text: In the acute phase of chikungunya, the virus is typically present in the areas where symptoms present, specifically skeletal muscles, and joints. In the chronic phase, it is suggested that viral persistence (the inability of the body to entirely rid itself of thevirus), lack of clearance of the antigen, or both, contribute to joint pain. The inflammation response during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease results in part from interactions between the virus and monocytes and macrophages. Chikungunya virus disease in humans is associated with elevated serum levels of specific cytokines and chemokines. High levels of specific cytokines have been linked to more severe acute disease: interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10). Cytokines may also contribute to chronic chikungunya virus disease, as persistent joint pain has been associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In those with chronic symptoms, a mild elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) has been observed, suggesting ongoing chronic inflammation. However, there is little evidence linking chronic chikungunya virus  disease and the development of autoimmunity.

text: In the acute phase of chikungunya, the virus is typically present in the areas where symptoms present, specifically skeletal muscles, and

entity_name: Joint capsule

text: joints

text: . In the chronic phase, it is suggested that viral persistence (the inability of the body to entirely rid itself of thevirus), lack of clearance of the

entity_name: Antigen

text: antigen

text: , or both, contribute to joint pain. The inflammation response during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease results in part from interactions between the virus and monocytes and macrophages. Chikungunya virus disease in humans is associated with elevated

entity_name: Serum (blood)

text: serum level

text: s of specific

entity_name: Cytokine

text: cytokines

text: and

entity_name: Chemokine

text: chemokines

text: . High levels of specific cytokines have been linked to more severe acute disease:

entity_name: Interleukin 6

entity_name: Interleukin 1 beta

text: RANTES

text: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

text: monokine induced by gamma interferon

text: (MIG), and

text: interferon gamma-induced protein 10

text: (IP-10). Cytokines may also contribute to chronic chikungunya virus disease, as persistent joint pain has been associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and

entity_name: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

text: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

text: (GM-CSF). In those with chronic symptoms, a mild elevation of

entity_name: C-reactive protein

text: C-reactive protein

text: (CRP) has been observed, suggesting ongoing chronic inflammation. However, there is little evidence linking chronic chikungunya virus  disease and the development of

entity_name: Autoimmunity

text: autoimmunity

text: This is a list of allergies, which includes the allergen, potential reactions, and treatments.

text: This is a list of

entity_name: Allergy

text: allergies

text: , which includes the

entity_name: Allergen

text: allergen

text: , potential reactions, and treatments.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: Immunopathology is a branch of clinical pathology that deals with an organism’s immune response to a certain disease. When a foreign antigen enters the body, there is either an antigen specific or nonspecific response to it. These responses are the immune system fighting off the foreign antigens, whether they are deadly or not. Immunopathology could refer to how the foreign antigens cause the immune system to have a response or problems that can arise from an organism’s own immune response on itself. There are certain problems or faults in the immune system that can lead to more serious illness or disease. These diseases can come from one of the following problems. The first would be Hypersensitivity reactions, where there would be a stronger immune response than normal. There are four different types (type one, two, three and four), all with varying types and degrees of an immune response. The problems that arise from each type vary from small allergic reactions to more serious illnesses such as tuberculosis or arthritis. The second kind of complication in the immune system is Autoimmunity, where the immune system would attack itself rather than the antigen. Inflammation is a prime example of autoimmunity, as the immune cells used are self-reactive. A few examples of autoimmune diseases are Type 1 diabetes, Addison’s disease and Celiac disease. The third and final type of complication with the immune system is Immunodeficiency, where the immune system lacks the ability to fight off a certain disease. The immune system’s ability to combat it is either hindered or completely absent. The two types are Primary Immunodeficiency, where the immune system is either missing a key component or does not function properly, and Secondary Immunodeficiency, where disease is obtained from an outside source, like radiation or heat, and therefore cannot function properly. Diseases that can cause immunodeficiency include HIV, AIDS and leukemia. In all vertebrates, there are two different kinds of immune responses: Innate and Adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is used to fight off non-changing antigens and is therefore considered nonspecific. It is usually a more immediate response than the adaptive immune system, usually responding within minutes to hours. It is composed of physical blockades such as the skin, but also contains nonspecific immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T Cells, and basophils. The second for of immunity is Adaptive immunity. This form of immunity requires recognition of the foreign antigen before a response is produced. Once the antigen is recognized, a specific response is produced in order to destroy the specific antigen. Because of this idea, adaptive immunity is considered to be specific immunity. A key part of adaptive immunity that separates it from innate is the use of memory to combat the antigen in the future. When the antigen is originally introduced, the organism does not have any receptors for the antigen so it must generate them from the first time the antigen is present. The immune system then builds a memory of that antigen, which enables it to recognize the antigen quicker in the future and be able to combat it quicker and more efficiently. The more the system is exposed to the antigen, the quicker it will build up its responsiveness.

method: UNH-qee

text: When dyspepsia can be attributed to a specific cause, the majority of cases concern gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease. Less common causes include gastritis, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, coeliac disease, food allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic intestinal ischemia and gastroparesis.

text: When dyspepsia can be attributed to a specific cause, the majority of cases concern

entity_name: Gastroesophageal reflux disease

text: gastroesophageal reflux disease

text: (GERD) and

entity_name: Peptic ulcer

text: peptic ulcer

text: disease. Less common causes include

entity_name: Gastritis

text: gastritis

entity_name: Stomach cancer

text: gastric cancer

entity_name: Esophageal cancer

text: esophageal cancer

entity_name: Coeliac disease

text: coeliac disease

entity_name: Food allergy

text: food allergy

entity_name: Inflammatory bowel disease

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: , chronic

entity_name: Mesenteric ischemia

text: intestinal ischemia

text: and

entity_name: Gastroparesis

text: gastroparesis

text: Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.

entity_name: Tobacco

text: Tobacco

text: use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% is due to

entity_name: Obesity

text: obesity

text: , poor

entity_name: Diet (nutrition)

text: diet

entity_name: Sedentary lifestyle

text: lack of physical activity

text: and drinking

entity_name: Alcoholic drink

text: alcohol

text: . Other factors include certain

entity_name: Infection

text: infection

text: s, exposure to

entity_name: Ionizing radiation

text: ionizing radiation

text: and environmental pollutants. In the

entity_name: Developing country

text: developing world

text: nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as

entity_name: Hepatitis B

text: hepatitis B

entity_name: Hepatitis C

text: hepatitis C

text: and

entity_name: Human papillomavirus infection

text: human papillomavirus

text: (HPV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the

entity_name: Gene

text: gene

text: s of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or

entity_name: Cancer screening

text: screening tests

text: . It is then typically further investigated by

entity_name: Medical imaging

text: medical imaging

text: and confirmed by

entity_name: Biopsy

text: biopsy

text: In rodents KLF15 appears to control the actions of estradiol and progesterone in the endometrium by inhibiting the production of MCM2, a protein involved in DNA synthesis raising the possibility of preventing or treating endometrial and breast cancer and other diseases related to estrogen by promoting the action of KLF15.

text: It is nearly impossible to prove what caused a cancer in any individual, because most cancers have multiple possible causes. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops lung cancer, then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, then there is a small chance that the cancer developed because of air pollution or radiation. Cancer is generally not contagious in humans, though it can be caused by oncoviruses and cancer bacteria.

text: It is nearly impossible to prove what caused a cancer in any individual, because most cancers have multiple possible causes. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops

entity_name: Lung cancer

text: lung cancer

text: , then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, then there is a small chance that the cancer developed because of air pollution or radiation. Cancer is

entity_name: Clonally transmissible cancer

text: generally not contagious

text: in humans, though it can be caused by

entity_name: Oncovirus

text: oncovirus

text: es and

entity_name: Cancer bacteria

text: cancer bacteria

text: Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the nervous system. This is usually the result of acquired damage to the nerves, such as spinal cord injury, diabetes mellitus (diabetic neuropathy), or leprosy in countries where that disease is prevalent. These individuals are at risk of tissue damage and infection due to undiscovered injuries. People with diabetes-related nerve damage, for instance, sustain poorly-healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.

text: Insensitivity to pain may also result from abnormalities in the

entity_name: Nervous system

text: nervous system

text: . This is usually the result of

entity_name: Acquired disorder

text: acquired

text: damage to the nerves, such as

entity_name: Spinal cord injury

text: spinal cord injury

entity_name: Diabetes mellitus

text: diabetes mellitus

entity_name: Diabetic neuropathy

text: diabetic neuropathy

text: ), or

entity_name: Leprosy

text: leprosy

text: in countries where that disease is prevalent. These individuals are at risk of tissue damage and infection due to undiscovered injuries. People with diabetes-related nerve damage, for instance, sustain poorly-healing foot ulcers as a result of decreased sensation.

text: The most frequent causes of death, in order of frequency, are infectious and parasitic diseases, cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Since the 1980s, the occurrence of measles, pertussis, typhoid fever, and diphtheria has decreased sharply because of improved availability of potable water. More than 80 percent of one-year-olds received inoculations against childhood diseases in 2004. Between 1980 and 2004, the infant mortality rate decreased by 65%. In 2007 an estimated 3,700 adults in Turkey were infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Reportedly, in the early 2000s sexual activity was the cause of 80-90% HIV cases, and drug abuse was the cause of 7 percent of cases. Some 260 new cases were reported in 2006. Commercial blood donation has been abolished in order to eliminate that cause of HIV transmission.

text: The most frequent causes of death, in order of frequency, are infectious and

entity_name: Parasitic disease

text: parasitic diseases

entity_name: Cancer

text: cancer

entity_name: Cardiovascular disease

text: heart disease

text: , and

entity_name: Cerebrovascular disease

text: cerebrovascular diseases

text: . Since the 1980s, the occurrence of

entity_name: Measles

text: measles

entity_name: Pertussis

text: pertussis

entity_name: Typhoid fever

text: typhoid fever

text: , and

entity_name: Diphtheria

text: diphtheria

text: has decreased sharply because of improved availability of potable water. More than 80 percent of one-year-olds received inoculations against childhood diseases in 2004. Between 1980 and 2004, the infant mortality rate decreased by 65%. In 2007 an estimated 3,700 adults in Turkey were infected by the

entity_name: HIV

text: human immunodeficiency virus

text: (HIV). Reportedly, in the early 2000s sexual activity was the cause of 80-90%

text: HIV

text: cases, and

entity_name: Substance abuse

text: drug abuse

text: was the cause of 7 percent of cases. Some 260 new cases were reported in 2006. Commercial blood donation has been abolished in order to eliminate that cause of HIV transmission.

method: UNH-ecn

text: The main problems with this disease is that it often goes unrecognized for many years, in which it can cause serious damage to several organs, and most cases currently remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated. Celiac disease with “non-classic symptoms” is the most common clinical type and occurs in older children (over 2 years old), adolescents and adults. It is characterized by milder or even absent gastrointestinal symptoms and a wide spectrum of non-intestinal manifestations that can involve any organ of the body, and very frequently may be completely asymptomatic both in children (at least in 43% of the cases) and adults. Untreated celiac disease may cause malabsorption, reduced quality of life, iron deficiency, osteoporosis, an increased risk of intestinal lymphomas and greater mortality. It is associated with some autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroiditis, gluten ataxia, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and more.

text: The main problems with this disease is that it often goes unrecognized for many years, in which it can cause serious damage to several organs, and most cases currently remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated. Celiac disease with “non-classic symptoms” is the most common clinical type and occurs in older children (over 2 years old), adolescents and adults. It is characterized by milder or even absent gastrointestinal symptoms and a wide spectrum of non-intestinal manifestations that can involve any organ of the body, and very frequently may be completely asymptomatic both in children (at least in 43% of the cases) and adults. Untreated celiac disease may cause

entity_name: Malabsorption

text: malabsorption

text: , reduced quality of life,

entity_name: Iron deficiency

text: iron deficiency

entity_name: Osteoporosis

text: osteoporosis

text: , an increased risk of intestinal

entity_name: Lymphoma

text: lymphoma

text: s and greater mortality. It is associated with some autoimmune diseases, such as

entity_name: Diabetes mellitus type 1

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

entity_name: Thyroiditis

text: thyroiditis

entity_name: Ataxia

text: gluten ataxia

entity_name: Psoriasis

text: psoriasis

entity_name: Vitiligo

text: vitiligo

entity_name: Autoimmune hepatitis

text: autoimmune hepatitis

entity_name: Dermatitis herpetiformis

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

entity_name: Primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , and more.

text: In recent years it has come to the attention of researchers that many types of cancer are caused largely due to epigenetic factors. Cancer can be caused in a variety of ways due to differential methylation of histones. Since the discovery of oncogenes as well as tumor suppressor genes it has been known that a large factor of causing and repressing cancer is within our own genome. If areas around oncogenes become unmethylated these cancer-causing genes have the potential to be transcribed at an alarming rate. Opposite of this is the methylation of tumor suppressor genes. In cases where the areas around these genes were highly methylated, the tumor suppressor gene was not active and therefore cancer was more likely to occur. These changes in methylation pattern are often due to mutations in methyltransferase and demethyltransferase. Other types of mutations in proteins such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) can cause the inactivation of histone demethyltransferase which in turn can lead to a variety of cancers, gliomas and leukemias, depending on in which cells the mutation occurs.

text: In recent years it has come to the attention of researchers that many types of cancer are caused largely due to epigenetic factors. Cancer can be caused in a variety of ways due to differential methylation of histones. Since the discovery of

entity_name: Oncogene

text: oncogenes

text: as well as

entity_name: Tumor suppressor gene

text: tumor suppressor genes

text: it has been known that a large factor of causing and repressing cancer is within our own genome. If areas around oncogenes become unmethylated these cancer-causing genes have the potential to be transcribed at an alarming rate. Opposite of this is the methylation of tumor suppressor genes. In cases where the areas around these genes were highly methylated, the tumor suppressor gene was not active and therefore cancer was more likely to occur. These changes in methylation pattern are often due to mutations in methyltransferase and demethyltransferase. Other types of mutations in proteins such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) can cause the inactivation of histone demethyltransferase which in turn can lead to a variety of cancers, gliomas and leukemias, depending on in which cells the mutation occurs.

text: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million may not be technologically feasible or may be so prohibitively expensive as to render the risk-causing activity unsustainable, resulting in the optimal degree of intervention being a balance between risks vs. benefit. For example, emissions from hospital incinerators result in a certain number of deaths per year. However, this risk must be balanced against the alternatives.  There are public health risks, as well as economic costs, associated with all options. The risk associated with no incineration is potential spread of infectious diseases, or even no hospitals. Further investigation identifies options such as separating noninfectious from infectious wastes, or air pollution controls on a medical incinerator.

text: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million may not be technologically feasible or may be so prohibitively expensive as to render the risk-causing activity unsustainable, resulting in the optimal degree of intervention being a balance between risks vs. benefit. For example, emissions from hospital incinerators result in a certain number of deaths per year. However, this risk must be balanced against the alternatives.  There are public health risks, as well as economic costs, associated with all options. The risk associated with no

entity_name: Incineration

text: incineration

text: is potential spread of infectious diseases, or even no hospitals. Further investigation identifies options such as separating noninfectious from infectious wastes, or air pollution controls on a medical incinerator.

text: Globally as of 2010 it was estimated that there were 285 million people with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of diabetes cases. This is equivalent to about 6% of the world's adult population. Diabetes is common both in the developed and the developing world. It remains uncommon, however, in the underdeveloped world.

text: Globally as of 2010 it was estimated that there were 285 million people with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of diabetes cases. This is equivalent to about 6% of the world's adult population. Diabetes is common both in the

entity_name: Developed country

text: developed

text: and the

text: developing world

text: . It remains uncommon, however, in the

entity_name: Least Developed Countries

text: underdeveloped world

text: Pezzullo (2003) "(Astra)Zeneca’s initial justification for NBCAM was one of basic accounting, not a critique of how women’s healthcare has been assessed or implemented nor a desire to prevent women from developing breast cancer; instead, it was cost-effective for a company to detect cancer in its employees during the disease’s earlier stages."

text: Although the mechanism(s) of autoimmune disease development is not fully defined, there is broad agreement that the majority of autoimmune diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to innocuous antigens, driven by a branch of the immune system known as the TH1 type immune response. Extra-cellular antigens primarily trigger the TH2 response, as observed with allergies, while intracellular antigens trigger a TH1 response. Th cells can be divided into subtypes based on the characteristic cytokines they secrete. Th2 immune responses result in the release of cytokines associated with inflammation reduction such as interleukin 4, interleukin 5 and interleukin 10. These cytokines are thought to improve the symptoms of many autoimmune disorders. Conversely, Th1 immune responses are characterized by the cytokines interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), both of which are thought to increase inflammation and worsen the progression of autoimmune diseases and their symptoms. The relationship between these two types of immune response is a central theme of the biological basis of the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that there is a regulatory action between the two types of response. However, the observation that allergies and autoimmune response are increasing at a similar rate in industrialized nations appears to undermine the hygiene hypothesis.

text: Although the mechanism(s) of

entity_name: Autoimmune disease

text: autoimmune disease

text: development is not fully defined, there is broad agreement that the majority of autoimmune diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to innocuous

text: antigens

text: , driven by a branch of the

text: immune system

text: known as the

text: TH1 type immune response

text: . Extra-cellular antigens primarily trigger the TH2 response, as observed with allergies, while intracellular antigens trigger a TH1 response. Th cells can be divided into subtypes based on the characteristic

text: cytokine

text: s they secrete. Th2 immune responses result in the release of cytokines associated with inflammation reduction such as

text: interleukin 4

text: interleukin 5

text: and

text: interleukin 10

text: . These cytokines are thought to improve the symptoms of many autoimmune disorders. Conversely, Th1 immune responses are characterized by the cytokines

text: interferon gamma

text: (IFNγ) and

text: tumor necrosis factor alpha

text: (TNFα), both of which are thought to increase inflammation and worsen the progression of autoimmune diseases and their symptoms. The relationship between these two types of immune response is a central theme of the biological basis of the

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: , which suggests that there is a regulatory action between the two types of response. However, the observation that allergies and autoimmune response are increasing at a similar rate in industrialized nations appears to undermine the hygiene hypothesis.

text: Gluten causes health problems for those with gluten-related disorders, including coeliac disease (CD), non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy. In these patients, the gluten-free diet is demonstrated as an effective treatment. In addition, at least in some cases, the gluten-free diet may improve gastrointestinal and/or systemic symptoms in diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or HIV enteropathy, among others.

text: Gluten causes

text: health problem

text: s for those with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , including

text: coeliac disease

text: (CD),

text: non-coeliac gluten sensitivity

text: (NCGS),

text: gluten ataxia

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: (DH) and

text: wheat allergy

text: . In these patients, the gluten-free diet is demonstrated as an effective treatment. In addition, at least in some cases, the gluten-free diet may improve gastrointestinal and/or systemic symptoms in diseases like

text: irritable bowel syndrome

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: multiple sclerosis

text: or

text: HIV

text: enteropathy, among others.

text: It has been suggested that poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of infectious diseases among corals. In general, the Great Barrier Reef is considered to have low incidences of coral diseases. Skeletal Eroding Band, a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia, affects 31 species of corals from six families on the reef. The long-term monitoring program has found an increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002, although they dispute the claim that on the Great Barrier Reef, coral diseases are caused by anthropogenic pollution.

text: It has been suggested that poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of

text: infectious disease

text: s among corals. In general, the Great Barrier Reef is considered to have low

text: incidences

text: of coral diseases.

text: Skeletal Eroding Band

text: , a disease of bony corals caused by the

text: protozoan

text: Halofolliculina corallasia

text: , affects 31 species of corals from six families on the reef. The long-term monitoring program has found an increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002, although they dispute the claim that on the Great Barrier Reef, coral diseases are caused by

text: anthropogenic

text: pollution.

text: An opposing theory to the system integrity theory is the evolutionary novelty theory which suggests that those with higher intelligence are better equipped to deal with evolutionary novel events. It is proposed that intelligence evolved to tackle evolutionarily novel situations and that those with a higher IQ are better able to process when such a novel situation is dangerous or a health hazard and thus are likely to be in better health. This theory provides a theoretical background for evidence found that supports the idea that intelligence is related to mortality through health behaviours such as wearing a seatbelt or quitting smoking.Evolutionary novelty theory emphasises the role of behaviour in the link between mortality and intelligence whereas system integrity emphasis the role of genes. Thus system integrity predicts that individuals of higher intelligence will be better protected from diseases that are caused primarily by genetics whereas evolutionary adaptive theory suggests that individuals of higher intelligence will be better protected from diseases that are less heritable and are caused by poor life choices. One study which tested this idea looked at the incidence of heritable and non-heritable cancers in individuals of differing levels of intelligence. They found that those of higher intelligence were less likely to suffer from cancer that was not heritable, that was based on lifestyle, thus supporting the evolutionary novelty theory. However this was only a preliminary study and only included the disease cancer, which has been found in previous studies to have an ambiguous relationship with intelligence.

text: Physicians and scientists do not know what causes morphea. Case reports and observational studies suggest there is a higher frequency of family history of autoimmune diseases in patients with morphea. Tests for autoantibodies associated with morphea have shown results in higher frequencies of anti-histone and anti-topoisomerase IIa antibodies. Case reports of morphea co-existing with other systemic autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, vitiligo, and systemic lupus erythematosus lend support to morphea as an autoimmune disease.

text: Physician

text: s and scientists do not know what causes morphea. Case reports and observational studies suggest there is a higher frequency of family history of autoimmune diseases in patients with morphea. Tests for autoantibodies associated with morphea have shown results in higher frequencies of anti-histone and anti-topoisomerase IIa antibodies. Case reports of morphea co-existing with other systemic autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, vitiligo, and systemic lupus erythematosus lend support to morphea as an autoimmune disease.

text: Fibrous scarring can also be a complication within the subarachnoid space.  It is notoriously difficult to detect and evaluate.  Prior to the development of magnetic resonance imaging, the only way to ascertain the presence of arachnoiditis was by opening the dura.   In the days of CT scanning and Pantopaque and later, Metrizamide myelography, the presence of arachnoiditis could be speculated based on radiographic findings.  Often, myelography prior to the introduction of Metrizamide was the cause of arachnoiditis.   It can also be caused by the long term pressure brought about with either a severe disc herniation or spinal stenosis.   The presence of both epidural scarring and arachnoiditis in the same patient are probably quite common.  Arachnoiditis is a broad term denoting inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space. A variety of etiologies exist, including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes.Infectious etiologies include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents. Noninfectious inflammatory processes include surgery, intrathecal hemorrhage, and the administration of intrathecal (inside the dural canal) agents such as myelographic contrast media, anesthetics (e.g. chloroprocaine), and steroids (e.g. Depo-Medrol, Kenalog). Lately iatrogenic arachnoiditis has been attributed to misplaced Epidural Steroid Injection therapy when accidentally administered intrathecally. The preservatives and suspension agents found in all steroid injectates, which aren't indicated for epidural administration by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration due to reports of severe adverse events including arachnoiditis, paralysis and death, have now been directly linked to the onset of the disease following the initial stage of chemical meningitis.  Neoplasia includes the hematogenous spread of systemic tumors, such as breast and lung carcinoma, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Neoplasia also includes direct seeding of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and choroid plexus carcinoma.    Strictly speaking, the most common cause of arachnoiditis in failed back syndrome is not infectious or from cancer.  It is due to non-specific scarring secondary to the surgery or the underlying pathology.

text: Fibrous scarring can also be a complication within the subarachnoid space.  It is notoriously difficult to detect and evaluate.  Prior to the development of

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: , the only way to ascertain the presence of

text: arachnoiditis

text: was by opening the dura.   In the days of

text: CT

text: scanning and

text: Pantopaque

text: and later,

text: Metrizamide

text: myelography, the presence of arachnoiditis could be speculated based on radiographic findings.  Often, myelography prior to the introduction of Metrizamide was the cause of arachnoiditis.   It can also be caused by the long term pressure brought about with either a severe disc herniation or spinal stenosis.   The presence of both epidural scarring and arachnoiditis in the same patient are probably quite common.  Arachnoiditis is a broad term denoting inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space. A variety of etiologies exist, including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes.Infectious etiologies include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents. Noninfectious inflammatory processes include surgery, intrathecal hemorrhage, and the administration of intrathecal (inside the dural canal) agents such as myelographic contrast media, anesthetics (e.g.

text: chloroprocaine

text: ), and steroids (e.g. Depo-Medrol, Kenalog). Lately iatrogenic arachnoiditis has been attributed to misplaced Epidural Steroid Injection therapy when accidentally administered intrathecally. The preservatives and suspension agents found in all steroid injectates, which aren't indicated for epidural administration by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration due to reports of severe adverse events including arachnoiditis, paralysis and death, have now been directly linked to the onset of the disease following the initial stage of chemical meningitis.  Neoplasia includes the hematogenous spread of systemic tumors, such as breast and lung carcinoma, melanoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Neoplasia also includes direct seeding of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors such as

text: glioblastoma multiforme

text: medulloblastoma

text: ependymoma

text: , and

text: choroid plexus carcinoma

text: .    Strictly speaking, the most common cause of arachnoiditis in failed back syndrome is not infectious or from cancer.  It is due to non-specific scarring secondary to the surgery or the underlying pathology.

text: Physical exercise is an integral part of Australian cultural, from team sports, recreational pursuits or individual fitness; around two-thirds of Australian males participated in some kind of physical activity in between 2009 and 2010. The type of activity and facilities used differed, with walking and outdoor facilities ranking as the most popular and cycling and structured facilities as the least popular. An ABS survey done in 2009–10, found that the age of a male influenced his involvement in sport, with the highest participation being among 15- to 17-year-olds and the lowest being men 60 years and over, with participation in some kind of physical activity being around 60%. Among the main physical health problems that are life-threatening for men in Australia are stroke, type 2 diabetes, chronic lower respiratory disease, blood and lymph cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer with the leading cause of death in males being ischaemic heart disease.

text: In her career as a researcher, she has expanded understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, which has in turn changed the practice patterns for treatment of the disease.  Her work uncovered important effect of ACE inhibitors in modifying the progression of diabetic nephropathy.  Her studies provided support for initiating large scale clinical trials, which have resulted in improvements in patient care.  This has contributed to lower predicted numbers of patient who will require dialysis due to end-stage kidney disease.

text: In her career as a researcher, she has expanded understanding of the

text: pathophysiology

text: of

text: diabetic nephropathy

text: , which has in turn changed the practice patterns for treatment of the disease.  Her work uncovered important effect of

text: ACE inhibitors

text: in modifying the progression of diabetic nephropathy.  Her studies provided support for initiating large scale

text: clinical trials

text: , which have resulted in improvements in patient care.  This has contributed to lower predicted numbers of patient who will require

text: dialysis

text: due to

text: end-stage kidney disease

text: In the UK and the USA, an increase in lung cancer rates, formerly "among the rarest forms of disease", was noted by the 1930s, but its cause remained unknown and even the credibility of this increase was sometimes disputed as late as 1950. For example, in Connecticut, reported age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer among males increased 220% between 1935–39 and 1950-54. In the UK, the share of lung cancer among all cancer deaths in men increased from 1.5% in 1920 to 19.7% in 1947. Nevertheless, these increases were questioned as potentially caused by increased reporting and improved methods of diagnosis. Although several carcinogens were already known at the time (for example, benzo[a]pyrene was isolated from coal tar and demonstrated to be a potent carcinogen in 1933), none were known to be contained in adequate quantities in tobacco smoke.  Richard Doll in 1950 published research in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954 the British Doctors Study, a study of some 40 thousand doctors over 20 years, confirmed the link, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. In 1964 the United States Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health demonstrated the relationship between smoking and cancer. Further reports confirmed this link in the 1980s and concluded in 1986 that passive smoking was also harmful.

text: In the UK and the USA, an increase in lung cancer rates, formerly "among the rarest forms of disease", was noted by the 1930s, but its cause remained unknown and even the credibility of this increase was sometimes disputed as late as 1950. For example, in Connecticut, reported age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer among males increased 220% between 1935–39 and 1950-54. In the UK, the share of lung cancer among all cancer deaths in men increased from 1.5% in 1920 to 19.7% in 1947. Nevertheless, these increases were questioned as potentially caused by increased reporting and improved methods of diagnosis. Although several carcinogens were already known at the time (for example,

text: benzo[a]pyrene

text: was isolated from coal tar and demonstrated to be a potent carcinogen in 1933), none were known to be contained in adequate quantities in tobacco smoke.

text: Richard Doll

text: in 1950 published research in the

text: British Medical Journal

text: showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954 the

text: British Doctors Study

text: , a study of some 40 thousand doctors over 20 years, confirmed the link, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. In 1964 the United States

text: Surgeon General

text: 's Report on Smoking and Health demonstrated the relationship between smoking and cancer. Further reports confirmed this link in the 1980s and concluded in 1986 that

text: passive smoking

text: was also harmful.

text: The leading causes of death and disability in Cuyahoga County are chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, obesity and diabetes. The cancer mortality rate for Cuyahoga is 192.7 per 100,000 people, the mortality rate due to heart disease is 204.2 per 100,000 people, and the percentage of adult residents that are obese is 26.2%.

text: Examples of the disease include laryngeal cancer and lung cancer.

text: Examples of the disease include

text: laryngeal cancer

text: and

text: lung cancer

text: The most common non-infectious diseases worldwide, that contribute most to the global mortality rate, are cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory problems, all of which are linked to poor nutrition. Nutrition and diet are closely associated with the leading causes of death, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Obesity and high sodium intake can contribute to ischemic heart disease, while consumption of fruits and vegetables can decrease the risk of developing cancer.

text: Genetic variations within the region of the TNIP1 gene have been shown to have association with several autoimmune diseases:

text: Genetic variations

text: within the region of the TNIP1 gene have been shown to have

text: association

text: with several

text: autoimmune disease

text: s:

text: This mechanism has great potential as a novel therapeutic to silence disease-causing genes. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated across a range of disease models, including viral diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C, or diseases associated with altered expression of endogenous genes such as drug-resistant lung cancer, neuropathic pain, advanced cancer  and retinitis pigmentosa.

text: This mechanism has great potential as a novel therapeutic to silence disease-causing genes. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated across a range of disease models, including viral diseases such as

text: HIV

text: hepatitis B

text: or

text: hepatitis C

text: , or diseases associated with altered expression of endogenous genes such as drug-resistant

text: lung cancer

text: neuropathic pain

text: , advanced cancer  and

text: retinitis pigmentosa

text: Complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body (that is, achieving cure with near-zero adverse effects) is the ideal goal of treatment and is often the goal in practice. Sometimes this can be accomplished by surgery, but the propensity of cancers to invade adjacent tissue or to spread to distant sites by microscopic metastasis often limits its effectiveness; and chemotherapy and radiotherapy can have a negative effect on normal cells. Therefore, cure with nonnegligible adverse effects may be accepted as a practical goal in some cases; and besides curative intent, practical goals of therapy can also include (1) suppressing the cancer to a subclinical state and maintaining that state for years of good quality of life (that is, treating the cancer as a chronic disease), and (2) palliative care without curative intent (for advanced-stage metastatic cancers).

text: Complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body (that is, achieving

text: cure

text: with near-zero

text: adverse effect

text: s) is the ideal goal of treatment and is often the goal in practice. Sometimes this can be accomplished by surgery, but the propensity of cancers to invade adjacent tissue or to spread to distant sites by microscopic

text: metastasis

text: often limits its effectiveness; and chemotherapy and radiotherapy can have a negative effect on normal cells. Therefore, cure with nonnegligible adverse effects may be accepted as a practical goal in some cases; and besides

text: curative intent

text: , practical goals of therapy can also include (1) suppressing the cancer to a subclinical state and maintaining that state for years of good

text: quality of life

text: (that is, treating the cancer as a

text: chronic disease

text: ), and (2)

text: palliative care

text: without curative intent (for advanced-stage metastatic cancers).

text: Some people, managed for years for IBS, may have non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). Gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS are clinically indistinguishable from those of NCGS, but the presence of any of the following non-intestinal manifestations suggest a possible NCGS: headache or migraine, "foggy mind", chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, joint and muscle pain, leg or arm numbness, tingling of the extremities, dermatitis (eczema or skin rash), atopic disorders, allergy to one or more inhalants, foods or metals (such as mites, graminaceae, parietaria, cat or dog hair, shellfish, or nickel), depression, anxiety, anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, asthma, rhinitis, eating disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia, autism, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or autoimmune diseases. An improvement with a gluten-free diet of immune-mediated symptoms, including autoimmune diseases, once having reasonably ruled out coeliac disease and wheat allergy, is another way to realize a differential diagnosis.

text: Some people, managed for years for IBS, may have

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: (NCGS). Gastrointestinal symptoms of IBS are clinically indistinguishable from those of NCGS, but the presence of any of the following non-intestinal manifestations suggest a possible NCGS:

text: headache

text: or

text: migraine

text: , "foggy mind",

text: chronic fatigue

text: fibromyalgia

text: , joint and muscle pain, leg or arm

text: numbness

text: tingling

text: of the extremities, dermatitis (

text: eczema

text: or

text: skin rash

text: atopic disorders

text: allergy

text: to one or more inhalants, foods or metals (such as

text: mite

text: s,

text: graminaceae

text: parietaria

text: , cat or dog hair,

text: shellfish

text: , or

text: nickel

text: depression

text: anxiety

text: anemia

text: iron-deficiency anemia

text: folate deficiency

text: asthma

text: rhinitis

text: eating disorder

text: s,

text: neuropsychiatric disorder

text: s (such as

text: schizophrenia

text: autism

text: peripheral neuropathy

text: ataxia

entity_name: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

text: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

text: ) or

text: autoimmune disease

text: s. An improvement with a

text: gluten-free diet

text: of immune-mediated symptoms, including autoimmune diseases, once having reasonably ruled out

text: coeliac disease

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: , is another way to realize a differential diagnosis.

text: In Canada, as of 2007, cancer is the number one cause of death, contributing to 29.6% of all deaths in the country. The second highest cause of death is cardiovascular diseases resulting in 21.5% of deaths. As of 2011, prostate cancer was the most common form of cancer among males (about 28% of all new cases) and breast cancer the most common in females (also about 28% of all new cases).

text: Lack of exposure to naturally occurring pathogens and parasites may result in an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. Correlational data has shown the prevalence of helminthic infections to be greatest south of the equator where the rates of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis are low.This is consistent with the hygiene hypothesis which suggests that helminthic infections protect individuals from developing auto-immune diseases rather than being an agent responsible for inducing them. A complete explanation of how environmental factors play a role in autoimmune diseases has still not been proposed. Epidemiological studies such as the meta-analysis by Leonardi-Bee et al., however, have helped to establish the link between parasitic infestation and their protective role in autoimmune disease development.

text: Lack of exposure to naturally occurring pathogens and parasites may result in an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. Correlational data has shown the prevalence of helminthic infections to be greatest south of the equator where the rates of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis are low.This is consistent with the

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: which suggests that helminthic infections protect individuals from developing auto-immune diseases rather than being an agent responsible for inducing them. A complete explanation of how environmental factors play a role in autoimmune diseases has still not been proposed. Epidemiological studies such as the meta-analysis by Leonardi-Bee et al., however, have helped to establish the link between parasitic infestation and their protective role in autoimmune disease development.

text: Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Phage therapy can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).

text: Bacterial infections may be treated with

text: antibiotic

text: s, which are classified as

text: bacteriocidal

text: if they kill bacteria or

text: bacteriostatic

text: if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class

text: inhibits

text: a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics

text: chloramphenicol

text: and

text: tetracyclin

text: inhibit the bacterial

text: ribosome

text: but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in

text: intensive farming

text: to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of

text: antibiotic resistance

text: in bacterial populations.

text: Phage therapy

text: can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections. Infections can be prevented by

text: antiseptic

text: measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also

text: sterilized

text: to prevent infection by bacteria.

text: Disinfectants

text: such as

text: bleach

text: are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).

text: Cancer is a genetic disorder in which the normal control of cell growth is lost. Cancer genetics is now one of the fastest expanding medical specialties. At the molecular level, cancer is caused by mutation(s) in DNA, which result in aberrant cell proliferation. Most of these mutations are acquired and occur in somatic cells. However, some people inherit mutation(s) in the germline. The mutation(s) occur in two classes of cellular genes: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

text: Cancer

text: is a

text: genetic disorder

text: in which the normal control of

text: cell growth

text: is lost. Cancer genetics is now one of the fastest expanding

text: medical specialties

text: . At the

text: molecular

text: level, cancer is caused by

text: mutation(s)

text: in

text: DNA

text: , which result in aberrant

text: cell

text: proliferation. Most of these mutations are

text: acquired

text: and occur in

text: somatic cell

text: s. However, some people

text: inherit

text: mutation(s) in the

text: germline

text: . The mutation(s) occur in two classes of cellular

text: gene

text: s:

text: oncogene

text: s and

text: tumor suppressor gene

text: s.

text: Cancer is a classic example of what evolutionary biologists call multilevel selection: at the level of the organism, cancer is usually fatal so there is selection for genes and the organization of tissues that suppress cancer. At the level of the cell, there is selection for increased cell proliferation and survival, such that a mutant cell that acquires one of the hallmarks of cancer (see below), will have a competitive advantage over cells that have not acquired the hallmark. Thus, at the level of the cell there is selection for cancer.

text: Cancer is a classic example of what evolutionary biologists call

text: multilevel selection

text: : at the level of the organism, cancer is usually fatal so there is selection for genes and the organization of tissues that suppress cancer. At the level of the cell, there is selection for increased cell proliferation and survival, such that a mutant cell that acquires one of the

text: hallmarks of cancer

text: (see below), will have a competitive advantage over cells that have not acquired the hallmark. Thus, at the level of the cell there is selection for cancer.

text: P(A|B) may or may not be equal to P(A) (the unconditional probability of A).  If P(A|B) = P(A) (or its equivalent P(B|A) = P(B)), then events A and B are said to be independent: in such a case, having knowledge about either event does not change our knowledge about the other event.  Also, in general, P(A|B) (the conditional probability of A given B) is not equal to P(B|A). For example, if you have cancer you might have a 90% chance of testing positive for cancer.  In this case what is being measured is that the if event B "having cancer" has occurred, the probability A - test is positive given that B having cancer occurred is 90%, P(A|B)  = 90%.  Alternatively, you can test positive for cancer but you may have only a 10% chance of actually having cancer because cancer is very rare. In this case what is being measured is the probability of the event  B - having cancer given that the event A - test is positive has occurred, P(B|A) = 10%.     Falsely equating the two probabilities causes various errors of reasoning such as the base rate fallacy. Conditional probabilities can be correctly reversed using Bayes' theorem.

text: P(A|B) may or may not be equal to P(A) (the unconditional probability of A).  If P(A|B) = P(A) (or its equivalent P(B|A) = P(B)), then events A and B are said to be independent: in such a case, having knowledge about either event does not change our knowledge about the other event.  Also, in general, P(A|B) (the conditional probability of A given B) is not equal to P(B|A). For example, if you have cancer you might have a 90% chance of testing positive for cancer.  In this case what is being measured is that the if event B "having cancer" has occurred, the probability A - test is positive given that B having cancer occurred is 90%, P(A|B)  = 90%.  Alternatively, you can test positive for cancer but you may have only a 10% chance of actually having cancer because cancer is very rare. In this case what is being measured is the probability of the event  B - having cancer given that the event A - test is positive has occurred, P(B|A) = 10%.     Falsely equating the two probabilities causes various errors of reasoning such as the

text: base rate fallacy

text: . Conditional probabilities can be correctly reversed using

text: Bayes' theorem

text: An allergy blood test is quick and simple, and can be ordered by a licensed health care provider (e.g., an allergy specialist), GP, or PED. Unlike skin-prick testing, a blood test can be performed irrespective of age, skin condition, medication, symptom, disease activity, and pregnancy. Adults and children of any age can take an allergy blood test. For babies and very young children, a single needle stick for allergy blood testing is often more gentle than several skin tests.

text: Kimishige Ishizaka, M.D., Ph.D., the Institute's first Scientific Director, received worldwide recognition in 1966 for his discovery of the IgE protein, an antibody that plays a key role in allergic disease.  Today, scientists use molecular tools to unravel the remaining mysteries of allergic reactions, seeking to develop tools to treat and prevent allergies.  "Ten to 20 percent of the population of industrialized countries suffers from some form of allergies," said Institute scientist Toshiaki Kawakami, M.D., Ph.D.  "There is a huge need to understand this disease and to find therapeutic interventions."

text: Kimishige Ishizaka, M.D., Ph.D., the Institute's first Scientific Director, received worldwide recognition in 1966 for his discovery of the

text: IgE

text: protein, an antibody that plays a key role in allergic disease.  Today, scientists use molecular tools to unravel the remaining mysteries of allergic reactions, seeking to develop tools to treat and prevent allergies.  "Ten to 20 percent of the population of industrialized countries suffers from some form of allergies," said Institute scientist Toshiaki Kawakami, M.D., Ph.D.  "There is a huge need to understand this disease and to find therapeutic interventions."

text: Exposure to environmental hazards may cause chronic diseases, so the magnitude of their contribution to the Canada's total disease burden is not well-understood. In order to give an initial estimate of the environmental burden of disease for four major categories of disease, the  developed by the WHO, EAFs developed by other researchers, and data from Canadian public health institutions were used. Results showed a total of 10,000–25,000 deaths, with 78,000–194,000 hospitalizations; 600,000–1.5 million days spent in hospital; 1.1–1.8 million restricted activity days for sufferers of asthma; 8000–24,000 new cases of cancer; 500–2,500 babies with low birth weights; and C$3.6–9.1 billion in costs each year due to respiratory disease, cardiovascular illness, cancer, and congenital affliction associated with adverse environmental exposures.

text: Exposure to environmental hazards may cause

text: chronic disease

text: s, so the magnitude of their contribution to the Canada's total disease burden is not well-understood. In order to give an initial estimate of the environmental burden of disease for four major categories of disease, the  developed by the WHO, EAFs developed by other researchers, and data from Canadian public health institutions were used. Results showed a total of 10,000–25,000 deaths, with 78,000–194,000 hospitalizations; 600,000–1.5 million days spent in hospital; 1.1–1.8 million restricted activity days for sufferers of

text: asthma

text: ; 8000–24,000 new cases of cancer; 500–2,500 babies with low

text: birth weight

text: s; and

text: C$

text: 3.6–9.1 billion in costs each year due to respiratory disease, cardiovascular illness, cancer, and congenital affliction associated with adverse environmental exposures.

text: Anti-synthetase syndrome  is a rare medical syndrome associated with interstitial lung disease, dermatomyositis, and polymyositis and other autoimmune diseases.

text: Anti-synthetase syndrome  is a

text: rare

text: medical

text: syndrome

text: associated with

text: interstitial lung disease

text: dermatomyositis

text: , and

text: polymyositis

text: and other

text: autoimmune disease

text: s.

text: Available scientific evidence does not support claims that a diet of grapes is alone effective for treating cancer or any other disease. Some laboratory evidence suggests that certain chemicals in grapes, their seeds and skins may help prevent heart disease and cancer, and are effective in treating diabetes but more research is needed on humans to understand the possible long-term benefits. The Brandt diet, in particular, has been described as “quackery” by Barrett who notes that the American Cancer Society reviewed the The Grape Cure in 1965, 1971, 1974, and 2000 and found no evidence of benefit against human cancer or any other disease.

text: Available scientific evidence does not support claims that a diet of grapes is alone effective for treating cancer or any other disease. Some laboratory evidence suggests that certain chemicals in grapes, their seeds and skins may help prevent heart disease and cancer, and are effective in treating diabetes but more research is needed on humans to understand the possible long-term benefits. The Brandt diet, in particular, has been described as “quackery” by Barrett who notes that the

text: American Cancer Society

text: reviewed the The Grape Cure in 1965, 1971, 1974, and 2000 and found no evidence of benefit against human cancer or any other disease.

text: IFN-α is another product of prolonged SAg exposure. This cytokine is closely linked with induction of autoimmunity, and the autoimmune disease Kawasaki Disease is known to be caused by SAg infection.

text: IFN-α is another product of prolonged SAg exposure. This cytokine is closely linked with induction of autoimmunity, and the autoimmune disease

text: Kawasaki Disease

text: is known to be caused by SAg infection.

text: P-32– p-value– p53 gene– Pacific valerian– paclitaxel– Paget's disease of bone– Paget's disease of the nipple– PALA– palatine uvula– palliative care– palliative therapy– Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia– pamidronate– Pancoast's tumor– pancreatectomy– pancreatic cancer– pancreatic duct– pancreatic enzyme– pancreatic juice– pancreatitis– PAP, same as Pap smear– Pap smear– Pap test, same as Pap smear– papillary serous carcinoma– papillary thyroid cancer– papillary tumor– papilledema– paracentesis– parageusia– paramyxovirus– paraneoplastic syndrome– parathyroid gland– parathyroid hormone– parenchyma– paresthesias– paricalcitol– parietal pericardium– Parkinson's disease– parotidectomy– paroxetine hydrochloride– partial cystectomy– partial laryngectomy– partial mastectomy– partial nephrectomy– partial oophorectomy– partial remission– partial response– passive antibody therapy– Paterson-Kelly syndrome– pathological staging– patient-controlled analgesia- Patient derived tumor xenografts– PCA– PDQ– peau d'orange– PEG-interferon alfa-2a– PEG-interferon alfa-2b– PEG-MGDF– pegaspargase– pegfilgrastim– PEITC– peldesine– pelvic exenteration– pelvic lymphadenectomy– pemetrexed disodium– penclomedine– penicillamine– pentetic acid calcium– pentosan polysulfate– pentostatin– pentoxifylline– peptide– peptide 946– percutaneous ethanol injection– percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage– percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage– percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography– perfusion– perfusion magnetic resonance imaging– pericardial effusion– perifosine– perineal colostomy– perineal prostatectomy– peripheral blood lymphocyte therapy– peripheral neuropathy– peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor– peripheral stem cell– peripheral stem cell support– peripheral stem cell transplantation– peristalsis– peritoneal cancer– peritoneal infusion– peritoneal perfusion– pernicious anemia– pertuzumab– PET scan– petechiae– Peutz-Jeghers syndrome– phagocyte– pharmacokinetics– phase I trial– phase I/II trial– phase II trial– phase II/III trial– phase III trial– phase IV trial– phenethyl isothiocyanate– phenoxodiol– phenylacetate– phenylbutyrate– pheochromocytoma– pheresis– Philadelphia chromosome– photodynamic therapy– photothermal therapy– photofrin– photopheresis– phyllodes tumor– Physician Data Query– phytic acid– phytoestrogen– phytosterol– PI-88– pilocarpine– pilocytic– pineal region tumor– pineoblastoma– pineocytoma– piperacillin-tazobactam– pirfenidone– piritrexim– pixantrone– PJS– PKC412– plasmacytic– plasmacytoma– plasmapheresis– Plenaxis– pleomorphic– pleural effusion– pleurodesis– plexiform neurofibroma– plexopathy– ploidy– Plummer-Vinson syndrome– pluripotent– pluripotent stem cell– pM-81 monoclonal antibody– PNET– pneumonectomy– PNU 166148– PNU-93914– polifeprosan 20 carmustine implant– poly-ICLC– polyglutamate camptothecin– polyglutamate paclitaxel– polymerase chain reaction– polymorphism– polyneuritis– polyp– polypectomy– polyphenol– Polyphenon E– polyposis– pons– pontine– porfimer sodium– porfiromycin– port-a-cath– positive axillary lymph node– positive test result– positron emission tomography scan– postremission therapy– PR+– PR-– precancerous– precancerous dermatitis– precancerous dermatosis– precancerous polyps– predictive factor– prednisolone– prednisone– preleukemia– premalignant– pretracheal space– prevascular space– preventive mastectomy– primary central nervous system lymphoma– primary endpoint– primary myelofibrosis– primary peritoneal cancer– primary tumor– primitive neuroectodermal tumor– prinomastat– pro-oxidant– probenecid– procarbazine– prochlorperazine– proctoscopy– proctosigmoidoscopy– progesterone receptor negative– progesterone receptor positive– progesterone receptor test– progression-free survival (PFS)– progressive disease– proliferative index– prolymphocytic leukemia– promegapoietin– promyelocytic leukemia– prophylactic cranial irradiation– prophylactic mastectomy– prophylactic oophorectomy– prophylactic surgery– prophylaxis– prospective cohort study– Prost 30 monoclonal antibody– prostate-specific antigen– prostate-specific antigen test– prostatectomy– prostatic acid phosphatase– prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia– prostatitis– protease inhibitor– protein kinase C– proteoglycan– proteomic profile– proteomics– proton beam radiation therapy– proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging– PS-341– PSA– psammoma body– PSC 833– pseudomyxoma peritonei– psoralen– PTC– PTCD– PTK787/ZK 222584– ptosis– pulmonary sulcus tumor– PV701– pyrazine diazohydroxide– pyrazoloacridine– pyroxamide

text: p-value

text: p53 gene

text: Pacific valerian

text: paclitaxel

text: Paget's disease of bone

text: Paget's disease of the nipple

text: PALA

text: palatine uvula

text: palliative care

text: palliative therapy

text: Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia

text: pamidronate

text: Pancoast's tumor

text: pancreatectomy

text: pancreatic cancer

text: pancreatic duct

text: pancreatic enzyme

text: pancreatic juice

text: pancreatitis

text: – PAP, same as

text: Pap smear

text: Pap smear

text: – Pap test, same as

text: Pap smear

text: papillary serous carcinoma

text: papillary thyroid cancer

text: papillary tumor

text: papilledema

text: paracentesis

text: parageusia

text: paramyxovirus

text: paraneoplastic syndrome

text: parathyroid gland

text: parathyroid hormone

text: parenchyma

text: paresthesias

text: paricalcitol

text: parietal pericardium

text: Parkinson's disease

text: parotidectomy

text: paroxetine hydrochloride

text: partial cystectomy

text: partial laryngectomy

text: partial mastectomy

text: partial nephrectomy

text: partial oophorectomy

text: partial remission

text: partial response

text: passive antibody therapy

text: Paterson-Kelly syndrome

text: pathological staging

text: patient-controlled analgesia

text: Patient derived tumor xenografts

text: PCA

text: PDQ

text: peau d'orange

text: PEG-interferon alfa-2a

text: PEG-interferon alfa-2b

text: PEG-MGDF

text: pegaspargase

text: pegfilgrastim

text: PEITC

text: peldesine

text: pelvic exenteration

text: pelvic lymphadenectomy

text: pemetrexed disodium

text: penclomedine

text: penicillamine

text: pentetic acid calcium

text: pentosan polysulfate

text: pentostatin

text: pentoxifylline

text: peptide

text: peptide 946

text: percutaneous ethanol injection

text: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage

text: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage

text: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

text: perfusion

text: perfusion magnetic resonance imaging

text: pericardial effusion

text: perifosine

text: perineal colostomy

text: perineal prostatectomy

text: peripheral blood lymphocyte therapy

text: peripheral neuropathy

text: peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

text: peripheral stem cell

text: peripheral stem cell support

text: peripheral stem cell transplantation

text: peristalsis

text: peritoneal cancer

text: peritoneal infusion

text: peritoneal perfusion

text: pernicious anemia

text: pertuzumab

text: PET scan

text: petechia

text: e–

text: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

text: phagocyte

text: pharmacokinetics

text: phase I trial

text: phase I/II trial

text: phase II trial

text: phase II/III trial

text: phase III trial

text: phase IV trial

text: phenethyl isothiocyanate

text: phenoxodiol

text: phenylacetate

text: phenylbutyrate

text: pheochromocytoma

text: pheresis

text: Philadelphia chromosome

text: photodynamic therapy

text: photothermal therapy

text: photofrin

text: photopheresis

text: phyllodes tumor

text: Physician Data Query

text: phytic acid

text: phytoestrogen

text: phytosterol

text: pilocarpine

text: pilocytic

text: pineal region tumor

text: pineoblastoma

text: pineocytoma

text: piperacillin-tazobactam

text: pirfenidone

text: piritrexim

text: pixantrone

text: PJS

text: plasmacytic

text: plasmacytoma

text: plasmapheresis

text: Plenaxis

text: pleomorphic

text: pleural effusion

text: pleurodesis

text: plexiform neurofibroma

text: plexopathy

text: ploidy

text: Plummer-Vinson syndrome

text: pluripotent

text: pluripotent stem cell

text: pM-81 monoclonal antibody

text: PNET

text: pneumonectomy

text: PNU 166148

text: polifeprosan 20 carmustine implant

text: poly-ICLC

text: polyglutamate camptothecin

text: polyglutamate paclitaxel

text: polymerase chain reaction

text: polymorphism

text: polyneuritis

text: polyp

text: polypectomy

text: polyphenol

text: Polyphenon E

text: polyposis

text: pons

text: pontine

text: porfimer sodium

text: porfiromycin

text: port-a-cath

text: positive axillary lymph node

text: positive test result

text: positron emission tomography scan

text: postremission therapy

text: PR+

text: PR-

text: precancerous

text: precancerous dermatitis

text: precancerous dermatosis

text: precancerous polyps

text: predictive factor

text: prednisolone

text: prednisone

text: preleukemia

text: premalignant

text: pretracheal space

text: prevascular space

text: preventive mastectomy

text: primary central nervous system lymphoma

text: primary endpoint

text: primary myelofibrosis

text: primary peritoneal cancer

text: primary tumor

text: primitive neuroectodermal tumor

text: prinomastat

text: pro-oxidant

text: probenecid

text: procarbazine

text: prochlorperazine

text: proctoscopy

text: proctosigmoidoscopy

text: progesterone receptor negative

text: progesterone receptor positive

text: progesterone receptor test

text: progression-free survival

text: (PFS)–

text: progressive disease

text: proliferative index

text: prolymphocytic leukemia

text: promegapoietin

text: promyelocytic leukemia

text: prophylactic cranial irradiation

text: prophylactic mastectomy

text: prophylactic oophorectomy

text: prophylactic surgery

text: prophylaxis

text: prospective cohort study

text: Prost 30 monoclonal antibody

text: prostate-specific antigen

text: prostate-specific antigen test

text: prostatectomy

text: prostatic acid phosphatase

entity_name: High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

text: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

text: prostatitis

text: protease inhibitor

text: protein kinase C

text: proteoglycan

text: proteomic profile

text: proteomics

text: proton beam radiation therapy

text: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

text: PSA

text: psammoma body

text: PSC 833

text: pseudomyxoma peritonei

text: psoralen

text: PTC

text: PTCD

text: PTK787/ZK 222584

text: ptosis

text: pulmonary sulcus tumor

text: pyrazine diazohydroxide

text: pyrazoloacridine

text: pyroxamide

text: The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle or environmental health problems including malnutrition, and brain injury, spinal cord injury or nerve injury. The problem may start in another body system that interacts with the nervous system. For example, cerebrovascular disorders involve brain injury due to problems with the blood vessels (cardiovascular system) supplying the brain; autoimmune disorders involve damage caused by the body's own immune system; lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann-Pick disease can lead to neurological deterioration.

text: The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include

text: genetic disorder

text: s,

text: congenital abnormalities

text: or

text: disorders

text: infections

text: lifestyle

text: or

text: environmental health

text: problems including

text: malnutrition

text: , and

text: brain injury

text: spinal cord injury

text: or

text: nerve injury

text: . The problem may start in another

text: body system

text: that interacts with the nervous system. For example,

text: cerebrovascular disorders

text: involve brain injury due to problems with the

text: blood vessels

text: cardiovascular system

text: ) supplying the brain;

text: autoimmune

text: disorders involve damage caused by the body's own

text: immune system

text: lysosomal storage diseases

text: such as

text: Niemann-Pick disease

text: can lead to neurological deterioration.

text: BENTA disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system.  BENTA stands for "B cell expansion with NF-κB and T cell anergy" and is caused by germline heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the gene CARD11 (see OMIM entry #607210). This disorder is characterized by polyclonal B cell lymphocytosis with onset in infancy, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, mild immunodeficiency, and increased risk of lymphoma. Investigators Andrew L. Snow and Michael J. Lenardo at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease at the U.S. National Institutes of Health first characterized BENTA disease in 2012. Dr. Snow's current laboratory at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences is now actively studying this disorder.

text: BENTA disease is a rare

text: genetic disorder

text: of the

text: immune system

text: .  BENTA stands for "

text: B cell

text: expansion with

text: NF-κB

text: and

text: T cell

text: anergy

text: " and is caused by germline

text: heterozygous

text: gain-of-function

text: mutations

text: in the gene

text: (see OMIM entry #607210). This disorder is characterized by polyclonal B cell

text: lymphocytosis

text: with onset in infancy,

text: splenomegaly

text: lymphadenopathy

text: , mild

text: immunodeficiency

text: , and increased risk of

text: lymphoma

text: . Investigators Andrew L. Snow and Michael J. Lenardo at the

entity_name: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease

text: at the U.S. National Institutes of Health first characterized BENTA disease in 2012. Dr. Snow's current laboratory at the

entity_name: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

text: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

text: is now actively studying this disorder.

text: Cancer begins as cells that grow uncontrollably, usually as a result of an internal change or oncogenic mutations within the cell. Cancer develops and progresses as the microenvironment undergoes dynamic changes. The stromal reaction in cancer is similar to the stromal reaction induced by injury or wound repair: increased ECM and growth factor production and secretion, which consequently cause growth of the tissue. In other words, the body reacts similarly to a cancer as it does to a wound, causing scar-like tissue to be built around the cancer. As such, the surrounding stroma plays a very important role in the progression of cancer. The interaction between cancer cells and surrounding tumor stroma is thus bidirectional, and the mutual cellular support allows for the progression of the malignancy.

text: Cancer begins as cells that grow uncontrollably, usually as a result of an internal change or oncogenic mutations within the cell. Cancer develops and progresses as the

text: microenvironment

text: undergoes dynamic changes. The stromal reaction in cancer is similar to the stromal reaction induced by injury or wound repair: increased

text: ECM

text: and

text: growth factor

text: production and secretion, which consequently cause growth of the tissue. In other words, the body reacts similarly to a cancer as it does to a wound, causing

text: scar

text: -like tissue to be built around the cancer. As such, the surrounding stroma plays a very important role in the progression of cancer. The interaction between cancer cells and surrounding tumor stroma is thus bidirectional, and the mutual cellular support allows for the progression of the malignancy.

text: Reported symptoms of NCGS are similar to those of celiac disease, with most patients reporting both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. In the "classical" presentation of NCGS, gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome, and are also not distinguishable from those of wheat allergy, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and can be anaphylaxic.

text: Reported symptoms of NCGS are similar to those of celiac disease, with most patients reporting both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. In the "classical" presentation of NCGS, gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to those of

text: irritable bowel syndrome

text: , and are also not distinguishable from those of wheat allergy, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and can be

text: anaphylaxic

text: The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. More serious orthostatic hypotension is often the result of certain commonly prescribed medications such as diuretics, β-adrenergic blockers, other anti-hypertensives (including vasodilators), and nitroglycerin. In a small percentage of cases, the cause of orthostatic hypotensive faints is structural damage to the autonomic nervous system due to systemic diseases (e.g., amyloidosis or diabetes) or in neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease).

text: The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. More serious orthostatic hypotension is often the result of certain commonly prescribed medications such as diuretics,

text: β-adrenergic blockers

text: , other anti-hypertensives (including vasodilators), and

text: nitroglycerin

text: . In a small percentage of cases, the cause of orthostatic hypotensive faints is structural damage to the

text: autonomic nervous system

text: due to systemic diseases (e.g.,

text: amyloidosis

text: or diabetes) or in neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease).

text: Hashimoto’s disease is about seven times more common in women than in men. It can occur in teens and young women, but more commonly shows up in middle age, particularly for men. People who develop Hashimoto’s disease often have family members who have thyroid or other autoimmune diseases, and sometimes have other autoimmune diseases themselves.

text: Hashimoto’s disease is about seven times more common in women than in men. It can occur in teens and young women, but more commonly shows up in middle age, particularly for men. People who develop Hashimoto’s disease often have family members who have thyroid or other

text: autoimmune diseases

text: , and sometimes have other autoimmune diseases themselves.

text: It is not generally possible to prove what caused a particular cancer because the various causes do not have specific fingerprints. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops lung cancer, then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, the cancer may have developed for one of those reasons. Excepting the rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional organ donors, cancer is generally not a transmissible disease.

text: It is not generally possible to prove what caused a particular cancer because the various causes do not have specific fingerprints. For example, if a person who uses tobacco heavily develops lung cancer, then it was probably caused by the tobacco use, but since everyone has a small chance of developing lung cancer as a result of air pollution or radiation, the cancer may have developed for one of those reasons. Excepting the rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional

text: organ donors

text: , cancer is generally not a

text: transmissible disease

text: Many fructose malabsorbers can eat breads made from rye and corn flour. However, these may contain wheat unless marked "wheat-free" (or "gluten-free") (Note: Rye bread is not gluten-free.)  Although often assumed to be an acceptable alternative to wheat, spelt flour is not suitable for sufferers of fructose malabsorption, just as it is not appropriate for those with wheat allergies or celiac disease. However, some fructose malabsorbers do not have difficulty with fructans from wheat products while they may have problems with foods that contain excess free fructose.

text: Many fructose malabsorbers can eat breads made from

text: rye

text: and

text: corn

text: flour. However, these may contain wheat unless marked "wheat-free" (or "gluten-free") (Note: Rye bread is not gluten-free.)  Although often assumed to be an acceptable alternative to wheat,

text: spelt

text: flour is not suitable for sufferers of fructose malabsorption, just as it is not appropriate for those with

text: wheat allergies

text: or celiac disease. However, some fructose malabsorbers do not have difficulty with fructans from wheat products while they may have problems with foods that contain excess free fructose.

text: One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease.Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example. Pancytopenia, rashes, swollen lymph nodes and enlargement of the liver and spleen are commonly seen in such individuals. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible.In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes mellitus are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is a caused by decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils.Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) and NK/T cell lymphomas.Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma.In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g. hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

text: One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease.Familial hemophagocytic

text: lymphohistiocytosis

text: , an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example.

text: Pancytopenia

text: , rashes,

text: swollen lymph nodes

text: and

text: enlargement of the liver and spleen

text: are commonly seen in such individuals. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible.In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and

text: type 1 diabetes mellitus

text: are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is a caused by decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils.Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis) and NK/T cell lymphomas.

text: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

text: (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma.In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g. hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Finally,

text: IgA deficiency

text: is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

text: Several reviews of the available evidence for various alternative techniques in allergy diagnosis have determined that applied kinesiology, the primary diagnostic technique in NAET, is ineffective at diagnosing allergies and advise against its use. Various medical associations also advise against its use, including the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy and the Allergy Society of South Africa.

text: Several reviews of the available evidence for various alternative techniques in allergy diagnosis have determined that applied kinesiology, the primary diagnostic technique in NAET, is ineffective at diagnosing allergies and advise against its use. Various medical associations also advise against its use, including the

entity_name: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

text: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology

text: , the

entity_name: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

text: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

text: , the

entity_name: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology

text: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

text: , the

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: , the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy and the Allergy Society of South Africa.

text: As a solution for injection or infusion, calcitonin should be administered for no more than 4 weeks to prevent acute bone loss resulting from sudden immobilization, and normally for no more than 3 months to treat Paget's disease, the EMA said. The agency did not specify a time frame for the short-term use of calcitonin for treating hypercalcemia caused by cancer.

text: Hypolipoproteinemia, hypolipidemia, or hypolipidaemia (British English) is a form of dyslipidemia that is defined by abnormally lowered levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.  It occurs through genetic disease (namely, Hypoalphalipoproteinemia and Hypobetalipoproteinemia), malnutrition, malabsorption, wasting disease, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and liver disease.

text: Hypolipoproteinemia, hypolipidemia, or hypolipidaemia (British English) is a form of

text: dyslipidemia

text: that is defined by abnormally lowered levels of any or all

text: lipid

text: s and/or

text: lipoprotein

text: s in the

text: blood

text: .  It occurs through genetic disease (namely,

text: Hypoalphalipoproteinemia

text: and

text: Hypobetalipoproteinemia

text: malnutrition

text: malabsorption

text: wasting disease

text: cancer

text: hyperthyroidism

text: , and

text: liver disease

text: Opsona Therapeutics is a drug development company specialising in the human immune system and new drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, cancers and infectious diseases.

text: Opsona Therapeutics is a

text: drug development

text: company specialising in the human

text: immune system

text: and new

text: drugs

text: and

text: vaccines

text: to prevent and treat

text: autoimmune

text: inflammatory

text: conditions,

text: cancer

text: s and

text: infectious disease

text: s.

text: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the indirect result of many factors and some autoimmune diseases like schleroderma. GSE can cause inflammation and delayed gastric emptying, which can persist through most of the sleeping hours causing GERD. GSE is associated with an increase of food allergies, in some patients this can cause diarrhea, but in others constipation. In some patients, food allergies and GERD are an apparent symptom of GSE, but these allergies and GERD often persist on a GF diet. While GERD associated with GSE can be treated with acid blockers, it is most effectively treated with proper eating habits and elimination diet. The more powerfulacid blockers (omeprazole, esomeprezole) can interfere with calcium adsorption and can aggravate preexisting hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia, which are more common GSE

text: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the indirect result of many factors and some autoimmune diseases like

text: schleroderma

text: . GSE can cause inflammation and

text: delayed gastric emptying

text: , which can persist through most of the sleeping hours causing GERD. GSE is associated with an increase of food allergies, in some patients this can cause diarrhea, but in others constipation. In some patients, food allergies and GERD are an apparent symptom of GSE, but these allergies and GERD often persist on a GF diet. While GERD associated with GSE can be treated with acid blockers, it is most effectively treated with proper eating habits and elimination diet. The more powerfulacid blockers (omeprazole, esomeprezole) can interfere with calcium adsorption and can aggravate preexisting

text: hypocalcaemia

text: and

text: hypomagnesemia

text: , which are more common GSE

text: In the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) initiated in the early 1990s, the intention was to evaluate the effect of screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on death rates from prostate cancer. The trial involved 182,000 men between the ages of 50 and 74 years in seven European countries randomly assigned to a group that was offered PSA screening at an average of once every 4 years or to a control group that did not receive such screening. During a median follow-up of almost 9 years, the cumulative detected incidence of prostate cancer was 820 per 10,000 in the screening group and 480 per 10,000 in the control group. Deaths from these cancers in this time was much lower. There were 214 prostate cancer deaths in the screening group and 326 in the control group, a difference of 7.1 men per 10,000 in the tested group compared to the control. The researchers concluded that PSA-based screening did reduce the rate of death from prostate cancer by 20%, but that this was associated with a high risk of overdiagnosis, which means that 1410 men would need to be screened and 48 additional cases of prostate cancer would need to be treated to prevent just one death from prostate cancer within 9 years. However, the number needed to treat to prevent one progression to metastatic disease was only 24, and both numbers are expected to fall as patients in the study are followed for longer periods of time. Furthermore, the benefit for screening was greater (30% rather than 20%) with adjustment for noncompliance and contamination (i.e., men who were randomized to get PSA tests but did not, and those who were in the control arm but actually received PSA tests during the study period). One recent analysis of the ERSPC data suggested that projecting over a 25-year time horizon, which is more appropriate for a man in his 50s than the 9 years reported to date from the trial, the number needed to screen falls to 186-220, and the number needed to treat to prevent a death falls to between 2 and 5 men.

text: In the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) initiated in the early 1990s, the intention was to evaluate the effect of screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing on death rates from prostate cancer. The trial involved 182,000 men between the ages of 50 and 74 years in seven European countries randomly assigned to a group that was offered PSA screening at an average of once every 4 years or to a control group that did not receive such screening. During a

text: median follow-up

text: Diabetic dermadromes constitute a group of cutaneous conditions commonly seen in people with diabetes with longstanding disease.  Conditions included in this group are:

text: Diabetic dermadromes constitute a group of

text: cutaneous conditions

text: commonly seen in people with

text: diabetes

text: with longstanding disease.  Conditions included in this group are:

text: There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which affects the exocrine part of the pancreas, is by far the most common form.  The many types of pancreatic endocrine tumors are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks.  However the incidence of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through medical imaging, of tumors that would be very slow to develop. Insulinomas (largely benign) and gastrinomas are the most common types. In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer. The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after diagnosis being 25% and 5% respectively. In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.

text: There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which affects the exocrine part of the pancreas, is by far the most common form.  The many types of

text: pancreatic endocrine tumor

text: s are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks.  However the

text: incidence

text: of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through

text: medical imaging

text: , of tumors that would be very slow to develop.

text: Insulinoma

text: s (largely benign) and

text: gastrinoma

text: s are the most common types. In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer. The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after

text: diagnosis

text: being 25% and 5% respectively. In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.

text: Eggan's research goals at Harvard were to understand how nuclear transplantation works, and to make stem cells that carry genes for specific diseases such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), and Alzheimer's. In 2006, following "more than two years of intensive ethical and scientific review", two groups of scientists at HSCI were granted permission to explore Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer techniques to create disease-specific stem cell lines as an approach to various currently incurable conditions. Eggan was in charge of one of these two groups and senior author of their results; a renowned co-director of HSCI ran the other. The groups initially collaborated in researching diabetes before Eggan's group switched to work on neurodegenerative diseases. Harvard President Lawrence Summers called the approvals "a seminal event".

text: Eggan's research goals at Harvard were to understand how

text: nuclear transplantation

text: works, and to make stem cells that carry genes for specific diseases such as

text: Parkinson's disease

text: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: Lou Gehrig's disease

text: ), and

text: Alzheimer's

text: . In 2006, following "more than two years of intensive ethical and scientific review", two groups of scientists at HSCI were granted permission to explore

text: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

text: techniques to create disease-specific stem cell lines as an approach to various currently incurable conditions. Eggan was in charge of one of these two groups and senior author of their results; a renowned co-director of HSCI ran the other. The groups initially collaborated in researching

text: diabetes

text: before Eggan's group switched to work on

text: neurodegenerative diseases

text: . Harvard President

text: Lawrence Summers

text: called the approvals "a seminal event".

text: There are a number of different kinds of dog allergies dogs may be suffering from.  The five main allergies include food allergies, flea allergies, bacteria, contact, and atopy allergies.

text: There are a number of different kinds of dog allergies dogs may be suffering from.  The five main allergies include

text: food allergies

text: flea

text: allergies,

text: bacteria

text: , contact, and

text: atopy

text: allergies.

text: The bone marrow cavity is important for the proper development of the immune system, and houses important stem cells for maintenance of the immune system. Within this space, as well as outside of it, cytokines produced by immune cells also have important effects on regulating bone homeostasis.  Some important cytokines that are produced by the immune system, including RANKL, M-CSF, TNFa, ILs, and IFNs, affect the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption. Such inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activation can be seen in ex vivo primary cultures of cells from the inflamed synovial fluid of patients with disease flare of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.

text: The

text: bone marrow

text: cavity is important for the proper development of the immune system, and houses important stem cells for maintenance of the immune system. Within this space, as well as outside of it,

text: cytokine

text: s produced by immune cells also have important effects on regulating bone homeostasis.  Some important cytokines that are produced by the immune system, including RANKL,

text: M-CSF

text: TNFa

text: IL

text: s, and

text: IFN

text: s, affect the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and

text: bone resorption

text: . Such inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activation can be seen in ex vivo primary cultures of cells from the inflamed synovial fluid of patients with disease flare of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.

text: The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for and controlling asthma, food allergies, nasal allergies and other allergic diseases.  AAFA's mission is also to educate the public about these diseases. AAFA's motto is "for life without limits" and AAFA represents the 70 million Americans with asthma and allergies.

text: The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for and controlling

text: asthma

text: food allergies

text: nasal allergies

text: and other allergic diseases.  AAFA's mission is also to educate the public about these diseases. AAFA's motto is "for life without limits" and AAFA represents the 70 million Americans with asthma and allergies.

text: A-T can cause features of early aging such as premature graying of the hair. It can also cause vitiligo (an auto-immune disease causing loss of skin pigment resulting in a blotchy “bleach-splashed” look), and warts which can be extensive and recalcitrant to treatment. A small number of people develop a chronic inflammatory skin disease (granulomas).

text: A-T can cause features of early aging such as premature graying of the hair. It can also cause

text: vitiligo

text: (an auto-immune disease causing loss of skin pigment resulting in a blotchy “bleach-splashed” look), and warts which can be extensive and recalcitrant to treatment. A small number of people develop a chronic inflammatory skin disease (granulomas).

text: The drug is being actively studied for various allergic diseases (e.g. peanut allergy) and some non-allergic diseases, especially skin diseases.

text: CD affects approximately 1–2% of general population all over the world, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and exposed to the risk of long-term complications. Patients may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may result in the lack of absorption of nutrients, reduced quality of life, iron deficiency, osteoporosis, an increased risk of intestinal lymphomas and greater mortality. CD is associated with some autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroiditis, gluten ataxia, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and more.

text: CD affects approximately 1–2% of general population all over the world, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and exposed to the risk of long-term complications. Patients may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may result in the lack of absorption of nutrients, reduced quality of life,

text: iron deficiency

text: osteoporosis

text: , an increased risk of intestinal

text: lymphoma

text: s and greater mortality. CD is associated with some autoimmune diseases, such as

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: thyroiditis

text: gluten ataxia

text: psoriasis

text: vitiligo

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , and more.

text: Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung cancer, malignant breast tumors, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Alterations in the localization and expression levels of beta-catenin have been associated with various forms of heart disease, including dilated cardiomyopathy. β-catenin is regulated and destroyed by the beta-catenin destruction complex, and in particular by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, encoded by the tumour-suppressing APC gene. Therefore, genetic mutation of the APC gene is also strongly linked to cancers, and in particular colorectal cancer resulting from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

text: Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers, including

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: colorectal carcinoma

text: lung cancer

text: malignant breast tumors

text: ovarian

text: and

text: endometrial cancer

text: . Alterations in the localization and expression levels of beta-catenin have been associated with various forms of

text: heart disease

text: , including

text: dilated cardiomyopathy

text: . β-catenin is regulated and destroyed by the beta-catenin destruction complex, and in particular by the

text: adenomatous polyposis coli

text: (APC) protein, encoded by the tumour-suppressing

text: APC gene

text: . Therefore,

text: genetic mutation

text: of the APC gene is also strongly linked to cancers, and in particular

text: colorectal cancer

text: resulting from

text: familial adenomatous polyposis

text: (FAP).

text: Vulvar cancer causes less than 1% of all cancer cases and deaths but around 6% of all gynecologic cancers diagnosed in the UK. Around 1,200 women were diagnosed with the disease in 2011, and 400 women died in 2012. Vulvar cancer causes about 0. 6% of all cancer cases but 5% of gynecologic cancers in the United States. About 4900 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States.

text: Second, a thymus transplantation can cause a non-donor T cell-related GVHD because the recipients thymocytes would use the donor thymus cells as models when going through the negative selection to recognize self-antigens, and could therefore still mistake own structures in the rest of the body for being non-self. This is a rather indirect GVHD because it is not directly cells in the graft itself that causes it, but cells in the graft that make the recipient's T cells act like donor T cells. It would also be of relatively late-onset because it requires the formation of new T cells. It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in xenotransplantation experiments of the thymus between different species. Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. However, this is partially explained by that the indication itself, that is, complete DiGeorge syndrome, increases the risk of autoimmune disease.

text: Second, a thymus transplantation can cause a non-donor T cell-related GVHD because the recipients

text: thymocyte

text: s would use the donor thymus cells as models when going through the

text: negative selection

text: to recognize self-antigens, and could therefore still mistake own structures in the rest of the body for being non-self. This is a rather indirect GVHD because it is not directly cells in the graft itself that causes it, but cells in the graft that make the recipient's T cells act like donor T cells. It would also be of relatively late-onset because it requires the formation of new T cells. It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in

text: xenotransplantation

text: experiments of the thymus between different species. Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. However, this is partially explained by that the indication itself, that is, complete DiGeorge syndrome, increases the risk of autoimmune disease.

text: Development of the field has not been without controversy. The drilling island adjacent to Beverly Hills High School occasioned a series of lawsuits in 2003, in which parents of students at the school, observing what they believed to be excess rates of certain cancers among those exposed to toxins emitted from the facility, attempted to have it shut down. Plaintiffs claimed that a "cluster" of 280 cancers—primarily Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and thyroid cancer, recorded over a period of about 30 years—were caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds (including benzene and toluene) from the drilling island, currently hidden behind sound walls. Samples of air taken near the site by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) showed nothing unusual, and the cases were thrown out in 2006 and 2007. The judge who dismissed the cases, Superior Court Judge Wendell Mortimer, Jr., said that he was unpersuaded that the facility caused any harm, and also "found no evidence that the school district was aware of any danger."  Additionally, the University of Southern California Medical School stated that the particular cancers noted in the lawsuits are not known to be caused by exposure to petroleum and its byproducts.

text: Development of the field has not been without controversy. The drilling island adjacent to

text: Beverly Hills High School

text: occasioned a series of lawsuits in 2003, in which parents of students at the school, observing what they believed to be excess rates of certain cancers among those exposed to toxins emitted from the facility, attempted to have it shut down. Plaintiffs claimed that a "cluster" of 280 cancers—primarily

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: non-Hodgkins lymphoma

text: , and

text: thyroid cancer

text: , recorded over a period of about 30 years—were caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds (including

text: benzene

text: and

text: toluene

text: ) from the drilling island, currently hidden behind sound walls. Samples of air taken near the site by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) showed nothing unusual, and the cases were thrown out in 2006 and 2007. The judge who dismissed the cases, Superior Court Judge Wendell Mortimer, Jr., said that he was unpersuaded that the facility caused any harm, and also "found no evidence that the school district was aware of any danger."  Additionally, the

text: University of Southern California Medical School

text: stated that the particular cancers noted in the lawsuits are not known to be caused by exposure to petroleum and its byproducts.

text: Some current tests for genetic diseases include: Cystic Fibrosis, Tay Sachs Disease, Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS), Huntington’s Disease, catastrophically high cholesterol, some rare cancers, inherited susceptibility to cancer.  A select few are explored below.

text: Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), staurosporine, and doxorubicin. This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancers, colon cancers, breast cancers, and lung cancers, which led to its use as a prognostic marker for these cancers. Elevated Hsp70 levels in tumor cells may increase malignancy and resistance to therapy by complexing, and hence, stabilizing, oncofetal proteins and products and transporting them into intracellular sites, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation. As a result, tumor vaccine strategies for Hsp70s have been highly successful in animal models and progressed to clinical trials. One treatment, a Hsp72/AFP recombined vaccine, elicited robust protective immunity against AFP-expressing tumors in mice experiments. Therefore, the vaccine holds promise for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Alternatively, overexpression of Hsp70 can mitigate damage from ischemia-reperfusion in cardiac muscle, as well damage from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias, and aging and cell senescence, as observed in centenarians subjected to heat shock challenge. In particular, Hsc70 plays a protective role in the aforementioned diseases, as well as in other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Its protective role was further highlighted in a study that identified HSPA8 alongside other HSP70 proteins in a core sub-network of the wider chaperome interactome that functions as a proteostasis safeguard and that is repressed in aging brains and in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients.

text: Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα),

text: staurosporine

text: , and

text: doxorubicin

text: . This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: gastric cancer

text: s,

text: colon cancer

text: s,

text: breast cancer

text: s, and

text: lung cancer

text: s, which led to its use as a

text: prognostic

text: marker

text: for these cancers. Elevated Hsp70 levels in tumor cells may increase

text: malignancy

text: and

text: resistance to therapy

text: by complexing, and hence, stabilizing, oncofetal proteins and products and transporting them into intracellular sites, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation. As a result, tumor

text: vaccine

text: strategies for Hsp70s have been highly successful in animal models and progressed to clinical trials. One treatment, a Hsp72/AFP recombined vaccine, elicited robust protective immunity against AFP-expressing tumors in mice experiments. Therefore, the vaccine holds promise for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Alternatively, overexpression of Hsp70 can mitigate damage from

text: ischemia

text: reperfusion

text: in cardiac muscle, as well damage from neurodegenerative diseases, such as

text: Alzheimer’s disease

text: Parkinson’s disease

text: Huntington’s disease

text: , and

text: spinocerebellar ataxias

text: , and aging and cell senescence, as observed in centenarians subjected to heat shock challenge. In particular, Hsc70 plays a protective role in the aforementioned diseases, as well as in other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Its protective role was further highlighted in a study that identified HSPA8 alongside other HSP70 proteins in a core sub-network of the wider chaperome interactome that functions as a proteostasis safeguard and that is repressed in aging brains and in the brains of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients.

text: Interest in the syndemics perspective has been driven by growing evidence of the regularity of interactions among diseases and recognition that this interaction influences disease course, expression, severity, transmission, and diffusion.  Several different kinds of interaction among diseases have been described, including both indirect (changes caused by one disease that facilitate another through an intermediary) and direct interface (diseases act in direct tandem).  In some syndemic interactions—such as the one between diabetes and SARS—changes in biochemistry or damage to organ systems caused by one disease (in this case, diabetes), such as weakening of the immune system, promotes the progression of another disease (SARS). This type of relationship also connects HIV infection and a host of "opportunistic" bacterial (e.g. mycobacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium), fungal (e.g. candidiasis), protozoal (e.g. toxoplasmosis), and viral (e.g. Human Papilloma Virus) infections and possibly viral-caused malignancies (Kaposi's Sarcoma).  Similarly, there is evidence that periodontitis, which can lead to tooth loss, may arise from a syndemic.  Periodontitis is known to be caused by bacteria of several different species (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Dialister pneumosintes, Prevotella intermedia) that adhere to and reproduce on tooth surfaces, especially under the gum line.  Multiplication of these pathogens may be inhibited by bodily defenses unless these are weakened by a herpesvirus infection of the periodontium.

text: Interest in the syndemics perspective has been driven by growing evidence of the regularity of interactions among diseases and recognition that this interaction influences disease course, expression, severity, transmission, and diffusion.  Several different kinds of interaction among diseases have been described, including both indirect (changes caused by one disease that facilitate another through an intermediary) and direct interface (diseases act in direct tandem).  In some syndemic interactions—such as the one between

text: diabetes

text: and

text: SARS

text: —changes in biochemistry or damage to organ systems caused by one disease (in this case, diabetes), such as weakening of the immune system, promotes the progression of another disease (SARS). This type of relationship also connects HIV infection and a host of "opportunistic" bacterial (e.g. mycobacterial (

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: Mycobacterium avium

text: ), fungal (e.g.

text: candidiasis

text: ), protozoal (e.g.

text: toxoplasmosis

text: ), and viral (e.g.

text: Human Papilloma Virus

text: ) infections and possibly viral-caused malignancies (

text: Kaposi's Sarcoma

text: ).  Similarly, there is evidence that

text: periodontitis

text: , which can lead to

text: tooth loss

text: , may arise from a syndemic.  Periodontitis is known to be caused by bacteria of several different species (e.g.,

text: Porphyromonas gingivalis

text: , Dialister pneumosintes,

text: Prevotella intermedia

text: ) that adhere to and reproduce on tooth surfaces, especially under the gum line.  Multiplication of these pathogens may be inhibited by bodily defenses unless these are weakened by a

text: herpesvirus

text: infection of the

text: periodontium

text: Diabetic nephropathy (or diabetic kidney disease) is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys' glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse scarring of the glomeruli. It is due to longstanding diabetes mellitus, and is a prime reason for dialysis in many developed countries.It is classified as a small blood vessel complication of diabetes.

text: Diabetic nephropathy (or diabetic kidney disease) is a progressive

text: kidney disease

text: caused by

text: damage

text: to the

text: capillaries

text: in the

text: kidney

text: s'

text: glomeruli

text: . It is characterized by

text: nephrotic syndrome

text: and diffuse

text: scarring of the glomeruli

text: . It is due to longstanding

text: diabetes mellitus

text: , and is a prime reason for

text: dialysis

text: in many developed countries.It is classified as a

text: small blood vessel complication

text: of diabetes.

text: Tumor-associated cMVs are abundant in the blood, urine, and other body fluids of patients with cancer, and are likely involved in tumor progression. They offer a unique opportunity to noninvasively access the wealth of biological information related to their cells of origin. The quantity and molecular composition of cMVs released from malignant cells varies considerably compared with those released from normal cells.  Thus, the concentration  of plasma cMVs with molecular markers indicative of the disease state may be used as an informative blood-based biosignature for cancer. cMVs express many membrane-bound proteins, some of which can be used as tumor biomarkers. Several tumor markers accessible as proteins in blood or urine have been used to screen and diagnose various types of cancer. In general, tumor markers are produced either by the tumor itself or by the body in response to the presence of cancer or some inflammatory conditions. If a tumor marker level is higher than normal, the patient is examined more closely to look for cancer or other conditions. For example, CA19-9, CA-125, and CEA have been used to help diagnose pancreatic, ovarian, and gastrointestinal malignancies, respectively. However, although they have proven clinical utility, none of these tumor markers are highly sensitive or specific. Clinical research data suggest that tumor-specific markers exposed on cMVs are useful as a clinical tool to diagnose and monitor disease. Research is also ongoing to determine if tumor-specific markers exposed on cMVs are predictive for therapeutic response.

text: Tumor-associated cMVs are abundant in the blood, urine, and other body fluids of patients with cancer, and are likely involved in tumor progression. They offer a unique opportunity to noninvasively access the wealth of biological information related to their cells of origin. The quantity and molecular composition of cMVs released from

text: malignant

text: cells varies considerably compared with those released from normal cells.  Thus, the concentration  of plasma cMVs with molecular markers indicative of the disease state may be used as an informative blood-based biosignature for cancer. cMVs express many membrane-bound proteins, some of which can be used as tumor biomarkers. Several tumor markers accessible as proteins in blood or urine have been used to screen and diagnose various types of cancer. In general, tumor markers are produced either by the tumor itself or by the body in response to the presence of cancer or some inflammatory conditions. If a tumor marker level is higher than normal, the patient is examined more closely to look for cancer or other conditions. For example,

text: , and

text: CEA

text: have been used to help diagnose

text: pancreatic

text: ovarian

text: , and

text: gastrointestinal

text: malignancies, respectively. However, although they have proven clinical utility, none of these tumor markers are highly sensitive or specific. Clinical research data suggest that tumor-specific markers exposed on cMVs are useful as a clinical tool to diagnose and monitor disease. Research is also ongoing to determine if tumor-specific markers exposed on cMVs are predictive for therapeutic response.

text: As a major hub protein, 14-3-3ζ is involved in various diseases and disorders. For one, 14-3-3ζ plays a central role in cell proliferation and, by extension, tumor progression. The protein has been implicated in many cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma, and head and neck cancer, through pathways such as mTOR, Akt, and glucose receptor trafficking. Notably, it has been associated with chemoresistance and, thus, is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. So far, it stands to become a prognostic marker for breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and possibly gastric cancer in patients who might require more aggressive treatment. However, no statistically significant relationship was determined in hepatocellular carcinoma.

text: As a major hub protein, 14-3-3ζ is involved in various

text: disease

text: s and disorders. For one, 14-3-3ζ plays a central role in

text: cell proliferation

text: and, by extension, tumor progression. The protein has been implicated in many cancers, including

text: lung cancer

text: breast cancer

text: lymphoma

text: , and

text: head and neck cancer

text: , through pathways such as

text: mTOR

text: Akt

text: , and glucose receptor trafficking. Notably, it has been associated with

text: chemoresistance

text: and, thus, is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. So far, it stands to become a

text: prognostic

text: marker for breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and possibly

text: gastric cancer

text: in patients who might require more aggressive treatment. However, no statistically significant relationship was determined in

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: Complications of poorly managed type 1 diabetes mellitus may include cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, among others. However, cardiovascular disease as well as neuropathy may have an autoimmune basis, as well. Women with type 1 DM have a 40% higher risk of death as compared to men with type 1 DM. The life expectancy of an individual with type 1 diabetes is 11 years less for men and 14 years less for women.

text: Complications of poorly managed type 1 diabetes mellitus may include

text: cardiovascular disease

text: diabetic neuropathy

text: , and

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: , among others. However, cardiovascular disease as well as neuropathy may have an autoimmune basis, as well. Women with type 1 DM have a 40% higher risk of death as compared to men with type 1 DM. The life expectancy of an individual with type 1 diabetes is 11 years less for men and 14 years less for women.

text: Villagers have formed the Ma'ameer Environmentalist Committee (MEC) which actively campaigns, both in Bahrain and abroad, for greater pollution controls in the village and the country.  The MEC regularly calls upon the Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment and Wildlife, which is responsible for the environment in the country, to take action over the pollution. In 2006, Bahrain's lower house of parliament ruled that BAPCO had to pay compensation to villagers who had skin allergy, cancer, miscarriages or other environment-related diseases. Parliament also ordered BAPCO to finance awareness campaigns and studies in the village.

text: Villagers have formed the Ma'ameer Environmentalist Committee (MEC) which actively campaigns, both in Bahrain and abroad, for greater pollution controls in the village and the country.  The MEC regularly calls upon the Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment and Wildlife, which is responsible for the environment in the country, to take action over the pollution. In 2006, Bahrain's

text: lower house of parliament

text: ruled that BAPCO had to pay compensation to villagers who had

text: skin allergy

text: , cancer,

text: miscarriages

text: or other environment-related diseases. Parliament also ordered BAPCO to finance awareness campaigns and studies in the village.

text: The elderly of Okinawa enjoy what may be the longest life-expectancy in the world,and are also known for enjoying the relatively good health while doing so.The three leading killers in the West—coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer—occur in Okinawans with the lowest frequency in the world.

text: The elderly of Okinawa enjoy what may be the longest life-expectancy in the world,and are also known for enjoying the relatively good health while doing so.The three leading killers in the West—

text: coronary heart disease

text: , stroke, and cancer—occur in Okinawans with the lowest frequency in the world.

text: Diabetes is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1952 by the American Diabetes Association. It covers research about the physiology and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus including any aspect of laboratory, animal or human research. Emphasis is on investigative reports focusing on areas such as the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, normal and pathologic pancreatic islet function and intermediary metabolism, pharmacological mechanisms of drug and hormone action, and biochemical and molecular aspects of normal and abnormal biological processes.

text: Diabetes is a monthly

text: peer-reviewed

text: medical journal

text: published since 1952 by the

text: American Diabetes Association

text: . It covers research about the

text: physiology

text: and

text: pathophysiology

text: of

text: diabetes mellitus

text: including any aspect of laboratory, animal or human research. Emphasis is on investigative reports focusing on areas such as the

text: pathogenesis

text: of diabetes and its complications, normal and pathologic

text: pancreatic islet

text: function and intermediary metabolism, pharmacological mechanisms of drug and hormone action, and biochemical and molecular aspects of normal and abnormal biological processes.

text: Bleomycin is a medication used to treat cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer among others. Typically used with other cancer medications, it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin. It may also be administered inside the chest to help prevent the recurrence of a fluid around the lung due to cancer; however talc is better for this.

text: Bleomycin is a medication used to treat

text: cancer

text: . This includes

text: Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: testicular cancer

text: ovarian cancer

text: , and

text: cervical cancer

text: among others. Typically used with other

text: cancer medications

text: , it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin. It may also be administered inside the chest to help prevent the recurrence of a

text: fluid around the lung

text: due to cancer; however

text: talc

text: is better for this.

text: CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases are autoimmune diseases which primarily affect the central nervous system.

text: CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases are

text: autoimmune disease

text: s which primarily affect the

text: central nervous system

text: The species Marburg marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of two related viruses that form filamentous virions, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever, and both are Select Agents, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: The

entity_name: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

text: species

text: Marburg marburgvirus is the

text: taxonomic

text: home of two related viruses that form filamentous virions,

text: Marburg virus (MARV)

text: and

text: Ravn virus (RAVV)

text: . Both viruses cause

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: , and both are

text: Select Agent

text: s,

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: Category A Priority Pathogens,

entity_name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agents

text: , and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

text: Helminthic therapy is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth larva or ova. Helminthic therapy is currently being studied as a promising treatment for several (non-viral) autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and ulcerative colitis. Autoimmune liver disease can be modulated by active helminth infections.

text: Helminthic therapy is the treatment of

text: autoimmune disease

text: s and

text: immune disorder

text: s by means of deliberate infestation with a

text: helminth

text: larva

text: or

text: ova

text: . Helminthic therapy is currently being studied as a promising treatment for several (non-viral)

text: autoimmune disease

text: s including

text: Crohn's disease

text: , multiple sclerosis, asthma, and

text: ulcerative colitis

text: . Autoimmune liver disease can be modulated by active helminth infections.

text: Like other forms of smoking, cigar smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks are greater for those who inhale more when they smoke, smoke more cigars, or smoke them longer. The risk of dying from any cause is significantly greater for cigar smokers, with the risk particularly higher for smokers less than 65 years old, and with risk for moderate and deep inhalers reaching levels similar to cigarette smokers. The increased risk for those smoking 1–2 cigars per day is too small to be statistically significant, and the health risks of the 3/4 of cigar smokers who smoke less than daily are not known and are hard to measure. Although it has been claimed that people who smoke few cigars have no increased risk, a more accurate statement is that their risks are proportionate to their exposure. Health risks are similar to cigarette smoking in nicotine addiction, periodontal health, tooth loss, and many types of cancer, including cancers of the mouth, throat, and esophagus. Cigar smoking also can cause cancers of the lung and larynx, where the increased risk is less than that of cigarettes. Many of these cancers have extremely low cure rates. Cigar smoking also increases the risk of lung and heart diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

text: Like other forms of smoking,

text: cigar

text: smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks are greater for those who inhale more when they smoke, smoke more cigars, or smoke them longer. The risk of dying from any cause is significantly greater for cigar smokers, with the risk particularly higher for smokers less than 65 years old, and with risk for moderate and deep inhalers reaching levels similar to cigarette smokers. The increased risk for those smoking 1–2 cigars per day is too small to be statistically significant, and the health risks of the 3/4 of cigar smokers who smoke less than daily are not known and are hard to measure. Although it has been claimed that people who smoke few cigars have no increased risk, a more accurate statement is that their risks are proportionate to their exposure. Health risks are similar to

text: cigarette

text: smoking in

text: nicotine

text: addiction,

text: periodontal

text: health, tooth loss, and many types of cancer, including cancers of the

text: mouth

text: , throat, and

text: esophagus

text: . Cigar smoking also can cause cancers of the

text: lung

text: and

text: larynx

text: , where the increased risk is less than that of cigarettes. Many of these cancers have extremely low cure rates. Cigar smoking also increases the risk of lung and heart diseases such as

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: An editorial in the same issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), reflecting the opinion of JAMA, was dismissive of the report on several counts. First, they said, "it seems unlikely that a common characteristic across all diseases included under this wide category of cancer would be a protective effect from multivitamins", suggesting if no specific cancer was effected, why would general cancer risk be so affected. Second, they questioned the study's abilities to deliver on the question of whether a multivitamin would be protective in a well-nourished population (Bayesian probability) stating: "The plausibility of a protective effect is reduced by the absence of a clear path through which 30 different vitamins and minerals would cause a decline in the risk of multiple cancers and, especially, by the negative pattern of prior results." In addition the investigators observed no difference in effect whether the study participants were or were not adherent to the multivitamin intervention, which diminishes the dose–response relationship.

text: An editorial in the same issue of the

text: Journal of the American Medical Association

text: (JAMA), reflecting the opinion of JAMA, was dismissive of the report on several counts. First, they said, "it seems unlikely that a common characteristic across all diseases included under this wide category of cancer would be a protective effect from multivitamins", suggesting if no specific cancer was effected, why would general cancer risk be so affected. Second, they questioned the study's abilities to deliver on the question of whether a multivitamin would be protective in a well-nourished population (

text: Bayesian probability

text: ) stating: "The plausibility of a protective effect is reduced by the absence of a clear path through which 30 different vitamins and minerals would cause a decline in the risk of multiple cancers and, especially, by the negative pattern of prior results." In addition the investigators observed no difference in effect whether the study participants were or were not adherent to the multivitamin intervention, which diminishes the

text: dose–response relationship

text: A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of a cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines.

text: A cancer vaccine is a

text: vaccine

text: that either treats existing

text: cancer

text: or prevents development of a cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines.

text: Autoimmune hepatitis is not a benign disease. Despite a good initial response to immunosuppression, recent studies suggest that the life expectancy of patients with autoimmune hepatitis is lower than that of the general population. Additionally, presentation and response to therapy appears to differ according to race. For instance, African Americans appear to present with a more aggressive disease that is associated with worse outcomes.

text: CSR has also been associated with cortisol and corticosteroids.  Persons with CSR have higher levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which allows the body to deal with stress, which may explain the CSR-stress association. There is extensive evidence to the effect that corticosteroids (e.g. cortisone) — commonly used to treat inflammations, allergies, skin conditions and even certain eye conditions — can trigger CSR, aggravate it and cause relapses. A study of 60 persons with Cushing's syndrome found CSR in 3 (5%). Cushing's syndrome is characterized by very high cortisol levels. Certain sympathomimetic drugs have also been associated with causing the disease.

text: CSR has also been associated with

text: cortisol

text: and

text: corticosteroids

text: .  Persons with CSR have higher levels of cortisol. Cortisol is a

text: hormone

text: secreted by the

text: adrenal cortex

text: which allows the body to deal with stress, which may explain the CSR-stress association. There is extensive evidence to the effect that

text: corticosteroids

text: (e.g.

text: cortisone

text: ) — commonly used to treat inflammations, allergies, skin conditions and even certain eye conditions — can trigger CSR, aggravate it and cause relapses. A study of 60 persons with

text: Cushing's syndrome

text: found CSR in 3 (5%). Cushing's syndrome is characterized by very high cortisol levels. Certain

text: sympathomimetic drug

text: s have also been associated with causing the disease.

text: Emixustat hydrochloride is a small molecule notable for its establishment of a new class of compounds known as Visual Cycle Modulators (VCM).  It is also the first synthetic medicinal compound shown to affect retinal disease processes when taken by mouth.  Emixustat was invented by the British-American chemist, Ian L. Scott, and is currently in Phase 3 trials for dry, age-related macular degeneration (AMD).  The compound is also being investigated as a potential therapy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and Stargardt disease.  In 2008, Acucela Inc. partnered with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company for the development of emixustat (ACU-4429) in an agreement totaling $263 million in cash and milestone payments.

text: Emixustat hydrochloride is a small molecule notable for its establishment of a new class of compounds known as Visual Cycle Modulators (VCM).  It is also the first synthetic medicinal compound shown to affect retinal disease processes when taken by mouth.  Emixustat was invented by the British-American chemist, Ian L. Scott, and is currently in Phase 3 trials for dry, age-related

text: macular degeneration

text: (AMD).  The compound is also being investigated as a potential therapy for proliferative

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: diabetic macular edema

text: and

text: Stargardt disease

text: .  In 2008, Acucela Inc. partnered with

text: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company

text: for the development of emixustat (ACU-4429) in an agreement totaling $263 million in cash and milestone payments.

text: In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks and damages the body, leading to disease of various organs, for example joints in rheumatoid arthritis.  Feldmann's group demonstrated that diseased joints have far more pro-inflammatory cytokines than normal, and identified one of these, Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha, abbreviated TNFα as the key.

text: A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that treats existing cancer or prevents the development of cancer in certain high-risk individuals. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines. There are currently no vaccines able to prevent cancer in general.

text: A cancer vaccine is a

text: vaccine

text: that treats existing

text: cancer

text: or prevents the development of cancer in certain high-risk individuals. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines. There are currently no vaccines able to prevent cancer in general.

text: In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, notably Hodgkin's disease, anal and rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck cancers, and lung cancer. Some of these are causes by viruses, such as Hodgkin's disease (EBV), anal/rectal cancers (HPV), head and neck cancers (HPV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis B or C). Other contributing factors include exposure to carcinogens (cigarette smoke for lung cancer), or living for years with subtle immune defects.

text: In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, notably

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: anal

text: and

text: rectal carcinoma

text: s,

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: s,

text: head and neck cancer

text: s, and lung cancer. Some of these are causes by viruses, such as Hodgkin's disease (EBV), anal/rectal cancers (HPV), head and neck cancers (HPV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (

text: hepatitis B

text: or

text: C

text: ). Other contributing factors include exposure to carcinogens (cigarette smoke for lung cancer), or living for years with subtle immune defects.

text: Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States today. At the Institute, researchers are working to defeat cancer by finding ways to boost the disease-fighting power of the immune system.  Stephen Schoenberger, Ph.D., studies lymphomas and leukemias.  He states that he sees "real possibilities" for solving the biological paradox of blood cancers.

text: There are likely hundreds of immunologically relevant genes making up the DLA region in the canine genome; as of the present date the complete characteristics of the gene is unknown. MHC genes represent candidates for disease susceptibility in canines; some alleles promote protection against immune-mediated diseases and some increase susceptibility. For example, certain combinations of the DLA-DRB1 and DQ alleles are most favorable for good immune regulation. These alleles help balance immune surveillance and immune response without increasing the risk of developing an autoimmune condition. Different canine breeds have MHC/DLA allele association; these genes exhibit more inter-breed differentiation than intra-breed differentiation. Dogs have been selectively bred for different phenotypes, so the underlying genotypes and linked regions also differ among breeds. Selection on the DLA can lead to an increase in the prevalence of immune-mediated diseases. Due to selective breeding some breeds have become restricted in their DLA genes, with a limited subset of DLA alleles occurring within the breed. This explains some of the variation in immune responses among breeds. This occurs because there is a strong linkage disequilibrium that exists between DLA class II loci. The pattern displayed by the genetic differences among human ethnic groups is analogous to the pattern displayed by the distribution of DLA types in different canine breeds. MHC genes in humans are also known to be major contributors to autoimmune condition development.

text: There are likely hundreds of immunologically relevant genes making up the DLA region in the canine

text: genome

text: ; as of the present date the complete characteristics of the gene is unknown. MHC genes represent candidates for disease susceptibility in canines; some alleles promote protection against

text: immune-mediated

text: diseases and some increase susceptibility. For example, certain combinations of the DLA-DRB1 and DQ alleles are most favorable for good immune regulation. These alleles help balance immune surveillance and immune response without increasing the risk of developing an

text: autoimmune

text: condition. Different canine breeds have MHC/DLA

text: allele

text: association; these genes exhibit more inter-breed differentiation than intra-breed differentiation. Dogs have been selectively bred for different phenotypes, so the underlying genotypes and linked regions also differ among breeds. Selection on the DLA can lead to an increase in the prevalence of immune-mediated diseases. Due to selective breeding some breeds have become restricted in their DLA genes, with a limited subset of DLA alleles occurring within the breed. This explains some of the variation in immune responses among breeds. This occurs because there is a strong

text: linkage disequilibrium

text: that exists between DLA class II loci. The pattern displayed by the genetic differences among human ethnic groups is analogous to the pattern displayed by the distribution of DLA types in different canine breeds. MHC genes in humans are also known to be major contributors to autoimmune condition development.

text: The term can indicate either a condition existing simultaneously but independently with another condition or a related medical condition. The latter sense of the term causes some overlap with the concept of complications. For example, in longstanding diabetes mellitus, the extent to which coronary artery disease is an independent comorbidity versus a diabetic complication is not easy to measure, because both diseases are quite multivariate and there are likely aspects of both simultaneity and consequence. The same is true of intercurrent diseases in pregnancy. In other examples, the true independence or relation is not ascertainable because syndromes and associations are often identified long before pathogenetic commonalities are confirmed (and, in some examples, before they are even hypothesized). In psychiatric diagnoses it has been argued in part that this "'use of imprecise language may lead to correspondingly imprecise thinking', [and] this usage of the term 'comorbidity' should probably be avoided." However, in many medical examples, such as comorbid diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, it makes little difference which word is used, as long as the medical complexity is duly recognized and addressed.

text: The term can indicate either a condition existing simultaneously but independently with another condition or a related medical condition. The latter

text: sense

text: of the term causes some

text: overlap

text: with the concept of

text: complications

text: . For example, in longstanding

text: diabetes mellitus

text: , the extent to which

text: coronary artery disease

text: is an independent comorbidity versus a

text: diabetic complication

text: is not easy to measure, because both diseases are quite multivariate and there are likely aspects of both simultaneity and consequence. The same is true of

text: intercurrent diseases in pregnancy

text: . In other examples, the true independence or relation is not ascertainable because

text: syndrome

text: s and

text: associations

text: are often identified long before

text: pathogenetic

text: commonalities are confirmed (and, in some examples, before they are even

text: hypothesized

text: ). In psychiatric diagnoses it has been argued in part that this "'use of imprecise language may lead to correspondingly imprecise thinking', [and] this usage of the term 'comorbidity' should probably be avoided." However, in many medical examples, such as comorbid diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, it makes little difference which word is used, as long as the medical complexity is duly recognized and addressed.

text: Inflammation has been implicated as a possible origin of numerous local and systemic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease.

text: Inflammation

text: has been implicated as a possible origin of numerous local and systemic diseases, such as

text: cancer

text: cardiovascular disorders

text: diabetes mellitus

text: , and

text: celiac disease

text: After completing his Abitur (secondary school education) in 1981, Torsten Zuberbier studied medicine at Free University of Berlin from 1983 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he completed his specialist training in the Department of Dermatology at the Virchow Clinic in Berlin, where he also became a senior physician in 1995 and qualified as a professor in 1996 with his work on the topic of differentiation and functional relations in human mast cells. In 1996 he was named head of the allergy section at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the Charité Berlin. In September 2001, he was appointed to an extraordinary professorship. In 2003, he was named to a foundation professorship (level C4) for research on the effects of allergies and in the same year he became head of the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the Charité. He has been Director of the Allergie-Centrum-Charité at the Dermatology Clinic in Berlin-Mitte since 2004. He served as co-director of the Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology at the Charité before being named its Managing Director in January 2012. Torsten Zuberbier received an honorary doctorate from the University of Athens in 2012.

text: After completing his

text: Abitur

text: (secondary school education) in 1981, Torsten Zuberbier studied medicine at

text: Free University of Berlin

text: from 1983 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he completed his specialist training in the Department of Dermatology at the Virchow Clinic in

text: Berlin

text: , where he also became a senior

text: physician

text: in 1995 and qualified as a

text: professor

text: in 1996 with his work on the topic of differentiation and functional relations in human

text: mast cells

text: . In 1996 he was named head of the

text: allergy

text: section at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the

text: Charité

text: Berlin. In September 2001, he was appointed to an extraordinary professorship. In 2003, he was named to a foundation professorship (level C4) for research on the effects of allergies and in the same year he became head of the

entity_name: European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation

text: European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation

text: (ECARF) at the Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology at the Charité. He has been Director of the Allergie-Centrum-Charité at the Dermatology Clinic in Berlin-Mitte since 2004. He served as co-director of the Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology at the Charité before being named its Managing Director in January 2012. Torsten Zuberbier received an honorary doctorate from the University of Athens in 2012.

text: Elizabeth developed diabetes in 1918 at age 11. At the time, the life expectancy of a Type 1 diabetic without treatment was less than one year. Since it was unable to metabolize sugars, the diabetic body would instead begin to burn fats. The dependence on fat would eventually lead to acidosis, followed by coma and death. The only known treatment was a starvation diet, in which the caloric intake was reduced to a level that the patient could tolerate without showing sugar in the urine. If the diet was followed religiously, a diabetic could expect to live for a couple of years before eventually succumbing to an infectious disease in her malnourished state.

text: Elizabeth developed

text: diabetes

text: in 1918 at age 11. At the time, the life expectancy of a Type 1 diabetic without treatment was less than one year. Since it was unable to metabolize sugars, the diabetic body would instead begin to burn fats. The dependence on fat would eventually lead to

text: acidosis

text: , followed by coma and death. The only known treatment was a starvation diet, in which the caloric intake was reduced to a level that the patient could tolerate without showing sugar in the urine. If the diet was followed religiously, a diabetic could expect to live for a couple of years before eventually succumbing to an infectious disease in her malnourished state.

text: Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, cats. It is a form of meningoencephalitis.  GME is likely second only to encephalitis caused by canine distemper virus as the most common cause of inflammatory disease of the canine CNS.  The disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age.  It has a rapid onset.  The lesions of GME exist mainly in the white matter of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.  The cause is only known to be noninfectious and is considered at this time to be idiopathic.  Because lesions resemble those seen in allergic meningoencephalitis, GME is thought to have an immune-mediated cause, but it is also thought that the disease may be based on an abnormal response to an infectious agent.  One study searched for viral DNA from canine herpesvirus, canine adenovirus, and canine parvovirus in brain tissue from dogs with GME, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, and necrotizing leukoencephalitis (see below for the latter two conditions), but failed to find any.

text: Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the

text: central nervous system

text: (CNS) of

text: dog

text: s and, rarely,

text: cat

text: s. It is a form of

text: meningoencephalitis

text: .  GME is likely second only to

text: encephalitis

text: caused by

text: canine distemper virus

text: as the most common cause of inflammatory disease of the canine CNS.  The disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age.  It has a rapid onset.  The lesions of GME exist mainly in the

text: white matter

text: of the

text: cerebrum

text: brainstem

text: cerebellum

text: , and

text: spinal cord

text: .  The cause is only known to be noninfectious and is considered at this time to be

text: idiopathic

text: .  Because lesions resemble those seen in allergic meningoencephalitis, GME is thought to have an

text: immune-mediated

text: cause, but it is also thought that the disease may be based on an abnormal response to an infectious agent.  One study searched for viral

text: DNA

text: from

text: canine herpesvirus

text: canine adenovirus

text: , and

text: canine parvovirus

text: in brain tissue from dogs with GME, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, and necrotizing leukoencephalitis (see below for the latter two conditions), but failed to find any.

text: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has called the change an epidemic. Geographically, there is a U.S. diabetes belt with high diabetes prevalence estimates, which includes Mississippi and parts of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse estimates diabetes costs $132 billion in the United States alone every year. About 5%–10% of diabetes cases in North America are type 1, with the rest being type 2. The fraction of type 1 in other parts of the world differs. Most of this difference is not currently understood. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) cites the 2003 assessment of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) that one in three Americans born after 2000 will develop diabetes in their lifetimes. Diabetes is also more prominent in minority groups. For example according to the American Diabetes Association the rates of diagnosed diabetes are 12.8% of Hispanics, 13.2% of Non-Hispanic blacks, 15.9% of American Indians/Alaskan Natives. While Non-Hispanic whites are 7.6% and only 9% of Asian Americans have diagnosed diabetes. 4.9% of American adults had diabetes in 1990. By 1998, that number rose by a third to 6.5%. The prevalence of diabetes increased for both sexes and every racial group. American women have suffered from diabetes at a higher rate than men, with 7.4% of women being diabetic in 1998, as opposed to only 5.5% of men. The increase in diabetes coincides with an increase in average weight across both genders. In the same time frame, average weight in both men and women increased by nearly 4 kilograms. This relates to the fact that the most common form of diabetes, type 2, is strongly associated with unhealthy weight. Older Americans have suffered from diabetes at a much higher rate than younger people, with over 12% of those in their 60s and 70s being diabetic in 1998. In the same year, less than 2% of those under 30 suffered from diabetes. Weight is also a strong factor in one's likelihood of becoming diabetic, with 13.5% of obese Americans in 1998 being diabetic. In the same year, only 3.5% of people at a healthy weight had the disease.

text: The

text: (CDC) has called the change an

text: epidemic

text: . Geographically, there is a U.S. diabetes belt with high diabetes prevalence estimates, which includes Mississippi and parts of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. The

text: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse

text: estimates diabetes costs $132 billion in the United States alone every year. About 5%–10% of diabetes cases in North America are type 1, with the rest being type 2. The fraction of type 1 in other parts of the world differs. Most of this difference is not currently understood. The

text: American Diabetes Association

text: Taubenberger is a child of German parents who immigrated from Germany in the 1930s. Taubenberger was raised in Northeast Philadelphia in the Burholme neighborhood. He has been married twice and has 4 children. His children, Matthew, Elisabeth, and Sarah were conceived in his first marriage to his ex-wife Barbara Muller. He currently resides in the Fox Chase, Philadelphia neighborhood with his second wife Joanne Brenner Taubenberger and their son William where they are parishioners of Saint Cecilia Parish. Taubenberger is a cousin to world-renowned virologist Jeffery Taubenberger, of Washington, D.C., is Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health.

text: Taubenberger is a child of

text: German

text: parents who immigrated from

text: Germany

text: in the 1930s. Taubenberger was raised in

text: Northeast Philadelphia

text: in the

text: Burholme

text: neighborhood. He has been married twice and has 4 children. His children, Matthew, Elisabeth, and Sarah were conceived in his first marriage to his ex-wife Barbara Muller. He currently resides in the

text: Fox Chase, Philadelphia

text: neighborhood with his second wife Joanne Brenner Taubenberger and their son William where they are parishioners of Saint Cecilia Parish. Taubenberger is a cousin to world-renowned virologist

text: Jeffery Taubenberger

text: , of

text: Washington, D.C.

text: , is Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases,

text: and

text: National Institutes of Health

text: Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to something in the environment that usually causes little or no problem in most people. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.

text: Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by

text: hypersensitivity

text: of the

text: immune system

text: to something in the environment that usually causes little or no problem in most people. These diseases include

text: hay fever

text: food allergies

text: atopic dermatitis

text: allergic asthma

text: , and

text: anaphylaxis

text: . Symptoms may include

text: red eyes

text: , an itchy rash,

text: runny nose

text: shortness of breath

text: , or swelling.

text: Food intolerances

text: and

text: food poisoning

text: are separate conditions.

text: This has led to the recent proposal that the spectrum of autoimmunity should be viewed along an “immunological disease continuum,” with classical autoimmune diseases at one extreme and diseases driven by the innate immune system at the other extreme.  Within this scheme, the full spectrum of autoimmunity can be included.   Many common human autoimmune diseases can be seen to have a substantial innate immune mediated immunopathology using this new scheme.  This new classification scheme has implications for understanding disease mechanisms and for therapy development.

text: One of the goals of FM World Charities is to increase awareness of common, treatable illnesses among all populations. The most common causes of disease leading to death around the world are strikingly similar. Cardiovascular accidents (heart attack, stroke), neoplasm (cancers of all types), diabetes mellitus and infectious diseases are the most often seen. One large problem is that many of these conditions are preventable or easily treated if diagnosed early.

text: One of the goals of FM World Charities is to increase awareness of common, treatable illnesses among all populations. The most common causes of disease leading to death around the world are strikingly similar. Cardiovascular accidents (

text: heart attack

text: stroke

text: ), neoplasm (

text: cancers

text: of all types),

text: diabetes

text: mellitus and infectious diseases are the most often seen. One large problem is that many of these conditions are preventable or easily treated if diagnosed early.

text: Previous research has shown that individuals who are genetically predisposition to various autoimmune diseases have significant differences in bacteria composition than non-genetically predisposition individuals. This difference in bacteria composition in the gut system is increasingly believed to be highly important in understanding autoimmune diseases such as Type1 Diabetes. In 2014, researchers looked at the early development of bacterial composition in high genetic risk children looking at early onset of Type 1 Diabetes. They took stool samples of 76 children looking at the early development of microbial communities from 4-6 months of age until 2.2 year old. Out of the 76 infants, 29 seroconverted to T1D autoimmune related cases, of which of 22 later on developed T1D (cases). The other 47 infants didn't seroconvert or develop T1D  (control). Metagenomic sequencing results showed significantly higher composition of B. dorei and Bacteroides vulgatus in the cases versus the control group prior to seroconversion. In addition, data showed that B. dorei peaked at 7.6 months, almost 8 months prior to first inslet autoantibody in cases. This significant compositional change suggests that the increase in amount of B. dorei is a potential indicator of the development of T1D.

text: Previous research has shown that individuals who are genetically predisposition to various autoimmune diseases have significant differences in bacteria composition than non-genetically predisposition individuals. This difference in bacteria composition in the gut system is increasingly believed to be highly important in understanding autoimmune diseases such as Type1 Diabetes. In 2014, researchers looked at the early development of bacterial composition in high genetic risk children looking at early onset of Type 1 Diabetes. They took stool samples of 76 children looking at the early development of microbial communities from 4-6 months of age until 2.2 year old. Out of the 76 infants, 29 seroconverted to T1D autoimmune related cases, of which of 22 later on developed T1D (cases). The other 47 infants didn't seroconvert or develop T1D  (control). Metagenomic sequencing results showed significantly higher composition of B. dorei and Bacteroides vulgatus in the cases versus the control group prior to

text: seroconversion

text: . In addition, data showed that B. dorei peaked at 7.6 months, almost 8 months prior to first inslet

text: autoantibody

text: in cases. This significant compositional change suggests that the increase in amount of B. dorei is a potential indicator of the development of T1D.

text: Many cases can be safely followed with active surveillance or watchful waiting. Other treatments may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy. When it only occurs inside the prostate it may be curable. In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones, pain medications, bisphosphonates and targeted therapy, among others, may be useful. Outcomes depend on a person's age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is. Most people with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease. The 5-year survival rate in the United States is 99%. Globally it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. In 2012 it occurred in 1.1 million men and caused 307,000 deaths. It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries, occurring more commonly in the developed world. Rates have been increasing in the developing world. Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing. Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.

text: Many cases can be safely followed with

text: active surveillance

text: or

text: watchful waiting

text: . Other treatments may include a combination of surgery,

text: radiation therapy

text: hormone therapy

text: or

text: chemotherapy

text: . When it only occurs inside the prostate it may be curable. In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones,

text: pain medication

text: s,

text: bisphosphonate

text: s and targeted therapy, among others, may be useful. Outcomes depend on a person's age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is. Most people with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease. The

text: 5-year survival rate

text: in the United States is 99%. Globally it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. In 2012 it occurred in 1.1 million men and caused 307,000 deaths. It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries, occurring more commonly in the

text: developed world

text: . Rates have been increasing in the

text: developing world

text: . Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing. Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.

text: GSK2831781 works to treat autoimmune disease by targeting LAG-3+ activated T cells that are known to accumulate at the diseased organ site and destroying them through ADCC and CDC, thereby depleting them from the body. Because GSK2831781 is addressing the cause of the disease by depleting the few activated auto-aggressive T cells and not just the symptoms of the disease like inflammation (taken care of by current treatments like anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies or corticosteroids) it is thought to be part of the next wave of treatments in the field of autoimmune diseases.

text: GSK2831781 works to treat autoimmune disease by targeting LAG-3+ activated T cells that are known to accumulate at the diseased organ site and destroying them through ADCC and CDC, thereby depleting them from the body. Because GSK2831781 is addressing the cause of the disease by depleting the few activated auto-aggressive T cells and not just the symptoms of the disease like inflammation (taken care of by current treatments like anti-

text: TNF

text: monoclonal antibodies or

text: corticosteroids

text: ) it is thought to be part of the next wave of treatments in the field of autoimmune diseases.

text: Jenner sent a paper reporting his observations to the Royal Society in April 1797. Its contents are unknown. It was not submitted formally and there is no mention of it in the Society's records. Jenner had sent the paper informally to Sir Joseph Banks, the Society's president, who asked Everard Home for his views. His report, published for the first time in 1999, was sceptical and called for further vaccinations. These were done and in 1798 Jenner published an analysis of 23 'cases'  including several individuals who had resisted natural exposure after previous cowpox. It is not known how many Jenner vaccinated or challenged by inoculation with smallpox virus; e.g. Case 21 included 'several children and adults'. Crucially all of at least four who Jenner deliberately inoculated with smallpox virus resisted it. These included the first and last patients in a series of arm-to-arm transfers. He concluded that cowpox inoculation was a safe alternative to smallpox inoculation, but rashly claimed that the protective effect was lifelong. This last proved to be incorrect. Jenner also tried to distinguish between 'True' cowpox which produced the desired result and 'Spurious' cowpox which was ineffective and/or produced severe reaction. Modern research suggests Jenner was trying to distinguish between effects caused by what would now be recognised as noninfectious vaccine, a different virus (e.g. paravaccinia/milker's nodes), or contaminating bacterial pathogens. This caused confusion at the time, but would become important criteria in vaccine development. A further source of confusion was Jenner's belief that fully effective vaccine obtained from cows originated in an equine disease, which he mistakenly referred to as grease. This was criticised at the time but vaccines derived from horsepox were soon introduced and later contributed to the complicated problem of the origin of vaccinia virus, the virus in present-day vaccine.

text: Jenner sent a paper reporting his observations to the Royal Society in April 1797. Its contents are unknown. It was not submitted formally and there is no mention of it in the Society's records. Jenner had sent the paper informally to

text: Sir Joseph Banks

text: , the Society's president, who asked

text: Everard Home

text: vaccinia virus

text: , the virus in present-day vaccine.

text: Hypozincemia is usually a nutritional deficiency, but can also be associated with malabsorption, diarrhea, acrodermatitis enteropathica, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, sickle-cell disease, diabetes, malignancy, pyroluria, and other chronic illnesses. It can also occur after bariatric surgery, heavy metal exposure and tartrazine.

text: Hypozincemia is usually a nutritional deficiency, but can also be associated with

text: malabsorption

text: diarrhea

text: acrodermatitis enteropathica

text: chronic

text: liver disease

text: , chronic

text: renal disease

text: sickle-cell disease

text: diabetes

text: malignancy

text: , pyroluria, and other chronic

text: illness

text: es. It can also occur after

text: bariatric surgery

text: , heavy metal exposure and tartrazine.

text: This research has been able to identify the concepts of genetic mutations, fusion genes and changes in DNA copy numbers, and advances are made in the field every day. Much of these applications have led to new types of sciences that use the foundations of genetic analysis. Reverse genetics uses the methods to determine what is missing in a genetic code or what can be added to change that code. Genetic linkage studies analyze the spatial arrangements of genes and chromosomes. There have also been studies to determine the legal and social and moral effects of the increase of genetic analysis. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutations, fusion genes, and DNA copy number changes.

text: This research has been able to identify the concepts of genetic mutations, fusion genes and changes in DNA copy numbers, and advances are made in the field every day. Much of these applications have led to new types of sciences that use the foundations of genetic analysis. Reverse genetics uses the methods to determine what is missing in a genetic code or what can be added to change that code. Genetic linkage studies analyze the spatial arrangements of genes and chromosomes. There have also been studies to determine the legal and social and moral effects of the increase of genetic analysis. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic/inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer. Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of

text: mutation

text: s,

text: fusion gene

text: s, and DNA copy number changes.

text: Annapurna's has been a member of the green initiative since the first day of operations making it a place that not only cares for the physical health but also for the ecological well-being. Yashoda's initiative in dealing with alternatives taking into account allergies and major diseases continue to keep her efforts strong on a day-to-day basis.Annapurna's uses alternative grain flours in many of its menu items, providing a much needed alternative for people with wheat allergies and celiac disease. The breads made here are yeast-free to accommodate woman with candida issues. The dishes are meticulously kept free of nightshade vegetables to accommodate people with rheumatoid arthritis.

text: Annapurna's has been a member of the

text: green initiative

text: since the first day of operations making it a place that not only cares for the physical health but also for the

text: ecological

text: well-being. Yashoda's initiative in dealing with alternatives taking into account

text: allergies

text: and major diseases continue to keep her efforts strong on a day-to-day basis.Annapurna's uses alternative

text: grain

text: flours in many of its menu items, providing a much needed alternative for people with wheat

text: allergies

text: and

text: celiac disease

text: . The breads made here are

text: yeast

text: -free to accommodate woman with

text: candida

text: issues. The dishes are meticulously kept free of

text: nightshade

text: vegetables to accommodate people with

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: Endocrinology involves caring for the person as well as the disease. Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases that need lifelong care. Some of the most common endocrine diseases include diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome. Care of diabetes, obesity and other chronic diseases necessitates understanding the patient at the personal and social level as well as the molecular, and the physician–patient relationship can be an important therapeutic process.

text: Endocrinology involves caring for the person as well as the disease. Most endocrine disorders are

text: chronic disease

text: s that need lifelong care. Some of the most common endocrine diseases include

text: diabetes

text: mellitus,

text: hypothyroidism

text: and the

text: metabolic syndrome

text: . Care of diabetes, obesity and other chronic diseases necessitates understanding the patient at the personal and social level as well as the molecular, and the physician–patient relationship can be an important therapeutic process.

text: In the vast majority of cases (c. 90%) the animal will recover without further complications, and a course of anti-inflammatories or appetite stimulants may be administered. Occasionally, antibiotics are prescribed in order to prevent the appearance of secondary infections.Some equids show no clinical signs at all but are biliary carriers.Although in this instance the animal is not in immediate danger, it must be treated in order to prevent the reemergence of the virus were the immune system to be challenged by another disease simultaneously.

text: In the vast majority of cases (c. 90%) the animal will recover without further complications, and a course of

text: anti-inflammatories

text: or appetite stimulants may be administered. Occasionally,

text: antibiotics

text: are prescribed in order to prevent the appearance of secondary infections.Some equids show no clinical signs at all but are

text: biliary

text: carriers.Although in this instance the animal is not in immediate danger, it must be treated in order to prevent the reemergence of the virus were the

text: immune system

text: to be challenged by another disease simultaneously.

text: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues. First discovered in 1980 as a regulatory kinase for its namesake, Glycogen synthase, GSK-3 has since been identified as a kinase for over forty different proteins in a variety of different pathways. In mammals GSK-3 is encoded by two known genes, GSK-3 alpha (GSK3A) and GSK-3 beta (GSK3B).GSK-3 has recently been the subject of much research because it has been implicated in a number of diseases, including Type II diabetes (Diabetes mellitus type 2), Alzheimer's Disease, inflammation, cancer, and bipolar disorder.

text: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a

text: serine/threonine protein kinase

text: that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto

text: serine

text: and

text: threonine

text: amino acid residues. First discovered in 1980 as a regulatory kinase for its namesake,

text: Glycogen synthase

text: , GSK-3 has since been identified as a kinase for over forty different proteins in a variety of different pathways. In mammals GSK-3 is encoded by two known genes, GSK-3 alpha (

text: ) and GSK-3 beta (

text: ).GSK-3 has recently been the subject of much research because it has been implicated in a number of diseases, including Type II diabetes (

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2

text: Alzheimer's Disease

text: inflammation

text: cancer

text: , and

text: bipolar disorder

text: Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell and/or B-cell dysfunction.

text: Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by

text: T-cell

text: and/or

text: B-cell

text: dysfunction.

text: Thymus transplantation may be said to be able to cause a special type of GvHD because the recipient's thymocytes would use the donor thymus cells as models when going through the negative selection to recognize self-antigens, and could therefore still mistake own structures in the rest of the body for being non-self. This is a rather indirect GvHD because it is not directly cells in the graft itself that causes it but cells in the graft that make the recipient's T cells act like donor T cells. It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in xenotransplantation experiments of the thymus between different species. Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. However, this is partially explained by the fact that the indication itself, that is, complete DiGeorge syndrome, increases the risk of autoimmune disease.

text: Thymus transplantation

text: may be said to be able to cause a special type of GvHD because the recipient's

text: thymocyte

text: negative selection

text: to recognize self-antigens, and could therefore still mistake own structures in the rest of the body for being non-self. This is a rather indirect GvHD because it is not directly cells in the graft itself that causes it but cells in the graft that make the recipient's T cells act like donor T cells. It can be seen as a multiple-organ autoimmunity in

text: xenotransplantation

text: experiments of the thymus between different species. Autoimmune disease is a frequent complication after human allogeneic thymus transplantation, found in 42% of subjects over 1 year post transplantation. However, this is partially explained by the fact that the indication itself, that is, complete

text: DiGeorge syndrome

text: , increases the risk of autoimmune disease.

text: The meeting was attended by "more than 100 people." Bill Gannon, a resident of Crestwood since 1972 told the panel on stage "What kind of whitewash is this...these aren't facts...these are just part-time facts put in where you feel like putting them in." Howard Smith, a Manteno resident who worked at ComEd in Crestwood for almost 30 years, asked health officials about possibly including people in the cancer study who didn't live in the village but worked there for decades. Smith himself has kidney disease. Linda Malin, a Crestwood resident with Parkinsons disease said "I believe (drinking the water for) 15 years has an effect on you."

text: The elderly and those with immunodeficiency (a weakened immune system) are especially vulnerable to contracting cellulitis. Diabetics are more susceptible to cellulitis than the general population because of impairment of the immune system; they are especially prone to cellulitis in the feet, because the disease causes impairment of blood circulation in the legs, leading to diabetic foot/foot ulcers. Poor control of blood glucose levels allows bacteria to grow more rapidly in the affected tissue, and facilitates rapid progression if the infection enters the bloodstream. Neural degeneration in diabetes means these ulcers may not be painful, and thus often become infected. Those who have suffered poliomyelitis are also prone because of circulatory problems, especially in the legs.

text: The elderly and those with

text: immunodeficiency

text: (a weakened immune system) are especially vulnerable to contracting cellulitis.

text: Diabetics

text: are more susceptible to cellulitis than the general population because of impairment of the immune system; they are especially prone to cellulitis in the feet, because the disease causes impairment of blood circulation in the legs, leading to diabetic foot/foot ulcers. Poor control of blood glucose levels allows bacteria to grow more rapidly in the affected tissue, and facilitates rapid progression if the infection enters the bloodstream. Neural degeneration in diabetes means these ulcers may not be painful, and thus often become infected. Those who have suffered

text: poliomyelitis

text: are also prone because of circulatory problems, especially in the legs.

text: People with one or more autoimmune disorders are at increased risk of developing minimal change disease. Having minimal change disease also increases the chances of developing other autoimmune disorders.

text: Another hopeful use for the research is in the area of transplant research. Because the B. malayi genome is the first parasitic genome to have been sequenced, the implications on the mechanism of parasitism in humans are crucial to understand.  According to Alan L. Scott, Ph.D., a collaborator at Johns Hopkins University, understanding how a particular parasite, such as B. malayi, can adapt to humans, may yield medical benefits far beyond treating elephantiasis.   According to the author, "This worm can reside in the host for years and not necessarily cause disease, in fact the less disease the individual has, the more worms there are in circulation. Now that we know those genes don't exist in humans we can target them to control disease." Some of the predicted proteins for these new genes appear similar to known immuno-modulator proteins,  regulators of the immune system, suggesting that they are involved in deactivating the host's immune system to ensure the parasite remains undetected. Knowledge of these previously unknown immune suppressors could also be of use in organ transplants and to help treat autoimmune disease.

text: A cure for Werner syndrome has not yet been discovered. It is often treated by managing the associated diseases and relieving symptoms to improve quality of life. The skin ulcers that accompany WS can be treated in several ways, depending on the severity. Topical treatments can be used for minor ulcers, but are not effective in preventing new ulcers from occurring. In the most severe cases, surgery may be required to implant a skin graft or amputate a limb if necessary. Diseases commonly associated with Werner Syndrome such as diabetes and cancer are treated in generally the same ways as they would be for a non-Werner Syndrome individual. A change in diet & exercise can help prevent and control arteriosclerosis, and regular cancer screenings can allow for early detection of cancer.

text: A cure for Werner syndrome has not yet been discovered. It is often treated by managing the associated diseases and relieving symptoms to improve quality of life. The skin ulcers that accompany WS can be treated in several ways, depending on the severity. Topical treatments can be used for minor ulcers, but are not effective in preventing new ulcers from occurring. In the most severe cases, surgery may be required to implant a

text: skin graft

text: or amputate a limb if necessary. Diseases commonly associated with Werner Syndrome such as diabetes and cancer are treated in generally the same ways as they would be for a non-Werner Syndrome individual. A change in diet & exercise can help prevent and control arteriosclerosis, and regular cancer screenings can allow for early detection of cancer.

text: The formal "stage" of a cancer does not change over time, even if the cancer progresses. A cancer that returns or spreads is still referred to by the stage it was given when it first diagnosed. Sometimes, after a period of remission (cancer being undetectable) for certain cancers, if more treatment is planned, a doctor might restage the cancer. The same process that was done when the cancer was first diagnosed will be repeated: exams, imaging tests, biopsies, and possibly surgery to restage the cancer. If the cancer is restaged, the new stage will be recorded with a lower case "r" before the restaged designation. As previously stated, this is not done often.

text: Microorganisms play a role in noninfectious skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis, and acne Damaged skin can cause nonpathogenic bacteria to become pathogenic. The skin microbiome is an active field where we continue to find new relationships between our commensal skin microbiota and skin diseases.

text: Microorganisms play a role in noninfectious

text: skin disease

text: s such as

text: atopic dermatitis

text: rosacea

text: psoriasis

text: , and

text: acne

text: Damaged skin can cause nonpathogenic bacteria to become

text: pathogenic

text: . The skin microbiome is an active field where we continue to find new relationships between our commensal skin microbiota and skin diseases.

text: In diabetes mellitus, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. A trial on a group of patients with Type 1 diabetes found that monitoring by caregivers of HbA led to changes in diabetes treatment and improvement of metabolic control compared to monitoring only of blood or urine glucose. However, a trial designed specifically to determine whether reducing HbA below the normal 6% would reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in Type 2 Diabetes found higher mortality—the trial was terminated early.

text: In

text: diabetes mellitus

text: , higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with

text: cardiovascular disease

text: nephropathy

text: neuropathy

text: , and

text: retinopathy

text: . A trial on a group of patients with Type 1 diabetes found that monitoring by caregivers of HbA led to changes in diabetes treatment and improvement of

text: metabolic control

text: compared to monitoring only of blood or urine glucose. However, a trial designed specifically to determine whether reducing HbA below the normal 6% would reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in Type 2 Diabetes found higher mortality—the trial was terminated early.

text: In 2016 Medivir announced that it would focus has chosen to focus its research on cancers of high unmet medical need, where existing therapies are not very successful and there is a great opportunity to provide real benefit to patients who have few treatment options. Some cancer types of particular interest to Medivir include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and pancreatic cancer, which are all highly aggressive diseases with poor treatment options and very low overall survival rates on the best current treatments today. HCC is a liver cancer derived from hepatocyte cells. HCC is one of the most common cancers worldwide and late stage HCC has a mean overall survival of only 9–11 months on the best available treatment today. Medivir motivated the transition from its origin in retroviral drugs to oncology by it being a logical extension of their expertise in liver disease from earlier work on hepatitis C to this area.

text: In 2016 Medivir announced that it would focus has chosen to focus its research on cancers of high unmet medical need, where existing therapies are not very successful and there is a great opportunity to provide real benefit to patients who have few treatment options. Some cancer types of particular interest to Medivir include

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: (HCC),

text: glioblastoma multiforme

text: (GBM) and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: , which are all highly aggressive diseases with poor treatment options and very low overall survival rates on the best current treatments today. HCC is a liver cancer derived from

text: hepatocyte

text: cells. HCC is one of the most common cancers worldwide and late stage HCC has a mean overall survival of only 9–11 months on the best available treatment today. Medivir motivated the transition from its origin in

text: retroviral drug

text: s to oncology by it being a logical extension of their expertise in liver disease from earlier work on

text: hepatitis C

text: to this area.

text: The future of medicine's focus may potentially shift from treating existing diseases, typically late in their progression, to preventing disease before it sets in.  Predictive health and predictive medicine is based on probabilities: while it evaluates susceptibility to diseases, it is not able to predict with 100% certainty that a specific disease will occur. Unlike many preventive interventions that are directed at groups (e.g., immunization programs), predictive medicine is conducted on an individualized basis. For example, glaucoma is a monogenic disease whose early detection can allow to prevent permanent loss of vision.  Predictive medicine is expected to be most effective when applied to polygenic multifactorial disease that are prevalent in industrialized countries, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and myocardial infarction.  With careful usage, predictive medicine methods such as genetic screens can help diagnose inherited genetic disease caused by problems with a single gene (such as cystic fibrosis) and help early treatment. Some forms of cancer and heart disease are inherited as single-gene diseases and some people in these high-risk families may also benefit from access to genetic tests. As more and more genes associated with increased susceptibility to certain diseases are reported, predictive medicine becomes more useful.

text: The future of medicine's focus may potentially shift from treating existing diseases, typically late in their progression, to preventing disease before it sets in.  Predictive health and predictive medicine is based on probabilities: while it evaluates susceptibility to diseases, it is not able to predict with 100% certainty that a specific disease will occur. Unlike many preventive interventions that are directed at groups (e.g., immunization programs), predictive medicine is conducted on an individualized basis. For example,

text: glaucoma

text: is a monogenic disease whose early detection can allow to prevent permanent loss of vision.  Predictive medicine is expected to be most effective when applied to polygenic multifactorial disease that are prevalent in industrialized countries, such as

text: diabetes mellitus

text: hypertension

text: , and

text: myocardial infarction

text: .  With careful usage, predictive medicine methods such as genetic screens can help diagnose inherited genetic disease caused by problems with a single gene (such as

text: cystic fibrosis

text: ) and help early treatment. Some forms of cancer and heart disease are inherited as single-gene diseases and some people in these high-risk families may also benefit from access to genetic tests. As more and more genes associated with increased susceptibility to certain diseases are reported, predictive medicine becomes more useful.

text: The diseases most often treated with this method are cancer of the appendix, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, desmoplastic small round cell tumor and gastric cancer. It is also used for:

text: The diseases most often treated with this method are

text: cancer of the appendix

text: colorectal cancer

text: ovarian cancer

text: desmoplastic small round cell tumor

text: and

text: gastric cancer

text: . It is also used for:

text: Though Hansen's disease is very rare in the United States(there are currently only 6500 cases) there is still a widely held stigma because of the history of the disease. With current treatment methods patients become noninfectious after only a few doses of medication. Patients may continue their lives without change during treatment.

text: HLA types are inherited, and some of them are connected with autoimmune disorders and other diseases. People with certain HLA antigens are more likely to develop certain autoimmune diseases, such as type I diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis, celiac disease, SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), myasthenia gravis, inclusion body myositis, Sjögren syndrome, and narcolepsy. HLA typing has led to some improvement and acceleration in the diagnosis of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes; however, for DQ2 typing to be useful, it requires either high-resolution B1*typing (resolving *02:01 from *02:02), DQA1*typing, or DR serotyping. Current serotyping can resolve, in one step, DQ8. HLA typing in autoimmunity is being increasingly used as a tool in diagnosis. In celiac disease, it is the only effective means of discriminating between first-degree relatives that are at risk from those that are not at risk, prior to the appearance of sometimes-irreversible symptoms such as allergies and secondary autoimmune disease.

text: HLA types are inherited, and some of them are connected with

text: autoimmune disorder

text: s and other diseases. People with certain HLA antigens are more likely to develop certain autoimmune diseases, such as

text: type I diabetes

text: ankylosing spondylitis

text: celiac disease

text: SLE

text: (systemic lupus erythematosus),

text: myasthenia gravis

text: inclusion body myositis

text: Sjögren syndrome

text: , and

text: narcolepsy

text: . HLA typing has led to some improvement and acceleration in the diagnosis of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes; however, for DQ2 typing to be useful, it requires either high-resolution B1*typing (resolving *02:01 from *02:02), DQA1*typing, or DR

text: serotyping

text: . Current serotyping can resolve, in one step, DQ8. HLA typing in autoimmunity is being increasingly used as a tool in diagnosis. In

text: celiac disease

text: , it is the only effective means of discriminating between first-degree relatives that are at risk from those that are not at risk, prior to the appearance of sometimes-irreversible symptoms such as allergies and secondary autoimmune disease.

text: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy/dysplasia (APECED), autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, Whitaker syndrome, or candidiasis-hypoparathyroidism–Addison's disease syndrome, is a subtype of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (autoimmune polyglandular syndrome) in which multiple endocrine glands dysfunction as a result of autoimmunity. It is a genetic disorder inherited in autosomal recessive fashion due to a defect in the AIRE gene (autoimmune regulator), which is located on chromosome 21 and normally confers immune tolerance.

text: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy/dysplasia (APECED), autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, Whitaker syndrome, or

text: candidiasis

text: hypoparathyroidism

text: Addison's disease

text: syndrome, is a subtype of

text: autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

text: (autoimmune polyglandular syndrome) in which multiple

text: endocrine gland

text: s dysfunction as a result of

text: autoimmunity

text: . It is a

text: genetic disorder

text: inherited in autosomal

text: recessive

text: fashion due to a defect in the

text: AIRE gene (autoimmune regulator)

text: , which is located on

text: chromosome 21

text: and normally confers

text: immune tolerance

text: Diabetes is a growing health concern in many developed and developing countries around the world, with 1.5 million deaths directly due to diabetes in 2012 alone. Unlike sugar from food, the sugar from drinks enters the body quickly, which can overload the pancreas and the liver, leading to diabetes and heart disease over time.

text: Diabetes

text: is a growing health concern in many developed and developing countries around the world, with 1.5 million deaths directly due to diabetes in 2012 alone. Unlike sugar from food, the sugar from drinks enters the body quickly, which can overload the pancreas and the liver, leading to diabetes and heart disease over time.

text: On a routine check-up, José Alencar was diagnosed with stomach and kidney cancer in 1997. After undergoing treatment for some length of time, he had his right kidney and two-thirds of his stomach surgically removed. Five years later, a malignant tumor in his prostate was removed. As the disease had metastasized, it continued to spread, and in 2006 doctors discovered a sarcoma in his abdomen. On 26 January 2009, a surgery extirpated eight tumors, along with compromised portions of his small and large intestines and the ureters. He was treated for digestive hemorrhage in December 2010 with urgent surgery, his last as Vice President. Doctors could not remove the tumors in his abdomen because of the number of operations to which he had already been subjected – eighteen in all. Alencar received chemotherapy for many years. He was mostly treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, in São Paulo. He also received experimental treatment at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.

text: On a routine

text: check-up

text: , José Alencar was diagnosed with

text: stomach

text: and

text: kidney cancer

text: in 1997. After undergoing treatment for some length of time, he had his right kidney and two-thirds of his stomach surgically removed. Five years later, a malignant tumor in his

text: prostate

text: was removed. As the disease had

text: metastasized

text: , it continued to spread, and in 2006 doctors discovered a

text: sarcoma

text: in his

text: abdomen

text: . On 26 January 2009, a surgery extirpated eight tumors, along with compromised portions of his

text: small

text: and

text: large intestine

text: s and the

text: ureter

text: s. He was treated for

text: digestive hemorrhage

text: in December 2010 with urgent surgery, his last as Vice President. Doctors could not remove the tumors in his abdomen because of the number of operations to which he had already been subjected – eighteen in all. Alencar received

text: chemotherapy

text: for many years. He was mostly treated at

text: Hospital Sírio-Libanês

text: , in

text: São Paulo

text: . He also received experimental treatment at the

entity_name: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

text: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center

text: in

text: Houston

text: , Texas.

text: Frequent nosebleeds can be prevented in part by keeping the nostrils moist, and by applying saline solution, estrogen-containing creams or tranexamic acid; these have few side effects and may have a small degree of benefit. A number of additional modalities has been used to prevent recurrent bleeding if simple measures are unsuccessful. Medical therapies include oral tranexamic acid and estrogen; the evidence for these is relatively limited, and estrogen is poorly tolerated by men and possibly carries risks of cancer and heart disease in women past the menopause. Nasal coagulation and cauterization may reduce the bleeding from telangiectasias, and is recommended before surgery is considered. However, it is highly recommended to use the least heat and time to prevent septal perforations and excessive trauma to the nasal mucosa that are already susceptible to bleeding. Sclerotherapy is another option to manage the bleeding. This process involves injecting a small amount of an aerated irritant (detergent such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate) directly into the telangiectasias. The detergent causes the vessel to collapse and harden, resulting in scar tissue residue. This is the same procedure used to treat varicose veins and similar disorders.

text: Frequent nosebleeds can be prevented in part by keeping the nostrils moist, and by applying

text: saline solution

text: estrogen

text: -containing creams or

text: tranexamic acid

text: ; these have few side effects and may have a small degree of benefit. A number of additional modalities has been used to prevent recurrent bleeding if simple measures are unsuccessful. Medical therapies include oral tranexamic acid and estrogen; the

text: evidence

text: for these is relatively limited, and estrogen is poorly tolerated by men and possibly carries risks of cancer and heart disease in women past the menopause. Nasal coagulation and

text: cauterization

text: may reduce the bleeding from telangiectasias, and is recommended before surgery is considered. However, it is highly recommended to use the least heat and time to prevent septal perforations and excessive trauma to the nasal mucosa that are already susceptible to bleeding. Sclerotherapy is another option to manage the bleeding. This process involves injecting a small amount of an aerated irritant (detergent such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate) directly into the telangiectasias. The detergent causes the vessel to collapse and harden, resulting in scar tissue residue. This is the same procedure used to treat varicose veins and similar disorders.

text: A person's sex also seems to have some role in the development of autoimmunity; that is, most autoimmune diseases are sex-related.  Nearly 75% of the more than 23.5 million Americans who suffer from autoimmune disease are women, although it is less-frequently acknowledged that millions of men also suffer from these diseases.  According to the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA), autoimmune diseases that develop in men tend to be more severe.  A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women include: ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, Primary sclerosing cholangitis and psoriasis.

text: A person's

text: sex

text: also seems to have some role in the development of autoimmunity; that is, most autoimmune diseases are

text: sex-related

text: .  Nearly 75% of the more than 23.5 million Americans who suffer from autoimmune disease are women, although it is less-frequently acknowledged that millions of men also suffer from these diseases.  According to the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA), autoimmune diseases that develop in men tend to be more severe.  A few autoimmune diseases that men are just as or more likely to develop as women include:

text: ankylosing spondylitis

text: type 1 diabetes mellitus

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Crohn's disease

text: Primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: and

text: psoriasis

text: Leading causes of death among Beardies in the UK are old age (26%), cancer (19%), cerebrovascular disease (9%), and chronic kidney failure (8%). Leading causes of death among Beardies in the US and Canada are old age (18%), cancer (17%), kidney failure (8%), cerebrovascular disease(4%) and Addison's disease (4%).

text: Leading causes of death among Beardies in the UK are old age (26%), cancer (19%), cerebrovascular disease (9%), and

text: chronic kidney failure

text: (8%). Leading causes of death among Beardies in the US and Canada are old age (18%), cancer (17%), kidney failure (8%), cerebrovascular disease(4%) and

text: Addison's disease

text: For many years, the terms "apoptosis" and "programmed cell death" were not highly cited. What transformed cell death from obscurity to a major field of research were two things:  the identification of components of the cell death control and effector mechanisms, and the linkage of abnormalities in cell death to human disease, in particular cancer.

text: Moore has suggested that if his findings are confirmed, information about the virus could lead to a blood test or a vaccine that could improve the management of the disease or aid in prevention, much as the human papillomavirus vaccine can be used to prevent cervical cancer.  Chang explained that study of the virus may assist in understanding other human cancers.  "Once the virus integrates, it could express an oncoprotein, or it could knock out a gene that suppresses tumor growth. Either way, the results are bound to be interesting."

text: Moore has suggested that if his findings are confirmed, information about the virus could lead to a blood test or a vaccine that could improve the management of the disease or aid in prevention, much as the

text: human papillomavirus vaccine

text: can be used to prevent

text: cervical cancer

text: .  Chang explained that study of the virus may assist in understanding other human cancers.  "Once the virus integrates, it could express an

text: oncoprotein

text: , or it could knock out a gene that

text: suppresses tumor growth

text: . Either way, the results are bound to be interesting."

text: Sometimes, cancer is located in a place where standard tests cannot detect it. In this case, doctors must go into surgery and look for the cancerous mass manually. This procedure, which is what is commonly associated with exploratory surgery, is not used for treatment at all. Instead, it is used chiefly to identify the location of the tumor and the extent of its damage. If a tumor is found, a biopsy is performed and tests are run to see what type of cancer was found.

text: Sometimes, cancer is located in a place where standard tests cannot detect it. In this case, doctors must go into surgery and look for the cancerous mass manually. This procedure, which is what is commonly associated with exploratory surgery, is not used for treatment at all. Instead, it is used chiefly to identify the location of the tumor and the extent of its damage. If a tumor is found, a

text: biopsy

text: is performed and tests are run to see what type of cancer was found.

text: Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and HDACs have been found to play key roles in genes linked to diabetes. One example is the SIRT family of HDACs, specifically SIRT1 has been found to regulate several factors involved in metabolism, adipogenesis, and insulin secretion. It has also been seen that histone acetylation promotes some gene expression related to diabetic conditions. This was seen in an experiment when a high glucose treatment of cultured monocytes increased recruitment of the HATs CREB-binding protein (CPB) and PCAF, leading to increased histone lysine acetylation at the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and TNF-inflammatory gene promoters. This led to a corresponding increase in gene expression, which was similar to the increased histone lysine acetylation at these gene promoters in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients compared to healthy control volunteers.

text: Histone acetyltransferases

text: (HATs) and

text: HDACs

text: have been found to play key roles in genes linked to diabetes. One example is the SIRT family of HDACs, specifically

text: has been found to regulate several factors involved in metabolism, adipogenesis, and insulin secretion. It has also been seen that histone acetylation promotes some gene expression related to diabetic conditions. This was seen in an experiment when a high glucose treatment of cultured monocytes increased recruitment of the HATs

text: CREB-binding protein

text: (CPB) and

text: PCAF

text: , leading to increased histone lysine acetylation at the

text: (COX-2) and

text: TNF

text: -inflammatory gene promoters. This led to a corresponding increase in gene expression, which was similar to the increased histone lysine acetylation at these gene promoters in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients compared to healthy control volunteers.

text: The Jonas Brothers are of Italian, German, Cherokee, English, Irish, Scottish, and French-Canadian descent. The Jonas Brothers earned an estimated $12 million in 2007, and have donated 10% of their earnings to their charity, Change for the Children Foundation. Change for the Children Foundation, started by the Jonas Brothers, has contributors donate to charities such as "Nothing But Nets", "American Diabetes Foundation", "St. Jude Children's Research Hospital", "Children's Hospital Los Angeles", and "Summer Stars: Camp for the Performing Arts". Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Nick Jonas as a diabetes ambassador to promote the idea that young people should manage their diabetes, as Nick was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when he was 13. Jonas testified in the U.S. Senate to promote more research funding for the disease.

text: The Jonas Brothers are of

text: Italian

text: German

text: Cherokee

text: , English,

text: Irish

text: , Scottish, and French-Canadian descent. The Jonas Brothers earned an estimated $12 million in 2007, and have donated 10% of their earnings to their charity, Change for the Children Foundation. Change for the Children Foundation, started by the Jonas Brothers, has contributors donate to charities such as "Nothing But Nets", "American Diabetes Foundation", "St. Jude Children's Research Hospital", "Children's Hospital Los Angeles", and "Summer Stars: Camp for the Performing Arts". Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Nick Jonas as a

text: diabetes

text: ambassador to promote the idea that young people should manage their diabetes, as Nick was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when he was 13. Jonas testified in the

text: U.S. Senate

text: to promote more research funding for the disease.

text: About a quarter of people with new type 1 diabetes have developed some degree of diabetic ketoacidosis (a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids) by the time the diabetes is recognized. The diagnosis of other types of diabetes is usually made in other ways. These include ordinary health screening, detection of hyperglycemia during other medical investigations, and secondary symptoms such as vision changes or unexplained fatigue. Diabetes is often detected when a person suffers a problem that may be caused by diabetes, such as a heart attack, stroke, neuropathy, poor wound healing or a foot ulcer, certain eye problems, certain fungal infections, or delivering a baby with macrosomia or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

text: About a quarter of people with new type 1 diabetes have developed some degree of diabetic

text: ketoacidosis

text: (a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids) by the time the diabetes is recognized. The diagnosis of other types of diabetes is usually made in other ways. These include ordinary health screening, detection of hyperglycemia during other medical investigations, and secondary symptoms such as vision changes or unexplained fatigue. Diabetes is often detected when a person suffers a problem that may be caused by diabetes, such as a heart attack, stroke,

text: neuropathy

text: , poor wound healing or a foot ulcer, certain eye problems, certain

text: fungal infection

text: s, or delivering a baby with

text: macrosomia

text: or

text: hypoglycemia

text: (low blood sugar).

text: FMOs have also been associated with other diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Yet, additional studies are imperative to elucidate what is the relationship between FMO function and these diseases, as well as to define these enzymes’ clinical relevance.

text: FMOs have also been associated with other diseases, such as

text: cancer

text: and

text: diabetes

text: . Yet, additional studies are imperative to elucidate what is the relationship between FMO function and these diseases, as well as to define these enzymes’ clinical relevance.

text: A non-occupational form of silicosis has been described that is caused by long-term exposure to sand dust in desert areas, with cases reported from the Sahara, Libyan desert and the Negev. The disease is caused by deposition of this dust in the lung. Desert lung disease may be related to Al Eskan disease, a lung disorder thought to be caused by exposure to sand dust containing organic antigens, which was first diagnosed after the 1990 Gulf war. The relative importance of the silica particles themselves and the microorganisms that they carry in these health effects remains unclear.

text: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a project, begun in 2005, to catalogue genetic mutations responsible for cancer, using genome sequencing and bioinformatics. TCGA applies high-throughput genome analysis techniques to improve our ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer through a better understanding of the genetic basis of this disease.

text: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a project, begun in 2005, to catalogue

text: genetic mutation

text: s responsible for

text: cancer

text: , using

text: genome sequencing

text: and

text: bioinformatics

text: . TCGA applies

text: high-throughput genome analysis techniques

text: to improve our ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer through a better understanding of the genetic basis of this disease.

text: Non-healing wounds of the diabetic foot are considered one of the most significant complications of diabetes, representing a major worldwide medical, social, and economic burden that greatly affects patient quality of life. Almost 24 million Americans—one in every 12—are diabetic and the disease is causing widespread disability and death at an epidemic pace, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Of those with diabetes, 6.5 million are estimated to suffer with chronic or non-healing wounds. Associated with inadequate circulation, poorly functioning veins, and immobility, non-healing wounds occur most frequently in the elderly and in people with diabetes—populations that are sharply rising as the nation ages and chronic diseases increase.

text: Diabetes disproportionately affects underserved and ethnically diverse populations, such as Vietnamese-American communities.  The relationship between the disease and health literacy level is in part because of an individual's ability to read English, evaluate blood glucose levels, and communicate with medical professionals.  Other studies also suggest lack in knowledge of diabetes symptoms and complications.  According to an observational cross-sectional study conducted, many Vietnamese-American diabetic patients show signs of poor blood glucose control and adherence due to inadequate self-management knowledge and experience.  Diabetes health literacy research is needed to fully understand the burden of the chronic disease in Vietnamese-American communities, with respect to language and culture, health literacy, and immigrant status.  Ethnic minority groups and immigrant communities have less knowledge of health promoting behavior, face considerable obstacles to health services, and experience poor communication with medical professionals.  According to a recent review, studies has supported an independent relationship between literacy and knowledge of diabetes management and glucose control, but its impact on patients has not been sufficiently described.  With the demand of chronic disease self-management (e.g., diabetic diet, glucose monitoring, etc.), a call for cultural-specific patient education is needed to achieve the control of diabetes and its adverse health outcomes in low- to middle-income Vietnamese-American immigrant communities.

text: Gastrointestinal infection is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Chronic nausea may be the presentation of many gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally as the major symptom, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional  dyspepsia, gastroparesis, peptic ulcer, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, hepatitis, upper gastrointestinal malignancy, and pancreatic cancer. Uncomplicated Helicobacter pylori infection does not cause chronic nausea.

text: Gastrointestinal infection is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Chronic nausea may be the presentation of many gastrointestinal disorders, occasionally as the major symptom, such as

text: gastroesophageal reflux disease

text: functional  dyspepsia

text: gastroparesis

text: peptic ulcer

text: celiac disease

text: Crohn's disease

text: hepatitis

text: upper gastrointestinal

text: malignancy, and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: . Uncomplicated

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: infection does not cause chronic nausea.

text: It has been suggested that a rare SNP (rs11614913) that overlaps has-mir-196a2 has been found to be associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma.  Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs miR-17 and miR-30c-1of patients; these patients were noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.The p53 tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer.  Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by  non-coding RNA.

text: It has been suggested that a rare

text: SNP

text: (rs11614913) that overlaps

text: has been found to be associated with

text: non-small cell lung carcinoma

text: .  Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs

text: and

text: of patients; these patients were noncarriers of

text: or

text: mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs.The

text: tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer.  Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by  non-coding RNA.

text: The condition of highest profile-relative probability (except “no disease”) is primary hyperparathyroidism (PH), but cancer is still of major concern, because if it is the actual causative condition for the hypercalcemia, then the choice of whether to treat or not likely means life or death for the patient, in effect potentially putting the indication at a similar level for further tests for both of these conditions.

text: The condition of highest profile-relative probability (except “no disease”) is

text: primary hyperparathyroidism

text: (PH), but cancer is still of major concern, because if it is the actual causative condition for the hypercalcemia, then the choice of whether to treat or not likely means life or death for the patient, in effect potentially putting the

text: indication

text: at a similar level for further tests for both of these conditions.

text: As the table illustrates, some people diagnosed with certain types of cancer may have a much better outcome than others. For example, people diagnosed with breast cancer have a much better outcome than people diagnosed with stomach cancer. It is important to remember that survival rates vary widely based on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. Other factors, such as age and health of the patient also contribute to an individual's survival. This table does not factor in an individual's stage of cancer nor the patient's health, age or type of treatment, if any. Some individuals choose to not treat their cancer at all.

text: As the table illustrates, some people diagnosed with certain types of cancer may have a much better outcome than others. For example, people diagnosed with

text: breast cancer

text: have a much better outcome than people diagnosed with

text: stomach cancer

text: . It is important to remember that survival rates vary widely based on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. Other factors, such as age and health of the patient also contribute to an individual's survival. This table does not factor in an individual's stage of cancer nor the patient's health, age or type of treatment, if any. Some individuals choose to not treat their cancer at all.

text: Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome,  eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis (PM), and dermatomyositis (DM). Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.

text: Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an

text: autoimmune disease

text: . Prominent examples include

text: celiac disease

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: sarcoidosis

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: (SLE),

text: Sjögren's syndrome

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: Graves' disease

text: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: Addison's disease

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: (RA),

text: ankylosing spondylitis

text: polymyositis

text: (PM), and

text: dermatomyositis

text: (DM). Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with

text: steroids

text: Bleomycin is mostly used to treat cancer. This includes testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, and less commonly non-Hodgkin's disease. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or under the skin.

text: Bleomycin is mostly used to treat

text: cancer

text: . This includes

text: testicular cancer

text: ovarian cancer

text: , and

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: , and less commonly

text: non-Hodgkin's disease

text: . It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or under the skin.

text: Cancer is not normally a contagious disease, but there are known exceptions in dogs, Tasmanian devils, Syrian hamsters, and some marine bivalves including soft-shell clams. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted. Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that these diseases were caused by the transfer of oncoviruses, in the manner of cervical cancer caused by HPV.

text: Cancer is not normally a contagious disease, but there are known exceptions in

text: dog

text: s,

text: Tasmanian devil

text: s,

text: Syrian hamster

text: s, and some marine

text: bivalve

text: s including

text: soft-shell clam

text: s. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted. Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that these diseases were caused by the transfer of

text: oncovirus

text: es, in the manner of

text: cervical cancer

text: caused by

text: HPV

text: Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-neoplastic diseases such as acute hepatitis for hepatitis B virus or mononucleosis for Epstein-Barr virus. A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated efforts to determine whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well-known Koch's postulates are 19th-century constructs developed by Robert Koch to establish the likelihood that Bacillus anthracis will cause anthrax disease and are not applicable to viral diseases. (Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture — even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. Relman and Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus.) Other measures, such as A.B. Hill's criteria, are more relevant to cancer virology but also have some limitations in determining causality.

text: Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-

text: neoplastic

text: diseases such as acute hepatitis for

text: hepatitis B virus

text: or mononucleosis for

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: . A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated efforts to determine whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well-known

text: Koch's postulates

text: are 19th-century constructs developed by

text: Robert Koch

text: to establish the likelihood that

text: Bacillus anthracis

text: will cause

text: anthrax

text: disease and are not applicable to viral diseases. (Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture — even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. Secondly, asymptomatic virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. Relman and Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus.) Other measures, such as

text: A.B. Hill's criteria

text: , are more relevant to cancer virology but also have some limitations in determining causality.

text: The factors that allow an abnormal immune response, once initiated, to become permanent and chronic, are becoming more clearly understood. The genetic association with HLA-DR4, as well as the newly discovered associations with the gene PTPN22 and with two additional genes, all implicate altered thresholds in regulation of the adaptive immune response. It has also become clear from recent studies that these genetic factors may interact with the most clearly defined environmental risk factor for RA, namely cigarette smoking.Other environmental factors also appear to modulate the risk of acquiring RA, and hormonal factors in the individual may explain some features of the disease, such as the higher occurrence in women, the not-infrequent onset after child-birth, and the (slight) modulation of disease risk by hormonal medications. Exactly how altered regulatory thresholds allow the triggering of a specific autoimmune response remains uncertain. However, one possibility is that negative feedback mechanisms that normally maintain tolerance of self are overtaken by aberrant positive feedback mechanisms for certain antigens such as IgG Fc (bound by RF) and citrullinated fibrinogen (bound by ACPA) (see the entry on autoimmunity).The debate on the relative roles of immune complexes and T cell products in inflammation in RA has continued for 30 years. There is little doubt that both B and T cells are essential to the disease. However, there is good evidence for neither cell being necessary at the site of inflammation. This tends to favor immune complexes (based on antibody synthesized elsewhere) as the initiators, even if not the sole perpetuators of inflammation.  The presence of autoantibodies to IgGFc, known as rheumatoid factors (RF), and antibodies to citrullinated peptides (ACPA) is an integral part of RA disease process. As is the case with many other autoimmune diseases, people with RA have abnormally glycosylated antibodies. It is believed that these glycan (oligosaccharide) alterations promote joint inflammation.

text: The factors that allow an abnormal immune response, once initiated, to become permanent and chronic, are becoming more clearly understood. The genetic association with HLA-DR4, as well as the newly discovered associations with the gene

text: and with two additional genes, all implicate altered thresholds in regulation of the adaptive immune response. It has also become clear from recent studies that these genetic factors may interact with the most clearly defined environmental risk factor for RA, namely cigarette smoking.Other environmental factors also appear to modulate the risk of acquiring RA, and hormonal factors in the individual may explain some features of the disease, such as the higher occurrence in women, the not-infrequent onset after child-birth, and the (slight) modulation of disease risk by hormonal medications. Exactly how altered regulatory thresholds allow the triggering of a specific autoimmune response remains uncertain. However, one possibility is that negative feedback mechanisms that normally maintain tolerance of self are overtaken by aberrant positive feedback mechanisms for certain antigens such as IgG Fc (bound by RF) and citrullinated fibrinogen (bound by ACPA) (see the entry on

text: autoimmunity

text: ).The debate on the relative roles of immune complexes and T cell products in inflammation in RA has continued for 30 years. There is little doubt that both B and T cells are essential to the disease. However, there is good evidence for neither cell being necessary at the site of inflammation. This tends to favor immune complexes (based on antibody synthesized elsewhere) as the initiators, even if not the sole perpetuators of inflammation.  The presence of autoantibodies to IgGFc, known as

text: rheumatoid factor

text: s (RF), and

text: antibodies to citrullinated peptide

text: s (ACPA) is an integral part of RA disease process. As is the case with many other autoimmune diseases, people with RA have abnormally glycosylated antibodies. It is believed that these glycan (oligosaccharide) alterations promote joint inflammation.

text: Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, esophageal cancer and pancreatic cancer). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of Crohn's disease as well as the severity of the course of the disease. It is also the number one cause of bladder cancer. The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that are exposed to the smoke.

text: Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for

text: heart attacks

text: stroke

text: s,

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: (COPD),

text: emphysema

text: , and

text: cancer

text: (particularly

text: lung cancer

text: cancers of the larynx

text: and

text: mouth

text: esophageal cancer

text: and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: ). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of

text: Crohn's disease

text: as well as the severity of the course of the disease. It is also the number one cause of

text: bladder cancer

text: . The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that are exposed to the smoke.

text: People with NCGS may develop gastrointestinal symptoms, which resemble those of irritable bowel syndrome or wheat allergy, and/or a wide variety of non-gastrointestinal symptoms, such as headache, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, atopic diseases, allergies, neurological diseases, or psychiatric disorders, among others.

text: People with NCGS may develop gastrointestinal symptoms, which resemble those of

text: irritable bowel syndrome

text: or

text: wheat allergy

text: , and/or a wide variety of non-gastrointestinal symptoms, such as

text: headache

text: , chronic

text: fatigue

text: fibromyalgia

text: atopic diseases

text: allergies

text: neurological diseases

text: , or

text: psychiatric disorders

text: , among others.

text: Coffee consumption is associated with a lower overall risk of cancer. This is primarily due to a decrease in the risks of hepatocellular and endometrial cancer, but it may also have a modest effect on colorectal cancer. There does not appear to be a significant protective effect against other types of cancers, and heavy coffee consumption may increase the risk of bladder cancer. A protective effect of caffeine against Alzheimer's disease is possible,  but the evidence is inconclusive. Moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, and it may somewhat reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Drinking four or more cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 1–3 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. It may protect people from liver cirrhosis. There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. Caffeine may increase the effectiveness of some medications including ones used to treat headaches.  Caffeine may lessen the severity of acute mountain sickness if taken a few hours prior to attaining a high altitude.

text: Coffee consumption is associated with a lower overall risk of

text: cancer

text: . This is primarily due to a decrease in the risks of

text: hepatocellular

text: and

text: endometrial cancer

text: , but it may also have a modest effect on colorectal cancer. There does not appear to be a significant protective effect against other types of cancers, and heavy coffee consumption may increase the risk of

text: bladder cancer

text: . A protective effect of caffeine against

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: is possible,  but the evidence is inconclusive. Moderate coffee consumption may decrease the risk of

text: cardiovascular disease

text: , and it may somewhat reduce the risk of

text: type 2 diabetes

text: . Drinking four or more cups of coffee per day does not affect the risk of

text: hypertension

text: compared to drinking little or no coffee. However those who drink 1–3 cups per day may be at a slightly increased risk. Caffeine increases

text: intraocular pressure

text: in those with

text: glaucoma

text: but does not appear to affect normal individuals. It may protect people from

text: liver cirrhosis

text: . There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. Caffeine may increase the effectiveness of some medications including ones used to treat

text: headaches

text: .  Caffeine may lessen the severity of

text: acute mountain sickness

text: if taken a few hours prior to attaining a high altitude.

text: Cancers can be analyzed using genetic techniques (including DNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry) to determine if certain therapies specific to mutated genes can be used to treat it. PARP inhibitors are used to treat endometrial cancer with PTEN mutations, specifically, mutations that lower the expression of PTEN. The PARP inhibitor shown to be active against endometrial cancer is olaparib. Research is ongoing in this area as of the 2010s.

text: Cancers can be analyzed using genetic techniques (including

text: DNA sequencing

text: and

text: immunohistochemistry

text: ) to determine if certain therapies specific to mutated genes can be used to treat it.

text: PARP inhibitor

text: s are used to treat endometrial cancer with PTEN mutations, specifically, mutations that lower the expression of PTEN. The PARP inhibitor shown to be active against endometrial cancer is

text: olaparib

text: . Research is ongoing in this area as of the 2010s.

text: With medical advances in cancer screening and treatment, cancer has become a chronic rather than an acute disease with the result that patients survive longer with cancer. As a result, there has been a push towards outpatient care in recent years. Consequently, informal caregivers are now taking on the responsibility of caring for a loved one with cancer. Informal caregivers have become so essential that they are estimated to provide an average of 55% of the care needed. For years, research has been reporting the physical, psychological, financial, social, and spiritual repercussions of cancer on the patient. With the discovery of the distress, particularly psychological, that cancer could cause in patients, researchers also began to investigate whether caring for someone with cancer could have similar effects on informal caregivers. Over the years, many stressors have been identified and the effects of caring for a loved one with cancer are becoming well documented. Research in this area is continuing not only to better understand the caregiver's experience, but also to learn how their adjustment to the caregiver role impacts their ability to provide care to the cancer patient.

text: With medical advances in cancer screening and treatment, cancer has become a

text: chronic

text: rather than an

text: acute disease

text: with the result that patients survive longer with cancer. As a result, there has been a push towards outpatient care in recent years. Consequently, informal caregivers are now taking on the responsibility of caring for a loved one with cancer. Informal caregivers have become so essential that they are estimated to provide an average of 55% of the care needed. For years, research has been reporting the physical, psychological, financial, social, and spiritual repercussions of cancer on the patient. With the discovery of the distress, particularly psychological, that cancer could cause in patients, researchers also began to investigate whether caring for someone with cancer could have similar effects on informal caregivers. Over the years, many stressors have been identified and the effects of caring for a loved one with cancer are becoming well documented. Research in this area is continuing not only to better understand the caregiver's experience, but also to learn how their adjustment to the caregiver role impacts their ability to provide care to the cancer patient.

text: Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus presenting at birth that is not permanent. This disease is considered to be a type of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).

text: Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a form of

text: diabetes mellitus

text: presenting at birth that is not permanent. This disease is considered to be a type of

text: maturity onset diabetes of the young

text: (MODY).

text: Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.

text: Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much

text: alcohol

text: , eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains,

text: vaccination

text: against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Early detection through

text: screening

text: is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of

text: radiation therapy

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: , and

text: targeted therapy

text: . Pain and symptom management are an important part of care.

text: Palliative care

text: is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and

text: extent of disease

text: at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the

text: five-year survival rate

text: in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.

text: Fisher was “the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies.” He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.

text: The causes of hemosuccus pancreaticus can be grouped into diseases of the pancreas and diseases of the vascular structures around the pancreas.  Diseases of the pancreas include acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, ruptured aneurysms of the splenic artery, and pseudoaneurysms of the splenic artery and hepatic artery.  Pseudoaneurysms are complications of pancreatitis where a pseudocyst is formed, with one wall abutting an artery, usually the splenic artery.  Should the arterial wall rupture, the pseudoaneurysm will hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct.

text: The causes of hemosuccus pancreaticus can be grouped into diseases of the pancreas and diseases of the vascular structures around the pancreas.  Diseases of the pancreas include

text: acute

text: and

text: chronic pancreatitis

text: pancreatic cancer

text: , pancreatic duct stones, ruptured aneurysms of the splenic artery, and pseudoaneurysms of the splenic artery and

text: hepatic artery

text: .  Pseudoaneurysms are complications of

text: pancreatitis

text: where a

text: pseudocyst

text: is formed, with one wall abutting an artery, usually the splenic artery.  Should the arterial wall rupture, the pseudoaneurysm will hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct.

text: Two medical review articles conclude that "NAET has to be the most unsubstantiated allergy treatment proposed to date" and that "there have been no studies supporting the use of these techniques". The Teuber and Porch-Curren review cautions that "there is the potential for an anaphylactic reaction if a patient with severe food allergies seeks such a therapy and tests themselves by oral challenge away from a physician's office after completing the NAET sessions successfully". The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy has advised against using NAET to treat allergies, criticizing its "lack of scientific rationale" and describing it as a "potentially dangerous technique".

text: Thyroid disease in pregnancyGestational diabetes

text: Thyroid disease in pregnancy

text: Gestational diabetes

text: Given the disease burden of strokes, prevention is an important public health concern. Primary prevention is less effective than secondary prevention (as judged by the number needed to treat to prevent one stroke per year). Recent guidelines detail the evidence for primary prevention in stroke. In those who are otherwise healthy, aspirin does not appear beneficial and thus is not recommended. In people who have had a myocardial infarction or those with a high cardiovascular risk, it provides some protection against a first stroke. In those who have previously had a stroke, treatment with medications such as aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole may be beneficial. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for carotid artery stenosis in those without symptoms.

text: Given the disease burden of strokes,

text: prevention

text: is an important

text: public health

text: concern.

text: Primary prevention

text: is less effective than secondary prevention (as judged by the

text: number needed to treat

text: to prevent one stroke per year). Recent guidelines detail the evidence for primary prevention in stroke. In those who are otherwise healthy, aspirin does not appear beneficial and thus is not recommended. In people who have had a myocardial infarction or those with a high cardiovascular risk, it provides some protection against a first stroke. In those who have previously had a stroke, treatment with medications such as

text: aspirin

text: clopidogrel

text: and

text: dipyridamole

text: may be beneficial. The

entity_name: United States Preventive Services Task Force

text: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

text: (USPSTF) recommends against

text: screening

text: for

text: carotid artery stenosis

text: in those without symptoms.

text: This disease is most commonly caused by an appendiceal primary cancer (cancer of the appendix); mucinous tumors of the ovary have also been implicated, although in most cases ovarian involvement is favored to be a metastasis from an appendiceal or other gastrointestinal source.  Disease is typically classified as low- or high-grade (with signet ring cells).  When disease presents with low-grade histologic features the cancer rarely spreads through the lymphatic system or through the bloodstream.

text: This disease is most commonly caused by an appendiceal primary cancer (

text: cancer of the appendix

text: ); mucinous tumors of the

text: ovary

text: have also been implicated, although in most cases ovarian involvement is favored to be a metastasis from an appendiceal or other gastrointestinal source.  Disease is typically classified as low- or high-grade (with

text: signet ring cells

text: ).  When disease presents with low-grade histologic features the cancer rarely spreads through the

text: lymphatic system

text: or through the

text: bloodstream

text: CAD is used in the diagnosis of breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, bone metastases, coronary artery disease, congenital heart defect, pathological brain detection, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetic retinopathy.

text: CAD is used in the diagnosis of

text: breast cancer

text: lung cancer

text: colon cancer

text: prostate cancer

text: bone metastases

text: coronary artery disease

text: congenital heart defect

text: , pathological brain detection,

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: , and

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine". The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek Apollonius of Memphis. The disease was considered rare during the time of the Roman empire, with Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa). The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of Aretaeus of Cappadocia (2nd or early 3rd century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of  the "Pneumatic School". He hypothesized a correlation of diabetes with other diseases and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.

text: Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from

text: c.

text: BCE

text: mentioning "too great emptying of the urine". The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek

text: Apollonius of Memphis

text: . The disease was considered rare during the time of the

text: Roman empire

text: , with

text: Galen

text: commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease "diarrhea of the urine" (diarrhea urinosa). The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of

text: Aretaeus of Cappadocia

text: (2nd or early 3rd century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of  the "Pneumatic School". He hypothesized a correlation of diabetes with other diseases and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice.

text: Berkson's original illustration involves a retrospective study examining a risk factor for a disease in a statistical sample from a hospital in-patient population. Because samples are taken from a hospital in-patient population, rather than from the general public, this can result in a spurious negative association between the disease and the risk factor. For example, if the risk factor is diabetes and the disease is cholecystitis, a hospital patient without diabetes is more likely to have cholecystitis than a member of the general population, since the patient must have had some non-diabetes (possibly cholecystitis-causing) reason to enter the hospital in the first place. That result will be obtained regardless of whether there is any association between diabetes and cholecystitis in the general population.

text: Berkson's original illustration involves a retrospective study examining a

text: risk factor

text: for a disease in a

text: statistical sample

text: from a

text: hospital

text: in-patient population. Because samples are taken from a hospital in-patient population, rather than from the general public, this can result in a spurious negative association between the disease and the risk factor. For example, if the risk factor is diabetes and the disease is

text: cholecystitis

text: , a hospital patient without diabetes is more likely to have cholecystitis than a member of the general population, since the patient must have had some non-diabetes (possibly cholecystitis-causing) reason to enter the hospital in the first place. That result will be obtained regardless of whether there is any association between diabetes and cholecystitis in the general population.

text: In the short-term, combining current treatment techniques with therapeutics targeting catenin-associated elements of cancer might be most effective in treating the disease.  By disrupting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, short-term neoadjuvant radiotherapy (STNR) may help prevent clinical recurrence of the disease after surgery, but much more work is needed before an adequate treatment based on this concept can be determined.

text: Because cancer is a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "cure for cancer" any more than there will be a single treatment for all infectious diseases. Angiogenesis inhibitors were once incorrectly thought to have potential as a "silver bullet" treatment applicable to many types of cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics are used in combination to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.

text: Because cancer is a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "

text: cure for cancer

text: " any more than there will be a single treatment for all

text: infectious disease

text: s.

text: Angiogenesis inhibitor

text: s were once incorrectly thought to have potential as a "

text: silver bullet

text: " treatment applicable to many types of cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics are used in combination to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.

text: Determining when to start treatment and by what means is often difficult; no survival advantage is seen in treating the disease very early. The National Cancer Institute Working Group has issued guidelines for treatment, with specific markers that should be met before it is initiated.

text: Wheat allergy is an allergy which typically presents itself as a food allergy, but can also be a contact allergy resulting from occupational exposure to wheat. Like all allergies, wheat allergy involves immunoglobulin E and mast cell response.  Typically the allergy is limited to the seed storage proteins of wheat, some reactions are restricted to wheat proteins, while others can react across many varieties of seeds and other plant tissues. Wheat allergy may be a misnomer since there are many allergenic components in wheat, for example serine protease inhibitors, glutelins and prolamins and different responses are often attributed to different proteins. Twenty-seven potential wheat allergens have been successfully identified. The most severe response is exercise/aspirin induced anaphylaxis attributed to one omega gliadin that is a relative of the protein that causes celiac disease. Other more common symptoms include nausea, urticaria, atopy. Gluten sensitivity is not usually classified as a wheat allergy.

text: Wheat allergy is an allergy which typically presents itself as a

text: food allergy

text: , but can also be a

text: contact allergy

text: resulting from occupational exposure to

text: wheat

text: . Like all allergies, wheat allergy involves

text: immunoglobulin E

text: and

text: mast cell

text: response.  Typically the allergy is limited to the seed storage proteins of wheat, some reactions are restricted to wheat proteins, while others can react across many varieties of seeds and other plant tissues. Wheat allergy may be a misnomer since there are many allergenic components in wheat, for example

text: serine protease

text: inhibitors,

text: glutelin

text: s and

text: prolamin

text: s and different responses are often attributed to different proteins. Twenty-seven potential wheat

text: allergen

text: s have been successfully identified. The most severe response is exercise/aspirin induced

text: anaphylaxis

text: attributed to one omega

text: gliadin

text: that is a relative of the protein that causes

text: celiac disease

text: . Other more common symptoms include nausea,

text: urticaria

text: atopy

text: Gluten sensitivity

text: is not usually classified as a wheat allergy.

text: Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.

text: Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of

text: metabolic disease

text: s in which there are

text: high blood sugar

text: levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.

text: Acute

text: complications can include

text: diabetic ketoacidosis

text: nonketotic hyperosmolar coma

text: , or death. Serious long-term complications include

text: heart disease

text: stroke

text: chronic kidney failure

text: foot ulcers

text: , and

text: damage to the eyes

text: Illness as Metaphor was a response to Sontag’s experiences as a cancer patient, as she noticed that the cultural myths surrounding cancer negatively impacted her as a patient. She finds that, a decade later, cancer is no longer swathed in secrecy and shame, but has been replaced by AIDS as the disease most demonized by society. She finds that the metaphors that we associate with disease contribute not only to stigmatizing the disease, but also stigmatizing those who are ill. She believes that the distractions of metaphors and myths ultimately cause more fatalities from this disease.

text: Illness as Metaphor was a response to Sontag’s experiences as a cancer patient, as she noticed that the cultural myths surrounding

text: cancer

text: negatively impacted her as a patient. She finds that, a decade later, cancer is no longer swathed in secrecy and shame, but has been replaced by AIDS as the disease most demonized by society. She finds that the metaphors that we associate with disease contribute not only to stigmatizing the disease, but also stigmatizing those who are ill. She believes that the distractions of metaphors and myths ultimately cause more fatalities from this disease.

text: Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer. The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors, and many, but not all, of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is considered a largely preventable disease. Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, overweight / obesity, an insufficient diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections, and air pollution. Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring background radiation, and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders, and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer.

text: Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of

text: cancer

text: . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors, and many, but not all, of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is considered a largely preventable disease. Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including:

text: tobacco

text: overweight

text: obesity

text: , an insufficient diet,

text: physical inactivity

text: alcohol

text: sexually transmitted infection

text: s, and

text: air pollution

text: . Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring

text: background radiation

text: , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders, and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer.

text: HIFU beams are precisely focused on a small region of diseased tissue to locally deposit high levels of energy. The temperature of tissue at the focus will rise to between 65° and 85 °C, destroying the diseased tissue by coagulative necrosis. Higher temperatures are usually avoided to prevent boiling of liquids inside the tissue. Each sonication (individual ultrasound energy deposition) treats a precisely defined portion of the targeted tissue. The entire therapeutic target is treated by using multiple sonications to create a volume of treated tissue, according to a protocol developed by the physician. Anesthesia is not required, but sedation is generally recommended.

text: HIFU beams are precisely focused on a small region of diseased tissue to locally deposit high levels of energy. The temperature of tissue at the focus will rise to between 65° and 85 °C, destroying the diseased tissue by

text: coagulative necrosis

text: . Higher temperatures are usually avoided to prevent boiling of liquids inside the tissue. Each

text: sonication

text: (individual ultrasound energy deposition) treats a precisely defined portion of the targeted tissue. The entire therapeutic target is treated by using multiple sonications to create a volume of treated tissue, according to a protocol developed by the physician. Anesthesia is not required, but sedation is generally recommended.

text: Blackfoot disease is a disease caused by environmental pollution and causes people to have black, charcoal-like skin in the lower limbs. This is caused by arsenic pollution in water and food source. This is an example of how disease can affect human variation. Another disease that can affect human variation is syphilis, a sexual transmitted disease. Syphilis does not affect human variation until the middle stage of the disease. It then starts to grow rashes all over the body, affecting people's human variation.

text: Blackfoot disease is a disease caused by environmental pollution and causes people to have black, charcoal-like skin in the lower limbs. This is caused by

text: arsenic

text: pollution in water and food source. This is an example of how disease can affect human variation. Another disease that can affect human variation is syphilis, a sexual transmitted disease.

text: Syphilis

text: does not affect human variation until the middle stage of the disease. It then starts to grow rashes all over the body, affecting people's human variation.

text: Cancer can be considered a very large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignant diseases, with squamous cell carcinomas comprising one of the largest subsets. All squamous cell carcinoma lesions are thought to begin via the repeated, uncontrolled division of cancer stem cells of epithelial lineage or characteristics. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from squamous cells, which are flat cells that line many areas of the body.  Accumulation of these cancer cells causes a microscopic focus of abnormal cells that are, at least initially, locally confined within the specific tissue in which the progenitor cell resided. This condition is called squamous cell carcinoma in situ, and it is diagnosed when the tumor has not yet penetrated the basement membrane or other delimiting structure to invade adjacent tissues. Once the lesion has grown and progressed to the point where it has breached, penetrated, and infiltrated adjacent structures, it is referred to as "invasive" squamous cell carcinoma. Once a carcinoma becomes invasive, it is able to spread to other organs and cause the formation of a metastasis, or "secondary tumor".

text: Cancer

text: can be considered a very large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignant diseases, with squamous cell carcinomas comprising one of the largest subsets. All squamous cell carcinoma lesions are thought to begin via the repeated, uncontrolled division of cancer

text: stem cells

text: of epithelial lineage or characteristics. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from

text: squamous cell

text: s, which are flat cells that line many areas of the body.  Accumulation of these cancer cells causes a microscopic focus of abnormal cells that are, at least initially, locally confined within the specific tissue in which the progenitor cell resided. This condition is called squamous cell

text: carcinoma in situ

text: , and it is diagnosed when the tumor has not yet penetrated the

text: basement membrane

text: or other delimiting structure to invade adjacent tissues. Once the lesion has grown and progressed to the point where it has breached, penetrated, and infiltrated adjacent structures, it is referred to as "

text: invasive

text: " squamous cell carcinoma. Once a carcinoma becomes invasive, it is able to spread to other organs and cause the formation of a

text: metastasis

text: , or "secondary tumor".

text: In 2008, Cornell University researchers Paul and Janet Shellman-Sherman found Profet's theory, that allergies are evolved ways to expel toxins and carcinogens—the so-called "toxin" or "prophylaxis hypothesis"—may explain a mysterious observation dating back to 1953 and replicated many times since:  People with allergies are at much lower risk for some types of cancers, most notably the brain tumor glioma.

text: In 2008, Cornell University researchers Paul and Janet Shellman-Sherman found Profet's theory, that allergies are evolved ways to expel toxins and carcinogens—the so-called "toxin" or "prophylaxis hypothesis"—may explain a mysterious observation dating back to 1953 and replicated many times since:  People with allergies are at much lower risk for some types of cancers, most notably the brain tumor

text: glioma

text: Hyperthermia therapy is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to slightly higher temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anti-cancer drugs. Techniques that may bring local tissues to quite high temperatures, such as radio frequency ablation, are not usually what is meant by "hyperthermia."  When combined with radiation therapy, it is called thermoradiotherapy. Whole-body hyperthermia has also been found to be helpful for depression. It is also promoted for use in the treatment of Chronic lyme disease.

text: Hyperthermia therapy is a type of

text: medical treatment

text: in which

text: body tissue

text: is exposed to slightly higher

text: temperatures

text: to damage and kill

text: cancer cells

text: or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of

text: radiation

text: and certain

text: anti-cancer drug

text: s. Techniques that may bring local tissues to quite high temperatures, such as radio frequency ablation, are not usually what is meant by "hyperthermia."  When combined with

text: radiation therapy

text: , it is called thermoradiotherapy. Whole-body hyperthermia has also been found to be helpful for depression. It is also promoted for use in the treatment of

text: Chronic lyme disease

text: As with all varieties and hybrids of wheat, emmer is unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, among others.

text: As with all varieties and hybrids of wheat, emmer is unsuitable for people with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: celiac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers, among others.

text: Within Australia, the average life expectancy is 81.7 years of age, while those individuals who are born in China have an average of 74.7 years. The Queensland Health Multicultural Services suggests that Ischaemic heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease are the major causes of China-born passing in Australia. Such cancers that have been identified include nasopyarynx, lung, intestine, rectum, stomach and liver cancer, all of which are prominent amongst Chinese immigrants.

text: Within Australia, the average

text: life expectancy

text: is 81.7 years of age, while those individuals who are born in China have an average of 74.7 years. The Queensland Health Multicultural Services suggests that

text: Ischaemic heart disease

text: , cancer and

text: cerebrovascular disease

text: are the major causes of China-born passing in Australia. Such cancers that have been identified include nasopyarynx,

text: lung

text: intestine

text: rectum

text: stomach

text: and

text: liver cancer

text: , all of which are prominent amongst Chinese immigrants.

text: Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of the capillaries in the glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse scarring of the glomeruli. It is particularly associated with poorly managed diabetes mellitus and is a primary reason for dialysis in many developed countries. It is classified as a small blood vessel complication of diabetes.

text: Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by

text: angiopathy

text: of the

text: capillaries

text: in the

text: glomeruli

text: . It is characterized by

text: nephrotic syndrome

text: and diffuse

text: scarring of the glomeruli

text: . It is particularly associated with poorly managed

text: diabetes mellitus

text: and is a primary reason for

text: dialysis

text: in many developed countries. It is classified as a

text: small blood vessel complication

text: of diabetes.

text: Ellen G. White, one of the founders of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, in the mid-19th century said she had spiritual visions from God that gave her guidance on the Christian life.  She warned against overly-stimulating foods, sex, and masturbation, which she referred to as "solitary vice."  She warned her followers of her visions of disfigured humans and the consequences of masturbation not only destroying one's life, but preventing access to Heaven when Jesus comes in the first resurrection. She said that masturbation was the cause of many sicknesses in adults from cancer to lung disease.  White even stated that masturbation claimed many sinners' lives prematurely. She believed that one's diet had a direct correlation with one's urge to masturbate. She said that a healthy diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, wheat breads, and water would lead to a diminished urge to masturbate and thus would lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life. To ultimately produce a guide for future generations she said solitary vice was the cause of hereditary insanity, cancer, and other deadly diseases; clearly appealing to parents to protect their children by not engaging in solitary vice.

text: Ellen G. White

text: , one of the founders of the

text: Seventh-day Adventist Church

text: , in the mid-19th century said she had spiritual visions from God that gave her guidance on the Christian life.  She warned against overly-stimulating foods, sex, and masturbation, which she referred to as "solitary vice."  She warned her followers of her visions of disfigured humans and the consequences of masturbation not only destroying one's life, but preventing access to Heaven when Jesus comes in the first resurrection. She said that masturbation was the cause of many sicknesses in adults from cancer to lung disease.  White even stated that masturbation claimed many sinners' lives prematurely. She believed that one's diet had a direct correlation with one's urge to masturbate. She said that a healthy diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, wheat breads, and water would lead to a diminished urge to masturbate and thus would lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life. To ultimately produce a guide for future generations she said solitary vice was the cause of hereditary insanity, cancer, and other deadly diseases; clearly appealing to parents to protect their children by not engaging in solitary vice.

text: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain human leukocyte antigens involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating auto-antibodies may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include the sensitive but less specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA). Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as nitrofurantoin, hydralazine, and methyldopa), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr virus, or measles).

text: Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: s involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating

text: auto-antibodies

text: may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include the

text: sensitive but less specific

text: anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)

text: , smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and

text: atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)

text: . Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as

text: nitrofurantoin

text: hydralazine

text: , and

text: methyldopa

text: ), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A,

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: , or

text: measles

text: A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though Some chronic diseases of long duration, such as HIV/AIDS, may caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.

text: A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-

text: transmissible

text: ). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as

text: autoimmune disease

text: s,

text: heart disease

text: s,

text: stroke

text: cancer

text: s,

text: diabetes

text: chronic kidney disease

text: osteoporosis

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: cataract

text: s, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "

text: chronic diseases

text: ", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though Some chronic diseases of long duration, such as

text: HIV/AIDS

text: , may caused by

text: infection

text: s. Chronic diseases require

text: chronic care management

text: as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.

text: Breast cancer is the secondest common cancer in the world and the commonest amongst women, as well as being amongst the ten commonest chronic diseases of women, and a substantial contributor to loss of quality of life (Gronowski and Schindler, Table IV). Globally, it accounts for 25% of all cancers. In 2016, breast cancer is the commonest cancer diagnosed amongst women in both developed and developing countries, accounting for nearly 30% of all cases, and worldwide accounts for one and a half million cases and over half a million deaths, being the fifth commonest cause of cancer death overall and the second in developed regions. Geographic variation in incidence is the opposite of that of cervical cancer, being highest in Northern America and lowest in Eastern and Middle Africa, but mortality rates are relatively constant, resulting in a wide variance in case mortality, ranging from 25% in developed regions to 37% in developing regions, and with 62% of deaths occurring in developing countries.

text: Breast cancer is the secondest common cancer in the world and the commonest amongst women, as well as being amongst the ten commonest

text: chronic diseases

text: of women, and a substantial contributor to loss of

text: quality of life

text: (Gronowski and Schindler, Table IV). Globally, it accounts for 25% of all cancers. In 2016, breast cancer is the commonest cancer diagnosed amongst women in both developed and developing countries, accounting for nearly 30% of all cases, and worldwide accounts for one and a half million cases and over half a million deaths, being the fifth commonest cause of cancer death overall and the second in developed regions. Geographic variation in incidence is the opposite of that of cervical cancer, being highest in Northern America and lowest in Eastern and Middle Africa, but mortality rates are relatively constant, resulting in a wide variance in case mortality, ranging from 25% in developed regions to 37% in developing regions, and with 62% of deaths occurring in developing countries.

text: The term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance. The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin. Other forms of diabetes mellitus, such as the various forms of maturity onset diabetes of the young, may represent some combination of insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance. Some degree of insulin resistance may also be present in a person with type 1 diabetes.

text: The term

text: diabetes

text: includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called

text: glucose

text: in the blood.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 1

text: results when the

text: pancreas

text: no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone

text: insulin

text: , usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing

text: beta cell

text: s of the pancreas.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2

text: , in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or

text: insulin resistance

text: . The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin. Other forms of diabetes mellitus, such as the various forms of

text: maturity onset diabetes of the young

text: , may represent some combination of insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance. Some degree of insulin resistance may also be present in a person with type 1 diabetes.

text: Gluten intolerance and the body's reaction to it make the disease more worrying in what concerns the possible complications. This means that complications that may arise from dermatitis herpetiformis are the same as those resulting from coeliac disease, which include osteoporosis, certain kinds of gut cancer, and an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease.

text: Gluten intolerance and the body's reaction to it make the disease more worrying in what concerns the possible

text: complications

text: . This means that complications that may arise from dermatitis herpetiformis are the same as those resulting from coeliac disease, which include

text: osteoporosis

text: , certain kinds of gut cancer, and an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease.

text: Hugh Macdonald Sinclair, FRCP (4 February 1910 – 22 June 1990) was a doctor, medical researcher, and expert in human nutrition. He is most widely known for claiming that what he called "diseases of civilization" such as coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, strokes and skin disease are worsened by "bad fats".

text: Hugh Macdonald Sinclair,

text: FRCP

text: (4 February 1910 – 22 June 1990) was a doctor, medical researcher, and expert in human

text: nutrition

text: . He is most widely known for claiming that what he called "

text: diseases of civilization

text: " such as

text: coronary heart disease

text: cancer

text: diabetes

text: inflammation

text: stroke

text: s and

text: skin disease

text: are worsened by "bad fats".

text: In her book The Cure For All Cancers, Clark postulated all cancers and many other diseases are caused by the flatworm Fasciolopsis buski. "The adult [fluke], though, stays tightly stuck to our intestine or liver, causing cancer, or uterus, causing endometriosis, or thymus, causing AIDS, or kidney, causing Hodgkin's disease)." "I have found that cancer, HIV, diabetes, endometriosis, Hodgkin's disease, Alzheimer's disease, lupus, MS and “universal allergy syndrome” are examples of fluke disease." However, this worm does not live in the United States or Europe, but mainly in India, parts of China, Vietnam and other east-Asian countries, and only in rural areas where people are eating unboiled food from water plants, or where pigs live close to humans. According to Clark, depression is caused by hookworms. Epilepsy and seizures are caused by swelling in the brain, attracting calcium and heavy metals, created by the parasite ascaris as well as by malvin, a natural dye found in strawberries, chicken, and eggs.

text: In her book The Cure For All Cancers, Clark postulated all

text: cancer

text: s and many other diseases are caused by the

text: flatworm

text: Fasciolopsis buski

text: . "The adult [fluke], though, stays tightly stuck to our intestine or liver, causing cancer, or uterus, causing

text: endometriosis

text: , or thymus, causing

text: AIDS

text: , or kidney, causing

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: )." "I have found that cancer,

text: HIV

text: diabetes

text: , endometriosis, Hodgkin's disease,

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: lupus

text: MS

text: and “universal allergy syndrome” are examples of fluke disease." However, this worm does not live in the United States or Europe, but mainly in

text: India

text: , parts of

text: China

text: Vietnam

text: and other east-Asian countries, and only in rural areas where people are eating unboiled food from water plants, or where pigs live close to humans. According to Clark,

text: depression

text: is caused by

text: hookworm

text: s. Epilepsy and seizures are caused by swelling in the brain, attracting calcium and heavy metals, created by the parasite

text: ascaris

text: as well as by

text: malvin

text: , a natural dye found in strawberries, chicken, and eggs.

text: From the study above, several conclusions have been made.  A relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease.  Personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity.  It has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality.  On the contrary, psychoanalysis can increase the likelihood of cancer and coronary heart disease mortality drastically (Citation need. This has no supporting evidence).  Studies suggest that both body and mental disease arise from each other.  Mental disorders arise from physical causes, and likewise, physical disorders arise from mental causes.  While Type A personality did not show a strong direct relationship between its attributes and the cause of coronary heart disease, other types of personalities have shown strong influences on both cancer-prone patients and those prone to coronary heart disease.

text: The plot focuses on a group of patients as they undergo crude and frightening treatment in a squalid hospital. Writer and literary critic Jeffrey Meyers writes that the novel is the "most complete and accurate fictional account of the nature of disease and its relation to love. It describes the characteristics of cancer; the physical, psychological, and moral effects on the victim; the conditions of the hospital; the relations of patients and doctors; the terrifying treatments; the possibility of death." Kostoglotov's central question is what life is worth, and how we know when we have paid too much for it.

text: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensitivity to ultra-violet (UV) light, massively increased risk of sunburn and increased risk of skin cancers. The risk of skin cancer is more than 10000 times that of normal individuals and includes many types of skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Also, sun exposed areas of the tongue, lips and eyes have an increased risk of becoming cancerous. XP may be associated with other internal cancers and benign tumors. In addition to cancer, some genetic mutations that cause XP are associated with neurodegeneration. XP may be caused by genetic mutations in 8 genes, which produce the following enzymes: XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPE, XPF, XPG and Pol η. XPA-XPF are  nucleotide excision repair enzymes that repair UV light-damaged DNA and faulty proteins will allow the buildup of mutations caused by UV light. Pol η is a polymerase, which is an enzyme involved in DNA replication. There are many polymerases, but pol η is the enzyme that replicates UV light-damaged DNA. Mutations in this gene will produce a faulty pol η enzyme that cannot replicate DNA with UV light damage. Individuals with mutations of this gene have a subset of XP; XP-variant disease.

text: Xeroderma pigmentosum

text: (XP) is an

text: autosomal recessive

text: disorder characterized by sensitivity to

text: ultra-violet (UV) light

text: , massively increased risk of

text: sunburn

text: and increased risk of

text: skin cancer

text: s. The risk of skin cancer is more than 10000 times that of normal individuals and includes many types of skin cancer, including

text: melanoma

text: and non-melanoma skin cancers. Also, sun exposed areas of the tongue, lips and eyes have an increased risk of becoming cancerous. XP may be associated with other internal cancers and benign tumors. In addition to cancer, some

text: genetic mutation

text: s that cause XP are associated with

text: neurodegeneration

text: . XP may be caused by genetic mutations in 8 genes, which produce the following

text: enzyme

text: s:

text: XPA

text: XPB

text: XPC

text: XPD

text: XPE

text: XPF

text: XPG

text: and

text: Pol η

text: . XPA-XPF are

text: nucleotide excision repair

text: enzymes that repair UV light-damaged DNA and faulty proteins will allow the buildup of mutations caused by UV light. Pol η is a

text: polymerase

text: , which is an enzyme involved in DNA replication. There are many polymerases, but pol η is the enzyme that replicates UV light-damaged DNA. Mutations in this gene will produce a faulty pol η enzyme that cannot replicate DNA with UV light damage. Individuals with mutations of this gene have a subset of XP; XP-variant disease.

text: Diabetes has caused nephropathy among Native Americans, leading to renal function deterioration, failure, and disease. Prior to the increase in cardiovascular disease among diabetic Native Americans, renal disease was the leading cause of death. Another complication documented in diabetic Native Americans, as well as other diabetic populations, is retinopathy.

text: Diabetes has caused

text: nephropathy

text: among Native Americans, leading to renal function deterioration, failure, and disease. Prior to the increase in cardiovascular disease among diabetic Native Americans, renal disease was the leading cause of death. Another complication documented in diabetic Native Americans, as well as other diabetic populations, is

text: retinopathy

text: If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options significantly change, so most doctors that treat prostate cancer use a variety of nomograms to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting/active surveillance, HIFU, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, and surgery are, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: Radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors. Cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses.

text: If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options significantly change, so most doctors that treat prostate cancer use a variety of

text: nomogram

text: s to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting/active surveillance, HIFU, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, and surgery are, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: Radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors.

text: Cryotherapy

text: (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses.

text: Individuals with Addison's disease has more than a doubled mortality rate. Furthermore, individuals with Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus have a almost 4 time increase in mortality compared to individuals with only diabetes.

text: Individuals with Addison's disease has more than a doubled

text: mortality rate

text: . Furthermore, individuals with Addison's disease and

text: diabetes mellitus

text: have a almost 4 time increase in mortality compared to individuals with only diabetes.

text: Blue eye disease is a viral disease that is commonly identified by encephalitis, pneumonia, and respiratory diseases in piglets. It also causes reproductive failure in adult pigs, and rarely identifies with corneal opacity, an eye disorder characterized by scarring of the cornea.

text: The connection with radon gas was first recognized among miners in the Ore Mountains near Schneeberg, Saxony. Silver has been mined there since 1470, and these mines are rich in uranium, with its accompanying radium and radon gas. Miners developed a disproportionate amount of lung disease, eventually recognized as lung cancer in the 1870s. Despite this discovery, mining continued into the 1950s, due to the USSR's demand for uranium. Radon was confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in the 1960s.

text: The connection with

text: radon

text: gas was first recognized among miners in the

text: Ore Mountains

text: near

text: Schneeberg, Saxony

text: Silver

text: has been mined there since 1470, and these mines are rich in

text: uranium

text: , with its accompanying

text: radium

text: and radon gas. Miners developed a disproportionate amount of lung disease, eventually recognized as lung cancer in the 1870s. Despite this discovery, mining continued into the 1950s, due to the

text: USSR

text: 's demand for uranium. Radon was confirmed as a cause of lung cancer in the 1960s.

text: Obesity is a disease-prompting condition as it leads to fatal diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and depression. By increase one's weight by 15 pounds, one's risk of getting diabetes increases by 50%. Obesity is defined as an "energy imbalance, whereby energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, and the excess is stored as adipose tissue". This epidemic not only has an effect on physical health, but mental health as well. Obesity correlates highly with depression, as there is a negative social stigma surrounding the physicality of these people. Obese individuals are assumed to be mean, lazy, and stupid. They are less likely to gain the same high-paying jobs as thinner people. They thus become a marginalized group. This problem cannot simply be fixed by an increase in physical activity. The foods that are available in America are extremely calorically dense and are designed to keep people coming back. Fat, sugar, and salt pull people in and begin a cycle of unhealthy eating from a young age. People may argue that genetics play a large part in a person's weight, but studies now show that genetics can only influence 30% of a person's physical stature. The rest relies on daily actions, which are influenced by individual proclivities and their environment. Access and education surrounding local healthy food could be the key to solving this health crisis.

text: Obesity

text: is a disease-prompting condition as it leads to fatal diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and depression. By increase one's weight by 15 pounds, one's risk of getting diabetes increases by 50%. Obesity is defined as an "energy imbalance, whereby energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, and the excess is stored as adipose tissue". This epidemic not only has an effect on physical health, but mental health as well. Obesity correlates highly with

text: depression

text: , as there is a negative social stigma surrounding the physicality of these people. Obese individuals are assumed to be mean, lazy, and stupid. They are less likely to gain the same high-paying jobs as thinner people. They thus become a marginalized group. This problem cannot simply be fixed by an increase in physical activity. The foods that are available in America are extremely calorically dense and are designed to keep people coming back. Fat, sugar, and salt pull people in and begin a cycle of unhealthy eating from a young age. People may argue that genetics play a large part in a person's weight, but studies now show that genetics can only influence 30% of a person's physical stature. The rest relies on daily actions, which are influenced by individual proclivities and their environment. Access and education surrounding local healthy food could be the key to solving this health crisis.

text: There is no conclusive evidence that green tea helps to prevent or treat cancer in people. A review of existing studies concluded that while suggestive evidence existed, it did not amount to a clear indication of benefit.

text: A full-body scan has the potential to identify disease (e.g. cancer) in early stages, and early identification can improve the success of curative efforts.  Controversy arises from the use of full-body scans in the screening of patients who have no signs or symptoms suggestive of a disease. As with any test that screens for disease, the risks of full-body CT scans need to be weighed against the benefit of identifying a treatable disease at an early stage.

text: A full-body scan has the potential to identify disease (e.g.

text: cancer

text: ) in early stages, and early identification can improve the success of curative efforts.  Controversy arises from the use of full-body scans in the

text: screening

text: of patients who have no signs or

text: symptom

text: s suggestive of a disease. As with any test that screens for disease, the risks of full-body CT scans need to be weighed against the benefit of identifying a treatable disease at an early stage.

text: The majority of ERVs that occur in vertebrate genomes are ancient, inactivated by mutation, and have reached genetic fixation in their host species. For these reasons, they are extremely unlikely to have negative effects on their hosts except under unusual circumstances. Nevertheless, it is clear from studies in birds and non-human mammal species including mice, cats and koalas, that younger (i.e., more recently integrated) ERVs can be associated with disease. This has led researchers to propose a role for ERVs in several forms of human cancer and autoimmune disease, although conclusive evidence is lacking.

text: The majority of ERVs that occur in vertebrate genomes are ancient, inactivated by mutation, and have reached genetic

text: fixation

text: in their host species. For these reasons, they are extremely unlikely to have negative effects on their hosts except under unusual circumstances. Nevertheless, it is clear from studies in birds and non-human mammal species including mice, cats and

text: koalas

text: , that younger (i.e., more recently integrated) ERVs can be associated with disease. This has led researchers to propose a role for ERVs in several forms of human cancer and

text: autoimmune disease

text: , although conclusive evidence is lacking.

text: Cancer systems biology therefore adopts a holistic view of cancer  aimed at integrating its many biological scales, including genetics, signaling networks, epigenetics, cellular behavior, histology, (pre)clinical manifestations and epidemiology. Ultimately, cancer properties at one scale, e.g., histology, are explained by properties at a scale below, e.g., cell behavior. Likewise, a higher scale, e.g., epidemiology, can encroach on a lower scale, e.g., genetics. The fundamental concept is that percolation of properties across scales must be measured and taken into account in order to fully understand etiology, progression and dynamics of cancer. The systems biology approach relies heavily on the successes of decades of reductionism, which has clarified the component parts and mechanistic principles of living organisms, as well as their key alterations in cancer, especially at the genetic/genomic scale, to deep detail. Basic researchers and clinicians have progressively recognized the complexity of cancer and of its interaction with the micro- and macro-environment, since putting together the components to provide a cohesive view of the disease has been challenging and hampered progress. Cancer Systems Biology transcends the “reductionist” approach to cancer that typically produces causative explanations focused on a single gene or mutation, with little emphasis on inter-scale relationships.

text: Cancer systems biology therefore adopts a

text: holistic

text: view of cancer  aimed at integrating its many biological scales, including

text: genetics

text: signaling networks

text: epigenetic

text: s, cellular behavior, histology, (pre)clinical manifestations and epidemiology. Ultimately, cancer properties at one scale, e.g., histology, are explained by properties at a scale below, e.g., cell behavior. Likewise, a higher scale, e.g.,

text: epidemiology

text: , can encroach on a lower scale, e.g., genetics. The fundamental concept is that percolation of properties across scales must be measured and taken into account in order to fully understand

text: etiology

text: , progression and dynamics of cancer. The systems biology approach relies heavily on the successes of decades of

text: reductionism

text: , which has clarified the component parts and mechanistic principles of living organisms, as well as their key alterations in cancer, especially at the genetic/

text: genomic

text: scale, to deep detail. Basic researchers and clinicians have progressively recognized the complexity of cancer and of its interaction with the micro- and macro-environment, since putting together the components to provide a cohesive view of the disease has been challenging and hampered progress. Cancer Systems Biology transcends the “reductionist” approach to cancer that typically produces causative explanations focused on a single gene or mutation, with little emphasis on inter-scale relationships.

text: The conflict for him arises when he comes to know that the Aarti also loves him. The secretary takes advantage of the situation and tries to create a rift between Aarti and Shekhar so that she sings for the lyrics written by his boss. While Shekhar is in a dilemma, of what to do because he is in love with Simple, and Aarti is the one who has helped him achieve whatever he wanted in life, Aarti finds out she has Cancer. Clearing things with Shekhar, she then dies of the disease.

text: Some authors conclude that the presence of autoimmune conditions in NCGS patients suggests the presence of an unrecognized and undiagnosed celiac disease. Autoimmune diseases typically associated with celiac disease are diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroiditis, gluten ataxia, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and others.

text: Some authors conclude that the presence of

text: autoimmune conditions

text: in NCGS patients suggests the presence of an unrecognized and undiagnosed celiac disease.

text: Autoimmune diseases

text: typically associated with celiac disease are

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: thyroiditis

text: gluten ataxia

text: psoriasis

text: vitiligo

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , and others.

text: The concept of immunotherapy for cancer has been known for hundreds of years and was used by Dr William Coley et al. in the 1800s. Coley's Toxins are still available outside of the US. The idea of harnessing the antigen presenting cells (APC)'s to recognize cancer and target tumor cells for apoptosis (cell death) by the CD8 (cytotoxic cells) is a common approach to cancer vacine researchers.This 1997 example article describes targeting EGFR and other cell products and attaching their antigens to the CD64 receptor cells also using GM-CSF to grow more cells. The NIH calls this topic "Biological response modifiers (BRMs) occur naturally in the body and can be produced in the laboratory. BRMs alter the interaction between the body's immune defenses and cancer cells to boost, direct, or restore the body's ability to fight the disease." Immunocompromising diseases have caused many deaths in human history. An ongoing example is Karposi's sarcoma (KS) caused by the Human herpesvirus 8 virus normally controlled by the body's immune system. KS is normally a rare disease but AIDS has made it all to commonplace. AIDS patients, whose immune system has been compromised, fall victim to serious opportunistic infections such as (TB) and KS. The movie "Philadelphia (film)" gives a dramatic representation of AIDS and KS. A good method of preventing some cancers is to stop the viruses that lead to them. This is known as prophylatic treatment.The current cancer prophylactic vaccines are for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), HPV (cervical cancer, vaginal, vulvar cancer, penile, anal cancer) and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer are all defenses utilizing immunotherapy against viruses that lead to cancer.

text: The concept of immunotherapy for cancer has been known for hundreds of years and was used by Dr William Coley et al. in the 1800s.

text: Coley's Toxins

text: are still available outside of the US. The idea of harnessing the

text: antigen presenting cells

text: (APC)'s to recognize cancer and target tumor cells for

text: apoptosis

text: (cell death) by the

text: cytotoxic

text: cells) is a common approach to cancer vacine researchers.This 1997 example article describes targeting

text: EGFR

text: and other cell products and attaching their antigens to the

text: receptor cells also using

text: GM-CSF

text: to grow more cells. The NIH calls this topic "Biological response modifiers (BRMs) occur naturally in the body and can be produced in the laboratory. BRMs alter the interaction between the body's immune defenses and cancer cells to boost, direct, or restore the body's ability to fight the disease." Immunocompromising diseases have caused many deaths in human history. An ongoing example is

text: Karposi's sarcoma

text: (KS) caused by the

text: Human herpesvirus 8

text: virus normally controlled by the body's immune system. KS is normally a rare disease but

text: AIDS

text: has made it all to commonplace. AIDS patients, whose immune system has been compromised, fall victim to serious

text: opportunistic infections

text: such as (

text: TB

text: ) and KS. The movie "

text: Philadelphia (film)

text: " gives a dramatic representation of AIDS and KS. A good method of preventing some cancers is to stop the viruses that lead to them. This is known as prophylatic treatment.The current cancer prophylactic vaccines are for

text: Hepatitis B virus

text: (HBV),

text: HPV

text: cervical cancer

text: vaginal

text: vulvar cancer

text: penile

text: anal cancer

text: ) and

text: HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer

text: are all defenses utilizing immunotherapy against viruses that lead to cancer.

text: The three most common causes of death are circulatory disease, neoplasms, and respiratory disease. The two most common cancers are prostate cancer and breast cancer. The measles immunization rate of 86% for one year olds is below the WHO European region average rate and second lowest in the EU.

text: The three most common causes of death are circulatory disease,

text: neoplasm

text: s, and

text: respiratory disease

text: . The two most common cancers are prostate cancer and breast cancer. The

text: measles

text: immunization rate of 86% for one year olds is below the

text: WHO

text: European region average rate and second lowest in the

text: EU

text: It is possible to be an asymptomatic carrier of sexually transmitted diseases. In particular, sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause the serious condition of pelvic inflammatory disease.

text: It is possible to be an

text: asymptomatic

text: carrier of sexually transmitted diseases. In particular, sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause the serious condition of

text: pelvic inflammatory disease

text: Laryngectomy is the  removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus. In a total laryngectomy the entire larynx is removed and in a partial laryngectomy only a portion is taken out.  The laryngectomee breathes through an opening in the neck known as a stoma.  This procedure is usually performed by ENT surgeon in cases of laryngeal cancer. However, many laryngeal cancer cases are now treated only with more conservative surgeries through the mouth or with radiation and/or chemotherapy; laryngectomy is performed when those treatments fail to conserve the larynx or there is sufficient destruction by the cancer that would prevent normal function once it is destroyed. Laryngectomy is also performed on individuals with other types of head and neck cancer or severe swallowing problems.

text: Laryngectomy is the  removal of the

text: larynx

text: and separation of the airway from the

text: mouth

text: nose

text: and

text: esophagus

text: . In a total laryngectomy the entire larynx is removed and in a partial laryngectomy only a portion is taken out.  The laryngectomee breathes through an opening in the neck known as a

text: stoma

text: .  This procedure is usually performed by ENT surgeon in cases of

text: laryngeal cancer

text: . However, many laryngeal cancer cases are now treated only with more conservative surgeries through the mouth or with

text: radiation

text: and/or

text: chemotherapy

text: ; laryngectomy is performed when those treatments fail to conserve the larynx or there is sufficient destruction by the cancer that would prevent normal function once it is destroyed. Laryngectomy is also performed on individuals with other types of head and neck cancer or severe swallowing problems.

text: Even though Guatemala has improved its health care system substantially since the end of the Guatemalan Civil War, mortality rates for communicable diseases still show that considerable progress needs to be made  to remove the burden of infectious diseases on the population. In a country like Guatemala, water is poor and frequently contaminated. In order to decrease common communicable diseases like diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease, clean water and sanitation are necessary. With the health care system's provision of both clean water and food, the incidence of infectious and communicable diseases will decrease.

text: Even though Guatemala has improved its health care system substantially since the end of the Guatemalan Civil War, mortality rates for communicable diseases still show that considerable progress needs to be made  to remove the burden of infectious diseases on the population. In a country like Guatemala, water is poor and frequently contaminated. In order to decrease common communicable diseases like diarrhea,

text: tuberculosis

text: pneumonia

text: , and respiratory disease, clean water and sanitation are necessary. With the health care system's provision of both clean water and food, the incidence of infectious and communicable diseases will decrease.

text: Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system begin early during embryogenesis, and successful neurodevelopment depends on a balanced immune response. It is possible that aberrant immune activity during critical periods of neurodevelopment is part of the mechanism of some forms of ASD. A small percentage of autism cases are associated with infection, usually before birth. Results from immune studies have been contradictory. Some abnormalities have been found in specific subgroups, and some of these have been replicated. It is not known whether these abnormalities are relevant to the pathology of autism, for example, by infection or autoimmunity, or whether they are secondary to the disease processes. As autoantibodies are found in diseases other than ASD, and are not always present in ASD, the relationship between immune disturbances and autism remains unclear and controversial. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found that children with a family history of autoimmune diseases were at a greater risk of autism compared to children without such a history.

text: Interactions between the

text: immune system

text: and the nervous system begin early during

text: embryogenesis

text: , and successful neurodevelopment depends on a balanced immune response. It is possible that aberrant immune activity during critical periods of neurodevelopment is part of the mechanism of some forms of ASD. A small percentage of autism cases are associated with infection, usually before birth. Results from immune studies have been contradictory. Some abnormalities have been found in specific subgroups, and some of these have been replicated. It is not known whether these abnormalities are relevant to the pathology of autism, for example, by infection or autoimmunity, or whether they are secondary to the disease processes. As

text: autoantibodies

text: are found in diseases other than ASD, and are not always present in ASD, the relationship between immune disturbances and autism remains unclear and controversial. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found that children with a family history of autoimmune diseases were at a greater risk of autism compared to children without such a history.

text: Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, the pathologies caused by diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegeneration in motor neuron diseases. In many of these cases, it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease, or if they are produced as a secondary consequence of the disease and from general tissue damage; One case in which this link is particularly well-understood is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Here, low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation appears to trigger the process of atherogenesis, which results in atherosclerosis, and finally cardiovascular disease.

text: Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases including

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Parkinson's disease

text: , the pathologies caused by

text: diabetes

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: , and

text: neurodegeneration

text: in

text: motor neuron disease

text: s. In many of these cases, it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease, or if they are produced as a secondary consequence of the disease and from general tissue damage; One case in which this link is particularly well-understood is the role of oxidative stress in

text: cardiovascular disease

text: . Here,

text: low density lipoprotein

text: (LDL) oxidation appears to trigger the process of

text: atherogenesis

text: , which results in

text: atherosclerosis

text: , and finally cardiovascular disease.

text: The International Diabetes Federation has estimated that currently 194 million people worldwide, or 5.1% within the adult population have diabetes; this will jump to 333 million, or 6.3%, by 2025. Type 2 Diabetes makes up approximately 85% to 95% of all diabetes in developed countries, and is even higher in developing countries.

text: In preclinical models, ActoGeniX has confirmed the applicability of ActoBiotics™ for diseases including gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune diseases and allergies.

text: In preclinical models, ActoGeniX has confirmed the applicability of

text: ActoBiotics

text: ™ for diseases including gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune diseases and allergies.

text: Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or HbA and complications such as retinal problems. A fasting or random blood sugar is preferred over the glucose tolerance test, as they are more convenient for people. HbA has the advantages that fasting is not required and results are more stable but has the disadvantage that the test is more costly than measurement of blood glucose. It is estimated that 20% of people with diabetes in the United States do not realize that they have the disease.

text: Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or HbA and complications such as

text: retinal problems

text: . A fasting or random blood sugar is preferred over the glucose tolerance test, as they are more convenient for people. HbA has the advantages that fasting is not required and results are more stable but has the disadvantage that the test is more costly than measurement of blood glucose. It is estimated that 20% of people with diabetes in the United States do not realize that they have the disease.

text: In the course of the 27th EAACI congress  by the “European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology” in Barcelona, Spain, as well as in the course of the 10th International Nutrition-based Allergy Symposium in Parma, Italy, scientists discussed the idea of Wikifood and the necessity of disclosure of food ingredients lists to consumers and nutrition-based allergy patients electronically:

text: Chlorella is consumed as a health supplement primarily in the United States and Canada and as a food supplement in Japan.  Chlorella has a number of purported health effects, including an ability to treat cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

text: Chlorella is consumed as a health supplement primarily in the United States and Canada and as a food supplement in Japan.  Chlorella has a number of purported health effects, including an ability to treat cancer. However, according to the

text: American Cancer Society

text: , "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

text: The gluten in wheat bread is dangerous to people with celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders, such as non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. For the Catholic Church, this issue was addressed in the 24 July 2003 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which summarized and clarified earlier declarations. The Catholic Church believes that the matter for the Eucharist must be wheaten bread and fermented wine from grapes: it holds that, if the gluten has been entirely removed, the result is not true wheaten bread, For celiacs, but not generally, it allows low-gluten bread. It also permits Holy Communion to be received under the form of either bread or wine alone, except by a priest who is celebrating Mass without other priests or as principal celebrant. Many Protestant churches offer communicants gluten-free alternatives to wheaten bread, usually in the form of a rice-based cracker or gluten-free bread.

text: The

text: gluten

text: in wheat bread is dangerous to people with

text: celiac disease

text: and other

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: . For the Catholic Church, this issue was addressed in the 24 July 2003 letter of the

entity_name: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

text: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

text: , which summarized and clarified earlier declarations. The Catholic Church believes that the matter for the Eucharist must be wheaten bread and fermented wine from grapes: it holds that, if the gluten has been entirely removed, the result is not true wheaten bread, For celiacs, but not generally, it allows low-gluten bread. It also permits Holy Communion to be received under the form of either bread or wine alone, except by a priest who is celebrating Mass without other priests or as principal celebrant. Many Protestant churches offer communicants gluten-free alternatives to wheaten bread, usually in the form of a rice-based cracker or gluten-free bread.

text: Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. Most of these diseases are inherited in a complex way, with either multiple genes involved, or coming from both genes and the environment. As an example, the risk of breast cancer is 50 times higher in the families most at risk, compared to the families least at risk. This variation is probably due to a large number of alleles, each changing the risk a little bit. Several of the genes have been identified, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, but not all of them. However, although some of the risk is genetic, the risk of this cancer is also increased by being overweight, drinking a lot of alcohol and not exercising. A woman's risk of breast cancer therefore comes from a large number of alleles interacting with her environment, so it is very hard to predict.

text: Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. Most of these diseases are inherited in a complex way, with either multiple genes involved, or coming from both genes and the environment. As an example, the risk of

text: breast cancer

text: is 50 times higher in the families most at risk, compared to the families least at risk. This variation is probably due to a large number of alleles, each changing the risk a little bit. Several of the genes have been identified, such as

text: and

text: , but not all of them. However, although some of the risk is genetic, the risk of this cancer is also increased by being overweight, drinking a lot of alcohol and not exercising. A woman's risk of breast cancer therefore comes from a large number of alleles interacting with her environment, so it is very hard to predict.

text: Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

text: Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for

text: neurodegenerative diseases

text: and conditions,

text: diabetes

text: heart disease

text: , and other conditions.

text: The term progestin may refer to synthetic progestogens that have effects similar to those of progesterone, or to progesterone itself.  The two most common uses of progestins are for hormonal contraception (either alone or with an estrogen), and to prevent endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen in hormone replacement therapy. Progestins are also used to treat secondary amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometriosis, and as palliative treatment of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. High-dose megestrol acetate is used to treat anorexia, cachexia, and AIDS-related wasting.

text: The term progestin may refer to

text: synthetic

text: progestogen

text: s that have effects similar to those of

text: progesterone

text: , or to progesterone itself.  The two most common uses of progestins are for

text: hormonal contraception

text: (either alone or with an

text: estrogen

text: ), and to prevent

text: endometrial hyperplasia

text: from unopposed estrogen in

text: hormone replacement therapy

text: . Progestins are also used to treat

text: secondary amenorrhea

text: dysfunctional uterine bleeding

text: and

text: endometriosis

text: , and as

text: palliative

text: treatment of

text: endometrial cancer

text: renal cell carcinoma

text: breast cancer

text: , and

text: prostate cancer

text: . High-dose

text: megestrol acetate

text: is used to treat

text: anorexia

text: cachexia

text: , and

text: AIDS

text: -related

text: wasting

text: Disease states associated with carotenoderma include hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, anorexia nervosa, nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease. In hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus, the underlying mechanism of hypercarotenemia is thought to be both impaired conversion of beta-carotene into retinol and the associated increased serum lipids.  Diabetes mellitus has also been associated with carotenoderma through disease-specific diets that are rich in vegetables. In the nephrotic syndrome, the hypercarotenemia is related to the associated increased serum lipids, similar to the above entities.

text: Disease states associated with carotenoderma include

text: hypothyroidism

text: diabetes mellitus

text: anorexia nervosa

text: , nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease. In hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus, the underlying mechanism of hypercarotenemia is thought to be both impaired conversion of beta-carotene into retinol and the associated increased serum lipids.

text: Diabetes mellitus

text: has also been associated with carotenoderma through disease-specific diets that are rich in vegetables. In the nephrotic syndrome, the hypercarotenemia is related to the associated increased serum lipids, similar to the above entities.

text: Human activation-inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (AITR) and its ligand, AITRL, are important costimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Despite the importance of these costimulatory molecules in autoimmune disease, their role in the autoimmune reaction to herniated disc fragments has yet to be explored.

text: Kojic acid may be used on cut fruits to prevent oxidative browning, in seafood to preserve pink and red colors, and in cosmetics to lighten skin.  As an example of the latter, it is used to treat skin diseases like melasma. Kojic acid also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.The cocrystals of kojic acid with quercetin were found to have two times better cytotoxic activity to human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) in comparison with quercetin itself.

text: Kojic acid may be used on cut fruits to prevent

text: oxidative browning

text: , in

text: seafood

text: to preserve pink and red colors, and in cosmetics to lighten skin.  As an example of the latter, it is used to treat skin diseases like

text: melasma

text: . Kojic acid also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.The

text: cocrystal

text: s of kojic acid with

text: quercetin

text: were found to have two times better

text: cytotoxic

text: activity to human

text: cervical cancer

text: cells (

text: HeLa

text: ) and human

text: colon cancer

text: cells (

text: ) in comparison with quercetin itself.

text: When VEGF is overexpressed, it can contribute to disease. Solid cancers cannot grow beyond a limited size without an adequate blood supply; cancers that can express VEGF are able to grow and metastasize. Overexpression of VEGF can cause vascular disease in the retina of the eye and other parts of the body. Drugs such as aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab can inhibit VEGF and control or slow those diseases.

text: When VEGF is overexpressed, it can contribute to disease. Solid cancers cannot grow beyond a limited size without an adequate blood supply; cancers that can express VEGF are able to grow and metastasize. Overexpression of VEGF can cause vascular disease in the

text: retina

text: of the eye and other parts of the body. Drugs such as

text: aflibercept

text: bevacizumab

text: , and

text: ranibizumab

text: can inhibit VEGF and control or slow those diseases.

text: Anthony Cerami has led research programs into genetic, metabolic and infectious diseases, with the goal of translating scientific discovery into clinically important products. Among the successes of his approach are: glycated hemoglobin to monitor diabetic control, anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapies to treat inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and, recently, tissue protective cytokines to safely treat devastating diseases and injuries. He is the recipient the Luft Award in Diabetes and the Frederick Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement, awarded by the American Diabetes Association in recognition of his lifelong work on diabetes.

text: Anthony Cerami has led research programs into genetic, metabolic and infectious diseases, with the goal of translating scientific discovery into clinically important products. Among the successes of his approach are:

text: glycated hemoglobin

text: to monitor diabetic control, anti-

text: tumour necrosis factor-alpha

text: therapies to treat inflammatory diseases such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and, recently, tissue protective

text: cytokines

text: to safely treat devastating diseases and injuries. He is the recipient the Luft Award in

text: Diabetes

text: and the

text: Frederick Banting

text: Medal for Scientific Achievement, awarded by the

text: American Diabetes Association

text: in recognition of his lifelong work on diabetes.

text: Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of oral cancer. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Cancer Institute, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat), esophagus, larynx, and lung." Pipe smoking involves significant health risks, particularly oral cancer. Roughly half of periodontitis or inflammation around the teeth cases are attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco causes gingival recession and white mucosal lesions. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can be extended to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. Smoking has been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth. Halitosis or bad breath is common among tobacco smokers. Tooth loss has been shown to be 2 to 3 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may further include leukoplakia, the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue.

text: Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of

text: oral cancer

text: . However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. The

text: National Institutes of Health

text: , through the

text: National Cancer Institute

text: , determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the

text: oral cavity

text: (lip, tongue, mouth, throat),

text: esophagus

text: larynx

text: , and

text: lung

text: Pipe

text: smoking involves significant health risks, particularly oral cancer. Roughly half of

text: periodontitis

text: or inflammation around the teeth cases are attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco causes

text: gingival recession

text: and white mucosal

text: lesion

text: s. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can be extended to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. Smoking has been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth.

text: Halitosis

text: or bad breath is common among tobacco smokers. Tooth loss has been shown to be 2 to 3 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may further include

text: leukoplakia

text: , the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue.

text: Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome can manifest similarly to other diseases, which must be ruled out when making a diagnosis. These include tuberous sclerosis, which causes skin lesions similar to fibrofolliculomas, and Von Hippel-Lindau disease, which causes hereditary kidney cancers. Once diagnosed, people with BHD are treated preventatively, with monitoring of kidneys and lungs using medical imaging. Fibrofolliculomas can be removed surgically and pneumothorax and kidney cancer are treated according to the normal standard of care.

text: Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome can manifest similarly to other diseases, which must be ruled out when making a diagnosis. These include

text: tuberous sclerosis

text: , which causes skin lesions similar to fibrofolliculomas, and

text: Von Hippel-Lindau disease

text: , which causes hereditary kidney cancers. Once diagnosed, people with BHD are treated preventatively, with monitoring of kidneys and lungs using

text: medical imaging

text: . Fibrofolliculomas can be removed surgically and pneumothorax and kidney cancer are treated according to the normal standard of care.

text: Usually, gathering energy resources in the developing countries in particular sub Saharan countries is undertaken by women. And women spend much time on cooking in a kitchen. They spend much time on harvesting energy resources and thus correspondingly consume their physical energy, which bring chronic fatigue to women. Moreover, the women and children, who spend much time in their kitchens to serve their families and stick around their moms to help moms' house chores, respectively, are in danger of long-term exposure to indoor air pollution caused by burning the traditional biomass. During the combustion, carbon monoxide, particles, benzene, and the likes threat their health. Expected diseases are acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, asthma, and other diseases. "The health consequences of using biomass in an unsustainable way are staggering. According to the World Health Organization, exposure to indoor air pollution is responsible for the nearly two million excess deaths, primarily women and children, from cancer, respiratory infections and lung diseases and for four percent of the global burden of disease. In relative terms, deaths related to biomass pollution kill more people than malaria (1.2 million) and tuberculosis (1.6 million) each year around the world."

text: It was not long after this time that the tribe’s chief, Sidapitu, fell gravely ill – possibly with what we would now call bowel cancer. Sijabat saw the opportunity to help his revered leader, and worked closely with the chief for many months: firstly attempting to rid him of his disease, then acting to ensure his comfort during his final days.

text: The leading causes of death in Australia in 2011 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia and alzheimer disease, trachea, bronchus and lung cancers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  More than half of all consultations with GPs in Australia are in relation to chronic condition such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes.

text: The leading causes of death in Australia in 2011 were

text: ischaemic heart disease

text: cerebrovascular disease

text: dementia

text: and

text: alzheimer disease

text: , trachea, bronchus and

text: lung cancer

text: s and

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: .  More than half of all consultations with

text: GPs

text: in Australia are in relation to chronic condition such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes.

text: In 2001, cardiologist-researcher Professor Garry Jennings AO became the Institute’s sixth Director. Under Jennings’ leadership, the Institute grew substantially and by 2002, the Institute had its own purpose-built facilities adjacent to The Alfred Hospital. By 2007, a national Aboriginal Health research program was established to help address the profound health disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Jennings also oversaw one of the most significant changes in the Institute’s history, the merger in 2008 of the Baker Heart Research Institute with the International Diabetes Institute, which was founded and led by Zimmet. This created Australia’s first multidisciplinary medical research institute dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and their complications, such as kidney disease.

text: According to the American Cancer Society, cassava is ineffective as an anti-cancer agent: "there is no convincing scientific evidence that cassava or tapioca is effective in preventing or treating cancer".

text: According to the

text: American Cancer Society

text: , cassava is

entity_name: List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments

text: ineffective

text: as an anti-cancer agent: "there is no convincing scientific evidence that cassava or tapioca is effective in preventing or treating cancer".

text: Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific or localised autoimmune disorders, depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features of each disease.

text: Skin diseases are very common in dogs.  Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs.  Other skin diseases related to allergies include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergy, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis.  Canine follicular dysplasia is an inherited disorder of the hair follicles resulting in alopecia (baldness).  Mange is an infectious skin disease caused by mites.  Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is hygromas, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint.

text: Skin diseases are very common in dogs.

text: Atopy

text: , a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs.  Other skin diseases related to allergies include

text: hot spot

text: s and

text: pyoderma

text: , both characterized by secondary bacterial infections,

text: food allergy

text: ear infections

text: , and

text: flea allergy dermatitis

text: Canine follicular dysplasia

text: is an inherited disorder of the

text: hair follicle

text: s resulting in

text: alopecia

text: (baldness).

text: Mange

text: is an infectious skin disease caused by

text: mite

text: s.

text: Endocrine diseases

text: such as

text: hypothyroidism

text: and

text: Cushing's syndrome

text: can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is

text: hygroma

text: s, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint.

text: Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906.

text: Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by

text: allergic rhinitis

text: , about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by

text: Clemens von Pirquet

text: in 1906.

text: Prostate cancer is in most cases a slowly progressive disease. However, early localized disease is curable whereas metastatic disease is not. Thus, a continued debate among clinicians is whether to treat early to prevent disseminated disease, or observe and delay treatment until there is evidence of progression. The former risks harm from overtreatment of an indolent disease; whereas the latter risks missing an opportunity for cure among those destined to experience progression. An unmet need is to identify the relatively small proportion of men with a lethal phenotype in whom death can be prevented by curative intervention; while avoiding treatment of the large pool of indolent disease that can be detected with screening.

text: HAART– hairy cell leukemia– halofuginone hydrobromide– Halsted radical mastectomy– hamartoma– hand-foot syndrome– head and neck cancer– Hedyotis diffusa– HeLa– helical computed tomography– helper T cell– hemagglutinin-neuraminidase– hemangiopericytoma– hemangiosarcoma– hematogenous– hematologic malignancy– hematologist– hematopoiesis– hematopoietic growth factor– hematopoietic tissue– hematoporphyrin derivative– hemilaryngectomy– heparin– hepatectomy– hepatic– hepatic arterial infusion– hepatic artery– hepatic portal vein– hepatic veno-occlusive disease– hepatoblastoma– hepatocellular carcinoma– hepatocyte– hepatoma– hepatomegaly– HER1– HER2/neu– HER2/neu gene– herba scutellaria barbatae– hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome– hereditary mutation– hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer– herpesvirus– heterogenic– hexyl 5-aminolevulinate– high-dose chemotherapy– high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy– high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy– high-energy photon therapy– high-grade lymphoma– high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion– high-risk cancer– highly active antiretroviral therapy– hilar– histamine dihydrochloride– histiocytic lymphoma– histologic examination– histology– histone– histone deacetylase– historic cohort study– historical control subject– HLA– HNPCC– Hodgkin's disease– Hodgkin's lymphoma– holmium Ho 166 DOTMP– homoharringtonine– hormonal therapy– hormone receptor– hormone receptor test– hormone replacement therapy– hormone responsive– hormone therapy– Horner's syndrome– host cell– hot nodule– HPPH– HPV– HRT– HTLV-1– hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein– Huang Lian– human epidermal growth factor receptor 2– human leukocyte antigen– human lymphocyte antigen– human papillomavirus– human T-cell leukemia virus type 1– Hürthle cell neoplasm– hydrazine sulfate– hydromorphone– hydronephrosis– hydroureter– hydroxychloroquine– hydroxyurea– hypercalcemia– hyperfractionation– hyperglycemia– hypericum perforatum– hypernephroma– hyperplasia– hypersensitivity– hyperthermia therapy– hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion– hyperthermic perfusion– hyperthyroidism– hyperuricemia– hypervascular– hypoglycemia– hypopharynx– hypotension– hypothalamus– hypothesis– hypothyroidism– hypoxia– hypoxic– hysterectomy

text: HAART

text: hairy cell leukemia

text: halofuginone hydrobromide

text: Halsted radical mastectomy

text: hamartoma

text: hand-foot syndrome

text: head and neck cancer

text: Hedyotis diffusa

text: HeLa

text: helical computed tomography

text: helper T cell

text: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase

text: hemangiopericytoma

text: hemangiosarcoma

text: hematogenous

entity_name: Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

text: hematologic malignancy

text: hematologist

text: hematopoiesis

text: hematopoietic growth factor

text: hematopoietic tissue

text: hematoporphyrin derivative

text: hemilaryngectomy

text: heparin

text: hepatectomy

text: hepatic

text: hepatic arterial infusion

text: hepatic artery

text: hepatic portal vein

text: hepatic veno-occlusive disease

text: hepatoblastoma

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: hepatocyte

text: hepatoma

text: hepatomegaly

text: HER2/neu gene

text: herba scutellaria barbatae

entity_name: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

text: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

text: hereditary mutation

entity_name: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

text: hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

text: herpesvirus

text: heterogenic

text: hexyl 5-aminolevulinate

text: high-dose chemotherapy

text: high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy

text: high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy

text: high-energy photon therapy

text: high-grade lymphoma

text: high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion

text: high-risk cancer

text: highly active antiretroviral therapy

text: hilar

text: histamine dihydrochloride

text: histiocytic lymphoma

text: histologic examination

text: histology

text: histone

text: histone deacetylase

text: historic cohort study

text: historical control subject

text: HLA

text: HNPCC

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: holmium Ho 166 DOTMP

text: homoharringtonine

text: hormonal therapy

text: hormone receptor

text: hormone receptor test

text: hormone replacement therapy

text: hormone responsive

text: hormone therapy

text: Horner's syndrome

text: host cell

text: hot nodule

text: HPPH

text: HPV

text: HRT

text: hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein

text: Huang Lian

text: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: human lymphocyte antigen

text: human papillomavirus

text: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

text: Hürthle cell neoplasm

text: hydrazine sulfate

text: hydromorphone

text: hydronephrosis

text: hydroureter

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: hydroxyurea

text: hypercalcemia

text: hyperfractionation

text: hyperglycemia

text: hypericum perforatum

text: hypernephroma

text: hyperplasia

text: hypersensitivity

text: hyperthermia therapy

text: hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion

text: hyperthermic perfusion

text: hyperthyroidism

text: hyperuricemia

text: hypervascular

text: hypoglycemia

text: hypopharynx

text: hypotension

text: hypothalamus

text: hypothesis

text: hypothyroidism

text: hypoxia

text: hypoxic

text: hysterectomy

text: Diabetic cheiroarthropathy is a cutaneous condition characterized by thickened skin and limited joint mobility of the hands and fingers, leading to flexion contractures, a condition associated with diabetes mellitus and it is observed in roughly 30% of diabetic patients with longstanding disease. Limited Joint Mobility, or LJM, is a complication of Type 1 Diabetes.  It was one of the earliest known complications, first documented in 1974.

text: Diabetic cheiroarthropathy is a cutaneous condition characterized by thickened skin and limited joint mobility of the hands and fingers, leading to flexion contractures, a condition associated with

text: diabetes mellitus

text: and it is observed in roughly 30% of

text: diabetic

text: patients with longstanding disease. Limited Joint Mobility, or LJM, is a complication of

text: Type 1 Diabetes

text: .  It was one of the earliest known complications, first documented in 1974.

text: In humans, the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide is lung cancer, including non small cell lung carcinoma (NSLC) which accounts for 85% of all lung cancer cases in the United States.  Individuals with NSLC are often treated with therapeutic platinum compounds (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin) (see Lung cancer chemotherapy) that cause inter-strand DNA crosslinks. Among individuals with NSLC, low expression of BRCA1 in the primary tumor correlated with improved survival after platinum-containing chemotherapy.  This correlation implies that low BRCA1 in the cancer, and the consequent low level of DNA repair, causes vulnerability of the cancer to treatment by the DNA crosslinking agents.  High BRCA1 may protect cancer cells by acting in the homologous recombinational repair pathway that removes the damages in DNA introduced by the platinum drugs.  Taron et al. and Papadaki et al. concluded that the level of BRCA1 expression is a potentially important tool for tailoring chemotherapy in lung cancer management.

text: In humans, the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide is lung cancer, including

text: non small cell lung carcinoma

text: (NSLC) which accounts for 85% of all lung cancer cases in the United States.  Individuals with NSLC are often treated with therapeutic platinum compounds (e.g. cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin) (see

text: Lung cancer chemotherapy

text: ) that cause inter-strand DNA crosslinks. Among individuals with NSLC, low expression of

text: in the primary tumor correlated with improved survival after platinum-containing chemotherapy.  This correlation implies that low BRCA1 in the cancer, and the consequent low level of DNA repair, causes vulnerability of the cancer to treatment by the DNA crosslinking agents.  High BRCA1 may protect cancer cells by acting in the

text: homologous recombination

text: al repair pathway that removes the damages in DNA introduced by the platinum drugs.  Taron et al. and Papadaki et al. concluded that the level of BRCA1 expression is a potentially important tool for tailoring chemotherapy in lung cancer management.

text: [Section under construction]Grave's Disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are greatly increased in patients with CD. Grave's disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism, as GSE is a potentiator for autoimmune disease, but GD is more commonly found and avitaminosis of selenium and other minerals may be a factor in this increase.

text: Cancer treatments may vary depending on what type of cancer is being targeted, but one challenge remains in all of them: it is incredibly difficult to target without killing good cells. Cancer drugs and therapies all have very low selective toxicity. However, with the help of nanotechnology and RNA silencing, new and better treatments may be on the horizon for certain forms of cancer.

text: Cancer treatment

text: s may vary depending on what type of

text: cancer

text: is being targeted, but one challenge remains in all of them: it is incredibly difficult to target without killing good

text: cells

text: . Cancer drugs and therapies all have very low selective toxicity. However, with the help of nanotechnology and

text: RNA silencing

text: , new and better treatments may be on the horizon for certain forms of cancer.

text: Starting in 1961, after his return to Switzerland, he established himself as an independent researcher and eventually full professor (Ordinarius) at the University of Bern with initial support from the  Swiss National Science Foundation. From 1961 to 1971 he ran a successful clinical immunology and allergy program under Prof. Hans Kuske in the Department of Dermatology at the Inselspital Bern, the university hospital. During this time he investigated a growing variety of topics such as hapten-antibody interactions, contact dermatitis, immunological tolerance to simple chemicals, delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity and lymphocyte proliferation, among others. On October 1, 1971 he became the founding chairman of the Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergy at the University of Bern, a position he held until his retirement in 1993. One of the noteworthy contributions was the first description of the now well-known Cheese Washer’s Disease (in German: "Kaesewascherkrankheit"), a special form of farmer's lung syndrome.

text: Starting in 1961, after his return to Switzerland, he established himself as an independent researcher and eventually full professor (Ordinarius) at the

text: University of Bern

text: with initial support from the

text: Swiss National Science Foundation

text: . From 1961 to 1971 he ran a successful clinical immunology and allergy program under Prof. Hans Kuske in the Department of Dermatology at the Inselspital Bern, the university hospital. During this time he investigated a growing variety of topics such as hapten-antibody interactions, contact dermatitis, immunological tolerance to simple chemicals, delayed (type IV)

text: hypersensitivity

text: and

text: lymphocyte

text: proliferation, among others. On October 1, 1971 he became the founding chairman of the Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergy at the University of Bern, a position he held until his retirement in 1993. One of the noteworthy contributions was the first description of the now well-known Cheese Washer’s Disease (in German: "Kaesewascherkrankheit"), a special form of

text: farmer's lung

text: syndrome.

text: The pilot program of RCCS, and its foremost goal is to ensure that every cancer patient is covered by the absolute best medical coverage that money can buy. Battling cancer can sometimes cost a fortune and not always does an existing health-insurance policy do much to curb the costs to ensure optimal care. Often cancer patients that may have been paying their premiums their entire life, due to the financial difficulties brought on by the disease, may begin to fall behind in their payments causing a suspension of their policy. Others may have only had minimal coverage through government programs, that do not support many of the treatments and doctors needed to receive quality care. RCCS will arrange for these patients the necessary coverage to receive the help they need.

text: It is usually treated by World Health Organization volunteers who clean and bandage wounds caused by worms and return daily to pull the worm out a few more inches.  Dracunculiasis is preventable by water filtration, immediate case identification to prevent spread of disease, health education, and treating ponds with larvicide.  An eradication program has been able to reduce prevalence.  As of 2014, the four endemic countries are Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan.

text: It is usually treated by World Health Organization volunteers who clean and bandage wounds caused by worms and return daily to pull the worm out a few more inches.  Dracunculiasis is preventable by water filtration, immediate case identification to prevent spread of disease, health education, and treating ponds with larvicide.  An

text: eradication

text: program has been able to reduce prevalence.  As of 2014, the four endemic countries are Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan.

text: Allergies to a specific pollen are usually associated with OAS reactions to other certain foods.  For instance, an allergy to ragweed is associated with OAS reactions to banana, watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, zucchini, and cucumber. This does not mean that all sufferers of an allergy to ragweed will experience adverse effects from all or even any of these foods. Reactions may be associated with one type of food, with new reactions to other foods developing later. However, reaction to one or more foods in any given category does not necessarily mean a person is allergic to all foods in that group.

text: Allergies to a specific pollen are usually associated with OAS reactions to other certain foods.  For instance, an allergy to

text: ragweed

text: is associated with OAS reactions to

text: banana

text: watermelon

text: cantaloupe

text: honeydew

text: zucchini

text: , and

text: cucumber

text: . This does not mean that all sufferers of an allergy to ragweed will experience adverse effects from all or even any of these foods. Reactions may be associated with one type of food, with new reactions to other foods developing later. However, reaction to one or more foods in any given category does not necessarily mean a person is allergic to all foods in that group.

text: Diabetes in first nations has increasingly become a disease of the younger population, who thus experience a high burden of disease, diabetes-related complications and co-morbidity. To illustrate, in the general population Type 2 Diabetes is an old-age associated disease: New diabetes cases peaked in First Nations people between ages 40–49 compared with a non-First Nations peak of age 70+.

text: The following cultivars have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 3 or lower; they are completely female trees, and have low potential for causing allergies:

text: The following cultivars have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 3 or lower; they are completely

text: female

text: trees, and have low potential for causing allergies:

text: The main focus of attention after insulin were the potential profit makers in the pharmaceutical industry: human growth hormone and what promised to be a miraculous cure for viral diseases, interferon. Cancer was a central target in the 1970s because increasingly the disease was linked to viruses.  By 1980, a new company, Biogen, had produced interferon through recombinant DNA. The emergence of interferon and the possibility of curing cancer raised money in the community for research and increased the enthusiasm of an otherwise uncertain and tentative society. Moreover, to the 1970s plight of cancer was added AIDS in the 1980s, offering an enormous potential market for a successful therapy, and more immediately, a market for diagnostic tests based on monoclonal antibodies.  By 1988, only five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drugs by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA): synthetic insulin, human growth hormone, hepatitis B vaccine, alpha-interferon, and tissue plasminogen activator (TPa), for lysis of blood clots. By the end of the 1990s, however, 125 more genetically engineered drugs would be approved.

text: The main focus of attention after insulin were the potential profit makers in the pharmaceutical industry:

text: human growth hormone

text: and what promised to be a miraculous cure for viral diseases,

text: interferon

text: Cancer

text: was a central target in the 1970s because increasingly the disease was linked to viruses.  By 1980, a new company,

text: Biogen

text: , had produced

text: interferon

text: through recombinant DNA. The emergence of interferon and the possibility of curing cancer raised money in the community for research and increased the enthusiasm of an otherwise uncertain and tentative society. Moreover, to the 1970s plight of cancer was added

text: AIDS

text: in the 1980s, offering an enormous potential market for a successful therapy, and more immediately, a market for diagnostic tests based on monoclonal antibodies.  By 1988, only five proteins from genetically engineered cells had been approved as drugs by the United States

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: (FDA): synthetic

text: insulin

text: human growth hormone

text: hepatitis B vaccine

text: alpha-interferon

text: , and

text: tissue plasminogen activator

text: (TPa), for lysis of blood clots. By the end of the 1990s, however, 125 more genetically engineered drugs would be approved.

text: Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Identification of genes defining the immune defects may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches. Alternatively, genetic variations can also help to define the immunological pathway leading to disease.

text: If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes the diseased areas are surgically removed.  Females may undergo vaginectomy or vulvectomy, while males may undergo penectomy. Reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in sex reassignment surgery.

text: If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes the diseased areas are surgically removed.  Females may undergo

text: vaginectomy

text: or

text: vulvectomy

text: , while males may undergo

text: penectomy

text: Reconstructive surgery

text: may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in

text: sex reassignment surgery

text: Grapes have been associated with health for many centuries. They contain organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric, tannic), B group vitamins, vitamins P, PP, and C, calcium, carotene, magnesium salts, phosphorus and potassium, as well as trace elements such as copper, iron, manganese, sulphur and zinc. Proanthocyanidins, first extracted from grape seeds in 1970, and resveratrol, found in grape skins, are currently being studied for possible uses in the prevention and treatment of cancer and other illnesses, and for anti-ageing. Proanthocyanidins are powerful antioxidants that can block the action of free radicals. Advocates of grape therapy argue that these antioxidants inhibit the development of cancer, and can be used in treating a variety of other medical conditions such as arthritis and diabetes. Grapes are said to be beneficial for protecting against cardiovascular disease and, because of their potassium and glucose content, they are argued to be useful for treatment of heart disease by strengthening muscle tone, improving heart function and having a positive impact on convalescence. Alternative medicine practitioners have at times also recommended grapes and parts of the vine for high blood pressure, menopause, varicose veins, high cholesterol, skin rashes, and urination problems. The grape diet was promoted in the past as a treatment to flush toxins from the body. The grape cure is also prescribed for a decline in nutrition, especially with patients with early stage of tuberculosis, for diseases of the liver, kidneys and lungs and for gout and secondary anaemia and, in addition, for mental disease, nervous disorders, and sexual problems.Recent research by scientists at UCLA has found that combining resveratrol with benzoyl peroxide may improve that drug’s ability to kill the bacteria associated with acne. The presence of resveratrol on the skin of red grapes has prompted some doctors to recommend that adults drink reasonable quantities of red wine to combat heart disease. Resveratrol in red wine is suggested as an explanation for the disputed "French paradox," i.e. the apparent low occurrence of heart disease among the French, even though they eat a high-fat diet.

text: Grapes have been associated with health for many centuries. They contain organic acids (

text: tartaric

text: malic

text: citric

text: tannic

text: B group vitamins

text: vitamins

text: P, PP, and C,

text: calcium

text: carotene

text: magnesium

text: salts,

text: phosphorus

text: and

text: potassium

text: , as well as trace elements such as

text: copper

text: iron

text: manganese

text: sulphur

text: and

text: zinc

text: Proanthocyanidin

text: s, first extracted from grape seeds in 1970, and

text: resveratrol

text: , found in grape skins, are currently being studied for possible uses in the prevention and treatment of cancer and other illnesses, and for anti-ageing. Proanthocyanidins are powerful antioxidants that can block the action of

text: free radicals

text: . Advocates of grape therapy argue that these antioxidants inhibit the development of cancer, and can be used in treating a variety of other medical conditions such as

text: arthritis

text: and

text: diabetes

text: . Grapes are said to be beneficial for protecting against

text: cardiovascular disease

text: and, because of their potassium and

text: glucose

text: content, they are argued to be useful for treatment of heart disease by strengthening muscle tone, improving heart function and having a positive impact on

text: convalescence

text: . Alternative medicine practitioners have at times also recommended grapes and parts of the vine for high

text: blood pressure

text: menopause

text: varicose veins

text: , high

text: cholesterol

text: , skin rashes, and

text: urination

text: problems. The grape diet was promoted in the past as a treatment to flush

text: toxins

text: from the body. The grape cure is also prescribed for a decline in

text: nutrition

text: , especially with patients with early stage of

text: tuberculosis

text: , for diseases of the

text: liver

text: kidneys

text: and

text: lungs

text: and for

text: gout

text: and secondary

text: anaemia

text: and, in addition, for mental disease, nervous disorders, and sexual problems.Recent research by scientists at

text: UCLA

text: has found that combining resveratrol with benzoyl peroxide may improve that drug’s ability to kill the bacteria associated with acne. The presence of resveratrol on the skin of red grapes has prompted some doctors to recommend that adults drink reasonable quantities of red wine to combat heart disease. Resveratrol in red wine is suggested as an explanation for the disputed "

text: French paradox

text: ," i.e. the apparent low occurrence of heart disease among the French, even though they eat a high-fat diet.

text: There are many issues for all young people that revolve around body image, but these are magnified for those who have been through treatment, particularly when reaching teenage years. The treatments for cancer can include side effects such as temporary hair loss and weight gain as well as permanent effects like scarring, amputation or brain damage, and the result can often manifest itself in very low self-esteem or confidence. When the young people come on the trips they aren't alone in having no hair, or a scar on their leg, and it becomes much less of an issue. Everyone on their trip will have been through a similar experience and generally understand better than any of their friends from home what it is like to go though such a life-changing experience as cancer, often offering advice and support.

text: There are many issues for all young people that revolve around

text: body image

text: , but these are magnified for those who have been through treatment, particularly when reaching teenage years. The treatments for

text: cancer

text: can include side effects such as temporary hair loss and weight gain as well as permanent effects like scarring, amputation or brain damage, and the result can often manifest itself in very low self-esteem or confidence. When the young people come on the trips they aren't alone in having no hair, or a scar on their leg, and it becomes much less of an issue. Everyone on their trip will have been through a similar experience and generally understand better than any of their friends from home what it is like to go though such a life-changing experience as cancer, often offering advice and support.

text: Founded in 1943, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) is a professional medical membership organization of nearly 6,800 allergist/immunologists and related professionals around the world with advanced training and experience in allergy, asthma and other immunologic diseases. The Academy is dedicated to the advancement of the knowledge and practice of allergy, asthma and immunology for optimal patient care.

text: Founded in 1943, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) is a professional medical membership organization of nearly 6,800

text: allergist

text: immunologists

text: and related professionals around the world with advanced training and experience in allergy,

text: asthma

text: and other immunologic diseases. The Academy is dedicated to the advancement of the knowledge and practice of allergy, asthma and immunology for optimal patient care.

text: The main diseases that cause an increased excretion of faecal calprotectin are  inflammatory bowel diseases, coeliac disease, infectious colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal cystic fibrosis and colorectal cancer.

text: The main diseases that cause an increased excretion of faecal calprotectin are

text: inflammatory bowel diseases

text: coeliac disease

text: infectious colitis

text: necrotizing enterocolitis

text: , intestinal

text: cystic fibrosis

text: and

text: colorectal cancer

text: The 2013 report showed that global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65.3 years in 1990, to 71.5 years in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million to 54.9 million over the same interval. Progress varied widely across demographic and national groups. Reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections and neonatal causes in low-income regions drove the changes. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell, while for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100,000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes and malaria remain in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections.

text: The 2013 report showed that global

text: life expectancy

text: for both sexes increased from 65.3 years in 1990, to 71.5 years in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47.5 million to 54.9 million over the same interval. Progress varied widely across

text: demographic

text: and national groups. Reductions in age-standardised death rates for

text: cardiovascular diseases

text: and

text: cancers

text: in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from

text: diarrhoea

text: lower respiratory infections

text: and neonatal causes in low-income regions drove the changes.

text: HIV/AIDS

text: reduced life expectancy in southern

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: . For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell, while for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10.7%, from 4.3 million deaths in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100,000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS,

text: pancreatic cancer

text: atrial fibrillation

text: and flutter, drug use disorders,

text: diabetes

text: chronic kidney disease

text: and

text: sickle-cell anaemias

text: . Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes and malaria remain in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important

text: pathogens

text: are

text: rotavirus

text: for diarrhoea and

text: pneumococcus

text: for lower respiratory infections.

text: Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. As of 2013 there were approximately 368 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985. Typically it begins in middle or older age, although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was one of the first diseases described. The importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920s.

text: Many organisms within the Spirochaetes phylum are causative agents of prevalent diseases. Disease-causing members of this phylum include the following:

text: Since the medical education initially was influenced by its German teachers, many German medical terms became part of the Japanese language. These include クランケ (kuranke) from German Kranke as a term for the sick ones, カルテ (karute) from German Karte (card) in the sense of a card to record the course of disease of a patient, ギプス (gipusu) from German Gips for an orthopedic cast, アレルギー (arerugī) from German Allergie for allergy, and ノイローゼ (noirōze) from German Neurose for neurosis. Even the word オルガスムス (orugasumusu) for orgasm originates from the German word Orgasmus.

text: Since the medical education initially was influenced by its German teachers, many German medical terms became part of the Japanese language. These include クランケ (kuranke) from German Kranke as a term for the sick ones, カルテ (karute) from German Karte (card) in the sense of a card to record the course of disease of a patient, ギプス (gipusu) from German Gips for an orthopedic cast, アレルギー (arerugī) from German Allergie for allergy, and ノイローゼ (noirōze) from German Neurose for neurosis. Even the word オルガスムス (orugasumusu) for

text: orgasm

text: originates from the German word Orgasmus.

text: Antibodies directed against the αβ chains of the TCR have also been shown to be efficacious for the induction and restoration of immunological tolerance in animal models of autoimmunity  and transplantation. Like anti-CD3 antibodies, administration of anti-TCR αβ antibodies has generally been met with favorable effects in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Treatment of mice with anti-TCR αβ antibody at the time of Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) disease induction completely prevented disease onset, while treatment during chronic EAE disease caused disease remission. Anti-TCR αβ antibody treatment induces tolerance through a number of mechanisms including functional blockade of T cells at the site of inflammation, transient T-cell depletion, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, and an increase in the regulatory NKT cell population.  In transplantation, the use of anti-TCR αβ antibody treatment may be more efficacious than anti-CD3 antibody treatment, and its potential for prolonging allograft survival has been demonstrated in multiple animal models of transplantation, such as renal allografts, heterotopic heart transplants, and corneal transplants. While this has yet to be defined completely, this is likely the combined result of preserving γδ T cells and the lack of mitogenic effects observed when peripheral blood monocytes are incubated with anti-αβ TCR antibodies. The ability for anti-αβ TCR antibodies to modulate T cells without inducing significant cytokine release is likely due in part because the αβ TCR  lacks immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM’s).The ability for targeting the αβ TCR with monoclonal antibodies to prevent renal transplant rejection is currently the focus of a phase 2 clinical trial.

text: Antibodies directed against the αβ chains of the TCR have also been shown to be efficacious for the induction and restoration of immunological tolerance in animal models of autoimmunity  and transplantation. Like anti-CD3 antibodies, administration of anti-TCR αβ antibodies has generally been met with favorable effects in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Treatment of mice with anti-TCR αβ antibody at the time of

text: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

text: (EAE) disease induction completely prevented disease onset, while treatment during chronic EAE disease caused disease remission. Anti-TCR αβ antibody treatment induces tolerance through a number of mechanisms including functional blockade of T cells at the site of inflammation, transient T-cell depletion, upregulation of Th2 cytokines, and an increase in the regulatory NKT cell population.  In transplantation, the use of anti-TCR αβ antibody treatment may be more efficacious than anti-CD3 antibody treatment, and its potential for prolonging allograft survival has been demonstrated in multiple animal models of transplantation, such as renal allografts, heterotopic heart transplants, and corneal transplants. While this has yet to be defined completely, this is likely the combined result of preserving γδ T cells and the lack of mitogenic effects observed when peripheral blood monocytes are incubated with anti-αβ TCR antibodies. The ability for anti-αβ TCR antibodies to modulate T cells without inducing significant cytokine release is likely due in part because the αβ TCR  lacks

entity_name: Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif

text: immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif

text: s (ITAM’s).The ability for targeting the αβ TCR with monoclonal antibodies to prevent renal transplant rejection is currently the focus of a phase 2 clinical trial.

text: No such directive exists in the United States, but efforts are under way to mandate safe use guidelines for nickel. In August 2015, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) adopted a nickel safety position paper. The exact prevalence of Ni-ACD in the general population in the US is largely unknown. However, current estimates gauge that roughly 2.5 million US adults and 250,000 children suffer from nickel allergy, which costs an estimated $5.7 billion per year for treatment of symptoms. Loma Linda University, Nickel Allergy Alliance, and Dermatitis Academy created the first open access self-reported patient registry to record nickel allergy prevalence data in the US.

text: No such directive exists in the United States, but efforts are under way to mandate safe use guidelines for nickel. In August 2015, the

text: American Academy of Dermatology

text: (AAD) adopted a nickel safety position paper. The exact prevalence of Ni-ACD in the general population in the US is largely unknown. However, current estimates gauge that roughly 2.5 million US adults and 250,000 children suffer from nickel allergy, which costs an estimated $5.7 billion per year for treatment of symptoms.

text: Loma Linda University

text: , Nickel Allergy Alliance, and Dermatitis Academy created the first open access self-reported patient registry to record nickel allergy prevalence data in the US.

text: Allergy is a very common disease and leads to numerous health problems, with allergies and allergic asthma are the two most common diseases in the industrialized world, where half of the population of United States tested positive in a test of awareness for at least one common allergen. It has been shown that this type of disease has risen in prevalence over the past ten years.

text: Allergy is a very common disease and leads to numerous health problems, with allergies and

text: allergic asthma

text: are the two most common diseases in the industrialized world, where half of the population of United States tested positive in a test of awareness for at least one common allergen. It has been shown that this type of disease has risen in prevalence over the past ten years.

text: [[Image:Eddiebrockcancer.PNG|135px|left|thumb|Eddie Brock, separated from the symbiote, dying from cancer in Sensational Spider-Man vol. 2 #39 (August 2007).]]The 2003 story "The Hunger" introduced new elements to Brock's origin, revealing that Brock had cancer before joining with the symbiote, and that it chose to bond with Brock not only for his hatred towards Spider-Man, but also because the cancer causes the release of adrenaline, which sustains the symbiote. Brock is left reliant on the suit to live, and pursues Spider-Man out of fear that he will take the symbiote back, rather than for revenge over his lost career. Brock dies after the symbiote leaves him for Spider-Man, not wanting a diseased host. Spider-Man tricks the symbiote into again bonding with Brock, reviving him.

text: H. diminuta has been cited as a possible candidate species for helminthic therapy, i.e. the controlled use of live organism parasites for the prevention and control of diseases of modern living.  These diseases include allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders.

text: H. diminuta has been cited as a possible candidate species for

text: helminthic therapy

text: , i.e. the controlled use of live organism parasites for the prevention and control of diseases of modern living.  These diseases include allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders.

text: Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule α4-integrin. Natalizumab is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. It is co-marketed by Biogen and Élan as Tysabri, and was previously named Antegren. Natalizumab is administered by intravenous infusion every 28 days.  The drug is believed to work by reducing the ability of inflammatory immune cells to attach to and pass through the cell layers lining the intestines and blood–brain barrier.  Natalizumab has proven effective in treating the symptoms of both diseases, preventing relapse, vision loss, cognitive decline and significantly improving quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis, as well as increasing rates of remission and preventing relapse in Crohn's disease.

text: Natalizumab is a

text: humanized

text: monoclonal antibody

text: against the

text: cell adhesion molecule

text: . Natalizumab is used in the treatment of

text: multiple sclerosis

text: and

text: Crohn's disease

text: . It is co-marketed by

text: Biogen

text: and

text: Élan

text: as Tysabri, and was previously named Antegren. Natalizumab is administered by

text: intravenous infusion

text: every 28 days.  The drug is believed to work by reducing the ability of

text: inflammatory

text: immune cells

text: to attach to and pass through the cell layers lining the

text: intestine

text: s and

text: blood–brain barrier

text: .  Natalizumab has proven effective in treating the symptoms of both diseases, preventing relapse, vision loss, cognitive decline and significantly improving

text: quality of life

text: in people with multiple sclerosis, as well as increasing rates of remission and preventing relapse in Crohn's disease.

text: Burnet's work on graft-versus-host was in collaboration with Lone Simonsen between 1960 and 1962. Simonsen had shown in 1957 that when a chick embryo was inoculated intravenously with adult-fowl blood, a graft-versus-host reaction occurred; this was known as the Simonsen phenomenon. Their work in this system would later help to explain passenger leukocytes in transplantation. The last project he worked on at the Institute was a study with assistant Margaret Holmes of autoimmune disease in the New Zealand black mouse model; this mouse has a high incidence of spontaneous autoimmune hemolytic anemia. They looked at the inheritance of autoimmune disease, and their use of immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide to treat the disease influenced the use of immunosuppressive drugs in human autoimmune disease.

text: Burnet's work on graft-versus-host was in collaboration with Lone Simonsen between 1960 and 1962. Simonsen had shown in 1957 that when a chick embryo was inoculated intravenously with adult-fowl blood, a graft-versus-host reaction occurred; this was known as the Simonsen phenomenon. Their work in this system would later help to explain

text: passenger leukocyte

text: s in transplantation. The last project he worked on at the Institute was a study with assistant Margaret Holmes of autoimmune disease in the New Zealand black mouse model; this mouse has a high incidence of spontaneous autoimmune

text: hemolytic anemia

text: . They looked at the inheritance of autoimmune disease, and their use of immunosuppressive drug

text: cyclophosphamide

text: to treat the disease influenced the use of immunosuppressive drugs in human autoimmune disease.

text: Treatment options are limited, and usually include lifelong immunoglobulin replacement therapy. This therapy is thought to help reduce bacterial infections. This treatment alone is not wholly effective, and many people still experience other symptoms like lung disease and noninfectious inflammatory symptoms.

text: Treatment options are limited, and usually include lifelong

text: immunoglobulin

text: replacement therapy. This therapy is thought to help reduce bacterial infections. This treatment alone is not wholly effective, and many people still experience other symptoms like lung disease and noninfectious inflammatory symptoms.

text: The genus Marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of one species, Marburg marburgvirus, whose members are the two known marburgviruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever, and both are Select Agents, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: The

text: genus

text: Marburgvirus is the

text: taxonomic

text: home of one

text: species

text: Marburg marburgvirus

text: , whose members are the two known marburgviruses,

text: Marburg virus (MARV)

text: and

text: Ravn virus (RAVV)

text: . Both viruses cause

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: , and both are

text: Select Agent

text: s,

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring

text: National Institutes of Health

text: Category A Priority Pathogens,

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agents

text: Australia Group

text: A bowel resection or enterectomy (enter- + -ectomy) is a surgical procedure in which a part of an intestine (bowel) is removed, from either the small intestine or large intestine. Often the word enterectomy is reserved for the sense of small bowel resection, in distinction from colectomy, which covers the sense of large bowel resection. Bowel resection may be performed to treat gastrointestinal cancer, bowel necrosis, severe enteritis, diverticular disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, ulcerative colitis, or bowel obstruction due to scar tissue. Other reasons to perform bowel resection include traumatic injuries and to remove polyps when polypectomy is insufficient, either to prevent polyps from ever becoming cancerous or because they are causing or threatening bowel obstruction, such as in familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, or other polyposis syndromes. Some patients require ileostomy or colostomy after this procedure as alternative means of excretion. Depending on which part and how much of the intestines are removed, there may be digestive and metabolic challenges afterward, such as short bowel syndrome.

text: A bowel resection or enterectomy (

text: enter-

text: -ectomy

text: ) is a

text: surgical procedure

text: in which a part of an intestine (bowel) is removed, from either the

text: small intestine

text: or

text: large intestine

text: . Often the word enterectomy is reserved for the

text: sense

text: of small bowel resection, in distinction from

text: colectomy

text: , which covers the sense of large bowel resection. Bowel resection may be performed to treat

text: gastrointestinal cancer

text: , bowel

text: necrosis

text: , severe

text: enteritis

text: diverticular disease

text: Crohn's disease

text: endometriosis

text: ulcerative colitis

text: , or

text: bowel obstruction

text: due to

text: scar

text: tissue. Other reasons to perform bowel resection include traumatic injuries and to remove

text: polyps

text: when

text: polypectomy

text: is insufficient, either to prevent polyps from ever

text: becoming cancerous

text: or because they are causing or threatening bowel obstruction, such as in

text: familial adenomatous polyposis

text: Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

text: , or other polyposis syndromes. Some patients require

text: ileostomy

text: or

text: colostomy

text: after this procedure as alternative means of

text: excretion

text: . Depending on which part and how much of the intestines are removed, there may be

text: digestive

text: and

text: metabolic

text: challenges afterward, such as

text: short bowel syndrome

text: The presence of pain depends mainly on the location of the cancer and the stage of the disease. At any given time, about half of all patients with malignant cancer are experiencing pain, and two thirds of those with advanced cancer experience pain of such intensity that it adversely affects their sleep, mood, social relations and activities of daily living.

text: The presence of pain depends mainly on the location of the cancer and the

text: stage

text: of the disease. At any given time, about half of all patients with

text: malignant

text: cancer

text: are experiencing pain, and two thirds of those with advanced cancer experience pain of such intensity that it adversely affects their sleep, mood, social relations and

text: activities of daily living

text: When tolerance to self proteins is lost, DQ may become involved in autoimmune disease. Two autoimmune diseases in which HLA-DQ is involved are coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus type 1. DQ is one of several antigens involved in rejection of organ transplants. As a variable cell surface receptor on immune cells, these D antigens, originally HL-A4 antigens, are involved in graft versus host disease when lymphoid tissues are transplanted between people. Serological studies of DQ recognized that antibodies to DQ bind primarily to the β-chain. The currently used serotypes are HLA-DQ2, -DQ3, -DQ4, -DQ5, -DQ6, -DQ7, -DQ8, -DQ9. HLA-DQ1 is a weak reaction to the α-chain and was replaced by DQ5 and DQ6 serology. Serotyping is capable of identifying most aspects of DQ isoform structure and function, however sequence specific PCR is now the preferred method of determining HLA-DQA1 and  HLA-DQB1 alleles, as serotyping cannot resolve, often, the critical contribution of the DQ α-chain. This can be compensated for by examining DR serotypes as well as DQ serotypes.

text: When tolerance to self proteins is lost, DQ may become involved in

text: autoimmune disease

text: . Two autoimmune diseases in which HLA-DQ is involved are

text: coeliac disease

text: and

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: . DQ is one of several antigens involved in

text: rejection of organ transplants

text: . As a variable cell surface receptor on

text: immune cell

text: s, these D antigens, originally

text: antigens, are involved in

text: graft versus host disease

text: when

text: lymphoid tissue

text: s are transplanted between people.

text: Serological studies

text: of DQ recognized that antibodies to DQ bind primarily to the β-chain. The currently used serotypes are

text: is a weak reaction to the α-chain and was replaced by DQ5 and DQ6 serology. Serotyping is capable of identifying most aspects of DQ isoform structure and function, however sequence specific

text: PCR

text: is now the preferred method of determining

entity_name: Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1

text: and

text: HLA-DQB1 alleles

text: , as serotyping cannot resolve, often, the critical contribution of the DQ α-chain. This can be compensated for by examining DR serotypes as well as DQ serotypes.

text: If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to stage, or find out the extent of the disease. Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body are affected. Because stomach cancer can spread to the liver, the pancreas, and other organs near the stomach as well as to the lungs, the doctor may order a CT scan, a PET scan, an endoscopic ultrasound exam, or other tests to check these areas. Blood tests for tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) may be ordered, as their levels correlate to extent of metastasis, especially to the liver, and the cure rate.

text: If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to

text: stage

text: , or find out the extent of the disease. Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body are affected. Because stomach cancer can spread to the liver, the pancreas, and other organs near the stomach as well as to the lungs, the doctor may order a

text: CT scan

text: , a

text: PET scan

text: , an

text: endoscopic ultrasound

text: exam, or other tests to check these areas. Blood tests for

text: tumor marker

text: s, such as

text: carcinoembryonic antigen

text: (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) may be ordered, as their levels correlate to extent of metastasis, especially to the liver, and the cure rate.

text: When the cancer cells are poorly differentiated (that is, they look less evolved than normal cells when viewed under a microscope), the cancer may be either a lymphoma or a germ cell tumor. Lymphomas begin in the lymphatic system. Germ cell tumors usually begin in the ovaries and testes. In patients in whom the primary cancer is eventually found, the lung and pancreas are the most common primary cancer sites. CUP also may be traced to the breast, prostate, colon, or rectum as the primary site.

text: When the cancer cells are poorly differentiated (that is, they look less evolved than normal cells when viewed under a microscope), the cancer may be either a lymphoma or a

text: germ cell tumor

text: . Lymphomas begin in the

text: lymphatic system

text: . Germ cell tumors usually begin in the ovaries and testes. In patients in whom the primary cancer is eventually found, the lung and pancreas are the most common primary cancer sites. CUP also may be traced to the breast, prostate, colon, or rectum as the primary site.

text: Diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE mentioning “too great emptying of the urine.” The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through"  was first used in 250 BCE by the Greek Apollonius of Memphis. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka in 400-500 CE with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with obesity. The term "mellitus" or "from honey" was added by Thomas Willis in the late 1600s to separate the condition from diabetes insipidus which is also associated with frequent urination.

text: Diabetes

text: is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from

text: c.

text: BCE

text: mentioning “too great emptying of the urine.” The first described cases are believed to be of

text: type 1 diabetes

text: . Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through"  was first used in 250 BCE by the Greek

text: Apollonius of Memphis

text: . Type 1 and

text: type 2 diabetes

text: were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians

text: Sushruta

text: and

text: Charaka

text: in 400-500 CE with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with obesity. The term "mellitus" or "from honey" was added by

text: Thomas Willis

text: in the late 1600s to separate the condition from

text: diabetes insipidus

text: which is also associated with frequent urination.

text: Lutz Gissmann (born Sept 18, 1949 in Kaufbeuren, Germany) is a German virologist and was head of the Division “Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis” at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg until his retirement in 2015. Lutz Gissmann is known for his seminal research in the field of human papillomaviruses (HPV) and their causal association with human cancer, especially cervical cancer. In his early work, he demonstrated genetic heterogeneity among HPV isolates leading the way to the now well-established concept of distinct HPV types (up to now more than 200) of which some are associated with specific benign or malignant disease. In the early 1980s in the laboratory of later Nobel Prize laureate Harald zur Hausen he was the first (together with the postgraduates Matthias Dürst and Michael Boshart supervised by him) to isolate and characterize HPV16 and HPV18, the two most oncogenic HPV types causing the vast majority of HPV-induced anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. This groundbreaking work of Lutz Gissmann provided experimental evidence for the causal association of specific HPV types with human cancer, and laid the foundation for the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-induced cancers. His current research interest is on development of second generation prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines.

text: Lutz Gissmann (born Sept 18, 1949 in Kaufbeuren, Germany) is a German

text: virologist

text: and was head of the Division “Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis” at the

text: German Cancer Research Center

text: (DKFZ) in

text: Heidelberg

text: until his retirement in 2015. Lutz Gissmann is known for his seminal research in the field of

text: human papillomaviruses

text: (HPV) and their causal association with human cancer, especially

text: cervical cancer

text: . In his early work, he demonstrated genetic heterogeneity among HPV isolates leading the way to the now well-established concept of distinct HPV types (up to now more than 200) of which some are associated with specific benign or malignant disease. In the early 1980s in the laboratory of later

text: Nobel Prize

text: laureate

text: Harald zur Hausen

text: he was the first (together with the postgraduates Matthias Dürst and Michael Boshart supervised by him) to isolate and characterize HPV16 and HPV18, the two most oncogenic HPV types causing the vast majority of HPV-induced anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. This groundbreaking work of Lutz Gissmann provided experimental evidence for the causal association of specific HPV types with human cancer, and laid the foundation for the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-induced cancers. His current research interest is on development of second generation prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines.

text: While donor T-cells are undesirable as effector cells of graft-versus-host-disease, they are valuable for engraftment by preventing the recipient's residual immune system from rejecting the bone marrow graft (host-versus-graft). In addition, as bone marrow transplantation is frequently used to treat cancer, mainly leukemias, donor T-cells have proven to have a valuable graft-versus-tumor effect. A great deal of current research on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation involves attempts to separate the undesirable graft-vs-host-disease aspects of T-cell physiology from the desirable graft-versus-tumor effect.

text: While donor T-cells are undesirable as effector cells of graft-versus-host-disease, they are valuable for engraftment by preventing the recipient's residual

text: immune system

text: from rejecting the bone marrow graft (

text: host-versus-graft

text: ). In addition, as bone marrow transplantation is frequently used to treat

text: cancer

text: , mainly

text: leukemia

text: s, donor T-cells have proven to have a valuable graft-versus-

text: tumor

text: effect. A great deal of current research on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation involves attempts to separate the undesirable graft-vs-host-disease aspects of T-cell physiology from the desirable

text: graft-versus-tumor

text: effect.

text: Ebringer worked for one year as a Medical Registrar at the Walter Eliza Hall Institute under Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Prof. Ian Mackay where he developed an interest in autoimmune diseases.

text: Ebringer worked for one year as a Medical Registrar at the Walter Eliza Hall Institute under Sir

text: Macfarlane Burnet

text: and Prof.

text: Ian Mackay

text: where he developed an interest in

text: autoimmune disease

text: s.

text: However, GSEs' association with disease is not limited to common autoimmune diseases.  Coeliac disease has been found at increased frequency on followup to many autoimmune diseases, some rare. Complex causes of autoimmune diseases often demonstrates only weak association with celiac disease. The frequency of GSE is typically around 0.3 to 1% and lifelong risk of this form of gluten sensitivity increases in age, possibly as high as 2% for people over 60 years of age. This coincides with the period in life when late-onset autoimmune diseases also rise in frequency.

text: However, GSEs' association with disease is not limited to common autoimmune diseases.  Coeliac disease has been found at increased frequency on followup to many autoimmune diseases, some rare. Complex causes of autoimmune diseases often demonstrates only weak association with celiac disease. The frequency of GSE is typically around 0.3 to 1% and lifelong risk of this form of

text: gluten sensitivity

text: increases in age, possibly as high as 2% for people over 60 years of age. This coincides with the period in life when late-onset autoimmune diseases also rise in frequency.

text: C cell– c-erbB-2– c-kit– CA 19-9 assay– CA-125– CA-125 test– cachexia– calcitonin– calcitriol– CAM– Campath-1H– camptothecin– camptothecin analog– cancer– cancer induction– Cancer Information Service– cancer of unknown primary origin– Cancer stem cell– cancer vaccine– Cancer.gov– Candidiasis– Candidosis– CAP-1– capecitabine– capsaicin– captopril– carbendazim– carbogen– carbon-11 acetate– carboplatin– carboxyamidotriazole– carboxypeptidase-G2– carcinoembryonic antigen– carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1– carcinogen– carcinogenesis– carcinoid– carcinoid syndrome– carcinoma– carcinoma in situ– carcinomatosis– carcinosarcoma– carcinosis– carcinostatic– cardin (oncology)– carmustine– carnitine– carotenoid– carzelesin– case report– case series– case-control study– caspofungin acetate– Castleman's disease– CAT scan– catechol– cauterization– cauterize– cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate– CC-1088– CC-49 monoclonal antibody– CC-5013– CC-8490– CCI-779– CD34 antigen– CD40-ligand– CEA– CEA assay– cecum– cefalexin– cefepime– cefixime– ceftriaxone– celecoxib– celiac disease– cell– cell differentiation– cell motility– cell proliferation– cell respiration– cell adhesion– cellular adoptive immunotherapy– cellular metabolism– cellulitis– central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor– central venous access catheter– CEP-2563 dihydrochloride– CEP-701– cephalosporin– ceramide– cerebellar hemangioblastoma– cerebellopontine– cerebral hemisphere– cerebrospinal fluid– cerebrospinal fluid diversion– cervical– cervical intraepithelial neoplasia– cervix– cetuximab– cevimeline– CGP 48664– Chamberlain procedure– chemoembolization– chemoimmunotherapy– chemoprevention– chemoprevention studies– chemoprotective– chemoradiation– chemoradiotherapy– chemosensitivity– chemosensitivity assay– chemosensitizer– chemotherapeutic agent– chemotherapy– chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy– chest x-ray– chiasma– child-life worker– chitin– chlorambucil– chlorine– chloroma– chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide– cholangiocarcinoma– cholangiosarcoma– cholelith– cholestasis– chondrocyte– chondroitin sulfate– chondrosarcoma– chordoma– chorioallantoic membrane– choriocarcinoma– choroid plexus tumor– CHPP– chronic granulocytic leukemia– chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis– chronic leukemia– chronic lymphoblastic leukemia– chronic lymphocytic leukemia– chronic myelogenous leukemia– chronic myeloid leukemia– chronic myelomonocytic leukemia– chronic phase– chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia– CHS 828– CI-1033– CI-958– CI-980– CI-994– ciclosporin– cidofovir– cilengitide– cimetidine– Cipro– ciprofloxacin– circulatory system– cirrhosis– CIS– cisplatin– citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate– cladribine– clarithromycin– clear cell adenocarcinoma– clear-cell sarcoma– clear cell sarcoma of the kidney– clinical breast exam– clinical resistance– clinical series– clinical study– clinical trial– CLL– clodronate– clofarabine– CML– CMML– CMV– cnicin– CNS– CNS metastasis– CNS prophylaxis– CNS sanctuary– CNS tumor– co-culture– co-trimoxazole– coactivated T cell– cobalt 60– Cockayne syndrome– coenzyme Q10– cohort study– COL-3– cold nodule- Coley's toxins– collagen disease– collagenase– collecting duct– coloanal anastomosis– coloanal pull-through– Colorectal cancer (colon cancer)– colon polyp– colonoscope– colonoscopy– colony-stimulating factor– colorectal– colposcope– colposcopy– combination chemotherapy– combretastatin A4 phosphate– comedo carcinoma– common bile duct– comorbidity– compassionate use trial– complementary and alternative medicine– complete blood count (CBC)– complete hysterectomy– complete metastasectomy– complete remission– complete response– compound nevus– compression bandage– computed tomographic colonography– computed tomography– computed tomography colography– computerized axial tomography– computerized tomography– concurrent therapy– condylomata acuminata– cone biopsy– congestive heart failure– conization– consecutive case series– consolidation therapy– contiguous lymphoma– continent reservoir– contingency management– continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion– continuous infusion– contralateral– control animal– control group– controlled clinical trial– controlled study– conventional therapy– conventional treatment– cooperative group– CoQ10– cordectomy– cordycepin– core biopsy– corticosteroid– Corynebacterium granulosum– coumestan– coumestrol– CP-358,774– CP-609,754– CP-724,714– CP4071– CpG 7909– CPT 11– CQS– craniopharyngioma– craniotomy– creatine– creatinine– cribriform– crisnatol mesylate– Crohn's disease– cryopreservation– cryosurgery– cryotherapy– cryptorchidism– CSF– CT scan– CT-2103– CT-2106– CT-2584– CTC– cultured cell– cultured cell line– cumulative dose– curcumin– cutaneous breast cancer– cutaneous T-cell lymphoma– cyanogenic glucoside– cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor– cyclophosphamide– cyclosporine– cyproheptadine– cyproterone acetate– cyst– cystectomy– cystosarcoma phyllodes– cystoscope– cystoscopy– cytarabine– cytochlor– cytogenetics– cytokine– cytology– cytomegalovirus– cytopenia– cytoplasm– cytotoxic– cytotoxic chemotherapy– cytotoxic T cell

text: C cell

text: c-kit

text: CA 19-9 assay

text: CA-125 test

text: cachexia

text: calcitonin

text: calcitriol

text: CAM

text: camptothecin

text: camptothecin analog

text: cancer

text: cancer induction

text: Cancer Information Service

text: cancer of unknown primary origin

text: Cancer stem cell

text: cancer vaccine

text: Cancer.gov

text: Candidiasis

text: Candidosis

text: capecitabine

text: capsaicin

text: captopril

text: carbendazim

text: carbogen

text: carbon-11 acetate

text: carboplatin

text: carboxyamidotriazole

text: carcinoembryonic antigen

text: carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1

text: carcinogen

text: carcinogenesis

text: carcinoid

text: carcinoid syndrome

text: carcinoma

text: carcinoma in situ

text: carcinomatosis

text: carcinosarcoma

text: carcinosis

text: carcinostatic

text: cardin (oncology)

text: carmustine

text: carnitine

text: carotenoid

text: carzelesin

text: case report

text: case series

text: case-control study

text: caspofungin acetate

text: Castleman's disease

text: CAT scan

text: catechol

text: cauterization

text: cauterize

text: cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate

text: CC-49 monoclonal antibody

text: CD34 antigen

text: CEA

text: CEA assay

text: cecum

text: cefalexin

text: cefepime

text: cefixime

text: ceftriaxone

text: celecoxib

text: celiac disease

text: cell

text: cell differentiation

text: cell motility

text: cell proliferation

text: cell respiration

text: cell adhesion

text: cellular adoptive immunotherapy

text: cellular metabolism

text: cellulitis

text: central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor

text: central venous access catheter

text: CEP-2563 dihydrochloride

text: cephalosporin

text: ceramide

text: cerebellar hemangioblastoma

text: cerebellopontine

text: cerebral hemisphere

text: cerebrospinal fluid

text: cerebrospinal fluid diversion

text: cervical

text: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

text: cervix

text: cetuximab

text: cevimeline

text: CGP 48664

text: Chamberlain procedure

text: chemoembolization

text: chemoimmunotherapy

text: chemoprevention

text: chemoprevention studies

text: chemoprotective

text: chemoradiation

text: chemoradiotherapy

text: chemosensitivity

text: chemosensitivity assay

text: chemosensitizer

text: chemotherapeutic agent

text: chemotherapy

text: chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy

text: chest x-ray

text: chiasma

text: child-life worker

text: chitin

text: chlorambucil

text: chlorine

text: chloroma

text: chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: cholangiosarcoma

text: cholelith

text: cholestasis

text: chondrocyte

text: chondroitin sulfate

text: chondrosarcoma

text: chordoma

text: chorioallantoic membrane

text: choriocarcinoma

text: choroid plexus tumor

entity_name: Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion

text: CHPP

text: chronic granulocytic leukemia

text: chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis

text: chronic leukemia

text: chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

text: chronic lymphocytic leukemia

text: chronic myelogenous leukemia

text: chronic myeloid leukemia

text: chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

text: chronic phase

entity_name: Chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

text: chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

text: CHS 828

text: ciclosporin

text: cidofovir

text: cilengitide

text: cimetidine

text: Cipro

text: ciprofloxacin

text: circulatory system

text: cirrhosis

text: CIS

text: cisplatin

text: citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate

text: cladribine

text: clarithromycin

text: clear cell adenocarcinoma

text: clear-cell sarcoma

text: clear cell sarcoma of the kidney

text: clinical breast exam

text: clinical resistance

text: clinical series

text: clinical study

text: clinical trial

text: CLL

text: clodronate

text: clofarabine

text: CML

text: CMML

text: CMV

text: cnicin

text: CNS

text: CNS metastasis

text: CNS prophylaxis

text: CNS sanctuary

text: CNS tumor

text: co-culture

text: co-trimoxazole

text: coactivated T cell

text: cobalt 60

text: Cockayne syndrome

text: coenzyme Q10

text: cohort study

text: cold nodule

text: Coley's toxins

text: collagen disease

text: collagenase

text: collecting duct

text: coloanal anastomosis

text: coloanal pull-through

text: Colorectal cancer

text: (colon cancer)–

text: colon polyp

text: colonoscope

text: colonoscopy

text: colony-stimulating factor

text: colorectal

text: colposcope

text: colposcopy

text: combination chemotherapy

text: combretastatin A4 phosphate

text: comedo carcinoma

text: common bile duct

text: comorbidity

text: compassionate use trial

text: complementary and alternative medicine

text: complete blood count

text: (CBC)–

text: complete hysterectomy

text: complete metastasectomy

text: complete remission

text: complete response

text: compound nevus

text: compression bandage

text: computed tomographic colonography

text: computed tomography

text: computed tomography colography

text: computerized axial tomography

text: computerized tomography

text: concurrent therapy

text: condylomata acuminata

text: cone biopsy

text: congestive heart failure

text: conization

text: consecutive case series

text: consolidation therapy

text: contiguous lymphoma

text: continent reservoir

text: contingency management

text: continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion

text: continuous infusion

text: contralateral

text: control animal

text: control group

text: controlled clinical trial

text: controlled study

text: conventional therapy

text: conventional treatment

text: cooperative group

text: cordectomy

text: cordycepin

text: core biopsy

text: corticosteroid

text: Corynebacterium granulosum

text: coumestan

text: coumestrol

text: CpG 7909

text: CPT 11

text: CQS

text: craniopharyngioma

text: craniotomy

text: creatine

text: creatinine

text: cribriform

text: crisnatol mesylate

text: Crohn's disease

text: cryopreservation

text: cryosurgery

text: cryotherapy

text: cryptorchidism

text: CSF

text: CT scan

text: CTC

text: cultured cell

text: cultured cell line

text: cumulative dose

text: curcumin

text: cutaneous breast cancer

text: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

text: cyanogenic glucoside

text: cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor

text: cyclophosphamide

text: cyclosporine

text: cyproheptadine

text: cyproterone acetate

text: cyst

text: cystectomy

text: cystosarcoma phyllodes

text: cystoscope

text: cystoscopy

text: cytarabine

text: cytochlor

text: cytogenetics

text: cytokine

text: cytology

text: cytomegalovirus

text: cytopenia

text: cytoplasm

text: cytotoxic

text: cytotoxic chemotherapy

text: cytotoxic T cell

text: The use of cold for pain relief and as an anti-inflammatory has been known since the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C). Since then there have been numerous accounts of ice used for pain relief including from the Ancient Egyptians and Avicenna of Persia (A.D.982–1070). Since 1899, Dr. Campbell White used refrigerants for treating a variety of conditions, including: lupus erythematosus, herpes zoster, chancroid, naevi, warts, varicose leg ulcers, carbuncles, carcinomas and epitheliomas. De Quervain successfully used of carbonic snow to treat bladder papillomas and bladder cancers in 1917. Dr Irving S Cooper, in 1913, progressed the field of cryotherapy by designing a liquid nitrogen probe capable of achieving temperatures of -196 °C, and utilizing it to treat of Parkinson's disease and previously inoperable cancer. Cooper's cryoprobe advanced the practice of cryotherapy, which led to growing interest and practice of cryotherapy. In 1964, Dr. Cahan successfully used his liquid nitrogen probe invention to treat uterine fibroids and cervical cancer. Cryotherapy continued to advance with Dr. Amoils developing a liquid nitrogen probe capable of achieving cooling expansion, in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1998 |title = History of cryosurgery.| journal = Semin Surg Oncol. | pmid=9492880 | volume=14 | pages=99–109 | author=Gage AA | doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199803)14:2

text: The use of cold for pain relief and as an anti-inflammatory has been known since the time of

text: Hippocrates

text: (460-377 B.C). Since then there have been numerous accounts of ice used for pain relief including from the Ancient Egyptians and Avicenna of Persia (A.D.982–1070). Since 1899, Dr. Campbell White used refrigerants for treating a variety of conditions, including: lupus erythematosus, herpes zoster, chancroid, naevi, warts, varicose leg ulcers, carbuncles, carcinomas and epitheliomas. De Quervain successfully used of carbonic snow to treat bladder papillomas and bladder cancers in 1917. Dr Irving S Cooper, in 1913, progressed the field of cryotherapy by designing a liquid nitrogen probe capable of achieving temperatures of -196 °C, and utilizing it to treat of Parkinson's disease and previously inoperable cancer. Cooper's cryoprobe advanced the practice of cryotherapy, which led to growing interest and practice of cryotherapy. In 1964, Dr. Cahan successfully used his liquid nitrogen probe invention to treat uterine fibroids and cervical cancer. Cryotherapy continued to advance with Dr. Amoils developing a liquid nitrogen probe capable of achieving cooling expansion, in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1998 |title = History of cryosurgery.| journal = Semin Surg Oncol. | pmid=9492880 | volume=14 | pages=99–109 | author=Gage AA | doi=10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199803)14:2

text: Antony William Basil Crockett (born 1956) is a British general practitioner, hospital practitioner and medical writer. He has interests in respiratory disease, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He is the medical director of Allergy Central, a private allergy clinic.  Crockett is a Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

text: Antony William Basil Crockett (born 1956) is a British

text: general practitioner

text: , hospital practitioner and medical writer. He has interests in respiratory disease, particularly

text: asthma

text: and

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: . He is the medical director of Allergy Central, a private allergy clinic.  Crockett is a

text: Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners

text: There are many autoimmune diseases that are known to sometimes occur in the Akita. These include, but are not limited to:

text: There are many

text: autoimmune disease

text: s that are known to sometimes occur in the Akita. These include, but are not limited to:

text: The U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases recognizing the following emerging and re-emerging diseases as of 2004.

text: The U.S.

text: recognizing the following emerging and re-emerging diseases as of 2004.

text: Perlecan levels are decreased in many disease states - e.g., diabetes, atherosclerosis and arthritis. Perlecan has an important role in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Decreased perlecan in the glomerular basement membrane has a central role in the development of diabetic albuminuria. Perlecan expression is down regulated by many atherogenic stimuli and thus Perlecan is thought to play a protective role in atherosclerosis. Diabetes and atherosclerosis are commonly associated syndromes. 80% of diabetes-associated deaths involve some form of atherosclerotic complication, and the basement membrane of endothelia has been implicated in the atherogenic process. Synthesis of heparan sulfate was shown to decrease in the arteries of diabetics and in arteries developing atherosclerotic lesions.

text: Perlecan levels are decreased in many disease states - e.g.,

text: diabetes

text: atherosclerosis

text: and

text: arthritis

text: . Perlecan has an important role in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Decreased perlecan in the glomerular basement membrane has a central role in the development of

text: diabetic albuminuria

text: . Perlecan expression is down regulated by many atherogenic stimuli and thus Perlecan is thought to play a protective role in atherosclerosis. Diabetes and atherosclerosis are commonly associated syndromes. 80% of diabetes-associated deaths involve some form of atherosclerotic complication, and the basement membrane of endothelia has been implicated in the atherogenic process. Synthesis of heparan sulfate was shown to decrease in the arteries of diabetics and in arteries developing atherosclerotic lesions.

text: Cancer symptoms are changes in the body caused by the presence of cancer. They are usually caused by the effect of a cancer on the part of the body where it is growing, although the disease can cause more general symptoms such as weight loss or tiredness. There are more than 100 different types of cancer with a wide range of different signs and symptoms which can manifest in different ways.

text: Cancer symptoms are changes in the body caused by the presence of

text: cancer

text: . They are usually caused by the effect of a

text: cancer

text: on the part of the body where it is growing, although the

text: disease

text: can cause more general symptoms such as

text: weight loss

text: or tiredness. There are more than 100 different types of

text: cancer

text: with a wide range of different signs and symptoms which can manifest in different ways.

text: With respect to P. digitatum, this species is known to cause generalized mycosis in humans, although the incidence of such events are very low. Various studies have also noted a presence of circulating antibodies to the extracellular polysaccharide of P. digitatum in both human and rabbit sera. This presence is suggested to be due to the intake of contaminated fruits and/or breathing air contaminated with extracellular polysaccharide. In terms of allergy testing, P. digitatum is present in various clinical allergy test formulations, testing for allergy to moulds. There has been one case report identifying P. digitatum as the cause of a fatal case of pneumonia through molecular methods.

text: With respect to P. digitatum, this species is known to cause generalized

text: mycosis

text: in humans, although the incidence of such events are very low. Various studies have also noted a presence of circulating antibodies to the extracellular

text: polysaccharide

text: of P. digitatum in both human and rabbit sera. This presence is suggested to be due to the intake of contaminated fruits and/or breathing air contaminated with extracellular polysaccharide. In terms of allergy testing, P. digitatum is present in various clinical allergy test formulations, testing for allergy to moulds. There has been one case report identifying P. digitatum as the cause of a fatal case of pneumonia through molecular methods.

text: Klebsiella pneumonia tends to affect people with underlying diseases, such as alcoholism, diabetes and chronic lung disease.

text: Klebsiella pneumonia tends to affect people with underlying diseases, such as

text: alcoholism

text: , diabetes and chronic lung disease.

text: Scientists have identified a positive correlation between particulate matter concentrations being the causative factor of respiratory and cardiovascular disease.  Particulate matter may also be responsible for as many as 20,000 deaths annually, and exacerbation of asthma.  Quantification of dose, determining total number of particles deposited in the pulmonary region, surface area of particles, acidity of particles, and shape are important in determining health impacts.  A larger surface area will cause more toxins to be available for absorption into the mucus.  Particles such as asbestos have the ability to become permanently enlodged into the alveoli causing cancer in some cases.

text: Scientists have identified a positive correlation between particulate matter concentrations being the causative factor of respiratory and cardiovascular disease.  Particulate matter may also be responsible for as many as 20,000 deaths annually, and exacerbation of asthma.  Quantification of dose, determining total number of particles deposited in the pulmonary region, surface area of particles, acidity of particles, and shape are important in determining health impacts.  A larger surface area will cause more toxins to be available for absorption into the mucus.  Particles such as

text: asbestos

text: have the ability to become permanently enlodged into the alveoli causing cancer in some cases.

text: Rare diseases are usually genetic and are therefore chronic. EURORDIS estimates that at least 80% of them have identified genetic origins. Other rare diseases are the result of infections and allergies or due to degenerative and proliferative causes.

text: Rare diseases are usually genetic and are therefore chronic.

text: EURORDIS

text: estimates that at least 80% of them have identified genetic origins. Other rare diseases are the result of infections and allergies or due to degenerative and proliferative causes.

text: If a cancer cell's capacity to repair DNA damage were incapacitated, cancer treatments would be more effective. Inhibiting cancer cells' BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer from relocating to DNA damage sites would target these cells for apoptosis rather than repair. One inhibition possibility is the BARD1 BRCT key lysine residue (K619). Inhibiting this lysine residue's ability to bind poly(ADP-ribose) would prevent the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer from localizing to DNA damage sites and subsequently prevent DNA damage repair. This would make cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation vastly more effective.

text: Given the well-recognized role of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease, some studies have shown an inverse correlation between cholesterol levels and mortality. A 2009 study of patients with acute coronary syndromes found an association of hypercholesterolemia with better mortality outcomes. In the Framingham Heart Study, in subjects over 50 years of age, they found an 11% increase overall and 14% increase in cardiovascular disease mortality per 1 mg/dL per year drop in total cholesterol levels. The researchers attributed this phenomenon to the fact that people with severe chronic diseases or cancer tend to have below-normal cholesterol levels. This explanation is not supported by the Vorarlberg Health Monitoring and Promotion Programme, in which men of all ages and women over 50 with very low cholesterol were likely to die of cancer, liver diseases, and mental diseases. This result indicates the low-cholesterol effect occurs even among younger respondents, contradicting the previous assessment among cohorts of older people that this is a proxy or marker for frailty occurring with age.

text: Given the well-recognized role of cholesterol in cardiovascular disease, some studies have shown an inverse correlation between cholesterol levels and mortality. A 2009 study of patients with acute coronary syndromes found an association of hypercholesterolemia with better mortality outcomes. In the

text: Framingham Heart Study

text: , in subjects over 50 years of age, they found an 11% increase overall and 14% increase in cardiovascular disease mortality per 1 mg/dL per year drop in total cholesterol levels. The researchers attributed this phenomenon to the fact that people with severe chronic diseases or cancer tend to have below-normal cholesterol levels. This explanation is not supported by the Vorarlberg Health Monitoring and Promotion Programme, in which men of all ages and women over 50 with very low cholesterol were likely to die of cancer, liver diseases, and mental diseases. This result indicates the low-cholesterol effect occurs even among younger respondents, contradicting the previous assessment among cohorts of older people that this is a proxy or marker for frailty occurring with age.

text: , an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide, with type 2 DM making up about 90% of the cases. This represents 8.3% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men. , trends suggested the rate would continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death. From 2012 to 2015, approximately 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes. The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be  billion. In the United States, diabetes cost $245 billion in 2012.

text: Recent research has shown that ROCK signaling plays an important role in many diseases including diabetes, intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and cancer. It has been shown to be involved in causing tissue thickening and stiffening around tumours in a mouse model of skin cancer, principally by increasing the amount of collagen in the tissue around the tumour.

text: Recent research has shown that ROCK signaling plays an important role in many diseases including

text: diabetes

text: , intracerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases such as

text: Parkinson's disease

text: and

text: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: pulmonary hypertension

text: and

text: cancer

text: . It has been shown to be involved in causing tissue thickening and stiffening around tumours in a mouse model of skin cancer, principally by increasing the amount of

text: collagen

text: in the tissue around the tumour.

text: While the original authors conservatively noted that it is "too early to tell" whether MCV is a cause of Merkel cell carcinoma, general scientific opinion now suggests that the virus causes most, but not all Merkel cell tumors. The virus is monoclonally integrated into the tumor when present, indicating that the proto-tumor cell was infected with the virus prior to its cancerous expansion.  Mutations in the T antigen render the virus noninfectious, and therefore it is not a passenger virus that infected the tumor after the tumor had already started.  Finally, the T antigen oncogene is expressed in all of the tumor cells and when it is inhibited ("knocked down" by RNAi), MCV-positive cells die.  Thus, the virus is required for MCV-positive tumors to grow.  It is likely that additional host cell mutations act in concert with the integrated virus to actually cause the tumor. Merkel cell carcinoma is associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and to ionizing radiation, and it is likely that these mutagens increase the rate of mutation in either the virus or the Merkel cell genome, contributing to the risk for cancer after infection.

text: While the original authors conservatively noted that it is "too early to tell" whether MCV is a cause of Merkel cell carcinoma, general scientific opinion now suggests that the virus causes most, but not all Merkel cell tumors. The virus is monoclonally integrated into the tumor when present, indicating that the proto-tumor cell was infected with the virus prior to its cancerous expansion.  Mutations in the T antigen render the virus noninfectious, and therefore it is not a passenger virus that infected the tumor after the tumor had already started.  Finally, the T antigen oncogene is expressed in all of the tumor cells and when it is inhibited ("knocked down" by

text: RNAi

text: ), MCV-positive cells die.  Thus, the virus is required for MCV-positive tumors to grow.  It is likely that additional host cell mutations act in concert with the integrated virus to actually cause the tumor. Merkel cell carcinoma is associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and to ionizing radiation, and it is likely that these

text: mutagens

text: increase the rate of mutation in either the virus or the Merkel cell genome, contributing to the risk for cancer after infection.

text: In recent years, cancer has become a global problem. Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization. However, primary prevention of cancer and knowledge of cancer risk factors can reduce over one third of all cancer cases. Primary prevention of cancer can also prevent other diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, that share common risk factors with cancer.

text: In recent years,

text: cancer

text: has become a global problem. Low and middle income countries share a majority of the cancer burden largely due to exposure to carcinogens resulting from industrialization and globalization. However, primary prevention of cancer and knowledge of cancer risk factors can reduce over one third of all cancer cases. Primary prevention of cancer can also prevent other diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, that share common risk factors with cancer.

text: Blocking antibodies can be used in a variety of medical and scientific manners, thus far been to treat cancer, Graves' disease, and prevent the growth of malaria in mosquitoes.

text: Blocking antibodies can be used in a variety of medical and scientific manners, thus far been to treat

text: cancer

text: Graves' disease

text: , and prevent the growth of

text: malaria

text: in

text: mosquito

text: es.

text: People affected by gluten-related disorders, such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet, can replace gluten-containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten, its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten-containing cereals.

text: People affected by

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: coeliac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers, who need a

text: gluten-free diet

text: , can replace

text: gluten

text: -containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten, its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten-containing cereals.

text: Although low-carbohydrate diets are most commonly discussed as a weight-loss approach, some experts have proposed using low-carbohydrate diets to mitigate or prevent diseases, including diabetes, metabolic disease, and epilepsy. Some low-carbohydrate proponents and others argue that the rise in carbohydrate consumption, especially refined carbohydrates, caused the epidemic levels of many diseases in modern society, including metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes.

text: Although low-carbohydrate diets are most commonly discussed as a weight-loss approach, some experts have proposed using low-carbohydrate diets to mitigate or prevent diseases, including diabetes, metabolic disease, and

text: epilepsy

text: . Some low-carbohydrate proponents and others argue that the rise in carbohydrate consumption, especially refined carbohydrates, caused the epidemic levels of many diseases in modern society, including metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes.

text: Retrograde menstruation alone is not able to explain all instances of endometriosis, and additional factors such as genetic or immune differences need to be invoked to account for the fact that many women with retrograde menstruation do not have endometriosis. Researchers are investigating the possibility that the immune system may not be able to cope with the cyclic onslaught of retrograde menstrual fluid. In this context there is interest in studying the relationship of endometriosis to autoimmune disease, allergic reactions, and the impact of toxic materials.  It is still unclear what, if any, causal relationship exists between toxic materials, autoimmune disease, and endometriosis. There are immune system changes in women with endometriosis, such as an increase macrophage-derived secretion products, but it is unknown if these are contributing to the disorder or are reactions from it.

text: Retrograde menstruation alone is not able to explain all instances of endometriosis, and additional factors such as genetic or immune differences need to be invoked to account for the fact that many women with retrograde menstruation do not have endometriosis. Researchers are investigating the possibility that the

text: immune system

text: may not be able to cope with the cyclic onslaught of retrograde menstrual fluid. In this context there is interest in studying the relationship of endometriosis to

text: autoimmune disease

text: allergic

text: reactions, and the impact of toxic materials.  It is still unclear what, if any, causal relationship exists between toxic materials, autoimmune disease, and endometriosis. There are immune system changes in women with endometriosis, such as an increase macrophage-derived secretion products, but it is unknown if these are contributing to the disorder or are reactions from it.

text: Sharks Don't Get Cancer (subtitle: How Shark Cartilage Could Save Your Life) is a 1992 book written by I. William Lane and Linda Comac and published by Avery Publishing. Despite its title, the book does not claim that sharks never get cancer, only that they rarely do so, a fact which has been known since the first malignancy was found in a shark specimen in 1908. Lane and Comac further claimed that this was because shark cartilage contained cancer-fighting elements, and so that powdered shark cartilage is an effective treatment for cancer and numerous other conditions. However, there is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer or any other disease.  In 1996, Lane co-authored another book on the same subject, entitled Sharks Still Don't Get Cancer.

text: Sharks Don't Get Cancer (subtitle: How Shark Cartilage Could Save Your Life) is a 1992 book written by I. William Lane and Linda Comac and published by

text: Avery Publishing

text: . Despite its title, the book does not claim that

text: shark

text: s never get

text: cancer

text: , only that they rarely do so, a fact which has been known since the first malignancy was found in a shark specimen in 1908. Lane and Comac further claimed that this was because

text: shark cartilage

text: contained cancer-fighting elements, and so that powdered shark cartilage is an effective treatment for cancer and numerous other conditions. However, there is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer or any other disease.  In 1996, Lane co-authored another book on the same subject, entitled Sharks Still Don't Get Cancer.

text: Arsenic is related to heart disease (hypertension-related cardiovascular disease), cancer, stroke (cerebrovascular diseases), chronic lower respiratory diseases, and diabetes.

text: Arsenic is related to

text: heart disease

text: (hypertension-related

text: cardiovascular disease

text: cancer

text: stroke

text: cerebrovascular diseases

text: chronic lower respiratory diseases

text: , and

text: diabetes

text: In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as "self," has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is thought by many researchers to be a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self, though others are beginning to think that many autoimmune diseases are due to mutations governing programmed cell death, or to environmental products that injure target tissues, thus causing a release of immunostimulatory alarm signals,. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.

text: In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self

text: antigens

text: as "self," has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is thought by many researchers to be a result of a loss of

text: immunological tolerance

text: , the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self, though others are beginning to think that many autoimmune diseases are due to mutations governing programmed cell death, or to environmental products that injure target tissues, thus causing a release of immunostimulatory alarm signals,. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar

text: amino acid

text: sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant

text: epitopes

text: remains a mystery.

text: The reason why people get allergies is not known. The allergens are not passed down through generations. It is believed if parents have allergies the child is more likely to be allergic to the same allergens.

text: This list includes conditions that are not diseases but signs common to autoimmune disease. Some, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, are controversial.  These conditions are included here because they are frequently listed as autoimmune diseases but should not be included in the list above until there is more consistent evidence.

text: Cancers of the stomach are rare and the incidence has been declining worldwide. Stomach cancers usually occur due to fluctuations in acidity level and may present with vague symptoms of abdominal fullness, weight loss and pain. The actual cause of stomach cancer is not known but has been linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, pernicious anemia, Menetriere's disease, and nitrogenous preservatives in food.

text: Cancers of the stomach are rare and the incidence has been declining worldwide. Stomach cancers usually occur due to fluctuations in acidity level and may present with vague symptoms of abdominal fullness, weight loss and pain. The actual cause of stomach cancer is not known but has been linked to infection with

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: pernicious anemia

text: , Menetriere's disease, and nitrogenous preservatives in food.

text: There are many central nervous system diseases and conditions, including infections of the central nervous system such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis, early-onset neurological disorders including ADHD and autism, late-onset neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and essential tremor, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, genetic disorders such as Krabbe's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and adrenoleukodystrophy. Lastly, cancers of the central nervous system can cause severe illness and, when malignant, can have very high mortality rates.

text: There are many central nervous system diseases and conditions, including

entity_name: List of infections of the central nervous system

text: infections

text: of the central nervous system such as

text: encephalitis

text: and

text: poliomyelitis

text: , early-onset

text: neurological disorders

text: including

text: ADHD

text: and

text: autism

text: , late-onset

text: neurodegenerative diseases

text: such as

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Parkinson's disease

text: , and

text: essential tremor

text: autoimmune

text: and inflammatory diseases such as

text: multiple sclerosis

text: and

text: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

text: , genetic disorders such as

text: Krabbe's disease

text: and

text: Huntington's disease

text: , as well as

text: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: and

text: adrenoleukodystrophy

text: . Lastly, cancers of the central nervous system can cause severe illness and, when

text: malignant

text: , can have very high mortality rates.

text: In addition to specific treatment, personalized medicine can greatly aid the advancements of preventive care. For instance, many women are already being genotyped for certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene if they are predisposed because of a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. As more causes of diseases are mapped out according to mutations that exist within a genome, the easier they can be identified in an individual. Measures can then be taken to prevent a disease from developing. Even if mutations were found within a genome, having the details of their DNA can reduce the impact or delay the onset of certain diseases. Having the genetic content of an individual will allow better guided decisions in determining the source of the disease and thus treating it or preventing its progression. This will be extremely useful for diseases like Alzheimer’s or cancers that are thought to be linked to certain mutations in our DNA.

text: In addition to specific treatment, personalized medicine can greatly aid the advancements of preventive care. For instance, many women are already being genotyped for certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene if they are predisposed because of a family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. As more causes of diseases are mapped out according to mutations that exist within a genome, the easier they can be identified in an individual. Measures can then be taken to prevent a disease from developing. Even if mutations were found within a genome, having the details of their DNA can reduce the impact or delay the onset of certain diseases. Having the genetic content of an individual will allow better guided decisions in determining the source of the disease and thus treating it or preventing its progression. This will be extremely useful for diseases like

text: Alzheimer

text: ’s or cancers that are thought to be linked to certain mutations in our DNA.

text: SCBT has been used in helping diabetics manage their disease. Since diabetes is a disease that needs to be managed to a large degree by the patient himself/herself, much is dependent on the patient's lifestyle. In addition to producing a shift in mindset from living like a victim to living normally, SCBT has been used to help change pre-existing aversions to healthy living that are known to exacerbate the diabetic condition or, in the case of type 2 diabetes, may even have brought it on in the first place.

text: SCBT has been used in helping diabetics manage their disease. Since

text: diabetes

text: is a disease that needs to be managed to a large degree by the patient himself/herself, much is dependent on the patient's lifestyle. In addition to producing a shift in mindset from living like a victim to living normally, SCBT has been used to help change pre-existing aversions to healthy living that are known to exacerbate the diabetic condition or, in the case of

text: type 2 diabetes

text: , may even have brought it on in the first place.

text: Inherited epigenetic marks may be important for regulating important components of fitness.  In plants, for instance, the Lcyc gene in Linaria vulgaris controls the symmetry of the flower.  Linnaeus first described radially symmetric mutants, which arises when Lcyc is heavily methylated.  Given the importance of floral shape to pollinators, methylation of Lcyc homologues (e.g. CYCLOIDEA) may have deleterious effects on plant fitness.  In animals, numerous studies have shown that inherited epigenetic marks can increase susceptibility to disease.  Transgenerational epigenetic influences are also suggested to contribute to disease, especially cancer, in humans.  Tumor methylation patterns in gene promotors have been shown to correlate positively with familial history of cancer.  Furthermore, methylation of the MSH2 gene is correlated with early-onset colorectal and endometrial cancers.

text: Inherited epigenetic marks may be important for regulating important components of fitness.  In plants, for instance, the Lcyc gene in

text: Linaria vulgaris

text: controls the symmetry of the flower.

text: Linnaeus

text: first described radially symmetric mutants, which arises when Lcyc is heavily methylated.  Given the importance of floral shape to pollinators, methylation of Lcyc homologues (e.g. CYCLOIDEA) may have deleterious effects on plant fitness.  In animals, numerous studies have shown that inherited epigenetic marks can increase susceptibility to disease.  Transgenerational epigenetic influences are also suggested to contribute to disease, especially cancer, in humans.  Tumor methylation patterns in gene promotors have been shown to correlate positively with familial history of cancer.  Furthermore, methylation of the MSH2 gene is correlated with early-onset colorectal and endometrial cancers.

text: People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended. People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly. In those with Crohn's disease 2% get colorectal cancer after 10 years, 8% after 20 years, and 18% after 30 years. In those with ulcerative colitis approximately 16% develop either a cancer precursor or cancer of the colon over 30 years.

text: People with

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: ulcerative colitis

text: and

text: Crohn's disease

text: ) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with

text: aspirin

text: and regular

text: colonoscopies

text: are recommended. People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly. In those with Crohn's disease 2% get colorectal cancer after 10 years, 8% after 20 years, and 18% after 30 years. In those with ulcerative colitis approximately 16% develop either a

text: cancer precursor

text: or cancer of the colon over 30 years.

text: Oksusu cha is traditionally thought to be good for those with high blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney disease.

text: Cervical screening is the process of detecting and removing abnormal tissue or cells in the cervix before cervical cancer develops. By aiming to detect and treat cervical neoplasia early on, cervical screening aims at secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Several screening methods for cervical cancer are the Pap test (also known as Pap smear or conventional cytology), liquid-based cytology, the HPV DNA testing and the visual inspection with acetic acid. Pap test and liquid-based cytology have been effective in diminishing incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in developed countries but not in developing countries. Prospective screening methods that can be used in low-resource areas in the developing countries are the HPV DNA testing and the visual inspection.

text: Cervical screening is the process of detecting and removing abnormal tissue or cells in the

text: cervix

text: before

text: cervical cancer

text: develops. By aiming to detect and treat cervical

text: neoplasia

text: early on, cervical screening aims at

text: secondary prevention

text: of cervical cancer. Several screening methods for cervical cancer are the

text: Pap test

text: (also known as Pap smear or conventional cytology), liquid-based cytology, the HPV DNA testing and the visual inspection with

text: acetic acid

text: . Pap test and liquid-based cytology have been effective in diminishing incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in developed countries but not in developing countries. Prospective screening methods that can be used in low-resource areas in the developing countries are the HPV DNA testing and the visual inspection.

text: . The risk of allergy and asthma is correlated to differences in the built environment microbiome.  Some experimental tests (e.g., in mice) have suggested that these correlations may actually be causal (i.e., the differences in the microbiomes may actually lead to differences in risk of allergy or asthma).  Review papers on this topic include Casas et al. 2016  and Fujimura and Lynch 2015. Studies of dust in various homes has shown that the microbiome found in the dust is correlated to the risk of children in those homes developing allergy, asthma, or phenotypes connected to these ailments. The impact of the microbiome of the built environment on the risk of allergy and asthma and other inflammatory or immune conditions is a possible mechanism underlying what is known as the hygiene hypothesis.

text: . The risk of allergy and asthma is correlated to differences in the built environment microbiome.  Some experimental tests (e.g., in mice) have suggested that these correlations may actually be causal (i.e., the differences in the microbiomes may actually lead to differences in risk of allergy or asthma).  Review papers on this topic include Casas et al. 2016  and Fujimura and Lynch 2015. Studies of dust in various homes has shown that the microbiome found in the dust is correlated to the risk of children in those homes developing allergy, asthma, or phenotypes connected to these ailments. The impact of the microbiome of the built environment on the risk of allergy and asthma and other inflammatory or immune conditions is a possible mechanism underlying what is known as the

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: Flea allergy dermatitis is an eczematous itchy skin disease of dogs and cats.

text: He works with a wide range of colleagues and graduate students on applied research and evaluation projects focused on promoting optimal human, program, community, and organizational functioning. His work has been funded by The National Institute of Mental Health; The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Science Foundation; US Department of Education; National Office of Justice Programs; Office of Juvenile Justice Planning; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; The Rockefeller Foundation; The California Wellness Foundation; The Howard Hughes Foundation; The David and Lucille Packard Foundation; The Hillcrest Foundation; The Weingart Foundation; The Robert Ellis Simon Foundation; The Irvine Foundation; The Fletcher Jones Foundation; The John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation; Riverside County Department of Mental Health; State of California Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program; Stanford Business School; First 5 Riverside; and First 5 Los Angeles among many others.

text: He works with a wide range of colleagues and graduate students on applied research and evaluation projects focused on promoting optimal human, program, community, and organizational functioning. His work has been funded by The National Institute of Mental Health; The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Science Foundation; US Department of Education; National Office of Justice Programs; Office of Juvenile Justice Planning; Center for Substance Abuse Prevention; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; The Rockefeller Foundation; The California Wellness Foundation; The Howard Hughes Foundation; The David and Lucille Packard Foundation; The Hillcrest Foundation; The Weingart Foundation; The Robert Ellis Simon Foundation; The Irvine Foundation; The Fletcher Jones Foundation; The John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation; Riverside County Department of Mental Health; State of California Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program; Stanford Business School; First 5 Riverside; and

text: First 5 Los Angeles

text: among many others.

text: MK may potentially be indirectly targeted as a cancer treatment as a result of its cancerous proliferation properties. Drugs by the name of anti-cancer aptamers have been created to inhibit to proteins involved in MK’s cancer cell “activation”. Specifically, the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) protein nucleolin has been targeted with an aptamer that would bind nucleolin and prevent MK from being transported into cancerous cell nuclei, preventing the protein from enhancing the cancerous properties of the cell. Miyakawa et al. have successfully established the method to prepare the MDK specific RNA aptamers by the use of the recombinant midkine and pleiotrophin.

text: MK may potentially be indirectly targeted as a cancer treatment as a result of its cancerous proliferation properties. Drugs by the name of anti-cancer aptamers have been created to inhibit to proteins involved in MK’s cancer cell “activation”. Specifically, the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) protein nucleolin has been targeted with an aptamer that would bind nucleolin and prevent MK from being transported into cancerous cell nuclei, preventing the protein from enhancing the cancerous properties of the cell. Miyakawa et al. have successfully established the method to prepare the MDK specific RNA aptamers by the use of the recombinant midkine and

text: pleiotrophin

text: Gardasil, also known as Gardisil or Silgard or recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine [types 6, 11, 16, 18], is a vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. Though it does not treat existing infection, vaccination is still recommended for HPV positive individuals, as it may protect against one or more different strains of the disease. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted.It was approved in the US on June 8, 2006 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 2008, Gardasil was approved in 41 of U.S. states. The Gardasil vaccine has also been approved in 120 other countries. The FDA recommends vaccination before adolescence and potential sexual activity.

text: Gardasil, also known as Gardisil or Silgard or recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine [types 6, 11, 16, 18], is a

text: vaccine

text: for use in the prevention of certain

text: strains

text: of

text: human papillomavirus

text: (HPV), specifically

text: HPV

text: types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of

text: cervical cancer

text: s, and are responsible for most HPV-induced

text: anal

text: vulvar

text: vaginal

text: , and

text: penile

text: cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of

text: genital warts

text: cases. Though it does not treat existing infection, vaccination is still recommended for HPV positive individuals, as it may protect against one or more different strains of the disease. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted.It was approved in the US on June 8, 2006 by the

text: U.S. Food and Drug Administration

text: (FDA). In 2008, Gardasil was approved in 41 of U.S. states. The Gardasil vaccine has also been approved in 120 other countries. The FDA recommends vaccination before adolescence and potential sexual activity.

text: In addition to viruses, certain kinds of bacteria can cause some cancers. The most prominent example is the link between chronic infection of the wall of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Although only a minority of those infected with Helicobacter go on to develop cancer, since this bacterial infection is quite common, it may be responsible for most of these cancers. The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation, or the direct action of some of its virulence factors, for example, CagA has been implicated in carcinogenesis.

text: In addition to viruses,

text: certain kinds of bacteria

text: can cause some cancers. The most prominent example is the link between chronic infection of the wall of the stomach with

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: and

text: gastric cancer

text: . Although only a minority of those infected with Helicobacter go on to develop cancer, since this bacterial infection is quite common, it may be responsible for most of these cancers. The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation, or the direct action of some of its virulence factors, for example,

text: CagA

text: has been implicated in carcinogenesis.

text: Approximately 27 million Americans, or nearly 11% of the population, have diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. By 2050, the prevalence of diabetes could increase to as much as 33% of the population, largely due to the aging of the population and to people with diabetes living longer. Approximately 1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each year. The disease was the seventh leading cause of death in 2007, directly claiming more than 71,000 lives and contributing to approximately 160,000 additional deaths. Patients with diabetes are two to four times more likely than those without it to die from cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is an important cause of blindness, kidney disease, and lower-extremity amputations.

text: Approximately 27 million Americans, or nearly 11% of the population, have diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association and the

text: . By 2050, the

text: prevalence

text: of diabetes could increase to as much as 33% of the population, largely due to the aging of the population and to people with diabetes living longer. Approximately 1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each year. The disease was the seventh leading cause of death in 2007, directly claiming more than 71,000 lives and contributing to approximately 160,000 additional deaths. Patients with diabetes are two to four times more likely than those without it to die from cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is an important cause of blindness, kidney disease, and lower-extremity amputations.

text: Meat has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer and increased tumor development in patients with pancreatic cancer.  There are correlations between lung cancer and consumption of sausage and ham in female non-smokers.  The consumption of fried or well done meat has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer.  The additional saturated fats from meats have been proven to increase incidences of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and hypertension.

text: Meat has been linked to the development of

text: colorectal cancer

text: and increased tumor development in patients with

text: pancreatic cancer

text: .  There are correlations between

text: lung cancer

text: and consumption of sausage and ham in female non-smokers.  The consumption of fried or well done meat has been shown to increase the risk of

text: breast cancer

text: ovarian cancer

text: and

text: endometrial cancer

text: .  The additional saturated fats from meats have been proven to increase incidences of

text: heart disease

text: stroke

text: diabetes

text: and

text: hypertension

text: Blood tests can be done to determine if a patient has high levels of antibodies that are indicative of the condition, such as antinuclear antibody (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (because SS frequently occurs secondary to rheumatoid arthritis), which are associated with autoimmune diseases. Typical SS ANA patterns are SSA/Ro and SSB/La, of which SSB/La is far more specific; SSA/Ro is associated with numerous other autoimmune conditions, but are often present in SS. However, SSA and SSB tests are frequently not positive in SS.

text: Blood tests can be done to determine if a patient has high levels of antibodies that are indicative of the condition, such as

text: antinuclear antibody

text: (ANA) and

text: rheumatoid factor

text: (because SS frequently occurs secondary to rheumatoid arthritis), which are associated with autoimmune diseases. Typical SS ANA patterns are

text: SSA/Ro

text: and

text: SSB/La

text: , of which SSB/La is far more specific; SSA/Ro is associated with numerous other autoimmune conditions, but are often present in SS. However, SSA and SSB tests are frequently not positive in SS.

text: Increased intestinal permeability is a factor in several diseases, such as Crohn's disease, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, schizophrenia, certain types of cancer, obesity, fatty liver, atopy and allergic diseases, among others. In the majority of cases, increased permeability develops prior to disease, but the cause-effect relationship between increased intestinal permeability in most of these diseases is not clear.

text: Increased intestinal permeability is a factor in several diseases, such as

text: Crohn's disease

text: celiac disease

text: type 1 diabetes

text: type 2 diabetes

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: spondyloarthropathies

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: irritable bowel syndrome

text: schizophrenia

text: , certain types of

text: cancer

text: , obesity,

text: fatty liver

text: atopy

text: and

text: allergic

text: diseases, among others. In the majority of cases, increased permeability develops prior to disease, but the cause-effect relationship between increased intestinal permeability in most of these diseases is not clear.

text: The chapter focuses on cancer, and introduces it with the principle that cells occasionally reproduce themselves when they are not supposed to. Cancer is when they are not stopped from doing so. A gene called TP53, on the short arm of chromosome 17, is responsible for suppressing rogue cancer cells, and is classified as a tumor-suppressor gene. These genes are the opposite of oncogenes, which are genes that encourage cell growth. Therefore, oncogenes can cause cancer when they are kept switched on, but tumor-suppressor genes can also cause cancer when they are kept switched off. Ridley explains that the reason detecting cancer early is so important is that the more it progresses and the more the cells divide, the more mutations accumulate, which means the progression of the disease actually accelerates with time. Some cancer victims also carry mutations in “mutator genes” such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, in the case of breast cancer. The protein that TP53 produces called p53, which is in clinical trial as a cancer drug, acts as a police officer in cells that begin to duplicate themselves excessively by either halting cell division or by instructing the cell to commit suicide by a process called apoptosis. Ridley explains that in various types of cancers TP53 is mutated very early, which explains why chemotherapy and radiation therapy does not always work effectively in later stages of the disease (chemo and radiation help the body to help itself by damaging DNA which thereby “alerts” p53, but if the gene is mutated this cannot happen). I have attached a quote from page 240 that I found particularly inspiring about “reductionist” cancer research.

text: Food allergy is a non-seasonal disease with skin and/or gastrointestinal disorders. The main complaint is excessive scratching (pruritus) which is usually resistant to treatment by steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The exact prevalence of food allergy in cats remains unknown. In 20 to 30% of the cases, cats have concurrent allergic diseases (atopy/flea-allergic dermatitis). A reliable diagnosis can only be made with dietary elimination-challenge trials. Allergy testing is necessary for the identification of the causative food component(s). Therapy consists of avoiding the offending food component(s).

text: Food allergy is a non-seasonal disease with skin and/or gastrointestinal disorders. The main complaint is excessive scratching (

text: pruritus

text: ) which is usually resistant to treatment by

text: steroidal

text: anti-inflammatory

text: drugs

text: . The exact prevalence of food allergy in cats remains unknown. In 20 to 30% of the cases, cats have concurrent allergic diseases (

text: atopy

text: /flea-allergic

text: dermatitis

text: ). A reliable diagnosis can only be made with

text: dietary elimination-challenge trials

text: Allergy

text: testing

text: is necessary for the identification of the causative food component(s). Therapy consists of avoiding the offending food component(s).

text: Recurrent miscarriage in itself is associated with later development of coronary artery disease with an odds ratio of approximately 2, increased risk of ovarian cancer, increased risk of cardiovascular complications, and an increased risk of all-cause mortality of 44%, 86%, and 150% for women with a history of 1, 2, or 3 miscarriages, respectively.

text: Recurrent miscarriage in itself is associated with later development of

text: coronary artery disease

text: with an

text: odds ratio

text: of approximately 2, increased risk of ovarian cancer, increased risk of cardiovascular complications, and an increased risk of all-cause mortality of 44%, 86%, and 150% for women with a history of 1, 2, or 3 miscarriages, respectively.

text: Understanding the different ways in which microRNA regulates gene-expression, including mRNA-translation and degradation is key to understanding the potential evolutionary role of SINEs in gene-regulation and in the generation of microRNA loci. This, in addition to SINEs’ direct role in regulatory networks (as discussed in SINEs as long non-coding RNAs) is crucial to beginning to understand the relationship between SINEs and certain diseases. Multiple studies have suggested that increased SINE activity is correlated with certain gene-expression profiles and post-transcription regulation of certain genes.  In fact, Peterson et al. 2013 demonstrated that high SINE RNA expression correlates with post-transcriptional downregulation of BRCA1, a tumor suppressor implicated in multiple forms of cancer, namely breast cancer. Furthermore, studies have established a strong correlation between transcriptional mobilization of SINEs and certain cancers and conditions such as hypoxia; this can be due to the genomic instability caused by SINE activity as well as more direct-downstream effects.  SINEs have also been implicated in countless other diseases. In essence, short-interspersed nuclear elements have become deeply integrated in countless regulatory, metabolic and signaling pathways and thus play an inevitable role in causing disease. Much is still to be known about these genomic parasites but it is clear they play a significant role within eukaryotic organisms.

text: Calciphylaxis most commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease who are on hemodialysis or who have recently received a renal (kidney) transplant. Yet calciphylaxis does not occur only in end-stage renal disease patients. When reported in patients without end-stage renal disease, it is called non-uremic calciphylaxis by Nigwekar et al. Non-uremic calciphylaxis has been observed in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, breast cancer (treated with chemotherapy), liver cirrhosis (due to alcohol abuse), cholangiocarcinoma, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

text: Calciphylaxis most commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease who are on hemodialysis or who have recently received a renal (kidney) transplant. Yet calciphylaxis does not occur only in end-stage renal disease patients. When reported in patients without end-stage renal disease, it is called non-uremic calciphylaxis by Nigwekar et al. Non-uremic calciphylaxis has been observed in patients with

text: primary hyperparathyroidism

text: breast cancer

text: (treated with chemotherapy), liver

text: cirrhosis

text: (due to alcohol abuse),

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: Crohn's disease

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: (RA), and

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: (SLE).

text: Helminthic infection has emerged as one possible explanation for the low incidence of autoimmune diseases and allergies in less developed countries, together with the significant and sustained increase in autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries.

text: Many people suffer from eczema on their palms and their head. Some find that wheat or gluten (the protein found in many grains including wheat) is the cause, particularly if they are sensitive to this in food; e.g. celiac disease wheat allergy. Shampoo can often go into the mouth, particularly for children, so all individuals who are on gluten-free diets may prefer to find a gluten-free shampoo. Shampoo manufacturers are starting to recognize this and there are now gluten-free and wheat-free products available.

text: Many people suffer from

text: eczema

text: on their palms and their head. Some find that wheat or gluten (the protein found in many grains including wheat) is the cause, particularly if they are sensitive to this in food; e.g. celiac disease

text: wheat allergy

text: . Shampoo can often go into the mouth, particularly for children, so all individuals who are on

text: gluten-free

text: diets may prefer to find a gluten-free shampoo. Shampoo manufacturers are starting to recognize this and there are now gluten-free and wheat-free products available.

text: Sometimes referred to as National Breast Cancer Industry Month, critics of NBCAM point to a conflict of interest between corporations sponsoring breast cancer awareness while profiting from diagnosis and treatment. The breast cancer advocacy organization, Breast Cancer Action, has said repeatedly in newsletters and other information sources that October has become a public relations campaign that avoids discussion of the causes and prevention of breast cancer and instead focuses on "awareness" as a way to encourage women to get their mammograms. The term pinkwashing has been used by Breast Cancer Action to describe the actions of companies which manufacture and use chemicals which show a link with breast cancer and at the same time publicly support charities focused on curing the disease.  Other criticisms center on the marketing of "pink products" and tie-ins, citing that more money is spent marketing these campaigns than is donated to the cause. According to The New York Times in October 2015, fine print disclaimers on pink products sold by Dick's Sporting Goods reveal that in some instances, no money at all is donated to breast cancer research. Other companies cap the amount they give to research during each October's "pink" campaign, but do not tell consumers when that cap has been reached.

text: Sometimes referred to as National Breast Cancer Industry Month, critics of NBCAM point to a conflict of interest between corporations sponsoring

text: breast cancer awareness

text: while profiting from diagnosis and treatment. The breast cancer advocacy organization,

text: Breast Cancer Action

text: , has said repeatedly in newsletters and other information sources that October has become a

text: public relations

text: campaign that avoids discussion of the causes and prevention of breast cancer and instead focuses on "awareness" as a way to encourage women to get their mammograms. The term

text: pinkwashing

text: has been used by Breast Cancer Action to describe the actions of companies which manufacture and use chemicals which show a link with breast cancer and at the same time publicly support charities focused on curing the disease.  Other criticisms center on the marketing of "pink products" and tie-ins, citing that more money is spent marketing these campaigns than is donated to the cause. According to The New York Times in October 2015, fine print disclaimers on pink products sold by

text: Dick's Sporting Goods

text: reveal that in some instances, no money at all is donated to breast cancer research. Other companies cap the amount they give to research during each October's "pink" campaign, but do not tell consumers when that cap has been reached.

text: The focus since 1959 stems from the development, production and distribution of Allergen Immunotherapies for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. These immunotherapies are used primarily against common allergies such as hay fever, house dust mite allergy and allergic reactions towards wasp or bee stings. With offices in major European countries, HAL Allergy is one of the European top players, particularly in the field of allergy.

text: The focus since 1959 stems from the development, production and distribution of

text: Allergen Immunotherapies

text: for the treatment and prevention of

text: allergic diseases

text: . These immunotherapies are used primarily against common allergies such as hay fever, house dust mite allergy and allergic reactions towards wasp or bee stings. With offices in major European countries, HAL Allergy is one of the European top players, particularly in the field of allergy.

text: Allergic diseases are strongly familial: identical twins are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in non-identical twins. Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children, and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along genealogies; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to ragweed. It seems that the likelihood of developing allergies is inherited and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific allergen is not.

text: Allergic diseases are strongly

text: familial

text: identical twins

text: are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in

text: non-identical twins

text: . Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children, and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along

text: genealogies

text: ; parents who are allergic to

text: peanut

text: s may have children who are allergic to

text: ragweed

text: . It seems that the likelihood of developing allergies is

text: inherited

text: and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific

text: allergen

text: is not.

text: This list of autoimmune diseases is categorized by organ and tissue type to help locate diseases that may be similar.

text: This list of

text: autoimmune diseases

text: is categorized by

text: organ

text: and tissue type to help locate diseases that may be similar.

text: Diabetes is a chronic, often debilitating and sometimes fatal disease, in which the body either cannot produce insulin or cannot properly use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Diabetes leads to high blood sugar levels, which can damage organs, blood vessels and nerves. The body needs insulin to use sugar as an energy source. One Canadian is diagnosed with diabetes every three minutes. Having diabetes can shorten one's lifespan by five to 15 years.

text: Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.

text: Disorders of the immune system can result in

text: autoimmune disease

text: s,

text: inflammatory diseases

text: and

text: cancer

text: Immunodeficiency

text: occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a

text: genetic disease

text: such as

text: severe combined immunodeficiency

text: , acquired conditions such as

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: , or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast,

text: autoimmunity

text: results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: , and

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: Immunology

text: covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.

text: Diabetics, despite not having clinically detectable atherosclerotic disease, have more severe debility from atherosclerotic events over time than non-diabetics who have already had atherosclerotic events. Thus diabetes has been upgraded to be viewed as an advanced atherosclerotic disease equivalent.

text: The causes of SIRS are broadly classified as infectious or noninfectious. Causes of SIRS include:

text: Podiatrists are uniquely qualified among medical professionals to treat only diseases of the foot and ankle. Whether it is sports medicine, pediatrics, dermatology or diabetes, today’s podiatrist can treat the many diverse facets of foot care. Podiatrists can be the first to identify systemic diseases in patients, such as diabetes and vascular disease.  Today’s podiatrists:

text: Podiatrists are uniquely qualified among medical professionals to treat only

text: diseases of the foot

text: and ankle. Whether it is sports medicine, pediatrics, dermatology or diabetes, today’s podiatrist can treat the many diverse facets of foot care. Podiatrists can be the first to identify systemic diseases in patients, such as diabetes and vascular disease.  Today’s podiatrists:

text: About 6 percent of people with type 1 diabetes have celiac disease, but in most cases there are no digestive symptoms or are mistakenly attributed to poor control of diabetes, gastroparesis or diabetic neuropathy. In most cases, celiac disease is diagnosed after onset of type 1 diabetes. The association of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes increases the risk of complications, such as retinopathy and mortality. This association can be explained by shared genetic factors, and inflammation or nutritional deficiencies caused by untreated celiac disease, even if type 1 diabetes is diagnosed first.

text: About 6 percent of people with type 1 diabetes have

text: celiac disease

text: , but in most cases there are no digestive symptoms or are mistakenly attributed to poor control of diabetes, gastroparesis or diabetic neuropathy. In most cases, celiac disease is diagnosed after onset of type 1 diabetes. The association of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes increases the risk of complications, such as

text: retinopathy

text: and mortality. This association can be explained by shared genetic factors, and inflammation or nutritional deficiencies caused by untreated celiac disease, even if type 1 diabetes is diagnosed first.

text: The Coupland Building at Manchester University, at which Rutherford conducted many of his experiments, has been the subject of a cancer cluster investigation. There has been a statistically high incidence of pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, and motor neuron disease occurring in and around Rutherford's former laboratories and, since 1984, a total of six workers have been stricken with these ailments.  In 2009, an independent commission concluded that the very slightly elevated levels of various radiation related to Rutherford's experiments decades earlier are not the likely cause of such cancers and ruled the illnesses a coincidence.

text: The Coupland Building at

text: Manchester University

text: , at which Rutherford conducted many of his experiments, has been the subject of a

text: cancer cluster

text: investigation. There has been a statistically high incidence of

text: pancreatic cancer

text: brain cancer

text: , and

text: motor neuron disease

text: occurring in and around Rutherford's former laboratories and, since 1984, a total of six workers have been stricken with these ailments.  In 2009, an independent commission concluded that the very slightly elevated levels of various radiation related to Rutherford's experiments decades earlier are not the likely cause of such cancers and ruled the illnesses a coincidence.

text: Symptoms of allergies vary from person to person. The amount of food needed to trigger a reaction also varies from person to person.

text: Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion – the Chinese characters for acupuncture () literally meaning "acupuncture-moxibustion" – which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease".

text: Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion – the Chinese characters for acupuncture () literally meaning "acupuncture-moxibustion" – which involves burning

text: mugwort

text: on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. According to the

text: American Cancer Society

text: , "available scientific evidence does not support claims that moxibustion is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease".

text: Death in those with a GI bleed is more commonly due to other illnesses (some of which may have contributed to the bleed, such as cancer or cirrhosis), than the bleeding itself. Of those admitted to a hospital because of a GI bleed, death occurs in about 7%. Despite treatment, re-bleeding occurs in about 7–16% of those with upper GI bleeding. In those with esophageal varices, bleeding occurs in about 5–15% a year and if they have bled once, there is a higher risk of further bleeding within six weeks. Testing and treating H. pylori if found can prevent re-bleeding in those with peptic ulcers. The benefits versus risks of restarting blood thinners such as aspirin or warfarin and anti-inflammatories such as NSAIDs need to be carefully considered. If aspirin is needed for cardiovascular disease prevention, it is reasonable to restart it within seven days in combination with a PPI for those with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding.

text: Death in those with a GI bleed is more commonly due to other illnesses (some of which may have contributed to the bleed, such as cancer or cirrhosis), than the bleeding itself. Of those admitted to a hospital because of a GI bleed, death occurs in about 7%. Despite treatment, re-bleeding occurs in about 7–16% of those with upper GI bleeding. In those with esophageal varices, bleeding occurs in about 5–15% a year and if they have bled once, there is a higher risk of further bleeding within six weeks. Testing and treating H. pylori if found can prevent re-bleeding in those with peptic ulcers. The benefits versus risks of restarting blood thinners such as

text: aspirin

text: or

text: warfarin

text: and

text: anti-inflammatories

text: such as

text: NSAIDs

text: need to be carefully considered. If aspirin is needed for cardiovascular disease prevention, it is reasonable to restart it within seven days in combination with a PPI for those with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding.

text: People can also experience adverse effects of wheat as result of a wheat allergy. Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could be anaphylaxis.

text: People can also experience adverse effects of wheat as result of a

text: wheat allergy

text: . Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could be

text: anaphylaxis

text: Although the bodies of dead sea otters often sink at sea, necropsies of beached carcasses provide some insights into the causes of mortality. A study of 105 sea otters that had washed ashore between 1998 and 2001 determined the major causes of death to be protozoal encephalitis, acanthocephalan parasite infection, shark attack, and cardiac disease. Infectious disease alone caused 63.8% of deaths, and in most of these cases the disease was caused by parasites. Infection, particularly Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, was often present in otters that had died of cardiac disease, suggesting that infection may have contributed to the onset of cardiac disease. T. gondii encephalitis was also strongly associated with shark bites, perhaps because the disease causes abnormal behavior that increases the likelihood of shark attack.

text: Although the bodies of dead sea otters often sink at sea,

text: necropsies

text: of beached carcasses provide some insights into the causes of mortality. A study of 105 sea otters that had washed ashore between 1998 and 2001 determined the major causes of death to be

text: protozoal

text: encephalitis

text: acanthocephalan

text: parasite infection,

text: shark

text: attack, and

text: cardiac disease

text: . Infectious disease alone caused 63.8% of deaths, and in most of these cases the disease was caused by parasites. Infection, particularly

text: Toxoplasma gondii

text: encephalitis, was often present in otters that had died of cardiac disease, suggesting that infection may have contributed to the onset of cardiac disease. T. gondii encephalitis was also strongly associated with shark bites, perhaps because the disease causes abnormal behavior that increases the likelihood of

text: shark attack

text: An example of an ASA status classification system is that used by dental professionals.  Many include the 'functional limitation' or 'anxiety' to determine classification which is not mentioned in the actual definition but may prove to be beneficial when dealing with certain complex cases. Often different anesthesia providers assign different grades to the same case. The word 'systemic' in this classification creates a lot of confusion. For example, heart attack (myocardial infarction), though grave, is a 'local' disease and is not a 'systemic' disease, so a recent (or old) heart attack, in the absence of any other systemic disease, does not truly fit in any category of the ASA classification, yet has poor post-surgery survival rates. Similarly cirrhosis of the liver, COPD, severe asthma, peri-nephric abscess, badly infected wounds, intestinal perforation, skull fracture etc. are not systemic diseases. These, and other severe heart, liver, lung, intestinal or kidney diseases, although they greatly affect physical status and risk for poor outcomes, cannot be labelled as “systemic disease” (which means a generalized disorder of the whole body like hypertension or diabetes mellitus). Local diseases can also change physical status but has not been mentioned in ASA classification.

text: An example of an ASA status classification system is that used by dental professionals.  Many include the 'functional limitation' or 'anxiety' to determine classification which is not mentioned in the actual definition but may prove to be beneficial when dealing with certain complex cases. Often different anesthesia providers assign different grades to the same case. The word 'systemic' in this classification creates a lot of confusion. For example, heart attack (

text: myocardial infarction

text: ), though grave, is a 'local' disease and is not a 'systemic' disease, so a recent (or old) heart attack, in the absence of any other

text: systemic disease

text: , does not truly fit in any category of the ASA classification, yet has poor post-surgery survival rates. Similarly

text: cirrhosis

text: of the liver,

text: COPD

text: , severe

text: asthma

text: peri-nephric abscess

text: , badly infected wounds,

text: intestinal perforation

text: skull fracture

text: etc. are not

text: systemic disease

text: s. These, and other severe heart, liver, lung, intestinal or kidney diseases, although they greatly affect physical status and risk for poor outcomes, cannot be labelled as “

text: systemic disease

text: ” (which means a generalized disorder of the whole body like

text: hypertension

text: or

text: diabetes mellitus

text: Local disease

text: s can also change physical status but has not been mentioned in ASA classification.

text: While it is recognized that there is probably a genetic disposition in certain individuals for the development of autoimmune diseases, the rate of increase in incidence of autoimmune diseases is not a result of genetic changes in humans; the increased rate of autoimmune-related diseases in the industrialized world is occurring in too short a time to be explained in this way. There is evidence that one of the primary reasons for the increase in autoimmune diseases in industrialized nations is the significant change in environmental factors over the last century. Environmental factors include exposure to certain artificial chemicals from industrial processes, medicines, farming, and food preparation. It is posited that the absence of exposure to certain parasites, bacteria, and viruses is playing a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases in the more sanitized and industrialized Western nations.

text: While it is recognized that there is probably a genetic disposition in certain individuals for the development of autoimmune diseases, the rate of increase in

text: incidence

text: of autoimmune diseases is not a result of genetic changes in humans; the increased rate of autoimmune-related diseases in the industrialized world is occurring in too short a time to be explained in this way. There is evidence that one of the primary reasons for the increase in autoimmune diseases in industrialized nations is the significant change in environmental factors over the last century. Environmental factors include exposure to certain artificial chemicals from industrial processes, medicines, farming, and food preparation. It is posited that the absence of exposure to certain parasites, bacteria, and viruses is playing a significant role in the development of autoimmune diseases in the more sanitized and industrialized Western nations.

text: December 1980—Title II of the Health Programs Extension Act of 1980, P.L. 96-538, changed the Institute's name to the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The Act also established the National Digestive Diseases Advisory Board. The law authorized the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, the Diabetes Data Group, and the National Digestive Diseases Information and Education Clearinghouse. In addition, it reauthorized advisory boards for arthritis and diabetes research.

text: Second-hand smoke causes many of the same diseases as direct smoking, including cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases. These diseases include:

text: Second-hand smoke causes many of the same diseases as direct smoking, including

text: cardiovascular disease

text: s,

text: lung cancer

text: , and

text: respiratory disease

text: s. These diseases include:

text: In the United States, rates of emergency department use for noninfectious gastroenteritis dropped 30% from 2006 until 2011. Of the twenty most common conditions seen in the emergency department, rates of noninfectious gastroenteritis had the largest decrease in visits in that time period.

text: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases that are characterised by hyperglycaemia and defects in insulin production in the pancreas and/or impaired tolerance to insulin effects. DM is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Because the disease may be insidious, the diagnosis often is delayed. Effects of the disease may affect larger blood vessels (e.g., atherosclerosis within the larger arteries of the cardiovascular system) or smaller blood vessels, as seen with damage to the retina of the eye, damage to the kidney, and damage to the nerves.

text: Diabetes mellitus

text: (DM) is a group of

text: metabolic

text: disease

text: s that are characterised by

text: hyperglycaemia

text: and defects in

text: insulin

text: production in the

text: pancreas

text: and/or impaired tolerance to insulin effects. DM is a leading cause of

text: morbidity

text: and

text: mortality

text: . Because the disease may be

text: insidious

text: , the

text: diagnosis

text: often is delayed. Effects of the disease may affect

text: larger blood vessels

text: (e.g.,

text: atherosclerosis

text: within the

text: larger arteries

text: of the cardiovascular system) or

text: smaller blood vessels

text: , as seen with

text: damage to the retina of the eye

text: damage to the kidney

text: , and

text: damage to the nerves

text: She speaks on parental and familial issues. Frost also is an active supporter for those who live with anaphylaxis and life-threatening allergies, and is the 2014 ambassador for FARE (Food, Allergy, Research and Education) and an activist for children of neglect and poverty.

text: SELDI technology can potentially be used in any application by modifying the SELDI surface. SELDI-TOF-MS is optimal for analyzing low molecular weight proteins (<20 kDa) in a variety of biological materials, such as tissue samples, blood, urine, and serum. This technique is often used in combination with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic tool to aid in the detection of biomarkers for diseases, and has also been applied to the diagnosis of cancer and neurological disorders. SELDI-TOF-MS has been used in biomarker discovery for lung, breast, liver, colon, pancreatic, bladder, kidney, cervical, ovarian, and prostate cancers. SELDI technology is most widely used in biomarker discovery to compare protein levels in serum samples from healthy and diseased patients. Serum studies allow for a minimally invasive approach to disease monitoring in patients and are useful in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases and neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's.

text: SELDI technology can potentially be used in any application by modifying the SELDI surface. SELDI-TOF-MS is optimal for analyzing low molecular weight proteins (<20 kDa) in a variety of biological materials, such as tissue samples, blood, urine, and serum. This technique is often used in combination with

text: immunoblotting

text: and

text: immunohistochemistry

text: as a diagnostic tool to aid in the detection of

text: biomarker

text: s for diseases, and has also been applied to the diagnosis of cancer and neurological disorders. SELDI-TOF-MS has been used in biomarker discovery for

text: lung

text: breast

text: liver

text: colon

text: pancreatic

text: bladder

text: kidney

text: cervical

text: ovarian

text: , and

text: prostate

text: cancers. SELDI technology is most widely used in biomarker discovery to compare protein levels in serum samples from healthy and diseased patients. Serum studies allow for a minimally invasive approach to disease monitoring in patients and are useful in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases and neurological disorders, such as

text: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: (ALS) and

text: Alzheimer's

text: OTT has been instrumental in the commercialization of hundreds of products, 24 of which are FDA approved vaccines and therapeutics.  The sale of these products by NIH licensees has surpassed $50 billion over the last 20 years, with nearly $6 billion in  2008 alone.   More importantly, these products have served to prevent, treat or diagnose diseases ranging from different types of cancer to Human Papilloma Virus and HIV to macular degeneration.

text: Over the past three decades, Dr. Luster has been intimately associated with the birth, growth and development of the chemokine field.  He has been a pioneer in this field and has made multiple seminal contributions to understanding the roles of this important family of immunoregulatory chemotactic cytokines in health and diseases since his initial discovery of CXCL10 (IP-10).  His laboratory has helped define how chemokines function in immune cell trafficking necessary to generate innate and adaptive immune responses in host responses to infectious pathogens and cancer, as well as in the pathogenesis of immune and inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune allergen diseases, such as arthritis and asthma.

text: Over the past three decades, Dr. Luster has been intimately associated with the birth, growth and development of the chemokine field.  He has been a pioneer in this field and has made multiple seminal contributions to understanding the roles of this important family of immunoregulatory chemotactic cytokines in health and diseases since his initial discovery of CXCL10 (IP-10).  His laboratory has helped define how

text: chemokine

text: s function in

text: immune cell trafficking

text: necessary to generate innate and adaptive immune responses in host responses to infectious pathogens and cancer, as well as in the pathogenesis of immune and inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune allergen diseases, such as arthritis and asthma.

text: Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (WAIHA) is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases.  About half of the cases are idiopathic, with the other half attributable to a predisposing condition or medications being taken. Contrary to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (e.g. cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) which happens in cold temperature (28-31 °C), WAIHA happens in body temperature.

text: Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (WAIHA) is the most common of the

text: autoimmune

text: hemolytic

text: diseases.  About half of the cases are

text: idiopathic

text: , with the other half attributable to a predisposing condition or medications being taken. Contrary to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (e.g.

text: cold agglutinin disease

text: and

text: paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

text: ) which happens in cold temperature (28-31 °C), WAIHA happens in body temperature.

text: While a theoretical mechanism occurs by which stress could cause an aggravation of the autoimmune response that leads to Graves' disease, more robust clinical data are needed for a firm conclusion.

text: Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA.  Within this protein-coding DNA (called the exome), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including non-protein-coding regions) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. These high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defect giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in the preceding section) is a deficiency in DNA repair.  The large field defects surrounding colon cancers (extending to about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (ERCC1, XPF and/or PMS2) in the entire area of the field defect.  When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR).  A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations.  In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations.  These new mutations and/or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect.  Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cell acquires an additional mutation/epimutation that does provide a proliferative advantage.

text: Cancers are known to exhibit

text: genome instability

text: or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA.  Within this protein-coding DNA (called the

text: exome

text: ), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including

text: non-protein-coding regions

text: ) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher

text: exome

text: mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. These high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defect giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in the preceding section) is a deficiency in DNA repair.  The large field defects surrounding colon cancers (extending to about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (

text: , XPF and/or

text: ) in the entire area of the field defect.  When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in

text: DNA mismatch repair

text: or in

text: homologous recombination

text: al repair (HRR).  A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone

text: translesion synthesis

text: past some of those damages may give rise to mutations.  In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations.  These new mutations and/or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect.  Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cell acquires an additional mutation/epimutation that does provide a proliferative advantage.

text: The prevention of feline cancer mainly depends on the cat's diet and lifestyle, as well as an ability to detect early signs and symptoms of cancer prior to advancement to a further stage. If cancer is detected at an earlier stage, it has a higher chance of being treated, therefore lessening the chances of fatality. Taking domesticated cats for regular checkups to the veterinarian can help spot signs and symptoms of cancer early on and help maintain a healthy lifestyle. Further, due to advancements in research, prevention of certain types of feline illnesses remains possible. A widely known preventative of feline leukemia virus is the vaccine which was created in 1969. Subsequently, an immunofloures-cent antibody (IFA) test for the detection of FeLV in the blood of infected cats was formulated. The IFA test was mainly used to experiment the chances of felines being exposed to cancer. The results showed that 33% of cats who were exposed to FeLV related diseases were at a higher risk for acquiring it, while the cats that were left unexposed were left unaffected. FeLV is either spread through contagion or infection and once infected it is possible for cats to stay that way for the rest of their lives.

text: The prevention of feline cancer mainly depends on the cat's diet and lifestyle, as well as an ability to detect early signs and symptoms of cancer prior to advancement to a further stage. If cancer is detected at an earlier stage, it has a higher chance of being treated, therefore lessening the chances of fatality. Taking

text: domesticated

text: cats for regular checkups to the veterinarian can help spot signs and symptoms of cancer early on and help maintain a healthy lifestyle. Further, due to advancements in research, prevention of certain types of feline illnesses remains possible. A widely known preventative of

text: feline leukemia virus

text: is the

text: vaccine

text: which was created in 1969. Subsequently, an immunofloures-cent antibody (IFA) test for the detection of FeLV in the blood of infected cats was formulated. The IFA test was mainly used to experiment the chances of felines being exposed to cancer. The results showed that 33% of cats who were exposed to FeLV related diseases were at a higher risk for acquiring it, while the cats that were left unexposed were left unaffected. FeLV is either spread through contagion or infection and once infected it is possible for cats to stay that way for the rest of their lives.

text: Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop cancer, and cancer is a genetic disease. The process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events. Mutations occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. There are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger cell death, but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. An internal process of natural selection occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body.

text: Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop

text: cancer

text: , and cancer is a genetic disease. The process of cancer development in the body is a combination of events.

text: Mutation

text: s occasionally occur within cells in the body as they divide. Although these mutations will not be inherited by any offspring, they can affect the behavior of cells, sometimes causing them to grow and divide more frequently. There are biological mechanisms that attempt to stop this process; signals are given to inappropriately dividing cells that should trigger

text: cell death

text: , but sometimes additional mutations occur that cause cells to ignore these messages. An internal process of

text: natural selection

text: occurs within the body and eventually mutations accumulate within cells to promote their own growth, creating a cancerous tumor that grows and invades various tissues of the body.

text: It is estimated that up to 25 percent of people with systemic autoimmune disease could be considered to have UCTD.

text: The rare disease diabetes insipidus has similar symptoms to diabetes mellitus, but without disturbances in the sugar metabolism (insipidus means "without taste" in Latin) and does not involve the same disease mechanisms. Diabetes is a part of the wider condition known as metabolic syndrome.

text: The rare disease

text: diabetes insipidus

text: has similar symptoms to diabetes mellitus, but without disturbances in the sugar metabolism (insipidus means "without taste" in Latin) and does not involve the same disease mechanisms. Diabetes is a part of the wider condition known as

text: metabolic syndrome

text: Surgery is normally reserved for complications of Crohn's disease or when disease that resists treatment with drugs is confined to one location that can be removed. Surgery is often used to manage complications of Crohn's disease, including fistulae, small bowel obstruction, colon cancer, small intestine cancer and fibrostenotic strictures, when strictureplasty (expansion of the stricture) is sometimes performed. Otherwise, and for other complications, resection and anastomosis – the removal of the affected section of intestine and the rejoining of the healthy sections – is the surgery usually performed for Crohn's disease (e.g., ileocolonic resection). None of these surgeries cure or eliminate Crohn's disease, as the disease eventually comes back in healthy segments of the intestine, although when Crohn's disease recurs after surgery, it usually comes back at the site of the surgery.

text: Surgery is normally reserved for complications of Crohn's disease or when disease that resists treatment with drugs is confined to one location that can be removed. Surgery is often used to manage complications of Crohn's disease, including

text: fistula

text: e, small

text: bowel obstruction

text: colon cancer

text: small intestine cancer

text: and fibrostenotic

text: strictures

text: , when

text: strictureplasty

text: (expansion of the stricture) is sometimes performed. Otherwise, and for other complications,

text: resection

text: and anastomosis – the removal of the affected section of intestine and the rejoining of the healthy sections – is the surgery usually performed for Crohn's disease (e.g.,

text: ileocolonic resection

text: ). None of these surgeries cure or eliminate Crohn's disease, as the disease eventually comes back in healthy segments of the intestine, although when Crohn's disease recurs after surgery, it usually comes back at the site of the surgery.

text: Although a causal relation between allergy and Menière's disease is uncertain, medication to control allergies may be helpful.

text: Although a causal relation between allergy and Menière's disease is uncertain,

text: medication to control allergies

text: may be helpful.

text: Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies, also known as SS-A and SS-B, respectively, are commonly found in primary Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands. The presence of both antibodies is found in 30–60% of Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro antibodies alone are found in 50–70% of Sjögren's syndrome and 30% of SLE with cutaneous involvement, and anti-La antibodies are rarely found in isolation. Anti-La antibodies are also found in SLE; however, Sjögren's syndrome is normally also present. Anti-Ro antibodies are also found less frequently in other disorders including autoimmune liver diseases, coeliac disease, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, cardiac neonatal lupus erythematosus and polymyositis. During pregnancy, anti-Ro antibodies can cross the placenta and cause neonatal lupus in babies. In Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies correlate with early onset, increased disease duration, parotid gland enlargement, disease outside the glands and infiltration of glands by lymphocytes. Anti-Ro antibodies are specific to components of the Ro-RNP complex, comprising 45kDa, 52kDa, 54kDa and 60kDa proteins and RNA. The 60kDa DNA/RNA binding protein and 52kDa T-cell regulatory protein are the best characterised antigens of anti-Ro antibodies. Collectively, these proteins are part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that associate with the hyRNAs, hY1-hY5. The La antigen is a 48kDa transcription termination factor of RNA polymerase III, which associates with the Ro-RNP complex.

text: Anti-Ro

text: and

text: anti-La

text: antibodies, also known as SS-A and SS-B, respectively, are commonly found in primary

text: Sjögren's syndrome

text: , an

text: autoimmune disorder

text: that affects the

text: exocrine gland

text: s. The presence of both antibodies is found in 30–60% of Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro antibodies alone are found in 50–70% of Sjögren's syndrome and 30% of SLE with cutaneous involvement, and anti-La antibodies are rarely found in isolation. Anti-La antibodies are also found in SLE; however, Sjögren's syndrome is normally also present. Anti-Ro antibodies are also found less frequently in other disorders including autoimmune liver diseases,

text: coeliac disease

text: , autoimmune rheumatic diseases, cardiac neonatal

text: lupus erythematosus

text: and

text: polymyositis

text: . During pregnancy, anti-Ro antibodies can cross the

text: placenta

text: and cause neonatal lupus in babies. In Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies correlate with early onset, increased disease duration,

text: parotid gland

text: enlargement, disease outside the glands and infiltration of glands by lymphocytes. Anti-Ro antibodies are specific to components of the Ro-RNP complex, comprising 45kDa, 52kDa, 54kDa and 60kDa proteins and

text: RNA

text: . The 60kDa

text: DNA

text: /RNA binding protein and 52kDa

text: T-cell

text: regulatory protein are the best characterised antigens of anti-Ro antibodies. Collectively, these proteins are part of a

text: ribonucleoprotein

text: (RNP) complex that associate with the hyRNAs, hY1-hY5. The La antigen is a 48kDa

text: transcription

text: termination factor of

text: RNA polymerase III

text: , which associates with the Ro-RNP complex.

text: While the rates of the leading causes of death, cardiovascular disease, cancer and lung disease, are similar in women and men, women have different experiences. Lung cancer has overtaken all other types of cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women, followed by breast cancer, colorectal, ovarian, uterine and cervical cancers. While smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, amongst nonsmoking women the risk of developing cancer is three times greater than amongst nonsmoking men. Despite this, breast cancer remains the commonest cancer in women in developed countries, and is one of the more important chronic diseases of women, while cervical cancer remains one of the commonest cancers in developing countries, associated with human papilloma virus (HPV), an important sexually transmitted disease. HPV vaccine together with screening offers the promise of controlling these diseases. Other important health issues for women include cardiovascular disease, depression, dementia, osteoporosis and anemia. A major impediment to advancing women's health has been their underrepresentation in research studies, an inequity being addressed in the United States and other western nations by the establishment of centers of excellence in women's health research and large scale clinical trials such as the Women's Health Initiative.

text: While the rates of the leading causes of death,

text: cardiovascular disease

text: cancer

text: and

text: lung disease

text: , are similar in women and men, women have different experiences.

text: Lung cancer

text: has overtaken all other types of cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women, followed by

text: breast cancer

text: colorectal

text: ovarian

text: uterine

text: and

text: cervical

text: cancers. While

text: smoking

text: is the major cause of lung cancer, amongst nonsmoking women the risk of developing cancer is three times greater than amongst nonsmoking men. Despite this, breast cancer remains the commonest cancer in women in developed countries, and is one of the more important

text: chronic diseases

text: of women, while cervical cancer remains one of the commonest cancers in developing countries, associated with

text: human papilloma virus

text: (HPV), an important

text: sexually transmitted disease

text: HPV vaccine

text: together with

text: screening

text: offers the promise of controlling these diseases. Other important health issues for women include cardiovascular disease,

text: depression

text: dementia

text: osteoporosis

text: and

text: anemia

text: . A major impediment to advancing women's health has been their underrepresentation in research studies, an

text: inequity

text: being addressed in the United States and other western nations by the establishment of

text: centers of excellence

text: in women's health research and large scale

text: clinical trials

text: such as the

text: Women's Health Initiative

text: Laryngitis can be infectious as well as noninfectious in origin. The resulting inflammation of the vocal folds results in a distortion of the sound produced there. It normally develops in response to either an infection, trauma to the vocal folds, or allergies. Chronic laryngitis may also be caused by more severe problems, such as nerve damage, sores, polyps, or hard and thick lumps (nodules) on the vocal cords.

text: Laryngitis can be infectious as well as noninfectious in origin. The resulting inflammation of the vocal folds results in a distortion of the sound produced there. It normally develops in response to either an infection, trauma to the vocal folds, or allergies. Chronic laryngitis may also be caused by more severe problems, such as nerve damage, sores, polyps, or hard and thick lumps (

text: nodules

text: ) on the vocal cords.

text: In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the US. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Alzheimer's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.

text: In 2010,

text: coronary artery disease

text: lung cancer

text: stroke

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: s, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the US. Low back pain,

text: depression

text: musculoskeletal disorder

text: s, neck pain, and

text: anxiety

text: caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious

text: risk factor

text: s were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity,

text: high blood pressure

text: high blood sugar

text: , physical inactivity, and alcohol use.

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: , drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.

text: The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS)  and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis. Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. Such protein accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis and phenotypic characteristics in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases,  and systemic DNA damage responses leading to malignancies.

text: The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS)  and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). Protein

text: ubiquitination

text: and subsequent

text: proteolysis

text: and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the

text: cell cycle

text: cell growth

text: and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and

text: apoptosis

text: . Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. Such protein accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis and phenotypic characteristics in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases,  and systemic DNA damage responses leading to

text: malignancies

text: Ewald asserts, along with a growing body of peer reviewed studies published in mainstream scientific journals, that many common diseases of unknown origin are in fact the result of chronic low-level infections from viruses, bacteria or protozoa. For example, cervical cancer can be caused by the human papilloma virus, some cases of liver cancer are caused by hepatitis C or B and the bacteria Helicobacter pylori has been proven to cause stomach ulcers. Ewald argues that many common diseases of currently unknown etiology, such as cancers, heart attacks, stroke and Alzheimer's, may likewise be also caused by chronic low-level microbial infection.

text: Ewald asserts, along with a growing body of

text: peer review

text: ed studies published in mainstream scientific journals, that many common diseases of unknown origin are in fact the result of chronic low-level

text: infections

text: from

text: viruses

text: bacteria

text: or

text: protozoa

text: . For example,

text: cervical cancer

text: can be caused by the

text: human papilloma virus

text: , some cases of liver cancer are caused by

text: hepatitis

text: C or B and the bacteria

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: has been proven to cause

text: stomach ulcers

text: . Ewald argues that many common diseases of currently unknown etiology, such as cancers, heart attacks, stroke and Alzheimer's, may likewise be also caused by chronic low-level microbial infection.

text: Certain medical conditions can cause chronic fatigue and must be ruled out before a diagnosis of CFS can be given. Hypothyroidism, anemia, coeliac disease (that can occur without gastrointestinal symptoms), diabetes and certain psychiatric disorders are a few of the diseases that must be ruled out if the patient presents with appropriate symptoms. Other diseases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, include infectious diseases (such as Epstein–Barr virus, influenza, HIV infection, tuberculosis, Lyme disease), neuroendocrine diseases (such as thyroiditis, Addison's disease, adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's disease), hematologic diseases (such as occult malignancy, lymphoma), rheumatologic diseases (such as fibromyalgia, polymyalgia rheumatica, Sjögren's syndrome, giant-cell arteritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis), psychiatric diseases (such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorders, dementia, anorexia/bulimia nervosa), neuropsychologic diseases (such as obstructive sleep apnea, parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis),  and others (such as nasal obstruction from allergies, sinusitis, anatomic obstruction, autoimmune diseases, some chronic illness, alcohol or substance abuse, pharmacologic side effects, heavy metal exposure and toxicity, marked body weight fluctuation).

text: Certain medical conditions can cause chronic fatigue and must be ruled out before a diagnosis of CFS can be given.

text: Hypothyroidism

text: anemia

text: coeliac disease

text: (that can occur without gastrointestinal symptoms),

text: diabetes

text: and certain

text: psychiatric disorders

text: are a few of the diseases that must be ruled out if the patient presents with appropriate symptoms. Other diseases, listed by the

text: , include

text: infectious diseases

text: (such as

text: Epstein–Barr virus

text: influenza

text: HIV infection

text: tuberculosis

text: Lyme disease

text: ), neuroendocrine diseases (such as

text: thyroiditis

text: Addison's disease

text: adrenal insufficiency

text: Cushing's disease

text: hematologic diseases

text: (such as occult malignancy,

text: lymphoma

text: ), rheumatologic diseases (such as

text: fibromyalgia

text: polymyalgia rheumatica

text: Sjögren's syndrome

text: giant-cell arteritis

text: polymyositis

text: dermatomyositis

text: psychiatric diseases

text: (such as

text: bipolar disorder

text: schizophrenia

text: delusional disorder

text: s,

text: dementia

text: anorexia

text: bulimia nervosa

text: ), neuropsychologic diseases (such as

text: obstructive sleep apnea

text: parkinsonism

text: multiple sclerosis

text: ),  and others (such as nasal obstruction from

text: allergies

text: sinusitis

text: , anatomic obstruction,

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, some

text: chronic illness

text: , alcohol or

text: substance abuse

text: , pharmacologic

text: side effect

text: s,

text: heavy metal exposure and toxicity

text: , marked body weight fluctuation).

text: It is important to distinguish the radiosensitivity of a particular tumor, which to some extent is a laboratory measure, from the radiation "curability" of a cancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through the body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localised to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example: non-melanoma skin cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, anal cancer, prostate cancer. Metastatic cancers are generally incurable with radiation therapy because it is not possible to treat the whole body.

text: It is important to distinguish the radiosensitivity of a particular tumor, which to some extent is a laboratory measure, from the radiation "curability" of a cancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through the body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localised to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example:

text: non-melanoma skin cancer

text: head and neck cancer

text: breast cancer

text: non-small cell lung cancer

text: cervical cancer

text: anal cancer

text: prostate cancer

text: Metastatic

text: cancers are generally incurable with radiation therapy because it is not possible to treat the whole body.

text: Another way enzyme malfunctions can cause disease comes from germline mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes. Defects in these enzymes cause cancer because cells are less able to repair mutations in their genomes. This causes a slow accumulation of mutations and results in the development of cancers. An example of such a hereditary cancer syndrome is xeroderma pigmentosum, which causes the development of skin cancers in response to even minimal exposure to ultraviolet light.

text: Another way enzyme malfunctions can cause disease comes from

text: germline mutation

text: s in genes coding for

text: DNA repair

text: enzymes. Defects in these enzymes cause cancer because cells are less able to repair mutations in their

text: genome

text: s. This causes a slow accumulation of mutations and results in the

text: development of cancers

text: . An example of such a hereditary

text: cancer syndrome

text: is

text: xeroderma pigmentosum

text: , which causes the development of

text: skin cancer

text: s in response to even minimal exposure to

text: ultraviolet light

text: Obesity is also tied to the rise of type 2 diabetes among U.S. children. Until recently, diabetes in children was typically assumed to be type 1, formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recent clinical evidence indicates that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is increasing among American children and adolescents. This increase is most notable among Blacks, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and American Indians. Children who develop type 2 diabetes are typically overweight or obese. “Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents already appears to be a sizable and growing problem,” the CDC says. “Better physician awareness and monitoring of the disease’s magnitude will be necessary.”

text: DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.  If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage may increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Excess DNA damage may also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair. Such mutations and epigenetic alterations may give rise to cancer (see malignant neoplasms).

text: DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.  If DNA repair is deficient, DNA damage tends to accumulate. Such excess DNA damage may increase

text: mutational

text: errors during

text: DNA replication

text: due to error-prone

text: translesion synthesis

text: . Excess DNA damage may also increase

text: epigenetic

text: alterations due to errors during DNA repair. Such mutations and epigenetic alterations may give rise to

text: cancer

text: (see

text: malignant neoplasms

text: Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. Factors that have an impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses.

text: Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine

text: has been investigated as a possible treatment for

text: high blood pressure

text: . Factors that have an impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine,

text: demographics

text: regulatory science

text: , political, cultural, and social responses.

text: There are three components of evidence that illustrate IRAK4’s involvement in TLR signalling. First, IRAK4 is the initial kinase near the TLR receptor to activate downstream effectors such as cytokines and chemokines in the inflammatory cascade. Second, deletion of the IRAK4 gene results in various cytokine response defects and finally, patients with IRAK4 deficiency have displayed defective immunity in response to IL-1, IL-8 and other TLR binding ligands. Considering IRAK4’s downstream position of these signalling events, it is an important drug therapy target for various inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases.

text: There are three components of evidence that illustrate IRAK4’s involvement in TLR signalling. First, IRAK4 is the initial kinase near the TLR receptor to activate downstream effectors such as cytokines and chemokines in the

text: inflammatory cascade

text: . Second, deletion of the IRAK4 gene results in various cytokine response defects and finally, patients with IRAK4 deficiency have displayed defective immunity in response to IL-1,

text: and other TLR binding ligands. Considering IRAK4’s downstream position of these signalling events, it is an important drug therapy target for various inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases.

text: As Epac2 is involved in many physiological functions in various cells, defects in the Epac2/Rap1 signaling mechanism could contribute to the development of various pathological states.  Studies of Epac2 knockout mice indicate that Epac-mediated signaling is required for potentiation of insulin secretion by incretins (gut hormones released from enteroendocrine cells following meal ingestion) such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, suggesting that Epac2 is a promising target for treatment of diabetes. In fact, incretin-based diabetes therapies are currently used in clinical practice worldwide; development of Epac2-selective agonists might well lead to the discovery of further novel anti-diabetic drugs. An analog of GLP-1 has been shown to exert a blood pressure-lowering effect by stimulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion through Epac2. In heart, chronic stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor is known to progress to arrhythmia through an Epac2-dependent mechanism. In brain, up-regulation of Epac1 and down-regulation of Epac2 mRNA are observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting roles of Epacs in the disease. An Epac2 rare coding variant is found in patients with autism and could be responsible for the dendritic morphological abnormalities.  Thus, Epac2 is involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of various diseases, and represents a promising therapeutic target.

text: As Epac2 is involved in many physiological functions in various cells, defects in the Epac2/Rap1 signaling mechanism could contribute to the development of various pathological states.  Studies of Epac2

text: knockout mice

text: indicate that Epac-mediated signaling is required for potentiation of insulin secretion by

text: incretin

text: s (gut hormones released from enteroendocrine cells following meal ingestion) such as

text: glucagon-like peptide-1

text: (GLP-1) and

text: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

text: , suggesting that Epac2 is a promising target for treatment of diabetes. In fact, incretin-based diabetes therapies are currently used in clinical practice worldwide; development of Epac2-selective agonists might well lead to the discovery of further novel anti-diabetic drugs. An analog of GLP-1 has been shown to exert a blood pressure-lowering effect by stimulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion through Epac2. In heart, chronic stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor is known to progress to arrhythmia through an Epac2-dependent mechanism. In brain, up-regulation of Epac1 and down-regulation of Epac2 mRNA are observed in patients with

text: Alzheimer’s disease

text: , suggesting roles of Epacs in the disease. An Epac2 rare coding variant is found in patients with autism and could be responsible for the dendritic morphological abnormalities.  Thus, Epac2 is involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of various diseases, and represents a promising therapeutic target.

text: There has been some controversy around the possible link between benzodiazepine use and development of cancer; early cohort studies in the 1980s suggested a possible link, but follow-up case-control studies have found no link between benzodiazepines and cancer. In the second U.S. national cancer study in 1982, the American Cancer Society conducted a survey of over 1.1 million participants. A marked increased risk of cancer was found in the users of sleeping pills, mainly benzodiazepines. There have been 15 epidemiologic studies that have suggested that benzodiazepine or nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drug use is associated with increased mortality, mainly due to increased cancer deaths in humans. The cancers included cancer of the brain, lung, bowel, breast, and bladder, and other neoplasms. It has been hypothesised that either depressed immune function or the viral infections themselves were the cause of the increased rates of cancer. While initially U.S. Food and Drug Administration reviewers expressed concerns about approving the nonbenzodiazepine Z drugs due to concerns of cancer, ultimately they changed their minds and approved the drugs. A recent case-control study, however, found no link between use of benzodiazepines and cancers of the breast, lung, large bowel, lung, uterine lining, ovaries, testes, thyroid, liver, or Hodgkin's Disease, melanoma, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. More specific case-control studies since 2000 have shown no link between benzodiazepine use and breast cancer. One study found an association between self-reported benzodiazepine use and development of ovarian cancer, whereas another study found no relationship.

text: There has been some controversy around the possible link between benzodiazepine use and development of cancer; early cohort studies in the 1980s suggested a possible link, but follow-up case-control studies have found no link between benzodiazepines and cancer. In the second U.S. national cancer study in 1982, the

text: American Cancer Society

text: conducted a survey of over 1.1 million participants. A marked increased risk of cancer was found in the users of sleeping pills, mainly benzodiazepines. There have been 15

text: epidemiologic

text: studies that have suggested that

text: benzodiazepine

text: or

text: nonbenzodiazepine

text: hypnotic

text: drug use is associated with increased

text: mortality

text: , mainly due to increased

text: cancer

text: deaths in

text: humans

text: . The cancers included cancer of the

text: brain

text: lung

text: bowel

text: breast

text: , and

text: bladder

text: , and other

text: neoplasms

text: . It has been hypothesised that either depressed immune function or the viral infections themselves were the cause of the increased rates of cancer. While initially

text: U.S. Food and Drug Administration

text: reviewers expressed concerns about approving the

text: nonbenzodiazepine

text: Z drugs

text: due to concerns of cancer, ultimately they changed their minds and approved the drugs. A recent case-control study, however, found no link between use of benzodiazepines and cancers of the breast, lung, large bowel, lung, uterine lining, ovaries, testes, thyroid, liver, or Hodgkin's Disease, melanoma, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. More specific case-control studies since 2000 have shown no link between benzodiazepine use and

text: breast cancer

text: . One study found an association between self-reported benzodiazepine use and development of

text: ovarian cancer

text: , whereas another study found no relationship.

text: The Institute is a major research centre offering a range of doctorates. Much of the research is focused upon preventing, diagnosing and treating common oral disorders such as childhood dental decay, gum disease in adults or oral cancer.

text: When gluten-free flours are free from contamination with gluten, are suitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy sufferers, among others. Contamination with gluten-containing cereals can occur during grain harvesting, transporting, milling, storing, processing, handling and/or cooking.

text: When gluten-free flours are free from contamination with gluten, are suitable for people with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: coeliac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: or

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers, among others. Contamination with gluten-containing cereals can occur during grain harvesting, transporting, milling, storing, processing, handling and/or cooking.

text: Aside from the mosquito allergy cat, cats with EGC usually have allergy, ectoparasite infestation or possibly ringworm or other skin infection. Other implicated causes include traumatic damage, autoimmune disease or FeLV infection.

text: Aside from the mosquito allergy cat, cats with EGC usually have

text: allergy

text: , ectoparasite infestation or possibly

text: ringworm

text: or other skin infection. Other implicated causes include traumatic damage, autoimmune disease or FeLV infection.

text: At this time, there is not sufficient evidence - direct, indirect, or circumstantial - to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity. These conditions are included here because:

text: At this time, there is not sufficient

text: evidence

text: - direct, indirect, or circumstantial - to indicate that these diseases are caused by

text: autoimmunity

text: . These conditions are included here because:

text: The study of RRF has been recently facilitated by the development of a mouse model. Mice infected with RRV develop hind-limb arthritis/arthralgia which is similar to human disease. The disease in mice is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages which are immunopathogenic and exacerbate disease.  Furthermore, mice deficient in the C3 protein do not suffer from severe disease following infection.  This indicates that an aberrant innate immune response is responsible for severe disease following RRV infection.

text: The study of RRF has been recently facilitated by the development of a

text: mouse model

text: . Mice infected with RRV develop hind-limb arthritis/arthralgia which is similar to human disease. The disease in mice is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages which are immunopathogenic and exacerbate disease.  Furthermore, mice deficient in the

text: C3 protein

text: do not suffer from severe disease following infection.  This indicates that an aberrant innate immune response is responsible for severe disease following RRV infection.

text: Many therapies have been (and continue to be) promoted to treat or prevent cancer in humans but lack good scientific and medical evidence of effectiveness.  In many cases, there is good scientific evidence that the alleged treatments do not work. Unlike accepted cancer treatments, unproven and disproven treatments are generally ignored or avoided by the medical community, and are often pseudoscientific.

text: Many

text: therapies

text: have been (and continue to be) promoted to treat or prevent cancer in humans but lack good scientific and medical evidence of effectiveness.  In many cases, there is good scientific evidence that the alleged treatments do not work. Unlike

text: accepted cancer treatments

text: , unproven and disproven treatments are generally ignored or avoided by the

text: medical community

text: , and are often

text: pseudoscientific

text: Long-term studies like the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and the Diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT) showed that intensive insulinotherapy achieved blood glucose levels closer to non-diabetic people and that this was associated with reduced frequency and severity of blood vessel damage. Damage to large and small blood vessels (macro- and microvascular disease) is central to the development of complications of diabetes mellitus.

text: Long-term studies like the

entity_name: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study

text: UK Prospective Diabetes Study

text: (UKPDS) and the

entity_name: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

text: Diabetes control and complications trial

text: (DCCT) showed that intensive insulinotherapy achieved blood glucose levels closer to non-diabetic people and that this was associated with reduced frequency and severity of blood vessel damage. Damage to large and small blood vessels (

text: macro-

text: and

text: microvascular disease

text: ) is central to the development of

text: complications of diabetes mellitus

text: Laughter has been used as a therapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine.  Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being.  Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body.  It can also boost the immune system and release endorphins to relieve pain.  Additionally, laughter can help prevent heart disease by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels.  Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing anxiety or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers.

text: Laughter has been used as a

text: therapeutic

text: tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine.  Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being.  Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body.  It can also boost the immune system and release

text: endorphins

text: to relieve pain.  Additionally, laughter can help prevent

text: heart disease

text: by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels.  Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing

text: anxiety

text: or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers.

text: ALK is one of the founder sponsors of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).  It also sponsors and organizes an invitation-only biennial scientific symposium, the Symposium on Specific Allergy (SOSA). Since 2000, the company has sponsored the WAO Henning Løwenstein Research Award which is awarded to a young scientist who has shown excellence within the field of allergy. Since 2005, the award has been made every two years. The 2013 winner received €10,000 (or an educational grant of corresponding value) and a travel grant to attend the 2013 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)/World Allergy Organization (WAO) Congress in Milan, Italy.

text: ALK is one of the founder sponsors of the

text: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

text: (EAACI).  It also sponsors and organizes an invitation-only biennial scientific symposium, the

text: Symposium on Specific Allergy

text: (SOSA). Since 2000, the company has sponsored the WAO Henning Løwenstein Research Award which is awarded to a young scientist who has shown excellence within the field of allergy. Since 2005, the award has been made every two years. The 2013 winner received €10,000 (or an educational grant of corresponding value) and a travel grant to attend the 2013

text: (EAACI)/

text: World Allergy Organization

text: (WAO) Congress in

text: Milan

text: , Italy.

text: Nine out of ten SS patients are reported to be women. In addition to prevalence in women, having a first-degree relative with an autoimmune disease and previous pregnancies have been identified as epidemiological risk factors. Differences in prevalence due to race and ethnicity are unknown.

text: Nine out of ten SS patients are reported to be women. In addition to prevalence in women, having a

text: first-degree relative

text: with an autoimmune disease and previous pregnancies have been identified as epidemiological risk factors. Differences in prevalence due to race and ethnicity are unknown.

text: A re-evaluation of the claims in 1982 found that the patient groups were not actually comparable, with the vitamin C group being less sick on entry to the study, and judged to be "terminal" much earlier than the comparison group. Later clinical trials conducted by the Mayo Clinic also concluded that high-dose (10,000 mg) vitamin C was no better than placebo at treating cancer and that there was no benefit to high-dose vitamin C. The failure of the clinical trials to demonstrate any benefit resulted in the conclusion that vitamin C was not effective in treating cancer; the medical establishment concluding that his claims that vitamin C could prevent colds or treat cancer were quackery. Pauling denounced the conclusions of these studies and handling of the final study as "fraud and deliberate misrepresentation", and criticized the studies for using oral, rather than intravenous vitamin C (which was the dosing method used for the first ten days of Pauling's original study). Pauling also criticised the Mayo clinic studies because the controls were taking vitamin C during the trial, and because the duration of the treatment with vitamin C was short; Pauling advocated continued high-dose vitamin C for the rest of the cancer patient's life whereas the Mayo clinic patients in the second trial were treated with vitamin C for a median of 2.5 months. The results were publicly debated at length with considerable acrimony between Pauling and Cameron, and Moertel (the lead author of the Mayo Clinic studies), with accusations of misconduct and scientific incompetence on both sides.

text: A re-evaluation of the claims in 1982 found that the patient groups were not actually comparable, with the vitamin C group being less sick on entry to the study, and judged to be "terminal" much earlier than the comparison group. Later clinical trials conducted by the

text: Mayo Clinic

text: also concluded that high-dose (10,000 mg) vitamin C was no better than

text: placebo

text: at treating cancer and that there was no benefit to high-dose vitamin C. The failure of the clinical trials to demonstrate any benefit resulted in the conclusion that vitamin C was not effective in treating cancer; the medical establishment concluding that his claims that vitamin C could prevent colds or treat cancer were

text: quackery

text: . Pauling denounced the conclusions of these studies and handling of the final study as "fraud and deliberate misrepresentation", and criticized the studies for using oral, rather than

text: intravenous

text: vitamin C (which was the dosing method used for the first ten days of Pauling's original study). Pauling also criticised the Mayo clinic studies because the controls were taking vitamin C during the trial, and because the duration of the treatment with vitamin C was short; Pauling advocated continued high-dose vitamin C for the rest of the cancer patient's life whereas the Mayo clinic patients in the second trial were treated with vitamin C for a median of 2.5 months. The results were publicly debated at length with considerable acrimony between Pauling and Cameron, and Moertel (the lead author of the Mayo Clinic studies), with accusations of misconduct and scientific incompetence on both sides.

text: It may be illegal to market as preventing or treating cancer, and in some jurisdictions illegal to sell colloidal silver for consumption. In 2015 a British man was prosecuted and found guilty under the Cancer Act 1939 for selling colloidal silver with claims it could treat cancer.

text: It may be illegal to market as preventing or treating cancer, and in some jurisdictions illegal to sell colloidal silver for consumption. In 2015 a British man was prosecuted and found guilty under the

text: Cancer Act 1939

text: for selling colloidal silver with claims it could treat cancer.

text: Type 1 (Juvenile onset). The incidence of juvenile Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is about 1:500 in the U.S. population, and is the result of autoimmune damage to the Islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas. The level of adult onset T1D plus ambiguous T1D/T2D is unknown. It is unclear how large a role Triticeae has in T1D, which also shows strong linkage to DQ2.5 and DQ8. Childhood (male) Type 1 diabetes increases the risk for GSE and vice versa and it now appears that GSE precedes T1D in many cases  and an active search for coeliac disease in early juvenile diabetes patients revealed that GF diet resulted in some improvements. A high frequency of diabetes patients have anti-transglutaminase antibodies along with increased levels of gluten specific T-cells in T1D patients. From an evolutionary point of view it is difficult to explain the high association of T1D and DQ2.5 given negatively selective nature of the disease in NW European population given the number of studies suggesting that the "Super B8" haplotypes has been under positive selection, and appears to be the most characteristic HLA type in NW Europeans indicating an advanced natural history of the haplotype. A T. aesitivum storage globulin, Glb-1 (locus), was identified that is similar to the hypersensitizing peanut protein Ara h 1 and other known plant hypersensitizing proteins. Antibodies to this protein correlated with levels of lymphocyte infiltration into Islet regions of the pancreas.  Gastrointestinal viruses may play a role.

text: Type 1 (Juvenile onset). The incidence of juvenile

text: Type 1 Diabetes

text: (T1D) is about 1:500 in the U.S. population, and is the result of autoimmune damage to the

text: Islets of Langerhans

text: cells in the pancreas. The level of adult onset T1D plus ambiguous T1D/T2D is unknown. It is unclear how large a role Triticeae has in T1D, which also shows strong linkage to DQ2.5 and DQ8. Childhood (male) Type 1 diabetes increases the risk for GSE and vice versa and it now appears that GSE precedes T1D in many cases  and an active search for coeliac disease in early juvenile diabetes patients revealed that GF diet resulted in some improvements. A high frequency of diabetes patients have

text: anti-transglutaminase antibodies

text: along with increased levels of gluten specific T-cells in T1D patients. From an evolutionary point of view it is difficult to explain the high association of T1D and DQ2.5 given negatively selective nature of the disease in NW European population given the number of studies suggesting that the "Super B8" haplotypes has been under positive selection, and appears to be the most characteristic HLA type in NW Europeans indicating an advanced natural history of the haplotype. A T. aesitivum storage globulin, Glb-1 (locus), was identified that is similar to the hypersensitizing peanut protein Ara h 1 and other known plant hypersensitizing proteins. Antibodies to this protein correlated with levels of lymphocyte infiltration into Islet regions of the pancreas.  Gastrointestinal viruses may play a role.

text: Dog allergies can happen just like in their human companions. These allergies usually manifest themselves as skin conditions.  What this will do is provoke the immune system of the dog to overreact in the form of a number of different symptoms, most notably a skin irritation.  Unfortunately, allergies are becoming more common every day just as they are with humans.

text: One of the most well known properties of cancer cells is their ability to invade neighboring tissues. It is what dictates whether the tumor is benign or malignant, and is the reason for their dissemination around the body. The cancer cells have to undergo a multitude of changes in order for them to acquire the ability to metastasize. It is a multistep process that starts with local invasion of the cells into the surrounding tissues. They then have to invade blood vessels, survive in the harsh environment of the circulatory system, exit this system and then start dividing in the new tissue.

text: The consumption of OTA is found to have neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects in humans. Toxicological studies have shown OTA to have strong carcinogenic mycotoxin effects on the liver and kidney of humans. Renal failure in human subjects have been reported after the inhalation of OTA. In addition to organ damage after inhalation of OTA, cases of allergy development have also been found. A disease named allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, has been found to be caused due to the antigenic effects of  Aspergillus ochraceus.  Aspergillus ochraceus was found to be associated with the development of asthma in children too. Cases of occupational environmental hazards are also documented, due to the presence of this fungus in organic dust of poultry industry. The workers in the poultry farm, subjected to this contaminated organic dust suffer from lung inflammation and decreased pulmonary function. In addition to lung diseases, instances of  Aspergillus ochraceus causing paranasal sinusitis have also been reported.

text: The consumption of OTA is found to have neurotoxic, immunosuppressive, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects in humans. Toxicological studies have shown OTA to have strong carcinogenic mycotoxin effects on the liver and kidney of humans. Renal failure in human subjects have been reported after the inhalation of OTA. In addition to organ damage after inhalation of OTA, cases of allergy development have also been found. A disease named allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, has been found to be caused due to the antigenic effects of  Aspergillus ochraceus.  Aspergillus ochraceus was found to be associated with the development of

text: asthma

text: in children too. Cases of occupational environmental hazards are also documented, due to the presence of this fungus in organic dust of poultry industry. The workers in the poultry farm, subjected to this contaminated organic dust suffer from lung inflammation and decreased pulmonary function. In addition to lung diseases, instances of  Aspergillus ochraceus causing paranasal sinusitis have also been reported.

text: A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and cancer, but this is not scientifically supported. Sharks have been known to get cancer. Both diseases and parasites affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly anecdotal and there have been few, if any, scientific or statistical studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent cancer and treat osteoarthritis. No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.

text: A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and

text: cancer

text: , but this is not scientifically supported. Sharks have been known to get cancer. Both diseases and

text: parasites

text: affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly

text: anecdotal

text: and there have been few, if any, scientific or

text: statistical

text: studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent

text: cancer

text: and treat

text: osteoarthritis

text: . No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.

text: Allergies are an abnormal immune reaction. The human immune system is designed to protect the body from potential harm and in people who have allergies the immune system will react to allergens (substances that trigger an immune response).

text: Allergies are an abnormal immune reaction. The human immune system is designed to protect the body from potential harm and in people who have allergies the immune system will react to

text: allergens

text: (substances that trigger an immune response).

text: Addison's disease is associated with the development of other autoimmune diseases, such as type I diabetes, thyroid disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and vitiligo. The presence of Addison's in addition to one of these is called autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome.

text: Addison's disease is associated with the development of other autoimmune diseases, such as

text: type I diabetes

text: thyroid

text: disease (

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: ), and

text: vitiligo

text: . The presence of Addison's in addition to one of these is called

text: autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

text: AA describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy (where "allergy" has a different meaning than that used in modern medicine.) and a mental obsession. The doctor and addiction specialist Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D. writes on behalf of AA that "Alcoholics suffer from a "(physical) craving beyond mental control". A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern disease theory of alcoholism. Jellinek's definition restricted the use of the word alcoholism to those showing a particular natural history. The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The American Medical Association uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.

text: AA describes alcoholism as an illness that involves a physical allergy (where "allergy" has a different meaning than that used in modern medicine.) and a mental obsession. The doctor and addiction specialist

text: Dr. William D. Silkworth M.D.

text: writes on behalf of AA that "Alcoholics suffer from a "(physical) craving beyond mental control". A 1960 study by

text: E. Morton Jellinek

text: is considered the foundation of the modern

text: disease theory of alcoholism

text: . Jellinek's definition restricted the use of the word alcoholism to those showing a particular

text: natural history

text: . The modern medical definition of alcoholism has been revised numerous times since then. The

text: American Medical Association

text: uses the word alcoholism to refer to a particular chronic primary disease.

text: As discussed, stem cells are used to treat degenerative diseases. One form of a degenerative disease that can occur in the brain as well as throughout the body is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases cause the body to "attack" its own cells and therefore destroys those cells as well as whatever functional purpose those cells have or contribute to. One form of an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. In this disease the body attacks the glial cells that form myelin coats around the axons on neurons. This causes the nervous system to essentially "short circuit" and pass information very slowly. Stem cells therapy has been used to try to cure some of the damage caused by the body in MS. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used to try and cure MS patients by essentially "reprogramming" their immune system. The main risk encountered with this form of treatment is the possibility of rejection of the stem cells. If the hematopoetic stem cells can be harvested from the individual, risk of rejection is much lower. But, there can be the risk of those cells being programmed to induce MS. However, if the tissue is donated from another individual there is high risk of rejection leading to possibly fatal toxicity in the recipient's body. Considering that there are fairly good treatments for MS, the use of stem cells in this case may have a higher cost than the benefits they produce. However, as research continues perhaps stem cells will truly become a viable treatment for MS as well as other autoimmune diseases.

text: As discussed, stem cells are used to treat degenerative diseases. One form of a degenerative disease that can occur in the brain as well as throughout the body is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: . Autoimmune diseases cause the body to "attack" its own cells and therefore destroys those cells as well as whatever functional purpose those cells have or contribute to. One form of an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system is

text: multiple sclerosis

text: . In this disease the body attacks the

text: glial cells

text: that form myelin coats around the axons on neurons. This causes the nervous system to essentially "short circuit" and pass information very slowly. Stem cells therapy has been used to try to cure some of the damage caused by the body in MS.

text: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

text: has been used to try and cure MS patients by essentially "reprogramming" their immune system. The main risk encountered with this form of treatment is the possibility of rejection of the stem cells. If the hematopoetic stem cells can be harvested from the individual, risk of rejection is much lower. But, there can be the risk of those cells being programmed to induce MS. However, if the tissue is donated from another individual there is high risk of rejection leading to possibly fatal toxicity in the recipient's body. Considering that there are fairly good treatments for MS, the use of stem cells in this case may have a higher cost than the benefits they produce. However, as research continues perhaps stem cells will truly become a viable treatment for MS as well as other autoimmune diseases.

text: Li began to treat his choriocarcinoma patients with an antifolate chemotherapy drug called methotrexate. A decade earlier Sidney Farber had discovered that injecting folic acid into children with leukemia accelerated the progress of the disease. Farber hypothesized that leukemia could be treated with a folate antagonist, a drug with a molecular structure similar to that of folic acid which would bind to the folate receptors in cancer cells, preventing them from receiving the folic acid they needed. Farber was able to use a drug of this type, aminopterin, to achieve a temporary remission in childhood leukemia. In the early 1950s, Jane C. Wright used methotrexate, a less toxic drug of the same type, to treat breast cancer.

text: Li began to treat his choriocarcinoma patients with an

text: antifolate

text: chemotherapy drug called

text: methotrexate

text: . A decade earlier

text: Sidney Farber

text: had discovered that injecting

text: folic acid

text: into children with

text: leukemia

text: accelerated the progress of the disease. Farber hypothesized that leukemia could be treated with a folate

text: antagonist

text: , a drug with a molecular structure similar to that of folic acid which would bind to the folate receptors in cancer cells, preventing them from receiving the folic acid they needed. Farber was able to use a drug of this type,

text: aminopterin

text: , to achieve a temporary remission in childhood leukemia. In the early 1950s,

text: Jane C. Wright

text: used methotrexate, a less toxic drug of the same type, to treat

text: breast cancer

text: Following approval of the vaccine, its entry in clinical practice was slow for a variety of reasons, including its cost, which was often not reimbursed by insurance companies. Subsequently, hundreds of vaccine recipients reported they had developed autoimmune side effects. Supported by some patient advocacy groups, a number of class-action lawsuits were filed against GlaxoSmithKline, alleging the vaccine had caused these health problems. These claims were investigated by the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control, which found no connection between the vaccine and the autoimmune complaints.

text: Following approval of the

text: vaccine

text: , its entry in clinical practice was slow for a variety of reasons, including its cost, which was often not reimbursed by insurance companies. Subsequently, hundreds of vaccine recipients reported they had developed

text: autoimmune

text: side effects. Supported by some patient advocacy groups, a number of

text: class-action lawsuit

text: s were filed against

text: GlaxoSmithKline

text: , alleging the vaccine had caused these health problems. These claims were investigated by the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control, which found no connection between the vaccine and the autoimmune complaints.

text: Dr. Pierre Zalloua was appointed Dean of Graduate Studies and Research as of October 1, 2013. His past engagements with LAU include Dean of the School of Pharmacy from October 2012 to September 2013 and Professor of Genetics at the School of Medicine. He joined LAU in 2007.He also holds the position of Adjunct Professor of Environmental Health at the Harvard School of Public Health.An accomplished geneticist, writer and lecturer, Dr. Zalloua is a leading authority on the genetics of complex diseases in and among Middle Eastern populations.Much of his recent investigative studies have addressed molecular anomalies observed in people with Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). His research interest is to identify complex disease (Type 1 Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer) susceptibility genes, to study their interaction with the environment, and to correlate these interactions with disease onset and manifestation. In the last few years, he has made considerable progress in identifying diabetes and CAD disease susceptibility gene variants.Dr. Zalloua has also conducted extensive research on the genetic links between various Middle Eastern and Mediterranean populations. Recently, he has started to work in the field of population patterns of human migrations using DNA. He is currently leading an investigative team that will obtain DNA samples from indigenous populations in the Middle East and North Africa to study their genetic commonalities. This study is part of what is known as the Genographic Project (a grant from the National Geographic Society, 2006–2010).He was also the principal investigator for the FGENTCARD Project, a European Union research project (2007–2009). He was recently awarded a large grant from the Qatar National Research Foundation to study the genetic susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes.Dr. Zalloua graduated from the American University of Beirut in 1987 with a B.S. in Biology. He earned his M.A. in Biological Sciences from San Jose State University in 1990, and his Ph.D. in Genetics from the University of California, Davis in 1996.He completed research fellowships in genetics at the University of California, Davis (1996–1997), in molecular biology at Applied Biosystems (1997–1998), and in population genetics (1998–2001) at the Harvard School of Public Health.He was an Assistant Professor, and then Associate Professor in the school of medicine at the American University of Beirut between 2003 and 2007.

text: The USA does not allow civets to be imported, as the species can transmit the SARS virus. The USA does however permit the importation of civet oil, as long as it has been treated to ensure it is noninfectious.

text: The USA does not allow civets to be imported, as the species can transmit the

text: SARS

text: virus. The USA does however permit the importation of civet oil, as long as it has been treated to ensure it is noninfectious.

text: 25x25, achieving a 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease by 2025.In September 2011, the United Nations held a High-Level Meeting in New York on the subject of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. This was only the second time in its history that the UN held a summit on a health issue and its aims were to:

text: Leslie Kenton's book Raw Energy - Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices. The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food which it claims will prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived Hunza people and Gerson therapy, an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.

text: Leslie Kenton's book Raw Energy - Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices. The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food which it claims will prevent

text: degenerative disease

text: s, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived

text: Hunza people

text: and

text: Gerson therapy

text: , an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.

text: HAL Allergy is a privately held company registered in The Netherlands. HAL Allergy is a part of Droege International Group AG.

text: HAL Allergy is a privately held company registered in The Netherlands. HAL Allergy is a part of

text: Droege International Group AG

text: The Sir Bobby Robson Foundation is a British cancer research charity which raises money to fund the early detection and treatment of cancer, and clinical trials of anti-cancer drugs. Based in the North East of England, the Foundation was launched on 25 March 2008 in the name of Sir Bobby Robson, himself a cancer sufferer five times since 1992, and who died of the disease on 31 July 2009.

text: The Sir Bobby Robson Foundation is a

text: British

text: cancer research

text: charity

text: which raises money to fund the early detection and treatment of cancer, and

text: clinical trial

text: s of anti-cancer drugs. Based in the

text: North East of England

text: , the Foundation was launched on 25 March 2008 in the name of

text: Sir Bobby Robson

text: , himself a cancer sufferer five times since 1992, and who died of the disease on 31 July 2009.

text: In the developed world, about 4% to 8% of people have at least one food allergy. They are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency. Male children appear to be more commonly affected than females. Some allergies more commonly develop early in life, while others typically develop in later life. In developed countries, a large proportion of people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them.

text: In the

text: developed world

text: , about 4% to 8% of people have at least one food allergy. They are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency. Male children appear to be more commonly affected than females. Some allergies more commonly develop early in life, while others typically develop in later life. In developed countries, a large proportion of people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them.

text: It has been proposed as a treatment for autoimmune diseases, and recent tests have claimed some success.

text: It has been proposed as a treatment for

text: autoimmune

text: diseases, and recent tests have claimed some success.

text: A connection between cancer regression and viruses has long been theorised, and case reports of regression noted in cervical cancer, Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, after immunisation or infection with an unrelated virus appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Efforts to treat cancer through immunisation or virotherapy (deliberate infection with a virus), began in the mid-20th century.  As the technology for creating a custom virus did not exist, all early efforts focused on finding natural oncolytic viruses.  During the 1960s, promising research involved using poliovirus, adenovirus, Coxsackie virus, ECHO enterovirus RIGVIR and others.  The early complications were occasional cases of uncontrolled infection, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality; the very frequent development of an immune response, while harmless to the patient, destroyed the virus and thus prevented it from destroying the cancer.  Only certain cancers could be treated through virotherapy was also recognised very early.  Even when a response was seen, these responses were neither complete nor durable.  The field of virotherapy was nearly abandoned for a time, as the technology required to modify viruses didn't exist and chemotherapy and radiotherapy technology enjoyed early success. However, now these technologies have been thoroughly developed, cancer is still a major cause of mortality and there is still a need for novel cancer therapies, hence the return to this sidelined therapy now using the recently developed genetic technology required to engineer viruses.

text: A connection between cancer

text: regression

text: and viruses has long been theorised, and case reports of regression noted in

text: cervical cancer

text: Burkitt lymphoma

text: and

text: Hodgkin lymphoma

text: , after immunisation or infection with an unrelated virus appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Efforts to treat cancer through

text: immunisation

text: or

text: virotherapy

text: (deliberate infection with a virus), began in the mid-20th century.  As the technology for creating a custom virus did not exist, all early efforts focused on finding natural oncolytic viruses.  During the 1960s, promising research involved using

text: poliovirus

text: adenovirus

text: Coxsackie virus

text: ECHO enterovirus

text: RIGVIR

text: and others.  The early complications were occasional cases of uncontrolled infection, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality; the very frequent development of an immune response, while harmless to the patient, destroyed the virus and thus prevented it from destroying the cancer.  Only certain cancers could be treated through

text: virotherapy

text: was also recognised very early.  Even when a response was seen, these responses were neither complete nor durable.  The field of

text: virotherapy

text: was nearly abandoned for a time, as the technology required to modify viruses didn't exist and chemotherapy and radiotherapy technology enjoyed early success. However, now these technologies have been thoroughly developed, cancer is still a major cause of mortality and there is still a need for novel cancer therapies, hence the return to this sidelined therapy now using the recently developed genetic technology required to engineer viruses.

text: There are numerous documented infectious and noninfectious conditions that produce wounds that have been initially misdiagnosed as recluse bites by medical professionals, including:

text: Cancer of unknown primary source is not a single type of cancer, although researchers have attempted to find a common characteristic that explains why a cancer might spread very early without causing symptoms at the site of origin. It is generally accepted that cancer of unknown primary site exists because the primary tumor is not identified due to clinical or technological inefficiencies, or because the primary tumor regresses or stays dormant after spreading the cancer cells that generate the metastases. This view is widely accepted in oncology; in fact, these cancers are also referred to as occult primary tumors. Because the site of the primary tumor usually dictates the treatment and expected outcome, this view may help create uncertainty and anxiety among health professionals and patients, who may feel that their evaluation has been incomplete.

text: The sites (locations) of the cancer may be independent, but there may be positive dependencies of the type of cancer for a given location (site). For example, localized exposure to radiation implies that elevated level of one type of cancer (at a given location) may indicate higher level of another cancer type at the same location. The Negative Multinomial distribution may be used to model the cancer rates at a given site and help measure some of the cancer type dependencies within each location.

text: However, immunosuppression has many other potential causes. Individuals who take glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive drugs to prevent transplant rejection or to treat autoimmune diseases can have increased susceptibility to unusual infections, as do individuals with certain genetic conditions, severe malnutrition and certain kinds of cancers. There is no evidence suggesting that the numbers of such cases have risen, while abundant epidemiologic evidence shows a very large rise in cases of immunosuppression among individuals who share one characteristic: HIV infection.

text: However, immunosuppression has many other potential causes. Individuals who take

text: glucocorticoid

text: s or immunosuppressive drugs to prevent

text: transplant

text: rejection or to treat

text: autoimmune disease

text: s can have increased susceptibility to unusual infections, as do individuals with certain

text: genetic

text: conditions, severe

text: malnutrition

text: and certain kinds of cancers. There is no evidence suggesting that the numbers of such cases have risen, while abundant

text: epidemiologic

text: evidence shows a very large rise in cases of immunosuppression among individuals who share one characteristic: HIV infection.

text: Vagotomy is an essential component of surgical management of peptic (duodenal and gastric) ulcer disease (PUD). Vagotomy was once commonly performed to treat and prevent PUD. However, with the availability of excellent acid secretion control with H2 receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as pantoprazole, rabeprazole, omeprazole, and lansoprazole, the need for surgical management of peptic ulcer disease has greatly decreased.

text: Autoimmune adrenalitis may be part of Type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, which can include type 1 diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid disease (also known as autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Hashimoto's disease). Hypogonadism and pernicious anemia may also present with this syndrome.

text: Autoimmune adrenalitis may be part of

entity_name: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2

text: Type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

text: , which can include

text: type 1 diabetes

text: hyperthyroidism

text: , and autoimmune

text: thyroid disease

text: (also known as

text: autoimmune thyroiditis

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: , and Hashimoto's disease).

text: Hypogonadism

text: and

text: pernicious anemia

text: may also present with this syndrome.

text: On 26 June 2011, it was announced by EastEnders that Tanya will feature in a cervical cancer storyline. Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said that viewers will see Tanya receive the devastating news that she has cervical cancer. EastEnders has worked closely with experts in the field to ensure that the issue is accurately portrayed. Viewers will see how Tanya, a mother of three, will use her inner determination to deal with what will be one of the toughest challenges of her life. The director of Jo's Cervical Cancer trust Robert Music said that EastEnders must depict the disease accurately and responsibly saying "It's about educating the general public who perhaps aren't aware of the disease, but also with cervical cancer, there are thousands of women out there who have been diagnosed or are living with this." Music of added: "As the UK's only charity solely dedicated to informing and supporting women affected by cervical abnormalities and cervical cancer, we think it is fantastic that EastEnders has decided to highlight the issue of cervical cancer." "This is a disease that affects thousands of women and their loved ones in the UK every year, and for many can be preventable by taking proactive steps, such as attending cervical screening when invited." Music added: "EastEnders have gone to great lengths to research this story with us and we hope that by showing this storyline to its millions of viewers, it will not only raise awareness of cervical cancer but also help the public to be more informed about this issue." Ellen Lang of Macmillan Cancer Support said that cervical cancer is diagnosed in thousands of women every year in the UK, so EastEnders is congratulated for tackling this difficult subject that affects many people.

text: Macmillan Cancer Support

text: said that cervical cancer is diagnosed in thousands of women every year in the UK, so EastEnders is congratulated for tackling this difficult subject that affects many people.

text: Major causes of deaths in Finland are cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, dementia and alzheimers disease, respiratory diseases, alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol. In 2010 the leading causes of death among men aged 15 to 64 were alcohol related deaths, ischaemic heart disease, accident, suicides, lung cancer and cerbrovascular diseases. Among women the leading causes were breast cancer, alcohol related deaths, accidents, suicides, ischaemic heart disease and lung cancer.

text: Autoimmune diseases, especially lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are often associated with hypersomnia, as well.  Morvan's syndrome is an example of a more rare autoimmune illness that can also lead to hypersomnia. Celiac disease is another autoimmune disease associated with poor sleep quality (which may lead to hypersomnia), “not only at diagnosis but also during treatment with a gluten-free diet.” There are also some case reports of central hypersomnia in celiac disease. And RLS “has been shown to be frequent in celiac disease,” presumably due to its associated iron deficiency.

text: Autoimmune disease

text: s, especially

text: lupus

text: and

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: are often associated with hypersomnia, as well.

text: Morvan's syndrome

text: is an example of a more rare autoimmune illness that can also lead to hypersomnia.

text: Celiac disease

text: is another autoimmune disease associated with poor sleep quality (which may lead to hypersomnia), “not only at diagnosis but also during treatment with a gluten-free diet.” There are also some case reports of central hypersomnia in celiac disease. And RLS “has been shown to be frequent in celiac disease,” presumably due to its associated iron deficiency.

text: Obesity and diabetes mellitus are often linked to cardiovascular disease, as are a history of chronic kidney disease and hypercholesterolaemia.  In fact, cardiovascular disease is the most life-threatening of the diabetic complications and diabetics are two- to four-fold more likely to die of cardiovascular-related causes than nondiabetics.

text: Obesity and

text: diabetes mellitus

text: are often linked to cardiovascular disease, as are a history of chronic

text: kidney disease

text: and

text: hypercholesterolaemia

text: .  In fact, cardiovascular disease is the most life-threatening of the diabetic complications and diabetics are two- to four-fold more likely to die of cardiovascular-related causes than nondiabetics.

text: There is however, a twist in the immunological role of HSP60.  As mentioned above, there are two different types of HSP60 proteins, bacterial as well as mammalian.  Since they are very similar in sequence, bacterial HSP60 wouldn’t be expected to cause a large immune response in humans.  The immune system is “designed to ignore ‘self’, that is, host constituents; however, paradoxically, this is not the case with chaperonins”. It has been found that many anti-chaperonin antibodies exist and are associated with many autoimmune diseases.  According to Ranford, et al. experiments have been performed which have shown that antibodies which are “generated by a human host after exposure to bacterial chaperonin 60 proteins” can cross-react with human chaperonin 60 proteins.  Bacterial HSP60 is causing the immune system to create anti-chaperonin antibodies, even though bacterial and human HSP60 have similar protein sequences.  These new antibodies are then recognizing and attacking human HSP60 which causes an autoimmune disease.  This suggests that HSP60 may play a role in autoimmunity, however more research needs to be done in order to discover more completely its role in this disease.

text: There is however, a twist in the immunological role of HSP60.  As mentioned above, there are two different types of HSP60 proteins, bacterial as well as mammalian.  Since they are very similar in sequence, bacterial HSP60 wouldn’t be expected to cause a large immune response in humans.  The immune system is “designed to ignore ‘self’, that is, host constituents; however, paradoxically, this is not the case with chaperonins”. It has been found that many anti-chaperonin antibodies exist and are associated with many autoimmune diseases.  According to Ranford, et al. experiments have been performed which have shown that

text: antibodies

text: which are “generated by a human host after exposure to bacterial chaperonin 60 proteins” can cross-react with human chaperonin 60 proteins.  Bacterial HSP60 is causing the immune system to create anti-chaperonin antibodies, even though bacterial and human HSP60 have similar protein sequences.  These new antibodies are then recognizing and attacking human HSP60 which causes an autoimmune disease.  This suggests that HSP60 may play a role in

text: autoimmunity

text: , however more research needs to be done in order to discover more completely its role in this disease.

text: There are many methods for prevention of disease. It is recommended that adults and children aim to visit their doctor for regular check-ups, even if they feel healthy, to perform disease screening, identify risk factors for disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle, stay up to date with immunizations and boosters, and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider. Some common disease screenings include checking for hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar, a risk factor for diabetes mellitus), hypercholesterolemia (high blood cholesterol), screening for colon cancer, depression, HIV and other common types of sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea, mammography (to screen for breast cancer), colorectal cancer screening, a pap test (to check for cervical cancer), and screening for osteoporosis. Genetic testing can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause genetic disorders or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or ovarian cancer. However, these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate.

text: There are many methods for prevention of disease. It is recommended that adults and children aim to visit their doctor for regular check-ups, even if they feel healthy, to perform disease

text: screening

text: , identify risk factors for disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle, stay up to date with immunizations and boosters, and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider. Some common disease screenings include checking for

text: hypertension

text: (high blood pressure),

text: hyperglycemia

text: (high blood sugar, a risk factor for

text: diabetes mellitus

text: hypercholesterolemia

text: (high blood cholesterol), screening for

text: colon cancer

text: depression

text: HIV

text: and other common types of

text: sexually transmitted disease

text: such as

text: chlamydia

text: syphilis

text: , and

text: gonorrhea

text: mammography

text: (to screen for

text: breast cancer

text: colorectal cancer

text: screening, a

text: pap test

text: (to check for

text: cervical cancer

text: ), and screening for

text: osteoporosis

text: . Genetic testing can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause

text: genetic disorder

text: s or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or

text: ovarian cancer

text: . However, these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate.

text: Other diseases featuring polycrine autoimmunity:

text: Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers.  Studies have linked eating red or processed meat to an increased risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer, which may be partially explained by the presence of carcinogens in foods cooked at high temperatures. Aflatoxin B1, a frequent food contaminate, causes liver cancer, but drinking coffee is associated with a reduced risk. Betel nut chewing causes oral cancer. The differences in dietary practices may partly explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries.  For example, stomach cancer is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet and colon cancer is more common in the United States. Immigrant communities tend to develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.<ref name="pmid14278899">{{cite journal |last1= Buell |first1= P |last2= Dunn |first2= JE |title= Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5%3C656::AID-CNCR2820180515%3E3.0.CO;2-3/pdf |journal= Cancer |volume= 18 |issue= 5 |pages= 656–64 |date= May 1965 |pmid= 14278899 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5

text: Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers.  Studies have linked eating red or processed meat to an increased risk of

text: breast cancer

text: colon cancer

text: prostate cancer

text: , and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: , which may be partially explained by the presence of

text: carcinogens

text: in foods cooked at high temperatures.

text: Aflatoxin B1

text: , a frequent food contaminate, causes

text: liver cancer

text: , but drinking

text: coffee

text: is associated with a reduced risk.

text: Betel nut

text: chewing causes

text: oral cancer

text: . The differences in dietary practices may partly explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries.  For example,

text: stomach cancer

text: is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet and

text: colon cancer

text: is more common in the United States. Immigrant communities tend to develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.<ref name="pmid14278899">{{cite journal |last1= Buell |first1= P |last2= Dunn |first2= JE |title= Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5%3C656::AID-CNCR2820180515%3E3.0.CO;2-3/pdf |journal=

text: Cancer

text: |volume= 18 |issue= 5 |pages= 656–64 |date= May 1965 |pmid= 14278899 |doi= 10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5

text: The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that  move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. This functions as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. They also function in embryonic development, physiological responses, and in the nervous and immune system. Abnormal phosphorylation causes many human diseases, including cancer, and drugs that affect phosphorylation can treat those diseases.

text: The protein kinase domain is a structurally

text: conserved

text: protein domain

text: containing the catalytic function of

text: protein kinase

text: s. Protein kinases are a group of

text: enzyme

text: s that  move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. This functions as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. They also function in embryonic development, physiological responses, and in the nervous and immune system. Abnormal phosphorylation causes many human diseases, including cancer, and drugs that affect phosphorylation can treat those diseases.

text: In autoimmune diseases, Élan’s primary emphasis is studying cell trafficking to discover ways to provide disease-modifying therapies for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Research efforts are also focused on physiological and neuropathic pain. Previously named Antegren, natalizumab is a drug co-marketed by Biogen Idec and Élan as "Tysabri". Tysabri is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits immune cells from crossing blood vessel walls to reach various tissues, including the brain. It has proven efficacy in the treatment of two serious autoimmune disorders: multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease.

text: In autoimmune diseases, Élan’s primary emphasis is studying cell trafficking to discover ways to provide disease-modifying therapies for

text: autoimmune

text: diseases such as

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: multiple sclerosis

text: and

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: . Research efforts are also focused on physiological and

text: neuropathic

text: pain

text: . Previously named Antegren,

text: natalizumab

text: is a drug co-marketed by

text: Biogen Idec

text: and Élan as "Tysabri". Tysabri is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits immune cells from crossing blood vessel walls to reach various tissues, including the brain. It has proven efficacy in the treatment of two serious autoimmune disorders: multiple sclerosis, and

text: Crohn's disease

text: MCP is promoted in dietary supplement form as an alternative cancer treatment and is under research for its potential to increase the efficiency of a conventional chemotherapy, but there is no evidence MCP prevents or treats cancer in humans.

text: MCP is promoted in

text: dietary supplement

text: form as an

text: alternative cancer treatment

text: and is under research for its potential to increase the efficiency of a conventional

text: chemotherapy

text: , but there is no evidence MCP prevents or treats cancer in humans.

text: Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity. Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.  It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease and certain types of cancer. One meta-analysis concluded that cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and stroke is less likely with 3–5 cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day but more likely with over 5 cups per day. Some people experience insomnia or sleep disruption if they consume caffeine, especially during the evening hours, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit consumption to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug dependence – associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability – when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use).

text: Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders

text: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

text: of prematurity and

text: apnea of prematurity

text: Caffeine citrate

text: is on the

text: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

text: .  It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including

text: Parkinson's disease

text: and certain types of cancer. One meta-analysis concluded that

text: cardiovascular disease

text: such as coronary artery disease and stroke is less likely with 3–5 cups of non-decaffeinated coffee per day but more likely with over 5 cups per day. Some people experience

text: insomnia

text: or sleep disruption if they consume caffeine, especially during the evening hours, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit consumption to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of

text: drug dependence

text: – associated with

text: withdrawal symptoms

text: such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability – when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake.

text: Tolerance

text: to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use).

text: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) occur when more than one autoimmune disease occurs in endocrine glands. These syndromes are also called Polyendocrine Autoimmune Disorders. In Type 3, autoimmune thyroiditis and another endocrine autoimmune disease are present, but the adrenal cortex is not involved.

text: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) occur when more than one

text: autoimmune disease

text: occurs in

text: endocrine glands

text: . These syndromes are also called Polyendocrine Autoimmune Disorders. In Type 3,

text: autoimmune thyroiditis

text: and another endocrine autoimmune disease are present, but the adrenal cortex is not involved.

text: The next section gives a detailed description of Sulf1 and Sulf2’s involvement in cancer.  Much of what is known about signaling pathways mediated by Sulfs has been determined through investigating extracellular Sulf role and function in cancer.  Therefore, they will be described in tandem.  Additionally, this emphasizes how small changes in HS sulfation patterns have major impacts in health and disease.

text: Food allergy is a non-seasonal disease with skin and/or gastrointestinal disorders. The main complaint is pruritus, which is usually resistant to treatment by steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The exact prevalence of food allergy in cats remains unknown. There is no breed, sex or age predilection, although some breeds are commonly affected. Before the onset of clinical signs, the animals have been fed the offending food components for at least two years, although some animals are less than a year old. In 20 to 30% of the cases, cats have concurrent allergic diseases (atopy / flea-allergic dermatitis). A reliable diagnosis can only be made with dietary elimination-challenge trials. Provocation testing is necessary for the identification of the causative food component(s). Therapy consists of avoiding the offending food component(s).Cats with food allergies constantly itch their red, hairless, and scabby skin. Hair loss usually occurs on the face and/or anus. The most popular prescription diets for cats with food allergies include Hills Science Diet d/d or z/d. It may take, depending on the severity of the reaction, two weeks to three months for a cat to recover if the offending allergen is removed. Immediate results may not be seen.

text: Food allergy

text: is a non-seasonal disease with skin and/or gastrointestinal disorders. The main complaint is

text: pruritus

text: , which is usually resistant to treatment by

text: steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

text: . The exact prevalence of food allergy in cats remains unknown. There is no breed, sex or age predilection, although some breeds are commonly affected. Before the onset of clinical signs, the animals have been fed the offending food components for at least two years, although some animals are less than a year old. In 20 to 30% of the cases, cats have concurrent allergic diseases (

text: atopy

text: / flea-allergic

text: dermatitis

text: dietary elimination-challenge trials

text: Provocation testing

text: is necessary for the identification of the causative food component(s). Therapy consists of avoiding the offending food component(s).Cats with food allergies constantly itch their red, hairless, and scabby skin. Hair loss usually occurs on the face and/or anus. The most popular prescription diets for cats with food allergies include Hills Science Diet d/d or z/d. It may take, depending on the severity of the reaction, two weeks to three months for a cat to recover if the offending allergen is removed. Immediate results may not be seen.

text: Several experimental and clinical studies have indicated that aberrations and deregulations of the UPS contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative and myodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Pick's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and motor neuron diseases, polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases, Muscular dystrophies and several rare forms of neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia. As part of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS), the proteasome maintains cardiac protein homeostasis and thus plays a significant role in cardiac Ischemic injury, ventricular hypertrophy and Heart failure. Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in malignant transformation. UPS proteolysis plays a major role in responses of cancer cells to stimulatory signals that are critical for the development of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression by degradation of transcription factors, such as p53, c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-κB, c-Myc, HIF-1α, MATα2, STAT3, sterol-regulated element-binding proteins and androgen receptors are all controlled by the UPS and thus involved in the development of various malignancies. Moreover, the UPS regulates the degradation of tumor suppressor gene products such as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in colorectal cancer, retinoblastoma (Rb). and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), as well as a number of proto-oncogenes (Raf, Myc, Myb, Rel, Src, Mos, Abl). The UPS is also involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This activity is usually attributed to the role of proteasomes in the activation of NF-κB which further regulates the expression of pro inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,[IL-β, IL-8, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P selectine) and prostaglandins and nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, the UPS also plays a role in inflammatory responses as regulators of leukocyte proliferation, mainly through proteolysis of cyclines and the degradation of CDK inhibitors. Lastly, autoimmune disease patients with SLE, Sjogren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) predominantly exhibit circulating proteasomes which can be applied as clinical biomarkers.

text: Several experimental and clinical studies have indicated that aberrations and deregulations of the UPS contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative and myodegenerative disorders, including

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Parkinson's disease

text: and

text: Pick's disease

text: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: ALS

text: Huntington's disease

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: , and motor neuron diseases, polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases,

text: Muscular dystrophies

text: and several rare forms of neurodegenerative diseases associated with

text: dementia

text: . As part of the

text: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS)

text: , the proteasome maintains cardiac protein homeostasis and thus plays a significant role in cardiac

text: Ischemic

text: injury,

text: ventricular hypertrophy

text: and

text: Heart failure

text: . Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in malignant transformation. UPS proteolysis plays a major role in responses of cancer cells to stimulatory signals that are critical for the development of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression by degradation of

text: transcription factors

text: , such as

text: c-Jun

text: c-Fos

text: NF-κB

text: c-Myc

text: , HIF-1α, MATα2,

text: , sterol-regulated element-binding proteins and

text: androgen receptors

text: are all controlled by the UPS and thus involved in the development of various malignancies. Moreover, the UPS regulates the degradation of tumor suppressor gene products such as

text: adenomatous polyposis coli

text: APC

text: ) in colorectal cancer,

text: retinoblastoma

text: (Rb). and

text: von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor

text: (VHL), as well as a number of

text: proto-oncogenes

text: Raf

text: Myc

text: Myb

text: Rel

entity_name: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

text: Src

text: Mos

text: Abl

text: ). The UPS is also involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This activity is usually attributed to the role of proteasomes in the activation of NF-κB which further regulates the expression of pro inflammatory

text: cytokines

text: such as

text: TNF-α

text: ,[IL-β,

text: adhesion molecules

text: , P selectine) and

text: prostaglandins

text: and

text: nitric oxide

text: (NO). Additionally, the UPS also plays a role in inflammatory responses as regulators of leukocyte proliferation, mainly through proteolysis of cyclines and the degradation of

text: CDK

text: inhibitors. Lastly,

text: autoimmune disease

text: patients with

text: SLE

text: Sjogren's syndrome

text: and

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: (RA) predominantly exhibit circulating proteasomes which can be applied as clinical biomarkers.

text: Adverse health effects/diseases related to indoor bioaerosol exposure can be divided into two categories: those confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol and those suspected but not confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol. Bioaerosols have been revealed to cause certain human diseases, such as tuberculosis, Legionnaires' disease and different forms of bacterial pneumonia, coccidioidomycosis, influenza, measles, and gastrointestinal illness. Bioaerosols are also associated with some noninfectious airway diseases, such as allergies and asthma. As a known component of indoor bioaerosol, β(1→3)-glucan (cell wall components of most fungi) is proposed to be the causative agent of mold-induced nonallergic inflammatory reactions. It is reported that 25%-30% of allergenic asthma cases in industrialized countries are induced by fungi, which has been the focus of concerns about human exposure to airborne microorganisms in recent years.

text: Adverse health effects/diseases related to indoor bioaerosol exposure can be divided into two categories: those confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol and those suspected but not confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol. Bioaerosols have been revealed to cause certain human diseases, such as

text: tuberculosis

text: Legionnaires' disease

text: and different forms of

text: bacterial pneumonia

text: coccidioidomycosis

text: influenza

text: measles

text: , and

text: gastrointestinal illness

text: . Bioaerosols are also associated with some noninfectious airway diseases, such as allergies and asthma. As a known component of indoor bioaerosol, β(1→3)-glucan (cell wall components of most fungi) is proposed to be the

text: causative agent

text: of

text: mold

text: -induced nonallergic inflammatory reactions. It is reported that 25%-30% of allergenic

text: asthma

text: cases in industrialized countries are induced by fungi, which has been the focus of concerns about human exposure to airborne microorganisms in recent years.

text: The causes of IBS are not clear. Theories include gut–brain axis problems, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, genetic factors, food sensitivity, and gut motility problems. Onset may be triggered by an intestinal infection, or stressful life event. IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the absence of worrisome features. Worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age, weight loss, blood in the stool, or a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Other conditions that may present similarly include celiac disease, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bile acid malabsorption, and colon cancer.

text: The causes of IBS are not clear. Theories include

text: gut–brain axis

text: problems,

text: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

text: , genetic factors,

text: food sensitivity

text: , and gut motility problems. Onset may be triggered by an

text: intestinal infection

text: , or

text: stressful

text: life event. IBS is a

text: functional gastrointestinal disorder

text: . Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the absence of worrisome features. Worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age, weight loss,

text: blood in the stool

text: , or a family history of

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: . Other conditions that may present similarly include

text: celiac disease

text: microscopic colitis

text: , inflammatory bowel disease,

text: bile acid malabsorption

text: , and

text: colon cancer

text: There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with insulin is typically required for survival. Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump. A diabetic diet and exercise are an important part of management. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes. Furthermore, complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive insulin treatment.

text: There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with

text: insulin

text: is typically required for survival.

text: Insulin therapy

text: is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an

text: insulin pump

text: . A

text: diabetic diet

text: and exercise are an important part of management. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of relatively rapid onset include

text: diabetic ketoacidosis

text: and

text: nonketotic hyperosmolar coma

text: . Long-term complications include

text: heart disease

text: stroke

text: kidney failure

text: foot ulcers

text: and

text: damage to the eyes

text: . Furthermore, complications may arise from

text: low blood sugar

text: caused by excessive insulin treatment.

text: A higher voltage of electroporation was found in pigs to irreversibly destroy target cells within a narrow range while leaving neighboring cells unaffected, and thus represents a promising new treatment for cancer, heart disease and other disease states that require removal of tissue. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has since proven effective in treating human cancer, with surgeons at Johns Hopkins and other institutions now using the technology to treat pancreatic cancer previously thought to be unresectable.

text: A higher

text: voltage

text: of electroporation was found in pigs to irreversibly destroy target cells within a narrow range while leaving neighboring cells unaffected, and thus represents a promising new treatment for cancer, heart disease and other disease states that require removal of tissue. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has since proven effective in treating human cancer, with surgeons at

text: Johns Hopkins

text: and other institutions now using the technology to treat

text: pancreatic cancer

text: previously thought to be unresectable.

text: XMEN disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system that illustrates the role of Mg2+ in cell signaling.  XMEN stands for “X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and neoplasia.”  It is characterized by CD4 lymphopenia, severe chronic viral infections, and defective T-lymphocyte activation. Investigators in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Lenardo, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health first described this condition in 2011.

text: XMEN disease is a rare

text: genetic disorder

text: of the

text: immune system

text: that illustrates the role of

text: in

text: cell signaling

text: .  XMEN stands for “X-linked

text: immunodeficiency

text: with magnesium defect,

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: (EBV) infection, and

text: neoplasia

text: .”  It is characterized by CD4

text: lymphopenia

text: , severe chronic viral infections, and defective T-lymphocyte activation. Investigators in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Lenardo,

text: at the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: first described this condition in 2011.

text: Armstrong performed his residency at the Kern Hospital for Special Surgery in Detroit, where much of his interest in the diabetic foot emerged{Diabetic Foot}. Additionally, it was where he became aware of the works of two influential clinician-researchers, Andrew JM Boulton, of the University of Manchester, and Paul Wilson Brand, of the Hansen's Disease Center in Carville, Louisiana.

text: Armstrong performed his residency at the Kern Hospital for Special Surgery in Detroit, where much of his interest in the diabetic foot emerged{Diabetic Foot}. Additionally, it was where he became aware of the works of two influential clinician-researchers, Andrew JM Boulton, of the University of Manchester, and

text: Paul Wilson Brand

text: , of the

text: Hansen's Disease

text: Center in Carville, Louisiana.

text: ARA remains integral to the inflammatory and cell growth process, however, which is disturbed in many types of disease including cancer. Therefore, the safety of arachidonic acid supplementation in patients suffering from cancer, inflammatory, or other diseased states is unknown, and supplementation is not recommended.

text: Effective management of allergic diseases relies on the ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies. Correct diagnosis, counseling, and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results reduces the incidence of symptoms and need for medications, and improves quality of life. To assess the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test, or an allergy blood test. Both methods are recommended, and they have similar diagnostic value.

text: According to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer or any other disease".

text: According to

text: Cancer Research UK

text: , "there is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer or any other disease".

text: In 2010 the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases recommended that the RAST measurements of specific immunoglobulin E for the diagnosis of allergy be abandoned in favor of testing with more sensitive fluorescence enzyme-labeled assays.

text: In 2010 the United States

text: recommended that the RAST measurements of specific immunoglobulin E for the diagnosis of allergy be abandoned in favor of testing with more sensitive fluorescence enzyme-labeled assays.

text: Corey started his career at the University of Washington, became a full professor at the institution at age 37 and is currently holder of the Lawrence Corey Endowed Chair in Medical Virology at the University of Washington. In 2008, he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He has authored 12 books and more than 690 scientific publications. He has been a member of numerous scientific committees and editorial boards, having served on the Board of Counselors for both the National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

text: Corey started his career at the

text: University of Washington

text: , became a full professor at the institution at age 37 and is currently holder of the Lawrence Corey Endowed Chair in Medical Virology at the University of Washington. In 2008, he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: . He has authored 12 books and more than 690 scientific publications. He has been a member of numerous scientific committees and editorial boards, having served on the Board of Counselors for both the

text: National Cancer Institute

text: and

text: By using the S&S algorithm, mutations and genes that cause different forms of cancer, including, for example, breast cancer , ovarian cancer , colorectal cancer, leukemia, head and neck cancers, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma  and gastro intestinal cancer  have been discovered. In addition, other diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, marfan syndrome, cystic fibrosis, cardiac diseases, eye disorders, familial hypercholesterolemia, Parkinson disease, have also been uncovered. S&S has also been used in identifying mutations in genes involved in immunodeficiency diseases and in adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, S&S has been implemented for finding splice sites and mutations in several tools such as Human Splice Finder, SROOGLE, Splice-site Analyzer Tool, and dbass (Ensmbl).

text: As with all non-domestic hybrid source breeds, some Chausies may inherit intestinal tracts similar to that of the non-domestic ancestors. The intestinal tract may be a little shorter than that of the traditional domestic cat. A shorter intestinal tract is thought to be less capable of processing ingredients derived from plants. That would include any kind of cereal, as well as vegetables, herbs, and spices. Those ingredients may serve as triggers for chronic intestinal inflammation and eventually lead to chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is perpetuated by multiple allergies to proteins in commercial cat food.  Regardless of the cause, Chausies do seem somewhat prone to developing food allergies. To prevent this, breeders advise Chausie owners to feed only very high quality commercial cat foods, containing as little of plant-derived ingredients as possible. Some breeders advise feeding homemade raw or cooked meat diets with appropriate supplementation. However, if homemade diets are fed, it should be with the guidance of someone experienced in preparing them. Meat by itself does not contain all the nutrients that Chausies require.

text: As with all non-domestic hybrid source breeds, some Chausies may inherit intestinal tracts similar to that of the non-domestic ancestors. The intestinal tract may be a little shorter than that of the traditional domestic cat. A shorter intestinal tract is thought to be less capable of processing ingredients derived from plants. That would include any kind of cereal, as well as vegetables, herbs, and spices. Those ingredients may serve as triggers for chronic intestinal inflammation and eventually lead to chronic

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: that is perpetuated by multiple allergies to proteins in commercial cat food.  Regardless of the cause, Chausies do seem somewhat prone to developing food allergies. To prevent this, breeders advise Chausie owners to feed only very high quality commercial cat foods, containing as little of plant-derived ingredients as possible. Some breeders advise feeding homemade raw or cooked meat diets with appropriate supplementation. However, if homemade diets are fed, it should be with the guidance of someone experienced in preparing them. Meat by itself does not contain all the nutrients that Chausies require.

text: The primary treatment for endometrial cancer is surgery; 90% of women with endometrial cancer are treated with some form of surgery. Surgical treatment typically consists of hysterectomy including a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which is the removal of the uterus, and both ovaries and Fallopian tubes. Lymphadenectomy, or removal of pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, is performed for tumors of histologic grade II or above. Lymphadenectomy is routinely performed for all stages of endometrial cancer in the United States, but in the United Kingdom, the lymph nodes are typically only removed with disease of stage II or greater. The topic of lymphadenectomy and what survival benefit it offers in stage I disease is still being debated. In stage III and IV cancers, cytoreductive surgery is the norm, and a biopsy of the omentum may also be included. In stage IV disease, where there are distant metastases, surgery can be used as part of palliative therapy. Laparotomy, an open-abdomen procedure, is the traditional surgical procedure; however, laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) is associated with lower operative morbidity. The two procedures have no difference in overall survival. Removal of the uterus via the abdomen is recommended over removal of the uterus via the vagina because it gives the opportunity to examine and obtain washings of the abdominal cavity to detect any further evidence of cancer. Staging of the cancer is done during the surgery.

text: The primary treatment for endometrial cancer is surgery; 90% of women with endometrial cancer are treated with some form of surgery. Surgical treatment typically consists of

text: hysterectomy

text: including a bilateral

text: salpingo-oophorectomy

text: , which is the removal of the uterus, and both ovaries and Fallopian tubes.

text: Lymphadenectomy

text: , or removal of pelvic and para-aortic

text: lymph node

text: s, is performed for tumors of histologic grade II or above. Lymphadenectomy is routinely performed for all stages of endometrial cancer in the United States, but in the United Kingdom, the lymph nodes are typically only removed with disease of stage II or greater. The topic of lymphadenectomy and what survival benefit it offers in stage I disease is still being debated. In stage III and IV cancers,

text: cytoreductive surgery

text: is the norm, and a biopsy of the

text: omentum

text: may also be included. In stage IV disease, where there are distant metastases, surgery can be used as part of palliative therapy.

text: Laparotomy

text: , an open-abdomen procedure, is the traditional surgical procedure; however,

text: laparoscopy

text: (keyhole surgery) is associated with lower operative morbidity. The two procedures have no difference in overall survival.

text: Removal of the uterus via the abdomen

text: is recommended over

text: removal of the uterus via the vagina

text: because it gives the opportunity to examine and obtain

text: washings

text: of the abdominal cavity to detect any further evidence of cancer. Staging of the cancer is done during the surgery.

text: Insulin lispro is an FDA approved drug used to treat people living with Type 1 diabetes or Type 2 diabetes. Insulin lispro has non-FDA labeled uses for diabetic nephropathy prevention, diabetic neuropathy prevention, and cardiovascular disease prevention.

text: Insulin lispro is an

text: FDA

text: approved drug used to treat people living with

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: or

text: Type 2 diabetes

text: . Insulin lispro has non-FDA labeled uses for

text: diabetic nephropathy

text: prevention,

text: diabetic neuropathy

text: prevention, and

text: cardiovascular disease

text: prevention.

text: 1) Excessive activity of G6PT1 may contribute to the development of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, even when fasting. The rapidly rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, along with its strong correlation to heart disease and other health complications has rendered it an area of intense research with an urgent need for treatment options.  Studies monitoring blood glucose levels in rabbits revealed that the activity of G6Pase, and therefore G6PT1, is increased in specimens with diabetes. This strong correlation with diabetes type 2 makes the G6Pase complex, and G6PT1 in particular, an appealing drug target for control of blood glucose levels as its inhibition would directly prevent the release of free glucose into the bloodstream. It is possible that this mechanism of inhibition could be developed into a treatment for diabetes.

text: 1) Excessive activity of G6PT1 may contribute to the development of diabetes.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2

text: is a disease characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, even when

text: fasting

text: . The rapidly rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, along with its strong correlation to heart disease and other health complications has rendered it an area of intense research with an urgent need for treatment options.  Studies monitoring blood glucose levels in rabbits revealed that the activity of G6Pase, and therefore G6PT1, is increased in specimens with diabetes. This strong correlation with diabetes type 2 makes the G6Pase complex, and G6PT1 in particular, an appealing drug target for control of blood glucose levels as its inhibition would directly prevent the release of free glucose into the bloodstream. It is possible that this mechanism of inhibition could be developed into a treatment for diabetes.

text: Painful burning sensations in the chest that is caused by gastroesophageal reflux is known as heartburn. Reflux is the back flow of gastric acid juices from the stomach into the oesophagus.  Heartburn has different triggers, including certain foods, medications, obesity, and stress. These triggers are different for each individual. Gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD is a chronic condition that can lead to more serious complications like esophageal cancer. Treatment options are available to treat the symptoms and the condition, but there is no cure for the disease. Symptoms include burping, abdominal and stomach bloating, along with pain and discomfort. Heavy meals, lying down or bending over after eating should be avoided to help prevent reflux from occurring. The stomach bloating experienced with reflux is intense and will remain until the food is digested all the way.

text: Painful burning sensations in the chest that is caused by gastroesophageal reflux is known as

text: heartburn

text: . Reflux is the back flow of

text: gastric acid

text: juices from the stomach into the

text: oesophagus

text: .  Heartburn has different triggers, including certain foods, medications,

text: obesity

text: , and stress. These triggers are different for each individual.

text: Gastroesophageal reflux disease

text: or GERD is a chronic condition that can lead to more serious complications like

text: esophageal cancer

text: . Treatment options are available to treat the symptoms and the condition, but there is no cure for the disease. Symptoms include burping, abdominal and stomach bloating, along with pain and discomfort. Heavy meals, lying down or bending over after eating should be avoided to help prevent reflux from occurring. The stomach bloating experienced with reflux is intense and will remain until the food is digested all the way.

text: Breakfast cereal companies make gluten-free cereals which are free of any gluten-containing grains. These cereals are targeted for consumers who suffer from gluten-related disorders, as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy, among others. Some companies that produce gluten-free cereals include Kellogg's, General Mills, Nature's Path and Arrowhead Mills.

text: Breakfast cereal companies make gluten-free cereals which are free of any

text: gluten

text: -containing grains. These cereals are targeted for consumers who suffer from

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , as

text: celiac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: , among others. Some companies that produce gluten-free cereals include

text: Kellogg's

text: General Mills

text: Nature's Path

text: and

text: Arrowhead Mills

text: Noni plants and juice have been promoted by practitioners of alternative medicine as a cure for a number of human maladies including  HIV, heart disease and cancer. However, noni products may contain high amounts of potassium, leading to one advisory that people on potassium-restricted diets because of kidney problems should avoid using noni. Also, according to the American Cancer Society "there is no reliable clinical evidence that noni juice is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

text: Noni plants and juice have been promoted by practitioners of

text: alternative medicine

text: as a cure for a number of human maladies including

text: HIV

text: heart disease

text: and

text: cancer

text: . However, noni products may contain high amounts of

text: potassium

text: , leading to one advisory that people on potassium-restricted diets because of

text: kidney

text: problems should avoid using noni. Also, according to the

text: American Cancer Society

text: "there is no reliable clinical evidence that noni juice is effective in preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

text: Treatment is often only recommended for people with serious health problems, such as people with HIV whose CD4 counts are under 200 cells/mm, because the disease is most serious when one's immune system is weak. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice to prevent toxoplasmosis, but not for treating active disease.A new study (May 2012) shows a promising new way to treat the active and latent form of this disease using two endochin-like quinolones.

text: Treatment is often only recommended for people with serious health problems, such as people with

text: HIV

text: whose

text: counts are under 200 cells/mm, because the disease is most serious when one's immune system is weak.

text: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: is the drug of choice to prevent toxoplasmosis, but not for treating active disease.A new study (May 2012) shows a promising new way to treat the active and latent form of this disease using two

text: endochin-like quinolones

text: Prevention is by avoiding risk factors including smoking and air pollution. Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the person's overall health. Most cases are not curable. Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

text: Prevention is by avoiding risk factors including smoking and air pollution. Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the

text: stage

text: (degree of spread), and the person's overall health. Most cases are not curable. Common treatments include

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: , and

text: radiotherapy

text: . NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

text: In radiation therapy, the amount of radiation applied varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphomas are treated with 20 to 40 Gy. Preventive (adjuvant) doses are typically around 45–60 Gy in 1.8–2 Gy fractions (for breast, head, and neck cancers).

text: In radiation therapy, the amount of radiation applied varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid

text: epithelial

text: tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while

text: lymphoma

text: s are treated with 20 to 40 Gy. Preventive (adjuvant) doses are typically around 45–60 Gy in 1.8–2 Gy fractions (for breast, head, and neck cancers).

text: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 cancers affect humans.

text: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal

text: cell growth

text: with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous;

text: benign tumor

text: s do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible

text: signs and symptoms

text: include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained

text: weight loss

text: and a change in

text: bowel movement

text: s. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes. Over 100 cancers affect humans.

text: These recommendations are also widely supported by the American Cancer Society.  The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals that have higher guideline adherence scores substantially reduce cancer risk as well as help towards control with a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual’s blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes. The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance raining, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations tied with being physically fit and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy to reduce cancer risk.The American Cancer Society assorts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider the intentional exercise and basic activities done on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding by what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.

text: These recommendations are also widely supported by the

text: American Cancer Society

text: .  The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals that have higher guideline adherence scores substantially reduce cancer risk as well as help towards control with a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual’s blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and

text: Type 2 Diabetes

text: . The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance raining, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations tied with being physically fit and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy to reduce cancer risk.The American Cancer Society assorts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider the intentional exercise and basic activities done on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding by what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.

text: It is the body's response to an infectious or noninfectious insult. Although the definition of SIRS refers to it as an "inflammatory" response, it actually has pro- and anti-inflammatory components.

text: Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self-antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.

text: Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self-antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include

text: scleroderma

text: multiple sclerosis

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: type 1 diabetes

text: , and

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: ·       Many of them cause tree diseases, such as Dutch elm disease and apple blights.

text: Dr. Thiruvengadam has been a physician, in consultation practice in internal medicine, chest diseases, asthma and allergies for nearly 45 years. He is the recipient of the "For the sake of Honour" award of the Rotary Club of Madras, the "Vocational Excellence Award" of the Rotary Club of Madras Marina and "The cathedral Excellence" award of the Lion's Club, for his academic work. He was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1982, and Fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences in 1972. He received the Star of Stanley Award as a distinguished alumnus and teacher of Stanley Medical College in 2001. The MGR Medical University awarded him the Honorary Doctorate of Sciences in 1996. Dr. K.V. Thiruvengadam was also a student of the late Dr. K.S. Sanjivi, founder of the Voluntary Health Services (VHS).

text: Dr. Thiruvengadam has been a physician, in consultation practice in internal medicine, chest diseases,

text: asthma

text: and

text: allergies

text: for nearly 45 years. He is the recipient of the "For the sake of Honour" award of the

text: Rotary Club

text: of Madras, the "Vocational Excellence Award" of the Rotary Club of Madras Marina and "The cathedral Excellence" award of the

text: Lion's Club

text: , for his academic work. He was elected Fellow of the

entity_name: Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

text: Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

text: in 1982, and Fellow of the

text: National Academy of Medical Sciences

text: in 1972. He received the Star of Stanley Award as a distinguished alumnus and teacher of Stanley Medical College in 2001. The

entity_name: Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University

text: MGR Medical University

text: awarded him the

text: Honorary Doctorate of Sciences

text: in 1996. Dr. K.V. Thiruvengadam was also a student of the late Dr. K.S. Sanjivi, founder of the Voluntary Health Services (VHS).

text: Case fatality for the cancers that can be treated or prevented is much higher in the developing world – a result of grave inequity in the opportunity to survive the disease. In the case of breast cancer, the ratio of deaths to incident cases in 2002 was an estimated 56% in low-income countries, 44% in low-middle income countries and 39% in high-middle income developing countries.  In the developed world, it was 24%.

text: Using the traditional “organ specific” and “non-organ specific” classification scheme, many diseases have been lumped together under the autoimmune disease umbrella.  However, many chronic inflammatory human disorders lack the telltale associations of B and T cell driven immunopathology.   In the last decade it has been firmly established that tissue "inflammation against self" does not necessarily rely on abnormal T and B cell responses.

text: Diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through"  was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek Apollonius Of Memphis. The disease was rare during the time of the Roman empire with Galen commenting that he had only seen two cases during his career.

text: Diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from

text: c.

text: BCE

text: mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through"  was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek

text: Apollonius Of Memphis

text: . The disease was rare during the time of the

text: Roman empire

text: with

text: Galen

text: commenting that he had only seen two cases during his career.

text: Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver: primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. However, all of these diseases can lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver.

text: Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other

text: autoimmune disease

text: s. Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver:

text: primary biliary cirrhosis

text: and

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: . However, all of these diseases can lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver.

text: Although green tea has been promoted for its anti-cancer effect, research into it has produced mixed results; it is not known if it helps people prevent or treat cancer. A review of all published studies by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2011 concluded it is very unlikely that green tea prevents any kind of cancer in humans.

text: Although green tea has been promoted for its anti-cancer effect, research into it has produced mixed results; it is not known if it helps people prevent or treat cancer. A review of all published studies by the

text: US Food and Drug Administration

text: in 2011 concluded it is very unlikely that green tea prevents any kind of cancer in humans.

text: Some infections, such as Campylobacter jejuni, have antigens that are similar (but not identical) to our own self-molecules. In this case, a normal immune response to C. jejuni can result in the production of antibodies that also react to a lesser degree with receptors on skeletal muscle (i.e., Myasthenia gravis). A major understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been the application of genome wide association scans that have identified a degree of genetic sharing among the autoimmune diseases.

text: Some infections, such as

text: Campylobacter jejuni

text: , have

text: antigen

text: s that are similar (but not identical) to our own self-molecules. In this case, a normal immune response to C. jejuni can result in the production of antibodies that also react to a lesser degree with receptors on skeletal muscle (i.e.,

text: Myasthenia gravis

text: ). A major understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been the application of genome wide association scans that have identified a degree of genetic sharing among the autoimmune diseases.

text: Gannett News Service summed up the situation: “What they engineered was a first-of-its-kind bill making it much easier for the state to recoup money it spends for treating cancer patients and others with smoking-related diseases. . . .  Its created such an uproar in Tallahassee that tobacco companies have pledged millions of dollars to fight the bill either by getting it vetoed or using the upcoming special session on health care to change or eliminate it.”

text: Gannett News Service

text: summed up the situation: “What they engineered was a first-of-its-kind bill making it much easier for the state to recoup money it spends for treating cancer patients and others with smoking-related diseases. . . .  Its created such an uproar in Tallahassee that tobacco companies have pledged millions of dollars to fight the bill either by getting it vetoed or using the upcoming special session on health care to change or eliminate it.”

text: Researchers are developing ROCK inhibitors for treating disease. For example, such drugs have potential to prevent cancer from spreading by blocking cell migration, stopping cancer cells from spreading into neighbouring tissue.

text: Researchers are developing ROCK

text: inhibitors

text: for treating disease. For example, such drugs have potential to prevent cancer from spreading by blocking cell migration, stopping cancer cells from spreading into neighbouring tissue.

text: Allergy results from an inappropriate and excessive immune response to common antigens.  Substances that trigger an allergic response are called allergens.  Allergies involve mainly IgE, antibodies, and histamine. Mast cells release the histamine.  Sometimes an allergen may cause a sudden and severe, possibly fatal reaction in a sensitive individual; this is called anaphylaxis.

text: Allergy results from an inappropriate and excessive immune response to common antigens.  Substances that trigger an allergic response are called

text: allergen

text: s.  Allergies involve mainly

text: IgE

text: antibodies

text: , and

text: histamine

text: Mast cell

text: s release the histamine.  Sometimes an allergen may cause a sudden and severe, possibly fatal reaction in a sensitive individual; this is called

text: anaphylaxis

text: Diseases often caused by TEs include hemophilia A and B, severe combined immunodeficiency, porphyria, predisposition to cancer, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. LINE1 (L1) TEs that land on the human Factor VIII have been shown to cause haemophilia and insertion of L1 into the APC gene causes colon cancer, confirming that TEs play an important role in disease development.

text: Diseases often caused by TEs include

text: hemophilia

text: A and B,

text: severe combined immunodeficiency

text: porphyria

text: , predisposition to

text: cancer

text: , and

text: Duchenne muscular dystrophy

text: . LINE1 (L1) TEs that land on the human Factor VIII have been shown to cause haemophilia and insertion of L1 into the APC gene causes colon cancer, confirming that TEs play an important role in disease development.

text: The acquired demyelinating disorders are classified according to their underlying causes into five groups: noninfectious–inflammatory, infectious–inflammatory, toxic–metabolic, hypoxic–ischemic (vascular problems like Binswanger's disease), and traumatic.

text: The acquired demyelinating disorders are classified according to their underlying causes into five groups: noninfectious–inflammatory, infectious–inflammatory, toxic–metabolic, hypoxic–ischemic (vascular problems like

text: Binswanger's disease

text: ), and traumatic.

text: These are also referred to as systemic autoimmune diseases. The autoimmune CTDs may have both genetic and environmental causes.  Genetic factors may create a predisposition towards developing these autoimmune diseases.  They are characterized as a group by the presence of spontaneous overactivity of the immune system that results in the production of extra antibodies into the circulation.  The classic collagen vascular diseases have a "classic" presentation with typical findings that doctors can recognize during an examination. Each also has "classic" blood test abnormalities and abnormal antibody patterns. However, each of these diseases can evolve slowly or rapidly from very subtle abnormalities before demonstrating the classic features that help in the diagnosis.  The classic collagen vascular diseases include:

text: These are also referred to as

text: systemic autoimmune diseases

text: . The

text: autoimmune

text: CTDs may have both genetic and environmental causes.  Genetic factors may create a predisposition towards developing these autoimmune diseases.  They are characterized as a group by the presence of spontaneous overactivity of the immune system that results in the production of extra antibodies into the circulation.  The classic

text: collagen vascular diseases

text: have a "classic" presentation with typical findings that doctors can recognize during an examination. Each also has "classic" blood test abnormalities and abnormal antibody patterns. However, each of these diseases can evolve slowly or rapidly from very subtle abnormalities before demonstrating the classic features that help in the diagnosis.  The classic collagen vascular diseases include:

text: Health-related behaviors are also influenced by the perceived benefits of taking action. Perceived benefits refer to an individual's assessment of the value or efficacy of engaging in a health-promoting behavior to decrease risk of disease. If an individual believes that a particular action will reduce susceptibility to a health problem or decrease its seriousness, then he or she is likely to engage in that behavior regardless of objective facts regarding the effectiveness of the action. For example, individuals who believe that wearing sunscreen prevents skin cancer are more likely to wear sunscreen than individuals who believe that wearing sunscreen will not prevent the occurrence of skin cancer.

text: These products are not intended to prevent or treat any disease and in some circumstances are dangerous, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. For those who fail to consume a balanced diet, the agency says that certain supplements "may have value."

text: These products are not intended to prevent or treat any disease and in some circumstances are dangerous, according to the U.S.

text: National Institutes of Health

text: . For those who fail to consume a balanced diet, the agency says that certain supplements "may have value."

text: There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes or "other specific types of diabetes"). These include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.

text: There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as

text: monogenic

text: forms of diabetes or

text: "other specific types of diabetes"

text: ). These include

text: maturity onset diabetes of the young

text: (MODY),

text: Donohue syndrome

text: , and

text: Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

text: , among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.

text: An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies.

text: An allergen is a type of

text: antigen

text: that produces an abnormally vigorous

text: immune response

text: in which the

text: immune system

text: fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called

text: allergies

text: Cancer cells are formed in our body almost everyday   but we are not affected by them. This is because it is immediately destroyed by the body's immune system. The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs comprising lymphocytes, macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural Killer cells (NK Cell), Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL), etc., that work together to defend the body against attacks by "foreign" or "non-self" invaders including cancer cells. Immediately upon a cancer cell is recognized, the Lymphocytes and/or the NK cells attack the cancer cell to kill it .When the immune system is weaker, then cancer evolves as a disease and starts growing.

text: Cancer

text: cells are formed in our body almost everyday   but we are not affected by them. This is because it is immediately destroyed by the body's immune system. The immune system is a complex network of cells and organs comprising lymphocytes, macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural Killer cells (NK Cell), Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL), etc., that work together to defend the body against attacks by "foreign" or "non-self" invaders including cancer cells. Immediately upon a cancer cell is recognized, the Lymphocytes and/or the NK cells attack the cancer cell to kill it .When the immune system is weaker, then cancer evolves as a disease and starts growing.

text: DQ2.5 and the linked DR3 are associated with probably the greatest frequency of autoimmune occurrence relative to any other haplotypes. The haplotype is positively associated with coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, juvenile diabetes, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis (although significant proportion of the risk is secondary to coeliac disease). DR3 and/or DQ2.5 are linked to the following diseases: Moreen's ulceration, "bout onset" multiple sclerosis, Grave's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus.

text: DQ2.5 and the linked DR3 are associated with probably the greatest frequency of autoimmune occurrence relative to any other haplotypes. The haplotype is positively associated with

text: coeliac disease

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: juvenile diabetes

text: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

text: (LEMS),

text: Sjögren's syndrome

text: , and

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: (although significant proportion of the risk is secondary to coeliac disease). DR3 and/or DQ2.5 are linked to the following diseases: Moreen's ulceration, "bout onset" multiple sclerosis,

text: Grave's disease

text: and

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: At PHS Richmond remains best known for his leadership in devising and implementing quantitative goals for public health, first published in 1979 as Healthy People: The Surgeon General’s Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Healthy People moved PHS beyond its limited capabilities to lessen disparities in health services provision, to spur change by getting information out to journalists, health departments, and others about gains already made in reduced mortality from noninfectious causes. Richmond and Secretary Califano drew on the precedent of former Surgeon General Luther Terry's 1964 Report on Smoking and Health to build professional and public consensus toward making prevention key to PHS’s efforts.

text: At PHS Richmond remains best known for his leadership in devising and implementing quantitative goals for public health, first published in 1979 as Healthy People: The Surgeon General’s Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Healthy People moved PHS beyond its limited capabilities to lessen disparities in health services provision, to spur change by getting information out to journalists, health departments, and others about gains already made in reduced mortality from noninfectious causes. Richmond and Secretary Califano drew on the precedent of former Surgeon General

text: Luther Terry

text: 's

text: 1964 Report on Smoking and Health

text: to build professional and public consensus toward making prevention key to PHS’s efforts.

text: There are conflicting opinions and evidence for the medicinal effects of GLA. The active constituent of EPO, which has been promoted to treat ailments including breast pain and eczema; such marketing was described by the British Medical Journal (BMJ) as ethically dubious—the substance was likely to be remembered as "a remedy for which there is no disease". Another single source suggests that Evening Primrose Oil with adjuvant vitamin E, may reduce breast pain. The BMJ said in 2003 that it was of no use in atopic dermatitis. The American Cancer Society said in 2010 that there was very little evidence for its effectiveness as an anti-cancer agent, for which it is sometimes promoted, and "neither GLA nor other GLA-rich supplements (such as evening primrose oil) have been convincingly shown to be useful in preventing or treating any other health conditions."

text: There are conflicting opinions and evidence for the medicinal effects of GLA. The active constituent of EPO, which has been promoted to treat ailments including breast pain and eczema; such marketing was described by the

text: British Medical Journal

text: (BMJ) as ethically dubious—the substance was likely to be remembered as "a remedy for which there is no disease". Another single source suggests that Evening Primrose Oil with adjuvant vitamin E, may reduce breast pain. The BMJ said in 2003 that it was of no use in atopic dermatitis. The

text: American Cancer Society

text: said in 2010 that there was very little evidence for its effectiveness as an anti-cancer agent, for which it is sometimes promoted, and "neither GLA nor other GLA-rich supplements (such as evening primrose oil) have been convincingly shown to be useful in preventing or treating any other health conditions."

text: Some genetic susceptibility may play a minor role in most cases. Overall, however, genetics is believed to be the primary cause of 5–10% of all cases. Women whose mother was diagnosed before 50 have an increased risk of 1.7 and those whose mother was diagnosed at age 50 or after has an increased risk of 1.4. In those with zero, one or two affected relatives, the risk of breast cancer before the age of 80 is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% with a subsequent mortality from the disease of 2.3%, 4.2%, and 7.6% respectively. In those with a first degree relative with the disease the risk of breast cancer between the age of 40 and 50 is double that of the general population.

text: People can also experience adverse effects of wheat as result of a wheat allergy. Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of coeliac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could be anaphylaxis.

text: wheat allergy

text: . Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of coeliac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. Wheat allergy has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could be

text: anaphylaxis

text: For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by Ernest Witebsky and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994):

text: For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease it needs to answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by

text: Ernest Witebsky

text: and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994):

text: SV40 replicates in the kidneys of monkeys without causing disease, but can cause cancer in rodents under laboratory conditions. In the 1950s and early 1960s, well over 100 million people may have been exposed to SV40 due to previously undetected SV40 contamination of polio vaccine, prompting concern about the possibility that the virus might cause disease in humans. Although it has been reported as present in some human cancers, including brain tumors, bone tumors, mesotheliomas, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, accurate detection is often confounded by high levels of cross-reactivity for SV40 with widespread human polyomaviruses. Most virologists dismiss SV40 as a cause for human cancers.

text: SV40 replicates in the kidneys of

text: monkey

text: s without causing disease, but can cause cancer in rodents under laboratory conditions. In the 1950s and early 1960s, well over 100 million people may have been exposed to SV40 due to previously undetected SV40 contamination of

text: polio vaccine

text: , prompting concern about the possibility that the virus might cause disease in humans. Although it has been reported as present in some human cancers, including

text: brain tumor

text: s,

text: bone tumor

text: s,

text: mesothelioma

text: s, and

text: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: s, accurate detection is often confounded by high levels of cross-reactivity for SV40 with widespread human polyomaviruses. Most virologists dismiss SV40 as a cause for human cancers.

text: The consumption of various foods during pregnancy has been linked to eczema; these include celery, citrus fruit, raw pepper, margarine, and vegetable oil.  A high intake of antioxidants, zinc, and selenium during pregnancy may help prevent allergies.  This is linked to a reduced risk for childhood-onset asthma, wheezing, and eczema.  Further research needs to be conducted.  Probiotic supplements taken during pregnancy or infancy may help to prevent atopic dermatitis. After birth, an early introduction of solid food and high diversity before week 17 could increase a child's risk for allergies. Studies suggest that introduction of solid food and avoidance of highly allergenic food such as peanuts during the first year does not help in allergy prevention.

text: The 100,000 Genomes Project is a UK Government project that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers, to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment and care of diseases.

text: The 100,000 Genomes Project is a

text: UK Government

text: project that is

text: sequencing

text: whole

text: genome

text: s from

text: National Health Service

text: patients. The project is focusing on

text: rare diseases

text: , some common types of

text: cancer

text: , and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers, to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment and care of diseases.

text: Autoimmune heart diseases are the effects of the body's own immune defense system mistaking cardiac antigens as foreign and attacking them leading to inflammation of the heart as a whole, or in parts. The commonest form of autoimmune heart disease is rheumatic heart disease or rheumatic fever.

text: Autoimmune

text: heart

text: disease

text: s are the effects of the body's own

text: immune

text: defense system mistaking cardiac

text: antigens

text: as foreign and attacking them leading to

text: inflammation

text: of the heart as a whole, or in parts. The commonest form of autoimmune heart disease is rheumatic heart disease or

text: rheumatic fever

text: The Institute hosts approximately 450 researchers, postgraduate students and support staff. Research at Hudson Institute works to understand, prevent and treat women’s and baby health, cancer, innate immunity and infectious diseases, and reproductive health.

text: Several groups have reported clinical trial results that omalizumab may be effective in patients with non-allergic asthma. This seems to be contrary to the general understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of the anti-IgE therapy discussed above. Furthermore, among the diseases in which omalizumab has been studied for efficacy and safety, some are not allergic diseases, because hypersensitivity reactions toward external antigens is not involved. For example, a portion of the cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria and all cases of bullous pemphigoid are clearly autoimmune diseases. For the remaining cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria and those of the different subtypes of physical urticaria, the internal abnormalities leading to the disease manifestation have not been identified. Notwithstanding these developments, it is apparent that many of those diseases involve inflammatory reactions in the skin and the activation of mast cells. An increasing series of papers have shown that IgE potentiates the activities of mast cells and omalizumab can function as a mast cell-stabilizing agent, rendering these inflammatory cells to be less active.

text: An overlap syndrome is an autoimmune disease of connective tissue in which a patient presents with symptoms of two or more diseases.

text: An overlap syndrome is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: of

text: connective tissue

text: in which a patient presents with symptoms of two or more diseases.

text: Diabetes management requires a high level of control and appropriate decision-making by the person with the disease and is greatly affected by the individual's emotional and cognitive state; the self-management of diabetes has been shown to be negatively affected by emotional problems, such as diabetes-related distress and depression. There is growing evidence that there are higher levels of clinical and sub-clinical depression in patients with diabetes compared to the non-diabetic population.

text: If there is a family history of allergies, one may wish to introduce only one new food at a time, leaving a few days in between to notice any reactions that would indicate a food allergy or sensitivity. This way, if the child is unable to tolerate a certain food, it can be determined which food is causing the reaction.

text: If there is a family history of allergies, one may wish to introduce only one new food at a time, leaving a few days in between to notice any reactions that would indicate a

text: food allergy

text: or sensitivity. This way, if the child is unable to tolerate a certain food, it can be determined which food is causing the reaction.

text: In October 2013, Business Insider reported that Page's paralyzed vocal cords are caused by an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and prevented him from undertaking Google quarterly earnings conference calls for an indefinite period.

text: In October 2013,

text: Business Insider

text: reported that Page's paralyzed vocal cords are caused by an

text: autoimmune disease

text: called

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: , and prevented him from undertaking Google quarterly earnings conference calls for an indefinite period.

text: Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive.  The resulting use of tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Smoking leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. On average, each cigarette smoked is estimated to shorten life by 11 minutes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. The World Health Organization  estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Cigarettes produce an aerosol containing over 4,000 chemical compounds, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and oxidant substances. Over 50 of these are carcinogens.

text: Nicotine

text: , the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive.  The resulting use of tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. Smoking leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, being a major risk factor for

text: heart attacks

text: stroke

text: s,

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: (COPD) (including

text: emphysema

text: and

text: chronic bronchitis

text: ), and

text: cancer

text: (particularly

text: lung cancer

text: cancers of the larynx and mouth

text: , and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: ). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and

text: hypertension

text: . On average, each cigarette smoked is estimated to shorten life by 11 minutes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in

text: tar

text: increases the risk of these diseases. The

text: World Health Organization

text: estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Cigarettes produce an aerosol containing over 4,000 chemical compounds, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and oxidant substances. Over 50 of these are

text: carcinogen

text: s.

text: CD affects approximately 1–2% of the general population, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and at risk for serious long-term health complications. People may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may cause malabsorption, reduced quality of life, iron deficiency, osteoporosis, an increased risk of intestinal lymphomas, and greater mortality. CD is associated with some other autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroiditis, gluten ataxia, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and more.

text: CD affects approximately 1–2% of the general population, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and at risk for serious long-term health complications. People may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may cause

text: malabsorption

text: , reduced quality of life,

text: iron deficiency

text: osteoporosis

text: , an increased risk of intestinal

text: lymphoma

text: s, and greater mortality. CD is associated with some other autoimmune diseases, such as

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: thyroiditis

text: gluten ataxia

text: psoriasis

text: vitiligo

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , and more.

text: A number of viruses named oncoviruses cause cancer. These are mainly human papilloma virus (HPV) causing cervical carcinoma, and Epstein-Barr virus causing B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Kaposi sarcoma virus and Merkel cell polyoma virus cause skin cancers. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) causes T cell leukemias. Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses cause chronic inflammation which favors the appearance of hepatocarcinoma. The carcinoma cells still harbour the viral genes and antigens. As expected T cell responses against antigens encoded by genes of these viruses are observed.

text: A number of viruses named

text: oncovirus

text: es cause cancer. These are mainly human

text: papilloma virus

text: HPV

text: ) causing

text: cervical carcinoma

text: , and Epstein-Barr virus causing B cell

text: lymphomas

text: and

text: nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: s.

text: Kaposi sarcoma

text: virus and

text: Merkel cell polyoma virus

text: cause

text: skin cancer

text: s.

text: Human T-lymphotropic virus

text: (HTLV) causes

text: T cell

text: leukemia

text: s.

text: Hepatitis B

text: (HBV) and

text: C

text: (HCV) viruses cause chronic inflammation which favors the appearance of

text: hepatocarcinoma

text: . The carcinoma cells still harbour the viral genes and

text: antigen

text: s. As expected

text: T cell

text: responses against

text: antigen

text: s encoded by genes of these viruses are observed.

text: A noninfectious occurrence of phlegmon can be found in the acute pancreatitis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. The immunosuppressive aspects of this disease and the immunosuppressive medications used to treat it blunt each of the signs of infection.

text: A noninfectious occurrence of phlegmon can be found in the acute pancreatitis of

text: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

text: . The immunosuppressive aspects of this disease and the

text: immunosuppressive

text: medications used to treat it blunt each of the signs of infection.

text: Giovannucci is known for his research into the health benefits of obtaining vitamin D through sunlight exposure.  He has said that for every death caused by skin cancer resulting from sun exposure, 30 deaths might be prevented due to increased vitamin D intake, and that "It does seem that Vitamin D levels seem to be a real predictor of heart disease." Other studies authored by Giovannucci have linked tomato consumption to a decreased risk of prostate cancer.

text: Giovannucci is known for his research into the health benefits of obtaining

text: vitamin D

text: through sunlight exposure.  He has said that for every death caused by skin cancer resulting from sun exposure, 30 deaths might be prevented due to increased vitamin D intake, and that "It does seem that Vitamin D levels seem to be a real predictor of heart disease." Other studies authored by Giovannucci have linked

text: tomato

text: consumption to a decreased risk of

text: prostate cancer

text: Crohn's disease also increases the risk of cancer in the area of inflammation. For example, individuals with Crohn's disease involving the small bowel are at higher risk for small intestinal cancer. Similarly, people with Crohn's colitis have a relative risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer. Screening for colon cancer with colonoscopy is recommended for anyone who has had Crohn's colitis for at least eight years. Some studies suggest there is a role for chemoprotection in the prevention of colorectal cancer in Crohn's involving the colon; two agents have been suggested, folate and mesalamine preparations. Also, immunomodulators and biologic agents used to treat this disease may promote developing extra-intestinal cancers.

text: Crohn's disease also increases the risk of cancer in the area of inflammation. For example, individuals with Crohn's disease involving the

text: small bowel

text: are at higher risk for

text: small intestinal cancer

text: . Similarly, people with Crohn's colitis have a

text: relative risk

text: of 5.6 for developing

text: colon cancer

text: . Screening for colon cancer with

text: colonoscopy

text: is recommended for anyone who has had Crohn's colitis for at least eight years. Some studies suggest there is a role for chemoprotection in the prevention of colorectal cancer in Crohn's involving the colon; two agents have been suggested,

text: folate

text: and

text: mesalamine

text: preparations. Also,

text: immunomodulators

text: and

entity_name: Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

text: biologic agents

text: used to treat this disease may promote developing extra-intestinal cancers.

text: Among clergy who have served the parish is the late Deacon James W. Quander, who was in the first class of permanent deacons in the Archdiocese of Washington. He was considered one of the longest-living juvenile diabetics in the nation. The disease, also known as Type 1 diabetes, was diagnosed when he was 5. In 1925, he was among the first to use insulin. Deacon and Mrs. Quander's children were the first African-American students admitted to Sacred Heart School.

text: Among clergy who have served the parish is the late Deacon James W. Quander, who was in the first class of permanent

text: deacon

text: s in the Archdiocese of Washington. He was considered one of the longest-living juvenile

text: diabetics

text: in the nation. The disease, also known as

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: , was diagnosed when he was 5. In 1925, he was among the first to use insulin. Deacon and Mrs. Quander's children were the first African-American students admitted to Sacred Heart School.

text: Laboratory tests are generally conducted when the patient presents with signs and symptoms that may be characteristic of kidney impairment. They are not primarily used to diagnose kidney cancer, due to its asymptomatic nature and are generally found incidentally during tests for other illnesses such as gallbladder disease.  In other words, these cancers are not detected usually because they do not cause pain or discomfort when they are discovered. Laboratory analysis can provide an assessment on the overall health of the patient and can provide information in determining the staging and degree of metastasis to other parts of the body (if a renal lesion has been identified) before treatment is given.

text: Laboratory tests are generally conducted when the patient presents with signs and symptoms that may be characteristic of kidney impairment. They are not primarily used to diagnose kidney cancer, due to its

text: asymptomatic

text: nature and are generally found incidentally during tests for other illnesses such as

text: gallbladder

text: disease.  In other words, these cancers are not detected usually because they do not cause pain or discomfort when they are discovered. Laboratory analysis can provide an assessment on the overall health of the patient and can provide information in determining the staging and degree of

text: metastasis

text: to other parts of the body (if a renal

text: lesion

text: has been identified) before treatment is given.

text: In 1989 Vilček and NYU colleague, Junming Le, created a monoclonal antibody against TNF-alpha, a powerful promoter of inflammation. TNF-alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Collaborating with the biotechnology company Centocor, founded by Michael Wall and Hubert Schoemaker (later acquired by Johnson & Johnson and recently renamed Janssen Biotech, Inc.), Vilček and Le helped to develop the biologic drug initially termed cA2, which is now known commercially as infliximab, or Remicade. Remicade is a potent anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases.

text: In 1989 Vilček and NYU colleague, Junming Le, created a

text: monoclonal antibody

text: against TNF-alpha, a powerful promoter of inflammation. TNF-alpha is involved in the

text: pathogenesis

text: of numerous chronic inflammatory

text: autoimmune disease

text: s. Collaborating with the biotechnology company

text: Centocor

text: , founded by Michael Wall and

text: Hubert Schoemaker

text: (later acquired by

text: Johnson & Johnson

text: and recently renamed Janssen Biotech, Inc.), Vilček and Le helped to develop the biologic drug initially termed cA2, which is now known commercially as

text: infliximab

text: , or

text: Remicade

text: Remicade

text: is a potent anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: Crohn's disease

text: ulcerative colitis

text: ankylosing spondylitis

text: psoriatic arthritis

text: plaque psoriasis

text: and other inflammatory diseases.

text: It is impossible to determine the initial cause for most specific cancers.  In a few cases, only one cause exists; for example, the virus HHV-8 causes all Kaposi's sarcomas.  However, with the help of cancer epidemiology techniques and information, it is possible to produce an estimate of a likely cause in many more situations.  For example, lung cancer has several causes, including tobacco use and radon gas.  Men who currently smoke tobacco develop lung cancer at a rate 14 times that of men who have never smoked tobacco, so the chance of lung cancer in a current smoker being caused by smoking is about 93%; there is a 7% chance that the smoker's lung cancer was caused by radon gas or some other, non-tobacco cause.  These statistical correlations have made it possible for researchers to infer that certain substances or behaviors are carcinogenic. Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking. Among the more than 5,000 compounds in tobacco smoke, the genotoxic DNA damaging agents that occur both at the highest concentrations and which have the strongest mutagenic effects are acrolein, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide and isoprene.

text: It is impossible to determine the initial cause for most specific cancers.  In a few cases, only one cause exists; for example, the virus

text: causes all

text: Kaposi's sarcoma

text: s.  However, with the help of

text: cancer epidemiology

text: techniques and information, it is possible to produce an estimate of a likely cause in many more situations.  For example,

text: lung cancer

text: has several causes, including tobacco use and

text: radon gas

text: .  Men who currently smoke tobacco develop lung cancer at a rate 14 times that of men who have never smoked tobacco, so the chance of lung cancer in a current smoker being caused by smoking is about 93%; there is a 7% chance that the smoker's lung cancer was caused by radon gas or some other, non-tobacco cause.  These statistical correlations have made it possible for researchers to infer that certain substances or behaviors are carcinogenic. Tobacco smoke causes increased

text: exogenous

text: DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking. Among the more than 5,000 compounds in tobacco smoke, the

text: genotoxic

text: DNA damaging agents that occur both at the highest concentrations and which have the strongest mutagenic effects are acrolein, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide and isoprene.

text: LRBA deficiency presents as a syndrome of autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and humoral immune deficiency. Predominant clinical problems include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and an autoimmune enteropathy.  Before the discovery of these gene mutations, patients were diagnosed with common variable immune deficiency (CVID), which ischaracterized by low antibody levels and recurrent infections. Infections mostly affect the respiratory tract, as many patients suffer from chronic lung disease, pneumonias, and bronchiectasis. Lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (ILD) is also observed, which complicates breathing and leads to impairment of lung function and mortality. Infections can also occur at other sites, such as the eyes, skin and gastrointestinal tract. Many patients suffer from chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. Other clinical features can include hepatosplenomegaly, reoccurring warts, growth retardation, allergic dermatitis, and arthritis. Notably, LRBA deficiency has also been associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. There is significant clinical phenotypic overlap with disease caused by CTLA4 haploinsufficiency.  Since LRBA loss results in a loss of CTLA4 protein, the immune dysregulation syndrome of LRBA deficient patients can be attributed to the secondary loss of CTLA4.  Because the predominant features of the disease include autoantibody-mediated disease (AIHA, ITP), Treg defects (resembling those found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), autoimmune infiltration (of non-lymphoid organs, also resembling that found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), and enteropathy, the disease has been termed LATAIE for LRBA deficiency with autoantibodies, Treg defects, autoimmune infiltration, and enteropathy.

text: LRBA deficiency presents as a syndrome of autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and humoral immune deficiency. Predominant clinical problems include

text: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: (ITP),

text: autoimmune hemolytic anemia

text: (AIHA), and an autoimmune

text: enteropathy

text: .  Before the discovery of these gene mutations, patients were diagnosed with

text: common variable immune deficiency

text: (CVID), which ischaracterized by low

text: antibody

text: levels and recurrent infections. Infections mostly affect the respiratory tract, as many patients suffer from chronic lung disease, pneumonias, and bronchiectasis. Lymphocytic

text: interstitial lung disease

text: (ILD) is also observed, which complicates breathing and leads to impairment of lung function and mortality. Infections can also occur at other sites, such as the eyes, skin and gastrointestinal tract. Many patients suffer from chronic diarrhea and

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: . Other clinical features can include

text: hepatosplenomegaly

text: , reoccurring warts, growth retardation, allergic dermatitis, and arthritis. Notably, LRBA deficiency has also been associated with

text: type 1 diabetes mellitus

text: . There is significant clinical phenotypic overlap with disease caused by CTLA4 haploinsufficiency.  Since LRBA loss results in a loss of CTLA4 protein, the immune dysregulation syndrome of LRBA deficient patients can be attributed to the secondary loss of CTLA4.  Because the predominant features of the disease include autoantibody-mediated disease (AIHA, ITP), Treg defects (resembling those found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), autoimmune infiltration (of non-lymphoid organs, also resembling that found in CTLA4 haploinsufficient patients), and enteropathy, the disease has been termed LATAIE for LRBA deficiency with autoantibodies, Treg defects, autoimmune infiltration, and enteropathy.

text: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, and the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study trials, in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, demonstrated that glycemic control is more strongly associated with microvascular disease than macrovascular disease. It may be that pathologic changes occurring in small vessels are more sensitive to chronically elevated glucose levels than is atherosclerosis occurring in larger arteries.

text: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, and the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study trials, in people with

text: type 1

text: and

text: type 2

text: diabetes, respectively, demonstrated that glycemic control is more strongly associated with microvascular disease than macrovascular disease. It may be that pathologic changes occurring in small vessels are more sensitive to chronically elevated glucose levels than is atherosclerosis occurring in larger arteries.

text: There are many theories as to how an autoimmune disease state arises.  Some common ones are listed below.

text: staurosporine

text: , and

text: doxorubicin

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: gastric cancer

text: s,

text: colon cancer

text: s,

text: breast cancer

text: s, and

text: lung cancer

text: s, which led to its use as a

text: prognostic

text: marker

text: malignancy

text: and

text: resistance to therapy

text: vaccine

text: ischemia

text: reperfusion

text: Alzheimer’s disease

text: Parkinson’s disease

text: Huntington’s disease

text: , and

text: spinocerebellar ataxias

text: , and aging and cell senescence, as observed in centenarians subjected to heat shock challenge.

text: Syrian hamsters are used to model the human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns. In 2006-07, Syrian hamsters accounted for 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

text: Syrian hamsters

text: are used to model the human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns. In 2006-07, Syrian hamsters accounted for 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

text: Diabetic persons must increase their awareness towards the oral infections as they have a double impact on one's health. Firstly, people with diabetes are more likely to develop periodontal disease which causes increased blood sugar levels, often leading to diabetes complications. Severe periodontal disease can increase blood sugar, contributing to increased periods of time when the body functions with a high blood sugar. This puts diabetics at increased risk for diabetic complications.

text: At the same time that concerns about allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases have been increasing, so also have concerns about infectious disease. Infectious diseases continue to exert a heavy health toll. Preventing pandemics and reducing antibiotic resistance are global priorities. Hygiene is a cornerstone of containing these threats.

text: At the same time that concerns about allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases have been increasing, so also have concerns about infectious disease. Infectious diseases continue to exert a heavy health toll. Preventing

text: pandemics

text: and reducing

text: antibiotic resistance

text: are global priorities. Hygiene is a cornerstone of containing these threats.

text: The major long-term complications relate to damage to blood vessels. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease. Other "macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

text: The major long-term complications relate to damage to

text: blood vessel

text: s. Diabetes doubles the risk of

text: cardiovascular disease

text: and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease. Other

text: "macrovascular" diseases

text: are

text: stroke

text: , and

text: peripheral vascular disease

text: Other diagnoses that are typically considered include fractures, tumors, or systemic disease if plantar fasciitis pain fails to respond appropriately to conservative medical treatments. Bilateral heel pain or heel pain in the context of a systemic illness may indicate a need for a more in-depth diagnostic investigation. Diagnostic tests such as a CBC or serological markers of inflammation, infection, or autoimmune disease such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anti-nuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, HLA-B27, uric acid, or Lyme disease antibodies may also be obtained. Neurological deficits may prompt an investigation with electromyography to evaluate for damage to the nerves or muscles.

text: Other diagnoses that are typically considered include fractures, tumors, or systemic disease if plantar fasciitis pain fails to respond appropriately to conservative medical treatments. Bilateral heel pain or heel pain in the context of a systemic illness may indicate a need for a more in-depth diagnostic investigation. Diagnostic tests such as a

text: CBC

text: or serological markers of inflammation, infection, or

text: autoimmune disease

text: such as

text: C-reactive protein

text: erythrocyte sedimentation rate

text: anti-nuclear antibodies

text: rheumatoid factor

text: uric acid

text: , or

text: Lyme disease

text: antibodies may also be obtained. Neurological deficits may prompt an investigation with

text: electromyography

text: to evaluate for damage to the nerves or muscles.

text: Neva received his MD from University of Minnesota Medical School in 1946, as part of a Navy training program.  He completed his medical residency at Boston City Hospital, followed by service with the US Navy at Naval Medical Research Unit-3 in Cairo, Egypt. He spent several years at Harvard University as a researcher.  He became a professor at University of Pittsburgh, where he worked with Jonas Salk on a vaccine for polio. While at Pittsburgh, he also isolated ECHO 16, the virus responsible for Boston exanthem disease.  This was the first description of that disease.  Together with Thomas Weller, he isolated the Rubella virus in 1962.  In 1964 he moved back to Harvard to head the Department of Tropical Public Health. In 1969 he joined the National Institutes of Health, as the chief of the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.  He remained at that post until his retirement in 2004.

text: Neva received his MD from

text: University of Minnesota Medical School

text: in 1946, as part of a Navy training program.  He completed his medical residency at

text: Boston City Hospital

text: , followed by service with the US Navy at

text: Naval Medical Research Unit-3

text: in

text: Cairo, Egypt

text: . He spent several years at

text: Harvard University

text: as a researcher.  He became a professor at

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: , where he worked with Jonas Salk on a vaccine for polio. While at Pittsburgh, he also isolated ECHO 16, the virus responsible for

text: Boston exanthem disease

text: .  This was the first description of that disease.  Together with

text: Thomas Weller

text: , he isolated the Rubella virus in 1962.  In 1964 he moved back to Harvard to head the Department of Tropical Public Health. In 1969 he joined the National Institutes of Health, as the chief of the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases at the

text: .  He remained at that post until his retirement in 2004.

text: AAFA is funded by contributions from the public, along with gifts and grants from foundations and government agencies as well as charitable donations from private sector groups. AAFA administers the Asthma & Allergy Friendly Certification Program in the U.S., sponsors Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month each May and also conducts research to identify the Asthma Capitals and the Allergy Capitals (spring and fall rankings), the most challenging places to live in the U.S. with asthma and allergies. AAFA has also developed a variety of asthma and allergy health education programs, that have been validated through formal research to help improve health outcomes for patients.

text: AAFA is funded by contributions from the public, along with gifts and grants from foundations and government agencies as well as charitable donations from private sector groups. AAFA administers the

text: Asthma & Allergy Friendly

text: Certification Program in the U.S., sponsors Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month each May and also conducts research to identify the Asthma Capitals and the Allergy Capitals (spring and fall rankings), the most challenging places to live in the U.S. with asthma and allergies. AAFA has also developed a variety of asthma and allergy health education programs, that have been validated through formal research to help improve health outcomes for patients.

text: Advantages of the allergy blood test range from: excellent reproducibility across the full measuring range of the calibration curve, it has very high specificity as it binds to allergen specific IgE, and extremely sensitive too, when compared with skin prick testing. In general, this method of blood testing (in-vitro, out of body) vs skin-prick testing (in-vivo, in body) has a major advantage: it is not always necessary to remove the patient from an anthihistamine medication regimen, and if the skin conditions (such as eczema) are so widespread that allergy skin testing cannot be done. Allergy blood tests, such as ImmunoCAP, are performed without procedure variations, and the results are of excellent standardization.

text: Advantages of the allergy blood test range from: excellent reproducibility across the full measuring range of the calibration curve, it has very high specificity as it binds to allergen specific IgE, and extremely sensitive too, when compared with skin prick testing. In general, this method of blood testing (in-vitro, out of body) vs skin-prick testing (in-vivo, in body) has a major advantage: it is not always necessary to remove the patient from an anthihistamine medication regimen, and if the skin conditions (such as

text: eczema

text: ) are so widespread that allergy skin testing cannot be done. Allergy blood tests, such as ImmunoCAP, are performed without procedure variations, and the results are of excellent standardization.

text: There are three types of APS or (in terms that mean the same thing) three APSs, and there are a number of other diseases which have endocrine autoimmunity as one of their features.

text: In 1976, Nathan Pritikin opened a centre where patients were put on programme of diet and exercise (the Pritikin Program). This diet is high on carbohydrates and fibre, with fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. A study at UCLA in 2005 showed that it brought dramatic improvement to a group of people with diabetes or pre-diabetes in three weeks, so that about half no longer met the criteria for the disease.

text: In 1976,

text: Nathan Pritikin

text: opened a centre where patients were put on programme of diet and exercise (the

text: Pritikin Program

text: ). This diet is high on carbohydrates and fibre, with fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. A study at

text: UCLA

text: in 2005 showed that it brought dramatic improvement to a group of people with diabetes or pre-diabetes in three weeks, so that about half no longer met the criteria for the disease.

text: Symptoms include sudden permanent blindness, but may occur more slowly over several days, weeks or months, dilated pupils. Pupillary light reflexes  are usually reduced but present; the slow phase mediated by melanopsin in retinal ganglion cells is retained. Other symptoms commonly seen are similar to those seen with Cushing's disease and include increased water consumption and urination, weight gain, confusion, restlessness, behavioral changes and lethargy. These symptoms may develop over a few months preceding the onset of SARD.  Despite similar symptoms and blood test results to Cushing's disease, evaluation of dogs with SARD did not reveal any tumors in the pituitary or adrenal glands. However, endocrine testing (i.e., Canine Adrenal Panel at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Endocrinology Service) often shows elevations in adrenal sex hormones. Clinical signs and disease progression vary markedly among individual animals, depending on the number and type of hormones that are increased, the degree of hormone elevation, and the age of the dog. Autoimmune disease as a cause has also been called into question because of a lack of antiretinal autoantibodies in dogs with SARD in one study.

text: Symptoms include sudden permanent blindness, but may occur more slowly over several days, weeks or months, dilated

text: pupil

text: s. Pupillary light reflexes  are usually reduced but present; the slow phase mediated by melanopsin in retinal ganglion cells is retained. Other symptoms commonly seen are similar to those seen with Cushing's disease and include increased water consumption and urination, weight gain, confusion, restlessness, behavioral changes and lethargy. These symptoms may develop over a few months preceding the onset of SARD.  Despite similar symptoms and blood test results to Cushing's disease, evaluation of dogs with SARD did not reveal any tumors in the

text: pituitary

text: or

text: adrenal gland

text: s. However, endocrine testing (i.e., Canine Adrenal Panel at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Endocrinology Service) often shows elevations in adrenal sex hormones. Clinical signs and disease progression vary markedly among individual animals, depending on the number and type of hormones that are increased, the degree of hormone elevation, and the age of the dog. Autoimmune disease as a cause has also been called into question because of a lack of antiretinal

text: autoantibodies

text: in dogs with SARD in one study.

text: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of diffuse lung diseases. They include diffuse alveolar damage, organizing pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, and usual interstitial pneumonia.

text: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia is a class of

text: diffuse lung disease

text: s. They include

text: diffuse alveolar damage

entity_name: Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia

text: organizing pneumonia

text: nonspecific interstitial pneumonia

text: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

text: desquamative interstitial pneumonia

entity_name: Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease

text: respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease

text: , and

text: usual interstitial pneumonia

text: Calcium oxalate stones form in an acidic to neutral urine.  Two types naturally occur, calcium oxalate monohydrate, or whewellite (CaCO·HO), and calcium oxalate dihydrate, or weddellite (CaCO·2HO).  Their appearance can be rough, smooth, spiculated (needle-like), or jackstone.  Calcium oxalate stones form more readily in animals with hypercalcaemia, which can caused by Addison's disease or certain types of cancer.  Hypercalcaemia results in hypercalciuria, which can also be caused by Cushing's syndrome or hyperparathyroidism.

text: Calcium oxalate

text: stones form in an acidic to neutral urine.  Two types naturally occur, calcium oxalate monohydrate, or

text: whewellite

text: (CaCO·HO), and calcium oxalate dihydrate, or

text: weddellite

text: (CaCO·2HO).  Their appearance can be rough, smooth, spiculated (needle-like), or

text: jacks

text: tone.  Calcium oxalate stones form more readily in animals with

text: hypercalcaemia

text: , which can caused by

text: Addison's disease

text: or certain types of

text: cancer

text: .  Hypercalcaemia results in

text: hypercalciuria

text: , which can also be caused by

text: Cushing's syndrome

text: or

text: hyperparathyroidism

text: Examples of aging-associated diseases are atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of all of these diseases increases rapidly with aging (increases exponentially with age, in the case of cancer).

text: Examples of aging-associated diseases are

text: atherosclerosis

text: and

text: cardiovascular disease

text: cancer

text: arthritis

text: cataracts

text: osteoporosis

text: type 2 diabetes

text: hypertension

text: and

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: . The incidence of all of these diseases increases rapidly with

text: aging

text: (increases

text: exponentially

text: with age, in the case of cancer).

text: Many diseases have no known effective herbal treatment. One large category of such disease is cancer. According to Cancer Research UK, "there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer".

text: Many diseases have no known effective herbal treatment. One large category of such disease is cancer. According to

text: Cancer Research UK

text: , "there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer".

text: One example of a naturalistic disease theory is the theory expressed in western medicine or biomedicine, which links disease and illness to scientific causes.  This leaves any personal liability for the disease out of the equation, and the diseases are attributed to organisms such as bacteria or viruses, accidents, or toxic substances.

text: One example of a naturalistic disease theory is the theory expressed in western medicine or

text: biomedicine

text: , which links disease and illness to scientific causes.  This leaves any personal liability for the disease out of the equation, and the diseases are attributed to

text: organisms

text: such as

text: bacteria

text: or

text: viruses

text: , accidents, or

text: toxic substances

text: Selective estrogen receptor modulators, specifically tamoxifen, have been found to reduce breast cancer risk in women with BRCA mutations who do not have their breast removed.   It is effective as for primary prevention (preventing the first case of breast cancer) in women with BRCA2 mutations, but not BRCA1 mutations, and for secondary prevention (preventing a second, independent breast cancer) in both groups of women.  Taking tamoxifen for five years has been found to halve the breast cancer risk in women who have a high risk of breast cancer for any reason, but potentially serious adverse effects like cataracts, blood clots, and endometrial cancer, along with quality of life issues like hot flashes, result in some women discontinuing its use and some physicians limiting its use to women with atypical growths in the breasts.  Tamoxifen is contraindicated for women who are most likely to be harmed by the common complications.  Raloxifene (Evista), which has a reduced risk of side effects, is used as an alternative, but it has not been studied in BRCA mutation carriers specifically.  Tamoxifen use can be combined with oophorectomy for even greater reduction of breast cancer risk, particularly in women with BRCA2 mutations.

text: Selective estrogen receptor modulator

text: s, specifically

text: tamoxifen

text: , have been found to reduce breast cancer risk in women with BRCA mutations who do not have their breast removed.   It is effective as for

text: primary prevention

text: (preventing the first case of breast cancer) in women with BRCA2 mutations, but not BRCA1 mutations, and for

text: secondary prevention

text: (preventing a second, independent breast cancer) in both groups of women.  Taking tamoxifen for five years has been found to halve the breast cancer risk in women who have a high risk of breast cancer for any reason, but potentially serious adverse effects like

text: cataract

text: s, blood clots, and

text: endometrial cancer

text: , along with quality of life issues like hot flashes, result in some women discontinuing its use and some physicians limiting its use to women with atypical growths in the breasts.  Tamoxifen is

text: contraindicated

text: for women who are most likely to be harmed by the common complications.

text: Raloxifene

text: (Evista), which has a reduced risk of side effects, is used as an alternative, but it has not been studied in BRCA mutation carriers specifically.  Tamoxifen use can be combined with oophorectomy for even greater reduction of breast cancer risk, particularly in women with BRCA2 mutations.

text: Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease are all examples of autoimmune diseases, which can be triggered when the body's immune system begins to attack healthy cells. Treating these diseases requires an understanding of how to turn off an immune system attack, which might seem an unusual goal.  After all, most immune onslaughts are aimed at viruses, bacteria or other biological invaders to the body.  But what if the immune system's attack is aimed at healthy cells, the immune 'off switch' becomes very important.

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: multiple sclerosis

text: , and

text: Crohn's disease

text: are all examples of autoimmune diseases, which can be triggered when the body's immune system begins to attack healthy cells. Treating these diseases requires an understanding of how to turn off an immune system attack, which might seem an unusual goal.  After all, most immune onslaughts are aimed at viruses, bacteria or other biological invaders to the body.  But what if the immune system's attack is aimed at healthy cells, the immune 'off switch' becomes very important.

text: The health care are designated to meet the health needs of the community through the use of available knowledge and resources. The services provided should be comprehensive and community based. The resources must be distributed according to the needs of the community. The final outcome of good health care system is the changed health status or improve health status of the community which is expressed in terms of lives saved, death averted, disease prevented, disease treated, prolongation of life etc.

text: The health care are designated to meet the health needs of the community through the use of available knowledge and resources. The services provided should be comprehensive and community based. The resources must be distributed according to the needs of the community. The final outcome of good health care system is the changed

text: health status

text: or improve health status of the community which is expressed in terms of lives saved, death averted, disease prevented, disease treated, prolongation of life etc.

text: He has made major contributions to the understanding of autoimmune diseases, in particular coeliac disease.

text: He has made major contributions to the understanding of

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, in particular

text: coeliac disease

text: Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million. Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait. It typically begins in children and young adults.

text: Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million. Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in

text: East Asia

text: and

text: Latin America

text: and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: Kuwait

text: . It typically begins in children and young adults.

text: Chronic diseases are a huge issue in America and are the main reason behind the use of health care services in the U.S. Three fourths of the nation’s spending on health care is spent on a person with chronic illness. According to Altarum Institute chronic disease is defined as "a long-lasting illness which imposes a great burden on a person." Chronic disease such as asthma, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression are the number one health threat to residents of Fresno kill about 3,500 people.

text: Several risk factors have been proposed, including autoimmune diseases, infections and genetic predisposition. There is evidence that LS can be associated with thyroid disease.

text: Several risk factors have been proposed, including

text: autoimmune disease

text: s,

text: infection

text: s and

text: genetic predisposition

text: . There is evidence that LS can be associated with

text: thyroid disease

text: Schistosoma japonicum is the only human blood fluke that occurs in China and Philippines. It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and marshland regions.  Schistosomiasis is an infection caused mainly by three schistosome species; Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium. S. japonicum being the most infectious of the three species.  Infection by schistosomes is followed by an acute Katayama fever.  Historical accounts of Katayama disease dates back to the discovery of S. Japonicum in Japan in 1904.  The disease was named after an area it was endemic to, Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan. If left untreated, it will develop into a chronic condition characterized by hepatosplenic disease and impaired physical and cognitive development. The severity of S. japonicum arises in 60% of all neurological diseases in schistosomes due to the migration of schistosome eggs to the brain.

text: Withaferin A binds to and inhibits vimentin preventing breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. It increases the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and MAPK in vitro breast cancer models. It increases the expression of tumor suppressor p53, Notch 2 and Notch 4, down-regulates the expression of ERα, resulting in the inhibition of cancer cell migration and growth. Notch signaling plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer, therefore targeting the Notch pathway by withaferin A can be a potential therapeutic option in treating colon cancer. Koduru et al., demonstrated that the inhibition of Notch- mediated prosurvival by withaferin A facilitates c-Jun-NH2-kinase-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines.  Withaferin A downregulates vimentin expression leading to structural perturbation of intermediary filaments. Cancer cells express enhanced vimentin expression and correlates with the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, poor prognosis and decreased survival rate. Further, caspase-dependent degradation of vimentin by withaferin A was observed. Combining various properties like anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic and antiproliferation makes withaferin A a potential drug candidate for treatment of cancer. Studies in animal models has shown promising results for breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, medullary thyroid cancer among others.

text: Withaferin A binds to and inhibits

text: vimentin

text: preventing

text: breast cancer

text: cell growth both

text: in vitro

text: and

text: in vivo

text: . It increases the

text: phosphorylation

text: of

text: JNK

text: ERK

text: and

text: MAPK

text: in vitro breast cancer models. It increases the expression of tumor suppressor

text: Notch 2

text: and

entity_name: Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4

text: Notch 4

text: , down-regulates the expression of

text: ERα

text: , resulting in the inhibition of cancer

text: cell migration

text: and growth.

text: Notch signaling

text: plays a significant role in the development of

text: colon cancer

text: , therefore targeting the Notch pathway by withaferin A can be a potential therapeutic option in treating colon cancer. Koduru et al., demonstrated that the inhibition of Notch- mediated prosurvival by withaferin A facilitates c-Jun-NH2-kinase-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines.  Withaferin A downregulates

text: vimentin

text: expression leading to structural perturbation of intermediary filaments. Cancer cells express enhanced

text: vimentin

text: expression and correlates with the induction of

text: epithelial to mesenchymal transition

text: (EMT),

text: metastasis

text: , poor prognosis and decreased survival rate. Further,

text: caspase

text: -dependent degradation of

text: vimentin

text: by withaferin A was observed. Combining various properties like anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic and antiproliferation makes withaferin A a potential drug candidate for treatment of cancer. Studies in animal models has shown promising results for

text: breast cancer

text: pancreatic cancer

text: cervical cancer

text: lung cancer

text: medullary thyroid cancer

text: among others.

text: Dr. Chiorazzi was a research fellow in immunology at Harvard University in the department of Baruj Benacerraf, M.D., who a few years later shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.  Dr. Chiorazzi was then worked with Henry G. Kunkel at The Rockefeller University.  At Rockefeller, his time was spent studying human B cells in normal and disease settings.  In 1987, Dr. Chiorazzi was appointed Chief of the then newly created Division of Rheumatology & Allergy-Clinical Immunology at North Shore University Hospital. In 2000, he was appointed the first Director and CEO of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, a position he held until January 2006. Dr. Chiorazzi is currently Professor of Medicine and of Cell Biology in the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Head of the Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research.

text: Dr. Chiorazzi was a research fellow in

text: immunology

text: at

text: Harvard University

text: in the department of

text: Baruj Benacerraf

text: , M.D., who a few years later shared the

text: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: .  Dr. Chiorazzi was then worked with Henry G. Kunkel at

text: The Rockefeller University

text: .  At Rockefeller, his time was spent studying human B cells in normal and disease settings.  In 1987, Dr. Chiorazzi was appointed Chief of the then newly created Division of Rheumatology & Allergy-Clinical Immunology at

text: North Shore University Hospital

text: . In 2000, he was appointed the first Director and CEO of the

entity_name: Feinstein Institute for Medical Research

text: Feinstein Institute for Medical Research

text: , a position he held until January 2006. Dr. Chiorazzi is currently Professor of Medicine and of Cell Biology in the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Head of the Karches Center for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research at

text: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research

text: Multiple autoimmune disorders have been recorded with the neurovisceral and cutaneous genetic porphyrias including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, diabetes, systemic and discoid lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, scleroderma, Sjogren's disease and scleritis. Physicians should be on high alert for porphyrias in families with autoimmune disorders and care must be taken with potential porphyrinogenic drugs, including sulfasalazine.

text: Multiple autoimmune disorders have been recorded with the neurovisceral and cutaneous genetic

text: porphyrias

text: including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,

text: celiac disease

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: diabetes

text: , systemic and discoid

text: lupus

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: , ankylosing spondylitis,

text: scleroderma

text: Sjogren's disease

text: and

text: scleritis

text: . Physicians should be on high alert for porphyrias in families with

text: autoimmune

text: disorders and care must be taken with potential

text: porphyrinogenic drugs

text: , including

text: sulfasalazine

text: The overall rate of adverse events in patients treated with fluoroquinolones is roughly similar to that seen in patients treated with other antibiotic classes. A U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study found patients treated with fluoroquinolones experienced adverse events severe enough to lead to an emergency department visit more frequently than those treated with cephalosporins or macrolides, but less frequently than those treated with penicillins, clindamycin, sulfonamides, or vancomycin.

text: The overall rate of adverse events in patients treated with fluoroquinolones is roughly similar to that seen in patients treated with other antibiotic classes. A U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study found patients treated with fluoroquinolones experienced adverse events severe enough to lead to an emergency department visit more frequently than those treated with

text: cephalosporin

text: s or

text: macrolide

text: s, but less frequently than those treated with

text: penicillin

text: s,

text: clindamycin

text: sulfonamide

text: s, or

text: vancomycin

text: A multitude of factors have been cited as impeding progress in finding a cure for cancer and key areas have been identified and suggested as important to accelerate progress in cancer research.Since there are many different forms of cancer with distinct causes, each form requires different treatment approaches. However, this research could still lead to therapies and cures for many forms of cancer. Some of the factors that have posed challenges for the development of preventive measures and anti-cancer drugs and therapies include the following:

text: A multitude of factors have been cited as impeding progress in finding a cure for cancer and key areas have been identified and suggested as important to accelerate progress in cancer research.Since there are many different forms of cancer with distinct causes, each form requires different treatment approaches. However, this research could still lead to therapies and cures for many forms of cancer. Some of the factors that have posed challenges for the development of

text: preventive

text: measures and anti-cancer drugs and therapies include the following:

text: According to Macmillan Cancer Support, "Dot's experience [increased] people's understanding of the emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis; how the illness affects family and friends; and what it's like to live with uncertainty. It also [helped] to raise awareness of a comparatively rare cancer and the fact that cancer is a disease most often affecting older people."

text: According to

text: Macmillan Cancer Support

text: , "Dot's experience [increased] people's understanding of the emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis; how the illness affects family and friends; and what it's like to live with uncertainty. It also [helped] to raise awareness of a comparatively rare cancer and the fact that cancer is a disease most often affecting older people."

text: Polarisation in T-cell help is useful in influencing allergic responses and autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, the goal is to shift the self-destructive TH1 response (with its associated cytotoxic T cell activity) to a non-destructive TH2 response. This has been successfully applied in predisease priming for the desired type of response in preclinical models and is somewhat successful in shifting the response for an established disease.

text: Polarisation in T-cell help is useful in influencing

text: allergic

text: responses and

text: autoimmune diseases

text: . In autoimmune diseases, the goal is to shift the self-destructive TH1 response (with its associated cytotoxic T cell activity) to a non-destructive TH2 response. This has been successfully applied in predisease priming for the desired type of response in preclinical models and is somewhat successful in shifting the response for an established disease.

text: Overdiagnosis occurs when either "Non-progressive" cancers or "Very Slow" growing cancers (more precisely, at a slow enough pace that individuals die from something else before the cancer ever causes symptoms) are detected.  These two forms of cancer are collectively referred to as pseudodisease - literally false disease.  Since the word "disease" implies something that makes, or will make, a person feel sick (something that causes symptoms), pseudodisease is an appropriate word for describing these abnormalities.  Thus, another definition of overdiagnosis is simply the detection of pseudodisease.

text: Autoimmune diseases have a wide variety of different effects. They do tend to have one of three characteristic pathological effects which characterize them as autoimmune diseases:

text: On October 7, 2003, a U.S. patent number 6630507 entitled "Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants" was awarded to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, based on research carried out at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). This patent claims that cannabinoids are "useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases such as ischemia, inflammatory ... and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma..."

text: On October 7, 2003, a U.S. patent number 6630507 entitled "Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants" was awarded to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, based on research carried out at the

text: National Institute of Mental Health

text: (NIMH), and the

entity_name: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

text: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

text: (NINDS). This patent claims that cannabinoids are "useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases such as ischemia, inflammatory ... and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as

text: stroke

text: and

text: trauma

text: In June 2011, the FDA released nine new warning signs containing both graphic text and images that should be included on all cigarette packaging and advertisement by September 2012. The textual warnings state:"WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive. WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children.WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease.WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer.WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease.WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby.WARNING: Smoking can kill you.WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers.WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health." Each warning is to be paired with one of the following colored images:  a man exhaling cigarette smoke through a tracheotomy hole in his throat; a plume of cigarette smoke enveloping an infant receiving a kiss from his or her mother; a pair of diseased lungs next to a pair of healthy lungs; a diseased mouth afflicted with what appears to be cancerous lesions; a man breathing into an oxygen mask; a bare-chested male cadaver lying on a table, and featuring what appears to be post-autopsy chest staples down the middle of his torso; a woman weeping uncontrollably; or a man wearing a T-shirt that features a "no smoking" symbol and the words "I Quit." Four tobacco companies responded to the mandate by filing a legal challenge in August.

text: Acupuncture is used mainly for functional problems such as those involving noninfectious inflammation, paralysis, or pain. For small animals, acupuncture has been used for treating arthritis, hip dysplasia, lick granuloma, feline asthma, diarrhea, and certain reproductive problems. For larger animals, acupuncture has been used for treating downer cow syndrome, facial nerve paralysis, allergic dermatitis, respiratory problems, nonsurgical colic, and certain reproductive disorders. Acupuncture has also been used on competitive animals, such as those involved in racing and showing. Veterinary acupuncture has also recently been used on more exotic animals, such as an alligator with scoliosis, though this is still quite rare.

text: Acupuncture is used mainly for functional problems such as those involving noninfectious inflammation, paralysis, or pain. For small animals, acupuncture has been used for treating arthritis, hip dysplasia,

text: lick granuloma

text: , feline asthma, diarrhea, and certain reproductive problems. For larger animals, acupuncture has been used for treating downer cow syndrome, facial nerve paralysis, allergic dermatitis, respiratory problems, nonsurgical colic, and certain reproductive disorders. Acupuncture has also been used on competitive animals, such as those involved in racing and showing. Veterinary acupuncture has also recently been used on more exotic animals, such as an alligator with

text: scoliosis

text: , though this is still quite rare.

text: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an extremely rare genetic autoimmune syndrome.  However, this disease highlights the importance of the thymus in prevention of autoimmunity.  This disease is caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene.  AIRE allows for the ectopic expression of tissue-specific proteins in the thymus medulla, such as proteins that would normally only be expressed in the eye or pancreas.  This expression in the thymus, allows for the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes by exposing them to self-antigens during their development, a mechanism of central tolerance.  Patients with APECED develop an autoimmune disease that affects multiple endocrine tissues.

text: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (

text: APECED

text: ) is an extremely rare genetic autoimmune syndrome.  However, this disease highlights the importance of the thymus in prevention of autoimmunity.  This disease is caused by mutations in the

text: Autoimmune Regulator

text: (AIRE) gene.  AIRE allows for the ectopic expression of tissue-specific proteins in the thymus medulla, such as proteins that would normally only be expressed in the eye or pancreas.  This expression in the thymus, allows for the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes by exposing them to self-antigens during their development, a mechanism of

text: central tolerance

text: .  Patients with APECED develop an autoimmune disease that affects multiple

text: endocrine

text: tissues.

text: American Indians of all ages and sexes have a generally high prevalence of obesity. Researchers have identified that issue has only come to light in the past few generations and much of it is linked to many individuals having a lack of healthy food options and an increased amount of time spent being sedentary. The overall health of Native Americans is considerably worse than the general population. Since the early 1950s, the rate of mortality from infectious disease has decreased substantially. But mortality related to behavioral or lifestyle factors has increased, and chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and cancer are among the leading causes of death in adults. Chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus in particular, are strong indicators of an increasing prevalence of obesity in American Indians. Because the prevalence rates of obesity are higher in American Indians, studies have shown that the population will suffer from greater health complications later on in life as well.

text: The Kuna have been shown to have a low average blood pressure (BP, 110/70 mm Hg), and, do not experience the age-related increase in blood pressure that is common in Western society (Hollenberg et al. 1997).  Death rates from cardiovascular disease and cancer, the #1 and #2 causes of death in the US are low in the Kuna.  Between 2000 and 2004, on the mainland of Panama, Bayard et al. (2007) reported that for every 100,000 residents, 119 died from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and 74 died from cancer.  In contrast, per 100,000 Kuna, these death rates were 8 for CVD and 4 for cancer.

text: Following an early career in hospital medicine and general practice, he transferred to the field of public health with a focus on health promotion and prevention. He was Head of Health Sciences at the Health Education Council (a national non-government organization based in London) and a member of various UK Department of Health committees and task-forces on nutrition, physical activity, cancer prevention, accident prevention, and health partnerships. In the mid-1980s he founded the National Forum for Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (now the National Heart Forum) and the Welsh heart disease prevention programme Heart Beat Wales.

text: Following an early career in hospital medicine and

text: general practice

text: , he transferred to the field of

text: public health

text: with a focus on health promotion and prevention. He was Head of Health Sciences at the Health Education Council (a national non-government organization based in London) and a member of various

text: UK Department of Health

text: committees and task-forces on

text: nutrition

text: physical activity

text: cancer

text: prevention, accident prevention, and health partnerships. In the mid-1980s he founded the National Forum for Coronary Heart Disease Prevention (now the National Heart Forum) and the Welsh heart disease prevention programme Heart Beat Wales.

text: NASN School Nurse is an American bimonthly peer-reviewed nursing journal that covers the field of school nursing. The editor-in-chief is Cynthia Galemore. It was established in 2001 and is currently published by Sage Publications in association with the American National Association of School Nurses. The editorial board selects issue themes for feature articles while also providing regular sections such as asthma/allergies, diabetes/endocrine, healthy lifestyles, immunizations/infectious disease, political/legal issues, screenings/referral, and special needs.

text: NASN School Nurse is an American bimonthly

text: peer-reviewed

text: nursing journal

text: that covers the field of

text: school nursing

text: . The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Cynthia Galemore. It was established in 2001 and is currently published by

text: Sage Publications

text: in association with the American

text: National Association of School Nurses

text: . The

text: editorial board

text: selects issue themes for feature articles while also providing regular sections such as

text: asthma

text: allergies

text: diabetes

text: /endocrine,

text: healthy lifestyle

text: s,

text: immunization

text: s/

text: infectious disease

text: , political/legal issues, screenings/referral, and

text: special needs

text: Originally founded to investigate heart surgery, cancer, and endocrine diseases, its current focus is pioneering basic and clinical research to prevent diabetes, to arrest its development, to block and reduce its complications, and to treat it more effectively.

text: Originally founded to investigate

text: heart surgery

text: cancer

text: , and

text: endocrine disease

text: s, its current focus is pioneering basic and clinical research to prevent

text: diabetes

text: , to arrest its development, to block and reduce its complications, and to treat it more effectively.

text: The NDA for gemigliptin was submitted to KFDA in July, 2011 and it was approved on June 27, 2012. By the end of 2012, gemigliptin will be marketed in Korea as Zemiglo which is the fifth new DPP-4 inhibitor diabetes treatment in the world.Sanofi-Synthelabo India Private Limited announced the launch of drug for type 2 diabetes patients in India: Zemiglo (gemigliptin) on Juty 19, 2016. Zemiglo is a once daily, oral tablet. As per the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas 2015, India is home to the second largest number of adults living with diabetes worldwide, after China, with 69.1 million patients and expected to rise to 1401 million in 2040. India is the largest contributor to South East Asia regional mortality, with 1 million deaths attributable to diabetes.  These statistics reveal how diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India and establishes the need for treatment compliance and effective control through diet, exercise and drugs for long-term positive effects in disease management.

text: It has been shown that OPN drives IL-17 production; OPN is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma,  melanoma and pleural mesothelioma; OPN contributes both glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial nephritis; and OPN is found in atheromatous plaques within arteries. Thus, manipulation of plasma OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.

text: It has been shown that OPN drives

text: production; OPN is

text: overexpressed

text: in a variety of

text: cancer

text: s, including

text: lung cancer

text: breast cancer

text: colorectal cancer

text: stomach cancer

text: ovarian cancer

text: , papillary thyroid carcinoma,

text: melanoma

text: and

text: pleural

text: mesothelioma; OPN contributes both

text: glomerulonephritis

text: and

text: tubulointerstitial nephritis

text: ; and OPN is found in

text: atheromatous plaques

text: within

text: arteries

text: . Thus, manipulation of plasma OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.

text: ICL may indirectly trigger autoimmune diseases.  It has been associated with several cases of autoimmune disease Sjogren's syndrome.

text: ICL may indirectly trigger autoimmune diseases.  It has been associated with several cases of autoimmune disease

text: Sjogren's syndrome

text: Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease. Surgery is the most common treatment as kidney cancer does not often respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If the cancer has not spread it will usually be removed by surgery. In some cases this involves removing the whole kidney however most tumors are amenable to partial removal to eradicate the tumor and preserve the remaining normal portion of the kidney. Surgery is not always possible - for example the patient may have other medical conditions that prevent it, or the cancer may have spread around the body and doctors may not be able to remove it. There is currently no evidence that body-wide medical therapy after surgery where there is no known residual disease, that is, adjuvant therapy, helps to improve survival in kidney cancer. If the cancer cannot be treated with surgery other techniques such as freezing the tumour or treating it with high temperatures may be used. However these are not yet used as standard treatments for kidney cancer.

text: Treatment for kidney cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease. Surgery is the most common treatment as kidney cancer does not often respond to

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiotherapy

text: . If the cancer has not spread it will usually be removed by surgery. In some cases this involves

text: removing the whole kidney

text: however most tumors are amenable to

text: partial removal

text: to eradicate the tumor and preserve the remaining normal portion of the kidney. Surgery is not always possible - for example the patient may have other medical conditions that prevent it, or the cancer may have spread around the body and doctors may not be able to remove it. There is currently no evidence that body-wide medical therapy after surgery where there is no known residual disease, that is,

text: adjuvant therapy

text: , helps to improve survival in kidney cancer. If the cancer cannot be treated with surgery other techniques such as

text: freezing the tumour

text: or

text: treating it with high temperatures

text: may be used. However these are not yet used as standard treatments for kidney cancer.

text: In 1959 she was appointed the first professor of medicine at London's Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine. She founded the liver unit which was located in a temporary wooden structure on the roof of the hospital in Gray’s Inn Road; despite its location, the department attracted trainees from around the world, and many current leaders in the field of hepatology spent time there. Research in several different areas of liver disease was undertaken:bilirubin metabolism, haemochromatosis, cholestasis, drug-induced liver disease, albumin synthesis, portal hypertension and ascites, autoimmune liver disease and its treatment with corticosteroids, and the use of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of liver disease were all studied. In 1974 the department moved to the new hospital in Hampstead, where it was situated close to the clinical wards, on the 10th floor. Research continued there, with viral hepatitis, liver transplantation and endoscopic treatment of varices all becoming important areas of study. She retired from the Chair of Medicine in 1983, but continued to see patients, conduct research, and write.

text: In 1959 she was appointed the first professor of medicine at

text: London

text: 's

text: Royal Free Hospital

text: School of Medicine. She founded the liver unit which was located in a temporary wooden structure on the roof of the hospital in

text: Gray’s Inn Road

text: ; despite its location, the department attracted trainees from around the world, and many current leaders in the field of hepatology spent time there. Research in several different areas of liver disease was undertaken:

text: bilirubin

text: metabolism,

text: haemochromatosis

text: cholestasis

text: drug-induced liver disease

text: albumin

text: synthesis, portal hypertension and ascites,

text: autoimmune liver disease

text: and its treatment with

text: corticosteroid

text: s, and the use of

text: liver biopsy

text: in the diagnosis of liver disease were all studied. In 1974 the department moved to the new hospital in Hampstead, where it was situated close to the clinical wards, on the 10th floor. Research continued there, with viral hepatitis,

text: liver transplantation

text: and

text: endoscopic

text: treatment of

text: varices

text: all becoming important areas of study. She retired from the Chair of Medicine in 1983, but continued to see patients, conduct research, and write.

text: Reduced food intake, while hunger is held on to, may also be responsible for significant weight loss. Restrictive diets can lead to significant weight loss, as can psychological problems, depression and social problems and issues; Anorexia nervosa, in the case where a denial of weight loss and thinness and were maintaining the same physical activity; Certain digestive diseases or ENT (discomfort food) can induce weight loss. Weight loss can also occur with a normal or even sometimes reduced food intake. An infectious disease that is accompanied by fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection, endocarditis or chronic inflammatory disease with febrile vasculitis, Behcet’s disease, connective, Still’s disease, sarcoidosis, certain cancers or blood diseases; A chronic disease without fever, cancer, metabolic diseases, respiratory insufficiency, hepatic or digestive diseases associated with signs of deficiency. Some neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease  may also be the cause of weight loss significantly. Poisoning like chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or taking drugs by mistake are also common causes. Taking too much medication is a major cause of weight loss in the elderly and weak people where the single dose capsules or tablets is able to suppress appetite.

text: Reduced food intake, while hunger is held on to, may also be responsible for significant weight loss. Restrictive diets can lead to significant weight loss, as can psychological problems, depression and social problems and issues; Anorexia nervosa, in the case where a denial of weight loss and thinness and were maintaining the same physical activity; Certain digestive diseases or ENT (discomfort food) can induce weight loss. Weight loss can also occur with a normal or even sometimes reduced food intake. An infectious disease that is accompanied by fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection, endocarditis or chronic inflammatory disease with

text: febrile vasculitis

text: Behcet’s disease

text: , connective,

text: Still’s disease

text: sarcoidosis

text: , certain cancers or blood diseases; A chronic disease without fever, cancer, metabolic diseases, respiratory insufficiency, hepatic or digestive diseases associated with signs of deficiency. Some neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease  may also be the cause of weight loss significantly. Poisoning like chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or taking drugs by mistake are also common causes. Taking too much medication is a major cause of weight loss in the elderly and weak people where the single dose capsules or tablets is able to suppress appetite.

text: In October 2014 Ray Thomas posted this statement on his website:"After the tragic death of Alvin Stardust and the brave response to Prostate Awareness by his widow, Julie, in following up on what Alvin had intended to say about the disease, I have decided to help in some small way. I was diagnosed in September 2013 with prostate cancer. My cancer was in-operable but I have a fantastic doctor who immediately started me on a new treatment that has had 90% success rate. The cancer is being held in remission but I'll be receiving this treatment for the rest of my life. I have four close friends who have all endured some kind of surgery or treatment for this cancer and all are doing well. While I don't like to talk publicly about my health problems, after Alvin's death, I decided it was time I spoke out. A cancer diagnosis can shake your world and your family's but if caught in time it can be cured or held in remission. I urge all males to get tested NOW. Don't put it off by thinking it won't happen to me. It needs to be caught early. It's only a blood test - a few minutes out your day to save yourself from this disease. Love and God Bless, Ray."

text: Heart disease hits people with diabetes twice as often as people without diabetes. In those with diabetes, cardiovascular complications occur at an earlier age and often result in premature death, making heart disease the major killer of diabetic people. Cardiolipin has recently been found to be deficient in the heart at the earliest stages of diabetes, possibly due to a lipid-digesting enzyme that becomes more active in diabetic heart muscle.

text: The St Vincent’s, Western Pacific and Africa initiatives remain fully in force, but DOTA was discontinued as a joint venture of PAHO/WHO and IDF after two 5 year planning and implementation periods. Since then, PAHO has built instead on the CARMEN network of integrated national NCD initiatives, conceived in 1995 and implemented in 1997, and the Pan American Forum for Action on NCDs (PAFNCDs), launched in 2009.  Both initiatives include diabetes in a set of major non-communicable diseases. Its discontinuance by PAHO notwithstanding, monitoring and evaluation of DOTA found that it met its short term targets in most countries:  preparation of national estimates of disease burden, development and implementation of national strategies and plans to deal with diabetes, and recognition of diabetes as a public health problem. Useful lessons emerged: the relevance of process-related targets to achieve short to medium term success; the value of broadly based participation in gaining recognition of a major cause of disease burden at national health policy level; wide acceptance of an integrated program model; and the critical role of having a Ministry staff member designated in each country as a managerial focal point.  The initiative stimulated development of national guidelines to improve clinical management, diabetes education and nutrition, the defining of minimum acceptable standards of care, enhanced regional training and information sharing, and the implementation in several countries of a quality of care management system.

text: The St Vincent’s, Western Pacific and Africa initiatives remain fully in force, but DOTA was discontinued as a joint venture of

text: PAHO

text: /WHO and IDF after two 5 year planning and implementation periods. Since then, PAHO has built instead on the CARMEN network of integrated national NCD initiatives, conceived in 1995 and implemented in 1997, and the Pan American Forum for Action on NCDs (PAFNCDs), launched in 2009.  Both initiatives include diabetes in a set of major non-communicable diseases. Its discontinuance by PAHO notwithstanding,

text: monitoring and evaluation

text: of DOTA found that it met its short term targets in most countries:  preparation of national estimates of disease burden, development and implementation of national strategies and plans to deal with diabetes, and recognition of diabetes as a public health problem. Useful lessons emerged: the relevance of process-related targets to achieve short to medium term success; the value of broadly based participation in gaining recognition of a major cause of disease burden at national health policy level; wide acceptance of an integrated program model; and the critical role of having a Ministry staff member designated in each country as a managerial focal point.  The initiative stimulated development of national guidelines to improve clinical management, diabetes education and nutrition, the defining of minimum acceptable standards of care, enhanced regional training and information sharing, and the implementation in several countries of a quality of care management system.

text: Diabetes insipidus is also associated with some serious diseases of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.  These cause DI by impairing hepatic clearance of circulating vasopressinase.  It is important to consider these diseases if a woman presents with diabetes insipidus in pregnancy, because their treatments require delivery of the baby before the disease will improve.  Failure to treat these diseases promptly can lead to maternal or perinatal mortality.

text: Diabetes insipidus is also associated with some serious diseases of pregnancy, including

text: pre-eclampsia

text: HELLP syndrome

text: and

text: acute fatty liver of pregnancy

text: .  These cause DI by impairing hepatic clearance of circulating vasopressinase.  It is important to consider these diseases if a woman presents with diabetes insipidus in pregnancy, because their treatments require delivery of the baby before the disease will improve.  Failure to treat these diseases promptly can lead to maternal or perinatal mortality.

text: Macrovascular disease is associated with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than type 1 diabetes. Peripheral vascular disease and increased risk of infection have important implications in the care of the acutely ill patient.

text: Applying Goffman's definition, he explained various instances of leprosy stigma both in Europe and in other parts of the world. The general public has many misconceptions about leprosy and health authorities should launch an information campaign that the disease is curable and patients on treatment are noninfectious.  Various factors are present, including religions and laws. Present-day leprosy stigma will disappear with the eradication of leprosy with multidrug therapy.

text: Applying

text: Goffman

text: 's definition, he explained various instances of leprosy stigma both in Europe and in other parts of the world. The general public has many misconceptions about leprosy and health authorities should launch an information campaign that the disease is curable and patients on treatment are noninfectious.  Various factors are present, including religions and laws. Present-day

text: leprosy stigma

text: will disappear with the eradication of leprosy with multidrug therapy.

text: Like wheat, barley, and their hybrids and derivatives, rye contains gluten, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy, among others. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate rye or barley.

text: Like wheat,

text: barley

text: , and their hybrids and derivatives, rye contains gluten, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: celiac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: , and

text: wheat allergy

text: , among others. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate rye or barley.

text: AIP often completely resolves with steroid treatment.  The failure to differentiate AIP from malignancy may lead to unnecessary pancreatic resection, and the characteristic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of AIP has been found in up to 23% of patients undergoing pancreatic resection for suspected malignancy who are ultimately found to have benign disease.  In this subset of patients, a trial of steroid therapy may have prevented a Whipple procedure or complete pancreatectomy for a benign disease which responds well to medical therapy. "This benign disease resembles pancreatic carcinoma both clinically and radiographically. The diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis is challenging to make. However, accurate and timely diagnosis may preempt the misdiagnosis of cancer and decrease the number of unnecessary pancreatic resections." Autoimmune pancreatitis responds dramatically to corticosteroid treatment.

text: AIP often completely resolves with steroid treatment.  The failure to differentiate AIP from malignancy may lead to unnecessary pancreatic resection, and the characteristic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of AIP has been found in up to 23% of patients undergoing pancreatic resection for suspected malignancy who are ultimately found to have benign disease.  In this subset of patients, a trial of steroid therapy may have prevented a

text: Whipple procedure

text: or complete

text: pancreatectomy

text: for a benign disease which responds well to medical therapy. "This benign disease resembles pancreatic carcinoma both clinically and radiographically. The diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis is challenging to make. However, accurate and timely diagnosis may preempt the misdiagnosis of cancer and decrease the number of unnecessary pancreatic resections." Autoimmune pancreatitis responds dramatically to

text: corticosteroid

text: treatment.

text: The Lung Centre specializes in the treatment of pulmonary conditions such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, occupational and environmental lung diseases, sarcoidosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease.

text: The Lung Centre specializes in the treatment of pulmonary conditions such as asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, occupational and environmental lung diseases, sarcoidosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis,

text: pulmonary hypertension

text: and interstitial lung disease.

text: The discovery that certain toxic chemicals administered in combination can cure certain cancers ranks as one of the greatest in modern medicine. Childhood ALL, testicular cancer, and Hodgkins disease, previously universally fatal, are now generally curable diseases. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has shown the ability to cure some cancers, including testicular cancer, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and some leukemias. It has also proved effective in the adjuvant setting, in reducing the risk of recurrence after surgery for high-risk breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer, among others.

text: The discovery that certain toxic chemicals administered in combination can cure certain cancers ranks as one of the greatest in modern medicine. Childhood

text: ALL

text: testicular cancer

text: , and

text: Hodgkins disease

text: , previously universally fatal, are now generally curable diseases. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has shown the ability to cure some cancers, including

text: testicular cancer

text: Hodgkin disease

text: non-Hodgkin lymphoma

text: , and some

text: leukemia

text: s. It has also proved effective in the

text: adjuvant

text: setting, in reducing the risk of recurrence after surgery for high-risk breast cancer,

text: colon cancer

text: , and lung cancer, among others.

text: There is also a higher risk of developing an autoimmune disease.  Autoimmune diseases may also go into remission after treatment of HCL.

text: There is also a higher risk of developing an

text: autoimmune disease

text: .  Autoimmune diseases may also go into remission after treatment of HCL.

text: Kyrle disease was first described by Josef Kyrle in 1916 when a diabetic woman presented generalized hyperkeratotic nodules. The disease is distinguished by large papules with central keratin plus on the skin, usually on the legs of the patient and is often in conjunction with hepatic, renal or diabetic disorders. It can affect both females and males with a 6:1 ratio. The papules usually show up on the patient with an average age of 30 years. Kyrle disease is a rare disease unless there is a high count of patients with chronic renal failure. The disease seems to be more prevalent in African Americans, which can be correlated to the high incidence of diabetes mellitus and renal failure in the population.

text: Kyrle disease was first described by

text: Josef Kyrle

text: in 1916 when a diabetic woman presented generalized

text: hyperkeratotic

text: nodules. The disease is distinguished by large papules with central

text: keratin

text: plus on the skin, usually on the legs of the patient and is often in conjunction with

text: hepatic

text: renal

text: or diabetic disorders. It can affect both females and males with a 6:1 ratio. The papules usually show up on the patient with an average age of 30 years. Kyrle disease is a rare disease unless there is a high count of patients with chronic renal failure. The disease seems to be more prevalent in African Americans, which can be correlated to the high incidence of

text: diabetes mellitus

text: and

text: renal

text: failure in the population.

text: Because "radical, body-altering" surgery on a long-running character would cause the production team ongoing problems with continuity, it was decided that Peggy would have a "less visible" lumpectomy, rather than a mastectomy. A member of the EastEnders production team explained: "We have to think about costume and what it's going to look like afterwards and what we're lumbering ourselves with [...] you have to think of that for a long-term character." Additionally, giving Peggy a lumpectomy at that stage of her disease was viewed favourably by source organisations, as it helped to spread a message that a mastectomy is not necessary in all breast cancer cases. However, the storyline was revisited several times over the next few years. In August 1997, Peggy was given the "all-clear" at her follow-up mammogram, and in March 1999 the cancer returned and she underwent a mastectomy, while in 2000 she had a breast reconstruction. It has been reported that Peggy was the first soap opera character to undergo a mastectomy. BBC Production chief executive Matthew Bannister praised Windsor's portrayal of Peggy coming to terms with a mastectomy, commenting: "It's brought a good deal of comfort and help to us and a lot of other people."

text: Because "radical, body-altering" surgery on a long-running character would cause the production team ongoing problems with continuity, it was decided that Peggy would have a "less visible"

text: lumpectomy

text: , rather than a

text: mastectomy

text: . A member of the EastEnders production team explained: "We have to think about costume and what it's going to look like afterwards and what we're lumbering ourselves with [...] you have to think of that for a long-term character." Additionally, giving Peggy a lumpectomy at that stage of her disease was viewed favourably by source organisations, as it helped to spread a message that a mastectomy is not necessary in all breast cancer cases. However, the storyline was revisited several times over the next few years. In August 1997, Peggy was given the "all-clear" at her follow-up mammogram, and in March 1999 the cancer returned and she underwent a mastectomy, while in 2000 she had a breast reconstruction. It has been reported that Peggy was the first soap opera character to undergo a mastectomy. BBC Production chief executive

text: Matthew Bannister

text: praised Windsor's portrayal of Peggy coming to terms with a mastectomy, commenting: "It's brought a good deal of comfort and help to us and a lot of other people."

text: Wheat allergy is rare.  Prevalence in adults was found to be 0.21% in a 2012 study in Japan.   There are four major classes of seed storage proteins: albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins. Within wheat, prolamins are called gliadins and glutelins are called glutenins. These two protein groups form the classic glutens. While gluten is also the causative agent of coeliac disease (CD), coeliac disease can be contrasted to gluten allergy by the involvement of different immune cells and antibody types (See Comparative pathophysiology of gluten sensitivities), and because the list of allergens extend beyond the classic gluten category of proteins.

text: Wheat allergy is rare.  Prevalence in adults was found to be 0.21% in a 2012 study in Japan.   There are four major classes of seed storage proteins:

text: albumin

text: s,

text: globulin

text: s, prolamins and glutelins. Within wheat,

text: prolamin

text: s are called

text: gliadin

text: s and

text: glutelin

text: s are called

text: glutenin

text: s. These two protein groups form the classic glutens. While gluten is also the causative agent of

text: coeliac disease

text: (CD), coeliac disease can be contrasted to gluten allergy by the involvement of different immune cells and antibody types (See

text: Comparative pathophysiology of gluten sensitivities

text: ), and because the list of allergens extend beyond the classic gluten category of proteins.

text: Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks. Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure. If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer may be curable. Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease and the subtype of the cancer present. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 45%. Outcomes are worse in the developing world.

text: Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks. Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure. If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer may be curable. Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery,

text: radiation therapy

text: , and

text: chemotherapy

text: . Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease and the subtype of the cancer present. The overall

text: five-year survival rate

text: in the United States is 45%. Outcomes are worse in the developing world.

text: These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to smegma (e.g. Heins et al. 1958). During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with herpes simplex virus was the cause of the disease. In summary, HSV was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status. Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Marek's disease and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.

text: These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to

text: smegma

text: (e.g. Heins et al. 1958). During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with

text: herpes simplex virus

text: was the cause of the disease. In summary,

text: HSV

text: was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status. Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including

text: Burkitt's lymphoma

text: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: Marek's disease

text: and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.

text: Most evidence suggests that statins are effective in preventing heart disease in those with high cholesterol, but no history of heart disease. A 2013 Cochrane review found a decrease in risk of death and other poor outcomes without any evidence of harm. For every 138 people treated for 5 years one fewer dies and for every 49 treated one fewer has an episode of heart disease. A 2011 review reached similar conclusions. And a 2012 review found benefits in both women and men. A 2010 review concluded that treating people with no history of cardiovascular disease reduces cardiovascular events in men but not women, and provides no mortality benefit in either sex. Two other meta analyses published that year, one of which used data obtained exclusively from women, found no mortality benefit in primary prevention.

text: Most evidence suggests that statins are effective in preventing heart disease in those with

text: high cholesterol

text: , but no history of heart disease. A 2013 Cochrane review found a decrease in risk of death and other poor outcomes without any evidence of harm. For every 138 people treated for 5 years one fewer dies and for every 49 treated one fewer has an episode of heart disease. A 2011 review reached similar conclusions. And a 2012 review found benefits in both women and men. A 2010 review concluded that treating people with no history of cardiovascular disease reduces cardiovascular events in men but not women, and provides no mortality benefit in either sex. Two other meta analyses published that year, one of which used data obtained exclusively from women, found no mortality benefit in primary prevention.

text: The appearance of anti-nuclear antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis was found to correlated with A1-B8-DR3. One of the problems with autoimmune hepatitis is there is an increased risk in coeliac disease. Primary biliary cirrhosis which often follows chronic active hepatitis is linked to "DRw3", DR3, gene. Celiac disease is often increased in autoimmune hepatitis and vice versa. Recent studies indicate a more insidious association between gluten sensitivity and autoimmune hepatitis. In one study 65% of patients with end stage autoimmune hepatitis had coeliac associated HLA-DQ (DQ2, DQ8), of these half had anti-transglutaminase antibodies, but few had endomysial antibody. This could indicate an association with subclinical enteropathy, or alternatively the result of chronic viral infection which is known to also elevate anti-tranglutaminase antibody. A German study found that risk was more associated with B8 than DQ2, these conflicting results indicate that there are at least two risk associations in the B8::DQ2 region.

text: The appearance of

text: anti-nuclear antibodies

text: in autoimmune hepatitis was found to correlated with A1-B8-DR3. One of the problems with autoimmune hepatitis is there is an increased risk in coeliac disease. Primary biliary cirrhosis which often follows chronic active hepatitis is linked to "DRw3", DR3, gene. Celiac disease is often increased in autoimmune hepatitis and vice versa. Recent studies indicate a more insidious association between gluten sensitivity and autoimmune hepatitis. In one study 65% of patients with end stage

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: had coeliac associated HLA-DQ (DQ2, DQ8), of these half had

text: anti-transglutaminase antibodies

text: , but few had endomysial antibody. This could indicate an association with

text: subclinical

text: enteropathy

text: , or alternatively the result of chronic viral infection which is known to also elevate anti-tranglutaminase antibody. A German study found that risk was more associated with B8 than DQ2, these conflicting results indicate that there are at least two risk associations in the B8::DQ2 region.

text: The first estimate of US prevalence for autoimmune diseases as a group was published in 1997 by Jacobson, et al. They reported US prevalence to be around 9 million, applying prevalence estimates for 24 diseases to a US population of 279 million.  Jacobson's work was updated by Hayter & Cook in 2012. This study used Witebsky's postulates, as revised by Rose & Bona, to extend the list to 81 diseases and estimated overall cumulative US prevalence for the 81 autoimmune diseases at 5.0%, with 3.0% for males and 7.1% for females. The estimated communityprevalence, which takes into account the observation that many people have more than one autoimmune disease, was 4.5% overall, with 2.7% for males and 6.4% for females.

text: Skewed X inactivation has been correlated with several autoimmune diseases, including Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (ATD) and Scleroderma. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease is a disease involving the thyroid gland. The immune system of those who have the condition recognize the thyroid as foreign and attack it, causing it to atrophy. Women have a predisposition towards the condition and research indicates that this might in part be due to Skewed X inactivation. It was discovered that when twins with the disease were examined, the prevalence of skewing was above 30% as compared to 11% in the control group of wild type women, indicating that X Chromosome skewing could possibly be involved in the cause of the condition. Similar results have also been witnessed in Scleroderma, which involves hardening of the skin and inner organs. Skewing levels were found in 64% of informative patients, as compared to only 8% of the control group, also indicating a strong correlation and possible cause. The mechanism behind both conditions is unclear at this time.

text: Skewed X inactivation has been correlated with several

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, including

text: Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

text: (ATD) and

text: Scleroderma

text: . Autoimmune Thyroid Disease is a disease involving the thyroid gland. The immune system of those who have the condition recognize the thyroid as foreign and attack it, causing it to

text: atrophy

text: . Women have a predisposition towards the condition and research indicates that this might in part be due to Skewed X inactivation. It was discovered that when twins with the disease were examined, the prevalence of skewing was above 30% as compared to 11% in the control group of wild type women, indicating that X Chromosome skewing could possibly be involved in the cause of the condition. Similar results have also been witnessed in Scleroderma, which involves hardening of the skin and inner organs. Skewing levels were found in 64% of informative patients, as compared to only 8% of the control group, also indicating a strong correlation and possible cause. The mechanism behind both conditions is unclear at this time.

text: The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is a non-profit organisation active in the field of allergic and immunologic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, eczema, occupational allergy, food and drug allergy and anaphylaxis. EAACI was founded in 1956 in Florence, Italy and has become the largest medical association in Europe in the field of allergy and clinical immunology. It includes more than 8,000 individual members from 121 countries, as well as 42 National Allergy Societies.

text: The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is a non-profit organisation active in the field of allergic and immunologic diseases such as

text: asthma

text: rhinitis

text: eczema

text: , occupational

text: allergy

text: , food and

text: drug allergy

text: and

text: anaphylaxis

text: . EAACI was founded in 1956 in

text: Florence, Italy

text: and has become the largest medical association in Europe in the field of allergy and

text: clinical immunology

text: . It includes more than 8,000 individual members from 121 countries, as well as 42 National Allergy Societies.

text: Some dogs have food allergies just as humans do; this is particular to the individual dog and not characteristic of the species as a whole. An example is a dog becoming physically ill from salmon; many humans likewise have seafood allergies.

text: Some dogs have

text: food allergies

text: just as humans do; this is particular to the individual dog and not characteristic of the species as a whole. An example is a dog becoming physically ill from salmon; many humans likewise have seafood allergies.

text: Colorectal cancer (CRC), also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. An estimated 1.6 million people are diagnosed with the disease worldwide every year. An estimated 50% of CRC patients will show liver metastases. It is this form of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) Sirtex targets with SIR-Spheres microspheres. It has been estimated that in 30-40% of patients with advanced disease, the liver is the only site of spread.

text: Colorectal cancer

text: (CRC), also called

text: colon cancer

text: or large bowel cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. An estimated 1.6 million people are diagnosed with the disease worldwide every year. An estimated 50% of CRC patients will show liver

text: metastases

text: . It is this form of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) Sirtex targets with SIR-Spheres microspheres. It has been estimated that in 30-40% of patients with advanced disease, the liver is the only site of spread.

text: Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and it contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as premature birth, low birth weight, and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Incidence of erectile dysfunction is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers.

text: Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs. Smoking is a major risk factor for

text: heart attacks

text: stroke

text: s,

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: (COPD) (including

text: emphysema

text: and

text: chronic bronchitis

text: ), and

text: cancer

text: (particularly

text: lung cancer

text: cancers of the larynx and mouth

text: , and

text: pancreatic cancer

text: hypertension

text: . The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in

text: tar

text: increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or

text: secondhand smoke

text: , has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among

text: pregnant smokers

text: , and it contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as

text: premature birth

text: low birth weight

text: , and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance of

text: sudden infant death syndrome

text: (SIDS). Incidence of

text: erectile dysfunction

text: is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers.

text: In the U.S. cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death; in the UK it is the leading cause of death. In many Third World countries cancer incidence (insofar as this can be measured) appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury. With the increased control over malaria and tuberculosis in some Third World countries, incidence of cancer is expected to rise; in the Eastern Mediterranean region, for example, cancer incidence is expected to increase by 100% to 180% in the next 15 years due to increases in life expectancy, an increasing proportion of elderly people, and the successful control of childhood disease. This is termed the epidemiologic transition in epidemiological terminology.

text: In the U.S. cancer is second only to

text: cardiovascular disease

text: as the leading cause of death; in the UK it is the leading cause of death. In many

text: Third World

text: countries cancer

text: incidence

text: (insofar as this can be measured) appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury. With the increased control over

text: malaria

text: and

text: tuberculosis

text: in some Third World countries, incidence of cancer is expected to rise; in the Eastern Mediterranean region, for example, cancer incidence is expected to increase by 100% to 180% in the next 15 years due to increases in life expectancy, an increasing proportion of elderly people, and the successful control of childhood disease. This is termed the epidemiologic transition in

text: epidemiological

text: terminology.

text: In the 1950s, while studying Enterococcus, a lactic acid bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract, Gunsalus discovered various forms of lipoic acid, as well as pyridoxal phosphate, an active form of vitamin B, and was granted a patent in 1962 on lipoic acid. In further research, he discovered the role that lipoic acid plays in metabolism, allowing for the more effective use of carbohydrates in the diet. By the 1970s, other researchers and hospitals had begun to use lipoic acid for the treatment of chronic liver disease. It has since been used experimentally to treat pancreatic cancer and its use as a dietary supplement to prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease has been proposed.

text: In the 1950s, while studying

text: Enterococcus

text: , a

text: lactic acid bacteria

text: found in the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: , Gunsalus discovered various forms of

text: lipoic acid

text: , as well as

text: pyridoxal phosphate

text: , an active form of vitamin B, and was granted a patent in 1962 on lipoic acid. In further research, he discovered the role that lipoic acid plays in metabolism, allowing for the more effective use of

text: carbohydrate

text: s in the diet. By the 1970s, other researchers and hospitals had begun to use lipoic acid for the treatment of

text: chronic liver disease

text: . It has since been used experimentally to treat

text: pancreatic cancer

text: and its use as a dietary supplement to prevent or delay the onset of

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: and

text: Parkinson's disease

text: has been proposed.

text: A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus.  These include human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (hepatocellular carcinoma), and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).

text: A virus that can cause cancer is called an

text: oncovirus

text: .  These include

text: human papillomavirus

text: cervical carcinoma

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: B-cell lymphoproliferative disease

text: and

text: nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus

text: Kaposi's Sarcoma

text: and primary effusion lymphomas),

text: hepatitis B

text: and

text: hepatitis C

text: viruses (

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: ), and

text: Human T-cell leukemia virus-1

text: (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: -induced

text: gastric carcinoma

text: . Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include

text: Schistosoma haematobium

text: squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

text: ) and the

text: liver fluke

text: s,

text: Opisthorchis viverrini

text: and

text: Clonorchis sinensis

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances such as bacteria and viruses. Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances (allergens) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.

text: Allergies are caused by an oversensitive

text: immune system

text: , leading to a misdirected

text: immune response

text: . The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances such as

text: bacteria

text: and

text: virus

text: es. Allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to substances (

text: allergen

text: s) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.

text: Although it is not thought to directly target components of the TCR/CD3 complex, Alemtuzumab, or Campath-1H, has been utilized because of its strong ability to deplete T cells, in many cases for up to 3 years. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD52, a protein that is expressed on the surface of mature lymphocytes.  Originally approved for B cell cancers, its use has spread to off-label indications. One such indication includes renal transplantantation, whereby its use remains controversial. This is not because the antibody is not extremely efficient at immune-suppressing patients, but due to the inherent risk of patients developing serious complications. Furthermore, the use of Alemtuzumab in transplantation may also be a question related to reimbursement, as it is comparably cheaper to other drugs used to treat clinical episodes of transplant rejection, and it can significantly shorten the duration of a patients hospital visit. Alemtuzumab is now being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, where it has shown considerable promise at preventing multiple sclerosis symptoms in Relapsing Remitting patients. However, many patients treated with alemtuzumab went on to develop other autoimmune diseases, especially those involving the thymus, as well as a plethora of infections. In general the data suggest that alemtuzumab is excellent at inducing immune suppression.  However, as a SCITT agent, it appears to over step the required immune modulation, placing patients at unnecessary risk.

text: Although it is not thought to directly target components of the TCR/CD3 complex,

text: Alemtuzumab

text: , or Campath-1H, has been utilized because of its strong ability to deplete T cells, in many cases for up to 3 years. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets

text: , a protein that is expressed on the surface of mature

text: lymphocytes

text: .  Originally approved for

text: B cell

text: cancers, its use has spread to off-label indications. One such indication includes renal transplantantation, whereby its use remains controversial. This is not because the antibody is not extremely efficient at immune-suppressing patients, but due to the inherent risk of patients developing serious complications. Furthermore, the use of Alemtuzumab in transplantation may also be a question related to reimbursement, as it is comparably cheaper to other drugs used to treat clinical episodes of transplant rejection, and it can significantly shorten the duration of a patients hospital visit. Alemtuzumab is now being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, where it has shown considerable promise at preventing multiple sclerosis symptoms in Relapsing Remitting patients. However, many patients treated with alemtuzumab went on to develop other autoimmune diseases, especially those involving the thymus, as well as a plethora of infections. In general the data suggest that alemtuzumab is excellent at inducing immune suppression.  However, as a SCITT agent, it appears to over step the required immune modulation, placing patients at unnecessary risk.

text: The presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the cancer cell is important in guiding treatment. Those who do not test positive for these specific receptors will not be able to respond to hormone therapy, and this can affect their chance of survival depending upon what treatment options remain, the exact type of the cancer, and how advanced the disease is.

text: The presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the cancer cell is important in guiding treatment. Those who do not test positive for these specific receptors will not be able to respond to

text: hormone therapy

text: , and this can affect their chance of survival depending upon what treatment options remain, the exact type of the cancer, and how advanced the disease is.

text: Diabetes is the most common cause of liver disease in the U.S., specifically from type 2 diabetes. Studies have been done to show that, while there is not direct correlation between palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase and diabetes, streptozotocin-induced diabetes significantly decreased rat liver palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase. This led to high levels of fatty acyl-CoA being present in the liver, which shows that a diseased liver cannot regulate the amount of fatty acyl-CoA that is present versus a normal, healthy liver. A defect in acyl-CoA degradation in livers can produce hyperammonemia and hyproglycemia.

text: Gene therapy, uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes that can cure disease in humans. Although gene therapy is still relatively new, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Treatments are also being developed for a range of other currently incurable diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes, heart disease and muscular dystrophy.

text: Gene therapy

text: , uses

text: genetically modified virus

text: es to deliver genes that can cure disease in humans. Although gene therapy is still relatively new, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat

text: genetic disorder

text: s such as

text: severe combined immunodeficiency

text: , and

text: Leber's congenital amaurosis

text: . Treatments are also being developed for a range of other currently incurable diseases, such as

text: cystic fibrosis

text: sickle cell anemia

text: Parkinson's disease

text: cancer

text: diabetes

text: heart disease

text: and

text: muscular dystrophy

text: There appears to be a connection between KLF14 and coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes.

text: There appears to be a connection between KLF14 and

text: coronary artery disease

text: hypercholesterolemia

text: and

text: type 2 diabetes

text: While persons with autoimmune diseases have a high likelihood of having dry eyes, most persons with dry eyes do not have an autoimmune disease. Instances of Sjögren syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with it are present much more commonly in women, with a ratio of 9:1. In addition, milder forms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca also are more common in women. This is partly because hormonal changes, such as those that occur in pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause, can decrease tear production.

text: Type 2 diabetes is a detrimental condition commonly affecting Aboriginal Australians. It is closely associated with obesity and is often a precursor for subsequent preventable diseases, including cardiovascular and renal disease. Hence, Diabetes is a major cause of the premature mortality of many Aboriginal Australians.

text: Neutering is usually performed to prevent breeding, prevent unwanted behavior, or decrease risk of future medical problems.  Neutering is also performed as an emergency procedure to treat certain reproductive diseases, like pyometra and testicular torsion, and it is used to treat ovarian, uterine, and testicular cancer.  It is also recommended in cases of cryptorchidism to prevent torsion and malignant transformation of the testicles. Please see spaying and neutering for more information on the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure.

text: Neutering is usually performed to prevent breeding, prevent unwanted behavior, or decrease risk of future medical problems.  Neutering is also performed as an emergency procedure to treat certain reproductive diseases, like

text: pyometra

text: and

text: testicular torsion

text: , and it is used to treat

text: ovarian

text: uterine

text: , and

text: testicular cancer

text: .  It is also recommended in cases of

text: cryptorchidism

text: to prevent torsion and

text: malignant transformation

text: of the testicles. Please see

text: spaying and neutering

text: for more information on the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure.

text: In clinical cancer research, common endpoints include discovery of local recurrence, discovery of regional metastasis, discovery of distant metastasis, onset of symptoms, hospitalization, increase or decrease in pain medication requirement, onset of toxicity, requirement of salvage chemotherapy, requirement of salvage surgery, requirement of salvage radiotherapy, death from any cause or death from disease. A cancer study may be powered for overall survival, usually indicating time until death from any cause, or disease specific survival, where the endpoint is death from disease or death from toxicity.

text: In clinical

text: cancer research

text: , common endpoints include discovery of local recurrence, discovery of regional metastasis, discovery of distant metastasis, onset of symptoms, hospitalization, increase or decrease in pain medication requirement, onset of toxicity, requirement of salvage chemotherapy, requirement of salvage surgery, requirement of salvage radiotherapy, death from any cause or death from disease. A cancer study may be powered for overall survival, usually indicating time until death from any cause, or disease specific survival, where the endpoint is death from disease or death from toxicity.

text: A recent analysis of data from a clinical trial of Cervarix found that this vaccine is just as effective at protecting women against persistent HPV 16 and 18 infection in the anus as it is at protecting them from these infections in the cervix.  Overall, about 30 percent of cervical cancers will not be prevented by these vaccines. Also, in the case of Gardasil, 10 percent of genital warts will not be prevented by the vaccine. Neither vaccine prevents other sexually transmitted diseases, nor do they treat existing HPV infection or cervical cancer.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.

text: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long term

text: metabolic disorder

text: that is characterized by

text: high blood sugar

text: insulin resistance

text: , and relative lack of

text: insulin

text: . Common symptoms include

text: increased thirst

text: frequent urination

text: , and unexplained

text: weight loss

text: . Symptoms may also include

text: increased hunger

text: , feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include

text: heart disease

text: stroke

text: s,

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: which can result in

text: blindness

text: kidney failure

text: , and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to

text: amputation

text: s. The sudden onset of

text: hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

text: may occur; however,

text: ketoacidosis

text: is uncommon.

text: Arsenic: When high amounts of arsenic is inhaled or ingested through coal ash waste, diseases such as bladder cancer, skin cancer, kidney cancer and lung cancer can develop. Ultimately, exposure of arsenic over a long period of time can cause mortality. Furthermore, low levels of arsenic exposure can cause irregular heartbeats, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy and vision impairment.

text: Stored biopsies from people with suspected coeliac disease have revealed that autoantibody deposits in the subclinical coeliacs are detected prior to clinical disease. These deposits are also found in people who present with other autoimmune diseases, anaemia, or malabsorption phenomena at a much increased rate over the normal population. Endomysial components of antibodies (EMA) to tTG are believed to be directed toward cell-surface transglutaminase, and these antibodies are still used in confirming a coeliac disease diagnosis. However, a 2006 study showed that EMA-negative people with coeliac tend to be older males with more severe abdominal symptoms and a lower frequency of "atypical" symptoms, including autoimmune disease. In this study, the anti-tTG antibody deposits did not correlate with the severity of villous destruction. These findings, coupled with recent work showing that gliadin has an innate response component, suggest that gliadin may be more responsible for the primary manifestations of coeliac disease, whereas tTG is a bigger factor in secondary effects such as allergic responses and secondary autoimmune diseases. In a large percentage of people with coeliac, the anti-tTG antibodies also recognise a rotavirus protein called VP7. These antibodies stimulate monocyte proliferation, and rotavirus infection might explain some early steps in the cascade of immune cell proliferation.

text: Stored biopsies from people with suspected coeliac disease have revealed that

text: autoantibody

text: deposits in the

text: subclinical

text: coeliacs are detected prior to clinical disease. These deposits are also found in people who present with other autoimmune diseases, anaemia, or malabsorption phenomena at a much increased rate over the normal population. Endomysial components of antibodies (EMA) to tTG are believed to be directed toward cell-surface transglutaminase, and these antibodies are still used in confirming a coeliac disease diagnosis. However, a 2006 study showed that EMA-negative people with coeliac tend to be older males with more severe abdominal symptoms and a lower frequency of "atypical" symptoms, including autoimmune disease. In this study, the anti-tTG antibody deposits did not correlate with the severity of villous destruction. These findings, coupled with recent work showing that gliadin has an innate response component, suggest that gliadin may be more responsible for the primary manifestations of coeliac disease, whereas tTG is a bigger factor in secondary effects such as allergic responses and secondary autoimmune diseases. In a large percentage of people with coeliac, the anti-tTG antibodies also recognise a

text: rotavirus

text: protein called VP7. These antibodies stimulate

text: monocyte

text: proliferation, and rotavirus infection might explain some early steps in the cascade of

text: immune cell

text: proliferation.

text: As of March 2010, the leading cause of prisoner deaths is cancer. Heart disease and liver disease are the next most common causes of prisoner deaths. Among all Missouri residents,  heart disease, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory disease are the most frequent causes of deaths.

text: Certain forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)—especially B46, DR9, DQB1*0303, A2, Bw22, AW19, B17, and DRW8—are more common in TPP. Linkage to particular forms of HLA, which plays a central role in the immune response, might imply an immune system cause, but it is uncertain whether this directly causes TPP or whether it increases the susceptibility to Graves' disease, a known autoimmune disease.

text: Certain forms of

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: (HLA)—especially B46, DR9, DQB1*0303, A2, Bw22, AW19, B17, and DRW8—are more common in TPP. Linkage to particular forms of HLA, which plays a central role in the

text: immune response

text: , might imply an immune system cause, but it is uncertain whether this directly causes TPP or whether it increases the susceptibility to Graves' disease, a known

text: autoimmune disease

text: Food allergies develop more easily in people with the atopic syndrome, a very common combination of diseases: allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, eczema, and asthma. The syndrome has a strong inherited component; a family history of allergic diseases can be indicative of the atopic syndrome.

text: Food allergies develop more easily in people with the

text: atopic syndrome

text: , a very common combination of diseases:

text: allergic rhinitis

text: and

text: conjunctivitis

text: eczema

text: , and

text: asthma

text: . The syndrome has a strong inherited component; a family history of allergic diseases can be indicative of the atopic syndrome.

text: Furthermore, is estimated that allergy has a hereditary component, suggesting that knowledge of the genetic component is a  key to understand the disease.

text: Furthermore, is estimated that

text: allergy

text: has a hereditary component, suggesting that knowledge of the genetic component is a  key to understand the disease.

text: The only screening recommended for all women is an annual pelvic examination. This is not very effective in detecting early ovarian cancer because it is usually only palpable in advanced stages.  Ovarian cancer screening is of high clinical interest because the disease is not typically detectable at its early stages, when it is the most curable. Screening is not recommended using CA-125 measurements, HE4 levels,  ultrasound, or adnexal palpation in women who are at average risk. Screening for any type of cancer must be accurate and reliable—it needs to accurately detect the disease and it must not give false positive results in people who do not have cancer.

text: The only

text: screening

text: recommended for all women is an annual pelvic examination. This is not very effective in detecting early ovarian cancer because it is usually only palpable in advanced stages.  Ovarian cancer screening is of high clinical interest because the disease is not typically detectable at its early stages, when it is the most curable. Screening is not recommended using

text: measurements,

text: levels,  ultrasound, or adnexal palpation in women who are at average risk.

text: Screening for any type of cancer

text: must be accurate and reliable—it needs to accurately detect the disease and it must not give false positive results in people who do not have cancer.

text: A long-term researcher into diabetes, he achieved significant notability with his 1988 Banting Lecture (organized annually by the American Diabetes Association in memory of Frederick Banting). In his lecture, he propounded the theory that central obesity (male-type or apple-shaped obesity), diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure) have a common cause in insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Initially titled "syndrome X", the constellation of symptoms is now known as the metabolic syndrome and an object of extensive scientific inquiry, especially given that the combination strongly predisposes for cardiovascular disease. Still, Reaven believes that contemporary criteria are arbitrary and that it may not be necessary to define it as a diagnostic entity more than a pathophysiological parameter.

text: A long-term researcher into

text: diabetes

text: , he achieved significant notability with his 1988 Banting Lecture (organized annually by the

text: American Diabetes Association

text: in memory of

text: Frederick Banting

text: ). In his lecture, he propounded the theory that

text: central obesity

text: (male-type or apple-shaped obesity), diabetes and

text: hypertension

text: (high blood pressure) have a common cause in

text: insulin resistance

text: and

text: impaired glucose tolerance

text: . Initially titled "syndrome X", the constellation of symptoms is now known as the

text: metabolic syndrome

text: and an object of extensive scientific inquiry, especially given that the combination strongly predisposes for

text: cardiovascular disease

text: . Still, Reaven believes that contemporary criteria are arbitrary and that it may not be necessary to define it as a diagnostic entity more than a pathophysiological parameter.

text: Kapikian graduated from Cornell Medical College in 1956 and began a career with the National Institutes of Health in 1957.  He was chief of the epidemiology section of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a position he held for 45 years. In 1998 he was appointed Deputy Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

text: Kapikian graduated from

text: Cornell Medical College

text: in 1956 and began a career with the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: in 1957.  He was chief of the epidemiology section of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a position he held for 45 years. In 1998 he was appointed Deputy Director of the

text: Elevated levels of granzyme B are also implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases, several skin diseases, and type 1 diabetes.

text: Elevated levels of granzyme B are also implicated in a number of

text: autoimmune diseases

text: , several skin diseases, and

text: type 1 diabetes

text: Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells coupled with malignant behaviour: invasion and metastasis (among other features). It is caused by the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. These factors lead to accumulations of genetic mutations in oncogenes (genes that control the growth rate of cells) and tumor suppressor genes (genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.

text: Cancer

text: is the uncontrolled growth of

text: cells

text: coupled with

text: malignant

text: behaviour: invasion and

text: metastasis

text: (among other features). It is caused by the interaction between

text: gene

text: tic susceptibility and environmental factors. These factors lead to accumulations of

text: genetic mutation

text: s in

text: oncogene

text: s (genes that control the growth rate of cells) and

text: tumor suppressor gene

text: s (genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth.

text: Medications can be used to prevent cancer in a few circumstances. In the general population, NSAIDs reduce the risk of colorectal cancer; however, due to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they cause overall harm when used for prevention. Aspirin has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%. COX-2 inhibitors may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear.

text: Medications can be used to prevent cancer in a few circumstances. In the general population,

text: NSAIDs

text: reduce the risk of

text: colorectal cancer

text: ; however, due to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they cause overall harm when used for prevention.

text: Aspirin

text: has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%.

text: COX-2 inhibitor

text: s may decrease the rate of

text: polyp

text: formation in people with

text: familial adenomatous polyposis

text: ; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of

text: tamoxifen

text: or

text: raloxifene

text: reduce the risk of

text: breast cancer

text: in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for

text: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor

text: such as

text: finasteride

text: is not clear.

text: There is also a very high 3 fold increased risk of infection with TB for patients who have diabetes mellitus. Higher associations have been found between diabetes mellitus and TB in study populations from Central America, Europe, and Asia. Developing countries with exponential economic growth such as India and China that account for 40% of incident TB cases in 2010 and are estimated to have a 69% increase in people with diabetes mellitus are of concern for the joint burden of disease between diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. The correlation between diabetes mellitus and TB concerns public health as it merges communicable and non-communicable diseases.

text: There is also a very high 3 fold increased risk of infection with TB for patients who have

text: diabetes mellitus

text: . Higher associations have been found between diabetes mellitus and TB in study populations from Central America, Europe, and Asia. Developing countries with exponential economic growth such as India and China that account for 40% of incident TB cases in 2010 and are estimated to have a 69% increase in people with

text: diabetes mellitus

text: are of concern for the joint burden of disease between diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. The correlation between diabetes mellitus and TB concerns public health as it merges communicable and non-communicable diseases.

text: There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation.One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease.Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example. Pancytopenia, rashes, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible.In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils.Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner’s disease) and NK/T cell lymphomas. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

text: There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation.One example is

text: common variable immunodeficiency

text: (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease.

text: Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

text: Pancytopenia

text: , rashes, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible.In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in

text: X-linked agammaglobulinemia

text: (XLA).Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in

text: chronic granulomatous disease

text: (CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of

entity_name: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

text: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

text: (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils.Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with

text: midline granulomatous disease

text: ; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (Wegner’s disease) and NK/T cell lymphomas.

text: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

text: (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In

entity_name: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1

text: autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy

text: (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder whereby the body's own immune system reacts with the thyroid tissues in an attempt to destroy it. At the beginning, the gland may be overactive, and then becomes underactive as the gland is damaged resulting in too little thyroid hormone production or hypothyroidism. Some patients may experience "swings" in hormone levels that can progress rapidly from hyper-to-hypothyroid (sometimes mistaken as severe mood swings, or even being bipolar, before the proper clinical diagnosis is made). Some patients may experience these "swings" over a longer period of time, over days or weeks or even months.Hashimoto's is more common in females than males, usually appearing after the age of 30, and tends to run in families, meaning it can be seen as a genetic disease. Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are type 1 diabetes and celiac disease.

text: Hashimoto's thyroiditis

text: or Hashimoto's disease is an

text: autoimmune

text: disorder whereby the body's own

text: immune system

text: reacts with the thyroid

text: tissues

text: in an attempt to destroy it. At the beginning, the gland may be overactive, and then becomes underactive as the

text: gland

text: is damaged resulting in too little thyroid hormone production or

text: hypothyroidism

text: . Some patients may experience "swings" in hormone levels that can progress rapidly from hyper-to-hypothyroid (sometimes mistaken as severe mood swings, or even being

text: bipolar

text: , before the proper clinical diagnosis is made). Some patients may experience these "swings" over a longer period of time, over days or weeks or even months.Hashimoto's is more common in females than males, usually appearing after the age of 30, and tends to run in families, meaning it can be seen as a

text: genetic disease

text: . Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are

text: type 1 diabetes

text: and

text: celiac disease

text: This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease.  Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

text: This article is a list of

text: epidemic

text: s of

text: infectious disease

text: .  Widespread and chronic complaints such as

text: heart disease

text: and

text: allergy

text: are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

text: Nelson was interested in ecology from an early age. He graduated from the department of Zoology at the University of North Carolina with both a BS and MS. Hairston continued his studies at Northwestern University under the supervision of Dr. Orlando Park. His PhD was interrupted by World War II, where he served his country by helping treat and prevent the transmission of malaria in the South Pacific. After the war, Nelson returned to his PhD, which was on the distribution of salamanders in Appalachia. These early experiences with studying the ecology of salamanders and the treatment of disease began his lifelong interest in the ecology and prevention of disease.

text: Nelson was interested in ecology from an early age. He graduated from the department of Zoology at the

text: University of North Carolina

text: with both a BS and MS. Hairston continued his studies at

text: Northwestern University

text: under the supervision of Dr. Orlando Park. His PhD was interrupted by World War II, where he served his country by helping treat and prevent the transmission of malaria in the South Pacific. After the war, Nelson returned to his PhD, which was on the distribution of salamanders in Appalachia. These early experiences with studying the ecology of salamanders and the treatment of disease began his lifelong interest in the ecology and prevention of disease.

text: Certain individuals are genetically susceptible to developing autoimmune diseases. This susceptibility is associated with multiple genes plus other risk factors. Genetically predisposed individuals do not always develop autoimmune diseases.

text: Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells. The ICD-10 (1992) diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the World Health Organization when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.

text: Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (

text: autosomal

text: or

text: mitochondrial

text: ) can lead to defects in

text: beta cell

text: function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the

text: pancreas

text: may lead to diabetes (for example,

text: chronic pancreatitis

text: and

text: cystic fibrosis

text: ). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of

text: insulin-antagonistic

text: hormone

text: s can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells. The

text: (1992) diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the

text: World Health Organization

text: when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.

text: Food allergies seem less common in developing countries. The hygiene hypothesis is an attempt to understand why this is the case. Proponents of the hypothesis say that the relatively low incidence of childhood infections in developed countries contribute to an increased incidence of allergic diseases. The hypothesis may also explain why first-born children are more likely to have an allergic disease. The method used in cooking peanuts may result in the different incidence of allergies in developed nations in the west and undeveloped areas, as peanuts are much more frequently roasted in the west, whereas in other parts of the world peanuts are most frequently boiled, fried, or eaten raw.

text: Food allergies seem less common in developing countries. The

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: is an attempt to understand why this is the case. Proponents of the hypothesis say that the relatively low incidence of childhood infections in developed countries contribute to an increased incidence of allergic diseases. The hypothesis may also explain why first-born children are more likely to have an allergic disease. The method used in cooking peanuts may result in the different incidence of allergies in developed nations in the west and undeveloped areas, as peanuts are much more frequently roasted in the west, whereas in other parts of the world peanuts are most frequently boiled, fried, or eaten raw.

text: The infectious disease hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which affects the liver and is transmitted by blood-to-blood contact, or by exposure to another person's infected blood. The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can cause inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis). This condition can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis). In some cases, those with cirrhosis go on to develop liver failure or liver cancer.

text: The infectious disease

text: hepatitis C

text: is caused by the

text: hepatitis C virus

text: (HCV), which affects the

text: liver

text: and is transmitted by blood-to-blood contact, or by exposure to another person's infected blood. The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can cause inflammation of the liver (chronic

text: hepatitis

text: ). This condition can progress to scarring of the liver (

text: fibrosis

text: ), and advanced scarring (

text: cirrhosis

text: ). In some cases, those with cirrhosis go on to develop

text: liver failure

text: or

text: liver cancer

text: Other autoimmune diseases that have been treated with rituximab include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Evans syndrome, vasculitis (for example granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly Wegener's), bullous skin disorders (for example pemphigus, pemphigoid—with very encouraging results of approximately 85% rapid recovery in pemphigus, according to a 2006 study), type 1 diabetes mellitus, Sjogren's syndrome, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and Devic's disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, autoimmune pancreatitis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), and IgG4-related disease. There is some evidence that it is ineffective in treating IgA-mediated autoimmune diseases.

text: Other autoimmune diseases that have been treated with rituximab include

text: autoimmune hemolytic anemia

text: pure red cell aplasia

text: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: (TTP),

text: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: (ITP),

text: Evans syndrome

text: , vasculitis (for example

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: , formerly Wegener's), bullous skin disorders (for example

text: pemphigus

text: pemphigoid

text: —with very encouraging results of approximately 85% rapid recovery in pemphigus, according to a 2006 study), type 1

text: diabetes mellitus

text: Sjogren's syndrome

text: anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

text: and

text: Devic's disease

text: Graves' ophthalmopathy

text: autoimmune pancreatitis

text: Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome

text: (OMS), and

text: IgG4-related disease

text: . There is some evidence that it is ineffective in treating IgA-mediated autoimmune diseases.

text: The Bijvoet Center has a staff of around 150 people, including about 10 full professors, 20 senior researchers, 50 postdocs and 50 PhD students.The general theme of the research in the Bijvoet Center is elucidating how biomolecules function in the human body and in life in general and how the processes and interactions between biomolecules in living cells are affected in patients.  This includes, for example, research to understand the cause and potential therapeutic approaches for a disease like cystic fibrosis, which is caused by misfolding of the protein CFTR when it is mutated due to a genetic defect. Another example is the development of so-called nanobullets, which are small antibody fragments, based on the single-chain antibodies found in llamas to target chemotheurapeutics directly to cancer cells in a cancer patient.

text: The Bijvoet Center has a staff of around 150 people, including about 10 full professors, 20 senior researchers, 50 postdocs and 50 PhD students.The general theme of the research in the Bijvoet Center is elucidating how biomolecules function in the human body and in life in general and how the processes and interactions between biomolecules in living cells are affected in patients.  This includes, for example, research to understand the cause and potential therapeutic approaches for a disease like

text: cystic fibrosis

text: , which is caused by misfolding of the protein

entity_name: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

text: CFTR

text: when it is mutated due to a genetic defect. Another example is the development of so-called nanobullets, which are small

text: antibody

text: fragments, based on the

text: single-chain antibodies

text: found in

text: llama

text: s to target chemotheurapeutics directly to cancer cells in a cancer patient.

text: The many different types of apoptotic pathways contain a multitude of different biochemical components, many of them not yet understood. As a pathway is more or less sequential in nature, removing or modifying one component leads to an effect in another. In a living organism, this can have disastrous effects, often in the form of disease or disorder. A discussion of every disease caused by modification of the various apoptotic pathways would be impractical, but the concept overlying each one is the same: The normal functioning of the pathway has been disrupted in such a way as to impair the ability of the cell to undergo normal apoptosis. This results in a cell that lives past its "use-by-date" and is able to replicate and pass on any faulty machinery to its progeny, increasing the likelihood of the cell's becoming cancerous or diseased.

text: Exposure to social stress in childhood can also have long-term effects, increasing risk for developing diseases later in life. In particular, adults who were maltreated (emotionally, physically, sexually abused or neglected) as children report more disease outcomes, such as stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and hypertension or greater severity of those outcomes. The Adverse Childhood Experiences study (ACE), which includes over seventeen thousand adults, also found that there was a 20% increase in likelihood for experiencing heart disease for each kind of chronic familial social stressor experienced in childhood, and this was not due to typical risk factors for heart disease such as demographics, smoking, exercise, adiposity, diabetes, or hypertension.

text: Exposure to social stress in childhood can also have long-term effects, increasing risk for developing diseases later in life. In particular, adults who were maltreated (emotionally, physically, sexually abused or neglected) as children report more disease outcomes, such as

text: stroke

text: heart attack

text: diabetes

text: , and

text: hypertension

text: or greater severity of those outcomes. The

text: Adverse Childhood Experiences study

text: (ACE), which includes over seventeen thousand adults, also found that there was a 20% increase in likelihood for experiencing

text: heart disease

text: for each kind of chronic familial social stressor experienced in childhood, and this was not due to typical risk factors for heart disease such as demographics, smoking, exercise,

text: adiposity

text: , diabetes, or hypertension.

text: For the vast majority of cancers, risk factors are environmental or lifestyle-related, thus cancers are mostly preventable NCD. Greater than 30% of cancer is preventable via avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, being overweight or obesity, low fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections, and air pollution.  Infectious agents are responsible for some cancers, for instance almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus infection.

text: For the vast majority of cancers, risk factors are environmental or lifestyle-related, thus cancers are mostly preventable NCD. Greater than 30% of cancer is preventable via avoiding risk factors including:

text: tobacco

text: , being

text: overweight

text: or

text: obesity

text: , low fruit and vegetable intake,

text: physical inactivity

text: alcohol

text: sexually transmitted infection

text: s, and

text: air pollution

text: .  Infectious agents are responsible for some cancers, for instance almost all

text: cervical cancer

text: s are caused by

text: human papillomavirus

text: infection.

text: FN3K is responsible for the formation of fructose 3-phosphate (F3P), a compound identified in the lenses of diabetic rats. The spontaneous decomposition of F3P leads to the formation of 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG). 3DG contributes to diabetic complications. Treatment of normal and diabetic rats with an inhibitor of FN3K demonstrated a large reduction (~50%) in systemic 3DG in both groups. Removal of 3DG at its source by inhibition of FN3K is a viable option to treat diabetes related diseases since it would require a much smaller dose of drug.

text: FN3K is responsible for the formation of

text: fructose 3-phosphate

text: (F3P), a compound identified in the lenses of diabetic rats. The spontaneous decomposition of F3P leads to the formation of

text: (3DG). 3DG contributes to diabetic complications. Treatment of normal and diabetic rats with an inhibitor of FN3K demonstrated a large reduction (~50%) in systemic 3DG in both groups. Removal of 3DG at its source by inhibition of FN3K is a viable option to treat diabetes related diseases since it would require a much smaller dose of drug.

text: Autoimmune disease is the second most common clinical manifestation and one that most often requires treatment. Autoimmune cytopenias: Most common. Can be mild to very severe. Can be intermittent or chronic. These include: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Autoimmune neutropenia, Autoimmune thrombocytopenia.

text: Autoimmune disease is the second most common clinical manifestation and one that most often requires treatment. Autoimmune cytopenias: Most common. Can be mild to very severe. Can be intermittent or chronic. These include: Autoimmune

text: hemolytic anemia

text: , Autoimmune

text: neutropenia

text: , Autoimmune

text: thrombocytopenia

text: Locals use the juice of the ripped fruit to treat conjunctivitis by putting it in the eye of the diseased animal. They also use this juice, about 6 teaspoons twice a day, to treat diarrhea. It is also believed that consumption of its fruit can also help reduce the risks of colon cancer and can prevent the growth of polyps.

text: Locals use the juice of the ripped fruit to treat

text: conjunctivitis

text: by putting it in the eye of the diseased animal. They also use this juice, about 6 teaspoons twice a day, to treat diarrhea. It is also believed that consumption of its fruit can also help reduce the risks of

text: colon cancer

text: and can prevent the growth of

text: polyps

text: One third of child deaths in Peru can be attributed to undernutrition, often because the existing state exacerbates disease. In response to infectious diseases, the body's immune system activates, requiring increased energy consumption. Individuals who are undernourished fail to consume the minimum amount of calories necessary for baseline physiological needs, much less a full immunological response. Thus, malnourished individuals are more susceptible to infection and are less able to fight diseases. Additionally, low birth weight and stunted children are also at a greater risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes than healthy children.

text: Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease.

text: PASLI disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system.  PASLI stands for “p110 delta activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy, and immunodeficiency.”  The immunodeficiency manifests as recurrent infections usually starting in childhood.  These include bacterial infections of the respiratory system and chronic viremia due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and/or cytomegalovirus (CMV).  Individuals with PASLI disease also have an increased risk of EBV-associated lymphoma.  Investigators Carrie Lucas, Michael Lenardo, and Gulbu Uzel at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Sergey Nejentsev at the University of Cambridge, UK simultaneously described a mutation causing this condition which they called Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome (APDS).

text: PASLI disease is a rare

text: genetic disorder

text: of the

text: immune system

text: .  PASLI stands for “p110 delta activating

text: mutation

text: causing senescent

text: T cells

text: lymphadenopathy

text: , and

text: immunodeficiency

text: .”  The immunodeficiency manifests as recurrent infections usually starting in childhood.  These include bacterial infections of the

text: respiratory system

text: and chronic

text: viremia

text: due to

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: (EBV) and/or

text: cytomegalovirus

text: (CMV).  Individuals with PASLI disease also have an increased risk of EBV-associated

text: lymphoma

text: .  Investigators Carrie Lucas, Michael Lenardo, and Gulbu Uzel at the

text: at the U.S.

text: National Institutes of Health

text: and Sergey Nejentsev at the

text: University of Cambridge

text: , UK simultaneously described a mutation causing this condition which they called

text: Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome

text: (APDS).

text: There are two kinds of flacherie: essentially, infectious (viral) flacherie and noninfectious (bouffee) flacherie. Both are technically a lethal diarrhea.

text: There are two kinds of flacherie: essentially, infectious (viral) flacherie and noninfectious (bouffee) flacherie. Both are technically a lethal

text: diarrhea

text: In October 2007, Yamin was named Global Ambassador to promote the Inspired by Diabetes Creative Expression Competition, a global contest in which people with diabetes, as well as their friends and families, can share through art, music, or essay how the disease has impacted their lives.

text: There is no cure for food allergy yet, but research is being conducted throughout the world to find a cure or therapies for food allergy. Since the inception of its donor-funded Research Grant Program, FAAN has committed more than $4.6 million to scientists studying various areas of food allergy and anaphylaxis.  FAAN has partnered with the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to fund the Exploratory Investigations in Food Allergy program to encourage researchers to move into the field of food allergy. FAAN also initiates research and surveys its members on various quality of life issues.

text: Humanin is proposed to have myriad neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects.  Both studies in cells and rodents have both found that administration of humanin or humanin derivatives increases survival and/or physiological parameters in Alzheimer's disease models.  In addition to Alzheimer's disease, humanin has other neuroprotective effects against models of Huntington's disease, prion disease, and stroke.  Beyond the possible neuroprotective effects, humanin protects against oxidative stress, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and heart attack. Metabolic effects have also been demonstrated and humanin helps improve survival of pancreatic beta-cells, which may help with type 1 diabetes, and increases insulin sensitivity, which may help with type 2 diabetes.

text: Humanin is proposed to have myriad neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects.  Both studies in cells and rodents have both found that administration of humanin or humanin derivatives increases survival and/or physiological parameters in

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: models.  In addition to

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: , humanin has other neuroprotective effects against models of

text: Huntington's disease

text: prion disease

text: , and

text: stroke

text: .  Beyond the possible neuroprotective effects, humanin protects against oxidative stress, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and heart attack. Metabolic effects have also been demonstrated and humanin helps improve survival of pancreatic beta-cells, which may help with

text: type 1 diabetes

text: , and increases insulin sensitivity, which may help with

text: type 2 diabetes

text: The DQB1*0201 allele is genetically linked to DQA1*0501 and DRB1*03. With DQA1*0501 it forms the DQ2.5 encoding haplotype, with DRB1*03 it becomes part of the DR3-DQ2 (DR-DQ) serologically defined haplotype. With DQA1*0501 the allele is most frequently found in coeliac disease. With DR3 this DQ2 has the second strongest linkage to Type 1 diabetes, and when paired with HLA-DQ8 is the most abundant phenotype found in late onset, "Type1-Type2" diabetes mellitus type 1. As the incidence of coeliac disease is about 1% this allele is associated with more autoimmune disease relative to any other DQ haplotype.

text: The DQB1*0201

text: allele

text: is genetically linked to DQA1*0501 and

text: . With DQA1*0501 it forms the DQ2.5 encoding

text: haplotype

text: , with DRB1*03 it becomes part of the

text: (DR-DQ)

text: serologically

text: defined haplotype. With DQA1*0501 the allele is most frequently found in

text: coeliac disease

text: . With DR3 this DQ2 has the second strongest linkage to Type 1 diabetes, and when paired with

text: is the most abundant phenotype found in late onset, "Type1-Type2"

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: . As the incidence of coeliac disease is about 1% this allele is associated with more autoimmune disease relative to any other DQ haplotype.

text: A stunt caused by noninfectious means could sometimes be remedied.

text: Ravn virus (RAVV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Marburg virus (MARV). RAVV causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. RAVV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: Ravn virus (RAVV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known

text: Marburg virus (MARV)

text: . RAVV causes

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: . RAVV is a

text: Select Agent

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: National Institutes of Health

text: Category A Priority Pathogen,

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: , and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

text: It is used as a disease-modifying treatment for some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease (although a recent review has raised the point that it is fairly underused in Crohn's disease), eczema and many forms of vasculitis. Although originally designed as a chemotherapy drug (using high doses), in low doses, methotrexate is a generally safe and well tolerated drug in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. Because of its effectiveness, low-dose methotrexate is now first-line therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Weekly doses are beneficial for 12 to 52 weeks duration therapy, although discontinuation rates are as high as 16% due to adverse effects.  Although methotrexate for autoimmune diseases is taken in lower doses than it is for cancer, side effects such as hair loss, nausea, headaches, and skin pigmentation are still common. Use of methotrexate together with NSAIDS is safe, if adequate monitoring is done.

text: It is used as a

text: disease-modifying

text: treatment for some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis,

text: juvenile dermatomyositis

text: psoriasis

text: , psoriatic arthritis,

text: lupus

text: sarcoidosis

text: , Crohn's disease (although a recent review has raised the point that it is fairly underused in Crohn's disease),

text: eczema

text: and many forms of

text: vasculitis

text: . Although originally designed as a chemotherapy drug (using high doses), in low doses, methotrexate is a generally safe and well tolerated drug in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. Because of its effectiveness, low-dose methotrexate is now first-line therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Weekly doses are beneficial for 12 to 52 weeks duration therapy, although discontinuation rates are as high as 16% due to adverse effects.  Although methotrexate for autoimmune diseases is taken in lower doses than it is for cancer, side effects such as hair loss, nausea, headaches, and skin pigmentation are still common. Use of methotrexate together with

text: NSAIDS

text: is safe, if adequate monitoring is done.

text: The outcome of autoimmune activity is determined by several factors, namely: the intensity, the location, and the duration of the autoimmune response. For an autoimmune response to be beneficial, its intensity, duration and site of activity must be tightly regulated. Although autoimmune T cells exist in all healthy individuals, a relatively small portion of the population develops autoimmune diseases. This is due to various mechanisms that constantly regulate the activity of autoimmune cells. One of the prominent autoimmune regulatory mechanisms is a sub-population of T cells called ‘regulatory T cells’ (previously known as ‘suppressor T cells’), which restrict autoimmune activity.  Experiments in animal models of CNS injury have shown that depletion of regulatory T cells allows an enhanced neuroprotective autoimmune response to take place after the insult.  Importantly, however, such an experimental manipulation can at the same time increase the susceptibility to development of an autoimmune disease. Under certain conditions, an initially protective autoimmune response can reach a tipping point, after which it will have a detrimental effect on the tissue, and might even develop into an autoimmune disease. Both genetic and environmental factors (such as infection) can underlie such a transition from a neuroprotective autoimmune response into an overwhelming and detrimental autoimmune disease.

text: The outcome of autoimmune activity is determined by several factors, namely: the intensity, the location, and the duration of the autoimmune response. For an autoimmune response to be beneficial, its intensity, duration and site of activity must be tightly regulated. Although autoimmune T cells exist in all healthy individuals, a relatively small portion of the population develops autoimmune diseases. This is due to various mechanisms that constantly regulate the activity of autoimmune cells. One of the prominent autoimmune regulatory mechanisms is a sub-population of T cells called ‘

text: regulatory T cell

text: s’ (previously known as ‘suppressor T cells’), which restrict autoimmune activity.  Experiments in animal models of CNS injury have shown that depletion of regulatory T cells allows an enhanced neuroprotective autoimmune response to take place after the insult.  Importantly, however, such an experimental manipulation can at the same time increase the susceptibility to development of an autoimmune disease. Under certain conditions, an initially protective autoimmune response can reach a tipping point, after which it will have a detrimental effect on the tissue, and might even develop into an autoimmune disease. Both genetic and environmental factors (such as infection) can underlie such a transition from a neuroprotective autoimmune response into an overwhelming and detrimental autoimmune disease.

text: Skewed X inactivation has medical significance due to its impacts on X-linked diseases. If the diseased X-linked allele does not cause selection, the extent of the primary stochastic skewing can influence the severity of the disease. The diseased X-linked allele can cause strong selection in a heterozygote for the cells with the diseased allele on the inactive chromosome. Therefore, strong skewing in females members of a family can suggest they are carriers of an X-linked disease. X Chromosome skewing also has an ability to amplify diseases on the X chromosome. In wildtype women, recessive diseases on the X chromosome are often unexpressed due to the roughly even inactivation process, which prevents mutated alleles from becoming heavily expressed. However, skewed inactivation, can lead to a more severe expression of the disease.

text: Cancer is the result of somatic mutations which provide cancer cells with a selective growth advantage. Recently it has been very important to determine the novel mutations. Genomics and proteomics techniques are used worldwide to identify mutations related to each specific cancer and their treatments. Computational tools are used to predict growth and surface antigens on cancerous cells. There are literatures explaining a targeted approach for assessing mutations and cancer risk. Algorithm CanPredict was used to indicate how closely a specific gene resembles known cancer-causing genes. Cancer immunology has been given so much importance that the data related to it is growing rapidly. Protein–protein interaction networks provide valuable information on tumorigenesis in humans. In cancer the proteins are the centre of information system and causes tumor formation. cancer proteins exhibit a network topology that is different from normal proteins in the human interactome. Immunoinformatics have been useful in increasing success of tumour vaccination. These resources are likely to grow significantly in the near future and immunoinformatics will be a major growth area in this domain.

text: Due to the tremendous success of Alpe d'HuZes, the Alpe d'HuZes has created its own fund out of which its own specific research is funded. First priority is long-term research, supervised by the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF), into successful rehabilitation of cancer patients. This is based on the conclusion that there is a lot of knowledge already in what factors affect getting cancer, but much less about the factors that make patients live more or less well with the disease.

text: HLA-F has been linked to several diseases (Table). For cancer and tumors, HLA-F expression has been found to be enhanced in gastric adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, esophageal carcinoma, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. HLA-F has also been associated with susceptibility to several diseases: hepatitis B, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Type 1 diabetes (T1D).

text: HLA-F has been linked to several diseases (Table). For

text: cancer

text: and tumors, HLA-F expression has been found to be enhanced in gastric

text: adenocarcinoma

text: breast cancer

text: esophageal carcinoma

text: lung cancer

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: , and

text: neuroblastoma

text: . HLA-F has also been associated with susceptibility to several diseases:

text: hepatitis B

text: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

text: , and

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: There are more than 80 illnesses caused by autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 2-5% of the western world's population. Women are found to be more commonly affected than men. Environmental events can trigger some cases of autoimmune diseases such as exposure to radiation or certain drugs which can damage tissues of the body. Infection can also be a trigger of some autoimmune diseases for example Lupus which is thought to be a milder version of an idiopathic disorder where there is an increased production of antihistone antibodies.[7]

text: Other signs include increased urination (and accompanying increased thirst), persistent high blood pressure (due to cortisol's enhancement of epinephrine's vasoconstrictive effect) and insulin resistance (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to high blood sugar and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus.  Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to heart disease and increased mortality. Cortisol can also exhibit mineralocorticoid activity in high concentrations, worsening the hypertension and leading to hypokalemia (common in ectopic ACTH secretion). Furthermore, excessive cortisol may lead to gastrointestinal disturbances, opportunistic infections, and impaired wound healing related to cortisol's suppression of the immune and inflammatory responses. Osteoporosis is also an issue in Cushing's syndrome since osteoblast activity is inhibited. Additionally, Cushing's syndrome may cause sore and aching joints, particularly in the hip, shoulders, and lower back.  Cushing’s syndrome includes all the causes of increased cortisol leading to the diseased state.  Cushing’s disease is a specific type of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor leading to excessive production of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Excessive ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce high levels of cortisol, producing the disease state. Cushing's disease due to excess ACTH may also result in hyperpigmentation. This is due to Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone production as a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Alternatively, it is proposed that the high levels of ACTH, β-lipotropin, and γ-lipotropin, which contain weak MSH function, can act on the melanocortin 1 receptor. A variant of Cushing's disease can be caused by ectopic, i.e. extrapituitary, ACTH production from, for example, a small-cell lung cancer. When Cushing's syndrome is caused by an increase of cortisol at the level of the adrenal glands (via an adenoma or hyperplasia), negative feedback ultimately reduces ACTH production in the pituitary. In these cases, ACTH levels remain low and no hyperpigmentation develops.  While all Cushing’s disease gives Cushing’s syndrome, not all Cushing’s syndrome is due to Cushing’s disease.

text: Other signs include

text: increased urination

text: (and accompanying

text: increased thirst

text: ), persistent

text: high blood pressure

text: (due to cortisol's enhancement of

text: epinephrine

text: 's vasoconstrictive effect) and

text: insulin resistance

text: (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to

text: high blood sugar

text: and insulin resistance which can lead to

text: diabetes mellitus

text: .  Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as

text: acanthosis nigricans

text: in the

text: axilla

text: and around the neck, as well as

text: skin tag

text: s in the axilla. Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to

text: heart disease

text: and increased

text: mortality

text: . Cortisol can also exhibit

text: mineralocorticoid

text: activity in high concentrations, worsening the hypertension and leading to

text: hypokalemia

text: (common in ectopic ACTH secretion). Furthermore, excessive cortisol may lead to

text: gastrointestinal

text: disturbances, opportunistic infections, and impaired wound healing related to cortisol's suppression of the immune and inflammatory responses.

text: Osteoporosis

text: is also an issue in Cushing's syndrome since osteoblast activity is inhibited. Additionally, Cushing's syndrome may cause sore and aching joints, particularly in the hip, shoulders, and lower back.  Cushing’s syndrome includes all the causes of increased cortisol leading to the diseased state.  Cushing’s disease is a specific type of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor leading to excessive production of

text: ACTH

text: (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Excessive ACTH stimulates the

text: adrenal cortex

text: to produce high levels of cortisol, producing the disease state. Cushing's disease due to excess

text: ACTH

text: may also result in

text: hyperpigmentation

text: . This is due to

text: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

text: production as a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Alternatively, it is proposed that the high levels of ACTH,

text: β-lipotropin

text: , and

text: γ-lipotropin

text: , which contain weak MSH function, can act on the

text: melanocortin 1 receptor

text: . A variant of Cushing's disease can be caused by ectopic, i.e. extrapituitary, ACTH production from, for example, a small-cell lung cancer. When Cushing's syndrome is caused by an increase of cortisol at the level of the adrenal glands (via an adenoma or hyperplasia), negative feedback ultimately reduces ACTH production in the pituitary. In these cases, ACTH levels remain low and no hyperpigmentation develops.  While all Cushing’s disease gives Cushing’s syndrome, not all Cushing’s syndrome is due to Cushing’s disease.

text: GSE, particularly coeliac disease, increases the risk of cancers of specific types  There are two predominant cancers associated with coeliac disease. Cancer of the esophagus and lymphoproliferative diseases such as gluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). For non-EATL cancers it is thought the mineralemias such as zinc and selenium may play a role in increasing risk. GSE associated cancers are invariably associated with advanced coeliac disease, however, in de-novo EATL, the cancer is frequently detected in advance of the coeliac diagnosis, also EATL  is the most common neoplasm.

text: GSE, particularly coeliac disease, increases the risk of cancers of specific types  There are two predominant cancers associated with coeliac disease. Cancer of the esophagus and lymphoproliferative diseases such as gluten-sensitive

text: enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma

text: (EATL). For non-EATL cancers it is thought the mineralemias such as zinc and selenium may play a role in increasing risk. GSE associated cancers are invariably associated with advanced coeliac disease, however, in de-novo EATL, the cancer is frequently detected in advance of the coeliac diagnosis, also EATL  is the most common neoplasm.

text: Alky-lysophospholipids (ALP) are synthetic analogues of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), also called lysolecithins. They are synthesized by replacing the acyl-group within the LPC with an alkyl-group. They are in contrast to LPC metabolically very stable., They have anti-neoplastic (“anti-cancer”) effects.  and they are immune modulators. Their anti-tumor efficiency is due to influence on signal pathways of the cell, causing apoptosis. It has highly selective, sparing healthy cells. Several  like Edelfosine, Miltefosine and Perifosine are under research and development as drugs against cancer and other diseases.

text: Alky-lysophospholipids (ALP) are synthetic analogues of

text: lysophosphatidylcholines

text: (LPC), also called lysolecithins. They are synthesized by replacing the acyl-group within the LPC with an alkyl-group. They are in contrast to LPC metabolically very stable., They have anti-neoplastic (“anti-cancer”) effects.  and they are immune modulators. Their anti-tumor efficiency is due to influence on signal pathways of the cell, causing

text: apoptosis

text: . It has highly selective, sparing healthy cells. Several  like

text: Edelfosine

text: Miltefosine

text: and

text: Perifosine

text: are under research and development as drugs against cancer and other diseases.

text: There is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer or other diseases. Controlled trials have shown no benefit to shark cartilage supplements, and shark cartilage contains potentially toxic compounds linked to Alzheimer disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, shark cartilage supplements remain popular on the basis of the misconception that sharks do not get cancer, popularized in the 1992 best-selling book Sharks Don't Get Cancer.

text: There is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer or other diseases. Controlled trials have shown no benefit to shark cartilage supplements, and shark cartilage contains potentially toxic compounds linked to

text: Alzheimer disease

text: and

text: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

text: . However, shark cartilage supplements remain popular on the basis of the misconception that sharks do not get cancer, popularized in the 1992 best-selling book

text: Sharks Don't Get Cancer

text: SMAC is involved in cancer, and its overexpression is linked to increased sensitivity in tumor cells to apoptosis. So far, SMAC overexpression has been observed to oppose cancer progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, renal cell carcinoma, testicular germ cell tumors, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, endometrioid endometrial cancer, and other sarcomas. However, the exact relationship between SMAC and leukemia and hematological diseases remains controversial. Interestingly, SMAC mimetics monotherapy displays improved cytotoxic effects on leukemic cell lines compared to combined therapy with other drugs, which is commonly more effective in other types of cancers.

text: SMAC is involved in cancer, and its overexpression is linked to increased sensitivity in tumor cells to apoptosis. So far, SMAC overexpression has been observed to oppose cancer progression in

text: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: Hodgkin lymphoma

text: breast cancer

text: glioblastoma

text: thyroid cancer

text: renal cell carcinoma

text: testicular germ cell tumor

text: s,

text: colorectal cancer

text: lung cancer

text: bladder cancer

text: endometrioid

text: endometrial cancer

text: , and other

text: sarcoma

text: s. However, the exact relationship between SMAC and leukemia and hematological diseases remains controversial. Interestingly, SMAC mimetics monotherapy displays improved cytotoxic effects on leukemic cell lines compared to combined therapy with other drugs, which is commonly more effective in other types of cancers.

text: Barbara Castle died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire, on 3 May 2002, of pneumonia and chronic lung disease.

text: Barbara Castle died in

text: Chiltern

text: Buckinghamshire

text: , on 3 May 2002, of pneumonia and chronic lung disease.

text: Remote ischemic conditioning is a medical procedure to reduce the incidence of heart disease and stroke, the leading causes of death worldwide. Since 1990, more people have died from cardiovascular disease than any other cause. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a therapy which triggers the body's natural protection against injury (i.e. "conditions the body against injury"), and is emerging as a treatment solution for cardiovascular disease.

text: Remote ischemic conditioning is a medical procedure to reduce the incidence of

text: heart disease

text: and

text: stroke

text: , the leading causes of death worldwide. Since 1990, more people have died from cardiovascular disease than any other cause. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a therapy which triggers the body's natural protection against injury (i.e. "conditions the body against injury"), and is emerging as a treatment solution for cardiovascular disease.

text: Phil Collins was another worldwide celebrity to visit Lebanon at the 5 November 2005. Collins was a part of a charity concert for children cancer at BIEL; that went to the Children's Cancer Center Of Lebanon; which treats youngsters with the disease regardless of their ability to pay. This concert was a part of Phil Collins's First Final Farewell Tour.

text: Phil Collins

text: was another worldwide celebrity to visit Lebanon at the 5 November 2005. Collins was a part of a charity concert for children cancer at BIEL; that went to the Children's Cancer Center Of Lebanon; which treats youngsters with the disease regardless of their ability to pay. This concert was a part of Phil Collins's First Final Farewell Tour.

text: Chronic urticaria has been seen in a few cases of CD. and are likely the result of fortuitous allergies to wheat, or allergies secondary to GSE. Atopy disorders have been found to be more common in celiacs and in first degree relatives. Celiac disease is associated with a number of epidermal conditions including Psoriasis

text: Chronic

text: urticaria

text: has been seen in a few cases of CD. and are likely the result of fortuitous allergies to wheat, or allergies secondary to GSE.

text: Atopy

text: disorders have been found to be more common in celiacs and in first degree relatives. Celiac disease is associated with a number of epidermal conditions including

text: Psoriasis

text: Along with Paul W. Ewald, Cochran believes an evolutionary perspective suggests that common diseases are caused by pathogens. In a paper they point to a history of common diseases, once thought to be due to noninfectious environmental factors, being found to have an infectious origin; for example, peptic ulcers, once thought to occur because of stress, are now believed to often be caused by the pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori. The association of human papilloma virus with cervical cancer is another example. Cochran and Ewald propose that  Koch's postulates are difficult to fulfill for the still unproven cases of infectious causation because of the focus on identifying the infectious agent which is often highly cryptic.

text: Along with

text: Paul W. Ewald

text: , Cochran believes an evolutionary perspective suggests that common diseases are caused by

text: pathogen

text: s. In a paper they point to a history of common diseases, once thought to be due to noninfectious environmental factors, being found to have an infectious origin; for example,

text: peptic ulcers

text: , once thought to occur because of

text: stress

text: , are now believed to often be caused by the pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: . The association of

text: human papilloma virus

text: with cervical cancer is another example. Cochran and Ewald propose that

text: Koch's postulates

text: are difficult to fulfill for the still unproven cases of infectious causation because of the focus on identifying the infectious agent which is often highly cryptic.

text: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, proteins in latex cause a range of allergic reactions.  Allergies to latex are most common in healthcare workers, although there is a lack of awareness among nurses that frequent exposure to latex triggers latex allergy.

text: According to the

text: , proteins in latex cause a range of allergic reactions.  Allergies to latex are most common in healthcare workers, although there is a lack of awareness among nurses that frequent exposure to latex triggers

text: latex allergy

text: What is known about family medical heritage can save lives—that is why gathering a complete and accurate medical family history is extremely important as genetic medicine continues to explain more diseases. Many advances in biological medical science are anticipated in the future now that the human genome has been discovered. Despite the increasing emphasis on diagnostic technology, many physicians perceive the medical family history as the preeminent source of information with a much higher value in diagnosis than either the physical examination or laboratory and radiography information because it is well known that many medical conditions, including heart disease, breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes, alcoholism, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and high blood pressure all have been shown to have links to our past.

text: What is known about family medical heritage can save lives—that is why gathering a complete and accurate medical family history is extremely important as genetic medicine continues to explain more diseases. Many advances in biological medical science are anticipated in the future now that the human genome has been discovered. Despite the increasing emphasis on diagnostic technology, many

text: physicians

text: perceive the medical family history as the preeminent source of information with a much higher value in diagnosis than either the physical examination or laboratory and radiography information because it is well known that many medical conditions, including

text: heart disease

text: breast cancer

text: prostate cancer

text: diabetes

text: alcoholism

text: Huntington's disease

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: hemophilia

text: cystic fibrosis

text: sickle cell anemia

text: , and

text: high blood pressure

text: all have been shown to have links to our past.

text: For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out “a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis.” Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which Halsted's approach had been based, and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was “that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival.” In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.

text: The eQTL analysis determines loci associated with a quantitative trait, where expression studies of loci associated with traits such as allergy are performed, with a functional explanation . Through these studies, an overlap between loci associated with allergy was observed and it loci previously implicated in autoimmune diseases. Thus, in a region of chromosome 5, presents a loci associated with allergic asthma, which is in the path of PTGER4, which encodes a prostaglandin receptor, and poses linkage disequilibrium ( LD ), which is the association between two alleles located near each other on a chromosome, which assumes more frequent than expected at random co-inheritance, as it presents a great LD with other SNPs associated with the disease of spondylitis. In addition, many loci associated with allergies are near genes involved in the differentiation of T helper cells. The association, according to the analysis can be eQTL since said SNP associated gene causes BCL6 expression, a transcription factor that suppresses the differentiation of T helper type 2 cells in animal models.

text: The eQTL analysis determines loci associated with a quantitative trait, where expression studies of loci associated with traits such as allergy are performed, with a functional explanation . Through these studies, an overlap between loci associated with allergy was observed and it loci previously implicated in autoimmune diseases. Thus, in a region of

text: chromosome

text: 5, presents a loci associated with allergic asthma, which is in the path of PTGER4, which encodes a prostaglandin receptor, and poses

text: linkage disequilibrium

text: ( LD ), which is the association between two alleles located near each other on a chromosome, which assumes more frequent than expected at random co-inheritance, as it presents a great LD with other SNPs associated with the disease of

text: spondylitis

text: . In addition, many loci associated with allergies are near genes involved in the differentiation of

text: T helper cells

text: . The association, according to the analysis can be eQTL since said SNP associated gene causes BCL6 expression, a transcription factor that suppresses the differentiation of T helper type 2 cells in animal models.

text: It is important to realize that syphilis can recur. An individual who has had the disease once, even if it has been treated, does not prevent the person from having the disease come back. Individuals can be re-infected, and because syphilis sores can be hidden, it may not be obvious that the individual is infected with syphilis. In these cases, it is vital to become tested and treated immediately to reduce spread of the infection.

text: SVI’s work on skeletal complications of cancer has been important in establishing what is now a major interest in this area – that the bone microenvironment profoundly influences the ability of cancers to establish and grow in bone as secondary deposits. This came from SVI work showing that cancer cells, in order to be able to establish in bone, needed to be able to control its growth and breakdown. These are now key concepts in thinking about this common complication of cancer, and how it can be prevented and treated.

text: Cadets are members, who are between the ages of 12 and 20 (although 11-year-olds can be accepted after 5th grade). They must be enrolled in school and receiving passing grades, be drug and crime free, weight must be proportional to his/her height. The applicant can not be overly obese. The prospective Cadet should be able to do basic exercises like push-ups, sit-ups etc., and be able to run. Also the applicant must be able to pass a "Sports type" Physical Exam by a Doctor and can not have any communicable diseases, chronic health problems or severe allergies. Once a Cadet turns 18, they can choose to stay in the program as a cadet or become a junior cadre member. If they stay as a cadet, they can stay in the program only until they turn 21.

text: Chronic dacryoadenitis is usually due to noninfectious inflammatory disorders. Examples include sarcoidosis, thyroid eye disease, and orbital pseudotumor.

text: Chronic dacryoadenitis is usually due to noninfectious inflammatory disorders. Examples include

text: sarcoidosis

text: , thyroid eye disease, and orbital pseudotumor.

text: Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by George Nicolas Papanicolaou in 1928. A common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, used as a screening tool, to detect precancerous cervical lesions and prevent cervical cancer. Cytopathology is also commonly used to investigate thyroid lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a wide range of other body sites. It is usually used to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also helps in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to histopathology, which studies whole tissues.

text: Cytopathology (from

text: Greek

text: κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία,

text: -logia

text: ) is a branch of

text: pathology

text: that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by

text: George Nicolas Papanicolaou

text: in 1928. A common application of cytopathology is the

text: Pap smear

text: , used as a

text: screening

text: tool, to detect

text: precancerous

text: cervical lesions and prevent

text: cervical cancer

text: . Cytopathology is also commonly used to investigate thyroid lesions, diseases involving sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), and a wide range of other body sites. It is usually used to aid in the diagnosis of cancer, but also helps in the diagnosis of certain infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to

text: histopathology

text: , which studies whole tissues.

text: On 5 December 2011 they released the first 7" single "Allergies" from their third album 'Wildlife' on the Too Pure Label. The single was produced by Gruff Rhys who also appeared in the video (produced by Casey Raymond). Allergies won the vote in Steve Lamacq's round table on 6 music and also won Steve Lamacq's rebel playlist with 82% of the public vote. The single sold out before release date and received airplay from both 6 music and Radio 1."Food", the second single from their then forthcoming album Wildlife, was released on 14 May 2012. Following its release Cornershop's Tjinder Singh remixed the track for release on his own Ample Play label.

text: On 5 December 2011 they released the first 7" single "Allergies" from their third album 'Wildlife' on the

text: Too Pure

text: Label. The single was produced by

text: Gruff Rhys

text: who also appeared in the video (produced by Casey Raymond). Allergies won the vote in

text: Steve Lamacq

text: 's round table on 6 music and also won

text: Steve Lamacq

text: 's rebel playlist with 82% of the public vote. The single sold out before release date and received airplay from both 6 music and Radio 1."Food", the second single from their then forthcoming album Wildlife, was released on 14 May 2012. Following its release

text: Cornershop

text: 's

text: Tjinder Singh

text: remixed the track for release on his own

text: Ample Play

text: label.

text: The outcomes of men who are not treated for prostate cancer is dependent on cancer grade (the higher the grade the more aggressive), the life expectancy of the patient with the disease, and whether or not the cancer was detected through screening. Prostate cancers detected by PSA screening are detected at an earlier stage and generally take longer to progress without treatment, as compared to cancers detected because of physical findings (abnormal digital rectal examination) and/or symptoms. Thus, older men with a limited life expectancy, particularly if detected through screening, may not live long enough to be harmed by the cancer.

text: A common symptom of diabetes is the degradation of blood vessels in various tissues throughout the body. Retinopathy refers specifically to the damage resulting from this process in the eyes.  Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the United States.  Diabetic retinopathy is known to be associated with a number of epigenetic markers, including methylation of the Sod2 and MMP-9 genes, an increase in transcription of LSD1, a H3K4 and H3K9 demethylase, and various DNA Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs), and increased presence of miRNAs for transcription factors and VEGF. It is believed that much of the retinal vascular degeneration characteristic of diabetic retinopathy is due to impaired mitochondrial activity in the retina. Sod2 codes for a superoxide dismutase enzyme, which scavenges free radicals and prevents oxidative damage to cells. LSD1 may play a major role in diabetic retinopathy through the downregulation of Sod2 in retinal vascular tissue, leading to oxidative damage in those cells. MMP-9 is believed to be involved in cellular apoptosis, and is similarly downregulated, which may help to propagate the effects of diabetic retinopathy.

text: A common symptom of diabetes is the degradation of blood vessels in various tissues throughout the body. Retinopathy refers specifically to the damage resulting from this process in the eyes.  Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the United States.  Diabetic retinopathy is known to be associated with a number of epigenetic markers, including methylation of the Sod2 and MMP-9 genes, an increase in transcription of

text: , a H3K4 and H3K9 demethylase, and various DNA Methyl-Transferases (DNMTs), and increased presence of miRNAs for transcription factors and

text: VEGF

text: . It is believed that much of the retinal vascular degeneration characteristic of diabetic retinopathy is due to impaired mitochondrial activity in the retina.

text: Sod

text: 2 codes for a superoxide dismutase enzyme, which scavenges free radicals and prevents oxidative damage to cells. LSD1 may play a major role in diabetic retinopathy through the downregulation of Sod2 in retinal vascular tissue, leading to oxidative damage in those cells.

text: is believed to be involved in cellular apoptosis, and is similarly downregulated, which may help to propagate the effects of diabetic retinopathy.

text: Advances in cancer research have made a vaccines designed to prevent cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) by preventing infection with the causative virus.  In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a human papilloma virus vaccine, called Gardasil. The vaccine protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. In March 2007, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) officially recommended that females aged 11–12 receive the vaccine, and indicated that females as young as age 9 and as old as age 26 are also candidates for immunization.

text: Advances in cancer research have made a vaccines designed to prevent cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) by preventing infection with the causative virus.  In 2006, the

text: U.S. Food and Drug Administration

text: approved a

text: human papilloma virus

text: vaccine, called

text: Gardasil

text: . The vaccine protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. In March 2007, the US

text: (CDC)

entity_name: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

text: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

text: (ACIP) officially recommended that females aged 11–12 receive the vaccine, and indicated that females as young as age 9 and as old as age 26 are also candidates for immunization.

text: Type 1 diabetes was described as an autoimmune disease in the 1970s, based on observations that autoantibodies against islets were discovered in diabetics with other autoimmune deficiencies. It was also shown in the 1980s that immunosuppressive therapies could slow disease progression, further supporting the idea that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. The name juvenile diabetes was used earlier as it often first is diagnosed in childhood.

text: The establishment of Chinese cancer registries began in 1963 in Shanghai, and data from registries led to some of the first programs that addressed chronic diseases in China. For example, mortality from cervical cancer in the Jing'an county of Jiangxi province decreased to 9.6 per 100 000 in 1985 from 42.0 per 100 000 in 1974, at least in part a result of the introduction of the "early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment" of cervical cancer (Kong L, unpublished). Cancer has led the way in chronic disease control initiatives. In 2003, the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, which is responsible for health policy, completed a national cancer control plan on the basis of expert opinions in diverse fields. Some elements of the Program of Cancer Prevention and Control in China (2004–2010) are now being implemented, for example with rapid diagnosis and screening trials for cervical cancer.

text: The establishment of Chinese

text: cancer

text: registries

text: began in 1963 in

text: Shanghai

text: , and data from registries led to some of the first programs that addressed chronic diseases in China. For example, mortality from

text: cervical cancer

text: in the

text: Jing'an

text: county of

text: Jiangxi

text: province decreased to 9.6 per 100 000 in 1985 from 42.0 per 100 000 in 1974, at least in part a result of the introduction of the "early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment" of cervical cancer (Kong L, unpublished). Cancer has led the way in chronic disease control initiatives. In 2003, the

entity_name: Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China

text: Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China

text: , which is responsible for

text: health policy

text: , completed a national cancer control plan on the basis of expert opinions in diverse fields. Some elements of the Program of Cancer Prevention and Control in China (2004–2010) are now being implemented, for example with rapid diagnosis and

text: screening

text: trials for cervical cancer.

text: The most significant public health problems are currently circulatory diseases, cancer, muscoloskeletal diseases and mental health problems. Emerging problems are obesity, chronic lung diseases and type 2 diabetes. 300 000 Finns are diagnosed with diabetes. Approximately 200 000 suffer from type 2 diabetes unknowingly and many more have prediabetes. The number of people with diabetes are estimated to double in 10 years. Most of the incidences could be prevented with healthy life styles, i.e. sufficient level of physical activity, obtaining normal weight and eating healthy.

text: The most significant

text: public health

text: problems are currently circulatory diseases, cancer, muscoloskeletal diseases and mental health problems. Emerging problems are

text: obesity

text: , chronic lung diseases and type 2

text: diabetes

text: . 300 000 Finns are diagnosed with diabetes. Approximately 200 000 suffer from type 2 diabetes unknowingly and many more have prediabetes. The number of people with diabetes are estimated to double in 10 years. Most of the incidences could be prevented with healthy life styles, i.e. sufficient level of physical activity, obtaining normal weight and eating healthy.

text: Lung cancer can start in various portions of the lung. From there it spreads in fairly predictable pattern. Typically, if lung cancer spreads, it first goes to close-by lymph nodes, followed by lymph nodes further away located between the lungs in a space called the mediastinum. In the mediastinum, the lung cancer tends at first to stay on the side where the original tumor started.  Once it crosses the mediastinal midline, it denotes more advanced, surgically unresectable disease. Lung cancer can also spread to distant organs, for example, the liver or adrenal glands, which constitutes the most advanced stage of the disease called stage IV.

text: Lung cancer can start in various portions of the lung. From there it spreads in fairly predictable pattern. Typically, if lung cancer spreads, it first goes to close-by

text: lymph nodes

text: , followed by lymph nodes further away located between the lungs in a space called the

text: mediastinum

text: . In the mediastinum, the lung cancer tends at first to stay on the side where the original

text: tumor

text: started.  Once it crosses the mediastinal midline, it denotes more advanced, surgically unresectable disease. Lung cancer can also spread to distant organs, for example, the liver or adrenal glands, which constitutes the most advanced stage of the disease called stage IV.

text: Currently there is no vaccine to prevent infection by parvoviruses, but recently the virus's capsid proteins, which are noninfectious molecules, have been suggested acting as antigens for improving of vaccines.

text: In 1955, the General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases moved out of the outdated Central Park West facility to its new location on the East Side. There it grew to become what is present day Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. It was during this time that the former New York Cancer Hospital building began its decline. Under the new ownership of nursing home magnate Bernard Bergman, it was turned into a facility called Towers Nursing Home. The nursing home later became infamous for its negligence and lack of standards. The elderly patients testified to "atrocious conditions," including inadequate heat, pest infestations, physical abuse and negligence. The patients weren't the only ones being neglected either. The old facilities were unkempt, filthy, and a "pungent odor" filled the air. The once immaculate building, became a sad derelict place. A state and federal investigation ensued, following a probe into allegations of Medicaid and Tax fraud that ultimately caused the home to close its doors in 1974. The former New York Cancer Hospital was left in such a disastrous condition following the closure of the nursing home that there were talks of demolition before the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the hospital building a historic landmark in 1976.

text: In 1955, the General Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases moved out of the outdated Central Park West facility to its new location on the East Side. There it grew to become what is present day

text: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

text: . It was during this time that the former New York Cancer Hospital building began its decline. Under the new ownership of nursing home magnate

text: Bernard Bergman

text: , it was turned into a facility called Towers Nursing Home. The nursing home later became infamous for its negligence and lack of standards. The elderly patients testified to "atrocious conditions," including inadequate heat, pest infestations, physical abuse and negligence. The patients weren't the only ones being neglected either. The old facilities were unkempt, filthy, and a "pungent odor" filled the air. The once immaculate building, became a sad derelict place. A state and federal investigation ensued, following a probe into allegations of

text: Medicaid

text: and Tax fraud that ultimately caused the home to close its doors in 1974. The former New York Cancer Hospital was left in such a disastrous condition following the closure of the nursing home that there were talks of

text: demolition

text: before the

entity_name: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

text: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

text: designated the hospital building a historic

text: landmark

text: in 1976.

text: Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor-more so than even financial problems or family problems. Occupational stress accounts for more than 10% of work-related health claims.  Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.  Research indicates that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Other disorders that can be caused or exacerbated by occupational stress include sleep disorders, headache, mood disorders, upset stomach, hypertension, high cholesterol, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety. Stress at work can also increase the risk of acquiring an infection and the risk of accidents at work.

text: Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor-more so than even financial problems or family problems. Occupational stress accounts for more than 10% of work-related health claims.  Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of

text: cardiovascular disease

text: .  Research indicates that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper-extremity

text: musculoskeletal disorders

text: . Other disorders that can be caused or exacerbated by occupational stress include

text: sleep disorders

text: headache

text: mood disorders

text: upset stomach

text: hypertension

text: high cholesterol

text: autoimmune disease

text: cardiovascular disease

text: depression

text: , and

text: anxiety

text: . Stress at work can also increase the risk of acquiring an infection and the risk of accidents at work.

text: It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the leading causes of death among women in the United States in all age groups up to 65 years.

text: A Cochrane review has concluded feeding with a soy formula cannot be recommended for prevention of allergy or food intolerance in infants. Further research may be warranted to determine the role of soy formulas for prevention of allergy or food intolerance in infants unable to be breast fed with a strong family history of allergy or cow's milk protein intolerance. In the case of allergy and celiac disease others recommend a dietary regimen is effective in the prevention of allergic diseases in high-risk infants, particularly in early infancy regarding food allergy and eczema. The most effective dietary regimen is exclusively breastfeeding for at least 4–6 months or, in absence of breast milk, formulas with documented reduced allergenicity for at least the first 4 months, combined with avoidance of solid food and cow's milk for the first 4 months.

text: Diabetic retinopathy ([ˌrɛtnˈɑpəθi]), also known as diabetic eye disease, is when damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes. It can eventually lead to blindness.

text: Diabetic retinopathy ([ˌrɛtnˈɑpəθi]), also known as diabetic eye disease, is when damage occurs to the

text: retina

text: due to

text: diabetes

text: . It can eventually lead to

text: blindness

text: CVID has an estimated  prevalence of about 1:50,000 in caucasians. The disease seems to be less prevalent amongst Asians and African-Americans. Males and females are equally affected; however, among children, boys predominate. A recent study of people in European with primary immunodeficiencies found that 30% had CVID, as opposed to a different immunodeficiency. 10-25% of people inherited the disease, typically through autosomal-dominant inheritance. Given the rarity of the disease, it is not yet possible to generalize on disease prevalence among ethnic and racial groups. CVID shortens the life-span; the median age of death for men and women is 42 and 44 years old, respectively. Those people with accompanying disorders had the worst prognosis and those people with CVID only had frequent infections had the longest survival rates, with life expectancy almost equalling that of the general UK population. Additionally, people with CVID with one or more noninfectious complications have an 11 times higher risk of death as compared to people with only infections.

text: DR3-DQ2 is either a known or highly suspect factor in most autoimmune diseases that link to the A1::DQ2 haplotype.

text: CD affects approximately 1-2% of general population all over the world and is on increase, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and exposed to the risk of long-term complications. Patients may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may cause malabsorption, reduced quality of life, iron deficiency, osteoporosis, obstetric complications (stillbirth, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age), an increased risk of intestinal lymphomas and greater mortality. CD is associated with some autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 1, thyroiditis, gluten ataxia, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and more.

text: CD affects approximately 1-2% of general population all over the world and is on increase, but most cases remain unrecognized, undiagnosed and untreated, and exposed to the risk of long-term complications. Patients may suffer severe disease symptoms and be subjected to extensive investigations for many years, before a proper diagnosis is achieved. Untreated CD may cause

text: malabsorption

text: , reduced quality of life,

text: iron deficiency

text: osteoporosis

text: , obstetric complications (

text: stillbirth

text: intrauterine growth restriction

text: preterm birth

text: , low

text: birthweight

text: , and

text: small for gestational age

text: ), an increased risk of intestinal

text: lymphoma

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: thyroiditis

text: gluten ataxia

text: psoriasis

text: vitiligo

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , and more.

text: Autoimmune Oophoritis is an autoimmune disease caused when the immune system attacks the ovaries.

text: Autoimmune Oophoritis is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: caused when the

text: immune system

text: attacks the

text: ovaries

text: You have been diagnosed having a cancer disease. This cancer is in your case treated with chemotherapy. The chemotherapy has caused or can cause severe depression of platelets. You need a normal level of platelets to maintain coagulation and prevent severe bleeding episodes. Neumega is used to increase depressed platelet counts to a higher level to promote protection against bleeding episodes. The drug is injected once a day subcutaneously e.g., in your hip or thigh. Your clinician will show you the correct technique, so you can complete further courses of Neumega-therapy at home. One course of Neumega usually starts 6 to 24 hours after completion of chemotherapy and is continued for 10 to 21 days at the discretion of the physician. Your doctors will ask you to undergo frequent blood cell counts to determine effects of therapy and the further course of treatment. Please adhere to his/her advices for reasons of your own safety.

text: Thomas Alexander Evelyn Platts-Mills, FRS (born 1941, Colchester)  son of Labour MP and barrister John Platts-Mills, is a British allergy researcher and director of the Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

text: Thomas Alexander Evelyn Platts-Mills,

text: FRS

text: (born 1941, Colchester)  son of Labour MP and barrister

text: John Platts-Mills

text: , is a British

text: allergy

text: researcher and director of the Division of Allergy and Clinical

text: Immunology

text: at the

entity_name: University of Virginia School of Medicine

text: University of Virginia School of Medicine

text: Allergens can be found in a variety of sources, such as dust mite excretion, pollen, pet dander or even royal jelly. Food allergies are not as common as food sensitivity, but some foods such as peanuts (a legume), nuts, seafood and shellfish are the cause of serious allergies in many people.

text: Allergens can be found in a variety of sources, such as

text: dust mite

text: excretion,

text: pollen

text: , pet

text: dander

text: or even

text: royal jelly

text: . Food allergies are not as common as

text: food sensitivity

text: , but some foods such as

text: peanut

text: s (a

text: legume

text: nut

text: s,

text: seafood

text: and

text: shellfish

text: are the cause of serious allergies in many people.

text: Tooth decay and cavities are some of the first oral problems that individuals with diabetes are at risk for. Increased blood sugar levels translate into greater sugars and acids that attack the teeth and lead to gum diseases. Gingivitis can also occur as a result of increased blood sugar levels along with an inappropriate oral hygiene. Periodontitis is an oral disease caused by untreated gingivitis and which destroys the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth. This disease may cause the gums to pull away from the teeth which may eventually loosen and fall out. Diabetic people tend to experience more severe periodontitis because diabetes lowers the ability to resist infection and also slows healing. At the same time, an oral infection such as periodontitis can make diabetes more difficult to control because it causes the blood sugar levels to rise.

text: Tooth decay and cavities are some of the first oral problems that individuals with diabetes are at risk for. Increased blood sugar levels translate into greater sugars and acids that attack the teeth and lead to gum diseases.

text: Gingivitis

text: can also occur as a result of increased blood sugar levels along with an inappropriate oral hygiene.

text: Periodontitis

text: is an oral disease caused by untreated gingivitis and which destroys the soft tissue and bone that support the teeth. This disease may cause the gums to pull away from the teeth which may eventually loosen and fall out. Diabetic people tend to experience more severe periodontitis because diabetes lowers the ability to resist infection and also slows healing. At the same time, an oral infection such as periodontitis can make diabetes more difficult to control because it causes the blood sugar levels to rise.

text: Statistics indicate that the Type 2 Diabetes prevalence rate in First Nations people is 3 to 5 times higher than the general Canadian population. As well as having a higher rate of Type 2 Diabetes than the general population, there are also differences in the disease pattern in First Nations Type 2 Diabetes sufferers compared to the general population, especially in terms of age of onset and gestational diabetes.

text: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies against mitochondrial and nuclear antigens. These are called anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), respectively. These antibodies are detectable in the sera of PBC patients and vary greatly with regards to epitope specificity from patient to patient. Of the mitochondrial antigens that can generate autoantibody reactivity in PBC patients, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, is the most common epitope (other antigens include enzymes of the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes as well as the other enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes). Recent evidence has suggested that peptides within the catalytic site may present the immunodominant epitopes recognized by the anti-PDC-E2 antibodies in PBC patients. There is also evidence of anti-PDC-E2 antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients.

text: Primary biliary cirrhosis

text: (PBC) is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: characterized by

text: autoantibodies

text: against mitochondrial and nuclear antigens. These are called

text: anti-mitochondrial antibodies

text: (AMA) and

text: anti-nuclear antibodies

text: (ANA), respectively. These antibodies are detectable in the sera of PBC patients and vary greatly with regards to

text: epitope

text: specificity from patient to patient. Of the mitochondrial antigens that can generate autoantibody reactivity in PBC patients, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, is the most common epitope (other antigens include enzymes of the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes as well as the other enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes). Recent evidence has suggested that peptides within the catalytic site may present the immunodominant epitopes recognized by the anti-PDC-E2 antibodies in PBC patients. There is also evidence of anti-PDC-E2 antibodies in

text: autoimmune hepatitis

text: (AIH) patients.

text: Recognizing HAE is often difficult due to the wide variability in disease expression. The course of the disease is diverse and unpredictable, even within a single patient over their lifetime. This disease may be similar in its presentation to other forms of angioedema resulting from allergies or other medical conditions, but it is significantly different in cause and treatment. When hereditary angioedema is misdiagnosed as an allergy it is most commonly treated with steroids and epinephrine, drugs that are usually ineffective in treating a hereditary angioedema episode. Other misdiagnoses have resulted in unnecessary exploratory surgery for patients with abdominal swelling and other hereditary angioedema patients report that their abdominal pain was wrongly diagnosed as psychosomatic.

text: A review of the UKPDS, ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes), ADVANCE and VADT (Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trials) estimated that the risks of the main complications of diabetes (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and macrovascular disease) decreased by approximately 3% for every 1 mmol/mol decrease in HbA.

text: A review of the

text: UKPDS

text: , ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes), ADVANCE and VADT (Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trials) estimated that the risks of the main complications of diabetes (

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: diabetic nephropathy

text: diabetic neuropathy

text: , and

text: macrovascular disease

text: ) decreased by approximately 3% for every 1 mmol/mol decrease in HbA.

text: This form of analysis is known by its use of death certificates. In traditional overall survival analysis, the cause of death is irrelevant to the analysis. In a competing risks survival analyses, each death certificate is reviewed. If the disease of interest is cancer, and the patient dies of a car accident, the patient is labelled as censored at death instead of being labelled as having died. Issues with this method arise, as each hospital and or registry may code for causes of death differently.

text: The way he conceives the disease differs from other medical perspectives. For J. Mora, the Childhood cancer is better stated when it is referred to as Developmental cancer. Under this Developmental cancer concept, he refers to an age factor-broadens it up to 25 years old-  and also refers the point in a given patient’s moment in growth when the cance might appear. He has established that childhood cancer is a misconception and that it must be replaced by “Developmental cancer”. For Jaume Mora Development cancer is a type of disease that has nothing to do with cancer in adults, he mentions that it is a mistake to compare them because childhood tumors are due to growth and growth only and have nothing to do with external agents. Due to his medical perspective, his leadership in the direction of the laboratory where he makes research with other specialist has created a personal style that bases all its effects in improving the diagnosis, prognosis and patient’s treatments.

text: The way he conceives the disease differs from other medical perspectives. For J. Mora, the

text: Childhood cancer

text: is better stated when it is referred to as Developmental cancer. Under this Developmental cancer concept, he refers to an age factor-broadens it up to 25 years old-  and also refers the point in a given patient’s moment in growth when the cance might appear. He has established that childhood cancer is a misconception and that it must be replaced by “Developmental cancer”. For Jaume Mora Development cancer is a type of disease that has nothing to do with cancer in adults, he mentions that it is a mistake to compare them because childhood tumors are due to growth and growth only and have nothing to do with external agents. Due to his medical perspective, his leadership in the direction of the laboratory where he makes research with other specialist has created a personal style that bases all its effects in improving the diagnosis, prognosis and patient’s treatments.

text: The indication for kidney transplantation is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause. This is defined as a glomerular filtration rate <15ml/min/1.73 sq.m. Common diseases leading to ESRD include malignant hypertension, infections, diabetes mellitus, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; genetic causes include polycystic kidney disease, a number of inborn errors of metabolism, and autoimmune conditions such as lupus. Diabetes is the most common known cause of kidney transplantation, accounting for approximately 25% of those in the US. The majority of renal transplant recipients are on dialysis (peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis) at the time of transplantation. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease who have a living donor available may undergo pre-emptive transplantation before dialysis is needed.  If a patient is put on the waiting list for a deceased donor transplant early enough, they may also be transplanted pre-dialysis.

text: The indication for kidney transplantation is

text: end-stage renal disease

text: (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause. This is defined as a glomerular filtration rate <15ml/min/1.73 sq.m. Common diseases leading to ESRD include

text: malignant hypertension

text: infection

text: s,

text: diabetes mellitus

text: , and

text: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

text: ; genetic causes include

text: polycystic kidney disease

text: , a number of inborn errors of metabolism, and autoimmune conditions such as

text: lupus

text: . Diabetes is the most common known cause of kidney transplantation, accounting for approximately 25% of those in the

text: US

text: . The majority of renal transplant recipients are on dialysis (

text: peritoneal dialysis

text: or

text: hemodialysis

text: ) at the time of transplantation. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease who have a living donor available may undergo pre-emptive transplantation before dialysis is needed.  If a patient is put on the waiting list for a deceased donor transplant early enough, they may also be transplanted pre-dialysis.

text: In 1997, Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a form of multiple system atrophy; according to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease, and Cash even announced to a concert audience that he had Parkinson's during a show in Flint, Michigan, on October 25, 1997, after he nearly collapsed on stage; soon after his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager and Cash was told he had approximately 18 months to live. The diagnosis was later again altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes. The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe pneumonia, which damaged his lungs. Later, he released the albums American III: Solitary Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). The video for "Hurt," a cover of the song by Nine Inch Nails, from American IV, received particular critical and popular acclaim.

text: In 1997, Cash was diagnosed with the

text: neurodegenerative

text: disease

text: Shy–Drager syndrome

text: , a form of

text: multiple system atrophy

text: ; according to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as

text: Parkinson's disease

text: , and Cash even announced to a concert audience that he had Parkinson's during a show in

text: Flint, Michigan

text: , on October 25, 1997, after he nearly collapsed on stage; soon after his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager and Cash was told he had approximately 18 months to live. The diagnosis was later again altered to

text: autonomic neuropathy

text: associated with

text: diabetes

text: . The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe

text: pneumonia

text: , which damaged his lungs. Later, he released the albums

text: American III: Solitary Man

text: (2000) and

text: American IV: The Man Comes Around

text: (2002). The video for "

text: Hurt

text: ," a cover of the song by

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: , from American IV, received particular critical and popular acclaim.

text: While the Alliance recognizes there is a wide range of chronic diseases, their primary focus is on the common risk factors and underlying determinants that contribute significantly to cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes.

text: While the Alliance recognizes there is a wide range of chronic diseases, their primary focus is on the common risk factors and underlying determinants that contribute significantly to

text: cancer

text: cardiovascular disease

text: , chronic respiratory disease, and

text: diabetes

text: Obesity can increased risk for secondary diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers and Alzheimer's. Children who get diabetes can expect to lose 10 to 15 years off of their lives. Diabetes also affect the eyes, kidneys and nerves in the legs.

text: The classification of psoriasis as an autoimmune disease has sparked considerable debate. Researchers have proposed differing descriptions of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; some authors have classified them as autoimmune diseases while others have classified them as distinct from autoimmune diseases and referred to them as immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

text: The classification of psoriasis as an autoimmune disease has sparked considerable debate. Researchers have proposed differing descriptions of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; some authors have classified them as autoimmune diseases while others have classified them as distinct from autoimmune diseases and referred to them as

text: immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

text: Medical studies also have shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as Crohn's disease, Hirschsprung's disease–mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow's milk allergies, and the aggravation of Behçet's disease.

text: Medical studies also have shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as

text: Crohn's disease

text: Hirschsprung's disease

text: –mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow's milk allergies, and the aggravation of

text: Behçet's disease

text: Diabetes is a prevalent issue in the American Indian and Native American communities. Some of the issues that arise from diabetes is accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, and loss of visual acuity, all of which contribute to excess morbidity and mortality. Akin to obesity, the increasing prevalence has been attributed to lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity. Among youth with Type II diabetes, an estimated 50 to 90percent have a BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age. The prevalence of obesity among AI youth with Type II diabetes was 79.4 percent. Obesity prevalence was only 12.5 percent among youth with Type I diabetes. Other risk factors for Type II diabetes include family history and hypertension.The serious complications of diabetes are increasing in frequency among Native Americans. Of major concern are increasing rates of kidney failure, amputations, and blindness. Among people with diabetes, the rate of diabetic end-stage renal disease is six times higher among Native Americans. Diabetes is the most frequent cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations. Amputation rates among Native Americans are 3-4 times higher than the general population. Diabetic retinopathy is a term used for all abnormalities of the small blood vessels of the retina caused by diabetes, such as weakening of blood vessel walls or leakage from blood vessels. Diabetic retinopathy occurs in 18 percent of Pima Indians and 24.4 percent of Oklahoma Indians. Obesity is a particularly important challenge to the health status of Native Americans because of a lack of resources and health interventions. Most studies of Native American infants, preschool children, schoolchildren, and adults have confirmed a high prevalence of overweight. Researchers have hypothesized that there is a genetic component to being overweight as well as a large amount of environmental factors that contribute.

text: Similar to what is observed in chronic inflammation, chronically elevated leptin levels are associated with obesity, overeating, and inflammation-related diseases, including hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. While leptin is associated with body fat mass, however, the size of individual fat cells, and the act of overeating, it is interesting that it is not affected by exercise (for comparison, IL-6 is released in response to muscular contractions). Thus, it is speculated that leptin responds specifically to adipose-derived inflammation. Leptin is a pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and mitogenic factor, the actions of which are reinforced through crosstalk with IL-1 family cytokines in cancer.

text: Similar to what is observed in chronic inflammation, chronically elevated leptin levels are associated with obesity, overeating, and inflammation-related diseases, including

text: hypertension

text: metabolic syndrome

text: , and

text: cardiovascular disease

text: . While leptin is associated with body fat mass, however, the size of individual fat cells, and the act of overeating, it is interesting that it is not affected by exercise (for comparison,

entity_section: Post-inflammatory muscle growth and repair

text: IL-6 is released in response to muscular contractions

text: ). Thus, it is speculated that leptin responds specifically to adipose-derived inflammation. Leptin is a pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and mitogenic factor, the actions of which are reinforced through crosstalk with IL-1 family cytokines in cancer.

text: Diagnosis of food allergies, including peanut allergy, begins with a medical history and physical examination. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases guidelines recommend that parent and patient reports of food allergy be confirmed by a doctor because "multiple studies demonstrate 50% to 90% of presumed food allergies are not allergies."

text: Diagnosis of food allergies, including peanut allergy, begins with a medical history and physical examination.

text: guidelines recommend that parent and patient reports of food allergy be confirmed by a doctor because "multiple studies demonstrate 50% to 90% of presumed food allergies are not allergies."

text: Severe cases of hypothyroidism increase the risk of miscarriage. The effect of milder cases of hypothyroidism on miscarriage rates has not been established. The presence of certain immune conditions such as autoimmune diseases is associated with a greatly increased risk. The presence of anti-thyroid autoantibodies is associated with an increased risk with an odds ratio of 3.73 and 95% confidence interval 1.8–7.6. Some research suggests autoimmunity in general as a possible cause of recurrent or late-term miscarriages. Autoimmune disease occurs when the body's own immune system acts against itself. Therefore, in the case of an autoimmune-induced miscarriages the woman's body attacks the growing fetus or prevents normal pregnancy progression. Further research also has suggested that autoimmune disease may cause genetic abnormalities in embryos which in turn may lead to miscarriage. As an example, Celiac disease increases the risk of miscarriage by an odds ratio of approximately 1.4.

text: Severe cases of

text: hypothyroidism

text: increase the risk of miscarriage. The effect of milder cases of hypothyroidism on miscarriage rates has not been established. The presence of certain immune conditions such as

text: autoimmune disease

text: s is associated with a greatly increased risk. The presence of

text: anti-thyroid autoantibodies

text: is associated with an increased risk with an

text: odds ratio

text: of 3.73 and 95%

text: confidence interval

text: 1.8–7.6. Some research suggests autoimmunity in general as a possible cause of recurrent or late-term miscarriages.

text: Autoimmune disease

text: occurs when the body's own immune system acts against itself. Therefore, in the case of an autoimmune-induced miscarriages the woman's body attacks the growing fetus or prevents normal pregnancy progression. Further research also has suggested that autoimmune disease may cause genetic abnormalities in embryos which in turn may lead to miscarriage. As an example,

text: Celiac disease

text: increases the risk of miscarriage by an

text: odds ratio

text: of approximately 1.4.

text: Biocon's major areas of research now include cancer, diabetes, and other auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Because of the high percentage of people in India who chew betel or tobacco, India accounts for eighty-six per cent of oral cancer in the world, known locally as "cancer cheek". Diabetes is prevalent, and people who do not wear shoes are at risk to have a minor scrape or injury develop into gangrene, or "diabetes foot". Biocon is also working on drugs to treat psoriasis, a skin pigment disease which can result in social ostracization.

text: Biocon's major areas of research now include

text: cancer

text: diabetes

text: , and other

text: auto-immune diseases

text: such as

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: and

text: psoriasis

text: . Because of the high percentage of people in India who chew betel or tobacco, India accounts for eighty-six per cent of oral cancer in the world, known locally as "cancer cheek". Diabetes is prevalent, and people who do not wear shoes are at risk to have a minor scrape or injury develop into

text: gangrene

text: , or "diabetes foot". Biocon is also working on drugs to treat

text: psoriasis

text: , a skin pigment disease which can result in social ostracization.

text: There is not a wide range of tests even though HPV is common. Clinicians depend on the vaccine among young people and high clearance rates (see Clearance subsection in Virology) to create a low risk of disease and mortality, and treat the cancers when they appear. Others believe that reducing HPV infection in more men and women, even when it has no symptoms, is important (herd immunity) to prevent more cancers rather than just treating them. Where tests are used, negative test results show safety from transmission, and positive test results show where shielding (condoms, gloves) is needed to prevent transmission until the infection clears.

text: There is not a wide range of tests even though HPV is common. Clinicians depend on the vaccine among young people and high clearance rates (see

text: Clearance subsection in Virology

text: ) to create a low risk of disease and mortality, and treat the cancers when they appear. Others believe that reducing HPV infection in more men and women, even when it has no symptoms, is important (herd immunity) to prevent more cancers rather than just treating them. Where tests are used, negative test results show safety from transmission, and positive test results show where shielding (condoms, gloves) is needed to prevent transmission until the infection clears.

text: There is a body of films that include a character with diabetes as part of the plot. In the late twentieth century, most films' references to diabetes were minor. Characters with diabetes were developed in plots in which the disease "played a more significant role" in films such as Steel Magnolias and Panic Room. Dr. Kevin L. Ferguson discussed such films in the Journal of Medical Humanities and reported, "Films that represent diabetes must work around the disease's banal invisibility, and images of diabetics in film are especially susceptible to metaphor and exaggeration." Everyday Health reported, "Sometimes, filmmakers get it wrong: mixing up different types of diabetes, imagining symptoms or complications that aren't accurate, or unfairly portraying another aspect of the condition."

text: There is a body of films that include a character with

text: diabetes

text: as part of the plot. In the late twentieth century, most films' references to diabetes were minor. Characters with diabetes were developed in plots in which the disease "played a more significant role" in films such as

text: Steel Magnolias

text: and

text: Panic Room

text: . Dr. Kevin L. Ferguson discussed such films in the Journal of Medical Humanities and reported, "Films that represent diabetes must work around the disease's banal invisibility, and images of diabetics in film are especially susceptible to metaphor and exaggeration." Everyday Health reported, "Sometimes, filmmakers get it wrong: mixing up different types of diabetes, imagining symptoms or complications that aren't accurate, or unfairly portraying another aspect of the condition."

text: Pin 1, or peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase), isomerizes only phospho-Serine/Threonine-Proline motifs.  The enzyme binds to a subset of proteins and thus plays a role as a post phosphorylation control in regulating protein function. Studies have shown that the deregulation of Pin1 may play a pivotal role in various diseases.  Notably, the up-regulation of Pin1 may be implicated in certain cancers, and the down-regulation of Pin1 may be implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Inhibitors of Pin1 may have therapeutic implications for cancer and immune disorders.

text: Pin 1, or peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans

text: isomerase

text: (PPIase), isomerizes only phospho-Serine/Threonine-Proline

text: motifs

text: .  The enzyme binds to a subset of proteins and thus plays a role as a post phosphorylation control in regulating protein function. Studies have shown that the

text: deregulation

text: of Pin1 may play a pivotal role in various diseases.  Notably, the

text: up-regulation

text: of Pin1 may be implicated in certain

text: cancers

text: , and the down-regulation of Pin1 may be implicated in

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: . Inhibitors of Pin1 may have therapeutic implications for cancer and

text: immune disorder

text: s.

text: The concept that medications can be used to prevent cancer is attractive, and evidence supports their use in a few defined circumstances. In the general population, NSAIDs reduce the risk of colorectal cancer however due to the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects they cause overall harm when used for prevention. Aspirin has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%. COX-2 inhibitor may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis however are associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk women. The benefit verses harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear.

text: The concept that medications can be used to prevent cancer is attractive, and evidence supports their use in a few defined circumstances. In the general population,

text: NSAIDs

text: reduce the risk of

text: colorectal cancer

text: however due to the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects they cause overall harm when used for prevention.

text: Aspirin

text: COX-2 inhibitor

text: may decrease the rate of

text: polyp

text: formation in people with

text: familial adenomatous polyposis

text: however are associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of

text: tamoxifen

text: or

text: raloxifene

text: has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing

text: breast cancer

text: in high-risk women. The benefit verses harm for

text: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor

text: such as

text: finasteride

text: is not clear.

text: Liver disease may present itself as tiredness, increased bleeding tendency or confusion (due to hepatic encephalopathy) and portal hypertension. The latter, a condition in which the pressure in the portal vein is markedly increased, leads to esophageal varices, blood vessels in the esophagus that may bleed in a life-threatening fashion, as well as enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). On examination, signs of chronic liver disease such as spider angiomata (small distended blood vessels, usually on the chest) may be observed. Chronic active hepatitis has caused cirrhosis of the liver in most by the time they develop symptoms. While most people with cirrhosis have an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer), this risk is relatively very low in Wilson's disease.

text: Liver disease may present itself as

text: tiredness

text: , increased bleeding tendency or confusion (due to

text: hepatic encephalopathy

text: ) and

text: portal hypertension

text: . The latter, a condition in which the pressure in the

text: portal vein

text: is markedly increased, leads to

text: esophageal varices

text: , blood vessels in the

text: esophagus

text: that may bleed in a life-threatening fashion, as well as enlargement of the spleen (

text: splenomegaly

text: ) and accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (

text: ascites

text: ). On examination, signs of chronic liver disease such as

text: spider angioma

text: ta (small distended blood vessels, usually on the chest) may be observed.

text: Chronic active hepatitis

text: has caused

text: cirrhosis

text: of the liver in most by the time they develop symptoms. While most people with cirrhosis have an increased risk of

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: (liver cancer), this risk is relatively very low in Wilson's disease.

text: Antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease, in which "antiphospholipid antibodies" (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant) react against proteins that bind to anionic phospholipids on plasma membranes. Like many autoimmune diseases, it is more common in women than in men. The exact cause is not known, but activation of the system of coagulation is evident. Clinically important antiphospholipid antibodies (those that arise as a result of the autoimmune process) are associated with thrombosis and vascular disease. The syndrome can be divided into primary (no underlying disease state) and secondary (in association with an underlying disease state) forms.

text: Antiphospholipid syndrome is an

text: autoimmune disease

text: , in which "antiphospholipid antibodies" (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant) react against proteins that bind to anionic

text: phospholipid

text: s on

text: plasma membrane

text: s. Like many

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, it is more common in women than in men. The exact

text: cause

text: is not known, but activation of the system of coagulation is evident. Clinically important antiphospholipid antibodies (those that arise as a result of the autoimmune process) are associated with thrombosis and vascular disease. The syndrome can be divided into primary (no underlying disease state) and secondary (in association with an underlying disease state) forms.

text: Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are significant health concerns for Australians.  Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Australia.

text: Cardiovascular disease

text: and

text: diabetes

text: are significant health concerns for Australians.  Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Australia.

text: Diabetes is associated with periodontal disease (gum disease) which may make diabetes more difficult to treat. Gum disease is frequently related to bacterial infection by organisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A number of trials have found improved blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics who have undergone peridontal treatment.

text: Diabetes is associated with

text: periodontal disease

text: (gum disease) which may make diabetes more difficult to treat. Gum disease is frequently related to bacterial infection by organisms such as

text: Porphyromonas gingivalis

text: and

text: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

text: . A number of trials have found improved blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics who have undergone peridontal treatment.

text: An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low grade fever and feeling tired. Often symptoms come and go.

text: An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal

text: immune response

text: to a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low grade

text: fever

text: and

text: feeling tired

text: . Often symptoms come and go.

text: The differential diagnosis of the many causes of GGO includes pulmonary edema, infections (including cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), various noninfectious interstitial lung diseases (such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Hamman-Rich syndrome), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia.

text: The

text: differential diagnosis

text: of the many causes of GGO includes

text: pulmonary edema

text: infections

text: (including

text: cytomegalovirus

text: and

text: Pneumocystis carinii

text: pneumonia), various noninfectious

text: interstitial lung disease

text: s (such as

text: hypersensitivity pneumonitis

text: Hamman-Rich syndrome

text: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

text: , and

text: cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

text: The combine is located in close proximity to residential neighborhoods in the city of Balkhash. Process gases are emitted into the atmosphere without treatment of sulfur dioxide and dust containing heavy metals, such as copper, lead, and arsenic. According to numerous testimonies of inhabitants of the city, the copper smelting department of the combine emitted a large amount of gas into the atmosphere in the summer of 2004, leading to mass deaths of birds in the area. In addition to that, many anglers caught sick fish. The local authorities ignored the offense of the release of gas. However, several reports appeared in the newspapers resulting in nothing. Allergies and asthma were common diseases among residents of the city for many years.

text: The combine is located in close proximity to residential neighborhoods in the city of Balkhash. Process gases are emitted into the atmosphere without treatment of sulfur dioxide and dust containing heavy metals, such as copper, lead, and arsenic. According to numerous testimonies of inhabitants of the city, the copper smelting department of the combine emitted a large amount of gas into the atmosphere in the summer of 2004, leading to mass deaths of birds in the area. In addition to that, many anglers caught sick fish. The local authorities ignored the offense of the release of gas. However, several reports appeared in the newspapers resulting in nothing.

text: Allergies

text: and

text: asthma

text: were common diseases among residents of the city for many years.

text: The number needed to treat in the study was 57 patients to postpone one death and 19 to prevent one cardiovascular "event" (in those taking the drug simvastatin for 5 years). There was also a mortality benefit in women.  Cancer risk was not significantly lower in the treatment group; in fact, there was no difference except for non-melanoma skin cancers, wherein the placebo group had a barely-significant lower risk of diagnosis. No worsening of lung disease was found, an initial concern with statin drugs, and simvastatin did not decrease osteoporosis.

text: The

text: number needed to treat

text: in the study was 57 patients to postpone one death and 19 to prevent one cardiovascular "event" (in those taking the drug simvastatin for 5 years). There was also a mortality benefit in women.

text: Cancer

text: risk was not significantly lower in the treatment group; in fact, there was no difference except for non-melanoma skin cancers, wherein the placebo group had a barely-significant lower risk of diagnosis. No worsening of

text: lung disease

text: was found, an initial concern with statin drugs, and simvastatin did not decrease

text: osteoporosis

text: There are many infections, diseases and disorders that can affect the vagina, including candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginitis, vaginismus, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or cancer. Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina, and is attributed to several vaginal diseases, while vaginismus is an involuntary tightening of the vagina muscles caused by a conditioned reflex, or disease, during vaginal penetration. HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes and trichomoniasis are some of the STIs that may affect the vagina, and health sources recommend safe sex practices to prevent the transmission of these and other STIs. Cervical cancer may be prevented by pap smear screening and HPV vaccines. Vaginal cancer is very rare, and is primarily a matter of old age; its symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding or vaginal discharge.

text: There are many infections, diseases and disorders that can affect the vagina, including

text: candidal vulvovaginitis

text: vaginitis

text: vaginismus

text: sexually transmitted infection

text: s (STIs) or

text: cancer

text: . Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina, and is attributed to several vaginal diseases, while vaginismus is an involuntary tightening of the vagina muscles caused by a

text: conditioned reflex

text: , or disease, during vaginal penetration.

text: HIV/AIDS

text: human papillomavirus

text: (HPV),

text: genital herpes

text: and

text: trichomoniasis

text: are some of the STIs that may affect the vagina, and health sources recommend

text: safe sex

text: practices to prevent the transmission of these and other STIs.

text: Cervical cancer

text: may be prevented by pap smear screening and

text: HPV vaccine

text: s.

text: Vaginal cancer

text: is very rare, and is primarily a matter of

text: old age

text: ; its symptoms include abnormal

text: vaginal bleeding

text: or

text: vaginal discharge

text: FACT works with the FDA and corporations to reduce the overuse of antibiotics on farms, and to combat the use of vetrinary drugs that cause disease in humans. Issues include: encouraging popular restaurants to source their food from farms that use antibiotics responsibly, ensuring that the cancer-causing swine drug carbadox is withdrawn from the food supply, and encourgaging the FDA to collect data from farms related to antibiotic use in order to inform analysis of antibiotic resitance in humans.

text: A disease  is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism. The study of disease is called pathology which includes the causal study of etiology.  Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the immune system such as an immunodeficiency, or a hypersensitivity including allergies and autoimmunity.

text: A disease  is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an

text: organism

text: . The study of disease is called

text: pathology

text: which includes the causal study of

text: etiology

text: .  Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific

text: symptom

text: s and

text: sign

text: s. It may be caused by external factors such as

text: pathogen

text: s, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions particularly of the

text: immune system

text: such as an

text: immunodeficiency

text: , or a

text: hypersensitivity

text: including

text: allergies

text: and

text: autoimmunity

text: DNA damage is considered to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. If DNA repair is deficient, damage can accumulate. Such damage can cause mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. Accumulated damage can also cause epigenetic alterations due to errors during DNA repair. Such mutations and epigenetic alterations can give rise to cancer (see malignant neoplasms).

text: DNA damage is considered to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. If DNA repair is deficient, damage can accumulate. Such damage can cause

text: mutational

text: errors during

text: DNA replication

text: due to error-prone

text: translesion synthesis

text: . Accumulated damage can also cause

text: epigenetic

text: alterations due to errors during DNA repair. Such mutations and epigenetic alterations can give rise to

text: cancer

text: (see

text: malignant neoplasms

text: Type 1 diabetes is a disease which strikes in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood, but lasts a lifetime. It requires multiple injections of insulin daily or a continuous infusion of insulin through a pump. Insulin, however, is not a cure for diabetes, nor does it prevent its eventual and devastating complications which may include kidney failure, blindness, heart disease, stroke, and amputation. Ten percent of diabetics are type 1, the rest are type 2 (90%).

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: is a disease which strikes in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood, but lasts a lifetime. It requires multiple injections of

text: insulin

text: daily or a continuous infusion of insulin through a pump. Insulin, however, is not a cure for diabetes, nor does it prevent its eventual and devastating complications which may include

text: kidney failure

text: , blindness,

text: heart disease

text: , stroke, and amputation. Ten percent of diabetics are type 1, the rest are type 2 (90%).

text: There is a slow to moderate rate of disease progression but the patient may have periods of rapid progression ("bursts of destruction"). Chronic periodontitis can be associated with local predisposing factors(e.g. tooth-related or iatrogenic factors). The disease may be modified by and be associated with systemic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus, HIV infection) It can also be modified by factors other than systemic disease such as smoking and emotional stress.

text: There is a slow to moderate rate of disease progression but the patient may have periods of rapid progression ("bursts of destruction"). Chronic periodontitis can be associated with local predisposing factors(e.g. tooth-related or

text: iatrogenic

text: factors). The disease may be modified by and be associated with systemic diseases (e.g.

text: diabetes mellitus

text: HIV

text: infection) It can also be modified by factors other than systemic disease such as

text: smoking

text: and emotional

text: stress

text: TRIANGLE disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system.  TRIANGLE stands for “TPPII-related immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay with impaired glycolysis and lysosomal expansion” where TPP2 is the causative gene.  This disease manifests as recurrent infection, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay.  TRIANGLE disease was first described in a collaborative study by Dr. Helen C. Su from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Dr. Sophie Hambleton from the University of Newcastle and their collaborators in 2014. The disease was also described by the group of Ehl et al.

text: TRIANGLE disease is a rare genetic disorder of the

text: immune system

text: .  TRIANGLE stands for “TPPII-related

text: immunodeficiency

text: autoimmunity

text: , and

text: neurodevelopmental

text: delay with impaired

text: glycolysis

text: and

text: lysosomal

text: expansion” where TPP2 is the causative gene.  This disease manifests as recurrent infection, autoimmunity, and neurodevelopmental delay.  TRIANGLE disease was first described in a collaborative study by Dr. Helen C. Su from the

text: , National Institutes of Health, and Dr. Sophie Hambleton from the University of Newcastle and their collaborators in 2014. The disease was also described by the group of Ehl et al.

text: Risk factors for drug allergies can be attributed to the drug itself or the characteristics of the patient. Drug-specific risk factors include the dose, route of administration, duration of treatment, repetitive exposure to the drug, and concurrent illnesses.  Host risk factors include age, sex, atopy, specific genetic polymorphisms, and inherent predisposition to react to multiple unrelated drugs (multiple drug allergy syndrome).A drug allergy is more likely to develop with large doses and extended exposure.

text: Herpesviruses are a third group of common cancer-causing viruses.  Two types of herpesviruses have been associated with cancer:  the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).  EBV appears to cause all nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinomas and some cases of lymphoma, including Burkitt’s lymphoma—the association is especially strong in Africa—and Hodgkin’s disease.  EBV has also been found in a variety of other types of cancer cells, although its role in causing these other cancers is not well established.  KSHV/HHV-8 causes all cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma, and has been found in some cases of a cancer-related condition called Castleman's disease.  Studies involving other kinds of cancer, particularly prostate cancer, have been inconsistent.  Both of these herpesviruses are commonly found in cancerous cells of primary effusion lymphoma.  Herpesviruses also cause cancer in animals, especially leukemias and lymphomas.

text: Herpesvirus

text: es are a third group of common cancer-causing viruses.  Two types of herpesviruses have been associated with cancer:  the

text: Epstein-Barr virus

text: (EBV) and

text: human herpesvirus 8

text: (HHV-8).  EBV appears to cause all nonkeratinizing

text: nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: s and some cases of lymphoma, including

text: Burkitt’s lymphoma

text: —the association is especially strong in Africa—and

text: Hodgkin’s disease

text: .  EBV has also been found in a variety of other types of cancer cells, although its role in causing these other cancers is not well established.

text: KSHV

text: /HHV-8 causes all cases of

text: Kaposi’s sarcoma

text: , and has been found in some cases of a cancer-related condition called

text: Castleman's disease

text: .  Studies involving other kinds of cancer, particularly

text: prostate cancer

text: , have been inconsistent.  Both of these herpesviruses are commonly found in cancerous cells of

text: primary effusion lymphoma

text: .  Herpesviruses also cause cancer in animals, especially leukemias and lymphomas.

text: Diabetes is a rapidly growing health problem among immigrants—affecting approximately 10 percent of Asian-Americans.  It is the fifth-leading cause of death in Asian-Americans between the ages of 45 and 64.  In addition, type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease.  Those who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have high levels of blood glucose because the body does not effectively respond to insulin.  It is a lifelong disease with no known cure.  Diabetes is a chronic, debilitating, and costly social burden—costing healthcare systems about $100 billion annually.

text: Gene regulation is the main genetic program through which an organism controls its normal functions. Thus, any error in this program caused by mutations will alter the normal state and lead to disease. RNA splicing is increasingly realized to be at the center of gene regulation in eukaryotic organisms, including all animals and plants. In this context, Dr. Periannan Senapathy has pioneered research in the biology of RNA splicing, including understanding of why genes are split, what are splice junction sequences, and why exons are very short and introns are very long. Based on these findings, he has provided an algorithm (known as Shapiro & Senapathy algorithm, S&S) for predicting the splice sites, exons and genes in animals and plants. This algorithm has the ability to discover disease-causing mutations in splice junctions in cancerous and non-cancerous diseases that is being used in major research institutions around the world.  The S&S algorithm has been cited in  ~3,000 publications on finding splicing mutations in thousands of diseases including many different forms of cancer, non-cancer diseases and plants.

text: Gene regulation is the main genetic program through which an organism controls its normal functions. Thus, any error in this program caused by mutations will alter the normal state and lead to disease. RNA splicing is increasingly realized to be at the center of gene regulation in

text: eukaryotic

text: organisms, including all animals and plants. In this context,

text: Dr. Periannan Senapathy

text: has pioneered research in the biology of RNA splicing, including understanding of why genes are split, what are splice junction sequences, and why exons are very short and introns are very long. Based on these findings, he has provided an algorithm (known as Shapiro & Senapathy algorithm, S&S) for predicting the splice sites, exons and genes in animals and plants. This algorithm has the ability to discover disease-causing mutations in

text: splice junction

text: s in cancerous and non-cancerous diseases that is being used in major research institutions around the world.  The S&S algorithm has been cited in  ~3,000 publications on finding splicing mutations in thousands of diseases including many different forms of cancer, non-cancer diseases and plants.

text: Like wheat, rye, and their hybrids and derivatives, barley contains gluten, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, among others. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate barley or rye.

text: Like

text: wheat

text: rye

text: , and their hybrids and derivatives, barley contains

text: gluten

text: , which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: celiac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers, among others. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate barley or rye.

text: While rates of incidence for many diseases vary based on biological factors and inheritable characteristics, a larger disparity, which cannot be explained by biological factors, exists in disease rates among varying racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States (for example, lower-income African-Americans and upper-class Caucasians).  This suggests that social and economic factors play a role in determining who acquires certain diseases in the United States.  For example, heart disease is the most dangerous disease in America, followed closely by cancer, with the fifth most deadly being diabetes. The general risk factors associated with these three diseases include obesity and poor diet, tobacco and alcohol use, physical inactivity, and access to medical care and health information.  While some of these risk factors are individual health choices, all of them are also correlated with socioeconomic factors, such as gender, race, income, environment, and education, and consequently, a person’s likelihood for developing heart disease, cancer, or diabetes is in part correlated with these social factors. Men are more likely than women to die from heart disease. Likewise, African-Americans and other racial minorities have higher mortality rates from heart disease, cancer, and diabetes than their white counterparts.  Among all racial groups, individuals who are impoverished or low income, have lower levels of educational attainment, and live in lower-income neighborhoods are all more likely to develop heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

text: While

text: rates of incidence

text: for many diseases vary based on biological factors and inheritable characteristics, a larger

text: disparity

text: , which cannot be explained by biological factors, exists in disease rates among varying racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States (for example,

text: lower-income

text: African-Americans

text: and

text: upper-class

text: Caucasians

text: ).  This suggests that social and economic factors play a role in determining who acquires certain diseases in the United States.  For example,

text: heart disease

text: is the most dangerous disease in America, followed closely by

text: cancer

text: , with the fifth most deadly being

text: diabetes

text: . The general

text: risk factors

text: associated with these three diseases include

text: obesity

text: and poor

text: diet

text: tobacco

text: and

text: alcohol

text: use,

text: physical inactivity

text: , and access to medical care and health information.  While some of these risk factors are individual health choices, all of them are also correlated with socioeconomic factors, such as

text: gender

text: race

text: income

text: environment

text: , and

text: education

text: , and consequently, a person’s likelihood for developing heart disease, cancer, or diabetes is in part correlated with these social factors. Men are more likely than women to die from heart disease. Likewise, African-Americans and other

text: racial minorities

text: have higher mortality rates from heart disease, cancer, and diabetes than their white counterparts.  Among all racial groups, individuals who are

text: impoverished

text: or

text: low income

text: , have lower levels of educational attainment, and live in lower-income neighborhoods are all more likely to develop heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

text: Having another autoimmune diseases is a risk factor to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and the opposite is also true. Autoimmune diseases most commonly associated to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo and alopecia.

text: Having another autoimmune diseases is a risk factor to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and the opposite is also true. Autoimmune diseases most commonly associated to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include

text: celiac disease

text: type 1 diabetes

text: vitiligo

text: and

text: alopecia

text: The rates of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are increased when compared with the general population, by a factor of 3.8 and 7.5 respectively. People with psoriasis also have a higher risk of celiac disease. Few studies have evaluated the association of multiple sclerosis with psoriasis, and the relationship has been questioned. Psoriasis has been associated with a 16% increase in overall relative risk for non-skin cancer. People with psoriasis have a 52% increased risk cancers of the lung and bronchus, a 205% increase in the risk of developing cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, a 31% increase in the risk of developing cancers of the urinary tract, a 90% increase in the risk of developing liver cancer, and a 46% increase in the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The risk for development of non-melanoma skin cancers is also increased. Psoriasis increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by 431% and increases the risk of basal cell carcinoma by 100%. There is no increased risk of melanoma associated with psoriasis.

text: The rates of

text: Crohn's disease

text: and

text: ulcerative colitis

text: are increased when compared with the general population, by a factor of 3.8 and 7.5 respectively. People with psoriasis also have a higher risk of

text: celiac disease

text: . Few studies have evaluated the association of

text: multiple sclerosis

text: with psoriasis, and the relationship has been questioned. Psoriasis has been associated with a 16% increase in overall relative risk for non-skin cancer. People with psoriasis have a 52% increased risk

text: cancers of the lung and bronchus

text: , a 205% increase in the risk of developing

text: cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract

text: , a 31% increase in the risk of developing

text: cancers of the urinary tract

text: , a 90% increase in the risk of developing

text: liver cancer

text: , and a 46% increase in the risk of developing

text: pancreatic cancer

text: . The risk for development of non-melanoma skin cancers is also increased. Psoriasis increases the risk of developing

text: squamous cell carcinoma

text: of the skin by 431% and increases the risk of

text: basal cell carcinoma

text: by 100%. There is no increased risk of

text: melanoma

text: associated with psoriasis.

text: The main risk of prolonged immune stimulation for cancer prevention is the development of autoimmune diseases. Most antitumor immune responses are autoimmune, because most tumor antigens are also expressed by normal cells, but it must be considered that autoimmune responses do not necessarily evolve into autoimmune diseases. The limited autoimmunity triggered by cancer immunoprevention did not cause overt autoimmune diseases in preclinical mouse studies, however this is an issue that will require careful monitoring in early clinical trials.

text: The main risk of prolonged immune stimulation for cancer prevention is the development of

text: autoimmune disease

text: s. Most antitumor immune responses are autoimmune, because most tumor antigens are also expressed by normal cells, but it must be considered that autoimmune responses do not necessarily evolve into autoimmune diseases. The limited autoimmunity triggered by cancer immunoprevention did not cause overt autoimmune diseases in preclinical mouse studies, however this is an issue that will require careful monitoring in early clinical trials.

text: Marburg virus  is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus. Marburg virus (MARV) causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The WHO rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring biosafety level 4-equivalent containment). In the United States, the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists it as a Category A Bioterrorism Agent. It is also listed as a biological agent for export control by the Australia Group.

text: Marburg virus  is a

text: hemorrhagic fever virus

text: of the

text: Filoviridae

text: family of viruses and a member of the species

text: Marburg marburgvirus

text: , genus

text: Marburgvirus

text: . Marburg virus (MARV) causes

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: . The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The

text: WHO

text: rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: biosafety level 4-equivalent containment

text: ). In the United States, the

text: NIH

text: ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the

text: lists it as a

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: . It is also listed as a biological agent for export control by the

text: Australia Group

text: Jay Hunt, Chief Creative Officer of Channel 4, says: "Sadly most of us - more than 1 in 3 - will be touched by cancer at some point in our lives. Stand Up To Cancer is about doing what Channel 4 does best - focusing attention on an important issue using entertainment and comedy. We hope to raise vital funds for trials that could save lives." Dr Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK's chief executive, says: "We want everyone in the UK to unite and stand up to this devastating disease. We've made incredible progress in the last 40 years but there's so much more to do. It's not just technology or knowledge that we need to win our fight to beat cancer - it's funding - and every pound we raise is a step closer to achieving our goal to beat this disease. We are entering the ‘golden age' of cancer research - but each and every one of us can stand up and make a difference right now to come together to raise vital funds for clinical research, accelerate progress and ultimately save more lives."

text: Jay Hunt

text: , Chief Creative Officer of Channel 4, says: "Sadly most of us - more than 1 in 3 - will be touched by cancer at some point in our lives. Stand Up To Cancer is about doing what Channel 4 does best - focusing attention on an important issue using entertainment and comedy. We hope to raise vital funds for trials that could save lives." Dr

text: Harpal Kumar

text: , Cancer Research UK's chief executive, says: "We want everyone in the UK to unite and stand up to this devastating disease. We've made incredible progress in the last 40 years but there's so much more to do. It's not just technology or knowledge that we need to win our fight to beat cancer - it's funding - and every pound we raise is a step closer to achieving our goal to beat this disease. We are entering the ‘golden age' of cancer research - but each and every one of us can stand up and make a difference right now to come together to raise vital funds for clinical research, accelerate progress and ultimately save more lives."

text: There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as monogenic forms of diabetes). These include maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), Donohue syndrome, and Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people.

text: monogenic

text: forms of diabetes). These include

text: maturity onset diabetes of the young

text: (MODY),

text: Donohue syndrome

text: , and

text: Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

text: The plane consists of mostly an empty void. This is due to the positive energy overfilling things, causing them to explode in a flash of light if they are nonliving. A visitor would first notice the brilliant light of the plane, hurting their eyes. Then, all of their wounds would be healed as they noticed there was no atmosphere. As the positive energy filled them, they would briefly think they were ascending to godhood, but as their cells reached capacity and cancer grew uncontrollably they would, for a fleeting moment, realize what it means to be mortal, then die. In the main part of the plane, the positive energy encourages growth, including cancer. Therefore, visitors to the main part of the plane would not explode in a blinding flash of light, but rather get almost instantly fatal "explosive cancer of the everything".

text: Crohn's disease may also involve the skin, blood, and endocrine system. The most common type of skin manifestation, erythema nodosum, presents as raised, tender red nodules usually appearing on the shins. Erythema nodosum is due to inflammation of the underlying subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by septal panniculitis. Another skin lesion, pyoderma gangrenosum, is typically a painful ulcerating nodule. Crohn's disease also increases the risk of blood clots; painful swelling of the lower legs can be a sign of deep venous thrombosis, while difficulty breathing may be a result of pulmonary embolism. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a condition in which the immune system attacks the red blood cells, is also more common in Crohn's disease and may cause fatigue, a pale appearance, and other symptoms common in anemia. Clubbing, a deformity of the ends of the fingers, may also be a result of Crohn's disease. Finally, Crohn's disease increases the risk of osteoporosis, or thinning of the bones. Individuals with osteoporosis are at increased risk of bone fractures.

text: Crohn's disease may also involve the skin, blood, and

text: endocrine system

text: . The most common type of skin manifestation,

text: erythema nodosum

text: , presents as raised, tender red nodules usually appearing on the shins. Erythema nodosum is due to inflammation of the underlying subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by septal

text: panniculitis

text: . Another skin lesion,

text: pyoderma gangrenosum

text: , is typically a painful ulcerating nodule. Crohn's disease also increases the risk of

text: blood clot

text: s; painful swelling of the lower legs can be a sign of

text: deep venous thrombosis

text: , while difficulty breathing may be a result of

text: pulmonary embolism

text: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

text: , a condition in which the immune system attacks the

text: red blood cells

text: , is also more common in Crohn's disease and may cause fatigue, a pale appearance, and other symptoms common in

text: anemia

text: Clubbing

text: , a deformity of the ends of the fingers, may also be a result of Crohn's disease. Finally, Crohn's disease increases the risk of

text: osteoporosis

text: , or thinning of the bones. Individuals with osteoporosis are at increased risk of

text: bone fracture

text: s.

text: Interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b are used to treat and control multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder.  This treatment is effective for reducing attacks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and  slowing disease progression and activity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

text: Interferon beta-1a

text: and

text: interferon beta-1b

text: are used to treat and control

text: multiple sclerosis

text: , an

text: autoimmune disorder

text: .  This treatment is effective for reducing attacks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and  slowing disease progression and activity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

text: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 12.485, ranking it first out of 25 in the category "Allergy" and 5th out of 150 in the category "Immunology". , this journal was the most cited of any in the allergy/immunology medical specialty.

text: According to the

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal has a 2015

text: impact factor

text: of 12.485, ranking it first out of 25 in the category "Allergy" and 5th out of 150 in the category "Immunology". , this journal was the most cited of any in the allergy/immunology medical specialty.

text: Patients with a certain disease (for example, colorectal cancer) can die directly from that disease or from an unrelated cause (for example, a car accident). When the precise cause of death is not specified, this is called the overall survival rate or observed survival rate. Doctors often use mean overall survival rates to estimate the patient's prognosis. This is often expressed over standard time periods, like one, five, and ten years. For example, prostate cancer has a much higher one-year overall survival rate than pancreatic cancer, and thus has a better prognosis.

text: Patient

text: s with a certain

text: disease

text: (for example,

text: colorectal cancer

text: ) can die directly from that disease or from an unrelated cause (for example, a

text: car accident

text: ). When the precise

text: cause of death

text: is not specified, this is called the overall survival rate or observed survival rate. Doctors often use mean overall survival rates to estimate the patient's prognosis. This is often expressed over standard time periods, like one, five, and ten years. For example,

text: prostate cancer

text: has a much higher one-year overall survival rate than

text: pancreatic cancer

text: , and thus has a better prognosis.

text: Along with this significant presence of diabetes comes the notable presence of complications, such as end-stage renal disease. Each of these are more prevalent in the Native American population. Diabetes has been seen to cause premature death of Native Americans by vascular disease, more notably in those diagnosed with diabetes later in life. It has been reported among the Pima Tribe to cause elevated urinary albumin excretion. Native Americans with diabetes have a significantly higher rate of heart disease than those without diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is the "leading underlying cause of death in diabetic adults" in Native Americans.

text: Antibiotics are used in aquaculture to treat diseases caused by bacteria.  Sometimes the antibiotics are used to treat diseases, but more commonly antibiotics are used to prevent diseases by treating the water or fish before disease occurs. While this prophylactic method of preventing disease is profitable because it prevents loss and allows fish to grow more quickly, there are several downsides.

text: Antibiotics are used in

text: aquaculture

text: to treat diseases caused by bacteria.  Sometimes the antibiotics are used to treat diseases, but more commonly antibiotics are used to prevent diseases by treating the water or fish before disease occurs. While this prophylactic method of preventing disease is profitable because it prevents loss and allows fish to grow more quickly, there are several downsides.

text: By age 3 about 30% of rats have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans, dogs and rabbits get Alzheimer's disease, but rodents do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or kidney disease, but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75 (although colon/rectal cancer continues to increase).

text: By age 3 about 30% of

text: rat

text: s have had cancer, whereas by age 85 about 30% of humans have had cancer. Humans,

text: dog

text: s and

text: rabbit

text: s get Alzheimer's disease, but

text: rodent

text: s do not. Elderly rodents typically die of cancer or

text: kidney disease

text: , but not of cardiovascular disease. In humans, the relative incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age for most cancers, but levels off or may even decline by age 60–75 (although

text: colon

text: rectal

text: cancer continues to increase).

text: There are several named coagulation factors that interact in a complex way to form blood clots, as discussed in the article on coagulation. Deficiencies of coagulation factors are associated with clinical bleeding.  For instance, deficiency of Factor VIII causes classic Hemophilia A while deficiencies of Factor IX cause "Christmas disease"(hemophilia B). Antibodies to Factor VIII can also inactivate the Factor VII and precipitate bleeding that is very difficult to control.  This is a rare condition that is most likely to occur in older patients and in those with autoimmune diseases.  von Willebrand disease is another common bleeding disorder. It is caused by a deficiency of or abnormal function of the "von Willebrand" factor, which is involved in platelet activation. Deficiencies in other factors, such as factor XIII or factor VII are occasionally seen, but may not be associated with severe bleeding and are not as commonly diagnosed.

text: There are several named coagulation factors that interact in a complex way to form blood clots, as discussed in the article on

text: coagulation

text: . Deficiencies of coagulation factors are associated with clinical bleeding.  For instance, deficiency of Factor VIII causes classic

text: Hemophilia A

text: while deficiencies of Factor IX cause "Christmas disease"(

text: hemophilia B

text: ). Antibodies to Factor VIII can also inactivate the Factor VII and precipitate bleeding that is very difficult to control.  This is a rare condition that is most likely to occur in older patients and in those with

text: autoimmune

text: diseases.

text: von Willebrand disease

text: is another common bleeding disorder. It is caused by a deficiency of or abnormal function of the "von Willebrand" factor, which is involved in platelet activation. Deficiencies in other factors, such as factor XIII or factor VII are occasionally seen, but may not be associated with severe bleeding and are not as commonly diagnosed.

text: A misperception regarding hospice is that only individuals suffering from cancer or AIDS can receive hospice care. Hospice in the United States did evolve around the model of cancer care, with its predictable pattern of deterioration, and according to 2002's The Case Against Assisted Suicide: For the Right to End-of-life Care, "60% of hospice patients have cancer and many of the rest have AIDS". However, patients can be on hospice for cancer, end-stage heart and lung diseases, stroke, renal failure, Alzheimers or many other conditions. Any diagnosis that would be an acceptable cause of death on a death certificate is, if expected to be terminal, an acceptable diagnosis for hospice care.

text: A misperception regarding hospice is that only individuals suffering from

text: cancer

text: or

text: AIDS

text: can receive hospice care. Hospice in the United States did evolve around the model of cancer care, with its predictable pattern of deterioration, and according to 2002's The Case Against Assisted Suicide: For the Right to End-of-life Care, "60% of hospice patients have cancer and many of the rest have AIDS". However, patients can be on hospice for cancer, end-stage

text: heart

text: and

text: lung disease

text: s,

text: stroke

text: renal failure

text: Alzheimers

text: or many other conditions. Any diagnosis that would be an acceptable cause of death on a

text: death certificate

text: is, if expected to be terminal, an acceptable diagnosis for hospice care.

text: Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with insecticide. Other measures include spraying insecticides to kill sandflies and treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread. The treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of Leishmania, and the type of infection. Some possible medications used for visceral disease include liposomal amphotericin B, a combination of pentavalent antimonials and paromomycin, and miltefosine. For cutaneous disease, paromomycin, fluconazole, or pentamidine may be effective.

text: Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with

text: insecticide

text: . Other measures include spraying insecticides to kill sandflies and treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread. The treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of Leishmania, and the type of infection. Some possible medications used for visceral disease include

text: liposomal amphotericin B

text: , a combination of

text: pentavalent antimonials

text: and

text: paromomycin

text: , and

text: miltefosine

text: . For cutaneous disease, paromomycin,

text: fluconazole

text: , or

text: pentamidine

text: may be effective.

text: Other choices for managing care are case management, in which patients with catastrophic cases are identified, or disease management, in which patients with certain chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, or some forms of cancer are identified. In either case, the HMO takes a greater level of involvement in the patient's care, assigning a case manager to the patient or a group of patients to ensure that no two providers provide overlapping care, and to ensure that the patient is receiving appropriate treatment, so that the condition does not worsen beyond what can be helped.

text: Other choices for managing care are

text: case management

text: , in which patients with catastrophic cases are identified, or

text: disease management

text: , in which patients with certain chronic diseases like

text: diabetes

text: asthma

text: , or some forms of

text: cancer

text: are identified. In either case, the HMO takes a greater level of involvement in the patient's care, assigning a case manager to the patient or a group of patients to ensure that no two providers provide overlapping care, and to ensure that the patient is receiving appropriate treatment, so that the condition does not worsen beyond what can be helped.

text: A complete explanation of how environmental factors play a role in autoimmune diseases has still not been proposed. However epidemiological studies, such as the meta analysis by Leonardi-Bee, et al., have helped to establish the link between parasitic infestation and autoimmune disease development, in other words, exposure to parasites reduces incidence of an autoimmune disease developing.

text: A complete explanation of how environmental factors play a role in autoimmune diseases has still not been proposed. However

text: epidemiological

text: studies, such as the meta analysis by Leonardi-Bee, et al., have helped to establish the

text: link

text: between parasitic infestation and

text: autoimmune disease

text: development, in other words, exposure to parasites reduces

text: incidence

text: of an autoimmune disease developing.

text: Chew's work includes data analysis from the Early Treatment Diabetic retinopathy Study (ETDRS) and management and data analysis from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS).  That study established that daily high doses of certain Antioxidants and Minerals called the AREDS formulation can help slow the progression to advanced AMD. Chew also works on a number of diabetes studies to evaluate Genetic associations with diabetic eye disease. She works on a large clinical trial called the Actions to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), designed to test the effects of tight control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipid concentration in the blood on diabetic eye disease. She is also study chair for the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), a Phase 3 study that is investigating the use of lutein/zeaxanthin (found in leafy greens such as kale) and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids as treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Cataracts, the two leading causes of blindness in the United States of America.

text: Chew's work includes

text: data analysis

text: from the Early Treatment

text: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Study (ETDRS) and management and data analysis from the

text: Age-Related Eye Disease Study

text: (AREDS).  That study established that daily high doses of certain

text: Antioxidant

text: s and

text: Mineral

text: s called the

text: AREDS

text: formulation can help slow the progression to advanced

text: AMD

text: . Chew also works on a number of

text: diabetes

text: studies to evaluate

text: Genetic association

text: s with diabetic

text: eye disease

text: . She works on a large clinical trial called the

text: Actions to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes

text: (ACCORD), designed to test the effects of tight control of

text: blood sugar

text: blood pressure

text: , and

text: lipid

text: concentration in the blood on diabetic eye disease. She is also study chair for the

text: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)

text: , a

text: Phase 3 study

text: that is investigating the use of

text: lutein

text: zeaxanthin

text: (found in

text: leafy greens

text: such as

text: kale

text: ) and/or

text: polyunsaturated

text: Fatty acid

text: s as treatment for

text: age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

text: and

text: Cataract

text: s, the two leading causes of

text: blindness

text: in the United States of America.

text: Desmogleins are targeted in the autoimmune disease pemphigus.

text: Desmogleins are targeted in the

text: autoimmune disease

text: pemphigus

text: When first harvested, Chlorella suggested as an inexpensive protein supplement to the human diet.  Advocates sometimes focus on other supposed health benefits of the algae, such as claims of weight control, cancer prevention, and immune system support. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

text: When first harvested, Chlorella suggested as an inexpensive protein supplement to the human diet.  Advocates sometimes focus on other supposed health benefits of the algae, such as claims of

text: weight control

text: cancer prevention

text: , and

text: immune system support

text: . According to the

text: American Cancer Society

text: Bahrain is currently suffering from an obesity epidemic as 28.9% of all males and 38.2% of all females are classified as obese. Bahrain also has one of the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world (5th place), with more than 15% of the Bahraini population suffering from the disease, and accounting for 5% of deaths in the country. Cardiovascular diseases account for 32% of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the country (the second being cancer). Sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.

text: Bahrain is currently suffering from an

text: obesity

text: epidemic as 28.9% of all males and 38.2% of all females are classified as obese. Bahrain also has one of the highest prevalence of

text: diabetes

text: in the world (5th place), with more than 15% of the Bahraini population suffering from the disease, and accounting for 5% of deaths in the country.

text: Cardiovascular diseases

text: account for 32% of all deaths in Bahrain, being the number one cause of death in the country (the second being

text: cancer

text: Sickle cell anaemia

text: and

text: thalassaemia

text: are prevalent in the country, with a study concluding that 18% of Bahrainis are carriers of sickle cell anaemia while 24% are carriers of thalassaemia.

text: Usage of assisted reproductive technology including ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization have been associated with an increased overall risk of childhood cancer in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father.

text: Usage of assisted reproductive technology including

text: ovarian stimulation

text: and

text: in vitro fertilization

text: have been associated with an increased overall risk of

text: childhood cancer

text: in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father.

text: About 24 million (7%) of people in the United States are affected by an autoimmune disease. Women are more commonly affected than men. Often they start during adulthood. The first autoimmune diseases were described in the early 1900s.

text: People can also experience adverse effects of wheat as result of a wheat allergy. As with most allergies, a wheat allergy causes the immune system to abnormally respond to a component of wheat that it treats as a threatening foreign body. This immune response is often time-limited and does not cause lasting harm to body tissues. Wheat allergy and celiac disease are different disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. An allergic reaction to wheat has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could include anaphylaxis.

text: wheat allergy

text: . As with most allergies, a wheat allergy causes the immune system to abnormally respond to a component of wheat that it treats as a threatening foreign body. This immune response is often time-limited and does not cause lasting harm to body tissues. Wheat allergy and celiac disease are different disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy are similar to those of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, but there is a different interval between exposure to wheat and onset of symptoms. An allergic reaction to wheat has a fast onset (from minutes to hours) after the consumption of food containing wheat and could include

text: anaphylaxis

text: As a consequence the field of sleep medicine has become an increasingly popular sub-specialty of medicine. In order to provide evidence for this medical specialty, sleep epidemiology provides data on the incidence and prevalence of good and poor sleep. This then allows the collection of evidence for the causes and consequences of the quantity and quality of sleep in the population. Studies provide the direction for research into interventions on sleep to improve health and well being. The USA dominates in this field. Sleep epidemiology has provided evidence for the association between sleep and various diseases, particularly metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, such as diabetes  and cardiovascular disease.  It is also related to known risk factors for disease such as obesity.

text: As a consequence the field of

text: sleep medicine

text: has become an increasingly popular sub-specialty of medicine. In order to provide evidence for this medical specialty, sleep epidemiology provides data on the incidence and prevalence of good and poor sleep. This then allows the collection of evidence for the causes and consequences of the quantity and quality of sleep in the population. Studies provide the direction for research into interventions on sleep to improve

text: health

text: and

text: well being

text: . The USA dominates in this field. Sleep epidemiology has provided evidence for the association between

text: sleep

text: and various diseases, particularly metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, such as

text: diabetes

text: and

text: cardiovascular disease

text: .  It is also related to known risk factors for disease such as

text: obesity

text: Many food allergies are caused by hypersensitivities to particular proteins in different foods.  Proteins have unique properties that allow them to become allergens, such as stabilizing forces in their tertiary and quaternary structures which prevent degradation during digestion. Many theoretically allergenic proteins cannot survive the destructive environment of the digestive tract, thus do not trigger hypersensitive reactions.

text: This technique was developed in the late-1980s in an attempt to combine the dosimetric advantages of high-dose rate brachytherapy with the challenges of treating some complex anatomic surfaces with IORT.   It has the advantage of being lower cost than dedicated electron IORT systems, since many radiation centers already have an HDR system that can be transported to the OR when HDR-IORT is needed.  HDR-IORT can also treat very large and convoluted surfaces.   However, it does require a shielded OR or a shielded room in the OR complex to deliver the HDR-IORT. The depth of penetration is very limited, typically either ½ cm to 1 cm depth, sometimes requiring extensive surgery due to the limited penetration of the radiation. Treatments tend to be 40 minutes or longer, resulting in greater OR time, more anesthesia and greater blood loss when compared to electron IORT.  There are about 10 to 20 active centers using HDR-IORT for locally advanced and recurrent disease, and approximately 2000 patients have received this treatment, mostly for colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer and gynecologic cancer.

text: Kamal, on her return to India, rejoined ICRC and started her professional career as a Senior Research Officer. She was instrumental in establishing Experimental Biology Laboratory and Tissue Culture Laboratory in Bombay. From 1966 to 1970 she had assumed the mantle of the Director of the Indian Cancer Research Centre in an acting capacity. In the early 1960s, she along with her assistants (whom she had inducted into ICRC) in the fields of biology and chemistry, developed tissue culture media and related reagents. She was also responsible for establishing new research units in Carcinogenesis, Cell biology and Immunology. Her career achievements include research on patho-phisiology of cancer through the medium of animals which led to further appreciation of causes of diseases such as leukemia, breast cancer and  Esophageal cancer. Another notable achievement was in establishing a link to the susceptibility of cancer and the harmones and tumor virus relationship. Evolution of the leprosy vaccine was a result of her basic research on the bacteria related to leprosy. She was a great inspiration to Indian women scientists to work on cancer research, in particular on the subject cancer among women and children. One such  project was on "Immunohematology of Tribal Blood"  related to  study of infants.

text: Kamal, on her return to India, rejoined ICRC and started her professional career as a Senior Research Officer. She was instrumental in establishing Experimental Biology Laboratory and Tissue Culture Laboratory in Bombay. From 1966 to 1970 she had assumed the mantle of the Director of the Indian Cancer Research Centre in an acting capacity. In the early 1960s, she along with her assistants (whom she had inducted into ICRC) in the fields of biology and chemistry, developed tissue culture media and related

text: reagents

text: . She was also responsible for establishing new research units in

text: Carcinogenesis

text: Cell biology

text: and

text: Immunology

text: . Her career achievements include research on patho-phisiology of cancer through the medium of animals which led to further appreciation of causes of diseases such as

text: leukemia

text: breast cancer

text: and

text: Esophageal cancer

text: . Another notable achievement was in establishing a link to the susceptibility of cancer and the harmones and tumor virus relationship. Evolution of the leprosy vaccine was a result of her basic research on the bacteria related to

text: leprosy

text: . She was a great inspiration to Indian women scientists to work on cancer research, in particular on the subject cancer among women and children. One such  project was on "Immunohematology of Tribal Blood"  related to  study of infants.

text: Animal biosecurity is the product of all actions undertaken by an entity to prevent introduction of disease agents into a specific area. Animal biosecurity differs from biosecurity which are measures taken to reduce the risk of infectious agent theft and dispersal by means of bioterrorism.Animal biosecurity is a comprehensive approach, encompassing different means of prevention and containment. A critical element in animal biosecurity, biocontainment, is the control of disease agents already present in a particular area, and works to prevent novel transmissions. Animal biosecurity may protect organisms from infectious agents or noninfectious agents such as toxins or pollutants, and can be executed in areas as large as a nation or as small as a local farm.

text: Scleredema, also known as Buschke disease, scleredema of Buschke, and scleredema adultorum, is a rare, self-limiting skin condition defined by progressive thickening and hardening of the skin, usually on the areas of the upper back, neck, shoulders and face. The skin may also change color to red or orange. The disease was discovered by Abraham Buschke. Although the cause of scleredema is unknown, it is usually associated with a disease, usually diabetes, a viral illness or strep throat. It is usually not fatal, but it may cause death if the disease spreads to the internal organs. It may also cause an infection.

text: Scleredema, also known as Buschke disease, scleredema of Buschke, and scleredema adultorum, is a rare,

text: self-limiting

text: skin

text: condition defined by progressive thickening and hardening of the skin, usually on the areas of the upper

text: back

text: neck

text: shoulders

text: and

text: face

text: . The skin may also change color to

text: red

text: or

text: orange

text: . The disease was discovered by

text: Abraham Buschke

text: . Although the cause of scleredema is unknown, it is usually associated with a disease, usually

text: diabetes

text: , a

text: viral

text: illness or

text: strep throat

text: . It is usually not fatal, but it may cause death if the disease spreads to the

text: internal organs

text: . It may also cause an infection.

text: GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival.  Nearly every eukaryotic cell, from plants to yeast to humans, expresses a form of the GCL protein for the purpose of synthesizing GSH.  To further highlight the critical nature of this enzyme, genetic knockdown of GCL results in embryonic lethality. Furthermore, dysregulation of GCL enzymatic function and activity is known to be involved in the vast majority of human diseases, such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimers disease, COPD, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. This typically involves impaired function leading to decreased GSH biosynthesis, reduced cellular antioxidant capacity, and the induction of oxidative stress.  However, in cancer, GCL expression and activity is enhanced, which serves to both support the high level of cell proliferation and confer resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents.

text: To address needs of people affected by gluten-related disorders (such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers), some recipes use rice or maize for making pasta. Grain flours may also be supplemented with cooked potatoes.

text: To address needs of people affected by

text: gluten-related disorders

text: (such as

text: coeliac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers), some recipes use rice or

text: maize

text: for making pasta. Grain flours may also be supplemented with cooked potatoes.

text: However, as study sizes increased and D serotypes were described in more detail, the association of these loci moved from the MHC class I loci to the MHC class II loci. Underlying this move was the HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype, a haplotype that is in acute linkage disequilibrium in the European population. This disequilibrium made it appear that A1 and other class I gene-alleles were disease factors, when these alleles were only attached to a long segment of conserved DNA that had disease associated genes on the other end. In at least 2 diseases, the risk of autoimmune disease extends beyond the class II region of the haplotype.

text: However, as study sizes increased and D serotypes were described in more detail, the association of these loci moved from the

text: MHC class I

text: loci to the

text: MHC class II

text: loci. Underlying this move was the

text: HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

text: haplotype, a haplotype that is in acute

text: linkage disequilibrium

text: in the European population. This disequilibrium made it appear that A1 and other class I gene-alleles were disease factors, when these alleles were only attached to a long segment of conserved DNA that had disease associated genes on the other end. In at least 2 diseases, the risk of autoimmune disease extends beyond the class II region of the haplotype.

text: Joslin's associates were chosen to expand his interests in foot salvage for the middle aged diabetic prone to peripheral vascular disease as well as group education for diabetics in the hospital setting (later expanded to include the first nurse educator service and children's diabetic camps. His proteges, including Drs Alexander Marble and Priscilla White. followed his mandate to investigate problems in diabetes and metabolism. Marble who became Joslin's first research director and White created the first "high risk" pregnancy clinic aimed at improving outcomes for infants and problems for the insulin dependent woman during pregnancy and at delivery.

text: Joslin's associates were chosen to expand his interests in foot salvage for the middle aged diabetic prone to peripheral vascular disease as well as group education for diabetics in the hospital setting (later expanded to include the first nurse educator service and children's diabetic camps. His proteges, including Drs Alexander Marble and Priscilla White. followed his mandate to investigate problems in diabetes and metabolism. Marble who became Joslin's first research director and

text: White

text: created the first "high risk" pregnancy clinic aimed at improving outcomes for infants and problems for the insulin dependent woman during pregnancy and at delivery.

text: In diabetes, maintaining a normal blood glucose is essential to preventing many medical complications, including heart attacks, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and also diabetic retinopathy eventually leading to blindness. Most commonly, blood sugars are measured by either blood glucose monitoring which measures the current blood glucose level, or by Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) which measures average glucose levels over approximately 3 months.

text: In

text: diabetes

text: , maintaining a normal

text: blood glucose

text: is essential to preventing many medical complications, including

text: heart attacks

text: diabetic nephropathy

text: diabetic neuropathy

text: and also

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: eventually leading to

text: blindness

text: . Most commonly, blood sugars are measured by either

text: blood glucose monitoring

text: which measures the current blood glucose level, or by

text: Glycated hemoglobin

text: (HbA1c) which measures average glucose levels over approximately 3 months.

text: Diabetes has posed a significant health risk to Native Americans. Type I diabetes does not have a notable correlation to Native Americans, and is rather rare. Type II diabetes is a much more significant problem and is the type of diabetes referred to in the remainder of this section. The prevalence of diabetes began primarily in the middle of the twentieth century and has grown into an epidemic. About 16.3% of Native American adults have been diagnosed with diabetes. Type two diabetes and the complications that follow have gone from being acute infectious diseases to chronic illnesses within Native American and Alaska Native communities. Native Americans and Alaska Natives experience high rates of end-stage renal disease, which is mainly driven by, and directly correlates with, the increase in diabetes within their communities.

text: Diabetes

text: has posed a significant health risk to Native Americans.

text: Type I diabetes

text: does not have a notable correlation to Native Americans, and is rather rare.

text: Type II diabetes

text: is a much more significant problem and is the type of diabetes referred to in the remainder of this section. The prevalence of diabetes began primarily in the middle of the twentieth century and has grown into an epidemic. About 16.3% of Native American adults have been diagnosed with diabetes. Type two diabetes and the complications that follow have gone from being acute infectious diseases to chronic illnesses within Native American and Alaska Native communities. Native Americans and Alaska Natives experience high rates of end-stage renal disease, which is mainly driven by, and directly correlates with, the increase in diabetes within their communities.

text: The disease is classified as either gonococcal urethritis, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. NGU, sometimes called nonspecific urethritis (NSU), has both infectious and noninfectious causes.

text: The disease is classified as either

text: gonococcal urethritis

text: , caused by

text: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

text: , or

text: non-gonococcal urethritis

text: (NGU), most commonly caused by

text: Chlamydia trachomatis

text: . NGU, sometimes called nonspecific urethritis (NSU), has both infectious and noninfectious causes.

text: A number of medical tests to detect disease have been created by UNeMed scientists and include indicators for pancreatic cancer, alcohol liver disease, advanced HIV-1, encephalitis, and human herpes viruses.  Peptide treatments have been discovered which have been shown to prevent and remedy intestinal infections by acting as antimicrobial agents.  In collaboration with the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, an imaging technology for cancer diagnosis and therapy has been developed.  In cooperation with investment firm Allied Minds, a protein purification process has been developed that reduces the production costs of pharmaceuticals such as insulin.

text: A number of medical tests to detect disease have been created by UNeMed scientists and include indicators for

text: pancreatic cancer

text: alcohol liver disease

text: advanced HIV-1

text: encephalitis

text: , and

text: human herpes viruses

text: Peptide

text: treatments have been discovered which have been shown to prevent and remedy intestinal infections by acting as antimicrobial agents.  In collaboration with the

entity_name: Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases

text: Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases

text: , an imaging technology for cancer diagnosis and therapy has been developed.  In cooperation with investment firm

text: Allied Minds

text: , a protein purification process has been developed that reduces the production costs of pharmaceuticals such as insulin.

text: Symptoms of allergy are visible as eczema. This symptom is often justified to be food allergy (e.g. to milk), meanwhile the reason is contact the earring (precisely Ni ions) with Lymphatic system.Ceasing of wearing earrings by children doesn't result in vanishing allergy symptoms. Immune system remembers the presence of Ni ions that existed in someone's blood and lymph. Even though the children ceased wearing earrings, it can appear as an allergic reaction to:

text: Symptoms of allergy are visible as

text: eczema

text: . This symptom is often justified to be

text: food allergy

text: (e.g. to milk), meanwhile the reason is contact the earring (precisely Ni ions) with

text: Lymphatic system

text: .Ceasing of wearing earrings by children doesn't result in vanishing allergy symptoms.

text: Immune system

text: remembers the presence of Ni ions that existed in someone's

text: blood

text: and

text: lymph

text: . Even though the children ceased wearing earrings, it can appear as an allergic reaction to:

text: Practitioners of therapeutic touch state that by placing their hands on, or near, a patient, they are able to detect and manipulate what they say is the patient's energy field. One highly cited study, designed by the then-nine-year-old Emily Rosa and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1998, found that practitioners of therapeutic touch could not detect the presence or absence of a hand placed a few inches above theirs when their vision was obstructed. Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded in their 2008 book Trick or Treatment that "the energy field was probably nothing more than a figment in the imaginations of the healers". The American Cancer Society has noted, "Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that TT can cure cancer or other diseases." A 2014 Cochrane review found no good evidence that it helped with wound healing.

text: Practitioners of therapeutic touch state that by placing their hands on, or near, a patient, they are able to detect and manipulate what they say is the patient's

text: energy field

text: . One highly cited study, designed by the then-nine-year-old

text: Emily Rosa

text: and published in the

text: in 1998, found that practitioners of therapeutic touch could not detect the presence or absence of a hand placed a few inches above theirs when their vision was obstructed.

text: Simon Singh

text: and

text: Edzard Ernst

text: concluded in their 2008 book

text: Trick or Treatment

text: that "the energy field was probably nothing more than a figment in the imaginations of the healers". The

text: American Cancer Society

text: has noted, "Available scientific evidence does not support any claims that TT can cure cancer or other diseases." A 2014 Cochrane review found no good evidence that it helped with wound healing.

text: Within Canada: The OPALS allergy scale was used in the Canadian Urban Allergy Audit, which was conducted in 2012.

text: Within

text: Canada

text: : The OPALS allergy scale was used in the Canadian Urban Allergy Audit, which was conducted in 2012.

text: People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic risk factors, such as HLA-B8. People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with Down and Turner syndromes, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

text: People of African, Japanese and Chinese descent are rarely diagnosed; this reflects a much lower prevalence of the genetic

text: risk factors

text: , such as

text: . People of Indian ancestry seem to have a similar risk to those of Western Caucasian ancestry. Population studies also indicate that a large proportion of coeliacs remain undiagnosed; this is due, in part, to many clinicians being unfamiliar with the condition and also due to the fact it can be asymptomatic. Coeliac disease is slightly more common in women than in men. A large multicentre study in the U.S. found a prevalence of 0.75% in not-at-risk groups, rising to 1.8% in symptomatic people, 2.6% in second-degree relatives (like grandparents, aunt or uncle, grandchildren, etc.) of a person with coeliac disease and 4.5% in first-degree relatives (siblings, parents or children). This profile is similar to the prevalence in Europe. Other populations at increased risk for coeliac disease, with prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10%, include individuals with

text: Down

text: and

text: Turner syndrome

text: s,

text: type 1 diabetes

text: , and autoimmune thyroid disease, including both

text: hyperthyroidism

text: (overactive

text: thyroid

text: ) and

text: hypothyroidism

text: (underactive thyroid).

text: Note that Hailey-Hailey disease, also called familial benign pemphigus, is an inherited (genetic) skin disease, not an autoimmune disease. It is therefore not considered part of the Pemphigus group of diseases.

text: Note that

text: Hailey-Hailey disease

text: , also called familial benign pemphigus, is an inherited (genetic) skin disease, not an autoimmune disease. It is therefore not considered part of the Pemphigus group of diseases.

text: These two sisters are Misery's cousins, who, when both are together, cause a localized ice age. Malady is the one character that is more disease-prone than her cousin, Misery. She apparently suffers from every known disease, ailment, illness, symptom and allergy almost simultaneously, and when asked about them, she runs through all the events and procedures that lead to one injury, which usually lasts hours until the conclusion. Malaise suffers from narcolepsy and can often be seen lying on a couch or bed or even asleep on the floor randomly. She is accompanied by many creatures including a snake, spiders, an octopus, snails and butterflies, which usually attach themselves to the full-body veil she wears. Despite their faults, Misery loves her cousins.

text: These two sisters are Misery's cousins, who, when both are together, cause a localized ice age. Malady is the one character that is more disease-prone than her cousin, Misery. She apparently suffers from every known disease, ailment, illness, symptom and allergy almost simultaneously, and when asked about them, she runs through all the events and procedures that lead to one injury, which usually lasts hours until the conclusion. Malaise suffers from

text: narcolepsy

text: and can often be seen lying on a couch or bed or even asleep on the floor randomly. She is accompanied by many creatures including a snake, spiders, an octopus, snails and butterflies, which usually attach themselves to the full-body veil she wears. Despite their faults, Misery loves her cousins.

text: In botany and agriculture, stunting describes a plant disease that results in dwarfing and loss of vigor. It may be caused by infectious or noninfectious means.

text: In

text: botany

text: and

text: agriculture

text: , stunting describes a

text: plant disease

text: that results in

text: dwarfing

text: and loss of vigor. It may be caused by

text: infectious

text: or noninfectious means.

text: Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. Between 70% and 90% of common cancers are due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable.

text: On September 27, 2010, the Federal Trade Commission issued an administrative complaint against POM Wonderful saying it had made “false and unsubstantiated claims that their products will prevent or treat heart disease, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction.” The complaint is a legal order intended to prevent future law violations by POM Wonderful.

text: On September 27, 2010, the

text: Federal Trade Commission

text: issued an administrative complaint against POM Wonderful saying it had made “false and unsubstantiated claims that their products will prevent or treat heart disease, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction.” The complaint is a legal order intended to prevent future law violations by POM Wonderful.

text: The harms caused by inhalation of poisonous chemicals such as Carbon Monoxide in tobacco smoke include diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancers). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke.

text: The harms caused by inhalation of poisonous chemicals such as

text: Carbon Monoxide

text: in tobacco smoke include diseases affecting the

text: heart

text: and

text: lung

text: s, with smoking being a major risk factor for

text: heart attacks

text: stroke

text: s,

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: emphysema

text: , and

text: cancer

text: (particularly

text: lung cancer

text: cancers of the larynx and mouth

text: , and

text: pancreatic cancers

text: ). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke.

text: Diabetes, in particular, non-insulin dependent diabetes, is prevalent in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations of Australia. As many as 1 in 20 Australians are said to suffer from diabetes, and of this amount, Aboriginals are three times as likely to succumb to this disease, in comparison to non-Aboriginals. In contrast with Type 1 diabetes, which is a predisposed autoimmune condition, Type 2 diabetes or insulin resistant diabetes, is a preventable disease, heavily influenced by a multitude of socioeconomic factors. Sufferers of the disease are consequently more susceptible to chronic health issues, including heart disease and renal failure. Conclusively, this has contributed to the 17 year life expectancy gap between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals and inturn, has led to disparity and inequity of health between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals.

text: Diabetes

text: , in particular, non-insulin dependent diabetes, is prevalent in the

text: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

text: populations of

text: Australia

text: . As many as 1 in 20 Australians are said to suffer from diabetes, and of this amount, Aboriginals are three times as likely to succumb to this disease, in comparison to non-Aboriginals. In contrast with

text: Type 1 diabetes

text: , which is a predisposed autoimmune condition,

text: Type 2 diabetes

text: or insulin resistant diabetes, is a preventable disease, heavily influenced by a multitude of socioeconomic factors. Sufferers of the disease are consequently more susceptible to chronic health issues, including heart disease and renal failure. Conclusively, this has contributed to the 17 year life expectancy gap between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals and inturn, has led to disparity and inequity of health between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals.

text: Dr. Luster received his B.S. degree in 1981 summa cum laude from Duke University and was awarded the prize for the most distinguished graduating biology major.  He then entered an NIH-funded Medical Scientist Training Program, receiving his Ph.D. from Rockefeller University in 1987 and his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College in 1988.  He received the New York State Annual Medical School Research Award for his Ph.D. studies under the mentorship of Jeffrey Ravetch and Zanvil Cohn.  Dr. Luster pursued his residency in medicine and fellowship in infectious diseases at Massachusetts General Hospital, followed by a post-doctoral fellowship in Philip Leder’s laboratory in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School.  In 1994, Luster established his laboratory at MGH, and in 2000, he was appointed Chief of the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, and the Director of the Research Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases.  He is the Persis, Cyrus and Marlow B. Harrison Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and the E. Alexandria and Michael N. Altman Chair in Immunology at Massachusetts General Hospital.

text: Dr. Luster received his B.S. degree in 1981 summa cum laude from

text: Duke University

text: and was awarded the prize for the most distinguished graduating biology major.  He then entered an NIH-funded Medical Scientist Training Program, receiving his Ph.D. from

text: Rockefeller University

text: in 1987 and his M.D. from

text: Cornell University Medical College

text: in 1988.  He received the New York State Annual Medical School Research Award for his Ph.D. studies under the mentorship of

text: Jeffrey Ravetch

text: and Zanvil Cohn.  Dr. Luster pursued his residency in medicine and fellowship in infectious diseases at

text: Massachusetts General Hospital

text: , followed by a post-doctoral fellowship in

text: Philip Leder

text: ’s laboratory in the Department of Genetics at

text: Harvard Medical School

text: .  In 1994, Luster established his laboratory at MGH, and in 2000, he was appointed Chief of the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, and the Director of the Research Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases.  He is the Persis, Cyrus and Marlow B. Harrison Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and the E. Alexandria and Michael N. Altman Chair in Immunology at Massachusetts General Hospital.

text: Basic blood tests can be used to check the concentration of hemoglobin, platelets, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium or phosphate in the blood. All of these may be affected by kidney problems. The serum creatinine concentration can be used to estimate the function of the kidney, called the creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain systemic diseases to kidney failure such as infections (hepatitis B, hepatitis C), autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA vasculitis), paraproteinemias (amyloidosis, multiple myeloma) and metabolic diseases (diabetes, cystinosis).

text: Basic blood tests can be used to check the concentration of

text: hemoglobin

text: platelets

text: , sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,

text: urea

text: creatinine

text: , calcium, magnesium or phosphate in the blood. All of these may be affected by kidney problems. The serum creatinine concentration can be used to estimate the function of the kidney, called the

text: creatinine clearance

text: or estimated

text: glomerular filtration rate

text: (GFR). More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain

text: systemic disease

text: s to kidney failure such as infections (

text: hepatitis B

text: hepatitis C

text: ), autoimmune conditions (

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: ANCA vasculitis

text: paraproteinemias

text: amyloidosis

text: multiple myeloma

text: ) and metabolic diseases (

text: diabetes

text: cystinosis

text: Chromatin remodeling plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by providing the transcription machinery with dynamic access to an otherwise tightly packaged genome. Further, nucleosome movement by chromatin remodelers is essential to several important biological processes, including chromosome assembly and segregation, DNA replication and repair, embryonic development and pluripotency, and cell-cycle progression. Deregulation of chromatin remodeling causes loss of transcriptional regulation at these critical check-points required for proper cellular functions, and thus causes various disease syndromes, including cancer.

text: Cancer is a complicated disease that is not well understood. Some researchers are investigating the possible role of copper in angiogenesis associated with different types of cancers.  A copper chelator, tetrathiomolybdate, which depletes copper stores in the body, is under investigation as an anti-angiogenic agent in pilot and clinical trials. The drug may inhibit tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamos cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and kidney cancer. The copper complex of a synthetic salicylaldehyde pyrazole hydrazone (SPH) derivative induced human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis and showed anti-angiogenesis effect in vitro.

text: Cancer

text: is a complicated disease that is not well understood. Some researchers are investigating the possible role of copper in

text: angiogenesis

text: associated with different types of cancers.  A copper chelator,

text: tetrathiomolybdate

text: , which depletes copper stores in the body, is under investigation as an anti-angiogenic agent in pilot and clinical trials. The drug may inhibit tumor angiogenesis in

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: , pleural

text: mesothelioma

text: colorectal cancer

text: , head and neck

text: squamos cell carcinoma

text: breast cancer

text: , and

text: kidney cancer

text: . The copper complex of a synthetic salicylaldehyde pyrazole hydrazone (SPH) derivative induced human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis and showed anti-angiogenesis effect in vitro.

text: autoimmune diseases, and diseases of unknown cause that result in symptoms due to immune related mechanisms.

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, and diseases of unknown cause that result in symptoms due to immune related mechanisms.

text: The test is also used to determine whether metal allergy is a factor behind chronic diseases such as chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. The authors hypothesize that if the immune system is constantly staging an allergic reaction to a metal present in the body, this will alert the HPA axis inducing fatigue-like symptoms. A study of 930 fatigue patients showed 62% testing MELISA-positive to metal allergy. Of those who removed the offending metals, 76%  improved, but there was no placebo control. Metal allergy is not recognized by scientists as an accepted cause of chronic fatigue syndrome or multiple sclerosis.

text: The test is also used to determine whether metal allergy is a factor behind chronic diseases such as

text: chronic fatigue syndrome

text: and

text: multiple sclerosis

text: . The authors hypothesize that if the immune system is constantly staging an allergic reaction to a metal present in the body, this will alert the

text: HPA axis

text: inducing fatigue-like symptoms. A study of 930 fatigue patients showed 62% testing MELISA-positive to metal allergy. Of those who removed the offending metals, 76%  improved, but there was no placebo control. Metal allergy is not recognized by scientists as an accepted cause of

text: chronic fatigue syndrome

text: or

text: multiple sclerosis

text: Lifestyle diseases (also sometimes called diseases of longevity or diseases of civilization interchangeably) are defined as diseases linked with the way people live their life. This is commonly caused by alcohol, drug and smoking abuse as well as lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating.  Diseases that impact on our lifestyle are heart disease, stroke, obesity and type II diabetes. The diseases that appear to the increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer. They can include Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, metabolic syndrome, chronic renal failure, osteoporosis, stroke, depression, and obesity. In the U.K the death rate is four times higher from respiratory disease caused by an unhealthy lifestyle

text: Lifestyle diseases (also sometimes called diseases of longevity or diseases of civilization interchangeably) are defined as diseases linked with the way people live their life. This is commonly caused by

text: alcohol

text: drug

text: and

text: smoking

text: abuse as well as lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating.  Diseases that impact on our lifestyle are heart disease, stroke, obesity and type II diabetes. The

text: disease

text: s that appear to the increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer. They can include

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: arthritis

text: atherosclerosis

text: asthma

text: cancer

text: chronic liver disease

text: or

text: cirrhosis

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: type 2 diabetes

text: heart disease

text: metabolic syndrome

text: chronic renal failure

text: osteoporosis

text: stroke

text: depression

text: , and

text: obesity

text: . In the U.K the death rate is four times higher from respiratory disease caused by an unhealthy lifestyle

text: The major outcomes of interest for the OS were coronary heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, osteoporotic fractures, diabetes, and total mortality. Given the size and diversity of the cohort, taken together with the data and specimen collection being undertaken, it was expected that this cohort could yield insights into a variety of hypotheses, as well as generate new hypotheses with respect to disease etiology in women.

text: The major outcomes of interest for the OS were coronary heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, osteoporotic fractures,

text: diabetes

text: , and total mortality. Given the size and diversity of the cohort, taken together with the data and specimen collection being undertaken, it was expected that this cohort could yield insights into a variety of hypotheses, as well as generate new hypotheses with respect to disease etiology in women.

text: “When it comes to cancer prevention, everyone thinks of the so-called early detection, but there is a prevention that can be done upstream, trying not to limit the damage of the disease by early diagnosis, but rather to avoid the emergence of cancer by preventing exposure to substances that cause it. Primary prevention is concerned with this: to do research on natural or synthetic substances to understand which are carcinogenic and, once identified, to suggest to the health authorities of public health measures to remove them from circulation. It is a strategy that protects all – so the rich as the poor - but unfortunately it is neglected by scientists, politicians and health authorities”.

text: Tenesmus is characterized by a sensation of needing to pass stool, accompanied by pain, cramping, and straining. Despite straining, little stool is passed.  Tenesmus is generally associated with inflammatory diseases of the bowel, which may be caused by either infectious or noninfectious conditions. Conditions associated with tenesmus include:

text: es (viruses that can cause cancer) include human papillomavirus (cervical cancer), Epstein–Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. Parasitic infections associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).

text: es (viruses that can cause cancer) include

text: human papillomavirus

text: cervical cancer

text: Epstein–Barr virus

text: B-cell lymphoproliferative disease

text: and

text: nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus

text: Kaposi's sarcoma

text: and primary effusion lymphomas),

text: hepatitis B

text: and

text: hepatitis C

text: viruses (

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: ) and

text: human T-cell leukemia virus-1

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: -induced

text: gastric carcinoma

text: . Parasitic infections associated with cancer include

text: Schistosoma haematobium

text: squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

text: ) and the

text: liver fluke

text: s,

text: Opisthorchis viverrini

text: and

text: Clonorchis sinensis

text: cholangiocarcinoma

text: The increasing focus on Women's Rights in the United States during the 1980s focused attention on the fact that many drugs being prescribed for women had never actually been tested in women of child-bearing potential, and that there was a relative paucity of basic research into women's health. In response to this the National Institutes of Health (NIH) created the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) in 1990 to address these inequities. In 1993 the National Institutes of Health Revitalisation Act officially reversed US policy by requiring NIH funded phase III clinical trials to include women. This resulted in an increase in women recruited into research studies. The next phase was the specific funding of large scale epidemiology studies and clinical trials focussing on women's health such as the Women's Health Initiative (1991), the largest disease prevention study conducted in the US. Its role was to study the major causes of death, disability and frailty in older women. Despite this apparent progress, women remain underepresented. In 2006 women accounted for less than 25% of clinical trials published in 2004, A follow up study by the same authors five years later found little evidence of improvement. Another study found between 10–47% of women in heart disease clinical trials, despite the prevalence of heart disease in women. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death amongst women, but while the number of women enrolled in lung cancer studies is increasing, they are still far less likely to be enrolled than men.

text: The increasing focus on

text: Women's Rights

text: in the United States during the 1980s focused attention on the fact that many drugs being prescribed for women had never actually been tested in women of child-bearing potential, and that there was a relative paucity of basic research into women's health. In response to this the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: (NIH) created the

entity_name: List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health

text: Office of Research on Women's Health

text: (ORWH) in 1990 to address these inequities. In 1993 the National Institutes of Health Revitalisation Act officially reversed US policy by requiring NIH funded

text: phase III clinical trials

text: to include women. This resulted in an increase in women recruited into research studies. The next phase was the specific funding of large scale epidemiology studies and clinical trials focussing on women's health such as the

text: Women's Health Initiative

text: (1991), the largest disease prevention study conducted in the US. Its role was to study the major causes of death, disability and frailty in older women. Despite this apparent progress, women remain underepresented. In 2006 women accounted for less than 25% of clinical trials published in 2004, A follow up study by the same authors five years later found little evidence of improvement. Another study found between 10–47% of women in heart disease clinical trials, despite the prevalence of heart disease in women. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death amongst women, but while the number of women enrolled in lung cancer studies is increasing, they are still far less likely to be enrolled than men.

text: Various interventional therapies exist to treat cancer. Tumor type, size, extent of disease, operator experience, and involvement of anatomical structures all factor into deciding which therapy is most appropriate. Some therapies, such as transarterial chemoembolization, block the blood supply to tumors. Other techniques--radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, cryoablation, Irreversible electroporation(IRE), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)—directly damage the cancerous tissue. All of these treatments are delivered locally, minimizing damage to nearby tissue and avoiding the systemic side-effects of chemotherapy. Depending on cancer type, extent of disease, and patient characteristics, these therapies may be useful as adjuncts to surgical or medical therapies.

text: Various interventional therapies exist to treat cancer. Tumor type, size, extent of disease, operator experience, and involvement of anatomical structures all factor into deciding which therapy is most appropriate. Some therapies, such as

text: transarterial chemoembolization

text: , block the blood supply to tumors. Other techniques--

text: radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

text: microwave ablation

text: cryoablation

text: Irreversible electroporation

text: (IRE)

text: , and

text: high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)

text: —directly damage the cancerous tissue. All of these treatments are delivered locally, minimizing damage to nearby tissue and avoiding the systemic side-effects of chemotherapy. Depending on cancer type, extent of disease, and patient characteristics, these therapies may be useful as adjuncts to surgical or medical therapies.

text: Wira is a member of the Society for Mucosal Immunology, American Society for Reproductive Immunology (ASRI), American Society for Microbiology, and the International Society for Immunology of Reproduction (ISIR). He was the president of ASRI (2008–2010) and is currently the president of ISIR (2015–2017). He has received numerous awards, including an NIH MERIT Award and the ASRI Distinguished Investigator Award in Reproductive Immunology. Wira is an advisor to NIH, including NIH Women, Girls, and HIV/AIDS Group, NIH Planning Group for HIV-related research; Women and Girls Planning Group; and the OAR Microbicides Planning Group. He has worked with NIH to organize international meetings sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases on prevention of HIV transmission and mucosal immunity in the male and female reproductive tract in Hanover, NH.

text: Wira is a member of the Society for Mucosal Immunology, American Society for Reproductive Immunology (ASRI),

text: American Society for Microbiology

text: , and the International Society for Immunology of Reproduction (ISIR). He was the president of ASRI (2008–2010) and is currently the president of ISIR (2015–2017). He has received numerous awards, including an

text: NIH MERIT Award

text: and the ASRI Distinguished Investigator Award in Reproductive Immunology. Wira is an advisor to NIH, including NIH Women, Girls, and HIV/AIDS Group, NIH Planning Group for HIV-related research; Women and Girls Planning Group; and the OAR Microbicides Planning Group. He has worked with NIH to organize international meetings sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases on prevention of HIV transmission and mucosal immunity in the male and female reproductive tract in Hanover, NH.

text: One of the active ingredients is PPD, p-Phenylenediamine, which can cause a reaction in some people. Studies have shown that less than 5% of the population may experience some allergy, which can range from minor irritation, rashes and swelling to burning, though severe reactions are rare.  Manufacturer directions instruct users to do a 48-hour skin allergy test prior to use to detect and avoid any reactions. PPD was voted Allergen of the Year in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.  Henna based products are a non-permanent alternative, though come with similar allergy risks of their own.

text: One of the active ingredients is PPD,

text: p-Phenylenediamine

text: , which can cause a reaction in some people. Studies have shown that less than 5% of the population may experience some allergy, which can range from minor irritation, rashes and swelling to burning, though severe reactions are rare.  Manufacturer directions instruct users to do a 48-hour skin allergy test prior to use to detect and avoid any reactions. PPD was voted

text: Allergen of the Year

text: in 2006 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.

text: Henna

text: based products are a non-permanent alternative, though come with similar allergy risks of their own.

text: Some people develop a hypersensitivity to products and foods containing iodine. Applications of tincture of iodine or Betadine can cause rashes, sometimes severe. Parenteral use of iodine-based contrast agents (see above) can cause reactions ranging from a mild rash to fatal anaphylaxis. Such reactions have led to the misconception (widely held, even among physicians) that some people are allergic to iodine itself; even allergies to iodine-rich seafood have been so construed. In fact, there has never been a confirmed report of a true iodine allergy, and an allergy to elemental iodine or simple iodide salts is theoretically impossible. Hypersensitivity reactions to products and foods containing iodine are apparently related to their other molecular components; thus, a person who has demonstrated an allergy to one food or product containing iodine may not be have an allergic reaction to another. Patients with various food allergies (shellfish, egg, milk, etc.) or asthma are more likely to suffer reactions to contrast media containing iodine.  As with all medications, the patient's allergy history should be questioned and consulted before any containing iodine are administered.

text: Some people develop a

text: hypersensitivity

text: to products and foods containing iodine. Applications of tincture of iodine or Betadine can cause rashes, sometimes severe.

text: Parenteral

text: use of iodine-based contrast agents (see above) can cause reactions ranging from a mild rash to fatal

text: anaphylaxis

text: . Such reactions have led to the misconception (widely held, even among physicians) that some people are allergic to iodine itself; even allergies to iodine-rich seafood have been so construed. In fact, there has never been a confirmed report of a true iodine allergy, and an allergy to elemental iodine or simple iodide salts is theoretically impossible. Hypersensitivity reactions to products and foods containing iodine are apparently related to their other molecular components; thus, a person who has demonstrated an allergy to one food or product containing iodine may not be have an allergic reaction to another. Patients with various food allergies (shellfish, egg, milk, etc.) or asthma are more likely to suffer reactions to contrast media containing iodine.  As with all medications, the patient's allergy history should be questioned and consulted before any containing iodine are administered.

text: Additionally, magnesium supplementation is a promising potential treatment for XMEN.  One of the consequences of loss of MAGT1 function is a decreased level of unbound intracellular Mg2+.  This decrease leads to loss of expression of an immune cell receptor called NKG2D, which is involved in EBV-immunity.  Remarkably, Mg2+ supplementation can restore NKG2D expression and other functions that are abnormal in patients with XMEN.  Early evidence suggests continuous oral magnesium threonate supplementation is safe and well tolerated.  Nonetheless, further research is needed to evaluate the use of Mg2+ as a treatment for XMEN.  It remains unclear if such supplementation will protect against the development of lymphoma in patients with XMEN.  Investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the US National Institutes of Health currently have clinical protocols to study new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

text: Additionally, magnesium supplementation is a promising potential treatment for XMEN.  One of the consequences of loss of MAGT1 function is a decreased level of unbound intracellular Mg2+.  This decrease leads to loss of expression of an immune cell receptor called

text: , which is involved in EBV-immunity.  Remarkably, Mg2+ supplementation can restore NKG2D expression and other functions that are abnormal in patients with XMEN.  Early evidence suggests continuous oral

text: magnesium threonate

text: supplementation is safe and well tolerated.  Nonetheless, further research is needed to evaluate the use of Mg2+ as a treatment for XMEN.  It remains unclear if such supplementation will protect against the development of lymphoma in patients with XMEN.  Investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the US National Institutes of Health currently have clinical protocols to study new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

text: Worldwide efforts on many levels are underway to understand pancreatic cancer, but progress has been slow, particularly into understanding the disease's causes. There are several fundamental unanswered questions.  The nature of the changes that lead to the disease are being intensely investigated, such as the roles played by genes such as KRAS and p53. A key question is the timing of events as the disease develops and progresses – particularly the role of diabetes, and how and when the disease spreads.

text: While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a wheat allergy. Other diseases triggered by eating gluten are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population), gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis.

text: While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a

text: wheat allergy

text: . Other diseases

text: triggered by eating gluten

text: are

text: non-coeliac gluten sensitivity

text: , (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population),

text: gluten ataxia

text: and

text: dermatitis herpetiformis

text: Koniks today are bred either in barns or open reserves and under human guidance. The Konik was bred for a larger shoulder height in past decades, to improve its value as a working horse. A more graceful appearance, especially of the head, was established, as well. Black and sorrel horses have been largely selected out, but still appear on occasion, as do white markings.  The simultaneous management of Koniks in both barns and reserves made it possible to compare the health and behaviour of the horses under different circumstances. For example, hoof diseases and hay allergies are more common in Koniks raised in barns than in reserves.

text: Koniks today are bred either in barns or open reserves and under human guidance. The Konik was bred for a larger shoulder height in past decades, to improve its value as a working horse. A more graceful appearance, especially of the head, was established, as well. Black and sorrel horses have been largely selected out, but still appear on occasion, as do

text: white markings

text: .  The simultaneous management of Koniks in both barns and reserves made it possible to compare the health and behaviour of the horses under different circumstances. For example, hoof diseases and hay allergies are more common in Koniks raised in barns than in reserves.

text: Another type of allergens are urushiol, a resin produced by poison ivy and poison oak, which causes the skin rash condition known as urushiol-induced contact dermatitis by changing a skin cell's configuration so that it is no longer recognized by the immune system as part of the body. Various trees and wood products such as paper, cardboard, MDF etc. can also cause mild to severe allergy symptoms through touch or inhalation of sawdust such as asthma and skin rash.

text: Another type of allergens are

text: urushiol

text: , a resin produced by

text: poison ivy

text: and

text: poison oak

text: , which causes the skin rash condition known as

text: urushiol-induced contact dermatitis

text: by changing a skin cell's configuration so that it is no longer recognized by the immune system as part of the body. Various trees and wood products such as paper, cardboard, MDF etc. can also cause mild to severe allergy symptoms through touch or inhalation of sawdust such as asthma and skin rash.

text: Viruses are an established cause of cancer in humans and other species. Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons (or animals). Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families, including both RNA and DNA viruses, and so there is no single type of "oncovirus" (an obsolete term originally used for acutely transforming retroviruses). The development of cancer is determined by a variety of factors such as host immunity and mutations in the host. Viruses accepted to cause human cancers include some genotypes of human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and human T-lymphotropic virus. The most recently discovered human cancer virus is a polyomavirus (Merkel cell polyomavirus) that causes most cases of a rare form of skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma.Hepatitis viruses can develop into a chronic viral infection that leads to liver cancer. Infection by human T-lymphotropic virus can lead to tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukaemia. Human papillomaviruses are an established cause of cancers of cervix, skin, anus, and penis. Within the Herpesviridae, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus causes Kaposi's sarcoma and body-cavity lymphoma, and Epstein–Barr virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, B lymphoproliferative disorder, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to SV40 and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer viruses for over 50 years.

text: Viruses are an established cause of

text: cancer

text: in humans and other species. Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons (or animals). Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families, including both RNA and DNA viruses, and so there is no single type of "

text: oncovirus

text: " (an obsolete term originally used for acutely transforming retroviruses). The development of cancer is determined by a variety of factors such as host immunity and mutations in the host. Viruses accepted to cause human cancers include some genotypes of

text: human papillomavirus

text: hepatitis B virus

text: hepatitis C virus

text: Epstein–Barr virus

text: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

text: and

text: human T-lymphotropic virus

text: . The most recently discovered human cancer virus is a polyomavirus (

text: Merkel cell polyomavirus

text: ) that causes most cases of a rare form of skin cancer called

text: Merkel cell carcinoma

text: .Hepatitis viruses can develop into a chronic viral infection that leads to

text: liver cancer

text: . Infection by human T-lymphotropic virus can lead to

text: tropical spastic paraparesis

text: and

text: adult T-cell leukaemia

text: . Human papillomaviruses are an established cause of cancers of

text: cervix

text: , skin,

text: anus

text: , and

text: penis

text: . Within the

text: Herpesviridae

text: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

text: causes

text: Kaposi's sarcoma

text: and

text: body-cavity lymphoma

text: , and Epstein–Barr virus causes

text: Burkitt's lymphoma

text: Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: B

text: lymphoproliferative disorder

text: , and

text: nasopharyngeal carcinoma

text: . Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to

text: and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer viruses for over 50 years.

text: Pierre Chaloppes (played by Özz Nûjen) works as bellhop at the hotel. He has hard dog-allergy. Riita (played by Ellen Mattsson), who is the hotel's chef, helps him with his allergy.

text: Pierre Chaloppes (played by

text: Özz Nûjen

text: ) works as

text: bellhop

text: at the hotel. He has hard dog-allergy. Riita (played by

text: Ellen Mattsson

text: ), who is the hotel's

text: chef

text: , helps him with his allergy.

text: In his student days, Dobson worked with William Cullen at Glasgow University on evaporation. In 1775 Dobson for the first time identified as a sugar the sweet substance in the urine of patients suffering from diabetes. He published his work as Experiments and Observations on the Urine in Diabetics (1776). It did not have a major clinical impact, the findings being still debated until the work of George Owen Rees in the middle of the 19th century. Dobson observed the sweet taste of the blood of diabetics (caused by hyperglycemia), and argued that the disease was not located in the kidneys, as was believed at the time. Initial use of specialised diets by physicians was not very successful. John Rollo cited Dobson in his research of the late 1790s, and established principles of a diabetic diet.

text: In his student days, Dobson worked with

text: William Cullen

text: at

text: Glasgow University

text: on

text: evaporation

text: . In 1775 Dobson for the first time identified as a sugar the sweet substance in the

text: urine

text: of patients suffering from

text: diabetes

text: . He published his work as Experiments and Observations on the Urine in Diabetics (1776). It did not have a major clinical impact, the findings being still debated until the work of

text: George Owen Rees

text: in the middle of the 19th century. Dobson observed the sweet taste of the blood of diabetics (caused by

text: hyperglycemia

text: ), and argued that the disease was not located in the

text: kidneys

text: , as was believed at the time. Initial use of specialised diets by physicians was not very successful.

text: John Rollo

text: cited Dobson in his research of the late 1790s, and established principles of a

text: diabetic diet

text: Any medical causes for these symptoms must be ruled out. Medical diagnoses that may contribute to these symptoms include thyroid disorders, Cushing's disease, diabetes, kidney disease, musculoskeletal disease, cancer, liver problems, and sensory loss. Also, behavioral problems in dogs may be factors that influence these symptoms (i.e. lack of housetraining, lack of social interaction, separation anxiety, phobias, aggression and compulsive disorders).

text: Any medical causes for these symptoms must be ruled out. Medical diagnoses that may contribute to these symptoms include

text: thyroid disorders

text: Cushing's disease

text: , diabetes, kidney disease, musculoskeletal disease, cancer, liver problems, and sensory loss. Also, behavioral problems in dogs may be factors that influence these symptoms (i.e. lack of housetraining, lack of social interaction, separation anxiety,

text: phobias

text: , aggression and compulsive disorders).

text: Although the infectious disease threat in the United States remains relatively modest as compared to that of noninfectious diseases, the trend is up. Annual infectious disease-related death rates in the United States have nearly doubled to some 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980. Many infectious diseases—most recently, the West Nile virus—originate outside U.S. borders and are introduced by international travelers, immigrants, returning U.S. military personnel, or imported animals and foodstuffs. In the opinion of the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the next major infectious disease threat to the United States may be, like HIV, a previously unrecognized pathogen. Barring that, the most dangerous known infectious diseases likely to threaten the United States over the next two decades will be HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and new, more lethal variants of influenza. Hospital-acquired infectionsand foodborne illnesses also will pose a threat.

text: Although the infectious disease threat in the United States remains relatively modest as compared to that of noninfectious diseases, the trend is up. Annual infectious disease-related death rates in the United States have nearly doubled to some 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980. Many infectious diseases—most recently, the

text: West Nile virus

text: —originate outside U.S. borders and are introduced by international travelers, immigrants, returning U.S. military personnel, or imported animals and foodstuffs. In the opinion of the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the next major infectious disease threat to the United States may be, like HIV, a previously unrecognized pathogen. Barring that, the most dangerous known infectious diseases likely to threaten the United States over the next two decades will be

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: hepatitis C

text: tuberculosis

text: , and new, more lethal variants of

text: influenza

text: . Hospital-acquired infectionsand

text: foodborne illness

text: es also will pose a threat.

text: However, there is significant upregulation of FADD in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It is not yet clear what advantage this has on the cancer cells, but given FADDs roles in cell cycle regulation and cell survival, it likely that it may be related to this.There are also elevated levels of FADD in non small cell lung cancer. FADD can be used as a prognosis marker for both of these diseases, with high levels of FADD being correlated with poor outcome.

text: However, there is significant upregulation of FADD in

text: head and neck

text: squamous cell carcinoma

text: . It is not yet clear what advantage this has on the cancer cells, but given FADDs roles in cell cycle regulation and cell survival, it likely that it may be related to this.There are also elevated levels of FADD in

text: non small cell lung cancer

text: . FADD can be used as a

text: prognosis

text: marker for both of these diseases, with high levels of FADD being correlated with poor outcome.

text: Over a century earlier, an attempt to colonize Junior had failed. After nearly two years on the planet, all 1,337 colonists had died for reasons unknown. The scientists of the Triple G. and Annuncio have the mission to find out what killed them. For the first two weeks after landing, everyone remains aboard while the scientists take readings. After Rodriguez, the expedition's microbiologist, declares that the local life forms are noninfectious, a handful of scientists, plus Annuncio, travel to the original site of the colony.

text: Over a century earlier, an attempt to colonize Junior had failed. After nearly two years on the planet, all 1,337 colonists had died for reasons unknown. The scientists of the Triple G. and Annuncio have the mission to find out what killed them. For the first two weeks after landing, everyone remains aboard while the scientists take readings. After Rodriguez, the expedition's

text: microbiologist

text: , declares that the local life forms are

text: noninfectious

text: , a handful of scientists, plus Annuncio, travel to the original site of the colony.

text: Allergy to ficus plants develops over time and from exposure. The allergy was first observed in occupational settings amongst workers who regularly handled the plants. A study of workers at four plant-leasing firms showed that 27% of the workers had developed antibodies in response to exposure to the plants.

text: The fundamental cause of cancer is the inability for a cell to regulate its gene expression. To characterise a specific type of cancer, the proteins that are produced from the altered gene expression or the mRNA precursor to the protein can be examined. CGAP works to associate a particular cell's expression profile, molecular signature or transcriptome, which is essentially the cell's fingerprint, with the cell's phenotype. Therefore, expression profiles exist with consideration to cancer type and stage of progression.

text: The fundamental cause of cancer is the inability for a cell to regulate its gene expression. To characterise a specific type of cancer, the proteins that are produced from the altered gene expression or the mRNA precursor to the protein can be examined. CGAP works to associate a particular cell's

text: expression profile

text: , molecular signature or

text: transcriptome

text: , which is essentially the cell's fingerprint, with the cell's phenotype. Therefore, expression profiles exist with consideration to cancer type and stage of progression.

text: Risedronic acid (INN) often used as its sodium salt risedronate sodium (USAN) is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Paget's disease of bone. It is produced and marketed by Warner Chilcott, Sanofi-Aventis, and in Japan by Takeda under the trade names Actonel, Atelvia, and Benet. It is also available in a preparation that includes a calcium carbonate supplement, as Actonel with Calcium.

text: Risedronic acid (

text: INN

text: ) often used as its sodium salt risedronate sodium (

text: USAN

text: ) is a

text: bisphosphonate

text: used to strengthen

text: bone

text: , treat or prevent

text: osteoporosis

text: , and treat

text: Paget's disease

text: of bone. It is produced and marketed by

text: Warner Chilcott

text: Sanofi-Aventis

text: , and in Japan by

text: Takeda

text: under the trade names Actonel, Atelvia, and Benet. It is also available in a preparation that includes a calcium carbonate supplement, as Actonel with Calcium.

text: The American Cancer Society’s estimates that there will be approximately 50,000 deaths from colorectal cancer in 2009. Discounting skin cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer found in men and women in the United States.Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cancer killer in the United States with 150,000 Americans expected to be diagnosed this year. It is also one of the only cancer types that is often preventable through screening. Men and women should start to be screened yearly at age 50, and for those with a family history of the disease, screenings should begin earlier.

text: The

text: American Cancer Society’s

text: estimates that there will be approximately 50,000 deaths from

text: colorectal cancer

text: in 2009. Discounting skin cancers,

text: colorectal cancer

text: is the third most common cancer found in men and women in the United States.Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cancer killer in the United States with 150,000 Americans expected to be diagnosed this year. It is also one of the only cancer types that is often preventable through screening. Men and women should start to be screened yearly at age 50, and for those with a family history of the disease, screenings should begin earlier.

text: It is believed that the water of the cave cures diabetes and stomach diseases.

text: It is believed that the water of the cave cures

text: diabetes

text: and

text: stomach diseases

text: Overexpression of ABCA1 has been reported to induce resistance to the anti-inflammatory diarylheptanoid antioxidant curcumin.Downregulation of ABCA1 in senescent macrophages disrupts the cell's ability to remove cholesterol from its cytosoplasm, leading the cells to promote the pathologic atherogenesis (blood vessel thickening/hardening) which "plays a central role in common age-associated diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and macular degeneration" Knockout mouse models of AMD treated with agonists that increase ABCA1 in loss of function and gain of function experiments demonstrated the protective role of elevating ABCA1 in regulating angiogenesis in eye disease. Human data from patients and controls were used to demonstrate the translation of mouse findings in human disease.

text: Overexpression of ABCA1 has been reported to induce resistance to the anti-inflammatory

text: diarylheptanoid

text: antioxidant

text: curcumin

text: .Downregulation of ABCA1 in senescent macrophages disrupts the cell's ability to remove cholesterol from its cytosoplasm, leading the cells to promote the pathologic

text: atherogenesis

text: (blood vessel thickening/hardening) which "plays a central role in common age-associated diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and macular degeneration" Knockout mouse models of

text: AMD

text: treated with agonists that increase ABCA1 in loss of function and gain of function experiments demonstrated the protective role of elevating ABCA1 in regulating

text: angiogenesis

text: in eye disease. Human data from patients and controls were used to demonstrate the translation of mouse findings in human disease.

text: The cause is generally unknown. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus run in families, and certain cases may be triggered by infections or other environmental factors. Some common autoimmune disease include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Graves disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The diagnosis can be difficult to determine.

text: The cause is generally unknown. Some autoimmune diseases such as

text: lupus

text: run in families, and certain cases may be triggered by

text: infection

text: s or other environmental factors. Some common autoimmune disease include

text: celiac disease

text: diabetes mellitus type 1

text: Graves disease

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: multiple sclerosis

text: psoriasis

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: , and

text: systemic lupus erythematosus

text: . The diagnosis can be difficult to determine.

text: As spelt contains a moderate amount of gluten, it is suitable for baking, but this component also makes it unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers. In comparison to hard red winter wheat, spelt has a more soluble protein matrix characterized by a higher gliadin:glutenin ratio.

text: As spelt contains a moderate amount of

text: gluten

text: , it is suitable for

text: baking

text: , but this component also makes it unsuitable for people with

text: gluten-related disorders

text: , such as

text: celiac disease

text: non-celiac gluten sensitivity

text: and

text: wheat allergy

text: sufferers. In comparison to hard red

text: winter wheat

text: , spelt has a more soluble protein matrix characterized by a higher

text: gliadin

text: glutenin

text: ratio.

text: Kapp worked extensively in the field of in vitro diagnostics of allergic diseases. However, his main research interest lies in the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. His main focus in allergy research is in the field of insect allergies and allergic rhinitis, particularly the specific immunotherapy of these diseases, as well as diagnostic and treatment of urticarial. Genetics, diagnostic and treatment of malignant skin tumours are also in the focus of his scientific work. Kapp participated in the development of many national and European guidelines on allergy. He was clinical investigator in various clinical studies as well as study director of national and European clinical multicenter studies in the field of dermatology and allergy as well as conductor and coordinator of various in vitro studies in the field of inflammation research and allergy.

text: Kapp worked extensively in the field of

text: in vitro diagnostics

text: of allergic diseases. However, his main research interest lies in the

text: pathophysiology

text: of inflammatory skin diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. His main focus in allergy research is in the field of insect allergies and allergic

text: rhinitis

text: , particularly the specific immunotherapy of these diseases, as well as diagnostic and treatment of

text: urticarial

text: . Genetics, diagnostic and treatment of malignant skin tumours are also in the focus of his scientific work. Kapp participated in the development of many national and European guidelines on allergy. He was clinical investigator in various clinical studies as well as study director of national and European clinical multicenter studies in the field of dermatology and allergy as well as conductor and coordinator of various in vitro studies in the field of inflammation research and allergy.

text: In his initial studies during the early 1990’ Yirmiya demonstrated that psychoactive drugs, particularly alcohol and opiates, modulate immune functioning and resistance to cancer via brain-to-immune communication pathways.After establishing his laboratory in Jerusalem Yirmiya focused on the implications of immune-to-brain signaling and using animal models of various infectious, autoimmune and neurological diseases he established the relationships between brain inflammatory cytokines and sickness behavior symptoms. He is specifically known for providing the first experimental evidence for a relationship between immune activation and major depression.His contribution was described in a historical review by Robert Dantzer and Keith Kelly,Who stated: “Raz Yirmiya was the first psychobiologist to draw the analogy between sickness behavior and depression. He showed that rats treated with cytokines are less sensitive to the rewarding properties of a saccharin solution or to the presentation of a sexually-active partner. Some of these deficits can be prevented by chronic but not acute administration of antidepressant drugs that have little or no beneficial effects on sickness behavior.” In parallel studies, Yirmiya employed unique controlled and prospective experimental models of disease in humans, demonstrating that immune challenges, such as endotoxin administration, rubella vaccination or minor surgery, induce cytokine-mediated disturbances in behavioral, emotional and cognitive functions.Together, these studies directly contributed to the formation of novel conceptualizations and the development of clinically effective treatments for inflammation-associated major depression.

text: In his initial studies during the early 1990’ Yirmiya demonstrated that

text: psychoactive drugs

text: , particularly

text: alcohol

text: and

text: opiates

text: , modulate immune functioning and resistance to

text: cancer

text: via brain-to-immune communication pathways.After establishing his laboratory in Jerusalem Yirmiya focused on the implications of immune-to-brain signaling and using

text: animal model

text: s of various

text: infectious

text: autoimmune

text: and

text: neurological

text: diseases he established the relationships between brain inflammatory cytokines and sickness behavior symptoms. He is specifically known for providing the first experimental evidence for a relationship between immune activation and major depression.His contribution was described in a historical review by Robert Dantzer and Keith Kelly,Who stated: “Raz Yirmiya was the first

text: psychobiologist

text: to draw the analogy between sickness behavior and depression. He showed that rats treated with cytokines are less sensitive to the rewarding properties of a

text: saccharin

text: solution or to the presentation of a sexually-active partner. Some of these deficits can be prevented by chronic but not acute administration of

text: antidepressant drugs

text: that have little or no beneficial effects on sickness behavior.” In parallel studies, Yirmiya employed unique controlled and prospective experimental

text: models of disease

text: in humans, demonstrating that immune challenges, such as

text: endotoxin

text: administration,

text: rubella vaccination

text: or minor

text: surgery

text: , induce cytokine-mediated disturbances in behavioral, emotional and cognitive functions.Together, these studies directly contributed to the formation of novel conceptualizations and the development of clinically effective treatments for inflammation-associated major depression.

text: As demonstrated in the Table below, individuals with stage III and IV disease have a significant risk of dying from thyroid cancer. While many present with widely metastatic disease, an equal number evolve over years and decades from stage I or II disease. Physicians who manage thyroid cancer of any stage recognize that a small percentage of patients with low-risk thyroid cancer will progress to metastatic disease.

text: In small-cell lung carcinoma, the TNM classification is often used along with an additional categorization, the Veterans Administration Lung Cancer Study Group system.  The VA scheme has two stages. Limited-stage disease is confined to an area that is tolerably treated by one radiotherapy area ("port"), but excludes cancers with pleural and pericardial effusions. All other small-cell lung cancers are extensive-stage in this scheme. There has been some drift over time in what this definition means.

text: In

text: small-cell lung carcinoma

text: , the TNM classification is often used along with an additional categorization, the Veterans Administration Lung Cancer Study Group system.  The VA scheme has two stages. Limited-stage disease is confined to an area that is tolerably treated by one

text: radiotherapy

text: area ("port"), but excludes cancers with pleural and pericardial effusions. All other small-cell lung cancers are extensive-stage in this scheme. There has been some drift over time in what this definition means.

text: Deficiencies in homologous recombination have been strongly linked to cancer formation in humans. For example, each of the cancer-related diseases Bloom's syndrome, Werner's syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome are caused by malfunctioning copies of RecQ helicase genes involved in the regulation of homologous recombination: BLM, WRN and RECQL4, respectively.  In the cells of Bloom's syndrome patients, who lack a working copy of the BLM protein, there is an elevated rate of homologous recombination. Experiments in mice deficient in BLM have suggested that the mutation gives rise to cancer through a loss of heterozygosity caused by increased homologous recombination.  A loss in heterozygosity refers to the loss of one of two versions—or alleles—of a gene.  If one of the lost alleles helps to suppress tumors, like the gene for the retinoblastoma protein for example, then the loss of heterozygosity can lead to cancer.

text: Deficiencies in homologous recombination have been strongly linked to

text: cancer formation

text: in humans. For example, each of the cancer-related diseases

text: Bloom's syndrome

text: Werner's syndrome

text: and

text: Rothmund-Thomson syndrome

text: are caused by malfunctioning copies of

text: RecQ

text: helicase genes involved in the

text: regulation

text: of homologous recombination:

text: BLM

text: WRN

text: and

text: , respectively.  In the cells of Bloom's syndrome patients, who lack a working copy of the BLM protein, there is an elevated rate of homologous recombination. Experiments in mice deficient in BLM have suggested that the mutation gives rise to cancer through a

text: loss of heterozygosity

text: caused by increased homologous recombination.  A loss in heterozygosity refers to the loss of one of two versions—or

text: alleles

text: —of a gene.  If one of the lost alleles helps to suppress tumors, like the gene for the

text: retinoblastoma protein

text: for example, then the loss of heterozygosity can lead to cancer.

text: An anticarcinogen (also known as a carcinopreventive agent) is a substance that counteracts the effects of a carcinogen or inhibits the development of cancer.  Anticarcinogens are different from anticarcinoma agents (also known as anticancer or anti-neoplastic agents) in that anticarcinoma agents are used to selectively destroy or inhibit cancer cells after cancer has developed.  Interest in anticarcinogens is motivated primarily by the principle that it is preferable to prevent disease (preventive medicine) than to have to treat it (rescue medicine).

text: An anticarcinogen (also known as a carcinopreventive agent) is a substance that counteracts the effects of a

text: carcinogen

text: or inhibits the development of

text: cancer

text: .  Anticarcinogens are different from

text: anticarcinoma agents

text: (also known as anticancer or anti-neoplastic agents) in that anticarcinoma agents are used to selectively destroy or inhibit cancer cells after cancer has developed.  Interest in anticarcinogens is motivated primarily by the principle that it is preferable to prevent disease (

text: preventive medicine

text: ) than to have to treat it (

text: rescue medicine

text: Nichols is vice chairman of Food Allergy Research and Education, a nonprofit group that supports scientific research and allergy-related advocacy. FARE helped support the School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act, which was signed in 2013. He is a Presbyterian and a member of the board of trustees of the National Presbyterian School.

text: Nichols is vice chairman of Food Allergy Research and Education, a nonprofit group that supports scientific research and allergy-related advocacy. FARE helped support the School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act, which was signed in 2013. He is a

text: Presbyterian

text: and a member of the board of trustees of the

text: National Presbyterian School

text: Bishop began his career working for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a part of the National Institutes of Health.  He then spent a year working for the Heinrich Pette Institute in Hamburg, Germany before joining the faculty of the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. Bishop has remained on the school's faculty since 1968, and was chancellor of the university from 1998-2009. He is Director of the Bishop Lab.

text: Bishop began his career working for the

text: , a part of the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: .  He then spent a year working for the

text: Heinrich Pette Institute

text: in

text: Hamburg

text: Germany

text: before joining the faculty of the

text: University of California, San Francisco

text: in 1968. Bishop has remained on the school's faculty since 1968, and was chancellor of the university from 1998-2009. He is Director of the Bishop Lab.

text: Sterile pyuria, is urine which contains white blood cells while appearing sterile by standard culturing techniques. It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea, or viruses which will not grow in bacterial cultures. Sterile pyuria is listed as a side effect from some medications such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). Its occurrence is also associated with certain disease processes, such as Kawasaki disease and genitourinary tuberculosis. However, there are many known causes, including systemic or infectious disease, structural and physiological reasons, intrinsic kidney pathology, or drugs.

text: Sterile pyuria, is urine which contains

text: white blood cells

text: while appearing sterile by standard

text: culturing

text: techniques. It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea, or viruses which will not grow in bacterial cultures. Sterile pyuria is listed as a side effect from some medications such as

text: paracetamol (acetaminophen)

text: . Its occurrence is also associated with certain disease processes, such as

text: Kawasaki disease

text: and genitourinary

text: tuberculosis

text: . However, there are many known causes, including

text: systemic

text: or

text: infectious

text: disease, structural and physiological reasons, intrinsic kidney pathology, or drugs.

text: Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others.  This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases.  An example is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease:  it is rare in most parts of Asia but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent.  In smaller communities, the founder effect can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community.  Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else.  Other diseases, such as many rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.  The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied:  All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare, because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

text: Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others.  This is especially true of

text: genetic disease

text: s and

text: infectious disease

text: s.  An example is

text: cystic fibrosis

text: , a genetic disease:  it is rare in most parts of

text: Asia

text: but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent.  In smaller communities, the

text: founder effect

text: can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community.  Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else.  Other diseases, such as many rare forms of

text: cancer

text: , have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.  The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied:  All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare, because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

text: Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. Mice are a useful model for genetic manipulation and research, as their tissues and organs are similar to that of a human and they carry virtually all the same genes that operate in humans. They also have advantages over other mammals, in regards to research, in that they are available in hundreds of genetically homogeneous strains. Also, due to their size, they can be kept and housed in large numbers, reducing the cost of research and experiments. The most common type is the knockout mouse, where the activity of a single (or in some cases multiple) genes are removed. They have been used to study and model obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Transgenic mice generated to carry cloned oncogenes and knockout mice lacking tumor suppressing genes have provided good models for human cancer. Hundreds of these oncomice have been developed covering a wide range of cancers affecting most organs of the body and they are being refined to become more representative of human cancer. The disease symptoms and potential drugs or treatments can be tested against these mouse models.

text: Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. Mice are a useful model for genetic manipulation and research, as their

text: tissues

text: and

text: organs

text: are similar to that of a human and they carry virtually all the same genes that operate in humans. They also have advantages over other mammals, in regards to research, in that they are available in hundreds of genetically homogeneous strains. Also, due to their size, they can be kept and housed in large numbers, reducing the cost of research and experiments. The most common type is the

text: knockout mouse

text: , where the activity of a single (or in some cases multiple) genes are removed. They have been used to study and model obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson disease. Transgenic mice generated to carry cloned

text: oncogenes

text: and knockout mice lacking

text: tumor suppressing genes

text: have provided good models for human

text: cancer

text: . Hundreds of these

text: oncomice

text: have been developed covering a wide range of cancers affecting most organs of the body and they are being refined to become more representative of human cancer. The disease symptoms and potential drugs or treatments can be tested against these mouse models.

text: The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet. Treatment is based on the cancer's stage and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure. In most other cases, chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery. Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care is often recommended.

text: The disease is diagnosed by

text: biopsy

text: done by an

text: endoscope

text: (a

text: fiberoptic

text: camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a

text: healthy diet

text: . Treatment is based on the

text: cancer's stage

text: and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with

text: surgery

text: alone with the hope of a

text: cure

text: . In most other cases,

text: chemotherapy

text: with or without

text: radiation therapy

text: is used along with surgery. Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery,

text: palliative care

text: is often recommended.

text: Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of blood antibody tests and intestinal biopsies, helped by specific genetic testing. Making the diagnosis is not always straightforward. Frequently, the autoantibodies in the blood are negative and many people have only minor intestinal changes with normal villi. People may have severe symptoms and be investigated for years before a diagnosis is achieved. Increasingly, the diagnosis is being made in people without symptoms as a result of screening. While the disease is caused by a permanent intolerance to wheat proteins, it is usually classified as different from the other forms of wheat allergy.

text: Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of blood antibody tests and intestinal

text: biopsies

text: , helped by specific

text: genetic testing

text: . Making the diagnosis is not always straightforward. Frequently, the autoantibodies in the blood are negative and many people have only minor intestinal changes with normal

text: villi

text: . People may have severe symptoms and be investigated for years before a diagnosis is achieved. Increasingly, the diagnosis is being made in

text: people without symptoms

text: as a result of

text: screening

text: . While the disease is caused by a permanent intolerance to wheat proteins, it is usually classified as different from the other forms of

text: wheat allergy

text: Although some results were seen in FDCS patients treated with CHOP, they were far from consistent. Using a chemotherapy regimen designed for another cancer is an archaic “guess-and-check” way of treating a disease. In 2008 the largest review of FDCS was published as a retrospective analysis on 98 patients and the authors recommended that surgery with no adjuvant treatment be the standard for FDCS treatment. Patients treated with surgery alone had a recurrence rate of 40% and those treated with adjuvant therapy after surgery did not have a significantly different recurrence rate. Radiation and/or chemotherapy had no significant effect in improving patients’ disease-free survival. With developments in our understanding of the hallmarks of cancer, however, novel approaches to specifically targeting and treating FDCS are being developed.

text: Fetal maternal microchimerism may be related to autoimmune thyroid diseases. There have been reports of fetal cells in the lining of the blood and thyroid glands of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. These cells could become activated after delivery of the baby after immune suppression in the mother is lost, suggesting a role of fetal cells in the pathogenesis of such diseases. Two types of thyroid disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ Disease (GD) show similarities to graft vs host disease which occurs after hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Fetal cells colonize maternal tissues like the thyroid gland and are able to survive many years postpartum. These fetal microchimeric cells in the thyroid show up in the blood of women affected by thyroid diseases.

text: Fetal maternal microchimerism may be related to autoimmune thyroid diseases. There have been reports of fetal cells in the lining of the blood and thyroid glands of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. These cells could become activated after delivery of the baby after immune suppression in the mother is lost, suggesting a role of fetal cells in the pathogenesis of such diseases. Two types of thyroid disease,

text: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

text: (HT) and

text: Graves’ Disease

text: (GD) show similarities to

text: graft vs host disease

text: which occurs after

text: hematopoietic stem cell

text: transplants. Fetal cells colonize maternal tissues like the thyroid gland and are able to survive many years postpartum. These fetal microchimeric cells in the thyroid show up in the blood of women affected by thyroid diseases.

text: As of 2016, 422 million people have diabetes worldwide, up from an estimated 382 million people in 2013 and from 108 million in 1980. Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.5% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980. Type 2 makes up about 90% of the cases. Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men, but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake.

text: Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to asbestos, naturally occurring mineral fibers that are a major cause of mesothelioma (cancer of the serous membrane) usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers, such as wollastonite, attapulgite, glass wool and rock wool, are believed to have similar effects. Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic cobalt and nickel and crystalline silica (quartz, cristobalite and tridymite). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhalation) and require years of exposure to produce cancer.

text: Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to

text: asbestos

text: , naturally occurring mineral fibers that are a major cause of

text: mesothelioma

text: (cancer of the

text: serous membrane

text: ) usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers, such as

text: wollastonite

text: attapulgite

text: glass wool

text: and

text: rock wool

text: , are believed to have similar effects. Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic

text: cobalt

text: and

text: nickel

text: and

text: crystalline silica

text: quartz

text: cristobalite

text: and

text: tridymite

text: ). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhalation) and require years of exposure to produce cancer.

text: Diseases that appear to be increased in Heterozygotes are Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. New evidence is showing an increased risk for late onset Type 1 diabetes in Heterozygotes (which includes ambiguous Type I/Type II diabetes). 95% of Celiac Disease patients are positive for DQ2 or DQ8.

text: For example, in most of the developed world, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, as measured by the number (or rate) of deaths. For this reason, heart disease and cancer tend to get a lot of attention (and research funding). However, one might argue that everyone has to die of something eventually, and so public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death. When PYLL is used as an explicit measure of premature death, then injuries and infectious diseases, become more important. While the most common cause of death of young people aged 5 to 40 is injury and poisoning in the developed world, because relatively few young people die, the principal causes of lost years remain cardiovascular disease and cancer.

text: Many diseases are known to have a genetic component, but the epigenetic mechanisms underlying many conditions are still being discovered. A significant number of diseases are known to change the expression of genes within the body, and epigenetic involvement is a plausible hypothesis for how they do this. These changes can be the cause of symptoms to the disease. Several diseases, especially cancer, have been suspected of selectively turning genes on or off, thereby resulting in a capability for the tumorous tissues to escape the host’s immune reaction.

text: All cancer is due to cells with misregulated genes, and correcting that regulation might cure the disease. For example, many cancerous cells must upregulate the enzyme telomerase in order to become immortalized. Similarly, high cholesterol levels could be treated by downregulating the genes involved with cholesterol biosynthesis. Viral infection could be mitigated by downregulating the cell surface receptor the virus uses to gain entry, so long as that receptor is not critical for the cell's survival (for example, HIV and the receptor CXCR4).

text: All

text: cancer

text: is due to cells with misregulated genes, and correcting that regulation might cure the disease. For example, many cancerous cells must upregulate the enzyme

text: telomerase

text: in order to become immortalized. Similarly, high

text: cholesterol

text: levels could be treated by downregulating the genes involved with cholesterol

text: biosynthesis

text: . Viral infection could be mitigated by downregulating the

text: cell surface receptor

text: the virus uses to gain entry, so long as that receptor is not critical for the cell's survival (for example,

text: HIV

text: and the receptor

text: If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options significantly change, so most doctors that treat prostate cancer use a variety of nomograms to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting/active surveillance, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, HIFU, and surgery are, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors. Cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses.

text: nomogram

text: s to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting/active surveillance, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, cryosurgery, HIFU, and surgery are, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate.

text: Hormonal therapy

text: and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and

text: hormonal therapy

text: is used for some early stage tumors.

text: Cryotherapy

text: (the process of freezing the tumor),

text: hormonal therapy

text: , and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses.

text: "Mood disorder due to a general medical condition" is used to describe manic or depressive episodes which occur secondary to a medical condition. There are many medical conditions that can trigger mood episodes, including neurological disorders (e.g. dementias), metabolic disorders (e.g. electrolyte disturbances), gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. cirrhosis), endocrine disease (e.g. thyroid abnormalities), cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart attack), pulmonary disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), cancer, and autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis).

text: "Mood disorder due to a general medical condition" is used to describe manic or depressive episodes which occur secondary to a medical condition. There are many medical conditions that can trigger mood episodes, including

text: neurological disorder

text: s (e.g.

text: dementia

text: s),

text: metabolic disorder

text: s (e.g. electrolyte disturbances),

text: gastrointestinal diseases

text: (e.g.

text: cirrhosis

text: endocrine disease

text: (e.g. thyroid abnormalities),

text: cardiovascular disease

text: (e.g.

text: heart attack

text: pulmonary disease

text: (e.g.

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: cancer

text: , and

text: autoimmune disease

text: s (e.g.

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: Using circulating tumor DNA as opposed to solid tumor biopsies allows analysis of the full repertoire of tumor cells dispersed throughout the tumor and distant metastasis. Therefore, there is a better chance of finding all mutations associated with this cancer. Having a full overview of the cancer and what is driving it will allow for better treatment plans and management of disease.

text: While quercetin supplements have been promoted for prevention and treatment of cancer, "there is no reliable clinical evidence that quercetin can prevent or treat cancer in humans". Also, there is no evidence that consuming foods rich in quercetin reduces the risk of cancer or any other disease.

text: In 1957 he co-authored a paper that first formulated "Witebsky's postulates" that determine whether a disease entity can be regarded as an autoimmune disease. They were modified in 1993.

text: In 1957 he co-authored a paper that first formulated "Witebsky's postulates" that determine whether a disease entity can be regarded as an

text: autoimmune disease

text: . They were modified in 1993.

text: Dormancy is a stage in cancer progression where the cells cease dividing but survive in a quiescent state while waiting for appropriate environmental conditions to begin proliferation again. Quiescence is the state where cells are not dividing but at arrest in the cell cycle in G0-G1. Dormant cancer cells are thought to be present in early tumor progression, in micrometastases, or left behind in minimal residual disease (MRD) after what was thought to be a successful treatment of the primary tumor.

text: Dormancy is a stage in

text: cancer

text: progression where the cells cease dividing but survive in a quiescent state while waiting for appropriate environmental conditions to begin proliferation again. Quiescence is the state where cells are not dividing but at arrest in the

text: cell cycle

text: in G0-G1. Dormant cancer cells are thought to be present in early tumor progression, in micrometastases, or left behind in

text: minimal residual disease (MRD)

text: after what was thought to be a successful treatment of the primary tumor.

text: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a technique that can only be used to compare two samples from the same individual.  LOH analysis is often used when identifying cancer-causing oncogenes in that one sample consists of (mutant) tumor DNA and the other (control) sample consists of genomic DNA from non-cancerous cells from the same individual.  RFLPs and microsatellite markers provide patterns of DNA polymorphisms, which can be interpreted as residing in a heterozygous region or a homozygous region of the genome.  Provided that all individuals are affected with the same disease resulting from a manifestation of a deletion of a single copy of the same gene, all individuals will contain one region where their control sample is heterozygous but the mutant sample is homozygous - this region will contain the disease gene.

text: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH)

text: is a technique that can only be used to compare two samples from the same individual.  LOH analysis is often used when identifying cancer-causing

text: oncogenes

text: in that one sample consists of (mutant) tumor DNA and the other (control) sample consists of genomic DNA from non-cancerous cells from the same individual.  RFLPs and microsatellite markers provide patterns of DNA polymorphisms, which can be interpreted as residing in a

text: heterozygous

text: region or a

text: homozygous

text: region of the genome.  Provided that all individuals are affected with the same disease resulting from a manifestation of a deletion of a single copy of the same gene, all individuals will contain one region where their control sample is heterozygous but the mutant sample is homozygous - this region will contain the disease gene.

text: Examinations evaluating celiac disease and wheat allergy must be performed before patients remove gluten from their diet. It is critical to make a clear distinction between celiac disease and NCGS.

text: Ginger root, Zingiber officinale, has been used in China for over 2,000 years to treat indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. It is also used in TCM to treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, heart conditions, the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Today, health care professionals worldwide commonly recommend ginger to help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy. It is also used as a treatment for minor stomach upset, as a supplement for arthritis, and may even help prevent heart disease and cancer.

text: Ginger root, Zingiber officinale

text: , has been used in China for over 2,000 years to treat indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. It is also used in TCM to treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, heart conditions, the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and

text: menstrual cramp

text: s. Today, health care professionals worldwide commonly recommend ginger to help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy. It is also used as a treatment for minor stomach upset, as a supplement for

text: arthritis

text: , and may even help prevent heart disease and cancer.

text: 2223 patients were assigned placebo and 2221 were assigned simvastatin treatment for a mean period of 5.4 years. There was a 30% relative reduction in the risk of death with simvastatin treatment. The absolute coronary-heart-disease mortality was reduced from 8.5% to 5.0%, making the number needed to treat around 30 (30 patients would need to be treated to prevent one death). Additionally there was no excess morbidity of non-cardiac deaths from causes like cancer or suicide, a concern that has occasionally arisen in respect to statins.

text: 2223 patients were assigned

text: placebo

text: and 2221 were assigned simvastatin treatment for a mean period of 5.4 years. There was a 30% relative reduction in the risk of death with simvastatin treatment. The absolute coronary-heart-disease mortality was reduced from 8.5% to 5.0%, making the

text: number needed to treat

text: around 30 (30 patients would need to be treated to prevent one death). Additionally there was no excess morbidity of non-cardiac deaths from causes like

text: cancer

text: or

text: suicide

text: , a concern that has occasionally arisen in respect to statins.

text: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The hygiene hypothesis attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies of pathogens. Whilst such an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

text: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies of pathogens. Whilst such an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

text: Empaglifozin in people with type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular disease in those with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.

text: Empaglifozin in people with type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of death from

text: cardiovascular disease

text: in those with a previous history of

text: cardiovascular disease

text: Jason Cassidy (born 1971) is an American entertainment executive. He most recently served as the Chief Marketing Officer of Open Road Films. While at Open Road Films, Cassidy oversaw the marketing of Spotlight, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

text: Jason Cassidy (born 1971) is an American entertainment executive. He most recently served as the Chief Marketing Officer of

text: Open Road Films

text: . While at Open Road Films, Cassidy oversaw the marketing of

text: Spotlight

text: , which won the

text: Academy Award for Best Picture

text: Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects on cells. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to asbestos, naturally occurring mineral fibers which are a major cause of mesothelioma, which is a cancer of the serous membrane, usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers such as wollastonite, attapulgite, glass wool, and rock wool, are believed to have similar effects. Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic cobalt and nickel, and crystalline silica (quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhaling tiny pieces) and require years of exposure to develop cancer.

text: Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects on cells. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to

text: asbestos

text: , naturally occurring mineral fibers which are a major cause of

text: mesothelioma

text: , which is a cancer of the

text: serous membrane

text: , usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers such as

text: wollastonite

text: attapulgite

text: glass wool

text: , and

text: rock wool

text: cobalt

text: and

text: nickel

text: , and

text: crystalline silica

text: quartz

text: cristobalite

text: , and

text: tridymite

text: ). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhaling tiny pieces) and require years of exposure to develop cancer.

text: Among postmenopausal women, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, as well as impaired quality of life.  Among women in all age groups, cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of mortality.   As the incidence of these diseases increases according to age, women over the age of 50 bear much of the disease burden.

text: Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus.

text: Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular

text: stenosis

text: , lung cancer,

text: heart attacks

text: and

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: . Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus.

text: The Indian Army finally gained control of the post. Varinder Singh was severely wounded by an artillery shell after the post was captured.

text: Mike Fry aka the original Happy died on November the 5th 2012 at Indiana University medical center of an autoimmune disease.  He is survived by his wife and his daughter.

text: Students will be prepared spiritually in their commitment to Christ and their development of a Christian world and life view, academically with a quality curriculum, and socially through the development of Godly character traits.

text: After joining the House, May was appointed to represent his state on the new Virginia-North Carolina Interstate High-Speed Rail Compact board, and was appointed vice-chairman of the Local Government I committee.

text: The inmates do work for the Iowa Department of Natural Resources in maintaining the state forest. In particular, they work at a DNR-owned sawmill where 150,000 board feet (350 m³) of lumber are annually processed.

text: An allergy is different from an intolerance. Food allergies and food intolerances should not be confused because they do not contain the same risks and are not diagnosed the same way. Allergies can be fatal after only a small consumption, while intolerance, although uncomfortable, are not as deadly. An intolerance may lead to a nutrient deficiency which could cause death if untreated but the intolerance itself is not enough to cause rapid death. Allergies, with their varying symptoms, could cause instantaneous death if there is inflammation in the throat and causes suffocation.

text: Council homes were built to supply uncrowded, well-built homes on secure tenancies at reasonable rents to primarily working-class people. Public housing in the mid-20th century included many large suburban "council estates" and numerous urban developments featuring tower blocks. Many of these developments did not live up to the hopes of their supporters, and now suffer from urban blight.

text: Council homes were built to supply uncrowded, well-built homes on secure

text: tenancies

text: at reasonable rents to primarily

text: working-class

text: people. Public housing in the mid-20th century included many large suburban "council estates" and numerous urban developments featuring

text: tower blocks

text: . Many of these developments did not live up to the hopes of their supporters, and now suffer from

text: urban blight

text: In 1678, Ashmole stood as a candidate in a by-election for the Lichfield borough parliamentary constituency caused by the death of one of the two incumbent members. During Ashmole's campaign his cousin, Thomas Smalridge, who was acting as a kind of campaign manager, fell ill and died. Ashmole did not visit the constituency, and, as Ashmole's own horoscope had predicted, he lost the election. He also put himself forward as a candidate in the general election of 1685. Surviving documents indicate that he was the most popular candidate, but after King James II requested he stand down (in an age when monarchs were likely to interfere with parliamentary elections), Ashmole did so. On election day, all the votes cast for Ashmole, instead of being declared invalid, were declared as votes for the King's candidate, and only as a result of this ruse was the candidate favoured by the Court (Richard Leveson) elected.

text: In 1678, Ashmole stood as a candidate in a by-election for the

text: Lichfield borough parliamentary constituency

text: caused by the death of one of the two incumbent members. During Ashmole's campaign his cousin, Thomas Smalridge, who was acting as a kind of campaign manager, fell ill and died. Ashmole did not visit the constituency, and, as Ashmole's own horoscope had predicted, he lost the election. He also put himself forward as a candidate in the general election of 1685. Surviving documents indicate that he was the most popular candidate, but after

text: King James II

text: requested he stand down (in an age when monarchs were likely to interfere with parliamentary elections), Ashmole did so. On election day, all the votes cast for Ashmole, instead of being declared invalid, were declared as votes for the King's candidate, and only as a result of this ruse was the candidate favoured by the Court (

text: Richard Leveson

text: ) elected.

text: The reaction of the Dyula in the Bono-Banda-Gonja region to these developments was to erect a kingdom of their own in Gonja - the territory northern traders had to cross to reach Akan forestlands, situated in what is now modern Ghana. By 1675, Gonja had established a paramount chief called Yagbongwura, to control the kingdom. But Gonja was not a fruitful land in which to try to maintain a centralized government. This is because the Dagomba power to the north and Akan power to the south were too powerful thus, the new kingdom rapidly declined in strength.

text: The reaction of the Dyula in the Bono-Banda-Gonja region to these developments was to erect a kingdom of their own in Gonja - the territory northern traders had to cross to reach Akan forestlands, situated in what is now modern

text: Ghana

text: . By 1675, Gonja had established a

text: paramount chief

text: called

entity_name: List of rulers of the Northern state of Gonja

text: Yagbongwura

text: , to control the kingdom. But Gonja was not a fruitful land in which to try to maintain a centralized government. This is because the Dagomba power to the north and Akan power to the south were too powerful thus, the new kingdom rapidly declined in strength.

text: Drake was born in Burnley, Lancashire, and was educated at Accrington Grammar School and the Victoria University of Manchester where he graduated in 1927 with a BSc in Civil Engineering, with first-class honours. He passed the professional exams of the Institution of Civil Engineers in April 1931, and was accepted as an associate in 1933 and as a full member in 1943. He married Kathleen Shaw on 6 July 1937 and they had two daughters, Diana and Jane.

text: Drake was born in

text: Burnley

text: , Lancashire, and was educated at

text: Accrington Grammar School

text: and the

text: Victoria University of Manchester

text: where he graduated in 1927 with a BSc in Civil Engineering, with first-class honours. He passed the professional exams of the

text: Institution of Civil Engineers

text: in April 1931, and was accepted as an associate in 1933 and as a full member in 1943. He married Kathleen Shaw on 6 July 1937 and they had two daughters, Diana and Jane.

text: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), or noninfectious pneumonia are a class of diffuse lung diseases. These diseases typically affect the pulmonary interstitium, although some also have a component affecting the airways (for instance, Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis). There are seven recognized distinct subtypes of IIP.

text: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), or noninfectious pneumonia are a class of

text: diffuse lung disease

text: s. These diseases typically affect the pulmonary

text: interstitium

text: , although some also have a component affecting the airways (for instance,

text: Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis

text: ). There are seven recognized distinct subtypes of IIP.

text: Mutations in this gene or its regulatory regions cause  or hypohaptoglobinemia. This gene has also been linked to diabetic nephropathy, the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, inflammatory disease behavior, primary sclerosing cholangitis, susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

text: Mutations in this gene or its regulatory regions cause  or hypohaptoglobinemia. This gene has also been linked to

text: diabetic nephropathy

text: , the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes,

text: Crohn's disease

text: , inflammatory disease behavior,

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: , susceptibility to idiopathic

text: Parkinson's disease

text: , and a reduced incidence of

text: Plasmodium falciparum

text: malaria

text: The Ernakulam–Alappuzha–Kayamkulam coastal railway line has 20 express trains and 7 passenger trains running along this route.

text: Sean McCormack is a former United States Assistant Secretary of State.

text: Sean McCormack

text: is a former United States Assistant Secretary of State.

text: Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), staurosporine, and doxorubicin. This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as  hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancers, colon cancers, breast cancers, and lung cancers, which led to its use as a prognostic marker for these cancers. Elevated Hsp70 levels in tumor cells may increase malignancy and resistance to therapy by complexing, and hence, stabilizing, oncofetal proteins and products and transporting them into intracellular sites, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation. As a result, tumor vaccine strategies for Hsp70s have been highly successful in animal models and progressed to clinical trials. Alternatively, overexpression of Hsp70 can mitigate the effects of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias, and aging and cell senescence, as observed in centenarians subjected to heat shock challenge. HSPA1L may fight against PD by co-regulating the translocation of parkin to damaged mitochondria, thus facilitating their removal.

text: Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the

text: caspase

text: -dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as

text: tumor necrosis factor-α

text: (TNFα),

text: staurosporine

text: , and

text: doxorubicin

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: gastric cancer

text: s,

text: colon cancer

text: s,

text: breast cancer

text: s, and

text: lung cancer

text: s, which led to its use as a

text: prognostic

text: marker

text: malignancy

text: and resistance to therapy by complexing, and hence, stabilizing, oncofetal proteins and products and transporting them into intracellular sites, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation. As a result, tumor vaccine strategies for Hsp70s have been highly successful in animal models and progressed to clinical trials. Alternatively, overexpression of Hsp70 can mitigate the effects of neurodegenerative diseases, such as

text: Alzheimer’s disease

text: Parkinson’s disease

text: (PD),

text: Huntington’s disease

text: , and

text: spinocerebellar ataxias

text: , and aging and cell senescence, as observed in centenarians subjected to heat shock challenge. HSPA1L may fight against PD by co-regulating the

text: translocation

text: of

text: parkin

text: to damaged

text: mitochondria

text: , thus facilitating their removal.

text: The following case is an illustration of using the rationale underlying the Courvoisier Law clinically. In a patient with a history of lung cancer presenting with jaundice and a non-palpable gallbladder it is likely that it is caused by a double cancer affected the common hepatic ducts and not from metastasis to the lymph node causing obstructive jaundice. This is because in the latter case, location of the lymph node has got to be in the CBD (simply by anatomical location) and one would expect a palpable gallbladder. All these speculations assumes that the patient does not have gallstone diseases previous (where the gallbaldder would be fibrotic and not palpable) and that  the patient does not have a history of other liver disease (such as recurrent pyogenic cholangitis)

text: An MD-MS program is a dual degree graduate school program awarding both a Doctor of Medicine (MD) and a Master of Science (MS) degree. Post-graduate diploma holders and Diplomate of National Board (India) candidates can upgrade to an MD-MS degree through opportunities such as post-graduate–up-gradation programs.

text: An MD-MS program is a

text: dual degree

text: graduate school

text: program awarding both a

text: Doctor of Medicine

text: (MD) and a

text: Master of Science

text: (MS) degree. Post-graduate diploma holders and

text: Diplomate of National Board

text: (India) candidates can upgrade to an MD-MS degree through opportunities such as post-graduate–up-gradation programs.

text: David revealed in January 2015 that he was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes a year prior.

text: David revealed in January 2015 that he was diagnosed with

text: Type 2 diabetes

text: a year prior.

text: The first GWA study, conducted in 2005, compared 96 patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) with 50 healthy controls. It identified two SNPs with significantly altered allele frequency between the two groups. These SNPs were located in the gene encoding complement factor H, which was an unexpected finding in the research of ARMD. The findings from these first GWA studies have subsequently prompted further functional research towards therapeutical manipulation of the complement system in ARMD. Another landmark publication in the history of GWA studies was the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study, the largest GWA study ever conducted at the time of its publication in 2007. The WTCCC included 14,000 cases of seven common diseases (~2,000 individuals for each of coronary heart disease, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, bipolar disorder, and hypertension) and 3,000 shared controls. This study was successful in uncovering many new disease genes underlying these diseases.

text: The first GWA study, conducted in 2005, compared 96 patients with

text: age-related macular degeneration

text: (ARMD) with 50 healthy controls. It identified two SNPs with significantly altered allele frequency between the two groups. These SNPs were located in the gene encoding

text: complement factor H

text: , which was an unexpected finding in the research of ARMD. The findings from these first GWA studies have subsequently prompted further functional research towards therapeutical manipulation of the complement system in ARMD. Another landmark publication in the history of GWA studies was the

text: Wellcome Trust

text: Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study, the largest GWA study ever conducted at the time of its publication in 2007. The WTCCC included 14,000 cases of seven common diseases (~2,000 individuals for each of

text: coronary heart disease

text: type 1 diabetes

text: type 2 diabetes

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: Crohn's disease

text: bipolar disorder

text: , and

text: hypertension

text: ) and 3,000 shared controls. This study was successful in uncovering many new disease genes underlying these diseases.

text: Deleterious mutations have high, but not complete, genetic penetrance, which means that people with the mutation have a high risk of developing disease as a result, but that some people will not develop cancer despite carrying a harmful mutation.

text: Deleterious mutations have high, but not complete, genetic

text: penetrance

text: , which means that people with the mutation have a high risk of developing disease as a result, but that some people will not develop cancer despite carrying a harmful mutation.

text: Life SciencesDr. Chetan E. Chitnis, Principal Leader, Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi

text: Life Sciences

text: Dr. Chetan E. Chitnis

text: , Principal Leader,

text: Malaria

text: Group,

entity_name: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

text: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

text: (ICGEB),

text: New Delhi

text: Currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of autoantibodies against AQP4. AQP4+ NMO is currently considered an autoimmune disease (autoimmune astrocytopathy, or autoimmune astrocytic channelopathy) in which a person's own immune system attacks the astrocytes of the optic nerves and spinal cord. The cause of the AQP4- variants is unknown.

text: Currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of autoantibodies against

text: . AQP4+ NMO is currently considered an

text: autoimmune disease

text: (autoimmune

text: astrocytopathy

text: , or autoimmune astrocytic

text: channelopathy

text: ) in which a person's own

text: immune system

text: attacks the

text: astrocyte

text: s of the

text: optic nerve

text: s and

text: spinal cord

text: . The cause of the AQP4- variants is unknown.