text: Since the earthquake caused only minor ground movement, and was only lightly felt, all the damage that occurred on the island was due to the tsunami. Types of buildings that were affected were timber/bamboo, brick traditional, and brick traditional with reinforced concrete. Semi-permanent timber or bamboo structures that were based on a wooden frame were the most economical style of construction that were assessed following the disaster. A tsunami flow depth of  usually resulted in complete destruction of these types of structures. A group of scientists that evaluated the damage considered the unreinforced brick construction as weak, because the performance of homes constructed in that style did not fare much better than the timber/bamboo variety. Hotels and some houses and shops that were of reinforced brick construction were far better off, because units that were exposed to a flood depth of  were considered repairable.

text: Since the earthquake caused only minor ground movement, and was only lightly felt, all the damage that occurred on the island was due to the tsunami. Types of buildings that were affected were

entity_name: Lumber

text: timber

entity_name: Bamboo

text: bamboo

entity_name: Brick

text: brick

text: traditional, and brick traditional with

entity_name: Reinforced concrete

text: reinforced concrete

text: . Semi-permanent timber or bamboo structures that were based on a wooden frame were the most economical style of construction that were assessed following the disaster. A tsunami flow depth of  usually resulted in complete destruction of these types of structures. A group of scientists that evaluated the damage considered the unreinforced brick construction as weak, because the performance of homes constructed in that style did not fare much better than the timber/bamboo variety.

entity_name: Hotel

text: Hotel

text: s and some houses and shops that were of reinforced brick construction were far better off, because units that were exposed to a

entity_name: Flood

text: flood

text: depth of  were considered repairable.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Internal tides are generated as the surface tides move stratified water up and down sloping topography, which produces a wave in the ocean interior.  So internal tides are internal waves at a tidal frequency.  The other major source of internal waves is the wind which produces internal waves near the inertial frequency.  When a small water parcel is displaced from its equilibrium position, it will return either downwards due to gravity or upwards due to buoyancy.  The water parcel will overshoot its original equilibrium position and this disturbance will set off an internal gravity wave.  Munk (1981) notes, "Gravity waves in the ocean's interior are as common as waves at the sea surface-perhaps even more so, for no one has ever reported an interior calm."

text: Internal tides are generated as the surface

entity_name: Tide

text: tides

text: move stratified water up and down sloping topography, which produces a wave in the ocean interior.  So internal tides are

entity_name: Internal wave

text: internal waves

text: at a tidal frequency.  The other major source of internal waves is the wind which produces internal waves near the inertial frequency.  When a small water parcel is displaced from its equilibrium position, it will return either downwards due to gravity or upwards due to buoyancy.  The water parcel will overshoot its original equilibrium position and this disturbance will set off an internal gravity wave.  Munk (1981) notes, "Gravity waves in the ocean's interior are as common as waves at the sea surface-perhaps even more so, for no one has ever reported an interior calm."

text: Wohldmann, Healey and Bourne found that Retroactive Interference also affects retention of motor movements. Researchers found that retroactive interference affects the performance of old motor movements when newly acquired motor movements are practiced. Physical practice of newly executed motor movements decreased the retention and recall of previously learnt movements. Despite the retroactive interference noted by Wohldmann et al., researchers noted that mental practice decreased the amount of retroactive interference, suggesting that mental practice is more flexible and durable over time.  This study of the superiority effect of physical practice is similar to the Word Superiority Effect made famous by Cattell.

text: Wohldmann, Healey and Bourne found that Retroactive Interference also affects retention of motor movements. Researchers found that retroactive interference affects the performance of old motor movements when newly acquired motor movements are practiced. Physical practice of newly executed motor movements decreased the retention and recall of previously learnt movements. Despite the retroactive interference noted by Wohldmann et al., researchers noted that mental practice decreased the amount of retroactive interference, suggesting that mental practice is more flexible and durable over time.  This study of the superiority effect of physical practice is similar to the

entity_name: Word superiority effect

text: Word Superiority Effect

text: made famous by Cattell.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: The ocean moves very fast, both at low and at high tide, up to  away. The tides have been described by Victor Hugo as "à la vitesse d'un cheval au galop" or "as swiftly as a galloping horse". In reality the full extent of the tides is only visible at the entry of the bay (the sea level around the Mont Saint-Michel is above the low tide level) and its actual speed is closer to a walking human, the fastest observed being around 6.1 km/h.

text: The ocean moves very fast, both at low and at high

text: tide

text: , up to  away. The

text: tides

text: have been described by

entity_name: Victor Hugo

text: Victor Hugo

text: as "à la vitesse d'un cheval au galop" or "as swiftly as a galloping horse". In reality the full extent of the

text: tides

text: is only visible at the entry of the

entity_name: Bay

text: bay

text: (the sea level around the

entity_name: Mont Saint-Michel

text: Mont Saint-Michel

text: is above the low

text: tide

text: level) and its actual speed is closer to a walking human, the fastest observed being around 6.1 km/h.

text: A second influence on the tides occurs because of gravitation from the sun. Gravitation from the sun has less influence than the moon, because it is so much further from earth. However, the sun influences the tidal range. When the sun, earth and moon are aligned in a straight line (at new and full moon), their tidal effects combine, producing the particularly high and low tides called spring tides. When the sun is at right angles to the moon, the effects are partially cancelled, producing the small tides called neap tides.

text: A second influence on the tides occurs because of gravitation from the sun. Gravitation from the sun has less influence than the moon, because it is so much further from earth. However, the sun influences the

entity_name: Tidal range

text: tidal range

text: . When the sun, earth and moon are aligned in a straight line (at

entity_name: New moon

text: new

text: and

entity_name: Full moon

text: full moon

text: ), their tidal effects combine, producing the particularly high and low tides called

entity_section: Range variation: springs and neaps

text: spring tide

text: s. When the sun is at right angles to the moon, the effects are partially cancelled, producing the small tides called

text: neap tide

text: s.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: dangnt-nlp

text: Climatologically, tropical cyclones are steered primarily westward by the east-to-west trade winds on the equatorial side of the subtropical ridge—a persistent high-pressure area over the world's subtropical oceans. In the tropical North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific oceans, the trade winds steer tropical easterly waves westward from the African coast toward the Caribbean Sea, North America, and ultimately into the central Pacific Ocean before the waves dampen out. These waves are the precursors to many tropical cyclones within this region. In contrast, in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific in both hemispheres, tropical cyclogenesis is influenced less by tropical easterly waves and more by the seasonal movement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone and the monsoon trough. Additionally, tropical cyclone motion can be influenced by transient weather systems, such as extratropical cyclones.

text: Climatologically, tropical cyclones are steered primarily westward by the east-to-west

entity_name: Trade winds

text: trade winds

text: on the equatorial side of the

entity_name: Subtropical ridge

text: subtropical ridge

text: —a persistent high-pressure area over the world's subtropical oceans. In the tropical North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific oceans, the trade winds steer

entity_name: Tropical wave

text: tropical easterly waves

text: westward from the African coast toward the Caribbean Sea, North America, and ultimately into the central Pacific Ocean before the waves dampen out. These waves are the precursors to many tropical cyclones within this region. In contrast, in the

entity_name: Indian Ocean

text: Indian Ocean

text: and Western Pacific in both hemispheres, tropical cyclogenesis is influenced less by tropical easterly waves and more by the seasonal movement of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone and the monsoon trough. Additionally, tropical cyclone motion can be influenced by transient weather systems, such as extratropical cyclones.

method: UNH-qee

text: With the proceeds of the loan, Loomis was able to pay off Kamm. Sheriff Sears of Multnomah County, released the lien.  With the lien gone, the lease of Ocean Wave to the CR&PSN went through.  Ocean Wave began running on July 18, 1895.  Thereafter Ocean Wave was operated on the Columbia River, and advertised, as one of the steamboats of the White Collar Line.

text: With the proceeds of the loan, Loomis was able to pay off Kamm. Sheriff Sears of

entity_name: Multnomah County, Oregon

text: Multnomah County

text: , released the lien.  With the lien gone, the lease of Ocean Wave to the CR&PSN went through.  Ocean Wave began running on July 18, 1895.  Thereafter Ocean Wave was operated on the Columbia River, and advertised, as one of the steamboats of the White Collar Line.

text: Directly under the core of the Agulhas Current, at a depth of , there is an Agulhas Undercurrent which flows equatorward.  The undercurrent is  deep and  wide and can reach  at , one of greatest speeds observed in any current at this depth, but it also displays a great variance with a transport of 4.2±5.2 Sv.  The undercurrent can represent as much as 40% of the Indian Ocean overturning transport.

text: Directly under the core of the Agulhas Current, at a depth of , there is an Agulhas Undercurrent which flows equatorward.  The undercurrent is  deep and  wide and can reach  at , one of greatest speeds observed in any current at this depth, but it also displays a great variance with a transport of 4.2±5.2 Sv.  The undercurrent can represent as much as 40% of the Indian Ocean

entity_name: Thermohaline circulation

text: overturning transport

text: Reynolds was at that time one of the world's experts on the effects of radiation. In determining whether to deliberately enter the test zone, he considered a number of factors, such as the effects the radiation from the series of nuclear tests would have on the world environment, specifically increasing incidents of cancer, and the effects of this additional radiation on the Hiroshima and Nagasaki population, since both wind and ocean currents from the test site would carry radiation that direction. He considered unconstitutional the United States government's injunction declaring  of ocean off-limits to American personnel during the series. Also, the forbidden zone blanketed any route by which the Reynolds family could conveniently sail back to Japan, as they had hoped to do as soon as possible to complete the circumnavigation. In addition, as the Marshall Islands were a Trust Territory of the U.S., Reynolds objected to the forced removal of Marshallese from their home islands for the purpose of detonating weapons which would almost certainly render their islands uninhabitable for years to come.

text: Reynolds was at that time one of the world's experts on the effects of radiation. In determining whether to deliberately enter the test zone, he considered a number of factors, such as the effects the radiation from the series of nuclear tests would have on the world environment, specifically increasing incidents of

entity_name: Cancer

text: cancer

text: , and the effects of this additional radiation on the

entity_name: Hiroshima

text: Hiroshima

text: and

entity_name: Nagasaki

text: Nagasaki

text: population, since both

entity_name: Wind

text: wind

text: and

entity_name: Ocean current

text: ocean current

text: s from the test site would carry radiation that direction. He considered unconstitutional the United States government's injunction declaring  of ocean off-limits to American personnel during the series. Also, the forbidden zone blanketed any route by which the Reynolds family could conveniently sail back to Japan, as they had hoped to do as soon as possible to complete the circumnavigation. In addition, as the Marshall Islands were a

entity_name: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

text: Trust Territory

text: of the U.S., Reynolds objected to the forced removal of Marshallese from their home islands for the purpose of detonating weapons which would almost certainly render their islands uninhabitable for years to come.

text: The rectangular basin has 30 wave generators that can be used to simulate a storm in the controlled environment of the lab. In 2001, it was expanded to a size of  by  with a depth of  to facilitate tsunami research. Research includes the effects of a tsunami on coastal population centers and possible survival options. The Tsunami Wave Basin was the first in the world dedicated to tsunami research, and is the largest and most advanced facility in the world. Additionally, the tsunami laboratory has a variety of above and below the water cameras, wave gauges, and microphones. They also operate a Tsunami Experimental Databank that allows other researchers to access video and data over the internet. Scientists work in collaboration with the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Researchers from universities around the United States use the basin for tsunami wave simulations.

text: The rectangular basin has 30 wave generators that can be used to simulate a storm in the controlled environment of the lab. In 2001, it was expanded to a size of  by  with a depth of  to facilitate tsunami research. Research includes the effects of a tsunami on coastal population centers and possible survival options. The Tsunami Wave Basin was the first in the world dedicated to tsunami research, and is the largest and most advanced facility in the world. Additionally, the tsunami laboratory has a variety of above and below the water cameras, wave gauges, and microphones. They also operate a Tsunami Experimental Databank that allows other researchers to access video and data over the internet. Scientists work in collaboration with the

entity_name: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: operated by the

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: . Researchers from universities around the United States use the basin for tsunami wave simulations.

text: When directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called swells. More generally, a swell consists of wind-generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago. Wind waves in the ocean are called ocean surface waves.

text: When directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called

entity_name: Swell (ocean)

text: swells

text: . More generally, a swell consists of wind-generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or some time ago. Wind waves in the ocean are called ocean surface waves.

text: Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, and also in areas of oceanic upwelling such as along the California coast in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer, fog is typically present below the inversion cap.  An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the angle of the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.

text: Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of

entity_name: Warm front

text: warm front

text: s, and also in areas of oceanic

entity_name: Upwelling

text: upwelling

text: such as along the

entity_name: Coastal California

text: California coast

text: in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer,

entity_name: Fog

text: fog

text: is typically present below the inversion cap.  An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the angle of the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.

text: Flow conditioners make no effect on meter accuracy while using wet gas due to the annular flow regime, which is not highly affected by flow conditioners. In single-phase conditions, Coriolis meter gives accurate measurement even in presence of severe flow disturbances. There is no need for flow conditioning before the meter to obtain accurate readings from it, which would be the case in other metering technologies like orifice and turbine. On the other hand, in two-phase flows, the meter consistently gives negative errors. The use of flow conditioners clearly affects the reading of the meter in aerated liquids. This phenomenon can be used to get fairly accurate estimate of flow rate in low gas volume fraction liquid flows.

text: In 2005, Miya's created the first sushi menu that featured sustainable seafood. It is generally regarded that Miya's is the first sustainable sushi restaurant  in the world. Since then, a growing number of sushi restaurants have adopted sustainability as a guiding principle and have come together to form what they refer to as the "sustainable sushi movement." These individuals espouse the use of only environmentally responsible seafood products as a means of preserving the art of sushi and the health of the world's oceans. Currently, there are upwards of 10 sustainable sushi restaurants in the United States. The gravity of the movement has been acknowledged by many media outlets around the world, including TIME Magazine, which recognized the restaurants Miya's, Bamboo, and Tataki as pioneers in the sushi sustainability.

text: In 2005,

entity_name: Miya's

text: Miya's

text: created the first sushi menu that featured sustainable seafood. It is generally regarded that Miya's is the first sustainable sushi restaurant  in the world. Since then, a growing number of sushi restaurants have adopted sustainability as a guiding principle and have come together to form what they refer to as the "sustainable sushi movement." These individuals espouse the use of only environmentally responsible seafood products as a means of preserving the art of sushi and the health of the world's oceans. Currently, there are upwards of 10 sustainable sushi restaurants in the United States. The gravity of the movement has been acknowledged by many media outlets around the world, including TIME Magazine, which recognized the restaurants

text: Miya's

text: , Bamboo, and Tataki as pioneers in the sushi sustainability.

text: Toward the end of September 2001, a poorly defined tropical wave moved westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean through an area of hostile wind shear, which was caused by a large upper-level low within a trough to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles. A few days later, the upper-level low detached from the trough and moved southwestward over the Caribbean Sea, allowing for an upper-level ridge, or high-pressure area, to form over the tropical wave. The change provided a favorable environment for tropical development, and an area of convection soon blossomed along the wave's axis. As the tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles, a mid-level wind circulation formed within the deepest part of the convection, and a low-level circulation became gradually more pronounced on satellite imagery. Although its low-level circulation was small and poorly defined, the system increased in organization enough to be classified as Tropical Depression Eleven at 12:00 UTC on October 4, located about 100 mi (160 km) southeast of Barbados. Operationally, however, Hurricane Hunters did not confirm the depression's formation until nine hours later.

text: Toward the end of September 2001, a poorly defined

text: tropical wave

text: moved westward across the tropical Atlantic Ocean through an area of hostile

entity_name: Wind shear

text: wind shear

text: , which was caused by a large

entity_name: Cold-core low

text: upper-level low

text: within a

entity_name: Trough (meteorology)

text: trough

text: to the northeast of the

entity_name: Lesser Antilles

text: Lesser Antilles

text: . A few days later, the upper-level low detached from the trough and moved southwestward over the Caribbean Sea, allowing for an upper-level

entity_name: Ridge (meteorology)

text: ridge

text: , or high-pressure area, to form over the tropical wave. The change provided a favorable environment for

entity_name: Tropical cyclogenesis

text: tropical development

text: , and an area of

entity_name: Atmospheric convection

text: convection

text: soon blossomed along the wave's axis. As the tropical wave approached the Lesser Antilles, a mid-level

entity_name: Tropical cyclone

entity_section: physical structure

text: wind circulation

text: formed within the deepest part of the convection, and a low-level circulation became gradually more pronounced on satellite imagery. Although its low-level circulation was small and poorly defined, the system increased in organization enough to be classified as Tropical Depression Eleven at 12:00

entity_name: Coordinated Universal Time

text: UTC

text: on October 4, located about 100 mi (160 km) southeast of

entity_name: Barbados

text: Barbados

text: . Operationally, however,

entity_name: Hurricane Hunters

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: did not confirm the depression's formation until nine hours later.

method: UNH-ecn

text: The lower Niawiakum River shows traces of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake and associated tsunami. Field trips to the river have been part of a Certificate Program in Tsunami Science and Preparedness offered by the University of Washington (UW) in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The program was the first offered by the International Tsunami Training Institute, set up by NOAA in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004.

text: The lower Niawiakum River shows traces of the

entity_name: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: 1700 Cascadia earthquake

text: and associated

entity_name: Tsunami

text: tsunami

text: . Field trips to the river have been part of a Certificate Program in Tsunami Science and Preparedness offered by the

entity_name: University of Washington

text: University of Washington

text: (UW) in cooperation with the

text: (NOAA). The program was the first offered by the International Tsunami Training Institute, set up by NOAA in response to the

entity_name: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: of 2004.

text: The most obvious effect of tidal forces is to cause two bulges in the Earth's oceans, one on the side facing the Moon and the other on the side opposite. This results in elevated sea levels called ocean tides. As the Earth spins on its axis, one of the ocean bulges (high tide) is held in place "under" the Moon, while another such tide is opposite. As a result, there are two high tides, and two low tides in about 24 hours. Since the Moon is orbiting the Earth in the same direction of the Earth's rotation, the high tides occur about every 12 hours and 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due to the Moon's time to orbit the Earth. The Sun has the same tidal effect on the Earth, but its forces of attraction are only 40% that of the Moon's; the Sun's and Moon's interplay is responsible for spring and neap tides. If the Earth was a water world (one with no continents) it would produce a tide of only one meter, and that tide would be very predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified by other effects: the frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors, the inertia of water's movement, ocean basins that grow shallower near land, the sloshing of water between different ocean basins. As a result, the timing of the tides at most points on the Earth is a product of observations that are explained, incidentally, by theory.

text: The most obvious effect of tidal forces is to cause two bulges in the Earth's oceans, one on the side facing the Moon and the other on the side opposite. This results in elevated sea levels called

text: ocean tides

text: . As the Earth spins on its axis, one of the ocean bulges (high tide) is held in place "under" the Moon, while another such tide is opposite. As a result, there are two high tides, and two low tides in about 24 hours. Since the Moon is orbiting the Earth in the same direction of the Earth's rotation, the high tides occur about every 12 hours and 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due to the Moon's time to orbit the Earth. The Sun has the same tidal effect on the Earth, but its forces of attraction are only 40% that of the Moon's; the Sun's and Moon's interplay is responsible for

text: spring and neap tides

text: . If the Earth was a water world (one with no continents) it would produce a tide of only one meter, and that tide would be very predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified by other effects: the frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors, the

entity_name: Inertia

text: inertia

text: of water's movement, ocean basins that grow shallower near land, the sloshing of water between different ocean basins. As a result, the timing of the tides at most points on the Earth is a product of observations that are explained, incidentally, by theory.

text: Species with neritic distributions include the four species of the genus Nyctiphanes. They are highly abundant along the upwelling regions of the California, Humboldt, Benguela, and Canarias current systems. Another species having only neritic distribution is E. crystallorophias, which is endemic to the Antarctic coastline.

text: Species with neritic distributions include the four species of the genus

entity_name: Nyctiphanes

text: Nyctiphanes

text: . They are highly abundant along the

text: upwelling

text: regions of the

entity_name: California Current

text: California

entity_name: Humboldt Current

text: Humboldt

entity_name: Benguela Current

text: Benguela

text: , and

entity_name: Canary Current

text: Canarias

text: current system

text: s. Another species having only neritic distribution is E. crystallorophias, which is endemic to the Antarctic coastline.

text: Surge channels can range from a few inches across to 10 feet or more.  They may create tide pools if the conditions are correct, but the rapid water movement almost always creates a dangerous situation for people or animals that are caught in it.  The West Coast Trail on the coast of Vancouver Island, B.C., is famous for its large number of surge channels, some of which are impassable even at low tide and must be crossed inland.

text: Surge channels can range from a few inches across to 10 feet or more.  They may create

entity_name: Tide pool

text: tide pools

text: if the conditions are correct, but the rapid water movement almost always creates a dangerous situation for people or animals that are caught in it.  The

text: West Coast Trail

text: on the coast of

text: Vancouver Island

text: , B.C., is famous for its large number of surge channels, some of which are impassable even at low tide and must be crossed inland.

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bender|first=Leslie C.|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726 |doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The

text: spectral wave transport equation

text: is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid),

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: , energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through

text: whitecaps

text: and

text: resonance

text: between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bender|first=Leslie C.|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=

entity_name: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: |date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726 |doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: Neurodevices are any devices used to monitor or regulate brain activity. Currently there are a few available for clinical use as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The most common neurodevices are deep brain stimulators (DBS) that are used to give electrical stimulation to areas stricken by inactivity. Parkinson's disease is known to be caused by an inactivation of the basal ganglia (nuclei) and recently DBS has become the more preferred form of treatment for Parkinson's disease, although current research questions the efficiency of DBS for movement disorders.

text: Neurodevices are any devices used to monitor or regulate brain activity. Currently there are a few available for clinical use as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The most common neurodevices are deep brain stimulators (

text: DBS

text: ) that are used to give electrical stimulation to areas stricken by inactivity. Parkinson's disease is known to be caused by an inactivation of the

text: basal ganglia

text: (nuclei) and recently DBS has become the more preferred form of treatment for Parkinson's disease, although current research questions the efficiency of DBS for movement disorders.

text: Fungia scutaria occurs in the Indian Ocean on upper reef slopes especially where there is considerable movement of the water as a result of wave action. It is usually found on sand or beds of coral fragments. It is often associated with other species of Fungia.

text: Fungia scutaria occurs in the Indian Ocean on upper reef slopes especially where there is considerable movement of the water as a result of wave action. It is usually found on sand or beds of coral fragments. It is often associated with other species of

text: Fungia

text: Unlike the true teeth of Mesozoic birds like Archaeopteryx or Aberratiodontus, the pseudoteeth of the Pelagornithidae do not seem to have had serrated or otherwise specialized cutting edges, and were useful to hold prey for swallowing whole rather than to tear bits off it. Since the teeth were hollow or at best full of cancellous bone and are easily worn or broken off in fossils, it is surmised they were not extremely resilient in life either. Pelagornithid prey would thus have been soft-bodied, and have encompassed mainly cephalopods and soft-skinned fishes. Prey items may have reached considerable size. Though some reconstructions show pelagornithids as diving birds in the manner of gannets, the thin-walled highly pneumatized bones which must have fractured easily judging from the state of fossil specimens make such a mode of feeding unlikely, if not outright dangerous. Rather, prey would have been picked up from immediately below the ocean surface while the birds were flying or swimming, and they probably submerged only the beak in most situations. Their quadrate bone articulation with the lower jaw resembled that of a pelican or other birds that can open their beak widely. Altogether, the pseudotooth birds would have filled an ecological niche almost identical to that of the larger fish-eating pterosaurs, whose extinction at the end of the Cretaceous may well have paved the way for the highly successful 50-million-year reign of the Pelagornithidae. Like modern albatrosses (but perhaps unlike pterosaurs in the different climate and plate tectonics of the Mesozoic), the pseudotooth birds could have used the system of ocean currents and atmospheric circulation to take round-track routes soaring over the open oceans, returning to breed only every few years. Unlike albatrosses today, which avoid the tropical equatorial currents with their doldrums, Pelagornithidae were found in all sorts of climate, and records from around 40 Ma stretch from Belgium through Togo to the Antarctic. It is conspicuous that penguins and plotopterids – both wing-propelled divers that foraged over the continental shelf – are almost invariably found in the company of pseudotooth birds. Thus, pseudotooth birds seem to have gathered in some numbers in upwelling regions, presumably to feed but perhaps to breed nearby also (see below).

text: Unlike the

text: true teeth

text: of

text: Mesozoic

text: birds like

text: Archaeopteryx

text: or

text: Aberratiodontus

text: , the pseudoteeth of the Pelagornithidae do not seem to have had serrated or otherwise specialized cutting edges, and were useful to hold prey for swallowing whole rather than to tear bits off it. Since the teeth were hollow or at best full of

text: cancellous bone

text: and are easily worn or broken off in fossils, it is surmised they were not extremely resilient in life either. Pelagornithid prey would thus have been soft-bodied, and have encompassed mainly

text: cephalopod

text: s and soft-skinned

text: fish

text: es. Prey items may have reached considerable size. Though some reconstructions show pelagornithids as diving birds in the manner of

text: gannet

text: s, the thin-walled highly

text: pneumatized bones

text: which must have fractured easily judging from the state of fossil specimens make such a mode of feeding unlikely, if not outright dangerous. Rather, prey would have been picked up from immediately below the ocean surface while the birds were flying or swimming, and they probably submerged only the beak in most situations. Their

text: quadrate bone

text: articulation with the lower jaw resembled that of a pelican or other birds that can open their beak widely. Altogether, the pseudotooth birds would have filled an

text: ecological niche

text: almost identical to that of the larger fish-eating

text: pterosaur

text: s, whose

text: extinct

text: ion at the end of the

text: Cretaceous

text: may well have paved the way for the highly successful 50-million-year reign of the Pelagornithidae. Like modern

text: albatross

text: es (but perhaps unlike pterosaurs in the different

text: climate

text: and

text: plate tectonics

text: of the

text: Mesozoic

text: ), the pseudotooth birds could have used the system of

text: ocean current

text: s and

text: atmospheric circulation

text: to take round-track routes soaring over the open oceans, returning to breed only every few years. Unlike albatrosses today, which avoid the

text: tropical

text: equatorial currents

text: with their

text: doldrum

text: s, Pelagornithidae were found in all sorts of climate, and records from around 40 Ma stretch from

text: Belgium

text: through

text: Togo

text: to the

text: Antarctic

text: . It is conspicuous that

text: penguin

text: s and

text: plotopterid

text: s – both

text: wing-propelled diver

text: s that foraged over the

text: continental shelf

text: – are almost invariably found in the company of pseudotooth birds. Thus, pseudotooth birds seem to have gathered in some numbers in

text: upwelling

text: regions, presumably to feed but perhaps to breed nearby also (see below).

text: Originally the locomotives were deep red (RAL 3004), in the mid-1970s a new ivory / ocean blue (RAL 5020 - RAL 1014) colour scheme was introduced, in the second half of the 1980s an eastern red (RAL 3031) color scheme was used and since the late'90s, the locomotives are found in the current traffic (RAL 3020) red of Deutsche Bahn AG.

text: Originally the locomotives were deep red (

text: RAL 3004

text: ), in the mid-1970s a new ivory / ocean blue (

text: RAL 5020

text: RAL 1014

text: ) colour scheme was introduced, in the second half of the 1980s an eastern red (

text: RAL 3031

text: ) color scheme was used and since the late'90s, the locomotives are found in the current traffic (

text: RAL 3020

text: ) red of Deutsche Bahn AG.

text: Sediment accumulation can also be a result of wave action. Wave currents occur in a swash and backwash  motion. This continual wave action allows for the movement of sediment. The angles at which the swash and backwash occur, are associated with the off shore transport current as well as the change in winter and summer ocean currents.

text: A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, or by landslides such as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska, or by volcanic eruptions such as the ancient eruption of Santorini. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific.

text: A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the

text: 2004 Boxing Day tsunami

text: , or by landslides such as the

text: one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska

text: , or by volcanic eruptions such as the

text: ancient eruption of Santorini

text: . On March 11, 2011, a

text: tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan

text: and spread through the Pacific.

text: Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.

text: Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by

text: ocean wave

text: s,

text: tide

text: s,

text: salinity

text: , and

text: ocean temperature differences

text: . The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of

text: kinetic energy

text: , or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to

text: generate

text: electricity to power homes, transport and industries.

text: There are other components of the Coriolis effect. Westward-travelling objects are deflected downwards (feel heavier), while Eastward-travelling objects are deflected upwards (feel lighter). This is known as the Eötvös effect. This aspect of the Coriolis effect is greatest near the equator. The force produced by this effect is similar to the horizontal component, but the much larger vertical forces due to gravity and pressure mean that it is generally unimportant dynamically.

text: There are other components of the Coriolis effect. Westward-travelling objects are deflected downwards (feel heavier), while Eastward-travelling objects are deflected upwards (feel lighter). This is known as the

text: Eötvös effect

text: . This aspect of the Coriolis effect is greatest near the equator. The force produced by this effect is similar to the horizontal component, but the much larger vertical forces due to gravity and pressure mean that it is generally unimportant dynamically.

text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of electromagnetic waves, and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: . Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of

text: electromagnetic waves

text: , and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

text: A tsunami is defined as a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, such as an ocean. This is misleading as destructive water waves are not restricted to the ocean, in the case of this article the body of water being investigated will be a lake rather than an ocean. Tsunamis in lakes are becoming increasingly important to investigate as a hazard, due to the increasing popularity for recreational uses, and increasing populations that inhabit the shores of lakes. Tsunamis generated in lakes and reservoirs are of high concern because it is associated with a near field source region which means a decrease in warning times to minutes or hours.

text: A

text: tsunami

text: is defined as a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, such as an ocean. This is misleading as destructive water waves are not restricted to the ocean, in the case of this article the body of water being investigated will be a

text: lake

text: rather than an ocean. Tsunamis in lakes are becoming increasingly important to investigate as a hazard, due to the increasing popularity for recreational uses, and increasing populations that inhabit the shores of lakes. Tsunamis generated in lakes and reservoirs are of high concern because it is associated with a near field source region which means a decrease in warning times to minutes or hours.

text: The velocity of a tsunami can be calculated by obtaining the square root of the depth of the water in metres multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximated to 10 m sec). For example, if the Pacific Ocean is considered to have a depth of 5000 metres, the velocity of a tsunami would be the square root of √5000 x 10 = √50000 = ~224 metres per second (735 feet per second), which equates to a speed of ~806 kilometres per hour or about 500 miles per hour. This formula is the same as used for calculating the velocity of shallow waves, because a tsunami behaves like a shallow wave as it peak to peak value reaches from the floor of the ocean to the surface.

text: Although punk rock was a significant social and musical phenomenon, it achieved less in the way of record sales (being distributed by small specialty labels such as Stiff Records), or American radio airplay (as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as disco and album-oriented rock). Punk rock had attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as Talking Heads and Devo began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description "new wave" began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands. Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible new wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or new wave. Many of these bands, such as the Cars and the Go-Go's can be seen as pop bands marketed as new wave; other existing acts, including the Police, the Pretenders and Elvis Costello, used the new wave movement as the springboard for relatively long and critically successful careers, while "skinny tie" bands exemplified by the Knack, or the photogenic Blondie, began as punk acts and moved into more commercial territory.

text: Although punk rock was a significant social and musical phenomenon, it achieved less in the way of record sales (being distributed by small specialty labels such as

text: Stiff Records

text: ), or American radio airplay (as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as

text: disco

text: and

text: album-oriented rock

text: ). Punk rock had attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as

text: Talking Heads

text: and

text: Devo

text: began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description "new wave" began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands. Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible new wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or new wave. Many of these bands, such as

text: the Cars

text: and

text: the Go-Go's

text: can be seen as pop bands marketed as new wave; other existing acts, including

text: the Police

text: the Pretenders

text: and

text: Elvis Costello

text: , used the new wave movement as the springboard for relatively long and critically successful careers, while "skinny tie" bands exemplified by

text: the Knack

text: , or the photogenic

text: Blondie

text: , began as punk acts and moved into more commercial territory.

text: The sign of an El Niño in the sea surface temperature pattern is when warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.  El Niño's warm rush of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the Humboldt Current. When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in Easterly Trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water and its economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.

text: The sign of an El Niño in the sea surface temperature pattern is when warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the

text: Indian Ocean

text: to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.  El Niño's warm rush of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the

text: Humboldt Current

text: . When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in Easterly Trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water and its economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.

text: In accordance with Yokoi's conception, St.GIGA's broadcasts initially followed no externally fixed (or artificial) timetable. Rather they were based upon the cyclical motif of a 24-hour "tide table" where broadcast themes were approximately matched to the current tidal cycle according to the rule of twelfths throughout the 24-hour broadcasting period. Under this innovative schedule, the station broadcast a variety of primarily ambient music programs including , various jazz programs, and  (featuring live sound-broadcasts of the ocean shore). The beginnings and ends of programs were not clearly demarcated and instead utilized the unprecedented  method where songs of one genre would gradually flow into and intersperse with the songs from the prior genre until the new genre became predominant. The intent, according to Yokoi was to allow the listener to relax in a wave of sound "like a baby sleeps in the womb."  "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts operated under a principle of "No Commercials, No DJs, No News Broadcasts, No Talk." Unlike most commercial-driven radio broadcasts, this was made possible for St.GIGA due to its reliance on a subscription Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) service. In order to receive this DAB service, the subscriber was required to obtain a special decoder, to pay an initiation fee, and subsequent monthly fees. "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts often took the form of high-quality digital recordings of nature sounds accompanied by spoken word narration by an actor as the "Voice." Throughout the life span of "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts, the part of the "Voice" would be played by a number of notable Japanese poets including Ryo Michiko among others. "Voice" performances often consisted of all new poetry composed specifically for the show.

text: In accordance with Yokoi's conception, St.GIGA's broadcasts initially followed no externally fixed (or artificial) timetable. Rather they were based upon the cyclical motif of a 24-hour "

text: tide table

text: " where broadcast themes were approximately matched to the current tidal cycle according to the

text: rule of twelfths

text: throughout the 24-hour broadcasting period. Under this innovative schedule, the station broadcast a variety of primarily ambient music programs including , various jazz programs, and  (featuring live sound-broadcasts of the ocean shore). The beginnings and ends of programs were not clearly demarcated and instead utilized the unprecedented  method where songs of one genre would gradually flow into and intersperse with the songs from the prior genre until the new genre became predominant. The intent, according to Yokoi was to allow the listener to relax in a wave of sound "like a baby sleeps in the womb."  "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts operated under a principle of "No

text: Commercials

text: , No

text: DJ

text: s, No

text: News Broadcasts

text: , No

text: Talk

text: ." Unlike most commercial-driven radio broadcasts, this was made possible for St.GIGA due to its reliance on a subscription

text: Digital Audio Broadcasting

text: (DAB) service. In order to receive this DAB service, the subscriber was required to obtain a special decoder, to pay an initiation fee, and subsequent monthly fees. "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts often took the form of high-quality digital recordings of

text: nature sounds

text: accompanied by

text: spoken word

text: narration by an

text: actor

text: as the "Voice." Throughout the life span of "Tide of Sounds" broadcasts, the part of the "Voice" would be played by a number of notable Japanese poets including Ryo Michiko among others. "Voice" performances often consisted of all new poetry composed specifically for the show.

text: Brine drainage has a controlling influence on the mechanical, biological and transport properties, and hence upon the ecology of the polar oceans. The downwelling of denser, briny water from sea ice creation causes upwelling of deep bottom water, and helps initiate deep ocean currents, which helps to drive thermohaline circulation. Brine rejection is the dominant mechanism for formation of the deep and bottom waters in the Antarctic, and for formation of the densest part of the North Pacific intermediate water, and is a central process for changes in the water masses of the Arctic.

text: Brine drainage has a controlling influence on the mechanical, biological and transport properties, and hence upon the ecology of the polar oceans. The

text: downwelling

text: of denser, briny water from sea ice creation causes upwelling of deep

text: bottom water

text: , and helps initiate deep ocean currents, which helps to drive

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . Brine rejection is the dominant mechanism for formation of the deep and bottom waters in the Antarctic, and for formation of the densest part of the North Pacific intermediate water, and is a central process for changes in the water masses of the Arctic.

text: Earthquake and tsunami activity has been high since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In 1833, the region was hit with an earthquake, possibly similar in size to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake; another large earthquake struck in 1797. On October 25, 2010, an earthquake in southern Sumatra led to a deadly tsunami that devastated villages in South and North Pagai. On March 3, 2016 an earthquake of 7.8 Magnitude occurred off the Indian Ocean, a few hundred kilometres from Mentawai islands as a result of strike-slip faulting within the oceanic lithosphere of the Indo-Australia plate.

text: Earthquake and

text: tsunami

text: activity has been high since the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: . In 1833, the region was hit with an

text: earthquake

text: , possibly similar in size to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake; another large earthquake struck in

text: . On October 25, 2010, an earthquake in southern Sumatra led to a deadly tsunami that devastated villages in

text: South

text: and

text: North Pagai

text: . On March 3, 2016 an earthquake of 7.8 Magnitude occurred off the Indian Ocean, a few hundred kilometres from Mentawai islands as a result of strike-slip faulting within the oceanic lithosphere of the Indo-Australia plate.

text: By the middle 1840s, the tide of U.S. immigration, as well as a U.S. political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The Oregon Treaty in 1846 permanently established the 49th parallel as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.

text: By the middle 1840s, the tide of U.S. immigration, as well as a U.S. political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The

text: Oregon Treaty

text: in 1846 permanently established the

text: 49th parallel

text: as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.

text: Raglan is associated with Whaingaroa Harbour (also known as Raglan Harbour) on the west coast of the Waikato region in New Zealand's North Island. The harbour catchment covers 525 km and the harbour covers 35 km and has 220 km of coastline. It runs 12 km inland from the entrance, for the most part is less than 2 km wide, has a high-tide area of , a low-tide area of , 2–4 m tidal range, with a spring-tide range of 2.8 m and neap 1.8 m, spring tide flow around 46 x 10 m and neap 29 x 10 m. A 2005 survey said on average water stays in the harbour 1.1 days at spring-tides, but a 2015 study showed a median residence time for whole estuary of 39.4 days with median river flows, ranging between 18 and 45 days. It is the northernmost of three large inlets in the Waikato coast (the others, also drowned river valleys, are Aotea Harbour and Kāwhia Harbour). 15 significant rivers and streams run into the harbour, including the largest, Waingaro and Waitetuna, accounting for 60% of catchment area, and the smaller Opotoru and Tawatahi rivers.

text: Raglan is associated with Whaingaroa Harbour (also known as Raglan Harbour) on the west coast of the

text: Waikato

text: region in

text: New Zealand

text: 's

text: North Island

text: . The harbour catchment covers 525 km and the harbour covers 35 km and has 220 km of coastline. It runs 12 km inland from the entrance, for the most part is less than 2 km wide, has a high-tide area of , a low-tide area of , 2–4 m tidal range, with a spring-tide range of 2.8 m and neap 1.8 m, spring tide flow around 46 x 10 m and neap 29 x 10 m. A 2005 survey said on average water stays in the harbour 1.1 days at spring-tides, but a 2015 study showed a median residence time for whole estuary of 39.4 days with median river flows, ranging between 18 and 45 days. It is the northernmost of three large inlets in the Waikato coast (the others, also drowned river valleys, are

text: Aotea Harbour

text: and

text: Kāwhia Harbour

text: ). 15 significant rivers and streams run into the harbour, including the largest,

text: Waingaro

text: and

text: Waitetuna

text: , accounting for 60% of catchment area, and the smaller

text: Opotoru

text: and

text: Tawatahi

text: rivers.

text: Geologists and civil engineers have broadly determined that the Pacific Northwest region is not well prepared for such a colossal earthquake. The earthquake is expected to be similar to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, because the rupture is expected to be as long as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The resulting tsunami might reach heights of approximately 30 meters (100 ft). FEMA estimates some 13,000 fatalities from such an event, with another 27,000 injured. It predicts that a million people will be displaced, with yet another 2.5 million requiring food and water. An estimated 1/3 of public safety workers will not respond to the disaster due to a collapse in infrastructure and a desire to ensure the safety of themselves and their loved ones. Other analyses predict that even a magnitude 6.7 earthquake in Seattle would result in 7,700 dead and injured, $33 billion in damages, 39,000 buildings largely or totally destroyed, and 130 simultaneous fires.

text: Geologists and civil engineers have broadly determined that the Pacific Northwest region is not well prepared for such a colossal earthquake. The earthquake is expected to be similar to the

text: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

text: , because the rupture is expected to be as long as the

text: . The resulting

text: tsunami

text: might reach heights of approximately 30 meters (100 ft).

text: FEMA

text: estimates some 13,000 fatalities from such an event, with another 27,000 injured. It predicts that a million people will be displaced, with yet another 2.5 million requiring food and water. An estimated 1/3 of public safety workers will not respond to the disaster due to a collapse in infrastructure and a desire to ensure the safety of themselves and their loved ones. Other analyses predict that even a magnitude 6.7 earthquake in Seattle would result in 7,700 dead and injured, $33 billion in damages, 39,000 buildings largely or totally destroyed, and 130 simultaneous fires.

text: A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on August 12, 2009, and entered the Atlantic Ocean. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked upon the possibility for tropical cyclone development, as the wave had already been accompanied by a broad area of shower and thunderstorm activity. The wave quickly organized, and a low pressure system formed to the south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 13. The convection became slightly less organized on August 14, though by early August 15, the NHC reported that a tropical depression was forming. The system was declared Tropical Depression Three later that day.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: moved off the western coast of Africa on August 12, 2009, and entered the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . The

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) remarked upon the possibility for tropical cyclone development, as the wave had already been accompanied by a broad area of shower and thunderstorm activity. The wave quickly organized, and a

text: low pressure system

text: formed to the south of the

text: Cape Verde Islands

text: on August 13. The

text: convection

text: became slightly less organized on August 14, though by early August 15, the NHC reported that a tropical depression was forming. The system was declared Tropical Depression Three later that day.

text: , the Coriolis force

text: , the

text: Coriolis force

text: CODAR operates using sky transmission of waves in the high frequency (HF) band (3–30 MHz), as electromagnetic waves in this band have wavelengths that are commensurate with wind-driven gravity waves on the ocean surface.According as the customer necessities, it can be used in single or multi-frequency mode.As the ocean has a rough surface, when a high frequency signal reaches the ocean surface, a portion of the incident energy is scattered back towards the source and the receiver measures the reflected signal. This backscattering (or reflection) produces an energy spectrum at the receiver, even if the energy source is single-frequency, because of the shape and motion of the sea surface.Interpreting the spectral returns for various transmit frequencies is the key to extracting information about the ocean  and, specifically, to measure surface currents.

text: CODAR operates using

text: sky transmission of waves

text: in the

text: high frequency (HF) band

text: (3–30 MHz), as electromagnetic waves in this band have wavelengths that are commensurate with wind-driven

text: gravity waves

text: on the ocean surface.According as the customer necessities, it can be used in single or multi-frequency mode.As the ocean has a rough surface, when a high frequency signal reaches the ocean surface, a portion of the incident energy is scattered back towards the source and the receiver measures the reflected signal. This

text: backscattering

text: (or reflection) produces an energy spectrum at the receiver, even if the energy source is single-frequency, because of the shape and motion of the sea surface.Interpreting the spectral returns for various transmit frequencies is the key to extracting information about the ocean  and, specifically, to measure surface currents.

text: An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between  and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone. Abyssal plains cover more than 33% of the ocean floor (about 23% of Earth’s surface), but they are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process.

text: An

text: abyssal plain

text: is an underwater

text: plain

text: on the deep

text: ocean floor

text: , usually found at depths between  and . Lying generally between the foot of a

text: continental rise

text: and a

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: , abyssal plains are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of

text: oceanic basin

text: s (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking

text: abyssal hill

text: s). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving

text: plate tectonic

text: boundary) also typically include an

text: oceanic trench

text: and a

text: subduction zone

text: . Abyssal plains cover more than 33% of the ocean floor (about 23% of Earth’s surface), but they are poorly preserved in the

text: sedimentary record

text: because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process.

text: Unlike most other major ocean currents, there is no large-scale coastal upwelling associated with the Leeuwin Current. There is limited evidence for some sporadic, localised upwelling in the vicinity of the Abrolhos, but if so it appears to have little effect on the extremely low levels of nutrients in the water.

text: Unlike most other major ocean currents, there is no large-scale

text: coastal upwelling

text: associated with the

text: Leeuwin Current

text: . There is limited evidence for some sporadic, localised upwelling in the vicinity of the Abrolhos, but if so it appears to have little effect on the extremely low levels of nutrients in the water.

text: The New Tide faction () was one of the factions of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in Taiwan before the party voted to dissolve all factions in 2006. The faction initially advocated social democracy, attempting to work with other labor and social movements to influence public policy. The faction also advocated the use of group action to resist the influence of elected officials in the Tangwai and DPP (many early New Tide members entered politics via Tangwai publications and social movements rather than electoral politics, as a result, most were not elected officials). The faction initially appeared in the form of "domestic Taiwan independence activists" (in contrast to Taiwan independence activists operating from abroad), and pushed the DPP to include Taiwan independence in the party charter, to boost their position against the more moderate factions, as well as against World United Formosans for Independence members returning from exile.

text: The New Tide faction () was one of the factions of the

text: Democratic Progressive Party

text: (DPP) in Taiwan before the party voted to dissolve all factions in 2006. The faction initially advocated

text: social democracy

text: , attempting to work with other labor and social movements to influence public policy. The faction also advocated the use of

text: group action

text: to resist the influence of elected officials in the

text: Tangwai

text: and DPP (many early New Tide members entered politics via Tangwai publications and social movements rather than electoral politics, as a result, most were not elected officials). The faction initially appeared in the form of "domestic

text: Taiwan independence

text: activists" (in contrast to Taiwan independence activists operating from abroad), and pushed the DPP to include Taiwan independence in the party charter, to boost their position against the more moderate factions, as well as against

text: World United Formosans for Independence

text: members returning from exile.

text: The meridian 16° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

text: The meridian 16° west of

text: Greenwich

text: is a line of

text: longitude

text: that extends from the

text: North Pole

text: across the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: Greenland

text: Iceland

text: , the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Africa

text: , the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and

text: Antarctica

text: to the

text: South Pole

text: The classical theory of Earth tides first became established in 1909,primarily to explain nutations, but are also used in Earth rotation predictions.  The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only S is purely solar) and gives rise to sectorial deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude.Sectorial variations of vertical and east-west displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles. There are two cycles along each latitude, the bulges opposite one another, and the depressions similarly opposed.The diurnal tide is lunisolar, and gives rise to tesseral deformations. The vertical and east-west movement is maximum at 45° latitude and is zero on the equator and at the poles.Tesseral variation have one cycle per latitude, one bulge and one depression; the bulges are opposed (antipodal), that is to say the western part of the northern hemisphere and the eastern part of the southern hemisphere, for example, and similarly the depressions are opposed, the eastern part of the northern hemisphere and the western part of the southern hemisphere, in this case.Finally, fortnightly and semi-annual tides have zonal deformations (constant along a circle of latitude), as the Moon or Sun gravitation is directed alternately away from the northern and southern hemispheres due to tilt. There is zero vertical displacement at 35°16' latitude.

text: The classical theory of Earth tides first became established in 1909,primarily to explain

text: nutation

text: s, but are also used in Earth rotation predictions.  The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only S is purely solar) and gives rise to sectorial deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude.

text: Sectorial

text: variations of vertical and east-west displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles. There are two cycles along each latitude, the bulges opposite one another, and the depressions similarly opposed.The diurnal tide is lunisolar, and gives rise to

text: tesseral

text: deformations. The vertical and east-west movement is maximum at 45° latitude and is zero on the equator and at the poles.Tesseral variation have one cycle per latitude, one bulge and one depression; the bulges are opposed (antipodal), that is to say the western part of the northern hemisphere and the eastern part of the southern hemisphere, for example, and similarly the depressions are opposed, the eastern part of the northern hemisphere and the western part of the southern hemisphere, in this case.Finally, fortnightly and semi-annual tides have

text: zonal

text: deformations (constant along a circle of latitude), as the Moon or Sun gravitation is directed alternately away from the northern and southern hemispheres due to tilt. There is zero vertical displacement at 35°16' latitude.

text: Alpha Wave Movement (established 1992 in Miami, Florida) is the electronic music project of Gregory T. Kyryluk.  Alpha Wave Movement's musical style can be considered ambient, new-age, some space rock,the classic 1970s period German style electronic music otherwise known as Berlin school as well as the ambient aesthetics of Brian Eno, and Steve Roach. Releases such A Distant Signal and Terra have more ambient space elements than other Alpha Wave Movement releases. Beyond Silence has more space rock elements and has a more rhythmic feel in their overall music compositions. In 2007 Alpha Wave Movement released The Mystic & The Machine, a musical exploration of 1970's era romantic progressive rock performed on synthesizers with the addition of UK musician Steve Hillman on electric guitar. The influences of Genesis, Ozric Tentacles (1980s era), and Camel are quite obvious and intended and shows yet another side of Alpha Wave Movement's composition. Alpha Wave Movement's music is semi electronic-based, utilizing digital synthesizers and MIDI to create its sonic explorations.  Aside from the music influences nature and natural landscapes are a continuous source of inspiration for compositions.  Alpha Wave Movement has performed at the Ambient Ping Canada and at the Gathering Room USA.  Alpha Wave Movement has released music on the Dutch label Groove Unlimited, Silent Records (USA), Waveform Records (USA), Spiralight (USA), Anodize (USA)and on the private label Harmonic Resonance Recordings. Alpha Wave Movement's other projects include Thought Guild, Open Canvas, Within Reason and a solo release as Gregory Kyryluk.The latest release from Alpha Wave Movement is entitled "Soniq Variants"(2011). The release is based conceptually on the use of Ensoniq synthesizers solely for the compositions. Ensoniq was an American manufacturer that spearheaded early affordable synthesizer workstation's the first of which was the ESQ-1 in 1986. Music on this release was composed primarily on the ESQ-1, VFX-SD, SQ-R and a DP4 all of which were made by Ensoniq. Additional use of a Novation synthesizer was also incorporated to add some timbral variation.The year 2012 arrived with a new electronic music project by Gregory Kyyrluk under the alias of Within Reason. This is a subdued more dubby percussive project featuring environmental sound-scapes with underlying synthetic permutation drawn on the influences of the Detroit and European creative pioneering muse of musicians such as Rod Modell and Yagya to name a few. To date there are four full length releases by Within Reason on the Anodize and Harmonic Resonance Recording labels.In 2014 the electronica world fusion project Open Canvas(essentially Gregory Kyryluk) had a track from the Waveform Records release "Indumani" featured in the internationally popular gothic horror show True Blood. The Open Canvas track "Ojopati" was featured in the final season episode 3.

text: Alpha Wave Movement (established 1992 in

text: Miami, Florida

text: ) is the electronic music project of Gregory T. Kyryluk.  Alpha Wave Movement's musical style can be considered

text: ambient

text: new-age

text: , some

text: space rock

text: ,the classic 1970s period German style electronic music otherwise known as

text: Berlin school

text: as well as the ambient aesthetics of

text: Brian Eno

text: , and

text: Steve Roach

text: . Releases such A Distant Signal and Terra have more ambient space elements than other Alpha Wave Movement releases. Beyond Silence has more space rock elements and has a more rhythmic feel in their overall music compositions. In 2007 Alpha Wave Movement released The Mystic & The Machine, a musical exploration of 1970's era romantic progressive rock performed on synthesizers with the addition of UK musician Steve Hillman on electric guitar. The influences of

text: Genesis

text: Ozric Tentacles

text: (1980s era), and

text: Camel

text: are quite obvious and intended and shows yet another side of Alpha Wave Movement's composition. Alpha Wave Movement's music is semi electronic-based, utilizing digital synthesizers and

text: MIDI

text: to create its sonic explorations.  Aside from the music influences nature and natural landscapes are a continuous source of inspiration for compositions.  Alpha Wave Movement has performed at the Ambient Ping Canada and at the Gathering Room USA.  Alpha Wave Movement has released music on the Dutch label Groove Unlimited,

text: Silent Records

text: (USA),

text: Waveform Records

text: (USA), Spiralight (USA),

text: Anodize

text: (USA)and on the private label Harmonic Resonance Recordings. Alpha Wave Movement's other projects include Thought Guild,

text: Open Canvas

text: , Within Reason and a solo release as Gregory Kyryluk.The latest release from Alpha Wave Movement is entitled "Soniq Variants"(2011). The release is based conceptually on the use of Ensoniq synthesizers solely for the compositions. Ensoniq was an American manufacturer that spearheaded early affordable synthesizer workstation's the first of which was the ESQ-1 in 1986. Music on this release was composed primarily on the ESQ-1, VFX-SD, SQ-R and a DP4 all of which were made by Ensoniq. Additional use of a Novation synthesizer was also incorporated to add some timbral variation.The year 2012 arrived with a new electronic music project by Gregory Kyyrluk under the alias of Within Reason. This is a subdued more dubby percussive project featuring environmental sound-scapes with underlying synthetic permutation drawn on the influences of the Detroit and European creative pioneering muse of musicians such as Rod Modell and Yagya to name a few. To date there are four full length releases by Within Reason on the Anodize and Harmonic Resonance Recording labels.In 2014 the electronica world fusion project Open Canvas(essentially Gregory Kyryluk) had a track from the Waveform Records release "Indumani" featured in the internationally popular gothic horror show True Blood. The Open Canvas track "Ojopati" was featured in the final season episode 3.

text: The Coriolis effect is at its maximum at the poles and negligible at the equator of the Earth.The reason for this is that the Coriolis effect depends on the vector of the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation with respect to xyz - coordinate system (frame of reference).

text: The Coriolis effect is at its maximum at the poles and negligible at the

text: equator

text: of the

text: Earth

text: .The reason for this is that the Coriolis effect depends on the vector of the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation with respect to xyz - coordinate system (frame of reference).

text: Because of seismic and volcanic activity associated with tectonic plate boundaries along the Pacific Ring of Fire, tsunamis occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean, but are a worldwide natural phenomena. They are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides and glacier calving. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events.

text: Because of

text: seismic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity associated with

text: tectonic

text: plate boundaries

text: along the

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: tsunamis

text: occur most frequently in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , but are a worldwide

text: natural phenomena

text: . They are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides and glacier calving. Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events.

text: By 1844, two-thirds of Episcopal clergy were evangelical. Nevertheless, the growing influence of the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement on Episcopal Church leaders worried evangelicals. They experienced a loss of confidence in the church's institutions after 1844 when the church's General Convention refused to label the Oxford Movement a heresy. Their own attempts to stem the tide through heresy trials ultimately failed as well. In response, evangelicals chose to form their own distinctly evangelical Episcopal voluntary societies to promote education and evangelism, such as the Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge (which later merged with what is now known as the Episcopal Evangelism Society) and the American Church Missionary Society (which was modeled on the English society).

text: By 1844, two-thirds of Episcopal clergy were evangelical. Nevertheless, the growing influence of the Anglo-Catholic

text: Oxford Movement

text: on Episcopal Church leaders worried evangelicals. They experienced a loss of confidence in the church's institutions after 1844 when the church's

entity_name: General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America

text: General Convention

text: refused to label the Oxford Movement a

text: heresy

text: . Their own attempts to stem the tide through

text: heresy trials

text: ultimately failed as well. In response, evangelicals chose to form their own distinctly evangelical Episcopal voluntary societies to promote education and evangelism, such as the Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge (which later merged with what is now known as the Episcopal Evangelism Society) and the American Church Missionary Society (which was modeled on the English society).

text: After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had subsided, archaeologists discovered rock inscriptions which had been exposed by the tsunami waves close to the hamlet of Saluvankuppam, near the UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram. The inscriptions by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III and the Chola kings Parantaka I and Kulothunga Chola I spoke of a Subrahmanya Temple at Thiruvizhchil (the present day Saluvanakuppam). S. Rajavelu, epigraphist with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), identified a nearby mound as the site of the temple. In 2005, archaeologists unearthed an 8th-century Pallava temple under the mound. G. Thirumoorthy, ASI Assistant Archaeologist,  believed that the shrine could be the oldest Murugan temple to be excavated in Tamil Nadu. There were speculations on whether the temple could be one of the "Seven Pagodas".

text: After the 2004

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: had subsided, archaeologists discovered rock inscriptions which had been exposed by the

text: tsunami

text: waves close to the hamlet of

text: Saluvankuppam

text: , near the

text: UNESCO

text: -designated

text: World Heritage Site

text: of

text: Mahabalipuram

text: . The inscriptions by the

text: Rashtrakuta

text: king

text: Krishna III

text: and the

text: Chola

text: kings

text: Parantaka I

text: and

text: Kulothunga Chola I

text: spoke of a Subrahmanya Temple at Thiruvizhchil (the present day Saluvanakuppam). S. Rajavelu, epigraphist with the

text: Archaeological Survey of India

text: (ASI), identified a nearby mound as the site of the temple. In 2005, archaeologists unearthed an 8th-century

text: Pallava

text: temple under the mound. G. Thirumoorthy, ASI Assistant Archaeologist,  believed that the shrine could be the oldest Murugan temple to be excavated in Tamil Nadu. There were speculations on whether the temple could be one of the "

text: Seven Pagodas

text: In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its subsequent tsunamis, plans were announced to deploy an additional 32 DART II buoys around the world. These would include stations in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean for the first time.

text: In the wake of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: and its subsequent

text: tsunami

text: s, plans were announced to deploy an additional 32 DART II buoys around the world. These would include stations in the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: for the first time.

text: The ocean's surface is closely approximated by an equipotential surface, (ignoring ocean currents) commonly referred to as the geoid. Since the gravitational force is equal to the potential's gradient, there are no tangential forces on such a surface, and the ocean surface is thus in gravitational equilibrium. Now consider the effect of massive external bodies such as the Moon and Sun. These bodies have strong gravitational fields that diminish with distance and act to alter the shape of an equipotential surface on the Earth. This deformation has a fixed spatial orientation relative to the influencing body. The Earth's rotation relative to this shape causes the daily tidal cycle. Gravitational forces follow an inverse-square law (force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance), but tidal forces are inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. The ocean surface moves because of the changing tidal equipotential, rising when the tidal potential is high, which occurs on the parts of the Earth nearest to and furthest from the Moon. When the tidal equipotential changes, the ocean surface is no longer aligned with it, so the apparent direction of the vertical shifts. The surface then experiences a down slope, in the direction that the equipotential has risen.

text: The ocean's surface is closely approximated by an equipotential surface, (ignoring ocean currents) commonly referred to as the

text: geoid

text: . Since the gravitational force is equal to the potential's

text: gradient

text: , there are no

text: tangent

text: ial forces on such a surface, and the ocean surface is thus in gravitational equilibrium. Now consider the effect of massive external bodies such as the Moon and Sun. These bodies have strong gravitational fields that diminish with distance and act to alter the shape of an equipotential surface on the Earth. This deformation has a fixed spatial orientation relative to the influencing body. The Earth's rotation relative to this shape causes the daily tidal cycle. Gravitational forces follow an

text: inverse-square law

text: (force is inversely proportional to the

text: square

text: of the distance), but tidal forces are inversely proportional to the

text: cube

text: of the distance. The ocean surface moves because of the changing tidal equipotential, rising when the tidal potential is high, which occurs on the parts of the Earth nearest to and furthest from the Moon. When the tidal equipotential changes, the ocean surface is no longer aligned with it, so the apparent direction of the vertical shifts. The surface then experiences a down slope, in the direction that the equipotential has risen.

text: The middle layer is DOW where the water is free of sunlight and life forms. It is characterized not only by its mineral density but cold temperature, cleanliness and trace elements. DOW is present at depths of between 250 and 1500 meters.  This deep ocean current moves very slowly under the influence of density and temperature gradients. The high mineral density is attributed to the depth related pressure and the change in temperature from 20 °C+ at the surface to 8 °C at 600 meters depth generates the movement of this layer.

text: The meridian 8° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

text: The meridian 8° west of

text: Greenwich

text: is a line of

text: longitude

text: that extends from the

text: North Pole

text: across the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: , the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and Antarctica to the

text: South Pole

text: Frequent strong swells coming in from the Atlantic Ocean make for excellent surfing and the sands are ideal for children, but the state of the tide has a major impact on the beach. As the tide comes in, the sands are swiftly submerged by the incoming seas until all that is left of the beach is the rocks at the base of the cliffs. There is a lifeguard service provided by Tintagel Surf Lifesaving Club. Unwary visitors can easily be cut off by the rising waters. A number of people have to be rescued each year.

text: Frequent strong swells coming in from the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: make for excellent

text: surfing

text: and the sands are ideal for children, but the state of the

text: tide

text: has a major impact on the beach. As the tide comes in, the sands are swiftly submerged by the incoming seas until all that is left of the beach is the rocks at the base of the cliffs. There is a lifeguard service provided by Tintagel Surf Lifesaving Club. Unwary visitors can easily be cut off by the rising waters. A number of people have to be rescued each year.

text: The major subduction zone is associated with the Pacific and Indian Oceans and is responsible for the volcanic activity associated with the Pacific Ring of Fire. Since these earthquakes deform the ocean floor, they often generate a significant series of tsunami waves.  They are known to produce intense shaking for periods of time that can last for up to a few minutes.

text: The major subduction zone is associated with the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian Ocean

text: s and is responsible for the

text: volcanic

text: activity associated with the

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: . Since these earthquakes deform the

text: ocean floor

text: , they often generate a significant series of

text: tsunami

text: waves.  They are known to produce intense shaking for periods of time that can last for up to a few minutes.

text: Talley has worked at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD since 1984, and has been a Distinguished Professor since 2012. While at Scripps, her research has combined analysis of ocean observations with advanced theoretical work to describe and map large-scale circulation. Talley’s research focuses on the general circulation of the ocean and the role of various oceanic and atmospheric conditions that affect ocean currents and property distributions, including salinity. Her work involves analysis of data from most of the world’s oceans, depicting the movement of heat, salinity, and water masses, and the formation of water masses, particularly in subpolar regions.

text: Talley has worked at the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: UCSD

text: since 1984, and has been a Distinguished Professor since 2012. While at

text: Scripps

text: , her research has combined analysis of ocean observations with advanced theoretical work to describe and map large-scale circulation. Talley’s research focuses on the general circulation of the ocean and the role of various oceanic and atmospheric conditions that affect ocean currents and property distributions, including

text: salinity

text: . Her work involves analysis of data from most of the world’s oceans, depicting the movement of heat, salinity, and water masses, and the formation of

text: water mass

text: es, particularly in

text: subpolar

text: regions.

text: The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation, known as the North Atlantic Oscillation, occurs.

text: The

text: Coriolis effect

text: circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south

text: tide

text: s in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above

text: 40° North

text: some east-west oscillation, known as the

text: North Atlantic Oscillation

text: , occurs.

text: A very gentle temperature gradient from the equator to the poles meant weaker global winds, which drive the ocean currents, resulted in less upwelling and more stagnant oceans than today. This is evidenced by widespread black shale deposition and frequent anoxic events. Sediment cores show that tropical sea surface temperatures may have briefly been as warm as ,  warmer than at present, and that they averaged around . Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as  warmer than today's.

text: A very gentle

text: temperature gradient

text: from the

text: equator

text: to the poles meant weaker global winds, which drive the ocean currents, resulted in less

text: upwelling

text: and more stagnant

text: ocean

text: s than today. This is evidenced by widespread black

text: shale

text: deposition and frequent

text: anoxic event

text: s. Sediment cores show that tropical

text: sea surface temperature

text: s may have briefly been as warm as ,  warmer than at present, and that they averaged around . Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as  warmer than today's.

text: Amphidromic points occur because of the Coriolis effect and interference within oceanic basins, seas and bays creating a wave pattern — called an amphidromic system — which rotates around the amphidromic point. At the amphidromic points of the dominant tidal constituent, there is almost no vertical movement from tidal action. There can be tidal currents since the water levels on either side of the amphidromic point are not the same.  A separate amphidromic system is created by each periodic tidal component.

text: Amphidromic points occur because of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: and

text: interference

text: within

text: oceanic basin

text: s,

text: sea

text: s and

text: bay

text: s creating a wave pattern — called an amphidromic system — which rotates around the amphidromic point. At the amphidromic points of the dominant

text: tidal constituent

text: , there is almost no vertical movement from tidal action. There can be tidal currents since the water levels on either side of the amphidromic point are not the same.  A separate amphidromic system is created by each periodic tidal component.

text: The main topics in Dietrich's 149 publications  are: the dynamics of ocean currents, the stratification and mixing of water masses and their variability, the morphology of the ocean's bottom and the influence of topography on the spreading of water masses, and sound propagation in the ocean. During the work for his doctoral dissertation on the Agulhas Current System  he was able to use data sets from the "Meteor" Expedition 1925-1927  and additional data from some other ships. For the first time the Agulhas Current System was described also in deep layers. He also compared the properties of the Agulhas Current and the Gulf Stream  and described the Agulhas Current as a branch of the Atlantic circulation. He remained interested in the Gulf Stream, in particular in the relationship of pressure fields and currents   and the origin of Gulf Stream water masses. With geography as an essential field in his education, he kept returning to morphological studies     and to the relationship of topography and bottom water flow. He contributed considerably to the knowledge on the transport, distribution and mixing of water masses in the North Atlantic, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean. A selection of papers is cited here. The hydrographic atlas of the northern North Atlantic, produced on behalf of ICES, became an important collection of observational results. Following his work on semidiurnal and diurnal tides, he became a respected expert on tides in the open ocean. During a time when the tides in the open ocean had to be determined solely from coastal gauges, his tidal maps were considered a standard in the field. Dietrich was always prepared to use an holistic approach in marine research. He was interested in interdisciplinary problems, in particular the interactions between bottom topography and fisheries hydrography In his textbook    he frequently discussed relations between the results of different disciplines.

text: <blockquote> The fourth and last force arises from the combination of a relative east or west motion of the atmosphere with the rotatory motion of the earth. In consequence of the atmosphere's revolving on a common axis with that of the earth, each particle is impressed with a centrifugal force, which, being resolved into a vertical and a horizontal force, the latter causes it to assume a spheroidal form conforming to the figure of the earth. But, if the rotatory motion of any part of the atmosphere is greater than that of the surface of the earth, or, in other words, if any part of the atmosphere has a relative eastern motion with regard to the earth's surface, this force is increased, and if it has a relative western motion, it is diminished, and this difference gives rise to a disturbing force which prevents the atmosphere being in a state of equilibrium, with a figure conforming to that of the earth's surface, but causes an accumulation of the atmosphere at certain latitudes and a depression at others, and the consequent difference in the pressure of the atmosphere at these latitudes very materially influences its motions.<ref>Ferrel, W. 'An essay on the winds and the currents of the Oceans', Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1856.

text: This wave pattern occurs often in nature, including ocean waves, sound waves, and light waves.

text: This

text: wave

text: pattern occurs often in nature, including

text: ocean waves

text: sound

text: waves, and

text: light

text: waves.

text: The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (15 August 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of Sharia law, including the introduction of the controversial 'WH' or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of education, increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.

text: The ramifications of the tsunami went beyond the immediate impact to the lives and infrastructure of the Acehnese living on the coast. Since the disaster, the Acehnese rebel movement GAM, which had been fighting for independence against the Indonesian authorities for 29 years, has signed a peace deal (15 August 2005). The perception that the tsunami was punishment for insufficient piety in this proudly Muslim province is partly behind the increased emphasis on the importance of religion post-tsunami. This has been most obvious in the increased implementation of

text: Sharia

text: law, including the introduction of the controversial 'WH' or Syariah police. As homes are being built and people's basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of

text: education

text: , increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.

text: In fluid dynamics, wind waves, or wind-generated waves, are surface waves that occur on the free surface of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and canals or even on small puddles and ponds. They result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface. Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before reaching land. Wind waves range in size from small ripples, to waves over  high.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , wind waves, or wind-generated waves, are

text: surface wave

text: s that occur on the

text: free surface

text: of

text: ocean

text: s,

text: sea

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: river

text: s, and

text: canal

text: s or even on small

text: puddle

text: s and

text: pond

text: s. They result from the

text: wind

text: blowing over an area of fluid surface. Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before reaching land. Wind waves range in size from small

text: ripples

text: , to waves over  high.

text: Omega's popular Seamaster line of watches (including the Seamaster Professional 300) previously used an embellished version of the ETA 2892.A2 known as the Omega 1120.  Later versions of the Seamaster used a proprietary coaxial escapement invented by George Daniels, an English horologist, and exclusively marketed by Omega, a sister company of ETA. The movement with the coaxial escapement is known as the Omega 2500 series and is derived from the ETA 2892.  Later versions of the Seamaster "Planet Ocean" migrated from the Omega 2500 to a different coaxial escapement known as the Omega 8500 series.  Current Seamaster Professional 300 models continue to use the Omega 2500 "D" series movements.

text: Omega's popular Seamaster line of watches (including the Seamaster Professional 300) previously used an embellished version of the ETA 2892.A2 known as the Omega 1120.  Later versions of the Seamaster used a proprietary

text: coaxial escapement

text: invented by

text: George Daniels

text: , an English horologist, and exclusively marketed by

text: Omega

text: , a sister company of ETA. The movement with the coaxial

text: escapement

text: is known as the Omega 2500 series and is derived from the ETA 2892.  Later versions of the Seamaster "Planet Ocean" migrated from the Omega 2500 to a different coaxial escapement known as the Omega 8500 series.  Current Seamaster Professional 300 models continue to use the Omega 2500 "D" series movements.

text: Tides: Tanggu has a mixed semidiurnal tide. The lunitidal interval is 45 min, the average duration of rise is 5 h 40 min, and the average duration of fall is 6 h 53 min. The daily inequality between low waters is particularly marked.Average tide heights at the Tanggu Oceanic Station (塘沽海洋站) are:

text: Tides: Tanggu has a

text: mixed semidiurnal tide

text: . The

text: lunitidal interval

text: is 45 min, the average duration of rise is 5 h 40 min, and the average duration of fall is 6 h 53 min. The

text: daily inequality

text: between low waters is particularly marked.Average

text: tide heights

text: at the Tanggu Oceanic Station (塘沽海洋站) are:

text: Murty et al.; (2005) claim that the morphology of the Atlantic Ocean prevents the generation and propagation of trans-oceanic tsunamis.

text: Wave power involves converting the energy in ocean surface waves into electricity using devices either fixed to the shore, the seabed or floating out at sea. Wave energy varies with time, depending on when and where the winds and storms that drive the waves occur. Tidal energy is more regular and predictable.

text: Wave power

text: involves converting the energy in

text: ocean surface wave

text: s into electricity using devices either fixed to the shore, the seabed or floating out at sea. Wave energy varies with time, depending on when and where the winds and storms that drive the waves occur. Tidal energy is more regular and predictable.

text: Interest towards tsunami risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves led to damage and casualties along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal Perlis, Kedah and Penang. The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the South China Sea.

text: Interest towards

text: tsunami

text: risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: . Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves

entity_name: Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia

text: led to damage and casualties

text: along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal

text: Perlis

text: Kedah

text: and

text: Penang

text: . The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the

text: South China Sea

text: The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation, leading to the formation of robust features like jet streams and western boundary currents. Such features are in geostrophic balance, meaning that the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces balance each other. Coriolis acceleration is also responsible for the propagation of many types of waves in the ocean and atmosphere, including Rossby waves and Kelvin waves. It is also instrumental in the so-called Ekman dynamics in the ocean, and in the establishment of the large-scale ocean flow pattern called the Sverdrup balance.

text: The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large-scale oceanic and

text: atmospheric circulation

text: , leading to the formation of robust features like

text: jet stream

text: s and

text: western boundary current

text: s. Such features are in

text: geostrophic

text: balance, meaning that the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces balance each other. Coriolis acceleration is also responsible for the propagation of many types of waves in the ocean and atmosphere, including

text: Rossby wave

text: s and

text: Kelvin wave

text: s. It is also instrumental in the so-called

text: Ekman

text: dynamics in the ocean, and in the establishment of the large-scale ocean flow pattern called the

text: Sverdrup balance

text: The Mk8 Rangekeeper was an electromechanical analog computer whose function was to continuously calculate the gun's bearing and elevation, Line-Of-Fire (LOF), to hit a future position of the target. It did this by automatically receiving information from the director (LOS), the FC Radar (range), the ship's gyrocompass (true ship's course), the ship's Pitometer log (ship's speed), the Stable Vertical (ship's roll and pitch), and the ship's anemometer (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before the surface action started, the FTs made manual inputs for the average initial velocity of the projectiles fired out of the battery's gun barrels, and air density. With all this information, the Rangekeeper calculated the relative motion between the ship and the target. It then could calculate an offset angle and change of range between the target's present position (LOS) and future position at the end of the projectile's time of flight. To this bearing and range offset, it added corrections for gravity, wind, Magnus Effect of the spinning projectile, earth's curvature, and coriolis effect. The result was the turret's bearing and elevation orders (LOF). During the surface action, range and deflection Spots and target altitude (not zero during Gun Fire Support) were manually entered.

text: The Mk8 Rangekeeper was an electromechanical

text: analog computer

text: whose function was to continuously calculate the gun's bearing and elevation, Line-Of-Fire (LOF), to hit a future position of the target. It did this by automatically receiving information from the director (LOS), the FC Radar (range), the ship's

text: gyrocompass

text: (true ship's course), the ship's

text: Pitometer log

text: (ship's speed), the Stable Vertical (ship's roll and pitch), and the ship's anemometer (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before the surface action started, the FTs made manual inputs for the average initial velocity of the projectiles fired out of the battery's gun barrels, and air density. With all this information, the Rangekeeper calculated the relative motion between the ship and the target. It then could calculate an offset angle and change of range between the target's present position (LOS) and future position at the end of the projectile's time of flight. To this bearing and range offset, it added corrections for gravity, wind,

text: Magnus Effect

text: of the spinning projectile, earth's curvature, and

text: coriolis effect

text: . The result was the turret's bearing and elevation orders (LOF). During the surface action, range and deflection Spots and target altitude (not zero during Gun Fire Support) were manually entered.

text: Oriented surfaces can be represented as 2-currents which are dual to differential 2-forms. In

text: Flowriders ride on artificial waves that are technically called "sheet waves". Powerful pumps project a three-inch layer of water at speeds ranging from 20 MPH to 30 MPH.  The water flows up and over surfaces engineered to replicate the shape of ocean waves. Sheet waves are stationary waves, in that the wave does not move forward, and the movement is derived from water flowing over a stationary surface. Flowriders get their speed from the energy of the water flowing at them, and can perform basic to sophisticated turns and tricks within a relatively small area.

text: In coastal areas because the ocean tide is quite out of step with the earth tide, at high ocean tide there is an excess (or at low tide a deficit) of water about what would be the gravitational equilibrium level and the adjacent ground falls (or rises) in response to the resulting differences in weight. Displacements caused by ocean tidal loading can exceed the displacements due to the earth body tide. Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty.

text: When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in easterly trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water, and its economic effect on local fishing for an international market can be serious.

text: The cave system is at sea level and the ocean continually washes into the main cavern which has a floor area of about  and a vaulted rock dome about  high.  Southward from the main chamber, a low passage runs  to a sea level opening.  This corridor is flooded at high tide and free of water at low tide.  The western entrance is a short, high passage through which the ocean washes at all tide levels.  At the north, a third entrance is about  above the ocean which serves as an elevated observation area where the entire underground cave system and its wildlife are visible.

text: The cave system is at

text: sea level

text: and the ocean continually washes into the main cavern which has a floor area of about  and a vaulted rock dome about  high.  Southward from the main chamber, a low passage runs  to a sea level opening.  This corridor is flooded at

text: high tide

text: and free of water at

text: low tide

text: .  The western entrance is a short, high passage through which the ocean washes at all tide levels.  At the north, a third entrance is about  above the ocean which serves as an elevated observation area where the entire underground cave system and its wildlife are visible.

text: Polar seas is a collective term for the Arctic Ocean (about 4-5 percent of Earth's oceans) and the southern part of the Southern Ocean (south of Antarctic Convergence, about 10 percent of Earth's oceans). In the coldest years, sea ice can cover around 13 percent of the Earth's total surface at its maximum, but out of phase in the two hemispheres. The polar seas contain a huge biome with many organisms.

text: Polar seas is a collective term for the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: (about 4-5 percent of

text: Earth's

text: ocean

text: s) and the southern part of the

text: Southern Ocean

text: (south of

text: Antarctic Convergence

text: , about 10 percent of Earth's oceans). In the coldest years, sea ice can cover around 13 percent of the Earth's total surface at its maximum, but out of phase in the two hemispheres. The polar seas contain a huge

text: biome

text: with many

text: organism

text: s.

text: The original article by Suchow and Alvarez describes the phenomenon occurring when participants observe a series of videos showing one hundred small dots arranged in a ring shape around a central fixation point that change either in color, brightness, size or shape. These rings would alternate between phases of motionlessness and movement in a rotational back and forward motion. Participants are instructed to focus on the fixation point and adjust the rate of the changing properties in the stationary phase to match that of the moving phase. The faster the rotational movement, the slower the dots appeared to change. It has been inferred by the authors of the original study, as well as by others that have replicated the effect, that although the task involves motion in space and motion on the retina, it is the movement of the image across the retina that is responsible for the silencing effect. In the same study, Suchow and Alvarez required participants to complete a fixation-tracking task in order to assess whether Conversely, the illusory effect can be eliminated by moving the eye to follow the movement of the image or monitoring its changing properties specifically.

text: The original article by Suchow and Alvarez describes the phenomenon occurring when participants observe a series of videos showing one hundred small dots arranged in a ring shape around a central fixation point that change either in color, brightness, size or shape. These rings would alternate between phases of motionlessness and movement in a rotational back and forward motion. Participants are instructed to focus on the fixation point and adjust the rate of the changing properties in the stationary phase to match that of the moving phase. The faster the rotational movement, the slower the dots appeared to change. It has been inferred by the authors of the original study, as well as by others that have replicated the effect, that although the task involves motion in space and motion on the

text: retina

text: , it is the movement of the image across the retina that is responsible for the silencing effect. In the same study, Suchow and Alvarez required participants to complete a fixation-tracking task in order to assess whether Conversely, the illusory effect can be eliminated by moving the eye to follow the movement of the image or monitoring its changing properties specifically.

text: In addition to vertical distributions, horizontal distributions have been modeled and sampled as well. In the surface ocean at a depth of 30 meters, the higher DOC concentrations are found in the South Pacific Gyre, the South Atlantic Gyre, and the Indian Ocean. At a depth of 3000 meters, highest concentrations are in the North Atlantic Deep Water where DOC from the high concentration surface ocean is removed to depth. Since the time scales of horizontal motion along the ocean bottom are in the thousands of years, the refractory DOC is slowly consumed on its way from the North Atlantic and reaches a minimum in the North Pacific.

text: In the southeast Atlantic Ocean the current retroflects (turns back on itself) in the Agulhas Retroflection due to shear interactions with the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current.  This water becomes the Agulhas Return Current, rejoining the Indian Ocean Gyre. It is estimated that up to 85 Sv (Sverdrups) of the net transport is returned to the Indian Ocean through the retroflection.  The remaining water is transported into the South Atlantic Gyre in the Agulhas Leakage.  Along with direct branch currents, this leakage takes place in surface water filaments, and Agulhas Eddies.

text: In the southeast

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: the current retroflects (turns back on itself) in the Agulhas Retroflection due to shear interactions with the strong

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: .  This water becomes the

text: Agulhas Return Current

text: , rejoining the

text: Indian Ocean Gyre

text: . It is estimated that up to 85 Sv (

text: Sverdrup

text: s) of the net transport is returned to the

text: Indian Ocean

text: through the retroflection.  The remaining water is transported into the

text: South Atlantic Gyre

text: in the Agulhas Leakage.  Along with direct branch currents, this leakage takes place in surface water filaments, and Agulhas Eddies.

text: The origins of Cosme can be traced back to a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on June 27, 2007. Due to a lack of associated convection, the wave was difficult to track across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) estimated that the wave emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 8. Because the system was embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), development was initially slow. However, when it separated from the ITCZ on July 13, the disturbance increased in convective organization, and was classified as Tropical Depression Six-E about midway between Mexico and Hawaii. It tracked westward at  due to steering currents of a tropical easterly flow. Although wind shear was generally light, ocean temperatures were only marginal for tropical cyclone intensification. Forecasters experienced difficulty in locating the exact center of circulation. By July 14, convection had steadily decreased, although the storm's movement was initially uncertain due to its location within a broad low pressure area. Early on July 15 the depression's appearance on satellite imagery improved, and at 1800 UTC the NHC upgraded the depression to tropical storm status, and gave it the name "Cosme".

text: The origins of Cosme can be traced back to a

text: tropical wave

text: that left the coast of

text: Africa

text: on June 27, 2007. Due to a lack of associated

text: convection

text: , the wave was difficult to track across the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and

text: Caribbean Sea

text: . The

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) estimated that the wave emerged into the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: on July 8. Because the system was embedded within the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ), development was initially slow. However, when it separated from the ITCZ on July 13, the disturbance increased in convective organization, and was classified as Tropical Depression Six-E about midway between

text: Mexico

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: . It tracked westward at  due to steering currents of a tropical easterly flow. Although

text: wind shear

text: was generally light, ocean temperatures were only marginal for

text: tropical cyclone intensification

text: . Forecasters experienced difficulty in locating the exact center of circulation. By July 14, convection had steadily decreased, although the storm's movement was initially uncertain due to its location within a broad low pressure area. Early on July 15 the depression's appearance on

text: satellite imagery

text: improved, and at 1800

text: UTC

text: the NHC upgraded the depression to

text: tropical storm status

text: , and

text: gave it the name

text: "Cosme".

text: Spaceborne radar altimeters have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean-surface topography, the hills and valleys of the sea surface. These instruments send a microwave pulse to the ocean's surface and record the time it takes to return. A microwave radiometer corrects any delay that may be caused by water vapor in the atmosphere. Other corrections are also required to account for the influence of electrons in the ionosphere and the dry air mass of the atmosphere. Combining these data with the precise location of the spacecraft makes it possible to determine sea-surface height to within a few centimeters (about one inch). The strength and shape of the returning signal also provides information on wind speed and the height of ocean waves. These data are used in ocean models to calculate the speed and direction of ocean currents and the amount and location of heat stored in the ocean, which in turn reveals global climate variations.

text: Spaceborne radar altimeters have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean-surface topography, the hills and valleys of the sea surface. These instruments send a microwave pulse to the ocean's surface and record the time it takes to return. A

text: microwave radiometer

text: corrects any delay that may be caused by

text: water vapor

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: . Other corrections are also required to account for the influence of electrons in the

text: ionosphere

text: and the dry air mass of the atmosphere. Combining these data with the precise location of the spacecraft makes it possible to determine sea-surface height to within a few centimeters (about one inch). The strength and shape of the returning signal also provides information on wind speed and the height of ocean waves. These data are used in ocean models to calculate the speed and direction of

text: ocean current

text: s and the amount and location of heat stored in the ocean, which in turn reveals global

text: climate variation

text: s.

text: A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on May 16 and crossed Central America into the Pacific Ocean on May 24. That day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring an area of disturbed weather about 150 mi (240 km) southwest of the Costa Rican coastline. At that time, this system was associated with a monsoon trough embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Despite being disorganized, gradual development of this system was anticipated by the NHC. On May 25, a broad low pressure area formed southwest of Nicaragua, after the tropical wave interacted with an eastward-moving Kelvin wave. Convection soon became organized around the newly formed low, and the NHC noted that the formation of a tropical cyclone within the subsequent 48 hours was likely. The NHC estimated that Tropical Depression Two-E developed at 1200 UTC on May 28 about 125 mi (205 km) south-southeast of Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: moved off the west coast of Africa on May 16 and crossed Central America into the Pacific Ocean on May 24. That day, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) began monitoring an area of disturbed weather about 150 mi (240 km) southwest of the

text: Costa Rica

text: n coastline. At that time, this system was associated with a

text: monsoon trough

text: embedded within the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: . Despite being disorganized, gradual development of this system was anticipated by the NHC. On May 25, a broad

text: low pressure area

text: formed southwest of Nicaragua, after the tropical wave interacted with an eastward-moving

text: Kelvin wave

text: Convection

text: soon became organized around the newly formed low, and the NHC noted that the

text: formation of a tropical cyclone

text: within the subsequent 48 hours was likely. The NHC estimated that Tropical Depression Two-E developed at 1200

text: UTC

text: on May 28 about 125 mi (205 km) south-southeast of

text: Puerto Ángel

text: Oaxaca

text: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused extensive damage to this island.

text: The

text: caused extensive damage to this island.

text: Just as with other waves, moving into shallow water causes the tsunami to slow but grow in height. Either the trough or the crest of the tsunami can arrive at the coast first. In the former case, the sea draws back and leaves subtidal areas unusually exposed. When the crest arrives, it does not usually break but rushes inland, flooding all in its path. Much of the disaster's destruction can be produced by these flood waters, which drain back into the sea while pulling people and debris along. Several tsunamis can be caused by a single geological event. In such cases, it is common for the later waves to arrive between eight minutes and two hours after the first, which may not be the biggest or most destructive. Occasionally, in a shallow bay or estuary, a tsunami may transform into a bore.

text: Just as with other waves, moving into shallow water causes the tsunami to slow but grow in height. Either the trough or the crest of the tsunami can arrive at the coast first. In the former case, the sea draws back and leaves subtidal areas unusually exposed. When the crest arrives, it does not usually break but rushes inland, flooding all in its path. Much of the disaster's destruction can be produced by these flood waters, which drain back into the sea while pulling people and debris along. Several tsunamis can be caused by a single geological event. In such cases, it is common for the later waves to arrive between eight minutes and two hours after the first, which may not be the biggest or most destructive. Occasionally, in a shallow bay or estuary, a tsunami may transform into a

text: bore

text: It is located in the northwestern, southeastern, and western central (subtropical and tropical) Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Benguela Current, and the Gulf of Mexico. The species is native to Namibia and figures regarding its population are unknown. It has been observed at the surface during the day and at  below the surface during the night when it feeds, but is thought to mostly live in mid-depths. The IUCN has classed the conservation status of Abraliopsis atlantica as data deficient due to the lack of information regarding the species and its threats are unknown due to this. It falls under no conservation actions.

text: A teletsunami (also called an ocean-wide tsunami, distant tsunami, distant-source tsunami, far-field tsunami, or trans-ocean tsunami) is a tsunami that originates from a distant source, defined as more than  away or three hours' travel from the area of interest, sometimes travelling across an ocean. All teletsunamis have been generated by major earthquakes such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, 1960 Valdivia earthquake, 1964 Alaska earthquake, and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

text: A teletsunami (also called an ocean-wide tsunami, distant tsunami, distant-source tsunami, far-field tsunami, or trans-ocean tsunami) is a

text: tsunami

text: that originates from a distant source, defined as more than  away or three hours' travel from the area of interest, sometimes travelling across an

text: ocean

text: . All teletsunamis have been generated by major

text: earthquakes

text: such as the

text: 1755 Lisbon earthquake

text: 1960 Valdivia earthquake

text: 1964 Alaska earthquake

text: , and

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: A third legend states that these five gods were lazy and did no work toward preparing feasts.  When their parents had prepared a feast, they received no portion of it because they had done nothing to help in its preparation.  When they continued to do nothing in preparing feasts, their parents continued withholding any portion of it from them. The five gods then searched for an island where they could live away from their parents. A fourth legend, an account by the people of Avatele, says that the gods lived underground and did not feed their children because they were lazy.  Their children were angry enough to come to the earth's surface.  First was Fao, who tried and failed to make the tides go out.  Another god surfaced and also tried to send the tides out. When he also failed at this, Huanaki came up; he and Fao were successful in making the tides go out, producing waves on the ocean.

text: A third legend states that these five gods were lazy and did no work toward preparing feasts.  When their parents had prepared a feast, they received no portion of it because they had done nothing to help in its preparation.  When they continued to do nothing in preparing feasts, their parents continued withholding any portion of it from them. The five gods then searched for an island where they could live away from their parents. A fourth legend, an account by the people of

text: Avatele

text: , says that the gods lived underground and did not feed their children because they were lazy.  Their children were angry enough to come to the earth's surface.  First was Fao, who tried and failed to make the tides go out.  Another god surfaced and also tried to send the tides out. When he also failed at this, Huanaki came up; he and Fao were successful in making the tides go out, producing waves on the ocean.

text: Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it. Setting up the communications infrastructure to issue timely warnings is an even bigger problem, particularly in a relatively poor part of the world.

text: Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise. There were no

text: tsunami warning system

text: s in the

text: Indian Ocean

text: to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it. Setting up the communications infrastructure to issue timely warnings is an even bigger problem, particularly in a relatively poor part of the world.

text: The inescapable conclusion is that energy is lost from the surface tide to the internal tide at midocean topography and continental shelves, but the energy in the internal tide is not necessarily lost in the same place.  Internal tides may propagate thousands of kilometers or more before breaking and mixing the abyssal ocean.

text: The inescapable conclusion is that energy is lost from the surface tide to the internal tide at midocean topography and continental shelves, but the energy in the internal tide is not necessarily lost in the same place.  Internal tides may propagate thousands of kilometers or more before breaking and mixing the

text: abyssal

text: ocean.

text: Bucchich's goby (Gobius bucchichi), also known as the anemone goby, is a species of goby native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean off Portugal and Morocco, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea where it prefers coastal waters with a sandy or muddy substrate with seagrass patches or tide pools at depths of from .  It lives in association with the anemone Anemonia sulcata, hiding amongst its tentacles when threatened.  Its diet consists of polychaete worms, amphipods, molluscs and algae.  This species can reach a length of  TL.  This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.

text: Bucchich's goby (Gobius bucchichi), also known as the anemone goby, is a

text: species

text: of

text: goby

text: native to the eastern

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: off

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Morocco

text: , the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: and the

text: Black Sea

text: where it prefers coastal waters with a sandy or muddy substrate with

text: seagrass

text: patches or

text: tide pools

text: at depths of from .  It lives in association with the

text: anemone

text: Anemonia sulcata

text: , hiding amongst its tentacles when threatened.  Its diet consists of

text: polychaete worms

text: amphipods

text: molluscs

text: and

text: algae

text: .  This species can reach a length of

text: TL

text: .  This species can also be found in the

text: aquarium

text: trade.

text: The wind and waves create surface currents (designated as « drift currents »). These currents can decompose in one quasi permanent current (which varies within the hourly scale) and one movement of Stokes drift under the effect of rapid waves movement (at the echelon of a couple of seconds).). The quasi permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves, and in a lesser governing effect, by the friction of the wind on the surface.

text: The

text: wind

text: and

text: wave

text: s create surface currents (designated as « drift currents »). These currents can decompose in one quasi permanent current (which varies within the hourly scale) and one movement of

text: Stokes drift

text: under the effect of rapid waves movement (at the echelon of a couple of seconds).). The quasi permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves, and in a lesser governing effect, by the friction of the wind on the surface.

text: In 1831, Faraday (and independently Joseph Henry) discovered the reverse effect, the production of an electric potential or current through magnetism – known as electromagnetic induction; these two discoveries are the basis of the electric motor and the electric generator, respectively. In 1834, Carl Jacobi discovered his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids. In 1834, John Russell observed a nondecaying solitary water wave (soliton) in the Union Canal near Edinburgh and used a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth. In 1835, William Hamilton stated Hamilton's canonical equations of motion. In the same year, Gaspard Coriolis examined theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduced the Coriolis effect. In 1841, Julius Robert von Mayer, an amateur scientist, wrote a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training led to its rejection. In 1842, Christian Doppler proposed the Doppler effect. In 1847, Hermann von Helmholtz formally stated the law of conservation of energy. In 1851, Léon Foucault showed the Earth's rotation with a huge pendulum (Foucault pendulum).

text: In 1831, Faraday (and independently

text: Joseph Henry

text: ) discovered the reverse effect, the production of an electric potential or current through magnetism – known as

text: electromagnetic induction

text: ; these two discoveries are the basis of the electric motor and the electric generator, respectively. In 1834,

text: Carl Jacobi

text: discovered his uniformly rotating self-gravitating

text: ellipsoid

text: s. In 1834,

text: John Russell

text: observed a nondecaying solitary water wave (

text: soliton

text: ) in the

text: Union Canal

text: near

text: Edinburgh

text: and used a water tank to study the dependence of solitary water wave velocities on wave amplitude and water depth. In 1835, William Hamilton stated

text: Hamilton's canonical equations of motion

text: . In the same year,

text: Gaspard Coriolis

text: examined theoretically the mechanical efficiency of waterwheels, and deduced the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . In 1841,

text: Julius Robert von Mayer

text: , an

text: amateur

text: scientist, wrote a paper on the conservation of energy but his lack of academic training led to its rejection. In 1842,

text: Christian Doppler

text: proposed the

text: Doppler effect

text: . In 1847,

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: formally stated the law of conservation of energy. In 1851,

text: Léon Foucault

text: showed the Earth's rotation with a huge

text: pendulum

text: Foucault pendulum

text: Atmospheric tides are global-scale periodic oscillations of the atmosphere. In many ways they are analogous to ocean tides. Atmospheric tides form an important mechanism for transporting energy input into the lower atmosphere from the upper atmosphere, while dominating the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere.  Therefore, learning about atmospheric tides is essential in understanding the atmosphere as a whole.  Modeling and observations of atmospheric tides are needed in order to monitor and predict changes in the Earth's atmosphere.

text: Atmospheric tide

text: s are global-scale periodic oscillations of the

text: atmosphere

text: . In many ways they are analogous to ocean

text: tides

text: . Atmospheric tides form an important mechanism for transporting energy input into the lower atmosphere from the upper atmosphere, while dominating the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere.  Therefore, learning about atmospheric tides is essential in understanding the atmosphere as a whole.  Modeling and observations of atmospheric tides are needed in order to monitor and predict changes in the Earth's atmosphere.

text: Examine the degree to which active tectonic plate boundaries influence the ocean from physical, chemical and biological perspectives. Lithospheric movements and interactions at plate boundaries at or beneath the seafloor are responsible for short-term events such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. These regions are also host to the densest hydrothermal and biological activity in the ocean basins.

text: Examine the degree to which active

text: tectonic plate

text: boundaries influence the ocean from physical, chemical and biological perspectives.

text: Lithospheric

text: movements and interactions at plate boundaries at or beneath the seafloor are responsible for short-term events such as

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: tsunami

text: s and

text: volcanic eruption

text: s. These regions are also host to the densest hydrothermal and biological activity in the ocean basins.

text: Tides was founded in 1976 by Drummond Pike. Jane Bagley Lehman, heir to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company fortune, was also involved with the founding of Tides. Tides was conceived as a nationally oriented community foundation, and founded out of Pike's frustration with established philanthropy's perceived neglect of progressive issues. Drummond founded a similar organization, Tides Canada, in 2000.

text: Tides was founded in 1976 by

text: Drummond Pike

text: . Jane Bagley Lehman, heir to the

text: R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

text: fortune, was also involved with the founding of Tides. Tides was conceived as a nationally oriented community foundation, and founded out of Pike's frustration with established philanthropy's perceived neglect of progressive issues. Drummond founded a similar organization, Tides Canada, in 2000.

text: A gauge transformation with constant parameter at every point in space and time is analogous to a rigid rotation of the geometric coordinate system; it represents a global symmetry of the gauge representation.  As in the case of a rigid rotation, this gauge transformation affects expressions that represent the rate of change along a path of some gauge-dependent quantity in the same way as those that represent a truly local quantity.  A gauge transformation whose parameter is not a constant function is referred to as a local symmetry; its effect on expressions that involve a derivative is qualitatively different from that on expressions that don't.  (This is analogous to a non-inertial change of reference frame, which can produce a Coriolis effect.)

text: A gauge transformation with constant parameter at every point in space and time is analogous to a rigid rotation of the geometric coordinate system; it represents a

text: global symmetry

text: of the gauge representation.  As in the case of a rigid rotation, this gauge transformation affects expressions that represent the rate of change along a path of some gauge-dependent quantity in the same way as those that represent a truly local quantity.  A gauge transformation whose parameter is not a constant function is referred to as a

text: local symmetry

text: ; its effect on expressions that involve a

text: derivative

text: is qualitatively different from that on expressions that don't.  (This is analogous to a non-inertial change of reference frame, which can produce a

text: Coriolis effect

text: At the start of the game, players choose whether to directly control any one of the girls: Trill, Cela or Chilly.  This choice roughly corresponds to a difficulty selection - Trill is Normal, Cela is Hard and Chilly is Very Hard.  Once a story cutscene has introduced the song to be performed in the next act, the game moves into a practice session to teach the player the movements necessary to successfully pull off the performance.  Movements are accomplished by following the on-screen markers using the PS2's analog sticks to mimic the motions of arms and legs throughout a dance; if a character on the screen is waving their right arm, the movement is likely accomplished by rolling the right analog stick like a waving arm.

text: The first three sculptures were installed  in November 2009 in Punta Nizuc and on Manchones Reef.   Two of which have been impregnated with live coral cuttings taken from previous hurricane damaged reef.  The second Gallery consisting of a large collection of figures opened was in November 2010 on Manchones Reef, is titled The Silent Evolution.  They were manoeuvred from land in groups of ten, each group weighing several tonnes, and then transported in batches via a barge to the reef.  During deployment a crane and float bags were used to lower them from the surface to the ocean bed, where they are drilled into the ocean substrate and secured using anchor bolts.  In total The Silent Evolution collection weighed about 180 tonnes of dry cement. From the surface the complete structure is loosely configured into the shape of an eye with the ocean filling in the iris.

text: Tsunamis, potentially enormous waves often caused by earthquakes, have great erosional and sediment-reworking potential.  They may strip beaches of sand that may have taken years to accumulate and may destroy trees and other coastal vegetation.  Tsunamis are also capable of flooding hundreds of meters inland past the typical high-water level and fast-moving water, associated with the inundating tsunami, can crush homes and other coastal structures.

text: Tsunamis

text: , potentially enormous

text: wave

text: s often caused by

text: earthquake

text: s, have great

text: erosion

text: al and

text: sediment

text: -reworking potential.  They may strip beaches of

text: sand

text: that may have taken years to accumulate and may destroy trees and other coastal vegetation.  Tsunamis are also capable of

text: flooding

text: hundreds of meters inland past the typical high-water level and fast-moving water, associated with the inundating tsunami, can crush homes and other coastal structures.

text: Flies (Diptera) and some moths (Lepidoptera) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the angular velocity of their bodies. Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects' bodies. In the case of flies, their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called halteres. The halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion. In moths, their antennae are responsible for the sensing of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies. In both flies and moths, a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the pitch and roll planes, and at twice the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the yaw plane.

text: Flies (

text: Diptera

text: ) and some moths (

text: Lepidoptera

text: ) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the angular velocity of their bodies. Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects' bodies. In the case of flies, their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called

text: halteres

text: . The halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion. In moths, their antennae are responsible for the sensing of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies. In both flies and moths, a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the

text: pitch and roll

text: planes, and at twice the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the

text: yaw

text: plane.

text: The Revelle effect describes how only a small fraction of pCO is present in ocean water when  much larger amounts are added to the atmosphere. Depending on the alkalinity of the water, DIC  is either present as CO, HCO, or CO. When the pH is high (basic) the Revelle factor is greatest, causing much of the DIC to exist as HCO or CO, and not CO. So, the greater the buffering effect (low Revelle Factor) the more DIC  occurs as CO or HCO, effectively lowering the pCO levels in both the atmosphere and ocean.

text: The Revelle effect describes how only a small fraction of pCO is present in ocean water when  much larger amounts are added to the atmosphere. Depending on the

text: alkalinity

text: of the water, DIC  is either present as CO, HCO, or CO. When the pH is high (basic) the Revelle factor is greatest, causing much of the DIC to exist as HCO or CO, and not CO. So, the greater the buffering effect (low Revelle Factor) the more DIC  occurs as CO or HCO, effectively lowering the pCO levels in both the atmosphere and ocean.

text: Oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the Pacific.

text: Oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are

text: volcanic

text: in origin, such as

text: Saint Helena

text: in the

text: South Atlantic Ocean

text: . The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are

text: tectonic

text: in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are

text: Saint Peter and Paul Rocks

text: in the Atlantic Ocean and

text: Macquarie Island

text: in the Pacific.

text: In 493 BC the Roman army, led by the consul Postumus Cominius Auruncus fought and defeated a force of the Volsci from the coastal town of Antium.  The Roman army pursued the Volsci to the town of Longula (to the north of Antium).  The Romans took Longula, and then pursuing the Volsci further north, also took the town of Pollusca and followed the Volsci to the town of Corioli.

text: In 493 BC the Roman army, led by the consul

text: Postumus Cominius Auruncus

text: fought and defeated a force of the Volsci from the coastal town of

text: Antium

text: .  The Roman army pursued the Volsci to the town of

text: Longula

text: (to the north of Antium).  The Romans took Longula, and then pursuing the Volsci further north, also took the town of

text: Pollusca

text: and followed the Volsci to the town of

text: Corioli

text: The bay's tides are semi-diurnal, meaning that the region experiences two high and low tides that occur daily. The tides range in height from 1.1 m at the bay's mouth, and 1.4 m at its head. The differences in water depth between high and low tide averages to about . The lunar, semi-diurnal M2 tide occurs at a period of 12.42 h, with two tides occurring in the watershed every 24 h and 50 min. The watershed's neap and spring tides occur every 14.8 days. In Narragansett bay, the tides show a distinct double-peak flood during high tide and single peak ebb during low tide.

text: The bay's

text: tide

text: s are semi-diurnal, meaning that the region experiences two high and low tides that occur daily. The tides range in height from 1.1 m at the bay's mouth, and 1.4 m at its head. The differences in water depth between high and low tide averages to about . The lunar, semi-diurnal M2 tide occurs at a period of 12.42 h, with two tides occurring in the watershed every 24 h and 50 min. The watershed's

text: neap and spring tides

text: occur every 14.8 days. In Narragansett bay, the tides show a distinct double-peak flood during high tide and single peak ebb during low tide.

text: The worst accident was the 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster with more than 1700 people died by tsunami wave which followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

text: The worst accident was the

text: 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster

text: with more than 1700 people died by

text: tsunami

text: wave which followed the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: On the coast the upwelling of the cold Benguela current gives rise to dense ocean fogs (called "cassimbo" by the Angolans) for much of the year. The winds blow from land to sea, rainfall rarely exceeds  annually and the climate is highly inhospitable. There is a constant, heavy surf on the beaches. In the days of human-powered boats it was possible to get ashore through the surf but impossible to launch from the shore. The only way out was by going through a marsh hundreds of miles long and only accessible via a hot and arid desert.

text: On the coast the

text: upwelling

text: of the cold

text: Benguela current

text: gives rise to dense ocean

text: fog

text: s (called "cassimbo" by the Angolans) for much of the year. The winds blow from land to sea, rainfall rarely exceeds  annually and the

text: climate

text: is highly inhospitable. There is a constant, heavy

text: surf

text: on the beaches. In the days of human-powered boats it was possible to get ashore through the surf but impossible to launch from the shore. The only way out was by going through a marsh hundreds of miles long and only accessible via a hot and arid desert.

text: Within this third generation of models, the spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean.  Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.

text: Within this third generation of models, the spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid),

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: , energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean.  Along with dissipation of energy through

text: whitecaps

text: and

text: resonance

text: between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.

text: This seasonal behaviour of the Great Whirl affects the local coastal ocean flows and thus the Arabian Sea ecosystem: During the summer season, coastal upwelling currents strongly dependent on the shape and behaviour of the eddy are observed to the northwest of the Great Whirl. Not only does the biological productivity of the region depend on these upwelling currents, they (and thus, the Great Whirl itself) also play a large part in regulating the heat flux budget of the North Indian Ocean.

text: There are two main types of waves. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium, and the substance of this medium is deformed. Restoring forces then reverse the deformation. For example, sound waves propagate via air molecules colliding with their neighbors. When the molecules collide, they also bounce away from each other (a restoring force). This keeps the molecules from continuing to travel in the direction of the wave.

text: There are two main types of waves.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium, and the substance of this medium is deformed.

text: Restoring force

text: s then reverse the deformation. For example,

text: sound

text: waves propagate via air molecules colliding with their neighbors. When the molecules collide, they also bounce away from each other (a restoring force). This keeps the molecules from continuing to travel in the direction of the wave.

text: On 26 December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami hit Sri Lanka, killing more than 35,000 people and leaving many more homeless. Aid poured in from donor countries, but disagreements arose instantly over how it should be distributed to the Tamil regions under LTTE control. By 24 June the government and LTTE agreed on the Post-Tsunami Operational Management Structure (P-TOMS), but it received sharp criticism from the JVP, who left the government in protest. The legality of P-TOMS was also challenged in the courts. President Kumaratunga eventually had to scrap P-TOMS, which led to widespread criticism that sufficient aid was not reaching the north and east of the country. However, immediately following the tsunami there was a marked decrease in violence in the north.

text: On 26 December 2004, the

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: hit Sri Lanka, killing more than 35,000 people and leaving many more homeless. Aid poured in from donor countries, but disagreements arose instantly over how it should be distributed to the Tamil regions under LTTE control. By 24 June the government and LTTE agreed on the Post-Tsunami Operational Management Structure (P-TOMS), but it received sharp criticism from the

text: JVP

text: , who left the government in protest. The legality of P-TOMS was also challenged in the courts. President Kumaratunga eventually had to scrap P-TOMS, which led to widespread criticism that sufficient aid was not reaching the north and east of the country. However, immediately following the tsunami there was a marked decrease in violence in the north.

text: Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Earth. Moving objects on the surface of the Earth experience a Coriolis force, and appear to veer to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern. Movements of air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean are notable examples of this behavior: rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator, and to the left of this direction south of the equator. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology).

text: Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the

text: Earth

text: . Moving objects on the surface of the Earth experience a Coriolis force, and appear to veer to the right in the

text: northern hemisphere

text: , and to the left in the

text: southern

text: . Movements of air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean are notable examples of this behavior: rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the

text: equator

text: , and to the left of this direction south of the equator. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large

text: cyclones

text: (see

text: Coriolis effects in meteorology

text: On November 29, 1975, a 40-mile (60 km) wide section of the Hilina Slump slid 11 feet (3 m) into the ocean, widening the crack by 26 ft (8 m). This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a tsunami that reached a maximum height of  at Keauhou Landing. Oceanfront properties were washed off their foundations in Punaluu.  Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other persons were injured. The shoreline at Keauhou Bay was dramatically altered.

text: On November 29, 1975, a 40-mile (60 km) wide section of the Hilina Slump slid 11 feet (3 m) into the ocean, widening the crack by 26 ft (8 m). This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a tsunami that reached a maximum height of  at

text: Keauhou

text: Landing. Oceanfront properties were washed off their foundations in Punaluu.  Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other persons were injured. The shoreline at

text: Keauhou Bay

text: was dramatically altered.

text: An observer in a rotating frame, such as an astronaut in a rotating space station, very probably will find the interpretation of everyday life in terms of the Coriolis force accords more simply with intuition and experience than a cerebral reinterpretation of events from an inertial standpoint. For example, nausea due to an experienced push may be more instinctively explained by the Coriolis force than by the law of inertia. See also Coriolis effect (perception). In meteorology, a rotating frame (the Earth) with its Coriolis force provides a more natural framework for explanation of air movements than a non-rotating, inertial frame without Coriolis forces. In long-range gunnery, sight corrections for the Earth's rotation are based upon the Coriolis force. These examples are described in more detail below.

text: An observer in a rotating frame, such as an astronaut in a rotating space station, very probably will find the interpretation of everyday life in terms of the Coriolis force accords more simply with intuition and experience than a cerebral reinterpretation of events from an inertial standpoint. For example, nausea due to an experienced push may be more instinctively explained by the Coriolis force than by the law of inertia. See also

text: Coriolis effect (perception)

text: . In meteorology, a rotating frame (the Earth) with its Coriolis force provides a more natural framework for explanation of air movements than a non-rotating, inertial frame without Coriolis forces. In long-range gunnery, sight corrections for the Earth's rotation are based upon the Coriolis force. These examples are described in more detail below.

text: Most of the time, the trade winds drive surface waters offshore near the equator, driving the Humboldt Current from the tip of southern Chile to northern Peru. This current is associated with upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru. El Nino disrupts the usual wind pattern and the subsequent lessening of upwelling leads to fish kills offshore Peru.

text: Most of the time, the

text: trade wind

text: s drive surface waters offshore near the equator, driving the

text: Humboldt Current

text: from the tip of southern Chile to northern Peru. This current is associated with upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru.

text: El Nino

text: disrupts the usual wind pattern and the subsequent lessening of upwelling leads to

text: fish kills

text: offshore Peru.

text: The Coriolis effect causes subtle trajectory variations caused by a rotating reference frame.The coordinate system that is used to specify the location of the point of firing and the location of the target is the system of latitudes and longitudes, which is in fact a rotating coordinate system, since the planet Earth is a rotating sphere. During its flight, the projectile moves in a straight line (not counting gravitation and air resistance for now). Since the target is co-rotating with the Earth, it is in fact a moving target, relative to the projectile, so in order to hit it the gun must be aimed to the point where the projectile and the target will arrive simultaneously.When the straight path of the projectile is plotted in the rotating coordinate system that is used, then this path appears as curvilinear. The fact that the coordinate system is rotating must be taken into account, and this is achieved by adding terms for a "centrifugal force" and a "Coriolis effect" to the equations of motion. When the appropriate Coriolis term is added to the equation of motion the predicted path with respect to the rotating coordinate system is curvilinear, corresponding to the actual straight line motion of the projectile.For an observer with his frame of reference in the northern hemisphere Coriolis makes the projectile appear to curve over to the right. Actually it is not the projectile swinging to the right but the earth (frame of reference) rotating to the left which produces this result. The opposite will seem to happen in the southern hemisphere.

text: The

text: Coriolis effect

text: causes subtle trajectory variations caused by a

text: rotating reference frame

text: .The

text: coordinate system

text: that is used to specify the location of the point of firing and the location of the target is the system of latitudes and longitudes, which is in fact a rotating coordinate system, since the planet Earth is a rotating sphere. During its flight, the projectile moves in a straight line (not counting gravitation and air resistance for now). Since the target is co-rotating with the Earth, it is in fact a

text: moving target

text: , relative to the projectile, so in order to hit it the gun must be aimed to the point where the projectile and the target will arrive simultaneously.When the straight path of the projectile is plotted in the rotating coordinate system that is used, then this path appears as

text: curvilinear

text: . The fact that the coordinate system is rotating must be taken into account, and this is achieved by adding terms for a "centrifugal force" and a "

text: Coriolis effect

text: " to the

text: equations of motion

text: . When the appropriate Coriolis term is added to the equation of motion the predicted path with respect to the rotating coordinate system is curvilinear, corresponding to the actual straight line motion of the projectile.For an observer with his frame of reference in the northern hemisphere Coriolis makes the projectile appear to curve over to the right. Actually it is not the projectile swinging to the right but the earth (frame of reference) rotating to the left which produces this result. The opposite will seem to happen in the southern hemisphere.

text: Hurricane Gustav originated out of a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 18. Shortly after, the system became embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean. By August 23, the system began to intensify while convective activity become consolidated around the center of circulation. By 0600 UTC on August 24, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) estimated that the wave spawned Tropical Depression Eight roughly 965 miles (1,555 km) east of Barbados. A weak ridge of high pressure to the north of the depression led to a general westward movement of the system. Gradually strengthening, the depression was upgraded to a tropical storm early on August 25, at which time it was given the name Gustav.

text: Hurricane Gustav originated out of a

text: tropical wave

text: that moved off the western coast of Africa on August 18. Shortly after, the system became embedded within the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: and tracked westward across the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . By August 23, the system began to intensify while

text: convective activity

text: become consolidated around the

text: center of circulation

text: . By 0600 UTC on August 24, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) estimated that the wave spawned Tropical Depression Eight roughly 965 miles (1,555 km) east of

text: Barbados

text: . A weak

text: ridge of high pressure

text: to the north of the depression led to a general westward movement of the system. Gradually strengthening, the depression was upgraded to a tropical storm early on August 25, at which time it was given the name Gustav.

text: Siliceous ooze is ooze that is composed of at least 30% of the siliceous microscopic "shells" of plankton, such as diatoms and radiolaria. Siliceous oozes often contain lesser proportions of either sponge spicules, silicoflagellates or both. This type of ooze accumulates on the ocean floor at depths below the carbonate compensation depth. Its distribution is also limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2–1 cm/1000 yr.

text: Siliceous ooze is ooze that is composed of at least 30% of the siliceous microscopic "shells" of plankton, such as diatoms and radiolaria. Siliceous oozes often contain lesser proportions of either

text: sponge

text: spicule

text: s,

text: silicoflagellates

text: or both. This type of ooze accumulates on the ocean floor at depths below the carbonate compensation depth. Its distribution is also limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2–1 cm/1000 yr.

text: Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern side of oceanic basins (adjacent to the western coasts of continents). Subtropical eastern boundary currents flow equatorward, transporting cold water from higher latitudes to lower latitudes; examples include the Benguela Current, the Canary Current, the Humboldt Current, and the California Current. Coastal upwelling often brings nutrient-rich water into eastern boundary current regions, making them productive areas of the ocean.

text: Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern side of

text: oceanic basin

text: s (adjacent to the western coasts of continents). Subtropical eastern boundary currents flow equatorward, transporting cold water from higher latitudes to lower latitudes; examples include the

text: Benguela Current

text: , the

text: Canary Current

text: , the

text: Humboldt Current

text: , and the

text: California Current

text: Coastal upwelling

text: often brings nutrient-rich water into eastern boundary current regions, making them productive areas of the ocean.

text: The 1990s saw the socialist feminists Mary Mellor and Ariel Salleh address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm. With the rising profile of the anti-globalization movement in the Global South, an "environmentalism of the poor", combining ecological awareness and social justice, has also become prominent. David Pepper also released his important work, Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice, in 1994, which critiques the current approach of many within Green politics, particularly deep ecologists.

text: The 1990s saw the

text: socialist feminists

text: Mary Mellor

text: and

text: Ariel Salleh

text: address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm. With the rising profile of the

text: anti-globalization

text: movement in the

text: Global South

text: , an "

text: environmentalism

text: of the poor", combining

text: ecological

text: awareness and

text: social justice

text: , has also become prominent.

text: David Pepper

text: also released his important work, Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice, in 1994, which critiques the current approach of many within Green politics, particularly

text: deep ecologists

text: Though this point may vary due to storms, spring tides, and seasonal or annual differences in water flows, there is generally an average point which is accepted as the head of tide (in Great Britain this is the Normal Tidal Limit, typically noted on Ordnance Survey maps as 'NTL'). A river's tidal data are recorded at various locations downstream of this point. A river's head of tide may be considered the upper boundary of its estuary.

text: Though this point may vary due to storms,

text: spring tide

text: s, and seasonal or annual differences in water flows, there is generally an average point which is accepted as the head of tide (in

text: Great Britain

text: this is the Normal Tidal Limit, typically noted on

text: Ordnance Survey

text: maps as 'NTL'). A river's tidal data are recorded at various locations downstream of this point. A river's head of tide may be considered the upper boundary of its

text: estuary

text: The first known sea-level record of an entire spring–neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary. Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850.

text: The first known sea-level record of an entire spring–neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the

text: Thames Estuary

text: . Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850.

text: The semirigid rotor can also be referred to as a teetering or seesaw rotor. This system is normally composed of two blades that meet just under a common flapping or teetering hinge at the rotor shaft. This allows the blades to flap together in opposite motions like a seesaw. This underslinging of the blades below the teetering hinge, combined with an adequate dihedral or coning angle on the blades, minimizes variations in the radius of each blade's center of mass from the axis of rotation as the rotor turns, which in turn reduces the stress on the blades from lead and lag forces caused by the Coriolis effect. Secondary flapping hinges may also be provided to provide sufficient flexibility to minimize bouncing. Feathering is accomplished by the feathering hinge at the blade root, which allows changes to the pitch angle of the blade.

text: The semirigid rotor can also be referred to as a teetering or seesaw rotor. This system is normally composed of two blades that meet just under a common flapping or teetering hinge at the rotor shaft. This allows the blades to flap together in opposite motions like a

text: seesaw

text: . This underslinging of the blades below the teetering hinge, combined with an adequate dihedral or coning angle on the blades, minimizes variations in the radius of each blade's center of mass from the axis of rotation as the rotor turns, which in turn reduces the stress on the blades from lead and lag forces caused by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . Secondary flapping hinges may also be provided to provide sufficient flexibility to minimize bouncing. Feathering is accomplished by the feathering hinge at the blade root, which allows changes to the pitch angle of the blade.

text: Oceanic currents are largely driven by the surface wind stress; hence the large-scale atmospheric circulation is important to understanding the ocean circulation. The Hadley circulation leads to Easterly winds in the tropics and Westerlies in mid-latitudes. This leads to slow equatorward flow throughout most of a subtropical ocean basin (the Sverdrup balance). The return flow occurs in an intense, narrow, poleward western boundary current. Like the atmosphere, the ocean is far wider than it is deep, and hence horizontal motion is in general much faster than vertical motion. In the southern hemisphere there is a continuous belt of ocean, and hence the mid-latitude westerlies force the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In the northern hemisphere the land masses prevent this and the ocean circulation is broken into smaller gyres in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.

text: Oceanic currents are largely driven by the surface wind stress; hence the large-scale

text: atmospheric circulation

text: is important to understanding the ocean circulation. The Hadley circulation leads to Easterly winds in the tropics and Westerlies in mid-latitudes. This leads to slow equatorward flow throughout most of a subtropical ocean basin (the

text: Sverdrup balance

text: ). The return flow occurs in an intense, narrow, poleward

text: western boundary current

text: . Like the atmosphere, the ocean is far wider than it is deep, and hence horizontal motion is in general much faster than vertical motion. In the southern hemisphere there is a continuous belt of ocean, and hence the mid-latitude westerlies force the strong

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: . In the northern hemisphere the land masses prevent this and the ocean circulation is broken into smaller

text: gyre

text: s in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.

text: Cora opened The Ocean Restaurant at the S.E.A. Aquarium at Resorts World Sentosa off Singapore in February 2013. The 63 seat restaurant is inside the world's largest oceanarium and has stunning views of deep-sea wildlife from every table. Cora is currently the co-host of Around the World in 80 Plates, an American reality competition show that premiered on May 9, 2012 on the Bravo cable TV network.

text: Cora opened The Ocean Restaurant at the

text: S.E.A. Aquarium

text: at

text: Resorts World Sentosa

text: off

text: Singapore

text: in February 2013. The 63 seat restaurant is inside the world's largest

text: oceanarium

text: and has stunning views of deep-sea wildlife from every table. Cora is currently the co-host of

text: Around the World in 80 Plates

text: , an American reality competition show that premiered on May 9, 2012 on the Bravo cable TV network.

text: Worldwide, there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas: the Canary Current (off Northwest Africa), the Benguela Current (off southern Africa), the California Current (off California and Oregon), the Humboldt Current (off Peru and Chile), and the Somali Current (off Western India). All of these currents support major fisheries. Many forage fish are important commercial species, and the schools can be targeted by spotter planes. The fish are caught by purse seiners—fishing boats that use nets to enclose the fish—and can be overfished.

text: Worldwide, there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas: the

text: Canary Current

text: (off

text: Northwest Africa

text: ), the

text: Benguela Current

text: (off

text: southern Africa

text: ), the

text: California Current

text: (off

text: California

text: and

text: Oregon

text: ), the

text: Humboldt Current

text: (off

text: Peru

text: and

text: Chile

text: ), and the

text: Somali Current

text: (off

text: Western India

text: ). All of these currents support major fisheries. Many forage fish are important commercial species, and the schools can be targeted by spotter planes. The fish are caught by

text: purse seiner

text: s—fishing boats that use nets to enclose the fish—and can be

text: overfished

text: On August 28, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa, which moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean without development. On September 2, an area of convection, or thunderstorms, developed along the northern portion of the wave, but was eventually absorbed into Tropical Storm Gabrielle north of Puerto Rico. The wave continued westward through the Caribbean Sea into a large area of cyclonic flow at the surface, which extended across Central America into the eastern Pacific. Around September 9, the broad system developed two areas of disturbed weather – one in the eastern Pacific would become Hurricane Manuel, and the other developing over the northwestern Caribbean. The latter system slowly organized, developing a low pressure area on September 11. Subsequently, the system moved over the Yucatán Peninsula. Although land interaction prevented immediate development, conditions favored further development in the Bay of Campeche. Early on September 12, the low emerged into the bay, and at 1800 UTC the National Hurricane Center (NHC) assessed that Tropical Depression Ten developed about  east-northeast of Veracruz. This was confirmed by a Hurricane Hunters flight indicating the presence of a closed low-level circulation.

text: On August 28, a

text: tropical wave

text: exited the west coast of Africa, which moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean without development. On September 2, an area of

text: convection

text: , or thunderstorms, developed along the northern portion of the wave, but was eventually absorbed into

text: Tropical Storm Gabrielle

text: north of

text: Puerto Rico

text: . The wave continued westward through the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: into a large area of

text: cyclonic

text: flow

text: at the surface, which extended across

text: Central America

text: into the eastern Pacific. Around September 9, the broad system developed two areas of disturbed weather – one in the eastern Pacific would become

text: Hurricane Manuel

text: , and the other developing over the northwestern Caribbean. The latter system slowly organized, developing a

text: low pressure area

text: on September 11. Subsequently, the system moved over the

text: Yucatán Peninsula

text: . Although land interaction prevented immediate development, conditions favored further development in the

text: Bay of Campeche

text: . Early on September 12, the low emerged into the bay, and at 1800

text: UTC

text: the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) assessed that Tropical Depression Ten developed about  east-northeast of

text: Veracruz

text: . This was confirmed by a

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: flight indicating the presence of a closed low-level circulation.

text: Fungia paumotensis occurs in the Indian Ocean on upper reef slopes especially where there is considerable movement of the water as a result of wave action. It is usually found on sand or beds of coral fragments. It is often associated with other species of Fungia.

text: Fungia paumotensis occurs in the Indian Ocean on upper reef slopes especially where there is considerable movement of the water as a result of wave action. It is usually found on sand or beds of coral fragments. It is often associated with other species of

text: Fungia

text: The biggest change in Rising Tide is the addition of aquatic cities.  Unlike land based cities, or even ocean cities in previous iterations of the game, aquatic based cities can move. In addition to the major changes, Rising Tide adds two new biomes: frigid, an ice world; and primordial, a geologically active world. Four new sponsors have also been added, as well.

text: Because ocean currents are driven by the movement of wind over the water's surface, the Coriolis force also affects the movement of  ocean currents and cyclones as well. Many of the ocean's largest currents circulate around warm, high-pressure areas called gyres. Though the circulation is not as significant as that in the air, the deflection caused by the Coriolis effect is what creates the spiraling pattern in these gyres. The spiraling wind pattern helps the hurricane form. The stronger the force from the Coriolis effect, the faster the wind spins and picks up additional energy, increasing the strength of the hurricane.

text: Because ocean currents are driven by the movement of wind over the water's surface, the Coriolis force also affects the movement of  ocean currents and

text: cyclones

text: as well. Many of the ocean's largest currents circulate around warm, high-pressure areas called

text: gyre

text: s. Though the circulation is not as significant as that in the air, the deflection caused by the Coriolis effect is what creates the spiraling pattern in these gyres. The spiraling wind pattern helps the hurricane form. The stronger the force from the Coriolis effect, the faster the wind spins and picks up additional energy, increasing the strength of the hurricane.

text: ) have contributed to solve the riddles of wave breaking behaviors, unfortunately there hasn’t been a clear understanding for exact theories of the wind wave dissipation process still yet because of its non-linear behaviors. By past and present observations and derived theories, the physics of the ocean-wave dissipation can be categorized by its passing regions along to water depth. In deep water, wave dissipation occurs by the actions of friction or drag forces such as opposite-directed winds or viscous forces generated by turbulent flows—usually nonlinear forces. In shallow water, the behaviors of wave dissipations are mostly types of shore wave breaking (see Types of wave breaking). Some of simple general descriptions of wind-wave dissipation (defined by Luigi Cavaleri et al. ) were proposed when we consider only ocean surface waves such as wind waves. By means of the simple, the interactions of waves with the vertical structure of the upper layers of the ocean are ignored for simplified theory in many proposed mechanisms.

text: Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing eddies and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average plankton populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.

text: Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing

text: eddies

text: and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average

text: plankton

text: populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.

text: Thus the Coriolis parameter,

text: Thus the Coriolis parameter,

text: Fire control was effected by a nine-foot six inch Co-incidence type rangefinder in the fire control tower high in the ship, this data was fed into a Dreyer table (invented and developed by Frederic Charles Dreyer) this was an early mechanical computer into which was fed range and bearing of the target, wind own course and speed targets course and speed, temperature and wind direction and adjustments for Coriolis effect, this produced a firing solution which was fed electrically to the guns were the gun layers would follow the pointers, when the guns were load the interceptor switches would be closed and gun ready lamps would light in the fire control tower, when all guns were ready they would be fired electrically by the gunnery officer.

text: Downwelling occurs at anti-cyclonic places within the ocean where warm rings are spinning clockwise creating surface convergence. When these surface waters converge, they push the surface water downwards. Another way that downwelling can occur is by the wind driving the sea towards the coastline. Regions that have downwelling have low productivity because the nutrients in the water column are utilized but are not continuously resupplied by the cold, nutrient-rich water from below the surface.

text: In contrast to Delaware and Maryland, the strong northeast portion of the nor'easter affected New Jersey for several days, producing strong winds and record high tides. Wind gusts reached  in Cape May, which were the strongest winds in association with the storm. Sustained winds were around  in the region. High winds in Atlantic City destroyed the windows of storefronts. Along the Jersey coast, the nor'easter produced waves of up to  in height. About  offshore Long Branch, waves reached heights of . In South Jersey, the storm surge struck the coast near low tide, which restricted flooding. The highest tide in South Jersey was  in Ocean City, which broke the previous record of  set in 1984. Further north, the surge coincided with several days of high tides and a lunar tide, causing significant flooding and beach erosion. The highest tide was  in Perth Amboy along the Raritan River, which broke the record set in 1960. In many locations, the storm produced the highest tides since the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962. The storm also dropped rainfall across the state, peaking at  in Morristown, along with gusts peaking at 58 mph (93 kph) at Morristown Municipal Airport. The rainfall caused higher discharge rates along rivers. The storm also produced high snowfall totals, including  in Sussex County. Throughout the coastline, the cost to replace the lost beach from erosion was estimated at $300 million (1992 USD).

text: In contrast to Delaware and Maryland, the strong northeast portion of the nor'easter affected New Jersey for several days, producing strong winds and record high tides. Wind gusts reached  in

text: Cape May

text: , which were the strongest winds in association with the storm.

text: Sustained

text: winds were around  in the region. High winds in Atlantic City destroyed the windows of storefronts. Along the Jersey coast, the nor'easter produced waves of up to  in height. About  offshore

text: Long Branch

text: , waves reached heights of . In

text: South Jersey

text: , the

text: storm surge

text: struck the coast near low tide, which restricted flooding. The highest tide in South Jersey was  in

text: Ocean City

text: , which broke the previous record of  set in 1984. Further north, the surge coincided with several days of high tides and a

text: lunar tide

text: , causing significant flooding and beach erosion. The highest tide was  in

text: Perth Amboy

text: along the

text: Raritan River

text: , which broke the record set in 1960. In many locations, the storm produced the highest tides since the

text: Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962

text: . The storm also dropped rainfall across the state, peaking at  in

text: Morristown

text: , along with gusts peaking at 58 mph (93 kph) at Morristown Municipal Airport. The rainfall caused higher discharge rates along rivers. The storm also produced high snowfall totals, including  in

text: Sussex County

text: . Throughout the coastline, the cost to replace the lost beach from erosion was estimated at $300 million (1992 USD).

text: The first generation of Meteosat satellites, Meteosat-1 to Meteosat-7, provided continuous and reliable meteorological observations from space to a large user community. Meteosat-1 to 6 have retired, but Meteosat-7 provides data from over the Indian Ocean, every half-hour in three spectral channels (Visible, Infrared) and Water Vapour, via the Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager (MVIRI) instrument. Until 2017, Meteosat-7 provides the primary imagery coverage over the Indian Ocean and provides a service relaying data from  Data Collection Platforms (DCP), such as buoys, in support of the Tsunami Warning System for the Indian Ocean. A range of processed meteorological products are also produced

text: The first generation of Meteosat satellites, Meteosat-1 to Meteosat-7, provided continuous and reliable meteorological observations from space to a large user community. Meteosat-1 to 6 have retired, but Meteosat-7 provides data from over the

text: Indian Ocean

text: , every half-hour in three spectral channels (Visible, Infrared) and

text: Water Vapour

text: , via the

text: Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager

text: (MVIRI)

text: instrument

text: . Until 2017, Meteosat-7 provides the primary imagery coverage over the Indian Ocean and provides a service relaying data from  Data Collection Platforms (DCP), such as buoys, in support of the Tsunami Warning System for the Indian Ocean. A range of processed meteorological products are also produced

text: The ACC connects the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and serves as a principal pathway of exchange between them. The current is strongly constrained by landform and bathymetric features. To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current first retroflects the Agulhas Current to form the Agulhas Return Current before it is split by the Kerguelen Plateau, and then moving northward again. Deflection is also seen as it passes over the mid-ocean ridge in the Southeast Pacific.

text: The ACC connects the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Indian Ocean

text: s, and serves as a principal pathway of exchange between them. The current is strongly constrained by

text: landform

text: and

text: bathymetric

text: features. To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the

text: Drake Passage

text: between South America and the

text: Antarctic Peninsula

text: and then is split by the

text: Scotia Arc

text: to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the

text: Falkland Current

text: and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current first retroflects the

text: Agulhas Current

text: to form the

text: Agulhas Return Current

text: before it is split by the

text: Kerguelen Plateau

text: , and then moving northward again. Deflection is also seen as it passes over the

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: in the Southeast Pacific.

text: Drift diving is a type of scuba diving where the diver is transported by the water movement caused by the tide, an ocean current or in a river. The choice whether to drift dive depends on the purpose of the dive, and whether there is an option. At some sites there is almost always a current running, and at others the strength and direction of water movement may vary with the tide, or other driving forces, like wind or recent rainfall. At some sites there may be considerable variation in visibility and marine life activity based on the speed and direction of flow.

text: Drift diving is a type of

text: scuba diving

text: where the diver is transported by the water movement caused by the

text: tide

text: , an

text: ocean current

text: or in a

text: river

text: . The choice whether to drift dive depends on the purpose of the dive, and whether there is an option. At some sites there is almost always a current running, and at others the strength and direction of water movement may vary with the tide, or other driving forces, like wind or recent rainfall. At some sites there may be considerable variation in visibility and marine life activity based on the speed and direction of flow.

text: These currents are strongly influenced by bottom topography, since dense, bottom water must forcefully flow over and around depressions and projections in the seafloor. Thus, they are sometimes called contour currents. Bottom currents generally move equator-ward at or near the western boundaries of ocean basins (below the western boundary surface currents). The deep-water masses are not capable of moving water at speeds comparable to that of wind-driven surface currents. Water in some of these currents may move only 1 to 2 meters per day; however, even at that slow speed, the Coriolis effect modifies their pattern of flow.

text: Because the propagation of the wave is fundamentally caused by an imbalance of the forces acting on the air (which is often thought of in terms of air parcels when considering wave motion), the types of waves and their propagation characteristics vary latitudinally, principally because the Coriolis effect on horizontal flow is maximal at the poles and zero at the equator.

text: Because the propagation of the wave is fundamentally caused by an imbalance of the

text: force

text: s acting on the air (which is often thought of in terms of

text: air parcel

text: s when considering wave motion), the types of waves and their propagation characteristics vary latitudinally, principally because the

text: Coriolis effect

text: on horizontal flow is maximal at the

text: pole

text: s and zero at the

text: equator

text: Further complicating matters is the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre's ocean based tsunami warning devices are focused on protecting Alaska, Hawaii, and the United States Pacific coastline. This means that there is a gap in the Southern Ocean. Australia installed a DART buoy in the south-east Tasman Sea which helped cover that area, but installation and maintenance cost has meant they have not been installed as yet by New Zealand.

text: Further complicating matters is the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre's ocean based tsunami warning devices are focused on protecting Alaska, Hawaii, and the United States Pacific coastline. This means that there is a gap in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: Australia

text: installed a

entity_name: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

text: DART

text: buoy in the south-east

text: Tasman Sea

text: which helped cover that area, but installation and maintenance cost has meant they have not been installed as yet by New Zealand.

text: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land, which can be of the same order (mm/yr) as sea level changes. Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment of the mantle to the melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age. The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds. Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander. Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.

text: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by

text: waves

text: and

text: tide

text: s are smoothed out. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land, which can be of the same order (mm/yr) as

text: sea level change

text: s. Some land movements occur because of

text: isostatic

text: adjustment of the

text: mantle

text: to the melting of

text: ice sheet

text: s at the end of the

text: last ice age

text: . The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the

text: land slowly rebounds

text: . Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the

text: geoid

text: and

text: true polar wander

text: Atmospheric pressure

text: ocean current

text: s and local ocean

text: temperature

text: changes can affect LMSL as well.

text: The result is a wave of standing spectators that travels through the crowd, even though individual spectators never move away from their seats. In many large arenas the crowd is seated in a contiguous circuit all the way around the sport field, and so the wave is able to travel continuously around the arena; in discontiguous seating arrangements, the wave can instead reflect back and forth through the crowd. When the gap in seating is narrow, the wave can sometimes pass through it. Usually only one wave crest will be present at any given time in an arena, although simultaneous, counter-rotating waves have been produced.

text: The result is a wave of standing spectators that travels through the crowd, even though individual spectators never move away from their seats. In many large arenas the crowd is seated in a contiguous circuit all the way around the sport field, and so the wave is able to travel continuously around the arena; in discontiguous seating arrangements, the wave can instead

text: reflect

text: back and forth through the crowd. When the gap in seating is narrow, the wave can sometimes pass through it. Usually only one wave crest will be present at any given time in an arena, although simultaneous, counter-rotating waves have been produced.

text: A coriolis meter is usually one or more pipes with longitudinally or axially displaced section(s) that are excited to vibrate at resonant frequency.  Coriolis meters are used with liquids and gases.  When the fluid within the displaced section is at rest, both the upstream and downstream portion of the displaced section will vibrate in phase with each other.  The frequency of this vibration is determined by the overall density of the pipe (including its contents).  This allows the meter to measure the flowing density of the gas in real time.  Once the fluid begins to flow, however, the coriolis effect comes into play.  This effect implies a relationship between the phase difference in the vibration of the upstream and downstream sections and the mass flow rate of the fluid contained by the pipe.

text: A coriolis meter is usually one or more pipes with longitudinally or axially displaced section(s) that are excited to vibrate at resonant frequency.  Coriolis meters are used with liquids and gases.  When the fluid within the displaced section is at rest, both the upstream and downstream portion of the displaced section will vibrate in phase with each other.  The frequency of this vibration is determined by the overall density of the pipe (including its contents).  This allows the meter to measure the flowing density of the gas in real time.  Once the fluid begins to flow, however, the

text: coriolis effect

text: comes into play.  This effect implies a relationship between the phase difference in the vibration of the upstream and downstream sections and the mass flow rate of the fluid contained by the pipe.

text: Tsunami warnings for most of the Pacific Ocean are issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), operated by the United States NOAA in Ewa Beach, Hawaii. NOAA's National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) in Palmer, Alaska issues warnings for the west coast of North America, including Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon and California. The PTWC was established in 1949, following the 1946 Aleutian Island earthquake and a tsunami that resulted in 165 casualties on Hawaii and in Alaska; NTWC was founded in 1967. International coordination is achieved through the International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, established by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.

text: Tsunami warnings for most of the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: are issued by the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: (PTWC), operated by the

text: United States

text: NOAA

text: in

text: Ewa Beach, Hawaii

text: . NOAA's

text: National Tsunami Warning Center

text: (NTWC) in

text: Palmer, Alaska

text: issues warnings for the west coast of North America, including Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon and California. The PTWC was established in 1949, following the 1946

text: Aleutian Island earthquake

text: and a tsunami that resulted in 165 casualties on Hawaii and in Alaska; NTWC was founded in 1967. International coordination is achieved through the International Coordination Group for the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, established by the

text: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

text: of

text: UNESCO

text: With an average flow at the mouth of about , the Columbia is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific from North America and is the fourth-largest by volume in the US. The average flow where the river crosses the international border between Canada and the United States is  from a drainage basin of . This amounts to about 15 percent of the entire Columbia watershed. The Columbia's highest recorded flow, measured at The Dalles, was  in June 1894, before the river was dammed. The lowest flow recorded at The Dalles was  on April 16, 1968, and was caused by the initial closure of the John Day Dam,  upstream. The Dalles is about  from the mouth; the river at this point drains about  or about 91 percent of the total watershed. Flow rates on the Columbia are affected by many large upstream reservoirs, many diversions for irrigation, and, on the lower stretches, reverse flow from the tides of the Pacific Ocean. The National Ocean Service observes water levels at six tide gauges and issues tide forecasts for twenty-two additional locations along the river between the entrance at the North Jetty and the base of Bonneville Dam, the head of tide.

text: With an average flow at the mouth of about , the Columbia is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific from North America and is the fourth-largest by volume in the US. The average flow where the river crosses the international border between Canada and the United States is  from a drainage basin of . This amounts to about 15 percent of the entire Columbia watershed. The Columbia's highest recorded flow, measured at The Dalles, was  in June 1894, before the river was dammed. The lowest flow recorded at The Dalles was  on April 16, 1968, and was caused by the initial closure of the

text: John Day Dam

text: ,  upstream. The Dalles is about  from the mouth; the river at this point drains about  or about 91 percent of the total watershed. Flow rates on the Columbia are affected by many large upstream reservoirs, many diversions for irrigation, and, on the lower stretches, reverse flow from the

text: tide

text: s of the Pacific Ocean. The

text: National Ocean Service

text: observes water levels at six

text: tide gauges

text: and issues tide forecasts for twenty-two additional locations along the river between the entrance at the North Jetty and the base of

text: Bonneville Dam

text: , the

text: head of tide

text: Dhamra port is an ultra-modern, deep draft port capable of handling fully laden cape size vessels. Currently, the port is operating with two berths- one each for imports and exports. The Port is capable of handling 12 MTPA of imported dry bulk cargo and 13 MTPA of dry bulk cargo for exports/coastal movement. The Port currently has capacity to store about 1.0 million MT of coal and limestone and over 1.20 million MT of iron ore.

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of dunes.

text: Wave

text: s are disturbances that carry energy as they move.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium – air or water, making it

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are

text: surface wave

text: s that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of

text: dune

text: s.

text: Rising Tide @ Ocean, 26 June, 7pm Hackney

text: Rising Tide @ Ocean, 26 June, 7pm

text: Hackney

text: Losna was the Etruscan moon goddess, and was also associated with the ocean and tides.

text: Losna was the Etruscan

text: moon goddess

text: , and was also associated with the

text: ocean

text: and

text: tide

text: s.

text: The movement of the hairs is similar to the movement of seaweed caused by ocean currents or that of wheat fields moved by wind gusts. When the head is still and the airplane is straight and level, the fluid in the canals does not move and the hairs stand straight up, indicating to the brain that there is no rotational acceleration (a turn). If you turn either your aircraft or your head, the canal moves with your head, but the fluid inside does not move because of its inertia. As the canal moves, the hairs inside also move with it and are bent in the opposite direction of the acceleration by the stationary fluid. This hair movement sends a signal to the brain to indicate that the head has turned. The problem starts when you continue turning your aircraft at a constant rate (as in a coordinated turn) for more than 20 seconds.

text: Geophysical fluid dynamics is a primary tool in physical oceanography and meteorology. The rotation of the Earth has profound effects on the Earth's fluid dynamics, often due to the Coriolis effect. In the atmosphere it gives rise to large-scale patterns like Rossby waves and determines the basic circulation patterns of storms. In the ocean they drive large-scale circulation patterns as well as Kelvin waves and Ekman spirals at the ocean surface. In the Earth's core, the circulation of the molten iron is structured by Taylor columns.

text: Geophysical fluid dynamics is a primary tool in

text: physical oceanography

text: and

text: meteorology

text: . The rotation of the Earth has profound effects on the Earth's fluid dynamics, often due to the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . In the

text: atmosphere

text: it gives rise to large-scale patterns like

text: Rossby waves

text: and determines the basic circulation patterns of storms. In the ocean they drive large-scale circulation patterns as well as

text: Kelvin waves

text: and

text: Ekman spirals

text: at the ocean surface. In the Earth's core, the circulation of the molten iron is structured by

text: Taylor columns

text: When the motion at the equator is to the east, any deviation toward the north is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the right of the direction of motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and any deviation to the south is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the left of the direction of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Note that for motion toward the west, the Coriolis force would not restore a northward or southward deviation back toward the equator; thus, equatorial Kelvin waves are only possible for eastward motion (as noted above). Both atmospheric and oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves play an important role in the dynamics of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

text: When the motion at the equator is to the east, any deviation toward the north is brought back toward the equator because the

text: Coriolis force

text: acts to the right of the direction of motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and any deviation to the south is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the left of the direction of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Note that for motion toward the west, the Coriolis force would not restore a northward or southward deviation back toward the equator; thus, equatorial Kelvin waves are only possible for eastward motion (as noted above). Both atmospheric and oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves play an important role in the dynamics of

text: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: , by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

text: A majority of the people of Nagapattinam are employed in sea-borne trading, fishing, agriculture and tourism. Kayarohanaswami Temple and Soundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam are the major Hindu pilgrimage sites. Nagapattinam is the base for tourism for Sikkal, Velankanni, Poompuhar, Kodiyaikkarai, Vedaranyam, Mannargudi and Tharangambadi. Roadways is the major mode of transport to Nagapattinam, while the city also has rail and sea transport. The town, along with the district, was severely damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004.

text: A majority of the people of Nagapattinam are employed in sea-borne trading, fishing, agriculture and tourism.

text: Kayarohanaswami Temple

text: and

text: Soundararajaperumal Temple, Nagapattinam

text: are the major Hindu pilgrimage sites. Nagapattinam is the base for tourism for

text: Sikkal

text: Velankanni

text: Poompuhar

text: Kodiyaikkarai

text: Vedaranyam

text: Mannargudi

text: and

text: Tharangambadi

text: . Roadways is the major mode of transport to Nagapattinam, while the city also has rail and sea transport. The town, along with the district, was severely damaged by the

text: Indian Ocean Tsunami

text: of 2004.

text: Pyrosomes are planktonic, which means their movements are largely controlled by currents, tides, and waves in the oceans. On a smaller scale, however, each colony can move itself slowly by the process of jet propulsion, created by the coordinated beating of cilia in the branchial baskets of all the zooids, which also create feeding currents.

text: Pyrosomes are

text: plankton

text: ic, which means their movements are largely controlled by currents, tides, and waves in the oceans. On a smaller scale, however, each colony can move itself slowly by the process of jet propulsion, created by the coordinated beating of

text: cilia

text: in the branchial baskets of all the zooids, which also create feeding currents.

text: There is the potential to develop 20,000–80,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity generated by changes in ocean temperatures, salt content, movements of tides, currents, waves and swells

text: There is the potential to develop 20,000–80,000

text: terawatt-hour

text: s (TWh) of electricity generated by changes in ocean temperatures, salt content, movements of tides, currents, waves and swells

text: Because of their smaller size and relatively faster growth rates, and because they are more evenly distributed throughout more of the world's oceans, copepods almost certainly contribute far more to the secondary productivity of the world's oceans, and to the global ocean carbon sink than krill, and perhaps more than all other groups of organisms together. The surface layers of the oceans are currently believed to be the world's largest carbon sink, absorbing about 2 billion tons of carbon a year, the equivalent to perhaps a third of human carbon emissions, thus reducing their impact. Many planktonic copepods feed near the surface at night, then sink (by changing oils into more dense fats) into deeper water during the day to avoid visual predators. Their moulted exoskeletons, faecal pellets, and respiration at depth all bring carbon to the deep sea.

text: Because of their smaller size and relatively faster growth rates, and because they are more evenly distributed throughout more of the world's oceans, copepods almost certainly contribute far more to the

text: secondary productivity

text: of the world's oceans, and to the global ocean

text: carbon sink

text: than krill, and perhaps more than all other groups of organisms together. The surface layers of the oceans are currently believed to be the world's largest carbon sink, absorbing about 2 billion tons of carbon a year, the equivalent to perhaps a third of

text: human carbon emissions

text: , thus reducing their impact. Many

text: plankton

text: ic copepods feed near the surface at night, then sink (by changing oils into more

text: dense

text: fats) into deeper water during the day to avoid visual predators. Their moulted

text: exoskeleton

text: s,

text: faecal

text: pellets, and

text: respiration

text: at depth all bring

text: carbon

text: to the deep sea.

text: Previously, scientists have searched for such a correlation for over a century, but with the exception of volcanic areas (including mid-ocean spreading ridges) the results have been mixed. It has been suggested that some negative results are due to failure to account for tidal phase and fault orientation (dip), while "many studies reporting positive correlations suffer from a lack of statistical rigor." One systematic investigation found "no evidence for an increase in seismicity during intervals of large tidal range but there is clear evidence for small but significant increase in earthquake rates near low tide"; it did not find an increase of earthquakes near peak spring tides. Seismicity is favored at low tides, particularly for reverse faults, because unloading unclamps the fault, reducing friction.  Ocean loading has no effect at all on strike-slip faults.

text: Previously, scientists have searched for such a correlation for over a century, but with the exception of volcanic areas (including mid-ocean

text: spreading ridge

text: s) the results have been mixed. It has been suggested that some negative results are due to failure to account for tidal phase and fault orientation (

text: dip

text: ), while "many studies reporting positive correlations suffer from a lack of statistical rigor." One systematic investigation found "no evidence for an increase in seismicity during intervals of large tidal range but there is clear evidence for small but significant increase in earthquake rates near low tide"; it did not find an increase of earthquakes near peak spring tides. Seismicity is favored at low tides, particularly for

text: reverse fault

text: s, because unloading unclamps the fault, reducing friction.  Ocean loading has no effect at all on

text: strike-slip fault

text: s.

text: The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement—this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disc and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement—this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the articular fossa or glenoid fossa or mandibular fossa.

text: The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement—this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disc and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement—this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the

text: condyle

text: and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the articular fossa or glenoid fossa or mandibular fossa.

text: Vision seems to be more important to the pelagic ray in finding food than in other stingrays. Compared to other members of its family, this species has less than one-third the density of electroreceptive ampullae of Lorenzini on its underside. The ampullae also cover a smaller area, though not as small as in eagle rays, and are more evenly distributed between the ventral and dorsal surfaces. This ray can detect an electric field of well under 1 nV/cm at a distance of up to , and may be able to pick up the minute electric fields produced by moving sea water. The lateral line of the pelagic stingray, a complex system of mechanoreceptors that detect nearby movement and ocean currents, remains similar to other stingrays in covering a greater area on the ventral than the dorsal surface. However, this species is less responsive to mechanical than to visual stimuli.

text: Vision seems to be more important to the pelagic ray in finding food than in other stingrays. Compared to other members of its family, this species has less than one-third the density of

text: electroreceptive

text: ampullae of Lorenzini

text: on its underside. The ampullae also cover a smaller area, though not as small as in eagle rays, and are more evenly distributed between the ventral and dorsal surfaces. This ray can detect an

text: electric field

text: of well under 1

text: nV

text: /cm at a distance of up to , and may be able to pick up the minute electric fields produced by moving sea water. The

text: lateral line

text: of the pelagic stingray, a complex system of

text: mechanoreceptor

text: s that detect nearby movement and

text: ocean current

text: s, remains similar to other stingrays in covering a greater area on the ventral than the dorsal surface. However, this species is less responsive to mechanical than to visual stimuli.

text: An underwater ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins: the Eurasian Basin, which is between  deep, and the Amerasian Basin (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about  deep. The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges, abyssal plains, ocean deeps, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is . The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at .

text: An

text: underwater ridge

text: , the

text: Lomonosov Ridge

text: , divides the deep sea

text: North Polar Basin

text: into two

text: oceanic basin

text: s: the

text: Eurasian Basin

text: , which is between  deep, and the

text: Amerasian Basin

text: (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about  deep. The

text: bathymetry

text: of the ocean bottom is marked by

text: fault block

text: ridges,

text: abyssal plain

text: s,

text: ocean deeps

text: , and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is . The deepest point is

text: Litke Deep

text: in the Eurasian Basin, at .

text: Galileo's theory of the tides could not account for one of the two daily occurrences of high tide observed along most coastlines. He countered that the totality of Earth's water system contains an extenuating amount of variables, such as Earth's tilt, uneven surface and coastline, oceanic depth, and inclement winds, that can explain the second high tide. Also, Galileo argued that most natural scientists were examining and basing theories on the tides of the Mediterranean Sea, a microcosm compared to the ocean that may be idiosyncratic. Historical writer E. J. Aiton states that the discourse "is among the least successful of [Galileo's] investigations and completely misrepresents the phenomena it is supposed to explain," and served mainly as an impetus for continued research by Galileo's followers. Aiton reveals that Galileo erred in choosing two different frames of reference:the tide is the motion of water relative to the earth, but annual revolution is the motion of the earth, and its water, relative to the sun. Annual revolution results in a force that accelerates the earth-water system but does not accelerate the water relative to the earth, in the same way that an observer standing on Earth's surface does not feel the gravitational attraction of the sun because the observer and Earth are moving together around the sun.

text: Galileo's theory of the tides could not account for one of the two daily occurrences of high tide observed along most coastlines. He countered that the totality of Earth's water system contains an extenuating amount of variables, such as Earth's tilt, uneven surface and coastline, oceanic depth, and inclement winds, that can explain the second high tide. Also, Galileo argued that most natural scientists were examining and basing theories on the tides of the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: , a microcosm compared to the ocean that may be idiosyncratic. Historical writer E. J. Aiton states that the discourse "is among the least successful of [Galileo's] investigations and completely misrepresents the phenomena it is supposed to explain," and served mainly as an impetus for continued research by Galileo's followers. Aiton reveals that Galileo erred in choosing two different

text: frames of reference

text: :the tide is the motion of water relative to the earth, but annual revolution is the motion of the earth, and its water, relative to the sun. Annual revolution results in a force that accelerates the earth-water system but does not accelerate the water relative to the earth, in the same way that an observer standing on Earth's surface does not feel the gravitational attraction of the sun because the observer and Earth are moving together around the sun.

text: The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are wind, Coriolis effects, and Ekman transport.  They operate differently for different types of upwelling, but the general effects are the same.  In the overall process of upwelling, winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction, which causes a wind-water interaction.  As a result of the wind, the water is transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport.  Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the wind, and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction.  This results in a spiral of water movement down the water column.  Then, it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move; in the Northern hemisphere, the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind.  In the Southern Hemisphere, the water is transported to the left of the wind.  If this net movement of water is divergent, then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost.

text: The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are

text: wind

text: Coriolis effect

text: s, and

text: Ekman transport

text: .  They operate differently for different types of upwelling, but the general effects are the same.  In the overall process of upwelling, winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction, which causes a wind-water interaction.  As a result of the wind, the water is transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport.  Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the wind, and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction.  This results in a spiral of water movement down the water column.  Then, it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move; in the Northern hemisphere, the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind.  In the Southern Hemisphere, the water is transported to the left of the wind.  If this net movement of water is divergent, then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost.

text: The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's Ocean) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon).

text: The theory of tides is the application of

text: continuum mechanics

text: to interpret and predict the

text: tidal

text: deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and

text: ocean

text: s (especially Earth's Ocean) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the

text: Moon

text: The presence of tidal bundles depends on the presence of spring and neap tides, which can only occur in three-body gravitational systems (the Earth, the Sun and the Moon). Therefore, the earliest time from which tidal bundles can be identified gives a conclusive lower bound on the age of the Moon.

text: American rock band Bon Jovi played the venue during the One Wild Night Tour in 2001. At the end of January 2005, the stadium hosted a tsunami relief concert in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with Eric Clapton headlining the event. The stadium has also been host to Madonna on two occasions, the first in July 2006 when she opened the UK leg of her Confessions Tour, and most recently in August 2008 when she kicked off her Sticky & Sweet Tour at the stadium. Other performers who have played at the stadium include Robbie Williams as part of his Weddings, Barmitzvahs & Stadiums Tour, U2 as part of their Vertigo Tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers as part of their By the Way tour, The Rolling Stones as part of their A Bigger Bang Tour, Bon Jovi as part of their One Wild Night Tour, R.E.M. as part of their Monster tour and again for their Around the Sun tour.

text: American rock band

text: Bon Jovi

text: played the venue during the

text: One Wild Night Tour

text: in 2001. At the end of January 2005, the stadium hosted a

text: tsunami relief concert

text: in aid of the victims of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: and

text: tsunami

text: , with

text: Eric Clapton

text: headlining the event. The stadium has also been host to

text: Madonna

text: on two occasions, the first in July 2006 when she opened the UK leg of her

text: Confessions Tour

text: , and most recently in August 2008 when she kicked off her

text: Sticky & Sweet Tour

text: at the stadium. Other performers who have played at the stadium include

text: Robbie Williams

text: as part of his

text: Weddings, Barmitzvahs & Stadiums Tour

text: as part of their

text: Vertigo Tour

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers

text: as part of their

text: By the Way tour

text: The Rolling Stones

text: as part of their

text: A Bigger Bang Tour

text: Bon Jovi

text: as part of their

text: One Wild Night Tour

text: R.E.M.

text: as part of their

text: Monster

text: tour and again for their

text: Around the Sun

text: tour.

text: The Oyster is a hydro-electric wave energy device that uses the motion of ocean waves to generate electricity. It is made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF), which is bolted to the seabed, and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The PCU is a hinged buoyant flap that moves back and forth with movement of the waves. The movement of the flap drives two hydraulic pistons that feed high-pressured water to an onshore hydro-electric turbine, which drives a generator to make electricity. Oyster is stationed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) at its Billia Croo site in Orkney, Scotland.

text: The Oyster is a

text: hydro-electric

text: wave energy

text: device that uses the motion of ocean waves to generate

text: electricity

text: . It is made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF), which is bolted to the seabed, and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The PCU is a hinged buoyant flap that moves back and forth with movement of the waves. The movement of the flap drives two hydraulic pistons that feed high-pressured water to an onshore hydro-electric turbine, which drives a generator to make electricity. Oyster is stationed at the

text: European Marine Energy Centre

text: (EMEC) at its Billia Croo site in

text: Orkney

text: , Scotland.

text: because of surface currents on both sides of the grid. The average surface currents on both sides of the grid are

text: The great quantities of dense water sinking at polar ocean basin edges must be offset by equal quantities of water rising elsewhere. Note that cold water in polar zones sink relatively rapidly over a small area, while warm water in temperate and tropical zones rise more gradually across a much larger area. It then slowly returns poleward near the surface to repeat the cycle. The continual diffuse upwelling of deep water maintains the existence of the permanent thermocline found everywhere at low and mid-latitudes. This slow upward movement is estimated to be about 1 centimeter (0.5 inch) per day over most of the ocean. If this rise were to stop, downward movement of heat would cause the thermocline to descend and would reduce its steepness.

text: The great quantities of dense water sinking at polar ocean basin edges must be offset by equal quantities of water rising elsewhere. Note that cold water in polar zones sink relatively rapidly over a small area, while warm water in temperate and tropical zones rise more gradually across a much larger area. It then slowly returns poleward near the surface to repeat the cycle. The continual diffuse upwelling of deep water maintains the existence of the permanent thermocline found everywhere at low and mid-latitudes. This slow upward movement is estimated to be about 1 centimeter (0.5 inch) per day over most of the ocean. If this rise were to stop, downward movement of heat would cause the

text: thermocline

text: to descend and would reduce its steepness.

text: Forster, in a 2007 interview, explained: "Grant and I had always planned to take last year off. Our last album Oceans Apart did so well, Intermission was intended to give new fans something to look into and to tide old fans over. When Grant died, I froze. I didn't know what to do about music. Everyone left me alone to decide in my own time and, at the end of 2006, I felt the best thing to do was to carry on as we'd planned; finish sorting Intermission."

text: Forster, in a 2007 interview, explained: "Grant and I had always planned to take last year off. Our last album

text: Oceans Apart

text: did so well, Intermission was intended to give new fans something to look into and to tide old fans over. When Grant died, I froze. I didn't know what to do about music. Everyone left me alone to decide in my own time and, at the end of 2006, I felt the best thing to do was to carry on as we'd planned; finish sorting Intermission."

text: Large-scale upwelling is also found in the Southern Ocean. Here, strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling.  Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface.  Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and southeast Australia, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations (see coastal upwelling above).

text: Large-scale upwelling is also found in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: . Here, strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around

text: Antarctica

text: , driving a significant flow of water northwards. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling.  Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between

text: South America

text: and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface.  Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and

entity_name: Great South Australian Coastal Upwelling System

text: southeast Australia

text: , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations (see coastal upwelling above).

text: DVBBS (pronounced "dubs") are a Canadian electronic duo formed in 2012, composed of brothers Chris Chronicles (b. Christopher van den Hoef, January 1, 1990) and Alex Andre (b. Alexandre van den Hoef, October 17, 1991). They are most famous for their joint international hit with Borgeous titled "Tsunami". The vocal remix of "Tsunami" entitled "Tsunami (Jump)", featuring Tinie Tempah, reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. They are currently ranked No.16 by DJ Magazine.

text: DVBBS (pronounced "dubs") are a Canadian

text: electronic

text: duo formed in 2012, composed of brothers Chris Chronicles (b. Christopher van den Hoef, January 1, 1990) and Alex Andre (b. Alexandre van den Hoef, October 17, 1991). They are most famous for their joint international hit with

text: Borgeous

text: titled "

text: Tsunami

text: ". The vocal remix of "Tsunami" entitled "

text: Tsunami (Jump)

text: ", featuring

text: Tinie Tempah

text: , reached number 1 on the

text: UK Singles Chart

text: . They are currently ranked No.16 by

text: DJ Magazine

text: Imagine a train that travels through a frictionless railway line along the equator. Assume that, when in motion, it moves at the necessary speed to complete a trip around the world in one day (465 m/s). The Coriolis effect can be considered in three cases: when the train travels west, when it is at rest, and when it travels east. In each case, the Coriolis effect can be calculated from the rotating frame of reference on Earth first, and then checked against a fixed inertial frame. The image below illustrates the three cases in an inertial frame as observed from a fixed point above Earth along its axis of rotation:

text: Imagine a train that travels through a

text: friction

text: less railway line along the

text: equator

text: . Assume that, when in motion, it moves at the necessary speed to complete a trip around the world in one day (465 m/s). The Coriolis effect can be considered in three cases: when the train travels west, when it is at rest, and when it travels east. In each case, the Coriolis effect can be calculated from the

text: rotating frame of reference

text: on

text: Earth

text: first, and then checked against a fixed

text: inertial frame

text: . The image below illustrates the three cases in an inertial frame as observed from a fixed point above Earth along its

text: axis of rotation

text: Billfish occur worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They are highly migratory oceanic fish, spending much of their time in the epipelagic zone of international water following major ocean currents. Migrations are linked to seasonal patterns of sea surface temperatures. They are sometimes referred to as "rare event species" because the areas they roam over in the open seas are so large that researchers have difficulty locating them. Little is known about their movements and life histories, so assessing how they can be sustainably managed is not easy.

text: Billfish occur worldwide in temperate and tropical waters. They are

text: highly migratory

text: oceanic fish

text: , spending much of their time in the epipelagic zone of international water following major

text: ocean current

text: s. Migrations are linked to seasonal patterns of sea surface temperatures. They are sometimes referred to as "rare event species" because the areas they roam over in the open seas are so large that researchers have difficulty locating them. Little is known about their movements and life histories, so assessing how they can be sustainably managed is not easy.

text: Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides. Tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's oceans. Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a bulge in the water level is created, causing a temporary increase in sea level.  When the sea level is raised, water from the middle of the ocean is forced to move toward the shorelines, creating a tide.  This occurrence takes place in an unfailing manner, due to the consistent pattern of the moon’s orbit around the earth.  The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines.

text: Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic

text: tide

text: s.

text: Tidal force

text: s are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's oceans. Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a bulge in the water level is created, causing a temporary increase in sea level.  When the sea level is raised, water from the middle of the ocean is forced to move toward the shorelines, creating a tide.  This occurrence takes place in an unfailing manner, due to the consistent pattern of the moon’s orbit around the earth.  The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the

text: effects of Earth's rotation

text: , and local

text: geography of the sea floor and coastlines

text: Paraclinus cingulatus, the Coral blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea from southern Florida to Honduras and through the Greater Antilles.  It is an inhabitant of coral reefs and lives amongst rubble and can also be found in tide pools.  This species can reach a length of  TL.

text: Paraclinus cingulatus, the Coral blenny, is a species of

text: labrisomid

text: blenny native to the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: from southern

text: Florida

text: to

text: Honduras

text: and through the

text: Greater Antilles

text: .  It is an inhabitant of

text: coral reefs

text: and lives amongst rubble and can also be found in

text: tide pools

text: .  This species can reach a length of

text: TL

text: In the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a higher content in DSi, compared to the Atlantic Ocean. This interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of increasing the preservation potential of opal in the Pacific and Southern Ocean compared to their Atlantic counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less silicified organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their frustules. This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The dissolution/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.

text: In the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a higher content in DSi, compared to the Atlantic Ocean. This interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of increasing the preservation potential of opal in the Pacific and Southern Ocean compared to their Atlantic counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less

text: silicified

text: organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their

text: frustules

text: . This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The

text: dissolution

text: /production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.

text: The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of ocean current from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast. Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper, denser high salinity waters move in shore.

text: The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of

text: ocean current

text: from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast. Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper, denser high salinity waters move in shore.

text: The region is influenced by a major ocean current system. Off the coast, the west wind drift current splits to create the Alaska and the California currents (the California current system). The direction and strength of the currents regulate the upwelling/downwelling regime along the coast, with a flow towards the equator in summer (California current) and reversal in winter (Alaska current). In addition to these two currents, a large submarine canyon acts as a primary conduit for the transfer of sediment from the continental slope to the deep-sea.

text: The region is influenced by a major ocean current system. Off the coast, the west wind drift current splits to create the Alaska and the California currents (the

text: California current

text: system). The direction and strength of the currents regulate the upwelling/downwelling regime along the coast, with a flow towards the equator in summer (California current) and reversal in winter (Alaska current). In addition to these two currents, a large submarine canyon acts as a primary conduit for the transfer of sediment from the continental slope to the deep-sea.

text: Because the M tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water, is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines, which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps. High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along the coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent.

text: Because the M tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water, is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines, which are analogous to

text: contour lines

text: of constant altitude on

text: topographical maps

text: . High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along the coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent.

text: The climate of Panamá is largely affected by the position of a low atmospheric pressure zone known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which also affects seasonal evolution of geostrophic currents in the Panamá Bight. During the rainy season (December through May), the ITCZ is located to the North of Panamá and produces light and variable winds and ocean circulation in the Panamá Bight is anticyclonic (west) which creates a southerly flowing coastal current. As a result of these punctuated seasonal movements of the ITCZ, Panamá experiences high seasonal rainfall often reaching more than 3000 mm/yr. Starting in October and continuing into the dry season (January to March) the ITCZ moves South of Panamá, producing a dominant period of northeasterly tradewinds known as the Panamá Jet, which results in a reversal of water circulation and becomes a cyclonic gyre with a coastal current flowing to the north. Upwelling develops in the Gulf of Panama during the dry season when northeast tradewinds from the Caribbean blow over to the Pacific through a physiographic gap in the central mountain range which divides the Isthmus. This wind stress creates seasonal Ekman spiral pumping and displaces nutrient-poor coastal surface water with cool, nutrient rich, water masses.

text: The climate of Panamá is largely affected by the position of a low atmospheric pressure zone known as the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ) which also affects seasonal evolution of

text: geostrophic current

text: s in the Panamá Bight. During the rainy season (December through May), the ITCZ is located to the North of Panamá and produces light and variable winds and ocean circulation in the Panamá Bight is

text: anticyclonic

text: (west) which creates a southerly flowing coastal current. As a result of these punctuated seasonal movements of the ITCZ, Panamá experiences high seasonal rainfall often reaching more than 3000 mm/yr. Starting in October and continuing into the dry season (January to March) the ITCZ moves South of Panamá, producing a dominant period of northeasterly tradewinds known as the Panamá Jet, which results in a reversal of water circulation and becomes a cyclonic

text: gyre

text: with a coastal current flowing to the north.

text: Upwelling

text: develops in the

text: Gulf of Panama

text: during the dry season when northeast tradewinds from the Caribbean blow over to the Pacific through a physiographic gap in the central mountain range which divides the Isthmus. This wind stress creates seasonal

text: Ekman spiral

text: pumping and displaces nutrient-poor coastal surface water with cool, nutrient rich, water masses.

text: In the vicinity of the passes and in the passes, the tidal currents are strong and their directions uncertain. The current sets southward during the falling tide and northward during the rising tide, which is the longer and stronger of the two. Its velocity varies, but in Unalga Pass, where it is greatest, it has been found to be 61 knots an hour during the whole of the tide, and the current turned to the opposite direction at the same velocity in twenty minutes. At ordinary times the tidal current does not amount to more than three or four knots. On the Bering Sea side of Unalga and Akutan passes, with a strong northerly or northwesterly wind, heavy tide rips are raised. These do not extend through the passes, but seem to be confined to the Bering Sea side from about the middle of Unalga Island almost to Cape Kalekhta. With the ebb tide, a southerly wind does not seem to raise corresponding rips on the Pacific side. When the tide rips are heavy, the water is broken into heavy, choppy seas from every direction. Uniinak Pass is comparatively free from tide rips. In ordinary weather it is high or low water in Akutan Pass between one and two hours before high or low water at Dutch Harbor.

text: The third track, "Love from Room 109 at the Islander (On Pacific Coast Highway)", is a song composed of various movements and this represents the second time Buckley wrote in this manner, his previous effort being the title track of Goodbye and Hello. The segments of the song were written separately as "Danang" and "Asbury Park", as demonstrated on the later released demo sessions, The Dream Belongs to Me: Rare and Unreleased 1968 - 1973. The final version of the song is backed by an 'ocean' sound effect, however this was not originally intended to feature on the song. Buckley and the band were happy with the take of song but because of a recording problem the track had a slight electric buzzing in the background. The producer solved this by muffling the buzzing with the ocean overdub.

text: The third track, "Love from Room 109 at the Islander (On Pacific Coast Highway)", is a song composed of various movements and this represents the second time Buckley wrote in this manner, his previous effort being the title track of

text: Goodbye and Hello

text: . The segments of the song were written separately as "Danang" and "Asbury Park", as demonstrated on the later released demo sessions,

entity_name: The Dream Belongs to Me: Rare and Unreleased 1968–1973

text: The Dream Belongs to Me: Rare and Unreleased 1968 - 1973

text: . The final version of the song is backed by an 'ocean'

text: sound effect

text: , however this was not originally intended to feature on the song. Buckley and the band were happy with the take of song but because of a recording problem the track had a slight electric buzzing in the background. The producer solved this by muffling the buzzing with the ocean

text: overdub

text: Somewhere on the chart, generally on land, will be a Tidal Diamond table. This contains a grid of thirteen rows and three columns for each Diamond. The rows are the hours of the tidal cycle showing the 6 hours before high water, high water itself and the 6 hours after high water. The columns show the bearing of the tidal stream and its speed, in knots, at both spring tide and neap tide. The times on the table are related to the high water of the standard port displayed on the table.

text: Somewhere on the chart, generally on land, will be a Tidal Diamond table. This contains a grid of thirteen rows and three columns for each Diamond. The rows are the hours of the tidal cycle showing the 6 hours before

text: high water

text: , high water itself and the 6 hours after high water. The columns show the

text: bearing

text: of the tidal stream and its speed, in

text: knot

text: s, at both

text: spring tide

text: and

text: neap tide

text: . The times on the table are related to the high water of the

text: standard port

text: displayed on the table.

text: wave tank runup experiments at University of Queenslandthe 2004 Indian ocean tsunami impact at Patong Beach,<ref>Jakeman et al. Towards spatially distributed quantitative assessment of tsunami inundation models. In OCEAN DYNAMICSVolume 60, Number 5; pages: 1115-1138, . Availability:

text: The 33rd parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 33 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.

text: The 33rd parallel south is a

text: circle of latitude

text: that is 33

text: degrees

text: south

text: of the

text: Earth's

text: equatorial plane

text: . It crosses the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Africa

text: , the

text: Indian Ocean

text: Australasia

text: , the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and

text: South America

text: The practical impact of the "Coriolis effect" is mostly caused by the horizontal acceleration component produced by horizontal motion.

text: In 2000, Tides launched a program called "Bridging the Economic Divide." It focused on funding living wage campaigns and economic justice coalitions. Tides also launched the Tides Death Penalty Mobilization Fund, which supports the anti-death penalty movement. The Michigan Partnership to Prevent Gun Violence was founded with support from Tides.

text: is the Coriolis parameter,

text: is the

text: Coriolis parameter

text: The opposition to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War had many effects, which led to the eventual end of the involvement of the United States. Howard Zinn, a very renowned historian, provides large amounts of evidence of the effects in the chapter, "The Impossible Victory: Vietnam" in his book, A People's History of the United States. The overall tone of the chapter and the effects to come are foreshadowed by the statement, "In the course of the war, there developed in the United States the greatest antiwar movement the nation had ever experienced, a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end."

text: Recent studies indicate a gradual decline of the summer monsoon over central South Asia, with a reduction of up to 10% over central India, during 1950-2012. This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean. Due to the higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean, the normal movement of the moisture bearing winds from the sea to hotter land, is weakening. This reduction in the temperature contrast between sea and land is partially responsible for the declining monsoon over South Asia. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely rain-fed.

text: Recent studies indicate a gradual decline of the summer monsoon over central South Asia, with a reduction of up to 10% over central India, during 1950-2012. This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean. Due to the higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean, the normal movement of the moisture bearing winds from the sea to hotter land, is weakening. This reduction in the temperature contrast between sea and land is partially responsible for the declining monsoon over South Asia. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely

text: rain-fed

text: Source waters for the Benguela include cold upwelled waters from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean close inshore, joined further off-shore by nutrient poor water that has crossed the Southern Atlantic from South America as part of South Atlantic Gyre. Eddies from the warm South Indian Ocean Agulhas current along South Africa's east coast do round the Cape of Good Hope from time to time to join the Bengulela current. The Benguela current is 200 to 300 km wide and widens further as it flows north and northwest. Its western, seaward edge is ill-defined, with many temporary and seasonal eddies and meanders. There is however a well-defined thermal front between the waters associated with the Benguela Upwelling System and those of the eastward flowing Atlantic currents which are not deflected northward by the African continent.

text: Source waters for the Benguela include cold upwelled waters from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean close inshore, joined further off-shore by nutrient poor water that has crossed the Southern Atlantic from South America as part of

text: South Atlantic Gyre

text: . Eddies from the warm South Indian Ocean

text: Agulhas current

text: along South Africa's east coast do round the

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: from time to time to join the Bengulela current. The Benguela current is 200 to 300 km wide and widens further as it flows north and northwest. Its western, seaward edge is ill-defined, with many temporary and seasonal eddies and meanders. There is however a well-defined thermal front between the waters associated with the Benguela Upwelling System and those of the eastward flowing Atlantic currents which are not deflected northward by the African continent.

text: The PETM and ETM-2 are thought to have a similar generic origin, although this idea is at the edge of current research. During both events, a tremendous amount of C-depleted carbon rapidly entered the ocean and atmosphere. This decreased the C/C ratio of carbon-bearing sedimentary components, and dissolved carbonate in the deep ocean. Somehow the carbon input was coupled to an increase in Earth surface temperature and a greater seasonality in precipitation, which explains the excess terrestrial sediment discharge along continental margins. Possible explanations for changes during ETM-2 are the same as those for the PETM, and are discussed under the latter entry.

text: The rule assumes that the rate of flow of a tide increases smoothly to a maximum halfway between high and low tide before smoothly decreasing to zero again and that the interval between low and high tides is approximately six hours. For the six hours,the rule says that in the first hour after low tide the water level rises by one twelfth of the range, in the second hour two twelfths, and so on according to the sequence - 1:2:3:3:2:1.

text: The rule assumes that the rate of flow of a

text: tide

text: increases smoothly to a maximum halfway between high and low tide before smoothly decreasing to zero again and that the interval between low and high tides is approximately six hours. For the six hours,the rule says that in the first hour after low tide the water level rises by one twelfth of the range, in the second hour two twelfths, and so on according to the sequence - 1:2:3:3:2:1.

text: The Tanzimat, meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The Tanzimat reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.

text: The Tanzimat, meaning reorganization of the

text: Ottoman Empire

text: , was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the

text: First Constitutional Era

text: in 1876. The Tanzimat reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the

text: Ottoman Empire

text: , to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged

text: Ottomanism

text: among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of

entity_name: Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

text: nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire

text: . The reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.

text: Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokai had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaii is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.

text: Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of

text: Molokai

text: had a catastrophic collapse or

text: debris avalanche

text: over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The

text: Hilina Slump

text: on the

text: island of Hawaii

text: is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.

text: In the depth range of  is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise.  This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.  When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.

text: In the depth range of  is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the

text: North Atlantic Current

text: enters through the

text: Fram Strait

text: , cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the

text: Arctic Basin

text: counter-clockwise.  This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.  When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the

text: Beaufort Gyre

text: . Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.

text: When moving within a rotating reference frame such as in a centrifuge or environment where gravity is simulated with centrifugal force, the coriolis effect causes a sense of motion in the vestibular system that does not match the motion that is seen.

text: When moving within a rotating reference frame such as in a centrifuge or environment where

text: gravity is simulated

text: with centrifugal force, the

text: coriolis effect

text: causes a sense of motion in the vestibular system that does not match the motion that is seen.

text: In 1616, Galileo Galilei wrote Discourse on the Tides (Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare), in a letter to Cardinal Orsini. In this discourse, he tried to explain the occurrence of the tides as the result of the Earth's rotation and revolution around the Sun. Galileo believed that the oceans moved like water in a large basin: as the basin moves, so does the water. Therefore, as the Earth revolves, the force of the Earth's rotation causes the oceans to "alternately accelerate and retardate". His view on the oscillation and "alternately accelerated and retardated" motion of the Earth's rotation is a "dynamic process" that deviated from the previous dogma, which proposed "a process of expansion and contraction of seawater." However, Galileo's theory was erroneous.  In subsequent centuries, further analysis led to the current tidal physics. Galileo rejected Kepler's explanation of the tides.

text: In 1616,

text: Galileo Galilei

text: wrote

text: Discourse on the Tides

text: (Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare), in a letter to

text: Cardinal Orsini

text: . In this discourse, he tried to explain the occurrence of the tides as the result of the

text: Earth

text: 's rotation and

text: revolution around the Sun

text: . Galileo believed that the oceans moved like water in a large basin: as the basin moves, so does the water. Therefore, as the Earth revolves, the force of the Earth's rotation causes the oceans to "alternately accelerate and retardate". His view on the oscillation and "alternately accelerated and retardated" motion of the Earth's rotation is a "dynamic process" that deviated from the previous dogma, which proposed "a process of expansion and contraction of seawater." However, Galileo's theory was erroneous.  In subsequent centuries,

text: further analysis

text: led to the current tidal physics. Galileo rejected Kepler's explanation of the tides.

text: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System is a tsunami warning system set up to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the Indian Ocean of approaching tsunamis.

text: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System is a

text: tsunami warning system

text: set up to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the

text: Indian Ocean

text: of approaching

text: tsunami

text: s.

text: If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, Hess and Dietz reasoned like Holmes and others before them, it must be shrinking elsewhere. Hess followed Heezen, suggesting that new oceanic crust continuously spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt–like motion. And, using the mobilistic concepts developed before, he correctly concluded that many millions of years later, the oceanic crust eventually descends along the continental margins where oceanic trenches – very deep, narrow canyons – are formed, e.g. along the rim of the Pacific Ocean basin. The important step Hess made was that convection currents would be the driving force in this process, arriving at the same conclusions as Holmes had decades before with the only difference that the thinning of the ocean crust was performed using Heezen's mechanism of spreading along the ridges. Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. As old oceanic crust is "consumed" in the trenches (like Holmes and others, he thought this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere, not, as now understood, by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle), new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust. In effect, the ocean basins are perpetually being "recycled," with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously. Thus, the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading, why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks.

text: If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, Hess and Dietz reasoned like Holmes and others before them, it must be shrinking elsewhere. Hess followed Heezen, suggesting that new oceanic crust continuously spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt–like motion. And, using the mobilistic concepts developed before, he correctly concluded that many millions of years later, the oceanic crust eventually descends along the continental margins where oceanic trenches – very deep, narrow canyons – are formed, e.g. along

text: the rim of the Pacific Ocean basin

text: . The important step Hess made was that convection currents would be the driving force in this process, arriving at the same conclusions as Holmes had decades before with the only difference that the thinning of the ocean crust was performed using Heezen's mechanism of spreading along the ridges. Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: was shrinking. As old oceanic crust is "consumed" in the trenches (like Holmes and others, he thought this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere, not, as now understood, by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle), new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust. In effect, the ocean basins are perpetually being "recycled," with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously. Thus, the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading, why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks.

text: Like its two predecessors, OSTM/Jason-2 uses high-precision ocean altimetry to measure the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface to within a few centimeters. These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as  ocean topography—provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean.

text: Like its two predecessors, OSTM/Jason-2 uses high-precision ocean

text: altimetry

text: to measure the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface to within a few centimeters. These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as

text: ocean topography

text: —provide information about global

text: sea level

text: , the speed and direction of

text: ocean current

text: s, and heat stored in the ocean.

text: The prediction of tides is very challenging as it depends on multiple factors–including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the shape of the coastline, and near-shore bathymetry. Tide theories attempt to account for these factors but lead to complex calculations. Originally, calculations were performed by hand, which was very labor-intensive and error-prone. The burden became even larger when the United State Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS, the successor to the Coast Survey) started using the more accurate harmonic method for predictions of tides in 1884.

text: The prediction of tides is very challenging as it depends on multiple factors–including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the shape of the coastline, and near-shore

text: bathymetry

text: Tide theories

text: attempt to account for these factors but lead to complex calculations. Originally, calculations were performed by hand, which was very labor-intensive and error-prone. The burden became even larger when the United State Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS, the successor to the Coast Survey) started using the more accurate

text: harmonic method

text: for predictions of tides in 1884.

text: The effect is a consequence of the Coriolis effect which subjects  moving objects to a force to the right of their direction of motion in the northern hemisphere (and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere). Thus, when a persistent wind blows over an extended area of the ocean surface in the northern hemisphere, it causes a surface current which accelerates in that direction, which then experiences a Coriolis force and acceleration to the right of the wind:  the current will turn gradually to the right as it gains speed.  As the flow is now somewhat right of the wind, the Coriolis force perpendicular to the flow's motion is now partly directed against the wind.  Eventually, the current will reach a top speed when the force of the wind, of the Coriolis effect, and the resistant drag of the subsurface water balance, and the current will flow at a constant speed and direction as long as the wind persists.  This surface current drags on the water layer below it, applying a force in its own direction of motion to that layer, repeating the process whereby that layer eventually becomes a steady current even further to the right of the wind, and so on for deeper layers of water, resulting in a continuous rotation (or spiraling) of current direction with changing depth.  As depth increases, the force transmitted from the driving wind declines and thus the speed of the resultant steady current decreases, hence the tapered spiral representation in the accompanying diagram.  The depth to which the Ekman spiral penetrates is determined by how far turbulent mixing can penetrate over the course of a pendulum day.

text: The effect is a consequence of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: pendulum day

text: In seismology, several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves (L waves) or Rayleigh waves. A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either

text: Love wave

text: s (L waves) or

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s. A

text: seismic wave

text: is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

text: The shape of the shoreline and the ocean floor changes the way that tides propagate, so there is no simple, general rule that predicts the time of high water from the Moon's position in the sky. Coastal characteristics such as underwater bathymetry and coastline shape mean that individual location characteristics affect tide forecasting; actual high water time and height may differ from model predictions due to the coastal morphology's effects on tidal flow. However, for a given location the relationship between lunar altitude and the time of high or low tide (the lunitidal interval) is relatively constant and predictable, as is the time of high or low tide relative to other points on the same coast. For example, the high tide at Norfolk, Virginia, U.S., predictably occurs approximately two and a half hours before the Moon passes directly overhead.

text: The shape of the shoreline and the ocean floor changes the way that tides propagate, so there is no simple, general rule that predicts the time of high water from the Moon's position in the sky. Coastal characteristics such as underwater

text: bathymetry

text: and coastline shape mean that individual location characteristics affect tide forecasting; actual high water time and height may differ from model predictions due to the coastal morphology's effects on tidal flow. However, for a given location the relationship between lunar

text: altitude

text: and the time of high or low tide (the

text: lunitidal interval

text: ) is relatively constant and predictable, as is the time of high or low tide relative to other points on the same coast. For example, the high tide at

text: Norfolk, Virginia

text: , U.S., predictably occurs approximately two and a half hours before the Moon passes directly overhead.

text: Ocean Gyre: The fact that the westerlies and trade winds blow in opposite directions and that the continents prevent water from circling the globe contributes to the formation of circular ocean currents, clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis force also plays a part. The trade winds push water west. At the doldrums it flows back east producing the equatorial countercurrent. See Ocean gyre.

text: Ocean Gyre: The fact that the westerlies and trade winds blow in opposite directions and that the continents prevent water from circling the globe contributes to the formation of circular

text: ocean currents

text: , clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis force also plays a part. The trade winds push water west. At the doldrums it flows back east producing the

text: equatorial countercurrent

text: . See

text: Ocean gyre

text: is the Coriolis parameter.

text: is the

text: Coriolis parameter

text: Deep ocean currents are driven by density and temperature gradients. Thermohaline circulation is also known as the ocean's conveyor belt (which refers to deep ocean density driven ocean basin currents). These currents, called submarine rivers, flow under the surface of the ocean and are hidden from immediate detection. Where significant vertical movement of ocean currents is observed, this is known as upwelling and downwelling.  Deep ocean currents are currently being researched using a fleet of underwater robots called Argo.

text: Deep ocean currents are driven by density and temperature gradients.

text: Thermohaline circulation

text: is also known as the ocean's conveyor belt (which refers to deep ocean density driven

text: ocean basin

text: currents). These currents, called submarine rivers, flow under the surface of the ocean and are hidden from immediate detection. Where significant vertical movement of ocean currents is observed, this is known as

text: upwelling

text: and

text: downwelling

text: .  Deep ocean currents are currently being researched using a fleet of underwater robots called

text: Argo

text: The precise measurements of TOPEX/Poseidon’s and Jason-1 have brought knowledge of ocean tides to an unprecedented level. The change of water level due to tidal motion in the deep ocean is known everywhere on the globe to within 2.5 centimeters (one inch). This new knowledge has revised notions about how tides dissipate. Instead of losing all their energy over shallow seas near the coasts, as previously believed, about one third of tidal energy is actually lost to the deep ocean. There, the energy is consumed by mixing water of different properties, a fundamental mechanism in the physics governing the general circulation of the ocean.

text: The precise measurements of TOPEX/Poseidon’s and Jason-1 have brought knowledge of ocean

text: tide

text: s to an unprecedented level. The change of water level due to tidal motion in the deep ocean is known everywhere on the globe to within 2.5 centimeters (one inch). This new knowledge has revised notions about how tides dissipate. Instead of losing all their energy over shallow seas near the coasts, as previously believed, about one third of tidal energy is actually lost to the

text: deep ocean

text: . There, the energy is consumed by

text: mixing water of different properties

text: , a fundamental mechanism in the physics governing the general circulation of the ocean.

text: The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it possibly began as a tropical wave that exited the African coast on August 18. It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed Central America into the Pacific on the August 28. The wave continued rapidly westward and remained disorganized. Conditions slowly became more favorable, and, as the convection concentrated around a center, the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 5. At this time, the wave was located 1700 miles (2700 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas or 1550 miles (2500 km) east-southeast of Hilo. Initially, the thunderstorm activity was not concentrated towards the center and thus the depression was not expected to intensify beyond minimal tropical storm strength. The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the September 8, when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm.

text: The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it possibly began as a

text: tropical wave

text: that exited the African coast on August 18. It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed

text: Central America

text: into the Pacific on the August 28. The wave continued rapidly westward and remained disorganized. Conditions slowly became more favorable, and, as the convection concentrated around a center, the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 5. At this time, the wave was located 1700 miles (2700 km) southwest of

text: Cabo San Lucas

text: or 1550 miles (2500 km) east-southeast of

text: Hilo

text: . Initially, the thunderstorm activity was not concentrated towards the center and thus the depression was not expected to intensify beyond minimal tropical storm strength. The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the September 8, when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm.

text: Ward and Day (2003), reported on the only documented flank collapse of a volcanic island - Ritter Island, that occurred on 13 March 1888. Approximately 5 X 10 m (or about 2 orders of magnitude less than the claimed mass of the Cumbre Vieja), of material generated a landslide which entered the ocean and generated a westerly directed tsunami. The tsunami inundated adjoining islands and may have killed several hundreds of people. According to Cooke  damage was inflicted on islands several hundreds of kilometres from Ritter Island. There is no record of inundation occurring at trans-oceanic distances. The tsunami was witnessed by several Europeans living on many of the islands.

text: Ward and Day (2003), reported on the only documented flank collapse of a volcanic island -

text: Ritter Island

text: , that occurred on 13 March 1888. Approximately 5 X 10 m (or about 2 orders of magnitude less than the claimed mass of the Cumbre Vieja), of material generated a landslide which entered the ocean and generated a westerly directed tsunami. The tsunami inundated adjoining islands and may have killed several hundreds of people. According to Cooke  damage was inflicted on islands several hundreds of kilometres from Ritter Island. There is no record of inundation occurring at trans-oceanic distances. The tsunami was witnessed by several Europeans living on many of the islands.

text: Pius XI offered three encyclicals against the rising tide of European totalitarianism: Non abbiamo bisogno (1931; "We Do Not Need to Acquaint You" —against Italian Fascism); Mit brennender Sorge (1937; "With Deep Anxiety" —against Nazism) and Divini redemptoris (1937; "Divine Redeemer" —against atheist Communism). "Non abbiamo bisogno" directly challenged Italian fascism as a "pagan" movement which "snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence." Pius XI also challenged the extremist nationalism of the Action Francaise movement and anti-semitism in the United States.

text: Pius XI offered three encyclicals against the rising tide of European totalitarianism:

text: Non abbiamo bisogno

text: (1931; "We Do Not Need to Acquaint You" —against Italian Fascism);

text: Mit brennender Sorge

text: (1937; "With Deep Anxiety" —against Nazism) and

text: Divini redemptoris

text: (1937; "Divine Redeemer" —against atheist Communism). "Non abbiamo bisogno" directly challenged Italian fascism as a "pagan" movement which "snatches the young from the Church and from Jesus Christ, and which inculcates in its own young people hatred, violence and irreverence." Pius XI also challenged the extremist nationalism of the Action Francaise movement and anti-semitism in the United States.

text: A second significant cause of eustatic sea level rise is thermal expansion of sea water when Earth's mean temperature increases. Current estimates of global eustatic rise from tide gauge records and satellite altimetry is about +3 mm/a (see 2007 IPCC report).  Global sea level is also affected by vertical crustal movements, changes in Earth's rotation rate, large-scale changes in continental margins and changes in the spreading rate of the ocean floor.

text: A second significant cause of eustatic sea level rise is thermal expansion of sea water when Earth's mean temperature increases. Current estimates of global eustatic rise from tide gauge records and

text: satellite altimetry

text: is about +3

text: mm

text: a

text: (see 2007 IPCC report).  Global sea level is also affected by vertical crustal movements, changes in Earth's rotation rate, large-scale changes in

text: continental margin

text: s and changes in the spreading rate of the

text: ocean floor

text: Downwelling occurs in areas such as in the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic where several surface currents meet. We also find downwelling along the outermost boundary of the Southern Ocean where cold Antarctic water sinks below warmer South Pacific and South Atlantic waters. There is also downwelling on a few coastlines where the wind blows in such a direction that it causes Ekman transport to move water towards the coast which then causes the water to pile up and be pushed down.

text: Downwelling occurs in areas such as in the

text: subpolar gyre

text: of the

text: North Atlantic

text: where several surface currents meet. We also find downwelling along the outermost boundary of the

text: Southern Ocean

text: where cold Antarctic water sinks below warmer South Pacific and South Atlantic waters. There is also downwelling on a few coastlines where the wind blows in such a direction that it causes

text: Ekman transport

text: to move water towards the coast which then causes the water to pile up and be pushed down.

text: The Pacific Tsunami Warning System is based in Honolulu, Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.

text: The

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning System

text: is based in

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: . It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.

text: Water is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor, or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers, and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

text: Water is a

text: chemical substance

text: that is composed of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or

text: state

text: , but the substance also has a solid state,

text: ice

text: , and a

text: gaseous

text: state,

text: water vapor

text: , or

text: steam

text: . Water covers 71% of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in

text: aquifer

text: s and 0.001% in the

text: air

text: as

text: vapor

text: , clouds, and

text: precipitation

text: . Oceans hold 97% of surface water,

text: glacier

text: s, and polar

text: ice cap

text: s 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

text: Tuvalu is affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. The highest peak tide recorded by the Tuvalu Meteorological Service was  on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015. As a result of historical sea level rise, the king tide events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by La Niña effects or local storms and waves. In the future, sea level rise may threaten to submerge the nation entirely as it is estimated that a sea level rise of 20–40 centimetres (8–16 inches) in the next 100 years could make Tuvalu uninhabitable.

text: Tuvalu is affected by

text: perigean spring tide

text: events which raise the sea level higher than a normal

text: high tide

text: . The highest peak tide recorded by the

text: Tuvalu Meteorological Service

text: was  on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015. As a result of historical sea level rise, the

text: king tide

text: events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by

text: La Niña

text: effects or local storms and waves. In the future, sea level rise may threaten to submerge the nation entirely as it is estimated that a sea level rise of 20–40 centimetres (8–16 inches) in the next 100 years could make Tuvalu uninhabitable.

text: The wave pattern seen in the image is not from large ocean waves, however. The pattern is of atmospheric gravity waves above the surface of the ocean. As the name implies, atmospheric gravity waves form when buoyancy pushes air up, and gravity pulls it back down. On its descent into the low-point of the wave (the trough), the air touches the surface of the ocean, roughening the water. The long, vertical dark lines show where the troughs of gravity waves have roughened the surface. The brighter regions show the crests of the atmospheric waves. Beneath the crests, the water is calm and reflects light directly back towards the sensor. Clouds commonly form at the crests of the waves, and such clouds are visible throughout this scene.

text: The wave pattern seen in the image is not from large ocean waves, however. The pattern is of atmospheric

text: gravity wave

text: s above the surface of the ocean. As the name implies, atmospheric gravity waves form when buoyancy pushes air up, and

text: gravity

text: pulls it back down. On its descent into the low-point of the wave (the trough), the

text: air

text: touches the surface of the ocean, roughening the water. The long, vertical dark lines show where the troughs of gravity waves have roughened the surface. The brighter regions show the crests of the atmospheric waves. Beneath the crests, the water is calm and reflects light directly back towards the sensor.

text: Cloud

text: s commonly form at the crests of the waves, and such clouds are visible throughout this scene.

text: Large amounts of carbon are exchanged each year between the ocean and the atmosphere. A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is thermohaline circulation. In regions of ocean upwelling, carbon rich water from the deep ocean comes to the surface and releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes. This water sinks down and brings the carbon into the deeper ocean levels, where it can stay for anywhere between decades and several centuries. Ocean circulation events cause this process to be variable. For example, during El Nino events there is less deep ocean upwelling, leading to lower outgasing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

text: Large amounts of carbon are exchanged each year between the ocean and the atmosphere. A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . In regions of ocean upwelling, carbon rich water from the deep ocean comes to the surface and releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes. This water sinks down and brings the carbon into the deeper ocean levels, where it can stay for anywhere between decades and several centuries. Ocean circulation events cause this process to be variable. For example, during

text: El Nino

text: events there is less deep ocean upwelling, leading to lower outgasing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

text: The general characteristics of teletsunamis are similar to those of local tsunamis. The interval between waves can range from 5 to 60 minutes, although it usually falls between 10 and 30 minutes. The speed at which the teletsunami travels is dependent on the depth of the water, decreasing as the water becomes more shallow. On average, tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean travel at about ; however, due to the depth of the ocean, the height may only be a few feet. The low amplitude, along with the broad wavelength, which spans approximately , makes vessels in open water unaware of the passing tsunami. In shallow water, scuba divers caught in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami were reportedly tossed around underwater, yet boat floating above were unaffected and failed to notice the wave as it passed by.

text: The general characteristics of teletsunamis are similar to those of local tsunamis. The interval between waves can range from 5 to 60 minutes, although it usually falls between 10 and 30 minutes. The speed at which the teletsunami travels is dependent on the

text: depth

text: of the water, decreasing as the water becomes more shallow. On average, tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean travel at about ; however, due to the depth of the ocean, the height may only be a few feet. The low

text: amplitude

text: , along with the broad

text: wavelength

text: , which spans approximately , makes vessels in open water unaware of the passing tsunami. In shallow water,

text: scuba divers

text: caught in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami were reportedly tossed around underwater, yet boat floating above were unaffected and failed to notice the wave as it passed by.

text: Research also suggests that ocean acidification due to increasing concentrations of CO in the atmosphere may affect the calcification machinery of coccolithophores.  This may not only affect immediate events such as increases in population or coccolith production, but also may induce evolutionary adaptation of coccolithophore species over longer periods of time.  For example, coccolithophores use H ion channels in to constantly pump H ions out of the cell during coccolith production.  This allows them to avoid acidosis, as coccolith production would otherwise produce a toxic excess of H ions.  When the function of these ion channels is disrupted, the coccolithophores stop the calcification process to avoid acidosis, thus forming a feedback loop. Low ocean alkalinity, impairs ion channel function and therefore places evolutionary selective pressure on coccolithophores and makes them (and other ocean calcifiers) vulnerable to ocean acidification. In 2008, field evidence indicating an increase in calcification of newly formed ocean sediments containing coccolithophores bolstered the first ever experimental data showing that an increase in ocean CO concentration results in an increase in calcification of these organisms.Decreasing coccolith mass is related to both the increasing concentrations of CO and decreasing concentrations of CO in the world’s oceans.  This lower calcification is assumed to put coccolithophores at ecological disadvantage.  Some species like Calcidiscus leptoporus, however, are not affected in this way, while the most abundant coccolithophore species, E. huxleyi is. Also, highly calcified coccolithophorids have been found in conditions of low CO contrary to predictions. Understanding the effects of increasing ocean acidification on coccolithophore species is absolutely essential to predicting the future chemical composition of the ocean, particularly its carbonate chemistry.  Viable conservation and management measures will come from future research in this area.  Groups like the European-based CALMARO are monitoring the responses of coccolithophore populations to varying pH’s and working to determine environmentally sound measures of control.

text: Research also suggests that

text: ocean acidification

text: due to increasing concentrations of CO in the atmosphere may affect the calcification machinery of coccolithophores.  This may not only affect immediate events such as increases in population or coccolith production, but also may induce

text: evolutionary adaptation

text: of coccolithophore species over longer periods of time.  For example, coccolithophores use H

text: ion channels

text: in to constantly pump H ions out of the cell during coccolith production.  This allows them to avoid

text: acidosis

text: , as coccolith production would otherwise produce a toxic excess of H ions.  When the function of these ion channels is disrupted, the coccolithophores stop the calcification process to avoid acidosis, thus forming a

text: feedback loop

text: . Low ocean

text: alkalinity

text: , impairs ion channel function and therefore places evolutionary selective pressure on coccolithophores and makes them (and other ocean calcifiers) vulnerable to ocean acidification. In 2008, field evidence indicating an increase in calcification of newly formed ocean sediments containing coccolithophores bolstered the first ever experimental data showing that an increase in ocean CO concentration results in an increase in calcification of these organisms.Decreasing coccolith mass is related to both the increasing concentrations of CO and decreasing concentrations of CO in the world’s oceans.  This lower calcification is assumed to put coccolithophores at ecological disadvantage.  Some species like Calcidiscus leptoporus, however, are not affected in this way, while the most abundant coccolithophore species, E. huxleyi is. Also, highly calcified coccolithophorids have been found in conditions of low CO contrary to predictions. Understanding the effects of increasing ocean acidification on coccolithophore species is absolutely essential to predicting the future chemical composition of the ocean, particularly its carbonate chemistry.  Viable conservation and management measures will come from future research in this area.  Groups like the European-based

text: CALMARO

text: are monitoring the responses of coccolithophore populations to varying pH’s and working to determine environmentally sound measures of control.

text: A prominent feature of Eastern Boundary Currents is the presence of upwelling.  Ekman drift causes offshore transport of surface waters, which are then replaced with deep water from below.  Deep waters are cold and nutrient-rich and have a key role in stimulating primary productivity.  Upwelling has led to the enhancement of coastal fisheries in western Morocco (Hance, 1975).

text: A prominent feature of Eastern Boundary Currents is the presence of

text: upwelling

text: Ekman drift

text: causes offshore transport of surface waters, which are then replaced with deep water from below.  Deep waters are cold and

text: nutrient

text: -rich and have a key role in stimulating

text: primary productivity

text: .  Upwelling has led to the enhancement of

text: coastal fisheries

text: in western

text: Morocco

text: (Hance, 1975).

text: Fishing is a very important part of the economy. Oysters are farmed in the bay and keep the bay fairly clean. Sport fishing makes up most of the rest. With nine rivers salmon is the biggest with nearly recovered runs as salmon had to be given away to the food bank. Tillamook County is the first in the continental United States to be declared ready for a tsunami.  This designation was given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration after the county paid $15,000 for 27 warning sirens and an emergency radio system.

text: Fishing is a very important part of the economy. Oysters are farmed in the bay and keep the bay fairly clean. Sport fishing makes up most of the rest. With nine rivers salmon is the biggest with nearly recovered runs as salmon had to be given away to the food bank. Tillamook County is the first in the continental United States to be declared ready for a

text: tsunami

text: .  This designation was given by the

text: after the county paid $15,000 for 27 warning sirens and an emergency radio system.

text: In general, the voltage sensing portion of the ion channel is responsible for the detection of changes in transmembrane potential that trigger the opening or closing of the channel. The S1-4 alpha helices are generally thought to serve this role. In potassium and sodium channels, voltage-sensing S4 helices contain positively-charged lysine or arginine residues in repeated motifs. In its resting state, half of each S4 helix is in contact with the cell cytosol. Upon depolarization, the positively-charged residues on the S4 domains toward the exoplasmic surface of the membrane. It is thought that the first 4 arginines account for the gating current, moving toward the extracellular solvent upon channel activation in response to membrane depolarization. The movement of 10–12 of these protein-bound positive charges triggers a conformational change in the protein that opens the channel. The exact mechanism by which this movement occurs is not currently agreed upon, however the canonical, transporter, paddle, and twisted models are examples of current theories.

text: There are assumptions that go along with tidal prism models.  The first is that they are applied to smaller estuaries (less than a few kilometers wide)  and secondly, that the estuaries are internally well mixed. Additionally, it is assumed that the water entering the estuary is of oceanic salinity mixing with the fresh river discharge, and that the mixed water will be exported on the ebb tide.  Officer provides a model for simple tidal prism theory where the estuary is represented by a box with the inflow as the volume of river discharge at a salinity of 0, within the estuary, the river discharge mixes with the volume of the tide flooding in (Vp) from the ocean at oceanic salinity (So) and the mixed VR + VP) water flows out at ebb tide.

text: There are assumptions that go along with tidal prism models.  The first is that they are applied to smaller estuaries (less than a few kilometers wide)  and secondly, that the estuaries are internally well mixed. Additionally, it is assumed that the water entering the estuary is of oceanic

text: salinity

text: mixing with the fresh river discharge, and that the mixed water will be exported on the ebb tide.  Officer provides a model for simple tidal prism theory where the estuary is represented by a box with the

text: inflow

text: as the volume of river discharge at a salinity of 0, within the estuary, the river discharge mixes with the volume of the tide flooding in (Vp) from the ocean at oceanic salinity (So) and the mixed VR + VP) water flows out at ebb tide.

text: The Wave-dancers are a tribe of elves who took refuge in the oceans of the World of Two Moons.  Thanks to elfin flesh-shaping magic, the Wave-dancers have in some cases undergone physical alterations such as fins and fish-like tails to help them adapt to an aquatic life.

text: Vessels are also subject to ocean surface waves and sea swell as well as effects of wind and weather. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as fin stabilizers. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching.

text: Vessels are also subject to

text: ocean surface wave

text: s and

text: sea swell

text: as well as effects of

text: wind

text: and

text: weather

text: . These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as

text: fin stabilizers

text: . Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching.

text: OPC has a number of ongoing research-to-operations transition efforts that will lead to a suite of new oceanographic analysis and forecast products, such as ocean temperatures and currents based on real time observations and advanced global and basin scale ocean forecasting models. Global ocean sea surface temperatures and currents are now available on the OPC website.

text: OPC has a number of ongoing research-to-operations transition efforts that will lead to a suite of new oceanographic analysis and forecast products, such as ocean temperatures and currents based on real time observations and advanced global and basin scale ocean forecasting models. Global ocean

text: sea surface temperature

text: s and currents are now available on the OPC website.

text: The Mozambique Current is an ocean current in the Indian Ocean, usually defined as warm surface waters flowing south along the African east coast in the Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique and the island of Madagascar.

text: The Mozambique Current is an

text: ocean current

text: in the

text: Indian Ocean

text: , usually defined as warm surface waters flowing south along the African east coast in the Mozambique Channel, between

text: Mozambique

text: and the island of

text: Madagascar

text: Ocean surface topography is used to map ocean currents, which move around the ocean's "hills" and "valleys" in predictable ways. A clockwise sense of rotation is found around "hills" in the northern hemisphere and "valleys" in the southern hemisphere. This is because of the Coriolis effect. Conversely, a counterclockwise sense of rotation is found around "valleys" in the northern hemisphere and "hills" in the southern hemisphere.

text: Ocean surface topography is used to map

text: ocean current

text: s, which move around the ocean's "hills" and "valleys" in predictable ways. A clockwise sense of rotation is found around "hills" in the northern hemisphere and "valleys" in the southern hemisphere. This is because of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . Conversely, a counterclockwise sense of rotation is found around "valleys" in the northern hemisphere and "hills" in the southern hemisphere.

text: Baseball players don't care about which hemisphere they're playing in. However, an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball, but can travel far enough and be in the air long enough to experience the effect of Coriolis force. Long-range shells in the Northern Hemisphere landed close to, but to the right of, where they were aimed until this was noted. (Those fired in the Southern Hemisphere landed to the left.) In fact, it was this effect that first got the attention of Coriolis himself.

text: Kelvin waves have been connected to El Niño (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere winter months) in recent years in terms of precursors to this atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon.  Many scientists have utilized coupled atmosphere–ocean models to simulate an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event and have stated that the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) can trigger oceanic Kelvin waves throughout its 30- to 60-day cycle or the latent heat of condensation can be released (from intense convection) resulting in Kelvin waves as well; this process can then signal the onset of an El Niño event.  The weak low pressure in the Indian Ocean (due to the MJO) typically propagates eastward into the North Pacific Ocean and can produce easterly winds.  These easterly winds can transfer West Pacific warm water toward the east, thereby exciting a Kelvin wave, which in this sense can be thought of as a warm-water anomaly that travels under the ocean’s surface at a depth of about 150 meters.  This wave can be observed at the surface by a slight rise in sea surface height of about 8 cm (associated with  a depression of the thermocline) and an SST increase that covers hundreds of square miles across the surface of the ocean.

text: Kelvin waves have been connected to El Niño (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere winter months) in recent years in terms of precursors to this atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon.  Many scientists have utilized coupled atmosphere–ocean models to simulate an

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) event and have stated that the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: (MJO) can trigger oceanic Kelvin waves throughout its 30- to 60-day cycle or the latent heat of condensation can be released (from intense convection) resulting in Kelvin waves as well; this process can then signal the onset of an El Niño event.  The weak low pressure in the

text: Indian Ocean

text: (due to the MJO) typically propagates eastward into the

text: North Pacific Ocean

text: and can produce easterly winds.  These easterly winds can transfer

text: West Pacific

text: warm water toward the east, thereby exciting a Kelvin wave, which in this sense can be thought of as a warm-water anomaly that travels under the ocean’s surface at a depth of about 150 meters.  This wave can be observed at the surface by a slight rise in sea surface height of about 8 cm (associated with  a depression of the thermocline) and an

text: SST

text: increase that covers hundreds of square miles across the surface of the ocean.

text: The team also found evidence of four older layers of turbidite, suggesting that such collapses have been a recurrent event since Lake Geneva formed at the end of the last Ice Age some 19,000 years ago. It is not yet known how frequently they have occurred – further investigation will be required to answer this question – but researcher Guy Simpson says, "It's certainly happened before and I think that we can expect that it will probably happen again sometime." Although most people's focus has been on marine tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the March 2011 tsunami in Japan, lakeside cities such as Geneva,  from the sea, are also at risk. Katrina Kremer notes that the risk of a fresh tsunami still exists, not just in Lake Geneva, but in other mountain lakes as well: "We have recognised that a tsunami risk applies to all lakes that have unstable slopes along the shore." However, she warns, "the risk is underestimated because most people just do not know that tsunamis can happen in lakes." The risk is particularly pronounced for the city of Geneva, given its position on low ground at the funnel-shaped end of the lake, which magnifies the effects of a tsunami. The impact of a new tsunami on the whole of Lake Geneva would be far more severe now than in 563, as over a million people now live along the lake's shores.

text: The team also found evidence of four older layers of turbidite, suggesting that such collapses have been a recurrent event since Lake Geneva formed at the end of the last

text: Ice Age

text: some 19,000 years ago. It is not yet known how frequently they have occurred – further investigation will be required to answer this question – but researcher Guy Simpson says, "It's certainly happened before and I think that we can expect that it will probably happen again sometime." Although most people's focus has been on marine tsunamis such as the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: and the

text: March 2011 tsunami in Japan

text: , lakeside cities such as Geneva,  from the sea, are also at risk. Katrina Kremer notes that the risk of a fresh tsunami still exists, not just in Lake Geneva, but in other mountain lakes as well: "We have recognised that a tsunami risk applies to all lakes that have unstable slopes along the shore." However, she warns, "the risk is underestimated because most people just do not know that tsunamis can happen in lakes." The risk is particularly pronounced for the city of Geneva, given its position on low ground at the funnel-shaped end of the lake, which magnifies the effects of a tsunami. The impact of a new tsunami on the whole of Lake Geneva would be far more severe now than in 563, as over a million people now live along the lake's shores.

text: The benthic region of the ocean begins at the shore line (intertidal or eulittoral zone) and extends downward along the surface of  the continental shelf out to sea. The continental shelf is a gently sloping benthic region that extends away from the land mass. At the continental shelf edge, usually about 200 meters deep, the gradient greatly increases and is known as the continental slope. The continental slope drops down to the deep sea floor. The deep-sea floor is called the abyssal plain and is usually about 4,000 meters deep. The ocean floor is not all flat but has submarine ridges and deep ocean trenches known as the hadal zone.

text: The benthic region of the ocean begins at the shore line (

text: intertidal

text: or

text: eulittoral

text: zone) and extends downward along the surface of  the

text: continental shelf

text: out to sea. The continental shelf is a gently sloping benthic region that extends away from the land mass. At the continental shelf edge, usually about 200 meters deep, the gradient greatly increases and is known as the continental slope. The continental slope drops down to the deep sea floor. The deep-sea floor is called the

text: abyssal plain

text: and is usually about 4,000 meters deep. The ocean floor is not all flat but has

text: submarine ridges

text: and deep

text: ocean trench

text: es known as the

text: hadal zone

text: A rogue wave is a natural ocean phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location, and most often happens far out at sea. Rogue waves are considered rare but potentially very dangerous, since they can involve the spontaneous formation of massive waves far beyond the usual expectations of ship designers, and can overwhelm the usual capabilities of ocean-going vessels which are not designed for such encounters. Rogue waves are therefore distinct from tsunamis. Tsunamis are caused by massive displacement of water, often resulting from sudden movement of the ocean floor, after which they propagate at high speed over a wide area. They are nearly unnoticeable in deep water and only become dangerous as they approach the shoreline and the ocean floor becomes shallower; therefore tsunamis do not present a threat to shipping at sea (the only ships lost in the 2004 Asian tsunami were in port). They are also distinct from megatsunamis, which are single massive waves caused by sudden impact, such as meteor impact or landslides within enclosed or limited bodies of water. They are also different from the waves described as "hundred-year waves", which is a purely statistical prediction of the highest wave likely to occur in a hundred-year period in a particular body of water.

text: A rogue wave is a natural ocean phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location, and most often happens far out at sea. Rogue waves are considered rare but potentially very dangerous, since they can involve the spontaneous formation of massive waves far beyond the usual expectations of

text: ship design

text: ers, and can overwhelm the usual capabilities of ocean-going vessels which are not designed for such encounters. Rogue waves are therefore distinct from

text: tsunami

text: s. Tsunamis are caused by massive displacement of water, often resulting from

text: sudden movement

text: of the

text: ocean floor

text: , after which they propagate at high speed over a wide area. They are nearly unnoticeable in deep water and only become dangerous as they approach the shoreline and the ocean floor becomes shallower; therefore tsunamis do not present a threat to shipping at sea (the only ships lost in the

text: 2004 Asian tsunami

text: were in port). They are also distinct from

text: megatsunami

text: s, which are single massive waves caused by sudden impact, such as

text: meteor impact

text: or

text: landslide

text: s within enclosed or limited bodies of water. They are also different from the waves described as "

text: hundred-year wave

text: s", which is a purely

text: statistical

text: prediction of the highest wave likely to occur in a hundred-year period in a particular body of water.

text: For the specific case of predicting wind wave statistics on the ocean, the term ocean surface wave model is used.

text: He was the son of Luiz de Araujo Franco and Adelina Santos Franco.He attended high school in the traditional school Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro and became a Navy officer in the Naval Academy in 1933. Participated in the war efforts of the Navy of Brazil during World War II. Later he specialized in studies related to the phenomena of the tides. He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1961, he won several medals and was awarded the title of Professor Emeritus of the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo in 1996, where he was director in the period 1970-1974. Developed computational methods based on techniques of Fast Fourier Transform for analysis and prediction of tides. In 1976 he earned a doctorate in Naval Engineering from Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo defending thesis entitled "Components in Harmonic Tide Small Funds" . These components are generated by tidal currents, where the periodic movements (amplitude and phase) of Sun and Moon in "around the Earth" are combined in a nonlinear way leading to other components called small fund. It is now generated by the transformation of the tide in ocean barotropic baroclinic tides in the shallow regions of offshore.

text: He was the son of Luiz de Araujo Franco and Adelina Santos Franco.He attended high school in the traditional school Pedro II in Rio de Janeiro and became a Navy officer in the Naval Academy in 1933. Participated in the war efforts of the Navy of Brazil during

text: World War II

text: . Later he specialized in studies related to the phenomena of the tides. He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1961, he won several medals and was awarded the title of Professor Emeritus of the

entity_name: Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo

text: Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo

text: in 1996, where he was director in the period 1970-1974. Developed computational methods based on techniques of

text: Fast Fourier Transform

text: for analysis and prediction of tides. In 1976 he earned a doctorate in Naval Engineering from

entity_name: Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo

text: Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo

text: defending thesis entitled "Components in Harmonic Tide Small Funds" . These components are generated by tidal currents, where the periodic movements (amplitude and phase) of

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: in "around the

text: Earth

text: " are combined in a nonlinear way leading to other components called small fund. It is now generated by the transformation of the

text: tide

text: in ocean barotropic baroclinic tides in the shallow regions of offshore.

text: Flow of ocean water is also largely geostrophic.  Just as multiple weather balloons that measure pressure as a function of height in the atmosphere are used to map the atmospheric pressure field and infer the geostrophic wind, measurements of density as a function of depth in the ocean are used to infer geostrophic currents.  Satellite altimeters are also used to measure sea surface height anomaly, which permits a calculation of the geostrophic current at the surface.

text: Flow of ocean water is also largely geostrophic.  Just as multiple weather balloons that measure pressure as a function of height in the atmosphere are used to map the atmospheric pressure field and infer the geostrophic wind, measurements of density as a function of depth in the ocean are used to infer geostrophic currents.

text: Satellite altimeters

text: are also used to measure sea surface height anomaly, which permits a calculation of the geostrophic current at the surface.

text: A Kelvin wave is any progressive wave that is channeled between two boundaries or opposing forces (usually between the Coriolis force and a coastline or the equator). There are two types, coastal and equatorial. Kelvin waves are gravity driven and non-dispersive. This means that Kelvin waves can retain their shape and direction over long periods of time. They are usually created by a sudden shift in the wind, such as the change of the trade winds at the beginning of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

text: A

text: Kelvin wave

text: is any

text: progressive wave

text: that is channeled between two boundaries or opposing forces (usually between the

text: Coriolis force

text: and a

text: coastline

text: or the

text: equator

text: ). There are two types, coastal and equatorial. Kelvin waves are

text: gravity

text: driven and

text: non-dispersive

text: . This means that Kelvin waves can retain their shape and direction over long periods of time. They are usually created by a sudden shift in the wind, such as the change of the

text: trade wind

text: s at the beginning of the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: Floating wind turbines can be used to provide motive power for achieving artificial upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean water to the surface for enhancing fisheries growth in areas with tropical and temperate weather. Though deep seawater (below 50 meters depth) is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the phytoplankton growth is poor due to the absence of sunlight. The most productive ocean fishing grounds are located in cold water seas at high latitudes where natural upwelling of deep sea water occurs due to inverse thermocline temperatures. The electricity generated by the floating wind turbine would be used to drive high–flow and low–head water pumps to draw cold water from below 50 meters water depth and mixed with warm surface water by eductors before releasing into the sea. Mediterranean sea, Black sea, Caspian sea, Red sea, Persian gulf, deep water lakes/reservoirs are suitable for artificial upwelling for enhancing fish catch economically. These units can also be mobile type to utilise the seasonal favourable winds all around the year.

text: Floating wind turbines can be used to provide motive power for achieving artificial

text: upwelling

text: of nutrient-rich deep ocean water to the surface for enhancing fisheries growth in areas with tropical and temperate weather. Though deep seawater (below 50 meters depth) is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the

text: phytoplankton

text: growth is poor due to the absence of sunlight. The most productive ocean fishing grounds are located in cold water seas at high latitudes where natural upwelling of deep sea water occurs due to inverse

text: thermocline

text: temperatures. The electricity generated by the floating wind turbine would be used to drive high–flow and low–head water pumps to draw cold water from below 50 meters water depth and mixed with warm surface water by

text: eductors

text: before releasing into the sea.

text: Mediterranean sea

text: Black sea

text: Caspian sea

text: Red sea

text: Persian gulf

text: , deep water lakes/reservoirs are suitable for artificial upwelling for enhancing fish catch economically. These units can also be mobile type to utilise the seasonal favourable winds all around the year.

text: For small arms, the Coriolis effect is generally insignificant, but for ballistic projectiles with long flight times, such as extreme long-range rifle projectiles, artillery and intercontinental ballistic missiles, it is a significant factor in calculating the trajectory.

text: For

text: small arms

text: , the Coriolis effect is generally insignificant, but for ballistic projectiles with long flight times, such as extreme long-range rifle projectiles,

text: artillery

text: and

text: intercontinental ballistic missiles

text: , it is a significant factor in calculating the trajectory.

text: Lake Tahoe is an example of a lake that is in danger of having a tsunami due to faulting processes. Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada USA lies within an intermountain basin bounded by faults, with most of these faults at the lake bottom or hidden in glaciofluvial deposits. Lake Tahoe has had many prehistoric eruptions and in studies of the lake bottom sediments, a 10m high scarp has displaced the lake bottom sediments, indicating that the water was displaced by the same magnitude, as well as generating a tsunami. A tsunami and seiche in Lake Tahoe can be treated as shallow-water long waves as the maximum water depth is much smaller than the wavelength. This demonstrates the interesting impact that lakes have on the tsunami wave characteristics, as it is very different from ocean tsunami wave characteristics due to the ocean being deeper, and lakes being relatively shallow in comparison. With ocean tsunami waves amplitudes only increase when the tsunami gets close to shore, in lake tsunami waves are generated and stay in a shallow environment.

text: Lake Tahoe

text: is an example of a lake that is in danger of having a tsunami due to faulting processes. Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada USA lies within an intermountain basin bounded by faults, with most of these faults at the lake bottom or hidden in glaciofluvial deposits. Lake Tahoe has had many prehistoric eruptions and in studies of the lake bottom sediments, a 10m high scarp has displaced the lake bottom sediments, indicating that the water was displaced by the same magnitude, as well as generating a tsunami. A tsunami and seiche in Lake Tahoe can be treated as shallow-water long waves as the maximum water depth is much smaller than the wavelength. This demonstrates the interesting impact that lakes have on the tsunami wave characteristics, as it is very different from ocean tsunami wave characteristics due to the ocean being deeper, and lakes being relatively shallow in comparison. With ocean tsunami waves amplitudes only increase when the tsunami gets close to shore, in lake tsunami waves are generated and stay in a shallow environment.

text: The system of waterways of the Port of New York and New Jersey forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world.  Although the overall form of the harbor remains unchanged from the time of Giovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, no part of it remains unaffected by human activity, and some parts, such as Hell Gate and Ellis Island have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural 17 feet depth to 45 feet, in some places requiring blasting of bedrock.The harbor lies at the confluence of three major bodies of water.The harbor opens onto the New York Bight (Atlantic Ocean) to the southeast and Long Island Sound to the northeast. Both of these are essentially marine bodies with both tides and saltwater, but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20-30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. The Hudson River adds a fresher, non-tidal inflow from the north, although the tide and brackishness extend well up river.

text: The system of waterways of the

text: Port of New York and New Jersey

text: forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world.  Although the overall form of the harbor remains unchanged from the time of

text: Giovanni da Verrazzano

text: 's visit in 1524, no part of it remains unaffected by human activity, and some parts, such as

text: Hell Gate

text: and

text: Ellis Island

text: have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural 17 feet depth to 45 feet, in some places requiring blasting of

text: bedrock

text: .The harbor lies at the confluence of three major bodies of water.The harbor opens onto the

text: New York Bight

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: ) to the southeast and

text: Long Island Sound

text: to the northeast. Both of these are essentially

text: marine

text: bodies with both

text: tides

text: and

text: saltwater

text: , but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20-30% less saline (as an

text: estuary

text: ), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. The

text: Hudson River

text: adds a

text: fresher

text: , non-tidal inflow from the north, although the tide and

text: brackish

text: ness extend well up river.

text: On average, ocean waves in New Zealand deliver about 25 kW to each metre of coastline. The west and south-west coasts have the country’s most energetic waves. Even on windless days, swells that were generated in the Southern Ocean still arrive. Less wave energy arrives at the north-east coast, because it is sheltered from the south-west waves (click the link on the right for a diagram). The amount of energy in a wave is proportional to the square of its height, so a two-metre wave contains four times the energy of a one-metre wave.

text: On average, ocean waves in New Zealand deliver about 25 kW to each metre of coastline. The west and south-west coasts have the country’s most energetic waves. Even on windless days, swells that were generated in the Southern Ocean still arrive. Less wave energy arrives at the north-east coast, because it is sheltered from the south-west waves (click the link on the right for a diagram). The amount of

text: energy in a wave

text: is proportional to the square of its height, so a two-metre wave contains four times the energy of a one-metre wave.

text: The dock had an area of about , with the Half-tide Basin , the outer basin onto the Humber , and the Drypool Basin . In some respects the dock was of a slightly larger design that Walker's 1840 proposal: water depth was  (spring to neap tide), and the entrances onto the Humber and River were  wide respectively. There were two entrances: the larger entrance was onto the Humber; from an outer basin it led via two parallel locks to the Half Tide Basin,

text: The bay has a very large tidal range which exposes around 160 km of mudflats, 45% of the total bay area, with the tide edge travelling at up to 20 cm per second.  Most of the mudflats are inundated each high tide; spring tides or cyclones may also flood adjoining coastal flats. The tidal system is semi-diurnal with an average amplitude of 5.7 m, varying from 1 m on neap tides to 10.5 m on the highest spring tides. These tidal conditions dominate the intertidal ecology.

text: The bay has a very large

text: tidal range

text: which exposes around 160 km of mudflats, 45% of the total bay area, with the tide edge travelling at up to 20 cm per second.  Most of the mudflats are inundated each high tide;

text: spring tide

text: s or

text: cyclone

text: s may also flood adjoining coastal flats. The tidal system is

text: semi-diurnal

text: with an average

text: amplitude

text: of 5.7 m, varying from 1 m on

text: neap tide

text: s to 10.5 m on the highest spring tides. These tidal conditions dominate the

text: intertidal ecology

text: In 1686, Edmond Halley had proposed a theory in an attempt to explain the Trade Winds, a theory which remained the most widely known internationally almost to the beginning of the 19th century. George Hadley's version recognised that the Earth's rotation plays a role in the direction taken by an air mass moving relative to the Earth, an element that had been missing in Halley's proposal. Later, in the second half of the 19th century, Hadley's theory was itself shown to be deficient in that it was based on an assumption that when air mass travels from one latitude to another its linear momentum is conserved. However, since the air mass is at all times in a state of circumnavigating the Earth axis, it is in fact the angular momentum that is conserved, causing an effect known as the Coriolis effect. When using the correct angular momentum conservation in calculations the predicted effect is twice as large as when the erroneous conservation of linear momentum is used.  The fact that Hadley's principle is deficient in this respect is not known to everyone who should know; it can still be found in popular books and popular websites.

text: In 1686,

text: Edmond Halley

text: had proposed a theory in an attempt to explain the Trade Winds, a theory which remained the most widely known internationally almost to the beginning of the 19th century. George Hadley's version recognised that the Earth's rotation plays a role in the direction taken by an air mass moving relative to the Earth, an element that had been missing in Halley's proposal. Later, in the second half of the 19th century, Hadley's theory was itself shown to be deficient in that it was based on an assumption that when air mass travels from one latitude to another its linear

text: momentum

text: is conserved. However, since the air mass is at all times in a state of circumnavigating the Earth axis, it is in fact the angular momentum that is conserved, causing an effect known as the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . When using the correct angular momentum conservation in calculations the predicted effect is twice as large as when the erroneous conservation of linear momentum is used.  The fact that Hadley's principle is deficient in this respect is not known to everyone who should know; it can still be found in popular books and popular websites.

text: That daily tides should be caused by full moons and new moons is manifestly wrong, which would be a surprising view in a Greek astronomer and mathematician of the times. He could have meant that spring and neap tides were caused by new and full moons, which is partially correct in that spring tides occur at those times. A gravitational theory (objects fall to the center) existed at the time but Pytheas appears to have meant that the phases themselves were the causes (αἰτίαι aitiai). However imperfect or imperfectly related the viewpoint, Pytheas was the first to associate the tides to the phases of the moon.

text: That daily tides should be caused by full moons and new moons is manifestly wrong, which would be a surprising view in a Greek astronomer and mathematician of the times. He could have meant that spring and neap tides were caused by new and full moons, which is partially correct in that spring tides occur at those times. A gravitational theory (objects fall to the center) existed at the time but Pytheas appears to have meant that the phases themselves were the causes (αἰτίαι aitiai). However imperfect or imperfectly related the viewpoint, Pytheas was the first to associate the tides to the

text: phases of the moon

text: Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, Sun, and rotation of the Earth. In 1867 the United States Coast Survey started printing annual tide tables to support safe and effective maritime, coastal, and defense activities. Before long, these tables showed the times and heights of high and low tides to the nearest minute and tenth of a foot, respectively. Tables were printed for a year at a time and distributed prior to the start of the year.

text: Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by the

text: Moon

text: Sun

text: , and

text: rotation of the Earth

text: . In 1867 the United States Coast Survey started printing annual tide tables to support safe and effective maritime, coastal, and defense activities. Before long, these tables showed the times and heights of high and low tides to the nearest minute and tenth of a foot, respectively. Tables were printed for a year at a time and distributed prior to the start of the year.

text: Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, 'slack water' time that is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less-extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps.

text: Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, '

text: slack water

text: ' time that is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less-extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps.

text: Wind-wave dissipation or "swell dissipation" is process in which a wave generated via a weather system loses its mechanical energy transferred from the atmosphere via wind. Wind waves, as their name suggests, are generated by wind transferring energy from the atmosphere to the ocean's surface, capillary gravity waves play an essential role in this effect, "wind waves" or "swell" are also known as surface gravity waves.

text: Wind-wave dissipation or "

text: swell dissipation

text: " is process in which a wave generated via a weather system loses its

text: mechanical

text: energy transferred from the atmosphere via wind. Wind waves, as their name suggests, are generated by wind transferring energy from the atmosphere to the ocean's surface,

text: capillary gravity waves

text: play an essential role in this effect, "wind waves" or "swell" are also known as

text: surface gravity wave

text: s.

text: Spring tides rise 6.7 m (22 ft) at the entrance of the bay and 7.9 m (26 ft) at its head, while neaps rise 2.7 to 3.3 m (9 to 11 ft). The flood current sets to the north, while the ebb flows to the south. During spring tides these currents may reach up to 2.5 knots near Cape Taygonos. During the season of navigation the southeast part of the bay experiences dense fogs, with May and June being the foggiest months; in August, however, fog is rare. South winds are prevalent in the summer, while north winds are frequent in the fall and the first part of winter. Storms are common from the second half of September to November. In the winter, northwest winds prevail, which are interrupted by blizzards from the northeast. Gentle winds and calms occur in April and May.

text: Spring

text: tide

text: s rise 6.7 m (22 ft) at the entrance of the bay and 7.9 m (26 ft) at its head, while neaps rise 2.7 to 3.3 m (9 to 11 ft). The flood current sets to the north, while the ebb flows to the south. During spring tides these currents may reach up to 2.5

text: knots

text: near Cape Taygonos. During the season of navigation the southeast part of the bay experiences dense

text: fog

text: s, with May and June being the foggiest months; in August, however, fog is rare. South winds are prevalent in the summer, while north winds are frequent in the fall and the first part of winter. Storms are common from the second half of September to November. In the winter, northwest winds prevail, which are interrupted by

text: blizzard

text: s from the northeast. Gentle winds and calms occur in April and May.

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean, internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the continental shelf regions of the world oceans and where brackish water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the

text: ocean

text: , internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the

text: continental shelf

text: regions of the world oceans and where

text: brackish

text: water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

text: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation. At any given place, the water rises over the course of the tidal cycle to a maximum height known as "high tide" before ebbing away again to a minimum "low tide" level. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the foreshore or intertidal zone. The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the tidal range or tidal amplitude. Tidal bores can occur at the mouths of rivers, where the force of the incoming tide pushes waves of seawater upstream against the current. At Hangzhou in China, the bore can reach  high and travel up to  per hour.

text: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the

text: gravitational

text: influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation. At any given place, the water rises over the course of the tidal cycle to a maximum height known as "high tide" before ebbing away again to a minimum "low tide" level. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the

text: foreshore

text: or intertidal zone. The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the

text: tidal range

text: or tidal amplitude.

text: Tidal bore

text: s can occur at the mouths of rivers, where the force of the incoming tide pushes waves of seawater upstream against the current. At

text: Hangzhou

text: in China, the bore can reach  high and travel up to  per hour.

text: The Coriolis effect is the behavior added by the Coriolis acceleration. The formula implies that the Coriolis acceleration is perpendicular both to the direction of the velocity of the moving mass and to the frame's rotation axis. So in particular:

text: The rotation of the Earth affects the direction ocean currents take, and explains which way the large circular ocean gyres rotate in the image above left. Suppose a current at the equator is heading north. The Earth rotates eastward, so the water possesses that rotational momentum. But the further the water moves north, the slower the earth moves eastward. If the current could get to the North Pole, the earth wouldn't be moving eastward at all. To conserve its rotational momentum, the further the current travels north the faster it must move eastward. So the effect is that the current curves to the right. This is the Coriolis effect. It is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. The effect is opposite south of the equator, where currents curve left.

text: The rotation of the Earth affects the direction ocean currents take, and explains which way the large circular

text: ocean gyre

text: s rotate in the image above left. Suppose a current at the equator is heading north. The Earth rotates eastward, so the water possesses that rotational momentum. But the further the water moves north, the slower the earth moves eastward. If the current could get to the North Pole, the earth wouldn't be moving eastward at all. To conserve its rotational momentum, the further the current travels north the faster it must move eastward. So the effect is that the current curves to the right. This is the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . It is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. The effect is opposite south of the equator, where currents curve left.

text: Coccolith fossils are prominent and valuable calcareous nannofossils (see Micropaleontology).   Of particular interest are fossils dating back to the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 55 million years ago.  This period is thought to correspond most directly to the current levels of CO in the ocean.  Finally, field evidence of coccolithophore fossils in rock were used to show that the deep-sea fossil record bears a rock record bias similar to the one that is widely accepted to affect the land-based fossil record.

text: Coccolith fossils are prominent and valuable

text: calcareous

text: nannofossil

text: s (see

text: Micropaleontology

text: ).   Of particular interest are fossils dating back to the

text: Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: 55 million years ago.  This period is thought to correspond most directly to the current levels of CO in the ocean.  Finally, field evidence of coccolithophore fossils in rock were used to show that the deep-sea fossil record bears a

text: rock record bias

text: similar to the one that is widely accepted to affect the land-based

text: fossil record

text: Worldwide, there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas: the Canary Current (off Northwest Africa), the Benguela Current (off southern Africa), the California Current (off California and Oregon), the Humboldt Current (off Peru and Chile), and the Somali Current (off Somalia and Oman).  All of these currents support major fisheries. It also occurs in southeastern Brazil, more precisely in Arraial do Cabo.  The four major eastern boundary currents in which coastal upwelling primarily occurs are the Canary Current, Benguela Current, California Current, and Humboldt Current.  The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre and can be divided into a northern and southern sub-system with upwelling occurring in both areas.  The subsystems are divided by an area of permanent upwelling off of Luderitz, which is the strongest upwelling zone in the world.  The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current of the North Pacific that is also characterized by a north and south split.  The split in this system occurs at Point Conception, California due to weak upwelling in the South and strong upwelling in the north.  The Canary Current is an eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic Gyre and is also separated due to the presence of the Canary Islands.  Finally, the Humboldt Current or the Peru Current flows west along the coast of South America from Peru to Chile and extends up to 1,000 kilometers offshore.  These four eastern boundary currents comprise the majority of coastal upwelling zones in the oceans.

text: Canary Current

text: (off

text: Northwest Africa

text: ), the

text: Benguela Current

text: (off

text: southern Africa

text: ), the

text: California Current

text: (off

text: California

text: and

text: Oregon

text: ), the

text: Humboldt Current

text: (off

text: Peru

text: and

text: Chile

text: ), and the

text: Somali Current

text: (off

text: Somalia

text: and

text: Oman

text: ).  All of these currents support major fisheries. It also occurs in

text: southeastern Brazil

text: , more precisely in

text: Arraial do Cabo

text: .  The four major eastern boundary currents in which coastal upwelling primarily occurs are the Canary Current, Benguela Current, California Current, and Humboldt Current.  The

text: Benguela Current

text: is the eastern boundary of the

text: South Atlantic subtropical gyre

text: and can be divided into a northern and southern sub-system with upwelling occurring in both areas.  The subsystems are divided by an area of permanent upwelling off of

text: Luderitz

text: , which is the strongest upwelling zone in the world.  The

text: California Current System

text: (CCS) is an eastern boundary current of the North Pacific that is also characterized by a north and south split.  The split in this system occurs at

text: Point Conception

text: , California due to weak upwelling in the South and strong upwelling in the north.  The

text: Canary Current

text: is an eastern boundary current of the

text: North Atlantic Gyre

text: and is also separated due to the presence of the

text: Canary Islands

text: .  Finally, the

text: Humboldt Current

text: or the Peru Current flows west along the coast of

text: South America

text: from

text: Peru

text: to

text: Chile

text: and extends up to 1,000 kilometers offshore.  These four eastern boundary currents comprise the majority of coastal upwelling zones in the oceans.

text: The total pressure acting on the wellbore is affected by pipe movement upwards or downwards.Tripping pipe into and out of a well is one other common operation during completions and workovers. Unfortunately, statistics indicate that most kicks occur during trips. Therefore, understanding the basic concepts of tripping is a major concern in completion/workover operations.Downward movement of tubing(tripping in) creates a pressure that is exerted on the bottom of a well. As the tubing is being run into a well, the fluid in the well must move upward to exit the volume being entered by the tubing.The combination of the downward movement of the tubing and the upward movement of the fluid (or piston effect) results in an increase in pressure at any given point in the well.This increase in pressure is commonly called Surge pressure.Upward movement of the tubing(tripping out) also affects the pressure which is imposed at the bottom of the well. When pulling pipe from the well,fluid must move downward and replace the volume which was occupied by the tubing. The net effect of the upward movement of the tubing and the downward movement of the fluid creates a decrease in bottomhole pressure. This decrease in pressure is referred to as Swab pressure.Both surge and swab pressures are affected by the following parameters:

text: The tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake generated widespread damage and resulted in 200 deaths in and around Kalpakkam. There is a tsunami memorial having a white oval plaque engraved with 39 people who lost their lives in the tsunami.

text: The

text: tsunami

text: caused by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: generated widespread damage and resulted in 200 deaths in and around Kalpakkam. There is a tsunami memorial having a white oval plaque engraved with 39 people who lost their lives in the tsunami.

text: These machines had to be set with local tidal constants special to the place for which predictions were to be made.  Such numbers express the local tidal response to individual components of the global tide-generating potential, at different frequencies.  This local response, shown in the timing and the height of tidal contributions at different frequencies, is a result of local and regional features of the coasts and sea-bed.  The tidal constants are usually evaluated from local histories of tide-gauge observations, by harmonic analysis based on the principal tide-generating frequencies as shown by the global theory of tides and the underlying lunar theory.

text: These machines had to be set with local tidal constants special to the place for which predictions were to be made.  Such numbers express the local tidal response to individual components of the global tide-generating potential, at different frequencies.  This local response, shown in the timing and the height of tidal contributions at different frequencies, is a result of local and regional features of the coasts and sea-bed.  The tidal constants are usually evaluated from local histories of tide-gauge observations, by harmonic analysis based on the principal tide-generating frequencies as shown by the global

text: theory of tides

text: and the underlying

text: lunar theory

text: Islands and banks can interact with currents and upwellings in a manner that results in areas of high ocean productivity. Large eddies can form downcurrent or downwind from islands, concentrating plankton. Banks and reefs can intercept deep currents that upwell.

text: Islands and

text: banks

text: can interact with currents and upwellings in a manner that results in areas of high ocean productivity. Large eddies can form downcurrent or downwind from islands, concentrating plankton. Banks and reefs can intercept deep currents that upwell.

text: Earthquake-induced tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia and the Aleutian Islands. Some localized tsunamis severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to . The main tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean at a speed of several hundred km/h and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, killing 61 people.

text: Earthquake-induced

text: tsunami

text: s affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China,

text: eastern New Zealand

text: , southeast Australia and the

text: Aleutian Islands

text: . Some localized tsunamis severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to . The main tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean at a speed of several hundred km/h and devastated

text: Hilo, Hawaii

text: , killing 61 people.

text: For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation:

text: Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.

text: Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power) refers to the energy carried by

text: ocean wave

text: s,

text: tide

text: s,

text: salinity

text: , and

text: ocean temperature differences

text: kinetic energy

text: generate

text: On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were hit by a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The waves resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were left homeless.

text: On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were hit by a

text: tsunami

text: caused by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: . The waves resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were left homeless.

text: Wind patterns associated with these circulation cells drive surface currents which push the surface water to the higher latitudes where the air is colder. This cools the water down enough to where it is capable of dissolving more gasses and minerals, causing it to become very dense in relation to lower latitude waters, which in turn causes it to sink to the bottom of the ocean, forming what is known as North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the north and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the south. Driven by this sinking and the upwelling that occurs in lower latitudes, as well as the driving force of the winds on surface water, the ocean currents act to circulate water throughout the entire ocean.

text: A wave provider operates a wave service on one or more networked servers. The central pieces of the wave service is the wave store, which stores wavelet operations, and the wave server, which resolves wavelet operations by operational transformation and writes and reads wavelet operations to and from the wave store. Typically, the wave service serves waves to users of the wave provider which connect to the wave service frontend. For the purpose of federation, the wave service shares waves with participants from other providers by communicating with these wave provider's servers. Copies of wavelets are distributed to all wave providers that have participants in a given wavelet. Copies of a wavelet at a particular provider can either be local or remote. We use the term to refer to these two types of wavelet copies (in both cases, we are referring to the wavelet copy, and not the wavelet). A wave view can contain both local and remote wavelet copies simultaneously.

text: A wave provider operates a wave service on one or more networked servers. The central pieces of the wave service is the wave store, which stores wavelet operations, and the wave server, which resolves wavelet operations by

text: operational transformation

text: and writes and reads wavelet operations to and from the wave store. Typically, the wave service serves waves to users of the wave provider which connect to the wave service frontend. For the purpose of federation, the wave service shares waves with participants from other providers by communicating with these wave provider's servers. Copies of wavelets are distributed to all wave providers that have participants in a given wavelet. Copies of a wavelet at a particular provider can either be local or remote. We use the term to refer to these two types of wavelet copies (in both cases, we are referring to the wavelet copy, and not the wavelet). A wave view can contain both local and remote wavelet copies simultaneously.

text: Havelock Island avoided much of the devastation by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its resulting tsunami, and there were no documented casualties.

text: Havelock Island avoided much of the devastation by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: and its resulting

text: tsunami

text: , and there were no documented casualties.

text: When the Earth, moon, and sun are in line (sun–Earth–moon, or sun–moon–Earth) the two main influences combine to produce spring tides; when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle moon–Earth–sun is close to ninety degrees, neap tides result. As the moon moves around its orbit it changes from north of the equator to south of the equator. The alternation in high tide heights becomes smaller, until they are the same (at the lunar equinox, the moon is above the equator), then redevelop but with the other polarity, waxing to a maximum difference and then waning again.

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s NOAA have placed Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami stations in particular areas, areas with a history of generating large tsunamis, to be completely positive that the detection of tsunamis are to be as fast as possible. The year of 2001 was the completion of the first six tsunami detection buoys placed along the northern Pacific Ocean coast. In 2005 the United States president George W. Bush announced a two-year, $3.5 million, plan to install tsunami detecting buoys in the Atlantic and the Caribbean ocean in order to expand the nation’s capabilities to detect tsunamis. With the Pacific Ocean creating 85 percent of the world’s tsunamis, the majority of new tsunami detecting buoy equipment will be installed around the pacific rim, while only seven buoys will be placed along the Atlantic and Caribbean coast because even though tsunamis are rare in the Atlantic, there have been records of deadly tsunamis being reported in the Atlantic. Roughly $13.8 million of the governments funding was used to procure and install exactly 32 pressure sensors on the ocean bottom to detect tsunamis and collect data such as the height and speed of the approaching tsunami. This proposed system, stated by the John H. Marburger the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy, should provide the United States’ Tsunami Warning Centers with nearly one hundred percent coverage for any approaching tsunamis as well as decline all false alarms to just about zero. During all these improvements and upgrades of the current system, roughly three fourths of the tsunami warnings were discovered to be unnecessary and a waste of money. A few years later in 2008 there are now roughly 40 tsunami detection buoys placed in the Pacific Ocean by NOAA. The upgraded DART buoys were originally developed to maintain but to mostly improve the timing of detection of a tsunami. With an improved detection time for tsunamis, that is more time to save lives, warning guidance and international coordination.

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s

text: NOAA

text: have placed Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami stations in particular areas, areas with a history of generating large tsunamis, to be completely positive that the detection of tsunamis are to be as fast as possible. The year of 2001 was the completion of the first six tsunami detection buoys placed along the northern Pacific Ocean coast. In 2005 the United States president George W. Bush announced a two-year, $3.5 million, plan to install tsunami detecting buoys in the Atlantic and the Caribbean ocean in order to expand the nation’s capabilities to detect tsunamis. With the Pacific Ocean creating 85 percent of the world’s tsunamis, the majority of new tsunami detecting buoy equipment will be installed around the

text: pacific rim

text: , while only seven buoys will be placed along the Atlantic and Caribbean coast because even though tsunamis are rare in the Atlantic, there have been records of deadly tsunamis being reported in the Atlantic. Roughly $13.8 million of the governments funding was used to procure and install exactly 32 pressure

text: sensor

text: s on the ocean bottom to detect tsunamis and collect data such as the height and speed of the approaching tsunami. This proposed system, stated by the John H. Marburger the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy, should provide the United States’

text: Tsunami Warning Centers

text: with nearly one hundred percent coverage for any approaching tsunamis as well as decline all false alarms to just about zero. During all these improvements and upgrades of the current system, roughly three fourths of the tsunami warnings were discovered to be unnecessary and a waste of money. A few years later in 2008 there are now roughly 40 tsunami detection buoys placed in the Pacific Ocean by NOAA. The upgraded DART buoys were originally developed to maintain but to mostly improve the timing of detection of a tsunami. With an improved detection time for tsunamis, that is more time to save lives, warning guidance and international coordination.

text: The Somali current is characterized by seasonal changes influenced by the Southwest monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon.  During the months of June to September, the warm Southwest monsoon moves the coastal waters northeastward, creating coastal upwelling.  The upwelled water is carried offshore by Ekman transport and merges with water that was brought to the surface by open-ocean upwelling.  The Findlater jet, a narrow low-level, atmospheric jet, also develops during the Southwest monsoon, and blows diagonally across the Indian Ocean, parallel to the coasts of Somalia and Oman.  As a result, an Ekman transport is created to the right of the wind.  At the center of the jet, the transport is maximum and decreases to the right and left with increasing distance.  To the left of the jet center, there is less water movement toward the center than is leaving, creating a divergence in the upper layer and resulting in an upwelling event (Ekman suction).  In contrast, to the right of the center of the jet, more water is coming from the center than is leaving, creating a downwelling event (Ekman pumping).  This open-ocean upwelling in combination with the coastal upwelling cause a massive upwelling.  The Northeast monsoon, which occurs from December to February, causes a reversal of the Somalia current, moving the coastal waters southwest.  Cooler air causes the surface water to cool and creates deep mixing, bringing abundant nutrients to the surface.

text: The Somali current is characterized by seasonal changes influenced by the

text: Southwest monsoon

text: and the Northeast Monsoon.  During the months of June to September, the warm Southwest monsoon moves the coastal waters northeastward, creating

text: coastal upwelling

text: .  The upwelled water is carried offshore by

text: Ekman transport

text: and merges with water that was brought to the surface by open-ocean upwelling.  The Findlater jet, a narrow low-level, atmospheric jet, also develops during the Southwest monsoon, and blows diagonally across the Indian Ocean, parallel to the coasts of Somalia and Oman.  As a result, an Ekman transport is created to the right of the wind.  At the center of the jet, the transport is maximum and decreases to the right and left with increasing distance.  To the left of the jet center, there is less water movement toward the center than is leaving, creating a divergence in the upper layer and resulting in an

text: upwelling

text: event (Ekman suction).  In contrast, to the right of the center of the jet, more water is coming from the center than is leaving, creating a

text: downwelling

text: event (Ekman pumping).  This open-ocean upwelling in combination with the coastal upwelling cause a massive upwelling.  The Northeast monsoon, which occurs from December to February, causes a reversal of the Somalia current, moving the coastal waters southwest.  Cooler air causes the surface water to cool and creates deep mixing, bringing abundant nutrients to the surface.

text: A key feature of the protocol is that waves are stored on the service provider's servers instead of being sent between users. Waves are federated; copies of waves and wavelets are distributed by the wave provider of the originating user to the providers of all other participants in a particular wave or wavelet so all participants have immediate access to up-to-date content. The originating wave server is responsible for hosting, processing, and concurrency control of waves.  The protocol allows private reply wavelets within parent waves, where other participants have no access or knowledge of them.

text: A tsunami warning system was not in operation at the time of the shock, but the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Hawaii) and the Japan Meteorological Agency posted a tsunami watch, based on the occurrence of a M7.2 earthquake. The bulletin came within 30 minutes of the shock, but there was no means to transmit the warning to the people on the coast that needed to know. Many of those who felt the earthquake responded by moving away from the shore, but not with any urgency. The withdrawal of the sea that exposed an additional  of beach created an even more significant warning sign, but in some locations wind waves on the sea effectively concealed the withdrawal that signalled the approach of the tsunami.

text: A

text: tsunami warning system

text: was not in operation at the time of the shock, but the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: (operated by the

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: ) and the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: posted a tsunami watch, based on the occurrence of a M7.2 earthquake. The bulletin came within 30 minutes of the shock, but there was no means to transmit the warning to the people on the coast that needed to know. Many of those who felt the earthquake responded by moving away from the shore, but not with any urgency. The withdrawal of the sea that exposed an additional  of beach created an even more significant warning sign, but in some locations

text: wind waves

text: on the sea effectively concealed the withdrawal that signalled the approach of the tsunami.

text: The Subantarctic Front, found between 48°S and 58°S in the Indian and Pacific Ocean and between 42°S and 48°S in the Atlantic Ocean, defines the northern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (or ACC). The ACC is the most important ocean current in the Southern Ocean, and the only current that flows completely around the Earth. Flowing eastward through the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, the ACC links these three otherwise separate oceanic basins. Extending from the sea surface to depths of 2000–4000 meters, and with a width of as great as 2000 kilometers, the ACC transports more water than any other ocean current. The ACC carries up to 150 Sverdrups (150 million cubic meters per second), equivalent to 150 times the volume of water flowing in all the world's rivers. The ACC and the global thermohaline circulation strongly influence regional and global climate as well as underwater biodiversity.

text: The Subantarctic Front, found between

text: and

text: in the Indian and Pacific Ocean and between

text: and 48°S in the Atlantic Ocean, defines the northern boundary of the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: (or ACC). The ACC is the most important

text: ocean current

text: in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and the only current that flows completely around the Earth. Flowing eastward through the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, the ACC links these three otherwise separate

text: oceanic basin

text: s. Extending from the sea surface to depths of 2000–4000 meters, and with a width of as great as 2000 kilometers, the ACC transports more water than any other ocean current. The ACC carries up to 150

text: Sverdrup

text: s (150 million cubic meters per second), equivalent to 150 times the volume of water flowing in all the world's rivers. The ACC and the global

text: thermohaline circulation

text: strongly influence regional and

text: global climate

text: as well as underwater

text: biodiversity

text: The National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) is one of two tsunami warning centers that are operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. It was called the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) until October 1, 2013. The name was changed to reflect its geographical zone of responsibility. Headquartered in Palmer, Alaska, the NTWC is part of an international tsunami warning system (TWS) program and serves as the operational center for TWS of all coastal regions of Canada and the United States, except Hawaii, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The other tsunami warning center is the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Ford Island, Hawaii, serving participating members and other nations in the Pacific Ocean area of responsibility.

text: The National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) is one of two

text: tsunami

text: warning centers that are operated by the

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It was called the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) until October 1, 2013. The name was changed to reflect its geographical zone of responsibility. Headquartered in

text: Palmer, Alaska

text: , the NTWC is part of an international

text: tsunami warning system

text: (TWS) program and serves as the operational center for TWS of all coastal regions of Canada and the United States, except Hawaii, the Caribbean, and the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . The other tsunami warning center is the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: (PTWC) in

text: Ford Island, Hawaii

text: , serving participating members and other nations in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: area of responsibility.

text: To determine winds aloft, rawinsondes determine wind speed by GPS, radio navigation, or radar tracking of the probe. Alternatively, movement of the parent weather balloon position can be tracked from the ground visually using theodolites. Remote sensing techniques for wind include SODAR, Doppler lidars and radars, which can measure the Doppler shift of electromagnetic radiation scattered or reflected off suspended aerosols or molecules, and radiometers and radars can be used to measure the surface roughness of the ocean from space or airplanes. Ocean roughness can be used to estimate wind velocity close to the sea surface over oceans. Geostationary satellite imagery can be used to estimate the winds throughout the atmosphere based upon how far clouds move from one image to the next. Wind engineering describes the study of the effects of the wind on the built environment, including buildings, bridges and other man-made objects.

text: To determine winds aloft,

text: rawinsondes

text: determine wind speed by

text: GPS

text: radio navigation

text: , or

text: radar

text: tracking of the probe. Alternatively, movement of the parent

text: weather balloon

text: position can be tracked from the ground visually using

text: theodolite

text: s.

text: Remote sensing

text: techniques for wind include

text: SODAR

text: Doppler

text: lidar

text: s and

text: radar

text: s, which can measure the

text: Doppler shift

text: of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: scattered or reflected off suspended

text: aerosol

text: s or

text: molecule

text: s, and

text: radiometer

text: s and radars can be used to measure the surface roughness of the ocean from space or airplanes. Ocean roughness can be used to estimate wind velocity close to the sea surface over oceans. Geostationary satellite imagery can be used to estimate the winds throughout the atmosphere based upon how far clouds move from one image to the next.

text: Wind engineering

text: describes the study of the effects of the wind on the built environment, including buildings, bridges and other man-made objects.

text: The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) is the largest contiguous ecosystem on earth. In oceanography, a subtropical gyre is a ring-like system of ocean currents rotating clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere caused by the Coriolis Effect. They generally form in large open ocean areas that lie between land masses.

text: The

text: North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

text: (NPSG) is the largest contiguous ecosystem on earth. In

text: oceanography

text: , a

text: subtropical gyre

text: is a ring-like system of

text: ocean current

text: s rotating clockwise in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: and counterclockwise in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: caused by the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: . They generally form in large open ocean areas that lie between land masses.

text: Captain William Thomas was then called on behalf of the plaintiff, who testified that he was en route from Caernarfon to Beaumaris when he saw Fenella, which was stranded on the Half Tide Rock. Captain Thomas stated that there were three pilot districts for the Menai Straights, and that he held a certificate for two of them, but not for the particular part where Fenella was aground. According to Capt. Thomas, at this time the Fenella had no steam and would therefore be in a perilous situation when the tide made, as she would be totally unmanoeuvreable.Captain Thomas further stated that when Fenella first came off the rocks, her master wanted to beach her on the shore above the George Hotel, and that the appearance of Fenella suggested that she was taking in water, adding to the seriousness of the situation. He continued by saying that on the day in question there was a particularly big tide of  (the highest spring tide being ), and the tide would run at about . Having berthed Satanella alongside the landing stage, Capt. Thomas said he took a small boat to the Fenella, together with Mr. Hughes (agent for the Liverpool, Llandudno and Welsh Coast Steamship Company) and a Trinity Pilot.

text: Captain William Thomas was then called on behalf of the plaintiff, who testified that he was en route from Caernarfon to Beaumaris when he saw Fenella, which was stranded on the Half Tide Rock. Captain Thomas stated that there were three pilot districts for the

text: Menai Straights

text: , and that he held a certificate for two of them, but not for the particular part where Fenella was aground. According to Capt. Thomas, at this time the Fenella had no steam and would therefore be in a perilous situation when the tide made, as she would be totally unmanoeuvreable.Captain Thomas further stated that when Fenella first came off the rocks, her master wanted to beach her on the shore above the George Hotel, and that the appearance of Fenella suggested that she was taking in water, adding to the seriousness of the situation. He continued by saying that on the day in question there was a particularly big tide of  (the highest spring tide being ), and the tide would run at about . Having berthed Satanella alongside the landing stage, Capt. Thomas said he took a small boat to the Fenella, together with Mr. Hughes (agent for the Liverpool, Llandudno and Welsh Coast Steamship Company) and a

text: Trinity Pilot

text: The book is written from a feminist perspective; Traister recounts her own experiences with the women's liberation movement, identifying with neither second-wave nor third-wave feminism. She notes the various responses to the election and candidates from different generations of feminists, and argues that for older feminists the main priority was the election of a female President, while younger women were less inclined to automatically vote for a female candidate. She concludes that the 2008 election marked the year that "the women's liberation movement found thrilling new life".

text: The book is written from a feminist perspective; Traister recounts her own experiences with the

text: women's liberation movement

text: , identifying with neither

text: second-wave

text: nor

text: third-wave feminism

text: . She notes the various responses to the election and candidates from different generations of feminists, and argues that for older feminists the main priority was the election of a female President, while younger women were less inclined to automatically vote for a female candidate. She concludes that the 2008 election marked the year that "the women's liberation movement found thrilling new life".

text: Atmospheric tides are global-scale periodic oscillations of the atmosphere. In many ways they are analogous to ocean tides. Atmospheric tides can be excited by:

text: Atmospheric tides are global-scale periodic oscillations of the

text: atmosphere

text: tides

text: . Atmospheric tides can be excited by:

text: A well organized tropical wave over northern Africa entered the Atlantic Ocean on May 31. The wave never showed signs of organization while crossing the Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern north Pacific on June 10. It was not until June 13 when the convection associated with the wave became better organized. On June 14, Tropical Depression Two-E formed at a location about 515.7 miles (830 km) from Acapulco, Mexico.

text: A well organized

text: tropical wave

text: over northern Africa entered the Atlantic Ocean on May 31. The wave never showed signs of organization while crossing the Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern north Pacific on June 10. It was not until June 13 when the convection associated with the wave became better organized. On June 14, Tropical Depression Two-E formed at a location about 515.7 miles (830 km) from

text: Acapulco

text: , Mexico.

text: The cold Benguela current is a mineral-rich upwelling current, which flows away to the north along the western coastline, after having come up from the cold depths of the Atlantic Ocean. Plankton grow in these fertile waters, and support large numbers of fish, and therefore a prosperous (in the past) fishing industry. Over-fishing has, however, reduced the importance of this fishing industry both for the local as well as the country's economy. The east coast has the north-to-south Mozambique/Agulhas Current, which provides warm waters. These two currents have a major effect on the country's climate, the ready evaporation of the eastern seas providing generous rainfall while the Benguela current retains its moisture to cause desert conditions in the west.

text: The cold

text: Benguela current

text: is a mineral-rich

text: upwelling

text: current, which flows away to the north along the western coastline, after having come up from the cold depths of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Plankton

text: grow in these fertile waters, and support large numbers of fish, and therefore a prosperous (in the past) fishing industry. Over-fishing has, however, reduced the importance of this fishing industry both for the local as well as the country's economy. The east coast has the north-to-south Mozambique/

text: Agulhas Current

text: , which provides warm waters. These two currents have a major effect on the country's

text: climate

text: , the ready evaporation of the eastern seas providing generous rainfall while the Benguela current retains its moisture to cause desert conditions in the west.

text: Although rip tide is a misnomer, in areas of significant tidal range, the rip currents may only occur at certain points of the tide.  Too much water over the bar will not cause waves to break over the bar as, of course, will too little.  If the shoreline shelves gently, in parts of the world with a big difference between high tide and low tide, the area between the bar and the dry sand may vary from a few feet to a mile or more over the course of an hour or two as the tide comes in or goes out.

text: The waters of the Southern Ocean form a system of currents. Whenever there is a West Wind Drift, the surface strata travels around Antarctica in an easterly direction. Near the continent, the East Wind Drift runs counterclockwise. At the front between both, large eddies develop, for example, in the Weddell Sea. The krill swarms swim with these water masses, to establish one single stock all around Antarctica, with gene exchange over the whole area. Currently, there is little knowledge of the precise migration patterns since individual krill cannot yet be tagged to track their movements. The largest shoals are visible from space and can be tracked by satellite. One swarm covered an area of  of ocean, to a depth of  and was estimated to contain over 2 million tons of krill. Recent research suggests that krill do not simply drift passively in these currents but actually modify them. By moving vertically through the ocean on a 12-hour cycle, the swarms play a major part in mixing deeper, nutrient-rich water with nutrient-poor water at the surface.

text: The waters of the Southern Ocean form a system of currents. Whenever there is a

text: West Wind Drift

text: , the surface strata travels around Antarctica in an easterly direction. Near the continent, the

text: East Wind Drift

text: runs counterclockwise. At the front between both, large

text: eddies

text: develop, for example, in the

text: Weddell Sea

text: . The krill swarms swim with these water masses, to establish one single stock all around Antarctica, with gene exchange over the whole area. Currently, there is little knowledge of the precise migration patterns since individual krill cannot yet be tagged to track their movements. The largest shoals are visible from space and can be tracked by satellite. One swarm covered an area of  of ocean, to a depth of  and was estimated to contain over 2 million tons of krill. Recent research suggests that krill do not simply drift passively in these currents but actually modify them. By moving vertically through the ocean on a 12-hour cycle, the swarms play a major part in mixing deeper, nutrient-rich water with nutrient-poor water at the surface.

text: The basic principles of physics and the Coriolis effect satisfactorily explain that the direction of the wind in the atmosphere is parallel to the isobars.  Measurements of wind speed and direction at heights well above ground level confirm that the speed of the wind matches that predicted by considerations of gradient flow, and the direction of the wind is indeed parallel to the isobars in the region.  However, from ground level up to heights where the influence of the earth’s surface can be neglected, the wind speed is less than predicted by the barometric pressure gradient, and the wind direction is partly across the isobars rather than parallel to them.  This flow of air across the isobars near ground level is a secondary flow.  It does not conform to the primary flow, which is parallel to the isobars.

text: The basic principles of physics and the

text: Coriolis effect

text: satisfactorily explain that the direction of the wind in the atmosphere is parallel to the

text: isobar

text: s.  Measurements of wind speed and direction at heights well above ground level confirm that the speed of the wind matches that predicted by considerations of

text: gradient flow

text: , and the direction of the wind is indeed parallel to the isobars in the region.  However, from ground level up to heights where the influence of the earth’s surface can be neglected, the wind speed is less than predicted by the barometric pressure gradient, and the wind direction is partly across the isobars rather than parallel to them.  This flow of air across the isobars near ground level is a secondary flow.  It does not conform to the primary flow, which is parallel to the isobars.

text: The Beaufort Gyre has formed a dome of freshwater that has expanded vertically by about  since 2002; by 2011 it had swelled to about  in volume. The freshwater within this gyre represents about 10% of all the freshwater in the Arctic Ocean; the majority of the Arctic's freshwater supply originates from Russian rivers as runoff.  The clockwise circulation of the Beaufort Gyre is induced by the wind patterns associated with the permanent anticyclonic high pressure system over the western part of the Arctic. In a clockwise-rotating gyre in the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis force causes the ocean water to flow inward toward the gyre's center where it accumulates, effectively forming a dome of water. If the wind patterns shift into a cyclonic circulation due to the residence of a low pressure system (rising air induced by warmer ocean temperatures a greater volume of open Arctic Ocean water), this will cause the circulation of the Beaufort Gyre to reverse and flow counter-clockwise. If this occurs, the Coriolis force would bend the flow out and away from the center of the gyre and, instead of the formation of a rising water dome, a depression would form and upwelling of the warmer water from the Atlantic ocean would occur.

text: The Beaufort Gyre has formed a dome of

text: freshwater

text: that has expanded vertically by about  since 2002; by 2011 it had swelled to about  in volume. The freshwater within this gyre represents about 10% of all the freshwater in the Arctic Ocean; the majority of the Arctic's freshwater supply originates from Russian rivers as

text: runoff

text: .  The clockwise circulation of the Beaufort Gyre is induced by the wind patterns associated with the permanent anticyclonic high pressure system over the western part of the Arctic. In a clockwise-rotating gyre in the Northern Hemisphere, the

text: Coriolis force

text: causes the ocean water to flow inward toward the gyre's center where it accumulates, effectively forming a dome of water. If the wind patterns shift into a cyclonic circulation due to the residence of a low pressure system (rising air induced by warmer ocean temperatures a greater volume of open Arctic Ocean water), this will cause the circulation of the Beaufort Gyre to reverse and flow counter-clockwise. If this occurs, the Coriolis force would bend the flow out and away from the center of the gyre and, instead of the formation of a rising water dome, a depression would form and upwelling of the warmer water from the

text: Atlantic

text: ocean would occur.

text: Retroflection is the movement of an ocean current that doubles back on itself.

text: Continental coastlines usually have a continental shelf, a shelf of relatively shallow water, less than 200 metres deep, which extends 68 km on average beyond the coast. Worldwide, continental shelves occupy a total area of about 24 million km (9 million sq mi), 8% of the ocean's total area and nearly 5% of the world's total area.  Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres deep, it follows that coastal habitats are generally photic, situated in the sunlit epipelagic zone. This means the conditions for photosynthetic processes so important for primary production, are available to coastal marine habitats. Because land is nearby, there are large discharges of nutrient rich land runoff into coastal waters. Further, periodic upwellings from the deep ocean can provide cool and nutrient rich currents along the edge of the continental shelf.

text: Continental coastlines usually have a

text: continental shelf

text: , a shelf of relatively shallow water, less than 200 metres deep, which extends 68 km on average beyond the coast. Worldwide, continental shelves occupy a total area of about 24 million km (9 million sq mi), 8% of the ocean's total area and nearly 5% of the world's total area.  Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres deep, it follows that coastal habitats are generally

text: photic

text: , situated in the sunlit

text: epipelagic zone

text: . This means the conditions for

text: photosynthetic

text: processes so important for

text: primary production

text: , are available to coastal marine habitats. Because land is nearby, there are large discharges of nutrient rich

text: land runoff

text: into coastal waters. Further, periodic

text: upwelling

text: s from the deep ocean can provide cool and nutrient rich currents along the edge of the continental shelf.

text: This coastal zone is ideal for studies of land-ocean interactions and coastal physical oceanography. Estuarine circulation from Barkley Sound is influenced by the shelf dynamics of an eastern boundary current, creating a complex physical environment. Surface outflow drives a deep water inflow which is strongly influenced by upwelling and downwelling conditions on the nearby continental shelf. The nutrient-rich, terrestrial freshwater discharge and the nutrient-rich, cool, salty upwelled water support a diverse and abundant ecosystem

text: Local ocean tides for Miami are reported for the entrance to Government Cut. The next-closest point on the mainland for tide information is Jupiter Inlet, to the north.

text: Local

text: ocean

text: tide

text: s for Miami are reported for the entrance to Government Cut. The next-closest point on the

text: mainland

text: for tide information is

text: Jupiter Inlet

text: , to the north.

text: The owners of the mills rebuilt the structure, referred to as a lock, in 1573. In order to ensure that navigation would be maintained on the Lea, the City of London appointed a Dutch surveyor to inspect the plans, and a committee to oversee the work. A report by Lord Burghley in 1588 suggests that the gates opened automatically when the level in Bow Creek exceeded the level above the lock, and were shut once the tide started to fall. This arrangement caused complaints in 1581, when neap tides did not reach a level to cause the gates to open, and the lock keeper would not open them because the water was used by the mills. The use of flashboards was again recorded in the 1660s, but shortly after 1713, the cill of the structure was raised, and a pair of gates were installed. This improved water levels for the millers, but again caused problems for navigation, with bargees complaining that the gates could not be opened at neap tides. In 1721, the cill was lowered by the mill owners, following recommendations by George Succold, and the work was overseen by a surveyor appointed by the City of London.

text: The Trans-Oceanic is considered by many the best-designed mass-produced portable radio made. Zenith for the most part, until the end of the model line, used the latest cost-effective technology advances and materials in Trans-Oceanics. The Trans-Oceanic model line ran from 1942 to 1982. For years it was the top selling "high-end" portable multiband radio until it was finally eclipsed by Sony with their digital tuning ICF-2001 and ICF2010 in the 1980s, which put the Trans-Oceanic out of business.

text: The Trans-Oceanic is considered by many the best-designed mass-produced portable radio made. Zenith for the most part, until the end of the model line, used the latest cost-effective technology advances and materials in Trans-Oceanics. The Trans-Oceanic model line ran from 1942 to 1982. For years it was the top selling "high-end" portable multiband radio until it was finally eclipsed by

text: Sony

text: with their digital tuning ICF-2001 and ICF2010 in the 1980s, which put the Trans-Oceanic out of business.

text: Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and  referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins. While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of around 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific. Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. On their journey, the water masses transport both energy (in the form of heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substances and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.

text: Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale

text: ocean circulation

text: that is driven by global

text: density gradient

text: s created by surface heat and freshwater

text: flux

text: es. The adjective thermohaline derives from

text: thermo-

text: referring to

text: temperature

text: and  referring to

text: salt content

text: , factors which together determine the

text: density of sea water

text: Wind

text: -driven surface currents (such as the

text: Gulf Stream

text: ) travel

text: polewards

text: from the equatorial

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high

text: latitude

text: s (forming

text: North Atlantic Deep Water

text: ). This dense water then flows into the

text: ocean basin

text: s. While the bulk of it

text: upwells

text: in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , the oldest waters (with a transit time of around 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific. Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. On their journey, the water masses transport both energy (in the form of heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substances and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the

text: climate

text: of the Earth.

text: Clinus cottoides, the Bluntnose klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean around South Africa where it is a denizen of tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL.  This species has a varied diet of benthic organisms including algae, crustaceans (isopods, amphipods, ostracods, copepods), mollusks (gastropods, chitons) and polychaete worms.

text: Clinus cottoides, the Bluntnose klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: that occurs in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: around

text: South Africa

text: where it is a denizen of

text: tide pools

text: .  This species can reach a maximum length of

text: TL

text: .  This species has a varied diet of

text: benthic

text: organisms including

text: algae

text: crustaceans

text: isopods

text: amphipods

text: ostracods

text: copepods

text: mollusks

text: gastropods

text: chitons

text: ) and

text: polychaete worms

text: Marine Conservation Institute is a nonprofit organization and a leader in the global movement to protect the world’s oceans. Working with scientists, politicians, government officials, and other organizations, Marine Conservation Institute is active around the world to protect vulnerable ocean ecosystems and the species within them.

text: Modern scientific study of tides dates back to Isaac Newton's 'Principia' of 1687, in which he applied the theory of gravitation to make a first approximation of the effects of the Moon and Sun on the Earth's tidal waters.  The approximation developed by Newton and his successors of the next 90 years is known as the 'equilibrium theory' of tides.

text: Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information (in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, and Sargasso Sea). The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores, using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as the "volta do mar" ().

text: Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather

text: meteorological

text: and

text: oceanographic

text: information (in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, and

text: Sargasso Sea

text: ). The knowledge of

text: wind

text: patterns and

text: currents

text: , the

text: trade winds

text: and the

text: oceanic gyre

text: s in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores, using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of

text: atmospheric circulation

text: and the effect of

text: Coriolis

text: , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as the "

text: volta do mar

text: Of course, the Coriolis force does still impact the direction of the flow of water, but only minutely. Only if the water is so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container, and if externally applied torques (such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface) are small enough, the Coriolis effect may indeed determine the direction of the vortex. Without such careful preparation, the Coriolis effect is likely to be much smaller than various other influences on drain direction such as any residual rotation of the water and the geometry of the container. Despite this, the idea that toilets and bathtubs drain differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has been popularized by several television programs and films, including Escape Plan, Wedding Crashers, The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia", Pole to Pole, and The X-Files episode "Die Hand Die Verletzt". Several science broadcasts and publications, including at least one college-level physics textbook, have also stated this.

text: Of course, the Coriolis force does still impact the direction of the flow of water, but only minutely. Only if the water is so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container, and if externally applied torques (such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface) are small enough, the Coriolis effect may indeed determine the direction of the vortex. Without such careful preparation, the Coriolis effect is likely to be much smaller than various other influences on drain direction such as any residual rotation of the water and the geometry of the container. Despite this, the idea that toilets and bathtubs drain differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has been popularized by several television programs and films, including

text: Escape Plan

text: Wedding Crashers

text: The Simpsons

text: episode "

text: Bart vs. Australia

text: Pole to Pole

text: , and

text: The X-Files

text: episode "

text: Die Hand Die Verletzt

text: ". Several science broadcasts and publications, including at least one college-level physics textbook, have also stated this.

text: In 2011 the university, in collaboration with the provincial government purchased and modified a state of the art ocean vessel capable of launching 'deep sea submersibles' and conducting long range marine biology research expeditions. The 'floating laboratory' is undergoing upgrades and expansions currently and will be in service by late 2011.

text: On Sunday night, August 18, 1895, at 11:30 pm, Ocean Wave while en route from Ilwaco to Portland, ran into and sank a pleasure yacht with five people on board.  Two of the yacht’s occupants, John Weatherwax and Ed Wagner, were drowned.  The captain of Ocean Wave reported that the sailboat had no light showing and there was heavy smoke, presumably from the Ocean Wave, prevailing at the time.  On September 25, 1895, the case was investigated by the Steamboat Inspection Service and the officers of Ocean Wave were exonerated of all blame.

text: The carbon exchange between atmospheric  and carbonate at the ocean surface is also subject to fractionation, with  in the atmosphere more likely than  to dissolve in the ocean. The result is an overall increase in the / ratio in the ocean of 1.5%, relative to the / ratio in the atmosphere. This increase in  concentration almost exactly cancels out the decrease caused by the upwelling of water (containing old, and hence  depleted, carbon) from the deep ocean, so that direct measurements of  radiation are similar to measurements for the rest of the biosphere. Correcting for isotopic fractionation, as is done for all radiocarbon dates to allow comparison between results from different parts of the biosphere, gives an apparent age of about 400 years for ocean surface water.

text: A new task is the operation of the DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) buoys.  DART is a fleet of tsunami detecting buoys.

text: A new task is the operation of the DART (

text: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

text: ) buoys.  DART is a fleet of tsunami detecting buoys.

text: The Benguela Current  is the broad, northward flowing ocean current that forms the eastern portion of the South Atlantic Ocean gyre. The current extends from roughly Cape Point in the south, to the position of the Angola-Benguela front in the north, at around 16°S. The current is driven by the prevailing south easterly trade winds. Inshore of the Benguela Current proper, the south easterly winds drive coastal upwelling, forming the Benguela Upwelling System. The cold, nutrient rich waters that upwell from around 200–300 m depth in turn fuel high rates of phytoplankton growth, and sustain the productive Benguela ecosystem.

text: The Benguela Current  is the broad, northward flowing

text: ocean current

text: that forms the eastern portion of the South Atlantic

text: Ocean gyre

text: . The current extends from roughly

text: Cape Point

text: in the south, to the position of the

text: Angola

text: Benguela

text: front in the north, at around 16°S. The current is driven by the prevailing south easterly trade winds. Inshore of the Benguela Current proper, the south easterly winds drive

text: coastal upwelling

text: , forming the Benguela Upwelling System. The cold, nutrient rich waters that upwell from around 200–300 m depth in turn fuel high rates of phytoplankton growth, and sustain the productive Benguela ecosystem.

text: Waves are described by a wave equation which sets out how the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave. Further, the behavior of particles in quantum mechanics are described by waves. In addition, gravitational waves also travel through space, which are a result of a vibration or movement in gravitational fields.

text: Waves are described by a

text: wave equation

text: which sets out how the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave. Further, the behavior of particles in

text: quantum mechanics

text: are described by waves. In addition,

text: gravitational waves

text: also travel through space, which are a result of a vibration or movement in gravitational fields.

text: An ocean  (, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An ocean  (, the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical antiquity

text: ) is a body of

text: saline water

text: that composes much of a

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: . On

text: Earth

text: , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the

text: World Ocean

text: , which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: (Antarctic), and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans. The word

text: sea

text: is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in

text: American English

text: but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: PMEL/NCTR developed and holds the patent on the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis DART® tsunami detection buoy that forms the backbone of the global tsunami detection network. Operational support for the DART® buoys has been transitioned to NDBC.

text: PMEL/NCTR developed and holds the patent on the

text: DART® tsunami detection buoy that forms the backbone of the global tsunami detection network. Operational support for the DART® buoys has been transitioned to

text: NDBC

text: Only about 2% of known marine species inhabit the pelagic environment. This means that they live in the water column as opposed to the benthic organisms that live in or on the sea floor. Deep-sea organisms generally inhabit bathypelagic (1000–4000m deep) and abyssopelagic (4000–6000m deep) zones. However, characteristics of deep-sea organisms, such as bioluminescence can be seen in the mesopelagic (200–1000m deep) zone as well. The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone, meaning light there is minimal but still measurable. The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean. This area is also where nutrients are most abundant. The bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones are aphotic, meaning that no light penetrates this area of the ocean. These zones make up about 75% of the inhabitable ocean space.

text: Only about 2% of known marine species inhabit the

text: pelagic

text: environment. This means that they live in the

text: water column

text: as opposed to the

text: benthic

text: organisms that live in or on the sea floor. Deep-sea organisms generally inhabit

text: bathypelagic

text: (1000–4000m deep) and

text: abyssopelagic

text: (4000–6000m deep) zones. However, characteristics of deep-sea organisms, such as

text: bioluminescence

text: can be seen in the

text: mesopelagic

text: (200–1000m deep) zone as well. The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone, meaning light there is minimal but still measurable. The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean. This area is also where nutrients are most abundant. The

text: bathypelagic

text: and

text: abyssopelagic

text: zones are

text: aphotic

text: , meaning that no light penetrates this area of the ocean. These zones make up about 75% of the inhabitable ocean space.

text: Kristan Poirot, author of Mediating a Movement, Authorizing Discourse, says that the release of Millett's Sexual Politics (1970) was a pivotal event in the second wave of the feminist movement. Although there were other important moments in the movement, like the founding of the National Organization for Women and release of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, it was in 1970 that the media gave greater attention to the feminist movement, first with a front page article in The New York Times and coverage on the three network's news programs about the Women's Strike for Equality event that summer. Millett used psychology, anthropology, the sexual revolution, and literary criticism to explain her theory of sexual politics, which is that western societies have been driven by a belief that men are superior to women. According to Poirot, the book, which received widespread media coverage, "was considered to be the first book-length exposition of second wave radical feminist theory." Published accounts of Millett's lesbianism played a part in the fracture in the feminist movement over lesbians' role within the movement and reduced her effectiveness as a women's rights activist.

text: Kristan Poirot, author of Mediating a Movement, Authorizing Discourse, says that the release of Millett's Sexual Politics (1970) was a pivotal event in the second wave of the feminist movement. Although there were other important moments in the movement, like the founding of the

text: National Organization for Women

text: and release of

text: The Feminine Mystique

text: by

text: Betty Friedan

text: , it was in 1970 that the media gave greater attention to the feminist movement, first with a front page article in

text: The New York Times

text: and coverage on the three network's news programs about the

text: Women's Strike for Equality

text: event that summer. Millett used psychology, anthropology, the

text: sexual revolution

text: , and literary criticism to explain her theory of sexual politics, which is that western societies have been driven by a belief that men are superior to women. According to Poirot, the book, which received widespread media coverage, "was considered to be the first book-length exposition of second wave radical feminist theory." Published accounts of Millett's lesbianism played a part in the fracture in the feminist movement over lesbians' role within the movement and reduced her effectiveness as a women's rights activist.

text: Michael Gerber – Ocean State Waves – Creighton

text: A number of species cause red tides, including Karenia brevis off the coast of Florida and Karenia mikimotoi which was first described in Japan, but is now found in the Atlantic ocean as well, probably spread by ballast water.

text: A number of species cause

text: red tide

text: s, including

text: Karenia brevis

text: off the coast of

text: Florida

text: and

text: Karenia mikimotoi

text: which was first described in Japan, but is now found in the

text: Atlantic ocean

text: as well, probably spread by

text: ballast water

text: In 2005, he was named Foreign Correspondent of the Year in the UK's What The Papers Say Awards for his coverage of the Indian ocean tsunami and his interview with Tsutomu Yamaguchi, survivor of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

text: In 2005, he was named Foreign Correspondent of the Year in the UK's

text: What The Papers Say

text: Awards for his coverage of the Indian ocean

text: tsunami

text: and his interview with

text: Tsutomu Yamaguchi

text: , survivor of the atomic bombings of

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: A tsunami, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

text: A tsunami, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a

text: large lake

text: Earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruption

text: s and other

text: underwater explosion

text: s (including detonations of underwater

text: nuclear device

text: s), landslides,

text: glacier calvings

text: meteorite impacts

text: and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

text: The specific Kaltenborn mobilization of posterior-anterior gliding with distraction in grade 3 of the CMC joint; the Convex/Concave Rule was applied in each case. In brief, Kaltenborn described these mechanics in terms of the convex-concave rule; the direction of decreased joint gliding in a hypomobile joint and, thus, the appropriate treatment can be deduced by this rule. With movement of a concave joint partner, the glide occurs in the same direction. The form of the joint surface has been considered to induce its gliding/sliding movement; a female (concave) joint surface glides in the same direction as the bone movement, whereas a male (convex) surface glides in the opposite direction of the bone movement. Traction is the technique that distracts 1 articular surface perpendicular to the other, and the glide technique describes the translational gliding of 1 articular surface parallel to the other. Traction in grade 3 has been defined as an additional force, which is applied in the parallel axis. This results in surrounding soft tissues and joint stretching, separating the joint surfaces.

text: The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (officially abbreviated and trademarked as DART) system is a component of an enhanced tsunami warning system.

text: The Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (officially abbreviated and trademarked as DART) system is a component of an enhanced

text: tsunami warning system

text: Gravity is measured using gravimeters. Basically, there are two kinds of gravimeters. Absolute gravimeters, which nowadays can also be used in the field, are based directly on measuring the acceleration of free fall (for example, of a reflecting prism in a vacuum tube). They are used for establishing the vertical geospatial control. Most common relative gravimeters are spring based. They are used in gravity surveys over large areas for establishing the figure of the geoid over these areas. Most accurate relative gravimeters are superconducting gravimeters, and these are sensitive to one thousandth of one billionth of Earth surface gravity. Twenty-some superconducting gravimeters are used worldwide for studying Earth tides, rotation, interior, and ocean and atmospheric loading, as well as for verifying the Newtonian constant of gravitation.

text: Gravity

text: is measured using

text: gravimeters

text: . Basically, there are two kinds of gravimeters. Absolute gravimeters, which nowadays can also be used in the field, are based directly on measuring the acceleration of free fall (for example, of a reflecting prism in a vacuum tube). They are used for establishing the vertical geospatial control. Most common relative gravimeters are spring based. They are used in gravity surveys over large areas for establishing the figure of the geoid over these areas. Most accurate relative gravimeters are superconducting gravimeters, and these are sensitive to one thousandth of one billionth of Earth surface gravity. Twenty-some superconducting gravimeters are used worldwide for studying Earth

text: tide

text: s,

text: rotation

text: , interior, and

text: ocean

text: and atmospheric loading, as well as for verifying the Newtonian constant of

text: gravitation

text: In a programme transmitted by the British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Horizon broadcast on 12 October 2000, two geologists (Day and McGuire) cited this crack as proof that half of the Cumbre Vieja had moved towards the Atlantic Ocean (Day et al.; 1999, and Ward and Day, 2001). They postulate that this process was driven by the pressure caused by the rising magma heating water trapped within the structure of the island. They hypothesised that during a future eruption, the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja, with a mass of approximately 1.5 x10 kg, could slide into the ocean. This could then potentially generate a giant wave which they termed a "megatsunami" around - high in the region of the islands. The wave would radiate out across the Atlantic and inundate much of the eastern seaboard of North America about 7 hours later, many of the islands in the Caribbean and northern coasts of South America between six and eight hours later. They estimate that the tsunami will have waves possibly  or higher causing massive devastation along the coastlines. Modelling suggests that the tsunami could inundate up to  inland - depending upon topography. The basis for Ward and Day (2001) modelling the collapse of a much larger portion of the western flank than that that the currently visible surface crack indicates as being potentially unstable, was based on geological mapping by Day et al.; (1999). In this paper they argue that a large part of the western flank has been constructed in the scar of a previous collapse and therefore sits upon unstable debris.

text: In a programme transmitted by the British Broadcasting Corporation

text: BBC

text: Horizon

text: broadcast on 12 October 2000, two geologists (Day and McGuire) cited this crack as proof that half of the Cumbre Vieja had moved towards the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: (Day et al.; 1999, and Ward and Day, 2001). They postulate that this process was driven by the pressure caused by the rising

text: magma

text: heating water trapped within the structure of the island. They hypothesised that during a future eruption, the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja, with a mass of approximately 1.5 x10 kg, could slide into the ocean. This could then potentially generate a giant wave which they termed a "

text: megatsunami

text: " around - high in the region of the islands. The wave would radiate out across the Atlantic and inundate much of the eastern seaboard of North America about 7 hours later, many of the islands in the

text: Caribbean

text: and northern coasts of South America between six and eight hours later. They estimate that the tsunami will have waves possibly  or higher causing massive devastation along the coastlines. Modelling suggests that the tsunami could inundate up to  inland - depending upon topography. The basis for Ward and Day (2001) modelling the collapse of a much larger portion of the western flank than that that the currently visible surface crack indicates as being potentially unstable, was based on geological mapping by Day et al.; (1999). In this paper they argue that a large part of the western flank has been constructed in the scar of a previous collapse and therefore sits upon unstable debris.

text: After a period of deep changes in the SWP were made under the leadership of Jack Barnes, Feldman left the SWP, arguing that SWP had become a much less effective current in the workers movement. He has since joined Solidarity (US).

text: After a period of deep changes in the SWP were made under the leadership of

text: Jack Barnes

text: , Feldman left the SWP, arguing that SWP had become a much less effective current in the workers movement. He has since joined

text: Solidarity (US)

text: Formation and movement of the deep water masses at the North Atlantic Ocean, creates sinking water masses that fill the basin and flows very slowly into the deep abyssal plains of the Atlantic. This high-latitude cooling and the low-latitude heating drives the movement of the deep water in a polar southward flow. The deep water flows through the Antarctic Ocean Basin around South Africa where it is split into two routes: one into the Indian Ocean and one past Australia into the Pacific.

text: Formation and movement of the deep water masses at the North Atlantic Ocean, creates sinking water masses that fill the basin and flows very slowly into the deep abyssal plains of the Atlantic. This high-latitude cooling and the low-latitude heating drives the movement of the deep water in a polar southward flow. The deep water flows through the

text: Antarctic Ocean

text: Basin around

text: South Africa

text: where it is split into two routes: one into the

text: Indian Ocean

text: and one past

text: Australia

text: into the Pacific.

text: Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) materials can be utilized as band gap material in the surface wave domain, at microwave and radio frequency wavelengths.  Support of surface waves is a given property of metals. These are propagating electromagnetic waves that are bound to the interface between the metal surface and the air. Surface plasmons occur at optical frequencies, but at microwave frequencies, they are the normal currents that occur on any electrical conductor. At radio frequencies, the fields associated with surface waves can extend thousands of wavelengths into the surrounding space, and they are often best described as surface currents. They can be modeled from the viewpoint of an effective dielectric constant, or an effective surface impedance.

text: Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) materials can be utilized as

text: band gap

text: material in the

text: surface wave

text: domain, at

text: microwave

text: and

text: radio frequency

text: wavelengths.  Support of surface waves is a given property of

text: metal

text: s. These are propagating

text: electromagnetic

text: waves that are bound to the interface between the metal surface and the air. Surface

text: plasmon

text: s occur at optical frequencies, but at microwave frequencies, they are the normal currents that occur on any

text: electrical conductor

text: . At radio frequencies, the fields associated with surface waves can extend thousands of wavelengths into the surrounding space, and they are often best described as surface currents. They can be modeled from the viewpoint of an effective dielectric constant, or an effective surface impedance.

text: The column wave is a 16th-century stage machine created to mimic movement of the ocean.

text: The column wave is a 16th-century

text: stage machine

text: created to mimic movement of the

text: ocean

text: Coriolis drift is caused by the Coriolis effect and the Eötvös effect. These effects cause drift related to the spin of the Earth, known as Coriolis drift. Coriolis drift can be up, down, left or right. Coriolis drift is not an aerodynamic effect; it is a consequence of flying from one point to another across the surface of a rotating planet (Earth).

text: Coriolis drift is caused by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: and the

text: Eötvös effect

text: . These effects cause drift related to the spin of the Earth, known as Coriolis drift. Coriolis drift can be up, down, left or right. Coriolis drift is not an aerodynamic effect; it is a consequence of flying from one point to another across the surface of a rotating planet (Earth).

text: During 90s, the Ministry of Earth Sciences, formerly Department of Ocean Development (DOD), had initiated a project titled "PFZ Mission" and it was handed over to National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, AP. The project slowly blossomed into a full-fledged one, Due to the sincere work done by Dr. A. Narendra Nath.  As a result of this, the project was separated from NRSC and a new organization was instituted to look after it. The new organization so formed was named as an Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and was placed under reputed scientist Dr A.Narendra Nath, Who was also the founder director for INCOIS.  Since its Inception in February 1998.   Dr. Narendra Nath is the person who initiated the PFZ  Mission.. The newly formed entity had potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories as its major project. Apart  from PFZ services, the other services such as Indian Early Tsunami Warning, Ocean State Forecast, Ocean Modeling, Data and Web Services Management were also initiated and their products are being delivered to various stakeholders in the country on a daily basis. In recognition of these services, INCOIS was identified as one of the key International Oceanic Organizations. INCOIS renders its services through its web portal and various other devices that are installed at different places in the country.

text: During 90s, the Ministry of Earth Sciences, formerly Department of Ocean Development (DOD), had initiated a project titled "PFZ Mission" and it was handed over to

text: National Remote Sensing Centre

text: (NRSC), Hyderabad, AP. The project slowly blossomed into a full-fledged one, Due to the sincere work done by Dr. A. Narendra Nath.  As a result of this, the project was separated from NRSC and a new organization was instituted to look after it. The new organization so formed was named as an Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and was placed under reputed scientist Dr A.Narendra Nath, Who was also the founder director for INCOIS.  Since its Inception in February 1998.   Dr. Narendra Nath is the person who initiated the PFZ  Mission.. The newly formed entity had potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories as its major project. Apart  from PFZ services, the other services such as Indian Early Tsunami Warning, Ocean State Forecast, Ocean Modeling, Data and Web Services Management were also initiated and their products are being delivered to various stakeholders in the country on a daily basis. In recognition of these services, INCOIS was identified as one of the key International Oceanic Organizations. INCOIS renders its services through its web portal and various other devices that are installed at different places in the country.

text: Based on Ekman theory and geostrophic dynamics, the analysis of near-surface currents, i.e. tropical Pacific near-surface currents, can be generated by using high resolution data of wind and altimeter sea level. The surface velocity is defined as the motion of a standard World Ocean Circulation Experiment/Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (WOCE/TOGA) 15m drogue drifter. Near-surface Ekman velocity can be estimated with variables which best represent the ageostrophic motion of the WOCE/TOGA 15m drogue drifters relative to the surface wind stress. Geostrophic velocities are calculated with sea level gradients which are derived from TOPEX/Poseidon sea surface height analyses (TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter sea level anomalies from along-track data is used here, interpolated to 1°X1°grid, spanning the domain of 25°N-25°S,90°E-290°E, during Oct1992-Sep1998). Geostrophic and Ekman velocity                                              are assumed to satisfy the lowest-order dynamics of the surface velocity, and they can be obtained independently from surface height and wind stress data. Standard f plan satisfies geostrophic balance, the lowest-order balance for quasi-steady circulation at higher latitudes. However, coriolis parameter f is close to zero near the equator, the geostropic balance is not satisfied as the velocity is proportional to the height gradient divided by the coriolis parameter f. It has been shown in many studies that beta plane geostrophic approximation involving the second derivative of surface height is in good agreement with the observed velocities in the equatorial undercurrent, as a result, geostrophic currents which are near equator are obtained with a weighted blend of the equatorial beta-plane and conventional f-plane geostrophic equations.

text: SWOT is collaboration between NASA and CNES, the French space agency.  It is currently being designed and constructed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).  It builds on the very successful 25-year partnership between the two agencies to use radar altimetry to measure the surface of the ocean that began with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission.

text: SWOT is collaboration between

text: NASA

text: and

text: CNES

text: , the French space agency.  It is currently being designed and constructed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).  It builds on the very successful 25-year partnership between the two agencies to use radar altimetry to measure the surface of the ocean that began with the

text: TOPEX/Poseidon

text: mission.

text: Rayleigh–Taylor instability has a big effect on the Earth's climate. Winds that come from the coast of Greenland and Iceland cause evaporation of the ocean surface over which they pass, increasing the salinity of the ocean water near the surface, and making the water near the surface denser. This then generates plumes which drive the ocean currents. This process acts as a heat pump, transporting warm equatorial water North. Without the ocean overturning, Northern Europe would likely face drastic drops in temperature.

text: Rayleigh–Taylor instability has a big effect on the Earth's climate. Winds that come from the coast of

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: cause evaporation of the ocean surface over which they pass, increasing the salinity of the ocean water near the surface, and making the water near the surface denser. This then generates

text: plumes

text: which drive the

text: ocean current

text: s. This process acts as a heat pump, transporting warm equatorial water North. Without the ocean overturning,

text: Northern Europe

text: would likely face drastic drops in temperature.

text: producing a Coriolis acceleration:

text: producing a Coriolis acceleration:

text: Floating south along the South American continental slope, the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) carries North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) into the South Atlantic.  At about 8°S and at a depth of , the DWBC breaks into anticyclonic eddies during periods of strong meridional overturning circulation.  One such NADW eddy was observed in 2003 and the researchers speculated that a deeply penetrating Agulhas ring pinched it off the NADW slope current. Spinning at , these deep-water eddies move around the southern tip of the Agulhas Bank and into the Indian Ocean.  Most of the NADW flow (more than 7 Sv) meanders east around the Agulhas Plateau together with the surface Agulhas Return Current, but a smaller portion (3 Sv) continue north along the African east-coast as the Agulhas Undercurrent.Of 89.5 Sv released from the North Atlantic, 3.6 Sv leaves the South Atlantic south of the Agulhas Bank.  However, 0.9 Sv recirculate in the basin north of the Walvis Ridge for centuries, of which 50-90% end up flowing south of the Agulhas Bank within 300 years, increasing the net inter-oceanic exchange with 4.1-4.5 Sv.

text: Floating south along the South American continental slope, the

text: Deep Western Boundary Current

text: (DWBC) carries

text: North Atlantic Deep Water

text: (NADW) into the South Atlantic.  At about 8°S and at a depth of , the DWBC breaks into anticyclonic eddies during periods of strong

text: meridional overturning circulation

text: .  One such NADW eddy was observed in 2003 and the researchers speculated that a deeply penetrating Agulhas ring pinched it off the NADW slope current. Spinning at , these deep-water eddies move around the southern tip of the Agulhas Bank and into the Indian Ocean.  Most of the NADW flow (more than 7

text: Sv

text: ) meanders east around the Agulhas Plateau together with the surface Agulhas Return Current, but a smaller portion (3 Sv) continue north along the African east-coast as the Agulhas Undercurrent.Of 89.5 Sv released from the North Atlantic, 3.6 Sv leaves the South Atlantic south of the Agulhas Bank.  However, 0.9 Sv recirculate in the basin north of the Walvis Ridge for centuries, of which 50-90% end up flowing south of the Agulhas Bank within 300 years, increasing the net inter-oceanic exchange with 4.1-4.5 Sv.

text: A scientific version of the Ko Ta Pu formation says that in the Permian period, the area was a barrier reef. Then, upon tectonic movements, it ruptured, and its parts were dispersed over the area and flooded by the rising ocean. Wind, waves, water currents, and tides gradually eroded the islands thus formed, sometimes producing peculiar shapes, such as Ko Ta Pu. Tide-related erosion is visible at the bottom of the rock.

text: A scientific version of the Ko Ta Pu formation says that in the

text: Permian

text: period, the area was a

text: barrier reef

text: . Then, upon tectonic movements, it ruptured, and its parts were dispersed over the area and flooded by the rising ocean. Wind, waves, water currents, and tides gradually eroded the islands thus formed, sometimes producing peculiar shapes, such as Ko Ta Pu. Tide-related erosion is visible at the bottom of the rock.

text: Surface oceanic currents are sometimes wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere due to imposed wind stresses. In these wind driven currents, the Ekman spiral effect results in the currents flowing at an angle to the driving winds. In addition, the areas of surface ocean currents move somewhat with the seasons; this is most notable in equatorial currents.

text: Surface oceanic currents are sometimes wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the

text: northern hemisphere

text: and counter-clockwise rotation in the

text: southern hemisphere

text: due to imposed wind stresses. In these wind driven currents, the

text: Ekman spiral

text: effect results in the currents flowing at an angle to the driving winds. In addition, the areas of surface ocean currents move somewhat with the

text: season

text: s; this is most notable in equatorial currents.

text: A small Rossby number signifies a system which is strongly affected by Coriolis forces, and a large Rossby number signifies a system in which inertial and centrifugal forces dominate. For example, in tornadoes, the Rossby number is large (≈ 10), in low-pressure systems it is low (≈ 0.1 – 1) and in oceanic systems it is of the order of unity, but depending on the phenomena can range over several orders of magnitude (≈ 10 – 10). As a result, in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible, and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces (called cyclostrophic balance). Cyclostrophic balance also commonly occurs in the inner core of a tropical cyclone. In low-pressure systems, centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces (called geostrophic balance). In the oceans all three forces are comparable (called cyclogeostrophic balance). For a figure showing spatial and temporal scales of motions in the atmosphere and oceans, see Kantha and Clayson.

text: A small Rossby number signifies a system which is strongly affected by Coriolis forces, and a large Rossby number signifies a system in which inertial and centrifugal forces dominate. For example, in

text: tornado

text: es, the Rossby number is large (≈ 10), in

text: low-pressure system

text: s it is low (≈ 0.1 – 1) and in oceanic systems it is of the order of unity, but depending on the phenomena can range over several orders of magnitude (≈ 10 – 10). As a result, in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible, and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces (called cyclostrophic balance). Cyclostrophic balance also commonly occurs in the inner core of a

text: tropical cyclone

text: . In low-pressure systems, centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces (called

text: geostrophic balance

text: ). In the oceans all three forces are comparable (called

text: cyclogeostrophic balance

text: ). For a figure showing spatial and temporal scales of motions in the atmosphere and oceans, see Kantha and Clayson.

text: The term "Inside Passage" is also often used to refer to the ocean and islands around the passage itself. The Inside Passage is also sometimes mistakenly referred to as the "Inland Passage" which is in turn a reference to early explorers' quests to locate the Northwest Passage between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The term "Inside Passage" is also often used to refer to the ocean and islands around the passage itself. The Inside Passage is also sometimes mistakenly referred to as the "Inland Passage" which is in turn a reference to early explorers' quests to locate the

text: Northwest Passage

text: between the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Clinus agilis, the Agile klipfish, is a species of clinid found in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Namibia to South Africa where it is commonly found in estuaries and tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL.

text: Clinus agilis, the Agile klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: found in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: from

text: Namibia

text: to

text: South Africa

text: where it is commonly found in

text: estuaries

text: and

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: Atmospheric tides are also produced through the gravitational effects of the Moon. Lunar (gravitational) tides are much weaker than solar (thermal) tides and are generated by the motion of the Earth's oceans (caused by the Moon) and to a lesser extent the effect of the Moon's gravitational attraction on the atmosphere.

text: Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late-5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown.  Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact with specific shorelines.

text: Greek

text: historian

text: Thucydides

text: suggested in his late-5th century BC

text: History of the Peloponnesian War

text: , that tsunamis were related to

text: submarine earthquake

text: s, but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown.  Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact with specific shorelines.

text: Between 1965 and 1975 Munk turned to investigations of ocean tides, being partially motivated by their effects on the Earth's rotation.  Modern methods of time-series and spectral analysis were brought to bear on tidal analysis, leading to the development of the "response method" of tidal analysis.  With Frank Snodgrass, Munk developed deep-ocean pressure sensors that could be used to provide tidal data far from any land.  One highlight of this work was the discovery of the semidiurnal amphidrome midway between California and Hawaii.

text: Between 1965 and 1975 Munk turned to investigations of

text: ocean tides

text: , being partially motivated by their effects on the Earth's rotation.  Modern methods of time-series and spectral analysis were brought to bear on

text: tidal analysis

text: , leading to the development of the "response method" of tidal analysis.  With

text: Frank Snodgrass

text: , Munk developed deep-ocean pressure sensors that could be used to provide tidal data far from any land.  One highlight of this work was the discovery of the semidiurnal

text: amphidrome

text: midway between California and Hawaii.

text: The mouth of the Klamath and nearby sections of the river are susceptible to oceanic tsunami surges, and fatalities have occurred there during the 1964 and 2011 Pacific tsunamis.

text: The mouth of the Klamath and nearby sections of the river are susceptible to oceanic

text: tsunami

text: surges, and fatalities have occurred there during the

text: and

text: 2011 Pacific tsunamis

text: If the Earth were a non-rotating planet, solar heating would cause winds across the mid-latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge.  However, the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of Earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the Northern Hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the Southern Hemisphere.  This is why winds across the Northern Hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry

text: If the Earth were a non-rotating

text: planet

text: , solar heating would cause winds across the mid-latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge.  However, the

text: Coriolis effect

text: caused by the rotation of Earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the Northern Hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the Southern Hemisphere.  This is why winds across the Northern Hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry

text: Other kinds of apparatus use interferential currents with four surface electrodes to replace the internal electrodes.

text: Other kinds of apparatus use

text: interferential currents

text: with four surface electrodes to replace the internal electrodes.

text: The lack of surface runoff and terrestrial nutrients results in the relatively shallow waters of the Great Australian Bight being generally low in nutrients, and therefore oligotrophic, compared with many other continental shelves which support major fisheries. Seasonal upwelling of deep ocean water along the coast of the Eyre Peninsula in the eastern part of the Bight brings nutrients to the surface waters, with the resulting fertility creating an important marine hotspot.

text: The lack of surface runoff and terrestrial nutrients results in the relatively shallow waters of the Great Australian Bight being generally low in nutrients, and therefore

text: oligotroph

text: ic, compared with many other

text: continental shelves

text: which support major

text: fisheries

text: . Seasonal upwelling of deep ocean water along the coast of the

text: Eyre Peninsula

text: in the eastern part of the Bight brings nutrients to the surface waters, with the resulting fertility creating an important marine hotspot.

text: On 26 May, Italian and French companies capable of executing deep-sea searches, including ALSEAMAR and the Mauritius-based Deep Ocean Search, were asked by Egypt to help locate the flight recorders.

text: On 26 May, Italian and French companies capable of executing deep-sea searches, including ALSEAMAR and the

text: Mauritius

text: -based Deep Ocean Search, were asked by Egypt to help locate the flight recorders.

text: Changes in bathymetry can affect the strength of an upwelling.  For example, a submarine ridge that extends out from the coast will produce more favorable upwelling conditions than neighboring regions.  Upwelling typically begins at such ridges and remains strongest at the ridge even after developing in other locations.

text: Changes in bathymetry can affect the strength of an upwelling.  For example, a submarine

text: ridge

text: that extends out from the coast will produce more favorable upwelling conditions than neighboring regions.  Upwelling typically begins at such ridges and remains strongest at the ridge even after developing in other locations.

text: The River Avon was navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century, until the construction of mills on the river forced its closure.The modern Avon is navigable from its mouth at Avonmouth, through the Floating Harbour in Bristol, as far as Pulteney Weir in the centre of Bath and just beyond the start of the canal. Beyond Pultney Weir the Avon is still navigable as far as the weir and site of the old "flash lock" at Bathampton but the lock at Pultney has been replaced only with a small boat slide for dinghies and canoes. The stretch from Bristol to Bath is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs at Hanham, Keynsham, Swineford, Saltford, Kelston and Weston, which together overcome a rise of  within .Lock number one on the Kennet and Avon Canal is Hanham Lock, first opened  as part of the Avon Navigation in 1727.  It is the first lock east of Netham, the upstream limit of the Floating Harbour, beyond the suburbs of the city of Bristol. A colliery wharf was sited just west of the lock, but the nearby coal mines closed in the 19th century. The river below Hanham Lock is considered to be tidal, as high tides often pass over the weir at Netham. Some spring tides pass over the weir at Hanham, making the river tidal up to Keynsham Lock. Heading east, the river passes the Somerdale Factory, on its southern bank, which was a chocolate production factory for Cadbury plc – originally built by the Fry family in the 1920s and '30s. On the northern bank is Cleeve Wood, the primary scientific importance of which lies in its particularly large population of Bath Asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).A public house has been built on the island between Keynsham Lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew.

text: The

text: River Avon

text: was navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century, until the construction of mills on the river forced its closure.The modern Avon is navigable from its mouth at

text: Avonmouth

text: , through the

text: Floating Harbour

text: in Bristol, as far as

text: Pulteney Weir

text: in the centre of Bath and just beyond the start of the canal. Beyond Pultney Weir the Avon is still navigable as far as the weir and site of the old "flash lock" at Bathampton but the lock at Pultney has been replaced only with a small boat slide for dinghies and canoes. The stretch from Bristol to Bath is made navigable by the use of locks and

text: weir

text: s at

text: Hanham

text: Keynsham

text: Swineford

text: Saltford

text: Kelston

text: and

text: Weston

text: , which together overcome a rise of  within .Lock number one on the Kennet and Avon Canal is

text: Hanham Lock

text: , first opened  as part of the Avon Navigation in 1727.  It is the first lock east of

text: Netham

text: , the upstream limit of the Floating Harbour, beyond the suburbs of the city of Bristol. A colliery

text: wharf

text: was sited just west of the lock, but the nearby

text: coal mines

text: closed in the 19th century. The river below Hanham Lock is considered to be

text: tidal

text: , as high tides often pass over the weir at Netham. Some

text: spring tide

text: s pass over the weir at Hanham, making the river tidal up to

text: Keynsham Lock

text: . Heading east, the river passes the

text: Somerdale Factory

text: , on its southern bank, which was a chocolate production factory for

text: Cadbury plc

text: – originally built by the

text: Fry family

text: in the 1920s and '30s. On the northern bank is

text: Cleeve Wood

text: , the primary scientific importance of which lies in its particularly large population of Bath Asparagus (

text: Ornithogalum pyrenaicum

text: ).A public house has been built on the island between Keynsham Lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the

text: River Chew

text: Tide is marketed under various sub-brands, such as 2x Ultra Tide. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was branded as Tide XK (the XK standing for Xtra Kleaning), but it was rebranded simply as Tide later.

text: In October 2011, Former Tides CEO Melissa L. Bradley stated in a blog post that Tides supports the Occupy Wall Street movement. She wrote that the movement "represents the best of American ideals and ingenuity."

text: In October 2011, Former Tides CEO Melissa L. Bradley stated in a blog post that Tides supports the

text: Occupy Wall Street

text: movement. She wrote that the movement "represents the best of American ideals and ingenuity."

text: Smith Dharmasaroja, a meteorologist who predicted the tsunami before it hit, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 immediately after the tragedy of 26 December 2004 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.

text: Smith Dharmasaroja

text: , a meteorologist who predicted the tsunami before it hit, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 immediately after the tragedy of 26 December 2004 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.

text: In June 2012 TEPCO revealed, that in 2006 and 2008 TEPCO-employees made two studies in which the effect of tsunami-waves higher than the "official" expected height of 5.7 meters was studied on the performance of the reactors. This was done after the large Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. The conclusion from the simulation in 2006 was, that a 13.5 meter wave would cause a complete loss of all power and would make it impossible to inject water into reactor No.5. The costs to protect the plant for such an event was estimated to be about 25 million dollars. In 2008 the effect of a 10 meter high tsunami was calculated. TEPCO failed in both cases to take advantage of this knowledge, and nothing was done to prevent such an event to happen, because the study sessions were conducted only as a training for junior employees, and the company did not really expect such large tsunamis.

text: In 1995, development of the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) system began, with deployment beginning in 2000. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its subsequent tsunamis, additional dart buoys were deployed.

text: In 1995, development of the

text: (DART) system began, with deployment beginning in 2000. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its subsequent tsunamis, additional dart buoys were deployed.

text: Weather satellites take advantage of this instability to measure wind speeds over large bodies of water. Waves are generated by the wind, which shears the water at the interface between it and the surrounding air. The computers on board the satellites determine the roughness of the ocean by measuring the wave height. This is done by using radar, where a radio signal is transmitted to the surface and the delay from the reflected signal is recorded, known as the "time of flight". From this meteorologists are able to understand the movement of clouds and the expected air turbulence near them.

text: Weather satellites take advantage of this instability to measure wind speeds over large bodies of water. Waves are generated by the wind, which shears the water at the interface between it and the surrounding air. The computers on board the satellites determine the roughness of the ocean by measuring the wave height. This is done by using

text: radar

text: , where a radio signal is transmitted to the surface and the delay from the reflected signal is recorded, known as the "time of flight". From this meteorologists are able to understand the movement of clouds and the expected air turbulence near them.

text: The origins of Tropical Storm Norman were from the same tropical wave that spawned Atlantic Hurricane Gordon, which emerged off the coast of Africa on September 4. The wave moved westward, with the southern portion of the wave crossing Central America while Gordon formed in the northwest Caribbean Sea. When the wave reached the eastern Pacific Ocean on September 16, it interacted with a pre-existing low-level circulation, which produced a large area of disturbed weather. On September 18, the convection began contracting and organizing, gradually developing a circular area of thunderstorms with well-defined outflow. It is estimated that at 0000 UTC on September 20, the system developed into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, about 205 miles (335 km) south-southeast of Manzanillo, Colima.

text: The origins of Tropical Storm Norman were from the same

text: tropical wave

text: that spawned Atlantic

text: Hurricane Gordon

text: , which emerged off the coast of Africa on September 4. The wave moved westward, with the southern portion of the wave crossing Central America while Gordon formed in the northwest Caribbean Sea. When the wave reached the eastern Pacific Ocean on September 16, it interacted with a pre-existing low-level circulation, which produced a large area of disturbed weather. On September 18, the convection began contracting and organizing, gradually developing a circular area of thunderstorms with well-defined

text: outflow

text: . It is estimated that at 0000

text: UTC

text: on September 20, the system developed into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, about 205 miles (335 km) south-southeast of

text: Manzanillo

text: Colima

text: The northern and southern hemispheres have atmospheric circulation systems that are sufficiently independent of each other that there is a noticeable time lag in mixing between the two. The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere, with an apparent additional age of 30 years for radiocarbon results from the south as compared to the north. This is probably because the greater surface area of ocean in the southern hemisphere means that there is more carbon exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere than in the north. Since the surface ocean is depleted in  because of the marine effect,  is removed from the southern atmosphere more quickly than in the north.

text: The northern and southern hemispheres have

text: atmospheric circulation

text: systems that are sufficiently independent of each other that there is a noticeable time lag in mixing between the two. The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere, with an apparent additional age of 30 years for radiocarbon results from the south as compared to the north. This is probably because the greater surface area of ocean in the southern hemisphere means that there is more carbon exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere than in the north. Since the surface ocean is depleted in  because of the marine effect,  is removed from the southern atmosphere more quickly than in the north.

text: Rivers and submarine hydrothermal emanations supply 6.1 × 10 g SiO yr to the marine environment. Approximately two-thirds of this silica input is stored in continental margin and deep-sea deposits. Siliceous deep-sea sediments located beneath the Antarctic Convergence (convergence zone) host some 25% of the silica supplied to the oceans (i.e. 1.6 × 10 g SiO yr) and consequently form one of Earth’s major silica sinks. The highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in this area are observed in the South Atlantic, with values as large as 53 cm.kyr during the last 18,000 yr. Further, extensive biogenic silica accumulation has been recorded in the deep-sea sediments of the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Subarctic North Pacific. Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0.6 × 10 g SiO yr, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans. Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the Gulf of California, the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the world. For example, biogenic silica accumulation rates of 69 g SiO/cm/kyr have been reported for the Gulf of California. Due to the laterally confined character of these rapid biogenic silica accumulation zones, upwelling areas solely account for approximately 5% of the dissolved silica supplied to the oceans. At last, extremely low biogenic silica accumulation rates have been observed in the extensive deep-sea deposits of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, rendering these oceans insignificant for the global marine silica budget.

text: Rivers and submarine

text: hydrothermal

text: emanations supply 6.1 × 10 g SiO yr to the marine environment. Approximately two-thirds of this silica input is stored in

text: continental margin

text: and

text: deep-sea

text: deposits. Siliceous deep-sea sediments located beneath the

text: Antarctic Convergence

text: convergence zone

text: ) host some 25% of the silica supplied to the oceans (i.e. 1.6 × 10 g SiO yr) and consequently form one of Earth’s major silica sinks. The highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in this area are observed in the South Atlantic, with values as large as 53 cm.kyr during the last 18,000 yr. Further, extensive biogenic silica accumulation has been recorded in the deep-sea sediments of the

text: Bering Sea

text: Sea of Okhotsk

text: , and

text: Subarctic

text: North Pacific

text: . Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0.6 × 10 g SiO yr, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans. Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the

text: Gulf of California

text: , the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the world. For example, biogenic silica accumulation rates of 69 g SiO/cm/kyr have been reported for the Gulf of California. Due to the laterally confined character of these rapid biogenic silica accumulation zones, upwelling areas solely account for approximately 5% of the dissolved silica supplied to the oceans. At last, extremely low biogenic silica accumulation rates have been observed in the extensive deep-sea deposits of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, rendering these oceans insignificant for the global marine silica budget.

text: A major threat to both this crucial intermediate trophic level and the entire upwelling trophic ecosystem is the problem of commercial fishing.  Since upwelling regions are the most productive and species rich areas in the world, they attract a high number of commercial fishers and fisheries.  On one hand, this is another benefit of the upwelling process as it serves as a viable source of food and income for so many people and nations besides marine animals.  However, just as in any ecosystem, the consequences of over-fishing from a population could be detrimental to that population and the ecosystem as a whole.  In upwelling ecosystems, every species present plays a vital role in the functioning of that ecosystem.  If one species is significantly depleted, that will have an effect throughout the rest of the trophic levels.  For example, if a popular prey species is targeted by fisheries, fishermen may collect hundreds of thousands of individuals of this species just by casting their nets into the upwelling waters.  As these fish are depleted, the food source for those who preyed on these fish is depleted.  Therefore, the predators of the targeted fish will begin to die off, and there will not be as many of them to feed the predators above them.  This system continues throughout the entire food chain, resulting in a possible collapse of the ecosystem.  It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time, but not all species can recover from events such as these.  Even if the species can adapt, there may be a delay in the reconstruction of this upwelling community.

text: A major threat to both this crucial intermediate

text: trophic level

text: and the entire upwelling trophic

text: ecosystem

text: is the problem of

text: commercial fishing

text: .  Since upwelling regions are the most productive and species rich areas in the world, they attract a high number of commercial fishers and fisheries.  On one hand, this is another benefit of the upwelling process as it serves as a viable source of food and income for so many people and nations besides marine animals.  However, just as in any ecosystem, the consequences of over-fishing from a population could be detrimental to that population and the ecosystem as a whole.  In upwelling ecosystems, every species present plays a vital role in the functioning of that ecosystem.  If one species is significantly depleted, that will have an effect throughout the rest of the trophic levels.  For example, if a popular prey species is targeted by fisheries, fishermen may collect hundreds of thousands of individuals of this species just by casting their nets into the upwelling waters.  As these fish are depleted, the food source for those who preyed on these fish is depleted.  Therefore, the predators of the targeted fish will begin to die off, and there will not be as many of them to feed the predators above them.  This system continues throughout the entire

text: food chain

text: , resulting in a possible collapse of the ecosystem.  It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time, but not all species can recover from events such as these.  Even if the species can adapt, there may be a delay in the reconstruction of this upwelling community.

text: Tidal effects become particularly pronounced near small bodies of high mass, such as neutron stars or black holes, where they are responsible for the "spaghettification" of infalling matter. Tidal forces create the oceanic tide of Earth's oceans, where the attracting bodies are the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun. Tidal forces are also responsible for tidal locking, tidal acceleration, and tidal heating. Tides may also induce seismicity.

text: Tidal effects become particularly pronounced near small bodies of high mass, such as

text: neutron star

text: s or

text: black hole

text: s, where they are responsible for the "

text: spaghettification

text: " of infalling matter. Tidal forces create the oceanic

text: tide

text: of

text: Earth

text: 's oceans, where the attracting bodies are the

text: Moon

text: and, to a lesser extent, the

text: Sun

text: . Tidal forces are also responsible for

text: tidal locking

text: tidal acceleration

text: , and tidal heating.

text: Tides may also induce seismicity

text: Water Music  (Wassermusik), TWV 55:C3, is the common name of an orchestral suite by the German Baroque composer Georg Philipp Telemann,  with the full title Hamburger Ebb' und Fluth (Hamburg ebb and flood). Telemann composed the piece in ten movements to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the  in a performance on 6 April 1723. The suite draws upon Hamburg's geographical location as an important and successful port on the river Elbe while Telemann illustrates the piece with mythological water deities and tone painting giving the nautical theme added depth. The overture begins by representing the physical movement of the ocean, followed by several dance movements: first, the sleeping sea goddess Thetis, the mother of Achilles, who then awakes; the sea god Neptune in love; playful water nymphs known as Naiads; Neptune's son and sea messenger Triton joking; Aeolus, ruler of the winds; and Zephir, god of the west wind.  Two final pieces follow, one depicting the tides of Hamburg and finally, its happy sailors.

text: Water Music  (Wassermusik),

text: TWV

text: 55:C3, is the common name of an orchestral

text: suite

text: by the German Baroque composer

text: Georg Philipp Telemann

text: ,  with the full title Hamburger Ebb' und Fluth (Hamburg ebb and flood). Telemann composed the piece in ten movements to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the  in a performance on 6 April 1723. The suite draws upon

text: Hamburg

text: 's geographical location as an important and successful port on the river

text: Elbe

text: while Telemann illustrates the piece with mythological

text: water deities

text: and

text: tone painting

text: giving the nautical theme added depth. The overture begins by representing the physical movement of the ocean, followed by several dance movements: first, the sleeping sea goddess

text: Thetis

text: , the mother of Achilles, who then awakes; the sea god

text: Neptune

text: in love; playful water nymphs known as

text: Naiads

text: ; Neptune's son and sea messenger

text: Triton

text: joking;

text: Aeolus

text: , ruler of the winds; and Zephir, god of the west wind.  Two final pieces follow, one depicting the tides of Hamburg and finally, its happy sailors.

text: Hundreds of factors are involved in the lunitidal interval, especially near shorelines. However, if you are far enough away from the coast, the dominating consideration is the speed of gravity waves, which increases with the depth of the ocean. (It is proportional to the square root of the depth, for the extremely long gravity waves that transport the water that is following the moon around the earth. The oceans are about 4 km deep and would have to be at least 22 km deep for these waves to keep up with the moon. As mentioned above, a similar time lag accompanies the solar tides, a complicating factor that varies with the phases of the moon.) By observing the age of leap tides, it becomes clear that the delay can actually exceed 24 hours in some locations.

text: Hundreds of factors are involved in the lunitidal interval, especially near shorelines. However, if you are far enough away from the coast, the dominating consideration is the speed of

text: gravity waves

text: , which increases with the depth of the ocean. (It is proportional to the square root of the depth, for the extremely long gravity waves that transport the water that is following the moon around the earth. The oceans are about 4 km deep and would have to be at least 22 km deep for these waves to keep up with the moon. As mentioned above, a similar time lag accompanies the solar tides, a complicating factor that varies with the phases of the moon.) By observing the age of leap tides, it becomes clear that the delay can actually exceed 24 hours in some locations.

text: Surface currents make up only 8% of all water in the ocean, are generally restricted to the upper  of ocean water, and are separated from lower regions by varying temperatures and salinity which affect the density of the water, which in turn, defines each oceanic region. Because the movement of deep water in ocean basins is caused by density driven forces and gravity, deep waters sink into deep ocean basins at high latitudes where the temperatures are cold enough to cause the density to increase.

text: On November 27, 1901, a cylinder head blew out on Ocean Wave while the ferry was on the 8:00 a.m. run, causing a deckhand to be slightly scalded by escaping steam.  The engines became useless as a result, but the tug Reliance towed Ocean Wave to and from Point Richmond on the day of the incident, so there as no delay or inconvenience in the ferry service.  The ferry Amador was to take the place of Ocean Wave until repairs could be effected.

text: On November 27, 1901, a

text: cylinder head

text: blew out on Ocean Wave while the ferry was on the 8:00 a.m. run, causing a deckhand to be slightly scalded by escaping steam.  The engines became useless as a result, but the tug Reliance towed Ocean Wave to and from Point Richmond on the day of the incident, so there as no delay or inconvenience in the ferry service.  The ferry Amador was to take the place of Ocean Wave until repairs could be effected.

text: Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling, and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Wind-driven currents are diverted to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect.  The result is a net movement of surface water at right angles to the direction of the wind, known as the Ekman transport (See also Ekman Spiral).   When Ekman transport is occurring away from the coast, surface waters moving away are replaced by deeper, colder, and denser water.  Normally, this upwelling process occurs at a rate of about 5–10 meters per day, but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind.

text: Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling, and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive

text: fisheries

text: in the world. Wind-driven currents are diverted to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the

text: Coriolis effect

text: .  The result is a net movement of surface water at right angles to the direction of the wind, known as the

text: Ekman transport

text: (See also

text: Ekman Spiral

text: ).   When Ekman transport is occurring away from the coast, surface waters moving away are replaced by deeper, colder, and denser water.  Normally, this upwelling process occurs at a rate of about 5–10 meters per day, but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind.

text: Visitors to the island are restricted to ocean access at Cuyler Harbor. This landing is well protected from the strong ocean swell that is driven from the northwest. Cuyler has a sandy beach and visitors will often find themselves sharing the beach with elephant seals. The water is generally below 60 °F (16 °C), making it cold without a wetsuit. During low tides the harbor offers a tide pool area at the east end of the beach. Sea kayaking is not recommended for the novice as high winds can develop without notice. Bathers, divers and kayakers should be aware and alert to the occurrence of great white sharks in these waters. It is unwise to enter the water in early morning or late afternoon to early evening hours when sharks are feeding close to shore. An urchin diver was killed by a great white shark in 1994 off San Miguel Island.

text: Visitors to the island are restricted to ocean access at Cuyler Harbor. This landing is well protected from the strong ocean swell that is driven from the northwest. Cuyler has a sandy beach and visitors will often find themselves sharing the beach with elephant seals. The water is generally below 60 °F (16 °C), making it cold without a

text: wetsuit

text: . During

text: low tide

text: s the harbor offers a

text: tide pool

text: area at the east end of the beach.

text: Sea kayak

text: ing is not recommended for the novice as high winds can develop without notice. Bathers, divers and kayakers should be aware and alert to the occurrence of great white sharks in these waters. It is unwise to enter the water in early morning or late afternoon to early evening hours when sharks are feeding close to shore. An urchin diver was killed by a great white shark in 1994 off San Miguel Island.

text: Particle displacement or displacement amplitude is a measurement of distance of the movement of a particle from its equilibrium position in a medium as it transmits a second wave.  The SI unit of particle displacement is the metre (m). In most cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure (such as sound), but it can also be a transverse wave, such as the vibration of a taut string.  In the case of a sound wave travelling through air, the particle displacement is evident in the oscillations of air molecules with, and against, the direction in which the sound wave is travelling.

text: Particle displacement or displacement amplitude is a

text: measurement

text: of

text: distance

text: of the movement of a particle from its equilibrium position in a medium as it transmits a

text: second wave

text: .  The

text: SI unit

text: of particle displacement is the metre (m). In most cases this is a

text: longitudinal wave

text: of pressure (such as

text: sound

text: ), but it can also be a

text: transverse wave

text: , such as the

text: vibration

text: of a taut string.  In the case of a

text: sound wave

text: travelling through

text: air

text: , the particle displacement is evident in the

text: oscillation

text: s of air

text: molecule

text: s with, and against, the direction in which the sound wave is travelling.

text: Pluto's density is . Because the decay of radioactive elements would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists expect that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense core surrounded by a mantle of water ice. The diameter of the core is hypothesized to be approximately , 70% of Pluto's diameter. It is possible that such heating continues today, creating a subsurface ocean of liquid water some  thick at the core–mantle boundary. In September 2016, scientists at Brown University simulated the impact believed to have formed Sputnik Planitia, and showed that it may have been the result of liquid water upwelling from below after the collision, implying the existence of a subsurface ocean at least 100 km deep.

text: Pluto's density is . Because the decay of radioactive elements would eventually heat the ices enough for the rock to separate from them, scientists expect that Pluto's internal structure is differentiated, with the rocky material having settled into a dense

text: core

text: surrounded by a

text: mantle

text: of water ice. The diameter of the core is hypothesized to be approximately , 70% of Pluto's diameter. It is possible that such heating continues today, creating a

text: subsurface ocean

text: of liquid water some  thick at the core–mantle boundary. In September 2016, scientists at

text: Brown University

text: simulated the impact believed to have formed

text: Sputnik Planitia

text: , and showed that it may have been the result of liquid water upwelling from below after the collision, implying the existence of a subsurface ocean at least 100 km deep.

text: A report from NOAA scientists published in the journal Science in May 2008 found that large amounts of relatively acidified water are upwelling to within four miles of the Pacific continental shelf area of North America. This area is a critical zone where most local marine life lives or is born. While the paper dealt only with areas from Vancouver to northern California, other continental shelf areas may be experiencing similar effects.

text: A report from

text: NOAA

text: scientists published in the journal Science in May 2008 found that large amounts of relatively acidified water are upwelling to within four miles of the Pacific

text: continental shelf

text: area of North America. This area is a critical zone where most local marine life lives or is born. While the paper dealt only with areas from

text: Vancouver

text: to northern California, other continental shelf areas may be experiencing similar effects.

text: A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This, the study concluded, contributed to the hiatus because such winds trap heat in the deep ocean. Another study published later that month found evidence that a cycle of ocean currents in the Atlantic influences global temperatures by sinking large amounts of heat beneath the oceans, and suggested the hiatus might continue for ten more years because each phase of this cycle lasts for thirty years. The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus. A new "delayed oscillator theory" of the North Atlantic decadal-scale air-sea coupling was further proposed in 2015 to understand the underlying physical mechanisms of the 60-80-year-quasi-periodic natural climate multidecadal variability.

text: Currents are a source of horizontal loading for offshore structures. Because of the Bernoulli effect, they may also exert upward or downward forces on structural surfaces and can induce the vibration of wire lines and pipelines. Currents are responsible for eddies around a structure, which cause scouring and erosion of the soil. There are various types of currents: oceanic circulation, geostrophic, tidal, wind-driven, and density currents.

text: Currents

text: are a source of horizontal loading for offshore structures. Because of the

text: Bernoulli effect

text: , they may also exert upward or downward forces on structural surfaces and can induce the vibration of wire lines and pipelines. Currents are responsible for eddies around a structure, which cause

text: scouring

text: and erosion of the soil. There are various types of currents:

text: oceanic circulation

text: geostrophic

text: tidal

text: , wind-driven, and

text: density currents

text: The ocean can be divided into three density zones: the surface zone, the pycnocline, and the deep zone. The surface zone, also called the mixed layer, refers to the uppermost density zone of the ocean. Temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth in this zone due to currents and wave action. The surface zone contains ocean water that is in contact with the atmosphere and within the photic zone. The surface zone has the ocean's least dense water and represents approximately 2% of the total volume of ocean water. The surface zone usually ranges between depths of 500 feet to 3,300 feet below ocean surface, but this can vary a great deal. In some cases, the surface zone can be entirely non-existent. The surface zone is typically thicker in the tropics than in regions of higher latitude. The transition to colder, denser water is more abrupt in the tropics than in regions of higher latitudes. The pycnocline refers to a zone wherein density substantially increases with depth due primarily to decreases in temperature. The pycnocline effectively separates the lower-density surface zone above from the higher-density deep zone below. The pycnocline represents approximately 18% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone refers to the lowermost density zone of the ocean. The deep zone usually begins at depths below 3,300 feet in mid-latitudes. The deep zone undergoes negligible changes in water density with depth. The deep zone represents approximately 80% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone contains relatively colder and stable water.

text: The ocean can be divided into three density zones: the surface zone, the

text: pycnocline

text: , and the

text: deep zone

text: The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme currently encompasses only coastal and continental shelf areas; ecoregions of the deep oceans have not yet been delineated.

text: The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme currently encompasses only coastal and

text: continental shelf

text: areas; ecoregions of the deep oceans have not yet been delineated.

text: The length of a lunation is about 29.53 days. Its precise duration is linked to many phenomena in nature, such as the variation between spring and neap tides (the extreme highest and lowest tides, respectively).An approximate formula to compute the mean moments of new moon (conjunction between Sun and Moon) for successive months is:

text: The length of a lunation is about 29.53 days. Its precise duration is linked to many phenomena in nature, such as the variation between

text: spring and neap tides

text: (the extreme highest and lowest tides, respectively).An approximate formula to compute the mean moments of new moon (

text: conjunction

text: between Sun and Moon) for successive months is:

text: Polynesian navigators employed a whole range of techniques including use of the stars, the movement of ocean currents and wave patterns, the air and sea interference patterns caused by islands and atolls, the flight of birds, the winds and the weather.

text: Polynesian navigators employed a whole range of techniques including use of the stars, the movement of ocean currents and wave patterns, the air and sea interference patterns caused by islands and

text: atoll

text: s, the flight of birds, the winds and the weather.

text: While upwelling promotes abundant primary and secondary production in the upper parts of the water column and near the coast, deeper waters with limited oxygen exchange create hypoxic areas called oxygen minimum zones at the coastal shelf and upper coastal slope. The Benguela oxygen minimum zone starts around a depth of 100 m and is a few hundred meters thick. Bacteria that use sulpher rather than oxygen reside in the oxygen minimum zone.

text: While upwelling promotes abundant primary and secondary production in the upper parts of the water column and near the coast, deeper waters with limited oxygen exchange create hypoxic areas called

text: oxygen minimum zone

text: s at the coastal shelf and upper coastal slope. The Benguela oxygen minimum zone starts around a depth of 100 m and is a few hundred meters thick. Bacteria that use sulpher rather than oxygen reside in the oxygen minimum zone.

text: Day et al; (1999), Ward and Day (2001); and Ward and Day (2005) hypothesize that during an eruption at some unascertained future date, the western half of the Cumbre Vieja—approximately 500 km (5 x 10 m) with an estimated mass of 1.5 x 10 kg—will catastrophically fail in a massive gravitational landslide and enter the Atlantic Ocean, generating a so-called 'mega-tsunami'. The debris will continue to travel along the ocean floor as a debris flow. Computer modelling indicates that the resulting initial wave may attain a local amplitude (height) in excess of  and an initial peak to peak height that approximates to , and travel at about  (approximately the speed of a jet aircraft), inundating the African coast in about 1 hour, the southern coastlines of the British Isles in about 3.5 hours, and the eastern seaboard of North America in about 6 hours, by which time the initial wave will have subsided into a succession of smaller ones each about  to  high. These may surge to several hundred metres in height and be several kilometres apart while retaining their original speed. The models of Day et al; (1999), Ward and Day (2001), suggest that the event could inundate up to  inland. If the model is correct, then this scale of inundation would greatly damage or destroy cities along the entire North American eastern seaboard, including e.g. Boston, New York City, Miami, etc., and many other cities located near the Atlantic coast.

text: Day et al; (1999), Ward and Day (2001); and Ward and Day (2005) hypothesize that during an eruption at some unascertained future date, the western half of the Cumbre Vieja—approximately 500 km (5 x 10 m) with an estimated mass of 1.5 x 10 kg—will

text: catastrophically fail

text: in a massive gravitational landslide and enter the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , generating a so-called 'mega-tsunami'. The debris will continue to travel along the ocean floor as a

text: debris flow

text: . Computer modelling indicates that the resulting initial wave may attain a local amplitude (height) in excess of  and an initial peak to peak height that approximates to , and travel at about  (approximately the speed of a

text: jet aircraft

text: ), inundating the

text: Africa

text: n coast in about 1 hour, the southern coastlines of the

text: British Isles

text: in about 3.5 hours, and the

text: eastern seaboard

text: of

text: North America

text: in about 6 hours, by which time the initial wave will have subsided into a succession of smaller ones each about  to  high. These may surge to several hundred metres in height and be several kilometres apart while retaining their original speed. The models of Day et al; (1999), Ward and Day (2001), suggest that the event could inundate up to  inland. If the model is correct, then this scale of inundation would greatly damage or destroy cities along the entire North American eastern seaboard, including e.g.

text: Boston

text: New York City

text: Miami

text: , etc., and many other cities located near the Atlantic coast.

text: On September 1 a tropical wave exited the African coast, and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean. A trough of low pressure moved southeastward through the tropics, and brought the wave more towards the north. Generally favorable conditions for development allowed the wave to organize into a tropical depression on September 5, and two days later it attained tropical storm status. Cindy continued northward, and peaked at  winds on September 8 before turning to the northeast. Strong upper-level shear weakened the storm, and after two days of struggling as a tropical storm, Cindy became extratropical on September 10 to the northwest of the Azores. Cindy did not affect any landmasses.

text: On September 1 a

text: tropical wave

text: exited the African coast, and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean. A trough of low pressure moved southeastward through the tropics, and brought the wave more towards the north. Generally favorable conditions for development allowed the wave to organize into a tropical depression on September 5, and two days later it attained tropical storm status. Cindy continued northward, and peaked at  winds on September 8 before turning to the northeast. Strong upper-level shear weakened the storm, and after two days of struggling as a tropical storm, Cindy became

text: extratropical

text: on September 10 to the northwest of the

text: Azores

text: . Cindy did not affect any landmasses.

text: Surface winds tend to be of order meters per second; ocean currents of order centimeters per second. Hence from the point of view of the atmosphere, the ocean can be considered effectively stationary; from the point of view of the ocean, the atmosphere imposes a significant wind stress on its surface, and this forces large-scale currents in the ocean.

text: Surface winds tend to be of order meters per second; ocean currents of order centimeters per second. Hence from the point of view of the atmosphere, the ocean can be considered effectively stationary; from the point of view of the ocean, the atmosphere imposes a significant wind

text: stress

text: on its surface, and this forces large-scale currents in the ocean.

text: Tsunami is an album released in 1999. It contains ten tracks picked by Tsunami Tranceport, and was released under the Kinetic Label.

text: Tsunami is an album released in 1999. It contains ten tracks picked by

text: Tsunami Tranceport

text: , and was released under the

text: Kinetic

text: Label.

text: Little is known of the fringefin trevally, with only a handful of studies in northern Australia recording aspects of its ecology. These focused predominantly on abundance, movements, and habitats of a variety of species. The species was found to be more abundant in trawl catches during the night and on neap tides. On a longer-term scale, the fringefin trevally was present in the Gulf of Carpentaria study area from January to August before moving out of the catch area. The species does not appear to change habitat with age, with individuals of various stages of their lives found in estuarine, inshore, and shelf environments. The fringefin trevally is a predator, feeding on epibenthic crustaceans.

text: Little is known of the fringefin trevally, with only a handful of studies in northern Australia recording aspects of its

text: ecology

text: . These focused predominantly on abundance, movements, and

text: habitat

text: s of a variety of species. The species was found to be more abundant in

text: trawl

text: catches during the night and on

text: neap tide

text: s. On a longer-term scale, the fringefin trevally was present in the

text: Gulf of Carpentaria

text: study area from January to August before moving out of the catch area. The species does not appear to change habitat with age, with individuals of various stages of their lives found in estuarine, inshore, and

text: shelf

text: environments. The fringefin trevally is a

text: predator

text: , feeding on

text: epibenthic

text: crustacean

text: s.

text: Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role in the 2004 Super Bowl incident, when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site. Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not.

text: Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from

text: Janet Jackson

text: 's role in the 2004

entity_name: Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime-show controversy

text: Super Bowl incident

text: , when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: . Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site. Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an

text: online dating service

text: , and had been influenced by the website

text: Hot or Not

text: One additional tidal constituent results from the gravitational torque acting on the Earth by the Sun and Moon due to the fact that the Earth has a nonspherical shape.  The presence of this torque causes the Earth to develop a free nutation known as the Chandler Wobble with a period of about 433 days, which can be excited by a variety of geophysical processes.  Incidentally this free nutation is analogous to the behavior of a spinning top under the influence of gravity. One effect of the Chandler Wobble is to cause the North and South poles of the Earth to undergo periodic excursions with the same period as the Chandler Wobble.   The periodic motion of the ocean basins excites ocean currents as the oceans adjust to the changing position of the Earth. The resulting periodic behavior of the ocean is known as the pole tide.  Like the long period tides the pole tide has been assumed to be in equilibrium and an examination of the pole tide at basin scales seems to be consistent with that assumption.  At shorter wavelengths, though, the observational record is less clear.  In fact, tide gauge time series in the North Sea show a distinctly nonequilbrium spectral peak at the pole tide frequency which Wunsch has suggested is due to a resonance connected with the excitation of barotropic Rossby waves but O'Connor and colleagues suggest is wind-forced and not actually the pole tide.

text: One additional tidal constituent results from the gravitational torque acting on the Earth by the Sun and Moon due to the fact that the Earth has a nonspherical shape.  The presence of this torque causes the Earth to develop a free nutation known as the

text: Chandler Wobble

text: with a period of about 433 days, which can be excited by a variety of geophysical processes.  Incidentally this free nutation is analogous to the behavior of a spinning top under the influence of gravity. One effect of the Chandler Wobble is to cause the North and South poles of the Earth to undergo periodic excursions with the same period as the Chandler Wobble.   The periodic motion of the ocean basins excites ocean currents as the oceans adjust to the changing position of the Earth. The resulting periodic behavior of the ocean is known as the pole tide.  Like the long period tides the pole tide has been assumed to be in equilibrium and an examination of the pole tide at basin scales seems to be consistent with that assumption.  At shorter wavelengths, though, the observational record is less clear.  In fact, tide gauge time series in the North Sea show a distinctly nonequilbrium spectral peak at the pole tide frequency which Wunsch has suggested is due to a resonance connected with the excitation of barotropic Rossby waves but O'Connor and colleagues suggest is wind-forced and not actually the pole tide.

text: The town sustained heavy damage from the tsunami that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

text: The town sustained heavy damage from the

text: tsunami

text: that followed the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: Current rates of ocean acidification have been compared with the greenhouse event at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary (about 55 million years ago) when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 degrees Celsius. No catastrophe was seen in surface ecosystems, yet bottom-dwelling organisms in the deep ocean experienced a major extinction. The current acidification is on a path to reach levels higher than any seen in the last 65 million years, and the rate of increase is about ten times the rate that preceded the Paleocene–Eocene mass extinction. The current and projected acidification has been described as an almost unprecedented geological event. A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that "the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate." A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future. The researchers determined that the current rate of ocean acidification is faster than at any time in the past 300 million years.

text: Current rates of ocean acidification have been compared with the greenhouse event at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary (about 55 million years ago) when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 degrees

text: Celsius

text: . No catastrophe was seen in surface ecosystems, yet bottom-dwelling organisms in the deep ocean experienced a major extinction. The current acidification is on a path to reach levels higher than any seen in the last 65 million years, and the rate of increase is about ten times the rate that preceded the Paleocene–Eocene mass extinction. The current and projected acidification has been described as an almost unprecedented geological event. A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that "the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate." A 2012 paper in the journal

text: Science

text: examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future. The researchers determined that the current rate of ocean acidification is faster than at any time in the past 300 million years.

text: In addition, ICESat-2 will take measurements of the height of oceans, inland water bodies like reservoirs and lakes, cities, and ground movements after events like earthquakes or landslides.

text: An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between  and . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.

text: An abyssal plain is an underwater

text: plain

text: on the deep

text: ocean floor

text: continental rise

text: and a

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: , abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the

text: Earth

text: ’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of

text: oceanic basin

text: abyssal hill

text: plate tectonic

text: boundary) also typically include an

text: oceanic trench

text: and a

text: subduction zone

text: The New Tide faction was initially composed of editorial members of "The Movement" () magazine established in 1984. Important members of the time included Chiou I-jen, Wu Nai-ren, Hung Chi-chang, Lin Cho-shui, Liu Shou-ch'eng. Members who would later leave the party included Sisy Chen. The early positions of the faction included Taiwan independence, group action, and social democracy. In later years the faction moderated its position and placed a greater emphasis on pragmatism. With a clear political manifesto and strong factional discipline, the New Tide became one of the most powerful factions in the DPP.

text: The New Tide faction was initially composed of editorial members of "The Movement" () magazine established in 1984. Important members of the time included

text: Chiou I-jen

text: Wu Nai-ren

text: Hung Chi-chang

text: Lin Cho-shui

text: Liu Shou-ch'eng

text: . Members who would later leave the party included

text: Sisy Chen

text: . The early positions of the faction included

text: Taiwan independence

text: group action

text: , and

text: social democracy

text: . In later years the faction moderated its position and placed a greater emphasis on pragmatism. With a clear political manifesto and strong factional discipline, the New Tide became one of the most powerful factions in the DPP.

text: Covering an area of approximately  and with a length of about , the reef is subject to unusual tidal movements to a maximum of . When the tide is out vast lagoons, sandstone islets and a central mangrove island are revealed. The outward movement of the tide forms a torrent of water, creating a river cutting through the reef and hundreds of cascading waterfalls. At low tide more than  of reef can be exposed.

text: Covering an area of approximately  and with a length of about , the reef is subject to unusual tidal movements to a maximum of . When the tide is out vast lagoons,

text: sandstone

text: islets and a central

text: mangrove

text: island are revealed. The outward movement of the tide forms a torrent of water, creating a river cutting through the reef and hundreds of cascading waterfalls. At low tide more than  of reef can be exposed.

text: Assuming that the body is electrically surrounded from the environment, there can be no current component on the surface

text:
While designing terminal one of San Diego's Lindberg airport, Innis realized that the airport could not expand to meet future needs while at its current location. A new airport site would need to be close to the current airport and population centers and accessible. There was only one answer. It would need to be built on the water. To achieve a platform large enough to operate an international airport (about 1,200 acres), the technology needed to be invented to float that kind of structure.
In 1992, Float, Incorporated was founded by Innis and three partners to develop this plan. A concrete structure using air for buoyancy became Innis’ PSP (pneumatic stabilized platform) patent. The PSP technology Innis invented uses air movement to reduce wave loads and distribute them through the platform, a platform that could be used to house offshore airports, oil and gas production facilities, floating islands, military bases, and additional real estate for coastal cities. The technology enables the platform to extract energy from ocean waves to create electricity and is less costly than most currently used large open ocean platforms.
In August 1995, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division took an interest in the PSP's potential to serve as a floating military base and awarded Float Inc. a contract with the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) to test PSP. Extensive numerical modeling was performed along with two series of wave tank tests. The second series of tests at 1/48th scale was focused on air exchange. A final scientific report on the test results was submitted to the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in December 2000.
 Although it has been tested and proven by the Navy, the idea has not yet found favor with short-sighted San Diego bureaucracy, although Innis and his associates at Float Inc. continue to pursue it.
 The idea has recently gained more support in the scientific community, including by the man widely considered the dean of world ocean scientists, Dr. Walter Munk, who holds the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Chair at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. However, current plans by San Diego officials only exist to demolish the existing airport structures and rebuild new terminals in their place in their current land-locked location.

text:
While designing terminal one of San Diego's Lindberg airport, Innis realized that the airport could not expand to meet future needs while at its current location. A new airport site would need to be close to the current airport and population centers and accessible. There was only one answer. It would need to be built on the water. To achieve a platform large enough to operate an international airport (about 1,200 acres), the technology needed to be invented to float that kind of structure.
In 1992, Float, Incorporated was founded by Innis and three partners to develop this plan. A concrete structure using air for buoyancy became Innis’ PSP (pneumatic stabilized platform) patent. The PSP technology Innis invented uses air movement to reduce wave loads and distribute them through the platform, a platform that could be used to house offshore airports, oil and gas production facilities, floating islands, military bases, and additional real estate for coastal cities. The technology enables the platform to extract energy from ocean waves to create electricity and is less costly than most currently used large open ocean platforms.
In August 1995, the

entity_name: Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center

text: Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division

text: took an interest in the PSP's potential to serve as a floating military base and awarded Float Inc. a contract with the

text: Defense Advanced Research Project Agency

text: (DARPA) to test PSP. Extensive numerical modeling was performed along with two series of wave tank tests. The second series of tests at 1/48th scale was focused on air exchange. A final scientific report on the test results was submitted to the

text: Office of Naval Research

text:
(ONR) in December 2000.
 Although it has been tested and proven by the Navy, the idea has not yet found favor with short-sighted San Diego bureaucracy, although Innis and his associates at Float Inc. continue to pursue it.
 The idea has recently gained more support in the scientific community, including by the man widely considered the dean of world ocean scientists,

text: Dr. Walter Munk

text: , who holds the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Chair at the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: at

text: UC San Diego

text: . However, current plans by San Diego officials only exist to demolish the existing airport structures and rebuild new terminals in their place in their current land-locked location.

text: Second wave feminism was the point at which scholars from marginalised communities began to write back against the way feminist movements had been essentializing the experiences of women. Women of different races and classes disagreed with the focus of feminists on the right to work, because it was a struggle that primarily only affected college-educated, middle class, white women. One of the most notable scholars that brought this issue to the forefront of feminist thought was bell hooks, who regularly wrote on the struggles that black women experienced, and how the feminist movement was exclusionary towards those women because of its lack of understanding of the intersections between race, gender, and class. This work, as well as that by other scholars, pushed for white women to recognise that they, like men of colour, occupied a position of being both oppressed while also being oppressors. These conversations lead to feminism taking a more critical look at the concept of intersectionality as they moved into the third-wave. Third wave feminism is notable for its push to include women of varying gender identities, sexualities, classes, and races within the movement. Though the movement did make great strives towards the understanding of the struggles of women of colour at this time, the issues of white feminism were never fully addressed and thus still continue in modern-day feminist practices.

text: Second wave feminism

text: was the point at which scholars from

text: marginalised

text: communities began to write back against the way feminist movements had been

text: essentializing

text: the experiences of women. Women of different races and classes disagreed with the focus of feminists on the right to work, because it was a struggle that primarily only affected college-educated, middle class, white women. One of the most notable scholars that brought this issue to the forefront of feminist thought was

text: bell hooks

text: , who regularly wrote on the struggles that black women experienced, and how the feminist movement was exclusionary towards those women because of its lack of understanding of the intersections between

text: race

text: , gender, and class. This work, as well as that by other scholars, pushed for white women to recognise that they, like men of colour, occupied a position of being both oppressed while also being oppressors. These conversations lead to feminism taking a more critical look at the concept of intersectionality as they moved into the third-wave.

text: Third wave feminism

text: is notable for its push to include women of varying gender identities, sexualities, classes, and races within the movement. Though the movement did make great strives towards the understanding of the struggles of women of colour at this time, the issues of white feminism were never fully addressed and thus still continue in modern-day feminist practices.

text: The northwestern side of Honshu lies on the southeastern margin of the Sea of Japan, an area of oceanic crust created by back-arc spreading from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. The extensional tectonics associated with the spreading formed a series of N-S trending extensional faults and associated basins. Currently the area is being deformed by contractional tectonics, causing inversion of these earlier basins, forming anticlinal structures. The earthquake is thought to have occurred due to reverse movement on one of these reactivated faults.

text: The northwestern side of Honshu lies on the southeastern margin of the

text: Sea of Japan

text: , an area of

text: oceanic crust

text: created by

text: back-arc spreading

text: from the

text: late Oligocene

text: to

text: middle Miocene

text: . The

text: extensional tectonics

text: associated with the spreading formed a series of N-S trending

text: extensional fault

text: s and associated

text: basins

text: . Currently the area is being deformed by

text: contractional tectonics

text: , causing

text: inversion

text: of these earlier basins, forming

text: anticlinal

text: structures. The earthquake is thought to have occurred due to reverse movement on one of these reactivated faults.

text: At the present time the CCD in the Pacific Ocean is about 4200 - 4500 metres except beneath the equatorial upwelling zone, where the CCD is about 5000 m. In the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean the CCD is at approximately 5000 m. In the Indian Ocean it is intermediate between the Atlantic and the Pacific 4300 meters. The variation in the depth of the CCD largely results from the length of time since the bottom water has been exposed to the surface; this is called the "age" of the water mass. Thermohaline circulation determines the relative ages of the water in these basins. Because organic material, such as fecal pellets from copepods, sink from the surface waters into deeper water, deep water masses tend to accumulate dissolved carbon dioxide as they age. The oldest water masses have the highest concentrations of  and therefore the shallowest CCD. The CCD is relatively shallow in high latitudes with the exception of the North Atlantic and regions of Southern Ocean where downwelling occurs. This downwelling brings young, surface water with relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean, depressing the CCD.

text: At the present time the CCD in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: is about 4200 - 4500 metres except beneath the equatorial

text: upwelling

text: zone, where the CCD is about 5000 m. In the

text: temperate

text: and

text: tropical

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: the CCD is at approximately 5000 m. In the

text: Indian Ocean

text: it is intermediate between the Atlantic and the Pacific 4300 meters. The variation in the depth of the CCD largely results from the length of time since the bottom water has been exposed to the surface; this is called the "age" of the

text: water mass

text: Thermohaline circulation

text: determines the relative ages of the water in these basins. Because organic material, such as fecal pellets from

text: copepods

text: , sink from the surface waters into deeper water, deep water masses tend to accumulate dissolved carbon dioxide as they age. The oldest water masses have the highest concentrations of  and therefore the shallowest CCD. The CCD is relatively shallow in high

text: latitude

text: s with the exception of the

text: North Atlantic

text: and regions of

text: Southern Ocean

text: where

text: downwelling

text: occurs. This downwelling brings young, surface water with relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean, depressing the CCD.

text: The Mk8 Rangekeeper was an electromechanical analog computer whose function was to continuously calculate the gun's bearing and elevation, Line-Of-Fire (LOF), to hit a future position of the target. It did this by automatically receiving information from the director (LOS), the FC Radar (range), the ship's gyrocompass (true ship's course), the ships Pitometer log (ship's speed), the Stable Vertical (ship's deck tilt, sensed as level and crosslevel), and the ship's anemometer (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before the surface action started, the FT's made manual inputs for the average initial velocity of the projectiles fired out of the battery's gun barrels, and air density. With all this information, the rangekeeper calculated the relative motion between its ship and the target. It then could calculate an offset angle and change of range between the target's present position (LOS) and future position at the end of the projectile's time of flight. To this bearing and range offset, it added corrections for gravity, wind, Magnus Effect of the spinning projectile, stabilizing signals originating in the Stable Vertical, Earth's curvature, and Coriolis effect. The result was the turret's bearing and elevation orders (LOF). During the surface action, range and deflection Spots and target altitude (not zero during Gun Fire Support) were manually entered.

text: analog computer

text: gyrocompass

text: (true ship's course), the ships

text: Pitometer log

text: (ship's speed), the Stable Vertical (ship's deck tilt, sensed as level and crosslevel), and the ship's anemometer (relative wind speed and direction). Also, before the surface action started, the FT's made manual inputs for the average initial velocity of the projectiles fired out of the battery's gun barrels, and air density. With all this information, the rangekeeper calculated the relative motion between its ship and the target. It then could calculate an offset angle and change of range between the target's present position (LOS) and future position at the end of the projectile's time of flight. To this bearing and range offset, it added corrections for gravity, wind,

text: Magnus Effect

text: of the spinning projectile, stabilizing signals originating in the Stable Vertical, Earth's curvature, and

text: Coriolis effect

text: The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people in eleven countries. The 365 CE Mediterranean tsunami's death toll may have been much higher.

text: The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: , which killed almost 230,000 people in eleven countries. The

text: 365 CE Mediterranean tsunami

text: 's death toll may have been much higher.

text: Solar radiation affects the oceans: warm water from the Equator tends to circulate toward the poles, while cold polar water heads towards the Equator.  The surface currents are initially dictated by surface wind conditions.  The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes.  This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the Northern Hemisphere, and the reverse across the Southern Hemisphere.  The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward.  Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the poleward-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of poleward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the cold western boundary current which originates from high latitudes.  The overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.

text: Solar radiation affects the oceans: warm water from the Equator tends to circulate toward the

text: pole

text: s, while cold polar water heads towards the Equator.  The surface currents are initially dictated by surface wind conditions.  The

text: trade winds

text: blow westward in the tropics, and the

text: westerlies

text: blow eastward at mid-latitudes.  This wind pattern applies a

text: stress

text: to the subtropical ocean surface with negative

text: curl

text: across the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: , and the reverse across the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: .  The resulting

text: Sverdrup transport

text: is equatorward.  Because of conservation of

text: potential vorticity

text: caused by the poleward-moving winds on the

text: subtropical ridge

text: 's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of poleward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the cold western boundary current which originates from high latitudes.  The overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.

text: Muli was one of the islands affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

text: Muli was one of the islands affected by the

text: The angwe, having fixed wordings with only the names of the persons mentionedin it changing to suit different marriage situations, was nuptial news stating who hadmarried. It was the Tiv traditional system of mass communication specifically formarriage. So the angwe [tidings] announcer always went slightly ahead of the partycoming with the bride. The following were the words of the angwe:Tidings gbeee … tidings!Chief! Tidings ooo … Tidings!Whose tidings is it?It is the tidings of Tako Gbor Ndor Kunya!It is the tidings of Achulu Gbor Ndor Kunya!Whose tidings is it?It is the tidings of Iornenge Akpa!Tidings walk about gbee … gbee … gbee …(Ululations).4The ululations concluding the announcement were usually done by the group (madeup mostly of women and girls) escorting the wife, a bit in front of whom the tidings announcerwas going. This group started performing some nuptial poems rightthere on the way. People from surrounding compounds now rushed to the roadwhere the angwe was heard and joined the party. Others went to the house of thegroom and waited there, singing and dancing. They knew the groom by the namesin the angwe. For example, lines 4, 6, and 8 above contain the names of elders whoseson has married. It would therefore not be difficult to trace the groom’s house. Insome places, there were no musical instruments at all but in others, the followingmade up the nuptial musical ensemble: the indyer or ilyu (jumbo or medium-size)slit-log drums, the open-ended gbande drum, the double-ended genga drum, thekwen metal gong, the gida woodwind, the tsough rattles etc. These instrumentsnotwithstanding, singing, and not musical instrumentation, was the most importantaspect of the Tiv marriage dance.

text: The district was severely affected by the tsunami that was caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which led to many deaths and damaged infrastructure.

text: The district was severely affected by the

text: tsunami

text: that was caused by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: , which led to many deaths and damaged infrastructure.

text: By 1932, there were two seaside, saltwater pools in the park, one at Second Beach and one at Lumberman's Arch. These "draw and fill" pools used sun-warmed water from the ocean. Once a week the pool gates were opened at low tide to release the water back into the ocean, before the next high tide of clean water.

text: The tides in the port area are semi-diurnal in nature, that is, occurrence of two high and two low waters every day. The spring tides are up to . The mean tidal range varies from 0.914 m to 1.219 m at spring and from 0.805 m to 0.610 m at neap tides. The change in water levels combined due to astronomical tide, wind setup, wave setup, barometric pressure, seiches and global sea level rise are estimated as 1.57 m, 1.68 m and 1.8 m at 15 m, 10 m and 5 m depth contours, respectively. Waves ranging from 0.4 m to 2.0 m in the deep water around Chennai harbour have been experienced with the predominant being 0.4 m to 1.2 m with wave periods predominantly in the order of 4 to 10 seconds. During cyclone season, waves of height exceeding 2.5 m are common. The predominant wave directions during southwest and northeast monsoons are 145° from north and 65° from north, respectively.

text: The tides in the port area are semi-diurnal in nature, that is, occurrence of two high and two low waters every day. The

text: spring tide

text: s are up to . The mean tidal range varies from 0.914 m to 1.219 m at spring and from 0.805 m to 0.610 m at

text: neap tide

text: s. The change in water levels combined due to astronomical tide, wind setup,

text: wave setup

text: , barometric pressure, seiches and global sea level rise are estimated as 1.57 m, 1.68 m and 1.8 m at 15 m, 10 m and 5 m depth contours, respectively. Waves ranging from 0.4 m to 2.0 m in the deep water around Chennai harbour have been experienced with the predominant being 0.4 m to 1.2 m with wave periods predominantly in the order of 4 to 10 seconds. During cyclone season, waves of height exceeding 2.5 m are common. The predominant wave directions during southwest and northeast monsoons are 145° from north and 65° from north, respectively.

text: One interpretation of Sakamoto's work notes his use of volume changes as way to mimic the movement of water: "In Jaws (1987) [...] the overwater music sways from soft to loud and loud to soft, rocking back and forth like the undulating waves of a shark-infested ocean." The effect isn't very smooth, however, because of technological constraints: the Nintendo's sound chip was limited to 16 discrete volume settings.

text: In 2002, the University of Westminster, London, awarded Ocean an honorary doctorate of music. In 2010, Ocean was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the MOBO Awards. On 29 July 2011, Ocean became a Companion of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, presented to him by Paul McCartney. He is a member of the Rastafari movement.

text: In 2002, the

text: University of Westminster

text: , London, awarded Ocean an

text: honorary doctorate

text: of music. In 2010, Ocean was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the

text: MOBO Awards

text: . On 29 July 2011, Ocean became a Companion of the

text: Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts

text: , presented to him by

text: Paul McCartney

text: . He is a member of the

text: Rastafari movement

text: Modelers, theoreticians, and operational forecasters frequently make use of geostrophic/quasi-geostrophic approximation.Because friction is unimportant, the geostrophic balance fits flows high enough above the Earth's surface.Because the Coriolis force is relevant, it normally fits processes with small Rossby number, typically having large lengthscales.Geostrophic conditions are also realised for flows having small Ekman number, as opposed to antitriptic conditions.

text: Modelers, theoreticians, and operational forecasters frequently make use of

text: geostrophic

text: quasi-geostrophic approximation

text: .Because friction is unimportant, the geostrophic balance fits flows high enough above the Earth's surface.Because the Coriolis force is relevant, it normally fits processes with small

text: Rossby number

text: , typically having large lengthscales.Geostrophic conditions are also realised for flows having small

text: Ekman number

text: , as opposed to

text: antitriptic conditions

text: The Japan Trench is an oceanic trench, a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, in the floor of the northern Pacific Ocean off northeast Japan. It extends from the Kuril Islands to the Bonin Islands and is  at its deepest. It is an extension of the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench to the north and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench to its south with a length of . This trench is created when the oceanic Pacific plate subducts beneath the continental Okhotsk Plate. The subduction process causes bending of the downgoing plate, creating a deep-sea trench. Continuing movement on the subduction zone associated with the Japan Trench is one of the main causes of tsunamis and earthquakes in northern Japan, including the megathrust Tōhoku earthquake and resulting tsunami that occurred on 11 March 2011.

text: The Japan Trench is an

text: oceanic trench

text: , a part of the

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: , in the floor of the northern

text: Pacific Ocean

text: off northeast

text: Japan

text: . It extends from the

text: Kuril Islands

text: to the

text: Bonin Islands

text: and is  at its deepest. It is an extension of the

text: Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

text: to the north and the

text: Izu-Ogasawara Trench

text: to its south with a length of . This trench is created when the oceanic

text: Pacific plate

text: subducts

text: beneath the continental

text: Okhotsk Plate

text: . The subduction process causes bending of the downgoing plate, creating a deep-sea trench. Continuing movement on the subduction zone associated with the Japan Trench is one of the main causes of

text: tsunamis

text: and

text: earthquakes

text: in northern

text: Japan

text: , including the

text: megathrust

text: Tōhoku earthquake and resulting tsunami

text: that occurred on 11 March 2011.

text: North Andaman has fairly frequent large earthquakes, and suffered inundation from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami.

text: North Andaman has fairly frequent large

text: earthquake

text: s, and suffered inundation from the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: tsunami

text: Through the wind stress, the wind generates ocean surface waves; the longer waves have a phase velocity tending towards the wind speed. Momentum of the surface winds is transferred into the energy flux by the ocean surface waves. The increased roughness of the ocean surface, by the presence of the waves, changes the wind near the surface.

text: Through the wind stress, the wind generates

text: ocean surface wave

text: s; the longer waves have a

text: phase velocity

text: tending towards the

text: wind speed

text: Momentum

text: of the surface winds is transferred into the energy

text: flux

text: by the ocean surface waves. The increased

text: roughness

text: of the ocean surface, by the presence of the waves, changes the wind near the surface.

text: Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves.  This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling" or "having the form or character of" the tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.

text: Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves.  This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high

text: tidal bore

text: . Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with

text: tide

text: s, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling" or "having the form or character of" the tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.

text: A meteotsunami or meteorological tsunami is a tsunami-like wave of meteorological origin. Meteotsunamis are generated when rapid changes in barometric pressure cause the displacement of a body of water. In contrast to "ordinary" impulse-type tsunami sources, a traveling atmospheric disturbance normally interacts with the ocean over a limited period of time (from several minutes to several hours). Tsunamis and meteotsunamis are otherwise similar enough that it can be difficult to distinguish one from the other, as in cases where there is a tsunami wave but there are no seismic records of an earthquake.

text: A meteotsunami or meteorological tsunami is a

text: tsunami

text: -like

text: wave

text: of

text: meteorological

text: origin. Meteotsunamis are generated when rapid changes in

text: barometric pressure

text: cause the displacement of a body of water. In contrast to "ordinary" impulse-type tsunami sources, a traveling atmospheric disturbance normally interacts with the ocean over a limited period of time (from several minutes to several hours). Tsunamis and meteotsunamis are otherwise similar enough that it can be difficult to distinguish one from the other, as in cases where there is a tsunami wave but there are no seismic records of an earthquake.

text: Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth's climate, and for monitoring changes in global sea level.  The sea surface height (SSH) is calculated through altimetry satellites, which determine the distance from the satellite to a target surface by measuring the satellite-to-surface round-trip time of a radar pulse. The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water.  Due to the differing depths of the ocean, an approximation is made. This is called the Arbitrary Reference Surface.  Arbitrary Reference Surface is an estimated surface that is calculated to factor in the shape of the Earth.  The general shape of the earth is spherical, but flattened out at the North and South Pole. This approximated surface is called the reference ellipsoid.  This enables data to be taken precisely due to the uniform surface level.  The satellite’s altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid.  It is calculated using the orbital parameters of the satellite and various positioning instruments.  The sea surface height is then the difference between the satellite’s altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid and the altimeter range.  The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface.  The travel time of the pulses ascending to the oceans surface and back provides data of the sea surface height. In the image below you can see the measurement system using by the satellite Jason-1.

text: Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth's

text: climate

text: , and for monitoring changes in global

text: sea level

text: .  The sea surface height (SSH) is calculated through altimetry satellites, which determine the distance from the satellite to a target surface by measuring the satellite-to-surface round-trip time of a radar pulse. The satellites then measure the distance between their orbit altitude and the surface of the water.  Due to the differing depths of the ocean, an approximation is made. This is called the Arbitrary Reference Surface.  Arbitrary Reference Surface is an estimated surface that is calculated to factor in the shape of the Earth.  The general shape of the earth is spherical, but flattened out at the

text: North and South Pole

text: . This approximated surface is called the reference ellipsoid.  This enables data to be taken precisely due to the uniform surface level.  The satellite’s altitude then has to be calculated with respect to the reference ellipsoid.  It is calculated using the orbital parameters of the satellite and various positioning instruments.  The sea surface height is then the difference between the satellite’s altitude relative to the reference ellipsoid and the altimeter range.  The satellite sends microwave pulses to the ocean surface.  The travel time of the pulses ascending to the oceans surface and back provides data of the sea surface height. In the image below you can see the measurement system using by the satellite

text: Strong surface winds cause surface currents at a 45° angle to the wind direction, by an effect known as the Ekman Spiral. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as "wind set-up", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, and to decrease at the upwind shore. Intuitively, this is caused by the storm simply blowing the water towards one side of the basin in the direction of its winds. Because the Ekman Spiral effects spread vertically through the water, the effect is inversely proportional to depth. The pressure effect and the wind set-up on an open coast will be driven into bays in the same way as the astronomical tide.

text: Strong surface winds cause surface currents at a 45° angle to the wind direction, by an effect known as the

text: Ekman Spiral

text: . Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as "wind set-up", which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, and to decrease at the upwind shore. Intuitively, this is caused by the storm simply blowing the water towards one side of the basin in the direction of its winds. Because the Ekman Spiral effects spread vertically through the water, the effect is inversely proportional to depth. The pressure effect and the wind set-up on an open coast will be driven into bays in the same way as the astronomical tide.

text: Spring tide range for the islands is around , decreasing to a neap tide of around .  The deep water around the island results in only moderate tidal currents.  These are around the same magnitude as the prevailing shelf currents. In the general vicinity of the islands mean flows are around  and run toward the southeast.  A remarkable feature of the region is the large internal tides that occur. These are a form of internal wave driven by the local tidal flow forcing the stratification against sloping areas of the shelf face. The surface manifestation of these waves can be seen from space.  These waves generate brief highly localized accelerations.  Internal wave amplitudes of around  have been observed, generating flow speeds as great as .

text: Spring

text: tide

text: range for the islands is around , decreasing to a neap tide of around .  The deep water around the island results in only moderate tidal currents.  These are around the same magnitude as the prevailing shelf currents. In the general vicinity of the islands mean flows are around  and run toward the southeast.  A remarkable feature of the region is the large

text: internal tides

text: that occur. These are a form of

text: internal wave

text: driven by the local tidal flow forcing the stratification against sloping areas of the shelf face. The surface manifestation of these waves can be seen from space.  These waves generate brief highly localized accelerations.  Internal wave amplitudes of around  have been observed, generating flow speeds as great as .

text: The ocean surface has highs and lows, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map. These variations, called ocean surface topography (or sea surface topography), also dynamic topography, are mapped using measurements of sea surface height relative to Earth's geoid. Earth's geoid is a calculated surface of equal gravitational potential energy and represents the shape the sea surface would be if the ocean were not in motion. Topography is the arrangement of natural and artificial features of an area.  Ocean surface topography is specifically the distance between the height of the ocean surface from the geoid. Ocean surface topography is caused by ocean waves, tides, currents, and the loading of atmospheric pressure. The main purpose to measure ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale circulation of the ocean. The height variations of ocean surface topography can be as much as two meters and are influenced by ocean circulation, ocean temperature, and salinity.

text: The ocean surface has highs and lows, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a

text: topographic map

text: . These variations, called ocean surface topography (or sea surface topography), also dynamic topography, are mapped using measurements of sea surface height relative to Earth's

text: geoid

text: . Earth's geoid is a calculated surface of equal gravitational potential energy and represents the shape the sea surface would be if the ocean were not in motion.

text: Topography

text: is the arrangement of natural and artificial features of an area.  Ocean surface topography is specifically the distance between the height of the ocean surface from the geoid. Ocean surface topography is caused by ocean waves, tides, currents, and the loading of atmospheric pressure. The main purpose to measure ocean surface topography is to understand the large-scale circulation of the ocean. The height variations of ocean surface topography can be as much as two meters and are influenced by ocean circulation, ocean temperature, and salinity.

text: Land masses and ocean basins act as barriers against water moving freely around the globe, and their varied shapes and sizes affect the size of tidal frequencies. As a result, tidal patterns vary. For example, in the U.S., the East coast has predominantly semi-diurnal tides, as do Europe's Atlantic coasts, while the West coast predominantly has mixed tides.

text: Polar ice experts from the U.S. and U.K. met at the University of Texas at Austin in March, 2007 for the West Antarctic Links to Sea-Level Estimation (WALSE) Workshop. The experts discussed a new hypothesis that explains the observed increased melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet. An ocean model has shown how changes in winds can help channel the water along deep troughs on the sea floor, toward the ice shelves of outlet glaciers. The exact cause of the changes in circulation patterns is not known and they may be due to natural variability. However, this connection between the atmosphere and upwelling of deep ocean water provides a mechanism by which human induced climate changes could cause an accelerated loss of ice from WAIS. Recently published data collected from satellites support this hypothesis, suggesting that the west Antarctic ice sheet is beginning to show signs of instability.

text: Polar ice experts from the U.S. and U.K. met at the

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: in March, 2007 for the West Antarctic Links to Sea-Level Estimation (WALSE) Workshop. The experts discussed a new hypothesis that explains the observed increased melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating

text: ice shelves

text: at the edge of the ice sheet. An ocean model has shown how changes in winds can help channel the water along deep troughs on the sea floor, toward the ice shelves of outlet glaciers. The exact cause of the changes in circulation patterns is not known and they may be due to natural variability. However, this connection between the atmosphere and upwelling of deep ocean water provides a mechanism by which human induced climate changes could cause an accelerated loss of ice from WAIS. Recently published data collected from satellites support this hypothesis, suggesting that the west Antarctic ice sheet is beginning to show signs of instability.

text: The alien limb in the posterior variant of the syndrome may be seen to "levitate" upward into the air withdrawing away from contact surfaces through the activation of anti-gravity musculature. Alien hand movement in the posterior variant may show a typical posture, sometimes referred to as a "parietal hand" or the "instinctive avoidance reaction" (a term introduced by neurologist Derek Denny-Brown as an inverse form of the "magnetic apraxia" seen in the frontal variant, as noted above), in which the digits move into a highly extended position with active extension of the interphalangeal joints of the digits and hyper-extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and the palmar surface of the hand is actively pulled back away from approaching objects or up and away from supporting surfaces.  The "alien" movements, however, remain purposeful and goal-directed, a point which clearly differentiates these movements from other disorganized non-purposeful forms of involuntary limb movement (e.g. athetosis, chorea, or myoclonus).

text: The alien limb in the posterior variant of the syndrome may be seen to "levitate" upward into the air withdrawing away from contact surfaces through the activation of anti-gravity musculature. Alien hand movement in the posterior variant may show a typical posture, sometimes referred to as a "parietal hand" or the "instinctive avoidance reaction" (a term introduced by neurologist

text: Derek Denny-Brown

text: as an inverse form of the "magnetic apraxia" seen in the frontal variant, as noted above), in which the digits move into a highly extended position with active extension of the interphalangeal joints of the digits and hyper-extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and the palmar surface of the hand is actively pulled back away from approaching objects or up and away from supporting surfaces.  The "alien" movements, however, remain purposeful and goal-directed, a point which clearly differentiates these movements from other disorganized non-purposeful forms of involuntary limb movement (e.g.

text: athetosis

text: chorea

text: , or

text: myoclonus

text: The three Storegga Slides are considered to be amongst the largest known landslides. They occurred under water, at the edge of Norway's continental shelf (Storegga is Norwegian for "the Great Edge"), in the Norwegian Sea,  north-west of the Møre coast, causing a very large tsunami in the North Atlantic Ocean. This collapse involved an estimated  length of coastal shelf, with a total volume of  of debris. This would be the equivalent volume to an area the size of Iceland covered to a depth of .

text: The three Storegga Slides are considered to be amongst the largest known

text: landslide

text: s. They occurred under water, at the edge of Norway's continental shelf (Storegga is

text: Norwegian

text: for "the Great Edge"), in the

text: Norwegian Sea

text: ,  north-west of the

text: Møre

text: coast, causing a very large

text: tsunami

text: in the

text: North Atlantic Ocean

text: . This collapse involved an estimated  length of coastal shelf, with a total volume of  of debris. This would be the equivalent volume to an area the size of

text: Iceland

text: covered to a depth of .

text: The SLDMB is based on the Davis-style drifter design, which attempts to minimize the effects of wind and surface waves. This is accomplished by reducing the area above the ocean surface to small floats and an antenna.  Below the surface is a series of drogue vanes to 70 cm. (less than the 1 m Davis-style buoy) in depth, which catch the ocean current, along with electronic equipment that deploys the vanes and antenna, receives the GPS signal and transmits the location to the USCG.

text: The personal is political, also termed The private is political, is a political argument used as a rallying slogan of student movement and second-wave feminism from the late 1960s. It underscored the connections between personal experience and larger social and political structures. In the context of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, it was a challenge to the nuclear family and family values. The phrase has been repeatedly described as a defining characterization of second-wave feminism, radical feminism, Women's Studies, or feminism in general. It differentiated the second-wave feminism of the 1960s and 1970s from the early feminism of the 1920s, which was concerned with achieving the right to vote for women.

text: The personal is political, also termed The private is political, is a political argument used as a rallying slogan of

text: student movement

text: and

text: second-wave feminism

text: from the late 1960s. It underscored the connections between personal experience and larger social and political structures. In the context of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, it was a challenge to the

text: nuclear family

text: and

text: family values

text: . The phrase has been repeatedly described as a defining characterization of second-wave feminism,

text: radical feminism

text: Women's Studies

text: , or feminism in general. It differentiated the second-wave feminism of the 1960s and 1970s from the early feminism of the 1920s, which was concerned with achieving the right to vote for women.

text: The Moon's orbit around the Earth is elliptical, which causes the Moon to be closer to the Earth and farther away at different times.  The Moon and the Sun are aligned every two weeks, which results in spring tides – tides that are 20% higher than normal.  During the period of the new moon, the Moon and Sun are on the same side of the Earth, so the high tides or bulges produced independently by each reinforce each other (and has nothing to do with the season called spring).  Tides of maximum height and depression produced during this period are known as spring tide.  Even higher than a normal spring tide are the perigean tides. Perigean spring tides can produce unusually intense flooding along the coastal regions. Low amplitude tides are known as neap tides.

text: The Moon's orbit around the Earth is elliptical, which causes the Moon to be closer to the Earth and farther away at different times.  The Moon and the Sun are aligned every two weeks, which results in spring tides – tides that are 20% higher than normal.  During the period of the

text: new moon

text: , the Moon and Sun are on the same side of the Earth, so the high tides or bulges produced independently by each reinforce each other (and has nothing to do with the season called spring).  Tides of maximum height and depression produced during this period are known as spring tide.  Even higher than a normal spring tide are the perigean tides. Perigean spring tides can produce unusually intense flooding along the coastal regions. Low amplitude tides are known as

text: neap tide

text: s.

text: Initially the Blob was reported as being  wide and  deep. It expanded and reached the size  long,  wide and  deep, in the month of June 2014 when the term "The Blob" was coined. The Blob now hugs the coast of North America from Mexico to Alaska and beyond, over a stretch of  and more, and has formed three distinct patches, the first, off the coast of Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California, a region known to oceanographers as the Coastal Upwelling Domain; the second off Alaska and in the Bering Sea; and the third and smallest, off Southern California and Mexico.

text: Initially the Blob was reported as being  wide and  deep. It expanded and reached the size  long,  wide and  deep, in the month of June 2014 when the term "The Blob" was coined. The Blob now hugs the coast of North America from Mexico to Alaska and beyond, over a stretch of  and more, and has formed three distinct patches, the first, off the coast of Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California, a region known to oceanographers as the

text: Coastal Upwelling Domain

text: ; the second off Alaska and in the Bering Sea; and the third and smallest, off Southern California and

text: Mexico

text: Gobius ateriformis is a species of goby native to the Atlantic Ocean along the coast of Cape Verde where it occurs in tide pools to a depth of about .  This species can reach a length of  TL.

text: Gobius ateriformis is a species of

text: goby

text: native to the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: along the

text: coast

text: of

text: Cape Verde

text: where it occurs in

text: tide pools

text: to a depth of about .  This species can reach a length of

text: TL

text: There is only limited movement of water between the lakes and sea through a narrow channel at The Entrance, and hence tides in the main body of the lakes are negligible. On occasions, this channel has slowly silted up with sand and the lakes have been completely cut off from the Pacific Ocean until a large flood scours out the channel again. It has been suggested that there was once a second entrance on the Budgewoi Peninsula, and although there is little evidence of this being the case since European settlement, occasionally waves do wash over the dunes into Budgewoi Lake during spring tides.

text: There is only limited movement of water between the lakes and sea through a narrow

text: channel

text: at

text: The Entrance

text: , and hence

text: tide

text: s in the main body of the lakes are negligible. On occasions, this channel has slowly

text: silt

text: ed up with

text: sand

text: and the lakes have been completely cut off from the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: until a large

text: flood

text: scours out the channel again. It has been suggested that there was once a second entrance on the Budgewoi Peninsula, and although there is little evidence of this being the case since

text: Europe

text: an

text: settlement

text: , occasionally

text: waves

text: do wash over the

text: dune

text: s into Budgewoi Lake during

text: spring tides

text: In Puerto Rico and elsewhere in Latin America, the Tide formula is marketed under the name Ace (except in Ecuador and Panama, where it is sold under the same Tide brand as is in current use in the U.S.) In Turkey, Tide is branded as Alo. In Poland it is sold as Vizir.

text: In

text: Puerto Rico

text: and elsewhere in

text: Latin America

text: , the Tide formula is marketed under the name Ace (except in

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Panama

text: , where it is sold under the same Tide brand as is in current use in the U.S.) In

text: Turkey

text: , Tide is branded as Alo. In

text: Poland

text: it is sold as Vizir.

text: It has generally been accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere. Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming. The current view, though still a matter of some debate, asserts that as a consequence, a powerful source of plate motion is generated due to the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones. When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere, but it becomes denser with age as it conductively cools and thickens. The greater density of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones, providing most of the driving force for plate movement. The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone. Although subduction is thought to be the strongest force driving plate motions, it cannot be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving, yet are nowhere being subducted. The same is true for the enormous Eurasian Plate. The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among scientists. One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movement itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movement, as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism. In short, the driving forces advocated at the moment can be divided into three categories based on the relationship to the movement: mantle dynamics related, gravity related (mostly secondary forces).

text: It has generally been accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere.

text: Dissipation of heat from the mantle

text: is acknowledged to be the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming. The current view, though still a matter of some debate, asserts that as a consequence, a powerful source of plate motion is generated due to the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones. When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere, but it becomes denser with age as it conductively cools and thickens. The greater

text: density

text: of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones, providing most of the driving force for plate movement. The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone. Although subduction is thought to be the strongest force driving plate motions, it cannot be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving, yet are nowhere being subducted. The same is true for the enormous

text: Eurasian Plate

text: . The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among scientists. One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movement itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movement, as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism. In short, the driving forces advocated at the moment can be divided into three categories based on the relationship to the movement: mantle dynamics related, gravity related (mostly secondary forces).

text: Therefore, were a cannon, aimed directly at a target to the north, to fire a ball, that ball would strike slightly to the east (right) of the target, thanks to the Earth's rotation. But, if the cannon were fired to the east there would be no deflection, as both cannon and target would move the same distance in the same direction. Riccioli said that the best of cannoneers could fire a ball right into the mouth of an enemy's cannon; if this deflection effect existed in northward shots they would have detected it. Riccioli argued that the absence of this effect indicated that the Earth does not rotate. He was correct in his reasoning in that the effect he describes actually does occur. It is known today as the Coriolis effect after the nineteenth-century physicist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (1792–1843). However, the rightward deflection actually occurs regardless of the direction the cannon is pointed (a much more developed understanding of physics than what was available in Riccioli's time is required to explain this), and so cannoneers would not notice any differences based on direction.

text: Therefore, were a cannon, aimed directly at a target to the north, to fire a ball, that ball would strike slightly to the east (right) of the target, thanks to the Earth's rotation. But, if the cannon were fired to the east there would be no deflection, as both cannon and target would move the same distance in the same direction. Riccioli said that the best of cannoneers could fire a ball right into the mouth of an enemy's cannon; if this deflection effect existed in northward shots they would have detected it. Riccioli argued that the absence of this effect indicated that the Earth does not rotate. He was correct in his reasoning in that the effect he describes actually does occur. It is known today as the

text: Coriolis effect

text: after the nineteenth-century physicist

text: Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis

text: (1792–1843). However, the rightward deflection actually occurs regardless of the direction the cannon is pointed (a much more developed understanding of physics than what was available in Riccioli's time is required to explain this), and so cannoneers would not notice any differences based on direction.

text: Portions of Thailand's southern coast were evacuated as a precaution, and NOAA advised an evacuation of  of coastline in Sumatra. Evacuations occurred in the northern Malaysian states of Penang and Kedah, as well as the eastern coast of Sri Lanka, where ten people were killed in the confusion of the evacuation. Many of the southern states of India were put on high alert; all of these areas had seen significant damage from December's tsunami. After the detection of a minor tsunami south of the epicenter, including a 30 cm tsunami on Australia's Cocos Islands, the island states of Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean issued warnings to their populations. Although tsunami warning systems for the region had been actively discussed before the December 2004 earthquake, none had yet been implemented in the Indian Ocean.

text: Portions of Thailand's southern coast were evacuated as a precaution, and NOAA advised an evacuation of  of coastline in Sumatra. Evacuations occurred in the northern

text: Malaysia

text: n states of

text: Penang

text: and

text: Kedah

text: , as well as the eastern coast of

text: Sri Lanka

text: , where ten people were killed in the confusion of the evacuation. Many of the southern states of

text: India

text: were put on high alert; all of these areas had seen significant damage from December's tsunami. After the detection of a minor tsunami south of the epicenter, including a 30 cm tsunami on Australia's

text: Cocos Islands

text: , the island states of

text: Mauritius

text: Madagascar

text: , and the

text: Seychelles

text: in the Indian Ocean issued warnings to their populations. Although

text: tsunami warning system

text: s for the region had been actively discussed before the December 2004 earthquake, none had yet been implemented in the Indian Ocean.

text: In the Tanjung Pinang city, the low tide reach or the mud flat part was built with stilts and were mosquito and rat infested. Above these mud flat reaches, narrow piers or pelantars were built at higher elevations and the old city of Tanjung expanded with a maze of streets and alleys. The old pier with the name Pelantar II thrives as the fish market. The town has a large population of the Chinese, whose presence is seen around three Buddhist Pagodas with the 'Citiya Bodhi Sasana' overlooking the ocean at the end of Pelantar II pier.

text: In the Tanjung Pinang city, the low tide reach or the mud flat part was built with stilts and were mosquito and rat infested. Above these mud flat reaches, narrow piers or pelantars were built at higher elevations and the old city of Tanjung expanded with a maze of streets and alleys. The old pier with the name Pelantar II thrives as the fish market. The town has a large population of the Chinese, whose presence is seen around three

text: Buddhist

text: Pagodas

text: with the 'Citiya Bodhi Sasana' overlooking the ocean at the end of Pelantar II pier.

text: Cook Strait has tidal flows amongst the strongest in the world, even though it has a smaller tidal range than most places in New Zealand. This is because the main M2 lunar tide component which circulates anti-clockwise around New Zealand is out of phase at each end of the strait. On the Pacific Ocean side the high tide occurs five hours before it occurs at the Tasman Sea side. On one side is high tide and on the other is low tide. The difference in sea level can drive tidal currents up to 2.5 metres per second (5 knots) across Cook Strait as well as into the Tory Channel. An unusual complication is that although there are two spring tides a month on the north side, the south side has only one spring tide a month, as shown in the plot

text: Cook Strait

text: has tidal flows amongst the strongest in the world, even though it has a smaller tidal range than most places in New Zealand. This is because the main M2 lunar tide component which circulates anti-clockwise around New Zealand is out of phase at each end of the strait. On the Pacific Ocean side the high tide occurs five hours before it occurs at the Tasman Sea side. On one side is high tide and on the other is low tide. The difference in sea level can drive tidal currents up to 2.5 metres per second (5 knots) across Cook Strait as well as into the Tory Channel. An unusual complication is that although there are two spring tides a month on the north side, the south side has only one spring tide a month, as shown in the plot

text: The Drake Passage () or Mar de Hoces—Sea of Hoces—is the body of water between South America's Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean (Scotia Sea) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean.

text: The Drake Passage () or Mar de Hoces—Sea of

text: Hoces

text: —is the body of water between

text: South America

text: 's

text: Cape Horn

text: and the

text: South Shetland Islands

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: . It connects the southwestern part of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Scotia Sea

text: ) with the southeastern part of the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and extends into the

text: Southern Ocean

text: The dynamic theory of tides describes and predicts the actual real behavior of ocean tides.

text: The Antarctic plate's movement is estimated to be at least  per year towards the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The Antarctic plate's movement is estimated to be at least  per year towards the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Leupung -- also spelled "Leupueng", is a town in the district (Kabupaten/Kota) of Aceh Besar, close to the city of Banda Aceh, the capital of the special territory of Aceh, Indonesia, on the island of Sumatra. Leupung is located at 5'31" North latitude and 95'15" East longitude at an elevation of 33 m. The population in 2004 was approximately 10,000; the town has been completely obliterated by the tsunami resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, being one of the towns closest to the earthquake's epicenter.

text: Leupung -- also spelled "Leupueng", is a town in the district (

entity_name: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

text: Kabupaten

text: Kota

text: ) of

text: Aceh Besar

text: , close to the city of

text: Banda Aceh

text: , the capital of the special territory of

text: Aceh

text: Indonesia

text: , on the island of

text: Sumatra

text: . Leupung is located at 5'31" North latitude and 95'15" East longitude at an elevation of 33 m. The population in 2004 was approximately 10,000; the town has been completely obliterated by the

text: tsunami

text: resulting from the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: , being one of the towns closest to the earthquake's

text: epicenter

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

text: Wave

text: Mechanical wave

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are sea

text: surface wave

text: s that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create

text: dune

text: s, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the

text: Taklamakan

text: desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

text: Evidence-based medicine is a contemporary movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The movement is facilitated by modern global information science, which allows as much of the available evidence as possible to be collected and analyzed according to standard protocols that are then disseminated to healthcare providers. The Cochrane Collaboration leads this movement. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that, according to two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.

text: Evidence-based medicine is a contemporary movement to establish the most effective

text: algorithms

text: of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of

text: systematic review

text: s and

text: meta-analysis

text: . The movement is facilitated by modern global

text: information science

text: , which allows as much of the available evidence as possible to be collected and analyzed according to standard protocols that are then disseminated to healthcare providers. The

text: Cochrane Collaboration

text: leads this movement. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that, according to two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.

text: Wave pools replicate the movement of the ocean one of two ways, depending on the size of the pool and the size of wave desired. In small wave pools, pressurized air is blown onto the surface of the water, or a paddle creates force in the water, creating small ripple-like waves.  Other techniques utilize an "accordion mechanism" which opens and closes in order to suck water into its belly (opening) and push it out (closing) to cause waves.  However, in high-volume wave pools, , large amount of water is quickly allowed into the far end of the pool, forcing the water to even out, generating a sizeable wave. In these large wave pools, the excess water is removed by being channeled through a return canal where it can be used again to generate another wave.

text: Wave pools replicate the movement of the ocean one of two ways, depending on the size of the pool and the size of wave desired. In small wave pools,

text: pressurized

text: air

text: is blown onto the surface of the water, or a

text: paddle

text: creates force in the water, creating small

text: ripple

text: -like waves.  Other techniques utilize an "accordion mechanism" which opens and closes in order to suck water into its belly (opening) and push it out (closing) to cause waves.  However, in high-volume wave pools, , large amount of water is quickly allowed into the far end of the pool, forcing the water to even out, generating a sizeable wave. In these large wave pools, the excess water is removed by being channeled through a return canal where it can be used again to generate another wave.

text: A Pacific-wide tsunami warning was not issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within  of the epicentre, roughly the area between La Serena and Concepción. Half an hour after the earthquake, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy (Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada, SHOA) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions, as a way of "keeping people protected" against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis. President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami. Following the tsunami alert, thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to La Cruz Hill, with some of them staying them for several days, and received advice from members of the Army. People from the village of Cáhuil stayed at Cordón. The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around .

text: A

text: Pacific

text: -wide

text: tsunami

text: warning was not issued by the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: , although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within  of the

text: epicentre

text: , roughly the area between

text: La Serena

text: and

text: Concepción

text: . Half an hour after the earthquake, the

entity_name: Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy

text: Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service

text: of the

text: Chilean Navy

text: (Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada, SHOA) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions, as a way of "keeping people protected" against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis. President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami. Following the

text: tsunami alert

text: , thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to

text: La Cruz Hill

text: , with some of them staying them for several days, and received advice from members of the Army. People from the village of

text: Cáhuil

text: stayed at Cordón. The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around .

text: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) is an application of hydrodynamic stability that can be seen in nature. It occurs when there are two fluids flowing at different velocities. The difference in velocity of the fluids causes a shear velocity at the interface of the two layers. The shear velocity of one fluid moving induces a shear stress on the other which, if greater than the restraining surface tension, then results in an instability along the interface between them. This motion causes the appearance of a series of overturning ocean waves, a characteristic of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Indeed, the apparent ocean wave-like nature is an example of vortex formation, which are formed when a fluid is rotating about some axis, and is often associated with this phenomenon.

text: The

text: Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

text: (KHI) is an application of hydrodynamic stability that can be seen in nature. It occurs when there are two fluids flowing at different velocities. The difference in velocity of the fluids causes a

text: shear velocity

text: at the

text: interface

text: of the two layers. The shear velocity of one fluid moving induces a

text: shear stress

text: on the other which, if greater than the restraining

text: surface tension

text: , then results in an instability along the interface between them. This motion causes the appearance of a series of overturning ocean waves, a characteristic of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Indeed, the apparent ocean wave-like nature is an example of

text: vortex

text: formation, which are formed when a fluid is rotating about some axis, and is often associated with this phenomenon.

text: Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information (in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, and Sargasso Sea). The knowledge of wind patterns and currents – the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores, using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as "Volta do mar". In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route.

text: meteorological

text: and

text: oceanographic

text: Sargasso Sea

text: ). The knowledge of

text: wind

text: patterns and

text: currents

text: – the

text: trade winds

text: and the

text: oceanic gyre

text: atmospheric circulation

text: and the effect of

text: Coriolis

text: , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as "

text: Volta do mar

text: ". In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the

text: Manila Galleon

text: trade route.

text: Marine battle planners had expected the normal rising tide to provide a water depth of 5 feet over the reef, allowing their four-foot draft Higgins boats room to spare. However, on this day and the next, the ocean experienced a neap tide, and failed to rise. In the words of some observers, "the ocean just sat there", leaving a mean depth of three feet over the reef. Unfortunately, the task force commander had rejected advice from a New Zealand liaison officer with experience of the island that the tide would be unsuitable on the day of the landing.

text: Marine battle planners had expected the normal rising tide to provide a water depth of 5 feet over the reef, allowing their four-foot draft Higgins boats room to spare. However, on this day and the next, the ocean experienced a

text: neap tide

text: , and failed to rise. In the words of some observers, "the ocean just sat there", leaving a mean depth of three feet over the reef. Unfortunately, the task force commander had rejected advice from a New Zealand liaison officer with experience of the island that the tide would be unsuitable on the day of the landing.

text: The existence of Earth's free nutation was predicted by Isaac Newton in Corollaries 20 to 22 of Proposition 66, Book 1 of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, and by Leonhard Euler in 1765 as part of his studies of the dynamics of rotating bodies. Based on the known ellipticity of the Earth, Euler predicted that it would have a period of 305 days. Several astronomers searched for motions with this period, but none was found. Chandler's contribution was to look for motions at any possible period; once the Chandler wobble was observed, the difference between its period and the one predicted by Euler was explained by  Simon Newcomb as being caused by the non-rigidity of the Earth. The full explanation for the period also involves the fluid nature of the Earth's core and oceans—the wobble, in fact, produces a very small ocean tide with an amplitude of approximately , called a "pole tide", which is the only tide not caused by an extraterrestrial body. Despite the small amplitude, the gravitational effect of the pole tide is easily detected by the superconducting gravimeter.

text: The existence of Earth's free nutation was predicted by

text: Isaac Newton

text: in Corollaries 20 to 22 of Proposition 66, Book 1 of the

entity_name: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: , and by

text: Leonhard Euler

text: in 1765 as part of his studies of the dynamics of rotating bodies. Based on the known

text: ellipticity

text: of the Earth, Euler predicted that it would have a period of 305 days. Several astronomers searched for motions with this period, but none was found. Chandler's contribution was to look for motions at any possible period; once the Chandler wobble was observed, the difference between its period and the one predicted by Euler was explained by

text: Simon Newcomb

text: as being caused by the non-rigidity of the Earth. The full explanation for the period also involves the fluid nature of the Earth's core and oceans—the wobble, in fact, produces a very small ocean

text: tide

text: with an amplitude of approximately , called a "pole tide", which is the only tide not caused by an extraterrestrial body. Despite the small amplitude, the gravitational effect of the pole tide is easily detected by the

text: superconducting gravimeter

text: The City of Denver asked the artist to create a monumental yet temporary work exploring the theme of the interconnectedness of the 35 nations that make up the Western Hemisphere. She drew inspiration from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s announcement that the February 2010 Chile earthquake shortened the length of the earth’s day by 1.26 microseconds by slightly redistributing the earth’s mass. Exploring further, Echelman drew on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) simulation of the earthquake’s ensuing tsunami, using the 3-dimensional form of the tsunami’s amplitude rippling across the Pacific as the basis for her sculptural form.

text: Princess Carolina studied political science at University of Amsterdam and Harvard University, and also has an M.Sc. in Forced Migration from the University of Oxford. She has had a career at the United Nations. For this organisation she was stationed at the UN headquarters in New York City, as well as problematic areas such as Eritrea, the Gaza Strip, and in Acheh (Indonesia) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. She is currently employed at the United Nations in Geneva, in the Organisation for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

text: Princess Carolina studied

text: political science

text: at

text: University of Amsterdam

text: and

text: Harvard University

text: , and also has an

text: M.Sc.

text: in Forced Migration from the

text: University of Oxford

text: . She has had a career at the

text: United Nations

text: . For this organisation she was stationed at the UN headquarters in

text: New York City

text: , as well as problematic areas such as

text: Eritrea

text: , the

text: Gaza Strip

text: , and in

text: Acheh

text: Indonesia

text: ) after the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: . She is currently employed at the United Nations in

text: Geneva

text: , in the

entity_name: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

text: Organisation for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

text: (OCHA).

text: This hurricane could perhaps generate enormous waves in the ocean and the waves would migrate outwards. Oceanographers should test how high these waves would be in the postulated nearby swamps and delta area. They would be wind driven waves and would not reach from the top of an ocean to the bottom like a tsunami. Nonetheless, waves as big and as devastating as those that humans call freak waves might be regular.  Simple bacterial and algal life would not be threatened.

text: This hurricane could perhaps generate enormous waves in the ocean and the waves would migrate outwards.

text: Oceanographers

text: should test how high these waves would be in the postulated nearby swamps and delta area. They would be wind driven waves and would not reach from the top of an ocean to the bottom like a

text: tsunami

text: . Nonetheless, waves as big and as devastating as those that humans call

text: freak waves

text: might be regular.  Simple bacterial and algal life would not be threatened.

text: More specifically, one of these NASA studies was based on the fact that water expands as it gets warmer, and a straightforward subtraction calculation: From the total amount of sea level rise, they subtracted that due to the calculated expansion of the upper ocean down to 2,000 metres' (1.2 mi) depth based on data from Argo buoys, and that due to added meltwater worldwide. The remainder, representing the amount of sea level rise caused by warming in the deep ocean below that depth, was "essentially zero." Some recent studies reporting deep-ocean warming were referring to the upper half of the ocean, but below its topmost layer which goes down to about 700 metres' (0.43 mi) depth. According to the other NASA study, the upper layers of the Southern Ocean warmed at a much greater rate between 1970 and 2005 than previously thought (24–58 percent more than earlier estimates), because before the deployment of Argo buoys, temperature measurements in the Southern Ocean were "spotty, at best."

text: More specifically, one of these NASA studies was based on the fact that water expands as it gets warmer, and a straightforward subtraction calculation: From the total amount of sea level rise, they subtracted that due to the calculated expansion of the upper ocean down to 2,000 metres' (1.2 mi) depth based on data from

text: Argo buoys

text: , and that due to added meltwater worldwide. The remainder, representing the amount of sea level rise caused by warming in the deep ocean below that depth, was "essentially zero." Some recent studies reporting deep-ocean warming were referring to the upper half of the ocean, but below its topmost layer which goes down to about 700 metres' (0.43 mi) depth. According to the other NASA study, the upper layers of the Southern Ocean warmed at a much greater rate between 1970 and 2005 than previously thought (24–58 percent more than earlier estimates), because before the deployment of Argo buoys, temperature measurements in the Southern Ocean were "spotty, at best."

text: For a mechanical analogy to negative resistance behavior, and how a ballast can limit current, imagine trying to push a heavy weight across a smooth surface. Applying a force (voltage) to the weight initially does not cause it to move (have positive current) because the static friction of the weight against the surface is more than the applied force. Once enough force (voltage) is applied, the static friction is overcome and the weight starts to move (now dynamic friction opposes the movement of the weight instead of static), but if the amount of force that was used to overcome the static friction is not changed, the weight will be pushed too fast across the surface because the dynamic friction is of a smaller magnitude than the static friction. If we flood the surface with some depth of viscous oil (our ballast), we can continue to push as hard as it took to get the weight moving (leave our voltage constant) while simultaneously not allowing the weight to move too fast (limit current). The transition between static friction (high resistance) and dynamic friction as the weight moves (low resistance) is the negative resistance region - less force (negative

text: Tsunamis in lakes can be generated by fault displacement beneath or around lake systems. Faulting shifts the ground in a vertical motion through reverse, normal or oblique strike slip faulting processes, this displaces the water above causing a tsunami (Figure 1). The reason strike-slip faulting does not cause tsunamis is because there is no vertical displacement within the fault movement, only lateral movement resulting in no displacement of the water. In an enclosed basin such as a lake, tsunamis are referred to as the initial wave produced by coseismic displacement from an earthquake, and the seiche as the harmonic resonance within the lake.

text: Tsunamis in lakes can be generated by

text: fault

text: displacement beneath or around lake systems. Faulting shifts the ground in a vertical motion through reverse, normal or oblique strike slip faulting processes, this displaces the water above causing a tsunami (Figure 1). The reason strike-slip faulting does not cause tsunamis is because there is no vertical displacement within the fault movement, only lateral movement resulting in no displacement of the water. In an enclosed basin such as a lake, tsunamis are referred to as the initial wave produced by coseismic displacement from an earthquake, and the

text: seiche

text: as the harmonic resonance within the lake.

text: The demonstration of the Coriolis effect in Kenya was, apparently, a clever hoax.

text: The demonstration of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: in Kenya was, apparently, a clever hoax.

text: Most research into eye movement in music reading has primarily aimed to compare the eye movement patterns of skilled and unskilled performers. The implicit presumption appears to have been that this might lay the foundation for developing better ways of training musicians. However, there are significant methodological problems in attempting this comparison. Skilled and unskilled performers typically sight read the same passage at different tempos and/or levels of accuracy. At a sufficiently slow tempo, players over a large range of skill-levels are capable of accurate performance, but the skilled will have excess capacity in their perception and processing of the information on the page. There is evidence that excess capacity contaminates eye-movement data with a ‘wandering’ effect, in which the eyes tend to stray from the course of the music. Weaver (1943:15) implied the existence of the wandering effect and its confounding influence, as did Truitt et al. (1997:51), who suspected that at slow tempo their participants' eyes were "hanging around rather than extracting information". The wandering effect is undesirable, because it is an unquantifiable and possibly random distortion of normal eye movement patterns.

text: Most research into eye movement in music reading has primarily aimed to compare the eye movement patterns of skilled and unskilled performers. The implicit presumption appears to have been that this might lay the foundation for developing better ways of training musicians. However, there are significant methodological problems in attempting this comparison. Skilled and unskilled performers typically sight read the same passage at different

text: tempo

text: s and/or levels of accuracy. At a sufficiently slow tempo, players over a large range of skill-levels are capable of accurate performance, but the skilled will have excess capacity in their perception and processing of the information on the page. There is evidence that excess capacity contaminates eye-movement data with a ‘wandering’ effect, in which the eyes tend to stray from the course of the music. Weaver (1943:15) implied the existence of the wandering effect and its confounding influence, as did Truitt et al. (1997:51), who suspected that at slow tempo their participants' eyes were "hanging around rather than extracting information". The wandering effect is undesirable, because it is an unquantifiable and possibly random distortion of normal eye movement patterns.

text: Following the tsunami, officials from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) suggested the creation of a tsunami early warning system for Southeast Asia. If one had been in place prior to December 2004, hundreds of thousands of lives would have been saved. The entire Indian Ocean region remains vulnerable as it is still without a comprehensive and coordinated tsunami warning system.

text: Following the tsunami, officials from the

text: United Nations Development Program

text: (UNDP) suggested the creation of a tsunami early warning system for Southeast Asia. If one had been in place prior to December 2004, hundreds of thousands of lives would have been saved. The entire Indian Ocean region remains vulnerable as it is still without a comprehensive and coordinated tsunami warning system.

text: An important advance in analog computing was the development of the first fire-control systems for long range ship gunlaying. When gunnery ranges increased dramatically in the late 19th century it was no longer a simple matter of calculating the proper aim point, given the flight times of the shells. Various spotters on board the ship would relay distance measures and observations to a central plotting station. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for Coriolis effect, weather effects on the air, and other adjustments; the computer would then output a firing solution, which would be fed to the turrets for laying. In 1912, British engineer Arthur Pollen developed the first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer (called at the time the Argo Clock). It was used by the Imperial Russian Navy in World War I. The alternative Dreyer Table fire control system was fitted to British capital ships by mid-1916.

text: An important advance in analog computing was the development of the first

text: fire-control system

text: s for long range

text: ship

text: gunlaying

text: . When gunnery ranges increased dramatically in the late 19th century it was no longer a simple matter of calculating the proper aim point, given the flight times of the shells. Various spotters on board the ship would relay distance measures and observations to a central plotting station. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for

text: Coriolis effect

text: , weather effects on the air, and other adjustments; the computer would then output a firing solution, which would be fed to the turrets for laying. In 1912, British engineer

text: Arthur Pollen

text: developed the first electrically powered mechanical

text: analogue computer

text: (called at the time the Argo Clock). It was used by the

text: Imperial Russian Navy

text: in

text: World War I

text: . The alternative

text: Dreyer Table

text: fire control system was fitted to British capital ships by mid-1916.

text: The idea of constructing a tidal power plant on the Rance dates to Gerard Boisnoer in 1921. The site was attractive because of the wide average-range between low and high tide levels,  with a maximum perigean spring tide range of . The first studies which envisaged a tidal plant on the Rance were done by the Society for the Study of Utilization of the Tides in 1943. Nevertheless, work did not actually commence until 1961. Albert Caquot, the visionary engineer, was instrumental in the construction of the dam, designing an enclosure in order to protect the construction site from the ocean tides and the strong streams. Construction necessitated draining the area where the plant was to be built, which required construction of two dams which took two years. Construction of the plant commenced on 20 July 1963, while the Rance was entirely blocked by the two dams.

text: The idea of constructing a tidal power plant on the Rance dates to Gerard Boisnoer in 1921. The site was attractive because of the wide average-range between low and high tide levels,  with a maximum

text: perigean spring tide

text: range of . The first studies which envisaged a tidal plant on the Rance were done by the

text: Society for the Study of Utilization of the Tides

text: in 1943. Nevertheless, work did not actually commence until 1961.

text: Albert Caquot

text: , the visionary engineer, was instrumental in the construction of the dam, designing an enclosure in order to protect the construction site from the ocean tides and the strong streams. Construction necessitated draining the area where the plant was to be built, which required construction of two dams which took two years. Construction of the plant commenced on 20 July 1963, while the Rance was entirely blocked by the two dams.

text: Young earned research fellowships from both the American Society for Engineering Education and the National Science Foundation to conduct graduate research. As a certified research diver, she has conducted field studies in various locations throughout the world, such as a study completed in 2009 off the coast of the Palau archipelago. In the study, Young and John Dabiri, a peer from CIT, enlisted local women to assist them with filming jellyfish whose waters had been treated with safe dyes. The goal was to understand the physics involved in the jellyfishes' movements. Instead, what they discovered was that the jellyfish not only push water into their domes, but drag an almost constant flume of water behind them. That discovery propelled Young to question how much marine life contribute to the movement of ocean and sea tides. Tides are critical to climate change as transference mechanisms of heat between the Polar regions and the equator. Young's discovery has led her to explore how much sea creatures augment wind and other external energy forces in propelling the constant motion of oceans. She won an Emerging Explorer Grant from the National Geographic Society in 2011 and as part of the award, a research dive in Panama was filmed in 2012 by NatGeo. In 2013, she was awarded a Kavli Research Fellowship from the National Academy of Sciences and is currently working in Moss Landing, California at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute as a postdoctoral Fellow.

text: Young earned research fellowships from both the

entity_name: American Society for Engineering Education

text: American Society for Engineering Education

text: and the

text: National Science Foundation

text: to conduct graduate research. As a certified research diver, she has conducted field studies in various locations throughout the world, such as a study completed in 2009 off the coast of the

text: Palau archipelago

text: . In the study, Young and John Dabiri, a peer from CIT, enlisted local women to assist them with filming jellyfish whose waters had been treated with safe dyes. The goal was to understand the physics involved in the jellyfishes' movements. Instead, what they discovered was that the jellyfish not only push water into their domes, but drag an almost constant flume of water behind them. That discovery propelled Young to question how much marine life contribute to the movement of ocean and sea tides. Tides are critical to climate change as transference mechanisms of heat between the

text: Polar regions

text: and the

text: equator

text: . Young's discovery has led her to explore how much sea creatures augment wind and other external energy forces in propelling the constant motion of oceans. She won an Emerging Explorer Grant from the

text: National Geographic Society

text: in 2011 and as part of the award, a research dive in Panama was filmed in 2012 by NatGeo. In 2013, she was awarded a Kavli Research Fellowship from the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: and is currently working in

text: Moss Landing, California

text: at the

entity_name: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

text: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

text: as a postdoctoral Fellow.

text: La Guaira Bank () is an underwater ridge that is approximately 12 miles off the coast from the city of La Guaira. The bank is approximately  long from east to west and  wide from north to south, and it rises from  in the surrounding area to .  The area provides the structure to deep-sea animals, and other organisms such as gorgonians, sponges, and coral, that require ocean currents to bring their food to them. Westerly currents flow off the coast of Venezuela, and the bank acts as a barrier to the current, creating an upwelling of nutrients to the ocean surface from deep-water stockpiles. These nutrients fuel an explosion of planktonic plant and animal growth, and attract larger animals such as whales, porpoises, seabirds, and large pelagics such as tuna, sharks, wahoo, dolphin fish, and four different types of marlin. It is considered one of the top sport fishing destinations in the world due to the unusually high numbers of Atlantic blue marlin, white marlin, sailfish, and spearfish that congregate at different seasons, and are available year round.

text: La Guaira Bank () is an

text: underwater ridge

text: that is approximately 12 miles off the coast from the city of La Guaira. The

text: bank

text: is approximately  long from east to west and  wide from north to south, and it rises from  in the surrounding area to .  The area provides the structure to deep-sea animals, and other organisms such as

text: gorgonian

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s, and

text: coral

text: , that require ocean currents to bring their food to them. Westerly currents flow off the coast of Venezuela, and the bank acts as a barrier to the current, creating an

text: upwelling

text: of nutrients to the ocean surface from deep-water stockpiles. These nutrients fuel an explosion of

text: plankton

text: ic plant and animal growth, and attract larger animals such as

text: whale

text: s,

text: porpoise

text: s,

text: seabird

text: s, and large

text: pelagic

text: s such as

text: tuna

text: shark

text: s,

text: wahoo

text: dolphin fish

text: , and four different types of

text: marlin

text: . It is considered one of the top

text: sport fishing

text: destinations in the world due to the unusually high numbers of

text: Atlantic blue marlin

text: white marlin

text: sailfish

text: , and

text: spearfish

text: that congregate at different seasons, and are available year round.

text: Surface currents are found on the surface of an ocean, and are driven by large scale wind currents. They are directly affected by the windthe Coriolis effect plays a role in their behaviors.

text: Surface currents are found on the surface of an ocean, and are driven by large scale wind currents. They are directly affected by the windthe

text: Coriolis effect

text: plays a role in their behaviors.

text: Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer.  Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves.  Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train".  Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events.  Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 290,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

text: Tsunami waves do not resemble normal

text: sea wave

text: s, because their wavelength is far longer.  Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising

text: tide

text: , and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves.  Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with

text: period

text: s ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train".  Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events.  Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 290,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the

text: Indian Ocean

text: And a high tide from the ocean

text: And a high tide from the ocean

text: Different designs of man-made tsunami barriers include building reefs and forests to above-ground and submerged seawalls.  In 2005, India began planting Casuarina and coconut saplings on its coast as a natural barrier against future tsunamis like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.  Studies have found that an offshore tsunami wall could reduce tsunami wave heights by up to 83%.

text: Different designs of man-made tsunami barriers include building reefs and forests to above-ground and submerged

text: seawall

text: s.  In 2005, India began planting

text: Casuarina

text: and

text: coconut

text: saplings

text: on its coast as a natural barrier against future tsunamis like the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: .  Studies have found that an offshore tsunami wall could reduce tsunami wave heights by up to 83%.

text: Clinus heterodon, the Westcoast klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Namibia to South Africa where it is a denizen of tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL. This species feeds on marine invertebrates.

text: Clinus heterodon, the Westcoast klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: that occurs in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: from

text: Namibia

text: to

text: South Africa

text: where it is a denizen of

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: . This species feeds on marine

text: invertebrate

text: s.

text: An entirely different class of subsurface current is caused by friction with surface currents and objects. When the wind or some other surface force compels surface currents into motion, some of this is translated into subsurface motion. The Ekman Spiral, named after Vagn Walfrid Ekman, is the standard for this transfer of energy. The Ekman Spiral works as follows: when the surface moves, the subsurface inherits some -but not all- of this motion.  Due to the Coriolis Effect, however, the current moves at a 45˚ angle to the right of the first (left in the Southern Hemisphere). The current below is slower yet, and moves at a 45˚ angle to the right.  This process continues in the same manner, until, at about 100 meters below the surface, the current is moving in the opposite direction of the surface current.

text: An entirely different class of subsurface current is caused by friction with surface currents and objects. When the wind or some other surface force compels surface currents into motion, some of this is translated into subsurface motion. The

text: Ekman Spiral

text: , named after

text: Vagn Walfrid Ekman

text: , is the standard for this transfer of energy. The Ekman Spiral works as follows: when the surface moves, the subsurface inherits some -but not all- of this motion.  Due to the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: , however, the current moves at a 45˚ angle to the right of the first (left in the Southern Hemisphere). The current below is slower yet, and moves at a 45˚ angle to the right.  This process continues in the same manner, until, at about 100 meters below the surface, the current is moving in the opposite direction of the surface current.

text: The musical quotation of a phrase from Beethoven's song cycle An die ferne Geliebte in the coda of the first movement was not acknowledged by Schumann, and apparently was not spotted until 1910.  The text of the passage quoted is: Accept then these songs [beloved, which I sang for you alone].  Both the Schlegel stanza and the Beethoven quotation are appropriate to Schumann's current situation of separation from Clara Wieck.  Schumann wrote to Clara: The first movement may well be the most passionate I have ever composed – a deep lament for you.  They still had many tribulations to suffer before they finally married four years later.

text: The

text: musical quotation

text: of a phrase from Beethoven's song cycle

text: An die ferne Geliebte

text: in the coda of the first movement was not acknowledged by Schumann, and apparently was not spotted until 1910.  The text of the passage quoted is: Accept then these songs [beloved, which I sang for you alone].  Both the Schlegel stanza and the Beethoven quotation are appropriate to Schumann's current situation of separation from

text: Clara Wieck

text: .  Schumann wrote to Clara: The first movement may well be the most passionate I have ever composed – a deep lament for you.  They still had many tribulations to suffer before they finally married four years later.

text: Wave Group is involved in food processing, paper manufacturing, sugar mills, breweries and distilleries, power manufacturing, bottling plants, real estate as well as film distribution. Their flagship companies include Wave Infratech, Wave Cinemas, Wave Distilleries and Breweries, The Delhi Waveriders, Film Distribution, Wave City, Wave City Center, Wave Estate, Wave One, Wave Malls, and Wave Industries. It is also said that Ponty had developed close ties with former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mayawati and former Chief Minister of Punjab, Amarinder Singh.

text: Wave Group is involved in food processing, paper manufacturing, sugar mills, breweries and distilleries, power manufacturing, bottling plants, real estate as well as film distribution. Their flagship companies include Wave Infratech, Wave Cinemas, Wave Distilleries and Breweries, The Delhi Waveriders, Film Distribution, Wave City, Wave City Center, Wave Estate, Wave One, Wave Malls, and Wave Industries. It is also said that Ponty had developed close ties with former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh,

text: Mayawati

text: and former Chief Minister of Punjab,

text: Amarinder Singh

text: While not identified publicly with the American holiness movement of the second half of the 19th century, and despite having left no record of an experience of entire sanctification, Crosby was a fellow traveler of the Wesleyan holiness movement, including in her circle of friends prominent members of the American Holiness movement and attending Wesleyan/Holiness camp meetings. For example, Crosby was a friend of Walter and Phoebe Palmer, "the mother of the holiness movement", and "arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history", and their daughter Phoebe Knapp, with whom she wrote "Blessed Assurance", often visiting the Methodist camp grounds at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, as their guest. For many years (from at least 1877 until at least 1897), Crosby vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove, where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers.

text: While not identified publicly with the American

text: holiness movement

text: of the second half of the 19th century, and despite having left no record of an experience of

text: entire sanctification

text: , Crosby was a

text: fellow traveler

text: of the Wesleyan holiness movement, including in her circle of friends prominent members of the American Holiness movement and attending Wesleyan/Holiness

text: camp meeting

text: s. For example, Crosby was a friend of Walter and

text: Phoebe Palmer

text: , "the mother of the holiness movement", and "arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history", and their daughter

text: Phoebe Knapp

text: , with whom she wrote "

text: Blessed Assurance

text: ", often visiting the Methodist camp grounds at

text: Ocean Grove, New Jersey

text: , as their guest. For many years (from at least 1877 until at least 1897), Crosby vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove, where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers.

text: The third story is developed in Dichato, where a group of young people (Loreto Aravena, Eduardo Paxeco, and Andrés Reyes), while enjoying their last day of vacations in a party, experience the strong movement and tsunami that annihilates the place.

text: The third story is developed in Dichato, where a group of young people (

text: Loreto Aravena

text: Eduardo Paxeco

text: , and

text: Andrés Reyes

text: ), while enjoying their last day of vacations in a party, experience the strong movement and tsunami that annihilates the place.

text: Yam Gulf is entered between Capes Iretsky to the north and Keytevan to the south, which are separated by 33.8 km (about 21 mi). The high entrance points of the gulf merge into a low shore to the west, with tundra plains beyond. From June to the first half of August, winds in the gulf are seldom stronger than a fresh breeze, but occasionally reach gale force. Calms prevail in the latter half of August and first part of September. Northeast winds begin in late September, with storms common. Fog is fairly rare. There is ice in the gulf from October to late June or early July. Tides are irregular, being diurnal at springs and semidiurnal at neaps. The highest spring tides reach about 6.4 m (21 ft), while neaps reach about 2.1 m (6.9 ft). The tidal currents are strongest in the southern part of the gulf, reaching 8 to 8.5 knots during spring tides in July, 5.5 to 6 knots in August, and 4 to 4.5 knots in September.

text: Yam Gulf is entered between Capes Iretsky to the north and Keytevan to the south, which are separated by 33.8 km (about 21 mi). The high entrance points of the gulf merge into a low shore to the west, with

text: tundra

text: plains beyond. From June to the first half of August,

text: wind

text: s in the gulf are seldom stronger than a fresh breeze, but occasionally reach

text: gale

text: force. Calms prevail in the latter half of August and first part of September. Northeast winds begin in late September, with

text: storm

text: s common.

text: Fog

text: is fairly rare. There is

text: ice

text: in the gulf from October to late June or early July.

text: Tide

text: s are irregular, being diurnal at springs and semidiurnal at neaps. The highest spring tides reach about 6.4 m (21 ft), while neaps reach about 2.1 m (6.9 ft). The tidal currents are strongest in the southern part of the gulf, reaching 8 to 8.5

text: knot

text: s during spring tides in July, 5.5 to 6 knots in August, and 4 to 4.5 knots in September.

text: Upwelling behavior: One of the unique characteristics of the Somali Current is the presence of strong coastal upwelling - the only major instance of this happening at a western ocean boundary. Following Ekman transport and with the southwest monsoon blowing parallel to the Somali coastline, the upwelling direction is to the offshore during the summer: The warm and salty Somali Current flows northward across the equator to turn to the East near Cape Guardafui. This flow deflection causes strong upwelling along the Somali coast, lowering coastal temperatures by 5 °C or more from May through September.

text: These currents produce a magnetic field by Faraday's law.  At the surface, the change in magnetic field [flux] with time is measured.  The way the currents diffuse in the subsurface is related to the conductivity distribution in the ground.

text: Wallace Broecker, using box models, has asserted that the bulk of deep upwelling occurs in the North Pacific, using as evidence the high values of silicon found in these waters. Other investigators have not found such clear evidence. Computer models of ocean circulation increasingly place most of the deep upwelling in the Southern Ocean, associated with the strong winds in the open latitudes between South America and Antarctica. While this picture is consistent with the global observational synthesis of William Schmitz at Woods Hole and with low observed values of diffusion, not all observational syntheses agree. Recent papers by Lynne Talley at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Bernadette Sloyan and Stephen Rintoul in Australia suggest that a significant amount of dense deep water must be transformed to light water somewhere north of the Southern Ocean.

text: Wallace Broecker

text: , using box models, has asserted that the bulk of deep upwelling occurs in the North Pacific, using as evidence the high values of silicon found in these waters. Other investigators have not found such clear evidence. Computer models of ocean circulation increasingly place most of the deep upwelling in the Southern Ocean, associated with the strong winds in the open latitudes between South America and Antarctica. While this picture is consistent with the global observational synthesis of William Schmitz at Woods Hole and with low observed values of diffusion, not all observational syntheses agree. Recent papers by

text: Lynne Talley

text: at the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: and Bernadette Sloyan and Stephen Rintoul in Australia suggest that a significant amount of dense deep water must be transformed to light water somewhere north of the Southern Ocean.

text: The following agencies distribute estimates of latitude, longitude, depth, and magnitude of worldwide earthquakes rapidly and with high accuracy.  The Geoforschungszentrum, Potsdam, Germany, delivers automatic solutions within 8 minutes (median) for all major earthquakes worldwide.  The National Earthquake Information Center of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) delivers solutions that are reviewed by a seismologist within 17 minutes (median) for all major earthquakes worldwide.  The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre delivers reviewed parameters mostly in the European area within 25 minutes (median).  The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and the National Tsunami Warning Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) delivers reviewed parameters for earthquakes in the wider Pacific area within 12 minutes (median).

text: The following agencies distribute estimates of latitude, longitude, depth, and magnitude of worldwide earthquakes rapidly and with high accuracy.  The Geoforschungszentrum, Potsdam, Germany, delivers automatic solutions within 8 minutes (

text: median

text: ) for all major earthquakes worldwide.  The

text: National Earthquake Information Center

text: of the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS) delivers solutions that are reviewed by a seismologist within 17 minutes (median) for all major earthquakes worldwide.  The

text: European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre

text: delivers reviewed parameters mostly in the European area within 25 minutes (median).  The

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: and the

text: National Tsunami Warning Center

text: of the

text: (NOAA) delivers reviewed parameters for earthquakes in the wider Pacific area within 12 minutes (median).

text: Since 2004, MCBH has partnered with Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. to test the generation of electric power from ocean waves using a "PowerBuoy" wave energy converter, one of the first wave power projects in the U.S.

text: Since 2004, MCBH has partnered with

text: Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.

text: to test the

text: generation of electric power from ocean waves

text: using a "

text: PowerBuoy

text: " wave energy converter, one of the first wave power projects in the U.S.

text: The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. The writing staff wanted to do an episode where the Simpson family traveled to Australia, because they thought everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and that they "would get the jokes". The staff had previously poked fun at several American institutions on the show and they thought it would be interesting to poke fun at a whole nation. They designed Australia and the Australian people very inaccurately and many things were completely made up for fun. The animators, however, got two Australian tourist guides to help them out with the design of the Australian landscape and buildings, as well as the US Embassy. The writers did research on the Coriolis effect for this episode. Lisa's explanation of the effect is incorrect; it affects global weather patterns and is caused by the spinning of the globe on its axis. The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it.

text: The episode was written by

text: Bill Oakley

text: and

text: Josh Weinstein

text: , and directed by

text: Wes Archer

text: . The writing staff wanted to do an episode where the Simpson family traveled to Australia, because they thought everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and that they "would get the jokes". The staff had previously poked fun at several American institutions on the show and they thought it would be interesting to poke fun at a whole nation. They designed Australia and the Australian people very inaccurately and many things were completely made up for fun. The animators, however, got two Australian

text: tourist guide

text: s to help them out with the design of the Australian landscape and buildings, as well as the US Embassy. The writers did research on the

text: Coriolis effect

text: for this episode. Lisa's explanation of the effect is incorrect; it affects global weather patterns and is caused by the spinning of the globe on its axis. The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it.

text: Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water from the Southern Ocean northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of Peru. Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean towards the surface, helping to keep the surface cool. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about  than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.

text: Normally the northward flowing

text: Humboldt Current

text: brings relatively cold water from the

text: Southern Ocean

text: northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of

text: Peru

text: . Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean towards the surface, helping to keep the surface cool. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about  than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide, a meteorite impact, a volcanic eruption, or a collapse of land into the sea. These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed. Tsunami warning systems rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as refraction, can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater

text: earthquake

text: or

text: landslide

text: , a

text: meteorite impact

text: , a

text: volcanic eruption

text: , or a

text: collapse of land into the sea

text: . These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed.

text: Tsunami warning system

text: s rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as

text: refraction

text: , can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

text: The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the "volta do mar" (return of the sea). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route.

text: The knowledge of wind patterns and

text: currents

text: , the

text: trade winds

text: and the

text: oceanic gyre

text: s in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of

text: atmospheric circulation

text: and the effect of

text: Coriolis

text: , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the "volta do mar" (return of the sea). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the

text: Manila Galleon

text: trade route.

text: Angola current is a temporary ocean surface current. It is an extension of the Guinea Current, flowing near western Africa's coast. It is known to have created similar effects in the upwelling as El Niño, though its effect is weaker.

text: Angola current is a temporary ocean surface

text: current

text: . It is an extension of the

text: Guinea Current

text: , flowing near western Africa's coast. It is known to have created similar effects in the

text: upwelling

text: as

text: El Niño

text: , though its effect is weaker.

text: In 493 BC the Roman consul Postumus Cominius Auruncus fought and defeated two armies from Antium, and as a result captured the Volscian towns of Longula, Pollusca and Corioli (to the north of Antium).

text: In 493 BC the Roman consul

text: Postumus Cominius Auruncus

text: fought and

text: defeated

text: two armies from Antium, and as a result captured the Volscian towns of

text: Longula

text: Pollusca

text: and

text: Corioli

text: (to the north of Antium).

text: This pattern of deflection, and the direction of movement, is called Buys-Ballot's law. In the atmosphere, the pattern of flow is called a cyclone. In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low-pressure area is anticlockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there. At high altitudes, outward-spreading air rotates in the opposite direction. Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region.

text: This pattern of deflection, and the direction of movement, is called

text: Buys-Ballot's law

text: . In the atmosphere, the pattern of flow is called a

text: cyclone

text: . In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low-pressure area is anticlockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there. At high altitudes, outward-spreading air rotates in the opposite direction. Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region.

text: This reissue of Initiation makes several changes to the album.  The running order has been changed; the track "When I Was In My Prime" has been dropped;  "Strategies of Movement" is heard in a longer mix; and the track "Ocean" is only heard in remixed form, as a bonus track.  Other bonus tracks include remixes of "Tsunami" and "Cun Lacoudhir", and three previously unreleased outtakes.

text: Instead of a classic alignment system acting as a character's ethical and moral compass, Torment: Tides of Numenera will use "Tides" to represent the reactions a person inspires in their peers. Each Tide has a specific color and embodies a number of nuanced concepts that are associated with it. The composition of Tides a character has manipulated the most determines their Legacy, which roughly describes the way they have taken in life. Different Legacies may affect what bonuses and powers certain weapons and relics provide, as well as give a character special abilities and enhance certain skills.

text: Instead of a classic

text: alignment

text: system acting as a character's ethical and moral compass, Torment: Tides of Numenera will use "Tides" to represent the reactions a person inspires in their peers. Each Tide has a specific color and embodies a number of nuanced concepts that are associated with it. The composition of Tides a character has manipulated the most determines their Legacy, which roughly describes the way they have taken in life. Different Legacies may affect what bonuses and powers certain weapons and relics provide, as well as give a character special abilities and enhance certain skills.

text: The layers of sedimentary rock show evidence of a deep-sea fan. A deep-sea fan is caused when there is dense, turbulent sediment filled water flowing down a submarine canyon. This highly dense water is called a turbidity current. Something that may cause a turbidity current are earthquakes or storms that create a submarine slide. When this sediment filled water leaves the end of the canyon it spreads out in a fan like shape. The sediment is thinner and thinner the farther away the sediment is from the submarine canyon. All of these layers of sedimentary rock are created thousands of feet below the ocean’s surface but now the layers are visible above the surface of the water. This is because the Pacific plate and the North American plate are moving against each other; since the oceanic plate is lower, it is being forced below the continental plate in a process called subduction. While the oceanic plate is being subducted, the continental plate is scraping off the top layers of the oceanic plate slowly bringing them to the surface.

text: The layers of sedimentary rock show evidence of a

text: deep-sea fan

text: . A deep-sea fan is caused when there is dense, turbulent

text: sediment

text: filled water flowing down a

text: submarine canyon

text: . This highly dense water is called a

text: turbidity current

text: . Something that may cause a turbidity current are

text: earthquake

text: s or storms that create a submarine slide. When this sediment filled water leaves the end of the canyon it spreads out in a fan like shape. The sediment is thinner and thinner the farther away the sediment is from the submarine canyon. All of these layers of sedimentary rock are created thousands of feet below the ocean’s surface but now the layers are visible above the surface of the water. This is because the

text: Pacific plate

text: and the

text: North American plate

text: are moving against each other; since the oceanic plate is lower, it is being forced below the continental plate in a process called

text: subduction

text: . While the oceanic plate is being subducted, the continental plate is scraping off the top layers of the oceanic plate slowly bringing them to the surface.

text: Fronts have a variety of causes, which involve ocean currents, wind, and coriolis forces.

text: Fronts have a variety of causes, which involve

text: ocean currents

text: wind

text: , and

text: coriolis forces

text: Water can be moved through coral reefs in various ways, including current rings, surface waves, internal waves and tidal changes.  Movement is generally created by tides and wind. As tides interact with varying bathymetry and wind mixes with surface water, internal waves are created. An internal wave is a gravity wave that moves along density stratification within the ocean. When a water parcel encounters a different density it will oscillate and create internal waves. While internal waves generally have a lower frequency than surface waves, they often form as a single wave that breaks into multiple waves as it hits a slope and moves upward. This vertical break up of internal waves causes significant diapycnal mixing and turbulence. Internal waves can act as nutrient pumps, bringing plankton and cool nutrient-rich water up to the surface.

text: Tide-Pool Plaza features three living tide pools where visitors can touch and learn about tide-pool animals with docents. Windows in the habitats provide up-close views of starfish, hermit crabs, sea cucumbers, lobsters, and other animals local to San Diego's tide pools. The tide pool overlooks La Jolla and the Pacific Ocean.

text: Tide-Pool Plaza features three living

text: tide pools

text: where visitors can touch and learn about tide-pool animals with docents. Windows in the habitats provide up-close views of

text: starfish

text: hermit crab

text: s,

text: sea cucumber

text: s,

text: lobsters

text: , and other animals local to San Diego's tide pools. The tide pool overlooks

text: La Jolla

text: and the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: In studies with Manduca sexta, moths have dynamic flight sensory abilities due to their antennae. The antennae are vibrated in a plane so that when the body of the moth rotates during controlled aerial maneuvers, the antennae are subject to the inertial coriolis forces that are linearly proportional to the angular velocity of the body. The coriolis forces cause deflections of the antennae, which are detected by the Johnston's organ at the base of each antenna, with strong frequency responses at the beat frequency of the antennae (around 25 Hz) and at twice the beat frequency. The relative magnitude of the two frequency responses enables the moth to distinguish rotation around the different principal axes, allowing for rapid course control during aerial maneuvers.

text: In studies with

text: Manduca sexta

text: , moths have dynamic flight sensory abilities due to their antennae. The antennae are vibrated in a plane so that when the body of the moth rotates during controlled aerial maneuvers, the antennae are subject to the

text: inertial

text: coriolis forces

text: that are linearly proportional to the angular velocity of the body. The coriolis forces cause deflections of the antennae, which are detected by the

text: Johnston's organ

text: at the base of each antenna, with strong frequency responses at the beat frequency of the antennae (around 25 Hz) and at twice the beat frequency. The relative magnitude of the two frequency responses enables the moth to distinguish rotation around the different

text: principal axes

text: , allowing for rapid course control during aerial maneuvers.

text: The Dosado can also be fractionalized— 1/4 Dosado results in the active dancers standing side-by-side right hip-to-right hip, 1/2 Dosado results in the active dancers standing back-to-back, and 3/4 Dosado results in the active dancers standing side-by-side left hip-to-left hip.  When standing side-to-side the dancers join adjacent hands palm-to-palm to make a mini-wave (in the case of two people), an ocean wave (in the case of three-six people), or a tidal wave (in the case of eight people).

text: As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean.

text: Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons. The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location. In Florida, controversy was created when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott. This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk area in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century. The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3.3 feet). In the Miami area, where the vast majority of the land is below , even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding. The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about  MLLW,  above mean sea level, or about  NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW. While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about , with the greatest range being less than , the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area low elevation. NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations. During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times  or more over datum.

text: Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally

text: high tide

text: events, such as at

text: full

text: and

text: new moon

text: s. The highest tides of the year may be known as the

text: king tide

text: , with the month varying by location. In

text: Florida

text: , controversy was created when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as

text: sea level rise

text: climate change

text: and

text: global warming

text: , prompting allegations of

text: climate change denial

text: , specifically against

text: Governor

text: Rick Scott

text: . This amid Florida, specifically

text: South Florida

text: and the

text: Miami metropolitan area

text: being one of the most at risk area in the world for the potential

text: effects of sea level rise

text: , and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century. The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like

text: Miami Beach

text: , where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of

text: South Beach

text: , formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3.3 feet). In the Miami area, where the vast majority of the land is below , even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding. The 2015 and 2016

text: king tide

text: event levels reached about  MLLW,  above

text: mean sea level

text: , or about

text: , and nearly the same above MHHW. While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about , with the greatest range being less than , the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area low elevation. NOAA

text: tide gauge

text: data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed

text: datum

text: , as well as mean sea level trends for some stations. During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at

text: Virginia Key

text: shows levels running at times  or more over datum.

text: The tides in Parker's Cove have a range of approximately 30 feet from low to high, and vary with the phases of the moon.  Fishermen here fish "with the tides", as the boat basin and wharf are bare at low tide - exposing the ocean bottom to curious humans and flocks of seagulls.

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the troposphere and stratosphere when the atmosphere is periodically heated, as water vapor and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. These tides propagate away from the source regions and ascend into the mesosphere and thermosphere. Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: when the

text: atmosphere

text: is periodically heated, as

text: water vapor

text: and

text: ozone

text: absorb

text: solar radiation

text: during the day. These tides propagate away from the source regions and ascend into the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in

text: wind

text: temperature

text: density

text: and

text: pressure

text: . Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: Hindcasts of wave models during extreme conditions also serves as a useful test bed for the models.<ref name="Extreme">{{cite journal | last1 = Cardone | first1 = V. | last2 = Jensen | first2 = R. | last3 = Resio | first3 = D. | last4 = Swail | first4 = V. | last5 = Cox | first5 = A. | year = 1996 | title = Evaluation of Contemporary Ocean Wave Models in Rare Extreme Events: The "Halloween Storm" of October 1991 and the "Storm of the Century" of March 1993 | url = | journal = J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 198–230 | doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: The sum of transient factors acting at the Earth's surface is cyclical: climate, ocean currents and other movements, wind currents, temperature, etc. The waveform response comes from the underlying cyclical motions of the planet, which eventually drag all the transients into harmony with them. The repeated glaciations of the Pleistocene were caused by the same factors.

text: Downwelling also allows for deep ocean ventilation to occur because these waters are able to bring dissolved oxygen down from the surface to help facilitate aerobic respiration in organisms throughout the water column. Without this renewal, the dissolved oxygen in the sediment and within the water column would be quickly used up by biological processes. In the instance of decay, anaerobic bacteria would take over decomposition, leading to a build-up of hydrogen sulfide. In these toxic conditions, there are very few benthic animals that would survive. In the most extreme cases, a lack of downwelling could possibly lead to mass extinction. Paleontologists have suggested that 250 million years ago, deep ocean ventilation slowed nearly to a halt, and the ocean became stagnant. Low oxygen, sulfide and methane-rich waters filled the deep ocean and progressed onto the continental shelves, wiping out 95% of all marine species in the greatest extinction event in Earth history, the Permian extinction.

text: Downwelling also allows for deep ocean

text: ventilation

text: to occur because these waters are able to bring dissolved oxygen down from the surface to help facilitate

text: aerobic respiration

text: in organisms throughout the water column. Without this renewal, the dissolved oxygen in the sediment and within the water column would be quickly used up by biological processes. In the instance of decay,

text: anaerobic bacteria

text: would take over decomposition, leading to a build-up of

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: . In these toxic conditions, there are very few benthic animals that would survive. In the most extreme cases, a lack of downwelling could possibly lead to mass extinction. Paleontologists have suggested that 250 million years ago, deep ocean ventilation slowed nearly to a halt, and the ocean became stagnant. Low oxygen, sulfide and methane-rich waters filled the deep ocean and progressed onto the continental shelves, wiping out 95% of all marine species in the greatest extinction event in Earth history, the

text: Permian extinction

text: Large-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on opal deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations, are favoring the production/preservation of silica and carbonate, respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus carbonate producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.

text: Large-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on

text: opal

text: deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations, are favoring the

text: production

text: preservation

text: of silica and carbonate, respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus

text: carbonate

text: producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.

text: During Spring tides Vessels drawing up to 10 feet (3 m) can use the harbour at high water and vessels of up to 1.5 metres draft can look at entry two hours either side of high water. On neap tides the Harbour may be entered by craft drawing up to 6 feet (1.75 m) at high water or at most one hour before or after high water.

text: During Spring tides Vessels

text: drawing

text: up to 10 feet (3 m) can use the harbour at high water and vessels of up to 1.5 metres

text: draft

text: can look at entry two hours either side of

text: high water

text: . On

entity_section: Tidal range variation: springs and neaps

text: neap

text: tides the Harbour may be entered by craft drawing up to 6 feet (1.75 m) at high water or at most one

text: hour

text: before or after

text: high water

text: The mid-ocean ridge, as its name implies, is a mountainous rise through the middle of all the oceans, between the continents. Typically a rift runs along the edge of this ridge. Along tectonic plate edges there are typically oceanic trenches – deep valleys, created by the mantle circulation movement from the mid-ocean mountain ridge to the oceanic trench.

text: The

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: , as its name implies, is a mountainous rise through the middle of all the oceans, between the continents. Typically a

text: rift

text: runs along the edge of this ridge. Along

text: tectonic plate

text: edges there are typically

text: oceanic trench

text: es – deep valleys, created by the mantle circulation movement from the mid-ocean mountain ridge to the oceanic trench.

text: The wreck of the USS Atlanta was discovered in 1992 by an expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard using a remotely operated underwater vehicle, (ROV). Dr. Ballard was famous for leading the expeditions that discovered the RMS Titanic and the DKM Bismarck. Unfortunately, strong ocean currents and poor visibility prevented the expedition from thoroughly exploring the Atlanta. In 1994, two Australian technical divers Rob Cason and Kevin Denlay travelled to Solomon Islands with the intention of being the first scuba divers to dive the Atlanta but this was unsuccessful because of the lack of a suitable surface support vessel and strong surface currents; this was also the first mixed gas scuba diving expedition to Guadalcanal.  However, they did manage to dive one of the two other, deepest diveable wrecks; the Japanese transport Azumasan Maru, which is almost 90m deep at the stern and the Sasako Maru, which Denlay dived in 1995 at over 90m in the collapsed debris field of the bridge. Many other World War II wrecks discovered by Dr Ballard in Iron Bottom Sound are beyond the current technical limit for scuba and are only accessible by ROVs or submersibles. Dr Ballard gives an account of this in his book  The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal. In the same year, Denlay returned with American Terrance Tysall and made the first successful scuba dive on the USS Atlanta, which was at the time the deepest wreck dive by free swimming divers in the southern hemisphere.

text: The wreck of the USS Atlanta was discovered in 1992 by an expedition led by Dr.

text: Robert Ballard

text: using a

text: remotely operated underwater vehicle

text: , (ROV). Dr. Ballard was famous for leading the expeditions that discovered the

text: RMS Titanic

text: and the

text: DKM Bismarck

text: . Unfortunately, strong ocean currents and poor visibility prevented the expedition from thoroughly exploring the Atlanta. In 1994, two Australian

text: technical divers

text: Rob Cason and Kevin Denlay travelled to Solomon Islands with the intention of being the first scuba divers to dive the Atlanta but this was unsuccessful because of the lack of a suitable surface support vessel and strong surface currents; this was also the first mixed gas scuba diving expedition to Guadalcanal.  However, they did manage to dive one of the two other, deepest diveable wrecks; the Japanese transport

text: Azumasan Maru

text: , which is almost 90m deep at the stern and the Sasako Maru, which Denlay dived in 1995 at over 90m in the collapsed debris field of the bridge. Many other World War II wrecks discovered by Dr Ballard in Iron Bottom Sound are beyond the current technical limit for scuba and are only accessible by ROVs or submersibles. Dr Ballard gives an account of this in his book  The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal. In the same year, Denlay returned with American Terrance Tysall and made the first successful scuba dive on the USS Atlanta, which was at the time the deepest wreck dive by free swimming divers in the southern hemisphere.

text: Bridging off mob mentality: fitting in is as important a theme as any considering a movement is nothing without people; for without people to carry the movement forward it becomes nothing more ta. The reason the Wave was met with such success is because it made people feel like they belonged, like they were becoming a part of something higher than themselves. Another important reason people were so eager to join the Wave was because many of their friends were doing it, and they didn't want to be left out of such a huge fad.

text: The control system was unusual.  Both front and rear wings carried full-span control surfaces operated by a control column.  Sideways movement of the column made the surfaces on both front and rear wings act together as conventional ailerons.  Forward movement of the column lowered the control surfaces on the rear wing, as with conventional elevators, but also raised those on the front wing.  Thus the tail was raised and the nose depressed.  The rudder was operated by a conventional rudder bar.

text: The control system was unusual.  Both front and rear wings carried full-span control surfaces operated by a control column.  Sideways movement of the column made the surfaces on both front and rear wings act together as conventional

text: ailerons

text: .  Forward movement of the column lowered the control surfaces on the rear wing, as with conventional elevators, but also raised those on the front wing.  Thus the tail was raised and the nose depressed.  The rudder was operated by a conventional

text: rudder bar

text: In 1871, the Humber Conservancy agreed to buy the island from the Crown Estate for a sum of £1434.4s.3d(equivalent to £935,000 in 2015) and the land was rented out to the tenant farmers. The major part of Read's Island is in the parish of Winteringham despite the closest village being South Ferriby. It has been occupied at times in the past, at one point as a farm with cattle roaming along it, and when there are particularly high spring tides, at low water, it was possible for the cattle to reach solid ground by walking across the mud at low tide. In the 1930s cattle had to be transported by barge. The island then extended to some  and was used for summer grazing. It was locally famous for wildlife and hares.

text: In 1871, the Humber Conservancy agreed to buy the island from the Crown Estate for a sum of £1434.4s.3d(equivalent to £935,000 in 2015) and the land was rented out to the tenant farmers. The major part of Read's Island is in the parish of

text: Winteringham

text: despite the closest village being

text: South Ferriby

text: . It has been occupied at times in the past, at one point as a farm with cattle roaming along it, and when there are particularly high

text: spring tide

text: s, at low water, it was possible for the cattle to reach solid ground by walking across the mud at low tide. In the 1930s cattle had to be transported by barge. The island then extended to some  and was used for summer grazing. It was locally famous for wildlife and hares.

text: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. In the freezing process, much of the salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations, though some remains frozen in the ice. This salt becomes trapped beneath the sea ice, creating a higher concentration of salt in the water beneath ice floes. This concentration of salt contributes to the salinated water’s density, and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as “conveyor belt motion”, and is a regularly occurring process.

text: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. In the

text: freezing

text: process, much of the salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations, though some remains frozen in the ice. This salt becomes trapped beneath the sea ice, creating a higher concentration of salt in the water beneath ice floes. This concentration of salt contributes to the salinated water’s

text: density

text: , and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as “

text: conveyor belt

text: motion”, and is a regularly occurring process.

text: In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of this Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres.

text: In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of this

text: Coriolis effect

text: , falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of

text: cyclone

text: s in the northern and southern hemispheres.

text: For a non-rotating state (zero Coriolis parameter) as well as an ocean state at which the Coriolis parameter is a constant, the ocean circulation  does not demonstrate any preference toward intensification/acceleration near the western boundary. The streamlines exhibit a symmetric behavior in all directions, with the height contours demonstrating a nearly parallel relation to the streamlines, in the case of the homogeneously rotating ocean. Finally, for the case of interest - the one in which the Coriolis force is latitudinally variant - a distinct tendency for an asymmetrical streamline diagram is noted, with an observed, intense clustering toward the western part of the modeled ocean. A nice set of figures depicting the distribution of streamlines and height contours for the cases of a uniformly-rotating ocean and an ocean where the Coriolis force is linearly dependent on latitude can be found in Stommel's 1948 paper.

text: For a non-rotating state (zero Coriolis parameter) as well as an ocean state at which the Coriolis parameter is a constant, the ocean circulation  does not demonstrate any preference toward intensification/acceleration near the western boundary. The streamlines exhibit a symmetric behavior in all directions, with the height contours demonstrating a nearly parallel relation to the streamlines, in the case of the homogeneously rotating ocean. Finally, for the case of interest - the one in which the

text: Coriolis force

text: is latitudinally variant - a distinct tendency for an asymmetrical streamline diagram is noted, with an observed, intense clustering toward the western part of the modeled ocean. A nice set of figures depicting the distribution of streamlines and height contours for the cases of a uniformly-rotating ocean and an ocean where the Coriolis force is linearly dependent on latitude can be found in Stommel's 1948 paper.

text: Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present. For example, the solid part of the Earth is affected by tides, though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements.

text: Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present. For example, the solid part of the Earth is

text: affected by tides

text: , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements.

text: The stronger northeast quadrant moved directly over Delaware for one tidal cycle, producing strong east-northeasterly wind gusts that peaked at  at a station along the Indian River. The highest tides and flooding along the Delaware coastline were between Bowers and Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge, where high waves built momentum from the Atlantic Ocean through the Delaware Bay. In Bowers, the tide reached  along the Murderkill River; the reading was only  less than the record set during the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962. The high tides flooded marsh vegetation in the town. In Lewes, the highest tide was , which was the second highest on record; only the 1962 storm was higher, which produced a tide of . The storm caused significant flooding in Dewey Beach, where a high tide of  marked the second-highest tide in Delaware history. The saltwater contaminated the town's water supply. The ocean washed over dunes in several locations along Delaware Bay, including in Fowler Beach where flooding reached  inland. Near Mispillion Light, the high tides damaged the marina and several nearby buildings. The high tides flooded marshes and low-lying areas throughout the state, which briefly closed portions of state highways 54, 26, and 1. High tides destroyed 11 blocks of the boardwalk in Rehoboth Beach and half of the promenade at Bethany Beach. At nearby South Bethany, high waves destroyed three houses. Along the coast, the storm destroyed 15 houses and damaged 500 others, amounting to over $5 million (1992 USD) in property damage. In addition to the strong winds and high tides, the nor'easter produced light rainfall that did not cause any flooding. The highest total in the state was  in Georgetown. Due to the damage, Kent and Sussex counties were declared federal disaster areas on February 6; this allocated federal funding for repairing storm damage. Then-governor Michael Castle activated the state's National Guard to assist clearing highways and prevent civilian access to damaged areas. Due to storm damage, access to Dewey Beach and Rehoboth Beach were restricted to residents.

text: The stronger northeast quadrant moved directly over Delaware for one tidal cycle, producing strong east-northeasterly wind gusts that peaked at  at a station along the

text: Indian River

text: . The highest tides and flooding along the Delaware coastline were between

text: Bowers

text: and

text: Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge

text: , where high waves built momentum from the Atlantic Ocean through the Delaware Bay. In Bowers, the tide reached  along the

text: Murderkill River

text: ; the reading was only  less than the record set during the

text: Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962

text: . The high tides flooded marsh vegetation in the town. In

text: Lewes

text: , the highest tide was , which was the second highest on record; only the 1962 storm was higher, which produced a tide of . The storm caused significant flooding in

text: Dewey Beach

text: , where a high tide of  marked the second-highest tide in Delaware history. The saltwater contaminated the town's water supply. The ocean washed over dunes in several locations along Delaware Bay, including in

text: Fowler Beach

text: where flooding reached  inland. Near

text: Mispillion Light

text: , the high tides damaged the marina and several nearby buildings. The high tides flooded marshes and low-lying areas throughout the state, which briefly closed portions of state highways

text: , and

text: . High tides destroyed 11 blocks of the boardwalk in

text: Rehoboth Beach

text: and half of the promenade at

text: Bethany Beach

text: . At nearby

text: South Bethany

text: , high waves destroyed three houses. Along the coast, the storm destroyed 15 houses and damaged 500 others, amounting to over $5 million (1992 USD) in property damage. In addition to the strong winds and high tides, the nor'easter produced light rainfall that did not cause any flooding. The highest total in the state was  in

text: Georgetown

text: . Due to the damage,

text: Kent

text: and

text: Sussex

text: counties were declared federal disaster areas on February 6; this allocated federal funding for repairing storm damage. Then-governor

text: Michael Castle

text: activated the state's

text: National Guard

text: to assist clearing highways and prevent civilian access to damaged areas. Due to storm damage, access to Dewey Beach and Rehoboth Beach were restricted to residents.

text: Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. It is still unclear where Earth's water came from, but, seen from space, our planet appears as a "blue marble" of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's  of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the British author Arthur C. Clarke once noted that "Earth" would have been better named "Ocean".

text: Earth

text: is the only known

text: planet

text: with seas of liquid

text: water

text: on its surface, although

text: Mars

text: possesses

text: ice caps

text: and

text: similar planets

text: in

text: other solar systems

text: may have oceans. It is still unclear

text: where Earth's water came from

text: , but, seen from

text: space

text: , our planet appears as a "

text: blue marble

text: " of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's  of sea contain

text: about 97.2 percent of its known water

text: and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , the ice cap covering

text: Antarctica

text: and its

text: adjacent seas

text: , and various

text: glacier

text: s and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form

text: underground reservoirs

text: or various stages of the

text: water cycle

text: , containing the

text: freshwater

text: encountered and used by most

text: terrestrial life

text: vapor

text: in the

text: air

text: , the

text: cloud

text: s it slowly forms, the

text: rain

text: falling from them, and the

text: lake

text: s and

text: river

text: s spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the British author

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: once noted that "Earth" would have been better named "Ocean".

text: Syzygy causes the bimonthly phenomena of spring and neap tides. At the new and full moon, the Sun and Moon are in syzygy. Their tidal forces act to reinforce each other, and the ocean both rises higher and falls lower than the average.  Conversely, at the first and third quarter, the Sun and Moon are at right angles, their tidal forces counteract each other, and the tidal range is smaller than average.  Tidal variation can also be measured in the earth's crust, and this may affect the frequency of earthquakes.

text: Syzygy causes the bimonthly phenomena of

text: spring

text: and

text: neap

text: tides. At the new and full moon, the Sun and Moon are in syzygy. Their

text: tidal force

text: s act to reinforce each other, and the ocean both rises higher and falls lower than the average.  Conversely, at the first and third quarter, the Sun and Moon are at right angles, their tidal forces counteract each other, and the tidal range is smaller than average.  Tidal variation can also be measured in the

text: earth's crust

text: , and this

text: may affect the frequency of earthquakes

text: Hurricane Guillermo began its extensive track as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 16, 1997. Initially disorganized and weak, the system tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean for several weeks. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) stated that they had issues monitoring the system as it moved through the Caribbean; however, they interpreted through satellite data that the wave crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean between July 27 and 28. Once in the Pacific, convection, areas of thunderstorm activity, and banding features began to form. Additionally, a low pressure system developed within the disturbance by July 29. The following day, the system became sufficiently organized for the NHC to classify it as Tropical Depression Nine-E; at this time the depression was situated roughly 345 mi (555 km) south of Salina Cruz, Mexico. In response to a deep-layer ridge to the north, the depression tracked at a steady pace towards the west-northwest, and this motion persisted through the first week of August. Within a day of being classified, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Guillermo, the seventh named storm of the 1997 season.

text: Hurricane Guillermo began its extensive track as a

text: tropical wave

text: that moved off the coast of Africa on July 16, 1997. Initially disorganized and weak, the system tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean for several weeks. The

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) stated that they had issues monitoring the system as it moved through the Caribbean; however, they interpreted through satellite data that the wave crossed

text: Central America

text: and entered the Pacific Ocean between July 27 and 28. Once in the Pacific,

text: convection

text: , areas of

text: thunderstorm

text: activity, and

text: banding features

text: began to form. Additionally, a

text: low pressure system

text: developed within the disturbance by July 29. The following day, the system became sufficiently organized for the NHC to classify it as Tropical Depression Nine-E; at this time the depression was situated roughly 345 mi (555 km) south of

text: Salina Cruz

text: Mexico

text: . In response to a deep-layer

text: ridge

text: to the north, the depression tracked at a steady pace towards the west-northwest, and this motion persisted through the first week of August. Within a day of being classified, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Guillermo, the seventh

text: named storm

text: of the

text: 1997 season

text: Unusually, Kim’s work focuses extensively on the experience of Korean expatriates. In fact, her book The Long Road (which won the Hankook Ilbo Literary Prize the same year it was published)  is the only piece of “expat” Korean fiction that has been translated into English.  That book is among her fiction that draws the time she spent living in Australia in the 1990s.In 2003 Kim won the Yi Sang Literary award for her work  Ocean and Butterfly (Bada-wa nabi) and in 2010 she won the Dong-in Literary Award for Bye, Elena (Annyeong, ellena).Her latest work in Korean, To Be Insane (Michil su issgessni, i salm-e) had its publication delayed at Kim’s request. The story featured a massively destructive earthquake and tsunami, and Kim believed that it would have been inappropriate to release this work just after the earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan.

text: Unusually, Kim’s work focuses extensively on the experience of Korean expatriates. In fact, her book The Long Road (which won the

text: Hankook Ilbo

text: Literary Prize the same year it was published)  is the only piece of “expat” Korean fiction that has been translated into English.  That book is among her fiction that draws the time she spent living in Australia in the 1990s.In 2003 Kim won the Yi Sang Literary award for her work  Ocean and Butterfly (Bada-wa nabi) and in 2010 she won the Dong-in Literary Award for Bye, Elena (Annyeong, ellena).Her latest work in Korean, To Be Insane (Michil su issgessni, i salm-e) had its publication delayed at Kim’s request. The story featured a massively destructive earthquake and tsunami, and Kim believed that it would have been inappropriate to release this work just after the earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan.

text: The winds blow at speeds of 80 km/h or more down the hillsides from Chivela Pass and over the waters of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, sometimes extending more than 500 miles (800 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The surface waters under the Gulf of Tehuantepec wind jet can cool by as much as 10 °C in a day. In addition to the cold water that is detectable from other satellite sensors, the ocean’s response to these winds shows up in satellite estimates of chlorophyll from ocean color measurements. The cold water and high chlorophyll concentration are signatures of mixing and upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep water. Fish converge on this food source, which supports the highly successful fishing industry in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

text: The winds blow at speeds of 80 km/h or more down the hillsides from

text: Chivela Pass

text: and over the waters of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, sometimes extending more than 500 miles (800 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The surface waters under the Gulf of Tehuantepec wind jet can cool by as much as 10 °C in a day. In addition to the cold water that is detectable from other satellite sensors, the ocean’s response to these winds shows up in satellite estimates of chlorophyll from ocean color measurements. The cold water and high chlorophyll concentration are signatures of mixing and upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep water. Fish converge on this food source, which supports the highly successful fishing industry in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

text: The earthquake was felt over a wide area from Alexandria in the southwest to Antioch in the north previously damaged by the earthquake of 526. The area of felt intensity of VIII or more extends from Tripoli in the north to Tyre in the south. Estimates for the magnitude vary from 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale to a possible 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale. The rupture length is estimated to be greater than 100 km and possibly as long as 150 km. The origin of the tsunami was thought to have been due to an underwater landslide triggered by an earthquake on the Dead Sea Transform itself. More recent analysis suggested that an offshore continuation of the Roum Fault mapped onshore was responsible. However, seabed surveys have discounted this possibility and the discovery of geologically recent fault scarps at seabed indicate that movement on the newly identified Mount Lebanon Thrust was the cause of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami. Quaternary uplift recorded by a series of marine-cut terraces between Tripoli and Beirut are consistent with continuing upward movement of the hanging wall of the proposed thrust. At a smaller scale, an uplifted vermetid bench, which indicates vertical movement of about 80 cm, is dated to the sixth century A.D. Continued uplift above this thrust since the late Miocene may explain the formation of the Mount Lebanon range.

text: The earthquake was felt over a wide area from

text: Alexandria

text: in the southwest to

text: Antioch

text: in the north previously damaged by the

text: earthquake of 526

text: . The area of felt intensity of VIII or more extends from

text: Tripoli

text: in the north to

text: Tyre

text: in the south. Estimates for the magnitude vary from 7.2 on the

text: surface wave magnitude

text: scale to a possible 7.5 on the

text: moment magnitude scale

text: . The rupture length is estimated to be greater than 100 km and possibly as long as 150 km. The origin of the tsunami was thought to have been due to an underwater landslide triggered by an earthquake on the Dead Sea Transform itself. More recent analysis suggested that an offshore continuation of the Roum Fault mapped onshore was responsible. However, seabed surveys have discounted this possibility and the discovery of geologically recent fault scarps at seabed indicate that movement on the newly identified Mount Lebanon Thrust was the cause of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami.

text: Quaternary

text: uplift recorded by a series of

text: marine-cut terraces

text: between Tripoli and Beirut are consistent with continuing upward movement of the hanging wall of the proposed thrust. At a smaller scale, an uplifted

text: vermetid

text: bench, which indicates vertical movement of about 80 cm, is dated to the sixth century A.D. Continued uplift above this thrust since the late

text: Miocene

text: may explain the formation of the

text: Mount Lebanon

text: range.

text: Isolated traveling, ocean surface gravity waves radiate only evanescent acoustic waves,and don't generate microbaroms.Microbaroms are generated by nonlinear interactions of ocean surface waves traveling in nearly opposite directions with similar frequencies in the lee of a storm,which produce the required standing wave conditions, also known as the clapotis. When the ocean storm is a tropical cyclone, the microbaroms are not produced near the eye wall where wind speeds are greatest, but originate from the trailing edge of the storm where the storm generated waves interact with the ambient ocean swells.

text: Isolated traveling, ocean surface

text: gravity wave

text: s radiate only

text: evanescent

text: acoustic waves,and don't generate microbaroms.Microbaroms are generated by nonlinear interactions of ocean surface waves traveling in nearly opposite directions with similar frequencies in the lee of a storm,which produce the required

text: standing wave

text: conditions, also known as the

text: clapotis

text: . When the ocean storm is a

text: tropical cyclone

text: , the microbaroms are not produced near the

text: eye wall

text: where wind speeds are greatest, but originate from the trailing edge of the storm where the storm generated waves interact with the ambient ocean

text: swells

text: Making the Future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance is a 2012 collection of political op-ed columns written by Noam Chomsky and edited by John Stickney for monthly publication by the New York Times Syndicate between April 2, 2007 and October 31, 2011. The columns, according to Stickney, “present a narrative of the events that have made the future since 2007,” including War in Afghanistan and Iraq, the 2008 U.S. presidential race; the Chinese Century, the pink tide, nuclear proliferation, the Gaza War, Israeli settlement, climate change,  the global financial crisis, the Arab Spring, the death of Osama bin Laden and the Occupy movement.

text: Making the Future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance is a 2012 collection of political op-ed columns written by

text: Noam Chomsky

text: and edited by John Stickney for monthly publication by the

entity_name: List of assets owned by The New York Times Company

text: New York Times Syndicate

text: between April 2, 2007 and October 31, 2011. The columns, according to Stickney, “present a narrative of the events that have made the future since 2007,” including

text: War in Afghanistan

text: and

text: Iraq

text: , the

entity_name: United States presidential election, 2008

text: 2008 U.S. presidential race

text: ; the

text: Chinese Century

text: , the

text: pink tide

text: nuclear proliferation

text: , the

text: Gaza War

text: Israeli settlement

text: climate change

text: ,  the

text: global financial crisis

text: , the

text: Arab Spring

text: , the

text: death of Osama bin Laden

text: and the

text: Occupy movement

text: To engage the oceanic sports community in World Oceans Day and increase awareness about the importance of clean and healthy oceans. Surfers, sailors, swimmers, divers and paddlers can be ambassadors to the community about the health of the ocean and issues such as pollution.

text: To engage the oceanic sports community in

text: World Oceans Day

text: and increase awareness about the importance of clean and healthy oceans. Surfers, sailors, swimmers, divers and paddlers can be ambassadors to the community about the health of the ocean and issues such as pollution.

text: On May 2, 2007 the boards of Tide and Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap (DSD) approved Tide's acquisition of Stavangerske AS, the ferry operating subsidiary of DSD. Jun 26, 2007 the Annual General Meeting of Tide approved the acquisition. At the same time there was an equity issue in the company aimed at new owners which successfully raised approx. MNOK 300. Effective from Jan 1, 2008 Stavangerske AS was merged with Tide Sjø AS. The new company retained the Tide brand. Prior to this Stavangerske and HSD had won several tenders throughout Norway through their 50/50 joint venture Norferger. Tide Sjø was fissioned out of Tide and the company became Norled from 2012.

text: On May 2, 2007 the boards of Tide and

text: Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskap

text: (DSD) approved Tide's acquisition of

text: Stavangerske

text: AS, the ferry operating subsidiary of DSD. Jun 26, 2007 the Annual General Meeting of Tide approved the acquisition. At the same time there was an

text: equity issue

text: in the company aimed at new owners which successfully raised approx. MNOK 300. Effective from Jan 1, 2008 Stavangerske AS was merged with Tide Sjø AS. The new company retained the Tide brand. Prior to this Stavangerske and HSD had won several tenders throughout Norway through their 50/50

text: joint venture

text: Norferger

text: . Tide Sjø was fissioned out of Tide and the company became

text: Norled

text: from 2012.

text: Ten months after the incident, the first Floatees began to wash up along the Alaskan coast. The first discovery consisted of ten toys found by a beachcomber near Sitka, Alaska on 16 November 1992, about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from their starting point. Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham contacted beachcombers, coastal workers, and local residents to locate hundreds of the beached Floatees over a 530 mile (850 km) shoreline. Another beachcomber discovered twenty of the toys on 28 November 1992, and in total 400 were found along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Alaska in the period up to August 1993. This represented a 1.4% recovery rate. The landfalls were logged in Ingraham's computer model OSCUR (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), which uses measurements of air pressure from 1967 onwards to calculate the direction of and speed of wind across the oceans, and the consequent surface currents. Ingraham's model was built to help fisheries but it is also used to predict flotsam movements or the likely locations of those lost at sea.

text: Ten months after the incident, the first Floatees began to wash up along the

text: Alaska

text: n coast. The first discovery consisted of ten toys found by a

text: beachcomber

text: near

text: Sitka, Alaska

text: on 16 November 1992, about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from their starting point. Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham contacted beachcombers, coastal workers, and local residents to locate hundreds of the beached Floatees over a 530 mile (850 km) shoreline. Another beachcomber discovered twenty of the toys on 28 November 1992, and in total 400 were found along the eastern coast of the

text: Gulf of Alaska

text: in the period up to August 1993. This represented a 1.4% recovery rate. The landfalls were logged in Ingraham's computer model OSCUR (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), which uses measurements of air pressure from 1967 onwards to calculate the direction of and speed of wind across the oceans, and the consequent surface currents. Ingraham's model was built to help fisheries but it is also used to predict flotsam movements or the likely locations of those lost at sea.

text: It is close to the Arabian Sea and was affected by the tsunami created by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

text: It is close to the

text: Arabian Sea

text: and was affected by the

text: tsunami

text: created by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface by the wind, making the water to go into the shear stress causes the growth of the waves.

text: Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave

text: crest

text: , as well as friction on the water surface by the wind, making the water to go into the

text: shear stress

text: causes the growth of the waves.

text: This in-situ dataset produced by the French institute Ifremer in the framework of the European project MyOcean and French project CORIOLIS is a picture of the content of the operational oceanographic database CORIOLIS. This database is the main tool of Coriolis project which is a global data assembly center of in situ data: such as US-GODAE centre of Monterey in California.The latest version of CORA product is v3.3, it covers the years 1990 up to 2011 and has been released in July 2012. Observations are profiles distributed on measured levels (pressure or depth) and organized by dates of measurement and type of platform.Main users of CORA dataset are ocean modelers who needs to constraint and initialize their model.   is a privileged partner of CORA dataset since feedbacks from models assimilation (meteorology) are used to check suspicious profiles found thanks to innovation computing. CORA is free of access and can be download via CORIOLIS website in netCDF file format. The main different of CORA dataset with other available datasets is that CORA  gives the data on the levels where measurements have been done rather than standard levels such in World Ocean Atlas or ENACT3. In addition data in CORA are retrieved from Coriolis database where each profile is visually checked by specialist operators if suspicious.

text: This

text: in-situ

text: dataset produced by the French institute

text: Ifremer

text: in the framework of the European project

text: MyOcean

text: and French project CORIOLIS is a picture of the content of the

text: operational oceanographic

text: database

text: CORIOLIS

text: . This database is the main tool of

text: Coriolis project

text: which is a

text: global data assembly center

text: of in situ data: such as US-GODAE centre of

text: Monterey

text: in

text: California

text: .The latest version of CORA product is v3.3, it covers the years 1990 up to 2011 and has been released in July 2012. Observations are profiles distributed on measured levels (pressure or depth) and organized by dates of measurement and type of platform.Main users of CORA dataset are ocean modelers who needs to constraint and initialize their model.   is a privileged partner of CORA dataset since feedbacks from models

text: assimilation (meteorology)

text: are used to check suspicious profiles found thanks to

text: innovation

text: computing. CORA is free of access and can be download via CORIOLIS website in

text: netCDF

text: file format. The main different of CORA dataset with other available datasets is that CORA  gives the data on the levels where measurements have been done rather than standard levels such in

text: World Ocean Atlas

text: or ENACT3. In addition data in CORA are retrieved from Coriolis database where each profile is visually checked by specialist operators if suspicious.

text: Within this third generation of models, the spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean.  Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bender|first=Leslie C.|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: whitecaps

text: and

text: resonance

text: |date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: The meridional (interhemispheric) mode demonstrates seasonal changes, arriving to a maximum during the boreal spring, on and north of the equator. The seasonal changes in surface wind forcing, which are closely linked to the seasonal displacement of the ITCZ, incite a response on the ocean surface, affecting current systems in the tropical Atlantic as well as the slope of the underlying thermocline (THC). For example, during the Southern hemisphere spring and summer months (November–April), when the south trade winds are weak and the ITCZ is displaced further to the south, there is enhanced flow to the north along the coast of South America via the North Brazil Current (NBO); this helps transport additional heat further to the north. The Atlantic ITCZ is very sensitive to even small changes in the interhemispheric SST gradient due to the fact that tropical SSTs are very uniform in magnitude throughout the equatorial region between  -. Therefore, even a small change in the SST field can cause a significant impact on the position and displacement of the ITCZ. Such shifts, along with the associated development of the equatorial cold tongue, are features of the seasonal climate that are essential to the formation and evolution of the interannual and decadal tropical Atlantic variability (TAV).

text: The meridional (interhemispheric) mode demonstrates seasonal changes, arriving to a maximum during the boreal spring, on and north of the equator. The seasonal changes in surface wind forcing, which are closely linked to the seasonal displacement of the

text: ITCZ

text: , incite a response on the ocean surface, affecting current systems in the tropical Atlantic as well as the slope of the underlying

text: thermocline

text: (THC). For example, during the Southern hemisphere spring and summer months (November–April), when the south trade winds are weak and the

text: ITCZ

text: is displaced further to the south, there is enhanced flow to the north along the coast of South America via the

text: North Brazil Current

text: (NBO); this helps transport additional heat further to the north. The Atlantic

text: ITCZ

text: is very sensitive to even small changes in the interhemispheric SST gradient due to the fact that tropical SSTs are very uniform in magnitude throughout the equatorial region between  -. Therefore, even a small change in the SST field can cause a significant impact on the position and displacement of the ITCZ. Such shifts, along with the associated development of the equatorial cold tongue, are features of the seasonal climate that are essential to the formation and evolution of the interannual and decadal tropical Atlantic variability (TAV).

text: Christian Muscarello – Ocean State Waves – Trinity

text: In 1897 and 1898, Sydney Samuel Hough published a mathematical analysis of tides in a global ocean of nearly uniform depth without land masses. In 1915 Goldsbrough improved upon Hough's analysis by publishing a dynamic theory of tides in a polar basis and, in a separate paper, a dynamical theory of tides in a global zonal ocean basin bounded by a land mass at a higher latitude and a land mass at a lower latitude. In 1950 he published a method for solving the dynamical equations of the tides on a rotating globe with ocean boundaries along meridian boundaries.

text: In 1897 and 1898,

text: Sydney Samuel Hough

text: published a mathematical analysis of tides in a global ocean of nearly uniform depth without land masses. In 1915 Goldsbrough improved upon Hough's analysis by publishing a dynamic theory of tides in a polar basis and, in a separate paper, a dynamical theory of tides in a global zonal ocean basin bounded by a land mass at a higher latitude and a land mass at a lower latitude. In 1950 he published a method for solving the dynamical equations of the tides on a rotating globe with ocean boundaries along meridian boundaries.

text: The rise and fall of the oceans due to tidal effects is a key influence upon the coastal areas. Ocean tides on the planet Earth are created by the gravitational effects of the Sun and Moon. The tides produced by these two bodies are roughly comparable in magnitude, but the orbital motion of the Moon results in tidal patterns that vary over the course of a month.

text: The rise and fall of the oceans due to tidal effects is a key influence upon the coastal areas. Ocean tides on the planet Earth are created by the gravitational effects of the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: . The tides produced by these two bodies are roughly comparable in magnitude, but the orbital motion of the Moon results in tidal patterns that vary over the course of a month.

text: Because the deep water carries abundant nutrients up from the ocean floor, the upwelling area differs from the rest of the Great Australian Bight, especially the areas offshore of Western Australia and the Nullabor in South Australia, which are generally nutrient-poor. Every summer, the upwelling sustains a bountiful ecosystem that attracts blue whales and supports rich fisheries.

text: Because the deep water carries abundant nutrients up from the

text: ocean floor

text: , the upwelling area differs from the rest of the Great Australian Bight, especially the areas offshore of

text: Western Australia

text: and the

text: Nullabor

text: in

text: South Australia

text: , which are generally nutrient-poor. Every summer, the upwelling sustains a bountiful ecosystem that attracts

text: blue whale

text: s and supports rich

text: fisheries

text: where β is the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude.  This equatorial Beta plane assumption requires a geostrophic balance between the eastward velocity and the north-south pressure gradient.  The phase speed is identical to that of coastal Kelvin waves, indicating that the equatorial Kelvin waves propagate toward the east without dispersion (as if the earth were a non-rotating planet).  For the first baroclinic mode in the ocean, a typical phase speed would be about 2.8 m/s, causing an equatorial Kelvin wave to take 2 months to cross the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and South America; for higher ocean and atmospheric modes, the phase speeds are comparable to fluid flow speeds.

text: where β is the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude.  This equatorial Beta plane assumption requires a geostrophic balance between the eastward velocity and the north-south pressure gradient.  The phase speed is identical to that of coastal Kelvin waves, indicating that the equatorial Kelvin waves propagate toward the east without dispersion (as if the earth were a non-rotating planet).  For the first

text: baroclinic

text: mode in the ocean, a typical phase speed would be about 2.8 m/s, causing an equatorial Kelvin wave to take 2 months to cross the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and South America; for higher ocean and atmospheric modes, the phase speeds are comparable to fluid flow speeds.

text: Tides are commonly semi-diurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on a given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables. Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water. The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the equator.

text: Tides are commonly semi-diurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). The two high waters on a given day are typically not the same height (the daily inequality); these are the higher high water and the lower high water in

text: tide table

text: s. Similarly, the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water. The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the

text: equator

text: Satellite images of the Kuroshio Current illustrate how the current path meanders and forms isolated rings or eddies on the order of . Eddies retain their unique form for several months and have their own biological characteristics that depend on where they form. If the eddies are formed between the current and coastline of Japan, they may impinge on the continental shelf; their high kinetic energy has the effect of drawing large volumes of water off the shelf on one side of the ring, while adding water to the other side. The eddies size and strength decline with distance from major ocean currents. The amount of energy decreases from the rings associated with the major currents and down to eddies remote from those currents. Cyclonic eddies have the potential to cause upwelling that would affect the global primary-production budget. Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface resulting in an increase in productivity. The biological consequences for young fish populations that inhabit the shelf are quite large.

text: Satellite images of the Kuroshio Current illustrate how the current path

text: meanders

text: and forms isolated rings or

text: eddies

text: on the order of . Eddies retain their unique form for several months and have their own biological characteristics that depend on where they form. If the eddies are formed between the current and coastline of Japan, they may impinge on the continental shelf; their high

text: kinetic energy

text: has the effect of drawing large volumes of water off the shelf on one side of the ring, while adding water to the other side. The eddies size and strength decline with distance from major

text: ocean currents

text: . The amount of energy decreases from the rings associated with the major currents and down to eddies remote from those currents.

text: Cyclonic

text: eddies have the potential to cause

text: upwelling

text: that would affect the global primary-production budget. Upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface resulting in an increase in

text: productivity

text: . The biological consequences for young fish populations that inhabit the shelf are quite large.

text: The Antarctic Bottom Water is the source of most bottom water in southern parts of Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, and even in parts of the North Atlantic. Bottom waters flow very slowly, driven mainly by slope topography and differences in temperature and salinity, especially compared to wind-driven surface ocean currents.

text: The

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: is the source of most bottom water in southern parts of

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Indian Ocean

text: and

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , and even in parts of the North Atlantic. Bottom waters flow very slowly, driven mainly by slope topography and differences in temperature and salinity, especially compared to

text: wind

text: -driven surface

text: ocean current

text: s.

text: The bill authorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to continue through 2017 its on-going programs to forecast tsunamis. The bill would authorize NOAA to spend $27 million a year on this program over fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017.

text: The bill

text: authorizes

text: the

text: (NOAA) to continue through 2017 its on-going programs to forecast

text: tsunami

text: s. The bill would authorize NOAA to spend $27 million a year on this program over fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017.

text: The peak in dog whelk population density is approximately coincidental with the mid-tidal zone.  It lives in the middle shore. In general it can be said that at high vertical heights on the shoreline the dog whelk is most threatened by biotic factors such as predation from birds and interspecific competition for food, but abiotic factors are the primary concern, creating a harsh environment in which it is difficult to survive. At low vertical heights it is biotic factors, such as predation from crabs and intraspecific competition, which cause problems. The upper limit of the range in which the dog whelk is generally found is approximately coincidental with the mean high water neap tide line, and the lower limit of the range is approximately coincidental with the mean low water neap tide line, so that the vast majority of dog whelks are found on the mid-tidal zone.

text: The peak in dog whelk

text: population density

text: is approximately coincidental with the mid-

text: tidal zone

text: .  It lives in the middle shore. In general it can be said that at high vertical heights on the shoreline the dog whelk is most threatened by

text: biotic

text: factors such as predation from birds and

text: interspecific competition

text: for food, but

text: abiotic

text: factors are the primary concern, creating a harsh environment in which it is difficult to survive. At low vertical heights it is biotic factors, such as predation from crabs and

text: intraspecific competition

text: , which cause problems. The upper limit of the range in which the dog whelk is generally found is approximately coincidental with the mean high water

text: neap tide

text: line, and the lower limit of the range is approximately coincidental with the mean low water

text: neap tide

text: line, so that the vast majority of dog whelks are found on the mid-

text: tidal zone

text: Rick Del Gado is a radio producer. He was fired from WNEW-FM, along with hosts Opie & Anthony, after the 'Sex for Sam' incident, in which a couple were encouraged to have sex in St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, and the results broadcast on the Opie & Anthony Show. He then joined the Preston and Steve show on Y100 WPLY Philadelphia. About a year later, he left Y100 for New York's Hot 97, but was fired on January 31, 2005, along with comedian Todd Lynn, for his role in writing, producing and broadcasting the "Tsunami Song", a parody of the 1985 single "We Are the World" which mocked the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

text: Rick Del Gado is a radio producer. He was fired from

text: WNEW-FM

text: , along with hosts

text: Opie & Anthony

text: , after the 'Sex for Sam' incident, in which a couple were encouraged to have sex in

text: St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York

text: , and the results broadcast on the Opie & Anthony Show. He then joined the

text: Preston and Steve

text: show on

text: WPLY Philadelphia. About a year later, he left

text: for New York's

text: Hot 97

text: , but was fired on January 31, 2005, along with comedian

text: Todd Lynn

text: , for his role in writing, producing and broadcasting the "Tsunami Song", a parody of the 1985 single "

text: We Are the World

text: " which mocked the victims of the

text: A radar altimeter uses the round-trip flight-time of a microwave pulse between the satellite and the Earth's surface to determine the distance between the spacecraft and the surface. From this distance or height, the local surface effects such as tides, winds and currents are removed to obtain the satellite height above the geoid. With a precise ephemeris available for the satellite, the geocentric position and ellipsoidal height of the satellite are available for any given observation time. It is then possible to compute the geoid height by subtracting the measured altitude from the ellipsoidal height.  This allows direct measurement of the geoid, since the ocean surface closely follows the geoid.  The difference between the ocean surface and the actual geoid gives ocean surface topography.

text: A

text: radar altimeter

text: uses the round-trip flight-time of a microwave pulse between the satellite and the Earth's surface to determine the distance between the spacecraft and the surface. From this distance or height, the local surface effects such as tides, winds and currents are removed to obtain the satellite height above the geoid. With a precise ephemeris available for the satellite, the geocentric position and ellipsoidal height of the satellite are available for any given observation time. It is then possible to compute the geoid height by subtracting the measured altitude from the ellipsoidal height.  This allows direct measurement of the geoid, since the ocean surface closely follows the geoid.  The difference between the ocean surface and the actual geoid gives

text: ocean surface topography

text: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about .

text: Tides are known to be mainly caused by the moon's gravity. Theoretically, peak tidal forces at a given location occur when the moon is at the meridian, but there is usually a delay before high tide that depends largely on the shape of the coastline, and the sea floor, therefore, the lunitidal interval varies from place to place. It varies from 3% over deep oceans to 8 hours at New York harbour.  The lunitidal interval further varies within about +/- 30 minutes according to the lunar phase. (This is caused by the time interval associated with the solar tides.)

text: Tides are known to be mainly caused by the moon's gravity. Theoretically, peak tidal forces at a given location occur when the moon is at the

text: meridian

text: , but there is usually a delay before high tide that depends largely on the shape of the coastline, and the sea floor, therefore, the lunitidal interval varies from place to place. It varies from 3% over deep oceans to 8 hours at New York harbour.  The lunitidal interval further varies within about +/- 30 minutes according to the lunar phase. (This is caused by the time interval associated with the solar tides.)

text: On the shorelines of the Pacific ocean there are erosional features that are indicative of a very large tsunami. These include an erosional surface and chaotic deposits of mixed terrestrial and ocean-derived sediment. Boulders as big as buses are mixed with marine fossils and mud. The most well-characterised tsunami deposits are near the coast of Chile. Off the coast of Antarctica there are mudslides into the deep ocean from this age.

text: On the shorelines of the Pacific ocean there are erosional features that are indicative of a very large

text: tsunami

text: . These include an

text: erosional surface

text: and chaotic deposits of mixed terrestrial and ocean-derived sediment. Boulders as big as buses are mixed with marine fossils and mud. The most well-characterised tsunami deposits are near the coast of Chile. Off the coast of Antarctica there are mudslides into the deep ocean from this age.

text: On the afternoon of June 13, 1893, Ocean Wave came downriver from Portland, Oregon to Astoria, and then crossed across the Columbia to Ilwaco, Washington.  Later, Ocean Wave made its first trip of the summer from Portland direct to Ilwaco on July 3, 1893.  The steamer was “crowded with Portlanders who intend spending the summer at the North Beach.”  On July 21, 1893, the Oregon City Transportation Company, a steamboat concern, announced that through September 30, it would sell tickets to all points on North Beach, traveling on Ocean Wave with baggage being checked and transferred at no extra charge.  On August 4, 1893, it was advertised that tickets on the steamers Telephone, Lurline, Ocean Wave and the tug Illwaco were interchangeable.

text: On the afternoon of June 13, 1893, Ocean Wave came downriver from

text: Portland, Oregon

text: to Astoria, and then crossed across the Columbia to

text: Ilwaco, Washington

text: .  Later, Ocean Wave made its first trip of the summer from Portland direct to Ilwaco on July 3, 1893.  The steamer was “crowded with Portlanders who intend spending the summer at the North Beach.”  On July 21, 1893, the Oregon City Transportation Company, a steamboat concern, announced that through September 30, it would sell tickets to all points on North Beach, traveling on Ocean Wave with baggage being checked and transferred at no extra charge.  On August 4, 1893, it was advertised that tickets on the steamers Telephone,

text: Lurline

text: , Ocean Wave and the tug

text: Illwaco

text: were interchangeable.

text: A tropical wave exited Africa into the Atlantic Ocean on August 18, and the northern portion split to become Tropical Storm Danny. The wave continued westward without development, crossing Central America into the Pacific Ocean on August 28. Convection remained minimal until September 3, when the system became better organized. A Low-pressure area developed on September 6, and deep convection consolidated around the circulation. Early on September 7, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated the low as Tropical Depression Fifteen-E about 1,130 miles (1,820 kilometres) west-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Moving over warm water temperatures and modest wind shear, gradual intensification was anticipated. The depression moved slowly to the west due to a weakening subtropical ridge to its north. Shortly after developing, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Linda. By September 9, a new ridge developed east of Linda, causing the storm to turn northwestward. Despite intensifying into a strong tropical storm, Linda's low-level circulation was misaligned from its upper circulations, although the system developed expansive outflow to the south and east.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: exited Africa into the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: on August 18, and the northern portion split to become

text: Tropical Storm Danny

text: . The wave continued westward without development, crossing

text: Central America

text: into the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: on August 28.

text: Convection

text: remained minimal until September 3, when the system became better organized. A

text: Low-pressure area

text: developed on September 6, and deep convection consolidated around the

text: circulation

text: . Early on September 7, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) designated the low as Tropical Depression Fifteen-E about 1,130 miles (1,820 kilometres) west-southwest of the southern tip of the

text: Baja California Peninsula

text: . Moving over warm

text: water temperatures

text: and modest

text: wind shear

text: , gradual intensification was anticipated. The depression moved slowly to the west due to a weakening

text: subtropical ridge

text: to its north. Shortly after developing, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Linda. By September 9, a new ridge developed east of Linda, causing the storm to turn northwestward. Despite intensifying into a strong tropical storm, Linda's low-level circulation was misaligned from its upper circulations, although the system developed expansive

text: outflow

text: to the south and east.

text: The Coriolis Effect is a 1994 short black-and-white film starring James Wilder, Jennifer Rubin, Dana Ashbrook and Corinne Bohrer, whilst featuring a voice-only cameo appearance from Quentin Tarantino. It was written and directed by Louis Venosta, whilst being produced by Kathryn Arnold. The film's production companies were Secondary Modern Motion Pictures and Vanguard International Cinema.

text: The Coriolis Effect is a 1994 short black-and-white film starring

text: James Wilder

text: Jennifer Rubin

text: Dana Ashbrook

text: and

text: Corinne Bohrer

text: , whilst featuring a voice-only cameo appearance from

text: Quentin Tarantino

text: . It was written and directed by

text: Louis Venosta

text: , whilst being produced by

text: Kathryn Arnold

text: . The film's production companies were Secondary Modern Motion Pictures and Vanguard International Cinema.

text: The Coriolis effect results in a deflection of fluid flows (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere). This has profound effects on the flow of the oceans. In particular it means the flow goes around high and low pressure systems, permitting them to persist for long periods of time. As a result, tiny variations in pressure can produce measurable currents. A slope of one part in one million in sea surface height, for example, will result in a current of 10 cm/s at mid-latitudes. The fact that the Coriolis effect is largest at the poles and weak at the equator results in sharp, relatively steady western boundary currents which are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see secondary circulation effects.

text: The

text: Coriolis effect

text: results in a deflection of fluid flows (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere). This has profound effects on the flow of the oceans. In particular it means the flow goes around high and low pressure systems, permitting them to persist for long periods of time. As a result, tiny variations in pressure can produce measurable currents. A slope of one part in one million in sea surface height, for example, will result in a current of 10 cm/s at mid-latitudes. The fact that the Coriolis effect is largest at the poles and weak at the equator results in sharp, relatively steady western boundary currents which are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see

text: secondary circulation

text: effects.

text: In oceans, in narrow straits, with fast flowing water, whirlpools are normally caused by tides; there are few stories of large ships ever being sucked into such a maelstrom, although smaller craft are in danger. Smaller whirlpools also appear at the base of many waterfalls  and can also be observed downstream from manmade structures such as weirs and dams.  In the case of powerful waterfalls, like Niagara Falls, these whirlpools can be quite strong.

text: In oceans, in narrow straits, with fast flowing water, whirlpools are normally caused by

text: tides

text: ; there are few stories of large ships ever being sucked into such a maelstrom, although smaller craft are in danger. Smaller whirlpools also appear at the base of many

text: waterfall

text: s  and can also be observed downstream from manmade structures such as

text: weir

text: s and dams.  In the case of powerful waterfalls, like

text: Niagara Falls

text: , these whirlpools can be quite strong.

text: Tsunami warnings were issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, operated by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and by the government of Thailand. There were initial concerns that a major tsunami could be generated, particularly travelling south from the event's hypocenter.

text: Tsunami

text: warnings were issued by the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: , operated by the US

text: (NOAA), and by the government of

text: Thailand

text: . There were initial concerns that a major tsunami could be generated, particularly travelling south from the event's hypocenter.

text: Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about  above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.

text: Tsunamis have a small

text: amplitude

text: (wave height) offshore, and a very long

text: wavelength

text: (often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about  above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a

text: wave shoaling

text: process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.

text: Port Hueneme’s first library was founded by prominent resident, Senator Thomas Bard, in the 1880s but closed a few years later.  In 1909, the Women’s Improvement Club reestablished the Hueneme Library which operated as a branch of the Oxnard Library.  Ventura County Library began operation of a branch library to serve the Hueneme School District and in 1936, Hueneme Library joined the Ventura County Library system.  In 1960, the branch relocated to a new facility.  The current facility was built in 1989, providing Port Hueneme residents with a library reflective of the community’s ocean environment, with natural light and ocean wave-inspired Italian glass mosaics by Ventura artist, Helle Scharling-Todd, “designed to express the conflicting energies found in the ever-changing sea.”  Mosaics representing the tide begin outside the library and continue into the lobby; wave forms are depicted on the far wall inside the library.

text: Port Hueneme’s first library was founded by prominent resident,

text: Senator Thomas Bard

text: , in the 1880s but closed a few years later.  In 1909, the

text: Women’s Improvement Club

text: reestablished the Hueneme Library which operated as a branch of the Oxnard Library.  Ventura County Library began operation of a branch library to serve the Hueneme School District and in 1936, Hueneme Library joined the Ventura County Library system.  In 1960, the branch relocated to a new facility.  The current facility was built in 1989, providing Port Hueneme residents with a library reflective of the community’s ocean environment, with natural light and ocean wave-inspired Italian glass mosaics by Ventura artist, Helle Scharling-Todd, “designed to express the conflicting energies found in the ever-changing sea.”  Mosaics representing the tide begin outside the library and continue into the lobby; wave forms are depicted on the far wall inside the library.

text: The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is one of two tsunami warning centers that are operated by NOAA in the United States. Headquartered on Ford Island, HI, the PTWC is part of an international tsunami warning system (TWS) program and serves as the operational center for TWS of the Pacific issuing bulletins and warnings to participating members and other nations in the Pacific Ocean area of responsibility. It is also the regional (local) warning center for the State of Hawaii. The other tsunami warning center is the National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) in Palmer, Alaska, serving all coastal regions of Canada and the United States except Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) is one of two

text: tsunami

text: warning centers that are operated by

text: NOAA

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Headquartered on

text: Ford Island, HI

text: , the PTWC is part of an international

text: tsunami warning system

text: (TWS) program and serves as the operational center for TWS of the Pacific issuing bulletins and warnings to participating members and other nations in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: area of responsibility. It is also the regional (local) warning center for the State of

text: Hawaii

text: National Tsunami Warning Center

text: (NTWC) in

text: Palmer, Alaska

text: , serving all coastal regions of Canada and the United States except Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The refinery, with current crude capacity of  is located on  in the deep-water Port of Tacoma, Washington. This includes  of waterfront with  of waterfront on the Blair Waterway which provides direct access by ocean-going barges and tankers. Five pipelines, varying in size, connect the refinery and marine terminal. There is also a  pipeline connecting the refinery to McChord Air Force Base, supplying jet fuel to the base. The refinery has direct rail access and is close to both a major interstate highway system and the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.

text: The refinery, with current crude capacity of  is located on  in the deep-water

text: Port of Tacoma

text: , Washington. This includes  of waterfront with  of waterfront on the Blair Waterway which provides direct access by ocean-going barges and tankers. Five pipelines, varying in size, connect the refinery and marine terminal. There is also a  pipeline connecting the refinery to

text: McChord Air Force Base

text: , supplying

text: jet fuel

text: to the base. The refinery has direct rail access and is close to both a major interstate highway system and the

text: Seattle-Tacoma International Airport

text: A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from , lit. "harbour wave";<ref>

text: Real amplitudes differ considerably, not only because of depth variations and continental obstacles, but also because wave propagation across the ocean has a natural period of the same order of magnitude as the rotation period: if there were no land masses, it would take about 30 hours for a long wavelength surface wave to propagate along the equator halfway around the Earth (by comparison, the Earth's lithosphere has a natural period of about 57 minutes). Earth tides, which raise and lower the bottom of the ocean, and the tide's own gravitational self attraction are both significant and further complicate the ocean's response to tidal forces.

text: Real amplitudes differ considerably, not only because of depth variations and continental obstacles, but also because wave propagation across the ocean has a natural period of the same order of magnitude as the rotation period: if there were no land masses, it would take about 30 hours for a long wavelength surface wave to propagate along the equator halfway around the Earth (by comparison, the Earth's

text: lithosphere

text: has a natural period of about 57 minutes).

text: Earth tide

text: s, which raise and lower the bottom of the ocean, and the tide's own gravitational self attraction are both significant and further complicate the ocean's response to tidal forces.

text: Fire control was effected by a  co-incidence type rangefinder in the fire control tower high in the ship, this data was fed into a Dreyer Table (invented and developed by Frederic Charles Dreyer). This was an early mechanical computer into which was fed range and bearing of the target, wind speed and direction, own course and speed, target's course and speed, ambient temperature and adjustments for Coriolis effect; this produced a firing solution which was fed electrically to the guns where the gun layers would follow the pointers. When the guns were loaded the interceptor switches would be closed and gun ready lamps would light in the fire control tower; when all guns were ready they would be fired electrically by the gunnery officer.

text: Fire control was effected by a  co-incidence type rangefinder in the fire control tower high in the ship, this data was fed into a

text: Dreyer Table

text: (invented and developed by Frederic Charles Dreyer). This was an early mechanical computer into which was fed range and bearing of the target, wind speed and direction, own course and speed, target's course and speed, ambient temperature and adjustments for

text: Coriolis effect

text: ; this produced a firing solution which was fed electrically to the guns where the gun layers would follow the pointers. When the guns were loaded the interceptor switches would be closed and gun ready lamps would light in the fire control tower; when all guns were ready they would be fired electrically by the gunnery officer.

text: Most coral reefs exist in shallow waters less than 50 m deep. Some inhabit tropical continental shelves where cool, nutrient rich upwelling does not occur, such as Great Barrier Reef. Others are found in the deep ocean surrounding islands or as atolls, such as in the Maldives. The reefs surrounding islands form when islands subside into the ocean, and atolls form when an island subsides below the surface of the sea.

text: Most coral reefs exist in shallow waters less than 50 m deep. Some inhabit tropical continental shelves where cool, nutrient rich

text: upwelling

text: does not occur, such as

text: Great Barrier Reef

text: . Others are found in the deep ocean surrounding islands or as

text: atoll

text: s, such as in the

text: Maldives

text: . The reefs surrounding islands form when islands subside into the ocean, and atolls form when an island subsides below the surface of the sea.

text: Coriolis flowmeters have been around for more than 30 years and are preferred in process industries such as chemical and food and beverage. Coriolis technology offers accuracy and reliability in measuring material flow, and is often hailed as among the best flow measurement technologies due to direct mass flow, fluid density, temperature, and precise calculated volume flow rates.  Coriolis meters do not have any moving parts and provide long term stability, repeatability, and reliability.  Because they are direct mass flow measurement devices, Coriolis meters can handle the widest range of fluids from gases to heavy liquids and are not impacted by viscosity or density changes that often effect velocity based technologies (PD, Turbine, Ultrasonic).  With the widest flow range capability of any flow technology, Coriolis can be sized for low pressure drop.  This combined with the fact that they are not flow profile dependent helps eliminate the need for straight runs and flow conditioning which enables custody transfer systems to be designed with minimal pressure drop.

text: Coriolis flowmeters

text: have been around for more than 30 years and are preferred in process industries such as

text: chemical

text: and

text: food

text: and

text: beverage

text: . Coriolis technology offers accuracy and reliability in measuring material flow, and is often hailed as among the best flow measurement technologies due to direct mass flow, fluid density, temperature, and precise calculated volume flow rates.  Coriolis meters do not have any moving parts and provide long term stability, repeatability, and reliability.  Because they are direct mass flow measurement devices, Coriolis meters can handle the widest range of fluids from gases to heavy liquids and are not impacted by viscosity or density changes that often effect velocity based technologies (PD, Turbine, Ultrasonic).  With the widest flow range capability of any flow technology, Coriolis can be sized for low pressure drop.  This combined with the fact that they are not flow profile dependent helps eliminate the need for straight runs and flow conditioning which enables custody transfer systems to be designed with minimal pressure drop.

text: One factor of density is so unique that it warrants its own current type. This is the turbidity current. Turbidity current is caused when the density of water is increased by sediment. This current is the underwater equivalent of a landslide. When sediment increases the density of the water, it falls to the bottom, and then follows the form of the land. In doing so, the sediment inside the current gathers more from the ocean bed, which in turn gathers more, and so on. As a limited amount of sediment can be carried by a certain amount of water, more water must become laded with sediment, until a huge, destructive current is washing down some marine hillside. It is theorized that submarine depths, such as the Marianas Trench have been caused in part by this action. There is one additional effect of turbidity currents: upwelling. All of the water rushing into ocean valleys displaces a significant amount of water. This water literally has nowhere to go but up.  The upwelling current goes almost straight up. This spreads the nutrient rich ocean life to the surface, feeding some of the world’s largest fisheries. This current also helps Thermohaline currents return to the surface.

text: One factor of density is so unique that it warrants its own current type. This is the turbidity current. Turbidity current is caused when the density of water is increased by

text: sediment

text: . This current is the underwater equivalent of a landslide. When sediment increases the density of the water, it falls to the bottom, and then follows the form of the land. In doing so, the sediment inside the current gathers more from the ocean bed, which in turn gathers more, and so on. As a limited amount of sediment can be carried by a certain amount of water, more water must become laded with sediment, until a huge, destructive current is washing down some marine hillside. It is theorized that submarine depths, such as the Marianas Trench have been caused in part by this action. There is one additional effect of turbidity currents: upwelling. All of the water rushing into ocean valleys displaces a significant amount of water. This water literally has nowhere to go but up.  The upwelling current goes almost straight up. This spreads the nutrient rich ocean life to the surface, feeding some of the world’s largest fisheries. This current also helps Thermohaline currents return to the surface.

text: The Point Vicente Interpretive Center offers recreational and educational opportunities to the public and is a famous spot for observing migrating whales from shore, due in part to its high elevation. This area has all the right conditions to attract large whale species: steep, deep drop-off coupled with robust upwelling.

text: The Point Vicente Interpretive Center

text: offers recreational and educational opportunities to the public and is a famous spot for observing migrating whales from shore, due in part to its high elevation. This area has all the right conditions to attract large whale species: steep, deep drop-off coupled with robust upwelling.

text: The submarine was designed by Graham Hawkes and Hawkes Ocean Technologies. It was originally ordered by Steve Fossett for an attempt on the Challenger Deep, to become the first solo dive there. Planning for the submarine started in 2000. It was put on the ordersheet in 2005, with a depth capability of 37,000 ft. The craft was named "Challenger" after the Challenger Deep by Fossett. At the time of the order, this would have doubled the depth that a single-place sub would be capable of going. It was to have been a "secret project" of Fossett's to be the first to solo the Challenger Deep, and was secret at the time of his death in 2007. The project was put on hold when Fossett died, and locked up in a warehouse at Hawkes Ocean Technologies, by the then owners, Fossett's estate, but was later revived when Chris Welsh of Deep Sub LLC bought the unfinished sub and restarted the program in 2010. Welsh had purchased the sub and the Cheyenne yacht from the Fossett estate for around $1 million. Virgin Oceanic came in as sponsors a year later in 2011. At the time of Fossett's death, the sub had been almost finished, only four weeks from dive tests  and delivery.

text: The submarine was designed by

text: Graham Hawkes

text: and

text: Hawkes Ocean Technologies

text: . It was originally ordered by

text: Steve Fossett

text: for an attempt on the

text: Challenger Deep

text: , to become the first solo dive there. Planning for the submarine started in 2000. It was put on the ordersheet in 2005, with a depth capability of 37,000 ft. The craft was named "Challenger" after the Challenger Deep by Fossett. At the time of the order, this would have doubled the depth that a single-place sub would be capable of going. It was to have been a "secret project" of Fossett's to be the first to solo the Challenger Deep, and was secret at the time of his death in 2007. The project was put on hold when Fossett died, and locked up in a warehouse at Hawkes Ocean Technologies, by the then owners, Fossett's estate, but was later revived when Chris Welsh of

text: Deep Sub LLC

text: bought the unfinished sub and restarted the program in 2010. Welsh had purchased the sub and the

text: Cheyenne

text: yacht from the Fossett estate for around $1 million. Virgin Oceanic came in as sponsors a year later in 2011. At the time of Fossett's death, the sub had been almost finished, only four weeks from dive tests  and delivery.

text: "Second-wave feminism" identifies a period of feminist activity from the early 1960s through the late 1980s that saw cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked. The movement encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and reflective of a sexist power structure. As first-wave feminists focused on absolute rights such as suffrage, second-wave feminists focused on other cultural equality issues, such as ending discrimination.

text: "Second-wave feminism" identifies a period of

text: feminist

text: activity from the early 1960s through the late 1980s that saw cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked. The movement encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and reflective of a

text: sexist power structure

text: . As first-wave feminists focused on absolute rights such as suffrage, second-wave feminists focused on other cultural equality issues, such as ending discrimination.

text: The original Tide laundry detergent was a synthetic designed specifically for heavy-duty, machine cleaning (an advance over the milder cleaning capabilities of FeWA and Dreft). Tide was first introduced in U.S. test markets in 1946 as the world's first heavy-duty detergent, with nationwide distribution accomplished in 1949. Tide claimed it was "America's Washday Favorite."  Authority was quickly gained in the U.S. detergent market, dwarfing the sales of Ivory Snow; and accelerating the demise of two of its main competing products, Rinso and Gold Dust Washing Powder, both then Lever Brothers brands. These other brands came in the more familiar soap-powder and soap-flake forms. Tide, however, came shaped as a white powdered bead. The line was expanded to include an orange-tinted clear liquid form in 1984. Today, most formulations of liquid Tide, both concentrated and regular, are dark blue, with the exception of "Tide Free", which is clear. Each year, Tide researchers duplicate the mineral content of water from all parts of the United States and wash 50,000 loads of laundry to test Tide detergent’s consistency and performance.

text: The original Tide laundry detergent was a synthetic designed specifically for heavy-duty, machine cleaning (an advance over the milder cleaning capabilities of FeWA and Dreft). Tide was first introduced in U.S. test markets in 1946 as the world's first heavy-duty detergent, with nationwide distribution accomplished in 1949. Tide claimed it was "America's Washday Favorite."  Authority was quickly gained in the U.S. detergent market, dwarfing the sales of

text: Ivory Snow

text: ; and accelerating the demise of two of its main competing products, Rinso and Gold Dust Washing Powder, both then

text: Lever Brothers

text: brands. These other brands came in the more familiar soap-powder and soap-flake forms. Tide, however, came shaped as a white powdered bead. The line was expanded to include an orange-tinted clear liquid form in 1984. Today, most formulations of liquid Tide, both concentrated and regular, are dark blue, with the exception of "Tide Free", which is clear. Each year, Tide researchers duplicate the mineral content of water from all parts of the United States and wash 50,000 loads of laundry to test Tide detergent’s consistency and performance.

text: When the ocean contains a sea surface height gradient this creates a jet or current, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This current as part of a baroclinically unstable system meanders and creates eddies (in much the same way as a meandering river forms an ox-bow lake). These types of mesoscale eddies have been observed in many of major ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, the Agulhas Current, the Kuroshio Current, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, amongst others.

text: When the ocean contains a

text: sea surface height

text: gradient this creates a jet or current, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This current as part of a baroclinically unstable system meanders and creates eddies (in much the same way as a meandering river forms an

text: ox-bow lake

text: ). These types of mesoscale eddies have been observed in many of major ocean currents, including the

text: Gulf Stream

text: , the

text: Agulhas Current

text: , the

text: Kuroshio Current

text: , and the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: , amongst others.

text: The Weddell Sea is one of few locations in the World Ocean where deep and bottom water masses are formed to contribute to the global thermohaline circulation. The characteristics of exported water masses result from complex interactions between surface forcing, significantly modified by sea ice processes, ocean dynamics at the continental shelf break, and slope and sub-ice shelf water mass transformation.  Circulation in the western Weddell Sea is dominated by a northward flowing current.  This northward current is the western section of a primarily wind-driven, cyclonic gyre called the Weddell Gyre. This northward flow serves as the primary force of departure of water from the Weddell Sea, a major site of ocean water modification and deep water formation, to the remainder of the World Ocean. The Weddell Gyre is a cold, low salinity surface layer separated by a thin, weak pycnocline from a thick layer of relatively warm and salty water referred to as Weddell Deep Water (WDW), and a cold bottom layer.

text: The Weddell Sea is one of few locations in the

text: World Ocean

text: where deep and bottom water masses are formed to contribute to the global

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . The characteristics of exported water masses result from complex interactions between surface forcing, significantly modified by sea ice processes, ocean dynamics at the continental shelf break, and slope and sub-ice shelf water mass transformation.  Circulation in the western Weddell Sea is dominated by a northward flowing current.  This northward current is the western section of a primarily wind-driven, cyclonic gyre called the

text: Weddell Gyre

text: . This northward flow serves as the primary force of departure of water from the Weddell Sea, a major site of ocean water modification and deep water formation, to the remainder of the World Ocean. The Weddell Gyre is a cold, low salinity surface layer separated by a thin, weak

text: pycnocline

text: from a thick layer of relatively warm and salty water referred to as Weddell Deep Water (WDW), and a cold bottom layer.

text: Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation first enabled an explanation of why there were generally two tides a day, not one, and offered hope for a detailed understanding of tidal forces and behavior. Although it may seem that tides could be predicted via a sufficiently detailed knowledge of instantaneous astronomical forcings, the actual tide at a given location is determined by astronomical forces accumulated over many days. In addition, precise results require detailed knowledge of the shape of all the ocean basins—their bathymetry, and coastline shape.

text: Isaac Newton

text: 's theory of gravitation first enabled an explanation of why there were generally two tides a day, not one, and offered hope for a detailed understanding of tidal forces and behavior. Although it may seem that tides could be predicted via a sufficiently detailed knowledge of instantaneous astronomical forcings, the actual tide at a given location is determined by astronomical forces accumulated over many days. In addition, precise results require detailed knowledge of the shape of all the ocean basins—their

text: bathymetry

text: , and coastline shape.

text: Hurricane Cosme can be traced to a tropical wave that formed on the west coast of Africa on or around the 8th of June.  That westward moving wave, which was also responsible for the formation of Tropical Storm Barry in the South Caribbean Sea, eventually reached the Eastern Pacific Ocean.  The progress of the wave was slowed by a southwesterly movement within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. During the morning hours of June 20, the National Hurricane Center

text: Hurricane Cosme can be traced to a

text: tropical wave

text: that formed on the west coast of

text: Africa

text: on or around the 8th of June.  That westward moving wave, which was also responsible for the formation of

text: Tropical Storm Barry

text: in the

text: South Caribbean Sea

text: , eventually reached the Eastern

text: Pacific Ocean

text: .  The progress of the wave was slowed by a southwesterly movement within the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: . During the morning hours of June 20, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. The highest peak tide recorded by the Tuvalu Meteorological Service was  on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015. As a result of historical sea level rise, the king tide events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by La Niña effects or local storms and waves.

text: Tuvalu is also affected by

text: perigean spring tide

text: high tide

text: . The highest peak tide recorded by the

text: Tuvalu Meteorological Service

text: king tide

text: La Niña

text: effects or local storms and waves.

text: The formation of AAIW can be explained very simply through the Ekman transport process and the divergence and convergence of water masses.  The winds over Antarctica are called the polar easterlies where winds blow from the east to the west.  This creates a counter-clockwise surface current near the coast of Antarctica, called the Antarctic Coastal Current. Ekman transport causes the water to push towards the left of the surface motion in the Southern Hemisphere.  Thus, this westward directed coastal current in Antarctica will push the water towards Antarctica.  At the same time there is a strong current north of the Antarctic Coastal Current, called the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) created by the strong westerlies in this region which flows clockwise around Antarctica.  Again, Ekman transport will push this water to the left of the surface motion, meaning away from Antarctica.  Because water just offshore of Antarctica is being pushed away and into Antarctica, it leads to the Antarctic Divergence region.  Here, upwelling of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) takes place.  NADW is cold and quite saline.  Once the NADW is upwelled to the surface some of it diverges towards Antarctica, gets colder, and sinks back down as Antarctic Bottom Water.

text: The formation of AAIW can be explained very simply through the

text: Ekman transport

text: process and the divergence and convergence of water masses.  The winds over Antarctica are called the

text: polar easterlies

text: where winds blow from the east to the west.  This creates a counter-clockwise surface current near the coast of Antarctica, called the Antarctic Coastal Current. Ekman transport causes the water to push towards the left of the surface motion in the Southern Hemisphere.  Thus, this westward directed coastal current in Antarctica will push the water towards Antarctica.  At the same time there is a strong current north of the Antarctic Coastal Current, called the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: (ACC) created by the strong westerlies in this region which flows clockwise around Antarctica.  Again, Ekman transport will push this water to the left of the surface motion, meaning away from Antarctica.  Because water just offshore of Antarctica is being pushed away and into Antarctica, it leads to the Antarctic Divergence region.  Here,

text: upwelling

text: of

text: North Atlantic Deep Water

text: (NADW) takes place.  NADW is cold and quite saline.  Once the NADW is upwelled to the surface some of it diverges towards Antarctica, gets colder, and sinks back down as

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: The temple was discovered by a team of archaeologists from the ASI based on clues found in a rock inscription left exposed by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Initially, excavations revealed an 8th-century Pallava-era shrine. Further excavations revealed that the 8th-century shrine had been built on the brick foundation of an earlier shrine. The brick shrine has been dated to the Sangam period.

text: The temple was discovered by a team of archaeologists from the ASI based on clues found in a rock inscription left exposed by the 2004

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: . Initially, excavations revealed an 8th-century Pallava-era shrine. Further excavations revealed that the 8th-century shrine had been built on the brick foundation of an earlier shrine. The brick shrine has been dated to the Sangam period.

text: When wind waves approach to coast area from deep water, the waves change their heights and lengths. The wave height becomes higher and the wavelength becomes shorter as the wave velocity is slowed when ocean waves approach to the shore. If the water depth is sufficiently shallow, the wave crest become steeper and the trough gets broader and shallower; finally, the ocean waves break at the shore. The motions of wave breaking are different with along to the steepness of shores and waves, and can be categorized by below three types.

text: With a northern limit at 60°S, the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary, the northern boundary, does not abut a landmass (as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas). Instead, the northern limit is with the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

text: With a northern limit at

text: , the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary, the northern boundary, does not abut a landmass (as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas). Instead, the northern limit is with the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

text: Fetters is best known for his head movement while on the mound. Prior to pitching, he took a deep breath and moved his head quickly 90 degrees to the left. He claimed that he was stressed when pitching as the reason for his head movement. While with the Arizona Diamondbacks in , Mark Grace imitated the same move when invited to pitch for one inning. During one game in the 2004 season, Houston Astro Craig Biggio imitated Fetters' head movement and scowl while batting against him, drawing laughter from the Houston crowd. Fetters is the cousin of American baritone Stephen Totter.  He currently works as a sports agent in Beverly Hills and does color commentary on the radio for the Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Fetters is best known for his head movement while on the mound. Prior to pitching, he took a deep breath and moved his head quickly 90 degrees to the left. He claimed that he was stressed when pitching as the reason for his head movement. While with the Arizona Diamondbacks in ,

text: Mark Grace

text: imitated the same move when invited to pitch for one inning. During one game in the 2004 season,

text: Houston Astro

text: Craig Biggio

text: imitated Fetters' head movement and scowl while batting against him, drawing laughter from the Houston crowd. Fetters is the cousin of American baritone

text: Stephen Totter

text: .  He currently works as a sports agent in Beverly Hills and does color commentary on the radio for the

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: In cases such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami or the 2011 Arab Spring movements, citizen journalists were seen to have been significant sources of facts and information in relation to the events. These were re-broadcast by news outlets, and more importantly, re-circulated by and to other internet users. As Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin state in their book Remediation: Understanding New Media (1999): "The liveness of the Web is a refashioned version of the liveness of broadcast television" However, it is commonly political events (such as 'Occupy' movements or the Iran Elections of 2009) that tend to raise ethical questions and concerns. In the latter example, there had been efforts made by the Iranian government in censoring and prohibiting the spread of internal happenings to the outside by its citizen journalists. This occurrence questioned the importance of the spread of crucial information regarding the issue, and the source from which it came from (citizen journalists, government authorities, etc.). This goes to prove how the internet "enables new forms of human action and expression [but] at the same time it disables [it]" Information and Communication Technoethics also identifies ways to develop ethical frameworks of research structures in order to capture the essence of new technologies.

text: In cases such as the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

text: or the

text: 2011 Arab Spring

text: movements, citizen journalists were seen to have been significant sources of facts and information in relation to the events. These were re-broadcast by news outlets, and more importantly, re-circulated by and to other internet users. As Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin state in their book Remediation: Understanding New Media (1999): "The liveness of the Web is a refashioned version of the liveness of broadcast television" However, it is commonly political events (such as '

text: Occupy

text: ' movements or the

text: Iran Elections of 2009

text: ) that tend to raise ethical questions and concerns. In the latter example, there had been efforts made by the Iranian government in censoring and prohibiting the spread of internal happenings to the outside by its citizen journalists. This occurrence questioned the importance of the spread of crucial information regarding the issue, and the source from which it came from (citizen journalists, government authorities, etc.). This goes to prove how the internet "enables new forms of human action and expression [but] at the same time it disables [it]" Information and Communication Technoethics also identifies ways to develop ethical frameworks of research structures in order to capture the essence of new technologies.

text: Some localities have unusual tidal characteristics, such as Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, where the amplitudes of the main semi-diurnal tide constituents are almost identical.  At neap tides the semi-diurnal tide is virtually absent, resulting in the phenomenon known as a "dodge tide"—a day-long period of slack water—occurring twice a month; this effect is accentuated near the equinoxes when the diurnal component also vanishes, resulting in a period of 2–3 days of slack water.

text: Some localities have unusual tidal characteristics, such as

text: Gulf St Vincent

text: South Australia

text: , where the amplitudes of the main semi-diurnal tide constituents are almost identical.  At neap tides the semi-diurnal tide is virtually absent, resulting in the phenomenon known as a "dodge tide"—a day-long period of slack water—occurring twice a month; this effect is accentuated near the equinoxes when the diurnal component also vanishes, resulting in a period of 2–3 days of slack water.

text: The tidal regime at the entrance to Pelorus Sound is typical of New Zealand coastal locations, i.e. there is a semi-diurnal tide modulated on a spring-neap cycle, generated by the superposition of M2 (lunar, semi-diurnal) and S2 (solar, semi-diurnal) tidal constituents. Other tidal constituents, notably N2 (semi-diurnal, generated by the ellipticity of the moon’s orbit), introduce further modulation, meaning that the spring-neap cycle is not exactly repeated. The tidal range varies between  at neap and  at spring. (These values are calculated from a sea level time series, July 1997 – February 1998, at Pelorus Sound entrance.) The propagation of this tidal signal into Pelorus Sound has not been well described, but models and measurements both suggest that the tidal range within the sound is somewhat larger (by 10–20%) than at the entrance. Because the sound is long, and in places narrow, the tidal currents are fairly strong.

text: The

text: tidal regime

text: at the entrance to Pelorus Sound is typical of New Zealand coastal locations, i.e. there is a semi-diurnal tide modulated on a spring-neap cycle, generated by the superposition of M2 (lunar, semi-diurnal) and S2 (solar, semi-diurnal) tidal constituents. Other tidal constituents, notably N2 (semi-diurnal, generated by the ellipticity of the moon’s orbit), introduce further modulation, meaning that the spring-neap cycle is not exactly repeated. The tidal range varies between  at neap and  at spring. (These values are calculated from a sea level time series, July 1997 – February 1998, at Pelorus Sound entrance.) The propagation of this tidal signal into Pelorus Sound has not been well described, but models and measurements both suggest that the tidal range within the sound is somewhat larger (by 10–20%) than at the entrance. Because the sound is long, and in places narrow, the tidal currents are fairly strong.

text: The deep passageways and thin continental shelf leads to unique connections between offshore and inshore waters. The colder water temperature, nutrient rich upwelling, and strong currents allow for many species that live in deeper water to survive in the shallower waters.

text: Determining the exact cause of the annual cycle is difficult as there are several factors that influence the amplitude and timing of the annual cycle along the coast including winds, water temperature and salinity, local bathymetry, coastal geometry, ocean currents, land movements, and river outflows. The largest amplitudes in the annual cycle are generally noted near areas with large river outflow such as along the Bay of Bengal, the Gulf of Bohai, the St. Lawrence River, and the Rio Uruguay.

text: Determining the exact cause of the annual cycle is difficult as there are several factors that influence the amplitude and timing of the annual cycle along the coast including winds, water temperature and salinity, local

text: bathymetry

text: , coastal geometry, ocean currents, land movements, and river outflows. The largest amplitudes in the annual cycle are generally noted near areas with large river outflow such as along the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: , the

text: Gulf of Bohai

text: , the

text: St. Lawrence River

text: , and the

text: Rio Uruguay

text: If the Earth had no Moon, the ocean tides resulting solely from the Sun's gravity would be only half that of the lunar tides. A large satellite gives rise to tidal pools, which may be essential for the formation of complex life, though this is far from certain.

text: If the Earth had no Moon, the ocean

text: tide

text: s resulting solely from the Sun's gravity would be only half that of the lunar tides. A large satellite gives rise to

text: tidal pool

text: s, which may be essential for the formation of

text: complex life

text: , though this is far from certain.

text: Because the Coriolis effect is strongest near the poles, water flowing eastward at high latitudes turns sooner and is "short circuiting" the gyre. At the equator the Coriolis effect is nonexistent and the water flows westward until it encounters a blocking continent. Westward boundary currents are therefore faster and deeper than eastern boundary currents, and the geostrophic hill is offset to the west.

text: Because the

text: Coriolis effect

text: is strongest near the poles, water flowing eastward at high latitudes turns sooner and is "short circuiting" the gyre. At the equator the Coriolis effect is nonexistent and the water flows westward until it encounters a blocking continent. Westward boundary currents are therefore faster and deeper than eastern boundary currents, and the geostrophic hill is offset to the west.

text: There is evidence that Maori abandoned numerous coastal settlements in the 1500s in favour of inland or hilltop sites. It has been suggested that this movement was caused by tsunamis. Initial European settlement was unaware of the tsunami danger until the 1868 and 1877 tsunami's. No warning systems became available until after the 1946 Aleutian earthquake when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre was established in 1949. New Zealand became a member of the Centre and receives warnings of tsunamis caused by distant earthquakes.

text: There is evidence that Maori abandoned numerous coastal settlements in the 1500s in favour of inland or hilltop sites. It has been suggested that this movement was caused by tsunamis. Initial European settlement was unaware of the tsunami danger until the 1868 and 1877 tsunami's. No warning systems became available until after the 1946 Aleutian earthquake when the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre was established in 1949. New Zealand became a member of the Centre and receives warnings of tsunamis caused by distant earthquakes.

text: Matching fragments of Aëtius in pseudo-Plutarch and Stobaeus attribute the flood tides (πλήμμυραι plēmmurai) to the "filling of the moon" (πλήρωσις τῆς σελήνης plērōsis tēs sēlēnēs) and the ebb tides (ἀμπώτιδες ampōtides) to the "lessening" (μείωσις meiōsis). The words are too ambiguous to make an exact determination of Pytheas' meaning, whether diurnal or spring and neap tides are meant, or whether full and new moons or the half-cycles in which they occur. Different translators take different views.

text: Matching fragments of

text: Aëtius

text: in pseudo-

text: Plutarch

text: and

text: Stobaeus

text: attribute the flood tides (πλήμμυραι plēmmurai) to the "filling of the moon" (πλήρωσις τῆς σελήνης plērōsis tēs sēlēnēs) and the ebb tides (ἀμπώτιδες ampōtides) to the "lessening" (μείωσις meiōsis). The words are too ambiguous to make an exact determination of Pytheas' meaning, whether diurnal or

text: spring and neap tides

text: are meant, or whether full and new moons or the half-cycles in which they occur. Different translators take different views.

text: Fantala formed on April 11 to the south of Diego Garcia. With a ridge to the south, the storm moved westward for several days while gaining strength, aided by warm waters and decreasing wind shear. Late on April 17, the MFR estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), the highest on record in the basin. Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated peak 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), tied only with Cyclone Agnielle from November 1995 as the strongest cyclone on record in the south-west Indian Ocean. The system weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle, and a change of steering currents caused Fantala to reverse direction and accelerate southeast. This brought the cyclone over cooler waters previously upwelled by itself, causing further weakening. Between April 19 and 23, Fantala fluctuated in intensity. At first, the eye became more pronounced, but wind shear soon caused weakening to resume. By April 22, Fantala stalled again due to a building ridge to its south. Fantala accelerated back northwest as a moderate tropical cyclone, with the JTWC and MFR issuing their final advisories on April 24. The remnants of Fantala continued northwest.

text: Fantala formed on April 11 to the south of

text: Diego Garcia

text: . With a

text: ridge

text: to the south, the storm moved westward for several days while gaining strength, aided by warm waters and decreasing

text: wind shear

text: . Late on April 17, the MFR estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), the highest on record in the basin. Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated peak 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), tied only with

text: Cyclone Agnielle

text: from November 1995 as the strongest cyclone on record in the south-west Indian Ocean. The system weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle, and a change of steering currents caused Fantala to reverse direction and accelerate southeast. This brought the cyclone over cooler waters previously upwelled by itself, causing further weakening. Between April 19 and 23, Fantala fluctuated in intensity. At first, the eye became more pronounced, but wind shear soon caused weakening to resume. By April 22, Fantala stalled again due to a building ridge to its south. Fantala accelerated back northwest as a moderate tropical cyclone, with the JTWC and MFR issuing their final advisories on April 24. The remnants of Fantala continued northwest.

text: There are daily tides, but the lunar attraction cannot force much water to move from west to east, or vice versa, in narrow waters where the current is either northbound or southbound. So, not much of the difference in water levels in Øresund is due to daily tides, and other circumstances "hide" the little tide that still remains. The current has a much stronger effect than the tide on the water level, but strong winds may also affect the water level. During exceptional conditions, such as storms and hurricanes, oceanic water may suddenly flow into the Baltic Sea at all depths. Such events give deep waters in the southern Baltic Sea higher salinity, which makes it possible for cod to breed there. If no such inflow of oceanic water to the Baltic Sea occurs for around a decade, the breeding of cod becomes endangered.

text: There are daily tides, but the lunar attraction cannot force much water to move from west to east, or vice versa, in narrow waters where the current is either northbound or southbound. So, not much of the difference in water levels in Øresund is due to daily tides, and other circumstances "hide" the little tide that still remains. The current has a much stronger effect than the tide on the water level, but strong winds may also affect the water level. During exceptional conditions, such as storms and hurricanes, oceanic water may suddenly flow into the Baltic Sea at all depths. Such events give deep waters in the southern Baltic Sea higher salinity, which makes it possible for

text: cod

text: to breed there. If no such inflow of oceanic water to the Baltic Sea occurs for around a decade, the breeding of cod becomes endangered.

text: Tides is a donor advised fund that directs money to politically liberal causes. Founded in 1976 in San Francisco, Tides provides money to organizations working to advance progressive policy in the areas of the environment, health care, labor issues, immigrant rights, gay rights, women's rights and human rights. Tides oversees the Tides Center, which serves as an incubator for fledgling progressive organizations.

text: Tides is a

text: donor advised fund

text: that directs money to politically liberal causes. Founded in 1976 in San Francisco, Tides provides money to organizations working to advance progressive policy in the areas of the environment, health care, labor issues, immigrant rights, gay rights, women's rights and human rights. Tides oversees the Tides Center, which serves as an incubator for fledgling progressive organizations.

text: A self-locating datum marker buoy (SLDMB) is a drifting surface buoy designed to measure surface ocean currents.  The design is based on those of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) and Davis-style oceanographic surface drifters – National Science Foundation (NSF) funded experiments exploring ocean surface currents.  The SLDMB was designed for deployment by United States Coast Guard (USCG) vessels in search and rescue (SAR) missions, and is equipped with a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) sensor that, upon deployment in fresh- or saltwater, transmits its location periodically to the USCG to aid in SAR missions.  Additionally, SLDMB are deployed in oceanographic research in order to study surface currents of the ocean.  This design has also been utilized by Nomis Connectivity for secure ocean based communications.

text: A self-locating datum marker buoy (SLDMB) is a drifting surface buoy designed to measure surface ocean currents.  The design is based on those of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) and Davis-style oceanographic surface drifters –

text: National Science Foundation

text: (NSF) funded experiments exploring ocean surface currents.  The SLDMB was designed for deployment by

text: United States Coast Guard

text: (USCG) vessels in search and rescue (SAR) missions, and is equipped with a

text: Global Positioning Satellite

text: (GPS) sensor that, upon deployment in fresh- or saltwater, transmits its location periodically to the USCG to aid in SAR missions.  Additionally, SLDMB are deployed in oceanographic research in order to study surface currents of the ocean.  This design has also been utilized by Nomis Connectivity for secure ocean based communications.

text: Paraclinus nigripinnis, the Blackfin blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea from southern Florida to Brazil.  It inhabits coral reefs, areas of eroded limestone, tide pools and rocky areas with algal growth down to depths of around .  This species can reach a length of  TL.  It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

text: Paraclinus nigripinnis, the Blackfin blenny, is a species of

text: labrisomid

text: blenny native to the western

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: from southern

text: Florida

text: to

text: Brazil

text: .  It inhabits

text: coral reefs

text: , areas of eroded

text: limestone

text: tide pools

text: and rocky areas with algal growth down to depths of around .  This species can reach a length of

text: TL

text: .  It can also be found in the

text: aquarium

text: trade.

text: Earth heat transport occurs by conduction, mantle convection, hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection. Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. Thus, ~99% of Earth's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust, and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth. Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources, in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2% internal radiogenic heat. The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection. Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age, with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers (zones of mantle upwelling), as observed in the global map of Earth heat flow.

text: Earth heat transport occurs by

text: conduction

text: mantle convection

text: hydrothermal convection

text: , and volcanic

text: advection

text: . Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. Thus, ~99% of Earth's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust, and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth. Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources, in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2% internal radiogenic heat. The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection. Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age, with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: spreading centers (zones of mantle upwelling), as observed in the

text: global map of Earth heat flow

text: Modular expansion joints are used when the movements of a bridge exceed the capacity of a single gap joint or a finger type joint. A watertight system, invented by the Swiss company Mageba, is designed on a modular basis and can be tailored to satisfy the specific requirements of almost any structure. Modular multiple-gap expansion joints can accommodate movements in every direction and rotations about every axis. They can be used for longitudinal movements of as little as 160 mm, or for very large movements of well over 3000 mm. The total movement of the bridge deck is divided among a number of individual gaps which are created by horizontal surface beams. The individual gaps are sealed by watertight elastomeric profiles, and surface beam movements are regulated by an elastic control system. The drainage of the joint is via the drainage system of the bridge deck. Certain joints feature so-called “sinus plates” on their surface, which reduce noise from over-passing traffic by up to 80%.

text: The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus, and abyssal plains. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other geomorphologies.

text: The Earth's

text: terrain

text: varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water, with much of the

text: continental shelf

text: below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: system, as well as undersea

text: volcano

text: es,

text: oceanic trench

text: es,

text: submarine canyon

text: s,

text: oceanic plateau

text: s, and

text: abyssal plain

text: s. The remaining 29.2% not covered by water consists of

text: mountains

text: deserts

text: plain

text: s,

text: plateau

text: s, and other

text: geomorphologies

text: The couple had three children, Michael, Jane, and Charlotte. Jane, along with her 15-year-old daughter, Lucy, and her mother-in-law, also named Jane, were killed in the Indian Ocean tsunami as it struck their villa on the coast of Thailand on 26 December 2004. Michael and Charlotte are both involved in the dramatic professions: he as a director, she as an actress. Sim's younger brother, Gerald, who died on 11 December 2014, was also an actor.

text: The couple had three children,

text: Michael

text: , Jane, and Charlotte. Jane, along with her 15-year-old daughter, Lucy, and her mother-in-law, also named Jane, were killed in the

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: as it struck their villa on the coast of Thailand on 26 December 2004. Michael and Charlotte are both involved in the dramatic professions: he as a director, she as an actress. Sim's younger brother,

text: Gerald

text: , who died on 11 December 2014, was also an actor.

text: Also known as Ecco: The Tides of Time. It was released in 1994, the sequel follows Ecco's exploits after the conclusion of the original game as he travels the oceans, the past, and the future in his quest to save the planet once more.

text: A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced from a position of equilibrium. The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves or surface waves, while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are called internal waves.  Wind-generated waves on the water surface are examples of gravity waves, as are tsunamis and ocean tides.

text: A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced from a position of

text: equilibrium

text: . The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves or

text: surface wave

text: s, while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are called

text: internal wave

text: s.

text: Wind-generated waves

text: on the water surface are examples of gravity waves, as are

text: tsunami

text: s and ocean

text: tide

text: s.

text: An equilibrium tidal bulge does not really exist on Earth because the continents do not allow this mathematical solution to take place. Oceanic tides actually rotate around the ocean basins as vast gyres around several amphidromic points where no tide exists. The Moon pulls on each individual undulation as Earth rotates—some undulations are ahead of the Moon, others are behind it, whereas still others are on either side. The "bulges" that actually do exist for the Moon to pull on (and which pull on the Moon) are the net result of integrating the actual undulations over all the world's oceans. Earth's net (or equivalent) equilibrium tide has an amplitude of only 3.23 cm, which is totally swamped by oceanic tides that can exceed one metre.

text: An equilibrium tidal bulge does not really exist on Earth because the continents do not allow this mathematical solution to take place. Oceanic tides actually rotate around the ocean basins as vast

text: gyre

text: s around several

text: amphidromic point

text: s where no tide exists. The Moon pulls on each individual undulation as Earth rotates—some undulations are ahead of the Moon, others are behind it, whereas still others are on either side. The "bulges" that actually do exist for the Moon to pull on (and which pull on the Moon) are the net result of integrating the actual undulations over all the world's oceans. Earth's net (or equivalent) equilibrium tide has an amplitude of only 3.23 cm, which is totally swamped by oceanic tides that can exceed one metre.

text: A tidal bundle is a sedimentary structure that forms in tidal areas as a result of spring and neap tides.

text: A tidal bundle is a

text: sedimentary structure

text: that forms in tidal areas as a result of spring and neap

text: tides

text: Open Oceans play an important role in the local marine environment due to the impact of ocean currents, temperatures and productivity which influences food source availability and habitat.

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric O from a pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and phosphorus (P) cycle (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading.

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt

text: environmental change

text: within

text: continent

text: al- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (

text: CO

text: concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in

text: radiative forcing

text: ocean acidification

text: (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-

text: industrial

text: levels);

text: stratospheric

text: ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric

text: O

text: from a pre-industrial level of 290

text: Dobson Unit

text: s);

text: biogeochemical

text: nitrogen (N) cycle

text: (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and

text: phosphorus (P) cycle

text: (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background

text: weathering

text: of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are

text: chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading

text: Upwell railway station was a station in Upwell, Norfolk on the Wisbech and Upwell Tramway. It was opened in 1883 to carry passengers and agricultural wares to Wisbech where they would go to market, or be shipped off to other towns or cities. It remained open to passengers only till 1928, when competition from motorised buses forced this service to end. It carried on with the goods, carry produce from the surrounding farms.

text: Upwell railway station was a station in

text: Upwell

text: Norfolk

text: on the

text: Wisbech and Upwell Tramway

text: . It was opened in 1883 to carry passengers and agricultural wares to

text: Wisbech

text: where they would go to market, or be shipped off to other towns or cities. It remained open to passengers only till 1928, when competition from motorised buses forced this service to end. It carried on with the goods, carry produce from the surrounding farms.

text: The increased availability in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary productivity and thus fishery production.  Approximately 25% of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5% of the total ocean area. Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.__TOC__

text: The increased availability in upwelling regions results in high levels of

text: primary productivity

text: and thus

text: fishery

text: production.  Approximately 25% of the total global

text: marine fish

text: catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5% of the total ocean area. Upwellings that are driven by coastal

text: currents

text: or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.__TOC__

text: Baltimore, in the northern portion of the Bay, experiences a noticeable modulation to form its mixed tidal nature during spring vs. neap tides.  Spring tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a line, cause the largest tidal amplitudes during lunar monthly tidal variations.  In contrast, neap tides, when the sun-earth-moon system forms a right angle, are muted, and in a semi-diurnal tidal system (such as that seen at the CBBT site) this can be seen as a lowest intertidal range.

text: Internal waves can form at the boundary between water layers of different densities. These sub-surface waves are called internal waves. As is the case with ocean waves at the air-ocean interface, internal waves possess troughs, crests, wavelength, and period. Internal waves move very slowly because the density difference between the joined media is very small. Internal waves occur in the ocean at the base of the pycnocline, especially at the bottom edge of a steep thermocline. The wave height of internal waves may be greater than , causing the pycnocline to undulate slowly through a considerable depth. Their wavelength often exceeds  and their periods are typically 5 to 8 minutes. Internal waves are generated by wind energy, tidal energy, and ocean currents. Surface manifestations of internal waves have been photographed from space.

text: Internal waves can form at the boundary between water layers of different densities. These sub-surface waves are called internal waves. As is the case with ocean waves at the air-ocean interface, internal waves possess troughs, crests, wavelength, and period. Internal waves move very slowly because the density difference between the joined media is very small. Internal waves occur in the ocean at the base of the

text: pycnocline

text: , especially at the bottom edge of a steep

text: thermocline

text: . The wave height of internal waves may be greater than , causing the pycnocline to undulate slowly through a considerable depth. Their wavelength often exceeds  and their periods are typically 5 to 8 minutes. Internal waves are generated by wind energy, tidal energy, and ocean currents. Surface manifestations of internal waves have been photographed from space.

text: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), or the West Wind Drift, is an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica.  The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean and, at approximately 125 Sverdrups, the largest ocean current.  In the northern hemisphere, the Gulf Stream, part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types at the base of the Westerlies, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean.  The Kuroshio (Japanese for "Black Tide") is a strong western boundary current in the western north Pacific Ocean, similar to the Gulf Stream, which has also contributed to the depth of ocean storms in that region.

text: The

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: (ACC), or the West Wind Drift, is an

text: ocean current

text: that flows from west to east around

text: Antarctica

text: .  The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the

text: Southern Ocean

text: and, at approximately 125

text: Sverdrup

text: s, the largest ocean current.  In the northern hemisphere, the

text: Gulf Stream

text: , part of the North Atlantic Subtropical

text: Gyre

text: , has led to the development of strong

text: cyclone

text: s of all types at the base of the Westerlies, both within the

text: atmosphere

text: and within the

text: ocean

text: .  The Kuroshio (

text: Japanese

text: for "Black Tide") is a strong

text: western boundary current

text: in the western north

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , similar to the Gulf Stream, which has also contributed to the depth of ocean storms in that region.

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere, the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the

text: photosphere

text: , the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an

text: oblateness

text: estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its

text: equator

text: than at its

text: poles

text: . This

text: differential rotation

text: is caused by

text: convective motion

text: due to heat transport and the

text: Coriolis force

text: due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

text: Oyster harnesses the energy of near-shore ocean waves; it was designed to operate in water 10 to 12 metres deep. The Oyster is made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF) and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The 36-ton PCF is bolted to the seabed by 1-by-4 meter concrete piles that are drilled 14 metres deep into the seabed. The PCF requires careful and accurate positioning and leveling to compensate for the uneven, rocky seabed. The PCU is a 200-ton, 18-by-12-by-4 metre buoyant flap that is hinged to the PCF. In order to lower the PCU into the water to hinge it to the PCF, 120 tons of seawater must be pumped into ballast tanks within the PCU to provide sufficient negative buoyancy to aid its descent into the water. The PCU is almost entirely submerged underwater; only 2 metres of the device poke above the water. The PCU sways back and forth with the movement of the waves, and this movement of the flap drives two hydraulic pistons that pump high-pressured water through three sub-sea pipeline to an onshore hydro-electric water turbine. The turbine then drives a 315 kW electrical generator, which converts the wave energy into electricity.

text: Oyster harnesses the energy of near-shore ocean waves; it was designed to operate in water 10 to 12 metres deep. The Oyster is made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF) and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The 36-ton PCF is bolted to the

text: seabed

text: by 1-by-4 meter

text: concrete piles

text: that are drilled 14 metres deep into the seabed. The PCF requires careful and accurate positioning and leveling to compensate for the uneven, rocky seabed. The PCU is a 200-ton, 18-by-12-by-4 metre buoyant flap that is hinged to the PCF. In order to lower the PCU into the water to hinge it to the PCF, 120 tons of seawater must be pumped into ballast tanks within the PCU to provide sufficient negative buoyancy to aid its descent into the water. The PCU is almost entirely submerged underwater; only 2 metres of the device poke above the water. The PCU sways back and forth with the movement of the waves, and this movement of the flap drives two

text: hydraulic

text: piston

text: s that pump high-pressured water through three sub-sea pipeline to an onshore

text: hydro-electric

text: water turbine

text: . The turbine then drives a 315 kW

text: electrical generator

text: , which converts the wave energy into electricity.

text: ii) Atmospheric tides propagate in an atmosphere where density varies significantly with height. A consequence of this is that their amplitudes naturally increase exponentially as the tide ascends into progressively more rarefied regions of the atmosphere (for an explanation of this phenomenon, see below). In contrast, the density of the oceans varies only slightly with depth and so there the tides do not necessarily vary in amplitude with depth.

text: Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth.

text: Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and together with

text: ocean circulation

text: is the means by which

text: thermal energy

text: is redistributed on the surface of the

text: Earth

text: Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM).

text: Aceh was the closest point of land to the

text: epicenter

text: of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: and tsunami, which devastated much of the western coast of the province. Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster. The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the

text: Free Aceh Movement

text: (GAM).

text: A portion of the warm surface water flows directly, within the West Spitsbergen Current, from the Atlantic Ocean, off the Greenland Sea, to the Arctic Ocean. This current has a speed of 3–5 Sv and has a large impact on the climate. Other surface water (~1 Sv) flows along the Norwegian coast in the direction of the Barents Sea. This water may cool enough in the Norwegian Sea to submerge into the deeper layers; there it displaces water that flows back into the North Atlantic.

text: A portion of the warm surface water flows directly, within the

text: West Spitsbergen Current

text: , from the Atlantic Ocean, off the Greenland Sea, to the Arctic Ocean. This current has a speed of 3–5 Sv and has a large impact on the climate. Other surface water (~1 Sv) flows along the Norwegian coast in the direction of the

text: Barents Sea

text: . This water may cool enough in the Norwegian Sea to submerge into the deeper layers; there it displaces water that flows back into the North Atlantic.

text: The Battle of Moscow turned the tide in the morale of the partisans and of the local people in general. However, the real turning point in the development of the partisan movement in Belarus, and, in fact, on the German-occupied territories in general, came in the course of the Soviet winter offensive of 1942.

text: The

text: Battle of Moscow

text: turned the tide in the morale of the partisans and of the local people in general. However, the real turning point in the development of the partisan movement in Belarus, and, in fact, on the German-occupied territories in general, came in the course of the Soviet winter offensive of 1942.

text: The Diver (full name:The Diver:Regeneration) is a sculpture by John Kaufman located in the River Thames at Rainham, east London. The Diver is made of galvanised steel bands on a steel frame and is  tall and approximately  wide and is partly submerged every high tide and totally submerged by spring and neap tides.

text: The Diver (full name:The Diver:Regeneration) is a

text: sculpture

text: by John Kaufman located in the

text: River Thames

text: at

text: Rainham

text: , east London. The Diver is made of

text: galvanised

text: steel

text: bands on a steel frame and is  tall and approximately  wide and is partly submerged every high

text: tide

text: and totally submerged by spring and neap tides.

text: Locations within the Solar System where life might exist today include the ocean of liquid water beneath the icy surface of Europa, the interior of Enceladus which is currently sending water into space, and the possible ocean of liquid water which some astronomers believe might exist beneath the surface of Titan (its surface has oceans of liquid ethane / methane, but it may also have liquid water below the surface and ice volcanoes).

text: Locations within the Solar System where life might exist today include the ocean of liquid water beneath the icy surface of

text: Europa

text: , the interior of

text: Enceladus

text: which is currently sending water into space, and the possible ocean of liquid water which some astronomers believe might exist beneath the surface of

text: Titan

text: (its surface has oceans of liquid

text: ethane

text: methane

text: , but it may also have liquid water below the surface and

text: ice volcanoes

text: Toomey co-founded the Simple Machines record label in 1990 with a housemate who left the project soon after. Toomey ran the label with Kristin Thomson from 1990 to 1998 out of their house in Arlington, Virginia.  Along with TeenBeat and Dischord, Simple Machines helped document the D.C. punk and indie rock scenes.  Tsunami was also greatly influential in the D.I.Y (Do it Yourself) movement among the punk, grunge and indie communities. Among the artists released on Simple Machines are Tsunami, Grenadine, Franklin Bruno, Ida, and Scrawl, among others.

text: Toomey co-founded the

text: Simple Machines

text: record label in 1990 with a housemate who left the project soon after. Toomey ran the label with

text: Kristin Thomson

text: from 1990 to 1998 out of their house in

text: Arlington, Virginia

text: .  Along with

text: TeenBeat

text: and

text: Dischord

text: , Simple Machines helped document the D.C.

text: punk

text: and

text: indie rock

text: scenes.  Tsunami was also greatly influential in the D.I.Y (Do it Yourself) movement among the punk, grunge and indie communities. Among the artists released on Simple Machines are Tsunami, Grenadine,

text: Franklin Bruno

text: Ida

text: , and

text: Scrawl

text: , among others.

text: Rude was transferred back to the Coast and Geodetic Survey in March 1919 and became Chief of what was then the Section of Tides and Currents, which under his guidance soon was upgraded to a division. In his early boyhood he had been interested in a "gadget" installed on the waterfront near his home which measured the tides, and during his service as Chief of Tides and Currents, his interest in this first hobby bore fruit in his division, as it started the standard tide gauge and developed a new portable automatic tide gauge. He wrote many articles and publications relating to tides and currents, and for one entitled "Tides and Their Engineering Aspects" the American Society of Civil Engineers presented him with the Norman Medal in 1929.

text: Rude was transferred back to the Coast and Geodetic Survey in March 1919 and became Chief of what was then the Section of Tides and Currents, which under his guidance soon was upgraded to a division. In his early boyhood he had been interested in a "gadget" installed on the waterfront near his home which measured the

text: tide

text: s, and during his service as Chief of Tides and Currents, his interest in this first hobby bore fruit in his division, as it started the standard

text: tide gauge

text: and developed a new portable automatic tide gauge. He wrote many articles and publications relating to tides and

text: currents

text: , and for one entitled "Tides and Their Engineering Aspects" the

text: American Society of Civil Engineers

text: presented him with the

text: Norman Medal

text: in 1929.

text: The Beaufort Gyre is a wind-driven ocean current located in the Arctic Ocean polar region.  The gyre contains both ice and water.  It accumulates fresh water by the process of melting the ice floating on the surface of the water.

text: The Beaufort Gyre is a wind-driven

text: ocean current

text: located in the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: polar region

text: .  The

text: gyre

text: contains both ice and water.  It accumulates fresh water by the process of melting the ice floating on the surface of the water.

text: , is the angular velocity or frequency required to maintain a body at a fixed circle of latitude or zonal region. If the Coriolis parameter is large, the effect of the earth's rotation on the body is significant since it will need a larger angular frequency to stay in equilibrium with the Coriolis forces. Alternatively, if the Coriolis parameter is small, the effect of the earth's rotation is small since only a small fraction of the centripetal force on the body is canceled by the Coriolis force. Thus the magnitude of

text: The southern Iapetus Ocean opened between Laurentia and southwestern Gondwana (now South America) about 550 Ma in the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. At the time it did so the Adamastor Ocean further east closed. The opening of the Iapetus Ocean probably postdates the opening of the Puncoviscana Ocean with the Iapetus Ocean being separated from the Puncoviscana Ocean by the ribbon-shaped Arequipa-Antofalla terrane. However, the formation of both oceans seems unrelated.

text: The southern Iapetus Ocean opened between Laurentia and southwestern

text: Gondwana

text: (now South America) about 550 Ma in the

text: Ediacaran

text: Cambrian

text: transition. At the time it did so the

text: Adamastor Ocean

text: further east

text: closed

text: . The opening of the Iapetus Ocean probably postdates the opening of the

text: Puncoviscana Ocean

text: with the Iapetus Ocean being separated from the Puncoviscana Ocean by the ribbon-shaped

text: Arequipa-Antofalla

text: terrane

text: . However, the formation of both oceans seems unrelated.

text: The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from -0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F), salinities from 34.6 to 34.7 psu. Being the densest water mass of the World Ocean, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level.  The major significance of Antarctic bottom water is that it is the coldest bottom water, giving it a significant influence on the movement of the world's oceans. Antarctic bottom water also has a high oxygen content relative to the rest of the oceans' deep waters. This is due to the oxidation of deteriorating organic content in the rest of the deep oceans.  Antarctic bottom water has thus been considered the ventilation of the deep ocean.

text: The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of

text: water mass

text: in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: surrounding

text: Antarctica

text: with temperatures ranging from -0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F),

text: salinities

text: from 34.6 to 34.7

text: psu

text: . Being the densest water mass of the World Ocean, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level.  The major significance of Antarctic bottom water is that it is the coldest bottom water, giving it a significant influence on the movement of the world's oceans. Antarctic bottom water also has a high oxygen content relative to the rest of the oceans' deep waters. This is due to the oxidation of deteriorating organic content in the rest of the deep oceans.  Antarctic bottom water has thus been considered the ventilation of the deep ocean.

text: The modern terms short sea shipping, marine highway and motorways of the sea refer to the historical terms coastal trade, coastal shipping, coasting trade and coastwise trade, which encompass the movement of cargo and passengers mainly by sea along a coast, without crossing an ocean. 'Deep-sea shipping', 'intercontinental shipping' or 'ocean shipping' refers to maritime traffic that crosses oceans. While 'short-sea shipping' is the term used in Europe, the United States also has used the term, 'marine highway'.

text: The modern terms short sea shipping, marine highway and

text: motorways of the sea

text: refer to the historical terms coastal trade, coastal shipping, coasting trade and coastwise trade, which encompass the movement of cargo and passengers mainly by sea along a coast, without crossing an ocean. 'Deep-sea shipping', 'intercontinental shipping' or 'ocean shipping' refers to maritime traffic that crosses oceans. While 'short-sea shipping' is the term used in Europe, the United States also has used the term, 'marine highway'.

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground. These are surface waves, mostly Rayleigh waves, and bulk longitudinal waves and transverse waves (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called microseisms, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g. water waves in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in decibels (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of

text: elastic waves

text: propagating through the ground. These are

text: surface waves

text: , mostly

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , and bulk

text: longitudinal waves

text: and

text: transverse waves

text: (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called

text: microseism

text: s, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g.

text: water waves

text: in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in

text: decibel

text: s (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

text: The "Great Shoe Spill of 1990" was one of the several occasions when shipping accidents have contributed to the knowledge of ocean currents and aided scientists and amateur researchers in their endeavours. After hearing of the accident, oceanic scientist Curtis Ebbesmeyer seized the opportunity: He established links with beachcombers and formed a network of people reporting the landfall of the contents of this and other spills. Using OSCURS (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), a computer simulator developed by oceanographer Jim Ingraham, Ebbesmeyer tracked the oceanic movement of the Hansa Carrier spill and other flotsam, including 34,000 ice hockey gloves washed off the Hyundai Seattle in 1994. In the case of the Hansa Carrier spill, reports from beachcombers revealed that the first 200 shoes started arriving at the northern Washington coast around Thanksgiving 1990, about 6 months after the spill. Beachcomber finds in January-February 1991 off Vancouver Island and in March 1991 in Queen Charlotte Sound showed that the aggregate mass of shoes next floated northward with the winter Davidson Current. The normal spring wind transition from southerly winds of winter to northerly winds of summer off the Pacific northwest coast must have occurred at the end of March 1991, because the next batch of recoveries was reported to the south off Oregon in April and May, indicating that a sharp reversal of currents had moved the flotilla to the south.

text: The "Great Shoe Spill of 1990" was one of the several occasions when shipping accidents have contributed to the knowledge of ocean currents and aided scientists and amateur researchers in their endeavours. After hearing of the accident, oceanic scientist

text: Curtis Ebbesmeyer

text: seized the opportunity: He established links with beachcombers and formed a network of people reporting the landfall of the contents of this and other spills. Using

text: OSCURS

text: (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), a computer simulator developed by oceanographer

text: Jim Ingraham

text: , Ebbesmeyer tracked the oceanic movement of the Hansa Carrier spill and other flotsam, including 34,000

text: ice hockey glove

text: s washed off the

text: Hyundai Seattle

text: in 1994. In the case of the Hansa Carrier spill, reports from beachcombers revealed that the first 200 shoes started arriving at the northern

text: Washington

text: coast around

text: Thanksgiving

text: 1990, about 6 months after the spill. Beachcomber finds in January-February 1991 off

text: Vancouver Island

text: and in March 1991 in

text: Queen Charlotte Sound

text: showed that the aggregate mass of shoes next floated northward with the winter

text: Davidson Current

text: . The normal spring wind transition from southerly winds of winter to northerly winds of summer off the

text: Pacific

text: northwest coast must have occurred at the end of March 1991, because the next batch of recoveries was reported to the south off

text: Oregon

text: in April and May, indicating that a sharp reversal of currents had moved the flotilla to the south.

text: Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams.The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

text: Tide

text: s are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the

text: tidal force

text: s of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and

text: estuarine

text: water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams.The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the

text: effects of Earth rotation

text: and the local

text: bathymetry

text: . The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the

text: intertidal zone

text: , is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of . Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

text: All waves and wavelets (child waves) are identified by a globally unique wave id, which is a domain name and an id string. The domain name identifies the wave provider where the wave originated. Waves and wavelets are hosted by the wave provider of the creator. Wavelets in the same wave can be hosted by different wave providers. However, user data is not federated; i.e., not shared with other wave providers. Private reply wavelets are also possible, of which other participants have no knowledge or access. If a private wavelet is sent between users on the same wave provider, it's not federated regardless of where the parent wave is hosted.

text: The Tides won the Governors' Cup, the International League championship, in 1972, 1975, 1982, 1983, and 1985. They also had the league's best regular-season record in 1987, but lost in the playoffs. In 1992, ground was broken on the club's current home of Harbor Park, and the Tides moved into the new facility in 1993. This period was a time of change in several other ways. First, in 1992, the Mets sold the franchise to a group led by Tampa businessman Ken Young. At the time the Tides moved into Harbor Park, the team also replaced the "Tidewater" in its name with that of Norfolk, partly for marketing reasons and partly for political considerations, as the city of Norfolk had facilitated the financing and building of Harbor Park. Also in 1993, The Tides introduced their mascot Rip Tide.

text: The Tides won the Governors' Cup, the International League championship, in 1972, 1975, 1982, 1983, and 1985. They also had the league's best regular-season record in 1987, but lost in the playoffs. In 1992, ground was broken on the club's current home of Harbor Park, and the Tides moved into the new facility in 1993. This period was a time of change in several other ways. First, in 1992, the Mets sold the franchise to a group led by

text: Tampa

text: businessman Ken Young. At the time the Tides moved into Harbor Park, the team also replaced the "Tidewater" in its name with that of Norfolk, partly for marketing reasons and partly for political considerations, as the city of Norfolk had facilitated the financing and building of Harbor Park. Also in 1993, The Tides introduced their mascot Rip Tide.

text: The role of the oceans in global warming is complex. The oceans serve as a sink for carbon dioxide, taking up much that would otherwise remain in the atmosphere, but increased levels of  have led to ocean acidification. Furthermore, as the temperature of the oceans increases, they become less able to absorb excess . The ocean have also acted as a sink in absorbing extra heat from the atmosphere. The increase in ocean heat content is much larger than any other store of energy in the Earth’s heat balance over the two periods 1961 to 2003 and 1993 to 2003, and accounts for more than 90% of the possible increase in heat content of the Earth system during these periods.

text: The role of the oceans in global warming is complex. The oceans serve as a sink for carbon dioxide, taking up much that would otherwise remain in the atmosphere, but increased levels of  have led to

text: ocean acidification

text: . Furthermore, as the temperature of the oceans increases, they become less able to absorb excess . The ocean have also acted as a sink in absorbing extra heat from the atmosphere. The increase in ocean

text: heat content

text: is much larger than any other store of

text: energy

text: in the Earth’s heat balance over the two periods 1961 to 2003 and 1993 to 2003, and accounts for more than 90% of the possible increase in heat content of the Earth system during these periods.

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example, acoustics is distinguished from optics in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by vibration.  Concepts such as mass, momentum, inertia, or elasticity, become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves etc.; in the case of solids: Rayleigh waves, dispersion; and so on....

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example,

text: acoustics

text: is distinguished from

text: optics

text: in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by

text: vibration

text: .  Concepts such as

text: mass

text: momentum

text: inertia

text: , or

text: elasticity

text: , become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air:

text: vortices

text: radiation pressure

text: shock waves

text: etc.; in the case of solids:

text: Rayleigh waves

text: dispersion

text: ; and so on....

text: Sea level readings indicated that a tsunami was generated. A total of 4 tsunami alerts were issued in 24 hours.  After the first, and largest, earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre issued a tsunami alert for much of the Indian Ocean basin. A tsunami approximately 1 metre high was reported at Padang, Indonesia.  A small tsunami, some 15 cm high, was reported at the Cocos Islands.  Sumatra was taken off tsunami alert after two hours.

text: Sea level readings indicated that a

text: tsunami

text: was generated. A total of 4 tsunami alerts were issued in 24 hours.  After the first, and largest, earthquake, the

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre

text: issued a tsunami alert for much of the Indian Ocean basin. A tsunami approximately 1 metre high was reported at

text: Padang, Indonesia

text: .  A small tsunami, some 15 cm high, was reported at the

text: Cocos Islands

text: .  Sumatra was taken off tsunami alert after two hours.

text: Important basic characteristics of waves are wavelength, amplitude, period, and frequency. Wavelength is the length of the repeating wave shape. Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the particles of the medium, which is determined by the energy of the wave. A period (measured in seconds) is the time for one wave to pass a given point. Frequency of the wave is the number of waves passing a given point in a unit of time. Frequency is measured in hertz (hz); (Hz cycles per second) and is the perceived as pitch. Each complete vibration of a sound wave is called a cycle. Two other physical properties of sound are intensity and duration. Intensity is measured in decibels (dB) and is perceived as loudness.

text: Important basic characteristics of waves are wavelength, amplitude, period, and frequency.

text: Wavelength

text: is the length of the repeating wave shape.

text: Amplitude

text: is the maximum displacement of the particles of the medium, which is determined by the energy of the wave. A period (measured in seconds) is the time for one wave to pass a given point.

text: Frequency

text: of the wave is the number of waves passing a given point in a unit of time. Frequency is measured in

text: hertz (hz)

text: ; (Hz cycles per second) and is the

text: perceived

text: as

text: pitch

text: . Each complete vibration of a sound wave is called a cycle. Two other physical properties of sound are intensity and duration. Intensity is measured in

text: decibels (dB)

text: and is perceived as loudness.

text: On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half-mast, not only on the Peace Tower, but on all federal facilities. Some examples include September 11, 2001, September 11, 2002, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Mayerthorpe Incident, the death of Pope John Paul II, the 2005 London bombings, the death of Smokey Smith, the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford, and the death of Jack Layton

text: On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half-mast, not only on the Peace Tower, but on all federal facilities. Some examples include

text: September 11, 2001

entity_name: Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks

text: September 11, 2002

text: , the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: , the 2005

text: Mayerthorpe Incident

text: , the

text: death of Pope John Paul II

text: , the

text: 2005 London bombings

text: , the death of

text: Smokey Smith

text: , the

text: state funeral

text: s of former

text: U.S. presidents

entity_name: Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

text: Ronald Reagan

text: and

text: Gerald Ford

text: , and the death of

text: Jack Layton

text: Coriolis force, Hadley cell and other things: In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes wind and water currents to bend to the right (clockwise). Cold heavy air flows south from the north pole and is bent west, forming the polar easterlies. Warm air rises at the equator drawing air from the north which bends to the west, contributing to the trade winds. The Coriolis effect bends the westerlies and trade winds slightly clockwise in the northern hemisphere.

text: Coriolis force, Hadley cell and other things: In the northern hemisphere, the

text: Coriolis effect

text: causes wind and water currents to bend to the right (clockwise). Cold heavy air flows south from the north pole and is bent west, forming the polar easterlies. Warm air rises at the equator drawing air from the north which bends to the west, contributing to the trade winds. The Coriolis effect bends the westerlies and trade winds slightly clockwise in the northern hemisphere.

text: Neshaminy State Park is  from the Atlantic Ocean, but it is at sea level. This combination of distance and elevation creates an estuary. The tidal affect causes the river to rise and fall each day. The Lenape who once lived on the banks of the river used tides to help them harvest fish. They built low fences in the tidal zone. At high tide the fish would swim in and be caught by the fences when the waters receded at low tide.

text: Neshaminy State Park is  from the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , but it is at

text: sea level

text: . This combination of distance and elevation creates an

text: estuary

text: . The tidal affect causes the river to rise and fall each day. The

text: Lenape

text: who once lived on the banks of the river used tides to help them harvest fish. They built low fences in the tidal zone. At

text: high tide

text: the fish would swim in and be caught by the fences when the waters receded at

text: low tide

text: The meridian 19° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.

text: The meridian 19° west of

text: Greenwich

text: is a line of

text: longitude

text: that extends from the

text: North Pole

text: across the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: Greenland

text: Iceland

text: , the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and

text: Antarctica

text: to the

text: South Pole

text: The West Australian Current (or the Western Australian Current), is a cool surface current of the Southern Ocean and Southern Indian Ocean.

text: The West Australian Current (or the Western Australian Current), is a cool surface current of the

text: Southern Ocean

text: and

text: Southern Indian Ocean

text: Abudefduf saxatilis is found in the Atlantic Ocean. Populations in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean are found from the north eastern coast of the United States south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, islands around the Caribbean Sea, the eastern coast of Central and South America all the way to Uruguay. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, they are found from Portugal, Azores, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and western Africa. Juveniles are common in tide pools while adults are found over coral reefs. Sergeant majors are found at depths of . They inhabit tropical and subtropical locations. This fish was also spotted in Malta on the 21 October 2015 by Hanako Tomita from  Malta Blue Diving while she was diving in Sliema

text: Abudefduf saxatilis is found in the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . Populations in the western part of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: are found from the north eastern coast of the

text: United States

text: south to the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , the

text: Bahamas

text: , islands around the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: , the eastern coast of

text: Central

text: and

text: South America

text: all the way to

text: Uruguay

text: . In the eastern

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , they are found from

text: Portugal

text: Azores

text: , the

text: Canary Islands

text: Cape Verde

text: , and western

text: Africa

text: . Juveniles are common in

text: tide pools

text: while adults are found over

text: coral reefs

text: . Sergeant majors are found at depths of . They inhabit tropical and subtropical locations. This fish was also spotted in

text: Malta

text: on the 21 October 2015 by Hanako Tomita from  Malta Blue Diving while she was diving in Sliema

text: After a scoreless first quarter, the teams continued in a standoff well into the second quarter until the Tide moved 80 yards in six plays to a touchdown to break on top, 7-0, on a 1-yard run by Henry with 5:36 left in the first half. Clutch plays in the passing game keyed the drive that was highlighted by a 50-yard pass from Coker to Ridley that reached the MSU 1-yard line. Henry's touchdown run was his 24th, breaking the Southeastern Conference record for rushing TDs in a season (previously held by Auburn's Tre Mason in 2013 and Florida's Tim Tebow in 2006). Placekicker Adam Griffith connected on a 47-yard field goal to give the Tide a 10-0 lead with 1:25 left in the half. Tide cornerback Cyrus Jones made a huge play at the end of the first half. The Spartans had marched to the Tide 12 in the final minute of the half before Jones leaped high to intercept a Connor Cook pass at the Tide 2-yard line in the waning seconds of the half, ending a scoring threat and protecting the Tide's 10-0 lead heading into halftime.

text: Tidal effects are also important; the influence of a 1 m tidal oscillation can be felt as much as 100 km from the sea.  On an hour-to-hour basis, surges of ice motion can be modulated by tidal activity.  During larger spring tides, an ice stream will remain almost stationary for hours at a time, before a surge of around a foot in under an hour, just after the peak high tide; a stationary period then takes hold until another surge towards the middle or end of the falling tide. At neap tides, this interaction is less pronounced, without tides surges would occur more randomly, approximately every 12 hours.

text: Tidal effects are also important; the influence of a 1 m tidal oscillation can be felt as much as 100 km from the sea.  On an hour-to-hour basis, surges of ice motion can be modulated by tidal activity.  During larger

text: spring tide

text: s, an ice stream will remain almost stationary for hours at a time, before a surge of around a foot in under an hour, just after the peak high tide; a stationary period then takes hold until another surge towards the middle or end of the falling tide. At neap tides, this interaction is less pronounced, without tides surges would occur more randomly, approximately every 12 hours.

text: A gyre in oceanography is any large system of circulating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque). The term gyre can be used to refer to any type of vortex in the air or the sea, even one that is man-made, but it is most commonly used in oceanography to refer to the major ocean systems.

text: A gyre in

text: oceanography

text: is any large system of circulating

text: ocean current

text: s, particularly those involved with large

text: wind

text: movements. Gyres are caused by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: ; planetary

text: vorticity

text: along with horizontal and vertical friction, determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (

text: torque

text: ). The term gyre can be used to refer to any type of

text: vortex

text: in the

text: air

text: or the sea, even one that is man-made, but it is most commonly used in

text: oceanography

text: to refer to the major

text: ocean

text: systems.

text: The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a maneuver that became known as the "volta do mar" (). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route.

text: The knowledge of

text: wind

text: patterns and

text: currents

text: , the

text: trade winds

text: and the

text: oceanic gyre

text: atmospheric circulation

text: and the effect of

text: Coriolis

text: , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a maneuver that became known as the "volta do mar" (). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the

text: Manila Galleon

text: trade route.

text: Simon Stevin in his 1608 De spiegheling der Ebbenvloet, The theory of ebb and flood, dismissed  a large number of misconceptions that still existed about ebb and flood. Stevin pleaded for the idea that the attraction of the Moon was responsible for the tides and spoke in clear terms about ebb, flood, spring tide and neap tide, stressing that further research needed to be made.

text: Simon Stevin

text: in his 1608 De spiegheling der Ebbenvloet, The theory of ebb and flood, dismissed  a large number of misconceptions that still existed about ebb and flood. Stevin pleaded for the idea that the attraction of the Moon was responsible for the tides and spoke in clear terms about ebb, flood,

text: spring tide

text: and

text: neap tide

text: , stressing that further research needed to be made.

text: Evidence Aid has raised the profile of evidence-based actions in the humanitarian sector through international conferences in Oxford in 2011 with the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Brussels in 2012 with the Belgian Red Cross–Flanders, at which Herman van Rompuy, the President of the European Council in 2012 said "Evidence Aid has provided governments, agencies, NGOs, and individuals with the most reliable information in order to take the right choices in difficult circumstances… the work you are doing is important for mankind", and a priority setting meeting in London in 2013. In addition, and in partnership with the South Asian Cochrane Centre, Evidence Aid offered its third conference in 2014 in Hyderabad, India – fitting since responding to the Indian Ocean tsunami was the inspiration for the founding of Evidence Aid. Evidence Aid works with a number of organizations in different capacities. Caroline Fiennes, a blogger at Third Sector, wrote about using evidence in dealing with humanitarian crises in a post, "In the decade since the Asian tsunami, we're marshalling the evidence with far better effect."

text: Evidence Aid has raised the profile of evidence-based actions in the humanitarian sector through international conferences in Oxford in 2011 with the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Brussels in 2012 with the Belgian Red Cross–Flanders, at which

text: Herman van Rompuy

text: , the President of the

text: European Council

text: in 2012 said "Evidence Aid has provided governments, agencies, NGOs, and individuals with the most reliable information in order to take the right choices in difficult circumstances… the work you are doing is important for mankind", and a priority setting meeting in

text: London

text: in 2013. In addition, and in partnership with the South Asian Cochrane Centre, Evidence Aid offered its third conference in 2014 in

text: Hyderabad

text: , India – fitting since responding to the

text: Indian Ocean tsunami

text: was the inspiration for the founding of Evidence Aid. Evidence Aid works with a number of organizations in different capacities. Caroline Fiennes, a

text: blog

text: ger at Third Sector, wrote about using evidence in dealing with humanitarian crises in a post, "In the decade since the Asian tsunami, we're marshalling the evidence with far better effect."

text: These sediments accumulate on the ocean floor within areas characterized by little planktonic production. The clays which comprise them were transported into the deep ocean in suspension, either in the air over the oceans or in surface waters. Both wind and ocean currents transported these sediments in suspension thousands of kilometers from their terrestrial source. As they were transported, the finer clays may have stayed in suspension for a hundred years or more within the water column before they settled to the ocean bottom. The settling of this clay-size sediment occurred primarily by the formation of clay aggregates by flocculation and by their incorporation into fecal pellets by pelagic organisms.

text: These sediments accumulate on the ocean floor within areas characterized by little planktonic production. The clays which comprise them were transported into the deep ocean in suspension, either in the air over the oceans or in surface waters. Both wind and ocean currents transported these sediments in suspension thousands of kilometers from their terrestrial source. As they were transported, the finer clays may have stayed in suspension for a hundred years or more within the water column before they settled to the ocean bottom. The settling of this clay-size sediment occurred primarily by the formation of clay aggregates by

text: flocculation

text: and by their incorporation into

text: fecal pellet

text: s by pelagic organisms.

text: The tidal forces due to the Moon and Sun generate very long  waves which travel all around the ocean following the paths shown in co-tidal charts. The time when the crest of the wave reaches a port then gives the time of high water at the port. The time taken for the wave to travel around the ocean also means that there is a delay between the phases of the moon and their effect on the tide. Springs and neaps in the North Sea, for example, are two days behind the new/full moon and first/third quarter moon. This is called the tide's age.

text: The tidal forces due to the Moon and Sun generate very long  waves which travel all around the ocean following the paths shown in

text: co-tidal charts

text: . The time when the crest of the wave reaches a port then gives the time of high water at the port. The time taken for the wave to travel around the ocean also means that there is a delay between the phases of the moon and their effect on the tide. Springs and neaps in the

text: North Sea

text: , for example, are two days behind the new/full moon and first/third quarter moon. This is called the tide's age.

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the troposphere and stratosphere when the atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides generated are then able to propagate away from these source regions and ascend into the mesosphere and thermosphere. Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: when the atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides generated are then able to propagate away from these source regions and ascend into the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi (1,386,000,000 km) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi (1,338,000,000 km) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the

text: hydrosphere

text: . However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi (1,386,000,000 km) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi (1,338,000,000 km) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.

text: A commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Earth. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the inertia of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles and smallest at the equator, since the rate of change in the diameter of the circles of latitude when travelling north or south, increases the closer the object is to the poles.  Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones (see Coriolis effects in meteorology). To explain this intuitively, consider how an object that moves northwards from the equator has a tendency to maintain its greater speed at the equator (rotating around towards the right as you look at the sphere of the Earth), where the "horizontal diameter" is larger, and therefore tends to move towards the right as it passed northwards where the "horizontal diameter" of the Earth (the rings of latitude) is smaller, and the linear speed of local objects on the Earth's surface at that latitude is slower.

text: A commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the

text: Earth

text: . The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the

text: inertia

text: of the mass experiencing the effect. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right (with respect to the direction of travel) in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: and to the left in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the

text: poles

text: and smallest at the

text: equator

text: , since the rate of change in the diameter of the

text: circles of latitude

text: when travelling north or south, increases the closer the object is to the poles.  Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would in a non-rotating system, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the

text: equator

text: and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large

text: cyclones

text: (see

text: Coriolis effects in meteorology

text: ). To explain this intuitively, consider how an object that moves northwards from the equator has a tendency to maintain its greater speed at the equator (rotating around towards the right as you look at the sphere of the Earth), where the "horizontal diameter" is larger, and therefore tends to move towards the right as it passed northwards where the "horizontal diameter" of the Earth (the rings of latitude) is smaller, and the linear speed of local objects on the Earth's surface at that latitude is slower.

text: Generally these wave formation mechanisms occur together on the ocean surface and arise wind waves and grows up to the fully developed waves.

text: , also known as Oya Siwo, Okhotsk or the Kurile current, is a cold subarctic ocean current that flows south and circulates counterclockwise in the western North Pacific Ocean.  The waters of the Oyashio Current originate in the Arctic Ocean and flow southward via the Bering Sea, passing through the Bering Strait and transporting cold water from the Arctic Sea into the Pacific Ocean.  It collides with the Kuroshio Current off the eastern shore of Japan to form the North Pacific Current (or Drift). The nutrient-rich Oyashio is named for its metaphorical role as the  that provides for and nurtures marine organisms.

text: , also known as Oya Siwo, Okhotsk or the

text: Kurile

text: current, is a cold

text: subarctic

text: ocean current

text: that flows south and circulates counterclockwise in the western North

text: Pacific Ocean

text: .  The waters of the Oyashio Current originate in the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: and flow southward via the

text: Bering Sea

text: , passing through the Bering Strait and transporting cold water from the Arctic Sea into the Pacific Ocean.  It collides with the

text: Kuroshio Current

text: off the eastern shore of

text: Japan

text: to form the

text: North Pacific Current

text: (or Drift). The nutrient-rich Oyashio is named for its metaphorical role as the  that provides for and nurtures marine organisms.

text: The spring tides at the mouth of the estuary are .Rainfall is from  to  annually.Salinity is very low, particularly during the rainy season. Surface salinity of 0.4% is common around Douala throughout the year.The Mungo river splits into numerous small channels that empty into the estuary complex.The tidal wave in the bay travels as far as  up the Mungo. In this section of the river, large flats and sand banks are exposed at low tide.The Wouri is affected by the tides for  above Douala, with blocks of tidal forest along its shores throughout this stretch.

text: A Kelvin wave is a wave in the ocean or atmosphere that balances the Earth's Coriolis force against a topographic boundary such as a coastline, or a waveguide such as the equator.  A feature of a Kelvin wave is that it is non-dispersive, i.e., the phase speed of the wave crests is equal to the group speed of the wave energy for all frequencies. This means that it retains its shape as it moves in the alongshore direction over time.

text: A Kelvin wave is a

text: wave

text: in the ocean or atmosphere that balances the Earth's

text: Coriolis force

text: against a

text: topographic

text: boundary such as a coastline, or a

text: waveguide

text: such as the equator.  A feature of a Kelvin wave is that it is

text: non-dispersive

text: , i.e., the

text: phase speed

text: of the wave crests is equal to the

text: group speed

text: of the

text: wave energy

text: for all frequencies. This means that it retains its shape as it moves in the alongshore direction over time.

text: However, there is also the possibility that climate change will slow down ocean currents and circulation, which can change the present-day dynamic and send the rain belt to the south. Therefore, ocean circulation, ocean temperature, and the temperature of the earth are all attributing to the movement of the tropical rain belt. It is evident that the trend is northward and the belt is currently situated in the northern tropics, but the possibility of southward movement does exist. The northward movement does affect many countries and crops because the tropical rain belt is essential to food production in areas that rely on heavy precipitation.

text: Ocean surface waves are oscillations caused by the friction from air moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers energy and forms surface waves in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its crest and its foot as its trough; the distance between two crests is the wavelength. These waves are mechanical: as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The sea state of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the open ocean—depends upon the wind speed and the fetch, the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called ripples. As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as seas. These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These swells are particularly common in the Roaring Forties of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's surface tension, but seas and swells are only slowly reduced by gravity and destructive interference from other waves. Constructive interference, however, can also cause individual rogue waves much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height; offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms use these measurements in computing the hundred-year wave they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

text: Ocean surface waves

text: are oscillations caused by the

text: friction

text: from

text: air

text: moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers

text: energy

text: and forms

text: surface wave

text: s in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its

text: crest

text: and its foot as its

text: trough

text: ; the distance between two crests is the

text: wavelength

text: . These waves are

text: mechanical

text: : as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The

text: sea state

text: of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the

text: open ocean

text: —depends upon the

text: wind speed

text: and the

text: fetch

text: , the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called

text: ripples

text: . As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as

text: seas

text: . These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These

text: swells

text: are particularly common in the

text: Roaring Forties

text: of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's

text: surface tension

text: , but seas and swells are only slowly

text: reduced by gravity

text: and

text: destructive interference

text: from other waves.

text: Constructive interference

text: , however, can also cause individual

text: rogue wave

text: s much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height;

text: offshore construction

text: such as

text: wind farms

text: and

text: oil platform

text: s use these measurements in computing the

text: hundred-year wave

text: they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

text: The times and amplitude of tides at any given locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean, by the amphidromic systems of the oceans,  and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing). Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations experience a diurnal tide—only one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"—two uneven tides a day, or one high and one low—is also possible.

text: The times and amplitude of tides at any given locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the

text: pattern of tides in the deep ocean

text: , by the

text: amphidromic

text: systems of the oceans,  and the shape of the coastline and near-shore

text: bathymetry

text: (see

text: Timing

text: ). Some shorelines experience a

text: semi-diurnal

text: tide—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations experience a

text: diurnal

text: tide—only one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"—two uneven tides a day, or one high and one low—is also possible.

text: The tides in the Penzhin Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk are the highest for the Pacific Ocean, reaching a height of .  The tides in Shelikhov Bay are of the diurnal type. The area of Penzhin Bay basin is 20,530 km. Given that the average magnitude of tide is equal to , this gives the diurnal flow of water in the bay as  or average discharge .

text: The tides in the

text: Penzhin Bay

text: of the

text: Sea of Okhotsk

text: are the highest for the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , reaching a height of .  The tides in

text: Shelikhov Bay

text: are of the diurnal type. The area of Penzhin Bay basin is 20,530 km. Given that the average magnitude of tide is equal to , this gives the diurnal flow of water in the bay as  or average discharge .

text: Currently, no treatment slows the neurodegeneration in any of the neuroacanthocytosis disorders. Medication may be administered to decrease the involuntary movements produced by these syndromes. Antipsychotics are used to block dopamine, anticonvulsants treat seizures and botulinum toxin injections may control dystonia. Patients usually receive speech, occupational and physical therapies to help with the complications associated with movement.  Sometimes, physicians will prescribe antidepressants for the psychological problems that accompany neuroacanthocytosis. Some success has been reported with Deep brain stimulation.

text: Currently, no treatment slows the

text: neurodegeneration

text: in any of the neuroacanthocytosis disorders. Medication may be administered to decrease the involuntary movements produced by these syndromes.

text: Antipsychotics

text: are used to block

text: dopamine

text: anticonvulsants

text: treat seizures and

text: botulinum toxin

text: injections may control dystonia. Patients usually receive

text: speech

text: occupational

text: and

text: physical

text: therapies to help with the complications associated with movement.  Sometimes, physicians will prescribe

text: antidepressant

text: s for the psychological problems that accompany neuroacanthocytosis. Some success has been reported with

text: Deep brain stimulation

text: The California Current is a Pacific Ocean current that moves southward along the western coast of North America, beginning off southern British Columbia and ending off southern Baja California Peninsula. It is considered an Eastern boundary current due to the influence of the North American coastline on its course. It is also one of five major coastal currents affiliated with upwelling zones, the others being the Humboldt Current, the Canary Current, the Benguela Current, and the Somali Current. The California Current is part of the North Pacific Gyre, a large swirling current that occupies the northern basin of the Pacific.

text: The California Current is a

text: Pacific Ocean

text: current

text: that moves southward along the western coast of

text: North America

text: , beginning off southern

text: British Columbia

text: and ending off southern

text: Baja California Peninsula

text: . It is considered an

text: Eastern boundary current

text: due to the influence of the North American coastline on its course. It is also one of five major coastal currents affiliated with

text: upwelling

text: zones, the others being the

text: Humboldt Current

text: , the

text: Canary Current

text: , the

text: Benguela Current

text: , and the

text: Somali Current

text: . The California Current is part of the

text: North Pacific Gyre

text: , a large swirling current that occupies the northern basin of the Pacific.

text: In 1995, NOAA began developing the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) system. By 2001, an array of six stations had been deployed in the Pacific Ocean.

text: In 1995,

text: NOAA

text: began developing the

text: (DART) system. By 2001, an array of six stations had been deployed in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Shaun McGraw – Ocean State Waves - Binghamton

text: A third influence occurs because the moon orbits at an angle to the equator. This means that if one of the bulges travelling around the earth is above the equator, then the other bulge is below the equator. It also follows that some places will have one daily diurnal tide, while other places will have semi-diurnal tides twice a day. For example, there is a diurnal tide in the Ross Sea near Antarctica every 24.84 hours. The height of this tide dwindles to almost zero in a cycle which takes 13.66 days. New Zealand's tides are semi-diurnal. The primary cause, the lunar tide, is labelled the M2. The M stands for the moon and the 2 stands for twice a day.

text: A third influence occurs because the moon orbits at an angle to the equator. This means that if one of the bulges travelling around the earth is above the equator, then the other bulge is below the equator. It also follows that some places will have one daily

text: diurnal

text: tide, while other places will have semi-diurnal tides twice a day. For example, there is a diurnal tide in the

text: Ross Sea

text: near Antarctica every 24.84 hours. The height of this tide dwindles to almost zero in a cycle which takes 13.66 days. New Zealand's tides are semi-diurnal. The primary cause, the lunar tide, is labelled the M2. The M stands for the moon and the 2 stands for twice a day.

text: The surface tide propagates as a wave, in which water parcels in the whole water column oscillate in the same direction at a given phase (i.e., in the trough or at the crest, Fig. 1, top).  At the simplest level, an internal wave can be thought of as an interfacial wave (Fig. 1, bottom). If there are two levels in the ocean, such as a warm surface layer and cold deep layer separated by a thermocline,then motions on the interface are possible.  The interface movement is large compared to surface movement.  The restoring force for internal waves and tides is still gravity but its effect is reduced because the densities of the 2 layers are relatively similar compared to the large density difference at the air-sea interface. Thus larger displacements are possible inside the ocean than at the sea surface.

text: Lanna is described as a small, birdlike girl, and indeed she has several friends who are birds, including a tern named Tikki.  She seems to have an empathic connection with birds that lets her communicate with them on a rudimentary level.  She is a friend of Conan's who hasn't seen him since the cataclysm.  Mazal is her aunt, Shann is her uncle, and Teacher is her grandfather.  She has a deep-seated fear of the ocean since the tsunamis swept across the world.

text: Many researchers have suggested that Mars once had a great ocean in the north. Much evidence for this ocean has been gathered over several decades.  New evidence was published in May 2016.  A large team of scientists described how some of the surface in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle was altered by two Tsunamis.  The Tsunamis were caused by asteroids striking the ocean.  Both were thought to have been strong enough to create 30 km diameter craters.  The first Tsunami picked up and carried boulders the size of cars or small houses.  The backwash from the wave formed channels by rearranging the boulders.  The second came in when the ocean was 300 m lower.  The second carried a great deal of ice which was dropped in valleys.  Calculations show that the average height of the waves would have been 50 m, but the heights would vary from 10 m to 120 m.  Numerical simulations show that in this particular part of the ocean two impact craters of the size of 30 km in diameter would form every 30 million years.  The implication here is that a great northern ocean may have existed for millions of years.  One argument against an ocean has been the lack of shoreline features.  These features may have been washed away by these Tsunami events.  The parts of Mars studied in this research are Chryse Planitia and northwestern Arabia Terra.  These tsunamis affected some surfaces in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle and in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.<ref>Cornell University. "Ancient tsunami evidence on Mars reveals life potential." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 19 May 2016.

text: Many researchers have suggested that Mars once had a great ocean in the north. Much evidence for this ocean has been gathered over several decades.  New evidence was published in May 2016.  A large team of scientists described how some of the surface in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle was altered by two

text: Tsunami

text: s.  The Tsunamis were caused by asteroids striking the ocean.  Both were thought to have been strong enough to create 30 km diameter craters.  The first Tsunami picked up and carried boulders the size of cars or small houses.  The backwash from the wave formed channels by rearranging the boulders.  The second came in when the ocean was 300 m lower.  The second carried a great deal of ice which was dropped in valleys.  Calculations show that the average height of the waves would have been 50 m, but the heights would vary from 10 m to 120 m.  Numerical simulations show that in this particular part of the ocean two impact craters of the size of 30 km in diameter would form every 30 million years.  The implication here is that a great northern ocean may have existed for millions of years.  One argument against an ocean has been the lack of shoreline features.  These features may have been washed away by these Tsunami events.  The parts of Mars studied in this research are

text: Chryse Planitia

text: and northwestern

text: Arabia Terra

text: .  These tsunamis affected some surfaces in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle and in the

text: Mare Acidalium quadrangle

text: .<ref>Cornell University. "Ancient tsunami evidence on Mars reveals life potential." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 19 May 2016.

text: The reason the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing increases in time (decreases in effect) with decreasing latitude is related to the Coriolis Effect. As summarized in the Coriolis effect article, the effect is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum aligns with the Earth's axis of rotation). The Coriolis effect decreases nearer the equator because the surface of the Earth is parallel to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the Earth's axis of rotation). Refer to the article discussing the Coriolis Effect for further details.

text: The reason the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing increases in time (decreases in effect) with decreasing latitude is related to the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: . As summarized in the Coriolis effect article, the effect is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum aligns with the Earth's axis of rotation). The Coriolis effect decreases nearer the equator because the surface of the Earth is parallel to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the Earth's axis of rotation). Refer to the article discussing the

text: Coriolis Effect

text: for further details.

text: The  in the atmosphere transfers to the ocean by dissolving in the surface water as carbonate and bicarbonate ions; at the same time the carbonate ions in the water are returning to the air as . This exchange process brings from the atmosphere into the surface waters of the ocean, but the  thus introduced takes a long time to percolate through the entire volume of the ocean. The deepest parts of the ocean mix very slowly with the surface waters, and the mixing is uneven. The main mechanism that brings deep water to the surface is upwelling, which is more common in regions closer to the equator. Upwelling is also influenced by factors such as the topography of the local ocean bottom and coastlines, the climate, and wind patterns. Overall, the mixing of deep and surface waters takes far longer than the mixing of atmospheric  with the surface waters, and as a result water from some deep ocean areas has an apparent radiocarbon age of several thousand years. Upwelling mixes this "old" water with the surface water, giving the surface water an apparent age of about several hundred years (after correcting for fractionation). This effect is not uniform – the average effect is about 440 years, but there are local deviations of several hundred years for areas that are geographically close to each other. The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.

text: The research area Greenhouse Oceans (A) focused on the causes and effects of climate change in regards to the modern ocean. Interactions between the atmosphere, ocean surface, deep water regions and its organisms were closely studied. It was divided into seven research teams. Their members mostly focused on environmental research ranging from topics such as ocean acidification and its impact on marine life to global warming and its influence on the ocean floor to ocean circulation regarding climate modelling and even ocean surface chemistry, studying the exchange of gases between the water column and the atmosphere.

text: The research area Greenhouse Oceans (A) focused on the causes and effects of

text: climate change

text: in regards to the modern ocean. Interactions between the

text: atmosphere

text: , ocean surface, deep water regions and its organisms were closely studied. It was divided into seven research teams. Their members mostly focused on environmental research ranging from topics such as

text: ocean acidification

text: and its impact on marine life to

text: global warming

text: and its influence on the ocean floor to

text: ocean circulation

text: regarding climate modelling and even ocean surface chemistry, studying the exchange of gases between the

text: water column

text: and the atmosphere.

text: This reef has an excellent reputation for deep-sea angling. Currents create an upwelling of nutrients that attracts large pelagic fish such as sailfish, marlin, yellowfin tuna and mahi-mahi.

text: This reef has an excellent reputation for

text: deep-sea angling

text: . Currents create an upwelling of nutrients that attracts large pelagic fish such as

text: sailfish

text: marlin

text: yellowfin tuna

text: and

text: mahi-mahi

text: The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances.

text: The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on

text: offshore structures

text: ships

text: coastal

text: erosion

text: and

text: sedimentation

text: , as well as

text: harbour

text: s. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as

text: swell

text: ) over long distances.

text: The approach channel to some ports situated on sandy coasts is guided and protected across the beach by parallel jetties, made solid up to a little above low water of neap tides, on which open timber-work is erected, provided with a planked platform at the top raised above the highest tides. The channel between the jetties was originally maintained by tidal scour from low-lying areas close to the coast, and subsequently by the current from sluicing basins; but it is now often considerably deepened by sand-pump dredging. It is protected to some extent by the solid portion of the jetties from the inroad of sand from the adjacent beach, and from the levelling action of the waves; while the upper open portion serves to indicate the channel and to guide the vessels, if necessary (see harbor). The bottom part of the older jetties, in such long-established jetty ports as Calais, Dunkirk and Ostend, was composed of clay or rubble stone, covered on the top by fascine-work or pitching, but the deepening of the jetty channel by dredging and the need that arose for its enlargement led to the reconstruction of the jetties at these ports. The nes jetties at Dunkirk were founded in the sandy beach, by the aid of compressed air, at a depth of . below low water of spring tides; and their solid masonry portion, on a concrete foundation was raised . above low water of neap tides.

text: The approach channel to some ports situated on

text: sand

text: y coasts is guided and protected across the beach by parallel jetties, made solid up to a little above low water of

text: neap tide

text: s, on which open timber-work is erected, provided with a planked platform at the top raised above the highest tides. The channel between the jetties was originally maintained by

text: tidal scour

text: from low-lying areas close to the coast, and subsequently by the current from

text: sluicing

text: basins; but it is now often considerably deepened by sand-pump

text: dredging

text: . It is protected to some extent by the solid portion of the jetties from the inroad of sand from the adjacent beach, and from the levelling action of the waves; while the upper open portion serves to indicate the channel and to guide the vessels, if necessary (see

text: harbor

text: ). The bottom part of the older jetties, in such long-established jetty ports as

text: Calais

text: Dunkirk

text: and

text: Ostend

text: , was composed of

text: clay

text: or rubble stone, covered on the top by fascine-work or pitching, but the deepening of the jetty channel by dredging and the need that arose for its enlargement led to the reconstruction of the jetties at these ports. The nes jetties at Dunkirk were founded in the sandy beach, by the aid of compressed air, at a depth of . below low water of spring tides; and their solid masonry portion, on a concrete foundation was raised . above low water of

text: neap tide

text: s.

text: The United States' array was completed in 2008 totaling 39 stations in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Caribbean Sea.  The international community has also taken an interest in DART buoys and as of 2009 Australia, Chile, Indonesia and Thailand have deployed DART buoys to use as part of each country's tsunami warning system.

text: The United States' array was completed in 2008 totaling 39 stations in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , and

text: Caribbean Sea

text: .  The international community has also taken an interest in DART buoys and as of 2009

text: Australia

text: Chile

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Thailand

text: have deployed DART buoys to use as part of each country's tsunami warning system.

text: Dreamy McFloat was choreographed by company dancer Tupua Tigafua, is a piece that explores daydreaming and memories, inspired by the ocean and the elderly, with music by Richard M Moyle, Antonio Vivaldi and a poem excerpt from John Pule, Little Sun. Tenerezza was choreographed by Michael Parmenter, with music by C.P.E Bach.  Trees, Birds Then People was choreographed by Shona McCullagh, about the curiosity of this land in the absence of land mammals here until the arrival of man, with music by Gareth Farr. Release Your Robot was choreographed by company dancer Justin Haiu, inspired by the street dance movement forms known as robot and liquiding/waving, with music by The Electric Boutique. Human Human God was choreographed by Sarah Foster-Sproull, a physical exploration of how we often perceive Generation Y placing notions of god and spiritually within themselves, with music by Eden Mullholland.

text: Dreamy McFloat was choreographed by company dancer Tupua Tigafua, is a piece that explores daydreaming and memories, inspired by the ocean and the elderly, with music by Richard M Moyle,

text: Antonio Vivaldi

text: and a poem excerpt from

text: John Pule

text: , Little Sun. Tenerezza was choreographed by Michael Parmenter, with music by

text: C.P.E Bach

text: .  Trees, Birds Then People was choreographed by Shona McCullagh, about the curiosity of this land in the absence of land mammals here until the arrival of man, with music by

text: Gareth Farr

text: . Release Your Robot was choreographed by company dancer Justin Haiu, inspired by the street dance movement forms known as robot and liquiding/waving, with music by The Electric Boutique. Human Human God was choreographed by Sarah Foster-Sproull, a physical exploration of how we often perceive

text: Generation Y

text: placing notions of god and spiritually within themselves, with music by Eden Mullholland.

text: The Black Nazarene icon, brought from Mexico during the Galleon Trade era, is enshrined in Quiapo Church, and is considered miraculous by devotees is brought out for procession every Good Friday. The statue is borne on the shoulders of male devotees in a slow, difficult procession around the narrow streets of the district, a score of men struggle to keep the image moving on. Thousands more try to muscle their way to touch the Nazarene as if carried by a powerful tide in an ocean of humanity.

text: The

text: Black Nazarene

text: icon, brought from Mexico during the

text: Galleon Trade

text: era, is enshrined in

text: Quiapo Church

text: , and is considered miraculous by devotees is brought out for procession every Good Friday. The statue is borne on the shoulders of male devotees in a slow, difficult procession around the narrow streets of the district, a score of men struggle to keep the image moving on. Thousands more try to muscle their way to touch the Nazarene as if carried by a powerful tide in an ocean of humanity.

text: At the end of January 2005, the stadium hosted a Tsunami Relief Cardiff, a tsunami relief concert, in aid of victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, with Eric Clapton headlining the event. On 22 August 2009, U2 played at the stadium as part of their European leg of their U2 360° Tour, playing to a record-breaking concert attendance for a concert at the stadium of 73,354.

text: At the end of January 2005, the stadium hosted a

text: Tsunami Relief Cardiff

text: , a tsunami relief concert, in aid of victims of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: , with

text: Eric Clapton

text: headlining the event. On 22 August 2009, U2 played at the stadium as part of their European leg of their

text: U2 360° Tour

text: , playing to a record-breaking concert attendance for a concert at the stadium of 73,354.

text: Traps are only efficient if the stones are packed in a certain way. The wall must form a virtuallysolid wall with a horizontal top, built to a level which would be covered by at least 0,5-1,0m ofwater as the waves come in at spring high tide. The landward face tends to be vertical while theseaward face usually is sloped. This provides less resistance and turbulence to incomingwaves and therefore more subtle access to fish. As a certain amount of displacement occursthrough wave action, repacking of the walls is necessary after each spring tide. Today this isdone by some local farmers and interested people who also use the traps to catch fish atspring tide.

text: The earthquake caused great concern around the Indian Ocean that it might trigger a tsunami similar to the massive one generated three months earlier by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on 26 December 2004. Evacuations were carried out in coastal regions of Thailand, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. This earthquake, however, produced a relatively small tsunami. A  tsunami caused moderate damage to port and airport facilities on Simeulue, and a  tsunami was recorded on the west coast of Nias. Much smaller waves, most detectable only in tide gauge recording systems, were recorded across the Indian Ocean; for example, a  wave was recorded at Colombo, Sri Lanka.

text: The earthquake caused great concern around the

text: Indian Ocean

text: that it might trigger a tsunami similar to the massive one generated three months earlier by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: on 26 December 2004. Evacuations were carried out in coastal regions of

text: Thailand

text: Malaysia

text: , and

text: Sri Lanka

text: . This earthquake, however, produced a relatively small tsunami. A  tsunami caused moderate damage to port and airport facilities on

text: Simeulue

text: , and a  tsunami was recorded on the west coast of Nias. Much smaller waves, most detectable only in

text: tide gauge

text: recording systems, were recorded across the Indian Ocean; for example, a  wave was recorded at

text: Colombo, Sri Lanka

text: In the documentary movie The Big Question, about the film The Passion of the Christ, she stated: "I am an agnostic, even though I respect and am interested in all religions. If there's something I believe in, it's a mysterious energy; the one that fills the oceans during tides, the one that unites nature and beings."

text: In the documentary movie The Big Question, about the film

text: The Passion of the Christ

text: , she stated: "I am an

text: agnostic

text: , even though I respect and am interested in all religions. If there's something I believe in, it's a mysterious energy; the one that fills the oceans during tides, the one that unites nature and beings."

text: This shows the spring tide/ neap tide cycle in the amplitudes of the tides as the  moon orbits the earth from being in line (Sun - Earth - Moon, or Sun - Moon - Earth) when the two main influences combine to give the spring tides, to when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle Moon - Earth - Sun is close to ninety degrees producing the neap tides. Note also as the moon moves around its orbit it also changes from north of the equator to south of the equator. The alternation in the heights of the high tides becomes smaller, until they are the same (the moon is above the equator), then redevelops but with the other polarity, waxing to a maximum difference and then waning again.

text: Even with artificial reefs in place, a tourist's vacation time may coincide with a "flat spell", when no waves are available. Completely artificial Wave pools aim to solve that problem by controlling all the elements that go into creating perfect surf, however there are only a handful of wave pools that can simulate good surfing waves, owing primarily to construction and operation costs and potential liability. Most wave pools generate waves that are too small and lack the power necessary to surf. The Seagaia Ocean Dome, located in Miyazaki, Japan, was an example of a surfable wave pool. Able to generate waves with up to 10-foot faces, the specialized pump held water in 20 vertical tanks positioned along the back edge of the pool. This allowed the waves to be directed as they approach the artificial sea floor. Lefts, Rights, and A-frames could be directed from this pump design providing for rippable surf and barrel rides. The Ocean Dome cost about $2 billion to build and was expensive to maintain. The Ocean Dome was closed in 2007. In England, construction is nearing completion on the Wave, situated near Bristol, which will enable people unable to get to the coast to enjoy the waves in a controlled environment, set in the heart of nature.

text: Even with artificial reefs in place, a tourist's vacation time may coincide with a "flat spell", when no waves are available. Completely artificial

text: Wave pool

text: s aim to solve that problem by controlling all the elements that go into creating perfect surf, however there are only a handful of wave pools that can

text: simulate

text: good surfing waves, owing primarily to construction and operation costs and potential liability. Most wave pools generate waves that are too small and lack the power necessary to surf. The

text: Seagaia Ocean Dome

text: , located in Miyazaki, Japan, was an example of a surfable wave pool. Able to generate waves with up to 10-foot faces, the specialized pump held water in 20 vertical tanks positioned along the back edge of the pool. This allowed the waves to be directed as they approach the artificial sea floor. Lefts, Rights, and A-frames could be directed from this pump design providing for rippable surf and barrel rides. The Ocean Dome cost about $2 billion to build and was expensive to maintain. The Ocean Dome was closed in 2007. In England, construction is nearing completion on the Wave, situated near

text: Bristol

text: , which will enable people unable to get to the coast to enjoy the waves in a controlled environment, set in the heart of nature.

text: The way to determine the direction of the tidal flow at the narrows is to observe the direction in which the tide is flowing.  If the tidal flow is heading toward theJervis Inlet then the tide is going out (low tide). But if the flow is moving toward Princess Louisa Inlet the tide it is coming in (high tide).

text: The way to determine the direction of the tidal flow at the narrows is to observe the direction in which the

text: tide

text: is flowing.  If the

text: tidal flow

text: is heading toward the

text: Jervis Inlet

text: then the tide is going out

text: (low tide)

text: . But if the flow is moving toward

text: Princess Louisa Inlet

text: the

text: tide

text: it is coming in

text: (high tide)

text: Since the protocol is open, anyone can become a wave provider and share waves with others. Like email, communication is possible regardless of provider. For instance, organizations can operate as wave providers for their members, an individual can run a private wave server for a single user or family members, and an Internet service provider can run a wave service as another Internet service for its users as a supplement to email, IM, FTP, etc. In this model, Google Wave is one of many wave providers.

text: Since the protocol is open, anyone can become a wave provider and share waves with others. Like

text: email

text: , communication is possible regardless of provider. For instance, organizations can operate as wave providers for their members, an individual can run a private wave server for a single user or family members, and an Internet service provider can run a wave service as another Internet service for its users as a supplement to email,

text: IM

text: FTP

text: , etc. In this model, Google Wave is one of many wave providers.

text: He established links with beachcombers and formed a network of people reporting the landfall of the contents of this and other spills. Using OSCURS (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), a computer simulator developed by Seattle oceanographer Jim Ingraham, Ebbesmeyer tracked the oceanic movement of all kinds of flotsam including 34,000 ice hockey gloves washed off the Hyundai Seattle in 1994. Prior to this, he had specialised in forecasting the movement of oil spills and sewage.

text: He established links with

text: beachcomber

text: s and formed a network of people reporting the landfall of the contents of this and other spills. Using OSCURS (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), a computer simulator developed by Seattle oceanographer

text: Jim Ingraham

text: , Ebbesmeyer tracked the oceanic movement of all kinds of flotsam including 34,000 ice hockey gloves washed off the Hyundai Seattle in 1994. Prior to this, he had specialised in forecasting the movement of oil spills and sewage.

text: Eppes is a multiple Ph.D. ("Decoy Effect"), a recipient of the Milton Prize and a nominee for the Fields Medal. Following his five-year research on random matrices, Charlie worked on sequences with orthogonal symmetry. He has also provided insights for possibly solving the P vs. NP problem and published works on H-infinity control of nonlinear systems and computational fluid dynamics, while his current research is in cognitive emergence theory. He has presented seminars on harmonic analysis and the zeros of random orthogonal polynomials and given lectures on group theory and Kac–Moody algebras. Eppes has taught courses on calculus, chaos theory, fluid dynamics, game theory and probability at CalSci in addition to giving guest lectures on applied probability. The lecture in which he converted the classroom into a miniature casino for analyzing probabilities is considered an "Eppes Classic". Also, Eppes has taken over Fleinhardt's computational physics class when he was asked to do so, and has given a joint lecture on circular motion and the Coriolis effect with Fleinhardt. Professor Otto Bahnoff took over Eppes' mathematical physics grad seminar on the day he got married.

text: Eppes is a multiple

text: Ph.D.

text: ("Decoy Effect"), a recipient of the Milton Prize and a nominee for the

text: Fields Medal

text: . Following his five-year research on

text: random matrices

text: , Charlie worked on

text: sequence

text: s with

text: orthogonal

text: symmetry

text: . He has also provided insights for possibly solving the

text: P vs. NP problem

text: and published works on

text: H-infinity

text: control of nonlinear systems

text: and

text: computational fluid dynamics

text: , while his current research is in

text: cognitive

text: emergence theory

text: . He has presented seminars on

text: harmonic analysis

text: and the

text: zeros

text: of

text: random

text: orthogonal polynomials

text: and given lectures on

text: group theory

text: and

text: Kac–Moody algebra

text: s. Eppes has taught courses on

text: calculus

text: chaos theory

text: fluid dynamics

text: game theory

text: and

text: probability

text: at CalSci in addition to giving guest

text: lecture

text: s on

text: applied probability

text: . The lecture in which he converted the classroom into a miniature

text: casino

text: for analyzing probabilities is considered an "Eppes Classic". Also, Eppes has taken over Fleinhardt's

text: computational physics

text: class when he was asked to do so, and has given a joint lecture on

text: circular motion

text: and the

text: Coriolis effect

text: with Fleinhardt. Professor

text: Otto Bahnoff

text: took over Eppes'

text: mathematical physics

text: grad seminar on the day he got married.

text: It was flattened by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

text: It was flattened by the

text: i) Atmospheric tides are primarily excited by the Sun's heating of the atmosphere whereas ocean tides are primarily excited by the Moon's gravitational field. This means that most atmospheric tides have periods of oscillation related to the 24-hour length of the solar day whereas ocean tides have longer periods of oscillation related to the lunar day (time between successive lunar transits) of about 24 hours 51 minutes.

text: Choi also advocated a relax/strike principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the sine wave technique. This involves raising one's center of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.The sine wave is generally practiced, however, only in schools that follow ITF-style taekwondo. Kukkiwon-style taekwondo, for example, does not employ the sine wave and advocates a more uniform height during movements, drawing power mainly from the rotation of the hip.

text: Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between the Coriolis force and the drags generated by the wind and the water. If the ocean is divided vertically into thin layers, the magnitude of the velocity (the speed) decreases from a maximum at the surface until it dissipates. The direction also shifts slightly across each subsequent layer (right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere). This is called the Ekman spiral. The layer of water from the surface to the point of dissipation of this spiral is known as the Ekman layer. If all flow over the Ekman layer is integrated, the net transportation is at 90° to the right (left) of the surface wind in the northern (southern) hemisphere.

text: Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between the

text: Coriolis

text: force and the

text: drags

text: generated by the wind and the water. If the ocean is divided vertically into thin layers, the magnitude of the velocity (the speed) decreases from a maximum at the surface until it dissipates. The direction also shifts slightly across each subsequent layer (right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere). This is called the

text: Ekman spiral

text: . The layer of water from the surface to the point of dissipation of this spiral is known as the

text: Ekman layer

text: . If all flow over the Ekman layer is integrated, the net transportation is at 90° to the right (left) of the surface wind in the northern (southern) hemisphere.

text: The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the group velocity. The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy flux (or wave power, which must not be confused with the actual power generated by a wave power device).

text: The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the

text: group velocity

text: . The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical

text: plane

text: of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy

text: flux

text: (or wave power, which must not be confused with the actual power generated by a wave power device).

text: Similarly, Cape Point is not the fixed "meeting point" of the cold Benguela Current, running northwards along the west coast of Africa, and the warm Agulhas Current, running south from the equator along the east coast of Africa. In fact the south flowing Agulhas Current swings away from the African coastline between about East London and Port Elizabeth, from where it follows the edge of the Continental shelf roughly as far as the southern tip of the Agulhas Bank, 250 km (155 miles) south of Cape Agulhas. From there it is retroflexed (turned sharply round) in an easterly direction by the South Atlantic, South Indian and Southern Ocean currents, known as the "West Wind Drift", which flow eastwards round Antarctica. The Benguela Current, on the other hand, is an upwelling current which brings cold, mineral-rich water from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean to the surface along the west coast of Southern Africa. Having reached the surface it flows northwards as a result of the prevailing wind and Coriolis forces. The Benguela Current, therefore, effectively starts at Cape Point, and flows northwards from there,  although further out to sea it is joined by surface water that has crossed the South Atlantic from South America as part of the South Atlantic Gyre.  Thus the Benguela and Agulhas currents do not strictly "meet" anywhere, although eddies from the Agulhas current do from time to time round the Cape to join the Benguela Current.

text: Similarly,

text: Cape Point

text: is not the fixed "meeting point" of the cold

text: Benguela Current

text: , running northwards along the west coast of Africa, and the warm

text: Agulhas Current

text: , running south from the equator along the east coast of Africa. In fact the south flowing Agulhas Current swings away from the African coastline between about

text: East London

text: and

text: Port Elizabeth

text: , from where it follows the edge of the

text: Continental shelf

text: roughly as far as the southern tip of the

text: Agulhas Bank

text: , 250 km (155 miles) south of Cape Agulhas. From there it is retroflexed (turned sharply round) in an easterly direction by the

text: South Atlantic

text: South Indian

text: and

text: Southern Ocean

text: currents, known as the "

text: West Wind Drift

text: ", which flow eastwards round Antarctica. The Benguela Current, on the other hand, is an

text: upwelling

text: current which brings cold, mineral-rich water from the depths of the Atlantic Ocean to the surface along the west coast of Southern Africa. Having reached the surface it flows northwards as a result of the prevailing wind and

text: Coriolis forces

text: . The Benguela Current, therefore, effectively starts at Cape Point, and flows northwards from there,  although further out to sea it is joined by surface water that has crossed the South Atlantic from South America as part of the

text: South Atlantic Gyre

text: .  Thus the Benguela and Agulhas currents do not strictly "meet" anywhere, although eddies from the Agulhas current do from time to time round the Cape to join the Benguela Current.

text: The Agulhas acts as an oceanic convergence zone.  Due to mass continuity this drives surface waters down, resulting in the upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water south of the current.  Additionally, the convergence tends to increase the concentration of plankton in and around the Agulhas.  Both of these factors result in the area being one of enhanced primary productivity as compared to the surrounding waters.  This is especially notable in the Agulhas Retroflection waters, where chlorophyll-a concentrations tend to be significantly higher than the surrounding South Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean waters.

text: The Agulhas acts as an oceanic

text: convergence zone

text: .  Due to

text: mass continuity

text: this drives surface waters down, resulting in the

text: upwelling

text: of cold, nutrient rich water south of the current.  Additionally, the convergence tends to increase the concentration of plankton in and around the Agulhas.  Both of these factors result in the area being one of enhanced

text: primary productivity

text: as compared to the surrounding waters.  This is especially notable in the Agulhas Retroflection waters, where chlorophyll-a concentrations tend to be significantly higher than the surrounding South Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean waters.

text: The area is relatively exposed to tsunamis. An alleged tsunami of November 13, 1925 is debated. The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami hit the area hard.

text: The area is relatively exposed to tsunamis. An alleged tsunami of November 13, 1925 is debated. The December 26,

text: hit the area hard.

text: The expedition’s main purpose was to carry out research on climate and weather changes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and marine biology.  It left Copenhagen in August 2006 and visited the Faroe Islands and Greenland, then travelled southwards through the Atlantic Ocean along the west coast of Africa to Cape Town.  It then crossed the Indian Ocean to Australia, the Solomon Islands, New Zealand, and Antarctica, before sailing northwards along the west coast of South America to the Panama Canal, then sailing through the Caribbean and visiting New York, before returning to Denmark in April 2007.

text: The expedition’s main purpose was to carry out research on climate and weather changes,

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: tsunami

text: s, and

text: marine biology

text: .  It left

text: Copenhagen

text: in August 2006 and visited the

text: Faroe Islands

text: and

text: Greenland

text: , then travelled southwards through the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: along the west coast of

text: Africa

text: to

text: Cape Town

text: .  It then crossed the

text: Indian Ocean

text: to

text: Australia

text: , the

text: Solomon Islands

text: New Zealand

text: , and

text: Antarctica

text: , before sailing northwards along the west coast of

text: South America

text: to the

text: Panama Canal

text: , then sailing through the

text: Caribbean

text: and visiting

text: New York

text: , before returning to

text: Denmark

text: in April 2007.

text: Beneath the soil of Miyakojima is a Ryukyu limestone layer which is porous, highly permeable, and does not preserve rainwater. Under the limestone layer is a Shimajiri mudstone layer of bedrock, which is an impermeable rock. In the local dialect, it is called kucha. Tectonic movements accompanied by several faults have formed underground valleys, and groundwater flows along these valleys. The underground basins are divided into 22 valleys. Thus, 40 per cent of the abundant rainfall on Miyakojima penetrates the surface and quickly flows underground out into the ocean, unused. In addition, the strong subtropical sunshine evaporates as much as 50 per cent of the rainfall. The result is that only 10 per cent of the precipitation flows along the surface. Using natural water resources on Miyakojima has been quite difficult, owing to these natural conditions.

text: Beneath the soil of Miyakojima is a

text: Ryukyu limestone

text: layer which is porous, highly permeable, and does not preserve rainwater. Under the limestone layer is a Shimajiri

text: mudstone

text: layer of

text: bedrock

text: , which is an impermeable rock. In the local dialect, it is called kucha. Tectonic movements accompanied by several faults have formed underground valleys, and groundwater flows along these valleys. The underground basins are divided into 22 valleys. Thus, 40 per cent of the abundant rainfall on Miyakojima penetrates the surface and quickly flows underground out into the ocean, unused. In addition, the strong subtropical sunshine evaporates as much as 50 per cent of the rainfall. The result is that only 10 per cent of the precipitation flows along the surface. Using natural water resources on Miyakojima has been quite difficult, owing to these natural conditions.

text: Although Hiteswar Saikia was not in the front rank of the leadership when Assam had been swept by the tides of two big political movements—namely The Oil Refinery movement of 1958 and The State Language movement, by dint of his organising capacity he caught the attention of discerning eyes. Saikia joined the ‘All India Congress Committee’ in August 15, 1964.

text: The main stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremony and Athletics competition of 2014 Asian Games. Utilizing the long linear landscape from South to North to actively connect to surrounding parks, and the natural continuity of the rooftops to facilitate the approach by spectators, in order to overcome the difficulty of approaching the long site while emphasizing the potential of the area. It attempts to depict the movements of people with the lines and soft curvatures of dancing in order to link with Seungmu (Buddhist dance), and to express dynamic movement with the tide and wind, which represent the sea of Incheon.

text: The main stadium was used for the

text: opening

text: and closing ceremony and Athletics competition of

text: 2014 Asian Games

text: . Utilizing the long linear landscape from South to North to actively connect to surrounding parks, and the natural continuity of the rooftops to facilitate the approach by spectators, in order to overcome the difficulty of approaching the long site while emphasizing the potential of the area. It attempts to depict the movements of people with the lines and soft curvatures of dancing in order to link with

text: Seungmu

text: (Buddhist dance), and to express dynamic movement with the tide and wind, which represent the sea of

text: Incheon

text: A tropical wave entered the Atlantic Ocean from Africa on July 10, and the wave developed into an area of low pressure while passing over Cape Verde. Despite the organization, the low failed to develop into a tropical cyclone due to cool waters on the sea surface and wind shear. However, those unfavorable conditions did not completely destroy the wave, as it continued traveling westward through the Lesser Antilles until July 18. That day, while south of Puerto Rico, the wave split in two; the northern half moved northwest and developed into Tropical Storm Franklin over the Bahamas, and the southern half continued westward, with its associated thunderstorm activity increasing.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: entered the Atlantic Ocean from Africa on July 10, and the wave developed into an

text: area of low pressure

text: while passing over

text: Cape Verde

text: . Despite the organization, the low failed to develop into a tropical cyclone due to cool waters on the sea surface and

text: wind shear

text: . However, those unfavorable conditions did not completely destroy the wave, as it continued traveling westward through the

text: Lesser Antilles

text: until July 18. That day, while south of

text: Puerto Rico

text: , the wave split in two; the northern half moved northwest and developed into

text: Tropical Storm Franklin

text: over the

text: Bahamas

text: , and the southern half continued westward, with its associated thunderstorm activity increasing.

text: A warning system for the Indian Ocean was prompted by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and resulting tsunami, which left some 220,000 people dead or missing. Many analysts claimed that the disaster would have been mitigated if there had been an effective warning system in place, citing the well-established Hawaii-based Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, which operates in the Pacific Ocean.

text: A warning system for the Indian Ocean was prompted by the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: and resulting tsunami, which left some 220,000 people dead or missing. Many analysts claimed that the disaster would have been mitigated if there had been an effective warning system in place, citing the well-established

text: Hawaii

text: -based

text: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

text: , which operates in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Bathymetry is the mapping and study of the topography of the ocean floor. Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam echosounders, laser airborne depth sounders and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data. This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines, for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries. The Earth is composed of a magnetic central core, a mostly liquid mantle, and a hard rigid outer shell (or lithosphere), which is composed of the Earth's rocky crust and the deeper and mostly solid outer layer of the mantle. The crust below land is known as continental while that under the abyssal sea is called oceanic. The latter is composed of relatively dense basalt and is some five to ten kilometers (three to six miles) thick. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of tectonic plates. In mid-ocean, magma is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form mid-oceanic ridges and here convection currents within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart. Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts, one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as subduction. Deep trenches are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together. The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes. Heat is also produced and magma is forced up, creating underwater mountains, some of which grow into volcanic islands. Near some boundaries between the land and sea, the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity.

text: Bathymetry

text: is the mapping and study of the

text: topography

text: of the ocean floor. Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam

text: echosounder

text: s,

text: laser airborne depth sounder

text: s and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data. This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines, for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries. The Earth is composed of a magnetic central

text: core

text: , a mostly liquid

text: mantle

text: , and a hard rigid outer shell (or

text: lithosphere

text: ), which is composed of the Earth's rocky

text: crust

text: and the deeper and mostly solid outer layer of the mantle. The crust below land is known as

text: continental

text: while that under the abyssal sea is called

text: oceanic

text: . The latter is composed of relatively dense

text: basalt

text: and is some five to ten kilometers (three to six miles) thick. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of

text: tectonic plates

text: . In mid-ocean,

text: magma

text: is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form

text: mid-oceanic ridge

text: s and here

text: convection current

text: s within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart. Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts, one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as

text: subduction

text: . Deep

text: trenches

text: are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together. The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes. Heat is also produced and

text: magma

text: is forced up, creating underwater mountains, some of which grow into volcanic islands. Near some boundaries between the land and sea, the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity.

text: There have been numerous minor tsunamis caused by significant large earthquakes. Examples of these are the 1848 Lower Wairau Valley quake, 1922 Vallenar earthquake, 1922 Rangiora quake, 1923 Kanto quake, 1950 Bay of Plenty quake, 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami, 1964 Alaska earthquake, 1976 Kermadecs, 1977 Tongo, 1981 Maquare Ridge, 1982 and 1986 Kermadecs, 1994 Kuril Islands earthquake, 1995 Kobe, 1998 Balleny Island, 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake, and 2001 southern Peru earthquake.

text: There have been numerous minor tsunamis caused by significant large earthquakes. Examples of these are the

text: 1848 Lower Wairau Valley quake

text: 1922 Vallenar earthquake

text: , 1922 Rangiora quake,

text: 1923 Kanto quake

text: , 1950 Bay of Plenty quake,

text: 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami

text: 1964 Alaska earthquake

text: , 1976 Kermadecs, 1977 Tongo, 1981 Maquare Ridge, 1982 and 1986 Kermadecs,

text: 1994 Kuril Islands earthquake

text: 1995 Kobe

text: , 1998 Balleny Island,

text: 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake

text: , and

text: 2001 southern Peru earthquake

text: This list of rogue waves compiles incidents of known and likely rogue waves – also known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, and extreme waves. These are relatively large and spontaneous ocean surface waves that occur in deep water, usually far out at sea, and are a threat even to large ships and ocean liners.

text: This list of rogue waves compiles incidents of known and likely

text: rogue wave

text: s – also known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, and extreme waves. These are relatively large and spontaneous

text: ocean surface wave

text: s that occur in deep water, usually far out at sea, and are a threat even to large

text: ship

text: s and

text: ocean liner

text: s.

text: Near the tropopause, as the air moves polewards in the Hadley cell, it is turned eastward by the Coriolis effect, creating the subtropical jet streams that flow from west to east. Analogously, near the surface, the equatorward return flow is turned to the west by the Coriolis effect. These resulting surface winds, with both an equatorward and a westward component, are referred to as the trade winds.

text: Near the tropopause, as the air moves polewards in the Hadley cell, it is turned eastward by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: , creating the subtropical

text: jet stream

text: s that flow from west to east. Analogously, near the surface, the equatorward return flow is turned to the west by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . These resulting surface winds, with both an equatorward and a westward component, are referred to as the

text: trade winds

text: Hurricane, tropical cyclone, and typhoon are different names for the same phenomenon: a cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. It is caused by evaporated water that comes off of the ocean and becomes a storm. The Coriolis effect causes the storms to spin.. Hurricane is used for these phenomena in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, tropical cyclone in the Indian, and typhoon in the western Pacific.

text: Hurricane

text: tropical cyclone

text: , and

text: typhoon

text: are different names for the same phenomenon: a cyclonic

text: storm

text: system that forms over the oceans. It is caused by evaporated

text: water

text: that comes off of the

text: ocean

text: and becomes a

text: storm

text: . The

text: Coriolis effect

text: causes the storms to spin.. Hurricane is used for these phenomena in the

text: Atlantic

text: and eastern

text: Pacific Ocean

text: s, tropical cyclone in the

text: Indian

text: , and typhoon in the western

text: Pacific

text: The species is abundant in the United States territorial waters of the Atlantic ocean extending north into Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank and moving down along the east coast of the United States and into the Gulf of Mexico along the continental shelf. Great northern tilefish are have been reported to be most abundant between  and  deep at . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration report differs, stating that the species live at the bottom of the ocean where they burrow into the sediment, between  and  deep where the temperature ranges from  and .

text: The species is abundant in the United States territorial waters of the

text: Atlantic ocean

text: extending north into

text: Nantucket Shoals

text: and

text: Georges Bank

text: and moving down along the east coast of the United States and into the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: along the continental shelf. Great northern tilefish are have been reported to be most abundant between  and  deep at . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration report differs, stating that the species live at the bottom of the ocean where they burrow into the sediment, between  and  deep where the temperature ranges from  and .

text: As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the sea floor is estimated to have risen by several metres, displacing an estimated  of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves did not originate from a point source, as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their paths of travel, but rather radiated outwards along the entire  length of the rupture (acting as a line source). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated .

text: As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the

text: sea floor

text: is estimated to have risen by several metres, displacing an estimated  of water and triggering devastating

text: tsunami

text: waves. The waves did not originate from a

text: point source

text: , as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their paths of travel, but rather radiated outwards along the entire  length of the rupture (acting as a

text: line source

text: ). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated .

text: Waves, described by Google as "equal parts conversation and document", are hosted XML documents that allow seamless and low latency concurrent modifications. Any participant of a wave can reply anywhere within the message, edit any part of the wave, and add participants at any point in the process. Each edit/reply is a blip and users can reply to individual blips within waves. Recipients are notified of changes/replies in all waves in which they are active and, upon opening a wave, may review those changes in chronological order. In addition, waves are live. All replies/edits are visible in real-time, letter-by-letter, as they are typed by the other collaborators. Multiple participants may edit a single wave simultaneously in Google Wave. Thus, waves can function not only as e-mails and threaded conversations but also as an instant messaging service when many participants are online at the same time. A wave may repeatedly shift roles between e-mail and instant messaging depending on the number of users editing it concurrently. The ability to show messages as they are typed can be disabled, similar to conventional instant messaging.

text: Waves, described by Google as "equal parts conversation and document", are hosted

text: XML

text: documents that allow seamless and low latency concurrent modifications. Any participant of a wave can reply anywhere within the message, edit any part of the wave, and add participants at any point in the process. Each edit/reply is a blip and users can reply to individual blips within waves. Recipients are notified of changes/replies in all waves in which they are active and, upon opening a wave, may review those changes in chronological order. In addition, waves are live. All replies/edits are visible in real-time, letter-by-letter, as they are typed by the other collaborators. Multiple participants may edit a single wave simultaneously in Google Wave. Thus, waves can function not only as e-mails and

text: threaded conversations

text: but also as an

text: instant messaging

text: service when many participants are online at the same time. A wave may repeatedly shift roles between e-mail and instant messaging depending on the number of users editing it concurrently. The ability to show messages as they are typed can be disabled, similar to conventional instant messaging.

text: Noguchi was one of the major exponents of the "first literary movement for improvised children's tales and children's songs (fairy tales and nursery rhymes)" (「童話と童謡を創作する最初の文学的運動」), to borrow the oft quoted words from the manifesto of " (though that publication was not where Noguchi published his works). The movement was part of a tide of liberalism reform to change children's literature, art, and music, reactionary to the "moralistic and individuality-suppressive, government-brand type of songs and tunes", to put it in the musicologist . It should be emphasized that the movement was not dismissive of warabe-uta of old, but respectful of it. For this reason, educators such as  (i.e. on the side of establishment) characterizes the movement merely as the "creation of new songs that infuses the modernist spirit, that draws on existing tradition of Japanese folksong and children's song".

text: Noguchi was one of the major exponents of the "first literary movement for improvised children's tales and children's songs (fairy tales and nursery rhymes)" (「童話と童謡を創作する最初の文学的運動」), to borrow the oft quoted words from the manifesto of " (though that publication was not where Noguchi published his works). The movement was part of a tide of liberalism reform to change children's literature, art, and music, reactionary to the "moralistic and individuality-suppressive, government-brand type of songs and tunes", to put it in the

text: musicologist

text: . It should be emphasized that the movement was not dismissive of warabe-uta of old, but respectful of it. For this reason, educators such as  (i.e. on the side of establishment) characterizes the movement merely as the "creation of new songs that infuses the modernist spirit, that draws on existing tradition of Japanese folksong and children's song".

text: The frame-dragging effect can be demonstrated in several ways. One way is to solve for geodesics; these will then exhibit a Coriolis force-like term, except that, in this case (unlike the standard Coriolis force), the force is not fictional, but is due to frame dragging induced by the rotating body. So, for example, an (instantaneously) radially-infalling geodesic at the equator will satisfy the equation

text: The frame-dragging effect can be demonstrated in several ways. One way is to solve for

text: geodesics

text: ; these will then exhibit a

text: Coriolis force

text: -like term, except that, in this case (unlike the standard Coriolis force), the force is not fictional, but is due to frame dragging induced by the rotating body. So, for example, an (instantaneously) radially-infalling geodesic at the equator will satisfy the equation

text: Coriolanus came to fame as a young man serving in the army of the consul Postumus Cominius Auruncus in 493 BC during the siege of the Volscian town of Corioli. While the Romans were focused on the siege, another Volscian force arrived from Antium (modern Anzio and Nettuno) and attacked the Romans, and at the same time the soldiers of Corioli launched a sally. Marcius held watch at the time of the Volscian attack. He quickly gathered a small force of Roman soldiers to fight against the Volscians who had sallied forth from Corioli. Not only did he repel the enemy, but he also charged through the town gates and then began setting fire to some of the houses bordering the town wall. The citizens of Corioli cried out, and the whole Volscian force was dispirited and was defeated by the Romans. The town was captured, and Marcius gained the cognomen Coriolanus.

text: Coriolanus came to fame as a young man serving in the army of the consul

text: Postumus Cominius Auruncus

text: in 493 BC during the

text: siege

text: of the Volscian town of Corioli. While the Romans were focused on the siege, another Volscian force arrived from

text: Antium

text: (modern

text: Anzio

text: and

text: Nettuno

text: ) and attacked the Romans, and at the same time the soldiers of Corioli launched a sally. Marcius held watch at the time of the Volscian attack. He quickly gathered a small force of Roman soldiers to fight against the Volscians who had sallied forth from Corioli. Not only did he repel the enemy, but he also charged through the town gates and then began setting fire to some of the houses bordering the town wall. The citizens of Corioli cried out, and the whole Volscian force was dispirited and was defeated by the Romans. The town was captured, and Marcius gained the cognomen Coriolanus.

text: In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In one billion years' time, as the Sun's radiation output increases, its circumstellar habitable zone will move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life on land will become extinct. Evaporation of water, a potent greenhouse gas, from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as Mars's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.

text: In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In one billion years' time, as the Sun's radiation output increases, its

text: circumstellar habitable zone

text: will move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life on land will become extinct. Evaporation of water, a potent

text: greenhouse gas

text: , from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as

text: Mars

text: 's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface

text: regolith

text: will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.

text: Surging breakers originate from long period, low steepness waves and/or steep beach profiles. The outcome is the rapid movement of the base of the wave up the swash slope and the disappearance of the wave crest. The front face and crest of the wave remain relatively smooth with little foam or bubbles, resulting in a very narrow surf zone, or no breaking waves at all. The short, sharp burst of wave energy means that the swash/backwash cycle completes before the arrival of the next wave, leading to a low value of Kemp's phase difference (< 0.5). Surging waves are typical of reflective beach states. On steeper beaches, the energy of the wave can be reflected by the bottom back into the ocean, causing standing waves.

text: Surging breakers originate from long period, low steepness waves and/or steep beach profiles. The outcome is the rapid movement of the base of the wave up the swash slope and the disappearance of the wave crest. The front face and crest of the wave remain relatively smooth with little foam or bubbles, resulting in a very narrow

text: surf zone

text: , or no breaking waves at all. The short, sharp burst of wave energy means that the swash/backwash cycle completes before the arrival of the next wave, leading to a low value of Kemp's phase difference (< 0.5). Surging waves are typical of reflective beach states. On steeper beaches, the energy of the wave can be reflected by the bottom back into the ocean, causing

text: standing wave

text: s.

text: A circular basin was added in 1990 to research the movement of sediment along beaches, among other research topics. It is also used to study ocean currents. The Circular Wave Basin can create waves up to  in height in the  deep structure that is  in diameter.

text: A circular basin was added in 1990 to research the movement of sediment along beaches, among other research topics. It is also used to study

text: ocean current

text: s. The Circular Wave Basin can create waves up to  in height in the  deep structure that is  in diameter.

text: In the deep ocean, where the depth is typically 4000 m, the speed of long waves increases to approximately 200 m/s.  The difference in speed, when compared to the shelf, is responsible for reflections at the continental shelf edge.  Away from resonance this can stop tidal energy moving onto the shelf.  However near a resonant frequency the phase relationship, between the waves on the shelf and in the deep ocean, can have the effect of drawing energy onto the shelf.

text: The ocean bottom environment surrounding Masirah is hostile as the majority of the area is covered in either sand or hard rock. There is a swift current flowing through the area with a very sharp halocline visible on the surface of the ocean. The water depth nearby is around 10 m and is not conducive to side-scan sonar searches due to the shallow water and choppy surface conditions. Despite the poor quality ocean bottom, the area is very productive with marine fisheries, and any hard objects (barrels, engines) are immediately colonized by local fauna.

text: The ocean bottom environment surrounding Masirah is hostile as the majority of the area is covered in either sand or hard rock. There is a swift current flowing through the area with a very sharp

text: halocline

text: visible on the surface of the ocean. The water depth nearby is around 10 m and is not conducive to side-scan sonar searches due to the shallow water and choppy surface conditions. Despite the poor quality ocean bottom, the area is very productive with marine fisheries, and any hard objects (barrels, engines) are immediately colonized by local fauna.

text: On September 22, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean. Two days later, the wave passed south of Cape Verde, and was assessed as having a high probability of tropical cyclogenesis within five days by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). With environmental conditions favoring slow development, thunderstorm activity increased along the wave on September 25, which organized more during the subsequent days while approaching the Lesser Antilles. By September 27, the wave was producing sustained tropical storm-force winds – over 40 mph (65 km/h) – as reported by the Hurricane Hunters, although the system lacked the closed circulation to be classified a tropical cyclone. While the system was passing near Barbados, radar imagery in the Lesser Antilles indicated that the circulation was becoming better organized. Another Hurricane Hunters flight on September 28 confirmed that a closed circulation developed, which was the basis for the NHC initiating advisories on Tropical Storm Matthew at 15:00 UTC that day. The flight also recorded surface winds of 58 mph (93 km/h), along with hurricane-force gusts at the plane's level.

text: On September 22, a

text: tropical wave

text: exited the west coast of Africa and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean. Two days later, the wave passed south of

text: Cape Verde

text: , and was assessed as having a high probability of

text: tropical cyclogenesis

text: within five days by the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC). With environmental conditions favoring slow development,

text: thunderstorm

text: activity increased along the wave on September 25, which organized more during the subsequent days while approaching the

text: Lesser Antilles

text: . By September 27, the wave was producing

text: sustained

text: tropical storm-force winds – over 40 mph (65 km/h) – as reported by the

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: , although the system lacked the closed circulation to be classified a tropical cyclone. While the system was passing near

text: Barbados

text: , radar imagery in the Lesser Antilles indicated that the circulation was becoming better organized. Another Hurricane Hunters flight on September 28 confirmed that a closed circulation developed, which was the basis for the NHC initiating advisories on Tropical Storm Matthew at 15:00

text: UTC

text: that day. The flight also recorded surface winds of 58 mph (93 km/h), along with hurricane-force gusts at the plane's level.

text: Today most of the glass floats remaining in the ocean are stuck in a circular pattern of ocean currents in the North Pacific. Off the east coast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio Current starts as a northern branch of the western-flowing North Equatorial Current. It flows past Japan and meets the arctic waters of the Oyashio Current. At this junction, the North Pacific Current (or Drift) is formed which travels east across Pacific before slowing down in the Gulf of Alaska. As it turns south, the California Current pushes the water into the North Equatorial Current once again, and the cycle continues. Although the number of glass floats is decreasing steadily, many floats are still drifting on these ocean currents. Occasionally storms or certain tidal conditions will break some floats from this circular pattern and bring them ashore. They most often end up on the beaches of Alaska, Washington or Oregon in the United States, Taiwan or Canada. It is estimated that floats must be a minimum of 7–10 years old before washing up on beaches in Alaska. Most floats that wash up, however, would have been afloat for 10 years. A small number of floats are also trapped in the Arctic ice pack where there is movement over the North Pole and into the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Today most of the glass floats remaining in the ocean are stuck in a circular pattern of

text: ocean currents

text: in the North Pacific. Off the east coast of Taiwan, the

text: Kuroshio Current

text: starts as a northern branch of the western-flowing

text: North Equatorial Current

text: . It flows past Japan and meets the arctic waters of the

text: Oyashio Current

text: . At this junction, the

text: North Pacific Current

text: (or Drift) is formed which travels east across Pacific before slowing down in the Gulf of Alaska. As it turns south, the

text: California Current

text: pushes the water into the North Equatorial Current once again, and the cycle continues. Although the number of glass floats is decreasing steadily, many floats are still drifting on these ocean currents. Occasionally storms or certain tidal conditions will break some floats from this circular pattern and bring them ashore. They most often end up on the beaches of Alaska, Washington or Oregon in the United States, Taiwan or Canada. It is estimated that floats must be a minimum of 7–10 years old before washing up on beaches in Alaska. Most floats that wash up, however, would have been afloat for 10 years. A small number of floats are also trapped in the Arctic ice pack where there is movement over the North Pole and into the Atlantic Ocean.

text: In September 2007, the band was signed by Tyson Ritter and Mike Kennerty (The All American Rejects) to their label, Edmond Records (an imprint in partnership with Doghouse Records and Warner Bros.).  The Upwelling's debut CD An American Stranger was released August 25, 2009.  Soon after they added Mike "Show Time" Mulieri (Bass) to their lineup.

text: In September 2007, the band was signed by

text: Tyson Ritter

text: and Mike Kennerty (The All American Rejects) to their label, Edmond Records (an imprint in partnership with Doghouse Records and Warner Bros.).  The Upwelling's debut CD An American Stranger was released August 25, 2009.  Soon after they added Mike "Show Time" Mulieri (Bass) to their lineup.

text: In marine systems, ocean currents have a key role determining which areas are effective as habitats, since ocean currents transport the basic nutrients needed to support marine life. Plankton are the life forms that inhabit the ocean that are so small (less than 2 mm) that they cannot effectively propel themselves through the water, but must drift instead with the currents. If the current carries the right nutrients, and if it also flows at a suitably shallow depth where there is plenty of sunlight, then such a current itself can become a suitable habitat for photosynthesizing tiny algae called phytoplankton. These tiny plants are the primary producers in the ocean, at the start of the food chain. In turn, as the population of drifting phytoplankton grows, the water becomes a suitable habitat for zooplankton, which feed on the phytoplankton. While phytoplankton are tiny drifting plants, zooplankton are tiny drifting animals, such as the larvae of fish and marine invertebrates. If sufficient zooplankton establish themselves, the current becomes a candidate habitat for the forage fish that feed on them. And then if sufficient forage fish move to the area, it becomes a candidate habitat for larger predatory fish and other marine animals that feed on the forage fish. In this dynamic way, the current itself can, over time, become a moving habitat for multiple types of marine life.

text: In marine systems,

text: ocean current

text: s have a key role determining which areas are effective as habitats, since ocean currents transport the basic nutrients needed to support marine life.

text: Plankton

text: are the life forms that inhabit the ocean that are so small (less than 2 mm) that they cannot effectively propel themselves through the water, but must drift instead with the currents. If the current carries the right nutrients, and if it also flows at a suitably shallow depth where there is plenty of sunlight, then such a current itself can become a suitable habitat for photosynthesizing tiny algae called

text: phytoplankton

text: . These tiny plants are the

text: primary producers

text: in the ocean, at the start of the

text: food chain

text: . In turn, as the population of drifting phytoplankton grows, the water becomes a suitable habitat for

text: zooplankton

text: , which feed on the phytoplankton. While phytoplankton are tiny drifting plants, zooplankton are tiny drifting animals, such as the

text: larvae

text: of

text: fish

text: and

text: marine invertebrate

text: s. If sufficient zooplankton establish themselves, the current becomes a candidate habitat for the

text: forage fish

text: that feed on them. And then if sufficient forage fish move to the area, it becomes a candidate habitat for larger

text: predatory fish

text: and other marine animals that feed on the forage fish. In this dynamic way, the current itself can, over time, become a moving habitat for multiple types of marine life.

text: In the1960's and 1970's, during the second wave feminist movement, Black women and women of color were beginning to organize and discuss the ways in which they would be able to bring their concerns into the forefront of feminism because their issues were not being addressed in the main discourse of feminism. Previously, a lot of the concerns that white women in the nineteenth century addressed were issues that only white middle class women faced. This placed white women in the feminist movement as privileged individuals in comparison to other women who were were poor, working class women of color. This was one of the foundations of the feminist movement, which began to trickle down into the second wave feminist movement.

text: The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month. Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low, indicating very low numbers of phytoplankton, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations were high, meaning many phytoplankton were growing, are yellow. The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite. Land is dark gray, and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice, polar darkness, or clouds are light gray.The highest chlorophyll concentrations, where tiny surface-dwelling ocean plants are thriving, are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface, such as around the equator and along the shores of continents. It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton. Instead, the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean, carrying nutrients that have built up over time. In polar waters, nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants cannot grow. When sunlight returns in the spring and summer, the plants flourish in high concentrations.

text: The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month. Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low, indicating very low numbers of phytoplankton, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations were high, meaning many phytoplankton were growing, are yellow. The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite. Land is dark gray, and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice, polar darkness, or clouds are light gray.The highest chlorophyll concentrations, where tiny surface-dwelling ocean plants are

text: thriving

text: , are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface, such as around the equator and along the shores of continents. It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton. Instead, the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean, carrying nutrients that have built up over time. In polar waters, nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants cannot grow. When sunlight returns in the spring and summer, the plants flourish in high concentrations.

text: North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability.  It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level.The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.  Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the north-eastern Atlantic.  There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense (40–50 Sv) current which flows around the continental margins of the Labrador Sea.  A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW).  The NADW, in its turn, feed the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change.  Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water, the upper layers of the MOC.

text: North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic

text: North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre

text: plays a key role in climate variability.  It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level.The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global

text: thermohaline circulation

text: .  Its eastern portion includes

text: eddying

text: branches of the

text: North Atlantic Current

text: which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the north-eastern Atlantic.  There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense (40–50

text: Sv

text: ) current which flows around the continental margins of the

text: Labrador Sea

text: .  A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the

text: North Atlantic Deep Water

text: (NADW).  The NADW, in its turn, feed the

text: meridional overturning circulation

text: (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change.  Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the

text: North Atlantic Oscillation

text: , are especially pronounced in

text: Labrador Sea Water

text: , the upper layers of the MOC.

text: When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide, or neaps.  Neap is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "without the power", as in forđganges nip (forth-going without-the-power).

text: When the Moon is at

text: first quarter

text: or third quarter, the sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide, or neaps.  Neap is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "without the power", as in forđganges nip (forth-going without-the-power).

text: Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass , and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.

text: Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around . At Manzanillo, Mexico, a  crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates.

text: Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around . At

text: Manzanillo

text: , Mexico, a  crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in

text: Vancouver

text: , British Columbia, Canada. This puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: s which run along the margins of the continental plates.

text: Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle. Continental crust is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea. The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean, because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.

text: Geologically, an ocean is an area of

text: oceanic crust

text: covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic

text: basalt

text: that covers the Earth's

text: mantle

text: Continental crust

text: is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the

text: Caspian Sea

text: , and

text: Black Sea

text: . The latter two were formed by the collision of

text: Cimmeria

text: with

text: Laurasia

text: . The

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: is at times a discrete ocean, because

text: tectonic plate movement

text: has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the

text: Strait of Gibraltar

text: . The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the

text: Bosporus

text: , but the Bosporus is a natural

text: canal

text: cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.

text: Woodbridge Tide Mill, an excellent example, survives at Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. This mill, dating from 1170 and reconstructed in 1792, has been preserved and is open to the public. It was further restored in 2010 and re-opened in 2011 in full working order, and became the second working tide mill in the United Kingdom regularly producing flour. Carew Castle in Wales also has an intact, but unused, tide mill.  The first tide mill to be restored to working order is Eling Tide Mill in Eling, Hampshire. Another example, now only visible in historic documents, is the mill in the hamlet of Tide Mills, East Sussex. Traces of a tide mill may be seen at Fife Ness, the site of an archaeological survey.

text: Woodbridge Tide Mill

text: , an excellent example, survives at

text: Woodbridge, Suffolk

text: , England. This mill, dating from 1170 and reconstructed in 1792, has been preserved and is open to the public. It was further restored in 2010 and re-opened in 2011 in full working order, and became the second working tide mill in the United Kingdom regularly producing flour.

text: Carew Castle

text: in Wales also has an intact, but unused, tide mill.  The first tide mill to be restored to working order is

text: Eling Tide Mill

text: in

text: Eling

text: Hampshire

text: . Another example, now only visible in historic documents, is the mill in the

text: hamlet

text: of

text: Tide Mills, East Sussex

text: . Traces of a tide mill may be seen at

text: Fife Ness

text: , the site of an archaeological survey.

text: It is quite possible to wade out to Culpepper Island from the mainland during low tide as it is only about 30 meters away, but discretion must be used, as Culpepper is on the turbulent Atlantic Ocean side of Barbados.  Further, the rocky footing can also be dangerous to walk on.  Visitors are well advised to bear in mind that the East Point Lighthouse at a nearby location was built to save ships from the dangers of this same turbulent coastline.

text: It is quite possible to wade out to Culpepper Island from the mainland during

text: low tide

text: as it is only about 30 meters away, but discretion must be used, as Culpepper is on the turbulent

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: side of Barbados.  Further, the

text: rocky

text: footing can also be dangerous to walk on.  Visitors are well advised to bear in mind that the East Point Lighthouse at a nearby location was built to save ships from the dangers of this same turbulent

text: coastline

text: Protestant Reformation movements made deep inroads into the Polish Christianity, which resulted in unique policies of religious tolerance in the Europe of that time. The European Renaissance currents evoked in late Jagiellonian Poland (kings Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus) an immense cultural flowering.

text: Protestant Reformation

text: movements made deep inroads into the Polish

text: Christianity

text: , which resulted in unique policies of

text: religious tolerance

text: in the Europe of that time. The European

text: Renaissance

text: currents evoked in late Jagiellonian Poland (kings

text: Sigismund I the Old

text: and

text: Sigismund II Augustus

text: ) an immense

text: cultural flowering

text: A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 21. By four days later, the system spawned Tropical Storm Erika over the eastern Atlantic. The southern portion of the wave persisted westward and moved over Central America on August 30. Shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the wave began to increase over the next few days as it crossed the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Convection was enhanced further on September 2 as a Kelvin wave interacted with the tropical wave, eventually resulting in the development of a broad low pressure area. Early the following day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued a Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) for a cluster of clouds that showed signs of organizing into a tropical system. Wind shear was forecast to become more conducive for tropical cyclogenesis over the next few days. Although the shear remained moderately strong, the low acquired a well-defined center of circulation by September 4. Following further organization of deep convection, Tropical Depression Fifteen-E developed at 18:00 UTC on September 5 while located about  southwest of Manzanillo, Colima.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 21. By four days later, the system spawned

text: Tropical Storm Erika

text: over the eastern Atlantic. The southern portion of the wave persisted westward and moved over Central America on August 30. Shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the wave began to increase over the next few days as it crossed the

text: Gulf of Tehuantepec

text: . Convection was enhanced further on September 2 as a

text: Kelvin wave

text: interacted with the tropical wave, eventually resulting in the development of a broad

text: low pressure area

text: . Early the following day, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) issued a Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) for a cluster of clouds that showed signs of organizing into a tropical system.

text: Wind shear

text: was forecast to become more conducive for

text: tropical cyclogenesis

text: over the next few days. Although the shear remained moderately strong, the low acquired a well-defined center of circulation by September 4. Following further organization of deep convection, Tropical Depression Fifteen-E developed at 18:00

text: UTC

text: on September 5 while located about  southwest of

text: Manzanillo, Colima

text: The Moscow Battle turned the tide in the morale of the partisans and of the local people in general. However, the real turning point in the development of the partisan movement in Belarus, and, in fact, on the German-occupied territories in general, came in the course of the Soviet Winter 1942 offensive.

text: It is uncertain how many, or if any, other movements in the modern literary world can be found like Prakalpana Movement, which has been running even after crossing the hurdles of four decades. Still the humble impact of Prakalpana Movement as arguably perhaps one of the most important among the experimental and avant garde literary scene in India that has a global presence at this point of time, is evident from the fact that the experimental short stories in Bengali literature seem to have been arranged and deranged on the lines of prakalpana form, which paradoxically is not at all short story. And also the sporadic use of signs, symbols, pictures and henceforth considered unliterary material are being used now in some literature as has been used by Prakalpanites and Kobisenas long ago. Nowadays adopting the western ways and styles is the trendy high tide, rampant and go with the flow downstream everywhere else as in Bengali Literature and art since the colonial days. But being based in Bengali literature, export of the indigenous new concepts of Prakalpana, Chetanavyasism, Sarbangin Poetry, Flow Verse... etc. into the global literary arena in reverse swing from India is an arduous task in the low tide against strong high tides to the upstream. This is more so especially for a non-commercial non-conforming yet non-confronting alternative movement like Prakalpana, being completely independent of the myth of mainstream establishment and anti-establishment and new media communications.

text: It is uncertain how many, or if any, other movements in the modern literary world can be found like Prakalpana Movement, which has been running even after crossing the hurdles of four decades. Still the humble impact of Prakalpana Movement as arguably perhaps one of the most important among the

text: experimental

text: and

text: avant garde

text: literary scene in India that has a global presence at this point of time, is evident from the fact that the experimental short stories in

text: Bengali literature

text: seem to have been arranged and deranged on the lines of prakalpana form, which paradoxically is not at all short story. And also the sporadic use of signs, symbols, pictures and henceforth considered unliterary material are being used now in some literature as has been used by Prakalpanites and Kobisenas long ago. Nowadays adopting the western ways and styles is the trendy high tide, rampant and go with the flow downstream everywhere else as in Bengali Literature and art since the colonial days. But being based in

text: Bengali literature

text: , export of the indigenous new concepts of Prakalpana, Chetanavyasism, Sarbangin Poetry, Flow Verse... etc. into the global literary arena in reverse swing from India is an arduous task in the low tide against strong high tides to the upstream. This is more so especially for a non-commercial non-conforming yet non-confronting alternative movement like Prakalpana, being completely independent of the myth of mainstream establishment and anti-establishment and new media communications.

text: .  Recall that the Coriolis effect induces an acceleration on the proof masses equal to

text: .  Recall that the

text: Coriolis effect

text: induces an acceleration on the proof masses equal to

text: Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by the Iles Purpuraires.  A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira, at which point the Oued Ksob discharges to the ocean; south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin, the Bordj El Berod.  The Canary Current is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local fishery.  The village of Diabat lies about five kilometres () south of Essaouira, immediately south of the Oued Ksob.

text: Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by the

text: Iles Purpuraires

text: .  A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira, at which point the

text: Oued Ksob

text: discharges to the ocean; south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin, the

text: Bordj El Berod

text: .  The

text: Canary Current

text: is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local

text: fishery

text: .  The village of

text: Diabat

text: lies about five kilometres () south of Essaouira, immediately south of the

text: Oued Ksob

text: .Using these reference pressures can be defined the potential density surfaces, used in the analyses of ocean data and to construct models of the ocean current. Neutral density surfaces, defined using another variable called neutral density (

text: .Using these reference pressures can be defined the potential density surfaces, used in the analyses of ocean data and to construct models of the

text: ocean current

text: Neutral density

text: surfaces, defined using another variable called

text: neutral density

text: Infragravity waves generated along the Pacific coast of North America have been observed to propagate transoceanically to Antarctica and there to impinge on the Ross Ice Shelf. Their frequencies more closely couple with the ice shelf natural frequencies and they produce a larger amplitude ice shelf movement than the normal ocean swell of gravity waves. Further, they are not damped by sea ice as normal ocean swell is. As a result, they flex floating ice shelves such as the Ross Ice Shelf; this flexure contributes significantly to the breakup on the ice shelf.

text: Infragravity waves generated along the Pacific coast of North America have been observed to propagate transoceanically to

text: Antarctica

text: and there to impinge on the

text: Ross Ice Shelf

text: . Their frequencies more closely couple with the ice shelf natural frequencies and they produce a larger amplitude ice shelf movement than the normal ocean swell of gravity waves. Further, they are not damped by sea ice as normal ocean swell is. As a result, they flex floating ice shelves such as the Ross Ice Shelf; this flexure contributes significantly to the breakup on the ice shelf.

text: The pilot's movement of a control causes the mechanical circuit to open the matching servo valve in the hydraulic circuit. The hydraulic circuit powers the actuators which then move the control surfaces. As the actuator moves, the servo valve is closed by a mechanical feedback linkage - one that stops movement of the control surface at the desired position.

text: The pilot's movement of a control causes the mechanical circuit to open the matching servo valve in the hydraulic circuit. The hydraulic circuit powers the actuators which then move the control surfaces. As the actuator moves, the

text: servo valve

text: is closed by a mechanical

text: feedback

text: linkage - one that stops movement of the control surface at the desired position.

text: Recently stronger winds, especially the subtropical trade winds in the Pacific ocean have provided a mechanism  for vertical heat distribution. The effect are changes in the ocean currents, increasing the subtropical overturning, which are also related to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon. Depending on natural variability, during La Niña years around 30% more heat from the upper ocean layer is transported into the deeper ocean. Several studies in recent years, found a multidecadal increase in OHC of the deep and upper ocean regions and attribute the heat uptake to anthropogenic warming.

text: Recently stronger winds, especially the

text: subtropical trade winds

text: in the

text: Pacific

text: ocean have provided a mechanism  for vertical

text: heat distribution

text: . The effect are changes in the

text: ocean current

text: s, increasing the

text: subtropical overturning

text: , which are also related to the

text: El Niño

text: and

text: La Niña

text: phenomenon. Depending on natural variability, during La Niña years around 30% more heat from the upper ocean layer is transported into the deeper ocean. Several studies in recent years, found a

text: multidecadal

text: increase in

text: OHC

text: of the deep and upper ocean regions and attribute the heat uptake to

text: anthropogenic

text: warming.

text: Using the Coriolis effect that causes a laterally vibrating tube to distort, a direct measurement of mass flow can be obtained in a coriolis flow meter. Furthermore, a direct measure of the density of the fluid is obtained. Coriolis measurement can be very accurate irrespective of the type of gas or liquid that is measured; the same measurement tube can be used for hydrogen gas and bitumen without recalibration.

text: Using the

text: Coriolis effect

text: that causes a laterally vibrating tube to distort, a direct measurement of

text: mass flow

text: can be obtained in a

text: coriolis flow meter

text: . Furthermore, a direct measure of the density of the fluid is obtained. Coriolis measurement can be very accurate irrespective of the type of gas or liquid that is measured; the same measurement tube can be used for

text: hydrogen

text: gas and

text: bitumen

text: without re

text: calibration

text: Sterling, along with William Gibson, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley, Lewis Shiner, and Pat Cadigan, is one of the founders of the cyberpunk movement in science fiction. In addition, he is one of the subgenre's chief ideological promulgators. This has earned him the nickname "Chairman Bruce". He was also one of the first organizers of the Turkey City Writer's Workshop, and is a frequent attendee at the Sycamore Hill Writer's Workshop. He won Hugo Awards for his novelettes Bicycle Repairman and Taklamakan. His first novel, Involution Ocean, published in 1977, features the world Nullaqua where all the atmosphere is contained in a single, miles-deep crater. The story concerns a ship sailing on the ocean of dust at the bottom, which hunts creatures called dustwhales that live beneath the surface. It is partially a science-fictional pastiche of Moby-Dick by Herman Melville.

text: Sterling, along with

text: William Gibson

text: Rudy Rucker

text: John Shirley

text: Lewis Shiner

text: , and

text: Pat Cadigan

text: , is one of the founders of the cyberpunk movement in science fiction. In addition, he is one of the subgenre's chief

text: ideological

text: promulgators. This has earned him the nickname "Chairman Bruce". He was also one of the first organizers of the

text: Turkey City Writer's Workshop

text: , and is a frequent attendee at the

text: Sycamore Hill Writer's Workshop

text: . He won

text: Hugo Award

text: s for his novelettes

text: Bicycle Repairman

text: and

text: Taklamakan

text: . His first novel, Involution Ocean, published in 1977, features the world Nullaqua where all the

text: atmosphere

text: is contained in a single, miles-deep

text: crater

text: . The story concerns a ship sailing on the

text: ocean

text: of dust at the bottom, which hunts creatures called dustwhales that live beneath the surface. It is partially a science-fictional

text: pastiche

text: of

text: Moby-Dick

text: by

text: Herman Melville

text: A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. High tides often pass over the weir, and the river is effectively tidal to the next lock upstream at Hanham. Some spring tides can also pass over the weir at Hanham, making the river tidal as far as Keynsham lock.

text: A

text: weir

text: carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent

text: lock

text: . High

text: tide

text: s often pass over the weir, and the river is effectively tidal to the

text: next lock upstream at Hanham

text: . Some

text: spring tide

text: s can also pass over the weir at Hanham, making the river tidal as far as

text: Keynsham lock

text: A tsunami warning was first declared for Chile and Peru, and a tsunami watch for Ecuador, Colombia, Antarctica, Panama and Costa Rica. The warning was later extended to a Pacific Ocean-wide warning, covering all coastal areas on the Pacific Ocean except the west coast of the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. Hawaiian media reported that tsunami warning sirens first sounded at 06:00 local time. The U.S. Tsunami Warning Center issued advisories about potential tidal waves of less than  striking the Pacific Ocean coastline between California and most of Alaska late in the afternoon or through the evening 12 or more hours after the initial earthquake.Although the earthquake killed far fewer people than the Haitian earthquake less than 7 weeks prior, it was still devastating. The tsunami warning was cancelled for all countries except Japan and Russia in PTWC Bulletin 18 of 00:12 UTC on 28 February 2010.

text: A

text: tsunami warning

text: was first declared for

text: Chile

text: and

text: Peru

text: , and a tsunami watch for

text: Ecuador

text: Colombia

text: Antarctica

text: Panama

text: and

text: Costa Rica

text: . The warning was later extended to a Pacific Ocean-wide warning, covering all coastal areas on the Pacific Ocean except the west coast of the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. Hawaiian media reported that tsunami warning sirens first sounded at 06:00 local time. The U.S. Tsunami Warning Center issued advisories about potential tidal waves of less than  striking the Pacific Ocean coastline between California and most of Alaska late in the afternoon or through the evening 12 or more hours after the initial earthquake.Although the earthquake killed far fewer people than the Haitian earthquake less than 7 weeks prior, it was still devastating. The tsunami warning was cancelled for all countries except Japan and Russia in PTWC Bulletin 18 of 00:12 UTC on 28 February 2010.

text: A spring tide is an especially high or low tide. The name has nothing to do with the season of the year, it derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural spring. Spring (and the opposite, neap) tides result from the relative positions of Earth, Moon and Sun. If the Sun and Moon's gravitational effects reinforce each other, there will be a spring tide; if they oppose each other, a neap.

text: A

text: spring tide

text: is an especially high or low tide. The name has nothing to do with the season of the year, it derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural spring. Spring (and the opposite, neap) tides result from the relative positions of Earth, Moon and Sun. If the Sun and Moon's gravitational effects reinforce each other, there will be a spring tide; if they oppose each other, a neap.

text: Racetracks makes for an incredibly fast ride. Low tide is its prime time. During low tide, large barrels form at the end of the ride. The water is extremely shallow here making it something to be cautious of. Beware of the reef at the end of the ride, Racetracks is known to dry dock there, making it a high concern for surfers, and very dangerous. Mid tide is another great time for surfing. Unlike low tide, during mid tide, the barrels are more navigable, and it is more likely to reach the end of the ride with success.

text: Racetracks makes for an incredibly fast ride. Low

text: tide

text: is its prime time. During low tide, large barrels form at the end of the ride. The water is extremely shallow here making it something to be cautious of. Beware of the reef at the end of the ride, Racetracks is known to dry dock there, making it a high concern for surfers, and very dangerous. Mid tide is another great time for surfing. Unlike low tide, during mid tide, the barrels are more navigable, and it is more likely to reach the end of the ride with success.

text: Use the 2-way joystick to direct the boat across the surface of the ocean, then press the button to lower the diver down to the bottom of the ocean while watching out for the sharks swimming across the screen. During this time, you can hold the button to pause the diver's descent and push the joystick in either direction to fire a harpoon at the sharks for 30-300 points apiece. Once the diver has reached the bottom of the ocean, push the joystick in either direction to make him walk towards either of the two treasure caches that are closest to him (the boat will automatically follow his movements at this point). When the diver is directly over a treasure cache, the boat will lower him into it. The amount of points you will receive when you make it back onto the surface of the ocean, which can range from 50-250, will then appear on the screen, and the boat will raise the diver back up to the surface of the ocean. Once again, you can hold the button to pause the diver's ascent, and push the joystick in either direction to fire a harpoon at the sharks. Once you have made it back up to the surface of the ocean, you will have to repeat the entire process for each of the four remaining treasure caches before the game proceeds to the next round.

text: There are two types of seismic "ocean waves". The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves – with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by Michael Longuet-Higgins in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.

text: There are two types of seismic "ocean waves". The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves – with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by

text: Michael Longuet-Higgins

text: in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.

text: Understanding fire behavior in microgravity was part of the continuing research to improve Space Shuttle safety. In a specially designed chamber, called the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment, a strip of paper was burned and filmed to gain an understanding of the development of flame and its movement in the absence of convection currents. This experiment was sponsored by the Lewis Research Center and Mississippi State University.

text: Understanding fire behavior in microgravity was part of the continuing research to improve Space Shuttle safety. In a specially designed chamber, called the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment, a strip of paper was burned and filmed to gain an understanding of the development of flame and its movement in the absence of convection currents. This experiment was sponsored by the

text: Lewis Research Center

text: and

text: Mississippi State University

text: Marine topographies include coastal and oceanic landforms ranging from coastal estuaries and shorelines to continental shelves and coral reefs. Further out in the open ocean, they include underwater and deep sea features such as ocean rises and seamounts. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus and abyssal plains.

text: Marine topographies include

text: coastal and oceanic landforms

text: ranging from coastal

text: estuaries

text: and

text: shoreline

text: s to

text: continental shelves

text: and

text: coral reef

text: s. Further out in the open ocean, they include underwater and

text: deep sea

text: features such as ocean rises and

text: seamount

text: s. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: system, as well as undersea

text: volcano

text: es,

text: oceanic trench

text: es,

text: submarine canyon

text: s,

text: oceanic plateau

text: s and

text: abyssal plain

text: s.

text: North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean.  Thermohaline circulation of the world's oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North Atlantic.  Water flowing northward becomes modified through evaporation and mixing with other water masses, leading to increased salinity.  When this water reaches the North Atlantic it cools and sinks through convection, due to its decreased temperature and increased salinity resulting in increased density.  NADW is the outflow of this thick deep layer, which can be detected by its high salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).  CFCs are anthropogenic substances that enter the surface of the ocean from gas exchange with the atmosphere.  This distinct composition allows its path to be traced as it mixes with Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which in turn fills the deep Indian Ocean and part of the South Pacific.  NADW and its formation is essential to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which is responsible for transporting large amounts of water, heat, salt, carbon, nutrients and other substances around the globe.  In the conveyor belt model of thermohaline circulation of the world's oceans, the sinking of NADW pulls the waters of the North Atlantic drift northward; however, this is almost certainly an oversimplification of the actual relationship between NADW formation and the strength of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic drift.

text: North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is a deep

text: water mass

text: formed in the North

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Thermohaline circulation

text: of the world's oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North Atlantic.  Water flowing northward becomes modified through evaporation and mixing with other water masses, leading to increased salinity.  When this water reaches the North Atlantic it cools and sinks through convection, due to its decreased temperature and increased salinity resulting in increased density.  NADW is the outflow of this thick deep layer, which can be detected by its high salinity, high oxygen content, nutrient minima, and

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s (CFCs).  CFCs are anthropogenic substances that enter the surface of the ocean from gas exchange with the atmosphere.  This distinct composition allows its path to be traced as it mixes with

text: Circumpolar Deep Water

text: (CDW), which in turn fills the deep

text: Indian Ocean

text: and part of the

text: South Pacific

text: .  NADW and its formation is essential to the

text: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

text: (AMOC), which is responsible for transporting large amounts of water, heat, salt, carbon, nutrients and other substances around the globe.  In the conveyor belt model of

text: thermohaline circulation

text: of the world's oceans, the sinking of NADW pulls the waters of the

text: North Atlantic drift

text: northward; however, this is almost certainly an oversimplification of the actual relationship between NADW formation and the strength of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: /North Atlantic drift.

text: On September 17, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa. The disturbance followed another tropical wave which became Hurricane Faye several days later, before turning west near the 11th parallel. Based on estimates from the Dvorak Technique, the wave was designated a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on September 22. Due to favorable conditions such as low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Gladys by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) on September 24. After becoming a tropical storm, Gladys slowly intensified as winds increased to 50 mph (80 km/h). The storm then moved west-northwest, and on September 25, Gladys strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS). Despite strong wind shear, the storm maintained minimal hurricane status. However, early on September 28, the barometric pressure increased to ; the NHC notes that Gladys may have briefly weakened into a tropical storm at this time.

text: On September 17, a

text: tropical wave

text: emerged into the Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa. The disturbance followed another tropical wave which became

text: Hurricane Faye

text: several days later, before turning west near the

text: 11th parallel

text: . Based on estimates from the

text: Dvorak Technique

text: , the wave was designated a tropical depression at 18:00

text: UTC

text: on September 22. Due to favorable conditions such as low

text: wind shear

text: and warm

text: sea surface temperature

text: s, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm and was named Gladys by the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) on September 24. After becoming a tropical storm, Gladys slowly intensified as winds increased to 50 mph (80 km/h). The storm then moved west-northwest, and on September 25, Gladys strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the

text: Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

text: (SSHWS). Despite strong

text: wind shear

text: , the storm maintained minimal hurricane status. However, early on September 28, the

text: barometric pressure

text: increased to ; the NHC notes that Gladys may have briefly weakened into a tropical storm at this time.

text: Since its creation in 1954, it has participated in almost all French military engagements and humanitarian aid deployments: the French Indochina War, the Algerian War, the Persian Gulf War of 1990–91, the Lebanese conflict, the war in Chad, the independence of Djibouti, the War in Somalia, operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Kosovo War, the Indoneisan occupation of East Timor, the Operation Licorne in Cote d'Ivoire, the humanitarian response to the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the War in Afghanistan, 2011 military intervention in Libya.

text: Since its creation in 1954, it has participated in almost all French military engagements and humanitarian aid deployments: the

text: French Indochina War

text: , the

text: Algerian War

text: , the

text: Persian Gulf War

text: of 1990–91, the Lebanese conflict, the war in

text: Chad

text: , the independence of Djibouti, the

text: War in Somalia

text: , operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the

text: Kosovo War

text: , the Indoneisan occupation of

text: East Timor

text: , the

text: Operation Licorne

text: in

text: Cote d'Ivoire

text: , the humanitarian response to the December

text: , the

text: War in Afghanistan

text: 2011 military intervention in Libya

text: The LVZ shows a reduction in velocity of about 3–6% with the effect being more pronounced with S-waves compared to P-waves. As is evident from the figure, the reduction and depth over which reduction occurs varies with the choice of tectonic province, that is, regions differ in their seismic characteristics. Following the drop, the base of the zone is marked by an increase in velocity, but it has not been possible to decide whether this transition is sharp or gradual. This lower boundary, found beneath the continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere away from mid-ocean ridges, is sometimes referred to as the Lehmann discontinuity and occurs at about 220±30 km depth. The interval also shows a reduction in Q, the seismic quality factor (representing a relatively high degree of seismic attenuation), and a relatively high electrical conductivity.

text: The LVZ shows a reduction in velocity of about 3–6% with the effect being more pronounced with

text: S-wave

text: s compared to

text: P-wave

text: s. As is evident from the figure, the reduction and depth over which reduction occurs varies with the choice of tectonic province, that is, regions differ in their seismic characteristics. Following the drop, the base of the zone is marked by an increase in velocity, but it has not been possible to decide whether this transition is sharp or gradual. This lower boundary, found beneath the continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere away from

text: mid-ocean ridges

text: , is sometimes referred to as the

text: Lehmann discontinuity

text: and occurs at about 220±30 km depth. The interval also shows a reduction in Q, the seismic quality factor (representing a relatively high degree of seismic attenuation), and a relatively high

text: electrical conductivity

text: Yala lay in the direct path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which impacted Sri Lanka 90 minutes after its generation. The tsunami caused severe but localised damage on the park, with around 250 people being killed. The tsunami wave was reported to be  high. The tsunami waves reached inland only through the river-mouth gaps in the coastal dunes. Inundation distances from ranged up to . The main habitats affected were scrub forest and grasslands. About  of grassland, forest and wetland are directly affected by the tsunami. The satellite images revealed that mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) range from 0.245-0.772 in the Block I and II. After the disaster the NDVI value fell dramatically to 0.2111. Around 60% of the area along the coastline has changed. The damage was worse close to the sea. The movement patterns of two radio collared elephants were analyzed. The study found out that their movements were consistent with behaviour prompted by immediate cues generated by the tsunami waves rather than a response to a "sixth sense".

text: Yala lay in the direct path of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: , which impacted Sri Lanka 90 minutes after its generation. The tsunami caused severe but localised damage on the park, with around 250 people being killed. The tsunami wave was reported to be  high. The tsunami waves reached inland only through the river-mouth gaps in the

text: coastal dunes

text: . Inundation distances from ranged up to . The main habitats affected were scrub forest and grasslands. About  of grassland, forest and wetland are directly affected by the tsunami. The

text: satellite images

text: revealed that mean

text: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

text: (NDVI) range from 0.245-0.772 in the Block I and II. After the disaster the NDVI value fell dramatically to 0.2111. Around 60% of the area along the coastline has changed. The damage was worse close to the sea. The movement patterns of two

text: radio collared

text: elephants were analyzed. The study found out that their movements were consistent with behaviour prompted by immediate cues generated by the tsunami waves rather than a response to a "sixth sense".

text: The South Equatorial Currents of the Atlantic and Pacific straddle the equator. Though the Coriolis effect is weak near the equator (and absent at the equator), water moving in the currents on either side of the equator is deflected slightly poleward and replaced by deeper water. Thus, equatorial upwelling occurs in these westward flowing equatorial surface currents. Upwelling is an important process because this water from within and below the pycnocline is often rich in nutrients and greatly benefits the growth of marine organisms. By contrast, generally poor conditions for growth prevail in most of the open tropical ocean because strong layering isolates deep, nutrient rich water from the sunlit ocean surface.

text: In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a "hum", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes.  Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , a microseism is defined as a faint

text: earth tremor

text: caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a "hum", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the

text: same name

text: . The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes.  Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing

text: oscillation

text: of the ground. The most energetic

text: seismic wave

text: s that make up the microseismic field are

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , but

text: Love waves

text: can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers.

text: While in Sri Lanka in 2004, Baas survived the Indian ocean tsunami.

text: While in Sri Lanka in 2004, Baas survived the

text: Indian ocean tsunami

text: People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. Another common wave is to raise one's hand and repeatedly move the fingers downward toward the palm. A variant known as the wiggly wave consists of holding the hand near shoulder level and wiggling the fingers randomly.  This can be used to appear cute or flirtatious to the target of the wave. The gesture can be used to attract attention at a distance. Most commonly, though, the gesture means quite simply "hello" or "goodbye.The royal wave, also known as a regal wave, pageant wave, parade wave, or Miss America wave, is a similar but distinct kind of hand waving gesture in which a person executes something alternatively described as either a 'plastic grin' with 'fingers cupped' and 'forearm swaying side-to-side' or a "vertical hand with a slight twist from the wrist". The gesture is often performed, to various degrees, by different members of the British royal family, signaling anything from regality, class and control to elegance, restraint and character.

text: People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. Another common wave is to raise one's hand and repeatedly move the fingers downward toward the palm. A variant known as the wiggly wave consists of holding the hand near shoulder level and wiggling the fingers randomly.  This can be used to appear cute or flirtatious to the target of the wave. The gesture can be used to attract attention at a distance. Most commonly, though, the gesture means quite simply "hello" or "goodbye.The royal wave, also known as a regal wave, pageant wave, parade wave, or

text: Miss America

text: wave, is a similar but distinct kind of hand waving gesture in which a person executes something alternatively described as either a 'plastic grin' with 'fingers cupped' and 'forearm swaying side-to-side' or a "vertical hand with a slight twist from the wrist". The gesture is often performed, to various degrees, by different members of the British royal family, signaling anything from regality, class and control to elegance, restraint and character.

text: The movement of surface currents pushed by the wind is fairly intuitive. For example, the wind easily produces ripples on the surface of a pond. Thus the deep ocean — devoid of wind — was assumed to be perfectly static by early oceanographers. However, modern instrumentation shows that current velocities in deep water masses can be significant (although much less than surface speeds).

text: Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four semi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order not to disturb the tidal dynamics too much.

text: Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (

text: exa

text: joule

text: ). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total

text: rotational energy of the Earth

text: . Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four

text: semi

text: diurnal

text: tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order not to disturb the tidal dynamics too much.

text: A tidal bundle sequence can be seen as a variation in bed thickness with a periodicity of 14 days (diurnal) or 28 days (semidiurnal). During the neap tide, when the tidal current strength is weakest, smaller quantities of finer grains are deposited. As the tidal variation grows larger, towards the spring tide, larger quantities of coarser material will be deposited which results in an increasing bed thickness. Bed thickness will be greatest at the spring tide and then decreases as the tidal variation grows smaller, towards the neap tide again and the thinnest beds.

text: The Rossby number is the ratio of inertial to Coriolis forces. A small Rossby number indicates a system is strongly affected by Coriolis forces, and a large Rossby number idicates a system in which inertial forces dominate. For example, in tornadoes, the Rossby number is large, in low-pressure systems it is low, and in oceanic systems it is around 1. As a result, in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible, and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces. In low-pressure systems, centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces. In the oceans all three forces are comparable.

text: Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocean's thermohaline circulation, carbon transported as marine snow into the deep ocean by the biological pump can remain out of contact with the atmosphere for more than 1000 years.  That is, when the marine snow is finally decomposed to inorganic nutrients and dissolved carbon dioxide, these are effectively isolated from the surface ocean for relatively long time-scales related to ocean circulation.  Consequently, enhancing the quantity of marine snow that reaches the deep ocean is the basis of several geoengineering schemes to enhance carbon sequestration by the ocean.  Ocean nourishment and iron fertilisation seek to boost the production of organic material in the surface ocean, with a concomitant rise in marine snow reaching the deep ocean.  These efforts have not yet produced a sustainable fertilization that effectively transports carbon out of the system.

text: Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocean's

text: thermohaline circulation

text: , carbon transported as marine snow into the deep ocean by the

text: biological pump

text: can remain out of contact with the atmosphere for more than 1000 years.  That is, when the marine snow is finally decomposed to inorganic nutrients and dissolved

text: carbon dioxide

text: , these are effectively isolated from the surface ocean for relatively long time-scales related to

text: ocean circulation

text: .  Consequently, enhancing the quantity of marine snow that reaches the deep ocean is the basis of several

text: geoengineering

text: schemes to enhance

text: carbon sequestration

text: by the ocean.

text: Ocean nourishment

text: and

text: iron fertilisation

text: seek to boost the production of organic material in the surface ocean, with a concomitant rise in marine snow reaching the deep ocean.  These efforts have not yet produced a sustainable fertilization that effectively transports carbon out of the system.

text: The beach is surrounded by coconut trees and it positioned right between the Atlantic Ocean and Lagoa do Roteiro (Roteiro Lake).  This position guarantees a unique color of the ocean surrounding the beach.  It is bluer during the low tides and it turns greener during the high tides when the ocean waters meet the lake waters.

text: is the Coriolis parameter

text: is the Coriolis parameter

text: The most extreme tidal range occurs around the time of the full or new moons, when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are in phase (syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction (new moon), or are exactly the opposite phase (full). This type of tide is known as a spring tide. During neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox, if coincidental with a spring tide.

text: The most extreme tidal range occurs around the time of the

text: full

text: or

text: new moon

text: s, when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are in phase (

text: syzygy

text: ), reinforcing each other in the same direction (

text: new moon

text: ), or are exactly the opposite phase (

text: full

text: ). This type of tide is known as a

text: spring tide

text: . During

text: neap tide

text: s, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the

text: Earth

text: 's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller. Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases. The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the

text: equinox

text: , if coincidental with a spring tide.

text: The speed of all ocean waves is controlled by gravity, wavelength, and water depth. Most characteristics of ocean waves depend on the relationship between their wavelength and water depth. Wavelength determines the size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but water depth determines the shape of the orbits. The paths of water molecules in a wind wave are circular only when the wave is traveling in deep water. A wave cannot "feel" the bottom when it moves through water deeper than half its wavelength because too little wave energy is contained in the small circles below that depth. Waves moving through water deeper than half their wavelength are known as deep-water waves. On the other hand, the orbits of water molecules in waves moving through shallow water are flattened by the proximity of the sea surface bottom. Waves in water shallower than 1/20 their original wavelength are known as shallow-water waves. Transitional waves travel through water deeper than 1/20 their original wavelength but shallower than half their original wavelength.

text: Third-wave feminism started beginning in the early 1990s and continues into the present. This movement grew as a response of the supposed failures and criticism of the second-wave movement.  The goals of the movement were broadened from the second wave to focus on ideas such as lesbian theory, abolishing gender roles and stereotypes, and defending sex work, pornography, and sex-positivity. The movement has a focus on lesbian and African American women as distinct from traditional feminists, and it has weakened many traditional concepts, such as those notions of gender, heteronormativity, and “universal womanhood.” Third-wave feminism depends mostly on social media to spread its goals. Social media outlets such as Twitter and Facebook are consistently covered in feminist messages, and hashtag campaigns are steadily spread to convey feminist ideas ([[HeForShe|#heforshe]], [[YesAllWomen|#yesallwomen]], #whyistayed). Many television shows also feature dominant, strong women and encourage the idea that women are equal to men (Nashville, Orange Is the New Black, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer).

text: Third-wave feminism

text: started beginning in the early 1990s and continues into the present. This movement grew as a response of the supposed failures and criticism of the second-wave movement.  The goals of the movement were broadened from the second wave to focus on ideas such as lesbian theory, abolishing gender roles and stereotypes, and defending sex work, pornography, and sex-positivity. The movement has a focus on lesbian and African American women as distinct from traditional feminists, and it has weakened many traditional concepts, such as those notions of gender, heteronormativity, and “universal womanhood.” Third-wave feminism depends mostly on social media to spread its goals. Social media outlets such as

text: Twitter

text: and

text: Facebook

text: are consistently covered in feminist messages, and hashtag campaigns are steadily spread to convey feminist ideas ([[HeForShe|#heforshe]], [[YesAllWomen|#yesallwomen]], #whyistayed). Many television shows also feature dominant, strong women and encourage the idea that women are equal to men (

text: Nashville

text: Orange Is the New Black

text: , and

text: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: Leeway is the amount of drift motion to leeward of an object floating in the water caused by the component of the wind vector that is perpendicular to the object’s forward motion. The National Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual defines leeway as "the movement of a search object through water caused by winds blowing against exposed surfaces". However, the resultant total motion of an object is made up of the leeway drift and the movement of the upper layer of the ocean caused by the surface currents, tidal currents and ocean currents.  Objects with a greater exposure to each element will experience more leeway drift and overall movement through the water than ones with less exposure.

text: Leeway is the amount of drift motion to

text: leeward

text: of an object floating in the water caused by the component of the wind vector that is perpendicular to the object’s forward motion. The National Search and Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual defines leeway as "the movement of a search object through water caused by winds blowing against exposed surfaces". However, the resultant total motion of an object is made up of the leeway drift and the movement of the upper layer of the ocean caused by the surface currents,

text: tidal currents

text: and

text: ocean currents

text: .  Objects with a greater exposure to each element will experience more leeway drift and overall movement through the water than ones with less exposure.

text: The Somali Current is an ocean boundary current that runs along the coast of Somalia  and Oman in the Western Indian Ocean and is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean.  This current is heavily influenced by the monsoons and is the only major upwelling system that occurs on a western boundary of an ocean.  The water that is upwelled by the current merges with another upwelling system, creating one of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean.

text: The Somali Current is an ocean

text: boundary current

text: that runs along the coast of

text: Somalia

text: and

text: Oman

text: in the Western

text: Indian Ocean

text: and is analogous to the

text: Gulf Stream

text: in the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: .  This current is heavily influenced by the

text: monsoons

text: and is the only major

text: upwelling

text: system that occurs on a western boundary of an ocean.  The water that is upwelled by the current merges with another upwelling system, creating one of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean.

text: Earth tide (also known as solid Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid Earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer.  The largest body tide constituents are semi-diurnal, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions.Though the gravitational forcing causing earth tides and ocean tides is the same, the responses are quite different.

text: Earth tide (also known as solid Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the

text: solid Earth

text: 's surface caused by the

text: gravity

text: of the

text: Moon

text: and

text: Sun

text: . Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer.  The largest body tide constituents are semi-

text: diurnal

text: , but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions.Though the gravitational forcing causing earth tides and ocean

text: tides

text: is the same, the responses are quite different.

text: The theoretical amplitude of oceanic tides caused by the moon is about  at the highest point, which corresponds to the amplitude that would be reached if the ocean possessed a uniform depth, there were no landmasses, and the Earth were rotating in step with the moon's orbit. The sun similarly causes tides, of which the theoretical amplitude is about  (46% of that of the moon) with a cycle time of 12 hours. At spring tide the two effects add to each other to a theoretical level of , while at neap tide the theoretical level is reduced to . Since the orbits of the Earth about the sun, and the moon about the Earth, are elliptical, tidal amplitudes change somewhat as a result of the varying Earth–sun and Earth–moon distances. This causes a variation in the tidal force and theoretical amplitude of about ±18% for the moon and ±5% for the sun. If both the sun and moon were at their closest positions and aligned at new moon, the theoretical amplitude would reach .

text: Undersea mountain ranges are mountain ranges that are mostly or entirely underwater, and specifically under the surface of an ocean. If originated from current tectonic forces, they are often referred to as a mid-ocean ridge. In contrast, if formed by past above-water volcanism, they are known as a seamount chain. The largest and best known undersea mountain range is a mid-ocean ridge, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It has been observed that, "similar to those on land, the undersea mountain ranges are the loci of frequent volcanic and earthquake activity".

text: Undersea mountain ranges are

text: mountain ranges

text: that are mostly or entirely

text: underwater

text: , and specifically under the surface of an

text: ocean

text: . If originated from current

text: tectonic

text: forces, they are often referred to as a

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: . In contrast, if formed by past above-water

text: volcanism

text: , they are known as a

text: seamount chain

text: . The largest and best known undersea mountain range is a mid-ocean ridge, the

text: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: . It has been observed that, "similar to those on land, the undersea mountain ranges are the loci of frequent volcanic and earthquake activity".

text: Clinus helenae, the Helen's klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean around South Africa where it is a denizen of tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL.

text: Clinus helenae, the Helen's klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: that occurs in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: around South Africa where it is a denizen of

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: The term "surface wave" can describe waves over an ocean, even when they are approximated by Airy functions and are more properly called creeping waves. Examples are the waves at the surface of water and air (ocean surface waves), or ripples in the sand at the interface with water or air.  Another example is internal waves, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

text: The term "surface wave" can describe waves over an ocean, even when they are approximated by

text: Airy function

text: s and are more properly called

text: creeping wave

text: s. Examples are the

text: wave

text: s at the surface of

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: ocean surface wave

text: s), or ripples in the

text: sand

text: at the interface with water or air.  Another example is

text: internal wave

text: s, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

text: Coriolis density meters, also known as mass flow meters or inertial flow meters, work on the principle of vibration to measure phase shifts in the vibration of a bent thin walled tube. The bent thin walled tube is rotated around a central axis. When there is no mass in the bent section, the tube remains untwisted. However, when the density inside the bent section increases, the inbound flow portion of the bent pipe drags behind the out flow portion. This twisting causes phase shifts which result in changes in the resonant frequency of the thin walled tube. Therefore, the resonant frequency is directly affected by the density. Higher density media causes a larger coriolis effect if the volumetric flow rate is constant. Flowing media causes a frequency and a phase shift of the bent pipe, which are proportional to the mass flow rate of the sample.

text: Coriolis density meters

text: , also known as mass flow meters or inertial flow meters, work on the principle of vibration to measure phase shifts in the vibration of a bent thin walled tube. The bent thin walled tube is rotated around a central axis. When there is no mass in the bent section, the tube remains untwisted. However, when the density inside the bent section increases, the inbound flow portion of the bent pipe drags behind the out flow portion. This twisting causes phase shifts which result in changes in the resonant frequency of the thin walled tube. Therefore, the resonant frequency is directly affected by the density. Higher density media causes a larger

text: coriolis effect

text: if the volumetric flow rate is constant. Flowing media causes a frequency and a phase shift of the bent pipe, which are proportional to the mass flow rate of the sample.

text: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), also known as the Indian Niño, is an irregular oscillation of sea-surface temperatures in which the western Indian Ocean becomes alternately warmer and then colder than the eastern part of the ocean.

text: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), also known as the Indian Niño, is an irregular oscillation of sea-surface temperatures in which the western

text: Indian Ocean

text: becomes alternately warmer and then colder than the eastern part of the ocean.

text: The term Baer's law is also applied to the unconfirmed proposition that in the Northern Hemisphere, erosion occurs mostly on the right banks of rivers, and in the Southern Hemisphere on the left banks. In its more thorough formulation, which Baer never formulated himself, the erosion of rivers depends on the direction of flow, as well. For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, a section of river flowing in a North-South direction, according to the theory, erodes on its right bank due to the coriolis effect, while in an East-West section there is no preference.

text: The term

text: Baer's law

text: is also applied to the unconfirmed proposition that in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: erosion

text: occurs mostly on the right banks of rivers, and in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: on the left banks. In its more thorough formulation, which Baer never formulated himself, the erosion of rivers depends on the direction of flow, as well. For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, a section of river flowing in a North-South direction, according to the theory, erodes on its right bank due to the

text: coriolis effect

text: , while in an East-West section there is no preference.

text: Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply-sourced volatiles, including carbon, are transferred from the Earth’s interior to the surface environment. An additional, though less well understood pathway includes along faults and fractures within the Earth’s crust, often referred to as tectonic degassing. When the DCO was first formed in 2009 estimates of global carbon flux from volcanic regions ranged from 65  to 540 Mt/yr, and constraints on global tectonic degassing were virtually unknown. The order of magnitude uncertainty in current volcanic/tectonic carbon outgassing makes answering fundamental questions about the global carbon budget virtually impossible. In particular, one fundamental unknown is if carbon transferred to the Earth’s interior via subduction is efficiently recycled back to the Earth’s mantle lithosphere, crust and surface environment through volcanic and tectonic degassing, or if significant quantities of carbon are being subducted into the deep mantle. Because significant quantities of mantle carbon are also released through Mid-Ocean Ridge volcanism, if carbon inputs and outputs at subduction zone settings are in balance, then the net effect will be an imbalance in the global carbon budget, with carbon being preferentially removed from the Earth’s deep interior and redistributed to more shallow reservoirs including the mantle lithosphere, crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The implications of this may mean that carbon concentrations in the surface environment are increasing over Earth’s history, which has significant implications for climate change.

text: Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply-sourced

text: volatiles

text: , including carbon, are transferred from the Earth’s interior to the surface environment. An additional, though less well understood pathway includes along faults and fractures within the Earth’s crust, often referred to as tectonic degassing. When the DCO was first formed in 2009 estimates of global carbon flux from volcanic regions ranged from 65  to 540 Mt/yr, and constraints on global tectonic degassing were virtually unknown. The order of magnitude uncertainty in current volcanic/tectonic carbon outgassing makes answering fundamental questions about the global carbon budget virtually impossible. In particular, one fundamental unknown is if carbon transferred to the Earth’s interior via

text: subduction

text: is efficiently recycled back to the Earth’s mantle

text: lithosphere

text: , crust and surface environment through volcanic and tectonic degassing, or if significant quantities of carbon are being subducted into the deep mantle. Because significant quantities of mantle carbon are also released through

text: Mid-Ocean Ridge

text: volcanism, if carbon inputs and outputs at subduction zone settings are in balance, then the net effect will be an imbalance in the global carbon budget, with carbon being preferentially removed from the Earth’s deep interior and redistributed to more shallow reservoirs including the mantle

text: lithosphere

text: , crust,

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: atmosphere

text: . The implications of this may mean that carbon concentrations in the surface environment are increasing over Earth’s history, which has significant implications for climate change.

text: The Bear Seamount is the first guyot in a chain of about 30 extinct volcanoes extending in a straight line south-eastwards from the edge of the continental shelf near Woods Hole, Massachusetts to north-east of Bermuda. These seamounts resulted from the movement of a mantle plume hotspot. This hotspot is now under the Great Meteor Seamount. The chain rises about  above the surrounding Sohm Abyssal Plain. Over time they have been eroded and have developed flat table-like summits surrounded by slopes with an inclination of about 20°. The currents in the vicinity of the Bear Seamount include the warm water Gulf Stream flowing towards the north east, the deep boundary current flowing  along the continental shelf towards the south west, and the deep, icy cold Antarctic bottom water that flows past the lower flanks of the chain.

text: The Bear Seamount is the first guyot in a chain of about 30 extinct volcanoes extending in a straight line south-eastwards from the edge of the

text: continental shelf

text: near

text: Woods Hole, Massachusetts

text: to north-east of

text: Bermuda

text: . These seamounts resulted from the movement of a mantle plume hotspot. This hotspot is now under the

text: Great Meteor Seamount

text: . The chain rises about  above the surrounding

text: Sohm Abyssal Plain

text: . Over time they have been eroded and have developed flat table-like summits surrounded by slopes with an inclination of about 20°. The currents in the vicinity of the Bear Seamount include the warm water

text: Gulf Stream

text: flowing towards the north east, the deep

text: boundary current

text: flowing  along the continental shelf towards the south west, and the deep, icy cold

text: Antarctic bottom water

text: that flows past the lower flanks of the chain.

text: A wave can be longitudinal where the oscillations are parallel (or antiparallel) to the propagation direction, or transverse where the oscillations are perpendicular to the propagation direction. These oscillations are characterized by a periodically time-varying displacement in the parallel or perpendicular direction, and so the instantaneous velocity and acceleration are also periodic and time varying in these directions. But the wave profile (the apparent motion of the wave due to the successive oscillations of particles or fields about their equilibrium positions) propagates at the phase and group velocities parallel or antiparallel to the propagation direction, which is common to longitudinal and transverse waves. Below oscillatory displacement, velocity and acceleration refer to the kinematics in the oscillating directions of the wave - transverse or longitudinal (mathematical description is identical), the group and phase velocities are separate.

text: A wave can be

text: longitudinal

text: where the oscillations are parallel (or antiparallel) to the propagation direction, or

text: transverse

text: where the oscillations are perpendicular to the propagation direction. These oscillations are characterized by a periodically time-varying displacement in the parallel or perpendicular direction, and so the instantaneous velocity and acceleration are also periodic and time varying in these directions. But the wave profile (the apparent motion of the wave due to the successive oscillations of particles or fields about their equilibrium positions) propagates at the phase and group velocities parallel or antiparallel to the propagation direction, which is common to longitudinal and transverse waves. Below oscillatory displacement, velocity and acceleration refer to the kinematics in the oscillating directions of the wave - transverse or longitudinal (mathematical description is identical), the group and phase velocities are separate.

text: There are many global patterns that affect and contribute to the climate of the Eastern Temperate Forest region, such as global ocean currents, El Nino, La Nina, the Gulf Stream current, and global air circulation patterns. El Niño, caused by warmer sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, can lead to “wet winters” and warm episodes occurring between the months of December and February in the southeastern region of the United States Eastern Temperate Forest. La Niña is caused by cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, it leads to drier than normal conditions in the winter months in the Southeast region of the Eastern Temperate Forest. The global ocean current that effects the Eastern Temperate Forest most is the Gulf Stream current which brings a warm flow of water from South to North along the eastern coast of North America in the Atlantic Ocean, it keeps temperatures in this region relatively warm. The winds that have the greatest effect on the climate of the region are the prevailing westerlies and the tropical easterlies. The prevailing westerlies, caused by the Coriolis Effect, explain why most major events that occur in North America come from the west and proceed east, which is where the majority of the Eastern Temperate Forest is located.

text: Ocean currents can be generated by differences in the density of the water. How dense water is depends on how saline or warm it is. If water contains differences in salt content or temperature, then the different densities will initiate a current. Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water. Conversely, warmer and less salty water will float to the surface. Atmospheric winds and pressure differences also produces surface currents, waves and seiches. Ocean currents are also generated by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon (tides), and seismic activity (tsunami).

text: Ocean currents can be generated by differences in the density of the water. How dense water is depends on how saline or warm it is. If water contains differences in salt content or temperature, then the different densities will initiate a current. Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water. Conversely, warmer and less salty water will float to the surface. Atmospheric winds and pressure differences also produces surface currents,

text: waves

text: and

text: seiche

text: s. Ocean currents are also generated by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon (

text: tide

text: s), and seismic activity (

text: tsunami

text: The IOC aids and advises policy makers and managers in the reduction of risks from tsunamis, storm surges, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and other coastal hazards. After close to fifty years of experience coordinating the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS), IOC-UNESCO is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy. The IOC Tsunami Unit works with Member States, together with other UN agencies and NGOs, to build sustainable tsunami early warning systems. In this context, the IOC coordinates and fosters the establishment of regional intergovernmental tsunami warning and mitigation systems in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, in the Caribbean, and in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas. Through its Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algae (IPHAB), the IOC also works to establish systems that can predict the occurrences and mitigate the effects of HAB events.

text: The IOC aids and advises policy makers and managers in the reduction of risks from

text: tsunami

text: s,

text: storm surge

text: s, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and other

text: coastal hazards

text: . After close to fifty years of experience coordinating the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS), IOC-UNESCO is leading a global effort to establish ocean-based tsunami warning systems as part of an overall multi-hazard disaster reduction strategy. The IOC Tsunami Unit works with Member States, together with other UN agencies and NGOs, to build sustainable tsunami early warning systems. In this context, the IOC coordinates and fosters the establishment of regional intergovernmental tsunami warning and mitigation systems in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, in the Caribbean, and in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas. Through its Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algae (IPHAB), the IOC also works to establish systems that can predict the occurrences and mitigate the effects of HAB events.

text: By the late 1960s, science fiction and fantasy began to reflect the changes prompted by the civil rights movement and the emergence of a counterculture. Within the genres, these changes were incorporated into a movement called "the New Wave," a movement more skeptical of technology, more liberated socially, and more interested in stylistic experimentation. New Wave writers were more likely to claim an interest in "inner space" instead of outer space. They were less shy about explicit sexuality and more sympathetic to reconsiderations of gender roles and the social status of sexual minorities. Notable authors who often wrote on sexual themes included Joanna Russ, Thomas M. Disch, John Varley, James Tiptree, Jr., and Samuel R. Delany. Under the influence of New Wave editors and authors such as Michael Moorcock (editor of the influential New Worlds magazine) and Ursula K. Le Guin, sympathetic depictions of alternative sexuality and gender multiplied in science fiction and fantasy, becoming commonplace.

text: By the late 1960s, science fiction and fantasy began to reflect the changes prompted by the civil rights movement and the emergence of a counterculture. Within the genres, these changes were incorporated into a movement called "the

text: New Wave

text: ," a movement more skeptical of technology, more liberated socially, and more interested in stylistic experimentation. New Wave writers were more likely to claim an interest in "inner space" instead of outer space. They were less shy about explicit sexuality and more sympathetic to reconsiderations of gender roles and the social status of sexual minorities. Notable authors who often wrote on sexual themes included

text: Joanna Russ

text: Thomas M. Disch

text: John Varley

text: James Tiptree, Jr.

text: , and

text: Samuel R. Delany

text: . Under the influence of New Wave editors and authors such as

text: Michael Moorcock

text: (editor of the influential

text: New Worlds

text: magazine) and

text: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: , sympathetic depictions of alternative sexuality and gender multiplied in science fiction and fantasy, becoming commonplace.

text: Before colonization, the number of Yan-nhangu people remained small, just a few hundred, with no more than fifty or so people belonging to each of the six clans (ba:purru). The Yan-nhaŋu are a Yolŋu people with a distinctly marine orientation arising from intimate coexistence with their salt water country. The sea is a crucial aspect of Yan-nhaŋu society, religion and language. The ocean’s movements, sounds and changes are considered to be physical indexes of ancestral action. People share their names with the names of the ocean, its waves, colors, spirits, and winds. The six Yan-nhaŋu language types are distinctive and may be used to distinguish Yan-nhaŋu people from their neighbors.

text: There is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle: oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics.

text: There is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the

text: convection of the mantle

text: : oceanic plate motions and mantle

text: convection currents

text: always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal

text: boundary layer

text: of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting

text: mantle

text: is called plate tectonics.

text: Karon Beach was heavily damaged by the tsunamis following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, especially in its southern regions, but has since largely recovered and by 2008 showed little evidence of tsunami damage.

text: Karon Beach was heavily damaged by the

text: tsunami

text: s following the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: , especially in its southern regions, but has since largely recovered and by 2008 showed little evidence of tsunami damage.

text: Nutrients that do not get used up on the surface will eventually sink down and nourish the seafloor habitat. The deep benthic habitats of the ocean gyres have been thought to typically consist of some of the most food-poor regions on the planet. One of the sources of nutrients to this deep ocean habitat is marine snow. Marine snow consists of detritus, dead organic matter, which falls from the surface waters where productivity is highest and exports carbon and nitrogen from the surface mixed layer to the deep ocean. Data on the abundance of marine snow to the deep ocean floor is lacking in this large ecosystem. However, Pilskaln et al. found that in the NPSG, marine snow was at a higher abundance than expected and were surprisingly comparable to a deep coastal upwelling system.

text: Nutrients that do not get used up on the surface will eventually sink down and nourish the seafloor habitat. The deep

text: benthic habitats

text: of the ocean gyres have been thought to typically consist of some of the most food-poor regions on the planet. One of the sources of nutrients to this deep ocean habitat is

text: marine snow

text: . Marine snow consists of detritus, dead organic matter, which falls from the surface waters where productivity is highest and exports carbon and nitrogen from the surface mixed layer to the deep ocean. Data on the abundance of marine snow to the deep

text: ocean floor

text: is lacking in this large ecosystem. However, Pilskaln et al. found that in the NPSG, marine snow was at a higher abundance than expected and were surprisingly comparable to a deep coastal upwelling system.

text: Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of earthquakes in the "Ring of Fire", and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there. Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where this earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the Krakatoa eruption of 1883. It should be noted that not every earthquake produces large tsunamis; on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.

text: Tsunamis are much more frequent in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: because of earthquakes in the "

text: Ring of Fire

text: ", and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there. Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where this earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the

text: Krakatoa

text: eruption of 1883. It should be noted that not every earthquake produces large tsunamis; on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.

text: Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface on which they  are resting. Sediment transport due to fluid motion occurs in rivers, oceans, lakes, seas, and other bodies of water due to currents and tides. Transport is also caused by glaciers as they flow, and on terrestrial surfaces under the influence of wind. Sediment transport due only to gravity can occur on sloping surfaces in general, including hillslopes, scarps, cliffs, and the continental shelf—continental slope boundary.

text: Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (

text: sediment

text: ), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the

text: fluid

text: in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are

text: clastic

text: rocks (

text: sand

text: gravel

text: boulders

text: , etc.),

text: mud

text: , or

text: clay

text: ; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface on which they  are resting. Sediment transport due to fluid motion occurs in

text: river

text: s,

text: ocean

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: sea

text: s, and other bodies of water due to

text: currents

text: and

text: tide

text: s. Transport is also caused by

text: glacier

text: s as they flow, and on terrestrial surfaces under the influence of

text: wind

text: . Sediment transport due only to gravity can occur on sloping surfaces in general, including

text: hill

text: slopes,

text: scarp

text: s,

text: cliff

text: s, and the

text: continental shelf

text: —continental slope boundary.

text: Tsunamis, originally called tidal waves, were renamed because they are not related to the tides. They are regarded as shallow-water waves, or waves in water with a depth less than 1/20 their wavelength. Tsunamis have very large periods, high speeds, and great wave heights.

text: Tsunamis, originally called tidal waves, were renamed because they are not related to the tides. They are regarded as

text: shallow-water waves

text: , or waves in water with a depth less than 1/20 their wavelength. Tsunamis have very large periods, high speeds, and great wave heights.

text: Nine of the ten largest earthquakes of the last 100 years were subduction zone events, which included the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake, which, at M 9.5, was the largest earthquake ever recorded; the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami; and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The subduction of cold oceanic crust into the mantle depresses the local geothermal gradient and causes a larger portion of Earth to deform in a more brittle fashion than it would in a normal geothermal gradient setting. Because earthquakes can occur only when a rock is deforming in a brittle fashion, subduction zones can cause large earthquakes. If such a quake causes rapid deformation of the sea floor, there is potential for tsunamis, such as the earthquake caused by subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Euro-Asian Plate on December 26, 2004 that devastated the areas around the Indian Ocean. Small tremors which cause small, nondamaging tsunamis, also occur frequently.

text: Nine of the ten largest earthquakes of the last 100 years were subduction zone events, which included the

text: 1960 Great Chilean earthquake

text: , which, at M 9.5, was the largest earthquake ever recorded; the

text: ; and the

text: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

text: . The subduction of cold oceanic crust into the mantle depresses the local

text: geothermal gradient

text: and causes a larger portion of Earth to deform in a more brittle fashion than it would in a normal geothermal gradient setting. Because earthquakes can occur only when a rock is deforming in a brittle fashion, subduction zones can cause large earthquakes. If such a quake causes rapid deformation of the sea floor, there is potential for

text: tsunami

text: s, such as the earthquake caused by subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Euro-Asian Plate on December 26, 2004 that

text: devastated the areas around the Indian Ocean

text: . Small tremors which cause small, nondamaging tsunamis, also occur frequently.

text: We are using the convention that current from the surface into the plasma is positive. An interesting and practical question is the potential of a surface to which no net current flows. It is easily seen from the above equation that

text: The semi-diurnal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day) varies in a two-week cycle. Approximately twice a month, around new moon and full moon when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a line (a condition known as syzygy), the tidal force due to the sun reinforces that due to the Moon. The tide's range is then at its maximum; this is called the spring tide. It is not named after the season, but, like that word, derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural spring.

text: The semi-diurnal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day) varies in a two-week cycle. Approximately twice a month, around

text: new moon

text: and

text: full moon

text: when the Sun, Moon, and Earth form a line (a condition known as

text: syzygy

text: ), the

text: tidal force

text: due to the sun reinforces that due to the Moon. The tide's range is then at its maximum; this is called the spring tide. It is not named after the

text: season

text: , but, like that word, derives from the meaning "jump, burst forth, rise", as in a natural

text: spring

text: The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface.  There are at least five types of upwelling: coastal upwelling, large-scale wind-driven upwelling in the ocean interior, upwelling associated with eddies, topographically-associated upwelling, and broad-diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior.

text: Spaceborne radar altimeters have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean-surface topography, the hills and valleys of the sea surface. These instruments send a microwave pulse to the ocean’s surface and time how long it takes to return. A microwave radiometer corrects any delay that may be caused by water vapor in the atmosphere. Other corrections are also required to account for the influence of electrons in the ionosphere and the dry air mass of the atmosphere. Combining these data with the precise location of the spacecraft makes it possible to determine sea-surface height to within a few centimetres (about one inch). The strength and shape of the returning signal also provides information on wind speed and the height of ocean waves. These data are used in ocean models to calculate the speed and direction of ocean currents and the amount and location of heat stored in the ocean, which, in turn, reveals global climate variations.

text: Spaceborne radar altimeters have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean-surface topography, the hills and valleys of the sea surface. These instruments send a microwave pulse to the ocean’s surface and time how long it takes to return. A

text: microwave radiometer

text: water vapor

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: ionosphere

text: and the dry air mass of the atmosphere. Combining these data with the precise location of the spacecraft makes it possible to determine sea-surface height to within a few centimetres (about one inch). The strength and shape of the returning signal also provides information on wind speed and the height of ocean waves. These data are used in ocean models to calculate the speed and direction of

text: ocean current

text: s and the amount and location of heat stored in the ocean, which, in turn, reveals global

text: climate variation

text: s.

text: Climacoporus navalis, the Fleet klipfish, is a species of clinid found in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean along the coast of South Africa where it can be found in tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL.  It is currently the only known member of its genus.

text: Climacoporus navalis, the Fleet klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: found in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: along the coast of

text: South Africa

text: where it can be found in

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: .  It is currently the only known member of its

text: genus

text: The tide components with a period near twelve hours have a lunar amplitude (earth bulge/depression distances) that are a little more than twice the height of the solar amplitudes, as tabulated below. At new and full moon, the Sun and the Moon are aligned, and the lunar and the solar tidal maxima and minima (bulges and depressions) add together for the greatest tidal range at particular latitudes. At first- and third-quarter phases of the moon, lunar and solar tides are perpendicular, and the tidal range is at a minimum. The semi-diurnal tides go through one full cycle (a high and low tide) about once every 12 hours and one full cycle of maximum height (a spring and neap tide) about once every 14 days.

text: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification. Our oceans cover approximately 71 percent of the Earth's surface and support a diverse range of ecosystems, which are home to over 50 percent of all the species on the planet. Oceans regulate climate and weather as well as providing nutrition for a vast variety of species, humans included. Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere. This process is part of the carbon cycle in which the fluxes of carbon dioxide () in Earth's atmosphere, biosphere and lithosphere are described. Humans have drastically added to the amount of carbon dioxide () in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and the process of deforestation. Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide (). As the oceans absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide () it breaks down into carbonic acid, a mild acid, this neutralizes the normally alkaline ocean water. As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining. In the research surrounding global climate change we are only just beginning to realize that our oceans can sequester a finite amount of  before we start seeing impacts on marine life that could lead to devastating losses. Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.

text: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse

text: effects of climate change

text: to be explored is that of

text: ocean acidification

text: . Our

text: oceans

text: cover approximately 71 percent of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface and support a diverse range of

text: ecosystems

text: , which are home to over 50 percent of all the

text: species

text: on the planet. Oceans regulate

text: climate

text: and

text: weather

text: as well as providing

text: nutrition

text: for a vast variety of species, humans included. Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: . This process is part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: in which the fluxes of

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: in Earth's

text: atmosphere

text: biosphere

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: are described. Humans have drastically added to the amount of

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: in the atmosphere through the burning of

text: fossil fuels

text: and the process of

text: deforestation

text: . Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess

text: anthropogenic

text: carbon dioxide

text: (). As the oceans absorb

text: anthropogenic

text: carbon dioxide

text: () it breaks down into

text: carbonic acid

text: , a mild acid, this neutralizes the normally

text: alkaline

text: ocean water. As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining. In the research surrounding global climate change we are only just beginning to realize that our oceans can sequester a finite amount of  before we start seeing impacts on marine life that could lead to devastating losses. Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from

text: extreme weather

text: patterns and

text: food scarcity

text: to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect

text: human health

text: Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes, half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth. Tidal force or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun. A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon, because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does. The Sun's effect is less powerful but, when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned at the full and new moons, the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced, causing the lower "neap tides".

text: Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes, half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth.

text: Tidal force

text: or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun. A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon, because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does. The Sun's effect is less powerful but, when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned at the

text: full

text: and

text: new moon

text: s, the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced, causing the lower "neap tides".

text: An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.  The deep seabeds are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments.  The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

text: An

text: ocean

text: is a major body of

text: saline water

text: , and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's

text: surface

text: (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a

text: continuous body of water

text: that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller

text: sea

text: s. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic

text: salinity

text: is around 35

text: parts per thousand

text: (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the

text: World Ocean

text: or global ocean.  The deep

text: seabed

text: s are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments.  The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

text: continent

text: s, various

text: archipelago

text: s, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: Indian Ocean

text: , the

text: Southern Ocean

text: and the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: The devastating Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 prompted an unprecedented response from the humanitarian sector. International relief organizations, including the UN, the Red Cross and NGO's, sprang into action, often in collaboration with new or existing partners. Within affected countries, national governments, the armed forces, corporations, social groups and citizens all responded. The resources raised for the humanitarian effort were also unprecedented.The tsunami experience demonstrated once again that a lack of back-room capacity results in front-line failures. This was particularly true for the supply chain (the process of assessing, mobilizing, transporting, tracking, warehousing and distributing supplies and relief items). Surveys performed by international organizations found that there was a severe shortage of logisticians in the field. The 2009 flood in North India also exposed our unpreparedness to meet such circumstances. ACCL is conducting various grass root level programs among the rural communities, NGO etc. to train and educate them regarding the importance to humanitarian logistics and the need for the readiness to face the challenges during such operations.

text: The devastating

text: Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004

text: prompted an unprecedented response from the humanitarian sector. International relief organizations, including the UN, the Red Cross and NGO's, sprang into action, often in collaboration with new or existing partners. Within affected countries, national governments, the armed forces, corporations, social groups and citizens all responded. The resources raised for the humanitarian effort were also unprecedented.The tsunami experience demonstrated once again that a lack of back-room capacity results in front-line failures. This was particularly true for the supply chain (the process of assessing, mobilizing, transporting, tracking, warehousing and distributing supplies and relief items). Surveys performed by international organizations found that there was a severe shortage of logisticians in the field. The

text: 2009 flood in North India

text: also exposed our unpreparedness to meet such circumstances. ACCL is conducting various grass root level programs among the rural communities, NGO etc. to train and educate them regarding the importance to

text: humanitarian logistics

text: and the need for the readiness to face the challenges during such operations.

text: Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton, along with dissolved CO (carbon dioxide) and light energy from the sun, to produce organic compounds, through the process of photosynthesis.  Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton) in comparison to other areas of the ocean. They account for about 50% of global marine productivity.  High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain.

text: Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including

text: nitrate

text: phosphate

text: and

text: silicic acid

text: , themselves the result of

text: decomposition

text: of sinking

text: organic matter

text: (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by

text: phytoplankton

text: , along with dissolved CO (

text: carbon dioxide

text: ) and light energy from the

text: sun

text: , to produce

text: organic compound

text: s, through the process of

text: photosynthesis

text: .  Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by

text: phytoplankton

text: ) in comparison to other areas of the ocean. They account for about 50% of global marine productivity.  High primary production propagates up the

text: food chain

text: because

text: phytoplankton

text: are at the base of the oceanic food chain.

text: During the summer season there is usually a large inflow of river water in the inner areas. This freshwater gets mixed with saltwater creating a layer of brackish water with a slightly higher surface than the ocean which in turn sets up a current from the river mouths towards the ocean. This current is gradually more salty towards the coast and right under the surface current there is a reverse current of saltier water from the coast. In the deeper parts of the fjord the cold water remaining from winter is still and separated from the atmosphere by the brackish top layer. Fjords with a shallow threshold this deep water is not replaced every year and low oxygen concentration makes the deep water unsuitable for fish and animals. In the most extreme cases there is a constant barrier of freshwater on the surface and the fjord freezes over such that there is no oxygen below the surface. Drammensfjorden is one example.

text: During the summer season there is usually a large inflow of river water in the inner areas. This freshwater gets mixed with saltwater creating a layer of brackish water with a slightly higher surface than the ocean which in turn sets up a current from the river mouths towards the ocean. This current is gradually more salty towards the coast and right under the surface current there is a reverse current of saltier water from the coast. In the deeper parts of the fjord the cold water remaining from winter is still and separated from the atmosphere by the brackish top layer. Fjords with a shallow threshold this deep water is not replaced every year and low oxygen concentration makes the deep water unsuitable for fish and animals. In the most extreme cases there is a constant barrier of freshwater on the surface and the fjord freezes over such that there is no oxygen below the surface.

text: Drammensfjorden

text: is one example.

text: Introduced in the Blood-Dimmed Tides World of Darkness sourcebook: Merfolk (Tritons, mermaids, mermen, the ocean's nobles and seducers) and Murdhuacha (pronounced me-ROO-cha; nucks, merrow, sea monsters). These two Kiths both begin life as Nereids (Mer children, or the "larval" stage) yet attain maturity by merging with an Apsara, a sea creature ritually bonded with the Nereid to form roughly half of the changeling's new body (usually the body's lower half and the extremities).  Nereids whose Apsarae are bony fishes, sharks, cetaceans or even oceanic reptiles evolve into merfolk; Nereids who bond with crustaceans, jellyfish, squids, octopuses, worms or other oceanic invertebrates become murdhuacha. The two Kiths are traditionally mortal enemies, but the rising tides of Banality and the human defilement of the oceans have forced merfolk and murduacha into an unsteady truce.

text: Introduced in the Blood-Dimmed Tides World of Darkness sourcebook:

text: Merfolk

text: (Tritons, mermaids, mermen, the ocean's nobles and seducers) and

text: Murdhuacha

text: (pronounced me-ROO-cha; nucks, merrow, sea monsters). These two Kiths both begin life as Nereids (Mer children, or the "larval" stage) yet attain maturity by merging with an Apsara, a sea creature ritually bonded with the Nereid to form roughly half of the changeling's new body (usually the body's lower half and the extremities).  Nereids whose Apsarae are bony fishes, sharks, cetaceans or even oceanic reptiles evolve into merfolk; Nereids who bond with crustaceans, jellyfish, squids, octopuses, worms or other oceanic invertebrates become murdhuacha. The two Kiths are traditionally mortal enemies, but the rising tides of Banality and the human defilement of the oceans have forced merfolk and murduacha into an unsteady truce.

text: Dan and his students also developed methods for measuring small, local movements of the cell surface during division. This enabled detailed, quantitative studies of the process of cell cleavage (cytokinesis). Based on this work, Dan proposed the novel idea that cell cleavage is driven directly by elongation of the mitotic spindle. That is, the spindle itself attaches to the cell surface via 'astral rays' (microtubules) and physically draws in the cleavage furrow (Dan, 1943). Subsequent work indicated that cleavage is actually driven by contraction of an actin filament network in the cortex rather than by expansion of the spindle but this idea was the forerunner of the current view of cytokinesis, in which interaction of spindle microtubules with the cell cortex determines the position of the cleavage furrow.

text: Dan and his students also developed methods for measuring small, local movements of the cell surface during division. This enabled detailed, quantitative studies of the process of cell cleavage (

text: cytokinesis

text: ). Based on this work, Dan proposed the novel idea that cell cleavage is driven directly by elongation of the

text: mitotic spindle

text: . That is, the spindle itself attaches to the cell surface via 'astral rays' (

text: microtubules

text: ) and physically draws in the

text: cleavage furrow

text: (Dan, 1943). Subsequent work indicated that cleavage is actually driven by contraction of an

text: actin

text: filament network in the cortex rather than by expansion of the spindle but this idea was the forerunner of the current view of

text: cytokinesis

text: , in which interaction of spindle

text: microtubules

text: with the cell

text: cortex

text: determines the position of the

text: cleavage furrow

text: Surface currents only affect the top few hundred meters (yards) of the sea, but there are also large-scale flows in the ocean depths caused by the movement of deep water masses. A main deep ocean current flows through all the world's oceans and is known as the thermohaline circulation or global conveyor belt. This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature. At high latitudes, the water is chilled by the low atmospheric temperature and becomes saltier as sea ice crystallizes out. Both these factors make it denser and the water sinks. From the deep sea near Greenland, such water flows southwards between the continental landmasses on either side of the Atlantic. When it reaches the Antarctic, it is joined by further masses of cold, sinking water and flows eastwards. It then splits into two streams that move northwards into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Here it is gradually warmed, becomes less dense, rises towards the surface, and loops back on itself. Some flows back into the Atlantic. It takes a thousand years for this circulation pattern to be completed.

text: Surface currents only affect the top few hundred meters (yards) of the sea, but there are also large-scale flows in the ocean depths caused by the movement of deep water masses. A main deep ocean current flows through all the world's oceans and is known as the

text: thermohaline circulation

text: or global conveyor belt. This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature. At high latitudes, the water is chilled by the low atmospheric temperature and becomes saltier as sea ice crystallizes out. Both these factors make it denser and the water sinks. From the deep sea near Greenland, such water flows southwards between the continental landmasses on either side of the Atlantic. When it reaches the Antarctic, it is joined by further masses of cold, sinking water and flows eastwards. It then splits into two streams that move northwards into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Here it is gradually warmed, becomes less dense, rises towards the surface, and loops back on itself. Some flows back into the Atlantic. It takes a thousand years for this circulation pattern to be completed.

text: In fluid dynamics, the Coriolis–Stokes force is a force in a rotating fluid due to interaction of the Coriolis effect and wave-induced Stokes drift. This force acts on water independently of the wind stress.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the Coriolis–Stokes force is a force in a rotating fluid due to interaction of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: and wave-induced

text: Stokes drift

text: . This force acts on water independently of the

text: wind stress

text: Pottuvil was affected by 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

text: Pottuvil was affected by

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: Numerous studies have addressed the geochemical signature of the lavas present on Iceland and in the north Atlantic. The resulting picture is consistent in several important respects. For instance, it is not contested that the source of the volcanism in the mantle is chemically and petrologically heterogeneous: it contains not only normal peridotite, but also eclogite — a fertile rock originating from subducted slabs — both of which contribute to the melts. The origin of the latter is assumed to be metamorphosed, very old oceanic crust which sank into the mantle several hundreds of millions of years ago during the subduction of an ocean, then upwelled from deep in the mantle.

text: Numerous studies have addressed the geochemical signature of the lavas present on Iceland and in the north Atlantic. The resulting picture is consistent in several important respects. For instance, it is not contested that the source of the volcanism in the mantle is chemically and petrologically heterogeneous: it contains not only normal

text: peridotite

text: , but also

text: eclogite

text: — a fertile rock originating from subducted slabs — both of which contribute to the melts. The origin of the latter is assumed to be metamorphosed, very old oceanic crust which sank into the mantle several hundreds of millions of years ago during the subduction of an ocean, then upwelled from deep in the mantle.

text: The tidal force is a secondary effect of the force of gravity and is responsible for the tides. It arises because the gravitational force exerted by one body on another is not constant across it: the nearest side is attracted more strongly than the farthest side. Thus, the tidal force is differential. Consider the gravitational attraction of the Moon on the oceans nearest to the Moon, the solid Earth and the oceans farthest from the Moon. There is a mutual attraction between the Moon and the solid Earth, which can be considered to act on its centre of mass. However, the near oceans are more strongly attracted and, especially since they are fluid, they approach the Moon slightly, causing a high tide. The far oceans are attracted less. The attraction on the far-side oceans could be expected to cause a low tide, but since the solid Earth is attracted (accelerated) more strongly towards the moon, there is a relative acceleration of those waters in the outwards direction. Viewing the Earth as a whole, we see that all its mass experiences a mutual attraction with that of the Moon, but the near oceans more so than the far oceans, leading to a separation of the two.

text: The tidal force is a secondary effect of the

text: force

text: of

text: gravity

text: and is responsible for the

text: tide

text: s. It arises because the gravitational force exerted by one body on another is not constant across it: the nearest side is attracted more strongly than the farthest side. Thus, the tidal force is differential. Consider the gravitational attraction of the Moon on the oceans nearest to the Moon, the solid

text: Earth

text: and the oceans farthest from the Moon. There is a mutual attraction between the Moon and the solid Earth, which can be considered to act on its centre of mass. However, the near oceans are more strongly attracted and, especially since they are fluid, they approach the Moon slightly, causing a high tide. The far oceans are attracted less. The attraction on the far-side oceans could be expected to cause a low tide, but since the solid Earth is attracted (accelerated) more strongly towards the moon, there is a relative acceleration of those waters in the outwards direction. Viewing the Earth as a whole, we see that all its mass experiences a mutual attraction with that of the Moon, but the near oceans more so than the far oceans, leading to a separation of the two.

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 8, which subsequently tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with minimal convection. The wave crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 16, at which time convection increased along the wave axis. Three days later, a weak low pressure area formed along the wave, and early on August 20 some broad cyclonic turning was evident within the cloud pattern. Gradually, banding features developed around the area of deep convection, and the system was expect to develop further as it moved into an increasingly favorable environment. Convection increased late on August 20, although it initially remained disorganized; however, the thunderstorms consolidated near the low, and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression by 1200 UTC on August 21, about 350 mi (560 km) south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: moved off the coast of Africa on August 8, which subsequently tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with minimal

text: convection

text: . The wave crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 16, at which time convection increased along the wave axis. Three days later, a weak

text: low pressure area

text: formed along the wave, and early on August 20 some broad cyclonic turning was evident within the cloud pattern. Gradually,

text: banding features

text: developed around the area of deep convection, and the system was expect to

text: develop

text: further as it moved into an increasingly favorable environment. Convection increased late on August 20, although it initially remained disorganized; however, the thunderstorms consolidated near the low, and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression by 1200

text: UTC

text: on August 21, about 350 mi (560 km) south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico.

text: After around three years production, the volume of sales was sufficient to justify a redesign of the instrument, now with a movement whose full-scale current was 6mA. The redesigned meter had 13 ranges and was constructed on a one piece phenolic moulding with the characteristic "kidney" shaped window. The back case was a deep drawn aluminium can on the back of which was a summary of the operating instructions, a feature of all future Avometers. The movement was originally protected by a short length of wire, selected to act as a fuse, soldered to supports on the back of the movement. Later versions had a calibrated, screw-in, fuse on the front panel.

text: Rossby-gravity waves are equatorially trapped waves (much like Kelvin waves), meaning that they rapidly decay as their distance increases away from the equator (along as the Brunt–Vaisala frequency does not remain constant).  These waves have the same trapping scale as Kelvin waves, more commonly known as the equatorial Rossby deformation radius.  They always carry energy eastward, but their 'crests' and 'troughs' may propagate westward if their periods are long enough.  The eastward speed of propagation of these waves can be derived for an inviscid slowly moving layer of fluid of uniform depth H.  Because the Coriolis parameter (f = 2Ω sin(θ) where Ω is the angular velocity of the earth, 7.2921 × 10 rad/s, and θ is latitude) vanishes at 0 degrees latitude (equator), the “equatorial beta plane” approximation must be made.  This approximation states that “f” is approximately equal to βy, where “y” is the distance from the equator and "β" is the variation of the coriolis parameter with latitude,

text: Rossby-gravity waves are equatorially trapped waves (much like

text: Kelvin waves

text: ), meaning that they rapidly decay as their distance increases away from the equator (along as the

text: Brunt–Vaisala frequency

text: does not remain constant).  These waves have the same trapping scale as Kelvin waves, more commonly known as the equatorial

text: Rossby deformation radius

text: .  They always carry energy eastward, but their 'crests' and 'troughs' may propagate westward if their periods are long enough.  The eastward speed of propagation of these waves can be derived for an inviscid slowly moving layer of fluid of uniform depth H.  Because the

text: Coriolis parameter

text: (f = 2Ω sin(θ) where Ω is the

text: angular velocity

text: of the earth, 7.2921 × 10 rad/s, and θ is latitude) vanishes at 0 degrees latitude (equator), the “equatorial

text: beta plane

text: ” approximation must be made.  This approximation states that “f” is approximately equal to βy, where “y” is the distance from the equator and "β" is the variation of the coriolis parameter with latitude,

text: Peristalsis is the wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs with both longitudinal and circular muscle fibers propel their contents, consisting of a wave of contraction passing along the tube. Increased peristalsis means faster movement of ingesta through the gut and less absorption of fluid, both tending to diarrhea. Reduced peristalsis means a longer alimentary sojourn, greater inspissation of ingesta and a tendency to constipation. See also peristaltic, paralytic ileus. Peristalsis,  involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions. Peristaltic waves occur in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The waves can be short, local reflexes or long, continuous contractions that travel the whole length of the organ, depending upon their location and what initiates their action.

text: The Wave is not the only movie to convert a social experiment conducted in the United States into a fictionalized plot. The Stanford prison experiment of 1971 was adopted for the 2001 production Das Experiment by Oliver Hirschbiegel, and the 2015 production directed by Kyle Patrick Alvarez, The Stanford Prison Experiment. Gansel's Wave is based on teacher Ron Jones's "Third Wave" experiment, which took place at a Californian school in 1967. Because his students did not understand how something like national socialism could even happen, he founded a totalitarian, strictly-organized "movement" with harsh punishments that was led by him autocratically. The intricate sense of community led to a wave of enthusiasm not only from his own students, but also from students from other classes who joined the program later. Jones later admitted to having enjoyed having his students as followers. To eliminate the upcoming momentum, Jones aborted the project on the fifth day and showed the students the parallels towards the Nazi youth movements.

text: The Wave is not the only movie to convert a social experiment conducted in the United States into a fictionalized plot. The

text: Stanford prison experiment

text: of 1971 was adopted for the 2001 production

text: Das Experiment

text: by Oliver Hirschbiegel, and the 2015 production directed by

text: Kyle Patrick Alvarez

text: The Stanford Prison Experiment

text: . Gansel's Wave is based on teacher Ron Jones's

text: "Third Wave" experiment

text: , which took place at a Californian school in 1967. Because his students did not understand how something like

text: national socialism

text: could even happen, he founded a

text: totalitarian

text: , strictly-organized "movement" with harsh punishments that was led by him autocratically. The intricate sense of community led to a wave of enthusiasm not only from his own students, but also from students from other classes who joined the program later. Jones later admitted to having enjoyed having his students as followers. To eliminate the upcoming momentum, Jones aborted the project on the fifth day and showed the students the parallels towards the Nazi youth movements.

text: Oceanic Rossby waves are large-scale waves within an ocean basin. They have a low amplitude, on the order of centimetres (at the surface) to metres (at the thermocline), compared to a very long wavelength, on the order of hundreds of kilometres of atmospheric Rossby waves. They may take months to cross an ocean basin. They gain momentum from wind stress at the ocean surface layer and are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in forcing, due to both the wind and buoyancy. Both barotropic and baroclinic waves cause variations of the sea surface height, although the length of the waves made them difficult to detect until the advent of satellite altimetry. Satellite observations have confirmed the existence of oceanic Rossby waves.

text: Oceanic Rossby waves are large-scale waves within an ocean basin. They have a low amplitude, on the order of centimetres (at the surface) to metres (at the thermocline), compared to a very long wavelength, on the order of hundreds of kilometres of atmospheric Rossby waves. They may take months to cross an ocean basin. They gain

text: momentum

text: from

text: wind stress

text: at the ocean surface layer and are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in

text: forcing

text: , due to both the

text: wind

text: and

text: buoyancy

text: . Both barotropic and baroclinic waves cause variations of the sea surface height, although the length of the waves made them difficult to detect until the advent of

text: satellite

text: altimetry

text: Satellite

text: observations have confirmed the existence of oceanic Rossby waves.

text: Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.  More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal (extensional) faults can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the outer trench swell) cause enough displacement to give rise to a significant tsunami, such as the 1977 Sumba and 1933 Sanriku events.

text: Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.  More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when

text: thrust fault

text: s associated with

text: convergent

text: or destructive

text: plate boundaries

text: move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on

text: normal (extensional) faults

text: can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the

text: outer trench swell

text: ) cause enough displacement to give rise to a significant tsunami, such as the

text: 1977 Sumba

text: and

text: 1933 Sanriku

text: events.

text: S. troglodytes is found in coastal regions of the north east Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is common round the coasts of Britain between the tide marks but is relatively little observed because it is well camouflaged and is often hidden in cracks, under overhangs, in rock pools, under seaweed, among mussels or half buried in sand and mud with just its tentacles projecting. In Morecambe Bay, England, it is found anchored to stones buried several inches beneath the surface of this expanse of mudflats, or sometimes not even attached at all but living freely. It can retract into a spherical form when disturbed and no longer be visible from the surface.

text: S. troglodytes is found in coastal regions of the north east

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: North Sea

text: and the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: . It is common round the coasts of Britain between the tide marks but is relatively little observed because it is well

text: camouflage

text: d and is often hidden in cracks, under overhangs, in

text: rock pools

text: , under

text: seaweed

text: , among

text: mussel

text: s or half buried in sand and mud with just its tentacles projecting. In

text: Morecambe Bay

text: England

text: , it is found anchored to stones buried several inches beneath the surface of this expanse of mudflats, or sometimes not even attached at all but living freely. It can retract into a spherical form when disturbed and no longer be visible from the surface.

text: The origins of Hurricane Linda are believed to have been in a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 24. The wave tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea without development. An area of convection developed to the west of Panama in the Pacific Ocean on September 6, which is believed to have been related to the tropical wave. The system continued westward, and within three days of entering the basin, a poorly defined circulation formed. Banding features began to develop, and at around 1200 UTC on September 9, the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. At the time, it was approximately  south of the Mexican city of Manzanillo.

text: The origins of Hurricane Linda are believed to have been in a

text: tropical wave

text: that moved off the coast of Africa on August 24. The wave tracked westward across the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and

text: Caribbean Sea

text: without

text: development

text: . An area of

text: convection

text: developed to the west of

text: Panama

text: in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: on September 6, which is believed to have been related to the tropical wave. The system continued westward, and within three days of entering the basin, a poorly defined

text: circulation

text: formed.

text: Banding features

text: began to develop, and at around 1200

text: UTC

text: on September 9, the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. At the time, it was approximately  south of the Mexican city of

text: Manzanillo

text: With this earthquake, the area along the Pacific Ocean in what is currently called the Sanriku Coast did shake strongly, but only about 4-5 on the Shindo scale. The damage from the tsunami far exceeded that from the earthquake, so this is considered to be a tsunami earthquake. Consequently, the disaster caused by earthquake is also known as the "Keicho Sanriku tsunami earthquake". It would have been very similar to the 1605 Keichō Nankaidō earthquake, a tsunami earthquake in the Nankai Trough area.

text: With this earthquake, the area along the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: in what is currently called the

text: Sanriku Coast

text: did shake strongly, but only about 4-5 on the

entity_name: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

text: Shindo scale

text: . The damage from the tsunami far exceeded that from the earthquake, so this is considered to be a

text: tsunami earthquake

text: . Consequently, the disaster caused by earthquake is also known as the "Keicho Sanriku tsunami earthquake". It would have been very similar to the

text: 1605 Keichō Nankaidō earthquake

text: , a tsunami earthquake in the

text: Nankai Trough

text: area.

text: The work is opened by a Sinfonia similar to the one of the cantata Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12, possibly the slow movement of a concerto for oboe and violin. A sighing motif, the picture of a storm of tears, and the flood image conjured by the upwelling music characterizes the dark and oppressive feeling.

text: The work is opened by a

text: Sinfonia

text: similar to the one of the cantata

text: Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen, BWV 12

text: , possibly the slow movement of a concerto for oboe and violin. A sighing

text: motif

text: , the picture of a storm of tears, and the flood image conjured by the upwelling music characterizes the dark and oppressive feeling.

text: French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir provided a Marxist solution and an existentialist view on many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe (The Second Sex) in 1949. The book expressed feminists' sense of injustice. Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second-wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality beyond suffrage, such as ending gender discrimination.

text: French philosopher

text: Simone de Beauvoir

text: provided a

text: Marxist

text: solution and an

text: existentialist

text: view on many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe (

text: The Second Sex

text: ) in 1949. The book expressed feminists' sense of injustice. Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second-wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality beyond suffrage, such as ending

text: gender discrimination

text: Clinus venustris, the Speckled klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Namibia to South Africa where it is found in the subtidal zone as well as being a denizen of tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL. and feeds primarily on amphipods, isopods, mysids, and echinoderms.

text: Clinus venustris, the Speckled klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: that occurs in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: from

text: Namibia

text: to

text: South Africa

text: where it is found in the

text: subtidal

text: zone as well as being a denizen of

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: . and feeds primarily on

text: amphipods

text: isopods

text: mysids

text: , and

text: echinoderms

text: A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter, an instrument that measures the mass flow rate and density of a fluid flowing through a tube. The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes. The vibration, though not completely circular, provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect. While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter, sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency, phase shift, and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes. The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid.

text: A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the

text: mass flow meter

text: , an instrument that measures the

text: mass flow rate

text: and

text: density

text: of a fluid flowing through a tube. The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes. The vibration, though not completely circular, provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect. While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter, sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency, phase shift, and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes. The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid.

text: “This meaning is subtle and profound. It is best illustrated in terms of the relationship between the ocean and all the waves. 1. The ocean is analogous to original reality; 2. All the water in the ocean is manifested as waves. This is analogous to original reality’s manifestation as function of ten thousand things, that is, one function and another. 3. All the waves are analogous to the innumerable functions; 4. All the waves are mutually assimilable to a whole; this is analogous to the mutual assimilation of all the functions into a whole. From the above, we can see that the metaphor of the ocean and the waves best illuminates the relation between original reality and function.”

text: Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer.  Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature.  Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "internal wave train".  Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events.  Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

text: Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or

text: sea waves

text: , because their wavelength is far longer.  Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising

text: tide

text: , and for this reason they are often referred to as

text: tidal wave

text: s, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because tsunamis are not tidal in nature.  Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with

text: period

text: s ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "

text: internal wave train

text: ".  Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events.  Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

text: was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the

text: Indian Ocean

text: Alternative forms of energy are being explored in depth in a number of unique areas. Tidal energy harnesses the movement of ocean water to generate electricity through a number of mechanisms. Currently a process of gathering tidal energy called "In-stream turbine technology" is being tested in the Minas Passage, Nova Scotia. This project is being spearheaded by the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy or FORCE.

text: The occurrence of red tides in some locations appears to be entirely natural (algal blooms are a seasonal occurrence resulting from coastal upwelling, a natural result of the movement of certain ocean currents) while in others they appear to be a result of  increased nutrient loading from human activities. The growth of marine phytoplankton is generally limited by the availability of nitrates and phosphates, which can be abundant in agricultural run-off as well as coastal upwelling zones. Coastal water pollution produced by humans and systematic increase in sea water temperature have also been implicated as contributing factors in red tides. Other factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Saharan desert are thought to play a major role in causing red tides. Some algal blooms on the Pacific coast have also been linked to occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as El Niño events. While red tides in the Gulf of Mexico have been occurring since the time of early explorers such as Cabeza de Vaca,

text: The occurrence of red tides in some locations appears to be entirely natural (algal blooms are a seasonal occurrence resulting from coastal upwelling, a natural result of the movement of certain ocean currents) while in others they appear to be a result of  increased nutrient loading from human activities. The growth of marine phytoplankton is generally limited by the availability of nitrates and phosphates, which can be abundant in agricultural run-off as well as coastal upwelling zones. Coastal

text: water pollution

text: produced by humans and systematic increase in

text: sea water temperature

text: have also been implicated as contributing factors in red tides. Other factors such as iron-rich dust influx from large desert areas such as the Saharan desert are thought to play a major role in causing red tides. Some algal blooms on the Pacific coast have also been linked to occurrences of large-scale climatic oscillations such as

text: El Niño

text: events. While red tides in the Gulf of Mexico have been occurring since the time of early explorers such as

text: Cabeza de Vaca

text: the Coriolis parameter,

text: the

text: Coriolis parameter

text: The genesis of Alvin can be attributed to a tropical wave that crossed Dakar, Africa on May 9. The wave remained poorly organized as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea through mid-May. On May 20, the disturbance crossed Central America and emerged into the eastern Pacific Ocean, where convection—shower and thunderstorm activity—gradually began to increase over the well-defined center; this led to the formation of a tropical depression by 0000 UTC on May 27, approximately 345 mi (555 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California. Following designation, the depression was slow to organize as a result of moderate easterly shear; by 0000 UTC on May 29, however, the system had gained enough organization to be considered a tropical storm. After attaining its peak intensity with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1003 mb (hPa; 29.62 inHg), increasingly stable air and higher wind shear caused Alvin to begin a weakening trend. At 0600 UTC on May 30, it weakened to a tropical depression, and by 0000 UTC on June 1, Alvin degenerated into a non-convective remnant low. The remnant low continued generally westward until dissipation six days later.

text: The genesis of Alvin can be attributed to a

text: tropical wave

text: that crossed

text: Dakar, Africa

text: on May 9. The wave remained poorly organized as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea through mid-May. On May 20, the disturbance crossed

text: Central America

text: and emerged into the eastern Pacific Ocean, where convection—shower and thunderstorm activity—gradually began to increase over the well-defined center; this led to the formation of a tropical depression by 0000 UTC on May 27, approximately 345 mi (555 km) south of the southern tip of

text: Baja California

text: . Following designation, the depression was slow to organize as a result of moderate easterly shear; by 0000 UTC on May 29, however, the system had gained enough organization to be considered a tropical storm. After attaining its peak intensity with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1003 mb (hPa; 29.62 inHg), increasingly stable air and higher wind shear caused Alvin to begin a weakening trend. At 0600 UTC on May 30, it weakened to a tropical depression, and by 0000 UTC on June 1, Alvin degenerated into a non-convective remnant low. The remnant low continued generally westward until dissipation six days later.

text: The process of reverse tidal vertical migrations begins when female crabs release larvae on a nocturnal spring high tide in an attempt to limit predation by planktivorous fishes. As the tide begins to ebb, larvae swim to the surface waters and are carried away from their site of hatching towards the ocean. When the tide reaches its low and begins to flood, larvae swim towards the bottom of the estuary, where water moves more slowly due to the boundary layer. This prevents them from being sloshed back and forth within the estuary in the surface waters. When the tide again changes back to ebb, the larvae swim to the surface waters and resume their journey to the ocean. Depending on the length of the estuary and the speed of the currents, this process can take anywhere from one tidal cycle to several days.

text: The process of reverse tidal vertical migrations begins when female crabs release larvae on a nocturnal

text: spring high tide

text: in an attempt to limit predation by planktivorous fishes. As the tide begins to ebb, larvae swim to the surface waters and are carried away from their site of hatching towards the ocean. When the tide reaches its low and begins to

text: flood

text: , larvae swim towards the bottom of the estuary, where water moves more slowly due to the

text: boundary layer

text: . This prevents them from being sloshed back and forth within the estuary in the surface waters. When the tide again changes back to ebb, the larvae swim to the surface waters and resume their journey to the ocean. Depending on the length of the estuary and the speed of the

text: currents

text: , this process can take anywhere from one tidal cycle to several days.

text: This also explains why high speed projectiles that travel west are deflected down, and those that travel east are deflected up. This vertical component of the Coriolis effect is called the Eötvös effect.

text: This also explains why high speed projectiles that travel west are deflected down, and those that travel east are deflected up. This vertical component of the Coriolis effect is called the

text: Eötvös effect

text: On 29 November 1975, a  section of the Hilina Slump dropped  and slid  toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a  tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured.

text: On 29 November 1975, a  section of the

text: Hilina Slump

text: dropped  and slid  toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a  tsunami. Oceanfront property was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured.

text: Dugongs are semi-nomadic, often travelling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life. Large numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels. Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement. Daily movement is affected by the tides. In areas where there is a large tidal range, dugongs travel with the tide in order to access shallower feeding areas. In Moreton Bay, dugongs often travel between foraging grounds inside the bay and warmer oceanic waters. At higher latitudes dugongs make seasonal travels to reach warmer water during the winter. Occasionally individual dugongs make long-distance travels over many days, and can travel over deep ocean waters. One animal was seen as far south as Sydney. Although they are marine creatures, dugongs have been known to travel up creeks, and in one case a dugong was caught  up a creek near Cooktown.

text: Dugongs are

text: semi-nomadic

text: , often travelling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire life. Large numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels. Dugong movements mostly occur within a localised area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement. Daily movement is affected by the tides. In areas where there is a large tidal range, dugongs travel with the tide in order to access shallower feeding areas. In Moreton Bay, dugongs often travel between foraging grounds inside the bay and warmer oceanic waters. At higher latitudes dugongs make seasonal travels to reach warmer water during the winter. Occasionally individual dugongs make long-distance travels over many days, and can travel over deep ocean waters. One animal was seen as far south as

text: Sydney

text: . Although they are marine creatures, dugongs have been known to travel up creeks, and in one case a dugong was caught  up a creek near

text: Cooktown

text: The dock entrance is on the east side of Barry Island, which protects it from winds from the west and southwest. Two rubble breakwaters with six ton stone blocks on the seaward side protect the entrance from winds from other directions.Given the height of the tides, the breakwaters are substantial structures,  high at the deepest part, and  wide at the base.The Barry Docks West Breakwater Light, a white cast iron tower at head of the west breakwater, was built in 1890.The tower is  high and the focal plane is  high. The light is still operational as a navigation aid. There is a  gap between the breakwaters, from which a dredged channel of  leads to the dock basin entrance.The channel has a least depth of , with a depth of  at spring tides and  at neap tides.At high-water spring tides the depth of water at the entrance to the basin is . At high-water neap tides it is .There are several moorings for yachts and small craft on the west of the tidal basin.

text: Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of mid-oceanic ridges or spreading centres.   These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the upwelling of new basaltic magma.  With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents.  Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions.   This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active.

text: Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of

text: mid-oceanic ridge

text: s or spreading centres.   These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the

text: upwelling

text: of new

text: basaltic

text: magma

text: .  With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents.  Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions.   This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active.

text: The Higher Ground Project was a worldwide campaign to celebrate the lives of children who survived the tsunami resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

text: The Higher Ground Project was a worldwide campaign to celebrate the lives of children who survived the

text: tsunami

text: resulting from the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: A subsurface current is an oceanic current that runs beneath surface currents. Examples include the Equatorial Undercurrents of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, the California Undercurrent, and the Agulhas Undercurrent, the deep thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic, and bottom gravity currents near Antarctica. The forcing mechanisms vary for these different types of subsurface currents.

text: A subsurface current is an

text: oceanic current

text: that runs beneath surface currents. Examples include the

text: Equatorial Undercurrent

text: s of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, the California Undercurrent, and the Agulhas Undercurrent, the deep thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic, and bottom gravity currents near Antarctica. The forcing mechanisms vary for these different types of subsurface currents.

text: The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the 1950 college football season. Although Alabama was the only team with a perfect record at the end of the season as Notre Dame and Michigan State tied in their meeting, they were not recognized as national champions. Keith Dunnavant suggests in his book about the 1966 season, that the continued segregation of the Alabama football team (the Crimson Tide did not integrate until Wilbur Jackson and John Mitchell made the 1971 team), as well as violent resistance by white Alabamians to the Civil Rights Movement, cost the Crimson Tide support with voters in 1966 and led to the third-place finish. The 1966 squad was retroactively recognized as national champions by Berryman and Sagarin (ELO-Chess) but Alabama does not claim either in their official national championship total.

text: The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the

text: 1950 college football season

text: . Although Alabama was the only team with a perfect record at the end of the season

entity_name: 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game

text: as Notre Dame and Michigan State tied in their meeting

text: , they were not recognized as national champions. Keith Dunnavant suggests in his book about the 1966 season, that the continued

text: segregation

text: of the Alabama football team (the Crimson Tide did not integrate until

text: Wilbur Jackson

text: and

text: John Mitchell

text: made the

text: 1971 team

text: ), as well as

text: violent

text: resistance

text: by white Alabamians to the

entity_name: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968)

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: , cost the Crimson Tide support with voters in 1966 and led to the third-place finish. The 1966 squad was retroactively recognized as national champions by Berryman and Sagarin (ELO-Chess) but Alabama does not claim either in their official national championship total.

text: The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin crust and land masses of the surface, on scales that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant. Ocean tides are a consequence of the resonance of the same driving forces with water movement periods in ocean basins accumulated over many days, so that their amplitude and timing are quite different and vary over short distances of just a few hundred km. The oscillation periods of the earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its flexing is due to the forces of the moment.

text: The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin

text: crust

text: and land masses of the surface, on scales that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant. Ocean tides are a consequence of the resonance of the same driving forces with water movement periods in

text: ocean basin

text: s accumulated over many days, so that their amplitude and timing are quite different and vary over short distances of just a few hundred km. The oscillation periods of the earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its flexing is due to the forces of the moment.

text: Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, but can also be found in lakes or in rivers in the form of a standing wave or tidal bore. However, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial wave pools.

text: Surfing is a

text: surface water sport

text: in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving

text: wave

text: , which is usually carrying the surfer towards the

text: shore

text: . Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the

text: ocean

text: , but can also be found in

text: lakes

text: or in

text: rivers

text: in the form of a

text: standing wave

text: or

text: tidal bore

text: . However, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial

text: wave pool

text: s.

text: Paraclinus is a genus of labrisomid blennies native to eastern Pacific Ocean and the western Atlantic Ocean.

text: Paraclinus is a

text: genus

text: of

text: labrisomid

text: blennies native to eastern

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and the western

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: In addition to oceanic tides, large lakes can experience small tides and even planets can experience atmospheric tides and Earth tides. These are continuum mechanical phenomena. The first two take place in fluids. The third affects the Earth's thin solid crust surrounding its semi-liquid interior (with various modifications).

text: In addition to oceanic tides, large lakes can experience small tides and even planets can experience

text: atmospheric tide

text: s and

text: Earth tide

text: s. These are

text: continuum mechanical

text: phenomena. The first two take place in

text: fluid

text: s. The third affects the Earth's thin

text: solid

text: crust surrounding its semi-liquid interior (with various modifications).

text: Ophlitaspongia papilla occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from the British Isles to the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira. It is also known from New Zealand waters. It normally occupies a zone between the average high water mark of neap tides and  below the average level low water of spring tides. It is occasionally found at slightly greater depths encrusting the shells of bivalve molluscs such as Chlamys opercularis. It tends to be found in areas with high water movement, either from currents or the action of waves, and is usually found under overhangs, on vertical walls, in crevices or on ledges.

text: Ophlitaspongia papilla occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from the British Isles to the

text: Canary Islands

text: , the

text: Azores

text: and

text: Madeira

text: . It is also known from

text: New Zealand

text: waters. It normally occupies a zone between the average high water mark of

text: neap tides

text: and  below the average level low water of

text: spring tides

text: . It is occasionally found at slightly greater depths encrusting the shells of

text: bivalve molluscs

text: such as

text: Chlamys opercularis

text: . It tends to be found in areas with high water movement, either from currents or the action of waves, and is usually found under overhangs, on vertical walls, in crevices or on ledges.

text: A multi-component and multi-directional extension of the Lagrangian description of the free-surface motion – as used in Gerstner's trochoidal wave – is used in computer graphics for the simulation of ocean waves. For the classical Gerstner wave the fluid motion exactly satisfies the nonlinear, incompressible and inviscid flow equations below the free surface. However, the extended Gerstner waves do in general not satisfy these flow equations exactly (although they satisfy them approximately, i.e. for the linearised Lagrangian description by potential flow). This description of the ocean can be programmed very efficiently by use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Moreover, the resulting ocean waves from this process look realistically, as a result of the nonlinear deformation of the free surface (due to the Lagrangian specification of the motion): sharper crests and flatter troughs.

text: A multi-component and multi-directional extension of the

entity_name: Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field

text: Lagrangian description

text: of the free-surface motion – as used in Gerstner's trochoidal wave – is used in

text: computer graphics

text: for the simulation of ocean waves. For the classical Gerstner wave the fluid motion exactly satisfies the nonlinear,

text: incompressible

text: and

text: inviscid

text: flow equations below the free surface. However, the extended Gerstner waves do in general not satisfy these flow equations exactly (although they satisfy them approximately, i.e. for the linearised Lagrangian description by

text: potential flow

text: ). This description of the ocean can be programmed very efficiently by use of the

text: fast Fourier transform

text: (FFT). Moreover, the resulting ocean waves from this process look realistically, as a result of the nonlinear deformation of the free surface (due to the Lagrangian specification of the motion): sharper

text: crest

text: s and flatter

text: trough

text: s.

text: To significantly reduce the work required to predict tides, in 1881 William Ferrel of the USCGS designed a tide-predicting machine. Fauth & Co. Instrument Makers built Tide-Predicting Machine No. 1 and delivered it in 1882. The Survey started using the machine routinely in 1883.

text: To significantly reduce the work required to predict tides, in 1881

text: William Ferrel

text: of the USCGS designed a tide-predicting machine. Fauth & Co. Instrument Makers built Tide-Predicting Machine No. 1 and delivered it in 1882. The Survey started using the machine routinely in 1883.

text: The plot of the episode is based on the story of Michael Fay, an American teenager who was caned in Singapore in 1994 for vandalizing cars. This episode perpetuated a popular myth that the Coriolis effect affects the motion of drains in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In reality, the Coriolis effect affects global weather patterns. The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it.

text: The plot of the episode is based on the story of

text: Michael Fay

text: , an American teenager who was

text: caned

text: in

text: Singapore

text: in 1994 for vandalizing cars. This episode perpetuated a

text: popular myth

text: that the Coriolis effect affects the motion of drains in the

text: Northern

text: and

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: s. In reality, the Coriolis effect affects global weather patterns. The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it.

text: At heights well above ground level there is a balance between the Coriolis effect, the local pressure gradient, and the velocity of the wind.  This is balanced flow.  Closer to the ground the air is not able to accelerate to the speed necessary for balanced flow.  Interference by the surface of the ground or water, and by obstructions such as terrain, waves, trees and buildings, cause drag on the atmosphere and prevent the air from accelerating to the speed necessary to achieve balanced flow.  As a result, the wind direction near ground level is partly parallel to the isobars in the region, and partly across the isobars in the direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

text: At heights well above ground level there is a balance between the Coriolis effect, the local pressure gradient, and the velocity of the wind.  This is

text: balanced flow

text: .  Closer to the ground the air is not able to accelerate to the speed necessary for balanced flow.  Interference by the surface of the ground or water, and by obstructions such as terrain, waves, trees and buildings, cause

text: drag

text: on the atmosphere and prevent the air from accelerating to the speed necessary to achieve balanced flow.  As a result, the wind direction near ground level is partly parallel to the isobars in the region, and partly across the isobars in the direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

text: The basic posture of Mohiniyattam is parted feet, knees bent outwards, an erect upper torso, gentle 8-shape side to side swaying of body along with hips (Ati Bhanga). The footwork is soft, sliding and synchronous with the musical beat and acting. The body movement is sometimes described in terms of calming images of nature as the swinging of the palm leaves, and the gentle undulating of ocean waves.

text: The basic posture of Mohiniyattam is parted feet, knees bent outwards, an erect upper torso, gentle 8-shape side to side swaying of body along with hips (Ati Bhanga). The footwork is soft, sliding and synchronous with the musical beat and acting. The body movement is sometimes described in terms of calming images of nature as the swinging of the

text: palm

text: leaves, and the gentle undulating of ocean waves.

text: Oceanic crust, which forms the bedrock of abyssal plains, is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges (a type of divergent boundary) by a process known as decompression melting. Plume-related decompression melting of solid mantle is responsible for creating ocean islands like the Hawaiian islands, as well as the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. This phenomenon is also the most common explanation for flood basalts and oceanic plateaus (two types of large igneous provinces). Decompression melting occurs when the upper mantle is partially melted into magma as it moves upwards under mid-ocean ridges. This upwelling magma then cools and solidifies by conduction and convection of heat to form new oceanic crust. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a tectonic plate, usually associated with seafloor spreading. The age of oceanic crust is therefore a function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge. The youngest oceanic crust is at the mid-ocean ridges, and it becomes progressively older, cooler and denser as it migrates outwards from the mid-ocean ridges as part of the process called mantle convection.

text: Oceanic crust, which forms the

text: bedrock

text: of abyssal plains, is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges (a type of

text: divergent boundary

text: ) by a process known as

text: decompression melting

text: Plume

text: -related decompression melting of solid mantle is responsible for creating ocean islands like the

text: Hawaiian islands

text: , as well as the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. This phenomenon is also the most common explanation for

text: flood basalt

text: s and

text: oceanic plateau

text: s (two types of

text: large igneous province

text: s). Decompression melting occurs when the upper

text: mantle

text: is

text: partially melted

text: into

text: magma

text: as it moves upwards under mid-ocean ridges. This upwelling magma then cools and solidifies by

text: conduction

text: and

text: convection

text: of heat to form new

text: oceanic crust

text: Accretion

text: occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a

text: tectonic plate

text: , usually associated with

text: seafloor spreading

text: . The age of oceanic crust is therefore a function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge. The youngest oceanic crust is at the mid-ocean ridges, and it becomes progressively older, cooler and denser as it migrates outwards from the mid-ocean ridges as part of the process called

text: mantle convection

text: The projections use DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) gauges spread along the sea floor, which is a fairly new technology. Initial deep sea readings showed wave height of 25 centimeters, which is huge for deep water, according to Gerard Fryer of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. He went on to say, "although it was huge, we didn't quite know what it meant because we haven't much experience with those. As we get more under our belts, we'll get better."

text: The projections use DART (

text: ) gauges spread along the sea floor, which is a fairly new technology. Initial deep sea readings showed wave height of 25 centimeters, which is huge for deep water, according to Gerard Fryer of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. He went on to say, "although it was huge, we didn't quite know what it meant because we haven't much experience with those. As we get more under our belts, we'll get better."

text: The motion of ballistics with changing latitude is not helpful to understanding the change with latitude of the observed rotation time of the pendulum. (This discussion point is different from what is stated in the reference book.) There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth. Because the plane of the pendulum swing is free to swing in relation to the rotation of the structure of the connection point, the rotation of the Earth is observable as directly related to the magnitude of the Coriolis effect. The examples show that the Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing and how this change in relationship can be interpreted at different latitudes by evaluating the surface velocity components underneath the swing of the pendulum.

text: The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole.  In a wave, the energy of a vibration is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium . However, this motion is problematic for a standing wave (for example, a wave on a string), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic (e.g., light) waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications. There are water waves on the ocean surface; gamma waves and light waves emitted by the Sun; microwaves used in microwave ovens and in radar equipment; radio waves broadcast by radio stations; and sound waves generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures (as voices), to mention only a few wave phenomena.

text: The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole.  In a wave, the

text: energy

text: of a

text: vibration

text: is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium . However, this motion is problematic for a

text: standing wave

text: (for example, a wave on a string), where

text: energy

text: is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic (e.g., light) waves in a

text: vacuum

text: , where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications. There are

text: water waves

text: on the ocean surface;

text: gamma waves

text: and

text: light waves

text: emitted by the Sun;

text: microwaves

text: used in microwave ovens and in

text: radar

text: equipment;

text: radio waves

text: broadcast by radio stations; and

text: sound waves

text: generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures (as voices), to mention only a few wave phenomena.

text: The tides at Port Darwin are macro-tidal with a maximum tidal range of 7.8 m, a mean spring range of 5.5 m and a mean neap range of 1.9 m (Padovan, 1997). The currents caused by these tides are complex and strong.

text: In 1948, Henry Stommel published a paper in Transactions, American Geophysical Union titled "The Westward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents",  in which he used a simple, homogeneous, rectangular ocean model to examine the streamlines and surface height contours for an ocean at a non-rotating frame, an ocean characterized by a constant Coriolis parameter and finally, a real-case ocean basin with a latitudinally-varying Coriolis parameter. In this simple, modeling setting, the principal factors that were accounted for influencing the oceanic circulation were surface wind stress, bottom friction, a variable surface height leading to horizontal pressure gradients, and finally, the Coriolis effect.

text: In 1948, Henry Stommel published a paper in

text: Transactions, American Geophysical Union

text: titled "The Westward Intensification of Wind-Driven Ocean Currents",  in which he used a simple, homogeneous, rectangular ocean model to examine the streamlines and surface height contours for an ocean at a non-rotating frame, an ocean characterized by a constant Coriolis parameter and finally, a real-case ocean basin with a latitudinally-varying Coriolis parameter. In this simple, modeling setting, the principal factors that were accounted for influencing the oceanic circulation were surface wind stress, bottom friction, a variable surface height leading to horizontal pressure gradients, and finally, the

text: Coriolis effect

text: A consequence of the Coriolis effect, Ekman theory explains that oceanic flow at the surface is directed at 45 degrees to the right of the wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere.  Thus, winds blowing from the southwest result in eastward currents, while winds blowing from the northeast result in westward currents.

text: A consequence of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: Ekman theory

text: explains that oceanic flow at the surface is directed at 45 degrees to the right of the wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere.  Thus, winds blowing from the southwest result in eastward currents, while winds blowing from the northeast result in westward currents.

text: The Spanish anti-austerity movement, also known as the 15-M Movement or Indignants Movement, born on the eve of the 2011 municipal and regional elections, had resulted in an increase of street protests and demonstrations calling for a more democratic governmental system, a halt to spending cuts and tax increases and an overall rejection of Spain's two-party system formed by the People's Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). After the PP's arrival to government and its subsequent breach of electoral promises as well as the emergence of corruption cases, protests intensified. Social mobilization channeled through various protest actions, such as Surround the Congress ("Rodea el Congreso"), the so-called Citizen Tides ("Mareas Ciudadanas") or the Marches for Dignity ("Marchas de la Dignidad").

text: The

text: Spanish anti-austerity movement

text: , also known as the 15-M Movement or Indignants Movement, born on the eve of the

text: 2011 municipal

text: and

text: regional

text: elections, had resulted in an increase of street protests and demonstrations calling for a more democratic governmental system, a halt to spending cuts and tax increases and an overall rejection of Spain's

text: two-party system

text: formed by the

text: People's Party

text: (PP) and the

text: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

text: (PSOE). After the PP's arrival to government and its subsequent breach of electoral promises as well as the emergence of corruption cases, protests intensified. Social mobilization channeled through various protest actions, such as Surround the Congress ("Rodea el Congreso"), the so-called Citizen Tides ("Mareas Ciudadanas") or the Marches for Dignity ("Marchas de la Dignidad").

text: Several factors need to be considered in determine the ocean's response to tidal forcing.  These include loading effects and interactions with the solid Earth as the ocean mass is redistributed by the tides, and self-gravitation effects of the ocean on itself.  However the most important is the dynamical response of the ocean to the tidal forcing, conveniently expressed in terms of Laplace's tidal equations.  Because of their long periods surface gravity waves cannot be easily excited and so the long period tides were long assumed to be nearly in equilibrium with the forcing in which case the tide heights should be proportional to the disturbing potential and the induced currents should be very weak.  Thus it came as a surprise when in 1967 Carl Wunsch published the tide heights for two constituents in the tropical Pacific with distinctly nonequilibrium tides.  More recently there has been confirmation from satellite sea level measurements of the nonequilibrium nature of the lunar fortnightly tide (GARY D. EGBERT and RICHARD D. RAY, 2003: Deviation of Long-Period Tides from Equilibrium: Kinematics and Geostrophy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 822-839), for example in the tropical Atlantic. Similar calculations for the lunar monthly tide show that this lower frequency constituent is closer to equilibrium than the fortnightly.

text: The strategy of this particular species is unusual, because the tides are very unpredictable in this environment. The higher and lower semidiurnal tides vary in amplitude, and during neap tide, one or both high tides each day are not high enough to reach the grounds where the snails feed. The snails start climbing when the shoreline is still dozens of meters away and an hour or two before the water floods their feeding grounds. They invariably stop at a point twenty to seventy centimeters above the future water level and wait there for the tide. If the incoming high tide is too low to reach their feeding grounds, they remain on the ground until an hour before the next high tide will be high enough (especially the animals that live further inland where the shore is a bit higher and therefore more seldom flooded).

text: The strategy of this particular species is unusual, because the tides are very unpredictable in this environment. The higher and lower semidiurnal tides vary in amplitude, and during

text: neap tide

text: , one or both high tides each day are not high enough to reach the grounds where the snails feed. The snails start climbing when the shoreline is still dozens of meters away and an hour or two before the water floods their feeding grounds. They invariably stop at a point twenty to seventy centimeters above the future water level and wait there for the tide. If the incoming high tide is too low to reach their feeding grounds, they remain on the ground until an hour before the next high tide will be high enough (especially the animals that live further inland where the shore is a bit higher and therefore more seldom flooded).

text: This article lists notable historical tsunamis, which are sorted by the date and location that the tsunami occurred.

text: This article lists notable historical tsunamis, which are sorted by the date and location that the

text: tsunami

text: occurred.

text: A tropical wave exited the western coast of Africa on September 26, quickly spawning an area of low pressure. Upon the formation of the low, the wave split into two pieces and a second area of low pressure developed along the southern portion of the wave as it traveled west. The northern low quickly developed, spawning Tropical Depression Fourteen on September 28. The southern low attached to the wave failed to develop and moved away from the intensifying tropical depression. It continued through the Atlantic, entering the Pacific Ocean, after crossing Central America, on October 8. A broad area of low pressure accompanied by showers and thunderstorms developed along the wave around 275 miles (440 kilometres) south of Acapulco, Mexico. However, the low remained disorganized because of strong upper-level winds. On October 13, the low became better organized due to a relaxation in the shear. The low developed enough convection late on October 14 to be declared Tropical Depression Fifteen-E while located about 435 mi (705 km) southwest of Colima, Mexico.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: exited the western coast of Africa on September 26, quickly spawning an

text: area of low pressure

text: . Upon the formation of the low, the wave split into two pieces and a second area of low pressure developed along the southern portion of the wave as it traveled west. The northern low quickly developed, spawning

text: Tropical Depression Fourteen

text: on September 28. The southern low attached to the wave failed to develop and moved away from the intensifying

text: tropical depression

text: . It continued through the

text: Atlantic

text: , entering the Pacific Ocean, after crossing

text: Central America

text: , on October 8. A broad area of low pressure accompanied by showers and thunderstorms developed along the wave around 275 miles (440 kilometres) south of

text: Acapulco, Mexico

text: . However, the low remained disorganized because of strong

text: upper-level winds

text: . On October 13, the low became better organized due to a relaxation in the shear. The low developed enough

text: convection

text: late on October 14 to be declared Tropical Depression Fifteen-E while located about 435 mi (705 km) southwest of

text: Colima, Mexico

text: Organic matter that is deposited in marine sediments contains a key indicator as to its source and the processes it underwent before reaching the floor as well as after deposition, its carbon to nitrogen ratio. In the global oceans, freshly produced algae in the surface ocean typically have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 4 to 10. However, it has been observed that only 10% of this organic matter (algae) produced in the surface ocean sinks to the deep ocean without being degraded by bacteria in transit, and only about 1% is permanently buried in the sediment. An important process called sediment diagenesis accounts for the other 9% of organic carbon that sank to the deep ocean floor, but was not permanently buried, that is 9% of the total organic carbon produced is degraded in the deep ocean.  The microbial communities utilizing the sinking organic carbon as an energy source are partial to nitrogen-rich compounds because much of these bacterium are nitrogen-limited and much prefer it over carbon. As a result, the carbon to nitrogen ratio of sinking organic carbon in the deep ocean is elevated compared to fresh surface ocean organic matter that had not been degraded. An exponential increase in C/N ratios is observed with increasing water depth—with C/N ratios reaching 10 at intermediate water depths of about 1000 meters, and up to 15 in the deep ocean (~ >2500 meters). This elevated C/N signature is preserved in the sediment, until another form of diagenesis, post-depositional diagenesis, alters its C/N signature once again. Post-depositional diagenesis occurs in organic-carbon-poor marine sediments where bacteria are able to oxidize organic matter in aerobic conditions as an energy source. The oxidation reaction proceeds as follows: CHO + HO → CO + 4H + 4e, with a standard free energy of –27.4 kJ mol (half reaction). Once all of the oxygen is used up, bacteria are able to carry out an anoxic sequence of chemical reactions as an energy source, all with negative ∆G°r values, with the reaction becoming less favorable as the chain of reactions proceeds.

text: Organic matter that is deposited in marine sediments contains a key indicator as to its source and the processes it underwent before reaching the floor as well as after deposition, its carbon to nitrogen ratio. In the global oceans, freshly produced algae in the surface ocean typically have a carbon to nitrogen ratio of about 4 to 10. However, it has been observed that only 10% of this organic matter (algae) produced in the surface ocean sinks to the deep ocean without being degraded by bacteria in transit, and only about 1% is permanently buried in the sediment. An important process called sediment

text: diagenesis

text: At the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT) site, which lies at the southernmost point of the Bay where it meets the Atlantic Ocean near Norfolk, Virginia and the capes of Charles and Henry, there is a distinct semi-diurnal tide throughout the lunar month, with small amplitude modulations during spring (new/full moon) vs. neap (one/three quarter moon) tidal periods.  The main forcing of the CBBT tides are typical, semi-diurnal ocean tides that the East Coast of the United States experiences.

text: At the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT) site, which lies at the southernmost point of the Bay where it meets the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: near

text: Norfolk, Virginia

text: and the capes of

text: Charles

text: and

text: Henry

text: , there is a distinct semi-diurnal tide throughout the lunar month, with small amplitude modulations during spring (new/full moon) vs. neap (one/three quarter moon) tidal periods.  The main forcing of the CBBT tides are typical, semi-diurnal ocean tides that the East Coast of the United States experiences.

text: Aside from common ball mills there is a second type of ball mill called a planetary ball mill. Planetary ball mills are smaller than common ball mills and mainly used in laboratories for grinding sample material down to very small sizes. A planetary ball mill consists of at least one grinding jar which is arranged eccentrically on a so-called sun wheel. The direction of movement of the sun wheel is opposite to that of the grinding jars (ratio: 1:-2 or 1:-1 or else).The grinding balls in the grinding jars are subjected to superimposed rotational movements, the so-called Coriolis forces. The difference in speeds between the balls and grinding jars produces an interaction between frictional and impact forces, which releases high dynamic energies. The interplay between these forces produces the high and very effective degree of size reduction of the planetary ball mill.

text: Efference copy relates to Coriolis effect in a manner that allows for learning and correction of errors experienced from self-generated Coriolis forces. During trunk rotational movements there is a learned CNS anticipation of Coriolis effects, mediated by generation of an appropriate efference copy that can be compared to re-afferent information.

text: Efference copy relates to

text: Coriolis effect

text: in a manner that allows for learning and correction of errors experienced from self-generated Coriolis forces. During trunk rotational movements there is a learned CNS anticipation of Coriolis effects, mediated by generation of an appropriate efference copy that can be compared to re-afferent information.

text: The Tidewater region  is a geographic area of southeast Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, part of the Atlantic coastal plain. Portions of Maryland facing the Chesapeake Bay are also given this designation. The area gains its name because of the effects of the changing tides on local rivers, sounds, and the ocean. The area is generally flat and low and composed of tidal marsh and large expanses of swamp. Much of the area is covered with poquoson and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands. Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean. The Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be in the tidewater.  Extreme Southern Maryland and parts of the lower Eastern Shore round out the northern fringe of the region on the Chesapeake Bay.

text: The Tidewater region  is a geographic area of southeast

text: Virginia

text: and northeastern

text: North Carolina

text: , part of the

text: Atlantic coastal plain

text: . Portions of

text: Maryland

text: facing the

text: Chesapeake Bay

text: are also given this designation. The area gains its name because of the effects of the changing

text: tides

text: on local

text: rivers

text: sounds

text: , and the

text: ocean

text: . The area is generally flat and low and composed of

text: tidal marsh

text: and large expanses of

text: swamp

text: . Much of the area is covered with

text: poquoson

text: and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands. Geographically, in

text: North Carolina

text: and

text: Virginia

text: the tidewater area is the land between the

text: Suffolk Scarp

text: and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . The

text: Hampton Roads

text: area of Virginia is considered to be in the tidewater.  Extreme

text: Southern Maryland

text: and parts of the lower

text: Eastern Shore

text: round out the northern fringe of the region on the Chesapeake Bay.

text: The  in the atmosphere transfers to the ocean by dissolving in the surface water as carbonate and bicarbonate ions; at the same time the carbonate ions in the water are returning to the air as . This exchange process brings from the atmosphere into the surface waters of the ocean, but the  thus introduced takes a long time to percolate through the entire volume of the ocean. The deepest parts of the ocean mix very slowly with the surface waters, and the mixing is known to be uneven. The main mechanism that brings deep water to the surface is upwelling. Upwelling is more common in regions closer to the equator; it is also influenced by other factors such as the topography of the local ocean bottom and coastlines, the climate, and wind patterns. Overall, the mixing of deep and surface waters takes far longer than the mixing of atmospheric  with the surface waters, and as a result water from some deep ocean areas has an apparent radiocarbon age of several thousand years. Upwelling mixes this "old" water with the surface water, giving the surface water an apparent age of about several hundred years (after correcting for fractionation). This effect is not uniform—the average effect is about 440 years, but there are local deviations of several hundred years for areas that are geographically close to each other. The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old. These marine reservoir effects vary over time as well as geographically; for example, there is evidence that during the Younger Dryas, a period of cold climatic conditions about 12,000 years ago, the apparent difference between the age of surface water and the contemporary atmosphere increased from between 400 and 600 years to about 900 years until the climate warmed again.

text: Younger Dryas

text: , a period of cold climatic conditions about 12,000 years ago, the apparent difference between the age of surface water and the contemporary atmosphere increased from between 400 and 600 years to about 900 years until the climate warmed again.

text: Air naturally moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, due to the pressure gradient force.  As soon as the air starts to move, however, the Coriolis "force" deflects it.  The deflection is to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere.  As the air moves from the high-pressure area, its speed increases, and so does its Coriolis deflection.  The deflection increases until the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are in geostrophic balance: at this point, the air flow is no longer moving from high to low pressure, but instead moves along an isobar. (Note that this explanation assumes that the atmosphere starts in a geostrophically unbalanced state and describes how such a state would evolve into a balanced flow. In practice, the flow is nearly always balanced.) The geostrophic balance helps to explain why, in the northern hemisphere, low-pressure systems (or cyclones) spin counterclockwise and high-pressure systems (or anticyclones) spin clockwise, and the opposite in the southern hemisphere.

text: Air

text: naturally moves from areas of high

text: pressure

text: to areas of low pressure, due to the

text: pressure gradient

text: force.  As soon as the air starts to move, however, the

text: Coriolis "force"

text: deflects it.  The

text: deflection

text: is to the right in the

text: northern hemisphere

text: , and to the left in the

text: southern hemisphere

text: .  As the air moves from the high-pressure area, its speed increases, and so does its Coriolis deflection.  The deflection increases until the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces are in geostrophic balance: at this point, the air flow is no longer moving from high to low pressure, but instead moves along an

text: isobar

text: . (Note that this explanation assumes that the atmosphere starts in a geostrophically unbalanced state and describes how such a state would evolve into a balanced flow. In practice, the flow is nearly always balanced.) The geostrophic balance helps to explain why, in the northern hemisphere,

text: low-pressure system

text: s (or

text: cyclone

text: s) spin counterclockwise and

text: high-pressure systems

text: (or

text: anticyclone

text: s) spin clockwise, and the opposite in the southern hemisphere.

text: The term "tide" has cognates in other Germanic languages, including Dutch (tijd) and German (Zeit). In German, one word for the tides of the sea (Gezeiten) is based on the root Zeit, indicating a relationship between these two words that is no longer present to the same degree in English (German also has 'tide', pl. 'tieden' which is a homonym to 'Gezeiten'). The Anglo Saxon word 'tyd', from which the 'tide' is derived, means 'seasons' in a general sense.

text: Gerndt has gone through a divorce with his wife My, and they have two children together. Gerndt is very popular among fans of his former teams in Helsingborg as well as Gävle. He has talked about his big interest of tattoos and he has said it's like an obsession. "Once you’ve started, you can’t stop; you are always looking for what the next tattoo project can be." Gerndt was also a survivor of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

text: Gerndt has gone through a divorce with his wife My, and they have two children together. Gerndt is very popular among fans of his former teams in

text: Helsingborg

text: as well as

text: Gävle

text: . He has talked about his big interest of tattoos and he has said it's like an obsession. "Once you’ve started, you can’t stop; you are always looking for what the next tattoo project can be." Gerndt was also a survivor of the

text: In certain high latitude regions (such as the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and the Southern Ocean) the surface waters are actually colder than the deep waters and the halocline is responsible for maintaining water column stability- isolating the surface waters from the deep waters. In these regions, the halocline is important in allowing for the formation of sea ice, and limiting the escape of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Haloclines are also found in fjords, and poorly mixed estuaries where fresh water is deposited at the ocean surface.

text: In certain high latitude regions (such as the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: Bering Sea

text: , and the

text: Southern Ocean

text: ) the surface waters are actually colder than the deep waters and the halocline is responsible for maintaining water column stability- isolating the surface waters from the deep waters. In these regions, the halocline is important in allowing for the formation of sea ice, and limiting the escape of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Haloclines are also found in fjords, and poorly mixed estuaries where fresh water is deposited at the ocean surface.

text: Boyces Bridge railway station was a station in Norfolk on the Wisbech and Upwell Tramway commonly known as the Upwell Tramway. It was located north of Outwell. It was opened in 1883 along with the rest of the line, and closed to passengers in 1928 and goods in 1966.

text: Boyces Bridge railway station was a station in

text: Norfolk

text: on the

text: Wisbech and Upwell Tramway

text: commonly known as the Upwell Tramway. It was located north of

text: Outwell

text: . It was opened in 1883 along with the rest of the line, and closed to passengers in 1928 and goods in 1966.

text: Upwelling occurs both along coastlines and in midocean when a collision of deep ocean currents brings cold water rich in nutrients to the surface. These upwellings support blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn produce zooplankton and support many of the world's main fisheries. If the upwelling fails then fisheries in the area fail.

text: Upwelling

text: occurs both along coastlines and in midocean when a collision of deep

text: ocean current

text: s brings cold water rich in nutrients to the surface. These upwellings support blooms of phytoplankton, which in turn produce zooplankton and support many of the world's main fisheries. If the upwelling fails then fisheries in the area fail.

text: In 2011, Neptune Wave Power received a grant from Oregon Wave Energy Trust Commercialization Grant Program.  The company held US Patent 8046108 (System and method for converting ocean wave energy into electricity) and US Patent 8004104 (Method and apparatus for converting ocean wave energy into electricity).

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the coriolis effect. As a result, large-scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise-turning gyres. These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the

text: coriolis effect

text: . As a result, large-scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form

text: clockwise

text: -turning

text: gyres

text: . These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the

text: North Atlantic

text: and

text: North Pacific

text: oceans.

text: Branchiostoma lanceolatum is found in shallow seas in the north-east Atlantic Ocean, from Norway, Scotland as well as further south to the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Its range has expanded through the Suez Canal to the northerly parts of the Indian Ocean and the coasts of East Africa. It burrows in soft substrates such as sand, gravel and shell fragments and is quite particular as to the size of the particles. It occurs from the low tide mark down to about 40 metres (130 ft).

text: Branchiostoma lanceolatum is found in shallow seas in the north-east

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , from

text: Norway

text: Scotland

text: as well as further south to the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: and the

text: Black Sea

text: . Its

text: range has expanded

text: through the

text: Suez Canal

text: to the northerly parts of the

text: Indian Ocean

text: and the coasts of

text: East Africa

text: . It burrows in soft substrates such as sand, gravel and shell fragments and is quite particular as to the size of the particles. It occurs from the low tide mark down to about 40 metres (130 ft).

text: Maldivian communities were first introduced to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 which brought unprecedented devastation to the countries of the region including the Maldives.

text: Maldivian communities were first introduced to the

entity_name: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

text: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

text: in the aftermath of the

text: Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004

text: which brought unprecedented devastation to the countries of the region including the Maldives.

text: Within 10 minutes by boat lies the Koster fjord, a 247 meter deep fissure fault between the Koster Islands and the mainland. It is in deep-water contact with the remaining Skagerrak, the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean beyond, leading to oceanic salinity, 35 ‰, in the bottom water. This is the only true oceanic environment in Sweden, with the highest number of marine species in Sweden. Between 5000 and 10000 species are to be found in the Skagerrak, and more than 200 of them do not occur elsewhere in Swedish waters. For instance, cold water reefs of stony corals could be found.

text: Within 10 minutes by boat lies the Koster fjord, a 247 meter deep fissure fault between the Koster Islands and the mainland. It is in deep-water contact with the remaining

text: Skagerrak

text: , the

text: North Sea

text: and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: beyond, leading to oceanic salinity, 35 ‰, in the bottom water. This is the only true oceanic environment in Sweden, with the highest number of marine species in Sweden. Between 5000 and 10000 species are to be found in the Skagerrak, and more than 200 of them do not occur elsewhere in Swedish waters. For instance, cold water reefs of stony corals could be found.

text: Waves are usually described by variations in some parameter through space and time—for example, height in a water wave, pressure in a sound wave, or the electromagnetic field in a light wave. The value of this parameter is called the amplitude of the wave, and the wave itself is a function specifying the amplitude at each point.

text: Waves are usually described by variations in some parameter through space and time—for example, height in a water wave,

text: pressure

text: in a sound wave, or the

text: electromagnetic field

text: in a light wave. The value of this parameter is called the

text: amplitude

text: of the wave, and the wave itself is a

text: function

text: specifying the amplitude at each point.

text: With a narrower shelf, there is still a resonance but it has less effect at tidal frequencies.  However the effect is still enough to partly explain why tides along a coast lying behind a continental shelf are often higher than at offshore islands in the deep ocean.  Resonances also generate strong tidal currents and it is the turbulence caused by the currents which is responsible for the large amount of tidal energy dissipated in such regions.

text: Tidal movements of water creates zonation patterns along rocky shores from high to low-tide. The area above the high-tide mark is the supralittoral zone which is virtually a terrestrial environment. The area around the high-tide mark is known as the intertidal fringe. Between the high and low-tide marks is the intertidal or littoral zone. Below the low-tide mark is the sublittoral or subtidal zone.The presence and abundance of different animals and algae vary in different zones along the rocky shore due to differing adaptations to the varying levels of exposure to sun and desiccation along the rocky shore.

text: Many criminals dispose of bodies in a river, hoping that the body is carried away. However, this method will most likely lead to a quick detection of the body, because the body gets entangled at the side of the river, or stopped at a dam, or is simply seen floating by others. A disposal in large lakes or oceans is more likely to hide the body, but a decomposing body can develop a strong positive buoyancy due to the decomposing gases being trapped underneath the skin. This may bring the body up to the surface, or at least increase the movement across the ocean floor due to wave actions. Many bodies have washed up at the shore. Bodies have also been discovered in the nets or lines of fishermen, and occasionally, bodies are also discovered by divers.

text: In connection with earthquakes, syzygy refers to the idea that the combined tidal effects of the sun and moon – either directly as earth tides in the crust itself, or indirectly by hydrostatic loading due to ocean tides – should be able to trigger earthquakes in rock that is already stressed to the point of fracturing, and therefore  more earthquakes should occur at times of maximal tidal stress, such as at the new and full moons.  Indeed, recent work has concluded that "large earthquakes are more probable during periods of high tidal stress".

text: In connection with earthquakes,

text: syzygy

text: refers to the idea that the combined tidal effects of the sun and moon – either directly as

text: earth tide

text: s in the crust itself, or indirectly by

text: hydrostatic loading

text: due to

text: ocean tides

text: – should be able to trigger earthquakes in rock that is already

text: stressed

text: to the point of fracturing, and therefore  more earthquakes should occur at times of maximal

text: tidal stress

text: , such as at the new and full moons.  Indeed, recent work has concluded that "large earthquakes are more probable during periods of high tidal stress".

text: A Sverdrup wave is a wave in the ocean (especially infinite open ocean), which is affected by gravity and Earth's rotation (see Coriolis effect)

text: A Sverdrup wave is a wave in the ocean (especially infinite open ocean), which is affected by gravity and Earth's rotation (see

text: Coriolis effect

text: Besides gyres, there are temporary surface currents that occur under specific conditions. When waves meet a shore at an angle, a longshore current is created as water is pushed along parallel to the coastline. The water swirls up onto the beach at right angles to the approaching waves but drains away straight down the slope under the effect of gravity. The larger the breaking waves, the longer the beach, and the more oblique the wave's approach, the stronger the longshore current is. These currents can shift great volumes of sand or pebbles, create spits, and make beaches disappear and water channels silt up. A rip current can occur when water piles up near the shore from advancing waves and is funnelled out to sea through a channel in the seabed. It may occur at a gap in a sandbar or near a man-made structure such as a groyne. These strong currents can have a velocity of , can form at different places at different stages of the tide, and can carry away unwary swimmers. Temporary upwelling currents occur when the wind pushes water away from the land and deeper water rises to replace it. This cold water is often rich in nutrients and creates blooms of phytoplankton and a great increase in the productivity of the sea.

text: Besides gyres, there are temporary surface currents that occur under specific conditions. When waves meet a shore at an angle, a

text: longshore current

text: is created as water is pushed along parallel to the coastline. The water swirls up onto the beach at right angles to the approaching waves but drains away straight down the slope under the effect of gravity. The larger the breaking waves, the longer the beach, and the more oblique the wave's approach, the stronger the longshore current is. These currents can shift great volumes of sand or pebbles, create

text: spits

text: , and make beaches disappear and water channels silt up. A

text: rip current

text: can occur when water piles up near the shore from advancing waves and is funnelled out to sea through a channel in the seabed. It may occur at a gap in a

text: sandbar

text: or near a man-made structure such as a

text: groyne

text: . These strong currents can have a velocity of , can form at different places at different stages of the tide, and can carry away unwary swimmers. Temporary upwelling currents occur when the wind pushes water away from the land and deeper water rises to replace it. This cold water is often rich in nutrients and creates blooms of phytoplankton and a great increase in the productivity of the sea.

text: Wind blowing over the surface of the sea causes friction at the interface between air and sea. Not only does this cause waves to form but it also makes the surface seawater move in the same direction as the wind. Although winds are variable, in any one place they predominantly blow from a single direction and thus a surface current can be formed. Westerly winds are most frequent in the mid-latitudes while easterlies dominate the tropics. When water moves in this way, other water flows in to fill the gap and a circular movement of surface currents known as a gyre is formed. There are five main gyres in the world's oceans: two in the Pacific, two in the Atlantic, and one in the Indian Ocean. The North Atlantic gyre that produces the Sargasso Sea accumulates salinity levels as high as 38‰. Other smaller gyres are found in lesser seas and a single gyre flows around Antarctica. These gyres have followed the same routes for millennia, guided by the topography of the land, the wind direction, and the Coriolis effect. The surface currents flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The water moving away from the equator is warm, while that flowing towards it has lost most of its heat. These currents tend to moderate the Earth's climate, cooling the equatorial region, and warming regions at higher latitudes. Global climate and weather forecasts are powerfully affected by the world ocean, so global climate modelling makes use of ocean circulation models as well as models of other major components such as the atmosphere, land surfaces, aerosols, and sea ice. Ocean models make use of a branch of physics, geophysical fluid dynamics, that describes the large-scale flow of fluids such as seawater.

text: Wind blowing over the surface of the sea causes

text: friction

text: at the interface between air and sea. Not only does this cause waves to form but it also makes the surface seawater move in the same direction as the wind. Although winds are variable, in any one place they predominantly blow from a single direction and thus a surface current can be formed. Westerly winds are most frequent in the mid-latitudes while easterlies dominate the tropics. When water moves in this way, other water flows in to fill the gap and a circular movement of surface currents known as a

text: gyre

text: is formed. There are five main gyres in the world's oceans: two in the Pacific, two in the Atlantic, and one in the Indian Ocean. The North Atlantic gyre that produces the

text: Sargasso Sea

text: accumulates salinity levels as high as 38‰. Other smaller gyres are found in lesser seas and a single gyre flows around

text: Antarctica

text: . These gyres have followed the same routes for millennia, guided by the

text: topography

text: of the land, the wind direction, and the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . The surface currents flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The water moving away from the equator is warm, while that flowing towards it has lost most of its heat. These currents tend to moderate the Earth's climate, cooling the equatorial region, and warming regions at higher latitudes. Global climate and

text: weather forecasts

text: are powerfully affected by the world ocean, so

text: global climate model

text: ling makes use of

text: ocean circulation models

text: as well as models of other major components such as the

text: atmosphere

text: , land surfaces, aerosols, and sea ice. Ocean models make use of a branch of physics,

text: geophysical fluid dynamics

text: , that describes the large-scale flow of fluids such as seawater.

text: During spring tide, when the tidal range is around 6.6 m, the turbid zone covers an area of more than 45,000 km making it one of the largest perennially turbid zones of the world's oceans. During neap tide, with tidal range of 2.98 m, the highly turbid zone coverage drops to 15,000 km. The edge of the highly turbid zone migrates back-and-forth in-sync with every tidal cycle by nearly 150 km.

text: Lisiecki's current research focuses on paleoclimatology. Lisiecki's research interest in paleoclimatology arose from the lack of research and current understanding of the glacial cycles.  Lisiecki uses various computational and mathematical methods to interpret and compare different paleoclimate records. In specific, she focuses on the evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene climate due to its relation to the Milankovitch forcing, 100-kyr glacial cycles, the carbon cycle, and deep-ocean circulation. Currently, Lisiecki designs and develops software for rendering age models and stratigraphy. As well, Lisiecki is creating 3D models of ocean circulation to determine the relationship between orbital forcing and ocean circulation patterns and account for time-variant uncertainties.

text: Lisiecki's current research focuses on

text: paleoclimatology

text: . Lisiecki's research interest in paleoclimatology arose from the lack of research and current understanding of the glacial cycles.  Lisiecki uses various computational and mathematical methods to interpret and compare different paleoclimate records. In specific, she focuses on the evolution of the

text: Plio-Pleistocene

text: climate due to its relation to the Milankovitch forcing, 100-kyr glacial cycles, the carbon cycle, and deep-ocean circulation. Currently, Lisiecki designs and develops software for rendering age models and

text: stratigraphy

text: . As well, Lisiecki is creating 3D models of ocean circulation to determine the relationship between orbital forcing and ocean circulation patterns and account for time-variant uncertainties.

text: Infragravity waves are ocean surface gravity waves generated by ocean waves of shorter periods. The amplitude of infragravity waves is most important in shallow water, in particular along coastlines hit by high amplitude and long period wind waves and ocean swells. Wind waves and ocean swells are shorter, with typical dominant periods of 1 to 25 s. In contrast, the dominant period of infragravity waves is typically 80 to 300 s, which is close to the typical periods of tsunamis, with which they share similar propagation properties including very fast celerities in deep water. As a result, infragravity waves differ from normal oceanic gravity waves, which are created by wind acting on the surface of the sea, and are slower than the generating wind.

text: Infragravity waves are ocean surface

text: gravity wave

text: s generated by ocean waves of shorter periods. The amplitude of infragravity waves is most important in shallow water, in particular along coastlines hit by high amplitude and long period wind waves and

text: ocean swells

text: . Wind waves and

text: ocean swells

text: are shorter, with typical dominant periods of 1 to 25 s. In contrast, the dominant period of infragravity waves is typically 80 to 300 s, which is close to the typical periods of

text: tsunami

text: s, with which they share similar propagation properties including very fast

text: celerities

text: in deep water. As a result, infragravity waves differ from normal oceanic

text: gravity wave

text: s, which are created by wind acting on the surface of the sea, and are slower than the generating wind.

text: A further complication for Cook Strait's flow pattern is that the tide at the north side (e.g. at Nelson) follows the common bi-weekly spring–neap tide cycle (as found along the west side of the country), but the south side's tidal pattern has only one cycle per month, as on the east side: Wellington, and Napier.

text: A further complication for Cook Strait's flow pattern is that the tide at the north side (e.g. at

text: Nelson

text: ) follows the common bi-weekly spring–neap tide cycle (as found along the west side of the country), but the south side's tidal pattern has only one cycle per month, as on the east side:

text: Wellington

text: , and

text: Napier

text: As a chamber musician, he has collaborated with violinists Pierre Amoyal, Cho-Liang Lin, Robert McDuffie, Kam Ning and Qian Zhou, violist Nobuko Imai, cellist Qin Li Wei, the T'ang Quartet, the St. Lawrence Quartet, the Australian String Quartet, and in duo-piano concerts with Thomas Hecht. In January 2005, he and the T'ang Quartet played together in a fund-raising concert at Victoria Concert Hall, Concert for Hope, to aid the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

text: As a chamber musician, he has collaborated with violinists

text: Pierre Amoyal

text: Cho-Liang Lin

text: Robert McDuffie

text: Kam Ning

text: and Qian Zhou, violist

text: Nobuko Imai

text: , cellist Qin Li Wei, the

text: T'ang Quartet

text: , the

text: St. Lawrence Quartet

text: , the

text: Australian String Quartet

text: , and in duo-piano concerts with Thomas Hecht. In January 2005, he and the

text: T'ang Quartet

text: played together in a fund-raising concert at

text: Victoria Concert Hall

text: , Concert for Hope, to aid the victims of the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

text: The Western Cape is also climatologically diverse, with many distinct micro- and macroclimates created by the varied topography and the influence the surrounding ocean currents. These are the warm Agulhas Current which flows southwards along South Africa's east coast, and the cold Benguela Current which is an upwelling current from the depths of the South Atlantic Ocean along South Africa's west coast. Thus climatic statistics can vary greatly over short distances. Most of the province is considered to have a Mediterranean climate with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Both the Great Karoo and Little Karoo, in the interior, have an arid to semi-arid climate with cold, frosty winters and hot summers with occasional thunderstorms. The Garden Route and the Overberg on the south coast have a maritime climate with cool, moist winters and mild, moist summers. Mossel Bay in the Garden Route is considered to have the second mildest climate worldwide after Hawaii.

text: The Western Cape is also climatologically diverse, with many distinct micro- and macroclimates created by the varied topography and the influence the surrounding ocean currents. These are the warm

text: Agulhas Current

text: which flows southwards along South Africa's east coast, and the cold

text: Benguela Current

text: which is an upwelling current from the depths of the

text: South Atlantic Ocean

text: along South Africa's west coast. Thus climatic statistics can vary greatly over short distances. Most of the province is considered to have a

text: Mediterranean climate

text: with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Both the

text: Great Karoo and Little Karoo

text: , in the interior, have an

text: arid

text: to

text: semi-arid

text: climate with cold, frosty winters and hot summers with occasional

text: thunderstorms

text: . The

text: Garden Route

text: and the

text: Overberg

text: on the south coast have a maritime climate with cool, moist winters and mild, moist summers.

text: Mossel Bay

text: in the Garden Route is considered to have the second mildest climate worldwide after Hawaii.

text: Knowledge of surface ocean currents is essential in reducing costs of shipping, since traveling with them reduces fuel costs. In the wind powered sailing-ship era, knowledge of wind patterns and ocean currents was even more essential. A good example of this is the Agulhas Current, which long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. In recent times, around-the-world sailing competitors make good use of surface currents to build and maintain speed. Ocean currents are also very important in the dispersal of many life forms. An example is the life-cycle of the European Eel.

text: Knowledge of surface ocean currents is essential in reducing costs of shipping, since traveling with them reduces fuel costs. In the wind powered sailing-ship era, knowledge of wind patterns and ocean currents was even more essential. A good example of this is the

text: Agulhas Current

text: , which long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. In recent times, around-the-world sailing competitors make good use of surface currents to build and maintain speed. Ocean currents are also very important in the dispersal of many life forms. An example is the

text: life-cycle of the European Eel

text: Ocean bottom seismography studies of the Ryukyu trench provide insight into the P-wave velocity structure of the area. In the northern part of the trench, several transects have been studied, including a profile of the back arc region parallel to the trench, a transect spanning the trench, fore arc and back arc region, and a transect spanning the Ryukyu volcanic arc. The transect perpendicular to the length of the trench images many distinct velocity layers. The sedimentary wedge created by subduction has four distinct layers with p-wave velocities of 1.8 km/s, 2.8-2.9 km/s, 3.5 km/s, and 4.5–5 km/s. In the area of this transect, the wedge reaches a thickness of 9 km at 50 km from the trench. Beneath the wedge are several seismic layers within the oceanic crust.

text: Ocean bottom seismography

text: studies of the Ryukyu trench provide insight into the

text: P-wave

text: velocity structure of the area. In the northern part of the trench, several transects have been studied, including a profile of the back arc region parallel to the trench, a transect spanning the trench, fore arc and back arc region, and a transect spanning the Ryukyu volcanic arc. The transect perpendicular to the length of the trench images many distinct velocity layers. The sedimentary wedge created by subduction has four distinct layers with p-wave velocities of 1.8 km/s, 2.8-2.9 km/s, 3.5 km/s, and 4.5–5 km/s. In the area of this transect, the wedge reaches a thickness of 9 km at 50 km from the trench. Beneath the wedge are several seismic layers within the oceanic crust.

text: In 1770 James Cook's barque HMS Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef.  Attempts were made to refloat her on the following tide which failed, but the tide after that lifted her clear with ease.  Whilst she was being repaired in the mouth of the Endeavour River Cook observed the tides over a period of seven weeks.  At neap tides both tides in a day were similar, but at springs the tides rose  in the morning but  in the evening.

text: In 1770

text: James Cook

text: 's

text: barque

text: HMS Endeavour

text: grounded on the

text: Great Barrier Reef

text: .  Attempts were made to refloat her on the following tide which failed, but the tide after that lifted her clear with ease.  Whilst she was being repaired in the mouth of the

text: Endeavour River

text: Cook observed the tides over a period of seven weeks.  At neap tides both tides in a day were similar, but at springs the tides rose  in the morning but  in the evening.

text: In the southeast Atlantic Ocean the current retroflects (turns back on itself) in the Agulhas Retroflection due to shear interactions with the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current, also known as the "West Wind Drift" despite referring to the ocean current rather than to the surface winds.  This water becomes the Agulhas Return Current, rejoining the Indian Ocean Gyre. It is estimated that up to 85 Sv (Sv) of the net transport is returned to the Indian Ocean through the retroflection.  The remaining water is transported into the South Atlantic Gyre in the Agulhas Leakage.  Along with direct branch currents, this leakage takes place in surface water filaments, and Agulhas Eddies.

text: In the southeast

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: the current

text: retroflect

text: s (turns back on itself) in the

text: Agulhas Retroflection

text: due to shear interactions with the strong

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: , also known as the "

text: West Wind Drift

text: " despite referring to the ocean current rather than to the surface winds.  This water becomes the Agulhas Return Current, rejoining the

text: Indian Ocean Gyre

text: . It is estimated that up to 85 Sv (Sv) of the net transport is returned to the

text: Indian Ocean

text: South Atlantic Gyre

text: Compositions entirely or predominantly in septuple meter are less common. The last movement, "Precipitato", of the Piano Sonata No. 7 by the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev, which is in , and Sensemayá, for orchestra, by the Mexican Silvestre Revueltas (predominantly in , with occasional interruptions in  time and a brief 7-bar interlude at rehearsal 23 of  ( + )) are particularly well-known instances. Béla Bartók sometimes adopted septuple dance rhythms from the folk music of Eastern Europe, as in "Bulgarian Rhythm (1)" and the second of the "Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm", nos. 113 and 149 from Mikrokosmos, both of which are in . Other examples from the middle of the century include the  third movement, "Très Animé", of the Fantasia, for saxophone, 3 horns, and string orchestra (1948), by Heitor Villa-Lobos, "In the First Pentatonic Minor Mode (En el 1er modo pentáfono menor)", no. 5 from 12 American Preludes for piano by Alberto Ginastera, in , and "Old Joe Has Gone Fishing" by Benjamin Britten (from the 1945 opera Peter Grimes), which is written in , with the beats grouped as both 3+2+2 and 2+2+2+1 in a round, so that they interact to portray the rhythm of the ocean waves.

text: Compositions entirely or predominantly in septuple meter are less common. The last movement, "Precipitato", of the Piano Sonata No. 7 by the Russian composer

text: Sergei Prokofiev

text: , which is in , and

text: Sensemayá

text: , for orchestra, by the Mexican

text: Silvestre Revueltas

text: (predominantly in , with occasional interruptions in  time and a brief 7-bar interlude at rehearsal 23 of  ( + )) are particularly well-known instances.

text: Béla Bartók

text: sometimes adopted septuple dance rhythms from the folk music of Eastern Europe, as in "Bulgarian Rhythm (1)" and the second of the "Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm", nos. 113 and 149 from Mikrokosmos, both of which are in . Other examples from the middle of the century include the  third movement, "Très Animé", of the Fantasia, for saxophone, 3 horns, and string orchestra (1948), by

text: Heitor Villa-Lobos

text: , "In the First Pentatonic Minor Mode (En el 1er modo pentáfono menor)", no. 5 from 12 American Preludes for piano by

text: Alberto Ginastera

text: , in , and "Old Joe Has Gone Fishing" by

text: Benjamin Britten

text: (from the 1945 opera Peter Grimes), which is written in , with the beats grouped as both 3+2+2 and 2+2+2+1 in a

text: round

text: , so that they interact to portray the rhythm of the ocean waves.

text: When there is accelerated motion due to a force being exerted there is manifestation of inertia. If an electric car designed to recharge its battery system when decelerating is switched to braking, the batteries are recharged, illustrating the physical strength of manifestation of inertia. However, the manifestation of inertia does not prevent acceleration (or deceleration), for manifestation of inertia occurs in response to change in velocity due to a force. Seen from the perspective of a rotating frame of reference the manifestation of inertia appears to exert a force (either in centrifugal direction, or in a direction orthogonal to an object's motion, the Coriolis effect).

text: When there is accelerated motion due to a force being exerted there is manifestation of inertia. If an electric car designed to recharge its battery system when decelerating is switched to braking, the batteries are recharged, illustrating the physical strength of manifestation of inertia. However, the manifestation of inertia does not prevent acceleration (or deceleration), for manifestation of inertia occurs in response to change in velocity due to a force. Seen from the perspective of a rotating frame of reference the manifestation of inertia appears to exert a force (either in

text: centrifugal

text: direction, or in a direction orthogonal to an object's motion, the

text: Coriolis effect

text: Thus acknowledgement of the existence of rogue waves (despite the fact that they cannot plausibly be explained by even state-of-the-art wave statistics) is a very modern scientific paradigm. It is now well accepted that rogue waves are a common phenomenon. Professor Akhmediev of the Australian National University, one of the world's leading researchers in this field, has stated that there are about 10 rogue waves in the world's oceans at any moment. Some researchers have speculated that approximately three of every 10,000 waves on the oceans achieve rogue status, yet in certain spots—like coastal inlets and river mouths—these extreme waves can make up three out of every 1,000 waves because wave energy can be focussed.

text: Thus acknowledgement of the existence of rogue waves (despite the fact that they cannot plausibly be explained by even state-of-the-art wave statistics) is a very modern scientific paradigm. It is now well accepted that rogue waves are a common phenomenon. Professor Akhmediev of the

text: Australian National University

text: , one of the world's leading researchers in this field, has stated that there are about 10 rogue waves in the world's oceans at any moment. Some researchers have speculated that approximately three of every 10,000 waves on the oceans achieve rogue status, yet in certain spots—like coastal inlets and river mouths—these extreme waves can make up three out of every 1,000 waves because wave energy can be focussed.

text: Analog tide clocks are most accurate for use on the Atlantic coasts of America and Europe.  This is because along the Atlantic coastline the moon controls the tides predictably, ebbing and flowing on a regular (12- to 13-hour) schedule.  However, in other parts of the world such as along the Pacific Coast, tides can be irregular. The Pacific Ocean is so vast that the moon cannot control the entire ocean at once.  The result is that parts of the Pacific Coast can have 3 high tides a day.  Similarly, there are areas in the world like the Gulf of Mexico or the South China Sea that have only one high tide a day. Mechanical tide clocks used on the Pacific Coast must be adjusted frequently, often as much as weekly, and are not useful in diurnal areas (those with one tide per day).

text: , the Coriolis term

text: , the Coriolis term

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref name="Bender">{{cite journal|author=Leslie C. Bender|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|page=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: spectral wave transport equation

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: , energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and

text: resonance

text: between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref name="Bender">{{cite journal|author=Leslie C. Bender|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=

text: |date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|page=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: It wasn't until the latter half of the 18th century that the modern "fictitious force" understanding of the centrifugal force as a pseudo-force artifact of rotating reference frames took shape. In a 1746 memoir by Daniel Bernoulli, "the idea that the centrifugal force is fictitious emerges unmistakably." Bernoulli, in seeking to describe the motion of an object relative to an arbitrary point, showed that the magnitude of the centrifugal force depended on which arbitrary point was chosen to measure circular motion about. Later in the 18th century Joseph Louis Lagrange in his Mécanique Analytique explicitly stated that the centrifugal force depends on the rotation of a system of perpendicular axes. In 1835, Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis analyzed arbitrary motion in rotating systems, specifically in relation to waterwheels. He coined the phrase "compound centrifugal force" for a term which bore a similar mathematical expression to that of centrifugal force, albeit that it was multiplied by a factor of two.  The force in question was perpendicular to both the velocity of an object relative to a rotating frame of reference and the axis of rotation of the frame. Compound centrifugal force eventually came to be known as the Coriolis Force.

text: It wasn't until the latter half of the 18th century that the modern "

text: fictitious force

text: " understanding of the centrifugal force as a pseudo-force artifact of rotating reference frames took shape. In a 1746

text: memoir

text: by

text: Daniel Bernoulli

text: , "the idea that the centrifugal force is fictitious emerges unmistakably." Bernoulli, in seeking to describe the motion of an object relative to an arbitrary point, showed that the magnitude of the centrifugal force depended on which arbitrary point was chosen to measure circular motion about. Later in the 18th century

text: Joseph Louis Lagrange

text: in his Mécanique Analytique explicitly stated that the centrifugal force depends on the rotation of a system of

text: perpendicular

text: axes

text: . In 1835,

text: Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis

text: analyzed arbitrary motion in rotating systems, specifically in relation to waterwheels. He coined the phrase "compound centrifugal force" for a term which bore a similar mathematical expression to that of centrifugal force, albeit that it was multiplied by a factor of two.  The force in question was perpendicular to both the

text: velocity

text: of an object relative to a rotating frame of reference and the

text: axis of rotation

text: of the frame. Compound centrifugal force eventually came to be known as the

text: Coriolis Force

text: The reworked crust can be attributed to the burial, most likely through subduction, of hydrated materials, such as basalt, that were formed in the Hadean. Additionally, the source for tested rock samples came from a mantle depleted in titanium and niobium and enriched in lead, strontium, barium, rubidium, and light rare earth elements, which, taken together, are indicative of arc-related basalts.  The diorites found in the area are high in magnesium and REE (rare earth elements), which suggest further that the rocks were formed from a mixture of the mantle and remelted basaltic crust.  Overall, the presence of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorites, as well as the iron present for the  banded iron formations (BIFs), are determined to have been caused by hydrothermal alteration at high temperatures.  BIFs are typically found in intra-oceanic, arc or forearc settings, which are associated with convergent boundaries. The intrusions were formed when upwelling asthenosphere partially melted thick overlying oceanic crust.  It is thought that the melting and reworking of oceanic crust formed the early Archean continental crust. In addition, the eclogite residues, formed by the partial melting of the oceanic crust, subsequently became a part of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. By using uranium-lead dating on zircons, scientists were able to determine that the process of creating the Isua Greenstone Belt took approximately 300 million years.

text: The reworked crust can be attributed to the burial, most likely through

text: subduction

text: , of hydrated materials, such as

text: basalt

text: , that were formed in the

text: Hadean

text: . Additionally, the source for tested rock samples came from a

text: mantle

text: depleted in

text: titanium

text: and

text: niobium

text: and enriched in

text: lead

text: strontium

text: barium

text: rubidium

text: , and light

text: rare earth element

text: s, which, taken together, are indicative of arc-related

text: basalt

text: s.  The

text: diorite

text: s found in the area are high in magnesium and REE (

text: rare earth elements

text: ), which suggest further that the rocks were formed from a mixture of the mantle and remelted basaltic crust.  Overall, the presence of

text: tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite

text: s, as well as the iron present for the

text: banded iron formation

text: s (BIFs), are determined to have been caused by hydrothermal alteration at high temperatures.  BIFs are typically found in intra-oceanic, arc or

text: forearc

text: settings, which are associated with

text: convergent boundaries

text: . The intrusions were formed when upwelling

text: asthenosphere

text: partially melted thick overlying

text: oceanic crust

text: .  It is thought that the melting and reworking of oceanic crust formed the early

text: Archean

text: continental crust

text: . In addition, the

text: eclogite

text: residues, formed by the

text: partial melting

text: of the oceanic crust, subsequently became a part of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. By using

text: uranium-lead dating

text: on

text: zircon

text: s, scientists were able to determine that the process of creating the Isua Greenstone Belt took approximately 300 million years.

text: Air-surface and surface-surface battles are held on boards representing a small patch of open ocean.  Unit deployments are made at the start of each battle.

text: The water at Ocean Beach is noteworthy for its strong currents and waves, which makes it popular among serious surfers. The water is cold, due in part to a process known as upwelling, in which frigid water from below the ocean surface rises to replace the surface water that moves away from the beach as a result of the Coriolis effect. The rapid rip currents and cold water make the ocean dangerous for casual swimmers and even those who simply want to set foot in it, and swimmers have been swept away and drowned. Nevertheless, the beach is one of the Bay Area's top surfing spots. The southern portion of the beach by Sloat Boulevard is one of the cleanest in the state.

text: The water at Ocean Beach is noteworthy for its strong currents and waves, which makes it popular among serious surfers. The water is cold, due in part to a process known as

text: upwelling

text: , in which frigid water from below the ocean surface rises to replace the surface water that moves away from the beach as a result of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . The rapid

text: rip current

text: s and cold water make the ocean dangerous for casual swimmers and even those who simply want to set foot in it, and swimmers have been swept away and drowned. Nevertheless, the beach is one of the

text: Bay Area

text: 's top

text: surfing

text: spots. The southern portion of the beach by Sloat Boulevard is one of the cleanest in the state.

text: Each of the four official class governments (Sophomore and Junior Steering Committees and the Freshman and Senior Senates) makes significant annual donations to various philanthropic causes throughout the community, state, country, and world. Every year since 2001, the Senior Senate has fully funded the construction of a house in conjunction with Habitat for Humanity of Lake County, Illinois, a non-profit organization that fights homelessness and substandard housing. Recently the campaign was 10 houses in 10 years and the class of 2010 fulfilled that goal. New Trier is the only school so far to build 10 houses with Habitat. Many fund raisers contribute to this and various other causes over the course of the academic year. The New Trier Tsunami Relief Committee donated more than $18,000 to relief organizations to save people that were affected by the tsunami and also helped victims of the Indian Ocean Tsunami in December 2004.

text: Each of the four official class governments (Sophomore and Junior Steering Committees and the Freshman and Senior Senates) makes significant annual donations to various philanthropic causes throughout the community, state, country, and world. Every year since 2001, the Senior Senate has fully funded the construction of a house in conjunction with

text: Habitat for Humanity

text: of

text: Lake County, Illinois

text: , a

text: non-profit organization

text: that fights

text: homelessness

text: and substandard housing. Recently the campaign was 10 houses in 10 years and the class of 2010 fulfilled that goal. New Trier is the only school so far to build 10 houses with Habitat. Many fund raisers contribute to this and various other causes over the course of the academic year. The New Trier Tsunami Relief Committee donated more than $18,000 to relief organizations to save people that were affected by the tsunami and also helped victims of the

text: Indian Ocean Tsunami

text: in December 2004.

text: Sperm whales act as agents of iron fertilisation when they transport iron from the deep ocean to the surface during prey consumption and defecation. Sperm whales have been shown to increase the levels of primary production and carbon export to the deep ocean by depositing iron rich faeces into surface waters of the Southern Ocean. The iron rich faeces causes phytoplankton to grow and take up more carbon from the atmosphere. When the phytoplankton dies, it sinks to the deep ocean and takes the atmospheric carbon with it. By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year.

text: Perhaps the most important impact of the Coriolis effect is in the large-scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary. In accommodation of that provisional postulation, the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are introduced. Their relative importance is determined by the applicable Rossby numbers. Tornadoes have high Rossby numbers, so, while tornado-associated centrifugal forces are quite substantial, Coriolis forces associated with tornadoes are for practical purposes negligible.

text: Perhaps the most important impact of the Coriolis effect is in the large-scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. In meteorology and

text: oceanography

text: , it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary. In accommodation of that provisional postulation, the

text: centrifugal

text: and Coriolis forces are introduced. Their relative importance is determined by the applicable

text: Rossby numbers

text: Tornado

text: es have high Rossby numbers, so, while tornado-associated centrifugal forces are quite substantial, Coriolis forces associated with tornadoes are for practical purposes negligible.

text: In psychophysical perception, the Coriolis effect is the misperception of body orientation and induced nausea due to the Coriolis force (also referred to as the Coriolis illusion). The Coriolis effect is a concern for pilots, where it can cause extreme disorientation.

text: In

text: psychophysical perception

text: , the Coriolis effect is the misperception of body orientation and induced nausea due to the

text: Coriolis force

text: (also referred to as the Coriolis illusion). The Coriolis effect is a concern for pilots, where it can cause extreme disorientation.

text: Coastal areas can be significantly flooded as the result of tsunami waves  Tsunamis are waves which propagate through the ocean as the result of the displacement of a significant body of water through earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and glacier calvings. There is also evidence to suggest that significant tsunami have been caused in the past by meteor impact into the ocean. Tsunami waves are so destructive due to the velocity of the approaching waves, the height of the waves when they reach land and the debris the water entrains as it flows over land can cause further damage.

text: Coastal areas can be significantly flooded as the result of

text: tsunami

text: waves

text: Tsunamis

text: are waves which propagate through the

text: ocean

text: as the result of the displacement of a significant body of water through

text: earthquakes

text: landslides

text: volcanic eruptions

text: and

text: glacier

text: calvings. There is also evidence to suggest that significant tsunami have been caused in the past by

text: meteor

text: impact into the ocean. Tsunami waves are so destructive due to the velocity of the approaching waves, the height of the waves when they reach land and the

text: debris

text: the water entrains as it flows over land can cause further damage.

text: In deserts, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide evaporative cooling can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a thermal low.  Monsoon circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats quicker than the surrounding nearby ocean.  This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.  Similar rainfall is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation.  In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.  Monsoons are similar to sea and land breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale also stronger and seasonal.

text: In

text: desert

text: s, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide

text: evaporative cooling

text: can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a thermal low.

text: Monsoon

text: circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats quicker than the surrounding nearby ocean.  This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.  Similar

text: rainfall

text: is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces

text: condensation

text: .  In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.  Monsoons are similar to

text: sea and land breezes

text: , a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale also stronger and seasonal.

text: Sudden stratospheric warming events are associated with weaker polar vortices. This warming of stratospheric air can reverse the circulation in the Arctic Polar Vortex from counter-clockwise to clockwise. These changes aloft force changes in the troposphere below. An example of an effect on the troposphere is the change in speed of the Atlantic Ocean circulation pattern. A soft spot just south of Greenland is where the initial step of downwelling occurs, nicknamed the "Achilles Heel of the North Atlantic". Small amounts of heating or cooling traveling from the polar vortex can trigger or delay downwelling, altering the Gulf Stream Current of the Atlantic, and the speed of other ocean currents. Since all other oceans depend on the Atlantic Ocean's movement of heat energy, climates across the planet can be dramatically affected. The weakening or strengthening of the polar vortex can alter the sea circulation more than a mile beneath the waves. Strengthening storm systems within the troposphere that cool the poles, intensify the polar vortex. La Niña–related climate anomalies significantly strengthen the polar vortex.  Intensification of the polar vortex produces changes in relative humidity as downward intrusions of dry, stratospheric air enter the vortex core. With a strengthening  of the vortex comes a longwave cooling due to a decrease in water vapor concentration near the vortex. The decreased water content is a result of a lower tropopause within the vortex, which places dry stratospheric air above moist tropospheric air. Instability is caused when the vortex tube, the line of concentrated vorticity, is displaced. When this occurs, the vortex rings become more unstable and prone to shifting by planetary waves.The planetary wave activity in both hemispheres varies year-to-year, producing a corresponding response in the strength and temperature of the polar vortex. The number of waves around the perimeter of the vortex are related to the core size; as the vortex core  decreases, the number of waves increase.

text: Sudden stratospheric warming

text: events are associated with weaker polar vortices. This warming of stratospheric air can reverse the circulation in the Arctic Polar Vortex from counter-clockwise to clockwise. These changes aloft force changes in the troposphere below. An example of an effect on the troposphere is the change in speed of the Atlantic Ocean circulation pattern. A soft spot just south of Greenland is where the initial step of

text: downwelling

text: occurs, nicknamed the "Achilles Heel of the North Atlantic". Small amounts of heating or cooling traveling from the polar vortex can trigger or delay

text: downwelling

text: , altering the

text: Gulf Stream Current

text: of the Atlantic, and the speed of other ocean currents. Since all other oceans depend on the Atlantic Ocean's movement of heat energy, climates across the planet can be dramatically affected. The weakening or strengthening of the polar vortex can alter the sea circulation more than a mile beneath the waves. Strengthening storm systems within the troposphere that cool the poles, intensify the polar vortex.

text: La Niña

text: –related climate anomalies significantly strengthen the polar vortex.  Intensification of the polar vortex produces changes in relative humidity as downward intrusions of dry, stratospheric air enter the vortex core. With a strengthening  of the vortex comes a longwave cooling due to a decrease in water vapor concentration near the vortex. The decreased water content is a result of a lower

text: tropopause

text: within the vortex, which places dry stratospheric air above moist tropospheric air. Instability is caused when the vortex tube, the line of concentrated

text: vorticity

text: , is displaced. When this occurs, the vortex rings become more unstable and prone to shifting by planetary waves.The planetary wave activity in both hemispheres varies year-to-year, producing a corresponding response in the strength and temperature of the polar vortex. The number of waves around the perimeter of the vortex are related to the core size; as the vortex core  decreases, the number of waves increase.

text: All these dense water masses sinking into the ocean basins displace the older deep water masses were made less dense by ocean mixing. To maintain a balance, water must be rising elsewhere. However, because this thermohaline upwelling is so widespread and diffuse, its speeds are very slow even compared to the movement of the bottom water masses. It is therefore difficult to measure where upwelling occurs using current speeds, given all the other wind-driven processes going on in the surface ocean. Deep waters have their own chemical signature, formed from the breakdown of particulate matter falling into them over the course of their long journey at depth. A number of scientists have tried to use these tracers to infer where the upwelling occurs.

text: The largest internal tides are generated at steep, midocean topography such as the Hawaiian Ridge, Tahiti, the Macquarie Ridge, and submarine ridges in the Luzon Strait.Continental slopes such as the Australian North West Shelf also generate large internal tides.These internal tide may propagate onshore and dissipate much like surface waves.  Or internal tides may propagate away from the topography into the open ocean.  For tall, steep, midocean topography, such as the Hawaiian Ridge, it is estimated that about 85% of the energy in the internal tide propagates away into the deep ocean with about 15% of its energy being lost within about 50 km of the generation site.  The lost energy contributes to turbulence and mixing near the generation sites.It is not clear where the energy that leaves the generation site is dissipated, but there are 3 possible processes: 1) the internal tides scatter and/or break at distant midocean topography, 2) interactions with other internal waves remove energy from the internal tide, or 3) the internal tides shoal and break on continental shelves.

text: The dates of spring tides and neap tides, approximately seven days apart, can be determined by the heights of the tides on the classic tide tables: a small range indicates neaps and large indicates springs.

text: The dates of

text: spring tide

text: s and

text: neap tide

text: s, approximately seven days apart, can be determined by the heights of the tides on the classic tide tables: a small range indicates neaps and large indicates springs.

text: In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene. Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.

text: In the visual arts, the

text: Hudson River School

text: was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European

text: naturalism

text: . The realist paintings of

text: Thomas Eakins

text: are now widely celebrated. The 1913

text: Armory Show

text: in New York City, an exhibition of European

text: modernist art

text: , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.

text: Georgia O'Keeffe

text: Marsden Hartley

text: , and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the

text: abstract expressionism

text: of

text: Jackson Pollock

text: and

text: Willem de Kooning

text: and the

text: pop art

text: of

text: Andy Warhol

text: and

text: Roy Lichtenstein

text: developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then

text: postmodernism

text: has brought fame to American architects such as

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Philip Johnson

text: , and

text: Frank Gehry

text: The Tanzimât (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Tanẓīmāt), literally meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The Tanzimât reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements from within and aggressive powers from outside of the state. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire.

text: The Tanzimât (

text: Ottoman Turkish

text: : تنظيمات, Tanẓīmāt), literally meaning reorganization of the

text: Ottoman Empire

text: First Constitutional Era

text: in 1876. The Tanzimât reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against

text: nationalist

text: movements from within and aggressive powers from outside of the state. The reforms encouraged

text: Ottomanism

text: Harriotta species can be found in the deep waters of continental slopes around 380 to 2,600 m deep in the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. It is also known to be found in the Indian Ocean off of southern Australia. They are also common in the northern Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and southwest Pacific Oceans.

text: Snow began falling during the predawn hours of the 7th and became heavy at times during the morning.  Blizzard conditions developed during the afternoon and evening as strong northeast winds developed around the intensifying low pressure.  During the afternoon hours, precipitation in far southern New Jersey changed to sleet and freezing rain as the low brought in warm air at mid-levels, but remained all snow across the rest of the state.  During the evening and overnight hours the snow mixed with sleet as far north as central sections of the state as the low center approached the state from the south.  A lull developed in the precipitation in the pre-dawn hours of the 8th as the low center was just off the New Jersey coast, but wraparound moisture brought another period of snow to the state as the low pulled away during the later morning and early afternoon hours of the 8th.  Accumulations averaged 24 to 27 inches in Sussex County, 20 to 27 inches in Warren County, 23 to 28 inches in Morris County, generally 20 to 30 inches in Bergen, Passaic, Union, Hudson, Essex, Hunterdon, Somerset, Mercer, and Monmouth counties, 19 to 32 inches in Middlesex County, 18 to 31 inches in Burlington County, 16 to 24 inches in Salem, Gloucester, and Camden counties, 24 inches inland and 10 to 14 inches at the coast in Ocean County, and 10 to 18 inches in Cumberland, Atlantic, and Cape May counties.  In addition to the heavy snow, wind gusts reached hurricane force along the coast during the evening of the 7th, with an 81 mph gust recorded in Ocean Grove.  While accumulations were lighter along the shore, the strong northeasterly flow produced moderate coastal flooding at the time of high tide on the evening of the 7th, with tides 3 to 4 feet above normal.  The tide reached 7.5 feet above mean low water in Atlantic County and 8.5 feet above mean low water in Cape May County.  Fortunately, winds switched to the northwest before worse flooding could occur at high tide on the morning of the 8th.

text: Immediately before the 2004 tsunami struck the Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal, the ocean water off Mahabalipuram’s coast pulled back approximately 500 meters.  Tourists and residents who witnessed this event from the beach recalled seeing a long, straight row of large rocks emerge from the water (Subramanian).  As the tsunami rushed to shore, these stones were covered again by water.  However, centuries’ worth of sediment that had covered them was gone.  The tsunami also made some immediate, lasting changes to the coastline, which left a few previously covered statues and small structures uncovered on the shore.

text: Immediately before the 2004 tsunami struck the

text: Indian Ocean

text: , including the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: , the ocean water off Mahabalipuram’s coast pulled back approximately 500 meters.  Tourists and residents who witnessed this event from the beach recalled seeing a long, straight row of large rocks emerge from the water (Subramanian).  As the tsunami rushed to shore, these stones were covered again by water.  However, centuries’ worth of sediment that had covered them was gone.  The tsunami also made some immediate, lasting changes to the coastline, which left a few previously covered statues and small structures uncovered on the shore.

text: McCave uses monitoring points in the North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean to study how the Earth’s meridional heat flux is distributed by warm surface-ocean currents and cold deep-ocean currents.

text: McCave uses monitoring points in the

text: North Atlantic Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and

text: Indian Ocean

text: to study how the Earth’s meridional heat flux is distributed by warm surface-ocean currents and cold deep-ocean currents.

text: Tides are the movement of water across Earth's surface caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, Sun, and the rotation of Earth which manifest in the local rise and fall of sea levels.  Tides are driven by the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, Moon, land formations, and relative location on Earth.In the lunar month, the highest tides occur roughly every 14 days, at the new and full moons, when the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun are in alignment.  These highest tides in the lunar cycle are called spring tides.

text: Tides are the movement of water across

text: Earth

text: 's surface caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the

text: Moon

text: Sun

text: , and the rotation of Earth which manifest in the local rise and fall of sea levels.  Tides are driven by the relative positions of the Earth, Sun, Moon, land formations, and relative location on Earth.In the lunar month, the highest tides occur roughly every 14 days, at the new and full moons, when the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun are in alignment.  These highest tides in the lunar cycle are called spring tides.

text: While Newton explained the tides by describing the tide-generating forces and Bernoulli gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential, the dynamic theory of tides, developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1775, describes the ocean's real reaction to tidal forces. Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account friction, resonance and natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted the large amphidromic systems in the world's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides that are actually observed. The equilibrium theory, based on the gravitational gradient from the Sun and Moon but ignoring the Earth's rotation, the effects of continents, and other important effects, could not explain the real ocean tides. Since measurements have confirmed the theory, many things have possible explanations now, like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface.  The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter, while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters.  Satellite observations confirm the accuracy of the dynamic theory, and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters. Measurements from the CHAMP satellite closely match the models based on the TOPEX data.  Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels.

text: While

text: Newton

text: explained the tides by describing the tide-generating forces and

text: Bernoulli

text: gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential, the dynamic theory of tides, developed by

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: in 1775, describes the ocean's real reaction to tidal forces. Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account

text: friction

text: resonance

text: and natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted the large

text: amphidromic

text: systems in the world's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides that are actually observed. The equilibrium theory, based on the gravitational gradient from the Sun and Moon but ignoring the Earth's rotation, the effects of continents, and other important effects, could not explain the real ocean tides. Since measurements have confirmed the theory, many things have possible explanations now, like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface.  The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter, while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters.  Satellite observations confirm the accuracy of the dynamic theory, and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters. Measurements from the

text: CHAMP

text: satellite closely match the models based on the

text: TOPEX

text: data.  Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels.

text: Jason-1 was designed to measure climate change through very precise millimeter-per-year measurements of global sea level changes. As did TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 uses an altimeter to measure the hills and valleys of the ocean's surface. These measurements of sea surface topography allow scientists to calculate the speed and direction of ocean currents and monitor global ocean circulation. The global ocean is Earth's primary storehouse of solar energy. Jason-1's measurements of sea surface height reveal where this heat is stored, how it moves around Earth by ocean currents, and how these processes affect weather and climate.

text: Jason-1 was designed to measure

text: climate change

text: through very precise millimeter-per-year measurements of global

text: sea level change

text: s. As did TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 uses an

text: altimeter

text: to measure the hills and valleys of the ocean's surface. These measurements of

text: sea surface topography

text: allow scientists to calculate the speed and direction of ocean currents and monitor global ocean circulation. The global ocean is Earth's primary storehouse of solar energy. Jason-1's measurements of sea surface height reveal where this heat is stored, how it moves around Earth by ocean currents, and how these processes affect weather and climate.

text: Wind-wave breaking at coastal area is a major source of the wind-wave dissipation. The wind waves lose their energy to the shore or sometimes back to the ocean when those break at the shore. (see more explains -> “Ocean surface wave breaking”)

text: A report working with human neutrophils proposed that G2A was a receptor for a phospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and a Sphingomyelin, sphingosylphosphorylcholine.  However, these studies did not give evidence that these lyso-phospholipids actually bound to G2A; some 4 years later this report was withdrawn. Nonetheless, many of LPC's activities do depend on G2A; more recent data suggest that rather than acting directly as a ligand that binds to G2A, LPC alters G2A's distribution within the cell by increasing its movement from the cell interior to the cell surface and/or by preventing its movement away from the cell surface to the cell interior.  That is, in neutrophils and other cell types which have internal stores of G2A in membrane-bound secretory vesicles, G2A-containing vesicles continuously merge with and move back out of a cell's surface membrane.  Lyso-phospholipids may act as a)) detergents to increase a cell's permeability thereby allowing entry of small extracellular molecules such as ionic calcium which trigger the movement of the intracellular vesicles to the surface membrane or b) agents that intercalate or wedge into the cell's surface membrane to promote this vesicle movement or slow this visicle movement out of the membrane .  Such effects increase the expression of G2A at the cell surface membrane which, if G2A has a sub-stimulatory level of activity when normally express but stimulatory when it is overexpressed at the surface membrane, may lead to G2A-dependent cellular responses.  With respect to this view, small decreases in extracellular pH reduce the internalization of G2A thereby increasing its surface membrane expression.

text: A report working with human

text: neutrophils

text: proposed that G2A was a receptor for a

text: phospholipid

text: lysophosphatidylcholine

text: (LPC), and a

text: Sphingomyelin

text: The environment of these deployments complicates standard methods that are used in analyzing the data because of the ocean on top of the seismometer, as opposed to free-air above a typical land station.  These seismometers also have a decreased signal-to-noise ratio because of noise created by the movement of the oceans due to wind driven tides, particularly at periods of 7 and 14 seconds.  This long period motion and current flowing around the seismometer can create problems of long period noise on the horizontal components because the soft (saturated) sediment that the seismometer is resting on is more susceptible to allow the seismometer to tilt  and ideally, the horizontal component will not move and be perpendicular to gravity to get the best results out of the seismometer.  The saturated sediment also reduces signal-to-noise ratio significantly because the velocity of the P and S-waves decreases and the seismic waves get trapped in the sediment layer creating a large amplitude ringing due to the conservation of energy.

text: The environment of these deployments complicates standard methods that are used in analyzing the data because of the ocean on top of the seismometer, as opposed to free-air above a typical land station.  These seismometers also have a decreased

text: signal-to-noise ratio

text: because of noise created by the movement of the oceans due to wind driven tides, particularly at periods of 7 and 14 seconds.  This long period motion and current flowing around the seismometer can create problems of long period noise on the horizontal components because the soft (saturated) sediment that the seismometer is resting on is more susceptible to allow the seismometer to tilt  and ideally, the horizontal component will not move and be perpendicular to gravity to get the best results out of the seismometer.  The saturated sediment also reduces signal-to-noise ratio significantly because the velocity of the

text: P

text: and

text: S-waves

text: decreases and the seismic waves get trapped in the sediment layer creating a large amplitude ringing due to the

text: conservation of energy

text: Since the early ocean expeditions in oceanography, a major interest was the study of the ocean currents and temperature measurements. The tides, the Coriolis effect, changes in direction and strength of wind, salinity and temperature are the main factors determining ocean currents. The thermohaline circulation (THC) thermo- referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content connects 4 of 5 ocean basins and is primarily dependent on the density of sea water. Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream are wind-driven surface currents.

text: Since the early ocean expeditions in oceanography, a major interest was the study of the ocean currents and temperature measurements. The

text: tides

text: , the

text: Coriolis effect

text: , changes in direction and strength of

text: wind

text: , salinity and temperature are the main factors determining ocean currents. The

text: thermohaline circulation

text: (THC) thermo- referring to

text: temperature

text: and -haline referring to

text: salt content

text: connects 4 of 5 ocean basins and is primarily dependent on the

text: density of sea water

text: . Ocean currents such as the

text: Gulf Stream

text: are

text: wind

text: -driven surface currents.

text: The power generated by tidal marine turbines varies as the cube of the tidal speed. Because the tidal speed doubles, eight times more tidal power can be produced at spring tides than at neap tides.

text: The Bristol Channel is known for the range of its tides. During normal spring tides there is a range in water level of , and during normal neap tides a range of . At low water during spring tides there is a depth of  at a distance of  from the site of the dock entrance.

text: Optical rogue waves are rare pulses of light analogous to rogue or freak ocean waves. The term optical rogue waves was coined to describe rare pulses of broadband light arising during the process of supercontinuum generation—a noise-sensitive nonlinear process in which extremely broadband radiation is generated from a narrowband input waveform—in nonlinear optical fiber. In this context, optical rogue waves are characterized by an anomalous surplus in energy at particular wavelengths (e.g., those shifted to the red of the input waveform) and/or an unexpected peak power. These anomalous events have been shown to follow heavy-tailed statistics, also known as L-shaped statistics, fat-tailed statistics, or extreme-value statistics. These probability distributions are characterized by long tails: large outliers occur rarely, yet much more frequently than expected from Gaussian statistics and intuition. Such distributions also describe the probabilities of freak ocean waves and various phenomena in both the man-made and natural worlds. Despite their infrequency, rare events wield significant influence in many systems. Aside from the statistical similarities, light waves traveling in optical fibers are known to obey the similar mathematics as water waves traveling in the open ocean (the nonlinear Schrödinger equation), supporting the analogy between oceanic rogue waves and their optical counterparts. More generally, research has exposed a number of different analogies between extreme events in optics and hydrodynamic systems. A key practical difference is that most optical experiments can be done with a table-top apparatus, offer a high degree of experimental control, and allow data to be acquired extremely rapidly. Consequently, optical rogue waves are attractive for experimental and theoretical research and have become a highly studied phenomenon. The particulars of the analogy between extreme waves in optics and hydrodynamics may vary depending on the context, but the existence of rare events and extreme statistics in wave-related phenomena are common ground.

text: Optical rogue waves are rare pulses of light analogous to

text: rogue or freak ocean waves

text: . The term optical rogue waves was coined to describe rare

text: pulses

text: of broadband light arising during the process of

text: supercontinuum

text: generation—a noise-sensitive

text: nonlinear

text: process in which extremely broadband

text: radiation

text: is generated from a narrowband input waveform—in nonlinear optical fiber. In this context, optical rogue waves are characterized by an anomalous surplus in energy at particular

text: wavelength

text: s (e.g., those shifted to the red of the input waveform) and/or an unexpected peak power. These anomalous events have been shown to follow

text: heavy-tailed statistics

text: , also known as L-shaped statistics, fat-tailed statistics, or extreme-value statistics. These probability distributions are characterized by

text: long tail

text: s: large outliers occur rarely, yet much more frequently than expected from Gaussian statistics and intuition. Such distributions also describe the probabilities of freak ocean waves and various phenomena in both the man-made and natural worlds. Despite their infrequency, rare events wield significant influence in many systems. Aside from the statistical similarities, light waves traveling in optical fibers are known to obey the similar mathematics as

text: water waves

text: traveling in the open ocean (the

text: nonlinear Schrödinger equation

text: ), supporting the analogy between oceanic rogue waves and their optical counterparts. More generally, research has exposed a number of different analogies between extreme events in optics and hydrodynamic systems. A key practical difference is that most optical experiments can be done with a table-top apparatus, offer a high degree of experimental control, and allow data to be acquired extremely rapidly. Consequently, optical rogue waves are attractive for experimental and theoretical research and have become a highly studied phenomenon. The particulars of the analogy between extreme waves in

text: optics

text: and

text: hydrodynamics

text: may vary depending on the context, but the existence of

text: rare events

text: and extreme statistics in

text: wave

text: -related phenomena are common ground.

text: World War II, especially in the period from 1943 to 1945, ravaged the district. Famine and a cholera epidemic took thousands of lives from the lower strata of society. On the initiative of the people under the leadership of the Kisan Sabha, commendable services were rendered to tide over the crisis. The "Grow More Food Campaign", organized at Mangattuparamba by the Kisan Sabha, was a new chapter in the history of mass movement.  More than   of government land was brought under cultivation. However, the government suppressed the movement by force and destroyed the farm.

text: World War II, especially in the period from 1943 to 1945, ravaged the district. Famine and a

text: cholera

text: epidemic took thousands of lives from the lower strata of society. On the initiative of the people under the leadership of the

text: Kisan Sabha

text: , commendable services were rendered to tide over the crisis. The "Grow More Food Campaign", organized at Mangattuparamba by the Kisan Sabha, was a new chapter in the history of mass movement.  More than   of government land was brought under cultivation. However, the government suppressed the movement by force and destroyed the farm.

text: The tidal rise is felt up to  above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide . The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree, which covers .its also called mother of madhya pradesh citizens.

text: The tidal rise is felt up to  above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide . The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and

text: shoals

text: at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic

text: Banyan tree

text: , which covers .its also called mother of madhya pradesh citizens.

text: Fucomimus mus, the Mousey klipfish, is a species of clinid found in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean along the South African coast where it occurs in tide pools.  This species can reach a maximum length of  TL.  This species feeds on benthic crustaceans including amphipods, isopods and copepods, and gastropods.

text: Fucomimus mus, the Mousey klipfish, is a species of

text: clinid

text: found in

text: subtropical

text: waters of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: along the

text: South Africa

text: n coast where it occurs in

text: tide pools

text: TL

text: .  This species feeds on

text: benthic

text: crustaceans

text: including

text: amphipods

text: isopods

text: and

text: copepods

text: , and

text: gastropods

text: The Catholic Church, in addition to having provided the main support for the solidarity movement that replaced the communists, also has deep roots of being wedded to the Polish national identity. Polish society is currently struggling with the question of how deeply the Catholic Church shall be allowed to remain attached to Polish national identity.

text: The Catholic Church, in addition to having provided the main support for the

text: solidarity movement

text: that replaced the communists, also has deep roots of being wedded to the Polish national identity. Polish society is currently struggling with the question of how deeply the Catholic Church shall be allowed to remain attached to Polish national identity.

text: After repeated denials, on January 7th Saban officially accepted the head coaching position with the Crimson Tide. In his first season at Alabama, the team experienced many highs-and-lows, but the team finished with a winning record after a victory in the Independence Bowl. In the 2008 season, Saban led the Crimson Tide to their first undefeated regular season since the 1994 season, but the Tide then proceeded to lose their final two games in the SEC Championship Game and Sugar Bowl. In 2009, Saban led Alabama to a perfect 14–0 record and to their first BCS National Championship, and their first overall national championship since the 1992 season. After a relatively disappointing 10–3 2010 season, Saban then led the Crimson Tide to back-to-back BCS National Championships in both the 2011 and 2012 seasons. The 2013 team won the first 11 games of the season, but failed to capture a third consecutive national championship for Alabama, losing the last two games. Saban's 2014 team won the SEC West division and SEC championship and lost to the Ohio State Buckeyes in the inaugural College Football Playoff's semi-final round at the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans to finish 12-2. Saban won his 4th championship at Alabama in 2015.

text: After repeated denials, on January 7th Saban officially accepted the head coaching position with the Crimson Tide.

text: In his first season at Alabama

text: , the team experienced many highs-and-lows, but the team finished with a winning record after a victory in the

text: Independence Bowl

text: . In the

text: 2008 season

text: , Saban led the Crimson Tide to their first undefeated regular season since the

text: 1994 season

text: , but the Tide then proceeded to lose their final two games in the

text: SEC Championship Game

text: and

text: Sugar Bowl

text: . In

text: , Saban led Alabama to a perfect 14–0 record and to their first BCS National Championship, and their first overall national championship since the 1992 season. After a relatively disappointing 10–3

text: 2010 season

text: , Saban then led the Crimson Tide to back-to-back BCS National Championships in both the

text: and

text: 2012 seasons

text: . The

text: 2013 team

text: won the first 11 games of the season, but failed to capture a third consecutive national championship for Alabama, losing the last two games. Saban's

text: 2014 team

text: won the SEC West division and SEC championship and lost to the Ohio State Buckeyes in the inaugural

text: College Football Playoff

text: 's semi-final round at the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans to finish 12-2. Saban won his 4th championship at Alabama in

text: It is an ocean-going species and spends most of its life far from land, travelling with the currents and migrating to areas where upwellings of nutrient-rich water increase the availability of zooplankton. The oceanic manta ray is often in association with offshore oceanic islands.

text: It is an ocean-going species and spends most of its life far from land, travelling with the currents and migrating to areas where upwellings of nutrient-rich water increase the availability of

text: zooplankton

text: . The oceanic manta ray is often in association with offshore oceanic islands.

text: In his last years and in the period after his death, Saint-Simon's ideas, which gave prominence to art as a prized aspect of work, interested numerous artists and musicians, amongst them Hector Berlioz, Félicien David (who wrote a number of hymns for the movement) and Franz Liszt. For a brief period, the historian and writer Léon Halévy acted as secretary to the philosopher.

text: In his last years and in the period after his death, Saint-Simon's ideas, which gave prominence to art as a prized aspect of work, interested numerous artists and musicians, amongst them

text: Hector Berlioz

text: Félicien David

text: (who wrote a number of hymns for the movement) and

text: Franz Liszt

text: . For a brief period, the historian and writer

text: Léon Halévy

text: acted as secretary to the philosopher.

text: More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:

text: On June 27, 2014, The Weinstein Company released the first trailer for the film.

text: Nepal first competed at the Asian Games in 1951.

text: Nepal

text: first competed at the

text: Asian Games

text: in 1951.

text: Androids are a staple of science fiction. Isaac Asimov pioneered the fictionalization of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence, notably in his 1950s series I, Robot. One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human-like robots—such as the creation of strong artificial intelligence—are assumed to have been solved. Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans—moving, thinking and speaking as fluidly as them.

text: Androids are a staple of

text: science fiction

text: Isaac Asimov

text: pioneered the fictionalization of the science of

text: robotics

text: and

text: artificial intelligence

text: , notably in his 1950s series

text: I, Robot

text: . One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human-like robots—such as the creation of

text: strong artificial intelligence

text: —are assumed to have been solved. Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans—moving, thinking and speaking as fluidly as them.

text: Somerset Cricket Club and its football team Somerset Trojans play at the Somerset Cricket Club Field.

text: Somerset Cricket Club and its football team

text: Somerset Trojans

text: play at the

text: Somerset Cricket Club Field

text: Mutual aid societies gave way to unions that advocated political lobbying rather than social welfare. In 1901, the League of Workers was created. Later, just before the Great Depression, political unions in Costa Rica attempted to assert political pressure, especially after the advent of the Popular Vanguard Party. Omar Dengo, for whom the National University of Costa Rica's main campus is named, and others organized Costa Rica's first International Workers' Day celebrations in 1913, the same year that the General Workers Confederation was founded. These groups played a crucial role in passing Alfredo González Flores' tax reforms.

text: Mutual aid societies gave way to unions that advocated political lobbying rather than social welfare. In 1901, the League of Workers was created. Later, just before the

text: Great Depression

text: , political unions in Costa Rica attempted to assert political pressure, especially after the advent of the

text: Popular Vanguard Party

text: . Omar Dengo, for whom the

text: National University of Costa Rica

text: 's main campus is named, and others organized Costa Rica's first International Workers' Day celebrations in 1913, the same year that the General Workers Confederation was founded. These groups played a crucial role in passing

text: Alfredo González Flores

text: ' tax reforms.

text: In the 1969 novel, the steamdriven ship is traveling across the Atlantic on a month-long tour of African and South American ports, after its conversion from an ocean liner into a cruise ship. On December 26, the ship capsizes when a landslide on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge produces a huge tsunami. The description of the ship is slim, but in his novel, Gallico described it as a quadruple-screw ocean liner of 81,000 tons, as long as four city blocks, and as high as an apartment building. He also wrote that it had three "massive" funnels. But he also described it as having a fatal flaw: it "was riding high in the water, improperly ballasted and technically unseaworthy." This, he wrote, made it vulnerable to capsizing by tsunamis.

text: In the 1969 novel, the

text: steamdriven

text: ship is traveling across the

text: Atlantic

text: on a month-long tour of

text: Africa

text: n and

text: South America

text: n ports, after its conversion from an

text: ocean liner

text: into a

text: cruise ship

text: . On December 26, the ship capsizes when a landslide on the

text: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: produces a huge

text: tsunami

text: . The description of the ship is slim, but in his novel, Gallico described it as a quadruple-screw ocean liner of 81,000 tons, as long as four city blocks, and as high as an apartment building. He also wrote that it had three "massive" funnels. But he also described it as having a fatal flaw: it "was riding high in the water, improperly ballasted and technically unseaworthy." This, he wrote, made it vulnerable to capsizing by tsunamis.

text: NVPM are the result of rifting when a continent breaks up to form an ocean, producing transitional crust without volcanism. Extension causes a number of events to occur. First is lithospheric thinning, which allows asthenospherc upwelling; heating further erodes the lithosphere, furthering the thinning process. The extensional forces also cause listric faults and continentward dipping reflectors that help identify NVPM and distinguish them from VPM, characterized by seaward-dipping seismic reflectors.  The main difference between NVPM and VPM is that in the latter case, the mantle is hot enough to melt and produce voluminous basalts, whereas in the former case the mantle doesn't melt and there is little or no volcanism.   Instead, extension simply pulls the crust away, exposing or "unroofing" the mantle, exposing serpentinized peridotite. The mantle doesn't melt because it is cold or upwells slowly, so there are no igneous rocks like there are in VPM. The basalts and granites are replaced with serpentinized peridotite, accompanied by unique serpentothemal and hydrothermal activity. Increasing density of the lithosphere as it cools and sediment accumulation causes subsidence.

text: NVPM are the result of rifting when a continent breaks up to form an ocean, producing transitional crust without

text: volcanism

text: . Extension causes a number of events to occur. First is lithospheric thinning, which allows asthenospherc upwelling; heating further erodes the

text: lithosphere

text: , furthering the thinning process. The extensional forces also cause listric faults and continentward dipping reflectors that help identify NVPM and distinguish them from VPM, characterized by seaward-dipping seismic reflectors.  The main difference between NVPM and VPM is that in the latter case, the mantle is hot enough to melt and produce voluminous basalts, whereas in the former case the mantle doesn't melt and there is little or no volcanism.   Instead, extension simply pulls the crust away, exposing or "unroofing" the mantle, exposing

text: serpentinized

text: peridotite

text: . The mantle doesn't melt because it is cold or upwells slowly, so there are no igneous rocks like there are in VPM. The basalts and granites are replaced with serpentinized peridotite, accompanied by unique serpentothemal and

text: hydrothermal

text: activity. Increasing

text: density

text: of the lithosphere as it cools and sediment accumulation causes subsidence.

text: Percival became a naturalized US citizen in 1948.

text: Michael calls Jim "Fat Halpert", using a voice reminiscent of the cartoon character Fat Albert. During the "Last Year's Dundies" video, Michael awards Oscar the "Show Me the Money" award, a reference to the 1996 movie Jerry Maguire. Dwight later plays a recorder version of Lou Bega's 1999 cover of "Mambo No. 5" while Michael sings parody lyrics. During a phone call, Jan makes reference to a "tsunami relief fundraiser which somehow lost a lot of money." Michael defends his actions, noting that it was a "fun-raiser", in an attempt to raise the morale of the people in the office following the events of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Michael's psychic act is a blatant rip-off of Johnny Carson's Carnac the Magnificent act.

text: Michael calls Jim "Fat Halpert", using a voice reminiscent of the cartoon character

text: Fat Albert

text: . During the "Last Year's Dundies" video, Michael awards Oscar the "Show Me the Money" award, a reference to the 1996 movie

text: Jerry Maguire

text: . Dwight later plays a

text: recorder

text: version of Lou Bega's 1999 cover of "

text: Mambo No. 5

text: " while Michael sings parody lyrics. During a phone call, Jan makes reference to a "tsunami relief fundraiser which somehow lost a lot of money." Michael defends his actions, noting that it was a "fun-raiser", in an attempt to raise the morale of the people in the office following the events of the

text: . Michael's psychic act is a blatant rip-off of

text: Johnny Carson

text: 's

text: Carnac the Magnificent

text: act.

text: If tie-breaking is away from 0, then the rounding function is

text: This article lists peer-reviewed, scientific journals related to the study of globalization.

text: This article lists peer-reviewed, scientific journals related to the study of

text: globalization

text: He was Legal Adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the Camp David Middle East peace conference in 1978, Head of the Egyptian delegation to the Taba negotiations from 1985 to 1989, and Agent of the Egyptian Government to the Egyptian-Israeli arbitration tribunal (Taba dispute) from 1986 to 1988.

text: He was Legal Adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the

text: Camp David Middle East peace conference

text: in 1978, Head of the Egyptian delegation to the

text: Taba negotiations

text: from 1985 to 1989, and Agent of the Egyptian Government to the Egyptian-Israeli arbitration tribunal (Taba dispute) from 1986 to 1988.

text: This endangered species is found in rainforest in northeastern DR Congo and western Uganda, and it is threatened by habitat loss and hunting.

text: This

text: endangered

text: species is found in rainforest in northeastern

text: DR Congo

text: and western

text: Uganda

text: , and it is threatened by

text: habitat loss

text: and hunting.

text: All of the tracks performed by outside bands meant something special to the show. "I'm Game" was composed by Christophe Beck, who also composed seasons two through four of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and was used throughout the series as a theme for whenever Angel or his team were involved in heroic actions. "Touched" was considered by many fans to be a theme of the show, and VAST's music was used in the original unaired pilot episode of Angel.

text: All of the tracks performed by outside bands meant something special to the show. "I'm Game" was composed by

text: Christophe Beck

text: , who also composed seasons two through four of

text: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: , and was used throughout the series as a theme for whenever

text: Angel

text: or his team were involved in heroic actions. "Touched" was considered by many fans to be a theme of the show, and

text: VAST

text: 's music was used in the original unaired pilot episode of Angel.

text: The surface current to the Mediterranean flows at an average speed of 1 1/2 knots but varies according to wind directions which may also cause the water level to rise by some . There is an undercurrent in the opposite direction. Bills and points may cause eddies and shoals.

text: The

text: surface current

text: to the

text: Mediterranean

text: flows at an average speed of 1 1/2

text: knots

text: but varies according to wind directions which may also cause the water level to rise by some . There is an

text: undercurrent

text: in the opposite direction. Bills and points may cause eddies and shoals.

text: Fertile feeding grounds for forage fish are provided by ocean upwellings. Oceanic gyres are large-scale ocean currents caused by the Coriolis effect. Wind-driven surface currents interact with these gyres and the underwater topography, such as seamounts, fishing banks, and the edge of continental shelves, to produce downwellings and upwellings. These can transport nutrients which plankton thrive on. The result can be rich feeding grounds attractive to the plankton feeding forage fish. In turn, the forage fish themselves become a feeding ground for larger predator fish. Most upwellings are coastal, and many of them support some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Regions of notable upwelling include coastal Peru, Chile, Arabian Sea, western South Africa, eastern New Zealand and the California coast.

text: Fertile feeding grounds for forage fish are provided by ocean upwellings.

text: Oceanic gyre

text: s are large-scale

text: ocean currents

text: caused by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: . Wind-driven surface currents interact with these gyres and the underwater topography, such as

text: seamount

text: s,

text: fishing bank

text: s, and the edge of

text: continental shelves

text: , to produce downwellings and

text: upwelling

text: s. These can transport nutrients which plankton thrive on. The result can be rich feeding grounds attractive to the plankton feeding forage fish. In turn, the forage fish themselves become a feeding ground for larger predator fish. Most upwellings are coastal, and many of them support some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Regions of notable upwelling include coastal

text: Peru

text: Chile

text: Arabian Sea

text: , western

text: South Africa

text: , eastern

text: New Zealand

text: and the

text: California

text: coast.

text: Their model was expanded in the antebellum South, creating such a demand for slaves that more than one million were transported from the Upper South in the domestic slave trade. They were brought overland, by riverboat, and by ocean-going ships to New Orleans. This forced migration broke up families and transplanted a large new population to the area. The Deep South became a strong center of African American culture.

text: Their model was expanded in the antebellum South, creating such a demand for slaves that more than one million were transported from the

text: Upper South

text: in the domestic

text: slave trade

text: . They were brought overland, by riverboat, and by ocean-going ships to

text: New Orleans

text: . This

text: forced migration

text: broke up families and transplanted a large new population to the area. The

text: Deep South

text: became a strong center of

text: African American

text: culture.

text: Boulton won the Royal Television Society's supreme Judge's Award and was elected the 2007 Chairman of the Parliamentary Lobby. He has written for newspapers and magazines including The Times, Sunday Times, Guardian, Spectator, New Statesman and Independent. He has been a guest of programmes such as Newsnight, Bremner, Bird and Fortune and Have I Got News for You. He has interviewed every British Prime Minister from David Cameron back to Sir Alec Douglas-Home, international stars and influential figures.

text: Boulton won the Royal Television Society's supreme Judge's Award and was elected the 2007 Chairman of the Parliamentary Lobby. He has written for newspapers and magazines including

text: The Times

text: Sunday Times

text: Guardian

text: Spectator

text: New Statesman

text: and

text: Independent

text: . He has been a guest of programmes such as

text: Newsnight

text: Bremner, Bird and Fortune

text: and

text: Have I Got News for You

text: . He has interviewed every British Prime Minister from

text: David Cameron

text: back to Sir

text: Alec Douglas-Home

text: , international stars and influential figures.

text: Conduit (in his Kryptonite-powered suit) was part of Kenner's Man of Steel toy line.

text: Conduit (in his Kryptonite-powered suit) was part of

text: Kenner

text: 's Man of Steel toy line.

text: Simon married Lavinia Florence Colefax of California and died in Mentone, California in 1933.

text: Simon married Lavinia Florence Colefax of California and died in

text: Mentone, California

text: in 1933.

text: "Hold Me Now" is a song by British band the Thompson Twins. Written by the band members, the song was produced by Alex Sadkin and the group's lead vocalist Tom Bailey. The song is a mid-tempo new wave song that uses a varied instrumentation, including synthesizers, a Marimba, a piano and Latin percussion. It was released in November 1983 as the first single of their fifth studio album, Into the Gap.

text: "Hold Me Now" is a song by British band the

text: Thompson Twins

text: . Written by the band members, the song was produced by

text: Alex Sadkin

text: and the group's lead vocalist

text: Tom Bailey

text: . The song is a mid-tempo

text: new wave

text: song that uses a varied instrumentation, including synthesizers, a Marimba, a piano and Latin percussion. It was released in November 1983 as the first single of their fifth studio album,

text: Into the Gap

text: The Iajuddin Ahmed Cabinet led the Caretaker government of Bangladesh from 29 October 2006  to 11 January 2007 following the end of term of the Bangladesh National Party administration.

text: The Iajuddin Ahmed Cabinet led the

text: Caretaker government of Bangladesh

text: from 29 October 2006  to 11 January 2007 following the end of term of the

text: Bangladesh National Party

text: administration.

text: equals infinity, the target's RCS is non-fluctuating.

text: Carolina Blue and Black

text: Carolina Blue and Black

text: The album opens with "Start Me Up", originally rehearsed under the working title "Never Stop" and as a reggae-influenced number in 1978 during the Some Girls sessions, and the balance of it was recorded during these particular sessions in Paris (at Pathé Marconi studios) sessions where the more rock-infused track was recorded. Dating from the Black and Blue sessions are the backing tracks for "Slave" and "Worried About You". They feature Billy Preston on keyboards and Ollie E. Brown on percussion. Wayne Perkins plays the lead guitar on "Worried About You".

text: The album opens with "

text: Start Me Up

text: ", originally rehearsed under the working title "Never Stop" and as a reggae-influenced number in 1978 during the

text: Some Girls

text: sessions, and the balance of it was recorded during these particular sessions in

text: Paris

text: (at Pathé Marconi studios) sessions where the more rock-infused track was recorded. Dating from the Black and Blue sessions are the backing tracks for "

text: Slave

text: " and "

text: Worried About You

text: ". They feature

text: Billy Preston

text: on keyboards and

text: Ollie E. Brown

text: on percussion.

text: Wayne Perkins

text: plays the lead guitar on "Worried About You".

text: Víctor Manuel Alcérreca Sánchez (born 3 January 1941) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Quintana Roo.

text: Víctor Manuel Alcérreca Sánchez (born 3 January 1941) is a

text: Mexican

text: politician affiliated with the

text: Institutional Revolutionary Party

text: . As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the

text: LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress

text: representing

text: Quintana Roo

text: The Australian commander, Kelly, ordered 'B' Company to move up and take the ridge and over the course of a week between 21–28 January they made several attempts against various parts of the ridge, approaching from the south, southeast and the north. These proved fruitless, although one platoon managed to encircle the position from the north before being engaged with heavy machine gun fire. On 23 January, the Australians established fire support in the form of guns from the 2nd Mountain Battery. Another three unsuccessful attempts were made on 24 January, and on 25 January 'C' Company carried out a movement to the flank in an attempt to get around behind the ridge and attack from the north. Crossing the crocodile-infested waters of the Genga about  from the ridge, the Australians established a bridgehead across the river with a line of communications back to the Pimple, which they kept open by constantly patrolling along it.

text: The Australian commander, Kelly, ordered 'B' Company to move up and take the ridge and over the course of a week between 21–28 January they made several attempts against various parts of the ridge, approaching from the south, southeast and the north. These proved fruitless, although one platoon managed to encircle the position from the north before being engaged with heavy

text: machine gun

text: fire. On 23 January, the Australians established fire support in the form of guns from the

entity_name: A Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery

text: 2nd Mountain Battery

text: . Another three unsuccessful attempts were made on 24 January, and on 25 January 'C' Company carried out a movement to the flank in an attempt to get around behind the ridge and attack from the north. Crossing the

text: crocodile

text: -infested waters of the Genga about  from the ridge, the Australians established a

text: bridgehead

text: across the river with a

text: line of communication

text: s back to the Pimple, which they kept open by constantly patrolling along it.

text: Teletsunamis generally consist of a series of waves rather than a single wave. The number of waves can vary, but data have shown that there are usually between two and ten. The first wave is typically not the largest one. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the second wave was the largest, and in the 1964 Alaska tsunami, it was the fourth. The retreat of the first wave may falsely imply that the tsunami has "finished", which can lead people to return to the beach out of curiosity, only to be swept away by the next incoming wave.

text: Teletsunamis generally consist of a series of

text: waves

text: rather than a single wave. The number of waves can vary, but data have shown that there are usually between two and ten. The first wave is typically not the largest one. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the second wave was the largest, and in the 1964 Alaska tsunami, it was the fourth. The retreat of the first wave may falsely imply that the tsunami has "finished", which can lead people to return to the beach out of curiosity, only to be swept away by the next incoming wave.

text: On July 31, 2014, Bonamici introduced the Tsunami Warning, Education, and Research Act of 2014 (H.R. 5309; 113th Congress) into the House. The bill would authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to spend $27 million a year for three years on their on-going tsunami warning and research programs.

text: On July 31, 2014, Bonamici introduced the

entity_name: Tsunami Warning, Education, and Research Act of 2014

text: Tsunami Warning, Education, and Research Act of 2014 (H.R. 5309; 113th Congress)

text: into the House. The bill would authorize the

text: (NOAA) to spend $27 million a year for three years on their on-going

text: tsunami

text: warning and research programs.

text: Horizontal and vertical currents also exist below the pycnocline in the ocean's deeper waters. The movement of water due to differences in density as a function of water temperature and salinity is called thermohaline circulation. Ripple marks in sediments, scour lines, and the erosion of rocky outcrops on deep-ocean floors are evidence that relatively strong, localized bottom currents exist. Some of these currents may move as rapidly as 60 centimeters (24 inches) per second.

text: Horizontal and vertical currents also exist below the pycnocline in the ocean's deeper waters. The movement of water due to differences in density as a function of water temperature and salinity is called

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . Ripple marks in sediments, scour lines, and the

text: erosion

text: of rocky outcrops on deep-

text: ocean floor

text: s are evidence that relatively strong, localized bottom currents exist. Some of these currents may move as rapidly as 60 centimeters (24 inches) per second.

text: In June 2009 he trailed at the Czech club SK Slavia Praha.

text: In June 2009 he trailed at the Czech club

text: SK Slavia Praha

text: In the case of common usage of the term, cash out refinancing refers to when equity is liquidated from a property above and beyond sum of the payoff of existing loans held in lien on the property, loan fees, costs associated with the loan, taxes, insurance, tax reserves, insurance reserves, and in the past any other non-lien debt held in the name of the owner being paid by loan proceeds.

text: In the case of common usage of the term, cash out refinancing refers to when equity is

text: liquidate

text: d from a property above and beyond sum of the payoff of existing loans held in lien on the property, loan fees, costs associated with the loan,

text: tax

text: es,

text: insurance

text: , tax reserves, insurance reserves, and in the past any other non-lien debt held in the name of the owner being paid by loan proceeds.

text: Jewell celebrated his 550th game as manager as Ipswich played his former club Derby County at Portman Road.

text: Jewell celebrated his 550th game as manager as Ipswich played his former club Derby County at

text: Portman Road

text: In the vast majority of canals the flow of water is unidirectional. That is, the "high" side of the canal is always the same. St. Peter's Canal is unusual in that, due to the difference in the timing of the tides between Bras d'Or Lake and the ocean, during part of the tide cycle the Atlantic side is the higher, in other parts of the tide cycle it is the lake side. As a result, the canal requires special "double" gates, the only ones of their kind in North America. The usual canal lock has a gate at each end, each gate consisting of two swinging doors that when closed form a shallow 'V' shape, with the point of the 'V' pointing upstream.  At the St. Peter's Canal lock each gate consists of four swinging doors which form a diamond shape when closed. In actual use the pair of doors which form the upstream pointing 'V' are used. No matter which side has the higher water level, either one pair or the other will be appropriate.

text: In the vast majority of canals the flow of water is unidirectional. That is, the "high" side of the canal is always the same. St. Peter's Canal is unusual in that, due to the difference in the timing of the tides between Bras d'Or Lake and the ocean, during part of the tide cycle the Atlantic side is the higher, in other parts of the tide cycle it is the lake side. As a result, the canal requires special "double" gates, the only ones of their kind in North America. The usual

text: canal lock

text: has a gate at each end, each gate consisting of two swinging doors that when closed form a shallow 'V' shape, with the point of the 'V' pointing upstream.  At the St. Peter's Canal lock each gate consists of four swinging doors which form a diamond shape when closed. In actual use the pair of doors which form the upstream pointing 'V' are used. No matter which side has the higher water level, either one pair or the other will be appropriate.

text: In 2002, she directed in the United States for the first time. The resulting movie Iron Jawed Angels about the women's suffrage movement was produced by HBO Films and released in 2004.

text: In 2002, she directed in the

text: United States

text: for the first time. The resulting movie

text: Iron Jawed Angels

text: about the

text: women's suffrage

text: movement was produced by

text: HBO Films

text: and released in 2004.

text: In Latin America, a good example was Joseph-Marie Córdoba Montoya during the Presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–1994). Córdoba Montoya, a French naturalized Mexican, was the Head of the Office of the Presidency, and was considered the second-most powerful man in Mexico at the time.  Another example in the same region is the one of the former general Manuel Noriega, who was the military leader and the de facto chief of state of Panama from 1983 to 1989.

text: In Latin America, a good example was Joseph-Marie Córdoba Montoya during the Presidency of

text: Carlos Salinas de Gortari

text: (1988–1994). Córdoba Montoya, a French naturalized Mexican, was the Head of the Office of the Presidency, and was considered the second-most powerful man in Mexico at the time.  Another example in the same region is the one of the former general

text: Manuel Noriega

text: , who was the military leader and the de facto

text: chief of state of Panama

text: from 1983 to 1989.

text: After college, Brewster signed with the Connecticut Wildcats of the American Soccer League (ASL).  In 1974, he joined the Boston Minutemen of the North American Soccer League (NASL).  He left the team after the 1975 season to play for the Tacoma Tides in the ASL.  The Tides folded at the end of the 1976 season and Brewster played for the Rhode Island Oceaneers in 1977.  In 1978, he signed with the New England Tea Men.

text: After college, Brewster signed with the

text: Connecticut Wildcats

text: of the

text: American Soccer League

text: (ASL).  In 1974, he joined the

text: Boston Minutemen

text: of the

text: North American Soccer League

text: (NASL).  He left the team after the 1975 season to play for the

text: Tacoma Tides

text: in the ASL.  The Tides folded at the end of the 1976 season and Brewster played for the

text: Rhode Island Oceaneers

text: in 1977.  In 1978, he signed with the

text: New England Tea Men

text: More complicated interactions which slow grain boundary motion include interactions of the surface energies of the two grains and the inclusion and are discussed in detail by C.S. Smith.

text: Causes of death:

text: Causes of death:

text: Clearly, such an argument poses many mathematical questions, and the resulting formalism for performing the limit

text: Rabbi Yoffie has been a pioneer in interfaith relations and launched Movement-wide dialogue programs with both Christians and Muslims. In 2005, he was the first Jew to address the Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Later that year, he harshly criticized some positions of the Religious Right, but in 2006 he accepted the invitation of the Rev. Jerry Falwell to address the students and faculty of Liberty University; as the first Rabbi to appear at a university-wide convocation, he talked frankly of areas of agreement and disagreement between Evangelical Christians and Jews.  Yoffie first spoke shared values of family and morality before defending church-state separation and gay marriage, which elicited boos from the students.

text: Rabbi Yoffie has been a pioneer in

text: interfaith relations

text: and launched Movement-wide dialogue programs with both Christians and Muslims. In 2005, he was the first Jew to address the Churchwide Assembly of the

text: Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

text: . Later that year, he harshly criticized some positions of the

text: Religious Right

text: , but in 2006 he accepted the invitation of the Rev.

text: Jerry Falwell

text: to address the students and faculty of

text: Liberty University

text: ; as the first Rabbi to appear at a university-wide convocation, he talked frankly of areas of agreement and disagreement between Evangelical Christians and Jews.  Yoffie first spoke shared values of family and morality before defending

text: church-state separation

text: and

text: gay marriage

text: , which elicited boos from the students.

text: Garlington served in the South Carolina House of Representatives of the South Carolina General Assembly in 1850–1854. He lost a race for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives to Preston Brooks in 1854. He served as a state senator in 1856–1864. He was a director of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad and a brigadier general of the 10th Brigade of the South Carolina militia before the Civil War.

text: Garlington served in the

text: South Carolina House of Representatives

text: of the South Carolina General Assembly in 1850–1854. He lost a race for a seat in the

text: U.S. House of Representatives

text: to

text: Preston Brooks

text: in 1854. He served as a state senator in 1856–1864. He was a director of the Greenville and Columbia Railroad and a brigadier general of the 10th Brigade of the South Carolina militia before the Civil War.

text: Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as eddy covariance to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in the unit of joules or watts per second. Heat flux is the difference in temperature between two points through which the heat passes. Most of the Earth's heat storage is within its seas with smaller fractions of the heat transfer in processes such as evaporation, radiation, diffusion, or absorption into the sea floor. The majority of the ocean heat flux is through advection or the movement of the ocean's currents. For example, the majority of the warm water movement in the south Atlantic is thought to have originated in the Indian Ocean. Another example of advection is the nonequatorial Pacific heating which results from subsurface processes related to atmospheric anticlines.  Recent warming observations of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean is of concern to ocean scientists because bottom water changes will effect currents, nutrients, and biota elsewhere. The international awareness of global warming has focused scientific research on this topic since the 1988 creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Improved ocean observation, instrumentation, theory, and funding has increased scientific reporting on regional and global issues related to heat.

text: Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as

text: eddy covariance

text: to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in the unit of

text: joules

text: or watts per second.

text: Heat flux

text: is the difference in temperature between two points through which the heat passes. Most of the Earth's heat storage is within its seas with smaller fractions of the heat transfer in processes such as evaporation, radiation, diffusion, or absorption into the sea floor. The majority of the ocean heat flux is through

text: advection

text: or the movement of the ocean's currents. For example, the majority of the warm water movement in the south Atlantic is thought to have originated in the Indian Ocean. Another example of advection is the nonequatorial Pacific heating which results from subsurface processes related to atmospheric anticlines.  Recent warming observations of

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: in the

text: Southern Ocean

text: is of concern to ocean scientists because bottom water changes will effect currents, nutrients, and biota elsewhere. The international awareness of global warming has focused scientific research on this topic since the 1988 creation of the

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: . Improved ocean observation, instrumentation, theory, and funding has increased scientific reporting on regional and global issues related to heat.

text: The earliest known articles in Polish were written by Aleksander Walerian Jabłonowski in the 1870s after he had met the Bahá'ís in Baghdad, and one of these was to defend the Bahá'í Faith against an erroneous article in another publication. Isabella Grinevskaya was the pen name of a very early Russian Bahá'í born in Grodno, and her father is buried in Warsaw. Grodno was sometimes part of Poland and Belarus but during her entire lifetime was part of Russia. She is well known because of a play of hers performed in 1903 called Báb. In the 1910s some Jews in a regiment from Poland while stationed in Turkmenistan came into contact with the Bahá'ís there. Later the rector of the Catholic University of Lublin met `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1914 while he lived in Palestine, and in 1915 there was a Polish translation of Paris Talks published in Silesia.

text: The earliest known articles in Polish were written by

text: Aleksander Walerian Jabłonowski

text: in the 1870s after he had met the Bahá'ís in Baghdad, and one of these was to defend the Bahá'í Faith against an erroneous article in another publication.

text: Isabella Grinevskaya

text: was the pen name of a very early Russian Bahá'í born in

text: Grodno

text: , and her father is buried in Warsaw. Grodno was sometimes part of Poland and Belarus but during her entire lifetime was part of Russia. She is well known because of a play of hers performed in 1903 called Báb. In the 1910s some Jews in a regiment from Poland while stationed in Turkmenistan came into contact with the Bahá'ís there. Later the rector of the

entity_name: John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin

text: Catholic University of Lublin

text: met

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá

text: in 1914 while he lived in

text: Palestine

text: , and in 1915 there was a Polish translation of

text: Paris Talks

text: published in

text: Silesia

text: Owen Smyth was always an ardent imperialist, was active in several imperialist and patriotic organisations, and made sure portraits of the monarch were hung in all notable locations within his buildings. His eldest son was killed at Gallipoli during the First World War. Smyth was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

text: Owen Smyth was always an ardent

text: imperialist

text: , was active in several imperialist and patriotic organisations, and made sure portraits of the monarch were hung in all notable locations within his buildings. His eldest son was killed at

text: Gallipoli

text: during the

text: First World War

text: . Smyth was appointed

text: Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George

text: (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

text: Mie Nakashima

text: Mie Nakashima

text: Against the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now known as Auburn University) Alabama was defeated 23–0 at West End Park in Birmingham. Auburn took an 11–0 lead in the first half on a one-yard H. A. Allison touchdown run and a ten-yard Bill Patterson touchdown run. Auburn then scored their final points of the game on a pair of Allison touchdown runs of 75 and two yards for the 23–0 victory. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 1–6.

text: Against the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now known as

text: Auburn University

text: ) Alabama was defeated 23–0 at West End Park in Birmingham. Auburn took an 11–0 lead in the first half on a one-yard H. A. Allison touchdown run and a ten-yard Bill Patterson touchdown run. Auburn then scored their final points of the game on a pair of Allison touchdown runs of 75 and two yards for the 23–0 victory. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 1–6.

text: Surface waves can be created by any moving object displacing fluid:  turbine blades, paddles, a hand, a flung stone, etc.  Each pulse of water (or crest) pushed outward from the disturbance leaves a space (or trough) behind it which causes another, smaller pulse to follow:  thus a thrown stone's single impact causes a series of ripples.  Larger waves can be built up if a series of movements are timed to reinforce waves' motion, much like a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.  Boundaries and obstacles also shape waves by concentrating or dissipating some of the wave's energy.

text: Surface wave

text: s can be created by any moving object displacing fluid:

text: turbine

text: blades, paddles, a hand, a flung stone, etc.  Each pulse of water (or

text: crest

text: ) pushed outward from the disturbance leaves a space (or trough) behind it which causes another, smaller pulse to follow:  thus a thrown stone's single impact causes a series of ripples.  Larger waves can be built up if a series of movements are timed to reinforce waves' motion, much like a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.  Boundaries and obstacles also shape waves by concentrating or dissipating some of the wave's energy.

text: Other women have also contested the mainstream feminist history of “waves.” In the case of Black Canadian women, the mainstream history of the first and second waves is problematic insofar as their struggles to enable women to leave their homes and partake in the labour force ignored that certain women had always worked to support their families.  Most clear in American Black feminist Soujourner Truth’s “Ain't I a Woman?” speech, the experiences of black women in Canada have not been adequately addressed by conventional feminist histories.  Like Aboriginal women, some black feminists have articulated their experiences in terms of a racially disadvantaged struggle for equal treatment, and that their struggle is not only against patriarchy, but systemic racism as well.

text: Other women have also contested the mainstream feminist history of “waves.” In the case of Black Canadian women, the mainstream history of the first and second waves is problematic insofar as their struggles to enable women to leave their homes and partake in the labour force ignored that certain women had always worked to support their families.  Most clear in American Black feminist Soujourner Truth’s “

text: Ain't I a Woman?

text: ” speech, the experiences of black women in Canada have not been adequately addressed by conventional feminist histories.  Like Aboriginal women, some black feminists have articulated their experiences in terms of a racially disadvantaged struggle for equal treatment, and that their struggle is not only against patriarchy, but systemic racism as well.

text: After their victory over Miami, Alabama moved into the No. 15 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Auburn. Behind a strong all-around performance in the annual Iron Bowl game, Alabama defeated the Tigers 24–16 at Legion Field in the final game of the regular season. After Ed Morgan gave Alabama a 7–0 lead with his 35-yard touchdown run, Auburn responded with a 22-yard John Riley field goal that made the score 7–3 at the end of the first quarter. The Crimson Tide then took a 14–3 halftime lead after Morgan scored his second touchdown of the game on a one-yard run.

text: After their victory over Miami, Alabama moved into the No. 15 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against

text: Auburn

text: . Behind a strong all-around performance in the annual

text: Iron Bowl

text: game, Alabama defeated the

text: Tigers

text: 24–16 at Legion Field in the final game of the regular season. After Ed Morgan gave Alabama a 7–0 lead with his 35-yard touchdown run, Auburn responded with a 22-yard John Riley

text: field goal

text: that made the score 7–3 at the end of the first quarter. The Crimson Tide then took a 14–3 halftime lead after Morgan scored his second touchdown of the game on a one-yard run.

text: Some climatological high-pressure areas acquire regionally based names. The land-based Siberian High often remains quasi-stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year, making it unique in that regard.  It is also a bit larger and more persistent than its counterpart in North America.  Surface winds accelerating down valleys down the western Pacific ocean coastline, causing the winter monsoon.  Arctic high-pressure systems such as the Siberian High are cold core, meaning that they weaken with height.  The influence of the Azores High, also known as the Bermuda High, brings fair weather over much of the North Atlantic Ocean and mid to late summer heat waves in western Europe.  Along its southerly periphery, the clockwise circulation often impels easterly waves, and tropical cyclones that develop from them, across the ocean towards landmasses in the western portion of ocean basins during the hurricane season. The highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth was  measured in Tonsontsengel, Mongolia on 19 December 2001.

text: Some climatological high-pressure areas acquire regionally based names. The land-based

text: Siberian High

text: often remains quasi-stationary for more than a month during the most frigid time of the year, making it unique in that regard.  It is also a bit larger and more persistent than its counterpart in

text: North America

text: .  Surface winds accelerating down valleys down the western

text: Pacific ocean

text: coastline, causing the winter monsoon.  Arctic high-pressure systems such as the Siberian High are cold core, meaning that they weaken with height.  The influence of the

text: Azores High

text: , also known as the Bermuda High, brings fair weather over much of the North

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and mid to late summer

text: heat wave

text: s in western

text: Europe

text: .  Along its southerly periphery, the clockwise circulation often impels

text: easterly wave

text: s, and tropical cyclones that develop from them, across the ocean towards landmasses in the western portion of ocean basins during the

text: hurricane season

text: . The highest barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth was  measured in

text: Tonsontsengel, Mongolia

text: on 19 December 2001.

text: An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.

text: An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of

text: seawater

text: generated by forces acting upon this

text: mean flow

text: , such as

text: breaking waves

text: wind

text: , the

text: Coriolis effect

text: cabbeling

text: temperature

text: and

text: salinity

text: differences, while

text: tides

text: are caused by the gravitational pull of the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: Depth contour

text: s,

text: shore

text: line configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength.