text: If the carbon in freshwater is partly acquired from aged carbon, such as rocks, then the result will be a reduction in the / ratio in the water. For example, rivers that pass over limestone, which is mostly composed of calcium carbonate, will acquire carbonate ions. Similarly, groundwater can contain carbon derived from the rocks through which it has passed. These rocks are usually so old that they no longer contain any measurable , so this carbon lowers the / ratio of the water it enters, which can lead to apparent ages of thousands of years for both the affected water and the plants and freshwater organisms that live in it. This is known as the hard water effect because it is often associated with calcium ions, which are characteristic of hard water; other sources of carbon such as humus can produce similar results.  The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.

text: If the carbon in freshwater is partly acquired from aged carbon, such as rocks, then the result will be a reduction in the / ratio in the water. For example, rivers that pass over

entity_name: Limestone

text: limestone

text: , which is mostly composed of

entity_name: Calcium carbonate

text: calcium carbonate

text: , will acquire carbonate ions. Similarly, groundwater can contain carbon derived from the rocks through which it has passed. These rocks are usually so old that they no longer contain any measurable , so this carbon lowers the / ratio of the water it enters, which can lead to apparent ages of thousands of years for both the affected water and the plants and freshwater organisms that live in it. This is known as the

entity_name: Hard water

text: hard water

text: effect because it is often associated with calcium ions, which are characteristic of hard water; other sources of carbon such as

entity_name: Humus

text: humus

text: can produce similar results.  The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: Bead Geyser was named after the geyser eggs, loose spherical pieces of geyserite, that used to be found near the geyser. Over the decades since it was discovered, souvenir hunters have removed all of the geyser eggs.

text: Bead Geyser was named after the

text: geyser egg

text: s, loose spherical pieces of geyserite, that used to be found near the geyser. Over the decades since it was discovered, souvenir hunters have removed all of the geyser eggs.

text: "Thermopolis" () is from the Greek for "Hot City".  It is home to numerous natural hot springs, in which mineral-laden waters are heated by geothermal processes. The town is named for the hot springs located there.

text: "Thermopolis" () is from the Greek for "Hot City".  It is home to numerous natural

entity_name: Hot spring

text: hot spring

text: s, in which mineral-laden waters are heated by geothermal processes. The town is named for the hot springs located there.

text: In medieval times, this bean was used in making crucibles impermeable.

text: As a groundwater aquifer, the Calumet Aquifer provides water to local surface waterways, including the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River.  The contributions can go in both directions: when the Little Calumet is in flood stage, it rises above the aquifer level and water from the river enters the aquifer. The aquifer also receives water from the Valparaiso Moraine Aquifer to the south, via the bedrock system that underlies both.  Over most of its area, the aquifer averages  in saturated thickness and lies approximately  below the surface.  Its greatest saturated thickness is around .

text: As a groundwater aquifer, the Calumet Aquifer provides water to local surface waterways, including the

entity_name: Grand Calumet River

text: Grand Calumet River

text: and

entity_name: Calumet River

entity_section: Little Calumet River

text: Little Calumet River

text: .  The contributions can go in both directions: when the Little Calumet is in flood stage, it rises above the aquifer level and water from the river enters the aquifer. The aquifer also receives water from the Valparaiso Moraine Aquifer to the south, via the bedrock system that underlies both.  Over most of its area, the aquifer averages  in saturated thickness and lies approximately  below the surface.  Its greatest saturated thickness is around .

text: Monitoring the quality of drinking water is a joint responsibility of ADH and the State’s public water-supply systems. According to ADH (Bradley Jones, Arkansas Department of Health, oral commun., 2013), Arkansas has over 1,190 individual groundwater wells used for public drinking-water supply. Statewide, there are about 710 community public drinking-water systems, of which about 690 use groundwater as their only water source. These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents. Additionally, there are about 35 facilities defined by the SDWA as noncommunity, nontransient public water systems that rely on groundwater. These smaller facilities include schools, daycare centers, and businesses. There are also about 375 transient noncommunity public systems such asrestaurants, churches, community centers, and campgrounds that use groundwater.

text: The western side of the county is the most populated and contains numerous small communities residing in an agricultural valley that roughly parallels the Manti National Forest to the west. Streams originate in the Wasatch Plateau on the forest and their headwaters are stored in several reservoirs. Agricultural areas depend on these reservoirs and waterways for survival and some farmland communities struggle with excess salinity. The east side of the county is dry with rough terrain. Green River, the largest community on this side of the county, is more closely tied to the communities and economy of Grand County. Emery County’s maps show the importance of the forest lands to the local communities as there are very few significant groundwater aquifers in the area.

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of wastewater treatment processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire. Koppers installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of

entity_name: Industrial wastewater treatment

text: wastewater treatment

text: processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire.

entity_name: Koppers

text: Koppers

text: installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

text: 90% of groundwater in Abu Dhabi Emirate is saline, in some cases up to eight times as much as seawater. There are only two freshwater aquifers. Natural groundwater recharge is estimated at about 300 million cubic meters per year. Brackish groundwater is mostly used for the irrigation of date palms which are relatively salt-tolerant. Recharge dams have been built on wadis in order to prevent flood water to flow into the sea, recharging it instead to aquifers. Unplanned and uncontrolled groundwater withdrawals, especially for agriculture and forestry,  total over 2,000 million cubic meters per year and have resulted in declining groundwater levels and quality.

text: 90% of groundwater in Abu Dhabi Emirate is saline, in some cases up to eight times as much as seawater. There are only two freshwater aquifers. Natural groundwater recharge is estimated at about 300 million cubic meters per year. Brackish groundwater is mostly used for the irrigation of date palms which are relatively salt-tolerant. Recharge dams have been built on

entity_name: Wadi

text: wadi

text: s in order to prevent flood water to flow into the sea, recharging it instead to aquifers. Unplanned and uncontrolled groundwater withdrawals, especially for agriculture and forestry,  total over 2,000 million cubic meters per year and have resulted in declining groundwater levels and quality.

text: The Bedford Springs were believed to have various and diverse medicinal values due to each spring's unique mix of minerals.  The "Bedford Cure" required the patient to imbibe each type of water (or a specific type of water depending on the individual's ailment) on a daily basis during their three-week stay.  Examples of the unique springs and their uses are "Magnesium Spring," used for stomach ailments, the "Iron Spring," which was prescribed for iron deficiencies and healthy bones, the "Black Spring" which was used primarily to irrigate the golf course; and the "Sweet Spring" the waters of which were the most palatable. An eighth spring, named the Eternal Spring was discovered in 2006, during the expansion and renovation of the resort.

text: A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are underground storage tanks or where there is environmental remediation occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from nylon or polypropylene) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball check valve to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

text: A bailer in

entity_name: Hydrogeology

text: hydrogeology

text: is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are

entity_name: Underground storage tank

text: underground storage tanks

text: or where there is

entity_name: Environmental remediation

text: environmental remediation

text: occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from

entity_name: Nylon

text: nylon

text: or

entity_name: Polypropylene

text: polypropylene

text: ) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball

entity_name: Check valve

text: check valve

text: to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

text: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the water table and degrades water-dependent ecosystems. Over-extraction often occurs in areas with surface water scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the hyporheic zone as a refuge.

text: Groundwater

entity_name: Aquifer

text: aquifers

text: support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.

entity_name: Pollution

text: Pollution

text: and over-extraction of

entity_name: Groundwater

text: groundwater

text: are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the

entity_name: Water table

text: water table

text: and degrades water-dependent

entity_name: Ecosystem

text: ecosystems

text: . Over-extraction often occurs in areas with

entity_name: Surface water

text: surface water

text: scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the

entity_name: Hyporheic zone

text: hyporheic zone

text: as a refuge.

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the Walkerton E. Coli outbreak. The water supply which was drawn from groundwater became contaminated with the highly dangerous O157:H7 strain of E. coli bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the

entity_name: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: Walkerton E. Coli outbreak

text: . The water supply which was drawn from

text: groundwater

text: became contaminated with the highly dangerous

entity_name: Escherichia coli O157:H7

text: strain of

entity_name: Escherichia coli

text: E. coli

text: bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent

entity_name: Water well

text: water well

text: that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

text: Groundwater is heavily relied upon for water supply as a result of polluted surface water, and sufficient supplies of fresh groundwater are available throughout most of the country. Groundwater recharge from infiltration is estimated at 6.15 km per year whereby 5.97 km is considered base flow that serves to recharge surface waters and therefore has the possibility of being extracted. The remaining unused water passes down through the river system and discharges into the Pacific Ocean. The best aquifers are located in coastal areas and valleys of the central plateau where substantial groundwater aquifers are located at depths of 10–100 meters.

text: The City of Saratoga Springs service also operates from Schenectady Division.  These routes run seven days a week. Before July 2007, the Saratoga Springs buses were operated from the Uncle Sam Depot at 40 Hoosick Street in Troy, with limited service. There was no direct connection to the Albany/Schenectady/Troy routes. Route #50 was operated from the Electric Depot at 2401 Maxon Road Ext. in Schenectady, and only provided one AM and one PM weekday trip between Schenectady and Ballston Spa. On July 2, 2007, the initial Saratoga Springs Route Expansion went into effect, with the implementation of a new three-digit route identification system. Route #50 was extended to provide hourly service, seven days a week; on NY 50 between Schenectady and Wilton Mall, with deviations along Rowland St and Geyser Rd in Milton as well as deviations along Excelsior Ave in Saratoga Springs. All of the Saratoga Springs buses began operating from the Schenectady Garage on Maxon Rd. Ext. On May 28, 2016, the Saratoga Springs restructure plan went into effect. Route #50 was renumbered Route #450 and rerouted to run along NY 50 from Schenectady to Wilton Mall with no deviations. New Routes #451 and #452 include former Route #50 deviations, as well as portions of old Routes #472 and #473. CDTA plans to eventually construct a Saratoga Springs bus garage at Grande Industrial Park, off of Geyser Rd.

text: The City of Saratoga Springs service also operates from Schenectady Division.  These routes run seven days a week. Before July 2007, the Saratoga Springs buses were operated from the Uncle Sam Depot at 40 Hoosick Street in Troy, with limited service. There was no direct connection to the Albany/Schenectady/Troy routes. Route #50 was operated from the Electric Depot at 2401 Maxon Road Ext. in Schenectady, and only provided one AM and one PM weekday trip between Schenectady and Ballston Spa. On July 2, 2007, the initial Saratoga Springs Route Expansion went into effect, with the implementation of a new three-digit route identification system. Route #50 was extended to provide hourly service, seven days a week; on

entity_name: New York State Route 50

text: NY 50

text: between Schenectady and Wilton Mall, with deviations along Rowland St and Geyser Rd in Milton as well as deviations along Excelsior Ave in Saratoga Springs. All of the Saratoga Springs buses began operating from the Schenectady Garage on Maxon Rd. Ext. On May 28, 2016, the Saratoga Springs restructure plan went into effect. Route #50 was renumbered Route #450 and rerouted to run along

text: NY 50

text: from Schenectady to Wilton Mall with no deviations. New Routes #451 and #452 include former Route #50 deviations, as well as portions of old Routes #472 and #473. CDTA plans to eventually construct a Saratoga Springs bus garage at Grande Industrial Park, off of Geyser Rd.

text: The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is a three-bill package which passed through the California state legislature and was signed into California state law by Governor Jerry Brown in September 2014. Governor Brown presented the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 to call for a better local and regional management of groundwater use. The goal for this to have a sustainable management of groundwater by the year 2042 in California. Financially sustainable groundwater management is supported by Proposition 1 providing $100 million to sustainable management and various related projects like groundwater cleanup and storage. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act incorporate three bills (AB 1793, SB 1319 and SB 1168) that focus on managing groundwater basins at a local scale where it would prove most effective. Under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, California's groundwater basins are to be categorized relating to priority and Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSA's) will be formed by both local and regional authorities to manage the basins holding holding higher priority. Groundwater Sustainability Agencies will be in charge of implementing local Groundwater Sustainability Plans formed with the three Sustainable Groundwater Management Act bills.

text: The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is a three-bill package which passed through the

entity_name: California State Legislature

text: California state legislature

text: and was signed into

entity_name: Law of California

text: California state law

text: by

entity_name: Jerry Brown

text: Governor Jerry Brown

text: in September 2014. Governor Brown presented the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 to call for a better local and regional management of

text: groundwater

text: use. The goal for this to have a

entity_name: Sustainability

text: sustainable

text: management of groundwater by the year 2042 in California. Financially sustainable groundwater management is supported by Proposition 1 providing $100 million to sustainable management and various related projects like groundwater cleanup and storage. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act incorporate three bills (AB 1793, SB 1319 and SB 1168) that focus on managing groundwater basins at a local scale where it would prove most effective. Under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, California's groundwater basins are to be categorized relating to priority and Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSA's) will be formed by both local and regional authorities to manage the basins holding holding higher priority. Groundwater Sustainability Agencies will be in charge of implementing local Groundwater Sustainability Plans formed with the three Sustainable Groundwater Management Act bills.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

text: Efforts are being made to secure alternative water sources to ease water shortages in the Integrated Water Supply Scheme. Integral to the Government's strategy is the construction of desalination plants to service Perth. One has already been constructed in Kwinana, which supplies 17% of the city's water consumption and is the largest desalination plant in both the Southern and Eastern hemispheres. A second desalination plant near Binningup was completed in 2011. A trial has also been announced to treat wastewater and pump it into underground aquifers to undergo natural filtration as it returns to the dwindling groundwater supply.

text: Efforts are being made to secure alternative water sources to ease water shortages in the Integrated Water Supply Scheme. Integral to the Government's strategy is the construction of desalination plants to service Perth. One has already been constructed in

entity_name: Perth Seawater Desalination Plant

text: Kwinana

text: , which supplies 17% of the city's water consumption and is the largest desalination plant in both the

entity_name: Southern Hemisphere

text: Southern

text: and

entity_name: Eastern Hemisphere

text: Eastern hemisphere

text: s. A

entity_name: Southern Seawater Desalination Plant

text: second desalination plant

text: near Binningup was completed in 2011. A trial has also been announced to

entity_name: Sewage treatment

text: treat wastewater

text: and pump it into underground aquifers to undergo natural filtration as it returns to the dwindling groundwater supply.

text: One group of researchers proposed that some of the layers on Mars were caused by groundwater rising to the surface in many places, especially inside of craters. According to the theory, groundwater with dissolved minerals came to the surface, in and later around craters, and helped to form layers by adding minerals (especially sulfate) and cementing sediments. This hypothesis is supported by a groundwater model and by sulfates discovered in a wide area. At first, by examining surface materials with Opportunity Rover, scientists discovered that groundwater had repeatedly risen and deposited sulfates. Later studies with instruments on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed that the same kinds of materials exist in a large area that included Arabia.

text: One group of researchers proposed that some of the layers on Mars were caused by groundwater rising to the surface in many places, especially inside of craters. According to the theory, groundwater with dissolved minerals came to the surface, in and later around craters, and helped to form layers by adding minerals (especially sulfate) and cementing sediments. This hypothesis is supported by a groundwater model and by sulfates discovered in a wide area. At first, by examining surface materials with

entity_name: Opportunity (rover)

text: Opportunity Rover

text: , scientists discovered that groundwater had repeatedly risen and deposited sulfates. Later studies with instruments on board the

entity_name: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: showed that the same kinds of materials exist in a large area that included Arabia.

text: Belgian Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Marginally named Oyster Spring, it was renamed after a visitor from Belgium fell into it in 1929 with fatal results. The spring is less hot than other features in the area, at about , but still sufficiently hot for severe thermal burns. References to a "Belgian Geyser" in the 1930s may refer to this feature.

text: Belgian Pool is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

entity_name: Geothermal areas of Yellowstone

entity_section: Upper Geyser Basin

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

entity_name: Yellowstone National Park

text: Yellowstone National Park

entity_name: Wyoming

text: Wyoming

text: . Marginally named Oyster Spring, it was renamed after a visitor from

entity_name: Belgium

text: Belgium

text: fell into it in 1929 with fatal results. The spring is less hot than other features in the area, at about , but still sufficiently hot for severe thermal burns. References to a "Belgian Geyser" in the 1930s may refer to this feature.

text: Consider the two signals shown in the lower portion of figure 1. There appears to be a close relationship between the ocean surface water levels and the groundwater well levels. It is also clear that the barometric pressure has an effect on both the ocean water levels and groundwater levels.

text: Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test). Measurements here can be made using a piezometer. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmisivity. There are a number ofgeophysical methods for characterising aquifers. There are also problems in characterising the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).

text: Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water. Groundwater hydrology (

text: hydrogeology

text: ) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport. Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see:

entity_name: Aquifer test

text: aquifer test

text: ). Measurements here can be made using a

entity_name: Piezometer

text: piezometer

text: . Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmisivity. There are a number ofgeophysical methods for characterising aquifers. There are also problems in characterising the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).

text: The inn's architect was 29-year-old Robert Reamer, an architect for the Yellowstone Park Company, which was affiliated with the Northern Pacific Railway.  Reamer was hired by Harry W. Child, the president of the Yellowstone Park Company, who had met Reamer in San Diego through mutual acquaintances. Reamer designed the lobby and the initial phase of guest rooms, known as the Old House, which was built in 1903-1904, much of it in the long winter. The east wing was extended in 1913-14, and the west wing in 1927, creating a single structure almost  long. The Old House is rotated 90 degrees with respect to Old Faithful so that a view of the geyser is framed by the entrance porch for arriving visitors. The porch roof provides a viewing platform for viewing eruptions of Old Faithful and other geysers, while the main facade faces Geyser Hill across the Firehole River, where the old Circuit Road once ran through the  geyser basin.

text: The inn's architect was 29-year-old

entity_name: Robert Reamer

text: Robert Reamer

text: , an architect for the

text: Yellowstone Park Company

text: , which was affiliated with the

entity_name: Northern Pacific Railway

text: Northern Pacific Railway

text: .  Reamer was hired by

entity_name: Harry W. Child

text: Harry W. Child

text: , the president of the Yellowstone Park Company, who had met Reamer in San Diego through mutual acquaintances. Reamer designed the lobby and the initial phase of guest rooms, known as the Old House, which was built in 1903-1904, much of it in the long winter. The east wing was extended in 1913-14, and the west wing in 1927, creating a single structure almost  long. The Old House is rotated 90 degrees with respect to Old Faithful so that a view of the geyser is framed by the entrance porch for arriving visitors. The porch roof provides a viewing platform for viewing eruptions of Old Faithful and other geysers, while the main facade faces Geyser Hill across the

entity_name: Firehole River

text: Firehole River

text: , where the old Circuit Road once ran through the  geyser basin.

text: Local features include the Kesubo Swamp to the north and the Siracho Escarpment to the east, both within the National Reserve. The lake is also famous for geysers and hot springs along the bank of the lake and in the lake. In four locations around the lake can be observed at least 10 geysers, which erupt up to 5 m high. Geyser activity is affected by the fluctuations of lake level, which may inundate or expose some geysers.

text: Local features include the Kesubo Swamp to the north and the Siracho Escarpment to the east, both within the National Reserve. The lake is also famous for

entity_name: Geyser

text: geyser

text: s and

text: hot spring

text: s along the bank of the lake and in the lake. In four locations around the lake can be observed at least 10 geysers, which erupt up to 5 m high. Geyser activity is affected by the fluctuations of lake level, which may inundate or expose some geysers.

text: Spasmodic Geyser's eruptions from the two craters can be up to  high. Water can also erupt from a few inches to ten feet high from the approximately 20 vents. The intervals between eruptions are irregular, but most are in the 1-3 hour range. Spasmodic Geyser was named by A.C. Peale, from the 1878 Hayden survey team, for its erratic eruptions. Its temperature is about . Spasmodic Geyser is also connected to the nearby Penta Geyser, which is smaller. While Penta Geyser is erupting, there is no activity from Spasmodic Geyser. Activity from Spasmodic Geyser usually precede eruptions from Sawmill Geyser and Penta Geyser. It also occasionally releases large bubbles of gas, up to a foot in diameter.

text: Spasmodic Geyser's eruptions from the two craters can be up to  high. Water can also erupt from a few inches to ten feet high from the approximately 20 vents. The intervals between eruptions are irregular, but most are in the 1-3 hour range. Spasmodic Geyser was named by A.C. Peale, from the 1878 Hayden survey team, for its erratic eruptions. Its temperature is about . Spasmodic Geyser is also connected to the nearby

entity_name: Penta Geyser

text: Penta Geyser

text: , which is smaller. While Penta Geyser is erupting, there is no activity from Spasmodic Geyser. Activity from Spasmodic Geyser usually precede eruptions from

entity_name: Sawmill Geyser

text: Sawmill Geyser

text: and Penta Geyser. It also occasionally releases large bubbles of gas, up to a foot in diameter.

text: In August 2015, the Director of the California Department of Water Resources stated, "Because of increased pumping, groundwater levels are reaching record lows—up to 100 feet lower than previous records." Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as  in a four-month period, and land near Corcoran sank  in 8 months. The sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts, roads, bridges, and flood-control structures. In the long term, the subsidence caused by extracting groundwater could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifer's water storage capacity.

text: In August 2015, the Director of the

entity_name: California Department of Water Resources

text: California Department of Water Resources

text: stated, "Because of increased pumping, groundwater levels are reaching record lows—up to 100 feet lower than previous records." Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as  in a four-month period, and land near

entity_name: Corcoran, California

text: Corcoran

text: sank  in 8 months. The sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts, roads, bridges, and flood-control structures. In the long term, the subsidence caused by extracting groundwater could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifer's water storage capacity.

text: Protecting groundwater is accomplished through issuance of permits, inspections, as well as continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations. ADEQ and other State agencies issue many types of permits for activities that can have a negative effect on groundwater quality. Permits can establish limits for specific chemicals or groups of pollutants or can require BMPs designed to reduce release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

text: Wells was the editor of Utah's Woman's Exponent, a semi-monthly periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, but for its first five years of existence the editor was Louisa Greene Richards. Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager.  Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914.  As editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication. Near the end of her tenure as editor Wells had the assistance of her daughter Annie Wells Cannon as assistant editor.

text: Wells was the editor of Utah's

entity_name: Woman's Exponent

text: Woman's Exponent

text: , a semi-monthly periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, but for its first five years of existence the editor was

entity_name: Lula Greene Richards

text: Louisa Greene Richards

text: . Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager.  Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914.  As editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication. Near the end of her tenure as editor Wells had the assistance of her daughter

entity_name: Elizabeth Anne Wells Cannon

text: Annie Wells Cannon

text: as assistant editor.

text: Under certain hydrological parameters, some aquifers are more prone to contamination than other aquifers.  The parameters that are taken into consideration when calculating the vulnerability of aquifers to contamination are: depth to water (factor d), net recharge (factor r), aquifer media (factor a), soil media (factor s), topography (factor t), impact of the vadose zone (factor i), and the hydraulic conductivity (factor c), which together spell out DRASTIC. Furthermore, there is a weighting factor associated with each of the parameters that can range from one to five.  In addition, the lower the numbers for the DRASTIC index after the assessment of the aquifer, than the lower the risk of aquifer contamination in that area.  These seven parameters derive DRASTIC summary index score, which determines which are more prone to contamination than other.  The significance of the DRASTIC summary index score is that it shows areas that are more prone; as a result, the state or local authorities depending on the scale will place necessary measures in place that would prevent or mitigate contamination of the water supply.  Using GIS, a map was developed for the seven counties (Hillsborough, Polk, Manatee, Hardee, Sarasota, DeSoto, and Charlotte) in Florida, which shows the DRASTIC summary index score for the Floridan Aquifer System, Surficial Aquifer System, and Other Rocks aquifer.  The developed map is a combination of multiple layers that are stacked on top of each other as shown in Figure 1.

text: Under certain hydrological parameters, some aquifers are more prone to contamination than other

text: aquifers

text: .  The parameters that are taken into consideration when calculating the vulnerability of aquifers to contamination are: depth to water (factor d), net recharge (factor r), aquifer media (factor a), soil media (factor s),

entity_name: Topography

text: topography

text: (factor t), impact of the

entity_name: Vadose zone

text: vadose zone

text: (factor i), and the

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: (factor c), which together spell out DRASTIC. Furthermore, there is a weighting factor associated with each of the parameters that can range from one to five.  In addition, the lower the numbers for the DRASTIC index after the assessment of the aquifer, than the lower the risk of aquifer contamination in that area.  These seven parameters derive DRASTIC summary index score, which determines which are more prone to contamination than other.  The significance of the DRASTIC summary index score is that it shows areas that are more prone; as a result, the state or local authorities depending on the scale will place necessary measures in place that would prevent or mitigate contamination of the water supply.  Using GIS, a map was developed for the seven counties (Hillsborough, Polk, Manatee, Hardee, Sarasota, DeSoto, and Charlotte) in Florida, which shows the DRASTIC summary index score for the Floridan Aquifer System, Surficial Aquifer System, and Other Rocks aquifer.  The developed map is a combination of multiple layers that are stacked on top of each other as shown in Figure 1.

text: Glenwood Hot Springs is the largest hot springs facility in town, centrally located across the Colorado River from downtown. The large pool is kept at  year round and is the world's largest hot mineral springs pool. The smaller "Therapy Pool" averages  degrees Fahrenheit year round, preferred by some for its higher mineral content. There is a 107-room lodge, which includes unlimited access to the hot springs and a full hot breakfast for all guests. Spa of the Rockies is an award-winning mineral spa that specializes in natural, mineral based treatments. Other amenities include a full-service athletic club, gift shop and restaurant. Two waterslides, mini golf, and a cold water kiddy pool are open during the warmer months.

text: Glenwood Hot Springs

text: is the largest hot springs facility in town, centrally located across the Colorado River from downtown. The large pool is kept at  year round and is the world's largest hot mineral springs pool. The smaller "Therapy Pool" averages  degrees Fahrenheit year round, preferred by some for its higher mineral content. There is a 107-room lodge, which includes unlimited access to the hot springs and a full hot breakfast for all guests. Spa of the Rockies is an award-winning mineral spa that specializes in natural, mineral based treatments. Other amenities include a full-service athletic club, gift shop and restaurant. Two waterslides, mini golf, and a cold water kiddy pool are open during the warmer months.

text: Groundwater is distributed unevenly over the territory of Namibia, thus making the construction of pipelines necessary to tap their potential. In particular, the coastal area is nearly devoid of groundwater. Recharge in these areas is low and unreliable, groundwater lies at great depths and sometimes is of poor quality. Other areas are favorable, sitting on high-yielding, very productive aquifers that contain more water than farmers and communities presently need. Numerous small springs throughout the country sustain wildlife, man and livestock. Over the past century, more than 100 000 boreholes have been drilled in Namibia. Half of these are still in operation. In 2012 German hydro-geologists discovered a huge aquifer in Northern Namibia that could supply the area, where 40% of the population of the country lives, for 400 years. The aquifer, called Ohangwena II, contains about 5 billion cubic meters of water which is up to 10,000 years old. The aquifer is about 300 meters deep and is under pressure, so that its water could be pumped up at a relatively low cost. However, a saline aquifer sits on top of the freshwater aquifer, so that drilling must be done carefully in order to avoid saline intrusion. The aquifer receives some recharge from Angola in the North. Experts recommend that, during normal climatic conditions, water abstraction should be limited to the inflow from the North in order to manage the aquifer on a sustainable basis. However, during extended droughts induced by climate change, the aquifer can be drawn down and serve as an important buffer against drought.

text: Groundwater is distributed unevenly over the territory of Namibia, thus making the construction of pipelines necessary to tap their potential. In particular, the coastal area is nearly devoid of groundwater. Recharge in these areas is low and unreliable, groundwater lies at great depths and sometimes is of poor quality. Other areas are favorable, sitting on high-yielding, very productive aquifers that contain more water than farmers and communities presently need. Numerous small springs throughout the country sustain wildlife, man and livestock. Over the past century, more than 100 000 boreholes have been drilled in Namibia. Half of these are still in operation. In 2012 German hydro-geologists discovered a huge aquifer in Northern Namibia that could supply the area, where 40% of the population of the country lives, for 400 years. The aquifer, called

text: Ohangwena

text: II, contains about 5 billion cubic meters of water which is up to 10,000 years old. The aquifer is about 300 meters deep and is under pressure, so that its water could be pumped up at a relatively low cost. However, a saline aquifer sits on top of the freshwater aquifer, so that drilling must be done carefully in order to avoid saline intrusion. The aquifer receives some recharge from Angola in the North. Experts recommend that, during normal climatic conditions, water abstraction should be limited to the inflow from the North in order to manage the aquifer on a sustainable basis. However, during extended droughts induced by climate change, the aquifer can be drawn down and serve as an important buffer against drought.

text: Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and of thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth release gases or interact with groundwater.From the perspective of groundwater, a fumarole could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface.

text: Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of

text: lava

text: flows and of thick deposits of

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s. A fumarole field is an area of

text: thermal spring

text: s and gas vents where

text: magma

text: or hot

text: igneous rock

text: s at shallow depth release gases or interact with

text: groundwater

text: .From the perspective of groundwater, a fumarole could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface.

text: The Federal District and State of Mexico combined had 1,089 registered wells at depths of 70 to 200 meters in 1994. This does not include wells operated by the National Water Commission, which are deeper. There are also a large number of non-registered wells, many of which are located in the State of Mexico. Wells are generally located in four different well fields. These are labeled as South (or Xochimilco), Metropolitan, East (or Texcoco region) and North well fields.

text: The Federal District and State of Mexico combined had 1,089 registered wells at depths of 70 to 200 meters in 1994. This does not include wells operated by the National Water Commission, which are deeper. There are also a large number of non-registered wells, many of which are located in the State of Mexico. Wells are generally located in four different well fields. These are labeled as South (or

text: Xochimilco

text: ), Metropolitan, East (or

text: Texcoco

text: region) and North well fields.

text: The average flow of  of water per second  from Big Spring constitutes the second largest tributary of the Current River.  The spring is by far the largest spring in the Ozark Plateau region.  The only two springs in the Ozark region that approach the size of Big Spring are Greer Spring and Mammoth Spring.  Maximum discharge of Big Spring must be estimated because backwater from the Current River makes accurate high water measurements impossible.  The spring issues from the base of a limestone bluff, churning out aqua-blue water with great force, creating white caps, then quickly calming to a crystal clear channel.  The spring water travels about  where it adds itself to the Current River.  The water is about 58 degrees Fahrenheit (13.3 °C), and the spring is surrounded by a well maintained park and a steep valley hillside covered in hardwood forest. Most of the known drainage basin encompasses northern areas of the Eleven Point River watershed.  Big Spring is ever increasing in size, as the groundwater continues to dissolve limestone in a vast karst system, and continuation of stream capture in greater quantities.  The spring is estimated to dissolve and remove 175 tons of limestone during an average day.  The amounts of limestone dissolved and removed by the spring system in one year is estimated to equal a one-mile (1.6 km) long cave  high  wide,  though that amount is dispersed among all parts of the karst system.

text: The average flow of  of water per second  from Big Spring constitutes the second largest tributary of the Current River.  The spring is by far the largest spring in the

text: Ozark Plateau

text: region.  The only two springs in the Ozark region that approach the size of Big Spring are

text: Greer Spring

text: and

text: Mammoth Spring

text: .  Maximum discharge of Big Spring must be estimated because backwater from the Current River makes accurate high water measurements impossible.  The spring issues from the base of a limestone bluff, churning out aqua-blue water with great force, creating white caps, then quickly calming to a crystal clear channel.  The spring water travels about  where it adds itself to the Current River.  The water is about 58 degrees Fahrenheit (13.3 °C), and the spring is surrounded by a well maintained park and a steep valley hillside covered in hardwood forest. Most of the known drainage basin encompasses northern areas of the

text: Eleven Point River

text: watershed.  Big Spring is ever increasing in size, as the groundwater continues to dissolve

text: limestone

text: in a vast

text: karst

text: system, and continuation of stream capture in greater quantities.  The spring is estimated to dissolve and remove 175 tons of limestone during an average day.  The amounts of limestone dissolved and removed by the spring system in one year is estimated to equal a one-mile (1.6 km) long

text: cave

text: high  wide,  though that amount is dispersed among all parts of the karst system.

text: Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley is the hydrothermal system created on 10 June 1886 by the volcanic eruption of Mount Tarawera, on the North Island of New Zealand. It encompasses Lake Rotomahana, the former site of the Pink and White Terraces, as well as the location of the Waimangu Geyser, which was active from 1900 to 1904. The area has been increasingly accessible as a tourist attraction and contains Frying Pan Lake, which is the largest hot spring in the world, and the steaming and usually pale blue Inferno Crater Lake, the largest geyser-like feature in the world although the geyser itself cannot be seen since it plays at the bottom of the lake.

text: Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley is the hydrothermal system created on 10 June 1886 by the volcanic

text: eruption of Mount Tarawera

text: , on the

text: North Island

text: of

text: New Zealand

text: . It encompasses

text: Lake Rotomahana

text: , the former site of the

text: Pink and White Terraces

text: , as well as the location of the

text: Waimangu Geyser

text: , which was active from 1900 to 1904. The area has been increasingly accessible as a tourist attraction and contains

text: Frying Pan Lake

text: , which is the largest

text: hot spring

text: in the world, and the steaming and usually pale blue

text: Inferno Crater Lake

text: , the largest geyser-like feature in the world although the geyser itself cannot be seen since it plays at the bottom of the lake.

text: WGHM computes time-series of fast-surface and subsurface runoff, groundwater recharge and river discharge as well as storage variations of water in canopy, snow, soil, groundwater, lakes, wetlands and rivers. Thus it quantifies the total renewable water resources as well as the renewable groundwater resources of a grid cell, river basin, or country. Precipitation on each grid cells is modelled as being transported through the different storage compartments and partly evapotranspirating. Location and size of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands are defined by the global lakes and wetland database (GLWD), with a recent addition of more than 6000 man-made reservoirs. Groundwater storage is affected by diffuse groundwater recharge, which is modeled as a function of total runoff, relief, soil texture, hydrogeology and the existence of permafrost or glaciers.  To allow a plausible representation of the actual freshwater situation, version 2.2 of WGHM is tuned against measured long-term average annual river discharge at 1323 gauging stations. The performance of WGHM has been compared to that of other global hydrological models for both Europe and the globe.

text: WGHM computes time-series of fast-surface and subsurface runoff, groundwater recharge and river discharge as well as storage variations of water in canopy, snow, soil, groundwater, lakes, wetlands and rivers. Thus it quantifies the total renewable water resources as well as the renewable groundwater resources of a grid cell, river basin, or country.

text: Precipitation

text: on each grid cells is modelled as being transported through the different storage compartments and partly evapotranspirating. Location and size of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands are defined by the global lakes and wetland database (GLWD), with a recent addition of more than 6000 man-made reservoirs. Groundwater storage is affected by diffuse groundwater recharge, which is modeled as a function of total runoff, relief, soil texture,

text: hydrogeology

text: and the existence of permafrost or glaciers.  To allow a plausible representation of the actual freshwater situation, version 2.2 of WGHM is tuned against measured long-term average annual river discharge at 1323 gauging stations. The performance of WGHM has been compared to that of other global hydrological models for both Europe and the globe.

text: Turban Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Turban Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in the Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antipas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee and named it for the Roman Emperor Tiberius. The city was built in immediate proximity to a spa which had developed around 17 natural mineral hot springs, Hammat Tiberias. Tiberias was at first a strictly pagan city, but later became populated mainly by Jews, with its growing spiritual and religious status exerting a strong influence on balneological practices. The Jewish oral tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite and later Jewish village of Rakkath or Rakkat, first mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In Talmudic times, the Jews still referred to it by this name. Conversely, in The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus calls the village with hot springs Emmaus, today's Hammat Tiberias, located near Tiberias. This name also appears in The Wars of the Jews.

text: Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in the

text: Herodian Tetrarchy

text: of Galilee and

text: Peraea

text: by the Roman

text: client king

text: Herod Antipas

text: , son of

text: Herod the Great

text: . Herod Antipas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee and named it for the

text: Roman Emperor

text: Tiberius

text: . The city was built in immediate proximity to a spa which had developed around 17 natural mineral hot springs,

text: Hammat Tiberias

text: . Tiberias was at first a strictly pagan city, but later became populated mainly by Jews, with its growing spiritual and religious status exerting a strong influence on

text: balneological

text: practices. The Jewish oral tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite and later Jewish village of

text: Rakkath

text: or Rakkat, first mentioned in the

text: Book of Joshua

text: . In

text: Talmud

text: ic times, the Jews still referred to it by this name. Conversely, in

text: The Antiquities of the Jews

text: , the Roman-Jewish historian

text: Josephus

text: calls the village with hot springs

text: Emmaus

text: , today's Hammat Tiberias, located near Tiberias. This name also appears in

text: The Wars of the Jews

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to

text: septic tank

text: s. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in

text: groundwater pollution

text: and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The Orange County Water District (OCWD) is a California special district that manages the groundwater basin beneath central and northern Orange County, California. The groundwater basin provides a water supply to 19 municipal water agencies and special districts that serve more than 2.4 million Orange County residents. The Orange County Water District's service area covers approximately 350 square miles and the District owns approximately 1,600 acres in and near the Santa Ana River, which it uses to capture water flows for groundwater recharge.  Additionally, OCWD owns approximately 2,150 acres of land above the Prado Dam in the Prado Reservoir and uses that land for water conservation, water storage and water quality improvements. OCWD's administrative offices and the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) facilities are located in Fountain Valley, while OCWD operates various groundwater recharge facilities located in Anaheim and Orange.

text: The Orange County Water District (OCWD) is a

text: California

text: special district

text: that manages the

text: groundwater

text: basin beneath central and northern

text: Orange County, California

text: . The groundwater basin provides a

text: water supply

text: to 19 municipal water agencies and special districts that serve more than 2.4 million Orange County residents. The Orange County Water District's service area covers approximately 350 square miles and the District owns approximately 1,600 acres in and near the

text: Santa Ana River

text: , which it uses to capture water flows for

text: groundwater recharge

text: .  Additionally, OCWD owns approximately 2,150 acres of land above the

text: Prado Dam

text: in the

text: Prado Reservoir

text: and uses that land for

text: water conservation

text: water storage

text: and

text: water quality

text: improvements. OCWD's administrative offices and the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) facilities are located in

text: Fountain Valley

text: , while OCWD operates various groundwater recharge facilities located in

text: Anaheim

text: and

text: Orange

text: The source of the Poulter is in a region where the underlying geology is an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone aquifer. Magnesian limestone is named because if contains quantities of the mineral Dolomite, which is rich in Magnesium. Where this rock reaches the surface, springs often occur, and the Poulter starts at such a spring. Further to the east, the Magnesian Limestone is covered by a layer of porous rock called the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer, which is the major geological component of the area. Continuing eastwards, both are covered by a layer of Mercia mudstone. The groundwater levels in these aquifers affect whether they supply water to the river system, or take water from it, and levels are lower than they have historically been, as a result of the extraction of groundwater, particularly for public water supply, and by fracturing of the aquifers as a result of subsidence caused by deep coal mining.

text: The source of the Poulter is in a region where the underlying geology is an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone

text: aquifer

text: . Magnesian limestone is named because if contains quantities of the mineral

text: Dolomite

text: , which is rich in

text: Magnesium

text: . Where this rock reaches the surface, springs often occur, and the Poulter starts at such a spring. Further to the east, the Magnesian Limestone is covered by a layer of porous rock called the

text: Triassic

text: Sherwood

text: Sandstone

text: aquifer, which is the major geological component of the area. Continuing eastwards, both are covered by a layer of Mercia

text: mudstone

text: . The groundwater levels in these aquifers affect whether they supply water to the river system, or take water from it, and levels are lower than they have historically been, as a result of the extraction of groundwater, particularly for public water supply, and by fracturing of the aquifers as a result of subsidence caused by deep coal mining.

text: Apaches and other Native Americans visited the site. Also during the 1896 construction, human bones were found in the spring. They were believed to be those of an Apache man who was injured near the springs during an intercepted raid of a settler's family and thrown into the hot spring by a cavalry soldier, who was later acquitted but court-martialed. Spanish explorers, miners, and buffalo hunters also came to the hot springs.

text: Apache

text: s and other Native Americans visited the site. Also during the 1896 construction, human bones were found in the spring. They were believed to be those of an Apache man who was injured near the springs during an intercepted raid of a settler's family and thrown into the hot spring by a cavalry soldier, who was later acquitted but court-martialed. Spanish explorers, miners, and buffalo hunters also came to the hot springs.

text: The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without mortar, and created stairs leading down to the water. The majority of surviving stepwells originally also served a leisure purpose, as well as providing water. This was because the base of the well provided relief from daytime heat, and more of such relief could be obtained if the well was covered. Stepwells also served as a place for social gatherings and religious ceremonies. Usually, women were more associated with these wells because they were the ones who collected the water. Also, it was they who prayed and offered gifts to the goddess of the well for her blessings.  This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often associated with dwellings and in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.

text: The groundwater pumpout system was constructed in 1985 and pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.  A pilot groundwater aeration (air injection) system was added in 1992 to augment the pumpout system.  Additional air injection wells were placed in operation in 1995 to aerate the width of the contaminant plume while pumping continued.  From 2001 to 2008, various combinations of pumping and air injection were used to control groundwater.  Since 2008, an expanded air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased agricultural production. Orthents, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited groundwater that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that saltwater is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased

text: agricultural production

text: Orthent

text: s, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited

text: groundwater

text: that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that

text: saltwater

text: is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

text: There are many volcanic areas in the world that have hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, but very few have erupting geysers. The main reason for their rarity is because multiple intense transient forces must occur simultaneously for a geyser to exist. For example, even when other necessary conditions exist, if the rock structure is loose, eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers.

text: There are many volcanic areas in the world that have

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: mud pot

text: s and

text: fumarole

text: s, but very few have erupting geysers. The main reason for their rarity is because multiple intense transient forces must occur simultaneously for a geyser to exist. For example, even when other necessary conditions exist, if the rock structure is loose, eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers.

text: The Gnangara Mound is an area north of Perth, Western Australia where a large mound of sandy soil reaches an elevation of about 60 metres. It stores about 20 cubic kilometres of fresh water, about one hundred times Perth's current annual water usage. It is currently the single most important source of potable water for the city. Together with the Jandakot Mound south of Perth it supplies about 35%-50% of the city's drinking water.  However, studies have shown that water levels in the Gnangara Mound have fallen substantially in recent times and this has had a significant impact on nearby groundwater-dependent ecosystems such as wetlands and the Yanchep Caves, and causing acidification of the nearby Lakes Gnangara, Jandabup, Wilgarup and Mariginiup. The remaining mound springs of the Swan Coastal Plain depend on the aquifer and are susceptible to any dramatic change in hydrology. It is widely recognised that sustainability of the Mound as a water resource is under threat. Depletion has been blamed on a combination of climate change and excessive drawing of water.

text: The Gnangara Mound is an area north of

text: Perth, Western Australia

text: where a large mound of sandy soil reaches an elevation of about 60 metres. It stores about 20 cubic kilometres of fresh water, about one hundred times Perth's current annual water usage. It is currently the single most important source of

text: potable water

text: for the city. Together with the

text: Jandakot Mound

text: south of Perth it supplies about 35%-50% of the city's drinking water.  However, studies have shown that water levels in the Gnangara Mound have fallen substantially in recent times and this has had a significant impact on nearby groundwater-dependent ecosystems such as wetlands and the

text: Yanchep

text: Caves, and causing acidification of the nearby Lakes

text: Gnangara

text: Jandabup

text: Wilgarup

text: and

text: Mariginiup

text: . The remaining

entity_name: Assemblages of plants and invertebrate animals of tumulus (organic mound) springs of the Swan Coastal Plain

text: mound springs of the Swan Coastal Plain

text: depend on the aquifer and are susceptible to any dramatic change in

text: hydrology

text: . It is widely recognised that sustainability of the Mound as a water resource is under threat. Depletion has been blamed on a combination of

text: climate change

text: and excessive drawing of water.

text: One of three children, Albert Geyser was born on 10 February 1918 to Nina and Petrus Geyser in Naboomspruit in the former Transvaal province (now Mookgophong in the Limpopo Province). From an early age he demonstrated a rich intellect and a sharp critical, scientific sense. After matriculating from Ermelose Hoërskool (High School) in 1935 he was admitted to the University of Pretoria in 1936 where he completed a BA degree cum laude in Greek and Latin in 1938. His BD followed in 1941 and a MA in Greek and Latin in 1943. In the same year he obtained his Doctor Divinitatis degree with distinction, also at the University of Pretoria. He completed additional courses in Aramaic and Syriac in 1945. Geyser married fellow Afrikaner Celia van der Westhuisen in Rustenburg in the early 1940s and the couple had three sons and two daughters.

text: One of three children, Albert Geyser was born on 10 February 1918 to Nina and Petrus Geyser in

text: Naboomspruit

text: in the former Transvaal province (now

text: Mookgophong

text: in the

text: Limpopo

text: Province). From an early age he demonstrated a rich intellect and a sharp critical, scientific sense. After matriculating from Ermelose Hoërskool (High School) in 1935 he was admitted to the University of Pretoria in 1936 where he completed a BA degree cum laude in Greek and

text: Latin

text: in 1938. His BD followed in 1941 and a MA in Greek and Latin in 1943. In the same year he obtained his

text: Doctor Divinitatis

text: degree with distinction, also at the University of Pretoria. He completed additional courses in

text: Aramaic

text: and

text: Syriac

text: in 1945. Geyser married fellow Afrikaner Celia van der Westhuisen in Rustenburg in the early 1940s and the couple had three sons and two daughters.

text: Ultimately the Yaragadee Aquifer is replenished by rainfall. This recharging is usually where there are outcroppings near other aquifers like the Leederville Aquifer. There are also outcrops near the surface in the vicinity of the Blackwood River. Current models estimate this recharge at about 280 to 340 GL per year. This groundwater can remain in the aquifer for many years; in some areas the age of the groundwater is over 30,000 years.

text: Ultimately the Yaragadee Aquifer is replenished by rainfall. This recharging is usually where there are outcroppings near other aquifers like the Leederville Aquifer. There are also outcrops near the surface in the vicinity of the

text: Blackwood River

text: . Current models estimate this recharge at about 280 to 340 GL per year. This groundwater can remain in the aquifer for many years; in some areas the age of the groundwater is over 30,000 years.

text: Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.

text: Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause

text: groundwater pollution

text: The soil cleanup at the FMC site and installation of groundwater extraction wells were completed between 1983 and 1987.  In addition to storing contaminated soil in an on-site vault, the cleanup also included pumping contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.  Routine monitoring of groundwater began in 1987 and continues to this day.  Although concentrations of VOCs in groundwater have decreased in most monitoring wells, pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met.

text: Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of ground fissures were reported from many areas. Landslides and changes in the groundwater flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in Gopeshwar, Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in asphalt roads at several locations. Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.

text: Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of ground fissures were reported from many areas.

text: Landslide

text: s and changes in the

text: groundwater

text: flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in

text: Gopeshwar

text: , Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in asphalt roads at several locations. Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.

text: It prefers wetted rock faces of springs and flowing water, with large cobbles and boulders. The principal threat to the Bruneau hot springsnail is the reduction and/or elimination of its geothermal habitats as a result of groundwater withdrawal, primarily for agriculture. Spring temperatures are the predominant factor that determines the springsnail's distribution and abundance; the springsnail requires constant springwater temperatures to survive.

text: It prefers wetted rock faces of springs and flowing water, with large cobbles and boulders. The principal threat to the Bruneau hot springsnail is the reduction and/or elimination of its

text: geothermal

text: habitats as a result of groundwater withdrawal, primarily for agriculture. Spring temperatures are the predominant factor that determines the springsnail's distribution and abundance; the springsnail requires constant springwater temperatures to survive.

text: A typical feature of the Palatinate Forest is its abundance of water, that has led to a highly developed system of streams, rivers and wetlands (see below). The sandy soils caused by erosion are very very permeable to water, so that rainwater quickly seeps into the ground and is then stored in the different rock zones as groundwater that can be channeled by the joints and fissure ("fissure flow"). This groundwater feeds into various rock zones, especially in the Trifels beds of the Lower Bunter and in a rock zone of the Karlstal beds (Middle Bunter). Beds of clay-bonded sandstone form spring horizons, where it is discharged at the surface again e.g. in contact springs. Since the sandstone is very low in minerals and the groundwater, therefore, only has only low levels of dissolved contents, the water is in the low hardness range ("soft") and is slightly acidic (low pH).

text: A typical feature of the Palatinate Forest is its abundance of water, that has led to a highly developed system of streams, rivers and wetlands (see below). The sandy soils caused by erosion are very very permeable to water, so that rainwater quickly seeps into the ground and is then stored in the different rock zones as

text: groundwater

text: that can be channeled by the

text: joints

text: and

text: fissure

text: fissure flow

text: "). This groundwater feeds into various rock zones, especially in the Trifels beds of the Lower Bunter and in a rock zone of the Karlstal beds (Middle Bunter). Beds of clay-bonded sandstone form

text: spring horizon

text: s, where it is discharged at the surface again e.g. in

text: contact spring

text: s. Since the sandstone is very low in minerals and the groundwater, therefore, only has only low levels of dissolved contents, the water is in the low hardness range ("soft") and is slightly acidic (low pH).

text: The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater is both reasonable and beneficial. California has a history of complex water rights and the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine was a cornerstone in that history. This doctrine was meant for riparian landowners and their management of the surface water and did not have much coverage over groundwater rights. SB 1168 takes from the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine and applies the fundamental meaning of the doctrine to the implementation of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The SB 1168 states that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses. The bill outlines that under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, the best science available is being used by the GSA's to locally develop, implement and update plans and programs to see that groundwater use is both reasonable and beneficial. The SB 1168 requires that the Department of Water Resources to investigate the states groundwater basins every year that ends in either a 5 or 0 and report its findings to the legislature. The department is to look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize the basins from high-, medium-, low- and very low- based on the basins adverse effects to the local habitats and stream-flows. Under SB 1168, the elected Groundwater Sustainability Agencies has the authority to require registration from a groundwater extraction facility, require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements. The Groundwater Sustainability Agencies also has the authority under SB 1168 to conduct conduct inspections and obtain inspection warrants. By obtaining an inspection warrant, any willful refusal to an inspection by a groundwater extraction facility would result in a misdemeanor.

text: This is an alphabetical list of notable geysers, a type of erupting hot spring:

text: This is an alphabetical list of notable

text: geyser

text: s, a type of erupting

text: hot spring

text: The relationships between groundwater and surface water includes baseflow needs for instream flow, and subsurface water levels in wells.

text: The relationships between

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: includes

text: baseflow

text: needs for instream flow, and subsurface water levels in

text: well

text: s.

text: is accomplished in two ways: through in-lieu and direct recharge. In-lieu recharge is storing water by utilizing surface water “in-lieu” of pumping groundwater, thereby storing an equal amount in the groundwater basin. In-lieu recharge is the renewable surface water used to irrigate the farmland in place of using regular groundwater. This is helping to save more groundwater because the water stays in the aquifer to be used later. Direct recharge is storing water by allowing it to percolate directly to storage in the groundwater basin. With direct recharge it floods an area so that water seeps through the ground to get to the aquifers. The water is then pumped out when there is more of a demand with the use of recovery wells.

text: is accomplished in two ways: through in-lieu and direct recharge. In-lieu recharge is storing water by utilizing surface water “in-lieu” of pumping groundwater, thereby storing an equal amount in the groundwater basin. In-lieu recharge is the renewable surface water used to irrigate the farmland in place of using regular groundwater. This is helping to save more groundwater because the water stays in the aquifer to be used later. Direct recharge is storing water by allowing it to percolate directly to storage in the groundwater basin. With direct recharge it floods an area so that water seeps through the ground to get to the

text: aquifer

text: s. The water is then pumped out when there is more of a demand with the use of recovery wells.

text: The UP reached the town of Cheyenne, which later became the state capital, in 1867. The railroad eventually spanned the entire state, boosting the population, and creating some of Wyoming's largest cities, such as Laramie, Rock Springs and Evanston. The railroad needed coal, which was discovered in quantity in the southwestern part of the state, especially around Rock Springs.  In 1885, a murderous riot known as the Rock Springs Massacre broke out when white miners frove out Chinese miners employed by the Union Pacific Coal Company in Rock Springs.

text: The UP reached the town of

text: Cheyenne

text: , which later became the state capital, in 1867. The railroad eventually spanned the entire state, boosting the population, and creating some of Wyoming's largest cities, such as

text: Laramie

text: Rock Springs

text: and

text: Evanston

text: . The railroad needed coal, which was discovered in quantity in the southwestern part of the state, especially around

text: Rock Springs

text: .  In 1885, a murderous riot known as the

text: Rock Springs Massacre

text: broke out when white miners frove out Chinese miners employed by the

text: Union Pacific Coal Company

text: in Rock Springs.

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous cones of depression.

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous

text: cones of depression

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of geology and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even water table height and location of aquifers are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of

text: geology

text: and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even

text: water table

text: height and location of

text: aquifers

text: are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

text: MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modelling system for building and simulating surface water flow and groundwater flow.  MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs.  MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) as developed and extensively applied since 1977 onwards by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark).  Since then, DHI has continuously invested resources into research and development of MIKE SHE.  MIKE SHE can be used for the analysis, planning and management of a wide range of water resources and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater, especially surface-water impact from groundwater withdrawal, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, wetland management and restoration, river basin management and planning, impact studies for changes in land use and climate.

text: MIKE SHE is an integrated

text: hydrological modelling

text: system for building and

text: simulating

text: surface water

text: flow and

text: groundwater

text: flow.  MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs.  MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) as developed and extensively applied since 1977 onwards by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (

text: the United Kingdom

text: SOGREAH

text: France

text: ) and

text: DHI

text: Denmark

text: ).  Since then, DHI has continuously invested resources into research and development of MIKE SHE.  MIKE SHE can be used for the analysis, planning and management of a wide range of

text: water resources

text: and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater, especially surface-water impact from groundwater withdrawal, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water,

text: wetland

text: management and restoration, river basin management and planning, impact studies for changes in

text: land use

text: and

text: climate

text: Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Wells spoke of his desire for another good cup run, and his belief that the club could achieve a second successive promotion. In June 2012, manager Phil Parkinson said that only a high-money bid would persuade the club to sell either Wells or fellow striker James Hanson. In July 2013, the club rejected a bid from Peterborough United, and later revealed that they had had no further offers for the player. In August 2013, Wells' strike partner Hanson spoke positively of his partnership with Wells. On 24 August 2013, Wells scored two goals in a home match against Sheffield United; in the process he set a new club record by scoring in his eighth consecutive match, a feat which was praised by team-mate James Hanson. After the match the club re-stated that they would not sell Wells, and later confirmed they had not received any bids for the player on transfer deadline day. On 4 September 2013, Wells was nominated for the League One Player of the Month award, winning the award two days later. Wells has publicly praised his strike partnership with Hanson, as has journalist Simon Parker, who described them as "[one of] the best front pairs that League One has to offer." Of the 53 goals that Wells scored for Bradford City, 49 came when he was playing with Hanson.

text: Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Wells spoke of his desire for another good cup run, and his belief that the club could achieve a second successive promotion. In June 2012, manager

text: Phil Parkinson

text: said that only a high-money bid would persuade the club to sell either Wells or fellow striker

text: James Hanson

text: . In July 2013, the club rejected a bid from

text: Peterborough United

text: , and later revealed that they had had no further offers for the player. In August 2013, Wells' strike partner Hanson spoke positively of his partnership with Wells. On 24 August 2013, Wells scored two goals in a home match against Sheffield United; in the process he set a new club record by scoring in his eighth consecutive match, a feat which was praised by team-mate James Hanson. After the match the club re-stated that they would not sell Wells, and later confirmed they had not received any bids for the player on transfer deadline day. On 4 September 2013, Wells was nominated for the League One Player of the Month award, winning the award two days later. Wells has publicly praised his strike partnership with Hanson, as has journalist Simon Parker, who described them as "[one of] the best front pairs that League One has to offer." Of the 53 goals that Wells scored for Bradford City, 49 came when he was playing with Hanson.

text: Analyses of two of the thermal waters showed them to be noticeably sulphuretted, and only moderately mineralized. The water of the arsenic spring has a distinctly yellow color, which in a few other springs has been ascribed to alkaline sulphides in solution. At the north edge of the creek, a few yards above the hot springs, there are two cool springs in which iron is deposited. An analysis of the easternmost of these springs was also made.

text: One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels.

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly porous, complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly

text: porous

text: , complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

text: The large number of bodies poisoned the groundwater in the area. Livestock refused to drink from the nearby spring in Podutik and local people noticed that the color and taste of the water had changed. Because of increasing talk among the local population, the communist authorities first tried to block the connection between the Big Brezar Shaft and the spring with a concrete barrier. German POWs were then forced to remove the bodies from the shaft on 12 and 13 June 1945 and bury them in the nearby mass grave at the head of the Kucja Valley. After this the German POWs were executed and buried together with the bodies they had moved.

text: The large number of bodies poisoned the groundwater in the area. Livestock refused to drink from the nearby spring in Podutik and local people noticed that the color and taste of the water had changed. Because of increasing talk among the local population, the communist authorities first tried to block the connection between the Big Brezar Shaft and the spring with a concrete barrier. German POWs were then forced to remove the bodies from the shaft on 12 and 13 June 1945 and bury them in the nearby

text: mass grave

text: at the head of the Kucja Valley. After this the German POWs were executed and buried together with the bodies they had moved.

text: Squabble Creek once carried much more water before overuse of groundwater caused the creek to often run dry. Its springs are near the Ralph M. Hall municipal airport, while its mouth is near the Rockwall Golf and Athletic Club. During the summer or during low lake levels, the creek often does not reach the lake. It has a length of 4.2 miles.

text: Squabble Creek once carried much more water before overuse of

text: groundwater

text: caused the creek to often run dry. Its springs are near the Ralph M. Hall municipal airport, while its mouth is near the Rockwall Golf and Athletic Club. During the summer or during low lake levels, the creek often does not reach the lake. It has a length of 4.2 miles.

text: In 2008 Waste Management applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin kit fox and the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

text: In 2008

text: Waste Management

text: applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: (PCB) waste. The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin

text: kit fox

text: and the

text: blunt-nosed leopard lizard

text: . Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The

entity_name: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

text: The first known report of TCE in groundwater was given in 1949 by two English public chemists who described two separate instances of well contamination by industrial releases of TCE. Based on available federal and state surveys, between 9% to 34% of the drinking water supply sources tested in the U.S. may have some TCE contamination, though EPA has reported that most water supplies are in compliance with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 ppb. In addition, a growing concern in recent years at sites with TCE contamination in soil or groundwater has been vapor intrusion in buildings, which has resulted in indoor air exposures, such is in a recent case in the McCook Field Neighborhood of Dayton, Ohio. Trichloroethylene has been detected in 852 Superfund sites across the United States, according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, and as amended annual water quality testing is required for all public drinking water distributors. The EPA'S current guidelines for TCE are online. It should be noted that the EPA's table of "TCE Releases to Ground" is dated 1987 to 1993, thereby omitting one of the largest Superfund cleanup sites in the nation, the North IBW in Scottsdale, Arizona. Earlier, TCE was dumped here, and was subsequently detected in the municipal drinking water wells in 1982, prior to the study period.

text: The first known report of TCE in groundwater was given in 1949 by two English public chemists who described two separate instances of well contamination by industrial releases of TCE. Based on available federal and state surveys, between 9% to 34% of the drinking water supply sources tested in the U.S. may have some TCE contamination, though EPA has reported that most water supplies are in compliance with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 ppb. In addition, a growing concern in recent years at sites with TCE contamination in soil or groundwater has been vapor intrusion in buildings, which has resulted in indoor air exposures, such is in a recent case in the McCook Field Neighborhood of Dayton, Ohio. Trichloroethylene has been detected in 852 Superfund sites across the United States, according to the

entity_name: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: (ATSDR). Under the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: of 1974, and as amended annual water quality testing is required for all public drinking water distributors. The EPA'S current guidelines for TCE are online. It should be noted that the EPA's table of "TCE Releases to Ground" is dated 1987 to 1993, thereby omitting one of the largest Superfund cleanup sites in the nation, the North

text: IBW

text: in Scottsdale, Arizona. Earlier, TCE was dumped here, and was subsequently detected in the municipal drinking water wells in 1982, prior to the study period.

text: A flownet is a graphical representation of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow through aquifers.

text: A flownet is a graphical representation of two-

text: dimensional

text: steady-state

text: groundwater

text: flow through

text: aquifer

text: s.

text: The population of Gaza depends on groundwater as the only source for drinking, agricultural use, and domestic supply. The nearest stream is Wadi Ghazza to the south, sourced from Abu Middein along the coastline. It bears a small amount of water during the winter and virtually no water during the summer. Most of its water supply is diverted into Israel. The Gaza Aquifer along the coast is the main aquifer in the Gaza Strip and it consists mostly of Pleistocene sandstones. Like most of the Gaza Strip, Gaza is covered by quaternary soil; clay minerals in the soil absorb many organic and inorganic chemicals which has partially alleviated the extent of groundwater contamination.

text: The population of Gaza depends on groundwater as the only source for drinking, agricultural use, and domestic supply. The nearest

text: stream

text: is Wadi Ghazza to the south, sourced from Abu Middein along the coastline. It bears a small amount of water during the winter and virtually no water during the summer. Most of its water supply is diverted into Israel. The Gaza Aquifer along the coast is the main

text: aquifer

text: in the Gaza Strip and it consists mostly of

text: Pleistocene

text: sandstones. Like most of the Gaza Strip, Gaza is covered by quaternary soil; clay minerals in the soil absorb many organic and inorganic chemicals which has partially alleviated the extent of groundwater contamination.

text: Another strategy in water conservation is protecting groundwater resources. When precipitation occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground. Water in this saturation zone is called groundwater. Contamination of groundwater causes the groundwater water supply to not be able to be used as resource of fresh drinking water and the natural regeneration of contaminated groundwater can takes years to replenish. Some examples of potential sources of groundwater contamination include storage tanks, septic systems, uncontrolled hazardous waste, landfills, atmospheric contaminants, chemicals, and road salts. Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater so taking preventative measures by protecting groundwater resources form contamination is an important aspect of water conservation.

text: Another strategy in water conservation is protecting

text: groundwater

text: resources. When

text: precipitation

text: occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground. Water in this saturation zone is called groundwater.

text: Contamination of groundwater

text: causes the groundwater water supply to not be able to be used as resource of fresh drinking water and the natural regeneration of contaminated groundwater can takes years to replenish. Some examples of potential sources of groundwater contamination include storage tanks,

text: septic

text: systems, uncontrolled

text: hazardous waste

text: landfill

text: s,

text: atmospheric contaminants

text: , chemicals, and

text: road salt

text: s. Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater so taking preventative measures by protecting groundwater resources form contamination is an important aspect of water conservation.

text: Hunter Lake concerns, raised by the Army Corps of Engineers in September 2011, included: (a) the age, in years, of the information contained in the original environmental impact study (EIS) submitted by CWLP, (b) changes and additions to EIS law that have taken place since the original EIS was submitted, (c) inadequate consideration of the adaptive re-use of existing Sangamon County gravel pits as a potential water storage capacity alternative, and (d) inadequate consideration of the drilling of groundwater wells into a Central Illinois aquifer or aquifers as a potential alternative supplemental water supply.

text: Substrate with low porosity that permits limited transmission of groundwater is known as an aquitard. An aquiclude is a substrate with porosity that is so low it is virtually impermeable to groundwater.

text: The surrounding area is part of the Hengill central volcano, and is geothermally active and experiences very frequent (usually minor) earthquakes. The town is known for its greenhouses, which are heated by hot water from volcanic hot springs. These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments. Close to the church is a hot spring called Sandhólshver, formed during the violent South Iceland earthquake of 1896. A fenced-off geothermal area in the town has numerous hot springs and fumaroles.

text: The surrounding area is part of the

text: Hengill

text: central

text: volcano

text: , and is

text: geothermal

text: ly active and experiences very frequent (usually minor)

text: earthquake

text: s. The town is known for its

text: greenhouse

text: s, which are heated by hot water from

text: volcanic

text: hot springs

text: . These springs are the site of occurrence of certain

text: extremophile

text: micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments. Close to the church is a

text: hot spring

text: called Sandhólshver, formed during the violent South Iceland earthquake of 1896. A fenced-off geothermal area in the town has numerous

text: hot springs

text: and

text: fumaroles

text: The region is moderately geologically active with a retired geyser and several hot springs. Geothermal exploration at the  Crump Geyser site in 2010 found hot springs with temperatures as high as , two shallow wells with temperatures to , and a parent source of up to .

text: All of these economic practices in the region put pressure on both the quantity and quality of water in the Edwards Aquifer.  A recent study showed that salinity in groundwater wells in the aquifer is high, potentially affected by adjacent, natural salt deposits as well as brine seepage from nearby oil fields.  Additionally, irrigated agriculture is a significant user of the Edwards Aquifer groundwater, with a variety of crops cultivated, including: " vegetables, hay sesame, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, corn, sorghum, wheat, and oats".  Also, the city of San Antonio is located along the eastern edge of the aquifer and was listed as the 7th largest city in the United States by population in 2014.

text: All of these economic practices in the region put pressure on both the quantity and quality of water in the Edwards Aquifer.  A recent study showed that salinity in groundwater wells in the aquifer is high, potentially affected by adjacent, natural salt deposits as well as brine seepage from nearby oil fields.  Additionally, irrigated agriculture is a significant user of the Edwards Aquifer groundwater, with a variety of crops cultivated, including: " vegetables, hay sesame, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, corn, sorghum, wheat, and oats".  Also, the city of

text: San Antonio

text: is located along the eastern edge of the aquifer and was listed as the 7th largest city in the United States by population in 2014.

text: Yampah Hot Springs vapor caves are historic underground steam baths. They are over 100 years old and were used by the Ute Indians as a source of rejuvenation and healing. Today, the vapor caves consist of three adjoining underground rock chambers. Cave temperatures average . The hot springs and mineral caves are tourist attractions and were a main reason for the settlement of Glenwood Springs.

text: Yampah Hot Springs

text: vapor caves are historic underground steam baths. They are over 100 years old and were used by the

text: Ute Indians

text: as a source of rejuvenation and healing. Today, the vapor caves consist of three adjoining underground rock chambers. Cave temperatures average . The hot springs and mineral caves are tourist attractions and were a main reason for the settlement of Glenwood Springs.

text: Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale, containing thousands of hot springs, and approximately 300 to 500 geysers. It is home to half of the world's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins. It is located mostly in Wyoming, USA, with small portions in Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone includes the world's tallest active geyser (Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin), as well as the renowned Old Faithful Geyser, Beehive Geyser, Giantess Geyser, Lion Geyser, Plume Geyser, Aurum Geyser, Castle Geyser, Sawmill Geyser, Grand Geyser, Oblong Geyser, Giant Geyser, Daisy Geyser, Grotto Geyser, Fan & Mortar Geysers, & Riverside Geyser, all in the Upper Geyser Basin which alone contains nearly 180 geysers.

text: Yellowstone is the largest geyser locale, containing thousands of hot springs, and approximately 300 to 500 geysers. It is home to half of the world's total number of geysers in its nine geyser basins. It is located mostly in

text: Wyoming

text: , USA, with small portions in

text: Montana

text: and

text: Idaho

text: . Yellowstone includes the world's tallest active geyser (

text: Steamboat Geyser

text: in

text: Norris Geyser Basin

text: ), as well as the renowned

text: Old Faithful Geyser

text: Beehive Geyser

text: Giantess Geyser

text: Lion Geyser

text: , Plume Geyser, Aurum Geyser,

text: Castle Geyser

text: , Sawmill Geyser,

text: Grand Geyser

text: , Oblong Geyser,

text: Giant Geyser

text: Daisy Geyser

text: Grotto Geyser

text: , Fan & Mortar Geysers, &

text: Riverside Geyser

text: , all in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: which alone contains nearly 180 geysers.

text: Aquifers are critically important in human habitation and agriculture. Deep aquifers in arid areas have long been water sources for irrigation (see Ogallala below). Many villages and even large cities draw their water supply from wells in aquifers.

text: Deep-well injection is a form of disposing of liquid hazardous waste. The liquid waste is pumped into porous limestone or sandstone through a steel casing, and high pressure is applied making the waste permanently stored in the pores and fissures of the rocks. The limestone or sandstone used for injection must be located beneath an impermeable layer of clay or rock at least 0.5 mile below the surface. This option generally does not require pre-treatment of the waste and is one of the more inexpensive options, however it poses a risk of hazardous waste leakage.

text: A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability. While in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.

text: A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s contained in

text: porous

text: or fractured

text: rock formation

text: s. Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and

text: unconventional

text: reservoirs. In case of conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as

text: crude oil

text: or

text: natural gas

text: , are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower

text: permeability

text: . While in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high

text: porosity

text: and low permeability which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a

text: cap rock

text: . Reservoirs are found using

text: hydrocarbon exploration

text: methods.

text: The Ngati Porou East Coast team home ground is Whakarua Park, Ruatoria.   Ngati Porou East Coast were recently holders of the Meads Cup, defeating Wanganui 29-27 at Whakarua Park on 27 October 2012.

text: The Ngati Porou East Coast team home ground is

text: Whakarua Park

text: , Ruatoria.   Ngati Porou East Coast were recently holders of the

text: Meads Cup

text: , defeating Wanganui 29-27 at Whakarua Park on 27 October 2012.

text: Several attempts have been made to exploit the minerals around the Hot Spring without success.  Travertine deposits are described as too porous to be usable.  Some amount of Uranium was discovered by the DOE, but does not appear to have been mined.

text: After years of searching for a radioactive waste disposal site, with 9 past failures, 2005 saw both the selection of Gyeongju, of the North Gyeongsang province by the government and approval of the provincial populace for the site. With a 70% voter turnout there was about 90% approval for hosting of the disposal facility. The site is approximately 2.1 km^2. Data collected during site characterization were used for an assessment of long term performance based partly on its hydrogeological and geochemical characteristics, and groundwater flow modeling. An environmental impact assessment was derived from this data as well. The permeability of the soils underlying the silo site is on the lower bound of the regions values. This is in favor of selecting the site for a storage facility, as lower permeability is correlated to slower movement of groundwater and minerals. The site was approved of by the local people due to increased incentives: the prospect of jobs, the promise of an initial payment of Three hundred billion Won ($270 million) with additional payments of 637,500 Won per waste drum, and the relocation to the city hosting the silo site of the headquarters of the Korean Hydro and nuclear Power

text: After years of searching for a radioactive waste disposal site, with 9 past failures, 2005 saw both the selection of Gyeongju, of the North Gyeongsang province by the government and approval of the provincial populace for the site. With a 70% voter turnout there was about 90% approval for hosting of the disposal facility. The site is approximately 2.1 km^2. Data collected during site characterization were used for an assessment of long term performance based partly on its hydrogeological and geochemical characteristics, and groundwater flow modeling. An environmental impact assessment was derived from this data as well. The permeability of the soils underlying the silo site is on the lower bound of the regions values. This is in favor of selecting the site for a storage facility, as lower permeability is correlated to slower movement of groundwater and minerals. The site was approved of by the local people due to increased incentives: the prospect of jobs, the promise of an initial payment of Three hundred billion

text: Won

text: ($270 million) with additional payments of 637,500 Won per waste drum, and the relocation to the city hosting the silo site of the headquarters of the Korean Hydro and nuclear Power

text: There is lack of research regarding groundwater reserves in Kosovo. Groundwater reserves in Kosovo are mainly located in different formations of rocks. Although these reserves have a high importance for drinking water needs as well as agriculture and industry, they are mainly used through private wells. In the area of the White Drin river basin, there are several groundwater accumulations, which have a total area of 998 km, usable volume of 271x10 m and an estimated total capacity of 511x10 m.

text: There is lack of research regarding

text: groundwater

text: reserves in Kosovo. Groundwater reserves in Kosovo are mainly located in different formations of rocks. Although these reserves have a high importance for drinking water needs as well as

text: agriculture

text: and

text: industry

text: , they are mainly used through private wells. In the area of the

text: White Drin

text: river basin, there are several groundwater accumulations, which have a total area of 998 km, usable volume of 271x10 m and an estimated total capacity of 511x10 m.

text: The hot springs themselves were originally used and revered by the Sts'Ailes (Chehalis) First Nations people who live along the Harrison River nearby. There are two hot springs, the "Potash", with a temperature of 40 °C, and the "Sulphur", with a temperature of 65 °C. According to Harrison Hot Springs Resort, the waters average 1300 ppm of dissolved mineral solids, one of the highest concentrations of any mineral spring.  This hot spring is one of several lining the valley of the Lillooet River and Harrison Lake.  The northernmost of the Lillooet River hot springs is at Meager Creek, north of Whistler, with another well-known one to the east of Whistler at Skookumchuck Hot Springs, midway between Pemberton and Port Douglas.  One feature of this chain of hot springs is that the Harrison Hot Springs vent is the most sulfuric, and there is consistently less sulfur content as one goes northwards, with the springs at Meager Creek having almost no scent at all.

text: The

text: hot springs

text: themselves were originally used and revered by the

text: Sts'Ailes

text: Chehalis

text: ) First Nations people who live along the

text: Harrison River

text: nearby. There are two hot springs, the "Potash", with a temperature of 40 °C, and the "Sulphur", with a temperature of 65 °C. According to Harrison Hot Springs Resort, the waters average 1300 ppm of dissolved mineral solids, one of the highest concentrations of any mineral spring.  This hot spring is one of several lining the valley of the

text: Lillooet River

text: and Harrison Lake.  The northernmost of the Lillooet River hot springs is at

text: Meager Creek

text: , north of

text: Whistler

text: , with another well-known one to the east of Whistler at

text: Skookumchuck Hot Springs

text: , midway between

text: Pemberton

text: and Port Douglas.  One feature of this chain of hot springs is that the Harrison Hot Springs vent is the most sulfuric, and there is consistently less sulfur content as one goes northwards, with the springs at Meager Creek having almost no scent at all.

text: Geological and hydrological studies were conducted in 1946 and the dam location was considered suitable. Due to lack of proper funding, however, the geological study of the region was not thorough. The lithology underlying the dam is a metamorphic rock called gneiss. This rock type is known to be relatively impermeable, meaning that there is no significant groundwater flow within the rock unit, and it does not allow water to penetrate the ground. On the right side (looking down the river), was also rock, and a concrete wing wall was constructed to connect the wall to the ground.

text: Geological and hydrological studies were conducted in 1946 and the dam location was considered suitable. Due to lack of proper funding, however, the geological study of the region was not thorough. The

text: lithology

text: underlying the dam is a

text: metamorphic rock

text: called

text: gneiss

text: . This rock type is known to be relatively

text: impermeable

text: , meaning that there is no significant groundwater flow within the rock unit, and it does not allow water to penetrate the ground. On the right side (looking down the river), was also rock, and a concrete

text: wing wall

text: was constructed to connect the wall to the ground.

text: Porous paving (or pervious paving) is an alternative to conventional impermeable pavement and allows infiltration of runoff water to the soil or to a dedicated water storage reservoir below it In reasonably flat areas such as car parks, driveways and lightly used roads, it decreases the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff and can improve water quality by removing contaminants through filtering, interception and biological treatment. Porous pavements can have several forms and are either monolithic or modular. Monolithic structures consist of a single continuous porous medium such as porous concrete or porous pavement (asphalt) while modular structures include porous pavers individual paving blocks that are constructed so that there is a gap in between each paver. Commercial products that are available are for example, pavements made from special asphalt or concrete containing minimal materials, concrete grid pavements, and concrete ceramic or plastic modular pavements. Porous pavements are usually laid on a very porous material (sand or gravel), underlain by a layer of geotextile material. Maintenance activities vary depending on the type of porous pavement. Generally, inspections and removal of sediment and debris should be undertaken. Modulate pavers can also be lifted, backwashed and replaced when blockages occurs. Generally porous pavement is not suited for areas with heavy traffic loads. Particulates in stormwater can clog pores in the material.

text: Porous paving

text: (or pervious paving) is an alternative to conventional impermeable pavement and allows infiltration of runoff water to the soil or to a dedicated water storage reservoir below it In reasonably flat areas such as car parks, driveways and lightly used roads, it decreases the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff and can improve water quality by removing contaminants through filtering, interception and biological treatment. Porous pavements can have several forms and are either monolithic or modular. Monolithic structures consist of a single continuous porous medium such as porous concrete or porous pavement (asphalt) while modular structures include porous pavers individual paving blocks that are constructed so that there is a gap in between each paver. Commercial products that are available are for example, pavements made from special asphalt or concrete containing minimal materials, concrete grid pavements, and concrete ceramic or plastic modular pavements. Porous pavements are usually laid on a very porous material (sand or gravel), underlain by a layer of

text: geotextile

text: material. Maintenance activities vary depending on the type of porous pavement. Generally, inspections and removal of sediment and debris should be undertaken. Modulate pavers can also be lifted, backwashed and replaced when blockages occurs. Generally porous pavement is not suited for areas with heavy traffic loads. Particulates in stormwater can clog pores in the material.

text: The search for hydrocarbons has also induced pollutants into aquifers and groundwater.

text: OGS helps people understand how to apply the geological knowledge about Ontario to address a range of public policy issues. The OGS is a public good organization. Its geological survey function is mandated by the Ontario Government. OGS has no regulatory responsibility. Ontario's geology includes: a) the rock (bedrock); b) the deposits of sand, gravel, and till left by the glaciers; c) the mineral resources and potential; d) the energy resource potential within the rocks and soils; and e) the groundwater aquifers that contain groundwater resources. An understanding of what is at, and below, our feet is fundamental to human existence on the Earth, to understand the environment and habitats, and our ability to adapt to future changes, such as global warming. This geological knowledge is used to assess Earth resource potential, to attract investment, to ensure the health and safety of Ontario people from geo-hazards, and to plan the present and future use of the land. The OGS also collaborates with Ontario's Aboriginal people to achieve a mutual understanding, mutual respect, and to achieve mutual interests. The OGS is a science-based organization that conducts field studies.

text: OGS helps people understand how to apply the geological knowledge about Ontario to address a range of public policy issues. The OGS is a public good organization. Its geological survey function is mandated by the

text: Ontario Government

text: . OGS has no regulatory responsibility. Ontario's geology includes: a) the rock (

text: bedrock

text: ); b) the deposits of sand, gravel, and till left by the

text: glacier

text: s; c) the mineral resources and potential; d) the energy resource potential within the rocks and soils; and e) the

text: groundwater

text: aquifers

text: that contain groundwater resources. An understanding of what is at, and below, our feet is fundamental to human existence on the Earth, to understand the environment and habitats, and our ability to adapt to future changes, such as global warming. This geological knowledge is used to assess Earth resource potential, to attract investment, to ensure the health and safety of Ontario people from geo-hazards, and to plan the present and future use of the land. The OGS also collaborates with

text: Ontario's Aboriginal people

text: to achieve a mutual understanding, mutual respect, and to achieve mutual interests. The OGS is a science-based organization that conducts

text: field studies

text: Wells was the Assistant Clerk Superior Civil Court of Boston from 1895 to 1901. Wells was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1919. Wells was elected in 1920 to represent the fifth Suffolk Senatorial District of the Massachusetts Senate. Wells was elected Senate President in 1925 and remained President until his retirement in 1928.  Wells died on April 23, 1954 at Massachusetts General Hospital.

text: Wells was the Assistant Clerk Superior Civil Court of Boston from 1895 to 1901. Wells was a member of the

text: Massachusetts House of Representatives

text: in 1919. Wells was elected in 1920 to represent the fifth Suffolk Senatorial District of the

text: Massachusetts Senate

text: . Wells was elected

text: Senate President

text: in 1925 and remained

text: President

text: until his retirement in 1928.  Wells died on April 23, 1954 at Massachusetts General Hospital.

text: Inferno Crater Lake is a large hot spring located in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley on the North Island of New Zealand, and the largest geyser-like feature in the world. The actual geyser is not visible, as it plays underwater at the bottom of the lake, however, fumaroles are visible on the lake's shore and the rock wall behind it.

text: Inferno Crater Lake is a large

text: hot spring

text: located in the

text: Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley

text: on the North Island of

text: New Zealand

text: , and the largest

text: geyser

text: -like feature in the world. The actual geyser is not visible, as it plays underwater at the bottom of the lake, however,

text: fumaroles

text: are visible on the lake's shore and the rock wall behind it.

text: Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

text: Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface

text: pore

text: space of soil and

text: rocks

text: . It is also water that is flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

text: An aquifer is a layer of porous substrate that contains and transmits groundwater. When water can flow directly between the surface and the saturated zone of an aquifer, the aquifer is unconfined. The deeper parts of unconfined aquifers are usually more saturated since gravity causes water to flow downward.

text: In 1903 the Geyser was renamed the Denis J. Swenie.

text: The river has faced serious damage in recent years due to various human activities. Unregulated and excessive sand mining in the riverbed has led to falling groundwater levels in the river basin, besides damaging civil structures on and near the river and has led to both a deepening of the riverbed and deterioration in the quality of groundwater. Restoration activities under the Foundation for Ecological Security through community participation towards maintenance of check dams, curbing grazing and felling of trees has however led to a revival of the river leading to rising groundwater levels and an increase in tree cover. The success with the Papagni is now being seen as a possible model for the rejuvenation of the Arkavathy river in Karnataka.

text: The river has faced serious damage in recent years due to various human activities. Unregulated and excessive

text: sand mining

text: in the

text: riverbed

text: has led to falling

text: groundwater

text: levels in the river basin, besides damaging civil structures on and near the river and has led to both a deepening of the riverbed and deterioration in the quality of groundwater. Restoration activities under the

text: Foundation for Ecological Security

text: through community participation towards maintenance of

text: check dam

text: s, curbing grazing and felling of trees has however led to a revival of the river leading to rising groundwater levels and an increase in tree cover. The success with the Papagni is now being seen as a possible model for the rejuvenation of the

text: Arkavathy river

text: in Karnataka.

text: At the site of the mineral springs, the company has created Parque Salus, a park for visitors that includes a forest area and the industrial installations, often hosting educational visits by schools. The logo of these grounds is a puma. It is related to a local legend about a puma that was drinking from this spring. The puma was said to be the protector of the spring. With the arrival of humans it disappeared, leaving the protection of the spring to them. Visitors can enter the cave of the spring where they can be served cups of water. Drinking from the spring is said to pass to them the spirit of force and vitality of the puma.

text: At the site of the mineral springs, the company has created Parque Salus, a park for visitors that includes a forest area and the industrial installations, often hosting educational visits by schools. The logo of these grounds is a

text: puma

text: . It is related to a local legend about a puma that was drinking from this spring. The puma was said to be the protector of the spring. With the arrival of humans it disappeared, leaving the protection of the spring to them. Visitors can enter the cave of the spring where they can be served cups of water. Drinking from the spring is said to pass to them the spirit of force and vitality of the puma.

text: Besides lowering the amount of water available, mining and other industrial activities release a large amount of hazardous chemicals and heavy metals such as chrome, lead, copper, mercury, and nickel into rivers and municipal sewage systems.  These metals are known to cause cancers and other neurological diseases.  It is estimated that only between 5 and 15 percent of sewage is actually treated, while the remainder is pumped raw into streams and the ocean itself.  Solid industrial waste is often sent to landfills where it is exposed to precipitation and surface runoff.  This ultimately ends up in streams, or worse, the groundwater aquifer where drinking water is obtained.

text: Besides lowering the amount of water available, mining and other

text: industrial

text: activities release a large amount of

text: hazardous chemical

text: s and

text: heavy metals

text: such as

text: chrome

text: lead

text: copper

text: mercury

text: , and

text: nickel

text: into rivers and municipal

text: sewage system

text: s.  These metals are known to cause

text: cancer

text: s and other

text: neurological diseases

text: .  It is estimated that only between 5 and 15 percent of

text: sewage

text: is actually treated, while the remainder is pumped raw into streams and the ocean itself.  Solid

text: industrial waste

text: is often sent to

text: landfill

text: s where it is exposed to

text: precipitation

text: and

text: surface runoff

text: .  This ultimately ends up in streams, or worse, the

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: where

text: drinking water

text: is obtained.

text: The Nubian sandstone complex has a thickness varying from under 500 m to over 3000 m, resting on the Precambrian basement. This is complicated by various structural faults and fold axes traversing the region in a north-eastern direction. Maximum development occurs in the Ain Dalla basin, a downthrown structural block south-west of the Bahariya oasis. Basement features present a dominant control on the complex's structural and sedimentological form. Despite many structural complications, Nubian sandstone likely constitutes a single hydrogeological system west of the Suez Gulf. To the east, on the Sinai peninsula, a second system might exist with some connection to the primary western system in the north. The main western system, extending into Libya and Sudan, consists of a multi-layered artesian basin where massive groundwater reserves accumulated, principally during pluvials of the Quaternary. Locally, carbonate rocks overlying the complex display karst features and are recharged by upwards leaks from the underlying major aquifer. Fluvial and structural interpretations from 2007 show the desert in western Egypt was induced by fluvial action, including recently mapped alluvial fans. In central areas, braided channels are spatially aligned to a north-east structural trend, suggesting preferential water flow paths. Alluvial fans and structurally enclosed channels coincided to gentle slopes and optimal recharge conditions between 1 and 5%, indicating high groundwater potential. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interpretations correlated with anomalies from groundwater in 383 wells, suggesting a connection between the spatial organization of fluvial and structural features with low-salinity groundwater, which exists adjacent to alluvial fans and the south-west reaches of structurally enclosed channels. Wells in the vicinity of structures contained low-salinity water.

text: The Nubian sandstone complex has a thickness varying from under 500 m to over 3000 m, resting on the Precambrian basement. This is complicated by various structural faults and fold axes traversing the region in a north-eastern direction. Maximum development occurs in the Ain Dalla basin, a downthrown structural block south-west of the

text: Bahariya

text: oasis.

text: Basement

text: features present a dominant control on the complex's structural and sedimentological form. Despite many structural complications, Nubian sandstone likely constitutes a single hydrogeological system west of the

text: Suez Gulf

text: . To the east, on the

text: Sinai peninsula

text: , a second system might exist with some connection to the primary western system in the north. The main western system, extending into

text: Libya

text: and Sudan, consists of a multi-layered

text: artesian

text: basin where massive groundwater reserves accumulated, principally during pluvials of the

text: Quaternary

text: . Locally,

text: carbonate

text: rocks overlying the complex display

text: karst

text: features and are recharged by upwards leaks from the underlying major

text: aquifer

text: Fluvial

text: and structural interpretations from 2007 show the desert in western Egypt was induced by fluvial action, including recently mapped

text: alluvial fans

text: . In central areas, braided channels are spatially aligned to a north-east structural trend, suggesting preferential water flow paths. Alluvial fans and structurally enclosed channels coincided to gentle slopes and optimal recharge conditions between 1 and 5%, indicating high groundwater potential.

text: Synthetic Aperture Radar

text: (SAR) interpretations correlated with anomalies from groundwater in 383 wells, suggesting a connection between the spatial organization of fluvial and structural features with low-

text: salinity

text: groundwater, which exists adjacent to alluvial fans and the south-west reaches of structurally enclosed channels. Wells in the vicinity of structures contained low-salinity water.

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

text: Archibald C. Godwin developed The Geysers into a spa named The Geysers Resort Hotel, which attracted tourists including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain. The resort declined in popularity in the mid 1880s, and rebranded itself to appeal to lower-income people. In 1938, the main building was destroyed in a landslide although the bar/restaurant, small cabins and the swimming pool stayed open, despite another fire in March 1957, until about 1979.  Unocal Corporation dismantled the remains of the resort in 1980.

text: Archibald C. Godwin

text: developed The Geysers into a spa named The Geysers Resort Hotel, which attracted tourists including

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: and

text: Mark Twain

text: . The resort declined in popularity in the mid 1880s, and rebranded itself to appeal to lower-income people. In 1938, the main building was destroyed in a landslide although the bar/restaurant, small cabins and the swimming pool stayed open, despite another fire in March 1957, until about 1979.

text: Unocal Corporation

text: dismantled the remains of the resort in 1980.

text: Ojaotsa springs, also known as Serga springs are springs in Meremäe village in Estonia. They are the source for Tuhkvitsa Stream. Springs might potentially be rising springs forming a travertine deposit. Ojaotsa springs belong to the pre-selection of Natura 2000 nature conservation areas, they have 10 openings of groundwater and a rate of flow of 150 litres per second.

text: Ojaotsa springs, also known as Serga springs are springs in

text: Meremäe

text: village in

text: Estonia

text: . They are the source for

text: Tuhkvitsa Stream

text: . Springs might potentially be rising springs forming a

text: travertine

text: deposit. Ojaotsa springs belong to the pre-selection of

text: Natura 2000

text: nature conservation areas, they have 10 openings of groundwater and a rate of flow of 150 litres per second.

text: All surface runoff and groundwater from Schoonmaker Point drain toward the northeast to San Francisco Bay.

text: All

text: surface runoff

text: and

text: groundwater

text: from Schoonmaker Point drain toward the northeast to San Francisco Bay.

text: Becoming increasingly well-known, the Argentine Dept. of Agriculture commissioned University of Buenos Aires Chemistry Professor Hercules Corti to study the springs. Completing his report in 1918, Dr. Corti confirmed that the Río Hondo Hot Springs were among the most therapeutic on earth and, coming at a time when mineral springs were becoming a leading destination for "health tourism", Río Hondo quickly began attracting visitors from all over Argentina.  Set aside as a public resort in 1932, the first formal hotel facilities were opened in the late 1940s and they are, today, the world's second-most visited mineral hot springs, after the ones in Reykjavik, Iceland.

text: Becoming increasingly well-known, the Argentine Dept. of Agriculture commissioned

text: University of Buenos Aires

text: Chemistry Professor Hercules Corti to study the springs. Completing his report in 1918, Dr. Corti confirmed that the

text: Río Hondo Hot Springs

text: were among the most therapeutic on earth and, coming at a time when mineral springs were becoming a leading destination for "

text: health tourism

text: ", Río Hondo quickly began attracting visitors from all over Argentina.  Set aside as a public resort in 1932, the first formal hotel facilities were opened in the late 1940s and they are, today, the world's second-most visited mineral

text: hot spring

text: s, after the ones in

text: Reykjavik

text: Iceland

text: In response to public outcry, most pro-Auburn Dam groups now recommend the construction of a "dry dam", or one that purely supports the purpose of flood control. Such a dam would stand empty most of the year, but during a flood the excess flow would pool temporarily behind the dam instead of flowing straight through, and therefore the dam could still provide flood control while leaving the American River canyons dry for most of the year (hence "dry"). Water would be impounded for only a few days or weeks each year instead of all year long, minimizing damage on the local environment. The dam would be built to protect against a 500-year flood. Also, with the construction of a "dry" Auburn Dam, Folsom Lake could be kept at a higher level throughout the year because of reduced flood-control pressure, therefore facilitating recreational access to the reservoir. Finally, regulations in flow could help groundwater recharge efforts; the lower Sacramento Valley aquifer is acknowledged as severely depleted.

text: In response to public outcry, most pro-Auburn Dam groups now recommend the construction of a "dry dam", or one that purely supports the purpose of flood control. Such a dam would stand empty most of the year, but during a flood the excess flow would pool temporarily behind the dam instead of flowing straight through, and therefore the dam could still provide flood control while leaving the American River canyons dry for most of the year (hence "dry"). Water would be impounded for only a few days or weeks each year instead of all year long, minimizing damage on the local environment. The dam would be built to protect against a 500-year flood. Also, with the construction of a "dry" Auburn Dam, Folsom Lake could be kept at a higher level throughout the year because of reduced flood-control pressure, therefore facilitating recreational access to the reservoir. Finally, regulations in flow could help

text: groundwater recharge

text: efforts; the lower Sacramento Valley aquifer is acknowledged as severely depleted.

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines,

text: coral reef

text: s, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as

text: Tubli Bay

text: . The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the

text: Dammam Aquifer

text: , the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its

text: salinisation

text: by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of

text: sabkha

text: water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

text: According to a study conducted by the University of Thessaloniki, the saline hot mineral springs of Icaria contain the largest concentration of radon in Greece, being also among the most radioactive springs in the world.

text: According to a study conducted by the

text: University of Thessaloniki

text: , the saline hot mineral springs of Icaria contain the largest concentration of

text: radon

text: in Greece, being also among the most radioactive springs in the world.

text: Bathhouse Row is a collection of bathhouses, associated buildings, and gardens located at Hot Springs National Park in the city of Hot Springs, Arkansas. The bathhouses were included in 1832 when the Federal Government took over four parcels of land to preserve 47 natural hot springs, their mineral waters which lack the sulphur odor of most hot springs, and their area of origin on the lower slopes of Hot Springs Mountain.

text: Bathhouse Row is a collection of bathhouses, associated buildings, and gardens located at

text: Hot Springs National Park

text: in the city of

text: Hot Springs, Arkansas

text: . The bathhouses were included in 1832 when the Federal Government took over four parcels of land to preserve 47 natural

text: hot spring

text: s, their

text: mineral water

text: s which lack the

text: sulphur

text: odor of most hot springs, and their area of origin on the lower slopes of Hot Springs Mountain.

text: Atomizer Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin (Old Faithful area) of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Atomizer Geyser is part of the Old Road Group which includes Artemisia Geyser, a short distance down the Firehole River from Old Faithful and other major Upper Basin geysers. The geyser is named for a fine mist resembling the spray from an atomizer that is ejected during major eruptions.

text: Atomizer Geyser is a cone

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: Old Faithful

text: area) of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Atomizer Geyser is part of the Old Road Group which includes

text: Artemisia Geyser

text: , a short distance down the

text: Firehole River

text: from

text: Old Faithful

text: and other major Upper Basin geysers. The geyser is named for a fine mist resembling the spray from an

text: atomizer

text: that is ejected during major eruptions.

text: More than a month after the first discovery of the groundwater contamination, TEPCO made a start to contain the radioactive groundwater. They assumed that the radioactivity had escaped early in the beginning of the disaster in 2011, but NRA-experts had serious doubts about their assumption. According to them, other sources could not be excluded. Numerous pipes were running everywhere on the reactor grounds to cool the reactors and decontaminate the water used, and leaks could be anywhere. This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows, and spread the contamination even more. Besides that, TEPCO had plans for pumping groundwater. At that time the turbine-buildings of reactor nr.2 and nr.3 contained 5000 and 6000 cubic meter highly radioactive water. With wells in contact with the turbine-buildings, this could spread the radioactivity into the ground. The NRA announced that it would form a task force to find the leaks and to block the flow of the groundwater to the coastline, because the NRA suspected that the groundwater was leaking into the sea.

text: Today the major water source for Beijing municipality is groundwater, which accounts for about 75 percent of water use. The safe yield of the aquifer is estimated at between 2 and 2.5 billion cubic meter per year, depending on rainfall. Thus abstraction is greater than the replenishment of the aquifer, resulting in a decline of the groundwater table. In addition, groundwater infiltration has declined because urban areas have been increasingly built up, sealing the surface.

text: Clepsydra Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Clepsydra Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: India currently stores only 30 days of rainfall, while developed nations strategically store 900 days worth of water demand in arid areas river basins and reservoirs. India’s dam reservoirs store only 200 cubic meters per person. India also relies excessively on groundwater, which accounts for over 50 percent of irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed. About 15 percent of India’s food is being produced using rapidly depleting groundwater. The end of the era of massive expansion in groundwater use is going to demand greater reliance on surface water supply systems. Proponents of the project suggest India's water situation is already critical, and it needs sustainable development and management of surface water and groundwater usage.

text: Geysers are temporary geological features. Geysers are generally associated with volcanic areas. As the water boils, the resulting pressure forces a superheated column of steam and water to the surface through the geyser's internal plumbing. The formation of geysers specifically requires the combination of three geologic conditions that are usually found in volcanic terrain.

text: Beginning in 1924, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) began an effort to number America's "auto trails" such as the Geysers-to-Glaciers Highway. A numbering system was proposed in 1925, and the Secretary of Agriculture (who had supervision over federal highway naming at the time) approved the system on November 18, 1925. The Geysers-to-Glaciers Highway from Great Falls to Helena was now the northern terminus of U.S. Route 91—a transnational highway that extended into Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California, and terminated at Long Beach, California.

text: Beginning in 1924, the

entity_name: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

text: American Association of State Highway Officials

text: (AASHO) began an effort to number America's "

text: auto trail

text: s" such as the Geysers-to-Glaciers Highway. A numbering system was proposed in 1925, and the

text: Secretary of Agriculture

text: (who had supervision over federal highway naming at the time) approved the system on November 18, 1925. The Geysers-to-Glaciers Highway from Great Falls to Helena was now the northern terminus of

text: U.S. Route 91

text: —a transnational highway that extended into

text: Idaho

text: Utah

text: Arizona

text: Nevada

text: , and

text: California

text: , and terminated at

text: Long Beach, California

text: Under the action of stress conditions and high overburden pressure occurs a significant reduction in permeability in the near wellbore zone, in some cases close to zero. Oil or gas flow can not penetrate to the well. Traditional methods of opening the productive layer formation (cumulative, jet perforation, sand jet perforation, abrasive jetting perforation and other similar methods) did not consider this complicated situation in the near-well zone and therefore was not the effective. Porous and fractured formations are subjected to compression, that deforms the rock mass and reduces its permeability. The greater the depth, the stronger the effect can be.

text: For salinity control in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface drainage system and disposed of through a safe outlet. The drainage system may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes, tile drains or ditches) or vertical (drainage by wells). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of a groundwater model with an agro-hydro-salinity component may be instrumental, e.g. SahysMod.

text: For

text: salinity control

text: in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface

text: drainage system

text: and disposed of through a safe outlet. The drainage system may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes,

text: tile drains

text: or ditches) or vertical (

text: drainage by wells

text: ). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of a

text: groundwater model

text: with an agro-hydro-salinity component may be instrumental, e.g.

text: SahysMod

text: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater around the world. Just as river waters have been over-used and polluted in many parts of the world, so too have aquifers. The big difference is that aquifers are out of sight. The other major problem is that water management agencies, when calculating the "sustainable yield" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the Council of Australian Governments water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.

text: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater around the world. Just as river waters have been over-used and

text: polluted

text: in many parts of the world, so too have aquifers. The big difference is that aquifers are out of sight. The other major problem is that water management agencies, when calculating the "sustainable yield" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the

text: Council of Australian Governments

text: water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.

text: Many natural substances such as rocks and soil (e.g., aquifers, petroleum reservoirs), zeolites, biological tissues (e.g. bones, wood, cork), and man made materials such as cements and ceramics can be considered as porous media. Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media.

text: Many natural substances such as

text: rocks

text: and

text: soil

text: (e.g.,

text: aquifer

text: s,

text: petroleum reservoir

text: s),

text: zeolite

text: s,

text: biological tissue

text: s (e.g.

text: bone

text: s,

text: wood

text: cork

text: ), and man made materials such as

text: cement

text: s and

text: ceramic

text: s can be considered as porous media. Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media.

text: The story opens with a bang and a splash: an underground spring erupts in a geyser that blasts Mandy into the sky. The force propels her across the Deadly Desert to Oz; she lands in the little principality of Keretaria in the Munchkin Country, her impact cushioned by the power of a magic blue daisy. Mandy finds a silver hammer, and meets a white ox with golden horns; she blunders into the court of King Kerr of Keretaria and his courtiers. They are outraged by the intrusion of such an outlandish figure — for Mandy has seven arms and hands. As Mandy explains,

text: The story opens with a bang and a splash: an underground spring erupts in a geyser that blasts Mandy into the sky. The force propels her across the Deadly Desert to Oz; she lands in the little principality of Keretaria in the

text: Munchkin Country

text: , her impact cushioned by the power of a magic blue daisy. Mandy finds a silver hammer, and meets a white ox with golden horns; she blunders into the court of King Kerr of Keretaria and his courtiers. They are outraged by the intrusion of such an outlandish figure — for Mandy has seven arms and hands. As Mandy explains,

text: The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods in the Snake River Plain also had a lasting effect on most of the middle Snake River. The high hydraulic conductivity of the mostly-basalt rocks in the plain led to the formation of the Snake River Aquifer, one of the most productive aquifers in North America. Many rivers and streams flowing from the north side of the plain sink into the aquifer instead of flowing into the Snake River, a group of watersheds called the lost streams of Idaho. The aquifer filled to hold nearly  of water, underlying about  in a plume  thick. In places, water exits from rivers at rates of nearly . Much of the water lost by the Snake River as it transects the plain issues back into the river at its western end, by way of many artesian springs.

text: The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods in the Snake River Plain also had a lasting effect on most of the middle Snake River. The high

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: of the mostly-

text: basalt

text: rocks in the plain led to the formation of the

text: Snake River Aquifer

text: , one of the most productive aquifers in North America. Many rivers and streams flowing from the north side of the plain sink into the aquifer instead of flowing into the Snake River, a group of watersheds called the

text: lost streams of Idaho

text: . The aquifer filled to hold nearly  of water, underlying about  in a plume  thick. In places, water exits from rivers at rates of nearly . Much of the water lost by the Snake River as it transects the plain issues back into the river at its western end, by way of many

text: artesian

text: spring

text: s.

text: Tallest cold-water geyser in the world

text: Tallest

text: cold-water geyser

text: in the world

text: The KGS recently completed a modeling study of the High Plains aquifer in southwestern Kansas for the area in GMD 3, one of the state's five Groundwater Management Districts. The model is used by Kansas water agencies to assess the impact of pumping reductions on groundwater availability in that portion of the aquifer. The U.S. Department of Energy is funding another KGS project on the integrated use of surface and subsurface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for measuring and mapping saturated hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The U.S. Geological Survey helped fund a KGS study on aquifer storage and recovery in near-surface aquifers through the development of a new recharge approach using small-diameter low-cost wells. The KGS also continues work with Michigan State University and others as part of an NSF-funded study to model the entire High Plains aquifer.

text: The KGS recently completed a modeling study of the High Plains aquifer in southwestern Kansas for the area in GMD 3, one of the state's five Groundwater Management Districts. The model is used by Kansas water agencies to assess the impact of pumping reductions on groundwater availability in that portion of the aquifer. The U.S. Department of Energy is funding another KGS project on the integrated use of surface and subsurface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for measuring and mapping saturated hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: helped fund a KGS study on aquifer storage and recovery in near-surface aquifers through the development of a new recharge approach using small-diameter low-cost wells. The KGS also continues work with Michigan State University and others as part of an NSF-funded study to model the entire High Plains aquifer.

text: Fountain Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Fountain Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Hunter's Hot Springs (renamed Geyser Hot Springs in 2000) are natural geothermal springs located in Lake County, Oregon, United States,  north of Lakeview.  The springs are named after Harry Hunter, who bought the springs in 1923.  The best known feature within the geothermal area is Old Perpetual, which was once Oregon's only continuously erupting geyser. The geyser was formed as a result of a well drilling attempt while Hunter was developing a health resort at the springs.

text: Hunter's Hot Springs (renamed Geyser Hot Springs in 2000) are natural

text: geothermal

text: springs located in

text: Lake County

text: Oregon

text: , United States,  north of

text: Lakeview

text: .  The springs are named after Harry Hunter, who bought the springs in 1923.  The best known feature within the geothermal area is Old Perpetual, which was once Oregon's only continuously erupting

text: geyser

text: . The geyser was formed as a result of a well drilling attempt while Hunter was developing a health resort at the springs.

text: The available space for air and moisture in wood depends on the density and porosity of wood. Porosity is the volume fraction of void space in a solid. The porosity is reported to be 1.2 to 4.6% of dry volume of wood cell wall (Siau, 1984). On the other hand, permeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids are transported through a porous solid under the influence of some driving forces, e.g. capillary pressure gradient or moisture gradient. It is clear that solids must be porous to be permeable, but it does not necessarily follow that all porous bodies are permeable. Permeability can only exist if the void spaces are interconnected by openings. For example, a hardwood may be permeable because there is intervessel pitting with openings in the membranes (Keey et al., 2000). If these membranes are occluded or encrusted, or if the pits are aspirated, the wood assumes a closed-cell structure and may be virtually impermeable. The density is also important for impermeable hardwoods because more cell-wall material is traversed per unit distance, which offers increased resistance to diffusion (Keey et al., 2000). Hence lighter woods, in general, dry more rapidly than do the heavier woods. The transport of fluids is often bulk flow (momentum transfer) for permeable softwoods at high temperature while diffusion occurs for impermeable hardwoods (Siau, 1984). These mechanisms are discussed below.

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant

text: plume

text: within an

text: aquifer

text: . Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with

text: groundwater wells

text: or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

text: The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system. It is located underground in the Eastern end of the Sahara Desert and spans the political boundaries of four countries in north-eastern Africa. NSAS covers a land area spanning just over two million km, including north-western Sudan, north-eastern Chad, south-eastern Libya, and most of Egypt. Containing an estimated 150,000 km of groundwater, the significance of the NSAS as a potential water resource for future development programs in these countries is extraordinary. Recently the Great Man-made River Project (GMMR) in Libya began extracting substantial amounts of water from this aquifer, removing an estimated 2.4 km per year. This system is primarily used to supply water in the Kufra oasis.

text: The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known

text: fossil water

text: aquifer

text: system. It is located underground in the Eastern end of the

text: Sahara Desert

text: and spans the political boundaries of four countries in north-eastern

text: Africa

text: . NSAS covers a land area spanning just over two million km, including north-western

text: Sudan

text: , north-eastern

text: Chad

text: , south-eastern

text: Libya

text: , and most of

text: Egypt

text: . Containing an estimated 150,000 km of

text: groundwater

text: , the significance of the NSAS as a potential

text: water resource

text: for future development programs in these countries is extraordinary. Recently the

text: Great Man-made River Project (GMMR)

text: in Libya began extracting substantial amounts of water from this aquifer, removing an estimated 2.4 km per year. This system is primarily used to supply water in the

text: Kufra

text: oasis.

text: [[File:Monticello, Arkansas Water Treatment Plant.jpg|right|thumb|Well #3 and water treatment works, Monticello]]The Arkansas Water Well Construction Commission (AWWCC) regulates the development of groundwater supplies to provide safe water for public consumption, and Act 855 of 2003 (ACA §17–50–401 et seq.) provides a means of holding persons who violate Arkansas law regarding water-well construction accountable for their actions. AWWCC licenses water-well contractors and registers drillers, pump installers,and their apprentices. The rules and regulations of the Arkansas Water Well Construction Commission (2011) provide minimum standards for the construction and abandonment of water wells (that is, water supply, geothermal, and monitoring) so that groundwater is protected from contamination. Water-well contractors must file a well-completion report for each well. Well-completion data are maintained in an ANRC database that is linked to the USGS water-use database (http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/).

text: Due to the very high groundwater fluctuations and despite the lack of space, a sealed ground water lake with a high water table was built. The lakes water-impermeable layers (tertiary) are sealed around and create a dense run off trough. To avoid groundwater damming, three basic water transfers (culverts) were built allow water to transfer from south to north, and in addition to the run off area, the groundwater is pumped out of the ground in the other surrounding areas and flows in to the lake. Through an overflow area at the western end of the lake, the access water is purified in the infiltration basin and fed into the ground water. Through the exchange of water, a consistent water quality can be ensured.

text: Due to the very high

text: groundwater

text: fluctuations and despite the lack of space, a sealed ground water lake with a high water table was built. The lakes water-impermeable layers (

text: tertiary

text: ) are sealed around and create a dense run off trough. To avoid groundwater damming, three basic water transfers (

text: culvert

text: s) were built allow water to transfer from south to north, and in addition to the run off area, the groundwater is pumped out of the ground in the other surrounding areas and flows in to the lake. Through an overflow area at the western end of the lake, the access water is purified in the infiltration basin and fed into the ground water. Through the exchange of water, a consistent water quality can be ensured.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a vegan in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a

text: vegan

text: in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: Flash steam stations pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 °C, usually more. This is the most common type of station in operation today. Flash Steam plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 °F (182). The hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam. The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir, making this a potentially sustainable resource. At The Geysers in California, twenty years of power production had depleted the groundwater and operations were substantially reduced. To restore some of the former capacity, water injection was developed.

text: Flash steam stations pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 °C, usually more. This is the most common type of station in operation today. Flash Steam plants use geothermal reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 °F (182). The hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam. The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir, making this a potentially sustainable resource. At

text: The Geysers

text: in California, twenty years of power production had depleted the groundwater and operations were substantially reduced. To restore some of the former capacity, water injection was developed.

text: Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The down hole pressure in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristic of the source rock. Natural gas (mostly methane) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature.  This dissolved gas often evolves as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick or in an uncontrolled blowout.  The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.

text: Petroleum

text: or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of

text: hydrocarbons

text: of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in

text: geologic formation

text: s beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The down hole pressure in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristic of the

text: source rock

text: Natural gas

text: (mostly

text: methane

text: ) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature.  This dissolved gas often evolves as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick or in an uncontrolled blowout.  The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.

text: Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most rocks, and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of faulting. Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of sediment transport that occurs on the surface of the earth. Deposition of transported sediment forms many types of sedimentary rocks, which make up the geologic record of Earth history.

text: Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most

text: rocks

text: , and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of

text: faulting

text: . Water in the

text: mantle

text: is responsible for the melt that produces

text: volcano

text: es at

text: subduction zone

text: s. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical

text: weathering

text: processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of

text: sediment transport

text: that occurs on the surface of the earth.

text: Deposition

text: of transported sediment forms many types of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, which make up the

text: geologic record

text: of

text: Earth history

text: High concentrations of pesticides and heavy metals found inside the factory as well as in the groundwater outside. Tests showed groundwater in areas even three km from the factory contained almost 40 times more pesticides than Indian standards permitted.

text: High concentrations of

text: pesticides

text: and

text: heavy metals

text: found inside the factory as well as in the groundwater outside. Tests showed groundwater in areas even three km from the factory contained almost 40 times more pesticides than Indian standards permitted.

text: The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is California's first real attempt to regulate and manage the use of groundwater. Groundwater in California is an essential reserve used to alleviate the demand of surface water in drought years. With the reliance of groundwater being heavily demanded by not only California's agricultural industry but also its residents, sustainable management of groundwater is a crucial step in order to further conserve the depleting resource. Support for the act steams from the goal of avoiding negative impacts of lowering the water table and subsidence throughout California with implementing specific measurable objectives. California has had a long history of complex water rights dealing with the ownership and management of surface water. Groundwater has stayed under the regulation radar and California has seen the consequences with the overdraft of vital basins and the subsidence of land taking place throughout the central valley. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is giving responsibility to both state authority and local oversight to bring groundwater basins in California to sustainable yields within a given time period.

text: An aquifer, according to the Oxford dictionary is a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater. Aquifer Susceptibility is the inherent ability of a formation to accept and transmit liquids (potentially including contaminates). Certain areas of the United States are becoming more reliant on groundwater to meet the needs of the population.

text: An

text: aquifer

text: , according to the Oxford dictionary is a body of

text: permeable

text: rock that can contain or transmit groundwater. Aquifer Susceptibility is the inherent ability of a formation to accept and transmit liquids (potentially including contaminates). Certain areas of the United States are becoming more reliant on groundwater to meet the needs of the population.

text: Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in, and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.

text: Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a

text: source rock

text: rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, a

text: porous

text: and

text: permeable

text: reservoir rock for it to accumulate in, and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as

text: reservoirs

text: ) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an

text: oil field

text: forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by

text: drill

text: ing and

text: pump

text: ing.

text: The SGMA determined 43 high priority groundwater basins and 84medium priority groundwater basins, totaling 127 basins and accounting for 96 percent of the groundwater used in the state. These basins must adopt groundwater management plans by 2020 or 2022 (depending on the basin) and have until 2040 or 2042 to attain groundwater sustainability.

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface

text: water pollution

text: . By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

text: radionuclide

text: contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

text: plume

text: Daisy Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Daisy Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the Cascade Range and the Basin and Range Province in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock stratigraphy in the area includes volcanic deposits, volcanic ejecta, and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general hydrologic layers: 1) Highly permeable basalt with an older depositional age serving as the principle aquifer, 2) fluvial deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale. Artesian wells discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and Klamath River flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the

text: Cascade Range

text: and the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock

text: stratigraphy

text: in the area includes volcanic deposits,

text: volcanic ejecta

text: , and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general

text: hydrologic

text: layers: 1) Highly permeable

text: basalt

text: with an older depositional age serving as the principle

text: aquifer

text: , 2)

text: fluvial

text: deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale.

text: Artesian wells

text: discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and

text: Klamath River

text: flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. Abstracting from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources.

text: Abstracting

text: from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

text: This philosophy rejects traditional western distinctions between natural and man made environments.Architecture is simply a physical extension of human kind and must, according to Patterson, create or extend the sense of belonging people feel towards what they inhabit, this could be explained as form following whanau.Patterson has been vocal in pushing for greater use of indigenous New Zealand stories and symbols in the design of public buildings.An emphasis on belonging logically creates a sense of identity to a place and, correspondingly, a sense of identity in the users or inhabitants of a place. The Geyser building is an example.Patterson’s uses a pattern derived from the tassles of the korowai or traditional Māori cloak on the façade of the Geyser building. His interest in Māori culture is also evident in the Anvil building which used "cloud forms as conceptual drivers" relating to the Māori creation myth of Ranginui and Papatuanuku.

text: This philosophy rejects traditional western distinctions between natural and

text: man made environments

text: .Architecture is simply a physical extension of human kind and must, according to Patterson, create or extend the sense of belonging people feel towards what they inhabit, this could be explained as form following

text: whanau

text: .Patterson has been vocal in pushing for greater use of

text: indigenous New Zealand

text: stories and

text: symbols

text: in the design of public buildings.An emphasis on belonging logically creates a sense of identity to a place and, correspondingly, a sense of identity in the users or inhabitants of a place. The Geyser building is an example.Patterson’s uses a pattern derived from the tassles of the

text: korowai

text: or traditional Māori cloak on the

text: façade

text: of the Geyser building. His interest in Māori culture is also evident in the Anvil building which used "cloud forms as conceptual drivers" relating to the Māori creation myth of

text: Ranginui and Papatuanuku

text: Groundwater is used by industries (35% of wells), private homes and apartment buildings (25%) and services (24%). The amount of groundwater recharge and abstraction is not well known, but its recharge is estimated at 15m3/s and extraction at 10m3/s, and it is expected to increase. The increasing use of groundwater is a result of SABESP's pricing policy that is not conducive to conservation and a lack of monitoring and control of groundwater use. In municipalities where water and sanitation is supplied not by Sabesp but by local government, the government's lack of ability in expanding water supply exacerbates the exploitation of groundwater resources. There is a high threat of groundwater contamination, especially in the Eastern part of the Alto Tietê.

text: Groundwater is used by industries (35% of wells), private homes and apartment buildings (25%) and services (24%). The amount of

text: groundwater recharge

text: and abstraction is not well known, but its recharge is estimated at 15m3/s and extraction at 10m3/s, and it is expected to increase. The increasing use of groundwater is a result of SABESP's pricing policy that is not conducive to conservation and a lack of monitoring and control of groundwater use. In municipalities where water and sanitation is supplied not by Sabesp but by local government, the government's lack of ability in expanding water supply exacerbates the exploitation of groundwater resources. There is a high threat of groundwater contamination, especially in the Eastern part of the

text: Alto Tietê

text: Because of Hot Springs State Park, tourism is of considerable economic importance to Thermopolis. A state maintained herd of American Bison reside in Hot Springs State Park, which extends into the northeast corner of town. Two hot mineral water concessions with numerous water slides and other attractions, the Teepee Pools, Teepee Fountain and Star Plunge are located within the park. Two hotels, Days Inn-Safari Club and Best Western-Plaza Inn, are also in the park. Other tourism-related businesses in and near the town include the Downtown Thermopolis Historic District, the Hot Springs County Museum and Cultural Center and the Wind River Canyon Whitewater Rafting. Thermopolis (indeed, all of Hot Springs County) levies a 4% lodging tax for boarders in county hotels and motels.

text: Because of Hot Springs State Park, tourism is of considerable economic importance to Thermopolis. A state maintained herd of

text: American Bison

text: reside in

text: Hot Springs State Park

text: , which extends into the northeast corner of town. Two hot mineral water concessions with numerous water slides and other attractions, the Teepee Pools,

text: Teepee Fountain

text: and Star Plunge are located within the park. Two hotels, Days Inn-Safari Club and Best Western-Plaza Inn, are also in the park. Other tourism-related businesses in and near the town include the

text: Downtown Thermopolis Historic District

text: , the Hot Springs County Museum and Cultural Center and the

text: Wind River Canyon Whitewater

text: Rafting. Thermopolis (indeed, all of

text: Hot Springs County

text: ) levies a 4% lodging tax for boarders in county hotels and motels.

text: Serpentine Hot Springs was originally described by Arthur J. Collier in U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin (1902). Collier noted that Charles McLennan, who with a dog team and Inupiat assistants, was probably the first white man to reach the hot springs in May, 1900. McLennan may have staked a mining claim nearby but left the country by September, 1901. Another miner, John Sirene, built a cabin and maintained a garden at the springs. Miners used the area intermittently until around 1915, when prospectors built a cabin, bathhouse, and a bathing pool that was 10 to 12 feet in diameter nearby. A runway may have been constructed in 1923 and a bunkhouse was dragged in by Alaska Road Commission workers in 1949. In 1953, the nearby village of Shishmaref received $53,000 in state funds to construct a public bath house.

text: Rocks normally decrease in porosity with age and depth of burial. Tertiary age Gulf Coast sandstones are in general more porous than Cambrian age sandstones. There are exceptions to this rule, usually because of the depth of burial and thermal history.

text: Rocks normally decrease in porosity with age and depth of burial.

text: Tertiary

text: age

text: Gulf Coast

text: sandstones are in general more porous than

text: Cambrian

text: age sandstones. There are exceptions to this rule, usually because of the depth of burial and thermal history.

text: and impermeable (closed) otherwise. The sites and bonds may be interpreted as holes and randomly distributed channels of a porous medium.

text: Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in Iceland, it is home to some famous geysers in the world. Geysers and hot springs are distributed all over the island. Many of the geysers are located in Haukadalur. Geysers are known to have existed in at least a dozen other areas on the island. The Great Geysir, which first erupted in the 14th century, gave rise to the word geyser. By 1896, Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day, but in 1916, eruptions all but ceased. Throughout much of the 20th century, eruptions, usually following earthquakes, did happen from time to time. Some man-made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions. Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened the giant for a time but it is not currently erupting regularly. The nearby Strokkur geyser erupts every 5–8 minutes to a height of some .

text: Due to the high rate of volcanic activity in Iceland, it is home to some famous geysers in the world. Geysers and hot springs are distributed all over the island. Many of the geysers are located in

text: Haukadalur

text: . Geysers are known to have existed in at least a dozen other areas on the island.

text: The Great Geysir

text: , which first erupted in the 14th century, gave rise to the word

text: geyser

text: . By 1896, Geysir was almost dormant before an earthquake that year caused eruptions to begin again, occurring several times a day, but in 1916, eruptions all but ceased. Throughout much of the 20th century, eruptions, usually following earthquakes, did happen from time to time. Some man-made improvements were made to the spring and eruptions were forced with soap on special occasions. Earthquakes in June 2000 subsequently reawakened the giant for a time but it is not currently erupting regularly. The nearby

text: Strokkur

text: geyser erupts every 5–8 minutes to a height of some .

text: Mineral springs in the High Alleghenies attracted Native Americans and 18th century white settlers and provided a modest incentive to the local economy. The spas developing around these geological features include celebrated resorts that continue to cater to an exclusive clientele, such as The Greenbrier (White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia; hotel built 1858) and The Homestead (Hot Springs, Virginia; original lodge built 1766).

text: Mineral springs

text: in the High Alleghenies attracted Native Americans and 18th century white settlers and provided a modest incentive to the local economy. The spas developing around these geological features include celebrated resorts that continue to cater to an exclusive clientele, such as

text: The Greenbrier

text: White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia

text: ; hotel built 1858) and

text: The Homestead

text: Hot Springs, Virginia

text: ; original lodge built 1766).

text: The strong discharge of groundwater from the spring has created an area of peatland or karst fen. The vast majority of peat is located in the high-rainfall regions of the northern hemisphere and its occurrence in South Africa is rare. The spring is fed by water issuing from a system of interlinked dolomitic aquifers or compartments. Four of the nine compartments which feed the Wonderfonteinspruit are affected by deep level gold mining. Large-scale pumping of water has led to a lowering of the groundwater table by up to 1000 metres, the trapping of uranium-bearing tailings in caves and sinkholes, the discharge of pollutants into the Wonderfonteinspruit, and seepage from tailings into the aquifer beneath.

text: The rule of capture or  law of capture is common law from England, adopted by a number of U.S. jurisdictions, that establishes a rule of non-liability and ownership of captured natural resources including groundwater, oil, gas, and game animals.  The general rule is that the first person to "capture" such a resource owns that resource. For example, a landowner who extracts or “captures” groundwater, oil, or gas from a well that bottoms within the subsurface of his land acquires absolute ownership of the substance, even if it is drained from the subsurface of another’s land. The landowner that captures the substance owes no duty of care to other landowners. For example, a water well owner may dry up wells owned by adjacent landowners without fear of liability, unless the groundwater was withdrawn for malicious purposes, the groundwater was not put to a beneficial use without waste, or (in Texas) "such conduct is a proximate cause of the subsidence of the land of others". A corollary of this rule is that a person who drills for groundwater, oil, or gas may not extract the substance from a well that bottoms within the subsurface estate of another by drilling on a slant.

text: The rule of capture or  law of capture is common law from England, adopted by a number of U.S. jurisdictions, that establishes a rule of non-liability and ownership of captured natural resources including

text: groundwater

text: oil

text: gas

text: , and

text: game animals

text: .  The general rule is that the first person to "capture" such a resource owns that resource. For example, a landowner who extracts or “captures” groundwater, oil, or gas from a well that bottoms within the subsurface of his land acquires absolute ownership of the substance, even if it is drained from the subsurface of another’s land. The landowner that captures the substance owes no duty of care to other landowners. For example, a water well owner may dry up wells owned by adjacent landowners without fear of liability, unless the groundwater was withdrawn for malicious purposes, the groundwater was not put to a beneficial use without waste, or (in Texas) "such conduct is a proximate cause of the subsidence of the land of others". A corollary of this rule is that a person who drills for groundwater, oil, or gas may not extract the substance from a well that bottoms within the subsurface estate of another by drilling on a slant.

text: Pump Geyser is a cone geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is in the Geyser Hill Complex which includes Aurum Geyser, Beehive Geyser, Big Cub Geyser. Doublet Pool, Giantess Geyser and Lion Geyser, among others.

text: Pump Geyser is a cone

text: geyser

text: located in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: . It is in the Geyser Hill Complex which includes

text: Aurum Geyser

text: Beehive Geyser

text: Big Cub Geyser

text: Doublet Pool

text: Giantess Geyser

text: and

text: Lion Geyser

text: , among others.

text: Chalk is a highly porous and permeable rock and rain falling onto chalk topography percolates directly into the ground, where the chalk acts as an aquifer. The groundwater flows through the chalk bedrock, re-emerging lower down the slope in springs. The chalk acts as a temporary reservoir by regulating the amount of water supplied to the springs. This is why many chalk streams in the UK have stable flow regimes that vary only slightly over time. The temperature of the emerging surface water is fairly stable and rarely deviates from 10°C (50°F). On cold winter mornings, water vapour from the relatively warm stream condenses in the cold air above to form fog.

text: Chalk

text: is a highly

text: porous

text: and

text: permeable

text: rock and

text: rain

text: falling onto chalk topography

text: percolate

text: s directly into the ground, where the chalk acts as an

text: aquifer

text: . The

text: groundwater

text: flows through the chalk bedrock, re-emerging lower down the slope in

text: springs

text: . The chalk acts as a temporary

text: reservoir

text: by regulating the amount of water supplied to the springs. This is why many chalk streams in the UK have stable flow regimes that vary only slightly over time. The

text: temperature

text: of the emerging surface water is fairly stable and rarely deviates from 10°C (50°F). On cold winter mornings, water vapour from the relatively warm stream condenses in the cold air above to form fog.

text: Part of the region was known as Boiling Springs for a powerful and ceaseless spring located in the vicinity. Despite its name, the spring actually consisted of cold groundwater seeps rather than hot springs.

text: If no casing is installed and groundwater is permitted to charge the system, this arrangement is no longer a BHT, but rather a standing column well.

text: If no casing is installed and groundwater is permitted to charge the system, this arrangement is no longer a BHT, but rather a

text: standing column well

text: Subscribed-members had the option to buy virtual-pets, which could be bought in the "Gushing Geyser" landscape, to care for, and show in-world. Pets were available as a smilodon (misspelled as "slimodon" in the information box in the Pet Shop in the Gushing Geyser and known throughout the world as "Little Fang"), crocodile, porcupine and panda (known throughout the world as "Panda Fang").

text: Subscribed-members had the option to buy virtual-pets, which could be bought in the "Gushing Geyser" landscape, to care for, and show in-world. Pets were available as a

text: smilodon

text: (misspelled as "slimodon" in the information box in the Pet Shop in the Gushing Geyser and known throughout the world as "Little Fang"),

text: crocodile

text: porcupine

text: and

text: panda

text: (known throughout the world as "Panda Fang").

text: The Yaqui catfish survived in San Bernardino Creek until spring flows diminished because of groundwater pumping causing the creek dried up. The remaining habitat at San Bernardino Creek was severely trampled by livestock, making it uninhabitable. The catfish were introduced in 1899 into the Santa Cruz River System (in reservoir fed by Monkey Spring) where they persisted until the 1950s. A small population of 350 fish has been re-introduced into the Rio Yaqui on the Northern most portion of the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in November 1997, however outside the San Bernardino refuge the Yaqui catfish have become extinct from United States waters.

text: Lone Star Geyser is a cone type geyser located in the Lone Star Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. The basin is a backcountry geyser basin located  southeast of Old Faithful Geyser and the Upper Geyser Basin. The geyser is reached via an old service road open to hikers and biking with the trailhead near Kepler Cascades on the Grand Loop Road.

text: Lone Star Geyser is a cone type geyser located in the Lone Star Geyser Basin of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: . The basin is a backcountry geyser basin located  southeast of

text: Old Faithful Geyser

text: and the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: . The geyser is reached via an old service road open to hikers and biking with the trailhead near

text: Kepler Cascades

text: on the

text: Grand Loop Road

text: The fish are left over from ancient Lake Bonneville which receded about 14,000 years ago.  Several natural springs feed the wetlands.  These are along a linear path at the range front (i.e. fault controlled), and include North Springs, Deadman Springs, House Springs, Middle Springs, Thomas Springs, South Springs, and Percy Springs.  Fish Springs is thought to be the end of a long flowpath of groundwater, starting in the Schell Creek Range and Snake Range area and flowing along permeable bedrock (e.g. limestones) or faults toward Fish Springs.  This comes from the fact that the annual discharge of the springs is /year, and the annual recharge for the drainage area (the range front and Fish Springs Flat) is about /year, meaning over 6 times more water flows out of the springs than falls in the valley annually by precipitation.  The springs and several wells in the area are monitored by Fish and Wildlife personnel and/or the Utah Geological Survey.  The water of Fish Springs is not suited for human consumption, being warm (~) and highly saline.

text: The fish are left over from ancient

text: Lake Bonneville

text: which receded about 14,000 years ago.  Several natural

text: springs

text: feed the wetlands.  These are along a linear path at the range front (i.e. fault controlled), and include North Springs, Deadman Springs, House Springs, Middle Springs, Thomas Springs, South Springs, and Percy Springs.  Fish Springs is thought to be the end of a long flowpath of

text: groundwater

text: , starting in the

text: Schell Creek Range

text: and

text: Snake Range

text: area and flowing along

text: permeable

text: bedrock (e.g.

text: limestone

text: s) or faults toward Fish Springs.  This comes from the fact that the annual

text: discharge

text: of the springs is /year, and the annual

text: recharge

text: for the drainage area (the range front and

text: Fish Springs Flat

text: ) is about /year, meaning over 6 times more water flows out of the springs than falls in the valley annually by precipitation.  The springs and several wells in the area are monitored by Fish and Wildlife personnel and/or the

text: Utah Geological Survey

text: .  The water of Fish Springs is not suited for human consumption, being warm (~) and highly saline.

text: At 8 km to the south of Carhuaz the village Marcará is located from where a road of 4 km departs. This road leads to the mineral-medicinal fountains of Chancos which curative virtues have deserved the epithet of <<the Fountain of Youth>>. Other hot springs are the ones from La Merced and La Providencia.

text: At 8 km to the south of Carhuaz the village

text: Marcará

text: is located from where a road of 4 km departs. This road leads to the mineral-medicinal fountains of Chancos which curative virtues have deserved the epithet of <<the Fountain of Youth>>. Other

text: hot springs

text: are the ones from

text: La Merced

text: and La Providencia.

text: India's irrigation is mostly groundwater well based. At 39 million hectares (67% of its total irrigation), India has the world's largest groundwater well equipped irrigation system (China with 19 mha is second, USA with 17 mha is third).

text: During the two years that Isaniwa Yukiya served as a mayor, he changed many things. First, he began charging money fora free outdoor hot spring for cures, because the hot spring was old, it needed to renew. Then he rebuilt the hot spring for cures in 1892. And then he planned to renew the main hot spring. Yukiya planned Dogo Onsen to have third floor which was rare in those days for Japan, Japanese style mixed with European style building, red and blue Giyaman glass (Dutch style glass) used  and looks rich and powerful building, because the main hot spring had good quality, Yukiya  didn't want to Dogo Onsen looks usual type of other buildings. He asked Sakamoto Hachiro, a carpenter for castle, to make it and Sakamoto built it in 1894. It took for 20 months to build. And he also founded Dogo train corporation and he asked to make the train rail to Dogo through Ichiban-cho in 1897, because Yukiya  thought Dogo Onsen station  makes people come and visit to Dogo Yunomachi. And in the same year, he made the park around the Dogo Onsen and for people to enjoy sweets, he made red and white Yuzarashi Dango, today's Botchan Dango. However, most people of the city disagreed with his these ideas until they saw the new Dogo Onsen.

text: During the two years that Isaniwa Yukiya served as a mayor, he changed many things. First, he began charging money fora free outdoor hot spring for cures, because the hot spring was old, it needed to renew. Then he rebuilt the hot spring for cures in 1892. And then he planned to renew the main hot spring. Yukiya planned Dogo Onsen to have third floor which was rare in those days for Japan, Japanese style mixed with European style building, red and blue Giyaman glass (Dutch style glass) used  and looks rich and powerful building, because the main hot spring had good quality, Yukiya  didn't want to Dogo Onsen looks usual type of other buildings. He asked Sakamoto Hachiro, a carpenter for castle, to make it and Sakamoto built it in 1894. It took for 20 months to build. And he also founded Dogo train corporation and he asked to make the train rail to Dogo through Ichiban-cho in 1897, because Yukiya  thought

text: Dogo Onsen station

text: makes people come and visit to Dogo Yunomachi. And in the same year, he made the park around the Dogo Onsen and for people to enjoy sweets, he made red and white Yuzarashi Dango, today's

text: Botchan Dango

text: . However, most people of the city disagreed with his these ideas until they saw the new Dogo Onsen.

text: Groundwater may have played an important part in forming layers in many locations.  Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.   According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.  Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers.  Some of these layers may have resulted from climate changes.  The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past.  Some changes are large.  Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars will be much thicker and contain more moisture.  The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks; additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions, and layers in these regions have been observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: salts

text: and other

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: There are some issues that could arise from using this water bank accounting system. These problems were evaluated for the Las Posas Basin groundwater bank and Fox Canyon Groundwater Management Agency (FCGMA) has jurisdiction over the project. FCGMA reported that the accumulation of credits has been increasing for banks. What can happen is the accumulated credits can become greater than the annual abstraction rate. The volume of credits accumulating exceed the amount of water that can be taken out during a short-time period. This will cause a threat to the regional groundwater resource or even depressions in groundwater elevations, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the

text: water

text: present beneath

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: soil pore spaces

text: and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formations

text: . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

text: soil

text: pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: Groundwater is recharged

text: from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

text: springs

text: and

text: seeps

text: , and can form

text: oases

text: or

text: wetland

text: s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for

text: agricultural

text: municipal

text: , and

text: industrial

text: use by constructing and operating extraction

text: wells

text: . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

text: hydrogeology

text: , also called groundwater

text: hydrology

text: Ixtlán de los Hervores is known for its thermal water springs. In Ixtlán de los Hervores one will find three geysers that surges up from the depths of the earth with tremendous pressure. The jet rises more than 30 metres in height and reaches temperatures of 96 degrees Celsius (204.8 degrees Fahrenheit). There are two new geysers, one near the soccer field. A rustic spa has been built near the geyser with services for people who are seeking the healing powers of sulphurous waters found here.

text: Ixtlán de los Hervores is known for its thermal water springs. In Ixtlán de los Hervores one will find three

text: geyser

text: s that surges up from the depths of the earth with tremendous pressure. The jet rises more than 30 metres in height and reaches temperatures of 96 degrees Celsius (204.8 degrees Fahrenheit). There are two new geysers, one near the

text: soccer field

text: . A rustic

text: spa

text: has been built near the geyser with services for people who are seeking the healing powers of

text: sulphurous waters

text: found here.

text: Temple Gardens Mineral Spa, Moose JawManitou Hot Springs, Watrous

text: Pink Geyser is a fountain-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Pink Geyser is a fountain-type

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Geysers are quite rare, requiring a combination of water, heat, and fortuitous plumbing. The combination exists in few places on Earth.

text: Geysers are quite rare, requiring a combination of

text: water

text: heat

text: , and fortuitous

text: plumbing

text: . The combination exists in few places on Earth.

text: Mineral Water and Waterfall Bathing Day (งานวันอาบน้ำแร่แช่น้ำตก); held at Hin Dat Hot Spring, at the beginning of November. In the festival, there are booths of agricultural products and tourism exhibition of Amphoe Thong Pha Phum. Visitors watching will have a chance to bath in the Hin Dat Hot Spring and enjoy the view of Namtok Pha Tat.

text: The baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir and the 16th century when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the Spring. The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architects John Wood, the Elder and John Wood, the Younger, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the Grand Pump Room, a neo-classical salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions. Victorian expansion of the baths complex followed the neo-classical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810 the Hot Springs failed and William Smith opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course and the Baths filled in less time than formerly.

text: The baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century when

text: John of Tours

text: built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir and the 16th century when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the Spring. The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architects

text: John Wood, the Elder

text: and

text: John Wood, the Younger

text: , father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the

text: Grand Pump Room

text: , a

text: neo-classical

text: salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions.

text: Victorian

text: expansion of the baths complex followed the neo-classical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810 the Hot Springs failed and

text: William Smith

text: opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course and the Baths filled in less time than formerly.

text: Alnarpsströmmen is a subterranean aquifer under the Swedish province of Skåne. It has been used for wells since at least the 18th century and as a fresh water source for Malmö since 1901. Several other towns use it today. Due to its artesian character, wells occasionally turn to fountains. About 400 litres of groundwater naturally flow into Öresund from Alnarpsströmmen every second through quaternary moraine. The width of the aquifer is around 20 km, and the flow of the water is just 10 metres a year.

text: Alnarpsströmmen is a subterranean

text: aquifer

text: under the Swedish province of

text: Skåne

text: . It has been used for wells since at least the 18th century and as a fresh water source for

text: Malmö

text: since 1901. Several other towns use it today. Due to its

text: artesian

text: character, wells occasionally turn to fountains. About 400 litres of groundwater naturally flow into

text: Öresund

text: from Alnarpsströmmen every second through

text: quaternary

text: moraine

text: . The width of the aquifer is around 20 km, and the flow of the water is just 10 metres a year.

text: Botryoidal Spring is part of the White Creek Group which includes A-0 Geyser and Spindle Geyser. As its name indicates, Botryoidal Spring was originally a hot spring (and botryoidal means 'bubbly'). In 1996, seismic activity caused to change from a sparkling spring into an explosive geyser.

text: Botryoidal Spring is part of the White Creek Group which includes

text: A-0 Geyser

text: and

text: Spindle Geyser

text: . As its name indicates, Botryoidal Spring was originally a hot spring (and

text: botryoidal

text: means 'bubbly'). In 1996, seismic activity caused to change from a sparkling spring into an explosive geyser.

text: Located in South Central Texas, the Edwards Aquifer incorporates an area of approximately 4,350 square miles that extends into parts of 11 counties. The aquifer's boundaries begin at the groundwater divide in Kinney County, East of Brackettville, and extend Eastward through the San Antonio area and then Northeast where the aquifer boundary ends at the Leon River in Bell County. The aquifer is hydrologically separated into the Austin and San Antonio regions by a groundwater divide near the town of Kyle in Hays County.

text: In the north, Murqub has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it borders Misrata to the east and south, Tripoli to the northwest and Jabal al Gharbi to the west. The region is part of Triplotania geographical region that runs from north to south and has set of coastal oases, plains and limestone plateaus having an elevation of  to . The region receives an annual rainfall of . There are no perennial rivers in the region, but the region is abundant with groundwater aquifers. Most of the major cities of Libya are located in the coastal regions. Libya has mostly a flat undulating plain and occassional plateau, with an average elevation of around . Around 91 per cent of the land is covered by desert, with only 8.8 per cent agricultural land (with only 1 % arable lands) and 0.1 per cent of forests. The major resources are petroleum, gypsum and natural gas. Along the coastal regions, the climate is Mediterranean in coastal areas, while it is desert climate in all other parts. Dust storms lasting four to eight days is pretty common during Spring. Triplotania is the northwest region, while it is Cyrenacia in the east and Fezzen in southwest.

text: In the north, Murqub has a shoreline on the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: . On land, it borders

text: Misrata

text: to the east and south,

text: Tripoli

text: to the northwest and

text: Jabal al Gharbi

text: to the west. The region is part of Triplotania geographical region that runs from north to south and has set of coastal oases, plains and limestone plateaus having an elevation of  to . The region receives an annual rainfall of . There are no perennial rivers in the region, but the region is abundant with groundwater aquifers. Most of the major cities of Libya are located in the coastal regions. Libya has mostly a flat undulating plain and occassional plateau, with an average elevation of around . Around 91 per cent of the land is covered by desert, with only 8.8 per cent agricultural land (with only 1 % arable lands) and 0.1 per cent of forests. The major resources are petroleum, gypsum and natural gas. Along the coastal regions, the climate is Mediterranean in coastal areas, while it is desert climate in all other parts. Dust storms lasting four to eight days is pretty common during Spring. Triplotania is the northwest region, while it is Cyrenacia in the east and Fezzen in southwest.

text: Used in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow of heat in a solid (heat conduction). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the Laplace equation, which is a form of potential flow and has analogs in numerous fields.

text: Used in

text: hydrogeology

text: , the groundwater flow equation is the

text: mathematical

text: relationship which is used to describe the flow of

text: groundwater

text: through an

text: aquifer

text: . The

text: transient

text: flow of groundwater is described by a form of the

text: diffusion equation

text: , similar to that used in

text: heat transfer

text: to describe the flow of heat in a solid (

text: heat conduction

text: ). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the

text: Laplace equation

text: , which is a form of

text: potential flow

text: and has analogs in numerous fields.

text: In addition to the fresh-water creeks that flow into the Warner Lakes, there are a number of hot springs that drain into them.  The hot springs originate in fractures within Miocene and Oligocene basalt layers below the valley floor.  Their water temperature can be as hot as .  Bacterial mats of green algae are common in the hot springs, the algae environments are segregated by temperature and water chemistry.  The hot springs introduce minerals that change the water chemistry of the lakes.  From late spring through summer the lakes are concentrated by evaporation.  This produces moderate to high alkaline content in some areas of the lakes.

text: In addition to the fresh-water creeks that flow into the Warner Lakes, there are a number of

text: hot springs

text: that drain into them.  The hot springs originate in fractures within

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Oligocene

text: basalt layers below the valley floor.  Their water temperature can be as hot as .

text: Bacterial mats

text: of

text: green algae

text: are common in the hot springs, the algae environments are segregated by temperature and water chemistry.  The hot springs introduce minerals that change the water chemistry of the lakes.  From late spring through summer the lakes are concentrated by

text: evaporation

text: .  This produces moderate to high

text: alkaline

text: content in some areas of the lakes.

text: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater level rises. The dam failure may trigger further catastrophic processes. As the water level rapidly drops, the uncompensated groundwater hydraulic pressure may initiate additional landslides. Those that fall into the dam reservoir may lead to further catastrophic spillages.  Moreover, the resulting flood may undercut the sides of the river valley to further produce landslides downstream.

text: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding

text: groundwater

text: level rises. The dam failure may trigger further catastrophic processes. As the water level rapidly drops, the uncompensated groundwater

text: hydraulic pressure

text: may initiate additional landslides. Those that fall into the dam reservoir may lead to further catastrophic spillages.  Moreover, the resulting

text: flood

text: may undercut the sides of the river

text: valley

text: to further produce landslides downstream.

text: However, caliche also forms in other ways. It can form when water rises through capillary action. In an arid region, rainwater sinks into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface rises, carrying up dissolved minerals from lower layers. This water movement forms a caliche that tends to grow thinner and branch out as it nears the surface. Plants can contribute to the formation of caliche, as well. Plant roots take up water through transpiration, and leave behind the dissolved calcium carbonate, which precipitates to form caliche. It can also form on outcrops of porous rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, but if enough moisture is present in an otherwise arid site, it can accumulate fast enough to block a drain pipe.

text: However, caliche also forms in other ways. It can form when water rises through

text: capillary action

text: . In an arid region, rainwater sinks into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface rises, carrying up dissolved minerals from lower layers. This water movement forms a caliche that tends to grow thinner and branch out as it nears the surface. Plants can contribute to the formation of caliche, as well. Plant roots take up water through

text: transpiration

text: , and leave behind the dissolved calcium carbonate, which precipitates to form caliche. It can also form on outcrops of

text: porous

text: rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, but if enough moisture is present in an otherwise arid site, it can accumulate fast enough to block a drain pipe.

text: The nuances of the SP log are still being researched.  In theory, almost all porous rocks contain water.  Some pores are completely filled with water.  Others have a thin layer of water molecules wetting the surface of the rock, with gas or oil filling the rest of the pore.  In sandstones and porous limestones there is a continuous layer of water throughout the formation.  If there is even a little permeability to water, ions can move through the rock and decrease the voltage difference with the mud nearby.  Shales do not allow water or ion movement.  Although they may have a large water content, it is bound to the surface of the flat clay crystals comprising the shale.  Thus mud opposite shale sections maintains its voltage difference with the surrounding rock.  As the SP logging tool is drawn up the hole it measures the voltage difference between the reference stake and the mud opposite shale and sandstone or limestone sections.  The resulting log curve reflects the permeability of the rocks and, indirectly, their lithology.  SP curves degrade over time, as the ions diffuse up and down the mud column.  It also can suffer from stray voltages caused by other logging tools that are run with it.  Older, simpler logs often have better SP curves than more modern logs for this reason.  With experience in an area, a good SP curve can even allow a skilled interpreter to infer sedimentary environments such as deltas, point bars or offshore tidal deposits.

text: sedimentary environments

text: such as deltas, point bars or offshore tidal deposits.

text: Other early descriptions of Colter's Hell date back to the trapper Joseph Meek in the year of 1830 as well as to Plenty Coups, a chief of the Absarokee Indians, who camped with his tribe at the thermal area in 1840. Meek had seen geyser basin in Yellowstone and described Colter's Hell in similar terms, implying that there were active geysers at his visit.  Today the area consists of hot springs and steam vents. Several extinct geyser or hot spring cones stand up to  high on the riverbank. Other hot springs were located near the confluence of the north and south forks of the Shoshone, now drowned under the reservoir created by Buffalo Bill Dam.

text: Other early descriptions of Colter's Hell date back to the trapper

text: Joseph Meek

text: in the year of 1830 as well as to

text: Plenty Coups

text: , a chief of the

text: Absarokee

text: Indians

text: , who camped with his tribe at the thermal area in 1840. Meek had seen geyser basin in Yellowstone and described Colter's Hell in similar terms, implying that there were active geysers at his visit.  Today the area consists of hot springs and steam vents. Several extinct geyser or hot spring cones stand up to  high on the riverbank. Other hot springs were located near the confluence of the north and south forks of the Shoshone, now drowned under the reservoir created by

text: Buffalo Bill Dam

text: Information from the US Groundwater Protection Council shows that there is a failure rate of around 1 every 3500 wells, or 0.03%.

text: Rick Sugarek, project manager for the Superfund site told the Lake County News in 2009 that the EPA has been working with the state on a cleanup plan, but a main sticking point has been the need to run a treatment plant to deal with the water in the Herman Pit. "We need to stop that flow, and that's why we need the treatment plant. " The question then is where should the water from the pit be discharged? There is no good answer to that, he said. "One of the options was piping the water to The Geysers for injection." Sugarek added, " there are legal and technical problems with that plan." The total cost estimates to build a treatment plant and remove all of the mine waste could run between $30 million and $40 million. The Geysers are already receiving treated wastewater from both Lake County and Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County.

text: Rick Sugarek, project manager for the Superfund site told the Lake County News in 2009 that the EPA has been working with the state on a cleanup plan, but a main sticking point has been the need to run a

text: treatment plant

text: to deal with the water in the Herman Pit. "We need to stop that flow, and that's why we need the treatment plant. " The question then is where should the water from the pit be discharged? There is no good answer to that, he said. "One of the options was piping the water to

text: The Geysers

text: for injection." Sugarek added, " there are legal and technical problems with that plan." The total cost estimates to build a treatment plant and remove all of the mine waste could run between $30 million and $40 million. The Geysers are already receiving treated wastewater from both Lake County and Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County.

text: On November 30, 1937, a well drilling operation while attempting to build a natural hot springs swimming pool was surprised when it unintentionally released Soda Springs’s famous captive geyser, which surprised everyone by shooting 100 feet into the air. It has been capped and a timer activates it once every hour on the hour. The water is approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit.  There is now a park and a visitor center at the site. In addition to its captive geyser, Soda Springs also boasts a man-made lava flow, from the dumping of molten rock left over from Monsanto's phosphate mining and manufacturing process one mile north of the town.

text: Not soon after, a Shadow Geyser rises from Gruk's mushfarm, severely hurting her in the process. Motash realizes that Tony is the great Magus Kyros, and implores him to destroy the Geyser and then leave the Underneath. Tony once again picks his way through this Geyser, and after a battle with the Dark Magi Ogar, he receives another Core Stone and destroys the dark tower. However, he arrives back to town to see that the entire place has been destroyed by Morag and his Dark Magi. Morag turns Motash into a worm, and easily defeats Tony when he is approached. Tony is saved at the last moment by Wence, who shoots an arrow at Morag and scares him away.

text: This is a list of Hot Springs and Mineral Springs in the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan..

text: This is a list of Hot Springs and Mineral Springs in the Himalayan kingdom of

text: Bhutan

text: Darcy's law is a constitutive equation, empirically derived by Henry Darcy in 1856, which states that the amount of groundwater discharging through a given portion of aquifer is proportional to the cross-sectional area of flow, the hydraulic gradient, and the hydraulic conductivity.

text: Darcy's law is a

text: constitutive equation

text: , empirically derived by

text: Henry Darcy

text: in 1856, which states that the amount of

text: groundwater

text: discharging through a given portion of

text: aquifer

text: is proportional to the cross-sectional area of flow, the

text: hydraulic gradient

text: , and the

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: Comet Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Comet Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in the subsurface. ATES is applied to provide heating and cooling to buildings.Storage and recovery of thermal energy is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater from aquifers using groundwater wells. Systems commonly operate in a seasonal mode. The groundwater that is extracted in summer, is used for cooling by transferring heat from the building to the groundwater by means of a heat exchanger. Subsequently, the heated groundwater is injected back into the aquifer, which creates a storage of heated groundwater. In wintertime, the flow direction is reversed such that the heated groundwater is extracted and can be used for heating (often in combination with a heat pump).Therefore, operating an ATES system uses the subsurface as a temporal storage to buffer seasonal variations in heating and cooling demand.When replacing traditional fossil fuel dependent heating and cooling systems, ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to reduce the primary energy consumption of a building and the associated CO2 emissions.

text: Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in the subsurface. ATES is applied to provide heating and cooling to buildings.Storage and recovery of thermal energy is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater from

text: aquifer

text: s using groundwater wells. Systems commonly operate in a seasonal mode. The groundwater that is extracted in summer, is used for cooling by transferring heat from the building to the groundwater by means of a

text: heat exchanger

text: . Subsequently, the heated groundwater is injected back into the aquifer, which creates a storage of heated groundwater. In wintertime, the flow direction is reversed such that the heated groundwater is extracted and can be used for heating (often in combination with a

text: heat pump

text: ).Therefore, operating an ATES system uses the subsurface as a temporal storage to buffer seasonal variations in heating and cooling demand.When replacing traditional fossil fuel dependent heating and cooling systems, ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to reduce the primary energy consumption of a building and the associated CO2 emissions.

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use (see also sanitation).

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (

text: aquifer

text: s), surface water (

text: lake

text: s and

text: river

text: s), and the sea through

text: desalination

text: . The

text: water treatment

text: steps include, in most cases,

text: purification

text: , disinfection through

text: chlorination

text: and sometimes

text: fluoridation

text: . Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to

text: reservoirs

text: , which can be elevated such as

text: water tower

text: s or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see

text: non-revenue water

text: ). Once water is used,

text: wastewater

text: is typically discharged in a

text: sewer

text: system and treated in a

text: sewage treatment plant

text: before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for

text: landscaping

text: irrigation

text: or industrial use (see also

text: sanitation

text: Geysers are used for various activities such as electricity generation, heating and tourism. Many geothermal reserves are found all around the world. The geyser fields in Iceland are some of the most commercially viable geyser locations in the world. Since the 1920s hot water directed from the geysers has been used to heat greenhouses and to grow food that otherwise could not have been cultivated in Iceland's inhospitable climate. Steam and hot water from the geysers has also been used for heating homes since 1943 in Iceland. In 1979 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) actively promoted development of geothermal energy in the "Geysers-Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area" (KGRA) near Calistoga, California through a variety of research programs and the Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program. The Department is obligated by law to assess the potential environmental impacts of geothermal development.

text: Geysers are used for various activities such as

text: electricity

text: generation, heating and

text: tourism

text: . Many geothermal reserves are found all around the world. The geyser fields in Iceland are some of the most commercially viable geyser locations in the world. Since the 1920s hot water directed from the geysers has been used to heat greenhouses and to grow food that otherwise could not have been cultivated in Iceland's inhospitable climate. Steam and hot water from the geysers has also been used for heating homes since 1943 in Iceland. In 1979 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) actively promoted development of geothermal energy in the "Geysers-Calistoga Known Geothermal Resource Area" (KGRA) near

text: Calistoga, California

text: through a variety of research programs and the Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program. The Department is obligated by law to assess the potential environmental impacts of geothermal development.

text: 6 km inland from Noboribetsu City in the river valley is the smaller town of Noboribetsu-onsen (登別温泉, Noboribetsu hot-spring). The town has a range of onsen for bathing as well as other hot springs formed from different minerals for scenic viewing and is also known for its bear park. Noboribetsu-onsen is one of many well-known resorts in Japan, with many hotels and ryokan, and is the largest "hot spring town" in Hokkaido.

text: 6 km inland from Noboribetsu City in the river valley is the smaller town of Noboribetsu-

text: onsen

text: (登別温泉, Noboribetsu

text: hot-spring

text: ). The town has a range of onsen for bathing as well as other hot springs formed from different minerals for scenic viewing and is also known for its bear park. Noboribetsu-onsen is one of many well-known resorts in Japan, with many hotels and

text: ryokan

text: , and is the largest "hot spring town" in Hokkaido.

text: Near Mess Lake, inactive hot springs can be found and are most likely associated with the most recent eruptive activity in the Mess Lake Lava Field. Hot springs are closely associated with fumaroles, which are vents in an active volcanic area releasing steam and hot gases, such as sulfur dioxide. In general, the water is rotating groundwater that comes into contact with rocks heated by magma and finds openings to the surface. The formation of the springs depends both on the rocks the water has passed through and the profusion of volcanic discharges mixed with the groundwater. Iron oxide, iron sulfides and other substances usually color pools of boiling mud brilliant yellow, red, brown or green. Hot springs comprising significantly softened silica may deposit it to form siliceous sinter, whereas those comprising softened calcium carbonate deposit spongy-looking calcareous rock called tufa. Overflow of the springs can build masses, spires or stepped terraces of sinter or tufa.

text: Near

text: Mess Lake

text: , inactive

text: hot spring

text: s can be found and are most likely associated with the most recent eruptive activity in the Mess Lake Lava Field. Hot springs are closely associated with

text: fumarole

text: s, which are vents in an active volcanic area releasing steam and hot gases, such as

text: sulfur dioxide

text: . In general, the water is rotating groundwater that comes into contact with rocks heated by magma and finds openings to the surface. The formation of the springs depends both on the rocks the water has passed through and the profusion of volcanic discharges mixed with the groundwater.

text: Iron oxide

text: iron sulfide

text: s and other substances usually color pools of boiling mud brilliant yellow, red, brown or green. Hot springs comprising significantly softened silica may deposit it to form

text: siliceous sinter

text: , whereas those comprising softened

text: calcium carbonate

text: deposit spongy-looking calcareous rock called

text: tufa

text: . Overflow of the springs can build masses, spires or stepped terraces of

text: sinter

text: or tufa.

text: Currently, the in-situ process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

text: Currently, the

text: in-situ

text: process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to

text: aquifer

text: s, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

text: As white settlers began to come to Big Bend in the 1860s, few Madesi were left in the area, and the newcomers began to claim the stolen land as their own. By the 1890s, Big Bend was becoming a small quiet town of white settlers, centered around the hot springs. It was originally called "Elena" (1890) by the Euro-Americans settlers, and then changed to "Henderson", (1906) before they began calling it "Big Bend" (1922). Early white settlers built a log hotel with a post office and a saloon just above the main hot springs. Many visitors around the turn of the 20th-century came to Big Bend to soak in the hot springs, seeking the reputed healing qualities of the hot mineral water baths. Big Bend grew slowly until the late 1930s, when Pacific Gas and Electric Company began construction on the Pit Five Hydroelectric Dam and Pit Five Power House. The dam construction brought thousands of jobs and people to Big Bend. This included engineers, builders, tunnel diggers (around 2000 hard-rock miners), and service workers to the area.  Big Bend saw a "boom and bust" cycle, and the population was declining by the late 1940s, after the dam work was completed. Although the maintenance of the hydroelectric facilities and a large commercial logging industry still require numerous employees, almost all of the people working in such jobs live outside of Big Bend, contributing further to the population decline.  The population of Big Bend was only 102 people in the 2010 census, apparently the lowest number of residents since the 1860s.

text: As white settlers began to come to Big Bend in the 1860s, few Madesi were left in the area, and the newcomers began to claim the stolen land as their own. By the 1890s, Big Bend was becoming a small quiet town of white settlers, centered around the hot springs. It was originally called "Elena" (1890) by the Euro-Americans settlers, and then changed to "Henderson", (1906) before they began calling it "Big Bend" (1922). Early white settlers built a log hotel with a post office and a saloon just above the main hot springs. Many visitors around the turn of the 20th-century came to Big Bend to soak in the hot springs, seeking the reputed healing qualities of the hot mineral water baths. Big Bend grew slowly until the late 1930s, when

text: Pacific Gas and Electric Company

text: began construction on the

text: Pit Five Hydroelectric Dam

text: and Pit Five Power House. The dam construction brought thousands of jobs and people to Big Bend. This included engineers, builders, tunnel diggers (around 2000 hard-rock miners), and service workers to the area.  Big Bend saw a "boom and bust" cycle, and the population was declining by the late 1940s, after the dam work was completed. Although the maintenance of the hydroelectric facilities and a large commercial logging industry still require numerous employees, almost all of the people working in such jobs live outside of Big Bend, contributing further to the population decline.  The population of Big Bend was only 102 people in the 2010 census, apparently the lowest number of residents since the 1860s.

text: Mineral spas are resorts that have developed around mineral springs, where (often wealthy) patrons would repair to “take the waters” — meaning that they would drink (see hydrotherapy and water cure) or bathe in (see balneotherapy) the mineral water.

text: Mineral spa

text: s are resorts that have developed around mineral springs, where (often wealthy) patrons would repair to “take the waters” — meaning that they would drink (see

text: hydrotherapy

text: and

text: water cure

text: ) or bathe in (see

text: balneotherapy

text: ) the mineral water.

text: The following is a partial list of aquifers around the world.  A category-based list of aquifers is also available.

text: The following is a partial list of aquifers around the world.  A

text: category-based list

text: of

text: aquifer

text: s is also available.

text: Crested Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park. The spring is 42 feet (12.8 m) deep. It is named for the "crest" which surrounds the pool. Although it is considered a spring, Crested Pool sometimes erupts like a geyser.

text: Crested Pool is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: . The spring is 42 feet (12.8 m) deep. It is named for the "crest" which surrounds the pool. Although it is considered a spring, Crested Pool sometimes erupts like a geyser.

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface plume extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow groundwater aquifer at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with dioxins: the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing cattle from entering the area.  The endangered Hutton Springs tui chub are only known to live at Hutton Spring,  away. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened western snowy plovers have also been observed at the lake, feeding on brine shrimp. A low-temperature methanogen extremophile, Methanohalophilus oregonense, was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an Oregon Graduate Institute scientist.

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface

text: plume

text: extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with

text: dioxins

text: : the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing

text: cattle

text: from entering the area.  The endangered

text: Hutton Springs tui chub

text: are only known to live at

text: Hutton Spring

text: ,  away. According to the

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: , "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened

text: western snowy plover

text: s have also been observed at the lake, feeding on

text: brine shrimp

text: . A low-temperature

text: methanogen

text: extremophile

text: Methanohalophilus oregonense

text: , was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an

text: Oregon Graduate Institute

text: scientist.

text: Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Water

text: can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example,

text: groundwater

text: is usually removed from an

text: aquifer

text: at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (

text: subsidence

text: ) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is

text: fresh water

text: ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Most land areas on Earth have some form of aquifer underlying them, sometimes at significant depths. In some cases, these aquifers are rapidly being depleted by the human population.

text: Most land areas on

text: Earth

text: have some form of aquifer underlying them, sometimes at significant depths. In some cases, these aquifers are rapidly being depleted by the human population.

text: Haukadalur geothermal area was first mentioned in written sources going back to 1294, when the local hot springs were activated by an earthquake. Earthquakes are also known to have activated local geysers in the recent past, including the earthquake that occurred on the 17th and 21 July 2000. Due to the geysers the valley has been a popular tourist attraction since the 18th century.

text: Pavel Banya is most known for its natural mineral springs.  Mineral water in Pavel Banya is used in paid public and private baths for healing. Pavel Banya has nine hot springs with temperatures of around 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit). Two of the hot springs serve strictly for medical purposes and frequently admit patients suffering from bone and joint disorders, orthopedic trauma, and central nervous system problems. The mineral water of Pavel Banya is characterized by weak mineralization (low quantity of dry matter per liter, about 2 grams) and hyperthermality – 57 to 59 degrees Celsius at the spring. The water is rich of hydrocarbon, metasilicon, radon, and fluorine. The mineral water in Pavel Banya is a large reason for nearby country-inhabitants to visit.

text: The rate at which recharge water enters the aquifer is limited by several factors. Much of the plains region is semiarid, with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the vadose zone, with a shallow layer of caliche that is practically impermeable; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. However, the soil of the playa lakes is different and not lined with caliche, making these some of the few areas where the aquifer can recharge. The destruction of playas by farmers and development decreases the available recharge area. The prevalence of the caliche is partly due to the ready evaporation of soil moisture and the semiarid climate; the aridity increases the amount of evaporation, which in turn increases the amount of caliche in the soil. Both mechanisms reduce the amount of recharge water that reaches the water table.

text: The rate at which recharge water enters the aquifer is limited by several factors. Much of the plains region is

text: semiarid

text: , with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the

text: vadose zone

text: , with a shallow layer of

text: caliche

text: that is practically

text: impermeable

text: ; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. However, the soil of the

text: playa lakes

text: is different and not lined with caliche, making these some of the few areas where the aquifer can recharge. The destruction of playas by farmers and development decreases the available recharge area. The prevalence of the caliche is partly due to the ready evaporation of soil moisture and the semiarid climate; the aridity increases the amount of evaporation, which in turn increases the amount of caliche in the soil. Both mechanisms reduce the amount of recharge water that reaches the water table.

text: Waterloo Hydrogeologic is a company that specializes with groundwater modelling software, training, and consulting services. The company was started by Nilson Guiguer and Thomas Franz, who were developing software for their research at the University of Waterloo in 1988. The company was later founded in 1989 as Waterloo Hydrogeologic Software (WHS). The company first released FLOWPATH, which—at the time—was the first fully integrated graphical groundwater modelling software. In the fall of 1993, Waterloo Hydrogeologic became incorporated (changing their name to Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc or WHI) and started with the development of Visual MODFLOW. The company diversified into groundwater software training and consulting services, as it expanded.

text: Waterloo Hydrogeologic is a company that specializes with

text: groundwater

text: modelling software, training, and consulting services. The company was started by Nilson Guiguer and Thomas Franz, who were developing software for their research at the

text: University of Waterloo

text: in 1988. The company was later founded in 1989 as Waterloo Hydrogeologic Software (WHS). The company first released FLOWPATH, which—at the time—was the first fully integrated graphical groundwater modelling software. In the fall of 1993, Waterloo Hydrogeologic became incorporated (changing their name to Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc or WHI) and started with the development of

text: Visual MODFLOW

text: . The company diversified into groundwater software training and consulting services, as it expanded.

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to

text: groundwater

text: source

text: borehole

text: s used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

text: Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes also work as tracers for water budget in terrestrial reservoirs, including lakes, rivers, groundwater and soil water. For a lake, both the amount of water in the lake and the isotopic composition of the water are determined by a balance between inputs (precipitation, stream and ground water inflow) and outputs (evaporation, stream and ground water outflow). The isotopic composition of lake water can often be used to track evaporation, which causes isotope enrichment in the lake water, as well as a δD-δO slope that is shallower than the meteoric water line. The isotopic composition of river water is highly variable and have complicated sources over different timescales, but can generally be treated as a two-endmember mixing problem, a base-flow endmember (mainly ground water recharge) and an overland-flow endmember (mainly storm events). The isotope data suggest that the long-term integrated base-flow endmember is more important in most rivers, even during peak flows in summer. Systematic river isotope data were collected across the world by the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR).The isotopic composition of groundwater can also be used to trace its sources and flow paths. An example is a groundwater isotope mapping study in Sacramento, California, which showed lateral flow of river water with a distinct isotope composition into the groundwater that developed a significant water table depression due to pumping for human use. The same study also showed an isotopic signal of agricultural water being recharged into the giant alluvial aquifer in California's Central Valley. Finally, the isotopic composition of soil water is important for the study of plants. Below the water table, the soil has a relatively constant source of water with a certain isotopic composition. Above the water table, the isotopic composition of soil water is enriched by evaporation until a maximum at the surface. The vertical profile of isotopic composition of soil water is maintained by the diffusion of both liquid and vapor water. A comparison of soil water and plant xylem water δD can be used to infer the depth at which plant roots get water from the soil.

text: Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes also work as tracers for water budget in terrestrial reservoirs, including lakes, rivers, groundwater and soil water. For a lake, both the amount of water in the lake and the isotopic composition of the water are determined by a balance between inputs (precipitation, stream and ground water inflow) and outputs (evaporation, stream and ground water outflow). The isotopic composition of lake water can often be used to track evaporation, which causes isotope enrichment in the lake water, as well as a δD-δO slope that is shallower than the meteoric water line. The isotopic composition of river water is highly variable and have complicated sources over different timescales, but can generally be treated as a two-endmember mixing problem, a base-flow endmember (mainly ground water recharge) and an overland-flow endmember (mainly storm events). The isotope data suggest that the long-term integrated base-flow endmember is more important in most rivers, even during peak flows in summer. Systematic river isotope data were collected across the world by the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR).The isotopic composition of groundwater can also be used to trace its sources and flow paths. An example is a groundwater isotope mapping study in

text: Sacramento

text: , California, which showed lateral flow of river water with a distinct isotope composition into the groundwater that developed a significant water table depression due to pumping for human use. The same study also showed an isotopic signal of agricultural water being recharged into the giant alluvial aquifer in California's Central Valley. Finally, the isotopic composition of soil water is important for the study of plants. Below the water table, the soil has a relatively constant source of water with a certain isotopic composition. Above the water table, the isotopic composition of soil water is enriched by evaporation until a maximum at the surface. The vertical profile of isotopic composition of soil water is maintained by the diffusion of both liquid and vapor water. A comparison of soil water and plant xylem water δD can be used to infer the depth at which plant roots get water from the soil.

text: Dewes returned to the East Cape area in 1976, where in 1987 he helped form Te Runanga o Ngati Porou, an organisation which has championed and facilitated a strategic vision for the Ngāti Porou.

text: Dewes returned to the

text: East Cape

text: area in 1976, where in 1987 he helped form

text: Te Runanga o Ngati Porou

text: , an organisation which has championed and facilitated a strategic vision for the Ngāti Porou.

text: The species lives only in subterranean waters and can be encountered in caves and wells. In Mexico, it is known from several locations. It is threatened by pollution of the groundwater and groundwater extraction.

text: Sapping typically occurs in permeable sandstones associated with high water tables underlain by an impermeable layer. Limited in its ability to travel vertically, water is forced to travel laterally where it eventually seeps out of the ground. Limestones, siltstones, and shales can be found in valleys created by groundwater sapping as well.

text: Sapping typically occurs in permeable sandstones associated with high water tables underlain by an impermeable layer. Limited in its ability to travel vertically, water is forced to travel laterally where it eventually seeps out of the ground.

text: Limestone

text: s,

text: siltstone

text: s, and

text: shale

text: s can be found in valleys created by groundwater sapping as well.

text: The primary source for municipal water is groundwater pumped from a deep aquifer, part of the Puget-Willamette Trough regional aquifer system.  Above the drinking water aquifer, a shallow water table produces numerous springs and seeps at surface level.

text: The primary source for

text: municipal water

text: is

text: groundwater

text: pumped from a deep

text: aquifer

text: , part of the Puget-Willamette Trough regional aquifer system.  Above the drinking water aquifer, a shallow

text: water table

text: produces numerous springs and seeps at surface level.

text: A link exists between ZOOMQ3D and the geogical modelling software GSI3D. The link facilitates the transfer of the structure of a geological model into a ZOOMQ3D groundwater model. After a GSI3D geological model is constructed it can be used to create a hydrogeological model of an aquifer.  This is achieved by assigning hydrogeological parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, to the geological units.  Once this has been completed the resulting hydrogeological model can then be converted to a layered ZOOMQ3D groundwater model.

text: A link exists between ZOOMQ3D and the geogical modelling software

text: . The link facilitates the transfer of the structure of a geological model into a ZOOMQ3D groundwater model. After a

text: geological model is constructed it can be used to create a

text: hydrogeological

text: model of an

text: aquifer

text: .  This is achieved by assigning hydrogeological parameters, such as

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: , to the geological units.  Once this has been completed the resulting hydrogeological model can then be converted to a layered ZOOMQ3D groundwater model.

text: Recent extensions include the idea of a "soft" paywall, one that is relatively porous, with the New York Times version noted as "so porous that it can be considered to be a genuinely freemium model."  In such cases the difference between a paywall and a Freemium model disappears.

text: Recent extensions include the idea of a "soft" paywall, one that is relatively porous, with the New York Times version noted as "so porous that it can be considered to be a genuinely freemium model."  In such cases the difference between a paywall and a

text: Freemium

text: model disappears.

text: The first soldier cabins were built in 1886 as part of Camp Sheridan and all of these were later removed. Cabins were also built at the Lower Geyser Basin, Upper Geyser Basin, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Riverside and at Soda Butte. As more outposts were needed over the years cabins were constructed at Lake Outlet (1887), Snake River (Polecat Creek), West Thumb and Riverside (1892), Mud Geyser (1895), Norris and Thumb Bay (1897), Lake (1899), Snake River (1902), Gardiner (1903), West Thumb, Syvan Pass and Soda Butte (1904), Tower (1907), Crevice Mountain (1912), Snake River (1914), and Aster Creek, Cabin Creek, Harebell, and Thorofare (1915). Snowshoe cabins in existence in 1899 included small structures at Astringent Creek, Bartlet, Boundary Creek, Coulter Creek, Hellroaring Creek, Lewis River, Park Point, Proposition, Trappers Creek, Trout Creek and Willow Creek. While none of the aforementioned structures are still in existence, four remote structures remain. They include the Buffalo Lake snowshoe cabin (Bldg 234) and the Norris and Bechler River soldier stations (Bldgs 111 and 231). The Norris soldier station currently houses the Museum of the National Park Ranger. Additionally, the Bechler River barn (Bldg 232) is still in existence.

text: The first soldier cabins were built in 1886 as part of Camp Sheridan and all of these were later removed. Cabins were also built at the Lower Geyser Basin, Upper Geyser Basin,

text: Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone

text: , Riverside and at

text: Soda Butte

text: . As more outposts were needed over the years cabins were constructed at Lake Outlet (1887), Snake River (Polecat Creek), West Thumb and Riverside (1892), Mud Geyser (1895), Norris and Thumb Bay (1897), Lake (1899), Snake River (1902), Gardiner (1903), West Thumb, Syvan Pass and Soda Butte (1904), Tower (1907), Crevice Mountain (1912), Snake River (1914), and Aster Creek, Cabin Creek, Harebell, and Thorofare (1915). Snowshoe cabins in existence in 1899 included small structures at Astringent Creek, Bartlet, Boundary Creek, Coulter Creek, Hellroaring Creek, Lewis River, Park Point, Proposition, Trappers Creek, Trout Creek and Willow Creek. While none of the aforementioned structures are still in existence, four remote structures remain. They include the Buffalo Lake snowshoe cabin (Bldg 234) and the Norris and Bechler River soldier stations (Bldgs 111 and 231). The Norris soldier station currently houses the

text: Museum of the National Park Ranger

text: . Additionally, the Bechler River barn (Bldg 232) is still in existence.

text: Baby Daisy Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Old Road group of geysers.

text: Baby Daisy Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It is part of the Old Road group of geysers.

text: Wells was from New Jersey and New York, and owned the Wells Rustless Iron Company. Wells managed a pineapple plantation on the beach. He also donated the land for a local park named Wells Park.

text: Besides using flint with the steel, many other hard, non-porous rocks can be used, that can take a sharp edge, such as chert, jasper or chalcedony.

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 35001 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=002 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35002 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=003 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35003 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=004 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35004 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=005 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35005 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=006 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35006 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=007 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35007 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=008 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35008 ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=009 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35009 ||  || October 31, 1980 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=010 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35010 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=011 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35011 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=012 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35012 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=013 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35013 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=014 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35014 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=015 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35015 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=016 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35016 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=017 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35017 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=018 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35018 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=019 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35019 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=020 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35020 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=021 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35021 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=022 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35022 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=023 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35023 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=024 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35024 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=025 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35025 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=026 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35026 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=027 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35027 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=028 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35028 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=029 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35029 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=030 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35030 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=031 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35031 ||  || March 3, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=032 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35032 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=033 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35033 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=034 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35034 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=035 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35035 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=036 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35036 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=037 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35037 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=038 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35038 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=039 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35039 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=040 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35040 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=041 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35041 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=042 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35042 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=043 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35043 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=044 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35044 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=045 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35045 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=046 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35046 ||  || March 3, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=047 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35047 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=048 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35048 ||  || March 15, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=049 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35049 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=050 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35050 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=051 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35051 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=052 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35052 ||  || May 15, 1982 || Palomar || Palomar Obs. ||  —|-id=053 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35053 ||  || October 25, 1982 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva ||  —|-id=054 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35054 || 1983 WK || November 28, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell ||  —|-id=055 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35055 || 1984 RB || September 2, 1984 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=056 bgcolor=#FA8072| 35056 Cullers || 1984 ST || September 28, 1984 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=057 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35057 ||  || September 23, 1984 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=058 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35058 ||  || September 12, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=059 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35059 ||  || August 27, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=060 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35060 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=061 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35061 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=062 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35062 Sakuranosyou || 1988 EP || March 12, 1988 || Kobuchizawa || M. Inoue, O. Muramatsu || |-id=063 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35063 || 1988 FD || March 16, 1988 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda ||  —|-id=064 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35064 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=065 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35065 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=066 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35066 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=067 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35067 || 1989 LL || June 4, 1989 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=068 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35068 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=069 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35069 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=070 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35070 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=071 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35071 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=072 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35072 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=073 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35073 ||  || October 4, 1989 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=074 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35074 ||  || October 25, 1989 || Gekko || Y. Oshima ||  —|-id=075 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35075 ||  || December 2, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=076 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35076 Yataro ||  || January 21, 1990 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=077 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35077 ||  || July 30, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=078 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35078 ||  || August 20, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=079 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35079 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=080 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35080 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=081 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35081 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=082 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35082 ||  || September 14, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=083 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35083 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=084 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35084 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=085 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35085 ||  || September 16, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=086 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35086 ||  || October 14, 1990 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=087 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35087 von Sydow ||  || October 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=088 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35088 ||  || November 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=089 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35089 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=090 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35090 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=091 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35091 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=092 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35092 ||  || November 21, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=093 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35093 Akicity ||  || March 14, 1991 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=094 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35094 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=095 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35095 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=096 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35096 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=097 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35097 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=098 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35098 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=099 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35099 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=100 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35100 || 1991 NK || July 8, 1991 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 35001 ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=002 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35002 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=003 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35003 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=004 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35004 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=005 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35005 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=006 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35006 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=007 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35007 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=008 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35008 ||  || March 16, 1980 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=009 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35009 ||  || October 31, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=010 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35010 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: Palomar

text: Palomar Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=053 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35053 ||  || October 25, 1982 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: ||  —|-id=054 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35054 || 1983 WK || November 28, 1983 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: ||  —|-id=055 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35055 || 1984 RB || September 2, 1984 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=056 bgcolor=#FA8072| 35056 Cullers || 1984 ST || September 28, 1984 || Palomar ||

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=057 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35057 ||  || September 23, 1984 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=058 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35058 ||  || September 12, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=059 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35059 ||  || August 27, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=060 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35060 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=061 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35061 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=062 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35062 Sakuranosyou || 1988 EP || March 12, 1988 ||

entity_name: List of asteroid-discovering observatories

text: Kobuchizawa

text: M. Inoue

text: O. Muramatsu

text: || |-id=063 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35063 || 1988 FD || March 16, 1988 ||

text: Kushiro

text: S. Ueda

text: H. Kaneda

text: ||  —|-id=064 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35064 ||  || September 14, 1988 ||

text: Cerro Tololo

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=065 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35065 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=066 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35066 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=067 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35067 || 1989 LL || June 4, 1989 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=068 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35068 ||  || September 26, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=069 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35069 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=070 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35070 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=071 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35071 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=072 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35072 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=073 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35073 ||  || October 4, 1989 || La Silla ||

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=074 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35074 ||  || October 25, 1989 ||

text: Gekko

text: Y. Oshima

text: ||  —|-id=075 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35075 ||  || December 2, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=076 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35076 Yataro ||  || January 21, 1990 ||

text: Geisei

text: T. Seki

text: || |-id=077 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35077 ||  || July 30, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=078 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35078 ||  || August 20, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=079 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35079 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=080 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35080 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=081 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35081 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=082 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35082 ||  || September 14, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=083 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35083 ||  || September 22, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=084 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35084 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=085 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35085 ||  || September 16, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=086 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35086 ||  || October 14, 1990 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=087 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35087 von Sydow ||  || October 16, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=088 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35088 ||  || November 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=089 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35089 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=090 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35090 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=091 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35091 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=092 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35092 ||  || November 21, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=093 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35093 Akicity ||  || March 14, 1991 ||

text: Geisei

text: T. Seki

text: || |-id=094 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35094 ||  || April 8, 1991 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=095 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35095 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=096 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35096 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=097 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35097 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=098 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 35098 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=099 bgcolor=#fefefe| 35099 ||  || April 8, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=100 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 35100 || 1991 NK || July 8, 1991 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: 70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply. Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with groundwater depletion, especially after demand for water went up in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, subermersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, whilst only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. Recently, in 2012, Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area by constructing solar panels over the canals. A one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.

text: Underneath several hundred feet of Holocene-age alluvium, deposited by thousands of years of runoff from the mountains that ring the Central Valley, is the Pleistocene Tulare Formation, which forms an impermeable cap to the underlying San Joaquin Clay, the principal gas-bearing unit.  This unit varies in thickness from 2,200 to , and has an average porosity of 28%.  Drillers of early boreholes had determined that deeper formations contained oil, but since it never flowed, those prospectors guessed that the permeability of the units was insufficient for the field ever to be commercially viable.  Wells drilled in 1956 and subsequent years, however, proved this wrong.  Underneath the San Joaquin Clay is the Etchegoin Formation, which contains the Randolph Pool, a unit which turned out to be moderately productive.  Its average depth is  and the oil-bearing, highly porous subunit has a thickness of about .  Beneath this unit are several other rock units with no oil, including  of the Monterey Formation; but underneath several other rock layers yet another oil pool was found in the Oligocene-age Vedder Sands, at a depth of .  This unit produced from only a single well, from 1975 until it was abandoned in 1977, and was the deepest oil-producing unit ever exploited in California.  Oil from this depth was light, with an API gravity of 42, and came up with a temperature of , along with a reservoir pressure of 8,200 psi.

text: Underneath several hundred feet of

text: Holocene

text: -age alluvium, deposited by thousands of years of runoff from the mountains that ring the Central Valley, is the

text: Pleistocene

text: Tulare Formation, which forms an impermeable cap to the underlying San Joaquin Clay, the principal gas-bearing unit.  This unit varies in thickness from 2,200 to , and has an average porosity of 28%.  Drillers of early boreholes had determined that deeper formations contained oil, but since it never flowed, those prospectors guessed that the permeability of the units was insufficient for the field ever to be commercially viable.  Wells drilled in 1956 and subsequent years, however, proved this wrong.  Underneath the San Joaquin Clay is the Etchegoin Formation, which contains the Randolph Pool, a unit which turned out to be moderately productive.  Its average depth is  and the oil-bearing, highly porous subunit has a thickness of about .  Beneath this unit are several other rock units with no oil, including  of the

text: Monterey Formation

text: ; but underneath several other rock layers yet another oil pool was found in the

text: Oligocene

text: -age Vedder Sands, at a depth of .  This unit produced from only a single well, from 1975 until it was abandoned in 1977, and was the deepest oil-producing unit ever exploited in California.  Oil from this depth was light, with an

text: API gravity

text: of 42, and came up with a temperature of , along with a reservoir pressure of 8,200 psi.

text: The surface water which is the water visibly seen in wetland systems only represents a portion of the overall water cycle which also includes atmospheric water and groundwater. Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater and a crucial regulator of both the quantity and quality of water found below the ground. Wetland systems that are made of permeable sediments like limestone or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables especially have a role in groundwater replenishment or water recharge. Sediments that are porous allow water to filter down through the soil and overlying rock into aquifers which are the source of 95% of the world's drinking water. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is too high. Karst (cave) systems are a unique example of this system and are a connection of underground rivers influenced by rain and other forms of precipitation. These wetland systems are capable of regulating changes in the water table on upwards of .

text: The

text: surface water

text: which is the water visibly seen in wetland systems only represents a portion of the overall water cycle which also includes

text: atmospheric water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: . Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater and a crucial regulator of both the quantity and

text: quality of water

text: found below the ground. Wetland systems that are made of

text: permeable

text: sediment

text: s like

text: limestone

text: or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables especially have a role in

text: groundwater replenishment

text: or

text: water recharge

text: . Sediments that are

text: porous

text: allow water to filter down through the soil and overlying rock into

text: aquifers

text: which are the source of 95% of the world's drinking water. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is too high.

text: Karst

text: (cave) systems are a unique example of this system and are a connection of underground rivers influenced by rain and other forms of

text: precipitation

text: . These wetland systems are capable of regulating changes in the water table on upwards of .

text: A Guinness World Record of 2,865 simultaneous geysers was set on 17 October 2010, in an event organized by Perfetti Van Melle (Philippines) at the SM Mall of Asia Complex, in Manila, Philippines. This record was afterwards beaten in November 2014 by another event organized by Perfetti Van Melle and Chupa Chups in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico where 4,334 Mentos and soda fountains were set off simultaneously.

text: A

text: Guinness World Record

text: of 2,865 simultaneous geysers was set on 17 October 2010, in an event organized by

text: Perfetti Van Melle

text: (Philippines) at the

text: SM Mall of Asia

text: Complex, in

text: Manila

text: , Philippines. This record was afterwards beaten in November 2014 by another event organized by

text: Perfetti Van Melle

text: and

text: Chupa Chups

text: in

text: Leon, Guanajuato

text: , Mexico where 4,334 Mentos and soda fountains were set off simultaneously.

text: Deep wells are also used for aquifer testing and for groundwater drainage by wells.

text: Deep wells

text: are also used for

text: aquifer test

text: ing and for groundwater

text: drainage by wells

text: Malvern is a city in and the county seat of Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Founded as a railroad stop within the Ouachita Mountains, the community's history and economy have been tied to available agricultural and mineral resources. Specifically, the production of bricks from locally available clay has earned the city the nickname, "The Brick Capital of the World". The city had a population of 10,318 at the time of the 2010 census.

text: Malvern is a city in and the

text: county seat

text: of

text: Hot Spring County

text: Arkansas

text: . Founded as a railroad stop within the

text: Ouachita Mountains

text: , the community's history and economy have been tied to available agricultural and mineral resources. Specifically, the production of

text: brick

text: s from locally available clay has earned the city the nickname, "The Brick Capital of the World". The city had a population of 10,318 at the time of the

text: 2010 census

text: |- bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99901 ||  || August 29, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99902 ||  || August 18, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99903 ||  || August 17, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99904 ||  || August 27, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99905 Jeffgrossman ||  || August 27, 2002 || Palomar || R. Matson || |-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99906 Uofalberta ||  || August 17, 2002 || Palomar || A. Lowe || |-id=907 bgcolor=#FFC2E0| 99907 || 1989 VA || November 2, 1989 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99908 ||  || July 20, 1990 || Palomar || A. Lowe ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99909 ||  || August 10, 1994 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99910 ||  || October 2, 1994 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99911 ||  || September 28, 1995 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99912 ||  || October 31, 1995 || Modra || A. Galád, A. Pravda ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99913 ||  || February 7, 1997 || Haleakala || NEAT ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99914 ||  || September 30, 1997 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=915 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99915 ||  || October 2, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99916 ||  || January 3, 1998 || Woomera || F. B. Zoltowski ||  —|-id=917 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99917 ||  || April 18, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99918 ||  || September 18, 1998 || Catalina || CSS ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99919 ||  || September 8, 1999 || Ondřejov || L. Kotková ||  —|-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99920 ||  || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99921 ||  || September 15, 1999 || Ondřejov || P. Pravec, P. Kušnirák ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99922 ||  || September 13, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99923 ||  || December 4, 1999 || Catalina || CSS ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99924 ||  || January 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99925 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99926 ||  || February 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99927 ||  || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99928 Brainard ||  || March 4, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || |-id=929 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99929 ||  || March 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99930 ||  || April 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=931 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99931 ||  || September 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99932 ||  || November 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99933 ||  || December 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99934 ||  || February 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=935 bgcolor=#FFC2E0| 99935 ||  || January 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99936 ||  || September 11, 2002 || Palomar || NEAT ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99937 ||  || August 25, 2003 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=938 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99938 ||  || October 19, 2003 || Palomar || NEAT ||  —|-id=939 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99939 ||  || October 20, 2003 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99940 ||  || October 27, 2003 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99941 ||  || November 23, 2003 || Catalina || CSS ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#FFC2E0| 99942 Apophis ||  || June 19, 2004 || Kitt Peak || R. A. Tucker, D. J. Tholen, F. Bernardi || |-id=943 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 99943 ||  || January 6, 2005 || Catalina || CSS ||  —|-id=944 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99944 || 2710 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99945 || 4589 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99946 || 4134 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99947 || 4220 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=948 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99948 ||  || September 23, 1952 || Mount Wilson || L. E. Cunningham ||  —|-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99949 Miepgies || 1972 FD || March 16, 1972 || Palomar || T. Gehrels || |-id=950 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 99950 Euchenor ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=951 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99951 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99952 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=953 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99953 || 1978 ND || July 7, 1978 || Palomar || C. T. Kowal ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99954 || 1978 NH || July 10, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99955 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=956 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99956 || 1978 VA || November 5, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99957 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99958 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99959 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99960 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99961 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99962 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99963 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99964 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=965 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99965 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=966 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99966 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99967 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99968 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99969 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99970 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=971 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99971 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=972 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99972 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=973 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99973 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=974 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99974 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=975 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99975 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=976 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99976 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99977 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=978 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99978 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=979 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99979 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=980 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99980 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99981 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99982 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99983 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=984 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99984 ||  || March 3, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99985 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=986 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99986 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=987 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99987 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99988 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=989 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99989 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99990 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99991 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=992 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99992 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=993 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99993 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99994 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=995 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99995 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99996 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99997 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99998 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99999 || 1981 FP || March 28, 1981 || Harvard Observatory || Harvard Obs. ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe| 100000 Astronautica ||  || September 28, 1982 || Palomar || J. Gibson || |}

text: |- bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99901 ||  || August 29, 2002 ||

text: Palomar

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99902 ||  || August 18, 2002 || Palomar ||

text: S. F. Hönig

text: ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99903 ||  || August 17, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99904 ||  || August 27, 2002 || Palomar || S. F. Hönig ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99905 Jeffgrossman ||  || August 27, 2002 || Palomar ||

text: R. Matson

text: || |-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 99906 Uofalberta

text: ||  || August 17, 2002 || Palomar ||

text: A. Lowe

text: || |-id=907 bgcolor=#FFC2E0|

text: || 1989 VA || November 2, 1989 || Palomar ||

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99908 ||  || July 20, 1990 || Palomar ||

text: A. Lowe

text: ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99909 ||  || August 10, 1994 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99910 ||  || October 2, 1994 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99911 ||  || September 28, 1995 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99912 ||  || October 31, 1995 ||

text: Modra

text: A. Galád

text: A. Pravda

text: ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99913 ||  || February 7, 1997 ||

text: Haleakala

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99914 ||  || September 30, 1997 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: ||  —|-id=915 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99915 ||  || October 2, 1997 ||

text: Caussols

text: ODAS

text: ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99916 ||  || January 3, 1998 ||

text: Woomera

text: F. B. Zoltowski

text: ||  —|-id=917 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99917 ||  || April 18, 1998 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99918 ||  || September 18, 1998 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99919 ||  || September 8, 1999 ||

text: Ondřejov

text: L. Kotková

text: ||  —|-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99920 ||  || September 7, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99921 ||  || September 15, 1999 ||

text: Ondřejov

text: P. Pravec

text: P. Kušnirák

text: ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99922 ||  || September 13, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99923 ||  || December 4, 1999 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99924 ||  || January 4, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99925 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99926 ||  || February 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99927 ||  || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99928 Brainard ||  || March 4, 2000 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: || |-id=929 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99929 ||  || March 29, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99930 ||  || April 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=931 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99931 ||  || September 24, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99932 ||  || November 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99933 ||  || December 30, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99934 ||  || February 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=935 bgcolor=#FFC2E0| 99935 ||  || January 8, 2002 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99936 ||  || September 11, 2002 ||

text: Palomar

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99937 ||  || August 25, 2003 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=938 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99938 ||  || October 19, 2003 ||

text: Palomar

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=939 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99939 ||  || October 20, 2003 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99940 ||  || October 27, 2003 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99941 ||  || November 23, 2003 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#FFC2E0|

text: 99942 Apophis

text: ||  || June 19, 2004 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: R. A. Tucker

text: D. J. Tholen

text: F. Bernardi

text: || |-id=943 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 99943 ||  || January 6, 2005 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: ||  —|-id=944 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99944 || 2710 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99945 || 4589 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99946 || 4134 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99947 || 4220 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=948 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99948 ||  || September 23, 1952 ||

text: Mount Wilson

text: L. E. Cunningham

text: ||  —|-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 99949 Miepgies

text: || 1972 FD || March 16, 1972 ||

text: Palomar

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=950 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 99950 Euchenor ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar ||

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: , T. Gehrels || |-id=951 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99951 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99952 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=953 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99953 || 1978 ND || July 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: C. T. Kowal

text: ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99954 || 1978 NH || July 10, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99955 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=956 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99956 || 1978 VA || November 5, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99957 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin,

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99958 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99959 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99960 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99961 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99962 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99963 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99964 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=965 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99965 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=966 bgcolor=#fefefe| 99966 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#FA8072| 99967 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 99968 ||  || August 22, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 99969 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Harvard Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 100000 Astronautica

text: ||  || September 28, 1982 ||

text: Palomar

text: J. Gibson

text: Groundwater is estimated to account for approximately 47 percent of the DRC's internal renewable water resources. Springs located in dense forests are the main source of water supply for the majority of the population. However, information on extent and quality of groundwater resources and springs in the DRC is scarce. Simple, capped springheads are commonly used for water supply in dispersed villages and peri-urban areas. Large-scale water supply from springs through distribution networks is used in many cities, including Beni, Bunia, Lisala, Lubumbashi, Kisingani and Mbuji-Mayi. Water supply from deep-drilled wells is limited to a small percentage of the population. Most of the approximately 1,000 wells were constructed between 1960s and 1990s and have yields between 15 and 80 m³/h. Hand and mechanical pump wells and dug wells account for around 10 percent of the drinking water supply.

text: Groundwater

text: is estimated to account for approximately 47 percent of the DRC's internal renewable water resources. Springs located in dense forests are the main source of water supply for the majority of the population. However, information on extent and quality of groundwater resources and springs in the DRC is scarce. Simple, capped springheads are commonly used for

text: water supply

text: in dispersed villages and

text: peri-urban areas

text: . Large-scale water supply from springs through distribution networks is used in many cities, including Beni,

text: Bunia

text: Lisala

text: Lubumbashi

text: Kisingani

text: and

text: Mbuji-Mayi

text: . Water supply from deep-drilled wells is limited to a small percentage of the population. Most of the approximately 1,000 wells were constructed between 1960s and 1990s and have yields between 15 and 80 m³/h. Hand and mechanical pump wells and dug wells account for around 10 percent of the drinking water supply.

text: The Santa Clara valley aquifer is a groundwater aquifer located in the southern San Francisco Bay Area.  The geology of the Santa Clara valley aquifer consists of a complex stratigraphy of permeable and impermeable units.  Management of aquifer resources is associated with the Santa Clara Valley Water District.

text: The Santa Clara valley aquifer is a groundwater

text: aquifer

text: located in the southern

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: .  The geology of the Santa Clara valley aquifer consists of a complex

text: stratigraphy

text: of permeable and impermeable units.  Management of aquifer resources is associated with the

text: Santa Clara Valley Water District

text: = depth of the bottom of the well equal to the depth of the impermeable base (m),

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as dense non-aqueous phase liquid. Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects surfactants (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for contaminant plumes that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquid

text: . Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects

text: surfactant

text: s (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquids

text: (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for

text: contaminant plume

text: s that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

text: Bead Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser. Eruptions of Bead Geyser last about 2½ minutes and are  high. Bead is an extremely regular geyser. The interval between eruptions is 28–36 minutes. This changes with time but the average for any given time hardly varies. The duration is also highly regular at about 150 seconds.

text: Bead Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are

text: Box Spring

text: Dilemma Geyser

text: Labial Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser

text: Pink Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: . Eruptions of Bead Geyser last about 2½ minutes and are  high. Bead is an extremely regular geyser. The interval between eruptions is 28–36 minutes. This changes with time but the average for any given time hardly varies. The duration is also highly regular at about 150 seconds.

text: Wells began 2010 at a promising pace, hitting four home runs with eight RBI in the first series. He continued to play well, hitting .337 with eight home runs and 16 RBI in April. On April 7 he had a multi-home run game against the Rangers, his first since September 28, 2008. On June 27, Wells hit a two-run home run that made Jamie Moyer of the Philadelphia Phillies, Major League Baseball's all-time leader in home runs allowed, with 506. On July 5, 2010, Wells was named a reserve for the 2010 MLB All-Star Game, along with teammates José Bautista and John Buck. Wells was also a participant in the Home Run Derby, when Chris Berman predicted that Wells, whom he nicknamed the "Canadian Breeze", would carry away the title. Wells ended up hitting two home runs in the first round.

text: Wells began 2010 at a promising pace, hitting four home runs with eight RBI in the first series. He continued to play well, hitting .337 with eight home runs and 16 RBI in April. On April 7 he had a multi-home run game against the Rangers, his first since September 28, 2008. On June 27, Wells hit a two-run home run that made

text: Jamie Moyer

text: of the

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: , Major League Baseball's all-time leader in home runs allowed, with 506. On July 5, 2010, Wells was named a reserve for the

entity_name: 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

text: 2010 MLB All-Star Game

text: , along with teammates

text: José Bautista

text: and

text: John Buck

text: . Wells was also a participant in the

text: Home Run Derby

text: , when

text: Chris Berman

text: predicted that Wells, whom he nicknamed the "Canadian Breeze", would carry away the title. Wells ended up hitting two home runs in the first round.

text: Trace elements from buried sediments, percolating rain water, and trapped sea water meant various inorganic ions were present within the porous rock, among them chlorine, fluorine, sulphate, calcium, barium, lead, zinc and even uranium. Organic material from the decomposing bodies of marine animals in the sediments formed hydrocarbons, precursors of oil and gas. At high pressure a hot mineralised fluid formed and was forced into fractures and other voids in the rock. From this fluid, catalysed by the hydrocarbons, compounds such as galena (lead sulphide, PbS), sphalerite (zinc sulphide, ZnS), baryte (barium sulphate, BaSO) and fluorspar (calcium fluoride, CaF) were precipitated as solid crystals. At Treak Cliff the mineralised fluid was particularly rich in fluorine and 99% of the deposited mineral is fluorspar (technically, fluorite is the pure crystal and fluorspar the industrial name for the impure substance as mined). The exploitable deposits of fluorspar are known as "rakes", "scrins", "flats" or "pipes" depending on the size and shape of the voids in which the crystals were deposited.

text: Trace elements from buried sediments, percolating rain water, and trapped sea water meant various inorganic ions were present within the porous rock, among them chlorine, fluorine, sulphate, calcium, barium, lead, zinc and even uranium. Organic material from the decomposing bodies of marine animals in the sediments formed hydrocarbons, precursors of oil and gas. At high pressure a hot mineralised fluid formed and was forced into fractures and other voids in the rock. From this fluid, catalysed by the hydrocarbons, compounds such as

text: galena

text: (lead sulphide, PbS),

text: sphalerite

text: (zinc sulphide, ZnS),

text: baryte

text: (barium sulphate, BaSO) and

text: fluorspar

text: (calcium fluoride, CaF) were precipitated as solid crystals. At Treak Cliff the mineralised fluid was particularly rich in fluorine and 99% of the deposited mineral is fluorspar (technically, fluorite is the pure crystal and fluorspar the industrial name for the impure substance as mined). The exploitable deposits of fluorspar are known as "rakes", "scrins", "flats" or "pipes" depending on the size and shape of the voids in which the crystals were deposited.

text: In Slovakia about  1300 mineral sources providing curative water and high quality mineral water for drinking are registered. There are 21 thermal spa towns built on these mineral springs. The most visited are Piešťany, Trenčianske Teplicie, Bardejov and Dudince.

text: In

text: Slovakia

text: about  1300 mineral sources providing

text: curative water

text: and high quality

text: mineral water

text: for drinking are registered. There are 21 thermal

text: spa town

text: s built on these mineral springs. The most visited are Piešťany, Trenčianske Teplicie, Bardejov and Dudince.

text: Pink Cone Geyser was named by the Hayden Survey. The geyser's sinter cone is a shell-pink caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not seem to interact.

text: Pink Cone Geyser was named by the

text: Hayden Survey

text: . The geyser's

text: sinter

text: cone is a shell-pink caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not seem to interact.

text: Aram Chaos measures about  across, and lies in a region called Margaritifer Terra, where many water-carved channels show that floods poured out of the highlands onto the northern lowlands ages ago.  The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the orbiter Mars Odyssey found gray crystalline hematite on the floor of Aram. CRISM, the spectroscope on the MRO, found hyrdrated sulfates, jarosite, and hematite.  Hematite is an iron-oxide mineral that can precipitate when ground water circulates through iron-rich rocks, whether at normal temperatures or in hot springs.  The floor of Aram contains huge blocks of collapsed, or chaotic, terrain that formed when water or ice was catastrophically removed. Elsewhere on Mars, the release of groundwater produced massive floods that eroded the large channels seen in Ares Vallis and similar outflow valleys. In Aram Chaos, however, the released water stayed mostly within the crater's ramparts, eroding only a small, shallow outlet channel in the eastern wall. Several minerals including hematite sulfate minerals, and water-altered silicates in Aram suggests that a lake probably once existed within the crater.  Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which could not long exist without a thick atmosphere, Mars must have had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past.

text: Aram Chaos measures about  across, and lies in a region called

text: Margaritifer Terra

text: , where many water-carved channels show that floods poured out of the highlands onto the northern lowlands ages ago.  The Thermal Emission Imaging System (

text: THEMIS

text: ) on the

text: orbiter

text: Mars Odyssey

text: found

text: gray crystalline hematite

text: on the floor of Aram. CRISM, the spectroscope on the

text: MRO

text: , found hyrdrated sulfates,

text: jarosite

text: , and hematite.  Hematite is an

text: iron-oxide

text: mineral

text: that can precipitate when ground water circulates through iron-rich rocks, whether at normal temperatures or in hot springs.  The floor of Aram contains huge blocks of collapsed, or chaotic, terrain that formed when water or ice was catastrophically removed. Elsewhere on Mars, the release of groundwater produced massive floods that eroded the large channels seen in Ares Vallis and similar outflow valleys. In Aram Chaos, however, the released water stayed mostly within the crater's ramparts, eroding only a small, shallow outlet channel in the eastern wall. Several minerals including hematite sulfate minerals, and water-altered silicates in Aram suggests that a lake probably once existed within the crater.  Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which could not long exist without a thick atmosphere, Mars must have had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past.

text: Guatemala is blessed with ample amounts of rainwater, surface and groundwater. While surface water is abundant, they are seasonal and often polluted. Groundwater from wells and springs is important to the national supply resource meeting demands for potable water for public and domestic needs. Groundwater is also used for the agricultural and industrial sectors as well. Hydroelectricity output is the key component (92%) of Guatemala's electricity generation and is highlighted by the Chixoy hydroelectric project. The National Institute of Electricity (INDE) (El Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion) oversees and implements hydroelectric projects in Guatemala.

text: Guatemala is blessed with ample amounts of

text: rainwater

text: , surface and

text: groundwater

text: . While surface water is abundant, they are seasonal and often polluted. Groundwater from wells and springs is important to the national supply resource meeting demands for potable water for public and domestic needs. Groundwater is also used for the agricultural and industrial sectors as well.

text: Hydroelectricity

text: output is the key component (92%) of Guatemala's electricity generation and is highlighted by the Chixoy hydroelectric project. The National Institute of Electricity (INDE) (El Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion) oversees and implements hydroelectric projects in Guatemala.

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the groundwater. The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent salt water intrusion from the ocean into the groundwater.

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the

text: groundwater

text: . The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent

text: salt water

text: intrusion from the

text: ocean

text: into the groundwater.

text: The main findings of the study were that the majority of the area was not irrigated due to depletion in the groundwater table. Farmers were exploiting the groundwater with the help of tube well having average depth of 300 feet. There was nobody thinking about the groundwater recharge. There was no groundwater, and farmers were wasting their money by digging tube wells. Before starting the work of deep CCT, Gramsabha passed the resolution of the ‘Groundwater Regulation and Management’ which prohibited the villagers from digging tube wells (the main cause of the groundwater depletion). These helped to recharge the groundwater. It was found that due to Deep CCT structures water availability became major asset in the village which result in increase in the crop production and productivity. And farmers are shift toward cultivation of cash crops. Similarly due to availability of the water for the cultivation of fodder crops, dairy became a profitable enterprise. Thus a deep CCT structure has great success in the transformation of village Pimpari Gavali in very short span. It is definitely a replicable model.

text: Fan and Mortar Geysers are two geysers in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park. For the past several decades, they have erupted in concert with one another and are generally talked about together. The records detailing these geysers' known eruptive history shows that they have been infrequent and irregular performers.

text: Fan and Mortar Geysers are two

text: geyser

text: s in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: . For the past several decades, they have erupted in concert with one another and are generally talked about together. The records detailing these geysers' known eruptive history shows that they have been infrequent and irregular performers.

text: Edwards AquiferAuthority regulates withdrawal permits, transfers, and groundwater conservationplans under authority granted by the Texas legislature. Groundwater law in thestate of Texas is governed by the Rule of Capture, which gives landowners theright to pump groundwater beneath their land, with the exception of drilling alateral well extending under a neighbor’s property, wasting water, or pumpingwith the intention of causing harm to a neighbor’s well. In order to construct a well to withdraw water from the Edwards Aquifer, however,a user requires a permit that is granted by the Edwards Aquifer Authority. Permitsfor existing users are determined by maximum historical use, taking intoconsideration the overall availability of water in the aquifer.

text: A-0 Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: A-0 Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Tequisquiapan is the second most important tourist destination in the state of Querétaro. The major tourist attractions for the town and municipality include the food, the hot springs, the crafts and the climate. It has had a reputation as a place to visit for its thermal and fresh water springs since the pre Hispanic era. However, many of these springs have dried up due to the pumping of groundwater, requiring spas and hotels to pump the spring and thermal water from below ground as well. Today, other attractions of the town include its climate, the layout of its streets, the traditional facades of its houses and the variety of handcrafts and folk art available in its markets. Spas and water parks include Balneario La Vega, Parque Acuático El Oasis, Parque Acuático Termas del Rey, Fantasía Acuática and Balneario San Joaquín.  Some of the water parks feature thermal springs and other have water slides and other rides for children.

text: Tequisquiapan is the second most important tourist destination in the state of Querétaro. The major tourist attractions for the town and municipality include the food, the hot springs, the crafts and the climate. It has had a reputation as a place to visit for its thermal and fresh water springs since the

text: pre Hispanic era

text: . However, many of these springs have dried up due to the pumping of groundwater, requiring spas and hotels to pump the spring and thermal water from below ground as well. Today, other attractions of the town include its climate, the layout of its streets, the traditional facades of its houses and the variety of handcrafts and folk art available in its markets. Spas and water parks include Balneario La Vega, Parque Acuático El Oasis, Parque Acuático Termas del Rey, Fantasía Acuática and Balneario San Joaquín.  Some of the water parks feature thermal springs and other have water slides and other rides for children.

text: Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution", expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas. Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world. The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable buffer capacity allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall. This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on precipitation or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at approximately 1,000 kmper year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes. The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide. Groundwater has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.

text: Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution", expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas. Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world. The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable

text: buffer capacity

text: allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall. This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on

text: precipitation

text: or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at approximately 1,000 kmper year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes. The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide. Groundwater has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.

text: It is clear that variation of the groundwater levels have significant power at the ocean tidal frequencies. To estimate the extent at which the groundwater levels are influenced by the ocean surface levels, we compute the coherence between them. Let us assume that there is a linear relationship between the ocean surface height and the groundwater levels. We further assume that the ocean surface height controls the groundwater levels so that we take the ocean surface height as the input variable, and the groundwater well height as the output variable.

text: A GSA is the primary entity responsible for reaching groundwater sustainability. A GSA is  required to develop and implement a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP) to consider the interests of all beneficial users and the users of high-to medium-priority groundwater basins.

text: Hronovka and Regnerka (collectively known as Prdlavka) are a pair of mineral springs located in Hronov, Bohemia, Czech Republic.  The springs were discovered in 1865 by Regner Havlovický near the home of Czech writer Alois Jirásek.  Deeming that the water had curative properties, Jirásek's father (owner of the property on which the springs were discovered) had, by 1869, built a spa with bathing facilities filled with water from the springs.  The spa soon went defunct, but since 1946, new facilities have been built, with a remodel in 1977, and full reconstruction in 2013.

text: Hronovka and Regnerka (collectively known as Prdlavka) are a pair of

text: mineral springs

text: located in

text: Hronov

text: Bohemia

text: Czech Republic

text: .  The springs were discovered in 1865 by

text: Regner Havlovický

text: near the home of Czech writer

text: Alois Jirásek

text: .  Deeming that the water had curative properties, Jirásek's father (owner of the property on which the springs were discovered) had, by 1869, built a spa with bathing facilities filled with water from the springs.  The spa soon went defunct, but since 1946, new facilities have been built, with a remodel in 1977, and full reconstruction in 2013.

text: The civil parish of Wells was formed in 1933 upon the merger of Wells St Cuthbert In and Wells St Andrew (the latter being the historic liberty of the cathedral, the bishop's palace, etc., amounting to just ). Wells is the successor parish for Wells Municipal Borough, which existed from the creation of municipal boroughs in 1835 to their abolition in 1974. The parish has held the city status of Wells since 1 April 1974 (previously held by the municipal borough) and the member of the City Council who chairs the council holds the historic office of Mayor of Wells, typically for one year. The current mayor (for the 2014-15 municipal year) is Councillor Chris Briton, who is the 641st Mayor of Wells. Another historic position is that of the Town Crier.

text: The

text: civil parish

text: of Wells was formed in 1933 upon the merger of

text: Wells St Cuthbert In

text: and

text: Wells St Andrew

text: (the latter being the historic liberty of the cathedral, the bishop's palace, etc., amounting to just ). Wells is the

text: successor parish

text: for Wells Municipal Borough, which existed from the creation of

text: municipal borough

text: s in 1835 to their abolition in 1974. The parish has held the

text: city status

text: of Wells since 1 April 1974 (previously held by the municipal borough) and the member of the City Council who chairs the council holds the historic office of Mayor of Wells, typically for one year. The current mayor (for the 2014-15 municipal year) is Councillor Chris Briton, who is the 641st Mayor of Wells. Another historic position is that of the

text: Town Crier

text: The geyser phenomenon occurs following an extended period of complete darkness, and the geysers themselves occur at the beginning of polar spring, when temperatures are in the range of , and the sun angle is only a few degrees above the horizon. The extreme environment, low Sun angles during the geyser occurrence, and the fact that it would be desirable to emplace the probe well before the occurrence of the geysers, during a period of no sunlight, makes this a difficult environment for the use of solar arrays as the primary power source. Thus, this is an attractive mission for use of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) with a mass of  including a Li-ion battery for use during Entry/Descent/Landing (EDL) as well as during the hops when there is a short duration requirement for additional power.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> However, the ASRG development was cancelled by NASA in 2013.

text: The geyser phenomenon occurs following an extended period of complete darkness, and the geysers themselves occur at the beginning of polar spring, when temperatures are in the range of , and the sun angle is only a few degrees above the horizon. The extreme environment, low Sun angles during the geyser occurrence, and the fact that it would be desirable to emplace the probe well before the occurrence of the geysers, during a period of no sunlight, makes this a difficult environment for the use of

text: solar array

text: s as the primary power source. Thus, this is an attractive mission for use of the

entity_name: Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator

text: Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator

text: (ASRG) with a mass of  including a

text: Li-ion battery

text: for use during Entry/Descent/Landing (EDL) as well as during the hops when there is a short duration requirement for additional power.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> However, the ASRG development was cancelled by NASA in 2013.

text: In June 1991, the WWF UK lodged a complaint against the project with the European Commission. It was later joined by An Taisce. They argued that the project would be in violation of Community law regarding the protection of groundwater. In February 1992, OPW published an environmental impact assessment, at the request of the Commission. This, as well as a follow-up study, were criticized by the WWF.

text: In June 1991, the

text: WWF

text: UK lodged a complaint against the project with the

text: European Commission

text: . It was later joined by

text: An Taisce

text: . They argued that the project would be in violation of Community law regarding the protection of groundwater. In February 1992, OPW published an environmental impact assessment, at the request of the Commission. This, as well as a follow-up study, were criticized by the WWF.

text: The porous carbonate units of the Muskeg Formation contain important oil and natural gas reservoirs in the Zama and Rainbow Lake areas of northwestern Alberta. The impermeable anhydrite and halite beds of the formation act to seal the reservoirs.

text: The porous carbonate units of the Muskeg Formation contain important oil and natural gas reservoirs in the Zama and Rainbow Lake areas of northwestern Alberta. The

text: impermeable

text: anhydrite and halite beds of the formation act to seal the reservoirs.

text: Through the use of pozzolans in concrete, porous (reactive) Portlandite can be transformed into hard and impermeable (relatively non-reactive) compounds, rather than the porous and soft relatively reactive calcium carbonate produced using ordinary cement. Many of the end products of pozzolanic chemistry exhibit a hardness greater than 7.0 on the Mohs scale.

text: Through the use of pozzolans in concrete, porous (reactive) Portlandite can be transformed into hard and impermeable (relatively non-reactive) compounds, rather than the porous and soft relatively reactive calcium carbonate produced using ordinary cement. Many of the end products of pozzolanic chemistry exhibit a hardness greater than 7.0 on the

text: Mohs scale

text: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are a vital yet poorly understood component of the natural environment. An ecosystem is when living organisms benefit from one another via symbiotic relationships. A groundwater-dependent ecosystems is when its nourishment relies on groundwater input. Typical examples of these systems are springs and wetlands ecosystems where groundwater reaches the earth's surface. These ecosystems emerge from aquifers and water tables. In some cases, the water emerging in the form of a springs or wetland area have traveled immense distances, over the course of tens, hundreds, and thousands of years. Because springs systems contain high levels of water nutrients and biological diversity, they act as windows into the earth. They are incredibly sensitive ecosystems and indicators of global climate change and the health of groundwater ecosystems.

text: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are a vital yet poorly understood component of the

text: natural environment

text: . An ecosystem is when living organisms benefit from one another via symbiotic relationships. A groundwater-dependent ecosystems is when its nourishment relies on groundwater input. Typical examples of these systems are

text: springs

text: and

text: wetlands

text: ecosystems where

text: groundwater

text: reaches the earth's surface. These ecosystems emerge from aquifers and water tables. In some cases, the water emerging in the form of a springs or wetland area have traveled immense distances, over the course of tens, hundreds, and thousands of years. Because springs systems contain high levels of water nutrients and

text: biological diversity

text: , they act as windows into the earth. They are incredibly sensitive ecosystems and indicators of global climate change and the health of groundwater ecosystems.

text: Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.

text: Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow

text: percolation

text: of water and other fluids and are

text: porous

text: enough to store large quantities, making them valuable

text: aquifer

text: s and

text: petroleum reservoir

text: s. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as

text: limestone

text: or other rocks fractured by

text: seismic activity

text: Mono Hot Springs (formerly Lower Hot Springs and Lower Mineral Hot Springs) is a summer resort, campground,   unincorporated community, and a group of hot springs in Fresno County, central California. It is located within the Sierra National Forest,  northeast of Fresno via California State Route 168.

text: Mono Hot Springs (formerly Lower Hot Springs and Lower Mineral Hot Springs) is a summer resort, campground,

text: unincorporated community

text: , and a group of

text: hot spring

text: s in

text: Fresno County

text: , central

text: California

text: . It is located within the

text: Sierra National Forest

text: ,  northeast of

text: Fresno

text: via

text: California State Route 168

text: Prehistorically, Native Americans valued the hot springs and regarded them therapeutically. According to The Montezuma (New Mexico) Story, the site was initially commercialized in 1840, when a man named McDonald petitioned the Mexican government for the land, and was granted it on the condition he became a Mexican citizen. He then set up a house by the hot springs and charged for admission to the springs. In 1846, after the territory of New Mexico was conquered by the U.S. Army and taken from Mexico, a military hospital was established near the hot springs. This was converted into a hotel in 1862, and replaced by a stone building in 1879.  This was originally called the "Hot Springs Hotel" and is now called "the old stone hotel". Jesse James is among the visitors who stayed there. This building remains extant and is used as an administration building by the United World College- USA.

text: Prehistorically, Native Americans valued the hot springs and regarded them therapeutically. According to The Montezuma (New Mexico) Story, the site was initially commercialized in 1840, when a man named McDonald petitioned the Mexican government for the land, and was granted it on the condition he became a Mexican citizen. He then set up a house by the hot springs and charged for admission to the springs. In 1846, after the territory of New Mexico was conquered by the U.S. Army and taken from

text: Mexico

text: , a military hospital was established near the hot springs. This was converted into a hotel in 1862, and replaced by a stone building in 1879.  This was originally called the "Hot Springs Hotel" and is now called "the old stone hotel".

text: Jesse James

text: is among the visitors who stayed there. This building remains extant and is used as an administration building by the United World College- USA.

text: Air stripping is the  transferring of volatile components of a liquid into an air stream. It is an environmental engineering technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds.

text: Air stripping is the  transferring of

text: volatile

text: components of a liquid into an air stream. It is an

text: environmental engineering

text: technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds.

text: A well constructed for pumping groundwater can be used passively as a monitoring well and a small diameter well can be pumped, but this distinction by use is common.

text: Castle Geyser is a cone geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is noted for the particularly large geyserite sinter deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle.

text: Castle Geyser is a cone

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: . It is noted for the particularly large

text: geyserite

text: sinter

text: deposits, which form its cone. These deposits have been likened in appearance to a castle.

text: Pollutants released to the ground can work their way down into the groundwater, leading to groundwater pollution. The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

text: Pollutants

text: released to the ground can work their way down into the

text: groundwater

text: , leading to

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The resulting body of polluted water within an

text: aquifer

text: is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure

text: water pollution

text: within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

text: , and Shoshone Geyser Basins

text: , and Shoshone Geyser Basins

text: Near Chilly Buttes of Thousand Springs Valley, a series of artesian fountains/sand blows erupted immediately after the main shock. Groundwater gushed from these fountains forming small craters and depositing aprons of light-colored sandy sediment around each crater.

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the water table and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The Kanjli Wetland, a Ramsar site (a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the

text: water table

text: and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The

text: Kanjli Wetland

text: , a

text: Ramsar site

text: (a wetland site designated of international importance under the

text: Ramsar Convention

text: ), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

text: Scientists with the United States Geologic Survey have developed numerical groundwater flow models for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments to determine the amount of water in the aquifer, the direction it is flowing, and its velocity. These are used to estimate the sustainable levels of groundwater withdrawal throughout the aquifer. Given ample data is needed for numerical simulations, yet often lacking, regional modeling of large aquifers is difficult, but modeling segments within an aquifer is common and provides useful information for water users throughout the aquifer.

text: MOHID Land is the hydrology module within the three-dimensional MOHID Water Modelling System. MOHID is an integrated system for water flow, consisting of three main modules: Water for three-dimensional fluid dynamics, Land for hydrology and Soil for groundwater flow. The MOHID Land module is a watershed mathematical model — or hydrological transport model — designed to simulate the flow of water in a drainage basin and aquifer. The processes which are simulated include two-dimensional overland runoff, infiltration into the ground, one-dimensional drainage network flow through rivers and canals, as well as (saturated and unsaturated) porous medium transport. The interactions between the different processes (like water exchange between aquifer and river) are calculated dynamically by the model, using the hydraulic gradients. The different processes occurring in a basin are programmed in different modules. The user can choose which modules to activate, allowing simulation of the desired ones only.

text: MOHID Land is the

text: hydrology

text: module within the three-dimensional

text: MOHID Water Modelling System

text: . MOHID is an integrated system for water flow, consisting of three main modules: Water for three-dimensional

text: fluid dynamics

text: , Land for

text: hydrology

text: and Soil for

text: groundwater flow

text: . The MOHID Land module is a watershed

text: mathematical model

text: — or

text: hydrological transport model

text: — designed to simulate the flow of water in a

text: drainage basin

text: and

text: aquifer

text: . The processes which are simulated include two-dimensional

text: overland runoff

text: infiltration

text: into the ground, one-dimensional

text: drainage network

text: flow through rivers and canals, as well as (saturated and unsaturated)

text: porous medium

text: transport. The interactions between the different processes (like water exchange between aquifer and river) are calculated dynamically by the model, using the

text: hydraulic gradients

text: . The different processes occurring in a basin are programmed in different modules. The user can choose which modules to activate, allowing simulation of the desired ones only.

text: An aquifer is a geologic layer of porous and permeable material such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is confined between impermeable rocks or clay which causes this positive pressure. Not all the aquifers are artesian, because the water table must reach the surface (not the case for underground groundwater such as, for example, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System). The recharging of aquifers happens when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

text: An aquifer is a

text: geologic

text: layer of porous and permeable material such as sand and gravel,

text: limestone

text: , or

text: sandstone

text: , through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is confined between

text: impermeable

text: rocks or clay which causes this positive pressure. Not all the aquifers are artesian, because the

text: water table

text: must reach the surface (not the case for underground

text: groundwater

text: such as, for example, the

text: Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System

text: ). The recharging of aquifers happens when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher

text: elevation

text: than the head of the

text: well

text: A 1993 report  states that shallow groundwater in the area was contaminated but local drinking water wells were apparently unaffected at that time. Chemicals could be detected in water up to 60 feet below the surface, but drinking water in this area comes from deep reservoirs 500 feet below the surface and was therefore considered safe to drink. However, recent data from the EPA’s Second Five Year Review indicates that volatile contaminants were migrating from the soil to groundwater reservoirs including reservoirs that are used for domestic water. Groundwater in the area may also contain contaminants from another nearby Superfund site (Montrose Superfund Site). Past and current reports indicate that steps need to be taken to ensure that shallow groundwater contamination does not seep to deeper levels.

text: A seep is a moist or wet place where water, usually groundwater, reaches the earth's surface from an underground aquifer.

text: A seep is a moist or wet place where

text: water

text: , usually

text: groundwater

text: , reaches the earth's surface from an underground

text: aquifer

text: Siliceous sinter is a deposit of opaline or amorphous silica which appears as incrustations near hot springs and geysers. It sometimes forms conical mounds, called geyser cones, but can also form as a terrace. The main agents responsible for the deposition of siliceous sinter are algae and other vegetation in the water. Altering of wall rocks can also form sinters near fumaroles and in the deeper channels of hot springs. Examples of siliceous sinter are geyserite and fiorite. They can be found in many places, including  Iceland, El Tatio geothermal field in Chile, New Zealand, and Yellowstone National Park and Steamboat Springs in the USA.

text: Siliceous sinter

text: is a deposit of

text: opal

text: ine or

text: amorphous

text: silica

text: which appears as incrustations near

text: hot spring

text: s and

text: geyser

text: s. It sometimes forms conical mounds, called geyser cones, but can also form as a

text: terrace

text: . The main agents responsible for the deposition of siliceous sinter are

text: algae

text: and other vegetation in the water. Altering of wall rocks can also form sinters near

text: fumarole

text: s and in the deeper channels of

text: hot spring

text: s. Examples of siliceous sinter are

text: geyserite

text: and

text: fiorite

text: . They can be found in many places, including

text: Iceland

text: El Tatio

text: geothermal field in

text: Chile

text: New Zealand

text: , and

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: and

text: Steamboat Springs

text: in the USA.

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in soils, sediments and other porous media. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in

text: soil

text: s,

text: sediment

text: s and other

text: porous media

text: . In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

text: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO) is a colorless and odorless gas that is vital to life on Earth. This naturally occurring chemical compound is made up of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide exists in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent (400 ppm) by volume. Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, in ice caps and glaciers and also in seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas.

text: Carbon dioxide (

text: chemical formula

text: CO) is a colorless and odorless

text: gas

text: that is vital to

text: life on Earth

text: . This naturally occurring

text: chemical compound

text: is made up of a

text: carbon

text: atom

text: covalently

text: double bond

text: ed to two

text: oxygen

text: atoms. Carbon dioxide exists in

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: as a

text: trace gas

text: at a concentration of about 0.04 percent (400

text: ppm

text: ) by volume. Natural sources include

text: volcano

text: es,

text: hot spring

text: s and

text: geyser

text: s, and it is freed from

text: carbonate rock

text: s by

text: dissolution

text: in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in

text: groundwater

text: river

text: s and

text: lake

text: s, in

text: ice cap

text: s and

text: glacier

text: s and also in

text: seawater

text: . It is present in deposits of

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: A stratigraphic column at the Mount Bonnell location starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation.  Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group.  Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation.  The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer.  The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation.  Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation.  The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the Edwards Aquifer within the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation.

text: A

text: stratigraphic column

text: at the

text: Mount Bonnell

text: location starts with the

text: Lower Cretaceous

text: Trinity Group

text: overlain by the

text: Edwards Group

text: and the Georgetown Formation.

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: formations

text: follow, starting with the

text: Del Rio Clay

text: Buda Limestone

text: , and then the

text: Eagle Ford Group

text: .  Formations within the Trinity Group include the

text: Hammett Formation

text: , Cow Creek Formation,

text: Hensel Formation

text: , and Lower and Upper

text: Glen Rose Formation

text: .  The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or

text: aquitard

text: ) for the Middle Trinity

text: Aquifer

text: .  The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer

text: groundwater

text: flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation.  Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation.  The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the

text: Edwards Aquifer

text: within the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation.

text: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: Groundwater

text: accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: Aquifers in Western Australia are of saprolite grit. Poorly weathered saprolite grit aquifers are capable of producing groundwater, often suitable for livestock. Yields depend on the texture of the materials and their depth from which the aquifer is derived.

text: Aquifer

text: s in

text: Western Australia

text: are of saprolite grit. Poorly weathered saprolite grit aquifers are capable of producing groundwater, often suitable for livestock. Yields depend on the texture of the materials and their depth from which the aquifer is derived.

text: is an hot spring resort district in northern Japan about  to the north-west of downtown Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. The Sakunami Onsen hot spring was discovered 1300 years ago and is now one of the very widely used spring resorts in Sendai, Japan. Where you can experience the seasonal changes while enjoying the spring. Sakunami has a number of hotels and ryokan, including Ichinobo and Iwamatsu Ryokan. These onsen cluster around the same Hirosegawa river that eventually flows through downtown Sendai. Trains on the Senzan Line from Sendai Station to Yamagata Station stop at Sakunami Station, a trip that takes roughly 40 minutes from Sendai.

text: is an

text: hot spring resort

text: district in northern Japan about  to the north-west of downtown

text: Sendai

text: Miyagi Prefecture

text: . The Sakunami Onsen hot spring was discovered 1300 years ago and is now one of the very widely used spring resorts in Sendai, Japan. Where you can experience the seasonal changes while enjoying the spring. Sakunami has a number of hotels and

text: ryokan

text: , including Ichinobo and Iwamatsu Ryokan. These onsen cluster around the same Hirosegawa river that eventually flows through downtown Sendai. Trains on the

text: Senzan Line

text: from

text: Sendai Station

text: to

text: Yamagata Station

text: stop at

text: Sakunami Station

text: , a trip that takes roughly 40 minutes from Sendai.

text: Mineral Hot Springs is a platted subdivision but nearly all lots are now owned by the owner of "Joyful Journey", a destination spa. In addition to the spa there are a couple of private homes on the lots of the subdivision. Mineral Hot Springs is located on Highway 17 about a mile south of its junction with U.S. 285 about 6 miles south of Villa Grove, Colorado. Mineral Hot Springs had a post office from 1911 to 1946.

text: Mineral Hot Springs is a platted subdivision but nearly all lots are now owned by the owner of "Joyful Journey", a

text: destination spa

text: . In addition to the spa there are a couple of private homes on the lots of the subdivision. Mineral Hot Springs is located on

text: Highway 17

text: about a mile south of its junction with

text: U.S. 285

text: about 6 miles south of

text: Villa Grove, Colorado

text: . Mineral Hot Springs had a post office from 1911 to 1946.

text: These aquifers are close to the surface, and have a high hydraulic conductivity, so they are at a high risk for pollution. Known pollutants in this area are arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc due to mining activities coupled with elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen due to agriculture activities.Water withdrawals from the aquifer region are derived 80% from surface water, 20% groundwater; however 60% of domestic, commercial and municipal water supply comes from groundwater. Wells range from 50 to 1,125 feet deep. This region of the United States is not heavily populated, but more than half the population relies on these aquifers for drinking water, and the aquifers are highly susceptible for pollution.

text: The Geyser was a steam powered fireboat built for Chicago, Illinois in 1886.Chicago had operated three earlier vessels, as fireboats, but they had all been retrofits.  The Geyser was specifically designed as a fireboat, after Fire Marshall Denis J. Swenie visited eastern cities to learn from their purpose-built fireboats.

text: The Geyser was a

text: steam powered

text: fireboat

text: built for

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: in 1886.Chicago had operated three earlier vessels, as fireboats, but they had all been retrofits.  The Geyser was specifically designed as a fireboat, after Fire Marshall

text: Denis J. Swenie

text: visited eastern cities to learn from their purpose-built fireboats.

text: Arc Hydro Groundwater allows for managing groundwater and subsurface data within ArcGIS. The software was created in cooperation with ESRI to allow groundwater and subsurface analysis, as well as using MODFLOW to analyze results.

text: Arc Hydro Groundwater allows for managing groundwater and subsurface data within

text: ArcGIS

text: . The software was created in cooperation with

text: ESRI

text: to allow groundwater and subsurface analysis, as well as using MODFLOW to analyze results.

text: Groundwater is located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. There are two broad types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. An unconfined aquifer is where the surface is not restricted by impervious rocks, so the water table is at atmospheric pressure. In a confined aquifer, the upper surface of water is overlain by a layer of impervious rock, so the groundwater is stored under pressure.

text: Groundwater

text: is located beneath the ground surface in

text: soil pore

text: spaces and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formation

text: s. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: . There are two broad types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. An unconfined aquifer is where the surface is not restricted by impervious rocks, so the water table is at atmospheric pressure. In a confined aquifer, the upper surface of water is overlain by a layer of impervious rock, so the groundwater is stored under pressure.

text: The "pulsating" geysers of Kamchatka were discovered by a local scientist, Tatyana Ustinova, in 1941. She published her findings fourteen years later, but there was little exploration of the area until 1972. A systematic survey was undertaken in the mid-1970s, and an automatic monitoring system was introduced in 1990. Over thirty geysers were given names; among these was the Giant geyser (Velikan), capable of producing a jet of water reaching up to . From the 1980s, the area was promoted across the USSR as one of the tourist magnets of Kamchatka and the Russian Far East. Foreign tourists were allowed into the valley in 1991. About 3,000 tourists visited the site annually.

text: The "pulsating" geysers of Kamchatka were discovered by a local scientist,

text: Tatyana Ustinova

text: , in 1941. She published her findings fourteen years later, but there was little exploration of the area until 1972. A systematic survey was undertaken in the mid-1970s, and an automatic monitoring system was introduced in 1990. Over thirty geysers were given names; among these was the Giant geyser (Velikan), capable of producing a jet of water reaching up to . From the 1980s, the area was promoted across the

text: USSR

text: as one of the tourist magnets of Kamchatka and the

text: Russian Far East

text: . Foreign tourists were allowed into the valley in 1991. About 3,000 tourists visited the site annually.

text: For almost three years after the departure of Gygax from TSR, no new material about Greyhawk was published other than the "joke" adventure module Castle Greyhawk. In 1988 Greyhawk Adventures by Jim Ward appeared, the thirteenth and final hardcover book published for the 1st edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules. The contents were designed to give Dungeon Masters ideas and play opportunities unique to the Greyhawk world, and included six plot outlines that could be inserted into a Greyhawk campaign. One of these was "Csipros Erd—Geysers of Death", set in the borderlands of Ket: 65 years before (510 CY), the young Lord of Polvar, Sandor the Headstrong, pursued a band of orcs carrying a great store of treasure into the Yatil Mountains. There the Ketites cornered the orcs in a geyser-filled valley, but suddenly orcs and humans alike were overcome by a mysterious vapour issuing from the geysers. The only survivors were Sandor and a few men who had been observing from a nearby hilltop. Sandor and his men returned to Ket for reinforcements, disappeared back into the Yatils to recover the treasure, and were never seen again. To common knowledge, the geyser-filled valley and its lost treasure have not been re-discovered since.

text: For almost three years after the departure of Gygax from TSR, no new material about Greyhawk was published other than the "joke" adventure module

text: Castle Greyhawk

text: . In 1988

text: Greyhawk Adventures

text: by

text: Jim Ward

text: appeared, the thirteenth and final hardcover book published for the 1st edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules. The contents were designed to give Dungeon Masters ideas and play opportunities unique to the Greyhawk world, and included six plot outlines that could be inserted into a Greyhawk campaign. One of these was "Csipros Erd—Geysers of Death", set in the borderlands of Ket: 65 years before (510 CY), the young Lord of Polvar, Sandor the Headstrong, pursued a band of orcs carrying a great store of treasure into the Yatil Mountains. There the Ketites cornered the orcs in a geyser-filled valley, but suddenly orcs and humans alike were overcome by a mysterious vapour issuing from the geysers. The only survivors were Sandor and a few men who had been observing from a nearby hilltop. Sandor and his men returned to Ket for reinforcements, disappeared back into the Yatils to recover the treasure, and were never seen again. To common knowledge, the geyser-filled valley and its lost treasure have not been re-discovered since.

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste plumes in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste

text: plumes

text: in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

text: Near the railroad, in the 1890s, a lodge known as Madison Hot Springs, was built to accommodate visitors to these mineral baths who arrived by train from Seattle. The name was later changed to Scenic Hot Springs and it survived as a commercial venture until 1928. Construction by the Great Northern Railway of an 8-mile tunnel under Stevens Pass dumped rubble into the front yard of the lodge and effected its destruction. Largely forgotten until the 1980s, it then became a popular gathering spot for mineral water bathers who constructed several tubs of various temperatures.

text: Near the railroad, in the 1890s, a lodge known as Madison Hot Springs, was built to accommodate visitors to these mineral baths who arrived by train from

text: Seattle

text: . The name was later changed to Scenic Hot Springs and it survived as a commercial venture until 1928. Construction by the

text: Great Northern Railway

text: of an 8-mile

text: tunnel

text: under Stevens Pass dumped rubble into the front yard of the lodge and effected its destruction. Largely forgotten until the 1980s, it then became a popular gathering spot for

text: mineral water

text: bathers who constructed several tubs of various temperatures.

text: A Sole Source Aquifer (SSA) is an aquifer that has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the sole or principal source of drinking water for an area. By definition, SSA is an aquifer that supplies at least 50% of the drinking water consumed in the area overlying the aquifer. There may be other factors to designate SSA. For example, in New York City, Kings and Queens Counties are designated as SSA not because the aquifer of these areas are the sole or principal sources of drinking water for these counties;  they are designated as SSA because  the geographic boundaries of Kings and Queens Counties are within the recharge zone for the aquifers underlying the southeastern portion of Queens County. Groundwater beneath Manhattan and the Bronx is not used for drinking or non-potable purposes.

text: A Sole Source Aquifer (SSA) is an

text: aquifer

text: that has been designated by the United States

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) as the sole or principal source of drinking water for an area. By definition, SSA is an aquifer that supplies at least 50% of the drinking water consumed in the area overlying the aquifer. There may be other factors to designate SSA. For example, in

text: New York City

text: Kings

text: and

text: Queens

text: Counties are designated as SSA not because the aquifer of these areas are the sole or principal sources of drinking water for these counties;  they are designated as SSA because  the geographic boundaries of Kings and Queens Counties are within the recharge zone for the aquifers underlying the southeastern portion of Queens County. Groundwater beneath Manhattan and the Bronx is not used for drinking or non-potable purposes.

text: The average temperature at Taff's Well spring, 21.6 °C is over 10 °C warmer than the average groundwater temperature of 11.3 °C in Wales

text: The average temperature at

text: Taff's Well

text: spring, 21.6 °C is over 10 °C warmer than the average groundwater temperature of 11.3 °C in Wales

text: Wells is the home of "Wells Kernel Days", held every year in late August. Wells also has their own Fire Department, Community Ambulance Service, and Police Department. Wells Concrete Products (WCP) is in Wells, MN, Forks, and Albany, MN. All three specialize in beams made of prestressed concrete. Cemstone a the new ready mix company in Wells, MN, Blue Earth, MN, Mapleton, MN, Mankato, MN, and Medford, MN. Cemstone bought out the ready mix division of Wells Concrete Products.The current mayor of Wells is Ron Gaines.

text: Wells is the home of "Wells Kernel Days", held every year in late August. Wells also has their own Fire Department, Community Ambulance Service, and Police Department. Wells Concrete Products (WCP) is in Wells, MN, Forks, and Albany, MN. All three specialize in beams made of

text: prestressed concrete

text: . Cemstone a the new ready mix company in Wells, MN, Blue Earth, MN, Mapleton, MN, Mankato, MN, and Medford, MN. Cemstone bought out the ready mix division of Wells Concrete Products.The current mayor of Wells is Ron Gaines.

text: Many of these UDDTs serve indigenous communities who live along small rivers as well as ecotourism operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped water supply is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the groundwater level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

text: Many of these UDDTs serve

text: indigenous communities

text: who live along small rivers as well as

text: ecotourism

text: operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped

text: water supply

text: is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the

text: groundwater

text: level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

text: The geothermal areas of Yellowstone include several geyser basins in Yellowstone National Park as well as other geothermal features such as hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles. The number of thermal features in Yellowstone is estimated at 10,000.  A study that was completed in 2011 found that a total of 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone, 465 of which are active during an average year.  These are distributed among nine geyser basins, with a few geysers found in smaller thermal areas throughout the Park.  The number of geysers in each geyser basin are as follows: Upper Geyser Basin (410), Midway Geyser Basin (59), Lower Geyser Basin (283), Norris Geyser Basin (193), West Thumb Geyser Basin (84), Gibbon Geyser Basin (24), Lone Star Geyser Basin (21), Shoshone Geyser Basin (107), Heart Lake Geyser Basin (69), other areas (33).  Although famous large geysers like Old Faithful are part of the total, most of Yellowstone's geysers are small, erupting to only a foot or two.  The hydrothermal system that supplies the geysers with hot water sits within an ancient active caldera.  Many of the thermal features in Yellowstone build up sinter, geyserite, or travertine deposits around and within them.

text: The geothermal areas of Yellowstone include several

text: geyser

text: basins in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: as well as other

text: geothermal

text: features such as

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: mud pot

text: s, and

text: fumarole

text: s. The number of thermal features in Yellowstone is estimated at 10,000.  A study that was completed in 2011 found that a total of 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone, 465 of which are active during an average year.  These are distributed among nine geyser basins, with a few geysers found in smaller thermal areas throughout the Park.  The number of geysers in each geyser basin are as follows: Upper Geyser Basin (410), Midway Geyser Basin (59), Lower Geyser Basin (283), Norris Geyser Basin (193), West Thumb Geyser Basin (84), Gibbon Geyser Basin (24), Lone Star Geyser Basin (21), Shoshone Geyser Basin (107), Heart Lake Geyser Basin (69), other areas (33).  Although famous large geysers like Old Faithful are part of the total, most of Yellowstone's geysers are small, erupting to only a foot or two.  The hydrothermal system that supplies the geysers with hot water sits within an ancient active

text: caldera

text: .  Many of the thermal features in Yellowstone build up

text: sinter

text: geyserite

text: , or

text: travertine

text: deposits around and within them.

text: Liquids leach from the pit and pass the unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Subsequently, these liquids from the pit enter the groundwater where they may lead to groundwater pollution. This is a problem if a nearby water well is used to supply groundwater for drinking water purposes. During the passage in the soil, pathogens can die off or be adsorbed significantly, mostly depending on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.

text: Liquids leach from the pit and pass the unsaturated soil zone (which is not completely filled with water). Subsequently, these liquids from the pit enter the groundwater where they may lead to groundwater pollution. This is a problem if a nearby

text: water well

text: is used to supply groundwater for

text: drinking water

text: purposes. During the passage in the soil, pathogens can die off or be adsorbed significantly, mostly depending on the travel time between the pit and the well. Most, but not all pathogens die within 50 days of travel through the subsurface.

text: Ngāti Porou ki Hauraki or Ngāti Porou ki Harataunga ki Mataora is a Māori iwi of New Zealand.

text: Ngāti Porou ki Hauraki or Ngāti Porou ki Harataunga ki Mataora is a

text: Māori

text: iwi

text: of

text: New Zealand

text: Thermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by storm water management facilities that absorb the runoff or direct it into groundwater, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Retention basins tend to be less effective at reducing temperature, as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.

text: Thermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by storm water management facilities that absorb the runoff or direct it into

text: groundwater

text: , such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Retention basins tend to be less effective at reducing temperature, as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.

text: Bulgaria is rich in mineral waters, with 225 mineral springs and a total discharge of 5000 l/s, mainly in the south-western and central parts of the country along the faults between the mountains. Most of them, 148, are situated in southern Bulgaria, while the other 77 are in the northern part of the country. The springs in the north tend to be with cool water, while those to the south are mainly warm and hot. The hottest spring in Bulgaria and the Balkans is situated in Sapareva Banya and reaches 101.4 °C. The Bulgarian word for spa, баня, transliterated as banya, appears in some of the names of more than 50 spa towns and resorts. They are located in several zones: Balkan Mountains zone (Varshets, Shipkovo, Voneshta Voda), Srednogorie zone (Sofia, Ovcha kupel, Bankya, Pancharevo, Strelcha, Hisarya, Banya, Pavel Banya), Maritsa zone (Kostenets (town), Kostenets (village), Dolna Banya, Momin Prohod), Rilo-Rhodope zone (Devin, Velingrad, Banite, Beden, Mihalkovo, Sapareva Banya), Struma zone (Kyustendil, Sandanski, Ognyanovo, Marikostinovo, Dobrinishte).

text: Bulgaria is rich in

text: mineral water

text: s, with 225 mineral springs and a total discharge of 5000 l/s, mainly in the south-western and central parts of the country along the faults between the mountains. Most of them, 148, are situated in southern Bulgaria, while the other 77 are in the northern part of the country. The springs in the north tend to be with cool water, while those to the south are mainly warm and hot. The hottest spring in Bulgaria and the Balkans is situated in

text: Sapareva Banya

text: and reaches 101.4 °C. The Bulgarian word for spa, баня, transliterated as banya, appears in some of the names of more than 50

text: spa town

text: s and resorts. They are located in several zones: Balkan Mountains zone (

text: Varshets

text: Shipkovo

text: Voneshta Voda

text: ), Srednogorie zone (Sofia,

text: Ovcha kupel

text: Bankya

text: Pancharevo

text: Strelcha

text: Hisarya

text: Banya

text: Pavel Banya

text: ), Maritsa zone (

text: Kostenets (town)

text: Kostenets (village)

text: Dolna Banya

text: Momin Prohod

text: ), Rilo-Rhodope zone (

text: Devin

text: Velingrad

text: Banite

text: Beden

text: Mihalkovo

text: , Sapareva Banya), Struma zone (

text: Kyustendil

text: Sandanski

text: Ognyanovo

text: Marikostinovo

text: Dobrinishte

text: "The remediation system consists of approximately 5 pumping wells that penetrate the contamination.  Special chemical resistant pumps pump the contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.  Air Stripping is the primary form of treatment of the contaminated groundwater.  Once treated, water is pumped to the sewer system for disposal."

text: Groundwater in Wichita Falls is drawn from  the Seymour aquifer or from alluvial aquifers associated with local streams.  Groundwater withdrawals are limited to individual property owners and do not feed into the municipal supply for the city of Wichita Falls.  However, the nearby city of  Burkburnett, located 15 miles north of (and down hydraulic gradient from) Wichita Falls relies in part on this aquifer for municipal supply.

text: Groundwater in Wichita Falls is drawn from  the Seymour aquifer or from alluvial aquifers associated with local streams.  Groundwater withdrawals are limited to individual property owners and do not feed into the municipal supply for the city of Wichita Falls.  However, the nearby city of

text: Burkburnett

text: , located 15 miles north of (and down hydraulic gradient from) Wichita Falls relies in part on this aquifer for municipal supply.

text: The park borders the Semuliki and Lamia Rivers, which are watering places for many animals. The park has two hot springs in a hot mineral encrusted swamp. One of the springs - Mumbuga spring - resembles a geyser by forming a 0.5 m high fountain. These hot springs attract a large number of shorebirds and they are a source of salt for many animals.

text: The park borders the

text: Semuliki

text: and

text: Lamia

text: Rivers, which are watering places for many animals. The park has two

text: hot spring

text: s in a hot mineral encrusted

text: swamp

text: . One of the springs - Mumbuga spring - resembles a

text: geyser

text: by forming a 0.5 m high fountain. These hot springs attract a large number of shorebirds and they are a

text: source of salt

text: for many animals.

text: Methylocystis hirsuta is a Gram-negative, aerobic and methanotroph bacterium species from the genus of Methylocystis which has been isolated from a groundwater aquifer from Mountain View in California in the United States

text: Methylocystis hirsuta is a

text: Gram-negative

text: aerobic

text: and

text: methanotroph

text: bacterium species from the genus of

text: Methylocystis

text: which has been isolated from a

text: groundwater aquifer

text: from

text: Mountain View

text: in

text: California

text: in the United States

text: Due to the expanding human population, competition for water is growing such that many of the world's major aquifers are becoming depleted. This is due both for direct human consumption as well as agricultural irrigation by groundwater. Millions of pumps of all sizes are currently extracting groundwater throughout the world. Irrigation in dry areas such as northern China, Nepal and India is supplied by groundwater, and is being extracted at an unsustainable rate.Cities that have experienced aquifer drops between 10 and 50 meters include Mexico City, Bangkok,  Beijing, Madras and Shanghai.

text: Due to the

text: expanding human population

text: , competition for water is growing such that many of the world's major aquifers are becoming depleted. This is due both for direct human consumption as well as agricultural irrigation by groundwater. Millions of

text: pumps

text: of all sizes are currently extracting groundwater throughout the world. Irrigation in dry areas such as northern

text: China

text: , Nepal and

text: India

text: is supplied by groundwater, and is being extracted at an unsustainable rate.Cities that have experienced aquifer drops between 10 and 50 meters include

text: Mexico City

text: Bangkok

text: Beijing

text: Madras

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: This is a natural hot spring that spouts water constantly without stopping for recharge. Some of these are incorrectly called geysers, but because they are not periodic in nature they are not considered true geysers.

text: In July 2013, it was revealed TEPCO had been aware that radioactive water has been leaking into the ocean for 2 years, but that problems regarding radioactive groundwater have been ignored.  In August, TEPCO admitted that up to 400 tons of contaminated water flows into the Pacific Ocean every day and that an estimated 20 to 40 terabecquerels of tritium was lost into the sea since May 2011. Under its safety regulations and normal circumstances, TEPCO was allowed to dump 22 terabecquerels per year, but TEPCO admitted that there was no control and it was unknown when the tritium loss had started. TEPCO had built an underground wall using liquid glass to make the soil impermeable to water, although the NRA had some doubts about the plan. The groundwater level was rising fast, and the amount of water flowing in the direction of the ocean was still the same. Measurements showed that deeper layers of groundwater contained more radioactivity. On 10 August 2013, TEPCO revealed that although the underground wall was completed on 9 August, radioactive water was "probably" flowing over the top of the underground wall (on 1.8 meters under the surface). This was proven by measurements in both sea and groundwater. TEPCO started pumping groundwater, although this did not stop the leakage. The total groundwater flow was estimated at about 1000 tons, about 400 tons of this was flowing into the reactor buildings, and from there the water could still leak into the ground from a maze of pipes and tunnels.

text: As a fairly rare phenomenon, the formation of geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions that exist in only a few places on Earth. Generally all geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma. Generally, surface water works its way down to an average depth of around  where it contacts hot rocks. The resultant boiling of the pressurized water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent (a hydrothermal explosion).

text: As a fairly rare phenomenon, the formation of geysers is due to particular

text: hydrogeological

text: conditions that exist in only a few places on Earth. Generally all geyser field sites are located near active

text: volcanic

text: areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of

text: magma

text: . Generally, surface water works its way down to an average depth of around  where it contacts hot rocks. The resultant boiling of the pressurized water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent (a

text: hydrothermal explosion

text: The northeast flank of Recheshnoi has one of the hottest and most extensive thermal areas in Alaska.  The Geyser Bight geothermal area consists of six zones of thermal springs and two fumarolic areas along upper Geyser Creek and contains the only known geysers in the state. In three locations in 1988 here have been found 5 active geysers up to 2 m high and 9 natural fountains up to 0.7 m high. Other thermal areas occur at Hot Springs Cove and Partov Cove on the isthmus between Recheshnoi and Mount Okmok.

text: The northeast flank of Recheshnoi has one of the hottest and most extensive thermal areas in Alaska.  The Geyser Bight

text: geothermal

text: area consists of six zones of thermal springs and two

text: fumarolic

text: areas along upper Geyser Creek and contains the only known

text: geyser

text: s in the state. In three locations in 1988 here have been found 5 active geysers up to 2 m high and 9 natural fountains up to 0.7 m high. Other thermal areas occur at Hot Springs Cove and Partov Cove on the isthmus between Recheshnoi and

text: Mount Okmok

text: After the divisive war, the name of the Inn was changed to Hale Springs Hotel, and it began to serve as a stopping point for tourists who were on their way to see nearby Hale Springs Resort, a famous hot mineral springs near Rogersville.

text: After the divisive war, the name of the Inn was changed to Hale Springs Hotel, and it began to serve as a stopping point for tourists who were on their way to see nearby Hale Springs Resort, a famous hot

text: mineral springs

text: near Rogersville.

text: A geyser (;  or ) is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam.

text: A geyser (;  or ) is a

text: spring

text: characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam.

text: The hydraulic conductivity of aquifers is often anisotropic for the same reason. When calculating groundwater flow to drains or to wells, the difference between horizontal and vertical permeability must be taken into account, otherwise the results may be subject to error.

text: The

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: of

text: aquifer

text: s is often anisotropic for the same reason. When calculating groundwater flow to

text: drains

text: or to

text: wells

text: , the difference between horizontal and vertical permeability must be taken into account, otherwise the results may be subject to error.

text: Surprise Pool is a hot spring pool in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.  It is located near Great Fountain Geyser and A-0 Geyser.

text: Surprise Pool is a

text: hot spring

text: pool in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: .  It is located near

text: Great Fountain Geyser

text: and

text: A-0 Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Narcissus Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this group are Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.

text: Narcissus Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Narcissus Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this group are

text: Bead Geyser

text: Box Spring

text: Dilemma Geyser

text: Labial Geyser

text: Pink Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: Steamboat's major eruptions last from 3 to 40 minutes, and are followed by powerful jets of steam. Steamboat does not erupt on a predictable schedule, with recorded intervals between major eruptions ranging from four days to fifty years.  The geyser was dormant from 1911 to 1961. Minor eruptions of 10 to 15 feet (3–5 m) are much more frequent. After an eruption, the geyser often vents large amounts of steam for up to 48 hours. Cistern Spring, located nearby, will drain completely during a major eruption of the geyser; the spring refills within a few days.

text: Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce water containing minerals, or other dissolved substances, that alter its taste or give it a purported therapeutic value. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground.

text: Mineral springs are naturally occurring

text: spring

text: s that produce water containing

text: mineral

text: s, or other dissolved substances, that alter its taste or give it a purported

text: therapeutic

text: value.

text: Salts

text: sulfur compounds

text: , and

text: gases

text: are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage underground.

text: The word geyser comes from Geysir, the name of an erupting spring at Haukadalur, Iceland; that name, in turn, comes from the Icelandic verb geysa, "to gush", the verb itself from Old Norse.

text: The word

text: geyser

text: comes from

text: Geysir

text: , the name of an erupting spring at

text: Haukadalur

text: Iceland

text: ; that name, in turn, comes from the

text: Icelandic

text: verb

text: geysa

text: , "to gush", the verb itself from

text: Old Norse

text: An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the water cycle. While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The USGS has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (groundwater recharge from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and baseflow to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).

text: An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the

text: water cycle

text: . While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The

text: USGS

text: has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (groundwater recharge from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and

text: baseflow

text: to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).

text: During the Pahlavi period, the process of qanat construction and maintenance continued. A council that was responsible for the qanats was set up by the government. At that time most of the qanats belonged to landlords. In fact, feudalism was the prevailing system in the rural regions. The peasants were not entitled to the lands they worked on, but were considered only as the users of the lands. They had to pay rent for land and water to the landlords who could afford to finance all the proceedings required to maintain the qanats, for they were relatively wealthy. According to the report of Safi Asfiya, who was in charge of supervising the qanats of Iran in the former regime, in the year 1942 Iran had 40,000 qanats with a total discharge of 600,000 liters per second or 18.2 billion cubic meters per year. In 1961, another report was published revealing that in Iran there were 30,000 qanats of which just 20,000 were still in use, with a total output of 560,000 lit/se or 17.3 billion cubic meters per year. In 1959 a reforme program named as the White Revolution was declared by the former Shah. One of the articles of this program addressed the land reform that let peasants take ownership of part of the landlords’ lands. In fact, the land reform meant that the landlords lost their motivation for investing more money in constructing or repairing the qanats which were subject to the Lnd Reform Law. On the other hand, the peasants could not come up with the money to maintain the qanats, so many qanats were gradually abandoned. The introduction of modern devices, that made it possible to drill many deep wells and extract groundwater much more quickly, accelerated the qanats’ destruction. The pumped wells had a negative impact on the qanats due to their overexploitation of the groundwater. These changes, that occurred in Mohammad Reza Shah’s reign, inflicted great damage on the qanats of the country so that many qanats vanished forever. The statistics related to 14,778 qanats estimates the overall discharge of these qanats to be 6.2 billion cubic meters per year between the years 1972 and 1973. If we assume the total number of the qanats at that time to be 32,000, their annual discharge would have amounted to 12 billion cubic meters.In 1963, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was established in order to provide the rural and urban areas of the country with sufficient water and electricity. Later, this Ministry was renamed the Ministry of Energy. Three years later, in 1966, the parliament passed a law protecting groundwater resources. According to this law, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was allowed to ban drilling any deep or semi-deep wells wherever surveys showed that the water table was dropping because of overpumping. In fact, this law was passed only after the growing number of the pumped wells sounded the alarm about overpumping and depletion of groundwater leading to the decline in qanat’ flow all over the country. This law, as well as the Law of Water Nationalization that was approved in 1968, and eventually the Law of Fair Distribution of water passed (in 1981) after the Islamic revolution emphasized the definition of restricted and free areas for drilling. In the restricted areas, drilling any wells (except for drinking and industry) was prohibited in order to prevent the continuous depletion of groundwater. So the rest of the qanats had a better chance to survive.

text: P. fragilis was the first species to be described, when Charles Chilton named it Gammarus fragilis in 1882; it was moved to the genus Phreatogammarus by T. R. R. Stebbing in 1899, becoming the type species for the group. It lives in wells and groundwater, mainly in Canterbury and Nelson, and is not known to occur on the North Island.

text: P. fragilis was the first species to be described, when

text: Charles Chilton

text: named it Gammarus fragilis in 1882; it was moved to the genus Phreatogammarus by

text: T. R. R. Stebbing

text: in 1899, becoming the

text: type species

text: for the group. It lives in

text: wells

text: and

text: groundwater

text: , mainly in

text: Canterbury

text: and

text: Nelson

text: , and is not known to occur on the

text: North Island

text: Tony meets with Jaela, but the conversation is interrupted by the appearance of Morag, who has a small scuffle with the queen before Agram appears himself and causes Jaela to vanish. Agram attempts to explain himself to Tony, who angrily vows that he will stop Agram no matter what. Intrigued, Agram tells Tony that if he can defeated Morag in the Arderial Shadow Geyser, Agram will be waiting in the Core for Tony. Tony enters the Shadow Geyser and defeats Morag, gaining a fifth Core Stone.

text: An example of a significant and sustainable carbonate aquifer is the Edwards Aquifer in central Texas.  This carbonate aquifer has historically been providing high quality water for nearly 2 million people, and even today, is completely full because of tremendous recharge from a number of area streams, rivers and lakes.  The primary risk to this resource is human development over the recharge areas.

text: An example of a significant and sustainable carbonate aquifer is the

text: Edwards Aquifer

text: in central

text: Texas

text: .  This carbonate aquifer has historically been providing high quality water for nearly 2 million people, and even today, is completely full because of tremendous recharge from a number of area streams, rivers and

text: lake

text: s.  The primary risk to this resource is human development over the recharge areas.

text: This trap is formed by the movement of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along a fault line.  The permeable reservoir rock faults such that it is now adjacent to an impermeable rock, preventing hydrocarbons from further migration.  In some cases, there can be an impermeable substance smeared along the fault line (such as clay) that also acts to prevent migration.  This is known as clay smear.

text: This trap is formed by the movement of

text: permeable

text: and impermeable layers of rock along a fault line.  The permeable reservoir rock faults such that it is now adjacent to an impermeable rock, preventing hydrocarbons from further migration.  In some cases, there can be an impermeable substance smeared along the fault line (such as clay) that also acts to prevent migration.  This is known as

text: clay smear

text: Several technologies are related to soil vapor extraction.  As noted above, various soil-heating remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistive heating, in situ vitrification) require a soil gas collection component, which may take the form of SVE and/or a surface barrier (i.e., hood).  Bioventing is a related technology, the goal of which is to introduce additional oxygen (or possibly other reactive gases) into the subsurface to stimulate biological degradation of the contamination.  In situ air sparging is a remediation technology for treating contamination in groundwater.  Air is injected and "sparged" through the groundwater and then collected via soil vapor extraction wells.

text: Economic Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Economic Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Among the geysers is the Velikan (giant) Geyser, which erupts with tons of water that shoot more than 25 metres into the air during a minute-long eruption approximately every six hours or so. At least 20 such geysers erupt on a stretch of the Geysernaya River Basin in the Valley of Geysers, along with dozens of smaller gushing vents and hundreds of hot springs. The largest of these geysers erupts with 60 tons of water once or twice a year.

text: In the West Bank, the main groundwater resource is the Mountain Aquifer, which consists of three aquifers:

text: In the West Bank, the main groundwater resource is the Mountain Aquifer, which consists of three

text: aquifer

text: s:

text: The Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site is part of the largest Superfund complex in the western United States. Situated in the Clark Fork River Basin, the complex stretches from the Warm Spring Ponds area near Butte to the Milltown Dam site east of Missoula. It was added to the National Priorities List in 1983 when arsenic groundwater contamination was found in the Milltown area. The contamination resulted from a massive flood in 1908 which washed millions of tons of mine waste into the Clark Fork River, ultimately ending up behind the Milltown Dam.  The additional designation of the Clark Fork River between Milltown and Warm Springs Ponds in the Deerlodge Valley came in 1992.

text: The Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site is part of the largest

text: Superfund

text: complex in the western United States. Situated in the Clark Fork River Basin, the complex stretches from the Warm Spring Ponds area near

text: Butte

text: to the Milltown Dam site east of

text: Missoula

text: . It was added to the

text: National Priorities List

text: in 1983 when arsenic groundwater contamination was found in the Milltown area. The contamination resulted from a massive flood in 1908 which washed millions of tons of mine waste into the Clark Fork River, ultimately ending up behind the Milltown Dam.  The additional designation of the Clark Fork River between Milltown and Warm Springs Ponds in the Deerlodge Valley came in 1992.

text: The Province of Prince Edward Island is totally dependent on groundwater for its source of drinking water.  As groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally filtered.  The water for City of Charlottetown is extracted from thirteen wells in three wellfields and distributed to customers.  The water removed is replenished by precipitation.

text: Geyser is a small census-designated place in central Judith Basin County, Montana, United States, approximately 50 miles from Great Falls along US-87. Geyser's population is at 505 people as of the 2010 Census.

text: Geyser is a small

text: census-designated place

text: in central

text: Judith Basin County

text: Montana

text: United States

text: , approximately 50 miles from

text: Great Falls

text: along US-87. Geyser's population is at 505 people as of the

text: 2010 Census

text: The first piezometers in geotechnical engineering were open wells or standpipes (sometimes called Casagrande piezometers)  installed into an aquifer. A Casagrande piezometer will typically have a solid casing down to the depth of interest, and a slotted or screened casing within the zone where water pressure is being measured. The casing is sealed into the drillhole with clay, bentonite or concrete to prevent surface water from contaminating the groundwater supply. In an unconfined aquifer, the water level in the piezometer would not be exactly coincident with the water table, especially when the vertical component of flow velocity is significant. In a confined aquifer under artesian conditions, the water level in the piezometer indicates the pressure in the aquifer, but not necessarily the water table. Piezometer wells can be much smaller in diameter than production wells, and a 5 cm diameter standpipe is common.

text: The first piezometers in

text: geotechnical engineering

text: were open wells or standpipes (sometimes called Casagrande piezometers)  installed into an

text: aquifer

text: . A Casagrande piezometer will typically have a solid casing down to the depth of interest, and a slotted or screened casing within the zone where water pressure is being measured. The casing is sealed into the drillhole with clay, bentonite or concrete to prevent surface water from contaminating the groundwater supply. In an unconfined aquifer, the water level in the piezometer would not be exactly coincident with the

text: water table

text: , especially when the vertical component of flow velocity is significant. In a

text: confined aquifer under artesian conditions

text: , the water level in the piezometer indicates the pressure in the aquifer, but not necessarily the water table. Piezometer wells can be much smaller in diameter than production wells, and a 5 cm diameter standpipe is common.

text: Giant Geyser is a cone-type geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Giant Geyser is the namesake for the Giant Group of geysers, which includes Bijou Geyser, Giant Geyser, and Mastiff Geyser. Giant Geyser is also the namesake for the Giant Platform, a raised stone structure incorporating all these geysers. Giant is notable for its spectacular, but sporadic eruptions, as well as for its very large cone of geyserite, which stands about 12 feet tall.

text: Giant Geyser is a cone-type

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Giant Geyser is the namesake for the Giant Group of geysers, which includes

text: Bijou Geyser

text: , Giant Geyser, and

text: Mastiff Geyser

text: . Giant Geyser is also the namesake for the Giant Platform, a raised stone structure incorporating all these geysers. Giant is notable for its spectacular, but sporadic eruptions, as well as for its very large cone of

text: geyserite

text: , which stands about 12 feet tall.

text: A very large amount of data from wells is available such as location, depth to water, stratigraphy, water quality and chemistry, aquifer characteristics, and the list goes on.  The volume of data can be managed in a GIS and manipulated to display spatial characteristics for analysis and water resource planning.  For example, in a simple application of GIS, the effect of a new well can be studied on the existing groundwater and surface water.  The results of such a study can be used by decision makers to determine whether or not to proceed with drilling.

text: A very large amount of data from wells is available such as location, depth to water,

text: stratigraphy

text: , water quality and chemistry, aquifer characteristics, and the list goes on.  The volume of data can be managed in a GIS and manipulated to display spatial characteristics for analysis and water resource planning.  For example, in a simple application of GIS, the effect of a new well can be studied on the existing groundwater and surface water.  The results of such a study can be used by decision makers to determine whether or not to proceed with drilling.

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and hydrogeologists to describe contaminants in groundwater, surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the water table when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and

text: hydrogeologist

text: s to describe contaminants in

text: groundwater

text: , surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the

text: water table

text: when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

text: Echinus Geyser is a geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Echinus Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Norris Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 27601 ||  || March 19, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27602 Chaselewis ||  || March 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=603 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27603 ||  || March 30, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT ||  —|-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27604 ||  || March 19, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS ||  —|-id=605 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27605 ||  || April 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=606 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27606 Davidli || 2001 KW || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=607 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27607 ||  || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=608 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27608 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=609 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27609 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=610 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27610 Shixuanli ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=611 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27611 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=612 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27612 ||  || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=613 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27613 Annalou ||  || May 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=614 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27614 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=615 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27615 Daniellu ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=616 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27616 ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=617 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27617 ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=618 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27618 Ceilierin ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=619 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27619 Ethanmessier ||  || May 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=620 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27620 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS ||  —|-id=621 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27621 ||  || May 26, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT ||  —|-id=622 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27622 ||  || May 24, 2001 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS ||  —|-id=623 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27623 || 2001 LE || June 3, 2001 || Haleakala || NEAT ||  —|-id=624 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27624 ||  || June 19, 2001 || Palomar || NEAT ||  —|-id=625 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27625 ||  || June 16, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=626 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27626 || 2001 NA || July 1, 2001 || Reedy Creek || J. Broughton ||  —|-id=627 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27627 || 2038 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=628 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27628 || 2041 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=629 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27629 || 2054 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=630 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27630 || 2228 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=631 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27631 || 3106 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=632 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27632 || 3539 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=633 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27633 || 4005 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=634 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27634 || 4200 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=635 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27635 || 4528 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=636 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27636 || 4778 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=637 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27637 || 2070 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=638 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27638 || 2287 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=639 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27639 || 3156 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=640 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27640 || 3273 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=641 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27641 || 4131 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=642 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27642 || 4281 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=643 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27643 || 1093 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=644 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27644 || 1343 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=645 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27645 || 2074 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=646 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27646 || 2266 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=647 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27647 || 2312 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=648 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27648 || 3222 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=649 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27649 || 3327 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=650 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27650 || 5137 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=651 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27651 || 2025 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=652 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27652 || 2462 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=653 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27653 || 4208 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=654 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27654 || 5739 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=655 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27655 || 1968 OK || July 18, 1968 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Cofré ||  —|-id=656 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27656 ||  || July 26, 1974 || El Leoncito || M. R. Cesco ||  —|-id=657 bgcolor=#FA8072| 27657 Berkhey || 1974 PC || August 12, 1974 || Palomar || T. Gehrels || |-id=658 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27658 Dmitrijbagalej || 1978 RV || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27659 Dolsky ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=660 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27660 Waterwayuni ||  || October 2, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=661 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27661 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=662 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27662 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=663 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27663 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=664 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27664 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=665 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27665 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=666 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27666 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=667 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27667 || 1979 KJ || May 19, 1979 || La Silla || R. M. West ||  —|-id=668 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27668 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=669 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27669 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=670 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27670 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=671 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27671 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=672 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27672 ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=673 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27673 ||  || October 31, 1980 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27674 ||  || October 31, 1980 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=675 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27675 || 1981 CH || February 2, 1981 || Kleť || L. Brožek ||  —|-id=676 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27676 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=677 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27677 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=678 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27678 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=679 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27679 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=680 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27680 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=681 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27681 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=682 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27682 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=683 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27683 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=684 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27684 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=685 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27685 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=686 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27686 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=687 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27687 ||  || March 3, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=688 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27688 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=689 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27689 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=690 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27690 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=691 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27691 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=692 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27692 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=693 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27693 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=694 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27694 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=695 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27695 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=696 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27696 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=697 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27697 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=698 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27698 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=699 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27699 ||  || May 15, 1982 || Palomar || Palomar Obs. ||  —|-id=700 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27700 ||  || September 28, 1982 || Palomar || J. Gibson ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 27601 ||  || March 19, 2001 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27602 Chaselewis ||  || March 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=603 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27603 ||  || March 30, 2001 ||

text: Haleakala

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27604 ||  || March 19, 2001 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

entity_name: Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search

text: LONEOS

text: ||  —|-id=605 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27605 ||  || April 16, 2001 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=606 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27606 Davidli || 2001 KW || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=607 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27607 ||  || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=608 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27608 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=609 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27609 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=610 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27610 Shixuanli ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=611 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27611 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=612 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27612 ||  || May 17, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=613 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27613 Annalou ||  || May 21, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=614 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27614 ||  || May 18, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=615 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27615 Daniellu ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=616 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27616 ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=617 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27617 ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=618 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27618 Ceilierin ||  || May 22, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=619 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27619 Ethanmessier ||  || May 25, 2001 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=620 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27620 ||  || May 18, 2001 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: LONEOS

text: ||  —|-id=621 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27621 ||  || May 26, 2001 ||

text: Palomar

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=622 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27622 ||  || May 24, 2001 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: LONEOS

text: ||  —|-id=623 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27623 || 2001 LE || June 3, 2001 ||

text: Haleakala

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=624 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27624 ||  || June 19, 2001 ||

text: Palomar

text: || NEAT ||  —|-id=625 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27625 ||  || June 16, 2001 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=626 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27626 || 2001 NA || July 1, 2001 ||

text: Reedy Creek

text: J. Broughton

text: ||  —|-id=627 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27627 || 2038 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

entity_name: National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Cofré

text: ||  —|-id=656 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27656 ||  || July 26, 1974 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: M. R. Cesco

text: ||  —|-id=657 bgcolor=#FA8072| 27657 Berkhey || 1974 PC || August 12, 1974 ||

text: Palomar

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=658 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27658 Dmitrijbagalej || 1978 RV || September 1, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27659 Dolsky ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=660 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27660 Waterwayuni ||  || October 2, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=661 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27661 ||  || October 27, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=662 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27662 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=663 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27663 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=664 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27664 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=665 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27665 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=666 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27666 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=667 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27667 || 1979 KJ || May 19, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: R. M. West

text: ||  —|-id=668 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27668 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=669 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 27669 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=670 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27670 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=671 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27671 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=672 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27672 ||  || March 16, 1980 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=673 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 27673 ||  || October 31, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27674 ||  || October 31, 1980 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=675 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27675 || 1981 CH || February 2, 1981 ||

text: Kleť

text: L. Brožek

text: ||  —|-id=676 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27676 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Palomar

text: Palomar Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=700 bgcolor=#fefefe| 27700 ||  || September 28, 1982 || Palomar ||

text: J. Gibson

text: Grotto Geyser's eruptions are usually preceded by an eruption from Grotto Fountain Geyser. After it has a short mode eruption, which lasts about 1 to 2 hours, Rocket Geyser usually has a major eruption. Approximately three-quarters of Grotto's eruptions are short mode. Grotto Geyser and Rocket Geyser erupt together. When Grotto Geyser has a long mode eruption, which lasts from 6 to 12 hours, Spa Geyser, instead of Rocket Geyser, erupts.

text: Whitchurch–Stouffville's water supply system is both groundwater-based with five municipal wells and since 2009 lake-based (Lake Ontario) as well. 5,500 cubic metres of water are withdrawn from the Oak Ridges Aquifer and the Thorncliffe Aquifer daily. Stouffville's well-water is chlorinated for disinfection, and sodium silicate is added to keep iron from staining plumbing fixtures and laundry. Two wells receive additional disinfection through an ultraviolet (UV) system. Three groundwater wells are in close proximity to the settlement area of Stouffville (Main Street, east of 10th Line); consequently 239 "significant drinking water threats" have been identified.

text: Whitchurch–Stouffville's water supply system is both groundwater-based with five municipal wells and since 2009 lake-based (

text: Lake Ontario

text: ) as well. 5,500 cubic metres of water are withdrawn from the Oak Ridges Aquifer and the Thorncliffe Aquifer daily. Stouffville's well-water is chlorinated for disinfection, and sodium silicate is added to keep iron from staining plumbing fixtures and laundry. Two wells receive additional disinfection through an ultraviolet (UV) system. Three groundwater wells are in close proximity to the settlement area of Stouffville (Main Street, east of 10th Line); consequently 239 "significant drinking water threats" have been identified.

text: The oil field is located in the northeastern extreme of the Ventura Basin Province, a petroleum-rich sedimentary basin with a long history of oil and gas production. Overall, the structure of the oil field is a plunging anticline oriented northwest to southeast, dipping to the southeast; most of the hydrocarbon accumulation is along the southwest flank of this structure,(1959) which resembles a southwest-dipping homocline. One stratigraphic unit, the Miocene-age Modelo Formation, contains oil and gas accumulations. To the northeast, the San Gabriel Fault closes the structure, trapping hydrocarbons with an approximate 500-foot offset, placing impermeable rock units adjacent to the petroleum-bearing Modelo formation. The other sides of the field are sealed stratrigraphically, specifically by permeability changes in the rock preventing hydrocarbon movement.

text: The oil field is located in the northeastern extreme of the Ventura Basin Province, a petroleum-rich sedimentary basin with a long history of oil and gas production. Overall, the structure of the oil field is a plunging anticline oriented northwest to southeast, dipping to the southeast; most of the hydrocarbon accumulation is along the southwest flank of this structure,(1959) which resembles a southwest-dipping homocline. One stratigraphic unit, the

text: Miocene

text: -age

text: Modelo Formation

text: , contains oil and gas accumulations. To the northeast, the San Gabriel Fault closes the structure, trapping hydrocarbons with an approximate 500-foot offset, placing impermeable rock units adjacent to the petroleum-bearing Modelo formation. The other sides of the field are sealed stratrigraphically, specifically by permeability changes in the rock preventing hydrocarbon movement.

text: Hot Springs is located at the confluence of the French Broad River and Spring Creek. A natural hot spring is also located here, the only such spring known in North Carolina and in much of the southeastern United States. Thus, this area has long since been a destination for those looking for therapeutic relief from their ailments. Native Americans were the first to discover the 100°+ Fahrenheit (about 37° Celsius) mineral waters, and European immigrants settled the area over 200 years ago. It is reported that people were visiting the springs by 1778 for the waters' reported healing properties. In 1828, a major road was constructed through the current town, the Buncombe Turnpike, making the area more accessible.

text: Hot Springs is located at the confluence of the

text: French Broad River

text: and

entity_name: Spring Creek, Madison County, North Carolina

text: Spring Creek

text: . A natural hot spring is also located here, the only such spring known in North Carolina and in much of the southeastern United States. Thus, this area has long since been a destination for those looking for therapeutic relief from their ailments. Native Americans were the first to discover the 100°+ Fahrenheit (about 37° Celsius) mineral waters, and European immigrants settled the area over 200 years ago. It is reported that people were visiting the springs by 1778 for the waters' reported healing properties. In 1828, a major road was constructed through the current town, the Buncombe Turnpike, making the area more accessible.

text: Anticlines, structural domes, fault zones and stratigraphic traps are very favorable locations for oil and natural gas drilling.  About 80 percent of the world’s petroleum has been found in anticlinal traps.  The low density of petroleum causes oil to buoyantly migrate out of its source rock and upward toward the surface until it is trapped and stored in reservoir rock such as sandstone or porous limestone.  The oil becomes trapped along with water and natural gas by a caprock that is made up of impermeable barrier such as an impermeable stratum or fault zone. Examples of low-permeability seals that contain the hydrocarbons, oil and gas, in the ground include shale, limestone, sandstone, and even salt domes. The actual type of stratum does not matter as long as it has low permeability.

text: Anticlines, structural domes, fault zones and stratigraphic traps are very favorable locations for

text: oil

text: and

text: natural gas

text: drilling.  About 80 percent of the world’s petroleum has been found in anticlinal traps.  The low density of petroleum causes oil to buoyantly migrate out of its source rock and upward toward the surface until it is trapped and stored in reservoir rock such as sandstone or porous limestone.  The oil becomes trapped along with water and natural gas by a caprock that is made up of impermeable barrier such as an impermeable stratum or fault zone. Examples of low-permeability seals that contain the hydrocarbons, oil and gas, in the ground include shale, limestone, sandstone, and even salt domes. The actual type of stratum does not matter as long as it has low permeability.

text: In May 2008, groundwater contamination was reported to the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) following detection at Santos' Port Bonython site, Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Hydrocarbons were found floating on and in the groundwater. 150 inspection wells were later established, and a 450m long cement bentonite wall was constructed 'to stop the further spread of contamination off-site' including to the marine environment. In May 2012, Santos reported declining rates of hydrocarbon recovery from groundwater extraction wells and claimed that their remediation efforts were working.

text: In May 2008, groundwater contamination was reported to the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) following detection at Santos' Port Bonython site,

text: Spencer Gulf

text: , South Australia. Hydrocarbons were found floating on and in the groundwater. 150 inspection wells were later established, and a 450m long cement

text: bentonite

text: wall was constructed 'to stop the further spread of contamination off-site' including to the marine environment. In May 2012, Santos reported declining rates of hydrocarbon recovery from groundwater extraction wells and claimed that their remediation efforts were working.

text: The relief is dominated by the Serra de Água de Pau, which includes a caldeira occupied by the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire). The highest elevation is Pico da Barrosa at  (overlooking Lagoa do Fogo) or Monte Escuro at ; this volcanic massif also extends to the plateau of Graminhais, by the eastern border with Nordeste, where the Pico do Salto do Cavalo  has a well known lookout. The volcanic geology, associated to the occurrence of many springs in the foothills, have been responsible for the fast creeks flowing in deep ravines, one of which gave its name to the town. Other volcanic manifestations in the area are fumaroles, such as Caldeira Velha or Caldeiras, and mineral hot springs at Lombadas, Gramas and Ladeira da Velha.

text: The relief is dominated by the Serra de

text: Água de Pau

text: , which includes a

text: caldeira

text: occupied by the Lagoa do Fogo (Lake of Fire). The highest elevation is Pico da Barrosa at  (overlooking Lagoa do Fogo) or Monte Escuro at ; this volcanic massif also extends to the plateau of Graminhais, by the eastern border with Nordeste, where the Pico do Salto do Cavalo  has a well known lookout. The volcanic geology, associated to the occurrence of many springs in the foothills, have been responsible for the fast creeks flowing in deep ravines, one of which gave its name to the town. Other volcanic manifestations in the area are fumaroles, such as Caldeira Velha or Caldeiras, and mineral hot springs at Lombadas, Gramas and Ladeira da Velha.

text: Rainfall in Southern Sudan is highly seasonal, with a rainy season between July and October. In the extreme South of the country there is also a second rainy season from March to May. Groundwater is an important source of water supply for people and livestock, especially during the dry season. In some areas groundwater is brackish, groundwater yields are low and the success rate for well drilling is low.

text: Water infrastructure in Rwanda consisted of 15 urban and about 796 rural water systems in 2002. Urban water systems are fed by water from 17 water treatment plants. Rural water systems feed mostly standpipes. Handpumps using groundwater and managed springs provide water separately from water systems.

text: There are two types of geysers: fountain geysers which erupt from pools of water, typically in a series of intense, even violent, bursts; and cone geysers which erupt from cones or mounds of siliceous sinter (including geyserite), usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. Old Faithful, perhaps the best-known geyser at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a cone geyser. Grand Geyser, the tallest predictable geyser on earth, (although Geysir in Iceland is taller, it is not predictable), also at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a fountain geyser.

text: There are two types of geysers: fountain geysers which erupt from pools of water, typically in a series of intense, even violent, bursts; and cone geysers which erupt from cones or mounds of

text: siliceous sinter

text: (including

text: geyserite

text: ), usually in steady jets that last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes.

text: Old Faithful

text: , perhaps the best-known geyser at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a cone geyser.

text: Grand Geyser

text: , the tallest predictable geyser on earth, (although Geysir in Iceland is taller, it is not predictable), also at Yellowstone National Park, is an example of a fountain geyser.

text: Groundwater in California is used by 85% of the population, mostly used by the multi-billion agriculture industry as the main water source for crops. For years groundwater use has been poorly managed and under regulated to a point where now the state is facing a major depletion of this important water source. In California, groundwater is used a crucial reserve for the lack of surface water during drought periods. Groundwater is being pumped in excess of the natural rate of replenishment which in return is lowering the groundwater table. This is known as overdraft and can cause severe subsidence in the land. In 1980 the Department of Water Resources judged that out of the 450 groundwater basins in California 40 of them were in overdraft, 11 more were identified as being in "critical" conditions.  the Department of Water Resources reported that across California the groundwater levels have dropped to 50 feet below historic levels, and up to 100 feet below in the San Joaquin Valley. This report has not been updated in almost thirty years. Knowing how much groundwater is being taken out and used is difficult because there is no requirement for the users to report the amount used. There are a few exceptions that require basins that operate under government regulations and special state legislation. There are some however some methods used to estimate the amount of groundwater being applied to crops, the most conventional being measuring the acreage of the crop and figuring out the amount of water necessary for these crops to grow. Managing groundwater can be a challenge since it does not adhere to property lines and freely moves underground. With few incentives and fewer regulations to conserve groundwater in California higher value crops that require year round irrigation have been planted and deeper wells to retrieve groundwater from sinking aquifers have been drilled. Agricultural uses and even urban use to an extent are depleting California's groundwater basins and aquifers. The current drought conditions in California are only pushing for a more heavily regulated groundwater management to be implemented now.

text: Photos of hot springs and fumaroles - photos '9-67' (1931) and '9-56' (date unknown) - show hydrothermal activity prior to power-generation. It is unknown if those smaller hydrothermal surface features are still active as of 2015, post-power plant development; field reconnaissance would be required to assess the activity of the hydrothermal features. Photos '9-69' (close-up, date unknown) and '9-108' (distant, 1971) show the uncapped well that is not a natural geyser, which was active prior to power-production. Geyser activity at the wellhead ceased circa 1985/1986 as the local dual-flash geothermal power plant began operations.

text: Factors such as climate, features of landscape, soils, drainage, aspect and the effects of human activities; all impact on the severity and occurrence of dryland salinity. Dryland salinity effects human and natural resources, such as native vegetation and crops, animals, infrastructure, agricultural inputs, biodiversity, aquatic ecosystems and water supply quality in the environment. Understanding dryland salinity requires a look at the water cycle.Water enters the soil from precipitation – this is called Infiltration; water may remain indefinitely within the spaces or pores between soil particles as soil moisture. Soil moisture may be lost to the surface or atmosphere directly, or through plant uptake – this is called evapotranspiration. Soil moisture may also continue to move downward to join the groundwater—this is called groundwater recharge. Recharge is most likely to occur when the amount of water that is available to the soil exceeds the soil’s capacity to store it (field capacity). Recharge may also occur by saturated flow when water bypasses the soil matrix as it moves to depth in macropores (e.g. root holes, fractures).Excessive recharge may raise the water table locally, or at a landscape scale. When brackish to saline groundwater intersects the ground surface and discharges, this is termed saline discharge. Areas of discharge are called saline seeps (when groundwater intersects the soil surface) or saline scalds (where water is lost by evaporation only). Groundwater discharge manifests in such problems as: reduced agricultural production, degradation of natural environment, reduced surface water quality, damage to infrastructure including roads, as well as soil erosion and denudation of land.

text: Factors such as climate, features of landscape, soils, drainage, aspect and the effects of human activities; all impact on the severity and occurrence of dryland salinity. Dryland salinity effects human and natural resources, such as native vegetation and crops, animals, infrastructure, agricultural inputs, biodiversity, aquatic ecosystems and water supply quality in the environment. Understanding dryland salinity requires a look at the

text: water cycle

text: .Water enters the soil from precipitation – this is called

text: Infiltration

text: ; water may remain indefinitely within the spaces or pores between soil particles as soil moisture. Soil moisture may be lost to the surface or atmosphere directly, or through plant uptake – this is called evapotranspiration.

text: Soil moisture

text: may also continue to move downward to join the groundwater—this is called

text: groundwater recharge

text: . Recharge is most likely to occur when the amount of water that is available to the soil exceeds the soil’s capacity to store it (field capacity). Recharge may also occur by saturated flow when water bypasses the soil matrix as it moves to depth in macropores (e.g. root holes, fractures).Excessive recharge may raise the water table locally, or at a landscape scale. When brackish to saline groundwater intersects the ground surface and discharges, this is termed saline

text: discharge

text: . Areas of discharge are called saline seeps (when groundwater intersects the soil surface) or saline scalds (where water is lost by evaporation only). Groundwater discharge manifests in such problems as: reduced agricultural production, degradation of natural environment, reduced surface water quality, damage to infrastructure including roads, as well as

text: soil erosion

text: and denudation of land.

text: The propagation of seismic waves in porous rocks is associated with a small transient deformation of rock matrix and pore space which can cause electromagnetic fields of observable amplitude if the pores are saturated. Seismoelectric field measurements are expected to help localize permeable layers in porous rocks and provide information about anelastic properties. This theoretical potential for hydrogeological applications, however, is so far confirmed only by a very limited number of successful field studies. As a consequence, the seismoelectric method is still far from being routinely used.

text: The propagation of seismic waves in porous rocks is associated with a small transient deformation of

text: rock matrix

text: and pore space which can cause electromagnetic fields of observable amplitude if the pores are saturated. Seismoelectric field measurements are expected to help localize permeable layers in porous rocks and provide information about

text: anelastic

text: properties. This theoretical potential for hydrogeological applications, however, is so far confirmed only by a very limited number of successful field studies. As a consequence, the seismoelectric method is still far from being routinely used.

text: Two of the most visited springs today are Geyser Island Spouter and Orenda Spring, along Geyser Creek. Geyser Island Spouter, which sends a narrow plume of water  into the air, first emerged in the early 1900s. Since that time, it has deposited minerals which grow a tufa deposit at the rate of  per year. Orenda Spring has created a massive tufa dome, which continues to fossilize leaves and other debris as it grows.

text: Two of the most visited springs today are Geyser Island Spouter and Orenda Spring, along Geyser Creek. Geyser Island Spouter, which sends a narrow plume of water  into the air, first emerged in the early 1900s. Since that time, it has deposited minerals which grow a

text: tufa

text: deposit at the rate of  per year. Orenda Spring has created a massive tufa dome, which continues to fossilize leaves and other debris as it grows.

text: Emerald Spring is a hot spring located in Norris Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park.

text: Emerald Spring is a

text: hot spring

text: located in

text: Norris Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: The mineral-rich mountain springs of the Appalachians—which for many years were thought to have health-restoring qualities—were drawing visitors to the region as early as the 18th century with the establishment of resorts at Hot Springs, Virginia and what is now Hot Springs, North Carolina.  Along with the mineral springs, the cool and clear air of the range's high elevations provided an escape for lowland elites, and elaborate hotels—such as The Greenbrier in West Virginia and the Balsam Mountain Inn in North Carolina—were built throughout the region's remote valleys and mountain slopes.  The end of World War I (which opened up travel opportunities to Europe) and the arrival of the automobile (which changed the nation's vacation habits) led to the demise of all but a few of the region's spa resorts.  The establishment of national parks in the 1930s brought an explosion of tourist traffic to the region, but created problems with urban sprawl in the various host communities.  In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, states have placed greater focus on sustaining tourism while preserving host communities.

text: The mineral-rich mountain springs of the Appalachians—which for many years were thought to have health-restoring qualities—were drawing visitors to the region as early as the 18th century with the establishment of resorts at

text: Hot Springs, Virginia

text: and what is now

text: Hot Springs, North Carolina

text: .  Along with the mineral springs, the cool and clear air of the range's high elevations provided an escape for lowland elites, and elaborate hotels—such as

text: The Greenbrier

text: in West Virginia and the

text: Balsam Mountain Inn

text: in North Carolina—were built throughout the region's remote valleys and mountain slopes.  The end of World War I (which opened up travel opportunities to Europe) and the arrival of the automobile (which changed the nation's vacation habits) led to the demise of all but a few of the region's spa resorts.  The establishment of national parks in the 1930s brought an explosion of tourist traffic to the region, but created problems with

text: urban sprawl

text: in the various host communities.  In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, states have placed greater focus on sustaining tourism while preserving host communities.

text: Comet Geyser was named by the Hague Party in 1904.

text: Comet Geyser was named by the

text: Hague Party

text: in 1904.

text: Groundwater can either be privately owned or publicly owned. Groundwater owned by the State is usually distributed through an appropriation system. Privately owned groundwater may allow unlimited production or limited production rights based on land ownership or liability rules. It is possible to regulate the spacing of wells and groundwater production under any of these systems, but the methods, effectiveness and results of that regulation varies greatly from one system to the next depending on the type of aquifer to be regulated. Effective regulation is tailored to both the hydrology and economics of the region to be regulated. Below is a short discussion of each system and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

text: Groundwater can either be privately owned or publicly owned. Groundwater owned by the State is usually distributed through an appropriation system. Privately owned groundwater may allow unlimited production or limited production rights based on land ownership or liability rules. It is possible to regulate the spacing of wells and groundwater production under any of these systems, but the methods, effectiveness and results of that regulation varies greatly from one system to the next depending on the type of

text: aquifer

text: to be regulated. Effective regulation is tailored to both the

text: hydrology

text: and

text: economics

text: of the region to be regulated. Below is a short discussion of each system and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

text: The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field, containing a complex of 22 geothermal power plants, drawing steam from more than 350 wells, located in the Mayacamas Mountains approximately  north of San Francisco, California.

text: The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field, containing a complex of 22

text: geothermal power

text: plants, drawing steam from more than 350 wells, located in the

text: Mayacamas Mountains

text: approximately  north of

text: San Francisco

text: California

text: Labial Geyser is a cone-type geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.

text: Labial Geyser is a cone-type

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are

text: Bead Geyser

text: Box Spring

text: Dilemma Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser

text: Pink Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: Cities on top of the aquifer include Gary, Hammond, and East Chicago.  The aquifer sits in unconsolidated deposits of fine sand and glacial till in the Calumet Lacustrine Plain, with some occasional lenses of peat and gravel and areas of slag fill. As a result, it is especially vulnerable to contamination from surface sources.  The aquifer has never been extensively used as a source of water, local communities instead drawing water from Lake Michigan.

text: Cities on top of the aquifer include

text: Gary

text: Hammond

text: , and

text: East Chicago

text: .  The aquifer sits in unconsolidated deposits of fine sand and

text: glacial till

text: in the

text: Calumet Lacustrine Plain

text: , with some occasional lenses of

text: peat

text: and gravel and areas of

text: slag

text: fill. As a result, it is especially vulnerable to contamination from surface sources.  The aquifer has never been extensively used as a source of water, local communities instead drawing water from Lake Michigan.

text: Radio Ngāti Porou is the official station of Ngāti Porou. It is based in Ruatoria and broadcasts on  in Tikitiki,  at Tolaga Bay,  in Gisborne,  in Ruatoria, and  at Hicks Bay.

entity_name: Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori

text: Radio Ngāti Porou

text: is the official station of Ngāti Porou. It is based in Ruatoria and broadcasts on  in

text: Tikitiki

text: ,  at

text: Tolaga Bay

text: ,  in

text: Gisborne

text: ,  in Ruatoria, and  at

text: Hicks Bay

text: There is evidence for both theories.  Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer.  Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in an aquifer at the usual depths where the gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers.  Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow.  They may consist of porous sandstone.  This layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable).  The only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally.  The water could then flow out onto the surface when it reaches a break, like a crater wall.  Aquifers are quite common on Earth.  A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah.

text: Convection of the churning brine and conduction from surrounding rock transfers heat to an overlaying layer of fresh groundwater. Movement of the two liquids is facilitated by the highly fractured and porous nature of the rocks under the Yellowstone Plateau.  Some silica is dissolved from the fractured rhyolite into the hot water as it travels through the fractured rock. Part of this hard mineral is later redeposited on the walls of the cracks and fissures to make a nearly pressure-tight system. Silica precipitates at the surface to form either geyserite or sinter, creating the massive geyser cones, the scalloped edges of hot springs, and the seemingly barren landscape of geyser basins.

text: Convection

text: of the churning brine and

text: conduction

text: from surrounding rock transfers heat to an overlaying layer of fresh

text: groundwater

text: . Movement of the two liquids is facilitated by the highly fractured and porous nature of the rocks under the Yellowstone Plateau.  Some

text: silica

text: is dissolved from the fractured rhyolite into the hot water as it travels through the fractured rock. Part of this hard mineral is later redeposited on the walls of the cracks and fissures to make a nearly pressure-tight system. Silica precipitates at the surface to form either geyserite or sinter, creating the massive geyser cones, the scalloped edges of hot springs, and the seemingly barren landscape of geyser basins.

text: Several rivers, such as the Platte, run below the water level of the aquifer. Because of this, the rivers receive groundwater flow (baseflow), carrying it out of the region rather than recharging the aquifer.

text: Several rivers, such as the

text: Platte

text: , run below the water level of the aquifer. Because of this, the rivers receive groundwater flow (baseflow), carrying it out of the region rather than recharging the aquifer.

text: The EPA created the National Priorities List in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a record of decision for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include bioremediation to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

text: The

text: EPA

text: created the

text: National Priorities List

text: in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a

text: record of decision

text: for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include

text: bioremediation

text: to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

text: Abandonment of multi-aquifer wells was completed in 1984. There had previously been 44 multi-aquifer wells identified within the groundwater plume. Of these 44 wells, 39 were abandoned, 3 were added to the monitoring well network, and 2 were found to be single aquifer wells completed within an unaffected aquifer. Wells were abandoned in accordance with the Minnesota Department of Health Water Well Construction Code.

text: Abandonment of multi-aquifer wells was completed in 1984. There had previously been 44 multi-aquifer wells identified within the groundwater plume. Of these 44 wells, 39 were abandoned, 3 were added to the monitoring well network, and 2 were found to be single aquifer wells completed within an unaffected aquifer. Wells were abandoned in accordance with the

text: Minnesota Department of Health

text: Water Well Construction Code.

text: There are more than 90 mineral water springs with curative and preventive properties in and around the town. The mineral waters (from springs and wells) vary considerably in temperature, mineralization, radon, silicic acid and fluorine content, and are suitable for treatment of a wide range of diseases. 9000 litres of water per minute spring from the five thermal and mineral deposits in Ladzhene, Kamenitsa, Chepino, Rakitovo and Kostandovo.

text: Poring is known for its hot springs and the popular recreation and tourist complex is known as Poring Hot Springs. The springs are known for their therapeutic properties and the waters with their sulphuric minerals are reputed to ease aching muscles. The baths are favoured by returned climbers of Mount Kinabalu.

text: Poring is known for its

text: hot springs

text: and the popular recreation and tourist complex is known as Poring Hot Springs. The springs are known for their

text: therapeutic

text: properties and the waters with their

text: sulphur

text: ic

text: minerals

text: are reputed to ease aching muscles. The baths are favoured by returned climbers of

text: Mount Kinabalu

text: There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah.

text: There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an

text: aquifer

text: . Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot

text: magma

text: could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layer that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in

text: Zion National Park

text: Utah

text: If there is an impermeable separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as seawater can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof glaze or cement  applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.

text: If there is an

text: impermeable

text: separation layer between the food and the porous pots, undrinkable water such as

text: seawater

text: can be used to drive the cooling process, without contaminating the food. This is useful in arid locations near the ocean where drinkable water is a limited commodity, and can be accomplished by using a pot that has waterproof

text: glaze

text: or cement  applied to the inner wall where the food is stored.

text: Spindle Geyser is part of the White Creek Group which includes A-0 Geyser and Botryoidal Spring.  It is found along the bank of White Creek about ⁄ mile (0.8 km) southeast of the Surprise Pool parking area.

text: Spindle Geyser is part of the White Creek Group which includes

text: A-0 Geyser

text: and

text: Botryoidal Spring

text: .  It is found along the bank of White Creek about ⁄ mile (0.8 km) southeast of the

text: Surprise Pool

text: parking area.

text: Senegal has about 3 billion cubic meters per year of renewable groundwater resources, excluding those groundwater resources that overlap with surface water. Total water withdrawals in 1987 were 1.4 billion cubic meter, of which 92% is for agriculture, 3% for industry and 5% for domestic uses. Groundwater reserves include shallow aquifers which are 0–20 m deep in the Casamance and  deep in Kaolack and Tamba, as well as crop-outs in the area of Dakar and Thiès. They also include deep aquifers at a depth of . Groundwater stocks are estimated at 7 billion cubic meters.

text: Senegal has about 3 billion cubic meters per year of renewable groundwater resources, excluding those groundwater resources that overlap with surface water. Total water withdrawals in 1987 were 1.4 billion cubic meter, of which 92% is for agriculture, 3% for industry and 5% for domestic uses. Groundwater reserves include shallow aquifers which are 0–20 m deep in the

text: Casamance

text: and  deep in

text: Kaolack

text: and

text: Tamba

text: , as well as crop-outs in the area of

text: Dakar

text: and

text: Thiès

text: . They also include deep aquifers at a depth of . Groundwater stocks are estimated at 7 billion cubic meters.

text: A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust. There are geothermal hot springs in many locations all over the crust of the earth. While some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can result in injury or death.

text: A hot spring is a

text: spring

text: produced by the emergence of

text: geothermally heated

text: groundwater

text: that rises from the Earth's

text: crust

text: . There are geothermal hot springs in many locations all over the crust of the

text: earth

text: . While some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can result in injury or death.

text: Mineral hot springs are mainly located on the volcano's flanks and at the base, giving evidence of volcanic heat comparatively near the surface of the earth. While no historic eruptions have been recorded, hot springs at the base and on the flanks, and fumaroles and solfatara near the summit, indicate a hot or cooling magma body still present beneath the volcano.

text: Mineral hot springs are mainly located on the volcano's flanks and at the base, giving evidence of volcanic heat comparatively near the surface of the earth. While no historic eruptions have been recorded,

text: hot springs

text: at the base and on the flanks, and

text: fumaroles

text: and

text: solfatara

text: near the summit, indicate a hot or cooling magma body still present beneath the volcano.

text: The Monterey Peninsula Water Project (MWPW) is a water management project seeking to meet water demands of Monterey residents. The major water source for Monterey is powered by the Carmel River, which is precipitation influenced and does not receive water perennially. In addition to the Carmel River, the Seaside Groundwater Basin is the only other form of water supply.  Both watersheds have been protected under stiff regulation to significantly reduce water diversion, especially the Carmel River which has been severely affected by California's drought. The MPWP is the proposed answer to help meet current and future water demands, while dealing with these reductions from the Carmel River and Seaside Groundwater Basin. The main features of this project will include a desalination plant, slant wells that will draw water from underneath the sea floor along the coastline, and a 10-mile pipeline extending through the north part of Monterey to supply water to its residents.  The goal throughout the planning of this new infrastructure is to protect ocean wildlife, while excess brine will be handled by the area's water pollution control agency.  The total cost of this project is estimated to be 322 million dollars with 79 million coming from subsurface intake, 115 million from the desalination plant, and 128 million from the pipelines. The MPWP is divided into three main aspects which include desalination, aquifer storage and recovery, and groundwater replenishment.

text: The Monterey Peninsula Water Project (MWPW) is a

text: water management

text: project seeking to meet water demands of

text: Monterey

text: residents. The major water source for Monterey is powered by the

text: Carmel River

text: , which is precipitation influenced and does not receive water perennially. In addition to the Carmel River, the Seaside Groundwater Basin is the only other form of water supply.  Both watersheds have been protected under stiff regulation to significantly reduce water diversion, especially the Carmel River which has been severely affected by California's drought. The MPWP is the proposed answer to help meet current and future water demands, while dealing with these reductions from the Carmel River and Seaside Groundwater Basin. The main features of this project will include a desalination plant, slant wells that will draw water from underneath the sea floor along the coastline, and a 10-mile pipeline extending through the north part of Monterey to supply water to its residents.  The goal throughout the planning of this new infrastructure is to protect ocean wildlife, while excess brine will be handled by the area's water pollution control agency.  The total cost of this project is estimated to be 322 million dollars with 79 million coming from subsurface intake, 115 million from the desalination plant, and 128 million from the pipelines. The MPWP is divided into three main aspects which include desalination, aquifer storage and recovery, and groundwater replenishment.

text: Oil in the South Cuyama Basin comes from two primary pools, the Miocene-age Dibblee Sand and the Colgrove Sand, porous units in the Vaqueros Formation underneath the largely impermeable Monterey Formation.  The sedimentary Cuyama Basin is cut by many small faults, and the oil exists in a series of stratigraphic traps, where it is in most cases blocked in its upward motion by impermeable blocks of Monterey, often offset by faults.  The average depth of oil in the field is about  below ground surface, and the thickness of the oil-bearing units rarely exceeds ; in the separate southeastern area of the field, where the Colgrove sand is  below ground surface, the oil bearing rock is only  thick.  The source rock for the South Cuyama oil is most likely the Soda Lake Shale member of the Vaqueros Formation.

text: Oil in the South Cuyama Basin comes from two primary pools, the

text: Miocene

text: -age Dibblee Sand and the Colgrove Sand, porous units in the Vaqueros Formation underneath the largely impermeable

text: Monterey Formation

text: .  The sedimentary Cuyama Basin is cut by many small faults, and the oil exists in a series of

text: stratigraphic trap

text: s, where it is in most cases blocked in its upward motion by impermeable blocks of Monterey, often offset by faults.  The average depth of oil in the field is about  below ground surface, and the thickness of the oil-bearing units rarely exceeds ; in the separate southeastern area of the field, where the Colgrove sand is  below ground surface, the oil bearing rock is only  thick.  The

text: source rock

text: for the South Cuyama oil is most likely the Soda Lake Shale member of the Vaqueros Formation.

text: Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day. Hydraulic conductivity, or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.

text: Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day.

text: Hydraulic conductivity

text: , or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.

text: The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone . At increasing depths water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the phreatic zone (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.

text: The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone . At increasing depths water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the

text: phreatic zone

text: (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called

text: aquifers.

text: In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.

text: Surface water and groundwater can be studied and managed as separate resources as a single resource in multiple forms. Jurisdictions typically distinguish three recognized groundwater classifications: subterranean streams, underflow of surface waters, and percolating groundwater.

text: It is located above the Yarragadee Aquifer, and beneath two superficial aquifers known as the Gnangara Mound and Jandakot Mound. These aquifers are separated by impervious layers with no groundwater called aquitards.

text: It is located above the

text: Yarragadee Aquifer

text: , and beneath two superficial aquifers known as the

text: Gnangara Mound

text: and

text: Jandakot Mound

text: . These aquifers are separated by impervious layers with no groundwater called

text: aquitard

text: s.

text: A deep well typically consists of a boreholes fitted with a slotted liner and an electric submersible pump. As water is pumped from a deep well, a hydraulic gradient is formed and water flows into the well forming a cone of depression around the well in which there is little or no water remaining in the pore spaces of the surrounding soil. Deep wells work best in soils with a permeability of k =  m/s to  m/s; the amount of drawdown that a well can achieve is limited only by the size of the fish pump.

text: A deep well typically consists of a boreholes fitted with a slotted liner and an electric submersible pump. As water is pumped from a deep well, a

text: hydraulic gradient

text: is formed and water flows into the well forming a

text: cone of depression

text: around the well in which there is little or no water remaining in the

text: pore space

text: s of the surrounding soil. Deep wells work best in soils with a permeability of k =  m/s to  m/s; the amount of

text: drawdown

text: that a well can achieve is limited only by the size of the fish pump.

text: Water quality. Poor water quality is a concern both at the source and at the point of use. Groundwater below Mexico City was initially believed to be protected from contamination by a thick impervious layer. However, this layer has fractured due to land subsidence. Furthermore, the natural upward flow of water in the artesian aquifer has now been reversed due to groundwater depletion. The Groundwater under Mexico City thus is believed to be increasingly vulnerable to contaminants from waste dumps and industrial sites leaching to the aquifer. Furthermore, the deep drainage system penetrates below the clay aquitard in some places into the main aquifer. During periods of heavy rain, waste water seeps out from the deep tunnels into the surrounding subsoil contaminating the aquifer.

text: Water quality. Poor water quality is a concern both at the source and at the point of use. Groundwater below Mexico City was initially believed to be protected from contamination by a thick impervious layer. However, this layer has fractured due to land subsidence. Furthermore, the natural upward flow of water in the

text: artesian aquifer

text: has now been reversed due to groundwater depletion. The Groundwater under Mexico City thus is believed to be increasingly vulnerable to contaminants from waste dumps and industrial sites leaching to the aquifer. Furthermore, the deep drainage system penetrates below the clay

text: aquitard

text: in some places into the main aquifer. During periods of heavy rain, waste water seeps out from the deep tunnels into the surrounding subsoil contaminating the aquifer.

text: Spasmodic Geyser is a geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Spasmodic Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: located in the Upper Geyser Basin in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Brezovica pri Predgradu is located on the upper rim of the Poljane Valley () along the road from Kočevje to Črnomelj. It includes the hamlet of Zaderc () half a kilometer south of the main settlement. There are several springs and caves in the area. Brezovica Spring (''Brezoviški studenec'') is below Straža Hill, and Klinlehl Cave stands above it. West of this is Miner's Cave (''Rudniška jama''), from which a spring feeds the creek in the Vimolj Gully (''Vimoljski jarek''). Miner's Cave was a source of coal before the Second World War. The Vidmar Spring (''Vidmarski studenec'') flows into the Vimolj Gully between Brezovica and the hamlet of Videm in Knežja Lipa. The Zaderc Spring (''Zaderški studenec'') is located 1 km southwest of Zaderc.

text: Brezovica pri Predgradu is located on the upper rim of the Poljane Valley () along the road from

text: Kočevje

text: to

text: Črnomelj

text: . It includes the hamlet of

text: Zaderc

text: () half a kilometer south of the main settlement. There are several springs and caves in the area. Brezovica Spring (''Brezoviški studenec'') is below Straža Hill, and Klinlehl Cave stands above it. West of this is Miner's Cave (''Rudniška jama''), from which a spring feeds the creek in the Vimolj Gully (''Vimoljski jarek''). Miner's Cave was a source of coal before the Second World War. The Vidmar Spring (''Vidmarski studenec'') flows into the Vimolj Gully between Brezovica and the hamlet of Videm in

text: Knežja Lipa

text: . The Zaderc Spring (''Zaderški studenec'') is located 1 km southwest of Zaderc.

text: The main water source for agriculture and drinking water in the region comes from groundwater. The three primary aquifers in the Pajaro Watershed are the Alluvial, the Aromas, and the Purisma aquifers. All three suffer from seawater intrusion due to groundwater overdraft, the worst affected being the Aromas aquifer.The Alluvial aquifer is heavily polluted by agricultural runoff.

text: Before the arrival of Europeans, Mount Hikurangi was within Ngāti Porou's territory. Ngāti Porou believe they are descendants of Māui, and thus have had a connection with the mountain since it arose from the sea. In the 1870s, the Crown acquired the mountain and turned it into a state forest park. In November 1990, ownership of Mount Hikurangi was returned to Ngāti Porou, who now manage the mountain, and facilitate the public's access to it.

text: The porous pot version of the Daniell cell was invented by John Dancer, a Liverpool instrument maker, in 1838. It consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode. The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo reduction without producing a current, which would destroy the battery's life.

text: The porous pot version of the Daniell cell was invented by

text: John Dancer

text: , a Liverpool instrument maker, in 1838. It consists of a central

text: zinc

text: anode

text: dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a

text: zinc sulfate

text: solution. The

text: porous

text: pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of

text: copper sulfate

text: contained in a

text: copper

text: can, which acts as the cell's

text: cathode

text: . The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo

text: reduction

text: without producing a current, which would destroy the battery's life.

text: Since surface water was unable to sustain the cattle herds, the ranchers turned to groundwater, and the easily reachable aquifer of 'sweet water' was pumped out and depleted from under the basin, leaving only brackish water.  Applying the groundwater to the surface resulted in additional salts being dissolved and transported back down by groundwater recharge into the aquifer, increasing its salinity. By 2000, salts in the aquifer were recognized to be needed to be significantly reduced if existing levels of water use were to continue. Therefore, in 2004, the Tularosa Basin National Desalination Research Facility was established in the basin at Alamogordo, as a joint project of the Federal Bureau of Reclamation and Sandia National Laboratories. It is a national center for researching procedures to reduce brackish water creation and to develop new technologies for its desalination, as it is increasingly found in present-day inland basin aquifers with agricultural irrigation and potable water withdrawal demands.

text: Since surface water was unable to sustain the cattle herds, the ranchers turned to

text: groundwater

text: , and the easily reachable

text: aquifer

text: of 'sweet water' was pumped out and depleted from under the basin, leaving only

text: brackish water

text: .  Applying the groundwater to the surface resulted in additional salts being dissolved and transported back down by

text: groundwater recharge

text: into the aquifer, increasing its salinity. By 2000, salts in the aquifer were recognized to be needed to be significantly reduced if existing levels of water use were to continue. Therefore, in 2004, the Tularosa Basin National Desalination Research Facility was established in the basin at

text: Alamogordo

text: , as a joint project of the

text: Federal Bureau of Reclamation

text: and

text: Sandia National Laboratories

text: . It is a national center for researching procedures to reduce brackish water creation and to develop new technologies for its desalination, as it is increasingly found in present-day inland basin aquifers with agricultural irrigation and potable water withdrawal demands.

text: The track "23" was also used in a trailer for the British TV series Skins in February 2008, an ad for Crystal Geyser in May 2008 in Japan, and an episode of Grey's Anatomy. The song "Spring and by Summer Fall" was used in the introduction to an October 2007 episode of the CBS series Numb3rs. "23" also appeared on the internet and television commercials for the 2009 Pontiac promotion entitled "Experience Pontiac."

text: The track "23" was also used in a trailer for the British TV series

text: Skins

text: in February 2008, an ad for

text: Crystal Geyser

text: in May 2008 in

text: Japan

text: , and an episode of

text: Grey's Anatomy

text: . The song "Spring and by Summer Fall" was used in the introduction to an October 2007 episode of the

text: CBS

text: series

text: . "23" also appeared on the internet and television commercials for the 2009

text: Pontiac

text: promotion entitled "Experience Pontiac."

text: The town is named for the sulfur springs located there, including the world's deepest geothermal hot spring. This "Mother Spring" feeds the pools hosted by three local hot spring soaking locations within town. The largest is at The Springs Resort & Spa which hosts the mother spring. Other hot springs facilities in town are the Healing Waters Resort and Spa and the Overlook Hot Springs Spa. The mineral-rich water continues to be celebrated for its therapeutic powers. The Utes called the sulfur-rich mineral springs Pah gosah, which is commonly translated in modern documents as "healing waters"; a Ute elder once translated the phrase as "water (pah) that has a bad smell (gosah)."

text: As part of its implementation, DWR has developed a Strategic Plan to document its Sustainable Groundwater Management (SGM) Program, which expands on its responsibilities in SGMA. The Strategic Plan describes the current groundwater conditions of the state, identifies legislation and other related policies, identifies success factors in addressing the challenges of groundwater management, describes the goals and objectives of DWR actions, and presents the plan for DWR communication and outreach with stakeholders and other agencies.

text: Hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the rate at which fluids, such as petroleum, water, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs.  Reservoirs are typically porous sandstones, limestones or dolomite rocks, but also include "unconventional reservoirs" such as shale rock or coal beds. Hydraulic fracturing enables the extraction of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's surface (generally ), which is greatly below typical groundwater reservoir levels.  At such depth, there may be insufficient permeability or reservoir pressure to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at high economic return. Thus, creating conductive fractures in the rock is instrumental in extraction from naturally impermeable shale reservoirs.  Permeability is measured in the microdarcy to nanodarcy range. Fractures are a conductive path connecting a larger volume of reservoir to the well. So-called "super fracking," creates cracks deeper in the rock formation to release more oil and gas, and increases efficiency.  The yield for typical shale bores generally falls off after the first year or two, but the peak producing life of a well can be extended to several decades.

text: Hydraulic fracturing is used to increase the rate at which fluids, such as petroleum, water, or natural gas can be recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs.  Reservoirs are typically porous

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s or

text: dolomite

text: rocks, but also include "unconventional reservoirs" such as

text: shale

text: rock or

text: coal

text: beds. Hydraulic fracturing enables the extraction of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's surface (generally ), which is greatly below typical groundwater reservoir levels.  At such depth, there may be insufficient

text: permeability

text: or reservoir pressure to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at high economic return. Thus, creating conductive fractures in the rock is instrumental in extraction from naturally impermeable shale reservoirs.  Permeability is measured in the micro

text: darcy

text: to nanodarcy range. Fractures are a conductive path connecting a larger volume of reservoir to the well. So-called "super fracking," creates cracks deeper in the rock formation to release more oil and gas, and increases efficiency.  The yield for typical shale bores generally falls off after the first year or two, but the peak producing life of a well can be extended to several decades.

text: Godwin was able to build wealth on cattle, timber, real estate and mining in Northern California. In 1854, he was residing at Godwin's Place west of the Russian River in the Sonoma County, present-day Geyserville. He owned 640 acres of nearby land and was engaged in mercantile and livestock business. Since approximately 150 Native Americans lived on the Russian River, the Federal government appointed the 6'6" Godwin as an Indian agent, and Charles F. Winslow after visiting the area wrote that they were "under Mr. Godwin's complete control." There were hot springs on the property which later became known as The Geysers, and Godwin built The Geysers Resort Hotel to encourage visitors. He discovered that his land possessed rich cinnabar ore deposits and in 1859 filed mining claims, which he had to defend in court as others disputed his right to mine quicksilver. Godwin obtained a legal license after passing exams and successfully represented himself in court in Santa Rosa. He became involved in local politics, and was elected a Justice of the Piece in 1855. He served on the Board of Directors of the Geyser Road committee. There are accounts that in 1860 Godwin lost the Democratic Party nomination for governor of California by one vote that are not confirmed by documents. After Virginia seceded from the Union, Godwin placed an advertisement in Petaluma Journal looking for a renter of his business interests in The Geysers, and turned his other property holdings to friends.

text: Godwin was able to build wealth on cattle, timber, real estate and mining in Northern California. In 1854, he was residing at Godwin's Place west of the

text: Russian River

text: in the

text: Sonoma County

text: , present-day

text: Geyserville

text: . He owned 640 acres of nearby land and was engaged in mercantile and livestock business. Since approximately 150 Native Americans lived on the Russian River, the Federal government appointed the 6'6" Godwin as an Indian agent, and

text: Charles F. Winslow

text: after visiting the area wrote that they were "under Mr. Godwin's complete control." There were hot springs on the property which later became known as

text: The Geysers

text: , and Godwin built The Geysers Resort Hotel to encourage visitors. He discovered that his land possessed rich cinnabar ore deposits and in 1859 filed mining claims, which he had to defend in court as others disputed his right to mine

text: quicksilver

text: . Godwin obtained a legal license after passing exams and successfully represented himself in court in

text: Santa Rosa

text: . He became involved in local politics, and was elected a Justice of the Piece in 1855. He served on the Board of Directors of the Geyser Road committee. There are accounts that in 1860 Godwin lost the

text: Democratic Party

text: nomination for governor of California by one vote that are not confirmed by documents. After Virginia seceded from the Union, Godwin placed an advertisement in Petaluma Journal looking for a renter of his business interests in The Geysers, and turned his other property holdings to friends.

text: Salt Mineral Hot Springs[咸水矿温泉]

text: Salt Mineral Hot Springs[咸水矿温泉]

text: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions.

text: Groundwater models are

text: computer models

text: of

text: groundwater

text: flow systems, and are used by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict

text: aquifer

text: conditions.

text: Some European colonists brought with them knowledge of the hot water therapy for medicinal purposes, and others learned the benefits of hot springs from the Native Americans. Europeans gradually obtained many of the hot and cold springs from the various Indian tribes. They then developed the spring to suit European tastes. By the 1760s, British colonists were traveling to hot and cold springs in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia in search of water cures.  Among the more frequently visited of these springs were Bath, Yellow, and Bristol Springs in Pennsylvania; and Warm Springs, Hot Springs, and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (now in West Virginia) in Virginia. In the last decade of the 1700s, New York spas were beginning to be frequented by intrepid travelers, most notably  Ballston Spa. Nearby Saratoga Springs and Kinderhook were yet to be discovered.

text: Some European colonists brought with them knowledge of the hot water therapy for medicinal purposes, and others learned the benefits of hot springs from the Native Americans. Europeans gradually obtained many of the hot and cold springs from the various Indian tribes. They then developed the spring to suit European tastes. By the 1760s, British colonists were traveling to hot and cold springs in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia in search of water cures.  Among the more frequently visited of these springs were

text: Bath

text: Yellow

text: , and

entity_name: Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania

text: Bristol Springs

text: in Pennsylvania; and

text: Warm Springs

text: Hot Springs

text: , and

text: White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia

text: (now in West Virginia) in Virginia. In the last decade of the 1700s, New York spas were beginning to be frequented by intrepid travelers, most notably

text: Ballston Spa

text: . Nearby

text: Saratoga Springs

text: and

text: Kinderhook

text: were yet to be discovered.

text: Not all groundwater is used when sold. Some groundwater is being studied for its benefits. Groundwater banking and aquifer storage systems are being explored to control flooding during times of high precipitation.

text: The Romans probably began building a formal temple complex at Aquae Sulis in the AD 60s.  The Romans had probably arrived in the area shortly after their arrival in Britain in AD 43 and there is evidence that their military road, the Fosse Way, crossed the river Avon at Bath.  An early Roman military presence has been found just to the North-East of the bath complex in the Walcot area of modern Bath.  Not far from the crossing point of their road, they would have been attracted by the large natural hot spring which had been a shrine of the Celtic Brythons, dedicated to their goddess, Sulis. This spring is a natural mineral spring found in the valley of the Avon River in Southwest England, it is the only spring in Britain officially designated as hot. The name is Latin for "the waters of Sulis." The Romans identified the goddess with their goddess Minerva and encouraged her worship. The similarities between Minerva and Sulis helped the Celts adapt to Roman culture. The spring was built up into a major Roman Baths complex associated with an adjoining temple. About 130 messages to Sulis scratched onto lead curse tablets (defixiones) have been recovered from the Sacred Spring by archaeologists. Most of them were written in Latin, although one discovered was in Brythonic and usually laid curses upon those whom the writer felt had done them wrong. This collection is the most important found in Britain.

text: The Romans probably began building a formal temple complex at Aquae Sulis in the AD 60s.  The Romans had probably arrived in the area shortly after their arrival in Britain in AD 43 and there is evidence that their military road, the

text: Fosse Way

text: , crossed the

text: river Avon

text: at Bath.  An early Roman military presence has been found just to the North-East of the bath complex in the Walcot area of modern Bath.  Not far from the crossing point of their road, they would have been attracted by the large natural hot spring which had been a shrine of the

text: Celt

text: ic

text: Brython

text: s, dedicated to their goddess,

text: Sulis

text: . This spring is a natural mineral spring found in the valley of the Avon River in Southwest England, it is the only spring in Britain officially designated as hot. The name is Latin for "the waters of Sulis." The Romans identified the goddess with their goddess Minerva and encouraged her worship. The similarities between Minerva and Sulis helped the Celts adapt to Roman culture. The spring was built up into a major

text: Roman Baths

text: complex associated with an adjoining

text: temple

text: . About 130 messages to Sulis scratched onto lead

text: curse tablets (defixiones)

text: have been recovered from the Sacred Spring by archaeologists. Most of them were written in

text: Latin

text: , although one discovered was in

text: Brythonic

text: and usually laid curses upon those whom the writer felt had done them wrong. This collection is the most important found in Britain.

text: Depending on aquifer connectivity, water withdrawal may depress aquifers over a large area and affect groundwater flows. In Australia, the CBM industry estimates extraction of  to  of groundwater per year; while the National Water Commission estimates extraction above  a year.

text: Depending on aquifer connectivity, water withdrawal may depress aquifers over a large area and affect groundwater flows. In Australia, the CBM industry estimates extraction of  to  of groundwater per year; while the

text: National Water Commission

text: estimates extraction above  a year.

text: Additional aquifer characteristics which are sometimes evaluated, depending on the type of aquifer, include:

text: The Great Fountain Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Firehole Lake area of Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. It is the only predictable geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin.

text: The Great Fountain Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Firehole Lake area of Lower Geyser Basin of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: , Wyoming. It is the only predictable geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin.

text: OneGeology is an international collaborative project in the field of geology supported by 113 countries, UNESCO and major global geoscience bodies. It is an International Year of Planet Earth flagship initiative that aims to enable online access to dynamic digital geological map of the world for everyone. The project uses the newly introduced GeoSciML markup language and initially targets a scale of approximately 1:1 million. Downstream uses could be to identify areas suitable for mining, oil and gas exploration or areas at risk from landslides or earthquakes, to help understanding of formations which store groundwater for drinking or irrigation, and to help locate porous rocks suitable for burying emissions of greenhouse gases. The project portal was launched on August 6, 2008 at the 33rd International Geological Congress (IGC) in Oslo, Norway.

text: OneGeology is an international

text: collaborative project

text: in the field of

text: geology

text: supported by 113 countries,

text: UNESCO

text: and major global

text: geoscience bodies

text: . It is an

text: International Year of Planet Earth

text: flagship initiative that aims to enable online access to dynamic digital

text: geological map

text: of the world for everyone. The project uses the newly introduced

text: GeoSciML

text: markup language and initially targets a

text: scale

text: of approximately 1:1 million. Downstream uses could be to identify areas suitable for mining,

text: oil and gas exploration

text: or areas at risk from

text: landslide

text: s or

text: earthquake

text: s, to help understanding of formations which store

text: groundwater

text: for drinking or irrigation, and to help locate

text: porous

text: rocks suitable for burying emissions of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es. The project portal was launched on August 6, 2008 at the 33rd

entity_name: International Union of Geological Sciences

text: International Geological Congress

text: (IGC) in

text: Oslo, Norway

text: Economic Geyser is a small, usually inactive geyser located between the Giant Geyser group and the Grand Geyser group. Economic Geyser was once a popular, frequently-erupting geyser until it became essentially dormant in the 1920s.

text: Economic Geyser is a small, usually inactive geyser located between the

text: Giant Geyser

text: group and the

text: Grand Geyser

text: group. Economic Geyser was once a popular, frequently-erupting geyser until it became essentially dormant in the 1920s.

text: This phenomenon takes place in various types of rocks, being notable in porous ones, for example sandstone, quartzite and volcanic ash. The cement effect by silica observed in sandstone and quartzite is prominent. A similar phenomenon is observed in felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite, alkaline syenite, phonolite, and trachyte, because of weathering vulnerability of nepheline and alkaline feldspar. The case hardening on trachytic clasts of volcanic breccia shows peculiar fabrics.

text: This phenomenon takes place in various types of rocks, being notable in porous ones, for example sandstone, quartzite and volcanic ash. The cement effect by silica observed in sandstone and quartzite is prominent. A similar phenomenon is observed in felsic

text: alkaline rock

text: s, such as nepheline syenite, alkaline syenite, phonolite, and trachyte, because of weathering vulnerability of nepheline and alkaline feldspar. The case hardening on trachytic clasts of volcanic breccia shows peculiar fabrics.

text: The porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode. The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo reduction without producing a current, which would destroy the battery's life.

text: The porous pot cell consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a zinc sulfate solution. The porous pot is, in turn, immersed in a solution of copper sulfate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode. The use of a porous barrier allows ions to pass through but keeps the solutions from mixing. Without this barrier, when no current was drawn the copper ions would drift to the zinc anode and undergo

text: reduction

text: Underneath the alluvial units of the coastal plain are three prominent bedrock units:  the Monterey Formation, the Sisquoc Formation, and the Santa Barbara Formation. This latter unit is the principal groundwater aquifer for the region, and its freshwater wells are protected from seawater intrusion by the uplift along the More Ranch Fault, which has placed relatively impermeable rock units between it and the ocean.

text: Underneath the alluvial units of the coastal plain are three prominent bedrock units:  the

text: Monterey Formation

text: , the

text: Sisquoc Formation

text: , and the

text: Santa Barbara Formation

text: . This latter unit is the principal groundwater aquifer for the region, and its freshwater wells are protected from seawater intrusion by the uplift along the More Ranch Fault, which has placed relatively impermeable rock units between it and the ocean.

text: The groundwater monitoring system consists of a series of wells placed upgradient and downgradient of the MSWLF. The samples from the upgradient wells shows the background concentrations of constituents in the groundwater while, the downgradient wells show the extent of groundwater contamination caused by the MSWLF. The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells is determined on a site-specific basis based on the aquifer thickness, groundwater flow rate and direction, and the other geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site. All groundwater monitoring systems must be certified by a qualified groundwater scientist and must comply with the sampling and analytical procedures outlined in the regulations.

text: The groundwater monitoring system consists of a series of wells placed upgradient and downgradient of the MSWLF. The samples from the upgradient wells shows the background concentrations of constituents in the groundwater while, the downgradient wells show the extent of groundwater contamination caused by the MSWLF. The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells is determined on a site-specific basis based on the

text: aquifer

text: thickness, groundwater flow rate and direction, and the other

text: geologic

text: and

text: hydrogeologic

text: characteristics of the site. All groundwater monitoring systems must be certified by a qualified groundwater scientist and must comply with the

text: sampling

text: and analytical procedures outlined in the regulations.

text: Riad Alexander Michael, also known as Geyser, is a German electronic musician as well as physician.

text: Riad Alexander Michael, also known as Geyser, is a German

text: electronic

text: musician as well as physician.

text: The hot springs were discovered in 1832 by trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company, who noted in their journal that the water was unbearably hot. They are a small group of alkaline thermal springs in Lake County's Goose Lake Valley,  north of Lakeview.  The temperature of the various springs ranges from .  The spring water is alkaline with a high concentration of sulfate and other minerals.  This environment supports large bacterial mats in the natural channels that drain the springs.  As a result, the bacterial mat communities at the hot springs have been studied and analyzed by microbiologists from around the world.

text: The hot springs were discovered in 1832 by trappers from the

text: Hudson's Bay Company

text: , who noted in their journal that the water was unbearably hot. They are a small group of

text: alkaline

text: thermal springs in Lake County's

text: Goose Lake Valley

text: ,  north of Lakeview.  The temperature of the various springs ranges from .  The spring water is alkaline with a high concentration of

text: sulfate

text: and other minerals.  This environment supports large

text: bacterial mats

text: in the natural channels that drain the springs.  As a result, the bacterial mat communities at the hot springs have been studied and analyzed by

text: microbiologist

text: s from around the world.

text: The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field spanning an area of around  in Sonoma,  Lake and Mendocino counties in California, centered in the area of Geyser Canyon and Cobb Mountain. Power from The Geysers provides electricity to Sonoma, Lake, Mendocino, Marin, and Napa counties.  It is estimated that the development meets 60% of the power demand for the coastal region between the Golden Gate Bridge and the Oregon state line.  Unlike most geothermal resources, the Geysers is a dry steam field which mainly produces superheated steam.

text: The Geysers is the world's largest geothermal field spanning an area of around  in

text: Sonoma

text: Lake

text: and

text: Mendocino

text: counties in California, centered in the area of

text: Geyser Canyon

text: and

text: Cobb Mountain

text: . Power from The Geysers provides electricity to Sonoma, Lake, Mendocino,

text: Marin

text: , and

text: Napa

text: counties.  It is estimated that the development meets 60% of the power demand for the coastal region between the

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: and the

text: Oregon

text: state line.  Unlike most geothermal resources, the Geysers is a dry steam field which mainly produces

text: superheated

text: steam.

text: For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes groundwater as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater.  Groundwater that is a subterranean stream is subject to the same water right permitting requirements as surface water.  California has no statewide water right permit process for regulating the use of percolating groundwater.  A subterranean stream meets the following four characteristics:  (1) A subsurface channel must be present; (2) The channel must have relatively impermeable bed and banks; (3) The course of the channel must be known or capable of being determined by reasonable inference; and (4) Groundwater must be flowing in the channel.

text: For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes

text: groundwater

text: as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater.  Groundwater that is a subterranean stream is subject to the same water right permitting requirements as surface water.  California has no statewide water right permit process for regulating the use of percolating groundwater.  A subterranean stream meets the following four characteristics:  (1) A subsurface channel must be present; (2) The channel must have relatively impermeable bed and banks; (3) The course of the channel must be known or capable of being determined by reasonable inference; and (4) Groundwater must be flowing in the channel.

text: The Lady Knox Geyser is a geyser in the Waiotapu area of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. It is named after Lady Constance Knox, the second daughter of Uchter Knox, 15th Governor of New Zealand. The geyser is induced to erupt daily at 10:15am by dropping a surfactant into the opening of the vent. Eruptions produce a jet of water reaching up to 20m and can last for over an hour, depending on the weather. The visible spout is made of rocks placed around the base of the spring to enhance the eruption; over the years silica from the eruptions has built up to give a white cone-shaped appearance.

text: The Lady Knox Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Waiotapu

text: area of the

text: Taupo Volcanic Zone

text: in

text: New Zealand

text: . It is named after

text: Lady Constance Knox

text: , the second daughter of

text: Uchter Knox

text: , 15th Governor of New Zealand. The geyser is induced to erupt daily at 10:15am by dropping a

text: surfactant

text: into the opening of the vent. Eruptions produce a jet of water reaching up to 20m and can last for over an hour, depending on the weather. The visible spout is made of rocks placed around the base of the spring to enhance the eruption; over the years silica from the eruptions has built up to give a white cone-shaped appearance.

text: A stratigraphic column starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation.  Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group.  Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation.  The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer.  The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation.  Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation.  The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the Edwards Aquifer within the group.

text: A

text: stratigraphic column

text: starts with the

text: Lower Cretaceous

text: Trinity Group

text: overlain by the

text: Edwards Group

text: and the

text: Georgetown Formation

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: formations

text: follow, starting with the

text: Del Rio Clay

text: Buda Limestone

text: , and then the

text: Eagle Ford Group

text: Hammett Formation

text: , Cow Creek Formation,

text: Hensel Formation

text: , and Lower and Upper

text: Glen Rose Formation

text: aquitard

text: ) for the Middle Trinity

text: Aquifer

text: groundwater

text: Edwards Aquifer

text: within the group.

text: Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest "seeps" to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a geyser, or fountain.

text: Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest "seeps" to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a

text: geyser

text: , or

text: fountain

text: Ojocaliente is a medium-sized town in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. It is similar in appearance with Fresnillo, also having bright-colored houses and a park to serve as a sort of central ornament. It is called "Ojocaliente" (translation: hot eye) because there previously were small "ojos" of water ("Ojo" meaning "pond" or "pool").The town of Ojocaliente, Zacatecas was founded in 1620 and its first name was "Real Villa de Sacramento and Ojocaliente Mina de Bastidas." The name of Ojocaliente was given  because of its hot springs and mineral veins that were exploited in the hills of Santiago.

text: Ojocaliente is a medium-sized town in the

text: Mexican state

text: of

text: Zacatecas

text: . It is similar in appearance with

text: Fresnillo

text: , also having bright-colored houses and a park to serve as a sort of central ornament. It is called "Ojocaliente" (translation: hot eye) because there previously were small "ojos" of water ("Ojo" meaning "pond" or "pool").The town of Ojocaliente, Zacatecas was founded in 1620 and its first name was "Real Villa de Sacramento and Ojocaliente Mina de Bastidas." The name of Ojocaliente was given  because of its

text: hot springs

text: and mineral veins that were exploited in the hills of Santiago.

text: From veterinary experts to groundwater inspections, EAD's scientific expertise in many fields leads to regulatory and policy implementations as well as the production of books, brochures, technical publications, educational materials and consumer guides that impact perception and improve Abu Dhabi's overall environmental conditions.

text: A stratigraphic column at the Mount Bonnell location starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group.  Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group.  Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation.  The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer.  The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation.

text: A

text: stratigraphic column

text: at the

text: Mount Bonnell

text: location starts with the

text: Lower Cretaceous

text: Trinity Group

text: overlain by the

text: Edwards Group

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: formations

text: follow, starting with the

text: Del Rio Clay

text: Buda Limestone

text: , and then the

text: Eagle Ford Group

text: Hammett Formation

text: , Cow Creek Formation,

text: Hensel Formation

text: , and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation.  The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or

text: aquitard

text: ) for the Middle Trinity

text: Aquifer

text: groundwater

text: flow with the

text: Edwards Aquifer

text: as water levels are at the same elevation.

text: Spasm Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Spasm Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Groundwater in the San Juan Creek basin, also referred to as the "San Juan Creek Groundwater Basin", has a total volume of roughly . (California State Water Resources Control Board, 1977.) Natural groundwater recharge in the San Juan basin is estimated to be roughly  per year historically, mostly from precipitation. This amount has been reduced due to extensive development of the lower segment of the watershed, which is continuing to reduce the amount of open ground that can potentially serve in groundwater recharge. Artificially sourced water from irrigation and other uses is responsible for recharging roughly  annually. The watershed is essentially split into half by the Christianitos and Mission Viejo fault zones, which result in the division of the "Upper" and "Lower" groundwater basins. The groundwater mostly lies in alluvium, which ranges from a depth of  in the lower watershed to mostly none in the upper reaches of the watershed.

text: Groundwater

text: in the San Juan Creek basin, also referred to as the "San Juan Creek Groundwater Basin", has a total volume of roughly . (California State Water Resources Control Board, 1977.) Natural groundwater recharge in the San Juan basin is estimated to be roughly  per year historically, mostly from precipitation. This amount has been reduced due to extensive development of the lower segment of the watershed, which is continuing to reduce the amount of open ground that can potentially serve in groundwater recharge. Artificially sourced water from

text: irrigation

text: and other uses is responsible for recharging roughly  annually. The watershed is essentially split into half by the Christianitos and Mission Viejo fault zones, which result in the division of the "Upper" and "Lower" groundwater basins. The groundwater mostly lies in

text: alluvium

text: , which ranges from a depth of  in the lower watershed to mostly none in the upper reaches of the watershed.

text: State water-resources protection authority is generally divided among various State agencies. The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) has primary water-quality protection authority, and the Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) has authority over public drinking-water-supply programs. The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission (ANRC) has comprehensive planning and water-quantity authority and is responsible for protection of diminishing groundwater supplies in areas where agricultural, public, and industrial needs have placed unsustainable demands on production capacities of certain aquifers. The broad scope of groundwater protection and management activities requires a multiagency approach to address groundwater quantity and quality issues.

text: State water-resources protection authority is generally divided among various State agencies. The

entity_name: Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality

text: Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality

text: (ADEQ) has primary water-quality protection authority, and the

text: Arkansas Department of Health

text: (ADH) has authority over public drinking-water-supply programs. The

text: Arkansas Natural Resources Commission

text: (ANRC) has comprehensive planning and water-quantity authority and is responsible for protection of diminishing groundwater supplies in areas where agricultural, public, and industrial needs have placed unsustainable demands on production capacities of certain aquifers. The broad scope of groundwater protection and management activities requires a multiagency approach to address groundwater quantity and quality issues.

text: Aquifers may occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that can be exploited as groundwater resources. Part of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges between Syria and Lebanon, the Jebel Akhdar (Oman) in Oman, parts of the Sierra Nevada and neighboring ranges in the United States' Southwest, have shallow aquifers that are exploited for their water. Overexploitation can lead to the exceeding of the practical sustained yield; i.e., more water is taken out than can be replenished. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, increased water usage associated with population growth has caused a lowering of the water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea.

text: Aquifers may occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that can be exploited as

text: groundwater

text: resources. Part of the

text: Atlas Mountains

text: in

text: North Africa

text: , the

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: Anti-Lebanon

text: ranges between

text: Syria

text: and

text: Lebanon

text: , the

text: Jebel Akhdar (Oman)

text: in

text: Oman

text: , parts of the

text: Sierra Nevada

text: and neighboring ranges in the

text: United States' Southwest

text: , have shallow aquifers that are exploited for their water.

text: Overexploitation

text: can lead to the exceeding of the practical sustained yield; i.e., more water is taken out than can be replenished. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as

text: Libya

text: and Israel, increased water usage associated with population growth has caused a lowering of the water table and the

text: subsequent contamination

text: of the

text: groundwater

text: with saltwater from the

text: sea

text: In some jurisdictions water rights are granted directly to communities and water is reserved to provide sufficient capacity for the future growth of that particular community. For example, California provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative (use-based) water rights solely because they are located where the water originates and naturally flows.A second example of community-based water rights is pueblo water rights. As recognized by California, pueblo water rights are grants to individual settlements (i.e. pueblos) over all streams and rivers flowing through the city and to all groundwater aquifers underlying that particular city. The pueblo's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city. While California recognizes pueblo water rights, pueblo water rights are controversial. Some modern scholars and courts argue that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law.

text: In some jurisdictions water rights are granted directly to communities and water is reserved to provide sufficient capacity for the future growth of that particular community. For example,

text: California

text: provides communities and other water users within watersheds senior status over appropriative (use-based) water rights solely because they are located where the water originates and naturally flows.A second example of community-based water rights is pueblo water rights. As recognized by

text: California

text: , pueblo water rights are grants to individual settlements (i.e. pueblos) over all streams and rivers flowing through the city and to all groundwater aquifers underlying that particular city. The pueblo's claim expands with the needs of the city and may be used to supply the needs of areas that are later annexed to the city. While California recognizes pueblo water rights, pueblo water rights are controversial. Some modern scholars and courts argue that the pueblo water rights doctrine lacks a historical basis in Spanish or Mexican water law.

text: The West Thumb Geyser Basin

text: The West Thumb Geyser Basin

text: There used to be two large geysers fields in Nevada—Beowawe and Steamboat Springs—but they were destroyed by the installation of nearby geothermal power plants. At the plants, geothermal drilling reduced the available heat and lowered the local water table to the point that geyser activity could no longer be sustained.

text: There used to be two large geysers fields in

text: Nevada

text: Beowawe

text: and

text: Steamboat Springs

text: —but they were destroyed by the installation of nearby geothermal power plants. At the plants, geothermal drilling reduced the available heat and lowered the local

text: water table

text: to the point that geyser activity could no longer be sustained.

text: Geyser served the NHK as minister in Heilbron in the Orange Free State (1941–1943) and Pretoria North-West (1944–1945). He was only 27 years old when in 1946 he became Professor of New Testament Studies in the Faculty of Theology (Section A) at the University of Pretoria. Geyser's first years at the University of Pretoria (i.e. from 1946 until 1952) were characterised by his loyal support of both the policies of the government of the day and of his Church's missionary policy. At the time he endorsed the principle adopted by the NHK that only whites belonged to it. The position of the Church was that missionary work should be aimed at the establishment of separate indigenous churches.

text: Geyser served the NHK as minister in

text: Heilbron

text: in the

text: Orange Free State

text: (1941–1943) and Pretoria North-West (1944–1945). He was only 27 years old when in 1946 he became Professor of New Testament Studies in the Faculty of Theology (Section A) at the University of Pretoria. Geyser's first years at the University of Pretoria (i.e. from 1946 until 1952) were characterised by his loyal support of both the policies of the government of the day and of his Church's missionary policy. At the time he endorsed the principle adopted by the NHK that only whites belonged to it. The position of the Church was that missionary work should be aimed at the establishment of separate indigenous churches.

text: Morning Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Fountain Paint Pots area of Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. When active it is the largest geyser in the Fountain Paint Pots area, but in most years it is inactive.

text: Morning Geyser is a fountain-type

text: geyser

text: located in the Fountain Paint Pots area of Lower Geyser Basin of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: , Wyoming. When active it is the largest geyser in the Fountain Paint Pots area, but in most years it is inactive.

text: Well sorted rocks are generally porous, while poorly sorted rocks have low porosity.

text: Well sorted rocks are generally porous, while poorly sorted rocks have low

text: porosity

text: The Shoshone Geyser Basin, reached by hiking or by boat, contains one of the highest concentrations of geysers in the world - more than 80 in an area 1,600 by . Hot springs and mudpots dot the landscape between the geyser basin and Shoshone Lake.

text: The Shoshone Geyser Basin, reached by hiking or by boat, contains one of the highest concentrations of geysers in the world - more than 80 in an area 1,600 by . Hot springs and mudpots dot the landscape between the geyser basin and

text: Shoshone Lake

text: The annual total volume of exploitable freshwater in Tunisia is about 4670 hm, out of which about 57% (2700 hm) is surface water and the remaining 43% (1970 hm) groundwater. Tunisia is a water stressed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Out of the available surface water resources of 2100 hm, only about 1220 hm are expected to be captured for actual use. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Only 50% of all water resources have salinity levels lower than 1500 mg/l and can be used without restriction. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l.

text: The annual total volume of exploitable freshwater in Tunisia is about 4670 hm, out of which about 57% (2700 hm) is

text: surface water

text: and the remaining 43% (1970 hm)

text: groundwater

text: . Tunisia is a

text: water stress

text: ed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Out of the available surface water resources of 2100 hm, only about 1220 hm are expected to be captured for actual use. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in

text: saline intrusion

text: in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Only 50% of all water resources have

text: salinity

text: levels lower than 1500 mg/l and can be used without restriction. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l.

text: The Guarani aquifer is shared also between Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay and constitutes one of the largest reservoirs of groundwater in the world. Current water storage is approximately 37.000 km and the aquifer has a natural recharge of 166 km per year. The Environmental Protection and Sustainable Developmentof the Guarani Aquifer System Project was developed to support the four countries to elaborate and implement a shared institutional, legal and technical framework to preserve and manage the Guarani Aquifer and was executed between 2003 and 2007.  Total project cost is US $26.7 million. The General Secretariat executed the project components in coordination with the four national agencies charged with executing the components. External support was provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the World Bank (WB), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Netherlands and German Governments and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

text: The

text: Guarani aquifer

text: is shared also between Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, and Paraguay and constitutes one of the largest reservoirs of groundwater in the world. Current water storage is approximately 37.000 km and the aquifer has a natural recharge of 166 km per year. The Environmental Protection and Sustainable Developmentof the Guarani Aquifer System Project was developed to support the four countries to elaborate and implement a shared institutional, legal and technical framework to preserve and manage the Guarani Aquifer and was executed between 2003 and 2007.  Total project cost is US $26.7 million. The General Secretariat executed the project components in coordination with the four national agencies charged with executing the components. External support was provided by the

text: Global Environment Facility

text: (GEF), the World Bank (WB), the

text: Organization of American States

text: (OAS), the Netherlands and German Governments and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

text: In 1955 Geyser was one of the "notorious" 13 Afrikaans academics who signed a petition condemning the removal of coloureds from Parliament and the stacking of the Senate. Within the Church he set out to refute any biblical justifications for apartheid. The NHK initially tolerated his views. In 1960 he was given an extensive hearing in the distinguished scholarly theological journal of his Church, Hervormde Teologiese Studies, when he launched a scathing attack on a theological justification of apartheid as advocated in a book on "Eiesoortige Ontwikkeling tot Volksdiens" by Professor A. B. du Preez, at the time Professor of Dogmatics in the Faculty of Theology (Section B) at the University of Pretoria. In the same year Geyser co-authored a book titled 'Vertraagde aksie' (Delayed action) which strongly condemned apartheid. For the Broederbond this was the equivalent of waving a red rag to a bull and the organisation led a smear campaign against Geyser and the other authors.

text: In 1955 Geyser was one of the "notorious" 13 Afrikaans academics who signed a petition condemning the removal of

text: coloureds

text: from Parliament and the stacking of the Senate. Within the Church he set out to refute any biblical justifications for apartheid. The NHK initially tolerated his views. In 1960 he was given an extensive hearing in the distinguished scholarly theological journal of his Church, Hervormde Teologiese Studies, when he launched a scathing attack on a theological justification of apartheid as advocated in a book on "Eiesoortige Ontwikkeling tot Volksdiens" by Professor A. B. du Preez, at the time Professor of Dogmatics in the Faculty of Theology (Section B) at the University of Pretoria. In the same year Geyser co-authored a book titled 'Vertraagde aksie' (Delayed action) which strongly condemned apartheid. For the Broederbond this was the equivalent of waving a red rag to a bull and the organisation led a smear campaign against Geyser and the other authors.

text: Vent Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Vent Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Groundwater. The source of drinking water in the Coachella Valley is an aquifer from which groundwater is pumped. CVWD serves a population of nearly 320,000 with a total daily demand of 90.4 million gallons.

text: Groundwater. The source of drinking water in the

text: Coachella Valley

text: is an

text: aquifer

text: from which

text: groundwater

text: is pumped. CVWD serves a population of nearly 320,000 with a total daily demand of 90.4 million gallons.

text: Towards the northwest you will find Brandvlei Prison, which contains a hot spring with temperatures up to 45 °C, the hottest in South Africa. The Table Mountain Group hot water springs vary between 35 °C and 45 °C. The water at the nearby Goudini and the Brandvlei hot springs is classified as "pure" by virtue of its low content of dissolved mineral matter. You cannot visit this hot spring voluntarily (unfortunately it is situated inside the prison area).

text: Towards the northwest you will find

text: Brandvlei Prison

text: , which contains a hot spring with temperatures up to 45 °C, the hottest in South Africa. The

entity_name: Table Mountain Sandstone (Geological Formation)

text: Table Mountain Group

text: hot water springs vary between 35 °C and 45 °C. The water at the nearby

text: Goudini

text: and the Brandvlei hot springs is classified as "pure" by virtue of its low content of dissolved mineral matter. You cannot visit this hot spring voluntarily (unfortunately it is situated inside the prison area).

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering rust, agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of groundwater aquifers, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and heavy metals contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering

text: rust

text: , agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of

text: groundwater aquifer

text: s, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and

text: heavy metals

text: contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

text: The binary nature of Ceto enables direct calculation of the system mass, allowing estimation of the masses of the components and providing additional constraints on their composition. The estimated density of Ceto is , significantly less than that of the large TNOs (Haumea: 3.0 g/cm, Eris: 2.26, Pluto: 2.03, Charon: 1.65) but significantly more than that of smaller TNOs (e.g. 0.7 g/cm for ). Phorcys has a mass of about 1.67×10 kg. Unless the bodies are porous, the density is consistent with rock–ice composition, with rock content around 50%.

text: The binary nature of Ceto enables direct calculation of the system mass, allowing estimation of the masses of the components and providing additional constraints on their composition. The estimated

text: density

text: of Ceto is , significantly less than that of the large TNOs (

text: Haumea

text: : 3.0 g/cm,

text: Eris

text: : 2.26,

text: Pluto

text: : 2.03,

text: Charon

text: : 1.65) but significantly more than that of smaller TNOs (e.g. 0.7 g/cm for ). Phorcys has a mass of about 1.67×10 kg. Unless the bodies are

text: porous

text: , the density is consistent with rock–ice composition, with rock content around 50%.

text: Groundwater overexploitation is a serious problem in parts of Senegal. For example, Mont Rolland, 70 kilometers from Dakar, used to be famous for its mineral springs. Today, villagers need to drill as deep as 80 meters to pump water. The village's groundwater was seriously depleted by over-extraction by the mineral water company, which closed its doors recently. Almost 80 percent of Senegalese horticulturalists are located around Mont Rolland.

text: Groundwater

text: overexploitation

text: is a serious problem in parts of Senegal. For example,

text: Mont Rolland

text: , 70 kilometers from Dakar, used to be famous for its mineral springs. Today, villagers need to drill as deep as 80 meters to pump water. The village's groundwater was seriously depleted by over-extraction by the mineral water company, which closed its doors recently. Almost 80 percent of Senegalese horticulturalists are located around Mont Rolland.

text: Aquifers are underground, porous and permeable rock formations that act as natural water reservoirs. In some cases they can be used for natural gas storage. Usually these facilities are operated on a single annual cycle as with depleted reservoirs.  The geological and physical characteristics of aquifer formation are not known ahead of time and a significant investment has to go into investigating these and evaluating the aquifer’s suitability for natural gas storage.

text: Aquifer

text: s are underground, porous and permeable rock formations that act as natural water reservoirs. In some cases they can be used for natural gas storage. Usually these facilities are operated on a single annual cycle as with depleted reservoirs.  The geological and physical characteristics of aquifer formation are not known ahead of time and a significant investment has to go into investigating these and evaluating the aquifer’s suitability for natural gas storage.

text: As a stratigraphic member of petroleum reservoirs, it can be both a reservoir and a sealing unit.  Sometimes, as in the Lompoc Oil Field, it serves as an impermeable cap rock to an oil-bearing unit, in that case in the Monterey Formation; in other cases, such as in the Casmalia Oil Field and the offshore portion of the Ellwood Oil Field, it is an oil-bearing unit in its own right.  In the Casmalia field, west of Santa Maria, pebbly and high-porosity units contain a considerable amount of oil, while clay-rich and diatomaceous mudstones contain almost none.

text: As a stratigraphic member of petroleum reservoirs, it can be both a reservoir and a sealing unit.  Sometimes, as in the

text: Lompoc Oil Field

text: , it serves as an impermeable cap rock to an oil-bearing unit, in that case in the

text: Monterey Formation

text: ; in other cases, such as in the

text: Casmalia Oil Field

text: and the offshore portion of the

text: Ellwood Oil Field

text: , it is an oil-bearing unit in its own right.  In the Casmalia field, west of

text: Santa Maria

text: , pebbly and high-porosity units contain a considerable amount of oil, while clay-rich and diatomaceous mudstones contain almost none.

text: The above diagram indicates typical flow directions in a cross-sectional view of a simple confined or unconfined aquifer system. The system shows two aquifers with one aquitard (a confining or impermeable layer) between them, surrounded by the bedrock aquiclude, which is in contact with a gaining stream (typical in humid regions). The water table and unsaturated zone are also illustrated. An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. An aquitard can sometimes, if completely impermeable, be called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards are composed of layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low hydraulic conductivity.

text: The above diagram indicates typical flow directions in a

text: cross-section

text: al view of a simple confined or unconfined aquifer system. The system shows two aquifers with one aquitard (a confining or impermeable layer) between them, surrounded by the bedrock aquiclude, which is in contact with a gaining

text: stream

text: (typical in

text: humid

text: regions). The water table and

text: unsaturated zone

text: are also illustrated. An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. An aquitard can sometimes, if completely impermeable, be called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards are composed of layers of either

text: clay

text: or non-porous

text: rock

text: with low

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: Cold climates may present special challenges. Road salt contains chlorides that could migrate through the porous pavement into groundwater. Snow plow blades could catch block edges and damage surfaces. Sand cannot be used for snow and ice control on perveous asphalt or concrete because it will plug the pores and reduce permeability.  Infiltrating runoff may freeze below the pavement, causing frost heave, though design modifications can reduce this risk. These potential problems do not mean that porous pavement cannot be used in cold climates. Porous pavement designed to reduce frost heave has been used successfully in Norway. Furthermore, experience suggests that rapid drainage below porous surfaces increases the rate of snow melt above.

text: Believed to have healing powers, springs can be found all over town. Most of the springs are covered by small pavilions and marked by plaques; others, however, are less conspicuous, sometimes just a spigot in a rock. The springs are famous for their varied and distinct tastes: some are clear freshwater, others are saltier, and some taste strongly of a certain mineral such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. There is a sulfur odor, but mineral analysis of the water consistently shows almost no presence of dissolved sulfur. The sulfur is in the form of the gas hydrogen sulfide, which degasses from the water very quickly. Visitors are welcome to bottle the spring water for personal consumption.

text: Believed to have healing powers, springs can be found all over town. Most of the springs are covered by small pavilions and marked by plaques; others, however, are less conspicuous, sometimes just a spigot in a rock. The springs are famous for their varied and distinct tastes: some are clear freshwater, others are saltier, and some taste strongly of a certain mineral such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. There is a sulfur odor, but mineral analysis of the water consistently shows almost no presence of dissolved sulfur. The sulfur is in the form of the gas

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: , which degasses from the water very quickly. Visitors are welcome to bottle the spring water for personal consumption.

text: In public baths, there is a distinction between those with natural hot springs called, onsen (hot), and the other, the sento. Since Japan is located in a volcanically active region, there are many hot springs, of which about 2000 are swimming pools. Most onsen are in the open countryside, but they are also found in cities. In Tokyo, for example, there are about 25 onsen baths. Locations of known mineral springs spas are on the Western model.

text: In public baths, there is a distinction between those with natural hot springs called, onsen (hot), and the other, the

text: sento

text: . Since Japan is located in a volcanically active region, there are many hot springs, of which about 2000 are swimming pools. Most onsen are in the open countryside, but they are also found in cities. In Tokyo, for example, there are about 25 onsen baths. Locations of known mineral springs spas are on the Western model.

text: To monitor the condition of the High Plains aquifer, the KGS and the Division of Water Resources (DWR) of the Kansas Department of Agriculture measure groundwater levels, with landowner permission, in about 1,400 wells in 47 western and central Kansas counties every January. The results are available online via the WIZARD database. The KGS also provides a Kansas Master Groundwater Well Inventory (MWI)—a central repository that imports and links together the state's primary groundwater well data sets—and continuously monitors and collects data from three western Kansas wells as part of its index-well program. The KGS releases the real-time data from the index wells through the High Plains Aquifer Atlas.

text: The Monument Geyser Basin

text: The Monument Geyser Basin

text: Grotto Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Grotto Geyser is the namesake for the group of geysers that includes Grotto Fountain Geyser, South Grotto Fountain Geyser, Indicator Spring, Spa Geyser, and Rocket Geyser.

text: Grotto Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Grotto Geyser is the namesake for the group of geysers that includes Grotto Fountain Geyser, South Grotto Fountain Geyser, Indicator Spring, Spa Geyser, and Rocket Geyser.

text: As of 2010, Geyser's population is 505 people. The average household size is 2.8 people.

text: Much of the eastern part of the county lies within the Triassic Basin, a subregion of the Piedmont. Much of the bedrock in the county is volcanic in origin and formed during the Triassic period (hence the name). The Triassic origins have led to the formation of coal deposits in the southern part of the county. The Boren Clay Products Pit just north of Gulf in extreme southern Chatham County is a place where Triassic flora fossils persist. The volcanic origins also led to the creation of high amounts of metamorphic-based rocks in the county. The county lies on the Carolina Slate Belt. Soils in the county are mostly clay based and have a deep red color, as do most soils in the Piedmont. Groundwater in the county is generally full of minerals and tends to be "hard" if not softened. Mineral-based water was the attraction at Mt. Vernon Springs during the latter part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century. A resort spa was established at the mineral springs. Visitors would drink the water in the hopes of curing ailments and diseases. The resort closed in the early 20th century and is now gone. The springs are still there and are maintained by a local church.

text: Much of the eastern part of the county lies within the Triassic Basin, a subregion of the Piedmont. Much of the bedrock in the county is volcanic in origin and formed during the

text: Triassic

text: period (hence the name). The Triassic origins have led to the formation of

text: coal

text: deposits in the southern part of the county. The Boren Clay Products Pit just north of Gulf in extreme southern Chatham County is a place where Triassic flora fossils persist. The volcanic origins also led to the creation of high amounts of

text: metamorphic

text: -based rocks in the county. The county lies on the

text: Carolina Slate Belt

text: . Soils in the county are mostly clay based and have a deep red color, as do most soils in the Piedmont. Groundwater in the county is generally full of minerals and tends to be "hard" if not softened. Mineral-based water was the attraction at

text: Mt. Vernon Springs

text: during the latter part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century. A resort spa was established at the mineral springs. Visitors would drink the water in the hopes of curing ailments and diseases. The resort closed in the early 20th century and is now gone. The springs are still there and are maintained by a local church.

text: Geyser activity, like all hot spring activity, is caused by surface water gradually seeping down through the ground until it meets rock heated by magma. The geothermally heated water then rises back toward the surface by convection through porous and fractured rocks. Geysers differ from non-eruptive hot springs in their subterranean structure; many consist of a small vent at the surface connected to one or more narrow tubes that lead to underground reservoirs of water and pressure tight rock.

text: Geyser activity, like all hot spring activity, is caused by surface water gradually seeping down through the ground until it meets rock heated by

text: magma

text: . The

text: geothermally

text: heated water then rises back toward the surface by

text: convection

text: through porous and fractured rocks. Geysers differ from non-eruptive hot springs in their subterranean structure; many consist of a small vent at the surface connected to one or more narrow tubes that lead to underground reservoirs of water and pressure tight rock.

text: In an article for Forbes magazine, Dr. Michael Economides, a professor of engineering at the University of Houston and former consultant for energy companies including Chevron, Shell, and Petrobras,  commented on the Gasland scene of "a man lighting his faucet water on fire and making the ridiculous claim that natural gas drilling is responsible for the incident. The clip, though attention-getting, is wildly inaccurate and irresponsible. To begin with, the vertical depth separation between drinking water aquifers and reservoir targets for gas production is several thousand feet of impermeable rock. Any interchange between the two, if it were possible, would have happened already in geologic time, measured in tens of millions of years, not in recent history."

text: In an article for

text: Forbes magazine

text: , Dr. Michael Economides, a professor of engineering at the University of Houston and former consultant for energy companies including Chevron, Shell, and Petrobras,  commented on the Gasland scene of "a man lighting his faucet water on fire and making the ridiculous claim that natural gas drilling is responsible for the incident. The clip, though attention-getting, is wildly inaccurate and irresponsible. To begin with, the vertical depth separation between drinking water aquifers and reservoir targets for gas production is several thousand feet of impermeable rock. Any interchange between the two, if it were possible, would have happened already in geologic time, measured in tens of millions of years, not in recent history."

text: The town claims the world's largest mineral hot spring as part of Hot Springs State Park. The springs are open to the public for free as part of an 1896 treaty signed with the Shoshone and Arapaho Indian tribes.

text: The town claims the world's largest mineral hot spring as part of

text: Hot Springs State Park

text: . The springs are open to the public for free as part of an 1896

text: treaty

text: signed with the

text: Shoshone

text: and

text: Arapaho

text: Indian tribes.

text: When percolating groundwater in the permeable sandstones of the Tunbridge Wells Sands comes into contact with the upper impermeable clay beds of the Wadhurst Clay, it is forced to find alternative migration pathways to the surface. This results in the saturation and weakening of the upper portion of the Wadhurst Clay, increasing the chances of failure.

text: When percolating groundwater in the permeable sandstones of the Tunbridge Wells Sands comes into contact with the upper impermeable clay beds of the

text: Wadhurst Clay

text: , it is forced to find alternative migration pathways to the surface. This results in the saturation and weakening of the upper portion of the Wadhurst Clay, increasing the chances of failure.

text: The temperature of the water in geyser pools and other geothermal features can be judged by the color of the bacteria living in the water. Changes in the size and color of bacteria mats at Economic Geyser imply that the geyser is heating up. Photographs of the geyser vent taken in the 1990s show a quiet pool very dark with algae. Photographs of the vent taken in 2006 show a pool of clear water with traces of the bacterial colors associated with higher temperatures.

text: The rock salt that is found in salt domes is mostly impermeable. As the salt moves up towards the surface, it can penetrate and/or bend strata of existing rock with it. As these strata are penetrated, they are generally bent slightly upwards at the point of contact with the dome, and can form pockets where petroleum and natural gas can collect between impermeable strata of rock and the salt. The strata immediately above the dome that are not penetrated are pushed upward, creating a dome-like reservoir above the salt where petroleum can also gather. These oil pools can eventually be extracted, and indeed form a major source of the petroleum produced along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The rock salt that is found in salt domes is mostly impermeable. As the salt moves up towards the surface, it can penetrate and/or bend strata of existing rock with it. As these strata are penetrated, they are generally bent slightly upwards at the point of contact with the dome, and can form pockets where

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: can collect between impermeable strata of rock and the salt. The strata immediately above the dome that are not penetrated are pushed upward, creating a dome-like reservoir above the salt where petroleum can also gather. These oil pools can eventually be extracted, and indeed form a major source of the petroleum produced along the coast of the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: Murwani Dam is a 102 (91 or 101) m tall (height above foundation) and 1,012 m long rock-fill embankment dam with a crest altitude of 251 m. The volume of the dam is 6,000,000 m³. The main dam on the right side has a length of 575 m (height 102 m), the saddle dam on the left of 437 m (height 30 m). The dam features a spillway, which is located between the two dams. Impermeability was achieved by using an asphalt-core, for which 80,000 tons of asphalt were used.

text: Murwani Dam is a 102 (91 or 101) m tall (height above foundation) and 1,012 m long rock-fill embankment dam with a crest altitude of 251 m. The volume of the dam is 6,000,000 m³. The main dam on the right side has a length of 575 m (height 102 m), the saddle dam on the left of 437 m (height 30 m). The dam features a

text: spillway

text: , which is located between the two dams. Impermeability was achieved by using an

text: asphalt

text: -core, for which 80,000 tons of asphalt were used.

text: Coordinated by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).  Nearly half of the world's population depends on groundwater sources for drinking water supply and for other uses.  The UN is concerned about three primary gaps in groundwater management which have enormous implications for sustainable development: (1) The accelerated degradation of groundwater systems, through pollution of aquifers. (2) The lack of both professional and public awareness about the sustainable use and economic importance of groundwater resources generally. (3) The economic implications of not resolving groundwater demand and supply management.

text: Large, prolific aquifers (notably the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System and the Ogallala Aquifer) containing fossil water are of significant socio-economic value. Fossil water is extracted from these aquifers for many human purposes, notably, agriculture, industry, and consumption. In arid regions, some aquifers containing available and usable water receive little to no significant recharge, effectively making groundwater in those aquifers a non-renewable resource. Extraction rates greater than recharge rates result in lowering of the water table and can lead to groundwater depletion. Extraction of non-renewable groundwater resources is referred to as groundwater "mining" because of their finite nature.

text: Large, prolific aquifers (notably the

text: Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System

text: and the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: ) containing fossil water are of significant socio-economic value. Fossil water is extracted from these aquifers for many human purposes, notably, agriculture, industry, and consumption. In arid regions, some aquifers containing available and usable water receive little to no significant recharge, effectively making groundwater in those aquifers a

text: non-renewable resource

text: . Extraction rates greater than recharge rates result in lowering of the water table and can lead to groundwater depletion. Extraction of non-renewable groundwater resources is referred to as groundwater "mining" because of their finite nature.

text: Parakai is noted for its hot springs with geothermal mineral water occurring naturally.  There is a complex of mineral pools and recreational activities.

text: Parakai is noted for its

text: hot spring

text: s with geothermal

text: mineral water

text: occurring naturally.  There is a complex of mineral pools and recreational activities.

text: Lion Geyser is a cone-type geyser  in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is located in the Geyser Hill complex.

text: Lion Geyser is a cone-type

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It is located in the Geyser Hill complex.

text: The characteristics of aquifers vary with the geology and structure of the substrate and topography in which they occur. In general, the more productive aquifers occur in sedimentary geologic formations. By comparison, weathered and fractured crystalline rocks yield smaller quantities of groundwater in many environments. Unconsolidated to poorly cemented alluvial materials that have accumulated as valley-filling sediments in major river valleys and geologically subsiding structural basins are included among the most productive sources of groundwater.

text: The characteristics of aquifers vary with the geology and structure of the substrate and topography in which they occur. In general, the more productive aquifers occur in sedimentary geologic formations. By comparison, weathered and fractured crystalline rocks yield smaller quantities of groundwater in many environments. Unconsolidated to poorly cemented alluvial materials that have accumulated as

text: valley

text: -filling sediments in major river valleys and geologically subsiding structural basins are included among the most productive sources of groundwater.

text: The Ogallala Aquifer is a shallow water table aquifer surrounded by sand, silt, clay and gravel located beneath the Great Plains in the United States. One of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately  in portions of eight states (South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas). It was named in 1898 by geologist N. H. Darton from its type locality near the town of Ogallala, Nebraska. The aquifer is part of the High Plains Aquifer System, and rests on the Ogallala Formation, which is the principal geologic unit underlying 80% of the High Plains.

text: The Ogallala Aquifer is a shallow

text: water table

text: aquifer

text: surrounded by sand, silt, clay and gravel located beneath the

text: Great Plains

text: in the

text: United States

text: . One of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately  in portions of eight

text: states

text: South Dakota

text: Nebraska

text: Wyoming

text: Colorado

text: Kansas

text: Oklahoma

text: New Mexico

text: , and

text: Texas

text: ). It was named in 1898 by geologist

text: N. H. Darton

text: from its

text: type locality

text: near the town of

text: Ogallala, Nebraska

text: . The aquifer is part of the High Plains Aquifer System, and rests on the Ogallala Formation, which is the principal geologic unit underlying 80% of the

text: High Plains

text: Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

text: Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and

text: sulfur

text: reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of

text: strontium

text: rank first in East Asia and the

text: South East Asia

text: region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in

text: Jiangning

text: and Tangquan Hot Spring in

text: Pukou

text: Beijing's Tang Shan Hot Springs is situated around thirty km north of BeiJing. There are two Tang Shan hot springs situated between the Tang Shan mountains and they have become an increasingly popular tourist attraction.The two springs are Boiling Spring (Feiquan), and Warm Spring (Wenquan). The two springs are only three meters apart but their water temperatures vary greatly. The spring waters are rich in minerals thought useful in the treatment of skin diseases.

text: Beijing's Tang Shan Hot Springs is situated around thirty km north of BeiJing. There are two Tang Shan hot springs situated between the

text: Tang Shan mountains

text: and they have become an increasingly popular tourist attraction.The two springs are Boiling Spring (Feiquan), and Warm Spring (Wenquan). The two springs are only three meters apart but their water temperatures vary greatly. The spring waters are rich in minerals thought useful in the treatment of skin diseases.

text: Water falling as rain upstream of the reservoir, together with any groundwater emerging as springs, is stored in the reservoir. Any excess water can be spilled via a specifically designed spillway. Stored water may be piped by gravity for use as drinking water, to generate hydro-electricity or to maintain river flows to support downstream uses. Occasionally reservoirs can be managed to retain water during high rainfall events to prevent or reduce downstream flooding. Some reservoirs support several uses, and the operating rules may be complex.

text: Water falling as rain upstream of the reservoir, together with any

text: groundwater

text: emerging as springs, is stored in the reservoir. Any excess water can be spilled via a specifically designed spillway. Stored water may be piped by

text: gravity

text: for use as

text: drinking water

text: , to generate

text: hydro-electricity

text: or to maintain river flows to support downstream uses. Occasionally reservoirs can be managed to retain water during high rainfall events to prevent or reduce downstream flooding. Some reservoirs support several uses, and the operating rules may be complex.

text: The western of the two calderas is partially filled by a crater lake, Lagoa das Furnas, at an elevation of  and populated by several fumaroles and mud pools are located at the northern part of the lake. In the central part of the village, springs and geysers are prevalent; thirty springs, each of differing temperatures and chemical compositions, including warm iron-rich streams and piped examples of mineral-rich warm and cold water.  The geysers are situated in several basins rich in sodium bicarbonate, boron, fluorine and traces of carbon dioxide. The local inhabitants cook corn-type dishes in the geysers. The installations of hydrotherapy are in the park and were built in the 19th century.

text: The western of the two calderas is partially filled by a

text: crater lake

text: , Lagoa das Furnas, at an elevation of  and populated by several

text: fumarole

text: s and mud pools are located at the northern part of the lake. In the central part of the village, springs and geysers are prevalent; thirty springs, each of differing temperatures and chemical compositions, including warm iron-rich streams and piped examples of mineral-rich warm and cold water.  The geysers are situated in several basins rich in

text: sodium bicarbonate

text: boron

text: fluorine

text: and traces of

text: carbon dioxide

text: . The local inhabitants cook corn-type dishes in the geysers. The installations of

text: hydrotherapy

text: are in the park and were built in the 19th century.

text: The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin. Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin. A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.  Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.  Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether. Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.

text: The most famous

text: geyser

text: in the park, and perhaps the world, is

text: Old Faithful Geyser

text: , located in

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: Castle Geyser

text: Lion Geyser

text: and

text: Beehive Geyser

text: are in the same basin. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—

text: Steamboat Geyser

text: in the

text: Norris Geyser Basin

text: . A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.  Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.  Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether. Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.

text: The Ogallala or High Plains Aquifer sits under 450,000 km of 8 states of the United States of America. It is one of the largest freshwater deposits in the world. The aquifer is composed of unconsolidated alluvial deposits. Groundwater in this aquifer has been dated to have been deposited in the humid time following the last glacial maximum. In much of the aquifer’s area, an impermeable layer of calcrete prevents precipitation from infiltrating. In other regions of the aquifer, some relatively small rates of recharge have been measured.

text: The Ogallala or High Plains Aquifer sits under 450,000 km of 8 states of the United States of America. It is one of the largest

text: freshwater

text: deposits in the world. The aquifer is composed of unconsolidated

text: alluvial

text: deposits. Groundwater in this aquifer has been dated to have been deposited in the humid time following the last glacial maximum. In much of the aquifer’s area, an impermeable layer of calcrete prevents precipitation from infiltrating. In other regions of the aquifer, some relatively small rates of recharge have been measured.

text: Melozitna Hot Springs or Melozi Hot Springs is a mineral hot spring destination located on a tributary of the Melozitna River, known as the Big Melozi.  The hot springs is located  about 10 miles from the main river.  The hot springs are about 16 miles north of the Yukon River 30 miles below Tanana. Melozi Hot Springs is in the course of Hot Springs Creek, 3.5 miles E of its mouth, 26 mi. NNW of Hochandochtia Mtn., Kokrine-Hodzana High.; 65"54'30" N, 154"50'30" W.  The local name was reported by the USGS in 1954.

text: Melozitna Hot Springs or Melozi Hot Springs is a

text: mineral hot spring

text: destination located on a tributary of the Melozitna River, known as the Big Melozi.  The hot springs is located  about 10 miles from the main river.  The hot springs are about 16 miles north of the

text: Yukon River

text: 30 miles below

text: Tanana

text: . Melozi Hot Springs is in the course of Hot Springs Creek, 3.5 miles E of its mouth, 26 mi. NNW of

text: Hochandochtia

text: Mtn., Kokrine-Hodzana High.; 65"54'30" N, 154"50'30" W.  The local name was reported by the USGS in 1954.

text: In active volcanic zones such as Yellowstone National Park, water may be heated by coming into contact with magma (molten rock). The high temperature gradient near magma may cause water to be heated enough that it boils or becomes superheated. If the water becomes so hot that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, it is called a geyser. If the water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called a fumarole. If the water is mixed with mud and clay, it is called a mud pot.

text: In active volcanic zones such as

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: , water may be heated by coming into contact with

text: magma

text: (molten rock). The high temperature gradient near magma may cause water to be heated enough that it boils or becomes

text: superheated

text: . If the water becomes so hot that it builds

text: steam

text: pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, it is called a

text: geyser

text: . If the water only reaches the surface in the form of

text: steam

text: , it is called a

text: fumarole

text: . If the water is mixed with mud and

text: clay

text: , it is called a

text: mud pot

text: De La Torre is a pioneer of Geosynthetics applications in Peru. In 2000, he led along with his company Geoservice Ingeniería the usage of geogrids in roads constructions, Peruvian Transport Ministry as well as the engineering community were adamant to the implementation of geogrids back on those days. However, nowadays geogrids, geotextiles, and groundwater drainage system are a widely utilized in Peruvian roads construction and Peruvian Transport Ministry fully accept the usage of geogrids.

text: De La Torre is a pioneer of

text: Geosynthetics

text: applications in

text: Peru

text: . In 2000, he led along with his company

text: Geoservice Ingeniería

text: the usage of geogrids in roads constructions, Peruvian Transport Ministry as well as the engineering community were adamant to the implementation of

text: geogrid

text: s back on those days. However, nowadays geogrids, geotextiles, and groundwater drainage system are a widely utilized in Peruvian roads construction and Peruvian Transport Ministry fully accept the usage of geogrids.

text: On the groundwater issue, in May 2002, a study titled "Saligao's water crisis and commercial groundwater extraction" was released. Its summary said: "Extraction of groundwater for commercial sale outside the village has risen sharply in the last five years, to a level of up to 435,000 litres per day. Groundwater levels are falling, and wells for household use and for irrigating farmland are running dry in some parts of Saligao, although other parts of the village are unaffected. The problem is very serious for household wells in Don Vaddo and parts of Sonarbhat, and for farmers in Mollembhat. Enough consumers are suffering serious problems to merit the SCCC (Saligao Civic and Consumers' Cell) taking up commercial groundwater extraction as a community issue."

text: Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically steel (in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or plastic/PVC (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below.  PVC or plastic is typically welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually  or more in length, and  in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.

text: Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically

text: steel

text: (in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or

text: plastic

text: PVC

text: (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below.  PVC or plastic is typically welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually  or more in length, and  in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.

text: They are often determined using some combination of field tests (e.g., aquifer tests) and laboratory tests on aquifer material samples.

text: They are often determined using some combination of field tests (e.g.,

text: aquifer test

text: s) and laboratory tests on aquifer material samples.

text: India experiences an average precipitation of  per year, or about  of rains annually. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of  or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed  (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about  to irrigation,  to municipal and drinking water applications and  to industry.

text: In the days following the slide, scientists questioned whether logging in the area could have been a factor contributing to the hillside collapse. Grandy Lake Forest Associates of Mount Vernon, Washington proposed a 15-acre (6 ha) clearcut at the upper edge of the Oso landslide zone in 2004. Washington state forester Aaron Everett stated in an interview with KUOW that the application was rejected and "The one that was approved in the end eliminated the part of the harvest that would have been inside the groundwater recharge area." Everett further stated the resulting 7-acre (2.8 ha) clearcut operation reached to the edge of the groundwater danger zone. An investigation is being conducted to determine whether Grandy Lake crossed into the restricted area that could theoretically feed groundwater into the landslide zone, affecting it for 16 to 27 years.

text: In the days following the slide, scientists questioned whether logging in the area could have been a factor contributing to the hillside collapse. Grandy Lake Forest Associates of

text: Mount Vernon, Washington

text: proposed a 15-acre (6 ha) clearcut at the upper edge of the Oso landslide zone in 2004. Washington state forester Aaron Everett stated in an interview with

text: KUOW

text: that the application was rejected and "The one that was approved in the end eliminated the part of the harvest that would have been inside the groundwater recharge area." Everett further stated the resulting 7-acre (2.8 ha) clearcut operation reached to the edge of the groundwater danger zone. An investigation is being conducted to determine whether Grandy Lake crossed into the restricted area that could theoretically feed groundwater into the landslide zone, affecting it for 16 to 27 years.

text: The warmest hot spring in the westward extension at  is the Garam Chashma Hot Springs, which emerge from in post-collisional leucogranites of the Hindu Kush Range that date from  20–18 Ma. Reservoir temperatures may be as high as .It is not clear whether the circulation of deep groundwater in this region is driven by topography or by tectonic lateral stress.

text: The warmest hot spring in the westward extension at  is the

text: Garam Chashma

text: Hot Springs, which emerge from in post-collisional

text: leucogranite

text: s of the

text: Hindu Kush

text: Range that date from  20–18 Ma. Reservoir temperatures may be as high as .It is not clear whether the circulation of deep groundwater in this region is driven by topography or by tectonic lateral stress.

text: Comet Geyser is part of the Daisy Group which includes Daisy Geyser, Splendid Geyser and Brilliant Pool. As opposed to the other features in this group, Comet erupts almost continuously. Every few minutes it surges to a height of . This constant eruption has led to it having the biggest sinter cone of any of the geysers in this group.

text: Comet Geyser is part of the Daisy Group which includes

text: Daisy Geyser

text: Splendid Geyser

text: and

text: Brilliant Pool

text: . As opposed to the other features in this group, Comet erupts almost continuously. Every few minutes it surges to a height of . This constant eruption has led to it having the biggest

text: sinter

text: cone of any of the geysers in this group.

text: Sulphur Springs was named for a mineral spring near the original town site.

text: Sulphur Springs was named for a

text: mineral spring

text: near the original town site.

text: United States groundwater law is that area of United States law related to groundwater.

text: United States groundwater law is that area of

text: United States

text: law related to

text: groundwater

text: Jet Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Jet Geyser is in the Fountain Group that includes Fountain Geyser, Morning Geyser, Red Spouter and Silex Spring.

text: Jet Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Jet Geyser is in the Fountain Group that includes

text: Fountain Geyser

text: Morning Geyser

text: , Red Spouter and Silex Spring.

text: Nishiwaga has many natural onsen hot springs ("yukko" in the local dialect). There are several natural hot springs baths operated by the municipality, and inexpensive monthly passes are available to residents. There is also a hot spring heated sand bath ("suna-yukko") at one of the sites. Many traditional bed and breakfast inns operate in these areas, usually with their own private hot spring facilities, some of which are open to day visitors for a fee. The area is also home to rare old-growth beech forests found in few other places in Japan. The Waga River, a major tributary of the Kitakami River and from which the county and current town derive their names, originates high up in the folds of Waga-dake, a 1,440 meter peak along the Ou Range which forms the prefectural boundary between Iwate Prefecture (on the eastern, Nishiwaga side) and Akita Prefecture (to the west). The mountains of Nishiwaga Town have drawn interest from local hikers and outdoors enthusiasts, as well as hikers and ecotourists from as far away as Tokyo. In the southeastern section of Nishiwaga Town the Waga River is restrained by the Yuda Dam, which creates a variable depth man-made lake called Kinshuko Lake.

text: Nishiwaga has many natural

text: onsen

text: hot springs ("yukko" in the local dialect). There are several natural hot springs baths operated by the municipality, and inexpensive monthly passes are available to residents. There is also a hot spring heated sand bath ("suna-yukko") at one of the sites. Many traditional bed and breakfast inns operate in these areas, usually with their own private hot spring facilities, some of which are open to day visitors for a fee. The area is also home to rare old-growth beech forests found in few other places in Japan. The Waga River, a major tributary of the

text: Kitakami River

text: and from which the county and current town derive their names, originates high up in the folds of Waga-dake, a 1,440 meter peak along the Ou Range which forms the prefectural boundary between Iwate Prefecture (on the eastern, Nishiwaga side) and Akita Prefecture (to the west). The mountains of Nishiwaga Town have drawn interest from local hikers and outdoors enthusiasts, as well as hikers and ecotourists from as far away as Tokyo. In the southeastern section of Nishiwaga Town the Waga River is restrained by the Yuda Dam, which creates a variable depth man-made lake called Kinshuko Lake.

text: Whakarewarewa has some 500 pools, most of which are alkaline chloride hot springs, and at least 65 geyser vents, each with their own name. Seven geysers are currently active. Pohutu Geyser, meaning big splash or explosion, erupts approximately hourly to heights of up to 30 m.

text: Whakarewarewa has some 500 pools, most of which are alkaline chloride

text: hot springs

text: , and at least 65 geyser vents, each with their own name. Seven

text: geysers

text: are currently active. Pohutu Geyser, meaning big splash or explosion, erupts approximately hourly to heights of up to 30 m.

text: A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is overlain by a relatively impermeable layer of rock or substrate such as an aquiclude or aquitard. If a confined aquifer follows a downward grade from its recharge zone, groundwater can become pressurized as it flows. This can create artesian wells that flow freely without the need of a pump and rise to a higher elevation than the static water table at the above, unconfined, aquifer.

text: A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is overlain by a relatively impermeable layer of rock or substrate such as an aquiclude or aquitard. If a confined aquifer follows a downward grade from its recharge zone, groundwater can become pressurized as it flows. This can create

text: artesian well

text: s that flow freely without the need of a pump and rise to a higher elevation than the static water table at the above, unconfined, aquifer.

text: Ngāti Porou is a Māori iwi traditionally located in the East Cape and Gisborne regions of the North Island of New Zealand. Ngāti Porou has the second-largest affiliation of any iwi in New Zealand, with 71,910 registered members in 2006. The traditional tribal boundary of Ngāti Porou extends from Pōtikirua in the north to Te Toka-a-Taiau (a rock that used to sit in the mouth of Gisborne harbour) in the south.

text: Ngāti Porou is a

text: Māori

text: iwi

text: traditionally located in the

text: East Cape

text: and

text: Gisborne

text: regions of the

text: North Island

text: of

text: New Zealand

text: . Ngāti Porou has the second-largest affiliation of any iwi in New Zealand, with 71,910 registered members in 2006. The traditional tribal boundary of Ngāti Porou extends from Pōtikirua in the north to Te Toka-a-Taiau (a rock that used to sit in the mouth of Gisborne harbour) in the south.

text: The geyser is located on the Firehole River within the Upper Geyser Basin. The geyser shoots steam and water to heights of 75 feet (23 m) in an arch over the river, sometimes causing brilliant rainbows. The eruptions occur every 5⁄ to 7 hours. As is Daisy, Riverside is one of the most predictable geysers in the park, because it is not located near any other geysers that may disrupt the flow of underground water in the geyser's plumbing. Riverside is unique in its way that eruptions seldom occur at the average interval for any given time. Instead, Riverside is bimodal, meaning it usually erupts 20 minutes before or 25 minutes late for a duration of 20 minutes. The bimodality does not represent a problem for predictions if the previous erupt time is seen. If not, you are predicting on doubles and triples, which leads to a wide range for uncertainty. For an hour or two before the eruption, water pours over the edge of the cone. The geyser was named by the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.

text: The geyser is located on the

text: Firehole River

text: within the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: . The geyser shoots steam and water to heights of 75 feet (23 m) in an arch over the river, sometimes causing brilliant rainbows. The eruptions occur every 5⁄ to 7 hours. As is

text: Daisy

text: , Riverside is one of the most predictable geysers in the park, because it is not located near any other geysers that may disrupt the flow of underground water in the geyser's plumbing. Riverside is unique in its way that eruptions seldom occur at the average interval for any given time. Instead, Riverside is bimodal, meaning it usually erupts 20 minutes before or 25 minutes late for a duration of 20 minutes. The bimodality does not represent a problem for predictions if the previous erupt time is seen. If not, you are predicting on doubles and triples, which leads to a wide range for uncertainty. For an hour or two before the eruption, water pours over the edge of the cone. The geyser was named by the

text: Hayden Geological Survey of 1871

text: Devin is a popular tourist attraction. There is an abundance of hot springs and hence spa resorts in the area. The region was known in antiquity for the healing properties of its mineral springs. The waters have been claimed to treat and heal a variety of maladies: conditions of the skeletal, peripheral nervous, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, skin disorders and others. In addition to these, the water is drunk or inhaled in the treatment of respiratory diseases, allergies and infections. The conditions available in Devin make it a centre for recovery and stabilising health.

text: Devin is a popular tourist attraction. There is an abundance of

text: hot spring

text: s and hence

text: spa resort

text: s in the area. The region was known in antiquity for the healing properties of its mineral springs. The waters have been claimed to treat and heal a variety of maladies: conditions of the skeletal, peripheral nervous, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, skin disorders and others. In addition to these, the water is drunk or inhaled in the treatment of respiratory diseases, allergies and infections. The conditions available in Devin make it a centre for recovery and stabilising health.

text: The town of Foxborough, initial an agricultural town, grew as an industrial center in the 19th century, specializing in the manufacture of straw hats.  The town's industrial owners and the rise in population led to the need for a reliable public water supply for improved public health and the fire protection of important industrial assets.  After a report on the matter was issued in 1879, it lay dormant until 1889, when proposals were made after the construction of the Foxborough State Hospital renewed calls for improved fire protection.  A proposal for the present siting of the station was approved by the town in 1891.  Ernest Boyden, then already known for his designs of other public water supply pumping stations, was retained to design the new facility.  Twenty-four shallow wells were dug to draw groundwater, which the main pump then distributed.  In 1948 these were replaced by three deep wells, which draw from the aquifer underlying the Neponset Reservoir.  A fourth well was drilled in 1972, replacing the #2 well, whose casing had cracked.

text: The town of Foxborough, initial an agricultural town, grew as an industrial center in the 19th century, specializing in the manufacture of

text: straw hat

text: s.  The town's industrial owners and the rise in population led to the need for a reliable public water supply for improved public health and the fire protection of important industrial assets.  After a report on the matter was issued in 1879, it lay dormant until 1889, when proposals were made after the construction of the

text: Foxborough State Hospital

text: renewed calls for improved fire protection.  A proposal for the present siting of the station was approved by the town in 1891.  Ernest Boyden, then already known for his designs of other public water supply pumping stations, was retained to design the new facility.  Twenty-four shallow wells were dug to draw groundwater, which the main pump then distributed.  In 1948 these were replaced by three deep wells, which draw from the aquifer underlying the Neponset Reservoir.  A fourth well was drilled in 1972, replacing the #2 well, whose casing had cracked.

text: Mining interest in the area decreased drastically after gold was found in the Klondike in 1897, and then in Nome in 1899. A limited number of miners stayed in the area near Circle Hot Spring after the turn of the century, and gold mining continues to be an attraction to this day.

text: Mining interest in the area decreased drastically after gold was found in the

text: Klondike

text: in 1897, and then in

text: Nome

text: in 1899. A limited number of miners stayed in the area near Circle Hot Spring after the turn of the century, and gold mining continues to be an attraction to this day.

text: An additional strategy to water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater resources.  Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams. Excess pumping of groundwater leads to a decrease in groundwater levels and if continued it can exhaust the resource. Ground and surface waters are connected and overuse of groundwater can reduce and, in extreme examples, diminish the water supply of lakes, rivers, and streams. In coastal regions, over pumping groundwater can increase saltwater intrusion which results in the contamination of  groundwater water supply. Sustainable use of groundwater is essential in water conservation.

text: During the Pahlavi period, the process of qanat construction and maintenance continued. A council that was responsible for the qanats was set up by the government. At that time most of the qanats belonged to landlords. In fact, feudalism was the prevailing system in the rural regions. The peasants were not entitled to the lands they worked on, but were considered only as the users of the lands. They had to pay rent for land and water to the landlords who could afford to finance all the proceedings required to maintain the qanats, for they were relatively wealthy. According to the report of Safi Asfiya, who was in charge of supervising the qanats of Iran in the former regime, in the year 1942 Iran had 40,000 qanats with a total discharge of 600,000 liters per second or 18.2 billion cubic meters per year. In 1961, another report was published revealing that in Iran there were 30,000 qanats of which just 20,000 were still in use, with a total output of 560,000 lit/se or 17.3 billion cubic meters per year. In 1959 a reforme program named as the White Revolution was declared by the former Shah. One of the articles of this program addressed the land reform that let peasants take ownership of part of the landlords’ lands. In fact, the land reform meant that the landlords lost their motivation for investing more money in constructing or repairing the qanats which were subject to the Lnd Reform Law. On the other hand, the peasants could not come up with the money to maintain the qanats, so many qanats were gradually abandoned. The introduction of modern devices, that made it possible to drill many deep wells and extract groundwater much more quickly, accelerated the qanats’ destruction. The pumped wells had a negative impact on the qanats due to their overexploitation of the groundwater. These changes, that occurred in Mohammad Reza Shah’s reign, inflicted great damage on the qanats of the country so that many qanats vanished forever. The statistics related to 14,778 qanats estimates the overall discharge of these qanats to be 6.2 billion cubic meters per year between the years 1972 and 1973. If we assume the total number of the qanats at that time to be 32,000, their annual discharge would have amounted to 12 billion cubic meters.In 1963, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was established in order to provide the rural and urban areas of the country with sufficient water and electricity. Later, this Ministry was renamed the Ministry of Energy. Three years later, in 1966, the parliament passed a law protecting groundwater resources. According to this law, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was allowed to ban drilling any deep or semi-deep wells wherever surveys showed that the water table was dropping because of overpumping. In fact, this law was passed only after the growing number of the pumped wells sounded the alarm about over pumping and depletion of groundwater leading to the decline in qanat’ flow all over the country. This law, as well as the Law of Water Nationalization that was approved in 1968, and eventually the Law of Fair Distribution of water passed (in 1981) after the Islamic revolution emphasized the definition of restricted and free areas for drilling. In the restricted areas, drilling any wells (except for drinking and industry) was prohibited in order to prevent the continuous depletion of groundwater. So the rest of the qanats had a better chance to survive..After the Islamic revolution, a special attention was given to the qanats. For the first time in 1981 a conference on qanat was held in Mashhad during which the different options to mitigate the problem were explored. The organization of Jahad Sazandegi took responsibility for the rehabilitation of qanats, and subsidized their shareholders. Now the same organization which was renamed as “Ministry of Jihad Agriculture” is responsible for the qanats and continues to grant some funds to the stakeholders to maintain their qanats. During the last years, the parliament has allocated an annual budget of 13 million USD to this ministry in order to go to the construction and maintenance of the qanats. Many other qanats may dry up without this budget, because the owners of the qanats do not afford to pay the whole expenses.

text: Aquifers are also an important source for the groundwater that feeds into wells. The groundwater must go through these aquifers to get to the well. However, the well has an effect on the aquifers as well. Pumping through much water through these wells can cause a cone of depression around the well.

text: Subsidence occurs when too much water is pumped out from underground, deflating the space below the above-surface, and thus causing the ground to collapse. The result can look like craters on plots of land. This occurs because, in its natural equilibrium state, the hydraulic pressure of groundwater in the pore spaces of the aquifer and the aquitard supports some of the weight of the overlying sediments. When groundwater is removed from aquifers by excessive pumping, pore pressures in the aquifer drop and compression of the aquifer may occur. This compression may be partially recoverable if pressures rebound, but much of it is not. When the aquifer gets compressed, it may cause land subsidence, a drop in the ground surface. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana is actually below sea level today, and its subsidence is partly caused by removal of groundwater from the various aquifer/aquitard systems beneath it. In the first half of the 20th century, the San Joaquin Valley experienced significant subsidence, in some places up to 8.5 metres (28 feet) due to groundwater removal. Cities on river deltas, including Venice in Italy, and Bangkok in Thailand, have experienced surface subsidence; Mexico City, built on a former lake bed, has experienced rates of subsidence of up to 40 cm (1'3") per year.

text: Subsidence occurs when too much water is pumped out from underground, deflating the space below the above-surface, and thus causing the ground to collapse. The result can look like craters on plots of land. This occurs because, in its natural equilibrium state, the

text: hydraulic pressure

text: of groundwater in the pore spaces of the aquifer and the aquitard supports some of the weight of the overlying sediments. When groundwater is removed from aquifers by excessive pumping, pore pressures in the aquifer drop and compression of the aquifer may occur. This compression may be partially recoverable if pressures rebound, but much of it is not. When the aquifer gets compressed, it may cause land subsidence, a drop in the ground surface. The city of

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: is actually below sea level today, and its subsidence is partly caused by removal of groundwater from the various aquifer/aquitard systems beneath it. In the first half of the 20th century, the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: experienced significant subsidence, in some places up to 8.5 metres (28 feet) due to groundwater removal. Cities on river deltas, including Venice in Italy, and Bangkok in Thailand, have experienced surface subsidence; Mexico City, built on a former lake bed, has experienced rates of subsidence of up to 40 cm (1'3") per year.

text: The hot springs stem from precipitation on the surrounding Cascade Range. Analysis of the mineral and chemical content indicates an average subsurface temperature of  and a migration time of several thousand years.The water's long contact with aquifer rock at such temperatures saturates it with dissolved minerals such as sulfate, calcite, analcime, anhydrite, chalcedony, microcline, muscovite, quartz, wairakite, and the elements potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and lithium. The surface temperature of the springs is about —the lower temperature due to heat transfer to cooler rock near the Earth's surface.

text: The hot springs stem from precipitation on the surrounding

text: Cascade Range

text: . Analysis of the mineral and chemical content indicates an average subsurface temperature of  and a migration time of several thousand years.The water's long contact with aquifer rock at such temperatures saturates it with dissolved minerals such as

text: sulfate

text: calcite

text: analcime

text: anhydrite

text: chalcedony

text: microcline

text: muscovite

text: quartz

text: wairakite

text: , and the elements

text: potassium

text: sodium

text: magnesium

text: calcium

text: , and

text: lithium

text: . The surface temperature of the springs is about —the lower temperature due to heat transfer to cooler rock near the Earth's surface.

text: If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.

text: A groundwater model may be a scale model or an electric model of a groundwater situation or aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment. Some groundwater models include (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater. Such groundwater models try to predict the fate and movement of the chemical in natural, urban or hypothetical scenario.

text: A

text: groundwater

text: model may be a

text: scale model

text: or an electric model of a groundwater situation or

text: aquifer

text: . Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment. Some groundwater models include (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater. Such groundwater models try to predict the fate and movement of the chemical in natural, urban or hypothetical scenario.

text: Geyser Crest is a residential neighborhood in the southwest section of the city of Saratoga Springs, New York and the town of Milton. It is separated from downtown Saratoga Springs by Geyser Road and Route 50. Most of the neighborhood homes were built in the 1970s. Most children attend Geyser Road Elementary School, Maple Avenue Middle School, and Saratoga Springs High School; a small number who live in the far west section attend Ballston Spa Central Schools.Geyser Crest has an elevation of . Geyser Crest appears on the Saratoga Springs U.S.Geological Survey Map and is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours). Geyser Crest also observes daylight saving time.

text: Geyser Crest is a residential

text: neighborhood

text: in the southwest section of the city of

text: Saratoga Springs, New York

text: and the town of

text: Milton

text: . It is separated from

text: downtown

text: Saratoga Springs by Geyser Road and

text: Route 50

text: . Most of the neighborhood homes were built in the 1970s. Most children attend Geyser Road Elementary School, Maple Avenue Middle School, and Saratoga Springs High School; a small number who live in the far west section attend

text: Ballston Spa

text: Central Schools.Geyser Crest has an elevation of . Geyser Crest appears on the Saratoga Springs U.S.Geological Survey Map and is in the

text: Eastern Time Zone

text: (UTC -5 hours). Geyser Crest also observes

text: daylight saving time

text: Calistoga itself is noted for its hot springs spas such as Calistoga Spa Hot Springs. A local specialty is immersion in hot volcanic ash, known as a mud bath. Nearby attractions include an artificial geothermal geyser known as the "Old Faithful of California" or "Little Old Faithful". The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century. According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book A Guide to Geyser Gazing (1976 p. 49), a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water. He had actually "simply opened up a dead geyser".

text: Calistoga itself is noted for its

text: hot springs

text: spas such as

text: Calistoga Spa Hot Springs

text: . A local specialty is immersion in hot volcanic ash, known as a

text: mud bath

text: . Nearby attractions include an artificial

text: geothermal

text: geyser

text: known as the "

text: Old Faithful of California

text: " or "Little Old Faithful". The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century. According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book A Guide to Geyser Gazing (1976 p. 49), a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water. He had actually "simply opened up a dead geyser".

text: Geyser was broken up in 1866.

text: Geyser was broken up in 1866.

text: The aquifer properties of the aquifer essentially depend upon the composition of the aquifer. The most important properties of the aquifer are porosity and specific yield which in turn give its capacity to release the water in the pores and its ability to transmit the flow with ease.

text: The aquifer properties of the aquifer essentially depend upon the composition of the

text: aquifer

text: . The most important properties of the aquifer are

text: porosity

text: and specific yield which in turn give its capacity to release the water in the pores and its ability to transmit the flow with ease.

text: The Big Butte Creek watershed experiences a Mediterranean climate. Temperatures range from  in the winter to  in the summer. Precipitation averages between  annually. Most precipitation occurs between November and March. Nine percent of the watershed's surface runoff is collected from rain, 35 percent from rain on snow, and 56 percent from snow. The watershed contains the largest groundwater source in the entire Rogue River basin; one major outlet is at Big Butte Springs.

text: The Big Butte Creek watershed experiences a

text: Mediterranean climate

text: . Temperatures range from  in the winter to  in the summer.

text: Precipitation

text: averages between  annually. Most precipitation occurs between November and March. Nine percent of the watershed's

text: surface runoff

text: is collected from rain, 35 percent from rain on snow, and 56 percent from snow. The watershed contains the largest

text: groundwater

text: source in the entire Rogue River basin; one major outlet is at Big Butte Springs.

text: Haukadalur is home to some of the most famous sights in Iceland: the geysers and other geothermal features which have developed on the Laugarfjall rhyolitic dome. The biggest geysers of Haukadalur are Strokkur and Geysir itself, which gave us the word 'geyser'. Strokkur is very dependable and erupts every 5 to 10 minutes, whereas the bigger Geysir nowadays erupts very rarely. There are also more than 40 other smaller hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles nearby.

text: Haukadalur is home to some of the most famous sights in Iceland: the

text: geyser

text: s and other geothermal features which have developed on the Laugarfjall

text: rhyolitic

text: dome. The biggest geysers of Haukadalur are

text: Strokkur

text: and

text: Geysir

text: itself, which gave us the word 'geyser'. Strokkur is very dependable and erupts every 5 to 10 minutes, whereas the bigger Geysir nowadays erupts very rarely. There are also more than 40 other smaller

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: mud pot

text: s and

text: fumarole

text: s nearby.

text: The World's natural oil supply is fixed because petroleum is naturally formed far too slowly to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted.  Over many millions of years, plankton, bacteria, and other plant and animal matter became buried in sediments on the ocean floor.  When conditions were right – a lack of oxygen for decomposition, and sufficient depth and temperature of burial – these organic remains were converted into petroleum compounds, while the sediment accompanying them was converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary rock.  When capped by impermeable rocks such as shale, salt, or igneous intrusions, they formed the petroleum reservoirs which are exploited today.

text: The

text: World

text: 's natural oil supply is fixed because petroleum is

text: naturally formed

text: far too slowly to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted.  Over many millions of years,

text: plankton

text: bacteria

text: , and other plant and animal matter became buried in sediments on the ocean floor.  When conditions were right – a lack of oxygen for decomposition, and sufficient depth and temperature of burial – these organic remains were converted into petroleum compounds, while the sediment accompanying them was converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary rock.  When capped by impermeable rocks such as shale, salt, or igneous intrusions, they formed the petroleum reservoirs which are exploited today.

text: Groundwater:Monterrey groundwater is accounted for by 46 deep wells (700 to 1000 m), 74 wells (<100 m), three water tunnels (Cola de Caballo I and II,  San Francisco), and two major springs. The wells are located in the ‘wellfields’ (area with many boreholes) and contribute 40% of the total water that consumed in Monterrey. The three most important ‘wellfields" are the "Metropolitan Area of Monterey Wellfield", "Buenos Aires Wellfield", and "Mina Wellfield". The "Buenos Aires Wellfield" is the most important and contributes nearly half (46%) of the groundwater extracted (~ 1.5 m/s). It is located in a mountainous area of the "Huasteca Canyon" close to Monterrey. These ‘wellfields’ provide high quality water with a low cost of treatment.

text: It is located near several mineral hot springs, from which the town derives its name.

text: It is located near several mineral

text: hot springs

text: , from which the town derives its name.

text: The important parameters in determining a good site for carbon storage are: rock porosity, rock permeability, absence of faults, and geometry of rock layers.  The medium in which the CO is to be stored ideally has a high porosity and permeability, such as sandstone or limestone. Sandstone can have a permeability ranging from 1 to 10 Darcy, and can have a porosity as high as ≈30%. The porous rock must be capped by a layer of low permeability which acts as a seal, or caprock, for the CO.  Shale is an example of a very good caprock, with a permeability of 10 to 10 Darcy. Once injected, the CO plume will rise via buoyant forces, since it is less dense than its surroundings. Once it encounters a caprock, it will spread laterally until it encounters a gap. If there are fault planes near the injection zone, there is a possibility the CO could migrate along the fault to the surface, leaking into the atmosphere, which would be potentially dangerous to life in the surrounding area. Another danger related to carbon sequestration is induced seismicity. If the injection of CO creates pressures that are too high underground, the formation will fracture, causing an earthquake.

text: The groundwater flow equation, in its most general form, describes the movement of groundwater in a porous medium (aquifers and aquitards). It is known in mathematics as the diffusion equation, and has many analogs in other fields. Many solutions for groundwater flow problems were borrowed or adapted from existing heat transfer solutions.

text: The groundwater flow equation, in its most general form, describes the movement of groundwater in a porous medium (aquifers and aquitards). It is known in mathematics as the

text: diffusion equation

text: , and has many analogs in other fields. Many solutions for groundwater flow problems were borrowed or adapted from existing

text: heat transfer

text: solutions.

text: Xiaotangshan has a long history of geothermal hot spring. The use of hot spring water can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of China, dating back over 1,500 years ago. The Xiaotangshan hot springs has records of early emperors using the springs for medical baths.  The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty built the Xiaotangshan imperial palace and inscribed "九华兮秀". The hot spring water contains minerals and trace elements such as strontium, lithium, selenium, and other silicic acid mineral elements.

text: Xiaotangshan has a long history of geothermal hot spring. The use of hot spring water can be traced back to the

text: Southern and Northern Dynasties

text: period of China, dating back over 1,500 years ago. The Xiaotangshan hot springs has records of early emperors using the springs for medical baths.  The

text: Qianlong Emperor

text: of the

text: Qing dynasty

text: built the Xiaotangshan imperial palace and inscribed "九华兮秀". The hot spring water contains minerals and trace elements such as strontium, lithium, selenium, and other silicic acid mineral elements.

text: s; and (iii) overuse of non-renewable groundwater aquifers. Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are not recharging quickly. Although the total freshwater supply is not used up, much has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking, industry and agriculture.

text: s; and (iii) overuse of non-renewable groundwater

text: aquifers

text: . Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are not recharging quickly. Although the total freshwater supply is not used up, much has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for

text: drinking

text: industry

text: and

text: agriculture

text: The earthquake originated in an uninhabited desert region. Mines and ore-treating plants were damaged and two cabins, one of stone and one of adobe, were destroyed. Shocks were felt in the Nevada towns of Tonopah, Mina, Nevada, Luning, Nevada and Fallon as well as others. Reports included cracks in the ground (Luning) and downed chimneys (Mineral County, Luning and Mina). Boulders were dislodged from hillsides and cliffs in the area, large landslides were reported and groundwater changes were observed in local springs and wells. No loss of life or injuries were reported.

text: The earthquake originated in an uninhabited desert region. Mines and ore-treating plants were damaged and two cabins, one of stone and one of

text: adobe

text: , were destroyed. Shocks were felt in the Nevada towns of

text: Tonopah

text: Mina, Nevada

text: Luning, Nevada

text: and

text: Fallon

text: as well as others. Reports included cracks in the ground (Luning) and downed chimneys (Mineral County, Luning and Mina). Boulders were dislodged from hillsides and cliffs in the area, large landslides were reported and

text: groundwater

text: changes were observed in local springs and wells. No loss of life or injuries were reported.

text: MODFLOW is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the US Geological Survey as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is free software developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing graphical user interfaces to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models, surface water and groundwater models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

text: MODFLOW

text: is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the

text: US Geological Survey

text: as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is

text: free software

text: developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing

text: graphical user interface

text: s to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models,

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

text: Drier than most of the rest of the state, the region is a transition zone between the prairies and the Great Plains.  Once rich in wetlands known as prairie potholes, 90%, or some three million acres (12,000 km²), have been drained for agriculture in the Minnesota River basin.  Most of the prairies are now farm fields. Due to the quaternary and bedrock geology of the region, as well as the reduced precipitation in the region, groundwater resources are neither plentiful, nor widely distributed, unlike most other areas of the state. Given these constraints, this rural area hosts a vast network of water pipelines which transports groundwater from the few localized areas with productive groundwater wells to much of the region's population.

text: Drier than most of the rest of the state, the region is a transition zone between the prairies and the

text: Great Plains

text: .  Once rich in wetlands known as

text: prairie potholes

text: , 90%, or some three million acres (12,000 km²), have been drained for agriculture in the Minnesota River basin.  Most of the prairies are now farm fields. Due to the quaternary and bedrock geology of the region, as well as the reduced precipitation in the region, groundwater resources are neither plentiful, nor widely distributed, unlike most other areas of the state. Given these constraints, this rural area hosts a vast network of water pipelines which transports groundwater from the few localized areas with productive groundwater wells to much of the region's population.

text: Of the total irrigated area worldwide 38% is equipped for irrigation with groundwater, especially in India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) and the United States of America (17 million ha). Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545 km/year. Groundwater use in irrigation leads in places to exploitation of groundwater at rates above groundwater recharge and depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

text: On the arrival of polar spring, the lander will study the geyser phenomenon from the location selected for optimum viewing. Automated geyser detection on board the spacecraft will scan the environment, although the routine imagery will be buffered on the spacecraft, images will not be relayed to Earth until the spacecraft detects a geyser. This triggers high-speed, high-resolution imagery, including LIDAR characterization of particle motion and infrared spectroscopy. Simultaneously, the science instruments will do chemical analysis of any fallout particles spewed onto the surface of the lander.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> Geysers erupt at a rate of about one a day during peak springtime season. If more than one is detected simultaneously, the spacecraft algorithm will focus on the nearest or "best".The lander will continue this primary geyser science for a period of about 90 days. Tens of geyser observations are expected over the spring/summer season. Extended mission operations, if desired, would continue the observation from August 11, 2018 through a full Martian year and into the second Martian summer.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/>

text: On the arrival of polar spring, the lander will study the geyser phenomenon from the location selected for optimum viewing. Automated geyser detection on board the spacecraft will scan the environment, although the routine imagery will be buffered on the spacecraft, images will not be relayed to Earth until the spacecraft detects a geyser. This triggers high-speed, high-resolution imagery, including

text: LIDAR

text: characterization of particle motion and

text: infrared spectroscopy

text: . Simultaneously, the science instruments will do chemical analysis of any fallout particles spewed onto the surface of the lander.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> Geysers erupt at a rate of about one a day during peak springtime season. If more than one is detected simultaneously, the spacecraft algorithm will focus on the nearest or "best".The lander will continue this primary geyser science for a period of about 90 days. Tens of geyser observations are expected over the spring/summer season. Extended mission operations, if desired, would continue the observation from August 11, 2018 through a full Martian year and into the second Martian summer.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/>

text: In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of streamflow that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic zone, and has been discharged into a stream channel, via springs or seepage water".  It is governed by the groundwater flow equation.Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the permeability (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the hydraulic head (water pressure).

text: In

text: hydrogeology

text: , groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of

text: streamflow

text: that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the

text: phreatic zone

text: , and has been discharged into a

text: stream channel

text: , via

text: spring

text: s or

text: seepage water

text: ".  It is governed by the

text: groundwater flow equation

text: .Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called

text: aquifer

text: s. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the

text: permeability

text: (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the

text: hydraulic head

text: (water pressure).

text: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes (like groundwater abstraction or irrigation developments) on the behavior of the aquifer and are often named groundwater simulation models. Also nowadays the groundwater models are used in various water management plans for urban areas.

text: Groundwater discharge is the volumetric flow rate of groundwater through an aquifer.

text: Groundwater discharge is the

text: volumetric flow rate

text: of

text: groundwater

text: through an

text: aquifer

text: Drilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells typically range from  deep, but in some areas can go deeper than .

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to

text: groundwater

text: ; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry watercourse to the stepwells of India, the qanats of Iran, and the shadoofs and sakiehs of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability and linings of wood or wickerwork date back at least as far as the Iron Age.

text: A water well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access

text: groundwater

text: in underground

text: aquifer

text: s. The well water is drawn by a

text: pump

text: , or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry watercourse to the

text: stepwell

text: s of India, the

text: qanat

text: s of Iran, and the

text: shadoof

text: s and

text: sakiehs

text: of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability and linings of wood or wickerwork date back at least as far as the

text: Iron Age

text: Vent Geyser belongs to the Grand Group (or Grand Geyser Complex), and its eruption is tied to Grand Geyser.  Normally, it erupts immediately after Grand and continues to erupt intermittently for about an hour afterward along with Turban Geyser.  On rare occasions, it has erupted before Grand or completely by itself. Its fountain reaches a height of  initially then subsides to 20 to 40 feet (6–12 m).  At times, it is not possible to see Vent erupting through the steam and spray of Grand Geyser.

text: Vent Geyser belongs to the Grand Group (or Grand Geyser Complex), and its eruption is tied to

text: Grand Geyser

text: .  Normally, it erupts immediately after Grand and continues to erupt intermittently for about an hour afterward along with

text: Turban Geyser

text: .  On rare occasions, it has erupted before Grand or completely by itself. Its fountain reaches a height of  initially then subsides to 20 to 40 feet (6–12 m).  At times, it is not possible to see Vent erupting through the steam and spray of Grand Geyser.

text: Ferdows Hot Spring or Ferdows Warm Spring ( – Abgarm-e-Ma'dani-e-Ferdows) is a hot mineral spring located about  north of Ferdows in eastern Iran, near an inactive volcano. Its mineral water is useful in healing skin diseases and rheumatism.

text: Ferdows Hot Spring or Ferdows Warm Spring ( – Abgarm-e-Ma'dani-e-Ferdows) is a

text: hot mineral spring

text: located about  north of

text: Ferdows

text: in eastern

text: Iran

text: , near an inactive volcano. Its mineral water is useful in healing

text: skin diseases

text: and

text: rheumatism

text: The site of Wells began as a place called Humboldt Wells along the trail to California. It was subsequently founded as a railroad town along the original Transcontinental Railroad, and was once a stopover for passenger trains. The Humboldt River has its source in springs and a swampy area just west of the city that today is called Humboldt Wells. In the late 19th century, Humboldt Wells was burning down, and in a frantic plea for help, a telegraph was sent that said, "Wells is burning". After this the town was rebuilt and simply referred to as 'Wells'.

text: The site of Wells began as a place called Humboldt Wells along the trail to California. It was subsequently founded as a railroad town along the original

text: Transcontinental Railroad

text: , and was once a stopover for passenger trains. The

text: Humboldt River

text: has its source in springs and a swampy area just west of the city that today is called Humboldt Wells. In the late 19th century, Humboldt Wells was burning down, and in a frantic plea for help, a telegraph was sent that said, "Wells is burning". After this the town was rebuilt and simply referred to as 'Wells'.

text: The aquifer characteristics which are evaluated by most aquifer tests are:

text: The rest 10% of the water in Tallinn comes from 29 groundwater wells, mostly in the outskirts (Nõmme, Pirita, Kakumäe).

text: The rest 10% of the water in Tallinn comes from 29

text: groundwater

text: wells, mostly in the outskirts (

text: Nõmme

text: Pirita

text: Kakumäe

text: Deformation bands are present in a variety of porous rock types such as sandstones, limestones, siltstones, poorly welded volcanic tuffs, and breccias. The cataclastic and compactional bands often form seals and prevent the flow of groundwater or oil. In their formation grains shift their packing and are crushed.

text: Deformation bands are present in a variety of porous rock types such as

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s,

text: siltstone

text: s, poorly welded volcanic

text: tuff

text: s, and

text: breccia

text: s. The

text: cataclastic

text: and compactional bands often form seals and prevent the flow of

text: groundwater

text: or

text: oil

text: . In their formation grains shift their packing and are crushed.

text: Geology and geologic principles can be applied to various environmental problems such as stream restoration, the restoration of brownfields, and the understanding of the interaction between natural habitat and the geologic environment. Groundwater hydrology, or hydrogeology, is used to locate groundwater, which can often provide a ready supply of uncontaminated water and is especially important in arid regions, and to monitor the spread of contaminants in groundwater wells.

text: Geology and geologic principles can be applied to various environmental problems such as

text: stream restoration

text: , the restoration of

text: brownfields

text: , and the understanding of the interaction between

text: natural habitat

text: and the geologic environment. Groundwater hydrology, or

text: hydrogeology

text: , is used to locate groundwater, which can often provide a ready supply of uncontaminated water and is especially important in arid regions, and to monitor the spread of contaminants in groundwater wells.

text: In 2005, Strathroy was connected to the Lake Huron Water Pipeline. This ended the town's existing reliance on groundwater and wells.

text: In 2005, Strathroy was connected to the

text: Lake Huron

text: Water Pipeline. This ended the town's existing reliance on

text: groundwater

text: and

text: well

text: s.

text: Groundwater is also ecologically important. The importance of groundwater to ecosystems is often overlooked, even by freshwater biologists and ecologists. Groundwaters sustain rivers, wetlands, and lakes, as well as subterranean ecosystems within karst or alluvial aquifers.

text: Groundwater is also ecologically important. The importance of groundwater to ecosystems is often overlooked, even by freshwater biologists and ecologists. Groundwaters sustain rivers,

text: wetland

text: s, and

text: lake

text: s, as well as subterranean ecosystems within

text: karst

text: or alluvial aquifers.

text: According to a household survey concerning water use that was carried out in 2005 among 110 poor households in various neighbourhoods, poor households typically rely on a variety of water sources, including foremost network water, vended water and groundwater. Network water and groundwater are usually bought from other households that have a connection or a well, or from public hydrants that are operated by private vendors. Use of different water sources varies over time depending on changes in quality, availability and pressure. Some households also collect rainwater. According to the survey, vendor water was 10 to 32 times more expensive than piped water and 43 percent of surveyed households spent more than 5 percent of their income for water.

text: When studies of biological organisms in hot springs began in the 1960s, scientists thought that the life of thermophilic bacteria could not be sustained in temperatures above about . Soon, however, it was discovered that many bacteria in different springs not only survived, but also thrived in higher temperatures. In 1969, Thomas D. Brock and Hudson Freeze of Indiana University reported a new species of  thermophilic bacteria which they named Thermus aquaticus. The bacterium was first discovered in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, near the major  Great Fountain Geyser and White Dome Geyser, and has since been found in similar thermal habitats around the world.

text: When studies of biological organisms in hot springs began in the 1960s, scientists thought that the life of

text: thermophilic bacteria

text: could not be sustained in temperatures above about . Soon, however, it was discovered that many bacteria in different springs not only survived, but also thrived in higher temperatures. In 1969,

text: Thomas D. Brock

text: and Hudson Freeze of

text: Indiana University

text: reported a new

text: species

text: of

text: thermophilic

text: bacteria which they named Thermus aquaticus. The bacterium was first discovered in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: , near the major

text: Great Fountain Geyser

text: and

text: White Dome Geyser

text: , and has since been found in similar thermal habitats around the world.

text: The promise of the Walla Walla river lies inside its integrated water management strategy using Managed Aquifer Recharge (Or Shallow Aquifer Recharge) to utilise available non-irrigation season water to replenish groundwater supplies and offset the influences of a publicly funding piping scheme and the over allocation of groundwater resources by both state governments.  The Walla Walla partnership along with the WWBWC are setting a national example with this innovative and low cost alternative to surface storage using damns.

text: As is common with shale units, the formation has a low permeability, and therefore where oil and gas reservoirs occur in the area it serves as the impermeable cap keeping the hydrocarbons in place. Some of these reservoirs include the Ellwood Oil Field, Gaviota Offshore Gas Field, Cuarta Offshore Oil Field, Molino Gas Field, and others.

text: As is common with shale units, the formation has a low permeability, and therefore where oil and gas reservoirs occur in the area it serves as the impermeable cap keeping the hydrocarbons in place. Some of these reservoirs include the

text: Ellwood Oil Field

text: , Gaviota Offshore Gas Field, Cuarta Offshore Oil Field, Molino Gas Field, and others.

text: EMWD also relies heavily on local groundwater from the San Jacinto Groundwater Basin. Twelve percent of the District's overall demands are met through groundwater production and another 4 percent are met through groundwater desalination efforts. EMWD currently operates two groundwater desalination facilities in Menifee, which treats brackish groundwater through reverse osmosis.

text: Garald G. "Jerry" Parker, Sr. (1905–2000) was a hydrologist and is known as the "Father of Florida groundwater hydrology." Parker also named the principal artesian aquifer the Floridan Aquifer.

text: Garald G. "Jerry" Parker, Sr. (1905–2000) was a

text: hydrologist

text: and is known as the "Father of Florida groundwater hydrology." Parker also named the principal artesian aquifer the

text: Floridan Aquifer

text: In its basic form, an ATES system consists of two wells (called a doublet). One well is used for heat storage, and the other for cold storage. During winter, (warm) groundwater is extracted from the heat storage well and injected in the cold storage well. During summer, the flow direction is reversed such that (cold) groundwater is extracted from the cold storage well and injected in the heat storage well. Because each well serves both as an extraction and injection well, these systems are called bi-directional. There are also mono-directional systems. These systems do not switch pumping direction, such that groundwater is always extracted at the natural aquifer temperature. Although thermal energy is stored in the subsurface, there is usually no intention to retrieve the stored energy.

text: The Norris Geyser Basin

text: The Norris Geyser Basin

text: Sawmill is the largest geyser in the Sawmill Complex, a region of geothermal features located in Upper Geyser Basin approximately 10 feet off the path. The geyser has an irregular pattern of eruption due to the underground structural interconnectivity which is characteristic of geyser complexes. Despite this, it tends to have a delay around 1 to 3 hours between eruptions. Often, Sawmill will erupt after the nearby Spasmodic Geyser, but only if Penta Geyser, another significant geyser in the complex, does not erupt first. If Penta erupts before Sawmill, Sawmill is cut off from water, and cannot erupt until the basin is reloaded, indicated by an eruption by Spasmodic. Another eruption indicator is when Sawmill fills with the rest of the geyser's water in the Sawmill Complex or starts to overflow, bubbles tend to rise to the surface. This indicates that an eruption is near. Sawmill drains after its eruptions, and if it had a large eruption prior, unusual behavior can occur in other geysers in the area.

text: Sawmill is the largest geyser in the Sawmill Complex, a region of geothermal features located in

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: approximately 10 feet off the path. The geyser has an irregular pattern of eruption due to the underground structural interconnectivity which is characteristic of geyser complexes. Despite this, it tends to have a delay around 1 to 3 hours between eruptions. Often, Sawmill will erupt after the nearby

text: Spasmodic Geyser

text: , but only if

text: Penta Geyser

text: , another significant geyser in the complex, does not erupt first. If Penta erupts before Sawmill, Sawmill is cut off from water, and cannot erupt until the basin is reloaded, indicated by an eruption by Spasmodic. Another eruption indicator is when Sawmill fills with the rest of the geyser's water in the Sawmill Complex or starts to overflow, bubbles tend to rise to the surface. This indicates that an eruption is near. Sawmill drains after its eruptions, and if it had a large eruption prior, unusual behavior can occur in other geysers in the area.

text: Lakeview is also known for the hot water geyser, Old Perpetual, located at Hunter's Hot Springs. The geyser sometimes go "silent" from about the first of September until around mid-October. Some people attributed this to farm irrigation during the spring and summer; others believe it may be caused by geothermal development the City of Lakeview has undertaken to supply the Warner Creek Correctional Facility with water for heating.  However, the city and the Oregon Department of Corrections deny any cause-and-effect relationship between geothermal development and the geyser's periodic dormancy.  To date, there is no evidence available to identify the actual cause(s) of the geyser's dormancy.

text: Lakeview is also known for the hot water

text: geyser

text: , Old Perpetual, located at Hunter's Hot Springs. The geyser sometimes go "silent" from about the first of September until around mid-October. Some people attributed this to farm irrigation during the spring and summer; others believe it may be caused by geothermal development the City of Lakeview has undertaken to supply the Warner Creek Correctional Facility with water for heating.  However, the city and the

text: Oregon Department of Corrections

text: deny any cause-and-effect relationship between geothermal development and the geyser's periodic dormancy.  To date, there is no evidence available to identify the actual cause(s) of the geyser's dormancy.

text: The Stever is a tributary of the Lippe which is fed by water out of the Dortmund-Ems Canal and has a huge meaning for drinking water supply for the northern Ruhr region. To balance the whole system the Stever – after being fed out of the canal in Senden – is backed-up in two water reservoirs (Talsperre Hullern and Halterner Stausee) of 32 Mio. m³ capacity. Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream; one-third is used by the drinking water supplier Gelsenwasser AG for drinking water processing via soil infiltration from groundwater wells (of all together approximately 129 Mio. m³/year). Additionally the municipal utilities Stadtwerke Münster use water from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to supply the groundwater wells for drinking water processing. In total, via several water works annually 250 Mio. m³ of water are transported in pipework from the Ruhr to the area at the canals.  The regionally diversified origin and processing of drinking water – pumped water from Rhine and Ruhr, various groundwater wells, replenishment with infiltrated canal water – guarantees constantly the regional supply with water of highest quality in Ruhr and Münsterland region. Hereby it is also possible in case of calamities (like exceeding threshold values at certain groundwater wells) to substitute the water supply from other sources (like the infiltration of canal water).

text: The

text: Stever

text: is a tributary of the Lippe which is fed by water out of the

text: Dortmund-Ems Canal

text: and has a huge meaning for drinking water supply for the northern

text: Ruhr

text: region. To balance the whole system the Stever – after being fed out of the canal in

text: Senden

text: – is backed-up in two water reservoirs (Talsperre Hullern and

text: Haltern

text: er Stausee) of 32 Mio. m³ capacity. Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream; one-third is used by the drinking water supplier

text: Gelsenwasser

text: AG for drinking water processing via soil infiltration from groundwater wells (of all together approximately 129 Mio. m³/year). Additionally the municipal utilities Stadtwerke

text: Münster

text: use water from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to supply the groundwater wells for drinking water processing. In total, via several water works annually 250 Mio. m³ of water are transported in pipework from the Ruhr to the area at the canals.  The regionally diversified origin and processing of drinking water – pumped water from

text: Rhine

text: and

text: Ruhr

text: , various groundwater wells, replenishment with infiltrated canal water – guarantees constantly the regional supply with water of highest quality in

text: Ruhr

text: and Münsterland region. Hereby it is also possible in case of calamities (like exceeding threshold values at certain groundwater wells) to substitute the water supply from other sources (like the infiltration of canal water).

text: Marlin began to be known by the healing powers of its hot mineral waters by the 1890s. Conrad Hilton built the Falls Hotel, with a tunnel to a mineral bath, to accommodate the business generated by the hot spring.

text: Marlin

text: began to be known by the healing powers of its hot mineral waters by the 1890s.

text: Conrad Hilton

text: built the Falls Hotel, with a tunnel to a mineral bath, to accommodate the business generated by the hot spring.

text: When a post office was established in this locale, it was named for the Rev. Joseph Ritter, a pioneer Baptist minister of the John Day Valley, on whose ranch it was situated. The post office was originally near the mineral hot springs there, formerly known as McDuffee Hot Springs but now known as Ritter Hot Springs. In 1988, the post office had moved to the old schoolhouse across the river. As of 2009, Ritter no longer had its own post office; Ritter's mail is addressed to Long Creek.

text: When a post office was established in this locale, it was named for the Rev. Joseph Ritter, a

text: pioneer

text: Baptist minister of the

text: John Day Valley

text: , on whose ranch it was situated. The post office was originally near the mineral

text: hot spring

text: s there, formerly known as McDuffee Hot Springs but now known as Ritter Hot Springs. In 1988, the post office had moved to the old schoolhouse across the river. As of 2009, Ritter no longer had its own post office; Ritter's mail is addressed to Long Creek.

text: An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer, pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.

text: An aquifer is an underground layer of

text: water

text: -bearing

text: permeable rock

text: , rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (

text: gravel

text: sand

text: , or

text: silt

text: ) from which

text: groundwater

text: can be extracted using a

text: water well

text: . The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called

text: hydrogeology

text: . Related terms include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer, pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.

text: Season 2011 was the second one to include teams from N'Djamena only. The participating teams were: ASCOT, DGSSIE, Elect-sport, Foullah, Gazelle, Geyser, Postel 2000, RFC, Toumai and Tourbillon.Foullah Edifice were the champions with 43 points, 8 more than league runners-up Tourbillon.The last placed team (Geyser) was relegated to D2, while the 9th team (Toumai) played relegation playoff. Toumai stayed in the league, however they did not enter the 2012 season, so the next league edition had 9 teams only.

text: Season

entity_name: 2011 Première Division (Ligue de N'Djaména)

text: was the second one to include teams from N'Djamena only. The participating teams were: ASCOT, DGSSIE, Elect-sport, Foullah, Gazelle, Geyser, Postel 2000, RFC, Toumai and Tourbillon.Foullah Edifice were the champions with 43 points, 8 more than league runners-up Tourbillon.The last placed team (Geyser) was relegated to D2, while the 9th team (Toumai) played relegation playoff. Toumai stayed in the league, however they did not enter the 2012 season, so the next league edition had 9 teams only.

text: Aquifers in the United States, groundwater basins in the country.

text: Aquifers

text: in the

text: United States

text: groundwater

text: basins in the country.

text: Coalinga Mineral Springs (also, Fresno Hot Springs) is a former settlement in Fresno County, California. It was located  west of Coalinga.

text: Coalinga Mineral Springs (also, Fresno Hot Springs) is a former settlement in

text: Fresno County

text: California

text: . It was located  west of

text: Coalinga

text: The Hooghoudt equation is a groundwater flow equation applied to subsurface drainage by pipes, tile drains or ditches. An alternative subsurface drainage method is drainage by wells for which groundwater flow equations are also available.

text: The

text: Hooghoudt equation

text: is a groundwater flow equation applied to

text: subsurface drainage

text: by pipes,

text: tile drains

text: or ditches. An alternative subsurface drainage method is

text: drainage by wells

text: for which groundwater flow equations are also available.

text: Hot Mineral Waters (Springs) : Moil, Qaynarja, Ilando, Shabil, Qotur suyu

text: , which has the highest concentration of geothermal features in the park. This complement of features includes the most famous geyser in the park, Old Faithful Geyser, as well as four other predictable large geysers. One of these large geysers in the area is Castle Geyser which is about  northwest of Old Faithful. Castle Geyser has an interval of approximately 13 hours between major eruptions, but is unpredictable after minor eruptions. The other three predictable geysers are Grand Geyser, Daisy Geyser, and Riverside Geyser. Biscuit Basin and Black Sand Basin are also within the boundaries of Upper Geyser Basin.

text: , which has the highest concentration of geothermal features in the park. This complement of features includes the most famous geyser in the park,

text: Old Faithful Geyser

text: , as well as four other predictable large geysers. One of these large geysers in the area is

text: Castle Geyser

text: which is about  northwest of Old Faithful. Castle Geyser has an interval of approximately 13 hours between major eruptions, but is unpredictable after minor eruptions. The other three predictable geysers are

text: Grand Geyser

text: Daisy Geyser

text: , and

text: Riverside Geyser

text: . Biscuit Basin and Black Sand Basin are also within the boundaries of Upper Geyser Basin.

text: Midway Geyser Basin

text: Midway Geyser Basin

text: A-0 Geyser is part of the White Creek Group which includes Spindle Geyser and Botryoidal Spring. It can be identified by its shallow, round basin with a round vent in the middle found  southeast of the Surprise Pool parking area.

text: A-0 Geyser is part of the White Creek Group which includes

text: Spindle Geyser

text: and

text: Botryoidal Spring

text: . It can be identified by its shallow, round basin with a round vent in the middle found  southeast of the

text: Surprise Pool

text: parking area.

text: Water-well records also may be obtained from Arkansas Geological Survey (AGS), which has over 145,000 water-well construction records on file by county and township/range that date from the early 1970s. Administrative and investigative functions are carried out by ANRC. ANRC responds to complaints from the public about water-well construction, as well as inspecting wells for violations of the rules and regulations. ANRC also works closely with ADH and its Environmental Health Specialist in each county and conducts well inspections in each county. These inspections are to ensure the protection of groundwater through compliance with the rules and regulations established by the ANRC.

text: Water-well records also may be obtained from

text: Arkansas Geological Survey

text: (AGS), which has over 145,000 water-well construction records on file by county and township/range that date from the early 1970s. Administrative and investigative functions are carried out by ANRC. ANRC responds to complaints from the public about water-well construction, as well as inspecting wells for violations of the rules and regulations. ANRC also works closely with ADH and its Environmental Health Specialist in each county and conducts well inspections in each county. These inspections are to ensure the protection of groundwater through compliance with the rules and regulations established by the ANRC.

text: Mineral Hot Springs is a hot springs located in Saguache County, Colorado in the northern San Luis Valley.

text: Mineral Hot Springs is a

text: hot springs

text: located in

text: Saguache County, Colorado

text: in the northern

text: San Luis Valley

text: The Sankoty aquifer is an aquifer in the U.S. state of Illinois that provides groundwater to a number of communities in northwestern and central Illinois.  It is an  unconsolidated deposit lying in a bedrock valley formerly occupied by the ancestral Mississippi River.

text: The Sankoty aquifer is an

text: aquifer

text: in the U.S. state of

text: Illinois

text: that provides

text: groundwater

text: to a number of communities in northwestern and central Illinois.  It is an  unconsolidated deposit lying in a bedrock valley formerly occupied by the ancestral

text: Mississippi River

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the unsaturated zone or vadose zone.  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.  Flows through the unsaturated zone that couple surface water to soil moisture and groundwater can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of hydraulic head in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of Richards' equation  partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling groundwater and vadose zone interactions.

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the

text: unsaturated zone

text: or

text: vadose zone

text: .  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into

text: surface runoff

text: soil moisture

text: evapotranspiration

text: and

text: groundwater recharge

text: .  Flows through the

text: unsaturated zone

text: that couple surface water to

text: soil moisture

text: and

text: groundwater

text: can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of

text: hydraulic head

text: in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of

text: Richards' equation

text: partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling

text: groundwater

text: and

text: vadose zone

text: interactions.

text: To the west of the region through which the river flows, the underlying geology is an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone aquifer. Magnesian limestone is so named because if contains quantities of the mineral Dolomite, which is rich in Magnesium. Further to the east, this rock is covered by another layer of porous rock called the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer, which is the major geological component of the area. Continuing eastwards, both are then covered by a layer of Mercia mudstone. Where these aquifers reach the surface, they often supply water to the river system, but can also take water from it. This is affected by the extraction of groundwater, particularly for public water supply, and by fracturing of the aquifers as a result of subsidence caused by deep coal mining.

text: To the west of the region through which the river flows, the underlying geology is an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone

text: aquifer

text: . Magnesian limestone is so named because if contains quantities of the mineral

text: Dolomite

text: , which is rich in

text: Magnesium

text: . Further to the east, this rock is covered by another layer of porous rock called the

text: Triassic

text: Sherwood Sandstone

text: aquifer, which is the major geological component of the area. Continuing eastwards, both are then covered by a layer of

text: Mercia mudstone

text: . Where these aquifers reach the surface, they often supply water to the river system, but can also take water from it. This is affected by the extraction of groundwater, particularly for public water supply, and by fracturing of the aquifers as a result of subsidence caused by deep coal mining.

text: Upon entering Idaho, US 30 runs along its old surface route through Fruitland and New Plymouth before joining I-84. It leaves at Bliss and soon crosses the Snake River, running south of it through Twin Falls and Burley before crossing it again and rejoining I-84. At the split with Interstate 86, US 30 continues east with I-86 almost to its end at Pocatello. US 30 cuts southeast through downtown Pocatello to Interstate 15, where it heads south to McCammon. There it exits and heads east and southeast, not parallel to an Interstate for the first time since Portland, into Wyoming.The Thousand Springs Scenic Byway is a picturesque section of old US 30 in southern Idaho between the towns of Bliss and Buhl, dipping down into the Hagerman Valley and a canyon of the Snake River. The byway takes its name from the numerous streams and rivulets springing forth out of the east wall of that canyon, many of them plainly visible from the road, with the panoramic river in the foreground. These springs are outlets from the Snake River Aquifer, which flows through thousands of square miles of porous volcanic rock and is one of the largest groundwater systems in the world. The aquifer is believed to be fed by the Lost River which disappears into lava flows near Arco, about  northeast of Hagerman.

text: Upon entering

text: Idaho

text: , US 30 runs along its old surface route through

text: Fruitland

text: and

text: New Plymouth

text: before joining I-84. It leaves at

text: Bliss

text: and soon crosses the

text: Snake River

text: , running south of it through

text: Twin Falls

text: and

text: Burley

text: before crossing it again and rejoining I-84. At the split with

text: Interstate 86

text: , US 30 continues east with I-86 almost to its end at

text: Pocatello

text: . US 30 cuts southeast through downtown Pocatello to

text: Interstate 15

text: , where it heads south to

text: McCammon

text: . There it exits and heads east and southeast, not parallel to an Interstate for the first time since Portland, into Wyoming.The Thousand Springs Scenic Byway is a picturesque section of old US 30 in southern Idaho between the towns of

text: Bliss

text: and

text: Buhl

text: , dipping down into the

text: Hagerman Valley

text: and a canyon of the

text: Snake River

text: . The byway takes its name from the numerous streams and rivulets springing forth out of the east wall of that canyon, many of them plainly visible from the road, with the panoramic river in the foreground. These springs are outlets from the

text: Snake River Aquifer

text: , which flows through thousands of square miles of porous

text: volcanic rock

text: and is one of the largest

text: groundwater

text: systems in the world. The

text: aquifer

text: is believed to be fed by the

text: Lost River

text: which disappears into

text: lava

text: flows near

text: Arco

text: , about  northeast of

text: Hagerman

text: It is a crenobiotic species: it lives in groundwater and it can be found in water wells.

text: It is a

text: crenobiotic

text: species: it lives in

text: groundwater

text: and it can be found in

text: water well

text: s.

text: Hot springs are closely associated with fumaroles, which are vents in an active volcanic area releasing steam and hot gases, such as sulfur dioxide. In general, the water is rotating groundwater that comes into contact with rocks heated by magma and finds openings to the surface. The formation of the springs depends both on the rocks the water has passed through and the profusion of volcanic discharges mixed with the groundwater. Iron oxide, iron sulfides and other substances usually colour pools of boiling mud brilliant yellow, red, brown or green. Hot springs comprising significantly softened silica may deposit it to form siliceous sinter, whereas those comprising softened calcium carbonate deposit spongy-looking calcareous rock called tufa. Overflow of the springs can build masses, spires or stepped terraces of calcareous sinter or tufa.

text: Hot springs are closely associated with

text: fumarole

text: sulfur dioxide

text: Iron oxide

text: iron sulfide

text: s and other substances usually colour pools of boiling mud brilliant yellow, red, brown or green. Hot springs comprising significantly softened silica may deposit it to form

text: siliceous sinter

text: , whereas those comprising softened

text: calcium carbonate

text: tufa

text: calcareous sinter

text: or tufa.

text: Because heated water can hold more dissolved solids than cold water, warm and especially hot springs often have very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium. Because of both the folklore and the claimed medical value some of these springs have, they are often popular tourist destinations, and locations for rehabilitation clinics for those with disabilities.

text: Because heated water can hold more

text: dissolved

text: solid

text: s than cold water, warm and especially hot springs often have very high

text: mineral

text: content, containing everything from simple

text: calcium

text: to

text: lithium

text: , and even

text: radium

text: . Because of both the

text: folklore

text: and the claimed

text: medical

text: value some of these springs have, they are often popular

text: tourist

text: destinations, and locations for

text: rehabilitation

text: clinic

text: s for those with

text: disabilities

text: If the site opens, a system of groundwater wells is supposed to be monitored to confirm the protective features functioning as designed.

text: In 1864, the first El Paso de Robles Hotel was constructed and featured a hot mineral springs bath house. Today, only three locations (Paso Robles Inn, River Oaks Hot Springs, and Franklin Hot Springs) are left that offer the healing mineral bath hot spring experience which brought famous people like Ignacy Jan Paderewski to Paso Robles.

text: In 1864, the first El Paso de Robles Hotel was constructed and featured a

text: hot mineral springs

text: bath house. Today, only three locations (Paso Robles Inn, River Oaks Hot Springs, and Franklin Hot Springs) are left that offer the healing mineral bath

text: hot spring

text: experience which brought famous people like

text: Ignacy Jan Paderewski

text: to Paso Robles.

text: Wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5 million gallons of floodwater per acre. When you combine that with the approximate total acres of wetlands in the United States (107.7 million acres), you get an approximate total of 107.7 - 161.6 million million gallons of floodwater US wetlands can store. By storing and slowing water, wetlands allow groundwater to be recharged. "A 550,000 acre swamp in Florida has been valued at $25 million per year for its role in storing water and recharging the aquifer." And combining the ability of wetlands to store and slow down water with their ability to filter out sediments, wetlands serve as strong erosion buffers.

text: Wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5 million gallons of

text: floodwater

text: per acre. When you combine that with the approximate total acres of wetlands in the

text: United States

text: (107.7 million acres), you get an approximate total of 107.7 - 161.6 million million gallons of floodwater US wetlands can store. By storing and slowing water, wetlands allow

text: groundwater

text: to be recharged. "A 550,000 acre swamp in Florida has been valued at $25 million per year for its role in storing water and recharging the aquifer." And combining the ability of wetlands to store and slow down water with their ability to filter out sediments, wetlands serve as strong

text: erosion

text: buffers.

text: Geyser suffered a second fatal heart attack before he was able to finish the letter, but the contents were published by the The Sunday Star on 23 July 1985. Despite his estrangement from the NHK his last wish was for his funeral to be held at the Nederlands Hervormde (Dutch Congregation) church in Parktown, Johannesburg. The church granted him this final wish. Geyser was survived by his wife and three of his children.

text: Wells have been traditionally sunk by hand digging as is the case in rural developing areas. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour and the structure can be lined with brick or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.

text: Wells have been traditionally sunk by hand digging as is the case in rural developing areas. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour and the structure can be lined with brick or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called

text: caissoning

text: uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a

text: bit

text: in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.

text: The fish lives in small ponds created by seeping groundwater or overflow from small brooks or springs. Water temperature in January was rather low (22–24°C), but as the habitat is very shallow, it would heat up quickly during hot spells, thus D. margaritatus is probably tolerant of temperatures above the low 20s. As in most water bodies in the Inle drainage, the water is slightly alkaline. The habitat is heavily vegetated with Hydrocharitaceae similar to Elodea (water weed).

text: The fish lives in small ponds created by seeping groundwater or overflow from small brooks or springs. Water temperature in January was rather low (22–24°C), but as the habitat is very shallow, it would heat up quickly during hot spells, thus D. margaritatus is probably tolerant of temperatures above the low 20s. As in most water bodies in the Inle drainage, the water is slightly

text: alkaline

text: . The habitat is heavily vegetated with

text: Hydrocharitaceae

text: similar to

text: Elodea

text: (water weed).

text: Some pro-industry figures have stated that while gas drilling and production are generally safe, anti-gas views in the Marcellus trend have been increased by the industry's early mistakes and unwillingness to be open with the public. Marcellus proponent Terry Engler noted that at the start of the Marcellus boom, Pennsylvania well construction regulations, particularly for cementing, "were just inadequate to the task" of protecting groundwater; they have since been strengthened. Former Shell Oil president John Hofmeister said that the industry should not pretend that it is perfect, for while the vast majority of gas wells do not affect ground water, "everybody knows that some wells go bad."

text: The springs have long been known as Hunter's Hot Springs, and locals still refer to them that way.  The 2000 owner renamed the resort to Geyser Hot Springs, however the USGS only recognizes the variant name Geyser Hunters Hot Springs.

text: Azure Spring is a hot spring in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. The water temperature in the spring is 79 °C (174 °F).

text: Azure Spring is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . The water temperature in the spring is 79 °C (174 °F).

text: Generally, the area is a vast plateau (exceeding an elevation of  above sea level) that is incised by the steep-walled Tysfjorden.  Within the impermeable rock, there are three two-dimensional stripes of marble that run from the top of the plateau to below sea level (the fjord is  deep), and continue on the other side.  Raggejavreraige is located on the south side of the fjord within the westernmost stripe.  In places, the cave occupies the entire width of the marble, which does not exceed .

text: Generally, the area is a vast plateau (exceeding an elevation of  above sea level) that is incised by the steep-walled

text: Tysfjorden

text: .  Within the impermeable rock, there are three two-dimensional stripes of

text: marble

text: that run from the top of the plateau to below sea level (the fjord is  deep), and continue on the other side.  Raggejavreraige is located on the south side of the fjord within the westernmost stripe.  In places, the cave occupies the entire width of the marble, which does not exceed .

text: Botswana has an arid climate, with little in the way of surface water supplies. Until recently, groundwater wells were used to meet about 80% of demand for water.Some of the groundwater accumulated long ago when the climate was wetter. "Groundwater mining" is not sustainable in areas where the water is not being renewed from the surface.The more populous eastern portion of Botswana lies in the Limpopo River basin, which is considered "closed".In the South African portion of the basin, water usage exceeds the potential water yield from the basin by 800,000,000 cubic metres (2.8×10 cu ft) annually.  Water has to be imported from the Vaal River to make up the shortfall.

text: Botswana has an arid climate, with little in the way of surface water supplies. Until recently, groundwater wells were used to meet about 80% of demand for water.Some of the groundwater accumulated long ago when the climate was wetter. "Groundwater mining" is not sustainable in areas where the water is not being renewed from the surface.The more populous eastern portion of Botswana lies in the

text: Limpopo River

text: basin, which is considered "closed".In the South African portion of the basin, water usage exceeds the potential water yield from the basin by 800,000,000 cubic metres (2.8×10 cu ft) annually.  Water has to be imported from the

text: Vaal River

text: to make up the shortfall.

text: Their name derived from a bottled water produced at the Hotel.  The Hotel bordered on a local salt lick and mineral spring and the minerals from the spring made the water act as an effective and marketable natural laxative.  The product was branded as "Pluto Water" with an image of a red devil on the label.  Their frequent rivals, the West Baden Sprudels, came from a hotel on the same spring that had also bottled the water and sold it as "Sprudel Water".

text: Their name derived from a bottled water produced at the Hotel.  The Hotel bordered on a local

text: salt lick

text: and

text: mineral spring

text: and the minerals from the spring made the water act as an effective and marketable natural

text: laxative

text: .  The product was branded as "

text: Pluto Water

text: " with an image of a red devil on the label.  Their frequent rivals, the

text: West Baden Sprudels

text: , came from a hotel on the same spring that had also bottled the water and sold it as "

text: Sprudel Water

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become saline.  This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization.  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become

text: saline

text: .  This situation can occur naturally under

text: endorheic

text: bodies of water, or artificially under

text: irrigated

text: farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause

text: soil salinization

text: .  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

text: In 1997 the first technical groundwater committee was created to manage an overexploited aquifer in the state of Guanajuato.

text: In 1997 the first technical groundwater committee was created to manage an overexploited aquifer in the state of

text: Guanajuato

text: The Valley of Geysers (Russian: Долина гейзеров) is the only geyser field in Eurasia (apart from the Mutnovsky geyser field) and the second largest concentration of geysers in the world. This 6 km long basin with approximately ninety geysers and many hot springs is situated on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East, predominantly on the left bank of the ever-deepening Geysernaya River.

text: The Valley of Geysers (

text: Russian

text: : Долина гейзеров) is the only geyser field in

text: Eurasia

text: (apart from the

text: Mutnovsky

text: geyser field) and the second largest concentration of

text: geyser

text: s in the world. This 6 km long basin with approximately ninety geysers and many

text: hot spring

text: s is situated on the

text: Kamchatka Peninsula

text: in the

text: Russian Far East

text: , predominantly on the left bank of the ever-deepening Geysernaya River.

text: Official New Name is reverting to the traditional Pre-Colonial / Pre-Columbian  Name:  T'sek Hot Spring or T'sik Hot Spring. The former names are Saint Agnes Well & "Skookumchuck Hot Springs"  near the First Nation community of Skookumchuck (Former name on older maps) and more recently renamed /reverted to traditional name of Skatin ("ska-TEEN")  is on the historic Harrison Lillooet Gold Rush trail in the Lillooet River valley, south of Lillooet Lake, in British Columbia, Canada. The hot springs themselves, named T'sek in the St'at'imcets language (pronounced "chick") were on private property purchased from "Goodwin Purcell" family by the Tretheway family after his death in the 1909 and acquired by the Government of Canada in 2008 to be held in trust for the local aboriginal people until a potential treaty settlement.

text: Official New Name is reverting to the traditional Pre-Colonial / Pre-Columbian  Name:

text: T'sek Hot Spring

text: or

text: T'sik Hot Spring

text: . The former names are

text: Saint Agnes Well

text: & "Skookumchuck Hot Springs"  near the

text: First Nation

text: community of Skookumchuck (Former name on older maps) and more recently renamed /reverted to traditional name of

text: Skatin

text: ("ska-TEEN")  is on the historic

text: Harrison Lillooet Gold Rush trail

text: in the

text: Lillooet River

text: valley, south of

text: Lillooet Lake

text: , in

text: British Columbia

text: Canada

text: . The

text: hot springs

text: themselves, named T'sek in the St'at'imcets language (pronounced "chick") were on private property purchased from "Goodwin Purcell" family by the Tretheway family after his death in the 1909 and acquired by the Government of Canada in 2008 to be held in trust for the local aboriginal people until a potential treaty settlement.

text: Endogean environments are the parts of caves that are in communication with surface soils through cracks and rock seams, groundwater seepage, and root protrusion.

text: Author J.B. Thompson praised the novel, saying "Groundwater’s well-crafted characters comprise a nicely balanced cast, and she does a good job incorporating a blend of humor and relationship drama into a deftly twisted plot with the kind of surprise ending guaranteed to satisfy. Quick-paced and well written with clear and comfortable prose, A Real Basket Case is a perfect afternoon read for cozy fans," though he also criticized the main character Claire as fallible.

text: Aquifer conditions in irrigated land and the groundwater flow have an important role in soil salinization, as illustrated here :

text: The fabric (or at least part of it, the top 1/3 for example) may be coated with a sealer, such as silicone or polyurethane, to make it impermeable to air. It is often the degradation of this coating and the corresponding loss of impermeability that ends the effective life of an envelope, not weakening of the fabric itself. Heat, moisture, and mechanical wear-and-tear during set-up and pack-up are the primary causes of degradation. Once an envelope becomes too porous to fly, it may be retired and discarded or perhaps used as a 'rag bag': cold inflated and opened for children to run through. Products for recoating the fabric are becoming available commercially through Aerogelic Ballooning or koala coat.

text: The fabric (or at least part of it, the top 1/3 for example) may be coated with a sealer, such as

text: silicone

text: or

text: polyurethane

text: , to make it impermeable to air. It is often the degradation of this coating and the corresponding loss of impermeability that ends the effective life of an envelope, not weakening of the fabric itself. Heat, moisture, and mechanical wear-and-tear during set-up and pack-up are the primary causes of degradation. Once an envelope becomes too

text: porous

text: to fly, it may be retired and discarded or perhaps used as a 'rag bag': cold inflated and opened for children to run through. Products for recoating the fabric are becoming available commercially through Aerogelic Ballooning or koala coat.

text: Crystal Geyser is located on the east bank of the Green River approximately 4.5 miles (7.25 km) downstream from Green River, Utah. It is a rare example of a cold water carbon dioxide driven geyser; geothermal activity does not play a role in the activity of the geyser.   The ground water near the geyser has significant quantities of dissolved carbon dioxide, along with substantial underground gas accumulations in the surrounding area. Saturation of the aquifer with  creates enough pressure to force groundwater through the geyser and out on to the surface.

text: Crystal Geyser is located on the east bank of the

text: Green River

text: approximately 4.5 miles (7.25 km) downstream from

text: Green River, Utah

text: . It is a rare example of a cold water carbon dioxide driven

text: geyser

text: ; geothermal activity does not play a role in the activity of the geyser.   The ground water near the geyser has significant quantities of dissolved carbon dioxide, along with substantial underground gas accumulations in the surrounding area. Saturation of the aquifer with  creates enough pressure to force groundwater through the geyser and out on to the surface.

text: Eventually the water remaining in the geyser cools back to below the boiling point and the eruption ends; heated groundwater begins seeping back into the reservoir, and the whole cycle begins again. The duration of eruptions and time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to geyser; Strokkur in Iceland erupts for a few seconds every few minutes, while Grand Geyser in the United States erupts for up to 10 minutes every 8–12 hours.

text: Eventually the water remaining in the geyser cools back to below the boiling point and the eruption ends; heated groundwater begins seeping back into the reservoir, and the whole cycle begins again. The duration of eruptions and time between successive eruptions vary greatly from geyser to geyser;

text: Strokkur

text: in Iceland erupts for a few seconds every few minutes, while

text: Grand Geyser

text: in the United States erupts for up to 10 minutes every 8–12 hours.

text: Anemone Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Anemone is actually two closely related geysers. The larger of the two is known as Big or North Anemone while the smaller is known as Little or South Anemone. The two geysers were named after the anemone flower by the Hague Party in 1904. Both vents have a pale yellow color and shape similar to the flower.

text: Anemone Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Anemone is actually two closely related geysers. The larger of the two is known as Big or North Anemone while the smaller is known as Little or South Anemone. The two geysers were named after the

text: anemone

text: flower by the Hague Party in 1904. Both vents have a pale yellow color and shape similar to the flower.

text: The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that groundwater flows horizontally in an unconfined aquifer and that the groundwater discharge is proportional to the saturated aquifer thickness. It was formulated by Jules Dupuit and Philipp Forchheimer in the late 1800s to simplify groundwater flow equations for analytical solutions.

text: The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that

text: groundwater

text: flows horizontally in an

text: unconfined aquifer

text: and that the

text: groundwater discharge

text: is proportional to the saturated

text: aquifer

text: thickness. It was formulated by

text: Jules Dupuit

text: and

text: Philipp Forchheimer

text: in the late 1800s to simplify

text: groundwater flow equation

text: s for

text: analytical solution

text: s.

text: The Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer is an aquifer in Texas, U.S.

text: The Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer is an

text: aquifer

text: in

text: Texas

text: , U.S.

text: The water of the town was very rich in mineral and was used to help people in several diseases. The owner, a doctor has built a large bathhouse at the springs and renamed it as. That springs were mainly used by miners from Mineral Hill. When Mineral Hill began to weaken, the business decelerated. The owner of the springs closed up shop in the mid-1870s. There is now nothing left of the old town, but the hot springs remains.

text: The water of the town was very rich in mineral and was used to help people in several diseases. The owner, a doctor has built a large bathhouse at the springs and renamed it as. That springs were mainly used by miners from

text: Mineral Hill

text: . When Mineral Hill began to weaken, the business decelerated. The owner of the springs closed up shop in the mid-1870s. There is now nothing left of the old town, but the hot springs remains.

text: A dry well or soak pit is an underground structure that disposes of unwanted water, most commonly stormwater runoff, by dissipating it into the ground, where it merges with the local groundwater. Often called a soakaway in the UK, a soakwell in Australia and known as a soak pit in India. A soak pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.

text: A dry well or soak pit is an underground structure that disposes of unwanted

text: water

text: , most commonly

text: stormwater

text: runoff

text: , by dissipating it into the ground, where it merges with the local

text: groundwater

text: . Often called a soakaway in the UK, a soakwell in Australia and known as a soak pit in India. A soak pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.

text: Niulan River flows through the south and west part of the county. Its tributaries include Shaba River, Longquan River, Heishi River, Yuanjia River and Kelang River. Zhaolu River and Taoyuan River flow into Sayu River in northeastern Ludian. The mean annual precipitation is 1,015.50 millimeters, the yearly runoff amount is 563 million cubic metres. Ludian has a groundwater storage of 171 million cubic metres, 98 percent of which are spring water. Most springs concentrated in Niulan River Valley. Lujia Dragon Pool is the main source for drinking water at the county seat. There are two major hot springs, Gantian Hot Spring and Yinchang Hot Spring.

text: Niulan River flows through the south and west part of the county. Its tributaries include Shaba River, Longquan River, Heishi River, Yuanjia River and Kelang River. Zhaolu River and Taoyuan River flow into

text: Sayu River

text: in northeastern Ludian. The mean annual precipitation is 1,015.50 millimeters, the yearly runoff amount is 563 million cubic metres. Ludian has a groundwater storage of 171 million cubic metres, 98 percent of which are spring water. Most springs concentrated in Niulan River Valley. Lujia Dragon Pool is the main source for drinking water at the county seat. There are two major hot springs, Gantian Hot Spring and Yinchang Hot Spring.

text: Tinley Creek is consistently within the well’s modeled zone of groundwater capture and lateral area of influence according to diagrams on the website of the Illinois EPA.

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g., California, Texas, and India) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the Punjab region of India, for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as groundwater-related subsidence and saltwater intrusion.

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g.,

text: California

text: Texas

text: , and

text: India

text: ) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the

text: Punjab

text: region of

text: India

text: , for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as

text: groundwater-related subsidence

text: and

text: saltwater intrusion

text: An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. A completely impermeable aquitard is called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards comprise layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low hydraulic conductivity.

text: An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of

text: groundwater

text: from one aquifer to another. A completely impermeable aquitard is called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards comprise layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: Ras al-Ayn has more than 100 natural springs. The most famous spring is Nab'a al-Kebreet, a hot spring with a very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium.

text: Ras al-Ayn has more than 100 natural

text: springs

text: . The most famous spring is Nab'a al-Kebreet, a hot spring with a very high

text: mineral

text: content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium.

text: Around one-third of the world’s population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from leaching of minerals. Maps are available of locations of potential problematic wells via the Groundwater Assessment Platform GAP.

text: Occasionally, sedimentary or "fossil" aquifers are used to provide irrigation and drinking water to urban areas. In Libya, for example, Muammar Gaddafi's Great Manmade River project has pumped large amounts of groundwater from aquifers beneath the Sahara to populous areas near the coast. Though this has saved Libya money over the alternative, desalination, the aquifers are likely to run dry in 60 to 100 years. Aquifer depletion has been cited as one of the causes of the food price rises of 2011.

text: Occasionally, sedimentary or

text: "fossil"

text: aquifers are used to provide irrigation and drinking water to urban areas. In Libya, for example,

text: Muammar Gaddafi's

text: Great Manmade River

text: project has pumped large amounts of groundwater from aquifers beneath the Sahara to populous areas near the coast. Though this has saved Libya money over the alternative, desalination, the aquifers are likely to run dry in 60 to 100 years. Aquifer depletion has been cited as one of the causes of the food price rises of 2011.

text: is the optical frequency impermeability tensor,

text: is the optical frequency impermeability

text: tensor

text: At the base of the two lower terraces – named Rainbow and Cascade Terraces – are several small geysers, including the intermittently active Sapphire Geyser, and the Hochstetter Pool (named after Austrian pioneer geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter, who visited the area in 1859), which erupted in November 1954 and played as a geyser until mid-1955, ceasing suddenly after swarms of subterranean earthquakes.

text: At the base of the two lower terraces – named Rainbow and Cascade Terraces – are several small geysers, including the intermittently active Sapphire Geyser, and the Hochstetter Pool (named after Austrian pioneer geologist

text: Ferdinand von Hochstetter

text: , who visited the area in 1859), which erupted in November 1954 and played as a geyser until mid-1955, ceasing suddenly after swarms of subterranean earthquakes.

text: Just south of the Hoover Dam on the Nevada side of the canyon is the Sauna Cave. This cave was drilled by miners working on Hoover Dam while it was being constructed. It is a deep cave with calcium carbonate crystals on the walls. At the end of the cave is a hot spring, which causes temperatures in the cave to reach .

text: High concentrations of radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs. The towns of Boulder, Montana; Misasa; Bad Kreuznach, Germany; and the country of Japan have radium-rich springs that emit radon. To be classified as a radon mineral water, radon concentration must be above 2 nCi/L (74 kBq/m). The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 kBq/m in Merano and 4,000 kBq/m in Lurisia (Italy).

text: High concentrations of radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs. The towns of

text: Boulder, Montana

text: Misasa

text: Bad Kreuznach

text: , Germany; and the country of Japan have radium-rich springs that emit radon. To be classified as a radon mineral water, radon concentration must be above 2 nCi/L (74 kBq/m). The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 kBq/m in Merano and 4,000 kBq/m in Lurisia (Italy).

text: Artesia Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Artesia Geyser is part of the Black Warrior Group which includes Young Hopeful Geyser, Gray Bulger Geyser, and Steady Geyser.

text: Artesia Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Artesia Geyser is part of the Black Warrior Group which includes

text: Young Hopeful Geyser

text: Gray Bulger Geyser

text: , and

text: Steady Geyser

text: The main threat to the species is groundwater contamination.

text: The main threat to the species is

text: groundwater contamination

text: Groundwater in Bangladesh, which is used as drinking water, is found to be contaminated with many heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and uranium. Of these, arsenic has been determined to be the most significant health issue, with about 49% of the water being likely contaminated with concentrations above the WHO guidelines, affecting 35 to 77 million people within the country. Arsenic contamination of shallow groundwater is a natural occurring problem that has been further made worse by the use of tube wells, which extract groundwater. Since the 1970s, the government started instituting the use of shallow tube wells to avoid the consumption of surface water, which is often contaminated with various bacteria. These tube wells, however, reached the arsenic-contaminated groundwater. This issue is more prevalent in inland areas and for rural areas, where 97% of the population uses tube wells. Health effects of consumption of arsenic-contaminated water include skin pigmentation changes and lesions, which could be a precursor to skin cancer. It can also cause lung and bladder consumption, as well as developmental effects, neurotoxicity, diabetes, pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease.

text: Geyser FC is a football (soccer) club from Chad based in N'Djamena.

text: Geyser FC is a

text: football (soccer)

text: club from

text: Chad

text: based in

text: N'Djamena

text: The groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D is one of the codes in the ZOOM family of numerical groundwater models which also consists of the advective transport particle tracking code ZOOPT and the distributed recharge model ZOODRM. Each of these models has been developed using object-oriented techniques, a programming approach commonly applied in commercial software development but only relatively recently adopted in numerical modelling for scientific analysis.

text: The

text: groundwater

text: flow model ZOOMQ3D is one of the codes in the ZOOM family of numerical

text: groundwater model

text: s which also consists of the advective transport particle tracking code ZOOPT and the distributed recharge model ZOODRM. Each of these models has been developed using

text: object-oriented

text: techniques, a

text: programming

text: approach commonly applied in commercial software development but only relatively recently adopted in numerical modelling for scientific analysis.

text: The mission was projected to cost $350 million USD and to meet a cost cap of no more than $425 million USD, not including the launch cost. It must have a March 1, 2016 launch date requirement (or no later than December 31, 2016) to land during the Mars southern summer. In order to reduce the cost and minimize risk, the spacecraft concept is based on a previous spacecraft design, the Mars Phoenix lander, which has a demonstrated flight heritage that incorporates soft landing capability and incorporates a restartable rocket propulsion system, suitable to be repurposed for this mission requirements.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> The spacecraft would land at a target landing area near the south pole of Mars, where geysers exist over a stretch of several hundred kilometers with densities of at least one geyser every  and have the ability to "hop" at least twice from its landed location after a summertime landing to reposition itself close to a geyser site, and wait through the winter until the first sunlight of spring to witness first-hand the Martian geyser phenomenon and investigate the debris pattern and channel.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/>

text: The mission was projected to cost $350 million USD and to meet a cost cap of no more than $425 million USD, not including the launch cost. It must have a March 1, 2016 launch date requirement (or no later than December 31, 2016) to land during the Mars southern summer. In order to reduce the cost and minimize risk, the spacecraft concept is based on a previous spacecraft design, the Mars

text: Phoenix lander

text: , which has a demonstrated flight heritage that incorporates soft landing capability and incorporates a restartable rocket propulsion system, suitable to be repurposed for this mission requirements.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/> The spacecraft would land at a target landing area near the south pole of Mars, where geysers exist over a stretch of several hundred kilometers with densities of at least one geyser every  and have the ability to "hop" at least twice from its landed location after a summertime landing to reposition itself close to a geyser site, and wait through the winter until the first sunlight of spring to witness first-hand the

text: Martian geyser

text: phenomenon and investigate the debris pattern and channel.<ref name='Geyser Hopper'/>

text: In reality, while four of the Boer group were members of the Zoutpansberg Commando, they were off-duty, suffering from malaria, and were on the way to seek medical treatment at Valdezia. Their known names were: Jan F. Vercuil, F.J.G. Potgieter, Jan J. Geyser, P.J. Geyser, J.C. Greyling, and M. van Heerden.

text: In reality, while four of the Boer group were members of the Zoutpansberg Commando, they were off-duty, suffering from malaria, and were on the way to seek medical treatment at

text: Valdezia

text: . Their known names were: Jan F. Vercuil, F.J.G. Potgieter, Jan J. Geyser, P.J. Geyser, J.C. Greyling, and M. van Heerden.

text: In late September 2013 Wells suffered ankle ligament damage in a match, and was ruled out for a number of weeks. Manager Phil Parkinson stated he would not rush Wells back into play, Wells returned, after two months out, to score a hat-trick against Coventry City. In December 2013, club co-chairman Julian Rhodes admitted that the player might leave the club, as rumours surrounding the player's possible departure began to increase. That same month, colleague Andrew Davies described Wells and Hanson as the best strike pair in the division, and Davies also urged Wells to remain with the club, while manager Phil Parkinson said that he did not want the club to sell the player. Wells picked up an injury at the end of December 2013, and at the start of the January 2014 transfer window, manager Phil Parkinson said he wanted any transfer issues sorted quickly. The next day, 3 January 2014, the club announced that they had already rejected one offer for the player, after saying that Wells has been receiving interest from a number of Premiership clubs, as well as Championship side Burnley. The club also said they would lose £1 million for the 2013–14 season if they did not sell Wells. Despite all the speculation, Parkinson said he felt Wells would be able to ignore off-the-field matters and concentrate on his playing, though he later admitted that the player was being affected by the rumours.

text: In late September 2013 Wells suffered ankle ligament damage in a match, and was ruled out for a number of weeks. Manager Phil Parkinson stated he would not rush Wells back into play, Wells returned, after two months out, to score a hat-trick against Coventry City. In December 2013, club co-chairman

text: Julian Rhodes

text: admitted that the player might leave the club, as rumours surrounding the player's possible departure began to increase. That same month, colleague Andrew Davies described Wells and Hanson as the best strike pair in the division, and Davies also urged Wells to remain with the club, while manager Phil Parkinson said that he did not want the club to sell the player. Wells picked up an injury at the end of December 2013, and at the start of the January 2014 transfer window, manager Phil Parkinson said he wanted any transfer issues sorted quickly. The next day, 3 January 2014, the club announced that they had already rejected one offer for the player, after saying that Wells has been receiving interest from a number of Premiership clubs, as well as Championship side

text: Burnley

text: . The club also said they would lose £1 million for the 2013–14 season if they did not sell Wells. Despite all the speculation, Parkinson said he felt Wells would be able to ignore off-the-field matters and concentrate on his playing, though he later admitted that the player was being affected by the rumours.

text: Groundwater supplies an additional 85.000 m per day or more from an estimated 3000 boreholes, up from an estimated 2250 boreholes in 2001. The groundwater table has declined; in one well it declined by 40 meters between 1958 and 1996. The average depth of new wells in 2001 was 238 meters. In that year 97 new wells were drilled because of a drought. Most wells are operated by industrial enterprises, hotels, farms for flower production in greenhouses, and private houses in parts of the city that receive only intermittent supply (e.g. Langata and Karen). Groundwater is also used to irrigate gardens and to supply tankers that resell the water. Many private well owners are also connected to the mains water supply network and use groundwater as a back-up supply. Natural groundwater quality is good. There are few data on whether the aquifer has been polluted or not. At the height of another drought in 2008/2009, Athi Water Services Board drilled over 40 emergency boreholes in various parts of the city and connected them to the distribution network.

text: Groundwater supplies an additional 85.000 m per day or more from an estimated 3000 boreholes, up from an estimated 2250 boreholes in 2001. The groundwater table has declined; in one well it declined by 40 meters between 1958 and 1996. The average depth of new wells in 2001 was 238 meters. In that year 97 new wells were drilled because of a drought. Most wells are operated by industrial enterprises, hotels, farms for flower production in greenhouses, and private houses in parts of the city that receive only intermittent supply (e.g.

text: Langata

text: and

text: Karen

text: ). Groundwater is also used to irrigate gardens and to supply tankers that resell the water. Many private well owners are also connected to the mains water supply network and use groundwater as a back-up supply. Natural groundwater quality is good. There are few data on whether the aquifer has been polluted or not. At the height of another drought in 2008/2009, Athi Water Services Board drilled over 40 emergency boreholes in various parts of the city and connected them to the distribution network.

text: Beneath the soil of Miyakojima is a Ryukyu limestone layer which is porous, highly permeable, and does not preserve rainwater. Under the limestone layer is a Shimajiri mudstone layer of bedrock, which is an impermeable rock. In the local dialect, it is called kucha. Tectonic movements accompanied by several faults have formed underground valleys, and groundwater flows along these valleys. The underground basins are divided into 22 valleys. Thus, 40 per cent of the abundant rainfall on Miyakojima penetrates the surface and quickly flows underground out into the ocean, unused. In addition, the strong subtropical sunshine evaporates as much as 50 per cent of the rainfall. The result is that only 10 per cent of the precipitation flows along the surface. Using natural water resources on Miyakojima has been quite difficult, owing to these natural conditions.

text: Beneath the soil of Miyakojima is a

text: Ryukyu limestone

text: layer which is porous, highly permeable, and does not preserve rainwater. Under the limestone layer is a Shimajiri

text: mudstone

text: layer of

text: bedrock

text: , which is an impermeable rock. In the local dialect, it is called kucha. Tectonic movements accompanied by several faults have formed underground valleys, and groundwater flows along these valleys. The underground basins are divided into 22 valleys. Thus, 40 per cent of the abundant rainfall on Miyakojima penetrates the surface and quickly flows underground out into the ocean, unused. In addition, the strong subtropical sunshine evaporates as much as 50 per cent of the rainfall. The result is that only 10 per cent of the precipitation flows along the surface. Using natural water resources on Miyakojima has been quite difficult, owing to these natural conditions.

text: The various geyser basins are located where rainwater and snowmelt can percolate into the ground, get indirectly superheated by the underlying Yellowstone hotspot, and then erupt at the surface as geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles. Thus flat-bottomed valleys between ancient lava flows and glacial moraines are where most of the large geothermal areas are located. Smaller geothermal areas can be found where fault lines reach the surface, in places along the circular fracture zone around the caldera, and at the base of slopes that collect excess groundwater. Due to the Yellowstone Plateau's high elevation the average boiling temperature at Yellowstone's geyser basins is 199 °F (93 °C). When properly confined and close to the surface it can periodically release some of the built-up pressure in eruptions of hot water and steam that can reach up to 390 feet (120 m) into the air (see Steamboat Geyser, the world’s tallest geyser). Water erupting from Yellowstone's geysers is superheated above that boiling point to an average of 204 °F (95.5 °C) as it leaves the vent. The water cools significantly while airborne and is no longer scalding hot by the time it strikes the ground, nearby boardwalks, or even spectators. Because of the high temperatures of the water in the features it is important that spectators remain on the boardwalks and designated trails. Several deaths have occurred in the park as a result of falls into hot springs.

text: The various geyser basins are located where rainwater and snowmelt can percolate into the ground, get indirectly superheated by the underlying

text: Yellowstone hotspot

text: , and then erupt at the surface as geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles. Thus flat-bottomed valleys between ancient

text: lava

text: flows and

text: glacial moraine

text: s are where most of the large geothermal areas are located. Smaller geothermal areas can be found where fault lines reach the surface, in places along the circular fracture zone around the caldera, and at the base of slopes that collect excess groundwater. Due to the

text: Yellowstone Plateau

text: 's high elevation the average boiling temperature at Yellowstone's geyser basins is 199 °F (93 °C). When properly confined and close to the surface it can periodically release some of the built-up pressure in eruptions of hot water and steam that can reach up to 390 feet (120 m) into the air (see

text: Steamboat Geyser

text: , the world’s tallest geyser). Water erupting from Yellowstone's geysers is superheated above that

text: boiling point

text: to an average of 204 °F (95.5 °C) as it leaves the vent. The water cools significantly while airborne and is no longer scalding hot by the time it strikes the ground, nearby boardwalks, or even spectators. Because of the high temperatures of the water in the features it is important that spectators remain on the boardwalks and designated trails. Several deaths have occurred in the park as a result of falls into hot springs.

text: The bottom is at the groundwater level, so the amount of water depends on current hydrological conditions. Usually, the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn and again in spring. On average, the area is flooded for around three months every year. The lake's main inflow is the estavelle Matija's Cave (''Matijeva jama'') out of which the water flowing from the Javornik Hills erupts.

text: The bottom is at the

text: groundwater

text: level, so the amount of water depends on current

text: hydrological

text: conditions. Usually, the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn and again in spring. On average, the area is flooded for around three months every year. The lake's main

text: inflow

text: is the

text: estavelle

text: Matija's Cave (''Matijeva jama'') out of which the water flowing from the

text: Javornik Hills

text: erupts.

text: Wells, along with Steven D. Penrod, also wrote a chapter on "Eyewitness identification research: Strengths and weaknesses of alternative methods" for Research Methods in Forensic Psychology. In this chapter, Wells and Penrod evaluate alternative research methods for eyewitness testimony, including laboratory and field experiments (Wells & Penrod, 2011). Wells and his colleagues collected field experiment data from four police departments and published the data showing that roughly 1/3rd of all identifications made by eyewitnesses resulted in the selection of an innocent stand-in lineup member (Wells, Steblay, & Dysart, 2015).

text: Groundwater-related subsidence is the subsidence (or the sinking) of land resulting from groundwater extraction, and a major problem in the developing world as major metropolises swell without adequate regulation and enforcement, as well as being a common problem in the developed world.  One estimate has 80% of serious land subsidence problems associated with the excessive extraction of groundwater, making it a growing problem throughout the world.

text: Groundwater-related subsidence is the

text: subsidence

text: (or the sinking) of land resulting from

text: groundwater

text: extraction, and a major problem in the developing world as major metropolises swell without adequate regulation and enforcement, as well as being a common problem in the developed world.  One estimate has 80% of serious land subsidence problems associated with the excessive extraction of groundwater, making it a growing problem throughout the world.

text: History-	The American Cyanamid site is approximately 575 acres in size, located adjacent to the Raritan River and lies above the Brunswick Aquifer, New Jersey’s second largest source for drinking water. Located in Bound Brook, NJ approximately 14,000 people live within a three mile radius of the site. During approximately 64 years of operation, the company American Cyanamid has produced over 800 chemicals including pharmaceutical, dyes and textile chemicals, organic pigments rubber compounds, and various intermediate chemicals. During this time plant operators routinely dumped hazardous wastes, sludge, and other by-products into lagoons and pits located on the property. The lagoons and pits contained approximately 877,000 tons of waste material, causing extensive soil and groundwater contamination. Plant operators routinely dumped hazardous wastes, sludge, and other by-products into lagoons and pits located on the property. These lagoons and pits contained approximately 877,000 tons of waste material, causing extensive soil and groundwater contamination.The ATSDR Health Assessment stated contaminated groundwater, soil, and surface water were the identifiable human exposure pathways associated with the site, and potential human exposure to contaminated well water may have occurred for approximately 45 years before a groundwater control program was initiated in 1982. The ATSDR Site Review and Update Report claimed that site data reviewed indicated that any on-site groundwater contaminants that were not captured by the production wells were ultimately discharged into the Raritan River. In 1983 the site was placed on the National Priorities list, and eventually listed as a Superfund Site. Two Administrative Consent Orders were signed, one requiring to pump and treat groundwater at the rate of 650,000 gallons per day. American Home Products Corporation, now known as Wyeth, purchased American Cyanamid Company in 1994 and assumed full responsibility for environmental remediation at the site. NJDEP is the lead agency for the site.

text: Ngāti Porou once again enjoyed peace and economic prosperity during the late 19th century. The 1890s saw the emergence of Sir Āpirana Ngata, who contributed greatly to the revitalisation of the Māori people. During the early 20th century, the population of Ngāti Porou increased substantially. They were active in their  participation in both World Wars. After World War II, large numbers of Ngāti Porou began emigrating from traditional tribal lands and moving into larger urban areas, in a trend reflected throughout New Zealand. A large portion of the tribal population now lives in Auckland and Wellington.

text: Ngāti Porou once again enjoyed peace and economic prosperity during the late 19th century. The 1890s saw the emergence of

text: Sir Āpirana Ngata

text: , who contributed greatly to the revitalisation of the Māori people. During the early 20th century, the population of Ngāti Porou increased substantially. They were active in their  participation in both

text: World Wars

text: . After

text: World War II

text: , large numbers of Ngāti Porou began emigrating from traditional tribal lands and moving into larger urban areas, in a trend reflected throughout New Zealand. A large portion of the tribal population now lives in

text: Auckland

text: and

text: Wellington

text: A slug test is a particular type of aquifer test where water is quickly added or removed from a groundwater well, and the change in hydraulic head is monitored through time, to determine the near-well aquifer characteristics. It is a method used by hydrogeologists and civil engineers to determine the transmissivity/hydraulic conductivity and storativity of the material the well is completed in.

text: A slug test is a particular type of

text: aquifer test

text: where

text: water

text: is quickly added or removed from a

text: groundwater

text: well

text: , and the change in

text: hydraulic head

text: is monitored through time, to determine the near-well aquifer characteristics. It is a method used by

text: hydrogeologists

text: and

text: civil engineers

text: to determine the

text: transmissivity

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: and

text: storativity

text: of the material the well is completed in.

text: The Geyser was illuminated for the first time on October 28, 2005, in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the St. Louis Arch.

text: Minerals become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground rocks. This may give the water flavor and even carbon dioxide bubbles, depending on the nature of the geology through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as mineral water, although the term is often the subject of deceptive advertising. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called 'mineral springs'. (Springs without such mineral content, meanwhile, are sometimes distinguished as 'sweet springs'.) Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved sodium salts, mostly sodium carbonate, are called 'soda springs'.  Many resorts have developed around mineral springs and are known as spa towns.

text: Minerals

text: become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground

text: rocks

text: . This may give the water flavor and even

text: carbon dioxide

text: bubbles, depending on the nature of the

text: geology

text: through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as

text: mineral water

text: , although the term is often the subject of

text: deceptive

text: advertising

text: . Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called '

text: mineral springs

text: '. (Springs without such mineral content, meanwhile, are sometimes distinguished as 'sweet springs'.) Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved

text: sodium

text: salts

text: , mostly

text: sodium carbonate

text: , are called 'soda springs'.  Many resorts have developed around mineral springs and are known as

text: spa towns

text: Dendritic drainage systems (from Greek δενδρίτης, dendrites, "of or pertaining to a tree") are the most common form of drainage system. In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which are then joined together into the tributaries of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They develop where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. Dendritic systems form in V-shaped valleys; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous.

text: Dendritic drainage systems (from

text: Greek

text: δενδρίτης, dendrites, "of or pertaining to a tree") are the most common form of drainage system. In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which are then joined together into the

text: tributaries

text: of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They develop where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. Dendritic systems form in

text: V-shaped valley

text: s; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous.

text: On November 27, 2005, Cassini photographed geysers on the south pole of Enceladus. (See also: Enceladus (Cryovolcanism).)

text: On November 27, 2005,

text: Cassini

text: photographed

text: geyser

text: s on the south

text: pole

text: of

text: Enceladus

text: . (See also:

text: Enceladus (Cryovolcanism)

text: The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.  Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below the water table. Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

text: The source of virtually all

text: freshwater

text: is

text: precipitation

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: , in the form of

text: mist

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: , as part of the

text: water cycle

text: over

text: eons

text: millennia

text: and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

text: groundwater

text: , with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.

text: Surface water

text: is stored in

text: wetland

text: s or

text: lake

text: s or flows in a stream or

text: river

text: , and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a

text: reservoir

text: behind a

text: dam

text: , and then used for municipal and industrial

text: water supply

text: , for

text: irrigation

text: and to generate power in the form of

text: hydroelectricity

text: . Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the

text: pore

text: space of

text: soil

text: and

text: rock

text: ; it is utilized most as water flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

text: 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city’s water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level. The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction. Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing 150,000 cubic meters of water per day at a cost of USD63 million, of which USD45 million will be financed by the government of South Korea.

text: 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from

text: groundwater

text: through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city’s water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 meters below ground level. The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction. Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing 150,000 cubic meters of water per day at a cost of USD63 million, of which USD45 million will be financed by the government of South Korea.

text: In a number of places where there is geothermal activity, wells have been drilled and fitted with impermeable casements that allow them to erupt like geysers. The vents of such geysers are artificial, but are tapped into natural hydrothermal systems. These so-called artificial geysers, technically known as erupting geothermal wells, are not true geysers. Little Old Faithful Geyser, in Calistoga, California, is an example. The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century. According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book A Guide to Geyser Gazing (1976 p. 49), a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water. He had actually "simply opened up a dead geyser".

text: In a number of places where there is geothermal activity, wells have been drilled and fitted with impermeable casements that allow them to erupt like geysers. The vents of such geysers are artificial, but are tapped into natural hydrothermal systems. These so-called artificial geysers, technically known as erupting geothermal wells, are not true geysers. Little Old Faithful Geyser, in

text: Calistoga, California

text: , is an example. The geyser erupts from the casing of a well drilled in the late 19th century. According to Dr. John Rinehart in his book A Guide to Geyser Gazing (1976 p. 49), a man had drilled into the geyser in search for water. He had actually "simply opened up a dead geyser".

text: Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word is derived, and the famous Strokkur, which erupts every 8–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in 2000. Geysir has since grown quieter and does not erupt often.

text: Iceland has many

text: geyser

text: s, including

text: Geysir

text: , from which the English word is derived, and the famous

text: Strokkur

text: , which erupts every 8–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a series of earthquakes in 2000. Geysir has since grown quieter and does not erupt often.

text: In the Edwards aquifer, groundwater flow models have been developed for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments in the San Antonio region of Texas. Two model simulations were conducted: steady state and transient. A steady-state groundwater flow model requires magnitude and direction of flow remain constant, whereas a transient model simulation allows for a change in water storage over time. Steady-state results suggest water leaving the aquifer occurs through springs (73.3 percent), water well pumping (25.7 percent), and to the Colorado River (0.6 percent). Inflow of water to the aquifer mostly occurs through natural recharge (93.5 percent) and water delivered through the aquifer’s regional boundaries (6.5 percent). The transient simulation model also suggests discharge primarily occurs through springs, followed by water well pumping; however, changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.

text: The Thermosbaenacea is a group of 11 species found in hot springs, caves and groundwater that has the peculiarity that its brooding pouch is formed by its extended carapace and not by modified thoracopod endites as occurs in the remaining peracarids, for this reason some authors have removed this group from the Peracarida and placed it in its own superorder, the Pancarida, basal to the Pericarida.

text: The Thermosbaenacea is a group of 11 species found in

text: hot springs

text: caves

text: and

text: groundwater

text: that has the peculiarity that its brooding pouch is formed by its extended carapace and not by modified thoracopod endites as occurs in the remaining peracarids, for this reason some authors have removed this group from the Peracarida and placed it in its own

text: superorder

text: , the Pancarida, basal to the Pericarida.

text: Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount. In temperate and tropical areas rainfall and snowfall are the main suppliers of irrigation water, but in dry places with unfavourable weather conditions, groundwater serves as an essential source. Groundwater collects in basins made up of gravel and aquifers which are water-holding rocks.Dams also act as an essential distributive source of irrigation water. Underground wells also play an important role in storing water for irrigation, specifically in America and Arizona. Water and debris from streams filled by water accumulated during storms, also collects into underground basins. There are two types of irrigation techniques: spray irrigation and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is regarded more efficient as less water evaporated as in spray irrigation.

text: Irrigation

text: is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount. In temperate and tropical areas rainfall and snowfall are the main suppliers of irrigation water, but in dry places with unfavourable weather conditions, groundwater serves as an essential source.

text: Groundwater

text: collects in basins made up of gravel and aquifers which are water-holding rocks.Dams also act as an essential distributive source of irrigation water. Underground wells also play an important role in storing water for irrigation, specifically in America and Arizona. Water and debris from streams filled by water accumulated during storms, also collects into underground basins. There are two types of irrigation techniques: spray irrigation and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is regarded more efficient as less water evaporated as in spray irrigation.

text: White Dome is a conspicuous cone-type geyser located only a few feet from Firehole Lake Drive, and accordingly, seen by many visitors to the park as they wait for eruptions of nearby Great Fountain Geyser.  Its 12-foot-high geyserite cone is one of the largest in the park.  Its eruptions are unpredictable, but generally occur with intervals ranging from 15 minutes to 3 hours.  Intervals between 20 and 35 minutes are most common.  Eruptions typically last 2 to 3 minutes and reach heights of about , the maximum height being attained early in the eruption.  As usual for cone-type geysers, the play is continuous for most of the eruption's duration, and begins and concludes with a brief steam phase intermixed with liquid spray.

text: White Dome is a conspicuous cone-type geyser located only a few feet from Firehole Lake Drive, and accordingly, seen by many visitors to the park as they wait for eruptions of nearby

text: Great Fountain Geyser

text: .  Its 12-foot-high

text: geyserite

text: cone is one of the largest in the park.  Its eruptions are unpredictable, but generally occur with intervals ranging from 15 minutes to 3 hours.  Intervals between 20 and 35 minutes are most common.  Eruptions typically last 2 to 3 minutes and reach heights of about , the maximum height being attained early in the eruption.  As usual for cone-type geysers, the play is continuous for most of the eruption's duration, and begins and concludes with a brief steam phase intermixed with liquid spray.

text: Hot Springs is popular to visitors for its hot springs pools where people come and soak in the mineral water.

text: The four geysers from The Wizard of Oz's Palace fires up the series' title.

text: In the Perth area, the Yarragadee Aquifer is located beneath the Leederville Aquifer, which itself is located beneath two superficial aquifers known as the Gnangara Mound and Jandakot Mound. These aquifers are separated by impervious layers with no groundwater called aquitards.

text: In the Perth area, the Yarragadee Aquifer is located beneath the

text: Leederville Aquifer

text: , which itself is located beneath two superficial aquifers known as the

text: Gnangara Mound

text: and

text: Jandakot Mound

text: aquitard

text: s.

text: Some discussion has taken place regarding the cause of the flexibility. At one time it was ascribed to the presence of thin scales of mica which were believed to permit a certain amount of motion between adjacent grains of quartz. More probably, however, it is due to the porous character of the rock together with the interlocking junctions between the sand grains. The porosity allows interstitial movement, while the hinge-like joints by which the particles are connected hold them together in spite of the displacement. These features are dependent to some extent on weathering, as the rocks contain perishable constituents which are removed and leave open cavities in their place, while at the same time additional silica may have been deposited on the quartz grains fitting their irregular surfaces more perfectly together. Most of the known flexible rocks are also fine-grained; in some cases they are said to lose their flexibility after being dried for some time, probably because of the hardening of some interstitial substance, but many specimens kept in a dry atmosphere for years retain this property in a high degree.

text: Some discussion has taken place regarding the cause of the flexibility. At one time it was ascribed to the presence of thin scales of mica which were believed to permit a certain amount of motion between adjacent grains of

text: quartz

text: . More probably, however, it is due to the porous character of the rock together with the interlocking junctions between the

text: sand

text: grains. The porosity allows interstitial movement, while the hinge-like joints by which the particles are connected hold them together in spite of the displacement. These features are dependent to some extent on weathering, as the rocks contain perishable constituents which are removed and leave open cavities in their place, while at the same time additional

text: silica

text: may have been deposited on the quartz grains fitting their irregular surfaces more perfectly together. Most of the known flexible rocks are also fine-grained; in some cases they are said to lose their flexibility after being dried for some time, probably because of the hardening of some interstitial substance, but many specimens kept in a dry atmosphere for years retain this property in a high degree.

text: impermeability of the wall

text: impermeability of the wall

text: There are many different types of volcanic eruptions and associated activity: phreatic eruptions (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruption of high-silica lava (e.g., rhyolite), effusive eruption of low-silica lava (e.g., basalt), pyroclastic flows, lahars (debris flow) and carbon dioxide emission. All of these activities can pose a hazard to humans. Earthquakes, hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots and geysers often accompany volcanic activity.

text: There are many different

text: types of volcanic eruptions

text: and associated activity:

text: phreatic eruptions

text: (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruption of high-

text: silica

text: lava (e.g.,

text: rhyolite

text: ), effusive eruption of low-silica lava (e.g.,

text: basalt

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s,

text: lahar

text: s (debris flow) and

text: carbon dioxide

text: emission. All of these activities can pose a hazard to humans. Earthquakes,

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: fumarole

text: s,

text: mud pot

text: s and

text: geyser

text: s often accompany volcanic activity.

text: Many Italian cities receive their drinking water from groundwater and springs. For example, Rome receives 97% of its drinking water from springs and 3% from wells. Milan receives its drinking water from 433 wells in the vicinity of the city. However, other Italian cities get most of their drinking water from rivers. For example, Florence gets most of its drinking water from the Arno River, and the Naples region receives its drinking water through the Western Campania Aqueduct from the Gari River.

text: Many Italian cities receive their drinking water from groundwater and springs. For example, Rome receives 97% of its drinking water from springs and 3% from

text: well

text: s.

text: Milan

text: receives its drinking water from 433 wells in the vicinity of the city. However, other Italian cities get most of their drinking water from rivers. For example,

text: Florence

text: gets most of its drinking water from the

text: Arno River

text: , and the

text: Naples

text: region receives its drinking water through the Western

text: Campania

text: Aqueduct from the Gari River.

text: Mineral springs have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times. By 1800, places like Saratoga Springs, New York, Berkeley Springs and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and French Lick, Indiana, were becoming popular American resorts. In 1832 Hot Springs, Arkansas, was set aside as a Federal reservation to protect 47 hot springs. In 1870 the area was protected by Congress as the Hot Springs Reservation and in 1921 it was made a National Park. Hot Springs National Park is a health resort and spa rather than a scenic area.

text: Mineral springs have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times. By 1800, places like

text: Saratoga Springs

text: New York

text: Berkeley Springs

text: and

text: White Sulphur Springs

text: West Virginia

text: , and

text: French Lick

text: Indiana

text: , were becoming popular American resorts. In 1832

text: Hot Springs, Arkansas

text: , was set aside as a Federal reservation to protect 47 hot springs. In 1870 the area was protected by Congress as the

text: Hot Springs Reservation

text: and in 1921 it was made a National Park.

text: Hot Springs National Park

text: is a health resort and spa rather than a scenic area.

text: Until 1975, the aquifer was used for industrial purposes at Sevran and on the Saint-Denis Plain (the southern part of the Pays de France), and also for market gardening. Since the Bartonian sub-aquifer contains too many minerals for human consumption, the Lutetian sub-aquifer was occasionally tapped in Val-d'Oise.

text: Until 1975, the aquifer was used for industrial purposes at

text: Sevran

text: and on the Saint-Denis Plain (the southern part of the Pays de France), and also for

text: market gardening

text: . Since the

text: Bartonian

text: sub-aquifer contains too many minerals for human consumption, the

text: Lutetian

text: sub-aquifer was occasionally tapped in

text: Val-d'Oise

text: Groundwater, which consists of three distinct aquifers, provides about 90% of the domestic water needs of the country. The groundwater system comprises three aquifers:

text: In most areas of the state, landowners whose property overlies percolating groundwater may pump it for beneficial use without approval from the State Water Board or a court. In several basins, however, groundwater use is regulated in accordance with court decrees.  Further, in Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties, groundwater pumpers are required to report their groundwater extraction amounts to either the State Water Board or a local groundwater management agency.

text: In most areas of the state, landowners whose property overlies percolating groundwater may pump it for beneficial use without approval from the State Water Board or a court. In several basins, however, groundwater use is regulated in accordance with court decrees.  Further, in

text: Ventura

text: Los Angeles

text: San Bernardino

text: , and

text: Riverside

text: counties, groundwater pumpers are required to report their groundwater extraction amounts to either the State Water Board or a local groundwater management agency.

text: The poor indicated they were not so much concerned about the tariff charged by the private water companies, since it was much lower than the prices they had to pay to private vendors. They were much more concerned about the high connection fees to the network that were unaffordable for most of them. While wealthier residents use suction pumps and storage tanks to improve supply, poorer residents suffer more from low pressure and intermittent supply. Water vendors are not effectively regulated in terms of service quality and prices charged. Obtaining water from private wells or hydrants involves queuing of up to two hours and costs of 15,000 Rupiahs (US$1.66) per month and family. Bottled water was also frequently bought at a cost of up to 85,000 Rupiahs (US$9.44) per month and family. Water from wells is often polluted with bacteria and salty, with salt levels increasing in the Northern parts of the city closer to the coast. Groundwater in some areas has high iron content and needs to be filtered. According to the Jakarta Environmental Management Body 90 percent of groundwater was contaminated by metal, nitrate and e-coli in 2011. Boiling of water is frequent. Water from the public network, including at public hydrants, is sometimes only available for several hours per day and not always of good quality.

text: The poor indicated they were not so much concerned about the tariff charged by the private water companies, since it was much lower than the prices they had to pay to private vendors. They were much more concerned about the high connection fees to the network that were unaffordable for most of them. While wealthier residents use suction pumps and storage tanks to improve supply, poorer residents suffer more from low pressure and intermittent supply. Water vendors are not effectively regulated in terms of service quality and prices charged. Obtaining water from private wells or hydrants involves queuing of up to two hours and costs of 15,000 Rupiahs (US$1.66) per month and family. Bottled water was also frequently bought at a cost of up to 85,000 Rupiahs (US$9.44) per month and family. Water from wells is often polluted with bacteria and salty, with salt levels increasing in the Northern parts of the city closer to the coast. Groundwater in some areas has high iron content and needs to be filtered. According to the Jakarta Environmental Management Body 90 percent of groundwater was contaminated by metal,

text: nitrate

text: and

text: e-coli

text: in 2011. Boiling of water is frequent. Water from the public network, including at public hydrants, is sometimes only available for several hours per day and not always of good quality.

text: Pink Geyser was named for the shell-pink color of the geyserite around its vent which is a caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Cone Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not appear to interact.

text: Pink Geyser was named for the shell-pink color of the

text: geyserite

text: around its vent which is a caused by the presence of manganese and iron oxides. The same color marks other geysers in the immediate area, including Pink Cone Geyser and Narcissus Geyser, indicating some communality but they do not appear to interact.

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: radionuclide

text: plume

text: . The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

text: An estimated average annual water balance is shown in Fig. G2 (below). It is seen that the storage of irrigation losses in the aquifer plays an important role. In the dry season the groundwater is used for irrigation by pumping from deep wells. A cross-section of the groundwater situation is shown in Fig. G3 (below).

text: An estimated average annual water balance is shown in Fig. G2 (below). It is seen that the storage of irrigation losses in the

text: aquifer

text: plays an important role. In the

text: dry season

text: the

text: groundwater

text: is used for irrigation by pumping from deep wells. A cross-section of the groundwater situation is shown in Fig. G3 (below).

text: After testing the groundwater, the ATSDR determined that Naval training and testing has in no way affected the drinking water on Vieques.  First of all, most of the island’s drinking water comes through an underwater pipeline from mainland Puerto Rico.  Secondly, groundwater from the former Live Impact Area cannot leach into wells due to geological barriers.  High levels of nitrates in some wells are due to local, most likely agricultural, sources.  It is not safe for children and pregnant women to drink water from these few contaminated wells.

text: Mineral springs are abundant and remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the hot springs, of which the Alps are very deficient. The hot springs, among which those of Les Escaldes in Andorra, Panticosa and Lles in Spain, Ax-les-Thermes, Bagnères-de-Luchon and Eaux-Chaudes in France may be mentioned, are sulphurous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées), Rennes-les-Bains (Aude) and Campagne-sur-Aude (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not very cold.

text: Mineral spring

text: s are abundant and remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the

text: hot spring

text: s, of which the Alps are very deficient. The hot springs, among which those of

text: Les Escaldes

text: in Andorra,

text: Panticosa

text: and

text: Lles

text: in Spain,

text: Ax-les-Thermes

text: Bagnères-de-Luchon

text: and

text: Eaux-Chaudes

text: in France may be mentioned, are

text: sulphur

text: ous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of

text: Bagnères-de-Bigorre

text: Hautes-Pyrénées

text: Rennes-les-Bains

text: Aude

text: ) and

text: Campagne-sur-Aude

text: (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not very cold.

text: By 1870, some settlers were using the water from the Pecos River for irrigation. Seven years later, irrigated farmland comprised , and by 1945, the total reached . In 1951, Clayton Williams, Sr. and other "pump farmers" west of town drilled irrigation wells that tapped into the aquifer that fed Comanche Springs. A lawsuit was filed by the Pecos County Water District #1, and 108 families who depended on the flow from the Springs, to stop the pumping (Pecos County Water District #1 vs Clayton Williams et al.). On June 21, 1954, the Texas Court of Civil Appeals ruled in favor of Clayton Williams, et al. by upholding The Rule of Capture, agreeing with the landmark 1904 Texas Supreme Court decision that groundwater was "too mysterious to regulate". The Texas Supreme Court affirmed the decision. By the late 1950s, Comanche Springs was dry due to the pumping. This ruling established what is known as "the rule of capture" and has threatened groundwater in Texas since. In his book, The Springs of Texas, author Gunnar Brune called the destruction of Comanche Springs, "the most spectacular example of man's abuse of nature."After the military post was abandoned on June 30, 1886, and both the Texas and Pacific and the Southern Pacific railroads had bypassed it, Fort Stockton experienced a decline. By then, however, it was rapidly becoming the center for an extensive sheep- and cattle-ranching industry, and in 1926, the opening of the nearby Yates Oil Field brought on an economic boom.  Fort Stockton was served by the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway.

text: By 1870, some settlers were using the water from the

text: Pecos River

text: for irrigation. Seven years later, irrigated farmland comprised , and by 1945, the total reached . In 1951, Clayton Williams, Sr. and other "pump farmers" west of town drilled irrigation wells that tapped into the aquifer that fed Comanche Springs. A lawsuit was filed by the Pecos County Water District #1, and 108 families who depended on the flow from the Springs, to stop the pumping (Pecos County Water District #1 vs Clayton Williams et al.). On June 21, 1954, the Texas Court of Civil Appeals ruled in favor of Clayton Williams, et al. by upholding The Rule of Capture, agreeing with the landmark 1904 Texas Supreme Court decision that groundwater was "too mysterious to regulate". The Texas Supreme Court affirmed the decision. By the late 1950s, Comanche Springs was dry due to the pumping. This ruling established what is known as "the rule of capture" and has threatened groundwater in Texas since. In his book, The Springs of Texas, author Gunnar Brune called the destruction of Comanche Springs, "the most spectacular example of man's abuse of nature."After the military post was abandoned on June 30, 1886, and both the

text: Texas and Pacific

text: and the

text: Southern Pacific

text: railroads had bypassed it, Fort Stockton experienced a decline. By then, however, it was rapidly becoming the center for an extensive sheep- and cattle-ranching industry, and in 1926, the opening of the nearby

text: Yates Oil Field

text: brought on an economic boom.  Fort Stockton was served by the

text: Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway

text: of the aquifer is:

text: of the aquifer is:

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: In 1988, as ordered by the State, Brown & Bryant excavated heavily contaminated soil underneath their pond and installed a liner.  The removed soil was then cleaned and treated and returned to the ground using an innovate technology called ultraviolet/ozone. In 1989, the EPA’s emergency response program began to evaluate the need to conduct removal action at the site; and Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the Superfund List.  The following year the EPA began to look into and develop long term solutions to the groundwater and soil contamination problems at the site.  EPA decided to consolidate the contaminated soil, install a cap over this consolidated soil, and extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit.  To remediate the groundwater EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone, which was the source of contamination to the B-zone.

text: In 1988, as ordered by the State, Brown & Bryant excavated heavily contaminated soil underneath their pond and installed a liner.  The removed soil was then cleaned and treated and returned to the ground using an innovate technology called ultraviolet/ozone. In 1989, the EPA’s emergency response program began to evaluate the need to conduct removal action at the site; and Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the

text: Superfund List

text: .  The following year the EPA began to look into and develop long term solutions to the groundwater and soil contamination problems at the site.  EPA decided to consolidate the contaminated soil, install a cap over this consolidated soil, and extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit.  To remediate the groundwater EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone, which was the source of contamination to the B-zone.

text: On August 7, 2013 a spring that had supplied mineral water for the village of Lichk (; meaning sour water) was demolished without the consent of the townspeople. The artesian well had been drilled approximately 40 years ago by Soviet engineers, and was used by residents of the village since then. Many had used the naturally carbonated spring daily, as a main source of drinking water or in hopes of curing certain ailments. A contract was secured through the local government by a businessman to construct a bottling plant at the site to produce soft drinks. Construction began in early-August and the dome of the spring, created by minerals in the water, was destroyed. Residents protested the move made by the local government and took back control of their water source.  Restoration efforts were soon underway so that residents could once again use the source of water again. On June 12, 2015 the artesian well was uncapped through the  efforts of residents in Lichk and is once again open for use.

text: On August 7, 2013 a spring that had supplied mineral water for the village of Lichk (; meaning sour water) was demolished without the consent of the townspeople. The

text: artesian well

text: had been drilled approximately 40 years ago by

text: Soviet

text: engineers, and was used by residents of the village since then. Many had used the naturally

text: carbonated

text: spring

text: daily, as a main source of drinking water or in hopes of curing certain ailments. A contract was secured through the local government by a businessman to construct a

text: bottling plant

text: at the site to produce

text: soft drink

text: s. Construction began in early-August and the dome of the spring, created by

text: mineral

text: s in the water, was destroyed. Residents protested the move made by the local government and took back control of their water source.  Restoration efforts were soon underway so that residents could once again use the source of water again. On June 12, 2015 the artesian well was uncapped through the  efforts of residents in Lichk and is once again open for use.

text: It is known for its long history of tribal wars between the rulers of Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah. It is also famous for its springs of sulphur water. Located adjacent to the Hajar Mountains, it looks like a castle offering therapeutic hot springs, precious stone treatments, hot stone treatment, and Ayurvedic medicine. This is the right place when travelers can seek some relaxation. Located just 20minutes drive from RAK City, through the lush green agricultural land is the oasis town of Khatt, which lies at the foot of the mountains. The resort offers three natural springs of hot mineralized water, wherein visitors can relax in the therapeutic pools, and enjoy other amenities. The development of natural hot water springs in the famous tourist and agricultural area of Khatt to include private pools with attached treatment rooms, and a café, is open to visitors. The healing properties of the springs attract several Gulf residents and have become a tradition and popular family picnic location.

text: It is known for its long history of tribal wars between the rulers of Ras Al Khaimah and

text: Fujairah

text: . It is also famous for its springs of

text: sulphur

text: water. Located adjacent to the Hajar Mountains, it looks like a castle offering therapeutic hot springs, precious stone treatments, hot stone treatment, and Ayurvedic medicine. This is the right place when travelers can seek some relaxation. Located just 20minutes drive from RAK City, through the lush green agricultural land is the oasis town of Khatt, which lies at the foot of the mountains. The resort offers three natural springs of hot mineralized water, wherein visitors can relax in the therapeutic pools, and enjoy other amenities. The development of natural hot water springs in the famous tourist and agricultural area of Khatt to include private pools with attached treatment rooms, and a café, is open to visitors. The healing properties of the springs attract several Gulf residents and have become a tradition and popular family picnic location.

text: Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes.At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers.Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot springs and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

text: Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes.At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers.Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in

text: springs

text: , or more spectacularly in

text: hot spring

text: s and

text: geyser

text: s. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in

text: wells

text: .This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

text: Wave Rock is a spectacular example of what geomorphologists call a "flared slope". A flared slope is a concave-upward or -inward bedrock surface that is typically found around the base of inselbergs, bornhardts, and granitic boulders and also on their higher slopes. Flared slopes like Wave Rock are particularly well developed in granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia. The flared slopes are argued to have formed by the concentrated chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater. The chemical weathering of the bedrock by groundwater produces a concave-upward or –inward pocket of deeply weathered, relatively loose, and disaggregated bedrock within the formerly solid bedrock base of an inselberg. When the land surface, which is underlain by deeply weathered bedrock, around an inselberg is lowered by erosion, the pocket of deeply weathered disaggregated bedrock is also removed to produce a flared slope such as Wave Rock. It has also been argued that flared slopes can form during erosion of slopes of inselbergs.

text: Wave Rock is a spectacular example of what geomorphologists call a "

text: flared slope

text: ". A flared slope is a concave-upward or -inward bedrock surface that is typically found around the base of inselbergs,

text: bornhardt

text: s, and granitic boulders and also on their higher slopes. Flared slopes like Wave Rock are particularly well developed in granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia. The flared slopes are argued to have formed by the concentrated chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater. The chemical weathering of the bedrock by groundwater produces a concave-upward or –inward pocket of deeply weathered, relatively loose, and disaggregated bedrock within the formerly solid bedrock base of an inselberg. When the land surface, which is underlain by deeply weathered bedrock, around an inselberg is lowered by erosion, the pocket of deeply weathered disaggregated bedrock is also removed to produce a flared slope such as Wave Rock. It has also been argued that flared slopes can form during erosion of slopes of inselbergs.

text: The river is a 'perch' stream, flowing over a bed of impermeable material on top of a porous substrate.  This state is only quasi-stable, since in periods of low rainfall the water table drops below the level of the impermeable layer.  If ground works are then carried out which damage this layer, the river can sink into the porous substrate and disappear.

text: Big Cub is part of the Lion's Group of geysers, a cluster of geysers that all share an underground connection. The other geysers in this group are Lion Geyser, Lioness Geyser, and Little Cub Geyser.

text: Big Cub is part of the Lion's Group of geysers, a cluster of geysers that all share an underground connection. The other geysers in this group are

text: Lion Geyser

text: Lioness Geyser

text: , and

text: Little Cub Geyser

text: In India, the most common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden drinking water which is sourced as groundwater from deep-bore wells. Over half of groundwater sources in India have fluoride above recommended levels.

text: In

text: India

text: , the most common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden drinking water which is sourced as

text: groundwater

text: from

text: deep-bore wells

text: . Over half of groundwater sources in India have fluoride above recommended levels.

text: The region through which the river flows is underlaid by an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone aquifer, which is near the surface in the west and dips downwards to the east. Magnesian Limestone is so called because it contains quantities of the mineral Dolomite, which is rich in Magnesium. The Triassic Sherwood Sandstone aquifer is another porous rock layer which covers this to the east, and is the major geological component of the area. Further east, they are both covered by a layer of Mercia Mudstone. Where these aquifers reach the surface, they often supply water to the river system, but can also take water from it. This is affected by the extraction of groundwater, particularly for public water supply, and by fracturing of the aquifers as a result of subsidence caused by deep coal mining.

text: The region through which the river flows is underlaid by an extensive water-bearing porous rock structure called the Magnesian

text: Limestone

text: aquifer

text: , which is near the surface in the west and dips downwards to the east. Magnesian Limestone is so called because it contains quantities of the mineral

text: Dolomite

text: , which is rich in

text: Magnesium

text: . The

text: Triassic

text: Sherwood

text: Sandstone

text: aquifer is another porous rock layer which covers this to the east, and is the major geological component of the area. Further east, they are both covered by a layer of Mercia

text: Mudstone

text: In late June 2011, Wells went on trial with Bradford City alongside four other players. He signed a one-year contract with Bradford City on 22 July 2011. Wells made his debut for Bradford City on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Mark Stewart. He scored his first goal for the Bantams in a 4–2 win against Barnet. His second goal of the season came with an impressive strike against Rochdale in the FA Cup on 12 November 2011. He followed this up with goals in back to back league wins against Crewe Alexandra and Shrewsbury Town. He scored his first goal of 2012 in an FA Cup match against Championship side Watford. On 28 February, he finished off a 4–0 victory over Barnet by scoring in the 88th minute after coming on as a substitute. On 9 March 2012, Bradford City exercised an option in Wells' contract, and extended his deal by one year. On 14 April 2012, Wells scored a hat-trick as Bradford beat Northampton Town 3–1. He was later named in the Football League Two Team of the Week for that week. Following this, former Bradford City player Dean Windass urged Wells to remain with the club, while ex-Bermudian international Kyle Lightbourne compared Wells to Jermain Defoe. In early May 2012, Wells and Bradford City began discussions over a new four-year contract, and later that month Wells publicly assured fans that he would stay with the club. In June 2012 there were further rumours of Wells leaving the club, while it was later revealed that Wells nearly never signed for the club in the first place. In July 2012, Wells stated he was in no rush to sign a new contract.

text: In late June 2011, Wells went on trial with

text: Bradford City

text: alongside four other players. He signed a one-year contract with Bradford City on 22 July 2011. Wells made his debut for

text: Bradford City

text: on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for

text: Mark Stewart

text: . He scored his first goal for the Bantams in a 4–2 win against

text: Barnet

text: . His second goal of the season came with an impressive strike against

text: Rochdale

text: in the

text: FA Cup

text: on 12 November 2011. He followed this up with goals in back to back league wins against

text: Crewe Alexandra

text: and

text: Shrewsbury Town

text: . He scored his first goal of 2012 in an

text: FA Cup

text: match against

text: Championship

text: side

text: Watford

text: . On 28 February, he finished off a 4–0 victory over

text: Barnet

text: by scoring in the 88th minute after coming on as a substitute. On 9 March 2012, Bradford City exercised an option in Wells' contract, and extended his deal by one year. On 14 April 2012, Wells scored a hat-trick as Bradford beat

text: Northampton Town

text: 3–1. He was later named in the Football League Two Team of the Week for that week. Following this, former Bradford City player

text: Dean Windass

text: urged Wells to remain with the club, while ex-Bermudian international

text: Kyle Lightbourne

text: compared Wells to

text: Jermain Defoe

text: . In early May 2012, Wells and Bradford City began discussions over a new four-year contract, and later that month Wells publicly assured fans that he would stay with the club. In June 2012 there were further rumours of Wells leaving the club, while it was later revealed that Wells nearly never signed for the club in the first place. In July 2012, Wells stated he was in no rush to sign a new contract.

text: There are no dams or lakes on the Santa Maria River itself, although Twitchell Reservoir is formed by a dam on the tributary Cuyama River. Twitchell Dam was built by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and provides flood control and groundwater recharge of the aquifer. The Sisquoc River is also free-flowing, and a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

text: There are no

text: dam

text: s or

text: lake

text: s on the Santa Maria River itself, although

text: Twitchell Reservoir

text: is formed by a dam on the tributary Cuyama River. Twitchell Dam was built by the

text: United States Bureau of Reclamation

text: and provides

text: flood

text: control and

text: groundwater

text: recharge

text: of the

text: aquifer

text: . The Sisquoc River is also free-flowing, and a

text: National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

text: The property was originally developed by the Flower's family which also developed nearby Flower's Hospital. The Flowers were originally drilling for oil on the property and instead of hitting oil, they tapped into a hot mineral water spring. Doctor Flowers sent patients from his hospital to the Olympia Spa for rehabilitation. The golf course and hotel were built around the site of the hot mineral spring. The Flowers family sold the golf club and hotel in 1988.

text: NGWA provides short courses, conferences, and webinars related to the science of groundwater and the groundwater industry to both its members and the general public. It publishes two peer-reviewed journals: Groundwater and  Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, as well as a trade publication, Water Well Journal. The association also offers voluntary certification programs.

text: NGWA provides short courses, conferences, and webinars related to the science of

text: groundwater

text: and the groundwater industry to both its members and the general public. It publishes two peer-reviewed journals: Groundwater and  Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, as well as a trade publication, Water Well Journal. The association also offers voluntary

text: certification

text: programs.

text: A perched water table (or perched aquifer) is an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table, in the vadose zone. This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment (aquiclude) or relatively impermeable layer (aquitard) above the main water table/aquifer but below the surface of the land. If a perched aquifer's flow intersects the Earth's dry surface, at a valley wall for example, the water is discharged as a spring.

text: A perched water table (or perched aquifer) is an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table, in the

text: vadose zone

text: . This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment (

text: aquiclude

text: ) or relatively impermeable layer (

text: aquitard

text: ) above the main water table/aquifer but below the surface of the land. If a perched aquifer's flow intersects the Earth's dry surface, at a valley wall for example, the water is discharged as a

text: spring

text: The basic problem in heat convection through porous media consists of predicting the heat transfer rate between a deferentially heated, solid impermeable surface and a fluid-saturated porous medium.We begin with constant wall temperature.

text: In August 2010, using the ARRA funds, EPA completed the cleanup of the former slag processing area of the Superfund Site. Approximately  of slag were moved to the site's acid lagoon area for use as fill on that portion of the site.  of clean soil were used to cap the former slag processing area, leaving it suitable for potential redevelopment. ARRA funds were also used to address contaminated groundwater at the site. This work included extensive groundwater sampling to determine the contaminated plume area and installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells. Three wind turbines will be used to generate much of the power needed to operate the groundwater extraction system.

text: Bedford, at one time, was famous for its medicinal springs. There is a mineral spring, a chalybeate spring, a limestone spring, a sulfur spring and two sweet springs. In the year 1804, a mechanic from Bedford, Jacob Fletcher, drank some of the water. The rheumatic pains and ulcers he had been suffering from troubled him less that night. From then on he often drank from the spring and soaked his limbs in the water. In a few weeks he was entirely cured. News spread and the "healing springs" quickly became popular.

text: Bedford, at one time, was famous for its medicinal springs. There is a

text: mineral spring

text: , a

text: chalybeate

text: spring, a

text: limestone

text: spring, a

text: sulfur spring

text: and two sweet springs. In the year 1804, a mechanic from Bedford, Jacob Fletcher, drank some of the water. The

text: rheumatic pains

text: and ulcers he had been suffering from troubled him less that night. From then on he often drank from the spring and soaked his limbs in the water. In a few weeks he was entirely cured. News spread and the "healing springs" quickly became popular.

text: Hot springs are present throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, indicating magmatic heat is present under the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. They are formed if water percolates deeply through the crust and heats up from the primal magmatic heat under the surface. After the groundwater is heated, the heated groundwater rises to the surface as a hot spring. In some cases, the heated groundwater may rise along extensional faults related to rifting in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. The Lakelse Hot Springs near Lakelse Lake Provincial Park in northern British Columbia is interpreted to be one such example. With a temperature of , the springs are the hottest in Canada. It is also possible the magma associated with the Nass Valley eruption 250 years ago to the north rose along the same north trending fault lines fueling the Lakelse Hot Springs. Hot springs are also present in Iskut River Hot Springs Provincial Park and Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park in northwestern British Columbia.

text: Hot spring

text: s are present throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, indicating magmatic heat is present under the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. They are formed if water percolates deeply through the crust and heats up from the primal magmatic heat under the surface. After the groundwater is heated, the heated groundwater rises to the surface as a hot spring. In some cases, the heated groundwater may rise along extensional faults related to rifting in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. The

text: Lakelse Hot Springs

text: near

text: Lakelse Lake Provincial Park

text: in northern British Columbia is interpreted to be one such example. With a temperature of , the springs are the hottest in Canada. It is also possible the magma associated with the Nass Valley eruption 250 years ago to the north rose along the same north trending fault lines fueling the Lakelse Hot Springs. Hot springs are also present in

text: Iskut River Hot Springs Provincial Park

text: and

text: Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park

text: in northwestern British Columbia.

text: Bang Spa is an area of hot mineral springs in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The surface mineral water here is hot enough to boil eggs. This is a tourist attraction of the province as many see bathing in hot mineral water as a health treatment for several diseases.

text: Bang Spa is an area of hot mineral springs in

text: Quảng Bình Province

text: Vietnam

text: . The surface mineral water here is hot enough to boil eggs. This is a tourist attraction of the province as many see bathing in hot mineral water as a health treatment for several diseases.

text: In 1897, the Japanese Government Railway filled in the inner moat of Iwakidaira Castle and made Taira Station.  Jōban coalfield, the largest coalfield in Honshū and the nearest to the Japanese capital Tokyo, was developed, and the population of Taira increased to support the exploitation of the coalfield. The Jōban Line was made for the haulage of the coal. Iwaki's fishery, forestry and agricultural sectors also developed from this time.  After World War II, the Jōban coalfield was closed. The same natural hot springs that were troublesome to the coal miners were put to good use and a hot springs resort was developed Spa Resort Hawaiians.

text: In 1897, the

text: Japanese Government Railway

text: filled in the inner moat of Iwakidaira Castle and made Taira Station.

text: Jōban coalfield

text: , the largest coalfield in

text: Honshū

text: and the nearest to the Japanese capital

text: Tokyo

text: , was developed, and the population of Taira increased to support the exploitation of the coalfield. The

text: Jōban Line

text: was made for the haulage of the coal. Iwaki's fishery, forestry and agricultural sectors also developed from this time.  After

text: World War II

text: , the Jōban coalfield was closed. The same natural hot springs that were troublesome to the coal miners were put to good use and a hot springs resort was developed

text: Spa Resort Hawaiians

text: But the technical distinction between HDR and EGS, as clarified in this article, may be even more important. Some sources describe the permeability of the earth’s basement rock as a continuum ranging from totally impermeable HDR to slightly permeable HWR to highly permeable conventional hydrothermal. However, this continuum concept is not technically correct. A more appropriate view would be to consider impermeable HDR rock as a separate state from that of the continuum of permeable rock—just as one would consider a completely closed faucet as distinct from one that is open to any degree, whether the flow be a trickle or a flood. In the same way, HDR technology should be regarded as totally distinct from EGS.

text: The town also has a grocery store, Wells Marketplace Foods. Restaurants include Dairy Queen, Jake's Pizza, Wildcats Bar and Grill, and Subway. Wells has three banks: Wells Federal Bank, Paragon Bank, and People's State Bank. Hair salons are Shear Artistry and Ultimate Design Salon Day Spa and Tanning. Wells lone theater is the "Flame Theater." Wells has a Landromat, Di's Wash and Dry.  Other businesses include True Value Hardware, USA Window Depot, and Lamperts Lumber.

text: In 2013 Crystal Geyser purchased a water bottling plant across the street from Mount Shasta City Park. They intend to tap into water from the Big Springs aquifer for their water bottling facility. There is some opposition to the water bottling facility tapping into Big Springs Aquifer. The concern over losing this component of local daily lives has resulted in a push to study the water quality and chemistry within the Big Springs aquifer. These locals are hoping to stop the Crystal Geyser facility from using their water source for profit. Before the facility begins production, locals have pushed for an environmental impact report that is scheduled to begin in 2016 and be completed in January 2017.  The Crystal Geyser facility intends to dispose of its waste water onsite via leeching pools. Citizens have shown concern over this waste water leeching into Big Springs Aquifer. The Crystal Geyser facility is estimated to employ approximately 60 people from the local community, and boost the economy by supplying roughly $40 million to the Siskiyou community annually. Crystal Geyser estimates that the water extracted from Big Springs Aquifer will be approximately 115,000 gallons per day (gpd), which is less than 1% of the aquifer's total output. Although the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) addresses potential groundwater overdraft in California, it only covers alluvial basins and does not include volcanic basins such as the Big Springs Aquifer.

text: In 2013 Crystal Geyser purchased a water bottling plant across the street from Mount Shasta City Park. They intend to tap into water from the Big Springs aquifer for their water bottling facility. There is some opposition to the water bottling facility tapping into Big Springs Aquifer. The concern over losing this component of local daily lives has resulted in a push to study the water quality and chemistry within the Big Springs aquifer. These locals are hoping to stop the Crystal Geyser facility from using their water source for profit. Before the facility begins production, locals have pushed for an environmental impact report that is scheduled to begin in 2016 and be completed in January 2017.  The Crystal Geyser facility intends to dispose of its waste water onsite via leeching pools. Citizens have shown concern over this waste water leeching into Big Springs Aquifer. The Crystal Geyser facility is estimated to employ approximately 60 people from the local community, and boost the economy by supplying roughly $40 million to the Siskiyou community annually. Crystal Geyser estimates that the water extracted from Big Springs Aquifer will be approximately 115,000 gallons per day (gpd), which is less than 1% of the aquifer's total output. Although the

text: Sustainable Groundwater Management Act

text: (SGMA) addresses potential groundwater overdraft in California, it only covers alluvial basins and does not include volcanic basins such as the Big Springs Aquifer.

text: The high specific heat capacity of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for heat pumps that is much more efficient than using air.

text: The high

text: specific heat capacity

text: of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for

text: heat pump

text: s that is much more efficient than using air.

text: Approximately 48 percent of IRWD's overall supply comes from local groundwater wells in the Orange County Groundwater Basin, and the Irvine and Lake Forest sub-basins. For many years, IRWD received almost all of its water from imported sources. To alleviate this dependency on expensive imported water, IRWD began to develop a series of local wells in 1979. The Dyer Road Wellfield Project extracts low-cost, high-quality water from deep within the Orange County Groundwater Basin. IRWD now operates 25 groundwater wells within its service area.

text: “Sustainable groundwater management” is defined in the SGMA as the management and use of groundwater that can be maintained without causing an undesirable result.

text: Aquifers are typically saturated regions of the subsurface that produce an economically feasible quantity of water to a well or spring (e.g., sand and gravel or fractured bedrock often make good aquifer materials).

text: Aquifers are typically saturated regions of the subsurface that produce an economically feasible quantity of water to a well or

text: spring

text: (e.g., sand and

text: gravel

text: or fractured

text: bedrock

text: often make good aquifer materials).

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19901 || 2191 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19902 || 3420 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19903 || 3464 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19904 || 3487 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19905 || 4086 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19906 || 4138 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19907 || 4220 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19908 || 4324 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19909 || 4326 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19910 || 5078 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19911 Rigaux|| 1933 FK || March 26, 1933 || Uccle || F. Rigaux || |-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19912 Aurapenenta ||  || September 14, 1955 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=913 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 19913 Aigyptios ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19914 Klagenfurt ||  || October 27, 1973 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=915 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19915 Bochkarev ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=916 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19916 Donbass ||  || August 26, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=917 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19917 ||  || March 12, 1977 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19918 || 1977 PB || August 6, 1977 || Mount Stromlo || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19919 Pogorelov ||  || October 8, 1977 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19920 || 1978 NF || July 10, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19921 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19922 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19923 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19924 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19925 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19926 || 1979 YQ || December 17, 1979 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, E. R. Netto ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19927 ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19928 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=929 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19929 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19930 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=931 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19931 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=932 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19932 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19933 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19934 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19935 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19936 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19937 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=938 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19938 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=939 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19939 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19940 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19941 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19942 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19943 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=944 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19944 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19945 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19946 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19947 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19948 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=949 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19949 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=950 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19950 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=951 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19951 ||  || October 20, 1982 || Kitt Peak || G. Aldering ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19952 Ashkinazi ||  || October 20, 1982 || Nauchnij || L. G. Karachkina || |-id=953 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19953 ||  || November 14, 1982 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19954 ||  || November 14, 1982 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19955 Hollý ||  || November 28, 1984 || Piszkéstető || M. Antal || |-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19956 ||  || August 17, 1985 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19957 ||  || August 24, 1985 || Smolyan || Bulgarian National Obs. ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#FA8072| 19958 ||  || September 11, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19959 ||  || October 17, 1985 || Kvistaberg || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19960 ||  || February 3, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19961 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19962 Martynenko ||  || September 7, 1986 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19963 || 1986 TR || October 4, 1986 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=964 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19964 ||  || January 25, 1987 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19965 ||  || September 14, 1987 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19966 ||  || September 25, 1987 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19967 ||  || September 16, 1987 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19968 Palazzolascaris ||  || March 19, 1988 || La Silla || W. Ferreri || |-id=969 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19969 Davidfreedman || 1988 PR || August 11, 1988 || Siding Spring || A. J. Noymer || |-id=970 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19970 Johannpeter ||  || September 8, 1988 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19971 ||  || September 3, 1988 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=972 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19972 ||  || September 5, 1988 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=973 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19973 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=974 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19974 ||  || April 3, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=975 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19975 ||  || April 3, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=976 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19976 || 1989 TD || October 4, 1989 || Chions || J. M. Baur ||  —|-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19977 || 1989 TQ || October 7, 1989 || Kani || Y. Mizuno, T. Furuta ||  —|-id=978 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19978 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19979 || 1989 VJ || November 2, 1989 || Yorii || M. Arai, H. Mori ||  —|-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19980 Barrysimon ||  || November 22, 1989 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, D. H. Levy || |-id=981 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19981 Bialystock ||  || December 29, 1989 || Haute Provence || E. W. Elst || |-id=982 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19982 Barbaradoore || 1990 BJ || January 22, 1990 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19983 || 1990 DW || February 18, 1990 || Kushiro || M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe ||  —|-id=984 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19984 ||  || March 2, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19985 || 1990 GD || April 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=986 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19986 || 1990 KD || May 20, 1990 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=987 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19987 ||  || August 28, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19988 ||  || August 22, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=989 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19989 ||  || September 15, 1990 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=990 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19990 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19991 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=992 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19992 Schönbein ||  || October 10, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel || |-id=993 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19993 Günterseeber ||  || October 10, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || |-id=994 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19994 Tresini ||  || October 13, 1990 || Nauchnij || L. G. Karachkina, G. R. Kastel' || |-id=995 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19995 ||  || November 12, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19996 || 1990 WZ || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19997 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19998 Binoche ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19999 Depardieu ||  || January 18, 1991 || Haute Provence || E. W. Elst || |-id=000 bgcolor=#C2E0FF| 20000 Varuna ||  || November 28, 2000 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || |}

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19901 || 2191 T-3 || October 16, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19902 || 3420 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19903 || 3464 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19904 || 3487 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19905 || 4086 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19906 || 4138 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19907 || 4220 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19908 || 4324 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19909 || 4326 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19910 || 5078 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19911 Rigaux|| 1933 FK || March 26, 1933 ||

text: Uccle

text: F. Rigaux

text: || |-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19912 Aurapenenta ||  || September 14, 1955 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=913 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 19913 Aigyptios ||  || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19914 Klagenfurt ||  || October 27, 1973 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=915 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19915 Bochkarev ||  || September 14, 1974 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=916 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19916 Donbass ||  || August 26, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=917 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19917 ||  || March 12, 1977 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19918 || 1977 PB || August 6, 1977 ||

text: Mount Stromlo

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19919 Pogorelov ||  || October 8, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19920 || 1978 NF || July 10, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19921 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin,

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19922 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19923 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19924 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19925 ||  || August 22, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19926 || 1979 YQ || December 17, 1979 || La Silla ||

text: H. Debehogne

text: E. R. Netto

text: ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19927 ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla ||

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19928 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Kitt Peak

text: G. Aldering

text: ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19952 Ashkinazi ||  || October 20, 1982 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. G. Karachkina

text: || |-id=953 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19953 ||  || November 14, 1982 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19954 ||  || November 14, 1982 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19955 Hollý ||  || November 28, 1984 ||

text: Piszkéstető

text: M. Antal

text: || |-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19956 ||  || August 17, 1985 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19957 ||  || August 24, 1985 ||

text: Smolyan

text: Bulgarian National Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#FA8072| 19958 ||  || September 11, 1985 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19959 ||  || October 17, 1985 ||

text: Kvistaberg

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19960 ||  || February 3, 1986 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19961 ||  || August 29, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19962 Martynenko ||  || September 7, 1986 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19963 || 1986 TR || October 4, 1986 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=964 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19964 ||  || January 25, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19965 ||  || September 14, 1987 || La Silla ||

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19966 ||  || September 25, 1987 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19967 ||  || September 16, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19968 Palazzolascaris ||  || March 19, 1988 || La Silla ||

text: W. Ferreri

text: || |-id=969 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19969 Davidfreedman || 1988 PR || August 11, 1988 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: A. J. Noymer

text: || |-id=970 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19970 Johannpeter ||  || September 8, 1988 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19971 ||  || September 3, 1988 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=972 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19972 ||  || September 5, 1988 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=973 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19973 ||  || September 14, 1988 ||

text: Cerro Tololo

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=974 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19974 ||  || April 3, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=975 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19975 ||  || April 3, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=976 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19976 || 1989 TD || October 4, 1989 ||

text: Chions

text: J. M. Baur

text: ||  —|-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19977 || 1989 TQ || October 7, 1989 ||

text: Kani

text: Y. Mizuno

text: T. Furuta

text: ||  —|-id=978 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19978 ||  || October 7, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19979 || 1989 VJ || November 2, 1989 ||

text: Yorii

text: M. Arai

text: H. Mori

text: ||  —|-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19980 Barrysimon ||  || November 22, 1989 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: D. H. Levy

text: || |-id=981 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19981 Bialystock ||  || December 29, 1989 ||

text: Haute Provence

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=982 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 19982 Barbaradoore

text: || 1990 BJ || January 22, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: || |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19983 || 1990 DW || February 18, 1990 ||

text: Kushiro

text: M. Matsuyama

text: K. Watanabe

text: ||  —|-id=984 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19984 ||  || March 2, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19985 || 1990 GD || April 15, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=986 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19986 || 1990 KD || May 20, 1990 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: R. H. McNaught

text: ||  —|-id=987 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19987 ||  || August 28, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19988 ||  || August 22, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=989 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19989 ||  || September 15, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=990 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19990 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla ||

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19991 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=992 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19992 Schönbein ||  || October 10, 1990 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: L. D. Schmadel

text: || |-id=993 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19993 Günterseeber ||  || October 10, 1990 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || |-id=994 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19994 Tresini ||  || October 13, 1990 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. G. Karachkina

text: G. R. Kastel'

text: || |-id=995 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19995 ||  || November 12, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19996 || 1990 WZ || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 19997 ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 19998 Binoche ||  || November 18, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 19999 Depardieu ||  || January 18, 1991 ||

text: Haute Provence

text: || E. W. Elst || |-id=000 bgcolor=#C2E0FF|

text: 20000 Varuna

text: ||  || November 28, 2000 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: A cone of depression occurs in an aquifer when groundwater is pumped from a well. In an unconfined aquifer (water table), this is an actual depression of the water levels. In confined aquifers (artesian), the cone of depression is a reduction in the pressure head surrounding the pumped well.

text: A cone of depression occurs in an

text: aquifer

text: when

text: groundwater

text: is pumped from a

text: well

text: . In an unconfined aquifer (

text: water table

text: ), this is an actual depression of the water levels. In confined aquifers (

text: artesian

text: ), the cone of depression is a reduction in the

text: pressure head

text: surrounding the pumped well.

text: Mauritius, the Comoros, and Madagascar dispute France's sovereignty over the islands. Mauritius claims Tromelin and argues that the island, discovered by France in 1722, was not ceded by the treaty of Paris in 1814. Madagascar claims sovereignty over Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included) despite the islands not having been a part of Malagasy Protectorate, but rather a part of colony of Mayotte and dependencies, then a part of French Comoros that had become a separately administered colony from Madagascar in 1946. The Comoros claims the Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included) too, as a part of the disputed French region of Mayotte. Madagascar claims Juan de Nova, and Europa and Bassas da India since 1972. Seychelles claimed a part of Scattered Islands too before the France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement.

text: Mauritius, the

text: Comoros

text: , and Madagascar dispute France's sovereignty over the islands. Mauritius claims Tromelin and argues that the island, discovered by France in 1722, was not ceded by the

text: treaty of Paris in 1814

text: Madagascar

text: claims sovereignty over Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included) despite the islands not having been a part of

text: Malagasy Protectorate

text: , but rather a part of

text: colony of Mayotte and dependencies

text: , then a part of

text: French Comoros

text: that had become a separately administered colony from Madagascar in 1946. The Comoros claims the Glorioso Islands (Banc du Geyser included) too, as a part of the disputed

text: French region

text: of

text: Mayotte

text: . Madagascar claims

text: Juan de Nova

text: , and

text: Europa

text: and

text: Bassas da India

text: since 1972.

text: Seychelles

text: claimed a part of Scattered Islands too before the

entity_name: France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement

text: France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement

text: Pore water pressure (sometimes abbreviated to pwp) refers to the pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles (pores). Pore water pressures in below the phreatic level (see also groundwater) are measured in piezometers. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in aquifers can generally be assumed to be close to hydrostatic.

text: Pore water pressure (sometimes abbreviated to pwp) refers to the

text: pressure

text: of

text: groundwater

text: held within a

text: soil

text: or

text: rock

text: , in gaps between particles (

text: pores

text: ). Pore water pressures in below the

text: phreatic

text: level (see also

text: groundwater

text: ) are measured in

text: piezometer

text: s. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in

text: aquifer

text: s can generally be assumed to be close to

text: hydrostatic

text: Except for alluvial fans of impermeable clay the rock is highly porous due to a network of small faults, which dips into the warmer regions below the surface. Warm springs and vapors are common, giving the appearance of volcanic activity. The ancients cross-culturally viewed these phenomena as being caused by divinities, which rock-paintings indicate they worshipped. The north slopes of Latmus are subject to heavy and damaging mudslides, which also would have contributed to the idea that it was a god.

text: Except for

text: alluvial fan

text: s of impermeable

text: clay

text: the rock is highly porous due to a network of small faults, which dips into the warmer regions below the surface. Warm springs and vapors are common, giving the appearance of volcanic activity. The ancients cross-culturally viewed these phenomena as being caused by divinities, which rock-paintings indicate they worshipped. The north slopes of Latmus are subject to heavy and damaging mudslides, which also would have contributed to the idea that it was a god.

text: The plant can tolerate seasonal drought, and the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climate is especially suitable for the plant. Situated in a favorable habitat, old specimens when mature can reach a considerable size and form a large dense shade tree. Its aggressive root system precludes its use in many urban areas of cities, but in nature helps the plant to take root in the most inhospitable areas. The common fig tree is mostly a phreatophyte that lives in areas with standing or running water. It grows well in the valleys of the rivers and ravines saving no water, having strong need of water that is extracted from the ground. The deep-rooted plant searches groundwater, in aquifers, ravines, or cracks in the rocks. The fig tree, with the water, cools the environment in hot places, creating a fresh and pleasant habitat for many animals that take shelter in its shade in the times of intense heat.

text: The plant can tolerate

text: seasonal

text: drought, and the

text: Middle Eastern

text: and

text: Mediterranean climate

text: is especially suitable for the plant. Situated in a favorable habitat, old specimens when mature can reach a considerable size and form a large dense shade tree. Its aggressive root system precludes its use in many urban areas of cities, but in nature helps the plant to take root in the most inhospitable areas. The common fig tree is mostly a

text: phreatophyte

text: that lives in areas with standing or running water. It grows well in the valleys of the rivers and ravines saving no water, having strong need of water that is extracted from the ground. The deep-

text: root

text: ed

text: plant

text: searches groundwater, in

text: aquifers

text: ravines

text: , or cracks in the rocks. The fig tree, with the water, cools the environment in hot places, creating a fresh and pleasant habitat for many animals that take shelter in its shade in the times of intense heat.

text: An especially useful application of GIS concerns water quality in groundwater. For construction/situating of industrial plants, landfills, agricultural activities, and other potential groundwater contamination sources, it is useful to know how existing groundwater supplies could be affected or would be at risk of impact. Further, in the case of groundwater contamination and the need for subsequent containment and cleanup of the contaminant, an existing framework of the groundwater system would be valuable in planning remediation measures. This GIS could be the front end to a groundwater modeling simulation devised to fully capture the contaminant.An additional example concerning the use of GIS addresses a common problem associated with groundwater pumping and land subsidence or intrusion in coastal areas. Areas that have been overpumped of groundwater can subside, and when near the sea, this may invite flooding. Also, overpumping of groundwater in coastal regions may bring a different problem, such as the case in California where salt-water intrusion has compromised the aquifer. Generally, a salt water interface inland of the coast extends below the land surface dependent on the distance from the coast.  Overpumping can bring the salt water interface to a higher position and contaminate an aquifer.  A careful study and management of groundwater within GIS or with modeled GIS data can forestall or alleviate these problems.

text: An especially useful application of GIS concerns water quality in groundwater. For construction/situating of industrial plants, landfills, agricultural activities, and other potential groundwater contamination sources, it is useful to know how existing groundwater supplies could be affected or would be at risk of impact. Further, in the case of groundwater contamination and the need for subsequent containment and cleanup of the contaminant, an existing framework of the groundwater system would be valuable in planning

text: remediation

text: measures. This GIS could be the front end to a groundwater modeling simulation devised to fully capture the contaminant.An additional example concerning the use of GIS addresses a common problem associated with groundwater pumping and land

text: subsidence

text: or intrusion in coastal areas. Areas that have been overpumped of groundwater can subside, and when near the sea, this may invite flooding. Also, overpumping of groundwater in coastal regions may bring a different problem, such as the case in California where salt-water intrusion has compromised the aquifer. Generally, a salt water interface inland of the coast extends below the land surface dependent on the distance from the coast.  Overpumping can bring the salt water interface to a higher position and contaminate an aquifer.  A careful study and management of groundwater within GIS or with modeled GIS data can forestall or alleviate these problems.

text: Yet another use for injection wells is in environmental remediation, for cleanup of either soil or groundwater contamination.  Injection wells can insert clean water into an aquifer, thereby changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow, perhaps towards extraction wells downgradient, which could then more speedily and efficiently remove the contaminated groundwater.  Injection wells can also be used in cleanup of soil contamination, for example by use of an ozonation system. Complex hydrocarbons and other contaminants trapped in soil and otherwise inaccessible can be broken down by ozone, a highly reactive gas, often with greater cost-effectiveness than could be had by digging out the affected area. Such systems are particularly useful in built-up urban environments where digging may be impractical due to overlying buildings.

text: Yet another use for injection wells is in

text: environmental remediation

text: , for cleanup of either

text: soil

text: or

text: groundwater contamination

text: .  Injection wells can insert clean water into an

text: aquifer

text: , thereby changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow, perhaps towards

text: extraction well

text: s downgradient, which could then more speedily and efficiently remove the contaminated groundwater.  Injection wells can also be used in cleanup of soil contamination, for example by use of an ozonation system. Complex

text: hydrocarbons

text: and other contaminants trapped in soil and otherwise inaccessible can be broken down by

text: ozone

text: , a highly reactive gas, often with greater cost-effectiveness than could be had by digging out the affected area. Such systems are particularly useful in built-up urban environments where digging may be impractical due to overlying buildings.

text: Since May 2006, springs in and near the most popular swimming areas have been geysering or intermittently spurting very hot, sediment-laden water as high as  above the stream surface. At times this geysering activity is vigorous enough to produce “popping” sounds audible from hundreds of feet away. The geysering usually lasts a few seconds and occurs at irregular intervals, with several minutes between eruptions. Fumaroles, or steam vents, are in gorge area also. They can occur in the ground beyond the creek bed. The unpredictability of this hazardous spring activity led the U.S. Forest Service to close parts of the Hot Creek Gorge in June 2006, and the closure has remained in effect as of February 2016.

text: Since May 2006, springs in and near the most popular swimming areas have been

text: geyser

text: ing or intermittently spurting very hot, sediment-laden water as high as  above the stream surface. At times this geysering activity is vigorous enough to produce “popping” sounds audible from hundreds of feet away. The geysering usually lasts a few seconds and occurs at irregular intervals, with several minutes between eruptions.

text: Fumaroles

text: , or steam vents, are in gorge area also. They can occur in the ground beyond the creek bed. The unpredictability of this hazardous spring activity led the U.S. Forest Service to close parts of the Hot Creek Gorge in June 2006, and the closure has remained in effect as of February 2016.

text: The early 19th century saw Ngāti Porou in conflict with Ngā Puhi during the latter's campaign of warfare throughout the North Island. This period also saw the introduction of Christianity to the region, which led to a period of relative calm and cultural development. Ngāti Porou chiefs were also signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Ngāti Porou experienced substantial economic growth during the 1850s.

text: The early 19th century saw Ngāti Porou in conflict with

text: Ngā Puhi

text: during the latter's campaign of warfare throughout the North Island. This period also saw the introduction of

text: Christianity

text: to the region, which led to a period of relative calm and cultural development. Ngāti Porou chiefs were also signatories to the

text: Treaty of Waitangi

text: in 1840. Ngāti Porou experienced substantial economic growth during the 1850s.

text: As mentioned earlier, 98% of the available freshwater (negating polar and glacial ice) for human and environmental uses is in groundwater.  In the United States, about ¼ of the water used for personal, commercial/industrial, and irrigation uses comes from groundwater.  With increasing demands placed on surface water resources, it is likely the demand for groundwater will increase.  In some places, this resource has already been severely tapped, and even mismanaged.   An example here is the surface water decline in the Republican River watershed of Nebraska and Kansas where over-pumping of groundwater for irrigation in Nebraska has depleted surface water available for downstream flow and use in Kansas resulting in a lawsuit by that state against the state of Nebraska.  Although not as apparent as surface water flow, groundwater can also be characterized spatially in a GIS and analyzed by scientists and natural resource managers.

text: There are some technical challenges in water reuse, among which are making start-up more economical, questions about water quality standards, long-term effects of pharmaceutical and household chemicals leftover in the water after treatment, and a lack of infrastructure to grow water reuse. To date there have been no adverse affects to humans from water reuse contact or consumption, but there remains concern for long-term effects of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals, and personal care products in reused water. Treating water to the level that would be free of these contaminants is expensive, and for recycled water that is introduced into a groundwater aquifer it would include the use of multiple barriers and mediums for removal of the microbiological and chemical contaminants. Furthermore, all wastewater that is added to the groundwater supply must be highly treated just in case it has these potentially dangerous contaminants. Monitoring is a critical step in these processes as well. There is some thought that a better alternative to preemptively highly treating all water in case of contaminants for use in the drinking water supply would be a dual piping system where gray and black water are kept separate from the initial point of disposal to the treatment phase and using the previously black water for non-potable reuses as it is more likely to have higher concentrations of the potentially more harmful contaminants. This however requires new infrastructure which too is costly. The general consensus is that new infrastructure will be required regardless moving into the next few decades.

text: The ATSDR avoided drawing links between the Navy training and health concerns on Vieques.  For example, the agency neglected to test several relevant wells, including the Sun Bay Wells, which serve as the backup water supply for Vieques in case the pipeline from mainland Puerto Rico breaks down.  Furthermore, the Navy’s claim that groundwater from the testing site cannot reach residential groundwater supplies may be false.  At a public meeting, when asked why the Navy had installed monitoring wells designed to track the spread of explosive contaminants between the impact area and the civilian area, the ATSDR refused to comment.  Also, the ATSDR did not adequately emphasize negative findings in their report.  For instance, high levels of benzene—more than four times the maximum allowed—were found in a groundwater well on the Navy’s property.

text: In June 2014, Portsmouth shut down Haven Well, a water well serving Pease International Tradeport, after Air Force tests showed perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) 12.5 times higher than the EPA’s Provisional Health Advisory. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was also found, but below the health advisory level. The Air Force had tested the well in advance of an EPA requirement beginning in 2015. In 2015, the CDC announced blood testing of 500 people exposed to this contaminant from the Haven Well, thought to stem from the Air Force using firefighting foam. In July 2015, the preliminary average of the first 98 blood tests was higher than the national average. The EPA ordered the Air Force to "design, install and operate a groundwater treatment system for the Haven well" that will "at a minimum restore contaminated groundwater in the Pease aquifer to levels less than the PHA for PFOA and PFOS" within 420 days or about 14 months. EPA predicted the contamination to continue to migrate toward the Harrison, Smith, Collins and Portsmouth No. 1 wells, which are known as the "southern well field" at the tradeport. The Air Force used the firefighting foam in 19 other areas, which have not been tested yet. Andrea Amico, a Portsmouth mother, had "pushed the state to test everybody who was exposed to the contaminated water". She applauded the order and deplored the Air Force’s "lack of transparency".In mid July the New Hampshire State Department of Health and Human Services announced it was "exploring all measures to reopen testing for anyone exposed to contaminated water" at Haven Well. Exposed firefighters began filing workers compensation claims with the city. Mothers whose children were exposed to contaminated water at a daycare center and who developed elevated PFOA levels have spoken out. Parents worry about potential risk for cancer and fertility issues. The city of Portsmouth requested the two other wells be treated. On September 25, the Air Force announced they are “pursuing options” to treat all three city-owned wells.

text: In June 2014, Portsmouth shut down Haven Well, a water well serving

entity_name: Portsmouth International Airport at Pease

text: Pease International Tradeport

text: , after Air Force tests showed

text: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid

text: (PFOS) 12.5 times higher than the EPA’s Provisional Health Advisory.

text: Perfluorooctanoic acid

text: (PFOA) was also found, but below the health advisory level. The Air Force had tested the well in advance of an EPA requirement beginning in 2015. In 2015, the CDC announced blood testing of 500 people exposed to this contaminant from the Haven Well, thought to stem from the Air Force using

text: firefighting foam

text: . In July 2015, the preliminary average of the first 98 blood tests was higher than the national average. The EPA ordered the Air Force to "design, install and operate a groundwater treatment system for the Haven well" that will "at a minimum restore contaminated groundwater in the Pease aquifer to levels less than the PHA for PFOA and PFOS" within 420 days or about 14 months. EPA predicted the contamination to continue to migrate toward the Harrison, Smith, Collins and Portsmouth No. 1 wells, which are known as the "southern well field" at the tradeport. The Air Force used the firefighting foam in 19 other areas, which have not been tested yet. Andrea Amico, a Portsmouth mother, had "pushed the state to test everybody who was exposed to the contaminated water". She applauded the order and deplored the Air Force’s "lack of transparency".In mid July the New Hampshire State Department of Health and Human Services announced it was "exploring all measures to reopen testing for anyone exposed to contaminated water" at Haven Well. Exposed firefighters began filing

text: workers compensation

text: claims with the city. Mothers whose children were exposed to contaminated water at a daycare center and who developed elevated PFOA levels have spoken out. Parents worry about potential risk for cancer and fertility issues. The city of Portsmouth requested the two other wells be treated. On September 25, the Air Force announced they are “pursuing options” to treat all three city-owned wells.

text: On April 13, 2010, two bomb blasts rocked Isabela City, the first at the Basilan National High School Grandstand Oval, the second right beside Sta. Isabel Cathedral. A third controlled explosion was detonated by elements of the Philippine National Police Bomb Squad a few meters from the Isabela City Hall. This was followed by the massacre of twelve residents of Theresa Heights Subdivision, Brgy. Eastside, as the bombers, purportedly members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf, escaped from a porous Philippine military cordon.

text: On April 13, 2010, two bomb blasts rocked Isabela City, the first at the Basilan National High School Grandstand Oval, the second right beside Sta. Isabel Cathedral. A third controlled explosion was detonated by elements of the

text: Philippine National Police

text: Bomb Squad a few meters from the Isabela City Hall. This was followed by the massacre of twelve residents of Theresa Heights Subdivision, Brgy. Eastside, as the bombers, purportedly members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Abu Sayyaf, escaped from a porous Philippine military cordon.

text: Nevertheless, Plant X still "consumes huge quantities of groundwater."  The generation of steam, the discharge of steam to the atmosphere, and the evaporation of water from massive cooling towers results in a significant extraction of groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer.  The combination of groundwater pumping for power production and water extraction by irrigated agriculture has caused groundwater levels beneath the Sand Hills to drop appreciably.  As a result, most natural springs in the area have stopped flowing and spring-fed lakes, such as Spring Lake and Soda Lake, have dried completely.

text: Nevertheless, Plant X still "consumes huge quantities of groundwater."  The generation of steam, the discharge of steam to the atmosphere, and the evaporation of water from massive cooling towers results in a significant extraction of groundwater from the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: .  The combination of groundwater pumping for power production and water extraction by irrigated agriculture has caused groundwater levels beneath the Sand Hills to drop appreciably.  As a result, most natural springs in the area have stopped flowing and spring-fed lakes, such as Spring Lake and Soda Lake, have dried completely.

text: The Ognyanovo hot springs, with their curative properties, attract many visitors. There are two groups of springs in the village of Ognyanovo, the first is known as the "Town Baths" and is along the valley of the river Kanina and the second is the so-called "Village Baths".  The "Town Baths" contain 14 springs while the "Village Baths" contains 3-4 springs and is situated one kilometer northeast of the village.  The mineral water is clear, odourless and pleasant to drink.  Its temperatures range between 35°C to 40°C. There are a number of hotels along the mineral waters and it is a great way to relax in both summer and winter.

text: Box Spring is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are Bead Geyser, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser. Eruptions of Box Spring last about 2 minutes and are  high. The interval between eruptions is 10 to 90 minutes.

text: Box Spring is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups are

text: Bead Geyser

text: Dilemma Geyser

text: Labial Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser

text: Pink Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: . Eruptions of Box Spring last about 2 minutes and are  high. The interval between eruptions is 10 to 90 minutes.

text: The volume of groundwater in an aquifer can be estimated by measuring water levels in local wells and by examining geologic records from well-drilling to determine the extent, depth and thickness of water-bearing sediments and rocks. Before an investment is made in production wells, test wells may be drilled to measure the depths at which water is encountered and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. Pumping tests can be performed in test wells to determine flow characteristics of the aquifer.

text: Dilemma Geyser is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is part of the Pink Cone complex. Other geysers in this group are Box Spring, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, Pink Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.

text: Dilemma Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It is part of the Pink Cone complex. Other geysers in this group are

text: Box Spring

text: Labial Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser

text: Pink Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: Normally rabbit vibrators are made out of a jelly-like substance (polyvinyl chloride), silicone (semi-organic polymer), rubber (elastic hydrocarbon polymer) or latex (natural rubber) materials. Silicone vibrators are easier to clean and care for, since this material is not porous, therefore no bacteria or foreign matter is absorbed by the toy. Silicone retains heat and has no odour. Jelly material is porous and cannot be sterilised in boiling water and has a scent of rubber that some find unappealing. In order to escape this smell some producers aromatise the products with more pleasurable scents. Rabbit vibrators made from vinyl, plastic, metal, and elastomer materials can be also found. They are much less porous than jelly, or entirely non-porous, but the texture is smooth and firm.

text: Normally rabbit vibrators are made out of a jelly-like substance (

text: polyvinyl chloride

text: silicone

text: (semi-organic polymer),

text: rubber

text: (elastic hydrocarbon polymer) or

text: latex

text: (natural rubber) materials. Silicone vibrators are easier to clean and care for, since this material is not porous, therefore no bacteria or foreign matter is absorbed by the toy. Silicone retains heat and has no odour. Jelly material is porous and cannot be sterilised in boiling water and has a scent of rubber that some find unappealing. In order to escape this smell some producers aromatise the products with more pleasurable scents. Rabbit vibrators made from

text: vinyl

text: plastic

text: metal

text: , and

text: elastomer

text: materials can be also found. They are much less porous than jelly, or entirely non-porous, but the texture is smooth and firm.

text: θ is the contact angle of liquid/liquid/rock system, and μ is a viscosity of oil phase, and μ is a viscosity of water phase, ρ is density of oil phase in g/cm³, ρ is density of water phase in g/cm³, m is mass of fluid penetrated into a porous rock, t is time in min and γ_ is a surface tension between an oil and a water in dyne/cm, and ∁ is a characteristic constant of the porous rock.

text: Measured total organic content of the Marcellus Formation ranges from less than 1% in eastern New York, to over 11% in the central part of the state,and the shale may contain enough carbon to support combustion.The more organic-rich black shales can be bituminous, but are too old to contain bituminous coal formed from land plants.In petroleum geology, these black shales are an important source rock that filled conventional petroleum reservoirs in overlying formations, are an unconventional shale gas reservoir, and are an impermeable seal that traps underlying conventional natural gas reservoirs.To the west the formation may produce liquid petroleum; further northt heating during deeper burial more than 240 million years ago cracked this oil into gas.

text: Measured total organic content of the Marcellus Formation ranges from less than 1% in eastern New York, to over 11% in the central part of the state,and the shale may contain enough carbon to support

text: combustion

text: .The more organic-rich black shales can be

text: bituminous

text: , but are too old to contain

text: bituminous coal

text: formed from land plants.In

text: petroleum geology

text: , these black shales are an important

text: source rock

text: that filled conventional

text: petroleum reservoir

text: s in overlying formations, are an unconventional

text: shale gas

text: reservoir, and are an

text: impermeable

text: seal that traps underlying conventional

text: natural gas

text: reservoirs.To the west the formation may produce liquid

text: petroleum

text: ; further northt heating during deeper burial more than 240 million years ago

text: cracked

text: this oil into gas.

text: Geyser was ordered on 12 March 1840 as the fourth of a class of 6 second-class steam vessels.

text: Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a hydrogeologist, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment before being potable. Soil salination can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for methane to seep into the water.

text: Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated

text: aquifer

text: at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a

text: hydrogeologist

text: , or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment before being potable.

text: Soil salination

text: can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for

text: methane

text: to seep into the water.

text: In the summer of 2013,  transported from the Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation's ethanol plant near Colwich will be injected at the KGS Wellington field site in Sumner County for both enhanced oil recovery and  sequestration in the deep Arbuckle saline aquifer. The Arbuckle is a porous rock group that contains saline water unfit for human consumption in that area of the state and is separated from shallower freshwater aquifers by thousands of feet of impermeable rock. This will be the first time  emitted during industrial activities will be captured and injected underground for long-term storage in Kansas. Sequestration of  in saline aquifers is being tested throughout the United States, with a larger test currently underway in Illinois.

text: Yellowstone National Park is a thermally active area with an extensive system of hot springs, fumaroles, geysers, and mudpots. There are also several hydrothermal explosion craters, which are not to be confused with calderas, which are collapse features. Eight of these hydrothermal explosion craters are in hydrothermally cemented glacial deposits, and two are in Pleistocene ash-flow tuff.  Each is surrounded by a rim composed of debris derived from the crater, 10 to 30 yards high.

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: is a thermally active area with an extensive system of hot springs,

text: fumarole

text: s,

text: geysers

text: , and

text: mudpot

text: s. There are also several hydrothermal explosion craters, which are not to be confused with

text: caldera

text: s, which are collapse features. Eight of these hydrothermal explosion craters are in hydrothermally cemented glacial deposits, and two are in

text: Pleistocene

text: ash-flow

text: tuff

text: .  Each is surrounded by a rim composed of debris derived from the crater, 10 to 30 yards high.

text: In 2015, Senninger Irrigation's headquarters was designated as a Groundwater Guardian Green Site by The Groundwater Foundation in recognition of the company's groundwater and environmental stewardship. The Groundwater Foundation stated the company earned this exclusive designation based on its current practices related to water use, pesticide and fertilizer management, and pollution prevention.

text: Herein, "t" is a penetration rate of liquid into a porous sample, "μ" is a viscosity of the liquid,  "ρ" is a density of the liquid, "γ" is a surface tension of the liquid, "θ" is contact angle made by the liquid, and "m" is a mass of the liquid penetrated into the porous sample, and "C" is a constant of characterization of the porous sample; evaluating a value of "γ" using a young’s equation for a rock surface/water/air system (Figure 2) and a value of "γ" using young’s equation for a liquid/liquid/rock system is represented by below equation;

text: For protection of groundwater, IT conducted regular groundwater and waste pond sampling to test for a range of analytes as well as pH.  These test results were submitted to the county health department and the state water board.  Generally water quality testing confirmed the satisfactory operation of IT's liner control program.

text: For protection of groundwater, IT conducted regular groundwater and waste pond sampling to test for a range of analytes as well as

text: pH

text: .  These test results were submitted to the county health department and the state water board.  Generally water quality testing confirmed the satisfactory operation of IT's liner control program.

text: A lens can also refer to an irregular shaped formation consisting of a porous, permeable sedimentary deposit surrounded by impermeable rock.

text: A lens can also refer to an irregular shaped formation consisting of a

text: porous

text: permeable

text: sedimentary

text: deposit surrounded by impermeable rock.

text: Soon, the trio sees Stan heroically fighting the adult dinosaur, and he even goes to punch the menace in the face as he had previously said he did. Stan's blows are powerful enough to literally send the dinosaur falling to the ground, and the others congratulate him, with Mabel and Stan bonding over Mabel's pet pig. But, the moment ends as quickly as it started, for the dinosaur manages to climb back up and chase after the Pines and Soos. They run through the tunnels back to their starting point and, since their rope is broken, try to use a geyser to shoot themselves to the surface. To speed up the escape, Soos punches the geyser to activate it, and the group finds itself wet and in various random places.

text: The Geyser was a steam powered fireboat built for Bay City, Michigan.At the time she was being built, in 1889, it was anticipated that she would be twice as powerful as any other vessel on the Saginaw River.

text: The Geyser was a

text: steam powered

text: fireboat

text: built for

text: Bay City, Michigan

text: .At the time she was being built, in 1889, it was anticipated that she would be twice as powerful as any other vessel on the

text: Saginaw River

text: The ways to deal with groundwater pollution that has already occurred can be grouped into the following categories: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further; removing the pollutants from the aquifer; remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ); treating the groundwater at its point of use; or abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.

text: The Mallee has no surface drainage: the native vegetation has so high a rooting density that the rainfall of most years is easily absorbed and the porous sandy soils mean that any excess in an exceptionally wet year will recharge groundwater supplies which tend to be highly saline. Flow from the Wimmera River to the south supplies Lake Hindmarsh and, very occasionally (in 1918, 1956 and 1975), overflows to the north. The Murray River is, thus, the only source of fresh water for the region and is consequently overburdened by intensive irrigation.

text: The Mallee has no surface drainage: the native vegetation has so high a rooting density that the rainfall of most years is easily absorbed and the porous sandy soils mean that any excess in an exceptionally wet year will recharge

text: groundwater

text: supplies which tend to be highly saline. Flow from the

text: Wimmera River

text: to the south supplies

text: Lake Hindmarsh

text: and, very occasionally (in 1918, 1956 and 1975), overflows to the north. The

text: Murray River

text: is, thus, the only source of

text: fresh water

text: for the region and is consequently overburdened by intensive

text: irrigation

text: The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers, but in places it is being rapidly depleted by growing municipal use, and continuing agricultural use. This huge aquifer, which underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation. Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals. According to a 2013 report by research hydrologist Leonard F. Konikow at the United States Geological Survey (USGC), the depletion between 2001–2008, inclusive, is about 32 percent of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century (Konikow 2013:22)." In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation and oil and coal extraction. "Cumulative total groundwater depletion in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet the Nation’s water needs."

text: The

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers, but in places it is being rapidly

text: depleted

text: by growing municipal use, and continuing agricultural use. This huge aquifer, which underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily

text: fossil water

text: from the time of the last

text: glaciation

text: . Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals. According to a 2013 report by research hydrologist Leonard F. Konikow at the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGC), the depletion between 2001–2008, inclusive, is about 32 percent of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century (Konikow 2013:22)." In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation and oil and coal extraction. "Cumulative total groundwater depletion in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet the Nation’s water needs."

text: The customs and practices observed differ depending on the hot spring. It is common practice that bathers should wash before entering the water so as not to contaminate the water (with/without soap). In many countries, like Japan, it is required to enter the hot spring with no clothes on, including swimwear. Typically in these circumstances, there are different facilities or times for men and women. In some countries, if it is a public hot spring, swimwear is required.

text: Since 1955, Jordan and Israel have held regular talks over the sharing of the Jordan River. International law considers states and institutions created by states as the only legitimate actors, which explains why Palestinians have not been as much a part of the conversation as some might argue they should be. The ambiguity of international law tends to unintentionally favor Israel in this way: it is an established state while Palestinians are not yet united as a sovereign, internationally recognized entity.Experts have argued that water laws ought to be more concrete though this seems difficult because of the variation in each geographic space and each political situation. There is no formula for exactly how to divide up the waters. Some guidelines do exist, however, as a frame of reference . Many rules of law pertaining to shared water resources follow the precedent of The Helsinki Rules, an international guideline on the regulation of transnational rivers and their groundwaters. These rules rely on five principles: "reasonable and equitable utilization, avoidance of significant harm to other users or states, advance notification, consultation and negotiation,exchange of information, peaceful settlements of disputes."  These principles are largely seen as soft or customary law.  After the Helsinki Rules were published, the U.N. began to research the topic of international water law which culminated in the formulation of the 1997 UN Convention on the NonNavigational Uses of International Watercourses. This convention, like the Helsinki Rules, is also largely considered customary law. The aquifers under dispute in Israel-Palestine are transboundary aquifers: in which a political boundary is between the outflow and recharge areas. The international laws can be used toward policy making, though nothing concrete has yet been ratified.

text: Since 1955, Jordan and Israel have held regular talks over the sharing of the Jordan River. International law considers states and institutions created by states as the only legitimate actors, which explains why Palestinians have not been as much a part of the conversation as some might argue they should be. The ambiguity of international law tends to unintentionally favor Israel in this way: it is an established state while Palestinians are not yet united as a sovereign, internationally recognized entity.Experts have argued that water laws ought to be more concrete though this seems difficult because of the variation in each geographic space and each political situation. There is no formula for exactly how to divide up the waters. Some guidelines do exist, however, as a frame of reference . Many rules of law pertaining to shared water resources follow the precedent of

entity_name: The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers

text: The Helsinki Rules

text: , an international guideline on the regulation of transnational rivers and their groundwaters. These rules rely on five principles: "reasonable and equitable utilization, avoidance of significant harm to other users or states, advance notification, consultation and negotiation,exchange of information, peaceful settlements of disputes."  These principles are largely seen as soft or customary law.  After the Helsinki Rules were published, the U.N. began to research the topic of international water law which culminated in the formulation of the 1997 UN Convention on the NonNavigational Uses of International Watercourses. This convention, like the Helsinki Rules, is also largely considered customary law. The aquifers under dispute in Israel-Palestine are transboundary aquifers: in which a political boundary is between the outflow and recharge areas. The international laws can be used toward policy making, though nothing concrete has yet been ratified.

text: The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) established a non-enforceable Notification Level of 5 ng/L (parts per trillion) and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment established a Public Health Goal (PHG) of 0.7 ng/L. CDPH is working to establish legally enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) which is set as close to the PHG as is technically and economically feasible.  The state of Alaska has promulgated standards establishing cleanup levels for 1,2,3-trichloropropane contamination in soils and groundwater.  The state of California considers 1,2,3-trichloropropane to be an unregulated contaminant that should be monitored. The state of Colorado has also promulgated a groundwater standard although there is no drinking water standard. Although there is not much regulation on this substance, it has proved that TCP is a carcinogen in laboratory mice, and most likely a human carcinogen as well. On a federal scale, there is no MCL for this contaminant. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) in occupational setting for air is 50 ppm or 300 mg/m. The concentration in air at which TCP becomes an Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH) is at 100 ppm. These regulations were reviewed in 2009.

text: The largest and most controversial settlement was known as the Poorman contract. The Poorman family owned a 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) dairy ranch on the south side of the San Jacinto River, across from Gilman Hot Springs, along with 3,600 acres (15 km2) of grass and grazing in the upper Perris valley. The ranches were managed by Ed Poorman, known locally as the founding president of the Ramona Pageant Association. Ed Poorman's brother, Samuel Poorman, was an attorney for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. In 1937, after noticing a drop in groundwater, Samuel Poorman negotiated a settlement with the MWD for the loss of groundwater, but instead of taking cash, the Poormans took their share in water.

text: The largest and most controversial settlement was known as the Poorman contract. The Poorman family owned a 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) dairy ranch on the south side of the

text: San Jacinto River

text: , across from Gilman Hot Springs, along with 3,600 acres (15 km2) of grass and grazing in the upper Perris valley. The ranches were managed by Ed Poorman, known locally as the founding president of the

text: Ramona Pageant

text: Association. Ed Poorman's brother, Samuel Poorman, was an attorney for the

entity_name: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

text: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

text: . In 1937, after noticing a drop in groundwater, Samuel Poorman negotiated a settlement with the MWD for the loss of groundwater, but instead of taking cash, the Poormans took their share in water.

text: Image of Uranium risk map may be found here: http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/waterres/cycle/groundwater/well/uranium.pdf

text: The 7 Minute Spring was drilled near the former Manitou House Hotel in 1909. Every 7 minutes a geyser erupted. In 1993 a park was developed surrounding a newly drilled spring. Don Green, Maxine Green, and Bill Burgess collaborated on two fonts at the spring.

text: The brook was originally known as Mineral Spring Brook, when a resort business was attempted near the current start of the exposed part of the brook. A surveyor incorrectly labeled it McDonald's Brook, and variations of that name became the common name, and now the official name. Mineral Spring Avenue runs perpendicular to the brook near the site of the former resort, and the name of the street may actually be a remnant of the original name and the resort that tried to put the brook to medicinal use. Bloomfield Avenue, parts of it now renamed Broadway, was originally built on February 1, 1803, to provide access to the spring resort.

text: Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks. Deposits are known to occur in strata from as far back as the Archaean eon. Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur. Gypsum is the commonest sulfate mineral. Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give a wide range of colors to local deposits.

text: Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive

text: evaporite

text: beds in association with

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. Deposits are known to occur in

text: strata

text: from as far back as the

text: Archaean

text: eon

text: . Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in

text: hot spring

text: s, from

text: volcanic

text: vapors, and sulfate solutions in

text: veins

text: Hydrothermal

text: anhydrite

text: in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals

text: halite

text: and

text: sulfur

text: . Gypsum is the commonest sulfate mineral. Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give a wide range of colors to local deposits.

text: In some basins, such as that of the Barada around Damascus, total water use exceeds availability of renewable water resources, resulting in overexploitation of groundwater. In the Mleita plain around the town of Al-Nabk in the Kalamoon Mountains north of Damascus, for example, the water table declined from 35 meter in 1984 to below 250 meter in 2009. Agriculture all but disappeared and the fertile valley was turned into a dusty wasteland. Other areas of heavy groundwater overxploitation are the area around Mhardeh in Hama Governorate, Khan Shaykhun in Idlib Governorate and the Damascus Ghouta where groundwater levels dropped by more than 6 meters per year in some areas between 1993 and 2000. Overexploitation of groundwater has contributed to a decline in the flow of the Khabur River which has ceased to flow during summer since 1999. The number of wells in Syria has been estimated to have increased from 135,089 in 1999 to over 213,335 in 2007, according to the National Agricultural Policy Centre (NAPC). The lands irrigated by groundwater increased from 652,000ha in 1985 to 1.4m ha in 2005. Rural electrification, diesel subsidies and subsidized loans for the drilling and equipment of wells contributed to the boom in groundwater irrigation.

text: In some basins, such as that of the Barada around Damascus, total water use exceeds availability of renewable water resources, resulting in

text: overexploitation

text: of groundwater. In the Mleita plain around the town of

text: Al-Nabk

text: in the Kalamoon Mountains north of Damascus, for example, the water table declined from 35 meter in 1984 to below 250 meter in 2009. Agriculture all but disappeared and the fertile valley was turned into a dusty wasteland. Other areas of heavy groundwater overxploitation are the area around

text: Mhardeh

text: in

text: Hama Governorate

text: Khan Shaykhun

text: in

text: Idlib Governorate

text: and the Damascus

text: Ghouta

text: where groundwater levels dropped by more than 6 meters per year in some areas between 1993 and 2000. Overexploitation of groundwater has contributed to a decline in the flow of the

text: Khabur River

text: which has ceased to flow during summer since 1999. The number of wells in Syria has been estimated to have increased from 135,089 in 1999 to over 213,335 in 2007, according to the National Agricultural Policy Centre (NAPC). The lands irrigated by groundwater increased from 652,000ha in 1985 to 1.4m ha in 2005. Rural electrification, diesel subsidies and subsidized loans for the drilling and equipment of wells contributed to the boom in groundwater irrigation.

text: The Maquoketa group is also a major aquitard.  This means that it is very impermeable, and therefore water only measurably flows through it on geologic time-scales. For this reason, it cannot serve as a source of groundwater.

text: The Maquoketa group is also a major

text: aquitard

text: .  This means that it is very impermeable, and therefore water only measurably flows through it on geologic time-scales. For this reason, it cannot serve as a source of groundwater.

text: Over one thousand known geysers exist worldwide. At least 1,283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States, and an average of 465 geysers are active there in a given year. A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby hot springs, earthquake influences, and human intervention.

text: Over one thousand known geysers exist worldwide. At least 1,283 geysers have erupted in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: Wyoming

text: United States

text: , and an average of 465 geysers are active there in a given year. A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing

text: mineral

text: deposition

text: within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: earthquake

text: influences, and human intervention.

text: The Frösundavik Aquifer is the building's source for cool groundwater used in summer months and warm groundwater in winter months.

text: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are employed to simulate and predict aquifer conditions.

text: Groundwater models are

text: computer models

text: of

text: groundwater

text: flow systems, and are used by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s. Groundwater models are employed to simulate and predict

text: aquifer

text: conditions.

text: ‘Aquifer’ means a subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of sufficient permeability to allow either a significant flow of groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities of groundwater (WFD Article 2.11.2016)

text: Ab Ask is famous for its mineral hot springs sources from Mount Damavand, the highest peak in Iran with the elevation of 5610 m above the sea level. Agriculture and Livestock are the main occupation of local residents. Ab Ask is also a very popular fishing spot with an ample amount of red-spot trout fish. The majority of Amol population are originally from Larijan District and those from Ab Ask are known as Aski (from Ab Ask). Most of the Aski people in Amol own a property in Ab Ask and spend their weekends there specifically during spring and summer when the weather is quite cool and pleasant there by driving about 1 hour through Haraz Road.

text: In the EU, industrial use of hazardous chemicals is controlled by the so-called Seveso II Directive (Directive 96/82/EC, which replaced the original Seveso Directive (82/501/EEC brought in after the 1976 dioxin disaster. "Free cyanide and any compound capable of releasing free cyanide in solution" are further controlled by being on List I of the Groundwater Directive (Directive 80/68/EEC) which bans any discharge of a size which might cause deterioration in the quality of the groundwater at the time or in the future. The Groundwater Directive was largely replaced in 2000 by the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC).

text: In the EU, industrial use of hazardous chemicals is controlled by the so-called

text: Seveso II Directive

text: (Directive 96/82/EC, which replaced the original

text: Seveso Directive

text: (82/501/EEC brought in after the 1976 dioxin disaster. "Free cyanide and any compound capable of releasing free cyanide in solution" are further controlled by being on List I of the

text: Groundwater Directive

text: (Directive 80/68/EEC) which bans any discharge of a size which might cause deterioration in the quality of the groundwater at the time or in the future. The Groundwater Directive was largely replaced in 2000 by the

text: Water Framework Directive

text: Surface mining may impair groundwater in numerous ways: by drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent areas and changes in flow direction within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration (percolation) of poor-quality mine water; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. Where coal or carbonaceous shale is present, increased infiltration may result in: increased runoff of poor-quality water and erosion from spoil piles, recharge of poor-quality water to shallow groundwater aquifers and poor-quality water flow to nearby streams.

text: Surface mining may impair groundwater in numerous ways: by drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent areas and changes in flow direction within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration (percolation) of poor-quality

text: mine water

text: ; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. Where coal or carbonaceous shale is present, increased infiltration may result in: increased runoff of poor-quality water and erosion from spoil piles, recharge of poor-quality water to shallow groundwater aquifers and poor-quality water flow to nearby streams.

text: Located at the southwest end of the lake, The Shoshone Geyser Basin contains one of the highest concentrations of geysers in the world - more than 80 in an area  by . Hot springs and mudpots dot the landscape between the geyser basin and the lake.

text: The dikes were formed around 200 million years ago, during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods, when Pangaea broke apart: the same period of geological activity that formed the Palisades Sill. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa. Deep faults formed in the earth's crust as the continental sections pulled apart. Magma was generated through decompression melting, and this molten rock pushed up to fill the faults. The cooler temperatures of the upper crust quickly solidified the hot rock, preventing it from reaching the surface. This geological process created large, thin, subvertical sheets of impermeable basalt, or diabase dikes.

text: The dikes were formed around 200 million years ago, during the late

text: Triassic

text: and early

text: Jurassic

text: periods, when

text: Pangaea

text: broke apart: the same period of geological activity that formed the

text: Palisades Sill

text: . What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa. Deep

text: faults

text: formed in the earth's crust as the continental sections pulled apart.

text: Magma

text: was generated through

text: decompression melting

text: , and this molten rock pushed up to fill the faults. The cooler temperatures of the upper crust quickly solidified the hot rock, preventing it from reaching the surface. This geological process created large, thin, subvertical sheets of impermeable basalt, or diabase dikes.

text: The experiments were conducted to investigate the sorption of arsenic from the groundwater onto kimberlite tailings in two phases - batch studies and column studies. In batch studies, the effects of different factors such as pH, adsorbent dose and adsorbent size on the performance of kimberlite tailings were investigated. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm studies were also carried out. The adsorption capacity of kimberlite tailings was calculated as 0.25 mg/g of adsorbent. In column studies, the performance of fixed-bed kimberlite tailings was studied and the adsorption capacity was found to be 0.27 mg/g of adsorbent. Film diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting factor for the removal of arsenic by kimberlite tailings. Adsorption of arsenic was found to be pH dependent and higher removal efficiencies were observed near neutral pH range. The arsenic uptake increased with increase in adsorbent dose. Spent kimberlite tailings could be regenerated with dilute NaOH. The proposed treatment methodology was applied to the groundwater samples collected from various places of North 24-Parganas district situated in West Bengal, India. The samples were analyzed for the presence of total arsenic. The arsenic contamination of groundwater was found to be location specific in North 24-Parganas district. The maximum arsenic concentration at certain places was found to be many folds more than the WHO recommended limits. The treatment of arsenic contaminated water samples with kimberlite tailings showed 90-94% removal in 12 hours. The present study can be used as a basis for designing and developing filter columns, which can be attached to the tube wells for low cost and effective removal of arsenic.

text: The experiments were conducted to investigate the sorption of arsenic from the groundwater onto kimberlite tailings in two phases - batch studies and column studies. In batch studies, the effects of different factors such as

text: pH

text: , adsorbent dose and adsorbent size on the performance of kimberlite tailings were investigated. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm studies were also carried out. The adsorption capacity of kimberlite tailings was calculated as 0.25 mg/g of adsorbent. In column studies, the performance of fixed-bed kimberlite tailings was studied and the adsorption capacity was found to be 0.27 mg/g of adsorbent. Film diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting factor for the removal of arsenic by kimberlite tailings. Adsorption of arsenic was found to be pH dependent and higher removal efficiencies were observed near neutral pH range. The arsenic uptake increased with increase in adsorbent dose. Spent kimberlite tailings could be regenerated with dilute

text: NaOH

text: . The proposed treatment methodology was applied to the groundwater samples collected from various places of North 24-Parganas district situated in

text: West Bengal

text: , India. The samples were analyzed for the presence of total arsenic. The arsenic contamination of groundwater was found to be location specific in North 24-Parganas district. The maximum arsenic concentration at certain places was found to be many folds more than the

text: WHO

text: recommended limits. The treatment of arsenic contaminated water samples with kimberlite tailings showed 90-94% removal in 12 hours. The present study can be used as a basis for designing and developing filter columns, which can be attached to the tube wells for low cost and effective removal of

text: arsenic

text: Of the 19 surviving mineral springs, 11 are recognized as state wells. In the world, it is now second to only Újbuda in Budapest, Hungary, in scale. The Mombach spring is the only one that releases its water without pressure in large quantities; its outflow is used in the adjacent baths and the Wilhelma spa.

text: Of the 19 surviving mineral springs, 11 are recognized as state wells. In the world, it is now second to only

text: Újbuda

text: in

text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: , in scale. The Mombach spring is the only one that releases its water without pressure in large quantities; its outflow is used in the adjacent baths and the Wilhelma spa.

text: Used in geology, hydrogeology, soil science, and building science, the porosity of a porous medium (such as rock or sediment) describes the fraction of void space in the material, where the void may contain, for example, air or water. It is defined by the ratio:

text: Used in

text: geology

text: hydrogeology

text: soil science

text: , and

text: building science

text: , the porosity of a

text: porous medium

text: (such as

text: rock

text: or

text: sediment

text: ) describes the fraction of void space in the material, where the void may contain, for example, air or water. It is defined by the

text: ratio

text: Current levels of groundwater extraction far exceed the level of natural recharge: Groundwater is being "mined". For example, the Al-Ahsa aquifer in the Eastern Province experienced a drop of 150 meters over the past 25 years. Since the usable volume of the aquifers is not known, it is not clear how long groundwater mining can be sustained. Estimates of the groundwater stored in the principal aquifers are controversial. According to one estimate, the amount of water stored before modern farming started was 500 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the amount of water in Lake Erie, and by 2012 about 80% of that water had been extracted.

text: Current levels of groundwater extraction far exceed the level of natural recharge: Groundwater is being "mined". For example, the

text: Al-Ahsa

text: aquifer in the Eastern Province experienced a drop of 150 meters over the past 25 years. Since the usable volume of the aquifers is not known, it is not clear how long groundwater mining can be sustained. Estimates of the groundwater stored in the principal aquifers are controversial. According to one estimate, the amount of water stored before modern farming started was 500 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the amount of water in

text: Lake Erie

text: , and by 2012 about 80% of that water had been extracted.

text: In mountainous areas (or near rivers in mountainous areas), the main aquifers are typically unconsolidated alluvium, composed of mostly horizontal layers of materials deposited by water processes (rivers and streams), which in cross-section (looking at a two-dimensional slice of the aquifer) appear to be layers of alternating coarse and fine materials. Coarse materials, because of the high energy needed to move them, tend to be found nearer the source (mountain fronts or rivers), whereas the fine-grained material will make it farther from the source (to the flatter parts of the basin or overbank areas - sometimes called the pressure area). Since there are less fine-grained deposits near the source, this is a place where aquifers are often unconfined (sometimes called the forebay area), or in hydraulic communication with the land surface.

text: In mountainous areas (or near rivers in mountainous areas), the main aquifers are typically unconsolidated

text: alluvium

text: , composed of mostly horizontal layers of materials deposited by water processes (rivers and streams), which in cross-section (looking at a two-dimensional slice of the aquifer) appear to be layers of alternating coarse and fine materials. Coarse materials, because of the high energy needed to move them, tend to be found nearer the source (mountain fronts or rivers), whereas the fine-grained material will make it farther from the source (to the flatter parts of the basin or overbank areas - sometimes called the pressure area). Since there are less fine-grained deposits near the source, this is a place where aquifers are often unconfined (sometimes called the forebay area), or in hydraulic communication with the land surface.

text: A 2000 paper presented evidence for a shallow reservoir with temperatures up to , and a deep reservoir with temperatures up to .The deep reservoir included an upper section between  deep and a lower and hotter section below . Both the upper and lower reservoirs contained sodium chloride thermal water.The shallow reservoir covers  and is mostly hosted in porous Quaternary alluvium. Its basement is Himalayan granite and tuff. The water is a mixture of cold groundwater and deep thermal water. The deep reservoir was thought to have an area of  below , contained in fractured bedrock. The thermal water is held in tectonic fissures and fracture zones.The isotopic composition of the thermal waters indicates local meteoric origin (rain and snow), including run-off from the Nyainquentanglha Range. The water runs down through the fractured rock, and is gradually warmed, with the warmer water rising towards the surface.

text: A 2000 paper presented evidence for a shallow reservoir with temperatures up to , and a deep reservoir with temperatures up to .The deep reservoir included an upper section between  deep and a lower and hotter section below . Both the upper and lower reservoirs contained

text: sodium chloride

text: thermal water.The shallow reservoir covers  and is mostly hosted in porous Quaternary alluvium. Its basement is Himalayan granite and tuff. The water is a mixture of cold groundwater and deep thermal water. The deep reservoir was thought to have an area of  below , contained in fractured bedrock. The thermal water is held in tectonic fissures and fracture zones.The isotopic composition of the thermal waters indicates local meteoric origin (rain and snow), including run-off from the Nyainquentanglha Range. The water runs down through the fractured rock, and is gradually warmed, with the warmer water rising towards the surface.

text: The municipality lies at an altitude of 214 metres and covers an area of 17.239 km². Trenčianska Turná lies to the North of the Považský Inovec Mts. in the southern portion of the Trenčín Basin. Located near road I/50 connecting the towns Trenčín and Bánovce nad Bebravou. Creek Turniansky potok flows through the village. The northern slopes of the Považský Inovec Mts. are rich on mineral springs. Presence of the springs is considered as a result of circulation of groundwater near the Inovec fault.

text: The municipality lies at an altitude of 214 metres and covers an area of 17.239 km². Trenčianska Turná lies to the North of the

text: Považský Inovec Mts.

text: in the southern portion of the

text: Trenčín Basin

text: . Located near road

text: connecting the towns

text: Trenčín

text: and

text: Bánovce nad Bebravou

text: . Creek

text: Turniansky potok

text: flows through the village. The northern slopes of the Považský Inovec Mts. are rich on

text: mineral springs

text: . Presence of the springs is considered as a result of circulation of

text: groundwater

text: near the

text: Inovec fault

text: Of all mineral springs of Yessentuki, about twenty are of medical value. Sodium carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride (i.e. salt-alkaline) water of springs #4 and #17, which have made the health resort popular, are the most famous and therapeutically valuable. The hot springs (35.5°–46 °C) similar to the waters of springs #4 and #17 in their structure have been led to the surface in the vicinities of the village of Novoblagodarnoye ( north of Yessentuki). The water of springs #4 and #17 and their analogues are used for peroral treatment. Carbonic hydrogen-sulphide water of holes #1 and #2, as well as calcium-sodium hydrosulphuric sulphate-hydrocarbonate (the so-called sulphur-alkaline) water of the Gaazo-Ponomarevsky spring are used for baths, lavages, inhalations and other balneotherapeutic procedures. Calcium-magnesium sulphate-hydrocarbonate water of spring #20 is used for baths. The water of springs #4 and #17 is bottled by a local bottler as a healing water (#17) and as a healing table water (#4) under the name of Yessentuki.

text: Of all

text: mineral springs

text: of Yessentuki, about twenty are of medical value. Sodium carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride (i.e. salt-alkaline) water of springs #4 and #17, which have made the health resort popular, are the most famous and therapeutically valuable. The

text: hot spring

text: s (35.5°–46 °C) similar to the waters of springs #4 and #17 in their structure have been led to the surface in the vicinities of the village of Novoblagodarnoye ( north of Yessentuki). The water of springs #4 and #17 and their analogues are used for peroral treatment. Carbonic hydrogen-sulphide water of holes #1 and #2, as well as calcium-sodium hydrosulphuric sulphate-hydrocarbonate (the so-called sulphur-alkaline) water of the Gaazo-Ponomarevsky spring are used for baths, lavages, inhalations and other balneotherapeutic procedures. Calcium-magnesium sulphate-hydrocarbonate water of spring #20 is used for baths. The water of springs #4 and #17 is bottled by a local bottler as a healing water (#17) and as a healing table water (#4) under the name of Yessentuki.

text: Aurum Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States, on Geyser Hill.

text: Aurum Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: , on

text: Geyser Hill

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 16301 || 6576 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=302 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16302 || 6634 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=303 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16303 || 6639 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=304 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16304 || 6704 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=305 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16305 || 6707 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=306 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16306 || 6797 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=307 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16307 || 7569 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=308 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16308 || 7627 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=309 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16309 || 9054 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=310 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16310 || 1043 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=311 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16311 || 1102 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=312 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16312 || 1122 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=313 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16313 || 1199 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=314 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16314 || 1248 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=315 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16315 || 2055 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=316 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16316 || 2089 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=317 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16317 || 2127 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=318 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16318 || 2128 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=319 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16319 || 3252 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=320 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16320 || 4078 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=321 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16321 || 4225 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=322 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16322 || 4409 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=323 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16323 || 1107 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=324 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16324 || 1181 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=325 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16325 || 1332 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=326 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16326 || 2052 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=327 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16327 || 3092 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=328 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16328 || 3111 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=329 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16329 || 3255 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=330 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16330 || 3276 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=331 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16331 || 4101 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=332 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16332 || 4117 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=333 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16333 || 4122 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=334 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16334 || 4278 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=335 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16335 || 5058 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=336 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16336 || 5080 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=337 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16337 || 5087 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=338 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16338 || 1106 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=339 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16339 || 2053 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=340 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16340 || 2110 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=341 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16341 || 2182 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=342 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16342 || 2271 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=343 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16343 || 2326 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=344 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16344 || 2370 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=345 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16345 || 2391 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=346 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16346 || 2682 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=347 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16347 || 3256 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=348 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16348 || 3465 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=349 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16349 || 4062 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=350 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16350 ||  || November 11, 1964 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. ||  —|-id=351 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16351 || 1971 US || October 26, 1971 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek ||  —|-id=352 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16352 || 1974 FF || March 22, 1974 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres ||  —|-id=353 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16353 || 1974 WB || November 16, 1974 || Harvard Observatory || Harvard Obs. ||  —|-id=354 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16354 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=355 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16355 Buber ||  || October 29, 1975 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=356 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16356 Univbalttech ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=357 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16357 Risanpei ||  || October 22, 1976 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa || |-id=358 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16358 Plesetsk ||  || December 20, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=359 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16359 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=360 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16360 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16361 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=362 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16362 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=363 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16363 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=364 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16364 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=365 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16365 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=366 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16366 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=367 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16367 ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=368 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16368 Città di Alba || 1981 DF || February 28, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis || |-id=369 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16369 || 1981 DJ || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=370 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16370 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=371 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16371 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=372 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16372 ||  || March 7, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis ||  —|-id=373 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16373 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=374 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16374 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=375 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16375 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=376 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16376 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=377 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16377 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=378 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16378 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=379 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16379 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=380 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16380 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=381 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16381 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=382 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16382 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=383 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16383 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=384 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16384 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=385 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16385 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=386 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16386 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=387 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16387 ||  || March 11, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=388 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16388 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=389 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16389 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=390 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16390 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=391 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16391 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=392 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16392 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=393 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16393 || 1981 QS || August 24, 1981 || Kleť || L. Brožek ||  —|-id=394 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16394 ||  || August 30, 1981 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=395 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16395 Ioannpravednyj ||  || October 23, 1981 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=396 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16396 ||  || October 24, 1981 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=397 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16397 ||  || May 15, 1982 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=398 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16398 Hummel ||  || September 24, 1982 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=399 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16399 Grokhovsky ||  || September 14, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=400 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16400 ||  || September 27, 1984 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 16301 || 6576 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=351 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16351 || 1971 US || October 26, 1971 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: ||  —|-id=352 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16352 || 1974 FF || March 22, 1974 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: ||  —|-id=353 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16353 || 1974 WB || November 16, 1974 ||

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Harvard Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=354 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16354 ||  || September 30, 1975 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=355 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16355 Buber ||  || October 29, 1975 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=356 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16356 Univbalttech ||  || April 1, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=357 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16357 Risanpei ||  || October 22, 1976 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: || |-id=358 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16358 Plesetsk ||  || December 20, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=359 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16359 ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=360 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16360 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16361 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=362 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16362 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=363 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16363 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=364 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16364 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=365 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16365 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=366 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16366 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=367 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16367 ||  || March 16, 1980 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=368 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16368 Città di Alba || 1981 DF || February 28, 1981 || La Silla ||

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: || |-id=369 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16369 || 1981 DJ || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=370 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16370 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=371 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16371 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=372 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 16372 ||  || March 7, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: ||  —|-id=373 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16373 ||  || March 7, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Kleť

text: L. Brožek

text: ||  —|-id=394 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16394 ||  || August 30, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=395 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16395 Ioannpravednyj ||  || October 23, 1981 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=396 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16396 ||  || October 24, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=397 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16397 ||  || May 15, 1982 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=398 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16398 Hummel ||  || September 24, 1982 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=399 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 16399 Grokhovsky ||  || September 14, 1983 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=400 bgcolor=#fefefe| 16400 ||  || September 27, 1984 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: Medical practitioners, such as Dr. Edwin Solly, promoted the health benefits of the "pure air" and sunny Rocky Mountain climate as the "world's best suited therapeutic environment" for the treatment of tuberculosis. He also believed in the benefits of mineral spring water which drew tourists and the infirm, particularly people with tuberculosis, to the area. Some springs were enclosed as the town grew. One of the enclosures, in red sandstone and under a "conical roofed structure", is the Cheyenne Spring House. There were more than 50 drilled wells and springs after the turn of the century. Since then, more were enclosed. After a period when the town's popularity diminished, some springs were closed, capped or paved over. Then the Mineral Springs Foundation was formed in 1987 to restore some of the springs and promote the benefits of the town's spring water. Walking tours of the town's springs are called "Springabouts".

text: Medical practitioners, such as Dr. Edwin Solly, promoted the health benefits of the "pure air" and sunny Rocky Mountain climate as the "world's best suited therapeutic environment" for the

entity_name: Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs

text: treatment of tuberculosis

text: . He also believed in the benefits of mineral spring water which drew tourists and the infirm, particularly people with

text: tuberculosis

text: , to the area. Some springs were enclosed as the town grew. One of the enclosures, in red sandstone and under a "conical roofed structure", is the Cheyenne Spring House. There were more than 50 drilled wells and springs after the turn of the century. Since then, more were enclosed. After a period when the town's popularity diminished, some springs were closed, capped or paved over. Then the Mineral Springs Foundation was formed in 1987 to restore some of the springs and promote the benefits of the town's spring water. Walking tours of the town's springs are called "Springabouts".

text: Unlike many oil fields in central California, the Russell Ranch field is not an anticlinal formation with an obvious surface expression – indeed the geologic formation containing oil is quite invisible from the ground surface, being covered with alluvium and masked by the mountain ranges running almost perpendicular to the oil field.  The oil is in a large homocline, including porous sedimentary units dipping northeast and essentially planar, which terminate at the Russell Fault, a normal fault with an approximately  vertical offset which has barricaded upwards movement of hydrocarbons against impermeable rock of Pliocene age.  The oil-bearing rocks in the homocline – the Santa Margarita and Vaqueros Formations, of late and early Miocene age respectively – are sandstones with a porosity of between 23 and 32 percent.

text: Unlike many oil fields in central California, the Russell Ranch field is not an

text: anticlinal

text: formation with an obvious surface expression – indeed the geologic formation containing oil is quite invisible from the ground surface, being covered with alluvium and masked by the mountain ranges running almost perpendicular to the oil field.  The oil is in a large

text: homocline

text: , including porous

text: sedimentary

text: units dipping northeast and essentially planar, which terminate at the Russell Fault, a normal fault with an approximately  vertical offset which has barricaded upwards movement of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s against impermeable rock of

text: Pliocene

text: age.  The oil-bearing rocks in the homocline – the Santa Margarita and Vaqueros Formations, of late and early

text: Miocene

text: age respectively – are sandstones with a porosity of between 23 and 32 percent.

text: Splendid Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Splendid Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: The soil is predominantly limestone and the subsoil limestone and clay. The village is in a region which is underlaid by a large porous water-bearing rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone aquifer, which dips downwards to the east. Magnesian Limestone is so called because it contains quantities of the mineral Dolomite, which is rich in Magnesium. Where the aquifer comes to the surface, springs appear, and the River Poulter rises from such a spring to the south west of the village, after which it flows around the southern edge on its way to join the River Idle at Elkesley.

text: The soil is predominantly

text: limestone

text: and the subsoil limestone and clay. The village is in a region which is underlaid by a large porous water-bearing rock structure called the Magnesian Limestone

text: aquifer

text: , which dips downwards to the east. Magnesian Limestone is so called because it contains quantities of the mineral

text: Dolomite

text: , which is rich in

text: Magnesium

text: . Where the aquifer comes to the surface, springs appear, and the

text: River Poulter

text: rises from such a spring to the south west of the village, after which it flows around the southern edge on its way to join the

text: River Idle

text: at

text: Elkesley

text: The Galilee Basin includes aquifers that are a part of the Great Artesian Basin. These large aquifers are utilised as a water supply across much the Galilee subregion and importantly form a significant part of the recharge zone. Some groundwater may also discharge to surface as springs or where hydrogeological conditions are favourable, discharge to major rivers. Water extraction and water budgets are detailed in the Great Artesian Water Resource Plan (2006), covering most of the Galilee subregion. This plan is unique in that it only applies to artesian water and connected sub-artesian water of the Great Artesian Basin, and does not include management plans for surface water.

text: The Galilee Basin includes aquifers that are a part of the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: . These large

text: aquifers

text: are utilised as a water supply across much the Galilee subregion and importantly form a significant part of the recharge zone. Some

text: groundwater

text: may also discharge to surface as springs or where hydrogeological conditions are favourable, discharge to major rivers. Water extraction and water budgets are detailed in the Great Artesian Water Resource Plan (2006), covering most of the Galilee subregion. This plan is unique in that it only applies to

text: artesian water

text: and connected sub-artesian water of the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: , and does not include management plans for surface water.

text: The primary draw of Glenwood Springs for over a hundred years has been the numerous hot springs in the area. Colorado is making a broader effort to advertise its hot springs after surveys demonstrated the high value visitors place on hot mineral waters.

text: Balıkesir is home to a number of natural attractions, including Kuş Cenneti (bird sanctuary) National Park; the bays of Erdek, Bandırma, and Edremit; Ayvalık's coastal beaches; Şeytan Sofrası, Marmara Islands, Alibey (Cunda) Island; the Erdek and Gönen open-air museums; Pamukçu-Bengi, Balya Dağ, Hisar, Hisarköy (Asarköy), Karağaç (Uyuz), Kepekler hot springs, Dutluca Village mineral springs, and Zeytinli Ada hot springs and mineral water springs.

text: Balıkesir is home to a number of natural attractions, including

text: Kuş Cenneti

text: (bird sanctuary) National Park; the bays of Erdek, Bandırma, and Edremit; Ayvalık's coastal beaches; Şeytan Sofrası, Marmara Islands, Alibey (Cunda) Island; the Erdek and Gönen open-air museums; Pamukçu-Bengi, Balya Dağ, Hisar, Hisarköy (Asarköy), Karağaç (Uyuz), Kepekler hot springs, Dutluca Village mineral springs, and Zeytinli Ada hot springs and mineral water springs.

text: Near the geothermal fields are several maars - craters created by the explosions of overheated groundwater. The unusual green-blue Grænavatn lake has formed in one of these maars. Test boreholes were made here in the early 1970s, some of the boreholes have turned into irregular, artificial geysers, one of which exploded in 1999, leaving a crater.

text: Near the geothermal fields are several

text: maar

text: s - craters created by the explosions of overheated groundwater. The unusual green-blue Grænavatn lake has formed in one of these maars. Test boreholes were made here in the early 1970s, some of the boreholes have turned into irregular, artificial

text: geyser

text: s, one of which exploded in 1999, leaving a crater.

text: Most of the currently active geysers at Whakarewarewa are located on Geyser Flat and aligned on a common fissure. This is a highly complex system, with the activity of one geyser affecting another.

text: Most of the currently active

text: geysers

text: at Whakarewarewa are located on Geyser Flat and aligned on a common fissure. This is a highly complex system, with the activity of one geyser affecting another.

text: A subsurface dyke is a barrier impermeable to water that is placed underground to control the groundwater flow in an aquifer, and to raise the water table.

text: A subsurface dyke is a barrier

text: impermeable

text: to water that is placed underground to control the

text: groundwater

text: flow in an

text: aquifer

text: , and to raise the

text: water table

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a result of human activities or as a result of natural conditions.

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat

text: polluted groundwater

text: by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products.

text: Groundwater

text: is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's

text: drinking water

text: is drawn from boreholes and dug

text: well

text: s. Groundwater is also used by farmers to

text: irrigate

text: crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a

text: result of human activities

text: or as a result of natural conditions.

text: Aquifers are typically composed of semi-porous rock or unconsolidated material whose pore space has been filled with water. In the relatively rare cases of confined aquifers, an impermeable geologic layer (i.e. clay or calcrete) encloses an aquifer, isolating the water within, sometimes for millennia. More commonly, fossil water is found in arid or semi-arid regions where the climate was significantly more humid in recent geologic history. In some semi-arid regions, the majority of precipitation evaporates before it can infiltrate and result in any significant aquifer recharge.

text: Aquifers are typically composed of semi-porous rock or unconsolidated material whose pore space has been filled with water. In the relatively rare cases of confined aquifers, an impermeable geologic layer (i.e.

text: clay

text: or

text: calcrete

text: ) encloses an aquifer, isolating the water within, sometimes for millennia. More commonly, fossil water is found in arid or semi-arid regions where the climate was significantly more humid in recent geologic history. In some semi-arid regions, the majority of precipitation evaporates before it can infiltrate and result in any significant aquifer recharge.

text: The geology of the area is defined by heavy clay soils, highly impermeable with a top layer of "black cotton" vertisol of approximately 500 mm on average. Sandy soils are found only at depths of approximately  and below, as determined by well drilling profiles (Petersen, 2008). This indicates a very limited groundwater influence on the area's hydrology.

text: The geology of the area is defined by heavy clay soils, highly impermeable with a top layer of "black cotton"

text: vertisol

text: of approximately 500 mm on average. Sandy soils are found only at depths of approximately  and below, as determined by well drilling profiles (Petersen, 2008). This indicates a very limited groundwater influence on the area's hydrology.

text: The Saratoga Springs area has the only active spouting geysers east of the Mississippi River in the United States. The mineral springs for which the area is famous arise from fissures in the Saratoga Fault, which runs  from Whitehall to Albany. The carbonated water which vents in springs and geysers is rich in minerals and salts.

text: The Saratoga Springs area has the only active spouting

text: geysers

text: east of the

text: Mississippi River

text: in the United States. The

text: mineral springs

text: for which the area is famous arise from fissures in the Saratoga Fault, which runs  from

text: Whitehall

text: to

text: Albany

text: . The carbonated water which vents in

text: springs

text: and geysers is rich in minerals and salts.

text: There are various other types of geysers which are different in nature compared to the normal steam-driven geysers. These geysers differ not only in their style of eruption but also in the cause that makes them erupt. Such geysers are not true geysers but are yet referred as such as they all emit water under pressure.

text: A study of images taken with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter strongly suggests that hot springs once existed in Vernal Crater, in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. These springs may have provided a long-time location for life. Furthermore, mineral deposits associated with these springs may have preserved traces of Martian life. In Vernal Crater on a dark part of the floor, two light-toned, elliptical structures closely resemble hot springs on the Earth. They have inner and outer halos, with roughly circular depressions. A large number of hills are lined up close to the springs. These are thought to have formed by the movement of fluids along the boundaries of dipping beds. A picture below shows these springs. One of the depressions is visible.   The discovery of opaline silica by the Mars Rovers, on the surface also suggests the presence of hot springs. Opaline silica is often deposited in hot springs.  Scientists proposed this area should be visited by the Mars Science Laboratory.

text: A study of images taken with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (

text: HiRISE

text: ) on the

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: strongly suggests that

text: hot springs

text: once existed in

text: Vernal Crater

text: , in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. These springs may have provided a long-time location for life. Furthermore, mineral deposits associated with these springs may have preserved traces of Martian life. In Vernal Crater on a dark part of the floor, two light-toned, elliptical structures closely resemble hot springs on the Earth. They have inner and outer halos, with roughly circular depressions. A large number of hills are lined up close to the springs. These are thought to have formed by the movement of fluids along the boundaries of dipping beds. A picture below shows these springs. One of the depressions is visible.   The discovery of opaline

text: silica

text: by the

text: Mars Rovers

text: , on the surface also suggests the presence of hot springs. Opaline silica is often deposited in hot springs.  Scientists proposed this area should be visited by the

text: Mars Science Laboratory

text: 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's water table has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 metres below ground level. The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction. Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing  of water per day at a cost of  of which  will be financed by the government of South Korea.

text: 82% of the city's water supply is abstracted from groundwater through 577 deep tube wells, while four relatively small surface water treatment plants provide the remaining 18%. Groundwater levels are dropping at two to three metres every year. The city's

text: water table

text: has sunk by 50 metres in the past four decades and the closest underground water is now over 60 metres below ground level. The Asian Development Bank estimated in 2007 that by 2015 a severe supply shortage would occur if the utility did not reduce groundwater abstraction. Nevertheless, DWASA announced in 2012 that it will develop a new wellfield with 46 wells providing  of water per day at a cost of  of which  will be financed by the government of South Korea.

text: Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built. In the first century AD, Romans conquered Aquae Sulis, now Bath, Somerset, England, and used the hot springs there to feed public baths and underfloor heating. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, has been operating since the 14th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello, Italy.

text: Hot spring

text: s have been used for bathing at least since

text: Paleolithic

text: times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan mountain built in the

text: Qin Dynasty

text: in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built. In the first century AD, Romans conquered

text: Aquae Sulis

text: , now

text: Bath, Somerset

text: , England, and used the hot springs there to feed

text: public baths

text: and

text: underfloor heating

text: . The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in

text: Chaudes-Aigues

text: , France, has been operating since the 14th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract

text: boric acid

text: from

text: volcanic mud

text: in

text: Larderello

text: , Italy.

text: Artemisia Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Artemisia Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs Riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of Rock Springs in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. The riot, between Chinese immigrant miners and white immigrant miners, was the result of racial tensions and an ongoing labor dispute over the Union Pacific Coal Department's policy of paying Chinese miners lower wages than white miners. This policy caused the Chinese to be hired over the white miners, which further angered the white miners and contributed to the riot. Racial tensions were an even bigger factor in the massacre. When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured. Rioters burned 75 Chinese homes resulting in approximately US$150,000 in property damage ($ in present-day terms).

text: The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs Riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of

text: Rock Springs

text: in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. The riot, between Chinese immigrant miners and white immigrant miners, was the result of racial tensions and an ongoing

text: labor dispute

text: over the

text: Union Pacific Coal Department

text: 's policy of paying Chinese miners lower wages than white miners. This policy caused the Chinese to be hired over the white miners, which further angered the white miners and contributed to the riot. Racial tensions were an even bigger factor in the massacre. When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured. Rioters burned 75 Chinese homes resulting in approximately US$150,000 in property damage ($ in present-day terms).

text: The accompanying figure shows two approaches to application of iron particles for groundwater remediation: Fig. A, a conventional PRB made with mm-sized granular iron and Fig. B, a "reactive treatment zone" formed by sequential injection of nano-sized iron to form overlapping zones of particles absorbed by the grains of native aquifer material. In A, groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated. In B, nanoparticles of iron are represented by black dots; the nanoparticles have little mobility in the porous medium. Note that reaction will only occur when contaminants, either dissolved in the groundwater or as DNAPL, come into contact with the iron surfaces.

text: The accompanying figure shows two approaches to application of iron particles for

text: groundwater remediation

text: : Fig. A, a conventional PRB made with mm-sized granular iron and Fig. B, a "reactive treatment zone" formed by sequential injection of nano-sized iron to form overlapping zones of particles absorbed by the grains of native aquifer material. In A, groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated. In B,

text: nanoparticles

text: of iron are represented by black dots; the

text: nanoparticles

text: have little mobility in the porous medium. Note that reaction will only occur when contaminants, either dissolved in the

text: groundwater

text: or as

text: DNAPL

text: , come into contact with the iron surfaces.

text: The Act marked the beginning of a national water supply policy. It recognised the need for central government to supervise the statutory suppliers of water, and to be involved in the difficult issues of water supply. It also broke away from a concern purely for domestic water supply. For the first time, water suppliers were also required to supply water to non-domestic users. Although not fully defined in this act, it also marked the start of abstraction licensing, with powers to control new requests to abstract groundwater from aquifers in designated conservation areas.

text: Soda Springs (Geyser) is a group of thousands of natural carbonated springs in the area of Soda Springs, Idaho.  The springs were a landmark on the Oregon Trail.

text: Soda Springs (Geyser) is a group of thousands of natural carbonated springs in the area of

text: Soda Springs, Idaho

text: .  The springs were a landmark on the

text: Oregon Trail

text: Opal Pool is a hot spring in the Midway Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Opal Pool usually has a temperature of approximately . Though usually active as a hot spring, Opal Pool is considered a fountain-type geyser.

text: Opal Pool is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

text: Midway Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: Wyoming

text: . Opal Pool usually has a temperature of approximately . Though usually active as a hot spring, Opal Pool is considered a fountain-type geyser.

text: Penta Geyser sits a few feet off the path adjacent to Spasmodic Geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States.

text: Penta Geyser sits a few feet off the path adjacent to

text: Spasmodic Geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: Wyoming

text: , United States.

text: In his 2003 study, Song asserted that protecting the Gotjawal area on Jeju is essential to protecting the island’s groundwater, because rain water penetrates directly into the groundwater aquifer through cracks in the region’s rocky earth.

text: In his 2003 study, Song asserted that protecting the Gotjawal area on

text: Jeju

text: is essential to protecting the island’s groundwater, because rain water penetrates directly into the

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: through cracks in the region’s rocky earth.

text: Overdrafting is the process of extracting groundwater beyond the safe yield or equilibrium yield of the aquifer.

text: Overdrafting is the process of extracting

text: groundwater

text: beyond the safe yield or

text: equilibrium

text: yield of the

text: aquifer

text: In November 1963 the English newspaper, The Sunday Times published the Broederbond documents and Naudé was initially blamed for the leak. In reality it was Geyser who had leaked the documents to a journalist at the newspaper. In his statement on 20 November 1963, Geyser said that he had decided to make the documents public because he wanted to frustrate the aims of the Broederbond. According to Geyser the documents showed without a doubt that the Broederbond was using the Church for political ends: “My immediate observation was that these people were making the Church, which is the bride of Christ, a servant girl of politics.” The Broederbond reported the documents stolen and the offices of Naudé and Geyser were raided by the security police. The fact that the raids were not conducted through normal police operations but by the security police implied that the actions of the leaders of the Christian Institute were now regarded as a matter of national security. The Christian Institute continued to be a target for security police raids and attacks in the Afrikaans media.

text: Groundwater extraction can also lead to well contamination by causing upwelling, or upcoming, of saltwater from the depths of the aquifer. Under baseline conditions, a saltwater wedge extends inland, underneath the freshwater because of its higher density. Water supply wells located over or near the saltwater wedge can draw the saltwater upward, creating a saltwater cone that might reach and contaminate the well. Some aquifers are predisposed towards this type of intrusion, such as the Lower Floridan aquifer: though a relatively impermeable rock or clay layer separates fresh groundwater from saltwater, isolated cracks breach the confining layer, promoting upward movement of saltwater. Pumping of groundwater strengthens this effect by lowering the water table, reducing the downward push of freshwater.

text: Groundwater extraction can also lead to well contamination by causing upwelling, or upcoming, of saltwater from the depths of the aquifer. Under baseline conditions, a saltwater wedge extends inland, underneath the freshwater because of its higher density. Water supply wells located over or near the saltwater wedge can draw the saltwater upward, creating a saltwater cone that might reach and contaminate the well. Some aquifers are predisposed towards this type of intrusion, such as the

text: Lower Floridan aquifer

text: : though a relatively

text: impermeable

text: rock or clay layer separates fresh groundwater from saltwater, isolated cracks breach the confining layer, promoting upward movement of saltwater. Pumping of groundwater strengthens this effect by lowering the water table, reducing the downward push of freshwater.

text: Approved by Governor Jerry Brown on September 16, 2014, Senator Fran Pavley's senate bill 1319 authorized local agencies to implement a groundwater plan. Management of groundwater prior to the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act was unregulated and voluntary for the various agencies using groundwater ranging from special districts under authority granted from the state, city and county ordinances and court adjudicated basins. Senate bill 1319 requires for the groundwater management plans to follow specific and include components that the state deems as sustainable for the specific groundwater basin and aligns with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act timeline. If an agency was seeking funds from the Department of Water Resources for a project regarding groundwater or groundwater quality, they too have to abide to specific requirements such as preparing and implementing a groundwater management plan. Managing groundwater is a challenging task, one that has been addressed by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Groundwater is out of sight which makes it difficult to monitor it, especially when the groundwater basins boundaries reach across multiple agencies and users. Pumping unregulated and mismanaged groundwater can lead to a "tragedy of the commons" situation, with each user maximizing the resource for their own gain with little responsibility for the depleting aquifer. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act set basin boundaries based off the 2003 Department of Water Resources bulletin 118 report. The report broke it down into there being 431 current groundwater basins in California that have been delineated, of these basins 24 are subdivided into 108 basins to total 515 basins in all. The report based these boundaries off the alluvial sediments found using geographic maps.  Groundwater is difficult to manage due to it being unseen and not neatly aligned with the jurisdiction of these set basin boundaries. The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act calls for the Groundwater Sustainability Agencies to communicate and work with the overlapping groundwater uses and allow for a governance of the basin through different means. These can include a memorandum of agreement (unofficial and often made outside the courts) between the multiple parties or through a legal joint agreement. By these agreements the groundwater basin can be regulated by multiple Groundwater Sustainability Agencies or just by one agency.

text: Poromechanics is a branch of physics and specifically continuum mechanics and acoustics that studies the behaviour of fluid-saturated porous media. A porous medium or a porous material is a solid (often called matrix) permeated by an interconnected network of pores (voids) filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). Usually both solid matrix and the pore network (also known as the pore space) are assumed to be continuous, so as to form two interpenetrating continua such as in a sponge. Many natural substances such as rocks, soils, biological tissues, and man made materials such as foams and ceramics can be considered as porous media. Porous media whose solid matrix is elastic and  the fluid is viscous are called poroelastic. A poroelastic medium is characterised by its porosity, permeability as well as the properties of its constituents (solid matrix and fluid).

text: Poromechanics is a branch of

text: physics

text: and specifically

text: continuum mechanics

text: and

text: acoustics

text: that studies the behaviour of fluid-saturated

text: porous media

text: . A porous medium or a porous material is a

text: solid

text: (often called

text: matrix

text: ) permeated by an interconnected network of

text: pores

text: (voids) filled with a

text: fluid

text: liquid

text: or

text: gas

text: ). Usually both solid matrix and the pore network (also known as the pore space) are assumed to be continuous, so as to form two interpenetrating continua such as in a sponge. Many natural substances such as

text: rocks

text: soils

text: biological tissue

text: s, and man made materials such as

text: foam

text: s and

text: ceramic

text: s can be considered as porous media. Porous media whose solid matrix is

text: elastic

text: and  the fluid is

text: viscous

text: are called poroelastic. A poroelastic medium is characterised by its

text: porosity

text: permeability

text: as well as the properties of its constituents (solid matrix and fluid).

text: Groundwater can be created by using dewatered aquifer space to store water during the years when there is abundant rainfall. It can then be pumped and used during years that don’t have a surplus of water. People can manage the use of groundwater to benefit society through the purchasing and selling of these groundwater rights. The surface water should be used first, and then the groundwater will be used when there isn’t enough surface water to meet demands. The groundwater will reduce the risk of relying on surface water and will maximize expected income. There are regulatory storage-type aquifer recovery and storage systems which when water is injected into it gives the right to withdraw the water later on. Groundwater banking has been implemented into semiarid and arid southwestern United States because this is where there is the most need for extra water. The overall goal is to transfer water from low-value to high-value uses by bringing buyers and sellers together.

text: Groundwater

text: can be created by using dewatered

text: aquifer

text: space to store water during the years when there is abundant rainfall. It can then be pumped and used during years that don’t have a surplus of water. People can manage the use of groundwater to benefit society through the purchasing and selling of these groundwater rights. The surface water should be used first, and then the groundwater will be used when there isn’t enough surface water to meet demands. The groundwater will reduce the risk of relying on surface water and will maximize expected income. There are regulatory storage-type aquifer recovery and storage systems which when water is injected into it gives the right to withdraw the water later on. Groundwater banking has been implemented into semiarid and arid southwestern

text: United States

text: because this is where there is the most need for extra water. The overall goal is to transfer water from low-value to high-value uses by bringing buyers and sellers together.

text: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources with many rivers and lakes as well as groundwater supplies although specific details about groundwater is not well known. Average daily water use in Belize is similar to that of industrialized countries at around 160 L in rural areas to 280 L in urban areas. Industrial processes encompass the largest demand where about 73% of the freshwater resources end up being used in this sector. Water quality in Belize is mostly good except where industry is discharging effluents in urban areas. Most of the groundwater used for supply can be expected to be free of major contaminants. Urban water delivery systems that are connected to WASA's infrastructure are treated and safe; however, this only constitutes about 30% of the systems in Belize.

text: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources with many rivers and lakes as well as groundwater supplies although specific details about groundwater is not well known. Average daily water use in Belize is similar to that of industrialized countries at around 160 L in rural areas to 280 L in urban areas. Industrial processes encompass the largest demand where about 73% of the

text: freshwater

text: resources end up being used in this sector. Water quality in Belize is mostly good except where industry is discharging

text: effluents

text: in urban areas. Most of the groundwater used for supply can be expected to be free of major contaminants. Urban water delivery systems that are connected to WASA's infrastructure are treated and safe; however, this only constitutes about 30% of the systems in Belize.

text: A report of  leaks above the project was released in January 2011 by an advocacy group on behalf of owners of land above the project. They reported ponds fizzing with bubbles, dead animals found near those ponds, sounds of explosions which they attributed to gas blowing out holes in the walls of a quarry. The report said that carbon dioxide levels in the soil averaged about 23,000 parts per million, several times higher than is normal for the area. "The ... source of the high concentrations of CO2 in the soils of the Kerr property is clearly the anthropogenic CO2 injected into the Weyburn reservoir... The survey also demonstrates that the overlying thick cap rock of anhydrite over the Weyburn reservoir is not an impermeable barrier to the upward movement of light hydrocarbons and CO2 as is generally thought." said the report.

text: As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.However, no general statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly karstified system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.

text: As a very general guideline it is recommended that the bottom of the pit should be at least 2 m above groundwater level, and a minimum horizontal distance of 30 m between a pit and a water source is normally recommended to limit exposure to microbial contamination.However, no general statement should be made regarding the minimum lateral separation distances required to prevent contamination of a well from a pit latrine. For example, even 50 m lateral separation distance might not be sufficient in a strongly

text: karst

text: ified system with a downgradient supply well or spring, while 10 m lateral separation distance is completely sufficient if there is a well developed clay cover layer and the annular space of the groundwater well is well sealed.

text: Because atmospheric radon concentrations are very low, radon-rich water exposed to air continually loses radon by volatilization. Hence, ground water has generally has higher concentrations of Rn than surface water, because the radon is continuously produced by radioactive decay of Ra present in rocks. Likewise, the saturated zone of a soil frequently has a higher radon content than the unsaturated zone because of diffusional losses to the atmosphere. As a below-ground source of water, some springs—including hot springs—contain significant amounts of radon. The towns of Boulder, Montana; Misasa; Bad Kreuznach, Germany; and the country of Japan have radium-rich springs which emit radon. To be classified as a radon mineral water, radon concentration must be above a minimum of 2 nCi/L (74 Bq/L). The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 Bq/L in Merano and 4,000 Bq/L in Lurisia (Italy).

text: Because atmospheric radon concentrations are very low, radon-rich water exposed to air continually loses radon by

text: volatilization

text: . Hence,

text: ground water

text: has generally has higher concentrations of Rn than

text: surface water

text: , because the radon is continuously produced by radioactive decay of

text: Ra

text: present in rocks. Likewise, the saturated zone of a soil frequently has a higher radon content than the unsaturated zone because of diffusional losses to the atmosphere. As a below-ground source of water, some

text: spring

text: s—including

text: hot spring

text: s—contain significant amounts of radon. The towns of

text: Boulder, Montana

text: Misasa

text: Bad Kreuznach

text: , Germany; and the country of

text: Japan

text: have radium-rich springs which emit radon. To be classified as a radon mineral water, radon concentration must be above a minimum of 2 nCi/L (74 Bq/L). The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 Bq/L in Merano and 4,000 Bq/L in Lurisia (Italy).

text: Most groundwater is meteoric water. Other forms normally do not play a significant role in the hydrologic cycle. Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are connate water and magmatic water, also termed juvenile water. Connate water is trapped in rock strata at the time of formation. Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from ocean sediments, connate water is normally saline.  Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying magma intrusion and affects mineralogy. In other words, meteoric water is the water that has fallen as rain and has filled up the porous and permeable shallow rocks, or percolate through them along bedding planes, fractures, and permeable layers.

text: Most

text: groundwater

text: is meteoric water. Other forms normally do not play a significant role in the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: . Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are

text: connate water

text: and

text: magmatic water

text: , also termed

text: juvenile water

text: . Connate water is trapped in

text: rock

text: strata

text: at the time of formation. Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from

text: ocean

text: sediments

text: , connate water is normally

text: saline

text: .  Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying

text: magma

text: intrusion

text: and affects

text: mineralogy

text: . In other words, meteoric water is the water that has fallen as rain and has filled up the porous and permeable shallow rocks, or percolate through them along bedding planes, fractures, and permeable layers.

text: In addition to being a primary factor in the development of the largest valleys, the dike complex plays another important role —that of creating and maintaining the water table. Hawaiian lava is extremely permeable and porous. Rainwater easily seeps into the lava, creating a large lens of fresh water below the island surface. In most places, the top of the water table is just a few feet from sea level, as the fresh water lens is floating on salt water. Unlike porous lava flows, however, dikes cool underground into dense rock with few cracks and vesicles. The dikes act as impermeable vertical walls through which groundwater cannot flow. Deep layers of ash compact into impermeable layers between lava flows, preventing percolation of the rainwater. Rainwater that would ordinarily seep right through the ground gets trapped in the dike "reservoirs," located well above sea level. The groundwater is confined to a flow along the dike until it finds a means to escape.

text: In addition to being a primary factor in the development of the largest valleys, the dike complex plays another important role —that of creating and maintaining the

text: water table

text: . Hawaiian lava is extremely

text: permeable

text: and

text: porous

text: . Rainwater easily seeps into the lava, creating a large lens of fresh water below the island surface. In most places, the top of the water table is just a few feet from sea level, as the fresh water lens is floating on salt water. Unlike porous lava flows, however, dikes cool underground into dense rock with few cracks and

text: vesicles

text: . The dikes act as impermeable vertical walls through which groundwater cannot flow. Deep layers of ash compact into impermeable layers between lava flows, preventing percolation of the rainwater. Rainwater that would ordinarily seep right through the ground gets trapped in the dike "reservoirs," located well above sea level. The groundwater is confined to a flow along the dike until it finds a means to escape.

text: Boil-in-Bags are a form of packaging food products such that the bagged food is heated/cooked in boiling water. Plastic bags can be solid and impermeable for holding frozen foods;  alternatively, bags can be porous or perforated to allow boiling water into the bag.

text: Boil-in-Bags are a form of packaging food products such that the bagged food is heated/cooked in boiling water.

text: Plastic bag

text: s can be solid and impermeable for holding frozen foods;  alternatively, bags can be porous or perforated to allow boiling water into the bag.

text: The Black Tiger Spring () is a culturally significant artesian karst spring located in the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China. The spring is ranked as the second most significant among the 72 named springs in Jinan (after the Baotu Spring). The water of spring stems from moderately-deep circulation<ref name=Fangetal1988>Fang, P., Cao, Y., Tang, K., Li, X., Wang, S. (1988) Age Dating of the Groundwater in the Spring Area of Jinan City in: Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection. Volume 2. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China October 10-15, 1988. IAHS Publication No. 176, (1988). p 597-605</ref> and emerges from a water-filled limestone cave in a steep cliff. From the mouth of the cave, the water is funneled to flow out of the mouths of three ornamental stone-carved tiger heads into a square-shaped spring pool. From there it runs into the old city moat, next to which the spring is located. According to the tradition, there was a black rock lying in front of the cave in ancient time. The name of the spring is said to be derived from the shape and color of the rock, which resembled a black tiger, and the sound of the water gushing past the rock being reminiscent of the roar of a tiger. The ancient layout of the spring is described in a poem by the Ming Dynasty poet, Yan Bizeng.

text: The Black Tiger Spring () is a culturally significant

text: artesian

text: karst spring

text: located in the city of

text: Jinan

text: Shandong

text: Province

text: China

text: . The spring is ranked as the second most significant among the 72 named springs in Jinan (after the

text: Baotu Spring

text: ). The water of spring stems from moderately-deep circulation<ref name=Fangetal1988>Fang, P., Cao, Y., Tang, K., Li, X., Wang, S. (1988) Age Dating of the Groundwater in the Spring Area of Jinan City in: Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection. Volume 2. Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China October 10-15, 1988. IAHS Publication No. 176, (1988). p 597-605</ref> and emerges from a water-filled limestone cave in a steep cliff. From the mouth of the cave, the water is funneled to flow out of the mouths of three ornamental stone-carved tiger heads into a square-shaped spring pool. From there it runs into the old city moat, next to which the spring is located. According to the tradition, there was a black rock lying in front of the cave in ancient time. The name of the spring is said to be derived from the shape and color of the rock, which resembled a black tiger, and the sound of the water gushing past the rock being reminiscent of the roar of a tiger. The ancient layout of the spring is described in a poem by the

text: Ming Dynasty

text: poet, Yan Bizeng.

text: In unconsolidated aquifers, groundwater is produced from pore spaces between particles of gravel, sand, and silt. If the aquifer is confined by low-permeability layers, the reduced water pressure in the sand and gravel causes slow drainage of water from the adjoining confining layers. If these confining layers are composed of compressible silt or clay, the loss of water to the aquifer reduces the water pressure in the confining layer, causing it to compress from the weight of overlying geologic materials. In severe cases, this compression can be observed on the ground surface as subsidence. Unfortunately, much of the subsidence from groundwater extraction is permanent (elastic rebound is small). Thus, the subsidence is not only permanent, but the compressed aquifer has a permanently reduced capacity to hold water.

text: In unconsolidated aquifers, groundwater is produced from pore spaces between particles of gravel, sand, and silt. If the aquifer is confined by low-permeability layers, the reduced water pressure in the sand and gravel causes slow drainage of water from the adjoining confining layers. If these confining layers are composed of compressible silt or clay, the loss of water to the aquifer reduces the water pressure in the confining layer, causing it to compress from the weight of overlying geologic materials. In severe cases, this compression can be observed on the ground surface as

text: subsidence

text: . Unfortunately, much of the subsidence from groundwater extraction is permanent (elastic rebound is small). Thus, the subsidence is not only permanent, but the compressed aquifer has a permanently reduced capacity to hold water.

text: It was not until 1997 that a Record of Decision for OU2 was signed; Groundwater remediation (OU2) began 1998 with hydraulic containment and focused extraction wells;  there were 11 extraction wells for containment and one extraction well for focused extraction. Four groundwater treatment plants have been operating, two use air stripping, one the Advanced Oxidation Process, and the fourth uses an activated carbon filter. Four times a year, water is sampled from some of the over 300 monitoring wells and from surface water. Together with wells by other agencies in the surrounding area over 500 wells can be chosen for regional measurements semi-annually. The water level data are displayed on maps which show plume flow across the area over time.

text: It was not until 1997 that a

text: Record of Decision

text: for OU2 was signed;

text: Groundwater remediation

text: (OU2) began 1998 with

text: hydraulic containment

text: and focused

text: extraction well

text: s;  there were 11 extraction wells for containment and one extraction well for focused extraction. Four groundwater treatment plants have been operating, two use

text: air stripping

text: , one the

text: Advanced Oxidation Process

text: , and the fourth uses an activated carbon filter. Four times a year, water is sampled from some of the over 300

text: monitoring well

text: s and from surface water. Together with wells by other agencies in the surrounding area over 500 wells can be chosen for regional measurements semi-annually. The water level data are displayed on maps which show plume flow across the area over time.

text: Groundwater is the fresh water that can be found underground, it is also one of the largest sources. Groundwater depletion can be comparable to ¨money in a bank¨,  The primary cause of groundwater depletion is pumping or the excessive pulling up of groundwater from underground aquifers.

text: Groundwater

text: is the fresh water that can be found underground, it is also one of the largest sources. Groundwater depletion can be comparable to ¨money in a bank¨,  The primary cause of groundwater depletion is pumping or the excessive pulling up of groundwater from underground aquifers.

text: Historically, Cuexcomate has been cited that the geyser was formed before the 1064 eruption of the Popocatépetl, an active volcano and the second highest peak in Mexico, which likely activated geothermal spring circulation that cut upward through Mesozoic limestone and deposited the geyser and the springs around it. The geyser's rock composition is 99% calcite, differing thus from typical silica sinter deposits.

text: Historically, Cuexcomate has been cited that the geyser was formed before the 1064 eruption of the

text: Popocatépetl

text: , an active volcano and the second highest

text: peak

text: in Mexico, which likely activated geothermal spring circulation that cut upward through

text: Mesozoic

text: limestone and deposited the geyser and the springs around it. The geyser's rock composition is 99%

text: calcite

text: , differing thus from typical

text: silica sinter

text: deposits.

text: Her race record is 4: 3-1-0 with earnings of $117,170. In 2009, she won the Geyser Spring Stakes and was second in the Old Hat Stakes (G3).

text: There have been some facilities at Mineral Hot Springs for most of its history although they have not always been attractive or open to the public including a covered swimming pool, a motel, a cafe, a hotel, and a gas station. Joyful Journey, a modern spa, now occupies the facilities which have been remodeled and modernized.

text: There have been some facilities at Mineral Hot Springs for most of its history although they have not always been attractive or open to the public including a covered

text: swimming pool

text: , a

text: motel

text: , a

text: cafe

text: , a

text: hotel

text: , and a

text: gas station

text: . Joyful Journey, a modern spa, now occupies the facilities which have been remodeled and modernized.

text: During its peak, up to 300 people visited the hot spring daily. On 1 March 2002, it was closed for two months while upgrading and improvement works were carried out to the area around the spring, which had become sodden and muddy. Litter had also become a problem because of the increased numbers of visitors. The former dirt track leading to the spring was paved with cement, and lined with bougainvillea bushes and high fences to ensure the security of the air base. Drainage pipes were also installed. Mindef, which owns the land, allows public access between 7 am and 7 pm daily, free-of-charge. When the spring reopened on 1 May 2002, more than 100 people visited the site despite the afternoon drizzle. At the same time, some new free-hold condominiums were built in the surrounding area; one of the developments, built by the property arm of F&N in 2001, is called Seletaris after the company's former mineral water.

text: During its peak, up to 300 people visited the hot spring daily. On 1 March 2002, it was closed for two months while upgrading and improvement works were carried out to the area around the spring, which had become sodden and muddy. Litter had also become a problem because of the increased numbers of visitors. The former dirt track leading to the spring was paved with cement, and lined with

text: bougainvillea

text: bushes and high fences to ensure the security of the air base. Drainage pipes were also installed. Mindef, which owns the land, allows public access between 7 am and 7 pm daily, free-of-charge. When the spring reopened on 1 May 2002, more than 100 people visited the site despite the afternoon drizzle. At the same time, some new free-hold condominiums were built in the surrounding area; one of the developments, built by the property arm of F&N in 2001, is called Seletaris after the company's former mineral water.

text: The Old Faithful Historic District in Yellowstone National Park comprises the built-up portion of the Upper Geyser Basin surrounding the Old Faithful Inn and Old Faithful Geyser. It includes the Old Faithful Inn, designed by Robert Reamer and itself a National Historic Landmark, the upper and lower Hamilton's Stores, the Old Faithful Lodge, designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, the Old Faithful Snow Lodge, and a variety of supporting buildings.  The Old Faithful Historic District itself lies on the 140-mile Grand Loop Road Historic District.

text: The Old Faithful Historic District in

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: comprises the built-up portion of the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: surrounding the

text: Old Faithful Inn

text: and

text: Old Faithful Geyser

text: . It includes the Old Faithful Inn, designed by

text: Robert Reamer

text: and itself a

text: National Historic Landmark

text: , the upper and lower

entity_name: Hamilton's Stores (Yellowstone National Park)

text: Hamilton's Stores

text: , the

text: Old Faithful Lodge

text: , designed by

text: Gilbert Stanley Underwood

text: , the Old Faithful Snow Lodge, and a variety of supporting buildings.  The Old Faithful Historic District itself lies on the 140-mile

text: Grand Loop Road Historic District

text: Hydrothermal circulation is not limited to ocean ridge environments. The source water for hydrothermal explosions, geysers, and hot springs is heated groundwater convecting below and lateral to the hot water vent. Hydrothermal circulating convection cells exist any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding magma or volcanic vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system.

text: Hydrothermal circulation is not limited to ocean ridge environments. The source water for

text: hydrothermal explosion

text: s,

text: geyser

text: s, and

text: hot spring

text: s is heated

text: groundwater

text: convecting below and lateral to the hot water vent. Hydrothermal circulating convection cells exist any place an anomalous source of heat, such as an intruding

text: magma

text: or

text: volcanic

text: vent, comes into contact with the groundwater system.

text: These hydrocarbon deposits, collected in porous rocks trapped beneath impermeable cap rocks, comprise commercial oil fields. They have formed over millions of years and once exhausted cannot be readily replaced. The depletion of these hydrocarbons reserves is the basis for what is known as the energy crisis.

text: These hydrocarbon deposits, collected in porous rocks trapped beneath impermeable cap rocks, comprise commercial

text: oil fields

text: . They have formed over millions of years and once exhausted cannot be readily replaced. The depletion of these hydrocarbons reserves is the basis for what is known as the

text: energy crisis

text: Precipitation in the watershed is the source of both surface streamflow and groundwater. The major portion of this occurs as rain. Snowfall often occurs at the upper elevations but snow seldom persists more than a few days and disappears before the end of the rainy season.Normally snow has little overall direct effect on stream-flow within the watershed. However, on rare occasions warm rains falling on the snow-pack may result in rapid melting and release of large quantities of water at a time when the soils are already fully saturated. These conditions result in rapid runoff and floods. A large proportion of the exposed surface rock in the Barouk region is cavernous, fissured and broken limestone, and its porous condition makes it very permeable. This results in much of the precipitation infiltrating with minimum surface runoff despite the often-shallow soils and sparse vegetative cover. Water percolates downward through the various formations and feeds the many large springs found on lower slopes in the area. Such springs help maintain stream-flow during the April to November dry season.Surface water flows originating on the range are mostly seasonal but some are perennial.Underground water generates outflow rivers such as:- Al Awali River, more commonly known as Al-Barouk river- Damour River, known as Al-Safa riverThe summit of the range is considered as a divide between two hydrological systems because of the difference between the two slopes of the mountain. The eastern slope is much steeper and favors surface stream flows, whereas the western slope is less steep and favors ground water aquifers.The rivers that flow in the valleys are the major source of agriculture irrigation and supply a dozen Shouf villages with domestic water and some of the western Bekaa villages. It is also the main source of water for the Aammiq Swamp in the Bekaa.

text: Precipitation in the watershed is the source of both surface streamflow and groundwater. The major portion of this occurs as rain. Snowfall often occurs at the upper elevations but snow seldom persists more than a few days and disappears before the end of the rainy season.Normally snow has little overall direct effect on stream-flow within the watershed. However, on rare occasions warm rains falling on the snow-pack may result in rapid melting and release of large quantities of water at a time when the soils are already fully saturated. These conditions result in rapid runoff and floods. A large proportion of the exposed surface rock in the Barouk region is cavernous, fissured and broken limestone, and its porous condition makes it very permeable. This results in much of the precipitation infiltrating with minimum

text: surface runoff

text: despite the often-shallow soils and sparse vegetative cover. Water percolates downward through the various formations and feeds the many large springs found on lower slopes in the area. Such springs help maintain stream-flow during the April to November dry season.Surface water flows originating on the range are mostly seasonal but some are perennial.Underground water generates outflow rivers such as:- Al Awali River, more commonly known as Al-Barouk river- Damour River, known as Al-Safa riverThe summit of the range is considered as a divide between two hydrological systems because of the difference between the two slopes of the mountain. The eastern slope is much steeper and favors surface stream flows, whereas the western slope is less steep and favors ground water aquifers.The rivers that flow in the valleys are the major source of agriculture irrigation and supply a dozen Shouf villages with domestic water and some of the western Bekaa villages. It is also the main source of water for the

text: Aammiq Swamp

text: in the Bekaa.

text: This  project is aimed at controlling chloride and other salinity components in the Wichita River watershed.  There are naturally occurring salt springs in the area.  The salt springs result from the percolation of groundwater through Permian strata rich in evaporite minerals.

text: This  project is aimed at controlling chloride and other salinity components in the Wichita River watershed.  There are naturally occurring salt springs in the area.  The salt springs result from the percolation of groundwater through Permian strata rich in

text: evaporite

text: minerals.

text: In spring 2006, the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the Sonoma County Water Agency completed a comprehensive basin-wide groundwater study to characterize groundwater resources in the Sonoma Valley.  The report can be obtained on the USGS publications website.  Currently, a Basin Advisory Panel, composed of stakeholders from agriculture, environmental groups, domestic well owners, municipalities and government is working to develop a groundwater management plan to protect groundwater resources in the valley.

text: In spring 2006, the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the

text: Sonoma County Water Agency

text: completed a comprehensive basin-wide groundwater study to characterize groundwater resources in the Sonoma Valley.  The report can be obtained on the USGS publications website.  Currently, a Basin Advisory Panel, composed of stakeholders from agriculture, environmental groups, domestic well owners, municipalities and government is working to develop a groundwater management plan to protect groundwater resources in the valley.

text: In addition to the groundwater management plan, the Edwards Aquifer Authority board of directors maintains a three-year rolling strategic plan that is updated annually. The 2015-2017 strategic plan adopted on October 14, 2014 identifies six major goals:

text: Based on data from the DWR’s California Statewide Groundwater Elevation Monitoring (CASGEM) program, basins across the state were specified as high, medium, low, or very low. However, local agencies can request DWR to revise their groundwater basin boundary. For the low or very low designated basins, the formation of a GSA is encouraged but not required.

text: Many small communities obtain their drinking water from diverse sources (lakes, streams, springs and groundwater wells). Levels of treatment vary widely, from rudimentary systems with coarse screening or settling followed by disinfection (usually chlorination), to more sophisticated systems using a filtration step. It should be noted that unless a high quality source is used, such as secure groundwater, disinfection alone is unlikely to guarantee that drinking water is safe from protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are relatively resistant to standard disinfectants and which require additional removal steps such as filtration.

text: Many small communities obtain their drinking water from diverse sources (lakes, streams, springs and groundwater wells). Levels of treatment vary widely, from rudimentary systems with coarse screening or settling followed by disinfection (usually chlorination), to more sophisticated systems using a filtration step. It should be noted that unless a high quality source is used, such as secure groundwater, disinfection alone is unlikely to guarantee that drinking water is safe from protozoa such as

text: Giardia

text: and

text: Cryptosporidium

text: , which are relatively resistant to standard disinfectants and which require additional removal steps such as filtration.

text: As groundwater tables drop, the pumping of groundwater from deeper and deeper wells requires an ever-increasing amount of electricity. Because electricity for agriculture is subsidised, there is little incentive for farmers to adopt water-saving techniques, creating a vicious circle of water and energy consumption.

text: They are created by a stream flowing within the permeable rock and eroding it from within, until the rock above collapses opening up a steep narrow valley which is then further eroded by the stream running across the impermeable valley floor.  At the head of the valley the stream emerges from the rock as a spring.  Notable examples can be found in the Jura region of France, for example the Reculée de Baume at Baume-les-Messieurs and the Reculée d'Arbois with its head at Les Planches-près-Arbois and its exit at Arbois.

text: They are created by a stream flowing within the permeable rock and eroding it from within, until the rock above collapses opening up a steep narrow valley which is then further eroded by the stream running across the impermeable valley floor.  At the head of the valley the stream emerges from the rock as a spring.  Notable examples can be found in the

text: Jura

text: region of

text: France

text: , for example the Reculée de Baume at

text: Baume-les-Messieurs

text: and the Reculée d'Arbois with its head at

text: Les Planches-près-Arbois

text: and its exit at

text: Arbois

text: Adiantum capillus-veneris is native to the southern half of the United States from California to the Atlantic coast, through Mexico and Central America, to South America. It is also native to Eurasia, the Levant in Western Asia, and Australasia. There are two disjunct occurrences in the northern part of North America: at Cascade Springs in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia. In both instances, the warm microclimate created by hot mineral springs permits the growth of the plant far north of its normal range. It is similar in Zvonce spa resort (Звоначка Бања, Zvonačka Banja), near Pirot in Serbia, where hot mineral springs provide adequate heat and humidity for the survival of this species.

text: Adiantum capillus-veneris is native to the southern half of the United States from

text: California

text: to the Atlantic coast, through Mexico and Central America, to South America. It is also native to

text: Eurasia

text: , the

text: Levant

text: in

text: Western Asia

text: , and

text: Australasia

text: . There are two disjunct occurrences in the northern part of North America: at Cascade Springs in the

text: Black Hills

text: of

text: South Dakota

text: and

text: Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia

text: . In both instances, the warm microclimate created by hot mineral springs permits the growth of the plant far north of its normal range. It is similar in Zvonce spa resort (Звоначка Бања, Zvonačka Banja), near Pirot in Serbia, where hot mineral springs provide adequate heat and humidity for the survival of this species.

text: On April 8, 2009, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) collected ground water samples from a domestic well on West County Road 112 in Midland, Texas (U.S.), in response to a resident complaint of yellow water. The well was found to be contaminated with chromium(VI). The Midland groundwater reached higher levels of contamination than the EPA mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 parts per billion. The current groundwater plume of chromium lies under approximately 260 acres of land at the West County Road 112 Groundwater Site. In response, the TCEQ installed filtration systems on water-well sites that showed contamination of chromium.

text: On April 8, 2009, the

entity_name: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

text: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

text: (TCEQ) collected ground water samples from a domestic well on West County Road 112 in

text: Midland, Texas

text: (U.S.), in response to a resident complaint of yellow water. The well was found to be contaminated with chromium(VI). The Midland groundwater reached higher levels of contamination than the EPA mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 parts per billion. The current groundwater plume of chromium lies under approximately 260 acres of land at the West County Road 112 Groundwater Site. In response, the TCEQ installed filtration systems on water-well sites that showed contamination of chromium.

text: Since every groundwater basin recharges at a different rate depending upon precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practises, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces.  Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge and thus the process of overdrafting can have consequences of effectively drying up certain sub-surface water supplies. Subsidence occurs when excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer.

text: Since every groundwater basin

text: recharges

text: at a different rate depending upon

text: precipitation

text: vegetative cover

text: and

text: soil conservation

text: practises, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces.  Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge and thus the process of overdrafting can have consequences of effectively drying up certain sub-surface

text: water supplies

text: Subsidence

text: occurs when excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer.

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 30701 || 2381 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=702 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30702 || 3042 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30703 || 3101 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=704 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30704 Phegeus || 3250 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=705 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30705 Idaios || 3365 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=706 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30706 || 4026 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=707 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30707 || 4075 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=708 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30708 Echepolos || 4101 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30709 || 4107 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=710 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30710 || 4137 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=711 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30711 || 4186 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=712 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30712 || 4207 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=713 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30713 || 4216 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=714 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30714 || 4282 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=715 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30715 || 5034 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30716 || 5107 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=717 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30717 || 1937 UD || October 26, 1937 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth ||  —|-id=718 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30718 Records ||  || September 14, 1955 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=719 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30719 Isserstedt || 1963 RJ || September 13, 1963 || Tautenburg Observatory || K. W. Kamper || |-id=720 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30720 || 1969 GB || April 9, 1969 || El Leoncito || C. U. Cesco ||  —|-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30721 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=722 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30722 Biblioran ||  || September 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30723 ||  || September 2, 1978 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30724 Peterburgtrista ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=725 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30725 Klimov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=726 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30726 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30727 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=728 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30728 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=729 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30729 || 1980 TA || October 11, 1980 || Harvard Observatory || Harvard Obs. ||  —|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30730 || 1981 DL || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=731 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30731 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=732 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30732 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=733 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30733 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=734 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30734 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30735 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30736 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=737 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30737 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=738 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30738 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30739 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30740 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30741 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30742 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=743 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30743 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=744 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30744 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=745 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30745 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=746 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30746 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=747 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30747 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=748 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30748 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=749 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30749 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=750 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30750 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30751 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=752 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30752 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30753 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30754 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=755 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30755 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=756 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30756 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30757 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30758 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=759 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30759 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=760 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30760 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=761 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30761 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=762 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30762 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30763 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=764 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30764 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=765 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30765 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=766 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30766 ||  || October 24, 1981 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=767 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30767 Chriskraft ||  || November 6, 1983 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30768 || 1983 YK || December 29, 1983 || Pino Torinese || G. Massone, G. DeSanctis ||  —|-id=769 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30769 ||  || September 25, 1984 || Anderson Mesa || B. A. Skiff ||  —|-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30770 ||  || September 27, 1984 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=771 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30771 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30772 ||  || September 2, 1986 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30773 Schelde ||  || September 6, 1986 || Smolyan || E. W. Elst || |-id=774 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30774 ||  || January 25, 1987 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=775 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30775 Lattu || 1987 QX || August 24, 1987 || Palomar || E. F. Helin || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30776 || 1987 QY || August 24, 1987 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30777 ||  || September 21, 1987 || Smolyan || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=778 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30778 Döblin ||  || September 29, 1987 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30779 Sankt-Stephan ||  || October 17, 1987 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30780 ||  || February 11, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=781 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30781 ||  || February 11, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=782 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30782 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=783 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30783 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=784 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30784 || 1988 PO || August 11, 1988 || Palomar || C. Mikolajczak, R. Coker ||  —|-id=785 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30785 Greeley || 1988 PX || August 13, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=786 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30786 Karkoschka || 1988 QC || August 18, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=787 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30787 || 1988 RC || September 7, 1988 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30788 Angekauffmann ||  || September 8, 1988 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=789 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30789 ||  || September 3, 1988 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30790 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=791 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30791 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=792 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30792 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=793 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30793 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=794 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30794 ||  || October 15, 1988 || Gekko || Y. Oshima ||  —|-id=795 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30795 ||  || January 4, 1989 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30796 ||  || February 4, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=797 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30797 ||  || February 4, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=798 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30798 Graubünden ||  || February 2, 1989 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30799 || 1989 LH || June 4, 1989 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=800 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30800 || 1989 ST || September 29, 1989 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 30701 || 2381 T-3 || October 16, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: Heidelberg

text: K. Reinmuth

text: ||  —|-id=718 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 30718 Records

text: ||  || September 14, 1955 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=719 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30719 Isserstedt || 1963 RJ || September 13, 1963 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: K. W. Kamper

text: || |-id=720 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30720 || 1969 GB || April 9, 1969 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: C. U. Cesco

text: ||  —|-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30721 ||  || September 30, 1975 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=722 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30722 Biblioran ||  || September 6, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30723 ||  || September 2, 1978 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30724 Peterburgtrista ||  || September 26, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=725 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30725 Klimov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=726 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30726 ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30727 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=728 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30728 ||  || August 22, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=729 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30729 || 1980 TA || October 11, 1980 ||

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Harvard Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30730 || 1981 DL || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Palomar

text: || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=767 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30767 Chriskraft ||  || November 6, 1983 || Palomar ||

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30768 || 1983 YK || December 29, 1983 ||

text: Pino Torinese

text: G. Massone

text: G. DeSanctis

text: ||  —|-id=769 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30769 ||  || September 25, 1984 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: B. A. Skiff

text: ||  —|-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30770 ||  || September 27, 1984 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=771 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30771 ||  || August 1, 1986 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30772 ||  || September 2, 1986 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30773 Schelde ||  || September 6, 1986 ||

text: Smolyan

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=774 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30774 ||  || January 25, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=775 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30775 Lattu || 1987 QX || August 24, 1987 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30776 || 1987 QY || August 24, 1987 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30777 ||  || September 21, 1987 ||

text: Smolyan

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=778 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30778 Döblin ||  || September 29, 1987 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30779 Sankt-Stephan ||  || October 17, 1987 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30780 ||  || February 11, 1988 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=781 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30781 ||  || February 11, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=782 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 30782 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=783 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30783 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=784 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30784 || 1988 PO || August 11, 1988 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. Mikolajczak

text: R. Coker

text: ||  —|-id=785 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30785 Greeley || 1988 PX || August 13, 1988 || Palomar ||

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=786 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30786 Karkoschka || 1988 QC || August 18, 1988 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=787 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30787 || 1988 RC || September 7, 1988 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30788 Angekauffmann ||  || September 8, 1988 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=789 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30789 ||  || September 3, 1988 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30790 ||  || September 14, 1988 ||

text: Cerro Tololo

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=791 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30791 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=792 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30792 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=793 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 30793 ||  || September 16, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=794 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30794 ||  || October 15, 1988 ||

text: Gekko

text: Y. Oshima

text: ||  —|-id=795 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30795 ||  || January 4, 1989 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: R. H. McNaught

text: ||  —|-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30796 ||  || February 4, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=797 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30797 ||  || February 4, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=798 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 30798 Graubünden ||  || February 2, 1989 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 30799 || 1989 LH || June 4, 1989 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=800 bgcolor=#FA8072| 30800 || 1989 ST || September 29, 1989 ||

text: Kushiro

text: S. Ueda

text: H. Kaneda

text: Types of sedimentary rock - usually limestone (calcium carbonate) - are sometimes formed by the evaporation, or rapid precipitation, of mineral spring water, especially at the mouths of hot mineral springs. (These mineral deposits can also be found in dried lakebeds.) Spectacular formations, including terraces, stalactites, stalagmites and “frozen waterfalls” can result (see, for example, Mammoth Hot Springs).

text: Types of

text: sedimentary rock

text: - usually

text: limestone

text: calcium carbonate

text: ) - are sometimes formed by the

text: evaporation

text: , or rapid

text: precipitation

text: , of mineral spring water, especially at the mouths of hot mineral springs. (These mineral deposits can also be found in dried lakebeds.) Spectacular formations, including terraces,

text: stalactite

text: s,

text: stalagmite

text: s and “frozen waterfalls” can result (see, for example,

text: Mammoth Hot Springs

text: Box Spring is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Box Spring is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: Chromatic Spring is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Chromatic Spring is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: The first geothermal wells drilled in Geyser Canyon were the first in the Western Hemisphere.  The first power plant at the Geysers was privately developed by the owner of The Geysers Resort and opened in 1921, producing 250 kilowatts of energy to light the resort. In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of their 11-megawatt plant at the Geysers. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power.

text: The first geothermal wells drilled in Geyser Canyon were the first in the Western Hemisphere.  The first power plant at the Geysers was privately developed by the owner of The Geysers Resort and opened in 1921, producing 250 kilowatts of energy to light the resort. In 1960,

text: Pacific Gas and Electric

text: began operation of their 11-megawatt plant at the Geysers. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11

text: MW

text: net power.

text: M. acuminatum has been considered by some authors to encompass Myoporum montanum. The two species are closely  and related and M. montanum has an overlapping range. The common name Waterbush is originally derived from M. montanum, which grows throughout arid central Australia as well as coastal regions, and whose presence is thought to be indicative of groundwater.

text: M. acuminatum has been considered by some authors to encompass

text: Myoporum montanum

text: . The two species are closely  and related and M. montanum has an overlapping range. The common name Waterbush is originally derived from M. montanum, which grows throughout arid central Australia as well as coastal regions, and whose presence is thought to be indicative of groundwater.

text: The rivers and groundwater are being polluted with nitrates and E. coli and proposed irrigation schemes can increase the pollution levels. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are above the drinking water standards in some areas and elevated levels are widespread. Environment Canterbury's 2010 groundwater quality survey indicated that nitrate concentrations had increased in about one-third of the wells sampled during the past 10 years. Particularly of concern were the Selwyn, Ashburton and Orari-Opihi-Pareora areas. Of 322 wells sampled, 34 had concentrations of nitrate exceeding the maximum acceptable value for drinking-water standards.

text: The rivers and

text: groundwater

text: are being polluted with

text: nitrates

text: and

text: E. coli

text: and proposed irrigation schemes can increase the pollution levels. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater are above the drinking water standards in some areas and elevated levels are widespread. Environment Canterbury's 2010 groundwater quality survey indicated that nitrate concentrations had increased in about one-third of the wells sampled during the past 10 years. Particularly of concern were the Selwyn, Ashburton and Orari-Opihi-Pareora areas. Of 322 wells sampled, 34 had concentrations of nitrate exceeding the maximum acceptable value for drinking-water standards.

text: The Taupo Volcanic Zone is known for its geothermal activity.  For example, Rotorua and the surrounding area have many areas with geysers, silica terraces, fumaroles, mudpools, hot springs, etc.  Notable geothermal areas include Whakarewarewa, Tikitere, Waimangu, Waiotapu, Craters of the Moon and Orakei Korako.  Geothermal energy is used to generate electricity at Wairakei, near Taupo.  Hot pools abound throughout New Zealand.

text: The

text: Taupo Volcanic Zone

text: is known for its

text: geothermal

text: activity.  For example, Rotorua and the surrounding area have many areas with

text: geysers

text: silica terrace

text: s,

text: fumaroles

text: mudpool

text: s,

text: hot springs

text: , etc.  Notable geothermal areas include

text: Whakarewarewa

text: Tikitere

text: Waimangu

text: Waiotapu

text: Craters of the Moon

text: and

text: Orakei Korako

text: .  Geothermal energy is used to generate electricity at

text: Wairakei

text: , near

text: Taupo

text: .  Hot pools abound throughout New Zealand.

text: Pink Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups include Bead Geyser, Box Spring, Dilemma Geyser, Labial Geyser, Narcissus Geyser, and Pink Cone Geyser.

text: Pink Geyser is part of the Pink Cone Group. Other geysers in this groups include

text: Bead Geyser

text: Box Spring

text: Dilemma Geyser

text: Labial Geyser

text: Narcissus Geyser

text: , and

text: Pink Cone Geyser

text: Wetlands help maintain the level of the water table and exert control on the hydraulic head (O'Brien 1988; Winter 1988). This provides force for groundwater recharge and discharge to other waters as well. The extent of groundwater recharge by a wetland is dependent upon soil, vegetation, site, perimeter to volume ratio, and water table gradient (Carter and Novitzki 1988; Weller 1981). Groundwater recharge occurs through mineral soils found primarily around the edges of wetlands (Verry and Timmons 1982) The soil under most wetlands is relatively impermeable. A high perimeter to volume ratio, such as in small wetlands, means that the surface area through which water can infiltrate into the groundwater is high (Weller 1981). Groundwater recharge is typical in small wetlands such as prairie potholes, which can contribute significantly to recharge of regional groundwater resources (Weller 1981). Researchers have discovered groundwater recharge of up to 20% of wetland volume per season (Weller 1981).

text: Wetlands

text: help maintain the level of the water table and exert control on the hydraulic head (O'Brien 1988; Winter 1988). This provides force for groundwater recharge and discharge to other waters as well. The extent of groundwater recharge by a wetland is dependent upon

text: soil

text: vegetation

text: , site, perimeter to volume ratio, and water table gradient (Carter and Novitzki 1988; Weller 1981). Groundwater recharge occurs through

text: mineral soils

text: found primarily around the edges of wetlands (Verry and Timmons 1982) The soil under most wetlands is relatively impermeable. A high perimeter to volume ratio, such as in small wetlands, means that the surface area through which water can infiltrate into the groundwater is high (Weller 1981). Groundwater recharge is typical in small wetlands such as

text: prairie potholes

text: , which can contribute significantly to recharge of regional groundwater resources (Weller 1981). Researchers have discovered groundwater recharge of up to 20% of wetland volume per season (Weller 1981).

text: The city of Discovery Bay sits on a bay of the same name. The bay was originally named Puerto Seco (Dry Harbor) by Christopher Columbus because, unlike the neighboring Rio Bueno bay, there are no permanent rivers flowing into it. However, groundwater does enter the bay through deep cracks in the basement limestone, especially on the geologic fault line that runs through the ship channel and on the western side. The salinities of the submerged springs are greater than 20 parts per thousand, yet they cause a marked difference in temperature and salinity in the shallow western back reef.

text: The city of Discovery Bay sits on a bay of the same name. The bay was originally named Puerto Seco (Dry Harbor) by Christopher Columbus because, unlike the neighboring Rio Bueno bay, there are no permanent rivers flowing into it. However, groundwater does enter the bay through deep cracks in the

text: basement

text: limestone

text: , especially on the

text: geologic fault line

text: that runs through the ship channel and on the western side. The

text: salinities

text: of the submerged springs are greater than 20 parts per thousand, yet they cause a marked difference in temperature and salinity in the shallow western back reef.

text: The city is named for the hundreds of natural springs of carbonated water that are located in and around the city. The springs were well known to Native Americans and were a famous landmark along the Oregon Trail in the middle 19th century. Today the city is also known as the location of the Soda Springs Geyser, which was unleashed in 1934 when "town fathers" were looking for hot water for a "hot pool" bathing attraction. Instead they drilled into a chamber of highly pressurized carbon dioxide gas and cold water and the geyser was released.  After running for weeks, and flooding the downtown area, it was capped and manually released when requested as a tourist attraction.  Now it is let loose every hour on the hour by a timed release valve.  Its height and volume has not decreased after many years. There are viewing platforms at either end of the travertine mound where the Geyser erupts. Interpretive signs are located on the platforms explaining this phenomena.

text: The city is named for the hundreds of natural springs of

text: carbonated

text: water that are located in and around the city. The springs were well known to

text: Native American

text: s and were a famous landmark along the

text: Oregon Trail

text: in the middle 19th century. Today the city is also known as the location of the

text: Soda Springs Geyser

text: , which was unleashed in 1934 when "town fathers" were looking for hot water for a "hot pool" bathing attraction. Instead they drilled into a chamber of highly pressurized

text: carbon dioxide

text: gas and cold water and the

text: geyser

text: was released.  After running for weeks, and flooding the downtown area, it was capped and manually released when requested as a tourist attraction.  Now it is let loose every hour on the hour by a timed release valve.  Its height and volume has not decreased after many years. There are viewing platforms at either end of the travertine mound where the Geyser erupts. Interpretive signs are located on the platforms explaining this phenomena.

text: Calcium carbonate formations are associated with regions where meteoric waters become enriched with calcium carbonate by direct dissolution of CaCO-rich rocks underground only to resurface and re-precipitate calcite. It is well known that the geology of the Portneuf watershed contains numerous large limestone and dolomite rock sequences that are mostly Paleozoic. Enrichment of CaCO in the meteoric waters is due to the addition of CO either through interaction with the atmosphere, or infiltrating through organic compound containing soil layers. This saturation of CO in the groundwater allows for the dissolution of carbonate rocks as it drives pH down. As the water reemerges it is exposed to the atmosphere and the concentration gradient of CO associated with it. As the enriched waters attempt to achieve equilibrium they precipitate calcite, through the reaction of Ca + 2HCO ⇔ CO↑ + HO+ CaCO↓.The mountains surrounding the Portneuf are characterized by thick Paleozoic limestone deposits rich in carbonates, and many springs do emerge along the reach associated with Lava Hot Springs.

text: Calcium carbonate formations are associated with regions where meteoric waters become enriched with calcium carbonate by direct dissolution of CaCO-rich rocks underground only to resurface and re-precipitate

text: calcite

text: . It is well known that the geology of the Portneuf watershed contains numerous large

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

text: rock sequences that are mostly

text: Paleozoic

text: . Enrichment of CaCO in the meteoric waters is due to the addition of CO either through interaction with the atmosphere, or infiltrating through organic compound containing soil layers. This saturation of CO in the groundwater allows for the dissolution of carbonate rocks as it drives pH down. As the water reemerges it is exposed to the atmosphere and the concentration gradient of CO associated with it. As the enriched waters attempt to achieve equilibrium they precipitate calcite, through the reaction of Ca + 2HCO ⇔ CO↑ + HO+ CaCO↓.The mountains surrounding the Portneuf are characterized by thick Paleozoic limestone deposits rich in carbonates, and many springs do emerge along the reach associated with Lava Hot Springs.

text: Methylopila oligotropha is a methanotroph bacterium species from the genus of Methylopila which has been isolated from a groundwater aquifer.

text: Methylopila oligotropha is a

text: methanotroph

text: bacterium species from the genus of

text: Methylopila

text: which has been isolated from a

text: groundwater aquifer

text: If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can also make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), provided the rock has a hydraulic conductivity sufficient to facilitate movement of water. Porosity is important, but, alone, it does not determine a rock's ability to act as an aquifer. Areas of the Deccan Traps (a basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock formations with high porosity but low permeability, which makes them poor aquifers. Similarly, the micro-porous (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England, although having a reasonably high porosity, has a low grain-to-grain permeability, with its good water-yielding characteristics mostly due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.

text: If a rock unit of low

text: porosity

text: is highly fractured, it can also make a good aquifer (via

text: fissure

text: flow), provided the rock has a hydraulic conductivity sufficient to facilitate movement of water. Porosity is important, but, alone, it does not determine a rock's ability to act as an aquifer. Areas of the

text: Deccan Traps

text: (a

text: basalt

text: ic lava) in west central

text: India

text: are good examples of rock formations with high porosity but low permeability, which makes them poor aquifers. Similarly, the micro-porous (Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: Chalk

text: of south east England, although having a reasonably high porosity, has a low grain-to-grain permeability, with its good water-yielding characteristics mostly due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.

text: It is similar to film cooling in that it creates a thin film of cooling air on the blade, but it is different in that air is "leaked" through a porous shell rather than injected through holes. This type of cooling is effective at high temperatures as it uniformly covers the entire blade with cool air. Transpiration-cooled blades generally consist of a rigid strut with a porous shell. Air flows through internal channels of the strut and then passes through the porous shell to cool the blade. As with film cooling, increased cooling air decreases turbine efficiency, therefore that decrease has to be balanced with improved temperature performance.

text: Darcy's law is a simple mathematical statement which neatly summarizes several familiar properties that groundwater flowing in aquifers exhibits, including:

text: Darcy's law is a simple mathematical statement which neatly summarizes several familiar properties that

text: groundwater

text: flowing in

text: aquifer

text: s exhibits, including:

text: Two additional geysers in the area were created in a similar way and continue to grow. The first geyser is approximately  and is shaped like a miniature volcano; the second is cone-shaped and is about .

text: Excelsior Geyser Crater, formerly known as Excelsior Geyser, is a hot spring in the Midway Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Excelsior was named by the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.

text: Excelsior Geyser Crater, formerly known as Excelsior Geyser, is a

text: hot spring

text: in the

text: Midway Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . Excelsior was named by the

text: Hayden Geological Survey of 1871

text: The bed being impermeable, leads to the kinematic bed boundary-condition:

text: The bed being impermeable, leads to the

text: kinematic

text: bed boundary-condition:

text: Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. The large deep aquifer formed when the plate carrying the Pacific Ocean bottom was dragged and ends up under the continental plate. Water at such depths would normally escape upwards but the unusual conditions that exist along the eastern Pacific Rim allow the moisture to remain intact. In the case of the Hamza, the porous and permeable sedimentary rocks behave as conduits for the water to sink to greater depths. East-west trending faults and the karst topography present along the northern border of the Amazon basin may have some role in supplying water to the "river". If the impermeable rocks stop the vertical flow, the west to east gradient of the topography directs it to flow towards the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Several geological factors have played a vital role in the formation and existence of these subterranean water bodies. The large deep aquifer formed when the plate carrying the Pacific Ocean bottom was dragged and ends up under the continental plate. Water at such depths would normally escape upwards but the unusual conditions that exist along the eastern Pacific Rim allow the moisture to remain intact. In the case of the Hamza, the

text: porous

text: and

text: permeable

text: sedimentary rock

text: s behave as conduits for the water to sink to greater depths. East-west trending

text: faults

text: and the

text: karst topography

text: present along the northern border of the Amazon basin may have some role in supplying water to the "river". If the impermeable rocks stop the vertical flow, the west to east gradient of the topography directs it to flow towards the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Bijou Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Bijou Geyser is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: His Foxy Grandpa comic strip was first published in January 1900 in the New York Herald, moving to the New York American in 1902. In 1907, he was resting at The Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia where he took the mineral baths for rheumatism.

text: His Foxy Grandpa comic strip was first published in January 1900 in the

text: New York Herald

text: , moving to the

text: New York American

text: in 1902. In 1907, he was resting at

text: The Homestead

text: in

text: Hot Springs, Virginia

text: where he took the mineral baths for rheumatism.

text: Aram Chaos is an ancient impact crater near the Martian equator, close to Ares Vallis. About  across, Aram lies in a region called Margaritifer Terra, where many water-carved channels show that floods poured out of the highlands onto the northern lowlands ages ago. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the Mars Odyssey orbiter found gray crystalline hematite on the floor of Aram. Hematite is an iron-oxide mineral that can precipitate when ground water circulates through iron-rich rocks, whether at normal temperatures or in hot springs. The floor of Aram contains huge blocks of collapsed, or chaotic, terrain that formed when water or ice was catastrophically removed. Elsewhere on Mars, the release of groundwater produced massive floods that eroded the large channels seen in Ares Vallis and similar outflow valleys. In Aram Chaos, however, the released water stayed mostly within the crater's ramparts, eroding only a small, shallow outlet channel in the eastern wall. Several minerals including hematite, sulfate minerals, and water-altered silicates in Aram suggests that a lake probably once existed within the crater. Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which could not long exist without a thick atmosphere, Mars must have had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past, when the hematite was formed.

text: Aram Chaos

text: is an ancient

text: impact crater

text: near the Martian equator, close to

text: Ares Vallis

text: . About  across, Aram lies in a region called

text: Margaritifer Terra

text: , where many water-carved channels show that floods poured out of the highlands onto the northern lowlands ages ago. The

text: Thermal Emission Imaging System

text: (THEMIS) on the

text: Mars Odyssey

text: orbiter found gray crystalline

text: hematite

text: on the floor of Aram.

text: Hematite

text: is an iron-oxide mineral that can precipitate when ground water circulates through iron-rich rocks, whether at normal temperatures or in hot springs. The floor of Aram contains huge blocks of collapsed, or chaotic, terrain that formed when water or ice was catastrophically removed. Elsewhere on Mars, the release of groundwater produced massive floods that eroded the large channels seen in Ares Vallis and similar outflow valleys. In Aram Chaos, however, the released water stayed mostly within the crater's ramparts, eroding only a small, shallow outlet channel in the eastern wall. Several minerals including hematite,

text: sulfate

text: minerals, and water-altered

text: silicates

text: in Aram suggests that a lake probably once existed within the crater. Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which could not long exist without a thick atmosphere, Mars must have had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past, when the hematite was formed.

text: Jewel Geyser is a fountain geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. It is in the Biscuit Basin complex that includes Shell Geyser, Avoca Spring, and Mustard Spring.

text: Jewel Geyser is a fountain

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Upper Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: . It is in the

text: Biscuit Basin

text: complex that includes Shell Geyser, Avoca Spring, and Mustard Spring.

text: Groundwater resources supply water to some small urban settlements and small and medium scale irrigation systems in the interior. The most important groundwater reserves in Paraguay in terms of capacity are the Guaraní and the Raigon Aquifer. The Guarani aquifer is one of the largest groundwater reserves in the world, covering 1,200,000 km throughout Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Guarani Aquifer has a storage capacity of 40,000 cubic kilometers. With an estimated annual recharge rate of 160–250 km and more than 40 km available for consumption, the Guaraní aquifer could supply daily 300 liters of water per capita to 360 million people.The neighbor countries are implementing an Environmental Protection and Sustainable Management project together with the Organization of American States and the World Bank.

text: Groundwater resources supply water to some small urban settlements and small and medium scale irrigation systems in the interior. The most important groundwater reserves in Paraguay in terms of capacity are the

text: Guaraní

text: and the Raigon Aquifer. The Guarani aquifer is one of the largest groundwater reserves in the world, covering 1,200,000 km throughout

text: Brazil

text: Argentina

text: Paraguay

text: and

text: Uruguay

text: . The Guarani Aquifer has a storage capacity of 40,000 cubic kilometers. With an estimated annual recharge rate of 160–250 km and more than 40 km available for consumption, the Guaraní aquifer could supply daily 300 liters of water per capita to 360 million people.The neighbor countries are implementing an Environmental Protection and Sustainable Management project together with the

text: Organization of American States

text: and the

text: World Bank

text: Matsushita was found dead in his residence in Tokyo on 10 September 2012. Police stated that he appeared to have committed suicide by hanging himself.

text: The Second National Congress was held from September 30 until October 12, 1813. It was attended by 1100 delegates, chosen by universal male suffrage and presided by Pedro Juan Caballero. Congress rejected a proposal for Paraguayan participation at a constitutional congress at Buenos Aires and approved the new Constitution on October 12, 1813 when Paraguayan Republic was officially proclaimed (the first in South America). It also created a two-man executive body with two consuls – Fulgencio Yegros and Francia. Yegros, a man without political ambitions, represented the nationalist criollo military elite, while Francia was more powerful of the two because he derived his strength from the nationalist masses.

text: The Second National Congress was held from September 30 until October 12, 1813. It was attended by 1100 delegates, chosen by

text: universal male suffrage

text: and presided by

text: Pedro Juan Caballero

text: . Congress rejected a proposal for Paraguayan participation at a constitutional congress at Buenos Aires and approved the new Constitution on October 12, 1813 when Paraguayan Republic was officially proclaimed (the first in South America). It also created a two-man executive body with two consuls –

text: Fulgencio Yegros

text: and Francia. Yegros, a man without political ambitions, represented the nationalist criollo military elite, while Francia was more powerful of the two because he derived his strength from the nationalist masses.

text: On February 26, 2016, Mr. R. Emmanuel-Cooke, Founding Principal of the new elementary school P.S.360Q announced during a Black History Month Celebration, the school name "Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence" in honor of the Queens resident.

text: A post office operated at Spyrock from 1910 to 1911, and from 1915 to 1967.

text: In the meantime, Louise discovers that she has feelings for Terry after all and they get together and decide to buy the B&B from Alan Turner. However, Louise is attracted to newcomer Matthew King and is unable to resist when he starts flirting with her. Soon they begin an affair behind Terry’s back. It goes on for weeks and Terry finds out when Louise ends their relationship just as they are about to complete the sale of the B&B. Terry is furious but now that Louise is living with Matthew, he loses interest and realising her mistake, Louise begs him for a second chance but Terry is not interested.

text: In the meantime, Louise discovers that she has feelings for Terry after all and they get together and decide to buy the B&B from Alan Turner. However, Louise is attracted to newcomer

text: Matthew King

text: and is unable to resist when he starts flirting with her. Soon they begin an affair behind Terry’s back. It goes on for weeks and Terry finds out when Louise ends their relationship just as they are about to complete the sale of the B&B. Terry is furious but now that Louise is living with Matthew, he loses interest and realising her mistake, Louise begs him for a second chance but Terry is not interested.

text: In January 1961, two mass meetings attended by thousands of Afrikaners were organised by conservative Professor Adriaan Pont, professor of church history at the Reformed Theological School in Pretoria, protesting against the authors of 'Delayed Action'. In September 1961 the Broederbond controlled leadership of the NHK responded to complaints by three students and accused Geyser of heresy and insubordination because of his interpretation of Philippians 2:5–11. He was asked to resign his Professorship of New Testament Studies because the chair was sponsored by the NHK. While he was acquitted on the charges of insubordination, he was found guilty of heresy by the Synodal Commission of the NHK and expelled in May 1962. It was widely accepted that the NHK used the accusation of heresy in an attempt to remove Geyser because of his opposition to Article III of the NHK constitution and his "deviant" views on racial matters. Geyser felt he was falsely accused and contested the Commission's findings in the Supreme Court. During the subsequent court case the NHK reached an out of court settlement and he was reinstated. However these conflicts continued to be a source of tension and Geyser resigned from the NHK in 1963.

text: In January 1961, two mass meetings attended by thousands of Afrikaners were organised by conservative Professor Adriaan Pont, professor of church history at the Reformed Theological School in Pretoria, protesting against the authors of 'Delayed Action'. In September 1961 the Broederbond controlled leadership of the NHK responded to complaints by three students and accused Geyser of heresy and insubordination because of his interpretation of

text: Philippians

text: 2:5–11. He was asked to resign his Professorship of New Testament Studies because the chair was sponsored by the NHK. While he was acquitted on the charges of insubordination, he was found guilty of heresy by the Synodal Commission of the NHK and expelled in May 1962. It was widely accepted that the NHK used the accusation of heresy in an attempt to remove Geyser because of his opposition to Article III of the NHK constitution and his "deviant" views on racial matters. Geyser felt he was falsely accused and contested the Commission's findings in the Supreme Court. During the subsequent court case the NHK reached an out of court settlement and he was reinstated. However these conflicts continued to be a source of tension and Geyser resigned from the NHK in 1963.

text: Botryoidal Spring is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.

text: Botryoidal Spring is a

text: geyser

text: in the

text: Lower Geyser Basin

text: of

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: in the

text: United States

text: The group became known after a 'début' concert, given in the Queen Elizabeth Hall on the South Bank in London, on 2 July 1967. Six solo singers and twenty-four musicians, conducted by John Beckett, performed music of the Italian Renaissance in the first half, and music of the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century France and early sixteenth-century Spain in the second. From this point onwards, the group was regularly engaged for concerts, LPs were recorded and radio programmes were made for the BBC Third Programme/Radio 3.

text: The group became known after a 'début' concert, given in the

text: Queen Elizabeth Hall

text: on the

text: South Bank

text: in London, on 2 July 1967. Six solo singers and twenty-four musicians, conducted by

text: John Beckett

text: , performed music of the Italian Renaissance in the first half, and music of the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century France and early sixteenth-century Spain in the second. From this point onwards, the group was regularly engaged for concerts, LPs were recorded and radio programmes were made for the

text: BBC Third Programme

text: Radio 3

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 58101 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=102 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58102 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=103 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58103 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=104 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58104 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=105 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58105 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=106 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58106 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=107 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58107 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=108 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58108 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=109 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58109 || 1980 PQ || August 6, 1980 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová ||  —|-id=110 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58110 ||  || October 31, 1980 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=111 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58111 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=112 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58112 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=113 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58113 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=114 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58114 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=115 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58115 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=116 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58116 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=117 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58117 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=118 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58118 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=119 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58119 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=120 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58120 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=121 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58121 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=122 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58122 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=123 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58123 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=124 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58124 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=125 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58125 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=126 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58126 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=127 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58127 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=128 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58128 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=129 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58129 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=130 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58130 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=131 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58131 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=132 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58132 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=133 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58133 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=134 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58134 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=135 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58135 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=136 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58136 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=137 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58137 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=138 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58138 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=139 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58139 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=140 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58140 || 1981 SN || September 22, 1981 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=141 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58141 ||  || October 24, 1981 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=142 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58142 ||  || September 4, 1983 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=143 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58143 ||  || November 1, 1983 || Cavriana || Cavriana Obs. ||  —|-id=144 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58144 || 1983 WU || November 29, 1983 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell ||  —|-id=145 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58145 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || M. Rudnyk ||  —|-id=146 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58146 || 1986 RU || September 6, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=147 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58147 || 1986 WK || November 29, 1986 || Ojima || T. Niijima, T. Urata ||  —|-id=148 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58148 ||  || September 29, 1987 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell ||  —|-id=149 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58149 ||  || September 26, 1987 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=150 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58150 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=151 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58151 ||  || February 15, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=152 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58152 Natsöderblom ||  || August 12, 1988 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=153 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 58153 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=154 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58154 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=155 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58155 || 1988 VD || November 3, 1988 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=156 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58156 || 1989 GL || April 6, 1989 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=157 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58157 ||  || April 3, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=158 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58158 || 1989 RA || September 1, 1989 || Lake Tekapo || A. C. Gilmore, P. M. Kilmartin ||  —|-id=159 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58159 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=160 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58160 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=161 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58161 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=162 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58162 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=163 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58163 Minnesang ||  || October 23, 1989 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=164 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58164 ||  || November 20, 1989 || Geisei || T. Seki ||  —|-id=165 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58165 ||  || April 29, 1990 || Siding Spring || A. Żytkow, M. J. Irwin ||  —|-id=166 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58166 ||  || July 29, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=167 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58167 ||  || August 28, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=168 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58168 ||  || August 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=169 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58169 ||  || September 18, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=170 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58170 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=171 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58171 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=172 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58172 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=173 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58173 ||  || September 16, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=174 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58174 ||  || September 20, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=175 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58175 ||  || September 17, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=176 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58176 ||  || September 17, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=177 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58177 ||  || October 9, 1990 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=178 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58178 ||  || October 20, 1990 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=179 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58179 ||  || October 16, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=180 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58180 ||  || November 21, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=181 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58181 ||  || February 7, 1991 || Kitami || K. Endate, K. Watanabe ||  —|-id=182 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58182 ||  || August 2, 1991 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=183 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58183 ||  || August 15, 1991 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=184 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58184 Masayukiyamamoto ||  || September 7, 1991 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=185 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58185 Rokkosan ||  || September 7, 1991 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=186 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58186 Langkavel ||  || September 13, 1991 || Tautenburg Observatory || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen || |-id=187 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58187 || 1991 TD || October 1, 1991 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=188 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58188 ||  || October 1, 1991 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=189 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58189 ||  || November 4, 1991 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=190 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58190 ||  || November 8, 1991 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=191 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58191 Dolomiten ||  || December 28, 1991 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=192 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58192 || 1992 AQ || January 10, 1992 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=193 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58193 ||  || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=194 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58194 ||  || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=195 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58195 ||  || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=196 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58196 Ashleyess ||  || March 10, 1992 || Siding Spring || D. I. Steel || |-id=197 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58197 ||  || March 6, 1992 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=198 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58198 ||  || March 7, 1992 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=199 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58199 ||  || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=200 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58200 ||  || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 58101 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=102 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58102 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=103 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58103 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=104 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58104 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=105 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58105 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=106 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58106 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=107 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58107 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=108 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58108 ||  || August 22, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=109 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58109 || 1980 PQ || August 6, 1980 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: ||  —|-id=110 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58110 ||  || October 31, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=111 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58111 ||  || March 2, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=141 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58141 ||  || October 24, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=142 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58142 ||  || September 4, 1983 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=143 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58143 ||  || November 1, 1983 ||

text: Cavriana

text: Cavriana Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=144 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58144 || 1983 WU || November 29, 1983 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: ||  —|-id=145 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58145 ||  || August 1, 1986 ||

text: Palomar

text: M. Rudnyk

text: ||  —|-id=146 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58146 || 1986 RU || September 6, 1986 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=147 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58147 || 1986 WK || November 29, 1986 ||

text: Ojima

text: T. Niijima

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=148 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58148 ||  || September 29, 1987 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: ||  —|-id=149 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58149 ||  || September 26, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=150 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58150 ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla ||

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=151 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58151 ||  || February 15, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=152 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58152 Natsöderblom ||  || August 12, 1988 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=153 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 58153 ||  || September 14, 1988 ||

text: Cerro Tololo

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=154 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58154 ||  || September 14, 1988 || Cerro Tololo || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=155 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58155 || 1988 VD || November 3, 1988 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=156 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58156 || 1989 GL || April 6, 1989 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=157 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58157 ||  || April 3, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=158 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58158 || 1989 RA || September 1, 1989 ||

text: Lake Tekapo

text: A. C. Gilmore

text: P. M. Kilmartin

text: ||  —|-id=159 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58159 ||  || September 26, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=160 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58160 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=161 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58161 ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=162 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58162 ||  || October 7, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=163 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58163 Minnesang ||  || October 23, 1989 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=164 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58164 ||  || November 20, 1989 ||

text: Geisei

text: T. Seki

text: ||  —|-id=165 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58165 ||  || April 29, 1990 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: A. Żytkow

text: M. J. Irwin

text: ||  —|-id=166 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58166 ||  || July 29, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=167 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58167 ||  || August 28, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=168 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58168 ||  || August 16, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=169 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58169 ||  || September 18, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=170 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58170 ||  || September 22, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=171 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58171 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=172 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58172 ||  || September 22, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=173 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58173 ||  || September 16, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: H. E. Holt

text: ||  —|-id=174 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58174 ||  || September 20, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=175 bgcolor=#FA8072| 58175 ||  || September 17, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=176 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58176 ||  || September 17, 1990 || Palomar || H. E. Holt ||  —|-id=177 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58177 ||  || October 9, 1990 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: R. H. McNaught

text: ||  —|-id=178 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58178 ||  || October 20, 1990 || Siding Spring || R. H. McNaught ||  —|-id=179 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58179 ||  || October 16, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=180 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58180 ||  || November 21, 1990 || La Silla || E. W. Elst ||  —|-id=181 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58181 ||  || February 7, 1991 ||

text: Kitami

text: K. Endate

text: K. Watanabe

text: ||  —|-id=182 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58182 ||  || August 2, 1991 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: ||  —|-id=183 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58183 ||  || August 15, 1991 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=184 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58184 Masayukiyamamoto ||  || September 7, 1991 ||

text: Geisei

text: T. Seki

text: || |-id=185 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58185 Rokkosan ||  || September 7, 1991 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=186 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58186 Langkavel ||  || September 13, 1991 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: L. D. Schmadel

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=187 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58187 || 1991 TD || October 1, 1991 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: R. H. McNaught

text: ||  —|-id=188 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58188 ||  || October 1, 1991 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: ||  —|-id=189 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58189 ||  || November 4, 1991 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=190 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58190 ||  || November 8, 1991 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=191 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58191 Dolomiten ||  || December 28, 1991 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=192 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58192 || 1992 AQ || January 10, 1992 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=193 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 58193 ||  || February 29, 1992 ||

text: La Silla

text: UESAC

text: ||  —|-id=194 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58194 ||  || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=195 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58195 ||  || February 29, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|-id=196 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 58196 Ashleyess ||  || March 10, 1992 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: D. I. Steel

text: || |-id=197 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58197 ||  || March 6, 1992 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: ||  —|-id=198 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58198 ||  || March 7, 1992 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch ||  —|-id=199 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58199 ||  || March 1, 1992 ||

text: La Silla

text: UESAC

text: ||  —|-id=200 bgcolor=#fefefe| 58200 ||  || March 1, 1992 || La Silla || UESAC ||  —|}

text: Currently, George van Driem is working towards the completion of a description of Gongduk based on his work with native speakers in the Gongduk area.

text: Currently,

text: George van Driem

text: is working towards the completion of a description of Gongduk based on his work with native speakers in the Gongduk area.

text: The Water Agency is involved in a number of programs and initiatives to study the groundwater resources of the region through the Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Program, the Sonoma Valley Groundwater Program, the Stormwater/Groundwater Recharge Program, and the Salt and Nutrient Management Plans.

text: For more information on Mancini's original music for the TV show see Peter Gunn and The Music from Peter Gunn.

text: For more information on Mancini's original music for the TV show see

text: Peter Gunn

text: and

text: The Music from Peter Gunn

text: Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Mississippi, Nevada and Utah do not sell lottery tickets. In 2013, Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery; the next year, it began, initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball.

text: Alabama

text: Alaska

text: Hawaii

text: Mississippi

text: Nevada

text: and

text: Utah

text: do not sell lottery tickets. In 2013, Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery; the next year, it began, initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball.

text: Roșia Montană Gold Corporation claimed that the pond would be safe from infiltration due to the impermeable clay formations on the hillsides. This was disputed in a 2013 report by the Geological Institute of Romania, which claimed that the company ignored the real geological context as the left hillside is made of highly porous sandstone. The Institute argued that the valley cannot be used safely to deposit such a large quantity of tailings and proposed as a solution the reduction of the quantity of tailings through a flotation process combined with porosity sealing of the bottom of the pond.

text: Roșia Montană Gold Corporation claimed that the pond would be safe from infiltration due to the

text: impermeable

text: clay

text: formations on the hillsides. This was disputed in a 2013 report by the Geological Institute of Romania, which claimed that the company ignored the real geological context as the left hillside is made of highly porous

text: sandstone

text: . The Institute argued that the valley cannot be used safely to deposit such a large quantity of tailings and proposed as a solution the reduction of the quantity of tailings through a

text: flotation process

text: combined with

text: porosity sealing

text: of the bottom of the pond.

text: Besides the gemstone varieties that show a play of color, the other kinds of common opal include the milk opal, milky bluish to greenish (which can sometimes be of gemstone quality); resin opal, which is honey-yellow with a resinous luster; wood opal, which is caused by the replacement of the organic material in wood with opal; menilite, which is brown or grey; hyalite, a colorless glass-clear opal sometimes called Muller's glass; geyserite, also called siliceous sinter, deposited around hot springs or geysers; and diatomite or diatomaceous earth, the accumulations of diatom shells or tests.

text: Besides the

text: gemstone

text: varieties that show a play of color, the other kinds of common opal include the milk opal, milky bluish to greenish (which can sometimes be of gemstone quality);

text: resin

text: opal, which is honey-yellow with a resinous luster;

text: wood opal

text: , which is caused by the replacement of the organic material in wood with opal;

text: menilite

text: , which is brown or grey;

text: hyalite

text: , a colorless glass-clear opal sometimes called Muller's glass;

text: geyserite

text: , also called

text: siliceous sinter

text: , deposited around

text: hot springs

text: or

text: geyser

text: s; and

text: diatomite

text: or

text: diatomaceous earth

text: , the accumulations of

text: diatom

text: shells or tests.

text: Sweeny was City Chamberlain and Park Commissioner under Mayor A. Oakey Hall. He became notorious as a central figure in the ring that controlled Tammany Hall, and was depicted prominently in Thomas Nast's cartoons alongside Boss Tweed, Richard B. Connolly and A. Oakey Hall.

text: Sweeny was City Chamberlain and Park Commissioner under Mayor

text: A. Oakey Hall

text: . He became notorious as a central figure in the ring that controlled

text: Tammany Hall

text: , and was depicted prominently in

text: Thomas Nast

text: 's cartoons alongside

text: Boss Tweed

text: Richard B. Connolly

text: and

text: A. Oakey Hall

text: The Ma'in Hot Springs (Hammamat mae’n) are a series of hot mineral springs and waterfalls located between Madaba and the Dead Sea, in Madaba Governorate, Jordan.

text: The Ma'in Hot Springs (Hammamat mae’n) are a series of hot

text: mineral springs

text: and waterfalls located between

text: Madaba

text: and the

text: Dead Sea

text: , in

text: Madaba Governorate

text: Jordan

text: HMS Geyser was a Driver-class wooden paddle sloop of the Royal Navy constructed in 1841 and broken up in 1866.

text: HMS Geyser was a

text: Driver-class

text: wooden paddle sloop of the

text: Royal Navy

text: constructed in 1841 and broken up in 1866.

text: At Bull Run, John meets Kathy Reynolds, the daughter of a senator, who, despite her higher social standing, proves to be a good war nurse. Jonas overcomes his doubts and marries Mary.  John's sister, Emma, and her child are caught up in the Siege of Vicksburg, where her husband, Lester is killed. The Battle of Gettysburg is a prominent focal point of the story; Mary is killed as the battle rages near the Steele home. John reconciles with his family as he, his father, and Matthew join a group of Confederate troops in defending the Geyser homestead against a Union Army attack.  The Union Army is driven off, but Matthew is killed in the skirmish. Despite being a Union officer, Jonas gains the respect of the Geysers (and possibly a future with Emma) by orchestrating Luke's rescue from a Union POW camp. Later, his strange dream of President Lincoln arrives too late to save the President at Ford's Theater.  The Hales and the Geysers come together after the war to celebrate John and Kathy's wedding.

text: At Bull Run, John meets Kathy Reynolds, the daughter of a senator, who, despite her higher social standing, proves to be a good war nurse. Jonas overcomes his doubts and marries Mary.  John's sister, Emma, and her child are caught up in the Siege of Vicksburg, where her husband, Lester is killed. The

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: is a prominent focal point of the story; Mary is killed as the battle rages near the Steele home. John reconciles with his family as he, his father, and Matthew join a group of Confederate troops in defending the Geyser homestead against a Union Army attack.  The Union Army is driven off, but Matthew is killed in the skirmish. Despite being a Union officer, Jonas gains the respect of the Geysers (and possibly a future with Emma) by orchestrating Luke's rescue from a Union POW camp. Later, his strange dream of President Lincoln arrives too late to save the President at Ford's Theater.  The Hales and the Geysers come together after the war to celebrate John and Kathy's wedding.

text: Véronique Grandrieux (married name is Alard)(born September 16   1952 at Villeneuve-le-Roi) is a former French athlete who specialised in the sprints.

text: Véronique Grandrieux (married name is Alard)(born

text: September 16

text: at

text: Villeneuve-le-Roi

text: ) is a former French

text: athlete

text: who specialised in the

text: sprint

text: s.

text: The canyon below the Lower Yellowstone Falls was at one time the site of a geyser basin that was the result of rhyolite lava flows, extensive faulting, and heat beneath the surface (related to the hot spot). No one is sure exactly when the geyser basin was formed in the area, although it was probably present at the time of the last glaciation. The chemical and heat action of the geyser basin caused the rhyolite rock to become hydrothermally altered, making it very soft and brittle and more easily erodible (sometimes likened to baking a potato). Evidence of this thermal activity still exists in the canyon in the form of geysers and hot springs that are still active and visible. The Clear Lake area, which is fed by hot springs, south of the canyon is probably also a remnant of this activity.According to Ken Pierce, U.S. Geological Survey geologist, at the end of the last glacial period, about 14,000 to 18,000 years ago, ice dams formed at the mouth of Yellowstone Lake. When the ice dams melted, a great volume of water was released downstream causing massive flash floods and immediate and catastrophic erosion of the present-day canyon. These flash floods probably happened more than once. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than glaciation. Today the canyon is still being eroded by the Yellowstone River.

text: The canyon below the Lower

text: Yellowstone Falls

text: was at one time the site of a

text: geyser

text: basin that was the result of

text: rhyolite

text: lava flows, extensive faulting, and heat beneath the surface (related to the

text: hot spot

text: ). No one is sure exactly when the geyser basin was formed in the area, although it was probably present at the time of the last glaciation. The chemical and heat action of the geyser basin caused the rhyolite rock to become hydrothermally altered, making it very soft and brittle and more easily erodible (sometimes likened to baking a

text: potato

text: ). Evidence of this thermal activity still exists in the canyon in the form of geysers and

text: hot spring

text: s that are still active and visible. The Clear Lake area, which is fed by hot springs, south of the canyon is probably also a remnant of this activity.According to Ken Pierce,

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: geologist, at the end of the last glacial period, about 14,000 to 18,000 years ago,

text: ice dam

text: s formed at the mouth of

text: Yellowstone Lake

text: . When the

text: ice dams melted

text: , a great volume of water was released downstream causing massive

text: flash flood

text: s and immediate and catastrophic erosion of the present-day canyon. These flash floods probably happened more than once. The canyon is a classic

text: V-shaped valley

text: , indicative of river-type erosion rather than glaciation. Today the canyon is still being eroded by the Yellowstone River.

text: In 2008, Wells was appointed Chair and Chief Executive Office of the provincial public utilities board, which oversees power, water, waste, etc., for towns and cities.  Controversy arose soon after when Wells refused to resign his position as mayor, citing reasons such as higher costs for a by-election or a lack of legislation against it.  Many believed a conflict-of-interest would result, and that Wells would not be objective in his decisions.  Most of the controversy was settled, however, when on February 12, Premier Williams released a statement saying that while he still believed Wells could perform both tasks, he would be delaying Wells' appointment until after he resigns as mayor.

text: AB 1739 is gives authority to the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to “entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources.” A GSA is a locally-controlled organization in the State’s high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and they are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA on a basin-wide scale, and coordinating with neighbors.

text: AB 1739 is gives authority to the

text: (DWR) or a groundwater sustainability agency (GSA) to establish fees (detailed in SB 1168) and offer support to “entities that extract or use groundwater to promote water conservation and protect groundwater resources.” A GSA is a locally-controlled organization in the State’s high- and medium-priority groundwater basins and they are responsible for preparing a groundwater sustainability plan (GSP), implementing SGMA on a basin-wide scale, and coordinating with neighbors.