text: The first static dischargers were developed by a joint Army-Navy team led by Dr. Ross Gunn of the Naval Research Laboratory and fitted onto military aircraft during World War II. They were shown to be effective even in extreme weather conditions in 1946 by a United States Army Air Corps team led by Capt. Ernest Lynn Cleveland.

text: The first static dischargers were developed by a joint Army-Navy team led by Dr. Ross Gunn of the

entity_name: United States Naval Research Laboratory

text: Naval Research Laboratory

text: and fitted onto military aircraft during World War II. They were shown to be effective even in extreme weather conditions in 1946 by a

entity_name: United States Army Air Corps

text: United States Army Air Corps

text: team led by Capt. Ernest Lynn Cleveland.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: Ozone gas is produced during electric discharge by sparking or corona discharge for example. Static electricity can build up within machines like compressors with moving parts constructed from insulating materials. If those compressors feed pressurised air into a closed pneumatic system, then all seals in the system may be at risk from ozone cracking.

text: Ozone gas is produced during

entity_name: Electric discharge

text: electric discharge

text: by

entity_name: Electric spark

text: spark

text: ing or

entity_name: Corona discharge

text: corona discharge

text: for example.

entity_name: Static electricity

text: Static electricity

text: can build up within machines like

entity_name: Gas compressor

text: compressor

text: s with moving parts constructed from insulating materials. If those compressors feed pressurised air into a closed pneumatic system, then all seals in the system may be at risk from ozone cracking.

method: UNH-ecn

text: Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. A prominent early electrical scientist was William Gilbert who was the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity. He also designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. Then in 1762 Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke invented, and in 1775 Alessandro Volta improved, a device (for which Volta coined the name electrophorus) that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta had developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.

entity_name: Electricity

text: Electricity

text: has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early

entity_name: 17th century

text: 17th century

text: . A prominent early electrical scientist was

entity_name: William Gilbert (astronomer)

text: William Gilbert

text: who was the first to draw a clear distinction between

entity_name: Magnetism

text: magnetism

text: and

text: static electricity

text: and is credited with establishing the term electricity. He also designed the

entity_name: Versorium

text: versorium

text: : a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. Then in 1762 Swedish professor

entity_name: Johan Wilcke

text: Johan Carl Wilcke

text: invented, and in 1775

entity_name: Alessandro Volta

text: Alessandro Volta

text: improved, a device (for which Volta coined the name

entity_name: Electrophorus

text: electrophorus

text: ) that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta had developed the

entity_name: Voltaic pile

text: voltaic pile

text: , a forerunner of the electric battery.

text: Sprites are large-scale electrical discharges which occur high above a thunderstorm cloud, or cumulonimbus, giving rise to a quite varied range of visual shapes. They are triggered by the discharges of positive lightning between the thundercloud and the ground. The phenomena were named after the mischievous sprite (e.g., Shakespeare's Ariel or Puck) They normally are colored reddish-orange or greenish-blue, with hanging tendrils below and arcing branches above. They can also be preceded by a reddish halo. They often occur in clusters, lying  to  above the Earth's surface. Sprites have since been witnessed thousands of times. Sprites have been held responsible for otherwise unexplained accidents involving high altitude vehicular operations above thunderstorms.

text: Sprites are large-scale

text: electrical discharge

text: s which occur high above a

entity_name: Thunderstorm

text: thunderstorm

text: cloud, or

entity_name: Cumulonimbus cloud

text: cumulonimbus

text: , giving rise to a quite varied range of visual shapes. They are triggered by the discharges of

entity_name: Lightning

entity_section: Positive lightning

text: positive lightning

text: between the thundercloud and the ground. The phenomena were named after the mischievous

entity_name: Sprite (creature)

text: sprite

text: (e.g., Shakespeare's

entity_name: Ariel (The Tempest)

text: Ariel

text: or

entity_name: Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)

text: Puck

text: ) They normally are colored reddish-orange or greenish-blue, with hanging tendrils below and arcing branches above. They can also be preceded by a reddish halo. They often occur in clusters, lying  to  above the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: 's surface. Sprites have since been witnessed thousands of times. Sprites have been held responsible for otherwise unexplained accidents involving high altitude vehicular operations above thunderstorms.

text: From 1927 to 1945, Steenbeck was a physicist at the  Siemens-Schuckertwerke in Berlin.  From 1934, he was a laboratory director, and it was in that year that he submitted a patent for the betatron.  In 1943, he was appointed technical director of a static converter plant at Siemens, conducting research in gas-discharge physics. Additionally, at his plant, he was head of the Volkssturm (peoples’ army), the organized civilian resistance at the plant, which was to, as a last resort, defend the territory.

text: From 1927 to 1945, Steenbeck was a physicist at the

entity_name: Siemens

text: Siemens-Schuckertwerke

text: in

entity_name: Berlin

text: Berlin

text: .  From 1934, he was a laboratory director, and it was in that year that he submitted a patent for the

entity_name: Betatron

text: betatron

text: .  In 1943, he was appointed technical director of a static converter plant at Siemens, conducting research in gas-discharge physics. Additionally, at his plant, he was head of the

entity_name: Volkssturm

text: Volkssturm

text: (peoples’ army), the organized civilian resistance at the plant, which was to, as a last resort, defend the territory.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Static can also sense and feel-out sources of electromagnetic energy, able to tell if a seemingly abandoned area is actually hot or not. Static can use his powers to hear radio waves and tap into phone lines, including listening in on the police broadband and music stations, as well as making calls, and is also able to use his powers to mimic the uses of electronic devices such as a CD player (in "Aftershock", he also called himself a "human CD player, (even got Surround sound"), and is even able to use his powers to use an ordinary trashcan cover simultaneously as a shotgun microphone and a loudspeaker.  It's notable that Static has more of a distinctive advantage in cities than anywhere-else, as shown in the events of "Aftershock", as even in a park, surrounded by trees, Static could make use of the metal pipelines under the ground with his magnetic powers.

text: Static can also sense and feel-out sources of electromagnetic energy, able to tell if a seemingly abandoned area is actually

entity_name: Electrical wiring

text: hot

text: or not. Static can use his powers to hear radio waves and tap into phone lines, including listening in on the police broadband and music stations, as well as making calls, and is also able to use his powers to mimic the uses of electronic devices such as a CD player (in "Aftershock", he also called himself a "human

entity_name: CD player

text: CD player

text: , (even got

entity_name: Surround sound

text: Surround sound

text: "), and is even able to use his powers to use an ordinary trashcan cover simultaneously as a

entity_name: Microphone

entity_section: Shotgun and parabolic microphones

text: shotgun microphone

text: and a

entity_name: Loudspeaker

text: loudspeaker

text: .  It's notable that Static has more of a distinctive advantage in cities than anywhere-else, as shown in the events of "Aftershock", as even in a park, surrounded by trees, Static could make use of the metal pipelines under the ground with his magnetic powers.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: In a continuous reactor, the product is continuously pumped through the reactor. This pump can also be used to promote mixing. If the fluid velocity is sufficiently high, turbulent flow conditions exist (which promotes mixing). The disadvantage with this approach is that it leads to long reactors with high pressure drops and high minimum flow rates. This is particularly true where the reaction is slow or the product has high viscosity.This problem can be reduced with the use of static mixers. Static mixers are baffles in the flow channel which are used to promote mixing. They are able to work with or without turbulent conditions. Static mixers can be effective but still require relatively long flow channels and generate relatively high pressure drops.The oscillatory baffled reactor is specialised form of static mixer where the direction of process flow is cycled. This permits static mixing with low net flow through the reactor. This has the benefit of allowing the reactor to be kept comparatively short.

text: Franklin's electrostatic machine is a high-voltage static electricity generating device used by Benjamin Franklin in the mid-eighteenth century for research into electrical phenomena. Its key components are a glass globe which turned on an axis via a crank; a cloth pad in contact with the spinning globe; a set of metal needles to conduct away the charge developed on the globe by its friction with the pad; and a Leyden jara high-voltage capacitorto accumulate the charge. Experiments using it eventually led to invention of the lightning rod and new theories by Franklin about electricity.

text: Franklin's electrostatic machine is a high-voltage

entity_name: Electrostatic generator

text: static electricity generating device

text: used by

entity_name: Benjamin Franklin

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: in the mid-eighteenth century for research into electrical phenomena. Its key components are a glass globe which turned on an axis via a crank; a cloth pad in contact with the spinning globe; a set of metal needles to conduct away the charge developed on the globe by its friction with the pad; and a

entity_name: Leyden jar

text: Leyden jar

text: a high-voltage capacitorto accumulate the charge. Experiments using it eventually led to invention of the

entity_name: Lightning rod

text: lightning rod

text: and new theories by Franklin about electricity.

text: is the same as the electric multipole moment in the static case if it were applied to the static charge distribution

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: Foundations of Economic Analysis is a book by Paul A. Samuelson published in 1947 (Enlarged ed., 1983) by Harvard University Press. It is based on Samuelson's 1941 doctoral dissertation at Harvard University. The book sought to demonstrate a common mathematical structure underlying multiple branches of economics from two basic principles: maximizing behavior of agents (such as of utility by consumers and profits by firms) and stability of equilibrium as to economic systems (such as markets or economies). Among other contributions, it advanced the theory of index numbers and generalized welfare economics.  It is especially known for definitively stating and formalizing qualitative and quantitative versions of the "comparative statics" method for calculating how a change in any parameter (say, a change in tax rates) affects an economic system. One of its key insights about comparative statics, called the correspondence principle, states that stability of equilibrium implies testable predictions about how the equilibrium changes when parameters are changed.

text: Foundations of Economic Analysis is a book by

entity_name: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul A. Samuelson

text: published in 1947 (Enlarged ed., 1983) by

entity_name: Harvard University Press

text: Harvard University Press

text: . It is based on Samuelson's 1941 doctoral dissertation at

entity_name: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

text: . The book sought to demonstrate a common mathematical structure underlying multiple branches of economics from two basic principles:

entity_name: Mathematical optimization

text: maximizing

text: behavior of

entity_name: Agent (economics)

text: agents

text: (such as of

entity_name: Consumer choice

text: utility

text: by consumers and

entity_name: Profit maximization

text: profits

text: by firms) and stability of

entity_name: Economic equilibrium

text: equilibrium

text: as to economic systems (such as markets or economies). Among other contributions, it advanced the theory of

entity_name: Index (economics)

text: index numbers

text: and generalized

entity_name: Welfare economics

text: welfare economics

text: .  It is especially known for definitively stating and formalizing

entity_name: Qualitative economics

text: qualitative

text: and quantitative versions of the "

entity_name: Comparative statics

text: comparative statics

text: " method for calculating how a change in any

entity_name: Parameter

text: parameter

text: (say, a change in tax rates) affects an economic system. One of its key insights about comparative statics, called the

entity_section: Stability

text: correspondence principle

text: , states that

entity_name: General equilibrium theory

text: stability

text: of equilibrium implies testable predictions about how the equilibrium changes when parameters are changed.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: The presence of surface charge imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces.  This surface charge imbalance, which leads to static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of contact electrification and the triboelectric effect.  Rubbing two non-conductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity.  This is not the result of friction;  two non-conductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other.  Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing.  Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces.  Usually insulators, e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are rubber, plastic, glass, and pith.  Conductive objects in contact generate charge imbalance too, but retain the charges only if insulated.  The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Note that the presence of electric current does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the corona discharge, or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultaneously in the same system.

text: The presence of

entity_name: Surface charge

text: surface charge

text: imbalance means that the objects will exhibit attractive or repulsive forces.  This surface charge imbalance, which leads to static electricity, can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them due to the phenomena of

entity_name: Contact electrification

text: contact electrification

text: and the

entity_name: Triboelectric effect

text: triboelectric effect

text: .  Rubbing two non-conductive objects generates a great amount of static electricity.  This is not the result of friction;  two non-conductive surfaces can become charged by just being placed one on top of the other.  Since most surfaces have a rough texture, it takes longer to achieve charging through contact than through rubbing.  Rubbing objects together increases amount of adhesive contact between the two surfaces.  Usually

entity_name: Insulator (electricity)

text: insulators

text: , e.g., substances that do not conduct electricity, are good at both generating, and holding, a surface charge.  Some examples of these substances are

entity_name: Natural rubber

text: rubber

entity_name: Plastic

text: plastic

entity_name: Glass

text: glass

text: , and

entity_name: Pith

text: pith

entity_name: Electrical conductor

text: Conductive

text: objects in contact generate charge imbalance too, but retain the charges only if insulated.  The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object. Note that the presence of

entity_name: Electric current

text: electric current

text: does not detract from the electrostatic forces nor from the sparking, from the

text: corona discharge

text: , or other phenomena. Both phenomena can exist simultaneously in the same system.

text: To induce the pressure-gradient force the bowler must create regions of high and low static pressure on opposing sides of the ball. The ball is then "sucked" from the region of high static pressure towards the region of low static pressure. The Magnus effect uses the same force but by manipulating spin across the direction of motion. A layer of fluid, in this case air, will have a greater velocity when moving over another layer of fluid than it would have had if it had been moving over a solid, in this case the surface of the ball.  The greater the velocity of the fluid, the lower its static pressure.

text: To induce the pressure-gradient force the bowler must create regions of high and low

entity_name: Static pressure

text: static pressure

text: on opposing sides of the ball. The ball is then "sucked" from the region of high static pressure towards the region of low static pressure. The

entity_name: Magnus effect

text: Magnus effect

text: uses the same force but by manipulating spin across the direction of motion. A layer of fluid, in this case air, will have a greater velocity when moving over another layer of fluid than it would have had if it had been moving over a solid, in this case the surface of the ball.  The greater the velocity of the fluid, the lower its static pressure.

text: It is in these circumstances how Buenaventura Durruti found his death upon coming back from a committee meeting only to find out that his soldiers were defecting in numbers from the "Clinico". Durruti was a hot-tempered man who was having a hard time coping with the inability of the anarchist militias to wage modern war. Utterly enraged, he threatened to discharge the captains and died little afterwards on 20 November. "Too many committees!" were his final words. In all the fronts around the university city, Moncloa and Carabanchel the skirmishes became fewer by the day. Everybody tried to hold the ground, and started to fortify their positions. From that point on the Republican leadership resorted to the use of mines and sappers, but the front in that sector will remain static until the end of the war.

text: It is in these circumstances how Buenaventura Durruti found his death upon coming back from a

entity_name: Committee

text: committee

text: meeting only to find out that his soldiers were

entity_name: Desertion

text: defecting

text: in numbers from the "Clinico". Durruti was a hot-tempered man who was having a hard time coping with the inability of the anarchist militias to wage modern war. Utterly enraged, he threatened to

entity_name: Military discharge

text: discharge

text: the

entity_name: Captain (armed forces)

text: captain

text: s and died little afterwards on 20 November. "Too many committees!" were his final words. In all the fronts around the university city,

entity_name: Moncloa-Aravaca

text: Moncloa

text: and

entity_name: Carabanchel

text: Carabanchel

text: the

entity_name: Skirmisher

text: skirmish

text: es became fewer by the day. Everybody tried to hold the ground, and started to fortify their positions. From that point on the Republican leadership resorted to the use of

entity_name: Mining (military)

text: mines

text: and

entity_name: Sapper

text: sapper

text: s, but the front in that sector will remain static until the end of the war.

text: Adam is also a talented musician who is on the verge of a professional career. His greatest personal weakness is a reading disorder which he has to struggle through. He is the younger brother of Static's archenemy, Ebon. Prior to the Big Bang, Adam was part of his brother's gang before he took a stock-clerk job at a music store called Stonegas Records.  Rubber-Band Man first appears as a tragic villain when he goes after an opportunistic record producer who had stolen one of his songs. He would subsequently breaks out of prison but deciding not to pursue a criminal career, uses his powers to take up a new identity, "Stringer", and becomes a musical rising star. He also started dating Virgil's sister Sharon, and although he initially clashes with Static, he does not carry on his grudge against him after meeting Sharon and even reforms and becomes one of his allies in crime-fighting. While on patrol, Rubber-Band Man typically acts as an older brother figure to Static, keeping him from showing off and reminding him of consequences in their work, something that Adam's real brother Ebon never actually did when he looked after Adam prior to the Big Bang. It is unknown if Adam Evans was exposed to the cure for the Big Bang that neutralized many of the Bang Babies in Dakota at the end of the series.

text: Adam is also a talented musician who is on the verge of a professional career. His greatest personal weakness is a

text: reading disorder

text: which he has to struggle through. He is the younger brother of Static's archenemy,

text: Ebon

text: . Prior to the

text: Big Bang

text: , Adam was part of his brother's gang before he took a stock-clerk job at a music store called Stonegas Records.  Rubber-Band Man first appears as a

text: tragic villain

text: This has practical application in situations involving "static electricity".

text: This has practical application in situations involving "

text: static electricity

text: is the static margin and must be negative for longitudinal static stability. Alternatively, positive angle of attack must generate positive yawing moment on a statically stable missile, i.e.

text: is the

text: static margin

text: and must be negative for

text: longitudinal static stability

text: . Alternatively, positive angle of attack must generate positive yawing moment on a statically stable missile, i.e.

text: When Rescue Swimmers are deployed from the helicopter, the potential for the release of this stored static electricity through the swimmer's body when they make contact with the ground or water exists and can cause an electrical shock. Rescue Swimmers can mitigate this potential by deploying a static discharge cable which hangs beneath them while on the hoist cable and makes contact with the surface and discharges any electricity before the swimmer makes contact with the surface.

text: These beasts are much like the player; they can move blocks and can be crushed. The only advantage the player has to them is greater movement speed and hopefully wits. Although these foes don't need to be crushed against a static block, the key is to hide behind a static block, making room behind the player (so he won't be crushed by it), and let it come to his side of the static block. If the player is able to lure it properly, he should be able to crush it against the static block. While the hatched beasts are rightfully considered the hardest opponent, they may also be helpful; any beast trapped between something and a block he pushes will be crushed.

text: The map on the right shows that lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet. About 70% of lightning occurs on land in the Tropics, where the majority of thunderstorms occur. The north and south poles and the areas over the oceans have the fewest lightning strikes. The place where lightning occurs most often (according to the data from 2004 to 2005) is near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the elevation is around . This region received 158 lightning strikes per 1 square kilometer (409 per sq mi) a year.

text: The map on the right shows that lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet. About 70% of lightning occurs on land in the

text: Tropics

text: , where the majority of thunderstorms occur. The

text: north

text: and

text: south pole

text: s and the areas over the oceans have the fewest lightning strikes. The place where lightning occurs most often (according to the data from 2004 to 2005) is near the small village of

text: Kifuka

text: in the mountains of eastern

text: Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: , where the

text: elevation

text: is around . This region received 158 lightning strikes per 1 square kilometer (409 per sq mi) a year.

text: Sources  (1) Agricultural Statics - (Website Panchayat levell statics-2011; Pathanamthitta District)(2) India Metrological Department

text: Some electronic devices, most notably CMOS integrated circuits and MOSFET transistors, can be accidentally destroyed by high-voltage static discharge.  Such components are usually stored in a conductive foam for protection. Grounding oneself by touching the workbench, or using a special bracelet or anklet is standard practice while handling unconnected integrated circuits. Another way of dissipating charge is by using conducting materials such as carbon black loaded rubber mats in operating theatres, for example.

text: Some

text: electronic device

text: s, most notably

text: CMOS

text: integrated circuit

text: s and

text: MOSFET

text: transistors, can be accidentally destroyed by high-voltage static discharge.  Such components are usually stored in a conductive

text: foam

text: for protection. Grounding oneself by touching the workbench, or using

text: a special bracelet

text: or anklet is standard practice while handling unconnected

text: integrated circuit

text: s. Another way of dissipating charge is by using conducting materials such as

text: carbon black

text: loaded

text: rubber

text: mats in operating theatres, for example.

text: The position of the center of gravity is determined by factors such as the positions of  loads, e.g. passengers, fuel, weapons, etc.; whether such loads can vary, e.g. presence or absence of luggage, ammunition, etc.; and how fuel is consumed during flight.  Additional information regarding the usual position of the neutral point aft of the center of gravity is at  longitudinal static stability. (For an aircraft this may be described as positive static margin.)  The response of an aircraft or missile to an angular disturbance such as a pitch disturbance is determined by its static margin.

text: The position of the center of gravity is determined by factors such as the positions of  loads, e.g. passengers, fuel, weapons, etc.; whether such loads can vary, e.g. presence or absence of luggage, ammunition, etc.; and how fuel is consumed during flight.  Additional information regarding the usual position of the neutral point aft of the center of gravity is at

text: longitudinal static stability

text: . (For an aircraft this may be described as positive static margin.)  The response of an aircraft or missile to an angular disturbance such as a

text: pitch

text: disturbance is determined by its static margin.

text: When Static is sent 40 years into the future from the time of the Static Shock series, he is forced to work with Terry to rescue Static's future self from the KOBRA organization. While Terry doubts his abilities at first, he eventually develops respect for Static. Terry also sees the resemblance in both the teenage and adult version.

text: When

text: Static

text: is sent 40 years into the future from the time of the

text: Static Shock

text: series, he is forced to work with Terry to rescue Static's future self from the

text: KOBRA

text: organization. While Terry doubts his abilities at first, he eventually develops respect for Static. Terry also sees the resemblance in both the teenage and adult version.

text: Narrow bipolar pulses are high-energy, high-altitude, intra-cloud electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms.  NBP are similar to other forms of lightning such as return strokes and K-changes, but produce an optical emission of at least an order of magnitude smaller.  They typically occur in the 10–20 km altitude range and can emit a power on the order of a few hundred gigawatts.  They produce far-field asymmetric bipolar electric field change signatures (called narrow bipolar events).

text: Narrow bipolar pulses are high-energy, high-

text: altitude

text: , intra-

text: cloud

text: electrical

text: discharges associated with

text: thunderstorm

text: s.  NBP are similar to other forms of

text: lightning

text: such as return strokes and K-changes, but produce an optical emission of at least an order of magnitude smaller.  They typically occur in the 10–20 km altitude range and can emit a power on the order of a few hundred gigawatts.  They produce far-field asymmetric bipolar electric field change signatures (called narrow bipolar events).

text: The solid-fuel booster was both larger and heavier than the drone; it was  long and weighed . It had a folding tail fin on the bottom to stabilize it while the rocket was firing. The booster had a burn time of 87 seconds and a thrust of . During ground handling everyone within  was required to wear anti-static straps to prevent any discharge of static electricity that might ignite the booster.

text: The

text: solid-fuel booster

text: was both larger and heavier than the drone; it was  long and weighed . It had a folding

text: tail fin

text: on the bottom to stabilize it while the rocket was firing. The booster had a burn time of 87 seconds and a thrust of . During ground handling everyone within  was required to wear anti-static straps to prevent any

text: discharge of static electricity

text: that might ignite the booster.

text: Aircraft operating in U.S. airspace have been required to be equipped with static discharge wicks. Although their primary function is to mitigate radio interference due to static buildup through friction with the air, in the event of a lightning strike, a plane is designed to conduct the excess electricity through its skin and structure to the wicks to be safely discharged back into the atmosphere. These measures, however, may be insufficient for positive lightning.

text: Aircraft operating in U.S. airspace have been required to be equipped with

text: static discharge wicks

text: . Although their primary function is to mitigate radio interference due to static buildup through friction with the air, in the event of a lightning strike, a plane is designed to conduct the excess electricity through its skin and structure to the wicks to be safely discharged back into the atmosphere. These measures, however, may be insufficient for positive lightning.

text: The band began working on their sixth studio album, Cult of Static, in January 2008 after returning from the Operation Annihilation tour in Australia. Static stated they intended to mix the longer buildups and break downs from Wisconsin Death Trip with the heaviness that was present on Cannibal. On October 14, 2008 Static-X released their live CD/DVD, Cannibal Killers Live. On December 11, 2008 Static revealed the album's release date and name saying "I had hoped to announce it here first, but my publicist beat me to the punch! The new record is indeed entitled Cult of Static and will be released March 17. The "cult" part of the title is not to be taken in any religious manner, I am referring to and giving respect to the loyalty of all you good people that have supported us through the years. This record is definitely darker than Cannibal and has more synths and loops as well. And this is also the most crushing guitar tone I have ever had. There are 11 songs instead of our usual 12, and they are mostly longer and more epic than ever before." The album debut at No. 16 on the Billboard 200 chart, the highest  since their second studio album, Machine. A new Static-X song called "Lunatic" appeared on soundtrack to the movie Marvel's Punisher: War Zone. The band toured in support of the album for the rest of the year, playing major concerts such as the Download Festival and Rock on the Range.

text: The band began working on their sixth studio album,

text: Cult of Static

text: , in January 2008 after returning from the Operation Annihilation tour in Australia. Static stated they intended to mix the longer buildups and break downs from Wisconsin Death Trip with the heaviness that was present on Cannibal. On October 14, 2008 Static-X released their live CD/DVD,

text: Cannibal Killers Live

text: . On December 11, 2008 Static revealed the album's release date and name saying "I had hoped to announce it here first, but my publicist beat me to the punch! The new record is indeed entitled

text: Cult of Static

text: and will be released March 17. The "cult" part of the title is not to be taken in any religious manner, I am referring to and giving respect to the loyalty of all you good people that have supported us through the years. This record is definitely darker than Cannibal and has more synths and loops as well. And this is also the most crushing guitar tone I have ever had. There are 11 songs instead of our usual 12, and they are mostly longer and more epic than ever before." The album debut at No. 16 on the

text: Billboard 200

text: chart, the highest  since their second studio album, Machine. A new Static-X song called "Lunatic" appeared on soundtrack to the movie

text: Marvel

text: 's

entity_name: Punisher: War Zone Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

text: Punisher: War Zone

text: . The band toured in support of the album for the rest of the year, playing major concerts such as the

text: Download Festival

text: and

text: Rock on the Range

text: Discharge of static electricity can create severe hazards in those industries dealing with flammable substances, where a small electrical spark might ignite explosive mixtures.

text: The techniques used in extended static checking come from various fields of Computer Science, including static program analysis, symbolic simulation, model checking, abstract interpretation, SAT solving and automated theorem proving and type checking. Extended static checking is generally performed only at an intraprocedural level (rather than an interprocedural one) in order to scale to large programs. Furthermore, extended static checking aims to report errors by exploiting user-supplied specifications, in the form of pre- and post-conditions, loop invariants and class invariants.

text: The techniques used in extended static checking come from various fields of

text: Computer Science

text: , including

text: static program analysis

text: symbolic simulation

text: model checking

text: abstract interpretation

text: SAT solving

text: and

text: automated theorem proving

text: and

text: type checking

text: . Extended static checking is generally performed only at an intraprocedural level (rather than an interprocedural one) in order to scale to large programs. Furthermore, extended static checking aims to report errors by exploiting user-supplied specifications, in the form of

text: pre-

text: and

text: post-conditions

text: loop invariant

text: s and

text: class invariant

text: s.

text: Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an electromagnetic pulse, and can charge extended metal objects such as telephone cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the electrical breakdown of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of forest fires are started by lightning strikes.

text: Hazards due to lightning obviously include a direct strike on persons or property. However, lightning can also create dangerous voltage gradients in the earth, as well as an

text: electromagnetic pulse

text: , and can charge extended metal objects such as

text: telephone

text: cables, fences, and pipelines to dangerous voltages that can be carried many miles from the site of the strike. Although many of these objects are not normally conductive, very high voltage can cause the

text: electrical breakdown

text: of such insulators, causing them to act as conductors. These transferred potentials are dangerous to people, livestock, and electronic apparatus. Lightning strikes also start fires and explosions, which result in fatalities, injuries, and property damage. For example, each year in North America, thousands of

text: forest fire

text: s are started by lightning strikes.

text: An antistatic floor mat or ground mat is one of a number of antistatic devices designed to help eliminate static electricity. It does this by having a controlled low resistance: a metal mat would keep parts grounded but would short out exposed parts; an insulating mat would provide no ground reference and so would not provide grounding. Typical resistance is on the order of 10 to 10 ohms between points on the mat and to ground.  The mat would need to be grounded (earthed). This is usually accomplished by plugging into the grounded line in an electrical outlet.  It's important to discharge at a slow rate, therefore a resistor should be used in earthing the mat. The resistor, as well as allowing high-voltage charges to leak through to earth, also prevents a shock hazard when working with low-voltage parts. Some ground mats allow you to connect an antistatic wrist strap to them. Versions are designed for placement on both the floor and desk.

text: An antistatic floor mat or ground mat is one of a number of

text: antistatic devices

text: designed to help eliminate

text: static electricity

text: . It does this by having a controlled low resistance: a metal mat would keep parts grounded but would short out exposed parts; an insulating mat would provide no ground reference and so would not provide grounding. Typical resistance is on the order of 10 to 10 ohms between points on the mat and to ground.  The mat would need to be

text: grounded

text: (earthed). This is usually accomplished by plugging into the grounded line in an electrical outlet.  It's important to discharge at a slow rate, therefore a

text: resistor

text: should be used in earthing the mat. The resistor, as well as allowing high-voltage charges to leak through to earth, also prevents a shock hazard when working with low-voltage parts. Some ground mats allow you to connect an

text: antistatic wrist strap

text: to them. Versions are designed for placement on both the floor and desk.

text: The work of Milgrom and Shannon (1994) showed that comparative statics results could often be obtained through more relevant and intuitive ordinal conditions. Indeed, they show that their concept of quasi-supermodularity (a generalization of supermodular function) along with the single-crossing property, is necessary and sufficient for comparative statics to obtain on arbitrary choice sets.  Their theory extends earlier work in the Operations Research literature (Topkis, 1968; Veinott, 1989) which already uses lattice theory but focuses on cardinal concepts. Milgrom and John Roberts (1994) extended this to comparative statics on equilibria, while Milgrom (1994) demonstrated its wider applicability in comparing optima. Milgrom and Roberts (1996) also generalized Paul Samuelson's application of Le Chatelier's Principle in economics. In related work, Milgrom and Ilya Segal (2002) reconsidered the Envelope Theorem and its applications in light of the developments in monotone comparative statics. Due to the influence of Milgrom and Shannon's paper and related research by Milgrom and others, these techniques, now often referred to as monotone comparative statics, are widely known and used in economic modelling.

text: The work of Milgrom and Shannon (1994) showed that comparative statics results could often be obtained through more relevant and intuitive ordinal conditions. Indeed, they show that their concept of quasi-supermodularity (a generalization of

text: supermodular function

text: ) along with the

text: single-crossing property

text: , is necessary and sufficient for comparative statics to obtain on arbitrary choice sets.  Their theory extends earlier work in the

text: Operations Research

text: literature (Topkis, 1968; Veinott, 1989) which already uses

text: lattice theory

text: but focuses on cardinal concepts. Milgrom and

text: John Roberts

text: (1994) extended this to comparative statics on equilibria, while Milgrom (1994) demonstrated its wider applicability in comparing optima. Milgrom and Roberts (1996) also generalized

text: Paul Samuelson

text: 's application of

text: Le Chatelier's Principle

text: in economics. In related work, Milgrom and Ilya Segal (2002) reconsidered the

text: Envelope Theorem

text: and its applications in light of the developments in monotone comparative statics. Due to the influence of Milgrom and Shannon's paper and related research by Milgrom and others, these techniques, now often referred to as monotone comparative statics, are widely known and used in economic modelling.

text: Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored. Consequently, equilibrium thermodynamics allows processes that pass through states far from thermodynamic equilibrium, that cannot be described even by the variables admitted for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, such as time rates of change of temperature and pressure. For example, in equilibrium thermodynamics, a process is allowed to include even a violent explosion that cannot be described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics does, however, for theoretical development, use the idealized concept of the "quasi-static process".  A quasi-static process is a conceptual (timeless and physically impossible) smooth mathematical passage along a continuous path of states of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is an exercise in differential geometry rather than a process that could occur in actuality.

text: In addition, static electricity may become a problem in conditions of low humidity, destroying semiconductor devices and causing annoying static cling of textiles, and causing dust and small particles to stick stubbornly to electrically charged surfaces.

text: In addition,

text: static electricity

text: may become a problem in conditions of low humidity, destroying semiconductor devices and causing annoying

text: static cling

text: of textiles, and causing dust and small particles to stick stubbornly to electrically charged surfaces.

text: Within the HST there is the HST commander whose job is to coordinate the mission between the airwing, the supporting unit, and the Marine Logistics Group who provides the HST. The HST Commander is usually a Sergeant and sometimes a Staff Sergeant. Subordinate to the HST Commander is the HST Safety NCO, the job of the safety NCO is to ensure that the gear or supplies are rigged properly, and to ensure that everyone underneath the Helicopter are doing their job in a safe manner. The Safety NCO is normally a Corporal or Sergeant. The primary members of the HST are the Leg-men and the inside and outside directors along with the hookman and the Static Man. The inside and outside directors direct the pilot of the aircraft as he centers his helicopter over the load that is being lifted. The leg-men ensure that the slings used to lift the gear do not get caught on anything and lift in a straight manner as to not disturb the load being lifted. The job of the Static man is to use a grounding rod to attach to the hook so that the static electricity conducted by the helicopter is grounded out and does not end up killing a Marine. The Hook Man the hooks up the load to the hook of the aircraft in a safe manner.

text: Within the HST there is the HST commander whose job is to coordinate the mission between the airwing, the supporting unit, and the Marine Logistics Group who provides the HST. The HST Commander is usually a

text: Sergeant

text: and sometimes a

text: Staff Sergeant

text: In effect, they are imagining the 'electric fluid' as consisting of electrons with almost no mass, but still with substantial electrical attractive and repulsive power.  Static electricity then becomes a matter of a superabundance of electrons in one body, and a shortage of electrons in another.

text: Stinger can build static energy around her hands and discharge it as bioelectricity bolts.

text: Stinger can build static energy around her hands and discharge it as

text: bioelectricity

text: bolts.

text: The static semantics defines restrictions on the structure of valid texts that are hard or impossible to express in standard syntactic formalisms. For compiled languages, static semantics essentially include those semantic rules that can be checked at compile time. Examples include checking that every identifier is declared before it is used (in languages that require such declarations) or that the labels on the arms of a case statement are distinct. Many important restrictions of this type, like checking that identifiers are used in the appropriate context (e.g. not adding an integer to a function name), or that subroutine calls have the appropriate number and type of arguments, can be enforced by defining them as rules in a logic called a type system. Other forms of static analyses like data flow analysis may also be part of static semantics. Newer programming languages like Java and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] have definite assignment analysis, a form of data flow analysis, as part of their static semantics.

text: The static semantics defines restrictions on the structure of valid texts that are hard or impossible to express in standard syntactic formalisms. For compiled languages, static semantics essentially include those semantic rules that can be checked at compile time. Examples include checking that every

text: identifier

text: is declared before it is used (in languages that require such declarations) or that the labels on the arms of a

text: case statement

text: are distinct. Many important restrictions of this type, like checking that identifiers are used in the appropriate context (e.g. not adding an integer to a function name), or that

text: subroutine

text: calls have the appropriate number and type of arguments, can be enforced by defining them as rules in a

text: logic

text: called a

text: type system

text: . Other forms of

text: static analyses

text: like

text: data flow analysis

text: may also be part of static semantics. Newer programming languages like

text: Java

text: and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] have

text: definite assignment analysis

text: , a form of data flow analysis, as part of their static semantics.

text: Runtime verification, if used in combination with provably correct recovery code, can provide an invaluable infrastructure for program verification, which can significantly lower the latter's complexity.  For example, formally verifying heap-sort algorithm is very challenging. One less challenging technique to verify it is to monitor its output to be sorted (a linear complexity monitor) and, if not sorted, then sort it using some easily verifiable procedure, say insertion sort.  The resulting sorting program is now more easily verifiable, the only thing being required from heap-sort is that it does not destroy the original elements regarded as a multiset, which is much easier to prove.  Looking at from the other direction, one can use formal verification to reduce the overhead of runtime verification, as already mentioned above for static analysis instead of formal verification.  Indeed, one can start with a fully runtime verified, but probably slow program.  Then one can use formal verification (or static analysis) to discharge monitors, same way a compiler uses static analysis to discharge runtime checks of type correctness or memory safety.

text: memory safety

text: "Cough/Cool" and "She" were re-recorded and re-released in several versions in subsequent years. "She" was re-recorded in January 1978, with guitar in place of the electric piano, for the Static Age album. The album was not released, though many of its songs saw release in various versions over the years. "She" had been one of three songs from the sessions that were never mixed, however, and so this version was not released until 1997, when Static Age was finally issued in its entirety. A third version of "She" was released in 1985 on the compilation album Legacy of Brutality, with overdubbed guitar and bass tracks by Danzig. This version was reissued on Misfits the following year. A new version of "Cough/Cool" appeared on Collection II in 1996; this version used the drum track from the original recording, but Danzig overdubbed guitar and drum machine tracks and new vocals. The original mixes of both "Cough/Cool" and "She", from the original single, were included in The Misfits box set (1996) along with the alternative versions from Legacy of Brutality and Collection II.

text: "Cough/Cool" and "She" were re-recorded and re-released in several versions in subsequent years. "She" was re-recorded in January 1978, with guitar in place of the electric piano, for the

text: Static Age

text: album. The album was not released, though many of its songs saw release in various versions over the years. "She" had been one of three songs from the sessions that were never mixed, however, and so this version was not released until 1997, when Static Age was finally issued in its entirety. A third version of "She" was released in 1985 on the

text: compilation album

text: Legacy of Brutality

text: , with

text: overdubbed

text: guitar and bass tracks by Danzig. This version was reissued on

text: Misfits

text: the following year. A new version of "Cough/Cool" appeared on

text: Collection II

text: in 1996; this version used the drum track from the original recording, but Danzig overdubbed guitar and

text: drum machine

text: tracks and new vocals. The original mixes of both "Cough/Cool" and "She", from the original single, were included in The Misfits box set (1996) along with the alternative versions from Legacy of Brutality and Collection II.

text: Natural observable examples of electrical current include lightning, static electricity, and the solar wind, the source of the polar auroras.

text: Natural observable examples of electrical current include

text: lightning

text: static electricity

text: , and the

text: solar wind

text: , the source of the

text: polar aurora

text: s.

text: A more subtle example is that of a function that has a free variable, i.e., depends on some input that is not explicitly passed as a parameter. This is then resolved according to name binding rules to a non-local variable, such as a global variable, a variable in the current execution environment (for dynamic binding), or a variable in a closure (for static binding). Since this variable can be altered without changing the values passed as parameter, the results of subsequent calls to the function may differ even if the parameters are identical. However, in pure functional programming, destructive assignment is not allowed, and thus if the free variable is statically bound to a value, the function is still referentially transparent, as neither the non-local variable nor its value can change, due to static binding and immutability, respectively.

text: A more subtle example is that of a function that has a

text: free variable

text: , i.e., depends on some input that is not explicitly passed as a parameter. This is then resolved according to

text: name binding

text: rules to a

text: non-local variable

text: , such as a

text: global variable

text: , a variable in the current execution environment (for

text: dynamic binding

text: ), or a variable in a

text: closure

text: (for static binding). Since this variable can be altered without changing the values passed as parameter, the results of subsequent calls to the function may differ even if the parameters are identical. However, in pure

text: functional programming

text: destructive assignment

text: is not allowed, and thus if the free variable is

text: statically bound

text: to a value, the function is still referentially transparent, as neither the non-local variable nor its value can change, due to static binding and immutability, respectively.

text: According to a commander in the army, which makes extensive use of the device, how well it works "depends on the static electricity stored in the body of its user. If the person using the detector is feeling weak physically, his static electricity will be down and weaken the effectiveness of the device."

text: When the local electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of damp air (about 3 million volts per meter), electrical discharge results in a strike, often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path. (See image, right.) Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation.  New study confirming dielectric breakdown is involved. Rison 2016.  Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through electric fields. Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a Van de Graaff generator.

text: When the local electric field exceeds the

text: dielectric strength

text: of damp air (about 3 million volts per meter), electrical discharge results in a strike, often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path. (See image, right.) Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation.  New study confirming dielectric breakdown is involved. Rison 2016.  Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through

text: electric field

text: s. Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: In his book, he also studied static electricity using amber; amber is called elektron in Greek, so Gilbert decided to call its effect the electric force.  He invented the first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope, in the form of a pivoted needle he called the versorium.

text: In his book, he also studied

text: static electricity

text: using

text: amber

text: ; amber is called elektron in Greek, so Gilbert decided to call its effect the electric force.  He invented the first electrical

text: measuring instrument

text: , the

text: electroscope

text: , in the form of a pivoted needle he called the

text: versorium

text: An ESD simulator, also known as an ESD gun, is a handheld unit used to test the immunity of devices to electrostatic discharge (ESD). These simulators are used in special electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) laboratories. ESD pulses are fast, high-voltage pulses created when two objects with different electrical charges come into close proximity or contact. Recreating them in a test environment helps to verify that the device under test is immune to static electricity discharges.

text: An ESD simulator, also known as an ESD gun, is a handheld unit used to test the immunity of devices to

text: electrostatic discharge

text: (ESD). These simulators are used in special

text: electromagnetic compatibility

text: (EMC) laboratories. ESD pulses are fast, high-voltage pulses created when two objects with different electrical charges come into close proximity or contact. Recreating them in a test environment helps to verify that the

text: device under test

text: is immune to

text: static electricity

text: discharges.

text: Eighteenth-century "electricians" knew how to spark the interest of an audience with the principles of static electricity.

text: Eighteenth-century "electricians" knew how to spark the interest of an audience with the principles of

text: static electricity

text: Hygroelectricity is a type of static electricity that forms on water droplets and can be transferred from droplets to small dust particles.  The phenomenon is common in the earth's atmosphere but has also been observed in the steam escaping from boilers.  It was the basis for a proposal by Nikola Tesla to tap electricity from the air, an idea which has been recently revived.  Hygroelectric charge is the likely source of the electric charge which, under certain conditions such as exist in thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions and some dust storms, gives rise to lightning.

text: Hygroelectricity is a type of

text: static electricity

text: that forms on

text: water

text: droplets and can be transferred from droplets to small dust particles.  The phenomenon is common in the earth's atmosphere but has also been observed in the steam escaping from boilers.  It was the basis for a proposal by

text: Nikola Tesla

text: to tap electricity from the air, an idea which has been recently revived.  Hygroelectric charge is the likely source of the electric charge which, under certain conditions such as exist in

text: thunderstorm

text: s,

text: volcanic eruption

text: s and some

text: dust storm

text: s, gives rise to

text: lightning

text: The safety mechanism starts by enclosing the electronics and mechanical components used to arm and fire the nuclear weapon with a mechanical and electrical isolation barrier, forming the exclusion zone.  This is insulated from mechanical, thermal, and electrical disruptions (such as static electricity, lightning, fire).

text: The safety mechanism starts by enclosing the electronics and mechanical components used to arm and fire the nuclear weapon with a mechanical and electrical isolation barrier, forming the exclusion zone.  This is insulated from mechanical, thermal, and electrical disruptions (such as

text: static electricity

text: lightning

text: fire

text: Static electricity, form the physical separation and transport of charge (examples: triboelectric effect and lightning). It was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators.

text: Static electricity

text: , form the physical separation and transport of charge (examples:

text: triboelectric effect

text: and

text: lightning

text: ). It was the first form discovered and investigated, and the

text: electrostatic generator

text: is still used even in modern devices such as the

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: and

text: MHD generator

text: s.

text: The speed of physical changes in a gravitational or electromagnetic field should not be confused with "changes" in the behavior of static fields that are due to pure observer-effects. These changes in direction of a static field, because of relativistic considerations, are the same for an observer when a distant charge is moving, as when an observer (instead) decides to move with respect to a distant charge. Thus, constant motion of an observer with regard to a static charge and its extended static field (either a gravitational or electric field) does not change the field. For static fields, such as the electrostatic field connected with electric charge, or the gravitational field connected to a massive object, the field extends to infinity, and does not propagate. Motion of an observer does not cause the direction of such a field to change, and by symmetrical considerations, changing the observer frame so that the charge appears to be moving at a constant rate, also does not cause the direction of its field to change, but requires that it continue to "point" in the direction of the charge, at all distances from the charge.

text: Severe storms, dust clouds and volcanic eruptions can generate lightning. Apart from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail and flooding, the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact. Especially deadly lightning incidents include a 2007 strike in Ushari Dara, a remote mountain village in northwestern Pakistan, that killed 30 people, the crash of LANSA Flight 508 which killed 91, and a fuel explosion in Dronka, Egypt caused by lightning in 1994 which killed 469. Most lightning deaths occur in the poor countries of America and Asia, where lightning is common and adobe mud brick housing provides little protection.

text: Severe storms, dust clouds and volcanic eruptions can generate

text: lightning

text: . Apart from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail and flooding, the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact. Especially deadly lightning incidents include a 2007 strike in Ushari Dara, a remote mountain village in northwestern

text: Pakistan

text: , that killed 30 people, the crash of

text: LANSA Flight 508

text: which killed 91, and a fuel explosion in Dronka,

text: Egypt

text: caused by lightning in 1994 which killed 469. Most lightning deaths occur in the poor countries of America and Asia, where lightning is common and

text: adobe

text: mud brick

text: housing provides little protection.

text: The phenomenon known as St. Elmo's Fire was, and is, a common occurrence of corona discharge. The "Fire" was what sailors called the sparks and discharge that typically occurred on the uppermost sections of sail-powered ships. Caused by a buildup of static electricity, that once the potential energy grew great enough, would arc between masts and spars among the rigging. Sailors were commonly extremely superstitious, and many believed that it was caused by ghosts. Also sailors learned that the discharge often signaled that a thunderstorm was likely imminent.

text: An antistatic device is any device that reduces, dampens, or otherwise inhibits the buildup or discharge of static electricity, which can damage electrical components such as computer hard drives, and even ignite flammable liquids and gases.

text: An antistatic device is any device that reduces, dampens, or otherwise inhibits the buildup or discharge of

text: static electricity

text: , which can damage electrical components such as computer hard drives, and even ignite

text: flammable

text: liquids and gases.

text: AM radio uses amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the transmitted signal is made proportional to the sound amplitude captured (transduced) by the microphone, while the transmitted frequency remains unchanged. Transmissions are affected by static and interference because lightning and other sources of radio emissions on the same frequency add their amplitudes to the original transmitted amplitude.

text: Franklin was not the first to build an electrostatic generator.  European scientists developed machines to generate static electricity decades earlier. In 1663 Otto von Guericke generated static electricity with a device that used a sphere of sulfur.  Francis Hauksbee developed a more advanced electrostatic generator around 1704 using a glass bulb that had a vacuum. He later replaced the globe with a glass tube of about  emptied of air to generate static electricity. His machine with the lengthy tube was less effective, but became the traditional one used in Europe for electricity research because it was easier to use. By 1740 machines popular and widespread in Europe that generated static electricity were made with a glass disc. It was discovered independently in 1745 by German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek that the electric charge from these machines could be stored in a primitive high-voltage electrical capacitor which was efficient in holding the charge. This device became known as a Leyden jar, named after the city of Leiden in the Netherlands.

text: Franklin was not the first to build an electrostatic generator.  European scientists developed machines to generate static electricity decades earlier. In 1663

text: Otto von Guericke

text: generated static electricity with a device that used a sphere of

text: sulfur

text: Francis Hauksbee

text: developed a more advanced electrostatic generator around 1704 using a glass bulb that had a vacuum. He later replaced the globe with a glass tube of about  emptied of air to generate static electricity. His machine with the lengthy tube was less effective, but became the traditional one used in Europe for electricity research because it was easier to use. By 1740 machines popular and widespread in Europe that generated static electricity were made with a glass disc. It was discovered independently in 1745 by German cleric

text: Ewald Georg von Kleist

text: and Dutch scientist

text: Pieter van Musschenbroek

text: that the electric charge from these machines could be stored in a primitive high-voltage electrical

text: capacitor

text: which was efficient in holding the charge. This device became known as a

text: Leyden jar

text: , named after the city of

text: Leiden

text: in the

text: Netherlands

text: Anything But Static  Emotions charge as a new boy visits Sunday school class and tries to set everyone straight. The book discusses electricity, lightning, and the struggle the early church experienced in accepting the zealous Saul as the converted apostle Paul of Acts 9.

text: Anything But Static  Emotions charge as a new boy visits

text: Sunday school

text: class and tries to set everyone straight. The book discusses electricity,

text: lightning

text: , and the struggle the early church experienced in accepting the zealous Saul as the converted apostle Paul of

text: Acts

text: Aircraft flying in weather will develop a static charge from air friction on the airframe. The static can be discharged with static dischargers or static wicks.

text: Aircraft flying in

text: weather

text: will develop a static charge from

text: air friction

text: on the airframe. The static can be discharged with

text: static dischargers

text: or static wicks.

text: In an interview done on November 26, 2013, it was confirmed that Static-X disbanded on June 2013. According to Static, the disputes between himself and the band's former bassist Tony Campos over the rights to the band name had gone too far, forcing him to disband the four-piece.

text: Server lift devices are purpose built for data center operations whereas conventional warehouse lifts lack specific design elements that facilitate needs of data center operations and proper operator safety when installing or uninstalling hardware in a data rack.  A server lift consists of a robust frame; typically a “cage” or “tower style” design made of angle iron.  The steel cage forms the framework for the lifting platen.  The server lift can be rolled across a data center floor on castor-style, conductive rubber wheels.  Static discharge can damage sensitive electronic devices.  Conductive wheels reduce the risk of electrostatic buildup.

text: It is also possible to prove this theorem directly from the force/energy equations for static magnetic dipoles (below). Intuitively, though, it's plausible that if the theorem holdsfor a single point charge then it would also hold for two opposite point charges connected together. In particular, it would hold in the limit where the distance between the charges is decreased to zero while maintaining the dipole moment - that is, it would hold for an electric dipole. But if the theorem holds for an electric dipole then it will also hold for a magnetic dipole since the (static) force/energy equations take the same form for both electric and magnetic dipoles.

text: It is also possible to prove this theorem directly from the force/energy equations for static

text: magnetic dipole

text: s (below). Intuitively, though, it's plausible that if the theorem holdsfor a single point charge then it would also hold for two opposite point charges connected together. In particular, it would hold in the limit where the distance between the charges is decreased to zero while maintaining the dipole moment - that is, it would hold for an

text: electric dipole

text: . But if the theorem holds for an electric dipole then it will also hold for a magnetic dipole since the (static) force/energy equations take the same form for both electric and magnetic dipoles.

text: Static-X was an American industrial metal band from Los Angeles, California formed in 1994. The line-up fluctuated over the years, but always held constant with band founder, frontman, vocalist, and guitarist Wayne Static.  Founders of the band were Wayne Static and original drummer Ken Jay. The band rose to fame with their 1999 debut album Wisconsin Death Trip where the band's heavy industrial metal sound found attention within the burgeoning nu metal movement of the late 1990s, with the album eventually going platinum in the United States.  The band released five more albums over the course of the next decade: Machine in 2001, Shadow Zone in 2003, Start a War in 2005, Cannibal in 2007, and Cult of Static in 2009.

text: Static-X was an American

text: industrial metal

text: band from

text: Los Angeles

text: California

text: formed in 1994. The line-up fluctuated over the years, but always held constant with band founder,

text: frontman

text: vocal

text: ist, and

text: guitarist

text: Wayne Static

text: .  Founders of the band were Wayne Static and original drummer Ken Jay. The band rose to fame with their 1999 debut album

text: Wisconsin Death Trip

text: where the band's heavy industrial metal sound found attention within the burgeoning

text: nu metal

text: movement of the late 1990s, with the album eventually going

text: platinum

text: in the United States.  The band released five more albums over the course of the next decade:

text: Machine

text: in 2001,

text: Shadow Zone

text: in 2003,

text: Start a War

text: in 2005,

text: Cannibal

text: in 2007, and

text: Cult of Static

text: in 2009.

text: Grain combine fires are responsible for millions of dollars of loss each year. Fires usually start near the engine where dust and dry crop debris accumulate. Fires can also start when heat is introduced by bearings or gearboxes that have failed. From 1984 to 2000, 695 major grain combine fires were reported to U.S. local fire departments. Dragging chains to reduce static electricity was one method employed for preventing harvester fires, but the role of static electricity linked to causing harvester fires is yet to be established. The application of the appropriate synthetic greases will reduce the friction experienced at crucial points, i.e. chains, sprockets and gear boxes compared to petroleum based lubricants. Engines with synthetic lubricants will also remain significantly cooler during operation.

text: Grain combine fires are responsible for millions of dollars of loss each year. Fires usually start near the engine where dust and dry crop debris accumulate. Fires can also start when heat is introduced by bearings or gearboxes that have failed. From 1984 to 2000, 695 major grain combine fires were reported to U.S.

text: local fire departments

text: . Dragging chains to reduce

text: static electricity

text: was one method employed for preventing harvester fires, but the role of static electricity linked to causing harvester fires is yet to be established. The application of the appropriate synthetic greases will reduce the friction experienced at crucial points, i.e. chains, sprockets and gear boxes compared to petroleum based lubricants. Engines with synthetic lubricants will also remain significantly cooler during operation.

text: ESC/Java (and more recently ESC/Java2), the "Extended Static Checker for Java," is a programming tool that attempts to find common run-time errors in Java programs at compile time.  The underlying approach used in ESC/Java is referred to as extended static checking, which is a collective name referring to a range of techniques for statically checking the correctness of various program constraints.  For example, that an integer variable is greater-than-zero, or lies between the bounds of an array.  This technique was pioneered in ESC/Java (and its predecessor, ESC/Modula-3) and can be thought of as an extended form of type checking.  Extended static checking usually involves the use of an automated theorem prover and, in ESC/Java, the Simplify theorem prover was used.

text: ESC/Java (and more recently ESC/Java2), the "Extended Static Checker for Java," is a

text: programming tool

text: that attempts to find common

text: run-time error

text: s in

text: Java

text: programs at

text: compile time

text: .  The underlying approach used in ESC/Java is referred to as

text: extended static checking

text: , which is a collective name referring to a range of techniques for

text: statically checking

text: the correctness of various program constraints.  For example, that an integer variable is greater-than-zero, or lies between the

text: bounds of an array

text: .  This technique was pioneered in ESC/Java (and its predecessor, ESC/Modula-3) and can be thought of as an extended form of

text: type checking

text: .  Extended static checking usually involves the use of an

text: automated theorem prover

text: and, in ESC/Java, the Simplify theorem prover was used.

text: A special type of local variable, called a static local, is available in many mainstream languages (including C/C++, Visual Basic, and VB.NET) which allows a value to be retained from one call of the function to another – it is a static variable with local scope. In this case, recursive calls to the function also have access to the (single, statically allocated) variable. In all of the above languages, static variables are declared as such with a special storage class keyword (e.g., static).

text: A special type of local variable, called a static local, is available in many mainstream languages (including

text: C

text: C++

text: Visual Basic

text: , and

text: VB.NET

text: ) which allows a value to be retained from one call of the function to another – it is a

text: static variable

text: with local scope. In this case, recursive calls to the function also have access to the (single,

text: statically allocated

text: ) variable. In all of the above languages, static variables are declared as such with a special storage class keyword (e.g., static).

text: Wisconsin Death Trip is the debut studio album by the American industrial metal band Static-X. Originating in the Midwestern United States when lead singer Wayne Static (from Michigan), and drummer Ken Jay (from Illinois), met at a Virgin Records store in Chicago, it was not long after they were introduced by the lead singer of Smashing Pumpkins, Billy Corgan, that Static and Jay decided to head out west to California to enlist a lead guitarist and bassist. Once in California, Koichi Fukuda became their guitarist, and not long after, they discovered Californian Tony Campos to complete the band as their bassist. Warner Bros. Records discovered the group in California, and signed them to the label in February 1998.<ref>Loehr, Josh. "Static-X." AllMusic. Rovi Corporation, 17 Oct. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.

text: Wisconsin Death Trip is the debut

text: studio album

text: by the

text: American

text: industrial metal

text: band

text: Static-X

text: . Originating in the

text: Midwestern United States

text: when lead singer

text: Wayne Static

text: (from

text: Michigan

text: ), and drummer

text: Ken Jay

text: (from

text: Illinois

text: ), met at a

text: Virgin Records

text: store in Chicago, it was not long after they were introduced by the lead singer of

text: Smashing Pumpkins

text: Billy Corgan

text: , that Static and Jay decided to head out west to

text: California

text: to enlist a lead guitarist and bassist. Once in California,

text: Koichi Fukuda

text: became their guitarist, and not long after, they discovered Californian

text: Tony Campos

text: to complete the band as their bassist.

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: discovered the group in California, and signed them to the label in February 1998.<ref>Loehr, Josh. "Static-X." AllMusic. Rovi Corporation, 17 Oct. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011.

text: In C++03, a class or struct must follow a number of rules for it to be considered a plain old data (POD) type. Types that fit this definition produce object layouts that are compatible with C, and they could also be initialized statically. The C++03 standard has restrictions on what types are compatible with C or can be statically initialized despite no technical reason a compiler couldn't accept the program; if someone were to create a C++03 POD type and add a non-virtual member function, this type would no longer be a POD type, could not be statically initialized, and would be incompatible with C despite no change to the memory layout.

text: In C++03, a class or struct must follow a number of rules for it to be considered a

text: plain old data

text: (POD) type. Types that fit this definition produce object layouts that are compatible with C, and they could also be initialized statically. The C++03 standard has restrictions on what types are compatible with C or can be statically initialized despite no technical reason a compiler couldn't accept the program; if someone were to create a C++03 POD type and add a non-virtual member function, this type would no longer be a POD type, could not be statically initialized, and would be incompatible with C despite no change to the memory layout.

text: Additionally, the presence of electrical action in Earth's atmosphere, due to the accumulation of static charges, generated by friction of the air upon itself, released to ground in an instant, in a massive down-rush of current (moving electronic charges) the moment the accumulated charge exceeds the breakdown voltage of air, accounts for the phenomenon of lightning.

text: Additionally, the presence of electrical action in Earth's atmosphere, due to the accumulation of

text: static charge

text: s, generated by friction of the air upon itself, released to ground in an instant, in a massive down-rush of current (moving electronic charges) the moment the accumulated charge exceeds the breakdown voltage of air, accounts for the phenomenon of lightning.

text: Almost all prototype-based systems are based on interpreted and dynamically typed languages. Systems based on statically typed languages are technically feasible, however. The Omega language discussed in Prototype-Based Programming is an example of such a system, though according to Omega's website even Omega is not exclusively static, but rather its "compiler may choose to use static binding where this is possible and may improve the efficiency of a program."

text: Almost all prototype-based systems are based on interpreted and

entity_section: Dynamic type-checking and runtime type information

text: dynamically typed

text: languages. Systems based on

text: statically typed

text: languages are technically feasible, however. The Omega language discussed in Prototype-Based Programming is an example of such a system, though according to Omega's website even Omega is not exclusively static, but rather its "compiler may choose to use static binding where this is possible and may improve the efficiency of a program."

text: Objects struck by lightning experience heat and magnetic forces of great magnitude. The heat created by lightning currents traveling through a tree may vaporize its sap, causing a steam explosion that bursts the trunk. As lightning travels through sandy soil, the soil surrounding the plasma channel may melt, forming tubular structures called fulgurites. Even though roughly 90 percent of people struck by lightning survive, humans or animals struck by lightning may suffer severe injury due to internal organ and nervous system damage. Buildings or tall structures hit by lightning may be damaged as the lightning seeks unintended paths to ground. By safely conducting a lightning strike to ground, a lightning protection system can greatly reduce the probability of severe property damage. Lightning also serves an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing diatomic nitrogen in the air into nitrates which are deposited by rain and can fertilize the growth of plants and other organisms.

text: Objects struck by lightning experience heat and magnetic forces of great magnitude. The heat created by lightning currents traveling through a tree may vaporize its sap, causing a steam explosion that bursts the trunk. As lightning travels through sandy soil, the soil surrounding the

text: plasma channel

text: may melt, forming tubular structures called

text: fulgurite

text: s. Even though roughly 90 percent of people struck by lightning survive, humans or animals struck by lightning may suffer severe injury due to internal organ and nervous system damage. Buildings or tall structures hit by lightning may be damaged as the lightning seeks unintended paths to ground. By safely conducting a lightning strike to ground, a lightning protection system can greatly reduce the probability of severe property damage. Lightning also serves an important role in the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: by oxidizing diatomic nitrogen in the air into

text: nitrates

text: which are deposited by rain and can fertilize the growth of plants and other organisms.

text: CMOS sensors can potentially be implemented with fewer components, use less power, and/or provide faster readout than CCD sensors. They are also less vulnerable to static electricity discharges.

text: The incidence of individual lightning strikes in any particular place is highly variable, but lightning does have an underlying spatial distribution. In 1997 NASA and National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan launched the first Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)-equipped satellite to detect and record lightning.

text: The incidence of individual

text: lightning

text: strikes in any particular place is highly variable, but lightning does have an underlying

text: spatial distribution

text: . In 1997

text: NASA

text: and National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan launched the first Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)-equipped satellite to detect and record lightning.

text: , the surface layer is statically unstable, and when

text: Alternatively, introductory treatments of magnetism introduce the Biot–Savart law, which describes the magnetic field associated with an electric current. An observer at rest with respect to a system of static, free charges will see no magnetic field. However, a moving observer looking at the same set of charges does perceive a current, and thus a magnetic field.  That is, the magnetic field is simply the electric field, as seen in a moving coordinate system.

text: Alternatively, introductory treatments of

text: magnetism

text: introduce the

text: Biot–Savart law

text: , which describes the magnetic field associated with an

text: electric current

text: . An observer at rest with respect to a system of static, free charges will see no magnetic field. However, a moving observer looking at the same set of charges does perceive a current, and thus a magnetic field.  That is, the magnetic field is simply the electric field, as seen in a moving coordinate system.

text: Rubbing dissimilar materials against one another can cause a build-up of electrostatic charge, which can be hazardous if flammable gases or vapours are present. When the static build-up discharges, explosions can be caused by ignition of the flammable mixture.

text: Rubbing dissimilar materials against one another can cause a build-up of

text: electrostatic charge

text: , which can be hazardous if flammable gases or vapours are present. When the static build-up discharges,

text: explosion

text: s can be caused by ignition of the flammable mixture.

text: In 2012 Wayne Static decided to reform Static-X, but none of the original members would join him.  Instead his solo band would tour under the name Static-X. In June 2013, Static announced Static-X's official break-up. Static blamed it on a disagreement with Campos over the rights of the band; citing that Campos was paid by Wayne for the use of the name while touring, but during the said tour, Wayne took ill. Being unable to play the deal fell through, ending the band.  Despite breaking up the band, Static still performed the band's music under his own name and solo band in 2014, most notably playing the Wisconsin Death Trip album in its entirety to celebrate the album's 15th anniversary. However, on November 1, 2014, it was announced that Wayne Static died at the age of 48. Despite having a history of drug use, Static's wife Tera Wray released a statement saying that he had stopped his drug use in 2009, and his death was not drug or overdose related.  Despite her claims, in  March 2015 the coroner's report indicated that his death was from a combination of excessive prescription drugs and alcohol in his system, though the manner of death was deemed "natural".

text: In 2012 Wayne Static decided to reform Static-X, but none of the original members would join him.  Instead his solo band would tour under the name Static-X. In June 2013, Static announced Static-X's official break-up. Static blamed it on a disagreement with Campos over the rights of the band; citing that Campos was paid by Wayne for the use of the name while touring, but during the said tour, Wayne took ill. Being unable to play the deal fell through, ending the band.  Despite breaking up the band, Static still performed the band's music under his own name and solo band in 2014, most notably playing the Wisconsin Death Trip album in its entirety to celebrate the album's 15th anniversary. However, on November 1, 2014, it was announced that Wayne Static died at the age of 48. Despite having a history of drug use, Static's wife

text: Tera Wray

text: released a statement saying that he had stopped his drug use in 2009, and his death was not drug or

text: overdose

text: related.  Despite her claims, in  March 2015 the coroner's report indicated that his death was from a combination of excessive

text: prescription drugs

text: and alcohol in his system, though the

text: manner of death

text: was deemed "natural".

text: An object or part of an object experiences steady field intensity and direction where there is still relative motion of the field and the object (for example in the center of the field in the diagram), or unsteady fields where the currents cannot circulate due to the geometry of the conductor. In these situations charges collect on or within the object and these charges then produce static electric potentials that oppose any further current. Currents may be initially associated with the creation of static potentials, but these may be transitory and small.

text: The wealthy had their votive paintings done on canvas and these were donated to churches.  Most votive paintings would be of this type until the 18th century. At this time, sheets of tin became relatively inexpensive, allowing for the masses to donate pieces made by themselves or by a local artist. The most prolific period of votive painting production by the lower classes occurred from the late 18th to early19th centuries. In addition to the availability of tin sheets, another reason for the popularity of votive paintings was the political instability of Mexico from  late 18th century through much of the 19th. This promoted the devotion to local images and folk saints, along with pilgrimages to their sites. Both types of votive paintings, static images and narrative ones were widely produced in the 19th century. Static images on tin were produced for home shrines and narrative images were made to donate or to leave at pilgrimage sites. Static images are fairly uniform, but the narrative ones show a wide range of creativity.

text: Miranda/Mirage (Gavin Turek) – A young girl with special photokinetic powers, which allowed her to generate visible, realistic illusions by manipulating light into anything she imagined or remembered. Her older brother was Byron (aka Boom), and they lived with their grandmother following their parents' death. Their powers came from stepping in a spill of the chemicals from the Big Bang. Mirage agreed to help Boom steal money to buy a new place for them to live (only because he is her older brother, a brother-sister relationship where he usually bosses her around), but after talking with Static, she sees how having powers has corrupted her elder brother and helps Static stop him. Mirage was then taken in by the Dakota City Department of Social Services, but not before she generated an illusion of Static flying into the distance, as a favor to Static (Static/Virgil needed to convince his sister that he was not Static).

text: Miranda/Mirage (

text: Gavin Turek

text: ) – A young girl with special

text: photokinetic

text: powers, which allowed her to generate visible, realistic

text: illusion

text: s by manipulating

text: light

text: into anything she imagined or remembered. Her older brother was Byron (aka

text: Boom

text: ), and they lived with their grandmother following their parents' death. Their powers came from stepping in a spill of the chemicals from the

text: Big Bang

text: . Mirage agreed to help Boom steal money to buy a new place for them to live (only because he is her older brother, a brother-sister relationship where he usually bosses her around), but after talking with Static, she sees how having powers has corrupted her elder brother and helps Static stop him. Mirage was then taken in by the Dakota City

text: Department

text: of

text: Social Services

text: , but not before she generated an

text: illusion

text: of Static flying into the distance, as a favor to Static (Static/Virgil needed to convince his sister that he was not Static).

text: The TLP technique is based on charging a long, floating cable to a pre-determined voltage, and discharging it into a Device-Under-Test (DUT).  The cable discharge emulates an electro-static discharge event, but employing time-domain reflectometry (TDR), the change in DUT impedance can be monitored as a function of time.

text: Atmospheric charges can cause undesirable, dangerous, and potentially lethal charge potential buildup in suspended electric wire power distribution systems. Bare wires suspended in the air spanning many kilometers and isolated from the ground can collect very large stored capacitance at high voltage static charge potentials, even when there is no thunderstorm or lightning occurring. This charge potential will seek to discharge itself through the path of least insulation, which can occur when a person reaches out to activate a power switch or to use an electric device.

text: Static Height is the maximum height reached by the pipe after the pump (also known as the 'discharge head').

text: Static Height is the maximum height reached by the pipe after the pump (also known as the '

text: discharge head

text: Pierre Polinière was the only child of Jean-Baptiste Poulynière and Françoise Vasnier. Pierre's father had inherited an estate in Coulonces in lower Normandy. However, when Pierre was 3 years old, his father died. Fortunately his mother recognized his potential and strove to get him a good education. After receiving a classical education at the University of Caen, two of his paternal uncles, who were Catholic clergymen, arranged to have him study philosophy at Harcourt College of the University of Paris. There he also studied mathematics under Pierre Varignon (1654–1722), an early advocate of calculus. In the 1690s Poliniere received a degree in medicine; he also became interested in science. He did original research, including studies of the production of light by electrical discharges through low-pressure air, in which field he made discoveries that were simultaneous with, but independent of, those of the Englishman Francis Hauksbee (1666–1713). His discovery that static electricity could generate light in low-pressure gases led him to speculate that lightning was a form of static electric discharge.

text: Pierre Polinière was the only child of Jean-Baptiste Poulynière and Françoise Vasnier. Pierre's father had inherited an estate in Coulonces in lower Normandy. However, when Pierre was 3 years old, his father died. Fortunately his mother recognized his potential and strove to get him a good education. After receiving a classical education at the University of Caen, two of his paternal uncles, who were Catholic clergymen, arranged to have him study philosophy at Harcourt College of the University of Paris. There he also studied mathematics under

text: Pierre Varignon

text: (1654–1722), an early advocate of calculus. In the 1690s Poliniere received a degree in medicine; he also became interested in science. He did original research, including studies of the production of light by electrical discharges through low-pressure air, in which field he made discoveries that were simultaneous with, but independent of, those of the Englishman

text: Francis Hauksbee

text: (1666–1713). His discovery that static electricity could generate light in low-pressure gases led him to speculate that lightning was a form of static electric discharge.

text: Electrical experiments were widely popular from around 1770. Following the invention of the Leyden jar in 1745, similar electrostatic generators were obtained for the first time in Japan from the Dutch around 1770 by Hiraga Gennai. Static electricity was produced by the friction of a glass tube with a gold-plated stick, creating electrical effects. The jars were reproduced and adapted by the Japanese, who called it . As in Europe, these generators were used as curiosities, such as making sparks fly from the head of a subject or for supposed pseudoscientific medical advantages. In Sayings of the Dutch, the elekiteru is described as a machine that allows one to take sparks out of the human body, to treat sick parts. Elekiterus were sold widely to the public in curiosity shops. Many electric machines derived from the elekiteru were then invented, particularly by Sakuma Shōzan.

text: Electrical experiments were widely popular from around 1770. Following the invention of the

text: Leyden jar

text: in 1745, similar

text: electrostatic generator

text: s were obtained for the first time in Japan from the Dutch around 1770 by

text: Hiraga Gennai

text: Static electricity

text: was produced by the friction of a glass tube with a gold-plated stick, creating electrical effects. The jars were reproduced and adapted by the Japanese, who called it . As in Europe, these generators were used as curiosities, such as making sparks fly from the head of a subject or for supposed pseudoscientific medical advantages. In Sayings of the Dutch, the elekiteru is described as a machine that allows one to take sparks out of the human body, to treat sick parts. Elekiterus were sold widely to the public in curiosity shops. Many electric machines derived from the elekiteru were then invented, particularly by

text: Sakuma Shōzan

text: 3 kinds of ground state or static electrical influences predominate:

text: Michael Faraday began, in 1832, what promised to be a rather tedious attempt to prove that all electricities had precisely the same properties and caused precisely the same effects. The key effect was electrochemical decomposition. Voltaic and electromagnetic electricity posed no problems, but static electricity did. As Faraday delved deeper into the problem, he made two startling discoveries. First, electrical force did not, as had long been supposed, act at a distance upon molecules to cause them to dissociate. It was the passage of electricity through a conducting liquid medium that caused the molecules to dissociate, even when the electricity merely discharged into the air and did not pass through a "pole" or "center of action" in a voltaic cell. Second, the amount of the decomposition was found to be related directly to the amount of electricity passing through the solution.

text: Michael Faraday

text: The color of the spark depends upon the gases that make up the gaseous media. While the small sparks generated by static electricity may barely be audible, larger sparks are often accompanied by a loud snap or bang. Lightning is an example of an immense spark that can be many miles long.

text: The color of the spark depends upon the gases that make up the gaseous media. While the small sparks generated by

text: static electricity

text: may barely be audible, larger sparks are often accompanied by a loud snap or bang.

text: Lightning

text: is an example of an immense spark that can be many miles long.

text: Thermal noise can be made lower by cooling the circuits, but this is only usually worthwhile on radio telescopes. In other applications the limiting noise source depends on the frequency range in use. At low frequencies (longwave or mediumwave) and at high frequencies (shortwave), interference caused by lightning or by nearby electrical impulses in electrical switches, motors, vehicle ignition circuits, computers, and other man-made sources tends to swamp transmissions with thermal noise. These noises are often referred to as static. Atmospheric noise is radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes, primarily lightning discharges in thunderstorms.  At very high frequency and ultra high frequency these sources can still be important, but at a much lower level, such that thermal noise is usually the limiting factor. Cosmic background noise is experienced at frequencies above about 15 MHz when highly directional antennas are pointed toward the sun or to certain other regions of the sky such as the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

text: Thermal noise can be made lower by cooling the circuits, but this is only usually worthwhile on

text: radio telescope

text: s. In other applications the limiting noise source depends on the frequency range in use. At

text: low frequencies

text: longwave

text: or

text: mediumwave

text: ) and at

text: high frequencies

text: shortwave

text: ), interference caused by

text: lightning

text: or by nearby electrical impulses in

text: electrical switches

text: motors

text: , vehicle

text: ignition circuits

text: computer

text: s, and other man-made sources tends to swamp transmissions with thermal noise. These noises are often referred to as static.

text: Atmospheric noise

text: is radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes, primarily lightning discharges in thunderstorms.  At

text: very high frequency

text: and

text: ultra high frequency

text: these sources can still be important, but at a much lower level, such that thermal noise is usually the limiting factor.

text: Cosmic background noise

text: is experienced at frequencies above about 15 MHz when highly directional antennas are pointed toward the sun or to certain other regions of the sky such as the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

text: Static cling is the tendency for light objects to stick (cling) to other objects owing to static electricity.  It is common in clothing, but occurs with other items, such as the tendency of dust to be attracted to, and stick to, plastic items.

text: Static cling is the tendency for light objects to stick (cling) to other objects owing to

text: static electricity

text: .  It is common in clothing, but occurs with other items, such as the tendency of dust to be attracted to, and stick to, plastic items.

text: Polonium was also part of brushes or more complex tools that eliminate static charges in photographic plates, textile mills, paper rolls, sheet plastics, and on substrates (such as automotive) prior to the application of coatings. Alpha particles emitted by polonium ionize air molecules that neutralize charges on the nearby surfaces. Some anti-static brushes contain up to  of Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity. In USA, the devices with no more than  of (sealed) Po per unit can be bought in any amount under a "general license", which means that a buyer need not be registered by any authorities. Polonium needs to be replaced in these devices nearly every year because of its short half-life; it is also highly radioactive and therefore has been mostly replaced by less dangerous beta particle sources.

text: Polonium was also part of brushes or more complex tools that eliminate static charges in photographic plates,

text: textile

text: mills, paper rolls, sheet plastics, and on substrates (such as automotive) prior to the application of coatings. Alpha particles emitted by polonium ionize air molecules that neutralize charges on the nearby surfaces. Some anti-static brushes contain up to  of Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity. In USA, the devices with no more than  of (sealed) Po per unit can be bought in any amount under a "general license", which means that a buyer need not be registered by any authorities. Polonium needs to be replaced in these devices nearly every year because of its short half-life; it is also highly radioactive and therefore has been mostly replaced by less dangerous

text: beta particle

text: sources.

text: Giving a charge to air molecules is a process known as ionization. Ions are air molecules that have a net electrical charge. Air under normal circumstances has no net charge. Whenever a charge imbalance does occur, the natural attraction of positive and negatively charged ions tends to eventually cancel this charge out, as they attract and combine. Static shocks are an example of this, as is lightning.

text: Giving a charge to air molecules is a process known as

text: ionization

text: . Ions are air molecules that have a net electrical charge. Air under normal circumstances has no net charge. Whenever a charge imbalance does occur, the natural attraction of positive and negatively charged ions tends to eventually cancel this charge out, as they attract and combine.

text: Static shock

text: s are an example of this, as is

text: lightning

text: In 2000, Static Free Software was created to manage Electric's distribution.

text: An antistatic wrist strap, ESD wrist strap, or ground bracelet is an antistatic device used to safely ground a person working on very sensitive electronic equipment, to prevent the buildup of static electricity on their body, which can result in electrostatic discharge (ESD). It is used in the electronics industry by workers working on electronic devices which can be damaged by ESD, and also sometimes by people working around explosives, to prevent electric sparks which could set off an explosion. It consists of an elastic band of fabric with fine conductive fibers woven into it, attached to a wire with a clip on the end to connect it to a ground conductor.  The fibers are usually made of carbon or carbon-filled rubber, and the strap is bound with a stainless steel clasp or plate.   They are usually used in conjunction with an antistatic mat on the workbench, or a special static-dissipating plastic laminate on the workbench surface.

text: An antistatic wrist strap, ESD wrist strap, or ground bracelet is an antistatic device used to safely

text: ground

text: a person working on very sensitive

text: electronic

text: equipment, to prevent the buildup of

text: static electricity

text: on their body, which can result in

text: electrostatic discharge

text: (ESD). It is used in the electronics industry by workers working on electronic devices which can be damaged by ESD, and also sometimes by people working around explosives, to prevent

text: electric spark

text: s which could set off an explosion. It consists of an elastic band of

text: fabric

text: with fine

text: conductive

text: fibers woven into it, attached to a wire with a clip on the end to connect it to a

text: ground conductor

text: .  The fibers are usually made of carbon or carbon-filled rubber, and the strap is bound with a stainless steel clasp or plate.   They are usually used in conjunction with an

text: antistatic mat

text: on the workbench, or a special static-dissipating plastic laminate on the workbench surface.

text: Ion generators are sometimes used to inject ions into the ambient airstream. Ionization systems help to neutralize charged surface regions on insulative or dielectric materials. Insulating materials prone to triboelectric charging should be kept away from sensitive devices to prevent accidental charging of devices through induction. On aircraft, static dischargers are used on the trailing edges of wings and other surfaces.

text: Ion generators are sometimes used to inject ions into the ambient airstream. Ionization systems help to neutralize charged surface regions on insulative or

text: dielectric

text: materials. Insulating materials prone to triboelectric charging should be kept away from sensitive devices to prevent accidental charging of devices through induction. On aircraft,

text: static discharger

text: s are used on the

text: trailing edge

text: s of wings and other surfaces.

text: There are three distinct test models for electrostatic discharge: human-body, machine, and charged-devices models. The human-body model emulates the action of a human body discharging static electricity, the machine model simulates static discharge from a machine, and the charged-device model simulates the charging and discharging events that occur in production processes and equipment.

text: An electrostatic-sensitive device (often abbreviated ESD) is any component (primarily electrical) which can be damaged by common static charges which build up on people, tools, and other non-conductors or semiconductors. ESD commonly also stands for electrostatic discharge.

text: An electrostatic-sensitive device (often abbreviated ESD) is any component (primarily electrical) which can be damaged by common static charges which build up on people, tools, and other

text: non-conductor

text: s or

text: semiconductor

text: s. ESD commonly also stands for

text: electrostatic discharge

text: Franklin developed and produced his lightning rod invention from what he learned from his electrostatic machine about static electricity principles as related to pointed objects. He proposed an experiment to be done during an electrical storm where a person was to stand atop  an insulating stool inside a sentry box. He was to hold out a long pointed iron rod to attract a lightning bolt. On May 10, 1752, this was first performed with success in France and repeated later several more times throughout Europe. Franklin proved by this sentry-box experiment that lightning was electricity. He determined from this experiment that by placing a pointed iron rod at the top of the roof of a wooden structure and the other end of the rod placed deep into the ground it would  protect it. The point would attract the electrical discharge from the cloud and hit the iron rod instead of the structure and go directly into the earth to discharge the electricity, bypassing the structure.

text: TDH = Static Height + Static Lift + Friction Loss

text: Static electricity may also build up on a spacecraft as a result of space radiation, including sunlight, depending on the materials used on the surfaces of the spacecraft.

text: Static electricity may also build up on a spacecraft as a result of space

text: radiation

text: , including sunlight, depending on the materials used on the surfaces of the spacecraft.

text: One reported version of StunStrike is a directed-energy weapon which makes a cone-shaped field of powerful electric discharges in one direction. These discharges were incorrectly referred to as static electricity by the television show FutureWeapons. It is in a black box designed to look like a briefcase or small suitcase. It is intended to deny passage through a door (which it can be left beside), or to stun or scare an opponent. This briefcase model was featured on an episode of FutureWeapons on the discovery channel.

text: One reported version of StunStrike is a

text: directed-energy weapon

text: which makes a cone-shaped field of

text: powerful electric discharges

text: in one direction. These discharges were incorrectly referred to as

text: static electricity

text: by the television show

text: FutureWeapons

text: . It is in a black box designed to look like a briefcase or small suitcase. It is intended to deny passage through a door (which it can be left beside), or to stun or scare an opponent. This briefcase model was featured on an episode of

text: FutureWeapons

text: on the discovery channel.

text: Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs during an electrical storm.  This discharge occurs between electrically charged regions of a cloud (called intra-cloud lightning or IC), between two clouds (CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning). The charged regions in the atmosphere temporarily equalize themselves through this discharge referred to as a strike if it hits an object on the ground, and a flash, if it occurs within a cloud. Lightning causes light in the form of plasma, and sound in the form of  thunder. Lightning may be seen and not heard when it occurs at a distance too great for the sound to carry as far as the light from the strike or flash.

text: Lightning is a sudden

text: electrostatic discharge

text: that occurs during an

text: electrical storm

text: .  This discharge occurs between

text: electrically charged

text: regions of a

text: cloud

text: (called intra-cloud lightning or IC), between two clouds (CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning). The charged regions in the atmosphere temporarily equalize themselves through this discharge referred to as a

text: strike

text: if it hits an object on the ground, and a flash, if it occurs within a cloud. Lightning causes light in the form of

text: plasma

text: , and sound in the form of

text: thunder

text: . Lightning may be seen and not heard when it occurs at a distance too great for the sound to carry as far as the light from the strike or flash.

text: In the vicinity of electrostatic sensitive devices, a ground (earth) mat or grounding (earthing) mat is used to ground static electricity generated by people and moving equipment. There are two types used in static control: Static Dissipative Mats, and Conductive Mats.

text: The flowing movement of flammable liquids like gasoline inside a pipe can build up static electricity. Non-polar liquids such as gasoline, toluene, xylene, diesel, kerosene and light crude oils exhibit significant ability for charge accumulation and charge retention during high velocity flow. Electrostatic discharges can ignite the fuel vapor.When the electrostatic discharge energy is high enough, it can ignite a fuel vapor and air mixture. Different fuels have different flammable limits and require different levels of electrostatic discharge energy to ignite.

text: The flowing movement of flammable liquids like gasoline inside a pipe can build up static electricity. Non-polar liquids such as

text: gasoline

text: toluene

text: xylene

text: diesel

text: kerosene

text: and

text: light crude oil

text: s exhibit significant ability for charge accumulation and charge retention during high velocity flow. Electrostatic discharges can ignite the fuel vapor.When the electrostatic discharge energy is high enough, it can ignite a fuel vapor and air mixture. Different fuels have different

text: flammable limit

text: s and require different levels of electrostatic discharge energy to ignite.

text: Electrostatic induction, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America,  is a redistribution of electrical charge in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges.  In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end.   Induction was discovered by British scientist John Canton in 1753 and Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke in 1762.  Electrostatic generators, such as the Wimshurst machine, the Van de Graaff generator and the electrophorus, use this principle.  Due to induction, the electrostatic potential (voltage) is constant at any point throughout a conductor. Electrostatic Induction is also responsible for the attraction of light nonconductive objects, such as balloons, paper or styrofoam scraps, to static electric charges. Electrostatic induction laws apply in dynamic situations as far as the quasistatic approximation is valid.  Electrostatic induction should not be confused with Electromagnetic induction.

text: Electrostatic induction, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America,  is a redistribution of

text: electrical charge

text: in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges.  In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end.   Induction was discovered by British scientist

text: John Canton

text: in 1753 and Swedish professor

text: Johan Carl Wilcke

text: in 1762.

text: Electrostatic generator

text: s, such as the

text: Wimshurst machine

text: , the

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: and the

text: electrophorus

text: , use this principle.  Due to induction, the

text: electrostatic potential

text: voltage

text: ) is constant at any point throughout a conductor. Electrostatic Induction is also responsible for the attraction of light nonconductive objects, such as balloons, paper or styrofoam scraps, to static electric charges. Electrostatic induction laws apply in dynamic situations as far as the

text: quasistatic approximation

text: is valid.  Electrostatic induction should not be confused with

text: Electromagnetic induction

text: Another hypothetical mechanism is that TGFs are produced within the thundercloud itself, either in the strong electric fields near the lightning channel or in the static fields that exist over large volumes of the cloud.  These mechanisms rely on extreme activity of the lightning channel to start the process (Carlson et al. 2010) or on strong feedback to allow even small-scale random events to trigger production.

text: Air ionisers are often used in places where work is done involving static-electricity-sensitive electronic components, to eliminate the build-up of static charges on non-conductors. As those elements are very sensitive to electricity, they cannot be grounded because the discharge will destroy them as well. Usually, the work is done over a special dissipative table mat, which allows a very slow discharge, and under an air gush of ioniser.

text: Air ionisers are often used in places where work is done involving

text: static-electricity

text: -sensitive electronic components, to eliminate the build-up of static

text: charges

text: on

text: non-conductors

text: . As those elements are very sensitive to electricity, they cannot be grounded because the discharge will destroy them as well. Usually, the work is done over a special dissipative table mat, which allows a very slow discharge, and under an air gush of ioniser.

text: The effect is of considerable industrial importance in terms of both safety and potential damage to manufactured goods. Static discharge is a particular hazard in grain elevators owing to the danger of a dust explosion. The spark produced is fully able to ignite flammable vapours, for example, petrol, ether  fumes as well as methane gas. For bulk fuel deliveries and aircraft fueling a grounding connection is made between the vehicle and the receiving tank prior to opening the tanks. When fueling vehicles at a retail station touching metal on the car before opening the gas tank or touching the nozzle may decrease one's risk of static ignition of fuel vapors.

text: The effect is of considerable industrial importance in terms of both safety and potential damage to manufactured goods. Static discharge is a particular hazard in

text: grain elevator

text: s owing to the danger of a

text: dust explosion

text: . The spark produced is fully able to ignite flammable vapours, for example,

text: petrol

text: ether

text: fumes as well as

text: methane

text: gas. For bulk fuel deliveries and aircraft fueling a grounding connection is made between the vehicle and the receiving tank prior to opening the tanks. When fueling vehicles at a retail station touching metal on the car before opening the gas tank or touching the nozzle may decrease one's risk of static ignition of fuel vapors.

text: All aircraft are equipped with a small hole in the surface of the aircraft called the static port.  The air pressure in the vicinity of the static port is conveyed by a conduit to the altimeter and the airspeed indicator.  This static port and the conduit constitute the aircraft's static system.  The objective of the static system is to sense the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.  In an ideal static system the air pressure fed to the altimeter and airspeed indicator is equal to the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.

text: All aircraft are equipped with a small hole in the surface of the aircraft called the static port.  The air pressure in the vicinity of the static port is conveyed by a

text: conduit

text: to the

text: altimeter

text: and the

text: airspeed indicator

text: .  This static port and the conduit constitute the aircraft's static system.  The objective of the static system is to sense the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.  In an ideal static system the air pressure fed to the altimeter and airspeed indicator is equal to the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.

text: While at Warner Bros. Records the group expanded further into the realm of engineering, producing and remixing by working with various artists sharing the roster. Mikael Johnston co-wrote, produced and engineered the single "Crash" with Wayne Static of Static-X which also appeared on the Static-X album Beneath... Between... Beyond... Mephisto Odyssey also appeared with Wayne Static and Koichi Fukuda in the songs video (directed by Len Wiseman), which aired in heavy rotation on MTVx. A Humble Brothers Remix version of "Crash" was also featured on the soundtrack of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker. Mephisto Odyssey did remixes for Los Amigos Invisibles "Mi Linda", Static-X's "Push It" and Soul Coughing's "Rolling" among others. An EP called "The Lift" which charted in the Billboard (Magazine) Hot Dance Club Play Chart, several singles and a full-length album called "The Deep Red Connection" followed. A diverse array of Guest vocalists appeared on the band's major label debut including Wayne Static, Hafdis Huld of Gus Gus, former 4ad artist Paula Frazer and Mad Lion. The group left Warner Bros. at the beginning of 2002 and disbanded.

text: While at

text: Warner Bros. Records

text: the group expanded further into the realm of engineering, producing and remixing by working with various artists sharing the roster. Mikael Johnston co-wrote, produced and engineered the single "Crash" with

text: Wayne Static

text: of

text: Static-X

text: which also appeared on the

text: Static-X

text: album

text: Beneath... Between... Beyond...

text: Mephisto Odyssey also appeared with

text: Wayne Static

text: and

text: Koichi Fukuda

text: in the songs video (directed by

text: Len Wiseman

text: ), which aired in heavy rotation on

text: MTV

text: x. A

text: Humble Brothers Remix

text: version of "Crash" was also featured on the soundtrack of

text: Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker

text: . Mephisto Odyssey did remixes for

text: Los Amigos Invisibles

text: "Mi Linda",

text: Static-X

text: 's "Push It" and

text: Soul Coughing

text: 's "Rolling" among others. An EP called "The Lift" which charted in the

text: Billboard (Magazine)

text: Hot Dance Club Play Chart, several singles and a full-length album called "The Deep Red Connection" followed. A diverse array of Guest vocalists appeared on the band's major label debut including

text: Wayne Static

text: Hafdis Huld

text: of

text: Gus Gus

text: , former

text: artist

text: Paula Frazer

text: and

text: Mad Lion

text: . The group left Warner Bros. at the beginning of 2002 and disbanded.

text: If the current rise rate is lower, the bridge may burn, perhaps causing deflagration of the PETN pellet, but it will not cause detonation. PETN-containing EBWs are also relatively insensitive to a static electricity discharge. Their use is limited by the thermal stability range of PETN. (cf. slapper detonators, which can use high density hexanitrostilbene, allowing their use in temperatures up to almost 300 °C and at both vacuum and at high pressures.)

text: If the current rise rate is lower, the bridge may burn, perhaps causing deflagration of the PETN pellet, but it will not cause detonation. PETN-containing EBWs are also relatively insensitive to a static electricity discharge. Their use is limited by the thermal stability range of PETN. (cf.

text: slapper detonator

text: s, which can use high density

text: hexanitrostilbene

text: , allowing their use in temperatures up to almost 300 °C and at both vacuum and at high pressures.)

text: Static balance can be measured by a static balancing machine where the tire is placed in its vertical axle on a non-rotating spindle tool. The spot on the tire with the greatest mass is acted upon by gravity to deflect the tooling downward. The amount of deflection indicates the magnitude of the unbalance. The angle of the deflection indicates the angular location of the unbalance. In tire manufacturing factories, static balancers operate by use of sensors mounted to the spindle assembly. In tire retail shops, static balancers are usually non-rotating bubble balancers, where the magnitude and angle of the unbalance is observed by looking at the center bubble in an oil-filled glass sighting gauge. While some very small shops which lack specialized machines still do this process, they have been largely replaced in larger shops with machines.

text: Static balance can be measured by a static balancing machine where the tire is placed in its vertical axle on a non-rotating spindle tool. The spot on the tire with the greatest mass is acted upon by gravity to deflect the tooling downward. The amount of

text: deflection

text: indicates the magnitude of the unbalance. The angle of the deflection indicates the angular location of the unbalance. In tire manufacturing factories, static balancers operate by use of

text: sensor

text: s mounted to the spindle assembly. In tire retail shops, static balancers are usually non-rotating bubble balancers, where the magnitude and angle of the unbalance is observed by looking at the center bubble in an oil-filled glass sighting gauge. While some very small shops which lack specialized machines still do this process, they have been largely replaced in larger shops with machines.

text: Drummer James O'Connor left the band prior to the recording of their fifth studio album, Evolver. He was replaced by Tom Z, who remained with the band for a very short time before being replaced by former Static-X drummer Ken Jay. Both Static-X's Wayne Static and Reeves Gabrels, best known for his long partnership with English musician David Bowie, would contribute to the album, which was released in 2003. In 2005, frontman Jason C. Miller invited O'Connor to return as the band's drummer to which he accepted, though he departed from Godhead for a second time in 2006, following the completion of The Shadow Line. He was replaced this time by Glendon Crain.

text: Drummer

text: James O'Connor

text: left the band prior to the recording of their fifth studio album,

text: Evolver

text: . He was replaced by

text: Tom Z

text: , who remained with the band for a very short time before being replaced by former

text: Static-X

text: drummer

text: Ken Jay

text: . Both Static-X's

text: Wayne Static

text: and

text: Reeves Gabrels

text: , best known for his long partnership with

text: English

text: musician

text: David Bowie

text: , would contribute to the album, which was released in 2003. In 2005, frontman Jason C. Miller invited O'Connor to return as the band's drummer to which he accepted, though he departed from Godhead for a second time in 2006, following the completion of

text: The Shadow Line

text: . He was replaced this time by Glendon Crain.

text: Corgan performed with Wayne Static in Static's first band Deep Blue Dream, in 1987/88.

text: Corgan performed with

text: Wayne Static

text: in Static's first band Deep Blue Dream, in 1987/88.

text: Static (class) methods can be invoked with the function "invoke-static".

text: Cars can build up static charge by driving on dry road surfaces. However many tire compounds contain enough carbon black to provide an electrical ground which prevents charge build-up. Newer "high mileage" tires use more silica and can increase the buildup of static. A driver who does not discharge static by contacting a conductive part of the car will carry it to the insulated handle of the nozzle and the static potential will eventually be discharged when this purposely-grounded arrangement is put into contact with the metallic filler neck of the vehicle. Ordinarily, vapor concentrations in the area of this filling operation are below the lower explosive limit (LEL) of the product being dispensed, so the static discharge causes no problem. The problem with ungrounded gas cans results from a combination of vehicular static charge, the potential between the container and the vehicle, and the loose fit between the grounded nozzle and the gas can. This last condition causes a rich vapor concentration in the ullage (the unfilled volume) of the gas can, and a discharge from the can to the grounded hanging hardware (the nozzle, hose, swivels and break-a-ways) can thus occur at a most inopportune point. The Petroleum Equipment Institute has recorded incidents of static-related ignition at refueling sites since early 2000.

text: Cars can build up

text: static charge

text: by driving on dry road surfaces. However many tire compounds contain enough

text: carbon black

text: to provide an

text: electrical ground

text: which prevents charge build-up. Newer "high mileage" tires use more silica and can increase the buildup of static. A driver who does not discharge static by contacting a conductive part of the car will carry it to the insulated handle of the nozzle and the static potential will eventually be discharged when this purposely-grounded arrangement is put into contact with the metallic filler neck of the vehicle. Ordinarily, vapor concentrations in the area of this filling operation are below the

text: lower explosive limit

text: (LEL) of the product being dispensed, so the static discharge causes no problem. The problem with ungrounded gas cans results from a combination of vehicular static charge, the potential between the container and the vehicle, and the loose fit between the grounded nozzle and the gas can. This last condition causes a rich vapor concentration in the

text: ullage

text: (the unfilled volume) of the gas can, and a discharge from the can to the grounded hanging hardware (the nozzle, hose, swivels and break-a-ways) can thus occur at a most inopportune point. The

text: Petroleum Equipment Institute

text: has recorded incidents of static-related ignition at refueling sites since early 2000.

text: Charge generation increases at higher fluid velocities and larger pipe diameters, becoming quite significant in pipes  or larger. Static charge generation in these systems is best controlled by limiting fluid velocity. The British standard BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 (formerly BS-5958-Part 2) Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity prescribes velocity limits. Because of its large impact on dielectric constant, the recommended velocity for hydrocarbon fluids containing water should be limited to 1 m/s.

text: In aircraft, electrical bonding prevents static electricity build-up that can interfere with radio and navigational equipment. Bonding also provides lightning protection by allowing the current to pass through the airframe with minimum arcing. Bonding prevents dangerous static discharges in aircraft fuel tanks and hoses.

text: In aircraft, electrical bonding prevents static electricity build-up that can interfere with radio and navigational equipment. Bonding also provides

text: lightning

text: protection by allowing the current to pass through the airframe with minimum arcing. Bonding prevents dangerous static discharges in aircraft fuel tanks and hoses.

text: A lightning strike is an electric discharge between the atmosphere and an earth-bound object. They mostly originate in a cumulonimbus cloud and terminate on the ground, called cloud to ground (CG) lightning.  A less common type of strike, called ground to cloud (GC), is upward propagating lightning initiated from a tall grounded object and reaches into the clouds. About 25% of all lightning events worldwide are strikes between the atmosphere and earth-bound objects. The bulk of lightning events are intra-cloud (IC) or cloud to cloud (CC), where discharges only occur high in the atmosphere.

text: A

text: lightning

text: strike is an

text: electric discharge

text: between the

text: atmosphere

text: and an earth-bound object. They mostly originate in a

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: and terminate on the ground, called cloud to ground (CG) lightning.  A less common type of strike, called ground to cloud (GC), is upward propagating lightning initiated from a tall grounded object and reaches into the clouds. About 25% of all lightning events worldwide are strikes between the atmosphere and earth-bound objects. The bulk of lightning events are intra-cloud (IC) or cloud to cloud (CC), where discharges only occur high in the atmosphere.

text: Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid is a component of Stadis 450 which is an antistatic agent added to distillate fuels, solvents, commercial jet fuels, and to the military JP-8 fuel to increase the electrical conductivity of the fluid. Fluids with increased conductivity more readily dissipate static charges  to mitigate the risk of explosions or fires due to Static Discharge Ignitions

text: Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid is a component of

text: Stadis 450

text: which is an

text: antistatic agent

text: added to distillate

text: fuel

text: s,

text: solvent

text: s, commercial

text: jet fuel

text: s, and to the military

text: fuel to increase the

text: electrical conductivity

text: of the fluid. Fluids with increased conductivity more readily dissipate

text: static charge

text: s  to mitigate the risk of explosions or fires due to Static Discharge Ignitions

text: What was novel was Bose's use of metal (the bar) at a time when it had long been accepted that only insulators (then called 'electrics') could successfully accumulate static electricity.  Metal conductors were known to dissipate any charge relatively quickly and the need to insulate charged objects from electrical contact with the earth was not well appreciated.  Later experiments by other experimenters showed that it was not the mass of the prime conductor which set the limit of static accumulation so much as its exterior dimensions—since like-charges repel and so the cumulative effect only exists on the external skin of the conductor.

text: The C programming language manages memory statically, automatically, or dynamically. Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the stack and come and go as functions are called and return. For static-duration and automatic-duration variables, the size of the allocation must be compile-time constant (except for the case of variable-length automatic arrays). If the required size is not known until run-time (for example, if data of arbitrary size is being read from the user or from a disk file), then using fixed-size data objects is inadequate.

text: The

text: C programming language

text: manages memory

text: statically

text: automatically

text: , or

text: dynamically

text: . Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the

text: stack

text: and come and go as functions are called and return. For static-duration and automatic-duration variables, the size of the allocation must be

text: compile-time

text: constant (except for the case of variable-length automatic arrays). If the required size is not known until

text: run-time

text: (for example, if data of arbitrary size is being read from the user or from a disk file), then using fixed-size data objects is inadequate.

text: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. A buildup of static electricity can be caused by tribocharging or by electrostatic induction. The ESD occurs when differently-charged objects are brought close together or when the dielectric between them breaks down, often creating a visible spark.

text: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the sudden flow of

text: electricity

text: between two electrically charged objects caused by contact, an

text: electrical short

text: , or

text: dielectric breakdown

text: . A buildup of static electricity can be caused by

text: tribocharging

text: or by

text: electrostatic induction

text: . The ESD occurs when differently-charged objects are brought close together or when the

text: dielectric

text: between them breaks down, often creating a visible

text: spark

text: Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated with the application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets used in washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antistatic agent used to prevent and remove static cling.

text: Items that are particularly sensitive to

text: static discharge

text: may be treated with the application of an

text: antistatic agent

text: , which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed.

text: Fabric softeners and dryer sheets

text: used in

text: washing machine

text: s and

text: clothes dryer

text: s are an example of an antistatic agent used to prevent and remove

text: static cling

text: Two forms of lead styphnate are six-sided monohydrate crystals and small rectangular crystals.  Lead styphnate is particularly sensitive to fire and the discharge of static electricity. When dry, it can readily detonate by static discharges from the human body. The longer and narrower the crystals, the more susceptible lead styphnate is to static electricity. Lead styphnate does not react with metals and is less sensitive to shock and friction than mercury fulminate or lead azide.  It is stable in storage, even at elevated temperatures. As with other lead-containing compounds, lead styphnate is toxic owing to heavy metal poisoning.

text: Two forms of lead styphnate are six-sided

text: monohydrate

text: crystals and small rectangular crystals.  Lead styphnate is particularly sensitive to fire and the discharge of

text: static electricity

text: . When dry, it can readily detonate by static discharges from the human body. The longer and narrower the crystals, the more susceptible lead styphnate is to static electricity. Lead styphnate does not react with metals and is less sensitive to shock and friction than

text: mercury fulminate

text: or

text: lead azide

text: .  It is stable in storage, even at elevated temperatures. As with other

text: lead

text: -containing compounds, lead styphnate is toxic owing to

text: heavy metal

text: poisoning.

text: Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge. Static electricity is named in contrast with current electricity, which flows through wires or other conductors and transmits energy.

text: Static electricity is an imbalance of

text: electric charge

text: s within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an

text: electric current

text: or

text: electrical discharge

text: . Static electricity is named in contrast with

text: current electricity

text: , which flows through wires or other conductors and transmits

text: energy

text: The consequence of this is that static fields (either electric or gravitational) always point directly to the actual position of the bodies that they are connected to, without any delay that is due to any "signal" traveling (or propagating) from the charge, over a distance to an observer. This remains true if the charged bodies and their observers are made to "move" (or not), by simply changing reference frames. This fact sometimes causes confusion about the "speed" of such static fields, which sometimes appear to change infinitely quickly when the changes in the field are mere artifacts of the motion of the observer, or of observation.

text: D provides static assertions through the use of static assert,.

text: D

text: provides static assertions through the use of static assert,.

text: Numerous psychophysical findings emphasize the importance of surface completion and depth cues in visual perception. Thus, if MIB is affected by these factors it will regulate in accordance to simple occlusion principles. In their study, Graf et al. (2002) stereoscopically presented a moving grid stimulus set behind, in front of, or in the same plane as the static dots. They then showed involuntary completion of the grid elements into a surface interacting with the static targets - creating an illusion of occlusion. When the grid appeared in front of the targets the proportion of disappearance was larger than when it was behind or on the same plane. Although to a lesser extent, MIB did nonetheless occur in the conditions where the perceptual occlusion was not taking place (targets were in front of the mask).

text: Numerous psychophysical findings emphasize the importance of surface completion and depth cues in visual perception. Thus, if MIB is affected by these factors it will regulate in accordance to simple occlusion principles. In their study, Graf et al. (2002)

text: stereoscopic

text: ally presented a moving grid stimulus set behind, in front of, or in the same plane as the static dots. They then showed involuntary completion of the grid elements into a surface interacting with the static targets - creating an illusion of

text: occlusion

text: . When the grid appeared in front of the targets the proportion of disappearance was larger than when it was behind or on the same plane. Although to a lesser extent, MIB did nonetheless occur in the conditions where the perceptual occlusion was not taking place (targets were in front of the mask).

text: Evidence of lightning activity can often be found in the paleomagnetic record.  Lightning strikes are the result of tremendous charge buildup in clouds.  This excess charge is transferred to the ground via lightning channels, which carry a strong electric current.  Because of the intensity of this electric current, when lightning hits the ground, it can produce a strong, albeit brief, magnetic field.  Thus, as the electric current travels through soils, rocks, plant roots, etc., it locks a unique magnetic signature within these materials through a process known as lightning-induced remanent magnetization (LIRM).  Evidence of LIRM is manifested in concentric magnetic field lines surrounding the location of the lightning strike point.  LIRM anomalies normally occur close to the location of the lightning strike, usually encapsulated within several meters of the point of contact.  The anomalies are generally linear or radial, which, just like actual lightning channels, branch out from a central point.  It is possible to determine the intensity of the electric current from a lightning strike by examining the LIRM signatures.  Since rocks and soils already have some preexisting magnetic field, the intensity of the electric current can be determined by examining the change between the "natural" magnetic field and the magnetic field induced by the lightning current, which generally acts parallel to the direction of the lightning channel.  Another characteristic feature of an LIRM anomaly compared to other magnetic anomalies is that the electric current intensity is generally stronger.  However, some have suggested that the anomalies, like other characteristics in the geologic record, might fade over time as the magnetic field redistributes.

text: Evidence of lightning activity can often be found in the

text: paleomagnetic

text: record.  Lightning strikes are the result of tremendous charge buildup in clouds.  This excess charge is transferred to the ground via lightning channels, which carry a strong

text: electric current

text: Purify allows dynamic verification, a process by which a program discovers errors that occur when the program runs, much like a debugger.  Static verification or static code analysis, by contrast, involves detecting errors in the source code without ever compiling or running it, just by discovering logical inconsistencies.  The type checking by a C compiler is an example of static verification.

text: Purify allows dynamic verification, a process by which a program discovers errors that occur when the program runs, much like a

text: debugger

text: .  Static verification or

text: static code analysis

text: , by contrast, involves detecting errors in the

text: source code

text: without ever compiling or running it, just by discovering logical inconsistencies.  The

text: type checking

text: by a

text: C

text: compiler

text: is an example of static verification.

text: As an interesting fact about hardware failures: A few years later I know the ORACLE developed some intermittent errors that were very hard to track down. As part of its cooling the machine had large "squirrel cage" blowers, like in a home furnace, inside the electronics cabinets. The blowers were spun by electric motors through V belts. The motors, and probably the blower housings, were mounted on rubber vibration-isolation mounts. After a lot of searching it was found that the belts were operating as van de Graaf generators, building high static charges until a small "lightning bolt" would let it discharge. That of course would cause havoc with the nearby, high impedance, computing circuitry.

text: After a cloud, for instance, has started its way to becoming a lightning generator, atmospheric water vapor acts as a substance (or insulator) that decreases the ability of the cloud to discharge its electrical energy. Over a certain amount of time, if the cloud continues to generate and store more static electricity, the barrier that was created by the atmospheric water vapor will ultimately break down from the stored electrical potential energy. This energy will be released to a locally, oppositely charged region in the form of lightning. The strength of each discharge is directly related to the atmospheric permittivity, capacitance, and the source's charge generating ability.

text: After a cloud, for instance, has started its way to becoming a lightning generator, atmospheric water vapor acts as a substance (or

text: insulator

text: ) that decreases the ability of the cloud to

text: discharge

text: its electrical energy. Over a certain amount of time, if the cloud continues to generate and store more

text: static electricity

text: , the barrier that was created by the atmospheric water vapor will ultimately break down from the stored electrical potential energy. This energy will be released to a locally, oppositely charged region in the form of lightning. The strength of each discharge is directly related to the atmospheric permittivity, capacitance, and the source's charge generating ability.

text: A static hazard is the situation where, when one input variable changes, the output changes momentarily before stabilizing to the correct value. There are two types of static hazards:

text: The IST protocol was developed by Nortel (now acquired by Avaya) to enhance the capabilities of Link aggregation,   and is required to be configured prior to configuring the SMLT, DSMLT or R-SMLT functions on the two aggregate (core, distribution, or access) switches.  The edge equipment can be configured with any of the following; Multi-Link Trunking (MLT), DMLT, IEEE 802.3ad static link aggregation, IEEE 802.3ad Static Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC), IEEE 802.3ad Static Fast EtherChannel (FEC), SMLT, DSMLT, and other static link aggregation protocols.

text: The IST protocol was developed by

text: Nortel

text: (now acquired by

text: Avaya

text: ) to enhance the capabilities of

text: Link aggregation

text: ,   and is required to be configured prior to configuring the

text: SMLT

text: DSMLT

text: or

text: R-SMLT

text: functions on the two aggregate (core, distribution, or access) switches.  The edge equipment can be configured with any of the following;

text: Multi-Link Trunking (MLT)

text: DMLT

text: , IEEE 802.3ad static link aggregation, IEEE 802.3ad Static Gigabit EtherChannel (GEC), IEEE 802.3ad Static Fast EtherChannel (FEC),

text: SMLT

text: DSMLT

text: , and other static link aggregation protocols.

text: This noise is also called static noise and it is the natural source of disturbance caused by lightning discharge in thunderstorm and the natural (electrical) disturbances occurring in nature.

text: This noise is also called static noise and it is the natural source of disturbance caused by

text: lightning

text: discharge in thunderstorm and the natural (electrical) disturbances occurring in nature.

text: Although the mouth of the Yellow River has fluctuated widely north and south of the Shandong peninsula within the historical record, the Yangtze has remained largely static. Based on studies of sedimentation rates, however, it is unlikely that the present discharge site predates the late Miocene ( Ma). Prior to this, its headwaters drained south into the Gulf of Tonkin along or near the course of the present Red River.

text: Although the mouth of the

text: Yellow River

text: has fluctuated widely north and south of the

text: Shandong peninsula

text: within the historical record, the Yangtze has remained largely static. Based on studies of

text: sedimentation rates

text: , however, it is unlikely that the present discharge site predates the

text: late Miocene

text: Ma

text: ). Prior to this, its headwaters drained south into the

text: Gulf of Tonkin

text: along or near the course of the present

text: Red River

text: Thus the process can be differentiated from recovery (where high angle grain boundaries do not migrate) and grain growth (where the driving force is only due to the reduction in boundary area).Recrystallization may occur during or after deformation (during cooling or a subsequent heat treatment, for example). The former is termed dynamic while the latter is termed static. In addition, recrystallization may occur in a discontinuous manner, where distinct new grains form and grow, or a continuous manner, where the microstructure gradually evolves into a recrystallised microstructure. The different mechanisms by which recrystallization and recovery occur are complex and in many cases remain controversial. The following description is primarily applicable to static continuous recrystallization, which is the most classical variety and probably the most understood. Additional mechanisms include (geometric) dynamic recrystallization and strain induced boundary migration...

text: geometric

text: dynamic recrystallization

text: and

text: strain induced boundary migration

text: In some observations, the ball lightning appeared to have an extremely high energy concentration but this phenomenon hasn't been adequately verified. The present theory concerns only the low energy lightning ball form, with centripetal forces and surface tension. The visibility of the ball lightning can be associated with electroluminescence, a direct result of the triboelectric effect from materials within the area of the reaction. Static discharge from the cylindrical stage imply the existence of contact electrification within the object. The direction of the discharges indicate the cylinder's rotation, and resulting rotational axis of the ball lightning in accordance to the law of laminar flow. If the ball came from the channel, it would have rotated in the opposite direction.

text: The response of a medium to static electric fields is described by the low-frequency limit of permittivity, also called the static permittivity ε (also ε):

text: Silk is a poor conductor of electricity and thus susceptible to static cling.

text: Silk is a poor conductor of

text: electricity

text: and thus susceptible to

text: static cling

text: A Leyden jar, or Leiden jar, is a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a glass jar. It was the original form of a capacitor (originally known as a "condenser"). It was invented independently by German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden (Leyden) in 1745–1746. The invention was named for the city. The Leyden jar was used to conduct many early experiments in electricity, and its discovery was of fundamental importance in the study of electricity. Previously, researchers had to resort to insulated conductors of large dimensions to store a charge. The Leyden jar provided a much more compact alternative. Like many early electrical devices, there was no particular use for the Leyden jar at first, other than to allow scientists to do a greater variety of electrical experiments. Benjamin Franklin, for example, used a Leyden jar to store electricity from lightning in his famous kite experiment in 1752. By doing so he proved that lightning was really electricity.

text: A

text: Leyden jar

text: , or

text: Leiden jar

text: , is a device that "stores" static

text: electricity

text: between two

text: electrode

text: s on the inside and outside of a glass jar. It was the original form of a

text: capacitor

text: (originally known as a "condenser"). It was invented independently by German cleric

text: Ewald Georg von Kleist

text: on 11 October 1745 and by Dutch scientist

text: Pieter van Musschenbroek

text: of

text: Leiden

text: Leyden

text: ) in 1745–1746. The invention was named for the city. The Leyden jar was used to conduct many early

text: experiment

text: s in

text: electricity

text: , and its discovery was of fundamental importance in the study of electricity. Previously, researchers had to resort to insulated conductors of large dimensions to store a charge. The Leyden jar provided a much more compact alternative. Like many early electrical devices, there was no particular use for the Leyden jar at first, other than to allow scientists to do a greater variety of electrical experiments.

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: , for example, used a Leyden jar to store

text: electricity

text: from

text: lightning

text: in his famous

text: kite experiment

text: in 1752. By doing so he proved that

text: lightning

text: was really

text: electricity

text: The physics and modeling of devices in integrated circuits is dominated by MOS and bipolar transistor modeling. However, other devices are important, such as memory devices, that have rather different modeling requirements. There are of course also issues of reliability engineering—for example, electro-static discharge (ESD) protection circuits and devices—where substrate and parasitic devices are of pivotal importance.  These effects and modeling are not considered by most device modeling programs; the interested reader is referred to several excellent monographs in the area of ESD and I/O modeling.

text: The physics and modeling of devices in

text: integrated circuit

text: s is dominated by MOS and bipolar transistor modeling. However, other devices are important, such as memory devices, that have rather different modeling requirements. There are of course also issues of

text: reliability engineering

text: —for example, electro-static discharge (ESD) protection circuits and devices—where substrate and parasitic devices are of pivotal importance.  These effects and modeling are not considered by most device modeling programs; the interested reader is referred to several excellent monographs in the area of ESD and I/O modeling.

text: The individual sections of conductive guys can develop large charges of static electricity, especially on very tall masts. The voltage caused by this static electricity can be several times larger than that generated by the transmitter. In order to avoid dangerous and unpredictable discharges, the insulators must be designed to withstand this high voltage, which results at tall masts in over-dimensioned backstage insulators. At each backstage insulator, a lightning arrestor in the form of an arc gap is required for the purpose of over-voltage protection in case of lightning strikes. The insulators and arrestors must be maintained carefully, because an insulator failure can result in a mast collapse. Egg insulators have the porcelain in compression and if it fails, the end loops of the guy wires are still intertwined.

text: The individual sections of conductive guys can develop large charges of

text: static electricity

text: , especially on very tall masts. The

text: voltage

text: caused by this static electricity can be several times larger than that generated by the transmitter. In order to avoid dangerous and unpredictable discharges, the insulators must be designed to withstand this high voltage, which results at tall masts in over-dimensioned backstage insulators. At each backstage insulator, a

text: lightning arrestor

text: in the form of an arc gap is required for the purpose of over-voltage protection in case of

text: lightning

text: strikes. The insulators and arrestors must be maintained carefully, because an insulator failure can result in a mast collapse. Egg insulators have the porcelain in compression and if it fails, the end loops of the guy wires are still intertwined.

text: In 2007, the airport hit a record of 5.3 million passengers which is the highest in the airport's history. The figure remained static in 2008 but the figure declined sharply in 2009 to 4.5 million and again in 2010 to 4 million. Figures for 2011 indicated a small rise to 4.1 million, while a larger increase then occurred to 4.5 million in 2012, returning the total to 2009 levels. 2013 figures indicated a decrease to 4 million, which was roughly a return to the 2010 figures and the total remained static in 2014, but increased to nearly 4.4 million in 2015. The airport is the busiest in Northern Ireland and the second busiest airport on the island of Ireland, after Dublin Airport. Belfast International was the 12th busiest airport in the UK by passenger traffic in 2015.

text: In 2007, the airport hit a record of 5.3 million passengers which is the highest in the airport's history. The figure remained static in 2008 but the figure declined sharply in 2009 to 4.5 million and again in 2010 to 4 million. Figures for 2011 indicated a small rise to 4.1 million, while a larger increase then occurred to 4.5 million in 2012, returning the total to 2009 levels. 2013 figures indicated a decrease to 4 million, which was roughly a return to the 2010 figures and the total remained static in 2014, but increased to nearly 4.4 million in 2015. The airport is the busiest in Northern Ireland and the second busiest airport on the island of Ireland, after

text: Dublin Airport

text: . Belfast International was the 12th

entity_name: Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic

text: busiest airport in the UK

text: by passenger traffic in 2015.

text: Lightning protection for aircraft is provided by mounting devices on the aircraft structure. The protectors are provided with extensions through the structure of the aircraft's outer surface and within a static discharger. Protection systems for use in aircraft must protect critical and non-critical electronic equipment. Aircraft lightning protection provides an electrical path having a plurality of conductive segments, continuous or discontinuous, that upon exposure to a high voltage field form an ionization channel due to the system's breakdown voltage. Various lightning protection systems must reject the surge currents associated with the lightning strikes. Lightning protection means for aircraft include components which are dielectrics and metallic layers applied to the ordinarily lightning-accessible surfaces of composite structures. Various ground connection means to the layers comprises a section of wire mesh fusing the various layers to an attachment connecting the structure to an adjacent ground structure. Composite-to-metal or composite-to-composite structural joints are protected by making the interface areas conductive for transfer of lightning current.

text: Lightning protection for aircraft is provided by mounting devices on the aircraft structure. The protectors are provided with extensions through the

text: structure

text: of the aircraft's outer surface and within a

text: static discharger

text: . Protection systems for use in aircraft must protect critical and non-critical

text: electronic equipment

text: . Aircraft lightning protection provides an electrical path having a plurality of conductive segments, continuous or discontinuous, that upon exposure to a high

text: voltage

text: field

text: form an

text: ionization

text: channel due to the system's

text: breakdown voltage

text: . Various lightning protection systems must reject the

text: surge current

text: s associated with the lightning strikes. Lightning protection means for aircraft include components which are dielectrics and metallic layers applied to the ordinarily lightning-accessible surfaces of

text: composite

text: structures. Various ground connection means to the layers comprises a section of

text: wire mesh

text: fusing the various layers to an attachment connecting the structure to an adjacent ground structure. Composite-to-metal or composite-to-composite structural joints are protected by making the interface areas conductive for transfer of lightning current.

text: As well as releasing surges of electromagnetic energy, Static can also drain sources of electricity, such as power lines, batteries and fuse boxes to recharge/replenish his own energy supply.  Whenever Static has used his powers to a high degree, or experience any other such large energy-drain, he will also experience a sudden, acute sense of fatigue, as his electromagnetic powers are tied-in to his own bioelectric energy levels.  In the episode "Aftershock", in the 1st season of the animated series, an analysis of his blood shows that Static's electrolytes/blood-salt levels are higher-than-normal, highlighting that Static needs higher blood-salt levels to support the use of his powers, but the higher sodium levels seem to have no effect on his health.

text: As well as releasing surges of electromagnetic energy, Static can also drain sources of electricity, such as

text: power lines

text: batteries

text: and

text: fuse boxes

text: to recharge/replenish his own energy supply.  Whenever Static has used his powers to a high degree, or experience any other such large energy-drain, he will also experience a sudden, acute sense of fatigue, as his electromagnetic powers are tied-in to his own

text: bioelectric energy

text: levels.  In the episode "Aftershock", in the 1st season of the animated series, an analysis of his blood shows that Static's

text: electrolyte

text: s/blood-salt levels are higher-than-normal, highlighting that Static needs higher blood-salt levels to support the use of his powers, but the higher sodium levels seem to have no effect on his health.

text: The nonlinear nature of the electric field, and adhesion between the beam and drain cause the device to "pull out" and lose connection at a lower voltage than the voltage at which it pulls in. This hysteresis effect means there is a voltage between the pull in voltage, and the pull out voltage that will not change the state of the relay, no matter what its initial state is. This property is very useful in applications where information needs to be stored in the circuit, such as in static random-access memory.

text: The nonlinear nature of the electric field, and

text: adhesion

text: between the beam and drain cause the device to "pull out" and lose connection at a lower voltage than the voltage at which it pulls in. This

text: hysteresis

text: effect means there is a voltage between the pull in voltage, and the pull out voltage that will not change the state of the relay, no matter what its initial state is. This property is very useful in applications where information needs to be stored in the circuit, such as in

text: static random-access memory

text: The static inverter of the plant is situated in a reinforced concrete building that is 29.8 meters long, 15.4 meters large, and 13.8 meters high; at both long sides, there are two bays for the static inverter transformers. For protection against fire, the walls of the static inverter hall, which have a thickness of 20 centimeters, were equipped with stone wool insulation. The entire building is covered with a zinc-coated sheet, which serves as an electrical shielding and enclosure.

text: 28. Static Electricity

text: 28. Static Electricity

text: In addition to firing very quickly when properly activated, EBW detonators are safe from stray static electricity and other electric current.  Enough current and the bridgewire may melt, but it is small enough that it cannot detonate the initiator explosive unless the full, high voltage high current charge passes through the bridgewire.  EBW detonators are used in many civilian applications where radio signals, static electricity, or other electrical hazards might cause accidents with conventional electric detonators.

text: Electrostatic discharge while fueling with gasoline is a present danger at gas stations. Fires have also been started at airports while refueling aircraft with kerosene. New grounding technologies, the use of conducting materials, and the addition of anti-static additives help to prevent or safely dissipate the buildup of static electricity.

text: Electrostatic discharge while fueling with gasoline is a present danger at

text: gas stations

text: . Fires have also been started at airports while refueling

text: aircraft

text: with kerosene. New grounding technologies, the use of conducting materials, and the addition of anti-static additives help to prevent or safely dissipate the buildup of static electricity.

text: Velostat is a packaging material made of a polymeric foil (polyolefines) impregnated with carbon black to make it electrically conductive. It is used for the protection of items or devices that are susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharge. It was developed by Custom Materials, now part of 3M. Velostat is now a U.S. registered trademark (4,964,564) of Desco Industries Inc.  Desco Industries purchased the assets of the 3M Static Control business on January 2, 2015.

text: Velostat is a packaging material made of a

text: polymeric

text: foil (

text: polyolefines

text: ) impregnated with

text: carbon black

text: to make it

text: electrically conductive

text: . It is used for the protection of items or devices that are susceptible to damage from

text: electrostatic discharge

text: . It was developed by Custom Materials, now part of

text: . Velostat is now a U.S. registered trademark (4,964,564) of Desco Industries Inc.  Desco Industries purchased the assets of the 3M Static Control business on January 2, 2015.

text: Lightning discharges may occur between areas of cloud without contacting the ground. When it occurs between two separate clouds it is known as inter-cloud lightning, and when it occurs between areas of differing electric potential within a single cloud it is known as intra-cloud lightning. Intra-cloud lightning is the most frequently occurring type.

text: Lightning discharges may occur between areas of cloud without contacting the ground. When it occurs between two separate clouds it is known as inter-cloud lightning, and when it occurs between areas of differing

text: electric potential

text: within a single cloud it is known as intra-cloud lightning. Intra-cloud lightning is the most frequently occurring type.

text: Corbett experimented with static electricity in the early 1800s. He developed an electrostatic medical device in 1810 that was supposed to be a "cure" for rheumatism.

text: Corbett experimented with

text: static electricity

text: in the early 1800s. He developed an

text: electrostatic medical device

text: in 1810 that was supposed to be a "cure" for

text: rheumatism

text: The scope of the book was wide-ranging, covering much of the physics then known.  The 1839 first edition included statics, dynamics, gravitation, mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, hydrodynamics, acoustics, magnetism, electricity, atmospheric electricity, electrodynamics, thermoelectricity, bioelectricity, light, optics, and polarized light.  In the 1843 second edition Bird expanded the material on electrolysis into its own chapter, reworked the polarized light material, added two chapters on "thermotics" (thermodynamics – a major omission from the first edition), and a chapter on the new technology of photography.  Later editions also included a chapter on electric telegraphy.  Brooke was still expanding the book for the sixth and final edition.  New material included the magnetic properties of iron in ships and spectrum analysis.

text: The scope of the book was wide-ranging, covering much of the physics then known.  The 1839 first edition included

text: statics

text: dynamics

text: gravitation

text: mechanics

text: hydrostatics

text: pneumatics

text: hydrodynamics

text: acoustics

text: magnetism

text: , electricity,

text: atmospheric electricity

text: electrodynamics

text: thermoelectricity

text: bioelectricity

text: light

text: optics

text: , and

text: polarized light

text: .  In the 1843 second edition Bird expanded the material on electrolysis into its own chapter, reworked the polarized light material, added two chapters on "thermotics" (

text: thermodynamics

text: – a major omission from the first edition), and a chapter on the new technology of photography.  Later editions also included a chapter on

text: electric telegraph

text: y.  Brooke was still expanding the book for the sixth and final edition.  New material included the magnetic properties of iron in ships and

text: spectrum analysis

text: The sparks generated by static electricity can generate interference.

text: About 70% of lightning occurs over land in the tropics where atmospheric convection is the greatest. This occurs from both the mixture of warmer and colder air masses, as well as differences in moisture concentrations, and it generally happens at the boundaries between them. The flow of warm ocean currents past drier land masses, such as the Gulf Stream, partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the Southeast United States. Because the influence of small or absent land masses in the vast stretches of the world's oceans limits the differences between these variants in the atmosphere, lightning is notably less frequent there than over larger landforms. The North and South Poles are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least amount of lightning.

text: About 70% of lightning occurs over land in the

text: tropics

text: where

text: atmospheric convection

text: is the greatest. This occurs from both the mixture of warmer and colder

text: air mass

text: es, as well as differences in moisture concentrations, and it generally happens at the

text: boundaries between them

text: . The flow of warm ocean currents past drier land masses, such as the

text: Gulf Stream

text: , partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the

text: Southeast United States

text: . Because the influence of small or absent land masses in the vast stretches of the world's oceans limits the differences between these variants in the atmosphere, lightning is notably less frequent there than over larger landforms. The

text: North

text: and

text: South Poles

text: are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least amount of lightning.

text: Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are very sensitive to the presence of static electricity and can be damaged by a static discharge.The use of an antistatic strap is mandatory for researchers manipulating nanodevices.Further precautions can be taken by taking off shoes with thick rubber soles and permanently staying with a metallic ground.

text: Many

text: semiconductor device

text: s used in electronics are very sensitive to the presence of static electricity and can be damaged by a static discharge.The use of an

text: antistatic strap

text: is mandatory for researchers manipulating nanodevices.Further precautions can be taken by taking off shoes with thick rubber soles and permanently staying with a metallic ground.

text: Because the surface of the material is now electrically charged, either negatively or positively, any contact with an uncharged conductive object or with an object having substantially different charge may cause an electrical discharge of the built-up static electricity: a spark.  A person simply walking across a carpet may build up a potential of many thousands of volts, enough to cause a spark one centimeter long or more.  Low humidity in the ambient air increases the voltage at which electrical discharge occurs by increasing the ability of the insulating material to hold charge by decreasing the conductivity of the air, making it difficult for the charge build-up to dissipate gradually.  Simply removing a nylon shirt or corset can also create sparks. Car travel can lead to a build-up of charge on the driver and passengers due to friction between the driver's clothes and the leather or plastic furnishings inside the vehicle. This charge can then be relaxed as a spark to the metal car body, fuel dispensers, or nearby door handles, etc.When the vehicle's body itself builds up a static charge (acting as a Faraday cage) it can relax through the carbon in the tires.  If it remains charged when parked, sparks may jump from the door frame to occupants as they make contact with the ground.

text: Because the surface of the material is now electrically charged, either negatively or positively, any contact with an uncharged conductive object or with an object having substantially different charge may cause an electrical discharge of the built-up

text: static electricity

text: : a

text: spark

text: .  A person simply walking across a carpet may build up a potential of many thousands of volts, enough to cause a spark one centimeter long or more.  Low humidity in the ambient air increases the voltage at which electrical discharge occurs by increasing the ability of the insulating material to hold charge by decreasing the conductivity of the air, making it difficult for the charge build-up to dissipate gradually.  Simply removing a nylon shirt or corset can also create sparks. Car travel can lead to a build-up of charge on the driver and passengers due to friction between the driver's clothes and the leather or plastic furnishings inside the vehicle. This charge can then be relaxed as a spark to the metal car body, fuel dispensers, or nearby door handles, etc.When the vehicle's body itself builds up a static charge (acting as a

text: Faraday cage

text: ) it can relax through the carbon in the tires.  If it remains charged when parked, sparks may jump from the door frame to occupants as they make contact with the ground.

text: The feeling of an electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. The energy stored as static electricity on an object varies depending on the size of the object and its capacitance, the voltage to which it is charged, and the dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. For modelling the effect of static discharge on sensitive electronic devices, a human being is represented as a capacitor of 100 picofarads, charged to a voltage of 4000 to 35000 volts. When touching an object this energy is discharged in less than a microsecond. While the total energy is small, on the order of millijoules, it can still damage sensitive electronic devices. Larger objects will store more energy, which may be directly hazardous to human contact or which may give a spark that can ignite flammable gas or dust.

text: The feeling of an electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. The energy stored as static electricity on an object varies depending on the size of the object and its

text: capacitance

text: , the voltage to which it is charged, and the

text: dielectric constant

text: of the surrounding medium. For modelling the effect of static discharge on sensitive electronic devices, a human being is represented as a

text: capacitor

text: of 100

text: picofarad

text: s, charged to a voltage of 4000 to 35000 volts. When touching an object this energy is discharged in less than a microsecond. While the total energy is small, on the order of

text: millijoules

text: , it can still damage sensitive electronic devices. Larger objects will store more energy, which may be directly hazardous to human contact or which may give a spark that can ignite flammable gas or dust.

text: After Milestone had ceased publishing new comics, Static was developed into an animated series Static Shock.  McDuffie was hired to write and story-edit on the series, writing 11 episodes.

text: After

text: Milestone

text: had ceased publishing new comics,

text: Static

text: was developed into an animated series

text: Static Shock

text: .  McDuffie was hired to write and story-edit on the series, writing 11 episodes.

text: Electroscopes detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the Coulomb electrostatic force. Since the electric potential or voltage of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its capacitance to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude voltmeter. However, the accumulation of enough charge to detect with an electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of volts, so electroscopes are only used with high-voltage sources such as static electricity and electrostatic machines.  Electroscopes generally give only a rough, qualitative indication of the magnitude of the charge. An instrument that measures charge quantitatively is called an electrometer.

text: Electroscopes detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the

text: Coulomb electrostatic force

text: . Since the

text: electric potential

text: or

text: voltage

text: of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its

text: capacitance

text: to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude

text: voltmeter

text: . However, the accumulation of enough charge to detect with an electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of

text: volt

text: s, so electroscopes are only used with high-voltage sources such as

text: static electricity

text: and

text: electrostatic machine

text: s.  Electroscopes generally give only a rough, qualitative indication of the magnitude of the charge. An instrument that measures charge

text: quantitatively

text: is called an

text: electrometer

text: Two-dimensional (2D) Lichtenberg figures can be produced by placing a sharp-pointed needle perpendicular to the surface of a non-conducting plate, such as of resin, ebonite, or glass. The point is positioned very near or contacting the plate. A source of high voltage, such as a Leyden jar (a type of capacitor) or a static electricity generator, is applied to the needle, typically through a spark gap. This creates a sudden, small electrical discharge along the surface of the plate. This deposits stranded areas of charge onto the surface of the plate. These electrified areas are then tested by sprinkling a mixture of powdered flowers of sulfur and red lead (PbO or lead tetroxide) onto the plate.

text: Two-dimensional (2D) Lichtenberg figures can be produced by placing a sharp-pointed needle perpendicular to the surface of a non-conducting plate, such as of

text: resin

text: ebonite

text: , or

text: glass

text: . The point is positioned very near or contacting the plate. A source of high voltage, such as a

text: Leyden jar

text: (a type of

text: capacitor

text: ) or a

text: static electricity

text: generator, is applied to the needle, typically through a

text: spark gap

text: . This creates a sudden, small

text: electrical discharge

text: along the surface of the plate. This deposits stranded areas of charge onto the surface of the plate. These electrified areas are then tested by sprinkling a mixture of powdered flowers of

text: sulfur

text: and red lead (PbO or

text: lead tetroxide

text: ) onto the plate.

text: Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads (force and torque, or "moment") acting on physical systems that do not experience an acceleration (a=0), but rather, are in static equilibrium with their environment. When in static equilibrium, the acceleration of the system is zero and the system is either at rest, or its center of mass moves at constant velocity. The application of Newton's second law to a system gives:

text: Statics is the branch of

text: mechanics

text: that is concerned with the analysis of loads (

text: force

text: and

text: torque, or "moment"

text: ) acting on

text: physical system

text: s that do not experience an acceleration (a=0), but rather, are in static equilibrium with their environment. When in static equilibrium, the acceleration of the system is zero and the system is either at rest, or its

text: center of mass

text: moves at constant velocity. The application of

text: Newton's second law

text: to a system gives:

text: Jacqueline Priestman is a British woman from Manchester who became notable for frequently collecting an excess of static electricity on her body, resulting in various household electrical malfunctions (such as exploding electrical sockets). Her plight was remedied by eliminating the artificial fiber carpeting in her home and the application of static discharge devices.

text: Jacqueline Priestman is a British woman from

text: Manchester

text: who became notable for frequently collecting an excess of

text: static electricity

text: on her body, resulting in various household electrical malfunctions (such as exploding electrical sockets). Her plight was remedied by eliminating the artificial fiber carpeting in her home and the application of static discharge devices.

text: The detonating sparks drawn from electrical machines and from Leyden jars suggested to the early experimenters, Hauksbee, Newton, Wall, Nollet, and Gray, that lightning and thunder were due to electric discharges. In 1708, Dr. William Wall was one of the first to observe that spark discharges resembled miniature lightning, after observing the sparks from a charged piece of amber.

text: The detonating

text: sparks

text: drawn from electrical machines and from

text: Leyden jar

text: s suggested to the early experimenters,

text: Hauksbee

text: Newton

text: , Wall,

text: Nollet

text: , and

text: Gray

text: , that lightning and

text: thunder

text: were due to electric discharges. In 1708, Dr.

text: William Wall

text: was one of the first to observe that spark discharges resembled miniature lightning, after observing the sparks from a charged piece of

text: amber

text: In addition to gravity, the shell theorem can also be used to describe the electric field generated by a static spherically symmetric charge density, or similarly for any other phenomenon that follows an inverse square law. The derivations below focus on gravity, but the results can easily be generalized to the electrostatic force. Moreover, the results can be generalized to the case of general ellipsoidal bodies.

text: In addition to gravity, the shell theorem can also be used to describe the

text: electric field

text: generated by a static spherically symmetric

text: charge density

text: , or similarly for any other phenomenon that follows an

text: inverse square law

text: . The derivations below focus on gravity, but the results can easily be generalized to the

text: electrostatic force

text: . Moreover, the results can be generalized to the case of general ellipsoidal bodies.

text: Two main categories of DSMs have been proposed:  static and time-based.Static DSMs represent systems where all of the elements exist simultaneously, such as components of a machine or groups in an organization. A static DSM is equivalent to an N chart or an adjacency matrix. The marking in the off-diagonal cells is often largely symmetrical to the diagonal (e.g., in an organizational DSM indicating interactions between teams, there are both a mark from team C to team E and a mark from team E to team C, thus indicating that interactions are mutual). Static DSMs are usually analyzed with clustering algorithms.

text: Two main categories of DSMs have been proposed:  static and time-based.Static DSMs represent systems where all of the elements exist simultaneously, such as components of a machine or groups in an organization. A static DSM is equivalent to an N chart or an

text: adjacency matrix

text: . The marking in the off-diagonal cells is often largely symmetrical to the diagonal (e.g., in an organizational DSM indicating interactions between teams, there are both a mark from team C to team E and a mark from team E to team C, thus indicating that interactions are mutual). Static DSMs are usually analyzed with

text: clustering algorithms

text: An electrical principle that Franklin proved in 1747 with his electrostatic machine was that of conservation of charge. He was the first to use the terms "positive" and "negative" ("plus" and "minus") as applied to electricity. Franklin wrote detailed letters and documents on his findings from experimenting with the electrostatic machine and Leyden jars. He concluded that lightning was just giant sparks of these electric charges. He referred to this static electricity as "electric fire" and sometimes as "electric matter."  The term of "electric fluid" was also used, based off the concept that a jar could be filled and refilled when it became empty. Franklin had made a list in 1749 of several ways in which lightning was similar to electricity. That developed a theory for the "electical fire" as a type of motion or current flow rather than a type of explosion. There were new electric terms derived from his name in the middle of the eighteenth century. For example, "Franklin current" is static electricity. "Franklinization" is electrotherapy where Franklin applied strong static charges from powerful Leyden jars, which were charged from his electrostatic machine, to treat patients with various illnesses.

text: An electrical principle that Franklin proved in 1747 with his electrostatic machine was that of

text: conservation of charge

text: . He was the first to use the terms "positive" and "negative" ("plus" and "minus") as applied to electricity. Franklin wrote detailed letters and documents on his findings from experimenting with the electrostatic machine and Leyden jars. He concluded that

text: lightning

text: was just giant sparks of these electric charges. He referred to this static electricity as "electric fire" and sometimes as "electric matter."  The term of "electric fluid" was also used, based off the concept that a jar could be filled and refilled when it became empty. Franklin had made a list in 1749 of several ways in which lightning was similar to electricity. That developed a theory for the "electical fire" as a type of motion or current flow rather than a type of explosion. There were new electric terms derived from his name in the middle of the eighteenth century. For example, "Franklin current" is static electricity. "Franklinization" is

text: electrotherapy

text: where Franklin applied strong static charges from powerful Leyden jars, which were charged from his electrostatic machine, to treat patients with various illnesses.

text: The special case of mechanical equilibrium of a stationary object is static equilibrium. A paperweight on a desk would be in static equilibrium. The minimal number of static equilibria of homogeneous, convex bodies (when resting under gravity on a horizontal surface) is of special interest. In the planar case, the minimal number is 4, while in three dimensions one can build an object with just one stable and one unstable balance point, this is called gomboc.  A child sliding down a slide at constant speed would be in mechanical equilibrium, but not in static equilibrium (in the reference frame of the slide).

text: The special case of mechanical equilibrium of a stationary object is static equilibrium. A paperweight on a desk would be in static equilibrium. The minimal number of static equilibria of homogeneous, convex bodies (when resting under gravity on a horizontal surface) is of special interest. In the planar case, the minimal number is 4, while in three dimensions one can build an object with just one stable and one unstable balance point, this is called

text: gomboc

text: .  A child sliding down a

text: slide

text: at constant speed would be in mechanical equilibrium, but not in static equilibrium (in the reference frame of the slide).

text: At large relative distance, the near-field components of electric and magnetic fields are approximately quasi-static oscillating dipole fields.  These fields decrease with the cube of distance: (D/D)  Since power is proportional to the square of the field strength, the power transferred decreases as (D/D). or 60 dB per decade.  In other words, if far apart, doubling the distance between the two antennas causes the power received to decrease by a factor of 2 = 64. As a result, inductive and capacitive coupling can only be used for short-range power transfer, within a few times the diameter of the antenna device D.  Unlike in a radiative system where the maximum radiation occurs when the dipole antennas are oriented transverse to the direction of propagation, with dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when the dipoles are oriented longitudinally.

text: At large relative distance, the near-field components of electric and magnetic fields are approximately quasi-static oscillating

text: dipole

text: fields.  These fields decrease with the cube of distance: (D/D)  Since power is proportional to the square of the field strength, the power transferred decreases as (D/D). or 60 dB per decade.  In other words, if far apart, doubling the distance between the two antennas causes the power received to decrease by a factor of 2 = 64. As a result, inductive and capacitive coupling can only be used for short-range power transfer, within a few times the diameter of the antenna device D.  Unlike in a radiative system where the maximum radiation occurs when the dipole antennas are oriented transverse to the direction of propagation, with dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when the dipoles are oriented longitudinally.

text: Piezo-electrical drives produce high force, but as with electro-thermal actuators the stroke length is short. Piezo-electrical drives are, however, less susceptible to thermal environmental influences and can also transmit high-frequency drive signals well. To achieve the desired angle some mechanism utilizing mechanical amplification will be required for most applications. This has proven to be difficult for quasi-static scanners, although there are promising approaches in the literature using long meandering flexures for deflection amplification. For resonant rotational scanners, on the other hand, scanners using piezo-electric actuation combined with an indirect drive are the highest performer in terms of scan angle and working frequency. However, the technology is newer than electro-static and electro-magnetic drives and remains to be implemented in commercial products.

text: Piezo-electrical drives produce high force, but as with electro-thermal actuators the stroke length is short. Piezo-electrical drives are, however, less susceptible to thermal environmental influences and can also transmit high-frequency drive signals well. To achieve the desired angle some mechanism utilizing

text: mechanical amplification

text: will be required for most applications. This has proven to be difficult for quasi-static scanners, although there are promising approaches in the literature using long meandering flexures for deflection amplification. For resonant rotational scanners, on the other hand, scanners using piezo-electric actuation combined with an indirect drive are the highest performer in terms of scan angle and working frequency. However, the technology is newer than electro-static and electro-magnetic drives and remains to be implemented in commercial products.

text: It was already clear from the work of Michael Faraday that electricity and galvanism were essentially the same.  Bird realised this, but continued to divide his apparatus into electrical machines, which (according to him) delivered a high voltage at low current, and galvanic apparatus, which delivered a high current at low voltage.  The galvanic equipment available to Bird included electrochemical cells such as the voltaic pile and the Daniell cell, a variant of which Bird devised himself.  Also part of the standard equipment were induction coils which, together with an interrupter circuit, were used with one of the electrochemical cells to deliver an electric shock.  The electrical (as opposed to galvanic) machines then available were friction-operated electrostatic generators consisting of a rotating glass disc or cylinder on which silk flaps were allowed to drag as the glass rotated.  These machines had to be hand-turned during treatment, but it was possible to store small amounts of static electricity in Leyden jars for later use.

text: It was already clear from the work of

text: Michael Faraday

text: that electricity and galvanism were essentially the same.  Bird realised this, but continued to divide his apparatus into electrical machines, which (according to him) delivered a high voltage at low current, and galvanic apparatus, which delivered a high current at low voltage.  The galvanic equipment available to Bird included

text: electrochemical cell

text: s such as the

text: voltaic pile

text: and the

text: Daniell cell

text: , a variant of which Bird devised himself.  Also part of the standard equipment were

text: induction coil

text: s which, together with an interrupter circuit, were used with one of the electrochemical cells to deliver an electric shock.  The electrical (as opposed to galvanic) machines then available were friction-operated

text: electrostatic generator

text: s consisting of a rotating glass disc or cylinder on which silk flaps were allowed to drag as the glass rotated.  These machines had to be hand-turned during treatment, but it was possible to store small amounts of

text: static electricity

text: in

text: Leyden jar

text: s for later use.

text: Overall the system was similar to the better-known Williams tube. The Williams tube used the phosphorescent front of a single CRT to create small spots of static electricity on a plate arranged in front of the tube. However, the stability of these dots proved difficult to maintain in the presence of external electrical signals, which were common in computer settings. The Mellon system replaced the static charges with light, which was much more resistant to external influence.

text: Overall the system was similar to the better-known

text: Williams tube

text: . The Williams tube used the phosphorescent front of a single CRT to create small spots of static electricity on a plate arranged in front of the tube. However, the stability of these dots proved difficult to maintain in the presence of external electrical signals, which were common in computer settings. The Mellon system replaced the static charges with light, which was much more resistant to external influence.

text: A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system”. Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity while increasing its static pressure. The fluid's static pressure rise as it passes though a duct is commonly referred to as pressure recovery.  In contrast, a nozzle is often intended to increase the discharge velocity and lower pressure while directing the flow in one particular direction.

text: A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system”. Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity while increasing its static pressure. The fluid's static pressure rise as it passes though a duct is commonly referred to as pressure recovery.  In contrast, a

text: nozzle

text: is often intended to increase the discharge velocity and lower pressure while directing the flow in one particular direction.

text: Because the suit's copper circuitry is mounted outside the suit, it is easily disabled by splashing it with water, causing a short circuit. The new power suit created by Paul's father in our world is able to repel the Earth's magnetic field, allowing it to fly. Its circuitry has also been sealed against being shorted out by exposure to water and power bolts are generated and discharged through pressing a button on the suits gauntlet, rather than striking wrist plates together to generate the static electricity.

text: When different materials are brought together and then separated, an accumulation of electric charge can occur which leaves one material positively charged while the other becomes negatively charged. The mild shock that you receive when touching a grounded object after walking on carpet is an example of excess electrical charge accumulating in your body from frictional charging between your shoes and the carpet. The resulting charge build-up upon your body can generate a strong electrical discharge. Although experimenting with static electricity may be fun, similar sparks create severe hazards in those industries dealing with flammable substances, where a small electrical spark may ignite explosive mixtures with devastating consequences.

text: Effluent toxicity tests are tests conducted under the Clean Water Act, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program and are used by dischargers of contaminated effluent to monitor the quality of effluent into receiving waters.  Acute Effluent Toxicity Tests are used to monitor the quality of industrial effluent monthly using acute toxicity tests.  Effluent is used to perform static-acute multi concentration toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. The test organisms are exposed for 48 hours under static conditions with five concentrations of the effluent.  Short-term Chronic Effluent Toxicity Tests are used to monitor the quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants effluent quarterly using short-term chronic toxicity tests.  The goal of this test is to ensure that the wastewater is not chronically toxic.  The major deviation in the short-term chronic effluent toxicity tests and the acute effluent toxicity tests is that the short-term chronic test lasts for seven days and the acute test lasts for 48 hours.

text: Effluent toxicity tests are tests conducted under the Clean Water Act, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program and are used by dischargers of contaminated effluent to monitor the quality of effluent into receiving waters.  Acute Effluent Toxicity Tests are used to monitor the quality of industrial effluent monthly using acute toxicity tests.  Effluent is used to perform static-acute multi concentration toxicity tests with

text: Ceriodaphnia dubia

text: and

text: Pimephales promelas

text: . The test organisms are exposed for 48 hours under static conditions with five concentrations of the effluent.  Short-term Chronic Effluent Toxicity Tests are used to monitor the quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants effluent quarterly using short-term chronic toxicity tests.  The goal of this test is to ensure that the wastewater is not chronically toxic.  The major deviation in the short-term chronic effluent toxicity tests and the acute effluent toxicity tests is that the short-term chronic test lasts for seven days and the acute test lasts for 48 hours.

text: A typical cloud to ground lightning flash culminates in the formation of an electrically conducting plasma channel through the air in excess of  tall, from within the cloud to the ground's surface. The actual discharge is the final stage of a very complex process. At its peak, a typical thunderstorm produces three or more strikes to the Earth per minute. Lightning primarily occurs when warm air is mixed with colder air masses, resulting in atmospheric disturbances necessary for polarizing the atmosphere. However, it can also occur during dust storms, forest fires, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, and even in the cold of winter, where the lightning is known as thundersnow. Hurricanes typically generate some lightning, mainly in the rainbands as much as  from the center.

text: A typical cloud to ground lightning flash culminates in the formation of an electrically conducting

text: plasma

text: channel through the air in excess of  tall, from within the cloud to the ground's surface. The actual discharge is the final stage of a very complex process. At its peak, a typical

text: thunderstorm

text: produces three or more strikes to the Earth per minute. Lightning primarily occurs when warm air is mixed with colder air masses, resulting in atmospheric disturbances necessary for polarizing the atmosphere. However, it can also occur during

text: dust storm

text: s,

text: forest fires

text: tornado

text: es,

text: volcanic eruptions

text: , and even in the cold of

text: winter

text: , where the lightning is known as

text: thundersnow

text: Hurricanes

text: typically generate some lightning, mainly in the rainbands as much as  from the center.

text: The flowing movement of gases in pipes alone creates little, if any, static electricity. It is envisaged that a charge generation mechanism only occurs when solid particles or liquid droplets are carried in the gas stream.

text: In clothing, static cling occurs from static electricity, which is usually due to rubbing as in a clothes dryer (the triboelectric effect).  It is especially noticeable when humidity is low, allowing static electricity to build up.  Certain substances can reduce static cling and are often included in fabric softener and dryer sheets.  Antistatic agents, which make the surfaces slightly conductive, can be used on fabrics.

text: In clothing, static cling occurs from static electricity, which is usually due to rubbing as in a

text: clothes dryer

text: (the

text: triboelectric effect

text: ).  It is especially noticeable when

text: humidity

text: is low, allowing static electricity to build up.  Certain substances can reduce static cling and are often included in

text: fabric softener

text: and dryer sheets.

text: Antistatic agent

text: s, which make the surfaces slightly

text: conductive

text: , can be used on fabrics.

text: Static electricity and electric current are two separate phenomena. They both involve electric charge, and may occur simultaneously in the same object. Static electricity refers to the electric charge of an object and the related electrostatic discharge when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects. In contrast, electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge.

text: Static electricity

text: and

text: electric current

text: are two separate phenomena. They both involve electric charge, and may occur simultaneously in the same object. Static electricity refers to the electric charge of an object and the related

text: electrostatic discharge

text: when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects. In contrast, electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge.

text: The process of comparing two static equilibria to each other, as in the above example, is known as comparative statics.  For example, since a rise in consumers' income leads to a higher price (and a decline in consumers' income leads to a fall in the price — in each case the two things change in the same direction), we say that the comparative static effect of consumer income on the price is positive.  This is another way of saying that the total derivative of price with respect to consumer income is greater than zero.

text: The process of comparing two static equilibria to each other, as in the above example, is known as

text: comparative statics

text: .  For example, since a rise in consumers' income leads to a higher price (and a decline in consumers' income leads to a fall in the price — in each case the two things change in the same direction), we say that the comparative static effect of consumer income on the price is positive.  This is another way of saying that the

text: total derivative

text: of price with respect to consumer income is greater than zero.

text: How lightning initially forms is still a matter of debate: Scientists have studied root causes ranging from atmospheric perturbations (wind, humidity, and atmospheric pressure) to the impact of solar wind and accumulation of charged solar particles. Ice inside a cloud is thought to be a key element in lightning development, and may cause a forcible separation of positive and negative charges within the cloud, thus assisting in the formation of lightning.

text: How lightning initially forms is still a matter of debate: Scientists have studied root causes ranging from atmospheric perturbations (wind, humidity, and

text: atmospheric pressure

text: ) to the impact of

text: solar wind

text: and accumulation of charged solar particles. Ice inside a cloud is thought to be a key element in lightning development, and may cause a forcible separation of positive and negative

text: charge

text: s within the cloud, thus assisting in the formation of lightning.

text: Scala is statically typed, while both Groovy and Clojure are dynamically typed. This makes the type system more complex and difficult to understand but allows almost all type errors to be caught at compile-time and can result in significantly faster execution. By contrast, dynamic typing requires more testing to ensure program correctness and is generally slower in order to allow greater programming flexibility and simplicity. Regarding speed differences, current versions of Groovy and Clojure allow for optional type annotations to help programs avoid the overhead of dynamic typing in cases where types are practically static. This overhead is further reduced when using recent versions of the JVM, which has been enhanced with an invoke dynamic instruction for methods that are defined with dynamically typed arguments. These advances reduce the speed gap between static and dynamic typing, although a statically typed language, like Scala, is still the preferred choice when execution efficiency is very important.

text: Scala is

text: statically typed

text: , while both Groovy and Clojure are

text: dynamically typed

text: Sprites are large-scale electrical discharges that occur high above thunderstorm clouds, or cumulonimbus, giving rise to a quite varied range of visual shapes flickering in the night sky. They are triggered by the discharges of positive lightning between an underlying thundercloud and the ground.

text: Sprites are large-scale

text: electrical discharge

text: s that occur high above

text: thunderstorm

text: clouds, or

text: cumulonimbus

text: , giving rise to a quite varied range of visual shapes flickering in the night sky. They are triggered by the discharges of

text: positive lightning

text: between an underlying

text: thundercloud

text: and the ground.

text: Static dischargers, commonly known as static wicks or static discharge wicks, are installed on the trailing edges of aircraft, including (electrically grounded) ailerons, elevators, rudder, wing, horizontal and vertical stabilizer tips. Fitted on almost all civilian aircraft today, they are high electrical resistance (6-200 megaohm) devices with a lower corona voltage than the surrounding aircraft structure. They control the corona discharge into the atmosphere, isolating noise and preventing it from interfering with aircraft communication equipment. They are used on aircraft to allow the continuous satisfactory operation of onboard navigation and radio communication systems during precipitation (p-static) conditions. Precipitation static is an electrical charge on an airplane caused by flying through rain, snow, ice, or dust particles. When the aircraft charge is great enough, it discharges into the surrounding air. The discharge path is through pointed aircraft extremities, such as antennas, wing tips, vertical and horizontal stabilizers, and other protrusions. The discharge creates a broad-band radio frequency noise from DC to 1000 MHz. This RF noise can affect aircraft communication. During adverse charging conditions (air friction), static dischargers limit the potential static buildup on the aircraft and control interference generated by static charge. Static dischargers are not lightning arrestors and do not reduce or increase the likelihood of an aircraft being struck by lightning. Static dischargers are subject to damage as a result of lightning strike to the aircraft, and should be inspected after a lightning strike to ensure proper static discharge operation. Static dischargers will not function if they are not properly bonded to the aircraft. There must be a conductive path from all parts of the airplane to the dischargers, otherwise they will be useless. Access panels, doors, cowls, navigation lights, antenna mounting hardware, control surfaces, etc., can create static noise if they cannot discharge through the static wick.

text: Static dischargers, commonly known as static wicks or static discharge wicks, are installed on the trailing edges of aircraft, including (electrically grounded) ailerons, elevators, rudder, wing, horizontal and vertical stabilizer tips. Fitted on almost all civilian aircraft today, they are high

text: electrical resistance

text: megaohm

text: ) devices with a lower

text: corona voltage

text: than the surrounding aircraft structure. They control the

text: corona discharge

text: into the atmosphere, isolating noise and preventing it from interfering with aircraft communication equipment. They are used on aircraft to allow the continuous satisfactory operation of onboard navigation and radio communication systems during precipitation (p-static) conditions.

text: Precipitation static

text: is an electrical charge on an airplane caused by flying through rain, snow, ice, or dust particles. When the aircraft charge is great enough, it discharges into the surrounding air. The discharge path is through pointed aircraft extremities, such as antennas, wing tips, vertical and horizontal stabilizers, and other protrusions. The discharge creates a broad-band radio frequency

text: noise

text: from

text: DC

text: to 1000 MHz. This RF noise can affect aircraft communication. During adverse charging conditions (

text: air friction

text: ), static dischargers limit the potential static buildup on the aircraft and control interference generated by static charge. Static dischargers are not

text: lightning arrestor

text: s and do not reduce or increase the likelihood of an aircraft being struck by lightning. Static dischargers are subject to damage as a result of lightning strike to the aircraft, and should be inspected after a lightning strike to ensure proper static discharge operation. Static dischargers will not function if they are not properly bonded to the aircraft. There must be a conductive path from all parts of the airplane to the dischargers, otherwise they will be useless. Access panels, doors, cowls, navigation lights, antenna mounting hardware, control surfaces, etc., can create static noise if they cannot discharge through the static wick.

text: The amount of water vapor directly controls the permittivity of the air. During times of low humidity, static discharge is quick and easy. During times of higher humidity, fewer static discharges occur. Permittivity and capacitance work hand in hand to produce the megawatt outputs of lightning.

text: The amount of water vapor directly controls the

text: permittivity

text: of the air. During times of low humidity, static discharge is quick and easy. During times of higher humidity, fewer static discharges occur. Permittivity and capacitance work hand in hand to produce the megawatt outputs of lightning.

text: Also, PMOS circuits are slow to transition from high to low. When transitioning from low to high, the transistors provide low resistance, and the capacitive charge at the output accumulates very quickly (similar to charging a capacitor through a very low resistance). But the resistance between the output and the negative supply rail is much greater, so the high-to-low transition takes longer (similar to discharge of a capacitor through a high resistance). Using a resistor of lower value will speed up the process but also increases static power dissipation.

text: Lightning is now known to occur on average 44 (± 5) times a second over the entire Earth, making a total of about 1.4 billion flashes per year.

text: Lightning is now known to occur on average 44 (± 5) times a second over the entire Earth, making a total of about 1.4

text: billion

text: flashes per year.

text: If a column is loaded suddenly and then the load released, the column can sustain a much higher load than its static (slowly applied) buckling load. This can happen in a long, unsupported column (rod) used as a drop hammer. The duration of compression at the impact end is the time required for a stress wave to travel up the rod to the other (free) end and back down as a relief wave. Maximum buckling occurs near the impact end at a wavelength much shorter than the length of the rod, and at a stress many times the buckling stress of a statically-loaded column. The critical condition for buckling amplitude to remain less than about 25 times the effective rod straightness imperfection at the buckle wavelength is

text: The theory held that static electricity was generated by means of contact between dissimilar materials, and was in close agreement with the principles of static electricity as then understood. It was eventually replaced by the current theory of electrochemistry, namely, that electricity is generated by the action of chemistry and the exchange of electrons between atoms making up the battery.  An important fact leading to the rejection of the theory of contact tension was the observation that corrosion, that is, the chemical degradation of the battery, seemed unavoidable with its use, and that the more electricity was drawn from the battery, the faster the corrosion proceeded.

text: The theory held that static electricity was generated by means of contact between dissimilar materials, and was in close agreement with the principles of

text: static electricity

text: as then understood. It was eventually replaced by the current theory of

text: electrochemistry

text: , namely, that electricity is generated by the action of

text: chemistry

text: and the exchange of

text: electron

text: s between

text: atom

text: s making up the battery.  An important fact leading to the rejection of the theory of contact tension was the observation that

text: corrosion

text: , that is, the chemical degradation of the battery, seemed unavoidable with its use, and that the more electricity was drawn from the battery, the faster the corrosion proceeded.

text: Lightning strikes are short-lived, high-intensity electrical discharges that can reach temperatures five times hotter than the surface of the Sun.  As a result, as a lightning channel travels through the air, ionization occurs, forming nitrogen-oxide (NO) compounds within the lightning channel.  Global NOx production as a result of lightning is around 1–20 Tg N yr.  Some studies have implied that lightning activity may be the "greatest contributor to the global nitrogen budget", even larger than the burning of fossil fuels.  With anywhere between 1500 and 2000 thunderstorms and millions of lightning strikes occurring daily around the Earth, it is understandable that lightning activity plays a vital role in nitrogen fixation.  While nitrogen oxide compounds are produced as a lightning channel travels toward the ground, some of those compounds are transferred to the geosphere via wet or dry deposition.  Variations of nitrogen in terrestrial and oceanic environments impact primary production and other biological processes.  Changes in primary production can impact not only the carbon cycle, but also the climate system.

text: Lightning strikes are short-lived, high-intensity electrical discharges that can reach temperatures five times hotter than the surface of the Sun.  As a result, as a lightning channel travels through the air,

text: ionization

text: occurs, forming

text: nitrogen-oxide

text: (NO) compounds within the lightning channel.  Global NOx production as a result of lightning is around 1–20 Tg N yr.  Some studies have implied that lightning activity may be the "greatest contributor to the global nitrogen budget", even larger than the burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: s.  With anywhere between 1500 and 2000

text: thunderstorms

text: and millions of lightning strikes occurring daily around the Earth, it is understandable that lightning activity plays a vital role in nitrogen fixation.  While nitrogen oxide compounds are produced as a lightning channel travels toward the ground, some of those compounds are transferred to the

text: geosphere

text: via wet or dry

text: deposition

text: .  Variations of nitrogen in terrestrial and oceanic environments impact

text: primary production

text: and other biological processes.  Changes in primary production can impact not only the

text: carbon cycle

text: , but also the

text: climate system

text: In overhead electric transmission (high-tension) systems, one or two lighter gauge conductors may be mounted to the top of the pylons, poles, or towers not specifically used to send electricity through the grid. These conductors, often referred to "static", "pilot" or "shield" wires are designed to be the point of lightning termination instead of the high-voltage lines themselves. These conductors are intended to protect the primary power conductors from lightning strikes.

text: In overhead electric transmission (high-tension) systems, one or two lighter gauge conductors may be mounted to the top of the

text: pylons, poles, or towers

text: not specifically used to send electricity through the grid. These conductors, often referred to "static", "pilot" or "shield" wires are designed to be the point of lightning termination instead of the high-voltage lines themselves. These conductors are intended to protect the primary power conductors from

text: lightning

text: strikes.

text: Lightning is a dramatic natural example of static discharge. While the details are unclear and remain a subject of debate, the initial charge separation is thought to be associated with contact between ice particles within storm clouds. In general, significant charge accumulations can only persist in regions of low electrical conductivity (very few charges free to move in the surroundings), hence the flow of neutralizing charges often results from neutral atoms and molecules in the air being torn apart to form separate positive and negative charges, which travel in opposite directions as an electric current, neutralizing the original accumulation of charge. The static charge in air typically breaks down in this way at around 10,000 volts per centimeter (10 kV/cm) depending on humidity. The discharge superheats the surrounding air causing the bright flash, and produces a shock wave causing the clicking sound. The lightning bolt is simply a scaled-up version of the sparks seen in more domestic occurrences of static discharge. The flash occurs because the air in the discharge channel is heated to such a high temperature that it emits light by incandescence. The clap of thunder is the result of the shock wave created as the superheated air expands explosively.

text: Lightning is a dramatic natural example of static discharge. While the details are unclear and remain a subject of debate, the initial charge separation is thought to be associated with contact between ice particles within storm clouds. In general, significant charge accumulations can only persist in regions of low electrical conductivity (very few charges free to move in the surroundings), hence the flow of neutralizing charges often results from neutral atoms and molecules in the air being torn apart to form separate positive and negative charges, which travel in opposite directions as an electric current, neutralizing the original accumulation of charge. The static charge in air typically breaks down in this way at around 10,000

text: volt

text: s per centimeter (10 kV/cm) depending on humidity. The discharge superheats the surrounding air causing the bright flash, and produces a shock wave causing the clicking sound. The lightning bolt is simply a scaled-up version of the sparks seen in more domestic occurrences of static discharge. The flash occurs because the air in the discharge channel is heated to such a high temperature that it emits light by

text: incandescence

text: . The clap of

text: thunder

text: is the result of the shock wave created as the superheated air expands explosively.

text: Some ambiguity exists in the literature concerning the distinction between quasi-static and reversible processes, as these are sometimes taken as synonyms. The reason is the theorem that any reversible process is also a quasi-static one, even though (as we have illustrated above) the converse is not true. In practical situations, it is essential to differentiate between the two: any engineer would remember to include friction when calculating the dissipative entropy generation, so there are no reversible processes in practice. The definition given above is closer to the intuitive understanding of the word “quasi-” (almost) “static”, and remains technically different from reversible processes.

text: Although commonly associated with thunderstorms at close range, lightning strikes can occur on a day that seems devoid of clouds. This occurrence is known as "A Bolt From the Blue"; lightning can strike up to 10 miles from a cloud.

text: Surge absorbs electricity at all times: from static in the air, electrical appliances, outlets, etc. (often causing lights to flicker, etc.).  She can't control the absorption, and thus must wear specially designed gauntlets at all times to regulate it.  She can discharge the energy through powerful lightning-like blasts or channel it into bursts of superhuman speed. If she takes in too much energy, it causes mental overloads which cause her to speak too fast, scatters her thinking, and worsens her control over the blasts.

text: The amount of static electricity we feel varies according to factors such as our body and foot size. A larger body and bigger feet require more charge to be stored to produce the same voltage. The material our clothes are made from and the soles of our shoes can influence static electricity too. Weather affects it as well. There is more build-up of static charge when the air is dry. Most people feel harmless shocks at around 2,000-4,000 volts. However electrical components can be damaged by as little as a few volts. It is estimated that between eight percent and 33 percent of product losses—-the proportion of products which are rendered faulty—-are due to static electricity. Static electricity is generally harmless to the individual but if not controlled, electrostatic discharge can cause product damage to electrostatic sensitive devices and lead to machinery downtime, lost man-hours, returned products and warranty costs particularly in the semiconductor and electronics industries, which caused  worth of damage to products each year.

text: The amount of static electricity we feel varies according to factors such as our body and foot size. A larger body and bigger feet require more charge to be stored to produce the same voltage. The material our clothes are made from and the soles of our shoes can influence static electricity too. Weather affects it as well. There is more build-up of static charge when the air is dry. Most people feel harmless shocks at around 2,000-4,000 volts. However electrical components can be damaged by as little as a few volts. It is estimated that between eight percent and 33 percent of product losses—-the proportion of products which are rendered faulty—-are due to static electricity. Static electricity is generally harmless to the individual but if not controlled,

text: electrostatic discharge

text: can cause product damage to

text: electrostatic sensitive device

text: s and lead to machinery downtime, lost

text: man-hour

text: s, returned products and warranty costs particularly in the

text: semiconductor

text: and

text: electronics

text: industries, which caused  worth of damage to products each year.

text: The first term describes near field effects from the charge, and its direction in space is updated with a term that corrects for any constant-velocity motion of the charge on its distant static field, so that the distant static field appears at distance from the charge, with no aberration of light or light-time correction. This term, which corrects for time-retardation delays in the direction of the static field, is required by Lorentz invariance. A charge moving with a constant velocity must appear to a distant observer in exactly the same way as a static charge appears to a moving observer, and in the latter case, the direction of the static field must change instantaneously, with no time-delay. Thus, static fields (the first term) point exactly at the true instantaneous (non-retarded) position of the charged object if its velocity has not changed over the retarded time delay. This is true over any distance separating objects.

text: The first term describes

text: near field

text: effects from the charge, and its direction in space is updated with a term that corrects for any constant-velocity motion of the charge on its distant static field, so that the distant static field appears at distance from the charge, with no

text: aberration of light

text: or

text: light-time correction

text: . This term, which corrects for time-retardation delays in the direction of the static field, is required by Lorentz invariance. A charge moving with a constant velocity must appear to a distant observer in exactly the same way as a static charge appears to a moving observer, and in the latter case, the direction of the static field must change instantaneously, with no time-delay. Thus, static fields (the first term) point exactly at the true instantaneous (non-retarded) position of the charged object if its velocity has not changed over the retarded time delay. This is true over any distance separating objects.

text: Many authorities permit separating clothes or performing other actions that might generate sparks due to static electricity.

text: Many authorities permit separating clothes or performing other actions that might generate

text: sparks

text: due to

text: static electricity

text: Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs in a thunderstorm. It can be seen in the form of a bright streak (or bolt) from the sky. Lightning occurs when an electrical charge is built up within a cloud, due to static electricity generated by supercooled water droplets colliding with ice crystals near the freezing level. When a large enough charge is built up, a large discharge will occur and can be seen as lightning.

text: Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs in a thunderstorm. It can be seen in the form of a bright streak (or bolt) from the sky. Lightning occurs when an

text: electrical charge

text: is built up within a cloud, due to static electricity generated by

text: supercooled

text: water droplet

text: s colliding with

text: ice crystal

text: s near the

text: freezing level

text: . When a large enough charge is built up, a large discharge will occur and can be seen as lightning.

text: U.T. Place's (1956) notion of the relation of identity was derived from Bertrand Russell's distinction among several types of is statements: the is of identity, the is of equality and the is of composition. Place's version of the relation of identity is more accurately described as a relation of composition. For Place, higher-level mental events are composed out of lower-level physical events and will eventually be analytically reduced to these. So, to the objection that "sensations" do not mean the same thing as "mental processes", Place could simply reply with the example that "lightning" does not mean the same thing as "electrical discharge" since we determine that something is lightning by looking and seeing it, whereas we determine that something is an electrical discharge through experimentation and testing. Nevertheless, "lightning is an electrical discharge" is true since the one is composed of the other.

text: U.T. Place's (1956) notion of the relation of identity was derived from

text: Bertrand Russell

text: 's distinction among several types of is statements: the is of

text: identity

text: , the is of equality and the is of composition. Place's version of the relation of identity is more accurately described as a relation of composition. For Place, higher-level mental events are composed out of lower-level physical events and will eventually be analytically reduced to these. So, to the objection that "sensations" do not mean the same thing as "mental processes", Place could simply reply with the example that "lightning" does not mean the same thing as "electrical discharge" since we determine that something is lightning by looking and seeing it, whereas we determine that something is an electrical discharge through experimentation and testing. Nevertheless, "lightning is an electrical discharge" is true since the one is composed of the other.

text: Built-in subsites: Static, Auth

text: Built-in subsites: Static, Auth

text: Static electricity is commonly used in xerography, air filters (particularly electrostatic precipitators), automotive paints, photocopiers, paint sprayers, theaters, flooring in operating theaters, powder testing, printers, static bonding and aircraft refueling.

text: Static electricity is commonly used in

text: xerography

text: air filter

text: s (particularly

text: electrostatic precipitator

text: s), automotive paints, photocopiers,

text: paint sprayers

text: , theaters, flooring in operating theaters, powder testing, printers, static bonding and aircraft refueling.

text: The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when French astronomer Jean-Felix Picard observed that the empty space in his mercury barometer glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer. Investigators, including Francis Hauksbee, tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon.  Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce a light bright enough to read by. The phenomenon of electric arc was first described by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist, in 1802; Sir Humphry Davy demonstrated in the same year the electric arc at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.

text: The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when French astronomer

text: Jean-Felix Picard

text: observed that the empty space in his mercury

text: barometer

text: glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer. Investigators, including

text: Francis Hauksbee

text: , tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon.  Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce a light bright enough to read by. The phenomenon of electric arc was first described by

text: Vasily V. Petrov

text: , a Russian scientist, in 1802; Sir

text: Humphry Davy

text: demonstrated in the same year the

text: electric arc

text: at the

text: Royal Institution

text: of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than

text: incandescent light bulb

text: s.

text: Interestingly, the growth of the networks (adding new nodes) is not a necessary condition for creating a scale-free network. Dangalchev (2004) gives examples of generating static scale-free networks. Another possibility (Caldarelli et al. 2002) is to consider the structure as static and draw a link between vertices according to a particular property of the two vertices involved. Once specified the statistical distribution for these vertices properties (fitnesses), it turns out that in some circumstances also static networks develop scale-free properties.

text: Lightning is an example of an electric spark in nature, while electric sparks, large or small, occur in or near many man-made objects, both by design and sometimes by accident.

text: Lightning

text: is an example of an electric spark in nature, while electric sparks, large or small, occur in or near many man-made objects, both by design and sometimes by accident.

text: There are actually subtle but interesting differences between the three most widely credited formulations of the type identity thesis, those of Place, Feigl and Smart which were published in several articles in the late 1950s. Place's notion of the identity involved in the identity thesis is derived from Bertrand Russell's distinction among several types of is statements: the is of identity, the is of equality and the is of predication. Place's version of the relation of identity in the so-called identity thesis is more accurately described as an asymmetric relation of composition. For Place, higher-level mental events are composed out of lower-level physical events and will eventually be analytically reduced to these. To the objection that "sensations" do not mean the same thing as "mental processes", Place could simply reply with the example that "lightning" does not mean the same thing as "electrical discharge" since we determine that something is lightning by looking and seeing it, whereas we determine that something is an electrical discharge through experimentation and testing. Nevertheless, "lightning is an electrical discharge" is true since the one is composed of the other. Similarly, "clouds are water vapor" means that "clouds are composed of droplets of water vapor" but not vice versa.

text: There are actually subtle but interesting differences between the three most widely credited formulations of the type identity thesis, those of Place, Feigl and Smart which were published in several articles in the late 1950s. Place's notion of the identity involved in the identity thesis is derived from

text: Bertrand Russell

text: identity

text: Features low electrical conductivity and low static electricity buildup.

text: Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45% relative humidity (RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has traditionally recommended a range of  45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment. Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital operating rooms.

text: Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45%

text: relative humidity

text: (RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (

text: ASHRAE

text: ) has traditionally recommended a range of  45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment. Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital

text: operating room

text: s.

text: The 504 has received some issues with static electricity problems.

text: One of the causes of ESD events is static electricity. Static electricity is often generated through tribocharging, the separation of electric charges that occurs when two materials are brought into contact and then separated. Examples of tribocharging  include walking on a rug, rubbing a plastic comb against dry hair, rubbing a balloon against a sweater, ascending from a fabric car seat, or removing some types of plastic packaging. In all these cases, the breaking of contact between two materials results in tribocharging, thus creating a difference of electrical potential that can lead to an ESD event.

text: One of the causes of ESD events is

text: static electricity

text: . Static electricity is often generated through

text: tribocharging

text: , the separation of electric charges that occurs when two materials are brought into contact and then separated. Examples of tribocharging  include walking on a rug, rubbing a plastic comb against dry hair, rubbing a balloon against a sweater, ascending from a fabric car seat, or removing some types of plastic packaging. In all these cases, the breaking of contact between two materials results in tribocharging, thus creating a difference of electrical potential that can lead to an ESD event.

text: This table shows some general trends. First, the languages that do not support anonymous functions (C, Pascal, Object Pascal) are all conventional statically typed languages. However, statically typed languages can support anonymous functions. For example, the ML languages are statically typed and fundamentally include anonymous functions, and Delphi, a dialect of Object Pascal, has been extended to support anonymous functions. Second, the languages that treat functions as first-class functions (Dylan, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp, ML, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme) generally have anonymous function support so that functions can be defined and passed around as easily as other data types. However, the new C++11 standard adds them to C++, even though this is a conventional, statically typed language.

text: This table shows some general trends. First, the languages that do not support anonymous functions (

text: C

text: Pascal

text: Object Pascal

text: ) are all conventional statically typed languages. However, statically typed languages can support anonymous functions. For example, the

text: ML

text: languages are statically typed and fundamentally include anonymous functions, and Delphi, a dialect of

text: Object Pascal

text: , has been extended to support anonymous functions. Second, the languages that treat functions as

text: first-class function

text: s (

text: Dylan

text: Haskell

text: JavaScript

text: Lisp

text: ML

text: Perl

text: Python

text: Ruby

text: Scheme

text: ) generally have anonymous function support so that functions can be defined and passed around as easily as other data types. However, the new

text: standard adds them to C++, even though this is a conventional, statically typed language.

text: A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and separate, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current (and is therefore an electrical insulator). The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor (for example, a path to ground), or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative). The familiar phenomenon of a static shock–more specifically, an electrostatic discharge–is caused by the neutralization of

text: A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and separate, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current (and is therefore an

text: electrical insulator

text: ). The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large

text: electrical conductor

text: (for example, a path to ground), or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative). The familiar phenomenon of a static shock–more specifically, an

text: electrostatic discharge

text: –is caused by the neutralization of

text: The first creation of a Z-pinch in the laboratory may have occurred in 1790 in Holland when Martinus van Marum created an explosion by discharging 100 Leyden jars into a wire. The phenomenon was not understood until 1905, when Pollock and Barraclough investigated a compressed and distorted length of copper tube from a lightning rod after it had been struck by lightning. Their analysis showed that the forces due to the interaction of the large current flow with its own magnetic field could have caused the compression and distortion. A similar, and apparently independent, theoretical analysis of the pinch effect in liquid metals was published by Northrupp in 1907. The next major development was the publication in 1934 of an analysis of the radial pressure balance in a static Z-pinch by Bennett (see the following section for details).

text: The first creation of a Z-pinch in the laboratory may have occurred in 1790 in Holland when

text: Martinus van Marum

text: created an explosion by discharging 100

text: Leyden jar

text: s into a wire. The phenomenon was not understood until 1905, when Pollock and Barraclough investigated a compressed and distorted length of copper tube from a

text: lightning rod

text: after it had been struck by lightning. Their analysis showed that the forces due to the interaction of the large current flow with its own magnetic field could have caused the compression and distortion. A similar, and apparently independent, theoretical analysis of the pinch effect in liquid metals was published by Northrupp in 1907. The next major development was the publication in 1934 of an analysis of the radial pressure balance in a static Z-pinch by

text: Bennett

text: (see the following section for details).

text: JP-4 was a non-conductive liquid, prone to build up static electricity when being moved through pipes and tanks. As it is volatile and has a low flash point, the static discharge could cause a fire. Beginning in the mid-1980s an antistatic agent was added to the fuel to lower the charge buildup and decrease the corresponding risk of fires. Flow rates must be controlled, and all the equipment used must be electrically interconnected and well grounded.

text: JP-4 was a non-conductive liquid, prone to build up

text: static electricity

text: when being moved through pipes and tanks. As it is volatile and has a low flash point, the static discharge could cause a fire. Beginning in the mid-1980s an

text: antistatic agent

text: was added to the fuel to lower the charge buildup and decrease the corresponding risk of fires. Flow rates must be controlled, and all the equipment used must be electrically interconnected and well grounded.

text: Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation, latitude, prevailing wind currents, relative humidity, proximity to warm and cold bodies of water, etc. To a certain degree, the ratio between IC, CC and CG lightning may also vary by season in middle latitudes.Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, CG lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though IC and CC are more common types of lightning. Lightning's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs, even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation.

text: Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation,

text: latitude

text: prevailing wind

text: currents,

text: relative humidity

text: , proximity to warm and cold bodies of water, etc. To a certain degree, the ratio between IC, CC and CG lightning may also vary by

text: season

text: in

text: middle latitudes

text: .Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them, CG lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types, even though IC and CC are more common types of lightning. Lightning's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs, even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation.

text: It is also possible to use the static keyword on the definition of a local variable. Without the static keyword, the variable is automatically allocated when the function is called and released when the function exits (thus the name "automatic variable"). Its value is not retained between function calls. With the static keyword, the variable is allocated when the program starts and released when the program ends. Its value is not lost between function calls. The variable is still local, since it can only be accessed by name inside the function that defined it. But a reference (pointer) to it can be passed to another function, allowing it to read and modify the contents of the variable (again without referring to it by name).

text: This villainess appears in the episode "Stop Team Go." Her evil genius lies in electrical weapons: as a chipper Shego explains, "If it has wires, she can turn it into a weapon. If it's already a weapon, she can make it a better weapon." Her metallic, wire-like hair crackles with static electricity, her outfit is festooned with wires and conduits to channel her electrical powers, and she can shoot lightning from her gloved hands. She speaks with a vaguely East-European accent.

text: This villainess appears in the episode "

text: Stop Team Go

text: ." Her evil genius lies in electrical weapons: as a chipper

text: Shego

text: explains, "If it has wires, she can turn it into a weapon. If it's already a weapon, she can make it a better weapon." Her metallic, wire-like hair crackles with static electricity, her outfit is festooned with wires and conduits to channel her electrical powers, and she can shoot lightning from her gloved hands. She speaks with a vaguely East-European accent.

text: In the episode "Static Shaq", it is mentioned that Robert has also been in the Marines and a camp counselor. In the episode "Blast from the Past", Robert states that when he was a kid, he was (and still is) a fan of the superhero Soul Power. In the episode "Linked", it is revealed that Robert played football in college, and he was nicknamed "Streak." At first, Robert disliked Static; his open opinion about Static in the episode "Aftershock" left Virgil worried that the Big Bang might have aftereffects. Robert remained unaware of his son's secret identity through most of the series, although part of him had suspicions about Virgil's behavior. In the episode "Kidnapped", Robert acknowledged the truth that had been right under his nose: his son, Virgil, was Static. In the end, Robert keeps his son's superhero identity along with Gear's secret, even from his daughter.

text: In the episode "Static Shaq", it is mentioned that Robert has also been in the

text: Marines

text: and a camp counselor. In the episode "Blast from the Past", Robert states that when he was a kid, he was (and still is) a fan of the superhero Soul Power. In the episode "Linked", it is revealed that Robert played

text: football

text: in college, and he was nicknamed "Streak." At first, Robert disliked Static; his open opinion about Static in the episode "Aftershock" left Virgil worried that the

text: Big Bang

text: might have aftereffects. Robert remained unaware of his son's secret identity through most of the series, although part of him had suspicions about Virgil's behavior. In the episode "Kidnapped", Robert acknowledged the truth that had been right under his nose: his son, Virgil, was Static. In the end, Robert keeps his son's superhero identity along with Gear's secret, even from his daughter.

text: However, a major drawback with CFRPs for primary structural applications is their low toughness and damage tolerance. Epoxy resins are brittle and have poor impact strength and resistance to crack propagation, resulting in unsatisfactory levels of robustness and reliability. This results in designs with large margins of safety and complex inspection operations. In addition, by increasing the relative fraction of composite components within new aircraft, challenges regarding electrical conductivity have arisen such as lightning strike protection, static discharge, electrical bonding and grounding, interference shielding and current return through the structure. These drawbacks can be solved by the use of emerging technologies such as nanocomposites, which combine mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.

text: However, a major drawback with CFRPs for primary structural applications is their low toughness and damage tolerance.

text: Epoxy resins

text: are brittle and have poor impact strength and resistance to

text: crack propagation

text: , resulting in unsatisfactory levels of robustness and reliability. This results in designs with large margins of safety and complex inspection operations. In addition, by increasing the relative fraction of composite components within new aircraft, challenges regarding

text: electrical conductivity

text: have arisen such as

text: lightning strike

text: protection,

text: static discharge

text: electrical bonding

text: and

text: grounding

text: , interference shielding and current return through the structure. These drawbacks can be solved by the use of emerging technologies such as

text: nanocomposites

text: , which combine mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.

text: In 1969 Davis fully embraced the electric instrument approach to jazz with In a Silent Way, which can be considered his first fusion album. Composed of two side-long suites edited heavily by producer Teo Macero, this quiet, static album would be equally influential to the development of ambient music.

text: In 1969 Davis fully embraced the electric instrument approach to jazz with

text: In a Silent Way

text: , which can be considered his first fusion album. Composed of two side-long suites edited heavily by producer

text: Teo Macero

text: , this quiet, static album would be equally influential to the development of

text: ambient music

text: Electrostatic discharge materials (ESD materials) are plastics that reduce static electricity to protect electrostatic-sensitive devices (ESD) or contain flammable liquids or gases.

text: Electrostatic discharge materials (ESD materials) are

text: plastic

text: s that reduce

text: static electricity

text: to protect

text: electrostatic-sensitive device

text: s (ESD) or contain

text: flammable

text: liquids or gases.

text: A static discharge in the presence of air or oxygen can create ozone. Ozone can degrade rubber parts. Many elastomers are sensitive to ozone cracking. Exposure to ozone creates deep penetrative cracks in critical components like gaskets and O-rings. Fuel lines are also susceptible to the problem unless preventive action is taken. Preventive measures include adding anti-ozonants to the rubber mix, or using an ozone-resistant elastomer. Fires from cracked fuel lines have been a problem on vehicles, especially in the engine compartments where ozone can be produced by electrical equipment.

text: A static discharge in the presence of air or oxygen can create

text: ozone

text: . Ozone can degrade rubber parts. Many

text: elastomer

text: s are sensitive to

text: ozone cracking

text: . Exposure to ozone creates deep penetrative cracks in critical components like

text: gasket

text: s and

text: O-ring

text: s.

text: Fuel line

text: s are also susceptible to the problem unless preventive action is taken. Preventive measures include adding anti-ozonants to the rubber mix, or using an ozone-resistant elastomer. Fires from cracked fuel lines have been a problem on vehicles, especially in the engine compartments where ozone can be produced by electrical equipment.

text: A Feed-in tariff (FIT) provides a fixed level of income for a low-carbon generator over a specified period of time. There are three main types: a Premium FIT offers a static payment in addition to the revenue gained by selling electricity on the market; a Fixed FIT provides a static payment designed to replace any revenue from selling in the electricity market; and a FIT with a contract for difference (CfD), where a variable payment is made to ensure that the generator receives the agreed tariff assuming they sell their electricity at market price.

text: A

text: Feed-in tariff

text: (FIT) provides a fixed level of income for a low-carbon generator over a specified period of time. There are three main types: a Premium FIT offers a static payment in addition to the revenue gained by selling electricity on the market; a Fixed FIT provides a static payment designed to replace any revenue from selling in the electricity market; and a FIT with a

text: contract for difference

text: (CfD), where a variable payment is made to ensure that the generator receives the agreed tariff assuming they sell their electricity at market price.

text: Static electricity is usually caused when certain materials are rubbed against each other, like wool on plastic or the soles of shoes on carpet. The process causes electrons to be pulled from the surface of one material and relocated on the surface of the other material.

text: The energy released in a static electricity discharge may vary over a wide range. The energy in joules can be calculated from the capacitance (C) of the object and the static potential V in volts (V) by the formula E = ½CV. One experimenter estimates the capacitance of the human body as high as 400 picofarads, and a charge of 50,000 volts, discharged e.g. during touching a charged car, creating a spark with energy of 500 millijoules. Another estimate is 100–300 pF and 20,000 volts, producing a maximum energy of 60 mJ. IEC 479-2:1987 states that a discharge with energy greater than 5000 mJ is a direct serious risk to human health. IEC 60065 states that consumer products cannot discharge more than 350 mJ into a person.

text: The energy released in a static electricity discharge may vary over a wide range. The energy in joules can be calculated from the

text: capacitance

text: (C) of the object and the static potential V in volts (V) by the formula E = ½CV. One experimenter estimates the capacitance of the human body as high as 400

text: picofarad

text: s, and a charge of 50,000 volts, discharged e.g. during touching a charged car, creating a spark with energy of 500 millijoules. Another estimate is 100–300 pF and 20,000 volts, producing a maximum energy of 60 mJ.

text: IEC 479

text: -2:1987 states that a discharge with energy greater than 5000 mJ is a direct serious risk to human health.

text: IEC 60065

text: states that consumer products cannot discharge more than 350 mJ into a person.

text: On 24, November 1960, an Italian Inquiry board announced its finding that a lightning strike had brought down Flight 891. "The breaking-up in flight was due to the explosion of the fuel vapors contained in tank No.7, followed immediately by either an explosion of pressure or a further explosion in tank No.6. In the absence of other significant concrete evidence, taking into account the stormy weather conditions, with frequent electric discharges, existing in the area at the time of the crash, it may be assumed that the explosion of the fuel vapors contained in tank No.7 was set off, through the outlet pipes, by igniting of the gasoline vapors issuing from these pipes as a consequence of static electricity discharges (streamer corona) which developed on the vent outlets."

text: Due to the extremely low humidity in extraterrestrial environments, very large static charges can accumulate, causing a major hazard for the complex electronics used in space exploration vehicles. Static electricity is thought to be a particular hazard for astronauts on planned missions to the Moon and Mars. Walking over the extremely dry terrain could cause them to accumulate a significant amount of charge; reaching out to open the airlock on their return could cause a large static discharge, potentially damaging sensitive electronics.

text: Due to the extremely low humidity in extraterrestrial environments, very large static charges can accumulate, causing a major hazard for the complex electronics used in space exploration vehicles. Static electricity is thought to be a particular hazard for astronauts on

text: planned missions

text: to

text: the Moon

text: and

text: Mars

text: . Walking over the extremely dry terrain could cause them to accumulate a significant amount of charge; reaching out to open the airlock on their return could cause a large static discharge, potentially damaging sensitive electronics.

text: Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.

text: Ancient cultures around the

text: Mediterranean

text: knew that certain objects, such as rods of

text: amber

text: , could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers.

text: Thales of Miletus

text: made a series of observations on

text: static electricity

text: around 600 BC, from which he believed that

text: friction

text: rendered amber

text: magnetic

text: , in contrast to minerals such as

text: magnetite

text: , which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between

text: magnetism

text: and

text: electricity

text: . Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist

text: William Gilbert

text: made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the

text: lodestone

text: effect from

text: static electricity

text: produced by rubbing amber. He coined the

text: New Latin

text: word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in

text: Thomas Browne

text: 's

text: Pseudodoxia Epidemica

text: of 1646.

text: Based on the original definition of Weiser, informally, a static program slice S consists of all statements in program P that may affect the value of variable v at some point p. The slice is defined for a slicing criterion C=(x,V), where x is a statement in program P and V is a subset of variables in P. A static slice includes all the statements that affect variable v for a set of all possible inputs at the point of interest (i.e., at the statement x). Static slices are computed by finding consecutive sets of indirectly relevant statements, according to data and control dependencies.

text: Based on the original definition of Weiser, informally, a static program slice S consists of all statements in program P that may affect the value of variable v at some point p. The slice is defined for a slicing criterion C=(x,V), where x is a statement in program P and V is a subset of variables in P. A static slice includes all the statements that affect variable v for a set of all possible inputs at the point of interest (i.e., at the statement x). Static slices are computed by finding consecutive sets of indirectly relevant statements, according to

text: data

text: and control dependencies.

text: [[Image:Static2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Static #39. Art by Jeffery Moore.]]Static's powers allow him to control electromagnetic phenomena, in particular allowing him to manifest both electrical and magnetic energy—Static's powers are best described as superconductor electromagnetism.

text: [[Image:Static2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Static #39. Art by Jeffery Moore.]]Static's powers allow him to control

text: electromagnetic

text: phenomena, in particular allowing him to manifest both electrical and magnetic energy—Static's powers are best described as

text: superconductor

text: electromagnetism

text: Generally, static VAR compensation is not done at line voltage; a bank of transformers steps the transmission voltage (for example, 230 kV) down to a much lower level (for example, 9.0 kV). This reduces the size and number of components needed in the SVC, although the conductors must be very large to handle the high currents associated with the lower voltage.   In some static VAR compensators for industrial applications such as electric arc furnaces, where there may be an existing medium-voltage busbar present (for example at 33kV or 34.5kV), the static VAR compensator may be directly connected in order to save the cost of the transformer.

text: Generally, static VAR compensation is not done at line voltage; a bank of

text: transformer

text: s steps the transmission voltage (for example, 230 kV) down to a much lower level (for example, 9.0 kV). This reduces the size and number of components needed in the SVC, although the conductors must be very large to handle the high currents associated with the lower voltage.   In some static VAR compensators for industrial applications such as

text: electric arc furnace

text: s, where there may be an existing medium-voltage busbar present (for example at 33kV or 34.5kV), the static VAR compensator may be directly connected in order to save the cost of the transformer.

text: Friction is the least methods which you provide of the six methods of producing energy. If a cloth rubs against an object, the object will display an effect called friction electricity. The object becomes charged due to the rubbing process, and now possesses an electrical charge. There are two main types of electrical charge: positive and negative. Each type of charge attracts the opposite type and repels the same type. This can be stated in the following way: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Static electricity has several applications. Its main application is in Van de Graaf generators, used to produce high voltages in order to test the dialectric strength of insulating materials. Other uses are in electrostatic painting and sandpaper manufacturing. The course grains acquire a negative charge as they move across the negative plate. As unlike charges attract, the positive plate attracts the course grains and their impact velocity enables them to be embedded into the adhesive.

text: Friction is the least methods which you provide of the six methods of producing energy. If a cloth rubs against an object, the object will display an effect called friction electricity. The object becomes charged due to the rubbing process, and now possesses an

text: electrical charge

text: . There are two main types of electrical charge: positive and negative. Each type of charge attracts the opposite type and repels the same type. This can be stated in the following way: Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

text: Static electricity

text: has several applications. Its main application is in

text: Van de Graaf generators

text: , used to produce high voltages in order to test the

text: dialectric

text: strength of insulating materials. Other uses are in electrostatic painting and sandpaper manufacturing. The course grains acquire a negative charge as they move across the negative plate. As unlike charges attract, the positive plate attracts the course grains and their impact velocity enables them to be embedded into the adhesive.

text: Once attending Dakota Union High School, Madelyn Spaulding was a self-centered and controlling girl. During Season 2 in the episode "Attack of the Living Brain Puppets", no one wanted to vote for her for freshman class president, which was so stressful for her that it triggered her Bang-Baby powers. She used her newly discovered powers to brainwash the students, making them behave like zombies (or "brain puppets," as her victims were referred to in the episode.) Virgil was able to evade her mind control because his powers enhanced his body's natural electrical field to block her power. Once she entered Richie's mind, she discovered Static's secret identity. After having Pops, Sharon, Richie, and all of the other Dakota Union students turn against him, as a result of Madelyn's mind control, Static electrified her brain, erasing her memory of ever being a bang-baby and of Static's secret identity. At the end of this episode, Madelyn was hospitalized.

text: Once attending Dakota Union High School, Madelyn Spaulding was a self-centered and controlling girl. During Season 2 in the episode

text: "Attack of the Living Brain Puppets"

text: , no one wanted to vote for her for freshman class president, which was so stressful for her that it triggered her Bang-Baby powers. She used her newly discovered powers to

text: brainwash

text: the students, making them behave like

text: zombie

text: s (or "brain puppets," as her victims were referred to in the episode.) Virgil was able to evade her mind control because his powers enhanced his body's natural electrical field to block her power. Once she entered Richie's mind, she discovered

text: Static

text: 's secret identity. After having Pops, Sharon, Richie, and all of the other Dakota Union students turn against him, as a result of Madelyn's mind control,

text: Static

text: electrified her brain, erasing her memory of ever being a bang-baby and of

text: Static

text: 's secret identity. At the end of this episode, Madelyn was hospitalized.

text: Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge. Conductive antistatic bags are commonly used to protect such components. People who work on circuits that contain these devices often ground themselves with a conductive antistatic strap.

text: Many

text: semiconductor device

text: s used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge. Conductive

text: antistatic bag

text: s are commonly used to protect such components. People who work on circuits that contain these devices often ground themselves with a conductive

text: antistatic strap

text: Alternatively, a wind profiler may use sound waves to measure wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the thermodynamic structure of the lower layer of the atmosphere. These sodars can be divided in mono-static system using the same antenna for transmitting and receiving, and bi-static system using separate antennas. The difference between the two antenna systems determines whether atmospheric scattering is by temperature fluctuations (in mono-static systems), or by both temperature and wind velocity fluctuations (in bi-static systems).

text: Alternatively, a wind profiler may use sound waves to measure wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the thermodynamic structure of the lower layer of the

text: atmosphere

text: . These

text: sodar

text: s can be divided in mono-static system using the same antenna for transmitting and receiving, and bi-static system using separate antennas. The difference between the two antenna systems determines whether atmospheric scattering is by temperature fluctuations (in mono-static systems), or by both temperature and wind velocity fluctuations (in bi-static systems).

text: The static pressure is obtained through a static port.  The static port is most often a flush-mounted hole on the fuselage of an aircraft, and is located where it can access the air flow in a relatively undisturbed area.  Some aircraft may have a single static port, while others may have more than one.  In situations where an aircraft has more than one static port, there is usually one located on each side of the fuselage.  With this positioning, an average pressure can be taken, which allows for more accurate readings in specific flight situations.  An alternative static port may be located inside the cabin of the aircraft as a backup for when the external static port(s) are blocked.  A pitot-static tube effectively integrates the static ports into the pitot probe.  It incorporates a second coaxial tube (or tubes) with pressure sampling holes on the sides of the probe, outside the direct airflow, to measure the static pressure. When the aircraft climbs, static pressure will decrease.

text: The static pressure is obtained through a static port.  The static port is most often a flush-mounted hole on the

text: fuselage

text: Starting in 1950, several models of the B-47 included a fuel tank inerting system, in which dry ice was sublimed into carbon dioxide vapor while the fuel pumps operated or while the in-flight refueling system was in use. The carbon dioxide was then pumped into the fuel tanks and the rest of the fuel system, ensuring that the amount of oxygen in the fuel system was low, reducing the probability of an explosion. Ten carbon dioxide tanks and heaters were involved. The system was implemented largely to reduce risks from static electricity discharges occurring during in-flight refueling.

text: Starting in 1950, several models of the B-47 included a fuel tank

text: inerting system

text: , in which

text: dry ice

text: was

text: sublimed

text: into

text: carbon dioxide

text: vapor while the fuel pumps operated or while the in-flight refueling system was in use. The carbon dioxide was then pumped into the fuel tanks and the rest of the fuel system, ensuring that the amount of oxygen in the fuel system was low, reducing the probability of an explosion. Ten carbon dioxide tanks and heaters were involved. The system was implemented largely to reduce risks from

text: static electricity

text: discharges occurring during in-flight refueling.

text: An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an electromechanical generator that produces static electricity, or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current. The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon, without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy. Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high potential electrode.  The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the triboelectric effect (friction) or electrostatic induction.

text: An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an

text: electromechanical generator

text: that produces

text: static electricity

text: , or electricity at

text: high voltage

text: and low

text: continuous current

text: . The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millennia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying

text: phenomenon

text: , without a theory to explain its behavior and often confused with magnetism. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of

text: electricity

text: . Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform

text: mechanical work

text: into

text: electric energy

text: . Electrostatic generators develop

text: electrostatic

text: charge

text: s of opposite signs rendered to two conductors, using only electric forces, and work by using moving plates, drums, or belts to carry electric charge to a high

text: potential

text: electrode

text: .  The charge is generated by one of two methods: either the

text: triboelectric effect

text: (friction) or

text: electrostatic induction

text: The AC/DC Module is used for simulating electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields in static and low-frequency applications. This help you solve virtually all models that work under this module.

text: In some instances, static electricity can attract particulates to the skin and can also cause body hair to move, giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin. However, in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation.

text: In some instances,

text: static electricity

text: can attract

text: particulates

text: to the skin and can also cause body hair to move, giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin. However, in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation.

text: Before the year 1832, when Michael Faraday published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricities, physicists thought "static electricity" was somehow different from other electrical charges. Michael Faraday proved that the electricity induced from the magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity are all the same.

text: Before the year 1832, when

text: Michael Faraday

text: published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricities, physicists thought "static electricity" was somehow different from other electrical charges. Michael Faraday proved that the electricity induced from the magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity are all the same.

text: is a squirrel-like Pokémon that charges electricity in the pouches of its cheeks and discharges shots from its tail. It lives in trees where it stores berries with protective static fur. In the Sinnoh hand guide, it stated that Pachirisu and Pikachu share many of the same qualities.

text: is a squirrel-like Pokémon that charges electricity in the pouches of its cheeks and discharges shots from its tail. It lives in trees where it stores berries with protective static fur. In the Sinnoh hand guide, it stated that Pachirisu and

text: Pikachu

text: share many of the same qualities.

text: In November 2008, Micah asked friend Wayne Static of Static-X to lend his voice to the bands new CD This Is Real Life. The two decided that the song 'So Happy' would be a good fit for his vocal approach and the Wayne Static vocals for the song were recorded in Dec. '08 with his wife Tera Wray Static holding the lyric sheet for him. ‘So Happy’ was mixed by producer Jay Baumgardner (Papa Roach, Godsmack, Drowning Pool) at NRG Studios – North Hollywood and released in January 2009 as the first single from the forthcoming CD. Later that month, Wayne Static joined the band on stage at House Of Blues – Sunset Strip to perform ‘So Happy’ as well as an ME rendition of the Static-X hit song ‘Cold’. On May 4, 2009 M.E. returned to House of Blues – Sunset Strip to perform with Static-X, and Burn Halo on the LA date of the SnoCore 2009 Tour. The following week My Evolution toured the mid-west with Static-X, Seventh Void and Skumlove

text: In November 2008, Micah asked friend

text: Wayne Static

text: of

text: Static-X

text: to lend his voice to the bands new CD This Is Real Life. The two decided that the song 'So Happy' would be a good fit for his vocal approach and the

text: Wayne Static

text: vocals for the song were recorded in Dec. '08 with his wife

text: Tera Wray

text: Static holding the lyric sheet for him. ‘So Happy’ was mixed by producer

text: Jay Baumgardner

text: Papa Roach

text: Godsmack

text: Drowning Pool

text: ) at

text: NRG Studios

text: – North Hollywood and released in January 2009 as the first single from the forthcoming CD. Later that month,

text: Wayne Static

text: joined the band on stage at

text: House Of Blues

text: – Sunset Strip to perform ‘So Happy’ as well as an ME rendition of the

text: Static-X

text: hit song ‘Cold’. On May 4, 2009 M.E. returned to

text: House of Blues

text: – Sunset Strip to perform with

text: Static-X

text: , and

text: Burn Halo

text: on the LA date of the

text: SnoCore

text: 2009 Tour. The following week My Evolution toured the mid-west with

text: Static-X

text: Seventh Void

text: and

text: Skumlove

text: Static electricity is commonly used in xerography, air filters, and some automotive paints.Static electricity is a buildup of electric charges on two objects that have become separated from each other.Small electrical components can easily be damaged by static electricity. Component manufacturers use a number of antistatic devices to avoid this.

text: Static electricity is commonly used in

text: xerography

text: air filter

text: s, and some automotive paints.Static electricity is a buildup of electric charges on two objects that have become separated from each other.Small electrical components can easily be damaged by static electricity. Component manufacturers use a number of

text: antistatic devices

text: to avoid this.

text: In 1663, German physicist Otto von Guericke created the first electrostatic generator, which produced static electricity by applying friction. The generator was made of a large sulfur ball inside a glass globe, mounted on a shaft. The ball was rotated by means of a crank and a static electric spark was produced when a pad was rubbed against the ball as it rotated. The globe could be removed and used as an electrical source for experiments with electricity.  Von Guericke used his generator to show that like charges repelled each other.

text: In 1663, German

text: physicist

text: Otto von Guericke

text: created the first electrostatic generator, which produced static electricity by applying friction. The generator was made of a large

text: sulfur

text: ball inside a glass globe, mounted on a shaft. The ball was rotated by means of a crank and a

text: static electric

text: spark

text: was produced when a pad was rubbed against the ball as it rotated. The globe could be removed and used as an electrical source for experiments with electricity.  Von Guericke used his generator to show that like charges repelled each other.

text: In response to the CAB's findings, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) asked operators to install lightning discharge wicks (or static dischargers) on all commercial jets flying in US airspace.

text: In response to the CAB's findings, the

text: Federal Aviation Administration

text: (FAA) asked operators to install

text: lightning discharge wick

text: s (or

text: static discharger

text: s) on all commercial jets flying in US airspace.

text: 2.NFPA 77 (2007) Recommended Practice on Static Electricity

text: Since there is no "retardation" (or aberration) of the apparent position of the source of a gravitational or electric static field when the source moves with constant velocity, the static field "effect" may seem at first glance to be "transmitted" faster than the speed of light. However, uniform motion of the static source may be removed with a change in reference frame, causing the direction of the static field to change immediately, at all distances. This is not a change of position which "propagates", and thus this change cannot be used to transmit information from the source. No information or matter can be FTL-transmitted or propagated from source to receiver/observer by an electromagnetic field.

text: Since there is no "retardation" (or

text: aberration

text: ) of the apparent position of the source of a

text: gravitation

text: al or

text: electric

text: static field

text: when the source moves with constant velocity, the static field "effect" may seem at first glance to be "transmitted" faster than the speed of light. However, uniform motion of the static source may be removed with a change in reference frame, causing the direction of the static field to change immediately, at all distances. This is not a change of position which "propagates", and thus this change cannot be used to transmit information from the source. No information or matter can be FTL-transmitted or propagated from source to receiver/observer by an electromagnetic field.

text: The spark associated with static electricity is caused by electrostatic discharge, or simply static discharge, as excess charge is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings.

text: The Strathcona County Public Library was located in the mall from 1992 to 2010, when it moved into a new building.

text: The median income for a household in the village was $37,321, and the median income for a family was $42,656. Males had a median income of $30,855 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,726. About 4.0% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 and older.

text: The median income for a household in the village was $37,321, and the median income for a family was $42,656. Males had a median income of $30,855 versus $25,000 for females. The

text: per capita income

text: for the village was $15,726. About 4.0% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the

text: poverty line

text: , including 6.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 and older.

text: In contrast, a very low humidity level favors the build-up of static electricity, which may result in spontaneous shutdown of computers when discharges occur. Apart from spurious erratic function, electrostatic discharges can cause dielectric breakdown in solid state devices, resulting in irreversible damage. Data centers often monitor relative humidity levels for these reasons.

text: In contrast, a very low humidity level favors the build-up of

text: static electricity

text: , which may result in spontaneous shutdown of computers when discharges occur. Apart from spurious erratic function, electrostatic discharges can cause dielectric breakdown in solid state devices, resulting in irreversible damage.

text: Data center

text: s often monitor relative humidity levels for these reasons.

text: The tree was named for Charles Sprague Sargent.

text: The tree was named for

text: Charles Sprague Sargent

text: Elder Branch.

text: Elder Branch.

text: The Rachel Carson Center offers the doctoral program “Environment and Society” through LMU Munich.

text: Electrostatic generators had a fundamental role in the investigations about the structure of matter, starting at the end of the 19th century. By the 1920s, it was evident that machines able to produce greater voltage were needed. The Van de Graaff generator was developed, starting in 1929, at MIT. The first model was demonstrated in October 1929. The basic idea was to use an insulating belt to transport electric charge to the interior of an insulated hollow terminal, where it could be discharged regardless of the potential already present on the terminal, that does not produce any electric field in its interior. The idea was not new, but the implementation using an electric power supply to charge the belt was a fundamental innovation that made the old machines obsolete. The first machine used a silk ribbon bought at a five and dime store as the charge transport belt. In 1931 a version able to produce 1,000,000 volts was described in a patent disclosure. Nikola Tesla wrote a Scientific American article, "Possibilities of Electro-Static Generators" in 1934 concerning the Van de Graaff generator (pp. 132–134 and 163-165). Tesla stated, "I believe that when new types [of Van de Graaff generators] are developed and sufficiently improved a great future will be assured to them". High-power machines were soon developed, working on pressurized containers to allow greater charge concentration on the surfaces without ionization. Variations of the Van de Graaff generator were also developed for Physics research, as the Pelletron, that uses a chain with alternating insulating and conducting links for charge transport. Simplified Van de Graaff generators are commonly seen in demonstrations about static electricity, due to its high-voltage capability, producing the curious effect of making the hair of people touching the terminal, standing over an insulating support, stand up

text: Electrostatic generators had a fundamental role in the investigations about the structure of matter, starting at the end of the 19th century. By the 1920s, it was evident that machines able to produce greater voltage were needed. The

text: Van de Graaff generator

text: was developed, starting in 1929, at

text: MIT

text: . The first model was demonstrated in October 1929. The basic idea was to use an insulating belt to transport electric charge to the interior of an insulated hollow terminal, where it could be discharged regardless of the potential already present on the terminal, that does not produce any electric field in its interior. The idea was not new, but the implementation using an electric power supply to charge the belt was a fundamental innovation that made the old machines obsolete. The first machine used a silk ribbon bought at a five and dime store as the charge transport belt. In 1931 a version able to produce 1,000,000 volts was described in a patent disclosure.

text: Nikola Tesla

text: wrote a Scientific American article, "Possibilities of Electro-Static Generators" in 1934 concerning the Van de Graaff generator (pp. 132–134 and 163-165). Tesla stated, "I believe that when new types [of Van de Graaff generators] are developed and sufficiently improved a great future will be assured to them". High-power machines were soon developed, working on pressurized containers to allow greater charge concentration on the surfaces without ionization. Variations of the Van de Graaff generator were also developed for Physics research, as the

text: Pelletron

text: , that uses a chain with alternating insulating and conducting links for charge transport. Simplified Van de Graaff generators are commonly seen in demonstrations about static electricity, due to its high-voltage capability, producing the curious effect of making the hair of people touching the terminal, standing over an insulating support, stand up

text: While the partnership was initially amiable, the two men grew apart and eventually an intense rivalry developed. Neither wanted to work with the other, but neither wanted to sell their half of the show.  To settle the dispute, the two men agreed to a lengthy race, with the winner receiving full ownership of the traveling show.

text: While the partnership was initially amiable, the two men grew apart and eventually an intense rivalry developed. Neither wanted to work with the other, but neither wanted to sell their half of the show.  To settle the dispute, the two men agreed to a lengthy

text: race

text: , with the winner receiving full ownership of the traveling show.

text: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, for example, involves a magical ring which allows Bilbo Baggins to be instrumental in a quest, matching the abilities of the dwarves. In the Volsunga Saga, on the other hand, the magic ring that Sigurd takes from the dragon Fafnir is a symbolic item, cursed by the dwarf Andvari from whom it was stolen by Loki; the ring is a plot device that creates a sense of inevitable disaster as the story unfolds.

text: J.R.R. Tolkien

text: 's

text: The Hobbit

text: , for example, involves a magical ring which allows

text: Bilbo Baggins

text: to be instrumental in a quest, matching the abilities of the dwarves. In the Volsunga Saga, on the other hand, the magic ring that

text: Sigurd

text: takes from the dragon Fafnir is a symbolic item, cursed by the dwarf

text: Andvari

text: from whom it was stolen by

text: Loki

text: ; the ring is a plot device that creates a sense of inevitable disaster as the story unfolds.

text: Centralized static bypass switches (also called Static Transfer Switch, STS) are commonly used in UPS systems for bypassing the UPS, connecting the load directly to the grid. The switch has a great overload capability and will supply required short circuit currents for tripping fuses for fault clearings. A disadvantage of a centralized static bypass switch is the need for a separate compartment/cabinet for the switch itself. Other disadvantages are the fact that you need to design for full system power from start, and the fact that the centralized switch will introduce a single point of failure in the system.

text: Centralized static bypass switches (also called Static

text: Transfer Switch

text: , STS) are commonly used in UPS systems for bypassing the UPS, connecting the load directly to the grid. The switch has a great overload capability and will supply required short circuit currents for tripping fuses for fault clearings. A disadvantage of a centralized static bypass switch is the need for a separate compartment/cabinet for the switch itself. Other disadvantages are the fact that you need to design for full system power from start, and the fact that the centralized switch will introduce a single point of failure in the system.

text: The static pressure system is open to the exterior of the aircraft to sense the pressure of the atmosphere at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. This small opening is called the static port. In flight the air pressure is slightly different at different positions around the exterior of the aircraft. The aircraft designer must select the position of the static port carefully. There is no position on the exterior of an aircraft at which the air pressure, for all angles of attack, is identical to the atmospheric pressure at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. The difference in pressure causes a small error in the altitude indicated on the altimeter, and the airspeed indicated on the airspeed indicator. This error in indicated altitude and airspeed is called position error.

text: The static pressure system is open to the exterior of the aircraft to sense the pressure of the atmosphere at the

text: altitude

text: at which the aircraft is flying. This small opening is called the

text: static port

text: . In flight the air pressure is slightly different at different positions around the exterior of the aircraft. The aircraft designer must select the position of the

text: static port

text: carefully. There is no position on the exterior of an aircraft at which the air pressure, for all

text: angles of attack

text: , is identical to the atmospheric pressure at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. The difference in pressure causes a small error in the altitude indicated on the altimeter, and the

text: airspeed

text: indicated on the airspeed indicator. This error in indicated altitude and airspeed is called

text: position error

text: The Euler–Bernoulli hypotheses that plane sections remain plane and normal to the axis of the beam lead to displacements of the form

text: static int fibMem[N];

text: static int fibMem[N];

text: 1.BS PD CLC/TR 50404:2003 Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable Static Electricity

text: axis, the momentum will change to

text: axis, the momentum will change to

text: conventions, as well as static libraries following the

text: direction, a free body diagram of the beam gives us

text: direction, a

text: free body diagram

text: of the beam gives us