text: In 1988, McMahon returned to Cleveland to reform Lucky Pierre. The new line-up featured previous members Lash and Zima, as well as guitarist Rick Christyson and keyboardist Trent Reznor of Exotic Birds and The Innocent, who would be known for his future music act, Nine Inch Nails. The band recorded one EP Comminuque, which featured a guest appearance by the past member John Guciardo, at the same year. Trent Reznor performed with the band for six months, before being immersed in the recording of Nine Inch Nails' debut album, Pretty Hate Machine. He left the band in 1989 to concentrate on it and the band's manager, John Malm Jr. started to manage Nine Inch Nails. In 1990, the band officially disbanded after a final gig.

text: In 1988, McMahon returned to Cleveland to reform Lucky Pierre. The new line-up featured previous members Lash and Zima, as well as guitarist Rick Christyson and keyboardist

entity_name: Trent Reznor

text: Trent Reznor

text: of

entity_name: Exotic Birds

text: Exotic Birds

text: and

entity_name: The Innocent (band)

text: The Innocent

text: , who would be known for his future music act,

entity_name: Nine Inch Nails

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: . The band recorded one EP Comminuque, which featured a guest appearance by the past member John Guciardo, at the same year. Trent Reznor performed with the band for six months, before being immersed in the recording of Nine Inch Nails' debut album,

entity_name: Pretty Hate Machine

text: Pretty Hate Machine

text: . He left the band in 1989 to concentrate on it and the band's manager,

entity_name: John Malm Jr.

text: John Malm Jr.

text: started to manage Nine Inch Nails. In 1990, the band officially disbanded after a final gig.

text: In 2013, O'Reilly awarded an open source award to Michlmayr, putting him in "the 'unsung heroes' category—the people who devote themselves to the important but not always glorious jobs that keep open source healthy".

text: In 2013,

entity_name: O'Reilly

text: O'Reilly

text: awarded an

entity_name: O'Reilly Open Source Award

text: open source award

text: to Michlmayr, putting him in "the 'unsung heroes' category—the people who devote themselves to the important but not always glorious jobs that keep open source healthy".

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Cranial nerves have paths within and outside of the skull.  The paths within the skull are called "intracranial" and the paths outside the skull are called "extracranial".  There are many holes in the skull called "foramina" by which the nerves can exit the skull. All cranial nerves are paired, which means that they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is referred to an ipsilateral function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a contralateral function.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned Kohaku is a visual dinner bell against the dark green of a pond. Herons, kingfishers, otters, raccoons, cats, foxes, badgers and hedgehogs are all capable of emptying a pond of its fish. A well-designed outdoor pond will have areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface. A pond usually includes a pump and filtration system to keep the water clear.

text: The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned Kohaku is a visual dinner bell against the dark green of a pond.

entity_name: Heron

text: Heron

text: s,

entity_name: Kingfisher

text: kingfisher

text: s,

entity_name: Otter

text: otter

text: s,

entity_name: Raccoon

text: raccoon

text: s,

entity_name: Cat

text: cat

text: s,

entity_name: Fox

text: fox

text: es,

entity_name: Badger

text: badger

text: s and

entity_name: Hedgehog

text: hedgehog

text: s are all capable of emptying a pond of its fish. A well-designed outdoor pond will have areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface. A pond usually includes a

entity_name: Pump

text: pump

text: and

entity_name: Koi pond

text: filtration

text: system to keep the water clear.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: A framework box can be distorted from being square, so it isn't rigid by itself, however adding diagonals that take either tension or compression fixes this, because the box cannot deviate from right angles without altering the diagonals.Sometimes flexible members like wires are used to provide tension, or rigid compression frames are used, as with a Warren or Pratt truss, however both these are full frame structures.When the skin or outer covering is in tension so that it provides a significant portion of the rigidity, the structure is said to have a stressed skin design. This may also be referred to as semi-monocoque, and overlaps with monocoque, which has less framing, sometimes only including longitudinal or lateral members and also overlaps with rigid frame structures where a minor portion of the overall stiffness may be derived from the skin. This method of construction is lighter than a full frame structure and not as complex to design as a full monocoque.

text: A framework box can be distorted from being square, so it isn't rigid by itself, however adding diagonals that take either tension or compression fixes this, because the box cannot deviate from right angles without altering the diagonals.Sometimes flexible members like wires are used to provide tension, or rigid compression frames are used, as with a

entity_name: Truss bridge

entity_section: Warren truss

text: Warren

text: or

entity_section: Pratt truss

text: Pratt truss

text: , however both these are full frame structures.When the skin or outer covering is in tension so that it provides a significant portion of the rigidity, the structure is said to have a stressed skin design. This may also be referred to as semi-monocoque, and overlaps with

entity_name: Monocoque

text: monocoque

text: , which has less framing, sometimes only including longitudinal or lateral members and also overlaps with rigid frame structures where a minor portion of the overall stiffness may be derived from the skin. This method of construction is lighter than a full frame structure and not as complex to design as a full monocoque.

text: The most common place for ingrown nails is in the big toe, but ingrowth can occur on any nail. Ingrown nails can be avoided by cutting nails straight across; not along a curve, not too short, and no shorter than the flesh around it. Footwear that is too small or too narrow, or with too shallow of a 'toe box', will exacerbate any underlying problem with a toenail. Sharp square corners may be uncomfortable and cause snagging on socks. Proper cutting leaves the leading edge of the nail free of the flesh, precluding it from growing into the toe. Filing of the corner is reasonable. Some nails require cutting of the corners far back to remove edges that dig into the flesh, this is often done as a partial wedge resection at a podiatrist's office. Ingrown toe nails can be caused by injury, commonly blunt trauma where the flesh is pressed against the nail causing a small cut that swells. Also, injury to the nail can cause it to grow abnormally, making it wider or thicker than normal or even bulged or crooked.

text: In healthy individuals, complement is used to attack foreign substances, and the complement system is highly regulated to prevent it from damaging healthy tissues and organs. However, in most patients with aHUS, it has been demonstrated that chronic, uncontrolled, and excessive activation of complement can result from production of anti-factor H autoantibodies or from genetic mutations in any of several complement regulatory proteins (e.g., factor H, factor HR1 or HR3, membrane cofactor protein, factor I, factor B, complement C3, and thrombomodulin). This results in platelet activation, damage to endothelial cells (cells that line the blood vessels), and white blood cell activation, leading to systemic TMA, which manifests as decreased platelet count, hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), damage to multiple organs, and often, death.

text: In healthy individuals, complement is used to attack foreign substances, and the complement system is highly regulated to prevent it from damaging healthy tissues and organs. However, in most patients with aHUS, it has been demonstrated that chronic, uncontrolled, and excessive activation of complement can result from production of anti-factor H autoantibodies or from genetic mutations in any of several complement regulatory proteins (e.g., factor H, factor HR1 or HR3, membrane cofactor protein, factor I, factor B, complement C3, and thrombomodulin). This results in platelet activation, damage to

entity_name: Endothelium

text: endothelial cells

text: (cells that line the blood vessels), and white blood cell activation, leading to systemic TMA, which manifests as decreased platelet count,

entity_name: Hemolysis

text: hemolysis

text: (breakdown of red blood cells), damage to multiple organs, and often, death.

text: An in vitro study including assay on normal (healthy) human melanocytes found that BW-723C86 causes skin whitening. The mechanism of action of BW-723C86 is decreasing the expression of MITF which in turn, decreases the expression of the melanin main synthesizing enzymes: tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2. BW-723C86 is not cytotoxic to melanocytes and ‒unlike many skin whitening agents‒ does not directly inhibits the activity of tyrosinase.

text: An

entity_name: In vitro

text: in vitro

text: study including assay on normal (healthy) human melanocytes found that BW-723C86 causes

entity_name: Skin whitening

text: skin whitening

text: . The mechanism of action of BW-723C86 is decreasing the

entity_name: Gene expression

text: expression

text: of

text: MITF

text: which in turn, decreases the expression of the melanin main synthesizing enzymes:

entity_name: Tyrosinase

text: tyrosinase

text: and

entity_name: Dopachrome tautomerase

text: . BW-723C86 is not cytotoxic to melanocytes and ‒unlike many skin whitening agents‒ does not directly

entity_name: Enzyme inhibitor

text: inhibits

text: the activity of tyrosinase.

text: Located within the membranous labyrinthine walls of the vestibular system are approximately 67,000 hair cells in total. This includes ~7,000 hair cells from each of the semicircular canals located within the crista ampullaris, ~30,000 hair cells from the utricle, and ~16,000 hair cells from the saccule. Each hair cell has about 70 stereocilia (short rod-like hair cells) and one kinocilium (long hair cell).

text: Regeneration indicates the ability to regrow a missing part. This is very prevalent amongst plants, which show continuous growth, and also among colonial animals such as hydroids and ascidians. But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. In particular four models have been the subject of much investigation. Two of these have the ability to regenerate whole bodies: Hydra, which can regenerate any part of the polyp from a small fragment, and planarian worms, which can usually regenerate both heads and tails. Both of these examples have continuous cell turnover fed by stem cells and, at least in planaria, at least some of the stem cells have been shown to be pluripotent. The other two models show only distal regeneration of appendages. These are the insect appendages, usually the legs of hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket, and the limbs of urodele amphibians. Considerable information is now available about amphibian limb regeneration and it is known that each cell type regenerates itself, except for connective tissues where there is considerable interconversion between cartilage, dermis and tendons. In terms of the pattern of structures, this is controlled by a re-activation of signals active in the embryo.There is still debate about the old question of whether regeneration is a "pristine" or an "adaptive" property. If the former is the case, with improved knowledge, we might expect to be able to improve regenerative ability in humans. If the latter, then each instance of regeneration is presumed to have arisen by natural selection in circumstances particular to the species, so no general rules would be expected.

entity_name: Regeneration (biology)

text: Regeneration

text: indicates the ability to regrow a missing part. This is very prevalent amongst plants, which show continuous growth, and also among colonial animals such as hydroids and ascidians. But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. In particular four models have been the subject of much investigation. Two of these have the ability to regenerate whole bodies:

entity_name: Hydra (genus)

text: Hydra

text: , which can regenerate any part of the polyp from a small fragment, and

entity_name: Planarian

text: planarian

text: worms, which can usually regenerate both heads and tails. Both of these examples have continuous cell turnover fed by

entity_name: Stem cell

text: stem cells

text: and, at least in planaria, at least some of the stem cells have been shown to be

entity_name: Cell potency

text: pluripotent

text: . The other two models show only distal regeneration of appendages. These are the insect appendages, usually the legs of hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket, and the limbs of

entity_name: Salamander

text: urodele amphibians

text: . Considerable information is now available about amphibian limb regeneration and it is known that each cell type regenerates itself, except for connective tissues where there is considerable interconversion between cartilage, dermis and tendons. In terms of the pattern of structures, this is controlled by a re-activation of signals active in the embryo.There is still debate about the old question of whether regeneration is a "pristine" or an "adaptive" property. If the former is the case, with improved knowledge, we might expect to be able to improve regenerative ability in humans. If the latter, then each instance of regeneration is presumed to have arisen by natural selection in circumstances particular to the species, so no general rules would be expected.

text: Another nailing system is the soil nail and root technology (SNART).  Here, steel nails are inserted very rapidly into a slope by percussion, vibration or screw methods.  Grid spacing is typically 0.8 to 1.5 m, nails are 25 to 50 mm in diameter and may be as long as 20 m.  Nails are installed perpendicular to and through the failure plane, and are designed to resist bending and shear (rather than tension) using geotechnical engineering principles. Potential failure surfaces less than 2 m deep normally require the nails to be wider near the top, which may be achieved with steel plates fastened at the nail heads.  Plant roots often form an effective and aesthetic facing to prevent soil loss between the nails.

text: The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermis, which is the only living part of a nail.

text: The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's

entity_name: Anatomical terms of location

entity_section: Proximal and distal

text: proximal

text: end under the

entity_name: Epidermis

text: epidermis

text: , which is the only living part of a nail.

text: BB Cushion is a Korean stamp container type of multi-functional BB creams, which is a 5-in-1 product, including wide spectrum SPF 50 sunscreen, mineral water, color correction, and BB cream. The Amore Pacific invents this stamp-oriented container to make practical and effective use of the moisture-inclusive BB creams. It is known that its design is inspired by the technology of Korean stamp sponges. Such creamy cushion sponges help the ingredients of the BB Cushion to be absorbed into skin, leaving out a thin and protective tissue on the outer side of skin. This product is available in three colors in Laneige shops.

text: BB Cushion is a Korean stamp container type of multi-functional

entity_name: BB cream

text: BB cream

text: s, which is a 5-in-1 product, including wide spectrum SPF 50 sunscreen, mineral water, color correction, and BB cream. The Amore Pacific invents this stamp-oriented container to make practical and effective use of the moisture-inclusive BB creams. It is known that its design is inspired by the technology of Korean stamp sponges. Such creamy cushion sponges help the ingredients of the BB Cushion to be absorbed into skin, leaving out a thin and protective tissue on the outer side of skin. This product is available in three colors in Laneige shops.

text: The artificial nails are not a replacement, but an extension for natural nails. There are two main approaches to creating artificial nails—tips and forms. Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates that are "nail"-shaped. They are glued on the end of the natural nail and acrylic or gel or a combination of both is then applied over the entire nail. Tips are now available in many different colors and designs, ranging from simple colors such as yellow or blue to flamboyant designs such as animal prints and mixed metallic colors. Forms are fitted over the nail and then an artificial nail is molded out of acrylic and the form is removed and then properly shaped and buffed to a shine.

text: The artificial nails are not a replacement, but an extension for natural nails. There are two main approaches to creating artificial nails—tips and forms. Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates that are "nail"-shaped. They are glued on the end of the natural nail and

entity_name: Acrylic resin

text: acrylic

text: or gel or a combination of both is then applied over the entire nail. Tips are now available in many different colors and designs, ranging from simple colors such as yellow or blue to flamboyant designs such as animal prints and mixed metallic colors. Forms are fitted over the nail and then an artificial nail is molded out of acrylic and the form is removed and then properly shaped and buffed to a shine.

text: Uecker met the group ZERO with Heinz Mack and Otto Piene in 1960, artists who propagated a new beginning of art in opposition to the German Informel. He occupied himself with the medium of light, studied optical phenomena, series of structures and the realms of oscillation that actively integrate the viewer and enable him to influence the visual process by kinetic or manual interference. Uecker, Mack and Piene began working together in joint studios at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in 1962 and installed a 'Salon de Lumière' at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Other 'light salons' followed in Krefeld and in Frankfurt. Since 1966, after the group ZERO dissolved and a last joint exhibition, Uecker increasingly used nails as an artistic means of expression—a material that, until today, stands in the centre of his oeuvre. At the beginning of the 1960s he began hammering nails into pieces of furniture, musical instruments and household objects, and then he began combining nails with the theme of light, creating his series of light nails and kinetic nails and other works.  a-x Zero Garden from 1966, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates his use of nails to create the illusion of movement.  Light and electricity continued to be one of the main subjects and natural materials such as sand and water were included in his installations, resulting in an interaction of the different elements to create a sensation of light, space, movement and time. Uecker's oeuvre includes painting, object art, installations as well as stage designs and films. His origins explain his interest in the eastern European avant-garde of the 1920s and 1930s, but he is likewise interested in Asian cultures and their ideas. His works can be seen in collections and large fairs in the West as well as the East. Uecker's artistic creativity reaches a climax in 2000 in the prayer room he designs for the rebuilt Reichstag building in Berlin.

text: Uecker met the

entity_name: Zero (art)

text: group ZERO

text: with

entity_name: Heinz Mack

text: Heinz Mack

text: and

entity_name: Otto Piene

text: Otto Piene

text: in 1960, artists who propagated a new beginning of art in opposition to the German

entity_name: Tachisme

text: Informel

text: . He occupied himself with the medium of light, studied optical phenomena, series of structures and the realms of oscillation that actively integrate the viewer and enable him to influence the visual process by kinetic or manual interference. Uecker, Mack and

text: Piene

text: began working together in joint studios at the

entity_name: Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam

text: Stedelijk Museum

text: in Amsterdam in 1962 and installed a 'Salon de Lumière' at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Other 'light salons' followed in Krefeld and in Frankfurt. Since 1966, after the group ZERO dissolved and a last joint exhibition, Uecker increasingly used nails as an artistic means of expression—a material that, until today, stands in the centre of his oeuvre. At the beginning of the 1960s he began hammering nails into pieces of furniture, musical instruments and household objects, and then he began combining nails with the theme of light, creating his series of light nails and kinetic nails and other works.  a-x Zero Garden from 1966, in the collection of the

entity_name: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: Honolulu Museum of Art

text: , demonstrates his use of nails to create the illusion of movement.  Light and electricity continued to be one of the main subjects and natural materials such as sand and water were included in his installations, resulting in an interaction of the different elements to create a sensation of light, space, movement and time. Uecker's oeuvre includes painting, object art, installations as well as stage designs and films. His origins explain his interest in the eastern European avant-garde of the 1920s and 1930s, but he is likewise interested in Asian cultures and their ideas. His works can be seen in collections and large fairs in the West as well as the East. Uecker's artistic creativity reaches a climax in 2000 in the prayer room he designs for the rebuilt

entity_name: Reichstag building

text: Reichstag building

text: in Berlin.

text: ) of the system.  The density operator is defined with respect to a complete orthonormal basis.  Although it is possible to directly integrate this equation for very small systems (i.e., systems with few particles or degrees of freedom), this quickly becomes intractable for larger systems.  However, it is possible to prove that the density can always be written in a diagonal form, provided that it is with respect to an overcomplete basis.  When the density operator is represented in such an overcomplete basis, then it can be written in a way more like an ordinary function, at the expense that the function has the features of a quasiprobability distribution.  The evolution of the system is then completely determined by the evolution of the quasiprobability distribution function.

text: ) of the system.  The density operator is defined with respect to a complete

entity_name: Orthonormal basis

text: orthonormal basis

text: .  Although it is possible to directly integrate this equation for very small systems (i.e., systems with few particles or degrees of freedom), this quickly becomes intractable for larger systems.  However, it is possible to prove that the density can always be written in a

entity_name: Diagonal matrix

text: diagonal

text: form, provided that it is with respect to an

entity_name: Overcompleteness

text: overcomplete

text: basis.  When the density operator is represented in such an overcomplete basis, then it can be written in a way more like an ordinary function, at the expense that the function has the features of a quasiprobability distribution.  The evolution of the system is then completely determined by the evolution of the quasiprobability distribution function.

text: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of epithelial tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.

text: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the

text: epidermis

text: that consists of

entity_name: Epithelium

text: epithelial tissue

text: and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a

entity_name: Basement membrane

text: basement membrane

text: . It also harbors many

entity_name: Mechanoreceptor

text: nerve endings

text: that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the

entity_name: Hair follicle

text: hair follicles

entity_name: Sweat gland

text: sweat glands

entity_name: Sebaceous gland

text: sebaceous glands

entity_name: Apocrine

text: apocrine glands

entity_name: Lymphatic vessel

text: lymphatic vessels

text: and

entity_name: Blood vessel

text: blood vessels

text: . The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.

text: The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers.

text: , aklu, akluq, un’u ; also, piluguk in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, aklu, cangssagar, un’u in Nunivak dialect) refers to the traditional Eskimo style clothes worn by the Yup'ik people of southwestern Alaska. Also known as Cup'ik clothing for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig clothing for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. The traditional clothing system developed and used by the Eskimo peoples is the most effective cold weather clothing developed to date. Yup'ik women made clothes and footwear from animal skins (especially hide and fur of marine and land mammals for fur clothing, sometimes birds, also fish), sewn together using needles made from animal bones, walrus ivory, and bird bones such as front part of a crane's foot and threads made from other animal products, such as sinew. The multi-functional ulu (semilunar woman's knife) is used to process and cut skins for clothing and footwear. Women made most clothing of caribou (wild caribou Rangifer tarandus granti and domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and sealskin. Yup’ik clothing tended to fit relatively loosely.

text: , aklu, akluq, un’u ; also, piluguk in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, aklu, cangssagar, un’u in Nunivak dialect) refers to the traditional

entity_name: Eskimo

text: Eskimo

text: style

entity_name: Clothing

text: clothes

text: worn by the

entity_name: Central Alaskan Yup'ik people

text: Yup'ik

text: people of southwestern

entity_name: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: . Also known as Cup'ik clothing for the

entity_name: Chevak Cup’ik language

text: Chevak Cup'ik

text: dialect speaking Eskimos of

entity_name: Chevak, Alaska

text: Chevak

text: and Cup'ig clothing for the

entity_name: Nunivak Cup'ig language

text: Nunivak Cup'ig

text: dialect speaking Eskimos of

entity_name: Nunivak Island

text: Nunivak Island

text: . The traditional clothing system developed and used by the Eskimo peoples is the most effective cold weather clothing developed to date. Yup'ik women made clothes and

entity_name: Footwear

text: footwear

text: from animal

entity_name: Skin

text: skin

text: s (especially

entity_name: Hide (skin)

text: hide

text: and

entity_name: Fur

text: fur

text: of

entity_name: Pinniped

text: marine

text: and land mammals for

entity_name: Fur clothing

text: fur clothing

text: , sometimes

entity_section: In birds and reptiles

text: birds

text: , also

entity_section: Fish and amphibians

text: fish

text: ), sewn together using

entity_name: Sewing needle

text: needles

text: made from animal

entity_name: Bone

text: bone

text: s,

text: walrus ivory

text: , and bird bones such as front part of a

text: crane

text: 's foot and

text: threads

text: made from other animal products, such as

text: sinew

text: . The multi-functional

text: ulu

text: (semilunar woman's knife) is used to process and cut skins for clothing and footwear. Women made most clothing of

text: caribou

text: (wild

text: caribou

text: Rangifer tarandus granti and domestic

text: reindeer

text: Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and

text: sealskin

text: . Yup’ik clothing tended to fit relatively loosely.

text: Hair care is an overall term for hygiene and cosmetology involving the hair which grows from the human scalp, and to a lesser extent facial, pubic and other body hair. Hair care routines differ according to an individual's culture and the physical characteristics of one's hair. Hair may be colored, trimmed, shaved, plucked, or otherwise removed with treatments such as waxing, sugaring, and threading. Hair care services are offered in salons, barbershops, and day spas, and products are available commercially for home use. Laser hair removal and electrolysis are also available, though these are provided (in the US) by licensed professionals in medical offices or speciality spas.

text: Hair care is an overall term for

text: hygiene

text: and

text: cosmetology

text: involving the

text: hair

text: which grows from the human

text: scalp

text: , and to a lesser extent

text: facial

text: pubic

text: and other body hair. Hair care routines differ according to an individual's culture and the physical characteristics of one's hair. Hair may be

text: colored

text: , trimmed,

text: shaved

text: , plucked, or otherwise removed with treatments such as

text: waxing

text: sugaring

text: , and threading. Hair care services are offered in

text: salons

text: barber

text: shops, and

text: day spa

text: s, and products are available commercially for home use. Laser hair removal and

text: electrolysis

text: are also available, though these are provided (in the US) by licensed professionals in medical offices or speciality spas.

text: Weinman has performed with acts such as Nine Inch Nails and System of a Down.

text: Weinman has performed with acts such as

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: and

text: System of a Down

text: The nervous system is composed by a net of interconnected neurons beneath the epidermis, without any concentration of neurons forming ganglia or nerve cords.

text: The

text: nervous system

text: is composed by a net of interconnected

text: neuron

text: s beneath the epidermis, without any concentration of neurons forming ganglia or nerve cords.

text: To raise animals for the purpose of collecting their skin is called fur farming. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) alleges fur farmers are involved in skinning animals alive for their fur or skins. Killing tactics deemed brutal by PETA are also in concern. Many fur farms allegedly skin animals alive to keep the pelts intact from damage that could occur while killing them. To avoid bullet holes, tears or slits from a knife, fur farmers can use methods such as beating the animal, electrocuting them, using poison to paralyse them, or breaking their necks. Although these methods ensure an undamaged pelt, they are sometimes not enough to confirm the death of the animal, leaving the creature to be skinned alive.

text: To raise animals for the purpose of collecting their skin is called

text: fur farming

entity_name: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

text: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

text: (PETA) alleges fur farmers are involved in skinning animals alive for their

text: fur

text: or

text: skin

text: s. Killing tactics deemed brutal by PETA are also in concern. Many fur farms allegedly skin animals alive to keep the

text: pelts

text: intact from damage that could occur while killing them. To avoid

text: bullet

text: holes, tears or slits from a knife, fur farmers can use methods such as beating the animal, electrocuting them, using

text: poison

text: to paralyse them, or breaking their necks. Although these methods ensure an undamaged pelt, they are sometimes not enough to confirm the death of the animal, leaving the creature to be skinned alive.

text: Insects and other arthropods lay a variety of styles and shapes of eggs. Some have gelatinous or skin-like coverings, others have hard eggshells. Softer shells are mostly protein. It may be fibrous or quite liquid. Some arthropod eggs do not actually have shells, rather, their outer covering is actually the outermost embryonic membrane, the choroid, which serves to proteact inner layers. The choroid itself can be a complex structure, and it may have different layers within it. It may have an outermost layer called an exochorion. Eggs which must survive in dry conditions usually have hard eggshells, made mostly of dehydrated or mineralized proteins with pore systems to allow respiration. Arthropod eggs can have extensive ornamentation on their outer surfaces.

text: Insect

text: s and other

text: arthropod

text: s lay a variety of styles and shapes of eggs. Some have gelatinous or skin-like coverings, others have hard eggshells. Softer shells are mostly protein. It may be fibrous or quite liquid. Some arthropod eggs do not actually have shells, rather, their outer covering is actually the outermost embryonic membrane, the choroid, which serves to proteact inner layers. The choroid itself can be a complex structure, and it may have different layers within it. It may have an outermost layer called an exochorion. Eggs which must survive in dry conditions usually have hard eggshells, made mostly of dehydrated or mineralized proteins with pore systems to allow

text: respiration

text: . Arthropod eggs can have extensive ornamentation on their outer surfaces.

text: Physically, skin also helps to limit water loss by the mucus and the intercellular spaces in the stratum corneum. The permeability of the skin varies depending on what part of the body the skin is on, as well as how smooth the skin is. The smoother the skin, the less water is absorbed. One type of cell that is thought to play a role in the osmoregulation of amphibians are flask cells, which are present in amphibians' skin and reside just below the stratum corneum. They contain a bulging basal portion with a thin apical neck, and when stimulated in some species, separates the stratum corneum from the other epidermal layers, further decreasing water loss in terrestrial phases (Toledo and Jared 1993). Skin thickness is also related to the rate of water loss and uptake; the thicker the skin, the slower the uptake and loss. An advantage of having thicker skin is that it helps prevent the organism from suffering an excessive loss of water. A high degree of vascularization, cutaneous lipids, and morphological adaptations can all serve to limit water loss and also increase rehydration once the organism comes back into contact with an aquatic environment.

text: 'Staphylococcus' - bunch of grape-like berries, 'epidermidis' - of the epidermis

text: Philodendrons have both aerial and subterranean roots. The aerial roots occur in many shapes and sizes and originate from most of the plant's nodes or occasionally from an internode. The size and number of aerial roots per node depends on the presence of a suitable substrate for the roots to attach themselves. Aerial roots serve two primary purposes. They allow the philodendron to attach itself to a tree or other plant, and they allow it to collect water and nutrients. As such, the roots are divided morphologically into these two categories. Aerial roots used for attaching to trees tend to be shorter, more numerous, and sometimes have a layer of root hairs attached; those used for collecting water and nutrients tend to be thicker and longer. These feeder roots tend to attach flush with the substrate to which the philodendron is attached, and make their way directly downwards in search of soil. In general, feeder roots tend to show both positive hydrotropic and negative heliotropic behaviors. Characteristic of roots in philodendrons is the presence of a sclerotic hypodermis, which are cylindrical tubes inside the epidermis that can be one to five cells long. The cells that line the sclerotic hypodermis are elongated and tend to be hardened. Underneath the epidermis is a unique layer of cells in a pattern of long cells followed by short cells.

text: Philodendrons have both

text: aerial

text: and subterranean roots. The aerial roots occur in many shapes and sizes and originate from most of the plant's

text: nodes

text: or occasionally from an internode. The size and number of aerial roots per node depends on the presence of a suitable substrate for the roots to attach themselves. Aerial roots serve two primary purposes. They allow the philodendron to attach itself to a tree or other plant, and they allow it to collect water and nutrients. As such, the roots are divided

text: morphologically

text: into these two categories. Aerial roots used for attaching to trees tend to be shorter, more numerous, and sometimes have a layer of root hairs attached; those used for collecting water and nutrients tend to be thicker and longer. These feeder roots tend to attach flush with the substrate to which the philodendron is attached, and make their way directly downwards in search of soil. In general, feeder roots tend to show both positive

text: hydrotropic

text: and negative

text: heliotropic

text: behaviors. Characteristic of roots in philodendrons is the presence of a sclerotic hypodermis, which are cylindrical tubes inside the

text: epidermis

text: that can be one to five cells long. The cells that line the sclerotic hypodermis are elongated and tend to be hardened. Underneath the

text: epidermis

text: is a unique layer of cells in a pattern of long cells followed by short cells.

text: - The dermis shows scattering of chronic inflammatory infiltrate (Munro's microabscess) sometimes giving a spongiform appearance.

text: - The dermis shows scattering of chronic inflammatory infiltrate (

text: Munro's microabscess

text: ) sometimes giving a spongiform appearance.

text: The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants like Ficus elastica and Peperomia, which have periclinal cellular division within the protoderm of the leaves, have an epidermis with multiple cell layers. Epidermal cells are tightly linked to each other and provide mechanical strength and protection to the plant. The walls of the epidermal cells of the above ground parts of plants contain cutin, and are covered with a cuticle.  The cuticle reduces water loss to the atmosphere, it is sometimes covered with wax in smooth sheets,  granules, plates, tubes or filaments. The wax layers give some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. Surface wax acts as a moisture barrier and protects the plant from intense sunlight and wind. The underside of many leaves have a thinner cuticle than the top side, and leaves of plants from dry climates often have thickened cuticles to conserve water by reducing transpiration.

text: The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants like

text: Ficus elastica

text: and

text: Peperomia

text: , which have periclinal cellular division within the protoderm of the leaves, have an epidermis with multiple cell layers. Epidermal cells are tightly linked to each other and provide mechanical strength and protection to the plant. The walls of the epidermal cells of the above ground parts of plants contain

text: cutin

text: , and are covered with a

text: cuticle

text: .  The cuticle reduces water loss to the atmosphere, it is sometimes covered with

text: wax

text: in smooth sheets,  granules, plates, tubes or filaments. The wax layers give some plants a whitish or bluish surface color. Surface wax acts as a moisture barrier and protects the plant from intense sunlight and wind. The underside of many leaves have a thinner cuticle than the top side, and leaves of plants from dry climates often have thickened cuticles to conserve water by reducing transpiration.

text: Rising levels of androgen during puberty cause vellus hair to transform into terminal hair over many areas of the body. The sequence of appearance of terminal hair reflects the level of androgen sensitivity, with pubic hair being the first to appear due to the area's special sensitivity to androgen. The appearance of pubic hair in both sexes is usually seen as an indication of the start of a person's puberty. There is a sexual differentiation in the amount and distribution of androgenic hair, with men tending to have more terminal hair in more areas. This includes facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg hair, arm hair, and foot hair. Women retain more of the less visible vellus hair, although leg, arm, and foot hair can be noticeable on women.  It is not unusual for women to have a few terminal hairs around their nipples as well.In the later decades of life, especially after the 5th decade, there begins a noticeable reduction in body hair especially in the legs.  The reason for this is not known but it could be due to poorer circulation, lower free circulating hormone amounts or other reasons.

text: Rising levels of androgen during puberty cause vellus hair to transform into terminal hair over many areas of the body. The sequence of appearance of terminal hair reflects the level of androgen sensitivity, with

text: pubic hair

text: being the first to appear due to the area's special sensitivity to androgen. The appearance of pubic hair in both sexes is usually seen as an indication of the start of a person's puberty. There is a

text: sexual differentiation

text: in the amount and distribution of androgenic hair, with men tending to have more terminal hair in more areas. This includes

text: facial hair

text: chest hair

text: abdominal hair

text: leg hair

text: arm hair

text: , and

text: foot hair

text: . Women retain more of the less visible vellus hair, although leg, arm, and foot hair can be noticeable on women.  It is not unusual for women to have a few terminal hairs around their nipples as well.In the later decades of life, especially after the 5th decade, there begins a noticeable reduction in body hair especially in the legs.  The reason for this is not known but it could be due to poorer circulation, lower free circulating hormone amounts or other reasons.

text: The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research. Ectomycorrhizae of Tricholoma species can vary considerably among species in the genus, and differences in the structure of  rhizomorphs (a cordlike fusions of hyphae resembling a root) have been used to key out species. Mycorrhizae formed with Norway spruce (Picea abies) are conspicuously hairy with numerous hyphae. The hyphae are partly densely interconnected to rhizomorphs that have a pigment in their outer membrane. The emanating hyphae mostly lack "contact septae" (fully developed simple septae) and contact clamps, and the rhizomorph hyphae vary markedly in diameter. The Hartig net (a network of hyphae that extend into the root) formed by T. vaccinum grows more deeply towards the epidermis, is composed of more rows of hyphae and has more tannin cells in close proximity to the epidermis, and consequently, fewer cortical cells in this position. It is here that the rhizomorphs make the closest contact with the rootlets. The mantle is prosenchymatous, meaning that the constituent hyphae are loosely organized with spaces between them. A combination of techniques including freeze fracturing and scanning electron microscopy has been used to probe the microstructure of the ectomycorrhizae, including inner mantle thickness and the nature of the interface between the Hartig net and host cells. Several fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction between T. vaccinum and Picea abies have been identified, including some involved in a plant pathogen response, nutrient exchange and growth in the plant, signal transduction, and stress response. The first characterized fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, ALD1, helps circumvent ethanol stress—a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats.

text: The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research. Ectomycorrhizae of Tricholoma species can vary considerably among species in the genus, and differences in the structure of

text: rhizomorph

text: s (a cordlike fusions of hyphae resembling a root) have been used to key out species. Mycorrhizae formed with

text: Norway spruce

text: (Picea abies) are conspicuously hairy with numerous hyphae. The hyphae are partly densely interconnected to rhizomorphs that have a

text: pigment

text: in their outer membrane. The emanating hyphae mostly lack "contact septae" (fully developed simple septae) and contact clamps, and the rhizomorph hyphae vary markedly in diameter. The

text: Hartig net

text: (a network of hyphae that extend into the root) formed by T. vaccinum grows more deeply towards the epidermis, is composed of more rows of hyphae and has more

text: tannin

text: cells in close proximity to the epidermis, and consequently, fewer cortical cells in this position. It is here that the rhizomorphs make the closest contact with the rootlets. The mantle is prosenchymatous, meaning that the constituent hyphae are loosely organized with spaces between them. A combination of techniques including

text: freeze fracturing

text: and

text: scanning electron microscopy

text: has been used to probe the microstructure of the ectomycorrhizae, including inner mantle thickness and the nature of the interface between the Hartig net and host cells. Several fungal

text: gene

text: s specifically

text: expressed

text: during ectomycorrhizal interaction between T. vaccinum and Picea abies have been identified, including some involved in a plant pathogen response, nutrient exchange and growth in the plant,

text: signal transduction

text: , and

text: stress response

text: . The first characterized fungal

text: aldehyde dehydrogenase

text: enzyme, ALD1, helps circumvent ethanol stress—a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats.

text: Under normal circumstances the skin acts as a protective barrier, preventing microorganisms from entering the horse's system and doing any damage. However, the integrity of the epidermis can become compromised through the abrasion of soil grit, sand or stable bedding on cold, wet skin. The continual wetting of the skin causes a breakdown of the protective barrier of the epidermis, allowing the bacterium to enter and cause infection.

text: Under normal circumstances the skin acts as a protective barrier, preventing microorganisms from entering the horse's system and doing any damage. However, the integrity of the

text: epidermis

text: can become compromised through the abrasion of soil grit, sand or stable bedding on cold, wet skin. The continual wetting of the skin causes a breakdown of the protective barrier of the epidermis, allowing the bacterium to enter and cause infection.

text: Nail successfully sued NCJ, who publish the North East England newspapers The Journal, Evening Chronicle, and Sunday Sun for following a series of allegations relating to Nail's on-set behaviour during production on the third series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.

text: Nail successfully sued NCJ, who publish the North East England newspapers The Journal,

text: Evening Chronicle

text: , and

text: Sunday Sun

text: for following a series of allegations relating to Nail's on-set behaviour during production on the third series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.

text: • 5/5 for keeping the public healthy

text: • 5/5 for keeping the public healthy

text: Originally, nails were handmade, and the nail-making process was slow; nails were relatively few and expensive. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up and automate the nail-making process. The slitting mill, introduced to England in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 1790 and 1820, initially in the United States and England, when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron. These nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s and thus the decline of timber framing with wooden joints. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.

text: Originally, nails were handmade, and the nail-making process was slow; nails were relatively few and expensive. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up and automate the nail-making process. The

text: slitting mill

text: , introduced to England in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the nail-making process itself occurred between 1790 and 1820, initially in the

text: United States

text: and

text: England

text: , when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron. These nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly

text: rectangular

text: cross section

text: . Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in

text: balloon framing

text: beginning in the 1830s and thus the decline of

text: timber framing

text: with wooden joints. Though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching

text: board

text: s to

text: masonry

text: walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails.

text: Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. The Dermis Probe can therefore be read as part of a course of study on Sufism.

text: There are many human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system

text: There are many

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: (HLA) alleles associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system

text: Tianyulong has a row of long, filamentous integumentary structures on the back, tail and neck of the specimen. The similarity of these structures with those found on some theropods suggests their homology with feathers and raises the possibility that the earliest dinosaurs and their ancestors were covered with homologous dermal filamentous structures that can be considered primitive feathers ("proto-feathers").

text: Tianyulong has a row of long, filamentous

text: integument

text: ary structures on the back, tail and neck of the specimen. The similarity of these structures with those found on some

text: theropod

text: s suggests their

text: homology

text: with

text: feathers

text: and raises the possibility that the earliest dinosaurs and their ancestors were covered with homologous

text: dermal

text: filamentous structures that can be considered primitive feathers ("proto-feathers").

text: Similar to KLKB1, three tissue kallikreins KLK1, KLK2 and KLK12 also participate in regulation of blood pressure via the activation of bradykinin. KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5 and KLK14 are expressed in the prostate and are thought to be responsible for regulating semen liquefaction through hydrolysis of seminogelin. Desquamation of the skin is likely controlled by KLK5, KLK7 and KLK14, which are expressed in the outermost layer of the epidermis and cleave cellular adhesion proteins. Additionally, KLK6 and KLK8 are associated with neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system.

text: Similar to KLKB1, three tissue kallikreins

text: and

text: also participate in regulation of blood pressure via the activation of bradykinin. KLK2,

text: and

text: are expressed in the prostate and are thought to be responsible for regulating semen liquefaction through hydrolysis of seminogelin.

text: Desquamation

text: of the skin is likely controlled by KLK5,

text: and KLK14, which are expressed in the outermost layer of the epidermis and cleave cellular adhesion proteins. Additionally,

text: and

text: are associated with neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system.

text: Many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system have associated abnormalities of the teeth.

text: Many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system have associated abnormalities of the

text: teeth

text: Scalp skin, just like any other skin on the body, must be kept healthy to ensure a healthy body and healthy hair production. If the scalp is cleaned regularly by those who have rough hair or have a hair-fall problem, it can result in loss of hair. However, not all scalp disorders are a result of bacterial infections. Some arise inexplicably, and often only the symptoms can be treated for management of the condition (example: dandruff). There are also bacteria that can affect the hair itself. Head lice is probably the most common hair and scalp ailment worldwide. Head lice can be removed with great attention to detail, and studies show it is not necessarily associated with poor hygiene.  More recent studies reveal that head lice actually thrive in clean hair. In  this way, hair washing as a term may be a bit misleading, as what is necessary in healthy hair production and maintenance is often simply cleaning the surface of the scalp skin, the way the skin all over the body requires cleaning for good hygiene.

text: Scalp skin, just like any other skin on the body, must be kept healthy to ensure a healthy body and healthy hair production. If the scalp is cleaned regularly by those who have rough hair or have a hair-fall problem, it can result in loss of hair. However, not all scalp disorders are a result of bacterial infections. Some arise inexplicably, and often only the symptoms can be treated for management of the condition (example:

text: dandruff

text: ). There are also

text: bacteria

text: that can affect the hair itself.

text: Head lice

text: is probably the most common hair and scalp ailment worldwide. Head lice can be removed with great attention to detail, and studies show it is not necessarily associated with poor hygiene.  More recent studies reveal that head lice actually thrive in clean hair. In  this way, hair washing as a term may be a bit misleading, as what is necessary in healthy hair production and maintenance is often simply cleaning the surface of the scalp skin, the way the skin all over the body requires cleaning for good hygiene.

text: Deals could be closed by payment on the nails—the popularly supposed origin of the saying "pay on the nail" or "cash on the nail". However, this origin of the term is disputed.

text: "I had a good career. I made good friends. I keep in contact with my friends and I'm healthy."

text: The value of human hair has meant that for several centuries criminals have seen hair as worth stealing. As a result, women in a number of countries have found themselves at risk of being mugged and their hair shorn off by hair thieves. As The Hairdressers' Journal put it in 1863, "Even in the present day it has happened over and over again that a good crop of hair has been laid in wait for, and shorn from the trembling victim, who has been only too glad to get free with but the loss of her hair." An American newspaper reported in 1869 that demand for hair of unusual colours and shades was behind an outbreak of hair theft in New York City, where "the tresses dangling behind the head are ... [an] easy prey." A few months later, a letter to The Times reported that hair thieves were at work in London too:

text: The value of human hair has meant that for several centuries criminals have seen hair as worth stealing. As a result, women in a number of countries have found themselves at risk of being mugged and their hair shorn off by hair thieves. As The Hairdressers' Journal put it in 1863, "Even in the present day it has happened over and over again that a good crop of hair has been laid in wait for, and shorn from the trembling victim, who has been only too glad to get free with but the loss of her hair." An American newspaper reported in 1869 that demand for hair of unusual colours and shades was behind an outbreak of hair theft in New York City, where "the tresses dangling behind the head are ... [an] easy prey." A few months later, a letter to

text: The Times

text: reported that hair thieves were at work in London too:

text: George J. Klir maintains that no "classification is complete and perfect for all purposes," and defines systems in terms of abstract, real, and conceptual physical systems, bounded and unbounded systems, discrete to continuous, pulse to hybrid systems, etc. The interactions between systems and their environments are categorized in terms of relatively closed and open systems. It seems most unlikely that an absolutely closed system can exist or, if it did, that it could be known by us. Important distinctions have also been made between hard and soft systems. Hard systems are technical in nature and amenable to methods such as systems engineering, operations research and quantitative systems analysis. Soft systems involve people and organisations and are commonly associated with concepts developed by Peter Checkland and Brian Wilson through Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) involving methods such as action research and emphasizing participatory designs. Where hard systems might be identified as more "scientific," the distinction between them is actually often hard to define.

text: George J. Klir

text: maintains that no "classification is complete and perfect for all purposes," and defines systems in terms of abstract,

text: real

text: , and

text: conceptual

text: physical systems

text: , bounded and

text: unbounded system

text: s, discrete to continuous, pulse to

text: hybrid system

text: s, etc. The interactions between systems and their environments are categorized in terms of relatively closed and

text: open system

text: s. It seems most unlikely that an absolutely closed system can exist or, if it did, that it could be known by us. Important distinctions have also been made between hard and soft systems. Hard systems are technical in nature and amenable to methods such as

text: systems engineering

text: , operations research and quantitative systems analysis. Soft systems involve people and organisations and are commonly associated with concepts developed by

text: Peter Checkland

text: and

text: Brian Wilson

text: through Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) involving methods such as

text: action research

text: and emphasizing participatory designs. Where hard systems might be identified as more "scientific," the distinction between them is actually often hard to define.

text: In medieval Spain, a patronymic system was used.  For example, Álvaro, the son of Rodrigo would be named Álvaro Rodríguez.  His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world.  Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno (polysemous word, it can mean "brown skinned", "dark skinned", "tanned skinned", "brunette hair" or "black hair"); occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("Shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German").

text: In medieval

text: Spain

text: , a patronymic system was used.  For example, Álvaro, the son of Rodrigo would be named Álvaro Rodríguez.  His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world.  Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno (

text: polysemous

text: word, it can mean "brown skinned", "dark skinned", "tanned skinned", "brunette hair" or "black hair"); occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("Shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"); and geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German").

text: There are a number of spiders that can bite human skin and result in a cutaneous reaction, as well as cause other diseases of or affecting the human integumentary system.

text: The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the aging process. Aging is a complex, progressive process that leads to functional and esthetic changes in the skin. This process can result from both intrinsic (i.e., genetically determined) as well as extrinsic processes (i.e., environmental factors). Photoaging is attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, either natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin.

text: The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the

text: aging

text: process. Aging is a complex, progressive process that leads to functional and esthetic changes in the skin. This process can result from both intrinsic (i.e., genetically determined) as well as extrinsic processes (i.e., environmental factors). Photoaging is attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, either natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin.

text: The infection in most instances presents as a painless lump just under the skin. In southern Australia, the presentation is more often as a pimple in the skin (dermis) rather than under it. The infection is mostly in the limbs, most often in exposed areas, but not on the hands or feet. In children, all areas may be involved, including the face or abdomen. A more severe form of infection produces diffuse swelling of a limb, which, unlike the papule or nodule, can be painful and accompanied by fever. Infection may frequently follow physical trauma, often minor trauma such as a small scratch.

text: The infection in most instances presents as a painless lump just under the skin. In southern Australia, the presentation is more often as a pimple in the

text: skin

text: (dermis) rather than under it. The infection is mostly in the limbs, most often in exposed areas, but not on the hands or feet. In children, all areas may be involved, including the face or abdomen. A more severe form of infection produces diffuse swelling of a limb, which, unlike the papule or nodule, can be painful and accompanied by

text: fever

text: . Infection may frequently follow

text: physical trauma

text: , often minor trauma such as a small scratch.

text: Much of the shuttle was covered with LI-900 silica tiles, made from essentially very pure quartz sand.  The insulation prevented heat transfer to the underlying orbiter aluminum skin and structure.  These tiles were such poor heat conductors that one could hold one by the edges while it was still red hot.There were about 24,300 unique tiles individually fitted on the vehicle, for which the orbiter has been called "the flying brickyard". Researchers at University of Minnesota and  Pennsylvania State University are performing the atomistic simulations to obtain accurate description of interactions between atomic and molecular oxygen with silica surfaces to develop better high-temperature oxidation-protection systems for leading edges on hypersonic vehicles.

text: Much of the shuttle was covered with

text: silica

text: tile

text: s, made from essentially very pure quartz sand.  The insulation prevented heat transfer to the underlying orbiter

text: aluminum

text: skin and structure.  These tiles were such poor heat conductors that one could hold one by the edges while it was still red hot.There were about 24,300 unique tiles individually fitted on the vehicle, for which the orbiter has been called "the flying brickyard". Researchers at

text: University of Minnesota

text: and

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: are performing the atomistic simulations to obtain accurate description of interactions between atomic and molecular oxygen with silica surfaces to develop better high-temperature oxidation-protection systems for leading edges on hypersonic vehicles.

text: Possible diseases and injuries to the human integumentary system include:

text: Some state that Ellen White interpreted  as saying that the ceremonial law was nailed to the cross. However, Ellen's White's statements clearly indicate that the only aspects of the law that were nailed to the cross were those things that specifically pointed forward to his sacrifice (e.g., animal sacrifices). These typical rituals were done away with when type met anti-type in the death of Christ. The other elements of the law of Moses that did not point specifically to Christ were not nailed to the cross. Scholars today typically understand the Greek word cheirographon which was nailed to the cross to be the record of sin.

text: Some Muslims are also opposed to men having long hair as it is also important in Islam to have clear differences (in appearance) between sexes. And generally these cultures encourage women to have long hair and men to have short hair. The Taliban in Afghanistan viewed long hair for men as a western influence, and punished it by arrest and forced haircuts, although this would be a direct contradiction of the sunnah of the Prophet. Similar measures have been taken by Islamists in Iraq. In spite of this, several Taliban affiliated members of the Mehsud clan are recognisable by their long hair. The Saudi Islamist fighter Amir Khattab was also notable for his long hair. Dervishes of some Sufi orders, such as the Kasnazani, often have long hair and whirl it around during rituals.

text: Some Muslims are also opposed to men having long hair as it is also important in Islam to have clear differences (in appearance) between sexes. And generally these cultures encourage women to have long hair and men to have short hair. The

text: Taliban

text: in Afghanistan viewed long hair for men as a western influence, and punished it by arrest and forced haircuts, although this would be a direct contradiction of the

text: sunnah

text: of the Prophet. Similar measures have been taken by Islamists in

text: Iraq

text: . In spite of this, several Taliban affiliated members of the

text: Mehsud

text: clan are recognisable by their long hair. The

text: Saudi

text: Islamist fighter

text: Amir Khattab

text: was also notable for his long hair.

text: Dervishes

text: of some

text: Sufi

text: orders, such as the

text: Kasnazani

text: , often have long hair and whirl it around during rituals.

text: gTissue is a type of living Tissue (biology), hence an ensemble of cells and extracellular matrix that carry out a particular function.  However, gTissue is created surgically, grown in a patient, and has a unique cellular and biochemical make-up that make it distinct from other tissues of the body.  gTissue was discovered through research in the fields of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine and first created as a dense connective tissue between the brain and skull during the repair of canine dura mater.  It has since been successfully created in humans for a wide range of clinical applications in soft tissue healing and repair.  Essentially, the gTissue is created by implanting certain types of non-inflammatory ECM biomaterials that are adopted by the host, including repopulation with host cells and blood vessels, becoming a living tissue.  To date, the types of gTissue created can be characterized as variants of soft connective tissues including dermis, tendon, ligament, and fascia.

text: gTissue is a type of living

text: Tissue (biology)

text: , hence an ensemble of cells and extracellular matrix that carry out a particular function.  However, gTissue is created surgically, grown in a patient, and has a unique cellular and biochemical make-up that make it distinct from other tissues of the body.  gTissue was discovered through research in the fields of

text: Tissue Engineering

text: and

text: Regenerative Medicine

text: and first created as a dense

text: connective tissue

text: between the brain and skull during the repair of canine

text: dura mater

text: .  It has since been successfully created in humans for a wide range of clinical applications in

text: soft tissue

text: healing and repair.  Essentially, the gTissue is created by implanting certain types of non-inflammatory

text: ECM biomaterials

text: that are adopted by the host, including repopulation with

text: host cell

text: s and

text: blood vessel

text: s, becoming a living tissue.  To date, the types of gTissue created can be characterized as variants of soft connective tissues including

text: dermis

text: tendon

text: ligament

text: , and

text: fascia

text: The structure of the building is a standard column and beam steel superstructure, set upon a pre-stressed concrete pile foundation system. The structural steel is designed to resist a seismic event of up to 6.9 on the Richter scale, an extremely high standard for the Sacramento area. The exterior skin of the building consists of Minnesota Gray Buff limestone panels. Each panel weighs over four tons.

text: The structure of the building is a standard column and beam steel superstructure, set upon a pre-stressed concrete pile foundation system. The structural steel is designed to resist a seismic event of up to 6.9 on the

text: Richter scale

text: , an extremely high standard for the Sacramento area. The exterior skin of the building consists of Minnesota Gray Buff limestone panels. Each panel weighs over four tons.

text: The exposed mucous membranes of the lips, the anal mucous membrane, and the external genital organs form the most densely innervated parts of the body. Though there is no specific categorization, both “free” nerve endings and unencapsulated nerve endings of myelinated axons are found within the dermis of those areas.

text: The exposed

text: mucous membranes

text: of the lips, the anal mucous membrane, and the external genital organs form the most densely innervated parts of the body. Though there is no specific categorization, both “free” nerve endings and unencapsulated nerve endings of myelinated axons are found within the

text: dermis

text: of those areas.

text: To prevent spread of impetigo to other people the skin and any open wounds clean should be kept clean. Care should be taken to keep fluids from an infected person away from the skin of a non-infected person. Washing hands, linens, and affected areas will lower the likelihood of contact with infected fluids. Sores should be covered with a bandage. Scratching can spread the sores; keeping nails short will reduce the chances of spreading. Infected people should avoid contact with others and eliminate sharing of clothing or linens.

text: The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of skin pigment. The UV light may be from either the sun or from other sources, such as tanning devices. About 25% develop from moles. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and who have poor immune function are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic defects such as xeroderma pigmentosum also increase risk. Diagnosis is by biopsy of any concerning skin lesion.

text: The primary cause of melanoma is

text: ultraviolet light

text: (UV) exposure in those with low levels of

text: skin pigment

text: . The UV light may be from either the sun or from other sources, such as

text: tanning devices

text: . About 25% develop from moles. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and who have

text: poor immune function

text: are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic defects such as

text: xeroderma pigmentosum

text: also increase risk. Diagnosis is by

text: biopsy

text: of any concerning skin lesion.

text: Frederic Edward Mohs (March 1, 1910 – July 2, 2002), a physician and general surgeon, developed the Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) technique in 1938 to remove skin cancer lesions while still a medical student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  The Mohs procedure is considered the best method for treating certain types of skin cancer, because it has very high cure rates for even high-risk lesions, combined with maximal preservation of healthy tissues.

text: Frederic Edward Mohs (March 1, 1910 – July 2, 2002), a

text: physician

text: and

text: general surgeon

text: , developed the

text: Mohs micrographic surgery

text: (MMS) technique in 1938 to remove

text: skin cancer

text: lesions while still a medical student at the

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: .  The Mohs procedure is considered the best method for treating certain types of

text: skin cancer

text: , because it has very high cure rates for even high-risk lesions, combined with maximal preservation of healthy tissues.

text: It is not possible to determine the number and disposition of parting lines of the fuselage skin. However, if William Hawley Bowlus followed his own standard practice, entire sides from upper to lower center lines would have been molded as one piece. The average thickness of the skin would have been one quarter inch with additional laminations providing attaching points for the internal structure. Given the overall use of Duraloid throughout the airframe components it is reasonable to believe the bonding was accomplished using the Bakelite based resin.

text: In the traditional facelift, an incision is made in front of the ear extending up into the hairline. The incision curves around the bottom of the ear and then behind it, usually ending near the hairline on the back of the neck. After the skin incision is made, the skin is separated from the deeper tissues with a scalpel or scissors (also called undermining) over the cheeks and neck. At this point, the deeper tissues (SMAS, the fascial suspension system of the face) can be tightened with sutures, with or without removing some of the excess deeper tissues. The skin is then redraped, and the amount of excess skin to be removed is determined by the surgeon's judgement and experience. The excess skin is then removed, and the skin incisions are closed with sutures and staples.

text: In the traditional facelift, an incision is made in front of the ear extending up into the hairline. The incision curves around the bottom of the ear and then behind it, usually ending near the hairline on the back of the neck. After the skin incision is made, the skin is separated from the deeper tissues with a scalpel or scissors (also called undermining) over the cheeks and neck. At this point, the deeper tissues (SMAS, the fascial suspension system of the face) can be tightened with sutures, with or without removing some of the excess deeper tissues. The skin is then redraped, and the amount of excess skin to be removed is determined by the surgeon's judgement and experience. The excess skin is then removed, and the skin incisions are closed with

text: sutures

text: and

text: staple

text: s.

text: Racquet nail often presents with other nail conditions such as onycholysis,  koilonychia, pachyonychia, Muehrcke's lines, leuconychia, and half-and-half nails. Cosmetic surgery can be used to improve the appearance of the nails.

text: Racquet nail often presents with other nail conditions such as

text: onycholysis

text: koilonychia

text: pachyonychia

text: Muehrcke's lines

text: leuconychia

text: , and

text: half-and-half nails

text: . Cosmetic surgery can be used to improve the appearance of the nails.

text: A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals.

text: A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human

text: primate

text: s, and a few other

text: mammal

text: s. Nails are similar to

text: claw

text: s in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective

text: protein

text: called

text: keratin

text: . This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals.

text: Skin corrosion from a substance must penetrate through the epidermis into the dermis within four hours of application and must not reverse the damage within 14 days. Skin irritation shows damage less severe than corrosion if: the damage occurs within 72 hours of application; or for three consecutive days after application within a 14-day period; or causes inflammation which lasts for 14 days in two test subjects. Mild skin irritation minor damage (less severe than irritation) within 72 hours of application or for three consecutive days after application.

text: Skin corrosion from a substance must penetrate through the epidermis into the dermis within four hours of application and must not reverse the damage within 14 days. Skin irritation shows damage less severe than corrosion if: the damage occurs within 72 hours of application; or for three consecutive days after application within a 14-day period; or causes

text: inflammation

text: which lasts for 14 days in two test subjects. Mild skin irritation minor damage (less severe than irritation) within 72 hours of application or for three consecutive days after application.

text: Hair exists in a variety of textures. Three main aspects of hair texture are the curl pattern, volume, and consistency. The derivations of hair texture are not fully understood. All mammalian hair is composed of keratin, so the make-up of hair follicles is not the source of varying hair patterns. There are a range of theories pertaining to the curl patterns of hair. Scientists have come to believe is that the shape of the hair shaft has an effect on the curliness of the individual's hair. A very round shaft allows for fewer disulfide bonds to be present in the hair strand. This means the bonds present are directly in line with one another, resulting in straight hair. The flatter the hair shaft becomes, the curlier hair gets, because the shape allows more cysteines to become compacted together resulting in a bent shape that, with every additional disulfide bond, becomes curlier in form. As the hair follicle shape determines curl pattern, the hair follicle size determines thickness. While the circumference of the hair follicle expands, so does the thickness of the hair follicle. An individual's hair volume, as a result, can be thin, normal, or thick. The consistency of hair can almost always be grouped into three categories: fine, medium, and coarse. This trait is determined by the hair follicle volume and the condition of the strand. Fine hair has a small circumference in relation to medium and coarse strands; coarse hair having the largest circumference. Coarse hair has a more open cuticle than thin or medium hair causing it to be the most porous.

text: Hair exists in a variety of textures. Three main aspects of hair texture are the curl pattern, volume, and consistency. The derivations of hair texture are not fully understood. All mammalian hair is composed of

text: keratin

text: , so the make-up of

text: hair follicles

text: is not the source of varying hair patterns. There are a range of theories pertaining to the curl patterns of hair. Scientists have come to believe is that the shape of the

text: hair shaft

text: has an effect on the curliness of the individual's hair. A very round shaft allows for fewer

text: disulfide bonds

text: to be present in the hair strand. This means the bonds present are directly in line with one another, resulting in straight hair. The flatter the hair shaft becomes, the curlier hair gets, because the shape allows more

text: cysteine

text: s to become compacted together resulting in a bent shape that, with every additional disulfide bond, becomes curlier in form. As the hair follicle shape determines curl pattern, the hair follicle size determines thickness. While the circumference of the hair follicle expands, so does the thickness of the hair follicle. An individual's hair volume, as a result, can be thin, normal, or thick. The consistency of hair can almost always be grouped into three categories: fine, medium, and coarse. This trait is determined by the hair follicle volume and the condition of the strand. Fine hair has a small circumference in relation to medium and coarse strands; coarse hair having the largest circumference. Coarse hair has a more open cuticle than thin or medium hair causing it to be the most porous.

text: Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, and systems theory, and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, system dynamics, human factors, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology. Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.

text: Systems science covers

text: formal sciences

text: such as

text: complex systems

text: cybernetics

text: dynamical systems theory

text: , and

text: systems theory

text: , and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as

text: control theory

text: operations research

text: , social systems theory,

text: systems biology

text: system dynamics

text: human factors

text: systems ecology

text: systems engineering

text: and

text: systems psychology

text: . Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.

text: The term human biocomputer, coined by John C. Lilly, refers to the "hardware" of the human anatomy. This would include the brain, internal organs, and other human organ systems such as cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary systems. The biocomputer has stored program properties, and self-metaprogramming properties, with limits determinable and to be determined.

text: The term human biocomputer, coined by

text: John C. Lilly

text: , refers to the "hardware" of the

text: human anatomy

text: . This would include the

text: brain

text: internal organs

text: , and other human organ systems such as

text: cardiovascular

text: digestive

text: endocrine

text: immune

text: integumentary

text: lymphatic

text: muscular

text: nervous

text: reproductive

text: respiratory

text: skeletal

text: , and

text: urinary

text: systems. The biocomputer has stored program properties, and self-metaprogramming properties, with limits determinable and to be determined.

text: Matte polish is like regular polish, but has a purposely dull finish rather than a shine. It can be purchased as a regular base coat in ranges of different colors. Matte nail polish can also be found in a top coat. Matte top coat is most useful for painting over any dry base color, giving it a different appearance. The matte top coat polish will dull the shine from a regular base coat polish. Matte polish has become very popular through the years, particularly since it can be used in nail art applications, where designs can be created on the nail using the contrast of both shiny and matte surfaces.

text: Matte polish is like regular polish, but has a purposely dull finish rather than a shine. It can be purchased as a regular base coat in ranges of different colors. Matte nail polish can also be found in a top coat. Matte top coat is most useful for painting over any dry base color, giving it a different appearance. The matte top coat polish will dull the shine from a regular base coat polish. Matte polish has become very popular through the years, particularly since it can be used in

text: nail art

text: applications, where designs can be created on the nail using the contrast of both shiny and matte surfaces.

text: A nail salon or nail bar is a specialty beauty salon establishment that primarily offers nail care services such as manicures, pedicures, and nail enhancements. Often, nail salons also offer skin care services. There are approximately 200,000 nail salons (2010) in the U.S., up 23% from 2007. Manicures are also offered by general beauty salons, spas and hotels. People who work at nail salons are usually called "nail technicians or manicurists or 'Nailists' (the well-known appellation of nail technicians in Japan and some Southeast Asian countries)."

text: A nail salon or nail bar is a specialty

text: beauty salon

text: establishment that primarily offers nail care services such as

text: manicure

text: s,

text: pedicure

text: s, and nail enhancements. Often, nail salons also offer

text: skin care

text: services. There are approximately 200,000 nail salons (2010) in the U.S., up 23% from 2007. Manicures are also offered by general beauty salons, spas and hotels. People who work at nail salons are usually called "nail technicians or manicurists or 'Nailists' (the well-known appellation of nail technicians in Japan and some Southeast Asian countries)."

text: Sponges have no epithelium, and therefore no epidermis or gastrodermis. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die.

text: Sponges have no epithelium, and therefore no epidermis or gastrodermis. The epidermis of a more complex

text: invertebrate

text: is just one layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular

text: cuticle

text: . The epidermis of a higher

text: vertebrate

text: has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with

text: keratin

text: and then die.

text: Initial ambitions for Nine Inch Nails in 1988 were to release one 12-inch single on a small European label. With the addition of future singles "Head Like a Hole" and "Sin", many of these demo tracks would later appear in revised form on Pretty Hate Machine in 1989, an album co-produced by Adrian Sherwood and Mark "Flood" Ellis which peaked at number 75 in 1990. In response to pressures from TVT Records for a follow-up to Nine Inch Nails' commercially successful debut, Reznor began recording the Broken extended play in secret. The EP was released in 1992 and reached the top 10 on the Billboard 200. Nine Inch Nails' second studio album, The Downward Spiral, entered the Billboard 200 in 1994 at number two, sold over four million copies in the US and remains the highest-selling Nine Inch Nails release in the United States.

text: Initial ambitions for Nine Inch Nails in 1988 were to release one

text: 12-inch single

text: on a small European label. With the addition of future singles "

text: Head Like a Hole

text: " and "

text: Sin

text: ", many of these demo tracks would later appear in revised form on

text: Pretty Hate Machine

text: in 1989, an album co-produced by

text: Adrian Sherwood

text: and

text: Mark "Flood" Ellis

text: which peaked at number 75 in 1990. In response to pressures from

text: TVT Records

text: for a follow-up to Nine Inch Nails' commercially successful debut, Reznor began recording the

text: Broken

text: extended play

text: in secret. The EP was released in 1992 and reached the top 10 on the Billboard 200. Nine Inch Nails' second studio album,

text: The Downward Spiral

text: , entered the

text: Billboard 200

text: in 1994 at number two, sold over four million copies in the US and remains the highest-selling Nine Inch Nails release in the United States.

text: In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.

text: In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal

text: phalanges

text: (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.

text: Like modules, skins, can be uploaded and automatically installed through the administration pages. If the compiled skin does not contain an ASP.NET user control file, then the DNNskinning engine builds one based on various tokens included in the HTML file which refer to various sections, placeholders and/or modules of a DNN-produced page. Modern skins incorporate CSS3 and HTML5 with many authors' skins supporting Responsive web design, various JavaScript libraries. With no credentialing, a skin's quality may vary, but often trial periods are available to evaluate functionality.

text: Like modules, skins, can be uploaded and automatically installed through the administration pages. If the compiled skin does not contain an ASP.NET user control file, then the DNNskinning engine builds one based on various tokens included in the HTML file which refer to various sections, placeholders and/or modules of a DNN-produced page. Modern skins incorporate CSS3 and HTML5 with many authors' skins supporting

text: Responsive web design

text: , various

text: JavaScript libraries

text: . With no credentialing, a skin's quality may vary, but often trial periods are available to evaluate functionality.

text: The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

text: The epidermis is the outer (epi in Greek meaning "over" or "upon") of the two layers that make up the skin (or cutis), the inner layer being the dermis.    It provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The outermost part of the epidermis is composed of stratified layers of flattened cells, that overlies a basal layer (stratum basale) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly.

text: The epidermis is the outer (epi in

text: Greek

text: meaning "over" or "upon") of the two layers that make up the

text: skin

text: (or

text: cutis

text: ), the inner layer being the

text: dermis

text: .    It provides a barrier to

text: infection

text: from environmental

text: pathogens

text: and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through

text: transepidermal water loss

text: (TEWL). The outermost part of the epidermis is composed of

text: stratified layers of flattened cells

text: , that overlies a basal layer (

text: stratum basale

text: ) composed of

text: columnar cells

text: arranged perpendicularly.

text: As fat cannot be stored under the skin it is important to have a healthy diet without excess fat. Often due to failure to thrive or lack of subcutaneous fat there may have been encouragement to add supplements or fat to the diet however this will not result in any increase in fat under the skin and can easily result in it going into tissues such as the liver or kidney where it is not desired. In people with moderate / severe lipodystrophy a low fat diet would be recommended but in those where the lipodystrophy has not progressed (for example in younger children) a healthy relatively low fat diet may be sufficient. The fat and muscle reduction is not the result of dietary insufficiency and cannot be treated with dietary measures. Apart from diet the other thing that is important is exercise which should be encouraged and will make insulin work more effectively.

text: If left untended, the hair on a PWD will keep growing indefinitely. Problems associated with this include the hair around the eyes growing so long as to impede vision, and matting of the body hair, which can cause skin irritations. For these reasons, PWDs must be trimmed about every two months and the coat brushed every other day.

text: The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI (pronounced gooey). Typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of a well-designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A model–view–controller allows a flexible structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functions, so the GUI can be customized easily. This allows users to select or design a different skin at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. Good user interface design relates to users more, and to system architecture less.

text: The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI (pronounced gooey). Typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual

text: widgets

text: that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of a well-designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A

text: model–view–controller

text: allows a flexible structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functions, so the GUI can be customized easily. This allows users to select or design a different

text: skin

text: at will, and eases the designer's work to change the interface as user needs evolve. Good user interface design relates to users more, and to system architecture less.

text: Wood gives structural strength to the trunk of a tree; this supports the plant as it grows larger. The vascular system of trees allows water, nutrients and other chemicals to be distributed around the plant, and without it trees would not be able to grow as large as they do. Trees, as relatively tall plants, need to draw water up the stem through the xylem from the roots by the suction produced as water evaporates from the leaves. If insufficient water is available the leaves will die. The three main parts of trees include the root, stem, and leaves; they are integral parts of the vascular system which interconnects all the living cells. In trees and other plants that develop wood, the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem, woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth.

text: Wood gives structural strength to the trunk of a tree; this supports the plant as it grows larger. The vascular system of trees allows water, nutrients and other chemicals to be distributed around the plant, and without it trees would not be able to grow as large as they do. Trees, as relatively tall plants, need to draw water up the stem through the xylem from the roots by the suction produced as water evaporates from the leaves. If insufficient water is available the leaves will die. The three main parts of trees include the root, stem, and leaves; they are integral parts of the vascular system which interconnects all the living cells. In trees and other plants that develop wood, the

text: vascular cambium

text: allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem, woody plants also have a

text: cork cambium

text: that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth.

text: A problem for passengers during flights was the very high level of noise inside the cabin. The noise came partially from the engines and partially from the air conditioning and the aircraft skin cooling system. Unlike conventional aircraft, this cooling system was absolutely vital for supersonic cruise to cool off the aircraft skin, preventing it from overheating and losing structural integrity. Heat generated by intense air-to-surface friction in supersonic flight is passed to the coolant (cabin air, in case of both the Tu-144 and Concorde) and subsequently discharged via heat exchangers to the fuel stream right before it is pumped to the engines. Unlike in the Concorde, the Tu-144 cooling system was very noisy. Passengers seated next to each other could have a conversation only with difficulty, and those seated two seats apart could not hear each other even when screaming and had to pass hand-written notes instead. Noise in the back of the aircraft was unbearable. Alexei Tupolev acknowledged the problem to foreign passengers and promised to fix it, but never had the means to do so.

text: The System/38 was a descendant of the abandoned IBM Future Systems project, which had been designed as the replacement for the System/360 and System/370 mainframe architectures. The midrange predecessors to the System/38 included the System/3, System/32, and System/34. The System/38 offered more capacity than the previous System/34. Somewhat confusingly, the System/38 chronologically preceded the System/36, which was a successor to the System/34.

text: The System/38 was a descendant of the abandoned

text: IBM Future Systems project

text: , which had been designed as the replacement for the

text: and

text: mainframe architectures. The midrange predecessors to the System/38 included the

text: , and

text: . The System/38 offered more capacity than the previous System/34. Somewhat confusingly, the System/38 chronologically preceded the

text: , which was a successor to the System/34.

text: The integumentary system consists of the skin, hooves, hair, and glands.

text: These diets attract people who want to lose weight quickly and easily and keep that weight off or who want to be healthy and find that belonging to a group of people defined by a strict way of eating helps them to avoid the many bad food choices available in the developed world.

text: People often say they feel their "hair standing on end" when they are frightened or in awe. In an extremely stressful situation, the body can employ the "fight or flight" response. As the body prepares itself for either fighting or running, the sympathetic nervous system floods the blood with adrenaline (epinephrine), a hormone that speeds up heart rate, metabolism, and body temperature in the presence of extreme stress.  Then the sympathetic nervous system also causes the piloerection reflex, which makes the muscles attached to the base of each hair follicle contract and force the hair up.

text: People often say they feel their "hair standing on end" when they are frightened or in awe. In an extremely

text: stressful

text: situation, the body can employ the "

text: fight or flight

text: " response. As the body prepares itself for either fighting or running, the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: floods the blood with

text: adrenaline

text: (epinephrine), a hormone that speeds up heart rate,

text: metabolism

text: , and body temperature in the presence of extreme stress.  Then the sympathetic nervous system also causes the piloerection reflex, which makes the muscles attached to the base of each hair follicle contract and force the hair up.

text: Both of the above types of cyst contain keratin, not sebum, and neither originates from sebaceous glands. Epidermoid cysts originate in the epidermis and pilar cysts originate from hair follicles. Therefore, technically speaking they are not sebaceous cysts. "True" sebaceous cysts, cysts which originate from sebaceous glands and which contain sebum, are relatively rare and are known as steatocystoma simplex or, if multiple, as steatocystoma multiplex.

text: Both of the above types of

text: cyst

text: contain

text: keratin

text: , not

text: sebum

text: , and neither originates from

text: sebaceous gland

text: s. Epidermoid cysts originate in the

text: epidermis

text: and pilar cysts originate from

text: hair follicle

text: s. Therefore, technically speaking they are not sebaceous cysts. "True" sebaceous cysts, cysts which originate from sebaceous glands and which contain sebum, are relatively rare and are known as

text: steatocystoma simplex

text: or, if multiple, as

text: steatocystoma multiplex

text: Because this growth usually ruptures the epidermis of the stem or roots, plants with secondary growth usually also develop a cork cambium. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. If this is kept up over many years, this process may produce a layer of cork. In the case of the cork oak it will yield harvestable cork.

text: Because this growth usually ruptures the

text: epidermis

text: of the stem or roots, plants with secondary growth usually also develop a

text: cork cambium

text: . The cork cambium gives rise to

text: thickened cork cells

text: to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. If this is kept up over many years, this process may produce a layer of cork. In the case of the

text: cork oak

text: it will yield harvestable

text: cork

text: Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails).  While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described.  Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known.  Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.  Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow).  Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.

text: Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as

text: dermatoses

text: , as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances,

text: melanonychia

text: and

text: racquet nails

text: ).  While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the

text: physician

text: , thousands of skin conditions have been described.  Classification of these conditions often presents many

text: nosological

text: challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known.  Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example,

text: conditions of the mucous membrane

text: ), morphology (

text: chronic blistering conditions

text: ), etiology (

text: skin conditions resulting from physical factors

text: ), and so on.  Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting

text: skin lesion

text: (s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (

text: pruritus

text: , pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (

text: macule

text: s,

text: papule

text: s,

text: vesicle

text: s), and

text: color

text: (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow).  Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a

text: skin biopsy

text: which yields

text: histologic

text: information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.

text: While many association studies have identified long ncRNAs that are aberrantly expressed in disease states, we have little understanding of their contribution within disease etiology. Expression analyses that compare tumor cells and normal cells have revealed changes in the expression of ncRNAs in several forms of cancer. For example, in prostate tumours, one of two overexpressed ncRNAs, PCGEM1, is correlated with increased proliferation and colony formation suggesting an involvement in regulating cell growth. MALAT1 (also known as NEAT2) was originally identified as an abundantly expressed ncRNA that is upregulated during metastasis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its overexpression is an early prognostic marker for poor patient survival rates. More recently, the highly conserved mouse homologue of MALAT1 was found to be highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Intronic antisense ncRNAs with expression correlated to the degree of tumor differentiation in prostate cancer samples have also been reported. Despite a number of long ncRNAs having aberrant expression in cancer, their function and potential role in tumourogenesis is relatively unknown. For example, the ncRNAs HIS-1 and BIC have been implicated in oncogenesis and growth control, but their function in normal cells is unknown. In addition to cancer, ncRNAs also exhibit aberrant expression in other disease states. Overexpression of PRINS is associated with psoriasis susceptibility, with PRINS expression being elevated in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriatic patients compared with both psoriatic lesions and healthy epidermis.

text: While many association studies have identified long ncRNAs that are aberrantly expressed in disease states, we have little understanding of their contribution within disease etiology. Expression analyses that compare tumor cells and normal cells have revealed changes in the expression of ncRNAs in several forms of cancer. For example, in prostate tumours, one of two overexpressed ncRNAs,

text: , is correlated with increased proliferation and colony formation suggesting an involvement in regulating cell growth.

text: (also known as NEAT2) was originally identified as an abundantly expressed ncRNA that is upregulated during metastasis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its overexpression is an early prognostic marker for poor patient survival rates. More recently, the highly conserved mouse homologue of MALAT1 was found to be highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Intronic antisense ncRNAs with expression correlated to the degree of tumor differentiation in prostate cancer samples have also been reported. Despite a number of long ncRNAs having aberrant expression in cancer, their function and potential role in tumourogenesis is relatively unknown. For example, the ncRNAs HIS-1 and BIC have been implicated in oncogenesis and growth control, but their function in normal cells is unknown. In addition to cancer, ncRNAs also exhibit aberrant expression in other disease states. Overexpression of PRINS is associated with psoriasis susceptibility, with PRINS expression being elevated in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriatic patients compared with both psoriatic lesions and healthy epidermis.

text: Through the principle of feed-back, the signal produced by the excitation of the skin returns to the skin in the form of acoustic pressure. The result is an infinitely sustained sound. The system controls the damping of the movement of the skin, and therefore the decay rate of the sound, and permits isolation of high frequency modes by the combined action of nodes present on the skin and the amount of feed-back input energy.The design on the skin surface is a simplified map of the oscillatory modes based on the Bessel functions. The map was limited to 13 diameters and 8 nodal circles, the latter divided into even semicircles (to the left) and odd semicircles (to the right).See also Skin-Act.

text: Through the principle of

text: feed-back

text: , the signal produced by the excitation of the skin returns to the skin in the form of

text: acoustic pressure

text: . The result is an infinitely sustained sound. The system controls the damping of the movement of the skin, and therefore the decay rate of the sound, and permits isolation of high frequency modes by the combined action of nodes present on the skin and the amount of feed-back input energy.The design on the skin surface is a simplified map of the oscillatory modes based on the

text: Bessel functions

text: . The map was limited to 13 diameters and 8 nodal circles, the latter divided into even semicircles (to the left) and odd semicircles (to the right).See also

text: Skin-Act

text: When the function and mechanisms of hair cells are more fully understood, there are two applications that it could have. These involve both basic research in other fields and clinical applications in the field of hair cells. The mechanism of the hair cell might contribute to the understanding other mechanosensory systems such as the sense of touch. In the field of touch, the ion channel is that is activated is also currently unknown, and it is likely that there are several different ion channels. Eventually, it is hoped that this research can help individuals with hearing impairments. For example, if somebody subjects their ears to extremely loud sounds, then they may experience hearing loss. This is probably a result of the tip links being broken. Normally the tip links grow back in about half a day, but for some people they are more fragile, making those individuals more susceptible to hearing loss. If the cause of this susceptibility could be determined, and if tip link are repair could be understood, then a drug could be developed that would help the tip links grow back more readily. Generally, many people lose hearing in their old age, especially high frequency hearing. This is caused by hair cell death, so it is hoped that techniques can be developed, such as by using stem cells or other genetic manipulations, to encourage the inner ear to regenerate its hair cells and restore hearing.

text: Paul Mitchell (born Cyril Thomson Mitchell, January 27, 1936 - April 21, 1989) was a Scottish American hairstylist and co-founder of the hair care product company John Paul Mitchell Systems in 1980.

text: Paul Mitchell (born Cyril Thomson Mitchell, January 27, 1936 - April 21, 1989) was a

text: Scottish American

text: hairstylist

text: and co-founder of the

text: hair care

text: product company

text: John Paul Mitchell Systems

text: in 1980.

text: Heart attack is the leading cause of on-duty firefighter fatalities each year.  The NVFC launched the Heart-Healthy Firefighter Program in 2003 to counter this trend by providing tools, resources, and information to keep first responders healthy and better prepared for the rigors of emergency response. The Heart-Healthy Firefighter Program, which is supported by federal grants, is the nation’s only heart attack awareness and prevention campaign targeted at all firefighters and emergency services personnel, both volunteer and career.

text: The hue of human skin and hair is determined by the presence of pigments called melanins. Human skin color can range from darkest brown to lightest peach, or even nearly white or colorless in cases of albinism. Human hair ranges in color from white to red to blond to brown to black, which is most frequent. Hair color depends on the amount of melanin (an effective sun blocking pigment) in the skin and hair, with hair melanin concentrations in hair fading with increased age, leading to grey or even white hair. Most researchers believe that skin darkening is an adaptation that evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation, which also helps balancing folate, which is destroyed by ultraviolet radiation. Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of vitamin D, which requires sunlight to make. Skin pigmentation of contemporary humans is clinally distributed across the planet, and in general correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation in a particular geographic area. Human skin also has a capacity to darken (tan) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

text: The hue of human skin and hair is determined by the presence of

text: pigment

text: s called

text: melanin

text: s. Human skin color can range from

text: darkest brown

text: to

text: lightest peach

text: , or even nearly white or colorless in cases of

text: albinism

text: . Human hair ranges in color from

text: white

text: to

text: red

text: to

text: blond

text: to

text: brown

text: to

text: black

text: , which is most frequent. Hair color depends on the amount of melanin (an effective sun blocking pigment) in the

text: skin

text: and hair, with hair melanin concentrations in hair fading with increased age, leading to

text: grey

text: or even white hair. Most researchers believe that skin darkening is an adaptation that evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation, which also helps balancing

text: folate

text: , which is destroyed by

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: . Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of

text: vitamin D

text: , which requires

text: sunlight

text: to make. Skin pigmentation of contemporary humans is clinally distributed across the planet, and in general correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation in a particular geographic area. Human skin also has a capacity to darken (tan) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

text: A number of gene mutations have been linked to conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system.

text: Eosinophilia can be idiopathic (primary) or, more commonly, secondary to another disease. In the Western World, allergic or atopic diseases are the most common causes, especially those of the respiratory or integumentary systems. In the developing world, parasites are the most common cause. A parasitic infection of nearly any bodily tissue can cause eosinophilia.Diseases that feature eosinophilia as a sign include:

text: Eosinophilia can be

text: idiopathic

text: (primary) or, more commonly, secondary to another disease. In the Western World, allergic or

text: atopic

text: diseases are the most common causes, especially those of the

text: respiratory

text: or

text: integumentary

text: systems. In the developing world,

text: parasites

text: are the most common cause. A parasitic infection of nearly any bodily

text: tissue

text: can cause eosinophilia.Diseases that feature eosinophilia as a sign include:

text: Normally, our immune system produces antibodies that attack viruses and harmful bacteria to keep us healthy. In people with pemphigus, however, the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the epidermis, or top layer of the skin, and the mucous membranes. The immune system produces antibodies against proteins in the skin known as desmogleins. These proteins form the glue that keeps skin cells attached and the skin intact. When desmogleins are attacked, skin cells separate from each other and fluid can collect between the layers of skin, forming blisters that do not heal. In some cases, these blisters can cover a large area of skin.

text: The body is long, cylindrical, fusiform (pointed at both the ends), body wall is composed of cuticle, epidermis and musculature.  Presence of a false body pseudocoelom not lined by epithelium.   Digestive system is complete.  Respiration by simple diffusion. Nervous system consists of a nerve ring and many longitudinal nerve cords.  Only sexual reproduction. Sexes are separate with sexual dimorphism. Males are usually shorter than females.

text: The body is long, cylindrical, fusiform (pointed at both the ends), body wall is composed of

text: cuticle

text: , epidermis and musculature.  Presence of a false body

text: pseudocoelom

text: not lined by epithelium.   Digestive system is complete.

text: Respiration

text: by simple diffusion. Nervous system consists of a

text: nerve ring

text: and many longitudinal nerve cords.  Only sexual reproduction. Sexes are separate with

text: sexual dimorphism

text: . Males are usually shorter than females.

text: In a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), it is considered normal for a large number of animals to continuously occupy a very small area. The aisles that animals use to move around are consequently constantly coated with a moist layer of manure and urine from the many animals, leading to ailments such as foot rot due to the constant wet exposure. The manure and urine is usually just scraped off into gutters below slatted surfaces, and the surfaces and gutters are rarely washed completely clean, so molds, bacteria, and insects can grow and thrive in the potentially infectious waste. Feeding areas in a CAFO are also rarely stripped bare and washed with a disinfectant, as this would reduce the time available for animals to eat continuously, so molds and bacteria are also able to become established where the animals eat. The close confinement and lack of general environmental cleanliness leads to easier spread of infection and increased sickness, requiring the regular feeding of antibiotics to keep the confined animals healthy but which also leads to antibiotic resistance for bacteria constantly present in the CAFO.

text: In a concentrated animal feeding operation (

text: CAFO

text: ), it is considered normal for a large number of animals to continuously occupy a very small area. The aisles that animals use to move around are consequently constantly coated with a moist layer of manure and urine from the many animals, leading to ailments such as

text: foot rot

text: due to the constant wet exposure. The manure and urine is usually just scraped off into gutters below slatted surfaces, and the surfaces and gutters are rarely washed completely clean, so molds, bacteria, and insects can grow and thrive in the potentially infectious waste. Feeding areas in a CAFO are also rarely stripped bare and washed with a disinfectant, as this would reduce the time available for animals to eat continuously, so molds and bacteria are also able to become established where the animals eat. The close confinement and lack of general environmental cleanliness leads to easier spread of infection and increased sickness, requiring the regular feeding of

text: antibiotic

text: s to keep the confined animals healthy but which also leads to

text: antibiotic resistance

text: for bacteria constantly present in the CAFO.

text: Manchester Action on Street Health (MASH) is a charity that provides support to female sex workers, offering a range of confidential and non-judgemental services in order to help keep them safe and healthy.

text: Manchester

text: Action on Street Health (MASH) is a charity that provides support to female

text: sex worker

text: s, offering a range of confidential and non-judgemental services in order to help keep them safe and healthy.

text: Flory is about to ask her to marry him, but they are interrupted first by her aunt and secondly by an earthquake. Mrs Lackersteen's interruption is deliberate because she has discovered that a military police lieutenant named Verrall is arriving in Kyauktada. As he comes from an extremely good family, she sees him as a better prospect as a husband for Elizabeth. Mrs Lackersteen tells Elizabeth that Flory is keeping a Burmese mistress as a deliberate ploy to send her to Verrall. Indeed, Flory had been keeping a mistress, but had dismissed her almost the moment Elizabeth had arrived. Elizabeth is appalled and falls at the first opportunity for Verrall, who is arrogant and ill-mannered to all but her. Flory is devastated and after a period of exile attempts to make amends by delivering to her the leopard skin. A bungled curing process has left the skin mangy and stinking and the gesture merely compounds his status as a poor suitor. When Flory delivers it to Elizabeth she accepts it regardless of the fact that it stinks and he talks of their relationship, telling her he still loves her. She responds by telling him that unfortunately the feelings aren't mutual and leaves the house to go horse riding with Verrall. When Flory and Elizabeth part ways, Mrs Lackersteen orders the servants to burn the reeking leopard skin, representing the deterioration of Flory and Elizabeth's relationship.

text: Although in principle it is true that circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used, in practice this name is very strongly linked to the Cronquist system, and the allied Takhtajan system. These two are the only major systems to use the name, and in both these systems it refers to the group more widely known as the monocotyledons. Earlier systems referred to this group by the name Monocotyledones, with Monocotyledoneae an earlier spelling (these names may be used in any rank).  Systems such as the Dahlgren and Thorne systems (more recent than the Takhtajan and Cronquist systems) refer to this group by the name Liliidae (a name in the rank of subclass). Modern systems, such as the APG and APG II systems refer to this group by the name monocots (a name for a clade). Therefore, in practice the name Liliopsida will almost surely refer to the usage as in the Cronquist system.

text: Although in principle it is true that circumscription of this class will vary with the

text: taxonomic system

text: being used, in practice this name is very strongly linked to the

text: Cronquist system

text: , and the allied

text: Takhtajan system

text: . These two are the only major systems to use the name, and in both these systems it refers to the group more widely known as the

text: monocotyledon

text: s. Earlier systems referred to this group by the name Monocotyledones, with Monocotyledoneae an earlier spelling (these names may be used in any

text: rank

text: ).  Systems such as the

text: Dahlgren

text: and

text: Thorne system

text: s (more recent than the Takhtajan and Cronquist systems) refer to this group by the name

text: Liliidae

text: (a name in the rank of subclass). Modern systems, such as the

text: APG

text: and

text: APG II system

text: s refer to this group by the name

text: monocots

text: (a name for a

text: clade

text: ). Therefore, in practice the name Liliopsida will almost surely refer to the usage as in the Cronquist system.

text: When a player reaches the highest score on the scoreboard, they will become a Shaman in the next map involving one. The general objective of the Shaman is to help the other mice obtain the cheese and bring it back to the hole. Doing so will award the Shaman with "saves" for each mouse who completes the map, which are recorded onto the player's profile. The Shaman can do so by summoning objects such as boards, boxes, anvils, spirit, and balloons to create buildings or contraptions such as bridges to cross gaps or various other obstacles. A Shaman can 'anchor' or connect boards and boxes to other world objects or summoned objects with various-colored nails. Red nails keep an object firmly grounded and will not move, but it can rotate on the anchor. Yellow nails connect to most other objects, particularly red-nailed ones, and keep an object's placement, but can move. Green nails connect two objects but are loose and can rotate.

text: When a player reaches the highest score on the scoreboard, they will become a

text: Shaman

text: in the next map involving one. The general objective of the Shaman is to help the other mice obtain the cheese and bring it back to the hole. Doing so will award the Shaman with "saves" for each mouse who completes the map, which are recorded onto the player's profile. The Shaman can do so by summoning objects such as boards, boxes, anvils, spirit, and balloons to create buildings or contraptions such as bridges to cross gaps or various other obstacles. A Shaman can 'anchor' or connect boards and boxes to other world objects or summoned objects with various-colored nails. Red nails keep an object firmly grounded and will not move, but it can rotate on the anchor. Yellow nails connect to most other objects, particularly red-nailed ones, and keep an object's placement, but can move. Green nails connect two objects but are loose and can rotate.

text: Stretch marks occur in the dermis, the resilient middle tissue layer that helps the skin retain its shape. No stretch marks will form as long as there is support within the dermis; stretching plays a role in where the marks occur and in what direction they run, however, there are a number of contributing factors (see: "Causes", below) to their formation.They can (but do not always) cause a burning and itching sensation, as well as emotional distress.  They pose no health risk in and of themselves, and do not compromise the body's ability to function normally and repair itself, however, they are often considered a cosmetic nuisance. Young women are generally affected the most and often seek treatment for them from a dermatologist and following pregnancy.

text: Stretch marks occur in the

text: dermis

text: , the resilient middle tissue layer that helps the

text: skin

text: retain its shape. No stretch marks will form as long as there is support within the dermis; stretching plays a role in where the marks occur and in what direction they run, however, there are a number of contributing factors (see: "Causes", below) to their formation.They can (but do not always) cause a burning and itching sensation, as well as emotional distress.  They pose no health risk in and of themselves, and do not compromise the body's ability to function normally and repair itself, however, they are often considered a

text: cosmetic

text: nuisance. Young women are generally affected the most and often seek treatment for them from a dermatologist and following

text: pregnancy

text: There are several causes of Beau's lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix.  This may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area.  Some other reasons for these lines include trauma, coronary occlusion, hypocalcaemia, and skin disease. They may be a sign of systemic disease, or may also be caused by an illness of the body, as well as drugs used in chemotherapy or malnutrition. Beau's lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with Kawasaki disease.

text: There are several causes of Beau's lines. It is believed that there is a temporary cessation of

text: cell division

text: in the

text: nail matrix

text: .  This may be caused by an

text: infection

text: or problem in the nail fold, where the nail begins to form, or it may be caused by an injury to that area.  Some other reasons for these lines include trauma,

text: coronary occlusion

text: hypocalcaemia

text: , and skin disease. They may be a sign of systemic disease, or may also be caused by an illness of the body, as well as drugs used in

text: chemotherapy

text: or

text: malnutrition

text: . Beau's lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with

text: Kawasaki disease

text: As these frogs often live in arid and semi-arid climates, they have developed several adaptations to live months at a time away from water. These include: uricoltelism, rectal water resorption, and water-loss resistant skin that changes color in response to temperature. Individual frogs can change their color from chalky white to dark brown. The brown coloration has a geometric/bark pattern. The frogs change their body colors in response to temperature differences in order to maintain a good body temperature and minimize evaporative water loss. When they are dark, their body temperature follows air temperature more closely, it is common for them to do this when the air is below 36 °C. The white coloration helps them to maintain a temperature below the ambient temperature by reflecting heat away. Their skin has an integumentary resistance to evaporation that rivals that of terrestrial reptiles, earning them the nickname of "waterproof frogs", but this resistance isn't present in their ventral skin, so when met with a dry period, these frogs tuck their water losing ventral areas under them so that only their resistant skin is exposed and the secrete a water-resistant mucus to seal any small gaps and they aestivate. If disturbed and forced to move, they lose a significant amount of water and may not be able to survive the rest of the dry season.

text: As these frogs often live in arid and semi-arid climates, they have developed several adaptations to live months at a time away from water. These include:

text: uricoltelism

text: , rectal water resorption, and water-loss resistant skin that changes color in response to temperature. Individual frogs can change their color from chalky white to dark brown. The brown coloration has a geometric/bark pattern. The frogs change their body colors in response to temperature differences in order to maintain a good body temperature and minimize evaporative water loss. When they are dark, their body temperature follows air temperature more closely, it is common for them to do this when the air is below 36 °C. The white coloration helps them to maintain a temperature below the ambient temperature by reflecting heat away. Their skin has an

text: integumentary

text: resistance to evaporation that rivals that of terrestrial reptiles, earning them the nickname of "waterproof frogs", but this resistance isn't present in their

text: ventral

text: skin, so when met with a dry period, these frogs tuck their water losing ventral areas under them so that only their resistant skin is exposed and the secrete a water-resistant mucus to seal any small gaps and they

text: aestivate

text: . If disturbed and forced to move, they lose a significant amount of water and may not be able to survive the rest of the dry season.

text: The towns provided huge warehouses, still to be seen at Provins. Furs and skins traveled in both directions, from Spain, Sicily, and North Africa in the south via Marseilles, and the highly prized vair, rabbit, marten and other skins from the north. From the north also came woolens and linen cloth. From the south came silk, pepper and other spices, drugs, coinage and the new concepts of credit and bookkeeping. Goods converged from Spain, travelling along the well-established pilgrim route from Santiago de Compostela and from Germany. Once the cloth sales had been concluded, the reckoning of credit at the tables (banche) of Italian money-changers effected compensatory payments for goods, established future payments on credit, made loans to princes and lords, and settled bills of exchange (which were generally worded to expire at one of the Champagne fairs). Even after trade routes had shifted away from the north-south axis that depended on the Champagne commodities fairs, the fairs continued to function as an international clearing house for paper debts and credits, as they had built up a system of commercial law, regulated by private judges separate from the feudal social order and the requirements of scrupulously maintaining a "good name", prior to the third-party enforcement of legal codes by the nation-state.

text: The towns provided huge warehouses, still to be seen at

text: Provins

text: . Furs and skins traveled in both directions, from Spain,

text: Sicily

text: , and North Africa in the south via

text: Marseilles

text: , and the highly prized

text: vair

text: rabbit

text: marten

text: and other skins from the north. From the north also came

text: wool

text: ens and

text: linen

text: cloth. From the south came

text: silk

text: pepper

text: and other spices,

text: drug

text: s, coinage and the new concepts of credit and

text: bookkeeping

text: . Goods converged from Spain, travelling along the well-established pilgrim route from

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: and from Germany. Once the cloth sales had been concluded, the reckoning of credit at the tables (banche) of Italian money-changers effected compensatory payments for goods, established future payments on credit, made loans to princes and lords, and settled bills of exchange (which were generally worded to expire at one of the Champagne fairs). Even after trade routes had shifted away from the north-south axis that depended on the Champagne commodities fairs, the fairs continued to function as an international clearing house for paper debts and credits, as they had built up a system of

text: commercial law

text: , regulated by private judges separate from the

text: feudal social order

text: and the requirements of scrupulously maintaining a "good name", prior to the third-party enforcement of legal codes by the

text: nation-state

text: To illustrate these ideas, let A be the set of left-handed people, and let B be the set of people with blond hair. Then A ∩ B is the set of all left-handed blond-haired people, while A ∪ B is the set of all people who are left-handed or blond-haired or both. A \ B, on the other hand, is the set of all people that are left-handed but not blond-haired, while B \ A is the set of all people who have blond hair but aren't left-handed.

text: Two versions exist of how Lennon met Ono. According to the first, told by the Lennons, on 9 November 1966 Lennon went to the Indica Gallery in London, where Ono was preparing her conceptual art exhibit, and they were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar. Lennon was intrigued by Ono's "Hammer A Nail": patrons hammered a nail into a wooden board, creating the art piece. Although the exhibition had not yet begun, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but Ono stopped him. Dunbar asked her, "Don't you know who this is? He's a millionaire! He might buy it." Ono had supposedly not heard of the Beatles, but relented on condition that Lennon pay her five shillings, to which Lennon replied, "I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in." The second version, told by McCartney, is that in late 1965, Ono was in London compiling original musical scores for a book John Cage was working on, Notations, but McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts for the book, suggesting that Lennon might oblige. When asked, Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to "The Word".

text: Two versions exist of how Lennon met Ono. According to the first, told by the Lennons, on 9 November 1966 Lennon went to the

text: Indica Gallery

text: in London, where Ono was preparing her conceptual art exhibit, and they were introduced by gallery owner

text: John Dunbar

text: . Lennon was intrigued by Ono's "Hammer A Nail": patrons hammered a nail into a wooden board, creating the art piece. Although the exhibition had not yet begun, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but Ono stopped him. Dunbar asked her, "Don't you know who this is? He's a millionaire! He might buy it." Ono had supposedly not heard of the Beatles, but relented on condition that Lennon pay her five

text: shillings

text: , to which Lennon replied, "I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in." The second version, told by McCartney, is that in late 1965, Ono was in London compiling original musical scores for a book

text: John Cage

text: was working on,

text: Notations

text: , but McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts for the book, suggesting that Lennon might oblige. When asked, Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to "

text: The Word

text: Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.

text: Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances,

text: melanonychia

text: and

text: racquet nails

text: ). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many

text: nosological

text: challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example,

text: conditions of the mucous membrane

text: ), morphology (

text: chronic blistering conditions

text: ), etiology (

text: ), and so on.

text: The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis.  Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers.  Additionally, the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them.  With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number.

text: The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the

text: papillary dermis

text: , and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis.  Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers.  Additionally, the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them.  With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number.

text: The most basic task in each mission is to maintain the city. This involves keeping the populace well-fed, healthy, and safe from hazards. If food and basic goods and services are provided in abundance, the city will eventually improve. Beyond this, the player must manage trade and taxes in order to fund further development and expansion.

text: Like the original Torchlight, Torchlight II features randomly generated dungeons for the player to explore, and numerous types of monsters to fight for experience and loot.  Torchlight II maintains the same basic gameplay as its predecessor, but features overland areas with multiple hub towns, and a longer campaign. Other new features include time of day cycles, weather effects, and a redesigned user interface.  Also, unlike the first game, some weapons and armor can only be used by certain classes, as opposed to all of them. Players are able to customize character appearance with choice of sex, face, hair style and hair color.  Additionally, several elements from the first game return, such as pets (but now with expanded options and basic customization available) and fishing. A retirement system was originally planned, similar or identical to the one in the first game, but was replaced with the current New Game Plus mode.

text: Like the original

text: Torchlight

text: , Torchlight II features randomly generated

text: dungeons

text: for the player to explore, and numerous types of monsters to fight for

text: experience

text: and

text: loot

text: .  Torchlight II maintains the same basic gameplay as its predecessor, but features overland areas with multiple hub towns, and a longer campaign. Other new features include time of day cycles, weather effects, and a redesigned user interface.  Also, unlike the first game, some weapons and armor can only be used by certain classes, as opposed to all of them. Players are able to customize character appearance with choice of sex, face, hair style and hair color.  Additionally, several elements from the first game return, such as pets (but now with expanded options and basic customization available) and fishing. A retirement system was originally planned, similar or identical to the one in the first game, but was replaced with the current

text: New Game Plus

text: mode.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts. Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods.

text: Amphibious fish

text: such as the

text: mudskipper

text: can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of

text: anguillid eel

text: s may absorb oxygen directly. The

text: buccal cavity

text: of the

text: electric eel

text: may breathe air. Catfish of the families

text: Loricariidae

text: Callichthyidae

text: , and

text: Scoloplacidae

text: absorb air through their digestive tracts.

text: Lungfish

text: , with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and

text: bichir

text: s have paired lungs similar to those of

text: tetrapod

text: s and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills.

text: Gar

text: and

text: bowfin

text: have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way.

text: Loaches

text: trahiras

text: , and many

text: catfish

text: breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as

text: gourami

text: s and

text: betta

text: s) have a

text: labyrinth organ

text: above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably

text: snakeheads

text: pikeheads

text: , and the

text: Clariidae

text: catfish family.

text: Since the system lives in a greenhouse, it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to tropical climates.The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' electrolyte balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.

text: Since the system lives in a

text: greenhouse

text: , it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to

text: tropical climate

text: s.The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes'

text: electrolyte

text: balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.

text: Nail played guitar for Alejandro Escovedo in 2013. After playing one show together, at the Norman Music Festival in Norman, OK, Escovedo asked Nail to join him on his upcoming world tour.  Shortly thereafter, Nail was diagnosed with sarcoma, a rare soft tissue cancer that had wrapped around his left leg over the course of four months. After radiation therapy and other treatment, culminating in the amputation of Nail's leg, Nail survived.

text: Nail played guitar for

text: Alejandro Escovedo

text: in 2013. After playing one show together, at the Norman Music Festival in Norman, OK, Escovedo asked Nail to join him on his upcoming world tour.  Shortly thereafter, Nail was diagnosed with

text: sarcoma

text: , a rare soft tissue

text: cancer

text: that had wrapped around his left leg over the course of four months. After radiation therapy and other treatment, culminating in the amputation of Nail's leg, Nail survived.

text: A paronychia (;  from para, "around" and onukh-, "nail") is a nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia). Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon.

text: A paronychia (;  from para, "around" and onukh-, "nail") is a

text: nail disease

text: that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the

text: nail

text: and skin meet at the side or the base of a

text: finger

text: or

text: toenail

text: . The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia). Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for

text: whitlow

text: or felon.

text: This gene encodes TRPV4, initially named vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channel (VR-OAC), and  OSM9-like transient receptor potential channel, member 4 (OTRPC4), a member of the vanilloid subfamily in the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels. The encoded protein is a Ca-permeable, nonselective cation channel that has been found involved in multiple physiologic functions, dysfunctions and also disease. It functions in the regulation of systemic osmotic pressure by the brain, in vascular function, in liver, intestinal, renal and bladder function, in skin barrier function and response of the skin to ultraviolet-B radiation, in growth and structural integrity of the skeleton, in function of joints, in airway- and lung function, in retinal and inner ear function, and in pain. The channel is activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth).  Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation and injury. Hereditary channelopathy mutations of TRPV4 lead to skeletal dysplasias, premature osteoarthritis, and neurological motor function disorders as a manifestation of a motor neuropathy or spinal muscle atrophy.

text: This gene encodes TRPV4, initially named vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channel (VR-OAC), and  OSM9-like

text: transient receptor potential

text: channel

text: , member 4 (OTRPC4), a member of the vanilloid subfamily in the

text: transient receptor potential

text: (TRP) superfamily of

text: ion channel

text: s. The encoded protein is a Ca-permeable, nonselective cation channel that has been found involved in multiple physiologic functions, dysfunctions and also disease. It functions in the regulation of systemic osmotic pressure by the brain, in vascular function, in liver, intestinal, renal and bladder function, in skin barrier function and response of the skin to ultraviolet-B radiation, in growth and structural integrity of the skeleton, in function of joints, in airway- and lung function, in retinal and inner ear function, and in pain. The channel is activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth).  Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation and injury. Hereditary channelopathy mutations of TRPV4 lead to skeletal dysplasias, premature osteoarthritis, and neurological motor function disorders as a manifestation of a motor neuropathy or spinal muscle atrophy.

text: Great Clips is a hair salon franchise with over 3,700 locations across the United States and Canada. It is headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 2013, it had system-wide sales of $1.03 billion.

text: A hairstyle, hairdo, or haircut refers to the styling of hair, usually on the human scalp. Sometimes, this could also mean an editing of beard hair. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles. The oldest known depiction of hair braiding dates back about 30,000 years. In ancient civilizations, women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. In Imperial Rome, women wore their hair in complicated styles. From the time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair as long as it would naturally grow. During the Roman Empire as well as in the 16th century in the western world, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive. During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable.

text: A hairstyle, hairdo, or haircut refers to the

text: styling

text: of

text: hair

text: , usually on the human scalp. Sometimes, this could also mean an editing of beard hair. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect of

text: personal grooming

text: fashion

text: , and

text: cosmetics

text: , although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles. The oldest known depiction of hair

text: braid

text: ing dates back about 30,000 years. In ancient civilizations, women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. In

text: Imperial Rome

text: , women wore their hair in complicated styles. From the time of the Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair as

text: long

text: as it would naturally grow. During the Roman Empire as well as in the 16th century in the western world, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive. During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable.

text: Human skin has a low permeability; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most inorganic nanosized particles. This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues. However, in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin. Potential medical applications of such particle transfer has prompted developments in nanomedicine and biology to increase skin permeability. One application of transcutaneous particle delivery could be to locate and treat cancer. Nanomedical researchers seek to target the epidermis and other layers of active cell division where nanoparticles can interact directly with cells that have lost their growth-control mechanisms (cancer cells). Such direct interaction could be used to more accurately diagnose properties of specific tumors or to treat them by delivering drugs with cellular specificity.

text: Human skin has a low

text: permeability

text: ; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most

text: inorganic

text: nanosized particles. This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues. However, in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin. Potential medical applications of such particle transfer has prompted developments in

text: nanomedicine

text: and

text: biology

text: to increase skin permeability. One application of transcutaneous particle delivery could be to locate and treat cancer. Nanomedical researchers seek to target the epidermis and other layers of active cell division where

text: nanoparticles

text: can interact directly with cells that have lost their growth-control mechanisms (

text: cancer cells

text: ). Such direct interaction could be used to more accurately diagnose properties of specific tumors or to treat them by delivering drugs with cellular specificity.

text: The skin consists of two primary layers: the inner layer called the dermis, composed largely of connective tissue, and the outer, thinner epidermis. Thick epidermis in the soles and palms consists of five strata; from outer to inner, they are: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Vitamin D is produced in the two innermost strata, the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.

text: The skin consists of two primary layers: the inner layer called the

text: dermis

text: , composed largely of

text: connective tissue

text: , and the outer, thinner

text: epidermis

text: . Thick epidermis in the soles and palms consists of five strata; from outer to inner, they are: the

text: stratum corneum

text: stratum lucidum

text: stratum granulosum

text: stratum spinosum

text: , and

text: stratum basale

text: . Vitamin D is produced in the two innermost strata, the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.

text: can therefore be interpreted as proportional to a weighted average of the function x[k].The weighting function is h[-k], simply shifted by amount n. As n changes, the weighting function emphasizes different parts of the input function.  Equivalently, the system's response to an impulse at n=0 is a "time" reversed copy of the unshifted weighting function.  When h[k] is zero for all negative k, the system is said to be causal.

text: can therefore be interpreted as proportional to a weighted average of the function x[k].The weighting function is h[-k], simply shifted by amount n. As n changes, the weighting function emphasizes different parts of the input function.  Equivalently, the system's response to an impulse at n=0 is a "time" reversed copy of the unshifted weighting function.  When h[k] is zero for all negative k, the system is said to be

text: causal

text: The holotype skeleton shows each structure attaching to a vertebral spine. These anchorage points are visible as raised knobs. The base of each appendage is slightly convex, unlike the flattened shape of the rest of the structure. The convex shape may be evidence that the base of each structure was tubular in life, anchoring like other integumentary structures such as Mammalian hair or Avian feathers into a follicle. Moreover, the proximity of each structure to its corresponding vertebra suggests that a thick layer of soft tissue, possibly including a follicle, surrounded each base.

text: The holotype skeleton shows each structure attaching to a vertebral spine. These anchorage points are visible as raised knobs. The base of each appendage is slightly convex, unlike the flattened shape of the rest of the structure. The convex shape may be evidence that the base of each structure was tubular in life, anchoring like other integumentary structures such as Mammalian hair or Avian feathers into a

text: follicle

text: . Moreover, the proximity of each structure to its corresponding vertebra suggests that a thick layer of soft tissue, possibly including a follicle, surrounded each base.

text: The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.

text: The

text: brain

text: generally forms a ring round the

text: pharynx

text: (throat), consisting of a pair of

text: ganglia

text: (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of

text: polychaete

text: s are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active

text: polychaete

text: s the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the

text: central nervous system

text: is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each

text: segmental ganglion

text: a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling

text: genus

text: Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the

text: epidermis

text: Nail Salon - Nail salon in Daykaniama area Tokyo, Tout Soleil (Japan) 2005

text: Cutis is the combined term for the epidermis and the dermis, the two outer layers of the skin. The subcutis is the layer below the cutis. Sweat pores are contained in the cutis, along with other organs, while hair follicles are contained in the subcutis, along with sweat glands and nerves.

text: Cutis is the combined term for the

text: epidermis

text: and the

text: dermis

text: , the two outer layers of the

text: skin

text: . The

text: subcutis

text: is the layer below the cutis.

text: Sweat pore

text: s are contained in the cutis, along with other organs, while

text: hair follicle

text: s are contained in the

text: subcutis

text: , along with

text: sweat gland

text: s and

text: nerve

text: s.

text: On average, males have more body hair than females. Males have relatively more of the type of hair called terminal hair, especially on the face, chest, abdomen and back.  In contrast, females have more vellus hair. Vellus hairs are smaller and therefore less visible.

text: On average, males have more

text: body hair

text: than females. Males have relatively more of the type of hair called

text: terminal hair

text: , especially on the

text: face

text: chest

text: abdomen

text: and back.  In contrast, females have more

text: vellus hair

text: . Vellus hairs are smaller and therefore less visible.

text: The Ngarluma people have a four group skin system.

text: The Ngarluma people have a

text: four group skin system

text: Candida is found worldwide but most commonly compromises immunocompromised individuals diagnosed with serious diseases such as HIV and cancer. Candida are ranked as one of the most common groups of organisms that cause nosocomial infections. Especially high risk individuals are patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU), have recently undergone surgery or transplant. Candida albicans infections is the top source of fungal infections in critically ill or otherwise immuncompromised patients. These patients predominantly develop oropharyngeal or thrush candidiasis, which can lead to malnutrition and interfere with the absorption of medication. Parts of the body that are commonly infected include the skin, genitals, throat, mouth, and blood. Candida continues to be the fourth most commonly isolated organism in bloodstream infections (BSIs). Furthermore, Candida albicans bloodstream infections have been associated with a high mortality rate. Methods of transmission include mother to infant through childbirth, people-to-people acquired infections that most commonly occur in hospital settings where immunocompromised patients acquire the yeast from healthcare workers and has a 40% incident rate. Men can become infected after having sex with a woman that has an existing vaginal yeast infection.  Although Candida albicans  is the most common cause of candidemia, there has been a decrease in the incidence and an increases isolation of non-albicans species of Candida in recent years. Preventive measures include keeping a healthy lifestyle including good nutrition, proper nutrition, and careful antibiotic use.

text: Candida is found worldwide but most commonly compromises immunocompromised individuals diagnosed with serious diseases such as HIV and cancer. Candida are ranked as one of the most common groups of organisms that cause

text: nosocomial infections

text: . Especially high risk individuals are patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU), have recently undergone surgery or transplant. Candida albicans infections is the top source of fungal infections in critically ill or otherwise immuncompromised patients. These patients predominantly develop oropharyngeal or thrush candidiasis, which can lead to malnutrition and interfere with the absorption of medication. Parts of the body that are commonly infected include the skin, genitals, throat, mouth, and blood. Candida continues to be the fourth most commonly isolated organism in bloodstream infections

text: (BSIs)

text: . Furthermore, Candida albicans bloodstream infections have been associated with a high mortality rate. Methods of transmission include mother to infant through childbirth, people-to-people acquired infections that most commonly occur in hospital settings where immunocompromised patients acquire the yeast from healthcare workers and has a 40% incident rate. Men can become infected after having sex with a woman that has an existing vaginal yeast infection.  Although Candida albicans  is the most common cause of candidemia, there has been a decrease in the incidence and an increases isolation of non-albicans species of Candida in recent years. Preventive measures include keeping a healthy lifestyle including good nutrition, proper nutrition, and careful antibiotic use.

text: The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of transpiration, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.

text: The

text: epidermis

text: is the outer layer of

text: cells

text: covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy

text: cuticle

text: which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of

text: transpiration

text: , regulation of gas exchange, secretion of

text: metabolic

text: compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.

text: Justicia adhatoda is a shrub with lance-shaped leaves 10 to 15 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, and borne on short petioles. When dry they are of a dull brownish-green colour. They are bitter-tasting. When a leaf is cleared with chloral hydrate and examined microscopically the oval stomata can be seen. They are surrounded by two crescent-shaped cells at right angles to the ostiole. The epidermis bears simple one- to three-celled warty hairs, and small glandular hairs. Cystoliths occur beneath the epidermis of the underside of the blade.

text: Justicia adhatoda is a

text: shrub

text: with lance-shaped leaves 10 to 15 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, and borne on short

text: petioles

text: . When dry they are of a dull brownish-green colour. They are bitter-tasting. When a leaf is cleared with

text: chloral hydrate

text: and examined microscopically the oval

text: stoma

text: ta can be seen. They are surrounded by two crescent-shaped cells at right angles to the

text: ostiole

text: . The epidermis bears simple one- to three-celled warty hairs, and small glandular hairs.

text: Cystolith

text: s occur beneath the epidermis of the underside of the blade.

text: The thermodynamic properties of hair are based on the properties of the keratin strands and amino acids that combine into a 'coiled' structure. This structure lends to many of the properties of hair, such as its ability to stretch and return to its original length. It should be noted that this coiled structure does not predispose curly or frizzy hair, both of which are defined by oval or triangular hair follicle cross-sections.

text: The thermodynamic properties of hair are based on the properties of the

text: keratin

text: strands and

text: amino acids

text: that combine into a 'coiled' structure. This structure lends to many of the properties of hair, such as its ability to stretch and return to its original length. It should be noted that this coiled structure does not predispose curly or frizzy hair, both of which are defined by oval or triangular hair follicle cross-sections.

text: An organisation with hierarchy, created by humans for a specific purpose. For example: a company, which organises humans together to collaborate and achieve a specific purpose. The result of this system is physically identifiable.There are, however, some significant links between  with previous types. It is clear that the idea of human activity system (HAS), would consist of a variety of smaller social system, with its unique development and organisation. Moreover, arguably HASes can include designed systems - computers and machinery. Majority of previous systems would overlap.

text: The larval mites feed on the skin cells, but not blood, of animals. The six-legged parasitic larva feeds on a large variety of creatures, including humans, rabbits, toads, box turtles, quail, and even some insects. After crawling onto their hosts, they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells.  They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a stylostome, and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing severe irritation and swelling. The severe itching is accompanied by red pimple-like bumps (papules) or hives and skin rash or lesions on a sun-exposed area. For humans, itching usually occurs after the larvae detach from the skin.

text: The larval mites feed on the

text: skin

text: cell

text: s, but not

text: blood

text: , of

text: animal

text: s. The six-legged parasitic

text: larva

text: feeds on a large variety of creatures, including

text: human

text: s,

text: rabbit

text: s,

text: toad

text: s,

text: box turtle

text: s,

text: quail

text: , and even some

text: insect

text: s. After crawling onto their

text: host

text: s, they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells.  They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a

text: stylostome

text: , and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing severe irritation and swelling. The severe itching is accompanied by red

text: pimple-like

text: bumps (

text: papule

text: s) or

text: hives

text: and

text: skin rash

text: or lesions on a sun-exposed area. For humans, itching usually occurs after the larvae detach from the skin.

text: The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered.  Those layers in descending order are:

text: Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin because these may cause allergic reactions. Each season requires suitable clothing in order to facilitate the evaporation of the sweat. Sunlight, water and air play an important role in keeping the skin healthy.

text: Energy policiesEnergy independence is the major principal behind the party's policy. The Republican Committee of Delaware supports safe and affordable productions of energy that can be used to keep prices low and keep American running in a healthy fashion.

text: One nailing method is rapid response diffuse nailing: CLOUJET, where the nails are embedded in the ground by means of an expanded bulb obtained by means of injecting mortar at high pressure into the anchorage area. Drainage is important to the CLOUJET method since the hydraulic regime, considered in the form of pore-pressure applied normally to the fractured surfaces, directly influences the characteristics of the system. The drained water, both through fabric and by means of pipes embedded in the ground, flows together at the foot of the slope in a collector installed parallel to the direction of the face.

text: Candida yeasts are generally present in healthy humans, frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora, and particularly on the skin; however, their growth is normally limited by the human immune system and by competition of other microorganisms, such as bacteria occupying the same locations in the human body. Candida requires moisture for growth, notably on the skin. For example, wearing wet swimwear for long periods of time is believed to be a risk factor. In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter into the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections.

text: Candida yeasts are generally present in healthy humans, frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora, and particularly on the skin; however, their growth is normally limited by the human

text: immune system

text: and by competition of other

text: microorganism

text: s, such as bacteria occupying the same locations in the human body. Candida requires moisture for growth, notably on the skin. For example, wearing wet swimwear for long periods of time is believed to be a risk factor. In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter into the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections.

text: The main issues surrounding "skin" or excess "skin" is the principal–agent problem whereby transparency and fiduciary obligations are disregarded by principals who have capital or excess capital (skin) tied into an entity. Many banks and other financial institutions bar employees from having any "skin" where client capital is managed, principally to address the issue of Front running and commingled funds (MF Global).  Investment structures such as hedge funds, private equity, Trusts and Mutual funds are legally limited to a minority investment positions or are done to create a tax efficient structure. Typically equity inputs by these fiduciaries are around 0.5-2%. Nassim Nicholas Taleb  and  Constantine Sandis have argued for skin in the game as a rational and ethical heuristic for all risk-taking.

text: The main issues surrounding "skin" or excess "skin" is the

text: principal–agent problem

text: whereby transparency and fiduciary obligations are disregarded by principals who have capital or excess capital (skin) tied into an entity. Many banks and other financial institutions bar employees from having any "skin" where client capital is managed, principally to address the issue of

text: Front running

text: and

text: commingled funds

text: MF Global

text: ).  Investment structures such as

text: hedge funds

text: private equity

text: Trusts

text: and

text: Mutual fund

text: s are legally limited to a minority investment positions or are done to create a tax efficient structure. Typically equity inputs by these fiduciaries are around 0.5-2%.

text: Nassim Nicholas Taleb

text: and

text: Constantine Sandis

text: have argued for skin in the game as a rational and ethical heuristic for all risk-taking.

text: Hair is considered human remains by some definitions, but not all. It is not uncommon within museum collections due to the trend of creating "hairwork", most popular during the Victorian era. Locks of hair, hair wreaths, and jewelry made of hair are some of the most commonly found forms.

text: The New York Times book review wrote that “...The Dermis Probe develops the theme of patterns of material – arrangements: it is necessary to remember that the position of a story and its relation to others – which may be in other volumes – can be important.”

text: The New York Times

text: book review wrote that “...The Dermis Probe develops the theme of patterns of material – arrangements: it is necessary to remember that the position of a story and its relation to others – which may be in other volumes – can be important.”

text: One popular material commonly called "Polymethyl methacrylate acrylics" is a mixture of a polymer powder and a liquid monomer (e.g. ethyl methacrylate). The mixture starts to harden in 20–30 seconds after application and continues to cure to final hardness typically within fifteen minutes. Powder and liquid acrylics can be removed by using a variety of solvents (usually acetone is used). Usually it takes 20 to 30 minutes to remove the nail while using a nail file to help take off each layer of the artificial nail.

text: One popular material commonly called "

text: Polymethyl methacrylate acrylics

text: " is a mixture of a polymer powder and a liquid monomer (e.g.

text: ethyl methacrylate

text: ). The mixture starts to harden in 20–30 seconds after application and continues to cure to final hardness typically within fifteen minutes. Powder and liquid acrylics can be removed by using a variety of solvents (usually

text: acetone

text: is used). Usually it takes 20 to 30 minutes to remove the nail while using a nail file to help take off each layer of the artificial nail.

text: In 1997, the band earned a Dove Award in the category of Modern Rock Recorded Song of the Year for its song "Epidermis Girl", from its first album Space. The follow-up album, Static, reached No. 22 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart.

text: In 1997, the band earned a

text: Dove Award

text: in the category of Modern Rock Recorded Song of the Year for its song "Epidermis Girl", from its first album

text: Space

text: . The follow-up album, Static, reached No. 22 on the

text: Billboard

text: Top Christian Albums chart.

text: The standard surgical technique for repair of perineal hernia uses a prosthetic mesh, but this technique has a high rate of failure due to insufficient anchoring.  Promising new techniques to reduce the rate of failure include an orthopedic anchoring system, a gluteus maximus muscle flap, an acellular human dermis graft, and an acellular pig collagen graft.

text: The standard surgical technique for repair of perineal hernia uses a prosthetic mesh, but this technique has a high rate of failure due to insufficient anchoring.  Promising new techniques to reduce the rate of failure include an

text: orthopedic

text: anchoring system, a

text: gluteus maximus

text: muscle flap, an acellular human dermis graft, and an acellular pig collagen graft.

text: The Active Denial System (ADS) is a non-lethal, directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military, designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. Informally, the weapon is also called the heat ray since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human subjects.The Active Denial System is a dish that projects electromagnetic radiation just powerful enough to penetrate human skin and make the nervous system think the victim is on fire although no physical damage is done. Future combat vehicles such as the American GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle will incorporate non-lethal weapons.

text: The Active Denial System (ADS) is a non-lethal,

text: directed-energy weapon

text: developed by the

text: U.S. military

text: , designed for area denial, perimeter security and crowd control. Informally, the weapon is also called the heat ray since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human subjects.The

text: Active Denial System

text: is a dish that projects electromagnetic radiation just powerful enough to penetrate human skin and make the nervous system think the victim is on fire although no physical damage is done. Future combat vehicles such as the American

text: GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle

text: will incorporate non-lethal weapons.

text: Aircraft systems, ship systems, missile systems, and space systems have a large number of failure modes that must be addressed with limited resources.

text: H.S. Versnel conjectured that the ritual of the nail was associated with the annual meeting of the Etruscan league, and that Nortia's consort could have been Voltumna, the counterpart of Roman Vortumnus. The rite is analogous to, or a borrowed precedent for, a similar ritual at Rome originally held in the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, near a statue of Minerva. Nortia may thus have been related to the Etruscan Menerva.  At Rome, the goddess Necessitas, the divine personification of necessity, was also depicted with a nail, "the adamantine nail / That grim Necessity drives," as described by the Augustan poet Horace. In a poem addressing Fortuna and acknowledging her power over all, from the lowliest to the highest, Horace pictures Necessity carrying nails large enough to drive into wooden beams, and wedges.

text: H.S. Versnel conjectured that the ritual of the nail was associated with the annual meeting of the

text: Etruscan league

text: , and that Nortia's consort could have been

text: Voltumna

text: , the counterpart of Roman

text: Vortumnus

text: . The rite is analogous to, or a borrowed precedent for, a similar ritual at Rome originally held in the

text: Temple of Capitoline Jupiter

text: , near a statue of

text: Minerva

text: . Nortia may thus have been related to the Etruscan

text: Menerva

text: .  At Rome, the goddess

text: Necessitas

text: , the divine

text: personification

text: of necessity, was also depicted with a nail, "the adamantine nail / That grim Necessity drives," as described by the

text: Augustan poet

text: Horace

text: . In a poem addressing

text: Fortuna

text: and acknowledging her power over all, from the lowliest to the highest, Horace pictures Necessity carrying nails large enough to drive into wooden beams, and

text: wedges

text: Sebaceous glands are part of the body's integumentary system and serve to protect the body against germs. Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the acid mantle. This is a very fine, slightly acidic film on the surface of the skin that acts as a barrier to bacteria, viruses, and other potential contaminants that might penetrate the skin. The pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2, and this acidity helps to neutralise the primarily alkaline nature of contaminants.

text: Sebaceous glands are part of the body's

text: integumentary system

text: and serve to protect the body against germs. Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the

text: acid mantle

text: . This is a very fine, slightly

text: acid

text: ic film on the surface of the

text: skin

text: that acts as a barrier to bacteria, viruses, and other potential contaminants that might penetrate the skin. The

text: pH

text: of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2, and this acidity helps to neutralise the primarily

text: alkali

text: ne nature of contaminants.

text: Many mammals have fur and other hairs that serve different functions. Hair provides thermal regulation and camouflage for many animals; for others it provides signals to other animals such as warnings, mating, or other communicative displays; and for some animals hair provides defensive functions and, rarely, even offensive protection. Hair also has a sensory function, extending the sense of touch beyond the surface of the skin. Guard hairs give warnings that may trigger a recoiling reaction.

text: Many mammals have

text: fur

text: and other hairs that serve different functions. Hair provides thermal regulation and

text: camouflage

text: for many animals; for others it provides signals to other animals such as warnings, mating, or other communicative displays; and for some animals hair provides defensive functions and, rarely, even offensive protection. Hair also has a sensory function, extending the sense of touch beyond the surface of the skin. Guard hairs give warnings that may trigger a recoiling reaction.

text: Restoration creates a facsimile of the prepuce, but specialized tissues removed during circumcision cannot be reclaimed, in particular the ridged band, an innervated structure encircling the penis along the cusp of the foreskin, which among other functions serves to contract the opening around the glans. Surgical procedures exist to reduce the size of the opening once restoration is complete (as depicted in the image above), or it can be alleviated through a longer commitment to the skin expansion regime to allow more skin to collect at the tip. The circumcision scar becomes hidden as shaft skin begins to fold, mimicking the natural function and appearance of the foreskin.

text: Restoration creates a facsimile of the prepuce, but specialized tissues removed during circumcision cannot be reclaimed, in particular the

text: ridged band

text: , an innervated structure encircling the penis along the cusp of the foreskin, which among other functions serves to contract the opening around the glans. Surgical procedures exist to reduce the size of the opening once restoration is complete (as depicted in the image above), or it can be alleviated through a longer commitment to the skin expansion regime to allow more skin to collect at the tip. The

text: circumcision scar

text: becomes hidden as shaft skin begins to fold, mimicking the natural function and appearance of the foreskin.

text: Another hypothesis for the thick body hair on humans proposes that Fisherian runaway sexual selection played a role (as well as in the selection of long head hair), (see types of hair and vellus hair), as well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains the sexual dimorphism seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more body hair than women. Males have more terminal hair, especially on the face, chest, abdomen, and back, and females have more vellus hair, which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair, would also be consistent with the neoteny evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could have occurred at the same time. This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms. There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago when a full, lush coat of hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be selected for, not against, and not all human populations today have sexual dimorphism in body hair.

text: Another hypothesis for the thick

text: body hair

text: on humans proposes that

text: Fisherian runaway

text: sexual selection

text: played a role (as well as in the selection of long head hair), (see

text: types of hair

text: and

text: vellus hair

text: ), as well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains the

text: sexual dimorphism

text: seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more

text: body hair

text: than women. Males have more

text: terminal hair

text: , especially on the

text: face

text: chest

text: abdomen

text: , and back, and females have more

text: vellus hair

text: , which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair, would also be consistent with the

text: neoteny

text: evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could have occurred at the same time. This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms. There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago when a full, lush coat of hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be selected for, not against, and not all human populations today have sexual dimorphism in body hair.

text: Colour:  porcellanous - white. The thin, membranaceous epidermis is yellowish.

text: Colour:  porcellanous - white. The thin, membranaceous

text: epidermis

text: is yellowish.

text: A vascular anomaly is a kind of birthmark caused by a disorder of the vascular development, although it is not always present at birth. A vascular anomaly is a localized defect in blood vessels that can affect each part of the vasculature (capillaries, arteries, veins, lymphatics or a combination of these). These defects are characterized by an increased number of vessels and vessels that are both enlarged and sinuous. Some vascular anomalies are congenital and therefore present at birth, others appear within weeks to years after birth and others are acquired by trauma or during pregnancy. Inherited vascular anomalies are also described and often present with a number of lesions that increase with patients’ age. Vascular anomalies can also be a part of a syndrome and, occasionally, they can be acquired by trauma. The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body (skin, bone, liver, intestines, i.e.), but in 60% of patients vascular anomalies are localized in the head and neck region.Vascular anomalies can present in various ways. Vascular anomalies that are situated deep below the skin, appear blue and are often called cavernous. Superficial vascular anomalies appear as red-coloured stains and are associated with vascular anomalies affecting the dermis. Historically, vascular anomalies have been labeled with descriptive terms, according to the food they resembled (port wine, strawberry, cherry, salmon patch). This imprecise terminology has caused diagnostic confusion, blocked communication and even caused incorrect treatment, as it does not differentiate between various vascular anomalies. However, in 1982, Mulliken introduced a classification that replaced these descriptive terms and gave direction to the management of various vascular anomalies. This classification, based on clinical features, natural history and cellular characteristics, divides vascular anomalies into two groups: vascular tumors and vascular malformations.Although the appearance of both vascular tumors and vascular malformations can resemble, there are important differences between both.

text: A vascular anomaly is a kind of

text: birthmark

text: caused by a disorder of the vascular development, although it is not always present at birth. A vascular anomaly is a localized defect in blood vessels that can affect each part of the

text: vasculature

text: capillaries

text: arteries

text: veins

text: lymphatics

text: or a combination of these). These defects are characterized by an increased number of vessels and vessels that are both enlarged and sinuous. Some vascular anomalies are

text: congenital

text: and therefore present at birth, others appear within weeks to years after birth and others are acquired by trauma or during pregnancy. Inherited vascular anomalies are also described and often present with a number of lesions that increase with patients’ age. Vascular anomalies can also be a part of a

text: syndrome

text: and, occasionally, they can be acquired by trauma. The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body (skin, bone, liver, intestines, i.e.), but in 60% of patients vascular anomalies are localized in the head and neck region.Vascular anomalies can present in various ways. Vascular anomalies that are situated deep below the skin, appear blue and are often called

text: cavernous

text: Superficial

text: vascular anomalies appear as red-coloured stains and are associated with vascular anomalies affecting the dermis. Historically, vascular anomalies have been labeled with descriptive terms, according to the food they resembled (port wine, strawberry, cherry, salmon patch). This imprecise terminology has caused diagnostic confusion, blocked communication and even caused incorrect treatment, as it does not differentiate between various vascular anomalies. However, in 1982, Mulliken introduced a classification that replaced these descriptive terms and gave direction to the management of various vascular anomalies. This classification, based on clinical features, natural history and cellular characteristics, divides vascular anomalies into two groups: vascular tumors and vascular malformations.Although the appearance of both vascular tumors and vascular malformations can resemble, there are important differences between both.

text: Uncompensated cases will develop a lamellar wedge (pathologic horn), leading to a poor bridge between P3 and the hoof capsule. This will lead to irregular horn growth and chronic lameness, and horses will suffer from laminitis "flares." Inappropriate hoof growth will occur: the dorsal horn will have a tendency to grow outward rather than down, the heels will grow faster than the toe, and the white line will widen, leading to a potential space for packing of debris. The solar dermis is often compressed enough to inhibit growth, leading to a soft, thin sole (<10 mm) that may develop seromas. In severe cases where collapse of the suspensory apparatus of P3 has occurred, the solar dermis or the tip of P3 may penetrate the sole. The horse will also be prone to recurrent abscessation within the hoof capsule. Venogram will show "feathering" into the vascular bed beneath the lamellae, and there will be decreased or absent contrast material in the area distal to the apex of the coffin bone.

text: Uncompensated cases will develop a lamellar wedge (pathologic horn), leading to a poor bridge between P3 and the hoof capsule. This will lead to irregular horn growth and chronic lameness, and horses will suffer from laminitis "flares." Inappropriate hoof growth will occur: the dorsal horn will have a tendency to grow outward rather than down, the heels will grow faster than the toe, and the white line will widen, leading to a potential space for packing of debris. The solar dermis is often compressed enough to inhibit growth, leading to a soft, thin sole (<10 mm) that may develop

text: seroma

text: s. In severe cases where collapse of the suspensory apparatus of P3 has occurred, the solar dermis or the tip of P3 may penetrate the sole. The horse will also be prone to recurrent

text: abscess

text: ation within the hoof capsule. Venogram will show "feathering" into the vascular bed beneath the lamellae, and there will be decreased or absent contrast material in the area distal to the apex of the coffin bone.

text: Kangaroo care, or skin-to-skin care, is a technique practiced on newborn, usually preterm, infants wherein the infant is held, skin-to-skin, with an adult. Kangaroo care for pre-term infants may be restricted to a few hours per day, but if they are medically stable that time may be extended. Some parents may keep their babies in-arms for many hours per day.

text: Kangaroo care, or skin-to-skin care, is a technique practiced on newborn, usually

text: preterm

text: , infants wherein the infant is held, skin-to-skin, with an adult. Kangaroo care for pre-term infants may be restricted to a few hours per day, but if they are medically stable that time may be extended. Some parents may keep their babies in-arms for many hours per day.

text: There are a number of mites that can bite human skin and result in a cutaneous reaction, as well as transmit other diseases of or affecting the human integumentary system.

text: In the report released to ABC News, FDA scientists concluded that DHA does not stop at the outer dead layers of skin. They wrote: "The fate of DHA remaining in skin is an important issue, since high DHA skin levels were found." They added that tests they performed revealed that much of the DHA applied to skin actually ended up in the living layers of skin. They concluded: "This leaves about 11 percent of the applied DHA dose absorbed remaining in the [living] epidermis and dermis." A toxicologist and lung specialist at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine (Dr. Rey Panettieri) has commented, "The reason I'm concerned is the deposition of the tanning agents into the lungs could really facilitate or aid systemic absorption -- that is, getting into the bloodstream. These compounds in some cells could actually promote the development of cancers or malignancies, and if that's the case then we need to be wary of them."

text: An injury is an interruption of morphology and/or functionality of a given tissue. After injury, structural tissue heals with incomplete or complete regeneration. Whereas, tissue without an interruption to the morphology almost always completely regenerates. An example of complete regeneration without an interruption of the morphology is non-injured tissue, such as skin. Non-injured skin has a continued replacement and regeneration of cells which always results in complete regeneration.

text: All Irish Water Spaniels require a grooming regimen that includes maintaining healthy ears, teeth and nails. The tight double coat of the IWS sheds slightly, however many allergy sufferers have found them to be a comfortable pet with which to live.  The texture of the hair prevents the coat from becoming tightly woven into fabric and upholstery and any stray hairs are easily removed as they will gather together to form "dust bunnies".  The coat can be maintained by even the novice owner if a regular effort is maintained to keep it clean and free of mats.  A thorough combing to the skin should take place every 1–2 weeks to promote healthy skin and to remove any objects from the coat. Scissoring will be required every 6–8 weeks to neaten and shape the coat while regular exposure to water will promote the correct "ringlets" over the body coat.

text: A nail is homologous to a claw but is flatter and has a curved edge instead of a point. A nail that is big enough to bear weight is called a "hoof". (Nevertheless, one side of the cloven-hoof of artiodactyl ungulates may also be called a claw).

text: A

text: nail

text: is

text: homologous

text: to a claw but is flatter and has a curved edge instead of a point. A nail that is big enough to bear weight is called a "

text: hoof

text: ". (Nevertheless, one side of the cloven-hoof of

text: artiodactyl

text: ungulate

text: s may also be called a claw).

text: The nail is an unguis, meaning a keratin structure at the end of a digit. Other examples of ungues include the claw, hoof and talon. The nails of primates and the hooves of running mammals evolved from the claws of earlier animals.

text: The nail is an unguis, meaning a keratin structure at the end of a digit. Other examples of ungues include the claw,

text: hoof

text: and

text: talon

text: . The nails of

text: primate

text: s and the hooves of running mammals

text: evolved

text: from the claws of

text: earlier animals

text: Troglobites typically have evolutionary adaptations to cave life. Examples of such adaptations include slow metabolism, loss of sight, and loss of skin pigment. Conversely, as opposed to lost or reduced functions, many species have extreme sensory adaptations for sense of touch or other stimuli that do not depend on light. Such adaptations may take the form of long antennae or sensory hairs, and other types of sensors, particularly chemosensory and auditory organs. Troglobites commonly do not survive well outside caves and therefore cannot travel between separate cave systems. As a result many species are endemic to a single cave or system of caves.

text: Troglobites typically have

text: evolution

text: ary

text: adaptation

text: s to cave life. Examples of such adaptations include slow

text: metabolism

text: , loss of sight, and loss of

text: skin

text: pigment. Conversely, as opposed to lost or reduced functions, many species have extreme sensory adaptations for

text: sense of touch

text: or other stimuli that do not depend on

text: light

text: . Such adaptations may take the form of long

text: antenna

text: e or sensory hairs, and other types of sensors, particularly

text: chemosensory

text: and

text: auditory

text: organs. Troglobites commonly do not survive well outside caves and therefore cannot travel between separate cave systems. As a result many species are

text: endemic

text: to a single cave or system of caves.

text: Symptoms include severe seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, severe diarrhea, recurrent local and systemic infection, central nervous system problems, and failure to thrive. Other symptoms also include scaling on the trunk and limbs, red patches of skin on parts of the body that bend, fevers, reduced blood protein levels, thick red skin patches, peeling of the skin, itching, corneal ulcers. wasting of the lymph nodes,  underdeveloped lymphatics, anemia, wasting, and nervous system deficiency. The disease may then spread to the rest of the epidermis with the appearance of crusty, dry, moist or greasy scaling on the scalp. Scaling  could also appear behind the ears, nose or eyebrows, or around the mouth; peeling of the skin may also happen in these areas. If left untreated, the skin infections will cause loss of protein or electrolytes. Leiner’s Disease may also be accompanied by a systemic reaction that is most evident in its gastrointestinal manifestation.

text: Symptoms include severe

text: seborrheic dermatitis

text: of the scalp, severe diarrhea, recurrent local and systemic infection, central nervous system problems, and

text: failure to thrive

text: . Other symptoms also include scaling on the trunk and limbs, red patches of skin on parts of the body that bend, fevers, reduced blood protein levels, thick red skin patches, peeling of the skin, itching, corneal ulcers. wasting of the lymph nodes,  underdeveloped lymphatics, anemia, wasting, and nervous system deficiency. The disease may then spread to the rest of the epidermis with the appearance of crusty, dry, moist or greasy scaling on the scalp. Scaling  could also appear behind the ears, nose or eyebrows, or around the mouth; peeling of the skin may also happen in these areas. If left untreated, the skin infections will cause loss of protein or electrolytes. Leiner’s Disease may also be accompanied by a systemic reaction that is most evident in its gastrointestinal manifestation.

text: Less-permanent body modifications are also popular, such as manicures and pedicures, artificial nails, colored contact lenses, and tooth whitening.  Hair treatments, including hair coloring, "permanents", hair extensions, wigs, toupees, hair straightening, and hair curling are major industries.  The use of cosmetics is widespread among women, and some men. Shaving or depilation of facial and body hair, sometimes in decorative patterns, is widely practiced by both sexes.

text: Less-permanent body modifications are also popular, such as

text: manicures

text: and

text: pedicures

text: artificial nails

text: , colored

text: contact lenses

text: , and

text: tooth whitening

text: .  Hair treatments, including

text: hair coloring

text: permanents

text: hair extension

text: s,

text: wig

text: s,

text: toupee

text: s,

text: hair straightening

text: , and

text: hair curling

text: are major industries.  The use of

text: cosmetics

text: is widespread among women, and some men.

text: Shaving

text: or

text: depilation

text: of facial and body hair, sometimes in decorative patterns, is widely practiced by both sexes.

text: Nail won four American Contract Bridge League national championships and placed second eleven times. He represented the United States twice in the Bermuda Bowl, finishing secondin 1963. He was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2001. The Nail Life Master Open Pairs event is named after him.

text: Nail won four

text: American Contract Bridge League

text: national championships

text: and placed second eleven times. He represented the United States twice in the

text: Bermuda Bowl

text: , finishing secondin 1963. He was inducted into the

text: ACBL Hall of Fame

text: in 2001. The

text: Nail Life Master Open Pairs

text: event is named after him.

text: Ear hair generally refers to the terminal hair arising from folliculary cartilage inside the external auditory meatus in humans.  In its broader sense, ear hair may also include the fine vellus hair covering much of the ear, particularly at the prominent parts of the anterior ear, or even the abnormal hair growth as seen in hypertrichosis and hirsutism. Medical research on the function of ear hair is currently very scarce.

text: Ear hair generally refers to the

text: terminal hair

text: arising from

text: folliculary

text: cartilage inside the

text: external auditory meatus

text: in humans.  In its broader sense, ear hair may also include the fine

text: vellus hair

text: covering much of the ear, particularly at the prominent parts of the anterior ear, or even the abnormal hair growth as seen in

text: hypertrichosis

text: and

text: hirsutism

text: . Medical research on the function of ear hair is currently very scarce.

text: Skin (percutaneous, dermal) absorption is a term that describes the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin both into the skin and into circulation.  Skin absorption relates to the degree of exposure to and possible effect of a substance which may enter the body through the skin.  Human skin comes into contact with many agents intentionally and unintentionally. Skin absorption can occur from occupational, environmental, or consumer skin exposure to chemicals, cosmetics, or pharmaceutical products.  Some chemicals can be absorbed in enough quantity to cause detrimental systemic effects. Skin disease (dermatitis) is considered one of the most common occupational diseases.  In order to assess if a chemical can be a risk of either causing dermatitis or other more systemic effects and how that risk may be reduced one must know the extent to which it is absorbed, thus dermal exposure is a key aspect of human health risk assessment.

text: Skin (percutaneous, dermal) absorption is a term that describes the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin both into the skin and into circulation.  Skin absorption relates to the degree of exposure to and possible effect of a substance which may enter the body through the skin.  Human skin comes into contact with many agents intentionally and unintentionally. Skin absorption can occur from occupational, environmental, or consumer skin exposure to chemicals, cosmetics, or pharmaceutical products.  Some chemicals can be absorbed in enough quantity to cause detrimental systemic effects. Skin disease (

text: dermatitis

text: ) is considered one of the most common occupational diseases.  In order to assess if a chemical can be a risk of either causing dermatitis or other more systemic effects and how that risk may be reduced one must know the extent to which it is absorbed, thus dermal exposure is a key aspect of human health risk assessment.

text: Wild sheep are mostly found in hilly or mountainous habitats. They are fairly small compared to other ungulates; in most species, adults weigh less than .  Their diets consist mainly of grasses, as well as other plants and lichens. Like other bovids, their digestive systems enable them to digest and live on low-quality, rough plant materials. Sheep conserve water well and can live in fairly dry environments. The bodies of wild sheep (and some domestic breeds) are covered by a coat of thick hair to protect them from cold. This coat contains long, stiff hairs, called kemps, over a short, woolly undercoat, which grows in autumn and is shed in spring.  This woolly undercoat has been developed in many domestic sheep breeds into a fleece of long wool, with selection against kemp hairs in these breeds.  The fleece covers the body (in a few breeds also the face and legs) and is used for fibre.

text: Wild sheep are mostly found in hilly or mountainous habitats. They are fairly small compared to other

text: ungulates

text: ; in most species, adults weigh less than .  Their diets consist mainly of

text: grass

text: es, as well as other plants and

text: lichen

text: s. Like other

text: bovid

text: s, their

text: digestive system

text: s enable them to digest and live on low-quality, rough plant materials. Sheep conserve water well and can live in fairly dry environments. The bodies of wild sheep (and some domestic breeds) are covered by a coat of thick

text: hair

text: to protect them from cold. This coat contains long, stiff hairs, called kemps, over a short, woolly undercoat, which grows in autumn and is shed in spring.  This woolly undercoat has been developed in many domestic sheep breeds into a fleece of long

text: wool

text: , with selection against kemp hairs in these breeds.  The fleece covers the body (in a few breeds also the face and legs) and is used for

text: fibre

text: Beau's lines are horizontal, going across the nail, and should not be confused with vertical ridges going from the bottom (cuticle) of the nail out to the fingertip.  These vertical lines are usually a natural consequence of aging and are harmless.  Beau's lines should also be distinguished from Muehrcke's lines of the fingernails.  While Beau's lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges; they affect the underlying nail bed, and not the nail itself. Beau's lines should also be distinguished from Mees' lines of the fingernails, which are areas of discoloration in the nail plate.

text: Beau's lines are horizontal, going across the nail, and should not be confused with vertical ridges going from the bottom (

text: cuticle

text: ) of the nail out to the fingertip.  These vertical lines are usually a natural consequence of aging and are harmless.  Beau's lines should also be distinguished from

text: Muehrcke's lines

text: of the fingernails.  While Beau's lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges; they affect the underlying nail bed, and not the nail itself. Beau's lines should also be distinguished from

text: Mees' lines

text: of the fingernails, which are areas of discoloration in the nail plate.

text: On April 3, air search and rescue forces attempted a first light rescue which can successfully achieve surprise with minimal force. A search and rescue crew took off from the 37th AARS based at Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. It consisted of two HH-53 rescue helicopters, Jolly Green 65 and 67, and two A-1 Skyraiders, Sandy 07 and 08. Sandy 05 and 06 joined them on the scene. The area was covered in a solid overcast, preventing visual control of air strikes by the on-scene OV-10A FAC, Nail 25. Capt. Rocky Smith and Capt. Rick Atchison coordinated the work of several F-4s who were directed to drop CBU-42 anti-personnel cluster bombs around Hambleton to help protect his position. When Nail 25 ran low on fuel, it was replaced by an OV-10 (Nail 38) from the 23rd TASS flown by Capt. William J. Henderson (Nail 38 Alpha) and 1st Lt. Mark Clark (Nail 38 Bravo, and grandson of World War II General Mark Clark ).

text: On April 3,

text: air search and rescue

text: forces attempted a first light rescue which can successfully achieve surprise with minimal force. A search and rescue crew took off from the

entity_name: 37th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron

text: 37th AARS

text: based at

text: Nakhon Phanom

text: , Thailand. It consisted of two

text: HH-53 rescue helicopters

text: , Jolly Green 65 and 67, and two A-1 Skyraiders, Sandy 07 and 08. Sandy 05 and 06 joined them on the scene. The area was covered in a solid overcast, preventing visual control of air strikes by the on-scene

text: FAC, Nail 25. Capt. Rocky Smith and Capt. Rick Atchison coordinated the work of several F-4s who were directed to drop CBU-42 anti-personnel

text: cluster bomb

text: s around Hambleton to help protect his position. When Nail 25 ran low on fuel, it was replaced by an OV-10 (Nail 38) from the

text: 23rd TASS

text: flown by Capt. William J. Henderson (Nail 38 Alpha) and 1st Lt. Mark Clark (Nail 38 Bravo, and grandson of World War II General

text: Mark Clark

text: The flag, a tricolour 1.85 × 1.90 m in size, was sewed from thin silk cloth and has the pan-Slavic colours (red, white, blue). Icons of the Holy Mother of God and Cyril and Methodius were drawn on it in a golden cross by the Saint Petersburg artist Nikolay Simakov. It has a silver point designed by Graf Rochefort. The flag, originally intended for the rebels of the April Uprising, was handed to the Bulgarians near Ploieşti on 18 May, having been transported through Chişinău, where it was on 1 May. A delegation from the city of Samara, headed by Efim Kozhevnikov and Pyotr Alabin, handed the Samara flag to the volunteers in a special ceremony, with the flag being nailed using gold nails to its pole. The last nail was nailed by the old voyvoda Tseko Petkov, a leader of a band in the Troyan part of the Balkan Mountains for 30 years, who, with his fur cap taken off and with his eyes fixed at the sky, exclaimed:

text: The flag, a

text: tricolour

text: 1.85 × 1.90 m in size, was sewed from thin

text: silk

text: cloth and has the

text: pan-Slavic colours

text: (red, white, blue). Icons of the

text: Holy Mother of God

text: and

text: Cyril and Methodius

text: were drawn on it in a golden cross by the

text: Saint Petersburg

text: artist

text: Nikolay Simakov

text: . It has a silver point designed by

text: Graf Rochefort

text: . The flag, originally intended for the rebels of the

text: April Uprising

text: , was handed to the

text: Bulgarians

text: near

text: Ploieşti

text: on 18 May, having been transported through

text: Chişinău

text: , where it was on 1 May. A delegation from the city of Samara, headed by Efim Kozhevnikov and Pyotr Alabin, handed the Samara flag to the volunteers in a special ceremony, with the flag being nailed using gold nails to its pole. The last nail was nailed by the old

text: voyvoda

text: Tseko Petkov, a leader of a band in the

text: Troyan

text: part of the

text: Balkan Mountains

text: for 30 years, who, with his fur cap taken off and with his eyes fixed at the sky, exclaimed:

text: The challenge has always been how to deliver the siRNA using a topical method or retroviral vectors and ex vivo gene transfer. In 2011/12 a team at Northwestern University claim to have solved the topical delivery of siRNA dilemma. Personalized siRNA can be delivered in a commercial moisturizer or phosphate-buffered saline, and do not require barrier disruption or transfection agents, such as liposomes, peptides, or viruses. "Topical application of nucleic acids offers many potential therapeutic advantages for suppressing genes in the skin, and potentially for systemic gene delivery. However, the epidermal barrier typically precludes entry of gene-suppressing therapy unless the barrier is disrupted. We now show that spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates (SNA-NCs), gold cores surrounded by a dense shell of highly oriented, covalently immobilized siRNA, freely penetrate almost 100% of keratinocytes in vitro, mouse skin, and human epidermis within hours after application." This new discovery may soon offer hope to all suffering from mono-genetic diseases such as EHK. This may lead to promising personalized, topically delivered gene therapy of cutaneous tumors, skin inflammation, and dominant negative genetic skin disorders.

text: The coat consisted of an outer layer of long, coarse "guard hair", which was  on the upper part of the body, up to  in length on the flanks and underside, and  in diameter, and a denser inner layer of shorter, slightly curly under-wool, up to  long and  in diameter. The hairs on the upper leg were up to  long, and those of the feet were  long, reaching the toes. The hairs on the head were relatively short, but longer on the underside and the sides of the trunk. The tail was extended by coarse hairs up to  long, which were thicker than the guard hairs. It is likely that the woolly mammoth moulted seasonally, and that the heaviest fur was shed during spring. Since mammoth carcasses were more likely to be preserved during autumn, it is possible that only the winter coat has been preserved in frozen specimens. Modern elephants have much less hair, though juveniles have a more extensive covering of hair than adults. Comparison between the over-hairs of woolly mammoths and extant elephants show that they did not differ much in overall morphology. Woolly mammoths had numerous sebaceous glands in their skin, which secreted oils into their hair; this would have improved the wool's insulation, repelled water, and given the fur a glossy sheen.

text: The

text: coat

text: consisted of an outer layer of long, coarse "guard hair", which was  on the upper part of the body, up to  in length on the flanks and underside, and  in diameter, and a denser inner layer of shorter, slightly curly under-wool, up to  long and  in diameter. The hairs on the upper leg were up to  long, and those of the feet were  long, reaching the toes. The hairs on the head were relatively short, but longer on the underside and the sides of the trunk. The tail was extended by coarse hairs up to  long, which were thicker than the guard hairs. It is likely that the woolly mammoth

text: moulted

text: seasonally, and that the heaviest fur was shed during spring. Since mammoth carcasses were more likely to be preserved during autumn, it is possible that only the winter coat has been preserved in frozen specimens. Modern elephants have much less hair, though juveniles have a more extensive covering of hair than adults. Comparison between the over-hairs of woolly mammoths and extant elephants show that they did not differ much in overall morphology. Woolly mammoths had numerous

text: sebaceous gland

text: s in their skin, which secreted oils into their hair; this would have improved the wool's insulation, repelled water, and given the fur a glossy sheen.

text: Hypoprothrombinemia is a blood disorder in which a deficiency of prothrombin (Factor II) results in impaired blood clotting, leading to an increased physiological risk for bleeding, especially in the gastrointestinal system, cranial vault, and superficial integumentary system.

text: Hypoprothrombinemia is a blood disorder in which a deficiency of

text: prothrombin

text: (Factor II) results in impaired

text: blood clotting

text: , leading to an increased physiological risk for bleeding, especially in the gastrointestinal system, cranial vault, and superficial integumentary system.

text: One of the interesting aspects of snake skin are folds of intersquamous skin between longitudinally oriented scale rows. The function of these folds is to permit the circumference of the snake to increase, allowing prey to pass into the stomach during feeling. Snakes differ from eels in the direction in which the skin is stiffer, the dorsal scale rows are more flexible in snake than in eels because the dorsal scale row associated with stretching. Differences in the local dermal structures, such as variations in the diameters and orientation of collagen fibers within the intersquamous skin create  local differences in the mechanical properties of the snake skin, thus allowing it to adapt to the stresses and strains during the feeding process.

text: One of the interesting aspects of snake skin are folds of

text: intersquamous skin

text: between longitudinally oriented scale rows. The function of these folds is to permit the circumference of the snake to increase, allowing prey to pass into the stomach during feeling. Snakes differ from eels in the direction in which the skin is stiffer, the dorsal scale rows are more flexible in snake than in eels because the dorsal scale row associated with stretching. Differences in the local dermal structures, such as variations in the diameters and orientation of collagen fibers within the intersquamous skin create  local differences in the mechanical properties of the snake skin, thus allowing it to adapt to the stresses and strains during the feeding process.

text: Jamroom users may install and switch between skins. Skins allow users to change the look and functionality of a Jamroom website.  Skins may be installed using the Jamroom "Marketplace" administration tool or skin folders may be uploaded via FTP.  The PHP, HTML & CSS code found in themes can be added or edited for providing advanced features. Many Jamroom skins exist, some free, and some premium (paid for) templates.

text: Jamroom users may install and switch between

text: skins

text: . Skins allow users to change the look and functionality of a Jamroom website.  Skins may be installed using the Jamroom "Marketplace" administration tool or skin folders may be uploaded via FTP.  The PHP, HTML & CSS code found in themes can be added or edited for providing advanced features. Many Jamroom skins exist, some free, and some premium (paid for) templates.

text: Traditional skin grafting can be risky, in that chances for infection are relatively high. The skin gun alleviates this concern because the increased speed in which the wound heals directly correlates to the decreased time the wound can be vulnerable to infection. Because of the rapid re-epithelialization associated with skin gun treatment, harmful side effects that can result from an open wound are significantly reduced.Applying the skin cells is quick and doesn't harm the patient because only a thin layer of the patients’ healthy skin is extracted from the body into the aqueous spray. The electronic spray distributes the skin cells uniformly without damaging the skin cells, and patients feel as if they are sprayed with salt water.

text: Consistent with the broader scope of systems engineering, the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) has defined three types of systems engineering: (1) Product Systems Engineering (PSE) is the traditional systems engineering focused on the design of physical systems consisting of hardware and software. (2) Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) pertains to the view of enterprises, that is, organizations or combinations of organizations, as systems. (3) Service Systems Engineering (SSE) has to do with the engineering of service systems. Checkland defines a service system as a system which is conceived as serving another system. Most civil infrastructure systems are service systems.

text: From June 1998 to July 2001, Lauder was President, Clinique Laboratories. Under his leadership, Clinique's Dramatically Different Moisturizing Lotion became the best-selling prestige skin care product in U.S. department stores, and Clinique launched its first anti-aging product, Stop Signs Visible Anti-Aging Serum, which won the Cosmetic Executive Women (CEW) Award for "Best Skin Care Product in Limited Distribution" in 2000. Lauder was instrumental in increasing the brand's market share in the hair care category, spearheading the launch of the Clinique Simple Hair Care System. He also supervised the Clinique Website as a marketing and brand-enhancing vehicle that served to both deepen existing consumer relationships and engage new consumers.

text: A healthy diet includes everything to meet a person's food energy and nutritional needs. People become at risk for not having a healthy diet when they are inactive or bedbound; living alone; sick; having difficulty eating; affected by medication; depressed; having difficulty hearing, seeing, or tasting; unable to get food they enjoy; or who has communication problems. A poor diet contributes to many health problems, including increased risk of infection, poor recovery time from surgery or wound healing, skin problems, difficulty in activities of daily living, fatigue, and irritability. Older people are less likely to recognize thirst and may benefit from being offered water.

text: A healthy diet includes everything to meet a person's

text: food energy

text: and nutritional needs. People become at risk for not having a healthy diet when they are inactive or bedbound; living alone; sick; having difficulty eating; affected by medication; depressed; having difficulty hearing, seeing, or tasting; unable to get food they enjoy; or who has communication problems. A poor diet contributes to many health problems, including increased risk of infection, poor recovery time from surgery or wound healing, skin problems, difficulty in

text: activities of daily living

text: , fatigue, and irritability. Older people are less likely to recognize

text: thirst

text: and may benefit from being offered water.

text: Sika’s product range includes concrete admixtures, concrete repair & protection systems, specialty mortars, grouting and anchoring systems, sealants and adhesives, damping and reinforcing materials, structural strengthening systems, steel corrosion protection systems, flooring and wall coating systems, fire protection systems as well as roofing and waterproofing systems.

text: Sika’s product range includes

text: concrete

text: admixtures, concrete repair & protection systems, specialty

text: mortar

text: s, grouting and anchoring systems,

text: sealants

text: and

text: adhesives

text: damping

text: and reinforcing materials, structural strengthening systems, steel corrosion protection systems,

text: flooring

text: and wall coating systems, fire protection systems as well as

entity_name: List of commercially available roofing material

text: roofing

text: and

text: waterproofing

text: systems.

text: Treatment normally consists of rigorous dieting, involving massive amounts of vitamin E. Vitamin E helps the body restore and produce lipoproteins, which people with abetalipoprotenimia usually lack. Vitamin E also helps keep skin and eyes healthy; studies show that many affected males will have vision problems later on in life. Developmental coordination disorder and muscle weakness are usually treated with physiotherapy or occupational therapy. Dietary restriction of triglycerides has also been useful.

text: Treatment normally consists of rigorous dieting, involving massive amounts of

text: vitamin E

text: . Vitamin E helps the body restore and produce lipoproteins, which people with abetalipoprotenimia usually lack. Vitamin E also helps keep skin and eyes healthy; studies show that many affected males will have vision problems later on in life. Developmental coordination disorder and muscle weakness are usually treated with physiotherapy or

text: occupational therapy

text: . Dietary restriction of

text: triglyceride

text: s has also been useful.

text: The size of the shell varies between 11 mm and 48 mm. The spire is convexly elevated and tuberculated. The whole surface is covered by very fine minutely punctured revolving lines. The epidermis is yellowish olive, very thin, usually persistent in a very broad band upon the body whorl, but absent from the narrow shoulder and basal bands, which, with the spire, are white.

text: The size of the shell varies between 11 mm and 48 mm. The

text: spire

text: is convexly elevated and tuberculated. The whole surface is covered by very fine minutely punctured revolving lines. The

text: epidermis

text: is yellowish olive, very thin, usually persistent in a very broad band upon the

text: body whorl

text: , but absent from the narrow shoulder and basal bands, which, with the spire, are white.

text: Nkondi with nails were made at least as early as 1864, when the British Commodore A. P. Eardley Wilmont acquired one while suppressing Solongo (Soyo) piracy at the mouth of the Congo River, a piece that was the subject of a contemporary painting and is presently in the Royal Geographical Institute in London.  Another early description and illustration of a nailed nkondi (named Mabiala mu ndemba, and described as a "thief-finder") is found in the notes of the German expedition to Loango of 1873-76, so by that time the specific practice of nailing was well established.

text: Nkondi with nails were made at least as early as 1864, when the British Commodore

text: A. P. Eardley Wilmont

text: acquired one while suppressing

text: Solongo

text: (Soyo) piracy at the mouth of the

text: Congo River

text: , a piece that was the subject of a contemporary painting and is presently in the Royal Geographical Institute in London.  Another early description and illustration of a nailed nkondi (named Mabiala mu ndemba, and described as a "thief-finder") is found in the notes of the German expedition to Loango of 1873-76, so by that time the specific practice of nailing was well established.

text: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells, keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, basale. Cells are formed through mitosis at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called "keratinization". This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.

text: The epidermis contains no

text: blood vessel

text: s, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are

text: Merkel cell

text: s,

text: keratinocyte

text: s, with

text: melanocyte

text: s and

text: Langerhans cell

text: s also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, basale. Cells are formed through

text: mitosis

text: at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see

text: cell division

text: ) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein

text: keratin

text: is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (

text: desquamation

text: ). This process is called

text: "keratinization"

text: . This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and

text: pathogens

text: out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.

text: Human skin has a natural hydro lipid barrier, known as an acid mantle, which works to retain moisture and lipids while simultaneously blocking germs, toxins, bacteria and other outside factors. The acid mantle has a pH of 5.5. Problematic skin conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, and rosacea, have impaired barrier functions and can have a pH different than 5.5. The acid mantle serves as a natural skin barrier and protects the skin from dehydration and environmental damage. The pH of the acid mantle is 5.5, and traditional soap, which has a pH greater than 9, can strip this protective barrier.

text: Human skin has a natural hydro lipid barrier, known as an

text: acid mantle

text: , which works to retain moisture and lipids while simultaneously blocking germs, toxins, bacteria and other outside factors. The acid mantle has a pH of 5.5. Problematic skin conditions, such as

text: eczema

text: psoriasis

text: dermatitis

text: , and

text: rosacea

text: , have impaired barrier functions and can have a

text: pH

text: different than 5.5. The acid mantle serves as a natural skin barrier and protects the skin from dehydration and environmental damage. The pH of the acid mantle is 5.5, and traditional soap, which has a pH greater than 9, can strip this protective barrier.

text: If only skin is missing and underlying galea, muscle or connective tissue are intact, a skin graft can be used. A skin graft needs healthy, vascularised tissue beneath it to take, otherwise it will become necrotic.

text: If only skin is missing and underlying galea, muscle or connective tissue are intact, a

text: skin graft

text: can be used. A skin graft needs healthy, vascularised tissue beneath it to take, otherwise it will become necrotic.

text: Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells.

text: Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through

text: mitosis

text: at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with

text: keratin

text: . They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called

text: keratinization

text: and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells.

text: The molecular formula for cicutoxin is CHO. It is an aliphatic, highly unsaturated alcohol with two triple bonds, three double bonds and two hydroxyl groups. The natural form that occurs in plants is (R)-(−)-cicutoxin, but when cicutoxin is synthesized it is racemic mixture. There are also some closely related compounds that have almost the same structure cicutoxin such as Virol A and Virol C. When cicutoxin is isolated it is a yellowish oil. In the plant the compound is stable but when exposed to air, light or heat it becomes brown and cicutoxin is broken down.  Because cicutoxin breaks down so rapidly, research on the compound isn’t easy.Cicutoxin has a long carbon structure and few hydrophilic substituents which gives it hydrophobic characteristics. Hydrophobic and/or small molecules can be absorbed through the skin and for cicutoxin it has been proven to be absorbed through the skin of frogs. There is also the example of the family that used a cicuta plant to relieve themselves of pruritus (also mentioned in the history) that shows cicutoxin can be absorbed through the skin.

text: The molecular formula for cicutoxin is CHO. It is an

text: aliphatic

text: , highly unsaturated alcohol with two triple bonds, three double bonds and two

text: hydroxyl

text: groups. The natural form that occurs in plants is (R)-(−)-cicutoxin, but when cicutoxin is synthesized it is

text: racemic

text: mixture. There are also some closely related compounds that have almost the same structure cicutoxin such as Virol A and Virol C. When cicutoxin is isolated it is a yellowish oil. In the plant the compound is stable but when exposed to air, light or heat it becomes brown and cicutoxin is broken down.  Because cicutoxin breaks down so rapidly, research on the compound isn’t easy.Cicutoxin has a long carbon structure and few hydrophilic substituents which gives it hydrophobic characteristics. Hydrophobic and/or small molecules can be absorbed through the skin and for cicutoxin it has been proven to be absorbed through the skin of frogs. There is also the example of the family that used a cicuta plant to relieve themselves of

text: pruritus

text: (also mentioned in the history) that shows cicutoxin can be absorbed through the skin.

text: Despite different people having different thresholds for what noises are painful, this pain threshold had no correlation with which noises cause hearing damage. The ear can not get more resistant to noise harmfulness by training it to noise. The cochlea is partially protected by the acoustic reflex, but being frequently exposed to noise does not lower the reflex threshold. It had been observed that noise conditioning (i.e. exposure to loud non-traumatizing noise) several hours prior to the exposure to traumatizing sound level, significantly reduced the damages inflicted to the hair-cells. The same “protective effect" was also observed with other stressors such as heat-shock conditioning and stress (by restraint) conditioning. This “protective effect" only happens if the traumatizing noise is presented within an optimum interval of time after the sound-conditioning session (-24 hours for a 15 min. sound-conditioning; no more protection after 48 hours).This “protective effect” had long been thought to involve the active mechanisms of the outer hair cells and the efferent system commanding them. The contractile effect of the outer hair cells, activated by the efferent nervous system has been proven to provide a protective effect against acoustic trauma.

text: When artificial nails are applied to the natural nail surface, minor types of trauma to the artificial nails which can happen from something as harmless as scraping a nail against a firm surface can cause separation of the nail from its nail bed. This allows bacteria and fungus to potentially enter the separated area setting up an infection. In fact, some hospitals won't allow their employees to have fake fingernails due to the risk of harboring infection which could be transmitted to patients. Several deaths of premature infants were blamed on an acrylic nail infection transmitted to the babies by a nurse in the late 1990s. Infection can also be a risk when you have nails applied by a disreputable nail salon that doesn't follow sanitary practices.

text: In 1911, Longfellow won a prize 10,000 Francs offered by Le Matin of Paris for "the most beautiful girl on earth". She was then quoted as giving the following beauty advice. "If you want to preserve your good looks, take a bath every night. Use warm, cool or cold water and the best castile soap you can buy. During the night the machinery turns off the power, but the skin is called upon for ventilation to throw off waste and absorb fresh materials. The sleeping room cannot be properly ventilated with the doors and windows closed, nor can the human system if pores of the skin are closed. Keep the skin clean and feed it clean, fresh air. After the bath make up the face. Use clear water as hot as you can put your hands into."

text: In 1911, Longfellow won a prize 10,000 Francs offered by

text: Le Matin

text: of

text: Paris

text: for "the most beautiful girl on earth". She was then quoted as giving the following beauty advice. "If you want to preserve your good looks, take a bath every night. Use warm, cool or cold water and the best castile soap you can buy. During the night the machinery turns off the power, but the skin is called upon for ventilation to throw off waste and absorb fresh materials. The sleeping room cannot be properly ventilated with the doors and windows closed, nor can the human system if pores of the skin are closed. Keep the skin clean and feed it clean, fresh air. After the bath make up the face. Use clear water as hot as you can put your hands into."

text: The physical therapist curriculum consists of foundational  sciences (i.e., gross anatomy, cellular histology, embryology, neurology, neuroscience, kinesiology, physiology, exercise physiology, pathology, pharmacology, radiology/imaging, medical screening), behavioral sciences (communication, social and psychologic factors, ethics and values, law, business and management sciences, clinical reasoning and evidence-based practice), and clinical sciences (cardiovascular/pulmonary, endocrine and metabolic, gastrointestinal and genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular).  Coursework also includes material specific to the practice of physical therapy (patient/client management model, prevention, wellness, and health promotion, practice management, management of care delivery, social responsibility, advocacy, and core values). Additionally, students have to engage in full-time clinical practice under the supervision of licensed physical therapists with an expectation of  providing safe, competent, and effective physical therapy.

text: The physical therapist curriculum consists of foundational  sciences (i.e.,

text: gross anatomy

text: , cellular

text: histology

text: embryology

text: neurology

text: neuroscience

text: kinesiology

text: physiology

text: exercise physiology

text: pathology

text: pharmacology

text: radiology

text: imaging

text: medical screening

text: behavioral sciences

text: (communication, social and psychologic factors, ethics and values, law, business and management sciences, clinical reasoning and evidence-based practice), and clinical sciences (cardiovascular/pulmonary, endocrine and metabolic, gastrointestinal and

text: genitourinary

text: integumentary

text: musculoskeletal

text: , neuromuscular).  Coursework also includes material specific to the practice of physical therapy (patient/client management model, prevention, wellness, and health promotion, practice management, management of care delivery, social responsibility, advocacy, and core values). Additionally, students have to engage in full-time clinical practice under the supervision of licensed physical therapists with an expectation of  providing safe, competent, and effective physical therapy.

text: The first US. patent for desonide was US4185100A was granted on January 22, 1980. The patent was for topical anti-inflammatory treatment using desonide. The patent defends the suitability of the anti-inflammatory for the treatment of cutaneous disorders or disruptions characterized by skin inflammation and/or hyperproliferative activity in the epidermis. Side effects and the mechanism of action are both disclosed. This patent is currently expired.

text: The skin is the largest organ in the human body. Skin is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and the fat layer, also called the hypodermis.  The epidermis is the outer layer of skin that keeps vital fluids in and harmful bacteria out of the body.  The dermis is the inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands. Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to dehydration and infections that can result in death.

text: The skin is the largest

text: organ

text: in the

text: human body

text: . Skin is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and the fat layer, also called the hypodermis.  The epidermis is the outer layer of skin that keeps vital fluids in and harmful bacteria out of the body.  The dermis is the inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands. Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to

text: dehydration

text: and

text: infection

text: s that can result in death.

text: Skin diseases are very common in dogs.  Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs.  Other skin diseases related to allergies include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergy, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis.  Canine follicular dysplasia is an inherited disorder of the hair follicles resulting in alopecia (baldness).  Mange is an infectious skin disease caused by mites.  Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is hygromas, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint.

text: Skin diseases are very common in dogs.

text: Atopy

text: , a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs.  Other skin diseases related to allergies include

text: hot spot

text: s and

text: pyoderma

text: , both characterized by secondary bacterial infections,

text: food allergy

text: ear infections

text: , and

text: flea allergy dermatitis

text: Canine follicular dysplasia

text: is an inherited disorder of the

text: hair follicle

text: s resulting in

text: alopecia

text: (baldness).

text: Mange

text: is an infectious skin disease caused by

text: mite

text: s.

text: Endocrine diseases

text: such as

text: hypothyroidism

text: and

text: Cushing's syndrome

text: can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is

text: hygroma

text: s, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint.

text: A university-led study (including several authors who are advisors to companies such as Pfizer) in 103 women comparing alfatradiol to minoxidil, another topical hair loss treatment, found the latter to be more effective. In contrast to minoxidil, alfatradiol did not result in an increase of hair density or thickness, but only in slowing down or stabilization of hair loss in this study.  In an earlier study, no systemic side effects were noted, and 17α-estradiol was found to reduce androgenic hair loss, though it was not effective at growing new hair.

text: A university-led study (including several authors who are advisors to companies such as Pfizer) in 103 women comparing alfatradiol to

text: minoxidil

text: , another topical hair loss treatment, found the latter to be more effective. In contrast to minoxidil, alfatradiol did not result in an increase of hair density or thickness, but only in slowing down or stabilization of hair loss in this study.  In an earlier study, no systemic side effects were noted, and 17α-estradiol was found to reduce androgenic hair loss, though it was not effective at growing new hair.

text: The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans. The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis. The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible, especially in the face, when, as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), arterioles dilate. Color is not entirely uniform across an individual's skin; for example, the skin of the palm and the sole is lighter than most other skin, and this is especially noticeable in darker-skinned people.

text: The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance is the pigment

text: melanin

text: . Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called

text: melanocyte

text: s and it is the main determinant of the skin color of

text: darker-skinned

text: humans. The skin color of people with

text: light skin

text: is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the

text: dermis

text: and by the

text: hemoglobin

text: circulating in the veins of the dermis. The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible, especially in the face, when, as consequence of

text: physical exercise

text: or the stimulation of the

text: nervous system

text: (anger, fear),

text: arteriole

text: s dilate. Color is not entirely uniform across an individual's skin; for example, the skin of the palm and the

text: sole

text: is lighter than most other skin, and this is especially noticeable in darker-skinned people.

text: The output is rendered using a custom two layer substitution based template and skin system. Templates generally provide the form for iterated content (such as listings) whereas the structure is provided by what are called skins. Skins are divided up by type (index, item, archive, archives, user, error, search (and custom with 3.3)) and are specified separately to each other. Include files can be used to reduce repetition of common elements.

text: The output is rendered using a custom two layer substitution based

text: template

text: and skin system. Templates generally provide the form for iterated content (such as listings) whereas the structure is provided by what are called skins. Skins are divided up by type (index, item, archive, archives, user, error, search (and custom with 3.3)) and are specified separately to each other. Include files can be used to reduce repetition of common elements.

text: Geriatric care management integrates health care and psychological care with other needed services such as: housing, home care services, nutritional services, assistance with activities of daily living, socialization programs, as well as financial and legal planning (e.g. banking, trusts). A care plan tailored for specific circumstances is prepared after a comprehensive assessment has taken place, and is continuously monitored and modified as needed.A comprehensive geriatric care assessment is thorough and can take anywhere from 2 to 5 hours in length, this of course is broken down into 2 or 3 assessment visits with the patient/family members. The comprehensive assessment is really a compilation of smaller individual assessments with the first one being a primary intake assessment which includes demographic type data as well as a health history, social history, and legal/financial history. From there, a medication profile assessment is included, as well as an assessment of ADLs (Activities of Daily Living) and IADLs (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). In addition other assessments may include; Falls risk assessment, Home safety assessment, Nutritional assessment, Depression assessment, Pain assessment, Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), MiniCog Clock Drawing Exam (Cognitive Assessment), Balance assessment, and Gait assessment(ability to walk). If the comprehensive geriatric care management assessment is being conducted by a Registered Nurse, then a physical assessment can be included such as vitals signs recording temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and sometimes FBS or RBS (Fasting or Random Blood Sugar) checks for diabetics. In addition, physical assessments in areas such as cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, genitourinary, eyes/ears/nose/throat, integumentary(skin), lower extremities inspection, as well as a modified neuro assessment and medication compliance assessment.

text: Geriatric care management integrates

text: health care

text: and psychological care with other needed services such as: housing,

text: home care

text: services,

text: nutrition

text: al services, assistance with

text: activities of daily living

text: , socialization programs, as well as financial and legal planning (e.g. banking,

text: trusts

text: ). A

text: care plan

text: In 1999, the nacre mutation was identified in the zebrafish ortholog of the mammalian MITF transcription factor.  Mutations in human MITF result in eye defects and loss of pigment, a type of Waardenburg Syndrome.  In December 2005, a study of the golden strain identified the gene responsible for its unusual pigmentation as SLC24A5, a solute carrier that appeared to be required for melanin production, and confirmed its function with a Morpholino knockdown. The orthologous gene was then characterized in humans and a one base pair difference was found to strongly segregate fair-skinned Europeans and dark-skinned Africans.

text: In 1999, the nacre mutation was identified in the zebrafish ortholog of the mammalian MITF transcription factor.  Mutations in human

text: MITF

text: result in eye defects and loss of pigment, a type of

text: Waardenburg Syndrome

text: .  In December 2005, a study of the golden strain identified the gene responsible for its unusual pigmentation as

text: , a

text: solute

text: carrier that appeared to be required for

text: melanin

text: production, and confirmed its function with a Morpholino knockdown. The

text: orthologous

text: gene was then characterized in humans and a one base pair difference was found to strongly segregate fair-skinned Europeans and dark-skinned Africans.

text: The integument of an organ in zoology typically would comprise membranes of connective tissue such as those around a kidney or liver. In referring to the integument of an animal, the usual sense is its skin and its derivatives: the integumentary system, where "integumentary" is a simile for "cutaneous".

text: The integument of an organ in

text: zoology

text: typically would comprise membranes of connective tissue such as those around a kidney or liver. In referring to the integument of an animal, the usual sense is its skin and its derivatives: the

text: integumentary system

text: , where "integumentary" is a simile for "

text: cutaneous

text: If the main mass of hair is initially parted into two or more sections along the scalp that are kept separate from one another, multiple French braids may be created, each in its own section. One unique feature about the French braid is that an individual can braid their own hair without the help of others. The difficulty of braiding can depend on the type of hair the individual has, some styles of hair are easier to braid than others. The length of hair also plays a role in the ability to braid; shorter hair can be more of a challenge. Bobby pins can be useful when braiding shorter hair or hair with many different layers to keep all of the hair in the French braid in place. There are many different ways of French braiding that make it unique; a person can braid at a slant, braid into a bun and only braid the bangs are just a few examples.

text: If the main mass of hair is initially parted into two or more sections along the scalp that are kept separate from one another, multiple French braids may be created, each in its own section. One unique feature about the French braid is that an individual can braid their own hair without the help of others. The difficulty of braiding can depend on the type of hair the individual has, some styles of hair are easier to braid than others. The length of hair also plays a role in the ability to braid; shorter hair can be more of a challenge.

text: Bobby pins

text: can be useful when braiding shorter hair or hair with many different layers to keep all of the hair in the French braid in place. There are many different ways of French braiding that make it unique; a person can braid at a slant, braid into a bun and only braid the bangs are just a few examples.

text: An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide nutrients to your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e. blood pressure). The food guide pyramid is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower your risk of heart disease, developing some types of cancer, and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.

text: An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide

text: nutrients

text: to your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e.

text: blood pressure

text: ). The

text: food guide pyramid

text: is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower your risk of heart disease, developing some types of

text: cancer

text: , and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.

text: Hair grows in cycles of various phases: anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent phase (names derived using the Greek prefixes ana-, kata-, and telos- meaning up, down, and end respectively).  Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases.  Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis (formation of the follicle).  There is also a shedding phase, or exogen, that is independent of anagen and telogen in which one of several hair that might arise from a single follicle exits.  Normally up to 90% of the hair follicles are in anagen phase while, 10–14% are in telogen and 1–2% in catagen. The cycle's length varies on different parts of the body. For eyebrows, the cycle is completed in around 4 months, while it takes the scalp 3–4 years to finish; this is the reason eyebrow hair have a much shorter length limit compared to hair on the head. Growth cycles are controlled by a chemical signal like epidermal growth factor. DLX3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Specifically, colocalization of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 complex and DLX3 regulate role for BMP signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis in animal models.

text: Hair grows in cycles of various phases: anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent phase (names derived using the Greek prefixes ana-, kata-, and telos- meaning up, down, and end respectively).  Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases.  Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis (formation of the follicle).  There is also a shedding phase, or exogen, that is independent of anagen and telogen in which one of several hair that might arise from a single follicle exits.  Normally up to 90% of the hair follicles are in anagen phase while, 10–14% are in telogen and 1–2% in catagen. The cycle's length varies on different parts of the body. For

text: eyebrow

text: s, the cycle is completed in around 4 months, while it takes the

text: scalp

text: 3–4 years to finish; this is the reason eyebrow hair have a much shorter length limit compared to hair on the head. Growth cycles are controlled by a chemical signal like

text: epidermal growth factor

text: is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Specifically, colocalization of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 complex and

text: regulate role for

text: BMP

text: signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis in animal models.

text: Between the ages of 7 and 12 there is an increase in running speed and are able to skip. Jumping is also acquired better and there is an increase in throwing and kicking. They are able to bat and dribble a ball. (Age) Gross motor skills usually continue improving during adolescence. The peak of physical performance is before 30, between 18 and 26. Even though athletes keep getting better than their predecessors—running faster, jumping higher, and lifting more weight—the age at which they reach their peak performance has remained virtually the same. After age 30, most functions begin to decline. Older adults move slower than younger adults. This can be moving from one place to another or continually moving. Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can slow this process. Aging individuals who are active and biologically healthy perform motor skills at a higher level than their less active, less healthy aging counterparts.

text: Between the ages of 7 and 12 there is an increase in running speed and are able to skip. Jumping is also acquired better and there is an increase in throwing and kicking. They are able to bat and dribble a ball. (Age) Gross motor skills usually continue improving during

text: adolescence

text: . The peak of physical performance is before 30, between 18 and 26. Even though

text: athlete

text: s keep getting better than their predecessors—running faster, jumping higher, and lifting more weight—the age at which they reach their peak performance has remained virtually the same. After age 30, most functions begin to decline. Older adults move slower than younger adults. This can be moving from one place to another or continually moving. Exercising regularly and maintaining a

text: healthy lifestyle

text: can slow this process. Aging individuals who are active and biologically healthy perform motor skills at a higher level than their less active, less healthy aging counterparts.

text: In November 2012, Nails Inc. opened a nail bar in the Harvey Nichols Beauty Bazaar - a concept store located in the Liverpool One shopping centre, in the centre of Liverpool.

text: In November 2012, Nails Inc. opened a nail bar in the Harvey Nichols Beauty Bazaar - a concept store located in the

text: Liverpool One

text: shopping centre, in the centre of

text: Liverpool

text: Whereas the areas of Lower Hasbury (towards Lutley) were mainly farmland, the areas of Upper Hasbury contained some areas of Victorian terraced housing and some small villas  focused around Hagley Road and the former stretch once known as Spring Hill (the stretch containing Aldi today) During the mid to late 19th century this area in particular became a hub of home industry. As Agriculture wained and the Industrial Revolution gained momentum, Hasbury and other areas of Halesowen began to focus not on farm laboring but in nail making, for which Halesowen became well known for. Cottages and terraced houses alike would often build small forges and workshops adjoin their homes or as separate building in back gardens. One example of a nail makers shop was located on Church Street and was rebuilt at the Black Country Living Museum where it stands today. Only one example of a nail makers cottage and nail shop exists intact today in Hasbury which is located on Hagley Road near to Hasbury School. The cottage dates back to the mid to late 18th Century and is constructed of the local Hasbury sandstone, a stone once common in the area. This was originally a farm laborers cottage probably working for a local farm such as High Farm or Hasbury Farm. This was then extended c1880 to form a small brick nail shop for the whole family to work in making nails. This cottage was listed Grade II by English Heritage in September 2013 and is the only building to be nationally recognized in Hasbury and protected by law.

text: Tattoo ink is held in the dermis. Stretch marks from pregnancy are also located in the dermis.

text: Microbial Symbiosis on the Epidermis

text: Microbial Symbiosis on the Epidermis

text: There is some debate about whether a dewclaw helps dogs to gain traction when they run because, in some dogs, the dewclaw makes contact when they are running and the nail on the dewclaw often wears down in the same way that the nails on their other toes do, from contact with the ground. However, in many dogs the dewclaws never make contact with the ground; in this case, the dewclaw's nail never wears away, and it is then often trimmed to keep it to a safe length.

text: In general, epithelioid sarcoma is a slow-growing and relatively painless tumor, often resulting in a lengthy period of time between presentation and diagnosis. Due to its ambiguity, it is often misdiagnosed, mistaken as a persistent wart or cyst. It most commonly presents itself in the distal limbs (fingers, hands, forearms, or feet) as a small, soft mass or a series of bumps. It is most often described as a firm-to-hard palpable mass, either in the deep soft tissue or in the dermis. Often, superficial lesions will ulcerate causing a mistaken diagnosis of a poorly healing traumatic wound or wart. About 13% of patients will present with multifocal tumors, and about 13% of patients will present with metastatic disease.

text: In general, epithelioid sarcoma is a slow-growing and relatively painless tumor, often resulting in a lengthy period of time between presentation and diagnosis. Due to its ambiguity, it is often misdiagnosed, mistaken as a persistent wart or cyst. It most commonly presents itself in the

text: distal

text: limbs (fingers, hands, forearms, or feet) as a small, soft mass or a series of bumps. It is most often described as a firm-to-hard palpable mass, either in the deep soft tissue or in the dermis. Often, superficial lesions will ulcerate causing a mistaken diagnosis of a poorly healing traumatic wound or wart. About 13% of patients will present with multifocal tumors, and about 13% of patients will present with metastatic disease.

text: Some laboratory research demonstrate correlations between psychopathy and atypical responses to aversive stimuli, including weak conditioning to painful stimuli and poor learning of avoiding responses that cause punishment, as well as low reactivity in the autonomic nervous system as measured with skin conductance while waiting for a painful stimulus but not when the stimulus occurs. While it has been argued that the reward system functions normally, some studies have also found reduced reactivity to pleasurable stimuli. According to the response modulation hypothesis, psychopathic individuals have also had difficulty switching from an ongoing action despite environmental cues signaling a need to do so. This may explain the difficulty responding to punishment, although it is unclear if it can explain findings such as deficient conditioning. There may be methodological issues regarding the research. While establishing a range of idiosyncrasies on average in linguistic and affective processing under certain conditions, this research program has not confirmed a common pathology of psychopathy.

text: Some laboratory research demonstrate correlations between psychopathy and atypical responses to aversive stimuli, including weak

text: conditioning

text: to painful stimuli and poor learning of avoiding responses that cause

text: punishment

text: , as well as low reactivity in the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: as measured with

text: skin conductance

text: while waiting for a painful stimulus but not when the stimulus occurs. While it has been argued that the

text: reward system

text: functions normally, some studies have also found reduced reactivity to pleasurable stimuli. According to the

text: response modulation hypothesis

text: , psychopathic individuals have also had difficulty switching from an ongoing action despite environmental cues signaling a need to do so. This may explain the difficulty responding to punishment, although it is unclear if it can explain findings such as deficient conditioning. There may be methodological issues regarding the research. While establishing a range of idiosyncrasies on average in linguistic and affective processing under certain conditions, this research program has not confirmed a common pathology of psychopathy.

text: Human-to-system processes, in this context, refer to processes involving both humans and systems. The process is still defined and managed by relevant process-centric software except that in this scenario, underlying systems may be accessed to store data or initiate transactions on behalf of a human or as a result of choice or design.

text: Nail Brewing is a Western Australian brewery and the producer of the world's most expensive beer, the Antarctic Nail Ale.

text: Nail Brewing is a

text: Western Australia

text: n

text: brewery

text: and the producer of the world's most expensive beer, the Antarctic Nail Ale.

text: In constantly observing the negative side(s) of capitalism, anti-capitalists remain focused on capitalism, thus co-performing and further sustaining the unsustainable capitalist system. Thus, the impression of capitalism as hyper-adaptive "system without an outside". One way out of the trap is to understand that the observation of capitalism, a system strongly biased by and to the economy, implies a reference to functional differentiation. As the economy is only one out of 10 function systems, however,  both pro- and anti-capitalist visions of society imply this economy-bias and, in return, a neglect of other function systems. Effective strategies for alternatives to capitalism therefore require a stronger focus on the non-economic function systems. A corresponding re-coding of capitalist organisations has recently been proposed.

text: In constantly observing the negative side(s) of capitalism, anti-capitalists remain focused on capitalism, thus co-performing and further sustaining the unsustainable capitalist system. Thus, the impression of capitalism as hyper-adaptive "system without an outside". One way out of the trap is to understand that the observation of capitalism, a system strongly biased by and to the economy, implies a reference to

text: functional differentiation

text: . As the economy is only one out of 10 function systems, however,  both pro- and anti-capitalist visions of society imply this economy-bias and, in return, a neglect of other

text: function systems

text: . Effective strategies for alternatives to capitalism therefore require a stronger focus on the non-economic function systems. A corresponding re-coding of capitalist organisations has recently been proposed.

text: The skin consists of two primary layers: an inner layer, the dermis, comprising largely connective tissue, and an outer, thinner epidermis. The thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.08 mm to greater than 0.6 mm (from 0.003 to 0.024 inches). The epidermis comprises five strata; from outer to inner, they are the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The highest concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol are found in the epidermal layer of skin—specifically in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. The production of pre-vitamin D is, therefore, greatest in these two layers.

text: The skin consists of two primary layers: an inner layer, the

text: dermis

text: , comprising largely

text: connective tissue

text: , and an outer, thinner

text: epidermis

text: . The thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.08 mm to greater than 0.6 mm (from 0.003 to 0.024 inches). The epidermis comprises five strata; from outer to inner, they are the

text: stratum corneum

text: stratum lucidum

text: stratum granulosum

text: stratum spinosum

text: , and

text: stratum basale

text: . The highest concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol are found in the epidermal layer of skin—specifically in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. The production of pre-vitamin D is, therefore, greatest in these two layers.

text: Avian skin is a bit more complicated than the skin of gliding lizards or bats because the presence of feathers.  In addition to the  counteracting stresses and stains associated with flight, avian skin must provide a means to monitor and anchor a "coat of feathers", thus the structure of avian skin is different from skin of other flying and gliding animals. To better understand the structure of avian skin, avian skin has been broken down into three different functional components:

text: Kellef is one of the oldest villages in the "Turabdin". The village was founded by Syrians. Kellef was the first local village to convert to Christianity. "Mother Abay" is an historic monastery located 2 km northwest of the village. According to tradition, St. Abay, originally from Persia, was killed in the village along with two monks by his own father in 360 AD. After murdering his son, St. Abay's father returned to Persia where he became seriously ill with a skin disease. An angel appeared to his wife while she was sleeping and told her that her husband had to return to Kellef and rub his body with the earth where his son's blood was shed. Only then would he become healthy again. The king then went back to the village and did as the angel had demanded. After returning to Persia, he became healthy, converted to Christianity and built the monastery "Mother Abay".

text: Kellef

text: is one of the oldest villages in the "Turabdin". The village was founded by Syrians. Kellef was the first local village to convert to

text: Christianity

text: . "Mother Abay" is an historic monastery located 2 km northwest of the village. According to tradition, St. Abay, originally from

text: Persia

text: , was killed in the village along with two monks by his own father in 360 AD. After murdering his son, St. Abay's father returned to Persia where he became seriously ill with a skin disease. An angel appeared to his wife while she was sleeping and told her that her husband had to return to Kellef and rub his body with the earth where his son's blood was shed. Only then would he become healthy again. The king then went back to the village and did as the angel had demanded. After returning to Persia, he became healthy, converted to Christianity and built the monastery "Mother Abay".

text: Pubic hair can be removed in a number of ways, such as waxing, shaving, sugaring, electrolysis, laser hair removal or with chemical creams. Waxing involves applying melted, usually hot, wax to the pubic hair that an individual would like to remove. The wax, which adheres to the hair as it hardens, is then covered with small strips of cloth. When the wax hardens sufficiently, the cloth is pulled off quickly, removing the hair from its roots as the wax is pulled away. Waxing can be performed on oneself privately using a home kit or by a cosmetologist at a salon or spa.

text: Pubic hair can be removed in a number of ways, such as

text: waxing

text: shaving

text: sugaring

text: electrolysis

text: laser hair removal

text: or with

text: chemical creams

text: . Waxing involves applying melted, usually hot, wax to the pubic hair that an individual would like to remove. The wax, which adheres to the hair as it hardens, is then covered with small strips of cloth. When the wax hardens sufficiently, the cloth is pulled off quickly, removing the hair from its roots as the wax is pulled away. Waxing can be performed on oneself privately using a home kit or by a

text: cosmetologist

text: at a salon or spa.

text: The Authority operated on a ship called The Carrier, which was large enough to qualify as a city, thus keeping Jack healthy.

text: The Authority operated on a ship called

text: The Carrier

text: , which was large enough to qualify as a city, thus keeping Jack healthy.

text: Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy: myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells, hence also immunosuppression), mucositis (inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), and alopecia (hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-called autoimmunity). These include Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Multiple sclerosis, Vasculitis, and many others.

text: Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are

text: cytotoxic

text: by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if

text: apoptosis

text: is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the

text: bone marrow

text: digestive tract

text: , and

text: hair follicle

text: s. This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy:

text: myelosuppression

text: (decreased production of blood cells, hence also

text: immunosuppression

text: mucositis

text: (inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract), and

text: alopecia

text: (hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-called

text: autoimmunity

text: ). These include

text: Rheumatoid arthritis

text: Systemic lupus erythematosus

text: Multiple sclerosis

text: Vasculitis

text: , and many others.

text: The introduction of the monocoque chassied Lotus 25 during the  season, and its dominance in the hands of Jim Clark during , highlighted the shortcomings of its spaceframe rivals, including the new Cooper T66. To counteract this, urged on by John Cooper, Maddock started to develop Cooper's own monocoque car. Maddock's design not only followed strict monocoque principles, but also included some very advanced composite technology. The outer, stressed skin was, like the Lotus, formed from sheet aluminium. However, to support this skin, rather than using traditional bulkheads and metal ribs, Maddock specified a lining of aviation-grade honeycomb structure aluminium with a fibreglass inner skin, forming a sandwich structured composite. The resulting chassis (sometimes referred to as the Cooper T69) was far stiffer than previous Cooper products, but with variable wall thicknesses and bonded-in fuel cells it was complex to manufacture. With development over runs and limited finances Cooper decided to drop the concept. It would be 16 years until a car using the same technology won the World Championship: the Williams FW07 of .

text: The introduction of the

text: monocoque

text: chassied

text: Lotus 25

text: during the  season, and its dominance in the hands of

text: Jim Clark

text: during , highlighted the shortcomings of its spaceframe rivals, including the new

text: Cooper T66

text: . To counteract this, urged on by John Cooper, Maddock started to develop Cooper's own monocoque car. Maddock's design not only followed strict monocoque principles, but also included some very advanced composite technology. The outer, stressed skin was, like the Lotus, formed from sheet aluminium. However, to support this skin, rather than using traditional bulkheads and metal ribs, Maddock specified a lining of aviation-grade

text: honeycomb structure

text: aluminium with a

text: fibreglass

text: inner skin, forming a

text: sandwich structured composite

text: . The resulting chassis (sometimes referred to as the Cooper T69) was far stiffer than previous Cooper products, but with variable wall thicknesses and bonded-in fuel cells it was complex to manufacture. With development over runs and limited finances Cooper decided to drop the concept. It would be 16 years until a car using the same technology won the World Championship: the

text: Williams FW07

text: of .

text: In mice lacking Aloxe3 activity due to gene knockout of the Alox3 gene, levels in skin of hepoxilins A3 and B3, as well as their metabolites, trioxilins A3 and B3, are greatly reduced. Furthermore, rat Aloxe3 has been implicated in the production of hepoxilin B3 in studies that transfected its gene into cultured HEK 293 cells and similarly implicated in the inflammation-induced production of hepoxilin B3 in the spine of rats as well as the perception of pain (i.e. allodynia) by these animals using pharmacological inhibitor and siRNA-based gene knockdown studies. Finally, cultured human skin cells, which are rich in ALOXE3 readily convert arachidonic acid as well as 12S-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid to Hepoxilin B3; this production, in keeping with the higher content of ALOXE3, is far greater in the skin cells isolated from subjects with psoriasis. These results suggest that ALOXE3 and its orthologs contribute greatly to or are the hepoxylin synthase activity responsible for producing bioactive hepoxilins (see hepoxilin) in the skin and other ALOXE3/ortholog-rich tissues of mammals, possibly including humans.

text: In mice lacking Aloxe3 activity due to

text: gene knockout

text: of the Alox3 gene, levels in skin of

text: hepoxilin

text: s A3 and B3, as well as their metabolites, trioxilins A3 and B3, are greatly reduced. Furthermore, rat Aloxe3 has been implicated in the production of hepoxilin B3 in studies that transfected its gene into cultured

text: HEK 293 cells

text: and similarly implicated in the inflammation-induced production of hepoxilin B3 in the spine of rats as well as the perception of pain (i.e.

text: allodynia

text: ) by these animals using pharmacological inhibitor and

text: siRNA

text: -based gene knockdown studies. Finally, cultured human skin cells, which are rich in ALOXE3 readily convert arachidonic acid as well as 12S-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid to Hepoxilin B3; this production, in keeping with the higher content of ALOXE3, is far greater in the skin cells isolated from subjects with

text: psoriasis

text: . These results suggest that ALOXE3 and its

text: orthologs

text: contribute greatly to or are the hepoxylin synthase activity responsible for producing bioactive hepoxilins (see

text: hepoxilin

text: ) in the skin and other ALOXE3/ortholog-rich tissues of mammals, possibly including humans.

text: The epidermis of fish and of most amphibians consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin in the cells of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable, and in the case of many amphibians, may actually be a major respiratory organ. The dermis of bony fish typically contains relatively little of the connective tissue found in tetrapods. Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony scales. Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of the skull, these scales are lost in tetrapods, although many reptiles do have scales of a different kind, as do pangolins. Cartilaginous fish have numerous tooth-like denticles embedded in their skin, in place of true scales.

text: The epidermis of

text: fish

text: and of most

text: amphibian

text: s consists entirely of live

text: cells

text: , with only minimal quantities of

text: keratin

text: in the

text: cells

text: of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable, and in the case of many

text: amphibians

text: , may actually be a major respiratory organ. The

text: dermis

text: of

text: bony fish

text: typically contains relatively little of the

text: connective tissue

text: found in

text: tetrapod

text: s. Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony

text: scale

text: s. Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of the

text: skull

text: , these

text: scale

text: s are lost in

text: tetrapods

text: , although many

text: reptile

text: s do have

text: scale

text: s of a different kind, as do

text: pangolin

text: s.

text: Cartilaginous fish

text: have numerous tooth-like

text: denticle

text: s embedded in their skin, in place of true

text: scale

text: s.

text: Runner's toe is a common condition seen in runners caused by downward pressure or horizontal separation of nail plate from the nail bed. This repetitive traumatic injury leads to bleeding and pooling of blood underneath the nail plate. Clinically, it is characterized by reddish-black discoloration of the toe nail. The nail plate may also become thicker and more brittle as a result of the injury (onychochauxis). Fortunately, the deformed nail plate will gradually grow out and be replaced by new, normal-appearing nail plate in several months time. Infrequently, the toe may become painful and require surgical drainage.

text: Runner's toe is a common condition seen in

text: runners

text: caused by downward pressure or horizontal separation of

text: nail plate

text: from the

text: nail bed

text: . This repetitive

text: traumatic injury

text: leads to bleeding and pooling of blood underneath the nail plate. Clinically, it is characterized by reddish-black discoloration of the

text: toe nail

text: . The nail plate may also become thicker and more brittle as a result of the injury (

text: onychochauxis

text: ). Fortunately, the deformed nail plate will gradually grow out and be replaced by new, normal-appearing nail plate in several months time. Infrequently, the toe may become painful and require surgical drainage.

text: Cairn terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates.  Keeping the Cairn terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations.  As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.

text: If there is doubt about the cause of the skin lesions, a biopsy of the skin may be performed to distinguish the purpura from other diseases that cause it, such as vasculitis due to cryoglobulinemia; on microscopy the appearances are of a hypersensitivity vasculitis, and immunofluorescence demonstrates IgA and C3 (a protein of the complement system) in the blood vessel wall. However, overall serum complement levels are normal.

text: If there is doubt about the cause of the skin lesions, a

text: biopsy

text: of the skin may be performed to distinguish the purpura from other diseases that cause it, such as

text: vasculitis

text: due to

text: cryoglobulinemia

text: ; on microscopy the appearances are of a

text: hypersensitivity vasculitis

text: , and

text: immunofluorescence

text: demonstrates IgA and

text: (a protein of the

text: complement system

text: ) in the blood vessel wall. However, overall serum complement levels are normal.

text: Apart from society, hair was used symbolically to mark rites of passage; for instance, loosened hair was common at a funeral, and the seni crines was the hairstyle worn by brides and Vestal Virgins; divided and plaited into six braids, and in the case of the bride, it was parted with a spear. A bride’s hair was parted with a hasta recurva or hasta caelibaris, a bent iron spearhead and crowned with flowers. In addition to ceremonies hairstyle defined the age of a woman. There was a marked difference in hair acceptable for preadolescent girls and sexually mature women. Preadolescent girls would often have long hair cascading down the back where as women would have equally long hair but it would be controlled through wrapping and braiding.

text: Apart from society, hair was used symbolically to mark rites of passage; for instance, loosened hair was common at a funeral, and the seni crines was the hairstyle worn by brides and

text: Vestal Virgin

text: s; divided and plaited into six braids, and in the case of the bride, it was parted with a spear. A bride’s hair was parted with a hasta recurva or hasta caelibaris, a bent iron spearhead and crowned with flowers. In addition to ceremonies hairstyle defined the age of a woman. There was a marked difference in hair acceptable for preadolescent girls and sexually mature women. Preadolescent girls would often have long hair cascading down the back where as women would have equally long hair but it would be controlled through wrapping and braiding.

text: For some people it starts as a throat infection, or strep throat. After the throat infection has cleared up the person can feel fine for several weeks before noticing the appearance of red spots. They appear small at first, like a dry red spot which is slightly itchy. When scratched or picked the top layer of dry skin is removed, leaving dry, red skin beneath with white, dry areas marking where flakes of dry skin stop and start. In the weeks that follow the spots can grow to as much as an inch in diameter. Some of the larger ones may form a pale area in the center which is slightly yellow.Treatment is often a mild steroid, such as hydrocortisone, but this is not always effective. Other treatment include exposing the affected area of the skin to sunlight (while avoiding sunburn).The condition often but not always clears up on its own.The guttate psoriasis can occur on any part of the body, particularly the legs, arms, torso, eyelids, back, bottom, bikini-line and neck. Generally the parts of the body most affected are seen on the arms, legs, back and torso. Enthusiastic exfoliation can lead to bleeding so care and moisturization are important to keep the affected skin healthy.

text: For some people it starts as a throat infection, or

text: strep throat

text: . After the throat infection has cleared up the person can feel fine for several weeks before noticing the appearance of red spots. They appear small at first, like a dry red spot which is slightly itchy. When scratched or picked the top layer of dry skin is removed, leaving dry, red skin beneath with white, dry areas marking where flakes of dry skin stop and start. In the weeks that follow the spots can grow to as much as an inch in diameter. Some of the larger ones may form a pale area in the center which is slightly yellow.Treatment is often a mild steroid, such as

text: hydrocortisone

text: , but this is not always effective. Other treatment include exposing the affected area of the skin to sunlight (while avoiding sunburn).The condition often but not always clears up on its own.The guttate psoriasis can occur on any part of the body, particularly the legs, arms, torso, eyelids, back, bottom, bikini-line and neck. Generally the parts of the body most affected are seen on the arms, legs, back and torso. Enthusiastic exfoliation can lead to bleeding so care and moisturization are important to keep the affected skin healthy.

text: An important function of the skin is the sensation of changes in air temperature, which can guide the snakes towards warm basking/shelter locations. All snakes are ectotherms. To maintain a stable body temperature, they exchange heat with their external environments. Snakes often move into open, sunny areas to absorb heat from the sun and warmed earth - a behavior known as basking. Nerves in the skin regulate the flow of blood into the veins near the surface. Rubio states, "The skin's acceptance of radiant energy, its ability to determine the temperature, and the snake's ability to move toward or away from one temperature gradient to another are among the most important behavioral actions in its daily life."

text: An important function of the skin is the sensation of changes in air temperature, which can guide the snakes towards warm basking/shelter locations. All snakes are

text: ectotherms

text: . To maintain a stable body temperature, they exchange heat with their external environments. Snakes often move into open, sunny areas to absorb heat from the sun and warmed earth - a behavior known as basking.

text: Nerves

text: in the skin regulate the flow of blood into the

text: veins

text: near the surface. Rubio states, "The skin's acceptance of radiant energy, its ability to determine the temperature, and the snake's ability to move toward or away from one

text: temperature gradient

text: to another are among the most important behavioral actions in its daily life."

text: The Spitfire Mk 26 is an '80% or 90% scale' (but see note of scale inaccuracies in the Variants section below) replica based on the original Supermarine Spitfire design. Despite its smaller size provision is made for a passenger to be seated in tandem behind the pilot. The stressed skin structure consists of 2024 aluminium alloy skins, formers and longerons with some fibre-glass mouldings for parts such as fairings and air scoops. The design features retractable undercarriage with differential braking to the main wheels. The aircraft has been approved by the British Light Aircraft Association.

text: The Spitfire Mk 26 is an '80% or 90% scale' (but see note of scale inaccuracies in the Variants section below) replica based on the original

text: Supermarine Spitfire

text: design. Despite its smaller size provision is made for a passenger to be seated in tandem behind the pilot. The

text: stressed skin

text: structure consists of

text: 2024 aluminium alloy

text: skins,

text: former

text: s and

text: longeron

text: s with some

text: fibre-glass

text: mouldings for parts such as

text: fairings

text: and air scoops. The design features retractable

text: undercarriage

text: with

text: differential braking

text: to the main wheels. The aircraft has been approved by the British

text: Light Aircraft Association

text: A humectant is a substance that is used to keep products moisturized and affects the preservation of items, which can be used in cosmetic products, food and tobacco. Ahumectant-rich formulation contains simple alcoholic sugar that can increase skin hydration and helps to remove and reduce thickness of skin.

text: A number of histologic stains are used in the field of dermatology that aid in the diagnosis of conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system.

text: A number of

text: histologic stains

text: are used in the field of

text: dermatology

text: that aid in the diagnosis of conditions of or affecting the human

text: integumentary system

text: Epidermis, "epi" coming from the Greek meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.

text: Epidermis, "epi" coming from the Greek meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface which also serves as a barrier to

text: infection

text: and is made up of stratified squamous

text: epithelium

text: with an underlying

text: basal lamina

text: u	‘finger nail, toe nail’

text: u	‘finger nail, toe nail’

text: Section 3: Challenges:The game also includes daily and weekly challenges intended to keep players motivated and on top of their goals. With up to 500 challenges, all catered to specific objectives, the game aims to provide players with a fun way to stay on track of their healthy lifestyle.

text: Snoop is shown a year later as an adept enforcer and significantly recognized as part of the trusted inner circle of Marlo. She and Chris are assigned most of the hits that Marlo initiates, with Snoop assisting Chris in many murders by way of luring the victim to a secluded area and by helping to organize the method of concealment. She is never shown as the actual murderer. The pair dispose of the bodies by depositing them in abandoned buildings, covering them with quicklime and tarps, and boarding up the buildings again. When they re-board the doors, they use a nail gun that Snoop purchased in the first scene of the season. Later, the nail gun's distinctive nails become key clues: every house boarded up with those nails contains a body. Before the police discover this, however, Sergeant Hauk had pulled them over and spotted the nail gun, so Chris had discarded it, to Snoop's chagrin.

text: Snoop is shown a year later as an adept enforcer and significantly recognized as part of the trusted inner circle of Marlo. She and Chris are assigned most of the hits that Marlo initiates, with Snoop assisting Chris in many murders by way of luring the victim to a secluded area and by helping to organize the method of concealment. She is never shown as the actual murderer. The pair dispose of the bodies by depositing them in abandoned buildings, covering them with

text: quicklime

text: and tarps, and boarding up the buildings again. When they re-board the doors, they use a nail gun that Snoop purchased in the first scene of the season. Later, the nail gun's distinctive nails become key clues: every house boarded up with those nails contains a body. Before the police discover this, however,

text: Sergeant Hauk

text: had pulled them over and spotted the nail gun, so Chris had discarded it, to Snoop's chagrin.

text: More advanced cases may be resistant or unresponsive to medical therapy, however, and require hair transplantation. Naturally-occurring units of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are excised and moved to areas of hair restoration. These follicular units are surgically implanted in the scalp in close proximity and in large numbers. The grafts are obtained from either Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) – colloquially referred to as "strip harvesting" – or Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE). In the former, a strip of skin with follicular units is extracted and dissected into individual follicular unit grafts. The surgeon then implants the grafts into small incisions, called recipient sites. Specialized scalp tattoos can also mimic the appearance of a short buzzed haircut. Androgenic alopecia also occurs in females, and more often presents as diffuse thinning without hairline recession. Like its male counterpart, the condition rarely leads to total hair loss. Treatment options are similar to those for men, although topical or systemic estrogen is used more often.

text: More advanced cases may be resistant or unresponsive to medical therapy, however, and require

text: hair transplantation

text: . Naturally-occurring units of one to four hairs, called

text: follicular units

text: , are excised and moved to areas of

text: hair restoration

text: . These follicular units are surgically implanted in the scalp in close proximity and in large numbers. The grafts are obtained from either

text: Follicular Unit Transplantation

text: (FUT) – colloquially referred to as "strip harvesting" – or

text: Follicular Unit Extraction

text: (FUE). In the former, a strip of skin with follicular units is extracted and dissected into individual follicular unit grafts. The surgeon then implants the grafts into small incisions, called recipient sites. Specialized scalp tattoos can also mimic the appearance of a short buzzed haircut. Androgenic alopecia also occurs in females, and more often presents as diffuse thinning without hairline recession. Like its male counterpart, the condition rarely leads to

text: total hair loss

text: . Treatment options are similar to those for men, although topical or systemic estrogen is used more often.

text: The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialised parenchyma cells, but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, whereas parenchyma is classified as ground tissue. The epidermis is the main component of the dermal tissue system of leaves (diagrammed below), and also stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is usually transparent (epidermal cells have fewer chloroplasts or lack them completely, except for the guard cells.)

text: The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialised

text: parenchyma

text: cells, but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, whereas parenchyma is classified as

text: ground tissue

text: . The epidermis is the main component of the dermal tissue system of leaves (diagrammed below), and also stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is usually

text: transparent

text: (epidermal cells have fewer chloroplasts or lack them completely, except for the guard cells.)

text: Bed of nails fixtures require a mechanical assembly to hold the PCB in place. Fixtures can hold the PCB with either a vacuum or pressing down from the top of the PCB. Vacuum fixtures give better signal reading versus the press-down type. On the other hand, vacuum fixtures are expensive because of their high manufacturing complexity. The bed of nails or fixture, as generally termed, is used together with an in-circuit tester. Fixtures with a grid of 0.8 mm for small nails and test point diameter 0.6 mm are theoretically possible without using special constructions. But in mass production, test point diameters of 1.0 mm or higher are normally used to minimise contact failures leading to lower remachining costs.

text: In areas of thrust tectonics two main styles are recognized; thin-skinned deformation and thick-skinned deformation. The distinction is important as attempts to structurally restore the deformation will give very different results depending on the assumed geometry.

text: In areas of thrust tectonics two main styles are recognized;

text: thin-skinned deformation

text: and

text: thick-skinned deformation

text: . The distinction is important as attempts to structurally restore the deformation will give very different results depending on the assumed geometry.

text: M. cerebralis infections have been reported from a wide range of salmonid species: eight species of "Atlantic" salmonids, Salmo; four species of "Pacific" salmonids, Oncorhynchus; four species of char, Salvelinus; the grayling, Thymallus thymallus; and the huchen, Hucho hucho. M. cerebralis causes damage to its fish hosts through attachment of triactinomyxon spores and the migrations of various stages through tissues and along nerves, as well as by digesting cartilage.  The fish's tail may darken, but aside from lesions on cartilage, internal organs generally appear healthy.  Other symptoms include skeletal deformities and "whirling" behavior (tail-chasing) in young fish, which was thought to have been caused by a loss of equilibrium, but is actually caused by damage to the spinal cord and lower brain stem.  Experiments have shown that fish can kill Myxobolus in their skin (possibly using antibodies), but that the fish do not attack the parasites once they have migrated to the central nervous system.  This response varies from species to species.

text: M. cerebralis infections have been reported from a wide range of salmonid species: eight species of "Atlantic" salmonids,

text: Salmo

text: ; four species of "Pacific" salmonids,

text: Oncorhynchus

text: ; four species of char,

text: Salvelinus

text: ; the grayling,

text: Thymallus thymallus

text: ; and the huchen,

text: Hucho hucho

text: . M. cerebralis causes damage to its fish hosts through attachment of triactinomyxon spores and the migrations of various stages through tissues and along nerves, as well as by digesting cartilage.  The fish's tail may darken, but aside from lesions on cartilage, internal organs generally appear healthy.  Other symptoms include skeletal deformities and "whirling" behavior (tail-chasing) in young fish, which was thought to have been caused by a loss of equilibrium, but is actually caused by damage to the spinal cord and lower brain stem.  Experiments have shown that fish can kill Myxobolus in their skin (possibly using

text: antibodies

text: ), but that the fish do not attack the parasites once they have migrated to the central nervous system.  This response varies from species to species.

text: Duchsustus (דוכסוסטוס, from Greek δυσχιστός dyschistos) is the name of a type of parchment used for religious writings in Judaism.  It is originally a Greek word and one of three Talmudic names for animal skin.  The other two are kelaf and gevil. The meanings of these terms, however, are the subject of  controversy in Jewish law. According to the Talmud, a sefer Torah should, ideally,  be written on gvil, but may also be on klaf, Tefillin must be written on Klaf, and Mezuzah should be written on duchsustus, kelaf, or gevil. This instruction is dated to Moses at Mount Sinai. Duchsustus is the animal's dermis, klaf is the epidermis, and gevil is both layers tanned unseparated.

text: Duchsustus (דוכסוסטוס, from Greek δυσχιστός dyschistos) is the name of a type of

text: parchment

text: used for religious writings in

text: Judaism

text: .  It is originally a

text: Greek

text: word and one of three

text: Talmud

text: ic names for animal skin.  The other two are kelaf and

text: gevil

text: . The meanings of these terms, however, are the subject of  controversy in

text: Jewish law

text: . According to the Talmud, a

text: sefer

text: Torah

text: should, ideally,  be written on gvil, but may also be on klaf, Tefillin must be written on Klaf, and

text: Mezuzah

text: should be written on duchsustus, kelaf, or gevil. This instruction is dated to

text: Moses

text: at

text: Mount Sinai

text: . Duchsustus is the animal's

text: dermis

text: , klaf is the

text: epidermis

text: , and gevil is both layers tanned unseparated.

text: Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology. The human body consists of the legs, the torso, the arms, the neck, and the head. An adult human body consists of about 100 trillion (10) cells. The most commonly defined body systems in humans are the nervous, the cardiovascular, the circulatory, the digestive, the endocrine, the immune, the integumentary, the lymphatic, the muscoskeletal, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system.

text: Most aspects of human physiology are closely

text: homologous

text: to corresponding aspects of

text: animal

text: physiology. The human body consists of the

text: legs

text: , the

text: torso

text: , the

text: arm

text: s, the

text: neck

text: , and the

text: head

text: . An

text: adult

text: human body

text: consists of about 100 trillion (10)

text: cell

text: s. The most commonly defined

text: body systems

text: in humans are the

text: nervous

text: , the

text: cardiovascular

text: , the

text: circulatory

text: , the

text: digestive

text: , the

text: endocrine

text: , the

text: immune

text: , the

text: integumentary

text: , the

text: lymphatic

text: , the

text: muscoskeletal

text: , the

text: reproductive

text: , the

text: respiratory

text: , and the

text: urinary system

text: The larvae feed on Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong to ovoid. The epidermis is opaque to green yellow. Mines are all located to one side of the midrib on the lower half of the leaf. They are found along the leaf margin or the midrib and solitary with some leaves supporting more than one mine, usually with many minute parallel folds, occasionallywith one or two, more or less pronounced.

text: The

text: larva

text: e feed on

text: Quercus douglasii

text: and

text: Quercus lobata

text: . They

text: mine

text: the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong to ovoid. The epidermis is opaque to green yellow. Mines are all located to one side of the midrib on the lower half of the leaf. They are found along the leaf margin or the midrib and solitary with some leaves supporting more than one mine, usually with many minute parallel folds, occasionallywith one or two, more or less pronounced.

text: Weight management is a long-term approach to a healthy lifestyle. It includes a balance of healthy eating and physical exercise to equate energy expenditure and energy intake.  Developing healthy eating habits while using tips that will keep us fuller longer can be useful tools in weight management. Knowing what your body needs is important to weight management and can control overconsumption and underconsumption of food.

text: Weight management is a long-term approach to a

text: healthy lifestyle

text: . It includes a balance of

text: healthy eating

text: and

text: physical exercise

text: to equate

text: energy expenditure

text: and

text: energy intake

text: .  Developing healthy eating habits while using tips that will keep us fuller longer can be useful tools in weight management. Knowing what your body needs is important to weight management and can control overconsumption and underconsumption of food.

text: If nazirites cut their hair or had their hair cut by bandits, 30 days of their nazirite term were rendered void. Nazirites who cut their own hair incurred a penalty, no matter whether they used scissors or a razor, or no matter how little they trimmed their hair. Nazirites were allowed to clean their hair or part it with their fingers, but they were not allowed to comb it. Rabbi Ishmael said that they were not allowed to clean their hair with earth, because it causes the hair to fall out.

text: In 1976, the Workplace Safety and Health Act was passed; it established standards intended to help keep workers safe and healthy.

text: Protection from mechanical injury, chemical hazards, and bacterial invasion is provided by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and covered with keratin. Secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands also benefit this protective barrier. In the event of an injury that damages the skin's protective barrier, the body triggers a response called wound healing. After hemostasis, inflammation white blood cells, including phagocytic macrophages arrive at the injury site. Once the invading microorganisms have been brought under control, the skin proceeds to heal itself. The ability of the skin to heal even after considerable damage has occurred is due to the presence of stem cells in the dermis and cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis, all of which can generate new tissue.

text: Protection from mechanical injury,

text: chemical hazard

text: s, and bacterial invasion is provided by the

text: skin

text: because the

text: epidermis

text: is relatively thick and covered with

text: keratin

text: Secretion

text: s from

text: sebaceous glands

text: and

text: sweat glands

text: also benefit this protective barrier. In the event of an injury that damages the skin's protective barrier, the body triggers a response called

text: wound healing

text: . After

text: hemostasis

text: inflammation

text: white blood cells

text: , including

text: phagocytic

text: macrophages

text: arrive at the injury site. Once the invading

text: microorganisms

text: have been brought under control, the skin proceeds to

text: heal

text: itself. The ability of the skin to heal even after considerable damage has occurred is due to the presence of

text: stem cells

text: in the

text: dermis

text: and

text: cells

text: in the

text: stratum basale

text: of the epidermis, all of which can generate new

text: tissue

text: With the skin-only facelift only the skin of the face is lifted and not the underlying SMAS, muscles or other structures. The skin itself lacks the elasticity and laxity in older patiënts, that is why the longevity of this lift is short, usually the lift re-sags within 6 to 12 months after the procedure. The reason that this option is considered is that it has fewer complications and isn’t as technically demanding as the SMAS or other types of lifts. A possible alternative method for performing this type of facelift, is through the use of a spiral needle; depending on the thickness of the lifting area, the choice of needle diameter plus the optimization of the depth at which the treatment is performed enables the surgeon to determine the tightness of the lift itself.

text: With the skin-only facelift only the skin of the face is lifted and not the underlying SMAS, muscles or other structures. The skin itself lacks the elasticity and laxity in older patiënts, that is why the longevity of this lift is short, usually the lift re-sags within 6 to 12 months after the procedure. The reason that this option is considered is that it has fewer complications and isn’t as technically demanding as the SMAS or other types of lifts. A possible alternative method for performing this type of facelift, is through the use of a

text: spiral needle

text: ; depending on the thickness of the lifting area, the choice of needle diameter plus the optimization of the depth at which the treatment is performed enables the surgeon to determine the tightness of the lift itself.

text: Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum. Profilaggrin undergoes proteolytic processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, which may be facilitated by calcium-dependent enzymes.

text: Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the

text: epidermis

text: , these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the

text: stratum granulosum

text: . Profilaggrin undergoes

text: proteolytic

text: processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the

text: stratum granulosum

text: and the

text: stratum corneum

text: , which may be facilitated by

text: calcium

text: -dependent

text: enzymes

text: Nail or Nails is the surname of:

text: Nail or Nails is the surname of:

text: There are two important layers to the human skin: (1) the Epidermis and (2) the Dermis.  For transdermal delivery, drugs must pass through the two sublayers of the epidermis to reach the microcirculation of the dermis.

text: There are two important layers to the human skin: (1) the

text: Epidermis

text: and (2) the

text: Dermis

text: .  For transdermal delivery, drugs must pass through the two sublayers of the epidermis to reach the microcirculation of the dermis.

text: The integumentary system is made up of three layers: the outermost epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue, which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species; marine mammals require a thick hypodermis (blubber) for insulation, and right whales have the thickest blubber at . Although other animals have features such as whiskers, feathers, setae, or cilia that superficially resemble it, no animals other than mammals have hair. It is a definitive characteristic of the class. Though some mammals have very little, careful examination reveals the characteristic, often in obscure parts of their bodies.

text: The

text: integumentary system

text: is made up of three layers: the outermost

text: epidermis

text: , the

text: dermis

text: and the

text: hypodermis

text: . The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of

text: adipose tissue

text: , which stores lipids and provides cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species;

text: marine mammal

text: s require a thick hypodermis (

text: blubber

text: ) for insulation, and

text: right whale

text: s have the thickest blubber at . Although other animals have features such as whiskers,

text: feathers

text: setae

text: , or

text: cilia

text: that superficially resemble it, no animals other than mammals have

text: hair

text: . It is a definitive characteristic of the class. Though some mammals have very little, careful examination reveals the characteristic, often in obscure parts of their bodies.

text: The Lund’s fly is parasitic at its larval stage. Under examination with a scanning electron microscope, it appears whitish and barrel-shaped, with 11 segments. Its body is almost completely covered by large conic-shaped spines. These spines serve as a point of attachment to its host. The larvae have a brown apex, pointing towards the posterior end where there are fewer spines. There exist two bulges in the anterior end with  paired mouth hooks at the anterior end of the larvae. After hatching, the larvae penetrates into the dermis and molts to second and third instar larvae before emerging from the skin. The third instar larvae has an approximate length of 1.5 cm and is distinctively less elongated and conical in shape, compared to the second instar larvae

text: The Lund’s fly is parasitic at its larval stage. Under examination with a

text: scanning electron microscope

text: , it appears whitish and barrel-shaped, with 11 segments. Its body is almost completely covered by large conic-shaped spines. These spines serve as a point of attachment to its host. The larvae have a brown apex, pointing towards the

text: posterior

text: end where there are fewer spines. There exist two bulges in the

text: anterior

text: end with  paired mouth hooks at the anterior end of the larvae. After hatching, the larvae penetrates into the

text: dermis

text: and molts to second and third instar larvae before emerging from the skin. The third instar larvae has an approximate length of 1.5 cm and is distinctively less elongated and

text: conical

text: in shape, compared to the second instar larvae

text: This rapidly expanding ring, when hitting the aircraft, can be more effective than an equivalent fragmentation warhead: the ring's effectiveness decreases as 1/R, rather than 1/R for fragments. Although when designing the SAM missile equipped Mauler in the late 1950s, Monte Carlo simulations on the IBM 650 were conducted which influenced the decision to use a blast-fragmentation warhead, as a continuous-rod warhead was deemed likely to be less effective. Portions of the aircraft intercepted by the expanding ring of the continuous rod warhead will receive a continuous cut through the skin, light structure, underlying cables, hydraulic lines, and other plumbing if present. This may cause a structural failure, or, if not, can be sufficient for defeating the redundancy of aircraft systems. The effect is only pronounced as long as the ring is unbroken, so multiple layers of rods are employed in practical weapons to increase the effective radius.

text: This rapidly expanding ring, when hitting the aircraft, can be more effective than an equivalent

text: fragmentation warhead

text: : the ring's effectiveness decreases as 1/R, rather than 1/R for fragments. Although when designing the

text: SAM missile

text: equipped

text: Mauler

text: in the late 1950s,

text: Monte Carlo simulations

text: on the

text: IBM 650

text: were conducted which influenced the decision to use a blast-fragmentation warhead, as a continuous-rod warhead was deemed likely to be less effective. Portions of the aircraft intercepted by the expanding ring of the continuous rod warhead will receive a continuous cut through the skin, light structure, underlying cables, hydraulic lines, and other plumbing if present. This may cause a structural failure, or, if not, can be sufficient for defeating the redundancy of aircraft systems. The effect is only pronounced as long as the ring is unbroken, so multiple layers of rods are employed in practical weapons to increase the effective radius.

text: Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.

text: Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good

text: hygiene

text: , will help larger topical mycoses. Because fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.

text: Evidently, there are many types of systems that can be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, with an analysis of urban systems dynamics, A.W. Steiss defines five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory, where Kenneth D. Bailey defines systems in terms of conceptual, concrete and abstract systems, either isolated, closed, or open, Walter F. Buckley defines social systems in sociology in terms of mechanical, organic, and process models. Bela H. Banathy cautions that with any inquiry into a system that understanding the type of system is crucial, and defines Natural and Designed systems.

text: Evidently, there are many types of systems that can be analyzed both

text: quantitative

text: ly and

text: qualitative

text: ly. For example, with an analysis of urban systems dynamics, A.W. Steiss defines five intersecting systems, including the physical subsystem and behavioral system. For sociological models influenced by systems theory, where

text: Kenneth D. Bailey

text: defines systems in terms of

text: conceptual

text: concrete

text: and abstract systems, either

text: isolated

text: closed

text: , or

text: open

text: Walter F. Buckley

text: defines social systems in sociology in terms of

text: mechanical

text: organic

text: , and

text: process

text: models.

text: Bela H. Banathy

text: cautions that with any inquiry into a system that understanding the type of system is crucial, and defines Natural and Designed systems.

text: Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or neoplastic proliferation of cellular components of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.

text: Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or

text: neoplastic

text: proliferation of cellular components of the

text: dermis

text: or

text: subcutaneous tissue

text: , or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.

text: The skin, or facade treatment differs on all five exposed sides of the building, modulating light and views, creating a uniformity across each face of the cube during the day.  The main (south-facing) facade is double-glazed and functions as part of the building’s climate control system.   The materials which compose the skin range from glass, to steel panels, to aluminium mesh.

text: Automated driving systems are often conditional, which implies that the automation system is capable of automated driving, but not for all conditions encountered in the course of normal operation.  Therefore, a human driver is functionally required to initiate the automated driving system, and may or may not do so when driving conditions are within the capability of the system. When the vehicle automation system has assumed all driving functions, the human is no longer driving the vehicle but continues to assume responsibility for the vehicle's performance as the vehicle operator. The automated vehicle operator is not functionally required to actively monitor the vehicle's performance while the automation system is engaged, but the operator must be available to resume driving within several seconds of being prompted to do so, as the system has limited conditions of automation. While the automated driving system is engaged, certain conditions may prevent real-time human input, but for no more than a few seconds. The operator is able to resume driving at any time subject to this short delay. When the operator has resumed all driving functions, he or she reassumes the status of the vehicle's driver.

text: Neuro: of or having to do with the nervous system. Nervous System: An organ system that coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but not limited to the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, skin, digestive system, immune system, hormonal, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine system, blood and reproductive system. Optimal function of the organism as a whole depends upon the proper function of the nervous system.

text: Neuro: of or having to do with the nervous system.

text: Nervous System

text: : An

text: organ

text: system that

text: coordinate

text: s the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but not limited to the

text: cardiovascular system

text: respiratory system

text: skin

text: digestive system

text: immune system

text: , hormonal, metabolic, musculoskeletal,

text: endocrine system

text: , blood and

text: reproductive system

text: . Optimal function of the organism as a whole depends upon the proper function of the nervous system.

text: Al-e Ahmed describes Iranian behavior in the twentieth century as being "Weststruck." The word was play on the dual meaning of "stricken" in Persian, which meant to be afflicted with a disease or to be stung by an insect, or to be infatuated and bedazzled. "I say that gharbzadegi is like cholera [or] frostbite. But no. It's at least as bad as sawflies in the wheat fields. Have you ever seen how they infest wheat? From within. There's a healthy skin in places, but it's only a skin, just like the shell of a cicada on a tree."

text: Al-e Ahmed describes Iranian behavior in the twentieth century as being "Weststruck." The word was play on the dual meaning of "stricken" in Persian, which meant to be afflicted with a disease or to be stung by an insect, or to be infatuated and bedazzled. "I say that gharbzadegi is like

text: cholera

text: [or]

text: frostbite

text: . But no. It's at least as bad as

text: sawflies

text: in the

text: wheat

text: fields. Have you ever seen how they infest wheat? From within. There's a healthy skin in places, but it's only a skin, just like the shell of a

text: cicada

text: on a tree."

text: Debra Nails (born November 15, 1950) is an American philosophy professor and well known classics scholar currently teaching at Michigan State University. Nails earned her M.A. in philosophy and classical Greek from Louisiana State University before going on to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in 1993. Previously, she taught in the Department of Classics, Philosophy, and Religion at Mary Washington College. Nails currently teaches courses on the history of philosophy, continental rationalism, metaphysics, and modern philosophy.

text: Debra Nails (born November 15, 1950) is an American philosophy professor and well known classics scholar currently teaching at

text: Michigan State University

text: . Nails earned her M.A. in philosophy and classical Greek from

text: Louisiana State University

text: before going on to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy at the

text: University of the Witwatersrand

text: , Johannesburg in 1993. Previously, she taught in the Department of Classics, Philosophy, and Religion at

text: Mary Washington College

text: . Nails currently teaches courses on the history of philosophy, continental rationalism, metaphysics, and modern philosophy.

text: Paul Bartsch emigrated with his parents to the U.S.A in 1880, first to Missouri and then to Burlington, Iowa. As a child, he took up jobs in his spare time in several employments. He soon took an interest in nature, first by keeping a small menagerie at home, and during his high school years, collecting birds and preparing skins. He established a natural-history club in his home with a little museum and a workshop. By the time he went to the University of Iowa in 1893, he had collected 2,000 skins.

text: Paul Bartsch emigrated with his parents to the U.S.A in 1880, first to

text: Missouri

text: and then to

text: Burlington, Iowa

text: . As a child, he took up jobs in his spare time in several employments. He soon took an interest in nature, first by keeping a small menagerie at home, and during his high school years, collecting birds and preparing skins. He established a natural-history club in his home with a little museum and a workshop. By the time he went to the

text: University of Iowa

text: in 1893, he had collected 2,000 skins.

text: Spinous cells are found in the superficial layers of the skin. They are found in the stratum spinosum (prickly layer, spinosum layer), which lies above the stratum basale (basal layer) and below the stratum granulosum (granular layer) of the epidermis. The spinous cells are arranged several layers thick to form a net-like covering.

text: Spinous cells are found in the superficial layers of the

text: skin

text: . They are found in the

text: stratum spinosum (prickly layer, spinosum layer)

text: , which lies above the

text: stratum basale (basal layer)

text: and below the

text: stratum granulosum (granular layer)

text: of the epidermis. The spinous cells are arranged several layers thick to form a net-like covering.

text: The biggest risk that comes with a hip piercing is rejection or piercing migration. This is a result of your body recognizing a foreign object and pushing it out. Rejection rates vary depending on the person’s skin, the activities a person partakes in that may create tension in that area, and the jewelry or procedure used. Sitting down for a consultation with a professional piercer is highly recommended before this type of piercing. Another risk includes tissue damage, which is the damaging of blood vessels or nerves in the dermis or dermal layer. This is more likely to happen when the piercing is done by someone who is not a professional. If the piercing is too deep, the skin layers may pull together, resulting in embedding. Shallow piercings will result in migration or rejection. The last risk is bacterial infection, which occurs when the equipment used is not sterilized, or the piercing is not well cared for during the healing process. Pus and inflammation may develop if the piercing becomes infected, however, careful cleaning and aftercare can avoid this risk.

text: The biggest risk that comes with a hip piercing is rejection or

text: piercing migration

text: . This is a result of your body recognizing a foreign object and pushing it out. Rejection rates vary depending on the person’s skin, the activities a person partakes in that may create tension in that area, and the jewelry or procedure used. Sitting down for a consultation with a professional piercer is highly recommended before this type of piercing. Another risk includes tissue damage, which is the damaging of blood vessels or nerves in the

text: dermis

text: or dermal layer. This is more likely to happen when the piercing is done by someone who is not a professional. If the piercing is too deep, the skin layers may pull together, resulting in embedding. Shallow piercings will result in migration or rejection. The last risk is bacterial

text: infection

text: , which occurs when the equipment used is not sterilized, or the piercing is not well cared for during the healing process. Pus and

text: inflammation

text: may develop if the piercing becomes infected, however, careful cleaning and aftercare can avoid this risk.

text: Chronic oral exposure in animals affects the liver, the kidney, the spleen, the adrenal and thyroid glands, the central nervous system, and the immune system.  Toxaphene stimulates the central nervous system by antagonizing neurons leading to hyperpolarization of neurons and increased neuronal activity.

text: The  human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system.  The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to that of most other mammals. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin. The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

text: The  human skin is the outer covering of the body. In

text: human

text: s, it is the largest organ of the

text: integumentary system

text: .  The skin has up to seven layers of

text: ectodermal

text: tissue

text: and guards the underlying

text: muscle

text: s,

text: bone

text: s,

text: ligament

text: s and

text: internal organ

text: s. Human skin is similar to that of most other

text: mammal

text: s. Though nearly all human skin is covered with

text: hair follicle

text: s, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and

text: glabrous skin

text: . The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

text: The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis. (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin.) The epidermis forms the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.  The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which is primarily made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the, deeper tissue layers.

text: The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of two major layers of tissue: the

text: epidermis

text: and

text: dermis

text: . (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin.) The epidermis forms the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.  The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which is primarily made up of

text: adipose tissue

text: . Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the, deeper tissue layers.

text: Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure. In 2009, NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration. The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men. Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems, there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE, and the high costs associated with the devices.

text: Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure. In 2009, NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration. The

text: ARTAS System

text: was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men. Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems, there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE, and the high costs associated with the devices.

text: The glabrous (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the feet) are usually lighter — and even much lighter in dark-skinned individuals, even compared to the other side of the hand. Indeed, genes specifically expressed in the dermis of palmoplantar skin inhibit melanin production and thus the ability to tan, and promote the thickening of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum layers of the epidermis. All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges (fingerprints) acting as friction pads.  In contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched.  On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to ; an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors.

text: The

text: glabrous

text: (hairless) skin on the front of the hand, the palm, is relatively thick and can be bent along the hand's flexure lines where the skin is tightly bound to the underlying tissue and bones. Compared to the rest of the body's skin, the hands' palms (as well as the soles of the

text: feet

text: ) are usually lighter — and even much lighter in dark-skinned individuals, even compared to the other side of the hand. Indeed, genes specifically expressed in the

text: dermis

text: of palmoplantar skin inhibit

text: melanin

text: production and thus the ability to

text: tan

text: , and promote the thickening of the

text: stratum lucidum

text: and

text: stratum corneum

text: layers of the

text: epidermis

text: . All parts of the skin involved in grasping are covered by papillary ridges (

text: fingerprint

text: s) acting as friction pads.  In contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched.  On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to ; an important input the cutaneous

text: mechanoreceptor

text: s.

text: An individual hair's shape is never completely circular. The cross-section of a hair is an ellipse, which can tend towards a circle or be distinctly flattened. Asiatic heads of straight hair are formed from almost-round hairs, and Caucasian hair's cross sections form oval shapes. Afro-textured hair has a flattened cross-section and is finer, and its ringlets can form tight circles with diameters of only a few millimeters. In humans worldwide, Asiatic hair is the most common, whereas afro-textured hair is the least common. This is because the former hair texture is typical of the large populations inhabiting East Asia as well as the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

text: An individual hair's shape is never completely circular. The cross-section of a hair is an

text: ellipse

text: , which can tend towards a circle or be distinctly flattened. Asiatic heads of straight hair are formed from almost-round hairs, and Caucasian hair's cross sections form oval shapes. Afro-textured hair has a flattened cross-section and is finer, and its ringlets can form tight circles with diameters of only a few

text: millimeter

text: s. In humans worldwide, Asiatic hair is the most common, whereas afro-textured hair is the least common. This is because the former hair texture is typical of the large populations inhabiting

text: East Asia

text: as well as the

text: indigenous peoples of the Americas

text: Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis, the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis. After initial injection, pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the immune system's phagocytes to engulf the pigment particles. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface pigment) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue forms, which is later converted to connective tissue by collagen growth. This mends the upper dermis, where pigment remains trapped within fibroblasts, ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis/epidermis boundary. Its presence there is stable, but in the long term (decades) the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the dermis, accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos.

text: Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis, the layer of dermal tissue underlying the

text: epidermis

text: . After initial injection, pigment is dispersed throughout a

text: homogenized

text: damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the

text: immune system

text: 's

text: phagocyte

text: s to engulf the pigment particles. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface pigment) while deeper in the skin

text: granulation tissue

text: forms, which is later converted to connective tissue by

text: collagen

text: growth. This mends the upper dermis, where pigment remains trapped within

text: fibroblast

text: s, ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis/epidermis boundary. Its presence there is stable, but in the long term (decades) the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the dermis, accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos.

text: Hair has great social significance for human beings. It can grow on most external areas of the human body, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet (among other areas). Hair is most noticeable on most people in a small number of areas, which are also the ones that are most commonly trimmed, plucked, or shaved. These include the face, ears, head, eyebrows, legs, and armpits, as well as the pubic region. The highly visible differences between male and female body and facial hair are a notable secondary sex characteristic.

text: Hair has great social significance for

text: human being

text: s. It can grow on most external areas of the

text: human body

text: , except on the palms of the

text: hand

text: s and the soles of the feet (among other areas). Hair is most noticeable on most people in a small number of areas, which are also the ones that are most commonly trimmed,

text: plucked

text: , or

text: shaved

text: . These include the

text: face

text: ear

text: s,

text: head

text: , eyebrows,

text: leg

text: s, and

text: armpit

text: s, as well as the

text: pubic region

text: . The highly visible differences between male and female body and facial hair are a notable

text: secondary sex characteristic

text: Epidermis green or almost grayish green, smooth.

text: Epidermis

text: green or almost grayish green, smooth.

text: Dermatopathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that focuses on the skin and the rest of the integumentary system as an organ.  It is unique, in that there are two paths a physician can take to obtain the specialization.  All general pathologists and general dermatologists train in the pathology of the skin, so the term dermatopathologist denotes either of these who has reached a certainly level accreditation and experience; in the USA, either a general pathologist or a dermatologist can undergo a 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of dermatopathology.  The completion of this fellowship allows one to take a subspecialty board examination, and becomes a board certified dermatopathologist. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not lead to a conclusive diagnosis, and a skin biopsy is taken to be examined under the microscope using usual histological tests. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and molecular-pathologic analysis.  One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope. More than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions ("rashes") and neoplasms. Therefore, dermatopathologists must maintain a broad base of knowledge in clinical dermatology, and be familiar with several other specialty areas in Medicine.

text: Dermatopathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology that focuses on the skin and the rest of the

text: integumentary system

text: as an organ.  It is unique, in that there are two paths a physician can take to obtain the specialization.  All general pathologists and general dermatologists train in the pathology of the skin, so the term

text: dermatopathologist

text: denotes either of these who has reached a certainly level accreditation and experience; in the USA, either a general pathologist or a

text: dermatologist

text: can undergo a 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of dermatopathology.  The completion of this fellowship allows one to take a subspecialty board examination, and becomes a board certified dermatopathologist. Dermatologists are able to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, anatomic distributions, and behavior. Sometimes, however, those criteria do not lead to a conclusive diagnosis, and a

text: skin biopsy

text: is taken to be examined under the microscope using usual histological tests. In some cases, additional specialized testing needs to be performed on biopsies, including

text: immunofluorescence

text: immunohistochemistry

text: electron microscopy

text: flow cytometry

text: , and molecular-pathologic analysis.  One of the greatest challenges of dermatopathology is its scope. More than 1500 different disorders of the skin exist, including cutaneous eruptions ("

text: rashes

text: ") and

text: neoplasms

text: . Therefore, dermatopathologists must maintain a broad base of knowledge in clinical dermatology, and be familiar with several other specialty areas in Medicine.

text: The Xolo has been developed by natural selection for thousands of years, and is therefore generally not prone to health and structure problems as other dog breeds more modified by human selection efforts. Xolos came from tropical climates and are not suited for outdoor life in colder temperate and northern climates; they should be considered an indoor dog breed.  They need bathing, light grooming, and skin care as with other dogs of similar physical type, or acne can result. Most skin problems arise from poor breeding, neglect, or over-bathing and over-lotioning, stripping natural protections and clogging pores.

text: The integumentary system functions in osmoregulation by acting as a barrier between the extracellular compartment and the environment to regulate water gain and loss, as well as solute flux. The permeability of the integument to water and solutes varies from animal to animal. The excretory system is responsible for regulating water and solute levels in the body fluids. Pigeons can produce hyperosmotic urine but their renal system is different from other animals. They do not produce concentrated urine to reduce water loss but produce a whitish part called urate. It is considered as uric acid solid crystals and it is less toxic than urea. The wastes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries passes through the tubule cells and into the collecting ducts and transported as urate (uric acid). Urate is then transported to the cloaca and from there to the large intestine where uric acid particle and water and solutes in the urine can be reabsorbed and balanced. Thus this allows them to save their body water instead of excreting large volume of dilute urea. Cells of the proximal tubule have numerous microvilli and mitochondria which provide surface area and energy to the proximal tubule cells.

text: The integumentary system functions in osmoregulation by acting as a barrier between the extracellular compartment and the environment to regulate water gain and loss, as well as solute flux. The permeability of the integument to water and solutes varies from animal to animal. The

text: excretory system

text: is responsible for regulating water and solute levels in the body fluids. Pigeons can produce hyperosmotic urine but their renal system is different from other animals. They do not produce concentrated urine to reduce water loss but produce a whitish part called urate. It is considered as uric acid solid crystals and it is less toxic than urea. The wastes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries passes through the tubule cells and into the collecting ducts and transported as urate (uric acid). Urate is then transported to the

text: cloaca

text: and from there to the large intestine where

text: uric acid

text: particle and water and solutes in the urine can be reabsorbed and balanced. Thus this allows them to save their body water instead of excreting large volume of dilute urea. Cells of the

text: proximal tubule

text: have numerous microvilli and mitochondria which provide surface area and energy to the proximal tubule cells.

text: Even in cultures where women do not customarily cover their hair, the erotic significance of hair is recognised. Some hair styles are culturally associated with a particular gender, with short head hair styles and baldness being associated with men and longer hair styles with women and girls, even though there are many exceptions such as Gaelic Irish men, and also depictions of men in art throughout history, the most notable example probably being that of Jesus Christ. In the case of women especially, head hair has been presented in art and literature as a feature of beauty, vanity and eroticism. Hair has a very important role in the canons of beauty in different regions of the world, and healthy combed hair has two important functions, beauty and fashion. In those cultures considerable time and expense is put into the attractive presentation of hair, and in some cases to the removal of culturally unwanted hair.

text: Even in cultures where women do not customarily cover their hair, the erotic significance of hair is recognised. Some hair styles are culturally associated with a particular gender, with short head hair styles and baldness being associated with men and longer hair styles with women and girls, even though there are many

text: exceptions

text: such as

text: Gaelic Irish

text: men, and also depictions of men in art throughout history, the most notable example probably being that of

text: Jesus Christ

text: . In the case of women especially, head hair has been presented in art and literature as a feature of beauty, vanity and eroticism. Hair has a very important role in the canons of beauty in different regions of the world, and healthy combed hair has two important functions, beauty and fashion. In those cultures considerable time and expense is put into the attractive presentation of hair, and in some cases to the removal of culturally unwanted hair.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts. Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.

text: Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods.

text: Amphibious fish

text: such as the

text: mudskipper

text: anguillid eels

text: may absorb oxygen directly. The

text: buccal cavity

text: of the

text: electric eel

text: Loricariidae

text: Callichthyidae

text: , and

text: Scoloplacidae

text: Lungfish

text: , with the exception of the

text: Australian lungfish

text: , and

text: bichir

text: s have paired lungs similar to those of

text: tetrapod

text: Gar

text: and

text: bowfin

text: Loaches

text: trahiras

text: , and many

text: catfish

text: gourami

text: s and

text: betta

text: s) have a

text: labyrinth organ

text: snakeheads

text: pikeheads

text: , and the

text: Clariidae

text: catfish family.

text: The two factors that are required for external otitis to develop are (1) the presence of germs that can infect the skin and (2) impairments in the integrity of the skin of the ear canal that allow infection to occur. If the skin is healthy and uninjured, only exposure to a high concentration of pathogens, such as submersion in a pond contaminated by sewage, is likely to set off an episode. However, if there are chronic skin conditions that affect the ear canal skin, such as atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis or abnormalities of keratin production, or if there has been a break in the skin from trauma, even the normal bacteria found in the ear canal may cause infection and full-blown symptoms of external otitis.

text: The two factors that are required for external otitis to develop are (1) the presence of

text: germs

text: that can infect the skin and (2) impairments in the integrity of the skin of the ear canal that allow infection to occur. If the skin is healthy and uninjured, only exposure to a high concentration of pathogens, such as submersion in a pond contaminated by

text: sewage

text: , is likely to set off an episode. However, if there are chronic skin conditions that affect the ear canal skin, such as

text: atopic dermatitis

text: seborrheic dermatitis

text: psoriasis

text: or abnormalities of

text: keratin

text: production, or if there has been a break in the skin from trauma, even the normal bacteria found in the ear canal may cause infection and full-blown symptoms of external otitis.

text: saprobe - sarcoplasmic reticulum - scientific classification - secondary metabolite - secondary structure - second messenger - seed - seed plant - selection - sequencing - serum - semen - Sewall Wright - sexual reproduction - sexual selection - shigella - shoot - signal transduction - silk - Sir Charles Lyell - sister chromatid - skeleton - skin cell - sleep - smooth ER - sociobiology - speciation - species - Hans Spemann - sperm - spermatid - spermatogenesis - spermiogenesis - spliceosome - splicing - spore - sporophyte - SSRI - starch - stem - stem cell - sticky end - stoma - stomach - streptomycine - stroma - structural biology - structural gene - substrate - substrate-level phosphorylation - surface area-to-volume ratio - symbiosis - symbiogenesis - synapomorphy - synapse - syngamy - systematics - systems biology

text: saprobe

text: sarcoplasmic reticulum

text: scientific classification

text: secondary metabolite

text: secondary structure

text: second messenger

text: seed

text: seed plant

text: selection

text: sequencing

text: serum

text: semen

text: Sewall Wright

text: sexual reproduction

text: sexual selection

text: shigella

text: shoot

text: signal transduction

text: silk

text: Sir Charles Lyell

text: sister chromatid

text: skeleton

text: skin cell

text: sleep

text: smooth ER

text: sociobiology

text: speciation

text: species

text: Hans Spemann

text: sperm

text: spermatid

text: spermatogenesis

text: spermiogenesis

text: spliceosome

text: splicing

text: spore

text: sporophyte

text: SSRI

text: starch

text: stem

text: stem cell

text: sticky end

text: stoma

text: stomach

text: - streptomycine -

text: stroma

text: structural biology

text: structural gene

text: substrate

text: substrate-level phosphorylation

text: surface area-to-volume ratio

text: symbiosis

text: symbiogenesis

text: synapomorphy

text: synapse

text: syngamy

text: systematics

text: systems biology

text: A less widely used treatment for ingrown toenails is nail bracing. Nail braces work by gently lifting the sides of the toenail and eventually retraining the nail to grow to a flatter shape over time. The total time needed for the nail to be reshaped is one full nail growth or about 18 months.  There are two main types of nail braces: adhesive and hooked. Adhesive nail braces are generally made of a thin strip of composite material that is glued to the top of the nail. The strip naturally tries to return to a flat state and lifts the edges of the nails in the process. Hooked nail braces consist of a hook (usually made of dental wire) placed under either side of the nail with some type of tensioning system pulling the hooks together.

text: The science of facial exercise is studied in professional face exercise, to increase toning capability of routines. Face exercises are a combination of both isometric and isotonic contraction. All body muscles respond to exercise with progressively stronger nerve impulses, to involve more fibres within the muscle. Regularly exercised muscles have a higher resting tone and a shorter, more compact shape. The effects of smaller, firmer and tighter muscles in the face result in improved contours with reduced sagging. Facial muscles are attached to the base layers of the dermis to enable facial expression, mastication and talking. Improved muscle tone also benefits the skin, which may also lift. Exercise increases blood flow to epidermis and dermis, bringing valuable nutrients (e.g. Vitamin C for the formation and maintenance of collagen) and an increase in the production and quality of skin cells. The increase in blood supply also reduces potential damage from free radicals, chemicals and bacteria. Excess fluid in the tissues is removed by the lymph fluid, reducing puffiness.

text: The science of facial exercise is studied in professional face exercise, to increase toning capability of routines. Face exercises are a combination of both

text: isometric

text: and

text: isotonic

text: contraction. All body muscles respond to exercise with progressively stronger nerve impulses, to involve more fibres within the muscle. Regularly exercised muscles have a higher resting tone and a shorter, more compact shape. The effects of smaller, firmer and tighter muscles in the face result in improved contours with reduced sagging. Facial muscles are attached to the base layers of the dermis to enable facial expression,

text: mastication

text: and talking. Improved muscle tone also benefits the skin, which may also lift. Exercise increases blood flow to

text: epidermis

text: and

text: dermis

text: , bringing valuable

text: nutrient

text: s (e.g. Vitamin C for the formation and maintenance of

text: collagen

text: ) and an increase in the production and quality of

text: skin cells

text: . The increase in blood supply also reduces potential damage from

text: free radicals

text: , chemicals and

text: bacteria

text: . Excess fluid in the tissues is removed by the

text: lymph fluid

text: , reducing puffiness.

text: Bleach baths provide temporary control of eczema. Ciprofloxacin is an allergen that may cause contact dermatitis, symptoms of which are indistinguishable from eczema. Filaggrin mutations are associated with atopic eczema and may contribute to the excessive dryness of the skin and the loss of the barrier function of normal skin. It may be possible that the filaggrin mutations and the loss of the normal skin barrier expose crevices that make it possible for Staphylococcus aureus to colonize the skin. Atopic eczema is often associated with genetic defects in genes that control allergic responses. Thus, some investigators have proposed that atopic eczema is an allergic response to increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the skin. A hallmark indicator of atopic eczema is a positive “wheal-and-flare” reaction to a skin test of S. aureus antigens. In addition, several studies have documented that an IgE-mediated response to S. aureus is present in patients with atopic eczema.

text: Bleach baths provide temporary control of eczema.

text: Ciprofloxacin

text: is an allergen that may cause

text: contact dermatitis

text: , symptoms of which are indistinguishable from eczema.

text: Filaggrin

text: mutations are associated with atopic eczema and may contribute to the excessive dryness of the skin and the loss of the barrier function of normal skin. It may be possible that the filaggrin mutations and the loss of the normal skin barrier expose crevices that make it possible for Staphylococcus aureus to colonize the skin. Atopic eczema is often associated with genetic defects in genes that control allergic responses. Thus, some investigators have proposed that atopic eczema is an allergic response to increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the skin. A hallmark indicator of atopic eczema is a positive “wheal-and-flare” reaction to a skin test of S. aureus antigens. In addition, several studies have documented that an IgE-mediated response to S. aureus is present in patients with atopic eczema.

text: Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.  The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.  The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.  The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.  Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle.  In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

text: Many conditions affect the human

text: integumentary system

text: —the

text: organ system

text: covering the entire surface of the

text: body

text: and composed of

text: skin

text: hair

text: nails

text: , and related

text: muscle

text: and

text: glands

text: .  The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.  The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the

text: epidermis

text: dermis

text: , and

text: subcutaneous tissue

text: .  The two main types of human skin are:

text: glabrous skin

text: , the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.  Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called

text: pilosebaceous unit

text: s, each with

text: hair follicle

text: sebaceous gland

text: , and associated

text: arrector pili

text: muscle.

text: In the embryo

text: , the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the

text: ectoderm

text: , which is chemically influenced by the underlying

text: mesoderm

text: that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

text: Since the 1970s, women have worn their hair in a wide variety of fairly natural styles. In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair with scrunchies, stretchy ponytail holders made from cloth over fabric bands. Women also often wear glittery ornaments today, as well as claw-style barrettes used to secure ponytails and other upswept or partially upswept hairstyles. Today, women and men can choose from a broad range of hairstyles, but they are still expected to wear their hair in ways that conform to gender norms: in much of the world, men with long hair and women whose hair doesn't appear carefully groomed may face various forms of discrimination, including harassment, social shaming or workplace discrimination. This is somewhat less true of African-American men, who wear their hair in a variety of styles that overlap with those of African-American women, including box braids and cornrows fastened with rubber bands and dreadlocks. However, in the contemporary world of fashion men with long length hair are seen more often these days. Such haircuts are considered to be trendy and attractive.

text: Since the 1970s, women have worn their hair in a wide variety of fairly natural styles. In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair with

text: scrunchie

text: s, stretchy ponytail holders made from cloth over fabric bands. Women also often wear glittery ornaments today, as well as claw-style

text: barrettes

text: used to secure

text: ponytail

text: s and other upswept or partially upswept hairstyles. Today, women and men can choose from a broad range of hairstyles, but they are still expected to wear their hair in ways that conform to gender norms: in much of the world, men with long hair and women whose hair doesn't appear carefully groomed may face various forms of discrimination, including harassment, social shaming or workplace discrimination. This is somewhat less true of African-American men, who wear their hair in a variety of styles that overlap with those of African-American women, including

text: box braids

text: and

text: cornrows

text: fastened with rubber bands and dreadlocks. However, in the contemporary world of fashion men with long length hair are seen more often these days. Such haircuts are considered to be trendy and attractive.

text: Hair fetishism, also known as hair partialism and trichophilia, is a partialism in which a person sees hair most commonly, head hair as particularly erotic and sexually arousing. Arousal may occur from seeing or touching hair, whether head hair, pubic hair, axillary hair, chest hair or fur. Head-hair arousal may come from seeing or touching very long or short hair, wet hair, certain colors of hair or a particular hairstyle. Pubic hair fetishism is a particular form of hair fetishism.

text: Hair fetishism, also known as hair partialism and trichophilia, is a

text: partialism

text: in which a person sees hair most commonly,

text: head hair

text: as particularly

text: erotic

text: and

text: sexually arousing

text: . Arousal may occur from seeing or touching hair, whether head hair,

text: pubic hair

text: axillary hair

text: chest hair

text: or

text: fur

text: . Head-hair arousal may come from seeing or touching very

text: long

text: or short hair, wet hair, certain colors of hair or a particular hairstyle.

text: Pubic hair fetishism

text: is a particular form of hair fetishism.

text: Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays an important immunity role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

text: Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays an important

text: immunity

text: role in protecting the body against

text: pathogen

text: s and excessive

text: water loss

text: . Its other functions are

text: insulation

text: temperature

text: regulation, sensation, synthesis of

text: vitamin D

text: , and the protection of

text: vitamin B

text: folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming

text: scar tissue

text: . This is often discolored and depigmented.

text: Generally inorganic material is used as filler, but some organic material (such as rice hulls) can be used if a strong matrix like wire mesh reinforces the plaster. Filled with soils containing 5- 50% clay, like reject fines, road base, or many subsoils, earthbags tamp into solid structural units but cannot withstand prolonged soaking. Subsoils with clay mold tightly and cure attached around the barbed wire barbs. This may contribute significant and needed tensile strength to walls.  Sands, stone dust and gravels can survive prolonged flood conditions, but most require special bracing during construction as well as some form of structural skin. Included chunks of cement mortar between bags may be appropriate to hold barbed wire to bags if clay or cement-stabilized fill is not used. Sand fill may be appropriate for several courses to provide a vibration damping building base, but becomes unstable in ordinary bags above 60 cm- 1m (24- 39") heights. Cement, lime or bitumen stabilization can be used to allow earths with clay to withstand flooding or to allow sands to be used in traditional bags with a non-structural plaster skin, but because earthbag walls are usually 38 cm (15") thick a large amount of stabilizer is needed.

text: Based on the distribution of the feathers, they may have covered the whole body and served in regulating temperature, given the rather cold climate of the Yixian with an average annual temperature of 10 °C (50 °F).  Alternatively, if they were restricted to the regions in which they were found, they may have served as display structures. In addition, the two adult specimens had distinctive, "wavy" crests on their snouts, on both sides of a high central crest, which were probably used for display. The presence of feathers on a large basal tyrannosauroid suggests the possibility that later tyrannosaurids were also feathered, even when adult, despite their size. However, scaly skin impressions have been reported from various Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids (such as Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus) on parts of the body where Yutyrannus was feathered. Since there is no positive evidence for plumage in tyrannosaurids, some researchers have suggested they may have evolved scales secondarily. If scaly skin was the dominant epidermal trait of later genera, then the extent and nature of the integumentary covering may have changed over time in response to body size, a warmer climate, or other factors.

text: Based on the distribution of the feathers, they may have covered the whole body and served in

text: regulating temperature

text: , given the rather cold climate of the Yixian with an average annual temperature of 10 °C (50 °F).  Alternatively, if they were restricted to the regions in which they were found, they may have served as display structures. In addition, the two adult specimens had distinctive, "wavy" crests on their snouts, on both sides of a high central crest, which were probably used for display. The presence of feathers on a large basal tyrannosauroid suggests the possibility that later tyrannosaurids were also feathered, even when adult, despite their size. However, scaly skin impressions have been reported from various Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids (such as

text: Gorgosaurus

text: Tarbosaurus

text: and

text: Tyrannosaurus

text: ) on parts of the body where Yutyrannus was feathered. Since there is no positive evidence for plumage in tyrannosaurids, some researchers have suggested they may have evolved scales secondarily. If scaly skin was the dominant epidermal trait of later genera, then the extent and nature of the integumentary covering may have changed over time in response to body size, a warmer climate, or other factors.

text: The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (everything else).  The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary processes) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary processes). The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic nervous system (normal functioning) and the sympathetic nervous system (emergency functioning). The lateral grey column mediates the functions of the sympathetic nervous system.

text: The

text: nervous system

text: is divided into the

text: central nervous system

text: (brain and spinal cord) and the

text: peripheral nervous system

text: (everything else).  The peripheral nervous system is divided into the

text: somatic nervous system

text: (voluntary processes) and the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: (involuntary processes). The autonomic nervous system is divided into the

text: parasympathetic nervous system

text: (normal functioning) and the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: (emergency functioning). The lateral grey column mediates the functions of the sympathetic nervous system.

text: A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin.  Subcutaneous, as opposed to intravenous, injection of recreational drugs is referred to as "skin popping". Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC, SQ, sub-cu, sub-Q, SubQ,  or subcut. Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety.

text: A subcutaneous injection is administered as a

text: bolus

text: into the

text: subcutis

text: , the layer of skin directly below the

text: dermis

text: and

text: epidermis

text: , collectively referred to as the

text: cutis

text: . Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as

text: insulin

text: morphine

text: diacetylmorphine

text: and

text: goserelin

text: .  Subcutaneous, as opposed to intravenous, injection of

text: recreational drugs

text: is referred to as "

text: skin popping

text: ". Subcutaneous administration may be

text: abbreviated

text: as SC, SQ, sub-cu, sub-Q, SubQ,  or subcut. Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety.

text: The Balinese caste system is a system of social organization similar to the Indian caste system.

text: The Balinese caste system is a system of social organization similar to the

text: Indian caste system

text: The somatosensory system comprises a diverse range of receptors and processing centers to produce the perception of touch, temperature, proprioception, and nociception.  Receptors are located throughout the body including the skin, epithelia, internal organs, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints. The cutaneous receptors of the skin project in an orderly fashion to the spinal cord, and from there, via different afferent pathways (dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract and spinothalamic tract), to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus and the primary somatosensory cortex. Again, adjacent areas on the skin are represented by adjacent neurons in all aforementioned structures.  This projection pattern has been termed somatotopy.

text: The

text: somatosensory system

text: comprises a diverse range of receptors and processing centers to produce the perception of touch, temperature,

text: proprioception

text: , and

text: nociception

text: .  Receptors are located throughout the body including the

text: skin

text: , epithelia, internal organs,

text: skeletal muscle

text: s,

text: bone

text: s, and

text: joint

text: s. The

text: cutaneous receptors

text: of the skin project in an orderly fashion to the

text: spinal cord

text: , and from there, via different afferent pathways (

entity_name: Posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway

text: dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract

text: and

text: spinothalamic tract

text: ), to the

text: ventral posterior nucleus

text: of the

text: thalamus

text: and the primary

text: somatosensory cortex

text: . Again, adjacent areas on the skin are represented by adjacent neurons in all aforementioned structures.  This projection pattern has been termed

text: somatotopy

text: Tarantula hawks exemplify evolutionary success in insect defense. Justin Schmidt, from personal communication with John Alcock, the world’s leading Hemipepsis ustulata expert: “They are aposematic, brightly colored and odored, and have hard, closely fitting, smooth and slippery integumentary sclerites, live long, form defensive warning aggregations, and even have sharp and effective defensive leg spines.” There is no question they are some of the best-defended insects on earth. The well-documented descriptions of battles between tarantula hawk and tarantula evidence their defensive strength. In the jaws of one of the largest and most powerful spiders on earth, the tarantula hawk still almost invariably escapes unharmed. During their violent encounters, one can often hear loud crunching or snapping sounds as the tarantula attempts to crush the wasp in its jaws [5, 7]. Not a single wasp death in 200 tarantula encounters were recorded by Petrunkevitch, and only one wasp injury was observed in William’s extensive field studies. Their strong slippery integumentary armor allows the wasp to slip away unharmed.

text: Tarantula hawks exemplify evolutionary success in insect defense.

text: Justin Schmidt

text: , from personal communication with John Alcock, the world’s leading Hemipepsis ustulata expert: “They are

text: aposematic

text: , brightly colored and odored, and have hard, closely fitting, smooth and slippery integumentary

text: sclerites

text: , live long, form defensive warning aggregations, and even have sharp and effective defensive leg spines.” There is no question they are some of the best-defended insects on earth. The well-documented descriptions of battles between tarantula hawk and tarantula evidence their defensive strength. In the jaws of one of the largest and most powerful spiders on earth, the tarantula hawk still almost invariably escapes unharmed. During their violent encounters, one can often hear loud crunching or snapping sounds as the tarantula attempts to crush the wasp in its jaws [5, 7]. Not a single wasp death in 200 tarantula encounters were recorded by Petrunkevitch, and only one wasp injury was observed in William’s extensive field studies. Their strong slippery integumentary armor allows the wasp to slip away unharmed.

text: The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.  The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix. It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat. In addition, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells.

text: The dermis or corium is a layer of

text: skin

text: between the

text: epidermis

text: (with which it makes up the

text: cutis

text: ) and

text: subcutaneous tissue

text: s, that primarily consists of

text: dense irregular connective tissue

text: and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.  The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a

text: basement membrane

text: . Structural components of the dermis are

text: collagen

text: elastic fiber

text: s, and

text: extrafibrillar matrix

text: . It also contains

text: mechanoreceptor

text: s that provide the sense of

text: touch

text: and

text: thermoreceptor

text: s that provide the sense of

text: heat

text: . In addition,

text: hair follicles

text: sweat glands

text: sebaceous glands

text: apocrine glands

text: lymphatic vessels

text: and

text: blood vessels

text: are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells.

text: A user error is an error made by the human user of a complex system, usually a computer system, in interacting with it. Although the term is sometimes used by human–computer interaction practitioners, the more formal human error term is used in the context of human reliability.

text: A user error is an error made by the human

text: user

text: of a complex system, usually a computer system, in interacting with it. Although the term is sometimes used by

text: human–computer interaction

text: practitioners, the more formal

text: human error

text: term is used in the context of

text: human reliability

text: Feathers are epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on coelurosaurian dinosaurs. They are considered the most complex integumentary structures found in vertebrates, and indeed a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty.<ref name=Prum1999>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4

text: Feathers are

text: epidermal

text: growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or

text: plumage

text: , on

text: coelurosaurian

text: dinosaur

text: s. They are considered the most complex

text: integumentary

text: structures found in vertebrates, and indeed a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty.<ref name=Prum1999>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4

text: It seems to have a genetic component. Many people with AD have a family history of atopy. Atopy is an immediate-onset allergic reaction (type 1 hypersensitivity reaction) as asthma, food allergies, AD or hay fever. In 2006 it was discovered that mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin strongly increased the risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Most importantly two mutations were found that affect approximately 5% of people in Western Europe that may disrupt the production of filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that plays an important role in the retention of water in the stratum corneum. People who have these mutations often have dry skin. Filaggrin also plays an important role in keeping the skin surface slightly acidic, hence giving it anti-microbial effects. It breaks down into trans-urocanic acid, which keeps the pH low.

text: It seems to have a genetic component. Many people with AD have a family history of

text: atopy

text: . Atopy is an immediate-onset allergic reaction (type 1 hypersensitivity reaction) as asthma, food allergies, AD or hay fever. In 2006 it was discovered that

text: mutation

text: s in the gene for the production of

text: filaggrin

text: strongly increased the risk for developing atopic dermatitis. Most importantly two mutations were found that affect approximately 5% of people in Western Europe that may disrupt the production of filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that plays an important role in the retention of water in the

text: stratum corneum

text: . People who have these mutations often have

text: dry skin

text: . Filaggrin also plays an important role in keeping the skin surface slightly acidic, hence giving it anti-microbial effects. It breaks down into trans-urocanic acid, which keeps the pH low.

text: There are many different keratin proteins normally expressed in the human integumentary system.

text: There are many different

text: keratin

text: proteins normally expressed in the human

text: integumentary system

text: Skin disease may result from deficiencies in immune system function. In cats, the most common cause of immune deficiency is infection with retroviruses, FIV or FeLV, and cats with these chronic infections are subject to repeated bouts of skin infection and abscesses. This category also includes hypersensitivity disorders and eosinophilic skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, miliary dermatitis and feline eosinophilic granuloma and skin diseases caused by autoimmunity, such as pemphigus and discoid lupus.

text: Skin disease may result from deficiencies in immune system function. In cats, the most common cause of immune deficiency is infection with

text: retroviruses

text: FIV

text: or

text: FeLV

text: , and cats with these chronic infections are subject to repeated bouts of skin infection and abscesses. This category also includes hypersensitivity disorders and eosinophilic skin diseases such as

text: atopic dermatitis

text: miliary dermatitis

text: and

text: feline eosinophilic granuloma

text: and skin diseases caused by

text: autoimmunity

text: , such as

text: pemphigus

text: and

text: discoid lupus

text: A section from behind the cockpit was separated equal to one-quarter of the fuselage length. All the passengers were in their seats and belted during depressurization. A major portion of the upper crown skin and fuselage structure of section 43 separated in flight causing an explosive decompression of the cabin. Final damage consisted of the total loss of a portion of the upper crown skin, and damage to other fuselage structure and walls in section 43. Damage extended from aft of the main cabin entrance door, rearward about .

text: To be absorbed through the skin, a chemical must pass through the epidermis, glands, or hair follicles.  Sweat glands and hair follicles make up about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the total skin surface.  Though small amounts of chemicals may enter the body rapidly through the glands or hair follicles, they are primarily absorbed through the epidermis.  Chemicals must pass through the seven cell layers of epidermis before entering the dermis where they can enter the blood stream or lymph and circulate to other areas of the body.  Toxins and toxicants can move through the layers by passive diffusion. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of an agent. Thus, how quickly something passes through this thicker outer layer determines the overall absorption.  The stratum corneum is primarily composed of lipophilic cholesterol, cholesterol esters and ceramides. Thus lipid-soluble chemicals make it through the layer and into the circulation faster, however nearly all molecules penetrate it to some minimal degree.

text: To be absorbed through the skin, a chemical must pass through the

text: epidermis

text: , glands, or hair follicles.  Sweat glands and hair follicles make up about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the total skin surface.  Though small amounts of chemicals may enter the body rapidly through the glands or hair follicles, they are primarily absorbed through the

text: epidermis

text: .  Chemicals must pass through the seven cell layers of epidermis before entering the

text: dermis

text: where they can enter the blood stream or

text: lymph

text: and circulate to other areas of the body.

text: Toxin

text: s and

text: toxicant

text: s can move through the layers by

text: passive diffusion

text: . The

text: stratum corneum

text: is the outermost layer of the epidermis and the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of an agent. Thus, how quickly something passes through this thicker outer layer determines the overall absorption.  The stratum corneum is primarily composed of

text: lipophilic

text: cholesterol, cholesterol

text: ester

text: s and

text: ceramide

text: s. Thus lipid-soluble chemicals make it through the layer and into the circulation faster, however nearly all molecules penetrate it to some minimal degree.

text: There are many different keratin proteins normally expressed in the human integumentary system.  Mutations in keratin proteins in the skin can cause disease.

text: There are many different

text: keratin

text: proteins normally expressed in the human integumentary system.  Mutations in keratin proteins in the skin can cause disease.

text: "The Hand That Feeds" is a song by the American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released as the lead single for the album With Teeth (2005). It is the highest charting song by Nine Inch Nails on all charts except for U.S. Modern Rock Tracks, where it stayed at number 1 for five weeks, because the single that followed, "Only", stayed at number one for two more weeks (non-consecutively), and the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number 31, bested only by the group's 1999 single "The Day the World Went Away", which peaked at number seventeen but did not chart anywhere else in the U.S. and never had any popular success, making it one of their less popular singles. It is, to date, Nine Inch Nails' only single to hit the top 10 of the UK Singles chart and it's their highest charting single on the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 2. It was also a crossover hit, crossing over to pop radio as their first Top 40 radio hit since "Closer" and "Hurt" in 1994 and 1995, respectively, peaking at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

text: "The Hand That Feeds" is a song by the American

text: industrial rock

text: band

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: , released as the lead single for the album

text: With Teeth

text: (2005). It is the highest charting song by Nine Inch Nails on all charts except for U.S.

text: Modern Rock Tracks

text: , where it stayed at number 1 for five weeks, because the single that followed, "

text: Only

text: ", stayed at number one for two more weeks (non-consecutively), and the

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: peaking at number 31, bested only by the group's 1999 single "

text: The Day the World Went Away

text: ", which peaked at number seventeen but did not chart anywhere else in the U.S. and never had any popular success, making it one of their less popular singles. It is, to date, Nine Inch Nails' only single to hit the top 10 of the

text: UK Singles chart

text: and it's their highest charting single on the U.S.

text: Mainstream Rock Tracks

text: chart, peaking at number 2. It was also a crossover hit, crossing over to

text: pop radio

text: as their first Top 40 radio hit since "

text: Closer

text: " and "

text: Hurt

text: " in 1994 and 1995, respectively, peaking at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

text: Fish is high in minerals such as zinc, iodine and selenium, which keep the body running smoothly. Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals. Fish is also a source of vitamin A, which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.

text: Fish is high in minerals such as

text: zinc

text: iodine

text: and

text: selenium

text: , which keep the body running smoothly. Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals. Fish is also a source of

text: vitamin A

text: , which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.

text: There are traditionally only a pair of drums in the Petwo ensemble, the Ti Baka and the GwoBaka (ti and gwo are from the French Petit and Gros). These drums resemble congas, but withmuch more slender tapered bottoms. These drums are similar in appearance except for size.Counterhoops for the skins are made from lianas or stiff vines. The skin is stretched by ropelaced between the counterhoop Wooden wedges are inserted between the rope and the drumto add tension on the skin. In contemporary settings, in Port-au-Prince at least, a drum called a Kata is added to the ensemble. This drum serves the same function as the Boula in the Radabatterie and is played in the same way. Drummers claim that this addition “heats-up” themusic.

text: There are traditionally only a pair of drums in the Petwo ensemble, the Ti Baka and the GwoBaka (ti and gwo are from the French Petit and Gros). These drums resemble congas, but withmuch more slender tapered bottoms. These drums are similar in appearance except for size.Counterhoops for the skins are made from lianas or stiff vines. The skin is stretched by ropelaced between the counterhoop Wooden wedges are inserted between the rope and the drumto add tension on the skin. In contemporary settings, in

text: Port-au-Prince

text: at least, a drum called a Kata is added to the ensemble. This drum serves the same function as the Boula in the Radabatterie and is played in the same way. Drummers claim that this addition “heats-up” themusic.

text: Nails Inc. is a London, England-based nail bar chain with 60 outlets across the United Kingdom.

text: Nails Inc. is a

text: London

text: England

text: -based

text: nail bar

text: chain with 60 outlets across the

text: United Kingdom

text: The Active and Safe Routes to School program works with schools and communities to help them encourage kids to walk and bike to school. The program promotes active transportation in order to keep children healthy, safer, and to ensure they have clean air to breathe.

text: Another important synapomorphy of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system. It is a structure of the epidermis containing three different cell types: anchor cells, adhesive glands and releasing glands. The adhesive glands secrete an adhesive substance that attaches the anchor cells to a surface, while the releasing glands secrete a substance able to release the anchor cells from surfaces. This systems allows rhabditophorans to adhere and release quickly from the substrate, even several times in a second.

text: Another important

text: synapomorphy

text: of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system. It is a structure of the epidermis containing three different cell types: anchor cells, adhesive glands and releasing glands. The adhesive glands secrete an adhesive substance that attaches the anchor cells to a surface, while the releasing glands secrete a substance able to release the anchor cells from surfaces. This systems allows rhabditophorans to adhere and release quickly from the substrate, even several times in a second.

text: The US health care delivery system unevenly provides medical care of varying quality to its population. In a highly effective health care system, individuals would receive reliable care that meets their needs and is based on the best scientific knowledge available.In order to monitor and evaluate system effectiveness, researchers and policy makers track system measures and trends over time. The US Department of Health and Human Services(HHS) populates a publicly available dashboard called, the Health System Measurement Project (healthmeasures.aspe.hhs.gov), to ensure a robust monitoring system. The dashboard captures the access, quality and cost of care; overall population health; and health system dynamics (e.g., workforce, innovation, health information technology). Included measures align with other system performance measuring activities including the HHS Strategic Plan, the Government Performance and Results Act, Healthy People 2020, and the National Strategies for Quality and Prevention.

text: The US health care delivery system unevenly provides medical care of varying quality to its population. In a highly effective health care system, individuals would receive reliable care that meets their needs and is based on the best scientific knowledge available.In order to monitor and evaluate system effectiveness, researchers and policy makers track system measures and trends over time. The

entity_name: United States Department of Health and Human Services

text: US Department of Health and Human Services

text: (HHS) populates a publicly available dashboard called, the Health System Measurement Project (healthmeasures.aspe.hhs.gov), to ensure a robust monitoring system. The dashboard captures the access, quality and cost of care; overall population health; and health system dynamics (e.g., workforce, innovation, health information technology). Included measures align with other system performance measuring activities including the HHS Strategic Plan, the

text: Government Performance and Results Act

text: Healthy People 2020

text: , and the National Strategies for Quality and Prevention.

text: Infection begins in the outer most layer of the skin stratum corneum and progresses into the epidermis. Once infection reaches epidermis, snake's immune response gets activated and immune cells are recruited at the site of infection. Couple of days later, epidermis becomes necrotic and thickened.

text: Infection begins in the outer most layer of the skin

text: stratum corneum

text: and progresses into the epidermis. Once infection reaches epidermis, snake's immune response gets activated and immune cells are recruited at the site of infection. Couple of days later, epidermis becomes necrotic and thickened.

text: A relevant study of chronic nail-biters examined effects of electric stimulus, bitter substance (as applied to the nails), and placebo in biting reduction. Associating nail-biting with an electric stimulus or bitter substance showed similar levels of habit reduction as a result of aversion therapy, with over 80% of subjects exhibiting significant cessation rates up to 3 months post-trial. A similar study on the UCLA campus, examining electric stimulus conditioning on nail-biting alone, shared similar rapid and lasting results, with almost half of subjects ceasing entirely on the first day of treatment, and the majority having quit within 5 days.

text: A relevant study of chronic nail-biters examined effects of electric stimulus, bitter substance (as applied to the nails), and placebo in biting reduction. Associating nail-biting with an electric stimulus or bitter substance showed similar levels of habit reduction as a result of aversion therapy, with over 80% of subjects exhibiting significant cessation rates up to 3 months post-trial. A similar study on the

text: UCLA

text: campus, examining electric stimulus conditioning on nail-biting alone, shared similar rapid and lasting results, with almost half of subjects ceasing entirely on the first day of treatment, and the majority having quit within 5 days.

text: Along with medical treatment, patients are encouraged to exercise and eat healthily. Exercise will help strengthen the weak muscles, and help to prevent weight gain. A healthy diet will help to keep a strong immune system, and also help build strong muscles and bones. Patients are encouraged to eat a diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat meat and dairy products, avoiding foods with high levels of refined sugars and salt.

text: Along with medical treatment, patients are encouraged to exercise and eat healthily.

text: Exercise

text: will help strengthen the weak muscles, and help to prevent weight gain. A healthy diet will help to keep a strong immune system, and also help build strong muscles and bones. Patients are encouraged to eat a diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat meat and dairy products, avoiding foods with high levels of refined sugars and salt.

text: Several different species of Leccinum mushrooms are found in mycorrhiza with birches, and can be confused by amateurs and mycologists alike. L. variicolor has a bluish stipe. L. oxydabile has firmer, pinkish flesh and a different pileus skin structure. L. melaneum is darker in color and has yellowish hues under the skin of the pileus and stipe. L. holopus is paler and whitish in all parts.

text: Several different species of

text: Leccinum

text: mushrooms are found in mycorrhiza with birches, and can be confused by amateurs and

text: mycologists

text: alike.

text: L. variicolor

text: has a bluish stipe.

text: L. oxydabile

text: has firmer, pinkish flesh and a different pileus skin structure.

text: L. melaneum

text: is darker in color and has yellowish hues under the skin of the pileus and stipe.

text: L. holopus

text: is paler and whitish in all parts.

text: Hair cells utilize a system of transduction that uses rate coding in order to transmit the directionality of a stimulus. Hair cells of the lateral line system produce a constant, tonic rate of firing. As mechanical motion is transmitted through water to the neuromast, the cupula bends and is displaced. Varying in magnitude with the strength of the stimulus, shearing movement and deflection of the hairs is produced, either toward the longest hair or away from it. This results in a shift in the cell’s ionic permeability, resulting from changes to open ion channels caused by the deflection of the hairs. Deflection towards the longest hair results in depolarization of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at the excitatory afferent synapse, and a higher rate of signal transduction. Deflection towards the shorter hair has the opposite effect, hyperpolarizing the hair cell and producing a decreased rate of neurotransmitter release. These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain.

text: Hair cells

text: utilize a system of

text: transduction

text: that uses

text: rate coding

text: in order to transmit the directionality of a stimulus. Hair cells of the lateral line system produce a constant, tonic rate of firing. As mechanical motion is transmitted through water to the neuromast, the cupula bends and is displaced. Varying in magnitude with the strength of the stimulus, shearing movement and deflection of the hairs is produced, either toward the longest hair or away from it. This results in a shift in the cell’s ionic permeability, resulting from changes to open

text: ion channels

text: caused by the deflection of the hairs. Deflection towards the longest hair results in

text: depolarization

text: of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at the excitatory afferent synapse, and a higher rate of

text: signal transduction

text: . Deflection towards the shorter hair has the opposite effect,

text: hyperpolarizing

text: the hair cell and producing a decreased rate of neurotransmitter release. These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain.

text: Secrets of keeping healthy and living long : a practical guide (1944)

text: Technological systems may refer to a hierarchically nested structure of technological parts, whereby the system is seen as a composition of interdependent sub-systems that are themselves systems comprising further sub-systems. In this manner, the holistic system as well as its properties is seen to be synthesized through the sub-systems that constitute it. Technological systems may also be seen as socio-technical systems that contain, in addition to technical sub-systems, social sub-systems, such as the creators and users of technology, as well as overseeing regulatory bodies. In both perspectives, technological systems are seen to be goal-seeking, therefore evolving towards objectives.

text: Technological systems may refer to a

text: hierarchically

text: nested structure of technological parts, whereby the

text: system

text: is seen as a composition of

text: interdependent

text: sub-systems that are themselves systems comprising further sub-systems. In this manner, the holistic system as well as its properties is seen to be

text: synthesized

text: through the sub-systems that constitute it. Technological systems may also be seen as

text: socio-technical systems

text: that contain, in addition to technical sub-systems, social sub-systems, such as the creators and users of

text: technology

text: , as well as overseeing regulatory bodies. In both perspectives, technological systems are seen to be goal-seeking, therefore evolving towards objectives.

text: Garcia studied with Emilio Pujol (a disciple of the Francisco Tárrega school of classical guitar ), and he was appointed assistant in 1969 not only to improve his mastery of the guitar, lute, and vihuela but also to help Pujol develop musical materials and notes and to conduct master classes attended by advanced students and performing artists worldwide. Garcia adopted and expanded upon the traditions of both Tárrega and Pujol. Some of these influences led him to adopt a "no-nails" approach for guitar playing, which runs counter to the contemporary trend in classical guitar for players to grow the nails of the hand used to pluck strings (usually the right hand). The nails are grown and shaped to optimize sound production, but in the "no-nails" approach, the nails are cut short so that fingertips contact the string directly. The technique produces a sound that has a distinctive, softer characteristic, although the control is often more difficult, especially in passages requiring a rapid arpeggio or tremolo  technique. The "no-nails" approach remains controversial amongst contemporary classical guitarists.

text: Garcia studied with

text: Emilio Pujol

text: (a disciple of the

text: Francisco Tárrega

text: school of classical guitar ), and he was appointed assistant in 1969 not only to improve his mastery of the guitar,

text: lute

text: , and

text: vihuela

text: but also to help Pujol develop musical materials and notes and to conduct master classes attended by advanced students and performing artists worldwide. Garcia adopted and expanded upon the traditions of both Tárrega and Pujol. Some of these influences led him to adopt a "no-nails" approach for guitar playing, which runs counter to the contemporary trend in classical guitar for players to grow the nails of the hand used to pluck strings (usually the right hand). The nails are grown and shaped to optimize sound production, but in the "no-nails" approach, the nails are cut short so that fingertips contact the string directly. The technique produces a sound that has a distinctive, softer characteristic, although the control is often more difficult, especially in passages requiring a rapid arpeggio or tremolo  technique. The "no-nails" approach remains controversial amongst contemporary classical guitarists.

text: It is not known with certainty at what point in archosaur phylogeny the earliest simple "protofeathers" arose, or whether they arose once or independently multiple times. Filamentous structures are clearly present in pterosaurs, and long, hollow quills have been reported in specimens of the ornithischian dinosaurs Psittacosaurus and Tianyulong. In 2009, Xu et al. noted that the hollow, unbranched, stiff integumentary structures found on a specimen of Beipiaosaurus were strikingly similar to the integumentary structures of Psittacosaurus and pterosaurs. They suggested that all of these structures may have been inherited from a common ancestor much earlier in the evolution of archosaurs, possibly in an ornithodire from the Middle Triassic or earlier. More recently, findings in Russia of the basal neornithischian Kulindadromeus report that although the lower leg and tail seemed to be scaled, "varied integumentary structures were found directly associated with skeletal elements, supporting the hypothesis that simple filamentous feathers, as well as compound feather-like structures comparable to those in theropods, were widespread amongst the whole dinosaur clade."

text: It is not known with certainty at what point in

text: archosaur

text: phylogeny

text: the earliest simple "protofeathers" arose, or whether they arose once or independently multiple times. Filamentous structures are clearly present in

text: pterosaurs

text: , and long, hollow quills have been reported in specimens of the

text: ornithischia

text: n dinosaurs

text: Psittacosaurus

text: and

text: Tianyulong

text: . In 2009, Xu et al. noted that the hollow, unbranched, stiff integumentary structures found on a specimen of

text: Beipiaosaurus

text: were strikingly similar to the integumentary structures of

text: Psittacosaurus

text: and

text: pterosaur

text: s. They suggested that all of these structures may have been inherited from a common ancestor much earlier in the evolution of

text: archosaur

text: s, possibly in an

text: ornithodire

text: from the Middle

text: Triassic

text: or earlier. More recently, findings in Russia of the basal

text: neornithischia

text: n

text: Kulindadromeus

text: report that although the lower leg and tail seemed to be scaled, "varied integumentary structures were found directly associated with skeletal elements, supporting the hypothesis that simple filamentous feathers, as well as compound feather-like structures comparable to those in theropods, were widespread amongst the whole dinosaur clade."

text: The EP is labeled Seed 05, – a sister system to the Nine Inch Nails halo numbers catalog system.

text: Scales are generally classified as part of an organism's integumentary system.  There are various types of scales according to shape and to class of animal.

text: Scales are generally classified as part of an organism's

text: integumentary system

text: .  There are various types of scales according to shape and to

text: class

text: of animal.

text: Many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system have associated features that may be found by performing an x-ray or CT scan of the affected person.

text: Thus in 1947, structural insulated panel development began when corrugated paperboard cores were tested with various skin materials of plywood, tempered hardboard and treated paperboard. The building was dismantled in 1978 and most of the panels retained their original strength with the exception of paperboard which is unsuited to outdoor exposure. Panels consisting of polystyrene core and paper overlaid with plywood skins were used in a building in 1967 and the panels have performed well to the present day.

text: There are two individuals, the signaler and the responder.  The responder has some good which can be transferred to the signaler or not.  If the responder keeps the good, the responder has a fitness of 1, otherwise the responder has a fitness of (1-d).  The signaler can be in one of two states, healthy or needy.  If the signaler receives the good, his fitness will be 1.  Otherwise his fitness will be (1-b) or (1-a) if healthy or needy respectively (where a>b).  The signaler can send a signal or not.  If he sends the signal he incurs a cost of c regardless of the outcome.

text: One day, while Uttai Tawee was in her frog skin, she was captured by a poor old man for dinner. He took her home to feed himself and his wife. They were going to cook her but was interrupted when she started speaking and by a group of men outside. The old man was an addicted gambler and owed them money, which he couldn't pay. Feeling sorry for the couple, Uttai Tawee told them where to find jewels buried underground to pay for the debts. She made the old man swear that he would quit gambling. She would cook for them and lie about how the food got there. The couple adored her and decided to keep her as a pet. One day, they found her in human form and realized that she was not a frog, but a small child. They were going to destroy the frog skin so she could remain human with them. She caught them and asked them why they are doing that. The couple explained to her that she shouldn't have to wear a frog's skin if she was such a beautiful child. She told them that she wanted to keep the frog's skin, but will remain in human form if they wanted her too. From then on they looked after her as their granddaughter. Uttai Tawee lived with the old couple and visited her forest friends.

text: Some scutes contain a single pore known as an integumentary sense organ. Crocodiles and gharials have these on large parts of their bodies, while alligators and caimans only have them on the head. Their exact function is not fully understood, but it has been suggested that they may be mechanosensory organs.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jackson, K. |author2=Butler, D. G. |author3=Youson, J. H. | year=1996 | title=Morphology and ultrastructure of possible integumentary sense organs in the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) | journal=Journal of Morphology | volume=229 |issue=3 | pages=315–324 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199609)229:3

text: Some scutes contain a single pore known as an integumentary sense organ. Crocodiles and gharials have these on large parts of their bodies, while alligators and caimans only have them on the head. Their exact function is not fully understood, but it has been suggested that they may be

text: mechanosensory

text: organs.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jackson, K. |author2=Butler, D. G. |author3=Youson, J. H. | year=1996 | title=Morphology and ultrastructure of possible integumentary sense organs in the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) | journal=Journal of Morphology | volume=229 |issue=3 | pages=315–324 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199609)229:3

text: The prototype was powered by two  (at 4,000 m/13,123 ft) Isotta Fraschini Asso XI.RC radial engines initially fitted with two bladed wooden propellers. It had a length of , a wingspan of , and a wing surface of . It weighed  empty and had a  useful load. Structurally, it was built of mixed materials, with a stressed-skin forward fuselage and a wood and fabric-covered steel-tube rear section; the wings being of metal and wood, using fabric and wood as a covering. The wings were more than ⅓ of the total length, and had two spars of wooden construction, covered with plywood and metal. The strength coefficient was 7.5. The tail surfaces were built of wood covered with metal and plywood. The fuel system, with two tanks in the inner wings, held a total of 2,200 L (581 US gal).

text: The prototype was powered by two  (at 4,000 m/13,123 ft)

text: Isotta Fraschini Asso XI.RC

text: radial engines initially fitted with two bladed wooden propellers. It had a length of , a wingspan of , and a wing surface of . It weighed  empty and had a  useful load. Structurally, it was built of mixed materials, with a

text: stressed-skin

text: forward fuselage and a wood and fabric-covered steel-tube rear section; the wings being of metal and wood, using fabric and wood as a covering. The wings were more than ⅓ of the total length, and had two

text: spar

text: s of wooden construction, covered with

text: plywood

text: and metal. The strength coefficient was 7.5. The tail surfaces were built of wood covered with metal and plywood. The fuel system, with two tanks in the inner wings, held a total of 2,200 L (581 US gal).

text: Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a pneumatic nail gun, or a small explosive charge or primer. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.

text: Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a

text: hammer

text: , a

text: pneumatic

text: nail gun

text: , or a small

text: explosive

text: charge or primer. A nail holds materials together by

text: friction

text: in

text: the

text: axial direction and

text: shear

text: strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.

text: The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply.  The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95% of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.

text: The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a

text: squamous epithelium

text: with several

text: strata

text: : the

text: stratum corneum

text: stratum lucidum

text: stratum granulosum

text: stratum spinosum

text: , and

text: stratum basale

text: . Nourishment is provided to these layers via

text: diffusion

text: from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply.  The epidermis contains four cell types:

text: keratinocyte

text: s,

text: melanocyte

text: s,

text: Langerhans cell

text: s, and

text: Merkel cell

text: s. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95% of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.

text: The complete Chua K'a Bodywork procedure consists of a comprehensive massage of the 27 zones of the body, followed by a rolling of the skin (skin rolling), and ending with the application of the k'a stick. In the technique of skin rolling, developed by Ichazo, the skin and subcutaneous tissues are rolled over the deep structures, lifting the dermis and hypodermis off the deeper fascia. This technique is recognized to reduce pain, restore mobility, and to stimulate circulation and lymph drainage. The three-part Chua K'a Bodywork method integrates these physical aspects of bodywork with a systematic practice of 'conscious awareness' by directly applying the vital energy flow in the body, originating from the point in the lower belly recognized in Chinese medicine and martial arts as the tan t'ien (known in the Arica method as the Kath).

text: The complete Chua K'a Bodywork procedure consists of a comprehensive massage of the 27 zones of the body, followed by a rolling of the skin (skin rolling), and ending with the application of the k'a stick. In the technique of skin rolling, developed by Ichazo, the skin and

text: subcutaneous tissues

text: are rolled over the deep structures, lifting the

text: dermis

text: and

text: hypodermis

text: off the deeper

text: fascia

text: . This technique is recognized to reduce pain, restore mobility, and to stimulate circulation and

text: lymph drainage

text: . The three-part Chua K'a Bodywork method integrates these physical aspects of bodywork with a systematic practice of 'conscious awareness' by directly applying the vital energy flow in the body, originating from the point in the lower belly recognized in Chinese medicine and martial arts as the

text: tan t'ien

text: (known in the Arica method as the Kath).

text: To help prevent stress in children help the child prepare for everyday stressful situations. Meeting new people, traveling to new places and going to the doctor are all potential stressors to a child. Talk to the child about the experience and make them understand that it is okay to be stressed and scared but there is nothing to worry about. Communication is very important. Try to keep communication open and spend time together as a family so that no one’s feelings go unseen. Teach children healthy and successful coping mechanisms to stressors by modeling. Children learn what they see and going for a walk to deal with stress is positive, whereas getting violent and using substances to deal with stress is negative. Encourage children to express themselves creatively as an outlet or to help others to understand what is stressing the child. Teaching children to act and think positively will also help the child when they are faced with a stressful situation. They will be able to manage the stress before it becomes overwhelming.Providing a safe and healthy home and environment for a child is very important as well. Provide children with proper nutrition and attention. Do not expose them to substance abuse, violence or neglect the child’s needs. In providing a healthy environment, children are more likely to be emotionally and physically healthy.

text: To help prevent stress in children help the child prepare for everyday stressful situations. Meeting new people, traveling to new places and going to the doctor are all potential stressors to a child. Talk to the child about the experience and make them understand that it is okay to be stressed and scared but there is nothing to worry about. Communication is very important. Try to keep communication open and spend time together as a family so that no one’s feelings go unseen. Teach children healthy and successful

text: coping mechanisms

text: to stressors by

text: modeling

text: . Children learn what they see and going for a walk to deal with stress is positive, whereas getting violent and using substances to deal with stress is negative. Encourage children to express themselves creatively as an outlet or to help others to understand what is stressing the child. Teaching children to act and think positively will also help the child when they are faced with a stressful situation. They will be able to manage the stress before it becomes overwhelming.Providing a safe and healthy home and environment for a child is very important as well. Provide children with proper nutrition and attention. Do not expose them to substance abuse, violence or neglect the child’s needs. In providing a healthy environment, children are more likely to be emotionally and physically healthy.

text: The dermis is composed of three major types of cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.

text: The dermis is composed of three major types of

text: cells

text: fibroblasts

text: macrophages

text: , and

text: adipocytes

text: Skin folds or skinfolds are areas of skin where it folds. Many skin folds are distinct, heritable anatomical features, and may be used for identification of animal species, while others are non-specific and may be produced either by individual development of an organism or by arbitrary application of force to skin, either by the actions of the muscles of the body or by external force, e.g., gravity. Anatomical folds can also be found in other structures and tissues besides the skin, such as the ileocecal fold beneath the terminal ileum of the cecum.

text: Skin folds or skinfolds are areas of

text: skin

text: where it folds. Many skin folds are distinct, heritable anatomical features, and may be used for identification of animal

text: species

text: , while others are non-specific and may be produced either by individual development of an organism or by arbitrary application of force to skin, either by the actions of the

text: muscle

text: s of the body or by external force, e.g.,

text: gravity

text: . Anatomical folds can also be found in other structures and tissues besides the skin, such as the

text: ileocecal fold

text: beneath the terminal ileum of the cecum.

text: |-| style="text-align:center;"| 2005| Nine Inch Nails| Classic Songwriter Award| |-| style="text-align:center;"| 2007| Nine Inch Nails| Kerrang! Icon Award|

text: |-| style="text-align:center;"| 2005| Nine Inch Nails| Classic Songwriter Award| |-| style="text-align:center;"|

text: | Nine Inch Nails| Kerrang! Icon Award|

text: Arm hair grows on a human's forearms, sometimes even on the elbow area. Terminal arm hair is concentrated on the wrist end of the forearm, extending over the hand. Terminal hair growth in adolescent males is often much more intense than that in females, particularly for individuals with dark hair. In some cultures, it is common for women to remove arm hair, though this practice is less frequent than that of leg hair removal.

text: Arm hair grows on a human's

text: forearms

text: , sometimes even on the elbow area. Terminal arm hair is concentrated on the wrist end of the forearm, extending over the

text: hand

text: . Terminal hair growth in adolescent males is often much more intense than that in females, particularly for individuals with dark hair. In some cultures, it is common for women to remove arm hair, though this practice is less frequent than that of leg hair removal.

text: The second comic takes place right before the events of the film. It relates the story of how Imperator Furiosa meets with the Five Wives and helps them escape. The Five Wives were five young healthy women selected by Joe to provide him with a suitable male heir. He keeps them locked in a vault, providing them with food, water and a teacher, the Wordburger "Miss Giddy" who provides them education so they do not go insane due to their captivity. After conducting an examination on Angahard, Joe's resident physician, the Organic Mechanic, informs him that he has a window of two days to impregnate her if he wants a suitable and healthy male heir. Joe assigns a warrior, Imperator Furiosa, to protect the Wives who are at first hostile to her and constantly insult and taunt her.

text: The second comic takes place right before the events of the film. It relates the story of how

text: Imperator Furiosa

text: meets with the Five Wives and helps them escape. The Five Wives were five young healthy women selected by Joe to provide him with a suitable male heir. He keeps them locked in a vault, providing them with food, water and a teacher, the Wordburger "Miss Giddy" who provides them education so they do not go insane due to their captivity. After conducting an examination on Angahard, Joe's resident physician, the Organic Mechanic, informs him that he has a window of two days to impregnate her if he wants a suitable and healthy male heir. Joe assigns a warrior, Imperator Furiosa, to protect the Wives who are at first hostile to her and constantly insult and taunt her.

text: Animals regularly clean themselves to keep their fur, feathers, scales, or other skin coverings in good condition. This activity - known as personal grooming, preening, or auto-grooming - promotes hygiene. Dead skin and foreign objects such as insects, ectoparasites, and leaves, dirt and twigs, are some of the items typically removed.

text: Animal

text: s regularly clean themselves to keep their fur, feathers, scales, or other

text: skin

text: coverings in good condition. This activity - known as

text: personal grooming

text: , preening, or auto-grooming - promotes

text: hygiene

text: . Dead skin and foreign objects such as

text: insect

text: s, ectoparasites, and leaves,

text: dirt

text: and twigs, are some of the items typically removed.

text: The velvet dogfish, Zameus squamulosus, the only member of the genus Zameus, is a harmless sleeper shark of the family Somniosidae, found around the world between latitudes 64°N and 48°S, from the surface to 2,000 m.  Its length is up to 84 cm. Although sharks within the family Somniosidae have generally been accepted to be non-luminous, Zameus squamulosus has photophores on its ventral epidermis.

text: The velvet dogfish, Zameus squamulosus, the only member of the

text: genus

text: Zameus, is a harmless

text: sleeper shark

text: of the

text: family

text: Somniosidae

text: , found around the world between

text: latitude

text: s

text: and

text: , from the surface to 2,000 m.  Its length is up to 84 cm. Although sharks within the

text: family Somniosidae

text: have generally been accepted to be non-luminous, Zameus squamulosus has

text: photophores

text: on its ventral epidermis.

text: In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size, written with a number and the abbreviation d for penny; for example, 10d for a ten-penny nail. A larger number indicates a longer nail, shown in the table below. Nails under 1¼ inch, often called brads, are sold mostly in small packages with only a length designation or with length and wire gauge designations; for example, 1" 18 ga or 3/4" 16 ga.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , the length of a

text: nail

text: is designated by its penny size, written with a number and the abbreviation d for penny; for example, 10d for a ten-penny nail. A larger number indicates a longer nail, shown in the table below. Nails under 1¼ inch, often called brads, are sold mostly in small packages with only a length designation or with length and

text: wire gauge

text: designations; for example, 1" 18 ga or 3/4" 16 ga.

text: Pigments:  The most common pigment in the body, besides hemoglobin of red blood cells is melanin, manufactured by melanocytes of the skin and hair, pigments cells of the retina and specialized nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. These pigments have protective functions in skin and aid in the sense of sight in the retina but their functions in neurons is not understood completely. Furthermore, cardiac tissue and central nervous system neurons shows yellow to brown pigment called lipofuscin, some believed that they have lysosomal activity.

text: Pigment

text: s:  The most common pigment in the body, besides hemoglobin of red blood cells is melanin, manufactured by melanocytes of the skin and hair, pigments cells of the retina and specialized nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the brain. These pigments have protective functions in skin and aid in the sense of sight in the retina but their functions in neurons is not understood completely. Furthermore, cardiac tissue and central nervous system neurons shows yellow to brown pigment called lipofuscin, some believed that they have lysosomal activity.

text: Through its life cycle, Obelia take two forms: polyp and medusa. They are diploblastic, with two true tissue layers – an epidermis (ectodermis) and a gastrodermis (endodermis), with a jelly-like mesoglea filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a nerve net with no brain or ganglia. A gastrovascular cavity is present where the digestion starts and later becomes intracellular. They have incomplete digestive tracts where the food enters, is digested, and expelled through the same opening. During the polyp stage, the mouth is situated at the top of the body, surrounded by tentacles, whereas during the medusa stage, the mouth is situated at the distal end of the main body structure. Four gonads lie in this main body structure, or manubrium. When food is taken in through the mouth, it enters the manubrium. The food is then distributed through a canal system, consisting of four radial canals and an outer ring. Defense and the capture of prey are helped by unique stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts, which are triggered by the cnidocil. It has a ridge-like structure on the inner margin, called velum. If the velum is present, it is named as craspedote medusa.

text: Through its life cycle, Obelia take two forms:

text: polyp

text: and

text: medusa

text: . They are

text: diploblastic

text: , with two true tissue layers – an

text: epidermis

text: (ectodermis) and a

text: gastrodermis

text: endodermis

text: ), with a jelly-like

text: mesoglea

text: filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a

text: nerve

text: net with no

text: brain

text: or

text: ganglia

text: . A

text: gastrovascular cavity

text: is present where the

text: digestion

text: starts and later becomes intracellular. They have incomplete digestive tracts where the food enters, is digested, and expelled through the same opening. During the polyp stage, the mouth is situated at the top of the body, surrounded by tentacles, whereas during the medusa stage, the mouth is situated at the distal end of the main body structure. Four gonads lie in this main body structure, or manubrium. When food is taken in through the mouth, it enters the manubrium. The food is then distributed through a canal system, consisting of four radial canals and an outer ring. Defense and the capture of prey are helped by unique stinging cells called

text: cnidocyte

text: s that contain nematocysts, which are triggered by the cnidocil. It has a ridge-like structure on the inner margin, called velum. If the velum is present, it is named as craspedote medusa.

text: The epidermis of birds and reptiles is closer to that of mammals, with a layer of dead keratin-filled cells at the surface, to help reduce water loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial amphibians such as toads. However, in all of these animals there is no clear differentiation of the epidermis into distinct layers, as occurs in humans, with the change in cell type being relatively gradual. The mammalian epidermis always possesses at least a stratum germinativum and stratum corneum, but the other intermediate layers found in humans are not always distinguishable.Hair is a distinctive feature of mammalian skin, while feathers are (at least among living species) similarly unique to birds.

text: The

text: epidermis

text: of

text: bird

text: s and

text: reptile

text: s is closer to that of

text: mammals

text: , with a layer of dead keratin-filled

text: cells

text: at the surface, to help reduce

text: water

text: loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial

text: amphibians

text: such as

text: toad

text: s. However, in all of these

text: animals

text: there is no clear

text: differentiation

text: of the

text: epidermis

text: into distinct layers, as occurs in

text: humans

text: , with the change in

text: cell

text: type being relatively gradual. The

text: mammalian

text: epidermis

text: always possesses at least a

text: stratum germinativum

text: and

text: stratum corneum

text: , but the other intermediate layers found in

text: humans

text: are not always distinguishable.

text: Hair

text: is a distinctive feature of

text: mammalian

text: skin, while

text: feather

text: s are (at least among living species) similarly unique to

text: birds

text: Ear hair  generally refers to the terminal hair arising from follicles inside the external auditory meatus in humans. In its broader sense, ear hair may also include the fine vellus hair covering much of the ear, particularly at the prominent parts of the anterior ear, or even the abnormal hair growth as seen in hypertrichosis and hirsutism. Medical research on the function of ear hair is currently very scarce.

text: Ear hair

text: generally refers to the

text: terminal hair

text: arising from

text: follicles

text: inside the

text: external auditory meatus

text: in humans. In its broader sense, ear hair may also include the fine

text: vellus hair

text: hypertrichosis

text: and

text: hirsutism

text: All described specimens of Sinosauropteryx preserve integumentary structures (filaments arising from the skin) which most palaeontologists interpret as very primitive type of feathers. These short, down-like filaments are preserved along the back half of the skull, the arms, neck, back, and top and bottom of the tail. Additional patches of feathers have been identified on the sides of the body, and palaeontologists Chen, Dong and Zheng proposed that the density of the feathers on the back and the randomness of the patches elsewhere on the body indicated the animals would have been fully feathered in life, with the ventral feathers having been removed by decomposition.

text: All described specimens of Sinosauropteryx preserve

text: integumentary structures

text: (filaments arising from the skin) which most palaeontologists interpret as very primitive type of

text: feather

text: s. These short, down-like filaments are preserved along the back half of the skull, the arms, neck, back, and top and bottom of the tail. Additional patches of feathers have been identified on the sides of the body, and palaeontologists Chen, Dong and Zheng proposed that the density of the feathers on the back and the randomness of the patches elsewhere on the body indicated the animals would have been fully feathered in life, with the

text: ventral

text: feathers having been removed by decomposition.

text: The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (trichomes), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots.

text: The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (

text: trichome

text: s), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of

text: monocot

text: s than in those of

text: dicot

text: s.

text: Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for "dry skin", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, hands, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching, and skin cracking.

text: Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for "dry

text: skin

text: ", is a condition involving the

text: integumentary system

text: , which in most cases can safely be treated with

text: emollient

text: s or

text: moisturizer

text: s. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the

text: scalp

text: , lower

text: legs

text: arm

text: s, hands, the

text: knuckle

text: s, the sides of the

text: abdomen

text: , and

text: thigh

text: s. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are

text: scaling

text: (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer),

text: itching

text: , and

text: skin cracking

text: The magazine allows women an organized approach to keeping their lives on track and staying healthy. The Fitness section showcases how-to workouts with detailed moves so the reader can replicate the activities effectively. The fitness section also covers topics such as injury prevention, getting started with fitness, cardio, toning, and seasonal tips for working-out in certain conditions. The Sex & Love section covers topics including relationship advice, tips for better sex and an array of topics on women’s health. The Food section focuses on topics such as metabolism, organic foods, recipes, ways to boost energy and more. Weight Loss looks at a wide variety of topics that focus on anything from food to work-outs to sleep, in relation to losing weight. The Eat This! section, which teaches readers ways to substitute their current meals for healthy alternatives, is based on Rodale Inc.’s Eat This, Not That book series. This topic looks at the ingredients and nutritional values, so consumers can make healthy eating choices while. The Health section covers topics such as seasonal colds, women’s heart health, foods that benefit your health, energy boosting tips, eating disorders and more. The Beauty section covers topics such as skin health, hairstyles, make-up tips and affordable beauty products.

text: The magazine allows women an organized approach to keeping their lives on track and staying healthy. The Fitness section showcases how-to workouts with detailed moves so the reader can replicate the activities effectively. The fitness section also covers topics such as injury prevention, getting started with fitness, cardio, toning, and seasonal tips for working-out in certain conditions. The Sex & Love section covers topics including relationship advice, tips for better sex and an array of topics on

text: women’s health

text: . The Food section focuses on topics such as

text: metabolism

text: organic foods

text: recipes

text: , ways to boost energy and more.

text: Weight Loss

text: looks at a wide variety of topics that focus on anything from food to work-outs to

text: sleep

text: , in relation to losing weight. The Eat This! section, which teaches readers ways to substitute their current meals for healthy alternatives, is based on Rodale Inc.’s

text: Eat This, Not That

text: book series. This topic looks at the ingredients and

text: nutritional values

text: , so consumers can make

text: healthy eating

text: choices while. The Health section covers topics such as seasonal colds,

text: women’s heart health

text: , foods that benefit your health, energy boosting tips,

text: eating disorders

text: and more. The Beauty section covers topics such as skin health, hairstyles, make-up tips and affordable beauty products.

text: The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against microbial pathogens, oxidant stress (UV light) and chemical compounds and provides mechanical resistance. Most of that function is played by the stratum corneum.

text: The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against

text: microbial

text: pathogens,

text: oxidant stress

text: UV light

text: ) and

text: chemical

text: compounds and provides

text: mechanical

text: resistance. Most of that function is played by the stratum corneum.

text: It is primarily the farrier who takes care of nail prick and close nails.

text: In software architecture, the structure of software is the way in which it is partitioned into interrelated components. A key structural issue is minimizing dependencies between these components. This makes it possible to change one component without requiring changes in others. The structure can be represented in diagrams such as the Control Structure Diagram and the Nassi–Shneiderman diagram. Structural elements reflect the requirements of the application: for example, if the system requires a high fault tolerance, then a redundant structure is needed so that if a component fails it has backups. A high redundancy is an essential part of the design of several systems in the Space Shuttle.

text: In software architecture, the structure of software is the way in which it is partitioned into interrelated components. A key structural issue is minimizing dependencies between these components. This makes it possible to change one component without requiring changes in others. The structure can be represented in diagrams such as the

text: Control Structure Diagram

text: and the

text: Nassi–Shneiderman diagram

text: . Structural elements reflect the requirements of the application: for example, if the system requires a high fault tolerance, then a redundant structure is needed so that if a component fails it has backups. A high redundancy is an essential part of the design of several systems in the

text: Space Shuttle

text: Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles in the dermis, or skin. With the exception of areas of glabrous skin, the human body is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. It is an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin.

text: Hair is a

text: protein filament

text: that grows from

text: follicles

text: in the

text: dermis

text: , or skin. With the exception of areas of

text: glabrous skin

text: , the human body is covered in follicles which produce thick

text: terminal

text: and fine

text: vellus hair

text: . It is an important

text: biomaterial

text: primarily composed of protein, notably

text: keratin

text: The origin of the elastotic material in the dermis remains a subject of debate.  Theories on the formation of the elastotic material include actinic stimulation of fibroblasts, promoting synthesis of this material; or that the material is a degradation product of collagen, elastin or both.

text: The origin of the elastotic material in the dermis remains a subject of debate.  Theories on the formation of the elastotic material include actinic stimulation of

text: fibroblast

text: s, promoting synthesis of this material; or that the material is a degradation product of

text: collagen

text: elastin

text: or both.

text: To test this observation, Dr. Chen and his team of researchers developed siRNAs that target the mutant K10 gene products for degradation, without affecting normal K10 gene products. Dr. Chen observed that under these conditions, an efficient knock-down of mutant, but not normal, K10 genes could be achieved. The results allowed the normal K10 genes to function properly building healthy skin tissues. He claims that these results may prove to be a very vital step forward in forging a novel gene therapy and possible permanent corrective therapy for this debilitating skin disorder.

text: Keeping the Pekingese coat healthy and presentable requires daily brushing, and a trip to the groomer every 8–12 weeks.  One important thing for new owners to remember is that dogs intended as a house pet may be kept in a puppy cut which requires less maintenance than a show cut. It is also important to remove foreign materials from the eyes daily, and the creases on the face to prevent sores (hot spots). It is also necessary to keep and maintain the fur in the buttocks of the Pekingese clean and well groomed as the area is prone to soiling.

text: Keeping the Pekingese coat healthy and presentable requires daily brushing, and a trip to the groomer every 8–12 weeks.  One important thing for new owners to remember is that dogs intended as a house pet may be kept in a puppy cut which requires less maintenance than a show cut. It is also important to remove foreign materials from the eyes daily, and the creases on the face to prevent sores (

text: hot spot

text: s). It is also necessary to keep and maintain the fur in the buttocks of the Pekingese clean and well groomed as the area is prone to soiling.

text: The structure has been variously referred to by different writers as the ectoplast (de Vries, 1885), Plasmahaut (plasma skin, Pfeffer, 1877, 1891), Hautschicht (skin layer, Pfeffer, 1886; used with a different meaning by Hofmeister, 1867), plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900), plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.

text: The structure has been variously referred to by different writers as the ectoplast (

text: de Vries

text: , 1885), Plasmahaut (plasma skin,

text: Pfeffer

text: , 1877, 1891), Hautschicht (skin layer, Pfeffer, 1886; used with a different meaning by

text: Hofmeister

text: , 1867), plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900), plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.

text: The dermis generating the horn is anchored to the boss by interpenetration between rugosities – various irregularities of bone, which it creates by deposition. This tissue is a specialisation of dermal armour, which, whenever it attaches to bone, deposits the rugosities to strengthen the attachment. The author states that rugosity is "a bony signature of dermal armor". Cranial rugosity is an indication, but not a sure sign, of a horn. If, on the other hand, an annular (ring-shaped) pattern is visible in the rugosity, it is due to "stress concentration at the edges of horns" and is "the signature for epidermal horns".

text: Nails Inc. is the UK's largest nail bar chain, serving on average 10,000 customers per week through 60 locations. The company has concessions within key retailers, including Harvey Nichols, Selfridges, Fenwick, House of Fraser, and Debenhams.

text: Nails Inc. is the UK's largest nail bar chain, serving on average 10,000 customers per week through 60 locations. The company has concessions within key retailers, including

text: Harvey Nichols

text: Selfridges

text: Fenwick

text: House of Fraser

text: , and

text: Debenhams

text: In documented BPF cases, the symptoms include high fever (101.3 degrees F or higher), nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, septic shock, and ultimately death. A history of conjunctivitis 30 days prior to the onset of fever was also present in the documented BPF cases.The physical presentation of children infected with BPF include purpuric skin lesions affecting mainly the face and extremities, cyanosis, rapid necrosis of soft tissue, particularly the hands, feet, nose, and ears. Analysis of the fatalities due to BPF showed hemorrhage in the skin, lungs, and adrenal glands. Histopathology showed hemorrhage, intravascular microthrombi and necrosis in the upper dermis, renal glomeruli, lungs, and hepatic sinusoids.

text: In documented BPF cases, the symptoms include high fever (101.3 degrees F or higher), nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, septic shock, and ultimately death. A history of

text: conjunctivitis

text: 30 days prior to the onset of fever was also present in the documented BPF cases.The physical presentation of children infected with BPF include

text: purpuric

text: skin lesions affecting mainly the face and extremities,

text: cyanosis

text: , rapid

text: necrosis

text: of soft tissue, particularly the hands, feet, nose, and ears. Analysis of the fatalities due to BPF showed hemorrhage in the skin, lungs, and adrenal glands. Histopathology showed hemorrhage, intravascular microthrombi and necrosis in the upper dermis, renal glomeruli, lungs, and hepatic sinusoids.

text: Four main points to be considered in determining if soil nailing would be an effective retention technique are as follows. First, the existing ground conditions should be examined. Next, the advantages and disadvantages for a soil nail wall should be assessed for the particular application being considered. Then other systems should be considered for the particular application. Finally, cost of the soil nail wall should be considered. Soil nail walls can be used for a variety of soil types and conditions.  The most favorable conditions for soil nailing are as follows: The soil should be able to stand unsupported one to two meters high for a minimum of two days when cut vertical or nearly vertical. Also all soil nails within a cross section should be located above the groundwater table. If the soil nails are not located above the groundwater table, the groundwater should not negatively affect the face of the excavation, the bond between the ground and the soil nail itself. Based upon these favorable conditions for soil nailing stiff to hard fine-grained soils which include stiff to hard clays, clayey silts, silty clays, sandy clays, and sandy silts are preferred soils. Sand and gravels which are dense to very dense soils with some apparent cohesion also work well for soil nailing. Weathered rock is also acceptable as long as the rock is weathered evenly throughout (meaning no weakness planes). Finally, glacial soils work well for soil nailing.

text: Four main points to be considered in determining if soil nailing would be an effective retention technique are as follows. First, the existing ground conditions should be examined. Next, the advantages and disadvantages for a soil nail wall should be assessed for the particular application being considered. Then other systems should be considered for the particular application. Finally, cost of the soil nail wall should be considered. Soil nail walls can be used for a variety of soil types and conditions.  The most favorable conditions for soil nailing are as follows: The soil should be able to stand unsupported one to two meters high for a minimum of two days when cut vertical or nearly vertical. Also all soil nails within a cross section should be located above the

text: groundwater table

text: . If the soil nails are not located above the groundwater table, the groundwater should not negatively affect the face of the excavation, the bond between the ground and the soil nail itself. Based upon these favorable conditions for soil nailing stiff to hard fine-grained soils which include stiff to hard clays, clayey silts, silty clays, sandy clays, and sandy silts are preferred soils. Sand and gravels which are dense to very dense soils with some apparent cohesion also work well for soil nailing. Weathered rock is also acceptable as long as the rock is weathered evenly throughout (meaning no weakness planes). Finally, glacial soils work well for soil nailing.

text: This hair typing system is the most widely used system to classify hair. The system was created by the hairstylist of Oprah Winfrey, Andre Walker. According to this system there are four types of hair: straight, wavy, curly, kinky.

text: This hair typing system is the most widely used system to classify hair. The system was created by the hairstylist of

text: Oprah Winfrey

text: , Andre Walker. According to this system there are four types of hair: straight, wavy, curly, kinky.

text: The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world.

text: The

text: integumentary system

text: consists of the covering of the body (the

text: skin

text: ), including

text: hair

text: and

text: nails

text: as well as other functionally important structures such as the

text: sweat gland

text: s and

text: sebaceous gland

text: s. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, and serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world.

text: The structural load is supported by a stressed-skin design. Each leg is embedded in  of concrete  thick and  deep.  of the foundation is in bedrock. The arch is resistant to earthquakes and is designed to sway up to  in either direction, while withstanding winds up to . The structure weighs , of which concrete composes ; structural steel interior, ; and the stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch, . This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history. The base of each leg at ground level had to have an engineering tolerance of  or the two legs would not meet at the top.

text: The

text: structural load

text: is supported by a

text: stressed-skin

text: design. Each leg is embedded in  of concrete  thick and  deep.  of the foundation is in

text: bedrock

text: . The arch is resistant to earthquakes and is designed to sway up to  in either direction, while withstanding winds up to . The structure weighs , of which concrete composes ; structural steel interior, ; and the stainless steel panels that cover the exterior of the arch, . This amount of stainless steel is the most used in any one project in history. The base of each leg at ground level had to have an

text: engineering tolerance

text: of  or the two legs would not meet at the top.

text: Turbellarians have no cuticle (external layer of organic but non-cellular material).  In a few species the skin is a syncitium, a collection of cells with multiple nuclei and a single shared external membrane. However the skins of most species consist of a single layer of cells, each of which generally has multiple cilia (small mobile "hairs"), although in some large species the upper surface has no cilia. These skins are also covered with microvilli between the cilia. They have many glands, usually submerged in the muscle layers below the skin and connect to the surface by pores through which they secrete mucus, adhesives and other substances.

text: Turbellarians have no

text: cuticle

text: (external layer of organic but non-cellular material).  In a few species the skin is a

text: syncitium

text: , a collection of cells with multiple nuclei and a single shared external

text: membrane

text: . However the skins of most species consist of a single layer of cells, each of which generally has multiple

text: cilia

text: (small mobile "hairs"), although in some large species the upper surface has no cilia. These skins are also covered with

text: microvilli

text: between the cilia. They have many glands, usually submerged in the muscle layers below the skin and connect to the surface by pores through which they secrete

text: mucus

text: , adhesives and other substances.

text: The estrogen receptor, as well as the progesterone receptor, have been detected in the skin, including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. At menopause and thereafter, decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy, thinning, and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity, firmness, and strength. These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content, irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells, decreased ground substance between skin fibers, and reduced capillaries and blood flow. The skin also becomes more dry during menopause, which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids (sebum production). Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging.

text: The

text: estrogen receptor

text: , as well as the

text: progesterone receptor

text: , have been detected in the

text: skin

text: , including in

text: keratinocyte

text: s and

text: fibroblast

text: s. At

text: menopause

text: and thereafter, decreased levels of female

text: sex hormone

text: s result in

text: atrophy

text: , thinning, and increased

text: wrinkling

text: of the skin and a reduction in skin

text: elasticity

text: , firmness, and strength. These skin changes constitute an acceleration in

text: skin aging

text: and are the result of decreased

text: collagen

text: content, irregularities in the

text: morphology

text: of

text: epidermal

text: skin cell

text: s, decreased

text: ground substance

text: between

text: skin fiber

text: s, and reduced

text: capillaries

text: and

text: blood flow

text: . The skin also becomes more

text: dry

text: during menopause, which is due to reduced skin

text: hydration

text: and

text: surface lipids

text: (sebum production). Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging.

text: The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants.

text: The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, or

text: superficial fascia

text: , is the lowermost layer of the

text: integumentary system

text: in

text: vertebrate

text: s. The types of cells found in the hypodermis are

text: fibroblast

text: s,

text: adipose cells

text: , and

text: macrophage

text: s. The hypodermis is derived from the

text: mesoderm

text: , but unlike the

text: dermis

text: , it is not derived from the

text: dermatome

text: region of the mesoderm. In

text: arthropods

text: , the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the

text: chitin

text: ous

text: cuticle

text: . The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the

text: epidermis

text: of plants.

text: The pubic area is particularly sensitive to such hormones, as are the armpits which will develop axillary hair. Pubic and axillary hair will develop on both men and women, to the extent that such hair qualifies as a secondary sex characteristic, although males will develop terminal hair in more areas. This includes facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg and arm hair, and foot hair. Human females on the other hand can be expected to retain more of the vellus hair.

text: The

text: pubic area

text: is particularly sensitive to such hormones, as are the armpits which will develop

text: axillary hair

text: . Pubic and axillary hair will develop on both men and women, to the extent that such hair qualifies as a

text: secondary sex characteristic

text: , although males will develop terminal hair in more areas. This includes

text: facial hair

text: chest hair

text: abdominal hair

text: leg

text: and

text: arm hair

text: , and

text: foot hair

text: . Human females on the other hand can be expected to retain more of the vellus hair.

text: In 1986, the Department of Defense began streamlining its organization as a result of the Packard Commission recommendations. The division restructured its functional areas and was renamed the Human Systems Division on 6 February 1987. In December 1990, Air Force Systems Command consolidated its 16 laboratories nationwide into four. Brooks and the Human Systems Division became home of one of the "super labs," the Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.  On 1 July 1992, the division was renamed the Human Systems Center when the Air Force Systems Command and Air Force Logistics Command were combined into Air Force Materiel Command.

text: In 1986, the Department of Defense began streamlining its organization as a result of the

text: Packard Commission

text: recommendations. The division restructured its functional areas and was renamed the Human Systems Division on 6 February 1987. In December 1990, Air Force Systems Command consolidated its 16 laboratories nationwide into four. Brooks and the Human Systems Division became home of one of the "super labs," the Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory.  On 1 July 1992, the division was renamed the Human Systems Center when the Air Force Systems Command and

text: Air Force Logistics Command

text: were combined into

text: Air Force Materiel Command

text: 2. Draw participants into discussion by keeping a healthy atmosphere for discussion (i.e., ask participants questions).

text: Partial removal of the nail or an offending piece of nail. Here, the digit is first injected with a common local anesthetic. When the area is numb, the physician will perform an onychectomy in which the nail along the edge that is growing into the skin is cut away (ablated) and the offending piece of nail is pulled out. Any infection is surgically drained. This process is referred to as a "wedge resection" or simple surgical ablation and is non-permanent (i.e., the nail will re-grow from the matrix). The entire procedure may be performed in a physician's office and takes approximately thirty to forty-five minutes depending on the extent of the problem. The patient is allowed to go home immediately and the recovery time is anywhere from a two weeks to two months barring any complications such as infection. As a follow-up, a physician may prescribe an oral or topical antibiotic or a special soak to be used for approximately a week after the surgery. Some use "lateral onychoplasty" or "wedge resection" as the method of choice, for ingrown toenails. A wide wedge resection, with a total cleaning of nail matrix, has a nearly 100% success rate.  Some physicians will not perform a complete nail avulsion (removal) except under the most extreme circumstances.  In most cases, these physicians will remove both sides of a toenail (even if one side is not currently ingrown) and coat the nail matrix on both of those sides with a chemical or acid (usually phenol) to prevent re-growth.  This leaves the majority of the nail intact, but ensures that the problem of ingrowth will not re-occur. There are possible disadvantages if the nail matrix is not coated with the applicable chemical or acid (phenol) and is allowed to re-grow; this method is prone to failure. Also, the underlying condition can still become symptomatic as the nail grows out over the course of up to a year: the nail matrix might be manufacturing a nail that is simply too curved, thick, wide or otherwise irregular to allow for normal growth. Furthermore, the flesh can be injured very easily by concussion, tight socks, quick twisting motions while walking or just the fact the nail is growing incorrectly (likely too wide). This hypersensitivity to continued injury can mean chronic ingrowth; the solution is nearly always edge avulsion by the highly successful phenolisation.

text: Partial removal of the nail or an offending piece of nail. Here, the digit is first injected with a common

text: local anesthetic

text: . When the area is numb, the physician will perform an

text: onychectomy

text: in which the nail along the edge that is growing into the skin is cut away (

text: ablated

text: ) and the offending piece of nail is pulled out. Any infection is surgically drained. This process is referred to as a "wedge resection" or simple surgical

text: ablation

text: and is non-permanent (i.e., the nail will re-grow from the matrix). The entire procedure may be performed in a physician's office and takes approximately thirty to forty-five minutes depending on the extent of the problem. The patient is allowed to go home immediately and the recovery time is anywhere from a two weeks to two months barring any complications such as infection. As a follow-up, a physician may prescribe an

text: oral

text: or

text: topical

text: From the embryonic stages itself, a layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells gives rise to the external cuticle and an internal basement membrane. The majority of insect material is held in the endocuticle. The cuticle provides muscular support and acts as a protective shield as the insect develops. However, since it cannot grow, the external sclerotised part of the cuticle is periodically shed in a process called "moulting". As the time for moulting approaches, most of the exocuticle material is reabsorbed. In moulting, first the old cuticle separates from the epidermis (apodysis). Enzymatic moulting fluid is released between the old cuticle and epidermis, which separates the exocuticle by digesting the endocuticle and sequestering its material for the new cuticle. When the new cuticle has formed sufficiently, the epicuticle and reduced exocuticle are shed in ecdysis.

text: From the embryonic stages itself, a layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells gives rise to the external cuticle and an internal basement membrane. The majority of insect material is held in the endocuticle. The cuticle provides muscular support and acts as a protective shield as the insect develops. However, since it cannot grow, the external sclerotised part of the cuticle is periodically shed in a process called "moulting". As the time for moulting approaches, most of the exocuticle material is reabsorbed. In moulting, first the old cuticle separates from the epidermis (

text: apodysis

text: ). Enzymatic moulting fluid is released between the old cuticle and epidermis, which separates the exocuticle by digesting the endocuticle and sequestering its material for the new cuticle. When the new cuticle has formed sufficiently, the epicuticle and reduced exocuticle are shed in

text: ecdysis

text: Healthy organs all work together cohesively and gaining a better understanding of how, helps to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Some functions cannot be accomplished only by one organ. That is why organs form complex systems. The system of organs is a collection of homogeneous organs, which have a common plan of structure, function, development, and they are connected to each other anatomically and communicate through the NEI supersystem.

text: Pubic hair patterns can vary by race and ethnicity. Patterns of pubic hair, known as the escutcheon, vary between sexes. On most women, the pubic patch is triangular and lies over the vulva and mons pubis. On many men, the pubic patch tapers upwards to a line of hair pointing towards the navel (see abdominal hair), roughly a more upward-pointing triangle. As with axillary (armpit) hair, pubic hair is associated with a concentration of sebaceous glands in the area.

text: Pubic hair patterns can vary by

text: race

text: and

text: ethnicity

text: . Patterns of pubic hair, known as the escutcheon, vary between sexes. On most women, the pubic patch is triangular and lies over the

text: vulva

text: and

text: mons pubis

text: . On many men, the pubic patch tapers upwards to a line of hair pointing towards the

text: navel

text: (see

text: abdominal hair

text: ), roughly a more upward-pointing triangle. As with axillary (armpit) hair, pubic hair is associated with a concentration of

text: sebaceous gland

text: s in the area.

text: Existing aircraft cannot change shape without aerodynamic gaps, something that can be solved with Smart Intelligent Structures. By ensuring the detailed consideration of structural needs throughout the entire lifetime of an aircraft and focusing on the structural integration of needed past capabilities, Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures will allow aircraft designers to seriously consider conformal morphing technologies. The reduced drag during take-off, cruise and landing for future and ecologically improved civil aircraft wings can be achieved through naturally laminar wing technology, by incorporating a gapless and deformable leading edge device with lift providing capability. Such a morphing structure typically consists of a flexible outer skin and an internal driving mechanism (Figure 1).Current aircraft designs already employ winglets aimed at increasing the cruise flight efficiency by induced drag reduction. Smart intelligent Structures propose a state of the art technology that incorporates a wingtip active trailing edge, which could be a means of reducing winglet and wing loads at key flight conditions.

text: Existing aircraft cannot change shape without aerodynamic gaps, something that can be solved with Smart Intelligent Structures. By ensuring the detailed consideration of structural needs throughout the entire lifetime of an aircraft and focusing on the structural integration of needed past capabilities, Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures will allow aircraft designers to seriously consider conformal morphing technologies. The reduced drag during take-off, cruise and landing for future and ecologically improved civil aircraft wings can be achieved through naturally laminar wing technology, by incorporating a gapless and deformable

text: leading edge device

text: with lift providing capability. Such a morphing structure typically consists of a flexible outer skin and an internal driving mechanism (Figure 1).Current aircraft designs already employ

text: winglets

text: aimed at increasing the cruise flight efficiency by induced drag reduction. Smart intelligent Structures propose a state of the art technology that incorporates a

text: wingtip

text: active

text: trailing edge

text: , which could be a means of reducing winglet and wing loads at key flight conditions.

text: MA 401 – SYSTEMS CONTROL AND SENSESThis course presents the concepts of the nervous and integumentary systems, as well as the eye and ear. The module covers the systems’ structures and functions, common disorders, drugs/agents, diagnostic and lab tests. Word building skills will be incorporated throughout the course. Additional topics for this module are psychology and patient education. Concepts of professionalism, discussing the “professionalism and your personal life” is also presented. Professionalism in dress, behavior, and attitude are presented and monitored throughout the program.

text: Integumentary physical therapy includes the treatment of conditions involving the skin and all its related organs. Common conditions managed include wounds and burns. Physical therapists may utilize surgical instruments, wound irrigations, dressings and topical agents to remove the damaged or contaminated tissue and promote tissue healing. Other commonly used interventions include exercise, edema control, splinting, and compression garments. The work done by physical therapists in the integumentary specialty do work similar to what would be done by medical doctors or nurses in the emergency room or triage.

text: The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

text: The

text: dermis

text: is tightly connected to the

text: epidermis

text: through a

text: basement membrane

text: and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the

text: epidermis

text: , called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

text: Its wings had an all wood structure and were mounted with 2.5° of dihedral. They were significantly forward swept, by 7° at quarter chord, with a constant chord inner section and strongly tapered outer panels with unswept leading edges.  The wings were built around a single spar with a forward, plywood skinned torsion box between it and the leading edge; behind the spar the wing was fabric covered. The tips carried the small sreamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time.  The outer panels carried wooden slotted ailerons which were ply skinned but with an outer fabric covering.

text: Its wings had an all wood structure and were mounted with 2.5° of

text: dihedral

text: . They were significantly forward swept, by 7° at quarter

text: chord

text: , with a constant chord inner section and strongly tapered outer panels with unswept

text: leading edge

text: s.  The wings were built around a single

text: spar

text: with a forward,

text: plywood

text: skinned torsion box between it and the leading edge; behind the spar the wing was

text: fabric covered

text: . The tips carried the small sreamlined bodies known as salmons, common at the time.  The outer panels carried wooden slotted

text: aileron

text: s which were ply skinned but with an outer

text: fabric

text: covering.

text: Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates. Through mechanotransduction, hair cells detect movement in their environment. In mammals, the auditory hair cells are located within the spiral organ of Corti on the thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear.  They derive their name from the tufts of stereocilia called hair bundles that protrude from the apical surface of the cell into the fluid-filled cochlear duct. Mammalian cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct types, known as outer, and inner hair cells. Damage to these hair cells results in decreased hearing sensitivity, and because the inner ear hair cells cannot regenerate, this damage is permanent. However, other organisms, such as the frequently studied zebrafish, and birds have hair cells that can regenerate.The human cochlea contains on the order of 3,500 inner hair cells and 12,000 outer hair cells at birth.

text: Hair cells are the

text: sensory receptor

text: s of both the

text: auditory system

text: and the

text: vestibular system

text: in the

text: ear

text: s of all

text: vertebrates

text: . Through

text: mechanotransduction

text: , hair cells detect movement in their environment. In

text: mammal

text: s, the auditory hair cells are located within the spiral

text: organ of Corti

text: on the thin

text: basilar membrane

text: in the

text: cochlea

text: of the

text: inner ear

text: .  They derive their name from the tufts of

text: stereocilia

text: called hair bundles that protrude from the

text: apical surface

text: of the cell into the fluid-filled

text: cochlear duct

text: Mammalian

text: cochlear hair cells are of two anatomically and functionally distinct types, known as outer, and inner hair cells. Damage to these hair cells results in

text: decreased hearing sensitivity

text: , and because the inner ear hair cells cannot

text: regenerate

text: , this damage is permanent. However, other organisms, such as the frequently studied

text: zebrafish

text: , and

text: bird

text: s have hair cells that can regenerate.The human cochlea contains on the order of 3,500 inner hair cells and 12,000 outer hair cells at birth.

text: Since the hair cells produce spike patterns, each filter of the model should also produce a similar spike in the impulse response.  The use of a gammatone filter provides an impulse response as the product of a gamma function and a tone. The output of the gammatone filter can be regarded as a measurement of the basilar membrane displacement. Most CASA systems represent the firing rate in the auditory nerve rather than a spike-based.  To obtain this, the filter bank outputs are half-wave rectified followed by a square root.  (Other models, such as automatic gain controllers have been implemented). The half-rectified wave is similar to the displacement model of the hair cells. Additional models of the hair cells include the Meddis hair cell model which pairs with the gammatone filter bank, by modeling the hair cell transduction. Based on the assumption that there are three reservoirs of transmitter substance within each hair cell, and the transmitters are released in proportion to the degree of displacement to the basilar membrane, the release is equated with the probability of a spike generated in the nerve fiber.  This model replicates many of the nerve responses in the CASA systems such as rectification, compression, spontaneous firing, and adaptation.

text: Since the hair cells produce spike patterns, each filter of the model should also produce a similar spike in the

text: impulse response

text: .  The use of a

text: gammatone filter

text: provides an impulse response as the product of a gamma function and a tone. The output of the gammatone filter can be regarded as a measurement of the basilar membrane displacement. Most CASA systems represent the firing rate in the auditory nerve rather than a spike-based.  To obtain this, the filter bank outputs are half-wave rectified followed by a square root.  (Other models, such as automatic gain controllers have been implemented). The half-rectified wave is similar to the displacement model of the hair cells. Additional models of the hair cells include the Meddis hair cell model which pairs with the gammatone filter bank, by modeling the hair cell transduction. Based on the assumption that there are three reservoirs of transmitter substance within each hair cell, and the transmitters are released in proportion to the degree of displacement to the basilar membrane, the release is equated with the probability of a spike generated in the nerve fiber.  This model replicates many of the nerve responses in the CASA systems such as rectification, compression, spontaneous firing, and adaptation.

text: There are many benefits to waxing versus other forms of hair removal. It is an effective method to remove large amounts of hair at one time. It is a long-lasting method. Hair in waxed areas will not grow back for two to eight weeks. When hair is shaved or removed by depilatory cream, the hair is removed at the surface rather than the root. Within a few days, the hair can be seen at the surface. With these methods, hair tends to grow back in a rough stubble. Areas that are repeatedly waxed over long periods of time often exhibit regrowth that is softer.

text: There are many benefits to waxing versus other forms of hair removal. It is an effective method to remove large amounts of hair at one time. It is a long-lasting method. Hair in waxed areas will not grow back for two to eight weeks. When hair is shaved or removed by

text: depilatory cream

text: , the hair is removed at the surface rather than the

text: root

text: . Within a few days, the hair can be seen at the surface. With these methods, hair tends to grow back in a rough stubble. Areas that are repeatedly waxed over long periods of time often exhibit regrowth that is softer.

text: Studies in zebrafish larvae have also shown that morpholino-mediated knockdown of TRPN function result in deafness as well as imbalance, suggesting a dual role in hearing as well as proprioception. Immunostaining studies in frog embryos have shown localization of TRPN at the tips of mechanosensory cilia in the lateral line, hair cells and ciliated epidermal cells, suggesting a role in a variety of mechanosensory functions.  TRPN localizes to the kinocilia, not stereocilia, of amphibian hair cells, suggesting the presence of two distinct classes of mechanosensitive channel.These data from a variety of organisms show that not only is TRPN conserved among many species, but has the capability of performing a variety of roles in mechanosensory systems.

text: Studies in zebrafish larvae have also shown that

text: morpholino

text: -mediated

text: knockdown

text: of TRPN function result in deafness as well as imbalance, suggesting a dual role in hearing as well as proprioception. Immunostaining studies in frog embryos have shown localization of TRPN at the tips of mechanosensory cilia in the

text: lateral line

text: hair cell

text: s and ciliated

text: epidermal

text: cells, suggesting a role in a variety of mechanosensory functions.  TRPN localizes to the kinocilia, not stereocilia, of amphibian hair cells, suggesting the presence of two distinct classes of mechanosensitive channel.These data from a variety of organisms show that not only is TRPN conserved among many

text: species

text: , but has the capability of performing a variety of roles in mechanosensory systems.

text: Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form the selection criteria by which established, and would‑be, models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis. There can be some variation regionally, and by market tier, subject to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era, by agents, agencies and end-clients.

text: In Ontario, there are two basic types of nurses: registered nurses (RNs) must have a BScN in nursing, 4 years of university for entry to practice; while registered practical nurses (RPNs) must have a 2‑year diploma program for entry to practice. Many registered nurses were grandfathered in when this change occurred and have completed 2- and 3‑year diploma programs. The College of Nurses of Ontario is a regulatory body for all Ontario nurses with a purpose to regulate in the public's interest. The CNO's definition for a nurse's scope of practice is: "The practice of nursing is the promotion of health and the assessment of, the provision of care for, and the treatment of health conditions by supportive, preventive, therapeutic, palliative, and rehabilitative means in order to attain or maintain optimal function"The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) outlines 13 controlled acts, 4 of which can be performed by RPNs and RNs.The 4 Controlled Acts available to be performed by RNs and RPNs are:-Performing a prescribed procedure below the dermis or mucous membrane-Administering a substance by injection or inhalation-Putting an instrument, hand, or finger:

text: In Ontario, there are two basic types of nurses: registered nurses (RNs) must have a BScN in nursing, 4 years of university for entry to practice; while registered practical nurses (RPNs) must have a 2‑year diploma program for entry to practice. Many registered nurses were

text: grandfathered

text: in when this change occurred and have completed 2- and 3‑year diploma programs. The College of Nurses of Ontario is a regulatory body for all Ontario nurses with a purpose to regulate in the public's interest. The CNO's definition for a nurse's scope of practice is: "The practice of nursing is the promotion of health and the assessment of, the provision of care for, and the treatment of health conditions by supportive, preventive, therapeutic, palliative, and rehabilitative means in order to attain or maintain optimal function"The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) outlines 13 controlled acts, 4 of which can be performed by RPNs and RNs.The 4 Controlled Acts available to be performed by RNs and RPNs are:-Performing a prescribed procedure below the dermis or mucous membrane-Administering a substance by injection or inhalation-Putting an instrument, hand, or finger:

text: Keratinocytes in the skin: Within the skin, melanocytes are present in the basal layer of the epidermis; from these melanocytes originate dendrites that reach keratinocytes. Keratinocytes are the most abundant cell type in the epidermis. In the skin, there are approximately 36 keratinocytes per melanocyte. Keratinocytes are continuously generated in the basal layer of the epidermis and displace older keratinocytes of the skin towards the surface.

text: Keratinocytes in the skin: Within the skin, melanocytes are present in the basal layer of the

text: epidermis

text: ; from these melanocytes originate dendrites that reach

text: keratinocytes

text: . Keratinocytes are the most abundant cell type in the epidermis. In the skin, there are approximately 36 keratinocytes per melanocyte. Keratinocytes are continuously generated in the basal layer of the epidermis and displace older keratinocytes of the skin towards the surface.

text: There is evidence that the blushing region is anatomically different in structure. The facial skin, for example, has more capillary loops per unit area and generally more vessels per unit volume than other skin areas. In addition, blood vessels of the cheek are wider in diameter, are nearer the surface, and visibility is less diminished by tissue fluid. These specific characteristics of the architecture of the facial vessels led Wilkin in an overview of possible causes of facial flushing to the following conclusion: "[...] increased capacity and greater visibility can account for the limited distribution of flushing".

text: Most jellyfish do not have specialized digestive, osmoregulatory, central nervous, respiratory, or circulatory systems. The manubrium is a stalk-like structure hanging down from the centre of the underside, often surrounded by oral arms, which connects with the mouth/anus at the base of the bell. This opens into the gastrovascular cavity, where digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed. It is joined to the radial canals which extend to the margin of the bell, where tentacles are attached. Nematocysts, which deliver the sting, are located mostly on the tentacles; Scyphozoans also have them around the mouth and stomach.  Jellyfish do not need a respiratory system since their skin is thin enough that the body is oxygenated by diffusion. They have limited control over movement, but can use their hydrostatic skeleton to navigate through contraction-pulsations of the bell-like body; some species actively swim most of the time, while others are mostly passive. Depending on the species, the body contains between 95 and 98% water. Most of the umbrella mass is a gelatinous material — the jelly — called mesoglea which is surrounded by two layers of protective skin. The top layer is called the epidermis, and the inner layer is referred to as gastrodermis, which lines the gut.

text: Most jellyfish do not have specialized

text: digestive

text: osmoregulatory

text: central nervous

text: respiratory

text: , or

text: circulatory

text: systems. The manubrium is a stalk-like structure hanging down from the centre of the underside, often surrounded by oral arms, which connects with the mouth/anus at the base of the bell. This opens into the

text: gastrovascular cavity

text: , where digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed. It is joined to the radial canals which extend to the margin of the bell, where tentacles are attached.

text: Nematocyst

text: s, which deliver the sting, are located mostly on the tentacles; Scyphozoans also have them around the mouth and stomach.  Jellyfish do not need a respiratory system since their skin is thin enough that the body is oxygenated by

text: diffusion

text: . They have limited control over movement, but can use their

text: hydrostatic skeleton

text: to navigate through contraction-pulsations of the bell-like body; some species actively swim most of the time, while others are mostly passive. Depending on the species, the body contains between 95 and 98% water. Most of the umbrella mass is a gelatinous material — the jelly — called

text: mesoglea

text: which is surrounded by two layers of protective skin. The top layer is called the epidermis, and the inner layer is referred to as gastrodermis, which lines the gut.

text: Stylists often wash a subject's hair first, so that the hair is cut while still slightly damp. Compared to dry hair, wet hair can be easier to manage in a cut/style situation because the added weight and surface tension of the water cause the strands to stretch downward and cling together along the hair's length, holding a line and making it easier for the stylist to create a form. It is important to note that this method of cutting hair while wet, may be most suitable (or common) for straight hair types. Curly, kinky and other types of hair textures with considerable volume may benefit from cutting while dry, as the hair is in a more natural state and the hair can be cut evenly.

text: Stylists often wash a subject's hair first, so that the hair is cut while still slightly damp. Compared to dry hair, wet hair can be easier to manage in a cut/style situation because the added weight and

text: surface tension

text: of the water cause the strands to stretch downward and cling together along the hair's length, holding a line and making it easier for the stylist to create a form. It is important to note that this method of cutting hair while wet, may be most suitable (or common) for straight hair types. Curly, kinky and other types of hair textures with considerable volume may benefit from cutting while dry, as the hair is in a more natural state and the hair can be cut evenly.

text: For females, short hair must be neat and may not extend past the bottom of the collar, while long hair must be pulled back into a tight bun, and may be contained by a hairnet. Very long hair may be braided or worn as a bun. Hair elastics, bobby pins and hairnets should be the same colour as the cadet's hair. When braided the cadets hair may be worn in either double or single French braids and in both cases the braids must fall behind the shoulders and not extend past the bottom of the armpit.

text: The cords are leather straps nailed or tied to the frame or to the bottom of the drum. They had pieces of bone or metal tied to them. The owner of the Freavnantjahke gievrie, Bendix Andersen Frøyningsfjell, explained to Thomas von Westen in 1723 that the leather straps and their decorations of tin, bone and brass were offers of gratitude to the drum, given by the owner as a response to luck gained from the drum's instructions. The frame of the Freavnantjahke gievrie also had 11 tin nails in it, in a cross shape. Bendix explained them as an indicator of the number of bears killed with aid from the drum's instructions. Manker found similar bear nails in 13 drums. Other drums had baculum from a bear or a fox among the cords.

text: The cords are leather straps nailed or tied to the frame or to the bottom of the drum. They had pieces of bone or metal tied to them. The owner of the

text: Freavnantjahke gievrie

text: , Bendix Andersen Frøyningsfjell, explained to

text: Thomas von Westen

text: in 1723 that the leather straps and their decorations of tin, bone and brass were offers of gratitude to the drum, given by the owner as a response to luck gained from the drum's instructions. The frame of the Freavnantjahke gievrie also had 11 tin nails in it, in a cross shape. Bendix explained them as an indicator of the number of bears killed with aid from the drum's instructions. Manker found similar bear nails in 13 drums. Other drums had

text: baculum

text: from a bear or a fox among the cords.

text: Some sheep have been shown to be resistant to the harmful effects of sheep keds. Resistant sheep’s skin was histologically examined and showed arteriolar vasoconstriction in addition to fibrinoid degeneration of the tunica media in the lower dermis. This subepidermal region showed an increased infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes. The upper dermis of resistant sheep showed an increase of empty capillaries, whereas the upper dermis of susceptible sheep showed capillaries filled with red cells. The resistance of some sheep to keds was due to prolonged cutaneous arteriolar vasoconstriction. In resistant sheep, keds were unable to obtain enough blood and eventually died from starvation.

text: Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the integumentary system is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as skin, however the integumentary system also includes the segmented exoskeleton in arthropods and feathers of birds. The primary role of the integumentary system is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.Soft bodied animals such as starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement. Eels, snakes, and fish use their skin like an external tendon to generate the propulsive forces need for undulatory locomotion. Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic fiber arrangements of their flight membranes that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

text: Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the

text: integumentary system

text: is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as

text: skin

text: , however the integumentary system also includes the

text: segmented exoskeleton

text: in

text: arthropod

text: s and

text: feathers

text: of birds. The primary role of the

text: integumentary system

text: is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.Soft bodied

text: animals

text: such as

text: starfish

text: rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement.

text: Eels

text: snakes

text: , and

text: fish

text: use their skin like an external

text: tendon

text: to generate the propulsive forces need for

text: undulatory locomotion

text: . Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic

text: fiber

text: arrangements of their flight

text: membrane

text: s that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

text: Sexual selection has continued to be suggested as a possible explanation for geographical variation in appearance within the human species; in modern hypotheses, marriage practices are proposed as the main determinant of sexual selection. John Manning suggests that where polygyny is common, men face intense competition for wives and are more likely to be completely unsuccessful in reproducing, and the result is strong selection of males for traits which are adaptive for successful reproduction. He proposes a link to skin color through selection of males for testosterone-mediated traits which confer an ability to successfully compete for females. He suggests testosterone makes the human immune system less competent to resist pathogens. In this view the antimicrobial properties of melanin help mitigate the susceptibility to disease that polygyny induces by increasing testosteronization. According to this argument, the anti-infective qualities of melanin were more important than protection from ultraviolet light in the evolution of the darkest skin types. Manning asserts that skin color is more correlated with the occurrence of polygyny – explicable by it having an antimicrobial function – than the latitudinal gradient in intensity of ultraviolet radiation, and he points to the lack of very dark skin at equatorial latitudes of the New World and the relatively light skin of Khoisan people in Africa.

text: Sexual selection has continued to be suggested as a possible explanation for geographical variation in appearance within the human species; in modern

text: hypotheses

text: , marriage practices are proposed as the main determinant of sexual selection. John Manning suggests that where

text: polygyny

text: is common, men face intense competition for wives and are more likely to be completely unsuccessful in reproducing, and the result is strong selection of males for traits which are adaptive for successful reproduction. He proposes a link to skin color through selection of males for

text: testosterone

text: -mediated traits which confer an ability to successfully compete for females. He suggests testosterone makes the human immune system less competent to resist

text: pathogens

text: . In this view the antimicrobial properties of

text: melanin

text: help mitigate the susceptibility to disease that polygyny induces by increasing testosteronization. According to this argument, the anti-infective qualities of melanin were more important than protection from

text: ultraviolet light

text: in the evolution of the darkest skin types. Manning asserts that skin color is more correlated with the occurrence of polygyny – explicable by it having an antimicrobial function – than the latitudinal gradient in intensity of ultraviolet radiation, and he points to the lack of very dark skin at equatorial latitudes of the

text: New World

text: and the relatively light skin of

text: Khoisan

text: people in Africa.

text: Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against both desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 present in desmosomes.  Loss of desmosomes results in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes in the epidermis, and a disruption of the barrier function served by intact skin.  The process is classified as a type II hypersensitivity reaction (in which antibodies bind to antigens on the body's own tissues). On histology, the basal keratinocytes are usually still attached to the basement membrane leading to a characteristic appearance called "tombstoning."  Transudative fluid accumulates in between the keratinocytes and the basal layer (suprabasal split), forming a blister and resulting in what is known as a positive Nikolsky's sign.  This is a contrasting feature from bullous pemphigoid, which is thought to be due to anti-hemidesmosome antibodies, and where the detachment occurs between the epidermis and dermis (subepidermal bullae). Clinically, pemphigus vulgaris is characterized by extensive flaccid blisters and mucocutaneous erosions. The severity of the disease, as well as the mucosal lesions, is believed to be directly proportional to the levels of desmoglein 3. Milder forms of pemphigus (like foliacious and erythematoses) are more anti-desmoglein 1 heavy.

text: Pemphigus is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: caused by

text: antibodies

text: directed against both

text: desmoglein 1

text: and

text: desmoglein 3

text: present in

text: desmosomes

text: .  Loss of desmosomes results in loss of cohesion between

text: keratinocyte

text: s in the

text: epidermis

text: , and a disruption of the barrier function served by intact skin.  The process is classified as a

text: type II hypersensitivity

text: reaction (in which antibodies bind to antigens on the body's own tissues). On histology, the basal keratinocytes are usually still attached to the

text: basement membrane

text: leading to a characteristic appearance called "tombstoning."

text: Transudative fluid

text: accumulates in between the keratinocytes and the basal layer (suprabasal split), forming a blister and resulting in what is known as a positive

text: Nikolsky's sign

text: .  This is a contrasting feature from

text: bullous pemphigoid

text: , which is thought to be due to anti-hemidesmosome antibodies, and where the detachment occurs between the

text: epidermis

text: and

text: dermis

text: (subepidermal bullae). Clinically, pemphigus vulgaris is characterized by extensive flaccid blisters and mucocutaneous erosions. The severity of the disease, as well as the mucosal lesions, is believed to be directly proportional to the levels of desmoglein 3. Milder forms of

text: pemphigus

text: (like foliacious and erythematoses) are more anti-desmoglein 1 heavy.

text: Diagnostic tests include electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCSs), which assess large myelinated nerve fibers. Testing for small-fiber peripheral neuropathies often relates to the autonomic nervous system function of small thinly- and unmyelinated fibers. These tests include a sweat test and a tilt table test. Diagnosis of small fiber involvement in peripheral neuropathy may also involve a skin biopsy in which a 3 mm-thick section of skin is removed from the calf by a punch biopsy, and is used to measure the skin intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), the density of nerves in the outer layer of the skin. Reduced density of the small nerves in the epidermis supports a diagnosis of small-fiber peripheral neuropathy.

text: Diagnostic tests include

text: electromyography

text: (EMG) and

text: nerve conduction studies

text: (NCSs), which assess large myelinated nerve fibers. Testing for small-fiber peripheral neuropathies often relates to the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: function of small thinly- and unmyelinated fibers. These tests include a sweat test and a tilt table test. Diagnosis of small fiber involvement in peripheral neuropathy may also involve a skin biopsy in which a 3 mm-thick section of skin is removed from the calf by a

text: punch biopsy

text: , and is used to measure the skin intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), the density of nerves in the outer layer of the skin. Reduced density of the small nerves in the epidermis supports a diagnosis of small-fiber peripheral neuropathy.

text: Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections.  They are also able to cause sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis. These infections can become quite serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.

text: Streptococcus

text: and

text: Staphylococcus

text: are part of the normal

text: skin microbiota

text: and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections.  They are also able to cause

text: sepsis

text: pneumonia

text: meningitis

text: . These infections can become quite serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.

text: |-| style="text-align:center;"| 1994| Nine Inch Nails| Favorite Alternative Artist| |-| style="text-align:center;"| 1995| Nine Inch Nails| Favorite Alternative Artist|

text: |-| style="text-align:center;"|

text: | Nine Inch Nails|

entity_name: American Music Award for Favorite Alternative Artist

text: Favorite Alternative Artist

text: | |-| style="text-align:center;"|

text: | Nine Inch Nails| Favorite Alternative Artist|

text: Based on the presence of extraocular findings, such as neurological, auditory and integumentary manifestations, the "revised diagnostic criteria" of 2001 classify the disease as complete (eyes along with both neurological and skin), incomplete (eyes along with either neurological or skin) or probable (eyes without either neurological or skin) . By definition, for research homogeneity purposes, there are two exclusion criteria: previous ocular penetrating trauma or surgery, and other concomitant ocular disease similar to VKH disease.

text: On June 11, 2007, the plaintiffs presented their first argument, in which they contended that Michelle Cedillo, as well as other children with autism, suffered from a "mercury efflux disorder" which was described by Aposhian, their first expert witness, as "a problem with getting a metal, in this case mercury, out of a cell." As evidence that such disorders have been documented before, he pointed to Wilson's disease. Aposhian based this claim, in part, on three peer-reviewed papers. The first such study was co-authored by Boyd Haley, and concluded that hair of children with autism contained less mercury than that of children without autism. Aposhian stated that "we know that the hair is an excretory organ and that the hair is reflective of the mercury or the metal in the blood, and the blood is a reflection of the mercury in the tissues, and so the fact that the children with autism had less mercury in their hair was a hint or indication that perhaps there was mercury efflux disorder." The second of these studies was conducted by James B. Adams, and found that baby teeth of children with autism had more than twice as much mercury as those of children without autism. Aposhian cited this study as evidence that "autistic children have a greater body burden of mercury." Another study which Aposhian used to back up this statement was one conducted by Jeff Bradstreet and Mark Geier, which gave dimercaptosuccinic acid, a chelating agent, to children and concluded that children with autism excreted much more mercury thereafter than children without autism.  Aposhian also cited a number of in vitro studies as evidence that thimerosal could cause immune system dysregulation.

text: On June 11, 2007, the plaintiffs presented their first argument, in which they contended that Michelle Cedillo, as well as other children with autism, suffered from a "mercury efflux disorder" which was described by Aposhian, their first expert witness, as "a problem with getting a metal, in this case mercury, out of a cell." As evidence that such disorders have been documented before, he pointed to

text: Wilson's disease

text: . Aposhian based this claim, in part, on three peer-reviewed papers. The first such study was co-authored by

text: Boyd Haley

text: , and concluded that hair of children with autism contained less mercury than that of children without autism. Aposhian stated that "we know that the hair is an excretory organ and that the hair is reflective of the mercury or the metal in the blood, and the blood is a reflection of the mercury in the tissues, and so the fact that the children with autism had less mercury in their hair was a hint or indication that perhaps there was mercury efflux disorder." The second of these studies was conducted by

text: James B. Adams

text: , and found that baby teeth of children with autism had more than twice as much mercury as those of children without autism. Aposhian cited this study as evidence that "autistic children have a greater body burden of mercury." Another study which Aposhian used to back up this statement was one conducted by

text: Jeff Bradstreet

text: and

text: Mark Geier

text: , which gave

text: dimercaptosuccinic acid

text: , a chelating agent, to children and concluded that children with autism excreted much more mercury thereafter than children without autism.  Aposhian also cited a number of

text: in vitro

text: studies as evidence that thimerosal could cause immune system dysregulation.

text: The tentacles are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these side-branches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. These are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart.

text: The tentacles are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these side-branches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic

text: colloblast

text: s that capture prey by sticking to it. These are specialized

text: mushroom

text: -shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with

text: vesicles

text: (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a

text: spiral

text: thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart.

text: Mutations in the TREX1 gene have also been identified in people with other disorders involving the immune system. These disorders include a chronic inflammatory disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a rare form of SLE called chilblain lupus that mainly affects the skin.

text: When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.

text: When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is

text: root hair

text: epidermis

text: epiblem

text: cortex

text: endodermis

text: pericycle

text: and, lastly, the

text: vascular tissue

text: in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.

text: Nail Communications (commonly referred to as Nail) is an independently owned American advertising agency headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island. Nail was named 2013 Northeast Small Agency of the Year by AdAge.

text: Nail Communications (commonly referred to as Nail) is an independently owned

text: American

text: advertising agency

text: headquartered in

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: . Nail was named 2013 Northeast Small Agency of the Year by AdAge.

text: The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement. Like a central computer, it interprets information from our eyes (sight), ears (sound), nose (smell), tongue (taste) and skin (touch), as well as from internal organs such as the stomach. It controls all voluntary movement, such as speech and walking, and involuntary movement like blinking and breathing. It is the core of our thoughts, perceptions and emotions.

text: Hair follicles form the basis of the two primary methods of hair transplantation in hair restoration, Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) and Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE). In each of these methods, naturally occurring groupings of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are extracted from the hair restoration patient and then surgically implanted in the balding area of the patient's scalp, known as the recipient area. These follicles are extracted from donor areas of the scalp, or other parts of the body, which are typically resistant to the miniaturization effects of the hormone DHT. It is this miniaturization of the hair shaft that is the primary predictive indicator of androgenetic alopecia, commonly referred to as male pattern baldness or male hair loss. When these DHT-resistant follicles are transplanted to the recipient area, they continue to grow hair in the normal hair cycle, thus providing the hair restoration patient with permanent, naturally-growing hair.

text: Hair follicles form the basis of the two primary methods of

text: hair transplantation

text: in

text: hair restoration

text: Follicular Unit Transplantation

text: (FUT) and

text: Follicular Unit Extraction

text: (FUE). In each of these methods, naturally occurring groupings of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are extracted from the hair restoration patient and then surgically implanted in the balding area of the patient's scalp, known as the recipient area. These follicles are extracted from donor areas of the scalp, or other parts of the body, which are typically resistant to the miniaturization effects of the hormone

text: DHT

text: . It is this miniaturization of the hair shaft that is the primary predictive indicator of

text: androgenetic alopecia

text: , commonly referred to as male pattern baldness or male hair loss. When these

text: DHT

text: -resistant follicles are transplanted to the recipient area, they continue to grow hair in the normal hair cycle, thus providing the hair restoration patient with permanent, naturally-growing hair.

text: There are two main types of the disease: the localized form (called localized scleroderma, limited scleroderma, or morphea) and the systemic form (called systemic scleroderma, diffuse scleroderma, generalized scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis). Limited scleroderma involves mainly the skin of the hands, arms and face. Diffuse scleroderma is rapidly progressing and affects a large area of the skin and one or more internal organs, frequently the kidneys, esophagus, heart and/or lungs.  This form of scleroderma can be quite disabling. A limited cutaneous subtype of it is called CREST syndrome.

text: There are two main types of the disease: the

text: localized

text: form (called localized scleroderma, limited scleroderma, or

text: morphea

text: ) and the

text: systemic

text: form (called

text: systemic scleroderma

text: , diffuse scleroderma, generalized scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis). Limited scleroderma involves mainly the skin of the hands, arms and face. Diffuse scleroderma is rapidly progressing and affects a large area of the skin and one or more internal organs, frequently the

text: kidney

text: s,

text: esophagus

text: heart

text: and/or

text: lung

text: s.  This form of scleroderma can be quite disabling. A limited

text: cutaneous

text: subtype of it is called

text: CREST syndrome

text: Nickel allergy results in a skin response after the skin comes in contact with an item that releases a large amount of nickel from its surface. The skin reaction can occur at the site of contact, or sometimes spread beyond to the rest of the body. Free (released) nickel that is able to penetrate the skin is taken up by scavenger (dendritic cells) and then presented to the immune system T-Cells. With each subsequent exposure to nickel these T cells become stimulated and duplicate (clone) themselves. With enough exposures to nickel, the amassing clones of T-cells reach 'threshold' and the skin develops a rash. The rash can present as acute, subacute, or chronic eczema-like skin patches, primarily at the site of contact with the nickel (e.g. earlobe from nickel earrings). From time of exposure the rash usually presents within 12–120 hours and can last for 3–4 weeks or for the continued duration of nickel contact/exposure.

text: Nickel allergy results in a skin response after the skin comes in contact with an item that releases a large amount of nickel from its surface. The skin reaction can occur at the site of contact, or sometimes spread beyond to the rest of the body. Free (released) nickel that is able to penetrate the

text: skin

text: is taken up by scavenger (

text: dendritic cell

text: s) and then presented to the

text: immune system

text: T-Cells. With each subsequent exposure to nickel these

text: T cell

text: s become stimulated and duplicate (clone) themselves. With enough exposures to nickel, the amassing clones of T-cells reach 'threshold' and the skin develops a

text: rash

text: . The rash can present as acute, subacute, or chronic

text: eczema-like

text: skin patches, primarily at the site of contact with the nickel (e.g. earlobe from nickel earrings). From time of exposure the rash usually presents within 12–120 hours and can last for 3–4 weeks or for the continued duration of nickel contact/exposure.

text: The leaves of silverleaf hydrangea are large (8 to 15 cm long), opposite, serrated, ovate, and deciduous.  The upper leaf surface has hairs along the veins.  The lower leaf surface is densely covered with felt-like hairs, appearing bright white or silver; when viewed under magnification, these hairs are without tubercles (ashy hydrangea has numerous tubercles).  These hairs are so thick that the lower surface of the leaf 's epidermis cannot be seen.

text: The leaves of silverleaf hydrangea are large (8 to 15 cm long),

text: opposite

text: serrated

text: ovate

text: , and

text: deciduous

text: .  The upper leaf surface has

text: hairs

text: along the veins.  The lower leaf surface is densely covered with felt-like hairs, appearing bright white or silver; when viewed under magnification, these hairs are without

text: tubercles

text: (ashy hydrangea has numerous tubercles).  These hairs are so thick that the lower surface of the leaf 's

text: epidermis

text: cannot be seen.

text: Besides skin care, skin protection, and an external treatment, severe and chronic cases of hand eczema often also require systemic treatment. Various preparations are available for this. For acute, severe episodes exhibiting blister formation, internal cortisone preparations, sometimes in combination with certain antibiotics, may be helpful in the short term. The active agent ciclosporin, which is approved for treatment of severely pronounced neurodermitis, may also be used for severe, atopic hand eczema.  Other substances that suppress the immune system have also shown effectiveness in some cases.  However, these substances are not approved for hand eczema.

text: Besides skin care, skin protection, and an external treatment, severe and

text: chronic

text: cases of hand eczema often also require systemic treatment. Various preparations are available for this. For acute, severe episodes exhibiting blister formation, internal cortisone preparations, sometimes in combination with certain

text: antibiotics

text: , may be helpful in the short term. The active agent

text: ciclosporin

text: , which is approved for treatment of severely pronounced

text: neurodermitis

text: , may also be used for severe, atopic hand eczema.  Other substances that suppress the

text: immune system

text: have also shown effectiveness in some cases.  However, these substances are not approved for hand eczema.

text: Once all the scabs are gone and there is new hair fuzz growing in all over, use neem shampoo to clean the area of greasy residue, and dry well. Keep the horse covered for some time after rain scald has been treated, particularly in wet weather. Do not allow the skin to remain damp. It is advisable to shampoo the horse after riding or exercising, to remove sweat, which may encourage rain scald conditions, and make sure the coat is completely dry afterwards.

text: The sipunculan mouth, located at the anterior end of the introvert, is surrounded by a mass of 18–24 ciliated tentacles in the Sipunculidea. In the Phascolosomatidea, the tentacles are arranged in an arc around the nuchal organ, also located at the tip of the introvert. The tentacles are used to gather organic detritus from the water or substrate, and probably also function as gills. The tentacles at the tip of the introvert are hollow and are extended via hydrostatic pressure in a similar manner as the introvert, but have a separate system from that of the rest of the introvert; they are connected, via a system of ducts, to one or two contractile sacs next to the oesophagus. Hooks are often present near the mouth on the introvert. These are proteinaceous, non-chitinous specializations of the epidermis, either arranged in rings or scattered.

text: The sipunculan mouth, located at the anterior end of the introvert, is surrounded by a mass of 18–24

text: cilia

text: ted

text: tentacle

text: s in the Sipunculidea. In the Phascolosomatidea, the tentacles are arranged in an arc around the nuchal organ, also located at the tip of the introvert. The tentacles are used to gather organic detritus from the water or substrate, and probably also function as

text: gill

text: s. The tentacles at the tip of the introvert are hollow and are extended via hydrostatic pressure in a similar manner as the introvert, but have a separate system from that of the rest of the introvert; they are connected, via a system of ducts, to one or two contractile sacs next to the

text: oesophagus

text: . Hooks are often present near the mouth on the introvert. These are proteinaceous, non-chitinous specializations of the

text: epidermis

text: , either arranged in rings or scattered.

text: : The Nails Of The Holy Cross (Les Clous De La Sainte Croix) – cf. Nail (relic).

text: : The Nails Of The Holy Cross (Les Clous De La Sainte Croix) – cf.

text: Nail (relic)

text: Intradermal injection is the injection of a substance into the dermis, just below the epidermis. This route has the longest absorption time as compared to subcutaneous injections and intramuscular injections. As a result, it is used for sensitivity tests, like Tuberculin and allergy tests, and for local anesthesia. Additionally, the body's reaction to substances is more easily visible since it is closer to the surface.

text: Intradermal injection is the

text: injection

text: of a substance into the

text: dermis

text: , just below the

text: epidermis

text: . This route has the longest absorption time as compared to

text: subcutaneous injection

text: s and

text: intramuscular injection

text: s. As a result, it is used for sensitivity tests, like

text: Tuberculin

text: and

text: allergy

text: tests, and for

text: local anesthesia

text: . Additionally, the body's reaction to substances is more easily visible since it is closer to the surface.

text: Stratum corneum lipids are elaborately organized into lamellar structure, which plays the most important role for skin's barrier functions. Unlike the conventional moisturizers made with humectants or emollients, MLE can restore and improve the barrier function of skin, with its distinctive structural similarity to the native human skin's lamellar structure. Restoring the skin barrier function can improve skin hydration and protect skin from external irritants.

text: Stratum corneum

text: lipids are elaborately organized into lamellar structure, which plays the most important role for skin's barrier functions. Unlike the conventional moisturizers made with humectants or emollients, MLE can restore and improve the barrier function of skin, with its distinctive structural similarity to the native human skin's lamellar structure. Restoring the skin barrier function can improve skin hydration and protect skin from external irritants.

text: While decentralised systems can easily be found in nature, they are also evident in aspects of human society such as governmental and economic systems.

text: Subsection systems are a unique social structure that divide all of Australian Aboriginal society into a number of groups, each of which combines particular sets of kin. In Central Australian Aboriginal English vernacular, subsections are widely known as "skins". Each subsection is given a name that can be used to refer to individual members of that group. Skin is passed down by a person's parents to their children.

text: Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata:

text: The larvae feed on Cornus mas, Cornus sanguinea, Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera nigra, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera chrysantha, Rhamnus catharticus, Rhamnus frangula, Symphoricarpos albus and Viburnum lantana. They create a lobe case of about 7 mm long. The mouth angle is 0°, causing the case to lie flat on the leaf. The case is gradually enlarged by the addition of rings that are cut out of the lower epidermis of the mine. In Great Britain, the larvae live for two years.

text: The larvae feed on

text: Cornus mas

text: Cornus sanguinea

text: Lonicera alpigena

text: Lonicera nigra

text: Lonicera xylosteum

text: Lonicera chrysantha

text: Rhamnus catharticus

text: Rhamnus frangula

text: Symphoricarpos albus

text: and

text: Viburnum lantana

text: . They create a lobe case of about 7 mm long. The mouth angle is 0°, causing the case to lie flat on the leaf. The case is gradually enlarged by the addition of rings that are cut out of the lower epidermis of the mine. In Great Britain, the larvae live for two years.

text: The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

text: The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of

text: collagenous

text: elastic

text: , and

text: reticular

text: fibers that weave throughout it. These

text: protein

text: fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

text: A hair weave is human or artificial hair utilized for the integration with one's natural hair. Weaves can alter one's appearance for long or short periods of time by adding further hair to one's natural hair or by covering the natural hair all together with human or synthetic hairpieces. Weaving additional human or synthetic pieces can enhance one's hair by giving it volume, length and adding color without the damage of chemicals or adopting a different hair texture than that of their own. However, hair loss can occur either along the front hairline or above the ears due to the wearing of specific hair styles for a prolonged period of time, such as weaves. Such hair loss in known as traction alopecia.

text: A hair weave is human or artificial hair utilized for the integration with one's natural hair. Weaves can alter one's appearance for long or short periods of time by adding further hair to one's natural hair or by covering the natural hair all together with human or synthetic hairpieces. Weaving additional human or synthetic pieces can enhance one's hair by giving it volume, length and adding color without the damage of chemicals or adopting a different hair texture than that of their own. However,

text: hair loss

text: can occur either along the front hairline or above the ears due to the wearing of specific hair styles for a prolonged period of time, such as weaves. Such hair loss in known as

text: traction alopecia

text: The semantic system is developed from the beginning through early interactions with adults. At first, this usually involves labeling (e.g. This is a dog). Then labeling becomes more detailed (e.g., It is a Labrador dog. Its coat is black.) The child learns that there is a set of "dog attributes" and that within the category "dog", there are subsets of "dog" (e.g. long-hair, short-hair). The development of this system and the development of the important concepts that relate to the system are largely accomplished as children begin to explore language independently. As children speak about what they’ve done and play out their experiences, they are making personal associations between their experiences and language. This is critical to success in later literacy practices such as reading comprehension and writing. The meaning people bring to the reading is available to them through every cuing system, but it’s particularly influential as we move from our sense of the syntactic patterns to the semantic structures.

text: It is dioecious. At breeding time, the male courts the female by following her around closely. When ready to spawn, the female ascends rapidly to the surface, where she lays a mass of eggs stuck together by gelatinous mucus. This egg raft adheres to the seaweed, where it is fertilised by the male. On hatching, each larva is surrounded by an integumentary envelope and has a large, rounded head, fully formed fins, and eyes with double notches. As the larva develops into a juvenile, this envelope fuses with the skin.

text: It is

text: dioecious

text: . At breeding time, the male courts the female by following her around closely. When ready to spawn, the female ascends rapidly to the surface, where she lays a mass of eggs stuck together by gelatinous

text: mucus

text: . This egg raft adheres to the seaweed, where it is fertilised by the male. On hatching, each larva is surrounded by an integumentary envelope and has a large, rounded head, fully formed fins, and eyes with double notches. As the larva develops into a juvenile, this envelope fuses with the skin.

text: In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure.  A typical early form of this (see the Lockheed Vega) was built using molded plywood, where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or within a mold.  A later form of this structure uses fiberglass cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin, instead of plywood, as the skin.  A simple form of this used in some amateur-built aircraft uses rigid expanded foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring more effort in finishing (see the Rutan VariEze).  An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the de Havilland Mosquito fighter/light bomber of World War II.No plywood-skin fuselage is truly monocoque, since stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle the thin skin.The use of molded fiberglass using negative ("female") molds (which give a nearly finished product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern sailplanes.  The use of molded composites for fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner (using pressure-molding on female molds).

text: In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure.  A typical early form of this (see the

text: Lockheed Vega

text: ) was built using molded

text: plywood

text: , where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or within a

text: mold

text: .  A later form of this structure uses

text: fiberglass

text: cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin, instead of plywood, as the skin.  A simple form of this used in some amateur-built aircraft uses rigid expanded foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring more effort in finishing (see the

text: Rutan VariEze

text: ).  An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the

text: de Havilland Mosquito

text: fighter/light bomber of

text: World War II

text: .No plywood-skin fuselage is truly monocoque, since stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle the thin skin.The use of molded fiberglass using negative ("female") molds (which give a nearly finished product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern

text: sailplane

text: s.  The use of molded composites for fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the

text: Boeing 787

text: Dreamliner (using pressure-molding on female molds).

text: The overall integrity of the stratum corneum is maintained by specialized intercellular proteins called corneodesmosomes. Three adhesive proteins desmoglein-1, desmocollin-1 and corneodesmosin compose the corneodesmosomes and provide the cohesive forces to connect the adjacent corneocytes. The components of the corneodesmosomes are gradually degraded by the enzymes that digest proteins, as the corneocytes are pushed towards the surface of the skin. As a result of the weakened corneodesmosomes in the outer skin surface, the uppermost layers of corneocytes get exfoliated through frictional forces such as rubbing or washing. This process is a normal protective mechanism of the skin to prevent pathogens from colonizing the skin, and is referred to as desquamation. In healthy skin, desquamation is an invisible process and the stratum corneum is turned over completely within 2–4 weeks, while maintaining the tissue thickness.

text: The overall integrity of the stratum corneum is maintained by specialized intercellular proteins called corneodesmosomes. Three adhesive proteins

text: and

text: corneodesmosin

text: compose the corneodesmosomes and provide the cohesive forces to connect the adjacent corneocytes. The components of the corneodesmosomes are gradually degraded by the enzymes that digest proteins, as the corneocytes are pushed towards the surface of the skin. As a result of the weakened corneodesmosomes in the outer skin surface, the uppermost layers of corneocytes get exfoliated through frictional forces such as rubbing or washing. This process is a normal protective mechanism of the skin to prevent

text: pathogens

text: from colonizing the skin, and is referred to as

text: desquamation

text: . In healthy skin,

text: desquamation

text: is an invisible process and the stratum corneum is turned over completely within 2–4 weeks, while maintaining the tissue thickness.

text: In parallel to these studies, obtained a range of data related to architectural aspects and constructive systems of structures affected by the investigation. The presence of cultural materials belonging to the early colonial period in the site, in relation to utensils is almost zero, the sample is reduced to a few nail fragments from coffins and probably iron remains and nails used in the construction of buildings.

text: When the skin depth is not small with respect to the radius of the wire, current density may be described in terms of Bessel functions.  The current density inside round wire away from the influences of other fields, as function of distance from the axis is given by Weeks.

text: When the skin depth is not small with respect to the radius of the wire,

text: current density

text: may be described in terms of

text: Bessel function

text: s.  The current density inside round wire away from the influences of other fields, as function of distance from the axis is given by Weeks.

text: The importance of this ritual is lost in obscurity, but in the early Republic it is associated with the appointment of a dictator clavi figendi causa, "dictator for the purpose of driving the nail," one of whom was appointed for the years 363, 331, 313, and 263 BC. Livy attributes this practice to religio, religious scruple or obligation. It may be that in addition to an annual ritual, there was a "fixing" during times of pestilence or civil discord that served as a piaculum. Livy says that in 363, a plague had been ravaging Rome for two years. It was recalled that a plague had once been broken when a dictator drove a ritual nail, and the senate appointed one for that purpose. The ritual of "driving the nail" was among those revived and reformed by Augustus, who in 1 AD transferred it to the new Temple of Mars Ultor. Henceforth a censor fixed the nail at the end of his term.

text: The importance of this ritual is lost in obscurity, but in the early Republic it is associated with the appointment of a dictator clavi figendi causa, "

text: dictator

text: for the purpose of driving the nail," one of whom was appointed for the years 363, 331, 313, and 263 BC. Livy attributes this practice to

text: religio

text: , religious scruple or obligation. It may be that in addition to an annual ritual, there was a "fixing" during times of pestilence or civil discord that served as a

text: piaculum

text: . Livy says that in 363, a plague had been ravaging Rome for two years. It was recalled that a plague had once been broken when a dictator drove a ritual nail, and the senate appointed one for that purpose. The ritual of "driving the nail" was among those revived and reformed by Augustus, who in 1 AD transferred it to the new

text: Temple of Mars Ultor

text: . Henceforth a

text: censor

text: fixed the nail at the end of his term.

text: There are several conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system that are associated with an increased risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma).

text: There are several conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system that are associated with an increased risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer (i.e.

text: squamous cell carcinoma

text: and

text: basal cell carcinoma

text: The skin cell gun, also known as the skin gun or SkinGun, is a medical device that sprays a patient's own self-donated (autologous) stem cells to treat burns and other wounds.  The skin gun is used in conjunction with a technique that isolates adult stem cells from a postage stamp-sized sample of the patient's own skin for application to the wound site, where they differentiate into normal skin.  This treatment can replace conventional methods of treating severe wounds, such as skin grafting.  Studies demonstrate that damaged skin tissue regenerates after skin gun treatment significantly more quickly than after traditional treatment methods.

text: The skin cell gun, also known as the skin gun or SkinGun, is a

text: medical device

text: that sprays a

text: patient

text: 's own self-donated (

text: autologous

text: stem cell

text: s to treat

text: burn

text: s and other

text: wound

text: s.  The skin gun is used in conjunction with a technique that isolates

text: adult stem cell

text: s from a postage stamp-sized

text: sample

text: of the patient's own

text: skin

text: for application to the wound site, where they

text: differentiate

text: into normal skin.  This treatment can replace conventional methods of treating severe wounds, such as

text: skin grafting

text: .  Studies demonstrate that damaged skin tissue

text: regenerates

text: after skin gun treatment significantly more quickly than after traditional treatment methods.

text: In zoology, the epidermis is an epithelium (sheet of cells) that covers the body of an eumetazoan (animal more complex than a sponge). Eumetazoa have a cavity lined with a similar epithelium, the gastrodermis, which forms a boundary with the epidermis at the mouth.

text: In zoology, the epidermis is an

text: epithelium

text: (sheet of

text: cells

text: ) that covers the body of an

text: eumetazoa

text: n (

text: animal

text: more complex than a

text: sponge

text: ). Eumetazoa have a cavity lined with a similar epithelium, the

text: gastrodermis

text: , which forms a boundary with the epidermis at the mouth.

text: In order to keep patients safe, hospitals use a range of technologies to combat airborne pathogens.  Isolation rooms can be designed to feature positive or negative air-pressure flows.  Positive-pressure rooms are used when there are patients who are extremely susceptible to disease, such as HIV patients. For these patients, it is paramount to prevent the ingress of any microorganisms, including common fungi and bacteria that may be harmless to healthy people.  These systems filter the air before delivery with a HEPA filter and then pump it into the isolation room at high pressure, which forces air from the isolation room out into the hallway.  In a negative-pressure system, the focus is on keeping infectious diseases isolated by controlling the airflow and directing harmful aerosols away from health care workers and other occupied areas. Negative pressure isolation rooms keep contaminants and pathogens from reaching external areas. The most common application of these rooms in the health industry today is for isolating tuberculosis patients.  To do this, the air is exhausted from the room at a rate greater than that at which it is being delivered.  This makes it difficult for airborne disease to go from a contaminated area to a hospital hallway, because air is constantly being drawn into the room rather than escaping from it.

text: In order to keep patients safe, hospitals use a range of technologies to combat airborne pathogens.  Isolation rooms can be designed to feature positive or negative air-pressure flows.  Positive-pressure rooms are used when there are patients who are extremely susceptible to disease, such as

text: HIV

text: patients. For these patients, it is paramount to prevent the ingress of any microorganisms, including common fungi and bacteria that may be harmless to healthy people.  These systems filter the air before delivery with a HEPA filter and then pump it into the isolation room at high pressure, which forces air from the isolation room out into the hallway.  In a

text: negative-pressure system

text: , the focus is on keeping infectious diseases isolated by controlling the airflow and directing harmful aerosols away from health care workers and other occupied areas. Negative pressure isolation rooms keep contaminants and pathogens from reaching external areas. The most common application of these rooms in the health industry today is for isolating tuberculosis patients.  To do this, the air is exhausted from the room at a rate greater than that at which it is being delivered.  This makes it difficult for airborne disease to go from a contaminated area to a hospital hallway, because air is constantly being drawn into the room rather than escaping from it.

text: In 1969 Bjelke-Petersen's censorship campaign extended from written publication into the theatre and prosecution began for utterances as well as written prose. As a result, Brisbane actor Norman Staines was arrested for the use of an obscene phrase during his one act performance of the play Norm and Ahmed. Staines was arrested by police, locked up and charged with using an obscene expression under  The Vagrants, Gaming and Other Offences Act 1931–67, as a result almost every theatre company in Brisbane attacked the existing censorship system. This led to the promoter of the musical Hair refusing to bring the show to Brisbane theaters, in response cabinet member Russ Hinze condemned Hair as being appealing to only the 'sexually-depraved, or a group of homosexuals, lesbians, wifeswappers and spivs.'

text: In 1969 Bjelke-Petersen's censorship campaign extended from written publication into the theatre and prosecution began for utterances as well as written prose. As a result, Brisbane actor Norman Staines was arrested for the use of an obscene phrase during his one act performance of the play Norm and Ahmed. Staines was arrested by police, locked up and charged with using an obscene expression under  The Vagrants, Gaming and Other Offences Act 1931–67, as a result almost every theatre company in Brisbane attacked the existing censorship system. This led to the promoter of the musical Hair refusing to bring the show to Brisbane theaters, in response cabinet member

text: Russ Hinze

text: condemned Hair as being appealing to only the 'sexually-depraved, or a group of homosexuals, lesbians, wifeswappers and spivs.'

text: Another related biological system that regulates stress response is the autonomic nervous system. In general, the sympathetic system is activated during times of stress and the parasympathetic system acts to decrease physical readiness for stress. These systems are sometimes called the “fight-or-flight” and “rest-or-digest” systems, respectively, and operate in a balance, as opposed to being totally on or off. Researchers can approximate the relative balance by looking at skin conductance, blood pressure and heart rate. Studies of this kind provided hard evidence that avoidant infants were truly distressed during the strange situation task despite their minimally distressed appearance as they showed elevations in heart rate when caregivers were away and took longer to return to baseline when the caregiver returned in comparison to securely attached infants. Studies of skin conductance and heart rate in adults have shown that those with avoidant attachment and anxious attachment will show markers of increased distress during attachment and non-attachment stressors compared to those securely attached.

text: Another related biological system that regulates stress response is the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: . In general, the sympathetic system is activated during times of stress and the parasympathetic system acts to decrease physical readiness for stress. These systems are sometimes called the “fight-or-flight” and “rest-or-digest” systems, respectively, and operate in a balance, as opposed to being totally on or off. Researchers can approximate the relative balance by looking at skin conductance, blood pressure and heart rate. Studies of this kind provided hard evidence that avoidant infants were truly distressed during the strange situation task despite their minimally distressed appearance as they showed elevations in heart rate when caregivers were away and took longer to return to baseline when the caregiver returned in comparison to securely attached infants. Studies of skin conductance and heart rate in adults have shown that those with avoidant attachment and anxious attachment will show markers of increased distress during attachment and non-attachment stressors compared to those securely attached.

text: Extra cellular matrix (or "ECM") is the external structural framework that cells attach to in multicellular organisms. The dermis lies below the epidermis, and these two layers are collectively known as the skin. Dermal skin is primarily a combination of fibroblasts growing in this matrix. The specific species of ECM of connective tissues often differ chemically, but collagen generally forms the bulk of the structure.

text: Extra cellular matrix

text: (or "ECM") is the external structural framework that cells attach to in multicellular organisms. The

text: dermis

text: lies below the

text: epidermis

text: , and these two layers are collectively known as the

text: skin

text: . Dermal skin is primarily a combination of fibroblasts growing in this matrix. The specific species of ECM of

text: connective tissue

text: s often differ chemically, but collagen generally forms the bulk of the structure.

text: The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue such as a collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. The dermis has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging. The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many chromatophores are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as hair, feathers, and glands.

text: The dermis is the middle layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue and

text: areolar connective tissue

text: such as a collagen with

text: elastin

text: arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. The dermis has two layers. One is the papillary layer which is the superficial layer and consists of the areolar connective tissue. The other is the reticular layer which is the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irregular connective tissue. These layers serve to give elasticity to the integument, allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging. The dermal layer provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves. Many

text: chromatophores

text: are also stored in this layer, as are the bases of integumental structures such as

text: hair

text: feathers

text: , and

text: glands

text: The simplest and most effective way to prevent ingrown hairs is to abstain from shaving and allow facial and body hair to grow out as normal. When shaving, there are a few precautions that can be taken to prevent ingrown hairs including proper shaving techniques and preparation of the skin before shaving. When shaving, applying the proper amount of lubrication (in the form of shaving cream, gel, or soap) is important to prevent the hair from being forced underneath the surface of the skin. Also the application of too much force with a razor can contribute to hair that is cut shorter than the surrounding dermis.  Using a beard trimmer at the lowest setting (1 mm or 0.5 mm) instead of shaving is an effective alternative.

text: The simplest and most effective way to prevent ingrown hairs is to abstain from shaving and allow facial and body hair to grow out as normal. When shaving, there are a few precautions that can be taken to prevent ingrown hairs including proper shaving techniques and preparation of the skin before shaving. When shaving, applying the proper amount of lubrication (in the form of

text: shaving cream

text: , gel, or soap) is important to prevent the hair from being forced underneath the surface of the skin. Also the application of too much force with a razor can contribute to hair that is cut shorter than the surrounding

text: dermis

text: .  Using a beard trimmer at the lowest setting (1 mm or 0.5 mm) instead of shaving is an effective alternative.

text: Small fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of peripheral neuropathy that occurs from damage to the small unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibers. These fibers, categorized as C fibers, are present in skin, peripheral nerves, and organs. The role of these nerves is to innervate the skin (somatic fibers) and help control autonomic function (autonomic fibers). It is estimated that 15-20 million people in the United States suffer from some form of peripheral neuropathy.

text: Small fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of

text: peripheral neuropathy

text: that occurs from damage to the small

text: unmyelinated

text: peripheral nerve fibers. These fibers, categorized as

text: C fibers

text: , are present in

text: skin

text: peripheral nerves

text: , and organs. The role of these nerves is to innervate the skin (somatic fibers) and help control

text: autonomic function

text: (autonomic fibers). It is estimated that 15-20 million people in the United States suffer from some form of peripheral neuropathy.

text: Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the "acrosyringium"; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis. The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells, which are secretory in nature. The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature (core temperature), but by adrenergic fibers as well. The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress.

text: Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the "acrosyringium"; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the

text: dermis

text: or

text: hypodermis

text: . The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells, which are secretory in nature. The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. Eccrine glands are

text: innervated

text: by the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: , primarily by

text: cholinergic

text: fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature (core temperature), but by

text: adrenergic

text: fibers as well. The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress.

text: General consensus for care advises against removing the flakes or scab that may form on a new tattoo, and avoiding exposing one's tattoo to the sun for extended periods for at least 3 weeks; both of these can contribute to fading of the image. It is agreed that a new tattoo needs to be kept clean. Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to panthenol, cocoa butter, A&D, hemp, lanolin, or salves. Oil based ointments are almost always recommended for use on very thin layers due to their inability to evaporate and therefore over-hydrate the already perforated skin. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that wounds that are kept moist heal faster than wounds healing under dry conditions.  In recent years specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo aftercare. Although opinions about these products vary, soap and warm water work well to keep a tattoo clean and free from infection.

text: General consensus for care advises against removing the flakes or scab that may form on a new tattoo, and avoiding exposing one's tattoo to the sun for extended periods for at least 3 weeks; both of these can contribute to fading of the image. It is agreed that a new tattoo needs to be kept clean. Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to

text: panthenol

text: cocoa butter

text: A&D

text: hemp

text: lanolin

text: , or

text: salves

text: . Oil based ointments are almost always recommended for use on very thin layers due to their inability to evaporate and therefore over-hydrate the already perforated skin. Recent scientific studies have demonstrated that wounds that are kept moist heal faster than wounds healing under dry conditions.  In recent years specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo aftercare. Although opinions about these products vary, soap and warm water work well to keep a tattoo clean and free from infection.

text: Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen (which provides strength), elastin (which provides elasticity), and extrafibrillar matrix, an extracellular gel-like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

text: Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of

text: matrix

text: components such as

text: collagen

text: (which provides

text: strength

text: elastin

text: (which provides

text: elasticity

text: ), and

text: extrafibrillar matrix

text: , an extracellular gel-like substance primarily composed of

text: glycosaminoglycans

text: (most notably

text: hyaluronan

text: proteoglycans

text: , and

text: glycoproteins

text: Nail was born in Kansas City, Missouri, with the congenital bone disorder osteogenesis imperfecta. In the 1960s he moved to Houston, where he operated Nail's Bridge Center with his wife Betty until his death. He died of a heart attack on May 25, 1995, survived by his wife and a sister.

text: Nail was born in

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: , with the congenital bone disorder

text: osteogenesis imperfecta

text: . In the 1960s he moved to Houston, where he operated Nail's Bridge Center with his wife Betty until his death. He died of a heart attack on May 25, 1995, survived by his wife and a sister.

text: The Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus comes with a 2.80 inch QVGA Display. The device includes a 1200 mAh Li-ion Battery, and offers connectivity options including EDGE, HSDPA, Wi-Fi(b.g.n) and Bluetooth connectivity. It also features GPS 2.0, a 2MP Rear Camera, a single SIM slot and the Social Hub app. The Social Hub combines every account registered on the phone to be unified in a single app. The phone runs Samsung's TouchWiz Nature UX skinned Android 4.0 OS. The Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus is still marketed as "Pocket Friendly," because it can be slipped inside pockets easily. It has been preferred highly by people with visual impairments mainly because of its Android 4.04 ICS operating system as it functions well with explore by touch, unlike other versions of android Operating system.

text: The Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus comes with a 2.80 inch QVGA Display. The device includes a 1200

text: mAh

text: Li-ion

text: Battery

text: , and offers connectivity options including

text: EDGE

entity_section: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

text: HSDPA

text: , Wi-Fi(b.g.n) and

text: Bluetooth

text: connectivity. It also features

text: GPS

text: 2.0, a 2MP Rear

text: Camera

text: , a single

text: SIM

text: slot and the Social Hub app. The Social Hub combines every account registered on the phone to be unified in a single app. The phone runs Samsung's TouchWiz Nature UX skinned Android 4.0 OS. The Samsung Galaxy Pocket Plus is still marketed as "Pocket Friendly," because it can be slipped inside pockets easily. It has been preferred highly by people with visual impairments mainly because of its

text: Android

text: 4.04 ICS operating system as it functions well with explore by touch, unlike other versions of android

text: Operating system.

text: Skinning is typically implemented with a model–view–controller architecture, which allows for a flexible structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functionality, so the GUI can be easily customized. This allows the user to select or design a different skin at will, and also allows for more deep changes in the position and function of the interface elements.

text: Skinning is typically implemented with a

text: model–view–controller

text: architecture, which allows for a flexible structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functionality, so the GUI can be easily customized. This allows the user to select or design a different skin at will, and also allows for more deep changes in the position and function of the

entity_name: List of graphical user interface elements

text: interface elements

text: Keep fingernails very short to minimize skin damage when scratching is unavoidable.

text: Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. In humans, hair can be scalp hair, facial hair, chest hair, pubic hair, axillary hair, besides other places. Men tend to have hair in more places than women. Hair does not in itself have any intrinsic sexual value other than the attributes given to it by individuals in a cultural context. Some cultures are ambivalent in relation to body hair, with some being regarded as attractive while others being regarded as unaesthetic. Many cultures regard a woman's hair to be erotic. For example, many Islamic women cover their hair in public, and display it only to their family and close friends. Similarly, many Jewish women cover their hair after marriage. During the Middle Ages, European women were expected to cover their hair after they married.

text: Hair is one of the defining characteristics of

text: mammal

text: s. In humans, hair can be

text: scalp hair

text: , facial hair,

text: chest hair

text: pubic hair

text: axillary hair

text: , besides other places. Men tend to have hair in more places than women. Hair does not in itself have any intrinsic sexual value other than the attributes given to it by individuals in a cultural context. Some cultures are ambivalent in relation to body hair, with some being regarded as attractive while others being regarded as unaesthetic. Many cultures regard a woman's hair to be erotic. For example, many Islamic women cover their hair in public, and display it only to their family and close friends. Similarly, many Jewish women cover their hair after marriage. During the Middle Ages, European women were expected to cover their hair after they married.

text: It can cause nail disease, especially in damaged nails.

text: Fiberglass and silk wraps are overlay services. This means that a product is laid on top of or "overlaid" onto the existing natural nail. These products are not strong enough to create into extensions so they can only be laid over existing nails. In this scenario, the manicurist will cut pieces of fiberglass or silk and then adhere to the nail with a type of resin. This service is often used in cases of broken nails or to strengthen the natural nail.

text: At first it might seem that a criticism could be made from a biological standpoint in that an indeterminate idea would seem not to be beneficial to the species that holds it. A strong counterargument, however, is that not all traits exhibited by living organisms will be seen in the long term as evolutionarily advantageous, given that extinctions occur regularly and that phenotypic traits have often died out altogether – in other words, an indeterminate meme may in the long term demonstrate its evolutionary value to the species that produced it in either direction; humans are, as yet, the only species known to make use of such concepts.It might also be argued that conceptual vagueness is an inevitability, given the limited capacity of the human nervous systems.  We just do not have enough neurons to maintain separate concepts for "dog  with 1,000,000 hairs", "dog with 1,000,001 hairs" and so on. But conceptual vagueness is not metaphysical indeterminacy.

text: At first it might seem that a criticism could be made from a

text: biological

text: standpoint in that an indeterminate idea would seem not to be beneficial to the species that holds it. A strong counterargument, however, is that not all traits exhibited by living organisms will be seen in the long term as evolutionarily advantageous, given that extinctions occur regularly and that phenotypic traits have often died out altogether – in other words, an indeterminate meme may in the long term demonstrate its evolutionary value to the species that produced it in either direction; humans are, as yet, the only species known to make use of such concepts.It might also be argued that conceptual vagueness is an inevitability, given the limited capacity of the human nervous systems.  We just do not have enough neurons to maintain separate concepts for "dog  with 1,000,000 hairs", "dog with 1,000,001 hairs" and so on. But conceptual

text: vagueness

text: is not

text: metaphysical indeterminacy

text: In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped object of metal (or wood, called a treenail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and spikes.

text: In

text: woodworking

text: and

text: construction

text: , a nail is a

text: pin

text: -shaped object of

text: metal

text: (or wood, called a

text: treenail

text: or "trunnel") which is used as a

text: fastener

text: , as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include

text: pins

text: tack

text: s,

text: brad

text: s, and

text: spikes

text: The integumentary structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly cornified outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the pituitary and thyroid glands. Local thickenings (often called warts) are common, such as those found on toads. The outside of the skin is shed periodically more or less in one piece, in contrast to mammals and birds where it is shed in flakes. Amphibians often eat the sloughed skin. Caecilians are unique among amphibians in having mineralized dermal scales embedded in the dermis between the furrows in the skin. The similarity of these to the scales of bony fish is largely superficial. Lizards and some frogs have somewhat similar osteoderms forming bony deposits in the dermis, but this is an example of convergent evolution with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.

text: The

text: integumentary

text: structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly

text: cornified

text: outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the

text: pituitary

text: and

text: thyroid

text: glands. Local thickenings (often called warts) are common, such as those found on toads. The outside of the skin is shed periodically more or less in one piece, in contrast to mammals and birds where it is shed in flakes. Amphibians often eat the sloughed skin. Caecilians are unique among amphibians in having mineralized dermal scales embedded in the

text: dermis

text: between the furrows in the skin. The similarity of these to the scales of bony fish is largely superficial.

text: Lizards

text: and some frogs have somewhat similar

text: osteoderm

text: s forming bony deposits in the dermis, but this is an example of

text: convergent evolution

text: with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.

text: Hair typically grows all over the human body. Hair can become more visible during and after puberty and men tend to have thicker, more visible body hair than women. Both men and women have visible hair on the head, eyebrows, eyelashes, armpits, pubic region, arms, and legs; men also have thicker hair on their face, abdomen, back and chest. Hair does not generally grow on the lips, the underside of the hands or feet or on certain areas of the genitalia.

text: Hair typically grows all over the human body. Hair can become more visible during and after

text: puberty

text: and men tend to have thicker, more visible body hair than women. Both men and women have visible hair on the

text: head

text: eyebrow

text: s,

text: eyelash

text: es,

text: armpits

text: pubic region

text: arm

text: s, and

text: legs

text: ; men also have thicker hair on their

text: face

text: abdomen

text: back

text: and

text: chest

text: . Hair does not generally grow on the lips, the underside of the hands or feet or on certain areas of the

text: genitalia

text: The epidermis is the outer (epi in Greek meaning "over" or "upon") of the two layers that make up the skin (or cutis), the inner layer being the dermis.[1] It provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens[2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss (TEWL).[3] The outermost part of the epidermis is composed of a stratified layer of flattened cells,[4] that overly a basal layer (stratum basale) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly.

text: System Tests Plans are developed during System Design Phase. Unlike Unit and Integration Test Plans, System Test Plans are composed by client's business team. System Test ensures that expectations from application developed are met. The whole application is tested for its functionality, interdependency and communication. System Testing verifies that functional and non-functional requirements have been met. Load and performance testing, stress testing, regression testing, etc., are subsets of system testing.

text: The filamentous integumentary structures are preserved on three areas of the fossil: in one patch just below the neck, another one on the back, and the largest one above the tail. The hollow filaments are parallel toeach other and are singular with no evidence of branching. They also appear to be relatively rigid, making them more analogous to the integumentary structures found on the tail of Psittacosaurus than to the proto-feather structures found in avian and non-avian theropods. Among the theropods, the structures in Tianyulong are most similar to the singular unbranched proto-feathers of Sinosauropteryx and Beipiaosaurus. The estimated length of the integumentary structures on the tail is about 60 mm which is seven times the height of a caudal vertebra. Their length and hollow nature argue against of them being subdermal structures such as collagen fibers.

text: The filamentous integumentary structures are preserved on three areas of the fossil: in one patch just below the neck, another one on the back, and the largest one above the tail. The hollow filaments are parallel toeach other and are singular with no evidence of branching. They also appear to be relatively rigid, making them more analogous to the integumentary structures found on the tail of

text: Psittacosaurus

text: than to the proto-

text: feather

text: structures found in avian and non-avian

text: theropods

text: . Among the theropods, the structures in Tianyulong are most similar to the singular unbranched proto-feathers of

text: Sinosauropteryx

text: and

text: Beipiaosaurus

text: . The estimated length of the integumentary structures on the tail is about 60 mm which is seven times the height of a caudal vertebra. Their length and hollow nature argue against of them being subdermal structures such as

text: collagen

text: fibers.

text: Mesozoic theropods were also very diverse in terms of skin texture and covering. Feathers or feather-like structures are attested in most lineages of theropods. (See feathered dinosaur). However, outside the coelurosaurs, feathers may have been confined to the young, smaller species, or limited parts of the animal. Many larger theropods had skin covered in small, bumpy scales. In some species, these were interspersed with larger scales with bony cores, or osteoderms. This type of skin is best known in the ceratosaur Carnotaurus, which has been preserved with extensive skin impressions.

text: Mesozoic theropods were also very diverse in terms of skin texture and covering. Feathers or feather-like structures are attested in most lineages of theropods. (See

text: feathered dinosaur

text: ). However, outside the

text: coelurosaur

text: s, feathers may have been confined to the young, smaller species, or limited parts of the animal. Many larger theropods had skin covered in small, bumpy scales. In some species, these were interspersed with larger scales with bony cores, or osteoderms. This type of skin is best known in the ceratosaur

text: Carnotaurus

text: , which has been preserved with extensive skin impressions.

text: In the miniature of Christ Carrying the Cross (61 verso), from what appears to be outside of the frame [it's actually the arm of the man with the blue-tinted beard who is just behind and to Christ's left, as is obvious from the drapery], an arm reaches out to support the cross Christ is carrying at a diagonal angle. Connections can be made to the Hedroit Legend by comparing it to the Strasbourg tympanum where a woman, the wife of the smith who was asked to forge nails for Christ’s crucifixion, is holding the three nails she forged while reaching out to support the Cross. Another aspect that exhibits Pucelle’s familiarity with the Hedroit legend is the crouching figure on the left of the bas-de-page in Christ Carrying the Cross. The man is holding a hammer which can symbolize the nailing of Christ to the Cross, but it is also possible that the image is a reference to the husband of the woman who forged the nails for Christ’s crucifixion, and now he is subjected to carrying all the weight of the guilt he is presented with caused by his wife’s actions.

text: In the miniature of

text: Christ Carrying the Cross

text: (61 verso), from what appears to be outside of the frame [it's actually the arm of the man with the blue-tinted beard who is just behind and to Christ's left, as is obvious from the drapery], an arm reaches out to support the cross Christ is carrying at a diagonal angle. Connections can be made to the Hedroit Legend by comparing it to the Strasbourg tympanum where a woman, the wife of the smith who was asked to forge nails for Christ’s crucifixion, is holding the three nails she forged while reaching out to support the Cross. Another aspect that exhibits Pucelle’s familiarity with the Hedroit legend is the crouching figure on the left of the bas-de-page in Christ Carrying the Cross. The man is holding a hammer which can symbolize the nailing of Christ to the Cross, but it is also possible that the image is a reference to the husband of the woman who forged the nails for Christ’s crucifixion, and now he is subjected to carrying all the weight of the guilt he is presented with caused by his wife’s actions.

text: Another application of stiffness finds itself in skin biology. The skin maintains its structure due to its intrinsic tension, contributed to by collagen, an extracellular protein which accounts for approximately 75% of its dry weight. The pliability of skin is a parameter of interest that represents its firmness and extensibility, encompassing characteristics such as elasticity, stiffness, and adherence. These factors are of functional significance to patients. This is of significance to patients with traumatic injuries to the skin, whereby the pliability can be reduced due to the formation and replacement of healthy skin tissue by a pathological scar. This can be evaluated both subjectively, or objectively using a device such as the Cutometer. The Cutometer applies a vacuum to the skin and measures the extent to which it can be vertically distended. These measurements are able to distinguish between healthy skin, normal scarring, and pathological scarring, and the method has been applied within clinical and industrial settings to monitor both pathophysiological sequelae, and the effects of treatments on skin.

text: Another application of stiffness finds itself in

text: skin

text: biology. The skin maintains its structure due to its intrinsic tension, contributed to by

text: collagen

text: , an extracellular protein which accounts for approximately 75% of its dry weight. The pliability of skin is a parameter of interest that represents its firmness and extensibility, encompassing characteristics such as elasticity, stiffness, and adherence. These factors are of functional significance to patients. This is of significance to patients with traumatic injuries to the skin, whereby the pliability can be reduced due to the formation and replacement of healthy skin tissue by a pathological

text: scar

text: . This can be evaluated both subjectively, or objectively using a device such as the Cutometer. The Cutometer applies a vacuum to the skin and measures the extent to which it can be vertically distended. These measurements are able to distinguish between healthy skin, normal scarring, and pathological scarring, and the method has been applied within clinical and industrial settings to monitor both pathophysiological sequelae, and the effects of treatments on skin.

text: A structural system is the combination of structural elements and their materials. It is important for a structural engineer to be able to classify a structure by either its form or its function, by recognizing the various elements composing that structure. The structural elements guiding the systemic forces through the materials are not only such as a connecting rod, a truss, a beam, or a column, but also a cable, an arch, a cavity or channel, and even an angle, a surface structure, or a frame.

text: A structural system is the combination of structural elements and their materials. It is important for a structural engineer to be able to classify a structure by either its form or its function, by recognizing the various

text: elements

text: composing that structure. The structural elements guiding the systemic forces through the materials are not only such as a connecting rod, a truss, a beam, or a column, but also a cable, an arch, a cavity or channel, and even an angle, a surface structure, or a frame.

text: Skin provides a mechanical barrier to the external environment and acts to prevent the ingress of infectious agents. Once injured, the tissues beneath are exposed to infection; therefore, rapid and effective healing is of crucial significance to reconstruct a barrier function. Skin wound healing is a complex process, and includes many interacting processes initiated by haemostasis and the release of platelet-derived factors. The following stages are inflammation, granulation tissue formation, reepithelization and remodeling. HA is likely to play a multifaceted role in mediation of these cellular and matrix events. The proposed roles of HA in this sequence of skin wound healing events are detailed below.

text: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system. However, it is the somatic nervous system, responsible for body movement and the reception of external stimuli, which allows one to understand how cutaneous innervation is made possible by the action of specific sensory fibers located on the skin, as well as the distinct pathways they take to the central nervous system. The skin, which is part of the integumentary system, plays an important role in the somatic nervous system because it contains a range of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.

text: The

text: peripheral nervous system

text: (PNS) is divided into the

text: somatic nervous system

text: , the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: , and the

text: enteric nervous system

text: . However, it is the somatic nervous system, responsible for body movement and the reception of external stimuli, which allows one to understand how cutaneous innervation is made possible by the action of specific

text: sensory fibers

text: located on the

text: skin

text: , as well as the distinct pathways they take to the central nervous system. The skin, which is part of the

text: integumentary system

text: , plays an important role in the somatic nervous system because it contains a range of

text: nerve endings

text: that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury.

text: The colour of the shell is white under a yellow epidermis.

text: Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system for describing nail sizes. A 50 × 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimetre.

text: Most countries, except the

text: United States

text: , use a

text: metric system

text: for describing nail sizes. A 50 × 3.0 indicates a nail 50 mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimetre.

text: Skin glands are structures found in mammals that play roles in thermoregulation and excretion. See Biology for further information.

text: Skin glands are structures found in mammals that play roles in thermoregulation and excretion. See

text: Biology

text: for further information.

text: The book first recounts the history of changing perceptions of dinosaurs as expressed in artwork. It begins with the sluggish and slow dinosaurs seen in the works of Charles R. Knight, and then continues into analyzing reconstructions after the Dinosaur renaissance. It points out that these reconstructions do not take the often bizarre integumentary coverings of living animals into account, and that dinosaurs should be portrayed as natural animals that aren't 'shrink-wrapped' with many of the individual bones visible.

text: The book first recounts the history of changing perceptions of dinosaurs as expressed in artwork. It begins with the sluggish and slow dinosaurs seen in the works of

text: Charles R. Knight

text: , and then continues into analyzing reconstructions after the

text: Dinosaur renaissance

text: . It points out that these reconstructions do not take the often bizarre integumentary coverings of living animals into account, and that dinosaurs should be portrayed as natural animals that aren't 'shrink-wrapped' with many of the individual bones visible.

text: For people with very light skin, the skin gets most of its colour from the bluish-white connective tissue in the dermis and from the haemoglobin associated blood cells circulating in the capillaries of the dermis. The colour associated with the circulating haemoglobin become more obvious, especially in the face, when arterioles dilate and become tumefied with blood as a result of prolonged physical exercise or stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (usually embarrassment or anger). Up to 50% of UVA can penetrate deeply into the dermis in persons with light skin pigmentation with little protective melanin pigment.

text: For people with very light skin, the skin gets most of its colour from the bluish-white connective tissue in the

text: dermis

text: and from the

text: haemoglobin

text: associated

text: blood

text: cells circulating in the

text: capillaries

text: of the dermis. The colour associated with the circulating haemoglobin become more obvious, especially in the face, when

text: arteriole

text: s dilate and become tumefied with blood as a result of prolonged

text: physical exercise

text: or stimulation of the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: (usually

text: embarrassment

text: or

text: anger

text: ). Up to 50% of UVA can penetrate deeply into the dermis in persons with light skin pigmentation with little protective melanin pigment.

text: Skin appendages (or adnexa) are skin-associated structures that serve a particular function including sensation, contractility, lubrication and heat loss. In humans, some of the more common skin appendages are hairs (sensation, heat loss, filter for breathing, protection), arrector pilli (smooth muscles that pull hairs straight), sebaceous glands (secrete sebum onto hair follicle, which oils the hair), sweat glands (can be sweat secreted with strong odour (apocrine) or with a faint odour (eccrine)) and nails (protection).

text: Skin appendages (or adnexa) are skin-associated structures that serve a particular function including sensation, contractility, lubrication and heat loss. In humans, some of the more common skin appendages are

text: hairs

text: (sensation, heat loss, filter for breathing, protection),

text: arrector pilli

text: (smooth muscles that pull hairs straight),

text: sebaceous glands

text: (secrete sebum onto hair follicle, which oils the hair),

text: sweat glands

text: (can be sweat secreted with strong odour (

text: apocrine

text: ) or with a faint odour (

text: eccrine

text: )) and

text: nails

text: (protection).

text: Another possibility is that they may produce an oily secretion that prevents mud from adhering to the skin. There are prominent paired integumentary glands in skin folds on the throat, and others in the side walls of the cloaca. Various functions for these have been suggested. They may play a part in communication, as indirect evidence suggest that they secrete pheromones used in courtship or nesting. The skin of crocodilians is tough and can withstand damage from conspecifics, and the immune system is effective enough to heal wounds within a few days.

text: Another possibility is that they may produce an oily secretion that prevents mud from adhering to the skin. There are prominent paired integumentary glands in skin folds on the throat, and others in the side walls of the cloaca. Various functions for these have been suggested. They may play a part in communication, as indirect evidence suggest that they secrete

text: pheromone

text: s used in courtship or nesting. The skin of crocodilians is tough and can withstand damage from

text: conspecifics

text: , and the immune system is effective enough to heal wounds within a few days.

text: The Curly Girl Method is an approach to hair care designed for naturally curly hair that has not been relaxed. It is similar to the "no poo" method in that it discourages the use of shampoo. Among other things, it calls for the use of conditioner in place of shampoo (also called "conditioner washing" or "co-washing"), no silicones (used in many commercial conditioners and styling products), no blowdrying, and no combs, brushes, or terrycloth towels. It also includes tips for using hair gel and other styling products. The aim in general is to treat curly hair gently, minimizing damage to the hair cuticle; to keep it moisturized, since curly hair is more prone to dryness than straight hair; and, perhaps most significantly, to accentuate rather than interfere with the hair's natural curl.

text: The Curly Girl Method is an approach to hair care designed for naturally

text: curly hair

text: that has not been

text: relaxed

text: . It is similar to the "

text: no poo

text: " method in that it discourages the use of

text: shampoo

text: . Among other things, it calls for the use of

text: conditioner

text: in place of shampoo (also called "conditioner washing" or "co-washing"), no silicones (used in many commercial conditioners and styling products), no

text: blowdrying

text: , and no combs, brushes, or terrycloth towels. It also includes tips for using

text: hair gel

text: and other styling products. The aim in general is to treat curly hair gently, minimizing damage to the

text: hair cuticle

text: ; to keep it moisturized, since curly hair is more prone to dryness than straight hair; and, perhaps most significantly, to accentuate rather than interfere with the hair's natural curl.

text: as well as permutation and identification of variables. The main difference is that iterative systems do not necessarily contain all projections. Every clone is an iterative system, and there are 20 non-empty iterative systems which are not clones. (Post also excluded the empty iterative system from the classification, hence his diagram has no least element and fails to be a lattice.) As another alternative, some authors work with the notion of a closed class, which is an iterative system closed under introduction of dummy variables. There are four closed classes which are not clones: the empty set, the set of constant 0 functions, the set of constant 1 functions, and the set of all constant functions.

text: A hair tie, also known by the names listed below, is an item used to fasten hair, particularly long hair, away from areas such as the face. This is usually done as part of a hairstyle such as pigtails, bunches, ponytail for straight, wavy and loosely curled hair and referred to as afro puffs, bunny tails and "pineapples" for highly curled and highly textured natural hair. Two common types of hair ties are the scrunchie and the hairpin.

text: A hair tie, also known by the names

text: listed below

text: , is an item used to fasten

text: hair

text: , particularly

text: long hair

text: , away from areas such as the face. This is usually done as part of a

text: hairstyle

text: such as

text: pigtail

text: s,

text: bunches

text: ponytail

text: for straight, wavy and loosely curled hair and referred to as afro puffs, bunny tails and "pineapples" for highly curled and highly textured natural hair. Two common types of hair ties are the

text: scrunchie

text: and the

text: hairpin

text: There are various systems that people use to classify their curl patterns. Being knowledgeable of an individual's hair type is a good start to knowing how to take care of one's hair. There is not just one method to discovering one's hair type. Additionally it is possible, and quite normal to have more than one kind of hair type, for instance having a mixture of both type 3a & 3b curls.

text: Systemic scleroderma, also called diffuse scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. It is characterized by thickening of the skin caused by accumulation of collagen, and by injuries to small arteries.There are two forms of scleroderma: localized and systemic. The localized (limited) form affects the skin of only the face, hands, and feet. The systemic (diffuse) form involves those and, in addition, may progress to visceral organs, including the kidneys, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.Prognosis is determined by the form of the disease and the extent of visceral involvement. Patients with limited cutaneous scleroderma have a 10-year survival rate of 75%; less than 10% develop pulmonary arterial hypertension after 10 to 20 years. Patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma have a 10-year survival rate of 55%. Death is most often caused by lung, heart, and kidney involvement. There is also a slight increase in the risk of cancer.

text: Systemic scleroderma, also called diffuse scleroderma or systemic sclerosis, is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: of the

text: connective tissue

text: . It is characterized by thickening of the

text: skin

text: caused by accumulation of

text: collagen

text: , and by injuries to small

text: arteries

text: .There are two forms of

text: scleroderma

text: : localized and systemic. The

text: localized (limited) form

text: affects the skin of only the face, hands, and feet. The systemic (diffuse) form involves those and, in addition, may progress to

text: visceral organs

text: , including the

text: kidney

text: s,

text: heart

text: lung

text: s, and

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: .Prognosis is determined by the form of the disease and the extent of visceral involvement. Patients with limited cutaneous

text: scleroderma

text: have a 10-year survival rate of 75%; less than 10% develop

text: pulmonary arterial hypertension

text: after 10 to 20 years. Patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma have a 10-year survival rate of 55%. Death is most often caused by lung, heart, and kidney involvement. There is also a slight increase in the risk of

text: cancer

text: Intrinsic aging and Extrinsic aging are terms used to describe cutaneous aging of the skin and other parts of the integumentary system, which while having epidermal concomitants, seems to primarily involve the dermis.  Intrinsic aging is influenced by internal physiological factors alone, and extrinsic aging by many external factors.  Intrinsic aging is also called chronologic aging, and extrinsic aging is most often referred to as photoaging.

text: Intrinsic aging and Extrinsic aging are terms used to describe

text: cutaneous

text: aging of the

text: skin

text: and other parts of the

text: integumentary system

text: , which while having

text: epidermal

text: concomitants

text: , seems to primarily involve the

text: dermis

text: .  Intrinsic aging is influenced by internal physiological factors alone, and extrinsic aging by many external factors.  Intrinsic aging is also called chronologic aging, and extrinsic aging is most often referred to as photoaging.

text: Some species have bony plates embedded in their skin, a trait that appears to have evolved independently several times. In certain other species, the skin at the top of the head is compacted and the connective tissue of the dermis is co-ossified with the bones of the skull (exostosis).

text: Some species have

text: bony plates

text: embedded in their skin, a trait that appears to have evolved independently several times. In certain other species, the skin at the top of the head is compacted and the connective tissue of the dermis is co-ossified with the bones of the skull (

text: exostosis

text: It is in general equal to the foot-nail, although the term nail can also be used as 1/16 of yard and other units.

text: It is in general equal to the foot-

text: nail

text: , although the term nail can also be used as 1/16 of yard and other units.

text: Stage-one developing Megalops do not forage for food, but instead absorb nutrients from seawater using integumentary absorption.  Stage-two and -three juveniles feed primarily on zooplankton, but also feed on insects and small fish.  As they progress in juvenile development, especially those developing in freshwater environments, their consumption of insects, fish, crabs, and grass shrimp increases.  Adults are strictly carnivorous and feed on midwater prey; they swallow their food whole and hunt nocturnally.

text: is a Japanese novel written by Reiko Yoshihara. Originally serialized in the yaoi magazine Shousetsu June between December 1986 and October 1987, the story was collected into a hardbound novel that was released in Japan in 1990. This futuristic tale is set in a world where the Elites are assigned various social classes based on their hair color in the city of Tanagura. Iason Mink, a high-class "Blondie", runs into Riki, a black-haired "Mongrel", and makes him his "Pet", which Riki resents being. As Riki learns of the dangers Iason faces by keeping him, he finds himself developing feelings for his master. Focusing on the relationship between Iason and Riki, Ai no Kusabi also explores issues of caste systems and social exclusion.

text: is a

text: Japanese novel

text: written by

text: Reiko Yoshihara

text: . Originally serialized in the

text: yaoi

text: magazine

text: Shousetsu June

text: between December 1986 and October 1987, the story was collected into a hardbound novel that was released in Japan in 1990. This futuristic tale is set in a world where the Elites are assigned various social classes based on their hair color in the city of Tanagura. Iason Mink, a high-class "Blondie", runs into Riki, a black-haired "Mongrel", and makes him his "Pet", which Riki resents being. As Riki learns of the dangers Iason faces by keeping him, he finds himself developing feelings for his master. Focusing on the relationship between Iason and Riki, Ai no Kusabi also explores issues of

text: caste systems

text: and

text: social exclusion

text: Crossfire features weapons based on real life models, with each weapon belonging to a category. Categories include machine guns, assault rifles, sniper rifles, etc. Each category is functionally similar to their real world counterparts (Ex. Machine guns are heavy, powerful, lay down heavy fire and have long reload times, Submachine guns are lighter and fire faster but deal less damage, Shotguns are effective in close range but ineffective at long distance, etc.) Weapons often have many variations, including different skins which give them different attributes. In addition, the re-skinned versions are often more rare. There are also some weapons which are different from other weapons like the VIP weapons, which has more powerful functions like faster reload, among others. Certain modes have mode-exclusive weapons.

text: Crossfire features weapons based on real life models, with each weapon belonging to a category. Categories include

text: machine gun

text: s,

text: assault rifle

text: s,

text: sniper rifle

text: s, etc. Each category is functionally similar to their real world counterparts (Ex. Machine guns are heavy, powerful, lay down heavy fire and have long reload times, Submachine guns are lighter and fire faster but deal less damage, Shotguns are effective in close range but ineffective at long distance, etc.) Weapons often have many variations, including different skins which give them different attributes. In addition, the re-skinned versions are often more rare. There are also some weapons which are different from other weapons like the VIP weapons, which has more powerful functions like faster reload, among others. Certain modes have mode-exclusive weapons.

text: There are 9 levels in the video game. They are in 3 East Coast cities, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.. The levels differ between the different console versions. In the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, there is one open world. In the Wii and PlayStation 2 versions, levels have to be selected by pausing the game. Three different types of goals in Story Mode are available; Rigger, Career, and Hardcore. In each level, there are two arcade machines, one for high score and the other to play classic mode. This game has three Nail the Trick modes (Nail the Trick, Nail the Grab, and Nail the Manual) The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions do not include the Nail the Manual feature. The Classic Mode feature allows the player to play each city section in the style of early Pro Skater games. There is a free skate mode on the PlayStation 3 and Wii versions.

text: There are 9 levels in the video game. They are in 3 East Coast cities,

text: Baltimore

text: Philadelphia

text: , and

text: Washington, D.C.

text: . The levels differ between the different console versions. In the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, there is one

text: open world

text: . In the Wii and PlayStation 2 versions, levels have to be selected by pausing the game. Three different types of goals in Story Mode are available; Rigger, Career, and Hardcore. In each level, there are two arcade machines, one for high score and the other to play classic mode. This game has three Nail the Trick modes (Nail the Trick, Nail the Grab, and Nail the Manual) The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions do not include the Nail the Manual feature. The Classic Mode feature allows the player to play each city section in the style of early Pro Skater games. There is a free skate mode on the PlayStation 3 and Wii versions.

text: The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the areolas, soles of the feet, the lips, palms of the hands, some external genital areas, the navel, scar tissue, and, apart from eyelashes, the eyelids. Like skin, hair is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope-like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft.

text: The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the areolas,

text: soles of the feet

text: , the

text: lip

text: s, palms of the hands, some external

text: genital

text: areas, the

text: navel

text: scar

text: tissue, and, apart from

text: eyelash

text: es, the

text: eyelid

text: s. Like

text: skin

text: , hair is a

text: stratified squamous

text: keratin

text: ized

text: epithelium

text: made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope-like

text: filament

text: s provide structure and strength to the

text: hair shaft

text: Breeders would choose potential exhibition ducks from among newly hatched ducklings in March and April, and they would be given a great deal of extra attention. They would be fed a carefully controlled diet to get them to the maximum weight, and would be allowed out for a few hours each day to keep them in as good a physical condition as possible. Before the show, their legs and feet would be washed, their bills trimmed with a knife and sandpapered smooth, and their feathers brushed with linseed oil. While most breeders would give the ducks a healthy meal before the show to calm them, some breeders would force-feed the ducks with sausage or worms, to get them to as heavy a weight as possible. Exhibition standards judged an Aylesbury duck primarily on size, shape and colour. This encouraged the breeding of larger ducks, with pronounced exaggerated keels, and loose baggy skin. By the beginning of the 20th century the Aylesbury duck had diverged into two separate strains, one bred for appearance and one for meat.

text: Breeders would choose potential exhibition ducks from among newly hatched ducklings in March and April, and they would be given a great deal of extra attention. They would be fed a carefully controlled diet to get them to the maximum weight, and would be allowed out for a few hours each day to keep them in as good a physical condition as possible. Before the show, their legs and feet would be washed, their bills trimmed with a knife and sandpapered smooth, and their feathers brushed with

text: linseed oil

text: . While most breeders would give the ducks a healthy meal before the show to calm them, some breeders would force-feed the ducks with sausage or worms, to get them to as heavy a weight as possible. Exhibition standards judged an Aylesbury duck primarily on size, shape and colour. This encouraged the breeding of larger ducks, with pronounced exaggerated

text: keels

text: , and loose baggy skin. By the beginning of the 20th century the Aylesbury duck had diverged into two separate strains, one bred for appearance and one for meat.

text: A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.

text: A cutaneous condition is any

text: medical condition

text: that affects the

text: integumentary system

text: —the

text: organ system

text: that encloses the

text: body

text: and includes

text: skin

text: hair

text: nails

text: , and related

text: muscle

text: and

text: glands

text: . The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.

text: Wimsatt made many research trips to Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands, but his most desired research trips were to the tropics of Mexico. In 1962, he spent a year working with Dr. Bernardo Villa at the University of Mexico after receiving a Guggenheim Fellowship. He spent three sabbatical leaves at the University of Arizona College of Medicine working with Dr. Philip Krutzsch, who shared similar research interests.  He was a widely acclaimed as editor of the  series Biology of Bats. His expertise was on the functional morphology of placentae. A look at his publications reveals his ability to use novel approaches in diverse areas of reproductive biology (e.g., embryology, placentation, and fetal membranes), ecological physiology, hibernation, and the integumentary, urinary, and digestive systems. This broad background served him well as an Associate Editor of The American Journal of Anatomy from 1974 until shortly before his death.

text: Wimsatt made many research trips to

text: Central

text: and

text: South America

text: and the

text: Caribbean Islands

text: , but his most desired research trips were to the tropics of

text: Mexico

text: . In 1962, he spent a year working with Dr. Bernardo Villa at the

entity_name: National Autonomous University of Mexico

text: University of Mexico

text: after receiving a

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: . He spent three sabbatical leaves at the

entity_name: University of Arizona College of Medicine

text: University of Arizona College of Medicine

text: working with Dr. Philip Krutzsch, who shared similar research interests.  He was a widely acclaimed as editor of the  series

text: Biology of Bats

text: . His expertise was on the functional morphology of placentae. A look at his publications reveals his ability to use novel approaches in diverse areas of reproductive biology (e.g., embryology, placentation, and fetal membranes), ecological physiology, hibernation, and the integumentary, urinary, and digestive systems. This broad background served him well as an Associate Editor of The American Journal of Anatomy from 1974 until shortly before his death.

text: Hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or baldness (or both). Balding can be localised or diffuse, scarring or non-scarring. Increased hair can be due to hormonal factors (hirsutism) or non-hormonal (hypertrichosis). Scalp disorders may or may not be associated with hair loss.

text: "The Head and the Hair" received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the Nielsen ratings system, the episode was watched by 5.0 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2.4 rating/6 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic.

text: "The Head and the Hair" received generally positive reception from television critics. According to the

text: Nielsen ratings

text: system, the episode was watched by 5.0 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2.4 rating/6 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic.

text: OTNE is classified as a skin irritant (R38 EU DSD, H315 EU CLP) and is positive in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA – OECD 429) and therefore classified as a skin sensitiser (R43 EU DSD, H317 EU CLP), though OTNE lacks any structural alerts for sensitisation in in-silico prediction models (DEREK) and is not identified as an allergen in in-vivo Human Repeated Patch Tests.

text: Skin performs the following functions:

text: Skin performs the following functions:

text: Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its acid mantle (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization.  The bacteria feed on the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor. Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor.

text: Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is

text: fermented

text: by

text: bacteria

text: that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and

text: sweat gland

text: s provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with

text: alkaline

text: pH soap, the skin loses its

text: acid mantle

text: (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization.  The bacteria feed on the sweat from the

text: apocrine glands

text: and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing

text: trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid

text: in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.

text: Underarm hair

text: wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor.

text: If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient, it is possible to perform body hair transplantation (BHT) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest, back, shoulders, torso and/or legs. Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and, so, requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon. However, there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery. These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair, growth rates, and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery.

text: Skin is the soft outer covering of vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises which appear to be hairless.The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the production of vitamin D folates.  Severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans for example, the skin located under the eyes and around  the eyelids is the thinnest skin in the body at 0.5 mm thick, and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as "crows feet" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick and the back is 14 mm thick and is the thickest skin in the body. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen.

text: Skin is the soft outer covering of

text: vertebrate

text: s. Other

text: animal coverings

text: , such as the

text: arthropod exoskeleton

text: have different

text: developmental origin

text: , structure and

text: chemical composition

text: . The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin). In

text: mammal

text: s, the skin is an

text: organ

text: of the

text: integumentary system

text: made up of multiple layers of

text: ectodermal

text: tissue

text: , and guards the underlying

text: muscle

text: s,

text: bone

text: s,

text: ligament

text: s and

text: internal organ

text: s. Skin of a different nature exists in

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: bird

text: s. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even

text: marine mammal

text: s like

text: whales

text: dolphins

text: , and

text: porpoises

text: which appear to be hairless.The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the

text: body

text: against

text: pathogen

text: s and excessive water loss. Its other functions are

text: insulation

text: temperature

text: regulation, sensation, and the production of

text: vitamin D

text: folates.  Severely damaged skin may heal by forming

text: scar tissue

text: . This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans for example, the skin located under the eyes and around  the eyelids is the thinnest skin in the body at 0.5 mm thick, and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as "crows feet" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick and the back is 14 mm thick and is the thickest skin in the body. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen.

text: The sensor uses capacitive touch to detect the user's fingerprint. The sensor has a thickness of 170 µm, with 500 pixels per inch resolution. The user's finger can be oriented in any direction and it will still be read. Apple says it can read sub-epidermal skin layers, and it will be easy to set up and will improve with every use. The sensor passes a small current through one's finger to create a "fingerprint map" of the user's dermis. Up to 5 fingerprint maps can be stored in the Secure Enclave.

text: The sensor uses

text: capacitive touch

text: to detect the user's fingerprint. The sensor has a thickness of 170

text: µm

text: , with 500

text: pixels per inch resolution

text: . The user's finger can be oriented in any direction and it will still be read. Apple says it can read sub-epidermal skin layers, and it will be easy to set up and will improve with every use. The sensor passes a small current through one's finger to create a "fingerprint map" of the user's dermis. Up to 5 fingerprint maps can be stored in the Secure Enclave.

text: There are several specialized glands within the human integumentary system that are derived from apocrine or sebaceous gland precursors.  There are no specialized variants of eccrine glands.

text: There are several specialized glands within the human

text: integumentary system

text: that are derived from apocrine or sebaceous gland precursors.  There are no specialized variants of eccrine glands.

text: The major problem of using the above scheme is that fast CPUs compute much faster than slow CPUs. Further, higher-end computer systems also have sophisticated pipelines and other advantageous features that facilitate computations. As a result, a spammer with a state-of-the-art system will hardly be affected by such deterrence while a typical user with a mediocre system will be adversely affected. If a computation takes a few seconds on a new PC, it may take a minute on an old PC, and several minutes on a PDA, which might be a nuisance for users of old PCs, but probably unacceptable for users of PDAs. The disparity in client CPU speed constitutes one of the prominent roadblocks to widespread adoption of any scheme based on a CPU bound function. Therefore, researchers are concerned with finding functions that most computer systems will evaluate at about the same speed, so that high-end systems might evaluate these functions somewhat faster than low-end systems (2-10 times faster, but not 10-100 faster) as CPU disparities might imply. These ratios are “egalitarian" enough for the intended applications: the functions are effective in discouraging abuses and do not add a prohibitive delay on legitimate interactions, across a wide range of systems.

text: The major problem of using the above scheme is that fast CPUs compute much faster than slow CPUs. Further, higher-end computer systems also have sophisticated pipelines and other advantageous features that facilitate computations. As a result, a spammer with a state-of-the-art system will hardly be affected by such deterrence while a typical user with a mediocre system will be adversely affected. If a computation takes a few seconds on a new

text: PC

text: , it may take a minute on an old PC, and several minutes on a

text: PDA

text: , which might be a nuisance for users of old PCs, but probably unacceptable for users of PDAs. The disparity in client CPU speed constitutes one of the prominent roadblocks to widespread adoption of any scheme based on a CPU bound function. Therefore, researchers are concerned with finding functions that most computer systems will evaluate at about the same speed, so that high-end systems might evaluate these functions somewhat faster than low-end systems (2-10 times faster, but not 10-100 faster) as CPU disparities might imply. These ratios are “

text: egalitarian

text: " enough for the intended applications: the functions are effective in discouraging abuses and do not add a prohibitive delay on legitimate interactions, across a wide range of systems.

text: The epidermis (from the Greek "επίδερμίδα", meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.

text: The epidermis (from the Greek "επίδερμίδα", meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the

text: leaves

text: flowers

text: root

text: s and

text: stems

text: of

text: plants

text: . It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates

text: gas exchange

text: , secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows

text: dorsoventral anatomy

text: : the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures produce a secondary covering called the

text: periderm

text: that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.

text: Deformation in geology refers to any alterations to the size or shape of a rock formation since the time of its creation. There are many different ways deformation can occur but it is always the result of some amount of stress within a formation. This stress leads to the formation of many structures that can either extend or shorten the length of the crust in the area. Some of the most common structures are faults and folds. Thick-skinned deformation is a specific type of deformation that can take the form of either faults or folds. The term thick-skinned specifically applies type of deformation which affects not only the sedimentary and metamorphic cover rocks near the surface but also affects the much deeper crystalline rock of the basement and may extend even deeper into the lower crust. Thin-skinned deformation is the counterpart to thick-skinned deformation and can frequently be found in similar areas. As the term implies, thin-skinned deformation is deformation that only affects the upper layers of the cover rocks and does not continue into the deeper basement. There is also one other term which may be used as an intermediary between these two extremes. The term basement-involved thin-skinned deformation can be applied to deformation that affects the cover rocks and may cut some into the basement then level off before going too deep.

text: Deformation

text: in geology refers to any alterations to the size or shape of a rock formation since the time of its creation. There are many different ways deformation can occur but it is always the result of some amount of

text: stress

text: within a formation. This stress leads to the formation of many structures that can either extend or shorten the length of the crust in the area. Some of the most common structures are

text: faults

text: and

text: folds

text: . Thick-skinned deformation is a specific type of deformation that can take the form of either faults or folds. The term thick-skinned specifically applies type of deformation which affects not only the sedimentary and metamorphic cover rocks near the surface but also affects the much deeper crystalline rock of the basement and may extend even deeper into the lower crust.

text: Thin-skinned deformation

text: is the counterpart to thick-skinned deformation and can frequently be found in similar areas. As the term implies, thin-skinned deformation is deformation that only affects the upper layers of the cover rocks and does not continue into the deeper basement. There is also one other term which may be used as an intermediary between these two extremes. The term basement-involved thin-skinned deformation can be applied to deformation that affects the cover rocks and may cut some into the basement then level off before going too deep.

text: Brazilian hair straightening treatments eliminate frizz, straighten the hair and last about three months. They cost about $150–$600 depending on the hair length. These keratin-based treatments are performed on all types of chemically-treated (bleached, hi-lights, coloured, permed, relaxed or previously straightened) and virgin hair. The technique of the application is similar to the Japanese Yuko System in the way that heated flat irons are used to close the product into the hair cuticle.

text: Brazilian hair straightening treatments eliminate

text: frizz

text: , straighten the hair and last about three months. They cost about $150–$600 depending on the hair length. These

text: keratin

text: -based treatments are performed on all types of chemically-treated (

text: bleached

text: hi-lights

text: coloured

text: permed

text: , relaxed or previously straightened) and virgin hair. The technique of the application is similar to the Japanese Yuko System in the way that heated flat irons are used to close the product into the

text: hair cuticle

text: Nail growth record can show the history of recent health and physiological imbalances, and has been used as a diagnostic tool since ancient times. Deep transverse grooves known as Beau's lines may form across the nails (not along the nail from cuticle to tip) and are usually a natural consequence of aging, though they may result from disease. Discoloration, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves, Mees' lines, small white spots, receded lunula, clubbing (convex), flatness, and spooning (concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body, nutrient deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury. Nails can also become thickened (onychogryphosis), loosened (onycholysis), infected with fungus (onychomycosis), or degenerate (onychodystrophy); for further information see nail diseases.

text: Nail growth record can show the history of recent health and physiological imbalances, and has been used as a

text: diagnostic tool

text: since ancient times. Deep transverse grooves known as

text: Beau's lines

text: may form across the nails (not along the nail from cuticle to tip) and are usually a natural consequence of aging, though they may result from disease. Discoloration, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves,

text: Mees' lines

text: small white spots

text: , receded lunula,

text: clubbing

text: (convex), flatness, and

text: spooning

text: (concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body,

text: nutrient

text: deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury. Nails can also become thickened (

text: onychogryphosis

text: ), loosened (

text: onycholysis

text: ), infected with

text: fungus

text: onychomycosis

text: ), or

text: degenerate

text: onychodystrophy

text: ); for further information see

text: nail disease

text: s.

text: have added to the enthusiasm of the garden lover. The Shenoy family believes that if everybody follows this practice, of having at least a small group of plants, will keep the cities cool, green and above all healthy.

text: A Phase 2 study was conducted comparing the safety and efficacy of omadacycline to linezolid for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI).  Patients were randomized to receive either omadacycline 100 mg intravenously once daily with an option to transition to 200 mg orally once daily or linezolid 600 mg intravenously twice daily with an option to transition to 600 mg orally twice daily at 11 US sites.  The phase 2 trial results support conclusions that omadacycline is well tolerated in cSSSI patients and has the potential to be an effective treatment for serious skin infections.

text: A Phase 2 study was conducted comparing the safety and efficacy of omadacycline to

text: linezolid

text: for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI).  Patients were randomized to receive either omadacycline 100 mg intravenously once daily with an option to transition to 200 mg orally once daily or linezolid 600 mg intravenously twice daily with an option to transition to 600 mg orally twice daily at 11 US sites.  The phase 2 trial results support conclusions that omadacycline is well tolerated in cSSSI patients and has the potential to be an effective treatment for serious skin infections.

text: Municipalities and charitable organisations, either specially founded associations or the Red Cross, had a statue or other emblem made out of wood (oak was sometimes recommended), sometimes by well known sculptors, such as the medieval knight Wehrmann in Eisen by M. Molitar in Leipzig. The nails which the donor could use depending on the level of the donation could be iron, or silver- or gold-plated. The placement of the nail also reflected the level of the donation. For example, in the case of the Iron Cross at Heidelberg, a black (iron) nail cost 1 mark, a silver nail hammered into the border, 3 marks, a nail in the '1914' inscription, 5 marks, in the 'W' for Kaiser Wilhelm, 10 marks, and in the crown at the top of the cross, 20 marks; in the case of the 'Iron Siegfried' at Wiesbaden, iron nails cost 1 mark, silver-coated, 5–20 marks, and gilded up to 300 marks, with further donations possible; in the case of the Hindenburg statue in Berlin, gold nails cost 100 marks, silver and black cost 5 marks, and grey 1 mark; for donations over 500 marks, a small plaque was nailed to the sword. Donations were often recorded in an 'Iron Book', for example at Heidelberg, and the donor often received a lapel pin, a certificate, or some other token of the donation. Medallions, postcards and other associated merchandise were sold as a further source of funds.

text: Municipalities and charitable organisations, either specially founded associations or the

entity_name: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

text: Red Cross

text: , had a statue or other emblem made out of wood (oak was sometimes recommended), sometimes by well known sculptors, such as the medieval knight Wehrmann in Eisen by M. Molitar in

text: Leipzig

text: . The nails which the donor could use depending on the level of the donation could be iron, or silver- or gold-plated. The placement of the nail also reflected the level of the donation. For example, in the case of the

text: Iron Cross

text: at

text: Heidelberg

text: , a black (iron) nail cost 1 mark, a silver nail hammered into the border, 3 marks, a nail in the '1914' inscription, 5 marks, in the 'W' for Kaiser Wilhelm, 10 marks, and in the crown at the top of the cross, 20 marks; in the case of the 'Iron Siegfried' at

text: Wiesbaden

text: , iron nails cost 1 mark, silver-coated, 5–20 marks, and gilded up to 300 marks, with further donations possible; in the case of the Hindenburg statue in Berlin, gold nails cost 100 marks, silver and black cost 5 marks, and grey 1 mark; for donations over 500 marks, a small plaque was nailed to the sword. Donations were often recorded in an 'Iron Book', for example at Heidelberg, and the donor often received a lapel pin, a certificate, or some other token of the donation. Medallions, postcards and other associated merchandise were sold as a further source of funds.

text: Caplow invented the Vertically Integrated Greenhouse (VIG) with Zakery Ward Adams.  The invention is listed as Patent US20090307973 and was published in December 2009.  The VIG consists of vertically stacked plant trays that can be moved to maximize plant light capture and shade as necessary.  In addition to the trays and suspension system, the VIG system includes a water distribution system which consists of a reservoir, a pump, and a water supply tube for growing plants hydroponically.  The reservoir holds excess water for recirculation making the system a closed-loop.  According to the patent abstract, “the design is particularly well-suited for installation in a double-skin façade of a building, or in an interior atrium, lobby, or similar structure.” Caplow and Adams built and installed prototypes of the VIG on the Science Barge (2008), at PS 333 in Manhattan (2010), and at PS 89 in Brooklyn (2011), and Caplow built an improved VIG at the Miami Museum of Science (2012). The next VIG is slated for PS 84 in Brooklyn, NY (2015).

text: Caplow invented the Vertically Integrated Greenhouse (VIG) with Zakery Ward Adams.  The invention is listed as Patent US20090307973 and was published in December 2009.  The VIG consists of vertically stacked plant trays that can be moved to maximize plant light capture and shade as necessary.  In addition to the trays and suspension system, the VIG system includes a water distribution system which consists of a reservoir, a pump, and a water supply tube for growing plants hydroponically.  The reservoir holds excess water for recirculation making the system a closed-loop.  According to the patent abstract, “the design is particularly well-suited for installation in a double-skin façade of a building, or in an interior atrium, lobby, or similar structure.” Caplow and Adams built and installed prototypes of the VIG on the

text: Science Barge

text: (2008), at PS 333 in Manhattan (2010), and at PS 89 in Brooklyn (2011), and Caplow built an improved VIG at the Miami Museum of Science (2012). The next VIG is slated for PS 84 in Brooklyn, NY (2015).

text: Glutathione plays an important role in preventing oxidative damage to the skin. In addition to its many recognized biological functions, glutathione has also been associated with skin lightening ability. The role of glutathione as a skin whitener was discovered as a side effect of large doses of glutathione. Glutathione utilizes different mechanisms to exert its action as a skin whitening agent at various levels of melanogenesis. It inhibits melanin synthesis by means of stopping the neurotransmitter precursor L-DOPA’s ability to interact with tyrosinase in the process of melanin production. Glutathione inhibits the actual production as well as agglutination of melanin by interrupting the function of L-DOPA. Another study found that glutathione inhibits melanin formation by direct inactivation of the enzyme tyrosinase by binding and chelating copper within the enzyme’s active site. Glutathione’s antioxidant property allows it to inhibit melanin synthesis by quenching of free radicals and peroxides that contribute to tyrosinase activation and melanin formation.  Its antioxidant property also protects the skin from UV radiation and other environmental as well as internal stressors that generate free radicals that cause skin damage and hyperpigmentation. In most mammals, melanin formation consists of eumelanin (brown-black pigment) and pheomelanin ( yellow-red pigment) as either mixtures or co-polymers. Increase in glutathione level may induce the pigment cell to produce pheomelanin instead of eumelanin pigments. A research by Te-Sheng Chang found lowest levels of reduced glutathione to be associated with eumelanin type pigmentation, whereas the highest ones were associated with the pheomelanin. As a result, it is reasonable to assume that depletion of glutathione would result in eumelanin formation. Prota  observed that decreased glutathione concentration led to the conversion of L-Dopaquinone to Dopachrome, increasing the formation of brown-black pigment (eumelanin).

text: Glutathione plays an important role in preventing

text: oxidative damage

text: to the skin. In addition to its many recognized biological functions, glutathione has also been associated with skin lightening ability. The role of glutathione as a skin whitener was discovered as a side effect of large doses of glutathione. Glutathione utilizes different mechanisms to exert its action as a skin whitening agent at various levels of

text: melanogenesis

text: . It inhibits

text: melanin synthesis

text: by means of stopping the neurotransmitter precursor

text: L-DOPA

text: ’s ability to interact with

text: tyrosinase

text: in the process of melanin production. Glutathione inhibits the actual production as well as

text: agglutination

text: of melanin by interrupting the function of L-DOPA. Another study found that glutathione inhibits melanin formation by direct inactivation of the enzyme tyrosinase by binding and

text: chelating

text: copper

text: within the enzyme’s active site. Glutathione’s antioxidant property allows it to inhibit melanin synthesis by quenching of

text: free radicals

text: and

text: peroxides

text: that contribute to tyrosinase activation and melanin formation.  Its antioxidant property also protects the skin from UV radiation and other environmental as well as internal stressors that generate free radicals that cause skin damage and

text: hyperpigmentation

text: . In most mammals, melanin formation consists of

text: eumelanin

text: (brown-black pigment) and

text: pheomelanin

text: ( yellow-red pigment) as either mixtures or co-polymers. Increase in glutathione level may induce the pigment cell to produce pheomelanin instead of eumelanin pigments. A research by Te-Sheng Chang found lowest levels of reduced glutathione to be associated with eumelanin type pigmentation, whereas the highest ones were associated with the pheomelanin. As a result, it is reasonable to assume that depletion of glutathione would result in eumelanin formation. Prota  observed that decreased glutathione concentration led to the conversion of

text: L-Dopaquinone

text: to

text: Dopachrome

text: , increasing the formation of brown-black pigment (eumelanin).

text: A number of structural proteins (filaggrin, keratin), enzymes (proteases), lipids and antimicrobial peptides (defensins) contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinization is part of the physical barrier formation (cornification), in which the keratinocytes produce more and more keratin and undergo terminal differentiation. The fully cornified keratinocytes that form the outermost layer are constantly shed off and replaced by new cells.

text: A number of structural

text: proteins

text: filaggrin

text: keratin

text: enzymes

text: proteases

text: lipids

text: and

text: antimicrobial peptides

text: defensins

text: ) contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinization is part of the physical barrier formation (

text: cornification

text: ), in which the keratinocytes produce more and more keratin and undergo terminal differentiation. The fully cornified keratinocytes that form the outermost layer are constantly shed off and replaced by new cells.

text: The larvae feed on Daphne alpina, Daphne cneorum and Daphne striata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a fine corridor, often following the leaf margin. Later, a large, somewhat inflated, full depth blotch is made, extending from the leaf tip. In the end this blotch may occupy the entire leaf. The mine is filled with black frass that is glued to the upper epidermis, only leaving the sides free and transparent. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.

text: The larvae feed on

text: Daphne alpina

text: Daphne cneorum

text: and

text: Daphne striata

text: . They

text: mine

text: the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a fine corridor, often following the leaf margin. Later, a large, somewhat inflated, full depth blotch is made, extending from the leaf tip. In the end this blotch may occupy the entire leaf. The mine is filled with black

text: frass

text: that is glued to the upper epidermis, only leaving the sides free and transparent. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.

text: Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary afferents, thus the star is densely innervated. It is associated with a Merkel cell–neurite complex at the base of the cell column, a lamellated corpuscle in the dermis just below the column and a series of free nerve endings that originate from myelinated fibers in the dermis, run through the central column and end in a ring of terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized skin surface. All 25,000 Eimer’s organs distributed along the surface of the star have this basic structure in all 22 appendages. Nevertheless, the fovea region (11th pair of rays), which is shorter in area, has a lower density of these organs—900 Eimer's organs on its surface while some of the lateral rays have over 1500. This may sound contradictory with the fact that this region has higher resolution and an important role in foraging behavior. However, instead of having more sensory organs this fovea region uses a different approach in which a skin surface may be more sensitive to mechanoreceptice input; it has more innervation density. Rays 1 through 9 each had about 4 fibers per Eimer's organ, while rays 10 and 11 had significantly higher innervation densities of 5.6 and 7.1 fibers per organ, respectively, revealing how the sensory periphery is differentially specialized across the star.

text: Each Eimer’s organ is supplied by a number of primary

text: afferent

text: s, thus the star is densely innervated. It is associated with a

text: Merkel cell

text: neurite

text: complex at the base of the cell column, a

text: lamellated corpuscle

text: in the

text: dermis

text: just below the column and a series of

text: free nerve endings

text: that originate from

text: myelinated

text: fibers in the dermis, run through the central column and end in a ring of terminal swellings just below the outer

text: keratinized

text: skin surface. All 25,000 Eimer’s organs distributed along the surface of the star have this basic structure in all 22 appendages. Nevertheless, the fovea region (11th pair of rays), which is shorter in area, has a lower density of these organs—900 Eimer's organs on its surface while some of the lateral rays have over 1500. This may sound contradictory with the fact that this region has higher

text: resolution

text: and an important role in

text: foraging

text: behavior. However, instead of having more sensory organs this fovea region uses a different approach in which a skin surface may be more sensitive to mechanoreceptice input; it has more innervation density. Rays 1 through 9 each had about 4

text: fiber

text: s per Eimer's organ, while rays 10 and 11 had significantly higher innervation densities of 5.6 and 7.1 fibers per organ, respectively, revealing how the sensory periphery is differentially specialized across the star.

text: At most times in most cultures, men have worn their hair in styles that are different from women's. American sociologist Rose Weitz once wrote that the most widespread cultural rule about hair is that women's hair must differ from men's hair. An exception is the men and women living in the Orinoco-Amazon Basin, where traditionally both genders have worn their hair cut into a bowl shape. In Western countries in the 1960s, both young men and young women wore their hair long and natural, and since then it has become more common for men to grow their hair. During most periods in human history when men and women wore similar hairstyles, as in the 1920s and 1960s, it has generated significant social concern and approbation.

text: At most times in most cultures, men have worn their hair in styles that are different from women's. American

text: sociologist

text: Rose Weitz once wrote that the most widespread cultural rule about hair is that women's hair must differ from men's hair. An exception is the men and women living in the

text: Orinoco-Amazon Basin

text: , where traditionally both genders have worn their hair cut into a bowl shape. In Western countries in the 1960s, both young men and young women wore their hair long and natural, and since then it has become more common for men to grow their hair. During most periods in human history when men and women wore similar hairstyles, as in the 1920s and 1960s, it has generated significant social concern and approbation.

text: Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5 °C), humidity, heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers while the use of skin-to-skin "kangaroo care" interventions for low birth-weight infants have started to spread world-wide after its use as a solution in developing countries.

text: Basic techniques for keeping newborns warm include keeping them dry, wrapping them in blankets, giving them hats and clothing, or increasing the ambient temperature. More advanced techniques include incubators (at 36.5 °C),

text: humidity

text: , heat shields, thermal blankets, double-walled incubators, and radiant warmers while the use of skin-to-skin "

text: kangaroo care

text: " interventions for low birth-weight infants have started to spread world-wide after its use as a solution in developing countries.

text: Melanin is the main substance responsible for the color of the skin. Melanin is class of dark polymers generated by the body through the process of melanogenesis. Among the melanin pigmenting the skin and hair, 2 types can be distinguished based on its chemical composition and biological route of synthesis: the black/brown eumelanin and the red/yellow pheomelanin. The variation of skin color among individuals is mostly because of variation of the content of melanin in the skin. Skin with little or no melanin is almost white. Other factors influence skin color in a lesser degree, including the amount of blood in blood vessels (because of the color of blood), skin thickness and content of carotenoids in skin.

text: Melanin

text: is the main substance responsible for the color of the skin. Melanin is class of dark

text: polymer

text: s generated by the body through the process of

text: melanogenesis

text: . Among the melanin pigmenting the skin and hair, 2 types can be distinguished based on its chemical composition and biological route of synthesis: the black/brown

text: eumelanin

text: and the red/yellow

text: pheomelanin

text: . The variation of

text: skin color

text: among individuals is mostly because of variation of the content of melanin in the skin. Skin with little or no melanin is

text: almost white

text: . Other factors influence skin color in a lesser degree, including the amount of blood in blood vessels (because of the color of blood), skin thickness and content of

text: carotenoid

text: s in skin.

text: The shell grows to a height of 1.1 mm.The small shell is depressedly and obliquely globose. It has a rough appearance and is unadorned in any way. It has a small, rounded, barely prominent apex, a large, round, very descending aperture and a small umbilicus. There is no sculpture, but there are some harsh and irregular lines of growth. The semi-transparent shell has a white color beneath a yellow epidermis. The spire is slightly raised, and more or less subscalar. The apex is very small, and the extreme tip is tabulated. The 3½ to 4 whorls show a very rapid increase. They are well rounded, but a little flatter and more sloping above than below. They are scored by the old canal, which lies about halfway between the periphery and the suture, presenting no ridge, but scored across as usual with concave lines. The epidermis is yellow, membranaceous, and rather thick. The suture is slightly openly impressed. The round aperture is very oblique. The outer lip is thin and sharp. It is shortly but rather widely cleft. It is little inflected above, excessively patulous on the base. The inner lip is thickened, extremely short, and slightly disunited from the body. It is very concave on the columella, where it is bent back so as to cover the umbilical perforation, which presents a narrowed and not pervious but very strong depression. The large, yellow operculum is corneous and thin. It has a central nucleus and many spiral whorls, which seem to become more numerous toward the margin.

text: The shell grows to a height of 1.1 mm.The small shell is depressedly and obliquely globose. It has a rough appearance and is unadorned in any way. It has a small, rounded, barely prominent

text: apex

text: , a large, round, very descending

text: aperture

text: and a small

text: umbilicus

text: . There is no

text: sculpture

text: , but there are some harsh and irregular lines of growth. The semi-transparent shell has a white color beneath a yellow epidermis. The

text: spire

text: is slightly raised, and more or less subscalar. The

text: apex

text: is very small, and the extreme tip is tabulated. The 3½ to 4

text: whorl

text: s show a very rapid increase. They are well rounded, but a little flatter and more sloping above than below. They are scored by the old canal, which lies about halfway between the periphery and the

text: suture

text: , presenting no ridge, but scored across as usual with concave lines. The

text: epidermis

text: is yellow, membranaceous, and rather thick. The suture is slightly openly impressed. The round aperture is very oblique. The outer

text: lip

text: is thin and sharp. It is shortly but rather widely cleft. It is little inflected above, excessively patulous on the base. The inner lip is thickened, extremely short, and slightly disunited from the body. It is very concave on the

text: columella

text: , where it is bent back so as to cover the umbilical perforation, which presents a narrowed and not pervious but very strong depression. The large, yellow

text: operculum

text: is corneous and thin. It has a central nucleus and many spiral whorls, which seem to become more numerous toward the margin.

text: Double skin (USA: double wall): The outer tent is a waterproof layer which extends down to the ground all round. One or more 'inner tents' provide sleeping areas. The outer tent may be just a little larger than the inner tent, or it may be a lot larger and provide a covered living area separate from the sleeping area(s). An inner tent is not waterproof, but allows water vapour to pass through so that condensation occurs only on the exterior side. The double layer may also provide some thermal insulation. Either the outer skin or the inner skin may be the structural component, carrying the poles; the structural skin is always pitched first, though some tents are built with the outer and inner linked so that they are both pitched at the same time.

text: Double skin (USA: double wall): The outer tent is a waterproof layer which extends down to the ground all round. One or more 'inner tents' provide sleeping areas. The outer tent may be just a little larger than the inner tent, or it may be a lot larger and provide a covered living area separate from the sleeping area(s). An inner tent is not waterproof, but allows water vapour to pass through so that condensation occurs only on the exterior side. The double layer may also provide some

text: thermal insulation

text: . Either the outer skin or the inner skin may be the structural component, carrying the poles; the structural skin is always pitched first, though some tents are built with the outer and inner linked so that they are both pitched at the same time.

text: In preparation for ecdysis, the arthropod becomes inactive for a period of time, undergoing apolysis or separation of the old exoskeleton from the underlying epidermal cells. For most organisms, the resting period is a stage of preparation during which the secretion of fluid from the moulting glands of the epidermal layer and the loosening of the underpart of the cuticle occur.Once the old cuticle has separated from the epidermis, a digesting fluid is secreted into the space between them. However, this fluid remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. Then, by crawling movements, the organism pushes forward in the old integumentary shell, which splits down the back allowing the animal to emerge. Often, this initial crack is caused by a combination of movement and increase in blood pressure within the body, forcing an expansion across its exoskeleton, leading to an eventual crack that allows for certain organisms such as spiders to extricate themselves.While the old cuticle is being digested, the new layer is secreted. All cuticular structures are shed at ecdysis, including the inner parts of the exoskeleton, which includes terminal linings of the alimentary tract and of the tracheae if they are present.

text: In preparation for ecdysis, the arthropod becomes inactive for a period of time, undergoing

text: apolysis

text: or separation of the old exoskeleton from the underlying epidermal cells. For most organisms, the resting period is a stage of preparation during which the secretion of fluid from the moulting glands of the epidermal layer and the loosening of the underpart of the cuticle occur.Once the old cuticle has separated from the epidermis, a digesting fluid is secreted into the space between them. However, this fluid remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. Then, by crawling movements, the organism pushes forward in the old

text: integumentary shell

text: , which splits down the back allowing the animal to emerge. Often, this initial crack is caused by a combination of movement and increase in blood pressure within the body, forcing an expansion across its

text: exoskeleton

text: , leading to an eventual crack that allows for certain organisms such as

text: spider

text: s to extricate themselves.While the old cuticle is being digested, the new layer is secreted. All cuticular structures are shed at ecdysis, including the inner parts of the exoskeleton, which includes terminal linings of the

text: alimentary tract

text: and of the

text: trachea

text: e if they are present.

text: Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "diploblastic". The layers are separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis, and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple. Hydramacin is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra; it protects the outer layer against infection.

text: Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "

text: diploblastic

text: ". The layers are separated by

text: mesoglea

text: , a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the

text: epidermis

text: , and the inner layer is called the

text: gastrodermis

text: , because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple.

text: Hydramacin

text: is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra; it protects the outer layer against infection.

text: ). New special pages can be created to perform a specific function. These pages are dynamically generated. For example, a special page might show all pages that have one or more links to an external site or it might create a form providing user submitted feedback. Skins allow users to customize the look and feel of MediaWiki. A minor extension point allows the use of Amazon S3 to host image files.

text: ). New special pages can be created to perform a specific function. These pages are dynamically generated. For example, a special page might show all pages that have one or more links to an external site or it might create a form providing user submitted feedback.

text: Skins

text: allow users to customize the look and feel of MediaWiki. A minor extension point allows the use of

text: Amazon S3

text: to host image files.

text: One of the essential limiting nutrients in a healthy forest is Nitrogen. Nitrogen is a limiting resource in a forest because not all plants can utilize the Nitrogen that is floating in the air around them. Nitrogen is originally a gas in its elemental form making it impossible for many plant species to absorb the key benefits of nitrogen. Feather moss such as Lanky Moss is not a nitrogen fixer, which means it does not have the capabilities to absorb and retain the nitrogen that is in the air. Even though Rhytidiadelphus loreaus is not a nitrogen fixer it still helps keep the forest healthy and in balance.  Lanky Moss can  serve as an insulator, nutrition sponge and a water filtration system that circulates throughout the forest. As an insulator it can protect the possibly weak or shallow root systems of trees by insulating them from extreme changes in temperature. It there was no insulation then many of the trees growing at colder latitude could not survive the harsh winter months.  The insulation of Lanky Moss prevents the roots from freezing if there is an unexpected drop in temperature. They can also help retain moisture in the soil so if there is a dry season in the forest they can help keep the trees and other plant species hydrated. Aside from water retention they can also hold large levels of nutrients. As rain percolates through the forest’s canopy, nutrients such as nitrogen flows off with the water and is immediately absorbed by the Lanky Moss that is growing on the forest floor. Moss such as Lanky Moss is a crucial component in primary successional success. After a major disturbance such as a fire or glacial advancement, moss and lichen are initial species in the regrowth of vegetation. Since other feather mosses unlike Rhytidiadelphus loreaus are capable of nitrogen fixation they are able to facilitate growth of other species because they can introduce a crucial nutrient into the growing forest.

text: April shows her strength in her desperate efforts to keep the townspeople healthy without necessary equipment and medicine.

text: The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.  The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.  Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and  ground substance.  Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands.  The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.  The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.

text: The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the

text: papillary dermis

text: and the

text: reticular dermis

text: .  The superficial papillary dermis

text: interdigitates

text: with the overlying

text: rete ridge

text: s of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.  Structural components of the dermis are

text: collagen

text: elastic fiber

text: s, and

text: ground substance

text: .  Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the

text: eccrine

text: and

text: apocrine gland

text: s.  The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.  The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.

text: The human skin consists of two layers: an outermost layer called the epidermis and a layer underneath called the dermis. In individuals with healthy skin, there are protein anchors between these two layers that prevent them from moving independently from one another (shearing). In people born with EB, the two skin layers lack the protein anchors that hold them together, resulting in extremely fragile skin—even minor mechanical friction (like rubbing or pressure) or trauma will separate the layers of the skin and form blisters and painful sores. Sufferers of EB have compared the sores with third-degree burns. Furthermore, as a complication of the chronic skin damage, people suffering from EB have an increased risk of malignancies (cancers) of the skin.

text: The human

text: skin

text: consists of two layers: an outermost layer called the

text: epidermis

text: and a layer underneath called the

text: dermis

text: . In individuals with healthy skin, there are protein anchors between these two layers that prevent them from moving independently from one another (shearing). In people born with EB, the two skin layers lack the protein anchors that hold them together, resulting in extremely fragile skin—even minor mechanical friction (like rubbing or pressure) or trauma will separate the layers of the skin and form blisters and painful sores. Sufferers of EB have compared the sores with third-degree burns. Furthermore, as a complication of the chronic skin damage, people suffering from EB have an increased risk of malignancies (cancers) of the skin.

text: Most stingrays have one or more barbed stingers (modified from dermal denticles) on the tail, which are used exclusively in self-defense. The stinger may reach a length around , and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The stinger is covered with a thin layer of skin, the integumentary sheath, in which the venom is concentrated. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta and porcupine rays, do not have stingers.

text: Most stingrays have one or more barbed stingers (modified from

text: dermal denticle

text: s) on the tail, which are used exclusively in self-defense. The stinger may reach a length around , and its underside has two grooves with

text: venom

text: gland

text: s. The stinger is covered with a thin layer of skin, the integumentary sheath, in which the venom is concentrated. A few members of the suborder, such as the

text: manta

text: and

text: porcupine ray

text: s, do not have stingers.

text: Nine Inch Nails is an American industrial rock act, founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio.  As its main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only official member of Nine Inch Nails and remains solely responsible for its direction.  Nine Inch Nails has received four awards from 25 nominations, including two Grammy Awards for the songs "Wish" and "Happiness in Slavery" in 1993 and 1996 respectively.  Nine Inch Nails have received two Kerrang! Awards honoring the band's overall contributions since 1988.  The band has also received nine nominations from the MTV Video Music Awards for several of its videos, including two nominations for the "Closer" video and five nominations for the "Perfect Drug" video, including Video of the Year.

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: is an

text: American

text: industrial rock

text: act, founded in 1988 by

text: Trent Reznor

text: in

text: Cleveland

text: Ohio

text: .  As its main

text: producer

text: , singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only official member of Nine Inch Nails and remains solely responsible for its direction.  Nine Inch Nails has received four awards from 25 nominations, including two

text: Grammy Award

text: s for the songs "

text: Wish

text: " and "

text: Happiness in Slavery

text: " in 1993 and 1996 respectively.  Nine Inch Nails have received two

text: Kerrang! Awards

text: honoring the band's overall contributions since 1988.  The band has also received nine nominations from the

text: MTV Video Music Awards

text: for several of its videos, including two nominations for the "

text: Closer

text: " video and five nominations for the "

text: Perfect Drug

text: " video, including

entity_name: MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year

text: Video of the Year

text: Feathers are among the most complex integumentary appendages found in vertebrates and are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.

text: Feathers are among the most complex

text: integument

text: ary

text: appendages

text: found in

text: vertebrates

text: and are formed in tiny follicles in the

text: epidermis

text: , or outer skin layer, that produce

text: keratin

text: protein

text: s. The

text: β-keratin

text: s in feathers,

text: beak

text: s and

text: claw

text: s — and the claws,

text: scale

text: s and

text: shell

text: s of

text: reptile

text: s — are composed of protein strands

text: hydrogen-bonded

text: into

text: β-pleated sheets

text: , which are then further twisted and

text: crosslinked

text: by

text: disulfide

text: bridges into structures even tougher than the

text: α-keratin

text: s of mammalian

text: hair

text: horns

text: and

text: hoof

text: . The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.

text: One can see that in temperate environments there is room to increase or decrease blood flow to the skin dramatically. This is achieved by way of special arrangements in the vascular beds of the skin. There are significant numbers of extra vessels, especially in the extremities with their large surface areas (hands, ears, toes etc.). These are direct connections between artery and vein which bypass nourishing capillaries, and are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. These shunts are normally mostly closed, but opening them up allows the skin to become engorged with blood, and because these vessels have low resistance, the blood flow through them is brisk. Conversely, when blood supply to the skin must be reduced these shunts can be closed and furthermore, the normal mechanism of vasoconstriction of arterioles, can dramatically reduce perfusion of the skin.

text: The integumentary system comprises skin, and the appendages of skin, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and sensory nerves.

text: The integumentary system comprises

text: skin

text: , and the appendages of skin, such as

text: hair

text: nails

text: sweat glands

text: sebaceous glands

text: , and sensory nerves.

text: The appearance and number of sarcoids can vary, with some horses having single or multiple lesions, usually on the head, legs, ventrum and genitalia or around a wound. The distribution pattern suggests that flies are an important factor in the formation of sarcoids. Sarcoids may resemble warts (verrucous form), small nodules (nodular form), oval hairless or scaly plaques (occult form) or very rarely, large ulcerated masses (fibroblastic form). The occult form usually presents on skin around the mouth, eyes or neck, while nodular and verrucous sarcoids are common on the groin, penile sheath or face. Fibroblastic sarcoids have a predilection for the legs, groin, eyelid and sites of previous injury. Multiple forms may also be present on an individual horse (mixed form). Histologically, sarcoids are composed of fibroblasts (collagen producing cells) that invade and proliferate within the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous tissue but do not readily metastasize to other organs. Surgical biopsy can definitively diagnose sarcoids, but there is a significant risk of making sarcoids worse. Therefore, diagnosis based solely on clinical signs, fine-needle aspiration or complete excisional biopsy are safer choices.

text: The appearance and number of sarcoids can vary, with some horses having single or multiple lesions, usually on the head, legs, ventrum and genitalia or around a wound. The distribution pattern suggests that flies are an important factor in the formation of sarcoids. Sarcoids may resemble warts (verrucous form), small nodules (nodular form), oval hairless or scaly plaques (occult form) or very rarely, large ulcerated masses (fibroblastic form). The occult form usually presents on skin around the mouth, eyes or neck, while nodular and verrucous sarcoids are common on the groin,

text: penile sheath

text: or face. Fibroblastic sarcoids have a predilection for the legs, groin, eyelid and sites of previous injury. Multiple forms may also be present on an individual horse (mixed form).

text: Histologically

text: , sarcoids are composed of

text: fibroblasts

text: (collagen producing cells) that invade and proliferate within the

text: dermis

text: and sometimes the subcutaneous tissue but do not readily metastasize to other organs. Surgical biopsy can definitively diagnose sarcoids, but there is a significant risk of making sarcoids worse. Therefore, diagnosis based solely on clinical signs,

text: fine-needle aspiration

text: or complete excisional biopsy are safer choices.

text: It harbors many mechanoreceptors (nerve endings) that provide the sense of touch and heat through nociceptors and thermoreceptors. It also contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as for the epidermis.

text: It harbors many

text: mechanoreceptor

text: s (nerve endings) that provide the sense of

text: touch

text: and

text: heat

text: through

text: nociceptors

text: and

text: thermoreceptors

text: . It also contains the

text: hair follicles

text: sweat glands

text: sebaceous glands

text: apocrine glands

text: lymphatic vessels

text: and

text: blood vessels

text: . The

text: blood vessels

text: in the

text: dermis

text: provide nourishment and waste removal from its own

text: cells

text: as well as for the

text: epidermis

text: Dermie O'Connell (April 13, 1928 – October 5, 1988) was an American professional basketball player.

text: Dermie O'Connell (April 13, 1928 – October 5, 1988) was an American professional

text: basketball

text: player.

text: Non-functional testing is the testing of a software application or system for its non-functional requirements: the way a system operates, rather than specific behaviours of that system. This is contrast to functional testing, which tests against functional requirements that describe the functions of a system and its components. The names of many non-functional tests are often used interchangeably because of the overlap in scope between various non-functional requirements. For example, software performance is a broad term that includes many specific requirements like reliability and scalability.

text: Non-functional testing is the testing of a software application or system for its

text: non-functional requirement

text: s: the way a system operates, rather than specific behaviours of that system. This is contrast to

text: functional testing

text: , which tests against

text: functional requirement

text: s that describe the functions of a system and its components. The names of many non-functional tests are often used interchangeably because of the overlap in scope between various non-functional requirements. For example,

text: software performance

text: is a broad term that includes many specific requirements like

text: reliability

text: and

text: scalability

text: In a pen portrait of herself executed later the same year, she noted how she was neither "fat nor thin" and "looked healthy; my bosom is fairly well formed; my hands and arms not beautiful, but the skin is good...". The same year, she met Christina of Sweden, who had arrived in France in July 1656. The two ladies met at Essone where they watched a ballet together. Mademoiselle later exclaimed that Christina "surprised me very much. [...] She was in all respects a most extraordinary creature".

text: In a pen portrait of herself executed later the same year, she noted how she was neither "fat nor thin" and "looked healthy; my bosom is fairly well formed; my hands and arms not beautiful, but the skin is good...". The same year, she met

text: Christina of Sweden

text: , who had arrived in France in July 1656. The two ladies met at Essone where they watched a ballet together. Mademoiselle later exclaimed that Christina "surprised me very much. [...] She was in all respects a most extraordinary creature".

text: Langer is widely regarded for his contributions to medicine and biotechnology.  He is considered a pioneer of many new technologies, including controlled release systems and transdermal delivery systems, which allow the administration of drugs or extraction of analytes from the body through the skin without needles or other invasive methods.

text: Langer is widely regarded for his contributions to

text: medicine

text: and

text: biotechnology

text: .  He is considered a pioneer of many new technologies, including controlled release systems and transdermal delivery systems, which allow the administration of drugs or extraction of analytes from the body through the skin without needles or other invasive methods.

text: The symptoms of nail prick are varying degrees of lameness in the horse. Nail pricking leads to the horse going lame at once. A close nail leads to the horse going lame after some days. Placing the thongs on the head of the nail is a way to identify which nail is the cause. If the faulty nail are taken out at once the horse will have few symptoms of pain (whether or not there is blood from the hole). The hoof will turn warm and by feeling the arteries to the hoof an increased pulsation can be felt. When the hoof is inspected the horse can feel pain when pressure is applied to the damaged area.

text: If the hide is more than a day or two old, it should be "bucked" first, via an alkali soaking process called bucking (from a Latin verb of the type *bucāre "to steep in lye, wash clothes"); The hide is soaked in a solution of wood ash lye or hydrated lime in water. This causes the grain layer (epidermis) to swell, making it easier to slip the hair and scrape off the grain.

text: If the hide is more than a day or two old, it should be "bucked" first, via an alkali soaking process called

text: bucking

text: (from a Latin verb of the type *bucāre "to steep in lye, wash clothes"); The hide is soaked in a solution of wood ash lye or hydrated lime in water. This causes the grain layer (epidermis) to swell, making it easier to slip the hair and scrape off the grain.

text: Nail got his start in the real estate business working for Philip A. Payton, Jr.'s Afro-American Realty Company, another real estate firm catering to African-American customers in New York City.  In 1905, he founded the Nail-Parker Company with Henry G. Parker.  In 1911, Nail, together with his pastor, Rev. Hutchens C. Bishop of St. Philip's Episcopal Church, bought over a million dollars worth of real estate in the Harlem area of New York City.  Starting in the late nineteenth century, African Americans began moving from the southern United States into the New York City area.    Nail realized that most of these new arrivals were not financially able to purchase homes, and began converting or constructing apartments on his land purchases.  By 1925, Nail's business owned around fifty apartment buildings in the Harlem area.  Nail became the most important Black real estate agent in New York City, and sat on the Real Estate Board of New York and the Housing Committee of New York; in each case he was the only African-American member.

text: Nail got his start in the real estate business working for

text: Philip A. Payton, Jr.

text: 's Afro-American Realty Company, another real estate firm catering to African-American customers in New York City.  In 1905, he founded the Nail-Parker Company with Henry G. Parker.  In 1911, Nail, together with his pastor, Rev.

text: Hutchens C. Bishop

text: of

entity_name: St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)

text: St. Philip's Episcopal Church

text: , bought over a million dollars worth of real estate in the

text: Harlem

text: area of New York City.  Starting in the late nineteenth century, African Americans

text: began moving

text: from the

text: southern United States

text: into the New York City area.    Nail realized that most of these new arrivals were not financially able to purchase homes, and began converting or constructing

text: apartment

text: s on his land purchases.  By 1925, Nail's business owned around fifty apartment buildings in the Harlem area.  Nail became the most important Black real estate agent in New York City, and sat on the

text: Real Estate Board of New York

text: and the

text: Housing Committee of New York

text: ; in each case he was the only African-American member.

text: The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.  The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body’s first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:

text: The integumentary system has multiple roles in

text: homeostasis

text: . All body systems work in an interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.  The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body’s first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:

text: Once improvement in aerobic conditioning is apparent, for example in metabolism and oxygen uptake, the body will progressively adapt to further training. Aerobic conditioning can be anywhere from walking on the treadmill to mowing the lawn. The average healthy person should engage in 150–200 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise every week. This amount of physical activity should help with maintaining a healthy weight and keeping the cardiovascular system in good condition.

text: Once improvement in aerobic conditioning is apparent, for example in metabolism and oxygen uptake, the body will progressively adapt to further training. Aerobic conditioning can be anywhere from walking on the treadmill to mowing the lawn. The average healthy person should engage in 150–200 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise every week. This amount of

text: physical activity

text: should help with maintaining a healthy

text: weight

text: and keeping the

text: cardiovascular system

text: in good condition.

text: However, with FUE, the follicles are harvested from a much greater area of the donor zone compared to FUT, estimated to be eight times greater than that of traditional strip excision so requires patients to have hairs trimmed in a much larger donor area. As a result, the hair in the lower and upper parts of the donor area, where the grafts were taken from, may thin and this can make the donor scars visible. Follicles harvested from borderline areas of the donor region may not be truly “permanent,” so that over time, the transplanted hair may be lost. Maximum follicular unit graft yield is lower than with FUT and may result in greater follicular transection (damage). Due to the scarring and distortion of the donor scalp from FUE it makes subsequent sessions more difficult, and grafts are more fragile and subject to trauma during placing, since they often lack the protective dermis and fat of microscopically dissected grafts, ultimately which may result in poor growth. A problem of buried grafts can occur during the blunt phase of the three-step technique when the graft is pushed into fat and must be removed through a small incision. FUE can also be more expensive and take longer to perform than FUT, so grafts are usually out of the body longer, risking sub-optimal growth.

text: Hair straightening is a hair styling technique used since the 1890s involving the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth, streamlined, and 'sleek' appearance. It became very popular during the 1950s among black males and females of all races. It is accomplished  using a hair iron or hot comb, chemical relaxers, Japanese hair straightening, Brazilian hair straightening, or roller set/blowdryer styling. In addition, some shampoos, conditioners, and hair gels can help to make hair temporarily straight.

text: Hair straightening is a hair styling technique used since the 1890s involving the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth, streamlined, and 'sleek' appearance. It became very popular during the 1950s among black males and females of all races. It is accomplished  using a

text: hair iron

text: or

text: hot comb

text: , chemical

text: relaxer

text: s, Japanese hair straightening,

text: Brazilian hair straightening

text: , or

text: roller set

text: blowdryer

text: styling. In addition, some

text: shampoo

text: s,

text: conditioner

text: s, and

text: hair gel

text: s can help to make hair temporarily straight.

text: These hard, integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead, cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin. Hair grows continuously and feathers moult and regenerate. The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization. The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known. Multiple genes have been identified for the β-keratins in feathers, and this is probably characteristic of all keratins.

text: Nail polish formulations may include ingredients that are toxic or effect other health problems. One controversial family of ingredient are phthalates, which are implicated as endocrine disruptors and linked to problems in the endocrine system and increased risk of diabetes.  Manufacturers have been pressured by consumer groups to reduce or to eliminate potentially-toxic ingredients, and in September 2006, several companies agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalates. There are no universal consumer safety standards for nail polish, however, and while formaldehyde has been eliminated from some nail polish brands, others still use it.

text: Nail polish formulations may include ingredients that are toxic or effect other health problems. One controversial family of ingredient are

text: phthalates

text: , which are implicated as

text: endocrine disruptor

text: s and linked to problems in the

text: endocrine system

text: and increased risk of

text: diabetes

text: .  Manufacturers have been pressured by consumer groups to reduce or to eliminate potentially-toxic ingredients, and in September 2006, several companies agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalates. There are no universal consumer safety standards for nail polish, however, and while formaldehyde has been eliminated from some nail polish brands, others still use it.

text: The skin is the largest organ in the body. In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m of surface area.  It distinguishes, separates, and protects the organism from its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, is called integumentary exchange.

text: The skin is the largest organ in the body. In humans, it accounts for about 12 to 15 percent of total body weight and covers 1.5-2m of surface area.  It distinguishes, separates, and protects the organism from its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats

text: respire

text: using the outer layer (integument). This gas exchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the

text: interstitial fluid

text: , is called integumentary exchange.

text: They are caused by a collection of pigment-producing melanocytes in the epidermis of the skin.

text: Trombiculid mites go through a lifecycle of egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The larval mites feed on the skin cells of animals. The six-legged parasitic larva feeds on a large variety of creatures, including humans, rabbits, toads, box turtles, quail, and even some insects. After crawling onto their hosts, they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells. They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a stylostome and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing severe irritation and swelling. The severe itching is accompanied by red, pimple-like bumps (papules) or hives and skin rash or lesions on a sun-exposed area. For humans, itching usually occurs after the larvae detach from the skin.

text: Trombiculid mites go through a lifecycle of

text: egg

text: larva

text: nymph

text: , and

text: adult

text: . The larval mites feed on the

text: skin

text: cell

text: s of animals. The six-legged parasitic larva feeds on a large variety of creatures, including humans,

text: rabbit

text: s,

text: toad

text: s,

text: box turtle

text: s,

text: quail

text: , and even some insects. After crawling onto their

text: hosts

text: , they inject digestive enzymes into the skin that break down skin cells. They do not actually "bite", but instead form a hole in the skin called a

text: stylostome

text: and chew up tiny parts of the inner skin, thus causing severe irritation and swelling. The severe itching is accompanied by red,

text: pimple-like

text: bumps (

text: papule

text: s) or

text: hives

text: and

text: skin rash

text: Straw bales can also be used as part of a Spar and Membrane Structure (SMS) wall system in which lightly reinforced 5 - 8 cm (2 - 3") gunite or shotcrete skins are interconnected with extended "X" shaped light rebar in the head joints of the bales. In this wall system the concrete skins provide structure, seismic reinforcing, and fireproofing, while the bales are used as leave-in formwork and insulation.

text: Straw bales can also be used as part of a

text: Spar and Membrane Structure

text: (SMS) wall system in which lightly reinforced 5 - 8 cm (2 - 3")

text: gunite

text: or

text: shotcrete

text: skins are interconnected with extended "X" shaped light rebar in the head joints of the bales. In this wall system the concrete skins provide structure, seismic reinforcing, and fireproofing, while the bales are used as leave-in

text: formwork

text: and insulation.

text: Within the epidermis keratinocytes are associated with other cell types such as melanocytes and Langerhans cells. Keratinocytes form tight junctions with the nerves of the skin and hold the Langerhans cells and intra-dermal lymphocytes in position within the epidermis. Keratinocytes also modulate the immune system:  apart from the above-mentioned antimicrobial peptides and chemokines they are also potent producers of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and TGF-β. When activated, they can stimulate cutaneous inflammation and Langerhans cell activation via TNFα and IL-1β secretion.

text: Within the epidermis keratinocytes are associated with other cell types such as

text: melanocytes

text: and

text: Langerhans cell

text: s. Keratinocytes form

text: tight junction

text: s with the nerves of the skin and hold the Langerhans cells and intra-dermal

text: lymphocytes

text: in position within the epidermis. Keratinocytes also modulate the

text: immune system

text: :  apart from the above-mentioned

text: antimicrobial peptides

text: and

text: chemokines

text: they are also potent producers of anti-inflammatory mediators such as

text: and

text: TGF-β

text: . When activated, they can stimulate

text: cutaneous

text: inflammation

text: and Langerhans cell activation via

text: TNFα

text: and

text: secretion.

text: Traction alopecia is a form of alopecia, or gradual hair loss, caused primarily by pulling force being applied to the hair. This commonly results from the sufferer frequently wearing their hair in a particularly tight ponytail, pigtails, or braids. It is also seen occasionally in long-haired people who use barrettes to keep hair out of their faces. Traction alopecia is recession of the hairline due to chronic traction, or hair pulling, and is characterized by a fringe along the marginal hairline on physical exam. Even though this "fringe sign" is considered a useful clinical marker of this condition, cases of frontal fibrosing alopecia presenting with an unusual retention of the hairline (pseudo-fringe sign) have been described.

text: Traction alopecia is a form of

text: alopecia

text: , or gradual hair loss, caused primarily by pulling force being applied to the hair. This commonly results from the sufferer frequently wearing their hair in a particularly tight

text: ponytail

text: pigtail

text: s, or

text: braid

text: s. It is also seen occasionally in long-haired people who use

text: barrette

text: s to keep hair out of their faces. Traction alopecia is recession of the hairline due to chronic traction, or hair pulling, and is characterized by a fringe along the marginal hairline on

text: physical exam

text: . Even though this "fringe sign" is considered a useful clinical marker of this condition, cases of frontal fibrosing alopecia presenting with an unusual retention of the hairline (pseudo-fringe sign) have been described.

text: The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its actions and transmits signals to and from different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrate species it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent. Most nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves. The PNS is divided into a) somatic and b) autonomic nervous system, and c) the enteric nervous system. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.

text: The nervous system is the part of an

text: animal

text: 's body that coordinates its actions and transmits signals to and from different parts of its body.

text: Nervous tissue

text: first arose in

text: wormlike organisms

text: about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrate species it consists of two main parts, the

text: central nervous system

text: (CNS) and the

text: peripheral nervous system

text: (PNS). The CNS contains the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal cord

text: . The PNS consists mainly of

text: nerve

text: s, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or

text: axon

text: s, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent. Most nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves. The PNS is divided into a) somatic and b) autonomic nervous system, and c) the enteric nervous system. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The

text: autonomic nervous system

text: is further subdivided into the

text: sympathetic

text: and the

text: parasympathetic

text: nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The

text: enteric nervous system

text: functions to control the

text: gastrointestinal

text: system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called

text: cranial nerves

text: while those exiting from the spinal cord are called

text: spinal nerves

text: If the dressage rider has long hair, it is typically worn in a bun with a hair net or show bow. A hair net blends in with the rider's hair color, whereas a show bow combines a barrette or hair tie with a small bow and thick hair net, and is usually black. Lower-level riders may use a derby, hunting cap, or ASTM/SEI-approved Equestrian helmet. In the United States, junior riders and riders through Fourth Level at recognized competitions are required to wear an ASTM/SEI approved helmet to protect against head trauma in the event of a fall. At the upper levels, a top hat that matches the rider's coat is traditionally worn, though use of helmets is legal and increasing in popularity.

text: If the dressage rider has long hair, it is typically worn in a bun with a

text: hair net

text: or show bow. A hair net blends in with the rider's hair color, whereas a show bow combines a barrette or hair tie with a small bow and thick hair net, and is usually black. Lower-level riders may use a

text: derby

text: , hunting cap, or ASTM/SEI-approved

text: Equestrian helmet

text: . In the United States, junior riders and riders through Fourth Level at recognized competitions are required to wear an ASTM/SEI approved helmet to protect against head trauma in the event of a fall. At the upper levels, a top hat that matches the rider's coat is traditionally worn, though use of helmets is legal and increasing in popularity.

text: Ordered as a follow-on to the NA-57 as a two-seat advanced trainer, the NA-64 P-2/NAA-64 P-2 represented a major structural improvement, with a longer all-metal fuselage replacing the fabric covered fuselage of the NA-57. As well as metal skin replacing the fabric on the fuselage, the fin was changed from having a corrugated skin to being a smooth stressed skin structure and was moved slightly aft, lengthening the rear fuselage while the engine was moved forward to maintain the center of gravity. The rudder was also changed from the rounded shape used previously to one with a roughly triangular shape with the broadest part being at the bottom to improve handling at high angles of attack. In one respect however, it was a step backwards from its immediate predecessor, the BT-14, with which it is often confused, in that the earlier straight wings were used with the result that in RCAF service, when compared to the later and more powerful Harvard II it was flown alongside, it had different handling characteristics and lower performance.

text: Ordered as a follow-on to the

text: as a two-seat advanced trainer, the NA-64 P-2/NAA-64 P-2 represented a major structural improvement, with a longer all-metal fuselage replacing the fabric covered fuselage of the NA-57. As well as metal skin replacing the fabric on the fuselage, the fin was changed from having a corrugated skin to being a smooth stressed skin structure and was moved slightly aft, lengthening the rear fuselage while the engine was moved forward to maintain the

text: center of gravity

text: . The rudder was also changed from the rounded shape used previously to one with a roughly triangular shape with the broadest part being at the bottom to improve handling at high

text: angles of attack

text: . In one respect however, it was a step backwards from its immediate predecessor, the

text: , with which it is often confused, in that the earlier straight wings were used with the result that in RCAF service, when compared to the later and more powerful

text: Harvard II

text: it was flown alongside, it had different handling characteristics and lower performance.

text: A facility information model can be implemented in various ways. The essence is that the user of a system by which the data and documents are accessed should experience it as one integrated system. Nevertheless, the system may be constructed such that the documents are stored in a simple directory or such that they are stored in a separate document management system and the data are stored in one or more databases.Important kinds of systems in which Facility Information Models will most likely be implemented are document-oriented systems, such as Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMSs), Content Management Systems (CMS systems) or Enterprise Content Management Systems (ECM systems). Another kind of systems in which facility information models may be implemented are more data-oriented systems, such as Product Data Management Systems (PDM systems) and Product lifecycle management systems (PLM systems).

text: A facility information model can be implemented in various ways. The essence is that the user of a system by which the data and documents are accessed should experience it as one integrated system. Nevertheless, the system may be constructed such that the documents are stored in a simple directory or such that they are stored in a separate document management system and the data are stored in one or more databases.Important kinds of systems in which Facility Information Models will most likely be implemented are document-oriented systems, such as Electronic

text: Document Management Systems

text: (EDMSs),

text: Content Management Systems

text: (CMS systems) or Enterprise Content Management Systems (ECM systems). Another kind of systems in which facility information models may be implemented are more data-oriented systems, such as Product Data Management Systems (PDM systems) and

text: Product lifecycle management

text: systems (PLM systems).

text: Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system (spine, peripheral nerves and brain), tooth enamel and the epidermis (the outer part of integument). It also forms the lining of mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails.

text: Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the

text: nervous system

text: (spine, peripheral nerves and brain), tooth

text: enamel

text: and the

text: epidermis

text: (the outer part of

text: integument

text: ). It also forms the lining of mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails.

text: Independent tests of the nail's stretch were conducted by several organizations, including Florida International University and the International Code Council. Those tests confirmed what the researchers at Bostitch had claimed, that they had created a better nail. Among all of the different tests, it was found that the new nail had twice the "uplift capacity" of other power driven nails, as well as increasing a home's resistance to wind and increasing earthquake resistance by up to 50%. For further testing, Sutt asked for the assistance of Scott Schiff, the coordinator of the graduate program in civil engineering and engineering mechanics at Clemson University. Tests at the Clemson Wind Load Test Facility confirmed what had already been stated. With equipment to simulate the force of winds, roofs attached with traditional nails were pulled apart at around 13,500 pounds of force (60.1 kN). At forces up to 16,000 pounds (71 kN), walls built with the HurriQuake environment nail showed minimal wall movement. As the pressure increased to 17,000 pounds (75 kN), then 18,000 (80 kN), then 19,000 (85 kN), the walls began to make creaking and groaning noises but they still stayed attached. As the test rig pushed 20,000 pounds (89 kN), the maximum it was capable of testing, it gave out, showing that the HurriQuake environment nail sustained 20,000 pounds of force (89 kN) and still was not sheared or completely pulled out.

text: Independent tests of the nail's stretch were conducted by several organizations, including

text: Florida International University

text: and the

text: International Code Council

text: . Those tests confirmed what the researchers at Bostitch had claimed, that they had created a better nail. Among all of the different tests, it was found that the new nail had twice the "uplift capacity" of other power driven nails, as well as increasing a home's resistance to wind and increasing earthquake resistance by up to 50%. For further testing, Sutt asked for the assistance of Scott Schiff, the coordinator of the graduate program in civil engineering and engineering mechanics at

text: Clemson University

text: . Tests at the Clemson Wind Load Test Facility confirmed what had already been stated. With equipment to simulate the force of winds, roofs attached with traditional nails were pulled apart at around 13,500 pounds of force (60.1

text: kN

text: ). At forces up to 16,000 pounds (71 kN), walls built with the HurriQuake environment nail showed minimal wall movement. As the pressure increased to 17,000 pounds (75 kN), then 18,000 (80 kN), then 19,000 (85 kN), the walls began to make creaking and groaning noises but they still stayed attached. As the test rig pushed 20,000 pounds (89 kN), the maximum it was capable of testing, it gave out, showing that the HurriQuake environment nail sustained 20,000 pounds of force (89 kN) and still was not sheared or completely pulled out.

text: Often long-haired hamsters are referred to by their nickname “teddy bear”. They are identical to short haired Syrians except for the hair length and can be found in any color, pattern, or other coat type available in the species.Male long-haired hamsters usually have longer fur than the female, culminating in a "skirt" of longer fur around their backsides. Long-haired females have a much shorter coat although it is still significantly longer than that of a short-haired female.

text: Freese toured with Nine Inch Nails on their 2005–06 With Teeth winter arena and summer amphitheater tours after the illness of drummer Jerome Dillon. He contributed live drum tracks to the songs "Hyperpower!" and "Capital G" on the Nine Inch Nails album Year zero, released in 2007. Freese continued touring with Nine Inch Nails throughout 2007 in support of Year Zero, mainly outside of the U.S. In 2008, he worked with Trent Reznor in the studio on The Slip and signed on for more extensive North American and overseas touring with the band through 2008 on their "Lights in the Sky" 2008 tour. He left the tour at the end of 2008 in order to spend more time with his family and long-time girlfriend, who was pregnant with the couple's third child at the time.

text: Freese toured with

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: on their 2005–06

text: With Teeth

text: winter arena and summer amphitheater tours after the illness of drummer

text: Jerome Dillon

text: . He contributed live drum tracks to the songs "Hyperpower!" and "

text: Capital G

text: " on the Nine Inch Nails album

text: Year zero

text: , released in 2007. Freese continued touring with Nine Inch Nails throughout 2007 in support of Year Zero, mainly outside of the U.S. In 2008, he worked with

text: Trent Reznor

text: in the studio on

text: The Slip

text: and signed on for more extensive North American and overseas touring with the band through 2008 on their "Lights in the Sky" 2008 tour. He left the tour at the end of 2008 in order to spend more time with his family and long-time girlfriend, who was pregnant with the couple's third child at the time.

text: Ceftaroline fosamil (INN) , brand name Teflaro in the US and Zinforo in Europe, is an advanced-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-positive bacteria. It retains the activity of later-generation cephalosporins having broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is currently being investigated for community-acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin structure infection.

text: Ceftaroline fosamil (

text: INN

text: ) , brand name Teflaro in the US and Zinforo in Europe, is an advanced-generation

text: cephalosporin

text: antibiotic

text: . It is active against

text: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

text: (MRSA) and

text: Gram-positive

text: bacteria. It retains the activity of later-generation cephalosporins having broad-spectrum activity against

text: Gram-negative

text: bacteria. It is currently being investigated for

text: community-acquired pneumonia

text: and

text: complicated skin and skin structure infection

text: In bound systems, if the binding energy is removed from the system, it must be subtracted from the mass of the unbound system, simply because this energy has mass. Thus, if energy is removed (or emitted) from the system at the time it is bound, the loss of energy from the system will also result in the loss of the mass of the energy from the system. System mass is not conserved in this process because the system is "open" (i.e., is not an isolated system to mass or energy input or loss) during the binding process.

text: In bound systems, if the binding energy is removed from the system, it must be subtracted from the

text: mass

text: of the unbound system, simply because this energy has mass. Thus, if energy is removed (or emitted) from the system at the time it is bound, the loss of energy from the system will also result in the loss of the mass of the energy from the system. System mass is not conserved in this process because the system is "open" (i.e., is not an

text: isolated system

text: to mass or energy input or loss) during the binding process.

text: Not much is known about it, cause or treatment, as it has only been reported 41 times throughout history. Not much is known about this, and further investigation is required.According to news reports on one particular patient by name of Jaiden Rogers, the patient's skin hardens in some places, and it slowly spreads over the surrounding area. For Rogers, it's spreading over the back, legs, and hips, inhibiting his ability to walk. He say it hurts, but finds it difficult to describe the sensations further. Currently, it appears that chemotherapy similar to that used for cancer is slowing the spread, but it also appears that once the skin has hardened it cannot revert to its healthy flexible state. Physical therapy also appears to help. Further investigation is required.

text: Major categories of software systems include those based on application software, programming software and system software, although the distinction can sometimes be difficult. Examples of software systems include operating systems, computer reservations systems, air traffic control systems, military command and control systems, telecommunication networks, content management systems, database management systems, expert systems, embedded systems etc.

text: Major categories of software systems include those based on

text: application software

text: programming software

text: and

text: system software

text: , although the distinction can sometimes be difficult. Examples of software systems include

text: operating system

text: s,

text: computer reservations system

text: s,

text: air traffic control

text: systems, military command and control systems,

text: telecommunication network

text: s,

text: content management system

text: s,

text: database management system

text: s,

text: expert system

text: s,

text: embedded system

text: s etc.

text: Most of the body was covered in scales. Larger scales were arranged in irregular patterns, with numerous smaller scales occupying the spaces between them, similarly to skin impressions known from other ceratopsians, such as Chasmosaurus. A series of what appear to be hollow, tubular bristle-like structures, approximately  long, were also preserved, arranged in a row down the dorsal (upper) surface of the tail. These were confirmed by the authors, as well as an independent scientist, to not represent plant material. The bristle-like integumentary structures extend into the skin nearly to the vertebrae, and were likely circular or tubular before being preserved. Under ultraviolet light, they gave off the same fluorescence as scales, providing the possibility they were keratinized. The study stated that, "at present, there is no convincing evidence which shows these structures to be homologous to the structurally different integumentary filaments of theropod dinosaurs". However, they found that all other feather-like integument from the Yixian Formation could be identified as feathers.

text: Most of the body was covered in

text: scales

text: . Larger scales were arranged in irregular patterns, with numerous smaller scales occupying the spaces between them, similarly to skin impressions known from other ceratopsians, such as

text: Chasmosaurus

text: . A series of what appear to be hollow, tubular bristle-like structures, approximately  long, were also preserved, arranged in a row down the

text: dorsal

text: (upper) surface of the tail. These were confirmed by the authors, as well as an independent scientist, to not represent plant material. The bristle-like integumentary structures extend into the skin nearly to the vertebrae, and were likely circular or tubular before being preserved. Under

text: ultraviolet light

text: , they gave off the same fluorescence as scales, providing the possibility they were

text: keratin

text: ized. The study stated that, "at present, there is no convincing evidence which shows these structures to be

text: homologous

text: to the structurally different integumentary filaments of

text: theropod

text: dinosaurs". However, they found that all other feather-like integument from the Yixian Formation could be identified as feathers.

text: Robots can be used to generate objective measures of patient's impairment and therapy outcome, assist in diagnosis, customize therapies based on patient's motor abilities, and assure compliance with treatment regimens and maintain patient's records. It is shown in many studies that there is a significant improvement in upper limb motor function after stroke using robotics for upper limb rehabilitation.In order for a robotic prosthetic limb to work, it must have several components to integrate it into the body's function: Biosensors detect signals from the user's nervous or muscular systems. It then relays this information to a controller located inside the device, and processes feedback from the limb and actuator (e.g., position, force) and sends it to the controller. Examples include surface electrodes that detect electrical activity on the skin, needle electrodes implanted in muscle, or solid-state electrode arrays with nerves growing through them. One type of these biosensors are employed in myoelectric prostheses.

text: Robots can be used to generate objective measures of patient's impairment and therapy outcome, assist in diagnosis, customize therapies based on patient's motor abilities, and assure compliance with treatment regimens and maintain patient's records. It is shown in many studies that there is a significant improvement in upper limb motor function after stroke using robotics for upper limb rehabilitation.In order for a robotic prosthetic limb to work, it must have several components to integrate it into the body's function:

text: Biosensors

text: detect signals from the user's nervous or muscular systems. It then relays this information to a controller located inside the device, and processes feedback from the limb and actuator (e.g., position, force) and sends it to the controller. Examples include surface electrodes that detect electrical activity on the skin, needle electrodes implanted in muscle, or solid-state electrode arrays with nerves growing through them. One type of these biosensors are employed in

text: myoelectric prostheses

text: The epidermis is either a syncytium or a single layer of cells, and is covered by a thick collagenous cuticle. The cuticle is often of complex structure, and may have two or three distinct layers. Underneath the epidermis lies a layer of longitudinal muscle cells. The relatively rigid cuticle works with the muscles to create a hydroskeleton as nematodes lack circumferential muscles. Projections run from the inner surface of muscle cells towards the nerve cords; this is a unique arrangement in the animal kingdom, in which nerve cells normally extend fibres into the muscles rather than vice versa.

text: The

text: epidermis

text: is either a

text: syncytium

text: or a single layer of cells, and is covered by a thick

text: collagen

text: ous

text: cuticle

text: . The cuticle is often of complex structure, and may have two or three distinct layers. Underneath the epidermis lies a layer of longitudinal

text: muscle

text: cells. The relatively rigid cuticle works with the muscles to create a hydroskeleton as nematodes lack circumferential muscles. Projections run from the inner surface of muscle cells towards the

text: nerve cord

text: s; this is a unique arrangement in the animal kingdom, in which nerve cells normally extend fibres into the muscles rather than vice versa.

text: A broad range of stakeholders rallied around the newly minted national prevention agenda, including through the Healthy People Consortium, which brought states, major cities, and voluntary national organizations together to adopt and tailor these national objectives to their particular needs and priorities.  When the 1990 results came in, progress toward better health was on or close to the stated goals in each case: a 35% reduction in infant mortality, a 25% reduction in child deaths, a 12% reduction for adolescent and young adult deaths, a 25% lower adult death rate, and 17% fewer days of disability for older adults. The Healthy People process continues today, building on national goals and objectives over more than three decades through Healthy People 2000, Healthy People 2010, and the current objectives, Healthy People 2020. A number of other countries have since developed similar efforts, and related work in the U.S. led to the development of a high priority set of national Leading Health Indicators, the pilot work group for which was chaired by McGinnis as part of the Healthy People 2010 process.

text: A broad range of stakeholders rallied around the newly minted national prevention agenda, including through the Healthy People Consortium, which brought states, major cities, and voluntary national organizations together to adopt and tailor these national objectives to their particular needs and priorities.  When the 1990 results came in, progress toward better health was on or close to the stated goals in each case: a 35% reduction in infant mortality, a 25% reduction in child deaths, a 12% reduction for adolescent and young adult deaths, a 25% lower adult death rate, and 17% fewer days of disability for older adults. The Healthy People process continues today, building on national goals and objectives over more than three decades through Healthy People 2000,

text: Healthy People 2010

text: , and the current objectives, Healthy People 2020. A number of other countries have since developed similar efforts, and related work in the U.S. led to the development of a high priority set of national Leading Health Indicators, the pilot work group for which was chaired by McGinnis as part of the Healthy People 2010 process.

text: Specimen IGM 100/977 of Shuvuuia was found surrounded by small, hollow, tube-like structures resembling the rachis (central vane) of modern bird feathers. Though highly deteriorated and poorly preserved, biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein beta-keratin, and more significantly, the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-keratin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed a coat of feathers.

text: Specimen IGM 100/977 of Shuvuuia was found surrounded by small, hollow, tube-like structures resembling the

text: rachis

text: (central vane) of modern bird feathers. Though highly deteriorated and poorly preserved, biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein

text: beta-keratin

text: , and more significantly, the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-keratin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed a coat of feathers.

text: The small alvarezsaurid dinosaur Shuvuuia deserti showed evidence of a featherlike skin covering.  Analysis by Schweitzer et al. (1999) showed that these featherlike structures consisted of beta-keratin.

text: The small

text: alvarezsaurid

text: dinosaur

text: Shuvuuia deserti

text: showed evidence of a

text: featherlike skin covering

text: .  Analysis by Schweitzer et al. (1999) showed that these featherlike structures consisted of beta-keratin.

text: The story follows Louise Baltimore, who is in charge of the "snatch team" that goes back into the past to kidnap people who would otherwise die.  Because of the massive pollution and the genetic damage she has sustained, she is missing one leg and must get advanced medical treatment daily.  Her appearance is quite ugly due to skin damage (from "paraleprosy") and other problems; however, she wears a special "skin suit" which makes her look whole and beautiful (which may or may not be real—she is an unreliable narrator), and gives her a functional artificial leg.

text: The story follows Louise Baltimore, who is in charge of the "snatch team" that goes back into the past to kidnap people who would otherwise die.  Because of the massive pollution and the genetic damage she has sustained, she is missing one leg and must get advanced medical treatment daily.  Her appearance is quite ugly due to skin damage (from "paraleprosy") and other problems; however, she wears a special "skin suit" which makes her look whole and beautiful (which may or may not be real—she is an

text: unreliable narrator

text: ), and gives her a functional artificial leg.

text: Plants' first lines of defense against A. mali infection are the physical barrier provided by the epidermis on the primary body and the periderm on the secondary body. A. mali can still penetrate the stomates and hydathodes of leaves.

text: Plants' first lines of defense against A. mali infection are the physical barrier provided by the

text: epidermis

text: on the primary body and the

text: periderm

text: on the secondary body. A. mali can still penetrate the

text: stomates

text: and

text: hydathodes

text: of leaves.

text: The skin supports its own ecosystems of microorganisms, including yeasts and bacteria, which cannot be removed by any amount of cleaning. Estimates place the number of individual bacteria on the surface of one square inch (6.5 square cm) of human skin at 50 million, though this figure varies greatly over the average  of human skin. Oily surfaces, such as the face, may contain over 500 million bacteria per square inch (6.5 cm²). Despite these vast quantities, all of the bacteria found on the skin's surface would fit into a volume the size of a pea. In general, the microorganisms keep one another in check and are part of a healthy skin. When the balance is disturbed, there may be an overgrowth and infection, such as when antibiotics kill microbes, resulting in an overgrowth of yeast. The skin is continuous with the inner epithelial lining of the body at the orifices, each of which supports its own complement of microbes.

text: The skin supports its own

text: ecosystem

text: s of

text: microorganism

text: s, including

text: yeast

text: s and bacteria, which cannot be removed by any amount of cleaning. Estimates place the number of individual bacteria on the surface of one square inch (6.5 square cm) of human skin at 50 million, though this figure varies greatly over the average  of human skin. Oily surfaces, such as the face, may contain over 500 million bacteria per square inch (6.5 cm²). Despite these vast quantities, all of the bacteria found on the skin's surface would fit into a volume the size of a pea. In general, the microorganisms keep one another in check and are part of a healthy skin. When the balance is disturbed, there may be an overgrowth and infection, such as when

text: antibiotic

text: s kill

text: microbe

text: s, resulting in an overgrowth of yeast. The skin is continuous with the inner

text: epithelial

text: lining of the body at the orifices, each of which supports its own complement of microbes.

text: Like the first narrative, once again the black–haired and Gozal are husband and wife and Gozal has an affair with the blond- haired. The old man tells Gozal’s husband about this affair. The two rivals start fighting, but the black-haired refuses to kill the blond- haired when he is in the situation to do so. This way he gives his rival the chance to tell him but the black–haired holds the wedding party of Gozal and the blond–haired.In the wedding ceremony, the court judge who has resigned from his job due to its difficulties is present.The black–haired give the bride and groom a lift to their house and gives his taxi to them as the wedding present. The blond–haired who has decided to give Gozal back to the black–haired, runs after him but instead he finds the old man who confesses that he has been in love with Gozal for many years.

text: All the current hair transplantation techniques utilize the patient's existing hair. The aim of the surgical procedure is to use such hair as efficiently as possible. The right candidates for this type of surgery are individuals who still have healthy hair on the sides and the back of the head in order that hair for the transplant may be harvested from those areas. Different techniques are utilized in order to obtain the desired cosmetic results;  Factors considered may include hair color, texture, curliness, etc.

text: All the current

text: hair transplantation

text: techniques utilize the patient's existing hair. The aim of the

text: surgical

text: procedure is to use such hair as efficiently as possible. The right candidates for this type of surgery are individuals who still have healthy hair on the sides and the back of the head in order that hair for the transplant may be harvested from those areas. Different techniques are utilized in order to obtain the desired cosmetic results;  Factors considered may include hair color, texture, curliness, etc.

text: Massage for the body is a popular beauty treatment, with various techniques offering benefits to the skin (including the application of beauty products) and for increasing mental well-being.  Hair removal is offered at some beauty salons through treatments such as waxing and threading.  Some beauty salons style hair instead of going to a separate hair salon, and some also offer sun tanning.  Other treatments of the face are known as facials.  Specialized beauty salons known as nail salons offer treatments such as manicures and pedicures for the nails.  A manicure is a treatment for the hands, incorporating the fingernails and cuticles and often involving the application of nail polish, while a pedicure involves treatment of the feet, incorporating the toenails and the softening or removal of calluses.

text: Massage

text: for the body is a popular beauty treatment, with various techniques offering benefits to the skin (including the application of beauty products) and for increasing mental well-being.

text: Hair removal

text: is offered at some beauty salons through treatments such as

text: waxing

text: and

text: threading

text: .  Some beauty salons style hair instead of going to a separate hair salon, and some also offer

text: sun tanning

text: .  Other treatments of the face are known as

text: facial

text: s.  Specialized beauty salons known as

text: nail salon

text: s offer treatments such as

text: manicure

text: s and

text: pedicure

text: s for the

text: nails

text: .  A manicure is a treatment for the hands, incorporating the fingernails and cuticles and often involving the application of

text: nail polish

text: , while a pedicure involves treatment of the feet, incorporating the toenails and the softening or removal of calluses.

text: Orally administered vitamin D produces rapid hepatic delivery of vitamin D and increases plasma calcifediol. One of the richest food sources of vitamin D — wild salmon — would require  to provide 10,000 IU. It has been argued that ingestion of vitamin D in large amounts was achieved in the process of grooming by furry human ancestors and that from UV-exposed human skin secretions early humans ingested vitamin D by licking the skin; however, this putative ingestion of vitamin D by early humans is not quantified. A study found 34% of its sample of healthy western Canadians to be under 40nmol/L at some point and 97% to be under 80nmol/L at least once.

text: If the nail takes the wrong direction and penetrates inside the hoofwall it leads to bleeding and pressure inside the sole. This area is rich in blood vessels and nerves and damage here is very painful to the horse. Nail prick can occur due to poorly made horseshoes, misdirected nails, too large nails, poorly placed nail holes, and faulty nails. Horses with poor hoof quality, thin hoof walls, or flaring hoof walls are difficult to nail and there is an increased risk of nail prick. Nail prick is due to a horseshoe nail  penetrating the hoof wall and coming to close to or penetrating the sensitive structures inside the horse's hoof. Nail prick can happen to the best of farriers especially if the horse is fractious or young and have not been previously shod.

text: In 1978, due to increasing morbidity and mortality rates in the Instituto Materno Infantil NICU in Bogotá, Colombia, Dr. Edgar Rey Sanabria, Professor of Neonatology at Department of Paediatry - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, introduced a method to alleviate the shortage of caregivers and lack of resources. He suggested that mothers have continuous skin-to-skin contact with their low birth weight babies to keep them warm and to give exclusive breastfeeding as needed. This freed up overcrowded incubator space and care givers.

text: In 1978, due to increasing

text: morbidity

text: and mortality rates in the Instituto Materno Infantil NICU in

text: Bogotá, Colombia

text: , Dr. Edgar Rey Sanabria, Professor of Neonatology at Department of Paediatry - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, introduced a method to alleviate the shortage of caregivers and lack of resources. He suggested that mothers have continuous skin-to-skin contact with their

text: low birth weight

text: babies to keep them warm and to give exclusive breastfeeding as needed. This freed up overcrowded incubator space and care givers.

text: An OSB skinned system structurally outperforms conventional stick framed construction in some cases; primarily in axial load strength.  SIPs maintain similar versatility to stick framed houses when incorporating custom designs.  Also, since SIPs work as framing, insulation, and exterior sheathing, and can come precut from the factory for the specific job, the exterior building envelope can be built quite quickly. SIPs panels also tend to be lightweight and compact which aids this offsite construction. The environmental performance of SIPs, moreover, is very good due to their exceptional thermal insulation. They also offer a resistance to damp and cold problems like compression shrinkage and cold bridging that cannot be matched by timber and more traditional building materials.

text: The heat that can be produced in a pot is a function of the surface resistance. A higher surface resistance produces more heat for similar currents. This is a “figure of merit” that can be used to rank the suitability of a material for induction heating. The surface resistance in a thick metal conductor is proportional to the resistivity divided by the skin depth. Where the thickness is less than the skin depth, the actual thickness can be used to calculate surface resistance. Some common materials are listed in this table.

text: Hair texture varies from tightly curled to entirely straight, not necessarily correlating to the texture of the scalp hair.

text: In it Buchan argued against regular bathing, taking the position that human perspiration is a potent germ inhibitor.".  It was thought to be important to keep those healthy oils in your skin, thereby giving a person a 'healthy glow'.

text: The trees (which are typical in size and shape to other citrus variety trees)are treated with fully organic fertilizer. They produce beautiful flowers which bloom in April. The fruit only grow to a size of 25–45 mm and are harvested every November. Each tree produces about 40 kilograms of fruit per year. The fruit are handled with great care to protect the fruit epidermis from being damaged.

text: In 2008, it was announced that Bryan would be partnering with Mission Foods as the spokesperson for the Healthy Kids Challenge. One of Bryan's many roles is to provide information to help educate kids on easy ways to stay healthy through nutrition and keeping active.

text: Hair type is the distinguishing factor in human hair wigs.  Four main types of hair are used in manufacturing : Chinese or "Malaysian", Indian, Indonesian or "Brazilian", and Caucasian or "European". The majority of human hair wigs are made of Chinese or Indian hair, while European hair is considered the most expensive and rare, as most donors are from Russia or Northern Europe, where there is a smaller portion of hair donors to the market.

text: The skin acts as a barrier to deter the invasion of pathogenic microbes. The human skin contains microbes that reside either in or on the skin and can be residential or transient. Resident microorganism types vary in relation to skin type on the human body. A majority of microbes reside on superficial cells on the skin or prefer to associate with glands. These glands such as oil or sweat glands provide the microbes with water, amino acids, and fatty acids. In addition, resident bacteria that associated with oil glands are often Gram-positive and can be pathogenic.

text: I'm a Fire received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album three out of five stars, saying that "I'm a Fire [is] insinuating, not insistent. It may not deliver a knockout punch but it's not intended to be powerful; it's a grower, sounding better with repeated exposure, repeated listens revealing the craft in the songs and the subtlety in Nail's execution." Jon Freeman of Country Weekly graded the album an A-, writing that "Golden-voiced David Nail is one of those rare singers who sounds comfortable singing just about anything, so it’s to his credit that he deals in more hefty material on his third album, I’m a Fire." At Roughstock, Matt Bjorke rated the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, favorably describing the "more ‘upbeat’ and less ‘downtempo’" nature of the record. He praised album track "The Secret" as one of Nail's best songs. Taste of Country highlighted the album as a Critic's Pick and Billy Dukes complimented the lyricism, production, and Nail's ability to do heavy heartache. He listed "Burnin' Bed," "Brand New Day," and "The Secret" as the standout tracks.

text: I'm a Fire received mostly positive reviews from

text: music critics

text: . At

text: AllMusic

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine

text: rated the album three out of five stars, saying that "I'm a Fire [is] insinuating, not insistent. It may not deliver a knockout punch but it's not intended to be powerful; it's a grower, sounding better with repeated exposure, repeated listens revealing the craft in the songs and the subtlety in Nail's execution." Jon Freeman of

text: Country Weekly

text: graded the album an A-, writing that "Golden-voiced David Nail is one of those rare singers who sounds comfortable singing just about anything, so it’s to his credit that he deals in more hefty material on his third album, I’m a Fire." At Roughstock, Matt Bjorke rated the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, favorably describing the "more ‘upbeat’ and less ‘downtempo’" nature of the record. He praised album track "The Secret" as one of Nail's best songs. Taste of Country highlighted the album as a Critic's Pick and Billy Dukes complimented the lyricism, production, and Nail's ability to do heavy heartache. He listed "Burnin' Bed," "Brand New Day," and "The Secret" as the standout tracks.

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast tissue.  Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, adipose tissue macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold.  Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the

text: skin

text: subcutaneous fat

text: ), around internal

text: organ

text: s (

text: visceral fat

text: ), in bone marrow (

text: yellow bone marrow

text: ), intermuscular (

text: Muscular system

text: ) and in the breast tissue.  Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes

text: preadipocytes

text: fibroblast

text: s, adipose tissue

text: macrophage

text: s, and

text: endothelial cell

text: s. Adipose tissue contains many small

text: blood vessel

text: s. In the

text: integumentary system

text: , which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the

text: subcutaneous

text: layer, providing insulation from heat and cold.  Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: The crocodile exoskeleton consists of the protective dermal and epidermal components of the integumentary system in animals of the order Crocodilia. It is a form of armour.

text: The crocodile exoskeleton consists of the protective

text: dermal

text: and

text: epidermal

text: components of the

text: integumentary system

text: in animals of the

text: order

text: Crocodilia

text: . It is a form of

text: armour

text: The practice is banned in several of the states in the United States and Canadian provinces as cosmetology regulators believe the practice is unsanitary, with the Wall Street Journal saying that "cosmetology regulations generally mandate that tools need to be discarded or sanitized after each use. But epidermis-eating fish are too expensive to throw away". The procedure is legal in Quebec, with a few clinics in Montreal.

text: The practice is banned in several of the states in the United States and Canadian provinces as cosmetology regulators believe the practice is unsanitary, with the

text: Wall Street Journal

text: saying that "cosmetology regulations generally mandate that tools need to be discarded or sanitized after each use. But epidermis-eating fish are too expensive to throw away". The procedure is legal in

text: Quebec

text: , with a few clinics in

text: Montreal

text: During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion as well as hair straightening to appear whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.  Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the skin. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual’s risk. In the 1970s, at least 5 companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.

text: During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in

text: skin bleaching

text: in an attempt to lighten their complexion as well as

text: hair straightening

text: to appear whiter. Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.  Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as

text: hydroquinone

text: , which suppressed the production of

text: melanin

text: in the skin. These bleaches could cause severe

text: dermatitis

text: and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual’s risk. In the 1970s, at least 5 companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.

text: The larvae feed on Ulmus glabra, Ulmus x hollandica, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor. They mine the leaves of their host plant. They create a long, lower-surface tubular tentiform mine between two lateral veins. It often runs from the midrib to the leaf margin. The lower epidermis has several long folds which are positioned close together. The pupa is light brown and made in a tough brown cocoon that is attached to the lower epidermis. All frass is deposited in a mass in one corner of the mine.

text: The

text: larva

text: e feed on

text: Ulmus glabra

text: , Ulmus x hollandica,

text: Ulmus laevis

text: and

text: Ulmus minor

text: . They

text: mine

text: the leaves of their host plant. They create a long, lower-surface tubular tentiform mine between two lateral veins. It often runs from the midrib to the leaf margin. The lower epidermis has several long folds which are positioned close together. The pupa is light brown and made in a tough brown cocoon that is attached to the lower epidermis. All

text: frass

text: is deposited in a mass in one corner of the mine.

text: The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and is divided into the following five sublayers or strata, listed in order from surface (superficial) to deep are:

text: The

text: epidermis

text: is composed of stratified

text: squamous epithelium

text: and is divided into the following five sublayers or strata, listed in order from surface (

text: superficial

text: ) to deep are:

text: The ARTAS System is a robotic surgical hair transplantation system for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, or male pattern baldness, made by the American company Restoration Robotics, Inc. The device was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men. The ARTAS System is designed to facilitate hair restoration using the follicular unit extraction (FUE) technique.

text: The ARTAS System is a

text: robotic surgical

text: hair transplantation

text: system for the treatment of

text: androgenetic alopecia

text: , or male pattern baldness, made by the American company Restoration Robotics, Inc. The device was approved by the

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: (FDA) in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown-haired and black-haired men. The ARTAS System is designed to facilitate hair restoration using the

text: follicular unit extraction

text: (FUE) technique.

text: Like much of the hair on the human body, leg, arm, chest, and back hair begin as vellus hair.  As people age, the hair in these regions will often begin to grow darker and more abundantly.  This will typically happen during or after puberty.  Men will often have more abundant, coarser hair on the arms and back, while women tend to have a less drastic change in the hair growth in these areas but do experience a significant change in thickness of hairs.  However, some women will grow darker, longer hair in one or more of these regions.

text: The excretory system contains a pair of nephridia in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones. The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth segments. The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the beating of cilia of the nephrostome. From there it is carried through the septum (wall) via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged through a pore on the worm's side.

text: The excretory system contains a pair of

text: nephridia

text: in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones. The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth segments. The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the beating of

text: cilia

text: of the

text: nephrostome

text: . From there it is carried through the septum (wall) via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged through a pore on the worm's side.

text: Systems sciences covers formal sciences fields like complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, and systems theory, and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, systems dynamics, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology.

text: Systems sciences covers

text: formal sciences

text: fields like

text: complex systems

text: cybernetics

text: dynamical systems theory

text: , and

text: systems theory

text: control theory

text: operations research

text: , social systems theory,

text: systems biology

text: systems dynamics

text: systems ecology

text: systems engineering

text: and

text: systems psychology

text: Onychocryptosis (from Greek ὄνυξ onyx "nail" + κρυπτός kryptos "hidden"), also known as an ingrown toenail, or unguis incarnates, is a common form of nail disease. It is an often painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the paronychium or nail bed.

text: Onychocryptosis (from Greek ὄνυξ onyx "nail" + κρυπτός kryptos "hidden"), also known as an ingrown toenail, or unguis incarnates, is a common form of

text: nail disease

text: . It is an often painful condition in which the

text: nail

text: grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the

text: paronychium

text: or

text: nail bed

text: Biomimicry was a large component in designing the building. The building's principal design architect, Mick Pearce, incorporated a system previously and successfully used in the Eastgate Centre in Harare. The heating, ventilating, and cooling system (hvac) is designed with strategies taken from a termite mound. In the termite mound, the cool wind is drawn into the base of the mound, via channels and the 'coolth' is stored using wet soil. As the air warms, it flows upwards and out of the mound via vents. This gives the mound the ability to keep a stable temperature. CH uses similar strategies with its system by effectively using natural convection, ventilation stacks, thermal mass, phase change material, and water for cooling. Another strategy used taken from nature is the skin system. The façade is composed of an epidermis (outer skin) and dermis (inner skin). The 'dermis' of the building consists of the outside zone to house the stairs, lifts, ducts, balconies, sunscreens and foliage with the inner line defining the extent of the 'fire compartment'. The dermis was designed with lightweight constructing using a steel frame. The epidermis provides the micro-environment including the primary sun and glare control for the building while creating a semi enclosed micro-environment.

text: Biomimicry

text: was a large component in designing the building. The building's principal design architect,

text: Mick Pearce

text: , incorporated a system previously and successfully used in the

text: Eastgate Centre

text: in Harare. The heating, ventilating, and cooling system (hvac) is designed with strategies taken from a termite mound. In the termite mound, the cool wind is drawn into the base of the mound, via channels and the 'coolth' is stored using wet soil. As the air warms, it flows upwards and out of the mound via vents. This gives the mound the ability to keep a stable temperature. CH uses similar strategies with its system by effectively using natural convection, ventilation stacks, thermal mass, phase change material, and water for cooling. Another strategy used taken from nature is the skin system. The façade is composed of an epidermis (outer skin) and dermis (inner skin). The 'dermis' of the building consists of the outside zone to house the stairs, lifts, ducts, balconies, sunscreens and foliage with the inner line defining the extent of the 'fire compartment'. The dermis was designed with lightweight constructing using a steel frame. The epidermis provides the micro-environment including the primary sun and glare control for the building while creating a semi enclosed micro-environment.

text: An example of pleiotropy is phenylketonuria, which is an inherited disorder that affects the level of phenylalanine in the body. Phenylalanine is an amino acid that can be obtained from food. Phenylketonuria causes this amino acid to increase in amount in the body, which can be very dangerous. The human disease is caused by a defect in a single gene on chromosome 12 that affects multiple systems, such as the nervous and integumentary system. Other examples of pleiotropy are albinism, sickle cell anemia, and certain forms of autism and schizophrenia. Pleiotropy not only affects humans, but also animals, such as chickens and laboratory house mice, where the laboratory house mice have found to exhibit the "mini-muscle" allele.

text: An example of pleiotropy is

text: phenylketonuria

text: , which is an inherited disorder that affects the level of

text: phenylalanine

text: in the body. Phenylalanine is an amino acid that can be obtained from food. Phenylketonuria causes this amino acid to increase in amount in the body, which can be very dangerous. The human disease is caused by a defect in a single gene on chromosome 12 that affects multiple systems, such as the nervous and integumentary system. Other examples of pleiotropy are albinism, sickle cell anemia, and certain forms of autism and schizophrenia. Pleiotropy not only affects humans, but also animals, such as chickens and laboratory house mice, where the laboratory house mice have found to exhibit the "mini-muscle" allele.

text: This species is very variable in size ; also in its form, which is more or less inflated. In many cases the oblique folds are not apparent, and sometimes the transverse striae have wholly disappeared. ;The epidermis is of a deep brown. It varies also in its coloring, which in some specimens is of a bright yellow or violet, surrounded with one or several reddish bands.

text: Gastrulation takes place after cleavage and the formation of the blastula. Gastrulation is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers. Each layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs in the developing embryo. The ectoderm gives rise to epidermis, and to the neural crest and other tissues that will later form the nervous system. The mesoderm is found between the ectoderm and the endoderm and gives rise to somites, which form muscle; the cartilage of the ribs and vertebrae; the dermis, the notochord, blood and blood vessels, bone, and connective tissue. The endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the digestive system and respiratory system, and organs associated with the digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas. Following gastrulation, cells in the body are either organized into sheets of connected cells (as in epithelia), or as a mesh of isolated cells, such as mesenchyme.

text: Gastrulation takes place after

text: cleavage

text: and the formation of the

text: blastula

text: . Gastrulation is followed by

text: organogenesis

text: , when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers. Each layer gives rise to specific

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: in the developing embryo. The ectoderm gives rise to

text: epidermis

text: , and to the

text: neural crest

text: and other tissues that will later form the

text: nervous system

text: . The mesoderm is found between the ectoderm and the endoderm and gives rise to

text: somites

text: , which form

text: muscle

text: ; the

text: cartilage

text: of the

text: ribs

text: and

text: vertebrae

text: ; the

text: dermis

text: , the

text: notochord

text: blood

text: and

text: blood vessels

text: bone

text: , and

text: connective tissue

text: . The endoderm gives rise to the

text: epithelium

text: of the

text: digestive system

text: and

text: respiratory system

text: , and organs associated with the

text: digestive system

text: , such as the

text: liver

text: and

text: pancreas

text: . Following gastrulation, cells in the body are either organized into sheets of connected cells (as in

text: epithelia

text: ), or as a mesh of isolated cells, such as

text: mesenchyme

text: Human nervous system – the part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. The human nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are long fibers that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement, the autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system and regulating involuntary functions, and the enteric nervous system, a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system.

text: Human nervous system

text: – the part of the

text: human body

text: that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. The human nervous system consists of two main parts, the

text: central nervous system

text: (CNS) and the

text: peripheral nervous system

text: (PNS). The CNS contains the

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal cord

text: . The PNS consists mainly of

text: nerve

text: s, which are long fibers that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes

text: motor neuron

text: s, mediating voluntary movement, the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: , comprising the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: and the

text: parasympathetic nervous system

text: and regulating involuntary functions, and the

text: enteric nervous system

text: , a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system.

text: The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing pathogens from entering, and is a stratified squamous epithelium, composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes.

text: The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing

text: pathogens

text: from entering, and is a stratified squamous

text: epithelium

text: , composed of

text: proliferating

text: basal and

text: differentiated

text: suprabasal

text: keratinocytes

text: Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20 to 70% or at-home kits in lower concentrations between 10 and 20%. In addition to concentration, pH also plays a large part in determining the potency of glycolic acid in solution. Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as high as 2.5. Glycolic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture. It may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis. Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.  Highly purified grades of glycolic acid are commercially available for personal care applications.

text: Due to its excellent capability to penetrate

text: skin

text: , glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a

text: dermatologist

text: in concentrations of 20 to 70% or at-home kits in lower concentrations between 10 and 20%. In addition to concentration, pH also plays a large part in determining the potency of glycolic acid in solution. Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as high as 2.5. Glycolic acid is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture. It may reduce

text: wrinkle

text: s,

text: acne scarring

text: hyperpigmentation

text: and improve many other

text: skin conditions

text: , including

text: actinic keratosis

text: hyperkeratosis

text: , and

text: seborrheic keratosis

text: . Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the

text: epidermis

text: , weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the

text: stratum corneum

text: to be

text: exfoliated

text: , exposing live skin cells.  Highly purified grades of glycolic acid are commercially available for personal care applications.

text: Although the skin is a large and logical target for drug delivery, its basic functions limit its utility for this purpose.  The skin functions mainly to protect the body from external insults (e.g. harmful substances and microorganisms) and to contain all body fluids.  It must be tough, yet flexible enough to allow for movement.  The lipids in our skin serve as poor conductors of electricity and can hence protect us from electrical currents if the need so arises.

text: Like many other sighthounds, Galgos are a fairly healthy breed although they are sensitive to anaesthesia. As such, proper care should be taken by the owner to ensure that the attending veterinarian is aware of this issue.Although Galgos are big dogs, their history of selection as a working sighthound, their light weight, and their anatomy keep them safe from hip dysplasia.These dogs must run regularly to keep in perfect health, combined with their characteristic tendency to sleep all the rest of the day.

text: In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at University of California, Davis demonstrated the first single and also multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode construction and results were published in 1994. The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform well compared to silver/silver chloride electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with integrated electronics to reduce noise by impedance matching. The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode.

text: In the early 1990s Babak Taheri, at

text: University of California, Davis

text: demonstrated the first single and also multichannel dry active electrode arrays using micro-machining. The single channel dry EEG electrode construction and results were published in 1994. The arrayed electrode was also demonstrated to perform well compared to

text: silver

text: silver chloride

text: electrodes. The device consisted of four sites of sensors with integrated electronics to reduce noise by

text: impedance matching

text: . The advantages of such electrodes are: (1) no electrolyte used, (2) no skin preparation, (3) significantly reduced sensor size, and (4) compatibility with EEG monitoring systems. The active electrode array is an integrated system made of an array of capacitive sensors with local integrated circuitry housed in a package with batteries to power the circuitry. This level of integration was required to achieve the functional performance obtained by the electrode.

text: Dynamical Systems Theory and Attractor States: The human vocal system is extremely complex, involving interactions between breath flow, moving structures, resonators and so on. Estill Voice Training draws on a branch of applied mathematics known as dynamical systems theory that helps to describe complex systems. One key concept Estill Voice Training takes from dynamical systems theory is the notion that complex systems can have attractor states. Attractor states are states to which a complex system tends towards, or is attracted to, over time. When applied to the human vocal system, Estill Voice Training proposes there are configurations of the vocal system that are attractor states, which the speaker or singer uses habitually or tend towards. For example, a subject whose attractor state is for their velum (also known as the soft palate) to be in a raised position may find it requires more conscious effort to create a nasal sound than someone else whose attractor state is for their velum to be in the lowered position.

text: Dynamical Systems Theory and Attractor States: The human vocal system is extremely complex, involving interactions between breath flow, moving structures, resonators and so on. Estill Voice Training draws on a branch of applied mathematics known as

text: dynamical systems theory

text: that helps to describe

text: complex systems

text: . One key concept Estill Voice Training takes from dynamical systems theory is the notion that complex systems can have

text: attractor

text: states. Attractor states are states to which a complex system tends towards, or is attracted to, over time. When applied to the human vocal system, Estill Voice Training proposes there are configurations of the vocal system that are attractor states, which the speaker or singer uses habitually or tend towards. For example, a subject whose attractor state is for their

text: velum

text: (also known as the soft palate) to be in a raised position may find it requires more conscious effort to create a nasal sound than someone else whose attractor state is for their velum to be in the lowered position.

text: Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals.The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin.

text: Hair is a

text: protein filament

text: that grows from

text: follicles

text: found in the

text: dermis

text: , or skin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of

text: mammal

text: s.The human body, apart from areas of

text: glabrous skin

text: , is covered in follicles which produce thick

text: terminal

text: and fine

text: vellus hair

text: . Most common interest in hair is focused on

text: hair growth

text: , hair types and

text: hair care

text: , but hair is also an important

text: biomaterial

text: primarily composed of protein, notably

text: keratin

text: Not all white, blue-eyed foals are affected with lethal white syndrome. Other genes can produce healthy pink-skinned, blue-eyed horses with a white or very light cream-colored coat.  For a time, some of these completely white horses were called "Living Lethals",  but this is a misnomer.  Before reliable information and the DNA test were available to breeders, perfectly healthy, white-coated, blue-eyed foals were sometimes euthanized for fear they were lethal whites, an outcome which can be avoided today with testing and a better understanding of coat color genetics or even waiting twelve hours or so for the foal to develop symptoms. The availability of testing also allows a breeder to determine if a white-coated, blue-eyed foal that becomes ill is an LWS foal that requires euthanasia or a non-LWS foal with a simple illness that may be successfully treated.

text: Not all white, blue-eyed foals are affected with lethal white syndrome. Other genes can produce healthy pink-skinned, blue-eyed horses with a white or very light cream-colored coat.  For a time, some of these completely white horses were called "Living Lethals",  but this is a

text: misnomer

text: .  Before reliable information and the

text: DNA test

text: were available to breeders, perfectly healthy, white-coated, blue-eyed foals were sometimes euthanized for fear they were lethal whites, an outcome which can be avoided today with testing and a better understanding of coat color genetics or even waiting twelve hours or so for the foal to develop symptoms. The availability of testing also allows a breeder to determine if a white-coated, blue-eyed foal that becomes ill is an LWS foal that requires euthanasia or a non-LWS foal with a simple illness that may be successfully treated.

text: Some medical conditions can also make patients susceptible to bleeding. These are conditions that affect the normal hemostatic (bleeding-control) functions of the body. Such conditions either are, or cause, bleeding diatheses. Hemostasis involves several components. The main components of the hemostatic system include platelets and the coagulation system.

text: Some medical conditions can also make patients susceptible to bleeding. These are conditions that affect the normal hemostatic (bleeding-control) functions of the body. Such conditions either are, or cause,

text: bleeding diatheses

text: Hemostasis

text: involves several components. The main components of the hemostatic system include

text: platelets

text: and the

text: coagulation

text: system.

text: Human dermal fibroblast-derived Muse cells are shown to be a practical source for melanocyte induction. A cytokine induction system consisting of Wnt3a, SCF, ET-3, bFGF, linoleic acid, cholera toxin, L-ascorbic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, insulin, transferrin, selenium, and dexamethasone was applied to both human dermal fibroblast-derived Muse and non-Muse cells. Only Muse cells differentiated into L-DOPA reactive functional melanocytes. A three-dimensional culture model was used to assess Muse cell-derived melanocytes. In that model, the dermis was mimicked by collagen type 1 and normal human dermal fibroblasts, while epidermis was mimicked by keratinocytes and Muse cell-derived melanocytes. Furthermore, Muse cell-derived melanocytes showed melanin production. Moreover, when Muse cell-derived melanocytes was transplanted onto the back skin of severe combined immunodeficient mice, they integrated to the basal layer of the epidermis producing melanin in vivo.

text: A manicurist or nail technician is a person whose occupation is to style and shape a person's nails. This is achieved using a combination of decorating nails with coloured varnish, transfers, gems or glitter.Basic treatments include manicures and pedicures, as well as cleaning and filing nails and applying overlays or extensions.

text: A manicurist or nail technician is a person whose occupation is to style and shape a person's nails. This is achieved using a combination of decorating nails with coloured

text: varnish

text: , transfers, gems or glitter.Basic treatments include

text: manicures

text: and

text: pedicures

text: , as well as cleaning and filing nails and applying overlays or extensions.

text: During early embryonic development the ectoderm becomes specified to give rise to the epidermis (skin) and the neural plate.  The conversion of undifferentiated ectoderm to neuro-ectoderm requires signals from the mesoderm.  At the onset of gastrulation presumptive mesodermal cells move through the dorsal blastopore  lip and form a layer in between the endoderm and the ectoderm.  These mesodermal cells that migrate along the dorsal midline give rise to a structure called the notochord.  Ectodermal cells overlying the notochord develop into the neural plate  in response to a diffusible signal produced by the notochord.  The remainder of the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis (skin).  The ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue is called neural induction.

text: Epidermal organogenesis, the formation of the epidermis, begins in the cells covering the embryo after neurulation, the formation of the central nervous system.  In most vertebrates, this original one-layered structure quickly transforms into a two-layered tissue; a temporary outer layer, the periderm, which is disposed once the inner basal layer or stratum germinativum has formed.

text: Epidermal

text: organogenesis

text: , the formation of the epidermis, begins in the cells covering the

text: embryo

text: after

text: neurulation

text: , the formation of the

text: central nervous system

text: .  In most

text: vertebrates

text: , this original one-layered structure quickly transforms into a two-layered

text: tissue

text: ; a temporary outer layer, the

text: periderm

text: , which is disposed once the inner

text: basal layer

text: or

text: stratum germinativum

text: has formed.

text: The skin weighs an average of , covers an area of , and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin, the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type,  hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units have a hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands are from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

text: The skin weighs an average of , covers an area of , and is made of three distinct layers: the

text: epidermis

text: dermis

text: , and

text: subcutaneous tissue

text: . The two main types of human skin are

text: glabrous skin

text: , the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type,  hairs in structures called

text: pilosebaceous unit

text: s have a

text: hair follicle

text: sebaceous gland

text: , and associated

text: arrector pili

text: muscle.

text: In the embryo

text: , the epidermis, hair, and glands are from the

text: ectoderm

text: mesoderm

text: Joint families were the norm but legal separations between brothers and even father and son have been recorded in inscriptions. Women and daughters had rights over property and land, and there are inscriptions recording the sale of land by women. Moneys inheritable by women were called Sthridhana. The arranged marriage system ensured  a strict policy of early marriage for women. Among Brahmins, boys married at or below 16 years of age and  they chose brides of 12 or younger. This age policy was not as strictly followed by other castes. Inscriptions refer to numerous instances of the marriage of a man to his maternal cousin (daughter of a maternal uncle), prince Jagattunga, son of  Krishna II being an example of this. Women had the right to attend and the right to be in attendance in the court when it was occupied by the King. Sati was practiced but was  voluntary. Very few examples of sati are noted in inscriptions and those that did occur were mostly in the royal families. The system of shaving the heads of widows was rarely practiced as epigraphs note that widows were allowed to grow their hair but decorating their hair was discouraged. The sentence "the cause of the cessation of the parting of the hairs of the damsels of enemies" (ripuvilasiriisimantoddharanahetuh) is repeated in many inscriptions. The remarriage of a widow was rare among the upper castes and common among the lower castes. Women who were dishonoured were admitted back into their families and caste.

text: Joint families were the norm but legal separations between brothers and even father and son have been recorded in inscriptions. Women and daughters had rights over property and land, and there are inscriptions recording the sale of land by women. Moneys inheritable by women were called Sthridhana. The arranged marriage system ensured  a strict policy of early marriage for women. Among Brahmins, boys married at or below 16 years of age and  they chose brides of 12 or younger. This age policy was not as strictly followed by other castes. Inscriptions refer to numerous instances of the marriage of a man to his maternal cousin (daughter of a maternal uncle), prince Jagattunga, son of  Krishna II being an example of this. Women had the right to attend and the right to be in attendance in the court when it was occupied by the King.

text: Sati

text: was practiced but was  voluntary. Very few examples of sati are noted in inscriptions and those that did occur were mostly in the royal families. The system of shaving the heads of widows was rarely practiced as epigraphs note that widows were allowed to grow their hair but decorating their hair was discouraged. The sentence "the cause of the cessation of the parting of the hairs of the damsels of enemies" (ripuvilasiriisimantoddharanahetuh) is repeated in many inscriptions. The remarriage of a widow was rare among the upper castes and common among the lower castes. Women who were dishonoured were admitted back into their families and caste.

text: A nail file is a tool used to gently grind down and shape the edges of nails. They are often used in manicures and pedicures after the nail has been trimmed using appropriate nail clippers.  Nail files may either be emery boards, ceramic, glass, crystal, plain metal files or metal files coated with corundum (sapphire).

text: A nail file is a tool used to gently grind down and shape the edges of

text: nails

text: . They are often used in

text: manicure

text: s and

text: pedicure

text: s after the nail has been trimmed using appropriate

text: nail clipper

text: s.  Nail files may either be emery boards, ceramic, glass, crystal, plain metal files or metal

text: file

text: s coated with

text: corundum

text: sapphire

text: Hair and feathers are formed in a regular pattern and it is believed to be the result of a reaction-diffusion system. This reaction-diffusion system combines an activator, Sonic hedgehog, with an inhibitor, BMP4 or BMP2, to form clusters of cells in a regular pattern. Sonic hedgehog-expressing epidermal cells induce the condensation of cells in the mesoderm. The clusters of mesodermal cells signal back to the epidermis to form the appropriate structure for that position. BMP signals from the epidermis inhibit the formation of placodes in nearby ectoderm.

text: Hair and feathers are formed in a regular pattern and it is believed to be the result of a reaction-diffusion system. This

text: reaction-diffusion system

text: combines an activator,

text: Sonic hedgehog

text: , with an inhibitor, BMP4 or BMP2, to form clusters of cells in a regular pattern. Sonic hedgehog-expressing epidermal cells induce the condensation of cells in the mesoderm. The clusters of mesodermal cells signal back to the epidermis to form the appropriate structure for that position. BMP signals from the epidermis inhibit the formation of placodes in nearby ectoderm.

text: Curling and straightening hair requires the stylist to use a curling rod or a flat iron to get a desired look. These irons use heat to manipulate the hair into a variety of waves, curls and reversing natural curls and temporarily straightening the hair. Straightening or even curling hair can damage it due to direct heat from the iron and applying chemicals afterwards to keep its shape.There are irons that have a function to straighten or curl hair even when its damp (from showering or wetting the hair), but this requires more heat than the average iron(temperatures can range from 300-450 degrees). Heat protection sprays, and hair repairing shampoos and conditioners can protect the hair from damage caused by the direct heat from the irons.

text: In early 2010, Williams became a certified nail technician in preparation for her upcoming nail collection with a company called HairTech.

text: In early 2010, Williams became a certified

text: nail technician

text: in preparation for her upcoming nail collection with a company called HairTech.

text: Nine Inch Nails toured extensively over the next few years, including a performance at Woodstock '94, although he admitted to the audience that he did not like to play large venues. Around this time, Reznor's studio perfectionism, struggles with addiction, and bouts of writer's block prolonged the production of a follow-up to The Downward Spiral.In 1999 the double album The Fragile was released. It was partially successful, but lost money for Reznor's label, so he funded the North American Fragility Tour out of his own pocket. A further six years followed before the next Nine Inch Nails album, With Teeth was released. During the intermediary period between the two records Reznor went into rehab, and was able to manage his drug addictions. After With Teeth Reznor released the concept album Year Zero, which has an alternate reality game themed after the album (see Year Zero (game)) which is about how the current policies of the American government will affect the world in the year 2020. After Year Zero's release in 2007 Reznor broke from large record labels, and released two albums, Ghosts I-IV and The Slip independently on his own label, The Null Corporation. In 2009 Nine Inch Nails went on hiatus, following the Wave Goodbye Tour. In 2013 Nine Inch Nails returned to large record labels, signing with Columbia Records. In September the album Hesitation Marks was released, and earlier, in August, the ongoing Tension 2013 tour began.

text: Nine Inch Nails toured extensively over the next few years, including a performance at

text: Woodstock '94

text: , although he admitted to the audience that he did not like to play large venues. Around this time, Reznor's studio perfectionism, struggles with addiction, and bouts of writer's block prolonged the production of a follow-up to

text: The Downward Spiral

text: .In 1999 the double album

text: The Fragile

text: was released. It was partially successful, but lost money for Reznor's label, so he funded the North American Fragility Tour out of his own pocket. A further six years followed before the next Nine Inch Nails album,

text: With Teeth

text: was released. During the intermediary period between the two records Reznor went into rehab, and was able to manage his drug addictions. After

text: With Teeth

text: Reznor released the concept album

text: Year Zero

text: , which has an

text: alternate reality game

text: themed after the album (see

text: Year Zero (game)

text: ) which is about how the current policies of the American government will affect the world in the year 2020. After

text: Year Zero

text: 's release in 2007 Reznor broke from large record labels, and released two albums,

text: Ghosts I-IV

text: and

text: The Slip

text: independently on his own label,

text: The Null Corporation

text: . In 2009 Nine Inch Nails went on hiatus, following the Wave Goodbye Tour. In 2013 Nine Inch Nails returned to large record labels, signing with Columbia Records. In September the album

text: Hesitation Marks

text: was released, and earlier, in August, the ongoing Tension 2013 tour began.

text: PVA can be characterized by speckled, combined hyper- and hypopigmentation in the plaques or patches of affected skin. Hyperpigmentation is excess coloration, or darkening of the skin, while hypopigmentation is a diminished or pallid coloring to the skin. Pigmentation changes in PVA, apparent in the epidermal (outermost) skin layer, may be attributed to incontinence (leaking out) of melanin from melanocytes into the dermal skin layer below. Inflammation of the skin and cutaneous tissue, common with PVA, also contributes to color changes in the skin, typified by redness. Telangiectasia, the visible "vascular" element of PVA, is the dilation of small blood vessels near the skin surface. Skin atrophy, a wasting-away of the tissue comprising the skin, is a prominent part of PVA and effects the dermal, and particularly the epidermal layer. This, in part, is the result of degenerative liquefaction of the stratum basale (bottom cell-layer) of the epidermis. Atrophy of the skin gives it a thin, dry and wrinkled appearance, which in PVA-affected individuals has been described as "cigarette paper". Hyperkeratosis, a thickening of the stratum corneum (top cell-layer of the epidermis), has also been reported.

text: PVA can be characterized by speckled, combined hyper- and hypopigmentation in the plaques or patches of affected skin. Hyperpigmentation is excess coloration, or darkening of the skin, while hypopigmentation is a diminished or pallid coloring to the skin. Pigmentation changes in PVA, apparent in the

text: epidermal

text: (outermost) skin layer, may be attributed to incontinence (leaking out) of

text: melanin

text: from

text: melanocyte

text: s into the

text: dermal

text: skin layer below. Inflammation of the skin and cutaneous tissue, common with PVA, also contributes to color changes in the skin, typified by redness. Telangiectasia, the visible

text: "vascular"

text: element of PVA, is the

text: dilation

text: of small blood vessels near the skin surface. Skin atrophy, a wasting-away of the tissue comprising the skin, is a prominent part of PVA and effects the dermal, and particularly the epidermal layer. This, in part, is the result of degenerative

text: liquefaction

text: of the

text: stratum basale

text: (bottom cell-layer) of the epidermis. Atrophy of the skin gives it a thin, dry and wrinkled appearance, which in PVA-affected individuals has been described as "cigarette paper".

text: Hyperkeratosis

text: , a thickening of the

text: stratum corneum

text: (top cell-layer of the epidermis), has also been reported.

text: Some sources state the outer wing panels used double skins top and bottom with the steam being ducted into a thin space between the outer and inner skins for cooling. A double-skinned panel was used in the oil cooling system, but surviving photographs of the wings indicate that they were conventionally single-skinned, and that the coolant was simply piped into the open spaces of the structure. Double skinning over such an extensive area would have made the aircraft unacceptably heavy. Furthermore, there was no access to the inner structure to repair damage such as a bullet hole from the inside, as would be needed if the system used a double skin. A similar system was used by the earlier Supermarine Type 224. Contrary to assertions in some references, all of the He 100s that were built used the evaporative cooling system described above. A derivative of this system was also intended for a late-war project based on the He 100, designated P.1076.

text: Some sources state the outer wing panels used double skins top and bottom with the steam being ducted into a thin space between the outer and inner skins for cooling. A double-skinned panel was used in the

text: oil

text: cooling system, but surviving photographs of the wings indicate that they were conventionally single-skinned, and that the coolant was simply piped into the open spaces of the structure. Double skinning over such an extensive area would have made the aircraft unacceptably heavy. Furthermore, there was no access to the inner structure to repair damage such as a bullet hole from the inside, as would be needed if the system used a double skin. A similar system was used by the earlier Supermarine Type 224. Contrary to assertions in some references, all of the He 100s that were built used the evaporative cooling system described above. A derivative of this system was also intended for a late-war project based on the He 100, designated P.1076.

text: The next pass took place in the mechanical presses; the Spanish language term for these was "cárceles", "jails". The three, four, or five planks had to be perfectly joined: spread with glue and pressed, using small reinforcement jigs, called tasillos (wooden cylinders glued and nailed with a mallet at the edges of a slat), and wedges. When the slats were well-aligned and fixed in place, the cabezales (headers), or crosspieces, were nailed in place with big nails known in Spain as puntas de París (although, at least in the 19th and 20th centuries, they came from Bilbao).

text: The next pass took place in the mechanical presses; the Spanish language term for these was "cárceles", "jails". The three, four, or five planks had to be perfectly joined: spread with glue and pressed, using small reinforcement jigs, called tasillos (wooden cylinders glued and nailed with a mallet at the edges of a slat), and wedges. When the slats were well-aligned and fixed in place, the cabezales (headers), or crosspieces, were nailed in place with big nails known in Spain as puntas de París (although, at least in the 19th and 20th centuries, they came from

text: Bilbao

text: NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler (stylized as NIN|JA on the cover) is a free collaborative EP by Nine Inch Nails, Jane's Addiction and Street Sweeper Social Club as part of the Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction 2009 NINJA tour. It was released on March 20, 2009 for free, on the tour's official website. Both of Street Sweeper Social Club's songs that appeared on the album, "Clap for The Killers" & "The Oath", later appeared on their self-titled album. The two Nine Inch Nails tracks, "Not So Pretty Now" and "Non-Entity" were both originally recorded during the With Teeth sessions, but did not make it onto the final record. The two Jane's Addiction's songs are re-recorded versions of songs that had originally only live versions, from the band's first official record.

text: NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler (stylized as NIN|JA on the cover) is a free collaborative EP by

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Jane's Addiction

text: and

text: Street Sweeper Social Club

text: as part of the

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: and

text: Jane's Addiction

entity_section: North America.2C Leg .231 .28.22NIN.7CJA Tour.22.29

text: NINJA

text: tour. It was released on March 20, 2009 for free, on the tour's official website. Both of

text: Street Sweeper Social Club

text: 's songs that appeared on the album, "Clap for The Killers" & "The Oath", later appeared on their

text: self-titled album

text: . The two Nine Inch Nails tracks, "Not So Pretty Now" and "Non-Entity" were both originally recorded during the

text: With Teeth

text: sessions, but did not make it onto the final record. The two Jane's Addiction's songs are re-recorded versions of songs that had originally only live versions, from

text: the band's first official record

text: Duverger's law suggests a nexus or synthesis between a party system and an electoral system: a proportional representation (PR) system creates the electoral conditions necessary to foster party development while a plurality system marginalizes many smaller political parties, resulting in what is known as a two-party system.

text: Duverger's law suggests a nexus or synthesis between a

text: party system

text: and an electoral system: a

text: proportional representation

text: (PR) system creates the electoral conditions necessary to foster party development while a plurality system marginalizes many smaller political parties, resulting in what is known as a two-party system.

text: Derivative terms include various adjectival forms such as integumentary (e.g. system), integumental (e.g. integumental glands, "peltate glands, the integument being raised like a bladder due to abundant secretion") and integumented (as opposed to bare).

text: The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier. The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually. To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.

text: The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier. The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder

text: Gustave Eiffel

text: . Eiffel and his structural engineer,

text: Maurice Koechlin

text: , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron

text: truss

text: tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually. To prevent

text: galvanic corrosion

text: between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with

text: asbestos

text: impregnated with

text: shellac

text: Full-term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp, calcified projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their egg.  Commonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible. Despite its name, the projection is not an actual tooth, as the similarly-named projections of some reptiles are; instead, it is part of the integumentary system, as are claws and scales.  The hatching chick first uses its egg tooth to break the membrane around an air chamber at the wide end of the egg.  Then it pecks at the eggshell while turning slowly within the egg, eventually (over a period of hours or days) creating a series of small circular fractures in the shell.  Once it has breached the egg's surface, the chick continues to chip at it until it has made a large hole.  The weakened egg eventually shatters under the pressure of the bird's movements. The egg tooth is so critical to a successful escape from the egg that chicks of most species will perish unhatched if they fail to develop one. However, there are a few species which do not have egg teeth.  Megapode chicks have an egg tooth while still in the egg but lose it before hatching, while kiwi chicks never develop one; chicks of both families escape their eggs by kicking their way out. Most chicks lose their egg teeth within a few days of hatching, though petrels keep theirs for nearly three weeks and marbled murrelets have theirs for up to a month. Generally, the egg tooth drops off, though in songbirds it is reabsorbed.

text: Full-term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp,

text: calcified

text: projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their

text: egg

text: .  Commonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible. Despite its name, the projection is not an actual

text: tooth

text: , as the similarly-named projections of some

text: reptile

text: s are; instead, it is part of the

text: integumentary system

text: , as are

text: claw

text: s and

text: scales

text: .  The hatching chick first uses its egg tooth to break the membrane around an air chamber at the wide end of the egg.  Then it pecks at the eggshell while turning slowly within the egg, eventually (over a period of hours or days) creating a series of small circular fractures in the shell.  Once it has breached the egg's surface, the chick continues to chip at it until it has made a large hole.  The weakened egg eventually shatters under the pressure of the bird's movements. The egg tooth is so critical to a successful escape from the egg that chicks of most species will perish unhatched if they fail to develop one. However, there are a few species which do not have egg teeth.

text: Megapode

text: chicks have an egg tooth while still in the egg but lose it before hatching, while

text: kiwi

text: chicks never develop one; chicks of both families escape their eggs by kicking their way out. Most chicks lose their egg teeth within a few days of hatching, though

text: petrel

text: s keep theirs for nearly three weeks and

text: marbled murrelet

text: s have theirs for up to a month. Generally, the egg tooth drops off, though in

text: songbird

text: s it is reabsorbed.

text: - the first satellite launch support system from Antarctica; - the first to use the emerging Internet to relay data and encrypted commands from the USA to a satellite (Nimbus 7) via the continent of Antarctica; - the first realtime imaging of satellite realtime data [Images of the Total Ozone from the TOMS-EP satellite were collected in realtime by NAILS every orbit as it passes overhead.  These images were used by NSF scientists to launch scientific balloons into the Antarctic Ozone Hole.]; - the first unmanned, semi-autonomous satellite tracking and data collection system operating in Antarctica [This NAILS was programmed and could be controlled from the USA and then it would autonomously execute the program when the satellites were visible]; - the first satellite ground station in Antarctica to use a software-defined radio for its RF Receiver.

text: The peripheral nervous system is then composed of three sub-systems: the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the visceral nervous system.  The autonomic nervous system is also broken down into the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system.  The nervous system responsible for voluntary motion, including lower limb motion, is the somatic nervous system.  Though the somatic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, motion also involves use of elements of the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord.

text: The peripheral nervous system is then composed of three sub-systems: the

text: somatic nervous system

text: , the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: , and the

text: visceral nervous system

text: .  The autonomic nervous system is also broken down into the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: , the

text: parasympathetic nervous system

text: , and the

text: enteric nervous system

text: .  The nervous system responsible for voluntary motion, including lower limb motion, is the

text: somatic nervous system

text: .  Though the somatic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, motion also involves use of elements of the central nervous system: the

text: brain

text: and the

text: spinal cord

text: Another validated target of miR-203 is c-jun (AP-1), a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers, including skin tumors.  The suppression of miR-203 in BCC tumors was associated with a marked increase of c-JUN expression, evidenced by the intense and uniform distribution in BCC tumor nests. Similar to other miR-203 targets previously identified, such as p63, c-JUN was preferentially expressed in the basal, proliferative layer of healthy human epidermis.

text: Another validated target of miR-203 is

text: c-jun

text: ), a potent proto-oncogene commonly deregulated in a wide range of cancers, including skin tumors.  The suppression of miR-203 in BCC tumors was associated with a marked increase of c-JUN expression, evidenced by the intense and uniform distribution in BCC tumor nests. Similar to other miR-203 targets previously identified, such as p63, c-JUN was preferentially expressed in the basal, proliferative layer of healthy human epidermis.

text: Written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails' first album Pretty Hate Machine debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with Adrian Sherwood (who produced the lead single "Down in It" in London without meeting Reznor face-to-face) and Mark "Flood" Ellis. Reznor asked Sean Beavan to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals.  He mixed sound during Nine Inch Nails' live concerts for several years, eventually becoming an unofficial member of the live band and singing live backup vocals from his place at the mixing console. Flood's production would appear on each major Nine Inch Nails release until 1994, and Sherwood has made remixes for the band as recently as 2000. Reznor and his co-producers expanded upon the Right Track Studio demos by adding singles "Head Like a Hole" and "Sin". Rolling Stone's Michael Azerrad described the album as "industrial-strength noise over a pop framework" and "harrowing but catchy music"; Reznor proclaimed this combination "a sincere statement" of "what was in [his] head at the time". In fact the song "Down in It" spent over two months on Billboard's club-play dance chart. After spending 113 weeks on the Billboard 200, Pretty Hate Machine became one of the first independently released records to attain platinum certification.

text: Written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails' first album

text: Pretty Hate Machine

text: debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with

text: Adrian Sherwood

text: (who produced the lead single "Down in It" in London without meeting Reznor face-to-face) and

text: Mark "Flood" Ellis

text: . Reznor asked

text: Sean Beavan

text: to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals.  He mixed sound during Nine Inch Nails' live concerts for several years, eventually becoming an unofficial member of the live band and singing live backup vocals from his place at the mixing console. Flood's production would appear on each major Nine Inch Nails release until 1994, and Sherwood has made remixes for the band as recently as 2000. Reznor and his co-producers expanded upon the Right Track Studio demos by adding singles "

text: Head Like a Hole

text: " and "

text: Sin

text: Rolling Stone

text: 's

text: Michael Azerrad

text: described the album as "industrial-strength noise over a pop framework" and "harrowing but catchy music"; Reznor proclaimed this combination "a sincere statement" of "what was in [his] head at the time". In fact the song "Down in It" spent over two months on Billboard's club-play dance chart. After spending 113 weeks on the

text: Billboard 200

text: , Pretty Hate Machine became one of the first

text: independently released

text: records to attain

text: platinum certification

text: The DermIS (Dermatology Internet Service or Dermatology Information System) is a web site providing images and information on diagnosis in dermatology.  It is a project of the Department of Clinical Social Medicine of the University of Heidelberg and the Department of Dermatology of the University of Erlangen, and provides information in seven languages: Turkish, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, French, German and English.  It includes the Dermatology Online Atlas (DOIA), a database of images of conditions.

text: The DermIS (Dermatology Internet Service or Dermatology Information System) is a web site providing images and information on diagnosis in dermatology.  It is a project of the Department of Clinical Social Medicine of the

text: University of Heidelberg

text: and the Department of Dermatology of the

text: University of Erlangen

text: , and provides information in seven languages: Turkish, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, French, German and English.  It includes the Dermatology Online Atlas (DOIA), a database of images of conditions.

text: Usually one proceeds by defining several functions from ordinals to ordinals and representing each such function by a symbol. In many systems, such as Veblen's well known system, the functions are normal functions, that is, they are strictly increasing and continuous in at least one of their arguments, and increasing in other arguments. Another desirable property for such functions is that the value of the function is greater than each of its arguments, so that an ordinal is always being described in terms of smaller ordinals. There are several such desirable properties. Unfortunately, no one system can have all of them since they contradict each other.

text: Typical scleroderma is classically defined as symmetrical skin thickening, with about 70% of cases also presenting with Raynaud's phenomenon, nail-fold capillary changes and antinuclear antibodies. Affected individuals may or may not experience systemic organ involvement. There is no single test for scleroderma that works all of the time and hence the diagnosis is often a matter of exclusion. Atypical scleroderma may show any variation of these changes without skin changes or with finger swelling only.

text: Typical scleroderma is classically defined as symmetrical skin thickening, with about 70% of cases also presenting with

text: Raynaud's phenomenon

text: , nail-fold capillary changes and

text: antinuclear antibodies

text: . Affected individuals may or may not experience systemic organ involvement. There is no single test for scleroderma that works all of the time and hence the diagnosis is often a matter of exclusion. Atypical scleroderma may show any variation of these changes without skin changes or with finger swelling only.

text: It is believed that the mesoderm defines the pattern. The epidermis instructs the mesodermal cells to condense and then the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of what structure to make through a series of reciprocal inductions. Transplantation experiments involving frog and newt epidermis indicated that the mesodermal signals are conserved between species but the epidermal response is species-specific meaning that the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of its position and the epidermis uses this information to make a specific structure.

text: With some systems, an alert arrives in the offices of the alert system operator (which may be a public rescue service or a private security company) and the data of the affected person (address, medical condition, family contacts) are displayed. With others, there is no system operator, and the user simply programs the numbers of family members, neighbors, or local emergency responders.

text: The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.  The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.

text: The integumentary system is the

text: organ system

text: that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.  The system comprises the

text: skin

text: and its appendages (including

text: hair

text: scales

text: feathers

text: hooves

text: , and

text: nails

text: ). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate

text: temperature

text: , and is the attachment site for

text: sensory receptor

text: s to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for

text: vitamin D

text: synthesis.

text: The epidermis consists of cells responsible for the support and maintenance of the skeleton, as well as pigment cells, mechanoreceptor cells (which detect motion on the animal's surface), and sometimes gland cells which secrete sticky fluids or even toxins. The varied and often vivid colours of echinoderms are produced by the action of skin pigment cells. These are produced by a variable combination of coloured pigments, such as the dark melanin, red carotinoids, and carotene proteins, which can be blue, green, or violet. These may be light-sensitive, and as a result many echinoderms change appearance completely as night falls. The reaction can happen quickly — the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus changes from jet black to grey-brown in just fifty minutes when exposed to light.

text: The epidermis consists of cells responsible for the support and maintenance of the skeleton, as well as pigment cells,

text: mechanoreceptor

text: cells (which detect motion on the animal's surface), and sometimes gland cells which secrete sticky fluids or even

text: toxin

text: s. The varied and often vivid colours of echinoderms are produced by the action of skin pigment cells. These are produced by a variable combination of coloured pigments, such as the dark

text: melanin

text: , red

text: carotinoid

text: s, and

text: carotene

text: proteins, which can be blue, green, or violet. These may be light-sensitive, and as a result many echinoderms change appearance completely as night falls. The reaction can happen quickly — the sea urchin

text: Centrostephanus longispinus

text: changes from jet black to grey-brown in just fifty minutes when exposed to light.

text: Membranes are the main “structures” within a P system. A membrane is a discrete unit which can contain a set of objects (symbols/catalysts), a set of rules, and a set of other membranes contained within. The outermost membrane, held within the environment, is often referred to as the 'container membrane' or 'skin membrane'. As implied to by their namesake, membranes are permeable and symbols resulting from a rule may cross them. A membrane (but not the container membrane) may also “dissolve”, in which case its content, except for rules (which are lost), migrate into the membrane in which it was contained.

text: Membranes are the main “structures” within a P system. A membrane is a discrete unit which can contain a set of objects (symbols/catalysts), a set of rules, and a set of other membranes contained within. The outermost membrane, held within the environment, is often referred to as the 'container membrane' or 'skin membrane'. As implied to by their namesake, membranes are

text: permeable

text: and symbols resulting from a rule may cross them. A membrane (but not the container membrane) may also “dissolve”, in which case its content, except for rules (which are lost), migrate into the membrane in which it was contained.

text: The outer body of many fish is covered with scales, which are part of the fish's integumentary system. The scales originate from the mesoderm (skin), and may be similar in structure to teeth. Some species are covered instead by scutes. Others have no outer covering on the skin. Most fish are covered in a protective layer of slime (mucus).

text: The outer body of many fish is covered with

text: scale

text: s, which are part of the fish's

text: integumentary system

text: . The scales originate from the mesoderm (skin), and may be similar in structure to teeth. Some species are covered instead by

text: scute

text: s. Others have no outer covering on the skin. Most fish are covered in a protective layer of slime (mucus).

text: Since 500 B.C., some researchers have also believed that the physical condition of the fingernails and toenails can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases, since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions in the nail growth process. The nail plate is the hard keratin cover of the nail. The nail plate is generated by the nail matrix located just under the cuticle. As the nail grows, the area closest to becoming exposed to the outside world (distal) produces the deeper layers of the nail plate, while the part of the nail matrix deeper inside the finger (proximal) makes the superficial layers. Any disruption in this growth process can lead to an alteration in the shape and texture.

text: Since 500 B.C., some researchers have also believed that the physical condition of the fingernails and toenails can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases, since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions in the nail growth process. The

text: nail plate

text: is the hard

text: keratin

text: cover of the nail. The nail plate is generated by the

text: nail matrix

text: located just under the cuticle. As the nail grows, the area closest to becoming exposed to the outside world (distal) produces the deeper layers of the nail plate, while the part of the nail matrix deeper inside the finger (proximal) makes the superficial layers. Any disruption in this growth process can lead to an alteration in the shape and texture.

text: The skin is cleaned, draped, and anesthetized if time allows. The greater saphenous vein is identified on the surface above the medial malleolus, a full-thickness transverse skin incision is made, and 2 cm of the vein is freed from the surrounding structures. The vessel is tied closed distally, the proximal portion is transected (venotomy) and gently dilated, and a cannula is introduced through the venotomy and secured in place with a more proximal ligature around the vein and cannula. An intravenous line is connected to the cannula to complete the procedure.

text: The skin is cleaned, draped, and

text: anesthetized

text: if time allows. The greater saphenous vein is identified on the surface above the medial

text: malleolus

text: , a full-thickness transverse skin incision is made, and 2 cm of the vein is freed from the surrounding structures. The vessel is tied closed distally, the proximal portion is transected (venotomy) and gently dilated, and a cannula is introduced through the venotomy and secured in place with a more proximal ligature around the vein and cannula. An

text: intravenous

text: line is connected to the cannula to complete the procedure.

text: Elaine Fuchs (born 1950) is an American cell biologist, famous for her work on the biology and molecular mechanisms of mammalian skin and skin diseases, and has led the modernization of dermatology.  Fuchs also pioneered reverse genetics approaches, which assess protein function first and then assesses its role in development and disease. In particular, Fuchs researches skin stem cells, and their production of hair and skin. As an HHMI investigator, she is currently the Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development at The Rockefeller University.

text: Elaine Fuchs (born 1950) is an American

text: cell biologist

text: , famous for her work on the

text: biology

text: and

text: molecular mechanisms

text: of

text: mammal

text: ian

text: skin

text: and

text: skin diseases

text: , and has led the modernization of

text: dermatology

text: .  Fuchs also pioneered

text: reverse genetics

text: approaches, which assess

text: protein

text: function first and then assesses its role in development and disease. In particular, Fuchs researches

text: skin

text: stem cell

text: s, and their production of

text: hair

text: and

text: skin

text: . As an HHMI investigator, she is currently the

text: Rebecca C. Lancefield

text: Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development at

text: The Rockefeller University

text: Sabinas brittle hair syndrome, also called Sabinas syndrome or brittle hair-mental deficit syndrome, is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder affecting the integumentary system.

text: Sabinas brittle hair syndrome, also called Sabinas syndrome or brittle hair-mental deficit syndrome, is an

text: autosomal

text: recessive

text: congenital disorder

text: affecting the

text: integumentary system

text: An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. However, a compromised immune system, a penetrating injury, or a lack of competition from normal commensals presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect.

text: An opportunistic infection is an

text: infection

text: caused by

text: pathogen

text: s (

text: bacteria

text: virus

text: es,

text: fungi

text: , or

text: protozoa

text: ) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a

text: weakened immune system

text: , an altered

text: microbiota

text: (such as a disrupted

text: gut flora

text: ), or breached

text: integumentary

text: barriers. Many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system. However, a compromised immune system, a

text: penetrating injury

text: , or a lack of competition from normal

text: commensals

text: presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect.

text: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkels cells. The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.

text: The epidermis contains no

text: blood vessel

text: s, and is nourished by

text: diffusion

text: from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are

text: keratinocyte

text: s,

text: melanocyte

text: s,

text: Langerhans cell

text: s and

text: Merkels cell

text: s. The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.

text: Fish scales are part of the fish's integumentary system, and are produced from the mesoderm layer of the dermis, which distinguishes them from reptile scales.  The same genes involved in tooth and hair development in mammals are also involved in scale development. The placoid scales of cartilaginous fishes are also called dermal denticles and are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth. It has been suggested that the scales of bony fishes are similar in structure to teeth, but they probably originate from different tissue. Most fish are also covered in a protective layer of mucus (slime).

text: Fish scales are part of the fish's

text: integumentary system

text: , and are produced from the

text: mesoderm

text: layer of the

text: dermis

text: , which distinguishes them from

text: reptile scale

text: s.  The same

text: gene

text: s involved in tooth and hair development in

text: mammal

text: s are also involved in scale development. The placoid scales of cartilaginous fishes are also called dermal denticles and are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth. It has been suggested that the scales of bony fishes are similar in structure to teeth, but they probably originate from different tissue. Most fish are also covered in a protective layer of

text: mucus

text: (slime).

text: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis provides tensile strength and elasticity to the skin through an extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibrils, microfibrils, and elastic fibers, embedded in hyaluronan and proteoglycans. Skin proteoglycans  are varied and have very specific locations. For example, hyaluronan, versican and decorin are present throughout the dermis and epidermis extracellular matrix, whereas biglycan and perlecan are only found in the epidermis.

text: epidermis

text: that consists of

text: connective tissue

text: and cushions the body from

text: stress

text: and strain. The

text: dermis

text: provides tensile

text: strength

text: and

text: elasticity

text: to the skin through an

text: extracellular matrix

text: composed of

text: collagen fibrils

text: microfibrils

text: , and

text: elastic fibers

text: , embedded in

text: hyaluronan

text: and

text: proteoglycans

text: . Skin proteoglycans  are varied and have very specific locations. For example,

text: hyaluronan

text: versican

text: and

text: decorin

text: are present throughout the

text: dermis

text: and

text: epidermis

text: extracellular matrix

text: , whereas

text: biglycan

text: and

text: perlecan

text: are only found in the

text: epidermis

text: The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance determining human skin color is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans. The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis. The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible, especially in the face, when, as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), arterioles dilate.

text: The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance determining human skin color is the pigment

text: melanin

text: melanocyte

text: darker-skinned

text: humans. The skin color of people with

text: light skin

text: dermis

text: and by the

text: hemoglobin

text: physical exercise

text: or the stimulation of the

text: nervous system

text: (anger, fear),

text: arterioles

text: dilate.

text: The fly-by-wire electronic flight control system of the Boeing 777 differs from the Airbus EFCS. The design principle is to provide a system that responds similarly to a mechanically controlled system. Because the system is controlled electronically the flight control system can provide flight envelope protection.

text: The fly-by-wire electronic flight control system of the Boeing 777 differs from the Airbus EFCS. The design principle is to provide a system that responds similarly to a mechanically controlled system. Because the system is controlled electronically the flight control system can provide

text: flight envelope

text: protection.

text: Many substances can cause an allergic reaction when in contact with the human integumentary system.

text: While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward, the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult: since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration, one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from those caused by gravity. Humans can do that quite well, but the neural mechanisms underlying this separation are not yet fully understood. Humans can sense head tilting and linear acceleration even in dark environments because of the orientation of two groups of hair cell bundles on either side of the striola.  Hair cells on opposite sides move with mirror symmetry, so when one side is moved, the other is inhibited.  The opposing effects caused by a tilt of the head cause differential sensory inputs from the hair cell bundles allow humans to tell which way the head is tilting, Sensory information is then sent to the brain, which can respond with appropriate corrective actions to the nervous and muscular systems to ensure that balance and awareness are maintained.

text: While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward, the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult: since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration, one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from those caused by gravity. Humans can do that quite well, but the neural mechanisms underlying this separation are not yet fully understood. Humans can sense head tilting and linear acceleration even in dark environments because of the orientation of two groups of hair cell bundles on either side of the

text: striola

text: .  Hair cells on opposite sides move with mirror symmetry, so when one side is moved, the other is inhibited.  The opposing effects caused by a tilt of the head cause differential sensory inputs from the hair cell bundles allow humans to tell which way the head is tilting, Sensory information is then sent to the brain, which can respond with appropriate corrective actions to the nervous and muscular systems to ensure that balance and awareness are maintained.

text: Since, the plant needs to be frequently divided every 3 to 4 years, to keep the plant healthy and vigorous. It is easier and more reliable to propagate via division.

text: The finest visible features such as fine wrinkles and skin pores are the size of about 100 µm or 0.1 millimetres. Skin can be modeled as a 7-dimensional bidirectional texture function (BTF) or a collection of bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) over the target's surfaces.

text: The finest visible features such as fine

text: wrinkle

text: s and

text: skin

text: pore

text: s are the size of about 100

text: µm

text: or 0.1

text: millimetre

text: s. Skin can be modeled as a 7-

text: dimension

text: al

text: bidirectional texture function

text: (BTF) or a collection of

entity_name: Bidirectional scattering distribution function

text: bidirectional scattering distribution function

text: (BSDF) over the target's surfaces.

text: As epithelial cells continue to migrate around the scab, the dermis is repaired by the activity of stem cells. These active cells produce collagenous fibers and ground substance. Blood vessels soon grow into the dermis, restoring circulation. If the injury is very minor, the epithelial cells eventually restore the epidermis once the dermis has been regenerated.

text: As epithelial cells continue to migrate around the scab, the

text: dermis

text: is repaired by the activity of

text: stem cells

text: . These active cells produce

text: collagen

text: ous fibers and

text: ground substance

text: Blood vessels

text: soon grow into the dermis, restoring circulation. If the injury is very minor, the epithelial cells eventually restore the epidermis once the dermis has been regenerated.

text: Because many other body systems, including the vascular, nervous, and integumentary systems, are interrelated, disorders of one of these systems may also affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the diagnosis of the disorder's origin. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system mostly encompass functional disorders or motion discrepancies; the level of impairment depends specifically on the problem and its severity. In a study of hospitalizations in the United States, the most common inpatient OR procedures in 2012 involved the musculoskeletal system: knee arthroplasty, laminectomy, hip replacement, and spinal fusion.

text: Because many other body systems, including the

text: vascular

text: nervous

text: , and

text: integumentary system

text: s, are interrelated, disorders of one of these systems may also affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the diagnosis of the disorder's origin. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system mostly encompass functional disorders or motion discrepancies; the level of impairment depends specifically on the problem and its severity. In a study of hospitalizations in the United States, the most common inpatient OR procedures in 2012 involved the musculoskeletal system: knee arthroplasty, laminectomy, hip replacement, and spinal fusion.

text: The Laws of Manu, a religious document for the Indo-Aryan Brahmins invading India, speaks of how to keep oneself clean but also intermarry with the indigenous peoples in order to create a caste system. A Nepali anthropologist writes on how a Brahmin man might marry four wives of different castes, and keep all the eating and living quarters of his different caste wives and children separate. His children and grandchildren, born to women of lower castes, will have even lower status and not be taught the laws. The only social mobility is downward.Similarly, although no longer specifically due to transnational marriage, the interracial sexual contact in the Americas produced a system that defined social status by skin color, and is still followed by some people, but in particular those whom it subjugated. People would marry those with lighter skin color to keep their social status and were against marrying anyone of "lower" status, particularly around the time of belief that certain people were of a superior race than others.

text: The

text: Laws of Manu

text: , a religious document for the

text: Indo-Aryan

text: Brahmins

text: invading

text: India

text: , speaks of how to keep oneself clean but also intermarry with the indigenous peoples in order to create a caste system. A Nepali anthropologist writes on how a Brahmin man might marry four wives of different castes, and keep all the eating and living quarters of his different caste wives and children separate. His children and grandchildren, born to women of lower castes, will have even lower status and not be taught the laws. The only social mobility is downward.Similarly, although no longer specifically due to transnational marriage, the

text: interracial

text: sexual contact in the Americas produced a system that defined social status by skin color, and is still followed by some people, but in particular those whom it subjugated. People would marry those with lighter skin color to keep their social status and were against marrying anyone of "lower" status, particularly around the time of belief that certain people were of a superior race than others.

text: Five years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails' next major album, The Fragile, a double album that debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 228,000 copies in its first week, but dropped from the top 10 afterward. Another six years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails' next studio album, With Teeth, which also debuted at the top of the Billboard 200. In 2007, the band released Year Zero alongside an accompanying alternate reality game. Reznor announced in late 2007 that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual obligations with Interscope Records, and would distribute its next major album independently. The last Interscope release from Nine Inch Nails was a remix album based on material from Year Zero. The first Nine Inch Nails album released independently was the instrumental Ghosts I–IV in 2008, followed two months later by The Slip.  Hesitation Marks was released through Columbia Records on August 30, 2013.

text: Five years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails' next major album,

text: The Fragile

text: , a

text: double album

text: that debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 228,000 copies in its first week, but dropped from the top 10 afterward. Another six years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails' next studio album,

text: With Teeth

text: , which also debuted at the top of the Billboard 200. In 2007, the band released

text: Year Zero

text: alongside an

text: accompanying alternate reality game

text: . Reznor announced in late 2007 that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual obligations with

text: Interscope Records

text: , and would distribute its next major album independently. The last Interscope release from Nine Inch Nails was a

text: remix album

text: based on material from Year Zero. The first Nine Inch Nails album released independently was the instrumental

text: Ghosts I–IV

text: in 2008, followed two months later by

text: The Slip

text: Hesitation Marks

text: was released through

text: Columbia Records

text: on August 30, 2013.

text: Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish the nails. It is a type of artwork that can be done on fingernails and toenails, usually after manicures or pedicures. A manicure and a pedicure are beauty treatments that trim, shape, and polish the nail. Often these procedures remove the cuticles and soften the skin around the nails.

text: Nail art is a creative way to paint, decorate, enhance, and embellish the nails. It is a type of artwork that can be done on

text: fingernails

text: and

text: toenails

text: , usually after

text: manicures

text: or

text: pedicures

text: . A manicure and a pedicure are

text: beauty treatments

text: that trim, shape, and polish the nail. Often these procedures remove the cuticles and soften the skin around the nails.

text: The two main integumentary muscles of a cat are the platysma and the cutaneous maximus. The cutaneous maximus covers the dorsal region of the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The platysma covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.

text: The two main integumentary muscles of a cat are the

text: platysma

text: and the cutaneous maximus. The cutaneous maximus covers the dorsal region of the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The platysma covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.

text: The reasons for this are twofold. For one, substances in nature have a tendency to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, as is evident by dropping a drop of food coloring in a glass of water. It does not aggregate, but begins to move from the highly concentrated areas (the colored areas) to the areas of low concentration (clear areas). Second, large groups of predominantly positively charged or negatively charged particles will naturally repel each other. This is demonstrated by attempting to push the two positive poles or two negative poles of a magnet together. Depending on the strength of the magnet, the repulsion may be so strong that it is impossible to push the magnets together unless aided by machinery. Proton motive force does work on the system by bringing ions back towards the epidermis of the root or surface of a root hair along with the protons. From the surface of the soil/root interface, specific carriers, like H+/K+ symporters allow the specific ions to come into the cell and the out the plasmodesmata/symporters/antiporters of the side of the cell facing away from the soil so that the essential element can make its way up the plant to the area it is needed so that it may supply the plant with important nutrients that are vital to the plant's being able to reach maturity.

text: Nail crafted the high-profile "break up" of candy characters Mike and Ike in 2012 due to "creative differences". In 2013, Nail produced a trailer for a movie  about the "reunion" of Mike and Ike.

text: Nail crafted the high-profile "break up" of candy characters

text: Mike and Ike

text: in 2012 due to "creative differences". In 2013, Nail produced a trailer for a movie  about the "reunion" of Mike and Ike.

text: Staying dry may keep the skin from developing further chafing, although this can be next to impossible in hot weather and requires avoiding exercise. Certain products such as baby powder, potato flour or antiperspirant may help with keeping the problem areas dry. An alternative to staying dry is lubricating the skin with petroleum jelly or other lubricants in order to reduce the friction and allow the body parts to glide without forming a rash. In many cases, however, especially those involving the upper thighs, clothing is the biggest culprit. Cotton clothes should be avoided as should anything with large seams. Sports focused underwear and clothing made from polyester, nylon or spandex can largely reduce or entirely solve the issue in some cases.  Problems caused by salt residue from evaporated sweat can be solved by using wet wipes to clean problem areas before resuming exercise.

text: Staying dry may keep the skin from developing further chafing, although this can be next to impossible in hot weather and requires avoiding exercise. Certain products such as

text: baby powder

text: potato flour

text: or

text: antiperspirant

text: may help with keeping the problem areas dry. An alternative to staying dry is lubricating the skin with

text: petroleum jelly

text: or other

text: lubricants

text: in order to reduce the friction and allow the body parts to glide without forming a rash. In many cases, however, especially those involving the upper thighs, clothing is the biggest culprit.

text: Cotton

text: clothes should be avoided as should anything with large seams. Sports focused underwear and clothing made from

text: polyester

text: nylon

text: or

text: spandex

text: can largely reduce or entirely solve the issue in some cases.  Problems caused by salt residue from evaporated sweat can be solved by using

text: wet wipes

text: to clean problem areas before resuming exercise.

text: Nails have been used in art, such as the Nail Men – a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during World War I.

text: Nails have been used in art, such as the

text: Nail Men

text: – a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during

text: World War I

text: The exterior of an individual segment is a thin cuticle over skin, commonly pigmented red to brown, which has specialized cells that secrete mucus over the cuticle to keep the body moist and ease movement through soil. Under the skin is a layer of nerve tissue, and two layers of muscles—a thin outer layer of circular muscle, and a much thicker inner layer of longitudinal muscle. Interior to the muscle layer is a fluid-filled chamber called a coelom that by its pressurization provides structure to the worm's boneless body. The segments are separated from each other by transverse dividing walls called "septa" (singular "septum") that are perforated, allowing the coelomic fluid to pass between segments.  A pair of structures called nephrostomes are located at the back of each septum; a nephric tubule leads from each nephrostome through the septum and into the following segment.  This tubule then leads to the main body fluid filtering organ, the nephridium or metanephridium, which removes metabolic waste from the coelomic fluid and expels it through pores called nephridiopores on the worm's sides; usually two nephridia (sometimes more) are found in most segments. At the center of a worm is the digestive tract, which runs straight through from mouth to anus without coiling, and is flanked above and below by blood vessels (the dorsal blood vessel and the ventral blood vessel as well as a subneural blood vessel) and the ventral nerve cord, and is surrounded in each segment by a pair of pallial blood vessels that connect the dorsal to the subneural blood vessels.

text: The exterior of an individual segment is a thin

text: cuticle

text: over skin, commonly pigmented red to brown, which has specialized cells that secrete mucus over the cuticle to keep the body moist and ease movement through soil. Under the skin is a layer of nerve tissue, and two layers of muscles—a thin outer layer of circular muscle, and a much thicker inner layer of longitudinal muscle. Interior to the muscle layer is a fluid-filled chamber called a

text: coelom

text: that by its pressurization provides structure to the worm's boneless body. The segments are separated from each other by transverse dividing walls called "septa" (singular "septum") that are perforated, allowing the coelomic fluid to pass between segments.  A pair of structures called

text: nephrostome

text: s are located at the back of each septum; a nephric tubule leads from each nephrostome through the septum and into the following segment.  This tubule then leads to the main body fluid filtering organ, the

text: nephridium

text: or metanephridium, which removes metabolic waste from the

text: coelomic fluid

text: and expels it through pores called nephridiopores on the worm's sides; usually two nephridia (sometimes more) are found in most segments. At the center of a worm is the

text: digestive tract

text: , which runs straight through from mouth to anus without coiling, and is flanked above and below by blood vessels (the dorsal blood vessel and the ventral blood vessel as well as a subneural blood vessel) and the

text: ventral nerve cord

text: , and is surrounded in each segment by a pair of pallial blood vessels that connect the dorsal to the subneural blood vessels.

text: The term is based on the concept of a pubic hair being small in diameter, and can be used to describe a minor adjustment necessary, and is akin to terms such as 'a tad', 'a smidgen', etc. The phrase is generally used to objectify small clearances, dimensions, or distances.)  In usage, the terms "hair", "cunt hair" and "red cunt hair" are related and each one is considered smaller and more precise than the preceding one ("hair" being largest and "red cunt hair" being smallest).  It is thought to have originated in the late 1950s, as military slang. The phrase is associated with the traditionally male domains of military and engineering environments, and is used by some writers to evoke them. In Gravity's Rainbow, Thomas Pynchon invoked "a gnat's ass or red cunt hair" as images of very small units.

text: The term is based on the concept of a

text: pubic hair

text: being small in diameter, and can be used to describe a minor adjustment necessary, and is akin to terms such as 'a

text: tad

text: ', 'a

text: smidgen

text: ', etc. The phrase is generally used to objectify small clearances, dimensions, or distances.)  In usage, the terms "hair", "cunt hair" and "red cunt hair" are related and each one is considered smaller and more precise than the preceding one ("hair" being largest and "red cunt hair" being smallest).  It is thought to have originated in the late 1950s, as military slang. The phrase is associated with the traditionally male domains of military and engineering environments, and is used by some writers to evoke them. In

text: Gravity's Rainbow

text: Thomas Pynchon

text: invoked "a

text: gnat

text: 's ass or red cunt hair" as images of very small units.

text: Milford Graves on Logan:

text: Milford Graves on Logan:

text: During rehearsals for their next play Nowadays in the autumn, Avice Crichton is not good. Julia, to keep her in the play, suggests to Michael that he should help her with her part.

text: James Sims (1741–1820) was an Anglo-Irish physician.

text: As a songwriter he wrote the Top 40 single Somebody Who Loves Me for the Dutch artist Jeronimo van Ballegoijen (known as Jeronimo) and produced another song Unheard on his album. He also co-wrote Movie Star for Canadian teen star Carson Lueders. As an artist he produced, wrote and released singles with Tiffany Alvord - Our Balloons, Sandra Cires - Riki Raka  and the Canadian twin sisters Carmen and Camille - Little Bit Of Love. His music videos reached several million unique views on YouTube and were on MTV, Viva, Bild.de  and Mc Donald's TV.

text: As a songwriter he wrote the Top 40 single Somebody Who Loves Me for the Dutch artist

text: Jeronimo van Ballegoijen

text: (known as Jeronimo) and produced another song Unheard on his album. He also co-wrote Movie Star for Canadian teen star Carson Lueders. As an artist he produced, wrote and released singles with

text: Tiffany Alvord

text: - Our Balloons, Sandra Cires - Riki Raka  and the Canadian twin sisters

text: Carmen and Camille

text: - Little Bit Of Love. His music videos reached several million unique views on YouTube and were on MTV, Viva, Bild.de  and Mc Donald's TV.

text: In Hungary: Gyula, Doboz

text: In Hungary:

text: Gyula

text: Doboz

text: Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.

text: Around 10% of

text: Jewish

text: males are Haplogroup G.

text: Art-Piteus 84. Blanes

text: Art-Piteus 84. Blanes

text: His sister, Indralakshmi married the Indian Brahman Divakarabhatta.

text: The median income for a household in the town was $23,281, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $37,917 versus $16,563 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,284.  About 23.5% of families and 29.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.8% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

text: The median income for a household in the town was $23,281, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $37,917 versus $16,563 for females. The

text: per capita income

text: for the town was $13,284.  About 23.5% of families and 29.4% of the population were below the

text: poverty line

text: , including 45.8% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

text: WRGT-TV, virtual channel 45, is the Fox-affiliated television station for the Miami Valley area of Ohio, which is licensed to Dayton. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 30 from a transmitter at its Broadcast Plaza business offices, off South Gettysburg Avenue, near the New Chicago section of the city. It can also be seen on Time Warner Cable channel 8 and in high definition on digital channel 1008. Owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, WRGT-TV is operated though a local marketing agreement (LMA) by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. However, that company effectively owns the station due to Cunningham's ownership structure. It shares studios with and is sister to ABC affiliate WKEF.

text: WRGT-TV,

text: virtual channel

text: 45, is the

text: Fox

text: -affiliated

text: television station

text: for the

text: Miami Valley

text: area of

text: Ohio

text: , which is licensed to

text: Dayton

text: . It broadcasts a

text: high definition

text: digital signal on

text: UHF

text: channel 30 from a transmitter at its Broadcast Plaza business offices, off South Gettysburg Avenue, near the New Chicago section of the city. It can also be seen on

text: Time Warner Cable

text: channel 8 and in high definition on digital channel 1008. Owned by

text: Cunningham Broadcasting

text: , WRGT-TV is operated though a

text: local marketing agreement

text: (LMA) by the

text: Sinclair Broadcast Group

text: . However, that company effectively owns the station due to Cunningham's ownership structure. It shares studios with and is

text: sister

text: to

text: ABC

text: affiliate

text: WKEF

text: Hamlin and Tafolla married and had two children together.  Their son, Joey Tafolla, is well known Jag Panzer guitarist. In 1963, Hamlin retired from singing to spend time with her family.

text: He holds a Ph.D. in philosophy (1989) from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

text: He holds a

text: Ph.D.

text: in philosophy (1989) from the

entity_name: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

text: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

text: Boyracer – Lathe Cut 10" vinyl  Winners Losers Cuts & Bruises  (555) 2005 / MA

text: The prison appeared in the ITV documentary Inside Death Row with Trevor McDonald.

text: The prison appeared in the

text: ITV

text: documentary Inside Death Row with

text: Trevor McDonald

text: The theory of a disc wheel depends on their behaviour as a stressed skin structure. Their materials are assumed to be inextensible, but flexible. Such a skin is stiff against tensile loads in the plane of the skin, but flexible for loads perpendicular to it. A flat disc is thus strong for radial loads in the plane of the disc and also for torques. It is flexible for axial loads, perpendicular to the disc plane and also for nutating, wobble of the axle at an angle to the main axis.

text: The theory of a

text: disc wheel

text: depends on their behaviour as a

text: stressed skin

text: structure. Their materials are assumed to be

text: inextensible

text: , but

text: flexible

text: . Such a skin is stiff against tensile loads in the plane of the skin, but flexible for loads perpendicular to it. A flat disc is thus strong for

text: radial

text: loads in the plane of the disc and also for

text: torque

text: s. It is flexible for

text: axial

text: loads, perpendicular to the disc plane and also for

text: nutating

text: , wobble of the axle at an angle to the main axis.

text: Thomas Stock (1750–1803) established the first Sunday school in the United Kingdom.

text: Thomas Stock (1750–1803) established the first

text: Sunday school

text: in the United Kingdom.

text: He represented Kaiapoi from 1890 to 1893, when he was defeated, and from 1896 to 1899, when he was again defeated.

text: He represented Kaiapoi from

text: to

text: , when he was defeated, and from

text: to

text: , when he was again defeated.

text: Michel Fuad Samaha (born 9 September 1948) is a former minister of information and minister of tourism in Lebanon, and a longtime politician and intelligence operative. Samaha is known for his long and close relationship with the Syrian government, and was one of several Lebanese officials sanctioned by the United States in 2007 for allegedly "contributing to political and economic instability in Lebanon." In December 2012 Samaha was listed by the United States as a global terrorist under section 1(b) of Executive Order 13224. Arrested and imprisoned in August, 2012, Samaha was convicted in May 2015 of transporting explosives into Lebanon and sentenced to four and a half years in jail. He was released on bail in January 2016. Samaha was sentenced again to 13 years with hard labour in April 2016 for attempting to carry out terrorist acts.

text: Michel Fuad Samaha (born 9 September 1948) is a former minister of information and minister of tourism in

text: Lebanon

text: , and a longtime politician and

text: intelligence

text: operative. Samaha is known for his long and close relationship with the

text: Syrian

text: government, and was one of several Lebanese officials sanctioned by the

text: United States

text: in 2007 for allegedly "contributing to political and economic instability in Lebanon." In December 2012 Samaha was listed by the United States as a global terrorist under section 1(b) of Executive Order 13224. Arrested and imprisoned in August, 2012, Samaha was convicted in May 2015 of transporting explosives into Lebanon and sentenced to four and a half years in jail. He was released on bail in January 2016. Samaha was sentenced again to 13 years with hard labour in April 2016 for attempting to carry out terrorist acts.

text: Adjunct faculty include:

text: Adjunct faculty include:

text: He also serves on the Global Agenda Council on the Economics of Innovation for the World Economic Forum.

text: Bashir Ahmed or Bashir Ahmad may refer to:

text: Alexander and Mary had four sons and seven daughters, all of whose baptisms are recorded in Malmesbury:

text: Afrocanthium was first recognized as a  distinct group in 1991, when it was  named as a subgenus of Canthium. It was described and compared to the other subgenera in 1992. In 2004, a molecular phylogenetic study of DNA sequences showed that Afrocanthium is monophyletic and not most closely  related to the other subgenera of Canthium. The authors of this study raised Afrocanthium, unaltered, to generic  status. It is  sister to Keetia, a genus that was  segregated from Canthium in 1986.

text: Afrocanthium was first recognized as a

text: distinct group

text: in 1991, when it was

text: named

text: as a

text: subgenus

text: of

text: Canthium

text: . It was described and compared to the other subgenera in 1992. In 2004, a

text: molecular phylogenetic

text: study of

text: DNA sequence

text: s showed that Afrocanthium is

text: monophyletic

text: and not most closely

text: related

text: to the other subgenera of Canthium. The authors of this study raised Afrocanthium, unaltered, to

text: generic

text: status

text: . It is

text: sister

text: to

text: Keetia

text: , a genus that was

text: segregated

text: from Canthium in 1986.

text: Early in 1925, a foundation pile and some tents could be found at the site of the future bridge. Men in the region were also awaiting employment on the structure, and by the middle of the year unemployment problems were becoming a serious issue. Similarly government debt was increasing, although it was still expected the railway line to Abbotsford Bridge would be completed. In November, construction started and it was expected that the bridge would be opened around 25 September the following year.

text: UVA light has been shown to cause DNA damage, but not directly, like UVB and UVC. Due to its longer wavelength, it is absorbed less and reaches deeper into skin layers, where it produces reactive chemical intermediates such as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can damage DNA and result in a risk of melanoma. The weak output of black lights, however, is not considered sufficient to cause DNA damage or cellular mutations in the way that direct summer sunlight can, although there are reports that overexposure to the type of UV radiation used for creating artificial suntans on sunbeds can cause DNA damage, photoaging (damage to the skin from prolonged exposure to sunlight), toughening of the skin, suppression of the immune system, cataract formation and skin cancer.

text: UVA light has been shown to cause

text: DNA damage

text: , but not directly, like UVB and UVC. Due to its longer

text: wavelength

text: , it is absorbed less and reaches deeper into

text: skin layers

text: , where it produces reactive chemical intermediates such as

text: hydroxyl

text: and

text: oxygen

text: radical

text: s, which in turn can damage DNA and result in a risk of

text: melanoma

text: . The weak output of black lights, however, is not considered sufficient to cause DNA damage or cellular

text: mutation

text: s in the way that direct summer sunlight can, although there are reports that overexposure to the type of UV radiation used for creating artificial suntans on

text: sunbeds

text: can cause DNA damage, photoaging (damage to the skin from prolonged exposure to sunlight), toughening of the skin, suppression of the immune system, cataract formation and skin cancer.

text: The Challengers of the Unknown have faced an array of villains:

text: is defined as follows:

text: is defined as follows:

text: Vladimir Filippovich Tributs () ( – August 30, 1977) was a Soviet naval commander and admiral from 1943.

text: Vladimir Filippovich Tributs () ( – August 30, 1977) was a

text: Soviet

text: naval commander and admiral from 1943.

text: 11.  Finland

text: Finland

text: From the promotional brochure:

text: From the promotional brochure:

text: At Bela:

text: At Bela:

text: In 2016, it has been the media partner for Going Global of the British Council.

text: In 2016, it has been the media partner for Going Global of the

text: British Council

text: A few species, such as Anelosimus eximius, are also known to have reproductive skew, where some of the females reproduce and others do not. Even though these spiders cooperate by caring for each other's young, cooperating in prey capture and sharing food, they are not considered eusocial as they do not have defined castes. Any female has the potential to reproduce, therefore differences in the reproductive success is due to competition for scarce food resources rather than the existence of physically distinct castes.

text: A few species, such as

text: Anelosimus eximius

text: , are also known to have reproductive skew, where some of the females reproduce and others do not. Even though these spiders cooperate by caring for each other's young, cooperating in prey capture and sharing food, they are not considered

text: eusocial

text: as they do not have defined castes. Any female has the potential to reproduce, therefore differences in the reproductive success is due to competition for scarce food resources rather than the existence of physically distinct castes.

text: Burma–Thailand

text: Burma–Thailand

text: Lovers, Fighters, Sinners, Saints is the second studio album by Odd Project, released on April 24, 2007.

text: Lovers, Fighters, Sinners, Saints is the second studio album by

text: Odd Project

text: , released on April 24, 2007.

text: Paul Boghossian raised an objection to the class of Twin-Earth-style arguments for externalism in the form of an argument that aims to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged self-knowledge. Here, privileged self-knowledge is taken to be the idea that one can know the content of one's thoughts without having to investigate the external world (for empirical evidence). Although this type of argument does not directly disprove externalism, it is pressing because of the intuitive plausibility of privileged self-knowledge's existence.

text: Paul Boghossian

text: raised an objection to the class of Twin-Earth-style arguments for externalism in the form of an argument that aims to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged self-knowledge. Here, privileged self-knowledge is taken to be the idea that one can know the content of one's thoughts without having to investigate the external world (for

text: empirical evidence

text: ). Although this type of argument does not directly disprove externalism, it is pressing because of the intuitive plausibility of privileged self-knowledge's existence.

text: [ AllMusic.com]

text: [ AllMusic.com]

text: eo:Hnilec

text: eo:Hnilec

text: , for a given graph

text: , for a given graph

text: Famous hurling members from this club are from the Quaid family.

text: The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail.

text: The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to

text: onychodystrophy

text: paronychia

text: and darkening of the nail.

text: The mix features McCartney's single-tracked vocal, with only selected phrases (for example, the title) highlighted by double tracking.

text: Muehrcke's nails, Muehrcke's lines, or leukonychia striata, are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical disorder or condition.  Muehrcke's lines are white lines (leukonychia) that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula (half moon). In contrast to Beau's lines, they are not grooved. The lines are actually in the vascular nail bed underneath the nail plate, and as such, they do not move with nail growth.  Meuhrcke's lines disappear when pressure is placed over the nail, blanching the underlying nail bed.

text: Muehrcke's nails, Muehrcke's lines, or leukonychia striata, are changes in the

text: fingernail

text: that may be a

text: sign

text: of an underlying medical disorder or condition.  Muehrcke's lines are white lines (

text: leukonychia

text: ) that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the

text: lunula

text: (half moon). In contrast to

text: Beau's lines

text: , they are not grooved. The lines are actually in the vascular nail bed underneath the nail plate, and as such, they do not move with nail growth.  Meuhrcke's lines disappear when pressure is placed over the nail, blanching the underlying nail bed.

text: Consider the following functions, which demonstrate several kinds of dependencies:

text: One can define other number systems using different rules or new objects; in some such number systems, the above proofs would need to be reinterpreted and one might find that, in a given number system, 0.999… and 1 might not be identical. However, many number systems are extensions of —rather than independent alternatives to— the real number system, so 0.999… = 1 continues to hold. Even in such number systems, though, it is worthwhile to examine alternative number systems, not only for how 0.999… behaves (if, indeed, a number expressed as "0.999…" is both meaningful and unambiguous), but also for the behavior of related phenomena. If such phenomena differ from those in the real number system, then at least one of the assumptions built into the system must break down.

text: The transformation research on media systems has its origin in transformation studies of political sciences. Fragments of political science theories were applied in comparative media studies,  since transformation processes of media systems are strongly connected to the transformation of political systems. Katharina Hadamik (2003) describes this connection as "political-medial transformation-parallelism". She stresses that the media system in a state cannot take any path of transformation. It is connected to the transformation of the political system. For instance, states which develop democratic structures and constitutional conditions in their political system also build out free or relatively free media systems. In contrast, media systems in states with weaker or even no transformation of the political system have much higher barriers of development to overcome. So, "it is the political system that ultimately has the power to make binding decisions and thus shapes the basic structure and functioning of the media system". This strong connection between political and media system can be emphasized by watching the process of transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic system in both politics and media.

text: The transformation research on media systems has its origin in transformation studies of

text: political science

text: s. Fragments of

text: political science

text: theories were applied in comparative

text: media studies

text: ,  since transformation processes of media systems are strongly connected to the transformation of

text: political system

text: s. Katharina Hadamik (2003) describes this connection as "political-medial transformation-parallelism". She stresses that the media system in a

text: state

text: cannot take any path of transformation. It is connected to the transformation of the

text: political system

text: . For instance,

text: states

text: which develop democratic structures and

text: constitution

text: al conditions in their

text: political system

text: also build out free or relatively free media systems. In contrast, media systems in

text: states

text: with weaker or even no transformation of the

text: political system

text: have much higher barriers of development to overcome. So, "it is the political system that ultimately has the power to make binding decisions and thus shapes the basic structure and functioning of the media system". This strong connection between

text: political

text: and media system can be emphasized by watching the process of transformation from an

text: authoritarian

text: to a

text: democratic

text: system

text: in both

text: politic

text: s and

text: media

text: Leonard's secondary world is unusual in that it overlaps with the primary one and is separated from it, it seems, through nothing stronger than blind luck.  Uniquely among such fantasies, Leonard never employs magic, and indeed seems at pains to explain how his underground System works.  There are no women seen underground, nor any apparent means to produce food to support the Undergrounders, but rather than hoping his readers will not notice this (as the children do), he explains very concisely the why and how of this in a throwaway manner near the beginning.

text: Leonard's

text: secondary world

text: is unusual in that it overlaps with the primary one and is separated from it, it seems, through nothing stronger than blind luck.  Uniquely among such fantasies, Leonard never employs

text: magic

text: , and indeed seems at pains to explain how his underground System works.  There are no women seen underground, nor any apparent means to produce food to support the Undergrounders, but rather than hoping his readers will not notice this (as the children do), he explains very concisely the why and how of this in a throwaway manner near the beginning.

text: For live sound reproduction during popular music concerts in mid- to large-size venues, there are typically two complete loudspeaker systems and PA systems (also called sound reinforcement systems): the "main" or "front of house" system and the "monitor" system. Each system consists of a mixing board, sound processing equipment, power amplifiers, and speakers.  The two systems usually share microphones and direct inputs using a splitter microphone snake.  There is disagreement over when to call these audio systems Sound Reinforcement (SR) systems or Public Address (PA) systems. This distinction is important in some regions or markets, while in other regions or markets the terms are interchangeable.<ref>Borgerson, Bruce. "Is it P.A. or SR?." Sound & Video Contractor. 1 Nov. 2003. Prism Business Media. 18 Feb. 2007

text: For

text: live sound reproduction

text: during popular music concerts in mid- to large-size venues, there are typically two complete

text: loudspeaker system

text: s and

text: PA systems

text: (also called

text: sound reinforcement system

text: s): the "main" or "front of house" system and the "monitor" system. Each system consists of a mixing board, sound processing equipment, power amplifiers, and speakers.  The two systems usually share microphones and direct inputs using a splitter microphone snake.  There is disagreement over when to call these audio systems

text: Sound Reinforcement (SR) systems

text: or

text: Public Address (PA) system

text: s. This distinction is important in some regions or markets, while in other regions or markets the terms are interchangeable.<ref>Borgerson, Bruce. "Is it P.A. or SR?." Sound & Video Contractor. 1 Nov. 2003. Prism Business Media. 18 Feb. 2007