasted with

text: fishing tackle

text: Miniopterus griveaudi is known from  altitude on Grande Comore and  on Anjouan. In the Comoros, it roosts in caves, both lava tubes and shallower structures; it was found to share one cave on Grande Comore with another bat, Rousettus obliviosus. Individuals of M. griveaudi have been found to leave a Grande Comore cave at sunset. Flying M. griveaudi have mostly been recorded in forests, but this may reflect a lack of survey effort in open areas. In caves, individuals either group in large groups of more than 50 bats without reproductive activity or in smaller groups of at most five reproductively active bats. Limited data on reproduction show some notable variation between individuals and islands. In two caves surveyed on Grande Comore in November 2006, all females were pregnant with single embryos with crown-rump lengths of , but none of the males were reproductively active. In another cave, none of the bats examined at the same time—all males—were reproductively active. None of the bats captured in one of the caves in April 2007 showed signs of reproductive activity. On Anjouan, no bats were reproductively active in two caves surveyed in late November 2006.

text: Miniopterus griveaudi is known from  altitude on Grande Comore and  on Anjouan. In the Comoros, it roosts in caves, both

text: lava tube

text: s and shallower structures; it was found to share one cave on Grande Comore with another bat,

text: Rousettus obliviosus

text: . Individuals of M. griveaudi have been found to leave a Grande Comore cave at sunset. Flying M. griveaudi have mostly been recorded in forests, but this may reflect a lack of survey effort in open areas. In caves, individuals either group in large groups of more than 50 bats without reproductive activity or in smaller groups of at most five reproductively active bats. Limited data on reproduction show some notable variation between individuals and islands. In two caves surveyed on Grande Comore in November 2006, all females were pregnant with single embryos with crown-rump lengths of , but none of the males were reproductively active. In another cave, none of the bats examined at the same time—all males—were reproductively active. None of the bats captured in one of the caves in April 2007 showed signs of reproductive activity. On Anjouan, no bats were reproductively active in two caves surveyed in late November 2006.

text: Fish anatomy includes a two-chambered heart, operculum, swim bladder, scales, eyes adapted to seeing underwater, and secretory cells that produce mucous. Fish breathe by extracting oxygen from water through gills. Fins propel and stabilize the fish in the water. Fish fall into two main groups: fish with bony skeletons and fish with cartilaginous skeletons.

text: Fish anatomy

text: includes a two-chambered heart,

text: operculum

text: swim bladder

text: scales

text: eyes

text: adapted to seeing underwater, and secretory

text: cells

text: that produce

text: mucous

text: . Fish breathe by extracting oxygen from water through

text: gills

text: Fins

text: propel and stabilize the fish in the water. Fish fall into two main groups:

text: fish with bony skeletons

text: and

text: fish with cartilaginous skeletons

text: The scribbled rabbitfish is herbivorous and feed on algae. Juvenile fish form schools, but when the fish reach a length of about  they begin to divide up into pairs, which may remain in the schools alongside smaller fish. Larger fish do not school and are usually found in pairs, each with a home range that overlaps that of other pairs. The bonding is not necessarily for the purposes of reproduction, as about 25% of the pairs are formed by two individuals of the same sex. The primary purpose of the pair bonding is likely to be of a reproductive nature but it may be partially used as a defence against predators, and it is also useful for a novel feeding strategy.

text: The scribbled rabbitfish is herbivorous and feed on algae. Juvenile fish form

text: schools

text: , but when the fish reach a length of about  they begin to divide up into pairs, which may remain in the schools alongside smaller fish. Larger fish do not school and are usually found in pairs, each with a home range that overlaps that of other pairs. The bonding is not necessarily for the purposes of reproduction, as about 25% of the pairs are formed by two individuals of the same sex. The primary purpose of the pair bonding is likely to be of a reproductive nature but it may be partially used as a defence against

text: predators

text: , and it is also useful for a novel feeding strategy.

text: In the diving industry the performance of breathing apparatus is often referred to as work of breathing. In this context it generally means the work of an average single breath taken through the specified apparatus for given conditions of ambient pressure, underwater environment, flow rate during the breathing cycle, and gas mixture - underwater divers may breathe oxygen-rich Breathing gas to reduce the risk of decompression sickness, or gases containing helium to reduce narcotic effects. Standards for these conditions exist and to make useful comparisons between breathing apparatus they must be tested to the same standard.

text: In the diving industry the performance of breathing apparatus is often referred to as work of breathing. In this context it generally means the work of an average single breath taken through the specified apparatus for given conditions of ambient pressure, underwater environment, flow rate during the breathing cycle, and gas mixture - underwater divers may breathe oxygen-rich

text: Breathing gas

text: to reduce the risk of

text: decompression sickness

text: , or gases containing

text: helium

text: to reduce

text: narcotic effects

text: . Standards for these conditions exist and to make useful comparisons between breathing apparatus they must be tested to the same standard.

text: Cooke's research has contributed to multiple aspects of the biology, conservation and management of fish and aquatic ecosystems. One area of focus includes reproduction and fitness physiology primarily using centrarchid fish. For example, his research revealed that parental care of centrarchid fishes is energetically and physiologically demanding. Often, Cooke uses novel technology, like EMG transmitters and telemetry techniques to understand the behavior of and physiology of free-living animals. Recently he provided a framework for the application of telemetry techniques to enable IUCN Red List ranking.  Cooke uses interdisciplinary approaches (ranging from behaviour to genomics) to study complex conservation and management problems.  In particular, he has conducted basic research in support of applied problems for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. For example, his research has revealed that unsuccessful upriver adult migrants tend to be characterized by advanced reproductive development, disease, and stress, relative to those salmon that reach spawning grounds and reproduce. This type of information has been used to influence fisheries policy in Canada  including the refinement of a management adjustment models  for harvest levels of salmon. Cooke has also been a leader in defining the emerging discipline of “conservation physiology” by developing physiological techniques that enable rapid assessment of causes of conservation problems and consequences of conservation actions. He has recently extended these ideas to the field of ecological restoration. Understanding physiology can help conservation biologists provide legislators, courts and conservation managers with the mechanisms underlying conservation problems. Cooke’s research in the domain of fisheries science focuses on sustainable fisheries which includes quantifying the consequences of fishing on fish and fisheries and developing and promoting strategies that reduce stress and increase survival through refinement of catch-and-release fishing practices.  His expertise were used to co-authored the UN FAO technical guidelines for recreational fisheries in 2012.  Cooke’s research has illuminated problems in recreational fishing and possible development of effective countermeasures to conserve fisheries and his work has helped to refine management strategies in Canada and the USA.

text: Cooke's research has contributed to multiple aspects of the biology, conservation and management of fish and aquatic ecosystems. One area of focus includes reproduction and fitness physiology primarily using

text: centrarchid

text: fish. For example, his research revealed that parental care of

text: centrarchid

text: fishes is energetically and physiologically demanding. Often, Cooke uses novel technology, like EMG transmitters and telemetry techniques to understand the behavior of and physiology of free-living animals. Recently he provided a framework for the application of telemetry techniques to enable

text: IUCN Red List

text: ranking.  Cooke uses interdisciplinary approaches (ranging from behaviour to genomics) to study complex conservation and management problems.  In particular, he has conducted basic research in support of applied problems for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. For example, his research has revealed that unsuccessful upriver adult migrants tend to be characterized by advanced reproductive development, disease, and stress, relative to those salmon that reach spawning grounds and reproduce. This type of information has been used to influence fisheries policy in Canada  including the refinement of a management adjustment models  for harvest levels of salmon. Cooke has also been a leader in defining the emerging discipline of “conservation physiology” by developing physiological techniques that enable rapid assessment of causes of conservation problems and consequences of conservation actions. He has recently extended these ideas to the field of

text: ecological restoration

text: . Understanding physiology can help conservation biologists provide legislators, courts and conservation managers with the mechanisms underlying conservation problems. Cooke’s research in the domain of

text: fisheries science

text: focuses on sustainable fisheries which includes quantifying the consequences of fishing on fish and fisheries and developing and promoting strategies that reduce stress and increase survival through refinement of

text: catch-and-release

text: fishing practices.  His expertise were used to co-authored the UN

text: FAO

text: technical guidelines for recreational fisheries in 2012.  Cooke’s research has illuminated problems in recreational fishing and possible development of effective countermeasures to conserve fisheries and his work has helped to refine management strategies in Canada and the USA.

text: Deep-sea fish are  fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the sea. The lanternfish is, by far, the most common deep-sea fish. Other deep sea fishes include the flashlight fish, cookiecutter shark, bristlemouths, anglerfish, viperfish, and some species of eelpout.

text: Deep-sea fish are

text: fish

text: that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is below the

text: epipelagic

text: or

text: photic zone

text: of the

text: sea

text: . The

text: lanternfish

text: is, by far, the most common deep-sea fish. Other

text: deep sea

text: fishes include the

text: flashlight fish

text: cookiecutter shark

text: bristlemouth

text: s,

text: anglerfish

text: viperfish

text: , and some species of

text: eelpout

text: Periodic breathing is a normal variation of breathing found in premature and full term infants. It occurs when the infant has pauses in breathing for no more than 10 seconds at a time followed by a series of rapid, shallow breaths. Then the breathing returns to normal without any stimulation or intervention. These pauses in breathing may be accompanied by minor oxygen desaturation and bradycardia. It usually occurs when the infant is sleeping deeply, but may occur with light sleep or even when awake. Studies have shown that 78% of healthy full-term infants experience episodes of periodic breathing in the first two weeks of life, which typically resolves in the first six months of life.

text: Many fish have a swimbladder. By filling the swimbladder with gas, fish can float and swim in the water. However, redlip blennies never develop a swimbladder. The lack of a swimbladder does not affect adult redlip blennies, since they have already adjusted to the benthic life, as they matured. However, unlike the adults, redlip blenny larvae are not comfortable living at the sea bottom. Until they adjust to the bottom-dwelling life style, the larvae use a means of floating for survival: redlip blenny larvae have a huge storage of lipids in their liver, and this high lipid concentration provides buoyancy. The larvae keeps its high lipid concentration until maturation. Later, as the larvae go through metamorphosis, it burns down all the stored lipids to support the high metabolism of metamorphosis. After losing its lipids through metamorphosis, the now-grown-up redlip blenny does not restore lipids, which provides a permanent high density body to the adult fish.

text: Many fish have a

text: swimbladder

text: . By filling the swimbladder with gas, fish can float and swim in the water. However, redlip blennies never develop a swimbladder. The lack of a swimbladder does not affect adult redlip blennies, since they have already adjusted to the benthic life, as they matured. However, unlike the adults, redlip blenny

text: larvae

text: are not comfortable living at the sea bottom. Until they adjust to the bottom-dwelling life style, the larvae use a means of floating for survival: redlip blenny larvae have a huge storage of

text: lipids

text: in their

text: liver

text: , and this high lipid concentration provides

text: buoyancy

text: . The larvae keeps its high lipid concentration until maturation. Later, as the larvae go through

text: metamorphosis

text: , it burns down all the stored lipids to support the high

text: metabolism

text: of metamorphosis. After losing its lipids through metamorphosis, the now-grown-up redlip blenny does not restore lipids, which provides a permanent high density body to the adult fish.

text: The player fishes in pursuit of fame as a fisherman named Billy. The game mechanics are "three tightly-woven minigames in one": casting the fishing line, catching fish, and shooting the fish in the air. The player casts the line and tilts the device to avoid the fish as the hook sinks. Upon hooking a fish, the hook ascends and the player tilts the device to catch as many fish as possible en route to the surface. Above water, the fish are launched into the air, and the player taps the screen to shoot the fish out of the sky to earn money before they fall into the water. The fish differ in characteristics including swim pattern and the number of shots required to cash in. The jellyfish shot detract from the total income. There are four stages, each with its own visual and audio theme and rare fish, and an endless mode where players can work towards the highest score. Earnings can be spent in a store towards persistent upgrades such as longer fishing line length, invulnerable drills, frivolous hats, bigger guns, chainsaw lures, a hair dryer and toaster (to zap inadvertent catches), fuel for the chainsaw, and a necktie for greater income. There is also a Fish-o-pedia in Billy's smartphone that gives gameplay hints and tracks stats such as fish caught, which is the progress for unlocking new levels. There are no in-app purchases.

text: The player

text: fishes

text: in pursuit of fame as a

text: fisherman

text: named Billy. The game mechanics are "three tightly-woven

text: minigames

text: in one": casting the

text: fishing line

text: , catching fish, and shooting the fish in the air. The player casts the line and tilts the device to avoid the fish as the hook sinks. Upon hooking a fish, the hook ascends and the player tilts the device to catch as many fish as possible en route to the surface. Above water, the fish are launched into the air, and the player taps the screen to shoot the fish out of the sky to earn money before they fall into the water. The fish differ in characteristics including swim pattern and the number of shots required to cash in. The

text: jellyfish

text: shot detract from the total income. There are four

text: stages

text: , each with its own visual and audio theme and rare fish, and an endless mode where players can work towards the highest score. Earnings can be spent in a store towards persistent upgrades such as longer fishing line length, invulnerable drills, frivolous hats, bigger guns,

text: chainsaw

text: lures, a hair dryer and toaster (to zap inadvertent catches), fuel for the chainsaw, and a

text: necktie

text: for greater income. There is also a Fish-o-pedia in Billy's smartphone that gives gameplay hints and tracks stats such as fish caught, which is the progress for unlocking new levels. There are no

text: in-app purchases

text: This species occurs in relatively cold water on the upper continental slopes at a depth of 30–550 m. It is most common at depths of 200 m, but is found deeper in southern areas. It favors sandy and possibly also rocky habitats. The shagreen ray feeds on a variety of benthic animals, mainly fishes but also crustaceans. Like other skates reproduction is oviparous; the egg capsules are amber in color and oblong-shaped, with long, stiff horns at each corner. One pair of horns are longer than the capsule. The capsules measure 7.5-9.9 cm long and 4.5-4.7 cm wide. Historically this ray was considered of "inferior" quality for consumption. It is caught commercially by longlines and trawls.

text: This species occurs in relatively cold water on the upper

text: continental slope

text: s at a depth of 30–550 m. It is most common at depths of 200 m, but is found deeper in southern areas. It favors

text: sand

text: y and possibly also rocky

text: habitat

text: s. The shagreen ray feeds on a variety of

text: benthic

text: animal

text: s, mainly

text: fish

text: es but also

text: crustacean

text: s. Like other skates reproduction is

text: oviparous

text: ; the

text: egg

text: capsules are amber in color and oblong-shaped, with long, stiff horns at each corner. One pair of horns are longer than the capsule. The capsules measure 7.5-9.9 cm long and 4.5-4.7 cm wide. Historically this ray was considered of "inferior" quality for consumption. It is caught

text: commercially

text: by

text: longlines

text: and

text: trawl

text: s.

text: Bait fish can be contrasted with forage fish. Bait fish is a term used particularly by recreational fishermen, although commercial fisherman also catch fish to bait longlines and traps. Forage fish is a fisheries term, and is used in the context of fisheries. Forage fish are the small fish that are preyed on in the wild by larger predators for food. The predators can be other larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Bait fish, by contrast, are fish that are caught by humans to use as bait for other fish. The terms also overlap in the sense that most bait fish are also forage fish, and most forage fish can also be used as bait fish.

text: Bait fish can be contrasted with

text: forage fish

text: . Bait fish is a term used particularly by recreational fishermen, although commercial fisherman also catch fish to bait

text: longlines

text: and

text: traps

text: . Forage fish is a

text: fisheries

text: term, and is used in the context of fisheries. Forage fish are the small fish that are preyed on in the

text: wild

text: by larger predators for food. The predators can be other larger fish,

text: seabird

text: s and

text: marine mammal

text: s. Bait fish, by contrast, are fish that are caught by humans to use as bait for other fish. The terms also overlap in the sense that most bait fish are also forage fish, and most forage fish can also be used as bait fish.

text: This full-length film (broken into five parts), was produced by the Ocean Film Corporation and featured English-born actor Percy Darrell Standing wearing little to no make-up as the 'Brute Man'. The story is about the Brute Man killing the sister of his creator (Dr. William Frawley) on her wedding night. Frawley pursues his creation across Europe finally killing him by shooting him. Frawley then dies of exhaustion.A framing device reveals that the story is being read from a book.The film was reissued in 1916 by the Raver Film Corporation with added scientific documentary footage detailing the reproduction methods of fish.

text: Walleye fish are a prominent species found in South Manistique Lake. The lake was stocked in the early 1970s through the mid-1990s. After the mid-1990s, the lake began supporting natural reproduction of the walleyes. Bluegill was reported as having poor fishery due to high angler harvest as well as predators such as walleyes and other large fish. Several other fish species found in South Manistique include yellow perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rainbow trout, and splake. Muskellunge fish were stocked in 1972 and after 1980 every two to four years. Stocking of muskellunge decreased in the 1990s but still continues. Most populations are maintained by natural reproduction in South Manistique.

text: Walleye fish are a prominent species found in South Manistique Lake. The lake was stocked in the early 1970s through the mid-1990s. After the mid-1990s, the lake began supporting natural reproduction of the walleyes. Bluegill was reported as having poor fishery due to high angler harvest as well as predators such as walleyes and other large fish. Several other fish species found in South Manistique include yellow perch, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rainbow trout, and splake.

text: Muskellunge

text: fish were stocked in 1972 and after 1980 every two to four years. Stocking of muskellunge decreased in the 1990s but still continues. Most populations are maintained by natural reproduction in South Manistique.

text: Air-breathing is well known among many loricariids; this ability is dependent on the risk of hypoxia faced by a species; torrent-dwelling species tend to have no ability to breathe air, while low-land, pool-dwelling species, such as those of Hypostomus, have a great ability to breathe air. Pterygoplichthys is known for being kept out of water and sold alive in fish markets, surviving up to 30 hours out of water. Loricariids are facultative air breathers; they will only breathe air if under stress and will only use their gills in situations when oxygen levels are high. The dry season is a likely time for this; there would be little food in the stomach, which would allow its use for air breathing.

text: Air-breathing is well known among many loricariids; this ability is dependent on the risk of

text: hypoxia

text: faced by a species; torrent-dwelling species tend to have no ability to breathe air, while low-land, pool-dwelling species, such as those of Hypostomus, have a great ability to breathe air. Pterygoplichthys is known for being kept out of water and sold alive in fish markets, surviving up to 30 hours out of water. Loricariids are facultative air breathers; they will only breathe air if under stress and will only use their gills in situations when oxygen levels are high. The dry season is a likely time for this; there would be little food in the stomach, which would allow its use for air breathing.

text: Most fish are detritivores, primarily ingesting fine particles from sediments and plant surfaces. This is characteristic of fish living in South American flood-plains in general. Fish migration between river channels and flood-plain regions occurs seasonally. These fish have many adaptations that allow them to survive in the oxygen-depleted flood-plain waters.

text: Most

text: fish

text: are

text: detritivore

text: s, primarily ingesting fine particles from sediments and plant surfaces. This is characteristic of fish living in South American flood-plains in general. Fish migration between river channels and flood-plain regions occurs seasonally. These fish have many

text: adaptation

text: s that allow them to survive in the oxygen-depleted flood-plain waters.

text: Inhabitants of Ahus Island, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, have followed a generations-old practice of restricting fishing in six areas of their reef lagoon. Their cultural traditions allow line fishing, but no net or spear fishing. The result is both the biomass and individual fish sizes are significantly larger than in places where fishing is unrestricted.

text: Inhabitants of Ahus Island,

text: Manus Province

text: Papua New Guinea

text: , have followed a generations-old practice of restricting fishing in six areas of their reef lagoon. Their cultural traditions allow line fishing, but no net or

text: spear fishing

text: . The result is both the

text: biomass

text: and individual fish sizes are significantly larger than in places where fishing is unrestricted.

text: Author Terry Mort uses the parallel to Whistler's commentary "Painting should be like breath on a glass" to that of fly fishing.

text: This demersal whipray is threatened by overexploitation, as it is fished intensively over much of its range. In Indonesia,  fishing vessels must travel for much greater distances to find acceptable quantities of fish. In India, too, where it is heavily fished, the catch rate is also declining from overfishing, as well as pollution and coastal degradation. Little is known of this fish's reproductive rate, but it is likely to be similar to other elasmobranchs. So, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this fish as a "vulnerable species".

text: This demersal whipray is threatened by

text: overexploitation

text: , as it is fished intensively over much of its range. In Indonesia,  fishing vessels must travel for much greater distances to find acceptable quantities of fish. In India, too, where it is heavily fished, the catch rate is also declining from overfishing, as well as pollution and coastal degradation. Little is known of this fish's reproductive rate, but it is likely to be similar to other

text: elasmobranchs

text: . So, the

text: has assessed this fish as a "

text: vulnerable species

text: Sexual dimorphism in EOD waveforms and frequencies also imposes an influence on active space size. Using Sternopygus marucus as example, males and emit frequencies almost half those of females (80 Hz cf. 150 Hz). However, since most electroreceptors are tuned to signal frequencies that are closer to the receivers' own frequency, the difference in EOD frequency results in a different ability of electric fishes to sense signals from either sex, which further leads to different active space sizes. As measured in Sternopygus marucus by Hagedorn, male fish can only detect females in a range of 6 cm, while female fish can detect a male fish in a much bigger range of 39 cm. This active space size difference is hypothesized to give female fish a better probability of getting closer to potential mates and select an individual to mate with.

text: In early 2012, Lamm opened his own addiction treatment operation called Breathe Life Healing Centers. His first Breathe Life, opened in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of New York City, and features a "flexible, sliding scale-style approach to payment". Breathe's second facility opened in West Hollywood, and sits on 22 acres within a gated community with six residences on a Campus setting. Breathe Life Healing Centers new paradigm in trauma treatment expanded his work to include a groundbreaking long-term retreat model to "ignite personal recovery and spiritual discovery". Kathleen Murphy, LPC, serves as Breathe's founding Clinical Director and leads Breathe's Family Education Programs. Breathe Life Healing Centers are a mid-range insurance-friendly trauma-informed recovery program combining a residential retreat center featuring non-clinical, spiritual-directed work, with a traditional treatment center, where clinical work is done. Breathe's unified recovery approach invites those with chemical dependency, dual-diagnosis and eating disorders (Binge Eating Disorder, Compulsive Overeating, Metabolic Syndrome and Bulimia) to create community and progress through trauma healing, emotional regulation skills-building and spiritual development.

text: In early 2012, Lamm opened his own addiction treatment operation called Breathe Life Healing Centers. His first Breathe Life, opened in the

text: Gramercy Park

text: neighborhood of New York City, and features a "flexible, sliding scale-style approach to payment". Breathe's second facility opened in

text: West Hollywood

text: , and sits on 22 acres within a gated community with six residences on a Campus setting. Breathe Life Healing Centers new paradigm in trauma treatment expanded his work to include a groundbreaking long-term retreat model to "ignite personal recovery and spiritual discovery". Kathleen Murphy, LPC, serves as Breathe's founding Clinical Director and leads Breathe's Family Education Programs. Breathe Life Healing Centers are a mid-range insurance-friendly trauma-informed recovery program combining a residential retreat center featuring non-clinical, spiritual-directed work, with a traditional treatment center, where clinical work is done. Breathe's unified recovery approach invites those with chemical dependency, dual-diagnosis and eating disorders (Binge Eating Disorder, Compulsive Overeating, Metabolic Syndrome and Bulimia) to create community and progress through trauma healing, emotional regulation skills-building and spiritual development.

text: Other variables affect tank capacity. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per unit of body weight than larger fish. Labyrinth fish can breathe atmospheric oxygen and need less surface area (however, some are territorial, and do not tolerate crowding). Barbs require more surface area than tetras of comparable size. The presence of waste materials presents itself as a variable as well. Decomposition consumes oxygen, reducing the amount available for fish. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water, while warmer water temperature increase fish activity levels, which in turn consume more oxygen.

text: Other variables affect tank capacity. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per unit of body weight than larger fish.

text: Labyrinth fish

text: can breathe atmospheric oxygen and need less surface area (however, some are territorial, and do not tolerate crowding).

text: Barbs

text: require more surface area than

text: tetra

text: s of comparable size. The presence of waste materials presents itself as a variable as well. Decomposition consumes oxygen, reducing the amount available for fish. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water, while warmer water temperature increase fish activity levels, which in turn consume more oxygen.

text: The animating time of a fish depends heavily on its size, where a very small fish can be animated on a 386DX40 with 4MB of RAM in 2–4 hours, a very large fish can take easily up to 24+ hours.

text: In wildlife, exposure to EDCs can result in altered fertility, reduced viability of offspring, impaired hormone secretion or activity and modified reproductive anatomy. The reproductive anatomy of offspring can particularly be affected if maternal exposure occurs. In females, this includes mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, this includes the prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymitis and testes. Exposure of fish to EDCs has also been associated with abnormal thyroid function, decreased fertility, decreased hatching success, de-feminization and masculinization of female fish and alteration of immune function.

text: In wildlife, exposure to EDCs can result in altered fertility, reduced viability of offspring, impaired hormone secretion or activity and modified reproductive anatomy. The reproductive anatomy of offspring can particularly be affected if maternal exposure occurs. In females, this includes

text: mammary gland

text: s,

text: fallopian tube

text: s,

text: uterus

text: cervix

text: , and

text: vagina

text: . In males, this includes the

text: prostate

text: seminal vesicle

text: s,

text: epididymitis

text: and

text: testes

text: . Exposure of fish to EDCs has also been associated with abnormal thyroid function, decreased fertility, decreased hatching success, de-feminization and masculinization of female fish and alteration of

text: immune function

text: The young hatch after a few weeks, and typically have only three pairs of legs, followed by up to four legless segments. As they grow, they continually moult, adding further segments and legs as they do so. Some species moult within specially prepared chambers of soil or silk, and may also shelter in these during wet weather, and most species eat the discarded exoskeleton after moulting. The adult stage, when individuals become reproductively mature, is generally reached in the final moult stage, which varies between species and orders, although some species continue to moult after adulthood. Furthermore, some species alternate between reproductive and non-reproductive stages after maturity, a phenomenon known as periodomorphosis, in which the reproductive structures regress during non-reproductive stages. Millipedes may live from one to ten years, depending on species.

text: The young hatch after a few weeks, and typically have only three pairs of legs, followed by up to four legless segments. As they grow, they continually

text: moult

text: , adding further segments and legs as they do so. Some species moult within specially prepared chambers of soil or silk, and may also shelter in these during wet weather, and most species eat the discarded exoskeleton after moulting. The adult stage, when individuals become reproductively mature, is generally reached in the final moult stage, which varies between species and orders, although some species continue to moult after adulthood. Furthermore, some species alternate between reproductive and non-reproductive stages after maturity, a phenomenon known as periodomorphosis, in which the reproductive structures regress during non-reproductive stages. Millipedes may live from one to ten years, depending on species.

text: The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include worms, leeches (notably bait-leech Nephelopsis obscura), minnows, frogs, salamanders, and insects. Natural baits are effective due to the lifelike texture, odour and colour of the bait presented. Cheese has been known to be a very successful bait due to its strong smell and light colours.

text: The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits include

text: worm

text: s,

text: leech

text: es (notably bait-leech

text: Nephelopsis obscura

text: minnow

text: s,

text: frog

text: s,

text: salamander

text: s, and

text: insect

text: s. Natural baits are effective due to the lifelike texture, odour and colour of the bait presented. Cheese has been known to be a very successful bait due to its strong smell and light colours.

text: A rope stringer (pictured) is the simplest type of fish stringer. It consists of a line of rope or wire with a stringing needle made of metal or hardwood at one end. The other end usually has a removable wire ring which can be used to secure the stringer. Using the needle, the stringer is threaded through the fish gill and out through its mouth, or better, it is threaded through the upper and lower lips which allows the fish to breathe freely though its gills.

text: A rope stringer (pictured) is the simplest type of fish stringer. It consists of a line of rope or wire with a stringing needle made of metal or hardwood at one end. The other end usually has a removable wire ring which can be used to secure the stringer. Using the needle, the stringer is threaded through the

text: fish gill

text: and out through its mouth, or better, it is threaded through the upper and lower lips which allows the fish to breathe freely though its gills.

text: They lived in communal snowhouses during the winter and engaged in breathing-hole (mauliqtoq) seal hunting. In the summer, they spread out in smaller, family groups for inland caribou hunting and fishing.

text: They lived in communal

text: snowhouses

text: during the winter and engaged in breathing-hole (mauliqtoq) seal hunting. In the summer, they spread out in smaller, family groups for inland

text: caribou

text: hunting and fishing.

text: The Itelmen seldom observed a set eating time except when entertaining. They also seldom ate as a family unit except when eating opana (warm food), or fresh fish.  Unlike their indigenous island neighbors, the Tungus and Yakuts, they do not enjoy fried food, eating mostly a diet of cold food. A common staple was fish eggs with willow or birch bark. A common food enjoyed at festivities, Selaga, was a mash made of sarana, pine nuts, fireweed, Cow Parsnip, bistort roots, and various berries cooked in seal, whale or fish oil. In Lopatkan, a fermented berry drink was consumed, though there is no indication that any other Itelmen settlements created fermented drinks.

text: The Itelmen seldom observed a set eating time except when entertaining. They also seldom ate as a family unit except when eating opana (warm food), or fresh fish.  Unlike their indigenous island neighbors, the

text: Tungus

text: and

text: Yakuts

text: , they do not enjoy fried food, eating mostly a diet of cold food. A common staple was fish eggs with willow or

text: birch bark

text: . A common food enjoyed at festivities, Selaga, was a mash made of sarana,

text: pine nut

text: s, fireweed,

text: Cow Parsnip

text: bistort

text: roots, and various berries cooked in

text: seal

text: whale

text: or

text: fish oil

text: . In Lopatkan, a fermented berry drink was consumed, though there is no indication that any other Itelmen settlements created fermented drinks.

text: P. suvatti is among the most aggressive of puffers in captivity. When confronted by an intruder the P. suvatti will first react by staring intently, if the fish refuses to back down P. suvatti will then lower its head and charge the other fish. The Suvatti will then open its mouth and slowly move toward the other fish, if the other fish is still not threatened enough by this, the Suvatti will turn and position its broadside toward the invading fish and inflate its body, it then will swim in front of the fish in a zigzag pattern, it will lower i's head and open its mouth to show its teeth, if the warning of inflation does not scare away the invading fish, the Suvatti will attack the fish and inflict serious wounds or it will kill the fish. Just Like their saltwater cousins,P. suvatti contains tetrodotoxin within their skin, organs and teeth. Normally when P. suvatti are kept as pets they must be kept in an aquarium by themselves as they have a tendency to always be aggressive and hungry, unless they are well-fed, and thus they will nibble on the other fish's tails, and occasionally will make a meal of the other fish. Because of the Suvatti's eating habits, it should normally only be fed every other day. During a feeding the Suvatti will shoot up to the surface and guzzle down large amounts of food causing it to double in size. The Arrowhead Puffer can be purchased at most pet stores that carry exotic fishes for around 20-30 USD. Basic care would include the feeding of live fish, gut-loaded ghost shrimp, crayfish, and perhaps raw shrimp or mussels.  Never overfeed the fish or give it red meat or chicken as this can lead to fatty liver disease, which is usually fatal. For a single species aquarium this fish would make a great pet, and they have been known to live up to 10 years in a well-maintained aquarium - which, as with all puffers, means water changes of 50% each week, with good water movement and absolutely no ammonia or nitrites, and minimal nitrates. this puffer species can also be aggressive towards humans. It's a dangerous pufferfish which has a tendency to bite humans with its sharp four teeth, fused together like a beak. They may attack humans by biting them when threatened. So in the wild and in aquarium, it's a dangerous fish which are both aggressive against both humans and other aquarium fishes. However, it's not as aggressive and dangerous towards humans as Feroxodon Multistriatus aka the Ferocious Puffer and Fang's Puffer (Pao Cochinchinensis)

text: P. suvatti is among the most aggressive of puffers in captivity. When confronted by an intruder the P. suvatti will first react by staring intently, if the fish refuses to back down P. suvatti will then lower its head and charge the other fish. The Suvatti will then open its mouth and slowly move toward the other fish, if the other fish is still not threatened enough by this, the Suvatti will turn and position its broadside toward the invading fish and inflate its body, it then will swim in front of the fish in a zigzag pattern, it will lower i's head and open its mouth to show its teeth, if the warning of inflation does not scare away the invading fish, the Suvatti will attack the fish and inflict serious wounds or it will kill the fish. Just Like their saltwater cousins,P. suvatti contains

text: tetrodotoxin

text: within their skin, organs and teeth. Normally when P. suvatti are kept as pets they must be kept in an

text: aquarium

text: by themselves as they have a tendency to always be aggressive and hungry, unless they are well-fed, and thus they will nibble on the other fish's tails, and occasionally will make a meal of the other fish. Because of the Suvatti's eating habits, it should normally only be fed every other day. During a feeding the Suvatti will shoot up to the surface and guzzle down large amounts of food causing it to double in size. The Arrowhead Puffer can be purchased at most pet stores that carry exotic fishes for around 20-30 USD. Basic care would include the feeding of live fish, gut-loaded ghost shrimp, crayfish, and perhaps raw shrimp or

text: mussel

text: s.  Never overfeed the fish or give it red meat or chicken as this can lead to fatty liver disease, which is usually fatal. For a single species aquarium this fish would make a great pet, and they have been known to live up to 10 years in a well-maintained aquarium - which, as with all puffers, means water changes of 50% each week, with good water movement and absolutely no

text: ammonia

text: or

text: nitrite

text: s, and minimal nitrates. this puffer species can also be aggressive towards humans. It's a dangerous pufferfish which has a tendency to bite humans with its sharp four teeth, fused together like a beak. They may attack humans by biting them when threatened. So in the wild and in aquarium, it's a dangerous fish which are both aggressive against both humans and other aquarium fishes. However, it's not as aggressive and dangerous towards humans as Feroxodon Multistriatus aka the Ferocious Puffer and Fang's Puffer (Pao Cochinchinensis)

text: In addition to water breathing animals, e.g., fishes, mollusks etc., the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing aquatic or sea mammals such as those in the orders Cetacea (whales) and Sirenia (sea cows), which cannot survive on land, as well as to the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals, and the walrus). The term "aquatic mammal" is also applied to four-footed mammals like the river otter (Lontra canadensis) and beavers (family Castoridae), although these are technically amphibious.

text: In addition to water breathing animals, e.g., fishes, mollusks etc., the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing

text: aquatic or sea mammals

text: such as those in the orders

text: Cetacea

text: whale

text: s) and

text: Sirenia

text: (sea cows), which cannot survive on land, as well as to the

text: pinnipeds

text: (true seals, eared seals, and the walrus). The term "aquatic mammal" is also applied to four-footed

text: mammal

text: s like the

text: river otter

text: (Lontra canadensis) and beavers (family

text: Castoridae

text: ), although these are technically amphibious.

text: Fisheries management requires intimate knowledge of fish life history traits. Migration patterns and spawning areas are key life history traits in the management of many species. If a fish is migrating between two regions that are managed separately then it will be managed as two separate stocks unless this migration can be understood. If this migration is not discovered then overfishing of the stock may occur because managers assume there is double the amount of fish. In the past costly and inefficient tag and recapture studies were needed to discover such migration patterns. Today otolith microchemistry provides a simpler way to assess migration patterns of fish. Otolith microchemistry has been used to identify and delineate Atlantic cod stocks in Canadian waters. It has also been used to determine the migratory patterns of anadromous whitefish.

text: Fisheries management requires intimate knowledge of fish

text: life history

text: traits.

text: Migration

text: patterns and

text: spawning

text: areas are key life history traits in the management of many species. If a fish is migrating between two regions that are managed separately then it will be managed as two separate stocks unless this migration can be understood. If this migration is not discovered then

text: overfishing

text: of the stock may occur because managers assume there is double the amount of fish. In the past costly and inefficient

text: tag and recapture

text: studies were needed to discover such migration patterns. Today otolith

text: microchemistry

text: provides a simpler way to assess migration patterns of fish. Otolith microchemistry has been used to identify and delineate

text: Atlantic cod

text: stocks in

text: Canadian

text: waters. It has also been used to determine the migratory patterns of

text: anadromous

text: whitefish

text: Bass Fishing is an arcade fishing game where players attempt to hook and reel in fish with different lures. Consisting of four stages at different times of the day, the game requires the player to catch a certain weight of fish within a time limit in order to move onto the next stage. The final stage allows only for one fish to be captured, but are among the largest in the game and most difficult to catch. Fish are measured under four weight classes: Small One, Average, Big One, and Huge.

text: Big Heart Lake demonstrates many of the typical attributes of higher elevation lakes. These lakes often have high productivity rates during the summer but over the entire year are relatively unproductive. This results in widely varying fish populations across the alpine lakes in Washington. However, a common trait of alpine trout is possessing a head disproportionately large in comparison to the body. When this trait is observed it is a direct reflection of low productivity in the lake, as the fish is not able to find enough food to support body growth or size equivalent to that of its head. Big Heart itself has been stocked with fish at least three times in its history. Each time, once in 2001, 2005, and 2009, about 15,000 fish consisting of a mix of rainbow and cutthroat trout were deposited in the lake. During the summer, this lake experiences a may fly hatch most days.

text: Big Heart Lake demonstrates many of the typical attributes of higher elevation lakes. These lakes often have high productivity rates during the summer but over the entire year are relatively unproductive. This results in widely varying fish populations across the

text: alpine lakes

text: in Washington. However, a common trait of alpine trout is possessing a head disproportionately large in comparison to the body. When this trait is observed it is a direct reflection of low productivity in the lake, as the fish is not able to find enough food to support body growth or size equivalent to that of its head. Big Heart itself has been stocked with fish at least three times in its history. Each time, once in 2001, 2005, and 2009, about 15,000 fish consisting of a mix of

text: rainbow

text: and

text: cutthroat trout

text: were deposited in the lake. During the summer, this lake experiences a

text: may fly

text: hatch most days.

text: In China it has been traditionally held that the meditation methods used by the Tiantai school are the most systematic and comprehensive of all. In addition to its doctrinal basis in Indian Buddhist texts, the Tiantai school also emphasizes use of its own meditation texts which emphasize the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Of these texts, Zhiyi's Concise Śamathavipaśyanā (小止観), Mohe Zhiguan (摩訶止観, Sanskrit Mahāśamathavipaśyanā), and Six Subtle Dharma Gates (六妙法門) are the most widely read in China. Rujun Wu identifies the work Mahā-śamatha-vipaśyanā of Zhiyi as the seminal meditation text of the Tiantai school. Regarding the functions of śamatha and vipaśyanā in meditation, Zhiyi writes in his work Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā:The Tiantai school also places a great emphasis on ānāpānasmṛti, or mindfulness of breathing, in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: panting (喘), unhurried breathing (風), deep and quiet breathing (氣), and stillness or rest (息). Zhiyi holds that the first three kinds of breathing are incorrect, while the fourth is correct, and that the breathing should reach stillness and rest. Zhiyi also outlines four kinds of samadhi in his Mohe Zhiguan, and ten modes of practicing vipaśyanā.

text: In China it has been traditionally held that the meditation methods used by the

text: Tiantai

text: school are the most systematic and comprehensive of all. In addition to its doctrinal basis in Indian Buddhist texts, the Tiantai school also emphasizes use of its own meditation texts which emphasize the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Of these texts, Zhiyi's Concise Śamathavipaśyanā (小止観),

text: Mohe Zhiguan

text: (摩訶止観, Sanskrit Mahāśamathavipaśyanā), and Six Subtle Dharma Gates (六妙法門) are the most widely read in China. Rujun Wu identifies the work Mahā-śamatha-vipaśyanā of Zhiyi as the seminal meditation text of the Tiantai school. Regarding the functions of śamatha and vipaśyanā in meditation, Zhiyi writes in his work Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā:The Tiantai school also places a great emphasis on

text: ānāpānasmṛti

text: , or mindfulness of breathing, in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: panting (喘), unhurried breathing (風), deep and quiet breathing (氣), and stillness or rest (息). Zhiyi holds that the first three kinds of breathing are incorrect, while the fourth is correct, and that the breathing should reach stillness and rest. Zhiyi also outlines four kinds of

text: samadhi

text: in his Mohe Zhiguan, and ten modes of practicing

text: vipaśyanā

text: Aquatic plants in lakes provide a source of food for bacteria, fish, waterfowl, insects, and mammals because they convert sunlight and nutrients into living plant tissue than can be used by these organisms. Roots from the vegetation also make a diverse environment for the fish which is essential for their reproduction.

text: Aquatic plants

text: in lakes provide a source of food for

text: bacteria

text: fish

text: waterfowl

text: insects

text: , and

text: mammals

text: because they convert sunlight and nutrients into living plant tissue than can be used by these organisms.

text: Root

text: s from the vegetation also make a diverse environment for the fish which is essential for their reproduction.

text: The bignose shark feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling bony fishes (including lizardfishes, croakers, flatfishes, and batfishes), cartilaginous fishes (including Squalus dogfishes, Holohalaelurus catsharks, Dasyatis stingrays, and chimaeras), and cephalopods. In turn, juveniles may potentially fall prey to larger sharks. Like other requiem sharks, this species is viviparous: when the developing embryos exhaust their supply of yolk, the depleted yolk sac is converted into a placental connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Females bear litters of three to 15 pups, with seven being typical, following a gestation period of approximately 10 months. A single litter may be sired by two or more males. Birthing has been reported to occur in August and September in the Mediterranean, and in September and October off Madagascar. The newborns measure  long. Males and females mature sexually at around  long, respectively. The average age of reproductively active individuals is 21 years.

text: The bignose shark feeds mainly on

text: bottom-dwelling

text: bony fish

text: es (including

text: lizardfish

text: es,

text: croaker

text: s,

text: flatfish

text: es, and

text: batfish

text: es),

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es (including

text: Squalus

text: dogfish

text: es,

text: Holohalaelurus

text: catshark

text: s,

text: Dasyatis

text: stingray

text: s, and

text: chimaera

text: s), and

text: cephalopod

text: s. In turn, juveniles may potentially fall prey to larger sharks. Like other requiem sharks, this species is

text: viviparous

text: : when the developing

text: embryo

text: s exhaust their supply of

text: yolk

text: , the depleted

text: yolk sac

text: is converted into a

text: placenta

text: l connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Females bear litters of three to 15 pups, with seven being typical, following a

text: gestation period

text: of approximately 10 months. A single litter may be sired by two or more males. Birthing has been reported to occur in August and September in the Mediterranean, and in September and October off Madagascar. The newborns measure  long. Males and females

text: mature sexually

text: at around  long, respectively. The average age of reproductively active individuals is 21 years.

text: The largest accepted record is of a female taken in 1827 in the Volga estuary at  and . Several other records of aged sturgeon exceed . These great sizes mark the beluga as the largest freshwater fish in the world. A few other species of sturgeon can attain great sizes but none match the maximum sizes known for the beluga, like Chinese, Pacific White, Oceanic European, Atlantic, Baikalian, and Kaluga, the latter a close cousin which can obtained a maximum weight of , thus attaining the second largest sturgeon size. It may be considered as a rival in size to the ocean sunfish among all extant bony fishes although that marine, passive giant has not been nearly as heavily fished nor takes as long to attain great sizes as does the beluga so more regularly attain massive weights. The Beluga also rivals the great white shark, the Greenland shark, and the tiger shark for the title of largest actively predatory fish, only the great white easily exceeding the beluga's maximum size. The giant belugas are much larger than the Mekong giant catfish, the arapaima or other sizable rivals for the title of largest freshwater fish. Nevertheless, some scientists still consider the Mekong giant catfish to be the largest true freshwater fish, owing to sturgeons' ability to survive in seawater and that it spends much of its life in brackish environments.

text: The largest accepted record is of a female taken in 1827 in the

text: Volga

text: estuary at  and . Several other records of aged sturgeon exceed . These great sizes mark the beluga as the

text: largest

text: freshwater

text: fish in the world. A few other species of sturgeon can attain great sizes but none match the maximum sizes known for the beluga, like

text: Chinese

text: Pacific White

text: Oceanic European

text: Atlantic

text: Baikalian

text: , and

text: Kaluga

text: , the latter a close cousin which can obtained a maximum weight of , thus attaining the second largest sturgeon size. It may be considered as a rival in size to the

text: ocean sunfish

text: among all extant bony fishes although that marine, passive giant has not been nearly as heavily fished nor takes as long to attain great sizes as does the beluga so more regularly attain massive weights. The Beluga also rivals the

text: great white shark

text: , the

text: Greenland shark

text: , and the

text: tiger shark

text: for the title of largest actively predatory fish, only the great white easily exceeding the beluga's maximum size. The giant belugas are much larger than the

text: Mekong giant catfish

text: , the

text: arapaima

text: or other sizable rivals for the title of largest freshwater fish. Nevertheless, some scientists still consider the Mekong giant catfish to be the largest true freshwater fish, owing to sturgeons' ability to survive in

text: seawater

text: and that it spends much of its life in brackish environments.

text: Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma fish are marked as ornamental fish in both North and South America; however, they are usually at a size too small for certain identification, but more than one species may be imported. These species appear in the aquarium hobby, where they are most often sold under the name "tiger shovelnose" or "tiger shovelnose catfish". These fish prove to be hardy. However, their large adult size is problematic for both matters of housing and finding suitable tankmates that will not be consumed. With the appetite these fish have, finding enough good food may present some difficulty.

text: Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma fish are marked as ornamental fish in both

text: North

text: and South America; however, they are usually at a size too small for certain identification, but more than one species may be imported. These species appear in the

text: aquarium

text: hobby, where they are most often sold under the name "tiger shovelnose" or "tiger shovelnose catfish". These fish prove to be hardy. However, their large adult size is problematic for both matters of housing and finding suitable tankmates that will not be consumed. With the appetite these fish have, finding enough good food may present some difficulty.

text: There are two main reproduction methods in fish. The first method is by laying eggs and the second by live-bearing (producing their young alive).

text: Fishing is the activity of catching fish. It is an ancient practice dating back at least 40,000 years. Since the 16th century fishing vessels have been able to cross oceans in pursuit of fish and since the 19th century it has been possible to use larger vessels and in some cases process the fish on board. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.

text: Fishing is the activity of catching

text: fish

text: . It is an ancient practice dating back at least 40,000 years. Since the 16th century fishing vessels have been able to cross oceans in pursuit of fish and since the 19th century it has been possible to use larger vessels and in some cases process the fish on board. Fish are normally caught

text: in the wild

text: Techniques for catching fish

text: include

text: hand gathering

text: spearing

text: netting

text: angling

text: and

text: trapping

text: What is considered defining of sexual reproduction is the difference between the gametes and the binary nature of fertilization. Multiplicity of gamete types within a species would still be considered a form of sexual reproduction. However, of more than 1.5 million living species,recorded up to about the year 2000, "no third sex cell—and so no third sex—has appeared in multi-cellular animals." Why sexual reproduction has an exclusively binary gamete system is not yet known. A few rare species that push the boundaries of the definitions are the subject of active research for light they may shed on the mechanisms of the evolution of sex. For example, the most toxic insect, the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex, has two kinds of female and two kinds of male. One hypothesis is that the species is a hybrid, evolved from two closely related preceding species.

text: What is considered defining of sexual reproduction is the difference between the gametes and the binary nature of fertilization. Multiplicity of gamete types within a species would still be considered a form of sexual reproduction. However, of more than 1.5 million living species,recorded up to about the year 2000, "no third sex cell—and so no third sex—has appeared in multi-cellular animals." Why sexual reproduction has an exclusively binary gamete system is not yet known. A few rare species that push the boundaries of the definitions are the subject of active research for light they may shed on the mechanisms of the

text: evolution of sex

text: . For example, the most toxic insect, the harvester ant

text: Pogonomyrmex

text: , has two kinds of female and two kinds of male. One hypothesis is that the species is a

text: hybrid

text: , evolved from two closely related preceding species.

text: It is unclear whether Spinosaurus was primarily a terrestrial predator or a piscivore, as indicated by its elongated jaws, conical teeth and raised nostrils. The hypothesis of spinosaurs as specialized fish eaters has been suggested before by A. J. Charig and A. C. Milner for Baryonyx. They base this on the anatomical similarity with crocodilians and the presence of digestive acid-etched fish scales in the rib cage of the type specimen. Large fish are known from the faunas containing other spinosaurids, including the Mawsonia, in the mid-Cretaceous of northern Africa and Brazil. Direct evidence for spinosaur diet comes from related European and South American taxa. Baryonyx was found with fish scales and bones from juvenile Iguanodon in its stomach, while a tooth embedded in a South American pterosaur bone suggests that spinosaurs occasionally preyed on pterosaurs, but Spinosaurus was likely to have been a generalized and opportunistic predator, possibly a Cretaceous equivalent of large grizzly bears, being biased toward fishing, though it undoubtedly scavenged and took many kinds of small or medium-sized prey. A study by Cuff and Rayfield (2013) concluded that bio-mechanical data suggests that Spinosaurus was not an obligate piscivore and that its diet was more closely associated with each individual's size. The characteristic rostral morphology of Spinosaurus allowed its jaws to resist bending in the vertical direction, however its jaws were poorly adapted with respect to resisting lateral bending.

text: It is unclear whether Spinosaurus was primarily a terrestrial predator or a

text: piscivore

text: , as indicated by its elongated jaws, conical teeth and raised nostrils. The hypothesis of spinosaurs as specialized fish eaters has been suggested before by A. J. Charig and A. C. Milner for

text: Baryonyx

text: . They base this on the anatomical similarity with crocodilians and the presence of digestive acid-etched fish scales in the rib cage of the

text: type specimen

text: . Large fish are known from the faunas containing other spinosaurids, including the

text: Mawsonia

text: , in the mid-Cretaceous of northern Africa and Brazil. Direct evidence for spinosaur diet comes from related

text: Europe

text: an and

text: South America

text: n taxa. Baryonyx was found with fish scales and bones from juvenile

text: Iguanodon

text: in its stomach, while a tooth embedded in a South American

text: pterosaur

text: bone suggests that spinosaurs occasionally preyed on pterosaurs, but Spinosaurus was likely to have been a generalized and opportunistic predator, possibly a Cretaceous equivalent of large

text: grizzly bear

text: s, being biased toward fishing, though it undoubtedly

text: scavenged

text: and took many kinds of small or medium-sized prey. A study by Cuff and Rayfield (2013) concluded that bio-mechanical data suggests that Spinosaurus was not an

text: obligate

text: piscivore and that its diet was more closely associated with each individual's size. The characteristic

text: rostral

text: morphology of Spinosaurus allowed its jaws to resist bending in the vertical direction, however its jaws were poorly adapted with respect to resisting lateral bending.

text: According to the Associated Press, the second set of lungs were infected with pneumonia, but the girl's condition was too dire to wait for another set of lungs to become available. Surgeons were able to remove the infected portion before the transplant. After the transplant, Murnaghan was able to take a few breaths on her own after doctors removed her breathing tube. However, she quickly needed breathing assistance, and the tube was reinserted. It was later discovered that her diaphragm had become paralyzed.

text: According to the

text: Associated Press

text: , the second set of lungs were infected with pneumonia, but the girl's condition was too dire to wait for another set of lungs to become available. Surgeons were able to remove the infected portion before the transplant. After the transplant, Murnaghan was able to take a few breaths on her own after doctors removed her breathing tube. However, she quickly needed breathing assistance, and the tube was reinserted. It was later discovered that her diaphragm had become paralyzed.

text: Breathe is the fourth studio album by country music recording artist Faith Hill, released November 9, 1999 on Warner Bros. Records. It won a Grammy Award for Best Country Album.  Breathe is one of the most successful country/pop albums to date. It has been certified 8× Platinum by the RIAA, for shipping eight million copies in the US. The album includes the singles "Breathe", "The Way You Love Me", "Let's Make Love", and "If My Heart Had Wings". "Breathe" and "The Way You Love Me" Were both number 1 hits on the Hot Country Songs charts; the former also reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the top pop song of 2000 according to Billboard Year-End. Several of the album's tracks also charted from unsolicited airplay.

text: Breathe is the fourth

text: studio album

text: by

text: country music

text: recording artist

text: Faith Hill

text: , released November 9, 1999 on

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: . It won a

text: Grammy Award for Best Country Album

text: .  Breathe is one of the most successful country/pop albums to date. It has been certified 8× Platinum by the RIAA, for shipping eight million copies in the US. The album includes the singles "

text: Breathe

text: The Way You Love Me

text: Let's Make Love

text: ", and "

text: If My Heart Had Wings

text: ". "Breathe" and "The Way You Love Me" Were both number 1 hits on the

text: Hot Country Songs

text: charts; the former also reached number 2 on the

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: and was the top pop song of 2000 according to

text: Billboard Year-End

text: . Several of the album's tracks also charted from unsolicited airplay.

text: Canines that are strong and not too long are generally essential for this method because any rapid movement of the head of the prey can break long or fragile canines and canines that are too short won't penetrate into the muscle and skin of the muzzle far enough and the prey can pull free. The predator cannot breath through its mouth when applying a muzzle clamp and must resort to breathing through the nose, which causes the issue of not enough oxygen if the predator is exhausted since panting through the mouth is much more efficient than breathing through the nose for most predators. If the predator is too tired, it may resort to another method of killing or withhold from finishing the prey off until it catches its breath.

text: Canines

text: that are strong and not too long are generally essential for this method because any rapid movement of the head of the prey can break long or fragile canines and canines that are too short won't penetrate into the muscle and skin of the muzzle far enough and the prey can pull free. The predator cannot breath through its mouth when applying a muzzle clamp and must resort to breathing through the nose, which causes the issue of not enough oxygen if the predator is exhausted since panting through the mouth is much more efficient than breathing through the nose for most predators. If the predator is too tired, it may resort to another method of killing or withhold from finishing the prey off until it catches its breath.

text: Among the men of Ifaluk atoll, costly signalling theory can also explain why men torch fish. Torch fishing is a ritualized method of fishing on Ifaluk whereby men use torches made from dried coconut fronds to catch large dog-toothed tuna. Preparation for torch fishing requires significant time investments and involves a great deal of organization. Due to the time and energetic costs of preparation, torch fishing results in net caloric losses for fishers. Therefore, torch fishing is a handicap that serves to signal men’s productivity. Torch fishing is the most advertised fishing occupation on Ifaluk. Women and others usually spend time observing the canoes as they sail beyond the reef. Also, local rituals help to broadcast information about which fishers are successful and enhance fishers’ reputations during the torch fishing season. Several ritual behavioural and dietary constraints clearly distinguish torch fishers from other men. First, males are only permitted to torch fish if they participated on the first day of the fishing season. The community is well informed as to who participates on this day, and can easily identify the torch fishers. Second, torch fishers receive all of their meals at the canoe house and are prohibited from eating certain foods. People frequently discuss the qualities of torch fishermen. On Ifaluk, women claim that they are looking for hard-working mates. With the distinct sexual division of labor on Ifaluk, industriousness is a highly valued characteristic in males. Torch fishing thus provides women with reliable information on the work ethic of prospective mates, which makes it an honest costly signal.

text: Among the men of

text: Ifaluk

text: Many ostariophysians have the characteristic of an alarm substance that is part of a fright reaction. This is a pheromone produced in epidermal club cells, and is similar or identical in all ostariophysians. When the fish is injured, this pheromone is released; other fish of the same species or similar species can smell this pheromone, causing a fright reaction. However, some fish possess the alarm substance without the fright reaction or lack both the alarm substance and the fright reaction to the alarm substance.

text: College bass fishing is competitive bass fishing that is played by teams from universities and colleges. The NCAA is not involved in college bass fishing, allowing teams to use sponsorships to their advantage and keep their winnings. College bass fishing consists of mostly club teams, but there are a select few varsity bass fishing programs. There are an estimated 610 college bass fishing teams in the United States. The major college bass fishing tournament series are the FLW Outdoors College Series, Carhartt Bassmaster College Bass Fishing Series,[Cabela's]] Collegiate Bass Fishing Series, and The Fishlife Collegiate Tour

text: College bass fishing is competitive bass fishing that is played by teams from universities and colleges. The

text: NCAA

text: is not involved in college bass fishing, allowing teams to use sponsorships to their advantage and keep their winnings. College bass fishing consists of mostly club teams, but there are a select few varsity bass fishing programs. There are an estimated 610 college bass fishing teams in the United States. The major college bass fishing tournament series are the

text: FLW Outdoors

text: College Series,

text: Carhartt

text: Bassmaster College Bass Fishing Series,[Cabela's]] Collegiate Bass Fishing Series, and The Fishlife Collegiate Tour

text: There are three types of ray finned fishes: the chondrosteans, holosteans, and teleosts. The chondrosteans and holosteans are among the earlier fish to evolve, and share characteristics with both teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks.

text: There are three types of ray finned fishes: the

text: chondrosteans

text: holosteans

text: , and

text: teleosts

text: . The chondrosteans and holosteans are among the earlier fish to evolve, and share characteristics with both teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks.

text: Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from acanthodians. Originally assumed to be closely related to bony fish or a polyphyletic assemblage leading to both groups, the discovery of Entelognathus and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in basal cartilaginous fish. In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with Doliodus and Tamiobatis being the closest relatives to Chondrichthyes.

text: Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from

text: acanthodians

text: . Originally assumed to be closely related to bony fish or a polyphyletic assemblage leading to both groups, the discovery of

text: Entelognathus

text: and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in basal cartilaginous fish. In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with

text: Doliodus

text: and

text: Tamiobatis

text: being the closest relatives to Chondrichthyes.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts. Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods.

text: Amphibious fish

text: such as the

text: mudskipper

text: anguillid eels

text: may absorb oxygen directly. The

text: buccal cavity

text: of the

text: electric eel

text: Loricariidae

text: Callichthyidae

text: , and

text: Scoloplacidae

text: Lungfish

text: , with the exception of the

text: Australian lungfish

text: , and

text: bichir

text: s have paired lungs similar to those of

text: tetrapod

text: Gar

text: and

text: bowfin

text: Loaches

text: trahiras

text: , and many

text: catfish

text: gourami

text: s and

text: betta

text: s) have a

text: labyrinth organ

text: snakeheads

text: pikeheads

text: , and the

text: Clariidae

text: catfish family.

text: Trumpeter whiting reach sexual maturity at a length of 19 cm in both sexes, having an extended period of reproductive development from October to April. Reproductive development of males and females was synchronized, with a peak in February and high levels of maturation in December. Running-ripe fish are present every month except June, but are most abundant in December and February.

text: Trumpeter whiting reach

text: sexual maturity

text: at a length of 19 cm in both

text: sexes

text: , having an extended period of reproductive development from October to April. Reproductive development of

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: was synchronized, with a peak in February and high levels of maturation in December. Running-ripe fish are present every month except June, but are most abundant in December and February.

text: Fish and river ecological riches and itself a source of work for some families and in fishing or in the gardens of watermelon, with a resource that can get more out. The maguey that crowns the shield is a plant characteristic of the region.

text: The ends of breath groups are marked by periods, and are notably lower in relative pitch. Accent phrases towards the end of a breath group follow the same pattern of gradual lengthening and pitch increase, though the relative pitch is lower with respect to the preceding accent phrases. Breath groups end with a general weakening of articulatory force, which is followed by a noticeable interval of silence.

text: Commercial fishing today uses a variety of techniques for fishing. Fishing rods with baited hooks and fishing lines used in various ways are used for fishing for some particular types of fish. Fishing using nets like cast nets, hand nets, drift nets, gillnets, seine nets, trawl nets, surrounding nets etc. of various sizes and construction as well as longline fishing with hundreds of hooks on a line fishing both for bottom and pelagic fish (near surface fish) are the most common devices used to catch high yields of fish. The crab fisheries uses crab pots baited with dead fish to catch crabs.

text: Commercial fishing today uses a variety of techniques for fishing.

text: Fishing rod

text: s with baited hooks and

text: fishing line

text: s used in various ways are used for fishing for some particular types of fish. Fishing using nets like

text: cast net

text: s,

text: hand net

text: s,

text: drift net

text: s,

text: gillnet

text: s,

text: seine net

text: s,

text: trawl net

text: s,

text: surrounding net

text: s etc. of various sizes and construction as well as

text: longline fishing

text: with hundreds of hooks on a line fishing both for bottom and

text: pelagic fish

text: (near surface fish) are the most common devices used to catch high yields of fish. The

text: crab fisheries

text: uses crab pots baited with dead fish to catch crabs.

text: Diet: Probably feeds on bony fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Reproduction: Up to 20 pups per litter.

text: Diet: Probably feeds on

text: bony fishes

text: crustaceans

text: , and

text: cephalopods

text: . Reproduction: Up to 20 pups per litter.

text: There are three genders of midshipman fish: females, type I males, and type II males. Type I and type II males have different reproductive strategies, and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics. Type I males are eight times larger in body mass, and have much larger vocal organs. Type II males’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type I males. Female and type II male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female’s slightly larger size, and the type II male midshipman’s large reproductive organs.

text: A fish hook or fishhook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish. Fish hooks have been employed for centuries by fishermen to catch fresh and saltwater fish. In 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are normally attached to some form of line or lure device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is an enormous variety of fish hooks in the world of fishing. Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all variable depending on the intended purpose of the fish hook. Fish hooks are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications. Fish hooks are designed to hold various types of artificial, processed, dead or live baits (bait fishing); to act as the foundation for artificial representations of fish prey (fly fishing); or to be attached to or integrated into other devices that represent fish prey (lure fishing).

text: A fish hook or fishhook is a device for catching

text: fish

text: either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish. Fish hooks have been employed for centuries by

text: fishermen

text: to catch fresh and saltwater fish. In 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are normally attached to some form of

text: line

text: or

text: lure

text: device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is an enormous variety of fish hooks in the world of

text: fishing

text: . Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all variable depending on the intended purpose of the fish hook. Fish hooks are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications. Fish hooks are designed to hold various types of artificial, processed, dead or live

text: baits

text: bait fishing

text: ); to act as the foundation for artificial representations of fish prey (

text: fly fishing

text: ); or to be attached to or integrated into other devices that represent fish prey (

text: lure fishing

text: Fish may move through sluices safely, but when these are closed, fish will seek out turbines and attempt to swim through them. Also, some fish will be unable to escape the water speed near a turbine and will be sucked through. Even with the most fish-friendly turbine design, fish mortality per pass is approximately 15% (from pressure drop, contact with blades, cavitation, etc.). Alternative passage technologies (fish ladders, fish lifts, fish escalators etc.) have so far failed to solve this problem for tidal barrages, either offering extremely expensive solutions, or ones which are used by a small fraction of fish only. Research in sonic guidance of fish is ongoing.The Open-Centre turbine reduces this problem allowing fish to pass through the open centre of the turbine.

text: Fish may move through sluices safely, but when these are closed, fish will seek out turbines and attempt to swim through them. Also, some fish will be unable to escape the water speed near a turbine and will be sucked through. Even with the most fish-friendly turbine design, fish mortality per pass is approximately 15% (from pressure drop, contact with blades,

text: cavitation

text: , etc.). Alternative passage technologies (

text: fish ladder

text: s, fish lifts, fish escalators etc.) have so far failed to solve this problem for tidal barrages, either offering extremely expensive solutions, or ones which are used by a small fraction of fish only. Research in sonic guidance of fish is ongoing.The Open-Centre turbine reduces this problem allowing fish to pass through the open centre of the turbine.

text: Spin fishing is an angling technique where a spinning lure is used to entice the fish to bite. Spin fishing is used in both freshwater and marine environments. Spin fishing is distinguished between fly fishing and bait cast fishing by the type of rod and reel used. There are two types of reels used when spin fishing, the open faced reel and the closed faced reel. The spin fishing rod has no trigger attached to the base of the fishing rod. This is what differentiates the spin fishing rod from the bait casting fishing rod.

text: Spin fishing is an

text: angling

text: technique where a

text: spinning lure

text: is used to entice the

text: fish

text: to bite. Spin fishing is used in both

text: freshwater

text: and

text: marine

text: environments. Spin fishing is distinguished between fly fishing and bait cast fishing by the type of rod and reel used. There are two types of reels used when spin fishing, the open faced reel and the closed faced reel. The spin fishing rod has no trigger attached to the base of the fishing rod. This is what differentiates the spin fishing rod from the bait casting fishing rod.

text: Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size. Limiting factors include the availability of oxygen in the water and the rate at which the filter can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow minimum does not affect capacity.

text: Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size.

text: Limiting factor

text: s include the availability of

text: oxygen

text: in the water and the rate at which the

text: filter

text: can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow minimum does not affect capacity.

text: The Darkfin Hind is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of 28 cm length.

text: The Darkfin Hind is a medium size

text: fish

text: and can reach a maximum size of 28 cm length.

text: Commercial fishing for totoaba began in the 1920s. The catch reached 2,000 metric tons in 1943, but had fallen to only 50 tons in 1975, when Mexico protected the totoaba and banned the fishery. Anecdotal evidence suggests that totoaba were very abundant prior to the start of the commercial fishery, but there is no hard evidence of natural population size. Recent studies indicate that the totoaba population has stabilized at a low level, perhaps a bit bigger than when the commercial fishery was banned in 1975. Totoaba are still caught, as by-catch in fishing for other finned fish and for shrimp, and in illegal fishing for totoaba directly. Some totoaba are illegally exported to the United States, often misidentified as white seabass. The government of Baja California has authorized commercial raising of totoaba in fish farms.

text: Commercial fishing for totoaba began in the 1920s. The catch reached 2,000

text: metric ton

text: s in 1943, but had fallen to only 50 tons in 1975, when Mexico protected the totoaba and banned the fishery. Anecdotal evidence suggests that totoaba were very abundant prior to the start of the commercial fishery, but there is no hard evidence of natural population size. Recent studies indicate that the totoaba population has stabilized at a low level, perhaps a bit bigger than when the commercial fishery was banned in 1975. Totoaba are still caught, as

text: by-catch

text: in fishing for other finned fish and for shrimp, and in illegal fishing for totoaba directly. Some totoaba are illegally exported to the

text: United States

text: , often misidentified as

text: white seabass

text: . The government of Baja California has authorized commercial raising of totoaba in

text: fish farms

text: It is more correct to call this species the Blakiston's eagle owl. This is because it is more closely related to the Eurasian eagle-owl by studies of the main subgenus of the species, B. b. dumeril, than to the subgenus of fish owls that it was believed to be more close to, i.e. Ketupu. This was proven by osteological (skeleton/bone-related) and DNA-based tests in 2003 by ornithologists/taxonomists Michael Wink and Claus König, author of Owls of the World. However, the other fish owls are not believed to be divergent enough to support a separate genus either and now all fish owls are generally also included in the Bubo genus. Given that it shares genetic material osteological characteristics with the eagle-owl and also seems to share some characteristics with the other three fish owls (especially the brown species), the place of the Blakiston's fish owls in this evolutionary chain is ambiguous. Some authors have wondered whether the Blakiston's represents an intermediate step between traditional eagle-owls and the other fish owls, despite the current gap in distribution between Blakiston's and other fish owls. Whether other Asian eagle-owls with sideways slanting ear-tufts, namely the spot-bellied (B. nipalensis), the barred (B. sumatranus) and especially the somewhat superficially fish owl-like dusky eagle-owl (B. coromandus) are closely related to the fish owls and/or the Blakiston's is also unclear. Despite a few authors also include them in Bubo, the fishing owls of Africa, generally classified in the genus Scotopelia, seem to be unrelated in every major way, based on external characteristics, oseology and preliminary genetic materials, to the fish owls and it is unclear how, and if, they are related to typical eagle-owls.

text: It is more correct to call this species the Blakiston's eagle owl. This is because it is more closely related to the Eurasian eagle-owl by studies of the main subgenus of the species, B. b. dumeril, than to the subgenus of fish owls that it was believed to be more close to, i.e. Ketupu. This was proven by osteological (skeleton/bone-related) and DNA-based tests in 2003 by ornithologists/taxonomists Michael Wink and Claus König, author of Owls of the World. However, the other fish owls are not believed to be divergent enough to support a separate genus either and now all fish owls are generally also included in the Bubo genus. Given that it shares genetic material

text: osteological characteristics

text: with the eagle-owl and also seems to share some characteristics with the other three fish owls (especially the brown species), the place of the Blakiston's fish owls in this evolutionary chain is ambiguous. Some authors have wondered whether the Blakiston's represents an intermediate step between traditional eagle-owls and the other fish owls, despite the current gap in distribution between Blakiston's and other fish owls. Whether other Asian eagle-owls with sideways slanting ear-tufts, namely the

text: spot-bellied

text: (B. nipalensis), the

text: barred

text: (B. sumatranus) and especially the somewhat superficially fish owl-like

text: dusky eagle-owl

text: (B. coromandus) are closely related to the fish owls and/or the Blakiston's is also unclear. Despite a few authors also include them in Bubo, the

text: fishing owl

text: s of

text: Africa

text: , generally classified in the genus Scotopelia, seem to be unrelated in every major way, based on external characteristics, oseology and preliminary genetic materials, to the fish owls and it is unclear how, and if, they are related to typical eagle-owls.

text: Mainly active at night, the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans, bony fishes, and cephalopods. It has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime, possibly for reproductive purposes. This species is aplacental viviparous, meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk. Females give birth to 6–12 pups between late May and August, on a two- or three-year cycle. The sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers, and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines. Because of its small range, its low growth and reproductive rates, it is very vulnerable to overfishing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has therefore listed this species as Near Threatened.

text: Mainly

text: active at night

text: , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: bony fish

text: es, and

text: cephalopod

text: s. It has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime, possibly for reproductive purposes. This species is

text: aplacental viviparous

text: , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by

text: yolk

text: . Females give birth to 6–12 pups between late May and August, on a two- or three-year cycle. The sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by

text: recreational anglers

text: , and some are also captured on commercial

text: bottom longlines

text: . Because of its small range, its low growth and reproductive rates, it is very vulnerable to

text: overfishing

text: . The

text: (IUCN) has therefore listed this species as

text: Near Threatened

text: Even though Tissø is steadily polluted by excessive nutrients from the surrounding farmlands and inflows, the environmental standard of the lake is usually considered good, because of the high level of water exchange and the effective natural oxygenation of the surface waters. Therefore, the lake supports a rich fish and plant life, with around 20 species of fish living here. Most of the fish are spending their entire life in the lake, but a few like the ide and the brown trout are migrating from the sea through the stream of Nedre Halleby Å. Surprisingly the lake also houses European flounder. The flounder can live in the fresh waters of the lake, but they cannot spawn here. Tissø formerly supported professional fishing, but is now exclusively fished by anglers. Fishing is strongly regulated nowadays, requiring a fishing licence and restricted to the daylight hours more than 100 m from the shores. Two larger areas of the western part of the lake, is also to be protected from both fishing and sailing, and rules apply to what size and kind of fish can be caught. According to the angling association 'Lystfiskeriforeningen Anno 1886', the lake is dominated by European perch, but a good sized population of northern pike is here as well. Other common fish includes tench, various carps and European eel. There is a small and fragile population of zander.

text: Even though Tissø is steadily polluted by excessive nutrients from the surrounding farmlands and inflows, the environmental standard of the lake is usually considered good, because of the high level of water exchange and the effective

text: natural oxygenation

text: of the surface waters. Therefore, the lake supports a rich fish and plant life, with around 20 species of fish living here. Most of the fish are spending their entire life in the lake, but a few like the

text: ide

text: and the

text: brown trout

text: are migrating from the sea through the stream of Nedre Halleby Å. Surprisingly the lake also houses

text: European flounder

text: . The flounder can live in the fresh waters of the lake, but they cannot spawn here. Tissø formerly supported professional fishing, but is now exclusively fished by

text: anglers

text: . Fishing is strongly regulated nowadays, requiring a fishing licence and restricted to the daylight hours more than 100 m from the shores. Two larger areas of the western part of the lake, is also to be protected from both fishing and sailing, and rules apply to what size and kind of fish can be caught. According to the angling association 'Lystfiskeriforeningen Anno 1886', the lake is dominated by

text: European perch

text: , but a good sized population of

text: northern pike

text: is here as well. Other common fish includes

text: tench

text: , various

text: carp

text: s and

text: European eel

text: . There is a small and fragile population of

text: zander

text: Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is a steroid, an estrogen, and the primary female sex hormone. It is named for and is important in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles. Estradiol is essential for the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues such as the breasts, uterus, and vagina during puberty, adulthood, and pregnancy, but it also has important effects in many other tissues including bone, fat, skin, liver, and the brain. While estrogen levels in men are lower compared to women, estrogens have essential functions in men as well. Estradiol is found in most vertebrates as well as many crustaceans, insects, fish, and other animal species.

text: Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is a

text: steroid

text: , an

text: estrogen

text: , and the primary

text: female

text: sex hormone

text: . It is named for and is important in the regulation of the

text: estrous

text: and

text: menstrual

text: female

text: reproductive cycle

text: s. Estradiol is essential for the development and maintenance of female

text: reproductive tissue

text: s such as the

text: breast

text: s,

text: uterus

text: , and

text: vagina

text: during

text: puberty

text: adulthood

text: , and

text: pregnancy

text: , but it also has important effects in many other

text: tissue

text: s including

text: bone

text: fat

text: skin

text: liver

text: , and the

text: brain

text: . While estrogen levels in men are lower compared to women, estrogens have essential functions in men as well. Estradiol is found in most

text: vertebrate

text: s as well as many

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: insect

text: s,

text: fish

text: , and other

text: animal

text: species

text: The chalk streams have been intensively managed for many generations. In the 20th and 21st centuries, much of that management has been aimed at producing the best conditions for fly fishing, and most specifically, dry fly fishing. The chalk streams hold a good number of wild salmonid fish species such as the brown trout (Salmo trutta), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus). In addition to these there are also considerable numbers of stocked brown trout and stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The rich invertebrate life and characteristic transparent shallow water make chalk rivers and streams particularly suited to fly fishing.

text: The chalk streams have been intensively managed for many generations. In the 20th and 21st centuries, much of that management has been aimed at producing the best conditions for fly fishing, and most specifically, dry

text: fly fishing

text: . The chalk streams hold a good number of wild salmonid fish species such as the

text: brown trout

text: (Salmo trutta),

text: Atlantic salmon

text: (Salmo salar) and

text: grayling

text: (Thymallus thymallus). In addition to these there are also considerable numbers of stocked brown trout and stocked

text: rainbow trout

text: (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The rich

text: invertebrate

text: life and characteristic transparent shallow water make chalk rivers and streams particularly suited to fly fishing.

text: Common phrases in English relate to breathing e.g. "catch my breath", "took my breath away", "inspiration", "to expire", "get my breath back".

text: The tawny fish owl (Bubo flavipes) is a species of owl. It used to be placed in Ketupa with the other fish owls, but that group is tentatively included with the eagle-owls in Bubo, until the affiliations of the fish owls and fishing owls can be resolved more precisely. It is clear from several shared characteristics that the more typical Bubo and fish owls are indeed related, including the structure of the talons, prominent ear tufts and plumage characteristics, unlike the superficially dissimilar fishing owls of Africa.

text: The tawny fish owl (Bubo flavipes) is a species of

text: owl

text: . It used to be placed in Ketupa with the other fish owls, but that group is tentatively included with the

text: eagle-owl

text: s in Bubo, until the affiliations of the fish owls and fishing owls can be resolved more precisely. It is clear from several shared characteristics that the more typical Bubo and fish owls are indeed related, including the structure of the talons, prominent ear tufts and plumage characteristics, unlike the superficially dissimilar

text: fishing owl

text: s of

text: Africa

text: The Taíno women were highly skilled in agriculture. The people depended on it, but the men also fished and hunted. They made fishing nets and ropes from cotton and palm. Their dugout canoes (kanoa) were made in various sizes, which could hold from 2 to 150 people. An average-sized canoe would hold about 15–20 people. They used bows and arrows for hunting, and developed the use of poisons on their arrowheads.

text: The Taíno women were highly skilled in agriculture. The people depended on it, but the men also fished and hunted. They made fishing nets and ropes from

text: cotton

text: and

text: palm

text: . Their dugout

text: canoe

text: s (kanoa) were made in various sizes, which could hold from 2 to 150 people. An average-sized canoe would hold about 15–20 people. They used bows and arrows for hunting, and developed the use of poisons on their arrowheads.

text: C. frontosa is popular aquarium fish and several naturally occurring colour morphs are frequently available for sale to hobbyists. Due to its size C. frontosa needs a relatively large aquarium, however, it behaves relatively sedately and is tolerant of both con- and heterospecifics.  Frontosa need a cave or similar rocky structure to live in; this is to ensure the frontosa feels secure.  If these are not present to satisfy the frontosa's need for security it will begin to attack the other fish in the tank.  This is especially true with male frontosa.  Female frontosa are more likely to be satisfied with ground territory. They are best kept with other cichlids or semi-aggressive fish.  They do not like being alone and should be kept in groups of 3 or more.  Keeping more than one adult male requires a large tank though.  Frontosa are best kept in at least 150 gallon tanks (550 L).  A 150-gallon tank can house 6-8 frontosa.  Water chemistry and temperature should mirror those found naturally in Lake Tanganyika.   The PH should be between 7.8 to 9.0 and the temperature of the water should be between 79-82 F (26-27 C). The addition of rocks, or other ornaments such as pipes, allow the fish to hide and reduce stress.  When spooked, frontosa have been known to break thermometers, filters, and even crack tanks.  Frontosa do not grow to the size of the tank, they will grow to about 10-14 inches(25–35 cm).

text: C. frontosa is popular

text: aquarium

text: fish and several naturally occurring colour morphs are frequently available for sale to hobbyists. Due to its size C. frontosa needs a relatively large aquarium, however, it behaves relatively sedately and is tolerant of both con- and heterospecifics.  Frontosa need a cave or similar rocky structure to live in; this is to ensure the frontosa feels secure.  If these are not present to satisfy the frontosa's need for security it will begin to attack the other fish in the tank.  This is especially true with male frontosa.  Female frontosa are more likely to be satisfied with ground territory. They are best kept with other cichlids or semi-aggressive fish.  They do not like being alone and should be kept in groups of 3 or more.  Keeping more than one adult male requires a large tank though.  Frontosa are best kept in at least 150 gallon tanks (550 L).  A 150-gallon tank can house 6-8 frontosa.  Water chemistry and temperature should mirror those found naturally in Lake Tanganyika.   The PH should be between 7.8 to 9.0 and the temperature of the water should be between 79-82 F (26-27 C). The addition of rocks, or other ornaments such as pipes, allow the fish to hide and reduce stress.  When spooked, frontosa have been known to break thermometers, filters, and even crack tanks.  Frontosa do not grow to the size of the tank, they will grow to about 10-14 inches(25–35 cm).

text: Some have suggested using condition index in living organisms as a bioindicator of the health of other parts of the environment in which it lives. The condition index is basically the relative fatness of the organism, which represents energy reserves, and Stevenson and Woods (2006) suggested that it can be used as an indication of the quality of the habitat and to guide the expectation of how successful reproduction might be. Jenkins (2004) specifically used fish in the Calcasieu Estuary of the Louisiana Gulf Coast to assess possible negative impacts of environmental contaminants. She used condition index as well as biochemical and microscopic measurements.

text: Traditionally rods are made from bamboo, while contemporary rods are usually made from fibreglass or carbon fibre. In contrast with nets, which are usually used in subsistence and commercial fishing, fishing rods are more often used in recreational fishing and competitive casting. Fishing rods come in many sizes, actions, lengths and configurations depending on whether they are to be used for small, medium or large fish or in different fresh or salt water situations. Various types of fishing rods are designed for specific types of fishing. Fly rods are used to cast artificial flies, spinning rods and bait casting rods are designed to cast baits or lures. Ice fishing rods are designed to fish through small holes in ice covered lakes. Trolling rods are designed to drag bait or lures behind moving boats.

text: Traditionally rods are made from

text: bamboo

text: , while contemporary rods are usually made from

text: fibreglass

text: or

text: carbon fibre

text: . In contrast with

text: nets

text: , which are usually used in

text: subsistence

text: and

text: commercial fishing

text: , fishing rods are more often used in

text: recreational fishing

text: and competitive

text: casting

text: . Fishing rods come in many sizes, actions, lengths and configurations depending on whether they are to be used for small, medium or large fish or in different fresh or salt water situations. Various types of fishing rods are designed for specific types of fishing.

text: Fly rods

text: are used to cast

text: artificial flies

text: spinning rods

text: and bait casting rods are designed to cast baits or lures.

text: Ice fishing rods

text: are designed to fish through small holes in ice covered lakes.

text: Trolling

text: rods are designed to drag bait or lures behind moving boats.

text: Many locals have become accustomed to sticking out bags and catching fish as they jump out of the water, catching so many fish in May–June that they do not have to fish for the rest of the year. Locals prefer to catch the fish during reproduction season, when the females are filled with eggs, which are considered a delicacy in the town and region of Erciş. YYÜ and Doğa Gözcüleri Derneği (www.incikefali.net) have been developing a conservation strategy since 1997 (Sari, 2012). Despite a government ban on fishing during reproduction season, this kind of fishing has become a big business. In the 1960s, 600 tons of the fish were harvested annually; today that figure is 15,000 tons. The species was rated 'Endangered' in 1994, and was upgraded to 'Near Threatened' in 2014.

text: Many locals have become accustomed to sticking out bags and catching fish as they jump out of the water, catching so many fish in May–June that they do not have to fish for the rest of the year. Locals prefer to catch the fish during reproduction season, when the females are filled with eggs, which are considered a delicacy in the town and region of

text: Erciş

text: YYÜ

text: and Doğa Gözcüleri Derneği (www.incikefali.net) have been developing a conservation strategy since 1997 (Sari, 2012). Despite a government ban on fishing during reproduction season, this kind of fishing has become a big business. In the 1960s, 600 tons of the fish were harvested annually; today that figure is 15,000 tons. The species was rated 'Endangered' in 1994, and was upgraded to 'Near Threatened' in 2014.

text: Size selectivity is controlled by the mesh size of the "cod-end"—the part of the trawl where fish are retained. Fishermen complain that mesh sizes which allow undersized fish to escape also allows some legally–catchable fish to escape as well. There are a number of "fixes", such as tying a rope around the "cod-end" to prevent the mesh from opening fully, which have been developed to work around technical regulation of size selectivity. One problem is when the mesh gets pulled into narrow diamond shapes (rhombuses) instead of squares.

text: Size selectivity is controlled by the mesh size of the "cod-end"—the part of the trawl where fish are retained. Fishermen complain that mesh sizes which allow undersized fish to escape also allows some legally–catchable fish to escape as well. There are a number of "fixes", such as tying a rope around the "cod-end" to prevent the mesh from opening fully, which have been developed to work around technical regulation of size selectivity. One problem is when the mesh gets pulled into narrow diamond shapes (

text: rhombus

text: es) instead of squares.

text: The Syngnathidae are a family of fish which includes the seahorses, the pipefishes, the pipehorses, and the leafy,  ruby, and weedy seadragons. The name is derived from Greek, syn, meaning "fused" or "together", and gnathus, meaning "jaws". This fused jaw trait is something the entire family has in common.

text: The Syngnathidae are a family of

text: fish

text: which includes the

text: seahorse

text: s, the

text: pipefish

text: es, the pipehorses, and the

text: leafy

text: ruby

text: , and

text: weedy seadragon

text: s. The name is derived from Greek, syn, meaning "fused" or "together", and gnathus, meaning "jaws". This fused jaw trait is something the entire family has in common.

text: Fish farming has been proposed as a more sustainable alternative to traditional capture of wild fish. However, fish farming has been found to have negative impacts on nearby wild fish and farming of predatory fish like salmon can rely on fish feed that is based on fish meal and oil from wild fish.

text: Fish farming

text: has been proposed as a more sustainable alternative to traditional capture of

text: wild fish

text: . However, fish farming has been found to have negative impacts on nearby wild fish and farming of predatory fish

text: like salmon

text: can rely on fish feed that is based on

text: fish meal

text: and

text: oil

text: from

text: wild fish

text: Fish reproductive organs include testes and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The genital papilla is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined by the shape of its papilla.

text: Fish reproductive organs include

text: testes

text: and

text: ovaries

text: . In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. The

text: genital papilla

text: is a small, fleshy tube behind the anus in some fishes, from which the sperm or eggs are released; the sex of a fish often can be determined by the shape of its papilla.

text: Sharks and rays are both cartilaginous fishes which can be contrasted with bony fishes. Rays are basically flattened sharks, adapted for feeding on the bottom. Guitarfish are somewhat between sharks and rays, and show characteristics of both (though they are classified as rays).

text: Sharks and rays are both

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es which can be

text: contrasted with bony fishes

text: . Rays are basically flattened sharks, adapted for feeding on the bottom.

text: Guitarfish

text: are somewhat between sharks and rays, and show characteristics of both (though they are classified as rays).

text: These fish sometimes appear in the aquarium fish hobby. Most specimens do not reach their full size without an extremely large aquarium or pond. There is even a "balloon" form of this fish where the fish has an unusually short and stocky body. ื

text: These fish sometimes appear in the

text: aquarium

text: fish hobby. Most specimens do not reach their full size without an extremely large aquarium or pond. There is even a "balloon" form of this fish where the fish has an unusually short and stocky body. ื

text: Sabiki -Salmon -Salt Water Sportsman -San Juan River (Colorado River) -Sand whiting -Sandsinker -Sardine -Sardine run -Sardinella tawilis -Saya de Malha Bank -Scallop -Scallop dredge -Scottish east coast fishery -Scottish Fisheries Museum -Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency -Scrod -Scylla paramamosain -Scylla serrata -Sea Around Us Project -Sea cucumber -Sea Fish Industry Authority -Sea louse -Sea Shepherd Conservation Society -Sea urchin -Seabed -Seafood -Seamount -Seine fishing -Shad -Shanghai Fisheries University -Shark Alliance -Shark fin soup -Shark liver oil -Sheridan Anderson -Sheringham -Shetland bus -Shifting baseline -Shoal bass -Shortfloating -Shrimp -Shrimp farm -Shrimp marketing -Shrimp paste -Silver carp -Sites of International Whaling Commission annual meetings -Sixareen -Skeet Reese -Skipjack tuna -Slender rainbow sardine -Slurry ice -Smack (ship) -Smallmouth bass -Smelts -Snakeskin gourami -Snapper -Sockeye salmon -Soft plastic -Soft-shell clam -Soft-shell crab -Sole (fish) -Solway Harvester -Sørvágur -Soudan Banks -South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation -Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center -Southern rock lobster -Spearfishing -Speargun -Spin fishing -Spinnerbait -Spiny lobster -Spoon lure -Spoonplug -Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council -Sports Afield -Spotted bass -Spotted seatrout -Squat lobster -Squid -Squilla mantis -ST Leukos -St. Abbs -St. Abbs and Eyemouth Voluntary Marine Reserve -Stanley (boat) -Stephen Bowen (biologist) -Steven C. Hackett -Steveston, British Columbia -Stockfish -Stotfield fishing disaster -Streaked Spanish mackerel -Striped bass -Striped bass fishing -Sturgeon -Surf fishing -Surface lure -Surrounding net -Sustainable yield in fisheries -Swarm -Sydney rock oyster

text: Sabiki

text: Salmon

text: Salt Water Sportsman

text: San Juan River (Colorado River)

text: Sand whiting

text: Sandsinker

text: Sardine

text: Sardine run

text: Sardinella tawilis

text: Saya de Malha Bank

text: Scallop

text: Scallop dredge

text: Scottish east coast fishery

text: Scottish Fisheries Museum

text: Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency

text: Scrod

text: Scylla paramamosain

text: Scylla serrata

text: Sea Around Us Project

text: Sea cucumber

text: Sea Fish Industry Authority

text: Sea louse

text: Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

text: Sea urchin

text: Seabed

text: Seafood

text: Seamount

text: Seine fishing

text: Shad

text: Shanghai Fisheries University

text: Shark Alliance

text: Shark fin soup

text: Shark liver oil

text: Sheridan Anderson

text: Sheringham

text: Shetland bus

text: Shifting baseline

text: Shoal bass

text: Shortfloating

text: Shrimp

text: Shrimp farm

text: Shrimp marketing

text: Shrimp paste

text: Silver carp

text: Sites of International Whaling Commission annual meetings

text: Sixareen

text: Skeet Reese

text: Skipjack tuna

text: Slender rainbow sardine

text: Slurry ice

text: Smack (ship)

text: Smallmouth bass

text: Smelts

text: Snakeskin gourami

text: Snapper

text: Sockeye salmon

text: Soft plastic

text: Soft-shell clam

text: Soft-shell crab

text: Sole (fish)

text: Solway Harvester

text: Sørvágur

text: Soudan Banks

entity_name: South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation

text: South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation

entity_name: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center

text: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center

text: Southern rock lobster

text: Spearfishing

text: Speargun

text: Spin fishing

text: Spinnerbait

text: Spiny lobster

text: Spoon lure

text: Spoonplug

entity_name: Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council

text: Sport Fishing and Boating Partnership Council

text: Sports Afield

text: Spotted bass

text: Spotted seatrout

text: Squat lobster

text: Squid

text: Squilla mantis

text: ST Leukos

text: St. Abbs

entity_name: St. Abbs and Eyemouth Voluntary Marine Reserve

text: St. Abbs and Eyemouth Voluntary Marine Reserve

text: Stanley (boat)

text: Stephen Bowen (biologist)

text: Steven C. Hackett

text: Steveston, British Columbia

text: Stockfish

text: Stotfield fishing disaster

text: Streaked Spanish mackerel

text: Striped bass

text: Striped bass fishing

text: Sturgeon

text: Surf fishing

text: Surface lure

text: Surrounding net

text: Sustainable yield in fisheries

text: Swarm

text: Sydney rock oyster

text: Serranus is a genus of fish in the family Serranidae. It is one of five genera known commonly as the "Atlantic dwarf sea basses". These fish are hermaphrodites, each individual possessing functional male and female reproductive tissues. When a pair spawns, one fish acts as a male and the other acts as a female.

text: Serranus is a

text: genus

text: of

text: fish

text: in the

text: family

text: Serranidae

text: . It is one of five genera known commonly as the "Atlantic dwarf sea basses". These fish are

text: hermaphrodite

text: s, each individual possessing functional male and female reproductive tissues. When a pair

text: spawns

text: , one fish acts as a male and the other acts as a female.

text: Breath Savers is a brand of mint manufactured by The Hershey Company. Breath Savers were introduced in 1973 by the Life Savers Company, a division of E.R. Squibb, in limited areas and were originally sugared. The brand became a national brand in 1978 when it replaced sugar with saccharin and became sugar-free from then on. Nabisco acquired the Life Savers Company from E.R. Squibb in 1981, and in 2000, after its merger with Kraft Foods, it sold its gum and breath mint business to Hershey. The main ingredient found in Breath Savers is sorbitol.

text: Breath Savers is a brand of mint manufactured by

text: The Hershey Company

text: . Breath Savers were introduced in 1973 by the

text: Life Savers

text: Company, a division of

text: E.R. Squibb

text: , in limited areas and were originally sugared. The brand became a national brand in 1978 when it replaced sugar with saccharin and became sugar-free from then on.

text: Nabisco

text: acquired the Life Savers Company from E.R. Squibb in 1981, and in 2000, after its merger with

text: Kraft Foods

text: , it sold its gum and breath mint business to Hershey. The main ingredient found in Breath Savers is

text: sorbitol

text: Lightweight demand helmets are rigid structures which fully enclose the head of the diver and supply breathing gas "on demand". The flow of gas from the supply line is activated by inhalation reducing the pressure in the helmet to slightly below ambient, and a diaphragm in the demand valve senses this pressure difference and moves a lever to open the valve to allow breathing gas to flow into the helmet. This flow continues until the pressure inside the helmet again balances the ambient pressure and the lever returns to the shut position. This is exactly the same principle as used for Scuba demand valves, and in some cases the same components are used. Sensitivity of the lever can often be adjusted by the diver by turning a knob on the side of the demand valve. Lightweight demand helmets are available in open circuit systems (used when breathing standard air) and closed circuit (reclaim) systems (which may be used in order to reduce costs when breathing mixed gas such as heliox and trimix: the exhaled gas is returned to the surface, scrubbed of carbon dioxide, re-oxygenated, and returned to the diver).

text: Lightweight demand helmets are rigid structures which fully enclose the head of the diver and supply breathing gas "on demand". The flow of gas from the supply line is activated by inhalation reducing the pressure in the helmet to slightly below ambient, and a diaphragm in the demand valve senses this pressure difference and moves a lever to open the valve to allow breathing gas to flow into the helmet. This flow continues until the pressure inside the helmet again balances the ambient pressure and the lever returns to the shut position. This is exactly the same principle as used for Scuba demand valves, and in some cases the same components are used. Sensitivity of the lever can often be adjusted by the diver by turning a knob on the side of the demand valve. Lightweight demand helmets are available in open circuit systems (used when breathing standard air) and closed circuit (reclaim) systems (which may be used in order to reduce costs when breathing mixed gas such as

text: heliox

text: and

text: trimix

text: : the exhaled gas is returned to the surface, scrubbed of

text: carbon dioxide

text: , re-oxygenated, and returned to the diver).

text: Bowfin, like other physostomes such as bichirs (Polypteridae), gars (Lepisosteidae), and the lungfishes (Dipnoi), are capable of bimodal respiration.  They can extract oxygen from the water when breathing through their gills, and can also break the water's surface to breathe or gulp air through a small pneumatic duct connected from their foregut to the gas bladder. When performing low-level physical activity, bowfin obtain more than half of their oxygen from breathing air.  Bowfin have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Type I air breaths are consistent with the action of exhale-inhale stimulated by aerial or aquatic hypoxia to regulate O gas exchange; type II air breaths are by inhalation alone which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume for buoyancy control. Bimodal respiration helps bowfin survive and maintain their metabolic rate in hypoxic conditions. The rate of air breathing is higher in darkness, when the fish is more active.

text: Bowfin, like other

text: physostome

text: s such as bichirs (

text: Polypteridae

text: ), gars (

text: Lepisosteidae

text: ), and the lungfishes (

text: Dipnoi

text: ), are capable of

text: bimodal

text: respiration.  They can extract oxygen from the water when breathing through their

text: gills

text: , and can also break the water's surface to breathe or gulp air through a small

text: pneumatic duct

text: connected from their foregut to the

text: gas bladder

text: . When performing low-level physical activity, bowfin obtain more than half of their oxygen from breathing air.  Bowfin have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Type I air breaths are consistent with the action of exhale-inhale stimulated by aerial or

text: aquatic hypoxia

text: to regulate O gas exchange; type II air breaths are by inhalation alone which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume for buoyancy control. Bimodal respiration helps bowfin survive and maintain their metabolic rate in hypoxic conditions. The rate of air breathing is higher in darkness, when the fish is more active.

text: Rhinodipterus is an extinct genus of prehistoric dipnoan sarcopterygians or lobe-finned fish, that lived in the Devonian Period, between 416 and 359 million years ago. It is believed to have inhabited shallow, salt-water reefs, and is one of the earliest known examples of marine lungfish.    Research published in 2010 based on an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from the Gogo Formation of Australia has shown that Rhinodipterus has cranial ribs attached to its braincase and was probably adapted for air-breathing to some degree. This could be the only case known for a marine lungfish with air-breathing adpatations.

text: Rhinodipterus is an extinct genus of prehistoric dipnoan

text: sarcopterygians

text: or lobe-finned fish, that lived in the Devonian Period, between 416 and 359 million years ago. It is believed to have inhabited shallow, salt-water reefs, and is one of the earliest known examples of marine

text: lungfish

text: .    Research published in 2010 based on an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from the Gogo Formation of Australia has shown that Rhinodipterus has cranial ribs attached to its braincase and was probably adapted for air-breathing to some degree. This could be the only case known for a marine lungfish with air-breathing adpatations.

text: The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians.

text: The first

text: jawed vertebrates

text: appeared in the latest

text: Ordovician

text: and became common in the

text: Devonian

text: bony fishes

text: , the

text: actinopterygii

text: and

text: sarcopterygii

text: Placodermi

text: , a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late

text: Silurian

text: labyrinthodonts

text: , which was a transitional form between fishes and

text: amphibians

text: A quiver tip is a flexible extension to a fishing rod which is designed to move, or quiver, when a fish takes the bait. The main characteristic of its design is its sensitivity.  It is a popular and very effective method of bite indication both on still and running water.  It is not used in game fishing (i.e. salmon, trout and sea trout) and is seldom, if ever, used when fishing for very large coarse fish (e.g. carp or pike).  In essence, the angler watches the tip of the fishing rod to detect bites as opposed to, say, a float or an electronic bite alarm.

text: A quiver tip is a flexible extension to a

text: fishing rod

text: which is designed to move, or quiver, when a fish takes the bait. The main characteristic of its design is its sensitivity.  It is a popular and very effective method of bite indication both on still and running water.  It is not used in game fishing (i.e. salmon, trout and sea trout) and is seldom, if ever, used when fishing for very large coarse fish (e.g. carp or pike).  In essence, the angler watches the tip of the fishing rod to detect bites as opposed to, say, a float or an electronic bite alarm.

text: Some species of fish are protected and they can only be caught if they are within a certain size range. For example, the golden dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) can only be caught if it is no longer than 55 cm.

text: Some

text: species

text: of fish are protected and they can only be caught if they are within a certain size range. For example, the

text: golden dourado

text: (Salminus brasiliensis) can only be caught if it is no longer than 55 cm.

text: Lenvik and the surrounding region has gone through a positive development, having had the largest growth in trade and industry in Troms county, related to the size of the population. The municipality is making efforts to provide facilities for companies that plan to establish activity in the region. The millennium town of Finnsnes is also the regional centre in middle part of Troms, and a centre of trade and service for about 35,000 people. Every summer, the town prepares for the one-week summer festival, "Finnsnes i Fest", aiming to put Finnsnes on the map. Finnsnes has two hotels. Good transportation connections make Finnsnes an attractive place for conferences. Trade and service provides employment for many people, but Lenvik also has major companies for fish processing and fishing tackle, and a melting work. Fishing and agriculture is still very important, and fish farming is of increasing importance for the employment of people. Prospects of education are good in the municipality.

text: Lenvik and the surrounding region has gone through a positive development, having had the largest growth in trade and industry in Troms county, related to the size of the population. The municipality is making efforts to provide facilities for companies that plan to establish activity in the region. The millennium town of Finnsnes is also the regional centre in middle part of Troms, and a centre of trade and service for about 35,000 people. Every summer, the town prepares for the one-week summer festival, "Finnsnes i Fest", aiming to put Finnsnes on the map. Finnsnes has two hotels. Good transportation connections make Finnsnes an attractive place for conferences. Trade and service provides employment for many people, but Lenvik also has major companies for

text: fish processing

text: and

text: fishing tackle

text: , and a melting work.

text: Fishing

text: and

text: agriculture

text: is still very important, and

text: fish farming

text: is of increasing importance for the employment of people. Prospects of education are good in the municipality.

text: Reproductive suppression involves the prevention or inhibition of reproduction in otherwise healthy adult individuals. It includes delayed sexual maturation (puberty) or inhibition of sexual receptivity, facultatively increased interbirth interval through delayed or inhibited ovulation or spontaneous or induced abortion, abandonment of immature and dependent offspring,  mate guarding, selective destruction and worker policing of eggs in some eusocial insects  or cooperatively breeding birds, and infanticide (see also infanticide (zoology)), and infanticide in carnivores) of the offspring of subordinate females either by directly killing by dominant females or males in mammals  or indirectly through the withholding of assistance with infant care in marmosets and some carnivores.The Reproductive Suppression Model argues that "females can optimize their lifetime reproductive success by suppressing reproduction when future [physical or social] conditions for the survival of offspring are likely to be greatly improved over present ones". When intragroup competition (competition between individuals belonging to the same group) is high it may be beneficial to suppress the reproduction of others, and for subordinate females to suppress their own reproduction until a later time when social competition is reduced. This leads to reproductive skew within a social group, with some individuals having more offspring than others. The cost of reproductive suppression to the individual is lowest at the earliest stages of a reproductive event and reproductive suppression is often easiest to induce at the pre-ovulatory or earliest stages of pregnancy in mammals, and greatest after a birth. Therefore, neuroendocrine cues for assessing reproductive success should evolve to be reliable at early stages in the ovulatory cycle.Reproductive suppression occurs in its most extreme form in eusocial insects such as termites, hornets and bees and the mammalian naked mole rat which depend on a complex division of labor within the group for survival and in which specific genes, epigenetics and other factors are known to determine whether individuals will permanently be unable to breed or able to reach reproductive maturity under particular social conditions, and cooperatively breeding fish, birds and mammals in which a breeding pair depends on helpers whose reproduction is suppressed for the survival of their own offspring.<ref name=ref11>{{cite journal | last1 = Garber | first1 = P.A. | year = 1997 | title = One for all and breeding for one: cooperation and competition as a tamarin reproductive strategy | url = | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 187–199 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1997)5:6

text: Reproductive suppression involves the prevention or inhibition of

text: reproduction

text: in otherwise healthy adult individuals. It includes delayed sexual maturation (

text: puberty

text: ) or inhibition of sexual receptivity, facultatively increased interbirth interval through delayed or inhibited

text: ovulation

text: or spontaneous or induced abortion, abandonment of immature and dependent offspring,  mate guarding, selective destruction and

text: worker policing

text: of eggs in some

text: eusocial

text: insects  or cooperatively breeding birds, and

text: infanticide

text: (see also

text: infanticide (zoology)

text: ), and

text: infanticide in carnivores

text: ) of the offspring of subordinate females either by directly killing by dominant females or males in mammals  or indirectly through the withholding of assistance with infant care in

text: marmoset

text: s and some carnivores.The Reproductive Suppression Model argues that "females can optimize their lifetime

text: reproductive success

text: by suppressing reproduction when future [physical or social] conditions for the survival of offspring are likely to be greatly improved over present ones". When intragroup competition (competition between individuals belonging to the same group) is high it may be beneficial to suppress the reproduction of others, and for subordinate females to suppress their own reproduction until a later time when social competition is reduced. This leads to reproductive skew within a social group, with some individuals having more offspring than others. The cost of reproductive suppression to the individual is lowest at the earliest stages of a reproductive event and reproductive suppression is often easiest to induce at the pre-ovulatory or earliest stages of pregnancy in mammals, and greatest after a birth. Therefore,

text: neuroendocrine

text: cues for assessing reproductive success should evolve to be reliable at early stages in the ovulatory cycle.Reproductive suppression occurs in its most extreme form in eusocial insects such as termites, hornets and bees and the mammalian naked mole rat which depend on a complex division of labor within the group for survival and in which specific genes, epigenetics and other factors are known to determine whether individuals will permanently be unable to breed or able to reach reproductive maturity under particular social conditions, and cooperatively breeding fish, birds and mammals in which a breeding pair depends on helpers whose reproduction is suppressed for the survival of their own offspring.<ref name=ref11>{{cite journal | last1 = Garber | first1 = P.A. | year = 1997 | title = One for all and breeding for one: cooperation and competition as a tamarin reproductive strategy | url = | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 187–199 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1997)5:6

text: In a mixture of reinterpretation of ancient knowledge and the dissemination of new scientific and religious theories, the protagonist discusses: the material, figure, colour, form, energy and eternity of heaven; the motion and the central pole of the heavens; the sun, the moon, the stars; fire; comets and rainbows; lightning, snow and rain; the motion and rest of projectiles in the air; the impulsion of mortars and crossbows; winds and breezes; corrupt airs; the element of water; the birth of the rivers; the rising of the Nile; the extent and saltiness of the sea; the roar and the motion of the water; the motion of projectiles; the creation of islands and mountains, as well as the cause of earthquakes; the genesis, root and colour of the gems, as well as spots of stones; life, food, and the death of the stones; the strength of the magnet to attract iron and its direction toward the Earth's poles; plants; the explanation to be given to certain phenomena of everyday life; semen; the reproduction, nature, respiration and nutrition of fish; the reproduction of birds; the reproduction of bees; the first generation of man; stains contracted by children in the womb; the generation of male and female; parts of monsters; the faces of children covered by larvae; the growth of man; the length of human life; sight; hearing; smell; taste; touch and tickle; the affections of man; God; appearances in the air; oracles; the Sibyls; the possessed; sacred images of the pagans; augurs; the miraculous healing of diseases reported in pagan times; the resurrection of the dead; witchcraft; dreams.

text: Fish scales have growth rings and are used to age fish, in the same way that tree rings can be used to age trees. Fishery scientists try and understand the fish populations by modelling. They need to know how old and how big the fish are and how each ‘cohort’ of the population will grow as it matures. Each catch of fish has fish of different ages, i.e. fish that were born in different years. The size and growth of these fish can be linked to environmental variables. Predicting future stock of fish is necessary for good management and to do this accurate estimates of growth rates and 'length at age' are required. By measuring the rings of a fish its possible to say how long it was for every year of its life.

text: Farming and fishing are the main employment opportunities but are characteristically seasoned in nature.  Castilla has 13 coastal barangays, which depend on fishing as the main economic activity.

text: These were created by the Indonesian Luohan Club (ILC), using a Golden Monkey (or Malau) female and a Zhen Zhu male. The second generation was spawned from the Elvis selection and a Golden Monkey female. The strain is characterized by extensive pearling all over the body, face, and head. What distinguishes an IndoMalau's pearls from that of a Zhen Zhu or a King Kamfa is that they are extremely fine. As the fish ages, the pearls become more intricately woven and thinner. Flowerlines vary dramatically; some only have a few flower spots. Most ILC IndoMalaus will include some singular flowers on the back line or "top row." The front half of the fish, from the pectoral fins forwards, is red. The back half is a golden gradient intensifying in color towards the tail. The body is very wide and high, a throwback to the original Luohan. There is a very pronounced chin or "gobbler." The head is usually forward-protruding.  The tail is fan-shaped, close to that of a Kamfa. The dorsal and anal fins lack trailers, a common trait found also in Zhen Zhu. The caudal peduncle is very large and pronounced in this strain

text: These were created by the Indonesian Luohan Club (ILC), using a Golden Monkey (or Malau) female and a Zhen Zhu male. The second generation was spawned from the Elvis selection and a Golden Monkey female. The strain is characterized by extensive pearling all over the body, face, and head. What distinguishes an IndoMalau's pearls from that of a Zhen Zhu or a King Kamfa is that they are extremely fine. As the fish ages, the pearls become more intricately woven and thinner. Flowerlines vary dramatically; some only have a few flower spots. Most ILC IndoMalaus will include some singular flowers on the back line or "top row." The front half of the fish, from the

text: pectoral fin

text: s forwards, is red. The back half is a golden gradient intensifying in color towards the tail. The body is very wide and high, a throwback to the original Luohan. There is a very pronounced chin or "gobbler." The head is usually forward-protruding.  The tail is fan-shaped, close to that of a Kamfa. The dorsal and anal fins lack trailers, a common trait found also in Zhen Zhu. The

text: caudal peduncle

text: is very large and pronounced in this strain

text: Fishing nets left or lost in the ocean by fishermen – ghost nets – can entangle fish, dolphins, sea turtles, sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, seabirds, crabs and other creatures. These nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in animals that breathe air, suffocation.

text: Fishing net

text: s left or lost in the ocean by fishermen –

text: ghost net

text: s – can entangle

text: fish

text: dolphin

text: s,

text: sea turtle

text: s,

text: shark

text: s,

text: dugong

text: s,

text: crocodile

text: s,

text: seabird

text: s,

text: crab

text: s and other creatures. These nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and, in animals that breathe air, suffocation.

text: In polytonic orthography a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing (equivalent to h) — ῥ rh — and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second — ῤῥ rrh — apparently reflecting an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, hence the various Greek-derived English words that start with rh or contain rrh.

text: In

text: polytonic orthography

text: a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a

text: rough breathing

text: (equivalent to h) — ῥ rh — and a

text: double

text: rho within a word is written with a

text: smooth breathing

text: over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second — ῤῥ rrh — apparently reflecting an

text: aspirated

text: or

text: voiceless

text: pronunciation in

text: Ancient Greek

text: , hence the various Greek-derived English words that start with rh or contain rrh.

text: Many of the reports of fish preying on Acanthaster are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets.

text: Many of the reports of fish preying on Acanthaster are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the

text: humphead wrasse

text: may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets.

text: Several aspects of the life history of the fish vary geographically. Fish on the East Coast and in Florida are larger than individuals in Mississippi, for example. The fish becomes sexually mature at larger sizes in more northern latitudes. This may be because fish in milder climates can begin reproductive investment earlier, putting their energy into gonadal growth instead of body growth at younger ages. Fish in the east can reach a maximum age around 5 years, but fish in the south generally do not reach that age. The spawning season is also much longer in southern regions, probably because of warmer temperatures and longer photoperiod.

text: Several aspects of the life history of the fish vary geographically. Fish on the East Coast and in

text: Florida

text: are larger than individuals in

text: Mississippi

text: , for example. The fish becomes sexually mature at larger sizes in more northern latitudes. This may be because fish in milder climates can begin reproductive investment earlier, putting their energy into

text: gonadal

text: growth instead of body growth at younger ages. Fish in the east can reach a maximum age around 5 years, but fish in the south generally do not reach that age. The

text: spawning

text: season is also much longer in southern regions, probably because of warmer temperatures and longer

text: photoperiod

text: The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into inspiratory and expiratory phases. Inspiration shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the inspiratory muscles (including pharyngeal dilator muscles). Before the end of inspiration, there is a decline in motor discharge. Exhalation is usually silent, except at high minute ventilation rates.

text: The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into inspiratory and expiratory phases. Inspiration shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the inspiratory muscles (including pharyngeal dilator muscles). Before the end of inspiration, there is a decline in motor discharge. Exhalation is usually silent, except at high

text: minute ventilation

text: rates.

text: Parallel speciation occurs for example in mosquito fish in the Bahamas, where Gambusia fish inhabit "blue holes"—carbonate caves and depressions flooded with water throughout the islands. Some of the holes contain the piscivorous predator fish Gobiomorus dormitor, while others have no major predators (excluding birds). The authors of the study tested for ecological speciation by measuring three different data sets:  morphological data (to test for divergent natural selection), molecular data (to test for "replicated trait evolution in independent populations" with similar phenotypes), and mate-choice trials (to test for reproductive isolation between "ecologically divergent pairs of populations than ecologically similar ones": a by-product resulting from divergent traits). The study allowed for a natural experiment to test the effects of predator-mediated natural selection and it's by-product: ecological speciation. The results suggested a "strong confirmation of the ecological speciation hypothesis" and amply supported parallel speciation taking place within the different blue holes.

text: Parallel speciation occurs for example in mosquito fish in the Bahamas, where

text: Gambusia

text: fish inhabit "blue holes"—carbonate caves and depressions flooded with water throughout the islands. Some of the holes contain the piscivorous predator fish

text: Gobiomorus dormitor

text: , while others have no major predators (excluding birds). The authors of the study tested for ecological speciation by measuring three different data sets:  morphological data (to test for divergent natural selection), molecular data (to test for "replicated trait evolution in independent populations" with similar phenotypes), and mate-choice trials (to test for reproductive isolation between "ecologically divergent pairs of populations than ecologically similar ones": a by-product resulting from divergent traits). The study allowed for a natural experiment to test the effects of predator-mediated natural selection and it's by-product: ecological speciation. The results suggested a "strong confirmation of the ecological speciation hypothesis" and amply supported parallel speciation taking place within the different blue holes.

text: A. ocellaris have reproductive behaviors very similar to that of all anemone fishes. They have monogamous mating systems, and in their spawning processes, they also have different levels of aggressiveness between males and females. In addition, there is a reproductive hierarchy that exists between age and sex.

text: A. ocellaris have reproductive behaviors very similar to that of all

text: anemone fishes

text: . They have monogamous mating systems, and in their spawning processes, they also have different levels of aggressiveness between males and females. In addition, there is a reproductive hierarchy that exists between age and sex.

text: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish and seeks to preserve the species of fish in the Baltic Sea.

text: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish and seeks to preserve the species of fish in the

text: Baltic Sea

text: "Breathe" was one of two songs featuring Caillat that was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2010, the other being Jason Mraz's "Lucky", the winner of the award. About "Breathe" not winning the award, Caillat said, "I love 'Breathe' with Taylor, but I've been performing 'Lucky' with Jason all around the world the last year, so I'm happy it won."

text: "Breathe" was one of two songs featuring Caillat that was nominated for the

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals

text: Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals

text: in 2010, the other being

text: Jason Mraz

text: 's "

text: Lucky

text: ", the winner of the award. About "Breathe" not winning the award, Caillat said, "I love 'Breathe' with Taylor, but I've been performing 'Lucky' with Jason all around the world the last year, so I'm happy it won."

text: A fish trap is a trap used for fishing. Fish traps can have the form of a fishing weir or a lobster trap. Some fishing nets are also called fish traps, for example fyke nets.

text: A fish trap is a

text: trap

text: used for fishing. Fish traps can have the form of a

text: fishing weir

text: or a

text: lobster trap

text: . Some

text: fishing net

text: s are also called fish traps, for example fyke nets.

text: Brevibora dorsiocellata is an elongate fish, with a pointed snout, whose base colour is a reflective, metallic silver, though under some lighting conditions, the fish can take on a yellowish hue, with a slight pink flush present in the ventral area of the body between the operculum and the pelvic fins (corresponding roughly to the sac enclosing the alimentary canal). Under conditions of reflectied light, the fish sometimes displays a fine lateral band from the opeculum to the end of the caudal peduncle (Walker, 1971, p. 98) this being an olive-gold hue. The fins, with the exception of the dorsal fin, are hyaline, the relation of the pectoral and pelvic fins being typical of the ostariophysans (fishes possessing an auxiliary mechanism for detecting sound consisting of a set of internal bones called the Weberian Ossicles). In such fishes, the pectoral fins are located immediately behind the operculum, whilst the pelvic fins are located further back upon the ventral side of the body - in the case of Brevibora dorsiocellata, their position is to be found vertically beneath the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin is positioned approximately equidistant between the operculum and the caudal fin, and it is the marking upon this fin that gives rise to the common names of the fish: the base colour is white, with a large rounded black oval overlaid upon the base colour, in appearance fancifully likened to an eye.

text: Brevibora dorsiocellata is an elongate fish, with a pointed snout, whose base colour is a reflective, metallic silver, though under some lighting conditions, the fish can take on a yellowish hue, with a slight pink flush present in the ventral area of the body between the

text: operculum

text: and the pelvic fins (corresponding roughly to the sac enclosing the alimentary canal). Under conditions of reflectied light, the fish sometimes displays a fine lateral band from the opeculum to the end of the caudal peduncle (Walker, 1971, p. 98) this being an olive-gold hue. The fins, with the exception of the dorsal fin, are

text: hyaline

text: , the relation of the pectoral and pelvic fins being typical of the

text: ostariophysans

text: (fishes possessing an auxiliary mechanism for detecting sound consisting of a set of internal bones called the

text: Weberian Ossicles

text: ). In such fishes, the pectoral fins are located immediately behind the operculum, whilst the pelvic fins are located further back upon the ventral side of the body - in the case of Brevibora dorsiocellata, their position is to be found vertically beneath the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin is positioned approximately equidistant between the operculum and the caudal fin, and it is the marking upon this fin that gives rise to the common names of the fish: the base colour is white, with a large rounded black oval overlaid upon the base colour, in appearance fancifully likened to an eye.

text: The introduction of the ruffe seems to be causing much damage to Lake Superior. This fish's invasion of the lake has not only caused problems with space, but competing with other fish for food supply. The ruffe has similar eating habits, but an accelerated reproduction rate compared to other like fish. Therefore, having more ruffe in the water leads to less food for other fish. This fish is unique in its ability to adapt in many habitats and temperatures, resulting in success despite such factors as climate change or other biological changes. The ruffe also has an exceptional ability to detect water vibrations through organs called neuromasts. This trait both aids the ruffe in finding food and gives the ruffe an edge in avoiding predators. These will develop into more advanced and sensitive organs as the fish matures; for example, the perch's neuromasts weaken as it matures. The ruffe has the potential to overtake many other fish species, and consequently damage the Great Lakes ecosystems. Without concerted intervention, the ruffe have the potential to ruin Lake Superior.

text: The introduction of the ruffe seems to be causing much damage to

text: Lake Superior

text: . This fish's invasion of the lake has not only caused problems with space, but competing with other fish for food supply. The ruffe has similar eating habits, but an accelerated reproduction rate compared to other like fish. Therefore, having more ruffe in the water leads to less food for other fish. This fish is unique in its ability to adapt in many

text: habitat

text: s and

text: temperature

text: s, resulting in success despite such factors as

text: climate change

text: or other biological changes. The ruffe also has an exceptional ability to detect water vibrations through organs called

text: neuromasts

text: . This trait both aids the ruffe in finding food and gives the ruffe an edge in avoiding predators. These will develop into more advanced and sensitive organs as the fish matures; for example, the

text: perch

text: 's neuromasts weaken as it matures. The ruffe has the potential to overtake many other fish species, and consequently damage the Great Lakes

text: ecosystem

text: s. Without concerted intervention, the ruffe have the potential to ruin Lake Superior.

text: Bowfin blood can adapt to warm, acidic waters.  The fish becomes inactive in waters below ; at this temperature they breathe almost no air; however, with increasing temperature their air breathing increases. Their preferred temperature range is between , with  the temperature of maximum activity. Air breathing is at a maximum in the range .

text: Bowfin blood can adapt to warm,

text: acid

text: ic waters.  The fish becomes inactive in waters below ; at this temperature they breathe almost no air; however, with increasing temperature their air breathing increases. Their preferred temperature range is between , with  the temperature of maximum activity. Air breathing is at a maximum in the range .

text: A fish factory, also called a fish plant, fish processing facility, is a facility where fish processing is performed. Fish factories range in the size and range of species of fish they process. Some species of fish, such as mackerel and herring, and can be caught at sea by large pelagic trawlers and offloaded to the factory within a few days of being caught. Or the fish can be caught by freezer trawlers that freeze the fish before providing it to factories, or by factory ships which can do the processing themselves on board. Some fish factories have fishing vessels catching fish for them at a given times of the year. This is to do with quotas and seasons conflicting how much and when the fish can be landed.

text: A fish factory, also called a fish plant, fish processing facility, is a facility where

text: fish processing

text: is performed. Fish factories range in the size and range of species of fish they process. Some species of fish, such as

text: mackerel

text: and

text: herring

text: , and can be caught at sea by large pelagic

text: trawlers

text: and offloaded to the factory within a few days of being caught. Or the fish can be caught by freezer trawlers that freeze the fish before providing it to factories, or by

text: factory ship

text: s which can do the processing themselves on board. Some fish factories have

text: fishing vessel

text: s catching fish for them at a given times of the year. This is to do with quotas and seasons conflicting how much and when the fish can be landed.

text: Hippo defecation creates allochthonous deposits of organic matter along the river beds. These deposits have an unclear ecological function. A 2015 study suggests that hippo dung provides nutrients from terrestrial material for fish and aquatic invertebrates. Because of their size and their habit of taking the same paths to feed, hippos can have a significant impact on the land across which they walk, both by keeping the land clear of vegetation and depressing the ground. Over prolonged periods, hippos can divert the paths of swamps and channels. Adult hippos move at speeds up to  in water; typically resurfacing to breathe every three to five minutes. The young have to breathe every two to three minutes. The process of surfacing and breathing is automatic. A hippo sleeping underwater rises and breathes without waking. A hippo closes its nostrils when it submerges into the water. As with fish and turtles on a coral reef, hippos occasionally visit cleaning stations and signal, by opening their mouths wide, their readiness for being cleaned of parasites by certain species of fishes. This is an example of mutualism in which the hippo benefits from the cleaning, while the fish receive food.

text: Hippo defecation creates

text: allochthonous

text: deposits of organic matter along the river beds. These deposits have an unclear ecological function. A 2015 study suggests that hippo dung provides nutrients from terrestrial material for fish and aquatic invertebrates. Because of their size and their habit of taking the same paths to feed, hippos can have a significant impact on the land across which they walk, both by keeping the land clear of vegetation and depressing the ground. Over prolonged periods, hippos can divert the paths of swamps and channels. Adult hippos move at speeds up to  in water; typically resurfacing to breathe every three to five minutes. The young have to breathe every two to three minutes. The process of surfacing and breathing is automatic. A hippo sleeping underwater rises and breathes without waking. A hippo closes its nostrils when it submerges into the water. As with fish and turtles on a coral reef, hippos occasionally visit

text: cleaning stations

text: and signal, by opening their mouths wide, their readiness for being cleaned of parasites by certain species of fishes. This is an example of

text: mutualism

text: in which the hippo benefits from the cleaning, while the fish receive food.

text: The following fish have common names that are based on the names of other fish:

text: Lindner learned his love for fishing while spending summers at his parents' lake cabin on Lake Ripley in Cambridge, WI acting as the "worm boy" for brother Ron (who is 10 years his senior) so that Ron would let him come along in the boat. At the age of 16, Lindner entered and won a Musky Derby, received a nice cash prize, and was interviewed by a television station in Duluth, MN. Presented with the prospect of pursuing his boyhood sport and both earning money and gaining media face-time, Lindner became obsessed with idea of becoming a professional sport fisherman. Throughout High School, Lindner had few odd jobs and no other hobbies - he lived and breathed fishing.

text: Lindner learned his love for fishing while spending summers at his parents' lake cabin on

text: Lake Ripley

text: in

text: Cambridge, WI

text: acting as the "worm boy" for brother Ron (who is 10 years his senior) so that Ron would let him come along in the boat. At the age of 16, Lindner entered and won a

text: Musky

text: Derby, received a nice cash prize, and was interviewed by a television station in

text: Duluth, MN

text: . Presented with the prospect of pursuing his boyhood sport and both earning money and gaining media face-time, Lindner became obsessed with idea of becoming a professional sport fisherman. Throughout High School, Lindner had few odd jobs and no other hobbies - he lived and breathed fishing.

text: The biology and ecology of the shadow trevally is poorly known. It is known to live either in small schools or individually, and is a predatory fish, taking small fish and benthic crustaceans. Nothing is known of its movements or reproduction.

text: The biology and

text: ecology

text: of the shadow trevally is poorly known. It is known to live either in small schools or individually, and is a

text: predator

text: y fish, taking small fish and benthic

text: crustacean

text: s. Nothing is known of its movements or

text: reproduction

text: In June 2005, Capcom announced that it would be porting Breath of Fire III to the PlayStation Portable handheld system alongside a similar port of Mega Man Legends, with both to be released the following August. The port features a new title logo graphic, and was re-programmed to make use of the handheld's native 16:9 widescreen display. An expanded version of the title's fishing minigame is also included, which can be shared with another PlayStation Portable owner using the system's GameShare function, with the Japanese release including a full-color fishing guidebook as a bonus. An English version of the port was later made available exclusively in Europe in February 2006, which contained the same translation as the original PlayStation release.

text: In June 2005, Capcom announced that it would be porting Breath of Fire III to the

text: PlayStation Portable

text: handheld system alongside a similar port of

text: Mega Man Legends

text: , with both to be released the following August. The port features a new title logo graphic, and was re-programmed to make use of the handheld's native 16:9

text: widescreen

text: display. An expanded version of the title's fishing

text: minigame

text: is also included, which can be shared with another PlayStation Portable owner using the system's GameShare function, with the Japanese release including a full-color fishing guidebook as a bonus. An English version of the port was later made available exclusively in Europe in February 2006, which contained the same translation as the original PlayStation release.

text: ELF research has determined that the sex ratio differs in different areas of the Great Barrier Reef, and may differ between reefs opened and protected from fishing. Sex ratios are an important consideration for management, as changes could seriously affect reproduction and thus the number of juveniles coming into the fishery in future years. All length classes of fish may have both male and female individuals. However, small fish are generally females, while most large fish are males.

text: ELF research has determined that the

text: sex ratio

text: differs in different areas of the

text: Great Barrier Reef

text: , and may differ between reefs opened and protected from fishing. Sex ratios are an important consideration for management, as changes could seriously affect reproduction and thus the number of juveniles coming into the

text: fishery

text: in future years. All length classes of fish may have both male and female individuals. However, small fish are generally females, while most large fish are males.

text: The fish has a greyish-brown body with black spots.  One identifying characteristic of the species is its humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  On adults, this contains spines which gives it a ragged appearance.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins are hardened and serrated.  It has three pairs of barbels, the two mandibular pairs are branched.  The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.  It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw.  In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  In the wild, the species grows to a length of  TL.  They inhabit waters with temperature ranges between  and a pH range of 6.5 to 8.0.

text: The fish has a greyish-brown body with black spots.  One identifying characteristic of the species is its humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  On adults, this contains spines which gives it a ragged appearance.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins are hardened and serrated.  It has three pairs of barbels, the two mandibular pairs are branched.  The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.  It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw.  In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  In the wild, the species grows to a length of

text: TL

text: .  They inhabit waters with temperature ranges between  and a pH range of 6.5 to 8.0.

text: People use net for many different occupations. Netting is one of the key components to fishing in mass quantities. This textile is used because of its sturdy yet flexible origin, which can carry weight yet, still be lightweight and compactable. Fisherman use netting when trawling, because it is sturdy enough to carry large amounts of weight as fish are trapped, pulled, then lifted out of water. Oftentimes, the filaments that make up the yarn are coated with wax or plastic. This coating adds a waterproof component to the textile that provides even more reliability. Net is also used in medical practices to provide fabric insulation and wrapping under an industry standard sling. In the medical practice, netting provides cushion and protection, when used in layers, but still allows the skin to breathe under the fabric.  Depending on what the netting is being used for, a different wax or plastic coating can be applied in order to cover the filaments that use up the yarn.  Filaments can be made from synthetic or natural fibres, but that is all up to the manufacturer when deciphering what the textiles future entails.  When netting is going to be exposed to water or heat often, manufacturers consider that and apply what best fits that textile.

text: People use net for many different occupations. Netting is one of the key components to fishing in mass quantities. This textile is used because of its sturdy yet flexible origin, which can carry weight yet, still be lightweight and compactable. Fisherman use netting when

text: trawling

text: , because it is sturdy enough to carry large amounts of weight as fish are trapped, pulled, then lifted out of water. Oftentimes, the filaments that make up the yarn are coated with wax or plastic. This coating adds a waterproof component to the textile that provides even more reliability. Net is also used in medical practices to provide fabric insulation and wrapping under an industry standard sling. In the medical practice, netting provides cushion and protection, when used in layers, but still allows the skin to breathe under the fabric.  Depending on what the netting is being used for, a different wax or plastic coating can be applied in order to cover the filaments that use up the yarn.  Filaments can be made from synthetic or natural fibres, but that is all up to the manufacturer when deciphering what the textiles future entails.  When netting is going to be exposed to water or heat often, manufacturers consider that and apply what best fits that textile.

text: Pedunculated eyes are also the defining attribute of the Stylophthalmine trait found in certain fish larvae.  The caudal peduncle is a slightly narrowed part of a fish where the caudal fin meets the spine.

text: Pedunculated eyes are also the defining attribute of the

text: Stylophthalmine trait

text: found in certain

text: fish larvae

text: .  The

text: caudal peduncle

text: is a slightly narrowed part of a fish where the caudal fin meets the spine.

text: Ancients commonly linked the breath to a life force. The Hebrew Bible refers to God breathing the breath of life into clay to make Adam a living soul (nephesh). It also refers to the breath as returning to God when a mortal dies. The terms "spirit," "qi," "prana" and "psyche" are related to the concept of breath. Also cognate are Polynesian Mana and Hebrew ruach.

text: Ancients commonly linked the breath to a life force. The

text: Hebrew Bible

text: refers to God breathing the breath of life into clay to make Adam a living soul (

text: nephesh

text: ). It also refers to the breath as returning to God when a mortal dies. The terms "spirit," "

text: qi

text: prana

text: " and "

text: psyche

text: " are related to the concept of breath. Also cognate are Polynesian

text: Mana

text: and Hebrew

text: ruach

text: The caught fish in a boat’s net belonged to its owner, regardless of what position he held within the Lanchão or Sardinheiro castes. The fish caught was thus marked with the sigla and delivered to the fishing net owner. These fish marks are usually blows made in sigla form in different parts of the fish.

text: Because of their large size in many species, pimelodids are an important food fish in South America. Many species have been hybridized through the use of hormones in an effort to get even larger fish. This same size factor also makes them very popular for sport fishing.

text: Because of their large size in many species, pimelodids are an important food fish in South America. Many species have been

text: hybridized

text: through the use of

text: hormones

text: in an effort to get even larger fish. This same size factor also makes them very popular for

text: sport fishing

text: External factors affect the method of reproductions.  Asexual reproduction is used more when conditions are bad. Sexual reproduction is used when conditions are good.

text: The context of its relationship to Judeo-Christian and other religions can be deduced from its emphasis upon three historical characters: Ainyahita, Zarathustra and Jehoshua. Ainyahita, daughter of the divinely created couple (may be related to Anahita), lived 9000 years ago and is supposed to be the origin of the white Aryan race, which includes the Jews and therefore Jesus of Nazareth. The traditional God character of most religions has its Mazdaznan  component in "Gah-Llama" which is referred to as "intelligence," and "In the air you breathe." The Power of Breath discusses Gah-Llama in breathing exercises, where the main goal is self-control and mastery of your body through, effectively, "breathing intelligently" and breathing "intelligence" or "Gah-Llama". It is in all respects a non-theistic tradition, in that all words for the unknown are recognized as linguistic and semantic peculiarities, with no rules except for suggestions for health, which are accompanied with a note that you know what's best for yourself.

text: The context of its relationship to Judeo-Christian and other religions can be deduced from its emphasis upon three historical characters:

text: Ainyahita

text: Zarathustra

text: and

text: Jehoshua

text: . Ainyahita, daughter of the divinely created couple (may be related to

text: Anahita

text: ), lived 9000 years ago and is supposed to be the origin of the white

text: Aryan

text: race, which includes the Jews and therefore

text: Jesus

text: of

text: Nazareth

text: . The traditional God character of most religions has its Mazdaznan  component in "Gah-Llama" which is referred to as "intelligence," and "In the air you breathe." The Power of Breath discusses Gah-Llama in breathing exercises, where the main goal is self-control and mastery of your body through, effectively, "breathing intelligently" and breathing "intelligence" or "Gah-Llama". It is in all respects a non-theistic tradition, in that all words for the unknown are recognized as linguistic and semantic peculiarities, with no rules except for suggestions for health, which are accompanied with a note that you know what's best for yourself.

text: A common rig for fishing on the bottom is a weight tied to the end of the line, and a hook about an inch up line from the weight. The method can be used both with hand lines and rod fishing. The weight can also be used to cast or throw the line to an appropriate distance. Bottom fishing can be done both from boats and from the land. Bottom fishing targets groundfish such as sucker fish, bream, catfish, and crappie. Specialized fishing rods called "donkas" are also commonly used for bottom fishing.

text: A common rig for fishing on the bottom is a

text: weight

text: tied to the end of the

text: line

text: , and a

text: hook

text: about an inch up line from the weight. The method can be used both with

text: hand lines

text: and

text: rod fishing

text: . The weight can also be used to

text: cast

text: or throw the line to an appropriate distance. Bottom fishing can be done both

text: from boats

text: and

text: from the land

text: . Bottom fishing targets

text: groundfish

text: such as

text: sucker fish

text: bream

text: catfish

text: , and

text: crappie

text: . Specialized

text: fishing rod

text: s called "donkas" are also commonly used for bottom fishing.

text: Attributive genitives resemble possessive genitives except that (1) the modifiers follow their heads, and (2) the "possessors" are nonreferential except in a generic sense, that is, they "never refer to a particular subset of the set they name" (Bradshaw 1982a:128): wuwu weni na 'forest (wild) betel pepper', wuwu Buzina ndi 'type of betel pepper associated with the Buzina people at Salamaua', walabeŋa tamtamoŋa na 'fish poison, native means of stunning fish', walabeŋa bumewe na 'explosives, European means of stunning fish'.

text: When purchasing fish in an attempt to acquire a breeding pair, try to buy fish from different sources. There is a high probability that when buying fish from the same source, fish will be from the same parents (siblings). Breeding fish in this manner may form offspring with genetic disease usually associated with interbreeding. The most common genetic defect is a male who's sperm is infertile. Breeding partners of the same size is not necessary, as long as the female as somewhere to hide if the male becomes hostile. Males typically become hostile when they are ready for breeding, but the female is resisting his advances.

text: When purchasing fish in an attempt to acquire a breeding pair, try to buy fish from different sources. There is a high probability that when buying fish from the same source, fish will be from the same parents (

text: sibling

text: s). Breeding fish in this manner may form offspring with

text: genetic disease

text: usually associated with

text: interbreeding

text: . The most common genetic defect is a male who's sperm is infertile. Breeding partners of the same size is not necessary, as long as the female as somewhere to hide if the male becomes hostile. Males typically become hostile when they are ready for breeding, but the female is resisting his advances.

text: Mahi mahi are also known as dorado or dolphin fish. However, they are not at all related to dolphins. Dolphins are air-breathing mammals, where as mahi mahi are water-breathing fish,  distantly related to perch. They are similar in taste to flounder and other whitefish.

text: Mahi mahi are also known as dorado or

text: dolphin fish

text: . However, they are not at all related to

text: dolphin

text: s. Dolphins are air-breathing

text: mammal

text: s, where as mahi mahi are water-breathing

text: fish

text: ,  distantly related to

text: perch

text: . They are similar in taste to

text: flounder

text: and other

text: whitefish

text: In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as "fish and chips", except in Upstate New York and Wisconsin and other parts of the Northeast and Upper Midwest, where this dish would be called a fish fry. Despite the name "fish and chips", and the US meaning of "chips", the dish is served with French fries. In the southeastern United States, a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with French fries, accompanied by coleslaw, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.

text: In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as "fish and chips", except in

text: Upstate New York

text: and

text: Wisconsin

text: and other parts of the

text: Northeast

text: and

text: Upper Midwest

text: , where this dish would be called a

text: fish fry

text: . Despite the name "fish and chips", and the US meaning of "

text: chips

text: ", the dish is served with French fries. In the southeastern United States, a common form of cuisine is fried catfish with French fries, accompanied by coleslaw, pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.

text: It's a small size fish that can reach a maximum size of 12 cm length.

text: It's a small size

text: fish

text: that can reach a maximum size of 12 cm length.

text: Skyway Fishing Pier State Park is a Florida State Park located on the north and south sides of the mouth of Tampa Bay. When the new Sunshine Skyway Bridge was built on I-275 (US 19) after one part of the old bridge collapsed due to a ship collision, the approaches to the old bridge were turned into the longest fishing pier in the world. The bridge is lit at night, and the park is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The most common activity is fishing. Common catches include snook, tarpon, grouper, black sea bass, Spanish mackerel, king mackerel, cobia, sheepshead, red snapper and flounder. Snacks, drinks, bait, and fishing supplies can be purchased on the fishing pier, which charges an admission fee of $4.00 per car plus $4.00 per adult, $2.00 per child (6–12 years old) and free, children 5 and younger.Other activities include kayaking, swimming, wading, kite surfing and other miscellaneous water activities.

text: Skyway Fishing Pier State Park is a

text: Florida State Park

text: located on the north and south sides of the mouth of

text: Tampa Bay

text: . When the new

text: Sunshine Skyway Bridge

text: was built on

text: US 19

text: ) after one part of the old bridge collapsed due to a ship collision, the approaches to the old bridge were turned into the longest fishing pier in the world. The bridge is lit at night, and the park is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The most common activity is fishing. Common catches include

text: snook

text: tarpon

text: grouper

text: black sea bass

text: Spanish mackerel

text: king mackerel

text: cobia

text: sheepshead

text: red snapper

text: and

text: flounder

text: . Snacks, drinks, bait, and fishing supplies can be purchased on the fishing pier, which charges an admission fee of $4.00 per car plus $4.00 per adult, $2.00 per child (6–12 years old) and free, children 5 and younger.Other activities include kayaking, swimming, wading, kite surfing and other miscellaneous water activities.

text: The whitefish is part of the salmon family, and the distinctive traits of this subfamily (in comparison to the rest of the salmon family) include larger scales, smaller mouth, weak or no teeth, and other internal characteristics. The round whitefish is a cylindrical fish (hence cylindraceum) and is considered a deep-bodied fish. It is mostly silver in color with a few exceptions. Its back has a green tinge to its appearance with scales that range from sepia brown to bronze and are edged with black. Its lower fins can be various shades of amber, and its adipose fin is normally brown spotted. The round whitefish has between 42-46 scales around its body, 22-24 scales around its caudal peduncle, and 83-96 scales in its lateral line. In addition, this species has 87-117 pyloric caeca, 59-63 vertebrae, and less than 20 gill rakers. The round whitefish is different than other whitefish by having one flap between the nostril openings (instead of two). It can grow up to 50 centimeters (cm) in lengthand typically grow in increments of 55-65 millimeters (mm) annually. Most of its growth takes place in its first five years of life. Round-fish can live up to 12 years.

text: The whitefish is part of the

text: salmon

text: family, and the distinctive traits of this subfamily (in comparison to the rest of the salmon family) include larger

text: scales

text: , smaller mouth, weak or no teeth, and other internal characteristics. The round whitefish is a

text: cylindrical

text: fish (hence cylindraceum) and is considered a deep-bodied fish. It is mostly silver in color with a few exceptions. Its back has a green tinge to its appearance with scales that range from sepia brown to bronze and are edged with black. Its lower fins can be various shades of amber, and its

text: adipose fin

text: is normally brown spotted. The round whitefish has between 42-46 scales around its body, 22-24 scales around its

text: caudal peduncle

text: , and 83-96 scales in its

text: lateral line

text: . In addition, this species has 87-117

text: pyloric caeca

text: , 59-63

text: vertebrae

text: , and less than 20

text: gill rakers

text: . The round whitefish is different than other whitefish by having one flap between the nostril openings (instead of two). It can grow up to 50 centimeters (cm) in lengthand typically grow in increments of 55-65 millimeters (mm) annually. Most of its growth takes place in its first five years of life. Round-fish can live up to 12 years.

text: When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution becomes more subjective.  For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by Richard Dawkins in The Blind Watchmaker as a case of convergent evolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary history prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs under which to accumulate relevant differences.  Stephen Jay Gould describes many of the same examples as parallel evolution starting from the common ancestor of all marsupials and placentals. Many evolved similarities can be described in concept as parallel evolution from a remote ancestor, with the exception of those where quite different structures are co-opted to a similar function. For example, consider Mixotricha paradoxa, a microbe that has assembled a system of rows of apparent cilia and basal bodies closely resembling that of ciliates but that are actually smaller symbiont micro-organisms, or the differently oriented tails of fish and whales. On the converse, any case in which lineages do not evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace might be described as convergent evolution at some point in time.

text: When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution becomes more subjective.  For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: in

text: The Blind Watchmaker

text: as a case of convergent evolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary history prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs under which to accumulate relevant differences.

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: describes many of the same examples as parallel evolution starting from the common ancestor of all marsupials and placentals. Many evolved similarities can be described in concept as parallel evolution from a remote ancestor, with the exception of those where quite different structures are co-opted to a similar function. For example, consider

text: Mixotricha paradoxa

text: , a microbe that has assembled a system of rows of apparent

text: cilia

text: and

text: basal bodies

text: closely resembling that of

text: ciliate

text: s but that are actually smaller

text: symbiont

text: micro-organisms, or the differently oriented tails of fish and whales. On the converse, any case in which lineages do not evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace might be described as convergent evolution at some point in time.

text: His triptych Cyclic was exhibited at the group exhibition called I Breathe With You at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States, Augusta Savage Gallery, from February 1 until March 11, 2016. The exclamation 'I can’t breathe' was made by Eric Garner,  an African American man, 11 times while lying face down on the sidewalk after being placed in a police chokehold.  He died one hour later from a heart attack due to injuries to his neck and chest. A grand jury decided not to indict the offending police officer. 'I can’t breathe' has become one of the most recognizable utterances of recent protests against oppression. I Breathe With You establishes the artist as an ally to people and communities that suffer social injustices and other atrocities.

text: His triptych Cyclic was exhibited at the group exhibition called I Breathe With You at the

text: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: , United States,

text: Augusta Savage

text: Gallery, from February 1 until March 11, 2016. The exclamation 'I can’t breathe' was made by

text: Eric Garner

text: ,  an African American man, 11 times while lying face down on the sidewalk after being placed in a police chokehold.  He died one hour later from a heart attack due to injuries to his neck and chest. A grand jury decided not to indict the offending police officer. 'I can’t breathe' has become one of the most recognizable utterances of recent protests against oppression. I Breathe With You establishes the artist as an ally to people and communities that suffer social injustices and other atrocities.

text: Coral reef fish species recovery rates (from e.g., overfishing) depend on their life history and factors such as ecological characteristics, fishing intensity and population size. In the Coral Triangle, species at lower trophic levels that have smaller maximum sizes, faster growth and maturation rates and shorter life spans tend to recover more quickly than species having the opposite characteristics. For example, in the Philippines, populations of planktivores (e.g., fusiliers) and some herbivores (e.g., parrotfishes) recovered in <5–10 years in marine reserves, while predators (e.g., groupers) took 20–40 years. Increased fishing pressure adversely affects recovery rates (e.g., Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea).

text: Coral reef fish species recovery rates (from e.g., overfishing) depend on their life history and factors such as ecological characteristics, fishing intensity and population size. In the

text: Coral Triangle

text: , species at lower

text: trophic levels

text: that have smaller maximum sizes, faster growth and maturation rates and shorter life spans tend to recover more quickly than species having the opposite characteristics. For example, in the Philippines, populations of planktivores (e.g., fusiliers) and some herbivores (e.g., parrotfishes) recovered in <5–10 years in marine reserves, while predators (e.g., groupers) took 20–40 years. Increased fishing pressure adversely affects recovery rates (e.g., Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea).

text: Many aulopiforms are deep-sea fishes, with some species recognized as being hermaphrodites, some with the ability to self-fertilise. Some are benthic, but most are pelagic nekton. In general, aulopiform fish have a mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics relative to other teleost fish.

text: Many aulopiforms are

text: deep-sea

text: fishes, with some

text: species

text: recognized as being

text: hermaphrodite

text: s, some with the ability to self-fertilise. Some are

text: benthic

text: , but most are

text: pelagic

text: nekton

text: . In general, aulopiform fish have a mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics relative to other

text: teleost

text: fish.

text: Combined sewage overflow (CSO) has been occurring in the Puget Sound. CSO occur during rain events when runoff with the combination of raw sewage overflows the pipes and it carries pollutants, harmful pathogens, and excess nutrients directly into Puget Sound. This is a threat to the biodiversity of marine wildlife as it degrades/damages the marine habitat. Due to high amounts of excess nutrients and water disturbance, there are fewer number of benthic invertebrate species found near CSO outfalls. One of the nutrients found in excess amounts is Nitrogen, which can cause low oxygen level. Excess nitrogen can causes algae blooms which leads to low oxygen level which is dangerous for marine organism that need oxygen. Furthermore, at the outfall the output disturbs the soils, which makes the water more turbid. Turbid water can increase the number of pathogens in the water.  Many fishes and shellfish can be affected by some pathogens that are naturally found in the Puget Sound. High turbidity can decrease light penetration which can decrease food sources for fishes.   If the turbidity is high enough it can kill fishes and/or affect reproduction and growth. Other pollutants carried by the runoff can have direct harm on many marine organisms and pollute the soils. For example, heavy metal buildup can cause physiological and reproductive harm.  For example, lead in river otters and spotted sandpiper affect their reproduction. Furthermore, build-up in pollutants has been found to affect fish growth.To reach standards stated in the Clean Water Act, Washington State must have a long-term CSO Control Plan so that 1 or fewer overflow events occur on average in a year.

text: Combined sewage overflow (CSO) has been occurring in the

text: Puget Sound

text: CSO

text: occur during rain events when runoff with the combination of raw sewage overflows the pipes and it carries pollutants, harmful

text: pathogen

text: s, and excess nutrients directly into Puget Sound. This is a threat to the biodiversity of marine wildlife as it degrades/damages the marine habitat. Due to high amounts of excess nutrients and water disturbance, there are fewer number of benthic invertebrate species found near CSO outfalls. One of the nutrients found in excess amounts is

text: Nitrogen

text: , which can cause low oxygen level. Excess nitrogen can causes

text: algae bloom

text: s which leads to low oxygen level which is dangerous for marine organism that need oxygen. Furthermore, at the outfall the output disturbs the soils, which makes the water more

text: turbid

text: . Turbid water can increase the number of pathogens in the water.  Many fishes and shellfish can be affected by some pathogens that are naturally found in the Puget Sound. High turbidity can decrease light penetration which can decrease food sources for fishes.   If the turbidity is high enough it can kill fishes and/or affect reproduction and growth. Other pollutants carried by the runoff can have direct harm on many marine organisms and

text: pollute the soils

text: . For example, heavy metal buildup can cause physiological and reproductive harm.  For example, lead in

text: river otters

text: and

text: spotted sandpiper

text: affect their

text: reproduction

text: . Furthermore, build-up in pollutants has been found to affect fish growth.To reach standards stated in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , Washington State must have a long-term CSO Control Plan so that 1 or fewer overflow events occur on average in a year.

text: The minimum landing size (MLS) is the smallest fish measurement at which it is legal to keep or sell a fish. What the MLS is depends on the species of fish. Sizes also vary around the world, as they are legal definitions which are defined by the local regulatory authority. Commercial trawl and seine fisheries can control the size of their catch by adjusting the mesh size of their nets.

text: The minimum landing size (MLS) is the smallest

text: fish measurement

text: at which it is legal to keep or sell a

text: fish

text: . What the MLS is depends on the species of fish. Sizes also vary around the world, as they are legal definitions which are defined by the local regulatory authority. Commercial

text: trawl

text: and

text: seine

text: fisheries can control the size of their catch by adjusting the mesh size of their nets.

text: In several different groups of fish, such as wrasses, parrotfish and clownfish, dichogamy — or sequential hermaphoditism — is normal. This can cause a discrepancy in the sex ratios as well. In the bluestreak cleaner wrasse, there is only one male for every group of 6-8 females. If the male fish dies, the strongest female changes its sex to become the male for the group. All of these wrasse are born female, and only become male in this situation. Other species, like clownfish, do this in reverse, where all start out as non-reproductive males, and the largest male becomes a female, with the second-largest male maturing to become reproductive.

text: In several different groups of fish, such as

text: wrasses

text: parrotfish

text: and

text: clownfish

text: dichogamy

text: — or sequential hermaphoditism — is normal. This can cause a discrepancy in the sex ratios as well. In the

text: bluestreak cleaner wrasse

text: , there is only one male for every group of 6-8 females. If the male fish dies, the strongest female changes its sex to become the male for the group. All of these wrasse are born female, and only become male in this situation. Other species, like clownfish, do this in reverse, where all start out as non-reproductive males, and the largest male becomes a female, with the second-largest male maturing to become reproductive.

text: Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various ways. Fish have gills instead of lungs, although some species of fish, such as the lungfish, have both. Marine mammals, such as dolphins, whales, otters, and seals need to surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see insect and mollusc siphons) and gills (Carcinus). However as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration in water.

text: Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various ways. Fish have

text: gills

text: instead of

text: lungs

text: , although some species of fish, such as the

text: lungfish

text: , have both.

text: Marine mammal

text: s, such as dolphins, whales,

text: otter

text: s, and

text: seals

text: need to surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see

text: insect

text: and

text: mollusc siphons

text: ) and

text: gills

text: Carcinus

text: ). However as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration in water.

text: Pictorial evidence of Roman fishing comes from mosaics. The Greco-Roman sea god Neptune is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. Fish was served only in earlier periods, and it remained more expensive than simpler meat types. Breeding was attempted in freshwater and saltwater ponds, but some kinds of fish could not be fattened in captivity. Among those that could was the formidable and potentially toxic Mediterranean moray, a valued delicacy which were reared ponds at the seaside. These morays were also kept as pets and sometimes as a means of punishment. Another farmed species was the popular, mullus, the goatfish. At a certain time this fish was considered the epitome of luxury, above all because its scales exhibit a bright red color when it dies out of water. For this reason these fish were occasionally allowed to die slowly at the table. There even was a recipe where this would take place in garo, in the sauce. At the beginning of the Imperial era, however, this custom suddenly came to an end, which is why mullus in the feast of Trimalchio (see the Satyricon) could be shown as a characteristic of the parvenu, who bores his guests with an unfashionable display of dying fish. The fish and fishing practices of the Roman era were recorded by the Greco-Roman Oppian of Cilicia, whose Halieutics was an expansive poem in hexameter composed between 177 and 180. It is the earliest such work to have survived to the modern day.

text: Pictorial evidence of

text: Roman

text: fishing comes from

text: mosaic

text: s. The Greco-Roman sea god

text: Neptune

text: is depicted as wielding a fishing trident. Fish was served only in earlier periods, and it remained more expensive than simpler meat types. Breeding was attempted in freshwater and saltwater ponds, but some kinds of fish could not be fattened in captivity. Among those that could was the formidable and potentially toxic

text: Mediterranean moray

text: , a valued delicacy which were reared ponds at the seaside. These morays were also kept as pets and sometimes as a means of punishment. Another farmed species was the popular, mullus, the

text: goatfish

text: . At a certain time this fish was considered the epitome of luxury, above all because its scales exhibit a bright red color when it dies out of water. For this reason these fish were occasionally allowed to die slowly at the table. There even was a recipe where this would take place in garo, in the

text: sauce

text: . At the beginning of the Imperial era, however, this custom suddenly came to an end, which is why mullus in the feast of

text: Trimalchio

text: (see the

text: Satyricon

text: ) could be shown as a characteristic of the

text: parvenu

text: , who bores his guests with an unfashionable display of dying fish. The fish and fishing practices of the Roman era were recorded by the

text: Greco-Roman

text: Oppian

text: of

text: Cilicia

text: , whose Halieutics was an expansive poem in

text: hexameter

text: composed between 177 and 180. It is the earliest such work to have survived to the modern day.

text: A search about the Growth and maturation of roker Raja clavata L. of in the Solway Firth(  a firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and Dumfries and Galloway. Shows rhat the males and females of this kind of fish appear to mature at 42 and 45 cm disc width respectively. The Solway population is heavily exploited by an unrestricted commercial fishery and a considerable proportion (48•6%) of the presently retained catch is immature. It is suggested that fishing pressure has brought about a reduction in the size at which female fish mature.

text: Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow, seasonally variable waters where the water's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline. Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen, such as perch and cichlids, quickly suffocate, while air-breathers survive for much longer, in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud. At the most extreme, some air-breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water, entering a state of aestivation (summertime hibernation) until water returns.

text: Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow, seasonally variable waters where the water's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline. Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen, such as perch and

text: cichlid

text: s, quickly suffocate, while air-breathers survive for much longer, in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud. At the most extreme, some air-breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water, entering a state of

text: aestivation

text: (summertime hibernation) until water returns.

text: A basic navigational display is common to all chartplotters. Depending on intended use and characteristics of the specific chartplotter, they may have options to present such displays as three-dimensional fish-finding and bottom characteristics useful in fishing.

text: The tale of Matsya in the Vana Parva Book of the epic Mahabharata is similar to the Shatapatha Brahmana version but also differs in some ways. Manu is introduced as Vaivasvata Manu - Vaivasvata being a patronymic - the son of the sun god Vivasvan (Surya) and a powerful rishi (sage) equal to Brahma in glory. While Manu is performing religious rituals on the banks of the Chervi, he finds the fish. The legend moves in the same vein with minor modifications in that the fish grows in size, gets transferred from an earthen pot to a tank or lake and then to the mighty Ganges River (called the spouse of the Ocean) and finally to the sea.  When Manu left the fish in the sea, it warned of impending danger of a catastrophic flood event, which would submerge the whole universe. The fish advised Manu to be prepared to face the catastrophe by building a massive boat to save himself and the Saptarishi (the seven great sages) and collect all seeds of the world and promised to appear when called by him as a huge horned fish to save them. As in the Shatapatha Brahmana, the horned fish appeared and the boat was tied to his horn. The fish navigated it with great force through the turbulent and salty waters of the ocean and reached the safe heights of the Himalayas. As directed by the fish, the vessel was tied to the peak of the Himalayas, which became known as the Naubandhana  (the harbour). Matsya tells the sages that he is Prajapati Brahma, the lord of all beings and their saviour who rescued them from danger in the form of a fish. The fish informed that Manu would create all beings - gods, demons and men and other movable and immovable things - by the power of his austerities. The fish vanished and Manu acted on the advice of Brahma, creating all beings.

text: The tale of Matsya in the

text: Vana Parva

text: Book of the epic

text: Mahabharata

text: is similar to the Shatapatha Brahmana version but also differs in some ways. Manu is introduced as

text: Vaivasvata Manu

text: - Vaivasvata being a patronymic - the son of

text: the sun god Vivasvan

text: (Surya) and a powerful

text: rishi

text: (sage) equal to Brahma in glory. While Manu is performing religious rituals on the banks of the Chervi, he finds the fish. The legend moves in the same vein with minor modifications in that the fish grows in size, gets transferred from an earthen pot to a tank or lake and then to the mighty

text: Ganges River

text: (called the spouse of the Ocean) and finally to the sea.  When Manu left the fish in the sea, it warned of impending danger of a catastrophic flood event, which would submerge the whole universe. The fish advised Manu to be prepared to face the catastrophe by building a massive boat to save himself and the

text: Saptarishi

text: (the seven great sages) and collect all seeds of the world and promised to appear when called by him as a huge horned fish to save them. As in the Shatapatha Brahmana, the horned fish appeared and the boat was tied to his horn. The fish navigated it with great force through the turbulent and salty waters of the ocean and reached the safe heights of the Himalayas. As directed by the fish, the vessel was tied to the peak of the Himalayas, which became known as the Naubandhana  (the harbour). Matsya tells the sages that he is Prajapati Brahma, the lord of all beings and their saviour who rescued them from danger in the form of a fish. The fish informed that Manu would create all beings - gods, demons and men and other movable and immovable things - by the power of his austerities. The fish vanished and Manu acted on the advice of Brahma, creating all beings.

text: All the above, except largescale silver carp, have been cultivated in aquaculture in China for over 1,000 years. Large-scale silver carp, a more southern species, is native to Vietnam and is cultivated there. Grass, silver, bighead and black carp are known as the "Four Domesticated Fish" in China and are the most important freshwater fish species for food and traditional Chinese medicine.  Bighead and silver carp are the most important fish, worldwide, in terms of total aquaculture production. Common carp and crucian carp are also common foodfishes in China and elsewhere. Goldfish, though, are cultivated mainly as pet fish.  Common carp are native to both Eastern Europe and Western Asia, so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.

text: All the above, except largescale silver carp, have been cultivated in

text: aquaculture

text: in

text: China

text: for over 1,000 years. Large-scale silver carp, a more southern species, is native to

text: Vietnam

text: and is cultivated there. Grass, silver, bighead and black carp are known as the "Four Domesticated Fish" in China and are the most important freshwater fish species for food and

text: traditional Chinese medicine

text: .  Bighead and silver carp are the most important fish, worldwide, in terms of total aquaculture production.

text: Common carp

text: and

text: crucian carp

text: are also common foodfishes in China and elsewhere.

text: Goldfish

text: , though, are cultivated mainly as pet fish.  Common carp are native to both Eastern Europe and Western Asia, so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.

text: Perhaps the biggest event in the history of pesticide use is the widespread use of DDT to control various pests, including mosquitoes and lice. Its long-term effects had not been sufficiently documented and thus it was assumed to be of low toxicity. Over time the widespread use of DDT began to have serious environmental and human health consequences. Organisms further up the food chain showed significant amounts of DDT in their tissues and this presence had adverse health effects, for example, the weakening of predatory bird eggshells and fish kills. Adverse effects among humans included endocrine system disruption which can lead to reproductive complications.

text: Perhaps the biggest event in the history of pesticide use is the widespread use of

text: DDT

text: to control various pests, including mosquitoes and lice. Its long-term effects had not been sufficiently documented and thus it was assumed to be of low toxicity. Over time the widespread use of DDT began to have serious environmental and human health consequences. Organisms further up the food chain showed significant amounts of DDT in their tissues and this presence had adverse health effects, for example, the weakening of predatory bird eggshells and fish kills. Adverse effects among humans included endocrine system disruption which can lead to reproductive complications.

text: Battered and fried foods are not as common in California as they are in other regions, but there are several exceptions, such as fish tacos, tempura and french fries.

text: Battered and fried foods are not as common in California as they are in other regions, but there are several exceptions, such as

text: fish taco

text: s,

text: tempura

text: and

text: french fries

text: Male cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing ray finned fishes, have fins that have been modified to function as intromittent organs, reproductive appendages which allow internal fertilization. In ray finned fish they are called gonopodia or andropodia, and in cartilaginous fish they are called claspers.

text: Male

text: cartilaginous fish

text: ray finned fish

text: intromittent organ

text: s, reproductive appendages which allow

text: internal fertilization

text: . In ray finned fish they are called gonopodia or andropodia, and in cartilaginous fish they are called claspers.

text: The arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias, is a fish in the family Pleuronectidae, the right-eyed flounders. It can be caught from the Bering Sea to Santa Rosa Island, California. It is also at present the most common fish in the gulf of Alaska. Unfortunately, there is insufficient data on many general traits, including size and age of sexual maturity of the flounder. However, we do know spawning occurs from December through February. This species of flounder can live up to 25 years. If not properly handled, the flesh of arrowtooth flounder can soften, due to a proteolytic enzyme which is emitted from a myxoporean parasite that softens the flesh when heated. This in turn lowers its value and marketability.  To make it more marketable, arrowtooth is usually sold on the West Coast as turbot, although it is not related to the true turbot. Recently scientists working at the Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation along with the National Marine Fishers service/utilization research and the  Alaska sea food industry, have discovered a few food-based additives that inhibit this enzymatic breakdown. However, nothing has yet been developed which prevents this process entirely. Despite these setbacks Alaska Fisheries has gone on to make a specific arrowtooth fishing industry.

text: The arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias, is a fish in the family

text: Pleuronectidae

text: , the right-eyed flounders. It can be caught from the

text: Bering Sea

text: to

text: Santa Rosa Island, California

text: . It is also at present the most common fish in the gulf of Alaska. Unfortunately, there is insufficient data on many general traits, including size and age of sexual maturity of the flounder. However, we do know

text: spawning

text: occurs from December through February. This species of flounder can live up to 25 years. If not properly handled, the flesh of arrowtooth flounder can soften, due to a proteolytic enzyme which is emitted from a myxoporean parasite that softens the flesh when heated. This in turn lowers its value and marketability.  To make it more marketable, arrowtooth is usually sold on the

text: West Coast

text: as

text: turbot

text: , although it is not related to the true

text: turbot

text: . Recently scientists working at the Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation along with the National Marine Fishers service/utilization research and the  Alaska sea food industry, have discovered a few food-based additives that inhibit this enzymatic breakdown. However, nothing has yet been developed which prevents this process entirely. Despite these setbacks Alaska Fisheries has gone on to make a specific arrowtooth fishing industry.

text: This game was developed by SIMS, the developer of several fishing games including Sega Marine Fishing, the Dreamcast version of Sega Bass Fishing, and Top Angler: Real Bass Fishing.

text: This game was developed by

text: SIMS

text: , the developer of several fishing games including

text: Sega Marine Fishing

text: , the

text: Dreamcast

text: version of

text: Sega Bass Fishing

text: , and

text: Top Angler: Real Bass Fishing

text: Fly line manufacturers design and formulate their fly lines with other characteristics as well.  Some fly lines are specifically formulated for warm water and cold water conditions, fresh and salt water conditions as well as designs that target a specific type or fish or fishing.

text: In the wild, the species is only known from its type locality in the Sangha River, but it may be more widespread than is currently known.  The fish is harvested for human consumption.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

text: Fishing here is open to the public but a Vermont fishing license is required. The type of license depends on what kind of fishing you are doing.

text: Live Phish 11.14.95 is an archival release by the rock band Phish. It was originally released on February 20, 2007 in MP3, FLAC and CD formats. The show is known for its near set long version of Stash that includes 25 or 6 to 4, Esther, and Ya Mar teases in Stash, and for its "Immigrant Song" infused "YEM". The song "I’m Blue I’m Lonesome" was performed acoustically, with Trey Anastasio on acoustic guitar, Mike Gordon on banjo, Page McConnell on upright bass and Jon Fish on mandolin. It is one of only two releases to date that feature the original arrangement of the ballad "Billy Breathes", the other being on Hampton/Winston-Salem '97.

text: Live Phish 11.14.95 is an archival release by the rock band

text: Phish

text: . It was originally released on February 20, 2007 in MP3, FLAC and CD formats. The show is known for its near set long version of Stash that includes

text: 25 or 6 to 4

text: , Esther, and Ya Mar teases in Stash, and for its "Immigrant Song" infused "YEM". The song "I’m Blue I’m Lonesome" was performed acoustically, with Trey Anastasio on acoustic guitar, Mike Gordon on banjo, Page McConnell on upright bass and Jon Fish on mandolin. It is one of only two releases to date that feature the original arrangement of the ballad "Billy Breathes", the other being on

text: Hampton/Winston-Salem '97

text: Because of its slightly gray color, pollock is often prepared, as in Norway, as fried fish balls, or if juvenile sized, breaded with oatmeal and fried, as in Shetland. Year-old fish are traditionally split, salted and dried over a peat hearth in Orkney, where their texture becomes wooden. The fish can also be salted and smoked and achieve a salmon-like orange color (although it is not closely related to the salmon), as is the case in Germany where the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs or sea salmon. In Korea, pollock may be repeatedly frozen and defrosted to create hwangtae, half-dried to create ko-da-ri, or fully dried and eaten as book-o.

text: Because of its slightly gray color, pollock is often prepared, as in Norway, as fried fish balls, or if juvenile sized, breaded with

text: oatmeal

text: and fried, as in

text: Shetland

text: . Year-old fish are traditionally split, salted and dried over a peat hearth in

text: Orkney

text: , where their texture becomes wooden. The fish can also be salted and smoked and achieve a

text: salmon

text: -like orange color (although it is not closely related to the salmon), as is the case in

text: Germany

text: where the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs or sea salmon. In Korea, pollock may be repeatedly frozen and defrosted to create hwangtae, half-dried to create ko-da-ri, or fully dried and eaten as book-o.

text: Work of breathing is the effort required to breathe. Part of the work of breathing is due to inherent physiological factors, part is due to the mechanics of the external breathing apparatus, and part is due to the characteristics of the breathing gas. A high work of breathing may result in carbon dioxide buildup in the diver, and reduces the diver's ability to produce useful physical effort

text: Plant reproduction is the production of new individuals or offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur. In seed plants, the offspring can be packaged in a protective seed, which is used as an agent of dispersal.

text: Plant reproduction is the production of new individuals or

text: offspring

text: in

text: plant

text: s, which can be accomplished by sexual or

text: asexual

text: reproduction.

text: Sexual reproduction

text: produces offspring by the fusion of

text: gamete

text: s, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when

text: mutations

text: occur. In

text: seed plant

text: s, the offspring can be packaged in a protective

text: seed

text: , which is used as an agent of dispersal.

text: Others have the specific trait of not being possible to be commit except in a social framework: regulation of certain economic activities, af salaried work, of public spaces.

text: Like all labyrinth fish, the moonlight gourami has a special lung-like organ that allows it to breathe air directly. Because of this labyrinth organ, it is not unusual to see it go to the surface and gulp air. The ability to breathe air allows the moonlight gourami to survive in very low oxygen situations. In fact, if it remains moist it can actually survive out of water for up to several hours.

text: Like all labyrinth fish, the moonlight gourami has a special lung-like organ that allows it to breathe air directly. Because of this

text: labyrinth organ

text: , it is not unusual to see it go to the surface and gulp air. The ability to breathe air allows the moonlight gourami to survive in very low oxygen situations. In fact, if it remains moist it can actually survive out of water for up to several hours.

text: With the exception of Dendrophryniscus leucomystax, Dendrophryniscus breed in phytotelmata. In contrast, Amazophrynella are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids.

text: With the exception of

text: Dendrophryniscus leucomystax

text: , Dendrophryniscus breed in

text: phytotelmata

text: . In contrast, Amazophrynella are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids.

text: A favourite feeding strategy of the Chinese White Dolphins is following fishing vessels for fish that escape from the nets. The dolphins like to follow pair trawlers, which catch the most fish and stir up fish at the sea bottom. However, by doing so, they risk being entangled by the fishing nets. As dolphins have to surface to breathe, they will drown once they get caught and entangled. Gill-net is another threat to dolphins in Hong Kong. However, fishery bycatch is not a serious menace to Chinese white dolphins in Hong Kong. It is observed that they are skilful enough to avoid getting entangled when following the trawlers.

text: A favourite feeding strategy of the Chinese White Dolphins is following fishing vessels for fish that escape from the nets. The dolphins like to follow pair

text: trawlers

text: , which catch the most fish and stir up fish at the sea bottom. However, by doing so, they risk being entangled by the fishing nets. As dolphins have to surface to breathe, they will

text: drown

text: once they get caught and entangled. Gill-net is another threat to dolphins in Hong Kong. However, fishery bycatch is not a serious menace to Chinese white dolphins in Hong Kong. It is observed that they are skilful enough to avoid getting entangled when following the trawlers.

text: Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the inner ear contains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.

text: Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of

text: cranial bone

text: s, rooted, medial insertion of

text: mandibular

text: muscle in the lower jaw. The head and

text: pectoral girdle

text: s are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a

text: sclerotic ring

text: of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the

text: inner ear

text: contains large

text: otolith

text: s. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into

text: anterior

text: and

text: posterior

text: sections divided by a

text: fissure

text: The Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) is a freshwater fish which reproduces through gynogenesis. This means although females must mate with a male, genetic material from the male is not incorporated into the already diploid egg cells the mother is carrying (except in extraordinary circumstances), resulting in clones of the mother being produced en masse. This characteristic has led to the Amazon molly becoming an all-female species. The common name acknowledges this trait as a reference to the Amazon warriors, a female-run society in Greek mythology. They are native to warm, fresh waters of northeastern Mexico and to the extreme southern parts of the U.S. state of Texas on the Rio Grande and the Nueces River.

text: The Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) is a freshwater fish which reproduces through

text: gynogenesis

text: . This means although females must mate with a male, genetic material from the male is not incorporated into the already

text: diploid

text: egg cells the mother is carrying (except in extraordinary circumstances), resulting in clones of the mother being produced en masse. This characteristic has led to the Amazon molly becoming an all-female species. The common name acknowledges this trait as a reference to the

text: Amazon warriors

text: , a female-run society in

text: Greek mythology

text: . They are native to warm, fresh waters of northeastern

text: Mexico

text: and to the extreme southern parts of the

text: U.S.

text: state of

text: Texas

text: on the

text: Rio Grande

text: and the

text: Nueces River

text: The fish are synchronous hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive parts at the same time.

text: The fish are synchronous

text: hermaphrodite

text: s, meaning they have both male and female reproductive parts at the same time.

text: As one of the largest and most aggressive of the triggerfish, this fish is rarely a good choice as a resident in a marine aquarium. It is however a hardy fish for those who can provide it with a proper environment. Because it grows so large and so quickly the ideal aquarium for this fish is a 500-gallon aquarium. Although some sources argue it can be kept in as little a tank as 125 gallons, when it achieves its adult size of two feet it is unlikely to thrive.

text: As one of the largest and most aggressive of the

text: triggerfish

text: , this fish is rarely a good choice as a resident in a

text: marine aquarium

text: . It is however a hardy fish for those who can provide it with a proper environment. Because it grows so large and so quickly the ideal aquarium for this fish is a 500-gallon aquarium. Although some sources argue it can be kept in as little a tank as 125 gallons, when it achieves its adult size of two feet it is unlikely to thrive.

text: The Anabantidae are a family of perciform fish commonly called the climbing gouramies or climbing perches.  The family includes about 34 species. As labyrinth fishes, they possess a labyrinth organ, a structure in the fish's head which allows it to breathe atmospheric oxygen.  Fish of this family are commonly seen gulping at air at the surface of the water.  The air is held in a structure called the suprabranchial chamber, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream via the respiratory epithelium covering the labyrinth organ.  This therefore allows the fish to move small distances across land.

text: The Anabantidae are a

text: family

text: of

text: perciform

text: fish

text: commonly called the climbing gouramies or climbing perches.  The family includes about 34 species. As

text: labyrinth fishes

text: , they possess a

text: labyrinth organ

text: , a structure in the fish's head which allows it to breathe atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: .  Fish of this family are commonly seen gulping at air at the surface of the water.  The air is held in a structure called the suprabranchial chamber, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream via the respiratory epithelium covering the labyrinth organ.  This therefore allows the fish to move small distances across land.

text: Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).

text: Although air-breathing fish can absorb oxygen through their lungs, the lungs tend to be ineffective for discharging carbon dioxide. In tetrapods, the ability of lungs to discharge CO came about gradually, and was not fully attained until the evolution of amniotes. The same limitation applies to gut air breathing (GUT), i.e., breathing with the lining of the digestive tract. Tetrapod skin would have been effective for both absorbing oxygen and discharging CO, but only up to a point. For this reason, early tetrapods may have experienced chronic hypercapnia (high levels of blood CO). This is not uncommon in fish that inhabit waters high in CO.According to one hypothesis, the "sculpted" or "ornamented" dermal skull roof bones found in early tetrapods may have been related to a mechanism for relieving respiratory acidosis (acidic blood caused by excess CO) through compensatory metabolic alkalosis.

text: Although air-breathing fish can absorb oxygen through their lungs, the lungs tend to be ineffective for discharging carbon dioxide. In tetrapods, the ability of lungs to discharge CO came about gradually, and was not fully attained until the evolution of amniotes. The same limitation applies to gut air breathing (GUT), i.e., breathing with the lining of the digestive tract. Tetrapod skin would have been effective for both absorbing oxygen and discharging CO, but only up to a point. For this reason, early tetrapods may have experienced chronic

text: hypercapnia

text: (high levels of blood CO). This is not uncommon in fish that inhabit waters high in CO.According to one hypothesis, the "sculpted" or "ornamented" dermal skull roof bones found in early tetrapods may have been related to a mechanism for relieving

text: respiratory acidosis

text: (acidic blood caused by excess CO) through compensatory

text: metabolic alkalosis

text: The Boating Lake (the northern lake) at Stanborough is  in size. It is a shallow lake, under three feet in depth with several small islands.  The boating lake is fed by water from the River Lea at its north end and from a spring.  Excess water flows over a weir back into the river at the south end. Coarse fish such as carp are bred in the boating lake and fishing is banned here.  Rowing boats are available to hire at only £7.50.  The boating lake also sells ice-creams, chocolate bars, fizzy drinks, fishing nets, hot drinks, duck food and more.

text: The Boating Lake (the northern lake) at Stanborough is  in size. It is a shallow lake, under three feet in depth with several small islands.  The boating lake is fed by water from the

text: River Lea

text: at its north end and from a spring.  Excess water flows over a weir back into the river at the south end. Coarse fish such as carp are bred in the boating lake and fishing is banned here.  Rowing boats are available to hire at only £7.50.  The boating lake also sells ice-creams, chocolate bars, fizzy drinks, fishing nets, hot drinks, duck food and more.

text: “Take” is defined by the ESA as harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect any threatened or endangered species. Harm may include significant habitat modification where it actually kills or injures a listed species through impairment of essential behavior (e.g., nesting or reproduction).In the 1982 ESA amendments, Congress authorized the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (through the Secretary of the Interior) to issue permits for the "incidental take" of endangered and threatened wildlife species (Section 10a(1)B of the ESA). Thus, permit holders can proceed with an activity, such as construction or other economic development, that may result in the "incidental" taking of a listed species.

text: “Take” is defined by the ESA as harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect any threatened or endangered species. Harm may include significant

text: habitat

text: modification where it actually kills or injures a listed species through impairment of essential behavior (e.g., nesting or reproduction).In the 1982 ESA amendments, Congress authorized the

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: (through the

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: ) to issue permits for the "incidental take" of endangered and threatened wildlife species (Section 10a(1)B of the ESA). Thus, permit holders can proceed with an activity, such as construction or other economic development, that may result in the "incidental" taking of a listed species.

text: Sexual reproduction is a process specific to eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to animals, plants, and fungi, other eukaryotes (e.g. the malaria parasite) also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between cells; while not the same as sexual reproduction, this also results in the mixture of genetic traits.

text: Sexual reproduction is a process specific to

text: eukaryote

text: s, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to animals, plants, and fungi,

text: other eukaryotes

text: (e.g. the

text: malaria

text: parasite) also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use

text: conjugation

text: to transfer genetic material between cells; while not the same as sexual reproduction, this also results in the mixture of genetic traits.

text: Aggression refers to negative behavior or attitudes toward another, mainly by applying physical force. Evolution on the other hand, is any process of formation or development of something like habit, trait or character in a population from generation to generation. Evolution can explain why fish exhibit aggression because it is a simple emotion. This emotion increases an individual’s survival or reproduction. Aggressive behavior can derive in fish species due to territory, sex specific selection and genetic variation. There is no specific fish species who display invasive behavior. Almost all the fish are aggressive sometimes in their lives depending on their surroundings.

text: Aggression

text: refers to negative behavior or attitudes toward another, mainly by applying physical force.

text: Evolution

text: on the other hand, is any process of formation or development of something like habit, trait or character in a population from generation to generation. Evolution can explain why fish exhibit aggression because it is a simple emotion. This emotion increases an individual’s survival or reproduction. Aggressive behavior can derive in fish species due to

text: territory

text: , sex specific selection and

text: genetic variation

text: . There is no specific fish species who display invasive behavior. Almost all the fish are aggressive sometimes in their lives depending on their surroundings.

text: The extensive fossil record and numerous morphological and molecular studies have shown, however, that lungfish and some fossil lobe-finned fish are more closely related to tetrapods than they are to coelacanths; as a result tetrapods are nested within Sarcopterygii. This abides to cladistics in that in order for a clade to be monophyletic, it must have an ancestral species and all descendants of that common ancestor based on shared characteristics. As such mammals, birds and reptiles, and amphibians are highly derived lobe-finned fish despite looking nothing like the standard sarcopterygian anatomically speaking.

text: The extensive fossil record and numerous morphological and molecular studies have shown, however, that lungfish and some fossil lobe-finned fish are more closely related to tetrapods than they are to coelacanths; as a result tetrapods are nested within Sarcopterygii. This abides to

text: cladistic

text: s in that in order for a

text: clade

text: to be monophyletic, it must have an ancestral species and all descendants of that common ancestor based on shared characteristics. As such mammals, birds and reptiles, and amphibians are highly derived lobe-finned fish despite looking nothing like the standard sarcopterygian anatomically speaking.

text: Similar darkness-adaptive traits can be seen in fish families in other types of isolated environments in a manifestation known as convergent evolution, and has been observed in the Characidae, Cyprinidae, Eleotridae, Gobiidae, Poeciliidae, Siluriformes, Synbranchidae, and various other families. It has also been observed in the freshwater and marine fish group Bythitidae.

text: Similar darkness-adaptive traits can be seen in fish families in other types of isolated environments in a manifestation known as

text: convergent evolution

text: , and has been observed in the

text: Characidae

text: Cyprinidae

text: Eleotridae

text: Gobiidae

text: Poeciliidae

text: Siluriformes

text: Synbranchidae

text: , and various other families. It has also been observed in the freshwater and marine fish group

text: Bythitidae

text: A meristic study is an often difficult task, as counting the features of a fish is not as easy as it may appear.  Much of meristic analyses are performed on dead fish that have been preserved in alcohol.  Meristic traits are less easily observed on living fish, though it is possible.  On very small fish, a microscope may be required.

text: A meristic study is an often difficult task, as counting the features of a fish is not as easy as it may appear.  Much of meristic analyses are performed on dead fish that have been

text: preserved

text: in alcohol.  Meristic traits are less easily observed on living fish, though it is possible.  On very small fish, a microscope may be required.

text: Low oxygen levels recorded along the Gulf Coast of North America have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs, low egg counts and lack of spawning.

text: Low oxygen levels recorded along the

text: Gulf Coast

text: of

text: North America

text: have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs, low egg counts and lack of spawning.

text: Pregnant females give birth soon after arriving on a rookery, and copulation generally occurs one to two weeks after giving birth, but the fertilized egg does not become implanted in the uterus until the fall. Twins are rare. After a week or so of nursing without leaving the rookery, females begin to take progressively longer and more frequent foraging trips, leaving their pups behind, until at some point in late summer the mother and pup both leave the rookery. Reproductive males fast throughout the reproductive season, often without entering the water once from mid-May until August, when the structure of the reproductive rookeries begins to fall apart and most animals leave for the open seas and disperse throughout their range.

text: It has been known for a long time that a light attracts fish, shrimp and insects at night. But what is the best color for a light attractor? Based on the biology of visual receptors discussed above, the light should be blue or green — the space colors of fish and members of their food chain. However, while blue or green light is desirable it is not essential. Even if the eyes of fish or members of its food chain have color receptors most sensitive to the blue or green, these same receptors have a broad but decreased sensitivity to other colors. So, if a fishing light source is intense enough, other light colors will also attract. For example, a sodium vapor light with its characteristic yellow color will attract fish — if intense enough. A fishing light attractor can also be white light because a portion of its total energy is in the blue to green region.

text: Another notable example of animals possessing pharyngeal jaws are the fish from the family Cichlidae. Cichlid pharyngeal jaws have become very specialized in prey processing and may have helped cichlid fishes become one of the most diverse families of vertebrates. However, later studies based on Lake Victoria cichlids suggest that this trait may also become a handicap when competing with other predator species.

text: Another notable example of animals possessing pharyngeal jaws are the fish from the family

text: Cichlid

text: ae. Cichlid pharyngeal jaws have become very specialized in prey processing and may have helped cichlid fishes become one of the most diverse families of vertebrates. However, later studies based on

text: Lake Victoria

text: cichlids suggest that this trait may also become a handicap when competing with other

text: predator

text: species.

text: A fish hook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish.  Fish hooks have been employed for millennia by fishermen to catch fresh and saltwater fish. Early hooks were made from the upper bills of eagles and from bones, shells, horns and thorns of plants (Parker 2002). In 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are normally attached to some form of line or lure device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is an enormous variety of fish hooks.  Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all variable depending on the intended purpose of the hook. They are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications.  Fish hooks are designed to hold various types of artificial, processed, dead or live baits (bait fishing); to act as the foundation for artificial representations of fish prey (fly fishing); or to be attached to or integrated into other devices that represent fish prey (lure fishing).

text: A fish hook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish.  Fish hooks have been employed for millennia by

text: fishermen

text: to catch fresh and saltwater fish. Early hooks were made from the upper bills of eagles and from bones, shells, horns and thorns of plants (Parker 2002). In 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are normally attached to some form of

text: line

text: or

text: lure

text: device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is an enormous variety of fish hooks.  Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all variable depending on the intended purpose of the hook. They are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications.  Fish hooks are designed to hold various types of artificial, processed, dead or live

text: bait

text: s (

text: bait fishing

text: fly fishing

text: lure fishing

text: The cycle is what causes the breath to transition from the inspiratory phase to the exhalation phase.  Breaths may be cycled by a mechanical ventilator when a set time has been reached, or when a preset flow or percentage of the maximum flow delivered during a breath is reached depending on the breath type and the settings. Breaths can also be cycled when an alarm condition such as a high pressure limit has been reached, which is a primary strategy in pressure regulated volume control.

text: The cycle is what causes the breath to transition from the inspiratory phase to the exhalation phase.  Breaths may be cycled by a mechanical ventilator when a set time has been reached, or when a preset flow or percentage of the maximum flow delivered during a breath is reached depending on the breath type and the settings. Breaths can also be cycled when an alarm condition such as a high pressure limit has been reached, which is a primary strategy in

text: pressure regulated volume control

text: When capturing large fish, they often drag the fish onto shore and swing their head around to smash the fish onto the ground until it’s deceased or incapacitated. More modestly sized fish are generally swallowed whole. The Nile crocodile has a reputation as a voracious and destructive feeder on freshwater fish, many of which are essential to the livelihoods of local fisherman and the industry of sport fishing. However, this is very much an unearned reputation. As cold-blooded creatures, Nile crocodiles need to eat far less than an equivalent weighted warm-blooded animal would. It has been found that the crocodile of  consumes an average  of fish per day. In comparison, piscivorous water birds from Africa eat far more daily despite being a fraction of the body size of a crocodile, for example a cormorant eats up to  per day (about 70% of its own body weight) while a pelican consumes up to  per day (about 35% of its own weight). The taking of commercially important fish, such as Tilapia, has been mentioned as a source of conflict between humans and crocodiles and used as justification for crocodile culling operations; however, even a primarily piscivorous crocodile needs relatively so little fish that they cannot deplete fish populations on their own without other (often anthropogenic) influences. Additionally, crocodiles readily take dead or dying fish given the opportunity and are thus likely to incidentally improve the health of some fish species’ populations.

text: When capturing large fish, they often drag the fish onto shore and swing their head around to smash the fish onto the ground until it’s deceased or incapacitated. More modestly sized fish are generally swallowed whole. The Nile crocodile has a reputation as a voracious and destructive feeder on freshwater fish, many of which are essential to the livelihoods of local fisherman and the industry of sport fishing. However, this is very much an unearned reputation. As cold-blooded creatures, Nile crocodiles need to eat far less than an equivalent weighted warm-blooded animal would. It has been found that the crocodile of  consumes an average  of fish per day. In comparison, piscivorous

text: water bird

text: s from Africa eat far more daily despite being a fraction of the body size of a crocodile, for example a

text: cormorant

text: eats up to  per day (about 70% of its own body weight) while a

text: pelican

text: consumes up to  per day (about 35% of its own weight). The taking of commercially important fish, such as Tilapia, has been mentioned as a source of conflict between humans and crocodiles and used as justification for crocodile culling operations; however, even a primarily piscivorous crocodile needs relatively so little fish that they cannot deplete fish populations on their own without other (often

text: anthropogenic

text: ) influences. Additionally, crocodiles readily take dead or dying fish given the opportunity and are thus likely to incidentally improve the health of some fish species’ populations.

text: Much confusion in terminology often occurs regarding these fish. Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, are frequently sold in the United States simply as "bettas". Fish fanciers are thus often unaware that, , around 65 species are classified within the genus Betta. A further source of confusion is that while the generic name Betta is italicized and capitalized, when used as a common name it is usually neither italicized nor capitalized.The common name of B. pugnax, for example, is thus Penang betta.

text: Much confusion in terminology often occurs regarding these fish. Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, are frequently sold in the

text: United States

text: simply as "bettas". Fish fanciers are thus often unaware that, , around 65 species are classified within the genus Betta. A further source of confusion is that while the

text: generic

text: name Betta is italicized and capitalized, when used as a common name it is usually neither italicized nor capitalized.The

text: common name

text: of B. pugnax, for example, is thus

text: Penang betta

text: Respiratory pattern (breathing rhythm) is significant and should be noted in a comatose patient. Certain stereotypical patterns of breathing have been identified including Cheyne–Stokes, a form of breathing in which the patient's breathing pattern is described as alternating episodes of hyperventilation and apnea. This is a dangerous pattern and is often seen in pending herniations, extensive cortical lesions, or brainstem damage. Another pattern of breathing is apneustic breathing, which is characterized by sudden pauses of inspiration and is due to a lesion of the pons. Ataxic breathing is irregular and is due to a lesion (damage) of the medulla.

text: Respiratory pattern (breathing rhythm) is significant and should be noted in a comatose patient. Certain stereotypical patterns of breathing have been identified including

text: Cheyne–Stokes

text: , a form of breathing in which the patient's breathing pattern is described as alternating episodes of

text: hyperventilation

text: and

text: apnea

text: . This is a dangerous pattern and is often seen in pending herniations, extensive cortical lesions, or brainstem damage. Another pattern of breathing is

text: apneustic breathing

text: , which is characterized by sudden pauses of

text: inspiration

text: and is due to a lesion of the

text: pons

text: Ataxic breathing

text: is irregular and is due to a lesion (damage) of the

text: medulla

text: Chittagong and Southern Regions: Ziafat or Mezban feasts are popular throughout the area, where characteristic "heavy" dishes—dishes rich in animal fat and dairy—are featured. Saltwater fish and seafood are quite prevalent in these areas. Shutki (dried fish) is more available in this region than in other parts of the country. Bangladesh's Southern region is also popular worldwide for its fisheries industries with over 100 types of fishes exported every day from this region.

text: Chittagong

text: and Southern Regions: Ziafat or Mezban feasts are popular throughout the area, where characteristic "heavy" dishes—dishes rich in animal fat and dairy—are featured. Saltwater fish and seafood are quite prevalent in these areas. Shutki (dried fish) is more available in this region than in other parts of the country. Bangladesh's Southern region is also popular worldwide for its fisheries industries with over 100 types of fishes exported every day from this region.

text: Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal. However, some fish have relatively large brains, most notably mormyrids and sharks, which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and marsupials.

text: Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal. However, some fish have relatively large brains, most notably

text: mormyrids

text: and

text: shark

text: s, which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and

text: marsupial

text: s.

text: Chocolate fish have a conventional fish-shape and a length of 5 to 8 centimetres. They are made of pink or white marshmallow covered in a thin layer of milk chocolate with the ripples or (scales) on the fish created simply by the fish moving under a blower; this slides the unset chocolate back, creating the illusion of scales on the fish. Several manufacturers make the fish, but the most well-recognised is Cadbury. Smaller, or "fun-sized" variants of the chocolate fish are colloquially referred to as "sprats". For a short period, in the late 1990s - early 2000, there was a Tip Top brand chocolate fish ice-cream.

text: Chocolate fish have a conventional

text: fish

text: -shape and a length of 5 to 8 centimetres. They are made of pink or white

text: marshmallow

text: covered in a thin layer of milk

text: chocolate

text: with the ripples or (scales) on the fish created simply by the fish moving under a blower; this slides the unset chocolate back, creating the illusion of scales on the fish. Several manufacturers make the fish, but the most well-recognised is

text: Cadbury

text: . Smaller, or "fun-sized" variants of the chocolate fish are colloquially referred to as "

text: sprats

text: ". For a short period, in the late 1990s - early 2000, there was a

text: Tip Top

text: brand chocolate fish ice-cream.

text: "Breathing" achieved commercial success in Europe. It peaked at number one on the Bulgarian Airplay Chart, and number four on the Slovak Airplay Chart. In Austria, "Breathing" debuted at number 43 on February 10, 2012, and peaked at number eight in its fifth week on the chart. It peaked at number five on the German Singles Chart, becoming Derulo's third top-ten single in that country. The song was certified gold by The Federal Association of Music Industry (BVMI), denoting shipments of 150,000 copies. In Switzerland, "Breathing" debuted at number 33 on March 11, 2012. It descended to number 50 in its second week on the chart, but managed to peak at number seven in its seventh week. The song was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), denoting sales of 15,000 copies. "Breathing" peaked at number 19 on the Irish Singles Chart and spent a total of 10 weeks in the chart. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 101 on January 28, 2012, and ascended to number 49 the following week. It managed to peak at number 25 in its seventh week on the chart. "Breathing" also charted on the UK R&B Singles Chart at number nine.

text: "Breathing" achieved commercial success in Europe. It peaked at number one on the

entity_name: International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

text: Bulgarian Airplay Chart

text: , and number four on the

text: Slovak Airplay Chart

text: . In Austria, "Breathing" debuted at number 43 on February 10, 2012, and peaked at number eight in its fifth week on the chart. It peaked at number five on the

text: German Singles Chart

text: , becoming Derulo's third top-ten single in that country. The song was certified gold by

text: The Federal Association of Music Industry

text: (BVMI), denoting shipments of 150,000 copies. In Switzerland, "Breathing" debuted at number 33 on March 11, 2012. It descended to number 50 in its second week on the chart, but managed to peak at number seven in its seventh week. The song was certified gold by the

text: International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

text: (IFPI), denoting sales of 15,000 copies. "Breathing" peaked at number 19 on the

text: Irish Singles Chart

text: and spent a total of 10 weeks in the chart. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 101 on January 28, 2012, and ascended to number 49 the following week. It managed to peak at number 25 in its seventh week on the chart. "Breathing" also charted on the

text: UK R&B Singles Chart

text: at number nine.

text: Fishing is a common occupation: in fact there are still many fishing settlements in the area today. Typical of the area are fishing lodges mounted on poles in the water. These structures serve both as fishing stations and places to monitor for illegal fishing. Also common are eel-fishing basins called lavorieri. There are numerous salt-panning facilities in the area.

text: Fishing is a common occupation: in fact there are still many fishing settlements in the area today. Typical of the area are fishing lodges mounted on poles in the water. These structures serve both as fishing stations and places to monitor for illegal fishing. Also common are

text: eel

text: -fishing basins called lavorieri. There are numerous

text: salt-panning facilities

text: in the area.

text: Historically, some doubted that fish could experience pain. However, laboratory experiments have shown that fish do react to painful stimuli (e.g. injections of bee venom) in a similar way to mammals. The expansion of fish farming as well as animal welfare concerns in society has led to research into more humane and faster ways of killing fish. In large-scale operations like fish farms, stunning fish with electricity or putting them into water saturated with nitrogen so that they cannot breathe, results in death more rapidly than just taking them out of the water. For sport fishing, it is recommended that fish be killed soon after catching them by hitting them on the head followed by bleeding out, or by stabbing the brain with a sharp object (called pithing or ike jime in Japanese).

text: Historically, some doubted that fish could experience pain. However, laboratory experiments have shown that fish do react to painful stimuli (e.g. injections of bee

text: venom

text: ) in a similar way to mammals. The expansion of

text: fish farming

text: as well as animal welfare concerns in society has led to research into more humane and faster ways of killing fish. In large-scale operations like fish farms, stunning fish with electricity or putting them into water saturated with

text: nitrogen

text: so that they cannot breathe, results in death more rapidly than just taking them out of the water. For

text: sport fishing

text: , it is recommended that fish be killed soon after catching them by hitting them on the head followed by

text: bleeding out

text: , or by stabbing the brain with a sharp object (called

text: pithing

text: or

text: ike jime

text: in Japanese).

text: In Quebec, the daily catch limit for Atlantic salmon is one fish over , two fish under  or one fish over and one under , provided the smaller fish was the first one caught (a provision designed to prevent an angler from continuing to fish if a large fish is already in possession). The annual catch limit is seven Atlantic salmon of any size.

text: New models presented in recent years suggest a basic advantage for sexual reproduction in slowly reproducing complex organisms. Sexual reproduction allows these species to exhibit characteristics that depend on the specific environment that they inhabit, and the particular survival strategies that they employ.

text: The harlequin rasbora  a small fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae, subfamily Rasborinae, which was originally given the scientific name of Rasbora heteromorpha. The specific name heteromorpha, translating from the Greek as "differently shaped", alludes to the fact that the body shape of this species differs from that of other members of the genus Rasbora, and as a consequence of this and assorted other factors (including the difference in breeding technique), the fish was assigned to a new genus, Trigonostigma, and is thus now known to science as Trigonostigma heteromorpha. The common name for this fish, harlequin rasbora or harlequin fish, alludes to the black triangular patch upon the body, which is reminiscent of the patterns found on the costume of a harlequin.

text: The harlequin rasbora  a small fish belonging to the family

text: Cyprinidae

text: , subfamily Rasborinae, which was originally given the scientific name of Rasbora heteromorpha. The specific name heteromorpha, translating from the Greek as "differently shaped", alludes to the fact that the body shape of this species differs from that of other members of the genus Rasbora, and as a consequence of this and assorted other factors (including the difference in breeding technique), the fish was assigned to a new genus, Trigonostigma, and is thus now known to science as Trigonostigma heteromorpha. The common name for this fish, harlequin rasbora or harlequin fish, alludes to the black triangular patch upon the body, which is reminiscent of the patterns found on the costume of a

text: harlequin

text: Although the species is widely regarded as sexually monomorphic, males have been suggested to grow more quickly, and in some naturally occurring strains, males are noted to possess dark blotches on the base of their dorsal fins. The species reaches sexual maturity around one year of age, and continues to reproduce for 9–10 years. Frequency and timing of spawning may be related to the occurrence of rain. A. ocellatus fish are biparental substrate spawners, though detailed information regarding their reproduction in the wild is scarce.

text: Although the species is widely regarded as

text: sexually monomorphic

text: , males have been suggested to grow more quickly, and in some naturally occurring strains, males are noted to possess dark blotches on the base of their dorsal fins. The species reaches sexual maturity around one year of age, and continues to reproduce for 9–10 years. Frequency and timing of spawning may be related to the occurrence of rain. A. ocellatus fish are biparental substrate spawners, though detailed information regarding their reproduction in the wild is scarce.

text: Congo tetra kept in aquariums are generally a good community fish when other fish are of similar size and temperament.

text: Though there are many types of fish described as Baryancistrus, there are many that yet to be given a true scientific designation, and are only referred to under the L-number system, including the Gold Nuggets. Here is a list of Baryancistrus by L-number designation. The common name and scientific name are included when available, though some of these fish are only commonly referred to by their L-number. For those fish without a scientific name, they are assumed to be Baryancistrus sp.

text: Though there are many types of fish described as Baryancistrus, there are many that yet to be given a true scientific designation, and are only referred to under the

text: L-number

text: system, including the Gold Nuggets. Here is a list of Baryancistrus by L-number designation. The common name and scientific name are included when available, though some of these fish are only commonly referred to by their L-number. For those fish without a scientific name, they are assumed to be Baryancistrus sp.

text: The cod end is the trailing end of the net where fish are finally "caught". The size of mesh in the cod end is a determinant of the size of fish which the net catches. Consequently, regulation of mesh size is a common way of managing mortality of juvenile fishes in trawl nets.

text: The cod end is the trailing end of the net where fish are finally "caught". The size of mesh in the cod end is a determinant of the size of fish which the net catches. Consequently, regulation of mesh size is a common way of managing

text: mortality

text: of

text: juvenile

text: fishes in trawl nets.

text: Due to the poor level of photosynthetic light reaching deep-sea environments, most fish need to rely on organic matter sinking from higher levels, or, in rare cases, hydrothermal vents for nutrients. This makes the deep-sea much poorer in productivity than shallower regions. Also, animals in the pelagic environment are sparse and food doesn’t come along frequently. Because of this, organisms need adaptations that allow them to survive. Some have long feelers to help them locate prey or attract mates in the pitch black of the deep ocean. The deep-sea angler fish in particular has a long fishing-rod-like adaptation protruding from its face, on the end of which is a bioluminescent piece of skin that wriggles like a worm to lure its prey. Some must consume other fish that are the same size or larger than them and they need adaptations to help digest them efficiently. Great sharp teeth, hinged jaws, disproportionately large mouths, and expandable bodies are a few of the characteristics that deep-sea fishes have for this purpose. The gulper eel is one example of an organism that displays these characteristics.

text: Due to the poor level of

text: photosynthetic

text: light reaching deep-sea environments, most fish need to rely on

text: organic

text: matter sinking from higher levels, or, in rare cases,

text: hydrothermal vents

text: for nutrients. This makes the deep-sea much poorer in

text: productivity

text: than shallower regions. Also, animals in the pelagic environment are sparse and food doesn’t come along frequently. Because of this, organisms need adaptations that allow them to survive. Some have long feelers to help them locate prey or attract mates in the pitch black of the deep ocean. The deep-sea angler fish in particular has a long fishing-rod-like adaptation protruding from its face, on the end of which is a bioluminescent piece of skin that wriggles like a worm to lure its prey. Some must consume other fish that are the same size or larger than them and they need adaptations to help digest them efficiently. Great sharp teeth, hinged jaws, disproportionately large mouths, and expandable bodies are a few of the characteristics that deep-sea fishes have for this purpose. The

text: gulper eel

text: is one example of an organism that displays these characteristics.

text: In the wild this fish eats mainly aquatic insect larvae and crustaceans.In an aquarium they will readily adapt to a diet of commercial dry fish foods, but benefit from a variety of food including both live and frozen foods such as daphnia and bloodworms.

text: In the wild this fish eats mainly aquatic insect

text: larva

text: e and

text: crustaceans

text: .In an aquarium they will readily adapt to a diet of commercial dry fish foods, but benefit from a variety of food including both live and frozen foods such as daphnia and bloodworms.

text: Schistocephalus  is a genus of tapeworm of fish, fish-eating birds and rodents. It includes Schistocephalus solidus, a common hermaphroditic parasite of fish and fish-eating water birds.

text: Schistocephalus  is a genus of

text: tapeworm

text: of fish, fish-eating birds and rodents. It includes

text: Schistocephalus solidus

text: , a common

text: hermaphroditic

text: parasite

text: of fish and fish-eating water birds.

text: Canthigaster axiologus is a small sized fish that can reach a maximum size of 10.1 cm length.

text: Canthigaster axiologus is a small sized

text: fish

text: that can reach a maximum size of 10.1 cm length.

text: Until the mid-1990s New Bedford was home to a thriving commercial fishing community that fished Georges Bank, but in 1996 action was taken to reduce over-fishing, which devastated commercial fishing in the area.

text: Until the mid-1990s New Bedford was home to a thriving commercial fishing community that fished

text: Georges Bank

text: , but in 1996 action was taken to reduce over-fishing, which devastated commercial fishing in the area.

text: Aristotle (ca. 340 B.C.) may have been the first scientist to speculate on the use of hard parts of fishes to determine age, stating in Historica Animalium that “the age of a scaly fish may be told by the size and hardness of its scales.”  However, it wasn’t until the development of the microscope that more detailed studies were performed on the structure of scales. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek developed improved lenses which he went use in his creation of microscopes. He had a wide range of interests including the structure of fish scales from the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and the burbot (Lota lota), species which were previously thought not to have scales. He observed that the scales contained “circular lines” and that each scale had the same number of these lines, and correctly inferred that the number of lines correlated to the age of the fish. He also correctly associated the darker areas of scale growth to the season of slowed growth, a characteristic he had previously observed in tree trunks. Leeuwenhoek’s work went widely undiscovered by fisheries researchers, and the discovery of fish aging structures is widely credited to Hans Hederström (e.g., Ricker 1975). Hederström examined the vertebrae of pike (Esox lucius) and concluded that each contained growth rings which could then be used to determine the fish’s age. In 1859, Robert Bell reported that one could use these growth rings to reliably determine the age of all fish after examination of sucker (Catastomus sp.) vertebrae and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) scales that he raised in a pond for two years showed “two rings or circles.”

text: Aristotle (ca. 340 B.C.) may have been the first scientist to speculate on the use of hard parts of fishes to determine age, stating in Historica Animalium that “the age of a scaly fish may be told by the size and hardness of its scales.”  However, it wasn’t until the development of the microscope that more detailed studies were performed on the structure of scales.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: developed improved lenses which he went use in his creation of microscopes. He had a wide range of interests including the structure of fish scales from the

text: European eel

text: (Anguilla anguilla) and the

text: burbot

text: (Lota lota), species which were previously thought not to have scales. He observed that the scales contained “circular lines” and that each scale had the same number of these lines, and correctly inferred that the number of lines correlated to the age of the fish. He also correctly associated the darker areas of scale growth to the season of slowed growth, a characteristic he had previously observed in tree trunks. Leeuwenhoek’s work went widely undiscovered by fisheries researchers, and the discovery of fish aging structures is widely credited to Hans Hederström (e.g., Ricker 1975). Hederström examined the vertebrae of

text: pike

text: (Esox lucius) and concluded that each contained growth rings which could then be used to determine the fish’s age. In 1859, Robert Bell reported that one could use these growth rings to reliably determine the age of all fish after examination of

text: sucker

text: (Catastomus sp.) vertebrae and

text: yellow perch

text: (Perca flavescens) scales that he raised in a pond for two years showed “two rings or circles.”

text: Tarpons are considered one of the great saltwater game fishes, not only because of their size and their accessible haunts, but also because of their fighting spirit when hooked; they are very strong, making spectacular leaps into the air.  The flesh is undesirable and bony.  In Florida and Alabama, a special permit is required to kill and keep a tarpon, so most tarpon fishing there is catch and release.

text: Tarpons are considered one of the great saltwater

text: game fish

text: es, not only because of their size and their accessible haunts, but also because of their fighting spirit when hooked; they are very strong, making spectacular leaps into the air.  The flesh is undesirable and bony.  In

text: Florida

text: and

text: Alabama

text: , a special permit is required to kill and keep a tarpon, so most tarpon fishing there is

text: catch and release

text: One of the best known types is the Zander (gös in Swedish), commons and native in Sweden and indeed in most of Europe. It is a popular game fish because of its tastfulness. In Sweden it is common in all regions except the northernmost mountains and on the island Gotland, and it is the provincial fish of the province Västmanland. The Swedish record weight is 12.007 kg.

text: One of the best known types is the

text: Zander

text: (gös in Swedish), commons and native in Sweden and indeed in most of Europe. It is a popular game fish because of its tastfulness. In Sweden it is common in all regions except the northernmost mountains and on the island

text: Gotland

text: , and it is the provincial fish of the province

text: Västmanland

text: . The Swedish record weight is 12.007

text: kg

text: This fish is also an important food fish in Africa.

text: The giant trevally is a powerful predatory fish, from the estuaries it inhabits as a juvenile to the outer reefs and atolls it patrols as an adult. Hunting appears to occur at different times of the day in different areas of its range; off South Africa it is most active during the day, especially at dawn and dusk, while off Zanzibar and Hong Kong, it is nocturnal in its habits. The species' diets have been determined in several countries and habitats; their diets generally vary slightly by locations and age. In all but one study (which was of juveniles), the giant trevally dominantly takes other fishes, with various crustaceans, cephalopods and occasionally molluscs making the remainder of the diet. In Hawaii, the species has a predominantly fish-based diet consisting of Scaridae and Labridae, with crustaceans, including lobsters, and cephalopods (squid and octopus) making up the remaining portion. The large number of reef fishes suggests it spends much of its time foraging over shallow-water reef habitats, but the presence of squid and the schooling carangid Decapterus macarellus indicates exploitation of more open-water habitats, as well. Off Africa, the diet is similar, consisting mostly of fish including eels, with minor squid, octopus, mantis shrimp, lobsters and other crustaceans. Younger fish inside Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii showed the only instance where crustaceans were preferred over fish; stomatopods, shrimp and crabs were the most common prey taken at 89% of stomach content by volume, with fish, mostly of the family Blennidae, making up only 7% of the stomach contents. Estuarine fish in both Hawaii and Australia have mostly fish-based diets, with crustaceans such as prawns and amphipods also of importance, and they are known to take more novel prey, such as spiders and insects, in these habitats. Juvenile turtles and dolphins were reported being found within the stomach contents of larger giant trevally. Studies of different size classes of fish have found their diets change with age in some locations, with the changes relating to an increased volume of fish taken.

text: The giant trevally is a powerful

text: predatory fish

text: , from the estuaries it inhabits as a juvenile to the outer reefs and atolls it patrols as an adult. Hunting appears to occur at different times of the day in different areas of its range; off South Africa it is most active during the day, especially at dawn and dusk, while off

text: Zanzibar

text: and Hong Kong, it is nocturnal in its habits. The species' diets have been determined in several countries and habitats; their diets generally vary slightly by locations and age. In all but one study (which was of juveniles), the giant trevally dominantly takes other fishes, with various

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: cephalopod

text: s and occasionally

text: mollusc

text: s making the remainder of the diet. In Hawaii, the species has a predominantly fish-based diet consisting of

text: Scaridae

text: and

text: Labridae

text: , with crustaceans, including

text: lobster

text: s, and cephalopods (squid and octopus) making up the remaining portion. The large number of

text: reef fish

text: es suggests it spends much of its time foraging over shallow-water reef habitats, but the presence of squid and the schooling carangid

text: Decapterus macarellus

text: indicates exploitation of more open-water habitats, as well. Off Africa, the diet is similar, consisting mostly of fish including

text: eel

text: s, with minor squid, octopus,

text: mantis shrimp

text: , lobsters and other crustaceans. Younger fish inside

text: Kaneohe Bay

text: , Hawaii showed the only instance where crustaceans were preferred over fish;

text: stomatopod

text: s,

text: shrimp

text: and

text: crab

text: s were the most common prey taken at 89% of stomach content by volume, with fish, mostly of the family Blennidae, making up only 7% of the stomach contents.

text: Estuarine fish

text: in both Hawaii and Australia have mostly fish-based diets, with crustaceans such as prawns and

text: amphipod

text: s also of importance, and they are known to take more novel prey, such as spiders and insects, in these habitats. Juvenile

text: turtle

text: s and

text: dolphin

text: s were reported being found within the stomach contents of larger giant trevally. Studies of different size classes of fish have found their diets change with age in some locations, with the changes relating to an increased volume of fish taken.

text: Sexual reproduction occurs through the clustered or scattered deposition of spermatophores by male adults. Stimulation of spermatophore deposition by female pheromones has been demonstrated in Sinella curviseta. Mating behaviour can be observed in Symphypleona. Among Symphypleona, males of some Sminthuridae use a clasping organ located on their antenna. Many collembolan species, mostly those living in deeper soil horizons, are parthenogenetic, which favours reproduction to the detriment of genetic diversity and thereby to population tolerance of environmental hazards. Parthenogenesis (also called thelytoky) is under the control of symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, which live, reproduce and are carried in female reproductive organs and eggs of Collembola. Feminizing Wolbachia species are widespread in arthropods and nematodes, where they co-evolved with most of their lineages.

text: Sexual reproduction

text: occurs through the clustered or scattered deposition of spermatophores by

text: male

text: adults. Stimulation of

text: spermatophore

text: deposition by female

text: pheromones

text: has been demonstrated in Sinella curviseta.

text: Mating behaviour

text: can be observed in

text: Symphypleona

text: . Among Symphypleona, males of some

text: Sminthuridae

text: use a clasping organ located on their

text: antenna

text: . Many collembolan species, mostly those living in deeper soil horizons, are

text: parthenogenetic

text: , which favours

text: reproduction

text: to the detriment of

text: genetic diversity

text: and thereby to

text: population

text: tolerance of

text: environmental hazards

text: Parthenogenesis

text: (also called

text: thelytoky

text: ) is under the control of symbiotic

text: bacteria

text: of the genus

text: Wolbachia

text: , which live, reproduce and are carried in female reproductive organs and eggs of Collembola. Feminizing

text: Wolbachia

text: species are widespread in

text: arthropod

text: s and

text: nematodes

text: , where they co-evolved with most of their

text: lineages

text: Human infants are commonly described as obligate nasal breathers as they prefer breathing through their nose rather than mouth. Most infants, however, are able to breathe through their mouth if their nose is blocked. There are however certain infants with conditions such as choanal atresia in which deaths have resulted from nasal obstruction. In these cases there are cyclical periods of cyanosis. The infant initially attempts to breathe through the nose, and is unable to; hypercapnia occurs, and many babies instinctively begin to cry. While crying, oral ventilation occurs and cyanosis subsides. There is variation in the length of time until a baby begins oral breathing, and some will never cease attempts at nasal breathing. It has also been suggested that infants may not be able to sustain oral breathing for significant lengths of time, because of the weakness of the muscles required to seal the nasal airway and open the oral airway.

text: Human infants are commonly described as obligate nasal breathers as they prefer breathing through their nose rather than mouth. Most infants, however, are able to breathe through their mouth if their nose is blocked. There are however certain infants with conditions such as

text: choanal atresia

text: in which deaths have resulted from nasal obstruction. In these cases there are cyclical periods of

text: cyanosis

text: . The infant initially attempts to breathe through the nose, and is unable to;

text: hypercapnia

text: occurs, and many babies instinctively begin to cry. While crying, oral ventilation occurs and cyanosis subsides. There is variation in the length of time until a baby begins oral breathing, and some will never cease attempts at nasal breathing. It has also been suggested that infants may not be able to sustain oral breathing for significant lengths of time, because of the weakness of the muscles required to seal the nasal airway and open the oral airway.

text: The mud carp is a fish native to China and found in the waterways of the Pearl River, but it also found in the Mekong River. The freshwater fish was introduced as food fish to substitute Common carp for common people as the former fish was reserved for consumption by the Emperor.

text: The mud carp is a fish native to

text: China

text: and found in the waterways of the

text: Pearl River

text: , but it also found in the

text: Mekong River

text: . The freshwater fish was introduced as food fish to substitute

text: Common carp

text: for common people as the former fish was reserved for consumption by the Emperor.

text: The lesser swamp eel (Monopterus desilvai) is a commercially important, air-breathing species of fish in the Synbranchidae family. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text: The lesser swamp eel (Monopterus desilvai) is a commercially important, air-breathing

text: species

text: of

text: fish

text: in the

text: Synbranchidae

text: family. It is

text: endemic

text: to

text: Sri Lanka

text: Just enough salt is used to prevent the raw fish from rotting (chemical decomposition). A fermentation process of at least six months gives the lightly-salted fish its characteristic strong smell and somewhat acidic taste.

text: Just enough salt is used to prevent the raw fish from

text: rotting

text: (chemical decomposition). A fermentation process of at least six months gives the lightly-salted fish its characteristic strong smell and somewhat acidic taste.

text: The villages do share some common traits that are evident from the available sources. The northern villages were likely seasons campsite prior to becoming larger settlements. They are located at strategic points controlling access to Lake Ontario and near seasonally abundant fish and games. Six of the seven villages are all located on the best agricultural land found along the northern shores of the lake, according to the Canada Land Inventory. The Iroquois likely grew squash, corn, and beans.

text: The villages do share some common traits that are evident from the available sources. The northern villages were likely seasons campsite prior to becoming larger settlements. They are located at strategic points controlling access to Lake Ontario and near seasonally abundant fish and games. Six of the seven villages are all located on the best agricultural land found along the northern shores of the lake, according to the

text: Canada Land Inventory

text: . The Iroquois likely grew

text: squash

text: corn

text: , and

text: beans

text: Growth overfishing occurs when fish are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the maximum yield per recruit. A recruit is an individual that makes it to maturity, or into the limits specified by a fishery, which are usually size or age. This makes the total yield less than it would be if the fish were allowed to grow to an appropriate size. It can be countered by reducing fishing mortality to lower levels and increasing the average size of harvested fish to a size that will allow maximum yield per recruit.

text: Growth overfishing occurs when fish are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the

text: maximum yield

text: per recruit. A

text: recruit

text: is an individual that makes it to maturity, or into the limits specified by a fishery, which are usually size or age. This makes the total yield less than it would be if the fish were allowed to grow to an appropriate size. It can be countered by reducing fishing mortality to lower levels and increasing the average size of harvested fish to a size that will allow maximum yield per recruit.

text: Breeding can be achieved with very little effort and no specific requirements are needed for breeding purposes.As long as water conditions are maintained at a desirable high quality, a breeding pair of such fish will readily spawn. To enhance the likelihood of acquiring a breeding pair, purchase several healthy and active juveniles at a young age (between 6 -10) and grow these specimens until sexual maturity. Generally, you should be left with a breeding pair or two. These fish will noticeably become more aggressive and territorial, Remove all other fish at this point and keep the newly formed breeding pair separate.When a breeding pair had been successfully established,The male will begin to court the female by displaying his erect finnage to the female as he tries to impress her in an attempt for her to accept his mating invitation.The pair will begin to clean a flat surface if the female is responsive of the male's previous courting behavior.The female will then lay approximately 1000 - 2000 orange coloured eggs which will then be fertilized by the male. The eggs will be ferociously guarded by both parents and a high degree of parental care is show to the eggs and fry.When the eggs 'hatch' after approximately 5 -7 days, the  offspring (known as wrigglers at this stage in development) are defenseless and are unable to swim. They are often transported to pre dug pits by both parents, and are guarded. The fry will begin to swim in approximately 7 days and should be fed with baby brine shrimp or alike. If you would like to rear these fry, they should be removed at this point as they will later be consumed by both parents as the female becomes due to spawn once more. Feed the fry baby brine shrimp until the stage where they are large enough to consume blood worm, daphnia and other live foods.When purchasing fish in an attempt to acquire a breeding pair, try to buy fish from different sources. There is a high probability that when buying fish from the same source, Fish will be from the same parents (Siblings). This should be avoided, as breeding fish in this manner may form offspring with genetic disease usually associated with interbreeding.Also, buy fish of a similar size, the chances of acquiring a breeding pair with fish of a similar size is significant to that of attempting to breed fish of different age and size.

text: Medium size pelagic fishes include trevally, barracuda, flying fish, bonito, mahi mahi and coastal mackerel. Many of these fish hunt forage fish, but are in turn hunted by yet larger pelagic fish. Nearly all fish are predator fish to some measure, and apart from the top predators, the distinction between predator fish and prey or forage fish is somewhat artificial.

text: Medium size pelagic fishes include

text: trevally

text: barracuda

text: flying fish

text: bonito

text: mahi mahi

text: and coastal mackerel. Many of these fish hunt forage fish, but are in turn hunted by yet larger pelagic fish. Nearly all fish are predator fish to some measure, and apart from the top predators, the distinction between predator fish and prey or forage fish is somewhat artificial.

text: Meristics is an area of ichthyology which relates to counting quantitative features of fish, such as the number of fins or scales.  A meristic (countable trait) can be used to describe a particular species of fish, or used to identify an unknown species.  Meristic traits are often described in a shorthand notation called a meristic formula.

text: Meristics is an area of

text: ichthyology

text: which relates to counting quantitative features of

text: fish

text: , such as the number of fins or scales.  A meristic (countable trait) can be used to describe a particular

text: species

text: of fish, or used to identify an unknown species.  Meristic traits are often described in a shorthand notation called a meristic formula.

text: While kin selection is nonheritable and a direct result of the environment, sexual selection is a heritable adaptive behavior, and can therefore be characterized as a form of natural selection. Sexual selection refers specifically to competition for mates. Many traits or features that are characteristic of a certain species can be explained by sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; this is because competition for mates results in specific traits being inherited. Only the species that are able to successfully compete and obtain a mate will reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation. Therefore, species-specific genetic traits must be inherited, allowing individuals to be successful in their designated environments.There are many environmental examples of sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; one popular example is sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is a morphological, phenotypic difference between males and females same species.  A common example of sexual dimorphism is difference in body size. Sexual dimorphism can specifically be seen in the fish species, Lamprologus callipterus. These male fish are substantially larger (sometimes up to 60 times) than their female counterparts. The male's increased size is advantageous because the larger individual's are able to compete for female mates, and subsequently defend their offspring, which grow inside empty snail shells until birth. Basically, the larger the male fish, the bigger the adaptive benefit. The advantage of being larger and more powerful is demonstrated in the male's ability to compete and protect. In contrast to the males, the female fish must remain small in order to lay eggs inside the snail shells. It is evident that size plays a significant role in the reproductive success of this particular fish species. Large size is a common adaptive behavioral trait that is inherited through sexual selection and reproduction, as demonstrated in Lamprologus callipterus and other sexually dimorphic species.

text: While kin selection is nonheritable and a direct result of the environment, sexual selection is a heritable adaptive behavior, and can therefore be characterized as a form of natural selection. Sexual selection refers specifically to competition for mates. Many traits or features that are characteristic of a certain species can be explained by sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; this is because competition for mates results in specific traits being inherited. Only the species that are able to successfully compete and obtain a mate will reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation. Therefore, species-specific genetic traits must be inherited, allowing individuals to be successful in their designated environments.There are many environmental examples of sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; one popular example is sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is a morphological, phenotypic difference between males and females same species.  A common example of sexual dimorphism is difference in body size. Sexual dimorphism can specifically be seen in the fish species,

text: Lamprologus callipterus

text: . These male fish are substantially larger (sometimes up to 60 times) than their female counterparts. The male's increased size is advantageous because the larger individual's are able to compete for female mates, and subsequently defend their offspring, which grow inside empty snail shells until birth. Basically, the larger the male fish, the bigger the adaptive benefit. The advantage of being larger and more powerful is demonstrated in the male's ability to compete and protect. In contrast to the males, the female fish must remain small in order to lay eggs inside the snail shells. It is evident that size plays a significant role in the reproductive success of this particular fish species. Large size is a common adaptive behavioral trait that is inherited through sexual selection and reproduction, as demonstrated in Lamprologus callipterus and other sexually dimorphic species.

text: Bisaya people are skilled in catching fish either from the river or at sea, and they can hold their breath under water without drowning. One of the tragic stories of the Bisaya happened a few hundred years ago when Awang Kuyoh, son of Awang Alak Betatar was drowned by the Sulu people, who took his wife back to Sulu Island. Legend has it that the Bisaya sailor called Awang Semaun and his crew sailed around this island starting from Klias River, and he tied a handkerchief in front of the boat.  When he arrived at the starting point, the handkerchief was torn and that's how this island came to be called Handkerchief Island or Pulau Sapu Tangan or Pulau Peraca in local language. The Imperial Colony called it Borneo. From Spanish records, this island was known as Borneo during the first visit of the Portuguese sailor Magellan, in service of the Spanish Crown.

text: Bisaya people are skilled in catching fish either from the

text: river

text: or at

text: sea

text: , and they can hold their breath under water without

text: drowning

text: . One of the tragic stories of the Bisaya happened a few hundred years ago when Awang Kuyoh, son of Awang Alak Betatar was drowned by the

text: Sulu people

text: , who took his wife back to

text: Sulu Island

text: . Legend has it that the Bisaya sailor called Awang Semaun and his crew sailed around this island starting from

text: Klias River

text: , and he tied a handkerchief in front of the boat.  When he arrived at the starting point, the handkerchief was torn and that's how this island came to be called Handkerchief Island or Pulau Sapu Tangan or Pulau Peraca in local language. The Imperial Colony called it Borneo. From Spanish records, this island was known as Borneo during the first visit of the Portuguese sailor Magellan, in service of the

text: Spanish Crown

text: The plateau is a drainage basin for the Granite Plateau Creek, and its major tributary, Saucepan Creek. Both of these creeks flow only briefly after rain and as the region receives highly variable rainfall, water is scarce for most of the year and both creeks are ephemeral. In places the creeks have cut deep gorges and valleys into the plateau’s granite creating permanent and semi-permanent waterholes that support numerous species of frogs including the brown toadlet (Pseudophryne bibroniiand), water spiders (Dolomedes spp.) and small populations of unidentified fish. The fish are possibly spangled perch, (Leiopotherapon unicolor) a widely distributed desert fish common in much of the Hamilton Creek Catchment, or Lake Eyre Hardyhead, (Craterocephalus eyresii) the most common and widely distributed fish in the Flinders Ranges.

text: The plateau is a

text: drainage basin

text: for the Granite Plateau Creek, and its major tributary, Saucepan Creek. Both of these creeks flow only briefly after rain and as the region receives highly variable rainfall, water is scarce for most of the year and both creeks are

text: ephemeral

text: . In places the creeks have cut deep gorges and valleys into the plateau’s granite creating permanent and semi-permanent waterholes that support numerous species of frogs including the

text: brown toadlet

text: (Pseudophryne bibroniiand), water spiders (Dolomedes spp.) and small populations of unidentified fish. The fish are possibly spangled perch, (Leiopotherapon unicolor) a widely distributed desert fish common in much of the Hamilton Creek Catchment, or Lake Eyre Hardyhead, (Craterocephalus eyresii) the most common and widely distributed fish in the Flinders Ranges.

text: Overfishing occurs when more fish are caught than the population can replace through natural reproduction. Gathering as many fish as possible may seem like a profitable practice, but overfishing has serious consequences. The results not only affect the balance of life in the oceans, but also the social and economic well-being of the coastal communities who depend on fish for their way of life.

text: Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rods and cones (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.

text: Vision

text: is an important

text: sensory system

text: terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: s like

text: birds

text: and mammals, but have a more

text: spherical

text: lens

text: . Their

text: retina

text: s generally have both

text: rods

text: and

text: cones

text: (for

text: scotopic

text: and

text: photopic vision

text: ), and most species have

text: colour vision

text: . Some fish can see

text: ultraviolet

text: and some can see

text: polarized light

text: . Amongst

text: jawless fish

text: , the

text: lamprey

text: has well-developed eyes, while the

text: hagfish

text: has only primitive

text: eyespots

text: . Fish vision shows

text: adaptation

text: deep sea fish

text: In 2008, however, Bos and Ferwerda published a commentary in which they maintain that On Breath is a genuine work of Aristotle whose doctrines respond to those of Plato's Timaeus and constitute an important part of Aristotle's philosophy of nature.  They list a number of positions that On Breath defends such as that fish don't breathe because there is no air in water that Aristotle is known to have held.  They also consider the position on the soul to be that of Aristotle.

text: In 2008, however, Bos and Ferwerda published a commentary in which they maintain that On Breath is a genuine work of Aristotle whose doctrines respond to those of

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Timaeus

text: and constitute an important part of Aristotle's philosophy of nature.  They list a number of positions that On Breath defends such as that fish don't breathe because there is no air in water that Aristotle is known to have held.  They also consider the position on the soul to be that of Aristotle.

text: Amphibious fish are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly related genera of fish are considered amphibious. This suggests that many fish genera independently evolved amphibious traits, a process known as convergent evolution. These fish use a range of terrestrial locomotory modes, such as lateral undulation, tripod-like walking (using paired fins and tail), and jumping. Many of these locomotory modes incorporate multiple combinations of pectoral, pelvic and tail fin movement.

text: Amphibious fish are

text: fish

text: that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly related

text: genera

text: of fish are considered amphibious. This suggests that many fish genera independently

text: evolve

text: d amphibious traits, a process known as

text: convergent evolution

text: . These fish use a range of terrestrial

text: locomotory

text: modes, such as

text: lateral undulation

text: tripod

text: -like walking (using paired

text: fin

text: s and

text: tail

text: ), and jumping. Many of these locomotory modes incorporate multiple combinations of

text: pectoral

text: pelvic

text: and tail fin movement.

text: Cadgwith was established in medieval times as a collection of fishing cellars in a sheltered south-east facing coastal valley with a shingle cove to subsidise local farmers' livelihoods by fishing Cadgwith was originally called Caswydh or Porthcaswydh (thought to be derived from the Cornish word for 'a thicket'; probably because the valley was densely wooded). From the 16th century, the village became inhabited, with fishing as the main occupation. Subsequently buildings were established as homes, lofts, capstan houses, and cellars constructed of local stone or cob walls, and thatched or slated roofs; which were built along the beach and up the sides of the valley leading to Cadgwith's characteristic Cornish fishing village appearance. Cadgwith owes its existence to the fishing industry. Pilchard fishing occurred until the 1950s using large seine boats and seine nets, which was a system used to enclose the large shoals of pilchards, and coordinated by the use of lookouts, known as huers (from the Cornish 'Hevva, Hevva!' ('Here they are!)), positioned on the cove's two headlands. In 1904, a record 1,798,000 pilchards were landed over four days. Due to overfishing and climate changes pilchards are no longer found in large enough numbers to sustain pilchard fishing in Cadgwith, instead crab and lobster fishing occurs. Brown edible crabs, spider crabs, lobsters, sharks, monkfish, and conger eel are regularly landed with most being sold abroad through fish merchants but some being sold locally by the fishmonger, the café, public house, and seafood snack shop.

text: Cadgwith

text: was established in medieval times as a collection of fishing cellars in a sheltered south-east facing coastal valley with a

text: shingle

text: cove to subsidise local farmers' livelihoods by fishing Cadgwith was originally called Caswydh or Porthcaswydh (thought to be derived from the

text: Cornish

text: word for 'a thicket'; probably because the valley was densely wooded). From the 16th century, the village became inhabited, with fishing as the main occupation. Subsequently buildings were established as homes, lofts, capstan houses, and cellars constructed of local stone or

text: cob

text: walls, and

text: thatched

text: or slated roofs; which were built along the beach and up the sides of the valley leading to Cadgwith's characteristic Cornish fishing village appearance. Cadgwith owes its existence to the fishing industry.

text: Pilchard

text: fishing occurred until the 1950s using large seine boats and seine nets, which was a system used to enclose the large shoals of pilchards, and coordinated by the use of lookouts, known as huers (from the Cornish 'Hevva, Hevva!' ('Here they are!)), positioned on the cove's two headlands. In 1904, a record 1,798,000 pilchards were landed over four days. Due to overfishing and climate changes pilchards are no longer found in large enough numbers to sustain pilchard fishing in Cadgwith, instead crab and

text: lobster

text: fishing occurs.

text: Brown edible crabs

text: spider crab

text: s,

text: lobsters

text: shark

text: s,

text: monkfish

text: , and

text: conger eel

text: are regularly landed with most being sold abroad through fish merchants but some being sold locally by the fishmonger, the café, public house, and seafood snack shop.

text: The Siamese fighting fish is perhaps the most popular labyrinth fish in the aquarium trade. The paradise fish also has a long aquarium history and was one of the first aquarium fish introduced to the West. Many species of gouramies, particular the three spot gourami and the dwarf gourami, are commercially bred for the trade, and several color morphs are commonly available. Because of their capability to use atmospheric oxygen, these fish generally are not so dependent on a form of aeration in their tanks, as they can rise to the surface of the water and take a breath, or breathing apparatus. Many of the labyrinth fish are peaceful and do well in most community tanks. However, individual males, especially the Siamese fighting fish and paradise fish, are territorial towards each other. Male Siamese fighting fish cannot be kept together under any circumstances, as they have been bred for aggression and will fight to the death. In many breeding pairs, the male and female cannot be kept together for long periods of time. Males may perceive males of other species as competition if they have long and bright fins and attack them, as well. For other species of anabantoids, a large aquarium with only one male per tank is ideal to prevent aggression.

text: The

text: Siamese fighting fish

text: is perhaps the most popular labyrinth fish in the aquarium trade. The

text: paradise fish

text: also has a long aquarium history and was one of the first aquarium fish introduced to the West. Many species of

text: gourami

text: es, particular the

text: three spot gourami

text: and the

text: dwarf gourami

text: , are commercially bred for the trade, and several color morphs are commonly available. Because of their capability to use atmospheric oxygen, these fish generally are not so dependent on a form of

text: aeration

text: in their tanks, as they can rise to the surface of the water and take a breath, or breathing apparatus. Many of the labyrinth fish are peaceful and do well in most

text: community tank

text: s. However, individual males, especially the Siamese fighting fish and paradise fish, are territorial towards each other. Male Siamese fighting fish cannot be kept together under any circumstances, as they have been bred for aggression and will fight to the death. In many breeding pairs, the male and female cannot be kept together for long periods of time. Males may perceive males of other species as competition if they have long and bright fins and attack them, as well. For other species of anabantoids, a large aquarium with only one male per tank is ideal to prevent aggression.

text: This is a list of fish considered halal according to the Shia Muslims Jafari jurisprudence and kosher according to Jewish kashrut dietary laws. They have the appropriate characteristic of having scales.

text: This is a list of fish considered halal according to the

text: Shia Muslims

text: Jafari jurisprudence

text: and kosher according to

text: Jewish

text: kashrut

text: dietary laws. They have the appropriate characteristic of having

text: scales

text: Visitors enjoy hiking, boating, fishing, windsurfing, camping, backpacking, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling within Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area, which is operated by  Ashley National Forest.  Camp sites can be found close to the dam and along Highway 191 for a fee, as well as free throughout the area. Campgrounds operated by the U.S. Forest Service close in the winter months, with the exception of Dripping Springs near Dutch John. There are also public camp sites at Buck Board and Lucerne Marinas, along Highway 530 on the west side of the reservoir. The many available fish species in the reservoir and surrounding lakes are Colorado River Cutthroat trout, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Lake trout, Kokanee salmon, Smallmouth bass, Burbot and Common carp. The Green River is a popular spot for fishing, mainly below the dam. The river's ice cold water and beautiful structure make it a world class, world-renowned fly fishing stream.

text: Visitors enjoy

text: hiking

text: boating

text: fishing

text: windsurfing

text: camping

text: backpacking

text: cross-country skiing

text: , and

text: snowmobiling

text: within

text: Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area

text: , which is operated by

text: Ashley National Forest

text: .  Camp sites can be found close to the dam and along Highway 191 for a fee, as well as free throughout the area. Campgrounds operated by the U.S. Forest Service close in the winter months, with the exception of Dripping Springs near Dutch John. There are also public camp sites at Buck Board and Lucerne Marinas, along Highway 530 on the west side of the reservoir. The many available fish species in the reservoir and surrounding lakes are

text: Colorado River

text: Cutthroat trout

text: Brown trout

text: Rainbow trout

text: Lake trout

text: Kokanee salmon

text: Smallmouth bass

text: Burbot

text: and

text: Common carp

text: . The Green River is a popular spot for fishing, mainly below the dam. The river's ice cold water and beautiful structure make it a world class, world-renowned fly fishing stream.

text: Processed baits, such as groundbait and boilies, can work well with coarse fish, such as carp. For example, in lakes in southern climates such as Florida, fish such as bream will take bread bait. Bread bait is a small amount of bread, often moistened by saliva, balled up to a small size that is bite size to small fish.

text: Processed baits, such as

text: groundbait

text: and

text: boilie

text: s, can work well with

text: coarse fish

text: , such as

text: carp

text: . For example, in lakes in southern climates such as

text: Florida

text: , fish such as

text: bream

text: will take bread bait. Bread bait is a small amount of bread, often moistened by saliva, balled up to a small size that is bite size to small fish.

text: Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.  In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the fish which does not occur naturally in the species, i.e. transgenesis.

text: Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are

text: organisms

text: from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes

text: Agnatha

text: (jawless fish),

text: Chondrichthyes

text: (cartilaginous fish) and

text: Osteichthyes

text: (bony fish) whose genetic material (

text: DNA

text: ) has been altered using

text: genetic engineering

text: techniques.  In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new

text: trait

text: to the fish which does not occur naturally in the species, i.e.

text: transgenesis

text: After "Breathe Me" was used in the TV series finale of Six Feet Under (aired August 2005), the album was re-released on 10 January 2006 in the US, in an expanded version with 16 tracks. The album peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums Chart. "Breathe Me" gained popularity on alternative rock and alternative adult radio stations. In 2007, "Breathe Me" was used in television commercials for Cooper University Hospital of South New Jersey, USA. In April 2008, "Breathe Me" was featured on the German soap opera, Verbotene Liebe when gay supercouple Christian Mann and Oliver Sabel embraced as lovers for the first time on German television. Also, in October 2008, whilst at the Tokyo Game Show Ubisoft revealed a trailer for their upcoming video-game Prince of Persia which used the track "Breathe Me". Many of the commercials on NBC for the 2008 Summer Olympics featured clips of "Breathe Me" and the song was also used for Coca-Cola commercials during the 2010 Winter Olympics. The film Cyberbully also used "Breathe Me" during the scene in which Taylor enters a suicidal depression. "Numb" was featured on an episode of Nip/Tuck (Season 3, Episode #33 "Rhea Reynolds"), played at the close of the episode. It is also regularly used in the UK TV series Holby City and has been played in the UK soap opera, Hollyoaks several times. It has also been used in an episode of The Hills.

text: After "Breathe Me" was used in the TV series finale of

text: Six Feet Under

text: (aired August 2005), the album was re-released on 10 January 2006 in the US, in an expanded version with 16 tracks. The album peaked at No. 14 on the Billboard

text: Top Heatseekers

text: Albums Chart. "Breathe Me" gained popularity on alternative rock and alternative adult radio stations. In 2007, "Breathe Me" was used in television commercials for

text: Cooper University Hospital

text: of South

text: New Jersey

text: , USA. In April 2008, "Breathe Me" was featured on the

text: German

text: soap opera,

text: Verbotene Liebe

text: when

text: gay

text: supercouple

text: Christian Mann

text: and

text: Oliver Sabel

text: embraced as lovers for the first time on German television. Also, in October 2008, whilst at the

text: Tokyo Game Show

text: Ubisoft revealed a trailer for their upcoming video-game

text: Prince of Persia

text: which used the track "Breathe Me". Many of the commercials on

text: NBC

text: for the

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: featured clips of "Breathe Me" and the song was also used for

text: Coca-Cola

text: commercials during the

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: . The film

text: Cyberbully

text: also used "Breathe Me" during the scene in which Taylor enters a suicidal depression. "Numb" was featured on an episode of

text: Nip/Tuck

text: (Season 3, Episode #33 "Rhea Reynolds"), played at the close of the episode. It is also regularly used in the UK TV series

text: Holby City

text: and has been played in the UK soap opera,

text: Hollyoaks

text: several times. It has also been used in an episode of

text: The Hills

text: Digging deep burrows in soft sediments allow the fish to thermoregulate, avoid marine predators during the high tide when the fish and burrow are submerged, and lay their eggs.<br> When the burrow is submerged, several mudskipper species maintain an air pocket inside it, which allows them to breathe in conditions of very low oxygen concentration.

text: Digging deep burrows in soft sediments allow the fish to

text: thermoregulate

text: , avoid marine predators during the high

text: tide

text: when the fish and burrow are submerged, and lay their eggs.<br> When the burrow is submerged, several mudskipper species maintain an air pocket inside it, which allows them to breathe in conditions of very low oxygen concentration.

text: Saltwater fish, both fresh and dried is common, especially among coastal populations. Freshwater fish is not popular in Central Java, unlike in West Java, except perhaps for catfish known locally as lélé. Catfish is usually fried and served with chilli condiment (sambal) and raw vegetables.

text: Saltwater fish, both fresh and dried is common, especially among coastal populations. Freshwater fish is not popular in Central Java, unlike in West Java, except perhaps for

text: catfish

text: known locally as lélé. Catfish is usually fried and served with chilli condiment (

text: sambal

text: ) and raw vegetables.

text: One of Fish's more unusual personal projects is an ongoing attempt to breed domestic cats for intelligence and other traits, including polydactyly. She claims that her cats are about as intelligent as a six-year-old human child, except in regards to symbolic language.

text: One of Fish's more unusual personal projects is an ongoing attempt to breed domestic cats for intelligence and other traits, including

text: polydactyly

text: . She claims that her cats are about as intelligent as a six-year-old human child, except in regards to symbolic language.

text: This family contains only three species, the fewest number of all the families in the suborder. These species are collectively referred to as "infant fishes" due to their characteristic neoteny (retention of juvenile traits into adulthood). These fish reach sexual maturity at a length of 2 cm, retaining other larval traits including lack of pigmentation, a larval kidney, and an unossified skeleton.

text: This family contains only three species, the fewest number of all the families in the suborder. These species are collectively referred to as "infant fishes" due to their characteristic

text: neoteny

text: (retention of juvenile traits into adulthood). These fish reach sexual maturity at a length of 2 cm, retaining other larval traits including lack of

text: pigmentation

text: , a larval kidney, and an unossified skeleton.

text: In recent decades, overfishing has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing the marine food chain dynamics and costing jobs in the fishing industry. Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing.Since the 1960s, various regulations have attempted to protect the stocks of fish such as limited fishing times and limited numbers of fishing boats, among other regulations. However, these rules were never systematically enforced and did not bring much relief. Since then, the United Kingdom and Denmark, two important fishing nations, became members of the EU, and have attempted, with the help of the Common Fisheries Policy, to bring the problem under control. Countries in the EU also have their own policies and laws in an attempt to address the problem of overfishing. The differing policies between countries have been blamed as the cause of tension between fishers, such as the 2012 English Channel scallop fishing dispute.

text: In recent decades,

text: overfishing

text: has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing the marine

text: food chain

text: dynamics and costing jobs in the fishing industry. Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing.Since the 1960s, various regulations have attempted to protect the stocks of fish such as limited fishing times and limited numbers of fishing boats, among other regulations. However, these rules were never systematically enforced and did not bring much relief. Since then, the United Kingdom and Denmark, two important fishing nations, became members of the EU, and have attempted, with the help of the

text: Common Fisheries Policy

text: , to bring the problem under control. Countries in the EU also have their own policies and laws in an attempt to address the problem of overfishing. The differing policies between countries have been blamed as the cause of tension between fishers, such as the

entity_name: 2012 English Channel scallop fishing dispute

text: 2012 English Channel scallop fishing dispute

text: The Six-blotch Hind is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of 50 cm length .

text: The Six-blotch Hind is a medium size

text: fish

text: and can reach a maximum size of 50 cm length .

text: The unisexual (all female) hybridogenetic fish Poeciliopsis monacha—occidentalis is an ancient clonal lineage that appears to be more than 100,000 generations old.  P. monacha was the maternal ancestor of this lineage and P. occidentalis was the paternal ancestor.  In these hybridogenetic fish only the haploid maternal P. monacha genome (M), but not the paternal genome, is transmitted to ova (hemiclonal reproduction).  The paternal P. occidentalis genome (O) is excluded during a pre-meiotic cell division, thus avoiding synapsis and crossing-over.  Fertilization of haploid (M) eggs by O sperm occurs during mating with P. occidentalis males.  This fertilization restores diploidy and results in expression of maternal and paternal traits in somatic tissue. These findings indicate that clonal reproduction in a vertebrate lineage is not necessarily transient, but can achieve a substantial evolutionary age

text: The characteristics of the fish habitats are indicators of the size of the labyrinth organ, as the organ size is negatively correlated with the level of oxygen in the waters. Species native to low-oxygen waters are more likely to have larger and more complex labyrinth organs than species found in fast-flowing, oxygen-rich waters.

text: To use physical habitat models to analyze and predict ecosystem potential, compositions must also be determined of the native fish community and a subset of species must be selected for model development. The development of a Reference Fish Community (RFC) is based on the Target Fish Community approach, described by Bain and Meixler (2000). A comprehensive list of species is generated from literature sources and available regional data collected on relatively intact river reaches. The species are ranked on the basis of abundance in long-term fish collection data from multiple rivers of similar character. Securing habitat for naturally occurring dominant species (ecology) should preserve the most profound characteristics of the ecosystem, providing survival conditions for the majority of the aquatic community and therefore a reference for restoration efforts. The simplest way to create a river habitat model is therefore to select the five to ten highest ranking species for model development. It can then be assumed that community structure reflects habitat structure; therefore, the most common species should indicate the most common habitat. Since habitat availability forms the structure of aquatic fauna, the affinity between the structure of the river habitat and the structure of the fish community can be used as a measure of habitat quality.

text: To use physical habitat models to analyze and predict ecosystem potential, compositions must also be determined of the native fish community and a subset of species must be selected for model development. The development of a Reference Fish Community (RFC) is based on the Target Fish Community approach, described by Bain and Meixler (2000). A comprehensive list of species is generated from literature sources and available regional data collected on relatively intact river reaches. The species are ranked on the basis of abundance in long-term fish collection data from multiple rivers of similar character. Securing habitat for naturally occurring

text: dominant species (ecology)

text: should preserve the most profound characteristics of the ecosystem, providing survival conditions for the majority of the aquatic community and therefore a reference for restoration efforts. The simplest way to create a river habitat model is therefore to select the five to ten highest ranking species for model development. It can then be assumed that community structure reflects habitat structure; therefore, the most common species should indicate the most common habitat. Since habitat availability forms the structure of aquatic fauna, the affinity between the structure of the river habitat and the structure of the fish community can be used as a measure of habitat quality.

text: East African cichlids in general are especially known for their vibrantly colored bodies and the role that coloration plays in courting and mating, but the A. burtoni is known to be phenotypically distinct in its use of a completely different form of sensory communication: acoustic communication. Sounds and the corresponding behaviors of the male sex of these particular African cichlids have been studied while observing the female mate preference, and behavioral experiments demonstrated that acoustic information does indeed play a significant role in sexual reproduction. This reliance on non-visual sensory information in order to coordinate complex social behaviors indicates that acoustic signaling is important for the A. burtoni. This suggests that there are internal cues in these cichlid fish that can significantly change the way in which the fish respond to auditory signals because the physiological state of the fish can directly affect the perception of the auditory signals. Thus, more efforts have been made to understand how the females perform sexual selection by closely examining the signaling systems and how they relate to the neural processing in the fish to result in such behaviors.

text: Little is known about the life cycle or biology of Microsynodontis.  Identifying an individual fish's species within the genus of Microsynodontis can be difficult, but some diagnostic methods have been identifying, including the identification of the color and color patterns, the shape and size of the fins, the shape and size of the snout, the characteristics of the spines of the fish, and the characteristics of the tubercles, which are small, rounded protrusions on the skin of the fish.  The number of teeth in an individual has not been demonstrated to be useful in identifying the species in this genus, unlike in other genera of the Mochokidae.

text: In Australia, "Breathing" debuted at number 36 on the ARIA Singles Chart on November 14, 2011. It peaked at number nine in its fifth week on the chart, becoming Derulo's sixth top-ten single in that country. "Breathing" also charted on the Australian Urban Singles Chart at number four. It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 140,000 copies. "Breathing" debuted at number 37 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on December 12, 2011. It ascended to number 30 in its third week, but descended the chart for the following two weeks. "Breathing" managed to peak at number 28 in its sixth week. In the United States, "Breathing" peaked at number 28 on the Pop Songs chart, but failed to impact the Billboard Hot 100.

text: In Australia, "Breathing" debuted at number 36 on the

text: ARIA Singles Chart

text: on November 14, 2011. It peaked at number nine in its fifth week on the chart, becoming Derulo's sixth top-ten single in that country. "Breathing" also charted on the Australian Urban Singles Chart at number four. It was certified double platinum by the

entity_name: Australian Recording Industry Association

text: Australian Recording Industry Association

text: (ARIA), denoting shipments of 140,000 copies. "Breathing" debuted at number 37 on the

text: New Zealand Singles Chart

text: on December 12, 2011. It ascended to number 30 in its third week, but descended the chart for the following two weeks. "Breathing" managed to peak at number 28 in its sixth week. In the United States, "Breathing" peaked at number 28 on the

text: Pop Songs

text: chart, but failed to impact the

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: Fish markets range in size from small fish stalls, such as the one in the photo at the right, to the great Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo, turning over about 660,000 tonnes a year.

text: Fish markets range in size from small fish stalls, such as the one in the photo at the right, to the great

text: Tsukiji fish market

text: in Tokyo, turning over about 660,000 tonnes a year.

text: Rarely, a Japanese Bobtail, especially a predominantly white specimen, may have heterochromia, or eyes of different colors. Regardless of breed, cats with this trait are known as odd-eyed cats. In this breed, one iris is blue ("silver" in Japanese breeding terms) while the other is yellow ("gold"). This trait is more common in this breed than in most others, with the notable exception of the Turkish Van. In the Japanese Bobtail, this trait is popular and kittens displaying it usually are more expensive.

text: Rarely, a Japanese Bobtail, especially a predominantly white specimen, may have

text: heterochromia

text: , or eyes of different colors. Regardless of breed, cats with this trait are known as

text: odd-eyed cat

text: s. In this breed, one

text: iris

text: is blue ("silver" in Japanese breeding terms) while the other is yellow ("gold"). This trait is more common in this breed than in most others, with the notable exception of the

text: Turkish Van

text: . In the Japanese Bobtail, this trait is popular and kittens displaying it usually are more expensive.

text: Parasites in fish are a common natural occurrence. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In fisheries biology, for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts.

text: Parasite

text: s in fish are a common natural occurrence. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In

text: fisheries biology

text: , for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts.

text: Many centuries ago, fish production was mainly by a few fisherfolk communities living by the lakesides who bartered fish for other food commodities. Fishing activities were characterised by use of traditional gears such as spears, arrows, fish-pots, and the capture of fish by hand in shallow waters of lakes, rivers and swamps or fish poisoning with local herbs. However, these types of gears and methods still exist in minor lakes, the River Nile Basin and shallower areas of Lake Victoria. The fishing activity was relatively at a subsistence level. In the mid-1950s, foreign traders introduced Japanese nylon gillnets which proved more effective in the fishery than the cotton, hemp and flax gillnets. Nylon gillnets gave higher catchability characteristics than any other gears mainly because of higher tensile strength, mesh-size constancy, resistance to abrasion and durability of the nylon fibre material. The introduction of new fish scpecies also boosted fish production. Fish production increased by six times in 30 years rising from 60,000 tons in 1961 to 245,000 tons in 1990 partly as a result of higher productivity of the lakes but also because of the increased catch effort. In 1983 when production was estimated at 78,000 tons p.a., potential production or Maximun sustainable yield (MSY) was estimated at 150,000 tons, yet by 1990 production had exceeded this level by 55,000 tons.

text: Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the African lungfish, are obligated to breathe air periodically or they suffocate. Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe air if they need to and can otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.

text: Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the

text: African lungfish

text: , are obligated to breathe air periodically or they suffocate. Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish

text: Hypostomus plecostomus

text: , only breathe air if they need to and can otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.

text: In fish models, all clinical forms of lactococcosis show an absence of clinical symptoms and mortalities in fish weighing under 80 grams. Smaller fish can be infected experimentally. In a follow-up study of the pathogenicity of L. garvieae, younger fish at 50 grams underwent a higher mortality than older fish at about 100 grams and the acute period of the disease was reported to be longer in young fish.

text: In fish models, all clinical forms of

text: lactococcosis

text: show an absence of clinical symptoms and mortalities in fish weighing under 80 grams. Smaller fish can be infected experimentally. In a follow-up study of the

text: pathogenicity

text: of L. garvieae, younger fish at 50 grams underwent a higher mortality than older fish at about 100 grams and the acute period of the disease was reported to be longer in young fish.

text: Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber strain (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx > εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in pennate muscle contractions. A red-to-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.

text: Most fishes bend as a simple, homogenous beam during swimming via contractions of longitudinal red muscle fibers and obliquely oriented white muscle fibers within the segmented axial musculature. The fiber

text: strain

text: (εf) experienced by the longitudinal red muscle fibers is equivalent to the longitudinal strain (εx). The deeper white muscle fibers fishes show diversity in arrangement. These fibers are organized into cone-shaped structures and attach to connective tissue sheets known as myosepta; each fiber shows a characteristic dorsoventral (α) and mediolateral (φ) trajectory. The segmented architecture theory predicts that, εx > εf. This phenomenon results in an architectural gear ratio, determined as longitudinal strain divided by fiber strain (εx / εf), greater than one and longitudinal velocity amplification; furthermore, this emergent velocity amplification may be augmented by variable architectural gearing via mesolateral and dorsoventral shape changes, a pattern seen in

text: pennate muscle

text: contractions. A red-to-white gearing ratio (red εf / white εf) captures the combined effect of the longitudinal red muscle fiber and oblique white muscle fiber strains.

text: Groundbait is fishing bait that is cast into the water in order to attract fish to the fishing area. It is often used in coarse fishing.

text: Groundbait is

text: fishing bait

text: that is cast into the water in order to attract fish to the fishing area. It is often used in

text: coarse fishing

text: Panderichthys is a 90–130 cm long fish with a large tetrapod-like head that's flattened, narrow at the snout and wide in the back. The intracranial joint, which is characteristic of most lobe-fin fishes, has been lost from the external elements of the skull, but is still present in the braincase. The patterns of external bones in the skull roof and cheeks are more similar to those of early tetrapods than those of other lobe-fins. The transitional qualities of Panderichthys are also evident in the rest of the body. It lacks the dorsal and anal fins (fish fin) and its tail is more like those of early tetrapods than the caudal fins of other lobe-fins. The shoulders exhibits several tetrapod-like features, while the humerus is longer than those found in other lobe-fins. The vertebral column is ossified throughout its length and the vertebrae are comparable to those of early tetrapods. On the other hand, the distal parts of the front fins are unlike those of tetrapods. As would be expected from a fin, there are numerous lepidotrichia (long and thin fin rays).

text: Panderichthys is a 90–130 cm long fish with a large tetrapod-like head that's flattened, narrow at the snout and wide in the back. The intracranial joint, which is characteristic of most lobe-fin fishes, has been lost from the external elements of the skull, but is still present in the braincase. The patterns of external bones in the skull roof and cheeks are more similar to those of early tetrapods than those of other lobe-fins. The transitional qualities of Panderichthys are also evident in the rest of the body. It lacks the dorsal and anal fins (

text: fish fin

text: ) and its tail is more like those of early tetrapods than the caudal fins of other lobe-fins. The shoulders exhibits several tetrapod-like features, while the humerus is longer than those found in other lobe-fins. The vertebral column is ossified throughout its length and the vertebrae are comparable to those of early tetrapods. On the other hand, the distal parts of the front fins are unlike those of tetrapods. As would be expected from a fin, there are numerous

text: lepidotrichia

text: (long and thin fin rays).

text: However, dolphins in these areas can also coexist with humans. For example, in the town of Laguna in south Brazil, a pod of bottlenose dolphins resides in the estuary, and some of its members cooperate with humans.  These cooperating dolphins are individually recognized by the local fishermen, who name them.  The fishermen typically stand up to their knees in the shallow waters or sit in canoes, waiting for the dolphins. Now and then, one or more dolphins appear, driving the fish towards the line of fishermen.  One dolphin then displays a unique body movement outside the water, which serves as a signal to the fishermen to cast their nets (the entire sequence is shown here, and a detailed description of the signal's characteristics is available here).  In this unique form of cooperation, the dolphins gain because the fish are disoriented and because the fish cannot escape to shallow water where the larger dolphins cannot swim. Likewise, studies show that fishermen casting their nets following the unique signal catch more fish than when fishing alone, without the help of the dolphins.  The dolphins were not trained for this behavior; the collaboration began before 1847. Similar cooperative fisheries also exist in Mauritania, Africa.

text: However, dolphins in these areas can also coexist with humans. For example, in the town of

text: Laguna

text: in south Brazil, a pod of bottlenose dolphins resides in the estuary, and some of its members cooperate with humans.  These cooperating dolphins are individually recognized by the local fishermen, who name them.  The fishermen typically stand up to their knees in the shallow waters or sit in canoes, waiting for the dolphins. Now and then, one or more dolphins appear, driving the fish towards the line of fishermen.  One dolphin then displays a unique body movement outside the water, which serves as a signal to the fishermen to cast their nets (the entire sequence is shown here, and a detailed description of the signal's characteristics is available here).  In this unique form of cooperation, the dolphins gain because the fish are disoriented and because the fish cannot escape to shallow water where the larger dolphins cannot swim. Likewise, studies show that fishermen casting their nets following the unique signal catch more fish than when fishing alone, without the help of the dolphins.  The dolphins were not trained for this behavior; the collaboration began before 1847. Similar cooperative fisheries also exist in Mauritania, Africa.

text: Some markets can fail due to the nature of the goods being exchanged. For instance, goods can display the attributes of public goods or common goods, wherein sellers are unable to exclude non-buyers from using a product, as in the development of inventions that may spread freely once revealed.  This can cause underinvestment because developers cannot capture enough of the benefits from success to make the development effort worthwhile. This can also lead to resource depletion in the case of common-pool resources, where, because use of the resource is rival but non-excludable, there is no incentive for users to conserve the resource. An example of this is a lake with a natural supply of fish: if people catch the fish faster than they can reproduce, then the fish population will dwindle until there are no fish left for future generations.

text: Some markets can fail due to the nature of the goods being exchanged. For instance, goods can display the attributes of

text: public goods

text: or

text: common good

text: s, wherein sellers are unable to

text: exclude

text: non-buyers from using a product, as in the development of inventions that may spread freely once revealed.  This can cause underinvestment because developers cannot capture enough of the benefits from success to make the development effort worthwhile. This can also lead to resource depletion in the case of

text: common-pool resource

text: s, where, because use of the resource is

text: rival

text: but

text: non-excludable

text: , there is no incentive for users to conserve the resource. An example of this is a lake with a natural supply of fish: if people catch the fish faster than they can reproduce, then the fish population will dwindle until there are no fish left for future generations.

text: Although lurid anecdotes of attacks on humans abound, very few cases have been verified, and some alleged traits of the fish have been discredited as myth or superstition.

text: Although lurid

text: anecdotes

text: of attacks on humans abound, very few cases have been verified, and some alleged traits of the fish have been discredited as myth or superstition.

text: A common feature of the areas is that they are mostly untouched by industrial activities of man. Except from some herring fishing facilities, long closed, the area is free of roads and structures.

text: The following subject areas, among others, are addressed: the responsibilities of fishing vessel owners and skippers for the safety of the fishers on board and the safety of the vessels; minimum age for work on board fishing vessels and for assignment to certain types of activities; medical examination and certification required for work on fishing vessels, with the possibility of exceptions for smaller vessels or those at sea for short periods; manning and hours of rest; crew lists; fishers’ work agreements; repatriation; recruitment and placement of fishers, and use of private employment agencies; payment of fishers; on board accommodation and food; medical care at sea; occupational safety and health; social security; and protection in the case of work-related sickness, injury or death (through a system for fishing vessel owners’ liability or compulsory insurance, workers’ compensation or other schemes).

text: Labyrinth fish are not born with functional labyrinth organs. The development of the organ is gradual and most labyrinth fish breathe entirely with their gills and develop the labyrinth organs when they grow older.

text: Ecologically, the decline in the mean trophic level is explained by the relationship between the size of the fish captured and their trophic level. The trophic level of fishes usually increases with their size, and fishing tends to selectively capture the larger fishes. This applies both between species as well as within species. When the fishing is intense, the relative abundance of the larger fish positioned high in the food chain is reduced. Consequently, over time, small fishes start to dominate the fisheries catches, and the mean trophic level of the catches declines. Recently the market value of small forage fishes and invertebrates, which have low trophic levels, has sharply increased to the point where they can be considered to be subsidizing fishing down.

text: Ecologically, the decline in the

text: mean trophic level

text: is explained by the relationship between the size of the fish captured and their

text: trophic level

text: . The trophic level of fishes usually increases with their size, and fishing tends to selectively capture the larger fishes. This applies both between species as well as within species. When the fishing is intense, the relative abundance of the larger fish positioned high in the

text: food chain

text: is reduced. Consequently, over time, small fishes start to dominate the fisheries catches, and the mean trophic level of the catches declines. Recently the market value of small forage fishes and invertebrates, which have low trophic levels, has sharply increased to the point where they can be considered to be subsidizing fishing down.

text: Since the community had its base in the Konkan area, food habits are naturally influenced by the sea coast.Naturally, fish was and is the primary ingredient. Various varieties of fish are merrily consumed. Since availability of fish is a seasonal story, even dry fish becomes necessary. Fish is either fired or made into a delicious curry. Almost all of them are deep-sea fish eaters and thus non-vegetarians, but Kudaldeshkars do not consider fish as a non-veg diet. Kudaldeshkars mostly prefer fried, cooked, hot and tasty dishes. Their cuisine is unique, more of humid tropical nature, dominated by fish, rice, spices, kokums, raw mangos, cashew nuts and coconuts. Still, the Malwani diets unique characteristics are well distinguished from Goan food. Kudaldeshkars are not to keen in fruits intake. But the Konkan region is one of the biggest for growing Bananas and Alphanso Mango.

text: Rough or coarse fish usually refers to fish that are not commonly eaten, not sought after for sporting reasons, or have become invasive species reducing the populations of desirable fish. They compete for forage fish with the more popular sport fish. They are often regarded as a nuisance, and are not usually protected by game laws. Forage fish generally are not considered rough or coarse fish because of their usefulness as bait.

text: Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too strictly because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behaviour, filtration capacity, total biomass of plant life, and so on. It is better to apply the overall mass and size of a fish per gallon of water, than simply the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce quite differing amounts of waste. Establishing maximum capacity is often a matter of slowly adding fish and monitoring water quality over time, following a trial and error approach.

text: Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too strictly because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behaviour, filtration capacity, total biomass of plant life, and so on. It is better to apply the overall mass and size of a fish per gallon of water, than simply the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce quite differing amounts of waste. Establishing maximum capacity is often a matter of slowly adding fish and monitoring water quality over time, following a

text: trial and error

text: approach.

text: The commercial fishing of longfin eels began to gain momentum in the 1960s, and by the 1970s there was a 2000 tonne yearly catch. The fishery went into decline in the early 1980s, and in the 2000–2001 fishing season only 1079 tonnes were taken. Commercial longfin eel fishing was included in the Quota Management System (QMS) in 2000 for the South Island and 2004 for the North Island. This set limits to the minimum and maximum size (220 grams and 4 kg) and the Total Allowable Catch (TAC). As of 2007, the TAC has not been reached in any fishing season since the implementation of the QMS. In recognition of the traditional significance of longfin eels, Māori have a 20 percent allocation of fishery stocks. The capture and export of glass eels in New Zealand has been prohibited.

text: The

text: commercial fishing

text: of longfin eels began to gain momentum in the 1960s, and by the 1970s there was a 2000 tonne yearly catch. The fishery went into decline in the early 1980s, and in the 2000–2001 fishing season only 1079 tonnes were taken. Commercial longfin eel fishing was included in the

text: Quota Management System

text: (QMS) in 2000 for the

text: South Island

text: and 2004 for the

text: North Island

text: . This set limits to the minimum and maximum size (220 grams and 4 kg) and the

text: Total Allowable Catch

text: (TAC). As of 2007, the

text: TAC

text: has not been reached in any fishing season since the implementation of the

text: QMS

text: . In recognition of the traditional significance of longfin eels, Māori have a 20 percent allocation of fishery stocks. The capture and export of glass eels in New Zealand has been prohibited.

text: These eelpouts live in a temperate climate in the marine waters of the Northeast Atlantic including the seas such as the Baltic, Barents, Irish, North, and White Seas. They also live in some brackish inlets, such where the River Somme meets the English Channel. The fish stay towards the rocky shorelines and tidepools among the stones and algae. The fish are capable of living out of water under rocks and seaweed due to their ability to breathe air directly. The fish eat eggs and fry of fish and macroinvertebrates such as gastropods and crustaceans.

text: These eelpouts live in a

text: temperate

text: climate in the

text: marine

text: waters of the Northeast

text: Atlantic

text: including the seas such as the

text: Baltic

text: Barents

text: Irish

text: North

text: , and

text: White Sea

text: s. They also live in some

text: brackish

text: inlets, such where the

text: River Somme

text: meets the

text: English Channel

text: . The fish stay towards the rocky shorelines and

text: tidepool

text: s among the stones and

text: algae

text: . The fish are capable of living out of water under rocks and

text: seaweed

text: due to their ability to breathe air directly. The fish eat

text: eggs

text: and

text: fry

text: of fish and

text: macroinvertebrate

text: s such as

text: gastropod

text: s and

text: crustacean

text: s.

text: Another technique used in the prevention of lamprey population growth is the use of barriers in major reproduction streams of high value to the lamprey. The purpose of the barriers is to block their upstream migration to reduce reproduction. The issue with these barriers is that other aquatic species are also inhibited by this barrier. Fish that use tributaries are impeded from traveling upstream to spawn. To account for this, barriers have been altered and designed to allow the passage of most fish species but still impede others.

text: A small fishery on the Piracaba river in Brazil  was the subject of a recent ethnobiological study by Renato et al.. Researchers wanted to examine the knowledge of the Brazilian fishermen to see how it compared to data in the scientific literature. The fishermen displayed a great deal of knowledge pertaining to diet, predation, distribution, reproduction, and migration. They were more likely be knowledgeable about things such as habitat than reproduction. Though reproduction is imperative to the continuation of the species, knowledge of spawning times has little to no bearing on the fishermen's work. Habitat, however, is a subject in which having knowledge is extremely important. The fishermen must know where the fish live in order to make a good catch. In knowing what a particular species eats, one can determine more precisely where the desired species may be found. Fishermen are also careful to be aware of where the desired species' predators hunt, to ensure that they do not lose some of their catch. The fishermen's knowledge of fish species' habits is increased for species that are common or economically valuable.

text: A small fishery on the Piracaba river in

text: Brazil

text: was the subject of a recent

text: ethnobiological

text: study by Renato et al.. Researchers wanted to examine the knowledge of the Brazilian fishermen to see how it compared to data in the scientific literature. The fishermen displayed a great deal of knowledge pertaining to diet, predation, distribution, reproduction, and migration. They were more likely be knowledgeable about things such as habitat than reproduction. Though reproduction is imperative to the continuation of the species, knowledge of spawning times has little to no bearing on the fishermen's work. Habitat, however, is a subject in which having knowledge is extremely important. The fishermen must know where the fish live in order to make a good catch. In knowing what a particular species eats, one can determine more precisely where the desired species may be found. Fishermen are also careful to be aware of where the desired species' predators hunt, to ensure that they do not lose some of their catch. The fishermen's knowledge of fish species' habits is increased for species that are common or economically valuable.

text: In respiratory physiology, ventilation is the movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation. Thus, for organisms with lungs, it is synonymous with breathing. Ventilation usually happens in a rhythmic pattern, and the frequency of that pattern is called the ventilation rate (or, by long-standing convention, the respiratory rate, although in precise usage ventilation is a hyponym, not a synonym, of respiration).

text: In

text: respiratory physiology

text: , ventilation is the movement of air between the environment and the

text: lung

text: s via

text: inhalation

text: and

text: exhalation

text: . Thus, for organisms with lungs, it is

text: synonym

text: ous with

text: breathing

text: . Ventilation usually happens in a rhythmic pattern, and the

text: frequency

text: of that pattern is called the

text: ventilation rate

text: (or, by long-standing convention, the

text: respiratory rate

text: , although in precise

text: usage

text: ventilation is a

text: hyponym

text: , not a

text: synonym

text: , of

text: respiration

text: There is only one fish of the Esox family in Europe: the Esox lucius, Epox, also known as northern Pike. This fish is commons in lakes in the whole of Sweden, with the exceptions of the northernmost regions where it is only sporadic.

text: In addition to improving natural reproduction success the protected slot limit can also serve to improve the average catchable size of a protected species.  This is of particular concern in recreational fisheries where the practice of catch and release is not prevalent.  The slot limit protects those fish that evade harvest until their size exceeds that of the lower end of the protected slot.  They are then protected from harvest until they exceed the maximum size within the protected slot.  Fish within this size range are protected from harvest during the time when their size would make them desirable by anglers.  In such a scenario the protection of large numbers of medium-sized fish translates into a higher success rate of those that exceed the slot limit.  Hence, the protected slot limit increases the amount of fish that reach the large sizes sought by sport anglers.  Of course, this model assumes that the lake or stream in question contains a forage base suitable to support fish of this size.

text: In addition to improving natural reproduction success the protected slot limit can also serve to improve the average catchable size of a

text: protected species

text: .  This is of particular concern in recreational fisheries where the practice of

text: catch and release

text: is not prevalent.  The slot limit protects those fish that evade harvest until their size exceeds that of the lower end of the protected slot.  They are then protected from harvest until they exceed the maximum size within the protected slot.  Fish within this size range are protected from harvest during the time when their size would make them desirable by anglers.  In such a scenario the protection of large numbers of medium-sized fish translates into a higher success rate of those that exceed the slot limit.  Hence, the protected slot limit increases the amount of fish that reach the large sizes sought by

text: sport anglers

text: .  Of course, this model assumes that the lake or stream in question contains a forage base suitable to support fish of this size.

text: Phthalates and BPA date back to the 1920s and 1930s. Phthalates have been applied as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) additives since 1926, but were also used for health care purposes as insect repellents and cercaricides. BPA is present in most aquatic environments, entering water systems through landfills and sewage treatment plant runoff allowing for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.  These endocrine disrupters are a large group of chemicals that enter into the aquatic environment through the manufacturing of various industrial and consumer products, agriculture and food/drug processing, waste water treatment plants and human wastes. Phthalate esters are common additives that soften and make PVC more flexible. It is used in many everyday items such as medical devices, packaging for fragrances and cosmetics, ropes and varnishes, in plastic used to wrap food, and shower curtains. These Phthalate esters have been found in areas of water, air, sediment,and in gulfs and rivers around the world, Giam et al. as cited by. Phalates and BPA affect reproduction in animal groups such as Molluscs, crustaceans, amphibians and fish. Most of these plasticizers affect hormone systems, and some phthalates have even larger pathways of disruption. Phthalates and BPA have been proven to affect development and reproduction in a variety of species. Disturbances include changes in the number of offspring produced and reduced hatching success. In amphibians for example, phthalates and BPA disrupt thyroid functioning which in turn impacts larval development. Molluscs, crustaceans and amphibians appear to be more responsive than fish, with most effects being induced in low concentration ranges with the exception of disrupted spermatogenesis in fish in the low range. A Phthalate referred to as diethyl phthalate (DEP) enters the aquatic environment through industries that manufacture cosmetics, plastics and many commercial products that pose hazards to aquatic organisms and human health. Through exposing an adult male common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) to LC50 doses it was evident that a bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and muscle tissue was present. Fish exposed to 20 ppm of DEP became drowsy and discolored during the onset of the fourth week. Sources of DEP contamination and accumulation in humans include cosmetic products and dietary meat of fish, Persky et al. This DEP acts as a cosmetic ingredient and vehicle for fragrances, both which come in contact with the skin. Many countries around the world including India practice sewage fed fisheries where waste waters are used for the purpose of culturing fish. Endocrine disruption and a presence of phthalate residue is highly likely to be observable in these sewage fed fish. This is the case as waste water from various industries and garbage containing DEP are released into these waters. Through a DEP treatment with Cyprinus carpio, liver size was observed to increase and testis size decreased. In fish, muscle ALT and AST activities decreased as it was effected by DEP treatment.  Like many toxic chemicals DEP has been known to affect metabolic enzyme profiles and activities of phosphatases and transaminases, Ghorpade et al. as cited by. A decrease in immunity of M. rosenbergii after exposure to DEP was also noted. Given that biological effect concentrations for plasticizers used in the laboratory coincide with concentrations present in the environment, it seems that some wildlife species must be negatively impacted.

text: Phthalates

text: and

text: BPA

text: date back to the 1920s and 1930s. Phthalates have been applied as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) additives since 1926, but were also used for health care purposes as

text: insect repellent

text: s and

text: cercaricides

text: . BPA is present in most aquatic environments, entering water systems through

text: landfill

text: s and

text: sewage treatment plant

text: runoff

text: allowing for

text: bioaccumulation

text: in aquatic organisms.  These endocrine disrupters are a large group of chemicals that enter into the aquatic environment through the manufacturing of various industrial and consumer products, agriculture and food/drug processing, waste water treatment plants and human wastes. Phthalate esters are common additives that soften and make PVC more flexible. It is used in many everyday items such as medical devices, packaging for fragrances and cosmetics, ropes and varnishes, in plastic used to wrap food, and shower curtains. These Phthalate esters have been found in areas of water, air, sediment,and in gulfs and rivers around the world, Giam et al. as cited by. Phalates and BPA affect reproduction in animal groups such as Molluscs, crustaceans, amphibians and fish. Most of these plasticizers affect hormone systems, and some phthalates have even larger pathways of disruption. Phthalates and BPA have been proven to affect development and reproduction in a variety of species. Disturbances include changes in the number of offspring produced and reduced hatching success. In amphibians for example, phthalates and BPA disrupt thyroid functioning which in turn impacts larval development. Molluscs, crustaceans and amphibians appear to be more responsive than fish, with most effects being induced in low concentration ranges with the exception of disrupted

text: spermatogenesis

text: in fish in the low range. A Phthalate referred to as

text: diethyl phthalate

text: (DEP) enters the aquatic environment through industries that manufacture cosmetics, plastics and many commercial products that pose hazards to aquatic organisms and human health. Through exposing an adult male common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) to

text: doses it was evident that a bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and muscle tissue was present. Fish exposed to 20 ppm of DEP became drowsy and discolored during the onset of the fourth week. Sources of DEP contamination and accumulation in humans include cosmetic products and dietary meat of fish, Persky et al. This DEP acts as a cosmetic ingredient and vehicle for fragrances, both which come in contact with the skin. Many countries around the world including India practice sewage fed fisheries where waste waters are used for the purpose of culturing fish. Endocrine disruption and a presence of phthalate residue is highly likely to be observable in these sewage fed fish. This is the case as waste water from various industries and garbage containing DEP are released into these waters. Through a DEP treatment with

text: Cyprinus carpio

text: , liver size was observed to increase and testis size decreased. In fish, muscle ALT and AST activities decreased as it was effected by DEP treatment.  Like many toxic chemicals DEP has been known to affect metabolic enzyme profiles and activities of phosphatases and transaminases, Ghorpade et al. as cited by. A decrease in immunity of

text: M. rosenbergii

text: after exposure to DEP was also noted. Given that biological effect concentrations for plasticizers used in the laboratory coincide with concentrations present in the environment, it seems that some wildlife species must be negatively impacted.

text: Diet: feeds on small sharks, bony fishes, cuttlefish, and crustaceans. Reproduction: are ovoviviparous.

text: Diet: feeds on small sharks, bony fishes, cuttlefish, and crustaceans. Reproduction: are

text: ovoviviparous

text: There are other varieties bred from captivity like the gold strain and the peppered strain (not to be confused with the pepper loach). Sometimes the pond loach (especially the golden variety) is mistaken for the kuhli loach. The kuhli, however, likes warm tropical temperatures, will tolerate more acidic conditions, and matures at a much smaller four inches (10 cm). Although these two species have numerous differentiating traits, individual kuhli and pond loaches may resemble each other while young and at the usual age and size of what most fish stores market.

text: There are other varieties bred from captivity like the gold strain and the peppered strain (not to be confused with the pepper loach). Sometimes the pond loach (especially the golden variety) is mistaken for the

text: kuhli loach

text: . The kuhli, however, likes warm tropical temperatures, will tolerate more acidic conditions, and matures at a much smaller four inches (10 cm). Although these two species have numerous differentiating traits, individual kuhli and pond loaches may resemble each other while young and at the usual age and size of what most fish stores market.

text: Fishermen believe that the current fishing practices have to change by keeping successful skills, removing destructive fishing practices and adopting new fishing technologies. The lack of a system allowing local users to have a shared assessment of the fishing conditions and to define a common vision is the main problem for Vezo traditional fishers. They are so good at tracking the changes in fish catches over time and have a better understanding of the multiple uses of the available habitats but when it comes to pooling their knowledge into one system, they just can not make it by themselves. This shows that traditional ways of solving problems have failed to make its way to modern days. Traditional leaders used to play an important role in preserving wealth of the community by providing guidance to resource users according to the best available judgment. This role has been weakened by several factors including his social status.

text: Night sharks are quick, nocturnally active, schooling predators that feed mainly on small bony fishes and squid. Reproduction is viviparous as with the other members of its family; females mate during the summer and give birth to litters of usually 12–18 pups after a gestation period of a year. This deepwater species is not known to pose a danger to humans. It is caught incidentally by commercial tuna and swordfish longline fisheries in the western Atlantic, and also by a targeted longline fishery operating off northeastern Brazil. The night shark is highly valued for its fins, and additionally as a source of meat, liver oil, and fishmeal. However, most sharks caught off northeastern Brazil have been found to contain unsafe concentrations of mercury.

text: Night sharks are quick,

text: nocturnal

text: ly active,

text: schooling

text: predator

text: s that feed mainly on small

text: bony fish

text: es and

text: squid

text: . Reproduction is

text: viviparous

text: as with the other members of its family; females

text: mate

text: during the summer and give birth to litters of usually 12–18 pups after a

text: gestation period

text: of a year. This deepwater species is not known to pose a danger to humans. It is caught incidentally by

text: commercial

text: tuna

text: and

text: swordfish

text: longline fisheries

text: in the western Atlantic, and also by a targeted longline fishery operating off northeastern Brazil. The night shark is highly valued for its

text: fins

text: , and additionally as a source of meat,

text: liver oil

text: , and

text: fishmeal

text: . However, most sharks caught off northeastern Brazil have been found to contain unsafe concentrations of

text: mercury

text: The coloration is medium brown above and white below; there are pronounced white rear margins on the dorsal and caudal fins. The paired fins are mostly pale with brownish basal portions clearly demarcated from the rest of the fin. Very little is known of the biology of the tropical sawshark; its small size may indicate that it is reproductively productive. There is little fishing pressure within its range, and so it is classified as of Least Concern by the World Conservation Union.

text: The coloration is medium brown above and white below; there are pronounced white rear margins on the dorsal and caudal fins. The paired fins are mostly pale with brownish basal portions clearly demarcated from the rest of the fin. Very little is known of the biology of the tropical sawshark; its small size may indicate that it is reproductively productive. There is little fishing pressure within its range, and so it is classified as of

text: Least Concern

text: by the

text: World Conservation Union

text: The development of schooling behavior was probably associated with an increased quality of perception, predatory lifestyle and size sorting mechanisms to avoid cannibalism. In filter-feeding ancestors, before vision and the OLS had developed, the risk of predation would have been limited and mainly due to invertebrate predators, hence, at that time, safety in numbers was probably not a major incentive for gathering together in shoals or schools. The development of the OLS, and vision, would have permitted detection of potential prey. This could have led to an increased potential for cannibalism within the shoal. On the other hand, increased quality of perception would also give small individuals a chance to escape or to never join a shoal with larger fish. It has been shown that small fish avoid joining a group with larger fish, although big fish do not avoid joining small conspecifics. This sorting mechanism based on increased quality of perception could have resulted in homogeneity of size of fish in shoals, which would increase the capacity for moving in synchrony.

text: This is not a very common fish among hobbyists, perhaps because it is hard to find, both commercially and in the tank. Dragon gobies tend to disappear from the market for long periods of time, but are easier to find in stores within their natural range. Meanwhile, they often hide all day, coming out only when the lights are out and owners asleep. As noted above, they are often described by local fish stores as aggressive, capable of eating any fish that fits in their mouth...when, in fact, they are simply detritivores.

text: Only a few shark attacks of uncertain provenance have been attributed to the porbeagle. It is well regarded as a game fish by recreational anglers. The meat and fins of the porbeagle are highly valued, which has led to a long history of intense human exploitation. However, this species cannot sustain heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive capacity. Direct commercial fishing for the porbeagle, principally by Norwegian longliners, led to stock collapses in the eastern North Atlantic in the 1950s, and the western North Atlantic in the 1960s. The porbeagle continues to be caught throughout its range, both intentionally and as bycatch, with varying degrees of monitoring and management. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the porbeagle as Vulnerable worldwide, and as either Endangered or Critically Endangered in different parts of its northern range.

text: Only a few

text: shark attack

text: s of uncertain provenance have been attributed to the porbeagle. It is well regarded as a

text: game fish

text: by

text: recreational anglers

text: . The

text: meat

text: and fins of the porbeagle are highly valued, which has led to a long history of intense human exploitation. However, this species cannot sustain heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive capacity. Direct

text: commercial fishing

text: for the porbeagle, principally by

text: Norwegian

text: longliners

text: , led to

text: stock

text: collapses in the eastern North Atlantic in the 1950s, and the western North Atlantic in the 1960s. The porbeagle continues to be caught throughout its range, both intentionally and as

text: bycatch

text: , with varying degrees of monitoring and management. The

text: (IUCN) has assessed the porbeagle as

text: Vulnerable

text: worldwide, and as either

text: Endangered

text: or

text: Critically Endangered

text: in different parts of its northern range.

text: Anglerfishes are fish of the teleost order Lophiiformes . They are bony fish named for their characteristic mode of predation, in which a fleshy growth from the fish's head (the esca or illicium) acts as a lure.

text: Anglerfishes are

text: fish

text: of the

text: teleost

text: order

text: Lophiiformes . They are

text: bony fish

text: named for their characteristic mode of

text: predation

text: , in which a fleshy growth from the fish's head (the esca or illicium) acts as a

text: lure

text: A term originally coined in the United States by organizations that promote the rights of Native women and women of color, reproductive justice is a concept that links reproductive rights with social justice. The reproductive justice movement arose in the late 1980s as an attempt by these organizations to expand the rhetoric of reproductive rights that focused primarily on choice within the abortion debate and was seen to restrict the dialogue to those groups of women they felt could make such a choice in the first place. In addition to advocating, as do traditional reproductive rights platforms, for the access of women to birth control, reproductive justice provides a framework that focuses additional attention on the social, political, and economic inequalities among different communities that contribute to infringements of reproductive justice.The paradigms that combine the empowerment of women with reproduction have since been categorized into three frameworks: reproductive health, reproductive rights, and reproductive justice. The reproductive health framework addresses inequalities in health services by advocating for the provision of services to historically under-served communities. The reproductive rights framework emphasizes the protection of an individual woman's legal right to reproductive health services, focusing on increasing access to contraception and keeping abortion legal. Finally, the reproductive justice framework utilizes an intersectional analysis of women's experiences and focuses on changing the structural inequalities that affect women's reproductive health and their ability to control their reproductive lives.As such, Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice, recently renamed Forward Together, defines the concept as follows:

text: A term originally coined in the United States by organizations that promote the rights of Native women and women of color, reproductive justice is a concept that links

text: reproductive rights

text: with

text: social justice

text: . The reproductive justice movement arose in the late 1980s as an attempt by these organizations to expand the rhetoric of reproductive rights that focused primarily on choice within the abortion debate and was seen to restrict the dialogue to those groups of women they felt could make such a choice in the first place. In addition to advocating, as do traditional reproductive rights platforms, for the access of women to birth control, reproductive justice provides a framework that focuses additional attention on the social, political, and economic inequalities among different communities that contribute to infringements of reproductive justice.The paradigms that combine the empowerment of women with reproduction have since been categorized into three frameworks:

text: reproductive health

text: , reproductive rights, and reproductive justice. The reproductive health framework addresses inequalities in health services by advocating for the provision of services to historically under-served communities. The reproductive rights framework emphasizes the protection of an individual woman's legal right to reproductive health services, focusing on increasing access to

text: contraception

text: and keeping abortion legal. Finally, the reproductive justice framework utilizes an intersectional analysis of women's experiences and focuses on changing the structural inequalities that affect women's reproductive health and their ability to control their reproductive lives.As such, Asian Communities for Reproductive Justice, recently renamed Forward Together, defines the concept as follows:

text: Most commonly today, it is the traditional instrument that is round in shape and often made out of wood, but sometimes other materials are used as well; this form is actually a later development from the original. The fish is hollow with a ridge outside of the wooden fish to help provide the genuine hollow sound when striking the fish; the instrument is similarly shaped like a jingle bell. The sound can differ amongst wooden fish depending on the size, type of wood used, and how hollow the wooden fish is. The instrument is carved with fish scales on its top, and a carving of two fish heads embracing a pearl on the handle (to symbolize unity), hence the instrument is called a wooden fish for that reason.  In Buddhism the fish, which never sleeps, symbolizes wakefulness. Therefore, it is to remind the chanting monks to concentrate on their sutra. Often the mallet used to strike the fish has a rubber coated tip to provide a muffled, but clear sound when struck. A simplified form is given in the temple block.

text: Most commonly today, it is the traditional instrument that is round in shape and often made out of wood, but sometimes other materials are used as well; this form is actually a later development from the original. The fish is hollow with a ridge outside of the wooden fish to help provide the genuine hollow sound when striking the fish; the instrument is similarly shaped like a

text: jingle bell

text: . The sound can differ amongst wooden fish depending on the size, type of wood used, and how hollow the wooden fish is. The instrument is carved with fish scales on its top, and a carving of two fish heads embracing a

text: pearl

text: on the handle (to symbolize unity), hence the instrument is called a wooden fish for that reason.  In

text: Buddhism

text: the fish, which never sleeps, symbolizes wakefulness. Therefore, it is to remind the chanting monks to concentrate on their

text: sutra

text: . Often the mallet used to strike the fish has a rubber coated tip to provide a muffled, but clear sound when struck. A simplified form is given in the

text: temple block

text: Fish tend to prefer shoals made up of individuals that match their own size. This makes sense as predators have an easier time catching individuals that stand out in a shoal. Some fish may even prefer shoals of another species if this means a better match in current body size. As for shoal size however, hunger can affect the preference for similarly-sized fish; large fish, for example, might prefer to associate with smaller ones because of the competitive advantage they will gain over these shoalmates. In golden shiner, large satiated fish prefer to associate with other large individuals, but hungry ones prefer smaller shoalmates.

text: Fish tend to prefer shoals made up of individuals that match their own size. This makes sense as predators have an easier time catching individuals that stand out in a shoal. Some fish may even prefer shoals of another species if this means a better match in current body size. As for shoal size however, hunger can affect the preference for similarly-sized fish; large fish, for example, might prefer to associate with smaller ones because of the competitive advantage they will gain over these shoalmates. In

text: golden shiner

text: , large satiated fish prefer to associate with other large individuals, but hungry ones prefer smaller shoalmates.

text: Hook shapes and names are as varied as fish themselves. In some cases hooks are identified by a traditional or historic name, e.g. Aberdeen, Limerick or O'Shaughnessy. In other cases, hooks are merely identified by their general purpose or have included in their name, one or more of their physical characteristics. Some manufacturers just give their hooks model numbers and describe their general purpose and characteristics. For example:

text: Rose began carving small model boats around the age of 10, selling and trading them with his friends. His first guitar was purchased from the Lancaster Seed Company catalog, and he often played at fishing camps around Cape Lookout. When Rose was unable to join the Coast Guard as a young man, he turned to commercial fishing, boat building, and building houses. Rose estimates he made between 75-80 full-sized boats in his career. In his 50s, Rose developed arthritis and left the commercial fishing industry. He devoted himself full-time to model boat building.

text: Rose began carving small

text: model boats

text: around the age of 10, selling and trading them with his friends. His first guitar was purchased from the

text: Lancaster Seed Company

text: catalog, and he often played at fishing camps around

text: Cape Lookout

text: . When Rose was unable to join the

text: Coast Guard

text: as a young man, he turned to

text: commercial fishing

text: boat building

text: , and building houses. Rose estimates he made between 75-80 full-sized boats in his career. In his 50s, Rose developed

text: arthritis

text: and left the

text: commercial fishing

text: industry. He devoted himself full-time to

text: model boat

text: building.

text: Reports differ regarding what to do if caught outside during a storm. One study shows that prostration is safer than lying down flat when there are no other alternatives. A contrasting report suggested that it did not matter whether a person was standing up, squatting, or lying down when outside during a thunderstorm, because lightning can travel along the ground; this report suggested it was safest to be inside a solid structure or vehicle. In the United States, the average annual death toll from lightning is 51 deaths per year, although there were only 23 deaths in 2013, which was a record low; the riskiest activities include fishing, boating, camping, and golf. A person injured by lightning does not carry an electrical charge, and can be safely handled to apply first aid before emergency services arrive. Lightning can affect the brainstem, which controls breathing.

text: Reports differ regarding what to do if caught outside during a storm. One study shows that

text: prostration

text: is safer than lying down flat when there are no other alternatives. A contrasting report suggested that it did not matter whether a person was standing up, squatting, or lying down when outside during a thunderstorm, because lightning can travel along the ground; this report suggested it was safest to be inside a solid structure or vehicle. In the

text: United States

text: , the average annual death toll from lightning is 51 deaths per year, although there were only 23 deaths in 2013, which was a record low; the riskiest activities include fishing, boating, camping, and golf. A person injured by lightning does not carry an electrical charge, and can be safely handled to apply

text: first aid

text: before emergency services arrive. Lightning can affect the brainstem, which controls breathing.

text: The fish's diet likely consists of shrimp and small fish.  Fish cannot be attracted using the illicium, as this spine is so reduced in size that it is unnoticeable externally.

text: The fish's diet likely consists of

text: shrimp

text: and small fish.  Fish cannot be attracted using the illicium, as this spine is so reduced in size that it is unnoticeable externally.

text: A bokkura (Dhivehi: ބޮއްކުރާ) is the smallest type of boat commonly used in Maldives. It has slight similarities to a dhoni, but is smaller in size, holding just two or three individuals, and without lateen sails. A bokkura usually has a set of oars, and was traditionally used for fishing near reefs or to commute between the shore and anchored fishing or trading vessels especially before there were any jetties on the Maldives.

text: A bokkura (

text: Dhivehi

text: : ބޮއްކުރާ) is the smallest type of boat commonly used in

text: Maldives

text: . It has slight similarities to a

text: dhoni

text: , but is smaller in size, holding just two or three individuals, and without

text: lateen

text: sails. A bokkura usually has a set of

text: oars

text: , and was traditionally used for fishing near reefs or to commute between the shore and anchored fishing or trading vessels especially before there were any

text: jetties

text: on the Maldives.

text: Much larger bony fish existed prehistorically, the largest ever known having been Leedsichthys, of the Jurassic period in what is now England. This species is certainly the largest bony fish ever and perhaps the largest non-cetacean marine animal to have ever existed. Estimates of the size of this fish range from  and mass from 20 to 50 tons. A maximum size of  and 25–30 tons has been deemed to be most realistic.

text: Much larger

text: bony fish

text: existed prehistorically, the largest ever known having been

text: Leedsichthys

text: , of the

text: Jurassic

text: period in what is now England. This species is certainly the largest bony fish ever and perhaps the largest non-

text: cetacean

text: marine animal to have ever existed. Estimates of the size of this fish range from  and mass from 20 to 50 tons. A maximum size of  and 25–30 tons has been deemed to be most realistic.

text: Detection of fish, and other marine and aquatic life, and estimation their individual sizes or total biomass using active sonar techniques.  As the sound pulse travels through water it encounters objects that are of different density or acoustic characteristics than the surrounding medium, such as fish, that reflect sound back toward the sound source. These echoes provide information on fish size, location, abundance and behavior.  Data is usually processed and analysed using a variety of software such as Echoview.See Also: Hydroacoustics and Fisheries Acoustics.

text: Detection of fish, and other marine and aquatic life, and estimation their individual sizes or total biomass using active sonar techniques.  As the sound pulse travels through water it encounters objects that are of different density or acoustic characteristics than the surrounding medium, such as fish, that reflect sound back toward the sound source. These echoes provide information on fish size, location, abundance and behavior.  Data is usually processed and analysed using a variety of software such as

text: Echoview

text: .See Also:

text: Hydroacoustics

text: and

text: Fisheries Acoustics

text: The player is accompanied by a pet, which can initially be chosen as a puppy or kitten. This pet fights on behalf of the player, can carry items, and can be sent back to town in order to sell unwanted findings (though it cannot collect rewards for fetch quests).  If the pet's Health Points are driven down to zero (due to blows or damaging spells from enemies) it does not die, but merely flees the fight.  Hence, the game's introduction describes the pet as invincible since it cannot be killed.  It will still follow the character, but it won't fight until it regains some health.  To fully heal their pet, the player can send it back to town, feed it healing potions or charms, or make it drink from a health fountain.  The player can also transform the pet into various (and more powerful) creatures by feeding it fish, which can be caught in fishing holes found throughout the game or purchased from vendors. The time of the transformation depends on the 'size' of the fish, but a flawless fish makes the transformation permanent until the pet is fed another fish.

text: It has been suggested that chronic mouth breathing in children can lead to the development of a long, thin face, sometimes termed "long face syndrome", or specifically "adenoid facies" when the mouth breathing is related to adenoid hypertrophy. Malocclusion of the teeth (e.g., "crowded teeth") is also suggested to result from chronic mouth breathing in children.  Conversely, it has been suggested that a long thin face type, with corresponding thin nasopharyngeal airway, predisposes to nasal obstruction and mouthbreathing, i.e., a long thin face may cause mouth breathing rather than the other way around. Facial form is also strongly influenced by genetic factors.

text: It has been suggested that chronic mouth breathing in children can lead to the development of a long, thin face, sometimes termed "

text: long face syndrome

text: ", or specifically "adenoid facies" when the mouth breathing is related to

text: adenoid hypertrophy

text: Malocclusion

text: of the teeth (e.g., "crowded teeth") is also suggested to result from chronic mouth breathing in children.  Conversely, it has been suggested that a long thin face type, with corresponding thin nasopharyngeal airway, predisposes to nasal obstruction and mouthbreathing, i.e., a long thin face may cause mouth breathing rather than the other way around. Facial form is also strongly influenced by genetic factors.

text: Mackerel range in size from small forage fish to larger game fish. Coastal mackerel tend to be small. The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are cold-blooded, but there are exceptions. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic bony fishes are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the butterfly mackerel, a species of primitive mackerel.

text: Mackerel range in size from small

text: forage fish

text: to larger

text: game fish

text: . Coastal mackerel tend to be small. The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are

text: cold-blooded

text: , but there are exceptions. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures.

text: Endothermic

text: bony fish

text: es are all in the suborder

text: Scombroidei

text: and include the

text: butterfly mackerel

text: , a species of primitive mackerel.

text: Juveniles are often available as aquarium fish despite their eventual large size. In an aquarium where they may be well-fed, these fish can grow quite rapidly and require tanks of at least  when fully adult. Weekly feeding is appropriate for this catfish; overfeeding is a common cause of death in this species. It feeds heavily on live and dead fishes and other meat. Even as a juvenile of only a few inches in length, they are able to swallow many of the more common aquarium fish such as tetras, and it is only appropriate to house this fish with other species of relatively large size. Redtail catfish also have a habit of swallowing inedible objects in the aquarium. Though these are often regurgitated, both the swallowing and the regurgitation can present a problem for the fish, and these objects are best kept out of the aquarium.

text: Juveniles are often available as

text: aquarium

text: fish despite their eventual large size. In an aquarium where they may be well-fed, these fish can grow quite rapidly and require tanks of at least  when fully adult. Weekly feeding is appropriate for this catfish; overfeeding is a common cause of death in this species. It feeds heavily on live and dead fishes and other meat. Even as a juvenile of only a few inches in length, they are able to swallow many of the more common aquarium fish such as

text: tetras

text: , and it is only appropriate to house this fish with other species of relatively large size. Redtail catfish also have a habit of swallowing inedible objects in the aquarium. Though these are often

text: regurgitate

text: d, both the swallowing and the regurgitation can present a problem for the fish, and these objects are best kept out of the aquarium.

text: Aboleths are fish-like amphibians, twenty feet long and weighing about 6,500 pounds; they continue to grow as they age, however, and some fantastically ancient specimens reach much longer lengths. They are a kind of hybrid of fish and eel with some insectoid and annelid qualities; they have long, tubular bodies, like that of an eel, but fish-like tails at the end and two fins near the head and a dorsal fin near the back. Their bodies are also segmented, which is a worm or insect-like characteristic. Their underbellies are orange-pink, and their topsides sea-green. A little bit back from the head are four long tentacles, two on each side, two on the topside and two on the underbelly. Their heads are roughly triangle shaped, with a spherical, somewhat beak-like nose. Above the nose are their three eyes, each one set atop the other. Tendrils and a few shorter tentacles dangle from the bottom of the head. Four blue-black slime-secreting orifices line the bottom of their bodies.

text: Aboleths are fish-like amphibians, twenty feet long and weighing about 6,500 pounds; they continue to grow as they age, however, and some fantastically ancient specimens reach much longer lengths. They are a kind of hybrid of fish and eel with some insectoid and

text: annelid

text: qualities; they have long, tubular bodies, like that of an eel, but fish-like tails at the end and two fins near the head and a

text: dorsal fin

text: near the back. Their bodies are also segmented, which is a

text: worm

text: or

text: insect

text: -like characteristic. Their underbellies are orange-pink, and their topsides sea-green. A little bit back from the head are four long tentacles, two on each side, two on the topside and two on the underbelly. Their heads are roughly triangle shaped, with a spherical, somewhat beak-like nose. Above the nose are their three eyes, each one set atop the other. Tendrils and a few shorter tentacles dangle from the bottom of the head. Four blue-black slime-secreting orifices line the bottom of their bodies.

text: There are two main types of air breathing fish—facultative and non-facultative. Under normoxic conditions facultative fish can survive without having to breathe air from the surface of the water. However, non-facultative fish must respire at the surface even in normal dissolved oxygen levels because their gills cannot extract enough oxygen from the water.

text: There are two main types of air breathing fish—facultative and non-facultative. Under normoxic conditions facultative fish can survive without having to breathe air from the surface of the water. However, non-facultative fish must respire at the surface even in normal dissolved oxygen levels because their

text: gill

text: s cannot extract enough oxygen from the water.

text: Juvenile fishes are usually translucent with only a hint of the colour of the adult. Additionally, the gender characteristics in juvenile fishes are not fully formed, so differentiating juveniles into male and female individuals is extremely difficult.

text: Puerto Deseado's economy is based on the fishing industry. There are several fish-processing plants by its coasts on "Avenida Costanera" and a high percentage of the population works on jobs related to industrial fishing such as stevedores, crane operators, fish cleaners and the like.

text: Cadgwith -Callinectes sapidus –Callum Roberts -Calypso (ship) -Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans -Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve -Cape Islander -Capelin -Carp -Cast net -Casting (fishing) -Catch and release -Catch reporting -Catfish -Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum -Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute -Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science -Centre of Marine Resource Management -Cetacean bycatch -Chasse-marée -Chatham Rise -Chinese fishing nets -Chris Yates (fisherman) -Circle hook -Clam -Clam digging -Clouser Deep Minnow -Coarse fishing -Cobia -Coble -Cockle (bivalve) -Cod -Cod liver oil -Cod Wars -Coho salmon -Coleman National Fish Hatchery -Commercial fishing -Commercial fishing in Alaska -Commercial trawler -Common cockle -Common Fisheries Policy -Common periwinkle -Common snook -Conch -Concholepas concholepas -Connecticut River -Continental shelf -Continental shelf pump -Coral reef -Corf -Cormorant fishing -Couta -Crab -Crangon crangon -Crappie -Crayfish -CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research -Cul de canard -Cullercoats -Culture of Póvoa de Varzim -Currach -Cusk (fish) -Cutthroat trout -Cuttlefish -Cuttyhunk -Cyanide fishing

text: Cadgwith

text: Callinectes sapidus

text: Callum Roberts

text: Calypso (ship)

text: Canadian Senate Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans

text: Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve

text: Cape Islander

text: Capelin

text: Carp

text: Cast net

text: Casting (fishing)

text: Catch and release

text: Catch reporting

text: Catfish

text: Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum

entity_name: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

text: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

entity_name: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

text: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

text: Centre of Marine Resource Management

text: Cetacean bycatch

text: Chasse-marée

text: Chatham Rise

text: Chinese fishing nets

text: Chris Yates (fisherman)

text: Circle hook

text: Clam

text: Clam digging

text: Clouser Deep Minnow

text: Coarse fishing

text: Cobia

text: Coble

text: Cockle (bivalve)

text: Cod

text: Cod liver oil

text: Cod Wars

text: Coho salmon

text: Coleman National Fish Hatchery

text: Commercial fishing

text: Commercial fishing in Alaska

text: Commercial trawler

text: Common cockle

text: Common Fisheries Policy

text: Common periwinkle

text: Common snook

text: Conch

text: Concholepas concholepas

text: Connecticut River

text: Continental shelf

text: Continental shelf pump

text: Coral reef

text: Corf

text: Cormorant fishing

text: Couta

text: Crab

text: Crangon crangon

text: Crappie

text: Crayfish

text: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research

text: Cul de canard

text: Cullercoats

text: Culture of Póvoa de Varzim

text: Currach

text: Cusk (fish)

text: Cutthroat trout

text: Cuttlefish

text: Cuttyhunk

text: Cyanide fishing

text: One of the richest cities in the production of fish is Villa Florida, whose beaches kiss the Tebicuary River. In this city it is popular sport fishing and cuisine has several dishes made with fish, such as Pira caldo (a Paraguayan fish soup). Here out fishing contests, which are controlled by control agents, who are responsible for the proper performance of the established laws, as well as the elements and used boats. Are also controlled the size and weight of the fish.

text: One of the richest cities in the production of fish is

text: Villa Florida

text: , whose beaches kiss the

text: Tebicuary River

text: . In this city it is popular sport fishing and cuisine has several dishes made with fish, such as

text: Pira caldo

text: (a Paraguayan fish soup). Here out fishing contests, which are controlled by control agents, who are responsible for the proper performance of the established laws, as well as the elements and used boats. Are also controlled the size and weight of the fish.

text: "Breath"Video Out Distribution/Western Front Video, 16:00, 1985 (http://www.videoout.ca/catalog/breath)

text: Although sexual reproduction is defined at the cellular level, key features of sexual reproduction operate within the structures of the gamete cells themselves. Notably, gametes carry very long molecules called DNA that the biological processes of reproduction can "read" like a book of instructions. In fact, there are typically many of these "books", called chromosomes. Human gametes usually have 23 chromosomes, 22 of which are common to both sexes. The final chromosomes in the two human gametes are called sex chromosomes because of their role in sex determination. Ova always have the same sex chromosome, labelled X. About half of spermatozoa also have this same X chromosome, the rest have a Y-chromosome. At fertilization the gametes fuse to form a cell, usually with 46 chromosomes, and either XX female or XY male, depending on whether the sperm carried an X or a Y chromosome. Some of the other possibilities are listed above.

text: Although sexual reproduction is defined at the cellular level, key features of sexual reproduction operate within the structures of the gamete cells themselves. Notably, gametes carry very long molecules called

text: DNA

text: that the biological processes of reproduction can "read" like a book of instructions. In fact, there are typically many of these "books", called chromosomes. Human gametes usually have 23 chromosomes, 22 of which are common to both sexes. The final chromosomes in the two human gametes are called sex chromosomes because of their role in

text: sex determination

text: Ova

text: always have the same sex chromosome, labelled

text: X

text: . About half of

text: spermatozoa

text: also have this same X chromosome, the rest have a

text: Y-chromosome

text: . At fertilization the gametes fuse to form a cell, usually with 46 chromosomes, and either XX female or XY male, depending on whether the sperm carried an X or a Y chromosome. Some of the other possibilities are listed

text: above

text: Females with eggs are strictly prohibited from fishing. Females have a tendency to be smaller than males, and thus males are more prevalent in catches than females. Fifty percent size at sexual maturity has been estimated at  and is therefore used as the minimum catch size to aid in sustainable stock levels. However, it should be noted that this estimation may be considerably underestimated due to fishing biases.

text: Real fish rely on various kinds of fins to accomplish propulsion. Thus, to achieve fast and maneuverable propulsion, robot fish also need multiple control surfaces. The propulsive performance is related to the position, mobility, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the control surfaces.

text: Potato scallops originate from central England and are common in fish and chip shops there. This variant is normally a thin slice of potato, dipped in batter and deep fried, with no additional flavouring added except salt and vinegar.  This type of "potato scallop" is also found in New Zealand fish and chip shops, however it is referred to as a potato fritter, not scallop. More commonly in New Zealand, a potato cake is made from either mashed or grated potato and is not covered in batter or deep fried. Hash browns, which are also widely available, are distinctly different. In Scotland what are known as potato cakes in Australia are known as potato fritters and are of the same type as the English variant. They are very common in fish and chip shops and are often the cheapest item on the menu.

text: Potato scallops originate from central England and are common in fish and chip shops there. This variant is normally a thin slice of potato, dipped in batter and deep fried, with no additional flavouring added except salt and vinegar.  This type of "potato scallop" is also found in New Zealand fish and chip shops, however it is referred to as a potato fritter, not scallop. More commonly in New Zealand, a potato cake is made from either mashed or grated potato and is not covered in batter or deep fried.

text: Hash browns

text: , which are also widely available, are distinctly different. In Scotland what are known as potato cakes in Australia are known as potato fritters and are of the same type as the English variant. They are very common in

text: fish and chip

text: shops

text: and are often the cheapest item on the menu.

text: Boneless fish were initially intended to feed three groups: the elderly, hospital patients, and schoolchildren. It differs from an ordinary frozen fish fillet in that the content of a boneless fish pack looks just like a dressed fish. The product is cooked in the same manner as an ordinary fish.

text: Demersal in nature, the mouse catshark inhabits continental slopes at a depth of . It preys mainly on benthic crustaceans, bony fishes, and cephalopods. Reproduction is oviparous, with females producing "furry" egg capsules. Although it is caught incidentally by commercial trawl fisheries, this species does not appear to be threatened by fishing activities and has been listed under Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

text: Demersal

text: in nature, the mouse catshark inhabits

text: continental slope

text: s at a depth of . It preys mainly on

text: benthic

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: bony fish

text: es, and

text: cephalopod

text: s. Reproduction is

text: oviparous

text: , with females producing "furry"

text: egg capsule

text: s. Although it is

text: caught incidentally

text: by

text: commercial

text: trawl

text: fisheries

text: , this species does not appear to be threatened by fishing activities and has been listed under

text: Least Concern

text: by the

text: (IUCN).

text: Coming Up to Breathe was released on April 25, 2006. Coming Up to Breathe sold 58,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Christian Albums chart and at number 13 on the Billboard 200. The album beat out MercyMe's previous best sales week (56,000 copies), which came following the release of their 2004 album "Undone". "Coming Up to Breathe" also peaked at number 5 on the Rock Albums chart and number 13 on the Alternative Albums chart during its chart run. Coming Up to Breathe ranked at number 6 on 2006 year-end Christian Albums chart, and at number 14 on the 2007 year-end Christian Albums chart. In 2007, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying shipments of 500,000 copies.

text: Coming Up to Breathe was released on April 25, 2006. Coming Up to Breathe sold 58,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the

entity_name: List of number-one Billboard Christian Albums

text: Christian Albums

text: chart and at number 13 on the

text: Billboard 200

text: . The album beat out MercyMe's previous best sales week (56,000 copies), which came following the release of their 2004 album "

text: Undone

text: ". "Coming Up to Breathe" also peaked at number 5 on the

text: Rock Albums

text: chart and number 13 on the

text: Alternative Albums

text: chart during its chart run. Coming Up to Breathe ranked at number 6 on 2006 year-end Christian Albums chart, and at number 14 on the 2007 year-end Christian Albums chart. In 2007, the album was

text: certified

text: Gold by the

entity_name: Recording Industry Association of America

text: Recording Industry Association of America

text: , signifying shipments of 500,000 copies.

text: Fishing tackle can be contrasted with fishing techniques. Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the ways the tackle is used when fishing.

text: Fishing tackle can be contrasted with

text: fishing techniques

text: . Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the ways the tackle is used when fishing.

text: Fins are usually the most distinctive features of a fish. They are composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body with skin covering them and joining them together, either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as seen in sharks.  Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported only by muscles. Their principal function is to help the fish swim. Fins located in different places on the fish serve different purposes such as moving forward, turning, keeping an upright position or stopping. Most fish use fins when swimming, flying fish use pectoral fins for gliding, and frogfish use them for crawling. Fins can also be used for other purposes; male sharks and mosquitofish use a modified fin to deliver sperm, thresher sharks use their caudal fin to stun prey, reef stonefish have spines in their dorsal fins that inject venom, anglerfish use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a fishing rod to lure prey, and triggerfish avoid predators by squeezing into coral crevices and using spines in their fins to lock themselves in place.__TOC__

text: Fin

text: s are usually the most distinctive features of a

text: fish

text: . They are composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body with skin covering them and joining them together, either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most

text: bony fish

text: , or similar to a

text: flipper

text: , as seen in

text: shark

text: s.  Apart from the tail or

text: caudal fin

text: , fish fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported only by muscles. Their principal function is to help the fish swim. Fins located in different places on the fish serve different purposes such as moving forward, turning, keeping an upright position or stopping. Most fish use fins when swimming,

text: flying fish

text: use pectoral fins for gliding, and

text: frogfish

text: use them for crawling. Fins can also be used for other purposes; male

text: shark

text: s and

text: mosquitofish

text: use a modified fin to deliver sperm,

text: thresher shark

text: s use their caudal fin to stun prey,

text: reef stonefish

text: have spines in their dorsal fins that inject venom,

text: anglerfish

text: use the first spine of their dorsal fin like a fishing rod to lure prey, and

text: triggerfish

text: avoid predators by squeezing into coral crevices and using spines in their fins to lock themselves in place.__TOC__

text: The California sheephead is considered a vulnerable species because of its high fishing rates off of the coast of Southern California.  Usually most of the fish caught are the largest males, causing a shortage in males in the population and the subsequent morphogenesis of the largest females to males.  This, in turn, creates a deficiency in the number of eggs produced and weakens the population in a particular fishing area.  Male numbers seem typically low which also could result in sperm limitation for the species, with further male reduction, resulting in reduced reproductive output: males are readily targeted in the recreational spear fishery.  Commercial and recreational fishing pressure has increased (there is also an artisanal sector), and this has caused catches to decline over the last decade.  To control the catches of sheephead and prevent overfishing, the California Department of Fish and Game in 2001 established regulations that restrict the catch size of sheephead and the areas where these fish may be caught.

text: The California sheephead is considered a

text: vulnerable species

text: because of its high fishing rates off of the coast of Southern California.  Usually most of the fish caught are the largest males, causing a shortage in males in the population and the subsequent

text: morphogenesis

text: of the largest females to males.  This, in turn, creates a deficiency in the number of eggs produced and weakens the population in a particular fishing area.  Male numbers seem typically low which also could result in sperm limitation for the species, with further male reduction, resulting in reduced reproductive output: males are readily targeted in the

text: recreational spear fishery

text: .  Commercial and recreational fishing pressure has increased (there is also an

text: artisanal

text: sector), and this has caused catches to decline over the last decade.  To control the catches of sheephead and prevent

text: overfishing

text: , the

text: California Department of Fish and Game

text: in 2001 established regulations that restrict the catch size of sheephead and the areas where these fish may be caught.

text: The mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) produces both eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by self-fertilisation. The capacity for selfing in these fishes has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years. Each individual hermaphrodite normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm that it has produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish's body. In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another.  Although inbreeding, especially in the extreme form of self-fertilization, is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of fertilization assurance (reproductive assurance) at each generation.

text: The

text: mangrove killifish

text: (Kryptolebias marmoratus) produces both eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by

text: self-fertilisation

text: . The capacity for

text: selfing

text: in these fishes has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years. Each individual

text: hermaphrodite

text: normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm that it has produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish's body. In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another.  Although inbreeding, especially in the extreme form of self-fertilization, is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of fertilization assurance (

text: reproductive assurance

text: ) at each generation.

text: Although tire track eels are often combined with medium to large-sized gouramis, knifefish, danios, loaches, Loricariids, eartheaters, acaras, Cichlasomines and Asian catfishes in a community fish aquarium, they are not normally mixed with small-sized fish, because tire track eels are observed to prey upon smaller fish. Mixing them with fish belonging to the same species is also not recommended. This is because they are aggressive to members of the same fish family but peaceful to other fish species with similar care level requirements, size and temperament.

text: Although tire track eels are often combined with medium to large-sized

text: gourami

text: s,

text: knifefish

text: danios

text: loach

text: es,

text: Loricariids

text: eartheater

text: s,

text: acara

text: s,

text: Cichlasomines

text: and

text: Asia

text: n

text: catfish

text: es in a

text: community

text: fish aquarium, they are not normally mixed with small-sized fish, because tire track eels are observed to

text: prey

text: upon smaller fish. Mixing them with fish belonging to the same species is also not recommended. This is because they are aggressive to members of the same fish family but peaceful to other fish species with similar care level requirements, size and temperament.

text: The main distinguishing feature of this group is the cartilaginous nature of the skeleton, although some older fish show a degree of calcification. The ancestors of the chondrosteans are thought to be bony fish, but that this characteristic of an ossified skeleton was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrostean individuals show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton, which suggests this process is delayed rather than wholly lost in these fishes.

text: The main distinguishing feature of this group is the cartilaginous nature of the skeleton, although some older fish show a degree of calcification. The ancestors of the chondrosteans are thought to be

text: bony fish

text: , but that this characteristic of an ossified skeleton was lost in later

text: evolution

text: ary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrostean individuals show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton, which suggests this process is delayed rather than wholly lost in these fishes.

text: Catfish have no scales; their bodies are often naked. In some species, the mucus-covered skin is used in cutaneous respiration, where the fish breathes through its skin. In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called scutes; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In loricarioids and in the Asian genus Sisor, the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free dermal plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of Lithodoras. These plates may be supported by vertebral processes, as in scoloplacids and in Sisor, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family Amphiliidae) and in hoplomyzontines (Aspredinidae), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of doradids, Sisor, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied lateral line ossicles with dorsal and ventral lamina.

text: Catfish have no

text: scale

text: s; their bodies are often naked. In some species, the

text: mucus

text: -covered

text: skin

text: is used in

text: cutaneous respiration

text: , where the fish breathes through its skin. In some catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates called

text: scute

text: s; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. In

text: loricarioids

text: and in the Asian genus

text: Sisor

text: , the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of free

text: dermal

text: plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens of

text: Lithodoras

text: . These plates may be supported by

text: vertebra

text: l

text: process

text: es, as in

text: scoloplacids

text: and in Sisor, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (family

text: Amphiliidae

text: ) and in hoplomyzontines (

text: Aspredinidae

text: ), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor of

text: doradids

text: , Sisor, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophied

text: lateral line

text: ossicle

text: s with dorsal and ventral

text: lamina

text: Waders (footwear) -Wagenya -Walleye -Walther Herwig -Welaka National Fish Hatchery -Western rock lobster -Whaler -Whaling -Whelk -Whitby -Whitby Seafoods Ltd -White bass -White spot syndrome -White sturgeon -Whitebait -Whiteleg shrimp -Wild fisheries -Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery -Woolly Bugger -Woolly Worm (imitation) -Work in Fishing Convention 2007 -World fish production -World fisheries -World Fishing Exhibition -World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers -World Ocean Day -WorldFish Center -Worm charming

text: Waders (footwear)

text: Wagenya

text: Walleye

text: Walther Herwig

text: Welaka National Fish Hatchery

text: Western rock lobster

text: Whaler

text: Whaling

text: Whelk

text: Whitby

text: Whitby Seafoods Ltd

text: White bass

text: White spot syndrome

text: White sturgeon

text: Whitebait

text: Whiteleg shrimp

text: Wild fisheries

text: Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery

text: Woolly Bugger

text: Woolly Worm (imitation)

text: Work in Fishing Convention 2007

text: World fish production

text: World fisheries

text: World Fishing Exhibition

entity_name: World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers

text: World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers

text: World Ocean Day

text: WorldFish Center

text: Worm charming

text: California sheephead populations vary spacially in reproductive potential and reproductive capacity, and these differences are correlated with the natural sea surface temperature gradient.  Fish in cooler waters may require less energy for growth and may be able to convert more energy into reproduction than fish at warmer sites. Population densities and sex ratios of hermaphroditic fishes are also intimately linked to ecological factors and human activities. Spatial and temporal changes in fishing pressure, coupled with environmental changes across populations over time, tend to affect the reproductive potential of each population of California sheephead.  Spatially separate populations of California sheephead vary in their sex ratios (number of females to number of males), in size of individuals at sex change, and in the sex ratio threshold.  Sheephead are also haremic spawners, meaning each male defends a group of females with which he breeds.

text: California sheephead populations vary spacially in reproductive potential and reproductive capacity, and these differences are correlated with the natural sea surface temperature gradient.  Fish in cooler waters may require less energy for growth and may be able to convert more energy into reproduction than fish at warmer sites. Population densities and sex ratios of

text: hermaphroditic

text: fishes are also intimately linked to ecological factors and human activities. Spatial and temporal changes in fishing pressure, coupled with environmental changes across populations over time, tend to affect the reproductive potential of each population of California sheephead.  Spatially separate populations of California sheephead vary in their sex ratios (number of females to number of males), in size of individuals at sex change, and in the sex ratio threshold.  Sheephead are also

text: haremic

text: spawners, meaning each male defends a group of females with which he breeds.

text: A famous example is the trait of breathing via gills in bony fish and cartilaginous fish. Bony fish are more closely related to terrestrial vertebrates, which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes that breathe through their skin or lungs, than they are to the sharks, rays, and the other cartilaginous fish. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living vertebrates. But based on this shared trait, we cannot infer that bony fish are more closely related to sharks and rays than they are to terrestrial vertebrates.

text: A famous example is the trait of breathing via

text: gills

text: in

text: bony fish

text: and

text: cartilaginous fish

text: . Bony fish are more closely related to

text: terrestrial vertebrates

text: , which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes that breathe through their skin or lungs, than they are to the

text: shark

text: s,

text: rays

text: , and the other cartilaginous fish. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living

text: vertebrate

text: s. But based on this shared trait, we cannot infer that bony fish are more closely related to sharks and rays than they are to terrestrial vertebrates.

text: The target strength or acoustic size is a measure of the reflection coefficient of a sonar target.  This is usually quantified as a number of negative decibels.  For fish such as salmon, the target size varies with the length of the fish and a 5 cm fish would have a target size of about -50 db.

text: The target strength or

text: acoustic size

text: is a measure of the

text: reflection coefficient

text: of a

text: sonar

text: target.  This is usually quantified as a number of negative

text: decibels

text: .  For fish such as

text: salmon

text: , the target size varies with the length of the fish and a 5 cm fish would have a target size of about -50 db.

text: S. carolitertii is an omnivorous fish feeding predominantly on aquatic invertebrates, being nymphs of Baetis spp. the most abundant prey, although detritus is an important food item. Moreover, in S. carolitertii, as in many other fish species, there is normally a change in the diet composition during the life of the fish, and these age-related diet shifts occur at three different levels: (1) frequency of occurrence of detritus decreases with fish age; (2) prey selection varies with fish age; and (3) mean prey size increases as fish size increased.

text: California Grunion fish have an unusual mating and spawning ritual during the spring and summer months.  The egg laying takes place on four consecutive nights, beginning on the nights of the full and new Moons, when tides are highest.  However, this is a well understood reproductive strategy that is more related to tides than it is to lunar phase.  It happens to correlate with the lunar phase because tides are highest when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, i.e., at new Moon or full Moon.

text: California Grunion

text: fish have an unusual mating and spawning ritual during the spring and summer months.  The egg laying takes place on four consecutive nights, beginning on the nights of the full and new Moons, when tides are highest.  However, this is a well understood reproductive strategy that is more related to tides than it is to lunar phase.  It happens to correlate with the lunar phase because tides are highest when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, i.e., at new Moon or full Moon.

text: Trout cod have been grown in a hatchery and introduced to the Murrumbidgee River near Narrandera in an attempt to build stocks of this threatened fish. While this is a common approach to increasing the stock of threatened fish species, survival rates can often be low due to the fish displaying domesticated behavioural traits. Greater success was experienced with the translocation of wild trout cod where greater numbers of individuals were present (tracked using radio telemetry) after 12 months (more than 60% of the wild fish survived while less than 10% of the hatchery fish were present).

text: Trout cod have been grown in a hatchery and introduced to the Murrumbidgee River near

text: Narrandera

text: in an attempt to build stocks of this threatened fish. While this is a common approach to increasing the stock of threatened fish species, survival rates can often be low due to the fish displaying domesticated behavioural traits. Greater success was experienced with the translocation of wild trout cod where greater numbers of individuals were present (tracked using radio telemetry) after 12 months (more than 60% of the wild fish survived while less than 10% of the hatchery fish were present).

text: The Queensland lungfish has very complex courtship behavior made up of three distinct phases. The first is the searching phase, when the fish will range over a large area, possibly searching for potential spawning sites. A pair of fish will perform circling movements at the surface of the water close to beds of aquatic plants. They breathe air more frequently and more noisily than normal, possibly reflecting a greater physiological requirement for oxygen. Individual fish have been observed to breathe air at regular intervals of about 20 minutes, with air breathing accompanied by a distinct loud burp made in the air. The noisy breathing may be a form of a mating call. The lungfish seem to do their noisy breathing in concert, even responding to each other, but never in close vicinity of where the eggs are laid.

text: The Queensland lungfish has very complex courtship behavior made up of three distinct phases. The first is the searching phase, when the fish will range over a large area, possibly searching for potential spawning sites. A pair of fish will perform circling movements at the surface of the water close to beds of aquatic plants. They breathe air more frequently and more noisily than normal, possibly reflecting a greater physiological requirement for oxygen. Individual fish have been observed to breathe air at regular intervals of about 20 minutes, with air breathing accompanied by a distinct loud burp made in the air. The noisy breathing may be a form of a

text: mating call

text: . The lungfish seem to do their noisy breathing in concert, even responding to each other, but never in close vicinity of where the eggs are laid.

text: Fish otoliths are the earbones of a teleost (bony) fish and are present in pairs; fish have three pairs, the lapilli, the sagittae, astersci. These three pairs of otoliths in teleost fishes differ in form, function, size, shape, and ultrastructure. Otoliths function in fishes’ hearing, equilibrium, and acceleration. Otolith microstructural studies exist for 50 families and 135 species of fish and squid. The size and shape of otoliths vary widely depending on the species. Without prior experience it is difficult to predict the exact size, shape, and position of a given species. There is also interspecies variation, especially ontogenetic changes as a fish experiences growth. Otoliths are generally easier to read than scales and are more accurate, being internal and never reabsorbing like scales. Often the sagittae are analyzed for growth as they are the largest of the three otoliths and therefore easiest to remove. When preparing to analyze otoliths, generally if the otolith is <300 mm than it can be analyzed intact, when >300 mm otoliths contain too much three-dimensional material and must be sectioned to analyze it more clearly.  The steps to preparing otoliths are to 1. Embed or mount the otolith 2. Section and polish 3. Store the otolith section safely.

text: Timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a sub-set of human rights pertaining to issues of reproduction and reproductive health.  These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to birth control, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization, abortion, and contraception, and protection from gender-based practices such as female genital cutting (FGC) and male genital mutilation (MGM).

text: Timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human

text: reproductive rights

text: . Reproductive rights are a sub-set of

text: human rights

text: pertaining to issues of

text: reproduction

text: and

text: reproductive health

text: .  These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe

text: abortion

text: , the right to

text: birth control

text: , the right to access quality

text: reproductive health

text: care, and the right to

text: education and access

text: in order to make reproductive choices free from

text: coercion

text: discrimination

text: , and

text: violence

text: . Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive

text: education

text: about contraception and

text: sexually transmitted infections

text: , and freedom from

text: coerced sterilization

text: , abortion, and contraception, and protection from gender-based practices such as

text: female genital cutting

text: (FGC) and

text: male genital mutilation

text: (MGM).

text: Several workers have brought attention to the fact that elaborated characters that ought to be costly in one way or another for their bearers (e.g., the tails of some species of Xiphophorus fish) do not always appear to have a cost in terms of energetics, performance or even survival. One possible explanation for the apparent lack of costs is that "compensatory traits" have evolved in concert with the sexually selected traits.

text: Several workers have brought attention to the fact that elaborated characters that ought to be costly in one way or another for their bearers (e.g., the

text: tail

text: s of some species of

text: Xiphophorus

text: fish) do not always appear to have a cost in terms of energetics, performance or even survival. One possible explanation for the apparent lack of costs is that "compensatory traits" have evolved in concert with the sexually selected traits.

text: Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs, to allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the external environment into and out of the blood. "Breathing" sometimes also refers to the equivalent process using other respiratory organs such as gills in fish and spiracles in certain arthropods. For organisms with lungs, breathing is also called pulmonary ventilation, which consists of inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out). Breathing is one part of physiological respiration required to sustain life. Aerobic organisms (all animals, most plants and many micro-organisms) require oxygen at cellular level to release energy by metabolizing energy-rich molecules such as fatty acids and glucose. This is often referred to as cellular respiration. Breathing is only one of the processes that delivers oxygen to where it is needed in the body and removes excess carbon dioxide. After breathing, the next process in this chain of events is the transport of these gases throughout the body by the circulatory system, and then their uptake or release from the respiring cells. Breathing fulfills another vital function: that of regulating the pH of the extracellular fluids of the body. It is, in fact, this homeostatic function which determines the rate and depth of breathing. The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnea.

text: Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the

text: lung

text: s, to allow the diffusion of

text: oxygen

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: to and from the external environment into and out of the blood. "Breathing" sometimes also refers to the equivalent process using other

text: respiratory organ

text: s such as

text: gill

text: s in fish and

text: spiracles

text: in certain

text: arthropods

text: . For organisms with lungs, breathing is also called

text: pulmonary ventilation

text: , which consists of

text: inhalation

text: (breathing in) and

text: exhalation

text: (breathing out). Breathing is one part of

text: physiological respiration

text: required to sustain

text: life

text: Aerobic

text: organism

text: s (all animals, most plants and many micro-organisms) require oxygen at cellular level to release energy by

text: metabolizing

text: energy-rich

text: molecule

text: s such as

text: fatty acids

text: and

text: glucose

text: . This is often referred to as

text: cellular respiration

text: . Breathing is only one of the processes that delivers

text: oxygen

text: to where it is needed in the body and removes excess

text: carbon dioxide

text: . After breathing, the next process in this chain of events is the transport of these gases throughout the body by the circulatory system, and then their uptake or release from the respiring cells. Breathing fulfills another vital function: that of

text: regulating the pH

text: of the

text: extracellular fluids

text: of the body. It is, in fact, this

text: homeostatic

text: function which determines the rate and depth of breathing. The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is

text: eupnea

text: Plugs range in size from around an inch (~3 cm) to around 8 inches (~20 cm).  Plugs in the 2–3 inch (~5–7 cm) size range are most commonly used however.  As a general rule large plugs are used for large fish, and small plugs for small fish. Fishermen casting for very small fish such as crappie will use very small plugs, and anglers fishing for large fish such muskellunge or Murray cod will use extremely large plugs. But trophy-sized fish are occasionally caught on very small plugs, and fingerling perch will sometimes strike — and hook themselves — on a plug as big as they are themselves. Plug fishing is more common in freshwater fishing than saltwater fishing, but it is growing greatly upon East-Coast striper fishermen.

text: Plugs range in size from around an inch (~3 cm) to around 8 inches (~20 cm).  Plugs in the 2–3 inch (~5–7 cm) size range are most commonly used however.  As a general rule large plugs are used for large fish, and small plugs for small fish. Fishermen

text: casting

text: for very small fish such as

text: crappie

text: will use very small plugs, and anglers fishing for large fish such

text: muskellunge

text: or

text: Murray cod

text: will use extremely large plugs. But trophy-sized fish are occasionally caught on very small plugs, and fingerling

text: perch

text: will sometimes strike — and hook themselves — on a plug as big as they are themselves. Plug fishing is more common in freshwater fishing than saltwater fishing, but it is growing greatly upon East-Coast striper fishermen.

text: Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "sardine run". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.

text: Some visitors come for the annual late autumn or early winter phenomenon on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of the "

text: sardine run

text: ". Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of

text: sardine

text: s migrate from their

text: spawning

text: grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the

text: Eastern Cape

text: coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including

text: game fish

text: shark

text: s, dolphins and

text: seabird

text: s. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.

text: Specially written software is available for analysis of hydroacoustic data for assessment of underwater physical and biological characteristics. "Fish" here can apply to any "target" in the water column, e.g., fish, plankton, squid, mammal.  All results can be imported into a GIS for additional analysis, correlation with other variables, mapping, and display.

text: In early 1980s, in order to develop and maintain Xiaoyu Hill, the valuable landscape historic resource, the bureau for Qingdao Environmental Health begins to construct the first classical style hill park - the Xiaoyu Hill Park. The park highlights the characteristics of the sea, the pavilion, the platform and the corridor. Organically, it makes natural beauty and architectural beauty and artistic beauty. The bronze on the park gate is main entrance. Green eaves tiles on the wall are also engraved with their small fish, revealing the characteristics of the "fish" mountain everywhere.

text: The black scabbardfish is bathypelagic by day but moves upwards in the water column at night to feed at middle depths on crustaceans, cephalopods and other fishes, mostly grenadiers, codlings (family Moridae) and naked heads (family Alepocephalidae). The black scabbardfish coexists spatially with aphanopus intermedius Parin, which is a species commonly known as the intermediate scabbardfish. The narrow, elongated body of the black scabbardfish, along with its pointed head and long dorsal fin, are adapted for fast swimming. This fish has a large terminal mouth with large fang like teeth for efficient predation. In order to camouflage well, it has a coppery-black coloration with an iridescent tint. The fish’s large eyes which have a diameter of 1/5-1/6 of the head length, are of such a large size to facilitate sight in low light. They become sexually mature at a length of about . Both the eggs and the larvae are pelagic, drifting with the plankton. In general, the size distribution moves towards higher values from north to south of the NE Atlantic. Eggs and larval stages of this fish are unknown and juvenile fish are rarely caught. Juveniles, however, are reported to be mesopelagic. The life cycle of black scabbardfish is unknown, but the most common hypothesis is that one single stock undertakes a large scale clockwise migration around the NE atlantic. Spawning is restricted to certain areas including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and possibly further south. The juvenile black scabbardfish stay to feed and grow for a few years in the fisheries south of the Faroe Islands and the west of the British Isles. Afterwards, the juveniles then move south towards mainland Portugal and even further south to the spawning areas. The most recent studies indicate that the maximum age of the black scabbardfish from Madeira was about 14 years and the maximum age in Mainland Portugal was about 12 years. As opposed to most shelf demersal and pelagic commercial fish, the black scabbardfish exhibit a slow growth rate in adults. This slow growth rate results from energy investment of growth and reproduction.

text: The black scabbardfish is bathypelagic by day but moves upwards in the

text: water column

text: at night to feed at middle depths on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: cephalopod

text: s and other fishes, mostly

text: grenadiers

text: codlings

text: (family

text: Moridae

text: ) and

text: naked heads

text: (family

text: Alepocephalidae

text: ). The black scabbardfish coexists spatially with aphanopus intermedius Parin, which is a species commonly known as the intermediate scabbardfish. The narrow, elongated body of the black scabbardfish, along with its pointed head and long dorsal fin, are adapted for fast swimming. This fish has a large terminal mouth with large fang like teeth for efficient predation. In order to camouflage well, it has a coppery-black coloration with an iridescent tint. The fish’s large eyes which have a diameter of 1/5-1/6 of the head length, are of such a large size to facilitate sight in low light. They become sexually mature at a length of about . Both the eggs and the larvae are pelagic, drifting with the

text: plankton

text: . In general, the size distribution moves towards higher values from north to south of the NE Atlantic. Eggs and larval stages of this fish are unknown and juvenile fish are rarely caught. Juveniles, however, are reported to be mesopelagic. The life cycle of black scabbardfish is unknown, but the most common hypothesis is that one single stock undertakes a large scale clockwise migration around the NE atlantic. Spawning is restricted to certain areas including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and possibly further south. The juvenile black scabbardfish stay to feed and grow for a few years in the fisheries south of the Faroe Islands and the west of the British Isles. Afterwards, the juveniles then move south towards mainland Portugal and even further south to the spawning areas. The most recent studies indicate that the maximum age of the black scabbardfish from Madeira was about 14 years and the maximum age in Mainland Portugal was about 12 years. As opposed to most shelf demersal and pelagic commercial fish, the black scabbardfish exhibit a slow growth rate in adults. This slow growth rate results from energy investment of growth and reproduction.

text: In the last 174 kilometers, between Trois-Rivières and La Tuque, the experts found 42 fish species frequenting the river. The density of fish biomass is generally low, which is characteristic of rivers in Canadian Shield.

text: In the last 174 kilometers, between

text: Trois-Rivières

text: and

text: La Tuque

text: , the experts found 42 fish species frequenting the river. The density of fish biomass is generally low, which is characteristic of rivers in

text: Canadian Shield

text: Fisherman have different preferences about the equipment they use for bank fishing, but most agree with certain basics. Obviously fishing tackle is needed. Most bank fishing is performed with a rod, reel and lures or bait. Often two fishing rods are used. The bait can be changed on one rod while fishing continues with the other. Some fishermen bring a lidded container for the fish they catch which doubles as a seat. Other fishermen bring a stringer to hold the fish they catch. Catch and release fishermen don't need either of these. With growing technology some luxury equipment has been developed such as the fish finder that uses sonar or a camera to physically locate fish. This is typically reserved for boat fishing but can also be applied to bank fishing.

text: Fisherman have different preferences about the equipment they use for bank fishing, but most agree with certain basics. Obviously

text: fishing tackle

text: is needed. Most bank fishing is performed with a

text: rod

text: reel

text: and

text: lures

text: or

text: bait

text: . Often two fishing rods are used. The bait can be changed on one rod while fishing continues with the other. Some fishermen bring a lidded container for the fish they catch which doubles as a seat. Other fishermen bring a

text: stringer

text: to hold the fish they catch.

text: Catch and release

text: fishermen don't need either of these. With growing technology some luxury equipment has been developed such as the

text: fish finder

text: that uses

text: sonar

text: or a

text: camera

text: to physically locate fish. This is typically reserved for

text: boat fishing

text: but can also be applied to bank fishing.

text: The best fishing should be along the northern and eastern shores, as weed growth is most abundant in these areas. Pan fish are abundant and provide good fishing. Yellow Perch and Bullheads are of good size.

text: Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fishes. It can be contrasted with fish physiology, which is the study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. In practice, fish anatomy and fish physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish.

text: Fish anatomy is the study of the form or

text: morphology

text: of

text: fish

text: es. It can be contrasted with

text: fish physiology

text: , which is the study of how the component parts of

text: fish

text: function together in the living fish. In practice, fish

text: anatomy

text: and fish

text: physiology

text: complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish.

text: Bichirs are predatory fish; in captivity they will take any live or dead animal that can be swallowed or broken apart and then swallowed.  Only its lack of speed prevents a bichir from emptying an aquarium of smaller fish; the pectoral fins only allow for slow cruising, and while it can achieve amazing bursts of speed, it cannot catch fish of average speed. Given enough time, any fish that can fit in the bichir's mouth will be eaten; this fish should not be kept with any other fish smaller than three inches. It will also bite fins of other fishes if it can.

text: Bichirs are

text: predatory

text: fish

text: ; in

text: captivity

text: they will take any live or dead animal that can be swallowed or broken apart and then swallowed.  Only its lack of speed prevents a bichir from emptying an

text: aquarium

text: of smaller fish; the pectoral fins only allow for slow cruising, and while it can achieve amazing bursts of speed, it cannot catch fish of average speed. Given enough time, any fish that can fit in the bichir's mouth will be eaten; this fish should not be kept with any other fish smaller than three inches. It will also bite fins of other fishes if it can.

text: Mudskippers have the ability to breathe through their skin and the lining of their mouth (the mucosa) and throat (the pharynx): This is only possible when the mudskippers are wet, limiting them to humid habitats and requiring they keep themselves moist. This mode of breathing, similar to that employed by amphibians, is known as cutaneous air breathing. Another important adaptation that aids breathing while out of water is their enlarged gill chambers, where they retain a bubble of air. These chambers close tightly when the fish is above water, due to a ventromedial valve of the gill slit, keeping the gills moist, and allowing them to function while exposed to air. Gill filaments are stiff and do not coalesce when out of water.

text: Mudskippers have the ability to breathe through their skin and the lining of their mouth (the

text: mucosa

text: ) and throat (the

text: pharynx

text: ): This is only possible when the mudskippers are wet, limiting them to humid habitats and requiring they keep themselves moist. This mode of breathing, similar to that employed by

text: amphibians

text: , is known as cutaneous air breathing. Another important adaptation that aids breathing while out of water is their enlarged gill chambers, where they retain a bubble of air. These chambers close tightly when the fish is above water, due to a ventromedial valve of the gill slit, keeping the gills moist, and allowing them to function while exposed to air. Gill filaments are stiff and do not coalesce when out of water.

text: The Anabantoidei are a suborder of perciform ray-finned freshwater fish distinguished by their possession of a lung-like labyrinth organ, which enables them to breathe air. The fish in the Anabantoidei suborder are known as anabantoids or labyrinth fish. Some labyrinth fish are important food fish, and many others, such as the Siamese fighting fish and paradise fish, are popular as aquarium fish.

text: The Anabantoidei are a suborder of

text: perciform

text: ray-finned

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: distinguished by their possession of a

text: lung

text: -like labyrinth organ, which enables them to breathe air. The fish in the Anabantoidei suborder are known as anabantoids or labyrinth fish. Some labyrinth fish are important food fish, and many others, such as the

text: Siamese fighting fish

text: and

text: paradise fish

text: , are popular as aquarium fish.

text: The list allows multiple different species of certain fish to be marketed under the same market name.  For instance, the FDA lists 14 species of fish that can be labeled as "tuna".  The list does not allow, however, common substitutes to be listed as the fish they are commonly substituted as.  For instance, escolar, the most common substitute for tuna in retail locations, is not one of the fish legally allowed to be labeled as "tuna".  These market names were created both for the safety of the consumer and to prevent economic fraud.

text: The list allows multiple different species of certain fish to be marketed under the same market name.  For instance, the FDA lists 14 species of fish that can be labeled as "

text: tuna

text: ".  The list does not allow, however, common substitutes to be listed as the fish they are commonly substituted as.  For instance,

text: escolar

text: , the most common substitute for tuna in retail locations, is not one of the fish legally allowed to be labeled as "tuna".  These market names were created both for the safety of the consumer and to prevent economic fraud.

text: As laid out in its Common Fisheries Policy, the European Union is seeking to establish a policy that determines priorities which will contribute to a sustainable balance between fisheries resources and their exploitation; increase the competitiveness of fishing enterprises and organisations; and develop viable enterprises. The EU has been paying special attention to the situation in Portugal both because of the characteristics of the Portuguese coastal area and the type of vessel used there. The Portuguese fishing fleet has changed significantly, both in size and in character, in order to adjust fishing capacity to the potential of national, EU, non-EU and international waters.

text: As laid out in its

text: Common Fisheries Policy

text: , the

text: European Union

text: is seeking to establish a policy that determines priorities which will contribute to a sustainable balance between fisheries resources and their exploitation; increase the competitiveness of fishing enterprises and organisations; and develop viable enterprises. The EU has been paying special attention to the situation in Portugal both because of the characteristics of the Portuguese coastal area and the type of vessel used there. The Portuguese fishing fleet has changed significantly, both in size and in character, in order to adjust fishing capacity to the potential of national, EU, non-EU and international waters.

text: Estrogens are among the wide range of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) because they have high estrogenic potency. When an EDC makes its way into the environment, it may cause male reproductive dysfunction to wildlife. The estrogen excreted from farm animals makes its way into fresh water systems. During the germination period of reproduction the fish are exposed to low levels of estrogen which may cause reproductive dysfunction to male fish.

text: Estrogens are among the wide range of

text: endocrine-disrupting compounds

text: (EDCs) because they have high estrogenic potency. When an EDC makes its way into the environment, it may cause male reproductive dysfunction to wildlife. The estrogen excreted from farm animals makes its way into fresh water systems. During the germination period of reproduction the fish are exposed to low levels of estrogen which may cause reproductive dysfunction to male fish.

text: Physically similar to other members of the genus, especially P. managuensis and P. motaguensis, P. freidrichsthalii holds the broken band which runs horizontally through the flaml of the fish. The most distinct characteristic which enables the correct identification of this fish, is the golden-yellow colouration which is more prominent in this fish than the others.

text: Physically similar to other members of the genus, especially

text: P. managuensis

text: and

text: P. motaguensis

text: , P. freidrichsthalii holds the broken band which runs horizontally through the flaml of the fish. The most distinct characteristic which enables the correct identification of this fish, is the golden-yellow colouration which is more prominent in this fish than the others.

text: A third proposed benefit of fish groups is that they serve a reproductive function. They provide increased access to potential mates, since finding a mate in a shoal does not take much energy. And for migrating fish that navigate long distances to spawn, it is likely that the navigation of the shoal, with an input from all the shoal members, will be better than that taken by an individual fish.

text: If it is possible to find out what species of fish serves as the fish host for the larvae of the Carolina heelsplitters, then it will be possible to determine whether the fish host is endangered or over fished.

text: Gonadotropins are glycoprotein polypeptide hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates. This family includes the mammalian hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and placental/chorionic gonadotropins human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), as well as at least two forms of fish gonadotropins. These hormones are central to the complex endocrine system that regulates normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function. LH and FSH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in pregnant humans and mares, respectively. The gonadotropins act on the gonads, controlling gamete and sex hormone production.

text: Gonadotropins are

text: glycoprotein

text: polypeptide

text: hormone

text: s secreted by

text: gonadotrope cell

text: s of the

text: anterior pituitary

text: of

text: vertebrate

text: s. This family includes the

text: mammal

text: ian

text: hormone

text: s

text: follicle-stimulating hormone

text: (FSH),

text: luteinizing hormone

text: (LH), and

text: placenta

text: l/

text: chorion

text: ic gonadotropins

text: human chorionic gonadotropin

text: (hCG) and

text: equine chorionic gonadotropin

text: (eCG), as well as at least two forms of

text: fish

text: gonadotropins. These hormones are central to the complex

text: endocrine system

text: that regulates normal

text: growth

text: sexual development

text: , and

text: reproductive function

text: . LH and FSH are secreted by the anterior

text: pituitary gland

text: , while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in

text: pregnant

text: humans and

text: mare

text: s, respectively. The gonadotropins act on the

text: gonad

text: s, controlling

text: gamete

text: and

text: sex hormone

text: production.

text: Fishing (creek and river) was done near the village sites, and the fish were stored in large subsurface caches and is domestic and most common. The main economical fish (Tanacross łuug Upper Tanana łuugn, łuuk) species are mostly whitefish (humpback whitefish, round whitefish Tanacross xełtįį' ) and Pacific salmon (king (chinook) Upper Tanana gath Tanacross łuug chox, red (sockeye) Upper Tanana łuugn delt'al Tanacross łuug delt'el). Other fish species are pike (Upper Tanana ch'ulju̱u̱dn Tanacross uljaaddh), grayling (Lower Tanana srajela Upper Tanana seejiil Tanacross seejel), lingcod (Upper Tanana and Tanacross ts'aan) and sucker (Upper Tanana taats'adn Tanacross tats'aht'ôl). Fishing at Mansfield Lake and Fish Creek for whitefish, pike, and grayling began in the late spring and continued until mid-July and was a major harvest activity; whitifish was an especially important and perennially reliable food source. All band members except the very young children assisted in harveting and processing the catch. The spring fish harvest provided a welcome dietary change after a long winter of eating mostly dried fish and meat. Fish not eaten fresh were processed and dried on drying racks for later consumption. Both fresh and dried fish were cooked in boiling water, produced by placing heated stones into a birch bark basket.

text: Fishing (creek and river) was done near the village sites, and the fish were stored in large subsurface caches and is domestic and most common. The main economical fish (Tanacross łuug Upper Tanana łuugn, łuuk) species are mostly whitefish (

text: humpback whitefish

text: round whitefish

text: Tanacross xełtįį' ) and

text: Pacific salmon

text: king (chinook)

text: Upper Tanana gath Tanacross łuug chox,

text: red (sockeye)

text: Upper Tanana łuugn delt'al Tanacross łuug delt'el). Other fish species are

text: pike

text: (Upper Tanana ch'ulju̱u̱dn Tanacross uljaaddh),

text: grayling

text: (Lower Tanana srajela Upper Tanana seejiil Tanacross seejel),

text: lingcod

text: (Upper Tanana and Tanacross ts'aan) and

text: sucker

text: (Upper Tanana taats'adn Tanacross tats'aht'ôl). Fishing at Mansfield Lake and Fish Creek for whitefish, pike, and grayling began in the late spring and continued until mid-July and was a major harvest activity; whitifish was an especially important and perennially reliable food source. All band members except the very young children assisted in harveting and processing the catch. The spring fish harvest provided a welcome dietary change after a long winter of eating mostly dried fish and meat. Fish not eaten fresh were processed and dried on

text: drying rack

text: s for later consumption. Both fresh and dried fish were cooked in boiling water, produced by placing heated stones into a birch bark basket.

text: This fish is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 4.6 cm length.

text: This

text: fish

text: is a small size that can reach a maximum size of 4.6 cm length.

text: The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to parts of Africa and Asia.  These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins, large mouths, and shiny teeth.  They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have suprabranchial organs developing when they grow older, which is a primitive form of a labyrinth organ.  The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of about 35 species.

text: The snakeheads are members of the

text: freshwater

text: perciform

text: fish

text: family Channidae, native to parts of

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: .  These elongated,

text: predatory fish

text: are distinguished by their long

text: dorsal fin

text: s, large mouths, and shiny teeth.  They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have supra

text: branchial

text: organs developing when they grow older, which is a primitive form of a

text: labyrinth organ

text: .  The two

text: extant

text: genera

text: are

text: Channa

text: in Asia and

text: Parachanna

text: in Africa, consisting of about 35 species.

text: As a strong advocate for animal rights, Linda lent her support to many organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the Council for the Protection of Rural England and Friends of the Earth. She was also a patron of the League Against Cruel Sports. She narrated a TV advertisement for PETA, in which she said: "Have you ever seen a fish gasping for breath when you take it out of the water? They’re saying, ‘Thanks a lot for killing me. It feels great, you know.’ No! It hurts!" After her death, PETA created the Linda McCartney Memorial Award.

text: As a strong advocate for animal rights, Linda lent her support to many organizations such as

entity_name: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

text: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

text: (PETA), the

text: Council for the Protection of Rural England

text: and

text: Friends of the Earth

text: . She was also a patron of the

text: League Against Cruel Sports

text: . She narrated a TV advertisement for PETA, in which she said: "Have you ever seen a fish gasping for breath when you take it out of the water? They’re saying, ‘Thanks a lot for killing me. It feels great, you know.’ No! It hurts!" After her death, PETA created the Linda McCartney Memorial Award.

text: The Nassau grouper is fished both commercially and for sport; it is less shy than other groupers, and is readily approached by scuba divers. However, its numbers have been sharply reduced by overfishing in recent years, and it is a slow breeder. Furthermore, its historic spawning areas are easily targeted for fishing, which tends to remove the reproductively active members of the group. The species is therefore highly vulnerable to overexploitation, and is recognised as endangered on the IUCN Red List. The governments of the United States, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas have banned or instituted closed fishing seasons for the Nassau grouper in recent years. In the Cayman Islands, fishing in the spawning holes of the grouper has been banned until the end of 2016. In the case of the Bahamas, the government has instituted a closed fishing season in which fishing for the Nassau grouper is banned from December to February. It is in a very high rate decline and is at serious risk of becoming extinct.

text: The Nassau grouper is fished both commercially and for sport; it is less shy than other groupers, and is readily approached by

text: scuba divers

text: . However, its numbers have been sharply reduced by overfishing in recent years, and it is a slow breeder. Furthermore, its historic spawning areas are easily targeted for fishing, which tends to remove the reproductively active members of the group. The species is therefore highly vulnerable to

text: overexploitation

text: , and is recognised as

text: endangered

text: on the

text: IUCN Red List

text: . The governments of the

text: United States

text: , the

text: Cayman Islands

text: , and the

text: Bahamas

text: have banned or instituted closed fishing seasons for the Nassau grouper in recent years. In the Cayman Islands, fishing in the spawning holes of the grouper has been banned until the end of 2016. In the case of the Bahamas, the government has instituted a closed fishing season in which fishing for the Nassau grouper is banned from December to February. It is in a very high rate decline and is at serious risk of becoming extinct.

text: The scutes that give these fish their name are one of the most obvious characteristics of these fish. The body has two rows of overlapping bony plates on each side. These plates are arranged so they overlap along the rows, as well as between the rows, giving full protection, but at the same time allowing some freedom of movement.  These scutes connect with the solid bones of the head, and the head itself may be covered with bony plates. The upper row of lateral scutes may either meet on the back or a narrow bare area may be filled in with small oval or roundish bony platelets.

text: Though the family were far from wealthy, it was a cultured household where poetry and art were encouraged, and Goethe and Schiller part of the very air he breathed.  Jacques’ early childhood in Vienna had been filled with trips to the Natural History Museum, the Prater, and carefree summers spent fishing and rambling at the summer home they shared with other family members in Poland. His enduring love of mountain and woodland landscapes stemmed very much from those days. All this was to end with the Anschluss when he, as a Jew, was forced to leave school and to daily witness (and often endure) the beatings on the street and other acts of brutality that were commonplace.

text: Though the family were far from wealthy, it was a cultured household where poetry and art were encouraged, and Goethe and Schiller part of the very air he breathed.  Jacques’ early childhood in Vienna had been filled with trips to the Natural History Museum, the

text: Prater

text: , and carefree summers spent fishing and rambling at the summer home they shared with other family members in Poland. His enduring love of mountain and woodland landscapes stemmed very much from those days. All this was to end with the

text: Anschluss

text: when he, as a Jew, was forced to leave school and to daily witness (and often endure) the beatings on the street and other acts of brutality that were commonplace.

text: Certain fish also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived water, such as arapaima (family Osteoglossidae) and walking catfish.

text: Certain

text: fish

text: also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived water, such as

text: arapaima

text: (family

text: Osteoglossidae

text: ) and

text: walking catfish

text: Its name came from Machhenarayan, an avatar of god Vishnu. It is said that during ancient time, Manu found a small fish about to die while he was having a bath in a river. He brought the fish to his home and put it into a small pot of water. Next day, the fish grew in its size amazingly and was no longer fit in the small pot. So he put the fish in a pond just to find next day that the fish had grown larger and no longer fit in the pond as well. Knowing that this fish is no ordinary fish, Manu bowed with respect and asked to show the fish who he was. Then god Vishnu emerged from the mouth of the fish. To remember this event, Manu established Machhenarayan temple in the center of the pond.

text: Its name came from Machhenarayan, an avatar of god

text: Vishnu

text: . It is said that during ancient time, Manu found a small fish about to die while he was having a bath in a river. He brought the fish to his home and put it into a small pot of water. Next day, the fish grew in its size amazingly and was no longer fit in the small pot. So he put the fish in a pond just to find next day that the fish had grown larger and no longer fit in the pond as well. Knowing that this fish is no ordinary fish, Manu bowed with respect and asked to show the fish who he was. Then god Vishnu emerged from the mouth of the fish. To remember this event, Manu established Machhenarayan temple in the center of the pond.

text: Breeding can be achieved with very little effort and no specific requirements are needed for such purposes. As long as water conditions are maintained at a desirable high quality, a breeding pair of jaguar cichlids will readily spawn. To enhance the likelihood of acquiring a breeding pair, purchase several healthy and active juveniles at a young age (between 6 and 10) and grow these specimens until sexual maturity. Generally, you should be left with a breeding pair or two. These fish will noticeably become more aggressive and territorial, Remove all other fish at this point and keep the newly formed breeding pair separate. When a breeding pair had been successfully established, the male will begin to court the female by displaying his erect finnage as he tries to impress her in an attempt for her to accept his mating invitation. The pair will begin to clean a flat surface if the female is responsive of the male's previous courting behavior. The female with then lay approximately 1000–2000 orange coloured eggs which will then be fertilized by the male. The eggs will be ferociously guarded by both parents and a high degree of parental care is shown to the eggs and fry. When the eggs 'hatch' after approximately 5 to 7 days, the offspring (known as wrigglers at this stage in development) are defenseless and are unable to swim. They are often transported to pre-dug pits by both parents, and are guarded. The fry will begin to swim in approximately 7 days and should be fed with baby brine shrimp or alike. If you would like to rear these fry, they should be removed at this point as they will later be consumed by both parents as the female becomes due to spawn once more. Feed the fry baby brine shrimp until the stage where they are large enough to consume blood worm, daphnia and other live foods. When purchasing fish in an attempt to acquire a breeding pair, try to buy fish from different sources. There is a high probability that when buying fish from the same source, Fish will be from the same parents (Siblings). This should be avoided, as breeding fish in this manner may form offspring with genetic disease usually associated with interbreeding. Also, buy fish of a similar size, the chances of acquiring a breeding pair with fish of a similar size is significant to that of attempting to breed fish of different age and size.

text: In the polytonic orthography traditionally used for ancient Greek, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the acute accent (ά), the grave accent (ὰ), or the circumflex accent (α̃ or α̑). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological pitch accent in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single stress accent, and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the rough breathing (ἁ), marking an  sound at the beginning of a word, or the smooth breathing (ἀ), marking its absence. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word-initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing  (ῤῥ) leading to the transiliteration rrh.

text: In the

text: polytonic orthography

text: traditionally used for ancient Greek, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the

text: acute accent

text: (ά), the

text: grave accent

text: (ὰ), or the

text: circumflex accent

text: (α̃ or α̑). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological

text: pitch accent

text: in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single

text: stress accent

text: , and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the

text: rough breathing

text: (ἁ), marking an  sound at the beginning of a word, or the

text: smooth breathing

text: (ἀ), marking its absence. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word-initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing  (ῤῥ) leading to the transiliteration rrh.

text: This hunting and fishing culture was sedentary and semi-nomadic. In the old dunes at the then much further east lying coastline the remains of some peasant settlements were found. From these findings it can be deduced that animal husbandry (sheep and goats) and agriculture (wheat and barley) had been practised on a small scale. Vlaardingen culture had also traits of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer society because agriculture in much of the Wadden Sea area and the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta was difficult. Hunting and fishing were important means of livelihood. Bones found near the settlements of deer, bears, otters and sturgeon support that.

text: This hunting and fishing culture was

text: sedentary

text: and

text: semi-nomadic

text: . In the old dunes at the then much further east lying coastline the remains of some

text: peasant

text: settlements were found. From these findings it can be deduced that

text: animal husbandry

text: (sheep and goats) and agriculture (wheat and

text: barley

text: ) had been practised on a small scale. Vlaardingen culture had also traits of a

text: Mesolithic

text: hunter-gatherer

text: society because agriculture in much of the

text: Wadden Sea

text: area and the

text: Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

text: was difficult. Hunting and fishing were important means of livelihood. Bones found near the settlements of deer, bears, otters and sturgeon support that.

text: Because an animal's survival and reproductive success relies on its behavior, knowledge of behavior is essential in actively reversing the decline of imperiled wild species. Knowledge of behavior can be used to reduce bycatch of fish species, reestablish breeding populations, or boost reproduction. Understanding the behavior of fish has helped reduce bycatch by improving the selectivity of fishing gear. Species can be separated by their initial response to a trawl mouth, their position within a net, and their responses to visual and rheotactic sensory cues. Use of behavioral characteristics such as these can help reduce tremendous waste that often occurs during industrial fishing and help manage for sustainable fisheries.

text: Because an animal's survival and

text: reproductive

text: success relies on its behavior, knowledge of behavior is essential in actively reversing the decline of imperiled wild species. Knowledge of behavior can be used to reduce

text: bycatch

text: of fish species, reestablish breeding populations, or boost reproduction. Understanding the behavior of fish has helped reduce bycatch by improving the selectivity of

text: fishing gear

text: . Species can be separated by their initial response to a

text: trawl mouth

text: , their position within a

text: net

text: , and their responses to visual and

text: rheotactic

text: sensory cue

text: s. Use of behavioral characteristics such as these can help reduce tremendous waste that often occurs during

text: industrial fishing

text: and help manage for sustainable

text: fisheries

text: There is a deep relationship between the aggression in fish and the size of the regions owned by them. In a smaller territory, female fish often disappear before mating. Female fish are not bound to mate with a particular fish. If by chance a female get attracted to another male, she can dump the previous partner without any hesitation. In this situation, the ditched male fish become more aggressive to find their mates in order to reproduce. Their levels of aggression increase more when the rates of sneaking by rival males go up too. The sneaking males enter the nest and release their own sperm over the eggs of the breeding fish. The rival fish here are using alternative reproduction methods like parental, sneaker or satellite to avoid being hurt by breeding males. On the other hand, the breeding males have higher mating success and endure less looting of the eggs in large territories. Once the eggs have been gathered, the breeding males decrease their territories to protect their offspring from the predators during their parental phase. After the eggs have hatched, the males’ continue to show similar or more invasive behavior due to increased reproductive value of offspring and the awareness of newly hatched young fish against enemies.

text: There is a deep relationship between the aggression in fish and the size of the regions owned by them. In a smaller territory, female fish often disappear before mating. Female fish are not bound to mate with a particular fish. If by chance a female get attracted to another male, she can dump the previous partner without any hesitation. In this situation, the ditched male fish become more aggressive to find their mates in order to reproduce. Their levels of aggression increase more when the rates of sneaking by rival males go up too. The sneaking males enter the nest and release their own sperm over the eggs of the breeding fish. The rival fish here are using alternative reproduction methods like

text: parental

text: , sneaker or satellite to avoid being hurt by breeding males. On the other hand, the breeding males have higher mating success and endure less looting of the eggs in large territories. Once the eggs have been gathered, the breeding males decrease their territories to protect their offspring from the predators during their parental phase. After the eggs have hatched, the males’ continue to show similar or more invasive behavior due to increased reproductive value of offspring and the awareness of newly hatched young fish against enemies.

text: Later Gammel Strand became the site of a fish market, known for the women who would sit in the square at all seasons to sell their fish. Also known as Skovserkoner (English: Skovser Women) because they would buy their fish in the small fishing village Skovshoved north of Copenhagen and walk the long way to Gammel Strand to sell them in the market. They were recognized by their characteristic white scarves. In the end space became too scarce and in 1958 a new fish market opened in South Harbour.

text: Later Gammel Strand became the site of a fish market, known for the women who would sit in the square at all seasons to sell their fish. Also known as Skovserkoner (English: Skovser Women) because they would buy their fish in the small fishing village

text: Skovshoved

text: north of Copenhagen and walk the long way to Gammel Strand to sell them in the market. They were recognized by their characteristic white scarves. In the end space became too scarce and in 1958 a new fish market opened in

text: South Harbour

text: One of the most obvious characteristics of the loricariids is the suckermouth. The modified mouth and lips allow the fish to feed, breathe, and attach to the substrate through suction. The lips were once believed to be unable to function as a sucker while respiration continued, as the inflowing water would cause the system to fail; however, respiration and suction can function simultaneously. Inflowing water passing under the sucker is limited to a thin stream immediately behind each maxillary barbel; the maxillae in loricariids support only small maxillary barbels and are primarily used to mediate the lateral lip tissue in which they are embedded, preventing failure of suction during inspiration. To achieve suction, the fish presses its lips against the substrate and expands its oral cavity, causing negative pressure.

text: One of the most obvious characteristics of the loricariids is the

text: suckermouth

text: . The modified mouth and lips allow the fish to feed, breathe, and attach to the substrate through suction. The lips were once believed to be unable to function as a sucker while respiration continued, as the inflowing water would cause the system to fail; however, respiration and suction can function simultaneously. Inflowing water passing under the sucker is limited to a thin stream immediately behind each maxillary barbel; the

text: maxilla

text: e in loricariids support only small maxillary barbels and are primarily used to mediate the lateral lip tissue in which they are embedded, preventing failure of suction during inspiration. To achieve suction, the fish presses its lips against the substrate and expands its oral cavity, causing negative pressure.

text: The mouths of these fish have developed into a suckermouth, which allows the fish to cling onto objects in the fast-moving water of their habitat. They therefore stay close to the bottom, where their primary food, algae, is more readily available. Uniquely among fish, members of this family have gill slits with two openings each. Water enters through one opening, and leaves through the other. This allows the fish to breathe without having to take water in through the mouth, which is in use to cling to surfaces.

text: The mouths of these fish have developed into a

text: suckermouth

text: , which allows the fish to cling onto objects in the fast-moving water of their habitat. They therefore stay close to the bottom, where their primary food, algae, is more readily available. Uniquely among fish, members of this family have gill slits with two openings each. Water enters through one opening, and leaves through the other. This allows the fish to breathe without having to take water in through the mouth, which is in use to cling to surfaces.

text: The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen.

text: The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less

text: dissolved oxygen

text: than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen.

text: Gillnets are designed to harvest a specific sized fish. For example, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife's 2010 Commercial Regulations had a  minimum mesh size restriction for Chinook, and a  minimum –  maximum for sockeye. Possible problems arising from this selective harvest are smaller reproducing adult fish, as well as the unexpected mortality of the fish which sustain injuries from the gillnet but are not retained in the fishery. Most salmon populations include several age classes, allowing for fish of different ages, and sizes, to reproduce with each other. A recent 2009 study looked at 59 years of catch and escapement data of Bristol Bay sockeye to determine age and size at maturity trends attributable to the selectivity of commercial gillnet harvests. The study found that the larger females (>550 mm) of all age classes were most susceptible to harvest. The study suggests that smaller, younger fish were more likely to successfully traverse the gillnet fishery and reproduce than the larger fish. The study also found that the average length of sockeye harvested from 1946–2005 was 8 mm larger than the sockeye who escaped the gillnet fishery to spawn, reducing the fecundity of the average female by 5%, or 104 eggs.

text: Gillnets are designed to harvest a specific sized fish. For example, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife's 2010 Commercial Regulations had a  minimum mesh size restriction for Chinook, and a  minimum –  maximum for sockeye. Possible problems arising from this selective harvest are smaller reproducing adult fish, as well as the unexpected mortality of the fish which sustain injuries from the gillnet but are not retained in the fishery. Most salmon populations include several age classes, allowing for fish of different ages, and sizes, to reproduce with each other. A recent 2009 study looked at 59 years of catch and escapement data of

text: Bristol Bay

text: sockeye to determine age and size at maturity trends attributable to the selectivity of commercial gillnet harvests. The study found that the larger females (>550 mm) of all age classes were most susceptible to harvest. The study suggests that smaller, younger fish were more likely to successfully traverse the gillnet fishery and reproduce than the larger fish. The study also found that the average length of sockeye harvested from 1946–2005 was 8 mm larger than the sockeye who escaped the gillnet fishery to spawn, reducing the fecundity of the average female by 5%, or 104 eggs.

text: The body of the fish is cylindrical and it has a characteristic protruded snout, usually with star shaped tubercles on it. The mouth is large and the lips fleshy. The general colour is yellow-green with a darker band stretching horizontal over the body. Older fish is a darker olive grey. The eyes are typically red and the fish reaches 230 mm in length.

text: The body of the fish is cylindrical and it has a characteristic protruded snout, usually with star shaped

text: tubercle

text: s on it. The mouth is large and the lips fleshy. The general colour is yellow-green with a darker band stretching horizontal over the body. Older fish is a darker olive grey. The eyes are typically red and the fish reaches 230 mm in length.

text: Forage fish are sometimes referred to as bait fish or feeder fish. Bait fish is a term used particularly by recreational fishermen, although commercial fisherman also catch fish to bait longlines and traps. Forage fish is a fisheries term, and is used in the context of fisheries. Bait fish, by contrast, are fish that are caught by humans to use as bait for other fish. The terms overlap in the sense that most bait fish are also forage fish, and vice versa. Feeder fish is a term used particularly in the context of fish aquariums. It refers essentially to the same concept as forage fish, small fish that are eaten by larger fish, but the term is adapted to the particular requirements of working with fish in aquariums.

text: Forage fish are sometimes referred to as bait fish or feeder fish.

text: Bait fish

text: is a term used particularly by recreational fishermen, although commercial fisherman also catch fish to bait

text: longlines

text: and

text: traps

text: . Forage fish is a

text: fisheries

text: term, and is used in the context of fisheries. Bait fish, by contrast, are fish that are caught by humans to use as bait for other fish. The terms overlap in the sense that most bait fish are also forage fish, and vice versa.

text: Feeder fish

text: is a term used particularly in the context of fish

text: aquarium

text: s. It refers essentially to the same concept as forage fish, small fish that are eaten by larger fish, but the term is adapted to the particular requirements of working with fish in aquariums.

text: Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than  but up to  for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004,  of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery. Anchoveta represented the largest single catch at .  That year, the top ten marine capture species also included Alaska pollock, Blue whiting, Skipjack tuna, Atlantic herring, Chub mackerel, Japanese anchovy, Chilean jack mackerel, Largehead hairtail, and Yellowfin tuna.  Other species including salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, squid and crab, are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by nets, such as purse seine, beach seine, lift nets, gillnets, or entangling nets. Another is trawling, including bottom trawl. Hooks and lines are used in methods like long-line fishing and hand-line fishing. Another method is the use of fishing trap.

text: Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than  but up to  for a large tuna or

text: whaling ship

text: . Aboard a

text: fish processing vessel

text: , the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004,  of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.

text: Anchoveta

text: represented the largest single catch at .  That year, the top ten marine capture species also included

text: Alaska pollock

text: Blue whiting

text: Skipjack tuna

text: Atlantic herring

text: Chub mackerel

text: Japanese anchovy

text: Chilean jack mackerel

text: Largehead hairtail

text: , and

text: Yellowfin tuna

text: .  Other species including

text: salmon

text: shrimp

text: lobster

text: clam

text: s,

text: squid

text: and

text: crab

text: , are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by

text: nets

text: , such as

text: purse seine

text: , beach seine, lift nets,

text: gillnet

text: s, or entangling nets. Another is

text: trawl

text: ing, including

text: bottom trawl

text: Hooks

text: and lines are used in methods like

text: long-line fishing

text: and

text: hand-line fishing

text: . Another method is the use of

text: fishing trap

text: The process that leads to the formation of a bait ball typically starts when predators locate a fish school deep below the surface. The predators make rushes and use various scare tactics to force the fish school to the surface, herding it at the same time into a compact volume. The alarmed fish, trapped against the surface above and surrounded all about, abandon their coordinated schooling movements and become chaotic. Their graceful and disciplined schooling strategies of uniform spacing and polarity degrade into frenetic attempts by each fish to save itself. In this way, a dense bait ball forms as each fish scrambles to get away from the surface of the ball and hide in the interior. The symmetry of this centripetal action forms a sphere, the shape with the minimum surface area for a given volume. This exposes the fewest number of fish on the surface to the predators. The movement, sound and smell can attract more predators, including different predator species, until there is a carousel of them, each species using their own characteristic predatory strategies. Fish that break loose are singled out and eaten. A frenzy can develop as predators compete, the water reddening with blood as shredded flesh and scales drift to the depths. As the bait ball reduces in size and number, it becomes progressively easier for the predators to target the remaining survivors.

text: The process that leads to the formation of a bait ball typically starts when predators locate a fish school deep below the surface. The predators make rushes and use various scare tactics to force the fish school to the surface, herding it at the same time into a compact volume. The alarmed fish, trapped against the surface above and surrounded all about, abandon their coordinated schooling movements and become chaotic. Their graceful and disciplined schooling strategies of uniform spacing and polarity degrade into frenetic attempts by each fish to save itself. In this way, a dense bait ball forms as each fish scrambles to get away from the surface of the ball and hide in the interior. The symmetry of this centripetal action forms a sphere, the shape with the minimum surface area for a given volume. This exposes the fewest number of fish on the surface to the predators. The movement, sound and smell can attract more predators, including different predator species, until there is a carousel of them, each species using their own characteristic predatory strategies. Fish that break loose are singled out and eaten. A

text: frenzy

text: can develop as predators compete, the water reddening with blood as shredded flesh and scales drift to the depths. As the bait ball reduces in size and number, it becomes progressively easier for the predators to target the remaining survivors.

text: Regional management councils have taken the controversial step of buying fishing vessels to remove them from the water to reduce the size of the fishing fleet.(This section and cite are inappropriate for this article. It is not informative to the nature of the subject being addressed and unnecessarily highlights a very minor aspect, suggesting a bias at work for its insertion. Strongly recommend removing this line entirely.)

text: Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in fish, and particularly the omega-3 fatty acids found in pelagic fishes, are heart-friendly and can make improvements in brain development and reproduction. This has highlighted the role for fish in the functionality of the human body.

text: Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in fish, and particularly the

text: fatty acids found in

text: pelagic fish

text: es, are heart-friendly and can make improvements in brain development and reproduction. This has highlighted the role for fish in the functionality of the human body.

text: In early 2014, scientists identified approximately 200 species of naturally occurring fluorescent fish, suggesting that the fluorescence trait is widespread in fish lines.

text: K. marmoratus produces eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by self-fertilization.  Each individual hermaphrodite normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm that it has produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish’s body. In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another. The capacity for selfing in these fishes has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years.  Meioses that lead to self-fertilization can reduce genetic fitness by causing inbreeding depression.  However, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of “fertilization assurance” (reproductive assurance) at each generation.  Meiosis can also provide the adaptive benefit of efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages during formation of germ cells at each generation. This benefit may have prevented the evolutionary replacement of meiosis and selfing by a simpler type of clonal reproduction such as ameiotic or apomictic parthenogenesis.

text: Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

text: Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the

text: biological process

text: by which new individual

text: organism

text: s – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known

text: life

text: ; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction:

text: asexual

text: and

text: sexual

text: Standard size of male fish is 3.2″ (8cm) and female fish is 4.8″ (12cm).

text: The female's small body size is also likely beneficial to her chances of finding an unoccupied shell. Larger shells, although preferred by females, are often limited in availability. Hence, the female is limited to the growth of the size of the shell and may actually change her growth rate according to shell size availability. In other words, the male's ability to collect large shells depends on his size. The larger the male, the larger the shells he is able to collect. This then allows for females to be larger in his brooding nest which makes the difference between the sizes of the sexes less substantial. Male-male competition in this fish species also selects for large size in males. There is aggressive competition by males over territory and access to larger shells. Large males win fights and steal shells from competitors. Sexual dimorphism also occurs in hermaphroditic fish. These species are known as sequential hermaphrodites. In fish, reproductive histories often include the sex-change from female to male where there is a strong connection between growth, the sex of an individual, and the mating system it operates within. In protogynous mating systems where males dominate mating with many females, size plays a significant role in male reproductive success. Males have a propensity to be larger than females of a comparable age but it is unclear whether the size increase is due to a growth spurt at the time of the sexual transition or due to the history of faster growth in sex changing individuals. Larger males are able to stifle the growth of females and control environmental resources.

text: The female's small body size is also likely beneficial to her chances of finding an unoccupied shell. Larger shells, although preferred by females, are often limited in availability. Hence, the female is limited to the growth of the size of the shell and may actually change her growth rate according to shell size availability. In other words, the male's ability to collect large shells depends on his size. The larger the male, the larger the shells he is able to collect. This then allows for females to be larger in his brooding nest which makes the difference between the sizes of the sexes less substantial. Male-male competition in this fish species also selects for large size in males. There is aggressive competition by males over territory and access to larger shells. Large males win fights and steal shells from competitors. Sexual dimorphism also occurs in hermaphroditic fish. These species are known as

text: sequential hermaphrodites

text: . In fish,

text: reproductive histories

text: often include the sex-change from female to male where there is a strong connection between growth, the sex of an individual, and the mating system it operates within. In protogynous mating systems where males dominate mating with many females, size plays a significant role in male reproductive success. Males have a propensity to be larger than females of a comparable age but it is unclear whether the size increase is due to a growth spurt at the time of the sexual transition or due to the history of faster growth in sex changing individuals. Larger males are able to stifle the growth of females and control environmental resources.

text: Taboo's powers are the result of a vampiric symbiote being bonded to her. The symbiote can manifest itself as a bio-metallic suit. When the suit manifests, it drains Amanda of small amounts of her blood to power itself, giving her a pale-white complexion. It also gives her green eyeballs with no visible pupils. The suit has claws and a tail attached to it, all fully functional. The suit can adapt to its environment; it can grow wings to fly or a fish-tail and gills to move and breath underwater.

text: Typical of most fish, the Nile tilapia reproduces through mass spawning of a brood within a nest made by the male.  In such an arrangement, territoriality and sexual competition amongst the males lead to large variations in reproductive success for individuals among a group.  The genetic consequence of such behavior is reduced genetic variability in the long run, as inbreeding is likely to occur among different generations due to differential male reproductive success.  Perhaps driven by reproductive competition, tilapias reproduce within a few months after birth.   The relatively young age of sexual maturation within Nile tilapia leads to high birth and turnover rates.  Consequently, the rapid reproductive rate of individuals can actually have a negative impact on growth rate, leading to the appearance of stunted tilapia as a result of a reduction in somatic growth in favor of sexual maturation.

text: Typical of most fish, the Nile tilapia reproduces through mass

text: spawning

text: of a brood within a nest made by the male.  In such an arrangement,

text: territoriality

text: and

text: sexual competition

text: amongst the males lead to large variations in reproductive success for individuals among a group.  The genetic consequence of such behavior is reduced genetic variability in the long run, as

text: inbreeding

text: is likely to occur among different generations due to differential male reproductive success.  Perhaps driven by reproductive competition, tilapias reproduce within a few months after birth.   The relatively young age of sexual maturation within Nile tilapia leads to high birth and turnover rates.  Consequently, the rapid reproductive rate of individuals can actually have a negative impact on growth rate, leading to the appearance of stunted tilapia as a result of a reduction in somatic growth in favor of sexual maturation.

text: The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits for both fresh and saltwater fishing include worms, leeches, minnows, frogs, salamanders, octopus, squid, insects and even prawn . Natural baits are effective due to the real texture, odour and colour of the bait presented.

text: The natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead. Common natural baits for both fresh and saltwater fishing include

text: worm

text: s,

text: leech

text: es,

text: minnow

text: s,

text: frog

text: s,

text: salamander

text: s,

text: octopus

text: squid

text: insect

text: s and even

text: prawn

text: . Natural baits are effective due to the real texture, odour and colour of the bait presented.

text: L. alexandri is a rarely imported aquarium fish. These fish require a sandy substrate and should not be maintained with fish that it can eat (a fish less than half of its size).

text: L. alexandri is a rarely imported

text: aquarium

text: fish. These fish require a sandy

text: substrate

text: and should not be maintained with fish that it can eat (a fish less than half of its size).

text: Despite the strong differences among the North Frisian dialects there are still some traits of phonology that are more or less common to all dialects. Among them is the vowel reduction from  to , which is mostly complete in the central dialects, but has only arrived at the stage  or  in the periphery. For example, the word "fish" translates to Mooring fasch, Fering-Öömrang fask, but Söl'ring fesk (cf. Low German: Fisch/Fisk, , , ).

text: Despite the strong differences among the North Frisian dialects there are still some traits of phonology that are more or less common to all dialects. Among them is the

text: vowel reduction

text: from  to , which is mostly complete in the central dialects, but has only arrived at the stage  or  in the periphery. For example, the word "fish" translates to Mooring fasch, Fering-Öömrang fask, but Söl'ring fesk (cf. Low German: Fisch/Fisk, , , ).

text: In the sixth century, the Tiantai school was formed, teaching the One Vehicle (Skt. Ekayāna), the vehicle of attaining Buddhahood, as the main principle, and three forms of śamatha-vipaśyanā correlated with the meditative perspectives of emptiness, provisional existence, and the mean, as the method of cultivating realization. The Tiantai school places emphasis on ānāpānasmṛti in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. In China, the Tiantai understanding of meditation has had the reputation of being the most systematic and comprehensive of all. The founder of the Tiantai school, Zhiyi, wrote many commentaries and treatises on meditation. Of these texts, Zhiyi's Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā (小止観 Xiǎo Zhǐguān), his Mahāśamatha Vipaśyanā (摩訶止観 Móhē Zhǐguān), and his Six Subtle Dharma Gates (六妙法門 Liù Miào Fǎmén) are the most widely read in China. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: panting (喘 "chuǎn"), unhurried breathing (風 "fēng"), deep and quiet breathing (氣 "qì"), and stillness or rest (息 "xi"). Zhiyi holds that the first three kinds of breathing are incorrect, while the fourth is correct, and that the breathing should reach stillness and rest. Venerable Hsuan Hua, who taught Chan and Pure Land Buddhism, also taught that the external breathing reaches a state of stillness in correct meditation:

text: In the sixth century, the

text: Tiantai

text: school was formed, teaching the One Vehicle (Skt.

text: Ekayāna

text: ), the vehicle of attaining

text: Buddhahood

text: , as the main principle, and three forms of

text: śamatha

text: vipaśyanā

text: correlated with the meditative perspectives of emptiness, provisional existence, and the mean, as the method of cultivating realization. The Tiantai school places emphasis on ānāpānasmṛti in accordance with the principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā. In China, the Tiantai understanding of meditation has had the reputation of being the most systematic and comprehensive of all. The founder of the Tiantai school,

text: Zhiyi

text: , wrote many commentaries and treatises on meditation. Of these texts, Zhiyi's Concise Śamatha-vipaśyanā (小止観 Xiǎo Zhǐguān), his

text: Mahāśamatha Vipaśyanā

text: (摩訶止観 Móhē Zhǐguān), and his Six Subtle Dharma Gates (六妙法門 Liù Miào Fǎmén) are the most widely read in China. Zhiyi classifies breathing into four main categories: panting (喘 "chuǎn"), unhurried breathing (風 "fēng"), deep and quiet breathing (氣 "qì"), and stillness or rest (息 "xi"). Zhiyi holds that the first three kinds of breathing are incorrect, while the fourth is correct, and that the breathing should reach stillness and rest. Venerable

text: Hsuan Hua

text: , who taught

text: Chan

text: and

text: Pure Land Buddhism

text: , also taught that the external breathing reaches a state of stillness in correct meditation:

text: Tilapia and Nile perch are the commonest types of fish in Uganda. Other fish types include tilapia, spat, cat fish, Nile tilapia, silver fish.

text: The family Gobiidae, made up of fish called gobies, are the largest marine family of fish with around 1,950 different species. Gobies commonly have their pelvic fins fused together, which allows them to use their pelvic fins as a suction device to keep them anchored on a hard surface such as a rock or piece of coral. Gobies often live in association with invertebrates such as sponges and sea urchins in or around corals both soft and hard; however, some species live on bare mud and sand. Gobies are typically small fish; many do not exceed a total length of 10 cm. Some of the smallest fish in the world belong to this suborder such as the Trimmatom nanus. This species, found in the Indian Ocean, is only 8–10 mm as an adult. The largest of the gobiids is found in the South Atlantic and Caribbean region; the violet goby, Gobioides broussenetti, can grow to a length of 50 cm; this goby. which is purple in color. resembles an eel with its elongated anal and dorasl fins. Some gobies in the genera Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus are practically amphibious, meaning they can breath in and out of water. Species such as the Atlantic mudskipper (Periophthalmus barbarus), which can grow to a length of 25 cm, can actually breath air. These gobies  skip across the mud of intertidal flats in mangrove swamps in search of food; adults feed mostly on crabs, insects, and other arthropods.

text: The family Gobiidae, made up of fish called gobies, are the largest marine family of fish with around 1,950 different species. Gobies commonly have their pelvic fins fused together, which allows them to use their pelvic fins as a suction device to keep them anchored on a hard surface such as a rock or piece of coral. Gobies often live in association with invertebrates such as sponges and sea urchins in or around corals both soft and hard; however, some species live on bare mud and sand. Gobies are typically small fish; many do not exceed a total length of 10 cm. Some of the smallest fish in the world belong to this suborder such as the Trimmatom nanus. This species, found in the Indian Ocean, is only 8–10 mm as an adult. The largest of the gobiids is found in the South Atlantic and Caribbean region; the violet goby, Gobioides broussenetti, can grow to a length of 50 cm; this goby. which is purple in color. resembles an eel with its elongated anal and dorasl fins. Some gobies in the genera Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus are practically amphibious, meaning they can breath in and out of water. Species such as the

text: Atlantic mudskipper

text: (Periophthalmus barbarus), which can grow to a length of 25 cm, can actually breath air. These gobies  skip across the mud of intertidal flats in mangrove swamps in search of food; adults feed mostly on crabs, insects, and other arthropods.

text: However, vowel sequences in hiatus are more freely allowed in some other languages, most famously perhaps in Bantu and Polynesian languages, but also in Japanese and Finnish. In such languages there tends to be a larger variety of vowel-only words. In Swahili (Bantu), for example, there is aua 'to survey' and eua 'to purify' (both three syllables); in Japanese, aoi 青い 'blue/green' and oioi 追々 'gradually' (three and four syllables); and in Finnish, aie 'intention' and auo 'open!' (both two syllables), although some dialects pronounce them as aije and auvo. Hawaiian, and the Polynesian languages generally, have unusually large numbers of such words, such as aeāea (a small green fish), which is three syllables: ae.āe.a. Most long words involve reduplication, which is quite productive in Polynesian: ioio 'grooves', eaea 'breath', uaua 'tough' (all four syllables), auēuē 'crying' (five syllables, from uē (uwē) 'to weep'), uoa or uouoa 'false mullet' (sp. fish, three or five syllables). The longest continuous vowel sequence is in Finnish word hääyöaie ("wedding night intention").

text: However, vowel sequences in

text: hiatus

text: are more freely allowed in some other languages, most famously perhaps in

text: Bantu

text: and

text: Polynesian

text: languages, but also in

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Finnish

text: . In such languages there tends to be a larger variety of vowel-only words. In

text: Swahili

text: (Bantu), for example, there is

text: aua

text: 'to survey' and

text: eua

text: 'to purify' (both three syllables); in Japanese,

text: aoi

text: 青い 'blue/green' and oioi 追々 'gradually' (three and four syllables); and in Finnish, aie 'intention' and auo 'open!' (both two syllables), although some dialects pronounce them as aije and auvo.

text: Hawaiian

text: , and the Polynesian languages generally, have unusually large numbers of such words, such as aeāea (a small green fish), which is three syllables: ae.āe.a. Most long words involve

text: reduplication

text: , which is quite productive in Polynesian: ioio 'grooves', eaea 'breath', uaua 'tough' (all four syllables), auēuē 'crying' (five syllables, from uē (uwē) 'to weep'), uoa or uouoa 'false mullet' (sp. fish, three or five syllables). The longest continuous vowel sequence is in Finnish word hääyöaie ("wedding night intention").

text: The anatomy of fish is often shaped by the physical characteristics of water, the medium in which fish live. Water is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs more light than air does. The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in cartilaginous fish, or bone in bony fish. The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and on round the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear. Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

text: The anatomy of fish is often shaped by the physical characteristics of

text: water

text: , the medium in which fish live. Water is much

text: denser

text: than

text: air

text: , holds a relatively small amount of dissolved

text: oxygen

text: , and absorbs more light than air does. The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in

text: cartilaginous fish

text: , or bone in

text: bony fish

text: vertebra

text: limbs

text: fins

text: , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the

text: caudal fin

text: gill

text: middle ear

text: lateral line

text: Documenting the size and age structures during reproduction of coral trout stocks have been a focus of the ELF Experiment as a major indication of how fish stocks respond to various levels of fishing pressure.

text: Documenting the size and age structures during reproduction of coral trout stocks have been a focus of the

text: ELF Experiment

text: as a major indication of how fish stocks respond to various levels of fishing pressure.

text: The size and structure of the prickly shark's mouth and pharynx suggests that it uses suction to capture prey. This species feeds on a variety of benthic and pelagic bony fishes, including hake, flounders, rockfishes, lingcod, topsmelt, mackerel, and herring, and on cartilaginous fishes, including elephantfishes (Callorhinchus), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), young bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus), and ghost catshark (Apristurus) egg cases. Octopuses and squid, including the Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) are also consumed. Young prickly sharks may themselves fall prey to the bluntnose sixgill shark, while adults likely face few threats. Reproduction in this species is aplacental viviparous, with the unborn young sustained by yolk. There is only one known record of a pregnant female, which was gestating 114 embryos; this ranks among the largest known litters from any shark. The young are probably under  long at birth. The length at sexual maturity has not been precisely determined but is thought to be around  for males and  for females.

text: The size and structure of the prickly shark's mouth and

text: pharynx

text: suggests that it uses suction to capture prey. This species feeds on a variety of

text: benthic

text: and

text: pelagic

text: bony fish

text: es, including

text: hake

text: flounder

text: s,

text: rockfishes

text: lingcod

text: topsmelt

text: mackerel

text: , and

text: herring

text: , and on

text: cartilaginous fish

text: es, including

text: elephantfishes

text: (Callorhinchus),

text: spiny dogfish

text: (Squalus acanthias), young

text: bluntnose sixgill shark

text: s (Hexanchus griseus), and

text: ghost catshark

text: (Apristurus)

text: egg cases

text: Octopus

text: es and

text: squid

text: , including the

text: Humboldt squid

text: (Dosidicus gigas) are also consumed. Young prickly sharks may themselves fall prey to the bluntnose sixgill shark, while adults likely face few threats. Reproduction in this species is

text: aplacental viviparous

text: , with the unborn young sustained by

text: yolk

text: . There is only one known record of a pregnant female, which was

text: gestating

text: embryo

text: s; this ranks among the largest known litters from any shark. The young are probably under  long at birth. The length at

text: sexual maturity

text: has not been precisely determined but is thought to be around  for males and  for females.

text: San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf gets its name and neighborhood characteristics from the city's early days of the mid to later 1800s when Italian immigrant fishermen came to the city by the bay to take advantage of the influx of population due to the gold rush. One, Achille Paladini, found success wholesaling local fish as owner of the Paladini Fish Company, and came to be known as the "Fish King". Most of the Italian immigrant fishermen settled in the North Beach area close to the wharf and fished for the local delicacies and the now famed Dungeness crab. From then until the present day it remained the home base of San Francisco's fishing fleet. Despite its redevelopment into a tourist attraction during the 1970s and 1980s, the area is still home to many active fishermen and their fleets.

text: San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf gets its name and neighborhood characteristics from the city's early days of the mid to later 1800s when

text: Italian

text: immigrant fishermen came to the city by the bay to take advantage of the influx of population due to the gold rush. One, Achille Paladini, found success wholesaling local fish as owner of the Paladini Fish Company, and came to be known as the "Fish King". Most of the Italian immigrant fishermen settled in the North Beach area close to the wharf and fished for the local delicacies and the now famed

text: Dungeness crab

text: . From then until the present day it remained the home base of San Francisco's fishing fleet. Despite its redevelopment into a tourist attraction during the 1970s and 1980s, the area is still home to many active fishermen and their fleets.

text: Humans, like most mammals, breathe by negative pressure breathing: the rib cage expands and the diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity. This causes the pressure in the chest cavity to decrease, and the lungs expand to fill the space. This, in turn, causes the pressure of the air inside the lungs to decrease (it becomes negative, relative to the atmosphere), and air flows into the lungs from the atmosphere: inhalation. When the diaphragm relaxes, the reverse happens and the person exhales. If a person loses part or all of the ability to control the muscles involved, breathing becomes difficult or impossible.

text: Humans, like most mammals, breathe by negative pressure breathing: the rib cage expands and the

text: diaphragm

text: contracts, expanding the

text: chest cavity

text: . This causes the pressure in the chest cavity to decrease, and the

text: lung

text: s expand to fill the space. This, in turn, causes the pressure of the air inside the lungs to decrease (it becomes negative, relative to the atmosphere), and air flows into the lungs from the atmosphere:

text: inhalation

text: . When the diaphragm relaxes, the reverse happens and the person

text: exhales

text: . If a person loses part or all of the ability to control the muscles involved, breathing becomes difficult or impossible.

text: Many ancient fish had lung-like organs, and a few, such as the lungfish, still do. Some of these ancient "lunged" fish were the ancestors of tetrapods. However, in most recent fish species these organs evolved into the swim bladders, which help control buoyancy. Having no lung-like organs, modern amphibious fish and many fish in oxygen-poor water use other methods such as their gills or their skin to breathe air.  Amphibious fish may also have eyes adapted to allow them to see clearly in air, despite the density differences between air and water.

text: Many ancient fish had

text: lung

text: -like

text: organ

text: s, and a few, such as the

text: lungfish

text: , still do. Some of these ancient "lunged" fish were the

text: ancestor

text: s of

text: tetrapod

text: s. However, in most recent fish

text: species

text: these organs evolved into the

text: swim bladder

text: s, which help control

text: buoyancy

text: . Having no lung-like organs, modern amphibious fish and many fish in

text: oxygen

text: -poor water use other methods such as their

text: gill

text: s or their

text: skin

text: to breathe air.  Amphibious fish may also have

text: eyes

text: adapted to allow them to see clearly in air, despite the

text: density

text: differences between air and water.

text: Snacks made with olives are common. Meat dishes include: flamenquín, pringá, oxtail stew and Menudo Gitano (also called Andalusian tripe). The hot soups include cat soup (made with bread), dog stew (fish soup with orange juice) and Migas Canas. Fish dishes include: fried fish, cod pavías, and parpandúas. A culinary custom is the typical Andalusian breakfast, considered to be a traditional characteristic of laborers and today extending throughout Spain.

text: Snacks made with olives are common. Meat dishes include:

text: flamenquín

text: pringá

text: oxtail

text: stew and

text: Menudo Gitano

text: (also called Andalusian tripe). The hot soups include

text: cat soup

text: (made with bread),

text: dog stew

text: (fish soup with orange juice) and

text: Migas Canas

text: . Fish dishes include:

text: fried fish

text: cod pavías

text: , and

text: parpandúas

text: . A culinary custom is the typical Andalusian breakfast, considered to be a traditional characteristic of laborers and today extending throughout Spain.

text: Despite its size, the common thresher is minimally dangerous to humans due to its relatively small teeth and timid disposition. It is highly valued by commercial fishers for its meat, fins, hide, and liver oil; large numbers are taken by longline and gillnet fisheries throughout its range. This shark is also esteemed by recreational anglers for the exceptional fight it offers on hook-and-line. The common thresher has a low rate of reproduction and cannot withstand heavy fishing pressure for long, a case in point being the rapid collapse of the thresher shark fishery off California in the 1980s. With commercial exploitation increasing in many parts of the world, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Vulnerable.

text: Despite its size, the common thresher is minimally dangerous to humans due to its relatively small teeth and timid disposition. It is highly valued by

text: commercial fishers

text: for its meat,

text: fins

text: , hide, and

text: liver oil

text: ; large numbers are taken by

text: longline

text: and

text: gillnet

text: fisheries throughout its

text: range

text: . This shark is also esteemed by

text: recreational anglers

text: for the exceptional fight it offers on hook-and-line. The common thresher has a low rate of reproduction and cannot withstand heavy fishing pressure for long, a case in point being the rapid collapse of the thresher shark fishery off

text: California

text: in the 1980s. With commercial exploitation increasing in many parts of the world, the

text: (IUCN) has assessed this species as

text: Vulnerable

text: The known mature male individuals are 6.2–7.3 millimeters (0.25-0.3 inches), smaller than any other mature fish and vertebrate; the females, however, reach a significantly larger size of up to 50.5 millimeters (2 inches). (However, numerous fish species have both sexes reaching maturity below 20 millimeters (0.8 inches).)

text: The known mature male individuals are 6.2–7.3 millimeters (0.25-0.3 inches), smaller than any other mature fish and

text: vertebrate

text: ; the females, however, reach a significantly larger size of up to 50.5 millimeters (2 inches). (However, numerous fish species have both sexes reaching maturity below 20 millimeters (0.8 inches).)

text: Tesseraspis is a Lowermost Devonian fish characteristic of the Traquairaspis Fish Zone.

text: Tesseraspis is a Lowermost Devonian fish characteristic of the

text: Traquairaspis

text: Fish Zone.

text: C. microps has a few sexually dimorphic characteristics, namely the head of females is smaller and narrower than that of males, while broader ventrally; in addition, the pelvic fins of the male are much larger, evidently so that, when inverted over a cluster of fish-eggs, they can protect sperm from being carried away in the current and thus aid fertilisation. The fish is  long.

text: C. microps has a few

text: sexually dimorphic

text: characteristics, namely the head of females is smaller and narrower than that of males, while broader ventrally; in addition, the pelvic fins of the male are much larger, evidently so that, when inverted over a cluster of fish-eggs, they can protect sperm from being carried away in the current and thus aid fertilisation. The fish is  long.

text: Fish reproductive organs include testicles and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness.

text: Fish reproductive organs include

text: testicle

text: s and

text: ovaries

text: . In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness.

text: Humans in East Asia were consuming large amounts of freshwater fish around 40 000 years ago. Spearfishing with barbed harpoons along the coast was widespread by the Palaeolithic. Fish ponds surrounded Sumerian temples by 2 500 BC and a Chinese classical text credited to the 5th-century BC businessman Fan Li is the earliest known work on fish farming. A surviving fragment of Isidore of Charax's 1st-century Parthian itinerary describes locals freediving for pearls in the Persian Gulf, and Oppian's 2nd-century Halieutics relates the four main Greek and Roman fishing methods as hook-and-line, netting, passive traps, and trident. Traditional fishing boats operate in near-shore waters but, during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period, fishing on the open sea—particularly cod—became important to the economic and naval development of Northern Europe, New England, and Canada. Overfishing along the coasts of the North Sea spurred the development of deep-sea fishers such as the Brixham and otter trawlers, which might serve as motherships for longlining dories; in the 19th century, advances such as rail transport, canning, and refrigeration allowed fishing to become a full-fledged industry. Improvements in sonar during the world wars were adapted as fishfinders and, during the 1950s, great factory ships caught and processed as many fish in an hour as earlier trawlers had in a season. By the 1960s, the North Atlantic and North Pacific fisheries were close to maximal exploitation. After the catch from wild marine fisheries grew from 18 million metric tons (20 million tons) in 1950 to around 85 million metric tons ( million tons) by the late 1980s, it has remained essentially constant since. Chinese economic reform led to massive growth of its fishing production, from 7% of the world total in 1961 to 35% by 2010. Scientific studies of population dynamics and nationalization of formerly shared waters are both helping to cope with overexploitation but the success of modern commercial fishing has required major corrective actions: the collapse of the Grand Banks cod fishery to less than 1% of its historic levels required a complete moratorium by Canada in 1992 and China has enforced a zero-growth policy in its wild catch since 2000, redirecting its industry towards aquaculture; its annual months-long bans on fishing in disputed areas of the South China Sea is enforced over the protest of neighboring states.

text: Humans in

text: East Asia

text: were consuming large amounts of

text: freshwater fish

text: around 40 000 years ago.

text: Spearfishing

text: with barbed

text: harpoon

text: s along the coast was widespread by the

text: Palaeolithic

text: Fish pond

text: s surrounded

text: Sumer

text: ian temples by 2 500 BC and a

text: Chinese classic

text: al text credited to the 5th-century BC businessman

text: Fan Li

text: is the earliest known work on

text: fish farm

text: ing. A surviving fragment of

text: Isidore of Charax

text: 's 1st-century

text: Parthia

text: n itinerary describes locals

text: freediving

text: for

text: pearls

text: in the

text: Persian Gulf

text: , and

text: Oppian

text: 's 2nd-century Halieutics relates the four main Greek and Roman fishing methods as

text: hook

text: -and-

text: line

text: netting

text: passive traps

text: , and

text: trident

text: Traditional fishing boat

text: s operate in near-shore waters but, during the

text: late Middle Ages

text: and

text: early Modern period

text: , fishing on the open sea—particularly

text: cod

text: —became important to the economic and naval development of

text: Northern Europe

text: New England

text: , and Canada.

text: Overfishing

text: along the coasts of the

text: North Sea

text: spurred the development of deep-sea fishers such as the

text: Brixham

text: and

text: otter trawler

text: s, which might serve as

text: mothership

text: s for

text: longlining

text: dories

text: ; in the 19th century, advances such as

text: rail transport

text: canning

text: , and

text: refrigeration

text: allowed fishing to become a full-fledged

text: industry

text: . Improvements in

text: sonar

text: during the

text: world wars

text: were adapted as

text: fishfinder

text: s and, during the 1950s, great

text: factory ship

text: s caught and processed as many fish in an hour as earlier trawlers had in a season. By the 1960s, the

text: North Atlantic

text: and

text: North Pacific fisheries

text: were close to maximal exploitation. After the catch from

text: wild marine fisheries

text: grew from 18 million

text: metric ton

text: s (20 million

text: tons

text: ) in 1950 to around 85 million

text: metric ton

text: s ( million

text: ton

text: s) by the late 1980s, it has remained essentially constant since.

text: Chinese economic reform

text: led to massive growth of its

text: fishing production

text: , from 7% of the world total in 1961 to 35% by 2010. Scientific studies of

text: population dynamics

text: and

text: nationalization

text: of formerly

text: shared waters

text: are both helping to cope with

text: overexploitation

text: but the success of modern

text: commercial fishing

text: has required major corrective actions: the

entity_name: Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery

text: collapse of the Grand Banks cod fishery

text: to less than 1% of its historic levels required a complete moratorium by Canada in 1992 and China has enforced a zero-growth policy in its wild catch since 2000, redirecting its industry towards

text: aquaculture

text: ; its annual months-long bans on fishing in disputed areas of the

text: South China Sea

text: is enforced over the protest of neighboring states.

text: The shared trait of breathing via gills in bony fish and cartilaginous fish is a famous example of symplesiomorphy. Bony fish are more closely related to terrestrial vertebrates, which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes that breathe through their skin or lungs, than they are to the sharks, rays, and the other cartilaginous fish. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living vertebrates. But based on this shared trait, we cannot infer that bony fish are more closely related to sharks and rays than they are to terrestrial vertebrates.

text: The shared trait of breathing via gills in bony fish and cartilaginous fish is a famous example of

text: symplesiomorphy

text: . Bony fish are more closely related to

text: terrestrial vertebrates

text: , which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes that breathe through their skin or lungs, than they are to the sharks, rays, and the other cartilaginous fish. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living vertebrates. But based on this shared trait, we cannot infer that bony fish are more closely related to sharks and rays than they are to terrestrial vertebrates.

text: Epipelagic fish can be broadly divided into small forage fish and larger predator fish which feed on them. Forage fish school and filter feed on plankton. Most epipelagic fish have streamlined bodies capable of sustained cruising on migrations. In general, predatory and forage fish share the same morphological features. Predator fish are usually fusiform with large mouths, smooth bodies, and deeply forked tails. Many use vision to predate zooplankton or smaller fish, while others filter feed on plankton.

text: Epipelagic fish can be broadly divided into small

text: forage fish

text: and larger

text: predator fish

text: which feed on them. Forage fish

text: school

text: and

text: filter feed

text: on

text: plankton

text: . Most epipelagic fish have streamlined bodies capable of sustained cruising on

text: migrations

text: . In general, predatory and forage fish share the same

text: morphological

text: features. Predator fish are usually

text: fusiform

text: with large mouths, smooth bodies, and deeply forked tails. Many use vision to predate zooplankton or smaller fish, while others

text: filter feed

text: on

text: plankton

text: Sexual reproduction involves two fundamental processes: meiosis, which rearranges the genes and reduces the number of chromosomes, and fertilization, which restores the chromosome to a complete diploid number. In between these two processes, different types of plants and algae vary, but many of them, including all land plants, undergo alternation of generations, with two different multicellular structures (phases), a gametophyte and a sporophyte. The evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of sexual reproduction are discussed in the pages “Evolution of sexual reproduction” and “Origin and function of meiosis.”

text: Sexual reproduction involves two fundamental processes:

text: meiosis

text: , which rearranges the

text: gene

text: s and reduces the number of

text: chromosome

text: s, and

text: fertilization

text: , which restores the chromosome to a complete

text: diploid

text: number. In between these two processes, different types of

text: plant

text: s and

text: algae

text: vary, but many of them, including all

text: land plants

text: , undergo

text: alternation of generations

text: , with two different multicellular structures (phases), a gametophyte and a sporophyte. The evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of sexual reproduction are discussed in the pages “

text: Evolution of sexual reproduction

text: ” and “

text: Origin and function of meiosis

text: Reaching sizes up to , haddock is fished for year-round.  Some of the methods used are Danish seine nets, trawlers, long lines and fishing nets.  The commercial catch of haddock in North America had declined sharply in recent years, but is now recovering, with recruitment rates running around where they historically were from the 1930s to 1960s.

text: Reaching sizes up to , haddock is fished for year-round.  Some of the methods used are Danish

text: seine net

text: s, trawlers, long lines and fishing nets.  The commercial catch of haddock in

text: North America

text: had declined sharply in recent years, but is now recovering, with recruitment rates running around where they historically were from the 1930s to 1960s.

text: The evolutionary strategy of spreading reproductive output over many years is a way of ensuring some reproductive success through long periods of poor larval survival (Leaman and Beamish 1984). Fishing generally selectively removes the older and faster-growing portion of the population. If there is a distinct evolutionary advantage of retaining the oldest fish in the population, either because of higher fecundity or because of different spawning times, age-truncation could be ruinous to a population with highly episodic recruitment like rockfish (Longhurst 2002). Recent work on black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) has shown that larval survival may be dramatically higher from older female spawners (Berkeley et al. 2004, Bobko and Berkeley 2004). The black rockfish population has shown a distinct downward trend in age-structure in recent fishery samples off the West Coast of North America, raising concerns about whether these are general results for most rockfish. De Bruin et al. (2004) examined Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) and rougheye rockfish (S. aleutianus) for senescence in reproductive activity of older fish and found that oogenesis continues at advanced ages. Leaman (1991) showed that older individuals have slightly higher egg dry weight than their middle-aged counterparts. Such relationships have not yet been determined to exist for Pacific ocean perch or other rockfish in Alaska.

text: The evolutionary strategy of spreading reproductive output over many years is a way of ensuring some reproductive success through long periods of poor larval survival (Leaman and Beamish 1984). Fishing generally selectively removes the older and faster-growing portion of the population. If there is a distinct evolutionary advantage of retaining the oldest fish in the population, either because of higher fecundity or because of different spawning times, age-truncation could be ruinous to a population with highly episodic recruitment like rockfish (Longhurst 2002). Recent work on

text: black rockfish

text: (Sebastes melanops) has shown that larval survival may be dramatically higher from older female spawners (Berkeley et al. 2004, Bobko and Berkeley 2004). The black rockfish population has shown a distinct downward trend in age-structure in recent fishery samples off the West Coast of North America, raising concerns about whether these are general results for most rockfish. De Bruin et al. (2004) examined Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) and

text: rougheye rockfish

text: (S. aleutianus) for senescence in reproductive activity of older fish and found that

text: oogenesis

text: continues at advanced ages. Leaman (1991) showed that older individuals have slightly higher egg dry weight than their middle-aged counterparts. Such relationships have not yet been determined to exist for Pacific ocean perch or other rockfish in Alaska.

text: Most freshwater mussels reproduce by releasing their larvae, called glochidia, into the water, where they are then taken in by fish. The glochidia lodge in the gills or fins of the fish and develop into juvenile mussels encysted in the fish tissue. They then drop off the fish into the substrate. Little is known about how this species transfers its glochidia to fish hosts, but it may occur when the adult female is eaten by the fish. The fish host for this mussel species is the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens).

text: Most freshwater mussels reproduce by releasing their larvae, called

text: glochidia

text: , into the water, where they are then taken in by fish. The glochidia lodge in the gills or fins of the fish and develop into juvenile mussels encysted in the fish tissue. They then drop off the fish into the substrate. Little is known about how this species transfers its glochidia to fish hosts, but it may occur when the adult female is eaten by the fish. The fish host for this mussel species is the

text: freshwater drum

text: (Aplodinotus grunniens).

text: This species is a highly peculiar fish in regard to its evolution and reproduction. It has been derived from hybridisation between females of Squalius pyrenaicus and males of another, unknown cyprinid species, and maintains the genomes of both parental species. Squalius alburnoides may have various numbers of these genomes (polyploidy), and may use different reproductive modes to pass them on to the offspring, including asexual reproduction, normal meiosis and hybridogenesis.

text: This species is a highly peculiar fish in regard to its evolution and reproduction. It has been derived from

text: hybridisation

text: between females of

text: Squalius pyrenaicus

text: and males of another, unknown cyprinid species, and maintains the

text: genome

text: s of both parental species. Squalius alburnoides may have various numbers of these genomes (

text: polyploidy

text: ), and may use different reproductive modes to pass them on to the offspring, including

text: asexual reproduction

text: , normal

text: meiosis

text: and

text: hybridogenesis

text: In several species of fish, inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success.

text: Flying fish live in all of the oceans, particularly in tropical and warm subtropical waters. They are commonly found in the epipelagic zone. This area is the top layer of the ocean that extends 200 meters from the surface down. It is often known as the "sunlight zone" because it's where most of the visible light exists. Nearly all primary production, or photosynthesis, happens in this zone. Therefore, the vast majority of plants and animals inhabit this area and can vary from plankton to the sharks.  Although the epipelagic zone is an exceptional area for variety in life, it too has its drawbacks. Due to the vast variety of organisms it holds, there is high number of prey and predation relationships. Small organisms such as the flying fish are targets for larger organisms. They especially have a hard time escaping predators and surviving until they can reproduce, resulting in them having a lower fitness. Along with relationship difficulties, abiotic factors also play a part. Harsh ocean currents make it extremely difficult for small fish to survive in this habitat. Research suggests that difficult environmental factors in the flying fish's habitat have led to the evolution of modified fins. As a result, flying fish have undergone natural selection in which species gain unique traits to better adapt to their environments. By becoming airborne, flying fish outsmart their predators and environment. This increase of speed and maneuverability is a direct advantage to flying fish, and has given them leverage when compared to other species in their environment.

text: Flying fish live in all of the

text: oceans

text: , particularly in

text: tropical

text: and warm

text: subtropical

text: waters. They are commonly found in the

text: epipelagic zone

text: . This area is the top layer of the ocean that extends 200 meters from the surface down. It is often known as the "sunlight zone" because it's where most of the visible light exists. Nearly all primary production, or photosynthesis, happens in this zone. Therefore, the vast majority of plants and animals inhabit this area and can vary from plankton to the sharks.  Although the epipelagic zone is an exceptional area for variety in life, it too has its drawbacks. Due to the vast variety of organisms it holds, there is high number of prey and predation relationships. Small organisms such as the flying fish are targets for larger organisms. They especially have a hard time escaping predators and surviving until they can reproduce, resulting in them having a lower fitness. Along with relationship difficulties,

text: abiotic

text: factors also play a part. Harsh ocean currents make it extremely difficult for small fish to survive in this habitat. Research suggests that difficult environmental factors in the flying fish's habitat have led to the evolution of modified fins. As a result, flying fish have undergone natural selection in which species gain unique traits to better adapt to their environments. By becoming airborne, flying fish outsmart their predators and environment. This increase of speed and maneuverability is a direct advantage to flying fish, and has given them leverage when compared to other species in their environment.

text: A correlation between maternal exposure to CO and low birth weight has been reported that the effect on birth weight of increased ambient CO was as large as the effect of the mother smoking a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy.  It has been revealed that adverse reproductive effects (e.g., risk for LBW) were correlated with maternal exposure to air pollution combustion emissions in Eastern Europe and North America.Mercury is a known toxic heavy metal that can harm fetal growth and health, and there has been evidence showing that exposure to mercury (via consumption of large oily fish) during pregnancy may be related to higher risks of LBW in the offspring.

text: A correlation between maternal exposure to CO and low birth weight has been reported that the effect on birth weight of increased ambient CO was as large as the effect of the mother smoking a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy.  It has been revealed that adverse reproductive effects (e.g., risk for LBW) were correlated with maternal exposure to air pollution combustion emissions in Eastern Europe and North America.Mercury is a known toxic heavy metal that can harm fetal growth and health, and there has been evidence showing that exposure to mercury (via consumption of large

text: oily fish

text: ) during pregnancy may be related to higher risks of LBW in the offspring.

text: The elpistostegalid fish are considered the most apomorphic of fish in comparison to tetrapods.  From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. Development of eye ridges and flatting of the skull are also observed in primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles. The most likely reason for the traits to be adaptive was for their use in aerial vision above the waterline. The traits enabled animals to check area on land for safe spots if being chased by a predator in water, as well as being useful for searching for prey items above the water. The water-based lateral line system was used substantially by these aquatic tetrapods to detect danger from predators. Within the Osteichthyan diversification, there were no changes related to respiration in the transition as can be seen by the nasal region and palatal morphology in elpistostegalid fishes. The primary change from basic ostelepiform ancestors to the first elpistostegalid in the middle Devonian was to the pre-existing roof skulls.

text: The elpistostegalid fish are considered the most apomorphic of fish in comparison to tetrapods.  From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. Development of eye ridges and flatting of the skull are also observed in primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles. The most likely reason for the traits to be adaptive was for their use in aerial vision above the waterline. The traits enabled animals to check area on land for safe spots if being chased by a predator in water, as well as being useful for searching for prey items above the water. The water-based

text: lateral line system

text: was used substantially by these aquatic tetrapods to detect danger from predators. Within the Osteichthyan diversification, there were no changes related to respiration in the transition as can be seen by the nasal region and palatal morphology in elpistostegalid fishes. The primary change from basic ostelepiform ancestors to the first elpistostegalid in the middle Devonian was to the pre-existing roof skulls.

text: Human infants are sometimes considered obligate nasal breathers, but generally speaking healthy humans may breathe through their nose, their mouth, or both. During rest, breathing through the nose is common for most individuals. Breathing through both nose and mouth during exercise is also normal, a behavioral adaptation to increase air intake and hence supply more oxygen to the muscles. Mouth breathing may be called abnormal when an individual breathes through the mouth even during rest. Some sources use the term "mouth breathing habit" but this incorrectly implies that the individual is fully capable of normal nasal breathing, and is breathing through their mouth out of preference. However, in about 85% of cases, mouth breathing represents an involuntary, subconscious adaptation to reduced patency of the nasal airway, and mouth breathing is a requirement simply in order to get enough air. Chronic mouth breathing in children may have implications on dental and facial growth. It also may cause gingivitis (inflamed gums) and halitosis (bad breath), especially upon waking if mouth breathing occurs during sleeping.

text: Human infants are sometimes considered

text: obligate nasal breathers

text: , but generally speaking healthy humans may

text: breathe through their nose

text: , their mouth, or both. During rest, breathing through the nose is common for most individuals. Breathing through both nose and mouth during exercise is also normal, a behavioral adaptation to increase air intake and hence supply more oxygen to the muscles. Mouth breathing may be called abnormal when an individual breathes through the mouth even during rest. Some sources use the term "mouth breathing

text: habit

text: " but this incorrectly implies that the individual is fully capable of normal nasal breathing, and is breathing through their mouth out of preference. However, in about 85% of cases, mouth breathing represents an involuntary, subconscious adaptation to reduced patency of the nasal airway, and mouth breathing is a requirement simply in order to get enough air. Chronic mouth breathing in children may have implications on dental and facial growth. It also may cause gingivitis (inflamed gums) and halitosis (bad breath), especially upon waking if mouth breathing occurs during sleeping.

text: There is also another center of fish avoidance in Southern Africa, among mainly Bantu speakers. It is not clear whether this disinclination developed independently or whether it was introduced. It is certain, however, that no avoidance of fish occurs among southern Africa's earliest inhabitants, the Khoisan. Nevertheless, since the Bantu of southern Africa also share various cultural traits with the pastoralists further north in East Africa, it is believed that, at an unknown date, the taboo against the consumption of fish was similarly introduced from East Africa by cattle-herding peoples who somehow managed to get their livestock past the aforementioned tsetse fly endemic regions.

text: There is also another center of fish avoidance in

text: Southern Africa

text: , among mainly

text: Bantu speakers

text: . It is not clear whether this disinclination developed independently or whether it was introduced. It is certain, however, that no avoidance of fish occurs among southern Africa's earliest inhabitants, the

text: Khoisan

text: . Nevertheless, since the Bantu of southern Africa also share various cultural traits with the pastoralists further north in East Africa, it is believed that, at an unknown date, the taboo against the consumption of fish was similarly introduced from East Africa by cattle-herding peoples who somehow managed to get their livestock past the aforementioned tsetse fly endemic regions.

text: Food allergies to fish, unlike most allergies, often begin in adulthood.  The greatest risk from fish allergies is anaphylaxis, which can cause life-threatening breathing, cardiac, and gastrointestinal symptoms.   Pollock, salmon, cod, tuna, snapper, eel, and tilapia are among the fish that commonly elicit fish allergies.  People often determine which fish to which they have allergies and avoid those types of fish.  However, with common substitution of certain fish, avoiding certain species of fish can be difficult.

text: Food allergies to fish, unlike most allergies, often begin in adulthood.  The greatest risk from fish allergies is

text: anaphylaxis

text: , which can cause life-threatening breathing, cardiac, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

text: Pollock

text: salmon

text: cod

text: tuna

text: snapper

text: eel

text: , and

text: tilapia

text: are among the fish that commonly elicit fish allergies.  People often determine which fish to which they have allergies and avoid those types of fish.  However, with common substitution of certain fish, avoiding certain species of fish can be difficult.

text: A significant number of the residents of Kodimunai do jobs related to fishing. This includes deep sea fishing, shallow water fishing, fishing from the shore (known as karamadi in the local language), fishing with mechanized boats, exporting fish, etc. Many of them work in a number of other fields like medicine, education, engineering, trading, cargo shipping, etc. However, there is no noticeable local industry except for fishing. even most of the people discovered the passion towards fishing. of course they contribute certain percentage to Indian GDP even though it is not recognized. soon kodimunai is going to be thrived in economy comparing to other villages. kodimunai do have reliable sources like fishing, thodu and some local stocks which made this village incomparable with other places of kanyakumari. proud to say 80% of the people having high standard of living like USA.

text: The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of  in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to  have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a tomentum), with a few craters, called cyphellae. Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped fertile spore bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.

text: The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the

text: thalli

text: , are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of  in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to  have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a tomentum), with a few craters, called cyphellae. Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called

text: isidia

text: or

text: soredia

text: are often present on species in this genus;

text: apothecia

text: (cup-shaped fertile spore bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.

text: Although separated into three or four different language groups, Buka society shows very similar traits throughout the island. Traditional Buka society conformed to a broad pattern of Melanesian horticultural organisation. Coastal (or 'tasi' – beach) villagers, namely the Haku, Halia and West Coast speakers, planted taro, kept chickens, fished and collected shellfish. The Solos fished in Buka's rivers and traded forest products and taro with the Halia and West Coast islanders. As in most Pacific Islands, pigs were, and still are, extremely important and are seldom eaten except in the course of rituals and formal feasts. The cuscus (a type of marsupial) and various birds also supplement the diet.

text: Photoblepharon palpebratum, commonly known as the eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, is a species of lanterneye fish from the Indo-Pacific (except the westernmost part, where replaced by the similar P. steinitzi). They are active at night, often feeding in large groups, and use the light to signal to other individuals, startle predators, and find small planktonic animals to feed on. Eyelight fish are sometimes seen at night by divers on steep reef faces. Daytime sightings are rare, as eyelight  fish usually hide in caves during the day. The most characteristic feature of this small fish is the large light organ under each eye. The blue-green light can be turned on and off using a black membrane like an eyelid. The length of eyelight fish are up to 5 in (12cm) and they occur at ocean depths of 23-82 ft (7-25m).

text: Photoblepharon palpebratum, commonly known as the eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, is a

text: species

text: of

text: lanterneye fish

text: from the

text: Indo-Pacific

text: (except the westernmost part, where replaced by the similar

text: P. steinitzi

text: ). They are active at night, often feeding in large groups, and use the light to signal to other individuals, startle predators, and find small planktonic animals to feed on. Eyelight fish are sometimes seen at night by divers on steep reef faces. Daytime sightings are rare, as eyelight  fish usually hide in caves during the day. The most characteristic feature of this small fish is the large

text: light organ

text: under each eye. The blue-green light can be turned on and off using a black membrane like an eyelid. The length of eyelight fish are up to 5 in (12cm) and they occur at ocean depths of 23-82 ft (7-25m).

text: Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognised). The "oddity effect" posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble them. The oddity effect would thus tend to homogenise shoals.

text: Dascyllus albisella are a relatively passive species. Normally, males are the more aggressive of the two genders as they are the ones that usually exhibit parental care. While male aggressiveness is expected, males exhibit sole care of the offspring unlike most animals. This is due to the uniparental nature of Dascyllus albisella. This does not indicate that the females are not present whatsoever. Nor does this show that the females only have a duty to lay the eggs. In cases where the male is not present, females may develop more aggressiveness depending on the situation. As we can see, females do not desert the nest after mating. Females that are larger are more likely to defend the nest in the absence of the male than smaller females. That being said, the nest is defended most frequently by females that were born at that nest. This does not apply to all the females. Some females, even when raised at the nest will not defend the nest regardless. This increased aggressiveness is more favored towards the larger females, however the correlation isn’t terribly strong between size and nest defense.  There is only a tendency for larger fish to defend. In another case when both parents are present, the female will display increased aggressiveness when predation levels increase. Females have a tendency to only display aggressiveness when said female’s eggs are in danger.  Dascyllus albisella displays aggression by making chirping sounds. There is a difference in the chirping that Dascyllus albisella utilizes towards their own versus other organisms. Females tend to produce aggressive sounds when a male is chased by other female fish. Towards their own species, they make a popping sound that is composed of multiple pulses.  In addition, they make these aggressive sounds when chasing juveniles. Towards other species, Dascyllus albisella will make a one and two pulse. The fact that they make different aggressive sounds towards other species shows that they are capable of distinguishing themselves from one another  Dascyllus albisella are also known to hold territories. A territory holder will interact aggressively only when other fish attempt to enter its domain. A territory holder will tolerate most of the fish entering its territory. However, a few fish will be chased away immediately. This behavior is possibly due to those chased away were of similar size to the territory holder and threatened its control on its own territory Dascyllus albisella interact with each other at an early age as well. The younger fish are referred to as juveniles. In these juvenile interactions we see that Dascyllus albisella form a size based linear dominance. As one can expect, the aggressive scuffles are between larger fish and smaller fish. This behavior most likely establishes the hierarchy early on. This is further reinforced by the observation that growth is less in lower status fish or in larger groups. For larger groups this is most likely that the fish in the group are keeping each other smaller due the hierarchy, as a result, they retard their growth. We see that these fish will settle in a group during settling season and said fish will stay in their group even if they chance upon a better group, which shows that Dascyllus albisella aren’t that aggressive in their choice of group.

text: There are several wearables which measures the breath in order to connect the user back to their body. Wo.Defy is a dress which attempts to reveal the beauty of emotional communication using the common platform of the human breath; proposing the best methods of human to human communication lie within us. Spire measures your breathing patterns to give you insights into your state of mind. Being, the mindfulness tracker from Zensorium, maps user’s emotions  (stressed, excited normal and calm) through heart rate variability. WellBe monitors heart rate levels and then matches them, through a patent pending algorithm, to specific moments and interactions throughout a user’s day. SmartMat is a responsive mat embedded with 21,000 sensors to detect your body’s balance, pressure and alignment. Prana's platform evaluates breath patterns, takes into account the effects of posture on breathing, and differentiates between diaphragmatic and chest breathing, three critical components of assessing the true quality of breathing, previously unaddressed by systems such as spirometers or pulse oximeters.

text: There are several wearables which measures the breath in order to connect the user back to their body. Wo.Defy is a dress which attempts to reveal the beauty of emotional communication using the common platform of the human breath; proposing the best methods of human to human communication lie within us.

text: Spire

text: measures your breathing patterns to give you insights into your state of mind. Being, the mindfulness tracker from Zensorium, maps user’s emotions  (stressed, excited normal and calm) through heart rate variability. WellBe monitors heart rate levels and then matches them, through a patent pending algorithm, to specific moments and interactions throughout a user’s day. SmartMat is a responsive mat embedded with 21,000 sensors to detect your body’s balance, pressure and alignment. Prana's platform evaluates breath patterns, takes into account the effects of posture on breathing, and differentiates between diaphragmatic and chest breathing, three critical components of assessing the true quality of breathing, previously unaddressed by systems such as spirometers or pulse oximeters.

text: Adults usually can be found in pairs, while juveniles are solitary. When threatened, these fishes display their large ventral and dorsal fins. They feed primarily on filamentous algae, various macroalgae and plankton. However, individuals were regularly observed feeding on jellyfish (Scyphozoa) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) in the Red Sea. They are pair spawners, a typical trait of other fish in the Zebrasoma genus. This differs from the group spawning typical of the Acanthuridae family.

text: Adults usually can be found in pairs, while juveniles are solitary. When threatened, these fishes display their large ventral and dorsal fins. They feed primarily on filamentous algae, various macroalgae and plankton. However, individuals were regularly observed feeding on jellyfish (

text: Scyphozoa

text: ) and comb jellies (

text: Ctenophora

text: ) in the Red Sea. They are pair

text: spawners

text: , a typical trait of other fish in the

text: Zebrasoma

text: genus

text: . This differs from the group spawning typical of the

text: Acanthuridae

text: family.

text: A Golden Retriever pulls her owner out of a raging river after a fly-fishing accident; a Rottweiler helps his owner breath when a power outage shuts off her breathing tank; a woman builds a sanctuary for alligators, iguanas, and other reptiles; a woman who had been in prison relives her childhood passion by taking care of dogs; a housecat alerts his owners of a living room fire.

text: Sustainable sushi raises questions about the sources of the fish used—whether ingredients were caught or raised. It also raises questions about the vulnerability of the species (longevity and reproductive capability) and whether humans are overfishing the stock. Many of the current methods used to fish leads to overfishing and the unintentional killing of fish and other marine life. Irresponsible fishing practices if allowed to persist unabated would lead to a seafood species worldwide crash by 2048 (in a worst-case scenario).  It is estimated that worldwide, 90% of large predatory fish species are gone. Of the 230 US fisheries assessed, it was determined that 54 stocks are overfished, 45 are currently undergoing overfishing while the status of a bit over half of the US’s stocks are unknown.  These problems are largely due to the lack of regulation fishing has had in the past. In the 1960s there was complete access to the fish supply. Marine fisheries were not regulated and largely exploited fishing for economic gain as calls for the expansion of US fishing fleets were met by increased fishing efficiency.

text: Because of its slightly gray color, pollock is often prepared, as in Norway, as fried fish balls, or if juvenile sized, breaded with oatmeal and fried, as in Shetland.  Year-old fish are traditionally split, salted and dried over a peat hearth in Orkney, where their texture becomes wooden and somewhat phosphorescent. The fish can also be salted and smoked and achieve a salmon-like orange color (although it is not closely related to the salmon), as is the case in Germany where the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs or sea salmon. In Korea, pollock may be repeatedly frozen and melted to createhwangtae, half-dried to create ko-da-ri, or fully dried and eaten as book-o.

text: oatmeal

text: and fried, as in

text: Shetland

text: .  Year-old fish are traditionally split, salted and dried over a peat hearth in

text: Orkney

text: , where their texture becomes wooden and somewhat phosphorescent. The fish can also be salted and smoked and achieve a

text: salmon

text: Germany

text: where the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs or sea salmon. In Korea, pollock may be repeatedly frozen and melted to createhwangtae, half-dried to create ko-da-ri, or fully dried and eaten as book-o.

text: LeGrand wanted to breathe at his own pace, and asked doctors to take him off of his ventilator in thanksgiving of 2010. He stated; "it's not even whether you keep breathing, it's whether you keep breathing how you want to breathe." A month later Legrand had lasted an hour and a half off of his ventilator. LeGrand proceeded to practice breathing without the use of medical equipment, and was independently breathing by January 2011. Coach Greg Schiano would visit Legrand frequently, and is said to have truly embraced the entire family as his own, and would repeatedly relieve Eric’s mother from taking care of him without hesitation.

text: These fish indicate they have some form of respiration that allows them to breathe air, however this behavior is only exhibited under stressful conditions. It is supposed that these fish also have a form of cutaneous respiration, as they are small, live in conditions with low dissolved oxygen, and have high blood circulation to their skin (which provides its red coloration).

text: These fish indicate they have some form of

text: respiration

text: that allows them to breathe air, however this behavior is only exhibited under stressful conditions. It is supposed that these fish also have a form of

text: cutaneous respiration

text: , as they are small, live in conditions with low

text: dissolved oxygen

text: , and have high blood circulation to their skin (which provides its red coloration).

text: Pelagic fisheries are fisheries for pelagic fish, that is, for fish that are offshore in the open ocean, such as small schooling forage fish, sometimes called bait fish, and larger fish who prey on them, such as tuna and ocean sharks.

text: Pelagic fisheries are

text: fisheries

text: for

text: pelagic

text: fish, that is, for fish that are offshore in the open ocean, such as small

text: schooling

text: forage fish

text: , sometimes called

text: bait fish

text: , and larger fish who prey on them, such as

text: tuna

text: and ocean sharks.

text: In Chinese opera, breath is based in the pubic region and supported by the abdominal muscles. Performers follow the basic principle that "Strong centralized breath moves the melodic-passages" (zhong qi xing xiang). Breath is visualized being drawn up through a central breathing cavity extending from the pubic region to the top of the head. This "cavity" must be under the performer's control at all times, and he or she develops special techniques to control both entering and exiting air. The two major methods of taking in breath are known as "exchanging breath" (huan qi) and "stealing breath" (tou qi). "Exchanging breath" is a slow, unhurried process of breathing out old air and taking in new. It is used at moments when the performer is not under time constraint, such as during a purely instrumental musical passage or when another character is speaking. "Stealing breath" is a sharp intake of air without prior exhalation, and is used during long passages of prose or song when a pause would be undesirable. Both techniques should be invisible to the audience and take in only the precise amount of air required for the intended vocalization. The most important principle in exhalation is "saving the breath" (cun qi). Breath should not be expended all at once at the beginning of a spoken or sung passage, but rather expelled slowly and evenly over its length. Most songs and some prose contain precise written intervals for when breath should be "exchanged" or "stolen". These intervals are often marked by carats.

text: There are also Biblical antecedents for exsufflation, properly speaking, that is, exorcistic blowing, especially the numerous Old Testament passages in which "the breath of God" is the vehicle or symbol not of life but of death and destruction — an expression of the wrath of God: "by the breath of God they perish / and by the blast of his anger they are consumed" (Job 4:9, RSV). The same power is attributed metaphorically to Christ: "The lawless one will be revealed, and the Lord Jesus will slay him with the breath of his mouth" (2 Thessalonians 2:8, RSV). Even less obvious passages could be associated with liturgical exsufflation. Jesse of Amiens, for example, interprets Psalm 34 (Vulg. 35):5 as descriptive of the fate of exsufflated devils: ""Let them be like chaff before the wind, with the angel of the Lord driving them on!" And the apocryphal Acts of Thomas describes a baptismal ceremony which, though it does not explicitly contain a breathing ceremony, may imply one, "Let the gift come by which, breathing upon thine enemies, thou didst make them draw back and fall headlong, and let it dwell in this oil, over which we name thy holy name."

text: There are also Biblical antecedents for exsufflation, properly speaking, that is, exorcistic blowing, especially the numerous

text: Old Testament

text: passages in which "the breath of God" is the vehicle or symbol not of life but of death and destruction — an expression of the

text: wrath of God

text: : "by the breath of God they perish / and by the blast of his anger they are consumed" (Job 4:9, RSV). The same power is attributed metaphorically to Christ: "The lawless one will be revealed, and the Lord

text: Jesus

text: will slay him with the breath of his mouth" (2 Thessalonians 2:8, RSV). Even less obvious passages could be associated with liturgical exsufflation.

text: Jesse of Amiens

text: , for example, interprets Psalm 34 (Vulg. 35):5 as descriptive of the fate of exsufflated devils: ""Let them be like chaff before the wind, with the angel of the Lord driving them on!" And the

text: apocrypha

text: l

text: Acts of Thomas

text: describes a baptismal ceremony which, though it does not explicitly contain a breathing ceremony, may imply one, "Let the gift come by which, breathing upon thine enemies, thou didst make them draw back and fall headlong, and let it dwell in this oil, over which we name thy holy name."

text: Philipp's research examines genetics, reproduction, and spatial ecology of fishes, and the effects of fisheries interactions on these dynamics in North America and the Caribbean. His early research examined centrarchid population genetics, gene expression, reproductive physiology,  and strategies,  heritability of fish behaviour, and life history strategies.

text: Philipp's research examines genetics,

text: reproduction

text: , and

text: spatial ecology

text: of fishes, and the effects of

text: fisheries

text: interactions on these dynamics in

text: North America

text: and the

text: Caribbean

text: . His early research examined

text: centrarchid

text: population genetics, gene expression, reproductive physiology,  and strategies,  heritability of fish behaviour, and life history strategies.

text: Adashi was the recipient of continuous National Institute of Health (NIH) funding from 1985 to 2005 inclusive of a Research Career Development Award. Mentor to over 50 postdoctoral trainees and the author or co-author of over 300 PubMed indexed peer-reviewed publications. Adashi edited or co-edited 13 books in the general area of Reproductive Medicine with an emphasis on Ovarian Biology. Adashi's service with the NIH included membership with the National Council of the National Institute of Child health and Human Development (1997-2001), the Reproductive Endocrinology Study Section (1988-1992), and the Selection Committee of the Reproductive Scientist Development Program (1988-2005). Adashi is the former Editor-In- Chief of Seminars in Reproductive Medicine and a former Associate Editor of Endocrinology, Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Reproductive Medicine Review, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Review, and Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.

text: Adashi was the recipient of continuous National Institute of Health (NIH) funding from 1985 to 2005 inclusive of a Research Career Development Award. Mentor to over 50 postdoctoral trainees and the author or co-author of over 300 PubMed indexed peer-reviewed publications. Adashi edited or co-edited 13 books in the general area of Reproductive Medicine with an emphasis on Ovarian Biology. Adashi's service with the NIH included membership with the National Council of the

entity_name: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

text: National Institute of Child health and Human Development

text: (1997-2001), the Reproductive Endocrinology Study Section (1988-1992), and the Selection Committee of the Reproductive Scientist Development Program (1988-2005). Adashi is the former Editor-In- Chief of Seminars in Reproductive Medicine and a former Associate Editor of Endocrinology, Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Reproductive Medicine Review, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine Review, and Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.

text: The common carp is native to Europe and Asia, and has been introduced to every part of the world except the poles. They are the third most frequently introduced species worldwide, and their history as a farmed fish dates back to Roman times. Carp are used as food in many areas, but are now also regarded as a pest in some regions due to their ability to out-compete native fish stocks.<ref>"Common Carp." Aliens Among Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2014.

text: The first transgenic fish were produced in China in 1985. As of 2013, approximately 50 species of fish have been subject to genetic modification.   This has resulted in more than 400 fish/trait combinations.  Most of the modifications have been conducted on food species, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), tilapia (genus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

text: The first transgenic fish were produced in China in 1985. As of 2013, approximately 50 species of fish have been subject to genetic modification.   This has resulted in more than 400 fish/trait combinations.  Most of the modifications have been conducted on food species, such as

text: Atlantic salmon

text: (Salmo salar),

text: tilapia

text: (genus) and

text: common carp

text: (Cyprinus carpio).

text: Each fish in El-Fish has a unique Roe, similar to the genome. This allows the user to catch fish and use selective breeding and mutation to create fish to their own tastes for placing them in virtual aquariums. Around 800 possible genetic attributes (fin shape, body color, size, etc.) are available, which can be selectively shaped into virtually infinite numbers of unique fish. Once fish are created, El-Fish will algorithmically generate up to 256 animation frames so that the fish will appear to swim smoothly around the tank.

text: Each fish in El-Fish has a unique Roe, similar to the

text: genome

text: . This allows the user to catch fish and use

text: selective breeding

text: and

text: mutation

text: to create fish to their own tastes for placing them in virtual aquariums. Around 800 possible genetic attributes (fin shape, body color, size, etc.) are available, which can be selectively shaped into virtually infinite numbers of unique fish. Once fish are created, El-Fish will algorithmically generate up to 256 animation frames so that the fish will appear to swim smoothly around the tank.

text: Spinnerbaits attract predatory fish primarily by activating a special sense organ called the lateral line system through the spinning blade. The Lateral line system enables fish to "touch" and ‘feel’ objects at a distance. Most fish have well-developed sense of touch and can feel the slightest change of water flow around it as a series of vibrations which may warn fish of approaching dangers or indicate the location of prey.

text: Spinnerbaits attract predatory fish primarily by activating a special sense organ called the

text: lateral line system

text: through the spinning blade. The Lateral line system enables fish to "touch" and ‘feel’ objects at a distance. Most fish have well-developed sense of touch and can feel the slightest change of water flow around it as a series of vibrations which may warn fish of approaching dangers or indicate the location of prey.

text: Most recreational fishers use a fishing rod with a fishing line and a hook at the end of the line. The rod may be equipped with a reel so the line can be reeled in, and some form of bait or a lure attached to the hook. Fly fishing is a special form of rod fishing in which the reel is attached to the back end of the rod, and heavy line is cast with a complex, repetitive whipping motion to deliver the ultra light artificial fly to its target. Another less common technique is bowfishing using a regular bow or a crossbow. The "arrow" is a modified bolt with barbs at the tip, connected to a fishing line so the fish can be retrieved. Some crossbows are fitted with a reel.

text: Most recreational fishers use a

text: fishing rod

text: with a

text: fishing line

text: and a

text: hook

text: at the end of the line. The rod may be equipped with a

text: reel

text: so the line can be reeled in, and some form of

text: bait

text: or a

text: lure

text: attached to the hook.

text: Fly fishing

text: is a special form of rod fishing in which the reel is attached to the back end of the rod, and heavy line is cast with a complex, repetitive whipping motion to deliver the ultra light

text: artificial fly

text: to its target. Another less common technique is

text: bowfishing

text: using a regular

text: bow

text: or a

text: crossbow

text: . The "arrow" is a modified

text: bolt

text: with barbs at the tip, connected to a fishing line so the fish can be retrieved. Some crossbows are fitted with a reel.

text: Atlantic cod are a shoaling species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during postspawning migrations inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.  However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.

text: Atlantic cod are a

text: shoaling

text: species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post

text: spawning

text: migrations

text: inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.  However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.

text: "Breathe" is a song by Scottish singer Midge Ure released March 22, 1996, as the first single from his album Breathe.

text: "Breathe" is a song by Scottish singer

text: Midge Ure

text: released March 22, 1996, as the first single from his album

text: Breathe

text: Although most anglers keep their catch for consumption, catch and release fishing is increasingly practised, especially by fly anglers. The general principle is that releasing fish allows them to survive, thus avoiding unintended depletion of the population. For species such as marlin and muskellunge but, also, among many bass anglers, there is a cultural taboo against killing bass for food. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to certain species, meaning fish below a certain size must, by law, be released. It is generally believed that larger fish have a greater breeding potential. Some fisheries have a slot limit that allows the taking of smaller and larger fish, but requiring that intermediate sized fish be released. It is generally accepted that this management approach will help the fishery create a number of large, trophy-sized fish.  In smaller fisheries that are heavily fished, catch and release is the only way to ensure that catchable fish will be available from year to year.The practice of catch and release is criticised by some who consider it unethical to inflict pain upon a fish for purposes of sport. Some of those who object to releasing fish do not object to killing fish for food. Adherents of catch and release dispute this charge, pointing out that fish commonly feed on hard and spiky prey items, and as such can be expected to have tough mouths, and also that some fish will re-take a lure they have just been hooked on, a behaviour that is unlikely if hooking were painful. Opponents of catch and release fishing would find it preferable to ban or to severely restrict angling. On the other hand, proponents state that catch-and-release is necessary for many fisheries to remain sustainable, is a practice that generally has high survival rates, and consider the banning of angling as not reasonable or necessary.

text: Although most anglers keep their catch for consumption, catch and release fishing is increasingly practised, especially by fly anglers. The general principle is that releasing fish allows them to survive, thus avoiding unintended depletion of the population. For species such as marlin and muskellunge but, also, among many bass anglers, there is a cultural

text: taboo

text: The first dorsal spine, the illicium, is modified for use as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic  esca (lure), which resembles a small fish or shrimp with a pinkish to brownish coloration. The illicium is twice the length of the second dorsal spine and is often darkly banded. The second dorsal spine is practically straight and is mobile, the third one is bent towards the back of the body, and both are membranously attached to the head. They are well separated from each other and also from the dorsal fin.

text: The first dorsal spine, the

text: illicium

text: , is modified for use as a fishing rod. Its extremity is endowed with a characteristic

text: esca

text: (lure), which resembles a small fish or shrimp with a pinkish to brownish coloration. The illicium is twice the length of the second dorsal spine and is often darkly banded. The second dorsal spine is practically straight and is mobile, the third one is bent towards the back of the body, and both are membranously attached to the head. They are well separated from each other and also from the

text: dorsal fin

text: The hrossa (singular hross) resemble bipedal otters or seals, and are somewhat taller and thinner than humans. Ransom finds them beautiful: "covered, face and all, with thick black animal hair, and whiskered like a cat ... glossy coat, liquid eye, sweet breath and whitest teeth" (p. 59, Chap. 9). They live in the low river valleys (handramit in the speech of the eldila) and specialize in farming, fishing, and performing arts such as dancing and poetry. They are especially gifted in making poetry; yet they refuse to write it down as they believe that books ruin words and poems. Their technical level is low, and they wear only pocketed loincloths. The boats that they build are similar to our canoes. They add an initial /h/ sound to their words. Their sense of humor is "extravagant and fantastic" (Chap. 18).

text: The hrossa (singular hross) resemble bipedal

text: otter

text: s or

text: seal

text: s, and are somewhat taller and thinner than humans. Ransom finds them beautiful: "covered, face and all, with thick black animal hair, and whiskered like a cat ... glossy coat, liquid eye, sweet breath and whitest teeth" (p. 59, Chap. 9). They live in the low river valleys (handramit in the speech of the eldila) and specialize in farming, fishing, and performing arts such as

text: dancing

text: and

text: poetry

text: . They are especially gifted in making poetry; yet they refuse to write it down as they believe that books ruin words and poems. Their technical level is low, and they wear only pocketed loincloths. The boats that they build are similar to our

text: canoe

text: s. They add an initial /h/ sound to their words. Their sense of humor is "extravagant and fantastic" (Chap. 18).

text: Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic teleosts (bony fish) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of "primitive" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are endothermic, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion.

text: Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures.

text: Endothermic

text: teleost

text: s (bony fish) are all in the suborder

text: Scombroidei

text: and include the

text: billfish

text: es, tunas, and one species of "primitive"

text: mackerel

text: (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family

text: Lamnidae

text: – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are endothermic, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family

text: Alopiidae

text: thresher sharks

text: ). The degree of endothermy varies from the

text: billfish

text: , which warm only their eyes and brain, to

text: bluefin tuna

text: and

text: porbeagle shark

text: s who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also

text: gigantothermy

text: . Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength, higher rates of central

text: nervous system

text: processing, and higher rates of

text: digestion

text: Because of the natural whitewater habitats of these fish, which makes natural observation difficult, most observations of the behavior of this fish is largely known from study of fish in aquaria. Natural history and reproduction of this fish are not well known. When inactive, these fish often swim in a vertical posture, probably to help blend into stems of reeds and other aquatic plants; when active, they swim in a normal, horizontal manner. They may use this camouflage either to hide from predators or as part of ambush predation. These fish feed on fish and crustaceans, and as adults are largely piscivorous. Sorubim species have been observed in captivity to excavate a small pit as a nest and even to guard freshly hatched young (unfortunately, none of these young survived).

text: Because of the natural whitewater habitats of these fish, which makes natural observation difficult, most observations of the behavior of this fish is largely known from study of fish in

text: aquaria

text: . Natural history and reproduction of this fish are not well known. When inactive, these fish often swim in a vertical posture, probably to help blend into stems of reeds and other aquatic plants; when active, they swim in a normal, horizontal manner. They may use this camouflage either to hide from predators or as part of

text: ambush predation

text: . These fish feed on fish and crustaceans, and as adults are largely

text: piscivorous

text: . Sorubim species have been observed in captivity to excavate a small pit as a nest and even to guard freshly hatched young (unfortunately, none of these young survived).

text: It should be observed that an idea, in the narrower and generally accepted sense of a mental reproduction, is frequently composite. That is, as in the example given above of the idea of chair, a great many objects, differing materially in detail, all call a single idea. When a man, for example, has obtained an idea of chairs in general by comparison with which he can say "This is a chair, that is a stool", he has what is known as an "abstract idea" distinct from the reproduction in his mind of any particular chair (see abstraction). Furthermore, a complex idea may not have any corresponding physical object, though its particular constituent elements may severally be the reproductions of actual perceptions. Thus the idea of a centaur is a complex mental picture composed of the ideas of man and horse, that of a mermaid of a woman and a fish.

text: It should be observed that an idea, in the narrower and generally accepted sense of a mental reproduction, is frequently composite. That is, as in the example given above of the idea of chair, a great many objects, differing materially in detail, all call a single idea. When a man, for example, has obtained an idea of chairs in general by comparison with which he can say "This is a chair, that is a stool", he has what is known as an "abstract idea" distinct from the reproduction in his mind of any particular chair (see

text: abstraction

text: ). Furthermore, a complex idea may not have any corresponding physical object, though its particular constituent elements may severally be the reproductions of actual perceptions. Thus the idea of a

text: centaur

text: is a complex mental picture composed of the ideas of

text: man

text: and

text: horse

text: , that of a

text: mermaid

text: of a

text: woman

text: and a

text: fish

text: Males and females flare or puff out their gill covers (opercula) to appear more impressive, either to intimidate other rivals or as an act of courtship. Other reasons for flaring can include when they are intimidated by movement or change of scene in their environments. Both sexes display horizontal bars if stressed or frightened. However, such colour changes, common in females of any age, are rare in mature males due to their intensity of colour. Females often flare at other females, especially when setting up a pecking order. Flirting fish behave similarly, with vertical instead of horizontal stripes indicating a willingness and readiness to breed (females only). Betta splendens enjoy a decorated tank, being a territorial fish it is necessary to establish territory even when housed alone. They may set up a territory centered on a plant or rocky alcove, sometimes becoming highly possessive of it and aggressive toward trespassing rivals. This is the reason why when kept with other fish the minimum tank size should be 45 litres (about 10 gallons). Contrary to popular belief, Bettas are compatible with many other species of aquarium fish. Given the proper parameters bettas will be known to only be aggressive towards smaller and slower fish than themselves such as guppies.

text: Males and females flare or puff out their

text: gill cover

text: s (opercula) to appear more impressive, either to intimidate other rivals or as an act of

text: courtship

text: . Other reasons for flaring can include when they are intimidated by movement or change of scene in their environments. Both sexes display horizontal bars if stressed or frightened. However, such colour changes, common in females of any age, are rare in mature males due to their intensity of colour. Females often flare at other females, especially when setting up a

text: pecking order

text: Flirting

text: fish behave similarly, with vertical instead of horizontal stripes indicating a willingness and readiness to breed (females only). Betta splendens enjoy a decorated tank, being a territorial fish it is necessary to establish territory even when housed alone. They may set up a territory centered on a plant or rocky alcove, sometimes becoming highly possessive of it and aggressive toward trespassing rivals. This is the reason why when kept with other fish the minimum tank size should be 45 litres (about 10 gallons). Contrary to popular belief, Bettas are compatible with many other species of aquarium fish. Given the proper parameters bettas will be known to only be aggressive towards smaller and slower fish than themselves such as

text: guppies

text: AoCs are designated by having an impairment in at least one of fourteen beneficial uses. The Grand Calumet is the only AoC to be impaired on all fourteen. These impairments include total fish consumption restrictions, beach closings, fish tumors or deformities, animal deformities or reproductive problems, and loss or degradation of fish and wildlife habitat, benthos, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations, among others.

text: AoCs are designated by having an impairment in at least one of fourteen

text: beneficial uses

text: . The Grand Calumet is the only AoC to be impaired on all fourteen. These impairments include total fish consumption restrictions, beach closings, fish

text: tumors

text: or deformities, animal deformities or reproductive problems, and loss or degradation of fish and wildlife habitat,

text: benthos

text: phytoplankton

text: , and

text: zooplankton

text: populations, among others.

text: Common and gregarious, the hardnose shark is a predator of bony fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans. This species is viviparous, with the growing embryos sustained to term via a placental connection to their mother. Females have a biennial reproductive cycle and bear litters of one or two pups after a twelve-month gestation period. The hardnose shark is fished for meat throughout its range and, given its low reproductive rate, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed it as Near Threatened.

text: Common and gregarious, the hardnose shark is a

text: predator

text: of

text: bony fish

text: es,

text: cephalopod

text: s, and

text: crustacean

text: s. This species is

text: viviparous

text: , with the growing

text: embryo

text: s sustained to term via a

text: placenta

text: l connection to their mother. Females have a biennial reproductive cycle and bear litters of one or two pups after a twelve-month

text: gestation period

text: . The hardnose shark is fished for meat throughout its range and, given its low reproductive rate, the

text: (IUCN) has listed it as

text: Near Threatened

text: European perch can vary greatly in size between bodies of water.  They can live for up to 22 years, and older perch are often much larger than average; the maximum recorded length is .  The British record is , but they grow larger in mainland Europe than in Britain. As of May 2016, the official all tackle world record recognised by the International Game Fish Association stands at  for a Finnish fish caught September 4, 2010. In January 2010 a perch with a weight of 3.75 kg (8 lb 4 oz) has been caught in the River Meuse, Netherlands. Due to the low salinity levels of the Baltic Sea, especially around the Finnish archipelago and Bothnian Sea, many freshwater fish live and thrive there. Perch especially are in abundance and grow to a considerable size due to the diet of Baltic herring.

text: European perch can vary greatly in size between bodies of water.  They can live for up to 22 years, and older perch are often much larger than average; the maximum recorded length is .  The British record is , but they grow larger in mainland Europe than in Britain. As of May 2016, the official all tackle world record recognised by the

text: International Game Fish Association

text: stands at  for a Finnish fish caught September 4, 2010. In January 2010 a perch with a weight of 3.75 kg (8 lb 4 oz) has been caught in the

text: River Meuse

text: , Netherlands. Due to the low salinity levels of the

text: Baltic Sea

text: , especially around the

text: Finnish archipelago

text: and

text: Bothnian Sea

text: , many freshwater fish live and thrive there. Perch especially are in abundance and grow to a considerable size due to the diet of

text: Baltic herring

text: The bicolor chromis is a small size fish and can reach a maximum size of 9 cm length.

text: The bicolor chromis is a small size

text: fish

text: and can reach a maximum size of 9 cm length.

text: Dermogenys are live-bearing fish that practise internal fertilisation. The male is equipped with a gonopodium-like anal fin known as an andropodium that delivers sperm into the female. The gestation period is about one month. The exact mode of reproduction ranges from ovoviviparity through to viviparity (see section on reproduction in the Zenarchopteridae article). About ten embryos are developed at any one time, but at birth, these are fairly large (around ) compared with other fish of this size. Dermogenys adults are around  in length, depending on the species.

text: Dermogenys are live-bearing fish that practise internal fertilisation. The male is equipped with a

text: gonopodium

text: -like anal fin known as an andropodium that delivers sperm into the female. The

text: gestation

text: period is about one month. The exact mode of reproduction ranges from

text: ovoviviparity

text: through to

text: viviparity

text: (see section on reproduction in the

text: Zenarchopteridae

text: article). About ten embryos are developed at any one time, but at birth, these are fairly large (around ) compared with other fish of this size. Dermogenys adults are around  in length, depending on the species.

text: The skin of most fishes are covered with scales. Scales vary enormously in size, shape, structure, and extent, ranging from strong and rigid armour plates in fishes such as shrimpfishes and boxfishes, to microscopic or absent in fishes such as eels and anglerfishes. The morphology of a scale can be used to identify the species of fish it came from.

text: The

text: skin

text: of most fishes are covered with

text: scale

text: s. Scales vary enormously in size, shape, structure, and extent, ranging from strong and rigid armour plates in fishes such as

text: shrimpfish

text: es and

text: boxfish

text: es, to microscopic or absent in fishes such as

text: eel

text: s and

text: anglerfish

text: es. The

text: morphology

text: of a scale can be used to identify the species of fish it came from.

text: The banded sunfish feeds upon aquatic insects, microcrustaceans, and small fish.

text: A. rivulatus can be successfully bred around . Reproduction can be incited by isolating a breeding pair (each from distinct lineages), raising the water temperature to around 80°F, and providing a flat, textured surface (such as a flat rock or pottery fragment) on which the female can deposit her eggs. Upon reaching 3–4 inches in length, A. rivulatus may be integrated into aquariums with larger cichlids. A significant size disparity between newly added fish and existing fish can retard optimum growth rates of the still-maturing fish. Larger fish, particularly A. ocellatus (oscar cichlid) may feed so aggressively that smaller fish may be unable to ingest adequate quantities of food.

text: A. rivulatus can be successfully bred around . Reproduction can be incited by isolating a breeding pair (each from distinct lineages), raising the water temperature to around 80°F, and providing a flat, textured surface (such as a flat rock or pottery fragment) on which the female can deposit her eggs. Upon reaching 3–4 inches in length, A. rivulatus may be integrated into aquariums with larger cichlids. A significant size disparity between newly added fish and existing fish can retard optimum growth rates of the still-maturing fish. Larger fish, particularly A. ocellatus (

text: oscar cichlid

text: ) may feed so aggressively that smaller fish may be unable to ingest adequate quantities of food.

text: Currently, the bat ray is fished commercially in Mexico but not the United States. However, it is sometimes fished for sport for its fighting characteristics. Prehistorically, native tribes on the California coast (probably Ohlone), especially in the San Francisco Bay area, fished bat rays in large numbers, presumably for food.

text: Currently, the bat ray is fished commercially in

text: Mexico

text: but not the

text: United States

text: . However, it is sometimes fished for sport for its fighting characteristics. Prehistorically, native tribes on the California coast (probably

text: Ohlone

text: ), especially in the

text: San Francisco Bay

text: area, fished bat rays in large numbers, presumably for food.

text: The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae  must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.

text: The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called

text: larva

text: e. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large

text: yolk sac

text: (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed

text: metamorphosis

text: ) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae  must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on

text: zooplankton

text: prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.

text: The church's dedication is to Saint Lawrence, the Roman deacon martyr. The first document to reference it dates to 1143, at which time it was referred to as S. Laurentius in porticu maiore ("Saint Lawrence near the great portico"), referring to its vicinity to the great Portico which in the Middle Ages connected Pons Aelius with the Old St. Peter's Basilica, stretching along the Borgo.The title in piscibus, which first appeared in a 1205 bull of Pope Innocent III, translates literally to "near the fishes." The name refers either to a fish market that was operated nearby, or the Roman de Piscibus family. Other variants on the church's name are de piscibus ("of the fishes"), ad pisces ("near the fishes"), and in Borgo ("in the Borgo," the neighborhood in which it was – and still is – located). It was also called San Lorenzolo or Lorenzino, both meaning "little Saint Lawrence", to stress its tiny size.

text: The church's dedication is to

text: Saint Lawrence

text: , the Roman deacon martyr. The first document to reference it dates to 1143, at which time it was referred to as S. Laurentius in porticu maiore ("Saint Lawrence near the great

text: portico

text: "), referring to its vicinity to the great Portico which in the Middle Ages connected

text: Pons Aelius

text: with the

text: Old St. Peter's Basilica

text: , stretching along the Borgo.The title in piscibus, which first appeared in a 1205 bull of

text: Pope Innocent III

text: , translates literally to "near the fishes." The name refers either to a fish market that was operated nearby, or the Roman de Piscibus family. Other variants on the church's name are de piscibus ("of the fishes"), ad pisces ("near the fishes"), and in Borgo ("in the Borgo," the neighborhood in which it was – and still is – located). It was also called San Lorenzolo or Lorenzino, both meaning "little Saint Lawrence", to stress its tiny size.

text: Little is known about predation specifically on cyclostomes although it is likely that they are preyed upon by the nudibranchs (sea-slugs), pycnogonids (sea-spiders), echinoids and fishes which consume other marine bryozoans.  Little is known about the reproductive ecology of cyclostomes.  Sperm are known to be released from the tips of the tentacles, as in other bryozoans, but fertilization of eggs has never been observed.  It is unclear if each gonozooid broods a single or multiple clutches of larvae, whether one or more clones of polyembryonous larvae are present per gonozooid, and what is the duration of the brooding period.

text: Little is known about predation specifically on cyclostomes although it is likely that they are preyed upon by the

text: nudibranch

text: s (sea-slugs),

text: pycnogonid

text: s (sea-spiders),

text: echinoid

text: s and fishes which consume other marine bryozoans.  Little is known about the reproductive ecology of cyclostomes.  Sperm are known to be released from the tips of the tentacles, as in other bryozoans, but

text: fertilization

text: of eggs has never been observed.  It is unclear if each gonozooid broods a single or multiple clutches of larvae, whether one or more clones of polyembryonous larvae are present per gonozooid, and what is the duration of the brooding period.

text: As common for deep-sea creatures, all members of Stomiiformes (except one) have photophores, whose structure is characteristic of the order. The light emitted can be more or less strong and its color can be light yellow, white, violet or red. The light coming from these fish is generally invisible to their prey. The lighting mechanism can be very simple – consisting of small gleaming points on the fish body – or very elaborate, involving lenses and refractors.

text: As common for

text: deep-sea

text: creatures, all members of Stomiiformes (except one) have

text: photophore

text: s, whose structure is characteristic of the order. The light emitted can be more or less strong and its color can be light yellow, white, violet or red. The light coming from these fish is generally invisible to their prey. The lighting mechanism can be very simple – consisting of small gleaming points on the fish body – or very elaborate, involving

text: lens

text: es and

text: refractor

text: s.

text: Coastal fishing villages are often somewhat isolated, and sited around a small natural harbour which provides safe haven for a village fleet of fishing boats. The village needs to provide a safe way of landing fish and securing boats when they are not in use. Fishing villages may operate from a beach, particularly around lakes. For example, around parts of Lake Malawi, each fishing village has its own beach. If a fisherman from outside the village lands fish on the beach, he gives some of the fish to the village headman. Village fishing boats are usually characteristic of the stretch of coast along which they operate. Traditional fishing boats evolve over time to meet the local conditions, such as the materials available locally for boat building, the type of sea conditions the boats will encounter, and the demands of the local fisheries.

text: Coastal fishing villages are often somewhat isolated, and sited around a small natural

text: harbour

text: which provides safe haven for a village fleet of

text: fishing boats

text: . The village needs to provide a safe way of landing fish and securing boats when they are not in use. Fishing villages may operate from a beach, particularly around lakes. For example, around parts of

text: Lake Malawi

text: , each fishing village has its own beach. If a fisherman from outside the village lands fish on the beach, he gives some of the fish to the village headman. Village fishing boats are usually characteristic of the stretch of coast along which they operate.

text: Traditional fishing boats

text: evolve over time to meet the local conditions, such as the materials available locally for boat building, the type of sea conditions the boats will encounter, and the demands of the local

text: fisheries

text: Five modes of reproduction can be differentiated in fish based on relations between the zygote(s) and parents:

text: The Arctic char is closely related to both salmon and lake trout, and has many characteristics of both. The fish is highly variable in colour, depending on the time of year and the environmental conditions of the lake where it lives. Individual fish can weigh  or more with record-sized fish having been taken by anglers in northern Canada, where it is known as iqaluk or tariungmiutaq in Inuktitut. Generally, whole market-sized fish are between . The flesh colour can range from a bright red to a pale pink.

text: The Arctic char is closely related to both

text: salmon

text: and

text: lake trout

text: , and has many characteristics of both. The fish is highly variable in colour, depending on the time of year and the environmental conditions of the lake where it lives. Individual fish can weigh  or more with record-sized fish having been taken by anglers in northern Canada, where it is known as iqaluk or tariungmiutaq in

text: Inuktitut

text: . Generally, whole market-sized fish are between . The flesh colour can range from a bright red to a pale pink.

text: various kinds and sizes of smoked fish

text: various kinds and sizes of smoked fish

text: Pauly has written several books, including ''Darwin's Fishes'' (Cambridge University Press), Five Easy Pieces: How Fishing Impacts Marine Ecosystems (Island Press) and Gasping Fish and Panting Squids: Oxygen, Temperature and the Growth of Water-Breathing Animals.

text: This modified stomach allows these fish to breathe air. The stomach is vascularized. A white net of connective tissue surrounds the organ, leaving a circular area in the middle of the stomach free; this connective tissue firmly holds the stomach to the body wall and is better developed in adults. It may also function as a hydrostatic organ, allowing the fish to remain buoyant midwater.

text: The fish can grow to a maximum length of 3.4 cm (in total length), and it generally grows to 2.3 cm (TL). Scales are present at the top of its head. Its mouth is both small and oblique. The fish does not have a lateral line. A crescent-shaped area behind each eye may be gold or iridescent blue. It has dark lips. Egg count in the ovaries of females in captivity ranged from 115 to 500, increasing with the fish's size.

text: The fish can grow to a maximum length of 3.4 cm (in

text: total length

text: ), and it generally grows to 2.3 cm (TL). Scales are present at the top of its head. Its mouth is both small and oblique. The fish does not have a lateral line. A crescent-shaped area behind each eye may be gold or iridescent blue. It has dark lips. Egg count in the ovaries of females in captivity ranged from 115 to 500, increasing with the fish's size.

text: The common fangtooth is a predator and feeds on other fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. They are themselves preyed on by such fish as tuna, marlin and albacore. It is a schooling fish and is often found in small groups, though it may be solitary. Off the west coast of North America, the common fangtooth seems to breed in the summer months. The fish are oviparous and the developing larvae are planktonic. From examination of the otoliths (bony structures behind the eyes), it appears that this fish lives for at least three years.

text: The common fangtooth is a predator and feeds on other fish,

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: cephalopod

text: s. They are themselves preyed on by such fish as

text: tuna

text: marlin

text: and

text: albacore

text: . It is a schooling fish and is often found in small groups, though it may be solitary. Off the west coast of North America, the common fangtooth seems to breed in the summer months. The fish are

text: oviparous

text: and the developing larvae are

text: plankton

text: ic. From examination of the

text: otolith

text: s (bony structures behind the eyes), it appears that this fish lives for at least three years.

text: This species is unusual among the Loricariidae due to its extremely reduced armor plates that are characteristic of the family, giving the fish a relatively naked body. This fish probably has a basal position in the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

text: This species is unusual among the Loricariidae due to its extremely reduced armor plates that are characteristic of the family, giving the fish a relatively naked body. This fish probably has a

text: basal

text: position in the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae.  This species grows to a length of

text: SL

text: B. kweichowensis is characteristically not too aggressive an aquarium fish, but like the Bornean Gastromyzon species, it is territorial and may engage in skirmishes or "topping", where one fish will try to cover another fish. These clashes seldom result in damage, because one fish will eventually cease from engaging in the topping behavior.

text: B. kweichowensis is characteristically not too aggressive an aquarium fish, but like the

text: Bornean

text: Gastromyzon

text: species, it is territorial and may engage in skirmishes or "topping", where one fish will try to cover another fish. These clashes seldom result in damage, because one fish will eventually cease from engaging in the topping behavior.

text: After basic elements, in a quiet environment, sitting in a comfortable position eyes are closed and all muscles are deeply relaxed beginning from feet and progressing up to face (i.e., feet, calves, thighs, lower torso, chest, shoulders, neck, hand). Allowing muscles to remain relaxed.Becoming aware of breathing and while breathing out, saying silently the word "one" ("won") or some other word or short phrase that is meaningful (i.e., breathe in; breathe out, saying "won"; breathe in; breathe out, saying "won").

text: Female western lowland gorillas living in a group led by a single male have been observed to display sexual behavior during all stages of their reproductive cycle and during times of non-fertility. Three out of four females have been observed to engaged in sexual behavior while pregnant and two out of three females have been observed to engage in sexual behavior while lactating. Females are significantly more likely to engage and participate in sexual behavior and activity on a day when another female is sexually active. It has been found that female western lowland gorillas participate in non-reproductive sexual behavior in order to increase her reproductive success through sexual competition. By increasing the female’s own reproductive success, she then decreases the reproductive success of others female gorillas, regardless of their reproductive state.

text: Knowledge of fish age characteristics is necessary for stock assessments, and to develop management or conservation plans. Size is generally associated with age; however, there are variations in size at any particular age for most fish species making it difficult to estimate one from the other with precision. Therefore, researchers interested in determining a fish age look for structures which increase incrementally with age. The most commonly used techniques involve counting natural growth rings on the scales, otoliths, vertebrate, fin spines, eye lenses, teeth, or bones of the jaw, pectoral girdle, and opercular series. Even reliable aging techniques may vary among species; often, several different bony structures are compared among a population in order to determine the most accurate method.

text: Knowledge of fish age characteristics is necessary for stock assessments, and to develop management or conservation plans. Size is generally associated with age; however, there are variations in size at any particular age for most fish species making it difficult to estimate one from the other with precision. Therefore, researchers interested in determining a fish age look for structures which increase incrementally with age. The most commonly used techniques involve counting natural growth rings on the

text: scales

text: otoliths

text: vertebrate

text: fin spines

text: eye lenses

text: , teeth, or

text: bones of the jaw

text: , pectoral girdle, and

text: opercular series

text: . Even reliable aging techniques may vary among species; often, several different bony structures are compared among a population in order to determine the most accurate method.

text: B. H. Fisher -Bag limits -Bait Act -Bait fish -Bamboo fly rod -Bangladesh Marine Fisheries Academy -Bank fishing -Banks dory -Basa fish -Basnig -Bass Anglers Sportsman Society -Bass boat -Bass Festival -Bass fishing -Bassmaster Classic -Bay mud -Bayou La Batre, Alabama -Beach casting -Bennett Spring State Park -Benthic zone -Benthos -Bering Sea Arbitration -Best Angler ESPY Award -Bibliography of fly fishing -Big Hole River -Big-game fishing -Billingsgate Fish Market -Bioeconomics -Bioluminescence -Biomass (ecology) -Bite alarm -Blast fishing -Blast fishing -Blue cod -Blue grenadier -Blue mussel -Bluefish -Bobs Farm, New South Wales -Boilie -Bombarda -Bonefish -Bottom feeder -Bottom fishing -Bottom trawling -Bowfishing -Braided fishing line -Brixham -Broodstock -Brook trout -Brown trout -Bruno Hofer -Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Philippines) -Busan Cooperative Fish Market -Büsum -By-catch

text: B. H. Fisher

text: Bag limits

text: Bait Act

text: Bait fish

text: Bamboo fly rod

text: Bangladesh Marine Fisheries Academy

text: Bank fishing

text: Banks dory

text: Basa fish

text: Basnig

text: Bass Anglers Sportsman Society

text: Bass boat

text: Bass Festival

text: Bass fishing

text: Bassmaster Classic

text: Bay mud

text: Bayou La Batre, Alabama

text: Beach casting

text: Bennett Spring State Park

text: Benthic zone

text: Benthos

text: Bering Sea Arbitration

text: Best Angler ESPY Award

text: Bibliography of fly fishing

text: Big Hole River

text: Big-game fishing

text: Billingsgate Fish Market

text: Bioeconomics

text: Bioluminescence

text: Biomass (ecology)

text: Bite alarm

text: Blast fishing

text: Blast fishing

text: Blue cod

text: Blue grenadier

text: Blue mussel

text: Bluefish

text: Bobs Farm, New South Wales

text: Boilie

text: Bombarda

text: Bonefish

text: Bottom feeder

text: Bottom fishing

text: Bottom trawling

text: Bowfishing

text: Braided fishing line

text: Brixham

text: Broodstock

text: Brook trout

text: Brown trout

text: Bruno Hofer

entity_name: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

text: Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (Philippines)

text: Busan Cooperative Fish Market

text: Büsum

text: By-catch

text: One of the main tasks of the Agency is submission of proposals concerning the state policy in the fisheries field and fishing industry, protection, use and reproduction of aquatic bio-resources, regulation of fisheries and maritime safety of fishing fleet vessels to the Minister of agrarian policy and food of Ukraine.

text: The implementation of ITQs or IFQs works in tandem with the privatization of common assets. This regulatory measure seeks to economically rationalise access to a common-pool resource. This type of management is based in the doctrine of natural resource economics. Notably the use of ITQs in environmental policy has been informed by the work of economists such as Jens Warming, H. Scott Gordon  and Anthony Scott. It is theorised that the primary driver of over-fishing is the rule of capture externality. This is the idea that the fisher does not have a property right to the resource until point of capture, incentivising competitive behavior and overcapitalisation in the industry. It is theorized that without a long-term right to fish stocks, there is no incentive to conserve fish stocks for the future.

text: The implementation of ITQs or IFQs works in tandem with the

text: privatization

text: of common assets. This regulatory measure seeks to economically rationalise access to a

text: common-pool resource

text: . This type of management is based in the doctrine of

text: natural resource economics

text: . Notably the use of ITQs in environmental policy has been informed by the work of economists such as Jens Warming, H. Scott Gordon  and Anthony Scott. It is theorised that the primary driver of over-fishing is the rule of capture externality. This is the idea that the fisher does not have a property right to the resource until point of capture, incentivising competitive behavior and

text: overcapitalisation

text: in the industry. It is theorized that without a long-term right to fish stocks, there is no incentive to conserve fish stocks for the future.

text: Davis Lake is known for its fishing. Only fly fishing with artificial flies is permitted. Rainbow trout are planted to assist natural reproduction. The piscivorous trout, native to the lake, feeds on the invasive Tui chub.

text: Davis Lake is known for its fishing. Only

text: fly fishing

text: with artificial flies is permitted.

text: Rainbow trout

text: are planted to assist natural reproduction. The

text: piscivorous

text: trout, native to the lake, feeds on the invasive

text: Tui chub

text: A 2006 study by Canadian scientists has found five species of deep-sea fish –  blue hake, spiny eel – to be on the verge of extinction due to the shift of commercial fishing from continental shelves to the slopes of the continental shelves, down to depths of 1600 meters. The slow reproduction of these fish – they reach sexual maturity at about the same age as human beings – is one of the main reasons that they cannot recover from the excessive fishing.

text: A 2006

text: study

text: by

text: Canadian

text: scientist

text: s has found five species of deep-sea fish –

text: blue hake

text: spiny eel

text: – to be on the verge of extinction due to the shift of

text: commercial fishing

text: from

text: continental shelves

text: to the slopes of the

text: continental shelves

text: , down to depths of 1600 meters. The slow

text: reproduction

text: of these

text: fish

text: – they reach

text: sexual maturity

text: at about the same age as

text: human being

text: s – is one of the main reasons that they cannot recover from the

text: excessive fishing

text: Corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF is a family of related neuropeptides in vertebrates. This family includes corticotropin-releasing hormone, urotensin-I, urocortin, and sauvagine. The family can be grouped into 2 separate paralogous lineages, with urotensin-I, urocortin and sauvagine in one group and CRH forming the other group. Urocortin and sauvagine appear to represent orthologues of fish urotensin-I in mammals and amphibians, respectively. The peptides have a variety of physiological effects on stress and anxiety, vasoregulation, thermoregulation, growth and metabolism, metamorphosis and reproduction in various species, and are all released as prohormones.

text: Corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF is a

text: family

text: of related

text: neuropeptide

text: s in

text: vertebrate

text: s. This family includes

text: corticotropin-releasing hormone

text: urotensin

text: -I,

text: urocortin

text: , and

text: sauvagine

text: . The family can be grouped into 2 separate

text: paralog

text: ous lineages, with urotensin-I, urocortin and sauvagine in one group and CRH forming the other group. Urocortin and sauvagine appear to represent orthologues of fish urotensin-I in mammals and amphibians, respectively. The peptides have a variety of physiological effects on stress and

text: anxiety

text: vasoregulation

text: thermoregulation

text: , growth and metabolism, metamorphosis and reproduction in various species, and are all released as

text: prohormones

text: All species of termite are to some degree eusocial and colonies are split into caste systems.  The majority of termite populations consist of the worker caste which are responsible for foraging, nest building, grooming, and brood care. The soldier caste has one responsibility which is to protect the nest from predators and other competitors. Soldiers have highly developed mandibles as well as many exocrine glands that can secrete multiple defensive substances harmful to predators.  Normally, only the king and queen termite reproduce; the other class are all sterile. There are two classes of reproductives: primary reproductives and neonetic reproductives. The primary reproductives class is responsible for colony creation and is characterized by compound eyes, wing marks (spots where wings once were before shedding), and defined sclerotization. Neonetic reproductives can develop from within the colony usually when the primary reproductives has died, or can develop in addition to the queen. Neonetic reproductives can experience two different phenotypes one with wings and one without.  If neonetics are winged they will fly away from parental colony and form their own, however if they are wingless they will stay within the parental colony. These two different morphs are usually dependent upon food availability in the colony or increased parasitism present in colony. Later larval instars will begin to develop signs of caste differentiation. If it will become a member of the reproductives, there will be an increase in the size of the gonadal region.

text: All species of termite are to some degree

text: eusocial

text: A minimum size for catch led to fishermen dumping dead fish that were too small to land legally, so a minimum mesh size was introduced, which let small fish escape to replenish stocks. Choice of mesh is complicated, because mature fish of different species are naturally different sizes and require different nets.

text: A

text: minimum size

text: for catch led to fishermen dumping dead fish that were too small to land legally, so a minimum mesh size was introduced, which let small fish escape to replenish stocks. Choice of mesh is complicated, because mature fish of different species are naturally different sizes and require different nets.

text: The species of fish usually sold as feeder fish are invariably some of the easiest fish for fishkeepers to rear and breed, such as goldfish and guppies. Typically, these species are tolerant of overcrowding and have a high fecundity and rapid growth rate. This makes it easy for fish farmers, retailers, and hobbyists to maintain large populations of these fish that can be sold at a much more affordable price than the more delicate ornamental fish that require better conditions.

text: The species of fish usually sold as feeder fish are invariably some of the easiest fish for

text: fishkeepers

text: to rear and breed, such as

text: goldfish

text: and

text: guppies

text: . Typically, these species are tolerant of overcrowding and have a high

text: fecundity

text: and rapid growth rate. This makes it easy for fish farmers, retailers, and hobbyists to maintain large populations of these fish that can be sold at a much more affordable price than the more delicate ornamental fish that require better conditions.

text: Characteristic fish species include all of the above species, with the addition of;

text: The common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) is endemic to New Zealand, a freshwater fish present throughout the country. There are three other bully species that can be confused with common bullies. Few characteristis in the common bully separate it from the other species. Vertical lines present on the cheek are a good defining characteristic along with the location of head pores and scale patterns on the head although these characteristics are hard to establish when seen in the wild. It is a amphidromous fish meaning it is able to survive in marine and fresh water environments. It is a small fish only growing as big as 15 cm. It can live in marine, fresh water or brackish water (fresh and salt water mixed) habitats and generally lives in benthic zones. Some populations venture into the sea and occur in coastal rivers and streams while other land locked populations have established in many shallow mainland lakes. They generally prefer moderate to slow moving water which means they are the most likely bully species to be sighted. Its diet consists mainly of small benthic invertabrates but also involves insect larvae and crustacea.

text: The first major groups of amphibians developed in the Devonian period, around 370 million years ago, from lobe-finned fish which were similar to the modern coelacanth and lungfish. These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along the sea bottom. Some fish had developed primitive lungs to help them breathe air when the stagnant pools of the Devonian swamps were low in oxygen. They could also use their strong fins to hoist themselves out of the water and onto dry land if circumstances so required. Eventually, their bony fins would evolve into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all tetrapods, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Despite being able to crawl on land, many of these prehistoric tetrapodomorph fish still spent most of their time in the water. They had started to develop lungs, but still breathed predominantly with gills.

text: The first major groups of amphibians developed in the

text: Devonian

text: period, around 370 million years ago, from

text: lobe-finned fish

text: which were similar to the modern

text: coelacanth

text: and

text: lungfish

text: . These ancient lobe-finned fish had evolved multi-jointed leg-like fins with digits that enabled them to crawl along the sea bottom. Some fish had developed primitive lungs to help them breathe air when the stagnant pools of the Devonian swamps were low in oxygen. They could also use their strong fins to hoist themselves out of the water and onto dry land if circumstances so required. Eventually, their bony fins would

text: evolve

text: into limbs and they would become the ancestors to all

text: tetrapod

text: s, including modern amphibians, reptiles, birds, and

text: mammal

text: s. Despite being able to crawl on land, many of these prehistoric

text: tetrapodomorph

text: fish still spent most of their time in the water. They had started to develop lungs, but still breathed predominantly with gills.

text: Adventist believe the Bible clearly teaches what the "spirit" that returns to God at death is. The body without the spirit ["breath,"] is dead." James 2:26. "The spirit of God ["the breath which God gave him,"] is in my nostrils." Job 27:3.They hold that the spirit that returns to God at death is the breath of life. Nowhere in all of God's book does the "spirit" have any life, wisdom, or feeling after a person dies. It is the "breath of life" and nothing more.

text: The grey-headed fish eagle is included in the order Accipitriformes and the family Accipitridae, which includes most birds of prey except for the ospreys and falcons. Lerner & Mindell placed the grey-headed fish eagle in the subfamily Haliaeetinae, which includes the genera Haliaeetus (sea eagles) and Ichthyophaga (fish eagles). It was first described by Horsfield in 1841 as Falco ichthyaetus. It is a monotypic species of the genus Ichthyophaga and forms a paraphyletic group with the genus Haliaeetus. This paraphyletic group forms a close sister relationship with the subfamily Milvinae (composed of two genera, Milvus and Haliatur), based on the shared trait of basal fusion of the second and third phalanges found only in these two groups.

text: The grey-headed fish eagle is included in the order

text: Accipitriformes

text: and the family

text: Accipitridae

text: , which includes most birds of prey except for the

text: ospreys

text: and

text: falcons

text: . Lerner & Mindell placed the grey-headed fish eagle in the subfamily

text: Haliaeetinae

text: , which includes the genera

text: Haliaeetus

text: (sea eagles) and

text: Ichthyophaga

text: (fish eagles). It was first described by Horsfield in 1841 as Falco ichthyaetus. It is a monotypic species of the genus Ichthyophaga and forms a paraphyletic group with the genus Haliaeetus. This paraphyletic group forms a close sister relationship with the subfamily

text: Milvinae

text: (composed of two genera, Milvus and Haliatur), based on the shared trait of basal fusion of the second and third phalanges found only in these two groups.

text: However, in a different setting, such as fishing, there will be drastically different consequences. Since fish are an open access resource, it is relatively simple to fish and profit. If fishing becomes profitable, there will be more fishers and fewer fish. Fewer fish lead to higher prices which will lead again to more fishers, as well as lower reproduction of fish. This is a negative externality and an example of problems that arise with open access goods.

text: However, in a different setting, such as fishing, there will be drastically different consequences. Since fish are an open access resource, it is relatively simple to fish and profit. If fishing becomes profitable, there will be more fishers and fewer fish. Fewer fish lead to higher prices which will lead again to more fishers, as well as lower reproduction of fish. This is a negative

text: externality

text: and an example of problems that arise with open access goods.

text: Industrial fishing also makes an important contribution to the economy of the region and small-scale artisanal fisheries provide a living for thousands of Angolans and South Africans. In Namibia, more than 20 species are fished commercially and approximately 90% of the catch is exported. The fishing industry employs 13,700 people (2003 figures). There are very few small-scale/artisanal fishers in Namibia, but recreational fishing is a popular sport and a major attraction for coastal tourists. In Angola, at least 25,000 coastal people work as artisanal fishers, while an estimated 80,000 people – mostly women – prepare and sell the artisanal catch and are therefore dependent on fishing for their livelihoods. The South African fishing industry is very diverse.  The country’s fishing fleet ranges in size from small rock lobster dinghies, to highly sophisticated freezer trawlers. The small pelagic fishery for sardine and anchovy is the largest fishery by volume, while the deep-sea trawling industry is the largest by value. This fishery targets the Cape hakes.  Artisanal fishers operate along the entire South African coast, harvesting a wide variety of species including linefish, mussels, oysters, ascidians and common periwinkles. Various species of seaweed form the basis of a small industry that produces alginate products and feed for aquaculture operations.

text: Industrial fishing also makes an important contribution to the economy of the region and small-scale

text: artisanal

text: fisheries provide a living for thousands of Angolans and South Africans. In Namibia, more than 20 species are fished commercially and approximately 90% of the catch is exported. The fishing industry employs 13,700 people (2003 figures). There are very few small-scale/artisanal fishers in Namibia, but recreational fishing is a popular sport and a major attraction for coastal tourists. In Angola, at least 25,000 coastal people work as artisanal fishers, while an estimated 80,000 people – mostly women – prepare and sell the artisanal catch and are therefore dependent on fishing for their livelihoods. The South African fishing industry is very diverse.  The country’s fishing fleet ranges in size from small

text: rock lobster

text: dinghies, to highly sophisticated freezer trawlers. The small pelagic fishery for

text: sardine

text: and

text: anchovy

text: is the largest fishery by volume, while the deep-sea trawling industry is the largest by value. This fishery targets the Cape

text: hake

text: s.  Artisanal fishers operate along the entire South African coast, harvesting a wide variety of species including linefish,

text: mussels

text: oysters

text: ascidians

text: and

text: common periwinkle

text: s. Various species of

text: seaweed

text: form the basis of a small industry that produces

text: alginate

text: products and feed for

text: aquaculture

text: operations.

text: The bluefin trevally is one of the premier gamefish of the Indo-Pacific region, although is often overshadowed by its larger cousin, the giant trevally. The fish makes long powerful runs on light tackle, and is a determined fighter. The species readily accepts both bait and lures, with live fish or squid often used as bait and a variety of lures also used on the species. Lures may include poppers, plugs, spoons, jigs, soft plastic lures and even saltwater flies. The species inshore habits make it a popular target for spearfishermen also. In Hawaii the species has bag and size limit restrictions in place to prevent further overexploitation. It is considered to be a good to excellent food fish, however many cases of ciguatera poisoning have been attributed to the bluefin trevally. Laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of the toxin in the species flesh, with fish greater than 50 cm likely to be a carrier. The risk of poisoning has also affected the sales of the fish in the marketplace in recent years.  Also of concern is one report of infection by a dracunculoid parasite while preparing the fish for eating. In this case, the parasite invaded the victim's body by entering an open wound while he was filleting the species, and is believed to be one of the first records for such cross contamination. The bluefin trevally has been successfully kept in large saltwater aquaria, but require large water volumes to adapt well.

text: The bluefin trevally is one of the premier

text: gamefish

text: of the Indo-Pacific region, although is often overshadowed by its larger cousin, the giant trevally. The fish makes long powerful runs on light tackle, and is a determined fighter. The species readily accepts both

text: bait

text: and

text: lures

text: , with live fish or squid often used as bait and a variety of lures also used on the species. Lures may include poppers, plugs, spoons, jigs, soft plastic lures and even

text: saltwater flies

text: . The species inshore habits make it a popular target for

text: spearfishermen

text: also. In Hawaii the species has bag and size limit restrictions in place to prevent further

text: overexploitation

text: . It is considered to be a good to excellent

text: food fish

text: , however many cases of

text: ciguatera

text: poisoning have been attributed to the bluefin trevally. Laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of the toxin in the species flesh, with fish greater than 50 cm likely to be a carrier. The risk of poisoning has also affected the sales of the fish in the marketplace in recent years.  Also of concern is one report of infection by a

text: dracunculoid

text: parasite

text: while preparing the fish for eating. In this case, the parasite invaded the victim's body by entering an open

text: wound

text: while he was

text: fillet

text: ing the species, and is believed to be one of the first records for such cross contamination. The bluefin trevally has been successfully kept in large saltwater aquaria, but require large water volumes to adapt well.

text: Another method of rock fishing is using bait fish. The bait fish may be bought from a store, or the angler can catch them himself. Bait fish can be used either whole or cut up into pieces. The size and type of bait fish used will vary depending what species is being targeted.

text: Another method of rock fishing is using

text: bait fish

text: . The bait fish may be bought from a store, or the angler can catch them himself. Bait fish can be used either whole or cut up into pieces. The size and type of bait fish used will vary depending what species is being targeted.

text: The track title "With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept" was used as an episode title for an episode of season three of the television show  One Tree Hill.

text: The track title "With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept" was used as an episode title for an episode of season three of the television show

text: One Tree Hill

text: Junior Fellows

text: Junior Fellows

text: One-term incumbent Larry Hogan is eligible for re-election.

text: One-term incumbent

text: Larry Hogan

text: is eligible for re-election.

text: Capt. J.W Ledbetter, commander of the USLHS lighthouse tender Cedar, did not receive word of the grounding until 14:00 on 24 October.  Then 66 miles away, Ledbetter got in wireless contact with Captain Locke and set out with his ship to the rescue.  Ledbetter asked Captain Locke if he wanted to try to evacuate some of the passengers that night.  Locke told Ledbetter that the wind and the tide were too strong and it would be better for the rescue ships to anchor and wait until daylight.   When Ledbetter arrived at 20:00 on 24 October he found three large vessels, including the fishing schooner King and Winge which had arrived at 18:20 and about fifteen smaller fishing vessels at the scene, arriving towards the evening on the 24th.

text: Capt. J.W Ledbetter, commander of the

text: USLHS

text: lighthouse tender

text: Cedar

text: , did not receive word of the grounding until 14:00 on 24 October.  Then 66 miles away, Ledbetter got in wireless contact with Captain Locke and set out with his ship to the rescue.  Ledbetter asked Captain Locke if he wanted to try to evacuate some of the passengers that night.  Locke told Ledbetter that the wind and the tide were too strong and it would be better for the rescue ships to anchor and wait until daylight.   When Ledbetter arrived at 20:00 on 24 October he found three large vessels, including the fishing schooner

text: King and Winge

text: which had arrived at 18:20 and about fifteen smaller fishing vessels at the scene, arriving towards the evening on the 24th.

text: Joy Lamason (15 December 1915 – 16 February 2012) was a New Zealand cricketer. She played in four Test matches between 1948 and 1954.

text: Joy Lamason (15 December 1915 – 16 February 2012) was a New Zealand

text: cricket

text: er. She played in four

text: Test matches

text: between 1948 and 1954.

text: Mandelbaum was a member of the New York State Senate (14th D.) from 1933 to 1936, sitting in the 156th, 157th, 158th and 159th New York State Legislature.

text: Mandelbaum was a member of the

text: New York State Senate

text: (14th D.) from 1933 to 1936, sitting in the

text: and

text: 159th New York State Legislature

text: With a land area of , not counting the Aleutian islands, Alaska is one-fifth the size of lower 48 states, and as Ken Schultz  notes in his chapter on Alaska  "Alaska is a bounty of more than 3,000 rivers, more than 3 million lakes, and some 34,000 miles of coastal shoreline — numbers that stagger the imagination, underscore the wealth of opportunities for anglers, and translate into some of North America’s premier fishing." A greater percentage of Alaskans fish than residents of any other state.  Alaska features several different types of fishing.  The two most popular are salmon fishing and halibut fishing.  Other common types of fishing are saltwater fishing, fly fishing, and ice fishing.  Fishermen have a variety of fish that they can catch including: Salmon, Trout, Northern Pike, Arctic Char, Dolly Varden, and Grayling. Alaska Fishing Licenses are required by law in Alaska for both residents and non-residents.

text: With a land area of , not counting the Aleutian islands, Alaska is one-fifth the size of lower 48 states, and as Ken Schultz  notes in his chapter on Alaska  "Alaska is a bounty of more than 3,000 rivers, more than 3 million lakes, and some 34,000 miles of coastal shoreline — numbers that stagger the imagination, underscore the wealth of opportunities for anglers, and translate into some of North America’s premier fishing." A greater percentage of Alaskans fish than residents of any other state.  Alaska features several different types of

text: fishing

text: .  The two most popular are salmon fishing and halibut fishing.  Other common types of fishing are

text: saltwater fishing

text: fly fishing

text: , and

text: ice fishing

text: .  Fishermen have a variety of fish that they can catch including: Salmon, Trout, Northern Pike, Arctic Char, Dolly Varden, and Grayling. Alaska Fishing Licenses are required by law in Alaska for both residents and non-residents.

text: Originally colored red with a flavor unique to the candy (often guessed to be lingonberry, but never verified), they are now also available in several different colors, such as Orange & Lemon-Lime. Purple Swedish Fish in grape flavor were discontinued in 2006. The fish come in two different sizes. Initially, the smaller fish came only in red; now fish of both sizes are available in all flavors.

text: Originally colored red with a flavor unique to the candy (often guessed to be

text: lingonberry

text: , but never verified), they are now also available in several different colors, such as Orange & Lemon-Lime. Purple Swedish Fish in

text: grape

text: flavor were discontinued in 2006. The fish come in two different sizes. Initially, the smaller fish came only in red; now fish of both sizes are available in all flavors.

text: NCUBE, Edson, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Administration,

text: Died.| rowspan=3 nowrap | March 4, 1909 –

text: A diverse group of fish with an equally wide range of characteristics. Some wrasse species are aggressive towards small fish and invertebrates, others are reef safe. Some are quite hardy, some typically die within weeks.

text: A diverse group of fish with an equally wide range of characteristics. Some wrasse species are aggressive towards small fish and

text: invertebrate

text: s, others are reef safe. Some are quite hardy, some typically die within weeks.

text: The Albanians, dwelling in provinces controlled by the Ottoman Empire, objected to what they considered a significant loss of their territory to Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro and realized they would have to organize nationally to attract the assistance of foreign powers seeking to neutralize Russia's influence in the region. The implications of the treaty led to the formation of the League of Prizren.

text: The

text: Albania

text: ns, dwelling in provinces controlled by the Ottoman Empire, objected to what they considered a significant loss of their territory to Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro and realized they would have to organize nationally to attract the assistance of foreign powers seeking to neutralize Russia's influence in the region. The implications of the treaty led to the formation of the

text: League of Prizren

text: By overlaying a square grid of side length c onto the Pythagorean tiling, it may be used to generate a five-piece dissection of two unequal squares of sides a and b into a single square of side c, showing that the two smaller squares have the same area as the larger one. Similarly, overlaying two Pythagorean tilings may be used to generate a six-piece dissection of two unequal squares into a different two unequal squares.

text: By overlaying a square grid of side length c onto the Pythagorean tiling, it may be used to generate a five-piece

text: dissection

text: of two unequal squares of sides a and b into a single square of side c, showing that the two smaller squares have the same area as the larger one. Similarly, overlaying two Pythagorean tilings may be used to generate a six-piece dissection of two unequal squares into a different two unequal squares.

text: From 2007 to 2010, he was Director of the Outreach Division of the United Nations Department of Public Information in New York.

text: On 29 August 1976 a 14-foot sailing dinghy was driven into the side of the ferry by the outgoing tidal run following an engine failure. Although two of the occupants were pulled to safety the third occupant, a sixteen-year-old girl was unable to be pulled clear before the dinghy was pulled under the ferry by the current. She was able to free herself from the wrecked boat only to become trapped under the ferry in an air pocket beneath the bow ramp. She was subsequently rescued by her father, one of the dinghy crew who against advice, attached a rope around his waist and went under the ferry where he was able to locate the trapped girl, pulling her out and saving her life.

text: Cisco FabricPath is a proprietary implementation of TRILL that utilizes the TRILL control plane (including IS-IS for Layer 2), but a non-interoperable data plane.

text: Pascal also allows functions and procedures to be passed as parameters to functions or procedures:

text: Seattle Open

text: Seattle Open

text: Residents of Haverford Township benefit from a wide range of school supported services, including Adult Evening School; the Golden Age Program, the Senior Citizen Prom and the Tax-Aide Program for senior citizens; and Delaware County Community College courses for all residents. Haverford, which is a member of the Delaware County Chamber of Commerce and the Main Line Chamber of Commerce, maintains partnerships with local universities and colleges, businesses, service organizations, realtors, community groups and senior citizen organizations. In 1989, the

text: Residents of Haverford Township benefit from a wide range of school supported services, including Adult Evening School; the Golden Age Program, the Senior Citizen Prom and the Tax-Aide Program for senior citizens; and

text: Delaware County Community College

text: courses for all residents. Haverford, which is a member of the Delaware County Chamber of Commerce and the Main Line Chamber of Commerce, maintains partnerships with local universities and colleges, businesses, service organizations, realtors, community groups and senior citizen organizations. In 1989, the

text: Peter Frampton covered the song on his 1977 album I'm in You.

text: Peter Frampton

text: covered the song on his 1977 album

text: I'm in You

text: Normally, the gas used for dry suit inflation is air from the primary breathing cylinder.  Helium-based gas mixes such as trimix or heliox are avoided for suit inflation because of helium's high thermal conductivity. Nitrox blends from a decompression cylinder have essentially the same thermal conductivity as air but oxygen rich mixes introduce a fire hazard when out of the water. Using a small (1-2 litre), dedicated cylinder avoids these complications; usually this will contain air but argon may be used instead.  Argon has a low thermal conductivity, which improves insulation by approximately 20% compared to air, without adding any bulk or weight. Unfortunately, the accidental breathing of pure argon results in rapid unconsciousness and probable death.  Consequently, argon cylinders must be clearly marked to prevent the accidental attachment of a breathing regulator or have valves that cannot accept a breathing regulator. To gain the full benefit of argon the suit must be flushed with argon before the dive to remove the air.

text: Normally, the gas used for dry suit inflation is air from the primary breathing cylinder.

text: Helium

text: -based

text: gas mixes

text: such as

text: trimix

text: or

text: heliox

text: are avoided for suit inflation because of helium's high

text: thermal conductivity

text: . Nitrox blends from a

text: decompression cylinder

text: have essentially the same thermal conductivity as air but oxygen rich mixes introduce a fire hazard when out of the water. Using a small (1-2 litre), dedicated cylinder avoids these complications; usually this will contain air but

text: argon

text: may be used instead.  Argon has a low thermal conductivity, which improves insulation by approximately 20% compared to air, without adding any bulk or weight. Unfortunately, the accidental breathing of pure argon results in rapid unconsciousness and probable death.  Consequently, argon cylinders must be clearly marked to prevent the accidental attachment of a breathing regulator or have valves that cannot accept a breathing regulator. To gain the full benefit of argon the suit must be flushed with argon before the dive to remove the air.

text: Compared to eagle owls of similar length, fish owls tend to be even shorter in tail length and even heavier in build, have relatively larger wings (the tawny and Blakiston's being particularly chunky in shape), have considerably longer legs, and have a rough texture to the bottom of their toes. At least the latter two features are clear adaptations to aid these owls in capturing fish. Diurnal raptors who feed largely on fish have similar, if not identical, rough texture under their toes, which helps these birds grasp slippery fish. Unlike diurnal raptors who capture fish such as the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) as compared to most terrestrial raptors, the fish owls have large, powerful, and curved talons and a longitudinal sharp keel sitting under the middle claw with all having sharp cutting edges that are very much like those of eagle owls. Also, unlike fish-eating diurnal raptors will not submerge any part of their body while hunting, preferring only to put their feet into the water, although fish owls will hunt on foot, wading into the shallows. Unlike most owls, the feathers of fish owls are not soft to the touch and they lack the comb and hair-like fringes to the primaries, which allow other owls to fly silently in order to ambush their prey. Due to the lack of these feather-specializations, fish owl wing beats make sounds. The lack of a deep facial disc in fish owls is another indication of the unimportance of sound relative to vision in these owls, as facial disc depth (as well as inner ear size) are directly related to how important sound is to an owl's hunting behavior. Similar adaptations, such as unwillingness to submerge beyond their legs and lack of sound-muffling feathers are also seen in the African fishing owls, which do not seem to be directly related. Tawny fish owls are around the same size as the brown fish owl in terms of linear dimensions. The tawny is  long from bill to tail. However, studies have revealed the tawny is surprisingly rather heavier on average than the brown fish owl and, less surprising, is considerably heavier than an eagle owl of comparable length. Six adult tawny fish owls were found to weigh an average of , with a reported range of , and are thus one of the heaviest living owl species. Only the Blakiston's fish owl and a majority of races of Eurasian eagle owl (B. bubo) are heavier on average. The maximum (not average) weight of Verreaux's eagle owls (B. lacteus) and snowy owls (B. scandiacus) are also higher but those species have far larger sample sizes of body mass. In terms of standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the tarsus is  and the bill is . Compared to the brown fish owl, the tawny averages of similar tail length, is larger in size by average wing length and bill size and slightly smaller in tarsal length.

text: eagle owl

text: of comparable length. Six adult tawny fish owls were found to weigh an average of , with a reported range of , and are thus one of the heaviest living owl species. Only the Blakiston's fish owl and a majority of races of

text: Eurasian eagle owl

text: (B. bubo) are heavier on average. The maximum (not average) weight of

text: Verreaux's eagle owl

text: s (B. lacteus) and

text: snowy owl

text: s (B. scandiacus) are also higher but those species have far larger sample sizes of body mass. In terms of standard measurements, the

text: wing chord

text: is , the

text: tail

text: is , the

text: tarsus

text: is  and the

text: bill

text: is . Compared to the brown fish owl, the tawny averages of similar tail length, is larger in size by average wing length and bill size and slightly smaller in tarsal length.

text: (Fernand Leglaive)

text: (Fernand Leglaive)

text: Tuesday, November 16, 19:00

text: Tuesday, November 16, 19:00

text: He has also appeared in four television productions including the television series:

text: He has also appeared in four television productions including the

text: television series

text: He learned of the American interest in developing similar machines, and he was also aware of British laws against exporting the designs. He therefore memorized as much as he could and departed for New York in 1789. Some people of Belper called him "Slater the Traitor", as they considered his move a betrayal of the town where many earned their living at Strutt's mills.

text: This fish is a small size that can reach a maximum size of2.5 cm length.

text: This

text: fish

text: is a small size that can reach a maximum size of2.5 cm length.

text: On 1 July 2011, while playing in a charity match for amateur side VfR Regensburg, Eckstein had a heart failure and fell into a coma. He was transferred to the University hospital at Regensburg, where his situation was stabilised. The incident is thought to not have caused any permanent damage to his body.

text: On 1 July 2011, while playing in a charity match for amateur side VfR Regensburg, Eckstein had a heart failure and fell into a coma. He was transferred to the University hospital at

text: Regensburg

text: , where his situation was stabilised. The incident is thought to not have caused any permanent damage to his body.

text: He has also talked about other cases, which according to him were crimes, for which, however no one has claimed the responsibility.

text: Control of the reproduction cycle was one of the main reasons as it is a requisite for selective breeding programmes. Artificial reproduction was not achieved because of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming.A suspected reason associated with the late realisation of success in selective breeding programs in aquaculture was the education of the concerned people – researchers, advisory personnel and fish farmers. The education of fish biologists paid less attention to quantitative genetics and breeding plans.

text: The interior of the terminal was renovated in the early 1990s and completed in 1993 at a cost of $50.4 million which included new floor surfaces, lighting, wall coverings, renovated public spaces, and public art. The flooring was a mixture of carpet and large tiles, with tile primarily in the heavily used terminal spaces, dining areas, and restrooms. Numerous planters were positioned in hallways.

text: Before the community of Baby Island Heights was platted, the waterfront along the community was a well-known fishing hotspot for salmon.  This attracted several well-known early-20th-century Seattle businessmen to the area, including Virgil Bogue [Note that Virgil Gay Bogue is not any relation to the Virgil Bogue who helped develop this community. The correct Virgil Bogue was my (Dean Speer) grandmother's older brother. Their father was Gilbert Foster Bogue, after whom I named. A lot of histories of Seattle confuse the two Virgil Bogues, but they were not related.], Eddie Bower, and Thomas Moore, all of whom built cabins in the present-day community. In 1924 the Baby Island (fishing) Resort opened and attracted people to the community for more than 30 years.  During the summer of 1936 the Civil Service Corps hacked a road through the forest to the community greatly improving automobile access to Langley, WA.  It wasn't until 1946, when public electricity was finally brought into the area, that growth started to take place.  Many of the present-day homes in the community were built between the late 1940s and the early 1970s.http://www.oldcamano.net/babyisland.html

text: Before the community of Baby Island Heights was

text: platted

text: , the waterfront along the community was a well-known fishing hotspot for salmon.  This attracted several well-known early-20th-century Seattle businessmen to the area, including Virgil Bogue [Note that Virgil Gay Bogue is not any relation to the Virgil Bogue who helped develop this community. The correct Virgil Bogue was my (Dean Speer) grandmother's older brother. Their father was Gilbert Foster Bogue, after whom I named. A lot of histories of Seattle confuse the two Virgil Bogues, but they were not related.], Eddie Bower, and Thomas Moore, all of whom built cabins in the present-day community. In 1924 the Baby Island (fishing) Resort opened and attracted people to the community for more than 30 years.  During the summer of 1936 the Civil Service Corps hacked a road through the forest to the community greatly improving automobile access to

text: Langley, WA

text: .  It wasn't until 1946, when public electricity was finally brought into the area, that growth started to take place.  Many of the present-day homes in the community were built between the late 1940s and the early 1970s.http://www.oldcamano.net/babyisland.html

text: Jo Durie and Jeremy Bates won in the final 2–6, 6–4, 6–4 against Robin White and Scott Davis.

text: Jo Durie

text: and

text: Jeremy Bates

text: won in the final 2–6, 6–4, 6–4 against

text: Robin White

text: and

text: Scott Davis

text: Dolphins (Nature Watch)  (1999)

text: Dolphins (Nature Watch)  (1999)

text: David Pye may refer to:

text: David Pye may refer to:

text: The foreground of the composition shows the prodigal son during his days of high living in the company of prostitutes, music, wine and gambling.  In the background through the open window one can discern a scene of the prodigal son living among the swine after he has fallen on hard times and the scene of his reunion with his father who forgives him.  The composition clearly carries a moral lesson by showing that one needs to see beyond the earthly pleasures depicted in the foreground to find the path of redemption, which is shown in the background.

text: December 1993: Tenants say the reputation of the flats has been tarred by vandalism, muggings and fears of fire.

text: Ranebennur Blackbuck Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary on the 17th of June 1974 to protect Blackbucks.

text: Secretary - Theresa Maher,  Jobing.com

text: Secretary - Theresa Maher,  Jobing.com

text: According to the documents that were supposedly found in the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Nazi leaders knew very well that sooner or later Pan-Turkism would be a danger to Germany if they allowed Turkey and Azerbaijan to join together. This danger of Turkic and Azerbaijani collaboration under a 'Great Turan' in Ankara was actually a perceived threat among Nazi leaders in 1942 and 1943. The idea of Greater Armenia and its realization was a counterbalance to Turkish desires in the Caucasus.

text: According to the documents that were supposedly found in the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Nazi leaders knew very well that sooner or later

text: Pan-Turkism

text: would be a danger to Germany if they allowed Turkey and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to join together. This danger of Turkic and Azerbaijani collaboration under a 'Great Turan' in Ankara was actually a perceived threat among Nazi leaders in 1942 and 1943. The

text: idea of Greater Armenia

text: and its realization was a counterbalance to Turkish desires in the Caucasus.

text: Fishery characteristics of Richardson Bay include a Pacific herring fishery and oyster beds. The herring fishing fleet serving all of San Francisco Bay is based in Richardson Bay at the Sausalito harbor.  This herring fishing is overseen by the California Department of Fish and Game; the herring population is in a downward trend, although not from excessive fishing pressure with the net techniques in use, but rather from ocean environmental factors.  Herring spend most of their lives in the open ocean and come to Richardson Bay and other estuaries for winter spawning in the shallow protected waters.  In Richardson Bay their eggs attach to assorted surfaces such as eelgrass, piers or rip rap.  After the eggs hatch, the herring larvae consume plankton; before hatching the eggs are subject to predation by gulls at low tide and sturgeon and other assorted estuarine fauna at higher tides.

text: Fishery characteristics of Richardson Bay include a

text: Pacific herring

text: fishery

text: and

text: oyster

text: beds. The herring

text: fishing fleet

text: serving all of San Francisco Bay is based in Richardson Bay at the Sausalito harbor.  This herring fishing is overseen by the

text: California Department of Fish and Game

text: ; the herring population is in a downward trend, although not from excessive

text: fishing pressure

text: with the net techniques in use, but rather from ocean environmental factors.  Herring spend most of their lives in the open ocean and come to Richardson Bay and other estuaries for winter spawning in the shallow protected waters.  In Richardson Bay their eggs attach to assorted surfaces such as eelgrass, piers or

text: rip rap

text: .  After the eggs hatch, the herring

text: larva

text: e consume

text: plankton

text: ; before hatching the eggs are subject to predation by

text: gull

text: s at low tide and

text: sturgeon

text: and other assorted estuarine fauna at higher tides.

text: This species is a large owl, but it is intermediate in size between other fish owls. It ranges from  in length and in wingspan from . Weight can vary considerably, reportedly ranging from . Some of the variability is attributed to the range of sizes across the subspecies. Also, females are invariably at least somewhat larger than males and condition of birds is variable. It has prominent ear tufts but as in all fish owls, their tufts hang to the side of the head and have a scraggly look. The upperparts are rufous brown and heavily streaked with black or dark brown. The underparts are buffy-fulvous to whitish, with wavy dark brown streaks and finer brown barring. The throat is white and can be conspicuously puffed, while the facial disk is indistinct. The irides are golden yellow, the feet a duller yellow, and the bill is dark. Sexes do not differ in appearance except for size. Second-year fish owls of this species tend to be somewhat paler than full adults. Compared to the tawny fish owl, which they meet in range in Laos and Vietnam, it has a browner and less rufous overall color and a less pale face. The tawny also does not have barring as does the brown fish owl, it has feathering over two-third of its tarsus, whereas the brown is featherless on its legs, and has a yellowish band across its back absent in the brown species. Compared to the buffy fish owl, with which they may meet in the southeastern reaches of its range, the brown fish owl is slightly larger with a hue that's clearly browner and that species lacks the vermiculations and bars on the underside of the brown species.

text: This species is a large

text: owl

text: , but it is intermediate in size between other fish owls. It ranges from  in length and in wingspan from . Weight can vary considerably, reportedly ranging from . Some of the variability is attributed to the range of sizes across the subspecies. Also, females are invariably at least somewhat larger than males and condition of birds is variable. It has prominent ear tufts but as in all fish owls, their tufts hang to the side of the head and have a scraggly look. The upperparts are rufous brown and heavily streaked with black or dark brown. The underparts are buffy-fulvous to whitish, with wavy dark brown streaks and finer brown barring. The throat is white and can be conspicuously puffed, while the facial disk is indistinct. The

text: irides

text: are golden yellow, the feet a duller yellow, and the bill is dark. Sexes do not differ in appearance except for size. Second-year fish owls of this species tend to be somewhat paler than full adults. Compared to the

text: tawny fish owl

text: , which they meet in range in

text: Laos

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: , it has a browner and less rufous overall color and a less pale face. The tawny also does not have barring as does the brown fish owl, it has feathering over two-third of its tarsus, whereas the brown is featherless on its legs, and has a yellowish band across its back absent in the brown species. Compared to the

text: buffy fish owl

text: , with which they may meet in the southeastern reaches of its range, the brown fish owl is slightly larger with a hue that's clearly browner and that species lacks the vermiculations and bars on the underside of the brown species.

text: Barnard College at its 1984 commencement ceremonies awarded Altschul its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction.

text: Barnard College

text: at its 1984 commencement ceremonies awarded Altschul its highest honor, the

text: Barnard Medal of Distinction

text: It was located at Mission Vieja, near Rancho San Pascual and Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, in the San Gabriel Valley.

text: It was located at Mission Vieja, near

text: Rancho San Pascual

text: and

text: Mission San Gabriel Arcángel

text: , in the

text: San Gabriel Valley

text: Near the official Mausoleum, there is a large, privately owned museum and park dedicated to Genghis Khan.  There is also a hotel and there are many tourist ger camps in the area, some of which have horses and offer short trail rides.

text: Near the official Mausoleum, there is a large, privately owned museum and park dedicated to Genghis Khan.  There is also a hotel and there are many tourist

text: ger

text: camps in the area, some of which have horses and offer short

text: trail ride

text: s.

text: Trampolene's first gig of 2016 was at Brixton Jamm on 6 February.

text: The Blakiston's fish owl is endangered due to the widespread loss of riverine forest, increasing development along rivers and dam construction. The current population in Japan is approximately 100-150 birds (20 breeding pairs and unpaired individuals), whereas on mainland Asia the population is higher, variously estimated at several hundred or perhaps thousands of individuals. In Russia, fish owls are killed by fur-trappers (see above), drown in nets set for salmon, and are shot by hunters. In Japan, death by hunting is unlikely, but fish owls have been hit by cars and killed by power lines. Local conservation efforts in Japan have been undertaken including education and installation of large nest-boxes. Biologists have found the presence of Blakiston's fish owls as good indicators of the health and disturbance level of a forest and of fish populations.

text: Sheila Kelly (Melissa McCarthy) is an extremely rude, aggressive, and violent woman.

text: Sheila Kelly (

text: Melissa McCarthy

text: ) is an extremely rude, aggressive, and violent woman.

text: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has looked at peer-reviewed studies and has come to the conclusion that risky behaviors which could lead to life-threatening situations are directly correlated with the consumption of caffeinated alcoholic beverages.

text: The US

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: (FDA) has looked at peer-reviewed studies and has come to the conclusion that risky behaviors which could lead to life-threatening situations are directly correlated with the consumption of caffeinated alcoholic beverages.

text: SEC22B has been shown to interact with syntaxin 18.

text: Bose Acoustimass sound system (1994).

text: Bose Acoustimass sound system (1994).

text: There were 2,000 households out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.28.

text: There were 2,000 households out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% were

text: married couples

text: living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.28.

text: The pricklebacks (also known as shannies) are a family, Stichaeidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes.The prickback fish can also breath oxygen.

text: The pricklebacks (also known as shannies) are a family, Stichaeidae, of fishes in the order

text: Perciformes

text: .The prickback fish can also breath oxygen.

text: The tournament, organized by the All Japan Intercollegiate Basketball Federation and Asahi Shimbun, takes place in December at Yoyogi National Gymnasium

text: The tournament, organized by the

text: All Japan Intercollegiate Basketball Federation

text: and

text: Asahi Shimbun

text: , takes place in December at

text: Yoyogi National Gymnasium

text: David Peel (19 June 1920 – 4 September 1981) was an English film and television actor.

text: David Peel (19 June 1920 – 4 September 1981) was an

text: English

text: film and television actor.

text: Edmonton's draft picks at the 1986 NHL Entry Draft

text: Edmonton's draft picks at the

text: 1986 NHL Entry Draft

text: For vector spaces over an algebraically closed field F, semi-simplicity of a matrix is equivalent to diagonalizability. This is because such an operator always has an eigenvector; if it is, in addition, semi-simple, then it has a complementary invariant hyperplane, which itself has an eigenvector, and thus by induction is diagonalizable. Conversely, diagonalizable operators are easily seen to be semi-simple, as invariant subspaces are direct sums of eigenspaces, and any basis for this space can be extended to an eigenbasis.

text: For vector spaces over an

text: algebraically closed

text: field F, semi-simplicity of a matrix is equivalent to

text: diagonalizability

text: . This is because such an operator always has an eigenvector; if it is, in addition, semi-simple, then it has a complementary invariant

text: hyperplane

text: , which itself has an eigenvector, and thus by induction is diagonalizable. Conversely, diagonalizable operators are easily seen to be semi-simple, as invariant subspaces are direct sums of eigenspaces, and any basis for this space can be extended to an eigenbasis.

text: In the late nineteenth century the town was "one of the finest harbours in east Asia, though still only a fishing-village."

text: Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer; of course, a diver with underwater breathing equipment can dive for much longer periods.

text: Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the

text: speargun

text: allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer; of course, a diver with

text: underwater breathing equipment

text: can dive for much longer periods.

text: Satellite tracking revealed the seals spend very little time on the surface, usually a few minutes for breathing. They dive repeatedly, each time for more than 20 minutes, to hunt their prey—squid and fish—at depths of . They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans and have been recorded at a maximum of  in depth.

text: Satellite tracking revealed the seals spend very little time on the surface, usually a few minutes for breathing. They dive repeatedly, each time for more than 20 minutes, to hunt their prey—

text: squid

text: and fish—at depths of . They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans and have been recorded at a maximum of  in depth.

text: According to Washington, no matter their specialty, all nurses must be able to build trusting relationships with their patients. When the nurses develop strong relationships between their patients they are able to obtain important information about them that may be helpful to diagnosing them. Also, family members that become involved in this relationship make it easier for the nurses to build these trusting relationships with the patients because the family members could ease any stress that could lead the patient to be timid. When a patient has a long-term illness, the good relationships built between the nurse and patient can improve the patient's quality of life.

text: Among the most common tapeworms in humans are the pork tapeworm (T. solium), the beef tapeworm (T. saginata), the fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium spp.), and the dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis spp.).  Infections involving the pork and beef tapeworms are also called taeniasis.  Tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus infect and cause the most harm to intermediate hosts such as sheep and cattle. Infection with this type of tapeworm is referred to as Echinococcosis or hydatid disease. Symptoms vary widely, as do treatment options, and these issues are discussed in detail in the individual articles on each worm.  With a few notable exceptions like the fish tapeworm, most cestodes that infect humans and livestock are cyclophyllids, and can be identified as such by the presence of four suckers on their scolex or head.

text: Among the most common tapeworms in humans are the pork tapeworm (

text: T. solium

text: ), the beef tapeworm (

text: T. saginata

text: ), the fish tapeworm (

text: Diphyllobothrium

text: spp.), and the dwarf tapeworm (

text: Hymenolepis

text: spp.).  Infections involving the pork and beef tapeworms are also called taeniasis.  Tapeworms of the genus

text: Echinococcus

text: infect and cause the most harm to intermediate hosts such as sheep and cattle. Infection with this type of tapeworm is referred to as

text: Echinococcosis

text: or hydatid disease. Symptoms vary widely, as do treatment options, and these issues are discussed in detail in the individual articles on each worm.  With a few notable exceptions like the fish tapeworm, most cestodes that infect humans and livestock are

text: cyclophyllid

text: s, and can be identified as such by the presence of four suckers on their

text: scolex

text: or head.

text: All the details in a scene are imprinted on a negative. Monet sees a positive print as a reproduction, and a negative as the imprint of reality, the testimony of a microsecond. He is fascinated by the manner in which negatives reveal what the eye cannot see, the complement of what the eye does see. He marvels how black is the absence of light and white the sum of all colors. He tries to see how light travels through space and hits an object: some rays are absorbed and others reflected. The latter are those that allow us to see color; it is those that affect the emulsion on the celluloid.

text: In the US it has been the position of state mental health commissioners that many people who are living independently should be placed in intensive treatment, as described in a mid-1980s article in the "Community Mental Health Journal. The authors held that only 12 of 3,068 individuals should be living independently (p. 199) based on their model predictions. In contrast, the continuum model has been critiqued as restrictive of rights, facility-based, and restrictive of community participation  resulting in a US Supreme Court decision recognizing the most integrated setting (Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities, 2012).

text: Movement of this fish has been described to look much like crawling, with the first few rays of the dorsal and anal fins moving in a rowing motion that progresses caudally along the fish creating a waving movement of the fins, propelling the fish forward.  Flounders are also capable of backwards locomotion, which is achieved with the same waving movement of the fins but the rowing motion progresses anteriorly.  This movement is used as a method of escape or if it encounters an obstacle.  When quick movements are needed from this fish, such as when feeding or frightened, the pectoral fin is extended at a right angle from the body, and used as an additional paddle.

text: Movement of this fish has been described to look much like crawling, with the first few rays of the

text: dorsal

text: and anal fins moving in a rowing motion that progresses caudally along the fish creating a waving movement of the fins, propelling the fish forward.

text: Flounder

text: s are also capable of backwards locomotion, which is achieved with the same waving movement of the fins but the rowing motion progresses anteriorly.  This movement is used as a method of escape or if it encounters an obstacle.  When quick movements are needed from this fish, such as when feeding or frightened, the pectoral fin is extended at a right angle from the body, and used as an additional paddle.