text: The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100-140, 401-471, and 501-503).

text: The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary

entity_name: Federal law

text: federal law

text: in the

entity_name: United States

text: United States

text: governing

entity_name: Water pollution

text: water pollution

text: . Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of

entity_name: Wastewater treatment

text: wastewater treatment

text: , and maintaining the integrity of

entity_name: Wetland

text: wetlands

text: . It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern

entity_name: Environmental law

text: environmental law

text: s. As with many other major

entity_name: United States environmental law

text: U.S. federal environmental statutes

text: , it is administered by the

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA), in coordination with state governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at

entity_name: Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations

text: 40 C.F.R.

text: Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100-140, 401-471, and 501-503).

method: UNH-ecn

text: Wetsuits are economical and used where the water temperature is not too low - more than about , the diver will not be spending too long in the water, and the water is reasonably clean.

entity_name: Wetsuit

text: Wetsuit

text: s are economical and used where the water temperature is not too low - more than about , the diver will not be spending too long in the water, and the water is reasonably clean.

text: As the water poured out the canon, it would be captured in an earthenware jar and carried home.  The water not taken this way went into a stone abreuvoir, or basin, where it could be drunk by cattle, sheep or horses. The overflow water went then into a separate basin, a lavoir, where it could be used for washing clothes. The overflow water was then used for irrigating gardens.   Since the traditional village way of washing clothes was to use wood cinders as a detergent, which were rich in potassium, the wash water was an efficient fertilizer for the gardens.

text: Sodium dichloroisocyanurate or Troclosene Sodium more commonly shortened as NaDCC, is a form of chlorine used for disinfection. It is used by all major NGO's such as UNICEF to treat water in emergencies, and widely by social marketing organisations for household water treatment where household sources of water may not be safe.

entity_name: Sodium dichloroisocyanurate

text: Sodium dichloroisocyanurate

text: or Troclosene Sodium more commonly shortened as NaDCC, is a form of chlorine used for disinfection. It is used by all major NGO's such as UNICEF to treat water in emergencies, and widely by social marketing organisations for household water treatment where household sources of water may not be safe.

text: Some inland aquaculture systems involve using a range of separated species to increase its productivity. An example of this would be where water is used to culture a fish specifies, which is then diverted to tanks of shellfish which feed on the fine particles left by the fish, which then is diverted to algae species which remove the dissolved nutrients, and then last of all the water is sent to a horticultural system.

text: Harvesting, processing, and distributing fossil fuels can also create environmental concerns. Coal mining methods, particularly mountaintop removal and strip mining, have negative environmental impacts, and offshore oil drilling poses a hazard to aquatic organisms. Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution. Transportation of coal requires the use of diesel-powered locomotives, while crude oil is typically transported by tanker ships, each of which requires the combustion of additional fossil fuels.

text: Harvesting, processing, and distributing fossil fuels can also create environmental concerns.

entity_name: Coal mining

text: Coal mining

text: methods, particularly mountaintop removal and strip mining, have negative environmental impacts, and

entity_name: Offshore drilling

text: offshore oil drilling

text: poses a hazard to aquatic organisms.

entity_name: Oil refinery

text: Oil refineries

text: also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution. Transportation of coal requires the use of diesel-powered locomotives, while crude oil is typically transported by tanker ships, each of which requires the combustion of additional fossil fuels.

text: In 2004–05 the National Water Commission undertook water balance assessments for 51 priority geographic areas across Australia. Of these water management areas six were overused (consumptive use was greater than sustainable yield) and seventeen had a high level of consumptive use as a proportion of inflows (consumptive use greater than 30 per cent of inflows). Two water management areas (Great Artesian Basin and Mereenie Sandstone — Alice Springs) had consumptive use greater than total annual inflow. Total water use in Australia in 2004–05 was nearly 80 BCM, with about 75 per cent of this water returned to the environment following in-stream uses such as hydroelectric power generation. Consumptive use of water in the Australian economy in 2004–05 was 18.8 BCM (6.4 per cent of resources), with the agriculture sector the largest user (65 per cent), followed by household use (11 per cent). Residential water use declined from 243 liter/person/day in 2003 to 191 in 2007.

text: In 2004–05 the

entity_name: National Water Commission

text: National Water Commission

text: undertook water balance assessments for 51 priority geographic areas across Australia. Of these water management areas six were overused (consumptive use was greater than sustainable yield) and seventeen had a high level of consumptive use as a proportion of inflows (consumptive use greater than 30 per cent of inflows). Two water management areas (

entity_name: Great Artesian Basin

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: and Mereenie Sandstone —

entity_name: Alice Springs

text: Alice Springs

text: ) had consumptive use greater than total annual inflow. Total water use in Australia in 2004–05 was nearly 80 BCM, with about 75 per cent of this water returned to the environment following in-stream uses such as hydroelectric power generation. Consumptive use of water in the Australian economy in 2004–05 was 18.8 BCM (6.4 per cent of resources), with the agriculture sector the largest user (65 per cent), followed by household use (11 per cent). Residential water use declined from 243 liter/person/day in 2003 to 191 in 2007.

method: UNH-qee

text: Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

text: Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and

entity_name: Drain-waste-vent system

text: drain-waste-vent

text: (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:

entity_name: Polyvinyl chloride

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when

entity_name: Waldo Semon

text: Waldo Semon

text: of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing

entity_name: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

text: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

text: (ABS) pipe. The method for producing

entity_name: Cross-linked polyethylene

text: cross-linked polyethylene

text: (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

text: Rebreathers have been increasingly used by civilians for recreation, especially since the end of the Cold War. This reduced the perceived risk of attack by Communist Bloc forces, including by their combat divers.  After that, the world's armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather patents, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers started to appear.

text: Rebreathers have been increasingly used by civilians for recreation, especially since the end of the

entity_name: Cold War

text: Cold War

text: . This reduced the perceived risk of attack by

entity_name: Eastern Bloc

text: Communist Bloc

entity_name: Warsaw Pact

text: forces

text: , including by their

entity_name: Frogman

text: combat divers

text: .  After that, the world's armed forces had less reason to requisition civilian rebreather patents, and automatic and semi-automatic recreational diving rebreathers started to appear.

text: Rainwater tanks are designed to conserve potable water by harvesting rain and stormwater to partially meet domestic water demands (e.g. during drought periods). In addition, rainwater tanks can reduce stormwater runoff volumes and stormwater pollutants from reaching downstream waterways. They can be used effectively in domestic households as a potential WSUD element. Rain and stormwater from rooftops of buildings can be collected and accessed specifically for purposes such as toilet flushing, laundry, garden watering and car washing. Buffer Tanks  allow rain water collected from hard surfaces to seep into the site helps maintain the aquifer and ground water levels.

entity_name: Rainwater tank

text: Rainwater tanks

text: are designed to conserve potable water by harvesting rain and stormwater to partially meet domestic water demands (e.g. during drought periods). In addition, rainwater tanks can reduce stormwater runoff volumes and stormwater pollutants from reaching downstream waterways. They can be used effectively in domestic households as a potential WSUD element. Rain and stormwater from rooftops of buildings can be collected and accessed specifically for purposes such as toilet flushing, laundry, garden watering and car washing. Buffer Tanks  allow rain water collected from hard surfaces to seep into the site helps maintain the aquifer and ground water levels.

text: A number of sillaginid species have been the subject of brackish water aquaculture in Asia and India, with species including S. japonica commonly bred for consumption. In Australia, research has been undertaken in the breeding of sand whiting and King George whiting, and so far only sand whiting shows promise for commercial viability. King George whiting have been found to take too long to develop to be sustainable, but the use of growth hormones is being investigated. In Australia, aquaculturally bred sand whiting have also been used to stock depleted estuaries.

text: A number of sillaginid species have been the subject of brackish water aquaculture in Asia and India, with species including S. japonica commonly bred for consumption. In Australia, research has been undertaken in the breeding of sand whiting and King George whiting, and so far only sand whiting shows promise for commercial viability. King George whiting have been found to take too long to develop to be sustainable, but the use of

entity_name: Growth hormone

text: growth hormones

text: is being investigated. In Australia, aquaculturally bred sand whiting have also been used to stock depleted estuaries.

text: In celebration of Nathaniel Bowditch and his work writing the  The New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel., in his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts there is The Salem Ferry, named after Bowditch, a High Speed Catamaran takes people to Boston and is pictured as it is approaching its dock off Blaney Street, Salem Maritime National Historic Site.Salem is the second deepest of the five ports in Massachusetts.  Within its harbor are commercial and recreational vessels. There are over 1,600 permitted recreational boats in Salem waters and an estimated 8,000 moored or slipped recreational boats using the waters of Salem Sound.  Inside the harbor, the electric power plant receives shipments of coal and oil from around the world. Mid-size cruise ships navigate and drop anchor in the harbor.

text: In celebration of

entity_name: Nathaniel Bowditch

text: Nathaniel Bowditch

text: and his work writing the

entity_name: Bowditch's American Practical Navigator

text: The New American Practical Navigator

text: , first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned

entity_name: United States Navy

text: U.S. Naval

text: vessel., in his hometown of

entity_name: Salem, Massachusetts

text: Salem

entity_name: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts

text: there is The Salem Ferry, named after Bowditch, a High Speed Catamaran takes people to

entity_name: Boston

text: Boston

text: and is pictured as it is approaching its dock off Blaney Street,

entity_name: Salem Maritime National Historic Site

text: Salem Maritime National Historic Site

text: .Salem is the second deepest of the five ports in Massachusetts.  Within its harbor are commercial and recreational vessels. There are over 1,600 permitted recreational boats in Salem waters and an estimated 8,000 moored or slipped recreational boats using the waters of Salem Sound.  Inside the harbor, the electric power plant receives shipments of coal and oil from around the world. Mid-size cruise ships navigate and drop anchor in the harbor.

text: Some national laws prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely culturally accepted.Cannabis is a psychoactive drug and is the most commonly consumed recreational drug in the world (as of 2012). Its use in many countries is illegal but is legally used in several countries usually with the proviso that it can only be used for personal use.  It can be used in the leaf form of marijuana (grass), or in the resin form of hashish. Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

entity_name: Prohibition of drugs

text: Some national laws

text: prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are

entity_name: Drug liberalization

entity_section: Around the world

text: legal in many jurisdictions

text: and widely culturally accepted.

entity_name: Cannabis (drug)

text: Cannabis

text: is a psychoactive drug and is the most commonly consumed recreational drug in the world (as of 2012). Its use in many countries is illegal but is

entity_name: Legality of cannabis

text: legally used

text: in several countries usually with the proviso that it can only be used for personal use.  It can be used in the leaf form of

text: marijuana

text: (grass), or in the resin form of

entity_name: Hashish

text: hashish

text: . Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Particular kinds of aquaculture include algaculture (the production of kelp/seaweed and other algae); fish farming; shrimp farming, shellfish farming, and the growing of cultured pearls.

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of

entity_name: Aquatic ecosystem

text: aquatic

text: organisms. Unlike

entity_name: Fishing

text: fishing

text: , aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions.

entity_name: Mariculture

text: Mariculture

text: refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Particular kinds of aquaculture include

entity_name: Algaculture

text: algaculture

text: (the production of

entity_name: Kelp

text: kelp

entity_name: Seaweed

text: seaweed

text: and other

entity_name: Algae

text: algae

entity_name: Fish farming

text: fish farming

entity_name: Shrimp farming

text: shrimp farm

text: ing, shellfish farming, and the growing of

entity_name: Pearl

text: cultured pearls

text: Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and dates back to the Middle East and Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the water clock was used in the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the very similar Turpan water system in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.

text: Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to

entity_name: Irrigation

text: irrigate crops

text: and dates back to

entity_name: Mesopotamia

text: the Middle East

text: and

entity_name: Ancient Egypt

text: Africa

text: . Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the

entity_name: Water clock

text: water clock

text: was used in the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the

entity_name: Qanat

text: Qanat

text: system in ancient Persia and the very similar

entity_name: Turpan water system

text: Turpan water system

text: in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: Icon Water was re branded from the previous company ACTEW Corporation on 4 May 2015. The reasons for changing from ACTEW Corporation to Icon Water are listed as brand confusion with electricity and gas supplier ActewAGL, the name ACTEW no longer being relevant in the company's operations, disconnect between the company's origin and future, and the change was recommended by the company Board, endorsed by the shareholders.

text: Icon Water was re branded from the previous company ACTEW Corporation on 4 May 2015. The reasons for changing from ACTEW Corporation to Icon Water are listed as brand confusion with electricity and gas supplier

entity_name: ActewAGL

text: ActewAGL

text: , the name ACTEW no longer being relevant in the company's operations, disconnect between the company's origin and future, and the change was recommended by the company Board, endorsed by the shareholders.

text: The term degree is used in several scales of temperature. The symbol ° is usually used, followed by the initial letter of the unit, for example “°C” for degree(s) Celsius. A degree can be defined as a set change in temperature measured against a given scale, for example, one degree Celsius is one hundredth of the temperature change between the point at which water starts to change state from solid to liquid state and the point at which it starts to change from its gaseous state to liquid.

text: The term degree is used in several

entity_name: Level of measurement

text: scales

text: of

entity_name: Temperature

text: temperature

text: . The symbol ° is usually used, followed by the initial letter of the unit, for example “°C” for degree(s) Celsius. A degree can be defined as a set change in temperature measured against a given scale, for example, one degree Celsius is one hundredth of the temperature change between the point at which water starts to change state from solid to liquid state and the point at which it starts to change from its gaseous state to liquid.

text: Water network provides knowledge on following topics:1. Desalination 2. Water and Sanitation 3. Waste water treatment methods 5. Water Infrastructure6. Public Health7. Agriculture8. . Energy9. Environment10. Water Governance11. Water Jobs

text: Water network provides knowledge on following topics:1.

entity_name: Desalination

text: Desalination

text: Water and Sanitation

entity_name: Wastewater

text: Waste water treatment methods

entity_name: Infrastructure

entity_section: Water

text: Water Infrastructure

text: Public Health

entity_name: Agriculture

text: Agriculture

text: . Energy

text: 9. Environment10. Water Governance11. Water Jobs

text: Water use in Beijing municipality was about 3.6 billion cubic meter per year in 2010, including 1.5 for residential uses, 1.3 for agriculture, 0.7 for industry, and 0.1 for environmental uses. Water use declined from 4.8 billion cubic meter/year in 1980 to 3.5 in 2002, then increasing slightly to 3.6 in 2010. The reduction was achieved by halving industrial and agricultural water use, while domestic water use increased five-fold from 0.3 to 1.5 billion cubic meters from 1980 to 2010. About 90 percent of domestic water supply is provided by the Beijing Water Bureau as piped water, while the remainder is taken by households directly from wells. Agriculture relies almost entirely on groundwater. When a drought hit the area in the 1980s the government imposed limits on the implantation of water-intensive industries, even relocated some industries and stopped irrigation from the two large reservoirs in the region.

text: Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water, and generally represents a new and challenging environment for participants. Dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling  rafts with double-bladed paddles to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour guide at the stern. It is considered an extreme sport, and can be fatal. The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.

text: Rafting and white water rafting are recreational

entity_name: Outdoor recreation

text: outdoor activities

text: which use an inflatable

entity_name: Raft

text: raft

text: to navigate a

entity_name: River

text: river

text: or other body of water. This is often done on

entity_name: Whitewater

text: whitewater

text: or different degrees of rough water, and generally represents a new and challenging environment for participants. Dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. The development of this activity as a leisure sport has become popular since the mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling  rafts with double-bladed paddles to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour guide at the stern. It is considered an

entity_name: Extreme sport

text: extreme sport

text: , and can be fatal. The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.

text: Where water resources are internationally shared, it regulates equitable use with reasonable consideration of such factors as past customary usages of the resource and balancing variant needs and demands of all bordering nations. It mandates that the first consideration in weighing needs is satisfying the requirements of human beings for water to sustain life. It requires that nations sharing water make reasonable efforts not to cause harm to one another by the ways in which the water is used. It permits free navigation by all nations sharing a water system, although it allows reasonable restriction by a nation of water navigation within its jurisdiction for security. Nations are expected to work together as needed to sustain shared water resources.

text: The ultraviolet part of sunlight can also kill pathogens in water. The SODIS method uses a combination of UV light and increased temperature (solar thermal) for disinfecting water using only sunlight and PET plastic bottles. SODIS is a free and effective method for decentralized water treatment, usually applied at the household level and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. SODIS is already applied in numerous developing countries. Educational pamphlets on the method are available in many languages, each equivalent to the English-language version.

text: The ultraviolet part of sunlight can also kill pathogens in water. The SODIS method uses a combination of UV light and increased temperature (solar thermal) for

entity_name: Disinfectant

text: disinfecting

text: water using only

entity_name: Sunlight

text: sunlight

text: and

entity_name: Polyethylene terephthalate

text: PET

text: plastic bottles. SODIS is a free and effective method for decentralized

entity_name: Water treatment

text: water treatment

text: , usually applied at the household level and is recommended by the

entity_name: World Health Organization

text: World Health Organization

text: as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. SODIS is already applied in numerous

entity_name: Developing country

text: developing countries

text: . Educational pamphlets on the method are available in many languages, each equivalent to the English-language version.

text: Some businesses externalize costs onto the environment and society. An example of this would be water pollution. A wood mill, for example, could dump its waste into a local river instead of paying to dispose of it properly. This cost is then put onto to the public who uses this water; the costs could come in the form of poor health or as a cost to the local water treatment plant. In order to create more equitable distribution of costs amongst consumers, the environment, and businesses, banks can raise interest rates or apply tariffs on loans given to clients with high environmental risks. This tariff differentiation by banks will stimulate the internalization of environmental costs in market prices. Meaning that companies would pay more if their business caused extensive environmental damage; taking some of the cost off of society as a whole and putting it on the company. Through such price differentiation, banks have the potential to foster sustainability. This potential would be determined by the extent to which all banks worked in unison to create similar regulations that would result in the loss of access loans that treat the environment and/or society as an externality.

text: Manure tea is the product of the manure of livestock being steeped in a bag submerged in water. This tea is used for the fertilization of crops. This is an organic alternative to chemical fertilizers and is a more sustainable practice of fertilization. The process of making manure tea begins with the collection of manure. Manure of all different types of livestock may be used. The next step in the production of manure tea involves fermenting and curing the manure that has been collected.  This process involves storing the manure in a location that is free from any type of run-offs, and lies below direct sunlight. Once stored, this manure must be checked on and stirred up on a regular basis to allow the even curing of the material. Once this manure is cured properly, destroying any potentially harmful pathogens, it may be transferred into a steeping mechanism of choice. For example, placing the manure in gunny sacks, then completely submerging these bags into a bucket of water. This manure is now steeped over a desired period of time, and spread over and directly onto crops once finished. Some methods of spreading this fertilizer include a watering can or an attachment placed on a hose. The remains of manure left in the gunny sack may also be spread as fertilizer around crops. The process of using manure tea as fertilizer is considered sustainable because it utilizes an otherwise wasted product such as the manure of livestock. It is also cost effective.

text: Manure tea is the product of the

entity_name: Manure

text: manure

text: of

text: livestock

text: being steeped in a bag submerged in water. This tea is used for the

text: fertilizatio

text: n of

text: crop

text: s. This is an organic alternative to chemical fertilizers and is a more sustainable practice of fertilization. The process of making manure tea begins with the collection of manure. Manure of all different types of livestock may be used. The next step in the production of manure tea involves fermenting and curing the manure that has been collected.  This process involves storing the manure in a location that is free from any type of run-offs, and lies below direct sunlight. Once stored, this manure must be checked on and stirred up on a regular basis to allow the even curing of the material. Once this manure is cured properly, destroying any potentially harmful pathogens, it may be transferred into a steeping mechanism of choice. For example, placing the manure in

text: gunny sack

text: s, then completely submerging these bags into a bucket of water. This manure is now steeped over a desired period of time, and spread over and directly onto crops once finished. Some methods of spreading this fertilizer include a

text: watering can

text: or an attachment placed on a

text: hose

text: . The remains of manure left in the gunny sack may also be spread as fertilizer around crops. The process of using manure tea as fertilizer is considered sustainable because it utilizes an otherwise wasted product such as the manure of livestock. It is also cost effective.

text: The water used in the station's boilers was taken from the local water supply, known as 'towns water'. This is the same as the drinking water used to supply households. This water was used as it had already been screened and purified by Scottish Water.

text: The water used in the station's boilers was taken from the local water supply, known as 'towns water'. This is the same as the

text: drinking water

text: used to supply households. This water was used as it had already been screened and purified by

text: Scottish Water

text: Since first filling to capacity in 1980, Lake Powell water levels have fluctuated greatly depending on water demand and annual runoff. Operation of Glen Canyon Dam helps ensure an equitable distribution of water between the states of the Upper Colorado River Basin (Colorado, Wyoming, and most of New Mexico and Utah) and the Lower Basin (California, Nevada and most of Arizona). During years of drought, Glen Canyon guarantees a water delivery to the Lower Basin states, without the need for rationing in the Upper Basin. In wet years, it captures extra runoff for future use. The dam is also a major source of hydroelectricity, averaging over 4 billion kilowatt hours per year. The long and winding Lake Powell, known for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities including houseboating, fishing and water-skiing, attracts millions of tourists each year to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.

text: Since first filling to capacity in 1980, Lake Powell water levels have fluctuated greatly depending on water demand and annual runoff. Operation of Glen Canyon Dam helps ensure an equitable distribution of water between the states of the Upper Colorado River Basin (

text: Colorado

text: Wyoming

text: , and most of

text: New Mexico

text: and

text: Utah

text: ) and the Lower Basin (

text: California

text: Nevada

text: and most of

text: Arizona

text: ). During years of drought, Glen Canyon guarantees a water delivery to the Lower Basin states, without the need for rationing in the Upper Basin. In wet years, it captures extra runoff for future use. The dam is also a major source of

text: hydroelectricity

text: , averaging over 4 billion

text: kilowatt hour

text: s per year. The long and winding Lake Powell, known for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities including

text: houseboat

text: ing, fishing and

text: water-skiing

text: , attracts millions of tourists each year to the

text: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area

text: A recreational community in British Columbia is an "unincorporated place with seasonal or year-round services, accommodation and amenities associated primarily with recreational or leisure activities". British Columbia has 11 communities that are classified as recreational communities.

text: 5.3 km3 of water was used for municipal uses (8 percent) and 4.0 km3 by industry (6 percent). It has been estimated that about 3.5 BCM/year of municipal waste water was being discharged into the Nile and the sea in 2002, out of which only 1.6 BCM/year (about 45%) were treated. Industrial effluents contribute to about 1.3 BCM/yr of waste water being discharged to surface waters, only some of which is being treated.

text: The norm that regulates the limits of discharge in Ecuador, is under the general law of environmental management, and was created with the aim of regulate the discharge over sewer systems, criteria of water quality for several uses and the procedures for measuring the parameters on the water. Also the norm establishes that companies must keep a record of the generated effluents with the main operational data related to the effluents.

text: These practices, according to Kompridis, constitute what Charles Taylor calls a "new department" of reason which is distinct from instrumental reason, from reason understood merely as the slave of the passions (Hume), and from the idea of reason as public justification (Rawls). In contrast to theories of social and political change that emphasize socio-historical contradictions (i.e., Marxist and neo-Marxist), theories of recognition and self-realization, and theories that try to make sense of change in terms of processes that are outside the scope of human agency, Kompridis' paradigm for critical theory, with reflective disclosure at the centre, is to help reopen the future by disclosing alternative possibilities for speech and action, self-critically expanding what he calls the normative and logical "space of possibility".

text: These practices, according to Kompridis, constitute what

text: Charles Taylor

text: calls a "new department" of

text: reason

text: which is distinct from

text: instrumental reason

text: , from reason understood merely as the slave of the passions (

text: Hume

text: ), and from the idea of reason as public justification (

text: Rawls

text: ). In contrast to theories of social and political change that emphasize socio-historical

text: contradictions

text: (i.e., Marxist and neo-Marxist), theories of recognition and self-realization, and theories that try to make sense of change in terms of processes that are outside the scope of

text: human agency

text: , Kompridis' paradigm for critical theory, with reflective disclosure at the centre, is to help reopen the future by disclosing alternative possibilities for speech and action, self-critically expanding what he calls the normative and logical "space of possibility".

text: Phytoplankton are a key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture. Both utilize phytoplankton as food for the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or cultured, though the former method is seldom used. Phytoplankton is used as a foodstock for the production of rotifers, which are in turn used to feed other organisms. Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aquacultured molluscs, including pearl oysters and giant clams.

text: Phytoplankton are a key food item in both

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: mariculture

text: . Both utilize phytoplankton as food for the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or cultured, though the former method is seldom used. Phytoplankton is used as a foodstock for the production of

text: rotifers

text: , which are in turn used to feed other organisms. Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aquacultured

text: molluscs

text: , including

text: pearl

text: oysters

text: and

text: giant clam

text: s.

text: Some drains are able to self-maintain through geomorphological equilibrium. Catchwater drains are predominately used for agriculture. Agriculture uses the water to in catchwater drains for irrigation and the use for controlling flooding or other functions to direct large amounts of water away from crops during wet seasons. Catchwater drains also allow communities to wore down the water tables when they need to an allow the retentive of the water table to be restore after times of heavy use.

text: Rosemary Barkett accused the majority of using Waters to effect a "wholesale restructuring of Pickering". The only issue in Waters, she wrote, had been whether to decide the case on the basis of what the employer reasonably believed was said or what a jury found was said. Like Birch and Kravitch, she found that case supported Shahar's position, since she did not find Bowers' investigation reasonable. "Waters asserts Pickering

text: Rosemary Barkett

text: accused the majority of using Waters to effect a "wholesale restructuring of Pickering". The only issue in Waters, she wrote, had been whether to decide the case on the basis of what the employer reasonably believed was said or what a jury found was said. Like Birch and Kravitch, she found that case supported Shahar's position, since she did not find Bowers' investigation reasonable. "Waters asserts Pickering

text: In 1927 the O’Hares Creek Catchment was declared a Special Area to be used for water supply, and so management of the region was designated to the Sydney Water Corporation. In 1978, the Sydney Metropolitan Water Sewage and Drainage Board decided that the catchment would not be used for water supply, and so the Government of New South Wales proposed creating a state recreation area over the catchment. Due to conflicting government interest, it took until 1996 before the catchment area was declared a nature reserve and state recreation area. As a result of the National Parks and Wildlife Act, 2001 passed by New South Wales, all state recreation areas became state conservation areas.

text: In 1927 the O’Hares Creek Catchment was declared a Special Area to be used for water supply, and so management of the region was designated to the

text: Sydney Water Corporation

text: . In 1978, the Sydney Metropolitan Water Sewage and Drainage Board decided that the catchment would not be used for water supply, and so the

text: Government of New South Wales

text: proposed creating a state recreation area over the catchment. Due to conflicting government interest, it took until 1996 before the catchment area was declared a nature reserve and state recreation area. As a result of the National Parks and Wildlife Act, 2001 passed by New South Wales, all state recreation areas became state conservation areas.

text: In 2016, Gfresh also signed a Memorandum of Understanding at the conference with the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) at Global Outlook on Aquaculture Leadership in Guangzhou (GOAL).

text: In 2016, Gfresh also signed a Memorandum of Understanding at the conference with the

text: Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA)

text: at Global Outlook on Aquaculture Leadership in

text: Guangzhou

text: (GOAL).

text: Knowledge of pH to greater or lesser accuracy is useful or critical in a great many situations, including of course chemical laboratory work. pH meters of various types and quality can be used for soil measurements in agriculture; water quality for water supply systems, swimming pools, etc.; brewing, industrially or domestically; healthcare, to ensure that solutions are safe when applied to patients or lethal as sterilants and disinfectants; and many other applications.

text: Knowledge of

text: pH

text: to greater or lesser accuracy is useful or critical in a great many situations, including of course

text: chemical laboratory

text: work. pH meters of various types and quality can be used for

text: soil

text: measurements in

text: agriculture

text: water quality

text: for water supply systems, swimming pools, etc.;

text: brewing

text: , industrially or domestically; healthcare, to ensure that solutions are safe when applied to patients or lethal as

text: sterilant

text: s and

text: disinfectant

text: s; and many other applications.

text: Its uses include chemical products, environmental management and food and drink. The bark may be ground into a powder and saturated into water to create a tea, or may be spread onto various foods as a spice and taste enhancer. The wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm³. In Taiwan, its wood is used to make support beams for underground mines.  The wood is also converted to charcoal for family use. The plant is used in traditional medicine and is available from herbal medicine shops (草藥店) in Taiwan, but there has been no clinical study to support its effectiveness.  It is also frequently used as a durable flooring material.

text: Its uses include chemical products, environmental management and food and drink. The bark may be ground into a powder and saturated into water to create a tea, or may be spread onto various foods as a spice and taste enhancer. The wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm³. In

text: Taiwan

text: , its wood is used to make support beams for

text: underground mines

text: .  The wood is also converted to

text: charcoal

text: for family use. The plant is used in traditional medicine and is available from herbal medicine shops (草藥店) in Taiwan, but there has been no clinical study to support its effectiveness.  It is also frequently used as a durable flooring material.

text: The use of water power in Britain was at its peak just before the Industrial Revolution. The need for power was great and steam power had not yet become established. It is estimated that at this time there were well in excess of ten thousand watermills in the country.  Most of these were corn mills (to grind flour), but almost any industrial process needing motive power, beyond that available from the muscles of men or animals, used a water wheel, unless a windmill was preferred.

text: The use of water power in Britain was at its peak just before the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: . The need for power was great and

text: steam power

text: had not yet become established. It is estimated that at this time there were well in excess of ten thousand

text: watermill

text: s in the country.  Most of these were

text: corn

text: mills (to grind

text: flour

text: ), but almost any industrial process needing motive power, beyond that available from the muscles of men or animals, used a

text: water wheel

text: , unless a

text: windmill

text: was preferred.

text: Forests are important in protecting water catchment areas. When large areas of forest are logged, ecosystem services such as water supply may be negatively affected. Kenya has one of the most diverse forests in East Africa,. but these forests are threatened because they are heavily used as a source of fuel or converted to agricultural land. Logging for fuel is one of the main reasons forests are threatened. Out of 22 million tons of wood products used in Kenya, 20 million are used for fuel.

text: The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and oxygenate the water. Spawn or fry may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture.  Typical build ratios are .5 to 1 square foot of grow space for every  of aquaculture water in the system.  of water can support between  and  of fish stock depending on aeration and filtration.

text: The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and oxygenate the water.

text: Spawn

text: or

text: fry

text: may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture.  Typical build ratios are .5 to 1

text: square foot

text: of grow space for every  of aquaculture water in the system.  of water can support between  and  of fish stock depending on

text: aeration

text: and filtration.

text: The Montana Stream Access Law says that anglers, floaters and other recreationists in Montana have full use of most natural waterways between the high-water marks  for fishing and floating, along with swimming and other river or stream-related activities. In 1984, the Montana Supreme Court held that the streambed of any river or stream that has the capability to be used for recreation can be accessed by the public regardless of whether the river is navigable or who owns the streambed property.  On January 16, 2014, the Montana Supreme Court, in a lawsuit filed by the Public Land/Water Access Association over access via county bridges on the Ruby river in Madison County, Montana reaffirmed the Montana Stream Access Law and the public's right to access rivers in Montana from public easements.

text: The Montana Stream Access Law says that

text: angler

text: s,

text: floaters

text: and other recreationists in

text: Montana

text: have full use of most natural waterways between the high-water marks  for

text: fishing

text: and floating, along with

text: swimming

text: and other river or stream-related activities. In 1984, the

text: Montana Supreme Court

text: held that the streambed of any river or stream that has the capability to be used for

text: recreation

text: can be accessed by the public regardless of whether the river is navigable or who owns the streambed property.  On January 16, 2014, the Montana Supreme Court, in a lawsuit filed by the Public Land/Water Access Association over access via county bridges on the

text: Ruby river

text: in

text: Madison County, Montana

text: reaffirmed the Montana Stream Access Law and the public's right to access rivers in Montana from public easements.

text: Syringe filters may be used to filter solid drugs (powder and pill forms for example) prior to injection. Commonly filtered recreational drugs include heroin, methadone (Physeptone - See below), amphetamines, ecstasy or  benzodiazepines. The filter still lets the drug through, but gets rid of many impurities such as fungal spores, bacteria or 'filler' used in the drug. Filters with 0.1 µm compared with 0.2 µm pore size have enhanced bacterial removal according to a study. The use of wheel filters is strongly recommended when illicit drug users seek to inject prescription medications such as morphine and benzodiazepines that come in tablet form. However it should be noted that some benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, have only a very slight solubility in water, so there may potentially be no more benefit gained from injecting a diazepam tablet, even with a filter, than swallowing it.  For the best advice on injecting such tablets, information should be sought from a harm reduction service with a good knowledge of the drugs that "wheel" filters are best used for.  If, however, you feel that you must inject crushed diazepam tablets, (despite the fact that there is potentially no difference in the effect gained from the drug), it is much safer to use a filter than nothing at all, as the potential for particles to become lodged in veins or arteries carries serious health risks.

text: Syringe filters may be used to filter solid drugs (powder and pill forms for example) prior to injection. Commonly filtered

text: recreational drug

text: s include

text: heroin

text: methadone

text: (Physeptone - See below),

text: amphetamines

text: ecstasy

text: or

text: benzodiazepines

text: . The filter still lets the drug through, but gets rid of many impurities such as

text: fungal spore

text: s,

text: bacteria

text: or 'filler' used in the drug. Filters with 0.1 µm compared with 0.2 µm pore size have enhanced bacterial removal according to a study. The use of wheel filters is strongly recommended when illicit drug users seek to inject prescription medications such as morphine and benzodiazepines that come in tablet form. However it should be noted that some benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, have only a very slight solubility in water, so there may potentially be no more benefit gained from injecting a diazepam tablet, even with a filter, than swallowing it.  For the best advice on injecting such tablets, information should be sought from a harm reduction service with a good knowledge of the drugs that "wheel" filters are best used for.  If, however, you feel that you must inject crushed diazepam tablets, (despite the fact that there is potentially no difference in the effect gained from the drug), it is much safer to use a filter than nothing at all, as the potential for particles to become lodged in veins or arteries carries serious health risks.

text: Town water via a water tower was supplied in Home Hill from 27 March 1968. Prior to this many used windmills and electric pumps to extract water from beneath the ground. Sewerage was installed from 1976 to 1979 with most household using septic tanks before then.

text: Town water via a water tower was supplied in Home Hill from 27 March 1968. Prior to this many used windmills and electric pumps to extract water from beneath the ground. Sewerage was installed from 1976 to 1979 with most household using

text: septic tanks

text: before then.

text: On a typical carp farm in Pakistan, the ratio of the warm-water species stocked on the farm is catla (10–20%), rohu (30–35%), mrigal (15–20%), grass carp (15–20%) and silver carp (15–20%). Some carp farms use a semi-intensive culture system. Intensive aquaculture has not yet been developed because of non-availability of low-cost feed and limited production expertise. Cold-water aquaculture provides a unique opportunity in the mountainous areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. At present two species, brown trout and rainbow trout are being produced and cultured successfully. The culture of GIFT Tilapia has also gained popularity during quite recently.

text: On a typical carp farm in Pakistan, the ratio of the warm-water species stocked on the farm is

text: catla

text: rohu

text: mrigal

text: grass carp

text: (15–20%) and

text: silver carp

text: (15–20%). Some carp farms use a semi-intensive culture system.

text: Intensive aquaculture

text: has not yet been developed because of non-availability of low-cost feed and limited production expertise. Cold-water aquaculture provides a unique opportunity in the mountainous areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. At present two species,

text: brown trout

text: and

text: rainbow trout

text: are being produced and cultured successfully. The culture of GIFT Tilapia has also gained popularity during quite recently.

text: In rural areas, the water committees apply fixed monthly tariffs independently of use as the use of water meters is not common in these areas. The tariff is estimated to be the equivalent of US$0.50/month and household. At a consumption of 20 cubic meter per month and household this corresponds to US$ 0.025 per cubic meter, or about 15 times less than the average tariff in urban areas. Needless to say, the revenues generated are insufficient for the operation and maintenance of the systems.

text: Typically, a chemically treated pool can discharge up to 3 times its volume of water into the sewer per year. As there is no use of chemicals in the water of NSPs  and their water is maintained as "living" (i.e. the NSP is not drained and refilled), there is no need for this waste of water being discharged into the sewer. Also, there is considerably reduced energy consumption for the mechanical operation of many NSP systems.

text: A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons. An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a hatchery for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured.

text: A similar process is used in the salmon-farming section of this industry; juveniles are taken from hatcheries and a variety of methods are used to aid them in their maturation. For example, as stated above, some of the most important fish species in the industry, salmon, can be grown using a cage system. This is done by having netted cages, preferably in open water that has a strong flow, and feeding the salmon a special food mixture that aids their growth. This process allows for year-round growth of the fish, thus a higher harvest during the correct seasons. An additional method, known sometimes as sea ranching, has also been used within the industry. Sea ranching involves raising fish in a

text: hatchery

text: for a brief time and then releasing them into marine waters for further development, whereupon the fish are recaptured when they have matured.

text: As the principal use of relative density measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and these are found in tables of RD vs concentration it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of relative density. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table, which lists sucrose concentration by mass against true RD, were originally (20 °C/4 °C) that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ() equal to 0.999972 g/cm (or 62.43 lb·ft). The ASBC table in use today in North America, while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent relative density measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) on the IPTS-68 scale where the density of water is 0.9982071 g/cm. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by mass is taken from this work which uses SG (17.5 °C/17.5 °C). As a final example, the British RD units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15.56 °C/15.56 °C).

text: As the principal use of relative density measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and these are found in tables of RD vs concentration it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of relative density. For example, in the brewing industry, the

text: Plato table

text: , which lists sucrose concentration by mass against true RD, were originally (20 °C/4 °C) that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ() equal to 0.999972 g/cm (or 62.43 lb·ft). The

text: ASBC

text: table in use today in North America, while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent relative density measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) on the IPTS-68 scale where the density of water is 0.9982071 g/cm. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by mass is taken from this work which uses SG (17.5 °C/17.5 °C). As a final example, the British RD units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15.56 °C/15.56 °C).

text: Direct or indirect subsidies of water uses aim mostly at increasing the attractiveness of "green" products, production factors that have limited negative environmental impacts on water resources or produce positive environmental externalities.

text: The total water withdrawal of 95 million m/yr is negligible compared to the available surface water resources. Domestic water consumption per capita is about 240 to 280 liters per day in urban areas and about 160 liters per day in rural areas. This is about equal to the amount consumed in industrialized countries. Seventy percent of the total water used in urban areas is surface water. Groundwater is also used as a source of drinking water in the cities of the Corozal, Orange Walk, Cayo and Toledo Districts and in some rural areas of Toledo and Cayo. Data on specific water sources used by industry is not really available; however, it is assumed that surface water is idustry's main water source. The amount of water used for irrigation is estimated to be less than one percent of total water withdrawal.

text: As well as an inability to work in periods of drought, the amount of water available could also vary the power of machinery powered by it. The amount and type of work to be carried out by heavy industries could be influenced by the seasonal availability of water. In 1785 Kirkstall Forge near Leeds wrote to a customer,  'It will be convenient for us just now to roll a few tons because we have a full supply of water—and we cannot manufacture thin plate so well when our water is short.'

text: As well as an inability to work in periods of drought, the amount of water available could also vary the power of machinery powered by it. The amount and type of work to be carried out by heavy industries could be influenced by the seasonal availability of water. In 1785

text: Kirkstall Forge

text: near

text: Leeds

text: wrote to a customer,  'It will be convenient for us just now to roll a few tons because we have a full supply of water—and we cannot manufacture thin plate so well when our water is short.'

text: The Water taxation Law 99 of 1993 emphasized the use of economic instruments to induce water users to comply with environmental laws and ensure that water used for industrial purposes would reusable. The aim was to also influence industrial users to adopt clean technologies for the production of goods. Environmental authorities that guarantee the renewability of water make use of this compensatory tax to cover expenses related to carrying out their responsibility.

text: A water footprint assessment can assist in:a) assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water;b) identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations;c) strategic risk management related to water;d) facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;e) informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign, decisions about investment of resources);f) providing consistent and reliable information, based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results.A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products, processes or organizations.The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment, where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water.In this International Standard, the term “water footprint” is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment.The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements.

text: This species is considered Endangered by the IUCN as it has declined much in recent decades. The main threat is the introduced smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), which has killed off the stocks of B. andrewi in the Berg River watershed by eating juveniles. In Brandvlei Dam, where the barb's population is most healthy, the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is spreading; its impact on B. andrewi will need to be assessed. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), introduced for aquaculture, are competing with the Cape whitefish for food. Water pollution is also a problem.

text: This species is considered

text: Endangered

text: by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: as it has declined much in recent decades. The main threat is the introduced

text: smallmouth bass

text: (Micropterus dolomieu), which has killed off the stocks of B. andrewi in the

text: Berg River

text: watershed

text: by eating juveniles. In

text: Brandvlei Dam

text: , where the barb's population is most healthy, the

text: African catfish

text: (Clarias gariepinus) is spreading; its impact on B. andrewi will need to be assessed. The

text: common carp

text: (Cyprinus carpio) and

text: Mozambique tilapia

text: (Oreochromis mossambicus), introduced for

text: aquaculture

text: , are competing with the Cape whitefish for food.

text: Water pollution

text: is also a problem.

text: It is also useful as a form of agricultural and municipal water treatment. It is placed in effluent from black tiger shrimp farms to absorb and metabolize pollutants. The plants grow quickly and take up large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. The plants that grow in the wastewater can then be used as feed for animals, such as carp, Nile tilapia, and chickens.

text: It is also useful as a form of

text: agricultural

text: and

text: municipal water treatment

text: . It is placed in

text: effluent

text: from

text: black tiger shrimp

text: farms

text: to absorb and metabolize pollutants. The plants grow quickly and take up large amounts of

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: phosphorus

text: from the water. The plants that grow in the wastewater can then be used as

text: feed

text: for animals, such as

text: carp

text: Nile tilapia

text: , and

text: chicken

text: s.

text: Animals that feed on grain or rely on grazing require more water than grain crops. Produce 1 kg of meat requires up to 15,000 liters of water. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), growing crops for farm animals requires nearly half of the US water supply and 80% of its agricultural land. Animals raised for food in the US consume 90% of the soy crop, 80% of the corn crop, and 70% of its grain. However, where an extensive farming system (as opposed to a feedlot) is used, some water and nutrients are returned to the soil to provide a benefit to the pasture. This cycling and processing of water and nutrients is less prevalent in most plant production systems, so may bring the efficiency rate of animal production closer to the efficiency of plant based agricultural systems.  In tracking food animal production from the feed through to the dinner table, the inefficiencies of meat, milk, and egg production range from a 4:1 energy input to protein output ratio up to 54:1. The result is that producing animal-based food is typically much less efficient than the harvesting of grains, vegetables, legumes, seeds, and fruits.

text: Animals that feed on grain or rely on grazing require more water than grain crops. Produce 1 kg of meat requires up to 15,000 liters of water. According to the

text: United States Department of Agriculture

text: (USDA), growing crops for farm animals requires nearly half of the US water supply and 80% of its agricultural land. Animals raised for food in the US consume 90% of the soy crop, 80% of the corn crop, and 70% of its grain. However, where an extensive farming system (as opposed to a feedlot) is used, some water and nutrients are returned to the soil to provide a benefit to the pasture. This cycling and processing of water and nutrients is less prevalent in most plant production systems, so may bring the efficiency rate of animal production closer to the efficiency of plant based agricultural systems.  In tracking food animal production from the feed through to the dinner table, the inefficiencies of meat,

text: milk

text: , and

text: egg

text: production range from a 4:1 energy input to protein output ratio up to 54:1. The result is that producing animal-based food is typically much less efficient than the harvesting of grains, vegetables,

text: legume

text: s, seeds, and fruits.

text: During the Hellenistic period, the light trireme was supplanted by larger warships in dominant navies, especially the pentere/quinquereme. The maximum practical number of oar banks a ship could have was three. So the number in the type name did not refer to the banks of oars any more (as for biremes and triremes), but to the number of rowers per vertical section, with several men on each oar. The reason for this development was the increasing use of armour on the bows of warships against ramming attacks, which again required heavier ships for a successful attack. This increased the number of rowers per ship, and also made it possible to use less well-trained personnel for moving these new ships. This change was accompanied by an increased reliance on tactics like boarding, missile skirmishes and using warships as platforms for artillery.

text: During the

text: Hellenistic period

text: , the light trireme was supplanted by larger warships in dominant navies, especially the pentere/

text: quinquereme

text: . The maximum practical number of oar banks a ship could have was three. So the number in the type name did not refer to the banks of oars any more (as for biremes and triremes), but to the number of rowers per vertical section, with several men on each oar. The reason for this development was the increasing use of armour on the bows of warships against ramming attacks, which again required heavier ships for a successful attack. This increased the number of rowers per ship, and also made it possible to use less well-trained personnel for moving these new ships. This change was accompanied by an increased reliance on tactics like

text: boarding

text: , missile skirmishes and using warships as platforms for

text: artillery

text: The Pilarcitos Creek watershed is a significant area of ecological, cultural and economic diversity. It is a source of clean drinking water for residents of the central coast and San Francisco Bay Area and supports several natural-resource based economies – including agriculture and recreational tourism. The watershed is also experiencing increased competition for water between agricultural, domestic, recreational, commercial and environmental uses.

text: In 2001 operating water systems in the US consumed approximately 3% of the total annual electricity (~75 TWh). The California's State Water Project (SWP) and Central Valley Project (CVP) are together the largest water system in the world with the highest water lift, over 2000 ft. across the Tehachapi mountains, delivering water from the wetter and relatively rural north of the state, to the agriculturally intensive central valley, and finally to the arid and heavily populated south. Consequently, the SWP and CWP are the single largest consumers of electricity in California consuming approximately 5 TWh of electricity each per year. In 2001, 19% of the state’s total electricity use (~48 TWh/year) was used in processing water including end uses, with the urban sector accounting for 65% of this. In addition to electricity, 30% of California’s natural gas consumption was due to water-related processes, mainly residential water heating, and 88 million gallons of diesel was consumed by groundwater pumps for agriculture. The residential sector alone accounted for 48% of the total combined electricity and natural gas consumed for water-related processes in the state.

text: In 2001 operating water systems in the US consumed approximately 3% of the total annual electricity (~75 TWh). The California's

text: State Water Project

text: (SWP) and

text: Central Valley Project

text: (CVP) are together the largest water system in the world with the highest water lift, over 2000 ft. across the

text: Tehachapi mountains

text: , delivering water from the wetter and relatively rural north of the state, to the

text: agricultural

text: ly intensive central valley, and finally to the

text: arid

text: and heavily populated south. Consequently, the SWP and CWP are the single largest consumers of electricity in California consuming approximately 5 TWh of electricity each per year. In 2001, 19% of the state’s total electricity use (~48 TWh/year) was used in processing water including end uses, with the urban sector accounting for 65% of this. In addition to electricity, 30% of California’s natural gas consumption was due to water-related processes, mainly residential water heating, and 88 million gallons of diesel was consumed by groundwater pumps for agriculture. The residential sector alone accounted for 48% of the total combined electricity and natural gas consumed for water-related processes in the state.

text: Rural areas. According to the CWSA's policy, the water tariff in rural areas should recover the supply cost of the service, including operation, maintenance, major repairs, replacements, and extension to new areas. Tariffs are set by the District Assemblies in rural areas. However, the supply cost should be low enough to not result in a tariff of more than US$1 per m³. A study conducted in five community-managed piped systems in theAshanti region found an average tariff of about US$0.60 per m³ in 2003, which actually covers between 57 and 77% of the full supply cost. Another study which was carried out in 2005 indicates an average monthly expenditure for water of US$0.99 in 97 sample villages in the Volta region and US$0.89 in 103 villages in the Brong Ahafo region per household. However, in nearly 70% of the villages in Volta and only 40% of the villages in Brong Ahafo, at least 90% of the interviewed households actually paid for water. Where water use is charged, it is done through a fixed system or a pay-as-you-fetch system.

text: Rural areas. According to the CWSA's policy, the water tariff in rural areas should recover the supply cost of the service, including operation, maintenance, major repairs, replacements, and extension to new areas. Tariffs are set by the District Assemblies in rural areas. However, the supply cost should be low enough to not result in a tariff of more than US$1 per m³. A study conducted in five community-managed piped systems in the

text: Ashanti region

text: found an average tariff of about US$0.60 per m³ in 2003, which actually covers between 57 and 77% of the full supply cost. Another study which was carried out in 2005 indicates an average monthly expenditure for water of US$0.99 in 97 sample villages in the

text: Volta region

text: and US$0.89 in 103 villages in the

text: Brong Ahafo region

text: per household. However, in nearly 70% of the villages in Volta and only 40% of the villages in Brong Ahafo, at least 90% of the interviewed households actually paid for water. Where water use is charged, it is done through a fixed system or a pay-as-you-fetch system.

text: Filter strips are areas of grass or other permanent vegetation that protect riparian areas from sediment runoff, pesticides, pathogens, organics and nutrients. These strips are very important in protecting stream banks and water quality. Filter strips work best when other conservation practices are used in order to drain water in their direction. Filter strips were originally used mostly in agriculture, but now are a common practice in urban areas where water quality has become an increasingly important issue.

text: The Sam Houston National Forest is managed under the multiple-use concept. Under this concept, the uses of the forest, such as recreation, fish and wildlife, timber, grazing, soil and water, and minerals, are planned to maintain a balance among the benefits, yet provide for public needs. Forest Service objectives, by law, must consider all resources of the forest and no single resource can be emphasized to the detriment of others.

text: The Sam Houston National Forest is managed under the

text: multiple-use

text: concept. Under this concept, the uses of the forest, such as recreation, fish and wildlife, timber, grazing, soil and water, and minerals, are planned to maintain a balance among the benefits, yet provide for public needs. Forest Service objectives, by law, must consider all resources of the forest and no single resource can be emphasized to the detriment of others.

text: In poor countries with low population densities and enough suitable land area, which includes most countries in Africa and Latin America, agriculture is central to the economy. In poor regions and rural areas within middle-income developing countries, the concentration of poverty in rural areas of otherwise better-off developing countries makes the development of agriculture vital there. Finally, in Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs), there is a positive link between growing agricultural exports and increases in local food production, which makes agricultural development if anything even more important, as food security and the financial stability of the government are also at stake. In Vietnam in the 1990s, increases in production and export of coffee of 15% a year contributed to a nearly 50% rise in food production in the same period. As agricultural GDP grew 4.6% per year, rural poverty fell from 66% in 1993 to 45% in 1998 (Global Economic Prospects 2002:40).

text: In

text: poor countries

text: with low

text: population densities

text: and enough suitable land area, which includes most countries in Africa and Latin America, agriculture is central to the economy. In poor regions and rural areas within middle-income developing countries, the concentration of poverty in rural areas of otherwise better-off developing countries makes the development of agriculture vital there. Finally, in Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs), there is a positive link between growing agricultural exports and increases in local food production, which makes agricultural development if anything even more important, as

text: food security

text: and the financial stability of the government are also at stake. In

text: Vietnam

text: in the 1990s, increases in production and export of coffee of 15% a year contributed to a nearly 50% rise in food production in the same period. As agricultural GDP grew 4.6% per year, rural poverty fell from 66% in 1993 to 45% in 1998 (Global Economic Prospects 2002:40).

text: Agricultural Irrigation. CVWD receives water from the Colorado River through the  Coachella Branch of the All American Canal. Water in the canal flows entirely by gravity, dropping in elevation an average of one foot per mile. In the Coachella Valley, Colorado River water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. There are  of agricultural land irrigated with Colorado River water. The value of crops irrigated with this water exceeds of $730 million annually. However, some Colorado River water is used for golf course irrigation and groundwater replenishment.

text: Agricultural Irrigation. CVWD receives water from the

text: Colorado River

text: through the  Coachella Branch of the

text: All American Canal

text: . Water in the canal flows entirely by gravity, dropping in elevation an average of one foot per mile. In the

text: Coachella Valley

text: Colorado River

text: water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. There are  of agricultural land irrigated with Colorado River water. The value of crops irrigated with this water exceeds of $730 million annually. However, some

text: Colorado River

text: water is used for golf course irrigation and

text: groundwater

text: replenishment.

text: The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "field", and cultūra, "cultivation" or "growing". Agriculture usually refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant, termite and ambrosia beetle. To practice agriculture means to use natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services." This definition includes arable farming or agronomy, and horticulture, all terms for the growing of plants, animal husbandry and forestry. A distinction is sometimes made between forestry and agriculture, based on the former's longer management rotations, extensive versus intensive management practices and development mainly by nature, rather than by man. Even then, it is acknowledged that there is a large amount of knowledge transfer and overlap between silviculture (the management of forests) and agriculture. In traditional farming, the two are often combined even on small landholdings, leading to the term agroforestry.

text: The word agriculture is a late

text: Middle English

text: adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "field", and cultūra, "

text: cultivation

text: " or "growing". Agriculture usually refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of

text: ant

text: termite

text: and

text: ambrosia beetle

text: . To practice agriculture means to use natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services." This definition includes

text: arable farming

text: or

text: agronomy

text: , and

text: horticulture

text: , all terms for the growing of plants,

text: animal husbandry

text: and

text: forestry

text: . A distinction is sometimes made between forestry and agriculture, based on the former's longer management rotations, extensive versus intensive management practices and development mainly by nature, rather than by man. Even then, it is acknowledged that there is a large amount of knowledge transfer and overlap between

text: silviculture

text: (the management of forests) and agriculture. In traditional farming, the two are often combined even on small landholdings, leading to the term

text: agroforestry

text: The fish is of large commercial importance; it is fished internationally and raised in aquaculture in Australia, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Israel, Thailand, the United States, Poland, and the U.K.The Australian barramundi industry is relatively established, with an annual production of more than 4000 tons. In the broader Southeast Asian region, production is estimated to exceed 30,000 tons. By contrast, the US industry produces about 800 tons a year from a single facility, Australis Aquaculture, LLC. Barramundi under culture will commonly grow from a hatchery juvenile, between 50 and 100 mm in length, to a table size of 400-600 g within 12 months and to 3.0 kg within 18–24 months.

text: The fish is of large commercial importance; it is fished internationally and raised in

text: aquaculture

text: in Australia, Saudi Arabia,

text: Malaysia

text: , India,

text: Indonesia

text: Vietnam

text: Israel

text: Thailand

text: , the United States, Poland, and the U.K.The Australian barramundi industry is relatively established, with an annual production of more than 4000 tons. In the broader Southeast Asian region, production is estimated to exceed 30,000 tons. By contrast, the US industry produces about 800 tons a year from a single facility,

text: Australis Aquaculture, LLC

text: . Barramundi under culture will commonly grow from a hatchery juvenile, between 50 and 100 mm in length, to a table size of 400-600 g within 12 months and to 3.0 kg within 18–24 months.

text: The reservoir in the Indian Creek Recreation Area, in addition to recreation, is also used for irrigation of farmland during dry seasons, which saves drinking water from being used on crops.

text: Only the first $1000 of the cost of the installation of the water heating system (which replaces the existing electric heating system) can be used to calculate the $2000 to be used on improvements. This means that to receive the rebate, the householder needs to spend another $1000 on additional energy savings.Read the terms and conditions very carefully, making sure that the system you are installing is eligible for the rebate. Please see Home Energy Audit Terms and Conditions.

text: The water footprint of a product is the total volume of freshwater used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain. The water footprint of a product refers not only to the total volume of water used; it also refers to where and when the water is used (Source: WFN Glossary). The Water Footprint Network maintains a global database on the water footprint of products: WaterStat

text: As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of California's water story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater than comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower water, and even toilet water; this includes everything dumped down these wastewater drains from laundry soap to bleach to oil to human waste. Further characterization of pre-recycled collected waste water is divided into Greywater and blackwater. Grey water is defined as water from households that is used for laundry, bathing, sink washing, and dishwaters. Black water is defined as wastewater from toilets, which have come in contact with human waste. Due to the low amounts of physical pollutants in grey water, most of the contaminants are dissolved organic matter which can be physically filtered and cleaned through various membranes as well as through biological treatment methods.

text: As a heavily populated state in the drought-prone arid west, water reuse—the use of reclaimed water for beneficial use—has developed as an integral part of

text: California

text: 's water story enabling both the economy and population to grow. Reclaimed water is treated wastewater than comes from homes and businesses, such as sink water, shower water, and even toilet water; this includes everything dumped down these wastewater drains from laundry soap to bleach to oil to human waste. Further characterization of pre-recycled collected waste water is divided into

text: Greywater

text: and blackwater. Grey water is defined as water from households that is used for laundry, bathing, sink washing, and dishwaters. Black water is defined as wastewater from toilets, which have come in contact with human waste. Due to the low amounts of physical pollutants in grey water, most of the contaminants are dissolved organic matter which can be physically filtered and cleaned through various membranes as well as through biological treatment methods.

text: The Directive stipulates that any employee's contract of employment will be transferred automatically on the same terms as before in the event of a transfer of the undertaking. This means that if an employer changes control of the business, the new employer cannot reduce the employees' terms and conditions, unless the Directive's exception criteria are met. This is that there must be a good economic, technical or organisational reason for the change.

text: The lake not only provides source of water but also offers facilities for navigation and transportation, fisheries, harvesting of economically useful plants, sightseeing, tourism and recreation.

text: The lake not only provides source of water but also offers facilities for

text: navigation

text: and transportation,

text: fisheries

text: , harvesting of economically useful plants, sightseeing, tourism and recreation.

text: There is a beautiful lake outside the village's residential area. The village gets water from this lake for agriculture and household uses.

text: Harvests of P. clarkii account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in Louisiana in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent culture of rice and crayfish makes good use of land, resources, equipment, and infrastructure already being used for rice production. However, crawfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from China, which is now the world's leading producer of crawfish and is also using a rice-based system. A number of species of crustaceans were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species. Rice-fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from Green Revolution practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing, and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited.

text: Harvests of P. clarkii account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in

text: Louisiana

text: in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent culture of rice and crayfish makes good use of land, resources, equipment, and infrastructure already being used for rice production. However, crawfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from China, which is now the world's leading producer of crawfish and is also using a rice-based system. A number of species of crustaceans were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species. Rice-fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from

text: Green Revolution

text: practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing, and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited.

text: Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology.

text: Agriculture is the cultivation of

text: animal

text: s,

text: plant

text: s and

text: fungi

text: for

text: food

text: fiber

text: biofuel

text: medicinal plants

text: and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of

text: sedentary

text: human civilization

text: , whereby farming of

text: domesticated

text: species created food

text: surpluses

text: that nurtured the development of

text: civilization

text: . The study of agriculture is known as

text: agricultural science

text: . The

text: history of agriculture

text: dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different

text: climate

text: s,

text: culture

text: s, and technologies.

text: Industrial agriculture

text: based on large-scale

text: monoculture

text: farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology.

text: The California Constitution and SB 1168 require that any use of the groundwater is both reasonable and beneficial. California has a history of complex water rights and the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine was a cornerstone in that history. This doctrine was meant for riparian landowners and their management of the surface water and did not have much coverage over groundwater rights. SB 1168 takes from the Reasonable and Beneficial Use Doctrine and applies the fundamental meaning of the doctrine to the implementation of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. The SB 1168 states that any use of groundwater has to be sustainably managed for long-term long-term reliability and multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits for future uses. The bill outlines that under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, the best science available is being used by the GSA's to locally develop, implement and update plans and programs to see that groundwater use is both reasonable and beneficial. The SB 1168 requires that the Department of Water Resources to investigate the states groundwater basins every year that ends in either a 5 or 0 and report its findings to the legislature. The department is to look at the monitoring of groundwater elevations in each basin and prioritize the basins from high-, medium-, low- and very low- based on the basins adverse effects to the local habitats and stream-flows. Under SB 1168, the elected Groundwater Sustainability Agencies has the authority to require registration from a groundwater extraction facility, require that a groundwater extraction facility be measured by a water-measuring device and to regulate the extraction based off the measurements. The Groundwater Sustainability Agencies also has the authority under SB 1168 to conduct conduct inspections and obtain inspection warrants. By obtaining an inspection warrant, any willful refusal to an inspection by a groundwater extraction facility would result in a misdemeanor.

text: However, according to a World Bank report of 2008 tariffs range from only RWF 2.5 (gravity-fed systems) to RWF 15 (pumping systems) per jerrycan (equivalent to US$0.25 to US$1.40/m3). In addition, and to alleviate the financial burden for the poorest part ofthe rural population, the districts keep a list of vulnerable households (widows, poorsingle-parent households), who get free access to water points. These lists are drawn up by communities and approved by local authorities.

text: The Bicker Isles are two small islands in Boston Bay, Spencer Gulf, South Australia. They lie between Surfleet Point on the mainland, and Hayden Point on Boston Island. They are uninhabited, and fall within the boundary of Lincoln National Park. They were named by Matthew Flinders on February 25, 1802, after Bicker, a town in Lincolnshire, England. The islands are round and somewhat featureless. The northern island is approximately 8 ha in size, and the southern island, which lies midway between the northern island and Surfleet Point is approximately 5 ha. The waters surrounding Bicker Isles are zoned for aquaculture and are known as the Bicker Island Harvesting Area.  The isles are part of the Lincoln National Park.

text: The Bicker Isles are two small islands in

text: Boston Bay

text: Spencer Gulf

text: South Australia

text: . They lie between

text: Surfleet Point

text: on the mainland, and Hayden Point on

text: Boston Island

text: . They are uninhabited, and fall within the boundary of

text: Lincoln National Park

text: . They were named by

text: Matthew Flinders

text: on February 25, 1802, after

text: Bicker

text: , a town in Lincolnshire, England. The islands are round and somewhat featureless. The northern island is approximately 8 ha in size, and the southern island, which lies midway between the northern island and Surfleet Point is approximately 5 ha. The waters surrounding Bicker Isles are zoned for

text: aquaculture

text: and are known as the Bicker Island Harvesting Area.  The isles are part of the

text: Lincoln National Park

text: An agar plate or Petri dish is used to provide a growth medium using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, can be cultured and observed under the microscope. Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes. Many specific formulations are available, because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others.  Agar is often dispensed using a sterile media dispenser.

text: An agar plate or Petri dish is used to provide a

text: growth medium

text: using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms, including

text: bacteria

text: and

text: fungi

text: , can be cultured and observed under the microscope. Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable. Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium. Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the

text: microbe

text: s. Many specific formulations are available, because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others.  Agar is often dispensed using a sterile

text: media dispenser

text: Scientific methods to investigate applications of waste water additives have come to the conclusion that long-term beneficial effects are not proven.

text: Scientific method

text: s to investigate applications of waste water additives have come to the conclusion that long-term beneficial effects are not proven.

text: Bulk water tariffs vary greatly. In 2011 the largest water board, Rand Water, charged Rand 3.97 (US$0.48) per cubic meter. The highest bulk water tariff (Rand 9.11 or US$1.10 per cubic meter) was charged by the financially crippled Namakwa Water Board, while the lowest tariff (Rand 2.28 or US$0.28) was charged by the Pelladrift Water Board.

text: Bulk water tariffs vary greatly. In 2011 the largest water board,

text: Rand Water

text: , charged Rand 3.97 (US$0.48) per cubic meter. The highest bulk water tariff (Rand 9.11 or US$1.10 per cubic meter) was charged by the financially crippled Namakwa Water Board, while the lowest tariff (Rand 2.28 or US$0.28) was charged by the Pelladrift Water Board.

text: Utilizing wastewater from one processes to be used another in another process where lower-quality water is acceptable is one way to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution and simultaneously increase water supplies. Recycling and reuse techniques can include the reuse and treatment of wastewater water from industrial plant wastewater or treated service water (from mining) for use in lower quality uses. Similarly, wastewater re-use in commercial buildings (e.g. in toilets) and use of treated municipal wastewater (e.g. for industrial cooling).

text: Every manmade reservoir’s water is invariably used for pisciculture, wild life survival, navigation, recreation, etc. additionally though main water use is for irrigation or domestic or industrial requirements. So the actual seepage loss from the manmade reservoirs and other works are to be accounted under water uses for pisciculture, wild life protection, navigation, recreational purposes as per Clause III B.

text: Vessels using impellers are normally steered by changing the direction of the water jet.

text: Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is cement-based solidification and stabilization. Cement kilns are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. A hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by incinerating it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using pyrolysis in a high temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

text: Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is

text: cement

text: -based

entity_name: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement

text: solidification and stabilization

text: Cement kiln

text: s are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. A hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by

text: incinerating

text: it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using

text: pyrolysis

text: in a high temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

text: In 1923 a proposal was put before the British Parliament to flood  of the area, to form a reservoir to provide water to the Corporation of Warrington, evicting the local farming and working population and completely obliterating the village of Tregeiriog. The water would, in part, have been used for Warrington's brewing industry. Opposers of the proposal, who were backed by a fund organised by the Western Mail newspaper, used the slogan "They want to take the "W" out of WALES and turn it into ALES".

text: In 1923 a proposal was put before the British Parliament to flood  of the area, to form a reservoir to provide water to the Corporation of

text: Warrington

text: , evicting the local farming and working population and completely obliterating the village of Tregeiriog. The water would, in part, have been used for Warrington's brewing industry. Opposers of the proposal, who were backed by a fund organised by the

text: Western Mail

text: newspaper, used the slogan "They want to take the "W" out of WALES and turn it into ALES".

text: Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Egypt using about 85% of available water.Drainage water from the agricultural fields contains pollutants such as pesticide residues, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, salts and treated and untreated domestic wastewater.  In the East - Delta drains - Faraskour, Serw and Hadous, samples of the water contained high levels of hookworms and other intestinal helminth eggs.In villages where the only available water is from irrigation canals, women use the water for domestic purposes and also dump the used water back into the drainages.In some areas, low water levels do not reach the waterways, so farmers build illegal waterwheels to get the water up the canals to irrigate their land.  Lack of drainage canals and the enforcement by officials to address these problems contribute to pollution of land and water. Villagers drinking polluted water have been affected with kidney and liver diseases.Animal manure, dredged sediments from drains and sludge for fertilizer are leached and the contaminants are a major source of pollution.  Agricultural drainage water reuse is used by farmers legally and illegally.  Improper irrigation and lack of education on effective irrigation methods and crop production contributes to crop failure and polluting of canals.  In areas where there is no formal operational structure for pumping water of individual diesel pumps, the tail-end users usually are not getting enough water to maintain crops.

text: Agriculture

text: is the largest consumer of water in Egypt using about 85% of available water.Drainage water from the agricultural fields contains pollutants such as pesticide residues, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, salts and treated and untreated domestic wastewater.  In the East - Delta drains - Faraskour, Serw and Hadous, samples of the water contained high levels of hookworms and other intestinal helminth eggs.In villages where the only available water is from irrigation canals, women use the water for domestic purposes and also dump the used water back into the drainages.In some areas, low water levels do not reach the waterways, so farmers build illegal waterwheels to get the water up the canals to irrigate their land.  Lack of drainage canals and the enforcement by officials to address these problems contribute to pollution of land and water. Villagers drinking polluted water have been affected with kidney and liver diseases.Animal manure, dredged sediments from drains and sludge for fertilizer are leached and the contaminants are a major source of pollution.  Agricultural drainage water reuse is used by farmers legally and illegally.  Improper irrigation and lack of education on effective irrigation methods and crop production contributes to crop failure and polluting of canals.  In areas where there is no formal operational structure for pumping water of individual diesel pumps, the tail-end users usually are not getting enough water to maintain crops.

text: Usually while drilling, drilling fluids invade the formation, changes in the resistivity are measured by the tool in the invaded zone.  For this reason, several resistivity tools with different investigation lengths are used to measure the formation resistivity.  If water based mud is used and oil is displaced, "deeper" resistivity logs (or those of the "virgin zone") will show lower conductivity than the invaded zone.  If oil based mud is used and water is displaced, deeper logs will show higher conductivity than the invaded zone.  This provides not only an indication of the fluids present, but also, at least qualitatively, whether the formation is permeable or not.

text: Usually while drilling,

text: drilling fluids invade

text: the formation, changes in the resistivity are measured by the tool in the invaded zone.  For this reason, several resistivity tools with different investigation lengths are used to measure the formation resistivity.  If water based

text: mud

text: is used and oil is displaced, "deeper" resistivity logs (or those of the "virgin zone") will show lower conductivity than the invaded zone.  If oil based mud is used and water is displaced, deeper logs will show higher conductivity than the invaded zone.  This provides not only an indication of the fluids present, but also, at least qualitatively, whether the formation is permeable or not.

text: In Israel, about 50 percent of agricultural water use (total use was 1 billion cubic metres in 2008) is provided through reclaimed sewer water. Future plans call for increased use of treated sewer water as well as more desalination plants.

text: In Israel, about 50 percent of agricultural water use (total use was 1 billion cubic metres in 2008) is provided through reclaimed sewer water. Future plans call for increased use of treated sewer water as well as more

text: desalination plant

text: s.

text: The Ice Pigging method occupies a ‘middle ground’ between two of the traditional methods of cleaning pipes; that of ‘flushing’, which involves pumping high velocity water through pipes in order to carry away residue, and pigging, forcing a solid object through the pipe to push away any loose material. Ice Pigging utilises the main principles behind these two methods. An ice-water slurry, typically between 50 and 90% ice fraction is introduced to and removed from pipes with little complication, provided the presence of suitable hydrants and valves. The high ice fraction, lends several attributes which are particularly appealing for application in pigging; It is able to hold itself together under continuous shear. If the ice becomes stuck then given enough time it will just melt and be carried away. It is fairly inexpensive to make. It leaves the pipe walls themselves undamaged, and only removes waste residue. Because Ice Pigging is a relatively quick process (when compared to alternative methods), it can be use for a number of applications including: underground pipes for fresh water and sewage, food manufacturing pipe work and many others.

text: The Ice Pigging method occupies a ‘middle ground’ between two of the traditional methods of cleaning

text: pipe

text: s; that of ‘flushing’, which involves pumping high velocity water through pipes in order to carry away residue, and pigging, forcing a solid object through the pipe to push away any loose material. Ice Pigging utilises the main principles behind these two methods. An

text: ice-water slurry

text: , typically between 50 and 90% ice fraction is introduced to and removed from pipes with little complication, provided the presence of suitable

text: hydrant

text: s and

text: valve

text: s. The high ice fraction, lends several attributes which are particularly appealing for application in pigging; It is able to hold itself together under continuous shear. If the ice becomes stuck then given enough time it will just melt and be carried away. It is fairly inexpensive to make. It leaves the pipe walls themselves undamaged, and only removes waste residue. Because Ice Pigging is a relatively quick process (when compared to alternative methods), it can be use for a number of applications including: underground pipes for fresh water and sewage, food manufacturing pipe work and many others.

text: For slickwater fluids the use of sweeps is common. Sweeps are temporary reductions in the proppant concentration, which help ensure that the well is not overwhelmed with proppant. As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity-reducing agents such as oxidizers and enzyme breakers are sometimes added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. Such oxidizer react with and break down the gel, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for breaking down the gel. Sometimes pH modifiers are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous. At the end of the job, the well is commonly flushed with water under pressure (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical.) Some (but not all) injected fluid is recovered. This fluid is managed by several methods, including underground injection control, treatment, discharge, recycling, and temporary storage in pits or containers. New technology is continually developing to better handle waste water and improve re-usability.

text: For slickwater fluids the use of sweeps is common. Sweeps are temporary reductions in the proppant concentration, which help ensure that the well is not overwhelmed with proppant. As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity-reducing agents such as

text: oxidizer

text: s and

text: enzyme

text: breakers are sometimes added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback. Such oxidizer react with and break down the gel, reducing the fluid's viscosity and ensuring that no proppant is pulled from the formation. An enzyme acts as a catalyst for breaking down the gel. Sometimes

text: pH modifiers

text: are used to break down the crosslink at the end of a hydraulic fracturing job, since many require a pH buffer system to stay viscous. At the end of the job, the well is commonly flushed with water under pressure (sometimes blended with a friction reducing chemical.) Some (but not all) injected fluid is recovered. This fluid is managed by several methods, including underground injection control, treatment, discharge, recycling, and temporary storage in pits or containers. New technology is continually developing to better handle waste water and improve re-usability.

text: Agriculture, forestry, hydropower generation and fish hatcheries dominate catchment land use. The Derwent is also an important source of water for irrigation and water supply. Most of Hobart's water supply is taken from the lower Derwent River. Nearly 40% of Tasmania's population lives around the estuary's margins and the Derwent is widely used for recreation, boating, recreational fishing, marine transportation and industry.

text: Andermatt has an area, , of . Of this area, 40.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (52%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 0.4% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 5.1% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 4.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 36.5% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 0.5% is covered with buildings, and 1.1% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.5% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 1.0% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), there is 30.9% that is too rocky for vegetation, and 19.7% is other unproductive land.

text: It is quite common for water to leak into the mask, which can be annoying, or interfere with clear vision, and the diver needs to be able to get rid of the water quickly and effectively. Reasons for the leakage include poor fit or fitting, leaking via head or facial hair, movement of the facial muscles causing temporary leaks, or impact of external objects against the mask, which may distort it temporarily, or move it so that it leaks, or in extreme cases dislodge it entirely from the diver's head.

text: Brac Systems, Inc was a company that specialized in the development of water saving products for both residential and commercial use. Brac's greywater and rainwater assets were purchased by Greyter Water Systems in 2012. Greyter has advanced Brac's commercial buildings technology which has been sold to customers such as the US and Canadian military, Ontario Ministry of Education and many others who are saving water and money through the use of Greyter's smart water solutions. Greyter has also created its highly desired residential system called the Greyter HOME which it expects to launch in 2014. Brac Systems Inc. was founded Montreal, Quebec, in February 2005 and began with the development of the GRS greywater recycling systems. Now Brac Systems manufactures and markets greywater, rainwater and blackwater recycling systems. Brac's residential greywater recycling systems ( RGW Systems )capture greywater from the showers, bathtubs, lavatories and laundry washing machines in your home and to be redistributed to the toilets or used for irrigation. Based upon statistics from Environment Canada, the company asserts that the use of their system will cut the average home's water consumption and sewage effluent by approximately one third.

text: Brac Systems, Inc was a company that specialized in the development of water saving products for both residential and commercial use. Brac's greywater and rainwater assets were purchased by Greyter Water Systems in 2012. Greyter has advanced Brac's commercial buildings technology which has been sold to customers such as the US and Canadian military, Ontario Ministry of Education and many others who are saving water and money through the use of Greyter's smart water solutions. Greyter has also created its highly desired residential system called the Greyter HOME which it expects to launch in 2014. Brac Systems Inc. was founded

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: , in February 2005 and began with the development of the GRS greywater recycling systems. Now Brac Systems manufactures and markets

text: greywater

text: rainwater

text: and

text: blackwater

text: recycling

text: systems. Brac's residential greywater recycling systems ( RGW Systems )capture greywater from the showers, bathtubs, lavatories and laundry washing machines in your home and to be redistributed to the toilets or used for irrigation. Based upon statistics from

text: Environment Canada

text: , the company asserts that the use of their system will cut the average home's water consumption and sewage

text: effluent

text: by approximately one third.

text: The flowers are maintained by re-use of waste water through drip irrigation method with an average amount of  of water per day.

text: The flowers are maintained by re-use of waste water through

text: drip irrigation

text: method with an average amount of  of water per day.

text: Raw water can be used for many purposes, such as cooling water, water for rinsing and chemical production, purified water, and drinking water. However, due to the possible contaminants, raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use. There are several steps involved in the treatment of raw water, and different methods in which it can take place.

text: Raw water can be used for many purposes, such as

text: cooling water

text: , water for

text: rinsing

text: and

text: chemical

text: production,

text: purified water

text: , and

text: drinking water

text: . However, due to the possible

text: contaminant

text: s, raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use. There are several steps involved in the treatment of raw water, and different methods in which it can take place.

text: It is important to realize what the current waterway uses are and how they may be affected with the placement of an in-situ cap. Some waterway uses that may be affected by the construction of an in-situ cap include but are not limited to “navigation, flood control, recreation, water supply, storm water or effluent discharge, waterfront development, and utility crossing." Since the construction of an in-situ cap may limit some of these activities due to the importance that the caps integrity be maintained over an extended period of time, any use that may cause displacement of the cap should be limited. Furthermore, the construction of an in-situ cap will cause a drop in water depth thus limiting the size of ships that may cross the area. These limitations on the waterway may also have social and economic impacts that must be considered.

text: Anubias can be grown emersed (above water). For this reason they may be used in paludariums.

text: Anubias can be grown emersed (above water). For this reason they may be used in

text: paludarium

text: s.

text: In olden times excess agricultural resources were sold on Mondays Thursdays in the market place held respectively at Unniyal and Alanallur important sources of in came of the people who lived in this area were agricultureThe seeds of paddy used in this area were "Aryan, Kumbhalam, Thekkencheera, Chitteni, and Ennapatta. In the availability of water agriculture fields were divided into Four. they are Plliyal, irippooval, Punchappadom and Karinkara. Just like that cultivation also divided. In the months of 'Kanni and Makaram'. The paddy that cultivated was "Mundakan". "Viripp" was another form of cultivation in the month of Karkkidakam and Kanni. The crop in the month of Makaram was known as Puncha. Cultivation was started in the rainy season. It was depended upon rain. The small streams were used for watering the agricultural fields. They watered their agricultural lands with the materials made from Palm-leaves and wood.

text: Generally, wave pools are designed to use fresh water at inland locations, but some of the largest ones, near other seashore developments, use salt water.  Wave pools are typically larger than other recreational swimming pools and for that reason are often in parks or other large, open areas.

text: The first public water service began on October 17, 1887 in Yokohama. By the early 1900s, most major cities had water services.  However, these water pipes often led to public water taps.  In 1892, a survey conducted in Yokohama revealed that less than 1 in 4 households had a private water tap.  18,184 households used public water taps, while only 5,120 household used private water taps.  By the 1930s, most new houses were constructed with a private water taps, but it would take another 30 years to become available in a village far from a city.

text: Kolkwitz is known for work with Maximilian Marsson (1845–1909) in the development of the "saprobic system" as a biological determination of water quality and levels of organic waste (pollution) in rivers and streams. Their methodology was a non-chemical analysis that was based on patterns of abundance and distribution of various biological species. They examined the biological patterns of approximately 800 species of water plants and invertebrates in their studies, and produced a saprobic index of four zones defining levels of water quality. The term "polysaprobic" was used for river environments with a large amount of decaying organic matter; "oligosaprobic" described locations with the least amount of organic waste, while alpha- and beta-"mesosaprobic" defined moderately polluted habitats. Later, this index was expanded into nine zones, with "xenosaprobic" being the least polluted and poly-saprobic" having the highest level of waste.

text: Kolkwitz is known for work with Maximilian Marsson (1845–1909) in the development of the "

text: saprobic

text: system" as a

text: biological

text: determination of water quality and levels of organic waste (pollution) in rivers and streams. Their methodology was a non-chemical analysis that was based on patterns of abundance and distribution of various biological species. They examined the biological patterns of approximately 800 species of water plants and

text: invertebrate

text: s in their studies, and produced a saprobic index of four zones defining levels of water quality. The term "polysaprobic" was used for river environments with a large amount of decaying organic matter; "oligosaprobic" described locations with the least amount of organic waste, while alpha- and beta-"mesosaprobic" defined moderately polluted habitats. Later, this index was expanded into nine zones, with "xenosaprobic" being the least polluted and poly-saprobic" having the highest level of waste.

text: As raw material for the fermentation, carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose can be used, but also vegetable oil or glycerine from biodiesel production. Researchers in industry are working on methods with which transgenic crops will be developed that express PHA synthesis routes from bacteria and so produce PHA as energy storage in their tissues.  Several companies are working to develop methods of producing PHA from waste water, including start-up Micromidas and Veolia subsidiary Anoxkaldnes.

text: As raw material for the fermentation, carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose can be used, but also vegetable oil or glycerine from biodiesel production. Researchers in industry are working on methods with which transgenic crops will be developed that express PHA synthesis routes from bacteria and so produce PHA as energy storage in their tissues.  Several companies are working to develop methods of producing PHA from waste water, including start-up Micromidas and

text: Veolia

text: subsidiary Anoxkaldnes.

text: The Water Sector Policy Paper of 1999 estimated investment needs until 2015 at US$2.2 billion, including US$1.3 billion for the "non-agricultural sector", US$0.3 billion for the agricultural sector  and US$0.6 billion for sewerage systems.

text: As well as the wild stock, about 79 million metric tons (87 million tons) of food and non-food products were produced by sea farming in 2010, an all-time high. About six hundred species of plants and animals were cultured, some for use in seeding wild populations. The animals raised included finfish, aquatic reptiles, crustaceans, molluscs, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea squirts, and jellyfish. Integrated mariculture has the advantage that there is a readily-available supply of planktonic food and waste is removed naturally; in cases where the waste would otherwise be harmful, multi-species techniques can used to, e.g., feed farmed shellfish from the waste being produced by farmed salmon. Various methods are employed. Mesh enclosures for finfish can be suspended in the open seas, cages can be used in more sheltered waters, or ponds can be refreshed with water at each high tide. Shrimps can be reared in shallow ponds connected to the open sea. Ropes can be hung in water to grow algae, oysters, and mussels. Oysters can be reared on trays or in mesh tubes. Sea cucumbers can be ranched on the seabed. Captive breeding programmes have raised lobster larvae for release of juveniles into the wild resulting in an increased lobster harvest in Maine. At least 145 species of seaweed—red, green, and brown algae—are eaten worldwide, some long farmed in Japan and other Asian countries; there is great potential for additional algaculture. Few maritime flowering plants are widely used for food but one example is marsh samphire, which is eaten both raw and cooked. A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread disease. In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed Farrer's scallop and white shrimp and required their replacement by other species. Shrimp farming has also caused the destruction of important mangrove forests throughout southeast Asia.

text: As well as the wild stock, about 79 million

text: metric ton

text: s (87 million

text: tons

text: ) of food and non-food products were produced by sea farming in 2010, an all-time high. About six hundred species of plants and animals were cultured, some for use in seeding wild populations. The animals raised included

text: finfish

text: , aquatic

text: reptile

text: s, crustaceans, molluscs,

text: sea cucumber

text: s,

text: sea urchin

text: s, sea squirts, and jellyfish. Integrated

text: mariculture

text: has the advantage that there is a readily-available supply of planktonic food and waste is removed naturally; in cases where the waste would otherwise be harmful,

text: multi-species techniques

text: can used to, e.g., feed farmed

text: shellfish

text: from the waste being produced by farmed salmon. Various methods are employed. Mesh enclosures for finfish can be suspended in the open seas, cages can be used in more sheltered waters, or ponds can be refreshed with water at each high tide.

text: Shrimps

text: can be reared in shallow ponds connected to the open sea. Ropes can be hung in water to grow algae, oysters, and mussels. Oysters can be reared on trays or in mesh tubes. Sea cucumbers can be ranched on the seabed. Captive breeding programmes have raised

text: lobster

text: larva

text: e for release of juveniles into the wild resulting in an increased lobster harvest in

text: Maine

text: . At least 145 species of seaweed—red, green, and brown algae—are eaten worldwide, some long farmed in Japan and other Asian countries; there is great potential for additional

text: algaculture

text: . Few maritime flowering plants are widely used for food but one example is

text: marsh samphire

text: , which is eaten both raw and cooked. A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread

text: disease

text: . In the 1990s, disease wiped out China's farmed

text: Farrer's scallop

text: and

text: white shrimp

text: and required their replacement by other species.

text: Shrimp farm

text: ing has also caused the destruction of important

text: mangrove forest

text: s throughout

text: southeast Asia

text: One popular saying goes that every family in Rauma owns a boat – this is not true, though the city has room for ca. 2,800 boats at its docks. People can use their own boats or water buses to get to the Kylmäpihlaja lighthouse that doubles as a hotel and recreation site. Water buses take people to Reksaari island and former garrison island of Kuuskajaskari. Both islands are in recreational use.

text: One popular saying goes that every family in Rauma owns a boat – this is not true, though the city has room for ca. 2,800 boats at its docks. People can use their own boats or water buses to get to the

text: Kylmäpihlaja lighthouse

text: that doubles as a hotel and recreation site. Water buses take people to Reksaari island and former garrison island of

text: Kuuskajaskari

text: . Both islands are in recreational use.

text: Walterville Pond, on Eugene Water & Electric Board's (EWEB) Walterville Canal, is a  water storage pond that is also used for fishing and birdwatching. Walterville Canal was built by EWEB in 1911 to provide hydropower to pump McKenzie River water to Eugene for use as drinking water.

text: Walterville Pond, on

text: Eugene Water & Electric Board

text: 's (EWEB) Walterville Canal, is a  water storage pond that is also used for fishing and birdwatching. Walterville Canal was built by EWEB in 1911 to provide

text: hydropower

text: to pump McKenzie River water to

text: Eugene

text: for use as drinking water.

text: A significant level of debate centers on the meaning of the word "agricultural" in SAE.  Meanings of the words "supervised" and "experience" are widely agreed upon. The meaning of the word "agricultural" is less agreed upon by educators.  Some define "agricultural" as pertaining to farming, while others define "agricultural" as any career loosely connected to food and natural resources.

text: Sir Ian Byatt (born 11 March 1935) is a British economist who was the Director General of the economic regulator of the water industry in England and Wales, Ofwat, from its creation at the time of the privatization of the water industry in 1989 until 2000. During his tenure he was responsible for a substantial price reduction imposed on private water companies in 1999 that sent the stocks of these companies tumbling down. He then joined the newly created economic consulting firm Frontier Economics. From 2005–11 he was the Chairman of the Water Industry Commission for Scotland, the economic regulator of the Scottish water industry. In 2012 he criticized the Thames Tideway Scheme as unnecessary and argued that private firms should not receive the massive subsidies they have requested to finance the scheme.

text: Sir Ian Byatt (born 11 March 1935) is a British economist who was the Director General of the economic regulator of the water industry in England and Wales,

text: Ofwat

text: , from its creation at the time of the

entity_name: Water privatisation in England and Wales

text: privatization of the water industry

text: in 1989 until 2000. During his tenure he was responsible for a substantial price reduction imposed on private water companies in 1999 that sent the stocks of these companies tumbling down. He then joined the newly created economic consulting firm

text: Frontier Economics

text: . From 2005–11 he was the Chairman of the

text: Water Industry Commission for Scotland

text: , the economic regulator of the Scottish water industry. In 2012 he criticized the

text: Thames Tideway Scheme

text: as unnecessary and argued that private firms should not receive the massive subsidies they have requested to finance the scheme.

text: Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. This is achieved by advanced oxidation processes, such as the Fenton reaction, which use it to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (·OH). These are able to destroy organic contaminates which are ordinarily difficult to remove, such as aromatic or halogenated compounds. It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour.

text: Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. This is achieved by

text: advanced oxidation process

text: es, such as the

text: Fenton reaction

text: , which use it to generate highly reactive

text: hydroxyl radical

text: s (·OH). These are able to destroy organic contaminates which are ordinarily difficult to remove, such as

text: aromatic

text: or

text: halogenated compound

text: s. It can also oxidize

text: sulfur

text: based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour.

text: Here a water usage dispute arose due to the fact that the state of Haryana was using the Jamuna river for irrigation, while the residents of Delhi needed it for the purpose of drinking. It was reasoned that domestic use overrode the commercial use of water, the court ruled that the State of Haryana make available the water for consumption and domestic use in Delhi.

text: The common puddle frog, puddle frog, or yellow bellied puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) is a species of frog in the Dicroglossidae family. It has often been confused with Occidozyga sumatrana (which until 1998 was considered to be a junior synonym O. laevis), and records of this species outside the Philippines likely represent that species. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, coastal freshwater lagoons, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.

text: The common puddle frog, puddle frog, or yellow bellied puddle frog (Occidozyga laevis) is a species of

text: frog

text: in the

text: Dicroglossidae

text: family. It has often been confused with

text: Occidozyga sumatrana

text: (which until 1998 was considered to be a junior synonym O. laevis), and records of this species outside the

text: Philippines

text: likely represent that species. Its natural

text: habitat

text: s are tropical moist lowland

text: forest

text: s,

text: river

text: s, intermittent rivers,

text: swamp

text: s, intermittent freshwater

text: marsh

text: es, coastal freshwater

text: lagoon

text: s,

text: arable land

text: , pastureland, rural gardens,

text: urban area

text: s, water storage areas,

text: pond

text: s, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.

text: The increased consumption of many natural resources has sparked the need for protection. Many of these resources were barely touched less than half a century ago but have been drained in several situations. One of these resources, water, is key to survival of almost all life but is being used quicker than it is replenished in many states within the United States. This has created the need for greater conservation which has been met by new techniques and technologies for both reducing the amount of water being used and increasing how efficiently it is being used. Some of these methods are as simple as replacing the fixtures in government buildings and offering rebates to citizens, but are as complex as growing genetically engineered food crops so that farmers can consume less water for use on them. Another key resource that has been met with new legislation is the land that is used to grow the crops for farms. One fairly new United States government policy, the Farmland Protection Policy Act, is designed in order to protect this resource from being over consumed by the government. It does this by ensuring that any entity, both federal and non-federal, that uses government assistance such as acquiring or disposing of land, providing financing or loans, managing property, providing technical assistance, cannot convert agricultural land into land that is permanently used for other purposes if it can be avoided. If the overuse of these resources is not mediated, the eventual result would create the loss of another key resource for survival. That is, if either land for agriculture or water for the land and the people who inhabit it becomes insufficient, the population in the United States would begin to run out of food. Not only would cash crops of plants become insufficient to supply people, it would also become insufficient to feed the livestock and animals that also depend on plants that are grown on agricultural land. Because of this, the need for conservation is greater than ever, especially when current efforts have only been able to slow the gradual depletion of these two key resources while increased populations create the need for higher consumption.

text: It is estimated that 40% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Common Disposal methods include Recycling, burning, landfill and discharge into water, though typically disposal in landfill and discharge into water are strictly regulated in most countries, as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate a large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels.

text: It is estimated that 40% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Common Disposal methods include

text: Recycling

text: burning

text: landfill

text: and discharge into water, though typically disposal in landfill and discharge into water are strictly regulated in most countries, as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate a large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels.

text: The finale contained a new, grey credit sequence that was meant to reflect the new timeline. It contained new scientific words such as "Thought Extraction" and "Dual Maternity", as well as "Water" and "Hope". Wyman explained their reasoning for the change, "[The credits] weren’t so much pertinent to the finale but for the introduction of the future of the show. In the past, we used words in the credit sequence as signposts for the episode. But this is a new paradigm."

text: Although agriculture’s water use includes provision of important terrestrial environmental values (as discussed in the “Water footprint of products”  section above), and much “green water’ is used in maintaining forests and wild lands, there is also direct environmental use (e.g. of surface water) that may be allocated by governments.  For example, in California, where water use issues are sometimes severe because of drought, about 48 percent of “dedicated water use” in an average water year is for the environment (somewhat more than for agriculture).   Such environmental water use is for keeping streams flowing, maintaining aquatic and riparian habitats, keeping wetlands wet, etc.

text: Aquaculture in Canada is regulated by three main acts: the Fisheries Act, Navigable Waters Protection Act, and Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Other acts that control aquaculture practices include the Land Act, Health of Animals Act, Food and Drugs Act, Pest Control Products Act, and Species at Risk Act. All of these acts specify regulations at the local, state and federal levels, resulting in a total of 73 rules and regulations for the aquaculture industry; these rules and regulations have been described as being conflicting and contradictory. The rules and regulations have resulted in the aquaculture industry being described as "one of the most heavily regulated in the world". A recent survey showed that Canadians support the creation of an Aquaculture Act that specifically addresses the needs of the industry. The DFO collects fees from aquaculture licences and leases, and receives government funding for its research programs.  The UHA also funds research on geoduck aquaculture.

text: Aquaculture in Canada is regulated by three main acts: the

text: Fisheries Act

text: Navigable Waters Protection Act

text: , and

text: Canadian Environmental Assessment Act

text: . Other acts that control aquaculture practices include the

text: Land Act

text: Health of Animals Act

text: Food and Drugs Act

text: Pest Control Products Act

text: , and

text: Species at Risk Act

text: . All of these acts specify regulations at the local, state and federal levels, resulting in a total of 73 rules and regulations for the aquaculture industry; these rules and regulations have been described as being conflicting and contradictory. The rules and regulations have resulted in the aquaculture industry being described as "one of the most heavily regulated in the world". A recent survey showed that Canadians support the creation of an Aquaculture Act that specifically addresses the needs of the industry. The DFO collects fees from aquaculture licences and leases, and receives government funding for its research programs.  The UHA also funds research on geoduck aquaculture.

text: Consequences for agriculture have already been observed in North America. In some regions of the US that are vulnerable to droughts, farmers are now competing with fracking industrials for the use of water resources. In the Barnett Shale region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried up due to fracking's withdrawal of water, and water has been taken from an aquifer used for residential and agricultural use. Farmers have seen their wells go dry in Texas and New Mexico as a result of fracking’s pressure on water resources, for instance in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the North Water Conservation District in Colorado was organized an auction to allocate water and the prices rose from $22/acre-foot in 2010 to $28 in the beginning of 2012.

text: Consequences for

text: agriculture

text: have already been observed in North America. In some regions of the US that are vulnerable to

text: droughts

text: , farmers are now competing with fracking industrials for the use of

text: water resources

text: . In the

text: Barnett Shale

text: region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried up due to fracking's withdrawal of water, and water has been taken from an

text: aquifer

text: used for residential and agricultural use. Farmers have seen their wells go dry in Texas and New Mexico as a result of fracking’s pressure on

text: water resources

text: , for instance in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the North Water Conservation District in Colorado was organized an auction to allocate water and the prices rose from $22/acre-foot in 2010 to $28 in the beginning of 2012.

text: At the local level, a study on water and sanitation in two villages in the Nile Delta conducted in the late 1980s provides some insights into water use and hygiene behavior in rural areas at the time. The inhabitants had access to three water sources: piped water from household connections or public standpipes; shallow wells with handpumps; and canal water. Canals were used by many women for laundry and washing domestic utensils, and for cleaning vegetables and grain.

text: Environmental stewardship refers to responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices. Aldo Leopold (1887–1949) championed environmental stewardship based on a land ethic "dealing with man's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it."

text: Environmental stewardship refers to responsible use and protection of the

text: natural environment

text: through

text: conservation

text: and

text: sustainable

text: practices.

text: Aldo Leopold

text: (1887–1949) championed environmental stewardship based on a

text: land ethic

text: "dealing with man's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it."

text: Working with the Center for Water Research, additional research into water quality and the more efficient use of water is being conducted. The new doctoral program in Environmental Science and Engineering emphasizes natural resources, and engineering faculty work with geologists, environmental scientists, chemists, and hydrogeologists. Research areas include environmental analysis, restoration, and water resource research focuses on recovery and remediation, especially in understanding the fate and transport of surface and groundwater pollutants.

text: In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to DEA purview. It is, however, regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of human consumption as a recreational drug. Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without special license. For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanour. In New Zealand, the Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offence under the Medicines Act. This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of the chemical, though it is implied that only recreational use will be legally targeted. In India, for general anaesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) permit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. Because India's Food & Drug Authority (FDA-India) rules state that transferring a drug from one container to another (refilling) is equivalent to manufacturing, anyone found doing so must possess a drug manufacturing license.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to

text: DEA

text: purview. It is, however, regulated by the

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: under the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act; prosecution is possible under its "misbranding" clauses, prohibiting the sale or distribution of nitrous oxide for the purpose of

text: human consumption as a recreational drug

text: . Many states have laws regulating the possession, sale, and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may be sold without special license. For example, in the state of California, possession for recreational use is prohibited and qualifies as a misdemeanour. In

text: New Zealand

text: , the

text: Ministry of Health

text: has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offence under the Medicines Act. This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of the chemical, though it is implied that only recreational use will be legally targeted. In

text: India

text: , for general anaesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) permit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. Because India's Food & Drug Authority (FDA-India) rules state that transferring a drug from one container to another (refilling) is equivalent to manufacturing, anyone found doing so must possess a drug manufacturing license.

text: The use of the term kompot or compote refers euphemistically to kompot, a traditional compote-like dessert popular in Central and Eastern European countries made of stewed fruit, spices, and sugar.  The so-called kompot method of making a crude opiate "cocktail" intended for injection involves stewing the pods of the opium poppy in nearly boiling water and an acid, and using the strained liquid (essentially like kompot is produced from the raw ingredients). However, in 1976 two Polish students from Gdańsk discovered a simple way of making it by extracting opiate alkaloids from poppy straw by using ion exchange resin, acetone, ammonia water and a few other chemicals used in the last step of production. In this method, opium poppy pods and stems are boiled in water for a few hours without adding acid, and then filtered. Strongly acidic ion exchange resin is then added.  The resin is filtered and the opiates are recovered with the addition of ammonia water. The resulting liquid is evaporated using a chemical condenser, then when dry (it is then called glazura - glaze) it is acetylated using acetic anhydride in an anhydrous environment of a non-polar solvent, for example toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, or most commonly acetone. After acetylation, the solvent is evaporated to remove the acetic anhydride, and finally water is added. The amount of water added depends on the amount of plant material used in the beginning of the process, most often 30 milliliters per kilogram of dry plant material. Although the drug is primarily intended for intravenous injection, kompot extraction as described here produces an end product containing residual plant matter, waste chemicals, impure water, and other contaminants, making this dangerous substance to inject since such impurities can lead to abscesses or anaphylactic shock.

text: The use of the term kompot or compote refers euphemistically to

text: kompot

text: , a traditional

text: compote

text: -like dessert popular in Central and Eastern European countries made of stewed fruit, spices, and sugar.  The so-called kompot method of making a crude opiate "cocktail" intended for injection involves stewing the pods of the opium poppy in nearly boiling water and an acid, and using the strained liquid (essentially like kompot is produced from the raw ingredients). However, in 1976 two Polish students from

text: Gdańsk

text: discovered a simple way of making it by extracting opiate

text: alkaloid

text: s from poppy straw by using

text: ion exchange resin

text: acetone

text: ammonia

text: water and a few other chemicals used in the last step of production. In this method, opium poppy pods and stems are boiled in water for a few hours without adding acid, and then filtered. Strongly acidic ion exchange resin is then added.  The resin is filtered and the opiates are recovered with the addition of ammonia water. The resulting liquid is evaporated using a chemical condenser, then when dry (it is then called glazura - glaze) it is acetylated using

text: acetic anhydride

text: in an

text: anhydrous

text: environment of a non-polar

text: solvent

text: , for example

text: toluene

text: diethyl ether

text: chloroform

text: , or most commonly

text: acetone

text: . After acetylation, the solvent is evaporated to remove the acetic anhydride, and finally water is added. The amount of water added depends on the amount of plant material used in the beginning of the process, most often 30 milliliters per kilogram of dry plant material. Although the drug is primarily intended for

text: intravenous injection

text: , kompot extraction as described here produces an end product containing residual plant matter, waste chemicals, impure water, and other contaminants, making this dangerous substance to inject since such impurities can lead to abscesses or anaphylactic shock.

text: One of the most useful features of IWFM is the internal calculation of water demands for each land use type. IWFM simulates four land use classes: agricultural, urban, native vegetation, and riparian vegetation. Land use areas are delineated as a time series, with corresponding evapotranspiration rates and water management parameters. Each time step, the land use process applies precipitation, calculates infiltration and runoff, calculates water demands, and determines what portion of the demands are not met by soil moisture. For agricultural and urban land use classes, IWFM then applies surface water and groundwater at specified rates, and optionally adjusts surface water and groundwater to exactly meet water demands. This automatic adjustment feature is especially useful for calculating unmeasured flow components (such as groundwater withdrawals) or for simulating proposed future scenarios such as studying the impacts of potential climate change.

text: Malvern spring water flows freely from a number of fountains or spouts throughout the Malvern area. Upkeep of these historical springs is funded by several organisations, including the Town Council, the Heritage Lottery Fund, The Malvern Spa Association, and the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The water became famous for containing "nothing at all". It was the reason for Malvern becoming a spa town and has formed a part of both local and national culture since Queen Elizabeth I made a point of drinking it in public in the 16th century, and Queen Victoria refused to travel without it. It is also a bottled water used by Queen Elizabeth II Until November 2010 when the plant was closed due to lack of profitability, millions of litres of Malvern water were bottled annually by Coca-Cola Enterprises under the Schweppes brand in a factory near Malvern and distributed worldwide. Malvern water is still being bottled from the original source by a family run business under the name Holywell Spring Water.

text: Malvern spring water

text: flows freely from a number of fountains or spouts throughout the Malvern area. Upkeep of these historical springs is funded by several organisations, including the Town Council, the

text: Heritage Lottery Fund

text: , The Malvern Spa Association, and the

text: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

text: . The water became famous for containing "nothing at all". It was the reason for Malvern becoming a

text: spa town

text: and has formed a part of both local and national culture since

text: Queen Elizabeth I

text: made a point of drinking it in public in the 16th century, and

text: Queen Victoria

text: refused to travel without it. It is also a bottled water used by

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Until November 2010 when the plant was closed due to lack of profitability, millions of litres of Malvern water were bottled annually by

text: Coca-Cola

text: Enterprises under the

text: Schweppes

text: brand in a factory near Malvern and distributed worldwide. Malvern water is still being bottled from the original source by a family run business under the name Holywell Spring Water.

text: Additionally, progressive research is being conducted on converting solid waste into usable energy. Since waste is continually being generated, inventing a method for converting such waste into a usable resource would supply essentially limitless energy. Furthermore, if the program is successful, overall waste will be reduced and an efficient method of disposal will be in place. In fact, researchers in the field have predicted that waste could be reduced by 50-60% with the success of such a program. An organization called the Taka Gas Project has been researching methods for converting solid waste into biogas to be used for generating electrical energy. The biogas will be created using anaerobic digestion of organic materials (most of the waste is organic).

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural produce of water (fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic organisms). The term is distinguished from fishing by the idea of active human effort in maintaining or increasing the number of organisms involved, as opposed to simply taking them from the wild. Subsets of aquaculture include Mariculture (aquaculture in the ocean); Algaculture (the production of kelp/seaweed and other algae); Fish farming (the raising of catfish, tilapia and milkfish in freshwater and brackish ponds or salmon in marine ponds); and the growing of cultured pearls. Extensive aquaculture is based on local photosynthetical production while intensive aquaculture is based on fish fed with an external food supply.

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural produce of water (fish,

text: shellfish

text: algae

text: and other aquatic organisms). The term is distinguished from fishing by the idea of active human effort in maintaining or increasing the number of organisms involved, as opposed to simply taking them from the wild. Subsets of aquaculture include

text: Mariculture

text: (aquaculture in the ocean);

text: Algaculture

text: (the production of

text: kelp

text: seaweed

text: and other

text: algae

text: Fish farming

text: (the raising of

text: catfish

text: tilapia

text: and

text: milkfish

text: in freshwater and brackish ponds or

text: salmon

text: in marine ponds); and the growing of

text: cultured pearls

text: . Extensive aquaculture is based on local photosynthetical production while intensive aquaculture is based on fish fed with an external food supply.

text: The use of biofilters is common in closed aquaculture systems, such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).  Many designs are used, with different benefits and drawbacks, however the function is the same: reducing water exchanges by converting ammonia to nitrate.  Ammonia (NH and NH) originates from the brachial excretion from the gills of aquatic animals and from the decomposition of organic matter.  As ammonia-N is highly toxic, this is converted to a less toxic form of nitrite (by Nitrosomonas sp.) and then to an even less toxic form of nitrate (by Nitrobacter sp.).  This "nitrification" process requires oxygen (aerobic conditions), without which the biofilter can crash.  Furthermore, as this nitrification cycle produces H, the pH can decrease which necessitates the use of buffers such as lime.

text: The use of biofilters is common in closed

text: aquaculture

text: systems, such as

text: recirculating aquaculture systems

text: (RAS).  Many designs are used, with different benefits and drawbacks, however the function is the same: reducing water exchanges by converting

text: ammonia

text: to

text: nitrate

text: .  Ammonia (NH and NH) originates from the brachial

text: excretion

text: from the

text: gill

text: s of

text: aquatic animal

text: s and from the

text: decomposition

text: of organic matter.  As ammonia-N is highly toxic, this is converted to a less toxic form of nitrite (by

text: Nitrosomonas

text: sp.) and then to an even less toxic form of nitrate (by

text: Nitrobacter

text: sp.).  This "nitrification" process requires oxygen (aerobic conditions), without which the biofilter can crash.  Furthermore, as this nitrification cycle produces H, the pH can decrease which necessitates the use of buffers such as

text: lime

text: Another method is oxidative cleavage of cyclohexene using hydrogen peroxide. The waste product is water.

text: Another method is oxidative cleavage of

text: cyclohexene

text: using

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: . The waste product is water.

text: The lake is used as a water source, for navigation and transportation, sightseeing and tourism (10,000 visitors annually), recreation (swimming, sport-fishing, water skiing, yachting) and fisheries.

text: Aquaculture makes use of local photosynthetic production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).

text: Aquaculture makes use of local

text: photosynthetic

text: production (extensive) or fish that are fed with external food supply (intensive).

text: While for some years up to 3,000 ML/year of water was extracted from the reservoir for potable use, negligible water has been extracted since 2001-2002. Reasons for the change include increasing salinity and concerns about the levels of agricultural chemicals in the reservoir. The reservoir has been retained as a ‘contingency' water supply measure since that time.

text: Everything in a building that uses water falls under one of two categories; fixture or appliance.  As the consumption points above perform their function, most produce waste/sewage components that will require removal by the waste/sewage side of the system.  The minimum is an air gap. See cross connection control & backflow prevention for an overview of backflow prevention methods and devices currently in use, both through the use of mechanical and physical principles.

text: Everything in a building that uses water falls under one of two categories; fixture or appliance.  As the consumption points above perform their function, most produce waste/sewage components that will require removal by the waste/sewage side of the system.  The minimum is an air gap. See

text: cross connection control & backflow prevention

text: for an overview of backflow prevention methods and devices currently in use, both through the use of mechanical and physical principles.

text: Mekorot bulk water tariffs The prices Mekorot is entitled to charge are the rates set by the Ministers of Energy and Water and Finance, approved by the Knesset's Finance Committee, and updated from time to time according to the changes in the Consumer Price Index, electricity rates and the average wage index. The rates are categorized by the different uses: domestic, consumption and services, industry and agriculture. The rates for industrial and agriculture uses are lower than those for domestic consumption and services.  Water for agriculture is supplied on a less reliable basis and is of poorer quality. Subsidies are provided for agriculture and for remote and elevated localities. The bulk water tariff for a specific use is the same throughout the country, irrespective of the difference in costs of supplying water to a specific locality. Mekorot bulk water tariffs were increased by 25% in January 2010, to a large extent to absorb increases in electricity prices. Energy accounts for an ever larger share of water supply costs because of the increasing share of seawater desalination.

text: Mekorot bulk

text: water tariff

text: s The prices Mekorot is entitled to charge are the rates set by the Ministers of Energy and Water and Finance, approved by the Knesset's Finance Committee, and updated from time to time according to the changes in the Consumer Price Index, electricity rates and the average wage index. The rates are categorized by the different uses: domestic, consumption and services, industry and agriculture. The rates for industrial and agriculture uses are lower than those for domestic consumption and services.  Water for agriculture is supplied on a less reliable basis and is of poorer quality. Subsidies are provided for agriculture and for remote and elevated localities. The bulk water tariff for a specific use is the same throughout the country, irrespective of the difference in costs of supplying water to a specific locality. Mekorot bulk water tariffs were increased by 25% in January 2010, to a large extent to absorb increases in electricity prices. Energy accounts for an ever larger share of water supply costs because of the increasing share of seawater desalination.

text: The Folsom Lake State Recreation Area surrounds the reservoir, and is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.  It is widely used for recreation, with areas designated for hiking, camping, and biking.The lake is also commonly used for fishing, boating, water-skiing, and even horseback riding.

text: The

text: Folsom Lake State Recreation Area

text: surrounds the reservoir, and is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.  It is widely used for recreation, with areas designated for

text: hiking

text: camping

text: , and

text: biking

text: .The lake is also commonly used for

text: fishing

text: boating

text: water-skiing

text: , and even

text: horseback riding

text: S. molesta is a complex of closely related floating ferns; they can be difficult to distinguish from each other. This water fern is often grown as an ornamental plant but has escaped and become a noxious pest in many regions worldwide. There are a few different growth forms for S. molesta. The primary growth form is an invading form with small flat leaves to the tertiary or mat form with large, crowded, folded leaves. Under the best conditions plants can form a two-foot-thick mat. These mats can put a halt to recreational activities on lakes and waterways. S. molesta has been used to extract nutrients and pollutants from the water. When this plant is dried out, it is used as satisfactory mulch.

text: Instream use refers to water use taking place within a stream channel.  Examples are hydroelectric power generation, navigation, fish propagation and use, and recreational activities.  Some instream uses, usually associated with fish populations and navigation, require a minimum amount of water to be viable.

text: Instream use refers to

text: water

text: use taking place within a

text: stream

text: channel

text: .  Examples are

text: hydroelectric power

text: generation,

text: navigation

text: fish

text: propagation and use, and recreational activities.  Some instream uses, usually associated with fish populations and navigation, require a minimum amount of water to be viable.

text: As global populations grow, and as demand for food increases in a world with a fixed water supply, there are efforts under way to learn how to produce more food with less water, through improvements in irrigation  methods  and technologies, agricultural water management, crop types, and water monitoring. Aquaculture is a small but growing agricultural use of water.  Freshwater commercial fisheries may also be considered as agricultural uses of water, but have generally been assigned a lower priority than irrigation (see Aral Sea and Pyramid Lake).

text: As global populations grow, and as demand for food increases in a world with a fixed water supply, there are efforts under way to learn how to produce more food with less water, through improvements in irrigation  methods  and

text: technologies

text: , agricultural

text: water management

text: , crop types, and water monitoring.

text: Aquaculture

text: is a small but growing agricultural use of water.  Freshwater commercial fisheries may also be considered as agricultural uses of water, but have generally been assigned a lower priority than irrigation (see

text: Aral Sea

text: and

text: Pyramid Lake

text: From the 8th century, the medieval Islamic world underwent a transformation in agricultural practice, described by the historian Andrew Watson as the Arab Agricultural Revolution. This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes, the spread of more advanced farming techniques, and an agricultural-economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency. The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy, population distribution, vegetation cover, agricultural production, population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labour force, cooking, diet, and clothing across the Islamic world. Muslim traders covered much of the Old World, and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops, plants and farming techniques across the region, as well as the adaptation of crops, plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world. This diffusion introduced major crops to Europe by way of Al-Andalus, along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine. Sugar cane, rice, and cotton were among the major crops transferred, along with citrus and other fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables such as aubergine, spinach and chard, and the use of  spices such as cumin, coriander, nutmeg and cinnamon. Intensive irrigation, crop rotation, and agricultural manuals were widely adopted. Irrigation, partly based on Roman technology, made use of noria water wheels, water mills, dams and reservoirs.

text: From the 8th century, the

text: medieval Islamic world

text: underwent a transformation in agricultural practice, described by the historian Andrew Watson as the

text: Arab Agricultural Revolution

text: . This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes, the spread of more advanced farming techniques, and an agricultural-economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency. The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy,

text: population distribution

text: , vegetation cover, agricultural production, population levels,

text: urban growth

text: , the distribution of the labour force, cooking, diet, and clothing across the Islamic world. Muslim traders covered much of the

text: Old World

text: , and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops, plants and farming techniques across the region, as well as the adaptation of crops, plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world. This diffusion introduced major crops to Europe by way of

text: Al-Andalus

text: , along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine. Sugar cane, rice, and cotton were among the major crops transferred, along with

text: citrus

text: and other fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables such as

text: aubergine

text: spinach

text: and

text: chard

text: , and the use of  spices such as

text: cumin

text: coriander

text: nutmeg

text: and

text: cinnamon

text: . Intensive irrigation,

text: crop rotation

text: , and agricultural manuals were widely adopted. Irrigation, partly based on Roman technology, made use of

text: noria water wheels

text: water mill

text: s, dams and reservoirs.

text: In 1973, the Colorado General Assembly recognized the need to “correlate the activities of mankind with some reasonable preservation of the natural environment” and created the state’s Instream Flow Program with the passage of Senate Bill 97 (“SB 97”).  SB 97 gave the Colorado Water Conservation Board (“CWCB”) the exclusive authority to hold instream flow water rights.  Prior to enactment of this law, the legal status of instream flow water rights was the subject of debate.  Use of water in Colorado is governed by the Prior Appropriation Doctrine wherein water rights are assigned priorities and decreed by the Colorado water courts, courts of special jurisdiction within the state.  With the passage of SB 97, using water rights to preserve and protect streams was confirmed as legitimate and lawful, although only the CWCB could use water rights for those activities. In all respects these water rights called instream flows are treated just like more traditional water rights.  They belong to specific stretches of river; have specific flow amounts; are held as property and monitored; and have priority dates, so they are administered within the “first in time, first in right” system.  Additionally, when a water right is changed for use in the Instream Flow Program in Colorado water court, it retains its priority date; for example, a senior irrigation right becomes a senior instream flow right.  SB 97 was hailed as a powerful tool for the protection of Colorado’s rivers, but many felt that the program it created was underutilized.  In 2000, a group of water attorneys, engineers, and conservationists began to meet to brainstorm ways to bolster the program.  The meetings culminated in the founding of the Colorado Water Trust in 2001.  The founders envisioned CWT acting as a facilitator for the state’s Instream Flow Program, taking on transfer processes such as due diligence investigations and providing additional avenues of funding for instream flow water transactions.

text: In 1973, the

text: Colorado General Assembly

text: recognized the need to “correlate the activities of mankind with some reasonable preservation of the natural environment” and created the state’s Instream Flow Program with the passage of Senate Bill 97 (“SB 97”).  SB 97 gave the

text: Colorado Water Conservation Board

text: (“CWCB”) the exclusive authority to hold instream flow water rights.  Prior to enactment of this law, the legal status of instream flow water rights was the subject of debate.  Use of water in Colorado is governed by the

text: Prior Appropriation Doctrine

text: wherein water rights are assigned priorities and decreed by the

text: Colorado water courts

text: , courts of special jurisdiction within the state.  With the passage of SB 97, using water rights to preserve and protect streams was confirmed as legitimate and lawful, although only the CWCB could use water rights for those activities. In all respects these water rights called instream flows are treated just like more traditional water rights.  They belong to specific stretches of river; have specific flow amounts; are held as property and monitored; and have priority dates, so they are administered within the “first in time, first in right” system.  Additionally, when a water right is changed for use in the Instream Flow Program in Colorado water court, it retains its priority date; for example, a senior irrigation right becomes a senior instream flow right.  SB 97 was hailed as a powerful tool for the protection of Colorado’s rivers, but many felt that the program it created was underutilized.  In 2000, a group of water attorneys, engineers, and conservationists began to meet to brainstorm ways to bolster the program.  The meetings culminated in the founding of the Colorado Water Trust in 2001.  The founders envisioned CWT acting as a facilitator for the state’s Instream Flow Program, taking on transfer processes such as due diligence investigations and providing additional avenues of funding for instream flow water transactions.

text: Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.   Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.  Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes

text: Explicit environment water use is also a very small but growing percentage of total water use.   Environmental water may include water stored in impoundments and released for environmental purposes (held environmental water), but more often is water retained in waterways through regulatory limits of abstraction.  Environmental water usage includes watering of natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat,

text: fish ladder

text: s, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes

text: Aristotle's understanding of the soul (Greek psyche) has an extra level of complexity in the form of the nous or "intellect"—which is something only humans have and enables humans to perceive things differently from other animals. It works with images coming from the common sense and imagination, using reasoning (Greek logos) as well as the active intellect. The nous identifies the true forms of things, while the common sense identifies shared aspects of things. Though scholars have varying interpretations of the details, Aristotle's "common sense" was in any case not rational, in the sense that it implied no ability to explain the perception. Reason or rationality (logos) exists only in man according to Aristotle, and yet some animals can perceive "common perceptibles" such as change and shape, and some even have imagination according to Aristotle. Animals with imagination come closest to having something like reasoning and nous. Plato, on the other hand was apparently willing to allow that animals could have some level of thought, meaning that he did not have to explain their sometimes complex behavior with a strict division between high-level perception processing and the human-like thinking such as being able to form opinions. Gregorić additionally argues that Aristotle can be interpreted as using the verbs, phronein and noein, to distinguish two types of thinking or awareness, one being found in animals, and the other unique to humans and involving reason. Therefore, in Aristotle (and the medieval Aristotelians) the universals used to identify and categorize things are divided into two. In medieval terminology these are the species sensibilis used for perception and imagination in animals, and the species intelligibilis or apprehendable forms used in the human intellect or nous.

text: Aristotle's understanding of the soul (Greek psyche) has an extra level of complexity in the form of the

text: nous

text: or "intellect"—which is something only humans have and enables humans to perceive things differently from other animals. It works with images coming from the common sense and imagination, using

text: reason

text: ing (Greek

text: logos

text: ) as well as the

text: active intellect

text: . The

text: nous

text: identifies the true

text: forms of things

text: , while the common sense identifies shared aspects of things. Though scholars have varying interpretations of the details, Aristotle's "common sense" was in any case not rational, in the sense that it implied no ability to explain the perception.

text: Reason

text: or rationality (logos) exists only in man according to Aristotle, and yet some animals can perceive "common perceptibles" such as change and shape, and some even have imagination according to Aristotle. Animals with imagination come closest to having something like reasoning and nous. Plato, on the other hand was apparently willing to allow that animals could have some level of thought, meaning that he did not have to explain their sometimes complex behavior with a strict division between high-level perception processing and the human-like thinking such as being able to form opinions. Gregorić additionally argues that Aristotle can be interpreted as using the verbs, phronein and noein, to distinguish two types of thinking or awareness, one being found in animals, and the other unique to humans and involving reason. Therefore, in Aristotle (and the medieval Aristotelians) the universals used to identify and categorize things are divided into two. In medieval terminology these are the species sensibilis used for perception and imagination in animals, and the species intelligibilis or apprehendable forms used in the human intellect or nous.

text: Modeling of water use refers to computation of water withdrawals and consumptive water uses (the fraction of the abstracted water that evapotranspires during use) in each grid cell. Consumptive irrigation water use is computed by the Global Irrigation Model as a function of irrigated area (See an interactive version of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas on the FAO website.) and climate in each grid cell. Water abstractions for irrigation are calculated by dividing consumptive use by a country-specific irrigation water use efficiency. Livestock water use is calculated as a function of the animal numbers and water requirements of different livestock types. Grid cell values of domestic and manufacturing water use are based on national values that are downscaled to the grid cells using population density. Cooling water use takes into account the location of more than 60,000 power plants, their cooling type and their electricity production. Temporal development of household water use is modeled as a function of technological and structural change (the latter as a function of gross domestic product), taking into account population change. The temporal development of manufacturing and thermal power water use is modeled also as a function of structural and technological change, with national manufacturing output (for manufacturing water use) and national electricity output (for thermal power plant use) as the drivers of water use. Time series of monthly values of irrigation water use are computed, while all other uses are assumed to be constant throughout the year and to only vary from year to year.  Based on sectoral water withdrawals and consumptive use as computed by the five water use models, the model component GWSWUSE calculates the total net abstraction from groundwater and from surface water in each grid cell.

text: Supervising sound editor Skip Lievsay used a Synclavier to recreate and improve the original recording of the neuralyzer sound effect from the first film (which was the sound of a strobe flash as it recycles) by removing some distortion. For some of the scenes with the Serleena creature, the sound crew "took tree branches, put them inside a rubber membrane and pushed that around and added some water." For the special effects scene where the subway train is attacked by Jeff the Worm, a specially designed vise was used to crush a subway car and make it look as if it had been bitten in half.

text: Supervising sound editor

text: Skip Lievsay

text: used a

text: Synclavier

text: to recreate and improve the original recording of the neuralyzer sound effect from the first film (which was the sound of a strobe flash as it recycles) by removing some distortion. For some of the scenes with the Serleena creature, the sound crew "took tree branches, put them inside a rubber membrane and pushed that around and added some water." For the special effects scene where the subway train is attacked by Jeff the Worm, a specially designed vise was used to crush a subway car and make it look as if it had been bitten in half.

text: Lux v. Haggin was a historic case in the development of water rights in California. During this time, the population was rapidly increasing and appropriation of water would soon become a necessity. The decision was important because it gave the court a chance to either continue to uphold English common law and riparian rights or give appropriative rights supremacy. In the end, the court recognized both water rights systems, but decided that appropriative rights were secondary to riparian rights. The ruling "created chaos by shackling the state with two fundamentally incompatible water allocation systems."  Additionally the original definition of "reasonable" water use under English common law was changed.  The court decided that water could be used for commercial and agricultural purposes as long as the use did not negatively affect other riparian landowners.  This broadening of the "reasonable" use definition meant that riparian land owners could now use more water then previously allowed.

text: LPG has a very wide variety of uses, mainly used for cylinders across many different markets as an efficient fuel container in the agricultural, recreation, hospitality, calefaction, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and to water heating and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes.In the safety font LPG cylinders must be updated to new standards in safety and user experience, giving a huge contribution for domestic usage.

text: The sacrament of Baptism has the outward sign of a washing.  "He that washes himself (baptuzatur) after touching the dead, if he touched them again, what does his washing avail?"  (Sirach 34,30).  The sacrament does not come from the water, but from the act of pouring the water, in the form of a washing.  (St. Hugh of Victor held that the water was the sacrament, but this is in error.)  The outward reality is in the washing with water, while the sacramental sign is the inward justification: this is the reality, or inward reality of the sacrament.  The inward reality is a seal and a safeguarding.  Dionysius defined Baptism by its relation to the other sacraments (Eccl. Hier.ii) that it is the principle that forms the habits of the soul for the reception of those most holy words and sacraments;  by its relation to heavenly glory, which is the universal end of all sacraments, preparing the way for us, whereby we mount to the repose of the heavenly kingdom, conferring on us our most sacred and Godlike regeneration.  The power of Baptism was initiated when Christ was Baptized, and not during the passion.  The proper way to Baptize is "I Baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit."  This comes from Matthew 28,19: "Going .... teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."  Ephesians 5,26: "Cleansing the world by the cleaning laver of the water."  Augustine says (De Unico Baptismo iv) that Baptism is consecrated by the words of the Gospel.  Full immersion in water is not necessary.  It is symbolic of the inward cleansing of the sin.  Hebrews 10.22:  "Let us draw near with a true heart in fullness of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with clean water."  Ezekiel  36:25:  "25Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean: from all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you."  Baptism cannot be reiterated.  Ephesians 4, 5:  "One Faith, one Baptism."  Baptism is a spiritual rebirth.  John 3,5: "Unless a man is born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of Heaven."  John  3,4:  "A man cannot re-enter the womb."  Therefore, he cannot be re-Baptized.  (cf. Romans 4, 3-4)  Because we are baptized in Christ's death, by which we die to sin and rise again into a newness of life.  Now, Christ died once.  Baptism imprints a character which is indelible.  Baptism is the principle remedy against original sin.  Romans 5,18:  "...as by the offense of one, unto all men to condemnation, so also by the justice of one, all men are justified of life."  There are three kinds of Baptism: Baptism of water, of Blood (Martyrdom) and of the Spirit (Baptism of Desire).  Hebrews 4,2: "[Of baptism) He uses the plural, because there is Baptism of Water, of Repentance and of Blood."  Isaiah 4, 4:  "The Lord shall wash away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall wash away the blood of Jerusalem, out of the midst thereof, by the spirit of judgment, and by the spirit of burning."  Augustine (De Unico Baptismo Parvulrum, iv): "The Blessed Cyprian argues with considerable reason from the thief to whom, though not baptized, it was said, 'Today you shall be with Me in Paradise', that suffering can take the place of Baptism.  Having weighed this again and again, I perceive that not only can suffering for the name of Christ supply what is lacking in Baptism, but even faith and conversion of heart, if perchance on account of stress of the times the celebration of the mystery of Baptism is not practicable."  Priests are the proper ministers to perform Baptism.  Isidore (of Spain) says priests are the only ministers who can perform Baptism.  However,  even Isidore and Pope Gelasius I say that it is often permissible for Christian laymen to baptize in cases of urgency.  Women can baptize.  This was approved by Pope Urban II and from Colossians 3: "In Christ there is neither male nor female.:  Isidore indicates that even a person who is not baptized may baptize, since it is the Holy Spirit Who performs the mystery of the Baptism.  Augustine never answered this question.  But the Church has long since determined that Jews and non-baptized heretics can baptize.  It is possible to be saved even without Baptism of Water, if the person has the proper desire, and has no contempt for the Sacrament.  Baptism should not be delayed.  Sirach 5, 8: "Delay not to be converted to the Lord and defer it not from day to day."  Children of heretics and Jews should not be baptized against the will of their parents. (See Thought of Thomas Aquinas for a detailed discussion.)  It is beneficial to baptize imbeciles and madmen.  Baptism opens the gates of heaven to sinners.  Luke 3,21: "Heaven was opened."  The gloss of Bede "We see here the power of Baptism;  from which when a man comes forth, the gates of the heavenly kingdom are opened to him."  Baptism has an equal effect on all.  Ephesians 4, 5:  "One Faith, One Baptism."  After one has reached the age of reason, it is necessary to receive the Baptism with sincerity.  If the Sacrament is received in bad faith, then one has a change of heart, the effects of Baptism are salutory (Augustine).  From Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 4, Chapter 59:  Bede: "Baptism opens the gates of heaven." A spiritual generation is needed only once, hence baptism is given only once.  The sin of Adam makes a man guilty only once.  Baptism is chiefly directed at this infection.  This excludes the errors of the Donatists or the Rebaptizers (Augustine).

text: The sacrament of

text: Baptism

text: has the outward sign of a washing.  "He that washes himself (baptuzatur) after touching the dead, if he touched them again, what does his washing avail?"  (

text: Sirach

text: 34,30).  The sacrament does not come from the water, but from the act of pouring the water, in the form of a washing.  (

text: St. Hugh of Victor

text: held that the water was the sacrament, but this is in error.)  The outward reality is in the washing with water, while the sacramental sign is the inward justification: this is the reality, or inward reality of the sacrament.  The inward reality is a seal and a safeguarding.

text: Dionysius

text: defined Baptism by its relation to the other sacraments (Eccl. Hier.ii) that it is the principle that forms the habits of the soul for the reception of those most holy words and sacraments;  by its relation to heavenly glory, which is the universal end of all sacraments, preparing the way for us, whereby we mount to the repose of the heavenly kingdom, conferring on us our most sacred and Godlike regeneration.  The power of Baptism was initiated when Christ was Baptized, and not during the passion.  The proper way to Baptize is "I Baptize you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit."  This comes from Matthew 28,19: "Going .... teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."

text: Ephesians

text: 5,26: "Cleansing the world by the cleaning laver of the water."

text: Augustine

text: says (De Unico Baptismo iv) that Baptism is consecrated by the words of the Gospel.  Full immersion in water is not necessary.  It is symbolic of the inward cleansing of the sin.

text: Hebrews

text: 10.22:  "Let us draw near with a true heart in fullness of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with clean water."

text: Ezekiel

text: 36:25:  "25Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean: from all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you."  Baptism cannot be reiterated.

text: Ephesians

text: 4, 5:  "One Faith, one Baptism."  Baptism is a spiritual rebirth.

text: John

text: 3,5: "Unless a man is born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of Heaven."

text: John

text: 3,4:  "A man cannot re-enter the womb."  Therefore, he cannot be re-Baptized.  (cf.

text: Romans

text: 4, 3-4)  Because we are baptized in Christ's death, by which we die to sin and rise again into a newness of life.  Now, Christ died once.  Baptism imprints a character which is indelible.  Baptism is the principle remedy against

text: original sin

text: .  Romans 5,18:  "...as by the offense of one, unto all men to condemnation, so also by the justice of one, all men are justified of life."  There are three kinds of Baptism: Baptism of water, of Blood (Martyrdom) and of the Spirit (Baptism of Desire).  Hebrews 4,2: "[Of baptism) He uses the plural, because there is Baptism of Water, of Repentance and of Blood."

text: Isaiah

text: 4, 4:  "The Lord shall wash away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall wash away the blood of Jerusalem, out of the midst thereof, by the spirit of judgment, and by the spirit of burning."

text: Augustine

text: (De Unico Baptismo Parvulrum, iv): "The Blessed Cyprian argues with considerable reason from the thief to whom, though not baptized, it was said, 'Today you shall be with Me in Paradise', that suffering can take the place of Baptism.  Having weighed this again and again, I perceive that not only can suffering for the name of Christ supply what is lacking in Baptism, but even faith and conversion of heart, if perchance on account of stress of the times the celebration of the mystery of Baptism is not practicable."  Priests are the proper ministers to perform Baptism.

text: Isidore

text: (of Spain) says priests are the only ministers who can perform Baptism.  However,  even Isidore and

text: Pope Gelasius I

text: say that it is often permissible for Christian laymen to baptize in cases of urgency.  Women can baptize.  This was approved by

text: Pope Urban II

text: and from

text: Colossians

text: 3: "In Christ there is neither male nor female.:  Isidore indicates that even a person who is not baptized may baptize, since it is the Holy Spirit Who performs the mystery of the Baptism.  Augustine never answered this question.  But the Church has long since determined that Jews and non-baptized heretics can baptize.  It is possible to be saved even without Baptism of Water, if the person has the proper desire, and has no contempt for the Sacrament.  Baptism should not be delayed.

text: Sirach

text: 5, 8: "Delay not to be converted to the Lord and defer it not from day to day."  Children of heretics and Jews should not be baptized against the will of their parents. (See

text: Thought of Thomas Aquinas

text: for a detailed discussion.)  It is beneficial to baptize imbeciles and madmen.  Baptism opens the gates of heaven to sinners.

text: Luke

text: 3,21: "Heaven was opened."  The gloss of

text: Bede

text: "We see here the power of Baptism;  from which when a man comes forth, the gates of the heavenly kingdom are opened to him."  Baptism has an equal effect on all.  Ephesians 4, 5:  "One Faith, One Baptism."  After one has reached the age of reason, it is necessary to receive the Baptism with sincerity.  If the Sacrament is received in bad faith, then one has a change of heart, the effects of Baptism are salutory (Augustine).  From Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 4, Chapter 59:  Bede: "Baptism opens the gates of heaven." A spiritual generation is needed only once, hence baptism is given only once.  The sin of Adam makes a man guilty only once.  Baptism is chiefly directed at this infection.  This excludes the errors of the

text: Donatists

text: or the

text: Rebaptizers

text: (Augustine).

text: Attinghausen has an area, , of . Of this area, 35.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (45.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 13.6% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 2.9% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 0.2% is used for farming or pastures, while 4.8% is used for orchards or vine crops and 30.3% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 0.9% is covered with buildings, 0.4% is classed as special developments, and 0.3% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.1% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.9% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 36.1% is too rocky for vegetation, and 8.4% is other unproductive land.

text: Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shellfish or aquatic plants in either fresh or saltwater, or both. The farmed animals or plants are cared for under a controlled environment to ensure optimum growth, success and profit. When they have reached an appropriate size (often once they reach maturity), they are harvested, processed, and shipped to markets to be sold. Aquaculture is practiced all over the world and is extremely popular in countries such as China, where population is high and fish is a staple part of their everyday diet.

text: Aquaculture

text: is the farming of

text: fish

text: shellfish

text: or

text: aquatic plants

text: in either fresh or saltwater, or both. The farmed animals or plants are cared for under a controlled environment to ensure optimum growth, success and

text: profit

text: . When they have reached an appropriate size (often once they reach

text: maturity

text: ), they are harvested, processed, and shipped to markets to be sold. Aquaculture is practiced all over the world and is extremely popular in countries such as China, where population is high and fish is a staple part of their everyday diet.

text: In philosophy, practical reason is the use of reason to decide how to act. This contrasts with theoretical reason (often called speculative reason), which is the use of reason to decide what to follow. For example: agents use practical reason to decide whether to build a telescope, but theoretical reason to decide which of two theories of light and optics is the best.

text: In

text: philosophy

text: , practical reason is the use of

text: reason

text: to decide how to

text: act

text: . This contrasts with theoretical reason (often called

text: speculative reason

text: ), which is the use of reason to decide what to follow. For example: agents use practical reason to decide whether to build a telescope, but

text: theoretical reason

text: to decide which of two theories of light and optics is the best.

text: PHMG was used in Russia to disinfect hospitals and from 2001 on, it was widely used in South Korea as a disinfectant to prevent microbial contamination in household humidifiers. PHMG was "originally marketed for cleaning a humidifier's water tank but instead used by the public as a water additive to suppress microbial growth."

text: PHMG was used in Russia to disinfect hospitals and from 2001 on, it was widely used in

text: South Korea

text: as a disinfectant to prevent microbial contamination in household

text: humidifier

text: s. PHMG was "originally marketed for cleaning a humidifier's water tank but instead used by the public as a water additive to suppress microbial growth."

text: Superfund works with many agencies from both the federal government and the Navajo Nation in order to properly assess and direct funding to mining sites. These agencies include: the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA), the Indian Health Services (IHS), the Diné Network for Environmental Health (DiNEH), the Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources (NNDWR), the Department of Energy (DOE), and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).The NNEPA was established in 1972 and officially recognized through legislation as a separate regulatory branch of the Navajo Nation in 1995. With the official acceptance of the NNEPA also came the adoption of the Navajo Nation Environmental Policy Act. According to the NNEPA website, their mission is: “With respect to Diné values, to protect human health, land, air and water by developing, implementing and enforcing environmental laws and regulations with a commitment to public participation, sustainability, partnership, and restoration." (Diné is the word for Navajo in the traditional Navajo language) NNEPA consults with the US EPA on site assessments (the US EPA is the lead agency for the Site Assessment Project). NNEPA helps the EPA in assessing and deciding which contaminated structures should be demolished and which water sources should be deemed a human health risk. The two also collaborate to perform community outreach for the Navajo people whose lives are affected by the uranium mining.The Center for Disease Control and the DiNEH Project are also integral players in the assessment of water quality and community outreach. The Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, with funding from the EPA, assist Navajo residents by hauling water for residents near 4 contaminated water sources, a 2.6 million dollar project. Indian Health Services helped fund the 20 million dollar drinking water project started in 2011. This project serves 386 homes near 10 contaminated water sources. The NNEPA, IHS, NNDWR, and DiNEH project have been the main partners with the US EPA in water hauling projects.

text: Superfund works with many agencies from both the federal government and the Navajo Nation in order to properly assess and direct funding to mining sites. These agencies include: the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA), the

text: Indian Health Services

text: (IHS), the Diné Network for Environmental Health (DiNEH), the Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources (NNDWR), the Department of Energy (DOE), and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).The NNEPA was established in 1972 and officially recognized through legislation as a separate regulatory branch of the Navajo Nation in 1995. With the official acceptance of the NNEPA also came the adoption of the Navajo Nation Environmental Policy Act. According to the NNEPA website, their mission is: “With respect to Diné values, to protect human health, land, air and water by developing, implementing and enforcing environmental laws and regulations with a commitment to public participation, sustainability, partnership, and restoration." (Diné is the word for Navajo in the traditional

text: Navajo language

text: ) NNEPA consults with the US EPA on site assessments (the US EPA is the lead agency for the Site Assessment Project). NNEPA helps the EPA in assessing and deciding which contaminated structures should be demolished and which water sources should be deemed a human health risk. The two also collaborate to perform community outreach for the Navajo people whose lives are affected by the uranium mining.The

entity_name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Center for Disease Control

text: and the DiNEH Project are also integral players in the assessment of water quality and community outreach. The Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, with funding from the EPA, assist Navajo residents by hauling water for residents near 4 contaminated water sources, a 2.6 million dollar project. Indian Health Services helped fund the 20 million dollar drinking water project started in 2011. This project serves 386 homes near 10 contaminated water sources. The NNEPA, IHS, NNDWR, and DiNEH project have been the main partners with the US EPA in water hauling projects.

text: Recreational diving or sport diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using scuba equipment.  The term "recreational diving" may also be used in contradistinction to "technical diving", a more demanding aspect of recreational diving which requires greater levels of training, experience and equipment to compensate for the more hazardous conditions associated with the disciplines. Breath-hold diving for recreation also fits into the broader scope of the term, but this article covers the commonly used meaning of scuba diving for recreational purposes, where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near-vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive.

text: Recreational diving or sport diving is

text: diving

text: for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using

text: scuba equipment

text: .  The term "recreational diving" may also be used in contradistinction to "

text: technical diving

text: ", a more demanding aspect of recreational diving which requires greater levels of training, experience and equipment to compensate for the more hazardous conditions associated with the disciplines. Breath-hold diving for recreation also fits into the broader scope of the term, but this article covers the commonly used meaning of scuba diving for recreational purposes, where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near-vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive.

text: An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity in a solution. It is commonly used in hydroponics, aquaculture and freshwater systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.

text: An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the

text: electrical conductivity

text: in a

text: solution

text: . It is commonly used in

text: hydroponics

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: freshwater

text: systems to monitor the amount of nutrients, salts or impurities in the water.

text: Spas were used for millennia for their purported healing or healthful benefits to those wealthy enough or close enough to partake of their waters. This was called a mineral cure and gave let to such phrases as taking a cure and taking the waters. There has always been a mixture of recreational and medicinal connotations involved, from rest and relaxation, stress relief, and convalescence to more specific notions such as humorism. These phrases are still sometimes used today as a euphemism for one trying to kick a drug dependency.

text: Spas were used for millennia for their purported healing or healthful benefits to those wealthy enough or close enough to partake of their waters. This was called a mineral cure and gave let to such phrases as taking a cure and taking the waters. There has always been a mixture of recreational and medicinal

text: connotation

text: s involved, from rest and relaxation,

text: stress relief

text: , and

text: convalescence

text: to more specific notions such as

text: humorism

text: . These phrases are still sometimes used today as a euphemism for one trying to kick a drug dependency.

text: Modern commercial hatcheries for supplying salmon smolts to aquaculture net pens have been shifting to Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) where the water is recycled within the hatchery.  This allows location of the hatchery to be independent of a significant fresh water supply and allows economical temperature control to both speed up and slow down the growth rate to match the needs of the net pens.

text: In colonial times, the term "desert" was often used to describe treeless or uninhabited lands whether they were arid or not. By the 19th century, the term had begun to take on its modern meaning. It was long thought that treeless lands were not good for agriculture; thus the term "desert" also had the connotation of "unfit for farming". While the High Plains are not a desert in the modern sense, in this older sense of the word they were. The region is mostly semi-arid grassland and steppe. Today much of the region supports agriculture through the use of aquifer water irrigation. But in the 19th century, the area's relative lack of water and wood made it seem unfit for farming and uninhabitable by an agriculturally based people.

text: In colonial times, the term "desert" was often used to describe treeless or uninhabited lands whether they were arid or not. By the 19th century, the term had begun to take on its modern meaning. It was long thought that treeless lands were not good for

text: agriculture

text: ; thus the term "desert" also had the connotation of "unfit for farming". While the High Plains are not a desert in the modern sense, in this older sense of the word they were. The region is mostly semi-arid

text: grassland

text: and

text: steppe

text: . Today much of the region supports agriculture through the use of

text: aquifer

text: water

text: irrigation

text: . But in the 19th century, the area's relative lack of water and wood made it seem unfit for farming and uninhabitable by an agriculturally based people.

text: A raceway, also known as a flow-through system, is an artificial channel used in aquaculture to culture aquatic organisms. Raceway systems are among the earliest methods used for inland aquaculture. A raceway usually consists of rectangular basins or canals constructed of concrete and equipped with an inlet and outlet. A continuous water flow-through is maintained to provide the required level of water quality, which allows animals to be cultured at higher densities within the raceway.

text: A raceway, also known as a flow-through system, is an artificial channel used in

text: aquaculture

text: to culture

text: aquatic

text: organisms. Raceway systems are among the earliest methods used for inland aquaculture. A raceway usually consists of rectangular basins or canals constructed of concrete and equipped with an inlet and outlet. A continuous water flow-through is maintained to provide the required level of water quality, which allows animals to be cultured at higher densities within the raceway.

text: Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers is to prevent the growth of Legionella, including species that cause legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease, most notably L. pneumophila, or Mycobacterium avium. The various Legionella species are the cause of Legionnaires' disease in humans and transmission is via exposure to aerosols—the inhalation of mist droplets containing the bacteria. Common sources of Legionella include cooling towers used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems, fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include freshwater ponds and creeks.

text: Another very important reason for using biocides in cooling towers is to prevent the growth of

text: Legionella

text: , including species that cause

text: legionellosis

text: or Legionnaires' disease, most notably L. pneumophila, or

text: Mycobacterium avium

text: . The various Legionella species are the cause of Legionnaires' disease in humans and transmission is via exposure to

text: aerosol

text: s—the inhalation of mist droplets containing the bacteria. Common sources of Legionella include cooling towers used in open recirculating evaporative cooling water systems, domestic hot water systems, fountains, and similar disseminators that tap into a public water supply. Natural sources include freshwater ponds and creeks.

text: A band cincture or sash, known also as a fascia, may be worn with the cassock. The Instruction on the dress of prelates specifies that the two ends that hang down by the side have silk fringes, abolishing the sash with tassels. A black faille fascia is worn by priests, deacons, and major seminarians, while a purple faille fascia is used by bishops, protonotaries apostolic, honorary prelates, and chaplains of His Holiness, when wearing a cassock with coloured trim. A black watered-silk fascia is permitted for priests attached to the papal household, a purple watered-silk fascia for bishops attached to the papal household (for example, Apostolic Nuncios), and a scarlet watered-silk fascia for cardinals. The Pope wears a white watered-silk fascia, sometimes with his coat of arms on the ends.

text: A band cincture or sash, known also as a

text: fascia

text: , may be worn with the cassock. The Instruction on the dress of prelates specifies that the two ends that hang down by the side have silk fringes, abolishing the sash with tassels. A black faille fascia is worn by priests, deacons, and major seminarians, while a purple faille fascia is used by bishops, protonotaries apostolic, honorary prelates, and chaplains of His Holiness, when wearing a cassock with coloured trim. A black watered-silk fascia is permitted for priests attached to the

text: papal household

text: , a purple watered-silk fascia for bishops attached to the papal household (for example,

text: Apostolic Nuncio

text: s), and a scarlet watered-silk fascia for cardinals. The Pope wears a white watered-silk fascia, sometimes with his coat of arms on the ends.

text: The NEW Zoo employs green practices to help reduce its environmental footprint. The goals of using sustainable practices are to significantly reduce the zoo’s negative environmental impact, improve its ecological footprint, and become an environmentally sustainable zoo and green leader. The NEW Zoo's sustainability improvement plan addresses water usage, storm water runoff, energy usage, gaseous discharges, transportation, materials used, waste and waste disposal, and environmental education.

text: As frequency increases into the visible range, photons have enough energy to change the bond structure of some individual molecules. It is not a coincidence that this happens in the "visible range," as the mechanism of vision involves the change in bonding of a single molecule (retinal) which absorbs light in the rhodopsin in the retina of the human eye. Photosynthesis becomes possible in this range as well, for similar reasons, as a single molecule of chlorophyll is excited by a single photon. Animals that detect infrared make use of small packets of water that change temperature, in an essentially thermal process that involves many photons (see infrared sensing in snakes). For this reason, infrared, microwaves and radio waves are thought to damage molecules and biological tissue only by bulk heating, not excitation from single photons of the radiation.

text: As frequency increases into the visible range, photons have enough energy to change the bond structure of some individual molecules. It is not a coincidence that this happens in the "visible range," as the

text: mechanism of vision

text: involves the change in bonding of a single molecule (

text: retinal

text: ) which absorbs light in the

text: rhodopsin

text: in the

text: retina

text: of the human eye.

text: Photosynthesis

text: becomes possible in this range as well, for similar reasons, as a single molecule of

text: chlorophyll

text: is excited by a single photon. Animals that detect infrared make use of small packets of water that change temperature, in an essentially thermal process that involves many photons (see

text: infrared sensing in snakes

text: ). For this reason, infrared, microwaves and radio waves are thought to damage molecules and biological tissue only by bulk heating, not excitation from single photons of the radiation.

text: Some industrial processes, notably in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, need large amounts of very pure water. In these situations, feedwater is first processed into purified water and then further processed to produce ultrapure water.

text: Some industrial processes, notably in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries, need large amounts of very pure water. In these situations, feedwater is first processed into purified water and then further processed to produce

text: ultrapure water

text: Recreational fishing is done for pleasure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a fisher periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Usually some form of fishing tackle is brought on board, such as hooks, lines, sinkers or nets. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from dugout canoes, kayaks, rafts, pontoon boats and small dinghies to runabouts, cabin cruisers and cruising yachts to large, hi-tech and luxurious big game rigs. Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open cockpits at the stern, designed for convenient fishing.

text: Recreational fishing is done for pleasure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a

text: fisher

text: periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Usually some form of

text: fishing tackle

text: is brought on board, such as

text: hooks

text: lines

text: sinkers

text: or

text: nets

text: . Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from

text: dugout canoe

text: s,

text: kayaks

text: raft

text: s,

text: pontoon boat

text: s and small

text: dinghies

text: to

text: runabouts

text: cabin cruiser

text: s and cruising yachts to large, hi-tech and luxurious

text: big game

text: rigs. Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open

text: cockpit

text: s at the

text: stern

text: , designed for convenient fishing.

text: Waste treatment ponds are very efficient even though their design has not changed in years. The plants work well in nearly all environments and can treat most forms of wastewater produced. Treatment ponds are used for smaller purposes in the United States but are used for major cities and factories in the rest of the world, as it is a simple and effective method to treat water. Many improvements have been made to improve their effectiveness and efficiency at turning harmful chemicals and sewage into less harmful forms of the previous. With ponds there is a variety of key elements to take care of in order to be properly maintained for the wastewater to be properly treated. Factors such as oxygen levels and flow through the ponds are just a few of the critical factors to properly maintaining the ponds. These factors are constantly monitored to maintain the pond and gain information on what factors are working the best in order to speed up the breakdown of harmful chemicals at the most efficient rate. Treatment ponds that are aerobic, anaerobic or facultative flow through basins are used in order to begin the water treatment process. Anaerobic ponds are used to treat water with industrial waste whereas aerobic ponds are used to treat water contaminated from other plant processes. Facultative ponds are good to treat raw wastewater and water that was not treated properly in the other ponds because it is both aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic ponds are saturated with dissolved oxygen throughout the entire pond and are shallow enough for light to penetrate the entire depth of the pond. Anaerobic ponds allow the solid waste to settle down at the bottom as a waste sludge while dissolving organic material.

text: Waste treatment ponds are very efficient even though their design has not changed in years. The plants work well in nearly all environments and can treat most forms of

text: wastewater

text: produced. Treatment ponds are used for smaller purposes in the United States but are used for major cities and factories in the rest of the world, as it is a simple and effective method to treat water. Many improvements have been made to improve their effectiveness and efficiency at turning harmful chemicals and sewage into less harmful forms of the previous. With ponds there is a variety of key elements to take care of in order to be properly maintained for the wastewater to be properly treated. Factors such as oxygen levels and flow through the ponds are just a few of the critical factors to properly maintaining the ponds. These factors are constantly monitored to maintain the pond and gain information on what factors are working the best in order to speed up the breakdown of harmful chemicals at the most efficient rate. Treatment ponds that are

text: aerobic

text: anaerobic

text: or

text: facultative

text: flow through basins are used in order to begin the water treatment process. Anaerobic ponds are used to treat water with industrial waste whereas aerobic ponds are used to treat water contaminated from other plant processes. Facultative ponds are good to treat raw wastewater and water that was not treated properly in the other ponds because it is both aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic ponds are saturated with dissolved oxygen throughout the entire pond and are shallow enough for light to penetrate the entire depth of the pond. Anaerobic ponds allow the solid waste to settle down at the bottom as a waste sludge while dissolving organic material.

text: Aquaculture is the farming of fish and other aquatic life in enclosures, such as ponds, lakes and tanks, or cages in rivers and coastal waters. China's 2005 reported harvest was 32.4 million tonnes, more than 10 times that of the second-ranked nation, India, which reported 2.8 million tonnes.

text: Aquaculture

text: is the

text: farming

text: of fish and other aquatic life in enclosures, such as ponds, lakes and tanks, or cages in rivers and coastal waters. China's 2005 reported harvest was 32.4 million

text: tonnes

text: , more than 10 times that of the second-ranked nation,

text: India

text: , which reported 2.8 million tonnes.

text: Wise use groups depict themselves as (and seek to promote themselves as) true environmentalists with close ties to the land, and cast environmental groups as advocating radical environmentalism. Wise use groups also downplay threats to the environment, and highlight uncertainties in environmental science that they argue environmental groups ignore or conceal. Wise use groups also portray the environmentalist movement as having a hidden agenda to control land.

text: Within the agricultural sector, withdrawn water use is for irrigation and for livestock.  Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance of irrigation water) is estimated to account for about 38 percent of US withdrawn freshwater use, the irrigation water used for production of livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9 percent, and other withdrawn freshwater use for the livestock sector (for drinking, washdown of facilities, etc.) is estimated at about 0.7 percent.  Because agriculture is a major user of withdrawn water, changes in the magnitude and efficiency of its water use are important.  In the US, from 1980 (when agriculture’s withdrawn water use peaked) to 2010, there was a 23 percent reduction in agriculture’s use of withdrawn water, while US agricultural output increased by 49 percent over that period.

text: The demand for water for irrigation is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing increased competition between agriculture—already the largest consumer of water resources in semi-arid regions—and urban as well as industrial users. Falling water tables and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be required per acre. Other strategies will be needed to make the most efficient use of water resources. For example, the International Water Management Institute has suggested five strategies that could help Asia feed its growing population in light of climate change. These are:

text: The

text: demand for water

text: for

text: irrigation

text: is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing increased competition between agriculture—already the largest consumer of water resources in

text: semi-arid regions

text: —and urban as well as industrial users. Falling

text: water table

text: s and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be required per

text: acre

text: . Other strategies will be needed to make the most efficient use of water resources. For example, the

entity_name: International Water Management Institute

text: International Water Management Institute

text: has suggested five strategies that could help Asia feed its growing population in light of climate change. These are:

text: One form of wet desiccant water generation involves the use of salt in a concentrated brine solution to absorb the ambient humidity.  These systems then extract the water from the solution and purify it for consumption.  A version of this technology was developed as portable devices which run on generators.  Large versions, mounted on trailers, are said to produce up to  of water per day, at a ratio of up to 5 gallons of water per gallon of fuel.  This technology was contracted for use by the US Army and the US Navy from Terralab and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

text: One form of wet desiccant water generation involves the use of salt in a concentrated

text: brine

text: solution to absorb the ambient humidity.  These systems then extract the water from the solution and purify it for consumption.  A version of this technology was developed as portable devices which run on

text: generator

text: s.  Large versions, mounted on trailers, are said to produce up to  of water per day, at a ratio of up to 5 gallons of water per gallon of fuel.  This technology was contracted for use by the US Army and the US Navy from Terralab and the

text: Federal Emergency Management Agency

text: (FEMA).

text: For reasons not yet well understood, some abalone can be infected with the bacterium without developing the disease. It is believed, however, that changes in environmental conditions, such as warmer than normal water temperatures, may induce the disease in abalone that already harbor the bacterium. For this reason, the spread of the bacterium could lead to further declines in abalone populations, especially during El Niño events, when water temperatures rise.

text: For reasons not yet well understood, some abalone can be infected with the bacterium without developing the disease. It is believed, however, that changes in environmental conditions, such as warmer than normal water temperatures, may induce the disease in abalone that already harbor the bacterium. For this reason, the spread of the bacterium could lead to further declines in abalone populations, especially during

text: El Niño

text: events, when water temperatures rise.

text: Other uses of fluorescein include using it as a water-soluble dye added to rainwater in environmental testing simulations to aid in locating and analyzing any water leaks, and in Australia and New Zealand as a methylated spirit dye.

text: Other uses of fluorescein include using it as a water-soluble dye added to

text: rainwater

text: in environmental testing simulations to aid in locating and analyzing any water leaks, and in Australia and New Zealand as a

text: methylated spirit

text: dye.

text: While Pakimé pottery is inspired by pre-Hispanic pottery, it is not an exact copy. Unlike other parts of Mexico, the pottery tradition broke completely here sometime during the colonial period. The current residents do not consider themselves to be the descendents of the Casas Grandes culture nor do their traditions tie to it. No one before Quezada's generation was involved with pottery. This has allowed the potters to experiment and test the limits of form and design, unlike many other Mexican potters who are constrained by generations of tradition. However, Quezada's recreation is interesting because he recreated two of the basic potting techniques from the pre-Hispanic period, the coil and molding methods. The raw clay is dug with a pick and shovel in the rugged foothills outside the town. It is cleaned by soaking it in water until it can be poured through a sieve. White clay is a favorite to work with but many colors are used. A potter's wheel is not used. The bottom of the pot is molded and the upper part is created by the coil method. When the pot is dry, it is rubbed with a stone or other hard object to make it shine. This can take days. Pots are fired on the open ground using wood and manure for fuel. Paints are made with mineral pigments collected locally. The pigments are ground into a powder using a metate grinding stone, then mixed with clay to  make a milky fluid paint. Many use traditional colors such as red, white and earth tones, but brighter colors have also been used. Brushes are made from dog, cat and even human hair.

text: According to another USGS study of withdrawals from 66 major US aquifers, the three greatest uses of water extracted from aquifers were agriculture (irrigation) (68%), public water supply (19%), and self-supplied industrial (4%). The remaining about 8% of groundwater withdrawals were for “self-supplied domestic, aquaculture, livestock, mining, and thermoelectric power uses.”

text: According to another USGS study of withdrawals from 66 major US aquifers, the three greatest uses of water extracted from aquifers were

text: agriculture

text: irrigation

text: ) (68%), public

text: water supply

text: (19%), and self-supplied industrial (4%). The remaining about 8% of groundwater withdrawals were for “self-supplied domestic,

text: aquaculture

text: livestock

text: mining

text: , and

text: thermoelectric power

text: uses.”

text: Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Such designs may employ solar water disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide  photocatalyst, typically supported TiO in its anatase or rutile phases. Despite progress in SODIS technology, military surplus water treatment units like the ERDLator are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.

text: Appropriate technology

text: options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale

text: point-of-use

text: (POU) designs. Such designs may employ

text: solar water disinfection

text: methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide

text: photocatalyst

text: , typically supported

text: TiO

text: in its

text: anatase

text: or

text: rutile

text: phases. Despite progress in

text: SODIS

text: technology, military surplus water treatment units like the

text: ERDLator

text: are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style

entity_section: Military use: the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit

text: Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit

text: s (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.

text: Advantages of land spreading are the low treatment cost and the possibility that the approach could improve soil characteristics. Land spreading is most effectively used for drilling wastes that have low levels of hydrocarbons and salts. Potential concerns include the need for large land areas; the relatively slow degradation process (the rate of biodegradation is controlled by the inherent biodegradation properties of the waste constituents, soil temperature, soil-water content, and contact between the microorganisms and the wastes); and the need for analyses, tests, and demonstrations. Also, high concentrations of soluble salts or metals can limit the use of land spreading.

text: In order to support interactive, on-screen use with reasonable performance, changes were needed:

text: The residents of urban areasin particular Antananarivohave been hardest hit by economic downturns and economic policy shifts. The national economic crisis in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, and the World Bank's imposition of a structural adjustment program lowered living standards for the average resident of the city. The end of state subsidies, rapid inflation, higher taxes, widespread impoverishment and the decline of the middle class were especially evident in Antananarivo, as was the growing wealth of a tiny political and economic elite in the city. In 2007, two thirds of Antananarivo residents had access to electricity, while ten percent of households owned a scooter, car or other motor vehicle. Running water was installed in fewer than 25 percent of homes, small restaurants and businesses in 2007, necessitating the collection of water from household wells or neighborhood pumps and the use of outdoor pit toilets detached from the main building. In 2007, 60 percent of households were using shared public latrines. Most homes use charcoal for daily cooking; stocks of charcoal and rice are kept in the kitchen. The average city household spends just under half of its budget on food. Owing to its increasingly high cost, consumption of meat by city residents has sharply declined since the 1970s; the urban poor eat meat on holidays only once or twice a year.

text: The residents of urban areasin particular Antananarivohave been hardest hit by economic downturns and economic policy shifts. The national economic crisis in the mid-1970s and early 1980s, and the

text: World Bank

text: 's imposition of a

text: structural adjustment program

text: lowered living standards for the average resident of the city. The end of state subsidies, rapid inflation, higher taxes, widespread impoverishment and the decline of the middle class were especially evident in Antananarivo, as was the growing wealth of a tiny political and economic elite in the city. In 2007, two thirds of Antananarivo residents had access to electricity, while ten percent of households owned a scooter, car or other motor vehicle. Running water was installed in fewer than 25 percent of homes, small restaurants and businesses in 2007, necessitating the collection of water from household wells or neighborhood pumps and the use of outdoor

text: pit toilet

text: s detached from the main building. In 2007, 60 percent of households were using shared public latrines. Most homes use charcoal for daily cooking; stocks of charcoal and rice are kept in the kitchen. The average city household spends just under half of its budget on food. Owing to its increasingly high cost, consumption of meat by city residents has sharply declined since the 1970s; the urban poor eat meat on holidays only once or twice a year.

text: In building the library, the Construction Management and Design Team were asked to make estimates of the construction costs, the schedule of the project and the environmental impact on the surrounding areas. The environmental factors include, but were not limited to noise, dust, water and debris control. In addition, contractors needed to control the amount of pollution they were ejecting into the atmosphere. For that matter, the amount of dust and debris produced were controlled by requiring the contractors to provide proper dust control materials. The noise and dust risks were minimized through the use of muffled hammers and exhausts. The contractors were also required to control the surface water in order to minimize damage to the project and adjacent buildings. They needed to provide and operate hydraulic equipment of adequate capacity to control the surface water.

text: In building the library, the Construction Management and Design Team were asked to make estimates of the construction costs, the schedule of the project and the environmental impact on the surrounding areas. The environmental factors include, but were not limited to noise, dust, water and debris control. In addition, contractors needed to control the amount of pollution they were ejecting into the

text: atmosphere

text: . For that matter, the amount of dust and debris produced were controlled by requiring the contractors to provide proper dust control materials. The noise and dust risks were minimized through the use of muffled hammers and exhausts. The contractors were also required to control the surface water in order to minimize damage to the project and adjacent buildings. They needed to provide and operate

text: hydraulic

text: equipment of adequate capacity to control the surface water.

text: In 1970, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant brought together a group of oceanographers, engineers and marine biologists to explore whether offshore aquaculture, which was then considered a futuristic activity, was feasible. In the United States, the future of offshore aquaculture technology within federal waters has become much talked-about. As many commercial operations show, it is now technically possible to culture finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds using offshore aquaculture technology.

text: In 1970, a

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA) grant brought together a group of

text: oceanographer

text: s, engineers and

text: marine biologist

text: s to explore whether offshore aquaculture, which was then considered a futuristic activity, was feasible. In the United States, the future of offshore aquaculture technology within federal waters has become much talked-about. As many commercial operations show, it is now technically possible to culture finfish, shellfish, and

text: seaweeds

text: using offshore aquaculture technology.

text: Perceptually bistable stimuli are often used to test for cue recruitment because they allow the experimenter to measure very small cue-contingent biases in appearance.  Bistable stimuli are useful for a second reason as well: trainees can easily report appearance for these stimuli.  As a result, if learning occurs during the experiment, the experimenter can be sure that the learning caused a change in how the stimulus looked, rather than a change in the explicit strategy used by the trainee during responding.

text: Consumptive water use is water removed from available supplies without return to a water resource system (e.g., water used in manufacturing, agriculture, and food preparation that is not returned to a stream, river, or water treatment plant). Evaporation from the surface of the earth into clouds of water in the air which then falls to the ground as "rain" is excluded from this model. Crop consumptive water use is the amount of water transpired during plant growth plus what evaporates from the soil surface and foliage in the crop area.  The portion of water consumed in crop production depends on many factors, especially the irrigation technology.

text: Consumptive water use is water removed from available supplies without return to a

text: water resource

text: system (e.g., water used in manufacturing, agriculture, and

text: food preparation

text: that is not returned to a stream, river, or

text: water treatment

text: plant).

text: Evaporation

text: from the surface of the earth into clouds of water in the air which then falls to the ground as "rain" is excluded from this model. Crop consumptive water use is the amount of water transpired during plant growth plus what evaporates from the soil surface and foliage in the crop area.  The portion of water consumed in crop production depends on many factors, especially the

text: irrigation

text: technology.

text: Residents mainly use water from well], as well as natural river water and rainwater.  The district has 34,788 wells. 2600 households are using natural river water. Overall about 70% of the population have water in the toilets. Currently, the water project in Quang Minh is in the process of funding and construction.

text: Residents mainly use water from well], as well as natural river water and rainwater.  The district has 34,788 wells. 2600 households are using natural river water. Overall about 70% of the population have water in the toilets. Currently, the water project in

text: Quang Minh

text: is in the process of funding and construction.

text: In an average year, about 39% of California's water consumption, or 34.1 million acre-feet, is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 10.8%, or 8.9 million acre-feet is not consumed by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28.2% of California's water consumption, or 25.2 million acre-feet. This water irrigates almost , which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year.

text: In an average year, about 39% of

text: California

text: 's water consumption, or 34.1 million acre-feet, is used for agricultural purposes. Of that total, 10.8%, or 8.9 million acre-feet is not consumed by the farms for crop production but is instead recycled and reused by other water users, including environmental use, urban use, and agricultural use, yielding net water consumption for food and fiber production equal to 28.2% of

text: California

text: 's water consumption, or 25.2 million acre-feet. This water irrigates almost , which grows 350 different crops. Agricultural water usage varies depending on the amount of rainfall each year.

text: The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there were 22 households at Water Newton. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Water Newton in 1086 is that it was within the range of 77 and 110 people.

text: In 2004, the Coalition reached a landmark settlement with the EPA that required a major overhaul of the state’s water quality standards, including new recreational-use protections for  of streams and improved protections for the Current River, Jacks Fork and Eleven Point River. Prior to the settlement, more than 90% of the state’s surface waters were not required to be clean enough for safe recreational use. MCE continues to press for strong water quality standards and Clean Water Act protections for the remaining  of small streams that the state currently deems "unclassified".

text: In 2004, the Coalition reached a landmark settlement with the EPA that required a major overhaul of the state’s water quality standards, including new recreational-use protections for  of streams and improved protections for the

text: Current River

text: Jacks Fork

text: and

text: Eleven Point River

text: . Prior to the settlement, more than 90% of the state’s surface waters were not required to be clean enough for safe recreational use. MCE continues to press for strong water quality standards and

text: Clean Water Act

text: protections for the remaining  of small streams that the state currently deems "unclassified".

text: The 7 members involved in re-organization were very close to each other historically. Northwest Agricultural University has the biggest area and the longest history out of 7 members and are the origin of Institute of Water Resource Sciences (Northwest China) and Northwest Forestry College. Her history can be dated back to 1934(Year 23 in Minguo calendar) when National Northwest Senior College of Agriculture and Forestry (the predecessor of Northwest Agricultural University) was founded by the Senior Politician of Kuomintang Mr. Yu Youren, Kuomintang veteran member Tai Chi-tao, Kuomintang General Yang Hucheng .In 1937 and 1938, the Senior College merged with College of Agriculture of National Northwest Associated University and Department of Animal Husbandry in College of Agriculture of National Henan University (河南大学) respectively, then was renamed as National Northwest Agricultural College. Meanwhile, Department of Water Conservancy of National Lanzhou University （兰州大学） joined the College. Following the establishment of P.R.China in 1949, "National" was deleted from the College name although it remains a government funded academic school. In 1952, Department of Agricultural Water Conservancy was partially given to Xi'an Jiaotong University （西安交通大学） under the order of The State Council. 2 years later, the remained Department of Agricultural Water Conservancy became an independent academic institution which is the mold of Institute of Water Resource Sciences (Northwest China). In 1979, Northwest Forestry College came out to be an independent school from Department of Forestry in Northwest Agricultural College. In 1985, with the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery, the University name changed to be Northwest Agricultural University.

text: The 7 members involved in re-organization were very close to each other historically. Northwest Agricultural University has the biggest area and the longest history out of 7 members and are the origin of Institute of Water Resource Sciences (Northwest China) and Northwest Forestry College. Her history can be dated back to 1934(Year 23 in

text: Minguo calendar

text: ) when National Northwest Senior College of Agriculture and Forestry (the predecessor of Northwest Agricultural University) was founded by the Senior Politician of

text: Kuomintang

text: Mr.

text: Yu Youren

text: , Kuomintang veteran member

text: Tai Chi-tao

text: , Kuomintang General

text: Yang Hucheng

text: .In 1937 and 1938, the Senior College merged with College of Agriculture of National Northwest Associated University and Department of Animal Husbandry in College of Agriculture of National

text: Henan University

text: (河南大学) respectively, then was renamed as National Northwest Agricultural College. Meanwhile, Department of Water Conservancy of National

text: Lanzhou University

text: （兰州大学） joined the College. Following the establishment of P.R.China in 1949, "National" was deleted from the College name although it remains a government funded academic school. In 1952, Department of Agricultural Water Conservancy was partially given to

text: Xi'an Jiaotong University

text: （西安交通大学） under the order of The State Council. 2 years later, the remained Department of Agricultural Water Conservancy became an independent academic institution which is the mold of Institute of Water Resource Sciences (Northwest China). In 1979, Northwest Forestry College came out to be an independent school from Department of Forestry in Northwest Agricultural College. In 1985, with the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery, the University name changed to be Northwest Agricultural University.

text: Water supply and sanitation:There is pipe line water supply / 10 taps from PHE department which are covering around 150 households of 534.There are 312 families who are having the sanitation materials from GP but many of them are not using / not installed as it was not in priority list of these households. Around 180 families including private are using the sanitation.

text: The spinning wheel was a medieval invention that increased thread making productivity by a factor greater than ten.  One of the early developments that preceded the Industrial Revolution was the stocking frame (loom) of c. 1589.  Later in the Industrial Revolution came the flying shuttle, a simple device that doubled the productivity of weaving.  Spinning thread had been a limiting factor in cloth making requiring 10 spinners using the spinning wheel to supply one weaver.  With the spinning jenny a spinner could spin eight threads at once.  The water frame (Ptd. 1768) adapted water power to spinning, but it could only spin one thread at a time. The water frame was easy to operate and many could be located in a single building.  The spinning mule (1779) allowed a large number of threads to be spun by a single machine using water power.  A change in consumer preference for cotton at the time of increased cloth production resulted in the invention of the cotton gin (Ptd. 1794).  Steam power eventually was used as a supplement to water during the Industrial Revolution, and both were used until electrification.  A graph of productivity of spinning technologies can be found in Ayres (1989), along with much other data related this article.

text: The

text: spinning wheel

text: was a medieval invention that increased thread making productivity by a factor greater than ten.  One of the early developments that preceded the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: was the

text: stocking frame

text: (loom) of c. 1589.  Later in the Industrial Revolution came the

text: flying shuttle

text: , a simple device that doubled the productivity of weaving.  Spinning thread had been a limiting factor in cloth making requiring 10 spinners using the

text: spinning wheel

text: to supply one weaver.  With the

text: spinning jenny

text: a spinner could spin eight threads at once.  The

text: water frame

text: (Ptd. 1768) adapted water power to spinning, but it could only spin one thread at a time. The water frame was easy to operate and many could be located in a single building.  The

text: spinning mule

text: (1779) allowed a large number of threads to be spun by a single machine using water power.  A change in consumer preference for cotton at the time of increased cloth production resulted in the invention of the

text: cotton gin

text: (Ptd. 1794).  Steam power eventually was used as a supplement to water during the Industrial Revolution, and both were used until electrification.  A graph of productivity of spinning technologies can be found in Ayres (1989), along with much other data related this article.

text: Ultrapure water is used extensively in the semiconductor industry; this is the highest grade of UPW quality. Consumption by the semiconductor industry can be compared to the water consumption of a small city; a single factory can utilize high-purity water at a rate of 2 MGD, or ~5500 m/day. The use of UPW varies; it may be used to rinse the wafer after application of chemicals, to dilute the chemicals themselves, in optics systems for immersion photolithography, or as make-up to cooling fluid in some critical applications. UPW is even sometimes used as a humidification source for the cleanroom environment.

text: Ultrapure water is used extensively in the

text: semiconductor industry

text: ; this is the highest grade of UPW quality. Consumption by the semiconductor industry can be compared to the water consumption of a small city; a single factory can utilize high-purity water at a rate of 2 MGD, or ~5500 m/day. The use of UPW varies; it may be used to rinse the

text: wafer

text: after application of chemicals, to dilute the chemicals themselves, in optics systems for immersion

text: photolithography

text: , or as make-up to cooling fluid in some critical applications. UPW is even sometimes used as a humidification source for the

text: cleanroom

text: environment.

text: Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.

text: Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both

text: net material product

text: and

text: total employment

text: before the

text: dissolution of the Soviet Union

text: in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of

text: transition

text: and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.

text: The Middlesex Water Company provides regulated and non-regulated water related services in New Jersey and Delaware.  These services include collecting, treating, distributing and selling water for domestic, commercial, municipal and industrial uses.

text: Treated mains water is the norm in the UK, and standards are required by legislation to be high. As such any pollution would have to be removed by the water companies by law. Private water wells are rare, around 62,000 households, out of 23.4 million households or 2.6%. In rural areas of the US, private wells are common (15%), and small communities are served by investor-owned utilities, or community schemes. UK households would therefore be expected to be less at risk than those in the US.

text: Treated mains water is the norm in the UK, and standards are required by legislation to be high. As such any pollution would have to be removed by the water companies by law. Private water wells are rare, around 62,000 households, out of 23.4 million households or 2.6%. In rural areas of the US, private wells are common (15%), and small communities are served by investor-owned utilities, or community schemes. UK households would therefore be expected to be less at risk than

entity_name: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

text: those in the US

text: These electronics produce vast amounts of waste when not properly dismantled or disposed of. E-waste disposal sites, such as one in Guiyu, China, are also subjects of controversy. In the town heaps of discarded computer parts rise near the riverbanks and their toxic substances, such as cadmium, copper, lead, PBDEs, and numerous persistent organic compounds, seep into and poison the local water supply. Water samples taken by the Basel Action Network in 2001 from the Lianjiang River contained lead levels 190 times higher than WHO safety standards. After the e-waste began arriving the groundwater in Guiyu became undrinkable. As a consequence, the villages must get their drinking water trucked in, which is quite expensive causing people to still use the contaminated water for some activities. These chemicals and toxins bioaccumulate in fatty tissue and biomagnify up the food chain. In Guiyu, labourers with no protective clothing regularly burn plastics and circuit boards from old computers. They pour acid on electronic parts to extract silver and gold, and crush cathode ray tubes from computer monitors to remove other valuable metals, such as lead. Nearly 80 percent of children in the e-waste hub of Guiyu, China, suffer from lead poisoning, according to recent reports.

text: These electronics produce vast amounts of waste when not properly dismantled or disposed of.

text: E-waste

text: disposal sites, such as one in

text: Guiyu

text: China

text: , are also subjects of controversy. In the town heaps of discarded computer parts rise near the riverbanks and their toxic substances, such as

text: cadmium

text: copper

text: , lead,

text: PBDEs

text: , and numerous persistent organic compounds, seep into and poison the local water supply. Water samples taken by the

text: Basel Action Network

text: in 2001 from the Lianjiang River contained lead levels 190 times higher than WHO safety standards. After the e-waste began arriving the groundwater in Guiyu became undrinkable. As a consequence, the villages must get their drinking water trucked in, which is quite expensive causing people to still use the contaminated water for some activities. These chemicals and toxins bioaccumulate in fatty tissue and biomagnify up the food chain. In Guiyu, labourers with no protective clothing regularly burn plastics and circuit boards from old computers. They pour acid on electronic parts to extract

text: silver

text: and

text: gold

text: , and crush

text: cathode ray tubes

text: from computer monitors to remove other valuable metals, such as lead. Nearly 80 percent of children in the

text: e-waste hub of Guiyu, China

text: , suffer from lead poisoning, according to recent reports.

text: Some examples of typically allowed reasons for name changes in the U.S. include:

text: Aquaculture played a minor role in the harvesting of marine organisms until the 1970s. Growth in aquaculture increased rapidly in 1990s when the rate of wild capture plateaued. Aquaculture now provides approximately half of all harvested aquatic organisms. Aquaculture production rates continue to grow while wild harvest remains steady.

text: The City of Spokane provides municipal water, wastewater management, and solid waste management. Spokane operates Washington's only waste-to-energy plant as well as two solid waste transfer stations as part of the Spokane Regional Solid Waste System, a collaboration between the City of Spokane and Spokane County. Electricity generated by the waste-to-energy plant is used to operate the facility, with excess energy being sold to Puget Sound Energy. Spokane draws its water from the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer; this  "sole source aquifer" is the only water supply for Spokane County in Washington, and for Kootenai and Bonner counties in Idaho. Serving over 500,000 people, the aquifer is distinguished in being one of the largest aquifers in the country at 10 trillion gallons, as well as having one of the fastest flow rates in the country at 60 feet per day, and for its purity.

text: The City of Spokane provides municipal

text: water

text: wastewater management

text: , and

text: solid waste management

text: . Spokane operates Washington's only

text: waste-to-energy

text: plant as well as two solid waste

text: transfer station

text: s as part of the Spokane Regional Solid Waste System, a collaboration between the City of Spokane and Spokane County. Electricity generated by the waste-to-energy plant is used to operate the facility, with excess energy being sold to

text: Puget Sound Energy

text: . Spokane draws its water from the

text: Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer

text: ; this  "sole source aquifer" is the only water supply for Spokane County in Washington, and for

text: Kootenai

text: and

text: Bonner

text: counties in Idaho. Serving over 500,000 people, the aquifer is distinguished in being one of the

text: largest aquifers in the country

text: at 10 trillion gallons, as well as having one of the fastest

text: flow rates

text: in the country at 60 feet per day, and for its purity.

text: Recreational uses of the park include cooking out, camping, picnicking,swimming, skiing boating, mountain biking, and the most popular recreational use of the lake is fishing. Boat ramps areavailable throughout the lake. Lake Casa Blanca formerly supplied water to the Casa Blanca Golf Course nearby until drought conditions forced alternative means to be explored.

text: Recreational uses of the park include

text: cooking out

text: camping

text: picnicking

text: swimming

text: , skiing

text: boating

text: mountain biking

text: , and the most popular recreational use of the lake is

text: fishing

text: . Boat ramps areavailable throughout the lake. Lake Casa Blanca formerly supplied water to the Casa Blanca Golf Course nearby until drought conditions forced alternative means to be explored.

text: Social norms are often not clearly articulated for sustainable or pro-environmental conduct. A good example is the consumption of bottled water. Many people are generally unaware of the negative environmental consequences associated with the production and consumption of bottled water. A recent study by van der Linden (2013) uses the 'informational social influence' hypothesis to illustrate that people are more likely to reduce their consumption of bottled water when simple information on negative impacts is preceded by 'social proof' that referent others have already started to behave pro-environmentally as well (i.e., illustrating the appropriate social norm).

text: During a 40-year period of private ownership prior to the state’s acquisition in 1994, over  of forest roads and ditches were constructed on the property to accommodate intensive commercial forest management operations. Most of the area was planted with pine monoculture and the drainage canals dried what had been previously wetlands.  There was extensive loss of habitat and wildlife. Apalachicola Bay suffered from the loss of the previously continuous fresh water flow into the bay provided by the wetlands, adding to the effect of loss of water flow into the bay from the Apalachicola River. Causes include surface water use upstream of the Apalachicola River basin, such as supplying drinking water to the city of Atlanta, and agriculture use in Georgia. Debate over the use of water in this basin is the subject of a long-standing feud among the three southern states over which use or which user takes precedence over the others. A recent court ruling sets forth the history of water use in the upper reaches of the basin.

text: During a 40-year period of private ownership prior to the state’s acquisition in 1994, over  of forest roads and ditches were constructed on the property to accommodate intensive commercial forest management operations. Most of the area was planted with pine

text: monoculture

text: and the drainage canals dried what had been previously wetlands.  There was extensive loss of habitat and wildlife. Apalachicola Bay suffered from the loss of the previously continuous fresh water flow into the bay provided by the wetlands, adding to the effect of loss of water flow into the bay from the

text: Apalachicola River

text: . Causes include surface water use upstream of the

text: Apalachicola River

text: basin, such as supplying drinking water to the city of

text: Atlanta

text: , and agriculture use in

text: Georgia

text: . Debate over the use of water in this basin is the subject of a long-standing feud among the three southern states over which use or which user takes precedence over the others. A recent court ruling sets forth the history of water use in the upper reaches of the basin.

text: In addition to treating the liquid waste excreted by fish the solid waste must also be treated, this is done by concentrating and flushing the solids out of the system. Removing solids reduces bacteria growth, oxygen demand, and the proliferation of disease. The simplest method for removing solids is the creation of settling basin where the relative velocity of the water is slow and particles can settle at the bottom of the tank where they are either flushed out or vacuumed out manually using a siphon. However, this method is not viable for RAS operations where a small footprint is desired. Typical RAS solids removal involves a sand filter or particle filter where solids become lodged and can be periodically backflushed out of the filter. Another common method is the use of a mechanical drum filter where water is run over a rotating drum screen that is periodically cleaned by pressurized spray nozzles, and the resulting slurry is treated or sent down the drain. In order to remove extremely fine particles or colloidal solids a protein fractionator may be used with or without the addition of ozone (O).

text: In addition to treating the liquid waste excreted by fish the solid waste must also be treated, this is done by concentrating and flushing the solids out of the system. Removing solids reduces bacteria growth, oxygen demand, and the proliferation of

text: disease

text: . The simplest method for removing solids is the creation of settling basin where the relative velocity of the water is slow and particles can settle at the bottom of the tank where they are either flushed out or vacuumed out manually using a siphon. However, this method is not viable for RAS operations where a small footprint is desired. Typical RAS solids removal involves a sand filter or particle filter where solids become lodged and can be periodically backflushed out of the filter. Another common method is the use of a mechanical drum filter where water is run over a rotating drum screen that is periodically cleaned by pressurized spray nozzles, and the resulting slurry is treated or sent down the drain. In order to remove extremely fine particles or colloidal solids a protein fractionator may be used with or without the addition of ozone (O).

text: The Contra Costa Canal is used for agricultural, industrial, and municipal water purposes. Due to the water used for water supply for different cities, the canal is fenced off from the public.  The canal provides water for the largest urban contractor of the Central Valley Project, the Contra Costa Water District. It is part of the Central Valley Project managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to divert Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta water from Rock Slough as far as Martinez, California in Central Contra Costa County.

text: The Contra Costa Canal is used for agricultural, industrial, and municipal water purposes. Due to the water used for water supply for different cities, the canal is fenced off from the public.  The canal provides water for the largest urban contractor of the Central Valley Project, the

text: Contra Costa Water District

text: . It is part of the

text: Central Valley Project

text: managed by the

text: United States Bureau of Reclamation

text: to divert Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta water from Rock Slough as far as

text: Martinez, California

text: in Central

text: Contra Costa County

text: The Tao-Tao River and the four (4) creeks found in the municipality named Porvida, Gaddanan, Macañao and Balaobao are likewise tapped to supply water to elevated portions of agricultural lands through the use of water pumps.

text: As part of this review process, Durban has now changed its implementation of the free basic water policy: Households living in properties that are valued above a certain threshold now must prove that their income is below the poverty limit, in order to continue to receive free basic water. The reason for the change was that most of those benefiting from free basic water were not poor. They used less than amount of free basic water - 9 cubic meters per month in the case of Durban - for the simple reason that there were two or less residents in the household.

text: Civil engineering professors, James Bolton and Mohamed Gamal El-Din, from the University of Alberta are working on an experimental method that uses sunlight to react with the bleach or chlorine added to wastewater to produce hydroxyl radicals. These powerful oxidative reagents can potentially remove enduring toxins from tailings ponds or waste water in cities.

text: Civil engineering professors, James Bolton and Mohamed Gamal El-Din, from the University of Alberta are working on an experimental method that uses sunlight to react with the bleach or chlorine added to wastewater to produce

text: hydroxyl radicals

text: . These powerful

text: oxidative reagents

text: can potentially remove enduring toxins from tailings ponds or waste water in cities.

text: In the United States, Water Quality Standards are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA. These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a state environmental agency. EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the pollutant(s) impairing the use of the water. These TMDLs establish the reductions needed to fully support the designated uses.

text: In the United States,

text: Water Quality Standards

text: are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA. These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a

text: state environmental agency

text: . EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: s (TMDLs) for the pollutant(s) impairing the use of the water. These TMDLs establish the reductions needed to fully support the designated uses.

text: An agricultural organization is an organization such as the American Farm Bureau Federation which advocates the interests of farmers, ranchers or agribusiness or provides information about agriculture. "Agriculture" is often informally shortened to "ag". Agricultural organizations vary in terms of the sector they represent and in terms of their policy orientation.

text: An agricultural organization is an

text: organization

text: such as the

text: American Farm Bureau Federation

text: which advocates the interests of

text: farmer

text: s,

text: rancher

text: s or

text: agribusiness

text: or provides information about

text: agriculture

text: . "Agriculture" is often informally shortened to "ag". Agricultural organizations vary in terms of the sector they represent and in terms of their policy orientation.

text: Local government is attempting to use aquaculture as a springboard to eliminate poverty and improve local economy. Up to 2000, aquaculture had created 370,000 jobs directly and indirectly; a total of RMB 4.5 billion had been invested, drawing an annual output value of RMB 2 billion.

text: The recreation centre was used for water football(football in ankle-deep water), beach volleyball and beach football activities. The beach volleyball and beach football courts use sand that was specially imported for the Swatch FIVB World Tour '2007 tournament in Sentosa and the soccer court was an inflatable water soccer court bought from overseas.

text: The recreation centre was used for water football(football in ankle-deep water), beach volleyball and beach football activities. The beach volleyball and beach football courts use sand that was specially imported for the Swatch FIVB World Tour '2007 tournament in

text: Sentosa

text: and the soccer court was an inflatable water soccer court bought from overseas.

text: The use of water for industrial purposes include the "utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product." Industries that are found to be water-intensive are involved in the manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical products, and textile materials. These industries are usually found in the National Capital Region, CALABARZON, and Region III. In a study by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1999, the intensive use of water in industry is critical in terms of the production of hazardous wastes. Thousands of tons solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants, and intractable wastes are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila.

text: Water Supply and Sanitation in Iraq is characterized by poor water and service quality. Three decades of war, combined with limited environmental awareness, have destroyed Iraq's water resources management system. Thus, Iraq faces difficulties to realize the target of 91% of households using safe drinking water supply by 2015. Currently, 16% of households report daily problems with supply and 20% use an unsafe drinking water source. Furthermore, leaking sewage pipes and septic tanks pollute the drinking water network.(11)

text: Water Supply and Sanitation in Iraq is characterized by poor

text: water

text: and service quality. Three decades of war, combined with limited environmental awareness, have destroyed

text: Iraq

text: 's

text: water resources management

text: system. Thus, Iraq faces difficulties to realize the target of 91% of households using safe

text: drinking water

text: supply by 2015. Currently, 16% of households report daily problems with supply and 20% use an unsafe drinking water source. Furthermore, leaking sewage pipes and

text: septic tank

text: s pollute the drinking water network.(11)

text: Paper shredders are used to cut paper into chad, typically either strips or fine particles. Government organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents. The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor Abbot Augustus Low of Horseshoe, New York. His patent for a "waste paper receptacle" to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper received a U.S. patent on August 31, 1909.

text: Paper shredders are used to cut paper into chad, typically either strips or fine particles. Government organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents. The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor

text: Abbot Augustus Low

text: of Horseshoe, New York. His patent for a "waste paper receptacle" to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper received a U.S. patent on August 31, 1909.

text: This water body is Harare's main water supply. The water is also used for irrigation purposes and commercial fishing.

text: This water body is

text: Harare

text: 's main water supply. The water is also used for irrigation purposes and commercial fishing.

text: As of 2006, there were an estimated 43.5 million people involved in capturing or raising seafood, 85.5% of whom lived in Asia. About  were fishers and the remainder fish farmers. In 2012, total global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and other aquatic animals was a record 158 million metric tons (174 million tons), of which 91.3 million metric tons (100 million tons) were caught in the wild. This is also a record if ignoring the Peruvian anchovy, whose population can vary dramatically with the El Niño cycle. The overall trend remains increasing, but due to expanding aquaculture in inland waters and mariculture in the sea rather than higher catches in the wild. The exclusive economic zones around coastal countries under the UNCLOS regime have permitted states to institute quota and other management systems over the most productive regions of the sea, accounting for around 87% of the annual harvest. The results are sometimes dramatic—the lull in fishing over the course of the First World War saw the North Sea's 1919 catch double 1913's—and sometimes much less so: two decades on, the levels of cod in the Grand Banks remain only 10% of their peak. At present, the species most frequently landed are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, and salmon. A number of these, as well as large predatory fish, remain well below historical levels.

text: As of 2006, there were an estimated 43.5 million people involved in

text: capturing

text: or

text: raising

text: seafood

text: , 85.5% of whom lived in

text: Asia

text: . About  were

text: fishers

text: and the remainder

text: fish farmers

text: . In 2012,

text: total global production

text: of

text: fish

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s, and other

text: aquatic animals

text: was a record 158 million

text: metric ton

text: s (174 million

text: ton

text: s), of which 91.3 million

text: metric ton

text: s (100 million

text: tons

text: ) were caught in the wild. This is also a record if ignoring the

text: Peruvian

text: anchovy

text: , whose population can vary dramatically with the

text: El Niño

text: cycle. The overall trend remains increasing, but due to expanding

text: aquaculture

text: in inland waters and

text: mariculture

text: in the sea rather than higher catches in the wild. The

text: exclusive economic zone

text: s around coastal countries under the

text: UNCLOS regime

text: have permitted states to institute

text: quota

text: and other management systems over the most productive regions of the sea, accounting for around 87% of the annual harvest. The results are sometimes dramatic—the lull in fishing over the course of the

text: First World War

text: saw the

text: North Sea

text: 's 1919 catch double 1913's—and sometimes much less so: two decades on, the levels of cod in the Grand Banks remain only 10% of their peak. At present, the species most frequently landed are

text: herring

text: cod

text: anchovy

text: tuna

text: flounder

text: mullet

text: , squid, and

text: salmon

text: . A number of these, as well as large predatory fish, remain well below historical levels.

text: Cycled repeatedly through the planetary hydrosphere, all water on Earth is recycled water, but the terms "recycled water" or "reclaimed water" typically mean wastewater sent from a home or business through a pipeline system to a treatment facility, where it is treated to a level consistent with its intended use. The water is then routed directly to a recycled water system for uses such as irrigation or industrial cooling.

text: The lake is also used recreationally. Water sports are moderately popular, especially water skiing.  Wakeboarding and tubing are two more water sports that can be seen regularly.  The main recreational use is fishing.

text: The lake is also used recreationally. Water sports are moderately popular, especially

text: water skiing

text: .  Wakeboarding and tubing are two more water sports that can be seen regularly.  The main recreational use is

text: fishing

text: The county was initially created in 1840 as Okkuddo County (meaning "sickly water," although the reason for using a name with such a negative meaning is lost). The name was changed to Otsego in 1843. It was organized in 1875.

text: Sustainable water management involves the scientific planning, developing, distribution and optimization of water resources under defined water polices and regulations. Examples of policies that improve water management include the use of technology for efficiency monitoring and use of water, innovative water prices and markets, irrigation efficiency techniques, and much more.

text: Sustainable water management involves the scientific planning, developing, distribution and optimization of water resources under defined water polices and regulations. Examples of policies that improve water management include the use of technology for efficiency monitoring and use of water, innovative

text: water prices

text: and markets, irrigation efficiency techniques, and much more.

text: The configuration and positioning of the fins and bindings vary according to rider preference and are adjusted for a variety of reasons. A wakeboarder will change the type of fins used for different types of tricks. For example, shallow fins (which do not protrude into the water very far) are better for surface tricks, such as flat spins. Many newer board models contain small moulded fins on the board, allowing the rider to use smaller centre fins and also to create less drag.

text: The residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the household's income. As households tend to share a similar economic context, the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income. That the size of a household is not commonly taken into account in such measures may distort any analysis of fluctuations within or among the household income categories, and may render direct comparisons between quintiles difficult or even impossible.

text: A case study of disproportionality in agriculture is provided by Peter Nowak and colleagues, who researched the agricultural practices of several thousand farmers in Wisconsin. They discuss how the trend of subsistence farms developing into livestock ranches, where the reuse of manure is discouraged, has increased disproportionality of negative environmental practices. Nowak et al. found that a small number of farmers using non-normative practices had a significantly greater responsibility for environmental damage.  This was true regarding the amount of fertilizer used, the degree of erosion from the production of croplands, and the amount of phosphorus that accumulated in watersheds.  The majority of the soil test results are in the high or excessively high range for phosphorus values, with a clear sub-set of outliers that have values up to 900% above the sample mean. However, because environmental regulations were crafted for the “average” rather than the exceptional farms, the policies did little to curb the runoff from the few farms that created significantly more than “their share” of the phosphorus problem. Nowak et al. concludes that “we are suggesting that indicators of environmental degradation in this situation […] failed to decrease during the 1976–1994 period because of the increasing important of disproportionate contributions.”   	Disproportionality in agriculture has also been observed in water use, with farmers and organized farm interests in dry western states of the U.S. commonly using 80 percent of those state’s water, while only having an economic relevance of 1–3 percent of the total economy. This disproportionate effect signifies that twenty thousand times as many jobs would be created if this same amount of water was used in industry.  Nevertheless, the top four percent of all farmers received 55 percent of all federal crop subsidies, with this trend of this disproportionality increasing into the future. Reluctance to challenge this status quo can be explained through diversion via the social multiplier effect: even if a given individual does not work in a given industry, that person’s attitudes may be affected by whether his or her friends and relatives do.  Therefore, it makes sense that rural resident would be especially reluctant to criticize the industries or facilities they see as providing jobs for their friends and neighbors.

text: A case study of disproportionality in

text: agriculture

text: is provided by

text: Peter Nowak

text: and colleagues, who researched the agricultural practices of several thousand farmers in

text: Wisconsin

text: . They discuss how the trend of subsistence farms developing into livestock ranches, where the reuse of manure is discouraged, has increased disproportionality of negative environmental practices. Nowak et al. found that a small number of farmers using non-normative practices had a significantly greater responsibility for environmental damage.  This was true regarding the amount of

text: fertilizer

text: used, the degree of erosion from the production of croplands, and the amount of

text: phosphorus

text: that accumulated in watersheds.  The majority of the soil test results are in the high or excessively high range for phosphorus values, with a clear sub-set of outliers that have values up to 900% above the sample mean. However, because environmental regulations were crafted for the “average” rather than the exceptional farms, the policies did little to curb the runoff from the few farms that created significantly more than “their share” of the phosphorus problem. Nowak et al. concludes that “we are suggesting that indicators of environmental degradation in this situation […] failed to decrease during the 1976–1994 period because of the increasing important of disproportionate contributions.”   	Disproportionality in agriculture has also been observed in water use, with farmers and organized farm interests in dry western states of the U.S. commonly using 80 percent of those state’s water, while only having an economic relevance of 1–3 percent of the total economy. This disproportionate effect signifies that twenty thousand times as many jobs would be created if this same amount of water was used in industry.  Nevertheless, the top four percent of all farmers received 55 percent of all federal

text: crop subsidies

text: , with this trend of this disproportionality increasing into the future. Reluctance to challenge this status quo can be explained through diversion via the

text: social multiplier effect

text: : even if a given individual does not work in a given industry, that person’s attitudes may be affected by whether his or her friends and relatives do.  Therefore, it makes sense that rural resident would be especially reluctant to criticize the industries or facilities they see as providing jobs for their friends and neighbors.

text: Agricultural communication – field of study and work that focuses on communication about agricultural related information among agricultural stakeholders and between agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders.

text: Agricultural communication

text: – field of study and work that focuses on communication about agricultural related information among agricultural stakeholders and between agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders.

text: Atropa belladonna and related plants, such as jimson weed (Datura stramonium), have occasionally been used as  recreational drugs because of the vivid hallucinations and delirium they produce.  However, these hallucinations are most commonly described as very unpleasant, and recreational use is considered extremely dangerous because of the high risk of unintentional fatal overdose. In addition, the central nervous system effects of atropine include memory disruption, which may lead to severe confusion. The major effects of belladonna consumption last for three to four hours, visual hallucinations can last for three to four days, some negative aftereffects are preserved for several days. Belladonna used as a recreational drug is reported to bring about predominantly bad trips that the users want to never repeat in their lives. Trips induced by belladonna are threatening, dark, demonic, hellish, frightening, and terrifying. Occasionally, belladonna can induce out-of-body experiences, a heightened sense of awareness, and enhance sexual, mystical and lucid dreaming experiences often in combination with other psychoactive plants. Positive experiences induced by belladonna consumption are rare.

text: Atropa belladonna and related plants, such as jimson weed (

text: Datura stramonium

text: ), have occasionally been used as

text: recreational drug

text: s because of the vivid

text: hallucination

text: s and delirium they produce.  However, these hallucinations are most commonly described as very unpleasant, and recreational use is considered extremely dangerous because of the high risk of unintentional fatal

text: overdose

text: . In addition, the central nervous system effects of atropine include memory disruption, which may lead to severe confusion. The major effects of belladonna consumption last for three to four hours, visual hallucinations can last for three to four days, some negative aftereffects are preserved for several days. Belladonna used as a recreational drug is reported to bring about predominantly bad trips that the users want to never repeat in their lives. Trips induced by belladonna are threatening, dark, demonic, hellish, frightening, and terrifying. Occasionally, belladonna can induce

text: out-of-body experience

text: s, a heightened sense of awareness, and enhance sexual, mystical and lucid dreaming experiences often in combination with other psychoactive plants. Positive experiences induced by belladonna consumption are rare.

text: While developed countries often have exploited the most economical sites already with large benefits, many large-scale diversion/transfer schemes have been proposed in developing countries such as Brazil, African countries, India and China. These more modern transfers have been justified because of their potential economic and social benefits in more heavily populated areas, stemming from increased water demand for irrigation, industrial and municipal water supply, and renewable energy needs.  These projects are also justified because of possible climate change and a concern over decreased water availability in the future; in that light, these projects thus tend to hedge against ensuing droughts and increasing demand. Projects conveying water between basins economically are often large and expensive, and involve major public and/or private infrastructure planning and coordination. In some cases where desired flow is not provided by gravity alone, additional use of energy is required for pumping water to the destination. Projects of this type can also be complicated in legal terms, since water and riparian rights are affected; this is especially true if the basin of origin is a transnational river. Furthermore, these transfers can have significant environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems at the source. In some cases water conservation measures at the destination can make such water transfers less immediately necessary to alleviate water scarcity, delay their need to be built, or reduce their initial size and cost.

text: While developed countries often have exploited the most economical sites already with large benefits, many large-scale diversion/transfer schemes have been proposed in developing countries such as Brazil, African countries, India and China. These more modern transfers have been justified because of their potential economic and social benefits in more heavily populated areas, stemming from increased water demand for

text: irrigation

text: , industrial and municipal water supply, and renewable energy needs.  These projects are also justified because of possible

text: climate change

text: and a concern over decreased water availability in the future; in that light, these projects thus tend to hedge against ensuing droughts and increasing demand. Projects conveying water between basins economically are often large and expensive, and involve major public and/or private infrastructure planning and coordination. In some cases where desired flow is not provided by gravity alone, additional use of energy is required for pumping water to the destination. Projects of this type can also be complicated in legal terms, since

text: water

text: and

text: riparian rights

text: are affected; this is especially true if the basin of origin is a transnational river. Furthermore, these transfers can have significant environmental impacts on

text: aquatic ecosystems

text: at the source. In some cases

text: water conservation

text: measures at the destination can make such water transfers less immediately necessary to alleviate water scarcity, delay their need to be built, or reduce their initial size and cost.

text: Approximately 60% of the residents have telephone connection, and roughly 90% are connected to the water. The Tubas Municipality administers all water resources in and around the city. In addition, to the water network there is one spring (Far'a) in the immediate area which is the main provider of water for use in households. The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of . This is primarily used to provide water to the urban areas of city during Summer, and is only available once on a weekly basis.

text: Approximately 60% of the residents have telephone connection, and roughly 90% are connected to the water. The Tubas Municipality administers all water resources in and around the city. In addition, to the water network there is one spring (

text: Far'a

text: ) in the immediate area which is the main provider of water for use in households. The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of . This is primarily used to provide water to the urban areas of city during Summer, and is only available once on a weekly basis.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a vegan in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a

text: vegan

text: in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing conditions throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an enclosed growing structure such as a greenhouse or building.  Plants are often grown using hydroponic methods in order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the root zone. CEA optimizes the use of resources such as water, energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include hydroponics, aquaculture, and aquaponics.

text: Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing conditions throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an enclosed growing structure such as a

text: greenhouse

text: or building.  Plants are often grown using

text: hydroponic

text: methods in order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the

text: root

text: zone. CEA optimizes the use of resources such as water, energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include

text: hydroponics

text: aquaculture

text: , and

text: aquaponics

text: The most common reason to change gear early during fast driving is to not lose valuable time changing gear later. Although this means not being able to accelerate using all of the engine's power, there is a time saving from changing gear later on. This can aid overtaking by ensuring that the car is in the right gear in anticipation of the maneuver. Another reason is to improve fuel economy by driving at lower rpm if acceleration is not what is being sought.  Another reason is to intentionally reduce power and torque, to get more grip. For example, if there is a wet road, there is an increased chance of sliding or wheel spin. If the gear is changed up, these difficulties are reduced. Short shifting is a technique that can help to maintain vehicle stability through bends by avoiding an unsettling shift in balance mid-corner.

text: The most common reason to change gear early during fast driving is to not lose valuable time changing gear later. Although this means not being able to accelerate using all of the engine's power, there is a time saving from changing gear later on. This can aid

text: overtaking

text: by ensuring that the car is in the right gear in anticipation of the maneuver. Another reason is to improve fuel economy by driving at lower rpm if acceleration is not what is being sought.  Another reason is to intentionally reduce power and torque, to get more grip. For example, if there is a wet road, there is an increased chance of sliding or

text: wheel spin

text: . If the gear is changed up, these difficulties are reduced. Short shifting is a technique that can help to maintain vehicle stability through bends by avoiding an unsettling shift in balance mid-corner.

text: Dickinson Bayou is on the state’s list of water bodies not meeting water quality standards for dissolved oxygen (DO) and bacteria levels. As a result, the nayou does not meet its aquatic life use nor its contact recreation use, creating a possible environmental and/or public health concern.

text: There is no trace of reason in God because reason is desire and God lacks nothing. Adam was not created in reason. Had it been otherwise, his problem could have been healed by natural learning and there would be no need of Christ and no need of faith. The worldly case against reason is that its products do not last: a great remedy for some human problem is devised but soon lost patience with and a new novelty is again demanded. Thus thy wisdom is thy woe. Reason should not be discarded but placed as subservient to faith. Reason, like fire and water, is a bad master but a good servant. Above all, one cannot use reason to seek out the Lord.

text: In today's modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, when hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry by some operators.  There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing (at one's home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes.

text: In today's modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, when

text: hydrofluoric acid

text: , a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry by some operators.  There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing (at one's home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes.

text: People believe that the island was first discovered in the 1520s by a European man named João Álvares Fagundes, who named the island Fagundes, but was shortly changed by the end of the 16th century. A French man came and tried to create a convict colony and succeeded. The name of the island was changed by the French to île de Sable, which meant Sand Island. The reasoning behind the name was because the island was made of sand, measuring 20 miles long and one mile wide. The highest point on the island is only 85 feet tall, and there are many fresh and salt water lakes and fresh water ponds.

text: The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year (101 gallons per day ) for all uses, while the Middle Eastern average is 1000 m/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1700 cubic meters per year. Yemen's groundwater is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 meters below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters below surface by 2012. The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments. Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the "first country to run out of water". Agriculture in Yemen takes up about 90% of water in Yemen even though it only generates 6% of GDP - however a large portion of Yemenis are dependent on small-scale subsistence agriculture. Half of agricultural water in Yemen is used to grow khat, a narcotic that most Yemenis chew. This means that in such a water-scarce country as Yemen, where half the population is food-insecure, 45% of the water withdrawn from the ever-depleting aquifers is used to grow a crop that feeds nobody.

text: The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year (101 gallons per day ) for all uses, while the Middle Eastern average is 1000 m/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1700 cubic meters per year. Yemen's groundwater is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of water. For example, in

text: Sana'a

text: , the water table was 30 meters below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters below surface by 2012. The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments. Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the "first country to run out of water". Agriculture in Yemen takes up about 90% of water in Yemen even though it only generates 6% of GDP - however a large portion of Yemenis are dependent on small-scale subsistence agriculture. Half of agricultural water in Yemen is used to grow

text: khat

text: , a narcotic that most Yemenis chew. This means that in such a water-scarce country as Yemen, where half the population is food-insecure, 45% of the water withdrawn from the ever-depleting aquifers is used to grow a crop that feeds nobody.

text: Borealis offers pipe solutions used in water and gas supply, waste water and sewage disposal, in-house plumbing and heating, and the oil and gas industry, including multi-layer coating solutions for onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines.

text: Borealis offers pipe

text: solution

text: s used in water and gas supply, waste water and sewage disposal, in-house plumbing and heating, and the oil and gas industry, including multi-layer coating

text: solution

text: s for onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines.

text: Melbourne Water is wholly owned by the Victorian State Government. It manages Melbourne's water supply catchments, sewage, rivers and major drainage systems throughout the Port Phillip and Westernport region. Governance of Melbourne Water is by an independent Board of Directors in conjunction with the Minister for Water. Customers include the metropolitan retail water businesses (such as City West Water, South East Water and Yarra Valley Water.), other water authorities, local councils and the land development industry. Melbourne water primarily operates under the Water Industry Act 1994 and the Water Act 1989. Melbourne Water was formed by the merger of Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works and a number of smaller urban water authorities in 1992. The Victorian Water Industry Association (VicWater) is the peak industry association for water companies in Victoria.In 1994, Melbourne Parks and Waterways was separated from Melbourne Water, which became part of Parks Victoria in 1996.

text: Melbourne Water is wholly owned by the

text: Victorian State Government

text: . It manages Melbourne's water supply

text: catchments

text: , sewage, rivers and major drainage systems throughout the

text: Port Phillip

text: and

text: Westernport

text: region. Governance of Melbourne Water is by an independent

text: Board of Directors

text: in conjunction with the

text: Minister

text: for Water. Customers include the metropolitan retail water businesses (such as

text: City West Water

text: South East Water

text: and

text: Yarra Valley Water

text: .), other water authorities,

text: local councils

text: and the land development industry. Melbourne water primarily operates under the

text: Water Industry Act 1994

text: and the Water Act 1989. Melbourne Water was formed by the merger of

entity_name: Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works

text: Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works

text: and a number of smaller urban water authorities in 1992. The Victorian Water Industry Association (VicWater) is the peak industry association for water companies in Victoria.In 1994,

text: Melbourne Parks and Waterways

text: was separated from Melbourne Water, which became part of

text: Parks Victoria

text: in 1996.

text: The history of the development of the technology of raw material grinding defines the early history of cement technology.  Other stages of cement manufacture used existing technology in the early days.  Early hydraulic materials such as hydraulic limes, natural cements and Parker's Roman cement were all based on "natural" raw materials, burned "as-dug".  Because these natural blends of minerals occur only rarely, manufacturers were interested in making a fine-grained artificial mixture of readily available minerals such as limestone and clay that could be used in the same way.  A typical problem would be to make an intimate mixture of 75% chalk and 25% clay, and burn this to produce an ”artificial cement".  The development of the "wet" method of producing fine-grained clay in the ceramics industry afforded a means of doing this.  For this reason, the early cement industry used the "wet process", in which the raw materials are ground together with water, to produce a slurry, containing 20–50% water.  Both Louis Vicat and James Frost used this technique in the early 19th century, and it remained the only way of making rawmix for Portland cement until 1890.  A modification of the technique used by the early industry was "double-burning", in which a hard limestone would be burned and slaked before combining with clay slurry.  This technique avoided the grinding of hard stone, and was employed by, among others, Joseph Aspdin.  Early grinding technology was poor, and early slurries were made thin, with a high water content.  The slurry was then allowed to stand in large reservoirs ("slurry-backs") for several weeks.  Large, un-ground particles would drop to the bottom, and excess water rose to the top.  The water was periodically decanted until a stiff cake, of the consistency of pottery clay, was left.  This was sliced up, discarding the coarse material at the bottom, and burned in the kiln.  Wet grinding is comparatively energy-efficient, and so when good dry-grinding equipment became available, the wet process continued in use throughout the 20th century, often employing equipment that Josiah Wedgwood would have recognized.

text: The history of the development of the technology of raw material grinding defines the early history of cement technology.  Other stages of cement manufacture used existing technology in the early days.  Early hydraulic materials such as

text: hydraulic lime

text: s,

text: natural cements

text: and

text: Parker's

text: Roman cement

text: were all based on "natural" raw materials, burned "as-dug".  Because these natural blends of minerals occur only rarely, manufacturers were interested in making a fine-grained artificial mixture of readily available minerals such as limestone and clay that could be used in the same way.  A typical problem would be to make an intimate mixture of 75% chalk and 25% clay, and burn this to produce an ”artificial cement".  The development of the "wet" method of producing fine-grained clay in the

text: ceramic

text: s industry afforded a means of doing this.  For this reason, the early cement industry used the "wet process", in which the raw materials are ground together with water, to produce a slurry, containing 20–50% water.  Both

text: Louis Vicat

text: and

text: James Frost

text: used this technique in the early 19th century, and it remained the only way of making rawmix for

text: Portland cement

text: until 1890.  A modification of the technique used by the early industry was "double-burning", in which a hard limestone would be burned and slaked before combining with clay slurry.  This technique avoided the grinding of hard stone, and was employed by, among others,

text: Joseph Aspdin

text: .  Early grinding technology was poor, and early slurries were made thin, with a high water content.  The slurry was then allowed to stand in large reservoirs ("slurry-backs") for several weeks.  Large, un-ground particles would drop to the bottom, and excess water rose to the top.  The water was periodically decanted until a stiff cake, of the consistency of pottery clay, was left.  This was sliced up, discarding the coarse material at the bottom, and burned in the kiln.  Wet grinding is comparatively energy-efficient, and so when good dry-grinding equipment became available, the wet process continued in use throughout the 20th century, often employing equipment that

text: Josiah Wedgwood

text: would have recognized.

text: Water resource policy encompasses the policy-making processes that affect the collection, preparation, use and disposal of water to support human uses and protect environmental quality.

text: Water resource policy encompasses the policy-making processes that affect the collection, preparation, use and disposal of water to support human uses and protect

text: environmental quality

text: When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.

text: Experience has now shown that there is no completely safe method of waste disposal. All forms of disposal have negative impacts on the environment, public health, and local economies. Landfills have contaminated drinking water. Garbage burned in incinerators has poisoned air, soil, and water. The majority of water treatment systems change the local ecology. Attempts to control or manage wastes after they are produced fail to eliminate environmental impacts.

text: There are various reasons why the captain might make a change from the established order. Usually, however, captains and coaches prefer not to adjust the batting order unless necessary, as for example when South Africa had to move Imran Tahir up the order against India because South African top 7 batsmen are poor against spin bowlers, a plan which backfired spectacularly.

text: There are various reasons why the captain might make a change from the established order. Usually, however, captains and coaches prefer not to adjust the batting order unless necessary, as for example when

text: South Africa

text: had to move

text: Imran Tahir

text: up the order against India because South African top 7 batsmen are poor against spin bowlers, a plan which backfired spectacularly.

text: Finally, they visit a carp farm in Burdur Province, an inland farm where the fish feed very low on the food chain. The feed conversion ratio is much lower than in the carnivorous fish they had seen. The fish waste was used to grow vegetables, and the waste water flowed downstream to nourish farms.

text: Finally, they visit a carp farm in

text: Burdur Province

text: , an inland farm where the fish feed very low on the food chain. The

text: feed conversion ratio

text: is much lower than in the

text: carnivorous

text: fish they had seen. The fish waste was used to grow vegetables, and the waste water flowed downstream to nourish farms.

text: Bivalves, including oysters, are effective filter feeders and can have large effects on the water columns in which they occur. As filter feeders, oysters remove plankton and organic particles from the water column. Multiple studies have shown individual oysters are capable of filtering up to 50 gallons of water per day, and thus oyster reefs can significantly improve water quality and clarity. Oysters consume nitrogen-containing  compounds (nitrates and ammonia), phosphates, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water.  What is not used for animal growth is then expelled as solid waste pellets, which eventually decompose into the atmosphere as nitrogen. In Maryland, the Chesapeake Bay Program plans to use oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the Chesapeake Bay by  per year by 2010. Several studies have shown that oysters and mussels have the capacity to dramatically alter nitrogen levels in estuaries. In the U.S., Delaware is the only East Coast state without aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow oyster aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between  of water daily. Also see nutrient pollution for an extended explanation of nutrient remediation.

text: Bivalves

text: , including oysters, are effective filter feeders and can have large effects on the water columns in which they occur. As filter feeders, oysters remove plankton and organic particles from the water column. Multiple studies have shown individual oysters are capable of filtering up to 50 gallons of water per day, and thus oyster reefs can significantly improve water quality and clarity. Oysters consume nitrogen-containing  compounds (

text: nitrate

text: s and

text: ammonia

text: ), phosphates, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water.  What is not used for animal growth is then expelled as solid waste pellets, which eventually decompose into the atmosphere as nitrogen. In

text: Maryland

text: , the

text: Chesapeake Bay Program

text: plans to use oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the

text: Chesapeake Bay

text: by  per year by 2010. Several studies have shown that oysters and

text: mussels

text: have the capacity to dramatically alter nitrogen levels in estuaries. In the U.S., Delaware is the only East Coast state without aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow oyster aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between  of water daily. Also see

text: nutrient pollution

text: for an extended explanation of

text: nutrient remediation

text: Microbes survive in some amazing places, like in hot water springs, or around deep sea vents. Because the environments are so extreme the microbes are called extremophiles. This means that they love the extreme conditions of their habitat. The extremophiles are so well adapted to their own environment that many cannot grow when brought back to the laboratory, unless the special conditions are recreated exactly as the ecosystem that the microbe came from.Microbes each have their own idea of what perfect living conditions are, just like humans do. Some, like the ones in hot springs, need extreme temperatures to grow. Others thrive when the salt concentration of water is very high, as is found in parts of the ocean and land locked salt water lakes. There are even microbes that live inside rocks, or in the pores between grains of minerals. These microbes can live deep within the Earth. Extremophiles are more than just interesting creatures. Scientists have used their abilities for other purposes. Compounds made by extremophiles have contributed to laundry detergent designed for hot water, and are used in special techniques for copying DNA.

text: Critics of waste water injection wells cite concerns relating to the injectate polluting receiving waters.  Most environmental engineering professionals, however, consider waste water treatment followed by disposal through injection wells to be the most cost effective and environmentally responsible method of waste water treatment. The only known alternatives to injection wells are direct discharge of treated waste water to receiving waters or utilization of the treated water for irrigation. Direct discharge does not disperse the water over a wide area; the environmental impact is focused on a particular segment of a river and its downstream reaches or on a coastal waterbody. Extensive irrigation is often prohibitively expensive and requires ongoing maintenance and large electricity usage.

text: Critics of waste water injection wells cite concerns relating to the injectate polluting receiving waters.  Most

text: environmental engineering

text: professionals, however, consider waste water treatment followed by disposal through injection wells to be the most cost effective and environmentally responsible method of waste water treatment. The only known alternatives to injection wells are direct discharge of treated waste water to receiving waters or utilization of the treated water for irrigation. Direct discharge does not disperse the water over a wide area; the environmental impact is focused on a particular segment of a river and its downstream reaches or on a coastal waterbody. Extensive irrigation is often prohibitively expensive and requires ongoing maintenance and large electricity usage.

text: Energy usage is not high; typically 500 - 1500 W of power is used, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3-4 kWh of electricity per household per year. Daily water usage varies, but is typically one gallon of water per person per day, comparable to an additional toilet flush. One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.

text: Energy usage is not high; typically 500 - 1500 W of power is used, comparable to an electric

text: iron

text: , but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3-4 kWh of electricity per household per year. Daily water usage varies, but is typically one gallon of water per person per day, comparable to an additional

text: toilet

text: flush. One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.

text: The DSM-II used the term Hysterical Neurosis, Dissociative Type. It described the possible occurrence of alterations in the patient's state of consciousness or identity, and included the symptoms of "amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality."  The DSM-III grouped the diagnosis with the other four major dissociative disorders using the term "multiple personality disorder".  The DSM-IV made more changes to DID than any other dissociative disorder, and renamed it DID.  The name was changed for two reasons.  First, the change emphasizes the main problem is not a multitude of personalities, but rather a lack of a single, unified identity and an emphasis on "the identities as centers of information processing".  Second, the term "personality" is used to refer to "characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, moods and behaviors of the whole individual", while for a patient with DID, the switches between identities and behavior patterns is the personality.  It is for this reason the DSM-IV-TR referred to "distinct identities or personality states" instead of personalities.  The diagnostic criteria also changed to indicate that while the patient may name and personalize alters, they lack an independent, objective existence.  The changes also included the addition of amnesia as a symptom, which was not included in the DSM-III-R because despite being a core symptom of the condition, patients may experience "amnesia for the amnesia" and fail to report it.  Amnesia was replaced when it became clear that the risk of false negative diagnoses was low because amnesia was central to DID.

text: The DSM-II used the term Hysterical Neurosis, Dissociative Type. It described the possible occurrence of alterations in the patient's state of consciousness or identity, and included the symptoms of "amnesia, somnambulism, fugue, and multiple personality."  The DSM-III grouped the diagnosis with the other four major

text: dissociative disorders

text: using the term "multiple personality disorder".  The

entity_name: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

text: DSM-IV

text: made more changes to DID than any other dissociative disorder, and renamed it DID.  The name was changed for two reasons.  First, the change emphasizes the main problem is not a multitude of personalities, but rather a lack of a single, unified identity and an emphasis on "the identities as centers of information processing".  Second, the term "personality" is used to refer to "characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, moods and behaviors of the whole individual", while for a patient with DID, the switches between identities and behavior patterns is the personality.  It is for this reason the DSM-IV-TR referred to "distinct identities or personality states" instead of personalities.  The diagnostic criteria also changed to indicate that while the patient may name and personalize alters, they lack an independent, objective existence.  The changes also included the addition of amnesia as a symptom, which was not included in the DSM-III-R because despite being a core symptom of the condition, patients may experience "amnesia for the amnesia" and fail to report it.  Amnesia was replaced when it became clear that the risk of

text: false negative

text: diagnoses was low because amnesia was central to DID.

text: According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), national water coverage of potable water was 63% in 2000. Total annual water withdrawals are approximately 248 m with 83% of extracted water being used and/or appropriated for agriculture. Non-revenue water losses are also high, whereby more than half of the water is lost due to leaks and broken pipes. Domestic water use is around 14% and the industry sector uses just over 2% of the water.

text: According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), national water coverage of potable water was 63% in 2000. Total annual water withdrawals are approximately 248 m with 83% of extracted water being used and/or appropriated for agriculture.

text: Non-revenue water

text: losses are also high, whereby more than half of the water is lost due to leaks and broken pipes. Domestic water use is around 14% and the industry sector uses just over 2% of the water.

text: In sailboats, AFPs are also used in transfer pumps used for sailing ballast.   In power plants, they are used for pumping water from a reservoir, river, lake or sea for cooling the main condenser. In the chemical industry, they are used for the circulation of large masses of liquid, such as in evaporators and crystallizers. In sewage treatment, an AFP is often used for internal mixed liquor recirculation (i.e. transferring nitrified mixed liquor from aeration zone to denitrification zone).

text: In sailboats, AFPs are also used in transfer pumps used for

text: sailing ballast

text: .   In power plants, they are used for pumping water from a reservoir, river, lake or sea for cooling the main condenser. In the chemical industry, they are used for the circulation of large masses of liquid, such as in

text: evaporator

text: s and

text: crystallizer

text: s. In

text: sewage treatment

text: , an AFP is often used for internal mixed liquor recirculation (i.e. transferring nitrified mixed liquor from aeration zone to denitrification zone).

text: Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution using rising columns of foam. It is commonly used, albeit on a small scale, for the removal of organic waste from aquariums; these units are known as "protein skimmers". However it has much broader application in the chemical process industry and can be used for the removal of surface active contaminants from waste water streams in addition to the enrichment of bio-products.

text: Foam fractionation is a

text: chemical process

text: in which

text: hydrophobic

text: molecule

text: s are

text: preferentially separated

text: from a

text: liquid solution

text: using rising columns of

text: foam

text: . It is commonly used, albeit on a small scale, for the removal of organic waste from

text: aquarium

text: s; these units are known as "

text: protein skimmer

text: s". However it has much broader application in the chemical process industry and can be used for the

text: removal of surface active contaminants

text: from waste water streams in addition to the enrichment of bio-products.

text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal grey water. Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using cooling towers have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in once-through cooling systems.

text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal

text: grey water

text: . Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using

text: cooling towers

text: have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in

text: once-through cooling

text: systems.

text: While no jurisdiction in the United States has applied a true freedom-to-roam paradigm, many states have enacted recreational use statutes to encourage landowners to open their property to hiking, hunting, fishing, swimming and other recreational activities. These statutes shield landowners from liability in negligence actions should those using the land recreationally be injured by something on the land; without such statutes, those using the land for these purposes with permission would be invitees or licensees depending on whether or not they had paid for the privilege, and would thus be able to sue the landowner in the event of injury under most circumstances. However, no state applies a general permission to enter private lands of any kind for recreational purposes.

text: While no jurisdiction in the

text: United States

text: has applied a true freedom-to-roam paradigm, many states have enacted

text: recreational use statute

text: s to encourage landowners to open their property to hiking, hunting, fishing, swimming and other recreational activities. These statutes shield landowners from liability in

text: negligence

text: actions should those using the land recreationally be injured by something on the land; without such statutes, those using the land for these purposes with permission would be

text: invitee

text: s or

text: licensee

text: s depending on whether or not they had paid for the privilege, and would thus be able to sue the landowner in the event of injury under most circumstances. However, no state applies a general permission to enter private lands of any kind for recreational purposes.

text: Household water use in Denmark stood at 114 liters/capita/day in 2009. Between 1994 and 2009, household consumption has declined from 50 to 41.4 m3 per person per year. Water savings were caused by new installations (e.g. shower and toilets), water saving campaigns and a higher awareness of the environment among consumers, combined with a rise in the water price.

text: Environmental technology, along with new environmental values, have affected development in cities across the world. Many cities have started to formulate and introduce "eco-regulations concerning renewable resources, energy consumption, sick buildings, smart buildings, recycled materials, and sustainability". This may not be surprising, as about 50% of all energy consumption in Europe and 60% in the US is building-related. However, environmental concerns are not restricted to energy consumption; environmental concerns take on a number of perspectives generally, which are reflected in the focus found among architects and industrial designers.

text: 90% of the water is used for industry.

text: 90% of the water is used for industry.

text: The School has produced several Ph.Ds. The School periodically conducts UGC sponsored Refresher Courses for University and College Teachers. It has also successfully completed externally funded research projects from agencies such as the UNESCO, IFS Sweden, OPCW, The Netherlands, DST Govt. of India, DBT, UGC, ICAR, Coir Board, STED Kerala, etc., while some are still ongoing. With its expertise and infrastructure, the School extends consultancy services in Pollution Monitoring, Water Quality Management, Water Treatment, Disease Diagnosis and Management of Aquaculture Systems, Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) etc. The School has participated in the EIA of Metro Rail Project of Kochi city. The School carries out environmental surveys for local authorities and government agencies on baseline status and waste management practices.

text: The School has produced several Ph.Ds. The School periodically conducts UGC sponsored Refresher Courses for University and College Teachers. It has also successfully completed externally funded research projects from agencies such as the

text: UNESCO

text: , IFS

text: Sweden

entity_name: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

text: OPCW

text: The Netherlands

entity_name: Department of Science and Technology (India)

text: DST Govt. of India

text: DBT

text: UGC

text: ICAR

text: , Coir Board, STED Kerala, etc., while some are still ongoing. With its expertise and infrastructure, the School extends consultancy services in Pollution Monitoring, Water Quality Management, Water Treatment, Disease Diagnosis and Management of Aquaculture Systems,

text: Environmental Impact Assessment

text: (EIA) etc. The School has participated in the EIA of

text: Metro Rail Project of Kochi

text: city. The School carries out environmental surveys for local authorities and government agencies on baseline status and waste management practices.

text: Data on agricultural water use in Egypt are not precise and often contradictory. The total area equipped for irrigation was 3.4 million hectares in 2002; 85 percent of this area is in the Nile Valley and Delta. Agriculture used about 59 km3 of freshwater in 2000 (86 percent of total use). All drainage water in Upper Egypt, south of Cairo, flows back into the Nile and the irrigation canals; this amount is estimated at 4 km3/yr. Drainage water in the Nile Delta is estimated at 14 km3/yr. As mentioned below about 10 km3/year of drainage water in the Delta that originates from freshwater is being pumped to the sea. Reuse of drainage water occurs in three different ways:

text: RDF is extracted from municipal solid waste and other wastes using a mix of mechanical and/or biological treatment methods.

text: RDF is extracted from

text: municipal solid waste

text: and other wastes using a mix of mechanical and/or biological treatment methods.

text: All utilities except electricity are managed by Komunalno poduzeće Zaprešić (). Zaprešić's electricity is, as in the rest of Croatia, provided by Hrvatska elektroprivreda, and distributed by Elektra Zagreb, a company managing access to electricity in Zagreb, and Zagreb County. Zaprešić receives tap water from underground water reserves through a water pump in the settlement of Šibice. The water from the water pump is of drinking quality. However, local factories Pliva, and Kvasac produce waste water, which is released into the Sava River through the Harmica-Pliva-Zaprešić water treatment plant. Before the construction of the treatment plant, the polluted water was piped into the Gorjak Creek, endangering the tap water quality. Possible consequences of releasing waste water into the Sava will be dealt with by the construction of the Zajarki water purification system for screening the used water. The ecological problem is multiplied by the fact that the utility company received only 400 requests to clean septic tanks in 2007, although most households in the relatively rural surroundings of Zaprešić use septic systems. There are plans of constructing four hydroelectric power plants around Zagreb with one being in Zaprešić (HE Zaprešić, also known as HE Podsused) as a part of a system of exploiting natural resources of the Sava River.

text: All utilities except electricity are managed by Komunalno poduzeće Zaprešić (). Zaprešić's electricity is, as in the rest of Croatia, provided by

text: Hrvatska elektroprivreda

text: , and distributed by Elektra Zagreb, a company managing access to electricity in Zagreb, and Zagreb County. Zaprešić receives

text: tap water

text: from underground water reserves through a water pump in the settlement of Šibice. The water from the water pump is of

text: drinking

text: quality. However, local factories

text: Pliva

text: , and

text: Kvasac

text: produce

text: waste water

text: , which is released into the Sava River through the Harmica-Pliva-Zaprešić

text: water treatment

text: plant. Before the construction of the treatment plant, the polluted water was piped into the Gorjak Creek, endangering the tap water quality. Possible consequences of releasing waste water into the Sava will be dealt with by the construction of the Zajarki

text: water purification

text: system for

text: screening

text: the used water. The ecological problem is multiplied by the fact that the utility company received only 400 requests to clean

text: septic tank

text: s in 2007, although most households in the relatively rural surroundings of Zaprešić use

text: septic system

text: s. There are plans of constructing four

text: hydroelectric power plant

text: s around Zagreb with one being in Zaprešić (HE Zaprešić, also known as HE Podsused) as a part of a system of exploiting natural resources of the Sava River.

text: Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of earth or environmental science, physical geography, geology or civil and environmental engineering.

text: Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the

text: water cycle

text: water resources

text: and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the fields of

text: earth

text: or

text: environmental science

text: physical geography

text: geology

text: or

text: civil

text: and

text: environmental engineering

text: The Shoshone people occupied the forest before European settlers arrived in the early 1800s. Many of the early settlers were trappers and prospectors before gold was discovered in 1862. After the 1860s Boise Basin gold rush ended, mining of tungsten, silver, antimony, and gold continued in the forest until the mid-twentieth century. Recreation opportunities and facilities include over 70 campgrounds, whitewater and flatwater boating, cabin rentals, and  of trails for hiking, biking, horseback riding, and motorized off-road vehicle use. The Forest Service has an objective to maintain timber, range, water, recreation, and wildlife for multiple use and sustained yield of its resources.

text: The

text: Shoshone

text: people occupied the forest before European settlers arrived in the early 1800s. Many of the early settlers were

text: trappers

text: and

text: prospectors

text: before gold was discovered in 1862. After the 1860s Boise Basin gold rush ended, mining of tungsten, silver, antimony, and gold continued in the forest until the mid-twentieth century. Recreation opportunities and facilities include over 70 campgrounds,

text: whitewater

text: and

text: flatwater

text: boating, cabin rentals, and  of trails for hiking, biking, horseback riding, and motorized off-road vehicle use. The Forest Service has an objective to maintain timber, range, water, recreation, and wildlife for

entity_name: Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960

text: multiple use and sustained yield

text: of its resources.

text: Aquaculture is the general term given to the cultivation of any fresh or salt water plant or animal. It takes place in New Zealand in coastal marine areas (mariculture) and in inland tanks or enclosures.

text: Aquaculture

text: is the general term given to the cultivation of any fresh or salt water plant or animal. It takes place in New Zealand in coastal marine areas (

text: mariculture

text: ) and in inland tanks or enclosures.

text: Aquaculture (or fish farming) is new in Pakistan. However, there is immense potential for development of the sector. Aquaculture production has rapidly increased since 2000 from around 10-15 thousands tonnes to reach over 100,000 tonnes in 2006 and 2007. Despite its vast fresh, brackish and marine water resources only carp culture is practiced in ponds. In Pakistan, the fish fauna is rich but only seven warm water species and two cold water species are cultivated on a commercial scale. Aquaculture has also received a substantial amount of government investment, and facilities are now in place that can provide the basis for a major future expansion. With the exception of trout culture in the northern regions, virtually all aquaculture consists of pond culture of various carp species.

text: Aquaculture

text: (or fish farming) is new in Pakistan. However, there is immense potential for development of the sector. Aquaculture production has rapidly increased since 2000 from around 10-15 thousands tonnes to reach over 100,000 tonnes in 2006 and 2007. Despite its vast fresh, brackish and marine water resources only

text: carp

text: culture is practiced in ponds. In Pakistan, the fish fauna is rich but only seven warm water species and two cold water species are cultivated on a commercial scale. Aquaculture has also received a substantial amount of government investment, and facilities are now in place that can provide the basis for a major future expansion. With the exception of trout culture in the northern regions, virtually all aquaculture consists of pond culture of various carp species.

text: 86.9% of households use electricity for cooking, and 93% use it for lighting. 89% of households have a cellphone and 31% have a landline telephone, while 86% own a television, 81% own a refrigerator, and 34% own a computer. 44% of households have access to the Internet.

text: Chemical control is the least used out of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term effects on the environment and human health. The use of herbicides requires strict approval from governmental protection agencies of skilled technician to handle and spray the affected areas.  The use of chemical herbicides is only used in case of severe infiltration of water hyacinth. However, the most successful use of herbicides is when it is used for smaller areas of infestation of water hyacinth. This is because in larger areas, more mats of water hyacinths are likely to survive the herbicides and can fragment to further propagate a large area of water hyacinth mats. In addition, it is more cost-effective and less laborious than mechanical control. Yet, it can lead to environmental effects as it can penetrate into the ground water system and can affect not only the hydrological cycle within an ecosystem but also negatively affect the local water system and human health. It is also notable that the use of herbicides is not strictly selective of water hyacinths; keystone species and vital organisms such microalgae can perish from the toxins and can disrupt fragile food webs.The chemical regulation of water hyacinths can be done using common herbicides such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, and diquat. The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves and leads to direct changes to the physiology of the plant. The use of the herbicide known as 2,4-D leads to the death of water hyacinth through inhibition of cell growth of new tissue and cellular apoptosis (Jimenez, 2005). It can take almost a two-week period before mats of water hyacinth are destroyed with 2,4-D. It has been found that up to 150,000 acres of water hyacinth are treated annually in Louisiana.The herbicide known as diquat is a liquid bromide salt that can rapidly penetrate the leaves of the water hyacinth and lead to immediate inactivity of plant cells and cellular processes. For the herbicide glyphosate, it has a low toxicity than the other herbicides; therefore, it takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be destroyed (about three weeks). The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant decay.

text: Chemical control is the least used out of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term effects on the environment and human health. The use of herbicides requires strict approval from governmental protection agencies of skilled technician to handle and spray the affected areas.  The use of chemical herbicides is only used in case of severe infiltration of water hyacinth. However, the most successful use of herbicides is when it is used for smaller areas of infestation of water hyacinth. This is because in larger areas, more mats of water hyacinths are likely to survive the herbicides and can fragment to further propagate a large area of water hyacinth mats. In addition, it is more cost-effective and less laborious than mechanical control. Yet, it can lead to environmental effects as it can penetrate into the ground water system and can affect not only the hydrological cycle within an ecosystem but also negatively affect the local water system and human health. It is also notable that the use of herbicides is not strictly selective of water hyacinths; keystone species and vital organisms such microalgae can perish from the toxins and can disrupt fragile food webs.The chemical regulation of water hyacinths can be done using common herbicides such as 2,4-D,

text: glyphosate

text: , and diquat. The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves and leads to direct changes to the physiology of the plant. The use of the herbicide known as 2,4-D leads to the death of water hyacinth through inhibition of cell growth of new tissue and cellular apoptosis (Jimenez, 2005). It can take almost a two-week period before mats of water hyacinth are destroyed with 2,4-D. It has been found that up to 150,000 acres of water hyacinth are treated annually in Louisiana.The herbicide known as diquat is a liquid bromide salt that can rapidly penetrate the leaves of the water hyacinth and lead to immediate inactivity of plant cells and cellular processes. For the herbicide glyphosate, it has a low toxicity than the other herbicides; therefore, it takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be destroyed (about three weeks). The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant decay.

text: In March 2005, the EPA proposed changes strengthening the Lead and Copper Rule.  The changes require utilities to give test results directly to homeowners, and to notify state and federal regulators before changing water-treatment methods. Critics, such as Clean Water Action, called the changes "revisions at the margins". Rick Maas, co-director of the Environmental Quality Institute at the University of North Carolina, said the revisions would "solve maybe 5 to 10 percent of the problem" with the Rule. Trade organizations, such as the American Water Works Association, found the changes "basically reasonable".

text: In March 2005, the EPA proposed changes strengthening the Lead and Copper Rule.  The changes require utilities to give test results directly to homeowners, and to notify state and federal regulators before changing water-treatment methods. Critics, such as

text: Clean Water Action

text: , called the changes "revisions at the margins". Rick Maas, co-director of the Environmental Quality Institute at the

text: University of North Carolina

text: , said the revisions would "solve maybe 5 to 10 percent of the problem" with the Rule. Trade organizations, such as the

text: American Water Works Association

text: , found the changes "basically reasonable".

text: Both the harmful effects of radiation upon biological systems (induction of cancer and acute radiation injuries) and the useful effects of radiotherapy involve the radiation chemistry of water. The vast majority of biological molecules are present in an aqueous medium; when water is exposed to radiation, the water absorbs energy, and as a result forms chemically reactive species that can interact with dissolved substances (solutes). Water is ionized to form a solvated electron and HO, the HO cation can react with water to form a hydrated proton (HO) and a hydroxyl radical (HO). Furthermore, the solvated electron can recombine with the HO cation to form an excited state of the water, this excited state then decomposes to species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO), hydrogen atoms (H) and oxygen atoms (O). Finally, the solvated electron can react with solutes such as solvated protons or oxygen molecules to form respectively hydrogen atoms and dioxygen radical anions. The fact that oxygen changes the radiation chemistry might be one reason why oxygenated tissues are more sensitive to irradiation than the deoxygenated tissue at the centre of a tumor. The free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical, chemically modify biomolecules such as DNA, leading to damage such as breaks in the DNA strands. Some substances can protect against radiation-induced damage by reacting with the reactive species generated by the irradiation of the water.

text: Both the harmful effects of radiation upon biological systems (induction of

text: cancer

text: and

text: acute radiation injuries

text: ) and the useful effects of radiotherapy involve the radiation chemistry of water. The vast majority of biological molecules are present in an aqueous medium; when water is exposed to radiation, the water absorbs energy, and as a result forms chemically reactive species that can interact with dissolved substances (

text: solutes

text: ). Water is ionized to form a

text: solvated electron

text: and HO, the HO cation can react with water to form a hydrated proton (HO) and a hydroxyl radical (HO). Furthermore, the solvated electron can recombine with the HO cation to form an excited state of the water, this excited state then decomposes to species such as

text: hydroxyl radical

text: s (HO), hydrogen atoms (H) and oxygen atoms (O). Finally, the solvated electron can react with solutes such as solvated protons or oxygen molecules to form respectively hydrogen atoms and dioxygen radical anions. The fact that oxygen changes the radiation chemistry might be one reason why oxygenated tissues are more sensitive to irradiation than the deoxygenated tissue at the centre of a tumor. The free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical, chemically modify biomolecules such as

text: DNA

text: , leading to damage such as breaks in the DNA strands. Some substances can protect against radiation-induced damage by reacting with the reactive species generated by the irradiation of the water.

text: In the Para area the Kayapớ like most tribes of this region practiced intensive agriculture or clearing cultivation. Beginning their agricultural year with a low water season intensifies fishing. The low water season is then followed by the high water season or harvest season. It is during this harvest season that the Kayapớ are able to exercise their leisure time before the cycle ends with (low water levels) and a return to intense fishing. Each changing season commences ceremonies for the Kayapớ that are directly tied to agriculture, hunting, or fishing. Unlike the Chocó the Kayapớ used an agricultural method known as the slash-burn method (shifting agriculture). The Kayapớ cut the forest in April to September (dry season) and time their burns just before the raining season. The Kayapớ used circular plots for agricultural cultivation consisting of five rings (characterized as cultivation zones). The first circle or the inner circle was used for taro and sweet potatoes that thrive in the hotter soil found in the center of the plot. The second circle cultivated maize, manioc, and rice an area that needed various ash enrichment treatments and would experience short term growth. The third zone was an area of rich soil and best served mixed crops including the banana, urucu, papaya. The fourth zones consists of shade loving plants and are for a medical purpose, yet evidence of beans and yams have been also found here. The fifth zone or the outer ring was left as a protective zone that included trap animals protective insects and birds (Posey 2002). This form of agriculture requires not only intense physical labor but also requires a knowledge of not only the land, but various types of ground cover, shades and temperatures of local soils, as well as cloud formations to time careful burning . When the Kayapớ manage their agricultural plots they must work with a variety of interacting factors including the background soil fertility, the heterogeneous quality of ash and its distribution, crop nutrient requirements, cropping cycles, management requirements, and pest and disease control clearly illustrating the common misconception that this form of agriculture is primitive and ineffiecnet (Posey 2002).

text: In the Para area the Kayapớ like most tribes of this region practiced intensive agriculture or clearing cultivation. Beginning their agricultural year with a low water season intensifies fishing. The low water season is then followed by the high water season or harvest season. It is during this

text: harvest

text: season that the Kayapớ are able to exercise their leisure time before the cycle ends with (low water levels) and a return to intense fishing. Each changing season commences ceremonies for the Kayapớ that are directly tied to agriculture, hunting, or fishing. Unlike the Chocó the Kayapớ used an agricultural method known as the slash-burn method (shifting agriculture). The Kayapớ cut the forest in April to September (dry season) and time their burns just before the raining season. The Kayapớ used circular plots for agricultural cultivation consisting of five rings (characterized as cultivation zones). The first circle or the inner circle was used for taro and sweet potatoes that thrive in the hotter soil found in the center of the plot. The second circle cultivated maize, manioc, and rice an area that needed various ash enrichment treatments and would experience short term growth. The third zone was an area of rich soil and best served mixed crops including the banana,

text: urucu

text: , papaya. The fourth zones consists of shade loving plants and are for a medical purpose, yet evidence of beans and yams have been also found here. The fifth zone or the outer ring was left as a protective zone that included trap animals protective

text: insect

text: s and

text: bird

text: s (Posey 2002). This form of agriculture requires not only intense physical labor but also requires a knowledge of not only the land, but various types of ground cover, shades and temperatures of local soils, as well as cloud formations to time careful burning . When the Kayapớ manage their agricultural plots they must work with a variety of interacting factors including the background soil fertility, the heterogeneous quality of ash and its distribution, crop nutrient requirements, cropping cycles, management requirements, and

text: pest

text: and

text: disease

text: control clearly illustrating the common misconception that this form of agriculture is primitive and ineffiecnet (Posey 2002).

text: The concept of environmental space is the amount of any particularresource that can be consumed by a country without threatening the continuedavailability of that resource, assuming that everyone in the world isentitled to an equal share. The weakness of the concept is that it requirescalculating the maximum sustainable consumption rate of each differentresource globally. This rate could be set by either the maximum sustainableyield (say for forests or fisheries) or the assimilative capacity of theenvironment (e.g. for  or chlorine), but both quantities are very difficult to determine, so the 'environmental space' has rather large error limits and is therefore hard to defend in policy discussions. A further difficulty isthat there is a different 'environmental space' for each kind of resource,and as they each necessarily have different units of measure, they cannot beadded to get an overall environmental space for all the resources consumed by a country. Theidea of environmental space was promoted quite strongly by Friends of the Earth Europe in themid-1990s, but it is rarely used now, because of the aforementioned difficulties, and has essentially been superseded by 'ecological footprint'. The advantage of the ecological footprint is that every kind of resource use is converted to a land area basis, so that they can be added to produce an overall figure fora country, allowing comparisons to be made.

text: The concept of environmental space is the amount of any particular

text: resource

text: that can be consumed by a country without threatening the continuedavailability of that resource, assuming that everyone in the world isentitled to an equal share. The weakness of the concept is that it requirescalculating the maximum

text: sustainable

text: consumption rate of each differentresource globally. This rate could be set by either the maximum sustainableyield (say for

text: forests

text: or

text: fisheries

text: ) or the assimilative capacity of theenvironment (e.g. for

text: or

text: chlorine

text: ), but both quantities are very difficult to determine, so the 'environmental space' has rather large

text: error limits

text: and is therefore hard to defend in policy discussions. A further difficulty isthat there is a different 'environmental space' for each kind of resource,and as they each necessarily have different units of measure, they cannot beadded to get an overall environmental space for all the resources consumed by a country. Theidea of environmental space was promoted quite strongly by

text: Friends of the Earth Europe

text: in themid-1990s, but it is rarely used now, because of the aforementioned difficulties, and has essentially been superseded by '

text: ecological footprint

text: '. The advantage of the ecological footprint is that every kind of resource use is converted to a land area basis, so that they can be added to produce an overall figure fora country, allowing comparisons to be made.

text: Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the ecosystem is based on integrated water resource management, where the quantity and quality of the ecosystem help to determine the nature of the natural resources.

text: Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the

text: use of water

text: and in minimizing the

text: environmental impact

text: of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the

text: ecosystem

text: is based on integrated water resource management, where the quantity and quality of the ecosystem help to determine the nature of the natural resources.

text: Although it was becoming evident that water could no longer be considered an infinite resource, as had been the case in the 1950s when there were fewer people on the planet, no one knew just how scarce the resource was. This prompted IWMI to try to find out. Its research culminated in publication of Water for food, Water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. A map within the report showed that a third of the world’s population already suffered from ‘water scarcity’. The report defined physical water scarcity, as being where there are insufficient water resources to meet the demands of the population, and economic water scarcity as where water requirements are not satisfied because of a lack of investment in water or human capacity.

text: Although it was becoming evident that water could no longer be considered an infinite resource, as had been the case in the 1950s when there were fewer people on the planet, no one knew just how scarce the resource was. This prompted IWMI to try to find out. Its research culminated in publication of Water for food, Water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. A map within the report showed that a third of the world’s population already suffered from ‘water scarcity’. The report defined

text: physical water scarcity

text: , as being where there are insufficient water resources to meet the demands of the population, and

text: economic water scarcity

text: as where water requirements are not satisfied because of a lack of investment in water or human capacity.

text: After releasing even more contaminated water into the surrounding environment this spring, the Talvivaara Mining Company recently announced that mining operations restarted on Monday 13 May 2013. The mine was previously expected to restart no sooner than this summer, but the amount of leaked liquid was sufficient enough to advance the schedule by several months. Certainly the company is eager to recover from the serious financial losses that came with the accidental leak that began last year, and an earlier restart should help to restore the bottom line for this troubled fiscal year. According to the company, the resumption of ore production will improve overall water levels and site water management. Apparently this improvement will come through dissolving the contaminated waste water with more clean water. Additional waste water was leaked this spring to relieve stress on the walls of the leaky holding pond that was repaired last winter, to make room for the larger volumes of diluted waste water that is expected from the new waste management plan. There was no public mention of creating larger or additional holding ponds at this point, nor the possibility of simply cutting back on production.

text: Levels of productivity, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, are low due to degraded soils, high levels of evaporation, droughts, floods and a general lack of effective water management. A major study into water use by agriculture, known as the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, coordinated by the International Water Management Institute, noted a close correlation between hunger, poverty and water. However, it concluded that there was much opportunity to raise productivity from rainfed farming.

text: Levels of productivity, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, are low due to

text: degraded soils

text: , high levels of

text: evaporation

text: drought

text: s,

text: flood

text: s and a general lack of effective

text: water management

text: . A major study into water use by agriculture, known as the

entity_name: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

text: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

text: , coordinated by the

text: , noted a close correlation between

text: hunger

text: poverty

text: and

text: water

text: . However, it concluded that there was much opportunity to raise productivity from rainfed farming.

text: Aquaculture resources in India include 2.36 million hectares of ponds and tanks, 1.07 million hectares of beels, jheels and derelict waters plus in addition 0.12 million kilometers of canals, 3.15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0.72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised for aquaculture purposes. Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India. However, less than 10 percent of India's natural potential is used for aquaculture currently.

text: Aquaculture resources in India include 2.36 million hectares of ponds and tanks, 1.07 million hectares of beels, jheels and derelict waters plus in addition 0.12 million kilometers of

text: canal

text: s, 3.15 million hectares of reservoirs and 0.72 million hectares of upland lakes that could be utilised for aquaculture purposes.

text: Pond

text: s and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture in India. However, less than 10 percent of India's natural potential is used for aquaculture currently.

text: Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, mariculture, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both of which integrate fish farming and plant farming.

text: Particular kinds of aquaculture include

text: fish farming

text: shrimp farm

text: ing,

text: oyster farming

text: mariculture

text: algaculture

text: (such as

text: seaweed farming

text: ), and the cultivation of

text: ornamental fish

text: . Particular methods include

text: aquaponics

text: and

text: integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

text: , both of which integrate fish farming and plant farming.

text: Aquaculture, in the United States, includes the farming of hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, or raceways and released into the wild. Aquaculture is also used to support commercial and recreational marine fisheries by enhancing or rebuilding wild stock populations. It also includes the cultivation of ornamental fish for the aquarium trade, as well as plant species used in various pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biotechnology products.

text: Aquaculture, in the United States, includes the

text: farming

text: of

text: hatchery fish

text: and

text: shellfish

text: which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, or

text: raceway

text: s and released into the wild. Aquaculture is also used to support commercial and recreational marine fisheries by enhancing or rebuilding wild

text: stock populations

text: . It also includes the cultivation of ornamental fish for the

text: aquarium

text: trade, as well as plant species used in various pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biotechnology products.

text: While players can completely re-design a play deck, most optimizations involve relatively minor changes to the deck.  This typically involves selecting a card (of which multiple copies may be present) and replacing it with another card which is similar, but slightly better for one or more reasons.  The reasons may include: lower cost, better synergy with existing cards, more flexible alternate uses, or increased effectiveness against known opponent strategies.

text: While players can completely re-design a play deck, most optimizations involve relatively minor changes to the deck.  This typically involves selecting a card (of which multiple copies may be present) and replacing it with another card which is similar, but slightly better for one or more reasons.  The reasons may include: lower cost, better

text: synergy

text: with existing cards, more flexible alternate uses, or increased effectiveness against known opponent strategies.

text: The idea behind SuDS is to try to replicate natural systems that use cost effective solutions with low environmental impact to drain away dirty and surface water run-off through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be released slowly back into the environment, such as into water courses. This is to counter the effects of conventional drainage systems that often allow for flooding, pollution of the environment – with the resultant harm to wildlife – and contamination of groundwater sources used to provide drinking water. The paradigm of SuDS solutions should be that of a system that is easy to manage, requiring little or no energy input (except from environmental sources such as sunlight, etc.), resilient to use, and being environmentally as well as aesthetically attractive. Examples of this type of system are basins (shallow landscape depressions that are dry most of the time when it's not raining), rain-gardens (shallow landscape depressions with shrub or herbaceous planting), swales (shallow normally-dry, wide-based ditches), filter drains (gravel filled trench drain), bioretention basins (shallow depressions with gravel and/or sand filtration layers beneath the growing medium), reed beds and other wetland habitats that collect, store, and filter dirty water along with providing a habitat for wildlife.

text: The idea behind SuDS is to try to replicate natural systems that use cost effective solutions with low environmental impact to drain away dirty and

text: surface water

text: run-off through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be released slowly back into the environment, such as into water courses. This is to counter the effects of conventional drainage systems that often allow for flooding, pollution of the environment – with the resultant harm to wildlife – and contamination of

text: groundwater

text: sources used to provide drinking water. The paradigm of SuDS solutions should be that of a system that is easy to manage, requiring little or no energy input (except from environmental sources such as sunlight, etc.), resilient to use, and being environmentally as well as aesthetically attractive. Examples of this type of system are basins (shallow landscape depressions that are dry most of the time when it's not raining), rain-gardens (shallow landscape depressions with shrub or herbaceous planting), swales (shallow normally-dry, wide-based ditches), filter drains (gravel filled trench drain), bioretention basins (shallow depressions with gravel and/or sand filtration layers beneath the growing medium), reed beds and other

text: wetland

text: habitats that collect, store, and filter dirty water along with providing a habitat for wildlife.

text: Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be "fun".

text: Recreation is an activity of

text: leisure

text: , leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for

text: enjoyment

text: amusement

text: , or

text: pleasure

text: and are considered to be "

text: fun

text: Antimicrobial polymers, also known as polymeric biocides, is a class of polymers with antimicrobial activity, or the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or protozoans. These polymers have been engineered to mimic antimicrobial peptides which are used by the immune systems of living things to kill bacteria. Typically, antimicrobial polymers are produced by attaching or inserting an active antimicrobial agent onto a polymer backbone via an alkyl or acetyl linker. Antimicrobial polymers may enhance the efficiency and selectivity of currently used antimicrobial agents, while decreasing associated environmental hazards because antimicrobial polymers are generally nonvolatile and chemically stable. This makes this material a prime candidate for use in areas of medicine as a means to fight infection, in the food industry to prevent bacterial contamination, and in water sanitation to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in drinking water.

text: Antimicrobial polymers, also known as polymeric

text: biocide

text: s, is a class of

text: polymer

text: s with

text: antimicrobial

text: activity, or the ability to inhibit the growth of

text: microorganism

text: s such as

text: bacteria

text: fungi

text: or

text: protozoan

text: s. These polymers have been engineered to mimic

text: antimicrobial peptides

text: which are used by the immune systems of living things to kill bacteria. Typically, antimicrobial polymers are produced by attaching or inserting an active antimicrobial agent onto a polymer backbone via an

text: alkyl

text: or

text: acetyl

text: linker. Antimicrobial polymers may enhance the efficiency and selectivity of currently used antimicrobial agents, while decreasing associated environmental hazards because antimicrobial polymers are generally nonvolatile and chemically stable. This makes this material a prime candidate for use in areas of medicine as a means to fight infection, in the food industry to prevent bacterial contamination, and in water sanitation to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in drinking water.

text: Waste exchange is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw materials for a second process. This is similar to using pre-consumer recycling material in a product. This represents a way of reducing waste disposal through reuse for that which cannot be eliminated. In this way waste exchange practices are high on the waste hierarchy.

text: Waste exchange is where the

text: waste

text: product of one process becomes the

text: raw materials

text: for a second process. This is similar to using

text: pre-consumer recycling

text: material in a product. This represents a way of reducing

text: waste disposal

text: through

text: reuse

text: for that which cannot be eliminated. In this way waste exchange practices are high on the

text: waste hierarchy

text: Integrated aquaculture, in which the by-products (waste) of one species are converted to become the feedstock (food, fertilizer, etc.) of another species, struck an immediate chord with Donaldson when he was first introduced to it in the mid-1970s. His goal was to develop a backyard food production regime that would enable the average householder to grow their own clean fresh food through the application of modest skills and appropriate technology. He reasoned that the one thing that all plant and animal species had in common was a need for water so it seemed logical that aquaculture should become a cornerstone of any integrated backyard food production system.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. Shaw and Crompton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities; there are no power stations in the town. United Utilities also manages Shaw and Crompton's drinking and waste water; water supplies are sourced from several local reservoirs, including Dovestones and Chew.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the

text: local authority

text: via the

entity_name: Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority

text: Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: at the Beal Valley. Shaw and Crompton's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: United Utilities

text: ; there are no

text: power station

text: s in the town. United Utilities also manages Shaw and Crompton's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: ; water supplies are sourced from several local reservoirs, including

text: Dovestones

text: and

text: Chew

text: The population uses the household's name (besides family name and first names) to show which household they come from, e.g. Atanasovski (family), Zlatko (first), from Dzolevi (household) (in Macedonian, АТАНАСОВСКИ ЗЛАТКО од ЅОЛЕВИ).

text: The employee is entitled to receive within 14 days a written statement of reasons for dismissal. The employer can comply by saying anything it believes. A missing, inadequate or untrue statement is itself grounds for a complaint to tribunal. The tribunal can then make its mind up as to the reason for dismissal and will award two weeks' pay for this procedural breach. The employee can use the statement to block the employer from changing the reason in its defence to a claim or to attack its credibility if there is such a change.

text: Agricultural, industrial, and residential land use are the primary nonpoint sources of pollution in the Lake Erie Basin. National and state environmental agencies, as well as interstate and binational cooperative efforts, focus on water quality, especially since the freshwater lake is used extensively for drinking water, recreation, and the fishing industry. Habitat and flow alteration cause siltation and sedimentation issues which can require dredging. Fertilizer runoff from farms and residences and unplanned releases from sewage treatment plants promote eutrophication through nutrient and organic enrichment, bacterial contamination, and the appearance of ammonium hydroxide. Industrial land use adds metals that flow into the basin and cause sediment contamination.

text: Agricultural, industrial, and residential land use are the primary nonpoint sources of

text: pollution

text: in the Lake Erie Basin. National and state environmental agencies, as well as interstate and binational cooperative efforts, focus on water quality, especially since the freshwater lake is used extensively for drinking water, recreation, and the fishing industry. Habitat and flow alteration cause

text: silt

text: ation and

text: sediment

text: ation issues which can require

text: dredging

text: . Fertilizer runoff from farms and residences and unplanned releases from

text: sewage treatment plants

text: promote

text: eutrophication

text: through nutrient and organic enrichment, bacterial contamination, and the appearance of ammonium hydroxide. Industrial land use adds metals that flow into the basin and cause sediment contamination.

text: Per 2006 Barangay Profile Survey on sources of potable water supply, the following result revealed that out of the total number of households, only about 513 or 5.98% are dependent on owned-use faucet system of potable water, where households get water supply from a faucet inside the house/yard directly connected to a water pipeline from their own water system (electric pump).

text: The water is a very challenging situation to deal with. With the mass numbers of residents the pressure of the pumps become very low because the way it is being used so much at the same time. With low pressure the water becomes difficult to get and sparse amounts are already available to each household. With each section of the townships is normally one pump per section. The water is used for everything from cleaning clothes, cooking, drinking, bathing, and cleaning the house. Having very little water accessible to each section makes it very hard to get enough water for a day per household.  One way that this could be ameliorated is to make some improvements to the main water supply and to add more pumps in each region in the township but have it coming from a different water system allowing more water in each area but without dealing with lower pressure.

text: Most of the global Pacific oyster spat supply comes from the wild, but some is now produced by hatchery methods. The seed from the wild can either be collected by the removal of seaweed from beaches or by hanging shell (cultch in suspension from long lines in the open water. The movement towards hatchery-reared spat is important, as wild seed is susceptible to changeable environmental conditions, such as toxic algal blooms, which can halt the supply of seed from that region. In addition, several pests have been noted as considerable dangers to oyster seed. The Japanese oyster drill (Ocenebra japonica), flatworm (Pseudostylochus osterophagus), and parasitic copepod (Mytlilcola orientalis) have been introduced accidentally to aquaculture areas, and have had serious impacts on oyster production, particularly in British Columbia and Europe.

text: Most of the global Pacific oyster spat supply comes from the wild, but some is now produced by

text: hatchery

text: methods. The seed from the wild can either be collected by the removal of seaweed from beaches or by hanging shell (

text: cultch

text: in suspension from long lines in the open water. The movement towards

text: hatchery

text: -reared spat is important, as wild seed is susceptible to changeable environmental conditions, such as toxic algal blooms, which can halt the supply of seed from that region. In addition, several pests have been noted as considerable dangers to

text: oyster

text: seed. The Japanese oyster drill (Ocenebra japonica), flatworm (Pseudostylochus osterophagus), and parasitic copepod (Mytlilcola orientalis) have been introduced accidentally to

text: aquaculture

text: areas, and have had serious impacts on oyster production, particularly in

text: British Columbia

text: and

text: Europe

text: The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources (14 000 km) and 9% of all annual river discharges in the hydrological cycle.

text: The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources (14 000 km) and 9% of all annual river discharges in the

text: hydrological cycle

text: There are also limitations on fishing areas and gear characteristics (mesh and gear size, amongst others). Recreational fishing is common and popular in inland fresh water streams, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Every recreational fishing enthusiast desiring to use those kinds of national water resources for fishing, must respect rules and be aware of several limitations. A yearly individual fee must be paid to the state for fishing in suitable inland or oceanic waters.

text: There are also limitations on fishing areas and gear characteristics (mesh and gear size, amongst others).

text: Recreational fishing

text: is common and popular in inland fresh water streams, lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Every recreational fishing enthusiast desiring to use those kinds of national water resources for fishing, must respect rules and be aware of several limitations. A yearly individual fee must be paid to the state for fishing in suitable inland or oceanic waters.

text: Out of the 169,384 billion m³ of water which were withdrawn in 2000, 96% were used for agricultural purposes, leaving 2% for domestic and another 2% for industrial use. By far most water is used for irrigated agriculture, emphasizing the particular significance of agriculture in the country. The sector contributes about 25% of the Pakistan's GNP (2000-2001). The country still has the world's largest contiguous irrigation system. In 1999-2000, the total irrigated area in Pakistan was 181,000 km².

text: Out of the 169,384 billion m³ of water which were withdrawn in 2000, 96% were used for agricultural purposes, leaving 2% for domestic and another 2% for industrial use. By far most water is used for

text: irrigated

text: agriculture, emphasizing the particular significance of agriculture in the country. The sector contributes about 25% of the Pakistan's

text: GNP

text: (2000-2001). The country still has the world's largest contiguous irrigation system. In 1999-2000, the total irrigated area in Pakistan was 181,000 km².

text: Establishing a water market may be an appropriate solution for distributing scarce water resources among increasing demand, depending on the historical, political, legal, and economic context of a community. For example, where prior-appropriation water rights dictate freshwater allocation, such as in the Western United States, new consumers may have little recourse to obtain sufficient water quantities to meet their demands without the use of water markets (alternatives to water markets are discussed below). Thus, historical appropriative rights might neglect consumers willing to pay more than current consumers. Water trading serves as a mechanism to promote the distribution of rights to those who value them most. Also, instream demands (that reflect the benefits that fisheries and lentic and lotic ecosystems receive from greater water flows, as well as benefits to water-dependent recreational activities or aesthetic appreciation) might be ignored in an appropriative system. For example, institutions governing water resources in the US have historically favored water allocation to uses that stimulate the economy, such as agricultural, hydroelectric, or municipal application. Correspondingly, western water law evolved to encourage water diversion offstream; water left instream was considered "wasteful" and so instream water demand was ignored.

text: Establishing a water market may be an appropriate solution for distributing scarce water resources among increasing demand, depending on the historical, political, legal, and economic context of a community. For example, where

text: prior-appropriation water rights

text: dictate freshwater allocation, such as in the Western United States, new consumers may have little recourse to obtain sufficient water quantities to meet their demands without the use of water markets (alternatives to water markets are discussed below). Thus, historical appropriative rights might neglect consumers willing to pay more than current consumers. Water trading serves as a mechanism to promote the distribution of rights to those who value them most. Also, instream demands (that reflect the benefits that fisheries and

text: lentic

text: and

text: lotic

text: ecosystems receive from greater water flows, as well as benefits to water-dependent recreational activities or aesthetic appreciation) might be ignored in an appropriative system. For example, institutions governing water resources in the US have historically favored water allocation to uses that stimulate the economy, such as agricultural, hydroelectric, or municipal application. Correspondingly,

text: western water law

text: evolved to encourage water diversion offstream; water left instream was considered "wasteful" and so instream water demand was ignored.

text: Whirling water movement, provided by mechanical pumps, has been used in water tanks since at least the 1940s. Similar technologies have been marketed for recreational use under the terms "hot tub" or "spa".

text: Whirling water movement, provided by mechanical pumps, has been used in water tanks since at least the 1940s. Similar technologies have been marketed for recreational use under the terms "

text: hot tub

text: " or "spa".

text: The WHO estimates that average urban water tariffs in 2000 were only US$0.13 per cubic meter. A household in Tegucigalpa with a house connection paid only US$2.45 per month for water and US$0.50 for sanitation.

text: The

text: WHO

text: estimates that average urban water tariffs in 2000 were only US$0.13 per cubic meter. A household in

text: Tegucigalpa

text: with a house connection paid only US$2.45 per month for water and US$0.50 for sanitation.

text: Water quality standards (WQS) are risk-based requirements which set site-specific allowable pollutant levels for individual water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands.  States set WQS by designating uses for the water body (e.g., recreation, water supply, aquatic life, agriculture) and applying water quality criteria (numeric pollutant concentrations and narrative requirements) to protect the designated uses. An antidegradation policy is also issued by each state to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality waters.

text: Agriculture remains a significant water user despite the rapid urban development in the area. El Dorado County contains many orchards, vineyards, and pastures that demand large quantities of irrigation water seasonally. Apple Hill Growers Association farms and ranches are located in nearby Camino. Apple hill includes orchards, Christmas tree farms, pumpkin patches and other agriculture related tourist destinations. While traditional livestock grazing in the area has declined since it was first settled, agricultural water use will likely continue to grow.

text: Agriculture remains a significant water user despite the rapid urban development in the area.

text: El Dorado County

text: contains many orchards, vineyards, and pastures that demand large quantities of irrigation water seasonally.

text: Apple Hill

text: Growers Association farms and ranches are located in nearby

text: Camino

text: . Apple hill includes orchards, Christmas tree farms, pumpkin patches and other agriculture related tourist destinations. While traditional livestock grazing in the area has declined since it was first settled, agricultural water use will likely continue to grow.

text: Many nano reef aquarists prefer their displays to be as natural-looking as possible, and therefore choose to use as few mechanical filtration methods as possible. A primary filtration method in nano reefs is live rock and live sand, which are pieces of rock and sand that have broken from the coral reef and are populated with beneficial bacteria and other organisms that aid in breaking down organic wastes produced by larger organisms in the nano reef. Other nano reef aquarists use devices such as protein skimmers to remove excess waste from the aquarium, before it has a chance to be broken down to nitrate. Removing the excess wastes mechanically can reduce the frequency of water changes needed to keep nitrate levels low. Delaying the action of the mechanical filters, such as by means of a day-night timer, can allow invertebrates to filter-feed naturally. A refugium may also be used to export nutrients, when packed with macroalgae such as Chaetomorpha, and live rock. Deep sand bed filters are another filtration method.<br>Recently there have been several "natural" methods of processing waste in the aquarium and specifically small environments as nano-reefs. The research on the encouragement of the development of different types of sponges and micro-organisms to process the pollutants in the aquarium, a matter that has been gaining popularity in the aquarium community.

text: Many nano reef aquarists prefer their displays to be as natural-looking as possible, and therefore choose to use as few mechanical filtration methods as possible. A primary filtration method in nano reefs is

text: live rock

text: and

text: live sand

text: , which are pieces of rock and sand that have broken from the

text: coral reef

text: and are populated with beneficial bacteria and other organisms that aid in breaking down organic wastes produced by larger organisms in the nano reef. Other nano reef aquarists use devices such as

text: protein skimmer

text: s to remove excess waste from the aquarium, before it has a chance to be broken down to nitrate. Removing the excess wastes mechanically can reduce the frequency of water changes needed to keep nitrate levels low. Delaying the action of the mechanical filters, such as by means of a day-night timer, can allow invertebrates to filter-feed naturally. A refugium may also be used to export nutrients, when packed with

text: macroalgae

text: such as

text: Chaetomorpha

text: , and live rock. Deep sand bed filters are another filtration method.<br>Recently there have been several "natural" methods of processing waste in the aquarium and specifically small environments as nano-reefs. The research on the encouragement of the development of different types of sponges and micro-organisms to process the pollutants in the aquarium, a matter that has been gaining popularity in the aquarium community.

text: Veolia Water works on reducing the environmental impact of water use through a number of strategies.

text: All types of 'safe household water storage must be used with water from known clean sources or with water having received prior efficacious treatment.

text: An integrated aquaculture system consists of a number of species at different trophic levels of the food chain. Thus waste generating (fed organisms) such as fish and shrimp are coupled with extractive organisms such as abalone, sponges or sea urchins, as a mechanism of removing excess nutrient matter from the water column. Sea sponges have a distinct advantage as an extractive organism in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system, as they have the potential of acting as a bioremediator to remove both pathogenic bacteria and organic matter. The sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis has exhibited an excellent ability to remove total organic carbon (TOC) from seawater under integrated aquaculture conditions, and could be a potentially useful bioremediation tool for aquaculture systems in regions where water pollution is high. Furthermore, the organic enrichment originating from fish farmed in the vicinity may stimulate sponge growth, resulting in more efficient sea sponge aquaculture.

text: An

text: integrated aquaculture

text: system consists of a number of species at different

text: trophic levels

text: of the

text: food chain

text: . Thus waste generating (fed organisms) such as fish and shrimp are coupled with extractive organisms such as abalone, sponges or sea urchins, as a mechanism of removing excess nutrient matter from the water column. Sea sponges have a distinct advantage as an extractive organism in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture system, as they have the potential of acting as a

text: bioremediator

text: to remove both

text: pathogenic bacteria

text: and organic matter. The sponge

text: Hymeniacidon perlevis

text: has exhibited an excellent ability to remove

text: total organic carbon

text: (TOC) from seawater under integrated aquaculture conditions, and could be a potentially useful bioremediation tool for aquaculture systems in regions where water pollution is high. Furthermore, the organic enrichment originating from fish farmed in the vicinity may stimulate sponge growth, resulting in more efficient sea sponge aquaculture.

text: The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from Chinese who viewed the Song dynasty, rival state to the Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer China proper and overthrow the Ming dynasty, and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among many Chinese, then it was not too much to change it.  Whatever the precise motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty and also changed his name to Chóngdé in 1636.  The reasons for the choice of Qing as the new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in Manchu – or wuxing theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later) Jin to Qing in 1636 because of internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for the throne. According to Taoist philosophy,the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent,thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars.Hong Taiji therefore adopted the new name of Qing 清, the Chinese character of which has the water symbol [3 strokes] on its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household.

text: The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the

text: Jin dynasty

text: founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from Chinese who viewed the

text: Song dynasty

text: , rival state to the Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer

text: China proper

text: and overthrow the

text: Ming dynasty

text: , and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among many Chinese, then it was not too much to change it.  Whatever the precise motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty and also changed his name to Chóngdé in 1636.  The reasons for the choice of Qing as the new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in

text: Manchu

text: – or

text: wuxing

text: theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later) Jin to Qing in 1636 because of internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for the throne. According to Taoist philosophy,the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent,thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars.Hong Taiji therefore adopted the new name of Qing 清, the Chinese character of which has the water symbol [3 strokes] on its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household.

text: Water reservoir creates space to store water for various requirements such as domestic, municipal, irrigation, industrial, production of power, navigation, carryover storage in future year’s use, pisciculture (fish rearing), wild life protection and recreation purposes . Clause II declares each of above purpose is water use along with the evaporation loss from the associated storage. The sum of all storages (without repetition) associated with all water uses is the total storage of all manmade reservoirs and other works. The loss of water by seepage is due to natural cause/ phenomenon from the manmade reservoirs and other manmade works.

text: The Pechiparai Dam water flows at Mulagumoodu via Attukulam and this water fills the following ponds which is very much useful for agriculture.

text: Drinking water for 391 households is supplied from a source: greater than elevation of 100 meter - 13, within Elevation of 50-100 meter - 149, within Elevation of less than 50 meters -127, within House - 102.  within an elevation of more than 50 meters. There is a lack of sanitary latrine facilities. Out of a total of 392 homes: 291 use open defection, 44 use a group latrine with regular water supply, 22 use group latrine with regular water supply, 2 use a clean group latrine with regular water supply and a regular sweeper and 33 use a  private latrine.

text: New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. Manhattan, surrounded by two brackish rivers, had a limited supply of fresh water. To satisfy its growing population, the City of New York acquired land in adjacent Westchester County and constructed the old Croton Aqueduct system there, which went into service in 1842 and was superseded by the new Croton Aqueduct, which opened in 1890. This, however, was interrupted in 2008 for the ongoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant that can supply an estimated 290 million gallons daily when completed, representing an almost 20% addition to the city's availability of water, with this addition going to Manhattan and the Bronx. Water comes to Manhattan through New York City Water Tunnel No. 1, Tunnel No. 2, and Tunnel No. 3, completed in 1917, 1936, and (Manhattan's supply) 2013, respectively.

text: New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected

text: Catskill Mountains

text: watershed

text: . As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed

text: natural water filtration system

text: , New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by

text: water treatment

text: plants. The

text: Croton Watershed

text: north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. Manhattan, surrounded by two

text: brackish

text: rivers, had a limited supply of

text: fresh water

text: . To satisfy its growing population, the City of New York acquired land in adjacent

text: Westchester County

text: and constructed the old

text: Croton Aqueduct

text: system there, which went into service in 1842 and was superseded by the

text: new Croton Aqueduct

text: , which opened in 1890. This, however, was interrupted in 2008 for the ongoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant that can supply an estimated 290 million gallons daily when completed, representing an almost 20% addition to the city's availability of water, with this addition going to Manhattan and the Bronx. Water comes to Manhattan through

text: New York City Water Tunnel No. 1

text: Tunnel No. 2

text: , and

text: Tunnel No. 3

text: , completed in 1917, 1936, and (Manhattan's supply) 2013, respectively.

text: Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. They include  alcohol, a depressant (and a stimulant in small quantities), and the stimulants nicotine and caffeine. These three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide and are also considered as recreational drugs since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of these are also used in spiritual or religious settings.  Some drugs can cause addiction  and all drugs can have side effects. Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many  recreational drugs are illicit and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition.

text: Psychoactive drug

text: s are chemical substances that affect the function of the

text: central nervous system

text: , altering

text: perception

text: mood

text: or

text: consciousness

text: . They include

text: alcohol

text: , a

text: depressant

text: (and a stimulant in small quantities), and the

text: stimulant

text: s

text: nicotine

text: and

text: caffeine

text: . These three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide and are also considered as

text: recreational drugs

text: since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs include

text: hallucinogen

text: s,

text: opiate

text: s and

text: amphetamine

text: s and some of these are also used in spiritual or religious settings.  Some drugs can cause

text: addiction

text: and all drugs can have

text: side effect

text: s. Excessive use of stimulants can promote

text: stimulant psychosis

text: . Many  recreational drugs are

text: illicit

text: and international treaties such as the

text: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

text: exist for the purpose of their

text: prohibition

text: Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore-based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves."

text: There is no formal definition for the water-energy nexus - the concept refers to the relationship between the water used for energy production, including both electricity and sources of fuel such as oil and natural gas, and the energy consumed to extract, purify, deliver, heat/cool, treat and dispose of water (and wastewater) sometimes referred to as the energy intensity (EI). The relationship is not truly a closed loop as the water used for energy production need not be the same water that is processed using that energy, but all forms of energy production require some input of water making the relationship inextricable.

text: There is no formal definition for the water-energy nexus - the concept refers to the relationship between the

text: water

text: used for

text: energy production

text: , including both

text: electricity

text: and sources of fuel such as

text: oil

text: and

text: natural gas

text: , and the energy consumed to extract, purify, deliver, heat/cool, treat and dispose of water (and wastewater) sometimes referred to as the

text: energy intensity

text: (EI). The relationship is not truly a closed loop as the water used for energy production need not be the same water that is processed using that energy, but all forms of energy production require some input of water making the relationship inextricable.

text: A storage water heater is a domestic water heating appliance that uses a hot water storage tank to maximize heating capacity and provide instantaneous delivery of hot water. Conventional storage water heaters use a variety of fuels, including natural gas, propane, fuel oil, and electricity. Less conventional water heating technologies, such as heat pump water heaters and solar water heaters, can also be categorized as storage water heaters. Conventional storage water heaters are the most common water heating type used in the United States.

text: A storage water heater is a domestic

text: water heating

text: appliance that uses a

text: hot water storage tank

text: to maximize heating capacity and provide instantaneous delivery of hot water. Conventional storage water heaters use a variety of fuels, including

text: natural gas

text: propane

text: fuel oil

text: , and

text: electricity

text: . Less conventional water heating technologies, such as heat pump water heaters and

text: solar water heaters

text: , can also be categorized as storage water heaters. Conventional storage water heaters are the most common water heating type used in the

text: United States

text: In addition, agricultural soil scientists develop methods to preserve the agricultural productivity of soil and to decrease the effects on productivity of erosion by wind and water. For example, a technique called contour plowing may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers in agricultural soil science also seek ways to use the soil more effectively in addressing associated challenges. Such challenges include the beneficial reuse of human and animal wastes using agricultural crops; agricultural soil management aspects of preventing water pollution and the build-up in agricultural soil of chemical pesticides.

text: In addition, agricultural soil scientists develop methods to preserve the agricultural productivity of soil and to decrease the effects on productivity of

text: erosion

text: by wind and water. For example, a technique called

text: contour plowing

text: may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers in agricultural soil science also seek ways to use the soil more effectively in addressing associated challenges. Such challenges include the beneficial reuse of human and animal wastes using agricultural crops; agricultural

text: soil management

text: aspects of preventing

text: water pollution

text: and the build-up in agricultural soil of chemical

text: pesticide

text: s.

text: Modern aqueducts may also make extensive use of pipelines. Pipelines are useful for transporting water over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where open channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation, freezing, pollution, or environmental impact. They can also be used to carry treated water.

text: Modern aqueducts may also make extensive use of pipelines. Pipelines are useful for transporting water over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where open channels are poor choices due to considerations of

text: evaporation

text: , freezing,

text: pollution

text: , or environmental impact. They can also be used to carry

text: treated water

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use (see also sanitation).

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (

text: aquifer

text: s), surface water (

text: lake

text: s and

text: river

text: s), and the sea through

text: desalination

text: . The

text: water treatment

text: steps include, in most cases,

text: purification

text: , disinfection through

text: chlorination

text: and sometimes

text: fluoridation

text: . Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to

text: reservoirs

text: , which can be elevated such as

text: water tower

text: s or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see

text: non-revenue water

text: ). Once water is used,

text: wastewater

text: is typically discharged in a

text: sewer

text: system and treated in a

text: sewage treatment plant

text: before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for

text: landscaping

text: irrigation

text: or industrial use (see also

text: sanitation

text: The age of reason is the age at which children attain the use of reason and begin to have moral responsibility. On completion of the seventh year a minor is presumed to have the use of reason, but mental retardation or insanity prevent some individuals from ever attaining the use of reason. The term "use of reason" appears in the Code of Canon Law 17 times, but "age of reason" does not appear. However, the term "age of reason" is used in canon law commentaries such as the New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law published by Paulist Press in 2002.

text: The age of

text: reason

text: is the

text: age

text: at which

text: children

text: attain the use of reason and begin to have

text: moral responsibility

text: . On completion of the seventh year a

text: minor

text: is presumed to have the use of reason, but

text: mental retardation

text: or

text: insanity

text: prevent some individuals from ever attaining the use of reason. The term "use of reason" appears in the

text: Code of Canon Law

text: 17 times, but "age of reason" does not appear. However, the term "age of reason" is used in canon law commentaries such as the New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law published by Paulist Press in 2002.

text: A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons: for example, an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or legal name, but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name legally changed; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason, legal or otherwise, to provide their given or legal name.

text: A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons: for example, an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or

text: legal name

text: , but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name

text: legally changed

text: ; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason, legal or otherwise, to provide their given or legal name.

text: According to a 2008 World Bank study in 10 Indian states, Swajaldhara results in lower capital costs, lower administrative costs and better service quality compared to the supply-driven approach. In particular, the study found that the average full cost of supply-driven schemes is  per cubic meter, while it is only  per cubic meter for demand-driven schemes. These costs include capital, operation and maintenance costs, administrative costs and coping costs incurred by users of malfunctioning systems. Coping costs include travelling long distances to obtain water, standing in long queues, storing water and repairing failed systems. Among the surveyed systems that were built using supply-driven approach system breakdowns were common, the quantity and quality of water supply were less than foreseen in designs, and 30% of households did not get daily supply in summer. The poor functioning of one system sometimes leads to the construction of another system, so that about 30% of households surveyed were served by several systems. As of 2008 only about 10% of rural water schemes built in India used a demand-driven approach. Since water users have to pay lower or no tariffs under the supply-driven approach, this discourages them to opt for a demand-driven approach, even if the likelihood of the systems operating on a sustainable basis is higher under a demand-driven approach.

text: There have been a number of attempts at aquaculture of longfin eels. The first were in the 1970s, and did not remain operational for long, with the last farm closing in 1982. The most common reasons for these failures were economic (the high cost of production vs low price for the eels), variable recruitment of glass eels, and the high mortality (death) rates in the farms. Since the early 2000s, there has been renewed interest in the aquaculture of longfins due to the increasing knowledge of their biology and the diminishing stocks of European eels (Anguilla anguilla), but no farms have been built.

text: There have been a number of attempts at

text: aquaculture

text: of longfin eels. The first were in the 1970s, and did not remain operational for long, with the last farm closing in 1982. The most common reasons for these failures were economic (the high cost of production vs low price for the eels), variable recruitment of glass eels, and the high mortality (death) rates in the farms. Since the early 2000s, there has been renewed interest in the aquaculture of longfins due to the increasing knowledge of their biology and the diminishing stocks of

text: European eel

text: s (Anguilla anguilla), but no farms have been built.

text: A group (including Teachtaí Dála Joe Higgins, Clare Daly, Joan Collins, Richard Boyd Barrett, Mick Wallace, Thomas Pringle and Séamus Healy, European Parliamentarian Paul Murphy, and councillors Ruth Coppinger and Ted Tynan) promoted a campaign of resistance against the "stealth tax" of increased household and water rates. A campaign spokesperson explained: "This is not a charge to fund your local community, it is a tax to fund private speculators, bondholders and the bailout. Our incomes and services are being decimated to pay this private debt. Now people have a chance to register their opposition by not registering for this tax. By not registering, we can make this a referendum on the bailouts for the rich and the cuts for us." By the deadline, only about half of the households in Ireland that were required to register and pay had done so. On 6 May 2013, the Revenue Commissioners reported that 1.2 m households (74%) have paid the property tax. In August 2013, the Revenue said 1.58 m households have paid the tax, and over €175 m has been collected. In 2014, Irish Water workers trying to install the water meters were met with blockades. In February 2015, Murphy and three others were arrested and then released without charges, reportedly part of an investigation into a November 2014 Jobstown protest that trapped Tánaiste Joan Burton  in her car for over two hours.

text: A group (including

text: Teachtaí Dála

text: Joe Higgins

text: Clare Daly

text: Joan Collins

text: Richard Boyd Barrett

text: Mick Wallace

text: Thomas Pringle

text: and

text: Séamus Healy

text: , European Parliamentarian

text: Paul Murphy

text: , and councillors

text: Ruth Coppinger

text: and Ted Tynan) promoted a campaign of resistance against the "stealth tax" of increased household and water rates. A campaign spokesperson explained: "This is not a charge to fund your local community, it is a tax to fund private speculators, bondholders and the bailout. Our incomes and services are being decimated to pay this private debt. Now people have a chance to register their opposition by not registering for this tax. By not registering, we can make this a referendum on the bailouts for the rich and the cuts for us." By the deadline, only about half of the households in Ireland that were required to register and pay had done so. On 6 May 2013, the Revenue Commissioners reported that 1.2 m households (74%) have paid the property tax. In August 2013, the Revenue said 1.58 m households have paid the tax, and over €175 m has been collected. In 2014, Irish Water workers trying to install the water meters were met with blockades. In February 2015, Murphy and three others were arrested and then released without charges, reportedly part of an investigation into a November 2014

text: Jobstown

text: protest that trapped

text: Tánaiste

text: Joan Burton  in her car for over two hours.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread

text: water pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly,

text: agriculture

text: is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce

text: water resources

text: with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use

text: water polluted

text: with urban waste directly to water their crops.

text: Pumpable ice technologies can be recommended for cleaning (lightening) sediments in waste waters. In this case, a method including freezing and further melting with subsequent separation of the liquid and solid phases is used. This method leads to a variation in the physical-chemical structure of sediments and is realized owing to redistribution of any form of the connection of moisture with solid particles of the sediment. It does not need any chemical reagent. The sediment's freezing promotes an increase in the free water quantity of the sediment and improves the efficiency of sediment precipitation. Most of the moisture is capable of diffusion at any of the conditions. Therefore, if the velocity of crystal growing does not exceed 0.02 m/h, there is time for moisture to migrate from colloid cells to the crystal surface, where it is frozen. After thawing, lightened water can be used for industrial and agriculture applications. The concentrated sediments are supplied to press-filters to further decrease their moisture content.

text: Pumpable ice technologies can be recommended for cleaning (lightening)

text: sediment

text: s in waste waters. In this case, a method including

text: freezing

text: and further

text: melting

text: with subsequent separation of the liquid and solid phases is used. This method leads to a variation in the physical-chemical structure of sediments and is realized owing to redistribution of any form of the connection of moisture with solid particles of the sediment. It does not need any chemical reagent. The sediment's freezing promotes an increase in the free water quantity of the sediment and improves the efficiency of sediment precipitation. Most of the moisture is capable of diffusion at any of the conditions. Therefore, if the velocity of crystal growing does not exceed 0.02 m/h, there is time for moisture to migrate from colloid cells to the crystal surface, where it is frozen. After thawing, lightened water can be used for industrial and agriculture applications. The concentrated sediments are supplied to press-filters to further decrease their moisture content.

text: Agriculture is a state responsibility in Lebanon, where the ministry of agriculture is involved in setting agricultural policies and regulations. In the 1990s, the Lebanese government has awarded 89 contracts in the agricultural sector worth a total of US$13.6 million and an additional 46 projects in the irrigation sector, worth US$51.8 million. Contracts include consultancy and design, as well as works and equipment supply. Capital investment in the agricultural sector includes the rehabilitation of the Ministry of Agriculture, land reclamation projects, as well as the rehabilitation of agricultural schools and research stations. The agricultural sector is struggling to survive in a competitive regional market. Through loans and grant agreements, the government has implemented large-scale irrigation projects and has taken steps to ban a long list of hazardous pesticides. However, there are many problems facing the agricultural development with effective extension programs, use of water-conserving irrigation techniques, and rational use of agro-chemicals still scant or localized.

text: Water use can mean the amount of water used by a household or a country, or the amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some product or crop, or the amount allocated for a particular purpose.

text: Water use can mean the amount of

text: water

text: used by a household or a country, or the amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some product or crop, or the amount allocated for a particular purpose.

text: In "A New Agricultural Policy for the United States," authors Dennis Keeney and Long Kemp summarize the agricultural policy of the United States as follows: "Because of its unique geography, weather, history and policies, the United States has an agriculture that has been dominated by production of commodity crops for use in animal, industrial and export enterprises. Over time agricultural policies evolved to support an industrialized, commodity-based agriculture.  This evolution resulted in farmers leaving the land with agriculture moving to an industrial structure."

text: Accumulated thermal units are used, for example, in aquaculture to track the development of incubating salmonid eggs. Eggs incubated at 10 °C develop twice as fast as eggs incubated at 5 °C.

text: Accumulated thermal units are used, for example, in

text: aquaculture

text: to track the development of incubating

text: salmonid

text: eggs. Eggs incubated at 10 °C develop twice as fast as eggs incubated at 5 °C.

text: Rainwater tanks, also known as rain barrels in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water  from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture. Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities.

text: Rainwater tank

text: s, also known as

text: rain barrel

text: s in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water  from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture. Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities.

text: Some have expressed concerns over the oil shale industry's use of water. In 2002, the oil shale-fired power industry used 91% of the water consumed in Estonia. Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale-oil. A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the US Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce  of waste water per  of processed oil shale. In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.

text: Some have expressed concerns over the oil shale industry's use of water. In 2002, the oil shale-fired power industry used 91% of the water consumed in Estonia. Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale-oil. A 2008 programmatic

text: environmental impact statement

text: issued by the US

text: Bureau of Land Management

text: stated that surface mining and retort operations produce  of waste water per  of processed oil shale. In situ processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.

text: A waste pond or chemical pond is a small impounded water body used for the disposal of water pollutants, and sometimes utilized as a method of recycling or decomposing toxic substances.  Such waste ponds may be used for regular disposal of pollutant materials or may be used as upset receivers for special pollution events.  Often, chemical ponds themselves are addressed for cleanup action after their useful life is over or when a risk of groundwater contamination arises.  Peak usage of waste ponds in the United States occurred in the period 1955 to 1985, after which the environmental risks of pond technology were sufficiently understood, such that alternative technologies for waste disposal gradually began to displace many of the waste ponds.   Waste ponds often have pond liners, such as concrete or robust synthetic polymeric materials, to prevent infiltration of chemicals to soil or groundwater.

text: A waste pond or chemical pond is a small impounded water body used for the disposal of

text: water pollutant

text: s, and sometimes utilized as a method of

text: recycling

text: or decomposing

text: toxic

text: substances.  Such waste ponds may be used for regular disposal of pollutant materials or may be used as upset receivers for special pollution events.  Often, chemical ponds themselves are addressed for

text: cleanup

text: action after their useful life is over or when a risk of

text: groundwater

text: contamination arises.  Peak usage of waste ponds in the United States occurred in the period 1955 to 1985, after which the environmental risks of pond technology were sufficiently understood, such that alternative technologies for waste disposal gradually began to displace many of the waste ponds.   Waste ponds often have pond liners, such as

text: concrete

text: or robust synthetic

text: polymer

text: ic materials, to prevent

text: infiltration

text: of

text: chemical

text: s to soil or groundwater.

text: While the most common method of building Natural Swimming Pools is by using a regeneration zone, advances in NSP technology have all but made this method obsolete. Using a regeneration zone strictly limits where building an NSP is plausible.  By using formulas developed by Total Habitat for a built in biological filtration system, an NSP without a regeneration zone can handle any climate. Using this built in filtration "reveals crystal-clear water and thriving populations of beneficial bacteria that strip the water of nitrites, nitrates, E.coli, planktonic algae, skin and body oils, fish food and fish waste". This method is extremely advantageous for a number of reasons. Fish thrive in the water (with a regeneration zone, fish are not allowed in the water), the water may be heated (while NSPs with regeneration zones may be heated, using built in biological media allows for a Natural Swimming Hot Tub). Additionally, with a regeneration zone, the pool needs to be "winterized". A Natural Swimming Pool with built-in biological media may be used year round.

text: The amount of water mixed with human waste can be reduced by the use of waterless urinals and composting toilets and by recycling greywater. The most common method of human waste treatment in rural areas where municipal sewage systems are unavailable is the use of septic tank systems. In remote rural places without sewage or septic systems, small populations allow for the continued use of honey buckets and sewage lagoons (see anaerobic lagoon) without the threat of disease presented by places with denser populations. Honey buckets are used by rural villages in Alaska where, due to permafrost, conventional waste treatment systems cannot be utilized.

text: The amount of water mixed with human waste can be reduced by the use of waterless

text: urinal

text: s and

text: composting toilet

text: s and by recycling

text: greywater

text: . The most common method of human waste treatment in rural areas where municipal sewage systems are unavailable is the use of

text: septic tank

text: systems. In remote rural places without sewage or septic systems, small populations allow for the continued use of

text: honey bucket

text: s and sewage lagoons (see

text: anaerobic lagoon

text: ) without the threat of disease presented by places with denser populations. Honey buckets are used by rural villages in

text: Alaska

text: where, due to

text: permafrost

text: , conventional waste treatment systems cannot be utilized.

text: Americium is commonly used in industry as both an alpha particle and low photon energy gamma radiation source. For instance it is used in many smoke detectors. Americium can be formed by neutron capture of Pu-239 and Pu-240 forming Pu-241 which then decays by beta decay to Am-241. In general, as the energy of the neutrons increases, the ratio of the fission cross section to the neutron capture cross section changes in favour of fission. Hence if MOX is used in a thermal reactor such as a boiling water reactor (BWR) or pressurized water reactor (PWR) then more americium can be expected in the used fuel than that from a fast neutron reactor.

text: Americium is commonly used in industry as both an

text: alpha particle

text: and low

text: photon

text: energy

text: gamma radiation

text: source. For instance it is used in many smoke detectors. Americium can be formed by neutron capture of Pu-239 and Pu-240 forming Pu-241 which then decays by beta decay to Am-241. In general, as the energy of the neutrons increases, the ratio of the fission cross section to the neutron capture cross section changes in favour of

text: fission

text: . Hence if

text: MOX

text: is used in a

text: thermal reactor

text: such as a

text: boiling water reactor

text: (BWR) or

text: pressurized water reactor

text: (PWR) then more americium can be expected in the used fuel than that from a

text: fast neutron reactor

text: Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners, and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of aquaculture in some places. Maerl is commonly used as a soil conditioner.

text: Today, algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as

text: fertilizer

text: s,

text: soil conditioner

text: s, and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds.

text: Algaculture

text: on a large scale is an important type of

text: aquaculture

text: in some places.

text: Maerl

text: is commonly used as a soil conditioner.

text: Environmental accounting is a field that identifies resource use, measures and communicates costs of a company’s or national economic impact on the environment.  Costs include costs to clean up or remediate contaminated sites, environmental fines, penalties and taxes, purchase of pollution prevention technologies and waste management costs.

text: Environmental accounting is a field that identifies resource use, measures and communicates costs of a company’s or national economic impact on the environment.  Costs include costs to clean up or

text: remediate

text: contaminated sites, environmental fines, penalties and taxes, purchase of pollution prevention technologies and waste management costs.

text: Atractosteus gars, including alligator gar, tropical gars, and Cuban gars are considered good candidates for aquaculture particularly in developing regions where their rapid growth, disease resistance, easy adaptation to artificial feeds as juveniles, and ability to tolerate low water quality are essential.  Their ability to breathe in both air and water eliminates the need for costly aeration systems and other technology commonly used in aquaculture.  In the Southern United States, as well as in parts of Mexico and Cuba, broodstocks have already been established, and are being maintained in their respective regions where they already are a popular food fish.

text: Atractosteus gars, including alligator gar,

text: tropical gar

text: s, and

text: Cuban gar

text: s are considered good candidates for

text: aquaculture

text: particularly in developing regions where their rapid growth, disease resistance, easy adaptation to artificial feeds as juveniles, and ability to tolerate low water quality are essential.  Their ability to breathe in both air and water eliminates the need for costly aeration systems and other technology commonly used in aquaculture.  In the Southern United States, as well as in parts of Mexico and Cuba,

text: broodstock

text: s have already been established, and are being maintained in their respective regions where they already are a popular food fish.

text: According to Perlman, “the U.S. has more coal than any other country in the world. It’s actually about as cheap as dirt.” However, the burning of coal for power production is a leading contributor to global warming, mercury poisoning in fish, and acid rain, so environmentalists are pushing to reduce the prevalence of coal combustion plants in the United States. Greenpeace calls it “climate change enemy #1.”GreatPoint Energy is attempting to bridge economics and environmental responsibility. The process developed by the company is much cleaner and more efficient than existing technology. The Wall Street Journal notes that “coal-gasification plants don’t require the vast quantities of water and chemicals used in hydrofracking, a popular commercial method to extract natural gas from shale, nor do they produce the air pollution, solid and liquid waste associated with coal-combustion power plants”. On top of that, GreatPoint Energy’s patented bluegas™ catalytic hydromethanation process uses only a third of the water and energy consumed by General Electric’s coal gasification plants.

text: According to Perlman, “the U.S. has more coal than any other country in the world. It’s actually about as cheap as dirt.” However, the burning of coal for power production is a leading contributor to global warming, mercury poisoning in fish, and acid rain, so environmentalists are pushing to reduce the prevalence of coal combustion plants in the United States. Greenpeace calls it “climate change enemy #1.”GreatPoint Energy is attempting to bridge economics and environmental responsibility. The process developed by the company is much cleaner and more efficient than existing technology. The Wall Street Journal notes that “coal-gasification plants don’t require the vast quantities of water and chemicals used in hydrofracking, a popular commercial method to extract natural gas from shale, nor do they produce the air pollution, solid and liquid waste associated with coal-combustion power plants”. On top of that, GreatPoint Energy’s patented bluegas™ catalytic

text: hydromethanation

text: process uses only a third of the water and energy consumed by General Electric’s coal gasification plants.

text: In the mid 20th century, Buena Vista Lake dried up after its tributary river waters were impounded in Isabella Dam and for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses.

text: In the mid 20th century, Buena Vista Lake dried up after its tributary river waters were impounded in

text: Isabella Dam

text: and for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses.

text: The Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area came about as a result of the failure of a controversial plan to build a dam on the Delaware River at Tocks Island, just north of the Delaware Water Gap to control water levels for flood control and hydroelectric power generation. The dam would have created a  lake in the center of present park for use as a reservoir. Starting in 1960, the present day area of the Recreation Area was acquired for the Army Corps of Engineers through eminent domain. Between 3,000 and 5,000 dwellings were demolished, including historical sites, and about 15,000 people were displaced by the project.

text: The

text: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area

text: came about as a result of the failure of a controversial plan to build a dam on the Delaware River at

text: Tocks Island

text: , just north of the

text: Delaware Water Gap

text: to control water levels for flood control and hydroelectric power generation. The dam would have created a  lake in the center of present park for use as a reservoir. Starting in 1960, the present day area of the Recreation Area was acquired for the

text: Army Corps of Engineers

text: through

text: eminent domain

text: . Between 3,000 and 5,000 dwellings were demolished, including historical sites, and about 15,000 people were displaced by the project.

text: The traditional method of disposing human waste from trains is to deposit the waste onto the tracks using what is known as a hopper toilet. This ranges from a hole in the floor to a full-flush system (possibly with sterilization). The hole in the floor (also known as a drop chute toilet) system is still in use in many parts of the world, particularly on older rolling stock. The principal disadvantage is that it can be considered crude or unhygienic and dangerous to health and the environment – it litters the railway lines and can convey serious health risks when the train passes over or under a navigable waterway. Passengers may be discouraged from flushing or using toilets while the train is at a station or standing at a red signal. To enforce this limitation, toilets may be automatically locked when the train pulls into a station or stops at a red signal.

text: The traditional method of disposing human waste from

text: train

text: s is to deposit the waste onto the

text: tracks

text: using what is known as a hopper toilet. This ranges from a hole in the floor to a full-flush system (possibly with sterilization). The hole in the floor (also known as a drop chute toilet) system is still in use in many parts of the world, particularly on older

text: rolling stock

text: . The principal disadvantage is that it can be considered crude or unhygienic and dangerous to health and the environment – it litters the railway lines and can convey serious health risks when the train passes over or under a

text: navigable waterway

text: . Passengers may be discouraged from flushing or using toilets while the train is at a

text: station

text: or standing at a red signal. To enforce this limitation, toilets may be automatically locked when the train pulls into a station or stops at a red signal.

text: Water efficiency is reducing water wastage by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and the amount of water used or delivered. Water efficiency differs from water conservation. In that it focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use. Solutions for water efficiency focus not only on reducing the amount of potable water used, but also on reducing the use of non-potable water where appropriate (i.e. flushing toilet, watering landscape, etc.). It also emphasises the influence consumers can have in water efficiency by making small behavioural changes to reduce water wastage and by choosing more water efficient products.

text: Water efficiency is reducing water wastage by measuring the amount of water required for a particular purpose and the amount of water used or delivered. Water efficiency differs from water conservation. In that it focuses on reducing waste, not restricting use. Solutions for water efficiency focus not only on reducing the amount of

text: potable water

text: used, but also on reducing the use of non-potable water where appropriate (i.e. flushing toilet, watering landscape, etc.). It also emphasises the influence consumers can have in water efficiency by making small behavioural changes to reduce water wastage and by choosing more water efficient products.

text: Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1 spent on product. In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of GDP. When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP.

text: Resource intensity is a measure of the

text: resource

text: s (e.g.

text: water

text: energy

text: material

text: s) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of

text: good

text: or

text: service

text: , or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the

text: efficiency of resource use

text: . It is often expressed as the

text: quantity

text: of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1 spent on product. In national economic and

text: sustainability accounting

text: it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of

text: GDP

text: . When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP.

text: Supercritical water oxidation or SCWO is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point. Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of hazardous wastes such as PCBs. The fluid has a density between that of water vapor and liquid at standard conditions, and exhibits high gas-like diffusion rates along with high liquid-like collision rates. In addition, the behavior of water as a solvent is altered (in comparison to that of subcritical liquid water) - it behaves much less like a polar solvent. As a result, the solubility behavior is "reversed" so that chlorinated hydrocarbons become soluble in the water, allowing single-phase reaction of aqueous waste with a dissolved oxidizer. The reversed solubility also causes salts to precipitate out of solution, meaning they can be treated using conventional methods for solid-waste residuals. Efficient oxidation reactions occur at low temperature (400-650 °C) with reduced NOx production.

text: Supercritical water oxidation or SCWO is a process that occurs in

text: water

text: at

text: temperature

text: s and

text: pressure

text: s above a mixture's thermodynamic

text: critical point

text: . Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of

text: hazardous waste

text: s such as

text: PCB

text: s. The fluid has a

text: density

text: between that of water

text: vapor

text: and liquid at standard conditions, and exhibits high

text: gas

text: -like diffusion rates along with high

text: liquid

text: -like collision rates. In addition, the behavior of water as a solvent is altered (in comparison to that of subcritical liquid water) - it behaves much less like a polar solvent. As a result, the

text: solubility

text: behavior is "reversed" so that

text: chlorinated hydrocarbon

text: s become soluble in the water, allowing

text: single-phase reaction

text: of aqueous waste with a dissolved

text: oxidizer

text: . The reversed solubility also causes

text: salt

text: s to

text: precipitate

text: out of solution, meaning they can be treated using conventional methods for solid-waste residuals. Efficient oxidation reactions occur at low temperature (400-650 °C) with reduced

text: NOx

text: production.

text: Water management has been planned in an environmentally sound manner as well. Approximately 80 percent of the water used will be recycled and waste water will be reused "as many times as possible", with this greywater being used for crop irrigation and other purposes.

text: Water management has been planned in an environmentally sound manner as well. Approximately 80 percent of the water used will be recycled and waste water will be reused "as many times as possible", with this

text: greywater

text: being used for crop irrigation and other purposes.

text: Legally permitted reasons to change one's given name are:

text: Given that water used for agriculture is not measured as water used in urban and industrial purposes is, the task set for the agricultural providers could prove more expensive and time consuming. This is the reasoning for the cost effective and technically feasible condition placed on many of the requirements set for agricultural providers.

text: Laws governing aquaculture practices vary greatly by country and are often not closely regulated or easily traceable. In the United States, land-based and nearshore aquaculture is regulated at the federal and state levels; however, no national laws govern offshore aquaculture in U.S. exclusive economic zone waters. In June 2011, the Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released national aquaculture policies to address this issue and "to meet the growing demand for healthy seafood, to create jobs in coastal communities, and restore vital ecosystems." In 2011, Congresswoman Lois Capps introduced the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2011 "to establish a regulatory system and research program for sustainable offshore aquaculture in the United States exclusive economic zone"; however, the bill was not enacted into law.

text: Laws governing aquaculture practices vary greatly by country and are often not closely regulated or easily traceable. In the United States, land-based and nearshore aquaculture is regulated at the

text: federal

text: and state levels; however, no national laws govern

text: offshore aquaculture

text: in U.S. exclusive economic zone waters. In June 2011, the Department of Commerce and

text: released national aquaculture policies to address this issue and "to meet the growing demand for healthy seafood, to create jobs in coastal communities, and restore vital ecosystems." In 2011, Congresswoman

text: Lois Capps

text: introduced the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2011 "to establish a regulatory system and research program for sustainable offshore aquaculture in the United States exclusive economic zone"; however, the bill was not enacted into law.

text: Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in all chemical industries, drinking water production, and many food industries.

text: There are bonds which exist exclusively for use by non-profit organizations to provide residential rental housing. When used for such purposes, the IRS code places use limitations on at least 95% of the bond proceeds. Among the uses permitted, one places minimum affordable occupancy levels. Similar to LIHTCs, at least 40% of the units must be occupied by households with incomes 60% AMI or less, or at least 20% of the units must be occupied households with no more than 50% AMI.

text: There are bonds which exist exclusively for use by non-profit organizations to provide residential rental housing. When used for such purposes, the

text: IRS

text: code places use limitations on at least 95% of the bond proceeds. Among the uses permitted, one places minimum affordable occupancy levels. Similar to LIHTCs, at least 40% of the units must be occupied by households with incomes 60%

text: AMI

text: or less, or at least 20% of the units must be occupied households with no more than 50% AMI.

text: The Basin Plan is designed to set environmentally sustainable limits on the quantities of water that may be taken from Basin water resources, to set Basin-wide environmental, water quality and salinity objectives, to develop efficient water trading regimes across the Basin, to set requirements for state water resource plans and to improve water security for all Basin users. It also intends to minimise social and economic impacts whilst achieving the plan's environmental outcomes.

text: The Basin Plan is designed to set environmentally sustainable limits on the quantities of water that may be taken from Basin

text: water resource

text: s, to set Basin-wide environmental,

text: water quality

text: and

text: salinity

text: objectives, to develop efficient

text: water trading

text: regimes across the Basin, to set requirements for state water resource plans and to improve water security for all Basin users. It also intends to minimise social and economic impacts whilst achieving the plan's environmental outcomes.

text: Caprella mutica are native to the subarctic regions of the Sea of Japan in northwestern Asia. They were first discovered in the Peter the Great Gulf in the federal subject of Russia, Primorsky Krai. They were redescribed by the Japanese marine biologist Ishitaro Arimoto in 1976 who noted that they were also present in the island of Hokkaido and surrounding regions. In a span of only 40 years, they have spread into other parts of the world through multiple accidental introductions  (both primary and "stepping stone" secondary introductions) from the hulls or ballast water of international maritime traffic, aquaculture equipment, and shipments of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas).

text: Caprella mutica are native to the subarctic regions of the Sea of Japan in northwestern Asia. They were first discovered in the Peter the Great Gulf in the

text: federal subject

text: of

text: Russia

text: Primorsky Krai

text: . They were redescribed by the Japanese marine biologist

text: Ishitaro Arimoto

text: in 1976 who noted that they were also present in the island of

text: Hokkaido

text: and surrounding regions. In a span of only 40 years, they have spread into other parts of the world through multiple

text: accidental introductions

text: (both primary and "stepping stone" secondary introductions) from the hulls or ballast water of international maritime traffic, aquaculture equipment, and shipments of the Pacific oyster (

text: Crassostrea gigas

text: Whatever the ownership structure, water quality standards and environmental standards relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies, such as (in the UK) the Drinking Water Inspectorate and the Environment Agency. In the United States drinking water standards are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  U.S. pollution control standards are developed jointly by EPA and state environmental agencies pursuant to the Clean Water Act.  For countries within the European Union, water-related directives are important for water resource management and environmental and water quality standards. Key directives include the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1992 (requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards), and the Water Framework Directive 2000, which requires water resource plans based on river basins, including public participation based on Aarhus Convention principles. See Watertime - the international context, Section 2. International Standards (ISO) on water service management and assessment are under preparation within Technical Committee ISO/TC 224.

text: Whatever the ownership structure,

text: water quality

text: standards and environmental standards relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies, such as (in the UK) the

text: Drinking Water Inspectorate

text: and the

text: Environment Agency

text: . In the

text: United States

text: drinking water standards are set by the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).  U.S. pollution control standards are developed jointly by EPA and state environmental agencies pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: .  For countries within the

text: European Union

text: , water-related

text: directives

text: are important for

text: water resource

text: management and environmental and

text: water quality

text: standards. Key directives include the

text: Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

text: 1992 (requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards), and the

text: Water Framework Directive

text: 2000, which requires water resource plans based on river basins, including public participation based on

text: Aarhus Convention

text: principles. See Watertime - the international context, Section 2. International Standards (

entity_name: International Organization for Standardization

text: ISO

text: ) on water service management and assessment are under preparation within Technical Committee ISO/TC 224.

text: Like the highlands, there is a high degree of environmental variability in the Mesoamerican lowlands, ranging from the lush tropical climate of lowland Veracruz to the semi-arid brush forests of northern Yucatán.  On the southeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Belize, and in southern Campeche and Quintana Roo, rainfall can be quite heavy.  The tropical forests found there are diverse in the vegetation species present and this, in addition to the overabundance of water, presented obstacles inhibiting the development of agriculture (but this is not to say that agriculture did not develop in the lowlands). To offset the environmental constraints, the ancient Mesoamericans employed a series of agricultural adaptations.  One such adaptation was the use of drainage systems, exemplified by the camellones chontales found in the Chontalpa region of Tabasco.  Another systematic adaptation was the use of raised-field agriculture, as seen at the Preclassic site of Cerros, in Belize.

text: Like the highlands, there is a high degree of environmental variability in the Mesoamerican lowlands, ranging from the lush tropical climate of lowland Veracruz to the semi-arid brush forests of northern Yucatán.  On the southeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Belize, and in southern Campeche and Quintana Roo, rainfall can be quite heavy.  The tropical forests found there are diverse in the vegetation species present and this, in addition to the overabundance of water, presented obstacles inhibiting the development of agriculture (but this is not to say that agriculture did not develop in the lowlands). To offset the environmental constraints, the ancient Mesoamericans employed a series of

text: agricultural

text: adaptations.  One such adaptation was the use of

text: drainage

text: systems, exemplified by the camellones chontales found in the

text: Chontalpa

text: region of

text: Tabasco

text: .  Another systematic adaptation was the use of raised-field agriculture, as seen at the Preclassic site of

text: Cerros

text: , in Belize.

text: The International Labour Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors." It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play.

text: The International Labour Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors." It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the

entity_name: Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001

text: Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001

text: , which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play.

text: Spiff carries a futuristic sidearm, originally named the Atomic Napalm Neutralizer. After the first few strips, the name was changed to the simpler Death Ray Blaster, or Death Ray Zorcher. It is difficult to say whether it was a replacement weapon or not, since both guns were similar in shape; on one occasion Spiff also used a similar one called an Atom Blaster. The Death Ray Blaster had various cooking-based settings ("Shake-n'-Bake", "Medium Well", "Deep Fat-fry","Liquefy" and "Frappe"), yet they prove useless against every enemy Spiff faced. The real-life equivalent of these fantasy weapons often turned out to be a dart gun, water pistol, rubber band, spitballs, or snowballs, explaining their ineffectiveness. Spiff's other weapons include Demise-O-Bombs (water balloons) a Zorcher (his water gun) at least one Hydro Bomb (a jar or glass filled with water) and one Stun Blaster (a rock). On one occasion he even had a jet pack (though this was just him running in real life).

text: Spiff carries a futuristic sidearm, originally named the

text: Atom

text: ic

text: Napalm

text: Neutralizer. After the first few strips, the name was changed to the simpler Death Ray Blaster, or Death Ray Zorcher. It is difficult to say whether it was a replacement weapon or not, since both guns were similar in shape; on one occasion Spiff also used a similar one called an Atom Blaster. The Death Ray Blaster had various cooking-based settings ("Shake-n'-Bake", "Medium Well", "Deep Fat-fry","Liquefy" and "Frappe"), yet they prove useless against every enemy Spiff faced. The real-life equivalent of these fantasy weapons often turned out to be a dart gun,

text: water pistol

text: rubber band

text: spitball

text: s, or

text: snowball

text: s, explaining their ineffectiveness. Spiff's other weapons include Demise-O-Bombs (

text: water

text: balloon

text: s) a Zorcher (his

text: water gun

text: ) at least one Hydro Bomb (a jar or glass filled with water) and one Stun Blaster (a rock). On one occasion he even had a jet pack (though this was just him running in real life).

text: Food production is by far the largest consumer of global fresh water supplies. Globally, agriculture is responsible for an average of 70% of fresh water consumption by humans; in some countries that figure jumps to 80%-90%. Agriculture is therefore also responsible for much of fresh water over-exploitation. Food production further impacts the water sector through land degradation, changes in runoff, disruption of groundwater discharge, water quality and availability of water and land for other purposes such as natural habitat. The increased yields that have resulted from mechanization and other modern measures have come at a high energy price, as the full food and supply chain claims approximately 30% of total global energy demand. Energy fuels land preparation, fertilizer production, irrigation and the sowing, harvesting and transportation of crops. The links between food and energy have become quite apparent in recent years as increases in the price of oil lead very quickly to increases in the price of food. The energy sector can have other negative impacts on the food sector when mining for fossil fuels and deforestation for biofuels reduce land for agriculture, ecosystems and other uses.

text: Food production

text: is by far the largest consumer of global

text: fresh water

text: supplies. Globally,

text: agriculture

text: is responsible for an average of 70% of

text: fresh water

text: consumption by humans; in some countries that figure jumps to 80%-90%.

text: Agriculture

text: is therefore also responsible for much of

text: fresh water

text: over-exploitation.

text: Food production

text: further impacts the water sector through

text: land degradation

text: , changes in runoff, disruption of

text: groundwater discharge

text: water quality

text: and availability of water and land for other purposes such as natural habitat. The increased yields that have resulted from mechanization and other modern measures have come at a high energy price, as the full food and

text: supply chain

text: claims approximately 30% of total global

text: energy demand

text: . Energy fuels

text: land preparation

text: fertilizer

text: production,

text: irrigation

text: and the sowing, harvesting and transportation of crops. The links between

text: food

text: and

text: energy

text: have become quite apparent in recent years as increases in the price of

text: oil

text: lead very quickly to increases in the price of

text: food

text: . The energy sector can have other negative impacts on the food sector when

text: mining

text: for

text: fossil fuels

text: and

text: deforestation

text: for

text: biofuels

text: reduce land for

text: agriculture

text: ecosystems

text: and other uses.

text: Even though water markets are increasingly gaining ground, many have criticized the prior appropriation system for failing to adequately adjust to society's evolving values. For example, the vast majority of water in the West still is allocated to agricultural uses despite the cries for additional water from growing cities. Additionally, the high demand for the allocation of water can cause an over-appropriation of the waters. This means that there are more water rights for that particular stream than there is water actually available. For example, in Nevada, approximately 45 basins are over-appropriated. Similarly, environmentalists and those who use rivers for recreational and/or scenic purposes have demanded that more water be left in rivers in streams.  The prior appropriation system has in many ways inhibited these calls for change.

text: Agricultural images in are typically classified in the iconic and indexical modes of Peirce's modes of signs. Images associated with agricultural typically depict open-space landscapes, farm machinery, farm or ranch workers, agricultural food products, farm clothing, corn, cows, and farm tools.

text: Portland Roads community is a reasonably standard housing area with some open-plan style houses and no power, water or sewerage facilities. It was predominantly a fishing community until the recent changes to Fisheries Regulations. Many prawn trawlers, cray boats and yachts use this sheltered anchorage. Approximately 10 persons live here.

text: Currently, pieces of government legislation and a number of grassroots efforts have contributed to the growth of e-cycling processes which emphasize decreased exports over increased reuse rates. The Electronic Waste Recycling Act was passed in California in 2003. It requires that consumers pay an extra fee for certain types of electronics, and the collected money be then redistributed to recycling companies that are qualified to properly recycle these products. It is the only state that legislates against e-waste through this kind of consumer fee; the other states' efforts focus on producer responsibility laws or waste disposal bans. No study has shown that per capita recovery is greater in one type of legislated program (e.g. California) versus ordinary waste disposal bans (e.g. Massachusetts), though recovery has greatly increased in states which use either method.

text: Currently, pieces of government legislation and a number of grassroots efforts have contributed to the growth of e-cycling processes which emphasize decreased exports over increased reuse rates. The

entity_name: California Electronic Waste Recycling Act

text: Electronic Waste Recycling Act

text: was passed in California in 2003. It requires that consumers pay an extra fee for certain types of electronics, and the collected money be then redistributed to recycling companies that are qualified to properly recycle these products. It is the only state that legislates against e-waste through this kind of consumer fee; the other states' efforts focus on producer responsibility laws or waste disposal bans. No study has shown that per capita recovery is greater in one type of legislated program (e.g. California) versus ordinary waste disposal bans (e.g. Massachusetts), though recovery has greatly increased in states which use either method.

text: The law creates two classifications of waters capable of recreational use: Class I and Class II. Class I are waters which are capable of recreational use and have been declared navigable or which are capable of specific kinds of commercial activity including commercial outfitting with multi-person watercraft.  Class II waters are all other rivers and streams capbable of recreational use that are not Class I waters.

text: Anglian operates the reservoirs Rutland Water, Grafham Water, Alton Water, Pitsford Water, Ravensthorpe and Taverham Mill. Apart from providing water supplies, a separate leisure division has been formed to promote the use of these facilities for recreational use. Activities provided for include water sports, fishing, bird watching, cycling and walking.

text: Anglian operates the reservoirs

text: Rutland Water

text: Grafham Water

text: Alton Water

text: Pitsford Water

text: Ravensthorpe

text: and Taverham Mill. Apart from providing water supplies, a separate leisure division has been formed to promote the use of these facilities for recreational use. Activities provided for include water sports, fishing, bird watching, cycling and walking.

text: If, for example, a large ground-water body that many people use for drinking water is contaminated by bacteria (e-coli 0157 H7, campylobacter or leptospirosis) and the source of contamination is strongly suspected to be dairy cows but the exact science is not yet able to provide absolute proof, the cows should be removed from the environment until they are proved, by the dairy industry, not to be the source or until that industry ensures that such contamination will not recur.

text: In 2015, Perry Alagappan from United States received the prize for inventing a method that uses nanotechnology to remove electronic waste from water, the product of his research experiments with support from the members of the Barron Lab of Rice University, Houston, Texas.

text: The global trade of marine ornamentals has been a rapidly expanding industry involving numerous countries worldwide. In the early 1980s, the estimated value of imported marine fish and invertebrates was US$24–40 million annually. Current estimates place that value at US$200–330 million, with the United States accounting for 80% of the industry imports. Despite advances and the expansion of aquaculture, postlarval capture and rearing, the majority of marine ornamentals are collected in the wild as adults or juveniles.

text: The global trade of marine ornamentals has been a rapidly expanding industry involving numerous countries worldwide. In the early 1980s, the estimated value of imported marine fish and invertebrates was US$24–40 million annually. Current estimates place that value at US$200–330 million, with the United States accounting for 80% of the industry imports. Despite advances and the expansion of

text: aquaculture

text: , postlarval capture and rearing, the majority of marine ornamentals are collected in the wild as adults or juveniles.

text: Charges for the use of water are among the best known economic instruments for water policies. They can contribute to the transmission of  market signals which are coherent with policy aims, if their design is transparent and revenues are earmarked to uses connected to the service or to the mitigation of impacts from water uses. Charges for water uses potentially aim at different objectives: (a) redistribution the costs water service operators bear for water related services among the users,  cover costs for service provision; (b) distribute social costs of resource uses, for instance environmental costs, among users, (c) attribute water uses to the economically most efficient type of uses according to their ability to pay for water uses.

text: Populations of the plant have been damaged by a number of processes, especially increased turbidity in the water; like most other plants, eelgrass requires sunlight to grow. One plant may adapt to light level by growing longer leaves to reach the sun in low-light areas; individuals in clear or shallow water may have leaves a few centimeters long, while individuals in deeper spots may have leaves over a meter long. Human activities such as dredging and trawling damage eelgrass meadows; practices used in scallop and mussel harvesting in the Wadden Sea have cleared much eelgrass from the sea bottom there. Aquaculture operations and coastal development destroy colonies. Pollution from many sources, including riverside farms, sewage lines, fish processing plants, and oil spills, damage eelgrass meadows. Conservation and restoration efforts of Zostera marina habitats have been plenty since their rapid decline started several decades ago.

text: Populations of the plant have been damaged by a number of processes, especially increased

text: turbidity

text: in the water; like most other plants, eelgrass requires sunlight to grow. One plant may adapt to light level by growing longer leaves to reach the sun in low-light areas; individuals in clear or shallow water may have leaves a few centimeters long, while individuals in deeper spots may have leaves over a meter long. Human activities such as

text: dredging

text: and

text: trawling

text: damage eelgrass meadows; practices used in

text: scallop

text: and

text: mussel

text: harvesting in the

text: Wadden Sea

text: have cleared much eelgrass from the sea bottom there.

text: Aquaculture

text: operations and coastal development destroy colonies.

text: Pollution

text: from many sources, including riverside

text: farm

text: s,

text: sewage

text: lines, fish processing plants, and

text: oil spill

text: s, damage eelgrass meadows. Conservation and restoration efforts of Zostera marina habitats have been plenty since their rapid decline started several decades ago.

text: Traditionally, mineral waters were used or consumed at their spring sources, often referred to as "taking the waters" or "taking the cure," at places such as spas, baths, or wells. The term spa was used for a place where the water was consumed and bathed in; bath where the water was used primarily for bathing, therapeutics, or recreation; and well where the water was to be consumed.

text: Traditionally, mineral waters were used or consumed at their spring sources, often referred to as "taking the waters" or "taking the cure," at places such as

text: spa

text: s,

text: baths

text: , or

text: well

text: s. The term spa was used for a place where the water was consumed and bathed in; bath where the water was used primarily for bathing, therapeutics, or recreation; and well where the water was to be consumed.

text: Taxes on the use of water as an environmental good, for instance on the use of ground water, can help internalizing negative environmental impacts and/or collect fincnacial resources for the public budget. The earmarking of environmental taxes (making the use of the resources collected transparent and coherent to the environmental function of the tax) is a central issue for the acceptance of the tool.

text: The Home Water Works website contains useful information on household water conservation.  Contrary to popular view, experts suggest the most efficient way is replacing toilets and retrofitting washers.

text: Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production. Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. Significant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of aquifers, has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood.

text: Modern

text: agronomy

text: plant breeding

text: agrochemical

text: s such as

text: pesticide

text: s and

text: fertilizer

text: s, and technological developments have in many cases sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects.

text: Selective breeding

text: and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about

text: animal welfare

text: and the health effects of the

text: antibiotics

text: growth hormone

text: s, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.

text: Genetically modified organism

text: s are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. Significant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of

text: aquifer

text: s, has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not fully understood.

text: Due to its potential for use in nuclear weapons programs, the possession or import/export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries. Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water. (In Australia, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987.) In the U.S. and Canada, non-industrial quantities of heavy water (i.e., in the gram to kg range) are routinely available without special license through chemical supply dealers and commercial companies such as the world's former major producer Ontario Hydro.

text: Due to its potential for use in

text: nuclear weapon

text: s programs, the possession or import/export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries. Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply

text: IAEA

text: (International Atomic Energy Agency) administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water. (In Australia, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation (Safeguards) Act 1987.) In the U.S. and Canada, non-industrial quantities of heavy water (i.e., in the gram to kg range) are routinely available without special license through chemical supply dealers and commercial companies such as the world's former major producer

text: Ontario Hydro

text: Under-gate Jack operators usually control the gate by directly moving the pivot point of each gate leaf. This makes the unit ideal cosmetically and also allows for up to 180 degrees of leaf swing as required. However controlling the pivot point of the gate, is like opening a door by twisting the hinge, and as so is very difficult due to the loads needed at that point. This is highlighted with snap, as the gate has to change direct, as soon as it can. For this reason they are recommend as only suitable for ‘Domestic’ systems in a low risk of abuse environment. Another major consideration with the use of under-gate units is that of water immersion/ingress and warranty voidance. If the water table is high or the drainage of the unit’s foundation box inadequate throughout the systems life, then water ingress and unit failure is increased.

text: Injection wells are widely considered to be the best method for disposal of treated waste water. Unlike outfalls or other direct disposal techniques, injection wells utilize the earth as a filter to further clean the treated wastewater before it reaches the receiving water.  This method of waste water disposal also serves to spread the injectate over a wide area, further decreasing environmental impacts.

text: Agriculture is the dominant land use in the watershed and the majority of the water bodies have been dredged or channelized to facilitate the rapid conveyance of water from the relatively flat landscape.

text: Today, the breed is used mainly for meat and logging forested areas inaccessible to machinery. Since the mid-1990s, colts not intended for breeding, recreational riding, or harness work are heavily fed and sent out to slaughter before the age of eighteen months. Fillies are generally used for breeding. The breed association and its breeders are trying to secure the future of the Trait du Nord by finding new markets, especially in the areas of recreational riding, agricultural work, recreational and competitive driving. The breed is involved in several reenactments and folk villages which attract good crowds. The breed is promoted for its use in logging in forests and fragile areas, with professional foresters using them to preserve the value and biodiversity of forested areas.

text: Today, the breed is used mainly for meat and logging forested areas inaccessible to machinery. Since the mid-1990s,

text: colts

text: not intended for breeding, recreational riding, or

text: harness work

text: are heavily fed and sent out to slaughter before the age of eighteen months.

text: Fillies

text: are generally used for breeding. The breed association and its breeders are trying to secure the future of the Trait du Nord by finding new markets, especially in the areas of recreational riding, agricultural work, recreational and competitive

text: driving

text: . The breed is involved in several reenactments and folk villages which attract good crowds. The breed is promoted for its use in logging in forests and fragile areas, with professional foresters using them to preserve the value and

text: biodiversity

text: of forested areas.

text: Additionally, it has been demonstrated that while there is an abundant amount of water in the Ogallala Aquifer, it is slow to replenish itself, with most of the water in the Aquifer having been there since the last Ice Age. Some current estimates predict the usefulness of the Aquifer for agriculture to subside and be useless as soon as the early parts of the mid-21st century, leading current farmers to turn away from irrigated agriculture using the aquifer.

text: Additionally, it has been demonstrated that while there is an abundant amount of water in the Ogallala Aquifer, it is slow to replenish itself, with most of the water in the Aquifer having been there since the last

text: Ice Age

text: . Some current estimates predict the usefulness of the Aquifer for agriculture to subside and be useless as soon as the early parts of the mid-21st century, leading current farmers to turn away from irrigated agriculture using the aquifer.

text: Per capita water use figures are difficult to compare over time, because sources typically do not indicate if water losses are included in the figures or not. The National Statistical Institute gives water use in the Federal District at 223 liter/day in 1999 (probably after losses), including 164 liter of residential use and 59 liter for industrial and commercial uses. This is only about one third of average water use in the United States, which is 603 liter/capita/day. However, it is still one third higher than water use in France, which is only 165 liter/capita/day.

text: Per capita water use figures are difficult to compare over time, because sources typically do not indicate if water losses are included in the figures or not. The National Statistical Institute gives water use in the Federal District at 223 liter/day in 1999 (probably after losses), including 164 liter of residential use and 59 liter for industrial and commercial uses. This is only about one third of average

text: water use in the United States

text: , which is 603 liter/capita/day. However, it is still one third higher than

text: water use in France

text: , which is only 165 liter/capita/day.

text: Most state and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the free-for-all, undeveloped wide open spaces of the Bureau of Land Management lands to the highly developed and controlled US national parks and state parks. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat, are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.

text: Most state and federally managed

text: public lands

text: are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the free-for-all, undeveloped wide open spaces of the

text: Bureau of Land Management

text: lands to the highly developed and controlled

entity_name: List of national parks of the United States

text: US national parks

text: and

text: state park

text: s. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve

text: habitat

text: , are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals.

text: National forests

text: generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.

text: The recommendations on wastewater reuse established by the State of California, the World Health Organisation (WHO) (i.e. "Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater" (2006)) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (i.e. "Guidelines for Water Reuse. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)" (2012))  and by Australia, constitute the background of most of the legal guidelines proposed in countries such as the United States, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, France, Australia, Israel, Jordan, Mexico, South Africa, Tunisia, and China. Compliance with these regulatory frameworks requires the analysis of the treated wastewater prior to its reuse.

text: The recommendations on wastewater reuse established by the State of California, the

text: World Health Organisation

text: (WHO) (i.e. "Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater" (2006)) and the

text: US Environmental Protection Agency

text: (USEPA) (i.e. "Guidelines for Water Reuse. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)" (2012))  and by Australia, constitute the background of most of the legal guidelines proposed in countries such as the United States, Portugal, Spain, Italy,

text: Cyprus

text: , France, Australia, Israel,

text: Jordan

text: , Mexico, South Africa,

text: Tunisia

text: , and China. Compliance with these regulatory frameworks requires the analysis of the treated wastewater prior to its reuse.

text: Anaerobic digestion (AD), the breaking down of biodegradable material by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, is recognised as an effective method of waste disposal, with the potential to address the food waste problem nationally. AD technology has a small environmental impact, producing less greenhouse gas emissions than composting. However, although the process is well established in the water industry, it is less so within the waste sector. Despite this, the AD industry is being (and planned to be further) expanded by local councils and retailers to deal with food waste; several local authorities in the UK are planning to build anaerobic digestion plants, with the largest, to be located in Selby, due to operate from 2010. Supermarket chains Tesco and Sainsbury's are both adopting AD technology to dispose of their waste, while Tesco's head of waste and recycling said: "As renewable energy technologies now become mainstream, there is no excuse for sending waste to landfill that could actually be put to positive use." AD technology remains an experimental field though, and there is potential for advancements to increase efficiency. In July 2014 Sainsbury's began powering one of its stores using anaerobic digestion.

text: Anaerobic digestion

text: (AD), the breaking down of biodegradable material by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, is recognised as an effective method of waste disposal, with the potential to address the food waste problem nationally. AD technology has a small environmental impact, producing less greenhouse gas emissions than composting. However, although the process is well established in the

text: water industry

text: , it is less so within the waste sector. Despite this, the AD industry is being (and planned to be further) expanded by

text: local councils

text: and retailers to deal with food waste; several local authorities in the UK are planning to build anaerobic digestion plants, with the largest, to be located in

text: Selby

text: , due to operate from 2010. Supermarket chains

text: Tesco

text: and

text: Sainsbury's

text: are both adopting AD technology to dispose of their waste, while Tesco's head of waste and recycling said: "As renewable energy technologies now become mainstream, there is no excuse for sending waste to landfill that could actually be put to positive use." AD technology remains an experimental field though, and there is potential for advancements to increase efficiency. In July 2014 Sainsbury's began powering one of its stores using anaerobic digestion.

text: Another is used to monitor changes related to water content in water bodies, using green and NIR wavelengths, defined by McFeeters (1996):

text: At the central level, several key laws and regulations are relevant to fisheries and aquaculture. These include the British-era Indian Fisheries Act (1897), which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives; the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India. India also has enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) and the Wild Life Protection Act (1972). All these legislations must be read in conjunction with one another, and with the local laws of a specific state, to gain a full picture of the law and regulations that are applicable to fisheries and aquaculture in India.'.'.'

text: At the central level, several key laws and regulations are relevant to fisheries and aquaculture. These include the British-era

text: Indian Fisheries Act (1897)

text: , which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives; the

text: Environment (Protection) Act (1986)

text: , being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India. India also has enacted the

text: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974)

text: and the

text: Wild Life Protection Act (1972)

text: . All these legislations must be read in conjunction with one another, and with the local laws of a specific state, to gain a full picture of the law and regulations that are applicable to fisheries and aquaculture in India.'.'.'

text: A water-meadow (also water meadow or watermeadow) is an area of grassland subject to controlled irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.  Water-meadows were mainly used in Europe from the 16th to the early 20th centuries.  Working water-meadows have now largely disappeared, but the field patterns and water channels of derelict water-meadows remain common in areas where they were used, such as parts of Northern Italy, Switzerland and England.  Derelict water-meadows are often of importance as wetland wildlife habitats.

text: A water-meadow (also water meadow or watermeadow) is an area of

text: grassland

text: subject to controlled

text: irrigation

text: to increase

text: agricultural productivity

text: .  Water-meadows were mainly used in Europe from the 16th to the early 20th centuries.  Working water-meadows have now largely disappeared, but the field patterns and water channels of derelict water-meadows remain common in areas where they were used, such as parts of

text: Northern Italy

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: England

text: .  Derelict water-meadows are often of importance as wetland wildlife habitats.

text: GIS in environmental contamination is the use of GIS software in mapping out the contaminants in soil and water using the spatial interpolation tools from GIS.  Soil and water contamination by metals and other contaminants have become a major environmental problem after the industrialization across many parts of the world.  As a result, environmental agencies are placed in charge in remediating, monitoring, and mitigating the soil contamination sites.  GIS is used to monitor the sites for metal contaminants in the soil, and based on the GIS analysis, highest risk sites are identified in which majority of the remediation and monitoring takes place.  GIS is used in making spatial interpolations of contaminants in the soil and water.  Spatial interpolation allows for more efficient approach to remediation and monitoring of soil and water contaminants.

text: GIS in environmental contamination is the use of

text: GIS

text: software in mapping out the contaminants in soil and water using the

text: spatial interpolation

text: tools from GIS.  Soil and water contamination by metals and other contaminants have become a major environmental problem after the industrialization across many parts of the world.  As a result, environmental agencies are placed in charge in remediating, monitoring, and mitigating the soil contamination sites.  GIS is used to monitor the sites for metal contaminants in the soil, and based on the GIS analysis, highest risk sites are identified in which majority of the remediation and monitoring takes place.  GIS is used in making spatial interpolations of contaminants in the soil and water.  Spatial interpolation allows for more efficient approach to remediation and monitoring of soil and water contaminants.

text: A different set of reasons for failing to notice the onset of crises is that we allow ourselves to be 'tricked' into believing that we are doing something for reasons that are false. In other words, we are doing the wrong things for the right reasons. For example, we might believe that we are solving the threats of climate change by engaging in economic trading activity that has no real impact on the climate. Mitroff and Silvers  posit two reasons for these mistakes, which they classify as Type 3 (inadvertent) and Type 4 (deliberate) errors.

text: The US Environmental Protection Agency's WaterSense program provides certification that toilets meet the goal of using less than 1.6 US gallons per flush. Units that meet or exceed this standard can carry the WaterSense sticker. The EPA estimates that the average US home will save US$90 per year, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilets. Dry toilets can lead to even more water savings in private homes as they use no water for flushing.

text: The

text: US Environmental Protection Agency

text: 's

text: WaterSense

text: program provides certification that toilets meet the goal of using less than 1.6 US gallons per flush. Units that meet or exceed this standard can carry the WaterSense sticker. The EPA estimates that the average US home will save

text: US$

text: 90 per year, and $2,000 over the lifetime of the toilets.

text: Dry toilet

text: s can lead to even more water savings in private homes as they use no water for flushing.

text: Field operators have tried several enhanced recovery projects to improve production rates.  In the McGrath pool, gas injection was used from 1956 to 1968, and the zone has been waterflooded since 1963, in an attempt to boost reservoir pressure.  Both methods also have been used on the Colonia pool, with gas injection running from 1964 to 1971, and waterflooding since 1960. Recently enhanced methods have included using water injection to get more tight oil. Oil companies inject the chemical waste water, also called produced water, back into the earth. The presence of water injection wells near directionally drilled oil wells lead one investigative journalist to hypothesize that fracking had occurred.

text: Field operators have tried several enhanced recovery projects to improve production rates.  In the McGrath pool, gas injection was used from 1956 to 1968, and the zone has been waterflooded since 1963, in an attempt to boost reservoir pressure.  Both methods also have been used on the Colonia pool, with gas injection running from 1964 to 1971, and waterflooding since 1960. Recently enhanced methods have included using

text: water injection

text: to get more

text: tight oil

text: . Oil companies inject the chemical waste water, also called produced water, back into the earth. The presence of water injection wells near directionally drilled oil wells lead one investigative journalist to hypothesize that

text: fracking

text: had occurred.

text: Several of the water areas are dedicated or restricted to particular forms of water recreation, with specific separate areas for sailing, water skiing and personal watercraft use.

text: The English common law system was adopted by California in 1850.  With regards to water rights, English common law specifies that landowners have the right to the water that runs through or adjacent to their property for reasonable household purposes as long as their use does not interfere with the rights of other riparian land owners.  These are known as riparian water rights.  The English common law interpretation of reasonable household purposes meant domestic uses and small scale subsistence farming.  Other landowners whose properties do not have water, have no right to use it .

text: The English

text: common law

text: system was adopted by California in 1850.  With regards to water rights, English common law specifies that landowners have the right to the water that runs through or adjacent to their property for reasonable household purposes as long as their use does not interfere with the rights of other riparian land owners.  These are known as

text: riparian water rights

text: .  The English

text: common law

text: interpretation of reasonable household purposes meant domestic uses and small scale subsistence farming.  Other landowners whose properties do not have water, have no right to use it .

text: The primary aims of school hygiene education is to improve behavior through useful practices connected to personal, water, food, domestic and public hygiene. Also, it aims to protect water and food supplies and to safely manage environmental factors.

text: The primary aims of school hygiene education is to improve behavior through useful practices connected to personal, water, food, domestic and

text: public hygiene

text: . Also, it aims to protect water and food supplies and to safely manage environmental factors.

text: Further refinements to these remediation and mitigation have further reduced the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the restoration project. The majority of these negative impacts are considered to "short-term" impacts that would only occur during the initial construction phase, and would be cease once construction is complete. These short-term impacts include significant and unavoidable air quality and noise impacts on nearby residents during construction. Other short-term economic impacts will come from the closure of recreation areas while construction occurs in these areas.These refinements to the DEIS further reduce these construction-related impacts on recreation, biological resources, and water quality. Other impacts on biological resources such as loss of habitat and impacts on wetlands will be mitigated. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) consulted with the planners to mitigate and reduce the habitat loss. Existing downstream water uses would be maintained in cooperation with power generators and irrigators, as is required in the initial relocation agreement in 1950. With respect to the remaining resource areas analyzed (Geology, Soils, and Seismicity; Traffic and Circulation; Hazardous, Toxic, and Radiological Waste; Land Use; Aesthetic Resources; Cultural Resources; Socioeconomics and Environmental Justice; and Public Health and Safety), adverse impacts are anticipated be low to moderate.

text: In 1961, a Water Resources Development Promotion Law was passed. On its basis over the next decade seven river basins with high growth in water needs were designated for water resources development and investments in dams, weirs and inter-basin transfers was undertaken on the basis of comprehensive development plans for each basin. During the 1970s and 80s numerous dams were thus built to provide storage to avoid future water scarcity and to supply the growing cities with sufficient water. However, the construction of some dams was substantially delayed. For example, construction of the dam forming what is today Lake Miyagase was begun in 1971, but for a number of reasons including the need to resettle 300 households, the dam was only completed in 2000. Beginning in the 1960s investment in waste water treatment was initiated. In 1993 the Environmental Law was passed and subsequently legislation was passed to protect the headwaters of rivers, thus gradually shifting from a curative approach to a preventative approach of water quality management.

text: In 1961, a Water Resources Development Promotion Law was passed. On its basis over the next decade seven river basins with high growth in water needs were designated for water resources development and investments in dams, weirs and

text: inter-basin transfer

text: s was undertaken on the basis of comprehensive development plans for each basin. During the 1970s and 80s numerous dams were thus built to provide storage to avoid future water scarcity and to supply the growing cities with sufficient water. However, the construction of some dams was substantially delayed. For example, construction of the dam forming what is today

text: Lake Miyagase

text: was begun in 1971, but for a number of reasons including the need to resettle 300 households, the dam was only completed in 2000. Beginning in the 1960s investment in waste water treatment was initiated. In 1993 the Environmental Law was passed and subsequently legislation was passed to protect the headwaters of rivers, thus gradually shifting from a curative approach to a preventative approach of water quality management.

text: Brad Adams, from the company, has emphasised the similarity to wild abalone and the difference from shore based aquaculture. "We're not aquaculture, we're ranching, because once they're in the water they look after themselves."

text: The Leishman stain if reconstituted with buffer becomes very unstable (in contrast with Giemsa which is relatively more stable due to Glycerol, or the ICSH reference stains which use methanol+DMSO in 6:4 v/v ratio) and starts precipitating and needs repeated filtering. If not carefully supervised, water absorption, methanol evaporation from an opened container and the repeated filtering changes the composition and required frequent changing and makes this method wasteful. If not filtered, the precipitate deposits on the smear may be confused with platelets. It is important not to shake the bottle of stain before use, else settled precipitates would be resuspended and will deposit on films during staining and cause numerous artifacts and make microscopy very difficult.

text: In the United States as of 2008, in an average household in a temperate climate, the yearly use of household energy can be composed as follows:

text: The Strategy aims at increasing the profitability and competitiveness of irrigated agriculture through sustainable use of land and efficient water use. The strategy aims at increasing water use efficiency through the rehabilitation and modernization of irrigation infrastructure and the improvement of its O&M; promoting equitable and sustainable water use through the technical improvement of irrigation and drainage infrastructures; developing technically and financially self-sufficient WUBs responsible for the O&M of irrigation infrastructure; and enhancing farmer investment in irrigation infrastructure by regularizing water rights, taking into account water availability and water use efficiency. The ultimate goal is promoting an integrated water management system aimed at considering multisectoral use of water, river basin conservation, and disaster reduction.

text: Most bottled water containers are made from recyclable PET plastic, and some of these bottles end up in the waste stream in landfills. The financial and environmental costs of transportation of bottled water has been another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of carbon dioxide and the potential impact on climate change.

text: Most bottled water containers are made from recyclable

text: PET plastic

text: , and some of these bottles end up in the waste stream in

text: landfill

text: s. The financial and environmental costs of transportation of bottled water has been another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and the potential impact on

text: climate change

text: With his administration beginning in 1959, Brown set in motion a series of actions whose magnitude was unseen since the governorship of Hiram Johnson. The economic expansion following World War II brought millions of newcomers to the state which, along with the state's cyclical droughts, severely strained California's water resources, especially in dry Southern California.  This began the California State Water Project, whose objective was to address the fact that one half of the state's people lived in a region containing one percent of the state's natural supply of water. Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government. These federally controlled areas were under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Reclamation, which was considering the implementation of a "160-acre principle", a policy contained within the  Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, limiting delivery of federally subsidized water to parcels equal to the size of a homestead, which was 160 acres. This brought strong opposition from the agricultural industry, and as such would require significant splintering of existent land holdings. To relieve this threat to the agricultural economy, Brown and other state leaders began the State Water Project, whose master plan included a vast system of reservoirs, aqueducts, and pipelines powered by pump stations and electrical generating plants to transport the water statewide. This included the capture of the Sacramento River runoff, redirecting the seabound water through the San Joaquin Valley, not only irrigating the arid desert regions, but also providing Southern California, particularly Los Angeles County, with the water required to sustain expansions in population and industry. The entire project was projected to take sixty years, costing $13 billion, nearly $104 billion in 2015 dollars.

text: With his administration beginning in 1959, Brown set in motion a series of actions whose magnitude was unseen since the governorship of

text: Hiram Johnson

text: . The economic expansion following World War II brought millions of newcomers to the state which, along with the state's cyclical droughts, severely strained California's water resources, especially in dry Southern California.  This began the

text: California State Water Project

text: , whose objective was to address the fact that one half of the state's people lived in a region containing one percent of the state's natural supply of water. Much of the state's extant water was controlled by regional bodies, and the federal government. These federally controlled areas were under the jurisdiction of the

text: Bureau of Reclamation

text: , which was considering the implementation of a "160-acre principle", a policy contained within the

text: Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902

text: , limiting delivery of federally subsidized water to parcels equal to the size of a homestead, which was 160 acres. This brought strong opposition from the agricultural industry, and as such would require significant splintering of existent land holdings. To relieve this threat to the agricultural economy, Brown and other state leaders began the State Water Project, whose master plan included a vast system of reservoirs, aqueducts, and pipelines powered by pump stations and electrical generating plants to transport the water statewide. This included the capture of the

text: Sacramento River

text: runoff, redirecting the seabound water through the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: , not only irrigating the arid desert regions, but also providing Southern California, particularly Los Angeles County, with the water required to sustain expansions in population and industry. The entire project was projected to take sixty years, costing $13 billion, nearly $104 billion in 2015 dollars.

text: The water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to households and industry. Water supply facilities include water wells, cisterns for rainwater harvesting, water supply networks, and water purification facilities, water tanks, water towers, water pipes including old aqueducts. Atmospheric water generators are in development.

text: The

text: water industry

text: provides drinking water and

text: wastewater

text: services (including

text: sewage treatment

text: ) to

text: household

text: s and

text: industry

text: Water supply

text: facilities include

text: water well

text: s,

text: cistern

text: s for

text: rainwater harvesting

text: water supply network

text: s, and

text: water purification

text: facilities,

text: water tank

text: s,

text: water tower

text: s,

text: water pipe

text: s including old

text: aqueducts

text: Atmospheric water generator

text: s are in development.

text: Moving aquaculture offshore into the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) can cause complications with regulations. In the United States, regulatory control of the coastal states generally extends to 3 nm, while federal waters (or EEZ) extend to 200 nm offshore. Therefore, offshore aquaculture can be sited outside the reach of state law but within federal jurisdiction.  As of 2010, "all commercial aquaculture facilities have been sited in nearshore waters under state or territorial jurisdiction." However, "unclear regulatory processes" and "technical uncertainties related to working in offshore areas" have hindered progress. The five offshore research projects and commercial operations in the US – in New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and California – are all in federal waters. In June 2011, the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2011 was introduced to the House of Representatives "to establish a regulatory system and research program for sustainable offshore aquaculture in the United States exclusive economic zone".

text: Moving aquaculture offshore into the

text: exclusive economic zone

text: (EEZ) can cause complications with regulations. In the United States, regulatory control of the coastal states generally extends to 3

text: nm

text: , while federal waters (or EEZ) extend to 200 nm offshore. Therefore, offshore aquaculture can be sited outside the reach of state law but within federal jurisdiction.  As of 2010, "all commercial aquaculture facilities have been sited in nearshore waters under state or territorial jurisdiction." However, "unclear regulatory processes" and "technical uncertainties related to working in offshore areas" have hindered progress. The five offshore research projects and commercial operations in the US – in New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and California – are all in federal waters. In June 2011, the National Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2011 was introduced to the House of Representatives "to establish a regulatory system and research program for sustainable offshore aquaculture in the United States exclusive economic zone".

text: VIL is propgating this twin approach towards sustainable water management which can be replicated for almost all our cities as every city has similar problems like water supply system marred with leakages owing to lack of maintenance, untreated sewage, water shortage and need of water for industrial use that can use treated water.

text: VIL is propgating this twin approach towards sustainable water management which can be replicated for almost all our cities as every city has similar problems like water supply system marred with leakages owing to lack of maintenance, untreated

text: sewage

text: , water shortage and need of water for industrial use that can use treated water.

text: Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration. Two types of water-use efficiency are referred to most frequently:

text: Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the

text: ratio

text: of

text: water

text: used in

text: plant metabolism

text: to water lost by the

text: plant

text: through

text: transpiration

text: . Two types of water-use efficiency are referred to most frequently:

text: US government regulations allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing.

text: The conventional treatment method for water purification is a complex, multistage process that was used for many years. It generally consists of five primary steps. First, raw water is adjusted for alkalinity and pH with the addition of hydrated lime and carbon dioxide. Second, particulate matter is congregated with aluminum sulphate and other coagulants, such as polymers, which the water flows in a cascade that mixes the chemicals and raw water with the coagulants. Third, the water is slowly mixed in clarifiers where larger particles settle down to the bottom and are periodically removed (sedimentation). Fourth, water is directed from the clarifiers to the filters (e.g. anthracite and sand filter) to entrap any smaller particles that survived the clarification process. Finally, sodium hydroxide is added to adjust the final pH/alkalinity, sodium hypochlorite for disinfection and fluoride for fluoridation. This process is often used as a pre-treatment method while another processes, such as reverse osmosis, is used for the final treatment.A disadvantage of this method is its use of chemicals, such as ozone, flocculents, hydrogen peroxide, lime, and chlorine for the filtration process. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly or if they remained in the water after complete treatment. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly, or if they remain in the water after complete treatment. This requires special precautions, and each step of the process has to be controlled to achieve an overall optimal performance. The need for a complex control system for conventional treatment can result in it being financially costly. This has led to the development of alternative pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

text: The conventional treatment method for water purification is a complex, multistage process that was used for many years. It generally consists of five primary steps. First, raw water is adjusted for

text: alkalinity

text: and

text: pH

text: with the addition of hydrated

text: lime

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: . Second, particulate matter is congregated with

text: aluminum sulphate

text: and other

text: coagulants

text: , such as

text: polymer

text: s, which the water flows in a cascade that mixes the chemicals and raw water with the coagulants. Third, the water is slowly mixed in

text: clarifier

text: s where larger particles settle down to the bottom and are periodically removed (

text: sedimentation

text: ). Fourth, water is directed from the clarifiers to the filters (e.g.

text: anthracite

text: and

text: sand filter

text: ) to entrap any smaller particles that survived the clarification process. Finally,

text: sodium hydroxide

text: is added to adjust the final pH/alkalinity,

text: sodium hypochlorite

text: for

text: disinfection

text: and

text: fluoride

text: for

text: fluoridation

text: . This process is often used as a pre-treatment method while another processes, such as reverse osmosis, is used for the final treatment.A disadvantage of this method is its use of chemicals, such as

text: ozone

text: flocculent

text: s,

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: , lime, and

text: chlorine

text: for the filtration process. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly or if they remained in the water after complete treatment. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly, or if they remain in the water after complete treatment. This requires special precautions, and each step of the process has to be controlled to achieve an overall optimal performance. The need for a complex control system for conventional treatment can result in it being financially costly. This has led to the development of alternative pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

text: It is also used as an agricultural spray adjuvant for water-soluble insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. There, it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate, and glufosinate herbicides.

text: It is also used as an agricultural spray

text: adjuvant

text: for water-soluble

text: insecticide

text: s,

text: herbicide

text: s, and

text: fungicide

text: s. There, it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for

text: (amine),

text: glyphosate

text: , and

text: glufosinate

text: herbicides.

text: The use of geothermal energy has grown in Canada in recent years although its overall importance as an energy source is still very small. The use of geothermal energy in Canada falls into two broad categories: commercial use to produce electricity and consumer use for home heating. In Canada, the former is limited to a facility in Meager Mountain British Columbia, a site with a potential for 100-250 MW, which has recently (2010) begun to produce for the BC Hydro grid. In the case of consumer use, a hole similar to that used for a domestic water well is drilled in the ground near the residence in question. Water is pumped to the surface and passed through a heat exchanger where some of its heat is removed and transferred to a closed loop water system in the house. The cooler water is then returned to the ground. The water in the closed loop is circulated throughout the structure where it passes through radiators and heats the house.

text: The use of

text: geothermal energy

text: has grown in Canada in recent years although its overall importance as an energy source is still very small. The use of geothermal energy in Canada falls into two broad categories: commercial use to produce electricity and consumer use for home heating. In Canada, the former is limited to a facility in Meager Mountain British Columbia, a site with a potential for 100-250 MW, which has recently (2010) begun to produce for the BC Hydro grid. In the case of consumer use, a hole similar to that used for a domestic water well is drilled in the ground near the residence in question. Water is pumped to the surface and passed through a heat exchanger where some of its heat is removed and transferred to a closed loop water system in the house. The cooler water is then returned to the ground. The water in the closed loop is circulated throughout the structure where it passes through radiators and heats the house.

text: In his book Desert or Paradise: Restoring Endangered Landscapes Using Water Management, Including Lake and Pond Construction, Holzer describes a method of constructing Hügelkultur including a design that incorporates rubbish such as cardboard, clothes and kitchen waste. He recommends building mounds that are  wide and any length. Mounds are built in a  trench in sandy soil, and without a trench if the ground is wet.

text: While today the city's landscape appears to be barren, there is recorded evidence of extensive deforestation and numerous agricultural activities. This suggests that the landscape has changed dramatically. Virtually all available arable land was irrigated using a variety of innovative methods. A significant percentage of the population was involved in agriculture, making the city self-sufficient for food. This enabled it to withstand long sieges, of which there were many during the empire's three century long existence. Numerous canals were dug to provide a perennial water supply to the narrow strip of fertile land bordering the Tungabhadra River. Many of these canals are still in use today though they usually have been modified to meet current requirements. Many of the tanks (bunds) created for water storage purposes like the Kamalapura tank are still in use. Excavation of the Intensive Survey Area has shown the presence of sixty water reservoir embankments. Numerous other agricultural features such as check dams, erosion control walls and wells have been recorded. The net result of these systems was a complex agricultural landscape  characterized by a multitude of agricultural regimes appropriate to the complex topography, resources, needs and differing populations.

text: While today the city's landscape appears to be barren, there is recorded evidence of extensive deforestation and numerous agricultural activities. This suggests that the landscape has changed dramatically. Virtually all available arable land was irrigated using a variety of innovative methods. A significant percentage of the population was involved in agriculture, making the city self-sufficient for food. This enabled it to withstand long sieges, of which there were many during the empire's three century long existence. Numerous canals were dug to provide a perennial water supply to the narrow strip of fertile land bordering the

text: Tungabhadra River

text: . Many of these canals are still in use today though they usually have been modified to meet current requirements. Many of the tanks (bunds) created for water storage purposes like the Kamalapura tank are still in use. Excavation of the Intensive Survey Area has shown the presence of sixty water reservoir embankments. Numerous other agricultural features such as check dams, erosion control walls and wells have been recorded. The net result of these systems was a complex agricultural landscape  characterized by a multitude of agricultural regimes appropriate to the complex topography, resources, needs and differing populations.

text: In order to transfer surface (i.e. river) water rights in most western United States, historic subsurface return flows must be maintained and verified. This is known as Prior-appropriation water rights or the Colorado doctrine, and is different from Riparian water rights found in the eastern United States. Only the amount of water consumed by crops plus that which evaporates from the soil (known as the Consumptive water use value) can be transferred outside of agricultural production. State water codes and legal case precedents govern water ownership and transfers. Environmental interests can oppose transfers that impact farmland or ecosystems.

text: In order to transfer surface (i.e. river) water rights in most western United States, historic subsurface return flows must be maintained and verified. This is known as

text: Prior-appropriation water rights

text: or the

text: Colorado doctrine

text: , and is different from

text: Riparian water rights

text: found in the eastern United States. Only the amount of water consumed by crops plus that which evaporates from the soil (known as the

text: Consumptive water use

text: value) can be transferred outside of agricultural production. State water codes and legal case precedents govern water ownership and transfers. Environmental interests can oppose transfers that impact farmland or ecosystems.

text: The more general term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. The terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ primarily in their precision and are sometimes interchanged. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are variations on the IMTA concept.

text: The more general term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. The terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ primarily in their precision and are sometimes interchanged.

text: Aquaponics

text: , fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are variations on the IMTA concept.

text: Transfer of water to meet the needs of thirsty regions like that around Gaborone may have negative impacts on the poor riparian communities that will lose water.  It is possible that transferring water-intensive industries to water-rich regions may be a more cost-effective approach with lower impact on the environment.  The 1996 SADC agreement in power pooling may be seen as a model for this alternative approach.Botswana's diamond reserves will not last forever, and international demand and prices are unpredictable.Botswana must diversify the economy to make other businesses more profitable and to become more competitive in the regional economic zone.The estimated US$1.2 billion spent on Phase 1 of the North-South Carrier could perhaps have been better allocated to other projects, with the government charging more realistic rates to encourage consumers to reduce their water usage, and with more emphasis on efficient use of existing supplies.  Still, spending some of Botswana's diamond revenues on improved water supply is clearly popular among voters.

text: Transfer of water to meet the needs of thirsty regions like that around Gaborone may have negative impacts on the poor

text: riparian

text: communities that will lose water.  It is possible that transferring water-intensive industries to water-rich regions may be a more cost-effective approach with lower impact on the environment.  The 1996 SADC agreement in power pooling may be seen as a model for this alternative approach.Botswana's diamond reserves will not last forever, and international demand and prices are unpredictable.Botswana must diversify the economy to make other businesses more profitable and to become more competitive in the regional economic zone.The estimated US$1.2 billion spent on Phase 1 of the North-South Carrier could perhaps have been better allocated to other projects, with the government charging more realistic rates to encourage consumers to reduce their water usage, and with more emphasis on efficient use of existing supplies.  Still, spending some of Botswana's diamond revenues on improved water supply is clearly popular among voters.

text: Agriculture is the largest user of the world's freshwater resources, consuming 70 percent. As the world population rises it consumes more food (currently exceeding 6%, it is expected to reach 9% by 2050), the industries and urban developments expand, and the emerging biofuel crops trade also demands a share of freshwater resources, water scarcity is becoming an important issue. An assessment of water resource management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population or not . It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all their demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water.

text: Agriculture

text: is the largest user of the world's freshwater resources, consuming 70 percent. As the

text: world population

text: rises it consumes more food (currently exceeding 6%, it is expected to reach 9% by 2050), the industries and

text: urban development

text: s expand, and the emerging

text: biofuel

text: crops trade also demands a share of freshwater resources,

text: water scarcity

text: is becoming an important issue. An assessment of water resource management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the

text: in

text: Sri Lanka

text: to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population or not . It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of

text: physical water scarcity

text: , where there is not enough water to meet all their demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing

text: economic water scarcity

text: , where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water.

text: The average water tariff reported in 2014 was KSh 60 or US$0.60 per m3. This figure is not very indicative because of significant regional variations and because in Kenya a progressive block tariff system is in place for household connections. This means that for the first 10 m a minimum charge is paidn that corresponds to a low, highly subsidised tariff, while for the following blocks (up to 20, 50, 100 and 300 as well as above 300 m) an increasingly higher tariff is being charged, with the tariff in the highest block being five times higher than in the lowest block. Where no meter is installed, a fixed monthly charge is applied. The rationale for this system is to promote water saving practices and to ensure that low-income households can afford to use an adequate amount of water. However, there are problems with this system, because households in low-income areas resell water or share a connection with other households and thus risk ending up paying a higher tariff.

text: The average

text: water tariff

text: reported in 2014 was

text: KSh

text: 60 or US$0.60 per m3. This figure is not very indicative because of significant regional variations and because in Kenya a progressive block tariff system is in place for household connections. This means that for the first 10 m a minimum charge is paidn that corresponds to a low, highly subsidised tariff, while for the following blocks (up to 20, 50, 100 and 300 as well as above 300 m) an increasingly higher tariff is being charged, with the tariff in the highest block being five times higher than in the lowest block. Where no meter is installed, a fixed monthly charge is applied. The rationale for this system is to promote water saving practices and to ensure that low-income households can afford to use an adequate amount of water. However, there are problems with this system, because households in low-income areas resell water or share a connection with other households and thus risk ending up paying a higher tariff.

text: Around the world, household drinking water purification systems, including a reverse osmosis step, are commonly used for improving water for drinking and cooking.

text: Around the world, household

text: drinking water

text: purification

text: systems, including a reverse osmosis step, are commonly used for improving water for drinking and cooking.

text: Great St Martin’s is located at the site of one of the original Rhine islands, situated east of the site of the Ancient Roman Praetorium.  The island is no longer separate.  When the site underneath the church was excavated in the years 1965-66,  an investigation revealed  that the earliest building dates from the first century, and was 76 meters long and 71.5 meters wide.  The inner room was 55.7  by 43.8 meters large, and held a mysterious shallow area used to store water, measuring 34 x 17.2 meters.  This is notable because no similar structures from this period, North of the Alps have yet been found.   Because no other information about the use of the building has been passed down, only conjectures can be offered as to the function of the pool.  One possibility is that the building was used for recreation, and that the water storage area was a swimming pool.   It is also possible that the pool was used to store live fish, to keep them fresh.   A further theory posits that the site was a sacred Roman precinct or temple.

text: Great St Martin’s is located at the site of one of the original Rhine islands, situated east of the site of the

text: Ancient Roman

text: Praetorium

text: .  The island is no longer separate.  When the site underneath the church was excavated in the years 1965-66,  an investigation revealed  that the earliest building dates from the first century, and was 76 meters long and 71.5 meters wide.  The inner room was 55.7  by 43.8 meters large, and held a mysterious shallow area used to store water, measuring 34 x 17.2 meters.  This is notable because no similar structures from this period, North of the Alps have yet been found.   Because no other information about the use of the building has been passed down, only conjectures can be offered as to the function of the pool.  One possibility is that the building was used for recreation, and that the water storage area was a swimming pool.   It is also possible that the pool was used to store live fish, to keep them fresh.   A further theory posits that the site was a sacred Roman precinct or temple.

text: The total water footprint of a typical 3-person household in the U.S. is . By comparison, a typical single family home in the U.S. only uses about  of water per day (2008 estimate). This includes (in decreasing order) toilet use, washing machine use, showers, baths, faucet use, and leaks.

text: The total water footprint of a typical 3-person household in the U.S. is . By comparison, a typical single family home in the U.S. only uses about  of water per day (2008 estimate). This includes (in decreasing order)

text: toilet

text: use,

text: washing machine

text: use,

text: shower

text: s, baths, faucet use, and

text: leaks

text:
The water balances are calculated for each reservoir separately as shown in the article Hydrology (agriculture). The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir.
The three soil reservoirs can be assigned a different thickness and storage coefficients, to be given as input data.
In a particular situation, the transition zone or the aquifer need not be present. Then, it must be given a minimum thickness of 0.1 m.
The depth of the water table, calculated from the water balances, is assumed to be the same for the whole area. If this assumption is not acceptable, the area must be divided into separate units.
Under certain conditions, the height of the water table influences the water balance components. For example a rise of the water table towards the soil surface may lead to an increase of evaporation, surface runoff, and subsurface drainage, or a decrease of percolation losses from canals. This, in turn, leads to a change of the water balance, which again influences the height of the water table, etc.
This chain of reactions is one of the reasons why Saltmod has been developed into a computer program. It takes a number of repeated calculations (iterations) to find the correct equilibrium of the water balance, which would be a tedious job if done by hand. Other reasons are that a computer program facilitates the computations for different water management options over long periods of time (with the aim to simulate their long-term effects) and for trial runs with varying parameters.

text: The

text: water balance

text: s are calculated for each reservoir separately as shown in the article

text: Hydrology (agriculture)

text:
. The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir.
The three soil reservoirs can be assigned a different thickness and storage coefficients, to be given as input data.
In a particular situation, the transition zone or the aquifer need not be present. Then, it must be given a minimum thickness of 0.1 m.
The depth of the

text: water table

text: , calculated from the water balances, is assumed to be the same for the whole area. If this assumption is not acceptable, the area must be divided into separate units.<br>Under certain conditions, the height of the water table influences the water balance components. For example a rise of the water table towards the soil surface may lead to an increase of

text: evaporation

text: , surface

text: runoff

text: , and subsurface drainage, or a decrease of

text: percolation

text: losses from canals. This, in turn, leads to a change of the water balance, which again influences the height of the water table, etc.<br>This chain of reactions is one of the reasons why Saltmod has been developed into a computer program. It takes a number of repeated calculations (

text: iterations

text: ) to find the correct equilibrium of the water balance, which would be a tedious job if done by hand. Other reasons are that a computer program facilitates the computations for different water management options over long periods of time (with the aim to simulate their long-term effects) and for trial runs with varying parameters.

text: It is important to realise that a very small change in hydrostatic pressure can create a significant motivating force for the movement and transport of water through and across the membrane. Osmosis of substances happens to the kidney’s proximal tube, the small intestine, skin, and glands. Na+ pumps create a flux of sodium into the lis. This is reasonable considering that there is a large number of sodium pumps on the lateral membranes of transporting epithelia. Once the pumps are put to use, the lateral intercellular space (lis) will become hyperosmotic with respect to the external bath or environment. When equilibrium is reached at the transepithelial equilibrium, the water flow will be lumen into blood, according to Curran.

text: The community's source of water is a gravity flow chlorinated treated water from Long pond.100% of the households are connected to main water supply. 55 of the households use public sewage system, the remainder have private septic tanks. Garbage is collected once a week. The community's dump is located 2 km from the community.

text: While knowledge of effectiveness is vital, it is also important to understand the reasons for effectiveness and the circumstances under which results are likely to be replicated. In contrast with ‘black box’ Impact Evaluation approaches, which only report mean differences in outcomes between treatment and comparison groups, Theory-Based Impact Evaluation involves mapping out the causal chain from inputs to outcomes and impact and testing the underlying assumptions. Most interventions within the realm of public policy are of a voluntary, rather than coercive (legally required) nature. In addition, interventions are often active rather than passive, requiring a greater rather than lesser degree of participation among beneficiaries and therefore behavior change as a pre-requisite for effectiveness. Public policy will therefore be successful to the extent that people are incentivized to change their behaviour favourably. A Theory-Based approach enables policy-makers to understand the reasons for differing levels of program participation (referred to as ‘compliance’ or ‘adherence’) and the processes determining behavior change. Theory-Based approaches use both quantitative and qualitative data collection, and the latter can be particularly useful in understanding the reasons for compliance and therefore whether and how the intervention may be replicated in other settings. Methods of qualitative data collection include focus groups, in-depth interviews, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and field visits, as well as reading of anthropological and political literature.

text: In 1997, the tribe established the 29 Palms Band of Mission Indians Tribal Environmental Protection Agency, in partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency. The tribe's EPA manages all environmental protection programs on their reservation, including improving water quality.

text: In 1997, the tribe established the 29 Palms Band of Mission Indians Tribal Environmental Protection Agency, in partnership with the

text: US Environmental Protection Agency

text: . The tribe's EPA manages all environmental protection programs on their reservation, including improving water quality.

text: There are many uses of water in industry and,in most cases, the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of use in specific industrial processes. Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects which include industrial wastewater treatment, boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment.

text: There are many uses of water in industry and,in most cases, the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of use in specific industrial processes. Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects which include

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: boiler water

text: treatment and

text: cooling water

text: treatment.

text: Kim vigorously disputed the allegation that he had changed his stance on the law, and denied that his position was influenced by donations, including in a letter to the Times.  Reason and Crain's New York Business each published stories examining the record and refuting the allegation that Kim had changed his position. Reason reported Kim's assertion that the contributions reported by the Times included some from prior contributors not affiliated with the nail salon industry.  Crain's concluded that reported contributions were a small fraction of Kim's aggregate fundraising.

text: Kim vigorously disputed the allegation that he had changed his stance on the law, and denied that his position was influenced by donations, including in a letter to the Times.

text: Reason

text: and

text: Crain's New York Business

text: each published stories examining the record and refuting the allegation that Kim had changed his position. Reason reported Kim's assertion that the contributions reported by the Times included some from prior contributors not affiliated with the nail salon industry.  Crain's concluded that reported contributions were a small fraction of Kim's aggregate fundraising.

text: Aquaculture may relieve the overfishing crisis, as well as improve food security by boosting fish supplies. Various species of pacu are increasingly being used for warm-water farm fishing around the world. Pacu are considered ideal for their tolerance of the low-oxygen water in farm ponds. They also don't require a lot of expensive protein in their diet, and can be raised year-round in warm or temperature-controlled environments.

text: Aquaculture

text: may relieve the overfishing crisis, as well as improve food security by boosting fish supplies. Various species of pacu are increasingly being used for warm-water

text: farm fishing

text: around the world. Pacu are considered ideal for their tolerance of the low-oxygen water in farm ponds. They also don't require a lot of expensive protein in their diet, and can be raised year-round in warm or temperature-controlled environments.

text: Pail closets were used to dispose of human excreta, dirty water, and general household waste such as kitchen refuse and sweepings.  The pail closet system was one of several methods of waste disposal in common use in the 19th century, others of which were the privy midden system, the pail system, and the dry-earth system.

text: Pail closets were used to dispose of human excreta, dirty water, and general household waste such as kitchen refuse and sweepings.  The pail closet system was one of several methods of waste disposal in common use in the 19th century, others of which were the

text: privy midden

text: system, the pail system, and the dry-earth system.

text: While each industry uses what it calls “ultrapure water”, the quality standards vary, meaning that the UPW used by a pharmaceutical plant is different than that used in a semiconductor fab or a power station.  The standards tie into the UPW use.  For instance, semiconductor plants use UPW as a cleaning agent, so it is important that the water not contain dissolved contaminants that can precipitate or particles that may lodge on circuits and cause microchip failures.  The power industry uses UPW as a source to make steam to drive steam turbines; pharmaceutical facilities will use UPW as a cleaning agent, as well as an ingredient in products, so they seek water free of endotoxins, microbials, and viruses.

text: Water use. Water use in 2000 was 0.7 BCM or less than 10% of surface water resources in an average year and less than 20% in a dry year. Only about 0.1 BCM, or slightly more than 1% of total water resources, are used for domestic water supply. Irrigation and livestock watering are the main water uses.

text: GCI maintains that the current protocols with regard to Lake Powell are environmentally damaging and wasteful. The group asserts that draining the reservoir would, among other things, save Lake Mead. According to GCI, Lake Powell currently loses up to  of water through evaporation and seepage which would otherwise be contained in Lake Mead, which currently has more than enough storage to contain the extra water. That water use is equivalent to the entire consumption of Los Angeles.

text: GCI maintains that the current protocols with regard to Lake Powell are environmentally damaging and wasteful. The group asserts that draining the reservoir would, among other things, save

text: Lake Mead

text: . According to GCI, Lake Powell currently loses up to  of water through evaporation and seepage which would otherwise be contained in Lake Mead, which currently has more than enough storage to contain the extra water. That water use is equivalent to the entire consumption of

text: Los Angeles

text: The 50% dependable water year is considered as normal water year whose total water availability in the basin is 740 TMC.  All the unused water in the reservoirs (≥ 3 TMC storage) at the beginning of water year in the basin are also considered for arriving the total available water in a water year to be shared by the riparian states. Tamil Nadu has to use 10 TMC for minimum environmental flows downstream of Lower Coleroon Anicut and supply 7 TMC to Puducherry out of the 192 TMC water released by Karnataka in a normal water year. Kerala can use 21 TMC from Kabini river basin, 6 TMC from Bhavani river basin and 3 TMC from Pambar river basin in a normal year. Water going waste to sea at Lower Coleroon Anicut in excess of 4 TMC (other than 10 TMC minimum environmental flows) in any water year forms part of utilisable water share of Tamil Nadu. The ambiguity in the verdict is that utilisable water (clauses IV and V) in the basin is allocated among the states but it has not defined how to measure the same. Instead clause XIV of final order defines how to measure the beneficial water uses which is not equal to the utilisable water.

text: The 50% dependable water year is considered as normal water year whose total water availability in the basin is 740 TMC.  All the unused water in the reservoirs (≥ 3 TMC storage) at the beginning of water year in the basin are also considered for arriving the total available water in a water year to be shared by the riparian states. Tamil Nadu has to use 10 TMC for minimum

text: environmental flows

text: downstream of Lower Coleroon Anicut and supply 7 TMC to

text: Puducherry

text: out of the 192 TMC water released by Karnataka in a normal water year. Kerala can use 21 TMC from

text: Kabini river

text: basin, 6 TMC from

text: Bhavani river

text: basin and 3 TMC from

text: Pambar river

text: basin in a normal year. Water going waste to sea at Lower Coleroon Anicut in excess of 4 TMC (other than 10 TMC minimum environmental flows) in any water year forms part of utilisable water share of Tamil Nadu. The ambiguity in the verdict is that utilisable water (clauses IV and V) in the basin is allocated among the states but it has not defined how to measure the same. Instead clause XIV of final order defines how to measure the beneficial water uses which is not equal to the utilisable water.

text: Inhalants are gases, aerosols, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for medical purposes, as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic solvents (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and nail polish removers), fuels (gasoline (petrol) and kerosene), and propellant gases such as Freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-angina drugs (alkyl nitrites).

text: Inhalants

text: are

text: gas

text: es,

text: aerosol

text: s, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for

text: medical purposes

text: , as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as

text: recreational drug

text: s for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic

text: solvent

text: s (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and

text: nail polish

text: removers), fuels (

text: gasoline

text: (petrol) and

text: kerosene

text: ), and propellant gases such as

text: Freon

text: and compressed

text: hydrofluorocarbon

text: s that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-

text: angina

text: drugs (

text: alkyl nitrites

text: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: Groundwater

text: accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: In commercial aquaculture there are two main areas of farming: the onshore facility and the offshore sea cages. In the onshore facility there are a number of storage tanks that are key to the early development of Cod and many other cold water fish. These livestock storage include: the incubators (where eggs are fertilized and allowed to hatch), the larval tanks (slightly larger tanks where the larvae is grown), the circular tanks (last stage before fish leave the onshore facility, where metamorphosis occurs) and finally storage tanks where the fish can be temporarily stored as they are transported from truck, to boat, to sea site. Before the fish are taken to sea cage sites, some companies insert microchips into the fish to monitor population and patterns in the fish to improve the raising for future generations. The microchips are removed once fish are ready for market. After being transported to the ocean via private company or government ships, the fish are gently poured into a sea cage. There are many different types of sea cages depending on the location and style of aquaculture. Some common sea containers include: aqua pod (completely sealed bubble), open water (with the hope that the fish will naturally return), sea cages (simple netting tied to the ocean floor), and raceways (often in rivers or ponds). Some facilities (non-coastal regions) contain land based re circulation where all fish are in an indoor water circulated facility. The most common of these however is the sea cages, due to its inexpensive and ability to hold lots of fish. Finally with any of these sites a vacuum system must be present at the bottom of the water facility to absorb fish feces and to circulate the water. This prevents any chance of disease and improves water quality.

text: An alternative to outdoor open ocean cage aquaculture, is through the use of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). A RAS is a series of culture tanks and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.

text: An alternative to outdoor open ocean cage aquaculture, is through the use of a

text: recirculating aquaculture system

text: (RAS). A RAS is a series of culture tanks and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.

text: In October 2013, the city of Irwindale, California, filed a lawsuit against the Huy Fong Foods factory after approximately 30 residents of the town complained of the spicy smells the factory was emitting while producing Sriracha sauce. The plaintiff initially sought an injunction enjoining Huy Fong from "operating or using" the plant.  On November 27, 2013, Judge Robert H. O'Brien ruled partially in favor of the city, declaring Huy Fong Foods must cease any operations that could be causing the noxious odors and make changes to mitigate them, though he did not order that operations cease completely. According to the judge, although there was a "lack of credible evidence" linking locals' complaints of breathing trouble and watering eyes to the factory, the odor that could be "reasonably inferred to be emanating from the facility" is, for residents, "extremely annoying, irritating and offensive to the senses warranting consideration as a public nuisance."

text: In October 2013, the city of

text: Irwindale, California

text: , filed a lawsuit against the Huy Fong Foods factory after approximately 30 residents of the town complained of the spicy smells the factory was emitting while producing Sriracha sauce. The plaintiff initially sought an injunction enjoining Huy Fong from "operating or using" the plant.  On November 27, 2013, Judge Robert H. O'Brien ruled partially in favor of the city, declaring Huy Fong Foods must cease any operations that could be causing the noxious odors and make changes to mitigate them, though he did not order that operations cease completely. According to the judge, although there was a "lack of credible evidence" linking locals' complaints of breathing trouble and watering eyes to the factory, the odor that could be "reasonably inferred to be emanating from the facility" is, for residents, "extremely annoying, irritating and offensive to the senses warranting consideration as a

text: public nuisance

text: Early Greek burials were frequently marked above ground by a large piece of pottery, and remains were also buried in urns.  Pottery continued to be used extensively inside tombs and graves throughout the classical period.  The great majority of surviving ancient Greek pottery is recovered from tombs; some was apparently items used in life, but much of it was made specifically for placing in tombs, and the balance between the two original purposes is controversial.  The larnax is a small coffin or ash-chest, usually of decorated terracotta. The two-handled loutrophoros was primarily associated with weddings, as it was used to carry water for the nuptial bath. However, it was also placed in the tombs of the unmarried, "presumably to make up in some way for what they had missed in life." The one-handled lekythos had many household uses, but outside the household, its principal use was the decoration of tombs. Scenes of a descent to the underworld of Hades were often painted on these, with the dead depicted beside Hermes, Charon or both—though usually only with Charon. Small pottery figurines are often found, though it is hard to decide if these were made especially for placement in tombs; in the case of the Hellenistic Tanagra figurines, this seems probably not the case. But silverware is more often found around the fringes of the Greek world, as in the royal Macedonian tombs of Vergina, or in the neighbouring cultures such as those of Thrace or the Scythians.

text: Early Greek burials were frequently marked above ground by a large piece of pottery, and remains were also buried in urns.  Pottery continued to be used extensively inside tombs and graves throughout the classical period.  The great majority of surviving

text: ancient Greek pottery

text: is recovered from tombs; some was apparently items used in life, but much of it was made specifically for placing in tombs, and the balance between the two original purposes is controversial.  The

text: larnax

text: is a small coffin or ash-chest, usually of decorated

text: terracotta

text: . The two-handled

text: loutrophoros

text: was primarily associated with weddings, as it was used to carry water for the

text: nuptial

text: bath. However, it was also placed in the tombs of the unmarried, "presumably to make up in some way for what they had missed in life." The one-handled

text: lekythos

text: had many household uses, but outside the household, its principal use was the decoration of tombs. Scenes of a

text: descent to the underworld

text: of

text: Hades

text: were often painted on these, with the dead depicted beside

text: Hermes

text: , Charon or both—though usually only with Charon. Small pottery figurines are often found, though it is hard to decide if these were made especially for placement in tombs; in the case of the

text: Hellenistic

text: Tanagra figurines

text: , this seems probably not the case. But silverware is more often found around the fringes of the Greek world, as in the royal

text: Macedon

text: ian tombs of

text: Vergina

text: , or in the neighbouring cultures such as those of

text: Thrace

text: or the

text: Scythians

text: Anaerobic digestion is the biological treatment of liquid animal waste using bacteria in an area absent of air, which promotes the decomposition of organic solids.  Hot water is used to heat the waste in order to increase the rate of biogas production (Cornell University Manure Waste Management). The remaining liquid is nutrient rich and can be used on fields as a fertilizer and methane gas that can be burned in an engine generator to produce electricity and heat. Methane is about 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, which has significant negative environmental effects if not controlled properly.  Anaerobic treatment of waste is the best method for controlling the odor associated with manure management.

text: Anaerobic digestion

text: is the biological treatment of liquid animal waste using bacteria in an area absent of air, which promotes the decomposition of organic solids.  Hot water is used to heat the waste in order to increase the rate of biogas production (Cornell University Manure Waste Management). The remaining liquid is nutrient rich and can be used on fields as a fertilizer and methane gas that can be burned in an engine generator to produce electricity and heat. Methane is about 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, which has significant negative environmental effects if not controlled properly.  Anaerobic treatment of waste is the best method for controlling the odor associated with manure management.

text: The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support beneficial uses such as aquatic life, fisheries, drinking water, recreation, industry, or agriculture. These inventories are known as 303(d) Lists and characterize waters as fully supporting, impaired, or in some cases threatened for beneficial uses.

text: The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support

text: beneficial use

text: s such as

text: aquatic life

text: fisheries

text: drinking water

text: , recreation, industry, or

text: agriculture

text: . These inventories are known as 303(d) Lists and characterize waters as fully supporting, impaired, or in some cases threatened for beneficial uses.

text: While any coal mine has a negative environmental impact, and the coal burnt in a power station results in carbon dioxide emissions, the colliery has taken steps to make the negative environmental impact as low as possible: the colliery received ISO 14001 certification in 2010, and activities are controlled using a formal Environmental Management System. All required environmental permitting is in place and EIAs are publicly accessible on the Expansion Project website*. Use of water in a water scarce country is reduced by performing dry screening in the plant, storm water is captured and re-used, and replenishable surface water from the North-South carrier is used. Care was taken during design to construct a plant with a small footprint and the plant will be placed on previously disturbed ground. Energy saving initiatives (energy efficient motors, lighting and solar water heating etc.) have been incorporated into the design. The mine does not produce any discards, does not deposit fines on a slimes dam (these are dispatched to BPC to be burnt in the power station) and does not discharge any effluent water into the environment. While the colliery has mining rights over an area of some 170 square kilometers, mining is conducted below surface, and current land-use owners' rights to farm and graze cattle on tribal land have not been affected. No forced relocation of people living within the mining area has occurred. The colliery operates a small game park of some 1700 hectares in the area around the mine village, and this is used for conservation and to provide people of the area with recreation and environmental education.

text: This method is nothing but a reflection of our body's inherent ability to cleanse, heal and eliminate toxic waste.

text: Another mitzvah often cited by Jewish vegetarians is bal tashchit; the law which prohibits waste. They suggest that an omnivorous diet is wasteful, since it uses 5 times more grain, 10 times more water, 15 times more land and 20 times more energy when compared to a vegan diet.

text: Another mitzvah often cited by Jewish vegetarians is

text: bal tashchit

text: ; the law which prohibits waste. They suggest that an

text: omnivorous

text: diet is wasteful, since it uses 5 times more grain, 10 times more water, 15 times more land and 20 times more energy when compared to a

text: vegan

text: diet.

text: Aquaculture can be freshwater or marine (mariculture):

text: Aquaculture can be freshwater or marine (

text: mariculture

text: The value of aquaculture products grew from $45 million in 1974 to about $866 million (393,400 tonnes) in 2003.

text: The value of

text: aquaculture

text: products grew from $45 million in 1974 to about $866 million (393,400 tonnes) in 2003.

text: This well was located towards the NE side of the village. Water from this village was used for drinking and agricultural purposes. Had the best quality of water as described by villagers (ਅੱਜ ਕੱਲ ਮੀਤੇ ਦੀ ਮੋਟਰ)

text: Like most species of Sphagnum, this moss has mild antiseptic capabilities. It is very absorbent and acidic, and therefore creates environments not suitable for bacterial growth. These mosses were used up until World War I to pack wounds on the battlefield to prevent infection. Sphagnum is also used to decorate hanging baskets, as a packing material in the shipping industry, and in some parts of Africa it is even used to pad cushions and mattresses. Since the moss is capable of holding many times its weight in water, it is useful as a potting material for new plants since it provides consistent moisture. It can also be used in conjunction with decaying organic matter as an effective medium for germinating seeds. Some species of Sphagnum moss in general have been used as a fuel source in temperate climates.  Sphagnum moss has also been used as a "green" alternative to water purification in public swimming pools; it inhibits bacterial growth, and greatly reduces the amount of chlorine required to maintain sanitary water

text: Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Constructed wetlands are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other industrial processes that produce a lot of waste-waters such as paper and pulp production has created environmental concern, leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed.

text: Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most

text: petroleum refineries

text: , chemical and

text: petrochemical

text: plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Constructed wetlands are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other industrial processes that produce a lot of waste-waters such as

text: paper and pulp production

text: has created environmental concern, leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed.

text: Improving the quality and quantity of water are tightly linked. – for example, in São Paulo, an assessment determined that industry could save significant amounts through reducing waste and recycling its water. Gray water uses alone could add 80 million m3 in new water to the city's supply.

text: Drought and limited rainfall contribute to shortages in the nation's water supply, so maintaining an adequate supply of water for agricultural and domestic use is one of Oman's most pressing environmental problems, with limited renewable water resources. 94% of available water is used in farming and 2% for industrial activity, with the majority sourced from fossil water in the desert areas and spring water in hills and mountains.

text: Drought and limited rainfall contribute to shortages in the nation's water supply, so maintaining an adequate supply of water for agricultural and domestic use is one of Oman's most pressing environmental problems, with limited renewable

text: water resources

text: . 94% of available water is used in farming and 2% for industrial activity, with the majority sourced from

text: fossil water

text: in the desert areas and spring water in hills and mountains.

text: The global demand for fish from consumers around the world is increasing. Reasons include the growing population, rising average incomes and greater awareness of fish as part of a healthy diet. The yield from the wild catch cannot be increased sustainably, therefore, in the opinion of observers such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, aquaculture must fill the gap. Currently the supply of fish from aquaculture approximately matches that from the wild catch, according to FAO figures.

text: The global demand for fish from consumers around the world is increasing. Reasons include the growing population, rising average incomes and greater awareness of fish as part of a healthy diet. The yield from the wild catch cannot be increased sustainably, therefore, in the opinion of observers such as the

text: Food and Agriculture Organization

text: (FAO) of the United Nations, aquaculture must fill the gap. Currently the supply of fish from aquaculture approximately matches that from the wild catch, according to FAO figures.

text: Landsvirkjun, the largest electricity producer, had 76% annual production in 2007.The majority of the electricity is used in industry, mainly aluminium smelters and producers of ferroalloy. Landsvirkjun does not participate directly in the retail market for households and smaller businesses.In the retail market the main companies are RARIK, Orkuveita Reykjavíkur and Hitaveita Suðurnesja.The last two have also entered into the market for energy intensive users. The households heated with electricity, not many, receive subsidies to make their heating costs comparable to hot water heating.

text: Landsvirkjun, the largest electricity producer, had 76% annual production in 2007.The majority of the electricity is used in industry, mainly

text: aluminium

text: smelters and producers of

text: ferroalloy

text: . Landsvirkjun does not participate directly in the retail market for households and smaller businesses.In the retail market the main companies are

text: RARIK

text: Orkuveita Reykjavíkur

text: and

text: Hitaveita Suðurnesja

text: .The last two have also entered into the market for energy intensive users. The households heated with electricity, not many, receive subsidies to make their heating costs comparable to hot water heating.

text: According to Guy Deutscher, the tricky question is "Why are changes not brought up short and stopped in their tracks? At first sight, there seem to be all the reasons in the world why society should never let the changes through." He sees the reason for tolerating change in the fact that we already are used to "synchronic variation", to the extent that we are hardly aware of it. For example, when we hear the word "wicked", we automatically interpret it as either "evil" or "wonderful", depending on whether it is uttered by an elderly lady or a teenager. Deutscher speculates that "[i]n a hundred years' time, when the original meaning of 'wicked' has all but been forgotten, people may wonder how it was ever possible for a word meaning 'evil' to change its sense to 'wonderful' so quickly."

text: According to

text: Guy Deutscher

text: , the tricky question is "Why are changes not brought up short and stopped in their tracks? At first sight, there seem to be all the reasons in the world why society should never let the changes through." He sees the reason for tolerating change in the fact that we already are used to "

text: synchronic variation

text: ", to the extent that we are hardly aware of it. For example, when we hear the word "wicked", we automatically interpret it as either "evil" or "wonderful", depending on whether it is uttered by an elderly lady or a teenager. Deutscher speculates that "[i]n a hundred years' time, when the original meaning of 'wicked' has all but been forgotten, people may wonder how it was ever possible for a word meaning 'evil' to change its sense to 'wonderful' so quickly."

text: There are several ways to recover energy from waste. Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process of decomposition where organic matter is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of oxygen.  Incineration or direct controlled burning of municipal solid waste to reduce waste and make energy.  Secondary recovered fuel is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled from mechanical and biological treatment activities.  Pyrolysis involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high temperatures to break down any carbon content into a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels and solid residue. Gasification is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with partial oxidation into a gas stream.  Plasma arc heating is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging from 3,000-10,000 °C, where energy is released by an electrical discharge in an inert atmosphere.

text: There are several ways to recover energy from waste. Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process of

text: decomposition

text: where organic matter is reduced to a simpler chemical component in the absence of oxygen.

text: Incineration

text: or direct controlled burning of municipal

text: solid waste

text: to reduce waste and make energy.  Secondary recovered fuel is the energy recovery from waste that cannot be reused or recycled from mechanical and biological treatment activities.  Pyrolysis involves heating of waste, with the absence of oxygen, to high temperatures to break down any carbon content into a mixture of gaseous and liquid fuels and solid residue. Gasification is the conversion of carbon rich material through high temperature with partial oxidation into a gas stream.

text: Plasma arc

text: heating is the very high heating of municipal solid waste to temperatures ranging from 3,000-10,000 °C, where energy is released by an electrical discharge in an

text: inert atmosphere

text: However, such intensive agriculture in such an arid area has had a significant negative impact of water supplies. Eighty-eight percent of all water taken from above and below the surface is used for agriculture. One third of aquifers are overdrafted, especially in Caborca, Guaymas and the coast near Hermosillo. There have been water disputes in the state, notablely between officials from Hermosillo and the relatively water-rich Ciudad Obregón. The overpumping has drastically lowered water tables and has increased soil salinity in many areas. In some areas, the tables have dropped by as much as one or two meters per year, making fresh water increasing unavailable and forcing the abandonment of croplands. For this reason, in the last quarter of the 20th century area under cultivation in Sonora dropped by more than 24%.

text: However, such intensive agriculture in such an arid area has had a significant negative impact of water supplies. Eighty-eight percent of all water taken from above and below the surface is used for agriculture. One third of

text: aquifer

text: s are overdrafted, especially in

text: Caborca

text: Guaymas

text: and the coast near

text: Hermosillo

text: . There have been water disputes in the state, notablely between officials from Hermosillo and the relatively water-rich Ciudad Obregón. The overpumping has drastically lowered water tables and has increased soil salinity in many areas. In some areas, the tables have dropped by as much as one or two meters per year, making fresh water increasing unavailable and forcing the abandonment of croplands. For this reason, in the last quarter of the 20th century area under cultivation in Sonora dropped by more than 24%.

text: Cline v. American Aggregates Corporation, 474 N.E.2d 324 (OH 1984), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of Ohio that first applied the reasonable use doctrine to water use in that state.

text: Cline v. American Aggregates Corporation, 474 N.E.2d 324 (OH 1984), was a case decided by the

text: Supreme Court of Ohio

text: that first applied the reasonable use doctrine to

text: water use

text: in that state.

text: Springs have been used for a variety of human needs including drinking water, domestic water supply, irrigation, mills, navigation, and electricity generation.  Other modern uses include recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, and floating; therapy; water for livestock; fish hatcheries; and supply for bottled mineral water.

text: Springs have been used for a variety of human needs including drinking water, domestic water supply, irrigation,

text: mill

text: s, navigation, and

text: electricity generation

text: .  Other modern uses include recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, and floating;

text: therapy

text: ; water for livestock; fish hatcheries; and supply for bottled

text: mineral water

text: According to the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, a major study led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), managing rainwater and soil moisture more effectively, and using supplemental and small-scale irrigation, hold the key to helping the greatest number of poor people. It has called for a new era of water investments and policies for upgrading rainfed agriculture that would go beyond controlling field-level soil and water to bring new freshwater sources through better local management of rainfall and runoff. Increased agricultural productivity enables farmers to grow more food, which translates into better diets and, under market conditions that offer a level playing field, into higher farm incomes. With more money, farmers are more likely to diversify production and grow higher-value crops, benefiting not only themselves but the economy as a whole."

text: According to the

text: , a major study led by the

text: (IWMI), managing rainwater and soil moisture more effectively, and using supplemental and small-scale irrigation, hold the key to helping the greatest number of poor people. It has called for a new era of water investments and policies for upgrading rainfed agriculture that would go beyond controlling field-level soil and water to bring new freshwater sources through better local management of rainfall and runoff. Increased agricultural productivity enables farmers to grow more food, which translates into better diets and, under market conditions that offer a level playing field, into higher farm incomes. With more money, farmers are more likely to diversify production and grow higher-value crops, benefiting not only themselves but the economy as a whole."

text: In New Zealand, a Water Conservation Order is used to protect the natural, cultural and recreational values of any water body.

text: In

text: New Zealand

text: , a Water Conservation Order is used to protect the natural, cultural and recreational values of any water body.

text: On June 11, 2015, her father Nguyễn Văn Lợi spoke at the Vietnamese Congressional Caucus in the US Capitol Building to raise awareness about the struggles his daughter and other prisoners of conscience must endure while in prison. He explains, "[The prison guards] feed her rice with salt, only give her 1 liter of drinking water a day, not allowing her any water for hygienic reasons, and do not give her a sleeping net. She is only given only one change of clothing for about 15 to 20 days in a month.".

text: Africa is a water scarce country and it is currently facing more challenges in water provision, sanitation and supply. The aim of the study was to assess water security and demand in the study area. This was achieved by identifying the sources of water which are mostly used, checking the accessibility and measuring their water quality. Questionnaires were used to get the information from the people who live within the study area. ArcGIS was used to map these water sources. Results from ANOVA single factor tests revealed that there was a significant difference among rural, peri-urban and rural areas in terms of water sources commonly used and distance travelled from a household to a water source. The longest distance travelled was 1.8 km, 0.896 km and 0.005 km in rural, peri-urban and urban area, respectively. There was no significant difference among these three categories with regards to pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. There was a significant difference among these categories in terms of electrical conductivity. The highest conductivity in rural, peri-urban and urban areas was 290 μS/cm, 270 μS/cm and 110 μS/cm respectively. It is therefore, because of the above findings, recommended that municipal authorities and the Department of Water and Sanitation should put more effort on making proper and protected water sources available within reasonable distance (less than 200m from the household) to rural people in order to reach the balance between rural and urban areas with regards to water supply and sanitation.

text: Sellafield has previously used water from the River Ehen for cooling on the site, but ceased this operation in the 1990s. There is a weir on Ennerdale Water, and as at 2016 the valley continues to be an important source of drinking water for customers of United Utilities in West Cumbria. However, there are plans to supply these customers using a new pipeline from Thirlmere because the Environment Agency has confirmed that for environmental reasons it will rescind the abstraction licence for Ennerdale.  This means United Utilities must stop using it as a source of water by 2025 at the latest,  and therefore will need to find one or more alternative sources of water.

text: Sellafield has previously used water from the River Ehen for cooling on the site, but ceased this operation in the 1990s. There is a weir on Ennerdale Water, and as at 2016 the valley continues to be an important source of drinking water for customers of

text: United Utilities

text: in West Cumbria. However, there are plans to supply these customers using a new pipeline from

text: Thirlmere

text: because the

text: Environment Agency

text: has confirmed that for environmental reasons it will rescind the abstraction licence for Ennerdale.  This means United Utilities must stop using it as a source of water by 2025 at the latest,  and therefore will need to find one or more alternative sources of water.

text: The re-use of agricultural drainage water: agricultural drainage water has become one of the water, which turned her research and studies to maximize the use of resources' and are used in specific areas to avoid negative effects on public health and the environment is the use of these water after mixing with the percentage of certain of fresh water, so to re used for irrigation, as is happening in Egypt, but is warning of used many times in order to increase the salinity and its impact on agricultural impartial and reducing the proportion of fertility and reduces productivity

text: Even after accounting for physical water availability or access, water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water available to a developing country for human consumption, sanitation, agriculture and industrial purposes, in addition to various ecosystem services. The level of water quality depends on its intended purpose: Water that could be unfit for human consumption could be still usable in industrial or agriculture applications. Yet parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, in some cases even rendering the water unfit for agricultural or even industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the Hai River basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.

text: Even after accounting for physical water availability or access, water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water available to a developing country for human consumption, sanitation, agriculture and industrial purposes, in addition to various ecosystem services. The level of water quality depends on its intended purpose: Water that could be unfit for human consumption could be still usable in industrial or agriculture applications. Yet parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, in some cases even rendering the water unfit for agricultural or even industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the

text: Hai River

text: basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.

text: Earthships use water four times before it is discarded. There are cisterns at roof level to collect rain water or snow melt.  The cistern for a given Earthship is sized to the local climate. From the cistern the water is fed into a water-organizing module with a pump and filtering device. The water is pumped into a pressurized tank to meet the building code of required water pressure. This water is used for bathing, drinking, and activities like washing dishes. The water from these activities that is discarded is known as "gray water" and is used in the flushing of the toilets. "Gray water" is not sanitary for drinking but used for other uses in the Earthship. The gray water passes through a grease filter and then into an interior botanical cell. A botanical cell is an indoor garden with growing vegetation. Oxygenation, transpiration, filtration, and bacteria cleansing all take place in the closed cell which cleans and filters the water. After the botanical cell the process of filtering the "gray water" is complete and the water is used to flush the toilets.  The state the water is in after being used in the toilet is known as "black water". "Black water" is not reused inside the Earthship but is transferred to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach fields and used for watering of exterior botanical cells (landscape plantings).

text: Earthships use water four times before it is discarded. There are cisterns at roof level to collect rain water or snow melt.  The

text: cistern

text: for a given Earthship is sized to the local climate. From the cistern the water is fed into a water-organizing module with a pump and filtering device. The water is pumped into a pressurized tank to meet the building code of required

text: water pressure

text: . This water is used for bathing, drinking, and activities like washing dishes. The water from these activities that is discarded is known as "gray water" and is used in the flushing of the toilets. "Gray water" is not sanitary for drinking but used for other uses in the Earthship. The gray water passes through a grease filter and then into an interior botanical cell. A botanical cell is an indoor garden with growing vegetation. Oxygenation, transpiration, filtration, and bacteria cleansing all take place in the closed cell which cleans and filters the water. After the botanical cell the process of filtering the "gray water" is complete and the water is used to flush the toilets.  The state the water is in after being used in the

text: toilet

text: is known as "

text: black water

text: ". "Black water" is not reused inside the Earthship but is transferred to a solar-enhanced

text: septic tank

text: with

text: leach field

text: s and used for watering of exterior botanical cells (landscape plantings).

text: Sutshekhar Rasa is commercially prepared by many Ayurveda pharmacies in India like Ayurveda Rasashala,Pune;Baidyanath group, Dhoot Papeshwar, Arkashala etc. The commercial preparation use binding agents to prepare tablets generally weighing 125 mg each and a packing of 60tablets per bottle. Sutshekhar Rasa is also prepared by Ayurveda physicians with modifications for personal and commercial use. The preparation is stored in powder form or rolled in form of a huge tablet with help of water and stored in a glass vessel eliminating the synthetic binding agent which many healers consider to be an adulterant. The tablet is used by  rubbing it in  water over a clean even surface to obtain a paste which is administered as per requirement taking in account the age of the patient. This dosage is known as "Matra" in local terms. Sutshekhar due to its metal contents is a prescription only medicine. However Sutshekar Rasa is very popular and has been a part of many Indian households as per traditions in their first aid kit to treat acid-peptic disorders. Hence Sutshekhar  Rasa is also available in many ayurvedic pharmacy as an OTC medicine.

text: Sutshekhar Rasa is commercially prepared by many Ayurveda pharmacies in India like Ayurveda Rasashala,Pune;

text: Baidyanath group

text: , Dhoot Papeshwar, Arkashala etc. The commercial preparation use binding agents to prepare tablets generally weighing 125 mg each and a packing of 60tablets per bottle. Sutshekhar Rasa is also prepared by Ayurveda physicians with modifications for personal and commercial use. The preparation is stored in powder form or rolled in form of a huge tablet with help of water and stored in a glass vessel eliminating the synthetic binding agent which many healers consider to be an adulterant. The tablet is used by  rubbing it in  water over a clean even surface to obtain a paste which is administered as per requirement taking in account the age of the patient. This dosage is known as "Matra" in local terms. Sutshekhar due to its metal contents is a prescription only medicine. However Sutshekar Rasa is very popular and has been a part of many Indian households as per traditions in their first aid kit to treat acid-peptic disorders. Hence Sutshekhar  Rasa is also available in many ayurvedic pharmacy as an OTC medicine.

text: The total renewable water resources of Switzerland, , is . Of which the total freshwater withdrawal is  per year. This breaks down to a per capita freshwater withdrawal of  per year. Of that water (), 24% is used for in households, 74% in industry and only 2% is used for agriculture.

text: The total renewable

text: water resources

text: of Switzerland, , is . Of which the total

text: freshwater

text: withdrawal is  per year. This breaks down to a

text: per capita

text: freshwater withdrawal of  per year. Of that water (), 24% is used for in households, 74% in industry and only 2% is used for agriculture.

text: Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering a growing debate. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. This can happen where there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater. Economic scarcity, meanwhile, is caused by a lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. Symptoms of economic water scarcity include a lack of infrastructure, with people often having to fetch water from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Some 2.8 billion people currently live in water-scarce areas.

text: Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering a growing debate.

text: Physical water scarcity

text: is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. This can happen where there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining

text: groundwater

text: . Economic scarcity, meanwhile, is caused by a lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. Symptoms of

text: economic water scarcity

text: include a lack of infrastructure, with people often having to fetch water from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Some 2.8 billion people currently live in water-scarce areas.

text: Inland saline aquaculture is the farming or culture of aquatic animals and plants using inland (i.e. non-coastal) sources of saline groundwater rather than the more common coastal aquaculture methods. As a side benefit, it can be used to reduce the amount of salt in underground water tables, leading to an improvement in the surrounding land usage for agriculture. Due to its nature, it is only commercially possible in areas that have large reserves of saline groundwater, such as Australia.

text: Inland saline aquaculture is the farming or culture of aquatic animals and plants using inland (i.e. non-coastal) sources of saline groundwater rather than the more common coastal aquaculture methods. As a side benefit, it can be used to reduce the amount of salt in underground water tables, leading to an improvement in the surrounding land usage for agriculture. Due to its nature, it is only commercially possible in areas that have large reserves of saline groundwater, such as

text: Australia

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. Oldham's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities; there are no power stations in the town. United Utilities also manages Oldham's drinking and waste water; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including Dovestones and Chew. There is a water treatment works at Waterhead.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the

text: local authority

text: via the

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: at the Beal Valley. Oldham's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: United Utilities

text: ; there are no

text: power station

text: s in the town. United Utilities also manages Oldham's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: ; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including

text: Dovestones

text: and

text: Chew

text: . There is a

text: water treatment

text: works at

text: Waterhead

text: A person may legally change his or her given name or family name only for an important reason including, but not limited to, the name is offensive or funny, the person has used another name for a long time, the name was unlawfully changed, or the person uses a different name as a citizen of a different country.

text: Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently Suma Park Dam and Spring Creek Reservoir are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams were previously used for domestic water consumption however are now used for recreational purposes, these being Lake Canobolas and Gosling Creek Reservoir. Orange was on Level 5 Water restrictions, however after heavy rain increased capacity from around 20% to 100% restrictions were eased back to level 2.

text: Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently

text: Suma Park Dam

text: and

text: Spring Creek Reservoir

text: are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams were previously used for domestic water consumption however are now used for recreational purposes, these being

text: Lake Canobolas

text: and

text: Gosling Creek Reservoir

text: . Orange was on Level 5 Water restrictions, however after heavy rain increased capacity from around 20% to 100% restrictions were eased back to level 2.

text: Trade between the two countries increased from US$10 million in 1999 to US$150 million in 2008. Pakistan is Vietnam largest tea importer. Pakistan exports to Vietnam consist of cotton, leather and pharmaceutical product, and include  potential for export of motorcycles, plastic products and surgical instruments and investment in coal mining and aquaculture. Meanwhile, Vietnam has potential to export rubber, rubber products and machinery to Pakistan.

text: This system does not require any action from its users, but it is wasteful of water when toilets are used irregularly. However, in these countries users are so used to the automatic system, that attempts to install manual flushes to save water are generally unsuccessful. Users ignore them not through deliberate laziness or fear of infection, but because activating the flush is not habitual.

text: Human impact: Groundwater is an important source of water for drinking and irrigation of crops. Over 1 billion people in Asia and 65% of the public water sources in Europe source 100% of their water from groundwater. Irrigation is a massive use of groundwater with 80% of the world's groundwater used for agricultural production.

text: Human impact: Groundwater is an important source of water for

text: drinking

text: and

text: irrigation

text: of crops. Over 1 billion people in Asia and 65% of the public water sources in Europe source 100% of their water from groundwater. Irrigation is a massive use of groundwater with 80% of the world's groundwater used for agricultural production.

text: The Coalition reached a settlement with the EPA that required a major overhaul of the state’s water quality standards, including new recreational-use protections for  of streams and improved protections for the Current, Jacks Fork and Eleven Point rivers. Prior to the settlement more than 90% of the state’s surface waters were not required to be clean enough for safe recreational use.

text: Any water bailiff or other officer of the Agency, under a special order (which lasts for a maximum of 12 months) in writing from the authority, and any person appointed by the Secretary of State, under an order in writing from him (which also lasts for a maximum of 12 months), may at all reasonable times, for the purpose of preventing any offence against the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act, enter, remain upon and traverse any lands adjoining or near to any waters. This does not include a dwelling-house or the curtilage of a dwelling-house, or decoys or lands used exclusively for the preservation of wild fowl.

text: Environmental geology is one of the principal geoprofessions engaged in assessing and remediating contaminated sites. Environmental geologists help identify the subsurface stratigraphy in which contaminants are located and through which they migrate. Environmental chemistry is the geoprofession that encompasses the study of chemical compounds in the soil.  These compounds are categorized as pollutants or contaminants when introduced into the environment by human factors (e.g., waste, mining processes, radioactive release) and are not of natural origin. Environmental chemistry assesses interactions or these compounds with soil, rock, and water to determine their fate and transport, the techniques to measure the levels of contaminants in the environment, and technologies to destroy or reduce the toxicity of contaminants in wastes or compounds that have been released to the environment. Environmental engineering is often applied to assess contaminated sites, but more often is used in the design of systems to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater.

text: Environmental geology

text: is one of the principal geoprofessions engaged in assessing and remediating contaminated sites. Environmental geologists help identify the subsurface

text: stratigraphy

text: in which contaminants are located and through which they migrate.

text: Environmental chemistry

text: is the geoprofession that encompasses the study of chemical compounds in the soil.  These compounds are categorized as pollutants or contaminants when introduced into the environment by human factors (e.g., waste, mining processes, radioactive release) and are not of natural origin. Environmental chemistry assesses interactions or these compounds with soil, rock, and water to determine their fate and transport, the techniques to measure the levels of contaminants in the environment, and technologies to destroy or reduce the toxicity of contaminants in wastes or compounds that have been released to the environment.

text: Environmental engineering

text: is often applied to assess contaminated sites, but more often is used in the design of systems to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater.

text: Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of water resources, including surface water and ground water. Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes.

text: Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of

text: water resources

text: , including

text: surface water

text: and

text: ground water

text: . Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes.

text: In agriculture it is used in the presowing treatments of rice seed. Also, calcium peroxide has found use in the aquaculture to oxygenate and disinfect water.  In the ecological restoration industry it is used in the treatment of soils. Calcium peroxide is used in a similar manner to magnesium peroxide for environmental restoration programs.  It is used to restore soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum by the process of enhanced in-situ bioremediation.

text: In agriculture it is used in the presowing treatments of

text: rice seed

text: . Also, calcium peroxide has found use in the

text: aquaculture

text: to oxygenate and disinfect water.  In the ecological restoration industry it is used in the treatment of soils. Calcium peroxide is used in a similar manner to

text: magnesium peroxide

text: for environmental restoration programs.  It is used to restore soil and groundwater contaminated with petroleum by the process of

text: enhanced in-situ bioremediation

text: In 2014 Certina changed their red logo with a new more classic looking logo. The new logo uses a turtle symbol, to symbolize protection against water and shocks. The change in logo and brand colours was because Certina wanted to move to a more expensive and higher quality segment. Differentiating it from Tissot, another brand in the Swatch Group family. The impact of the changes in the brand has been the integration of better and more accurate movements like the PreciDrive in new releases.

text: In 2014 Certina changed their red logo with a new more classic looking logo. The new logo uses a turtle symbol, to symbolize protection against water and shocks. The change in logo and brand colours was because Certina wanted to move to a more expensive and higher quality segment. Differentiating it from

text: Tissot

text: , another brand in the

text: Swatch Group

text: family. The impact of the changes in the brand has been the integration of better and more accurate movements like the PreciDrive in new releases.

text: Erstfeld has an area, , of .  Of this area, 11.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 29.2% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 2.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (56.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).  , 19.8% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 7.9% is covered in small trees and shrubbery.  Of the agricultural land, 0.2% is used for farming or pastures, while 5.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 6.3% is used for alpine pastures.  Of the settled areas, 1.2% is covered with buildings, 0.3% is industrial, 0.1% is listed as parks and greenbelts and 1.2% is transportation infrastructure.  Of the unproductive areas, 0.1% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.9% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 41.8% is too rocky for vegetation,  and 13.3% is other unproductive land.

text: NLS has always strived to capture the life stories of those involved in industry.  The original idea was for a project on ‘Industrial Lives’, to collect life story interviews from top industrial management from the 1950s onwards, in both public and private industries.  However, instead of one large project more industry-specific projects emerged.  The first of many projects to focus on British utility companies was Lives in Steel (1991 – 1992), which was funded by the General Division of British Steel through the support of David Grieves.  This project resulted in the recording of 90 interviews by Alan Dein of former and current staff at all levels of the industry from directors to manual workers.  In 1999 another project focusing on British industry, Lives in the Oil Industry, began, a partnership with the University of Aberdeen, running until 2004.  The project resulted in an archive of interviews with 177 people involved in all sectors of the industry; a number of BBC Radio 4 Archive Hours have used material from the archive.  The most recent project to focus on the British utility industries is An Oral History of the Water Industry, which began in 2009 with sponsorship from Cambridge Water, Northumbria Water, Scottish Water, Southern Water, Wessex Water and Yorkshire Water.

text: NLS has always strived to capture the life stories of those involved in industry.  The original idea was for a project on ‘Industrial Lives’, to collect life story interviews from top industrial management from the 1950s onwards, in both public and private industries.  However, instead of one large project more industry-specific projects emerged.  The first of many projects to focus on British utility companies was Lives in Steel (1991 – 1992), which was funded by the General Division of British Steel through the support of David Grieves.  This project resulted in the recording of 90 interviews by Alan Dein of former and current staff at all levels of the industry from directors to manual workers.  In 1999 another project focusing on British industry, Lives in the Oil Industry, began, a partnership with the

text: University of Aberdeen

text: , running until 2004.  The project resulted in an archive of interviews with 177 people involved in all sectors of the industry; a number of

text: BBC Radio 4

text: Archive Hours have used material from the archive.  The most recent project to focus on the British utility industries is An Oral History of the Water Industry, which began in 2009 with sponsorship from Cambridge Water, Northumbria Water,

text: Scottish Water

text: Southern Water

text: Wessex Water

text: and

text: Yorkshire Water

text: In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions about how the water will be used. In the case of natural water bodies, they also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to environmental conditions. Environmental scientists work  to understand how these systems function, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of contaminants. Environmental lawyers and policymakers work to define legislation with the intention that water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use.

text: In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions about how the water will be used. In the case of natural

text: water bodies

text: , they also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to environmental conditions.

text: Environmental scientists

text: work  to understand how these systems function, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of

text: contaminants

text: Environmental lawyers

text: and

text: policymakers

text: work to define

text: legislation

text: with the intention that water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use.

text: Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce mains water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid self-sufficiency. Stored water may be used for watering gardens, agriculture, flushing toilets, in washing machines, washing cars, and also for drinking, especially when other water supplies are unavailable, expensive, or of poor quality, and when adequate care is taken that the water is not contaminated and is adequately filtered.

text: Rainwater tanks are installed to make use of rain water for later use, reduce

text: mains

text: water use for economic or environmental reasons, and aid

text: self-sufficiency

text: . Stored water may be used for watering

text: garden

text: s, agriculture,

text: flushing toilets

text: , in

text: washing machine

text: s, washing cars, and also for

text: drinking

text: , especially when other water supplies are unavailable, expensive, or of poor quality, and when adequate care is taken that the water is not

text: contaminated

text: and is adequately filtered.

text: Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (graywater); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution. The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially MARPOL) and U.S. domestic laws (including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the Great Lakes), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

text: Cruise ship

text: s carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage;

text: wastewater

text: from

text: sink

text: s,

text: shower

text: s, and

text: galley

text: s (

text: graywater

text: hazardous waste

text: s; solid waste; oily

text: bilge water

text: ballast water

text: ; and

text: air pollution

text: . The

text: waste stream

text: s generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially

text: MARPOL

text: ) and U.S. domestic laws (including the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and the

text: Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships

text: ), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the

text: Great Lakes

text: ), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

text: The word aquaculture appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference to the harvesting of ice. It also appeared in descriptions of the terrestrial agricultural practise of subirrigation in the late 19th century before becoming associated primarily with the cultivation of aquatic plant and animal species.

text: Christer Bruun's "Water for Roman Brothels: Cicero Cael. 34" discusses the symbolic and representational meaning of water utilized in Cicero's Pro Caelio, § 34. Bruun's scholarly observation provides background on the defense case of Marcus Caelius Rufus', suggesting that Caelius' scornful lover Clodia, the sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, brought charges against him proclaiming he attempted to use poison on her. Bruun also concludes that Cicero, who remained the legal defender of Caelius, ultimately used the conceptual phrase aqua inceste uterere in "referring to the commonly known possession of a water supply by some brothels in Rome, while at the same time implying that Clodia was a prostitute." The body of Bruun's Water for Roman Brothels is subdivided into multiple different subtopics; the first one devoted to Cicero's personification of Appius Claudius Caecus. Bruun argues that within § 34 of Pro Caelio Cicero powerfully employs "the oratorical technique of "personification" or "speech in character" (prosopopeia) and for a while pretended, apparently both by gestures and by voice, to be one of Clodia's most famous ancestors, the censor Appius Claudius Caecus." According to Bruun, Appius proclaims to have spurred three major civic accomplishments, while for each Cicero attempts to point out a reason why Clodia should be ashamed of herself for immorality connected with the Appian works. Cicero recalls Appius' construction of the Via Appia and then attempts to connect Clodia's immoral desecration of "this deed of her ancestor by walking on it in dubious company and for dubious purposes, indeed by "walking the street," in effect proclaiming her as a prostitute. Bruun finds this passage not sufficient, suggesting instead "it seems baffling that the use of water, should have been connected to Clodia's allegedly loose morals." Again dispelling Cicero's connection of Clodia to water and sexual immorality, Bruun proclaims this to be antithetical to Clodia's case by stating, "the evidence from the Roman world for ritual cleansing with water after sexual "pollution" is very meager and different in character." Bruun argues within his next sub-point that more compelling evidence exists on Clodia's immorality in connection with water in the late Roman Republican period, ultimately by providing an analysis on Marcus Caelius Rufus' speech on illegal water conduits. Brunn provides Frontius' De aquaeductu Urbis Romae from AD 100 as an example of the "various illegal uses to which public water in Rome was being diverted." Christer Bruun suggests that as a recent find by a contemporary author, Caelius actually gave a speech in 50 BC when he was a curule aedile, ultimately proclaiming "the worst misappropriation of public water in Rome" which was due "all the brothels, were enjoying an illegal supply of running water." Furthermore, Bruun concludes that although these possible arguments can explain why Cicero attempted to connect Clodia to immorality and water, he simply used this argumentation to suggest Clodia's case against Caelius was unfounded. He finally suggests that Cicero's oratorical ploy was developed for convenience and to supply a "witty invective that referred to known malpractices in Rome."

text: Christer Bruun's

text: "Water for Roman Brothels: Cicero Cael. 34" discusses the symbolic and representational meaning of

text: water

text: utilized in Cicero's Pro Caelio, § 34. Bruun's scholarly observation provides background on the defense case of Marcus Caelius Rufus', suggesting that Caelius' scornful lover Clodia, the sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, brought charges against him proclaiming he attempted to use poison on her. Bruun also concludes that Cicero, who remained the legal defender of Caelius, ultimately used the conceptual phrase aqua inceste uterere in "referring to the commonly known possession of a water supply by some

text: brothels in Rome

text: , while at the same time implying that Clodia was a prostitute." The body of Bruun's Water for Roman Brothels is subdivided into multiple different subtopics; the first one devoted to Cicero's personification of

text: Appius Claudius Caecus

text: . Bruun argues that within § 34 of Pro Caelio Cicero powerfully employs "the oratorical technique of "personification" or "speech in character" (prosopopeia) and for a while pretended, apparently both by gestures and by voice, to be one of Clodia's most famous ancestors, the censor Appius Claudius Caecus." According to Bruun, Appius proclaims to have spurred three major civic accomplishments, while for each Cicero attempts to point out a reason why Clodia should be ashamed of herself for immorality connected with the Appian works. Cicero recalls Appius' construction of the

text: Via Appia

text: and then attempts to connect Clodia's immoral desecration of "this deed of her ancestor by walking on it in dubious company and for dubious purposes, indeed by "walking the street," in effect proclaiming her as a prostitute. Bruun finds this passage not sufficient, suggesting instead "it seems baffling that the use of water, should have been connected to Clodia's allegedly loose morals." Again dispelling Cicero's connection of Clodia to water and sexual immorality, Bruun proclaims this to be antithetical to Clodia's case by stating, "the evidence from the Roman world for ritual cleansing with water after sexual "pollution" is very meager and different in character." Bruun argues within his next sub-point that more compelling evidence exists on Clodia's immorality in connection with water in the late Roman Republican period, ultimately by providing an analysis on Marcus Caelius Rufus' speech on illegal water conduits. Brunn provides Frontius' De aquaeductu Urbis Romae from AD 100 as an example of the "various illegal uses to which public water in Rome was being diverted." Christer Bruun suggests that as a recent find by a contemporary author, Caelius actually gave a speech in 50 BC when he was a

text: curule aedile

text: , ultimately proclaiming "the worst misappropriation of public water in Rome" which was due "all the brothels, were enjoying an illegal supply of running water." Furthermore, Bruun concludes that although these possible arguments can explain why Cicero attempted to connect Clodia to immorality and water, he simply used this argumentation to suggest Clodia's case against Caelius was unfounded. He finally suggests that Cicero's oratorical ploy was developed for convenience and to supply a "witty invective that referred to known malpractices in Rome."

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.  Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.  Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and

text: soil

text: s changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the

text: human

text: activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive

text: irrigation

text: activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.

text: Nine power plants use the water furthermore intensively and the water also is used by industry facilities. Therefore, sometimes very little water runs and the brook is threatened by desiccation.

text: Nine power plants use the water furthermore intensively and the water also is used by industry facilities. Therefore, sometimes very little water runs and the brook is threatened by

text: desiccation

text: This area was once sub-tropical, such as during the Miocene period. Many fossils have that been found in the area back this fact for us. From 1910 the farmers used an irrigation method comparable to one used for thousands of years by the Egyptians. The surface is very flat, and water does not run away easily. This way the rainwater is spread over a larger area and are allowed to sink into the soil. The moisture in the area is enough to farm with crops on a very small scale. Farmers live on these crops once the rains have gone. On the long run this method is not feasible, as evaporating water leaves behind salt and other minerals. Today this method is no longer used.

text: This area was once

text: sub-tropical

text: , such as during the

text: Miocene period

text: . Many

text: fossil

text: s have that been found in the area back this fact for us. From 1910 the farmers used an

text: irrigation

text: method comparable to one used for thousands of years by the

text: Egyptians

text: . The surface is very flat, and water does not run away easily. This way the rainwater is spread over a larger area and are allowed to sink into the soil. The moisture in the area is enough to farm with crops on a very small scale. Farmers live on these crops once the rains have gone. On the long run this method is not feasible, as evaporating water leaves behind salt and other minerals. Today this method is no longer used.

text: Clavet's reasoning behind the change in the Firehouse basement and the Containment Unit is commonly put down to a similar reason used by many fan writers: that a larger basement and containment system would allow for a larger collection of ghosts and a better containment system to be developed.  Clavet had also admitted that he liked the design of the Containment Unit in the cartoon and that it seemed like a reasonable development.

text: Water is an essential natural resource for human existence. It is needed in every industrial and natural process, for example, it is used for oil refining, for liquid-liquid extraction in hydro-metallurgical processes, for cooling, for scrubbing in the iron and the steel industry and for several operations in food processing facilities , etc. It is necessary to adopt a new approach to design urban water supply networks; water shortages are expected in the forthcoming decades and environmental regulations for water utilization and waste-water disposal are  increasingly stringent.

text: Water

text: is an essential

text: natural resource

text: for human existence. It is needed in every industrial and natural process, for example, it is used for

text: oil refining

text: , for

text: liquid-liquid extraction

text: in hydro-metallurgical processes, for cooling, for scrubbing in the iron and the steel industry and for several operations in

text: food processing

text: facilities , etc. It is necessary to adopt a new approach to design urban water supply networks;

text: water shortages

text: are expected in the forthcoming decades and environmental regulations for water utilization and

text: waste-water

text: disposal are  increasingly stringent.

text: Water collected in this fashion is used for every household activity except flushing toilets. The toilets are flushed with greywater which has been used at least once already. Typically it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers.

text: Water collected in this fashion is used for every household activity except flushing toilets. The toilets are flushed with

text: greywater

text: which has been used at least once already. Typically it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers.

text: The Water Kami is the guardian of the fishing folk, and a patron saint of fertility, motherhood, and easy childbirth. One reason people worship and praise the Water Kami and give offerings to it is to hope for pure and unpolluted water for human consumption, as well as for other uses like agriculture and sanitation. Other reasons of worship include praying for success in fishing trips, praying for successful and good fertility and motherhood, as well as for easy childbirth.

text: Virtual water use for livestock production includes water used in producing feed.  However, virtual water use data, such as those shown in the table, are often unrelated to environmental impacts of water use. For example, in a high-rainfall area, if similar soil infiltration capacity is maintained across different land uses, mm of groundwater recharge and hence sustainability of water use tends to be about the same for food crop production, meat-yielding livestock production, and saddle horse production, although virtual water use per kg of food produced may be several hundred L, several thousand L, and an infinite number of L, respectively. In contrast, in some low-rainfall areas, some livestock production is more sustainable than food crop production, from a water use standpoint, despite higher virtual water use per kg of food produced. This is because unirrigated land in many water-short areas may support grassland ecosystems in perpetuity, and thus may be able to support well-managed, extensive production of grazing cattle or sheep with a sustainable level of water use, even where large-scale production of more water-demanding food crops would be unsustainable in the long run due to inadequate surface water supplies and inadequate groundwater recharge to sustain a high level of withdrawn water use for irrigation. Such considerations are important on much rangeland in western North America and elsewhere that can support cow-calf operations, backgrounding of stocker cattle, and sheep flocks.  In the US, withdrawn surface water and groundwater use for crop irrigation exceeds that for livestock by about a ratio of 60:1.

text: Virtual water use for livestock production includes water used in producing feed.  However, virtual water use data, such as those shown in the table, are often unrelated to environmental impacts of water use. For example, in a high-rainfall area, if similar soil infiltration capacity is maintained across different land uses, mm of

text: groundwater recharge

text: and hence sustainability of water use tends to be about the same for food crop production, meat-yielding livestock production, and saddle horse production, although virtual water use per kg of food produced may be several hundred L, several thousand L, and an infinite number of L, respectively. In contrast, in some low-rainfall areas, some livestock production is more sustainable than food crop production, from a water use standpoint, despite higher virtual water use per kg of food produced. This is because unirrigated land in many water-short areas may support grassland ecosystems in perpetuity, and thus may be able to support well-managed, extensive production of grazing cattle or sheep with a sustainable level of water use, even where large-scale production of more water-demanding food crops would be unsustainable in the long run due to inadequate surface water supplies and inadequate groundwater recharge to sustain a high level of withdrawn water use for irrigation. Such considerations are important on much rangeland in western North America and elsewhere that can support

text: cow-calf operation

text: s, backgrounding of stocker cattle, and sheep flocks.  In the US, withdrawn surface water and groundwater use for crop irrigation exceeds that for livestock by about a ratio of 60:1.

text: Portable cords may be used in commercial, industrial and residential applications.   Some are used on job sites where resistance to oil, chemicals, and abrasion is essential in extreme environments – both the heat and the cold, outside or inside. Additionally, some portable cords can be water-resistant or water-submersible.  Portable cords are commonly used in a range of facilities, such as construction sites, mills, mines, sports complexes, or even marinas.

text: Portable cords may be used in commercial, industrial and residential applications.   Some are used on job sites where resistance to

text: oil

text: , chemicals, and

text: abrasion

text: is essential in extreme environments – both the heat and the cold, outside or inside. Additionally, some portable cords can be

text: water-resistant

text: or water-submersible.  Portable cords are commonly used in a range of facilities, such as construction sites, mills, mines, sports complexes, or even

text: marina

text: s.

text: Increases in agricultural productivity lead also to agricultural growth and can help to alleviate poverty in poor and developing countries, where agriculture often employs the greatest portion of the population. As farms become more productive, the wages earned by those who work in agriculture increase. At the same time, food prices decrease and food supplies become more stable. Labourers therefore have more money to spend on food as well as other products. This also leads to agricultural growth. People see that there is a greater opportunity to earn their living by farming and are attracted to agriculture either as owners of farms themselves or as labourers.

text: Increases in agricultural productivity lead also to agricultural growth and can help to alleviate

text: poverty

text: in poor and

text: developing countries

text: , where agriculture often employs the greatest portion of the population. As farms become more productive, the wages earned by those who work in agriculture increase. At the same time, food prices decrease and food supplies become more stable. Labourers therefore have more money to spend on food as well as other products. This also leads to agricultural growth. People see that there is a greater opportunity to earn their living by farming and are attracted to agriculture either as owners of farms themselves or as labourers.

text: A douche /duʃ/ is a device used to introduce a stream of water into the body for medical or hygienic reasons, or the stream of water itself.

text: As is common in many national forests, some recreational users trespass on private property, sometimes leaving litter, campfire rings, and causing other damage.  In contrast, the population of eastern Kentucky have long been strong proponents of property rights.  Feelings of local ownership traditionally extended into nearby public lands, used as woodlots, for hunting and herb gathering, and other such uses.  The conflict between long-term local residents and recreational users is exacerbated by the highly fragmented pattern of land ownership.

text: Ponds make up a large portion of aquaculture production systems, along with sea cages, and tank systems. The engineering aspect of aquaculture engineering aims to apply mathematical and engineering concepts to the effective development of aquatic production systems with emphasis on the use of computer simulation for water quality and fish production. Environmental conditions, feed, and fertilization are important components of these studies.

text: Ponds make up a large portion of

text: aquaculture

text: production systems, along with sea cages, and tank systems. The engineering aspect of aquaculture engineering aims to apply

text: mathematical

text: and

text: engineering

text: concepts to the effective development of aquatic production systems with emphasis on the use of

text: computer simulation

text: for water quality and fish production. Environmental conditions, feed, and fertilization are important components of these studies.

text: Wireless sensor networks are also used for the collection of data for monitoring of environmental information, this can be as simple as the monitoring of the temperature in a fridge to the level of water in overflow tanks in nuclear power plants. The statistical information can then be used to show how systems have been working. The advantage of WSNs over conventional loggers is the "live" data feed that is possible.

text: Vat dyes characteristically require a reducing agent to solubilize them.  The most common reducing agent is sodium dithionite (NaSO), which converts the dye to its "leuco" form that is soluble.  Once attached to the fabric, the leuco dye is then oxidized to the insoluble state which is intensely colored. Chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, pH control are often necessary; even the dissolution process necessitates measuring out appropriate quantities of caustic soda and sodium hydrosulphite in order to achieve reduction. The dye is soluble only in its reduced (oxygen-free) form. The fiber is immersed repeatedly in this oxygen-free dyebath, then exposed to the air, whereupon the water-soluble reduced form changes color as oxygen turns it to the water-insoluble form.  For these reasons, vat dyes are less suitable than fiber-reactive dyes for amateur use.

text: Vat dyes characteristically require a

text: reducing agent

text: to

text: solubilize

text: them.  The most common reducing agent is

text: sodium dithionite

text: (NaSO), which converts the dye to its "

text: leuco

text: " form that is soluble.  Once attached to the fabric, the leuco dye is then oxidized to the insoluble state which is intensely colored.

text: Chemical reaction

text: s such as

text: oxidation

text: reduction

text: pH

text: control are often necessary; even the dissolution process necessitates measuring out appropriate quantities of

text: caustic soda

text: and

text: sodium hydrosulphite

text: in order to achieve reduction. The dye is soluble only in its reduced (

text: oxygen

text: -free) form. The fiber is immersed repeatedly in this oxygen-free dyebath, then exposed to the air, whereupon the

text: water-soluble

text: reduced form changes color as oxygen turns it to the water-insoluble form.  For these reasons, vat dyes are less suitable than fiber-reactive dyes for amateur use.

text: An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging, and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans).

text: An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products (such as disposable

text: cutlery

text: ), removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging, and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, lightweighting of beverage cans).

text: Seth Green (March 19, 1817 – August 18, 1888) was an American pioneer in fish farming (pisciculture and aquaculture).  He established the first fish hatchery in the United States in the Town of Caledonia, New York. He was a successful commercial fisherman, operating a large and profitable fish and game market in Rochester, New York.  After many years of operating his commercial hatchery in Caledonia, he entered government service with the New York State Fish Commission and eventually became Superintendent of Fisheries for the state of New York.  Seth Green's pioneering efforts to raise fish stocks and restore fish populations for sporting purposes  established a standard of aquaculture recognized internationally.   He is commonly referred to as the "Father of fish culture in North America."

text: Seth Green (March 19, 1817 – August 18, 1888) was an American pioneer in

text: fish farming

text: pisciculture

text: and

text: aquaculture

text: ).  He established the first

text: fish hatchery

text: in the United States in the

text: Town of Caledonia

text: , New York. He was a successful commercial fisherman, operating a large and profitable fish and game market in Rochester, New York.  After many years of operating his commercial hatchery in Caledonia, he entered government service with the New York State Fish Commission and eventually became Superintendent of Fisheries for the state of New York.  Seth Green's pioneering efforts to raise fish stocks and restore fish populations for sporting purposes  established a standard of aquaculture recognized internationally.   He is commonly referred to as the "Father of fish culture in North America."

text: The L8 ACOP recommend that the risk assessment should be reviewed at least every 2 years and whenever a reason exists to suspect it is no longer valid, such as water systems have been amended or modified, or if the use of the water system has changed, or if there is reason to suspect that Legionella control measures are no longer working.

text: Recycled water makes up nearly 33 percent of EMWD's overall portfolio. This water is used for irrigation of crops, schools, parks, golf courses, streetscapes and industrial uses. EMWD uses 100 percent of its recycled water for beneficial reuse and is one of the nation's leaders in recycled water. EMWD has been recognized by the WateReuse Foundation and other professional organizations for its expansive use of recycled water.

text: The Kinsmen Pool is now closed. See Richardson Recreation & Wellness, Swan River Credit Union Aquatic Centre.   The pool itself measures 15 meters wide by 25 meters long. It has six swimming lanes, and a diving board. Chlorine is used to sanitize the pool water. The pool's water capacity is 640,000 litres, and can be used by up to 120 patrons at one time. Water depth varies from 3 ft in the shallow end, 5 ft in the middle, 10 ft at the pool's deepest part, and 8 ft at the far edge of the deep end. It is heated to a temperature of 81°F by two natural gas heaters. There is also a kiddie pool adjacent to the main swimming tank which is unheated. In addition, the facility includes men's and women's change rooms, as well as a lifeguard office and maintenance room. These indoor areas are connected to the Swan River Centennial Arena. The pool change rooms double as hockey dressing rooms during the pool's off-season.

text: The Kinsmen Pool is now closed. See Richardson Recreation & Wellness, Swan River Credit Union Aquatic Centre.   The pool itself measures 15 meters wide by 25 meters long. It has six swimming lanes, and a diving board. Chlorine is used to sanitize the pool water. The pool's water capacity is 640,000 litres, and can be used by up to 120 patrons at one time. Water depth varies from 3 ft in the shallow end, 5 ft in the middle, 10 ft at the pool's deepest part, and 8 ft at the far edge of the deep end. It is heated to a temperature of 81°F by two natural gas heaters. There is also a kiddie pool adjacent to the main swimming tank which is unheated. In addition, the facility includes men's and women's change rooms, as well as a lifeguard office and maintenance room. These indoor areas are connected to the

text: Swan River Centennial Arena

text: . The pool change rooms double as hockey dressing rooms during the pool's off-season.

text: Sun Belt Water is better known for filing a lawsuit against Canada for $10.5 billion US over access to BC Water.

text: The method of using incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy is a relatively old method of WtE production. Incineration generally entails burning waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial and RDF) to boil water which powers steam generators that make electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries. One problem associated with incinerating MSW to make electrical energy is the potential for pollutants to enter the atmosphere with the flue gases from the boiler.  These pollutants can be acidic and in the 1980s were reported to cause environmental damage by turning rain into acid rain.  Since then, the industry has removed this problem by the use of lime scrubbers and electro-static precipitators on smokestacks.  By passing the smoke through the basic lime scrubbers, any acids that might be in the smoke are neutralized which prevents the acid from reaching the atmosphere and hurting the environment. Many other devices, such as fabric filters, reactors, and catalysts destroy or capture other regulated pollutants. According to the New York Times, modern incineration plants are so clean that "many times more dioxin is now released from home fireplaces and backyard barbecues than from incineration. " According to the German Environmental Ministry, "because of stringent regulations, waste incineration plants are no longer significant in terms of emissions of dioxins, dust, and heavy metals".

text: The method of using incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy is a relatively old method of WtE production. Incineration generally entails burning waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial and RDF) to boil water which powers

text: steam generator

text: s that make electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries. One problem associated with incinerating MSW to make electrical energy is the potential for pollutants to enter the atmosphere with the flue gases from the boiler.  These pollutants can be acidic and in the 1980s were reported to cause environmental damage by turning rain into

text: acid rain

text: .  Since then, the industry has removed this problem by the use of

text: lime scrubber

text: s and electro-static precipitators on smokestacks.  By passing the smoke through the basic lime scrubbers, any acids that might be in the smoke are neutralized which prevents the acid from reaching the atmosphere and hurting the environment. Many other devices, such as fabric filters, reactors, and catalysts destroy or capture other regulated pollutants. According to the New York Times, modern incineration plants are so clean that "many times more dioxin is now released from home fireplaces and backyard barbecues than from incineration. " According to the German Environmental Ministry, "because of stringent regulations, waste incineration plants are no longer significant in terms of emissions of dioxins, dust, and heavy metals".

text: Groundwater in California is used by 85% of the population, mostly used by the multi-billion agriculture industry as the main water source for crops. For years groundwater use has been poorly managed and under regulated to a point where now the state is facing a major depletion of this important water source. In California, groundwater is used a crucial reserve for the lack of surface water during drought periods. Groundwater is being pumped in excess of the natural rate of replenishment which in return is lowering the groundwater table. This is known as overdraft and can cause severe subsidence in the land. In 1980 the Department of Water Resources judged that out of the 450 groundwater basins in California 40 of them were in overdraft, 11 more were identified as being in "critical" conditions.  the Department of Water Resources reported that across California the groundwater levels have dropped to 50 feet below historic levels, and up to 100 feet below in the San Joaquin Valley. This report has not been updated in almost thirty years. Knowing how much groundwater is being taken out and used is difficult because there is no requirement for the users to report the amount used. There are a few exceptions that require basins that operate under government regulations and special state legislation. There are some however some methods used to estimate the amount of groundwater being applied to crops, the most conventional being measuring the acreage of the crop and figuring out the amount of water necessary for these crops to grow. Managing groundwater can be a challenge since it does not adhere to property lines and freely moves underground. With few incentives and fewer regulations to conserve groundwater in California higher value crops that require year round irrigation have been planted and deeper wells to retrieve groundwater from sinking aquifers have been drilled. Agricultural uses and even urban use to an extent are depleting California's groundwater basins and aquifers. The current drought conditions in California are only pushing for a more heavily regulated groundwater management to be implemented now.

text: Potential development areas for freshwater aquaculture include 960,000 hectares of agricultural water bodies, 143,000 hectares of ponds, plus other areas in big lakes and water reservoirs suitable for cage farming. The National Project on Agricultural Sector development (Federal Agency of Fishery, 2006) has set a target for 2020 of 1.4 million tonnes from freshwater aquaculture and 400 thousand tonnes from mariculture. The federal government is considering a subsidy of two-thirds of the credit needed to construct and modernise aquaculture facilities.

text: While the number of household connections is 9 times more than the combined industrial and commercial connections, the average monthly consumption of households is 3.06% less than the latter. In actual number, businesses use at least 73,560.39 kWh per month more than households. This trend is not surprising because businesses tend to use more electricity than households.

text: Metals, in particular, have a really strong bonds. Their properties follow up to the nanoscale as well. Metals can stay and damage the environment for a long time, since they hardly degrade or get destroyed. With the increase in use of nanotechnology, it is predicted that the nanowaste of metals will keep increasing, and until a solution is found for that problem, that waste will keep accumulating in the environment. On the other hand, some possible future applications of nanotechnology have the potential to benefit the environment.  Nanofiltration, based on the use of membranes with extremely small pores smaller than 10 nm (perhaps composed of nanotubes) are suitable for a mechanical filtration for the removal of ions or the separation of different fluids. A couple of studies have found a solution to filtrate and extract those nanoparticles from water. The process is still being studied but simulations have been giving a total of about 90% to 99% removal of nanowaste particles from the water at an upgraded waste water treatment plant. Once the particles are separated from the water, they go to the landfill with the rest of the solids. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method to remove heavy metal contaminants from waste water. Using nanoscale particles increases the efficiency to absorb the contaminants and is comparatively inexpensive compared to traditional precipitation and filtration methods. One current method to recover nanoparticles is the Cloud Point Extraction. With this technique, gold nanoparticles and some other types of particles that are heat conductors are able to be extracted from aqueous solutions. The process consists of a heating section of the solution that contains the nanoparticles, and then centrifuged in order to separate the layers and then separate the nanoparticles.

text: Metals

text: , in particular, have a really strong bonds. Their properties follow up to the nanoscale as well. Metals can stay and damage the environment for a long time, since they hardly degrade or get destroyed. With the increase in use of nanotechnology, it is predicted that the nanowaste of metals will keep increasing, and until a solution is found for that problem, that waste will keep accumulating in the environment. On the other hand, some possible future

text: applications of nanotechnology

text: have the potential to benefit the environment.

text: Nanofiltration

text: , based on the use of membranes with extremely small pores smaller than 10 nm (perhaps

text: composed of nanotubes

text: ) are suitable for a mechanical filtration for the removal of ions or the separation of different fluids. A couple of studies have found a solution to filtrate and extract those nanoparticles from water. The process is still being studied but simulations have been giving a total of about 90% to 99% removal of nanowaste particles from the water at an upgraded waste water treatment plant. Once the particles are separated from the water, they go to the landfill with the rest of the solids. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles offer an effective and reliable method to remove heavy metal contaminants from waste water. Using nanoscale particles increases the efficiency to absorb the contaminants and is comparatively inexpensive compared to traditional precipitation and filtration methods. One current method to recover nanoparticles is the Cloud Point Extraction. With this technique, gold nanoparticles and some other types of particles that are heat conductors are able to be extracted from aqueous solutions. The process consists of a heating section of the solution that contains the nanoparticles, and then centrifuged in order to separate the layers and then separate the nanoparticles.

text: US Government regulations (21 CFR Part 178) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water).

text: Agricultural Water providers will also be bound by the conservation efforts set forth in SBX-7. According to the bill itself, all agricultural providers will be required to 1) measure the water volume delivered to customers, and 2) adopt a pricing structure that is based on quantity delivered. There are numerous guidelines and new regulations that will also be required if the measures are found to be “cost effective and technically feasible." These types of measures are geared towards the infrastructure necessary for the storage and conveyance of water. These measures will make it the responsibility of the provider to ensure that the end use of the water is both sustainable and environmentally friendly.

text: The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources vision is to help drive a stronger Australian economy by building a more profitable, more resilient and more sustainable agriculture sector, and by supporting the sustainable and productive management and use of rivers and water resources.

text: The river and its estuaries abound with marine wildlife and are used for recreational fishing and water sports.

text: Environmental terrorism consists of one or more unlawful actions that harm or destroy environmental resources or deprive others of their use. More colloquially, the phrase is also used to label actions seen as the unnecessary or unjustified destruction of the environment for personal or corporate gain.

text: Environmental terrorism consists of one or more unlawful actions that harm or destroy

text: environmental resources

text: or deprive others of their use. More colloquially, the phrase is also used to label actions seen as the unnecessary or unjustified destruction of the environment for personal or corporate gain.

text: Researchers have debated the reasons for the change. Some historians believe the decline in priestly power originated with a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuses of the priestly class known as the Ani-kutani. Ethnographer James Mooney, who studied the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to trace the decline of the former hierarchy to this revolt. By the time of Mooney, the structure of Cherokee religious practitioners was more informal, based more on individual knowledge and ability than upon heredity.

text: Researchers have debated the reasons for the change. Some historians believe the decline in priestly power originated with a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuses of the priestly class known as the

text: Ani-kutani

text: Ethnographer

text: James Mooney

text: , who studied the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to trace the decline of the former hierarchy to this revolt. By the time of Mooney, the structure of Cherokee religious practitioners was more informal, based more on individual knowledge and ability than upon heredity.

text: Operating close to the power station is a fishing bait company, Seabait. Seabait uses some of the excess hot water that the plant generates to grow worms four times as fast as in the wild. The worms are used for several purposes, primarily for providing worms as bait while fishing. However, the worms are also frozen, packaged and exported to seafood farms. This is seen as environmentally beneficial as it reduces the need for bait digging in natural habitats.

text: Operating close to the power station is a

text: fishing bait

text: company, Seabait. Seabait uses some of the excess hot water that the plant generates to grow worms four times as fast as in the wild. The worms are used for several purposes, primarily for providing worms as bait while fishing. However, the worms are also frozen, packaged and exported to seafood farms. This is seen as environmentally beneficial as it reduces the need for bait digging in natural habitats.

text: From 1882, fisheries was the responsibility of the Department of Agriculture until 1963 when the government of Premier Louis Robichaud created a separate Department of Fisheries and appointed Ernest Richard its minister.  The department would be renamed the Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture which in 2000 was merged with the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development to become the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture. This department lasted until October 3, 2006 when Premier Shawn Graham split the departments into the Department of Agriculture and Aquaculture and reestablished the separate Department of Fisheries.

text: From 1882, fisheries was the responsibility of the

entity_name: Department of Agriculture (New Brunswick)

text: Department of Agriculture

text: until 1963 when the government of

text: Premier

text: Louis Robichaud

text: created a separate Department of Fisheries and appointed

text: Ernest Richard

text: its minister.  The department would be renamed the Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture which in 2000 was merged with the

text: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

text: to become the

entity_name: Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries (New Brunswick)

text: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture

text: . This department lasted until October 3, 2006 when Premier

text: Shawn Graham

text: split the departments into the

entity_name: Department of Agriculture and Aquaculture (New Brunswick)

text: Department of Agriculture and Aquaculture

text: and reestablished the separate Department of Fisheries.

text: The large amount of water used was less important because plenty of used water was often available and was very cheap. In addition, in thrifty rural households the water used to drive it was often used for other purposes as well.

text: The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is treated for human consumption, industrial use, or in the environment.

text: The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is

text: treated

text: for human consumption, industrial use, or in the environment.

text: In mapping, the NHD is used with other data themes such as elevation, boundaries, and transportation to produce general reference maps.  In geospatial analysis the NHD is used by scientists using GIS technology. This takes advantage of a flow direction network that can be processed to trace the flow of water downstream.  A rich set of attributes used to identify the water features includes an identifier, the official name of the feature, the length or area of the feature, and metadata describing the source of the data.  The identifier is used in an addressing system to link specific information about the water such as water discharge, water quality, and fish population. Using the basic water features, flow network, linked information, and other characteristics, it is possible to study cause and effect relationships, such as how a source of poor water quality upstream might affect a fish population downstream.

text: In mapping, the NHD is used with other data themes such as elevation, boundaries, and transportation to produce general reference maps.  In geospatial analysis the NHD is used by scientists using

text: GIS

text: technology. This takes advantage of a flow direction network that can be processed to trace the flow of water downstream.  A rich set of attributes used to identify the water features includes an identifier, the official name of the feature, the length or area of the feature, and metadata describing the source of the data.  The identifier is used in an addressing system to link specific information about the water such as water discharge, water quality, and fish population. Using the basic water features, flow network, linked information, and other characteristics, it is possible to study cause and effect relationships, such as how a source of poor water quality upstream might affect a fish population downstream.

text: There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common.

text: There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include

text: alcohol

text: tobacco

text: betel nut

text: , and

text: caffeine

text: products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as

text: khat

text: is common.

text: Conjunctive use is often used in discussing water supplies and water conservation.  This phrase usually is used to describe the practice of storing surface water in a groundwater basin in wet years and withdrawing it from the basin in dry years. Conjunctive use consists of harmoniously combining the use of both surface water and groundwater in order to minimise the undesirable physical, environmental and economical effects of each solution and to optimise the water demand

text: Conjunctive use is often used in discussing water supplies and

text: water conservation

text: .  This phrase usually is used to describe the practice of storing

text: surface water

text: in a

text: groundwater basin

text: in wet years and withdrawing it from the basin in dry years. Conjunctive use consists of harmoniously combining the use of both surface water and groundwater in order to minimise the undesirable physical, environmental and economical effects of each solution and to optimise the water demand

text: Cleaning the runway using chemicals involves the application of proprietary cleaners that are brushed into the surface of the runway and then washed off using low pressure water. There is a time between applying the chemicals and washing the runway when the chemicals are allowed to react with and break down the rubber. During this time the runway is unusable for landing operations and therefore could not be used safely in an emergency situation. The chemicals used can be expensive and require special handling. There are currently a newer generation of non-caustic rubber removal chemicals that are also environmentally superior, non-corrosive, non-toxic and relatively inexpensive to use. Some runway maintenance crews like the ability to do their rubber removal in-house using existing or lower cost machinery with a more regular, preventive maintenance program. Chemicals for rubber removal have proven to have no long-term effect on either asphalt or concrete runways. Using equipment to recover waste water/chemical/rubber allows control and safety of disposal with no runoff.

text: The Subdistrict is a small area where people came to trade 40 years ago, now it is still functioning for this reason. And also because of historical reason, a road connecting Guangzhou to Shangtou was built like at least 30 years ago, the road was responsible for transportation the cargo from Guangzhou to Shangtou or vice versa, and due to this, drivers can take a rest in the middle of this long journey in Pingshan. They can have sleep in the automobile hotel, they can supply water to automobile engine, change the tires, etc. In those days, Pingshan is majorly growing foods, people from those time can trade their raw foods with whatever they need from the cargo buses. This area is near the Pacific Ocean, the climate feature to subtropical climate. Winds or storm come from ocean in the summer, sometimes it is very strong, if people live in this condition, they will not last for a long time, but thanks to god, there is mountain lying from east to west, and it can weaken the storm if there is such, so people can live peacefully and can have generations. We always say, water is the source of life. And indeed, if there is no water in the area, there will be no people or plant, and all of this living things should thank to the mountain.

text: The stored water is used to generate electric power for the three power stations, Markaba, Awai, and Joon, which are affiliated to the Litani River Authority. The waters is also used to irrigate more than 1,400 hectares of agricultural lands in the Bekaa Valley as well as 36,000 hectares of agricultural lands in the South.

text: Springs, rivers and deep wells are the sources of water supply used for both domestic water supply and irrigation needs. Deep wells and springs are commonly used as potable water supply. Local government, congressional initiative, regional and senatorial funds are used to develop these sources. The municipal government’s ardent thrust to provide basic services to its constituents can be well manifested by its current pursuit to develop a level III type of water system through funding from the World Bank. The municipal government had entered into a loan agreement with the bank to develop a system that will provide for an individual pipe connection for each household within the barangays of Poblacion and Iba. Data shows that Level I and Level II type of systems are the most prevalent type of water supply in the municipality. Level I water system is currently serving 7.17% of the total households. Likewise, Level II is providing water for 47.39% of all households, while Level III only served 3.62% of the total. The rest (41.82%) still remained un-served by a water supply system

text: Waivers may be granted if valid family, religious or ethnic reasons give grounds to use a name contrary to these principles. Persons may change their first names once without a specific reason. For subsequent changes, valid reasons must be presented.

text: Household water treatment and safe storage ensure drinking water is safe for consumption. Drinking water quality remains a significant problem, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries; even in the European region it is estimated that 120 million people do not have access to safe drinking water. Point-of-use water quality interventions can reduce diarrheal disease in communities where water quality is poor, or in emergency situations where there is a breakdown in water supply.Since water can become contaminated during storage at home (e.g. by contact with contaminated hands or using dirty storage vessels), safe storage of water in the home is also important.

text: Household water treatment and safe storage ensure drinking water is safe for consumption.

text: Drinking water quality

text: remains a significant problem, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries; even in the European region it is estimated that 120 million people do not have access to

text: safe drinking water

text: . Point-of-use water quality interventions can reduce diarrheal disease in communities where water quality is poor, or in emergency situations where there is a breakdown in water supply.Since water can become contaminated during storage at home (e.g. by contact with contaminated hands or using dirty storage vessels),

text: safe storage of water

text: in the home is also important.

text: Concern has been raised over the increasing quantities of water for hydraulic fracturing in areas that experience water stress. Use of water for hydraulic fracturing can divert water from stream flow, water supplies for municipalities and industries such as power generation, as well as recreation and aquatic life.  The large volumes of water required for most common hydraulic fracturing methods have raised concerns for arid regions, such as the Karoo in South Africa,  and in drought-prone Texas, in North America.  It may also require water overland piping from distant sources.

text: Concern has been raised over the increasing quantities of water for hydraulic fracturing in areas that experience water stress. Use of water for hydraulic fracturing can divert water from stream flow,

text: water supplies

text: for municipalities and industries such as

text: power generation

text: , as well as recreation and

text: aquatic life

text: .  The large volumes of water required for most common hydraulic fracturing methods have raised concerns for arid regions, such as the

text: Karoo

text: in South Africa,  and in drought-prone Texas, in North America.  It may also require water overland piping from distant sources.

text: Wastewater reuse is often used synonymously with the terms wastewater recycling and wastewater reclamation and can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of surface water and groundwater (the latter referred to as groundwater recharge). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.Water and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in arid countries. The World Health Organization  has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the human population and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater aquifers used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative water supply.

text: Wastewater

text: reuse is often used synonymously with the terms

text: wastewater recycling

text: and

text: wastewater reclamation

text: and can be defined as the use of

text: reclaimed water

text: for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: (the latter referred to as

text: groundwater recharge

text: ). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to

text: sustainable

text: water management

text: because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.

text: Water

text: and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in

text: arid

text: countries. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the

text: human population

text: and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater

text: aquifers

text: used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local

text: freshwater

text: supplies are limited or are available only with large

text: capital expenditure

text: . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing

text: environmental pollution

text: and improving

text: carbon footprint

text: ; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative

text: water supply

text: For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less energy-efﬁcient. This is because a washing machine’s greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efﬁcient machine and using low- temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.

text: For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less

text: energy-efﬁcient

text: . This is because a washing machine’s greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efﬁcient machine and using low- temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.

text: In the early 1900s, the main industries in the watershed of Roaring Brook included agriculture, brick making, and coal mining. Around this time, the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad followed the stream throughout much of its length and the Erie Railroad followed the stream from Elmhurst to its mouth. The former was created by an 1852 merger of the Cobbs Gap and Delaware Railroad and the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which were previously in the stream's watershed. The main stem was used as a water supply for Scranton by the Scranton Gas and Water Company. It was also used as an industrial water supply by the Spencer Coal Company. The watershed continues to supply water to the Lackawanna Valley in the 21st century. In the early 1900s, major communities in the watershed included Scranton, Dunmore, Moscow, and Elmhurst. At the time, their populations were 129,867, 17,615, 650, and 379, respectively.

text: In the early 1900s, the main industries in the watershed of Roaring Brook included

text: agriculture

text: brick

text: making, and

text: coal mining

text: . Around this time, the

entity_name: Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad

text: Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad

text: followed the stream throughout much of its length and the

text: Erie Railroad

text: followed the stream from Elmhurst to its mouth. The former was created by an 1852 merger of the Cobbs Gap and Delaware Railroad and the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which were previously in the stream's watershed. The

text: main stem

text: was used as a

text: water supply

text: for Scranton by the Scranton Gas and Water Company. It was also used as an industrial water supply by the Spencer Coal Company. The watershed continues to supply water to the Lackawanna Valley in the 21st century. In the early 1900s, major communities in the watershed included Scranton, Dunmore, Moscow, and Elmhurst. At the time, their populations were 129,867, 17,615, 650, and 379, respectively.

text: Aquaponics , refers to any system that combines conventional aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as snails, fish, crayfish or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment. In normal aquaculture, excretions from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a hydroponic system where the by-products are broken down by Nitrifying bacteria initially into nitrites and subsequently into nitrates , which are utilized by the plants as nutrients, and the water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.

text: Aquaponics , refers to any system that combines conventional

text: aquaculture

text: (raising

text: aquatic animal

text: s such as snails,

text: fish

text: crayfish

text: or

text: prawn

text: s in tanks) with

text: hydroponics

text: (cultivating plants in water) in a

text: symbiotic

text: environment. In normal aquaculture,

text: excretion

text: s from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing

text: toxicity

text: . In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a

text: hydroponic

text: system where the

text: by-product

text: s are broken down by

text: Nitrifying bacteria

text: initially into

text: nitrite

text: s and subsequently into

text: nitrate

text: s , which are utilized by the plants as

text: nutrient

text: s, and the water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.

text: The island was used by livestock to graze on, primarily for wool production before the 1850s.William B. Reid leased the island for 43 years commencing in 1873, where native animals on the land were used as wild game, farming and dairy products were made. Bill and Norah Holyman then bought the island in 1916 using it for sheep husbandry, selling off the island in 1958. In 1961, H E Hammond was the owner of the island, where it remains in family ownership today. His descendants, Keith and John Hammond currently produce on Robbins Island wagyū beef, which is exported to Japan. Commercial aquaculture industry from Circular Head presently harvest rock lobster and abalone in waters around the island. A wind farm has been proposed to be built on the island and was expected to be fully operational by 2014; yet by 2016 the wind farm had not been constructed.

text: The island was used by

text: livestock

text: to graze on, primarily for

text: wool production

text: before the 1850s.William B. Reid leased the island for 43 years commencing in 1873, where native animals on the land were used as

text: wild game

text: , farming and dairy products were made. Bill and Norah Holyman then bought the island in 1916 using it for

text: sheep husbandry

text: , selling off the island in 1958. In 1961, H E Hammond was the owner of the island, where it remains in family ownership today. His

text: descendant

text: s, Keith and John Hammond currently produce on Robbins Island

text: wagyū

text: beef, which is exported to Japan. Commercial

text: aquaculture

text: industry from

text: Circular Head

text: presently harvest

text: rock lobster

text: and

text: abalone

text: in waters around the island. A wind farm has been proposed to be built on the island and was expected to be fully operational by 2014; yet by 2016 the wind farm had not been constructed.

text: Humans produce waste: Large concentrations of humans produce large concentrations of waste. Kitchen waste, broken objects, and similar material all need to be disposed of. Small numbers of people can dispose of their waste locally without encouraging vermin or endangering their health. Once people began to live together in large numbers, around five thousand years ago, such methods began to become impractical. Material would be brought into these new settlements but would rarely be taken out again.

text: Humans produce waste: Large concentrations of humans produce large concentrations of waste. Kitchen waste, broken objects, and similar material all need to be disposed of. Small numbers of people can dispose of their waste locally without encouraging

text: vermin

text: or endangering their health. Once people began to live together in large numbers, around five thousand years ago, such methods began to become impractical. Material would be brought into these new settlements but would rarely be taken out again.

text: Local governments often pass zoning laws which control what buildings can be built on a lot and what they can be used for.  For example, certain areas are zoned for residential buildings such as houses.  Other areas can be commercially, agriculturally, or industrially zoned.  Sometimes zoning laws establish other restrictions such as a minimum lot area and/or frontage length for building a house or other building, maximum building size, or minimum setbacks from a lot boundary for building a structure.  This is in addition to building codes which must be met.  Also minimum lot sizes and separations must be met when wells and septic systems are used.  In urban areas, sewers and water lines often provide service to households.  There may also be restrictions based on covenants established by private parties such as the real estate developer.  There may be easements for utilities to run water, sewage, electric power, or telephone lines through a lot.

text: Local governments often pass

text: zoning

text: laws which control what buildings can be built on a lot and what they can be used for.  For example, certain areas are zoned for residential buildings such as houses.  Other areas can be commercially, agriculturally, or industrially zoned.  Sometimes zoning laws establish other restrictions such as a minimum lot area and/or frontage length for building a house or other building, maximum building size, or minimum

text: setbacks

text: from a lot boundary for building a structure.  This is in addition to

text: building code

text: s which must be met.  Also minimum lot sizes and separations must be met when

text: well

text: s and

text: septic system

text: s are used.  In urban areas,

text: sewer

text: s and water lines often provide service to households.  There may also be restrictions based on

text: covenants

text: established by private parties such as the

text: real estate developer

text: .  There may be

text: easement

text: s for

text: utilities

text: to run water, sewage,

text: electric power

text: , or

text: telephone

text: lines through a lot.

text: Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use, agricultural use or domestic water supply.

text: Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for

text: hydro-electric

text: power generation, aesthetic purposes,

text: recreation

text: al purposes,

text: industrial

text: use,

text: agricultural

text: use or domestic water supply.

text: Greywater uses the same waste as water reclamation with the exception of toilet water. Greywater can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing or other domestic uses.

text: Greywater uses the same waste as water reclamation with the exception of toilet water.

text: Greywater

text: can be used for irrigation, toilet flushing or other domestic uses.

text: High-grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water.

text: High-grade industrial water (produced by

text: reverse osmosis

text: ) and potable water are sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water.

text: Prices for water sold by tanker trucks in bulk, which is common in cities of some developing countries for households without access to piped water supply, are set in the market. Prices for trucked water vary between about US$1 and US$6 per cubic meter.

text: Prices for water sold by tanker trucks in bulk, which is common in cities of some developing countries for households without access to

text: piped

text: water supply

text: , are set in the market. Prices for trucked water vary between about US$1 and US$6 per cubic meter.

text: On 1 September 1995, the logo was changed again with two different idents, a same 3D Border logo falling into place against a water-effect blue backdrop, which was set to the same tune as used previously but played on instruments to match the water theme. In another one, with the same sequence against a backdrop of spinning discs and blue and purple colours. New music was also composed featuring deep basses. The whole effect was to make Border have an authoritative and broadcaster tone. This package remained for four years until 7 November 1999.

text: The deep geologic repository would store about 200,000 cubic metres of low and intermediate-level waste from OPG-owned or operated nuclear generating stations in Ontario, including the Bruce, Pickering and Darlington nuclear generating stations. Low-level waste consists of materials such as mop heads, rags, paper towels and protective clothing used in nuclear stations during routine operation and maintenance. Intermediate level waste consists primarily of ion-exchange resins and filters used to purify reactor water systems, and used reactor components such as pressure tubes. Much of the waste that would be placed in the DGR is already stored at the WWMF in engineered storage structures.

text: The deep

text: geologic repository

text: would store about 200,000 cubic metres of

text: low

text: and

text: intermediate-level waste

text: from OPG-owned or operated nuclear generating stations in Ontario, including the

text: Bruce

text: Pickering

text: and

text: Darlington nuclear generating station

text: s. Low-level waste consists of materials such as mop heads, rags, paper towels and protective clothing used in nuclear stations during routine operation and maintenance. Intermediate level waste consists primarily of

text: ion-exchange resins

text: and filters used to purify reactor water systems, and used reactor components such as pressure tubes. Much of the waste that would be placed in the DGR is already stored at the WWMF in engineered storage structures.

text: Very deep moon pools are used in underwater habitats—submerged chambers used by divers engaged in underwater research, exploration, marine salvage, and recreation. In this case, shown in part D of the diagram, there is no dry access between the chamber and the sea surface, and the moon pool is the only entry or exit to the chamber. Submerged chambers provide dry areas for work and rest without the need to ascend to the surface. This kind of submerged chamber uses the same principles as the diving bell, except they are fixed to the seafloor, and may be called a wet porch, wet room, or wet bell. Sometimes the term moon pool is used to mean the complete chamber, not just the opening in the bottom and the air–water interface.

text: Very deep moon pools are used in

text: underwater habitat

text: s—submerged chambers used by divers engaged in underwater research,

text: exploration

text: marine salvage

text: , and

text: recreation

text: . In this case, shown in part D of the diagram, there is no dry access between the chamber and the sea surface, and the moon pool is the only entry or exit to the chamber. Submerged chambers provide dry areas for work and rest without the need to ascend to the surface. This kind of submerged chamber uses the same principles as the

text: diving bell

text: , except they are fixed to the seafloor, and may be called a wet porch, wet room, or wet bell. Sometimes the term moon pool is used to mean the complete chamber, not just the opening in the bottom and the air–water interface.

text: There is reason to believe that courts do not generally grant a change of venue upon a reasonable likelihood of prejudice from pre-trial publicity.  A showing of actual prejudice usually is required unless the state (prosecution) effectively concedes prejudice.

text: According to statistic data of the Giao Thủy District People's Committee from the year 2005, there are 47.123 inhabitants living in the five Buffer Zone Communes (Giao Thien, Giao An, Giao Lac, Giao Xuan and Giao Hai) belonging to the National Park. The average density of population varies between 1,023 and 1,331 people per square kilometer, due to more than one percent population growth every year it is still rising.The local inhabitants earn most of their income by agricultural activities, mainly by cultivating rice. 39.3% of the average income is gained this way, the productivity being 632 kg rice per capita per annum. Because of unfavourable changes in nature, agricultural land is shrinking year by year, creating a lack of land for agricultural production extension. While this economic field has therefore reached its capacities, the second most important one still is seen to have a high potential: In 2007, fisheries came up for 36.1% of a family’s income, there were 1,800 hectare of aquaculture ponds in the Buffer Zone. With the annual growth rate of the marine business being 14.9%, this sector is in fast expansion and is seen to have a higher economic turnover than traditional agriculture. On the other side, clam-rearing for example can have a high financial return, but also needs big investments and puts a high pressure on the environment. As the water quality is endangered, it can be seen that some aquacultural ponds stop making any profit after some years and put the owner into a very difficult financial situation.

text: According to statistic data of the

text: Giao Thủy District

text: People's Committee from the year 2005, there are 47.123 inhabitants living in the five Buffer Zone Communes (Giao Thien, Giao An, Giao Lac, Giao Xuan and Giao Hai) belonging to the National Park. The average

text: density of population

text: varies between 1,023 and 1,331 people per square kilometer, due to more than one percent population growth every year it is still rising.The local inhabitants earn most of their income by agricultural activities, mainly by cultivating

text: rice

text: . 39.3% of the average income is gained this way, the productivity being 632 kg rice per capita per annum. Because of unfavourable changes in nature, agricultural land is shrinking year by year, creating a lack of land for agricultural production extension. While this economic field has therefore reached its capacities, the second most important one still is seen to have a high potential: In 2007, fisheries came up for 36.1% of a family’s income, there were 1,800 hectare of

text: aquaculture

text: ponds in the Buffer Zone. With the annual growth rate of the marine business being 14.9%, this sector is in fast expansion and is seen to have a higher economic turnover than traditional

text: agriculture

text: . On the other side, clam-rearing for example can have a high financial return, but also needs big investments and puts a high pressure on the environment. As the water quality is endangered, it can be seen that some aquacultural ponds stop making any profit after some years and put the owner into a very difficult financial situation.

text: Cowex A/S develops solutions within the industries water supply & waste water, process industry and aquaculture (industrialised fish farming). Within water supply and waste water cowex a/s provides solutions for large municipals as well as smaller private plants. Within the process industry company serves some of Denmark’s largest businesses at the same time as it creates specialised solutions adapted smaller companies. Within aquaculture cowex a/s makes solutions mainly to industrialised plants with built-in water treatment and recirculation.

text: Cowex A/S develops solutions within the industries water supply & waste water, process industry and aquaculture (industrialised

text: fish farming

text: ). Within water supply and

text: waste water

text: cowex a/s provides solutions for large municipals as well as smaller private plants. Within the process industry company serves some of Denmark’s largest businesses at the same time as it creates specialised solutions adapted smaller companies. Within aquaculture cowex a/s makes solutions mainly to industrialised plants with built-in water treatment and recirculation.

text: There are six different types of feathers, which are contour, flight, down, filoplumes, semiplumes, and bristle feathers. Pennaceous feathers, more commonly known as contour feathers, split into two groups; one group is symmetrical and covers the body and the other is the flight feathers. Contour feathers allow for protection from the elements. Flight feathers are long and asymmetrical allowing for stiffening of the rachis, allowing for strong stable feathers during flight. Flight feathers also have the ability to twist their rachis inside the pulp cavity, allowing the barbules of the feather to interlock on the down stroke, decreasing the amount of air flow between the feathers, creating a more efficient lift.The flight feathers of the wing are remiges; those located on the tail are rectrices. Flight feathers are separated into three separate groups—primary, secondary and tertiary. The primaries are at the far end of the wing and provide the forward thrust during takeoff and flight. The secondary form a majority of the wing in the middle. The feathers located closest to the body are the tertiaries. Plumulaceous feathers, otherwise known as down feathers, lack a rachis and barbs that interact. Normally, they are fluffy and used for insulation. There are special types of down feathers that, when disintegrated, can form keratin powder, which can be used to waterproof feathers. Birds can use this ability for a variety of reasons, but the main reason is for insulation against cold and/or water, especially for the birds that dive and sit of water. Filoplumes are very thin, hair-like feathers with very few barbs. They are thought to have a sensory function; any other details are mostly unknown. Semiplumes have a very large central rachis and loose veins. This structure allows them to be used in insulation and aerodynamics. Bristle feathers have a very stiff rachis but few barbs. They are located around the eyes and mouth; it is believed that they have a protective and sensory function. However, not all birds that have feathers use them for flight. Penguins use them for insulation against the cold of the air and water. On the other hand, the ostrich utilizes its feathers for mating and for fluffing, which allows them to release heat and cool down.

text: Irrigation of farms and landscapes accounts for the greatest use of recycled water in California, more than 60% with agriculture alone accounting for nearly 40%. Given that agriculture uses 80% of developed water supply in California, this greatly reduces strain on natural freshwater supplies. Water must be treated to at least the secondary level in order to be used in agriculture in California. In cases where the recycled water will not have contact with the edible portion of the plant like orchards or vineyards, secondary treatment is deemed sufficient, but in the case of crops with the edible portion of the plant having contact with the recycled water tertiary treatment is regulated.

text: In dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing of large quantities of milk. Large application rates of milk onto land, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from the decomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the water infiltration rate through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time, any land based application needs to be well managed and considered. Other waste milk disposal methods commonly employed include solidification and disposal at a solid waste landfill, disposal at a wastewater treatment plant, or discharge into a sanitary sewer.

text: During the 1990s, municipal and industrial water use actually declined because of low increases of connection rates to utilities because of underestimation of the importance of small-scale water providers, increased tariffs, increased metering, industrial restructuring, measures to increase the efficiency of water use in industries, as well as due to water scarcity and drought. Many Chinese water and wastewater companies have overcapacities and are in financial difficulties because the revenues are insufficient to cover the servicing of the debt contracted to build the oversized infrastructure.

text: Baligou Valley (), also known as North Water World, is located in Xinxiang City in the Taihang Mountain scenic area in Henan Province, People's Republic of China. In 2006 Baligou Valley was named a National AAAA-class tourist attraction. The site offers eco-tourism, leisure, vacation, entertainment, tourism, and aquaculture in the original natural scenery.

text: Baligou Valley (), also known as North Water World, is located in

text: Xinxiang

text: City in the

text: Taihang Mountain

text: scenic area in

text: Henan

text: Province, People's Republic of China. In 2006 Baligou Valley was named a National AAAA-

entity_name: Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China

text: class tourist attraction

text: . The site offers eco-tourism, leisure, vacation, entertainment, tourism, and

text: aquaculture

text: in the original natural scenery.

text: From an environmental standpoint, bidets can reduce the need for toilet paper, saving households money on paper products and allowing users to reduce their carbon footprint by reducing their paper waste over time. On the other hand, they may modestly increase the amount of heated water used in the bathroom.

text: From an environmental standpoint, bidets can reduce the need for toilet paper, saving households money on paper products and allowing users to reduce their

text: carbon footprint

text: by reducing their paper waste over time. On the other hand, they may modestly increase the amount of heated water used in the bathroom.

text: Waste- Waste collection- Waste management- Waste minimisation- Water Environment Federation- Water pollution- Windrow composting

text: Waste

text: Waste collection

text: Waste management

text: Waste minimisation

text: Water Environment Federation

text: Water pollution

text: Windrow composting

text: By 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.  That is, one can use the heat derived from a combustion reaction in a coal furnace to boil water, and use this heat to vaporize steam, and then use the enhanced high-pressure energy of the vaporized steam to push a piston.  Thus, we might naively reason that one can entirely convert the initial combustion heat of the chemical reaction into the work of pushing the piston.  Clausius showed, however, that we must take into account the work that the molecules of the working body, i.e., the water molecules in the cylinder, do on each other as they pass or transform from one step of or state of the engine cycle to the next, e.g., from (P,V) to (P,V).  Clausius originally called this the “transformation content” of the body, and then later changed the name to entropy.  Thus, the heat used to transform the working body of molecules from one state to the next cannot be used to do external work, e.g., to push the piston.  Clausius defined this transformation heat as .

text: By 1865, the German physicist

text: Rudolf Clausius

text: had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.  That is, one can use the heat derived from a

text: combustion reaction

text: in a coal furnace to boil water, and use this heat to vaporize steam, and then use the enhanced high-pressure energy of the vaporized steam to push a piston.  Thus, we might naively reason that one can entirely convert the initial combustion heat of the chemical reaction into the work of pushing the piston.  Clausius showed, however, that we must take into account the work that the molecules of the working body, i.e., the water molecules in the cylinder, do on each other as they pass or transform from one step of or

text: state

text: of the

text: engine cycle

text: to the next, e.g., from (P,V) to (P,V).  Clausius originally called this the “transformation content” of the body, and then later changed the name to

text: entropy

text: .  Thus, the heat used to transform the working body of molecules from one state to the next cannot be used to do external work, e.g., to push the piston.  Clausius defined this transformation heat as .

text: The reservoir was built in 1969 to supply water to towns near Neerim South, the Mornington Peninsula and Westernport regions.  In 1994, Melbourne Water stopped using water from the reservoir as it had become unsuitable for drinking. Although it continued to be used for local water supplies, the reservoir was only reconnected to the metropolitan water supply system in 2009 following the construction of a water treatment plant.

text: The reservoir was built in 1969 to supply water to towns near Neerim South, the

text: Mornington Peninsula

text: and

text: Westernport

text: regions.  In 1994,

text: Melbourne Water

text: stopped using water from the reservoir as it had become unsuitable for drinking. Although it continued to be used for local water supplies, the reservoir was only reconnected to the metropolitan water supply system in 2009 following the construction of a water treatment plant.

text: Traditionally rods are made from bamboo, while contemporary rods are usually made from fibreglass or carbon fibre. In contrast with nets, which are usually used in subsistence and commercial fishing, fishing rods are more often used in recreational fishing and competitive casting. Fishing rods come in many sizes, actions, lengths and configurations depending on whether they are to be used for small, medium or large fish or in different fresh or salt water situations. Various types of fishing rods are designed for specific types of fishing. Fly rods are used to cast artificial flies, spinning rods and bait casting rods are designed to cast baits or lures. Ice fishing rods are designed to fish through small holes in ice covered lakes. Trolling rods are designed to drag bait or lures behind moving boats.

text: Traditionally rods are made from

text: bamboo

text: , while contemporary rods are usually made from

text: fibreglass

text: or

text: carbon fibre

text: . In contrast with

text: nets

text: , which are usually used in

text: subsistence

text: and

text: commercial fishing

text: , fishing rods are more often used in

text: recreational fishing

text: and competitive

text: casting

text: . Fishing rods come in many sizes, actions, lengths and configurations depending on whether they are to be used for small, medium or large fish or in different fresh or salt water situations. Various types of fishing rods are designed for specific types of fishing.

text: Fly rods

text: are used to cast

text: artificial flies

text: spinning rods

text: and bait casting rods are designed to cast baits or lures.

text: Ice fishing rods

text: are designed to fish through small holes in ice covered lakes.

text: Trolling

text: rods are designed to drag bait or lures behind moving boats.

text: Dinophysis acuminata has caused several problems in oceanic ecosystems. The main cause of DSP, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, outbreaks in waters along Europe has been due to this species[3].Likewise, the close knit sisters of Dinophysis acuminata called Dinophysis norvegica, a photosynthetic organism with yellow chloroplast and posterior nucleus, Dinophysis acuta, and Dinophysis fortii have also been known to cause the same problems as D. acuminata[1]. Dinophysis norvegica is a marine plankton dinoflagellate that is found in neritic waters[1]. This species of the Dinophysis genus is a bloom-forming toxic species[1]. Both species reproduce asexually by binary fission to make identical copies of itself[1]. Speculations of sexual dimorphism that is the difference between the female and male counterparts have allowed researchers to draw conclusion that species of this genus can undergo sexual reproduction[1].The first record of DSP with Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis fortii was in 1980 in the Patagonian coast[4]. A year after the report, another occurrence of DSP unleashed in December 1993 and November 1994[4].Dinophysis acuminata releases lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) and have been found to cause trouble to ecological marines and aquaculture farmers[2]'. The lipophilic toxins accumulate in shellfishes and causes diarrhea and shellfish poisoning to consumers. Dinophysis acuminata is the cause of DSP in Brazil and creates a disturbing impact due to its long and early blooming species[4]. However, their presence is restricted around the spring and summer[4], but in higher concentrations in December. DSP is a particular kind food poisoning that causes severe gastrointestinal illness in humans and this is related to the ingestion of toxin contaminated shellfishes from contaminated water[4]. Some of the symptoms of DSP include diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, nausea and fever; reported human ingestion shows that the toxins are capable of causing stomach tumors and chronic problems to consumers[4]. Government involvement as a result of high concentrations of toxins in the Dinophysis toxic shellfish epidemic has caused economic crisis in Europe and the aquaculture industry'[2]'.

text: Polin uses a technique called Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) in their water slide manufacturing process. RTM is a manufacturing method that provides advantages compared to the traditional process of water slide production. RTM allows for the product to be created in less time and with less waste, yet is also stronger and lighter than non-RTM products. Since 2006, Polin has converted 100% of its rides to RTM, and can also implement its patented Natural Light Effects and Special Pattern Effects into the product.

text: The ARO and its forerunner, the Agricultural Research Station, have helped to turn Israel's “mixed farming” system into a highly industrialized enterprise focused on export to Europe. Serious water shortages have led to the use of low quality and recycled water. Some 44% of the water used for agriculture comes from recycled water without lowering quality of the produce.

text: A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment. In the West, a modern residential kitchen is typically equipped with a stove, a sink with hot and cold running water, a refrigerator, counters and kitchen cabinets arranged according to a modular design. Many households have a microwave oven, a dishwasher and other electric appliances. The main function of a kitchen is serving as a location for storing, cooking and preparing food (and doing related tasks such as dishwashing), but it may also be used for dining, entertaining and laundry.

text: A kitchen is a

text: room

text: or part of a room used for

text: cooking

text: and

text: food preparation

text: in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment. In the West, a modern residential kitchen is typically equipped with a

text: stove

text: , a

text: sink

text: with hot and cold running water, a

text: refrigerator

text: , counters and kitchen

text: cabinets

text: arranged according to a

text: modular design

text: . Many households have a

text: microwave oven

text: , a

text: dishwasher

text: and other electric appliances. The main function of a kitchen is serving as a location for storing, cooking and preparing food (and doing related tasks such as

text: dishwashing

text: ), but it may also be used for

text: dining

text: entertaining

text: and

text: laundry

text: In 1926, the courts held that a riparian water user was entitled to the full flow of a stream, without regard to the reasonableness of the use. In response, in 1928, the California Constitution was amended to require that all water use in California be reasonable and beneficial. (Article X, Section 2).

text: In 1926, the courts held that a riparian water user was entitled to the full flow of a stream, without regard to the reasonableness of the use. In response, in 1928, the

text: California Constitution

text: was amended to require that all water use in California be reasonable and beneficial. (Article X, Section 2).

text: Since 1994, there is a significant move towards using less water for flushing flush toilets. This has resulted in the emergence of low flush toilet designs and local or national standards on water consumption for flushing. In addition, some people modify their existing high flush toilet to use less water by placing a brick or water bottle into the toilet's water tank. Other modifications are often done on the water system itself (such as by using greywater), or a system that pollutes the water less; hence more efficient use of the water is accomplished.

text: Since 1994, there is a significant move towards using less water for flushing flush toilets. This has resulted in the emergence of

text: low flush toilet

text: designs and local or national standards on

text: water consumption

text: for flushing. In addition, some people modify their existing high flush toilet to use less water by placing a brick or water bottle into the toilet's water tank. Other modifications are often done on the water system itself (such as by using

text: greywater

text: ), or a system that pollutes the water less; hence more efficient use of the water is accomplished.

text: Often used in the household, many craft goods such as historic Muman Pottery in Korea, originated from the need for economic alternatives to meet household needs. Changes in the craft economies have often coincided with changes in household organization, and social transformations, as in Korea in the Early to Middle Mumun Period.

text: The planned cross-shaped, Olympic-sized pool would be used to clean the waters of the East River while providing a public space for water-based recreation. With its current design, the pool would flush out up to half a million gallons of river water daily through a layered filtration system. Over a quarter of a million gallons of filtered river water would be used to fill the pool itself. The planned long-term goal is to raise a total of $15 million to fund the entire pool by 2016.

text: The planned cross-shaped, Olympic-sized pool would be used to clean the waters of the East River while providing a public space for water-based recreation. With its current design, the pool would flush out up to half a million gallons of river water daily through a layered

text: filtration system

text: . Over a quarter of a million gallons of filtered river water would be used to fill the pool itself. The planned long-term goal is to raise a total of $15 million to fund the entire pool by 2016.

text: Household reverse osmosis units use a lot of water because they have low back pressure. As a result, they recover only 5 to 15% of the water entering the system. The remainder is discharged as waste water. Because waste water carries with it the rejected contaminants, methods to recover this water are not practical for household systems. Wastewater is typically connected to the house drains and will add to the load on the household septic system. A reverse osmosis unit delivering five gallons (19 L) of treated water per day may discharge between 20 and 90 gallons (75–340 L) of waste water per day.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water

text: pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The

text: has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: Due to its rugged and remote location, the watershed is thinly populated. Although U.S. Highway 101 and California State Route 271 follow the river for over 70 percent of its length, there are few communities in the steep and narrow, forested canyon of the South Fork. Towns along the river include Branscomb, Underwood Park, Leggett, Piercy, Andersonia, Benbow, Garberville, Redway, Phillipsville, Miranda, Myers Flat, and Weott. The South Fork also has a number of protected areas along its course. These include Admiral Standley State Park, Standish Hickey State Recreation Area, Smithe Redwoods State Reserve, Richardson Grove State Park, South Fork Eel River Wilderness, Benbow Lake State Recreation Area, and Humboldt Redwoods State Park. The river is used for recreation and provides groundwater recharge and industrial, agricultural and municipal water supply for residents.

text: Due to its rugged and remote location, the watershed is thinly populated. Although

text: U.S. Highway 101

text: and

text: California State Route 271

text: follow the river for over 70 percent of its length, there are few communities in the steep and narrow, forested canyon of the South Fork. Towns along the river include

text: Branscomb

text: Underwood Park

text: Leggett

text: Piercy

text: Andersonia

text: Benbow

text: Garberville

text: Redway

text: Phillipsville

text: Miranda

text: Myers Flat

text: , and

text: Weott

text: . The South Fork also has a number of protected areas along its course. These include

text: Admiral Standley State Park

text: Standish Hickey State Recreation Area

text: Smithe Redwoods State Reserve

text: Richardson Grove State Park

text: South Fork Eel River Wilderness

text: Benbow Lake State Recreation Area

text: , and

text: Humboldt Redwoods State Park

text: . The river is used for recreation and provides groundwater recharge and industrial, agricultural and municipal water supply for residents.

text: Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via a "Manganese Greensand" Filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores and is used additionally to treat waste water. Historically it was used to disinfect drinking water. It currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such as Zebra mussels in fresh water collection and treatment systems.

text: Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry. It is used as a regeneration chemical to remove

text: iron

text: and

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: (rotten egg smell) from

text: well

text: water via a "Manganese Greensand" Filter. "Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at

text: pool

text: supply stores and is used additionally to treat waste water. Historically it was used to disinfect drinking water. It currently finds application in the control of nuisance organisms such as

text: Zebra mussel

text: s in fresh water collection and treatment systems.

text: Portable water purification devices better described as point-of-use (POU) water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques are self-contained, hand-carried units used by recreational enthusiasts, military personnel, survivalists, and others for water purification when they need to obtain drinking water from untreated sources (e.g. rivers, lakes, groundwater etc.). These personal devices and methods attempt to render water potable (i.e. safe and palatable for drinking purposes - without disease-causing pathogens).

text: Portable water purification devices better described as point-of-use (POU) water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques are self-contained, hand-carried units used by recreational enthusiasts, military personnel, survivalists, and others for

text: water purification

text: when they need to obtain

text: drinking water

text: from untreated sources (e.g. rivers, lakes,

text: groundwater

text: etc.). These personal devices and methods attempt to render water potable (i.e. safe and palatable for drinking purposes - without disease-causing

text: pathogen

text: s).

text: There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated  wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta, while in emerging nations, where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The World Health Organization, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), has developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006. These guidelines advocate a ‘multiple-barrier’ approach to wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.

text: There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated  wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta, while in emerging nations, where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The

text: World Health Organization

text: , in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), has developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006. These guidelines advocate a ‘multiple-barrier’ approach to wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.

text: Neither do bodies of water protected as sources of drinking water or which are in use by aquaculture or are in other special use have a shore path.All of the rights and responsibilities regarding humans’ interaction with nature are collectively termed everyman’s right. Everyman’s right does not pertain to the organizing of sporting events or other public events in open country. To organize these, the permission of the landowners or other possessors of land, and if necessary, of the local government, must be sought.

text: The task of creating a basic PAZ (Protivoatomnaya Zashchita) NBC protection system offering protection against the blast of a nuclear explosion and (radioactive) particulate filtration, but not against external gamma radiation or gas, was given to the KB-60 design bureau in Kharkov and was completed in 1956. The documentation was sent to Uralvagonzavod. It was decided to increase the tank's battle capabilities by changing the tank's construction and introducing new production technologies. Many of those changes were initially tested on the T-54M (Ob'yekt 139). The tank was fitted with the new V-55 12-cylinder 4-stroke one-chamber 38.88 litre water-cooled diesel engine developing 581 hp (433 kW). Greater engine power was accomplished by increasing the pressure of the fuel delivery and charging degree. The designers planned to introduce a heating system for the engine compartment and MC-1 diesel fuel filter. The engine was to be started pneumatically with the use of an AK-150S charger and an electric starter. This eliminated the need for the tank to carry a tank filled with air. To allow easier access during maintenance and repairs, it was decided to change hatches over the engine compartment. To increase the operational range,  fuel tanks were added to the front of the hull, increasing the overall fuel capacity to .

text: The task of creating a basic PAZ (Protivoatomnaya Zashchita)

text: NBC protection

text: system offering protection against the blast of a nuclear explosion and (radioactive) particulate filtration, but not against external

text: gamma radiation

text: or gas, was given to the KB-60 design bureau in Kharkov and was completed in 1956. The documentation was sent to Uralvagonzavod. It was decided to increase the tank's battle capabilities by changing the tank's construction and introducing new production technologies. Many of those changes were initially tested on the T-54M (Ob'yekt 139). The tank was fitted with the new V-55 12-cylinder 4-stroke one-chamber 38.88 litre water-cooled diesel engine developing 581 hp (433 kW). Greater engine power was accomplished by increasing the pressure of the fuel delivery and charging degree. The designers planned to introduce a heating system for the engine compartment and MC-1 diesel fuel filter. The engine was to be started pneumatically with the use of an AK-150S charger and an electric starter. This eliminated the need for the tank to carry a tank filled with air. To allow easier access during maintenance and repairs, it was decided to change hatches over the engine compartment. To increase the operational range,  fuel tanks were added to the front of the hull, increasing the overall fuel capacity to .

text: Bokashi is a method that uses a mix of microorganisms to cover food waste or wilted plants to decrease smell. Bokashi (ぼかし) is Japanese for "shading off" or "gradation." It derives from the practice of Japanese farmers centuries ago of covering food waste with rich, local soil that contained the microorganisms that would ferment the waste. After a few weeks, they would bury the waste.

text: Bokashi is a method that uses a mix of microorganisms to cover food waste or wilted plants to decrease smell. Bokashi (ぼかし) is Japanese for "shading off" or "gradation." It derives from the practice of

text: Japan

text: ese farmers centuries ago of covering food waste with rich, local soil that contained the microorganisms that would ferment the waste. After a few weeks, they would bury the waste.

text: Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapiine cichlids are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia, collectively known colloquially as tilapia. Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and popular among artisanal and commercial fisheries. Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia, are underway in freshwater lakes. In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations.

text: Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability,

text: tilapiine cichlids

text: are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of

text: Oreochromis

text: Sarotherodon

text: , and Tilapia, collectively known colloquially as tilapia. Like other large fish, they are a good source of

text: protein

text: and popular among artisanal and commercial

text: fisheries

text: . Most such fisheries were originally found in

text: Africa

text: , but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as

text: Papua New Guinea

text: , the

text: Philippines

text: , and

text: Indonesia

text: , are underway in freshwater lakes. In

text: temperate zone

text: localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations.

text: Offshore aquaculture, also known as open ocean aquaculture, is an emerging approach to mariculture or marine farming where fish farms are moved some distance offshore. The farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters, where ocean currents are stronger than they are inshore.

text: Offshore aquaculture, also known as open ocean aquaculture, is an emerging approach to

text: mariculture

text: or marine farming where

text: fish farm

text: s are moved some distance offshore. The farms are positioned in deeper and less sheltered waters, where ocean currents are stronger than they are inshore.

text: Bromacil (40%) is combined with the active ingredient diuron in the herbicide Krovar, which is used by companies such as the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). It is in a group of chemicals that are absorbed through the gut and excreted primarily in the urine. The half-life of bromacil in soils is about 60 days, but as long as 8 months in some conditions. Bromacil is available in granular, liquid, water-soluble liquid, and wettable powder formulations. Because bromacil is a possible human carcinogen and systemic toxicity may result from intermediate exposure (one week to several months), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assessed risk to workers using several major exposure scenarios. Bromacil is stable to hydrolysis under normal environmental conditions.

text: Bromacil (40%) is combined with the active ingredient

text: diuron

text: in the herbicide Krovar, which is used by companies such as the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). It is in a group of chemicals that are absorbed through the gut and

text: excreted

text: primarily in the

text: urine

text: . The

text: half-life

text: of bromacil in soils is about 60 days, but as long as 8 months in some conditions. Bromacil is available in granular, liquid, water-soluble liquid, and wettable powder formulations. Because bromacil is a possible human

text: carcinogen

text: and systemic toxicity may result from intermediate exposure (one week to several months),

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) assessed risk to workers using several major exposure scenarios. Bromacil is stable to

text: hydrolysis

text: under normal environmental conditions.

text: Color change permits camouflage against different backgrounds. Many cephalopods including octopuses, cuttlefish, and squids, and some terrestrial reptiles including chameleons and anoles can rapidly change color and pattern, though the major reasons for this include signalling, not only camouflage.

text: Color change permits camouflage against different backgrounds. Many cephalopods including

text: octopus

text: es,

text: cuttlefish

text: , and

text: squid

text: s, and some terrestrial reptiles including

text: chameleon

text: s and

text: anole

text: s can rapidly change color and pattern, though the major reasons for this include

text: signalling

text: , not only camouflage.

text: A water-based pipe coating  is an environmentally friendly coating that is applied to the inner and outer surfaces of ductile iron pipe. The   coating serves to protect the water supply lines from corrosion whether  from the outside or  the inside. It also serves  to protect the drinking water from contamination. The coating is an emulsion manufactured using asphaltene and water primarily, with other raw materials according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

text: A water-based pipe coating  is an environmentally friendly coating that is applied to the inner and outer surfaces of ductile iron pipe. The   coating serves to protect the water supply lines from corrosion whether  from the outside or  the inside. It also serves  to protect the drinking water from contamination. The coating is an

text: emulsion

text: manufactured using

text: asphaltene

text: and water primarily, with other raw materials according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

text: The Canada Water Act (proclaimed on September 30, 1970) provides the framework for cooperation with provinces and territories in the conservation, development, and utilization of Canada's water resources. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, completes the framework for the protection and of water resources. Environment Canada is the federal department (Ministry) in charge of conserving and protecting Canada's water resources. The Water Act (2000), a federal legislation, "supports and promotes the conservation and management of water, including the wise allocation and use of water.". The provinces are responsible for administering the Water Act (2000). In Alberta for example,  Alberta Environment and Water is responsible for administering the Water Act (2000) and the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (2000).  Provinces environmental ministries primarily lead Water for Life (2003) programs. Provinces also implement and oversee "regulation of municipal drinking water, wastewater, and storm drainage systems."

text: The Canada Water Act (proclaimed on September 30, 1970) provides the framework for cooperation with provinces and territories in the conservation, development, and utilization of Canada's water resources. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, completes the framework for the protection and of water resources. Environment Canada is the federal department (Ministry) in charge of conserving and protecting Canada's water resources. The Water Act (2000), a federal legislation, "supports and promotes the conservation and management of water, including the wise allocation and use of water.". The provinces are responsible for administering the Water Act (2000). In Alberta for example,

text: Alberta Environment and Water

text: is responsible for administering the Water Act (2000) and the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (2000).  Provinces environmental ministries primarily lead

text: Water for Life

text: (2003) programs. Provinces also implement and oversee "regulation of municipal drinking water, wastewater, and storm drainage systems."

text: Drakes Estero is a Congressionally-designated "potential wilderness area."   Although Drakes Estero is protected as part of the National Seashore, legacy agricultural uses such as dairy farms and oyster aquaculture have led to controversy over the water quality, conservation status, and proper uses of this body of water.

text: Both of these well types use a down-hole control valve. ASR can also be used to re-inject water used by HVAC systems to maintain the ground water levels and store the thermal differences from summer time cooling for winter time heating. Industry can also capture cold winter waters and store it for summer time use and avoid the need for cooling water in the summer for industrial processes. This may also free up short supplies of summer time water for other beneficial uses. This reinjection process  may also avoid the cost of surface disposal and avoid the increased thermal load to the rivers and streams during the summer air conditioning season.

text: Both of these well types use a down-hole control valve. ASR can also be used to re-inject water used by

text: HVAC

text: systems to maintain the ground water levels and store the thermal differences from summer time cooling for winter time heating. Industry can also capture cold winter waters and store it for summer time use and avoid the need for cooling water in the summer for industrial processes. This may also free up short supplies of summer time water for other beneficial uses. This reinjection process  may also avoid the cost of surface disposal and avoid the increased thermal load to the rivers and streams during the summer air conditioning season.

text: Some 16 countries now use geothermal energy for aquaculture, including China, Israel, and the United States.  In California, for example, 15 fish farms produce tilapia, bass, and catfish with warm water from underground. This warmer water enables fish to grow all year round and mature more quickly. Collectively these California farms produce 4.5 million kilograms of fish each year.

text: Some 16 countries now use

text: geothermal energy

text: for aquaculture, including China,

text: Israel

text: , and the United States.  In California, for example, 15 fish farms produce tilapia, bass, and catfish with warm water from underground. This warmer water enables fish to grow all year round and mature more quickly. Collectively these California farms produce 4.5 million kilograms of fish each year.

text: Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources. Agriculture is a major draw on water from aquifers, and currently draws from those underground water sources at an unsustainable rate. It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the Upper Ganges and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that water scarcity is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources. Agricultural water usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.

text: Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources. Agriculture is a major draw on water from

text: aquifer

text: s, and currently draws from those underground water sources at an unsustainable rate. It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the

text: Upper Ganges

text: and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that

text: water scarcity

text: is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources.

text: Agricultural water

text: usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.

text: The Mediterranean Sea is a source of salt-water fishing; freshwater fishing occurs on Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee). Pioneering technology is being used to breed fish in artificial lakes in the Negev desert. Scientists of the Bengis Center for Desert Aquaculture at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev discovered that the brackish water under the desert can be used for agriculture, aquaculture and a combination of the two. This has led to the farming of fish, shrimp and crustaceans in the Negev.

text: The

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: is a source of salt-water fishing; freshwater fishing occurs on

text: Lake Kinneret

text: (the Sea of Galilee). Pioneering technology is being used to breed fish in artificial lakes in the

text: Negev desert

text: . Scientists of the Bengis Center for Desert Aquaculture at

text: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

text: discovered that the brackish water under the desert can be used for agriculture, aquaculture and a combination of the two. This has led to the farming of fish, shrimp and crustaceans in the Negev.

text: In November 2007 the Premier Alan Carpenter closed the dam for such use to enable the water to become part of the state's Integrated Water Supply by 2010.  Lake Kepwari near Collie was developed as an alternative nearby water recreation facility. The decision was reversed by Premier Colin Barnett in December 2008 and the dam has since reverted to recreational use allowed.  The dam is no longer considered as a potential source of drinking water.

text: In November 2007 the

text: Premier

text: Alan Carpenter

text: closed the dam for such use to enable the water to become part of the state's Integrated Water Supply by 2010.

text: Lake Kepwari

text: near

text: Collie

text: was developed as an alternative nearby water recreation facility. The decision was reversed by Premier

text: Colin Barnett

text: in December 2008 and the dam has since reverted to recreational use allowed.  The dam is no longer considered as a potential source of

text: drinking water

text: Dextromethorphan, or DXM, a common active ingredient found in many over-the-counter cough suppressant cold medicines, is used as a recreational drug and entheogen for its dissociative effects. It has almost no psychoactive effects at medically recommended doses. Dextromethorphan has powerful dissociative properties when administered in doses well above those considered therapeutic for cough suppression. Recreational use of DXM is sometimes referred to in slang form as "robo-tripping," whose prefix derives from the Robitussin brand name, or Triple Cs, which derives from the Coricidin brand. (The pills were printed with "CCC" for "Coricidin Cough and Cold.") However, this brand presents a danger when used at recreational doses due to the presence of chlorpheniramine.

text: Dextromethorphan

text: , or DXM, a common

text: active ingredient

text: found in many over-the-counter

text: cough suppressant

text: cold medicines, is used as a

text: recreational drug

text: and

text: entheogen

text: for its

text: dissociative

text: effects. It has almost no

text: psychoactive

text: effects at medically recommended doses. Dextromethorphan has powerful

text: dissociative

text: properties when administered in doses well above those considered therapeutic for cough suppression. Recreational use of DXM is sometimes referred to in slang form as "robo-tripping," whose prefix derives from the

text: Robitussin

text: brand name, or Triple Cs, which derives from the

text: Coricidin

text: brand. (The pills were printed with "CCC" for "Coricidin Cough and Cold.") However, this brand presents a danger when used at recreational doses due to the presence of

text: chlorpheniramine

text: Prior to the industrial period, water had been extracted by whichever local community lived around it. As the industrial period progressed however, this view began to be replaced by a more economic oriented approach. Today, most water goes through a complicated industrial process that begins with its extraction and ends in a complicated process involving pipes, dams, and other sorts of unnatural facilities. Even fresh water that is located in rivers and lakes must somehow be extracted.  In general these considerations involve the use of land, labor and capital thereby replacing the notion of a common resource into a value based product. Desalinization and desalinization plants play a major role also.

text: Prior to the industrial period, water had been extracted by whichever local community lived around it. As the industrial period progressed however, this view began to be replaced by a more economic oriented approach. Today, most water goes through a complicated industrial process that begins with its extraction and ends in a complicated process involving pipes, dams, and other sorts of unnatural facilities. Even fresh water that is located in rivers and lakes must somehow be extracted.  In general these considerations involve the use of land, labor and capital thereby replacing the notion of a common resource into a value based product.

text: Desalinization

text: and desalinization plants play a major role also.

text: Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances. Photochemical methods have been developed for covalently linking DNA to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD. Such DNA modified films can be used for detecting various biomolecules, which would interact with DNA thereby changing electrical conductivity of the diamond film. In addition, diamonds can be used to detect redox reactions that cannot ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox-reactive organic contaminants in water supplies. Because diamond is mechanically and chemically stable, it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials. As an electrode, synthetic diamond can be used in waste water treatment of organic effluents and the production of strong oxidants.

text: Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances. Photochemical methods have been developed for

text: covalent

text: ly linking

text: DNA

text: to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD. Such DNA modified films can be used for detecting various

text: biomolecule

text: s, which would interact with DNA thereby changing electrical conductivity of the diamond film. In addition, diamonds can be used to detect

text: redox

text: reactions that cannot ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox-reactive organic contaminants in water supplies. Because diamond is mechanically and chemically stable, it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials. As an electrode, synthetic diamond can be used in waste water treatment of organic effluents and the production of strong oxidants.

text: Considerable water use is associated with meat production, mostly because of water used in production of vegetation that provides feed.  There are several published estimates of water use associated with livestock and meat production, but the amount of water use assignable to such  production is seldom estimated.  For example, “green water” use is evapotranspirational use of soil water that has been provided directly by precipitation; and “green water” has been estimated to account for 94% of global beef cattle production’s “water footprint”, and on rangeland, as much as 99.5% of the water use associated with beef production is “green water”.  However, it  would be misleading  simply to assign that associated rangeland green water use to beef production, partly because that evapotranspirational use occurs even in the absence of cattle. Even when cattle are present, most of that associated water use can be considered assignable to production of terrestrial environmental values, because it produces root and residue biomass important for erosion control, stabilization of soil structure, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, support of numerous primary consumers, many of  which support higher trophic levels, etc.  Withdrawn water (from surface and groundwater sources) is used for livestock watering, and in some cases is also used for irrigation of forage and feed crops.  Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance) is estimated to account for about 38% of US withdrawn freshwater use, irrigation water for production of livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9%; other withdrawn freshwater use for the livestock sector (for drinking, washdown of facilities, etc.) is estimated at about 0.7%.  Because of the preponderance of non-meat products from the livestock sector only some fraction of this water use is assignable to meat production.

text: Intensive factory farming has grown to become the biggest threat to the global environment through the loss of ecosystem services and global warming. It is a major driver to global environmental degradation. The process in which feed needs to be grown for animal use only is often grown using intensive methods which involve a significant amount of fertiliser and pesticides. This sometimes results in the pollution of water, soil and air by agrochemicals and manure waste, and use of limited resources such as water and energy at unsustainable rates.

text: Intensive factory farming has grown to become the biggest threat to the global environment through the loss of ecosystem services and global warming. It is a major driver to global

text: environmental degradation

text: . The process in which feed needs to be grown for animal use only is often grown using intensive methods which involve a significant amount of

text: fertiliser

text: and

text: pesticide

text: s. This sometimes results in the

text: pollution

text: of water, soil and air by

text: agrochemical

text: s and manure waste, and use of limited resources such as water and energy at unsustainable rates.

text: Damascus used to be surrounded by an oasis, the Ghouta region (الغوطة al-ġūṭä), watered by the Barada river. The Fijeh spring, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water. The Ghouta oasis has been decreasing in size with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. It has also become polluted due to the city's traffic, industry, and sewage.

text: Damascus used to be surrounded by an

text: oasis

text: , the

text: Ghouta

text: region (الغوطة al-ġūṭä), watered by the Barada river. The Fijeh spring, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water. The Ghouta oasis has been decreasing in size with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. It has also become polluted due to the city's traffic, industry, and sewage.

text: Because of parasite problems, some aquaculture operators frequently use strong antibiotic drugs to keep the fish alive, but many fish still die prematurely at rates up to 30%. In some cases, these drugs have entered the environment. Additionally, the residual presence of these drugs in human food products has become controversial. Use of antibiotics in food production is thought to increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in human diseases. At some facilities, the use of antibiotic drugs in aquaculture has decreased considerably due to vaccinations and other techniques. However, most fish-farming operations still use antibiotics, many of which escape into the surrounding environment.

text: Because of parasite problems, some aquaculture operators frequently use strong antibiotic drugs to keep the fish alive, but many fish still die prematurely at rates up to 30%. In some cases, these drugs have entered the environment. Additionally, the residual presence of these drugs in human food products has become controversial. Use of antibiotics in food production is thought to increase the prevalence of

text: antibiotic resistance

text: in human diseases. At some facilities, the use of antibiotic drugs in aquaculture has decreased considerably due to vaccinations and other techniques. However, most fish-farming operations still use antibiotics, many of which escape into the surrounding environment.

text: In biological nomenclature, a nomen novum (Latin for "new name"), new replacement name (or replacement name, new substitute name, substitute name) is a technical term. It indicates a scientific name that is created specifically to replace another scientific name, but only when this other name can not be used for technical, nomenclatural reasons (for example because it is a homonym: it is spelled the same as an existing, older name); it does not apply when a name is changed for taxonomic reasons (representing a change in scientific insight). It is frequently abbreviated, e.g. nomen nov., nom. nov., or more explicitly by the rank specified, e.g. superordo nov.

text: In biological nomenclature, a nomen novum (

text: Latin

text: for "new name"), new replacement name (or replacement name, new substitute name, substitute name) is a technical term. It indicates a scientific name that is created specifically to replace another scientific name, but only when this other name can not be used for technical, nomenclatural reasons (for example because it is a homonym: it is spelled the same as an existing, older name); it does not apply when a name is changed for taxonomic reasons (representing a change in scientific insight). It is frequently abbreviated, e.g. nomen nov., nom. nov., or more explicitly by the rank specified, e.g. superordo nov.

text: Sometimes the more general term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer between organisms. For all intents and purposes however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ primarily in their degree of descriptiveness. These terms are sometimes interchanged. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, IAAS (integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems), IPUAS (integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems), and IFAS (integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems) may also be considered variations of the IMTA concept.

text: Sometimes the more general term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer between organisms. For all intents and purposes however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ primarily in their degree of descriptiveness. These terms are sometimes interchanged.

text: Aquaponics

text: , fractionated aquaculture, IAAS (integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems), IPUAS (integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems), and IFAS (integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems) may also be considered variations of the IMTA concept.

text: Many people use the lake as recreation area in Summer. The water can warm up to 24 °C. Recreational activities at the lake include beach volley, badminton, streetball or table tennis. In fall the water is intensively used for surfing.

text: There are many reasons that some buildings from the 1990s were leaky. A major one was the increase in the use of cladding systems such as fibre cement sheet and EIPS (Externally Insulated Plaster System) that relied on a paint finish as the primary defence against water ingress. This system is very similar to Exterior insulation finishing system (or EIFS). Such cladding systems typically allowed for little construction or thermal movement so that fine cracks that appeared insignificant, and would have been relatively insignificant in traditional claddings such as weatherboard, allowed continuous ingress of moisture into the framing.  These causes, combined with the reduced air movement through the prevalence of sheet cladding or sheet insulating materials for the monolithic look cladding, resulted in very damp conditions which are ideal for rot.  A further exacerbating factor that resulted in more significant damage from the leaks, was the change to the New Zealand Standard for Timber Treatment in 1995, allowing the use of untreated Pinus radiata timber for wall framing. As this timber has little natural resistance to rot when wet, damage occurs more quickly.

text: There are many reasons that some buildings from the 1990s were leaky. A major one was the increase in the use of cladding systems such as fibre cement sheet and EIPS (Externally Insulated Plaster System) that relied on a paint finish as the primary defence against water ingress. This system is very similar to

text: Exterior insulation finishing system

text: (or EIFS). Such cladding systems typically allowed for little construction or thermal movement so that fine cracks that appeared insignificant, and would have been relatively insignificant in traditional claddings such as weatherboard, allowed continuous ingress of moisture into the framing.  These causes, combined with the reduced air movement through the prevalence of sheet cladding or sheet insulating materials for the monolithic look cladding, resulted in very damp conditions which are ideal for rot.  A further exacerbating factor that resulted in more significant damage from the leaks, was the change to the New Zealand Standard for Timber Treatment in 1995, allowing the use of untreated Pinus radiata timber for wall framing. As this timber has little natural resistance to rot when wet, damage occurs more quickly.

text: Water quality is affected both by natural processes and ecosystem characteristics but also the result of human activities, including industry, domestic and agricultural uses of water.

text: Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at  per year, and another  of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at  per year. Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97 commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant. The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one third of the pre-war catches which ranged from  between 1979 and 1990. The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005, is tasked with establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.

text: Use of water for public

text: water supply

text: in the Sava River basin is estimated at  per year, and another  of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for

text: agriculture

text: in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as

text: fish farming

text: . Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at  per year.

text: Commercial fishing

text: on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97 commercial fishermen there, while

text: recreational fishing

text: became dominant. The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one third of the pre-war catches which ranged from  between 1979 and 1990. The

entity_name: International Sava River Basin Commission

text: International Sava River Basin Commission

text: (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and

text: Serbia and Montenegro

text: in 2005, is tasked with establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.

text: Although Justice Breyer agrees with the Court concerning the use of a cost–benefit analysis in determining environmental standards for water-intake systems, he also admonished the EPA for changing its stance on granting variances.  Justice Breyer would have remanded the case to allow the EPA to explain the reasoning behind the change. In siding with the majority in Entergy, Justice Breyer acknowledges that Congress had a reason to limit the weight of cost–benefit analysis for the following reasons.  It may delay regulatory process, undervalue the true cost benefit of environmental externalities, and may reduce market incentives to developing advanced treatment technologies.  However, on the other hand, forbidding CBA may lead to "irrational results" and since every "real choice" requires a comparison, an absolute prohibition would be difficult to enforce.

text: Although Justice Breyer agrees with the Court concerning the use of a cost–benefit analysis in determining environmental standards for water-intake systems, he also admonished the EPA for changing its stance on granting variances.  Justice Breyer would have remanded the case to allow the EPA to explain the reasoning behind the change. In siding with the majority in Entergy, Justice Breyer acknowledges that Congress had a reason to limit the weight of cost–benefit analysis for the following reasons.  It may delay regulatory process, undervalue the true cost benefit of environmental

text: externalities

text: , and may reduce market incentives to developing advanced treatment technologies.  However, on the other hand, forbidding CBA may lead to "irrational results" and since every "real choice" requires a comparison, an absolute prohibition would be difficult to enforce.

text: Many methods have been devised in order to extract waste heat out of an engine exhaust and use it further to extract some useful work, decreasing the exhaust pollutants at the same time. Use of Rankine Cycle , Turbocharging and Thermo electric Generation can be very useful as a waste heat recovery system.

text: Many methods have been devised in order to extract waste heat out of an engine exhaust and use it further to extract some useful work, decreasing the exhaust pollutants at the same time. Use of Rankine Cycle , Turbocharging and Thermo electric Generation can be very useful as a

text: waste heat recovery

text: system.

text: Environmental computer models are increasingly used in a wide variety of  studies and applications. For example, global climate models are used for both short-term weather forecasts and long-term climate change. Moreover, computer models are increasingly used for environmental decision-making at a local scale, for example for assessing the impact of a waste water treatment plant on a river flow, or for assessing the behavior and life-length of bio-filters for contaminated waste water.

text: Environmental computer models are increasingly used in a wide variety of  studies and applications. For example,

text: global climate model

text: s are used for both short-term

text: weather forecasts

text: and long-term

text: climate change

text: . Moreover, computer models are increasingly used for environmental decision-making at a local scale, for example for assessing the impact of a waste water treatment plant on a river flow, or for assessing the behavior and life-length of bio-filters for contaminated waste water.

text: Given the high water scarcity in Jordan, the average per capita use is lower than in most other countries. Water production before network losses is about 120 liters per person and day while actual consumption is close to 80 liters per capita and day. A survey of water consumption habits by households in Eastern Amman and in 14 villages in the Northern Governorates showed that total consumption per capita lies between 60 and 80 liters per day. About 20-30% of this water is obtained from sources other than the public piped system, including from bottled water, water bought from tankers, rainwater harvesting and springs. In rural areas, 28% of households surveyed harvested rainwater and stored it in cisterns for drinking, since they considered it to be of better quality than piped water. In Eastern Amman, 12% of households bought water in large bottles and 30% bought water from private tankers. Most households have roof storage tanks with a volume of 1–2 m. According to the 2009 Population and Family Health Survey, 31% of households use bottled water, 7% use rainwater, 2% tanker water and 60% tap water as their primary source of drinking water. According to the same survey, 22% of households filter tap water and the majority does not apply any type of treatment. A 2007–08 survey by the German-Jordanian water programme in the middle governorates Zarqa, Balqa and Madaba showed that 79% of households use tap water as their main source of drinking water and that 37% of households treat water before drinking it. Treated water bought in 5-gallon canisters and private water vendors that supply water in trucks are the main source of drinking water for 15% of households.

text: Given the high water scarcity in Jordan, the average per capita use is lower than in most other countries. Water production before network losses is about 120 liters per person and day while actual consumption is close to 80 liters per capita and day. A survey of water consumption habits by households in Eastern Amman and in 14 villages in the Northern Governorates showed that total consumption per capita lies between 60 and 80 liters per day. About 20-30% of this water is obtained from sources other than the public piped system, including from bottled water, water bought from tankers,

text: rainwater harvesting

text: and springs. In rural areas, 28% of households surveyed harvested rainwater and stored it in cisterns for drinking, since they considered it to be of better quality than piped water. In Eastern Amman, 12% of households bought water in large bottles and 30% bought water from private tankers. Most households have roof storage tanks with a volume of 1–2 m. According to the 2009 Population and Family Health Survey, 31% of households use bottled water, 7% use rainwater, 2% tanker water and 60% tap water as their primary source of drinking water. According to the same survey, 22% of households filter tap water and the majority does not apply any type of treatment. A 2007–08 survey by the German-Jordanian water programme in the middle governorates Zarqa, Balqa and Madaba showed that 79% of households use tap water as their main source of drinking water and that 37% of households treat water before drinking it. Treated water bought in 5-gallon canisters and private water vendors that supply water in trucks are the main source of drinking water for 15% of households.

text: Mangles Bay is a popular recreation area.  It is used for fishing, water sports such as sailing, water skiing, boating and swimming.

text: Mangles Bay is a popular recreation area.  It is used for

text: fishing

text: water sports

text: such as

text: sailing

text: water skiing

text: boating

text: and

text: swimming

text: Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including diethyl ether (a drug that is no longer used medically, due to its high flammability) and nitrous oxide, which is widely used by dentists as an anxiolytic. Diethyl ether has a long history of use as a recreational drug. The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience all the psychedelic effects present in classical dissociatives such as ketamine in forms of thought loops and feeling of mind being disconnected from one's body. Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic which is used as a recreational drug, either by users who have access to medical grade gas canisters (e.g., dental hygienists or dentists) or by using the gas contained in whipped cream aerosol containers. Nitrous oxide inhalation can cause analgesia, depersonalisation, derealisation, dizziness, euphoria, and some sound distortion.

text: Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including

text: diethyl ether

text: (a drug that is no longer used medically, due to its high flammability) and

text: nitrous oxide

text: , which is widely used by dentists as an

text: anxiolytic

text: . Diethyl ether has a long history of use as a recreational drug. The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of

text: alcohol

text: intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience all the psychedelic effects present in classical dissociatives such as

text: ketamine

text: in forms of thought loops and feeling of mind being disconnected from one's body. Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic which is used as a recreational drug, either by users who have access to medical grade gas canisters (e.g., dental hygienists or dentists) or by using the gas contained in

text: whipped cream

text: aerosol containers. Nitrous oxide inhalation can cause

text: analgesia

text: depersonalisation

text: derealisation

text: dizziness

text: euphoria

text: , and some sound distortion.

text: Hiệp Hòa's water supply for agricultural use is plentiful, drawn from ponds and the Cầu River system.

text: Hiệp Hòa's water supply for agricultural use is plentiful, drawn from ponds and the

text: Cầu River

text: system.

text: This fish is considered to be one of the most suitable candidates for warm, open-water marine fish aquaculture in the world. Its rapid growth rate and the high quality of the flesh could make it one of the most important marine fish for future aquaculture production.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority. Unlike other waste disposal authorities in Greater London, Croydon's rubbish is collected independently and isn't part of a waste authority unit. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill in the south of Croydon. There have recently been calls by the ODPM to bring waste management powers to the Greater London Authority, giving it a waste function. The Mayor of London has made repeated attempts to bring the different waste authorities together, to form a single waste authority in London. This has faced significant opposition from existing authorities. However, it has had significant support from all other sectors and the surrounding regions managing most of London's waste. Croydon has the joint best recycling rate in London, at 36%, but the refuse collectors have been criticised for their rushed performance lacking quality. Croydon's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is EDF Energy Networks; there are no power stations in the borough. Thames Water manages Croydon's drinking and waste water; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including Beckton and King George VI. Before 1971, Croydon Corporation was responsible for water treatment in the borough.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the local authority. Unlike other

text: waste disposal authorities in Greater London

text: , Croydon's rubbish is collected independently and isn't part of a waste authority unit. Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: in the south of Croydon. There have recently been calls by the ODPM to bring waste management powers to the

text: Greater London Authority

text: , giving it a waste function. The Mayor of London has made repeated attempts to bring the different waste authorities together, to form a single waste authority in London. This has faced significant opposition from existing authorities. However, it has had significant support from all other sectors and the surrounding regions managing most of London's waste. Croydon has the joint best recycling rate in London, at 36%, but the refuse collectors have been criticised for their rushed performance lacking quality. Croydon's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: EDF Energy Networks

text: ; there are no

text: power station

text: s in the borough.

text: Thames Water

text: manages Croydon's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: Beckton

text: and

text: King George VI

text: . Before 1971, Croydon Corporation was responsible for water treatment in the borough.

text: Farmers in coastal areas prefer fishery, Aquaculture such as cultivating fish, molluscs, Shrimp production etc., as the major occupation. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production which is more profitable than agriculture, with fresh water and brackish water aquaculture cultivation.

text: Farmers in coastal areas prefer

text: fishery

text: Aquaculture

text: such as cultivating

text: fish

text: molluscs

text: Shrimp

text: production etc., as the major occupation. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production which is more profitable than agriculture, with

text: fresh water

text: and

text: brackish water

text: aquaculture cultivation.

text: The production of a waste stream is small in comparison to the overall process output; however can still pose a number of significant problems. Firstly, the volume of waste in the process reduces the available volume to be used for the process. Direct disposal into the environment of especially oil wastes can be detrimental to the surroundings if a treatment is not applied. The post-treatment system applied to the waste product should depend on the specific treated product required. The objectives of post-treatment can range from achieving a product that can be safely disposed, recycled into the refining process or requires an adequate water phase to be re-used in the process.

text: Water is becoming a scarce resource in Lebanon due to climate change, which leads to different rainfall patterns as well as to inefficient methods of distribution within the country. Most of Lebanon’s rainfall is in the four months of winter, but over the last 45 years, the Ministry of Environment (Lebanon) estimates that rainfall has decreased overall between 5 and 20 percent. The coastal strip of Lebanon gets approximately 2,000 mm of rain per year, while the Beqaa Valley to the east gets only one-tenth as much. In 2004, only about 21% of households across Lebanon had constant access to water in the summer months, with most of those households concentrated in or near Beirut. It is predicted that in future years, there will be higher temperatures, lower rainfall, and longer droughts, leading to even less access to water. According to the Ministry of Environment, several factors that are putting stress on Lebanon’s water resources are unsustainable water management practices, increasing water demand from all sectors, water pollution, and ineffective water governance. Lebanon has struggled with inadequate water and sanitation services for many years. The factors with the greatest effect on quality and quantity of water resources in Lebanon are population growth, urbanization (88% of the population now lives in urban areas), economic growth, and climate change. In recent years, population growth has been increased rapidly with the addition of many Syrian refugees. Some new projects have been proposed to restructure the water sector. Currently, over 48 percent of water supplied by the public system is lost through seepage and wastewater networks are extremely poor, or even non-existent in some areas. One project that is currently being implemented by the Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) focusses on harvesting rainwater from agricultural greenhouse tops in order to increase water harvesting and reduce the pressure on pumping groundwater. This project is expected to increase water availability during the especially critical months of late summer and early autumn when there is less precipitation, which would help to reduce the risk of salinity in both soil and water, and to increase the resilience of crops faced with prolonged drought. There are also proposed projects that suggest the agricultural sector use recycled waste water to allow for more fresh and potable water for consumption. This would be a huge improvement, as solid-wast treatment facilities are in short supply, and over 92 percent of Lebanon’s sewage runs untreated directly into water-courses and the sea. If Lebanon does not reform its water sector, it is likely that there will be chronic and critical water shortages by 2020, which would create needs the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) would be unable to meet. Water is becoming a scarce resource and if Lebanon instates reformed practices, the progression forward into future water scarcity can be slowed.

text: Water

text: is becoming a scarce resource in Lebanon due to climate change, which leads to different rainfall patterns as well as to inefficient methods of distribution within the country. Most of Lebanon’s rainfall is in the four months of winter, but over the last 45 years, the

text: Ministry of Environment (Lebanon)

text: estimates that rainfall has decreased overall between 5 and 20 percent. The coastal strip of Lebanon gets approximately 2,000 mm of rain per year, while the

text: Beqaa Valley

text: to the east gets only one-tenth as much. In 2004, only about 21% of households across Lebanon had constant access to water in the summer months, with most of those households concentrated in or near

text: Beirut

text: . It is predicted that in future years, there will be higher temperatures, lower rainfall, and longer droughts, leading to even less access to water. According to the Ministry of Environment, several factors that are putting stress on Lebanon’s water resources are unsustainable water management practices, increasing water demand from all sectors, water pollution, and ineffective water governance. Lebanon has struggled with inadequate water and sanitation services for many years. The factors with the greatest effect on quality and quantity of water resources in Lebanon are population growth, urbanization (88% of the population now lives in urban areas), economic growth, and climate change. In recent years, population growth has been increased rapidly with the addition of many Syrian refugees. Some new projects have been proposed to restructure the water sector. Currently, over 48 percent of water supplied by the public system is lost through seepage and wastewater networks are extremely poor, or even non-existent in some areas. One project that is currently being implemented by the Ministry of Environment in collaboration with the

text: United Nations Development Programme

text: (UNDP) focusses on harvesting rainwater from agricultural greenhouse tops in order to increase water harvesting and reduce the pressure on pumping groundwater. This project is expected to increase water availability during the especially critical months of late summer and early autumn when there is less precipitation, which would help to reduce the risk of salinity in both soil and water, and to increase the resilience of crops faced with prolonged drought. There are also proposed projects that suggest the agricultural sector use recycled waste water to allow for more fresh and potable water for consumption. This would be a huge improvement, as solid-wast treatment facilities are in short supply, and over 92 percent of Lebanon’s sewage runs untreated directly into water-courses and the sea. If Lebanon does not reform its water sector, it is likely that there will be chronic and critical water shortages by 2020, which would create needs the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) would be unable to meet. Water is becoming a scarce resource and if Lebanon instates reformed practices, the progression forward into future water scarcity can be slowed.

text: If a chamber is not available for recompression within a reasonable period, a riskier alternative is in-water recompression at the dive site.In-water recompression (IWR) is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) by sending the diver back underwater to allow the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve. It is a risky procedure that should only be used when it is not practicable to travel to the nearest recompression chamber in time to save the victim's life.

text: If a chamber is not available for recompression within a reasonable period, a riskier alternative is

text: in-water recompression

text: at the dive site.In-water recompression (IWR) is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness (DCS) by sending the diver back underwater to allow the gas bubbles in the tissues, which are causing the symptoms, to resolve. It is a risky procedure that should only be used when it is not practicable to travel to the nearest recompression chamber in time to save the victim's life.

text: Activated carbon is used for adsorption of organic substances and non-polar adsorbates and it is also usually used for waste gas (and waste water) treatment. It is the most widely used adsorbent since most of its chemical (e.g. surface groups) and physical properties (e.g. pore size distribution and surface area) can be tuned according to what is needed. Its usefulness also derives from its large micropore (and sometimes mesopore) volume and the resulting high surface area.

text: A maximum of ten commercial boats fished Pine River in 1999, for a total catch of . Pine River is also used for other water based recreation including water skiing and the use of personal water craft.

text: Water used to hydrotest pipelines contributes to the formation of black powder in the long run. Oxygen scavengers are always added to this water, but not corrosion inhibitors, although they would definitely reduce the chance of forming black powder. The reason is the unavailability of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. Treating hydrotest water with corrosion inhibitor would introduce a major environmental concern, especially when large amounts of water are involved.

text: Water used to hydrotest pipelines contributes to the formation of black powder in the long run. Oxygen scavengers are always added to this water, but not corrosion inhibitors, although they would definitely reduce the chance of forming black powder. The reason is the unavailability of

text: environmentally friendly

text: corrosion inhibitors. Treating hydrotest water with corrosion inhibitor would introduce a major environmental concern, especially when large amounts of water are involved.

text: This district features Kincaid Lake, Valentine Lake, and The Wild Azalea National Recreation Trail Other areas include the Kincaid Lake Day-Use Area, the Kincaid Lake Group-Use Area, the Valentine Lake Day-Use Areas, Valentine Lake Group-Use Area, the Bayou Boeuf Research Natural Area, and Castor Creek Scenic Area. The Wild Azalea Seep area is part of the Wild Azalea National Recreation Trail.

text: This district features Kincaid Lake, Valentine Lake, and The Wild Azalea National Recreation Trail Other areas include the Kincaid Lake Day-Use Area, the Kincaid Lake Group-Use Area, the Valentine Lake Day-Use Areas, Valentine Lake Group-Use Area, the Bayou Boeuf Research Natural Area, and

text: Castor Creek

text: Scenic Area. The Wild Azalea Seep area is part of the Wild Azalea National Recreation Trail.

text: Collapsible tanks are used for storage of fuel, water, or chemicals and are manufactured using industrial fabrics.

text: Collapsible tanks are used for storage of

text: fuel

text: water

text: , or

text: chemical

text: s and are manufactured using industrial fabrics.

text: A water vapor explosion creates a high volume of gas without producing environmentally harmful leftovers. The controlled explosion of water has been used for generating steam in power stations and in modern types of steam turbines. Newer steam engines use heated oil to force drops of water to explode and create high pressure in a controlled chamber. The pressure is then used to run a turbine or a converted combustion engine. Hot oil and water explosions are becoming particularly popular in concentrated solar generators, because the water can be separated from the oil in a closed loop without any external energy. Water explosion is considered to be environmentally friendly if the heat is generated by a renewable resource.

text: A water vapor explosion creates a high volume of gas without producing environmentally harmful leftovers. The controlled explosion of water has been used for generating steam in power stations and in modern types of steam turbines. Newer steam engines use heated oil to force drops of water to explode and create high pressure in a controlled chamber. The pressure is then used to run a turbine or a converted combustion engine. Hot oil and water explosions are becoming particularly popular in concentrated solar generators, because the water can be separated from the oil in a closed loop without any external energy. Water explosion is considered to be

text: environmentally friendly

text: if the heat is generated by a renewable resource.

text: Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water-filled graduated cylinder and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The surface tension of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible.

text: Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water-filled

text: graduated cylinder

text: and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The

text: surface tension

text: of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible.

text: The systems are said to have advantages over photovoltaics on land. The cost of land is more expensive, and there are fewer rules and regulations for structures built on bodies of water not used for recreation. Unlike most land-based solar plants, floating arrays can be unobtrusive because they are hidden from public view. They achieve higher efficiencies than PV panels on land, because water cools the panels. The panels have a special coating to prevent rust or corrosion.

text: Water conservation is of the utmost importance in the Willow Bunch area because of the dry nature of the climate. Long term agricultural success is dependent on closely monitoring the local water supply. Underground aquifers are one of the most important water sources in the area, although many are too deep to drill wells into. This difficulty has led to the widespread use of irrigation. Willow Bunch's aquifers and groundwater flows are charted by the Water Security Agency for the purpose of monitoring and managing them.

text: Water supply policies and regulation are usually defined by one or several Ministries, in consultation with the legislative branch. In the United States the United States Environmental Protection Agency, whose administrator reports directly to the President, is responsible for water and sanitation policy and standard setting within the executive branch. In other countries responsibility for sector policy is entrusted to a Ministry of Environment (such as in Mexico and Colombia), to a Ministry of Health (such as in Panama, Honduras and Uruguay), a Ministry of Public Works (such as in Ecuador and Haiti), a Ministry of Economy (such as in German states) or a Ministry of Energy (such as in Iran). A few countries, such as Jordan and Bolivia, even have a Ministry of Water. Often several Ministries share responsibilities for water supply. In the European Union, important policy functions have been entrusted to the supranational level. Policy and regulatory functions include the setting of tariff rules and the approval of tariff increases; setting, monitoring and enforcing norms for quality of service and environmental protection; benchmarking the performance of service providers; and reforms in the structure of institutions responsible for service provision. The distinction between policy functions and regulatory functions is not always clear-cut. In some countries they are both entrusted to Ministries, but in others regulatory functions are entrusted to agencies that are separate from Ministries.

text: Water supply policies and regulation are usually defined by one or several Ministries, in consultation with the legislative branch. In the

text: United States

text: the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: , whose administrator reports directly to the President, is responsible for water and sanitation policy and standard setting within the executive branch. In other countries responsibility for sector policy is entrusted to a Ministry of Environment (such as in

text: Mexico

text: and

text: Colombia

text: ), to a Ministry of Health (such as in

text: Panama

text: Honduras

text: and

text: Uruguay

text: ), a Ministry of Public Works (such as in

text: Ecuador

text: and

text: Haiti

text: ), a Ministry of Economy (such as in German states) or a Ministry of Energy (such as in

text: Iran

text: ). A few countries, such as

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: , even have a Ministry of Water. Often several Ministries share responsibilities for water supply. In the European Union, important policy functions have been entrusted to the

text: supranational

text: level. Policy and regulatory functions include the setting of tariff rules and the approval of tariff increases; setting, monitoring and enforcing norms for quality of service and environmental protection;

text: benchmarking

text: the performance of service providers; and reforms in the structure of institutions responsible for service provision. The distinction between policy functions and regulatory functions is not always clear-cut. In some countries they are both entrusted to Ministries, but in others regulatory functions are entrusted to agencies that are separate from Ministries.

text: The third system involving private ownership rights is the liability rule known as the American Rule or Reasonable Use Rule. This rule does not guarantee the landowner a set amount of water, but allows unlimited extraction as long as the result does not unreasonably damage other wells or the aquifer system. Usually this rule gives great weight to historical uses and prevents new uses that  interfere with the prior use. The determination of who gets a well and how much water may be pumped is usually made by a court unless the state creates a regulatory agency to perform that function, and the primary issue is the "reasonableness" of the use. The advantage to this system is its flexibility in adjudicating competing uses of an aquifer system. Unfortunately, this same flexibility can lead to excessive litigation because well owners may sue at any time to determine if a competing use is "reasonable", a standard that may change with time. The reasonableness standard is also highly dependent on the location of the suit and who ends up in the jury pool. Marketing water rights does not take place until the system is fully adjudicated; new users generally do not purchase groundwater rights until they are sure they cannot obtain “free” water through litigation.

text: The third system involving private ownership rights is the liability rule known as the American Rule or

text: Reasonable Use Rule

text: . This rule does not guarantee the landowner a set amount of water, but allows unlimited extraction as long as the result does not unreasonably damage other wells or the aquifer system. Usually this rule gives great weight to historical uses and prevents new uses that  interfere with the prior use. The determination of who gets a well and how much water may be pumped is usually made by a court unless the state creates a regulatory agency to perform that function, and the primary issue is the "reasonableness" of the use. The advantage to this system is its flexibility in adjudicating competing uses of an aquifer system. Unfortunately, this same flexibility can lead to excessive litigation because well owners may sue at any time to determine if a competing use is "reasonable", a standard that may change with time. The reasonableness standard is also highly dependent on the location of the suit and who ends up in the jury pool. Marketing

text: water rights

text: does not take place until the system is fully adjudicated; new users generally do not purchase groundwater rights until they are sure they cannot obtain “free” water through litigation.

text: Since the early 1970s, TOC has been an analytic technique used to measure water quality during the drinking water purification process. TOC in source waters comes from decaying natural organic matter (NOM) as well as synthetic sources. Humic acid, fulvic acid, amines, and urea are examples of NOM. Some detergents, pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, industrial chemicals, and chlorinated organics are examples of synthetic sources. Before source water is treated for disinfection, TOC provides an estimate of the amount of NOM in the water source. In water treatment facilities, source water is subject to reaction with chloride containing disinfectants.  When the raw water is chlorinated, active chlorine compounds (Cl, HOCl, ClO) react with NOM to produce chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Researchers have determined that higher levels of NOM in source water during the disinfection process will increase the amount of carcinogens in the processed drinking water.

text: Since the early 1970s, TOC has been an analytic technique used to measure water quality during the drinking

text: water purification

text: process. TOC in source waters comes from decaying

text: natural organic matter

text: (NOM) as well as

text: synthetic

text: sources.

text: Humic acid

text: , fulvic acid,

text: amine

text: s, and

text: urea

text: are examples of NOM. Some

text: detergents

text: pesticides

text: fertilizers

text: herbicides

text: , industrial chemicals, and

text: chlorinated

text: organics are examples of synthetic sources. Before source water is treated for

text: disinfection

text: , TOC provides an estimate of the amount of NOM in the water source. In

text: water treatment

text: facilities, source water is subject to reaction with

text: chloride

text: containing disinfectants.  When the raw water is chlorinated,

text: active chlorine

text: compounds (Cl, HOCl, ClO) react with NOM to produce chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Researchers have determined that higher levels of NOM in source water during the disinfection process will increase the amount of

text: carcinogen

text: s in the processed drinking water.

text: Both dams allow water to flow through tubes and pumps. This way, the main body of the lake is connected to the smaller body of water on the southwest, which is itself separated from the river by the third dam. This mini "buffer" lake called Taložnik ("depository") is used as a purifier for the waters of both Lake Sava and city waterworks, which also use this water. Filtered water is constantly being pumped into the lake while on the northeast, the water is pumped out by electrically powered pumps through another dam into Čukarica Bay. In this way, an artificial flow of water through the lake is created. Because the water is also used for drinking, sanitation and environmental protection of the lake are imperative and the lake is under rigorous environmental protection. Weeds are groomed on the lake's bottom to purify the water by bonding phosphorus, nitrogen and dirt. Use of motorboats is strictly prohibited in the lake and dogs are also not allowed on the beach.

text: Both dams allow water to flow through tubes and pumps. This way, the main body of the lake is connected to the smaller body of water on the southwest, which is itself separated from the river by the third dam. This mini "buffer" lake called Taložnik ("depository") is used as a purifier for the waters of both Lake Sava and city waterworks, which also use this water. Filtered water is constantly being pumped into the lake while on the northeast, the water is pumped out by electrically powered pumps through another dam into Čukarica Bay. In this way, an artificial flow of water through the lake is created. Because the water is also used for drinking, sanitation and environmental protection of the lake are imperative and the lake is under rigorous environmental protection. Weeds are groomed on the lake's bottom to purify the water by bonding

text: phosphorus

text: nitrogen

text: and dirt. Use of

text: motorboat

text: s is strictly prohibited in the lake and dogs are also not allowed on the beach.

text: An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population. It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.

text: An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the

text: in

text: Sri Lanka

text: to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population. It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of

text: physical water scarcity

text: , where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing

text: economic water scarcity

text: , where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.

text: Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away non-valuable metals. This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These noxious fumes include dioxins and furans. Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies.

text: Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away non-valuable metals. This releases

text: carcinogen

text: s and

text: neurotoxins

text: into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These noxious fumes include

text: dioxin

text: s and

text: furan

text: s. Bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies.

text: Approximately  was lost annually by seepage from the All-American Canal, especially from the point where the canal crosses the great Algodones Dune Field. About 90% of this seepage entered Mexico. At first this seepage caused widespread flooding, but Mexicali Valley residents and businesses built drainage and pumping systems to recover the seepage. Mexicali Valley agriculture became reliant upon this seepage for irrigation. As water use increased in both rural and urban areas, this seepage became an issue of concern. The All-American Canal Lining Project, a part of California’s Colorado River Water Use Plan, lined  of the canal to prevent seepage. In 2006, a Mexicali business and civic organization and two California environmental non-profits challenged the lining project in US federal court on the basis that it violated the water rights of Mexican water users and violated US environmental statutes due to the seepage's effects on the nearby Andrade Mesa Wetlands. A rider in the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 required the completion of the lining project, however, and the lawsuit was rendered moot. The Imperial Irrigation District built a parallel canal along the designated section of the original canal, and the water flow was rerouted into the new lined canal. Construction began in 2007 and was completed in 2009.

text: Approximately  was lost annually by seepage from the All-American Canal, especially from the point where the canal crosses the great

text: Algodones Dune Field

text: . About 90% of this seepage entered Mexico. At first this seepage caused widespread flooding, but Mexicali Valley residents and businesses built drainage and pumping systems to recover the seepage. Mexicali Valley agriculture became reliant upon this seepage for irrigation. As water use increased in both rural and urban areas, this seepage became an issue of concern. The All-American Canal Lining Project, a part of California’s Colorado River Water Use Plan, lined  of the canal to prevent seepage. In 2006, a Mexicali business and civic organization and two California environmental non-profits challenged the lining project in US federal court on the basis that it violated the water rights of Mexican water users and violated US environmental statutes due to the seepage's effects on the nearby Andrade Mesa Wetlands. A rider in the

text: Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006

text: required the completion of the lining project, however, and the lawsuit was rendered moot. The

text: Imperial Irrigation District

text: built a parallel canal along the designated section of the original canal, and the water flow was rerouted into the new lined canal. Construction began in 2007 and was completed in 2009.

text: Drinking water for 124 households is supplied from a source within an elevation of more than 50 meters, while water for 99 households is from less than 50 meters. There is a lack of sanitary latrine facilities. Out of a total of 124 homes: 67 use open defection, 54 use a group latrine with regular water supply, none use a clean group latrine with regular water supply and a regular sweeper and only 3 use a  private latrine.

text: Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products.  Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste management, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.This is the new techniques of sustainable architecture .

text: Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products.  Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of

text: waste management

text: , incorporating things such as

text: grey water

text: systems for use on garden beds, and

text: composting toilet

text: s to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.This is the new techniques of sustainable architecture .

text: Cactus juice can increase plaster's workability and its ability to be formed into the desired shape.  Workability depends on the water content, the shape and size distribution of its aggregate (aggregate can be rock, sand, natural fiber, etc.), the age of the plaster, and the amount of other natural binder(s) (natural binders are clay, lime, wheatpaste, cactus juice, etc.)  Altering the water content, changing the aggregate mix, the age of the plaster, or changing the binders will increase or decrease the plaster's workability. Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the natural binder and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting plaster having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a very low workability, which cannot be readily made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water or binder.

text: Cactus juice can increase plaster's workability and its ability to be formed into the desired shape.  Workability depends on the water content, the shape and size distribution of its

text: aggregate

text: (aggregate can be rock, sand, natural fiber, etc.), the age of the plaster, and the amount of other natural binder(s) (natural binders are clay,

text: lime

text: wheatpaste

text: , cactus juice, etc.)  Altering the water content, changing the aggregate mix, the age of the plaster, or changing the binders will increase or decrease the plaster's workability. Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation of aggregates (when the natural binder and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting plaster having reduced quality. The use of an aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a very low workability, which cannot be readily made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water or binder.

text: More than 85% farmers of the district used for water sanitation. Many households are not using water for sanitation. There are some in Thanh Hà town, and some in Hong Lac commune, Viet Hong, Thanh An.

text: Historically, produced water was disposed of in large evaporation ponds. However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal method from both environmental and social perspectives.  Produced water is considered an industrial waste and coal seam gas (CSG) producers are now required to employ beneficial re-uses for produced water.

text: Historically, produced water was disposed of in large

text: evaporation pond

text: s. However, this has become an increasingly unacceptable disposal method from both environmental and social perspectives.  Produced water is considered an

text: industrial waste

text: and

text: coal seam gas

text: (CSG) producers are now required to employ beneficial re-uses for produced water.

text: The broad management options for re-use are direct injection, environmentally acceptable direct-use of untreated water, or treatment to a government-issued standard before disposal or supply to users. In the United States these standards are issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for underground injection and discharges to surface waters.

text: The broad management options for re-use are

text: direct injection

text: , environmentally acceptable direct-use of untreated water, or treatment to a government-issued standard before disposal or supply to users. In the United States these standards are issued by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) for underground injection and discharges to

text: surface water

text: s.

text: __NOTOC__A fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) is a composite building material that consists of three components: (i) the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed phase, (ii) the matrix as the continuous phase, and (iii) the fine interphase region, also known as the interface. This is a type of advanced composite group, which makes use of rice husk, rice hull, and plastic as ingredients. This technology involves a method of refining, blending, and compounding natural fibers from cellulosic waste streams to form a high-strength fiber composite material in a polymer matrix. The designated waste or base raw materials used in this instance are those of waste thermoplastics and various categories of cellulosic waste including rice husk and saw dust.

text: __NOTOC__A fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) is a

text: composite building material

text: that consists of three components: (i) the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed phase, (ii) the matrix as the continuous phase, and (iii) the fine interphase region, also known as the interface. This is a type of advanced composite group, which makes use of rice husk, rice hull, and plastic as ingredients. This technology involves a method of refining, blending, and compounding natural fibers from cellulosic waste streams to form a high-strength fiber composite material in a polymer matrix. The designated waste or base raw materials used in this instance are those of waste thermoplastics and various categories of cellulosic waste including rice husk and saw dust.

text: There are 43,420 households in the municipality, giving an average household size of 3.3 people. Of those households, 75.1% are in formal structures (houses or flats), while 22.9% are in informal structures (shacks). 92.9% of households use electricity for lighting. 80.5% of households have piped water to the dwelling, while 18.6% have piped water through a communal tap. 89.4% of households have regular refuse collection service. 91.7% of households have a flush toilet or chemical toilet, while 2.6% still use a bucket toilet. 81.1% of households have a refrigerator, 83.0% have a television and 67.6% have a radio. Only 25.9% have a landline telephone, but 89.2% have a cellphone. 37.7% have a computer, and 45.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).

text: There are 43,420 households in the municipality, giving an average household size of 3.3 people. Of those households, 75.1% are in formal structures (houses or

text: flats

text: ), while 22.9% are in informal structures (

text: shacks

text: ). 92.9% of households use

text: electricity

text: for lighting. 80.5% of households have

text: piped water

text: to the dwelling, while 18.6% have piped water through a communal tap. 89.4% of households have regular

text: refuse collection

text: service. 91.7% of households have a

text: flush toilet

text: or

text: chemical toilet

text: , while 2.6% still use a bucket toilet. 81.1% of households have a

text: refrigerator

text: , 83.0% have a television and 67.6% have a radio. Only 25.9% have a landline telephone, but 89.2% have a cellphone. 37.7% have a computer, and 45.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).

text: Water use is about 83.5 km3, or 20% of water availability in an average year. However, there are large variations in the utilization rate between years and regions. For example, in the coastal part of the Kantō region that includes Tokyo the utilization rate is over 90% in a dry year. In the relatively dry north of Kyushu it is more than 50%. Of the total use 55.2 km3 was for agriculture, 16.2 km3 for domestic use and 12.1 km3 for industrial use. Despite the introduction of water-saving devices domestic per capita use declined only slightly from 322 liter per capita per day in 2000 to 314 in 2004. Per capita water use thus is slightly lower than in the United States (371 liter in 2005) and more than twice as high as in Germany (122 liter in 2007) or in England (145 liter in 2009).

text: Water use is about 83.5 km3, or 20% of water availability in an average year. However, there are large variations in the utilization rate between years and regions. For example, in the coastal part of the

text: Kantō region

text: that includes Tokyo the utilization rate is over 90% in a dry year. In the relatively dry north of

text: Kyushu

text: it is more than 50%. Of the total use 55.2 km3 was for agriculture, 16.2 km3 for domestic use and 12.1 km3 for industrial use. Despite the introduction of water-saving devices domestic per capita use declined only slightly from 322 liter per capita per day in 2000 to 314 in 2004. Per capita water use thus is slightly lower than in the

text: United States

text: (371 liter in 2005) and more than twice as high as in

text: Germany

text: (122 liter in 2007) or in

entity_name: Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales

text: England

text: (145 liter in 2009).

text: Urban and industrial use of water consumes about 10.8%, or 8.9 million acre-feet, of total water consumption in an average year. A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was  per year or  per household per day. To put that in perspective, the typical office water cooler holds , or about 1.4% of the study's estimated daily average household use. The study found that about 53% of total average household water use, or more than  per household per day, was used for landscaping and other outdoor uses Meanwhile, indoor use accounted for more than  per household per day. The most in-home water consumption is toilet flushes, using 20% of the water. After toilets, 20% is used for showers and 18% goes to leaks inside homes.

text: Tropical fish is a term commonly used to refer to fish that are kept in heated aquariums. Freshwater tropical fish are more commonly kept than Saltwater tropical fish due to the common availability of fresh water sources, such as tap water, whereas Saltwater is not commonly available and has to be recreated by using freshwater with sea salt additions. Salt water has to be monitored to maintain the correct salinity because of the effects of evaporation. Freshwater tropical aquariums can be maintained by simply topping up with fresh water.Tropical fish are popular choices for aquariums due to their often bright coloration, which typically derives from both pigmented cells and iridescent cells. Tropical fish may include wild-caught specimens, individuals born in captivity including lines selectively bred for special physical features, such as long fins, or particular colorations, such as albino. Some fish may be hybrids of more than one species.

text: Tropical fish is a term commonly used to refer to fish that are kept in heated aquariums. Freshwater tropical fish are more commonly kept than Saltwater tropical fish due to the common availability of fresh water sources, such as tap water, whereas Saltwater is not commonly available and has to be recreated by using freshwater with sea salt additions. Salt water has to be monitored to maintain the correct salinity because of the effects of evaporation. Freshwater tropical aquariums can be maintained by simply topping up with fresh water.Tropical fish are popular choices for aquariums due to their often bright coloration, which typically derives from both

text: pigment

text: ed cells and

text: iridescent

text: cells. Tropical fish may include wild-caught specimens, individuals born in

text: captivity

text: including lines

text: selectively bred

text: for special physical features, such as long fins, or particular colorations, such as

text: albino

text: . Some fish may be

text: hybrids

text: of more than one species.

text: On-going projects: The Mananciais Program for Integrated Water Management in Metropolitan São Paulo (approved in 2009) - A $283 million project co-financed by World Bank loans (US$ 131m), the state government ($ 57m), Sabesp ($ 25m) and the two participating municipalities ($ 26m). Its objectives are: (i) to protect and maintain the quality and reliability of the MRSP's water resources; (ii) to improve the quality of life of the poor populations residing in key targeted urban river basins in MRSP; and (iii) to strengthen institutional capacity and improve metropolitan management and coordination in water resources management, water pollution control, land-use policy and basic service provision. It does so by supporting "institutional capacity building", urban upgrading, environmental protection and recovery, as well as "integrated water supply and sanitation". Specifically, the project will include reforestation, the creation of green spaces and protected areas, the "urbanization of slums", housing for resettled people, water quality monitoring, environmental education, the preparation of land use laws as well as "studies on metropolitan governance". The program has four phases. The first two phases, approved in 2009, included loans for the State of São Paulo and Sabesp. The third and fourth phases, approved in 2012, include loans for the municipalities of São Bernardo do Campo in the drainage area of the Billings Reservoir and Guarulhos in the Upper Tiete drainage area.

text: On-going projects: The Mananciais Program for Integrated Water Management in Metropolitan São Paulo (approved in 2009) - A $283 million project co-financed by World Bank loans (US$ 131m), the state government ($ 57m), Sabesp ($ 25m) and the two participating municipalities ($ 26m). Its objectives are: (i) to protect and maintain the quality and reliability of the MRSP's water resources; (ii) to improve the quality of life of the poor populations residing in key targeted urban river basins in MRSP; and (iii) to strengthen institutional capacity and improve metropolitan management and coordination in water resources management, water pollution control, land-use policy and basic service provision. It does so by supporting "institutional capacity building", urban upgrading, environmental protection and recovery, as well as "integrated water supply and sanitation". Specifically, the project will include reforestation, the creation of green spaces and protected areas, the "urbanization of slums", housing for resettled people, water quality monitoring, environmental education, the preparation of land use laws as well as "studies on metropolitan governance". The program has four phases. The first two phases, approved in 2009, included loans for the State of São Paulo and Sabesp. The third and fourth phases, approved in 2012, include loans for the municipalities of

text: São Bernardo do Campo

text: in the drainage area of the Billings Reservoir and

text: Guarulhos

text: in the Upper Tiete drainage area.

text: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 - Title I: Agricultural Programs - Appropriates FY2015 funds for the following United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs and services: (1) Office of the Secretary of Agriculture (Secretary); (2) Office of the Chief Economist; (3) National Appeals Division; (4) Office of Budget and Program Analysis; (5) Office of the Chief Information Officer; (6) Office of the Chief Financial Officer; (7) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights; (8) Office of Civil Rights; (9) agriculture buildings and facilities; (10) hazardous materials management; (11) Office of Inspector General; (12) Office of the General Counsel; (13) Office of Ethics; (14) Office of the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics; (15) Economic Research Service; (16) National Agricultural Statistics Service; (17) Agricultural Research Service; (18) National Institute of Food and Agriculture; (19) Native American Institutions Endowment Fund; (20) extension and integrated activities; (21) Office of the Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs; (22) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; (23) Agricultural Marketing Service; (24) Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration; (25) Office of the Under Secretary for Food Safety; (26) Food Safety and Inspection Service; (27) Office of the Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services; (28) Farm Service Agency; (29) Risk Management Agency; (30) Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Fund; and (31) Commodity Credit Corporation Fund.

text: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 - Title I: Agricultural Programs - Appropriates FY2015 funds for the following

text: United States Department of Agriculture

text: (USDA) programs and services: (1)

text: Office of the Secretary of Agriculture

text: (Secretary); (2) Office of the Chief Economist; (3)

text: National Appeals Division

text: ; (4) Office of Budget and Program Analysis; (5) Office of the Chief Information Officer; (6) Office of the Chief Financial Officer; (7) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights; (8) Office of Civil Rights; (9) agriculture buildings and facilities; (10)

text: hazardous material

text: s management; (11) Office of Inspector General; (12) Office of the General Counsel; (13) Office of Ethics; (14) Office of the

entity_name: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics

text: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics

text: ; (15)

text: Economic Research Service

text: ; (16)

entity_name: National Agricultural Statistics Service

text: National Agricultural Statistics Service

text: ; (17)

text: Agricultural Research Service

text: ; (18)

entity_name: National Institute of Food and Agriculture

text: National Institute of Food and Agriculture

text: ; (19)

text: Native American Institutions Endowment Fund

text: ; (20) extension and integrated activities; (21)

entity_name: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Marketing and Regulatory Programs

text: Office of the Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs

text: ; (22)

entity_name: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

text: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

text: ; (23)

text: Agricultural Marketing Service

text: ; (24)

entity_name: Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration

text: Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration

text: ; (25)

entity_name: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety

text: Office of the Under Secretary for Food Safety

text: ; (26)

text: Food Safety and Inspection Service

text: ; (27)

entity_name: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services

text: Office of the Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services

text: ; (28)

text: Farm Service Agency

text: ; (29)

text: Risk Management Agency

text: ; (30)

text: Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Fund

text: ; and (31)

text: Commodity Credit Corporation Fund

text: These rural appliances are extremely important for keeping South Australia protected from fires. Almost every town in South Australia would have at least two of these rural fire trucks. The reason that there are many different types of rural trucks, is because the terrain changes a lot in South Australia. A 14 appliance, only carries 1000 litres nominally but is extremely useful for getting into small tracks which larger appliances can not. Large 34s often have trouble in getting into smaller areas. 24s are the most common, because they are not too heavy and big, but carry a reasonable amount of water, which can last a good time before having to fill up. In most parts of South Australia outside major centres there is no water mains, so this is where Bulk Water Carriers come in handy. These BWCs, often at a rural fire, will be stationary at the edge of it, for smaller trucks to fill up from. when empty it is their job to go and find water in places including, rivers, dams, swimming pools and water tanks.

text: Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.  Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent.

text: Water pollution

text: is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.  Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams,

text: thermoelectric power plants

text: , which use water for cooling,

text: ore

text: and

text: oil

text: refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent.

text: Recommended steps by individuals to reduce the blood lead levels of children include increasing their frequency of hand washing and their intake of calcium and iron, discouraging them from putting their hands to their mouths, vacuuming frequently, and eliminating the presence of lead-containing objects such as blinds and jewellery in the house. In houses with lead pipes or plumbing solder, these can be replaced. Less permanent but cheaper methods include running water in the morning to flush out the most contaminated water, or adjusting the water's chemistry to prevent corrosion of pipes. Lead testing kits are commercially available for detecting the presence of lead in the household. As hot water is more likely than cold water to contain higher amounts of lead, use only cold water from the tap for drinking, cooking, and for making baby formula.  Since most of the lead in household water usually comes from plumbing in the house and not from the local water supply, using cold water can avoid lead exposure. Measures such as dust control and household education do not appear to be effective in changing children's blood levels.

text: The reason for changing their sidearm is their previous Pistol M/49 sidearms chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum proved insufficient against the polar bears encountered.

text: The reason for changing their sidearm is their previous

text: Pistol M/49

text: sidearms chambered in

text: 9×19mm Parabellum

text: proved insufficient against the polar bears encountered.

text: Internal renewable water resources are estimated at 128.5 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year (average for 1977-2001). Surface runoff represents a total of 97.3 BCM/year, of which 5.4 BCM/year comes from drainage of the aquifers and thus needs to be subtracted from the total. Groundwater recharge is estimated at about 49.3 BCM/year, of which 12.7 BCM/year is obtained from infiltration in the river bed and also needs to be subtracted. Iran receives 6.7 BCM/year of surface water from Pakistan and some water from Afghanistan through the Helmand River. The flow of the Arax river, at the border with Azerbaijan, is estimated at 4.6 BCM/year. The surface runoff to the sea and to other countries is estimated at 55.9 BCM/year. Per capita water availability in the pre-Islamic Revolution era was about 4,500 cubic meters. But, in 2009 this figure was less than 2,000 cubic meters. The total water withdrawal was estimated at about 70 BCM in 1993, rising to 93 BCM in 2004, of which 92% was used for agricultural purposes, 6% for domestic use and 2% for industrial use. Although this is equal to 51% of the actual available renewable water resources, annual abstraction from aquifers (57 BCM in 1993, 53 BCM in 2004) is already more than the estimated safe yield (46 BCM). Of the 4.3 BCM/year in 1993 (6.2 in 2004) used for domestic purposes, 61% is supplied from surface water and 39% from groundwater. As of 2014, Iran is using 70% of its total renewable freshwater, far above the upper limit of 40% recommended according to international norms. A large part of the water used in agriculture is evaporated instead of properly used because of inefficient consumption patterns. 16 BCM of water was used for power generation in 1999.

text: Internal renewable water resources are estimated at 128.5 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year (average for 1977-2001). Surface runoff represents a total of 97.3 BCM/year, of which 5.4 BCM/year comes from drainage of the aquifers and thus needs to be subtracted from the total.

text: Groundwater recharge

text: is estimated at about 49.3 BCM/year, of which 12.7 BCM/year is obtained from infiltration in the river bed and also needs to be subtracted. Iran receives 6.7 BCM/year of surface water from Pakistan and some water from Afghanistan through the

text: Helmand River

text: . The flow of the

text: Arax river

text: , at the border with

text: Azerbaijan

text: , is estimated at 4.6 BCM/year. The surface runoff to the sea and to other countries is estimated at 55.9 BCM/year. Per capita water availability in the pre-Islamic Revolution era was about 4,500 cubic meters. But, in 2009 this figure was less than 2,000 cubic meters. The total water withdrawal was estimated at about 70 BCM in 1993, rising to 93 BCM in 2004, of which 92% was used for agricultural purposes, 6% for domestic use and 2% for industrial use. Although this is equal to 51% of the actual available renewable water resources, annual abstraction from aquifers (57 BCM in 1993, 53 BCM in 2004) is already more than the estimated safe yield (46 BCM). Of the 4.3 BCM/year in 1993 (6.2 in 2004) used for domestic purposes, 61% is supplied from surface water and 39% from groundwater. As of 2014, Iran is using 70% of its total renewable freshwater, far above the upper limit of 40% recommended according to international norms. A large part of the

text: water used in agriculture

text: is

text: evaporated

text: instead of properly used because of

text: inefficient consumption patterns

text: . 16 BCM of water was used for power generation in 1999.

text: Peak wheat is the concept that agricultural production, due to its high use of water and energy inputs, is subject to the same profile as oil and other fossil fuel production.  The central tenet is that a point is reached, the "peak", beyond which agricultural production plateaus and does not grow any further,  and may even go into permanent decline.

text: Peak wheat is the concept that

text: agricultural

text: production, due to its high use of water and energy inputs, is subject to the

text: same profile as oil

text: and other

text: fossil fuel

text: production.  The central tenet is that a point is reached, the "peak", beyond which agricultural production plateaus and does not grow any further,  and may even go into permanent decline.

text: The first Czechoslovakian 1’D2’t-h2 (2-8-4) tank locomotive was derived from the CSD Class 455.1 1’D-h2 (2-8-0) tender locomotive, with water tanks, a coal bunker and a trailing bogie added. Apart from changing the drive from the second to the third coupled axle and increasing the superheating surface of the boiler, these handsome tank locomotives were mechanically identical to the tender locomotives. They were originally intended to be used on the  Prague to České Budějovice (Böhmisch Budweis) line and on branch lines diverting from the mainline for local train service. At the time, however, the 16 ton axle load proved to be too high for most of the lines where they were intended to run and for this reason only 27 locomotives were built between 1928 and 1932.

text: The first Czechoslovakian 1’D2’t-h2 (2-8-4) tank locomotive was derived from the CSD Class 455.1 1’D-h2 (2-8-0) tender locomotive, with water tanks, a coal bunker and a trailing bogie added. Apart from changing the drive from the second to the third coupled axle and increasing the superheating surface of the boiler, these handsome tank locomotives were mechanically identical to the tender locomotives. They were originally intended to be used on the

text: Prague

text: to

text: České Budějovice

text: (Böhmisch Budweis) line and on branch lines diverting from the mainline for local train service. At the time, however, the 16 ton axle load proved to be too high for most of the lines where they were intended to run and for this reason only 27 locomotives were built between 1928 and 1932.

text: Customers with lower water demand may draw insignificant amounts without becoming a formal member. In cases of water shortage they have to renounce the supply for the benefit of the regular members. The need of service water varies very much – for example annually for a public pool 500 m³/year up to 15 Mio. m³/year for a thermal power station. All together the withdrawal is on the average 60 Mio. m³/year (with downward drift). The technically possible maximum of 400 Mio. m³/year has never been used. The discharge of canal water via the Stever into Halterner Stausee and Talsperre Hullern depends on the annual rainfall, for example the discharge in 1976 was 11.5 Mio. m³ but in “wet years” nothing is discharged.The withdrawal of service water that is used and has to be treated separately and discharged as waste water is invoiced with 0,0353 €/m³ (waste water is invoiced separately by the operator of the wastewater treatment facility). For water that has been removed, warmed-up and discharged again into the canal the invoice value is 3.3% of that amount. The fees cover the costs that appear from operation and maintenance of the pumping stations and other costs related to the water services.

text: Customers with lower water demand may draw insignificant amounts without becoming a formal member. In cases of water shortage they have to renounce the supply for the benefit of the regular members. The need of service water varies very much – for example annually for a public pool 500 m³/year up to 15 Mio. m³/year for a thermal power station. All together the withdrawal is on the average 60 Mio. m³/year (with downward drift). The technically possible maximum of 400 Mio. m³/year has never been used. The discharge of canal water via the Stever into

text: Haltern

text: er Stausee and Talsperre Hullern depends on the annual rainfall, for example the discharge in 1976 was 11.5 Mio. m³ but in “wet years” nothing is discharged.The withdrawal of service water that is used and has to be treated separately and discharged as waste water is invoiced with 0,0353 €/m³ (waste water is invoiced separately by the operator of the

text: wastewater treatment

text: facility). For water that has been removed, warmed-up and discharged again into the canal the invoice value is 3.3% of that amount. The fees cover the costs that appear from operation and maintenance of the pumping stations and other costs related to the water services.

text: Israel uses roughly 850 MCM/Y of groundwater, 400 MCM/Y of which come from the Mountain Aquifer. In 1964, Israel began to withdraw 320 MCM/Y from the Jordan River for the National Water Carrier. By 1967, Israel’s National Water Carrier was extracting almost 70 percent of the Jordan River before it reached the Palestinians in the West Bank. In the 1980s, Israeli settlers consumed seven times more water than Arab farmers. Other sources show a smaller, yet still sizeable difference. Per a September 2000 study, Israel uses 1180 MCM/Y, or 62 percent of its total annual water supply on agriculture. In comparison, Jordan uses 67 MCM/Y, or 74 percent of its total water supply on agriculture. Roughly 48 percent of Israel’s average annual water usage of 1,950 MCM/Y comes from territory captured in 1967. 400 MCM/Y of this comes from ground water in the West Bank, while 450 MCM/Y comes from the upper Jordan River and the Golan Heights. As early as 1981, however, Israel was exploiting 99 percent of its available water resources.

text: Israel uses roughly 850 MCM/Y of groundwater, 400 MCM/Y of which come from the Mountain Aquifer. In 1964, Israel began to withdraw 320 MCM/Y from the Jordan River for the

text: National Water Carrier

text: . By 1967, Israel’s National Water Carrier was extracting almost 70 percent of the Jordan River before it reached the

text: Palestinians

text: in the West Bank. In the 1980s, Israeli settlers consumed seven times more water than Arab farmers. Other sources show a smaller, yet still sizeable difference. Per a September 2000 study, Israel uses 1180 MCM/Y, or 62 percent of its total annual water supply on agriculture. In comparison, Jordan uses 67 MCM/Y, or 74 percent of its total water supply on agriculture. Roughly 48 percent of Israel’s average annual water usage of 1,950 MCM/Y comes from territory captured in 1967. 400 MCM/Y of this comes from ground water in the West Bank, while 450 MCM/Y comes from the upper Jordan River and the

text: Golan Heights

text: . As early as 1981, however, Israel was exploiting 99 percent of its available water resources.

text: Biosalinity is the study and practice of using saline (salty) water for irrigating agricultural crops.

text: Biosalinity is the study and practice of using saline (

text: salt

text: y) water for irrigating

text: agricultural crops

text: Any of a variety of types of telescopic poles, fitted at the upper end with a brush and water jets, fed either from vehicle-borne tanks of deionised water or by on-site production of deionised water using a domestic or commercial water outlet. The water is filtered by either a two-stage or three-stage filtration process, involving a carbon filter, and two de-ionization filters, or a carbon filter, a reverse osmosis membrane filter, and a de-ionization resin filter. The filtered water contains a TDS (total dissolved solids) of less than 5 ppm. (parts per million.) The brush is used to agitate the debris off the window, while spraying water, and then the brush is lifted a few inches from the glass to rinse the glass with the pure water jets. Fan jets are used for hydrophobic glass, and "pencil" jets are used for hydrophilic glass. The de-ionized water is lacking in ions, so it will pull solids off the glass and dissolve the solids into the water, aiding in the cleaning process. Because there are no solids dissolved in the water, the windows dry clear without water spots. Water-fed poles vary in length. The longest poles are about 70 feet, and can reach up to six storeys. Water-fed cleaning is also referred to as pure water cleaning. It is common in the UK and becoming common in the US.

text: The basic premise is that as individual organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) die, phospholipids are rapidly degraded and the remaining phospholipid content of the sample is assumed to be from living organisms.  As the phospholipids of different groups of bacteria and fungi contain a variety of somewhat unique fatty acids, they can serve as useful biomarkers for such groups.  PLFA profiles and composition can be determined by purifying the phospholipids and then cleaving the fatty acids for further analysis.  Knowledge of the composition and metabolic activity of the microbiota in soils, water and waste materials is useful in optimizing crop production, in bioremediation and in understanding microbial ecosystems.  Soil microbial community analysis by PLFA has been a widely used technique due to the sensitive, reproducible measurement of the dominant portions of the soil microbiota and the fact that PLFA does not require cultivation of the organisms.  Sampling of soil populations by culturing has proven not cost effective and results in biased results due to the differing ease of culturing of some organisms.  The main drawback of PLFA has been that the extraction time is very long and cumbersome.  A new 96-well plate PLFA extraction procedure has been developed which represents a 4-to-5 fold increase in throughput over traditional PLFA extraction methods.   This new method, coupled to new software tools for analyzing the PLFA data, will be useful to laboratories performing large numbers of PLFA analyses, or for laboratories wanting to begin PLFA research.

text: The basic premise is that as individual organisms (especially bacteria and fungi) die, phospholipids are rapidly degraded and the remaining phospholipid content of the sample is assumed to be from living organisms.  As the phospholipids of different groups of bacteria and fungi contain a variety of somewhat unique

text: fatty acids

text: , they can serve as useful biomarkers for such groups.  PLFA profiles and composition can be determined by purifying the phospholipids and then cleaving the fatty acids for further analysis.  Knowledge of the composition and metabolic activity of the

text: microbiota

text: in soils, water and waste materials is useful in optimizing crop production, in

text: bioremediation

text: and in understanding

text: microbial ecosystems

text: .  Soil microbial community analysis by PLFA has been a widely used technique due to the sensitive, reproducible measurement of the dominant portions of the soil microbiota and the fact that PLFA does not require cultivation of the organisms.  Sampling of soil populations by culturing has proven not cost effective and results in biased results due to the differing ease of culturing of some organisms.  The main drawback of PLFA has been that the extraction time is very long and cumbersome.  A new 96-well plate PLFA extraction procedure has been developed which represents a 4-to-5 fold increase in throughput over traditional PLFA extraction methods.   This new method, coupled to new software tools for analyzing the PLFA data, will be useful to laboratories performing large numbers of PLFA analyses, or for laboratories wanting to begin PLFA research.

text: Technological advancements within the industry allow for incorporating timers to limit the operations during specific hours of the day to reduce energy waste by only operating when occupants are likely to use hot water. Additional advancements in technology include pumps which cycle on and off to maintain hot water temperature versus a continuously operating pump which consumes more electrical energy.  Reduced energy waste and discomfort is possible by preventing occurrences of hot water line siphoning in open-loop hot water circulation systems which utilize the cold water line to return water back to the water heater.  Hot Water Line Siphoning occurs when water from within the hot water line siphons or is forced into the cold water line due to differences in water pressure between the hot and cold water lines.  Utilizing "normally closed" solenoid valve significantly reduces energy consumption by preventing siphoning of non-hot water out of hot water lines during cold water use.  Using cold water instantly lowers the water pressure in the cold water lines, the higher water pressure in the hot water lines force water through "normally open" thermostatic crossover valves and backflow check valves (which only prevent cold water from flowing into hot water line), increasing the energy demand on the water heater.

text: Aquaculture is administered in New Zealand through labyrinth bureaucracies, with consequent diluted responsibilities. No single ministerial portfolio or government agency is responsible. As an example, in 2007 the government released a strategy on aquaculture. This strategy was endorsed by six government ministers with the following portfolios: fisheries, environment, conservation, local government, Māori affairs, industry and regional development. Further, there were five government departments directly involved in the preparation of the strategy. As another example, the access to marine and freshwater aquaculture sites are under the control of 17 regional local government agencies with yet more oversight by various central government agencies.

text: There is a discrepancy between what behaviour consumers think is socially and environmentally sustainable and what behaviour actually is. For instance, many people in the U.S. limit their use of spray cans as they want to minimize their contribution to the impact on the ozone layer. Their behaviour is not environmentally significant because the substances that affect the ozone layer have already been banned in the U.S. long ago.  This can be due to consumers’ lack of knowledge about general environmental impacts of consumption.

text: There is a discrepancy between what behaviour consumers think is socially and environmentally sustainable and what behaviour actually is. For instance, many people in the U.S. limit their use of spray cans as they want to minimize their contribution to the impact on the

text: ozone layer

text: . Their behaviour is not environmentally significant because the substances that affect the ozone layer have already been banned in the U.S. long ago.  This can be due to consumers’ lack of knowledge about general environmental impacts of consumption.

text: Molluscs are the second most important group of marine aquaculture products. The primary species produced, including the oysters (Crassostrea gigas and Pinctada fucata), Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus ), the sea squirt red oyas (Halocynthia roretzi), the Japanese carpet shell (Ruditapes philippinarum ), ark shells (Anadara satowi and A. broughtonii), cockles (A. granosabisenensis and A. subcrenata), Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and abalone (Haliotis discus hannai).  Production of molluscs reached 391,060 tonnes in 2006, making up 31.1% of the total aquaculture production of South Korea.

text: Molluscs are the second most important group of marine aquaculture products. The primary species produced, including the

text: oysters

text: Crassostrea gigas

text: and

text: Pinctada fucata

text: ), Korean

text: mussel

text: Mytilus coruscus

text: ), the

text: sea squirt

text: red oyas (

text: Halocynthia roretzi

text: ), the Japanese

text: carpet shell

text: Ruditapes philippinarum

text: ark shells

text: Anadara satowi

text: and

text: A. broughtonii

text: cockle

text: s (

text: A. granosabisenensis

text: and

text: A. subcrenata

text: Yesso scallop

text: Patinopecten yessoensis

text: ) and

text: abalone

text: Haliotis discus hannai

text: ).  Production of molluscs reached 391,060 tonnes in 2006, making up 31.1% of the total aquaculture production of South Korea.

text: Solid waste management challenges and issues that should be considered while framing solid waste policy include proper waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal methods, landfill management, hazardous and other toxic material management, treatment, incineration, recycling and other technology standards, monitoring, evaluation, and continuous improvement methods. In addition to these issues, policy has to address the short term and long-term economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits, funding methods, and roles of various stakeholders.

text: Solid waste management challenges and issues that should be considered while framing solid waste policy include proper waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal methods,

text: landfill

text: management, hazardous and other toxic material management, treatment,

text: incineration

text: recycling

text: and other technology standards, monitoring, evaluation, and continuous improvement methods. In addition to these issues, policy has to address the short term and long-term economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits, funding methods, and roles of various stakeholders.

text: Aquaculture (fish farming) is used for all Atlantic Cod production, so that the environment and natural (wild) fish species are essentially unaffected. Fish are sold without further processing, so little to none of the animal is wasted. The only environmental concern from Atlantic Cod is excess nutrients produced in their feces. If left un-filtered in natural environments, these feces could lead to denitrification. However, in almost all commercial fish farms, feces are utilized (via vacuum) as liquid fertilizer, to be used for farm activities. Other beneficial environment factors are: factories are not required for further processing and feed source has minimal requirements from environment. Finally aquaculture developments need in-depth environmental review which includes Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), to prevent harm from ocean habitats. Organic Atlantic Cod is also available as an alternative product. These fish are prohibited from antibiotics, herbicides, GMOs, parasiticides and practices that minimize negative effects on the environment.

text: Different forms of biohazardous wasted required different treatments for their proper waste management. This is determined largely be each states regulations. Currently, there are several contracted companies that focus on medical, sharps and biological hazard disposal. Stericycle is one of the leaders in medical waste and pharmaceutical disposal in the United States.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. Denshaw's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities. United Utilities also manages Denshaw's drinking and waste water; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including Dovestones and Chew.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the

text: local authority

text: via the

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: at the Beal Valley. Denshaw's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: United Utilities

text: . United Utilities also manages Denshaw's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: Dovestones

text: and

text: Chew

text: In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment.  Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries.  They are often used in the plastic industries, injection and blow molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment, die-casting and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers, and in hospitals, hotels and campuses.

text: In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment.  Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries.  They are often used in the plastic industries, injection and blow molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment,

text: die-casting

text: and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers, and in hospitals, hotels and campuses.

text: Is it time for a change? There were 265,877 road vehicle accidents in 2012. Of those 197,388 were cars. If 60% of those were repaired by the insurer then there are 118.4 thousand repaired cars put back on the road in 2012 and beyond. These cars have been through the same process of being repaired but they don't have any Category D or C marked against them. The reason for this is the insurance company only informs HPI of the cars it does not repair and their category. Insurance companies do not tell HPI of the cars that they did repair and no one will ever know.

text: Is it time for a change? There were 265,877 road vehicle accidents in 2012. Of those 197,388 were cars. If 60% of those were repaired by the insurer then there are 118.4 thousand repaired cars put back on the road in 2012 and beyond. These cars have been through the same process of being repaired but they don't have any Category D or C marked against them. The reason for this is the insurance company only informs

text: HPI

text: of the cars it does not repair and their category. Insurance companies do not tell

text: HPI

text: of the cars that they did repair and no one will ever know.

text: A community web site has been developed for graduates of the CAP program to provide access to continued education in the latest developments in aquaculture, blogs to ask questions of other professionals and disseminate techniques being used in the field and access to the Auburn experts for specific questions.

text: A community web site has been developed for graduates of the CAP program to provide access to continued education in the latest developments in

text: aquaculture

text: , blogs to ask questions of other professionals and disseminate techniques being used in the field and access to the Auburn experts for specific questions.

text: A more reflective look at the United States’ environmental practices can show in depth the struggle of a relatively new country, with substantial economic means, to come to an agreement on appropriate actions regarding nature. Historically the United States has had significant expansion and over-resourcing. The many national parks and government-protected environmental lands were in part created because there was over-framing and development. Teddy Roosevelt used his position as the United States President to set aside more than 194 million acres of park land. Karl Jacoby, an expert in environmental history, has written how the Adirondack Park in New York was created to ensure a continued water source to the New York City population and a natural environment to “recharge” from city life.

text: A more reflective look at the United States’ environmental practices can show in depth the struggle of a relatively new country, with substantial economic means, to come to an agreement on appropriate actions regarding nature. Historically the United States has had significant expansion and

text: over-resourcing

text: . The many

text: national park

text: s and government-protected environmental lands were in part created because there was over-framing and development.

text: Teddy Roosevelt

text: used his position as the United States President to set aside more than 194 million acres of park land. Karl Jacoby, an expert in environmental history, has written how the

text: Adirondack Park

text: in New York was created to ensure a continued water source to the New York City population and a natural environment to “recharge” from city life.

text: "Not every legal norm relating to the environment," observes Rabie, "is regarded as constituting environmental law. Environmental law presupposes that the norm in question is aimed at or is used for environmental conservation."

text: Reason magazine's science correspondent Ronald Bailey describes the "destructive character" of the Stern Review's policy proposals, saying that "Surely it is reasonable to argue that if one wants to help future generations deal with climate change, the best policies would be those that encouraged economic growth. This would endow future generations with the wealth and superior technologies that could be used to handle whatever comes at them including climate change. [...] So hurrying the process of switching from carbon-based fuels along by boosting energy costs means that humanity will have to delay buying other good things such as clean water, better sanitation, more and better food, and more education."

text: Reason magazine

text: 's science correspondent

text: Ronald Bailey

text: describes the "destructive character" of the Stern Review's policy proposals, saying that "Surely it is reasonable to argue that if one wants to help future generations deal with climate change, the best policies would be those that encouraged economic growth. This would endow future generations with the wealth and superior technologies that could be used to handle whatever comes at them including climate change. [...] So hurrying the process of switching from carbon-based fuels along by boosting energy costs means that humanity will have to delay buying other good things such as clean water, better sanitation, more and better food, and more education."

text: Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a reverse osmosis unit. The primary use for fresh water is to provide feedwater for the reactor and steam propulsion plants. It is also available for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning once propulsion plant needs have been met. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting "black water" is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurized air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump. The blackwater–discharge system is difficult to operate, and the German Type VIIC boat  was lost with casualties because of human error while using this system. Water from showers and sinks is stored separately in "grey water" tanks and discharged overboard using drain pumps.

text: Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a

text: reverse osmosis

text: unit. The primary use for fresh water is to provide feedwater for the reactor and steam propulsion plants. It is also available for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning once propulsion plant needs have been met. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting "

text: black water

text: " is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurized air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump. The blackwater–discharge system is difficult to operate, and the German

text: Type VIIC

text: boat  was lost with casualties because of human error while using this system. Water from showers and sinks is stored separately in "

text: grey water

text: " tanks and discharged overboard using drain pumps.

text: A Pobra do Caramiñal -A River Somewhere -Abalone -ABU Garcia -Age class structure -Agriculture in Libya -Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department -Agulhas Bank -Akebono Maru -Alaskan king crab fishing -Alexander Neil McLean -Algaculture -Algal bloom -Allan Marcus Atkinson McLean -Ama divers -Amadou -American Angler -American Angler -American lobster -List of American fishers -American Museum of Fly Fishing -American plaice -Amwell Magna Fishery -Anchovy -Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture -Andrea Gail -Androscoggin River -Angling -Angling in Yellowstone National Park -Angling records in the UK -Angling records of Europe -Anguillidae -Animas River -Aquaculture -Aquaculture engineering -Aquaponics -Aquatic ecosystem -Arctic char -Arctic Corsair -Arctic grayling -Argungu Fishing Festival -Arizona Game and Fish Department -Arkansas River -Arlesey Bomb -Artificial fly -Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission (APFIC) -Astacus astacus -Atlantic cod -Atlantic cod -Atlantic herring -Atlantic salmon -Atlantic salmon -Atlantic Spanish mackerel -Atlantic surf clam -Atlantic tarpon -Atlantic white shrimp -Austevoll -Australian salmon

text: A Pobra do Caramiñal

text: A River Somewhere

text: Abalone

text: ABU Garcia

text: Age class structure

text: Agriculture in Libya

entity_name: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department

text: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department

text: Agulhas Bank

text: Akebono Maru

text: Alaskan king crab fishing

text: Alexander Neil McLean

text: Algaculture

text: Algal bloom

text: Allan Marcus Atkinson McLean

text: Ama divers

text: Amadou

text: American Angler

text: American Angler

text: American lobster

text: List of American fishers

text: American Museum of Fly Fishing

text: American plaice

text: Amwell Magna Fishery

text: Anchovy

text: Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture

text: Andrea Gail

text: Androscoggin River

text: Angling

text: Angling in Yellowstone National Park

text: Angling records in the UK

text: Angling records of Europe

text: Anguillidae

text: Animas River

text: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture engineering

text: Aquaponics

text: Aquatic ecosystem

text: Arctic char

text: Arctic Corsair

text: Arctic grayling

text: Argungu Fishing Festival

text: Arizona Game and Fish Department

text: Arkansas River

text: Arlesey Bomb

text: Artificial fly

text: Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission (APFIC)

text: Astacus astacus

text: Atlantic cod

text: Atlantic cod

text: Atlantic herring

text: Atlantic salmon

text: Atlantic salmon

text: Atlantic Spanish mackerel

text: Atlantic surf clam

text: Atlantic tarpon

text: Atlantic white shrimp

text: Austevoll

text: Australian salmon

text: Affordability. According to a water tariff study by ICEN and Sogreah carried out in 2007 the average ONEA residential water bill was 4,400 CFAF (US$ 8.80) per month for a household connection using 45 liter per capita and day, corresponding to about 4% of household income. It was estimated that households that fetched water from standpipes paid 2,600 CFAF (US$ 5.20) or 3% of their income to receive 28 liter per capita and day.

text: Disposal of expired radioactive sources presents similar challenges to the disposal of other nuclear waste, although to a lesser degree. Spent low level sources will sometimes be sufficiently inactive that they are suitable for disposal via normal waste disposal methods — usually landfill. Other disposal methods are similar to those for higher-level radioactive waste, using various depths of borehole depending on the activity of the waste.

text: Disposal of expired radioactive sources presents similar challenges to the disposal of other

text: nuclear waste

text: , although to a lesser degree. Spent low level sources will sometimes be sufficiently inactive that they are suitable for disposal via normal waste disposal methods — usually landfill. Other disposal methods are similar to those for higher-level radioactive waste, using various depths of

text: borehole

text: depending on the activity of the waste.

text: Water Remote sensing instruments allow to record the color of a water body, which provides information on the presence and abundance of optically active natural water components. The water color spectrum is defined as an apparent optical property (AOP) of the water. This means that the color of the water is influenced by the angular distribution of the light field and by the nature and quantity of the substances in the medium, in this case, water. Thus, the value of this parameter will change with changes in the optical properties and concentrations of the optically active substances in the water, the inherent optical properties or IOPS. The IOPS are independent from the angular distribution of light but they are dependent from the type and substances present in the medium as well. For instance, the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance, Kd (it is often used as an index of water clarity or ocean turbidity) is defined as an AOP, while the absorption coefficient and the scattering coefficient of the medium are defined as IOPS.There are two different approaches to determine the concentration of optically active water components by the study of the spectra. The first approach consist of empirical algorithms based on statistical relationships and the second approach consists of analytical algorithms based on the inversion of calibrated bio-optical models. Accurate calibration of the relationships/models used is an important condition for successful inversion on water remote sensing techniques and the determination of concentration of water quality parameters from observed spectral remote sensing data.Thus, these techniques depend on their ability to record these changes in the spectral signature of light backscattered from water surface and relate these recorded changes to water quality parameters via empirical or analytical approaches. Depending of the water constituents of interest and the sensor used, different parts of the spectrum will be analysed.

text: Water Remote sensing instruments allow to record the color of a water body, which provides information on the presence and abundance of optically active natural water components. The water color spectrum is defined as an apparent optical property (AOP) of the water. This means that the color of the water is influenced by the angular distribution of the light field and by the nature and quantity of the substances in the medium, in this case, water. Thus, the value of this parameter will change with changes in the optical properties and concentrations of the optically active substances in the water, the inherent optical properties or IOPS. The IOPS are independent from the angular distribution of light but they are dependent from the type and substances present in the medium as well. For instance, the diffuse

text: attenuation coefficient

text: of downwelling irradiance, Kd (it is often used as an index of water clarity or

text: ocean turbidity

text: ) is defined as an AOP, while the

text: absorption coefficient

text: and the scattering coefficient of the medium are defined as IOPS.There are two different approaches to determine the concentration of optically active water components by the study of the spectra. The first approach consist of empirical algorithms based on statistical relationships and the second approach consists of analytical algorithms based on the inversion of calibrated bio-optical models. Accurate calibration of the relationships/models used is an important condition for successful inversion on water remote sensing techniques and the determination of concentration of water quality parameters from observed spectral remote sensing data.Thus, these techniques depend on their ability to record these changes in the spectral signature of light backscattered from water surface and relate these recorded changes to water quality parameters via empirical or analytical approaches. Depending of the water constituents of interest and the sensor used, different parts of the spectrum will be analysed.

text: Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. , 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.

text: Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. , 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050.

text: Aquaculture

text: or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.

text: According to the 2011 census, Lindsell has a total of 91 households, 69 of them being detached houses, 19 semi-detached, 1 terrace, 1 apartment and 1 flat. 197 people, the biggest proportion, live in detached houses. 52 people live in semi-detached properties, with 1 person living in a terrace, 8 people living in a flat and an apartment, with a final 2 living in a temporary home. This means there is an average of 2.9 people living in each household, which is higher than the UK national average in 2011 of 2.3 persons per household. 69 out of the 91 households use oil for heating, with 11 using gas, 2 using electric, 1 using a type classed as 'other', and 8 using a combination of oil, gas and electric.

text: The Supreme Court of Ohio rejected the absolute use rule in Frazier in favor of a reasonable use doctrine that allowed water use as long as it did not unreasonably harm neighbors that also had a right to the water.  The court cited scientific advancements that allowed for better monitoring of water that could more easily determine how much water each landowner was entitled to.  The reasonable use doctrine was adopted from § 858 of the Restatement of Torts, Second, which stated the following standard:

text: The Supreme Court of Ohio rejected the absolute use rule in Frazier in favor of a reasonable use doctrine that allowed water use as long as it did not unreasonably harm neighbors that also had a right to the water.  The court cited scientific advancements that allowed for better monitoring of water that could more easily determine how much water each landowner was entitled to.  The reasonable use doctrine was adopted from § 858 of the

text: Restatement of Torts, Second

text: , which stated the following standard:

text: Both Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis (also called electrodialysis reversal) can remove arsenic with a net ionic charge. (Note that arsenic oxide, AsO, is a common form of arsenic in groundwater that is soluble, but has no net charge.) Some utilities presently use one of these methods to reduce total dissolved solids and therefore improve taste. A problem with both methods is the production of high-salinity waste water, called brine, or concentrate, which then must be disposed of.

text: Both

text: Reverse osmosis

text: and

text: electrodialysis

text: (also called electrodialysis reversal) can remove arsenic with a net ionic charge. (Note that arsenic oxide, AsO, is a common form of arsenic in groundwater that is soluble, but has no net charge.) Some utilities presently use one of these methods to reduce

text: total dissolved solids

text: and therefore improve taste. A problem with both methods is the production of high-salinity waste water, called

text: brine

text: , or concentrate, which then must be disposed of.

text: The REACH directive was another major piece of legislation agreed in 2006 after three years of negotiations. The directive aims to regulate the use of over 30,000 chemicals used in the EU (which produces 28% of the worlds chemicals) for risks to the environmental or human health. The Commission's proposals were watered down by Parliament who were seen by some environmental groups as watering down the proposals. The directive was the largest single piece of legislation ever produced by the Commission and is expected to set the standards for the rest of the world.

text: The

entity_name: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

text: REACH directive

text: was another major piece of legislation agreed in 2006 after three years of negotiations. The directive aims to regulate the use of over 30,000 chemicals used in the EU (which produces 28% of the worlds chemicals) for risks to the environmental or human health. The Commission's proposals were watered down by Parliament who were seen by some environmental groups as watering down the proposals. The directive was the largest single piece of legislation ever produced by the Commission and is expected to set the standards for the rest of the world.

text: Society historically managed its industrial and municipal wastes by disposal or incineration. Chemical regulation occurs only after a product is identified as hazardous. This problem-specific approach has led to the release of thousands of potentially harmful chemicals in our environment.  Chemical regulation is a continuous game of catch up, in which banned chemicals are replaced with new chemicals that may be just as or more toxic. Many environmental laws are still based on the industrial production model of cradle-to-grave. The term “cradle-to-grave” is used to describe and assess the life-cycle of products, from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. This traditional approach to chemicals management has serious environmental drawbacks because it does not consider what happens to a product after it is disposed of. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, exemplifies a cradle-to-grave management approach of hazardous waste. RCRA has been largely ineffective because its emphasis is on dealing with waste after it has been created; meanwhile emphasis on waste reduction is minimal.   Waste does not disappear, it is simply transported elsewhere. Costly and burdensome hazardous waste disposal in the US has encouraged the exportation of hazardous waste to poor counties and developing nations willing to accept the waste for a fee.

text: Society historically managed its industrial and municipal wastes by disposal or

text: incineration

text: . Chemical regulation occurs only after a product is identified as hazardous. This problem-specific approach has led to the release of thousands of potentially harmful chemicals in our environment.  Chemical regulation is a continuous game of catch up, in which banned chemicals are replaced with new chemicals that may be just as or more toxic. Many environmental laws are still based on the industrial production model of cradle-to-grave. The term “cradle-to-grave” is used to describe and assess the life-cycle of products, from

text: raw material

text: extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. This traditional approach to chemicals management has serious environmental drawbacks because it does not consider what happens to a product after it is disposed of. The

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976, exemplifies a cradle-to-grave management approach of hazardous waste. RCRA has been largely ineffective because its emphasis is on dealing with waste after it has been created; meanwhile emphasis on

text: waste reduction

text: is minimal.   Waste does not disappear, it is simply transported elsewhere. Costly and burdensome

text: hazardous waste

text: disposal in the US has encouraged the exportation of hazardous waste to poor counties and developing nations willing to accept the waste for a fee.

text: Aquaculture () is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on aquaculture, published by Elsevier. It was established in 1972. The journal Annual Review of Fish Diseases, separately published from 1991 to 1996, was incorporated into Aquaculture following the cessation of its separate publication.  Aquaculture is indexed by AGRICOLA, Animal Breeding Abstracts, Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, and Water Resources Abstracts.

text: Aquaculture () is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: covering research on

text: aquaculture

text: , published by

text: Elsevier

text: . It was established in 1972. The journal Annual Review of Fish Diseases, separately published from 1991 to 1996, was incorporated into Aquaculture following the cessation of its separate publication.  Aquaculture is indexed by

text: AGRICOLA

text: , Animal Breeding Abstracts, Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts, Biological Abstracts,

text: BIOSIS

text: Previews, CAB Abstracts, and Water Resources Abstracts.

text: In 2014, the EPA announced that it would make some changes to federal regulation of water. Two different cases that went before the Supreme Court resulted in the court ordering the EPA to specify which waterways in the U.S. are considered protected by the Clean Water Act. Flake and Senator McCain sent a letter to the head of the EPA, citing a number of reasons why the regulation would hurt Arizona. One of the senators' concerns was about waterways that only flow in certain parts of the year. Flake and McCain believe that if the EPA includes those types of waterways in the new regulations, the regulations would have a negative effect on Arizona's agriculture industry. One of the reasons the EPA is using in deciding which waterways will fall under the new regulation is by concluding whether pollution in waterways will negatively affect other waters downstream. Flake and McCain asserted in their letter that little proof existed to back up such a conclusion, but the EPA responded by saying that the proposed regulation was carefully examined and was made with bipartisan input. Additionally, Flake and McCain wrote that the new changes could make it harder for Arizona firefighters to fight wildfires.

text: As was common in early industrial days, beginning in the 19th century the river served as a source of water and a method to dispose of wastes for a variety of major industrial firms, including Armco Steel, Champion International Paper, Black Clawson, Fernald and many others.  Heightened attention to water pollution in the late 1950s and 1960s has led to significant improvements in waste disposal and water quality.

text: As was common in early industrial days, beginning in the 19th century the river served as a source of water and a method to dispose of wastes for a variety of major industrial firms, including

text: Armco Steel

text: Champion International Paper

text: Black Clawson

entity_name: Fernald Feed Materials Production Center

text: Fernald

text: and many others.  Heightened attention to water pollution in the late 1950s and 1960s has led to significant improvements in waste disposal and water quality.

text: Marzilli was named "Environmental Legislator of the Year" by the Environmental League of Massachusetts in 2001 for his work linking environmental protection and tax policy. His Green Building Tax Credit would provide tax incentives to builders who use environmentally sound building practices that reduce energy and water consumption, reduce storm water runoff and use non-toxic materials. His Clean Car Initiative would create a sliding scale sales tax based on a vehicle’s fuel efficiency.

text: The management of the lake level is thus designed to avoid flooding, to provide water to Yolo county and local water companies, and to maintain enough water for recreational use.

text: According to water quality standard regulations, states and Indian tribes are required to specify appropriate water uses. Identification of appropriate water uses takes into consideration the usage and value of public water supply, protection of fish, wildlife, recreational waters, agricultural, industrial and navigational water ways. Suitability of a water body is examined by states and tribes for usages based on  physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. States and Indian tribes also examine geographical settings, scenic qualities and economic considerations to determine fitness of designated uses for water bodies. If these standards indicate designated uses to be less than those presently attained, states or tribes are required to revise standards to reflect the uses actually being attained. For any body of water with designated uses that do not include “fishable/swimmable” target use that is identified in section 101(a)(2) of CWA, a Use Attainability Analysis must be conducted. Every three years, such bodies of water must be reexamined in order to verify if new information is available that demand a revision of the standard.  If new information is available that specify “fishable/swimmable” uses can be attained, then the use must be designated.

text: The government of Saudi Arabia's strategic plan involves using a newly constructed dam to supply water to population centers rather than to irrigate farms. The Ministry of Agriculture and Water was concerned about the Bisha area's dependence on groundwater and initially decided to construct a dam in the Bisha Valley (King Fahad Dam) to support agricultural activities in the region. However, due to the scarcity of clean drinking water, the dam output has been redirected for drinking purposes, resulting in a sharp decline of agricultural output.

text: The government of Saudi Arabia's strategic plan involves using a newly constructed dam to supply water to population centers rather than to irrigate farms. The Ministry of Agriculture and Water was concerned about the Bisha area's dependence on groundwater and initially decided to construct a dam in the Bisha Valley (

text: King Fahad Dam

text: ) to support agricultural activities in the region. However, due to the scarcity of clean drinking water, the dam output has been redirected for drinking purposes, resulting in a sharp decline of agricultural output.

text: Land use within the locality consists of residential use  and conservation.  The former use consists of both permanent residence and ‘recreational housing’ located on the high ground while latter use is concerned with the low-lying land where built development is required to be minimal and limited to “low-intensity recreational uses” and where provided, should complement the environment of the locality.

text: Land use within the locality consists of

text: residential use

text: and

text: conservation

text: .  The former use consists of both permanent residence and ‘recreational housing’ located on the high ground while latter use is concerned with the low-lying land where built development is required to be minimal and limited to “low-intensity recreational uses” and where provided, should complement the environment of the locality.

text: Environment Act 1986- Environment Act 1995- Environment Agency- Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand- Environment Canada- Environment Hawaii- Environment of China- Environment Victoria- Environment Wales- Environmental accounting- Environmental agreement- Environmental and Social Studies (ESS)- Environmental archaeology- Environmental audits- Environmental benefits of vegetarianism- Environmental biotechnology- Environmental Campus Birkenfeld- Environmental Change Network- Environmental chemistry- Environmental concerns with electricity generation- Environmental consulting- Environmental Control System- Environmental Defense- Environmental degrees- Environmental degree-granting institutions- Environmental design- Environmental determinism- Environmental disaster- Environmental economics- Environmental effects of fishing- Environmental effects on physiology- Environmental engineering- Environmental ethics- Environmental factor- Environmental finance- Environmental geography- Environmental geology- Environmental gradient- Environmental hazard- Environmental health- Environmental history- Environmental humanities- Environmental impact assessment- Environmental impact of aviation- Environmental Impact Report- Environmental Information Regulations 2004- Environmental issues- Environmental issues in Australia- Environmental issues in Canada- Environmental issues in the United States- Environmental journalism- Environmental justice- Environmental law- Environmental Law Service- Environmental Life Force- Environmental management- Environmental management scheme- Environmental Measurements Laboratory- Environmental medicine- Environmental Modeling Center- Environmental movement- Environmental movement in Australia- Environmental movement in New Zealand- Environmental movement in the United States- Environmental policy- Environmental protection in Japan- Environmental psychology- Environmental Quality Improvement Act- Environmental racism- Environmental restoration- Environmental Risk Management Authority- Environmental science- Environmental security- Environmental skepticism- Environmental social science- Environmental sociology- Environmental standard- Environmental statistics- Environmental studies- Environmental suit- Environmental Sustainability Index- Environmental technology- Environmental Technology Laboratory- Environmental Toxins and Fetal Development- Environmental Transport Association- Environmental vandalism- Environmental vegetarianism- Environmentalism- Environmentalist- Environmentally friendly- Environmentally Sensitive Area- Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme

text: Environment Act 1986

text: Environment Act 1995

text: Environment Agency

entity_name: Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand

text: Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand

text: Environment Canada

text: Environment Hawaii

text: Environment of China

text: Environment Victoria

text: Environment Wales

text: Environmental accounting

text: Environmental agreement

text: Environmental and Social Studies (ESS)

text: Environmental archaeology

text: Environmental audits

text: Environmental benefits of vegetarianism

text: Environmental biotechnology

text: Environmental Campus Birkenfeld

text: Environmental Change Network

text: Environmental chemistry

entity_name: Environmental impact of electricity generation

text: Environmental concerns with electricity generation

text: Environmental consulting

text: Environmental Control System

text: Environmental Defense

text: Environmental degrees

entity_name: List of environmental degree-granting institutions

text: Environmental degree-granting institutions

text: Environmental design

text: Environmental determinism

text: Environmental disaster

text: Environmental economics

text: Environmental effects of fishing

text: Environmental effects on physiology

text: Environmental engineering

text: Environmental ethics

text: Environmental factor

text: Environmental finance

text: Environmental geography

text: Environmental geology

text: Environmental gradient

text: Environmental hazard

text: Environmental health

text: Environmental history

text: Environmental humanities

text: Environmental impact assessment

text: Environmental impact of aviation

text: Environmental Impact Report

entity_name: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental issues

text: Environmental issues in Australia

text: Environmental issues in Canada

entity_name: Environmental issues in the United States

text: Environmental issues in the United States

text: Environmental journalism

text: Environmental justice

text: Environmental law

text: Environmental Law Service

text: Environmental Life Force

text: Environmental management

text: Environmental management scheme

text: Environmental Measurements Laboratory

text: Environmental medicine

text: Environmental Modeling Center

text: Environmental movement

text: Environmental movement in Australia

text: Environmental movement in New Zealand

entity_name: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental policy

text: Environmental protection in Japan

text: Environmental psychology

text: Environmental Quality Improvement Act

text: Environmental racism

text: Environmental restoration

text: Environmental Risk Management Authority

text: Environmental science

text: Environmental security

text: Environmental skepticism

text: Environmental social science

text: Environmental sociology

text: Environmental standard

text: Environmental statistics

text: Environmental studies

text: Environmental suit

text: Environmental Sustainability Index

text: Environmental technology

text: Environmental Technology Laboratory

entity_name: Environmental toxicants and fetal development

text: Environmental Toxins and Fetal Development

text: Environmental Transport Association

text: Environmental vandalism

text: Environmental vegetarianism

text: Environmentalism

text: Environmentalist

text: Environmentally friendly

text: Environmentally Sensitive Area

text: Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme

text: A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions. A report by Prince Charles' International Sustainability Unit, the New York-based Environmental Defense Fund and 50in10 published in July 2014 estimated global fisheries were adding $270 billion a year to global GDP, but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as $50 billion.

text: A fishery may involve the capture of

text: wild fish

text: or raising fish through

text: fish farm

text: ing or

text: aquaculture

text: . Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.

text: Overfishing

text: , including the taking of fish beyond

text: sustainable levels

text: , is reducing

text: fish stock

text: s and employment in many world regions. A report by

text: Prince Charles

text: ' International Sustainability Unit, the New York-based

text: Environmental Defense Fund

text: and 50in10 published in July 2014 estimated global fisheries were adding $270 billion a year to global GDP, but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as $50 billion.

text: AquacultureWorld is a global platform about aquaculture. AquacultureWorld covers many different subjects about aquaculture in order to provide a complete online source for everybody who is interested in aquaculture. AquacultureWorld covers aquaculture news, fish farming, aquaponics, tilapia farming, salmon farming and many more.

text: AquacultureWorld is a global platform about

text: aquaculture

text: . AquacultureWorld covers many different subjects about aquaculture in order to provide a complete

text: online

text: source for everybody who is interested in aquaculture. AquacultureWorld covers aquaculture news,

text: fish farming

text: aquaponics

text: tilapia

text: farming,

text: salmon farming

text: and many more.

text: Water from Jenkinson Lake is used for municipal water supply, irrigation, and recreation. Historically, irrigation water for agriculture was the greatest water user. As the area develops and the population grows, municipal and commercial water users become more important. Municipal users are now the primary water users of water from Jenkinson Lake, though agriculture is still a significant user. Future population growth, climate change, and water reuse technology and conservation will influence water use in the future.

text: Animals, typically fish, kept in fish tanks produce waste from excrement and respiration.  Another source of waste is uneaten food or plants and fish which have died.  These waste products collect in the tanks and contaminate the water.  As the degree of contamination rises, the risk to the health of the aquaria increases and removal of the contamination becomes critical.  Filtration is a common method used for maintenance of healthy aquaria.

text: Animals, typically fish, kept in

text: fish tanks

text: produce waste from excrement and respiration.  Another source of waste is uneaten food or plants and fish which have died.  These waste products collect in the tanks and contaminate the water.  As the degree of contamination rises, the risk to the health of the aquaria increases and removal of the contamination becomes critical.  Filtration is a common method used for maintenance of healthy aquaria.

text: Justice Holmes wrote separately to emphasize how the reasonable use doctrine provided flexible standards well suited to addressing modern problems associated with water usage.

text: Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater - which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. The latter is called water reclamation and implies avoidance of disposal by use of treated wastewater effluent for various purposes. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated; and some methods of treatment are applicable to both water and wastewater. The physical infrastructure used for wastewater treatment is called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

text: Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert

text: wastewater

text: - which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either returned to the

text: water cycle

text: with minimal

text: environmental issue

text: s or reused. The latter is called

text: water reclamation

text: and implies avoidance of disposal by use of treated wastewater

text: effluent

text: for various purposes. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated; and some methods of treatment are applicable to both water and wastewater. The physical infrastructure used for wastewater treatment is called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

text: If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damaging than wild fisheries, though with less waste produced on a per kg on a global scale. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of antibiotics, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of invasive plant and animal species, or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable carnivorous fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce plant of animal.  Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in 1990s and 2000s .

text: If performed without consideration for potential local environmental impacts, aquaculture in inland waters can result in more environmental damaging than

text: wild fisheries

text: , though with less waste produced on a per kg on a global scale. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include waste handling, side-effects of

text: antibiotic

text: s, competition between farmed and wild animals, and the potential introduction of

text: invasive plant and animal species

text: , or foreign pathogens, particularly if unprocessed fish are used to feed more marketable

text: carnivorous

text: fish. If non-local live feeds are used, aquaculture may introduce plant of animal.  Improvements in methods resulting from advances in research and the availability of commercial feeds has reduced some of these concerns since their greater prevalence in 1990s and 2000s .

text: Chloridometers are used to determine the concentration of chloride ions in biological fluids. For example, fish plasma chloride ion concentration is measured to gauge the effects of stress on osmoregulation in aquacultures. A small quantity of plasma (10 μL) combined with an acid reagent results in a chemical reaction that ultimately provides a concentration measure of chloride ions in meq/L.

text: Chloridometers are used to determine the concentration of chloride ions in

text: biological fluids

text: . For example, fish plasma chloride ion concentration is measured to gauge the effects of stress on

text: osmoregulation

text: in

text: aquaculture

text: s. A small quantity of plasma (10 μL) combined with an acid

text: reagent

text: results in a

text: chemical reaction

text: that ultimately provides a concentration measure of chloride ions in

text: meq

text: /L.

text: There is a medical clinic in Mannavanur. Drinking water for most households is supplied from a source within an elevation of less than 100 meters. There is a lack of sanitary latrine facilities. Out of a total of  569 homes: 298 use open defection, 4 use a group latrine with irregular water supply, 263 use a group latrine with regular water supply, none use a clean group latrine with regular water supply and a regular sweeper and only 4 use a  private latrine.

text: The river is used for navigation, recreation, and municipal, agricultural, and industrial water supply. The river also provides groundwater recharge and wildlife habitat including cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning. As with many rivers in the area, the Ten Mile River is subject to environmental problems caused by logging. A United States Environmental Protection Agency study reported that "Sediment was determined to be impacting the cold water fishery, a beneficial use of the Ten Mile River watershed, including the migration, spawning, reproduction, and early development of cold water fish such as coho salmon and steelhead trout. Cold freshwater and estuarine habitats are also designated beneficial uses of the Ten Mile River watershed." The spawning population of coho salmon in Ten Mile River has been observed to decrease from an estimate of 6000 fish in the early 1960s to much lower numbers ranging from 14 to 250 in the 1990s. Factors that have been advanced to cause this decline include natural variability, excessive sedimentation from logging, increased water temperatures due to the removal of shade trees and increased airflow over riparian areas, and lessened amounts of woody debris in salmon habitats.

text: The river is used for navigation, recreation, and municipal, agricultural, and industrial water supply. The river also provides groundwater recharge and wildlife habitat including cold freshwater habitat for fish migration and spawning. As with many rivers in the area, the Ten Mile River is subject to environmental problems caused by logging. A

text: study reported that "Sediment was determined to be impacting the cold water fishery, a beneficial use of the Ten Mile River watershed, including the migration, spawning, reproduction, and early development of cold water fish such as coho salmon and steelhead trout. Cold freshwater and estuarine habitats are also designated beneficial uses of the Ten Mile River watershed." The spawning population of

text: coho salmon

text: in Ten Mile River has been observed to decrease from an estimate of 6000 fish in the early 1960s to much lower numbers ranging from 14 to 250 in the 1990s. Factors that have been advanced to cause this decline include natural variability, excessive

text: sedimentation

text: from logging, increased water temperatures due to the removal of shade trees and increased airflow over riparian areas, and lessened amounts of woody debris in salmon habitats.

text: Hydro-blasting, commonly known as water blasting, is commonly used because it usually requires only one operator. In hydro-blasting, a highly pressured stream of water is used to remove old paint, chemicals, or buildup without damaging the original surface. This method is ideal for cleaning internal and external surfaces because the operator is generally able to send the stream of water into places that are difficult to reach using other methods. Another benefit of hydro-blasting is the ability to recapture and reuse the water, reducing waste and mitigating environmental impact.

text: This is an older method of water-saving automatic flushing, which only operates when the room has been used. A push-button switch is mounted in the door frame of the restroom, and triggers the flush valve for all restroom urinals every time the door is opened. While it cannot detect the use of individual urinals, it provides reasonable flushing action without wasting excessive amounts of water when the restroom is not being used. This method requires a spring-operated automatic door closer, since the flush mechanism only operates when the restroom door opens.

text: This is an older method of water-saving automatic flushing, which only operates when the room has been used. A

text: push-button

text: switch is mounted in the door frame of the restroom, and triggers the flush valve for all restroom urinals every time the door is opened. While it cannot detect the use of individual urinals, it provides reasonable flushing action without wasting excessive amounts of water when the restroom is not being used. This method requires a spring-operated automatic

text: door closer

text: , since the flush mechanism only operates when the restroom door opens.

text: The Botanical Cactus Gardens also include a "Living Machine", their name for a demonstration waste water treatment facility. Using  bacteria, algae, protozoa, snails and fish, the facility  recycles 100 percent of the chocolate factory's waste water without the use of any chemicals. The water is recycled for use in providing water for the gardens.  The ponds from the waste water facility attract many of the birds that inhabit the gardens.

text: The Botanical Cactus Gardens also include a "Living Machine", their name for a demonstration

text: waste water

text: treatment facility. Using

text: bacteria

text: algae

text: protozoa

text: snail

text: s and

text: fish

text: , the facility  recycles 100 percent of the chocolate factory's waste water without the use of any chemicals. The water is recycled for use in providing water for the gardens.  The ponds from the waste water facility attract many of the birds that inhabit the gardens.

text: The tambaqui is used in aquaculture because it can live in mineral-poor waters and is very resistant to diseases. This species is marketed fresh and frozen.

text: The tambaqui is used in

text: aquaculture

text: because it can live in mineral-poor waters and is very resistant to diseases. This species is marketed fresh and frozen.

text: The environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is largely speculative. PPCPs are substances used by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons and the products used by agribusiness to boost growth or health of livestock. PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. The effects of these chemicals on humans and the environment are not yet known, but to date there is no scientific evidence that they affect human health.

text: The environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is largely speculative. PPCPs are substances used by individuals for personal health or

text: cosmetic

text: reasons and the products used by

text: agribusiness

text: to boost growth or health of livestock. PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. The effects of these chemicals on humans and the environment are not yet known, but to date there is no scientific evidence that they affect human health.

text: According to Bengoa, “social movements have contributed decisively to the creation of an institutional platform wherein the fight against poverty and exclusion has become an inescapable benchmark.” But despite successes in this area, “these institutional changes have not produced the processes for transformation that could have made substantial changes to the opportunities available to rural inhabitants, particularly the poorest and those excluded from society.” He cites several reasons:

text: The use of biotic materials, and processed biotic materials (bio-based material) as alternative natural materials, over synthetics is popular with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable, renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic materials are used in an environmentally friendly way, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested unsustainably, or are used to produce carbon emissions.

text: The use of biotic materials, and processed biotic materials (

text: bio-based material

text: ) as

text: alternative natural materials

text: , over synthetics is popular with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable, renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic materials are used in an environmentally friendly way, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested unsustainably, or are used to produce

text: carbon emission

text: s.

text: Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber. On average, 80 percent of the fresh water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater is used to produce food and other agricultural products. Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops or the watering of livestock.

text: Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber. On average, 80 percent of the fresh water withdrawn from

text: rivers

text: and

text: groundwater

text: is used to produce food and other agricultural products. Farm water may include water used in the

text: irrigation

text: of crops or the watering of livestock.

text: Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other aquatic organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats.

text: Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of

text: fish

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: aquatic plants,

text: algae

text: , and other aquatic organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with

text: commercial fishing

text: , which is the harvesting of

text: wild fish

text: Mariculture

text: refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats.

text: Water supply. Slightly more than half the population of Tanzania is estimated to have access to an improved water source, with stark differences between urban areas (about 79% in 2010) and rural areas (about 44% in 2010). In rural areas, access is defined as meaning that households have to travel less than one kilometre to a protected drinking water source in the dry season. Trends in access to water supply are difficult to discern due to conflicting and unreliable data. However, it seems that access increased during the 1990s, particularly in rural areas, but stagnated during the 2000s. According to data from the Household Budget Surveys 2000/2001 and 2007 access to an improved water source in mainland Tanzania even decreased from 55% in 2000 to 52% in 2007. Using a narrow definition, in 2007 around 34% of households had access to piped water, as opposed to 40% in 2000. However, using a broader definition of access that also includes standpipes and protected springs, there has been a slight increase in the proportion of households reporting a drinking water source within one kilometre. Estimates from the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) show a different trend. They show a slight decline in access from 55% in 1990 to 53% in 2010. According to these figures, access in rural areas stagnated, while in urban areas it decreased from 94% to 79% over the same period. The JMP estimates rely on extrapolations using, among others, data from the Household Budget Survey 2000/2001 and 2007, the Census of 2002 and the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1999, 2005 and 2010.

text: Water supply. Slightly more than half the population of Tanzania is estimated to have access to an

text: improved water source

text: , with stark differences between urban areas (about 79% in 2010) and rural areas (about 44% in 2010). In rural areas, access is defined as meaning that households have to travel less than one kilometre to a protected drinking water source in the dry season. Trends in access to water supply are difficult to discern due to conflicting and unreliable data. However, it seems that access increased during the 1990s, particularly in rural areas, but stagnated during the 2000s. According to data from the Household Budget Surveys 2000/2001 and 2007 access to an

text: improved water source

text: in mainland Tanzania even decreased from 55% in 2000 to 52% in 2007. Using a narrow definition, in 2007 around 34% of households had access to piped water, as opposed to 40% in 2000. However, using a broader definition of access that also includes standpipes and protected springs, there has been a slight increase in the proportion of households reporting a drinking water source within one kilometre. Estimates from the

entity_name: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

text: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

text: (JMP) show a different trend. They show a slight decline in access from 55% in 1990 to 53% in 2010. According to these figures, access in rural areas stagnated, while in urban areas it decreased from 94% to 79% over the same period. The JMP estimates rely on extrapolations using, among others, data from the Household Budget Survey 2000/2001 and 2007, the Census of 2002 and the Demographic and Health Surveys of 1999, 2005 and 2010.

text: It wasn't until 1965 when Abel Wolman fully developed and used the term urban metabolism in his work, “The Metabolism of Cities” which he developed in response to deteriorating air and water qualities in American cities. In this study Wolman developed a model which allowed him to determine the inflow and outflow rates of a hypothetical American City with a population of 1 million people. <ref =name “deck”>Decker, E., Elliot , S., Smith , F., Blake, D., & Rowland, F. S. (2000). Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Energy Environment, 25, 685-740.</ref> The model allows the monitoring and documentation of natural resources used (mainly water) and the consequential creation and out-put of waste. Wolman’s study highlighted the fact that there are physical limitations to the natural resources we use on a day-to-day basis and with frequent use, the compilation of waste can and will create problems. It also helped focus researchers and professionals of their time to focus their attention on the system wide impacts of consumption of goods and sequential production of waste within the urban environment.

text: It wasn't until 1965 when

text: Abel Wolman

text: fully developed and used the term urban metabolism in his work, “The Metabolism of Cities” which he developed in response to deteriorating air and water qualities in American cities. In this study Wolman developed a model which allowed him to determine the inflow and outflow rates of a hypothetical American City with a population of 1 million people. <ref =name “deck”>Decker, E., Elliot , S., Smith , F., Blake, D., & Rowland, F. S. (2000). Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Energy Environment, 25, 685-740.</ref> The model allows the monitoring and documentation of natural resources used (mainly water) and the consequential creation and out-put of waste. Wolman’s study highlighted the fact that there are physical limitations to the natural resources we use on a day-to-day basis and with frequent use, the compilation of waste can and will create problems. It also helped focus researchers and professionals of their time to focus their attention on the system wide impacts of consumption of goods and sequential production of waste within the urban environment.

text: The total geographic area of Qichun County is . Of this,  are arable. Water covers  (there are hundreds of lakes in Qichun County, almost all used for aquaculture). Forested areas cover .

text: In the mid-1970s the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee proposed a hydroelectric power scheme for the Wairoa River. The newly formed Kaimai Canoe Club (established by Barry Anderson, Bill Ross, Kerry Smith and Peter Entwistle) opposed the scheme  at the water rights headings, this was on the grounds that it would destroy fishing, sport and recreation for existing and future generations. A compromise was arrived at by allowing the release of water 26 days a year for whitewater recreation. The last dam diverts water around the river bed to the Ruahihi Power Station.

text: In the mid-1970s the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee proposed a hydroelectric power scheme for the Wairoa River. The newly formed Kaimai Canoe Club (established by Barry Anderson, Bill Ross, Kerry Smith and Peter Entwistle) opposed the scheme  at the water rights headings, this was on the grounds that it would destroy fishing, sport and recreation for existing and future generations. A compromise was arrived at by allowing the release of water 26 days a year for

text: whitewater

text: recreation. The last dam diverts water around the river bed to the

text: Ruahihi Power Station

text: The first approach is waste incineration and the second one, which is probably the best solution, is waste avoidance in addition to re-utilization by means of recycling. That means, the reintroduction of valuable materials into the production cycle. This is possible only if economically feasible and environmentally acceptable methods are available.

text: The first approach is

text: waste incineration

text: and the second one, which is probably the best solution, is waste avoidance in addition to

text: re-utilization

text: by means of

text: recycling

text: . That means, the reintroduction of valuable materials into the

text: production cycle

text: . This is possible only if economically feasible and environmentally acceptable methods are available.

text: Title VIII: Recreational Fishing and Hunting Heritage and Opportunities Act The Recreational Fishing and Hunting Heritage and Opportunities Act would declare that recreational fishing and hunting are environmentally acceptable and beneficial activities that occur and can be provided on public lands and waters without adverse effects on other uses or users.

text: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a systematic, phased approach to assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts that are associated with a product, process or service.  “Life cycle” “refers to the major activities in the course of the product’s life-span from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, to its final disposal, including the raw material acquisition required to manufacture the product”.  Thus a method for assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption was developed.  It specifically looks at the damage to three areas of protection: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources.  The consideration of water consumption is crucial where water-intensive products (for example agricultural goods) are concerned and need to therefore undergo a life-cycle assessment.  In addition, regional assessments are equally as necessary as the impact of water use depends on its location.  In short, LCA is important as it identifies the impact of water use in certain products, consumers, companies, nations, etc. which can help reduce the amount of water used.

text: The most important mechanical devices before the Industrial Revolution were water and wind mills.  Water wheels date to Roman times and windmills somewhat later.  Water and wind power were first used for grinding grain into flour, but were later adapted to power trip hammers for pounding rags into pulp for making paper and for crushing ore.  Just before the Industrial revolution water power was applied to bellows for iron smelting in Europe.  (Water powered blast bellows were used in ancient China.)  Wind and water power were also used in sawmills.  The technology of building mills and mechanical clocks was important to the development of the machines of the Industrial Revolution.

text: The most important mechanical devices before the Industrial Revolution were water and wind mills.  Water wheels date to Roman times and windmills somewhat later.  Water and wind power were first used for grinding grain into flour, but were later adapted to power

text: trip hammer

text: s for pounding rags into pulp for making paper and for crushing ore.  Just before the Industrial revolution water power was applied to bellows for iron smelting in Europe.  (Water powered blast bellows were used in ancient China.)  Wind and water power were also used in sawmills.  The technology of building mills and mechanical clocks was important to the development of the machines of the Industrial Revolution.

text: Early forms of analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning and categorical syllogism were introduced in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Sharia (Islamic law) and Kalam (Islamic theology) from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas, before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later, during the Islamic Golden Age, there was debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning. Ibn Hazm (994-1064) disagreed, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning but to categorical syllogistic reasoning in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense. On the other hand, al-Ghazali (1058–1111; and, in modern times, Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi) argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term Qiyas refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real sense.

text: Early forms of

text: analogical reasoning

text: inductive reasoning

text: and categorical

text: syllogism

text: were introduced in

text: Fiqh

text: (Islamic jurisprudence),

text: Sharia

text: (Islamic law) and

text: Kalam

text: (Islamic theology) from the 7th century with the process of

text: Qiyas

text: , before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later, during the

text: Islamic Golden Age

text: , there was debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning.

text: Ibn Hazm

text: (994-1064) disagreed, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning but to

text: categorical syllogistic reasoning

text: in a

text: real

text: sense and analogical reasoning in a

text: metaphor

text: ical sense. On the other hand,

text: al-Ghazali

text: (1058–1111; and, in modern times,

text: Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi

text: ) argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term Qiyas refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real sense.

text: Arizona follows the prior appropriation doctrine for determining water rights. There are three categories of tradable rights in Arizona: surface water rights under Common Law Rights, surface water rights under Statutory Rights, and groundwater rights created by Arizona’s 1980 Groundwater Code.  The former two surface water rights pertain to any surface water in Arizona excluding flows in the Colorado River (Colorado River water rights are governed extraneously, by the Colorado River Compact). Specifically, appropriated surface water can be: "Waters of all sources, flowing in streams, canyons, ravines or other natural channels, or in definite underground channels, whether perennial or intermittent, floodwaters, wastewater, or surplus water, and of lakes, ponds and springs on the surface" (A.R.S. §45-101). Common Law Rights apply to surface water diversions appropriated prior to the creation of Arizona’s 1919 Public Water Code and are senior rights. Statutory Rights apply to any appropriation claimed after 1919, in which case the claimant must apply for and receive a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resource (ADWR) before diverting claimed surface water. Rights holders must apply appropriated water to beneficial use (recognized as domestic, municipal, irrigation, stockwatering, power, mining, recreation, wildlife and fish, or groundwater recharge) or risk forfeiture of rights (which occurs if water is not applied to beneficial use for 5 or more consecutive years). Arizona permits transfer of surface water rights, however there are maximum limits to the amount of water transferred and temporal duration of the transfer (A.R.S. §45-1002), and transfers are subject to review and approval by the ADWR. In the case of transfers to instream flows to benefit fish, wildlife, or recreation, rights holders may follow a "sever and transfer" process, by which the holder permanently transfers the water right to the State of Arizona or a political subdivision (as trustees of instream flows), pending approval of the ADWR. This type of transfer will preserve the priority status of the water right, so that if the right transferred is a senior right, the benefiting instream flow will receive its water allocation before junior rights holders in the case of a water shortage. This transfer process is boon to ecosystem health and recreational value because wildlife and fish were not recognized as beneficial uses until 1941 and 1962, respectively. Groundwater rights transfers are more restricted relative to surface water. The 1980 Arizona Groundwater Code created jurisdictions called "Active Management Areas" (AMA) in parts of the state with high water demand, such as Phoenix, Tucson, and Prescott. Groundwater rights owners living in places outside of AMAs are entitled to a "reasonable" quantity of pumped groundwater that can be applied to beneficial use without waste. Groundwater rights holders outside of AMAs may transfer rights under certain conditions and are rarely permitted to transfer groundwater outside the hydrologic basin. Groundwater transfers within AMAs are also permissible, but are even more restricted, and groundwater regulation in AMAs is different and much stricter than regulation outside of AMAs. Legal rules governing water exchanges in Arizona are codified in Title 45, Chapter 4, of the Arizona Revised Statutes. Water transfers within Arizona are most common in the Phoenix AMA.

text: Arizona follows the prior appropriation doctrine for determining water rights. There are three categories of tradable rights in Arizona: surface water rights under Common Law Rights, surface water rights under Statutory Rights, and groundwater rights created by Arizona’s 1980 Groundwater Code.  The former two surface water rights pertain to any surface water in Arizona excluding flows in the Colorado River (Colorado River water rights are governed extraneously, by the

text: Colorado River Compact

text: ). Specifically, appropriated surface water can be: "Waters of all sources, flowing in streams, canyons, ravines or other natural channels, or in definite underground channels, whether perennial or intermittent, floodwaters, wastewater, or surplus water, and of lakes, ponds and springs on the surface" (A.R.S. §45-101). Common Law Rights apply to surface water diversions appropriated prior to the creation of Arizona’s 1919 Public Water Code and are senior rights. Statutory Rights apply to any appropriation claimed after 1919, in which case the claimant must apply for and receive a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resource (ADWR) before diverting claimed surface water. Rights holders must apply appropriated water to beneficial use (recognized as domestic, municipal, irrigation, stockwatering, power, mining, recreation, wildlife and fish, or

text: groundwater recharge

text: The most obvious example is the nuclear industry, and the radioactive waste it generates which will be a hazard for many centuries. In the present era, most high level waste is in still in currently managed facilities, but various methods are being considered for disposal. Most of the proposed disposal methods are designed to put the waste in a place so isolated from the environment that (it is hoped) immediate stewardship cessation would be safe and appropriate. However, many people are more comfortable with systems where the waste is still accessible, so that if there is an unforeseen problem with the disposal method, the waste can still be accessed to rectify the problem. These systems will still require some level of stewardship, but the system designer must consider that this may not be available for the hundreds of years required.

text: The most obvious example is the

text: nuclear

text: industry, and the

text: radioactive waste

text: it generates which will be a hazard for many centuries. In the present era, most high level waste is in still in currently managed facilities, but various methods are being considered for disposal. Most of the proposed disposal methods are designed to put the waste in a place so isolated from the environment that (it is hoped) immediate stewardship cessation would be safe and appropriate. However, many people are more comfortable with systems where the waste is still accessible, so that if there is an unforeseen problem with the disposal method, the waste can still be accessed to rectify the problem. These systems will still require some level of stewardship, but the system designer must consider that this may not be available for the hundreds of years required.

text: This clause was objected to on the grounds that as people changed the license to reflect their name or organization it led to escalating advertising requirements when programs were combined together in a software distribution: every occurrence of the license with a different name required a separate acknowledgment. In arguing against it, Richard Stallman has stated that he counted 75 such acknowledgments in a 1997 version of NetBSD. In addition, the clause presented a legal problem for those wishing to publish BSD-licensed software which relies upon separate programs using the GNU GPL: the advertising clause is incompatible with the GPL, which does not allow the addition of restrictions beyond those it already imposes; because of this, the GPL's publisher, the Free Software Foundation, recommends developers not use the license, though it states there is no reason not to use software already using it.

text: This clause was objected to on the grounds that as people changed the license to reflect their name or organization it led to escalating advertising requirements when programs were combined together in a software distribution: every occurrence of the license with a different name required a separate acknowledgment. In arguing against it, Richard Stallman has stated that he counted 75 such acknowledgments in a 1997 version of

text: NetBSD

text: . In addition, the clause presented a legal problem for those wishing to publish BSD-licensed software which relies upon separate programs using the

text: GNU GPL

text: : the advertising clause is

text: incompatible

text: with the GPL, which does not allow the addition of restrictions beyond those it already imposes; because of this, the GPL's publisher, the

text: Free Software Foundation

text: , recommends developers not use the license, though it states there is no reason not to use software already using it.

text: The State Water Project is owned and operated by the state and was conceived and supported in the late 1960s by Governor Edmund Pat Brown. The SWP has 700 miles of canals and can move 5.8 million acre feet of water per year. It uses more than twice the amount of electricity it generates. The water transported by the State Water Project is divided 75% for urban use and 25% for agriculture.

text: The

text: State Water Project

text: is owned and operated by the state and was conceived and supported in the late 1960s by Governor

text: Edmund Pat Brown

text: . The SWP has 700 miles of canals and can move 5.8 million acre feet of water per year. It uses more than twice the amount of electricity it generates. The water transported by the State Water Project is divided 75% for urban use and 25% for agriculture.

text: Potential uses are the reduction of the amount of energy needed to control environmental moisture in the electronics and drug formulation industry as well as in ice hockey rink and warehouses. It can also be potentially used for collection of toxic waste, chemicals or oil spill and in drug delivery systems, for odor control, sanitation after fire, and the collection of water from any source containing it.

text: Potential uses are the reduction of the amount of energy needed to control environmental moisture in the electronics and

text: drug formulation

text: industry as well as in

text: ice hockey rink

text: and

text: warehouse

text: s. It can also be potentially used for collection of

text: toxic waste

text: , chemicals or

text: oil spill

text: and in

text: drug delivery

text: systems, for odor control, sanitation after fire, and the collection of water from any source containing it.

text: Using water wisely will extend the life of our existing water supplies and their delivery systems, ultimately lowering water costs and the environmental burden of water usage.  As a best practice, Health Canada recommends that water used for drinking and cooking be taken from the cold-water tap after the water has been 'run' until cold.

text: Using

text: water

text: wisely will extend the life of our existing water supplies and their delivery systems, ultimately lowering water costs and the environmental burden of water usage.  As a best practice,

text: Health Canada

text: recommends that water used for

text: drink

text: ing and

text: cooking

text: be taken from the cold-water tap after the water has been 'run' until cold.

text: In 1860 the exploitation of white sand started and some of such companies raised. A notable factory was Sablières et Carrières Réunies (SCR), founded in 1872." In 1921 it took over the shares of competitor Anciennes Sablières Stanislas Emsens. In 1955 the company was renamed to Sibelco. Another notable company was Grandes Sablières de la Campine, founded in 1882. Although it got bankrupt some decades later the company activities led to the creation of a huge lake of 210 acres, named Miramar, which is now used as a recreation lake for water sports. Another of such lake, Zandkot, is around 20 acres. This is currently used by the nuclear plants for water cooling. There were a lot of other sand winning companies but only Sibelco remains.

text: In 1860 the exploitation of white sand started and some of such companies raised. A notable factory was Sablières et Carrières Réunies (SCR), founded in 1872." In 1921 it took over the shares of competitor Anciennes Sablières Stanislas Emsens. In 1955 the company was renamed to

text: Sibelco

text: . Another notable company was Grandes Sablières de la Campine, founded in 1882. Although it got bankrupt some decades later the company activities led to the creation of a huge lake of 210 acres, named Miramar, which is now used as a recreation lake for water sports. Another of such lake, Zandkot, is around 20 acres. This is currently used by the nuclear plants for water cooling. There were a lot of other sand winning companies but only Sibelco remains.

text: A range of approaches and tools can be used to promote sustainable practices. Demand management, which includes accurate valuations of natural resources and increasing public awareness, is a valuable strategy to support sustainable consumption. This approach can also provide significant savings in infrastructure investment. Sustainable production can be supported by the adoption and use of environmentally sound technologies which can improve environmental performance significantly. These technologies protect the environment, are less polluting, use resources in a sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and products and handle all residual wastes in a more environmentally acceptable way than the technologies for which they are substitutes. Environmentally sound technologies can also be used to drive reduced impacts and enhance value along a supply chain and support businesses embracing product stewardship.

text: Prior appropriation water rights is the legal doctrine that the first person to take a quantity of water from a water source for "beneficial use"—agricultural, industrial or household —has the right to continue to use that quantity of water for that purpose. Subsequent users can take the remaining water for their own beneficial use provided that they do not impinge on the rights of previous users.

text: Prior appropriation

text: water rights

text: is the legal doctrine that the first person to take a quantity of water from a water source for "beneficial use"—agricultural, industrial or household —has the right to continue to use that quantity of water for that purpose. Subsequent users can take the remaining water for their own beneficial use provided that they do not impinge on the rights of previous users.

text: In addition to its current name, it was believed to have been known as "Russville" at a point. The official usage has been "Fullerton" since 1975, when the Board on Geographic Names ruled against the usage of "Russville." Although it is unclear the reasoning behind the attempted name change there is evidence that the name Russville was used on a map. The term "official" usage comes about because of the ruling but the mill and community known as "Fullerton" has been the common name since the beginning. The name "Russville" possibly came about because of an error.

text: In addition to its current name, it was believed to have been known as "Russville" at a point. The official usage has been "Fullerton" since 1975, when the

text: Board on Geographic Names

text: ruled against the usage of "Russville." Although it is unclear the reasoning behind the attempted name change there is evidence that the name Russville was used on a map. The term "official" usage comes about because of the ruling but the mill and community known as "Fullerton" has been the common name since the beginning. The name "Russville" possibly came about because of an error.

text: Over sixty species of fish, invertebrates and seaweed are commercially cultivated by aquaculture or fish farming in Russia. Aquaculture is based mainly on buffalo, grass and silver carp, rainbow trout, scallops, mussels and laminaria. In 2007 there were 300 aquaculture enterprises.

text: Over sixty species of fish,

text: invertebrate

text: s and

text: seaweed

text: are commercially cultivated by

text: aquaculture

text: or

text: fish farm

text: ing in Russia. Aquaculture is based mainly on

text: buffalo

text: grass

text: and

text: silver carp

text: rainbow trout

text: scallop

text: s,

text: mussel

text: s and

text: laminaria

text: . In 2007 there were 300 aquaculture enterprises.

text: At the simplest level, the process of composting requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Bacteria requiring oxygen to function (aerobic bacteria) and fungi manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The ammonium (NH) is the form of nitrogen used by plants. When available ammonium is not used by plants it is further converted by bacteria into nitrates (NO) through the process of nitrification.

text: At the simplest level, the process of composting requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as

text: green waste

text: (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into

text: humus

text: after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Bacteria requiring oxygen to function (

text: aerobic bacteria

text: ) and fungi manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat,

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: ammonium

text: . The ammonium (NH) is the form of nitrogen used by plants. When available ammonium is not used by plants it is further converted by bacteria into

text: nitrate

text: s (NO) through the process of

text: nitrification

text: Pace and pattern of agricultural growth across regions in India with focus on the role of price and non-price factors in agricultural growth. Trade liberalisation and agriculture: opportunities and challenges factors, processes and determinants of agricultural and non-agricultural employment. Changes in the pattern of irrigation development and its linkages to agricultural development; changing pattern of water use in agriculture and non-agricultural sectors; pricing of water; institutional and technological issues in water management and sharing water between river basins and by states. Linkage between agricultural development and environmental degradation; macro- economic policies; natural resource utilisation and environmental protection.

text: There is some debate over whether recycling is economically efficient. It is said that dumping 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs, while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create over 36 jobs. However, the cost effectiveness of creating the additional jobs remains unproven. According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US. Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city," New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over $20 million. Municipalities often see fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced landfill costs. A study conducted by the Technical University of Denmark according to the Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste. However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones.

text: There is some debate over whether recycling is

text: economically efficient

text: . It is said that dumping 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs, while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create over 36 jobs. However, the cost effectiveness of creating the additional jobs remains unproven. According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US. Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city," New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over $20 million. Municipalities often see

text: fiscal

text: benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced

text: landfill

text: costs. A study conducted by the

text: Technical University of Denmark

text: according to the Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste. However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones.

text: Humans have used resources of this ecoregion for many years, dating all the way back to early Native Americans. Some traditional resources that are still used today are in danger of being overharvested. These include the Pacific Ocean fisheries, the dwindling timber industry, the rivers flowing from the mountains and the grasslands. All of these resources are either being over harvested or destroyed through agricultural and industrial development. Grasslands hold many native oak trees that are being lost due to overgrazing or forest fires. The overgrazing is attributed to the increasing number of cattle farms while the forest fires come from the use of natural water for human and agricultural use. As more water is used, oak trees lose out without this key component and fires increase due to drying out of the grasslands and forests. The government has tried to install conservation programs to halter the increased use of the land and waterways, but more must be done to create a truly sustainable environment.

text: Water-shaped characteristic of this area was considerably changed by protections against floods lasting since beginning of the last century. Nowadays only geographical names of the village boundary remind us of the old water world. Mostly we can see tillages besides the peatery, meadows and pastures everywhere.

text: The early evolution of fishing as recreation is not clear. For example, there is anecdotal evidence for fly fishing in Japan, however, fly fishing was likely to have been a means of survival, rather than recreation. The earliest English essay on recreational fishing was published in 1496, by Dame Juliana Berners, the prioress of the Benedictine Sopwell Nunnery. The essay was titled Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, and included detailed information on fishing waters, the construction of rods and lines, and the use of natural baits and artificial flies.

text: The early evolution of fishing as recreation is not clear. For example, there is anecdotal evidence for

text: fly fishing

text: in Japan, however, fly fishing was likely to have been a means of survival, rather than recreation. The earliest English essay on recreational fishing was published in 1496, by

text: Dame Juliana Berners

text: , the prioress of the Benedictine

text: Sopwell Nunnery

text: . The essay was titled Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, and included detailed information on fishing waters, the construction of rods and lines, and the use of natural baits and artificial flies.

text: The assessment confirmed that agriculture consumes more water resources than any other sector. A key finding was that a third of the world's population live in water-scarce areas. More than 1.2 billion live in areas of physical water scarcity, lacking water resources. Parts of Australia and the United States suffer in this way. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas of economic water scarcity, where there is insufficient human capacity or financial resources for people to effectively make use of water that is available. Here, sub-Saharan Africa is a good example; there is water in the rivers but no dams or pumps to enable people to use it.

text: The assessment confirmed that agriculture consumes more water resources than any other sector. A key finding was that a third of the world's population live in water-scarce areas. More than 1.2 billion live in areas of

text: physical water scarcity

text: , lacking water resources. Parts of Australia and the United States suffer in this way. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas of

text: economic water scarcity

text: , where there is insufficient human capacity or financial resources for people to effectively make use of water that is available. Here, sub-Saharan Africa is a good example; there is water in the rivers but no dams or pumps to enable people to use it.

text: The California Farm Water Coalition produces and distributes numerous publications designed to make facts surrounding agricultural water use attainable by the public. Publications of the CFWC include: The Water Fact Book, California Agriculture and its use of Water

text: Even though it is a simple calculation once a good weight-length relationship is available, the condition index has several important applications.  For example, it can be used to compare the health of a specific group of fish to an accepted standard. It can be used to track the health of a group of fish as a function of size (for example, one might see a jump in condition index when a fish is big enough to eat larger prey). Condition index can also be used to compare the relative health of two competing types of fish in the same body of water. Barakat and colleagues used condition index to measure the effectiveness of different feeding programs in aquaculture of juvenile spinefoot rabbitfish.

text: The territorial waters thus defined as Scottish waters come under the jurisdiction of Scots law, and are also used for defining the area of operation of Marine Scotland, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, and other Scottish Government agencies and public bodies. This is, for example, of importance to the Scottish fishing industry, the North Sea oil industry, and in the competing claims for the resources of the Rockall Trough.

text: The territorial waters thus defined as Scottish waters come under the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: Scots law

text: , and are also used for defining the area of operation of

text: Marine Scotland

text: , the

text: Scottish Environment Protection Agency

text: , and other

text: Scottish Government

text: agencies and

entity_name: Public bodies of the Scottish Government

text: public bodies

text: . This is, for example, of importance to the

text: Scottish fishing industry

text: , the

text: North Sea oil

text: industry, and in the competing claims for the resources of the

text: Rockall Trough

text: Appropriative water rights are the most common use-based water rights in the United States and are most commonly found in the western states where water is scarcest. “The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses,” regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse. "[A]s between appropriators, the rule of priority is 'first in time, first in right.'"The modern system of prior appropriation water rights is characterized by five principles:

text: Bürglen has an area, , of .  Of this area, 51.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 19.9% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 2.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (26.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).  , 15.0% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 1.2% is covered in small trees and shrubbery.  Of the agricultural land, 0.2% is used for farming or pastures, while 13.2% is used for orchards or vine crops and 38.1% is used for alpine pastures.  Of the settled areas, 1.0% is covered with buildings, 0.2% is industrial, and 0.9% is transportation infrastructure.  Of the unproductive areas, 0.1% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.8% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 12.5% is too rocky for vegetation,  and 13.2% is other unproductive land.

text: Waste- Waste (law)- Waste management- Waste vegetable oil- Wastewater- Water conservation- Water contamination- Water dispute- Water Fluoridation controversy- Water pollution- Water privatization- Water purification- Water quality- Water resources- Waterborne disease- Waterway restoration- Water-wise gardening- Wave power- Websites- Weed control- Weedy species- Wetlands- Wetlands conservation- Wetlands International- Whaling- WILD Foundation- Wilderness- Wilderness area- Wildlife corridor- Wildlife garden- Wildlife refuge- Wildlife trade- Wind energy- Wind farm- Wind power- Wind turbine- Wise use- World Climate Change Conference- World Climate Conference- World Climate Programme- World Climate Report- World Day for Water- World population- World solar challenge- World Summit on Sustainable Development- World3- World's Most Livable Cities

text: Waste

text: Waste (law)

text: Waste management

text: Waste vegetable oil

text: Wastewater

text: Water conservation

text: Water contamination

text: Water dispute

text: Water Fluoridation controversy

text: Water pollution

text: Water privatization

text: Water purification

text: Water quality

text: Water resources

text: Waterborne disease

text: Waterway restoration

text: Water-wise gardening

text: Wave power

text: Websites

text: Weed control

text: Weedy species

text: Wetlands

text: Wetlands conservation

text: Wetlands International

text: Whaling

text: WILD Foundation

text: Wilderness

text: Wilderness area

text: Wildlife corridor

text: Wildlife garden

text: Wildlife refuge

text: Wildlife trade

text: Wind energy

text: Wind farm

text: Wind power

text: Wind turbine

text: Wise use

text: World Climate Change Conference

text: World Climate Conference

text: World Climate Programme

text: World Climate Report

text: World Day for Water

text: World population

text: World solar challenge

text: World Summit on Sustainable Development

text: World's Most Livable Cities

text: The Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program experimented with raceway ponds for the cultivation of algae.  Many commercial producers of spirulina still use raceway ponds as their primary method of cultivation. Race way ponds were used for removal of lead from waste water using live Spirulina (Arthospira) sp.

text: The

text: Department of Energy

text: 's

text: Aquatic Species Program

text: experimented with raceway ponds for the cultivation of algae.  Many commercial producers of

text: spirulina

text: still use raceway ponds as their primary method of cultivation. Race way ponds were used for removal of lead from waste water using live Spirulina (Arthospira) sp.

text: A Parshall flume, the most recognized and commonly used flume today, is a fixed hydraulic structure developed to measure surface waters and irrigation flow. It is currently used to measure volumetric flow rate in industrial discharges, municipal sewer lines, and influent/effluent flows in wastewater treatment plants.  The Parshall flume accelerates flow through a contraction of both the parallel sidewalls and a drop in the floor at the flume throat.  Under free-flow conditions the depth of water at specified location upstream of the flume throat can be converted to a rate of flow.  Some states specify the use of Parshall flumes, by law, for certain situations (commonly water rights).

text: A Parshall flume, the most recognized and commonly used

text: flume

text: today, is a fixed

text: hydraulic structure

text: developed to measure surface waters and irrigation flow. It is currently used to measure

text: volumetric flow rate

text: in industrial discharges, municipal sewer lines, and influent/effluent flows in wastewater treatment plants.  The Parshall flume accelerates flow through a contraction of both the parallel sidewalls and a drop in the floor at the flume throat.  Under free-flow conditions the depth of water at specified location upstream of the flume throat can be converted to a rate of flow.  Some states specify the use of Parshall flumes, by law, for certain situations (commonly water rights).

text: A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., hair spray). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide, is used as a recreational drug.

text: A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., hair spray). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide, is used as a recreational drug.

text: There is no pipe borne central water and central gas supply. Underground water from wells is used by the householders and business and other establishments.

text: The designated uses of East Fork Harveys Creek are for aquatic life, for water supply, and for recreation.

text: The designated uses of East Fork Harveys Creek are for

text: aquatic life

text: , for

text: water supply

text: , and for

text: recreation

text: It excludes service reservoirs used within the water supply network for the storage of drinking water and excludes water bodies on industrial sites used exclusively for industrial purposes (works ponds).

text: Converting wastewater into energy is typically accomplished through anaerobic digesters, which collect methane, or biogas, and produce energy through a combustion reaction. These anaerobic digesters are high-energy intensive and therefore produce less energy than the new technologies that have started to emerge. The conventional methods of waste disposal create 7 million tons of dry biosolid per year, which is usually dumped into landfills or turned into mulch. The wastewater that is able to be purified often still contains pharmaceutical drugs because they are water-soluble and difficult to extract.

text: Converting wastewater into energy is typically accomplished through

text: anaerobic digesters

text: , which collect methane, or biogas, and produce energy through a combustion reaction. These anaerobic digesters are high-energy intensive and therefore produce less energy than the new technologies that have started to emerge. The conventional methods of waste disposal create 7 million tons of dry biosolid per year, which is usually dumped into

text: landfill

text: s or turned into

text: mulch

text: . The wastewater that is able to be purified often still contains pharmaceutical drugs because they are water-soluble and difficult to extract.

text: This is true in the United States. The United States Congress has enacted federal statutes intended to address pollution control and remediation, including for example the Clean Air Act (air pollution), the Clean Water Act (water pollution), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund) (contaminated site cleanup). There are also federal laws governing natural resources use and biodiversity which are strongly influenced by environmental principles, including the Endangered Species Act, National Forest Management Act, and Coastal Zone Management Act. The National Environmental Policy Act, governing environmental impact review in actions undertaken or approved by the U.S. federal government, may implicate all of these areas.

text: This is true in the United States. The

text: United States Congress

text: has enacted federal statutes intended to address pollution control and remediation, including for example the

text: Clean Air Act

text: air pollution

text: ), the

text: Clean Water Act

text: water pollution

text: ), and the

text: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

text: (CERCLA, or Superfund) (contaminated site cleanup). There are also federal laws governing natural resources use and biodiversity which are strongly influenced by environmental principles, including the

text: Endangered Species Act

text: National Forest Management Act

text: , and

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: . The

text: National Environmental Policy Act

text: , governing

text: environmental impact review

text: in actions undertaken or approved by the U.S. federal government, may implicate all of these areas.

text: Ponds and Lakes are artificial bodies of open water that are usually created by constructing a dam wall with a weir outlet structure. Similar to constructed wetlands, they can be used to treat runoff by providing extended detention and allowing sedimentation, absorption of nutrients and UV disinfection to occur. In addition, they provide an aesthetic quality for recreation, wildlife habitat, and valuable storage of water that can potentially be reused for e.g. irrigation. Often, artificial ponds and lakes also form part of a flood detention system. Aquatic vegetation plays an important role for the water quality in artificial lakes and ponds in respect of maintaining and regulating the oxygen and nutrient levels.  Due to a water depth greater than 1.5m, emergent macrophytes are usually restricted to the margins but submergent plants may occur in the open water zone. Fringing vegetation can be useful in reducing bank erosion. Ponds are normally not used as stand-alone WSUD measure but are often combined with sediment basins or constructed wetlands as pretreatments.

text: It is used to supply raw water to Bathurst for the watering of parks and industrial use.

text: Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. This can happen where there is over development of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater. Economic scarcity, meanwhile, is caused by a lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. Symptoms of economic water scarcity include a lack of infrastructure, with people often having to fetch water from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Some 2.8 billion people currently live in water-scarce areas.

text: Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world.

text: Physical water scarcity

text: is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. This can happen where there is over development of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining

text: groundwater

text: economic water scarcity

text: Lake Narracan is located immediately to the north of Moe. Lake Narracan is increasingly being used for recreational purposes, including water-skiing, jet skiing and recreational fishing and has a small caravan park and water-ski club.

text: Lake Narracan

text: is located immediately to the north of Moe. Lake Narracan is increasingly being used for recreational purposes, including water-skiing, jet skiing and recreational fishing and has a small caravan park and water-ski club.

text: Since the Court's actual holding concerning CWA regulation was narrow, while its rationale was wider ranging (as discussed above), the policy implications of how much the SWANCC decision restricts federal regulation depend on how broadly or narrowly the opinion is applied. Two scenarios are possible. A broad reading would be interpreted as knocking out all section 404 jurisdiction and Corps regulation of isolated waters and wetlands. But a narrow reading, one asserting that jurisdiction will be found lacking only if the sole connection to interstate commerce is the presence of migratory birds and wildlife, would allow federal regulation of some isolated waters to continue (e.g., in waters that are used by interstate travelers for recreation).

text: The major industry is farming - cereal crops, sheep, and cattle in the drier north and more water-intensive activities such as dairy farming and a growing wine industry in the south. Many coastal towns have commercial fishing fleets, the largest being located at Port Lincoln. The town has previously harbored a large tuna-fishing fleet, which is gradually transforming its practice to fish farming with the growth of sea cage aquaculture. Oyster farming was established in the 1980s and occurs in several sheltered bays including Franklin Harbour (near Cowell in Spencer Gulf) and Smoky Bay off the west coast.

text: The major industry is

text: farming

text: cereal crops

text: sheep

text: , and

text: cattle

text: in the drier north and more water-intensive activities such as

text: dairy farming

text: and a growing

text: wine

text: industry in the south. Many coastal towns have commercial fishing fleets, the largest being located at Port Lincoln. The town has previously harbored a large

text: tuna

text: -fishing fleet, which is gradually transforming its practice to

text: fish farming

text: with the growth of sea cage

text: aquaculture

text: Oyster farming

text: was established in the 1980s and occurs in several sheltered bays including Franklin Harbour (near

text: Cowell

text: in Spencer Gulf) and

text: Smoky Bay

text: off the west coast.

text: Domestic energy consumption or domestic consumption of energy is the total amount of energy used in a house for household work. The amount of energy used per household varies widely depending on the standard of living of the country, the climate, and the age and type of residence.

text: Domestic

text: energy consumption

text: or domestic consumption of energy is the total amount of energy used in a house for household work. The amount of energy used per household varies widely depending on the standard of living of the country, the climate, and the age and type of residence.

text: Octopuses have been found to migrate for a variety of reasons. Using tag and recapture methods, scientists found they move from den to den in response to decreased food availability, change in water quality, increase in predation, or increased density (or decreased available habitat/den space) Because their blue blood is copper-based (hemocyanin) and not an efficient oxygen carrier, octopus favor and move toward cooler oxygen-rich water. This dependency limits octopus habitat, typically in temperate waters 8–12 °C (46–54 °F). If sea water temperatures continue to rise, these organisms may be forced to move to deeper cooler water.

text: Octopuses have been found to migrate for a variety of reasons. Using tag and recapture methods, scientists found they move from den to den in response to decreased food availability, change in water quality, increase in predation, or increased density (or decreased available habitat/den space) Because their blue blood is copper-based (

text: hemocyanin

text: ) and not an efficient oxygen carrier, octopus favor and move toward cooler oxygen-rich water. This dependency limits octopus habitat, typically in temperate waters 8–12 °C (46–54 °F). If sea water temperatures continue to rise, these organisms may be forced to move to deeper cooler water.

text: Environmental groups, such as the Michigan Environmental Council and the Flint River Watershed Coalition, indicated in May 2009 that they did not have any issue with the Lake Huron pipeline plan as Genesee County Drain Commission files for the need permits.  In June, Cheboygan County Drain Commissioner Dennis G. Lennox II indicated that he might file a lawsuit to revoke a permit to use Lake Huron water if approved by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, believing that Lake Huron's future would be jeopardized.  In August 2009, a permit was issued  in compliance with the 2008 Great Lakes Compact and Agreement by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality for the withdrawal of 85 million gallons per day of water as a public water supply for Genesee County, the City of Flint and other potential customers:  the Counties of Lapeer and Sanilac and City of Lapeer. Lennox filed an appeal of the issuance of the permit before the State Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules while in October Cheboygan County Board of Commissioners indicated that they were not supporting Lennox's appeal.  On August 17, the Lapeer City Commission unanimously voted to be active in the Karegnondi Planning Group.  Lapeer City's estimated share of the cost of $100 million would include a water treatment plant.  In late October 2009, representatives for possible authority members met to decide under which state law to form the authority. On November 5, a meeting was held regarding the associated project.

text: Environmental groups, such as the

text: Michigan Environmental Council

text: and the

text: Flint River Watershed Coalition

text: , indicated in May 2009 that they did not have any issue with the Lake Huron pipeline plan as Genesee County Drain Commission files for the need permits.  In June,

text: Cheboygan County

text: Drain Commissioner

text: Dennis G. Lennox II

text: indicated that he might file a lawsuit to revoke a permit to use Lake Huron water if approved by

entity_name: Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

text: Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

text: , believing that Lake Huron's future would be jeopardized.  In August 2009, a permit was issued  in compliance with the 2008

entity_name: Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement

text: Great Lakes Compact and Agreement

text: by the

text: for the withdrawal of 85 million gallons per day of water as a public water supply for Genesee County, the City of Flint and other potential customers:  the Counties of Lapeer and Sanilac and City of Lapeer. Lennox filed an appeal of the issuance of the permit before the State Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules while in October Cheboygan County Board of Commissioners indicated that they were not supporting Lennox's appeal.  On August 17, the Lapeer City Commission unanimously voted to be active in the Karegnondi Planning Group.  Lapeer City's estimated share of the cost of $100 million would include a

text: water treatment

text: plant.  In late October 2009, representatives for possible authority members met to decide under which state law to form the authority. On November 5, a meeting was held regarding the associated project.

text: The property the ALC owns borders a waterway which is a form of a public good as determined by the navigable in fact law. Meaning that all have access to the water and resources within the water itself. While all have access to the water itself for travel, recreation, or trade, they do not have rights to use the privately owned land to gain initial access for travel, recreation, or trade unless the owner gives permission.

text: The property the ALC owns borders a waterway which is a form of a

text: public good

text: as determined by the navigable in fact law. Meaning that all have access to the water and resources within the water itself. While all have access to the water itself for travel, recreation, or trade, they do not have rights to use the privately owned land to gain initial access for travel, recreation, or trade unless the owner gives permission.

text: Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources—as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. The concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally, passing on a conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base rather than one which has been depleted or polluted. Elements of sustainable agriculture include permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation.

text: Sustainable agriculture consists of

text: environment friendly

text: methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources—as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. The concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally, passing on a conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base rather than one which has been depleted or polluted. Elements of sustainable agriculture include

text: permaculture

text: agroforestry

text: mixed farming

text: multiple cropping

text: , and

text: crop rotation

text: A resin-saturated felt tube made of polyester, fibreglass cloth or a number of other materials suitable for resin impregnation, is inverted or pulled into a damaged pipe. It is usually done from the upstream access point (manhole or excavation). It is possible to invert the liner upstream (e.g. from the downstream access point) but this carries greater risk. It is possible to install a liner from the downstream access point, upstream to a blind end however this carries the highest risk of all the CIPP installation methods. Little to no digging is involved in this trenchless process, making for a potentially more cost-effective and less disruptive method than traditional "dig and replace" pipe repair methods. The liner can be inverted using water or air pressure. The pressure required for inversion can be generated using pressure vessels, scaffolds or a "Chip unit". Hot water, UV light, ambient cured or steam is used to cure the resin and form a tight-fitting, jointless and corrosion-resistant replacement pipe. Service laterals are restored internally with robotically controlled cutting devices in the larger diameter pipe. Smaller diameters (100mm) can be opened remotely however they are often reinstated by excavation. The service lateral connection can be sealed with specially designed CIPP materials. The resin used is typically polyester. Since all resins shrink and it is impossible to bond to a sewer that has fats, oils, and grease an annular space exists between the new CIPP liner and the host pipe. The annular space exists in all installations just some are larger than others. The most effective way to prevent water from tracking in the annular space and entering back into the waste stream is from a water swelling material (hydrophilic) placed at the ends of the host pipe and at the lateral connections. The rehabilitated pipe is then inspected by closed-circuit television (CCTV). CIPP is considered a trenchless technology.

text: A

text: resin

text: -saturated

text: felt

text: tube made of

text: polyester

text: , fibreglass cloth or a number of other materials suitable for resin impregnation, is inverted or pulled into a damaged pipe. It is usually done from the upstream access point (manhole or excavation). It is possible to invert the liner upstream (e.g. from the downstream access point) but this carries greater risk. It is possible to install a liner from the downstream access point, upstream to a blind end however this carries the highest risk of all the CIPP installation methods. Little to no digging is involved in this trenchless process, making for a potentially more cost-effective and less disruptive method than traditional "dig and replace" pipe repair methods. The liner can be inverted using water or air pressure. The pressure required for inversion can be generated using pressure vessels, scaffolds or a "Chip unit". Hot water, UV light, ambient cured or

text: steam

text: is used to cure the resin and form a tight-fitting, jointless and

text: corrosion

text: -resistant replacement pipe. Service laterals are restored internally with robotically controlled cutting devices in the larger diameter pipe. Smaller diameters (100mm) can be opened remotely however they are often reinstated by excavation. The service lateral connection can be sealed with specially designed CIPP materials. The resin used is typically polyester. Since all resins shrink and it is impossible to bond to a sewer that has fats, oils, and grease an annular space exists between the new CIPP liner and the host pipe. The annular space exists in all installations just some are larger than others. The most effective way to prevent water from tracking in the annular space and entering back into the waste stream is from a water swelling material (hydrophilic) placed at the ends of the host pipe and at the lateral connections. The rehabilitated pipe is then inspected by

text: closed-circuit television

text: (CCTV). CIPP is considered a

text: trenchless technology

text: Main occupation of people in this village is agriculture. Mostly all the agriculture is depended on the rain water. Main crop in this area in Kharif is Rice and Ground nut and rabi with Sorghum. Nowadays with help of Ground water using boring some farmer are experimenting with commercial crop like sugarcane.

text: Turkey does have sufficient water. Almost three quarters of water that is consumed is used for irrigation in agriculture.

text: Turkey does have

text: sufficient water

text: . Almost three quarters of water that is consumed is used for

text: irrigation

text: in

text: agriculture

text: Multiple Use water Schemes (MUS) are low-cost, equitable water supply systems that provide communities with water for both domestic needs and high-value agricultural production, including rearing livestock. They are designed for use in rural areas, inhabited by smallholder farmers, and generally cover ten to 40 households, although some have served many more households.

text: All products and services have environmental impacts, from the extraction of raw materials for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal.   Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most resource-efficient and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.

text: All products and services have

text: environmental impact

text: s, from the extraction of

text: raw materials

text: for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal.   Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most

text: resource-efficient

text: and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.

text: When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Building implosions or ‘wrecking-ball’ style demolitions are relatively inexpensive and offer a quick method of clearing sites for new structures.  On the other hand, these methods create substantial amounts of waste. Components within old buildings may still be valuable, sometimes more valuable than at the time the building was constructed.  Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered “waste” and reclaiming it into useful building material.

text: When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to

text: landfill

text: s.

text: Building implosion

text: s or ‘wrecking-ball’ style

text: demolition

text: s are relatively inexpensive and offer a quick method of clearing sites for new structures.  On the other hand, these methods create substantial amounts of waste. Components within old buildings may still be valuable, sometimes more valuable than at the time the building was constructed.  Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered “

text: waste

text: ” and reclaiming it into useful building material.

text: In his 1996 book Inventing the AIDS Virus and in numerous journal articles and letters to the editor, Duesberg asserts that HIV is harmless and that recreational and pharmaceutical drug use, especially of zidovudine (AZT, a drug used in the treatment of AIDS) are the causes of AIDS outside Africa (the so-called Duesberg hypothesis). He considers AIDS diseases as markers for drug use, e.g. use of poppers (alkyl nitrites) among some homosexuals, asserting a correlation between AIDS and recreational drug use. This correlation hypothesis has been disproven by evidence showing that only HIV infection, not homosexuality nor recreational/pharmaceutical drug use, predicts who will develop AIDS.

text: In his 1996 book

text: Inventing the AIDS Virus

text: and in numerous journal articles and letters to the editor, Duesberg asserts that HIV is harmless and that recreational and pharmaceutical drug use, especially of

text: zidovudine

text: (AZT, a drug used in the treatment of AIDS) are the causes of AIDS outside Africa (the so-called Duesberg hypothesis). He considers AIDS diseases as markers for drug use, e.g. use of

text: poppers

text: alkyl nitrites

text: ) among some homosexuals, asserting a correlation between AIDS and

text: recreational drug use

text: . This correlation hypothesis has been disproven by evidence showing that only HIV infection, not homosexuality nor recreational/pharmaceutical drug use, predicts who will develop AIDS.

text: The Arctic lamprey is a commercially important edible fish with fatty flesh. It is reared in aquaculture. The ammocoetes are used as bait. Threats to the spawning habitat of this species include pollution and the regulation of water flow by damming. Nevertheless, the IUCN has assessed this species as being of "Least Concern".

text: The Arctic lamprey is a commercially important edible fish with fatty flesh. It is reared in

text: aquaculture

text: . The ammocoetes are used as

text: bait

text: . Threats to the spawning habitat of this species include pollution and the regulation of water flow by damming. Nevertheless, the

text: IUCN

text: has assessed this species as being of "

text: Least Concern

text: The first step in mitigation is testing to see if the indoor-air and/or domestic water radon concentrations should be reduced. No level of radiation is considered completely safe but it cannot be totally eliminated so governments around the world have set various action levels to provide guidance on when radon concentrations should be reduced while recognizing that radon cannot be eliminated. The World Health Organization's International Radon Project has recommended an action level of 2.7 pCi/l for radon in the air. Radon in the air is considered to be a larger health threat than radon in domestic water so the US Environmental Protection Agency recommendation is to not test for radon in water unless a radon in air test is above the action level. However, some US states, such as Maine where radon levels are higher than the national average, recommend all well water should be tested for radon. The US government has not set an action level for radon in water.

text: The first step in mitigation is testing to see if the indoor-air and/or domestic water radon concentrations should be reduced. No level of radiation is considered completely safe but it cannot be totally eliminated so governments around the world have set various action levels to provide guidance on when radon concentrations should be reduced while recognizing that radon cannot be eliminated. The World Health Organization's

text: International Radon Project

text: has recommended an action level of 2.7 pCi/l for radon in the air. Radon in the air is considered to be a larger health threat than radon in domestic water so the US Environmental Protection Agency recommendation is to not test for radon in water unless a radon in air test is above the action level. However, some US states, such as Maine where radon levels are higher than the national average, recommend all well water should be tested for radon. The US government has not set an action level for radon in water.

text: While today the environs of the metropolitan city appear to be barren, evidence of extensive deforestation and numerous agricultural sites have been recorded. Virtually all available arable land was used for irrigation using variety of innovative methods. In fact a significant percentage of the population was involved in agriculture, making the city self-sufficient in food. This enabled the capital city to withstand long sieges, many of which did happen during the three century long existence of the empire. These discoveries indicate dramatic landscape changes. Numerous canals dug out provided perennial water supply to a narrow strip of fertile land bordering the Tungabhadra river. Many of these canals are still in use though modified in most cases to meet current requirements. Many of the tanks created for water storage purposes like the Kamalapura tank still are in use. Survey of the Intensive Survey Area has shown the presence of 60 water reservoir embankments. Numerous other agricultural features like check dams, erosion control walls and wells have been recorded. The net result of these schemes was a complex agricultural landscape that was characterized by a multitude of agricultural regimes appropriate to complex topography, resources, needs and populations.

text: While today the environs of the metropolitan city appear to be barren, evidence of extensive deforestation and numerous agricultural sites have been recorded. Virtually all available arable land was used for irrigation using variety of innovative methods. In fact a significant percentage of the population was involved in agriculture, making the city self-sufficient in food. This enabled the capital city to withstand long sieges, many of which did happen during the three century long existence of the empire. These discoveries indicate dramatic landscape changes. Numerous canals dug out provided perennial water supply to a narrow strip of fertile land bordering the

text: Tungabhadra

text: river. Many of these canals are still in use though modified in most cases to meet current requirements. Many of the

text: tank

text: s created for water storage purposes like the

text: Kamalapura

text: tank still are in use. Survey of the Intensive Survey Area has shown the presence of 60 water reservoir embankments. Numerous other agricultural features like check dams, erosion control walls and wells have been recorded. The net result of these schemes was a complex agricultural landscape that was characterized by a multitude of agricultural regimes appropriate to complex topography, resources, needs and populations.

text: The original grand plaza has undergone several extensive renovations, with radical changes in its appearance and utility. Prior to the 1960s there were extensive brick plazas, few trees, and a few large, simple, raised, and circular ponds with central fountains, all in a style that discouraged loitering. The plaza was then extensively excavated for underground parking. At this time a central rectangular pond, with an extensive array of water vents (strangely, all in several strict rows and all pointing east, with identical arcs of water, and completely without sculptural embellishment), was added, with extensive groves of trees (again, in 60s modernist style, planted with absolute military precision on rectangular grids). In the 1990s, with the rise of the problem of homelessness, the plaza was once again remodeled to make it somewhat less habitable—although the most significant change, the replacement of the pond and pumps with a lawn, could be reasonably justified on the basis of energy and water conservation.

text: The original grand plaza has undergone several extensive renovations, with radical changes in its appearance and utility. Prior to the 1960s there were extensive brick plazas, few trees, and a few large, simple, raised, and circular ponds with central fountains, all in a style that discouraged loitering. The plaza was then extensively excavated for underground parking. At this time a central rectangular pond, with an extensive array of water vents (strangely, all in several strict rows and all pointing east, with identical arcs of water, and completely without sculptural embellishment), was added, with extensive groves of trees (again, in 60s

text: modernist

text: style, planted with absolute military precision on rectangular grids). In the 1990s, with the rise of the problem of

text: homelessness

text: , the plaza was once again remodeled to make it somewhat less habitable—although the most significant change, the replacement of the pond and pumps with a lawn, could be reasonably justified on the basis of

text: energy

text: and

text: water conservation

text: Process water is water that is used in a variety of manufacturing operations, such as: coating and plating; rinsing and spraying; washing and etc. Municipal and ground water often contain dissolved minerals which make it unsuitable for these processes because it would affect product quality and/or increase manufacturing costs. A proper incoming water treatment system can remedy these issues and create the right water conditions for specific industrial processes.

text: Economic theory suggests that trade in water rights is a way to reallocate water from less to more economically productive activities.  Water rights based on prior appropriation- first in time, first in right- led to inefficient water allocation and other inefficiencies, like overuse of land and less adoption of water conservation technologies. For example, it has been observed that urban users can pay up to 10 times more for water than agricultural users. Alternatively, water markets should provide a clear measure of the value of water and encourage conservation. Water trading can be a solution because marginal prices for users will be equalized and one price would allocate water according to each users demand curve; additionally information about the value of water in different uses will result, and compatible incentives will be created. Studies have shown that only modest transfers of water (10%) from agriculture to urban areas would be needed to bring allocation of developed uses into economic balance. Potential environmental benefits of trading can also include improved instream water quality, because water will not be diverted to the least economically productive users. Trading also re-allocates risk, whereas the prior appropriation system inefficiently and unequally allocates water and risk among similar users.

text: Economic theory suggests that trade in water rights is a way to reallocate water from less to more economically productive activities.  Water rights based on prior appropriation- first in time, first in right- led to inefficient water allocation and other inefficiencies, like overuse of land and less adoption of

text: water conservation

text: technologies. For example, it has been observed that urban users can pay up to 10 times more for water than agricultural users. Alternatively, water markets should provide a clear measure of the value of water and encourage conservation. Water trading can be a solution because marginal prices for users will be equalized and one price would allocate water according to each users demand curve; additionally information about the value of water in different uses will result, and compatible incentives will be created. Studies have shown that only modest transfers of water (10%) from agriculture to urban areas would be needed to bring allocation of developed uses into economic balance. Potential environmental benefits of trading can also include improved instream

text: water quality

text: , because water will not be diverted to the least economically productive users. Trading also re-allocates risk, whereas the prior appropriation system inefficiently and unequally allocates water and risk among similar users.

text: Many states will require reasons for wanting a name change. For example, in Florida, a court will not grant a petition for a change of name if it finds that (i) the petitioner has ulterior or illegal motives in seeking the name change, (ii) the petitioner's civil rights are suspended, or (iii) granting the name change will invade the property rights (e.g., intellectual property rights) of others.

text: There is an air-cooled condenser to eliminate the need for cooling water. It makes use of a grey water supply provided by Anglian Water’s nearby sewage treatment plant. This grey water prevents the use of clean potable water from the city's supply and reduces the unnecessary use of chemicals to regenerate the ion exchange resins which are used to de-mineralise the water to protect the power station's boilers and steam turbine.

text: There is an air-cooled condenser to eliminate the need for cooling water. It makes use of a grey water supply provided by

text: Anglian Water

text: ’s nearby sewage treatment plant. This grey water prevents the use of clean potable water from the city's supply and reduces the unnecessary use of chemicals to regenerate the ion exchange resins which are used to de-mineralise the water to protect the power station's boilers and steam turbine.

text: Because the water in the reservoir is mainly for human potable water uses, EBMUD is very strict about recreational activities. Fishing, swimming, and wading are not allowed. However, college rowing teams from Mills College, UC Berkeley and Saint Mary's College have permission to use the lake under certain rules, such as all boats have to be inspected before they are allowed to be used on the lake to prevent contamination.

text: Because the water in the reservoir is mainly for human

text: potable water

text: uses, EBMUD is very strict about recreational activities. Fishing, swimming, and wading are not allowed. However, college rowing teams from

text: Mills College

text: , UC Berkeley and Saint Mary's College have permission to use the lake under certain rules, such as all boats have to be inspected before they are allowed to be used on the lake to prevent contamination.

text: Yemen's political instability has been compounded and partly caused by the severe ecological crisis in the country. The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year for all uses, (101 gallons per day) while the Middle Eastern average is 1000 m/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1700 cubic meters per year. Yemen's groundwater is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 meters below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters below surface by 2012. The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments. Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the "first country to run out of water". Agriculture in Yemen takes up about 90% of water in Yemen even though it only generates 6% of GDP - however a large portion of Yemenis are dependent on small-scale subsistence agriculture. Half of agricultural water in Yemen is used to grow khat, a narcotic that most Yemenis chew. This means that in such a water-scarce country as Yemen, where half the population is food-insecure, 45% of the water withdrawn from the ever-depleting aquifers is used to grow a crop that feeds nobody.

text: Yemen's political instability has been compounded and partly caused by the severe ecological crisis in the country. The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year for all uses, (101 gallons per day) while the Middle Eastern average is 1000 m/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1700 cubic meters per year.

text: Yemen's groundwater

text: is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of water. For example, in

text: Sana'a

text: khat

text: The collective reduction in national consumption of energy (gas and electricity) is significant for home heating. The Act provided gible financial incentives (tax credits) for average homeowners to make environmentally positive changes to their homes.  It made improvements to home energy use more affordable for walls, doors, windows, roofs, water heaters, etc.  Consumer spending, and hence the national economy, was abetted.  Industry grew for manufacture of these environmentally positive improvements.  These positive improvements have been near and long-term in effect.

text: d) The further development of non-conventional water resources through expanding the use of treated wastewater in agriculture and desalinating brackish water for uses across all sectors.

text: Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas.Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date.

text: Microcredits can be targeted specifically at water and sanitation, or general purpose microcredits are simply used for water and sanitation. In both cases, microcredits are typically used to finance household water and sewerage connections, bathrooms, toilets, latrines, rainwater harvesting tanks or water purifiers. They range from 30 to 250 USD with a tenure of generally less than three years.

text: Water resources  are sources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities.  The majority of  human uses require fresh water.

text: Water resources  are sources of

text: water

text: that are potentially useful. Uses of water include

text: agricultural

text: industrial

text: household

text: recreational

text: and

text: environmental

text: activities.  The majority of  human uses require

text: fresh water

text: The Basin Plan sets and enforces environmentally sustainable limits on the quantities of water that may be taken from Basin water resources. It has Basin-wide environmental, water quality and salinity objectives and aims to develop efficient water trading regimes across the Basin. The plan includes requirements for state water resource plans and aims to improve water security for all Basin users. The Basin Plan aims to achieve a balance between environmental, economic and social considerations .

text: The Basin Plan sets and enforces environmentally sustainable limits on the quantities of water that may be taken from Basin

text: water resource

text: s. It has Basin-wide environmental,

text: water quality

text: and

text: salinity

text: objectives and aims to develop efficient

text: water trading

text: regimes across the Basin. The plan includes requirements for state water resource plans and aims to improve water security for all Basin users. The Basin Plan aims to achieve a balance between environmental, economic and social considerations .

text: Clause III C very clearly says seepage and evaporation water losses to the extent of actual depletion from a manmade reservoir shall be accounted under water use in each water year whether stored water is put to use or not. The water diverted from a reservoir in a water year shall be considered as water use in that water year only. Mere creation of water storage in a reservoir in a water year is not reckoned as water use in that water year. Thus GWDT allows creation of carry over storage in reservoirs for future years use when surplus river water is available in a water year to meet water shortfall in the river in future water deficit years up to the permitted water uses. This clause implies that the water use permits are from average annual water availability in the river.

text: Another common IDD prevalent in China is Kashin-Beck disease. A particular outbreak in Tibet was recorded as occurring from lack of iodine. Kashin-Beck is a bone deformity endemic. Iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism, and low serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin were significantly related to Kashin–Beck disease. Iodine supplemented irrigation water in combination to iodized salt helps in reducing the neonatal and infant mortality rates. The province of Xinjiang suffers severely from IDDs and in 1993, started the use of potassium iodate in combination with irrigation water. Irrigation water is widely used and accessible to all households making it the predominant solution in reducing micronutrient deficiencies for Xinjiang.

text: Another common IDD prevalent in China is

text: Kashin-Beck disease

text: . A particular outbreak in Tibet was recorded as occurring from lack of iodine. Kashin-Beck is a bone deformity endemic. Iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism, and low serum concentrations of

text: thyroxine-binding

text: globulin were significantly related to Kashin–Beck disease. Iodine supplemented irrigation water in combination to iodized salt helps in reducing the neonatal and infant mortality rates. The province of

text: Xinjiang

text: suffers severely from IDDs and in 1993, started the use of potassium iodate in combination with irrigation water. Irrigation water is widely used and accessible to all households making it the predominant solution in reducing micronutrient deficiencies for Xinjiang.

text: The viscose method can use wood as a source of cellulose, whereas other routes to rayon require lignin-free cellulose as starting material. The use of woody sources of cellulose makes viscose cheaper, so it was used on a larger scale than the other methods.  On the other hand, the viscose process affords large amounts of contaminated waste water. Rayon was produced only as a filament fiber until the 1930s when methods were developed to utlize "broken waste rayon" as staple fiber.

text: The viscose method can use wood as a source of cellulose, whereas other routes to rayon require lignin-free cellulose as starting material. The use of woody sources of cellulose makes viscose cheaper, so it was used on a larger scale than the other methods.  On the other hand, the viscose process affords large amounts of contaminated waste water. Rayon was produced only as a filament fiber until the 1930s when methods were developed to utlize "broken waste rayon" as

text: staple

text: fiber.

text: Sustainably designed (see Sustainable Design) houses  are generally sited so as to create as little of a negative impact on the surrounding ecosystem as possible, oriented to the sun so that it creates the best possible microclimate (typically, the long axis of the house or building should be oriented east-west), and provide natural shading or wind barriers where and when needed, among many other considerations. The design of a sustainable shelter affords the options it has later (i.e.: using passive solar lighting and heating, creating temperature buffer zones by adding porches, deep overhangs to help create favorable microclimates, etc.)  Sustainably constructed houses involve environmentally friendly management of waste building materials such as recycling and composting, use non-toxic and renewable, recycled, reclaimed, or low-impact production materials that have been created and treated in a sustainable fashion (such as using organic or water-based finishes), use as much locally available materials and tools as possible so as to reduce the need for transportation, and use low-impact production methods (methods that minimize effects on the environment).

text: Sustainably designed (see

text: Sustainable Design

text: ) houses  are generally sited so as to create as little of a negative impact on the surrounding

text: ecosystem

text: as possible, oriented to the sun so that it creates the best possible

text: microclimate

text: (typically, the long axis of the house or building should be oriented east-west), and provide natural shading or wind barriers where and when needed, among many other considerations. The design of a sustainable shelter affords the options it has later (i.e.: using

text: passive solar lighting and heating

text: , creating temperature buffer zones by adding porches, deep overhangs to help create favorable microclimates, etc.)  Sustainably constructed houses involve environmentally friendly management of waste building materials such as recycling and composting, use non-toxic and renewable, recycled, reclaimed, or low-impact production materials that have been created and treated in a sustainable fashion (such as using organic or water-based finishes), use as much locally available materials and tools as possible so as to reduce the need for transportation, and use low-impact production methods (methods that minimize effects on the environment).

text: Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality. One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through aquaponics, such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants and denitrification. Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged.

text: Other treatments such as ultraviolet sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants. The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing optimum water quality. One of the drawbacks to recirculating aquaculture systems is the need for periodic water exchanges. However, the rate of water exchange can be reduced through

text: aquaponics

text: , such as the incorporation of hydroponically grown plants and denitrification. Both methods reduce the amount of nitrate in the water, and can potentially eliminate the need for water exchanges, closing the aquaculture system from the environment. The amount of interaction between the aquaculture system and the environment can be measured through the cumulative feed burden (CFB kg/M3), which measures the amount of feed that goes into the RAS relative to the amount of water and waste discharged.

text: The decision of the court expanded the reach of the public trust doctrine to non-navigable tributaries of navigable waters. This allows for legal challenges to be made to administrative decisions made by the state in regards water appropriations where natural resource values are affected. This potential for legal challenge on the basis of natural resource values forces administrative decisions to include specific consideration of long-term resource impairment in tandem with economic development. Therefore, although the public trust doctrine doesn't preclude the conveyance of water rights to a private party where a natural resource held in the public trust may be affected, following National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983), it does impose a condition on the future use of waters appropriated to further the public interest (the finding that harm must be minimized to the extent feasible). There are, however, broad discretionary powers for states and legislatures to define exactly what the public purpose is. As technology has advanced, waters of the U.S. have been used less for commerce and navigation, the basis for most current environmental law, and more for recreational purposes. In recognition of this, the public trust doctrine can also be employed, using the discretionary powers enjoyed by states for determining public purpose, as the basis for the preservation of a public interest in recreation. Other states, such as Montana, have integrated natural resource values and the public trust doctrine into appropriative water rights through allowing water to be appropriated for future uses that are protective of the environment or a resource (such as maintaining instream flows for water quality or habitat connectivity). In this way, states may establish an appropriative right for water that is integrated with the system of water law as the water is not "used" in the traditional sense of being diverted for commercial, agricultural, or industrial use, but is appropriated to remain in the stream channel. The overriding legal implication of the courts decision in National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983) is that traditional use of the public trust doctrine to ensure that valuable public resources are not lost to the public through diversion to public control has been altered to encompass an all-embracing environmental protection mechanism. In cases in which the traditional doctrine evolved to protect common rights of access for commercial purposes, the modern public trust doctrine proclaims conservationist principles.

text: Tools are used by animals to perform behaviours including the acquisition of food and water, grooming, defence, recreation or construction. Originally thought to be a skill only possessed by humans, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered as true examples of tool use. A wide range of animals are considered to use tools including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods and insects.

text: Tools are used by animals to perform behaviours including the acquisition of food and water,

text: grooming

text: , defence,

text: recreation

text: or

text: construction

text: . Originally thought to be a skill only possessed by

text: human

text: s, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered as true examples of tool use. A wide range of animals are considered to use tools including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods and insects.

text: Sergey Vladimirovich Polyakov (Russian: Сергей Владимирович Поляков, born May 3, 1951 in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian-American scientist performing research for USPolyResearch. He is best known for his R&D in space technology and chemical engineering including the theoretical and experimental studies of the performance of life support systems (LSS) for Soviet interplanetary spaceships and the MIR and ALPHA orbital stations using a  in the Institute for Biomedical Problems (Russian Space Agency Center). Developed an integrated approach to the design of air revitalization and water reclamation/conditioning system from human wastes on the basis of energy-efficient membrane and depth-filtration methods (membrane evaporation, ultra/micro filtration, reverse osmosis).

text: Sergey Vladimirovich Polyakov (Russian: Сергей Владимирович Поляков, born May 3, 1951 in

text: Kharkiv

text: Ukrainian SSR

text: Soviet Union

text: ) is a Russian-American scientist performing research for USPolyResearch. He is best known for his R&D in space technology and chemical engineering including the theoretical and experimental studies of the performance of

text: life support system

text: s (LSS) for Soviet interplanetary spaceships and the MIR and ALPHA orbital stations using a  in the Institute for Biomedical Problems (Russian Space Agency Center). Developed an integrated approach to the design of air revitalization and water reclamation/conditioning system from human wastes on the basis of energy-efficient membrane and depth-filtration methods (membrane evaporation, ultra/micro filtration, reverse osmosis).

text: Using this method, water allotments can be stored  in ponds or ditches, usually lined with bentonite clay. In small systems, the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.

text: Some critics also are concerned about the motives of privately owned firms to make money, which they argue often run against the societal goals of government-run institutions. For example, some people believe access to running drinking water in one's house is a fundamental human right, consequently, denial of access to running water regardless of the reason is a violation of this right. These individuals often argue that running drinking water should be a service provided by government, regardless of an individual's ability to pay for the service and would be opposed to letting private business provide this service primarily because of the belief that a profit-seeking entity would ultimately cut off water service for those who refuse to pay for the service.

text: Some critics also are concerned about the motives of privately owned firms to make money, which they argue often run against the societal goals of government-run institutions. For example, some people believe access to running drinking water in one's house is a fundamental

text: human right

text: , consequently, denial of access to running water regardless of the reason is a violation of this right. These individuals often argue that running drinking water should be a service provided by government, regardless of an individual's ability to pay for the service and would be opposed to letting private business provide this service primarily because of the belief that a profit-seeking entity would ultimately cut off water service for those who refuse to pay for the service.

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to

text: groundwater

text: ; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: In 2010 Johannesburg water provided between 6 and 15 cubic meters of water per month for free, depending on the poverty level of residents. For those considered not poor, the tariff for the tranche between 6 and 10 cubic meters was R4.93 (US$0.73), for the tranche up to 15 cubic meters it was R7.31 (US$1.08) and so on until R14.94 (US$2.21) for a consumption exceeding 40 cubic meters per month. The bill for 10 cubic meters per month thus is R20. Poor households have to register themselves as "indigent" (poor), which - according to critics - leads to a situation where only a fraction of the poor receive the higher free basic water allocation to which they are eligible.

text: There is surplus water available in the river in 75% of water years after meeting the total water use allocations by GWDT, present and future ground water use, for the moderate environmental flow requirements and salt export or alkalinity control in Godavari river.

text: There is surplus water available in the river in 75% of water years after meeting the total water use allocations by GWDT, present and future ground water use, for the moderate environmental flow requirements and

text: salt export

text: or

text: alkalinity

text: control in Godavari river.

text: He developed several new technologies in the recent past to tackle various other contaminants such as arsenic, lead, mercury and organics in water, which are the subject of a few issued and filed patents . Such capabilities to bring contaminant concentrations under drinking water norms using diverse nanomaterials, feasible synthesis of such materials in quantities, creation of viable processes for their implementation along with the use of efficient sensors would make clean drinking water affordable using nanomaterials. Critical problem in achieving this goal is the development of advanced and affordable materials with no or reduced environmental impact. Some of the materials and technologies he has developed over the years have been combined to make affordable all-inclusive point-of-use drinking water purifiers, which are being installed in various parts of the country, both as community and as domestic units. These advanced sand-like composites are made in water at room temperature, with no environmental cost. Gravity-fed water solutions using such materials without the use of electricity can make sustainable access to safe drinking water a reality.

text: The FAO of the United Nations estimates that about 1.2 million hectares of potential brackishwater area available in India is suitable for farming, in addition to this, around 8.5 million hectares of salt affected areas are also available, of which about 2.6 million hectares could be exclusively utilised for aquaculture due to the unsuitability of these resources for other agriculture based activities. However, just like India's fresh water resources, the total brackishwater area under cultivation is only just over 13 percent of the potential water area available. India offers opportunities for highly productive farming of shrimp in its brackishwater resources.

text: The

text: FAO

text: of the United Nations estimates that about 1.2 million hectares of potential brackishwater area available in India is suitable for farming, in addition to this, around 8.5 million hectares of salt affected areas are also available, of which about 2.6 million hectares could be exclusively utilised for aquaculture due to the unsuitability of these resources for other agriculture based activities. However, just like India's fresh water resources, the total brackishwater area under cultivation is only just over 13 percent of the potential water area available. India offers opportunities for highly productive farming of shrimp in its brackishwater resources.

text: Most of the range is publicly owned and protected.  In the far northeast, High Point State Park protects the area around High Point itself.  Further southwest, Stokes State Forest encompasses much of the range from the southern boundary of High Point State Park to the eastern boundary of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.  The recreation area encompasses the entire southern half of the range, and also contains the smaller Worthington State Forest, which also protects the southwestern end of the range near the Delaware Water Gap itself.

text: Most of the range is publicly owned and protected.  In the far northeast,

text: High Point State Park

text: protects the area around High Point itself.  Further southwest,

text: Stokes State Forest

text: encompasses much of the range from the southern boundary of High Point State Park to the eastern boundary of the

text: .  The recreation area encompasses the entire southern half of the range, and also contains the smaller

text: Worthington State Forest

text: , which also protects the southwestern end of the range near the

text: Delaware Water Gap

text: itself.

text: Only 10 percent of the Coachella Valley residents were born/raised in the area, according to the 2000 census, a much lower percentage than found in most parts of the U.S. Agriculture is a founding block of the majority of the "oldtimer" residents, whose parents and grandparents came to the area as farmers and laborers transformed the eastern parts of the valley from a hot sandy desert into a green fertile place with a year-round growing season. The Coachella Valley's agricultural development is due to irrigation: water was drawn from an underground aquifer created when the valley was under a fresh water lake in the last ice age (over 10,000 years ago); and from the All-American Canal, completed in the late 1940s, which brought large supplies of water from the Colorado River. Recent growth of fish farming or "aquaculture" in Mecca near the Salton Sea brings new promise to the local economy, especially to efforts to restore the ailing ecology of the large saltwater lake.

text: Only 10 percent of the Coachella Valley residents were born/raised in the area, according to the 2000 census, a much lower percentage than found in most parts of the U.S. Agriculture is a founding block of the majority of the "oldtimer" residents, whose parents and grandparents came to the area as farmers and laborers transformed the eastern parts of the valley from a hot sandy desert into a green fertile place with a year-round growing season. The Coachella Valley's agricultural development is due to irrigation: water was drawn from an underground aquifer created when the valley was under a fresh water lake in the last

text: ice age

text: (over 10,000 years ago); and from the All-American Canal, completed in the late 1940s, which brought large supplies of water from the

text: Colorado River

text: . Recent growth of fish farming or "

text: aquaculture

text: " in Mecca near the Salton Sea brings new promise to the local economy, especially to efforts to restore the ailing ecology of the large saltwater lake.

text: The permanganate index method is not recommended for waste water because some organic compounds are not oxidized or incompletely oxidized.

text: The permanganate index method is not recommended for

text: waste water

text: because some

text: organic compound

text: s are not oxidized or incompletely oxidized.

text: Illegal dumping, also called fly dumping or fly tipping, is the dumping of waste illegally instead of using an authorised method such as kerbside collection or using an authorised rubbish dump. It is the illegal deposit of any waste onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no licence to accept waste.

text: Illegal dumping, also called fly dumping or fly tipping, is the dumping of

text: waste

text: illegally instead of using an authorised method such as

text: kerbside collection

text: or using an authorised

text: rubbish dump

text: . It is the illegal deposit of any

text: waste

text: onto land, including waste dumped or tipped on a site with no licence to accept waste.

text: A project to dam the river near Tocks Island was in the works before the 1955 floods.  But several deaths and severe damages resulting from these floods brought the issue of flood control to the national level.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed the construction of the dam, which would have created a 37-mile (60-km) long lake between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with depths of up to 140 feet. The area around the lake would be established as the Tocks Island National Recreation Area under the oversight of the National Park Service, to offer recreation activities such as hunting, hiking, fishing, and boating. In addition to flood control and recreation, the dam would be used to generate hydroelectric power and provide a clean water supply to New York City and Philadelphia.

text: A project to dam the river near

text: Tocks Island

text: was in the works before the 1955 floods.  But several deaths and severe damages resulting from these floods brought the issue of flood control to the national level.  The

text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

text: proposed the construction of the dam, which would have created a 37-mile (60-km) long lake between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with depths of up to 140 feet. The area around the lake would be established as the Tocks Island National Recreation Area under the oversight of the

text: National Park Service

text: , to offer recreation activities such as hunting, hiking, fishing, and boating. In addition to flood control and recreation, the dam would be used to generate

text: hydroelectric power

text: and provide a clean water supply to New York City and Philadelphia.

text: This model is designed to assist farmers and other users in rural and non-electrified areas in their agricultural and non-agricultural uses. In addition to being a mean of transportation, the human-powered water pump is used for water pumping purposes.

text: This model is designed to assist farmers and other users in rural and non-electrified areas in their

text: agricultural

text: and non-agricultural uses. In addition to being a mean of

text: transportation

text: , the human-powered water pump is used for water

text: pump

text: ing purposes.

text: The Ashokan Reservoir is part of the New York City water supply system, fishing is allowed under permit, but swimming and most other recreational uses are forbidden.

text: The Ashokan Reservoir is part of the

text: New York City

text: water supply system, fishing is allowed under permit, but swimming and most other recreational uses are forbidden.

text: Basalt is still quarried in the immediate area of Aegidienberg. The basalt quarries on the Dachsberg and the Himberg had railway connections to the Bröl Valley Railway (Bröltalbahn), which had a wide-ranging network extending as far as Asbach, Beuel, Siegburg and Waldbröl. The quarry operators underwrote the branch lines they used for transporting the basalt. Connecting to a passenger line was discussed a number of times but never carried out. Both of the quarries in Aegidienberg ceased operation around the 1960s and today the water-filled pits are used for swimming and other recreation, like many other quarries in the region.

text: Basalt

text: is still quarried in the immediate area of Aegidienberg. The basalt quarries on the Dachsberg and the Himberg had railway connections to the Bröl Valley Railway (Bröltalbahn), which had a wide-ranging network extending as far as

text: Asbach

text: Beuel

text: Siegburg

text: and

text: Waldbröl

text: . The quarry operators underwrote the branch lines they used for transporting the basalt. Connecting to a passenger line was discussed a number of times but never carried out. Both of the quarries in Aegidienberg ceased operation around the 1960s and today the water-filled pits are used for swimming and other recreation, like many other quarries in the region.

text: An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. Most opioids are not legal for over the counter purchase; However, some products that are legal (poppy seeds, poppy pods, and poppy plant material) contain morphine, codeine, and other analgesic opiates. Many of these products may be purchased legally but it is illegal to use them for anything other than cooking and decorative purposes. Codeine can be purchased over the counter in some jurisdictions, but it's usually mixed with paracetamol to discourage recreational use. The paracetamol, however, can be removed fairly easily by manipulation of the different solubility of paracetamol and codeine in cold water.

text: An opioid is a chemical substance that has a

text: morphine

text: -like action in the body. Most opioids are not legal for over the counter purchase; However, some products that are legal (poppy seeds, poppy pods, and poppy plant material) contain morphine, codeine, and other analgesic opiates. Many of these products may be purchased legally but it is illegal to use them for anything other than cooking and decorative purposes.

text: Codeine

text: can be purchased over the counter in some jurisdictions, but it's usually mixed with

text: paracetamol

text: to discourage recreational use. The paracetamol, however, can be removed fairly easily by manipulation of the different

text: solubility

text: of paracetamol and codeine in cold water.

text: Reuse of reclaimed water is an increasingly common response to water scarcity in many parts of the United States. Reclaimed water is being reused directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protection; commercial uses such as vehicle washing; industrial reuse such as cooling water, boiler water and process water; environmental and recreational uses such as the creation or restoration of wetlands; as well as agricultural irrigation. In some cases, such as in Irvine Ranch Water District in Orange County it is also used for flushing toilets. It was estimated that in 2002 a total of  per day, or almost 3% of public water supply, were being directly reused. California reused 0.6 and Florida  per day respectively. Twenty-five states had regulations regarding the use of reclaimed water in 2002. Planned direct reuse of reclaimed water was initiated in 1932 with the construction of a reclaimed water facility at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Reclaimed water is typically distributed with a color-coded dual piping network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes.

text: Reuse of

text: reclaimed water

text: is an increasingly common response to water scarcity in many parts of the United States. Reclaimed water is being reused directly for various non-potable uses in the United States, including urban landscape irrigation of parks, school yards, highway medians and golf courses; fire protection; commercial uses such as vehicle washing; industrial reuse such as cooling water, boiler water and process water; environmental and recreational uses such as the creation or restoration of wetlands; as well as agricultural irrigation. In some cases, such as in Irvine Ranch Water District in

text: Orange County

text: it is also used for flushing toilets. It was estimated that in 2002 a total of  per day, or almost 3% of public water supply, were being directly reused. California reused 0.6 and Florida  per day respectively. Twenty-five states had regulations regarding the use of reclaimed water in 2002. Planned direct reuse of reclaimed water was initiated in 1932 with the construction of a reclaimed water facility at San Francisco's

text: Golden Gate Park

text: . Reclaimed water is typically distributed with a color-coded

text: dual piping

text: network that keeps reclaimed water pipes completely separate from potable water pipes.

text: In this case the space has been designed, either during construction or at a later point by the owners, to function as a fully habitable addition to the house. Frequently most or all of the basement is used as a recreation room or living room, but it is not uncommon as well to find there (either instead of or alongside the living/recreation room) a guest bedroom or teenager's room, a bathroom, a home office, a home gym, a home theater, a basement bar, a sauna, and one or more closets. Occasionally a part of the basement is unfurnished and is used for storage, a workshop, and/or a laundry room; when this is the case the water heater and furnace will also often be located there, although in some cases the entire basement is finished, and the water heater and furnace are boxed off into a closet.

text: In this case the space has been designed, either during construction or at a later point by the owners, to function as a fully habitable addition to the house. Frequently most or all of the basement is used as a

text: recreation room

text: or living room, but it is not uncommon as well to find there (either instead of or alongside the living/recreation room) a guest bedroom or teenager's room, a bathroom, a home office, a home gym, a home theater, a basement bar, a sauna, and one or more closets. Occasionally a part of the basement is unfurnished and is used for storage, a workshop, and/or a laundry room; when this is the case the water heater and furnace will also often be located there, although in some cases the entire basement is finished, and the water heater and furnace are boxed off into a closet.

text: Lake Shenorock is a lake located in the hamlet of Shenorock in the town Somers, New York.  The lake is used for fishing and was used for recreational swimming until the Clean Water Act was passed and the lake became a source of drinking water.  The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, recreational swimming ended in 1977.   The lake is part of the Croton Reservoir System and is a tributary to the Amawalk Reservoir, which is used as a source of water for New York City residents.  There are no major tributaries to the class B lake.

text: Lake Shenorock is a lake located in the hamlet of Shenorock in the town

text: Somers, New York

text: .  The lake is used for fishing and was used for recreational swimming until the

text: Clean Water Act

text: was passed and the lake became a source of drinking water.  The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, recreational swimming ended in 1977.   The lake is part of the Croton Reservoir System and is a tributary to the

text: Amawalk Reservoir

text: , which is used as a source of water for New York City residents.  There are no major tributaries to the class B lake.

text: In chemical and biological laboratories, as well as in industry, cheaper alternatives such as deionized water are preferred to distilled water. But if these alternatives are not pure enough, distilled water is used. If exceptionally high purity water is required, double distilled water is used.

text: In chemical and biological laboratories, as well as in industry, cheaper alternatives such as

text: deionized water

text: are preferred to distilled water. But if these alternatives are not pure enough, distilled water is used. If exceptionally high purity water is required,

text: double distilled water

text: is used.

text: - Juicy water is a liquid side product obtained after refining of starch milk. It is ten times diluted potato juice. As it is a sludge and it cannot be discharged to open water. It must be treated as waste water or is used as fertilizer.

text: - Juicy water is a liquid side product obtained after refining of starch milk. It is ten times diluted potato juice. As it is a

text: sludge

text: and it cannot be discharged to open water. It must be treated as waste water or is used as fertilizer.

text: The main advantage to printing solar cells with an inkjet printer is the low cost of production. The reason it is cheaper than other methods is because no vacuum is necessary which makes the equipment cheaper. Also, the ink is a low cost metal salt blend reducing the cost of the solar cells. There is very little waste of material in comparison to other methods like vapor phase deposition when using inkjet printers to lay down the semiconductor material. This is because the printer is able to create precise patterning with little waste. Some inkjet solar cells use the material CIGS which has more solar efficiency than the traditional silicon solar panels. Using CIGS makes it very important to have little waste due to how rare some of the materials in it are. This method is also environmentally friendly because it does not require the use of toxic chemicals to prepare the solar cell like other methods do.

text: The main advantage to printing solar cells with an inkjet printer is the low cost of production. The reason it is cheaper than other methods is because no

text: vacuum

text: is necessary which makes the equipment cheaper. Also, the ink is a low cost metal salt blend reducing the cost of the solar cells. There is very little waste of material in comparison to other methods like vapor phase deposition when using inkjet printers to lay down the semiconductor material. This is because the printer is able to create precise patterning with little waste. Some inkjet solar cells use the material

text: CIGS

text: which has more solar efficiency than the traditional silicon solar panels. Using

text: CIGS

text: makes it very important to have little waste due to how rare some of the materials in it are. This method is also environmentally friendly because it does not require the use of toxic chemicals to prepare the solar cell like other methods do.

text: Lake Shenorock is classified as a class B lake, its intended use is for swimming.  A beach, cement dock and dam can be found on the shore of the lake. Swimming is now banned and Lake Shenorock is used for recreation fishing.  The recreational uses are considered to be impaired due to algae and poor water transparency.  High levels of phosphorus greatly contribute to the algal growth, low levels of oxygen, and poor water transparency.

text: LabWare was founded in 1987 by Vance Kershner, who is the company's current president and CEO. It has offices in fifteen countries with customers in ninety. The company is headquartered in Wilmington, DE, with a training facility at Oberod Estate, a French-style Chateau in Centreville, DE  built for Jane du Pont Lunger. LabWare pharmaceutical clients include Wyeth, Teva, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merck, and Bristol Myers Squibb. They also produce software for other industries, such as food and beverage, forensics, nuclear power, environmental and water testing. Their software is used to test for water, soil, food and air quality in the US, Ireland, Australia and South Africa.

text: LabWare was founded in 1987 by Vance Kershner, who is the company's current president and CEO. It has offices in fifteen countries with customers in ninety. The company is headquartered in Wilmington, DE, with a training facility at Oberod Estate, a French-style Chateau in Centreville, DE  built for

text: Jane du Pont Lunger

text: . LabWare pharmaceutical clients include

text: Wyeth

text: Teva

text: AstraZeneca

text: Pfizer

text: Merck

text: , and

text: Bristol Myers Squibb

text: . They also produce software for other industries, such as food and beverage, forensics, nuclear power, environmental and water testing. Their software is used to test for water, soil, food and air quality in the US, Ireland, Australia and South Africa.

text: Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, cardboard, aluminium and steel cans, and plastics. It can be either non-hazardous or hazardous in nature. Solid waste that enters the ocean may become marine debris, and can then pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities, and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships typically manage solid waste by a combination of source reduction, waste minimization, and recycling. However, as much as 75 percent of solid waste is incinerated on board, and the ash typically is discharged at sea, although some is landed ashore for disposal or recycling. Marine mammals, fish, sea turtles, and birds can be injured or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released or disposed off of cruise ships. On average, each cruise ship passenger generates at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste per day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be massive. For a large cruise ship, about 8 tons of solid waste are generated during a one-week cruise. It has been estimated that 24 percent of the solid waste generated by vessels worldwide (by weight) comes from cruise ships. Most cruise ship garbage is treated on board (incinerated, pulped, or ground up) for discharge overboard. When garbage must be off-loaded (for example, because glass and aluminium cannot be incinerated), cruise ships can put a strain on port reception facilities, which are rarely adequate to the task of serving a large passenger vessel.

text: Solid waste generated on a ship includes

text: glass

text: paper

text: , cardboard,

text: aluminium

text: and

text: steel

text: cans, and

text: plastic

text: s. It can be either non-hazardous or hazardous in nature. Solid waste that enters the ocean may become

text: marine debris

text: , and can then pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities, and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships typically manage solid waste by a combination of

text: source reduction

text: waste minimization

text: , and

text: recycling

text: . However, as much as 75 percent of solid waste is

text: incinerated

text: on board, and the

text: ash

text: typically is discharged at sea, although some is landed ashore for disposal or recycling.

text: Marine mammal

text: s, fish,

text: sea turtle

text: s, and birds can be injured or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released or disposed off of cruise ships. On average, each cruise ship passenger generates at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste per day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be massive. For a large cruise ship, about 8

text: ton

text: s of solid waste are generated during a one-week cruise. It has been estimated that 24 percent of the solid waste generated by vessels worldwide (by weight) comes from cruise ships. Most cruise ship garbage is treated on board (incinerated, pulped, or ground up) for discharge overboard. When garbage must be off-loaded (for example, because glass and aluminium cannot be incinerated), cruise ships can put a strain on port reception facilities, which are rarely adequate to the task of serving a large passenger vessel.

text: According to a household survey concerning water use that was carried out in 2005 among 110 poor households in various neighbourhoods, poor households typically rely on a variety of water sources, including foremost network water, vended water and groundwater. Network water and groundwater are usually bought from other households that have a connection or a well, or from public hydrants that are operated by private vendors. Use of different water sources varies over time depending on changes in quality, availability and pressure. Some households also collect rainwater. According to the survey, vendor water was 10 to 32 times more expensive than piped water and 43 percent of surveyed households spent more than 5 percent of their income for water.

text: Behavior change programs tend to focus on a few behavioral change theories which gained ground in the 1980s. These theories share a major commonality in defining individual actions as the locus of change. Behavior change programs that are usually focused on activities that help a person or a community to reflect upon their risk behaviors and change them to reduce their risk and vulnerability are known as interventions. Examples include: "Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model of Behavior Change", "theory of reasoned action", "health belief model", "theory of planned behavior", diffusion of innovation", and the health action process approach. Developments in health behavior change theories since the late 1990s have focused on incorporating disparate theories of health behavior change into a single unified theory.

text: Behavior change programs tend to focus on a few

text: behavioral change theories

text: which gained ground in the 1980s. These theories share a major commonality in defining individual actions as the locus of change. Behavior change programs that are usually focused on activities that help a person or a community to reflect upon their risk behaviors and change them to reduce their risk and vulnerability are known as

text: interventions

text: . Examples include: "

text: Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model

text: of Behavior Change", "

text: theory of reasoned action

text: health belief model

text: theory of planned behavior

text: diffusion of innovation

text: ", and the

text: health action process approach

text: . Developments in health behavior change theories since the late 1990s have focused on incorporating disparate theories of health behavior change into a single unified theory.

text: Many opportunities are available for recreational use of the facilities in the LaGrange College Aquatics Complex: recreational swimming and lap swimming all year round in the indoor pool, as well as water aerobics or aqua exercise classes (non-credit). Students also enjoy use of fully equipped weight-training room and a fitness area.

text: Besides using natural, locally available resources (e.g. wood or adobe), waste materials imported from cities using conventional (and inefficient) waste management may be gathered and re-used to build a sustainable living environment. Use of these cities' waste material allows the gathering of a huge amount of building material at a low cost. When obtained, the materials may be recycled over and over in the own city/community, using the cradle to cradle design method. Locations where waste can be found include landfills, junkyards, on water surfaces and anywhere around towns or near highways. Organic waste that can be reused to fertilise plants can be found in sewages. Also, town districts and other places (e.g. cemeteries) that are subject of undergoing renovation or removal can be used for gathering materials as stone, concrete, or potassium.

text: Besides using natural, locally available resources (e.g. wood or adobe), waste materials imported from cities using conventional (and inefficient) waste management may be gathered and re-used to build a sustainable living environment. Use of these cities' waste material allows the gathering of a huge amount of building material at a low cost. When obtained, the materials may be recycled over and over in the own city/community, using the

text: cradle to cradle design

text: method. Locations where waste can be found include

text: landfill

text: s,

text: junkyards

text: , on water surfaces and anywhere around towns or near highways. Organic waste that can be reused to fertilise plants can be found in sewages. Also, town districts and other places (e.g.

text: cemeteries

text: ) that are subject of undergoing renovation or removal can be used for gathering materials as stone, concrete, or potassium.

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of

text: water quality

text: pollution

text: hydrology

text: and

text: geothermal water

text: s.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as

text: gas chromatography

text: and

text: mass spectrometry

text: . In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised

text: organoleptic

text: methods may be used to detect smells at very low Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

text: Someone with knowledge about the area of triangles might reason: “Initially the area of the water forming the triangle is 12 since ½ * 4 * 6 = 12.  The amount of water doesn’t change so the area won’t change.  So the answer is 3 because ½ * 3 * 8 = 12.”

text: The Human Development Report reports that human use of water is mainly allocated to irrigation and agriculture. In developing areas, such as those within Africa, agriculture accounts for more than 80% of water consumption. This is due to the fact that it takes about 3,500 liters of water to produce enough food for the daily minimum of 3,000 calories, and food production for a typical family of four takes a daily amount of water equivalent to the amount of water in an olympic-sized swimming pool. Because the majority of Africa remains dependent on an agricultural lifestyle and 80% to 90% of all families in rural Africa rely upon producing their own food, water scarcity translates to a loss of food security. At this point, with less than a third of the continent's potential using irrigation most of rural African communities are not tapping into their irrigation potential, and according to the UN Economic Commission for Africa and New Partnership for Africa's Development, "irrigation is key to achieving increased agricultural production that is important for economic development and for attaining food security". The doubling of Africa's irrigated land is currently high on many political agendas, which can potentially be addressed through markets, commodity selection, ownership, land tenure, reliable water storage, and international agreements.

text: The

text: Human Development Report

text: reports that human use of water is mainly allocated to irrigation and agriculture. In developing areas, such as those within Africa, agriculture accounts for more than 80% of water consumption. This is due to the fact that it takes about 3,500 liters of water to produce enough food for the daily minimum of 3,000 calories, and food production for a typical family of four takes a daily amount of water equivalent to the amount of water in an olympic-sized swimming pool. Because the majority of Africa remains dependent on an agricultural lifestyle and 80% to 90% of all families in rural Africa rely upon producing their own food, water scarcity translates to a loss of

text: food security

text: . At this point, with less than a third of the continent's potential using irrigation most of rural African communities are not tapping into their

text: irrigation

text: potential, and according to the UN Economic Commission for Africa and New Partnership for Africa's Development, "irrigation is key to achieving increased agricultural production that is important for economic development and for attaining food security". The doubling of Africa's irrigated land is currently high on many political agendas, which can potentially be addressed through markets, commodity selection, ownership,

text: land tenure

text: , reliable water storage, and

text: international agreements

text: According to DWASA's  official website, in November 2011 the metered residential tariff was 6.6 Taka (US$0.09) per cubic meter. For households with sewer connections the tariff was 15.5 Taka (US$0.21) per cubic meter. Unmetered residential water connections were billed 128 Takas (US$1.72) per month. The commercial, industrial and institutional tariffs are more than three times higher. Total revenues were the equivalent of about US$70 million per annum in 2010 and, according to DWASA management, cover about 25% more than the operating costs of the utility (operating ratio of 0.79).

text: Another reason for change is to address safety issues. Everyone’s view of safety and liability has changed over the years. For example, thirty years ago goalkeepers did not wear helmets but today’s standards and personal expectations demand increased protection.

text: Australian water resources have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in groundwater use and the constant threat of drought. These increased pressures not only affect the quantity and quality of the waterways but they also negatively affect biodiversity. The government needs to create policies that preserve, protect and monitor Australia’s inland water. The most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government is environmental flow allocations that allocate water to the natural environment. The proper implementation of water trading systems could help to conserve water resources in Australia. Over the years there has been an increase in demand for water, making Australia the third largest per capita user of water in the world (Beeton et al. 2006). If this trend continues, the gap between supply and demand will need to be addressed. The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates (UNEP, 2014). By changing public perception to promote the action of reusing and recycling water some of the stress of water shortages can be alleviated.  More extensive solutions like desalination plants, building more dams and using aquifer storage are all options that could be taken to conserve water levels but all these methods are controversial. With caps on surface water use, both urban and rural consumers are turning to groundwater use; this has caused groundwater levels to decline significantly. Groundwater use is very hard to monitor and regulate. There is not enough research currently being conducted to accurately determine sustainable yields. Some regions are seeing improvement in groundwater levels by applying caps on bores and the amount of water that consumers are allowed to extract. There have been projects in environmental governance aimed at restoring vegetation in the riparian zone. Restoring riparian vegetation helps increase biodiversity, reduce salinity, prevent soil erosion and prevent riverbank collapse. Many rivers and waterways are controlled by weirs and locks that control the flow of rivers and also prevent the movement of fish. The government has funded fish-ways on some weirs and locks to allow for native fish to move upstream. Wetlands have significantly suffered under restricted water resources with water bird numbers dropping and a decrease in species diversity. The allocation of water for bird breeding through environmental flows in Macquarie Marshes has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing daughterless carp to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: Australia

text: n

text: water resources

text: have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in

text: groundwater

text: Macquarie Marshes

text: has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing

text: daughterless carp

text: to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: Insecticidal soap is sold commercially for aphid control; these may not always use the word soap, but they will list "potassium salts of fatty acids" or "potassium laurate" as the active ingredient. Certain types of household soaps (not synthetic detergents) are also suitable, but it may be difficult to tell the composition and water content from the label. Potassium-based soaps are typically soft or liquid.

text: Insecticidal soap is sold commercially for aphid control; these may not always use the word soap, but they will list "potassium salts of

text: fatty acid

text: s" or "potassium

text: laurate

text: " as the active ingredient. Certain types of household soaps (not synthetic

text: detergent

text: s) are also suitable, but it may be difficult to tell the composition and water content from the label.

text: Potassium-based soaps

text: are typically soft or liquid.

text: In the 19th century numerous industries including a cotton mill and iron foundry flourished along the river, making use of the fast flowing water to drive machinery. A bobbin mill at Spark Bridge, which manufactured wooden bobbins for the Lancashire cotton industry, used water-powered lathes to turn the wood. The factory survived into the 1970s using Gilkes water turbines to generate electricity and turn the lathes. The factory was eventually forced to close by the punitive water usage charges levied by the North West Water Authority. Today there are no obvious signs of any of the riverside industries.

text: In the 19th century numerous industries including a

text: cotton mill

text: and

text: iron

text: foundry

text: flourished along the river, making use of the fast flowing water to drive machinery. A bobbin mill at Spark Bridge, which manufactured wooden bobbins for the

entity_name: Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

text: Lancashire cotton industry

text: , used water-powered lathes to turn the wood. The factory survived into the 1970s using Gilkes

text: water turbine

text: s to generate electricity and turn the lathes. The factory was eventually forced to close by the punitive water usage charges levied by the North West Water Authority. Today there are no obvious signs of any of the riverside industries.

text: To protect against defilement from contact with the dead, they built courtyards over bedrock, and left beneath them a hollow to serve as protection against a grave in the depths. They used to bring pregnant women there to give birth and rear their children in this ritually pure place. They placed doors on the backs of oxen and placed the children upon them with stone cups in their hands. When the children reached the pool of Siloam, the children stepped down, filled the cups with water, and then climbed back up on the doors. Rabbi Jose said that each child used to let down his cup and fill it from on top of the oxen. When the children arrived at the Temple Mount with the water, they got down. Beneath the Temple Mount and the Temple courtyards was a hollow, which protected against contamination from a grave in the depths. At the entrance of the court of the women, they kept a jar of the ashes of the sin-offerings. If they did not find the residue of the ashes of seven Red Cows, they performed the sprinkling with those of six, of five, of four, of three, of two or of one. They made a causeway from the Temple Mount to the Mount of Olives, arches above arches, each arch placed directly above each pier of the arch below, as a protection against a grave in the depths, on which the priest who was to burn the cow, the cow itself, and all who aided in its preparation went forth to the Mount of Olives. If the cow refused to go out, they did not take out with it a black cow, lest it be said that they killed a black cow instead of a Red Cow. Nor did they bring out another Red Cow, lest it be said that they killed two Red Cows. But Rabbi Jose said it was not for this reason, but because  says, "And he shall bring her forth," implying: by herself.

text: To protect against defilement from contact with the dead, they built courtyards over bedrock, and left beneath them a hollow to serve as protection against a grave in the depths. They used to bring pregnant women there to give birth and rear their children in this ritually pure place. They placed doors on the backs of oxen and placed the children upon them with stone cups in their hands. When the children reached the pool of

text: Siloam

text: , the children stepped down, filled the cups with water, and then climbed back up on the doors. Rabbi Jose said that each child used to let down his cup and fill it from on top of the oxen. When the children arrived at the

text: Temple Mount

text: with the water, they got down. Beneath the Temple Mount and the Temple courtyards was a hollow, which protected against contamination from a grave in the depths. At the entrance of the court of the women, they kept a jar of the ashes of the sin-offerings. If they did not find the residue of the ashes of seven Red Cows, they performed the sprinkling with those of six, of five, of four, of three, of two or of one. They made a causeway from the Temple Mount to the

text: Mount of Olives

text: , arches above arches, each arch placed directly above each pier of the arch below, as a protection against a grave in the depths, on which the priest who was to burn the cow, the cow itself, and all who aided in its preparation went forth to the Mount of Olives. If the cow refused to go out, they did not take out with it a black cow, lest it be said that they killed a black cow instead of a Red Cow. Nor did they bring out another Red Cow, lest it be said that they killed two Red Cows. But Rabbi Jose said it was not for this reason, but because  says, "And he shall bring her forth," implying: by herself.

text: In areas of Australia, more than 30% (2016) of households have rooftop photo-voltaic systems. It is useful for them to use free energy from the sun to reduce energy import from the grid. Further, demand side management can be helpful when a systematic approach is considered: the operation of photovoltaic, air conditioner, battery energy storage systems, storage water heaters, building performance and energy efficiency measures.

text: A second consequence of prescription is that prescriptive rules quickly become entrenched and it is difficult to change them when the language changes. Thus, there is a tendency for prescription to lag behind the colloquial language. In 1834, an anonymous writer advised against the split infinitive, reasoning that the construction was not a frequent feature of English as he knew it. The construction is sometimes used today in many varieties of English.

text: A second consequence of prescription is that prescriptive rules quickly become entrenched and it is difficult to change them when the language changes. Thus, there is a tendency for prescription to lag behind the colloquial language. In 1834, an anonymous writer advised against the

text: split infinitive

text: , reasoning that the construction was not a frequent feature of English as he knew it. The construction is sometimes used today in many varieties of English.

text: The largest single use of potable water in California is water used to irrigate for agriculture. The largest remaining segment of water use is that of public water supplies.

text: Water has unique features that make it difficult to regulate using laws designed mainly for land. Water is mobile, its supply varies by year and season as well as location, and it can be used simultaneously by many users. As with property (land) law, water rights can be described as a "bundle of sticks" containing multiple, separable activities that can have varying levels of regulation. For instance, some uses of water divert it from its natural course but return most or all of it (e.g. hydroelectric plants), while others consume much of what they take (ice, agriculture), and still others use water without diverting it at all (e.g. boating). Each type of activity has its own needs and can in theory be regulated separately. There are several types of conflict likely to arise: absolute shortages; shortages in a particular time or place; diversions of water that reduce the flow available to others; pollutants or other changes (such as temperature or turbidity) that render water unfit for others' use; and the need to maintain "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural ecosystem.

text: Water has unique features that make it difficult to regulate using laws designed mainly for land. Water is mobile, its supply varies by year and season as well as location, and it can be used simultaneously by many users. As with property (land) law, water rights can be described as a "bundle of sticks" containing multiple, separable activities that can have varying levels of regulation. For instance, some uses of water divert it from its natural course but return most or all of it (e.g.

text: hydroelectric plants

text: ), while others consume much of what they take (ice,

text: agriculture

text: ), and still others use water without diverting it at all (e.g.

text: boating

text: ). Each type of activity has its own needs and can in theory be regulated separately. There are several types of conflict likely to arise: absolute shortages; shortages in a particular time or place; diversions of water that reduce the flow available to others; pollutants or other changes (such as temperature or

text: turbidity

text: ) that render water unfit for others' use; and the need to maintain "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural

text: ecosystem

text: Tap water is often culturally assumed to be drinking water, especially in developed countries. Usually it is potable, although water quality problems are not rare. Household water purification methods such as water filters, boiling, or distillation can be used when tap water's potability is doubted. The application of technologies (such as water treatment plants) involved in providing clean water to homes, businesses, and public buildings is a major subfield of sanitary engineering. Calling a water supply "tap water" distinguishes it from the other main types of fresh water which may be available; these include water from rainwater-collecting cisterns, water from village pumps or town pumps, or water carried from streams, rivers, or lakes (whose potability may vary).

text: Tap water is often culturally assumed to be

text: drinking water

text: , especially in developed countries. Usually it is potable, although

text: water quality

text: problems are not rare. Household

text: water purification

text: methods such as

text: water filter

text: s,

text: boiling

text: , or

text: distillation

text: can be used when tap water's potability is doubted. The application of technologies (such as

text: water treatment

text: plants) involved in providing clean water to homes, businesses, and public buildings is a major subfield of

text: sanitary engineering

text: . Calling a water supply "tap water" distinguishes it from the other main types of fresh water which may be available; these include water from rainwater-collecting

text: cistern

text: s, water from

text: village pump

text: s or town pumps, or water carried from streams, rivers, or lakes (whose potability may vary).

text: Though agreeing, in principle, with the possibility of using the absurdity doctrine to change the meaning of a statute, Justice Kennedy said that the Court must act with "self-discipline" in invoking it, limiting its application to situations where "the result of applying the plain language would be, in a genuine sense, absurd, i.e., where it is quite impossible that Congress could have intended the result." He raised as an example a medieval law against drawing blood in the street, as applied against a doctor treating a sick man. Justice Kennedy also criticized the majority for citing the nearly one hundred year-old decision in Church of Holy Trinity v. United States (1892), utilizing similar reasoning, since in that case the outcome depended on the Court proclaiming the U.S. a "Christian Nation," and holding that Congress could not possibly have intended to restrict immigration of Christian ministers.

text: Though agreeing, in principle, with the possibility of using the absurdity doctrine to change the meaning of a statute, Justice Kennedy said that the Court must act with "self-discipline" in invoking it, limiting its application to situations where "the result of applying the plain language would be, in a genuine sense, absurd, i.e., where it is quite impossible that Congress could have intended the result." He raised as an example a medieval law against drawing blood in the street, as applied against a doctor treating a sick man. Justice Kennedy also criticized the majority for citing the nearly one hundred year-old decision in

text: Church of Holy Trinity v. United States

text: (1892), utilizing similar reasoning, since in that case the outcome depended on the Court proclaiming the U.S. a "Christian Nation," and holding that Congress could not possibly have intended to restrict immigration of Christian ministers.

text: The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, chlorine, ultraviolet light, or sodium hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for drinking water, is not used in the treatment of waste water because of its persistence. After multiple steps of disinfection, the treated water is ready to be released back into the water cycle by means of the nearest body of water or agriculture. Afterwards, the water can be transferred to reserves for everyday human uses.

text: The purpose of

text: disinfection

text: in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the number of

text: microorganism

text: s in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later use of drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from

text: ultraviolet light

text: or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include

text: ozone

text: chlorine

text: , ultraviolet light, or sodium hypochlorite.

text: Chloramine

text: , which is used for drinking water, is not used in the treatment of waste water because of its persistence. After multiple steps of disinfection, the treated water is ready to be released back into the water cycle by means of the nearest body of water or agriculture. Afterwards, the water can be transferred to reserves for everyday human uses.

text: Waterborne disease outbreaks may be associated with recreational water, water intended for drinking, water not intended for drinking (non-recreational water, for example, from cooling towers or ornamental fountains) and water of unknown intent. In order for a waterborne disease outbreak to be included in WBDOSS there must be an epidemiologic link between two or more persons that includes a location of water exposure, a clearly defined time period for the water exposure, and one or more waterborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria, parasites and viruses, or by chemicals/toxins. Common routes of exposure to waterborne pathogens include swallowing contaminated water, inhaling water droplets or airborne chemicals from the water, and direct physical contact with contaminated water. Epidemiologic evidence must implicate water or volatile compounds from the water that have entered the air as the probable source of the illness. WBDOSS outbreaks are further evaluated and classified based on the strength of evidence in the outbreak report that implicates water as the source of the outbreak. Waterborne disease outbreaks that have both strong epidemiologic data and comprehensive water-quality testing data are assigned a higher class than outbreaks with weak epidemiologic data and little or no water-quality testing data.

text: Fifteen ponds surround the village and are used for agriculture. The main canal is Mahi Sichai and many sub canals divert water to cover more than 75% of agricultural land. The water in the land is 10 to 20 feet.

text: The Klingon homeworld is called Klinzhai. Its surface is 70% water, and the sky normally has heavily cloud cover. Its location is unknown to the Federation (but its location is given in the gamemaster's behind-the-scenes reference material). Klingons were not seeded on their homeworld by the Preservers, an ancient race that seeded other planets with humans, Romulans, Vulcans and other species, but instead evolved from an indigenous primate-like biped. It is conjectured that the Preservers based the other races on Klingons. Aquaculture is strongly developed and the planet exports food.

text: The Klingon homeworld is called Klinzhai. Its surface is 70% water, and the sky normally has heavily cloud cover. Its location is unknown to the Federation (but its location is given in the gamemaster's behind-the-scenes reference material). Klingons were not seeded on their homeworld by the Preservers, an ancient race that seeded other planets with humans, Romulans, Vulcans and other species, but instead evolved from an indigenous primate-like biped. It is conjectured that the Preservers based the other races on Klingons.

text: Aquaculture

text: is strongly developed and the planet exports food.

text: The affordability of water charges can be measured by macro- and micro-affordability. Macro-affordability" indicators relate national average household water and wastewater bills to average net disposable household income. In OECD countries it varies from 0.2% (Italy and Mexico) to 1.4% (Slovak Republic, Poland and Hungary). In the largest OECD countries the share is 0.3% in the United States and Japan, 0.7% in France and 0.9% in Germany. However, micro-affordability is quite different. It measures the share of bills in the income of the poor, defined in an OECD affordability study as the lowest decile of the population. This share varies between 1.1% (Sweden, Netherlands, Italy) and 5.3% in the Slovak Republic, 9.0% in Poland and 10.3% in Turkey. The OECD concludes that in half its member countries (15 out of 30), affordability of water charges for low-income households "is either a significant issue now or might become one in the future, if appropriate policy measures are not put in place." In developing countries the situation is more serious, not only because of lower incomes, but also because the poor are often not connected to the network. They usually pay a higher share of their meager incomes for lower quantities of water at often lower quality supplied by water vendors through trucks. On the other hand, utility bills paid by those fortunate enough to be connected to the network are often relatively low, especially in South Asia. Because of this situation the OECD does not recommend to use uniform "thresholds" for the affordability of water and wastewater bills. These "thresholds" are often quoted in the range of 3-5% of household income.

text: The affordability of water charges can be measured by macro- and micro-affordability. Macro-affordability" indicators relate national average household water and wastewater bills to average net disposable household income. In OECD countries it varies from 0.2% (Italy and Mexico) to 1.4% (Slovak Republic, Poland and Hungary). In the largest OECD countries the share is 0.3% in the

text: United States

text: and Japan, 0.7% in

text: France

text: and 0.9% in

text: Germany

text: . However, micro-affordability is quite different. It measures the share of bills in the income of the poor, defined in an OECD affordability study as the lowest

text: decile

text: of the population. This share varies between 1.1% (Sweden, Netherlands, Italy) and 5.3% in the Slovak Republic, 9.0% in Poland and 10.3% in Turkey. The

entity_name: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: OECD

text: concludes that in half its member countries (15 out of 30), affordability of water charges for low-income households "is either a significant issue now or might become one in the future, if appropriate policy measures are not put in place." In developing countries the situation is more serious, not only because of lower incomes, but also because the poor are often not connected to the network. They usually pay a higher share of their meager incomes for lower quantities of water at often lower quality supplied by water vendors through trucks. On the other hand, utility bills paid by those fortunate enough to be connected to the network are often relatively low, especially in South Asia. Because of this situation the OECD does not recommend to use uniform "thresholds" for the affordability of water and wastewater bills. These "thresholds" are often quoted in the range of 3-5% of household income.

text: The subsequent heterogeneous solution is collected through pipes and the sewer system, and is then treated at a wastewater treatment plant to the standard required by its intended use. Historically, this recycled water has been used for agriculture, large scale landscaping, industrial processes like cooling systems, and groundwater recharge. As we look to the future, we can expect to see new infrastructure for water reuse to include urban reuse like washing our laundry and cars or watering our lawns and even flushing our toilets, and municipal infrastructure for street cleaning, fountains, and commercial use. Water in California is to be used 'reasonably' under the Reasonable Use doctrine, and not reusing water when possible constitutes a violation of this doctrine pursuant to Water Code sections 13550 et seq. according the State Water Resources Control Board. Water reuse in California has more than tripled since the 1970s, growing from less than 200,000 acre-feet per year to nearly 700,000 in 2009.

text: The subsequent heterogeneous solution is collected through pipes and the

text: sewer system

text: , and is then treated at a wastewater treatment plant to the standard required by its intended use. Historically, this recycled water has been used for agriculture, large scale landscaping, industrial processes like cooling systems, and

text: groundwater recharge

text: . As we look to the future, we can expect to see new infrastructure for water reuse to include urban reuse like washing our laundry and cars or watering our lawns and even flushing our toilets, and municipal infrastructure for street cleaning, fountains, and commercial use. Water in California is to be used 'reasonably' under the Reasonable Use doctrine, and not reusing water when possible constitutes a violation of this doctrine pursuant to Water Code sections 13550 et seq. according the State Water Resources Control Board. Water reuse in California has more than tripled since the 1970s, growing from less than 200,000 acre-feet per year to nearly 700,000 in 2009.

text: Several regional research centers are operating, the major ones being the Northern R&D, Southern R&D and the Arava valley R&D. They are partially funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Jewish Agency and Jewish National Fund. Researchers from the ARO, the Faculty of Agriculture, Ben Gurion University and others are actively involved in research projects carried out within the Regional R&D canters. A senior researcher from the ARO generally acts as the scientific director in each regional center, and an ARO scientist coordinates all regional research. Their main goal is to direct the agricultural branches in the region into profitable channels by improving existing crops and developing new technologies and crops. Applying and transferring techniques developed by their R & D and other research institutes by means of model farms and an active extension service. Increasing efficiency in use of fresh and treated water; and improving the general professional level of local farmers. In the Arava valley, for example, studies are conducted on new varieties of melons, tomatoes, peppers, fresh herbs, strawberries, dates, flowers, flower-seed production and harvesting, aquaculture, livestock, fodder crops, and jojoba beans, a year-round cash crop used in the production of cosmetics and lubricants.

text: Several regional research centers are operating, the major ones being the Northern R&D, Southern R&D and the Arava valley R&D. They are partially funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Jewish Agency and

text: Jewish National Fund

text: . Researchers from the ARO, the Faculty of Agriculture, Ben Gurion University and others are actively involved in research projects carried out within the Regional R&D canters. A senior researcher from the ARO generally acts as the scientific director in each regional center, and an ARO scientist coordinates all regional research. Their main goal is to direct the agricultural branches in the region into profitable channels by improving existing crops and developing new technologies and crops. Applying and transferring techniques developed by their R & D and other research institutes by means of model farms and an active extension service. Increasing efficiency in use of fresh and treated water; and improving the general professional level of local farmers. In the Arava valley, for example, studies are conducted on new varieties of melons, tomatoes, peppers, fresh herbs, strawberries, dates, flowers, flower-seed production and harvesting, aquaculture, livestock, fodder crops, and jojoba beans, a year-round cash crop used in the production of cosmetics and lubricants.

text: Pinctada radiata occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean Sea at all depths, though it is generally found between . It attaches itself to various hard substrata, including rocks and wrecks. P. radiata is common throughout its range, possibly because of its adaptation to subtropical environments and ability to survive in polluted water. It was originally distributed only in the Indo-Pacific, but has been introduced into the Mediterranean unintentionally through the Suez Canal and intentionally for aquaculture.

text: Pinctada radiata occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific and

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: at all depths, though it is generally found between . It attaches itself to various hard

text: substrata

text: , including rocks and wrecks. P. radiata is common throughout its range, possibly because of its adaptation to subtropical environments and ability to survive in polluted water. It was originally distributed only in the Indo-Pacific, but has been introduced into the Mediterranean unintentionally through the

text: Suez Canal

text: and intentionally for

text: aquaculture

text: DGS research and service activities are focused on surficial and subsurface geology, hydrology/hydrogeology, natural hazards, topographic mapping, and information dissemination. These efforts impact a wide variety of issues ranging from water resources, agriculture, environmental protection, and energy and mineral resources to economic development, land-use planning, emergency management, public health, and recreation.

text: Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s.  Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil") out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.

text: Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of

text: clay

text: lead

text: , bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s.  Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil") out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.

text: Veolia Water also operates in alternative recycling markets. Water that is clean, but not purified for human consumption, is suitable for irrigation, industrial uses, and the injection and storage of water into underground aquifers after additional treatment.

text: Hume then passes from the will itself to the motivational factors that determine voluntary actions. Against the traditional view that reason and the passions frequently come into motivational conflict, Hume argues that reason is incapable of opposing the passions, and that the passions cannot run contrary to reason. First, reason alone cannot motivate us—it can only perform demonstrative or causal reasoning. And since abstract demonstrations influence us only by directing causal reasoning (e.g., doing math to pay your debts), and causal reasoning influences us only by directing preexisting motives (e.g., figuring out how to make the food you want), reason itself cannot bring about any motivation. And this in turn means it cannot counteract or regulate the passions: on the contrary, "[r]eason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions". Second, passions cannot be in agreement or disagreement with reason: for this is a matter of the agreement or disagreement between an idea and the object it represents, and passions do not represent anything else. Thus Hume notoriously writes: "'Tis not contrary to reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of my finger". Of course, if a passion is based on a false judgment—about an object that doesn't really exist, or a causal relation that doesn't really hold—then the passion can be considered "unreasonable" in a less strict sense of the term. But "even then", insists Hume, "'tis not the passion, properly speaking, which is unreasonable, but the judgment". Finally, Hume argues that the alleged conflict between reason and the passions is actually a conflict between two different kinds of passions—the calm passions and the violent passions. Since both the calm passions and reason "operat[e] with the same calmness and tranquility", we confuse them with each other and mistakenly suppose our calm passions to be "determinations of reason".

text: Hume then passes from the will itself to

text: the motivational factors

text: that determine voluntary actions. Against

text: the traditional view that reason and the passions frequently come into motivational conflict

text: There are numerous measures of water use, including total water use, drinking water consumption, non-consumptive use, withdrawn water use (from surface and groundwater sources), instream use, water footprint, etc.  Each of these (and other) measures of water use is appropriate for some purposes and inappropriate for others.  Water “footprints” have become popular measures of use, e.g. in relation to personal consumption. The term "water footprint" is often used to refer to the amount of water used by an individual, community, business, or nation, or the amount of water use associated with (although  not necessarily assignable to) a product.

text: There are numerous measures of water use, including total water use,

text: drinking water

text: consumption, non-consumptive use, withdrawn water use (from surface and groundwater sources), instream use, water footprint, etc.  Each of these (and other) measures of water use is appropriate for some purposes and inappropriate for others.  Water “footprints” have become popular measures of use, e.g. in relation to personal consumption. The term "water footprint" is often used to refer to the amount of water used by an individual, community, business, or nation, or the amount of water use associated with (although  not necessarily assignable to) a product.

text: Many groups of people have spoken out against fluoridated drinking water, for reasons such as the neurotoxicity of fluoride or the damage fluoride can do as fluorosis. Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel.  Consequently, the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry;

text: Many groups of people have spoken out against

text: fluoridated drinking water

text: , for reasons such as the neurotoxicity of fluoride or the damage fluoride can do as

text: fluorosis

text: . Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel.  Consequently, the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry;

text: Further downstream, the Shijing River's estuary (the Anhai Bay) continues to exist. It is an important aquaculture area. As of ca. 2001, 138.5 hectares of the mudflats and water surface on the bay's western (Shuitou) side were used for aquaculture; this included 37.5 ha used for raising the blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa, 泥蚶), 58.3 ha used for the Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta, 缢蛏), 16.2 ha used for oyster farming, and 26.5 ha used for shrimp farming.Over 1400 people from Shuitou's Gangnei Village (巷内村) were employed in aquaculture and fishing.

text: Further downstream, the Shijing River's estuary (the Anhai Bay) continues to exist. It is an important

text: aquaculture

text: area. As of ca. 2001, 138.5

text: hectare

text: s of the mudflats and water surface on the bay's western (Shuitou) side were used for aquaculture; this included 37.5 ha used for raising the

text: blood cockle

text: s (

text: Tegillarca granosa

text: , 泥蚶), 58.3 ha used for the

text: Chinese razor clam

text: Sinonovacula constricta

text: , 缢蛏), 16.2 ha used for

text: oyster farming

text: , and 26.5 ha used for

text: shrimp farming

text: .Over 1400 people from Shuitou's Gangnei Village (巷内村) were employed in aquaculture and fishing.

text: Nuclear energy is widely used in Russia, and there are currently 31 operating nuclear reactors. However, several of these, such as the one at the Kola NPP, are past their lifespan and have a higher probability of nuclear accidents. Instead of being decommissioned, they are still being used. The disposal of nuclear waste is also an issue, due to a lack of funding. Unsafe dumping methods are sometimes used to get rid of nuclear waste, which was dumped into the Sea of Japan until 1993. The Commission of Ecological Security, founded in 1994, helped bring the dumping of nuclear waste into ocean to the public's attention. It is estimated that bringing nuclear safety levels to official standards would cost $26 billion.

text: Nuclear energy is widely used in Russia, and there are currently 31 operating

text: nuclear reactors

text: . However, several of these, such as the one at the

text: Kola NPP

text: , are past their lifespan and have a higher probability of

entity_name: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

text: nuclear accidents

text: . Instead of being

text: decommissioned

text: , they are still being used. The disposal of nuclear waste is also an issue, due to a lack of funding. Unsafe dumping methods are sometimes used to get rid of

text: nuclear waste

text: , which was dumped into the

text: Sea of Japan

text: until 1993. The Commission of Ecological Security, founded in 1994, helped bring the dumping of nuclear waste into ocean to the public's attention. It is estimated that bringing nuclear safety levels to official standards would cost $26 billion.

text: The following table compares access to water supply according to various sources, highlighting the difficulty to obtain reliable data on the change in access to water supply because of different definitions used. The data appear to indicate that access decreased over time, while in the same period significant investments were undertaken in rural water supply. The government's 2002 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper acknowledges that indeed "sustained access to potable water sources has probably declined in rural areas" since 1995. A main reason is poor maintenance and insufficient cost recovery, leading to the breakdown of systems, in particular those relying on pumping.

text: In a population that relies heavily on agriculture as a way of life, it is difficult to limit agriculture and protect the environment without taking away a resource many people in this growing population need to survive. The quickly growing population puts pressure on water resources through agriculture, land and energy uses as well as other factors. The geographic location of water resources in Kenya is also a key factor. Water is not distributed equally throughout the country, leaving large places of dry lands and specific areas of life and productivity surrounding water resources. About 80% of Kenya's water resources are completely unprotected but not undamaged by the growing population and agricultural practices.

text: Energy-saving systems with a low environmental impact employing hardly any water are used here. Cassino is one of the first plants in the world to use dry scrubbing technology in the primer booths. Overspray is sucked in by a flow of air and collected in special cardboard separation modules, called Eisenmann E-cubes, instead of being washed away with water. The used filters are recovered by specialised companies. The result translates into less waste, better energy-efficiency and hardly any water. The little water that is used is collected, purified and reused.

text: Sporobolomyces salmonicolor has a broad geographical distribution. It has been isolated from many areas across the world including Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa and Antarctica where it is known from a broad spectrum of substrates. It is principally characterized as a phyllosphere fungus and is commonly found in areas of decaying organic material such as leaves and grains as well as ripening grapes. Isolates of this species however have been recovered from freshwater, marine water and clinical specimens.  It has also been isolated from agricultural areas and indoor built environments. In agricultural environments, Sporobolomyces salmonicolor can pose a respiratory hazard for agricultural workers. Agricultural workers are subject to increased exposure when they partake in activities involving the handling of grains. Sporobolomyces salmonicolor has additionally been isolated from straw in hay barns or hay lofts. Workers in these settings should consider the proper use of masks to avoid infection. If individuals show atopic symptoms, a change in occupation might be considered. In indoor environments, S. salmonicolor has been associated with severe water and mould damage. Flooded basements and utility rooms are places where S. salmonicolor may be recovered. This fungus will also commonly associate with standing water films, although not very much has been documented on this. It can form a pink water film around stagnant toilet water. The most efficient way to avoid exposure in the home is to eliminate moisture sources and keep bathrooms clean, dry and ventilated.

text: Sporobolomyces salmonicolor has a broad geographical distribution. It has been isolated from many areas across the world including Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa and Antarctica where it is known from a broad spectrum of substrates. It is principally characterized as a

text: phyllosphere

text: fungus and is commonly found in areas of decaying organic material such as leaves and grains as well as ripening grapes. Isolates of this species however have been recovered from freshwater, marine water and clinical specimens.  It has also been isolated from agricultural areas and indoor built environments. In agricultural environments, Sporobolomyces salmonicolor can pose a respiratory hazard for agricultural workers. Agricultural workers are subject to increased exposure when they partake in activities involving the handling of grains. Sporobolomyces salmonicolor has additionally been isolated from straw in hay barns or hay lofts. Workers in these settings should consider the proper use of masks to avoid infection. If individuals show

text: atopic

text: symptoms, a change in occupation might be considered. In indoor environments, S. salmonicolor has been associated with severe water and mould damage. Flooded basements and utility rooms are places where S. salmonicolor may be recovered. This fungus will also commonly associate with standing water films, although not very much has been documented on this. It can form a pink water film around stagnant toilet water. The most efficient way to avoid exposure in the home is to eliminate moisture sources and keep bathrooms clean, dry and ventilated.

text: Without treatment, raw water can be used for farming, construction or cleaning purposes. Farmers use it for watering their crops or give to livestock to drink, storing it in man-made lakes or reservoirs for long periods of time. Construction industries can use raw water for making cement or for damping down unsealed roads to prevent dust rising. Raw water can also be used for flushing toilets and washing cars, as well as any other purpose that do not require it to be consumed by humans. Water in this form is considered raw, as opposed to water which has been treated before consumption, such as drinking water or water which has been used in an industrial process, such as waste water. Contaminants usually make raw water unsafe for drinking by humans without treatment. However, millions of people in developing countries rely on untreated raw water for their water supply, sometimes purifying it by boiling.

text: Without treatment, raw water can be used for

text: farming

text: construction

text: or cleaning purposes. Farmers use it for watering their

text: crop

text: s or give to

text: livestock

text: to drink, storing it in man-made lakes or reservoirs for long periods of time. Construction industries can use raw water for making

text: cement

text: or for damping down unsealed roads to prevent dust rising. Raw water can also be used for flushing toilets and washing cars, as well as any other purpose that do not require it to be consumed by humans. Water in this form is considered raw, as opposed to water which has been

text: treated

text: before consumption, such as

text: drinking water

text: or water which has been used in an industrial process, such as

text: waste water

text: . Contaminants usually make raw water unsafe for drinking by humans without treatment. However, millions of people in

text: developing countries

text: rely on untreated raw water for their water supply, sometimes purifying it by boiling.

text: 13.  Recreation Compatibility: Some recreation uses are not compatible with other uses, and recreation planners have the responsibility to determine what, if any, uses should be permitted, and where those activities should be permitted.  Strong preferences for specific recreation settings lead to competition for recreation resources among different user types. Conflict is also generated by how each user group perceives the others’ actions and values.

text: 13.  Recreation Compatibility: Some recreation uses are not compatible with other uses, and recreation planners have the responsibility to determine what, if any, uses should be permitted, and where those activities should be permitted.  Strong preferences for specific recreation settings lead to

text: competition

text: for recreation resources among different user types. Conflict is also generated by how each

text: user group

text: perceives the others’ actions and values.

text: When a significant amount of an anticholinergic is taken into the body, a toxic reaction known as acute anticholinergic syndrome may result. This may happen accidentally or intentionally as a consequence of recreational drug use. Anticholinergic drugs are usually considered the least enjoyable by many recreational drug users, possibly because they do not induce euphoria. There have, however, been a few reported cases of users experiencing what they described as "euphoria" from the use of an anticholinergic drug. In terms of recreational use, these drugs are commonly referred to as deliriants. The risk of addiction is low in the anticholinergic class, and recreational use is uncommon.

text: When a significant amount of an anticholinergic is taken into the body, a

text: toxic reaction

text: known as acute anticholinergic syndrome may result. This may happen accidentally or intentionally as a consequence of

text: recreational drug use

text: . Anticholinergic drugs are usually considered the least enjoyable by many recreational drug users, possibly because they do not induce euphoria. There have, however, been a few reported cases of users experiencing what they described as "euphoria" from the use of an anticholinergic drug. In terms of recreational use, these drugs are commonly referred to as

text: deliriant

text: s. The risk of addiction is low in the anticholinergic class, and recreational use is uncommon.

text: Use of recycled water in industrial settings is increasing as strained freshwater supplies are decreasing. Among the industrial applications are pulp and paper plants as well as power-generation plants in cooling towers and boiler water. Industrial water reuse is an attractive option to California industries given the cost of freshwater resources. Additionally, water needn't be treated to very high standards to be use in industrial applications, and this makes it an even more cost effective solution. West Basin Municipal Water District, Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility has been providing recycled water to industrial customers since 1995.

text: • Water Bioresources and Aquaculture;

text: • Water Bioresources and Aquaculture;

text: A major recreational area for the town is the Cullompton Community Association's fields which cover  in the centre of the town. The fields are used for a variety of events, which include a circus, whippet racing and a firework display. The Association is a registered charity which was formed in 1970 to provide a recreation area for the town. It purchased the fields, which are next to the riverside walk along the leat, for £11,500. The site was chosen as the water meadows needed to be maintained to help prevent flooding and it was also close to the cricket and bowling clubs. Youth activities have been provided by a youth centre called the John Tallack Centre since it opened in 1988.

text: A major recreational area for the town is the Cullompton Community Association's fields which cover  in the centre of the town. The fields are used for a variety of events, which include a

text: circus

text: whippet

text: racing and a

text: firework

text: display. The Association is a registered

text: charity

text: which was formed in 1970 to provide a recreation area for the town. It purchased the fields, which are next to the riverside walk along the leat, for £11,500. The site was chosen as the water meadows needed to be maintained to help prevent flooding and it was also close to the cricket and bowling clubs. Youth activities have been provided by a youth centre called the John Tallack Centre since it opened in 1988.

text: An increased population means increased withdrawals from the water supply for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, the largest of these being agriculture, believed to be the major non-climate driver of environmental change and water deterioration.  The next 50 years will likely be the last period of rapid agricultural expansion, but the larger and wealthier population over this time will demand more agriculture.

text: West Coast Environmental Law provides grants, through its Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund, to individuals or groups who need to hire legal representation to resolve an environmental problem.  The Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund is the only source of environmental legal aid in British Columbia and is used to hire lawyers, at a legal aid rate. The grants have allowed recipients to obtain legal advice on a wide range of issues; pursue alternative dispute resolutions; appear before government tribunals; participate in environmental assessments and challenge government decisions in court.  Since 1989, when the Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund was established, it has provided over $4 million in grants, which have helped support and resolve more than 500 legal cases in British Columbia. In one such case marine biologist and fish farm activist, Alexandra Morton, used funding from West Coast Environmental Law, to successful challenge the constitutionality of allowing fish farms in British Columbia.  In another such case, a group of citizens known as Coal Watch, used funding from West Coast Environmental Law, to oppose a proposed coal mine located in Baynes Sound in Vancouver Island.

text: West Coast Environmental Law provides grants, through its

text: Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund

text: , to individuals or groups who need to hire legal representation to resolve an environmental problem.  The Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund is the only source of environmental legal aid in British Columbia and is used to hire lawyers, at a

text: legal aid

text: rate. The grants have allowed recipients to obtain legal advice on a wide range of issues; pursue alternative dispute resolutions; appear before government tribunals; participate in environmental assessments and challenge government decisions in court.  Since 1989, when the

text: Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund

text: was established, it has provided over $4 million in grants, which have helped support and resolve more than 500 legal cases in British Columbia. In one such case marine biologist and fish farm activist, Alexandra Morton, used funding from West Coast Environmental Law, to successful challenge the constitutionality of allowing fish farms in British Columbia.  In another such case, a group of citizens known as Coal Watch, used funding from West Coast Environmental Law, to oppose a proposed coal mine located in Baynes Sound in Vancouver Island.

text: Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water quality. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and recreational waters are safe to use.

text: Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of

text: bacteria

text: present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of

text: water quality

text: . It is a

text: microbiological

text: analytical

text: procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and

text: recreation

text: al waters are safe to use.

text: Often, water enters water-using appliances at fluctuating pressures, especially in remote locations, and industrial settings. This pressure often needs to be kept within a range to avoid damage to appliances, or accidents involving burst pipes/conduits. A single-stage regulator is sufficient in accuracy due to the high error tolerance of most such appliances. Also used in applications where the water supply reservoir is significantly higher in elevation to the end of the line. e.g. underground mine water supply.

text: is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into volumetric flow.  Level to flow devices are commonly used to measure the flow of surface waters (springs, stream, and rivers), industrial discharges, and sewage.  Of these, weirs are used on flow streams with low solids (typically surface waters), while flumes are used on flows containing low or high solids contents.

text: is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into volumetric flow.  Level to flow devices are commonly used to measure the flow of surface waters (springs, stream, and rivers), industrial discharges, and sewage.  Of these,

text: weirs

text: are used on flow streams with low solids (typically surface waters), while flumes are used on flows containing low or high solids contents.

text: Five & Alive promotes safe drinking water through household water treatment, a water-qualityintervention that employs proven, easy-to-use and inexpensive solutions appropriate for the developing world. Five & Alive improves the lives of individuals around the world by ensuring that household water is clean and safe, regardless of its source. Five & Alive's water-treatment products include a sodium hypochlorite-based safe water solution, chlorine-based tablets and a flocculent/disinfectant powder that enable families to purify water at the household level.

text: Five & Alive promotes safe drinking water through household

text: water treatment

text: , a water-qualityintervention that employs proven, easy-to-use and inexpensive solutions appropriate for the developing world. Five & Alive improves the lives of individuals around the world by ensuring that household water is clean and safe, regardless of its source. Five & Alive's water-treatment products include a

text: sodium hypochlorite

text: -based safe water solution,

text: chlorine-based tablets

text: and a

text: flocculent

text: disinfectant

text: powder that enable families to purify water at the household level.

text: The keyhole garden was developed in Lesotho by the Consortium for Southern Africa Food Security Emergency (C-SAFE), based upon a design that originated with CARE in Zimbabwe. In the mid-1990s Lesotho had one of the highest AIDS/HIV rates in the world. C-SAFE designed the keyhole garden for people who suffered from AIDS or were otherwise unable to tend a traditional garden.  They are tall enough that people don’t have to bend over while working in them; sturdy enough that a person who is weak can lean against them while they work; and are small enough that the entire bed is within arm’s reach. The garden is constructed using layers of compost, manure, wood ash and other nutrient rich materials so they are more productive than most home gardens; and they hold water making them drought resistant. The walls can be made of common stones picked up from a field, cinderblocks, bricks, or any material strong enough to hold in the soil. Clean water is used when watering the plants on the surface, while household greywater is poured down into the compost basket.

text: The keyhole garden was developed in Lesotho by the Consortium for Southern Africa Food Security Emergency (C-SAFE), based upon a design that originated with

text: CARE

text: in

text: Zimbabwe

text: . In the mid-1990s Lesotho had one of the highest AIDS/HIV rates in the world. C-SAFE designed the keyhole garden for people who suffered from AIDS or were otherwise unable to tend a traditional garden.  They are tall enough that people don’t have to bend over while working in them; sturdy enough that a person who is weak can lean against them while they work; and are small enough that the entire bed is within arm’s reach. The garden is constructed using layers of compost, manure, wood ash and other nutrient rich materials so they are more productive than most home gardens; and they hold water making them

text: drought

text: resistant. The walls can be made of common stones picked up from a field, cinderblocks, bricks, or any material strong enough to hold in the soil. Clean water is used when watering the plants on the surface, while household greywater is poured down into the compost basket.

text: The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia states that natural resource policy, including that relating to water, is a responsibility of the States: "The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of rivers for conservation or irrigation." (Section 100) However, this legal position has become less clear as a result of decisions by the Australian High Court. The Commonwealth Government has taken a much greater role in the Australian water sector in the early 21st century. The Ministry for Climate Change and Water is in charge of water policies at the federal level.

text: The

text: Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia

text: states that natural resource policy, including that relating to water, is a responsibility of the

text: States

text: : "The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of rivers for conservation or irrigation." (Section 100) However, this legal position has become less clear as a result of decisions by the

text: Australian High Court

text: . The Commonwealth Government has taken a much greater role in the Australian water sector in the early 21st century. The

text: Ministry for Climate Change and Water

text: is in charge of water policies at the federal level.

text: In 2014, for US “Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery and Greenhouse”, the median annual wage was $19,060.  The 10th and 90th percentiles were $17,280 and $27,890, respectively.   For “Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch and Aquacultural Animals” the median annual wage was $22,930.  The 10th  and 90th percentiles were $17,080 and $37,360, respectively.  These figures can be compared with some of the poverty thresholds for 2014 published by the US Census Bureau:  single person under 65:  $12,316;  two people (householder under 65): $15,835; same, but with one child under 18:  $16,317.

text: There are 2,299 households or 26.80% that take their drinking water from a tube/pipe well (jetmatic/pitcher pump) for private use of the household, 637 household or 11.87 takes their water from a deep well of another household or establishment or from a deep well constructed for public use.

text: Incinerating waste has traditionally been viewed as a method with the main purpose being the destruction of the waste involved. Recovering the energy generated from this process has become of greater importance, and all incineration facilities in England now operate as energy-from-waste plants (with many operating as combined heat and power facilities). Critics question the safety of the pollutants emitted during the process and argue that, as incinerators require constant levels of waste to operate, it encourages more waste. However, the levels of emissions from the incinerating process has been greatly reduced by developments in technology and legislation.

text: Incinerating

text: waste has traditionally been viewed as a method with the main purpose being the destruction of the waste involved. Recovering the energy generated from this process has become of greater importance, and all incineration facilities in England now operate as

text: energy-from-waste

text: plants (with many operating as

text: combined heat and power

text: facilities). Critics question the safety of the pollutants emitted during the process and argue that, as incinerators require constant levels of waste to operate, it encourages more waste. However, the levels of emissions from the incinerating process has been greatly reduced by developments in technology and legislation.

text: For most of its history, agriculture has been organic agriculture, that is farming without synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, as well as without GMOs. With the advent of chemical agriculture there has been the call for farming without synthetic chemicals. Rudolf Steiner was the first to call for such a differentiated agriculture and his Agriculture Course of 1924 laid the foundation for the development of biodynamic agriculture. Lord Northbourne developed these ideas and presented his manifesto of organic farming in 1940 and they have since then been taken up as a worldwide movement and organic farming is now practiced in most countries.

text: For most of its history, agriculture has been

text: organic agriculture

text: , that is farming without synthetic

text: fertilisers

text: and

text: pesticides

text: , as well as without

text: GMOs

text: . With the advent of chemical agriculture there has been the call for farming without synthetic chemicals.

text: Rudolf Steiner

text: was the first to call for such a differentiated agriculture and his Agriculture Course of

text: laid the foundation for the development of

text: biodynamic agriculture

text: Lord Northbourne

text: developed these ideas and presented his manifesto of

text: organic farming

text: in 1940 and they have since then been taken up as a worldwide movement and

text: organic farming

text: is now practiced in most countries.

text: Archaeologists and historians have studied the kitchen utensils used in centuries past. For example: In the Middle Eastern villages and towns of the middle first millennium AD, historical and archaeological sources record that Jewish households generally had stone measuring cups, a meyḥam (a wide-necked vessel for heating water), a kederah (an unlidded pot-bellied cooking pot), a ilpas (a lidded stewpot/casserole pot type of vessel used for stewing and steaming), yorah and kumkum (pots for heating water), two types of teganon (frying pan) for deep and shallow frying, an iskutla (a glass serving platter), a tamḥui (ceramic serving bowl), a keara (a bowl for bread), a kiton (a canteen of cold water used to dilute wine), and a lagin (a wine decanter).

text: Archaeologists and historians have studied the kitchen utensils used in centuries past. For example: In the Middle Eastern villages and towns of the middle first millennium

text: AD

text: , historical and archaeological sources record that Jewish households generally had stone measuring cups, a meyḥam (a wide-necked vessel for heating water), a kederah (an unlidded pot-bellied cooking pot), a ilpas (a lidded stewpot/casserole pot type of vessel used for stewing and steaming), yorah and kumkum (pots for heating water), two types of teganon (frying pan) for deep and shallow frying, an iskutla (a glass serving platter), a tamḥui (ceramic serving bowl), a keara (a bowl for bread), a kiton (a canteen of cold water used to dilute wine), and a lagin (a wine decanter).

text: A waste exchange, or virtual exchange, facilitates the use of a waste product from one process as a raw material for another. As with new life reuse of finished items, this avoids the environmental costs of disposing of the waste and obtaining new raw material, and may still be possible if the nature of the process makes avoiding production of the waste or recycling it back into the original process impossible.

text: A

text: waste exchange

text: , or virtual exchange, facilitates the use of a waste product from one process as a raw material for another. As with new life reuse of finished items, this avoids the environmental costs of disposing of the waste and obtaining new raw material, and may still be possible if the nature of the process makes avoiding production of the waste or recycling it back into the original process impossible.

text: Acrolein is mainly used as a contact herbicide to control submersed and floating weeds, as well as algae, in irrigation canals. It is used at a level of 10 ppm in irrigation and recirculating waters.  In the oil and gas industry, it is used as a biocide in drilling waters, as well as a scavenger for hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans.

text: Acrolein is mainly used as a contact herbicide to control submersed and floating weeds, as well as algae, in irrigation canals. It is used at a level of 10 ppm in irrigation and recirculating waters.  In the oil and gas industry, it is used as a biocide in drilling waters, as well as a scavenger for hydrogen sulfide and

text: mercaptans

text: Generally, there are two ways to separate the waste material into different classes which includes mechanical separation and manual separation. Mechanical separation aims to prepare the waste stream for manual separation which could separate metals, plastics, glasses and some other components easily and fast by many different types of sorting method and machines. The manual separation divides into positive sorting and negative sorting, positive sorting aims to collect the recyclable material from waste stream and negative sorting aims to remove the hazardous and unusable waste out of waste stream. Positive sorting requires a higher quality but low collection rate; on the other hand, negative sorting allows a high collection rate but low quality. It is possible increase the effectiveness with a good controlling of manual separation. A good separation of waste contributes to further treatment of the waste stream and increases the efficiency of the waste treatment system.

text: Greening Greater Toronto builds on the existing efforts and leadership of environmental organizations, governments, research institutions and businesses to mobilize and connect new people and resources to address our environmental challenges and opportunities.  The partnership is focused on identifying opportunities for business, households, and the public sector to significantly reduce their environmental impact, in addition to evaluating and tracking the GTA's performance along key environmental measures (carbon, air quality, water, waste, and land use).

text: For the reasons above, Milano finds that "the FPA may be found invalid to the extent that it intends to create international rights concerning the use of fisheries in the Western Sahara's waters". This would imply that the EU cannot rely on the FPA to request the issuing of fishing licenses for Western Saharan waters, that Morocco cannot oppose it to the EU to complain about fishing conducts in Western Saharan waters, and that the EU cannot oppose the FPA as binding to a future Western Saharan administration.

text: Recreational use and self-medicational use are not licensed under drug prohibition laws, although other drugs, not covered by such laws, may be legally available for this purpose. Alcohol and tobacco are notable examples of legally available recreational drugs. Aspirin is an example of a drug legally available for self-medicational purposes.

text: Recreational use

text: and

text: self-medicational use

text: are not licensed under drug prohibition laws, although other drugs, not covered by such laws, may be legally available for this purpose.

text: Alcohol

text: and

text: tobacco

text: are notable examples of legally available recreational drugs.

text: Aspirin

text: is an example of a drug legally available for self-medicational purposes.

text: The main water-using sector in Egypt is agriculture, followed by municipal and industrial uses. Total water withdrawal in 2000 was estimated at 68.3 km3.

text: There is enough straw to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs.  Agricultural-based paper does not come from tree farms.  Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half the ecological footprint of pulp made from forests.

text: There is enough

text: straw

text: to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs.  Agricultural-based paper does not come from

text: tree farm

text: s.  Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half the ecological footprint of pulp made from forests.

text: The authors of the 2007 Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the International Water Management Institute of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.

text: The authors of the 2007

text: cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the

text: of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.

text: Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play, which is usually the term for children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant. A traditional view holds that work is supported by  recreation, recreation being useful to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice versa. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at another a recreation. Similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of recreational mathematics.

text: Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of

text: play

text: , which is usually the term for children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant. A traditional view holds that work is supported by  recreation, recreation being useful to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice versa. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at another a recreation. Similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of

text: recreational mathematics

text: An artist may also be accused of "selling out" after changes in artistic direction.  This conclusion is often due to the perception that the reason for the artist changing artistic style or direction was simply potential material gain. This ignores other causes of artistic development, which may lead an artist in new directions from those that attracted their original fans.  Artists' improvements in musical skill or change in taste may also account for the change.

text: An artist may also be accused of "selling out" after changes in artistic direction.  This conclusion is often due to the perception that the reason for the artist changing artistic style or direction was simply potential material gain. This ignores other causes of artistic

text: development

text: , which may lead an artist in new directions from those that attracted their original fans.  Artists' improvements in musical skill or change in taste may also account for the change.

text: Axle counters are also useful in instances were there are issues with water on the track. Generally wheel sensors work under water, as long as the wiring is above the water.

text: The more assumptions that are made, the more uncertain estimates of risk related to pathogens will be.  However, even with considerable uncertainty, QMRAs are a good way to compare different risk scenarios.  In a study comparing estimated health risks from exposures to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of fecal contamination, QMRA determined that the risk of gastrointestinal illness from exposure to waters impacted by cattle were similar to those impacted by human waste, and these were higher than for waters impacted by gull, chicken, or pig faeces. Such studies could be useful to risk managers for determining how best to focus their limited resources, however, risk managers must be aware of the limitations of data used in these calculations.  For example, this study used data describing concentrations of Salmonella in chicken feces published in 1969.   Methods for quantifying bacteria, changes in animal housing practices and sanitation, and many other factors may have changed the prevalence of Salmonella since that time.  Also, such an approach often ignores the complicated fate and transport processes that determine bacteria concentrations from the source to the point of exposure.

text: The Domestic Use of either Groundwater or Streamwater is exempt from permitting.  Domestic use is defined as being use by individuals “for household purposes, lawns, orchards, and cattle watering up to the normal grazing capacity, plus use of up to 5 acre-feed per year for agricultural my natural individuals, firefighting, and use by non-individuals for drinking water, restrooms, and lawn watering.

text: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Water Security Department

text: The NOAA fisheries service has started using aquaculture to produce sustainable seafood. Aquaculture is fish or shellfish farming. The aquaculture fisheries hatch and raise the fish until market size. By using aquaculture the wild fish will be able to repopulate without the threat of overfishing. The aquaculture fish have a variety of uses including: food, nutritional, and pharmaceutical. Two types of aquaculture exist. Marine aquaculture farms the fish species that live in the ocean and fresh water aquaculture is the fish species that live in freshwater. NOAA is focusing on an alternative seafood source to help with repopulate and save the ocean's ecosystems.

text: The NOAA fisheries service has started using aquaculture to produce sustainable seafood.

text: Aquaculture

text: is fish or shellfish farming. The aquaculture fisheries hatch and raise the fish until market size. By using aquaculture the wild fish will be able to repopulate without the threat of overfishing. The aquaculture fish have a variety of uses including: food, nutritional, and pharmaceutical. Two types of aquaculture exist. Marine aquaculture farms the fish species that live in the ocean and fresh water aquaculture is the fish species that live in freshwater. NOAA is focusing on an alternative seafood source to help with repopulate and save the ocean's ecosystems.

text: Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports. Some of these include swimming, waterskiing, boating, surfing and diving. In addition, some sports, like ice hockey and ice skating, are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches and water parks are popular places for people to go to relax and enjoy recreation. Many find the sound and appearance of flowing water to be calming, and fountains and other water features are popular decorations. Some keep fish and other life in aquariums or ponds for show, fun, and companionship. Humans also use water for snow sports i.e. skiing, sledding, snowmobiling or snowboarding, which require the water to be frozen.

text: Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports. Some of these include

text: swimming

text: waterskiing

text: boating

text: surfing

text: and

text: diving

text: . In addition, some sports, like

text: ice hockey

text: and

text: ice skating

text: , are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches and

text: water park

text: s are popular places for people to go to relax and enjoy recreation. Many find the sound and appearance of flowing water to be calming, and fountains and other water features are popular decorations. Some keep fish and other life in

text: aquarium

text: s or

text: pond

text: s for show, fun, and companionship. Humans also use water for snow sports i.e.

text: skiing

text: sledding

text: snowmobiling

text: or

text: snowboarding

text: , which require the water to be frozen.

text: Because raceway aquaculture operations discharge large volumes of water, the concentration of discharged solids is low. This means it is not easy to treat and implement practical, cost effective treatments. Technologies for the removal of solids include microscreens, dual-drain tanks, swirl separators, plate separators, baffles, media filters, air flotation, foam fractionation, chemical flocculation, and constructed wetlands. But because of the impracticality and / or high costs of these methods, most of them are not applicable for commercial aquaculture. As a consequence, sedimentation (settling) is still the most widely applied and cost effective technology. Since 1999, regulations in South Korea require that all raceway farms provide waste water treatment facilities covering at least 20% of the farmed area to prevent pollution of the freshwater environment. Open race way ponds were used for removal of heavy metal ions like lead using live Spirulina (Arthospira) sp.

text: Because raceway aquaculture operations discharge large volumes of water, the concentration of discharged solids is low. This means it is not easy to treat and implement practical, cost effective treatments. Technologies for the removal of solids include microscreens, dual-drain tanks, swirl separators,

text: plate separators

text: baffles

text: media filter

text: s,

text: air flotation

text: foam fractionation

text: , chemical

text: flocculation

text: , and

text: constructed wetland

text: s. But because of the impracticality and / or high costs of these methods, most of them are not applicable for commercial aquaculture. As a consequence,

text: sedimentation

text: (settling) is still the most widely applied and cost effective technology. Since 1999, regulations in South Korea require that all raceway farms provide waste water treatment facilities covering at least 20% of the farmed area to prevent pollution of the freshwater environment. Open race way ponds were used for removal of heavy metal ions like lead using live Spirulina (Arthospira) sp.

text: However such method for cleaning the water was also used before and a paper was published in the Journal of International Environmental Application & Science regarding the used tea waste that helped remove phenol from industrial waste water in Kosovo.Mehran University of Engineering and technology, Jamshoro also published a paper in the Sindh University Research Journal on how used tea waste could remove arsenic from aqueous solutions, whereas the Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering did also researched on waste tea for the removal of pollutant agents from the water.

text: However such method for cleaning the water was also used before and a paper was published in the Journal of International Environmental Application & Science regarding the used tea waste that helped remove phenol from industrial waste water in

text: Kosovo

entity_name: Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

text: Mehran University of Engineering and technology, Jamshoro

text: also published a paper in the Sindh University Research Journal on how used tea waste could remove arsenic from aqueous solutions, whereas the Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering did also researched on waste tea for the removal of pollutant agents from the water.

text: The water footprint of a business, the 'corporate water footprint', is defined as the total volume of fresh water that is used directly or indirectly to run and support a business. It is the total volume of water use to be associated with the use of the business outputs. The water footprint of a business consists of water used for producing/manufacturing or for supporting activities and the indirect water use in the producer’s supply chain. Water Credit for conserving water: Nagpur based innovator Shripad Vaidya's idea of giving water credit's, much like carbon credits, to those who save and conserve water is gaining ground. These water credits can be marketed or sold to those in need of surplus water for social,agricultural or industrial ventures.

text: Aquaculture is practiced on the Anhai Bay (the estuary of the Shijing River). As of ca. 2001, 138.5 hectares of the bay's mudflats and water surface were used for aquaculture; this included 37.5 ha used for raising the blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa, 泥蚶), 58.3 ha used for the Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta, 缢蛏), 16.2 ha used for oyster farming, and 26.5 ha used for shrimp farming.Over 1400 people from Shuitou's Gangnei Village (巷内村) were employed in aquaculture and fishing.

text: Aquaculture

text: is practiced on the Anhai Bay (the estuary of the

text: Shijing River

text: ). As of ca. 2001, 138.5

text: hectare

text: s of the bay's mudflats and water surface were used for aquaculture; this included 37.5 ha used for raising the

text: blood cockle

text: s (

text: Tegillarca granosa

text: , 泥蚶), 58.3 ha used for the

text: Chinese razor clam

text: Sinonovacula constricta

text: , 缢蛏), 16.2 ha used for

text: oyster farming

text: , and 26.5 ha used for

text: shrimp farming

text: Directs, in planning any water resources project, consideration of its impact on existing and future recreational and commercial uses. Requires any changes adversely affecting the recreational use of a project to be mitigated. Terminates such requirements five years after the enactment of this Act except for restoration already commenced on such date. Requires project costs to be shared by the beneficiaries of such recreation.

text: Organic wastes can be destroyed by incineration at high temperatures; however, if the waste contains heavy metals or radioactive isotopes, these must be separated and stored, as they cannot be destroyed. The method of storage will seek to immobilize the toxic components of the waste, possibly through storage in sealed containers, inclusion in a stable medium such as glass or a cement mixture, or burial under an impermeable clay cap. Waste transporters and waste facilities may charge fees; consequently, improper methods of disposal may be used to avoid paying these fees. Where the handling of toxic waste is regulated, the improper disposal of toxic waste may be punishable by fines or prison terms. Burial sites for toxic waste and other contaminated brownfield land may eventually be used as greenspace or redeveloped for commercial or industrial use.

text: Organic wastes can be destroyed by

text: incineration

text: at high temperatures; however, if the waste contains

text: heavy metals

text: or

text: radioactive isotopes

text: , these must be separated and stored, as they cannot be destroyed. The method of storage will seek to immobilize the toxic components of the waste, possibly through storage in sealed containers, inclusion in a stable medium such as glass or a cement mixture, or burial under an impermeable clay cap. Waste transporters and waste facilities may charge fees; consequently, improper methods of disposal may be used to avoid paying these fees. Where the handling of toxic waste is regulated, the improper disposal of toxic waste may be punishable by fines or prison terms. Burial sites for toxic waste and other contaminated

text: brownfield land

text: may eventually be used as

text: greenspace

text: or redeveloped for commercial or industrial use.

text: The City of Bentonville owns and operates a municipal water system that provides services to industrial, commercial and residential customers. Drinking water is purchased and pumped from the Beaver Water District treatment plant in Lowell. The city uses approximately  of water per day on average.

text: The City of Bentonville owns and operates a municipal water system that provides services to industrial, commercial and residential customers. Drinking water is purchased and pumped from the

text: Beaver Water District

text: treatment plant in

text: Lowell

text: . The city uses approximately  of water per day on average.

text: Human impact: Over-fishing is the major problem for sustainable use of wetlands. The field of aquaculture within the fisheries industries is eliminating mass areas of wetland systems through practices seen such as in the shrimp farming industry's destruction of mangroves. Aquaculture is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region specifically in China with world holdings in Asia equal to 90% of the total number of aquaculture farms and 80% of its global value. Threats to rice fields mainly stem from inappropriate water management, introduction of invasive alien species, agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, and land use changes. Industrial-scale production of palm oil threatens the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems in parts of southeast Asia, Africa, and other developing countries.

text: Human impact: Over-fishing is the major problem for sustainable use of wetlands. The field of

text: aquaculture

text: within the fisheries industries is eliminating mass areas of wetland systems through practices seen such as in the

text: shrimp farming

text: industry's destruction of mangroves. Aquaculture is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region specifically in China with world holdings in Asia equal to 90% of the total number of aquaculture farms and 80% of its global value. Threats to rice fields mainly stem from inappropriate water management, introduction of invasive alien species, agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, and land use changes. Industrial-scale production of palm oil threatens the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems in parts of southeast Asia, Africa, and other developing countries.

text: Drinking water is distributed to all houses in the village through drinking water taps. A drinking water treatment plant is available at the village which was installed by Palmyra NGO in 2012. Taps are located at every 50 to 100 meters and one drinking water tap is shared between 3 and 5 families. Water is provided every morning from 7 am to 9 am. People collect water in vessels and use them for whole day. Drinking water for the village is collected from selected drinking water wells from the village and it is stored in water tank located in the middle of the village. Houses in the village have their own wells or bore wells to use water for other purposes such as bathing and toilet.

text: The Chinese water quality standard for reuse corresponds to the Chinese surface water quality standard III (suitable for aquaculture and recreational purposes). It is apparently less strict than effluent standards in the US that correspond to the more stringent Chinese national surface water quality standard II. Another source lists in detail standards for four types of non-potable municipal uses (toilet flushing, road cleaning/firefighting, car washing and construction) as well as landscaping, clearly showing that there is more than one standard for reclaimed water in Beijing. The microbiological standards for the various uses are the same, but the standards in terms of turbidity and dissolved solids vary depending on the intended use. As of 2011, 100 residential communities used reclaimed water in toilet flushing.

text: The company has also developed a household electricity-generating boiler. The Flow boiler provides heating and hot water and also generates electricity, using patented technology, to be used in the household.

text: The company has also developed a household electricity-generating

text: boiler

text: . The Flow boiler provides heating and hot water and also generates electricity, using patented technology, to be used in the household.

text: Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

text: Engineering News-Record

text: (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

text: The area of water stored between Gleeson's Weir and Aplin's Weir is primarily used for recreational activities with a number of Rowing Clubs and a Canoe Club using the river. This section of the river is also used for local rowing regattas.

text: The quality of water service provision is poor. According to official figures from 2009, the average water availability per day was as follows: 22 hours in the North, 10 hours in the Bekaa, 8 hours in the South, and for Beirut-Mount Lebanon 13 hours in winter, but only 2 hours in summer. There is not a single village or city in Lebanon that receives an uninterrupted residential supply of water. Especially in summer, water shortages are common. For example, in Nabatieh Governorate water reached customers only three times a week in 2007. In Greater Beirut, water supply drops to 3 hours per day during the summer. According to the above-mentioned 2008 survey, the average Lebanese household received 6 hours per day in summer and 9 hours in winter. Only one quarter  of Lebanese households received water every day. The continuity of supply was best in the North where 59% said they received water every day in 2008. It was worst in Beirut where this share was only 10%. Poor water quality and intermittent supply impose high costs on households to cope with these deficiencies. Buying water from trucks and the purchase of bottled water are common. Water is also commonly stored in roof tanks, which imposes both an additional cost and jeopardizes water quality. Many households also use pumps to make sure that water reaches the upper floors of houses, which imposes more costs on households. Low pressure and intermittent water supply are caused, among others, by intermittent electricity supply.

text: The quality of water service provision is poor. According to official figures from 2009, the average water availability per day was as follows: 22 hours in the North, 10 hours in the Bekaa, 8 hours in the South, and for Beirut-Mount Lebanon 13 hours in winter, but only 2 hours in summer. There is not a single village or city in Lebanon that receives an uninterrupted residential supply of water. Especially in summer, water shortages are common. For example, in

text: Nabatieh Governorate

text: water reached customers only three times a week in 2007. In Greater Beirut, water supply drops to 3 hours per day during the summer. According to the above-mentioned 2008 survey, the average Lebanese household received 6 hours per day in summer and 9 hours in winter. Only one quarter  of Lebanese households received water every day. The continuity of supply was best in the North where 59% said they received water every day in 2008. It was worst in Beirut where this share was only 10%. Poor water quality and intermittent supply impose high costs on households to cope with these deficiencies. Buying water from trucks and the purchase of bottled water are common. Water is also commonly stored in roof tanks, which imposes both an additional cost and jeopardizes water quality. Many households also use pumps to make sure that water reaches the upper floors of houses, which imposes more costs on households. Low pressure and intermittent water supply are caused, among others, by intermittent electricity supply.

text: Many of the themes of environmental history inevitably examine the circumstances that produced the environmental problems of the present day, a litany of themes that challenge global sustainability including: population, consumerism and materialism, climate change, waste disposal, deforestation and loss of wilderness, industrial agriculture, species extinction, depletion of natural resources, invasive organisms and urban development. The simple message of sustainable use of renewable resources is frequently repeated and early as 1864 George Perkins Marsh was pointing out that the changes we make in the environment may later reduce the environments usefulness to humans so any changes should be made with great care - what we would nowadays call enlightened self-interest. Richard Grove has pointed out that "States will act to prevent environmental degradation only when their economic interests are threatened".

text: Many of the themes of environmental history inevitably examine the circumstances that produced the environmental problems of the present day, a litany of themes that challenge global sustainability including:

text: population

text: consumerism

text: and

text: materialism

text: climate change

text: waste disposal

text: deforestation

text: and loss of wilderness,

text: industrial agriculture

text: species extinction

text: , depletion of natural resources,

text: invasive organisms

text: and

text: urban development

text: . The simple message of sustainable use of renewable resources is frequently repeated and early as 1864

text: George Perkins Marsh

text: was pointing out that the changes we make in the environment may later reduce the environments usefulness to humans so any changes should be made with great care - what we would nowadays call

text: enlightened self-interest

text: . Richard Grove has pointed out that "States will act to prevent environmental degradation only when their economic interests are threatened".

text: Rittmann is the inventor of the Hydrogen-based Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBfR), which can be used to reduce and detoxify a wide range of oxidized pollutants commonly found in water: e.g., nitrate, perchlorate, chromate, selenate, trichloroethene, and uraninite. In the MBfR, H gas is delivered directly to H-oxidizing bacteria that live on the outer surface of a bubble-less gas-transfer membrane. The oxidized contaminants in the water moving past the biofilm are reduced to harmless or readily removed forms. Rittmann holds six patents on the MBfR, which is commercialized at the ARo (Autotrophic Reduction of) technology by APTwater. The MBfR won the 2011 Environmental Engineering Excellence Award from the American Academy of Environmental Engineers.

text: Rittmann is the inventor of the

text: Hydrogen

text: -based Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBfR), which can be used to reduce and detoxify a wide range of oxidized pollutants commonly found in water: e.g.,

text: nitrate

text: perchlorate

text: chromate

text: selenate

text: trichloroethene

text: , and

text: uraninite

text: . In the MBfR, H gas is delivered directly to H-oxidizing bacteria that live on the outer surface of a bubble-less gas-transfer

text: membrane

text: . The

text: oxidized

text: contaminants in the water moving past the biofilm are reduced to harmless or readily removed forms. Rittmann holds six patents on the MBfR, which is commercialized at the ARo (Autotrophic Reduction of) technology by APTwater. The MBfR won the 2011 Environmental Engineering Excellence Award from the

entity_name: American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists

text: American Academy of Environmental Engineers

text: Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as "farming". Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. 1 in 3 people worldwide are employed in agriculture, yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP.

text: Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (

text: livestock

text: ). The practice of agriculture is also known as "

text: farming

text: ". Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. 1 in 3 people worldwide are employed in agriculture, yet it only contributes 3% to global GDP.

text: In November 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, and in July 1990 Waters staged one of the largest and most elaborate rock concerts in history, The Wall – Live in Berlin, on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. The show reported an official attendance of 200,000, though some estimates are as much as twice that, with approximately one billion television viewers. Leonard Cheshire asked him to do the concert to raise funds for charity. Waters' group of musicians included Joni Mitchell, Van Morrison, Cyndi Lauper, Bryan Adams, Scorpions, and Sinéad O'Connor. Waters also used an East German symphony orchestra and choir, a Soviet marching band, and a pair of helicopters from the US 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron. Designed by Mark Fisher, the Wall was 25 metres tall and 170 metres long and was built across the set. Scarfe's inflatable puppets were recreated on an enlarged scale, and although many rock icons received invitations to the show, Gilmour, Mason, and Wright, did not. Waters released a concert double album of the performance which has been certified platinum by the RIAA.

text: In November 1989, the

text: Berlin Wall

text: fell, and in July 1990 Waters staged one of the largest and most elaborate rock concerts in history,

text: The Wall – Live in Berlin

text: , on the vacant terrain between

text: Potsdamer Platz

text: and the

text: Brandenburg Gate

text: . The show reported an official attendance of 200,000, though some estimates are as much as twice that, with approximately one billion television viewers.

text: Leonard Cheshire

text: asked him to do the concert to raise funds for charity. Waters' group of musicians included

text: Joni Mitchell

text: Van Morrison

text: Cyndi Lauper

text: Bryan Adams

text: Scorpions

text: , and

text: Sinéad O'Connor

text: . Waters also used an East German symphony orchestra and choir, a Soviet marching band, and a pair of helicopters from the US

entity_name: 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron

text: 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron

text: . Designed by Mark Fisher, the Wall was 25 metres tall and 170 metres long and was built across the set. Scarfe's inflatable puppets were recreated on an enlarged scale, and although many rock icons received invitations to the show, Gilmour, Mason, and Wright, did not. Waters released a concert double album of the performance which has been certified platinum by the RIAA.

text: According to the Baden-Württemberg Statistics Office, the total area of the municipality is 18.17 km (7.02 sq mi), of which 8.13 km (45%) is woodland, 7.67 km (42%) is agricultural, 0.9 km (5%) is buildings, 0.74 km (4%) is for transportation, 0.62 km (3.5%) is water and 0.09 km (0.5%) is for recreational use.

text: According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using water clocks in 328 BCR to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zibad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the Nowruz, Chelah, or Yaldā - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar..

text: According to

text: Callisthenes

text: , the Persians were using

text: water clock

text: s in 328 BCR to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zibad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the

text: Nowruz

text: , Chelah, or

text: Yaldā

text: - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar..

text: The contaminated water is either collected from a waste site and brought to the plants, or the plants are planted in the contaminated area, where the roots then take up the water and the contaminants dissolved in it. Many plant species naturally uptake heavy metals and excess nutrients for a variety of reasons: sequestration, drought resistance, disposal by leaf abscission, interference with other plants, and defense against pathogens and herbivores. Some of these species are better than others and can accumulate extraordinary amounts of these contaminants. Identification of such plant species has led environmental researchers to realize the potential for using these plants for remediation of contaminated soil and wastewater.

text: The contaminated water is either collected from a waste site and brought to the plants, or the plants are planted in the contaminated area, where the roots then take up the water and the contaminants dissolved in it. Many plant species naturally uptake

text: heavy metals

text: and excess

text: nutrient

text: s for a variety of reasons: sequestration,

text: drought

text: resistance, disposal by leaf

text: abscission

text: , interference with other plants, and defense against

text: pathogen

text: s and

text: herbivore

text: s. Some of these species are better than others and can accumulate extraordinary amounts of these contaminants. Identification of such plant species has led environmental researchers to realize the potential for using these plants for

text: remediation

text: of contaminated soil and

text: wastewater

text: Recreation on the lake is administered by EID. Recreation on the lake includes boating, hiking, horseback riding, and camping. Recreational use has increased over the last several years. Though recreational users consume a negligible amount of water from Jenkinson Lake, recreational activities have the potential to impact water quality. Pollution from boats, pit toilets, erosion caused by off highway vehicles may pollute the water sources.

text: Justice Brijesh Kumar tribunal gave its final/further verdict on 29 November 2013 which has not changed the broad water allocations (except increasing the Andhra Pradesh allocations by 4 tmc with corresponding reduction in Karnataka allocations) for use by the states as given in its  draft verdict. The average yearly water available for environmental flows and the salt export has been reduced by KWDT-II to 171 tmc  (including 16 tmc minimum continuous environmental flows) from  448 tmc  giving 277 tmc additional allocations to the states for their beneficial use. There is no mention or discussion on mean annual environmental flow requirement and the salt export water needs which have been taking place time immemorial and have been considered not essential needs by the tribunal disregarding the sustainable productivity and the ecology of the river basin particularly in the tail end areas.

text: Using reclaimed water for non-potable uses saves potable water for drinking, since less potable water will be used for non-potable uses.

text: A large percentage of Tegucigalpa's poorest households (38%) do not have access to SANAA's piped water services, where by contrast, only 2% of the wealthiest do not have access to SANAA's piped water. Use of bottled water is quite important in Tegucigalpa as a whole, but only 12% of the poor use this option as compared to 70% of the more affluent. Water storage towers filled by SANAA trucks are not widely used by the poor because the water is so expensive. Only 3% of households report to obtaining water from the water towers.

text: Aquaculture in East Timor is not a large industry; however, World Vision has expressed an interest in organizing aquaculture development projects in the country in order to help those who suffer food shortages in the upland areas. Research has demonstrated that East Timor has great potential for both fresh- and salt-water aquaculture, including microphyte production.

text: Aquaculture in East Timor is not a large industry; however,

text: World Vision

text: has expressed an interest in organizing

text: aquaculture

text: development projects in the country in order to help those who suffer food shortages in the upland areas. Research has demonstrated that

text: East Timor

text: has great potential for both

text: fresh-

text: and

text: salt-water

text: aquaculture, including

text: microphyte

text: production.

text: Winter Rights are in many cases referred to as "reserved water rights". This name is derived from the United States Supreme Court case Winter v. United States, and deals with the effects that the case had on American Indian water rights. The Winters Rights established several things in relation to American Indian water rights. Firstly, Winters Rights declares that they are defined by the federal government and federal law which controls them. Next, Winters Rights states that when an American Indian reservation is established by either a treaty, statute, or executive order, implied reservation of water rights is included in said treaty, statute, or executive order. These water rights apply to water sources that are either within the reservation or bordering it. Winters Rights then states that the water rights are reserved as soon as the portion of the American Indian reservation cases where competing users of the water source have prior appropriation dates of said water source, they will take precedence over the American Indian rights. Only those with prior appropriation dates take precedence, those with later dates are subordinate to the American Indian reservation in question. In most cases, it is found that American Indian tribes do in general have senior priority dates for quantities of surface water than competing settlements.Winters Rights then stated that the amount of water which would be reserved for the use of an American Indian tribe would be equal to the amount of water that would sufficiently irrigate all of the irrigable acreage within the reservation. In some cases this part of the Winter Rights is changed to include not only agricultural purposes for water use, but for all purposes of the American Indian reservation. An example of this would be a document from the Bureau of Indian Affairs breaks down what they believe to be the estimated water requirements of all different American Indian reservations, including the Fort Belknap American Indian reservation in Montana. This document states that the Fort Belknap American Indian reservation will need water for uses such as recreation, wildlife, forestry, energy, minerals, industrial use, domestic use, and agricultural use. This uses are listed in ascending order of the amount of water it is estimated each use will need. It is also said that Winters Rights are not lost by an American Indian reservation's lack of use of the water. The Winters Rights will apply to the reservation if and when the reservation is not using their full portion of water. The Winters Rights include the idea that while treaties which were made in the creation of American Indian reservations did not specifically grant water rights, there was an implied reservation of the water rights which were not granted.

text: Alipore has two main water works. One is situated in the centre of the village and the other in the Karolia Maholla. There is a further water purification plant using advanced filtration technique, which supplies clean water for both drinking and domestic use to every household in the village.

text: Aquaculture started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels, oysters and salmon. In 2007, aquaculture generated about NZ$360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports. In 2006, the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025. In 2007, the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry.

text: Aquaculture

text: started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels, oysters and salmon. In 2007, aquaculture generated about NZ$360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports. In 2006, the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025. In 2007, the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry.

text: In China, it is known that ground urea-formaldehyde resin is a common adulterant in feed for non-ruminants.  Domestically it is often sold under the euphemism "protein essence" (蛋白精) and is described as "one kind of new proteinnitrogen feed additive".  However, urea-formaldehyde resin itself has been suggested as appropriate for use in feed for some non-ruminants in at least one UN FAO report, suggesting its use as a binder in feed pellets in aquaculture.

text: In China, it is known that ground

text: urea-formaldehyde resin

text: is a common adulterant in feed for non-ruminants.  Domestically it is often sold under the euphemism "protein essence" (蛋白精) and is described as "one kind of new proteinnitrogen feed additive".  However, urea-formaldehyde resin itself has been suggested as appropriate for use in feed for some non-ruminants in at least one

text: UN

text: FAO

text: report, suggesting its use as a binder in feed pellets in aquaculture.

text: An example of a geothermal heat pump that uses a body of water as the heat sink, is the system used by the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Illinois. This building is situated on the Chicago River, and uses cold river water by pumping it into a recirculating cooling system, where heat exchangers transfer heat from the building into the water, and then the now-warmed water is pumped back into the Chicago River.

text: An example of a geothermal heat pump that uses a body of water as the heat sink, is the system used by the

entity_name: Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)

text: Trump International Hotel and Tower

text: in Chicago, Illinois. This building is situated on the

text: Chicago River

text: , and uses cold river water by pumping it into a recirculating cooling system, where heat exchangers transfer heat from the building into the water, and then the now-warmed water is pumped back into the Chicago River.

text: Farragut Houses currently uses a more modern water pipe system. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection regulates Farragut Houses' water system and its pipes. Each building has its own water piping system and all buildings share three back up water storage tanks in cases of emergencies such as water outages and storms.

text: Farragut Houses currently uses a more modern water pipe system. The

entity_name: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

text: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

text: regulates Farragut Houses' water system and its pipes. Each building has its own water piping system and all buildings share three back up water storage tanks in cases of emergencies such as water outages and storms.

text: Agriculture is the field in science wherein it concerns with the different techniques of land cultivation, crop and livestock raising, or otherwise, farming. The Department of Agriculture (Philippines) (DA) is a government agency responsible for the development of the Philippine's agriculture by generating policies, investments, and support services which are significant in the local and export-oriented trade. In the Philippine Development Plan (PDP), Chapter 4: Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries Sector, both agriculture and fisheries sector provides the needs and raw materials for the market and surplus labor to the industry and service sectors. The focus for improvement would be to generate more opportunities of employments and increased income for the farmers which would encourage participation from them. Development of the agricultural sector is critical in maintaining an affordable price for food especially for the poor which, then, could be translated to inclusive growth and poverty reduction. Proceso J. Alcala is a former district representative and the recently appointed DA secretary by President Benigno Aquino III on 2010. He is considered the 'Father of Organic Agriculture' because of his work in the Organic Agricultural Act of 2010 (RA 10068).

text: Beneficial use is defined as agricultural, industrial, or urban use. Environmental uses, such as maintaining body of water and the wildlife that use it, were not initially regarded as beneficial uses in some states but have been accepted in some areas. Every water right is parameterized by an annual yield and an appropriation date. When a water right is sold, it maintains its original appropriation date.

text: Day use fees at Open Pond are US$5 per vehicle.  This allows for all recreational uses (picnics, hiking, bicycling, fishing, etc.).  These fees may be waived if someone in the vehicle possesses a valid Federal Interagency Recreation Pass.  Camping fees for non-electric sites are US$6, and US$12 for electric/water sites.  Discounts are available for camping fees when using the senior citizen Federal Interagency Recreation Passes.  With the senior Interagency Recreation Pass, camping fees are US$3 for non-electric sites, and US$8 for electric/water sites.  Those paying for campsites do not have to pay day use fees.  Day use fees paid at Open Pond may also be used to enter the Blue Lake Recreation Area two miles north of Open Pond.

text: A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such  as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.

text: A dam is a barrier that

text: impound

text: s

text: water

text: or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such  as

text: irrigation

text: human consumption

text: industrial use

text: aquaculture

text: , and

text: navigability

text: Hydropower

text: is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as

text: floodgate

text: s or

text: levee

text: s (also known as

text: dikes

text: ) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions.

text: Water heating is a thermodynamic process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

text: Water heating is a

text: thermodynamic

text: process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to

text: steam

text: have many uses.

text: The LCS is reconfigured for various roles by changing mission packages, each of which includes mission module equipment (weapon systems, sensors, etc.), carried craft and mission crews. Modules include Anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine hunter (MCM), surface warfare (SUW), and special warfare missions. The MCM and SUW modules are planned to reach initial operating capability in Fiscal year 2014, and the ASW module in FY2016. Module changes were envisioned to allow a single LCS to change roles in a matter of hours at any commercial port allowing it to rapidly optimize effectiveness against a threat. A report from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) on a January 2012 sustainment wargame reportedly stated that, possibly for logistics reasons, the mission module changes may take as long as weeks, and that in the future the navy plans to use LCS ships with a single module, with module changes being a rare occurrence. In 2014, Independence switched from mine to surface warfare modes in 96 hours on short notice.

text: The LCS is reconfigured for various roles by changing mission packages, each of which includes mission module equipment (weapon systems, sensors, etc.), carried craft and mission crews. Modules include

text: Anti-submarine warfare

text: (ASW),

text: mine hunter

text: (MCM),

text: surface warfare

text: (SUW), and

text: special warfare

text: missions. The MCM and SUW modules are planned to reach initial operating capability in

text: Fiscal year

text: 2014, and the ASW module in FY2016. Module changes were envisioned to allow a single LCS to change roles in a matter of hours at any commercial port allowing it to rapidly optimize effectiveness against a threat. A report from the Office of the

text: Chief of Naval Operations

text: OPNAV

text: ) on a January 2012 sustainment wargame reportedly stated that, possibly for logistics reasons, the mission module changes may take as long as weeks, and that in the future the navy plans to use LCS ships with a single module, with module changes being a rare occurrence. In 2014, Independence switched from mine to surface warfare modes in 96 hours on short notice.

text: The health infrastructure facilities include the Medical College, located on the west side of the VDC, one Health post, one Sub-Health post and 13 private medical centres.Basic services do not cover all of Kohalpur's population and are sometimes limited to the planned area of the VDC, which is in Ward Number 3.There is no official solid waste management system in Kohalpur; garbage collection, disposal and treatment are services that should be developed and provided for the population.Regarding water infrastructure, 68% of the VDC households have water pipelines while 31.15% use hand pump systems to obtain underground water; the rest of the households use other sources.In terms of sanitation, of the total 4735 households in Kohalpur VDC, 1548 do not have a toilet.Septic tanks are used by 2046 households, 841 use temporary toilets, 131 have biogas toilets and 169 units are connected to a collecting open canal.The existing central electricity line of Kohalpur VDC covers 87% of the households, 13% are without electricity and use kerosene. A small part of the remaining households use alternative environmentally friendly sources such as solar panels and biogas.

text: In its marketing, the company focuses on environmental attractiveness of using tap water and returnable gas cylinders. SodaStream has been involved in environmental projects, including waste reduction, beach cleanup and reforestation.

text: In its marketing, the company focuses on environmental attractiveness of using tap water and returnable gas cylinders. SodaStream has been involved in environmental projects, including waste reduction, beach cleanup and

text: reforestation

text: The state government assured farmers in the Kosal region that irrigation in the Hirakud command area would not be adversely affected by industrialization. However, the government has taken all steps to facilitate use of water for industrial use which was actually meant for farmers. Though the industries have huge financial resources to source their own water supply or to increase the water holding capacity of Hirakud, the government has not taken the necessary steps to improve water supplies to the villages and farms.

text: Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture.  Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world.  Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes.  Water is a good solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing.  Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving.

text: Water plays an important role in the

text: world economy

text: . Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to

text: agriculture

text: Fishing

text: in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world.  Much of long-distance trade of

text: commodities

text: (such as

text: oil

text: and

text: natural gas

text: ) and manufactured products is transported by

text: boat

text: s through seas, rivers, lakes, and

text: canal

text: s. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for

text: cooling

text: and

text: heating

text: , in industry and homes.  Water is a good

text: solvent

text: for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in

text: cooking

text: and

text: washing

text: .  Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as

text: swimming

text: pleasure boat

text: ing,

text: boat racing

text: surfing

text: sport fishing

text: , and

text: diving

text: Currently, the most effective treatment is transferring the affected fish to a freshwater bath for a period of 2 to 3 hours. This is achieved by towing the sea cages into fresh water, or pumping the fish from the sea cage to a tarp filled with fresh water. Mortality rates have been lowered by adding Levamisole to the water until the saturation is above 10ppm. Due to the difficulty and expense of treatment, the productivity of salmon aquaculture is limited by access to a source of fresh water. Chloramine and chlorine dioxide have also been used.  Other potential in-feed treatments such as immunosupportive-based feeds, mucolytic compounds such as L-cysteine ethyl ester and the parasticide bithionol have been tested with some success although not developed for commercial use.

text: Currently, the most effective treatment is transferring the affected fish to a freshwater bath for a period of 2 to 3 hours. This is achieved by towing the sea cages into fresh water, or pumping the fish from the sea cage to a tarp filled with fresh water. Mortality rates have been lowered by adding

text: Levamisole

text: to the water until the saturation is above 10ppm. Due to the difficulty and expense of treatment, the productivity of salmon aquaculture is limited by access to a source of fresh water.

text: Chloramine

text: and

text: chlorine dioxide

text: have also been used.  Other potential in-feed treatments such as immunosupportive-based feeds, mucolytic compounds such as L-cysteine ethyl ester and the parasticide bithionol have been tested with some success although not developed for commercial use.

text: NADEC Agriculture uses the latest technology and farming practices to grow food and crops including using systems such as the DACOM system for the rationalisation of irrigation water. This system measures the rate of moisture and heat in the soil and uses intricate measurement techniques to control the amount of water released to the plants so it minimises water wastage.

text: The Lake Chabot dam was built in 1874-1875 as a primary source for water in the East Bay. The lake was closed to recreation for 91 years. Legislation passed in the 1960s opened the lake for controlled recreation uses. Currently, the lake serves as a standby emergency water supply. For this reason, visitors are asked to observe certain necessary regulations to keep the waters pure. There are also blooms of toxic blue-green algae in the lake during the summer and fall that make contact with the water dangerous.

text: Israel is one of the world's technological leaders in water technology. In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization, drip irrigation, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, the largest in the world, was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards in 2006. Israel hosts an annual Water Technology Exhibition and Conference (WaTec) that attracts thousands of people from across the world. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years.

text: Israel is one of the world's technological leaders in water technology. In 2011, its water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in

text: water conservation

text: techniques, and a substantial agricultural modernization,

text: drip irrigation

text: , was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of

text: desalination

text: and water recycling. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant, the largest in the world, was voted 'Desalination Plant of the Year' in the Global Water Awards in 2006. Israel hosts an annual Water Technology Exhibition and Conference (WaTec) that attracts thousands of people from across the world. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40% by 2015 and 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. As a result of innovations in

text: reverse osmosis technology

text: , Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years.

text: The Ponderosa can be split into two distinct halves, each with contrasting history. The upper part was for many years known as Crookesmoor Recreation Ground, however prior to that it was an area of small dams in open countryside. The dams were built around 1740 by Joshua Matthewman after he had gained permission from the Lord of the Manor, Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk. The dams were constructed to impound local spring water to supply the town of Sheffield. J. Tayler’s map of Sheffield of 1832 shows a string of four small dams below (north) of what is now Crookes Valley Road and on the site of the present day upper Ponderosa. These four dams were filled in during the second half of the 19th century and by 1903 it was shown on the map as Crookesmoor Recreation Ground. During World War II the recreation ground was used as a station for barrage balloons to defend the city.

text: The Ponderosa can be split into two distinct halves, each with contrasting history. The upper part was for many years known as Crookesmoor Recreation Ground, however prior to that it was an area of small

text: dam

text: s in open countryside. The dams were built around 1740 by Joshua Matthewman after he had gained permission from the Lord of the Manor,

text: Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk

text: . The dams were constructed to impound local

text: spring

text: water to supply the town of Sheffield. J. Tayler’s map of Sheffield of 1832 shows a string of four small dams below (north) of what is now Crookes Valley Road and on the site of the present day upper Ponderosa. These four dams were filled in during the second half of the 19th century and by 1903 it was shown on the map as Crookesmoor Recreation Ground. During

text: World War II

text: the recreation ground was used as a station for

text: barrage balloon

text: s to defend the city.

text: Others argue that the use of typedefs can make code easier to maintain.  K&R states that there are two reasons for using a typedef.  First, it provides a means to make a program more portable.  Instead of having to change a type everywhere it appears throughout the program's source files, only a single typedef statement needs to be changed.  Second, a typedef can make a complex definition or declaration easier to understand.

text: Others argue that the use of typedefs can make code easier to maintain.

text: K&R

text: states that there are two reasons for using a typedef.  First, it provides a means to make a program more portable.  Instead of having to change a type everywhere it appears throughout the program's source files, only a single typedef statement needs to be changed.  Second, a typedef can make a complex definition or declaration easier to understand.

text: Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use.  Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs.  If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be categorized as recreational usage.  Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed to enhance whitewater boating, which also could be considered a recreational usage. Other examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.

text: Recreation

text: al water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use.  Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs.  If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be categorized as recreational usage.  Release of water from a few reservoirs is also timed to enhance

text: whitewater

text: boating, which also could be considered a recreational usage. Other examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.

text: In 2009, when the act was again up for reauthorization, Feingold introduced the JUSTICE Act (S. 1686) "To place reasonable safeguards on the use of surveillance and other authorities under the USA PATRIOT Act." Senator Patrick Leahy then introduced an alternative bill, about which Feingold later said "...while narrower than the JUSTICE Act that Senator Durbin and I have championed, [it] did contain several important and necessary protections for the privacy of innocent Americans." After what Feingold saw as the further watering down of civil liberty protections in the bill, it passed out of the Senate Judiciary Committee on October 8 by a vote of 11-8 with Feingold voting against it.

text: In 2009, when the act was again up for reauthorization, Feingold introduced the JUSTICE Act (S. 1686) "To place reasonable safeguards on the use of surveillance and other authorities under the USA PATRIOT Act." Senator

text: Patrick Leahy

text: then introduced an alternative bill, about which Feingold later said "...while narrower than the JUSTICE Act that

text: Senator Durbin

text: and I have championed, [it] did contain several important and necessary protections for the privacy of innocent Americans." After what Feingold saw as the further watering down of civil liberty protections in the bill, it passed out of the

entity_name: United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

text: Senate Judiciary Committee

text: on October 8 by a vote of 11-8 with Feingold voting against it.

text: Geothermal energy can drive desalination. In most locations, geothermal desalination beats using scarce groundwater or surface water, environmentally and economically.

text: Geothermal energy can drive desalination. In most locations,

text: geothermal desalination

text: beats using scarce groundwater or surface water, environmentally and economically.

text: The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use by the 9th century. A variety of industrial watermills were used in the Islamic world, including gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, and tide mills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial watermills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim and Christian engineers also used crankshafts and water turbines, gears in watermills and water-raising machines, and  dams as a source of water, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Fulling mills and steel mills may have spread from Islamic Spain to Christian Spain in the 12th century. Industrial water mills were also employed in large factory complexes built in al-Andalus between the 11th and 13th centuries.

text: The

text: industrial

text: uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use by the 9th century. A variety of industrial watermills were used in the Islamic world, including

text: gristmill

text: s,

text: huller

text: s,

text: sawmill

text: s, shipmills,

text: stamp mill

text: s,

text: steel mill

text: s,

text: sugar mills

text: , and

text: tide mill

text: s. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial watermills in operation, from

text: al-Andalus

text: and

text: North Africa

text: to the

text: Middle East

text: and

text: Central Asia

text: . Muslim and Christian engineers also used

text: crankshaft

text: s and

text: water turbine

text: s,

text: gear

text: s in watermills and water-raising

text: machine

text: s, and

text: dam

text: s as a source of water, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Fulling mills and steel mills may have spread from Islamic Spain to Christian Spain in the 12th century. Industrial water mills were also employed in large

text: factory

text: complexes built in

text: al-Andalus

text: between the 11th and 13th centuries.

text: A detention dam is a dam built to catch surface runoff and stream water flow in order to regulate the water flow in areas below the dam. Detention dams are commonly used to reduce the damage caused by flooding or to manage the flow rate through a channel. Detention dams can also be constructed to replenish groundwater and trap sediment. Detention dams are one of three classifications of dams which include: storage dams, diversion dams, and detention dams. Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for irrigation, livestock, municipal water supply, recreation, and hydroelectric power generation. Diversion dams are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying irrigation systems or reservoirs.

text: A detention dam is a

text: dam

text: built to catch

text: surface runoff

text: and stream

text: water

text: flow in order to regulate the water flow in areas below the dam. Detention dams are commonly used to reduce the damage caused by flooding or to manage the flow rate through a channel. Detention dams can also be constructed to replenish

text: groundwater

text: and trap

text: sediment

text: . Detention dams are one of three classifications of dams which include: storage dams, diversion dams, and detention dams. Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for

text: irrigation

text: livestock

text: , municipal water supply, recreation, and

text: hydroelectric power

text: generation.

text: Diversion dam

text: s are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying

text: irrigation

text: systems or

text: reservoirs

text: The concept of attacking above the waist only is a 20th-century change to the sport; previously sabreurs used to pad their legs against cutting slashes from their opponents. The reason for the above waist rule is unknown as the sport is based on the use of infantry sabres and not cavalry sabres.

text: Union Rural development Minister, Nitin Gadkari, proposed to limit MGNREGA programmes within tribal and poor areas. He also proposed to change the labour:material ratio from 60:40 to 51:49. As per the new proposal the programme will be implemented in 2,500 backward blocks coming under Intensive Participatory Planning Exercise. These blocks are identified per the Planning Commission Estimate of 2013 and a Backwardness Index prepared by Planning Commission using 2011 census. This backwardness index consist of following five parameters - percentage of households primarily depended on agriculture, female literacy rates, households without access to electricity, households without access to drinking water and sanitation within the premises and households without access to banking facilities.

text: Union Rural development Minister,

text: Nitin Gadkari

text: , proposed to limit MGNREGA programmes within tribal and poor areas. He also proposed to change the labour:material ratio from 60:40 to 51:49. As per the new proposal the programme will be implemented in 2,500 backward blocks coming under Intensive Participatory Planning Exercise. These blocks are identified per the Planning Commission Estimate of 2013 and a Backwardness Index prepared by Planning Commission using 2011 census. This backwardness index consist of following five parameters - percentage of households primarily depended on agriculture, female literacy rates, households without access to electricity, households without access to drinking water and sanitation within the premises and households without access to banking facilities.

text: Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment.  Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation.  The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology defines environmental biotechnology as "the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, water), and for environment-friendly processes (green manufacturing technologies and sustainable development)".

text: Environmental biotechnology is

text: biotechnology

text: that is applied to and used to study the

text: natural environment

text: .  Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation.  The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology defines environmental biotechnology as "the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (

text: land

text: air

text: water

text: ), and for

text: environment

text: -friendly processes (green manufacturing technologies and

text: sustainable development

text: Household use survey methods typically include food accounts, inventories, and list recalls which are used to account for all food used in the household during a survey period. Limitations of household use surveys are that they do not include food consumed outside of the household, food waste is often not accounted for and consumption by different subpopulations within the household cannot be distinguished.

text: Where the water supply system cannot reach the slums, people manage to use hand pumps, to reach the pit wells, rivers, canals, swamps and any other source of water. In most cases the water quality is unfit for human consumption. The principal cause of water scarcity is the growth in demand. Water is taken from remote areas to satisfy the needs of urban areas.  Another reason for water scarcity is climate change: precipitation patterns have changed; rivers have decreased their flow; lakes are drying up; and aquifers are being emptied.

text: Where the water supply system cannot reach the slums, people manage to use

text: hand pump

text: s, to reach the pit wells,

text: river

text: s,

text: canal

text: s,

text: swamp

text: s and any other source of water. In most cases the water quality is unfit for human consumption. The principal cause of water scarcity is the growth in demand. Water is taken from remote areas to satisfy the needs of urban areas.  Another reason for water scarcity is

text: climate change

text: precipitation

text: patterns have changed; rivers have decreased their flow;

text: lake

text: s are drying up; and

text: aquifer

text: s are being emptied.

text: The International Water Management Institute and International Development Enterprises collaborated on a project using MUS to help reduce poverty in India and Nepal. Between 2003 and 2008, 12 MUS systems were installed in Himalayan hilly areas  serving a total of about 5000 households. A water poverty mapping technique helped identify the best areas to target. When the impact of the installed systems was evaluated, it showed that low initial investment costs (approximately US$200 per household) could be paid back within a year. This was because the households served with MUS were able to earn additional income of about US$190 per year through sale of surplus produce.

text: The

text: and

text: International Development Enterprises

text: collaborated on a project using MUS to help reduce poverty in

text: India

text: and

text: Nepal

text: . Between 2003 and 2008, 12 MUS systems were installed in Himalayan hilly areas  serving a total of about 5000 households. A water poverty mapping technique helped identify the best areas to target. When the impact of the installed systems was evaluated, it showed that low initial investment costs (approximately US$200 per household) could be paid back within a year. This was because the households served with MUS were able to earn additional income of about US$190 per year through sale of surplus produce.

text: At its statehood (1850), California adopted the system of English Common Law riparian rights, but with the advent of the California Gold Rush and eventual abundance of water claims by miners, California adopted the appropriative rights system as well one year later. California also observes Pueblo rights, a remnant of Spanish law in modern-day California, which allows an entire town to claim right to water. There are other rights California observes, such as prescriptive rights and federal reserved rights, but riparian and prior appropriation rights are the two prominent types of rights in the state. Finally, California has observed the doctrine of "reasonable use" for groundwater since 1903. Because of the many water rights California recognizes, its water rights scheme is a considered a "plural system". Bearing on water trading, because California adopted riparian rights before appropriative rights, riparian rights have priority over senior appropriative rights. California’s 1914 Water Commission Act established a permit system for surface water appropriative rights and created an agency (that would eventually become the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)), to administer those permits. All water application must meet beneficial use requirements (California Water Code §100) (beneficial use includes aquaculture, domestic use, fire protection, fish and wildlife, crop frost protection, heat control, industrial use, irrigation, mining, municipal, power, recreation, stockwatering, and water quality control) but post-1914 appropriative rights are subject to more scrutiny and regulation by the SWRCB. By law  (California Water Code §102), water in California is public property (and therefore a common pool resource); water rights only entitle the holder to use of water, not ownership of water. In fact, §104 and §105 of the California Water Code expressly state the people have a "paramount interest in the use of all water", the State may control surface and underground water for public use or public protection, and that the State should develop water for "the greatest public benefit". Because of these provisions, and the characteristic of water as a common pool resource, California law requires state agencies to review and approve independent market transfers on behalf of the public. California’s Division of Water Rights keep record of water appropriation and use, and the SWRCB reviews and issues permits, adjudicates rights, investigates complaints, and approves temporary transfers (duration is no longer than 1 year) of post-1914 appropriative rights. Injury to other legal water users, unreasonable effects on fish and wildlife, and unreasonable effects on the overall economy in the country from which water is transferred are legally obligated items the SWRCB must consider when reviewing a transfer. Chapter 7 of the California Water Code defines water transfers, declares voluntary water transfers results in efficient use of water that alleviates water shortages, saves capital outlay development costs, and conserves water and energy, and explicitly requires government to assist in voluntary transfers. Chapter 10.5 of the California Water Code states provisions for the process of water transfers for temporary (§1725-1732) and long-term exchanges (over 1 year in duration) (§1735-1737). Long-term exchanges can be subject to review by the Department of Fish and Game as well.

text: At its statehood (1850), California adopted the system of English Common Law riparian rights, but with the advent of the

text: California Gold Rush

text: and eventual abundance of water claims by miners, California adopted the appropriative rights system as well one year later. California also observes

text: Pueblo rights

text: , a remnant of Spanish law in modern-day California, which allows an entire town to claim right to water. There are other rights California observes, such as prescriptive rights and federal reserved rights, but riparian and prior appropriation rights are the two prominent types of rights in the state. Finally, California has observed the doctrine of "reasonable use" for groundwater since 1903. Because of the many water rights California recognizes, its water rights scheme is a considered a "plural system". Bearing on water trading, because California adopted riparian rights before appropriative rights, riparian rights have priority over senior appropriative rights. California’s 1914 Water Commission Act established a permit system for surface water appropriative rights and created an agency (that would eventually become the

entity_name: California State Water Resources Control Board

text: California State Water Resources Control Board

text: (SWRCB)), to administer those permits. All water application must meet beneficial use requirements (California Water Code §100) (beneficial use includes aquaculture, domestic use, fire protection, fish and wildlife, crop frost protection, heat control, industrial use, irrigation, mining, municipal, power, recreation, stockwatering, and water quality control) but post-1914 appropriative rights are subject to more scrutiny and regulation by the SWRCB. By law  (California Water Code §102), water in California is public property (and therefore a

text: common pool resource

text: Automatic faucets were first developed in the 1950s but were not produced for commercial use until the late 1980s when they first appeared to the general public at airport lavatories. They have gradually become commonplace in more developed countries.Because of their assistive qualities, automatic faucets are often found at assistive living establishments and places where the elderly and handicapped individuals call home. Automatic faucets are water saving devices, helping save 70% of the water that would otherwise swirl down the drain unused and conserve as much as 3-5% of the water used by a standard household. Other benefits of automatic faucets are found in inhibiting the spread of germs which are known to thrive on faucet handles, as well as help prevent or mitigate scalding incidents caused by hot water flowing out of the faucet.

text: Automatic faucets were first developed in the 1950s but were not produced for

text: commercial

text: use until the late 1980s when they first appeared to the general public at airport lavatories. They have gradually become commonplace in

text: more developed countries

text: .Because of their assistive

text: qualities

text: , automatic faucets are often found at assistive living establishments and places where the elderly and handicapped individuals call home. Automatic faucets are water saving devices, helping save 70% of the water that would otherwise swirl down the drain unused and conserve as much as 3-5% of the water used by a standard

text: household

text: . Other benefits of automatic faucets are found in inhibiting the spread of germs which are known to thrive on faucet handles, as well as help prevent or mitigate scalding incidents caused by

text: hot water

text: flowing out of the faucet.

text: After Changing Bear became evil, Coyote taught Changing Bear the way to use water to divine the location of her brothers. Changing Bear used this ability to find her brothers. In human form, she tells her brothers that she wants to comb their hair and remove their lice like she used to do before she was evil, so they turn their backs to her. Then, she transforms into a she-bear and she kills them.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Surrey Waste Disposal Authority and domestic waste collected by Spelthorne Borough Council. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill in Alfold and Shefford, and a proportion to energy from waste plants in Slough and Kent to lower landfill tax.  Plans have been approved to permit gasification in Charlton in the north of the Shepperton post town as part of the county's Eco Park to take up to half of the county's residual waste.  Shepperton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is UK Power Networks; aside from renewables there are no power stations in the area.   Thames Water manages Shepperton's drinking and waste water; water supplies being sourced from the London sources including several reservoirs fed by the River Thames locally. There are water treatment works at Ashford, Hampton and sewage treatment works at Isleworth.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Surrey Waste Disposal Authority and domestic waste collected by

text: Spelthorne

text: Borough Council. Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: in

text: Alfold

text: and

text: Shefford

text: , and a proportion to energy from waste plants in Slough and Kent to lower landfill tax.  Plans have been approved to permit gasification in Charlton in the north of the Shepperton post town as part of the county's Eco Park to take up to half of the county's residual waste.  Shepperton's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: UK Power Networks

text: ; aside from renewables there are no

text: power station

text: s in the area.

text: Thames Water

text: manages Shepperton's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: ; water supplies being sourced from the London sources including several reservoirs fed by the

text: River Thames

text: locally. There are

text: water treatment

text: works at

text: Ashford

text: Hampton

text: and

text: sewage treatment

text: works at

text: Isleworth

text: The area hosts three reservoirs: Pedda Cheruvu, de Cheruvu, Shai Kunta, and Kotha Kunta. There is a protected water supply scheme using the Borewell water. The water is supplied to the village households by pipelines.

text: Early forms of analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning and categorical syllogism were introduced in Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Sharia (Islamic law) and Kalam (Islamic theology) from the 7th century with the process of Qiyas, before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later during the Islamic Golden Age, there was a logical debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which Ibn Hazm (994-1064) disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a real sense and analogical reasoning in a metaphorical sense. On the other hand, al-Ghazali (1058–1111) (and in modern times, Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi) argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term Qiyas refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real sense.

text: Early forms of

text: analogical reasoning

text: inductive reasoning

text: and categorical

text: syllogism

text: were introduced in

text: Fiqh

text: (Islamic jurisprudence),

text: Sharia

text: (Islamic law) and

text: Kalam

text: Qiyas

text: , before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later during the

text: Islamic Golden Age

text: , there was a logical debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some Islamic scholars argued that Qiyas refers to inductive reasoning, which

text: Ibn Hazm

text: (994-1064) disagreed with, arguing that Qiyas does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a

text: real

text: sense and analogical reasoning in a

text: metaphor

text: ical sense. On the other hand,

text: al-Ghazali

text: (1058–1111) (and in modern times,

text: Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi

text: A fundamental literary device used that goes against basic horse psychology was that of having Pilgrim, apparently a well-trained horse, suddenly became a vicious rogue following a single traumatic event. A horse may have a strong reaction after an accident if the elements that preceded the trauma are repeated at a future time (for example, it would be reasonable for Pilgrim to have developed a fear of vehicles, of crossing a road, or of climbing a steep slope), but not generally a complete change in personality, manner and outlook in the way that can occur in traumatized humans. Such behavioral changes in a horse would normally be the result of sustained, long-term animal abuse.

text: A fundamental literary device used that goes against basic

text: horse psychology

text: was that of having Pilgrim, apparently a well-trained horse, suddenly became a vicious rogue following a single traumatic event. A horse may have a strong reaction after an accident if the elements that preceded the trauma are repeated at a future time (for example, it would be reasonable for Pilgrim to have developed a fear of vehicles, of crossing a road, or of climbing a steep slope), but not generally a complete change in personality, manner and outlook in the way that can occur in traumatized humans. Such behavioral changes in a horse would normally be the result of sustained, long-term

text: animal abuse

text: James E. Atwater (born 1946) is a retired North American multidisciplinary physical scientist with training in geophysics, chemistry and biological science. He was awarded the Wright Brothers Medal for his work on microwave powered methods for microbial stabilization and water recovery from solid waste. Atwater served in the United States Marine Corps [1963-1967] prior to attending the University of Utah [1968-1975]. In his early career [1977-1980] Atwater concentrated on methods and instrumentation for identification and quantification of radionuclides associated with uranium exploration and recovery by gamma ray and alpha particle energy spectrometry. Subsequently [1980-1987] he applied radiometric geophysical well logging techniques to the characterization of sandstone, limestone, dolomite and shale core samples. At this time he also refined methods for the determination of porosity and permeability of unconsolidated bitumen and heavy oil bearing sands. Later Atwater’s attention turned to problems of long-term human presence in space, working on regenerable systems for water and air purification, and means for decomposition and stabilization of solid waste materials and recovery of useful resources therefrom.  During these years Atwater and colleagues also developed novel sensors and analytical instrumentation for monitoring and control of life support systems.  In addition to instrumentation and methods, much of this work entailed the development of novel materials and the characterization of material properties, particularly with respect to magnetic and broadband microwave dielectric phenomena.   Recent research includes the study of multiphase immiscible fluid flow in porous media, and the recovery of hydrogen from methane (natural gas) using magnetically stabilized fluidized bed and microwave plasma reactors. Though in retirement, Atwater continues his association with former colleagues, providing theoretical analysis of experimental data, and preparation of materials for publication.

text: James E. Atwater (born 1946) is a retired North American multidisciplinary physical scientist with training in geophysics, chemistry and biological science. He was awarded the

text: Wright Brothers Medal

text: for his work on

text: microwave

text: powered methods for

text: microbial

text: A 1950s proposal to construct a dam near Tocks Island across the Delaware River was met with considerable controversy and protest.  Tocks Island is located in the Delaware River a short distance north from the Delaware Water Gap.  In order to control damaging flooding and provide clean water to supply New York City and Philadelphia, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed building a dam.  When completed, the Tocks Island Dam would have created a 37-mile (60-km) long lake between Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with depths of up to 140 feet.  This lake and the land surrounding were to be organized as the Tocks Island National Recreation Area. Although the dam was never built, 72,000 acres (291 km²) of land were acquired by condemnation and eminent domain.  This incited environmental protesters and embittered local residents displaced by the project's preparations when their property was condemned.  After the Tocks Island Dam project was withdrawn, the lands acquired were transferred to the oversight of the National Park Service which reorganized them to establish the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.

text: A 1950s proposal to construct a dam near Tocks Island across the

text: Delaware River

text: was met with considerable controversy and protest.  Tocks Island is located in the Delaware River a short distance north from the

text: Delaware Water Gap

text: .  In order to control damaging flooding and provide clean water to supply New York City and Philadelphia, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed building a dam.  When completed, the Tocks Island Dam would have created a 37-mile (60-km) long lake between

text: Pennsylvania

text: and

text: New Jersey

text: , with depths of up to 140 feet.  This lake and the land surrounding were to be organized as the Tocks Island National Recreation Area. Although the dam was never built, 72,000 acres (291 km²) of land were acquired by condemnation and eminent domain.  This incited environmental protesters and embittered local residents displaced by the project's preparations when their property was condemned.  After the Tocks Island Dam project was withdrawn, the lands acquired were transferred to the oversight of the

text: National Park Service

text: which reorganized them to establish the

text: Water shortage has become an increasingly difficult problem to manage. More than 40% of the world's population live in a region where the demand for water exceeds its supply. The imbalance between supply and demand, along with persisting issues such as climate change and exponential population growth, has made water reuse a necessary method for conserving water. There are a variety of methods used in the treatment of waste water to ensure that it safe to use for irrigation of food crops and/or drinking water.

text: Water shortage has become an increasingly difficult problem to manage. More than 40% of the world's population live in a region where the demand for water exceeds its supply. The imbalance between supply and demand, along with persisting issues such as climate change and exponential

text: population growth

text: , has made water reuse a necessary method for conserving water. There are a variety of methods used in the

text: treatment of waste water

text: to ensure that it safe to use for irrigation of food crops and/or drinking water.

text: Semi-Automated or "Surge Bin" systems are very similar to fully automated systems except they require more manpower to keep operational. They have smaller holding tanks, and a much simpler conveyor systems which will require personnel to maintain the systems operation. The reasoning for the changes from the fully automated system is the efficiency of the system. The heat created by the combustor can be used to directly heat the air or it can be used to heat water in a boiler system which acts as the medium by which the heat is delivered. Wood fire fueled boilers are most efficient when they are running at their highest capacity, and the heat required most days of the year will not be the peak heat requirement for the year. Considering that the system will only need to run at a high capacity a few days of the year, it is made to meet the requirements for the majority of the year to maintain its high efficiency.

text: Very-high-intensity recycle aquaculture systems (RAS), where all the production parameters are controlled, are being used for high-value species. By recycling it, very little water is used per unit of production. However, the process does have high capital and operating costs. The higher cost structures mean that RAS is only economical for high-value products such as broodstock for egg production, fingerlings for net pen aquaculture operations, sturgeon production, research animals, and some special niche markets like live fish.

text: Different water restrictions levels apply to different parts of the state, depending upon the source of drinking water used in that region. SA Water have produced a map showing the current areas of water restrictions.

text: Water withdrawals per person were estimated at 7 m³/person/year in 2014, which indicate only a small level of water resource mobilization (less than 1 percent). Water use per capita in the DRC is considerably lower than in many arid Sahel countries, which experience a physical water scarcity problem. Water is mainly utilized for domestic purposes, comprising 52 percent of total water withdrawals in the DRC. Agriculture accounts for 32 percent of total water withdrawals, followed by industry with 16 percent. Fisheries, hydropower generation and navigation are other important water uses in the DRC, which are typically not included in water use statistics.

text: Water withdrawals per person were estimated at 7 m³/person/year in 2014, which indicate only a small level of water resource mobilization (less than 1 percent). Water use per capita in the DRC is considerably lower than in many

text: arid

text: Sahel

text: countries, which experience a

text: physical water scarcity

text: problem. Water is mainly utilized for domestic purposes, comprising 52 percent of total water withdrawals in the DRC. Agriculture accounts for 32 percent of total water withdrawals, followed by industry with 16 percent.

text: Fisheries

text: hydropower generation

text: and

text: navigation

text: are other important water uses in the DRC, which are typically not included in water use statistics.

text: Another example of evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide in kraft pulping. Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for large companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of waste must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines; these methods are costly.  By removing moisture through vaporization, industry can greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.

text: Another example of evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide in

text: kraft pulping

text: . Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for large companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of waste must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines; these methods are costly.  By removing moisture through vaporization, industry can greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.

text: Historically, the drains were used for importing coal to the fens and exporting agricultural produce. They are now only used for pleasure cruising; this is restricted to the summer months, for between October and April, the water levels are maintained at a low level, so that there is scope to deal with high volumes of rainfall. Consequently, there is insufficient depth for navigation, and operation of the sluices can cause rapid changes in water level. Between April and October, their function is to provide irrigation water for agriculture, and so they are maintained at a higher level, although changes in level can still occur at short notice.

text: Historically, the drains were used for importing coal to the fens and exporting agricultural produce. They are now only used for

text: pleasure cruising

text: ; this is restricted to the summer months, for between October and April, the water levels are maintained at a low level, so that there is scope to deal with high volumes of rainfall. Consequently, there is insufficient depth for navigation, and operation of the sluices can cause rapid changes in water level. Between April and October, their function is to provide irrigation water for agriculture, and so they are maintained at a higher level, although changes in level can still occur at short notice.

text: A pair of LOX tanks (similar to those used in the Apollo SM) would provide, along with small tanks of nitrogen, the crew with breathing air at sea-level or "cruising altitude" pressure (14.7 or 10.2 psi), with a small "surge tank" providing necessary life support during reentry and touchdown. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cartridges would recycle the spacecraft's environmental system by "scrubbing" the carbon dioxide (CO) exhaled by the astronauts from ship's air and adding fresh oxygen and nitrogen, which was then cycled back out into the system loop. Because of the switch from fuel cells to solar panels, the service module would have an onboard water tank to provide drinking water for the crew, and (when mixed with glycol), cooling water for the spacecraft's electronics. Unlike the practice during Apollo of dumping both water and urine overboard during the flight, the Orion would have an onboard recycling system, identical to that used on the International Space Station, to convert both waste water and urine into both drinking and cooling water.

text: A pair of LOX tanks (similar to those used in the Apollo SM) would provide, along with small tanks of nitrogen, the crew with breathing air at sea-level or "cruising altitude" pressure (14.7 or 10.2 psi), with a small "surge tank" providing necessary life support during reentry and touchdown.

text: Lithium hydroxide

text: (LiOH) cartridges would recycle the spacecraft's environmental system by "scrubbing" the carbon dioxide (CO) exhaled by the astronauts from ship's air and adding fresh oxygen and nitrogen, which was then cycled back out into the system loop. Because of the switch from fuel cells to solar panels, the service module would have an onboard water tank to provide drinking water for the crew, and (when mixed with

text: glycol

text: ), cooling water for the spacecraft's electronics. Unlike the practice during Apollo of dumping both water and urine overboard during the flight, the Orion would have an onboard recycling system, identical to that used on the

text: International Space Station

text: , to convert both waste water and urine into both drinking and cooling water.

text: Many household cleaners contain ingredients which can’t be removed by a typical grey water filtration system.  This requires an assessment of which substances will alter the quality of the grey water.  Additionally, not all household appliances should be used for grey water recycling.  Some should be diverted separately to sewage.

text: One of the concerns with inshore aquaculture is that discarded nutrients and feces can settle below the farm on the seafloor and damage the benthic ecosystem. According to its proponents, the wastes from aquaculture that has been moved offshore tend to be swept away from the site and diluted. Moving aquaculture offshore also provides more space where aquaculture production can expand to meet the increasing demands for fish. It avoids many of the conflicts that occur with other marine resource users in the more crowded inshore waters, though there can still be user conflicts offshore. Critics are concerned about issues such as the ongoing consequences of using antibiotics and other drugs and the possibilities of cultured fish escaping and spreading disease among wild fish.

text: One of the concerns with inshore aquaculture is that discarded nutrients and feces can settle below the farm on the seafloor and damage the

text: benthic

text: ecosystem. According to its proponents, the wastes from aquaculture that has been moved offshore tend to be swept away from the site and diluted. Moving aquaculture offshore also provides more space where aquaculture production can expand to meet the increasing demands for fish. It avoids many of the conflicts that occur with other marine resource users in the more crowded inshore waters, though there can still be user conflicts offshore. Critics are concerned about issues such as the ongoing consequences of using antibiotics and other drugs and the possibilities of

text: cultured fish

text: escaping and spreading disease among

text: wild fish

text: The WATER Institute also houses aquatic holding tanks for aquaculture and an instrumentation shop capable of making custom-made instruments.

text: The WATER Institute also houses aquatic holding tanks for

text: aquaculture

text: and an instrumentation shop capable of making custom-made instruments.

text: The propensity of water to form solutions and emulsions is useful in various washing processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water slurries or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important component of several aspects of personal body hygiene.

text: The propensity of water to form

text: solutions

text: and

text: emulsion

text: s is useful in various

text: washing

text: processes. Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water

text: slurries

text: or using water to dissolve and extract substances. Washing is also an important component of several aspects of personal

text: body hygiene

text: The third mission was begun in 1998. It was a search and rescue mission requiring fully autonomous robots to take off, fly to a disaster area and search for survivors and the dead amid raging fires, broken water mains, clouds of toxic gas, and rubble from destroyed buildings. The scenario was recreated at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hazardous Material Management and Emergency Response (HAMMER) training facility where the above hazards could be recreated. Because of the realism of the scenario, animatrons were used instead of human actors to simulate survivors incapable of extracting themselves from the disaster area.

text: The third mission was begun in 1998. It was a search and rescue mission requiring fully autonomous robots to take off, fly to a disaster area and search for survivors and the dead amid raging fires, broken water mains, clouds of toxic gas, and rubble from destroyed buildings. The scenario was recreated at the

text: U.S. Department of Energy's

text: Hazardous Material Management and Emergency Response (HAMMER) training facility where the above hazards could be recreated. Because of the realism of the scenario, animatrons were used instead of human actors to simulate survivors incapable of extracting themselves from the disaster area.

text: The technique has been widely used by government departments in the US when performing cost-benefit analysis of projects impacting, positively or negatively, on the environment. Examples include a valuation of water quality and recreational opportunities in the river downstream from Glen Canyon dam, biodiversity restoration in the Mono Lake and restoration of salmon spawning grounds in certain rivers. The technique has also been used in Australia to value areas of the Kakadu National Park as well as trophy property in the United States, and is recognized as a valuable tool in the appraisal of brownfields.

text: The technique has been widely used by government departments in the US when performing

text: cost-benefit analysis

text: of projects impacting, positively or negatively, on the environment. Examples include a valuation of water quality and recreational opportunities in the river downstream from Glen Canyon dam,

text: biodiversity

text: restoration in the Mono Lake and restoration of

text: salmon

text: spawning grounds in certain rivers. The technique has also been used in Australia to value areas of the

text: Kakadu National Park

text: as well as

text: trophy property

text: in the United States, and is recognized as a valuable tool in the appraisal of

text: brownfields

text: The National Water Strategy defines “water deficit” as “water demand” minus “water resources”. “Water demand” is not used in an economic sense where demand depends on price. Instead demand is defined as water needs derived from policy objectives. Thus the figure given in the strategy for water demand in agriculture - 1,080 million m (MCM)/year - is far greater than actual water use of about 600 MCM/year. In 2007, agriculture accounted for 72% of “water demand”, while the municipal share was 24% and the shares of tourism and industries were 3% and 1%, respectively. The water deficit of 565 million m (MCM)/year for 2007 thus is mainly caused by assumptions about “water needs” in agriculture.

text: Dextroamphetamine is also used recreationally as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac, and like other amphetamines is used as a club drug for its energetic and euphoric high. Often taken in higher doses than those prescribed by doctors, Dextroamphetamine is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner, with users reporting feelings of elevated mood, increased alertness and energy after taking the drug. Adverse effects of recreational use include, but are not limited to, blurred vision, increase in body temperature, increased heart rate (tachycardia), impaired speech, and, usually only in very high doses, feelings of paranoia and psychotic episodes. Dexedrine capsules can be opened and the contents crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels. Abusing amphetamines over time can induce severe drug dependence.

text: Dextroamphetamine is also used recreationally as a

text: euphoriant

text: and

text: aphrodisiac

text: , and like other

text: amphetamines

text: is used as a

text: club drug

text: for its energetic and euphoric high. Often taken in higher doses than those prescribed by doctors, Dextroamphetamine is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a

text: recreational manner

text: , with users reporting feelings of

text: elevated mood

text: , increased alertness and energy after taking the drug. Adverse effects of recreational use include, but are not limited to, blurred vision, increase in body temperature, increased heart rate (tachycardia), impaired speech, and, usually only in very high doses, feelings of paranoia and psychotic episodes. Dexedrine capsules can be opened and the contents crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels. Abusing amphetamines over time can induce severe

text: drug dependence

text: In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there is little waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated waste is at the milking shed, where the animal waste may be liquefied (during the water-washing process) or left in a more solid form, either to be returned to be used on farm ground as organic fertilizer.

text: Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses, protozoa and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants. Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).

text: Contaminants that may be in untreated water include

text: microorganism

text: s such as

text: viruses

text: protozoa

text: and

text: bacteria

text: inorganic

text: contaminants such as

text: salts

text: and

text: metals

text: organic chemical

text: contaminants from industrial processes and

text: petroleum

text: use;

text: pesticides

text: and

text: herbicides

text: ; and

text: radioactive

text: contaminants. Water quality depends on the local

text: geology

text: and

text: ecosystem

text: , as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a

text: heat sink

text: , and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).

text: Water should be used more efficiently in industry, which should use a closed water cycle if possible. Also, industry should prevent polluting water so that it can be returned into the water cycle. Whenever possible, gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns. Water drawn from aquifers should be recharged by treating the wastewater and returned to the aquifer.

text: Water should be used more efficiently in industry, which should use a closed

text: water cycle

text: if possible. Also, industry should prevent polluting water so that it can be returned into the water cycle. Whenever possible,

text: gray wastewater

text: should be used to irrigate trees or lawns. Water drawn from aquifers should be recharged by treating the wastewater and returned to the aquifer.

text: In industrial process, the control of the quality of process water can be critical to the quality of the end product. Water is often used as a carrier of reagents  and the loss of reagent to product must be continuously monitored to ensure that correct replacement rate. Parameters measured relate specifically to the process in use and to any of the expected contaminants that may arise as by-products. This may include unwanted organic chemicals appearing in an inorganic chemical process through contamination with oils and greases from machinery. Monitoring the quality of the waste water discharged from industrial premises is a key factor in controlling and minimising pollution of the environment. In this application  monitoring schemes analyse for all possible contaminants arising within the process and in addition contaminants that may have particularly adverse impacts on the environment such as Cyanide and many organic species such as pesticides. In then nuclear industry analysis focuses on specific isotopes or elements of interest. Where the nuclear industry makes waste water discharges  to rivers which have drinking water abstraction on them, radio-isotopes which could potentially be harmful or those with long half-lives such as Tritium will form part of the routine monitoring suite.

text: In industrial process, the control of the quality of process water can be critical to the quality of the end product. Water is often used as a carrier of reagents  and the loss of reagent to product must be continuously monitored to ensure that correct replacement rate. Parameters measured relate specifically to the process in use and to any of the expected contaminants that may arise as by-products. This may include unwanted organic chemicals appearing in an inorganic chemical process through contamination with oils and greases from machinery. Monitoring the quality of the waste water discharged from industrial premises is a key factor in controlling and minimising pollution of the environment. In this application  monitoring schemes analyse for all possible contaminants arising within the process and in addition contaminants that may have particularly adverse impacts on the environment such as

text: Cyanide

text: and many organic species such as

text: pesticide

text: s. In then nuclear industry analysis focuses on specific isotopes or elements of interest. Where the nuclear industry makes waste water discharges  to rivers which have drinking water abstraction on them, radio-isotopes which could potentially be harmful or those with long

text: half-lives

text: such as

text: Tritium

text: will form part of the routine monitoring suite.

text: A source of large amounts of fresh and brackish water and large water re-cycling facilities are required in order to create the steam for the SAGD process. Water is a popular topic for debate in regards to water use and management. As of 2008, American petroleum production (not limited to SAGD) generates over 5 billion gallons of produced water every day. The concern of using large amounts of water has little to do with proportion of water used, rather the quality of the water. Traditionally close to 70 million cubic metres of the water volume that was used in the SAGD process was fresh, surface, water. There has been a significant reduction in fresh water use as of 2010, when approximately 18 million cubic metres were used. Though to offset the drastic reduction in fresh water use, industry has begun to significantly increase the volume of saline groundwater involved.  This, as well as other, more general water saving techniques have allowed surface water usage by oil sands operations to decrease by more than threefold since production first began.Relying upon gravity drainage, SAGD also requires comparatively thick and homogeneous reservoirs, and so is not suitable for all heavy-oil production areas.

text: A source of large amounts of fresh and brackish water and large water re-cycling facilities are required in order to create the steam for the SAGD process. Water is a popular topic for debate in regards to water use and management. As of 2008, American petroleum production (not limited to SAGD) generates over 5 billion gallons of produced water every day. The concern of using large amounts of water has little to do with proportion of water used, rather the quality of the water. Traditionally close to 70 million cubic metres of the water volume that was used in the SAGD process was fresh, surface, water. There has been a significant reduction in fresh water use as of 2010, when approximately 18 million cubic metres were used. Though to offset the drastic reduction in fresh water use, industry has begun to significantly increase the volume of saline

text: groundwater

text: involved.  This, as well as other, more general water saving techniques have allowed surface water usage by oil sands operations to decrease by more than threefold since production first began.Relying upon gravity drainage, SAGD also requires comparatively thick and homogeneous reservoirs, and so is not suitable for all heavy-oil production areas.

text: The water footprint of a business, the 'corporate water footprint', is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used directly or indirectly to run and support a business. It is the total volume of water use to be associated with the use of the business outputs. The water footprint of a business consists of water used for producing/manufacturing or for supporting activities and the indirect water use in the producer’s supply chain.

text: The current high levels of consumption and economic growth often leads to the degradation of land and pollution of the natural environment. The aim of the move towards sustainable development is to ensure the availability of natural resources for future generations. Within environmental certification the life cycle approach is often adopted, where the life cycle of the product from its production to its disposal are followed to ensure that it is produced, used and disposed of in a sustainable and environmentally sound way.

text: Water purification of surface water (water from lakes, rivers, or reservoirs) typically utilizes four treatment stages: coaggulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. The first three stages remove mainly dirt and larger particles, although filtration does reduce the number of viruses and bacteria in the water the number of pathogens present after filtration is still considered too high for drinking water. Purification of water from underground aquifers, called ground water, may skip some of these steps as ground water tends to have fewer contaminants than surface water. The last step, disinfection, is primarily responsible for the reduction of pathogenic viruses to safe levels in all drinking water sources. The most common disinfectants used are chlorine and chloramine. Ozone and UV light can also be used to treat large volumes of water to remove pathogens.

text: Water purification

text: of surface water (water from lakes, rivers, or reservoirs) typically utilizes four treatment stages: coaggulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. The first three stages remove mainly dirt and larger particles, although filtration does reduce the number of viruses and bacteria in the water the number of pathogens present after filtration is still considered too high for drinking water. Purification of water from underground aquifers, called ground water, may skip some of these steps as ground water tends to have fewer contaminants than surface water. The last step, disinfection, is primarily responsible for the reduction of pathogenic viruses to safe levels in all drinking water sources. The most common disinfectants used are chlorine and chloramine. Ozone and UV light can also be used to treat large volumes of water to remove pathogens.

text: The scheme uses a points-scoring-based assessment, which is applicable to any civil engineering or public realm project. The scheme is made up of 200 questions within the CEEQUAL Manual relating to environmental and social aspects of a project such as the use of water, energy and land, impacts on ecology, landscape, neighbours, archaeology, as well as waste minimisation and management, and community relations and amenity. Awards are made to projects in which the clients, designers and constructors have gone beyond the legal and environmental minima, to achieve distinctive environmental standards of performance.

text: Periphyton communities are used in aquaculture food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.

text: Periphyton communities are used in

text: aquaculture

text: food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.

text: Demand-side management, including the reduction of leakage in the distribution network and water conservation, are other options that are being considered and, in some cases, also applied to address water scarcity. For example, Seattle has reduced per capita water use from  per day in 1990 to  per day in 2007 through a comprehensive water conservation program including pricing policies, education, regulations and rebates for water-saving appliances. Other cities such as Atlanta and Las Vegas have also launched water conservation programs that are somewhat less comprehensive than the one in Seattle concerning indoor water use. However, Las Vegas has intentionally focused on curbing outdoor water demand, which accounts for 70% of residential water use in the city, through reductions in turf area and incentives for the use of rains sensors, irrigation controllers and pool covers. At the federal level, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 set standards for water-efficient appliances, replacing the  per flush (gpf) toilet with a new 1.6 gpf/6 litres per flush maximum standard for all new toilets.By 1994, federal law mandated that showerheads and faucets sold in the U.S. release no more than 2.5 and  of water per minute respectively. Also in 1994 the AWWA established a clearinghouse for water conservation, efficiency, and demand management, called WaterWiser, to assist water conservation professionals and the general public in using water more efficiently. In 2006 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched the WaterSense program to encourage water efficiency beyond the standards set by the Energy Policy Act through the use of a special label on consumer products.

text: Demand-side management, including the reduction of leakage in the distribution network and

text: water conservation

text: , are other options that are being considered and, in some cases, also applied to address water scarcity. For example,

text: Seattle

text: has reduced per capita water use from  per day in 1990 to  per day in 2007 through a comprehensive water conservation program including pricing policies, education, regulations and rebates for water-saving appliances. Other cities such as Atlanta and Las Vegas have also launched water conservation programs that are somewhat less comprehensive than the one in Seattle concerning indoor water use. However, Las Vegas has intentionally focused on curbing outdoor water demand, which accounts for 70% of residential water use in the city, through reductions in turf area and incentives for the use of rains sensors, irrigation controllers and pool covers. At the federal level, the

text: Energy Policy Act of 1992

text: set standards for water-efficient appliances, replacing the  per flush (gpf) toilet with a new 1.6 gpf/6 litres per flush maximum standard for all new toilets.By 1994, federal law mandated that showerheads and faucets sold in the U.S. release no more than 2.5 and  of water per minute respectively. Also in 1994 the

text: AWWA

text: established a clearinghouse for water conservation, efficiency, and demand management, called WaterWiser, to assist water conservation professionals and the general public in using water more efficiently. In 2006 the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: launched the

text: WaterSense

text: program to encourage

text: water efficiency

text: beyond the standards set by the Energy Policy Act through the use of a special label on consumer products.

text: Globally, of precipitation falling on land each year (about ), about 4 percent is used by rainfed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in forests and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes.  The remainder,  which goes to groundwater replenishment and surface runoff, is sometimes called “total actual renewable freshwater resources”.  Its magnitude was recently estimated at /year.  It represents water that can be used either instream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources.  Of this remainder, about 3,918 km were withdrawn in 2007, of which 2,722 km (69 percent)  were used by agriculture, and 734 km (19 percent) by other industry.  Most agricultural use of withdrawn water is for irrigation, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable freshwater resources.  World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years (see graph from New Scientist article).

text: Globally, of

text: precipitation

text: falling on land each year (about ), about 4 percent is used by rainfed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in

text: forest

text: s and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes.  The remainder,  which goes to

text: groundwater

text: replenishment and

text: surface runoff

text: , is sometimes called “total actual renewable freshwater resources”.  Its magnitude was recently estimated at /year.  It represents water that can be used either instream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources.  Of this remainder, about 3,918 km were withdrawn in 2007, of which 2,722 km (69 percent)  were used by agriculture, and 734 km (19 percent) by other industry.  Most agricultural use of withdrawn water is for irrigation, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable

text: freshwater

text: resources.  World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years (see graph from

text: New Scientist

text: article).

text: Originally, South Africa followed English law, using the “guilty but insane” formula, but in 1977 the verdict was changed to “not guilty by reason of mental illness or mental defect.” Section 78(8)(a) of the CPA allows an appeal against such a finding. Whether or not the verdict in insanity cases is tantamount to an acquittal, from which no appeal is allowed, and whether the State may appeal against a verdict of not guilty by reason of mental illness or defect—these conundrums have not yet been answered by the courts.

text: Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)  are used in home aquaria and for fish production where water exchange is limited and the use of biofiltration is required to reduce ammonia toxicity. Other types of filtration and environmental control are often also necessary to maintain clean water and provide a suitable habitat for fish. The main benefit of RAS is the ability to reduce the need for fresh, clean water while still maintaining a healthy environment for fish. To be operated economically commercial RAS must have high fish stocking densities,  and many researchers are currently conducting studies to determine if RAS is a viable form of intensive aquaculture.

text: Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)  are used in home aquaria and for

text: fish

text: production where

text: water

text: exchange is limited and the use of

text: biofiltration

text: is required to reduce

text: ammonia

text: toxicity. Other types of

text: filtration

text: and environmental control are often also necessary to maintain clean water and provide a suitable

text: habitat

text: for fish. The main benefit of RAS is the ability to reduce the need for fresh, clean water while still maintaining a healthy environment for fish. To be operated economically commercial RAS must have high fish stocking densities,  and many researchers are currently conducting studies to determine if RAS is a viable form of intensive

text: aquaculture

text: 1928: California State Constitution Article X, Section 2 states that all waters of the state must be put to reasonable and beneficial use. Any waters in excess of the "reasonable and beneficial uses" are considered surplus waters available for use by others, as stipulated under the appropriative water rights administered by California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)  Water rights are granted by the SWRBC after an application to appropriate water is approved and a permit is issued. The permit allows construction of a project needed to divert the water according to the terms and conditions of the permit, which includes submission of  periodic progress reports by the applicant with SWRCB  to ensure the application of the water is for beneficial use. If the conditional terms of the permit are met, SWRCB may issue a license to confirm the appropriative rights to the water.

text: California State Constitution

text: Article X, Section 2 states that all waters of the state must be put to reasonable and beneficial use. Any waters in excess of the "reasonable and beneficial uses" are considered surplus waters available for use by others, as stipulated under the appropriative water rights administered by

text: (SWRCB)  Water rights are granted by the SWRBC after an application to appropriate water is approved and a permit is issued. The permit allows construction of a project needed to divert the water according to the terms and conditions of the permit, which includes submission of  periodic progress reports by the applicant with SWRCB  to ensure the application of the water is for beneficial use. If the conditional terms of the permit are met, SWRCB may issue a license to confirm the appropriative rights to the water.

text: 5.	Management of water resources - demand for water in the country is outstripping supply, leading to serious water shortages and unsustainable drawal of ground water in many parts of the country. Whereas we increase the amount of water that is effectively available, the real solution lies in increasing the efficiency of water use. At present, almost 80% of our water is used in agriculture, and it is used very inefficiently. Water use in agriculture can be cut to half with known technology, e.g., by switching from flood irrigation of paddy to SRI. Water availability can be improved by treating sewage water before it enters our fresh water system. At present, only about 30% of sewage water is treated. There are similar problems with industrial effluents. With urbanisation and industrialisation set to accelerate, these pressures on our fresh water systems will increase. Corrective action in all these areas lies largely in the domain of state governments. The Approach paper called for a comprehensive re-examination of water policy including changes in the laws. It also calls for empowered water regulatory authorities which can ensure effective allocation of water to different uses and also different areas. Some States have introduced innovative schemes for rational use of water by involving farmers actively. Future assistance under AIBP should be linked to moves which ensure more rational use of water.

text: During one OOF meeting in June, a Motion was made on behalf of Dr. Spong and OrcaLab to use OOF funds to contract commercial fishermen from the Namgis First Nation of Johnstone Strait, BC, to catch and provide wild salmon for Springer while she was in her seapen in Dongchong Bay, Hanson Island, the repatriation site and territory of the Namgis. If the money were approved, Dr. Spong would help arrange an out-of-season fishing permit from DFO, and Namgis Chief Bill Cranmer would put together a boat and crew. A member of OOF, together with a representative from NMFS present at the meeting, urged instead the use of farmed Atlantic salmon provided by a local aquaculture company, even though the First Nations in the region were adamantly opposed to fish farms in their waters. It was argued that the logistics of feeding Springer wild fish was too much to take on for the team, particularly this close to the capture date.

text: During one OOF meeting in June, a Motion was made on behalf of Dr. Spong and OrcaLab to use OOF funds to contract commercial fishermen from the

text: Namgis

text: First Nation of

text: Johnstone Strait

text: , BC, to catch and provide wild salmon for Springer while she was in her seapen in Dongchong Bay, Hanson Island, the repatriation site and territory of the Namgis. If the money were approved, Dr. Spong would help arrange an out-of-season fishing permit from DFO, and Namgis Chief Bill Cranmer would put together a boat and crew. A member of OOF, together with a representative from NMFS present at the meeting, urged instead the use of farmed Atlantic salmon provided by a local aquaculture company, even though the First Nations in the region were adamantly opposed to fish farms in their waters. It was argued that the logistics of feeding Springer wild fish was too much to take on for the team, particularly this close to the capture date.

text: In replacing the natural flow doctrine, a majority of jurisdictions in the United States now permit riparian owners to make any reasonable use of water that does not unduly interfere with the competing rights and interests of other riparian owners. Unlike the natural flow doctrine, which seeks to preserve water in its original condition, the reasonable use doctrine facilitates domestic and commercial endeavors that are carried out in a productive and reasonable manner.

text: Kanupark Markkleeberg, built in 2006, is the second of two artificial whitewater canoe/kayak slalom courses in Germany, and the only one powered by pumps. The other German course is the Eiskanal in Augsburg, used in the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in Munich. Kanupark Markkleeberg is located on the southeast shore of Markkleeberger See, a lake south of Markkleeberg, a suburb on the south side of Leipzig. A former open-pit coal mine, the lake was flooded in 1999 with groundwater and developed as a water recreation area. The lake is part of the Leipziger Neuseenland, the largest landscape construction project in Europe, which is reclaiming formerly barren industrial and mining sites for recreational use.

text: Kanupark Markkleeberg, built in 2006, is the second of two

text: artificial whitewater

text: canoe/kayak slalom courses in Germany, and the only one powered by pumps. The other German course is the

text: Eiskanal

text: in

text: Augsburg

text: , used in the

text: 1972 Summer Olympic Games

text: in

text: Munich

text: . Kanupark Markkleeberg is located on the southeast shore of

text: Markkleeberger See

text: , a lake south of

text: Markkleeberg

text: , a suburb on the south side of

text: Leipzig

text: . A former open-pit coal mine, the lake was flooded in 1999 with groundwater and developed as a water recreation area. The lake is part of the Leipziger

text: Neuseenland

text: , the largest landscape construction project in Europe, which is reclaiming formerly barren industrial and mining sites for recreational use.

text: All states offer mechanisms for changing how a water right is exercised, e.g., amending the point of diversion or withdrawal, the place of use and the purpose of use. In reviewing such requests, the state must guard against the impairment of other water rights, the enlargement of the water right and injury to the public interest.

text: The resource rich regions of the world like Australia are very familiar with the use of Grundfos pumps across a wide range of environments and applications in the Mining and Oil and Gas industries.  Proving more than up to the tough conditions of even the most remote locations and exceeding the expectations of the QLD,WA Australia and PNG Resources sector.  SP submersible pumps for dewatering applications, Dosing pumps, end suction, SP, booster sets, wastewater and solar powered solutions for set and forget requirements and many many other pumps for countless mining applications.  Circulator pumps are used for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning in private homes, office buildings, hotels, etc.  In industry, the pumps are used in processes, plant maintenance, and as built-in parts in Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) products. In the water-supply and wastewater sector, Grundfos offers pumps for irrigation, green houses and for municipal, private and industrial water supply as well as for sewage applications.

text: The resource rich regions of the world like Australia are very familiar with the use of Grundfos pumps across a wide range of environments and applications in the Mining and Oil and Gas industries.  Proving more than up to the tough conditions of even the most remote locations and exceeding the expectations of the QLD,WA Australia and PNG Resources sector.  SP submersible pumps for dewatering applications, Dosing pumps, end suction, SP, booster sets, wastewater and solar powered solutions for set and forget requirements and many many other pumps for countless mining applications.  Circulator pumps are used for

text: heating

text: ventilation

text: and

text: air-conditioning

text: in private homes, office buildings, hotels, etc.  In industry, the pumps are used in processes, plant maintenance, and as built-in parts in

text: Original Equipment Manufacturer

text: (OEM) products. In the water-supply and

text: wastewater

text: sector, Grundfos offers pumps for

text: irrigation

text: green house

text: s and for municipal, private and industrial water supply as well as for

text: sewage

text: applications.

text: When being designed there are several factors that go into planning the build such as climate of the region, cost and the best way to process the waste in the water. Once the pond has been designed the next thing that must be considered is the location of the pond. The size depends on the type of wastewater entering the pond, the type of pond and location in order to begin to size it. Depths usually range from between four and twenty feet deep with the type of bacteria and total amount of waste the plant must treat being the determining factor in the design of depth. With a key factor in determination of size being how much wastewater is going to be treated by the pond the question of how much surface area is needed varies from a few thousand feet to many acres. Anaerobic ponds must be designed to be far deeper than either aerobic or facultative ponds, this is in order to decrease the oxygen levels in the deeper parts of the ponds so the bacteria can do their jobs, eating the waste. Aerobic ponds must be shallower with a great surface area so that more oxygen can dissolve into the water giving the bacteria enough oxygen to properly function. Facultative ponds meet somewhere in the middle in their design with a large surface area and a fairly deep design to allow for both bacteria to function properly.Usually, common reed or Phragmites australis are used in treatment ponds (e.g., in greywater treatment systems to purify wastewater). In self-purifying water reservoirs (used to purify rainwater), other plants are used as well. These reservoirs need to be filled with 1/4 lavastones and water-purifying plants.

text: When being designed there are several factors that go into planning the build such as climate of the region, cost and the best way to process the waste in the water. Once the pond has been designed the next thing that must be considered is the location of the pond. The size depends on the type of wastewater entering the pond, the type of pond and location in order to begin to size it. Depths usually range from between four and twenty feet deep with the type of bacteria and total amount of waste the plant must treat being the determining factor in the design of depth. With a key factor in determination of size being how much wastewater is going to be treated by the pond the question of how much surface area is needed varies from a few thousand feet to many acres. Anaerobic ponds must be designed to be far deeper than either aerobic or facultative ponds, this is in order to decrease the oxygen levels in the deeper parts of the ponds so the bacteria can do their jobs, eating the waste. Aerobic ponds must be shallower with a great surface area so that more oxygen can dissolve into the water giving the bacteria enough oxygen to properly function. Facultative ponds meet somewhere in the middle in their design with a large surface area and a fairly deep design to allow for both bacteria to function properly.Usually, common reed or

text: Phragmites australis

text: are used in treatment ponds (e.g., in

text: greywater treatment

text: systems to purify wastewater). In self-purifying water

text: reservoirs

text: (used to purify rainwater), other plants are used as well. These reservoirs need to be filled with 1/4 lavastones and water-purifying plants.

text: Due to health risks and environmental considerations involved in the use of solvent-based lacquers, much work has gone into the development of water-based lacquers. Such lacquers are considerably less toxic and more environmentally friendly, and in many cases, produce acceptable results. While the fumes of water based lacquer are considerably less hazardous, and it does not have the combustibility issues of solvent based lacquers,the product still dries fairly quickly and even though the odor is weaker, the dust of dried and airborne lacquer can still get into the lungs;thus, proper protective wear still needs to be worn.  More and more water-based colored lacquers are replacing solvent-based clear and colored lacquers in under hood and interior applications in the automobile and other similar industrial applications. Water based lacquers are used extensively in wood furniture finishing as well. One drawback of the water based lacquer is that it has a tendency to be highly reactive to other fresh finishes such as quick dry primer (excluding waterborne lacquer primers), caulking and even some paints that have a paint /primer aspect. Tannin bleed-through can also be an issue,depending on the brand of lacquer used.  Once it happens, this is no easy fix as the lacquer is so reactive to other products. It is best when planning to spray a white based lacquer over raw wood to source and find a primer that will seal in the tannin. Some people will just use a clear to seal, which is fine but several light and fast drying coats must be applied to ensure a good seal. It is then recommended to wait until the next day to start spraying the color that way the clear has time to harden up and keep the white from pulling the tannin right through the clear. Also, depending on the state / province you are in,and how familiar your supplier is with wbl,it can be difficult to get any answers from your reps as many are unfamiliar with the potential reaction problems and how to fix them if they arise. Water based lacquer used for wood finishing is also not rated for exterior wear, unless otherwise specified.

text: Due to

text: health

text: The Change Journal describes the changes that took place using bit flags (e.g. USN_REASON_DATA_OVERWRITE), therefore it does not include all the data or details associated with the change. For this reason the Change Journal cannot be used to undo operations on files within NTFS.

text: The Change Journal describes the changes that took place using bit flags (e.g. USN_REASON_DATA_OVERWRITE), therefore it does not include all the

text: data

text: or details associated with the change. For this reason the Change Journal cannot be used to undo operations on files within NTFS.

text: Environmental concerns over the use of land for golf courses have grown since the 1960s. Specific issues include the amount of water required for irrigation and the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in maintenance, as well as the destruction of wetlands and other environmentally important areas during construction. The United Nations estimates that, worldwide, golf courses consume about 2.5 billion gallons/9.5 billion litres of water per day. Many golf courses are now irrigated with non-potable water and rainwater. In 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency prohibited the use of Diazinon on golf courses and sod farms because of its negative impact on bird species.

text: Environmental concerns

text: over the use of land for golf courses have grown since the 1960s. Specific issues include the

text: amount of water

text: required for irrigation and the use of chemical

text: pesticide

text: s and

text: fertilizer

text: s in maintenance, as well as the destruction of

text: wetland

text: s and other environmentally important areas during construction. The United Nations estimates that, worldwide, golf courses consume about 2.5 billion gallons/9.5 billion litres of water per day. Many golf courses are now irrigated with non-potable water and rainwater. In 1988, the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: prohibited the use of

text: Diazinon

text: on golf courses and sod farms because of its negative impact on bird species.

text: Diversion dams are one of three classifications of dams which include: storage dams, detention dams, and diversion dams. Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for irrigation, livestock, municipal water supply, recreation, and hydroelectric power generation. Detention dams are built to catch surface runoff to prevent floods and trap sediment by regulating the flow rate of the runoff into channels downstream. Diversion dams are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying irrigation systems or reservoirs.

text: Diversion dams are one of three classifications of dams which include: storage dams,

text: detention dam

text: s, and diversion dams. Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for

text: irrigation

text: livestock

text: hydroelectric power

text: generation. Detention dams are built to catch surface runoff to prevent floods and trap sediment by regulating the flow rate of the runoff into channels downstream. Diversion dams are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying irrigation systems or

text: reservoirs

text: Göschenen has an area, , of . Of this area, 7.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 11.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (80.4%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 5.1% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 5.5% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for farming or pastures, while 0.7% is used for orchards or vine crops and 6.6% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 0.1% is covered with buildings, 0.3% is classed as special developments, and 0.5% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 1.3% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.9% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 62.8% is too rocky for vegetation, and 15.4% is other unproductive land.

text: Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium hypochlorites. It is used as a disinfectant in water treatment, especially to make drinking water and in large public swimming pools. Chlorine was used extensively to bleach wood pulp, but this use has decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.

text: Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium hypochlorites. It is used as a disinfectant in

text: water treatment

text: , especially to make

text: drinking water

text: and in large public

text: swimming pools

text: . Chlorine was used extensively to

text: bleach wood pulp

text: , but this use has decreased significantly due to

text: environmental concerns

text: Aquaculture in fresh water ponds and in salt water marshes are also finding increased attention of the government by breeding more species.

text: Aquaculture

text: in fresh water ponds and in salt water marshes are also finding increased attention of the government by breeding more species.

text: Water recycling systems such as rainwater tanks that harvest water for multiple purposes. Reusing grey water generated by households are a useful way of not wasting drinking water.

text: Water recycling

text: systems such as rainwater tanks that harvest water for multiple purposes. Reusing

text: grey water

text: generated by households are a useful way of not wasting drinking water.

text: Unimpaired runoff is important for legal and scientific reasons.  Since human development continues to alter watersheds, unimparied runoff provide fixed frames of references for flow rates.  The reason unimpaired runoff is important is because long-term hydrologic records are often used to develop relationships between precipitation, runoff, and water supply.  By removing changes in the timing between precipitation and runoff due to human influences, the long-term relationships will be more useful.

text: Unimpaired runoff is important for legal and scientific reasons.  Since human development continues to alter watersheds, unimparied runoff provide fixed frames of references for flow rates.  The reason unimpaired runoff is important is because long-term hydrologic records are often used to develop relationships between

text: precipitation

text: , runoff, and water supply.  By removing changes in the timing between precipitation and runoff due to human influences, the long-term relationships will be more useful.

text: The municipal government can develop a “Municipal Water Reuse System” which is a current approach to manage the rainwater. It applies a water reuse scheme for treated wastewater, on a municipal scale, to provide non-potable water for industry, household and municipal uses. This technology consists in separating the urine fraction of sanitary wastewater, and collecting it for recycling its nutrients. The feces and graywater fraction is collected, together with organic wastes from the households, using a gravity sewer system, continuously flushed with non-potable water. The water is treated anaerobically and the biogas is used for energy production.

text: The municipal government can develop a “Municipal Water Reuse System” which is a current approach to manage the rainwater. It applies a

text: water reuse

text: scheme for treated wastewater, on a municipal scale, to provide non-potable water for industry, household and municipal uses. This technology consists in separating the

text: urine

text: fraction of sanitary wastewater, and collecting it for recycling its

text: nutrient

text: s. The

text: feces

text: and

text: graywater

text: fraction is collected, together with organic wastes from the households, using a gravity

text: sewer system

text: , continuously flushed with non-potable water. The water is treated

text: anaerobically

text: and the

text: biogas

text: is used for

text: energy production

text: The appeal to emotion is often seen as being in contrast to an appeal to logic and reason.  However, emotion and reason are not necessarily always in conflict, nor is it true that an emotion cannot be a reason for an action. Authors R. Malcolm Murray and Nebojsa Kujundzic distinguish "prima facie reasons" from "considered reasons" when discussing this.  A prima facie reason for, say, not eating mushrooms is that one does not like mushrooms.  This is an emotive reason. However, one still may have a considered reason for not eating mushrooms: one might consume enough of the relevant minerals and vitamins that one could obtain from eating mushrooms from other sources. An emotion, elicited via emotive language, may form a prima facie reason for action, but further work is required before one can obtain a considered reason.

text: The appeal to emotion is often seen as being in contrast to an appeal to

text: logic

text: and

text: reason

text: .  However, emotion and reason are not necessarily always in conflict, nor is it true that an emotion cannot be a reason for an action. Authors

text: R. Malcolm Murray

text: and

text: Nebojsa Kujundzic

text: distinguish "

text: prima facie

text: reasons" from "considered reasons" when discussing this.  A prima facie reason for, say, not eating mushrooms is that one does not like mushrooms.  This is an emotive reason. However, one still may have a considered reason for not eating mushrooms: one might consume enough of the relevant minerals and vitamins that one could obtain from eating mushrooms from other sources. An emotion, elicited via emotive language, may form a prima facie reason for action, but further work is required before one can obtain a considered reason.

text: In the nuclear power industry, water can also be used as a neutron moderator. In most nuclear reactors, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also slows the nuclear reaction down. However other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling.

text: In the

text: nuclear power

text: industry, water can also be used as a

text: neutron moderator

text: . In most

text: nuclear reactor

text: s, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also

text: slows the nuclear reaction down

text: . However other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling.

text: By 1963, 82% of all private households had a television, 72% a vacuum cleaner, 45% a washing machine, and 30% a refrigerator. John Burnett notes that ownership had spread down the social scale so that the gap between consumption by professional and manual workers had considerably narrowed. The provision of household amenities steadily improved in the late decades of the century. From 1971 to 1983, households having the sole use of a fixed bath or shower rose from 88% to 97%, and those with an internal WC from 87% to 97%. In addition, the number of households with central heating almost doubled during that same period, from 34% to 64%. By 1983, 94% of all households had a refrigerator, 81% a colour television, 80% a washing machine, 57% a deep freezer, and 28% a tumble-drier.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. United Utilities manages Chadderton's drinking and waste water. Water supplies are sourced from several reservoirs in the borough, including Dovestones and Chew. A sewage treatment works is located in the southwest of Chadderton, at Foxdenton. It opened in 1898.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the

text: local authority

text: via the

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: at the Beal Valley. United Utilities manages Chadderton's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: . Water supplies are sourced from several reservoirs in the borough, including

text: Dovestones

text: and

text: Chew

text: . A

text: sewage treatment

text: works is located in the southwest of Chadderton, at Foxdenton. It opened in 1898.

text: Development of oil shale resources will require significant quantities of water for mine and plant operations, reclamation, supporting infrastructure, and associated economic growth.  Above-ground retorting typically consumes between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale oil, depending on technology.  For an oil shale industry producing , this equates to  of water. These numbers include water requirements for power generation for in-situ heating processes, retorting, refining, reclamation, dust control and on-site worker demands.  Municipal and other water requirements related to population growth associated with industry development will require an additional  per day. Hence, a  oil shale industry would require  of water per year, depending on location and processes used.

text: Environmental suits are also used to protect the wearer from contamination (for example hazmat suits), or conversely to protect the environment from contamination by the wearer (see cleanroom suits). The concept of an environmental suit protecting someone from contamination is a feature of the boy in the bubble trope: both David Vetter and Ted DeVita at some point used such suits.

text: Environmental suits are also used to protect the wearer from contamination (for example

text: hazmat suit

text: s), or conversely to protect the environment from contamination by the wearer (see

text: cleanroom suit

text: s). The concept of an environmental suit protecting someone from contamination is a feature of the

text: boy in the bubble

text: trope: both

text: David Vetter

text: and

text: Ted DeVita

text: at some point used such suits.

text: One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential water metering varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households, and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001). Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent. In addition to raising consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize water leakage.  Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to come.  One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public, domestic and manufacturing services.

text: One fundamental conservation goal is universal metering. The prevalence of residential

text: water meter

text: ing varies significantly worldwide. Recent studies have estimated that water supplies are metered in less than 30% of UK households, and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of 2001). Although individual water meters have often been considered impractical in homes with private wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: estimates that metering alone can reduce consumption by 20 to 40 percent. In addition to raising consumer awareness of their water use, metering is also an important way to identify and localize

text: water leakage

text: .  Water metering would benefit society in the long run it is proven that water metering increases the efficiency of the entire water system, as well as help unnecessary expenses for individuals for years to come.  One would be unable to waste water unless they are willing to pay the extra charges, this way the water department would be able to monitor water usage by public, domestic and manufacturing services.

text: The Cambria Somerset Authority (CSA) was formed in 1999, in anticipation of acquiring water interests and related land properties of Manufacturers Water Company, a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation.  Transfer of ownership occurred in August, 2000.  The CSA now owns and manages 5,200 acres (21 km²) in Cambria County and Somerset County Pennsylvania, including managing recreation, conservation, open space and water supply uses of the lands and water encompassing the Wilmore Dam and Reservoir, Hinckston Run Dam and Reservoir, and South Fork Dam and impoundment, all in Cambria County; and Border Dam and impoundment, and Quemahoning Reservoir and Dam, both in Somerset County.

text: The Cambria Somerset Authority (CSA) was formed in 1999, in anticipation of acquiring water interests and related land properties of

text: Manufacturers Water Company

text: , a subsidiary of

text: Bethlehem Steel Corporation

text: .  Transfer of ownership occurred in August, 2000.  The CSA now owns and manages 5,200 acres (21 km²) in

text: Cambria County

text: and

text: Somerset County

text: Pennsylvania, including managing recreation, conservation, open space and water supply uses of the lands and water encompassing the Wilmore Dam and Reservoir, Hinckston Run Dam and Reservoir, and South Fork Dam and impoundment, all in Cambria County; and Border Dam and impoundment, and

text: Quemahoning Reservoir

text: and Dam, both in Somerset County.

text: Apart from their appearance, some individuals prefer to use them on oneself or others as a form of sexual stimulation. The ones most commonly used for this are made of leather, latex (such as those doctors or nurses use for examination), while others prefer the household rubber glove. The appeal behind the household glove may be due to the colours they come in but also offering what the latex examination gloves cannot; household gloves are thicker, some more than others depending on what their use is. Many enjoy erotic spanking with gloves donned. It offers a different feeling and sound to the "spankee", which can be a large part of the fetish.

text: Apart from their appearance, some individuals prefer to use them on oneself or others as a form of sexual stimulation. The ones most commonly used for this are made of leather, latex (such as those doctors or nurses use for examination), while others prefer the household rubber glove. The appeal behind the household glove may be due to the colours they come in but also offering what the latex examination gloves cannot; household gloves are thicker, some more than others depending on what their use is. Many enjoy

text: erotic spanking

text: with gloves donned. It offers a different feeling and sound to the "spankee", which can be a large part of the fetish.

text: Most state- and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the less restrictive, undeveloped wide open spaces of BLM lands to the highly developed and controlled national and state parks. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat, are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.

text: Most state- and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the less restrictive, undeveloped wide open spaces of BLM lands to the highly developed and controlled national and state parks. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve

text: habitat

text: , are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.

text: American Whitewater opposed the bill, calling it a "sneak attack designed to force federal agencies to put private uses of river water ahead of other beneficial public uses like fish, wildlife, and recreation."

text: American Whitewater

text: opposed the bill, calling it a "sneak attack designed to force federal agencies to put private uses of river water ahead of other beneficial public uses like fish, wildlife, and recreation."

text: Several artificial reservoirs have been constructed by damming the county's creeks. The largest of them is Lake Monroe, a large reservoir on the Salt Creek in the south-eastern part of the county, is used both for recreational purposes and to supply the city with drinking water. Until the late 1960s, the main source of water supply was the smaller Lake Lemon (constructed 1953), in the northeastern part of the county; now it's the backup water source, and is mainly used for recreation.

text: Several artificial reservoirs have been constructed by damming the county's creeks. The largest of them is

text: Lake Monroe

text: , a large reservoir on the Salt Creek in the south-eastern part of the county, is used both for recreational purposes and to supply the city with drinking water. Until the late 1960s, the main source of water supply was the smaller

text: Lake Lemon

text: (constructed 1953), in the northeastern part of the county; now it's the backup water source, and is mainly used for recreation.

text: A fish hatchery is a "place for artificial breeding, hatching and rearing through the early life stages of animals, finfish and shellfish in particular". Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish (and shellfish and crustaceans) primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems i.e. fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include Pacific oysters, shrimp, Indian prawns, salmon, tilapia and scallops. The value of global aquaculture production is estimated to be US$98.4 billion in 2008 with China significantly dominating the market, however the value of aquaculture hatchery and nursery production has yet to be estimated. Additional hatchery production for small-scale domestic uses, which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation programmes, has also yet to be quantified.

text: A fish hatchery is a "place for artificial breeding, hatching and rearing through the early life stages of animals, finfish and shellfish in particular". Hatcheries produce

text: larval

text: and

text: juvenile fish

text: (and shellfish and crustaceans) primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems i.e. fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include

text: Pacific oysters

text: shrimp

text: Indian prawns

text: salmon

text: tilapia

text: and

text: scallops

text: . The value of global aquaculture production is estimated to be US$98.4 billion in 2008 with China significantly dominating the market, however the value of aquaculture hatchery and nursery production has yet to be estimated. Additional hatchery production for small-scale domestic uses, which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation programmes, has also yet to be quantified.

text: govern the release of pollutants into water resources, including surface water, ground water, and stored drinking water. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources, may also reflect efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments.

text: govern the

text: release of pollutants into water resources

text: , including

text: surface water

text: ground water

text: , and stored

text: drinking water

text: . Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the

text: chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources

text: , may also reflect efforts to protect

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: s more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include

text: sewage treatment and disposal

text: industrial

text: and

text: agricultural

text: waste water management, and control of

text: surface runoff

text: from construction sites and urban environments.

text: The water footprint of an individual refers to the sum of his or her direct and indirect freshwater use. The direct water use is the water used at home, while the indirect water use relates to the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed.

text: Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops. Archimedes invented the water screw to raise water for use in irrigation of croplands.

text: Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to

text: irrigate

text: crops.

text: Archimedes

text: invented the

text: water screw

text: to raise water for use in irrigation of croplands.

text: Aquaculture has been used since ancient times and can be found in many cultures. Aquaculture was used in China c. 2500 BC. When the waters lowered after river floods, some fishes, mainly carp, were held in artificial lakes. Their brood were later fed using nymphs and silkworm feces, while the fish themselves were eaten as a source of protein. The Hawaiian people practiced aquaculture by constructing fish ponds (see Hawaiian aquaculture). A remarkable example from ancient Hawaii is the construction of a fish pond, dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. The Japanese practiced cultivation of seaweed by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets and oyster shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for spores. The Romans often bred fish in ponds.

text: Aquaculture has been used since ancient times and can be found in many cultures. Aquaculture was used in China c. 2500 BC. When the waters lowered after river floods, some fishes, mainly

text: carp

text: , were held in artificial lakes. Their brood were later fed using

text: nymph

text: s and

text: silkworm

text: feces, while the fish themselves were eaten as a source of

text: protein

text: . The

text: Hawaiian

text: people practiced aquaculture by constructing

text: fish pond

text: s (see

text: Hawaiian aquaculture

text: ). A remarkable example from

text: ancient Hawaii

text: is the construction of a fish pond, dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at

text: Alekoko

text: . The Japanese practiced cultivation of

text: seaweed

text: by providing

text: bamboo

text: poles and, later, nets and

text: oyster

text: shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for

text: spores

text: . The

text: Romans

text: often bred fish in ponds.

text: The same method has been used to recognize substitutional alloy configurations during Monte Carlo simulations in order to prevent wasting computational effort on states that have already been calculated.

text: The same method has been used to recognize

text: substitutional alloy

text: configurations during

text: Monte Carlo simulations

text: in order to prevent wasting computational effort on states that have already been calculated.

text: Waste management is co-ordinated by the via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley. Royton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities; there are no power stations in the town. United Utilities also manages Royton's drinking and waste water; water supplies are sourced from several local reservoirs, including Dovestones and Chew.

text: Waste management

text: is co-ordinated by the via the

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: for disposal is sent to

text: landfill

text: at the Beal Valley. Royton's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: United Utilities

text: ; there are no

text: power station

text: s in the town. United Utilities also manages Royton's

text: drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: Dovestones

text: and

text: Chew

text: The route begins at US 49 and Highway 39 in eastern Monroe County in an aquaculture/agricultural area within the Arkansas Grand Prairie. Highway 241 runs due west as a section line road to an intersection with Highway 17 toward Keevil and Brinkley. After overlapping for , Highway 241 turns due west, running to an intersection with Highway 302, where it terminates.

text: The route begins at US 49 and Highway 39 in eastern Monroe County in an

text: aquaculture

text: /agricultural area within the

text: Arkansas Grand Prairie

text: . Highway 241 runs due west as a

text: section line road

text: to an intersection with

text: Highway 17

text: toward

text: Keevil

text: and

text: Brinkley

text: . After overlapping for , Highway 241 turns due west, running to an intersection with

text: Highway 302

text: , where it terminates.

text: Modern fish feeds are made by grinding and mixing together ingredients such as fishmeal, vegetable proteins and binding agents such as wheat. Water is added and the resulting paste is extruded through holes in a metal plate. The diameter of the holes sets the diameter of the pellets, which can range from less than a millimetre to over a centimetre. As the feed is extruded it is cut to form pellets of the required length. The pellets are dried and oils are added. Adjusting parameters such as temperature and pressure enables the manufacturers to make pellets that suit different fish farming methods, for example feeds that float or sink slowly and feeds suited to recirculation systems. The dry feed pellets are stable for relatively long periods, for convenient storage and distribution. Feeds are delivered in bulk, in large bags—usually one tonne, or in 25 kilogram bags. Smaller quantities of specialist feeds are supplied for use in fish hatcheries. The three major manufacturers of fish feeds for aquaculture are Biomar, EWOS and Skretting.

text: Modern fish feeds are made by grinding and mixing together ingredients such as fishmeal, vegetable proteins and binding agents such as wheat. Water is added and the resulting paste is

text: extruded

text: through holes in a metal plate. The diameter of the holes sets the diameter of the pellets, which can range from less than a millimetre to over a centimetre. As the feed is extruded it is cut to form

text: pellets

text: of the required length. The pellets are dried and oils are added. Adjusting parameters such as temperature and pressure enables the manufacturers to make pellets that suit different fish farming methods, for example feeds that float or sink slowly and feeds suited to recirculation systems. The dry feed pellets are stable for relatively long periods, for convenient storage and distribution. Feeds are delivered in bulk, in large bags—usually one tonne, or in 25 kilogram bags. Smaller quantities of specialist feeds are supplied for use in fish hatcheries. The three major manufacturers of fish feeds for aquaculture are Biomar, EWOS and

text: Skretting

text: Although there was an effort to emphasize public over private consumption in the Soviet Union, nevertheless households earned incomes that they could use for the purchase of consumer goods or for savings. If households were unable to convert income into goods, a variety of incentives could arise. For example, in the event of excess demand for consumer goods, one would expect households to react by working less or accumulating savings or both. From the planners' viewpoint, it was necessary to balance the output of consumer goods and services with the population's income.

text: Although there was an effort to emphasize public over private consumption in the Soviet Union, nevertheless households earned incomes that they could use for the purchase of consumer goods or for

text: savings

text: . If households were unable to convert income into goods, a variety of incentives could arise. For example, in the event of excess demand for consumer goods, one would expect households to react by working less or accumulating savings or both. From the planners' viewpoint, it was necessary to balance the output of consumer goods and services with the population's income.

text: The Foundation and its members had also brought suit against Rod Paige, United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. This was over a keynote speech at a White HouseConference on Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in October 2002 where Paige said "With the stroke of a pen, the President signaled that this Administration will knock down any barrier,will do whatever it takes to get people of faith and goodwill involved in helping solve some of the problems in our society today. Now, President Bush does this because he knows first-hand that power of faith to change lives—from the inside out. And the reason he knows this isbecause faith changed his life... He grew up in church, but like most of us, he didn’t always walk the walk. Many years ago, at a particularly low point in his life, he realized thatsomething was missing. Fortunately for him, he bumped into the Reverend Billy Graham. And they had a long, long, long conversation. And he made a decision coming out of that conversation that changed his life. And he believes that if it can change his life, it can change the lives of others as well. And that is why he is so committed to this. So the reason we’re all here today is not because some politician needs to knock off one more thing on his ‘to do’ list. We are here because we have a President, who is true, is a true man of God. A man who prays every day. And I think together, we can really make a difference for mankind, for Americans, we can make America a better place. We can, and I enjoyed the prayer, as we began, served, getting food. He said, if the Jews could be better Jews, and if Christians could be better Christians, if all of us could just be a little better ourselves, what a difference that would make in this world, what a difference that would make." The Foundation and its members had held that this "gave the appearance of endorsing religion."

text: The Foundation and its members had also brought suit against

text: Rod Paige

text: United States Secretary of Education

text: from 2001 to 2005. This was over a keynote speech at a White HouseConference on Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in October 2002 where Paige said "With the stroke of a pen, the President signaled that this Administration will knock down any barrier,will do whatever it takes to get people of faith and goodwill involved in helping solve some of the problems in our society today. Now, President Bush does this because he knows first-hand that power of faith to change lives—from the inside out. And the reason he knows this isbecause faith changed his life... He grew up in church, but like most of us, he didn’t always walk the walk. Many years ago, at a particularly low point in his life, he realized thatsomething was missing. Fortunately for him, he bumped into the Reverend

text: Billy Graham

text: . And they had a long, long, long conversation. And he made a decision coming out of that conversation that changed his life. And he believes that if it can change his life, it can change the lives of others as well. And that is why he is so committed to this. So the reason we’re all here today is not because some politician needs to knock off one more thing on his ‘to do’ list. We are here because we have a President, who is true, is a true man of God. A man who prays every day. And I think together, we can really make a difference for mankind, for Americans, we can make America a better place. We can, and I enjoyed the prayer, as we began, served, getting food. He said, if the Jews could be better Jews, and if Christians could be better Christians, if all of us could just be a little better ourselves, what a difference that would make in this world, what a difference that would make." The Foundation and its members had held that this "gave the appearance of endorsing religion."

text: Veolia Water Central supplies drinking water to the town extracted from the River Chess and Misbourne and from aquifers in the Chiltern Hills. Thames Water undertakes waste water treatment and has a sewage treatment works beside the River Chess on Latimer Road to the south of the town. Chiltern District Council is responsible for waste management and collection and disposal is currently carried out on its behalf by Serco. EDF Energy provides electricity supply for the town.

text: Veolia Water Central

text: supplies

text: drinking water

text: to the town extracted from the River Chess and

text: Misbourne

text: and from

text: aquifers

text: in the Chiltern Hills.

text: Thames Water

text: undertakes

text: waste water

text: treatment and has a

text: sewage treatment works

text: beside the River Chess on Latimer Road to the south of the town. Chiltern District Council is responsible for

text: waste management

text: and collection and disposal is currently carried out on its behalf by

text: Serco

text: EDF Energy

text: provides

text: electricity supply

text: for the town.

text: Using wells, freshwater is available at a reasonable depth for irrigation and domestic purposes. Until the installation of a pump in 2006, however, drinking water had to be sent by boat from Elinkine.

text: New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in water consumption and waste.  Also available are modern shower heads that help reduce wasting water: Old shower heads are said to use 5-10 gallons per minute, while new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and offer equal water coverage.

text: New technology poses a few new options for consumers, features such and full flush and half flush when using a toilet are trying to make a difference in water consumption and waste.  Also available are modern

text: shower head

text: s that help reduce wasting water: Old shower heads are said to use 5-10 gallons per minute, while new fixtures available are said to use 2.5 gallons per minute and offer equal water coverage.

text: The New Melones Dam and reservoir are a water collection and transfer unit of the Central Valley Project.  New Melones Lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power,  flood control, and wildlife habitat. Recreation uses include fishing, camping, and boating within the Glory Hole Recreation Area and Tuttletown Recreation Area.

text: The New Melones Dam and reservoir are a water collection and transfer unit of the

text: Central Valley Project

text: .  New Melones Lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power,  flood control, and wildlife habitat. Recreation uses include fishing, camping, and boating within the Glory Hole Recreation Area and Tuttletown Recreation Area.

text: Additional changes were for environmental reasons. This included the Halifax Regional Water Commission, Conserve Nova Scotia, and Nova Scotia Environment providing water stations for athletes, spectators and volunteers to fill up reusable water bottles which were purchased on site. It eliminated 100,000 disposable bottles and  of plastic waste. Dalhousie University's residence halls used energy efficient lighting and cleaning products. The university's cafeteria eliminated the use of trays, lessening food waste, energy consumption and daily water usage by . A buy local policy and delivery truck that ran entirely on vegetable oil fuel was also used.

text: Additional changes were for environmental reasons. This included the

text: Halifax Regional Water Commission

text: , Conserve Nova Scotia, and Nova Scotia Environment providing water stations for athletes, spectators and volunteers to fill up reusable water bottles which were purchased on site. It eliminated 100,000 disposable bottles and  of plastic waste. Dalhousie University's residence halls used energy efficient lighting and cleaning products. The university's

text: cafeteria

text: eliminated the use of

text: tray

text: s, lessening food waste, energy consumption and daily water usage by . A buy local policy and delivery truck that ran entirely on

text: vegetable oil fuel

text: was also used.

text: Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain microorganisms can present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards.

text: Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as

text: lakes

text: rivers

text: , and

text: oceans

text: . Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain

text: microorganisms

text: can present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards.

text: Mussels are the organism of choice for monitoring contaminant levels in the coastal regions for a number of reasons. Most mussels are generally sessile and cannot move to another location if their environment has become contaminated; this makes them good measures of environmental pollution. Mussels do not readily metabolize some of the organics that vertebrates do, making them a better choice when tracking substances such as PAHs. In addition, most mussels are filter feeders and filter water through their bodies to feed. This filtration makes them prime targets for picking up contaminants in the water. Mussels can provide information on if a system is recovering and if a remediation or cleanup effort is effective. In a successful remediation effort a decline of contaminants in the organisms is expected. An example of this is in Lavaca Bay, Texas, which is a site that has been contaminated due to chronic mercury releases from a nearby facility.  By monitoring the mercury levels in oysters over several years it was discovered that the mercury content in the bay was decreasing. Due to the nature of their filter feeding, bivalves allow Mussel Watch to tracks changes in contamination levels in the environment by monitoring bivalve tissue concentrations. This is important because it can show whether a policy that is meant to protect and clean the environment or an ecosystem is actually working. Mussel Watch can be used to evaluate current policies to determine what, if any, changes need to be made to ensure that there is an improvement in environmental health.

text: Mussels are the organism of choice for monitoring contaminant levels in the coastal regions for a number of reasons. Most mussels are generally sessile and cannot move to another location if their environment has become contaminated; this makes them good measures of environmental pollution. Mussels do not readily metabolize some of the organics that vertebrates do, making them a better choice when tracking substances such as PAHs. In addition, most mussels are

text: filter feeders

text: and filter water through their bodies to feed. This filtration makes them prime targets for picking up contaminants in the water. Mussels can provide information on if a system is recovering and if a remediation or cleanup effort is effective. In a successful remediation effort a decline of contaminants in the organisms is expected. An example of this is in

text: Lavaca Bay

text: , Texas, which is a site that has been contaminated due to chronic mercury releases from a nearby facility.  By monitoring the mercury levels in oysters over several years it was discovered that the mercury content in the bay was decreasing. Due to the nature of their filter feeding, bivalves allow Mussel Watch to tracks changes in contamination levels in the environment by monitoring bivalve tissue concentrations. This is important because it can show whether a policy that is meant to protect and clean the environment or an ecosystem is actually working. Mussel Watch can be used to evaluate current policies to determine what, if any, changes need to be made to ensure that there is an improvement in environmental health.

text: Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems. Hand sorting was the first method used in the history of waste sorting.

text: Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements. Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through

text: curbside collection

text: schemes, or automatically separated in

text: materials recovery facilities

text: or

text: mechanical biological treatment

text: systems. Hand sorting was the first method used in the history of waste sorting.

text: The pompano’s flesh is oily and looks white and opaque. Its diet yields a rich but mild flavor. Fresh fillets can cost $17 or more. Demand has encouraged the use of aquaculture to increase supply.

text: Ashanti region has a significant aquaculture industry and fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include Western Cuttlefish, tilapia, rock lobsters, prawns, crabs, smoked catfish (smoked fish) and tuna. Processing is conducted along the Crater Lake of Lake Bosumtwi and Ashanti region's eastern Lake Volta coast. The main fish species cultivated in Ashanti region are Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Tilapia species represent over 90 percent of farmed fish production. Pond aquaculture is the main production system in terms of number of farms, and is mainly small scale and semi-intensive. However, in the last five to seven years the dominant culture system for tilapia production has changed, and the vast majority of tilapia is now farmed intensively in cages in Lake Volta. Aquaculture production increased from 950 metric tons in 2004 to over 27,000 metric tons in 2012. This growth is due mainly to increased production from a small number of large-scale cage farms (battery cages). Overall, cage farms currently account for less than 2 percent of farms by number but much more by production. In 2012, for example, aquaculture production from cages was over 24,000 metric tons compared to less than 2,000 metric tons from ponds and tanks. The growth in aquaculture production is also attributed to increased availability of quality fingerlings and feed for fish production. The number of private hatcheries, which currently produce the majority of fingerlings in Ashanti region, has increased in recent years as a result of the rapid growth of cage farming (battery cage). The establishment of a feed mills in Ashanti region in 2011, has greatly improved the reliability and availability of feed supply to fish farmers in Ashanti region.

text: Ashanti region has a significant aquaculture industry and fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include Western

text: Cuttlefish

text: tilapia

text: , rock lobsters,

text: prawn

text: s,

text: crab

text: s,

text: smoked

text: catfish

text: smoked fish

text: ) and

text: tuna

text: . Processing is conducted along the

text: Crater Lake

text: of

text: Lake Bosumtwi

text: and Ashanti region's eastern

text: Lake Volta

text: coast. The main fish species cultivated in Ashanti region are

text: Nile tilapia

text: (Oreochromis niloticus) and

text: African catfish

text: (Clarias gariepinus).

text: Tilapia

text: species represent over 90 percent of farmed fish production. Pond

text: aquaculture

text: is the main production system in terms of number of farms, and is mainly small scale and semi-intensive. However, in the last five to seven years the dominant culture system for tilapia production has changed, and the vast majority of tilapia is now farmed intensively in cages in Lake Volta.

text: Aquaculture

text: production increased from 950 metric tons in 2004 to over 27,000 metric tons in 2012. This growth is due mainly to increased production from a small number of large-scale cage farms (

text: battery cage

text: s). Overall, cage farms currently account for less than 2 percent of farms by number but much more by production. In 2012, for example, aquaculture production from cages was over 24,000 metric tons compared to less than 2,000 metric tons from

text: pond

text: s and

text: tank

text: s. The growth in aquaculture production is also attributed to increased availability of quality

text: fingerlings

text: and feed for fish production. The number of private

text: hatcheries

text: , which currently produce the majority of fingerlings in Ashanti region, has increased in recent years as a result of the rapid growth of cage farming (

text: battery cage

text: ). The establishment of a

text: feed mill

text: s in Ashanti region in 2011, has greatly improved the reliability and availability of feed supply to

text: fish farmer

text: s in Ashanti region.

text: The rook piercing is also cared for much like any other ear cartilage piercing. Salt soaks (warm water (optimally sterilized by boiling) mixed with a small amount of sea salt) are recommended twice a day for the first month or two. These soaks will soften any dried lymph, clean the piercing as well as the jewellery, partially sterilize the area due to the salt, and alleviate swelling and soreness. The warm water also encourages blood flow to the area aiding in the healing process. Washing the area once a day gently with liquid soap and warm water will decrease the chances of infection. Ideally an antimicrobial soap should be used, but for most people a fragrance-free and dye-free liquid antibacterial soap will suffice. One must be careful not to over-wash the area as this can lead to drying the area out. Alcohol and peroxide should also not be used for the same reason. Antibacterial and antimicrobial ointments (such as Neosporin) should never be used as they seal off the wound from receiving any air. One should avoid touching the area as much as possible, and if necessary, wash their hands beforehand. Care should be taken when changing shirts so that the jewellery isn't tugged as well as when using a telephone as the receiver may spread germs to the wound and the pressure can delay healing. Otherwise for most people the area is tucked into the ear more so than most other cartilage piercings and is less susceptible to incidental bumps and knocks.

text: The rook piercing is also cared for much like any other ear cartilage piercing. Salt soaks (warm water (optimally sterilized by boiling) mixed with a small amount of

text: sea salt

text: ) are recommended twice a day for the first month or two. These soaks will soften any dried

text: lymph

text: , clean the piercing as well as the jewellery, partially sterilize the area due to the salt, and alleviate swelling and soreness. The warm water also encourages blood flow to the area aiding in the healing process. Washing the area once a day gently with liquid soap and warm water will decrease the chances of

text: infection

text: . Ideally an

text: antimicrobial

text: soap should be used, but for most people a fragrance-free and dye-free liquid

text: antibacterial soap

text: will suffice. One must be careful not to over-wash the area as this can lead to drying the area out.

text: Alcohol

text: and

text: peroxide

text: should also not be used for the same reason. Antibacterial and antimicrobial ointments (such as

text: Neosporin

text: ) should never be used as they seal off the wound from receiving any air. One should avoid touching the area as much as possible, and if necessary, wash their hands beforehand. Care should be taken when changing shirts so that the jewellery isn't tugged as well as when using a telephone as the receiver may spread germs to the wound and the pressure can delay healing. Otherwise for most people the area is tucked into the ear more so than most other cartilage piercings and is less susceptible to incidental bumps and knocks.

text: There are some technical challenges in water reuse, among which are making start-up more economical, questions about water quality standards, long-term effects of pharmaceutical and household chemicals leftover in the water after treatment, and a lack of infrastructure to grow water reuse. To date there have been no adverse affects to humans from water reuse contact or consumption, but there remains concern for long-term effects of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals, and personal care products in reused water. Treating water to the level that would be free of these contaminants is expensive, and for recycled water that is introduced into a groundwater aquifer it would include the use of multiple barriers and mediums for removal of the microbiological and chemical contaminants. Furthermore, all wastewater that is added to the groundwater supply must be highly treated just in case it has these potentially dangerous contaminants. Monitoring is a critical step in these processes as well. There is some thought that a better alternative to preemptively highly treating all water in case of contaminants for use in the drinking water supply would be a dual piping system where gray and black water are kept separate from the initial point of disposal to the treatment phase and using the previously black water for non-potable reuses as it is more likely to have higher concentrations of the potentially more harmful contaminants. This however requires new infrastructure which too is costly. The general consensus is that new infrastructure will be required regardless moving into the next few decades.

text: The alkaloids in the press cake of Madhuca seeds is reportedly used in killing fishes in aquaculture ponds in some parts of India. The cake serves to fertilize the pond, which can be drained, sun dried, refilled with water and restocked with fish fingerlings.

text: The primary uses of Kaveri is providing water for irrigation, water for household consumption and the generation of electricity.

text: Chi arts are magic powers that Shinbu acquires as he progresses through the story. The Chi Arts system is a complementary and rival system.  The rival system is formed as a star while the complementary is formed into a circle. Shinbu can also use Chi Arts when he buys a Level 1 chi art charm. The Chi Arts system is used to defeat certain enemies very quickly. The five elements are wood, fire, earth, metal, and water.  Wood defeats earth, but weak against metal. Fire is strong against metal, but weak against water. Earth triumphs over water but cowers wood. Metal defeats wood, but is poorly fared against fire. Water is strong against fire, but will be weak against earth. The complementary system is only used in bugei scrolls.  It must go in a clockwise circle or it is not a cycle. Complementary elements can also charge an attack, making the final attack in the combo the most devastating finisher.

text: The California State Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Planning is the process that promotes bringing together and prioritizing water-related efforts in the region in a systematic way to ensure sustainable water uses, reliable water supplies, better water quality, environmental stewardship, efficient urban development, protection of agriculture, and a strong economy. IRWM incorporates the physical, environmental, societal, economic, legal, and jurisdictional aspects of water management into regional solutions through open and collaborative stakeholder processes to promote sustainable water use.

text: The

text: California

text: State Integrated Regional Water Management (IRWM) Planning is the process that promotes bringing together and prioritizing water-related efforts in the region in a systematic way to ensure

text: sustainable

text: water uses, reliable

text: water supplies

text: , better

text: water quality

text: , environmental stewardship, efficient

text: urban development

text: , protection of

text: agriculture

text: , and a strong economy. IRWM incorporates the physical, environmental, societal, economic, legal, and jurisdictional aspects of water management into regional solutions through open and collaborative stakeholder processes to promote sustainable water use.

text: Aquaculture has been identified as a critical industry, due to the popularity of its produce and the declining yields world-wide. In South Africa, Aquaculture has been identified as part of the key industries for promotion in line with the country’s Industrial Policy Action Plan II (IPAP II). The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is also lending its support to the sector and encouraging collaboration with stakeholders across the sector.

text: WateReuse focuses on taking water from sources such as seawater and wastewater and turning them into usable water. The Association part of WateReuse is one of the two branches of the organization that centralizes their efforts into supporting water projects that are finding ways to generate high-quality water from sources such as storm water and seawater. WateReuse Association is a nonprofit trade association that engages in advocacy through legislation and conducts education providing new opportunities for other water reuse communities. WateReuse also focuses on taking wastewater and transforming that into high-quality reclaimed water that can potentially be used for everyday uses such as landscaping and irrigation, as well as drinking water. WateReuse Association highly emphasizes their priorities on educating the public about why reclaimed water should be used, what their benefits are, and reassuring that problems with reclaimed water, such as contamination, will not occur.

text: The Reservation has approximately 200 miles of roads. These include 107 miles of gravel roads, 65 miles of asphalt, 11 miles of graded dirt roads and 10 miles of unimproved roads. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a member of the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The majority of tribal members are also Cooperative members, as it is the major electricity provider in west central South Dakota. The Tribe operates a propane company and serves all residences within the reservation, as well as areas adjacent to the reservation. Unleaded and diesel gasoline are available at the local gas station.  Fuel oil is available from the nearest Fanners Union in Reliance, South Dakota (15 miles). The Lake Sharpe Reservoir serves as a virtually unlimited water source for the Lower Brule community. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe's Rural Water System (RWSS) supplies clean water to the communities of Lower Brule and West Brule for both domestic and agricultural use. This system is a part of the Mni Wiconi Water Project, authorized to provide water for the Pine Ridge Reservation, Rosebud Reservation, Lower Brule Reservation and counties located in west central South Dakota. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a solid waste collection and transfer facility. The Solid Waste Program gathers all solid waste from receptacles located throughout the reservation. All solid waste is disposed in approved landfill facilities in Pierre and Pukwana, South Dakota. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a sewage disposal and treatment system for the towns of Lower Brule and West Brule. The major treatment for wastewater is evaporation and settling in evaporation and settling ponds in two lagoon areas; the system uses limited aeration.

text: The Reservation has approximately 200 miles of roads. These include 107 miles of gravel roads, 65 miles of asphalt, 11 miles of graded dirt roads and 10 miles of unimproved roads. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe is a member of the West Central Rural Electric Cooperative. The majority of tribal members are also Cooperative members, as it is the major electricity provider in west central South Dakota. The Tribe operates a propane company and serves all residences within the reservation, as well as areas adjacent to the reservation. Unleaded and diesel gasoline are available at the local gas station.  Fuel oil is available from the nearest Fanners Union in Reliance, South Dakota (15 miles). The Lake Sharpe Reservoir serves as a virtually unlimited water source for the Lower Brule community. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe's Rural Water System (RWSS) supplies clean water to the communities of Lower Brule and West Brule for both domestic and agricultural use. This system is a part of the Mni Wiconi Water Project, authorized to provide water for the

text: Pine Ridge Reservation

text: Rosebud Reservation

text: , Lower Brule Reservation and counties located in west central South Dakota. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a solid waste collection and transfer facility. The Solid Waste Program gathers all solid waste from receptacles located throughout the reservation. All solid waste is disposed in approved landfill facilities in Pierre and Pukwana, South Dakota. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, in coordination with the Indian Health Service, operates a sewage disposal and treatment system for the towns of Lower Brule and West Brule. The major treatment for wastewater is evaporation and settling in evaporation and settling ponds in two lagoon areas; the system uses limited aeration.

text: The majority of residents (49 homes) have household plumbing, and most use individual wells. 12 homes do not have water or sewer service – some haul water from the community center, and a few are served by a spring water catchment system. Septic tanks, leechate fields and public sewage lagoons are used for sewage disposal. The North Shore uses eleven shared residential effluent pumps (REP units) which discharge into a piped system. There are three landfill sites. The North Shore landfill is being relocated; the South Shore landfill has an incinerator but is unfenced. A third landfill is located  from the South Shore, on the West side of the Aleknagik-Dillingham road.  Electricity is provided by Nushugak Electric Cooperative. There is one school located in the community,  attended by 33 students. Local hospitals or health clinics include North Shore Health Clinic (842-5512), South Shore Health Clinic (842-2185) or Kanakanak Hospital in Dillingham.  Both, North and South Shore Clinics are Primary Health Care facilities. Aleknagik is classified as a highway village, it is found in EMS Region 2I in the Bristol Bay Region. Emergency Services have limited highway, air and satellite access. Emergency service is provided by volunteers and a health aide  Auxiliary health care is provided by Aleknagik First Responders Group (907-842-2085); or Kanakanak Hospital in Dillingham (25 road miles).

text: Mycofiltration is the process proposed by Paul Stamets of using mats of fungal mycelium as filters to trap E. coli bacteria in his household water outflow.

text: Mycofiltration is the process proposed by

text: Paul Stamets

text: of using mats of fungal

text: mycelium

text: as filters to trap

text: E. coli

text: bacteria in his household water outflow.

text: Water in Arkansas is an important issue encompassing the conservation, protection, management, distribution and use of the water resource in the state. Arkansas contains a mixture of groundwater and surface water, with a variety of state and federal agencies responsible for the regulation of the water resource. In accordance with agency rules, state, and federal law, the state's water treatment facilities utilize engineering, chemistry, science and technology to treat raw water from the environment to potable water standards and distribute it through water mains to homes, farms, business and industrial customers. Following use, wastewater is collected in collection and conveyance systems (sanitary sewers and combined sewers), decentralized sewer systems or septic tanks and treated in accordance with regulations at publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) before being discharged to the environment.

text: Water in Arkansas is an important issue encompassing the conservation, protection, management, distribution and use of the water resource in the state. Arkansas contains a mixture of

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: , with a variety of state and federal agencies responsible for the regulation of the water resource. In accordance with agency rules, state, and federal law, the state's

text: water treatment

text: facilities utilize engineering, chemistry, science and technology to treat raw water from the environment to

text: potable water

text: standards and distribute it through

text: water main

text: s to homes, farms, business and industrial customers. Following use,

text: wastewater

text: is collected in collection and conveyance systems (

text: sanitary sewer

text: s and

text: combined sewer

text: s), decentralized sewer systems or

text: septic tank

text: s and treated in accordance with regulations at

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: (POTWs) before being discharged to the environment.

text: In pesticide products, DEGBE acts as an inert ingredient as a deactivator for formulation before the crop emerges from the soil and as a stabilizer. DEGBE is also a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and piperonyl acetate, and as a solvent in high baked enamels. Other applications of DEGBE are as a dispersant for vinyl chloride resins in organosols, a diluent for hydraulic brake fluids, and a mutual solvent for soap, oil, and water in household cleaners. The textile industry uses DEGBE as a wetting-out solution. DEGBE is also a solvent for nitrocellulose, oils, dyes, gums, soaps, and polymers. DEGBE is also used as coupling solvent in liquid cleaners, cutting fluids, and textile auxiliaries. In the printing industry, DEGBE applications include: solvent in lacquers, paints, and printing inks; high boiling point solvent to improve gloss and flow properties; and used as a solubilizer in mineral oil products.

text: In

text: pesticide

text: products, DEGBE acts as an inert ingredient as a deactivator for

text: formulation

text: before the crop emerges from the soil and as a stabilizer. DEGBE is also a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of

text: diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

text: diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

text: , and

text: piperonyl acetate

text: , and as a solvent in high baked

text: enamel

text: s. Other applications of DEGBE are as a dispersant for vinyl chloride resins in organosols, a diluent for hydraulic brake fluids, and a mutual solvent for

text: soap

text: oil

text: , and

text: water

text: in household cleaners. The textile industry uses DEGBE as a wetting-out solution. DEGBE is also a solvent for

text: nitrocellulose

text: oils

text: dyes

text: gums

text: soaps

text: , and

text: polymers

text: . DEGBE is also used as coupling solvent in liquid cleaners, cutting fluids, and textile auxiliaries. In the printing industry, DEGBE applications include: solvent in lacquers, paints, and printing inks; high boiling point solvent to improve gloss and flow properties; and used as a solubilizer in mineral oil products.

text: Water use in 2009 was 1.91 billion cubic meters of which fresh water use was 1.26 billion cubic meters. Water use was 100 million cubic meters (5.2%) to Jordan and the Palestinian Authority,  1016 million cubic meters for agriculture(53.2%), 684 million cubic meters (35.8%) for domestic and public uses and 110 million cubic meters (5.7%) for industrial use. According to one estimate, average domestic water consumption in Israel is 137 litres per person per day on average, about half of indoor water use in the United States. However, according to another estimate water use per person per year is 90 cubic meter, corresponding to 247 litres per day. The latter estimate includes losses and probably also water use by offices that may not have been included in the former figures.

text: Sustainable water use involves the rigorous assessment of all source of clean water to establish the current and future rates of use, the impacts of that use both downstream and in the wider area where the water may be used and the impact of  contaminated water streams on the environment and economic well being of the area. It also involves the implementation of social policies such as water pricing in order to manage water demand. In some localities, water may also have spiritual relevance and the use of such water may need to take account of such interests. For example, the Maori believe that water is the source and foundation of all life and have many spiritual associations with water and places associated with water.  On a national and global scale, water sustainability requires strategic and long term planning to ensure appropriate sources of clean water are identified and the environmental and economic impact of such choices are understood and accepted. The re-use and reclamation of water is also part of sustainability including downstream impacts on both surface waters and ground waters.

text: Sustainable

text: water use involves the rigorous assessment of all source of clean water to establish the current and future rates of use, the impacts of that use both downstream and in the wider area where the water may be used and the impact of  contaminated water streams on the environment and economic well being of the area. It also involves the implementation of

text: social policies

text: such as

text: water pricing

text: in order to manage water demand. In some localities, water may also have spiritual relevance and the use of such water may need to take account of such interests. For example, the

text: Maori

text: believe that water is the source and foundation of all life and have many spiritual associations with water and places associated with water.  On a national and global scale, water sustainability requires strategic and long term planning to ensure appropriate sources of clean water are identified and the environmental and economic impact of such choices are understood and accepted. The re-use and reclamation of water is also part of sustainability including downstream impacts on both surface waters and

text: ground water

text: s.

text: Several types of stakeholders are recognized as potential participants in a water market, including agricultural users, industrial, and urban, as well as those who value in stream uses for recreation, habitat preservation, or other environmental benefits. Water rights holders—particularly agricultural users—can make water available for trade by employing water conservation technology,  through permanent fallowing, seasonal fallowing, shifts in crop choice, or voluntary water conservation (for example, residential water conservation practices). Trades can then be long-term leases, permanent transfers, short-term leases, or a callable transfer, which is the ability of a city to lease water under specified drought conditions. There are other flexible trade tools used by urban areas, such as water leasebacks, wherein the municipality purchases the water right from agricultural users and then can lease it back to those users in non-drought years, as a way to ensure the urban water supply. Banking water is a related tool, wherein water is stored underground in non-drought years to be used in drought years, though this is not to be confused with water banks, which are brokering institutions. Water ranching is a method of accessing unclaimed water rights that are legally bound to land rights. While many areas have detached these two types of rights from one another, some still prohibit the severing of rights and thus continue to promote water ranching. In the event of water ranching, the groundwater removed from the property is often much greater than that which would be used for average agricultural use, which can be harmful to the ecosystems which rely on it. This practice also creates inefficiency in the dispersal of land and water access ownership, as non-agricultural parties, such as municipalities, may purchase a plot of land simply for its water.Water credits: The idea is to have a tradable certificate which notifies the quantity of water saved by an institution, organization or an individual this would help in maximum utilization of every available drop of water. It may be defined as a permit that allows the holder to trade the conserved water in the international market at their current market price.

text: Several types of stakeholders are recognized as potential participants in a water market, including agricultural users, industrial, and urban, as well as those who value in stream uses for recreation, habitat preservation, or other environmental benefits. Water rights holders—particularly agricultural users—can make water available for trade by employing water conservation technology,  through permanent fallowing,

text: seasonal fallowing

text: , shifts in crop choice, or voluntary water conservation (for example, residential water conservation practices). Trades can then be long-term leases, permanent transfers, short-term leases, or a callable transfer, which is the ability of a city to lease water under specified drought conditions. There are other flexible trade tools used by urban areas, such as water leasebacks, wherein the municipality purchases the water right from agricultural users and then can lease it back to those users in non-drought years, as a way to ensure the urban water supply. Banking water is a related tool, wherein water is stored underground in non-drought years to be used in drought years, though this is not to be confused with water banks, which are brokering institutions. Water ranching is a method of accessing unclaimed water rights that are legally bound to land rights. While many areas have detached these two types of rights from one another, some still prohibit the severing of rights and thus continue to promote water ranching. In the event of water ranching, the

text: groundwater

text: removed from the property is often much greater than that which would be used for average agricultural use, which can be harmful to the ecosystems which rely on it. This practice also creates inefficiency in the dispersal of land and water access ownership, as non-agricultural parties, such as municipalities, may purchase a plot of land simply for its water.Water credits: The idea is to have a tradable certificate which notifies the quantity of water saved by an institution, organization or an individual this would help in maximum utilization of every available drop of water. It may be defined as a permit that allows the holder to trade the conserved water in the international market at their current market price.

text: Use at the aggregate level: Summaries of household incomes  across groups of people - often the entire country - are also studied as part of economic trends like standard of living and distribution of income and wealth. Household income as an economic measure can be represented as a median, a mean, a distribution, and other ways. Household income can be studied across time, region, education level, race/ethnicity, and many other dimensions. As an indicator of economic trends, it may be studied along with related  economic measures such as disposable income, debt, household net worth (which includes debt and investments, durable goods like cars and houses), wealth, and employment statistics.

text: Use at the aggregate level: Summaries of household incomes  across groups of people - often the entire country - are also studied as part of economic trends like standard of living and distribution of income and wealth. Household income as an economic measure can be represented as a median, a mean, a distribution, and other ways. Household income can be studied across time, region, education level, race/ethnicity, and many other dimensions. As an indicator of economic trends, it may be studied along with related  economic measures such as

text: disposable income

text: debt

text: , household net worth (which includes debt and investments, durable goods like cars and houses), wealth, and employment statistics.

text: Growing sponges is a relatively simple process and requires little specialist knowledge. Furthermore, the ease of sponge aquaculture means that the whole family can be involved in the production process. This results in a profitable family business which conforms to traditional discourses of “family farms”, increasing the likelihood of sea sponge aquaculture adoption. In addition, it is common for sea sponge farms to be located close to family homes allowing for continual access, monitoring, modification and work to be completed on the farm.

text: Where the river water and ground water are repeatedly used in the extensively irrigated river basins, the river water available in lower reaches is often rendered not useful in agriculture due to high RSC index or alkalinity. The salinity of water need not be high.

text: The development of rendering was primarily responsible for the profitable utilization of meat industry by-products, which in turn allowed the development of a massive industrial-scale meat industry that made food more economical for the consumer.  Rendering has been carried out for many centuries, primarily for soap and candle making. The earliest rendering was done in a kettle over an open fire.  This type of rendering is still done on farms to make lard (pork fat) for food purposes.  With the development of steam boilers, it was possible to jacket the kettle to make a higher grade product and to reduce the danger of fire.  A further development came in the nineteenth century with the use of the steam "digester" which was simply a tank used as a pressure cooker in which live steam was injected into the material being rendered.  This process is a wet rendering process called "tanking" and was used for both edible and inedible products, although the better grades of edible products were made using the open kettle process.  After the material is "tanked", the free fat is run off, the remaining water ("tank water") run into a separate vat, and the solids removed and dried by both pressing and steam-drying in a jacketed vessel.  The tank water was either run into a sewer or it was evaporated to make glue or protein concentrate to add to fertilizer.  The solids were used to make fertilizer.

text: The development of rendering was primarily responsible for the profitable utilization of meat industry by-products, which in turn allowed the development of a massive industrial-scale meat industry that made food more economical for the consumer.  Rendering has been carried out for many centuries, primarily for

text: soap

text: and

text: candle

text: making. The earliest rendering was done in a

text: kettle

text: over an open fire.  This type of rendering is still done on farms to make lard (pork fat) for food purposes.  With the development of steam boilers, it was possible to jacket the kettle to make a higher grade product and to reduce the danger of fire.  A further development came in the nineteenth century with the use of the steam "digester" which was simply a tank used as a pressure cooker in which live steam was injected into the material being rendered.  This process is a wet rendering process called "tanking" and was used for both edible and inedible products, although the better grades of edible products were made using the open kettle process.  After the material is "tanked", the free fat is run off, the remaining water ("tank water") run into a separate vat, and the solids removed and dried by both pressing and steam-drying in a jacketed vessel.  The tank water was either run into a

text: sewer

text: or it was evaporated to make

text: glue

text: or protein concentrate to add to

text: fertilizer

text: .  The solids were used to make fertilizer.

text: Available gardening areas in cities are often seriously lacking, which is likely the key impetus for many roof gardens. The garden may be on the roof of an autonomous building which takes care of its own water and waste. Hydroponics and other alternative methods can expand the possibilities of roof top gardening by reducing, for example, the need for soil or its tremendous weight. Plantings in containers are used extensively in roof top gardens. Planting in containers prevents added stress to the roof's waterproofing. One high-profile example of a building with a roof garden is Chicago City Hall.

text: Available gardening areas in cities are often seriously lacking, which is likely the key impetus for many roof gardens. The garden may be on the roof of an

text: autonomous building

text: which takes care of its own water and waste.

text: Hydroponics

text: and other alternative methods can expand the possibilities of roof top gardening by reducing, for example, the need for soil or its tremendous weight. Plantings in containers are used extensively in roof top gardens. Planting in containers prevents added stress to the roof's waterproofing. One high-profile example of a building with a roof garden is Chicago City Hall.

text: The whole course of the Nadela is organized as one hydrosystem. Water is mostly used for irrigation of some 45 square kilometres of arable land and for the use in industrial facilities in Jabuka and Pančevo. The river is also used as a drainage canal for the industrial waters (especially from the heavily industrialized Pančevo) which results in the Nadela's extreme pollution in the lower course.

text: The whole course of the Nadela is organized as one hydrosystem. Water is mostly used for irrigation of some 45 square kilometres of

text: arable land

text: and for the use in industrial facilities in Jabuka and Pančevo. The river is also used as a drainage canal for the industrial waters (especially from the heavily industrialized Pančevo) which results in the Nadela's extreme pollution in the lower course.

text: Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

text: Water treatment is any process that makes

text: water

text: more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be

text: drinking

text: , industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes

text: contaminant

text: s and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

text: In recognition of the increasing importance of global resource use mediated by international trade for environmental accounting and policy, new perspectives have been and are currently being developed within environmental accounting. The most prominent among these are consumption-based accounts compiled using environmentally extended input-output analysis. Consumption-based indicators of material use are commonly referred to as “material footprints” (comparable to carbon footprints and water footprints) or as raw material equivalents (RME) for imported and exported goods. Raw material equivalents or material footprints of traded goods comprise the material inputs required along the entire supply chain associated with their production. This includes both direct and indirect flows: For example, the ore mined to extract the metal contained in a mobile phone as well as the coal needed to generate the electricity needed to produce the metal concentrates would be included. In order to allocate domestic extraction to exported goods, information on the production and trade structure of an economy is required. In monetary terms, information on the production structure is contained in commonly available economy-wide input-output tables (IOT) which recently have been combined with trade statistics to form multi-regional IO (MRIO) tables.

text: In recognition of the increasing importance of global resource use mediated by international trade for environmental accounting and policy, new perspectives have been and are currently being developed within environmental accounting. The most prominent among these are consumption-based accounts compiled using environmentally extended input-output analysis. Consumption-based indicators of material use are commonly referred to as “material footprints” (comparable to

text: carbon footprint

text: s and

text: water footprint

text: s) or as raw material equivalents (RME) for imported and exported goods. Raw material equivalents or material footprints of traded goods comprise the material inputs required along the entire supply chain associated with their production. This includes both direct and indirect flows: For example, the ore mined to extract the metal contained in a mobile phone as well as the coal needed to generate the electricity needed to produce the metal concentrates would be included. In order to allocate domestic extraction to exported goods, information on the production and trade structure of an economy is required. In monetary terms, information on the production structure is contained in commonly available economy-wide

text: input-output tables

text: (IOT) which recently have been combined with trade statistics to form multi-regional IO (MRIO) tables.

text: In the twenty-first century, Star Island has worked to become increasingly self-sufficient and environmentally sustainable. As of 2015 it contained the largest off-grid solar farm in New England. This solar grid provides all of the power necessary for the island during the off season and 60% during full conference season. It has been suggested that Star Island's solar "micro-grid" may in fact be a model for mainland grids. In many ways the island is like a self-sufficient town, producing all its own water, electricity (through both solar and diesel generators) and some produce. The island has its own septic treatment plant, one of the few capable of handling salt water, and a reverse osmosis water purification system for converting sea water to drinking water. There are three separate water systems on the island—drinking water, cistern water for washing, and sea water for sanitary use. The focus on environmental sustainability is aligned with the Star Island Corporation's charge to preserve the Isles of Shoals for future generations.

text: In the twenty-first century, Star Island has worked to become increasingly self-sufficient and environmentally sustainable. As of 2015 it contained the largest off-grid

text: solar farm

text: in New England. This solar grid provides all of the power necessary for the island during the off season and 60% during full conference season. It has been suggested that Star Island's solar "micro-grid" may in fact be a model for mainland grids. In many ways the island is like a self-sufficient town, producing all its own water, electricity (through both solar and diesel generators) and some produce. The island has its own septic treatment plant, one of the few capable of handling salt water, and a

text: reverse osmosis

text: water purification system for converting sea water to drinking water. There are three separate water systems on the island—drinking water,

text: cistern

text: water for washing, and sea water for sanitary use. The focus on environmental sustainability is aligned with the Star Island Corporation's charge to preserve the Isles of Shoals for future generations.

text: Some people use distilled water for household aquariums because it lacks the chemicals found in tap water. It is important to supplement distilled water when using it for fishkeeping; it is too pure to sustain the chemical reactions needed to support an aquarium ecosystem.

text: Some people use distilled water for household

text: aquarium

text: s because it lacks the chemicals found in tap water. It is important to supplement distilled water when using it for

text: fishkeeping

text: ; it is too pure to sustain the chemical reactions needed to support an aquarium ecosystem.

text: Muslim engineers in the Islamic world were responsible for numerous innovative industrial uses of hydropower, early industrial uses of tide mills, wind power, and fossil fuels such as petroleum. A variety of industrial mills were used in the Islamic world, including fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills, and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also employed water turbines, and gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe later laid the foundations for the Industrial Revolution in 18th century Europe.

entity_name: List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

text: Muslim engineers in the Islamic world

text: were responsible for numerous innovative industrial uses of

text: hydropower

text: , early industrial uses of

text: tide mill

text: s,

text: wind power

text: , and

text: fossil fuel

text: s such as

text: petroleum

text: . A variety of industrial mills were used in the Islamic world, including fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills, and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also employed

text: water turbine

text: s, and gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by

text: manual labour

text: in ancient times to be

text: mechanized

text: and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to

text: medieval Europe

text: later laid the foundations for the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: in 18th century Europe.

text: Aquaculture is the most rapidly expanding food industry in the world as a result of declining wild fisheries stocks and profitable business. In 2008, aquaculture provided 45.7% of the fish produced globally for human consumption; increasing at a mean rate of 6.6% a year since 1970.

text: Aquaculture

text: is the most rapidly expanding food industry in the world as a result of declining

text: wild fisheries

text: stocks and profitable business. In 2008, aquaculture provided 45.7% of the fish produced globally for human consumption; increasing at a mean rate of 6.6% a year since 1970.

text: The electronegativity (withdrawal of electron density) of the halogens present (bromine and fluorine) on 4-bromofluorobenzene cause deactivation of the benzene ring and direct reactivity to ortho and para positions on the ring. This redirection of reactivity makes it useful as a precursor other compounds that serve a wide variety of needs.The bromine on 4-bromofluorobenzene allows it to become a Grignard reagent when reacted with magnesium metal. Preparation of a Grignard reagent using it makes it useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of atypical antipsychotic agents (especially those with a 4-fluorophenyl moiety), and in pesticides such as Flusilazole.This compound is also used as a tuning solution, internal standard, and/or surrogate (a compound that is similar in chemical composition to the analyte(s) of interest and is spiked into environmental and batch quality control samples prior to sample preparation and analysis) in several EPA gas chromatography methods, such as those for drinking water, wastewater pollutants, and organic pollutant monitoring in groundwater, wastewater, and solid waste.

text: The

text: electronegativity

text: (withdrawal of

text: electron density

text: ) of the

text: halogen

text: s present (bromine and fluorine) on 4-bromofluorobenzene cause

text: deactivation

text: of the benzene ring and direct reactivity to

text: ortho

text: and para positions on the ring. This redirection of reactivity makes it useful as a precursor other compounds that serve a wide variety of needs.The bromine on 4-bromofluorobenzene allows it to become a

text: Grignard reagent

text: when reacted with magnesium metal. Preparation of a Grignard reagent using it makes it useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of

text: atypical antipsychotic

text: agents (especially those with a 4-fluorophenyl moiety), and in

text: pesticide

text: s such as

text: Flusilazole

text: .This compound is also used as a tuning solution, internal standard, and/or surrogate (a compound that is similar in chemical composition to the analyte(s) of interest and is spiked into environmental and batch quality control samples prior to sample preparation and analysis) in several

text: EPA

text: gas chromatography

text: methods, such as those for drinking water, wastewater pollutants, and organic pollutant monitoring in groundwater, wastewater, and solid waste.

text: The main application envisaged for NASICON materials is as the solid electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery. Some NASICONs exhibit a low thermal expansion coefficient (< 10 K), which is useful for precision instruments and household ovenware. NASICONs can be doped with rare-earth elements, such as Eu, and used as phosphors. Their electrical conductivity is sensitive to molecules in the ambient atmosphere, a phenomenon that can be used to detect CO, SO, NO, NO, NH and HS gases. Other NASICON applications include catalysis, immobilization of radioactive waste, and sodium removal from water.

text: The main application envisaged for NASICON materials is as the solid electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery. Some NASICONs exhibit a low thermal expansion coefficient (< 10 K), which is useful for precision instruments and household ovenware. NASICONs can be doped with rare-earth elements, such as Eu, and used as

text: phosphor

text: s. Their electrical conductivity is sensitive to molecules in the ambient atmosphere, a phenomenon that can be used to detect CO, SO, NO, NO, NH and HS gases. Other NASICON applications include catalysis, immobilization of radioactive waste, and sodium removal from water.

text: Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California. Jane Dye Gussow discusses California's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life. She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that "was never intended to be a garden." The Central Valley, or the breadbasket of California where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation. The current water crisis raises the question, should California's water be used on agriculture if certain crops can be grown elsewhere?

text: Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California.

text: Jane Dye Gussow

text: discusses California's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life. She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that "was never intended to be a garden." The Central Valley, or the breadbasket of California where the majority of this agricultural water is used, is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation. The current water crisis raises the question, should California's water be used on agriculture if certain crops can be grown elsewhere?

text: Water conservation programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal water utilities or regional governments.  Common strategies include public outreach campaigns, tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing. Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of xeriscaping or natural landscaping in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage. Most urban outdoor water use in California is residential, illustrating a reason for outreach to households as well as businesses.

text: Water conservation programs involved in social solutions are typically initiated at the local level, by either municipal

text: water utilities

text: or regional governments.  Common strategies include public

text: outreach

text: campaigns, tiered water rates (charging progressively higher prices as water use increases), or restrictions on outdoor water use such as lawn watering and car washing. Cities in dry climates often require or encourage the installation of

text: xeriscaping

text: or

text: natural landscaping

text: in new homes to reduce outdoor water usage. Most urban outdoor water use in California is residential, illustrating a reason for outreach to households as well as businesses.

text: In waste water treatment, membrane technology is becoming increasingly important. With the help of ultra/microfiltration it is possible to remove particles, colloids and macromolecules, so that waste-water can be disinfected in this way. This is needed if waste-water is discharged into sensitive waters especially those designated for contact water-sports and recreation.

text: In

text: waste water

text: treatment, membrane technology is becoming increasingly important. With the help of

text: ultra

text: microfiltration

text: it is possible to remove particles, colloids and macromolecules, so that waste-water can be disinfected in this way. This is needed if waste-water is discharged into sensitive waters especially those designated for contact water-sports and recreation.

text: In October 2011, 7 wards and 95 villages were flooded because of heavy rain from tropical storm 02B which made a landfall at Myanmar-Bangladesh border on 19 Nov. All 4 townships of the District except Yesagyo were affected. 161 people were dead or missing according to Government data but total dead was more than 300 according to local news. 2657 households became homeless. 5 monasteries, 4 Dhammayons, 8schools and 2,927 animals were destroyed. The total loss in the flood amounted to 1,522.95 million MMK, according to official data. UN agencies and international nongovernmental organizations such as WFP, UNICEF, BAJ and others donated 6,800 bags of rice, 18,390 viss of edibleoil, 36,828 viss of gram and 3285 viss of salt worth US$ 261,620, 500 kilos of bleaching power, 440,000 tablets of water guard, 2,200 bottles of water guard, 2,200 sets of commodes, 2,2000 cakes of carbolic soap, 2,200 sets of water family kit, four 400-gallon-capacity fibre water tanks worth US$ 53,782, 287 viss of edible oil, 3,442 packets of instant noodle, 1,642 viss of salt, 821 tinned fish, biscuits, cakes of soap, aluminium pots, torch lights, dry cells, steel bowls and T-shirts worth MMK 3.46 million.

text: WQA represents the water treatment industry as a whole devoted to treating water for both residential and commercial/industrial use. Final barrier has become the industry standard preventing waterborne contaminants in treated water. WQA's member companies are committed to making sure that water safe following industry regulations.

text: Droughts can cause farmers to rely more heavily on irrigation; this has downsides for both the individual farmers and the consumers. The equipment is expensive to install and some farmers may not have the financial ability to purchase it. The water itself must come from somewhere and if the area has been in a drought for any length of time, the rivers may be dry and the water must be transported from further distances. With 70% of “blue water” currently being used for global agriculture, any need over and above this could potentiate a water crisis.  In Sub-Saharan Africa, water is used to flood rice fields to control the weed population; with the projection of less precipitation for this area, this historical method of weed control will no longer be possible.

text: Droughts can cause farmers to rely more heavily on

text: irrigation

text: ; this has downsides for both the individual farmers and the consumers. The equipment is expensive to install and some farmers may not have the financial ability to purchase it. The water itself must come from somewhere and if the area has been in a drought for any length of time, the rivers may be dry and the water must be transported from further distances. With 70% of “blue water” currently being used for global agriculture, any need over and above this could potentiate a

text: water crisis

text: .  In

text: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: , water is used to flood

text: rice fields

text: to control the weed population; with the projection of less precipitation for this area, this

text: historical method

text: of weed control will no longer be possible.

text: To adapt to climate change, the Thai government has initiated plans to introduce drought-resistant seeds. But these seeds are not reusable and can be costly to poor farmers who are not receiving direct financial aid. Government-supplied seeds are also limited, forcing farmers to obtain their seeds from private suppliers. In 2015 60 million rai (960,000 hectares) of rice paddies remained unplanted due to shortages of water, causing many farmers to resort to secondary crops such as sugarcane, cucumber, long beans, and tilapia aquaculture to make sufficient income.

text: Usually a person can adopt any name desired for any reason. As of 2009, 46 states allow a person legally to change names by usage alone, with no paperwork, but a court order may be required for many institutions (such as banks or government institutions) to officially accept the change.  Although the states (except Louisiana) follow common law, there are differences in acceptable requirements; usually a court order is the most efficient way to change names (which would be applied for in a state court), except at marriage, which has become a universally accepted reason for a name change. It is necessary to plead that the name change is not for a fraudulent or other illegal purpose, such as evading a lien or debt or for defaming someone else.

text: Usually a person can adopt any name desired for any reason. As of 2009, 46 states allow a person legally to change names by usage alone, with no paperwork, but a court order may be required for many institutions (such as banks or government institutions) to officially accept the change.  Although the states (except Louisiana) follow common law, there are differences in acceptable requirements; usually a

text: court order

text: is the most efficient way to change names (which would be applied for in a

text: state court

text: ), except at marriage, which has become a universally accepted reason for a name change. It is necessary to

text: plead

text: that the name change is not for a

text: fraud

text: ulent or other illegal purpose, such as evading a

text: lien

text: or

text: debt

text: or for

text: defaming

text: someone else.

text: According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using water clocks in 328 BC to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zibad, dates back to 500BC. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the Nowruz, Chelah, or Yaldā - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar.The water clock, or Fenjaan, was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation, until it was replaced by more accurate current clocks. -Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm. The qanat(Kariz) was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important. Therefore, a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock(MirAab), and at least two full-time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights.

text: According to

text: Callisthenes

text: , the

text: Persia

text: ns were using water clocks in 328 BC to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from

text: qanat

text: s to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in

text: Iran

text: , especially in

text: Zibad

text: , dates back to 500BC. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the

text: Nowruz

text: , Chelah, or

text: Yaldā

text: - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar.The water clock, or Fenjaan, was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a

text: qanat

text: or well for irrigation, until it was replaced by more accurate current clocks. -Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm. The qanat(Kariz) was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important. Therefore, a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock(MirAab), and at least two full-time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights.

text: The common medium used for heat distribution is water or pressurized hot water, but steam is also used. The advantage of steam is that in addition to heating purposes it can be used in industrial processes due to its higher temperature. The disadvantage of steam is a higher heat loss due to the high temperature. Also, the thermal efficiency of cogeneration plants is significantly lower if the cooling medium is high-temperature steam, reducing electric power generation. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for district heating, although they have higher heat capacities than water, as they are expensive, and have environmental issues.

text: The common medium used for heat distribution is water or

text: pressurized hot water

text: , but

text: steam

text: is also used. The advantage of steam is that in addition to heating purposes it can be used in

text: industrial process

text: es due to its higher temperature. The disadvantage of steam is a higher heat loss due to the high temperature. Also, the

text: thermal efficiency

text: of cogeneration plants is significantly lower if the cooling medium is high-temperature steam, reducing

text: electric power

text: generation. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for district heating, although they have higher heat capacities than water, as they are expensive, and have environmental issues.

text: Being non-stop version of Rajdhani train, it takes least number of intermediate halts for technical purposes like crew change, loco change and also other reasons such as food pick-up, water-filling, etc.

text: In household and commercial usage, most North American and Southern Asian water heaters are the tank type, also called storage water heaters, these consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps water continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes for household use range from 75 to 400 liters (20 to 100 US gallons). These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.  Natural gas heaters are most popular in the US and most European countries, since the gas is often conveniently piped throughout cities and towns and currently is the cheapest to use. In the United States, typical natural gas water heaters for households without unusual needs are 40 or 50 US gallons with a burner rated at 34,000 to 40,000 BTU/hour. Some models offer "High Efficiency and Ultra Low NOx" emissions.

text: In household and commercial usage, most North American and Southern Asian water heaters are the tank type, also called storage water heaters, these consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps water continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes for household use range from 75 to 400 liters (20 to 100 US gallons). These may use

text: electricity

text: natural gas

text: propane

text: heating oil

text: solar

text: , or other energy sources.  Natural gas heaters are most popular in the US and most European countries, since the gas is often conveniently piped throughout cities and towns and currently is the cheapest to use. In the United States, typical natural gas water heaters for households without unusual needs are 40 or 50 US gallons with a burner rated at 34,000 to 40,000 BTU/hour. Some models offer "High Efficiency and Ultra Low NOx" emissions.

text: The reuse of treated wastewater is still a novel concept in Brazil due to absence of a proper legal framework. Only 2 percent of companies reuse treated wastewater, despite the fact that it costs only 8 percent of the conventional rate (though transport costs can be significantly higher from the wastewater treatment plant to the company). In 1997 the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) defined instructions and parameters (NBR 13969) for wastewater reuse, including the level of treatment required based on the reuse activities. Federal Resolution 54/2005 of the National Council of Water Resources states that direct non-potable treated wastewater can be used in landscape irrigation, washing public streets, fire fighting, agricultural production, industrial activities and environmental projects. Currently a draft resolution is under consideration by the São Paulo Secretariats of Health, Environment, and Water Supply, Sanitation and Energy on urban wastewater reuse; however, as of 2009 the State had no legal framework on this issue. Only the municipality of São Paulo, within the MRSP, had issued its own regulations mandating the use of reused water for the washing of streets, sidewalks and plazas and irrigating parks, gardens and sports fields. In November 2012 Sabesp and Foz Brazil, a subsidiary of the conglomerate Odebrecht, inaugurated the largest industrial water reuse project in Brazil, Aquapolo Ambiental. It provides 1 cubic meter per second to the petrochemical complex Capuava in Mauá in the eastern part of the metropolitan region through a 17 km pipeline. The cost of the reclaimed water is lower than drinking water, and drinking water that was used at the complex is now made available for municipal use.

text: The reuse of treated wastewater is still a novel concept in Brazil due to absence of a proper legal framework. Only 2 percent of companies reuse treated wastewater, despite the fact that it costs only 8 percent of the conventional rate (though transport costs can be significantly higher from the wastewater treatment plant to the company). In 1997 the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) defined instructions and parameters (NBR 13969) for wastewater reuse, including the level of treatment required based on the reuse activities. Federal Resolution 54/2005 of the National Council of Water Resources states that direct non-potable treated wastewater can be used in landscape irrigation, washing public streets, fire fighting, agricultural production, industrial activities and environmental projects. Currently a draft resolution is under consideration by the São Paulo Secretariats of Health, Environment, and Water Supply, Sanitation and Energy on urban wastewater reuse; however, as of 2009 the State had no legal framework on this issue. Only the municipality of São Paulo, within the MRSP, had issued its own regulations mandating the use of reused water for the washing of streets, sidewalks and plazas and irrigating parks, gardens and sports fields. In November 2012 Sabesp and Foz Brazil, a subsidiary of the conglomerate

text: Odebrecht

text: , inaugurated the largest industrial water reuse project in Brazil, Aquapolo Ambiental. It provides 1 cubic meter per second to the petrochemical complex Capuava in

text: Mauá

text: in the eastern part of the metropolitan region through a 17 km pipeline. The cost of the reclaimed water is lower than drinking water, and drinking water that was used at the complex is now made available for municipal use.

text: Disposal - processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolisis, gasification and other finalist solutions.

text: Disposal - processes to dispose of waste be it

text: landfill

text: ing,

text: incineration

text: , pyrolisis, gasification and other finalist solutions.

text: Agriculture remains the largest single contributor to the livelihoods of the 75% of the world's poor who live in rural areas. Encouraging agricultural growth is therefore an important aspect of agricultural policy in the developing world. In addition, a recent Natural Resource Perspective paper by the Overseas Development Institute found that good infrastructure, education and effective information services in rural areas were necessary to improve the chances of making agriculture work for the poor.

text: Agriculture remains the largest single contributor to the livelihoods of the 75% of the world's poor who live in rural areas. Encouraging agricultural growth is therefore an important aspect of agricultural policy in the

text: developing world

text: . In addition, a recent Natural Resource Perspective paper by the

text: Overseas Development Institute

text: found that good

text: infrastructure

text: education

text: and effective information services in rural areas were necessary to improve the chances of making agriculture work for the poor.

text: In 2008, the settlements in the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area were allocated 44.8 million m (MCM) of water, 97.5 percent of which (43.7 MCM) were for agricultural use. Seventy percent of it was provided by Mekorot. According to Israeli figures, the household use of settlers in the Jordan Valley was 487 liters per capita per day (lpcd) and in the northern Dead Sea area even 727 lpcd. That is three to four times the use of 165 liters in Israel. As the settlers in the eastern West Bank use nearly all the water use for agriculture, they in fact export water from the Palestinian Territories.

text: In 2008, the settlements in the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area were allocated 44.8 million m (MCM) of water, 97.5 percent of which (43.7 MCM) were for agricultural use. Seventy percent of it was provided by

text: Mekorot

text: . According to Israeli figures, the household use of settlers in the Jordan Valley was 487 liters per capita per day (lpcd) and in the northern Dead Sea area even 727 lpcd. That is three to four times the use of 165 liters in Israel. As the settlers in the eastern West Bank use nearly all the water use for agriculture, they in fact export water from the Palestinian Territories.

text: Where water is scarce, tradable water rights may incentivize water conservation and make more water available for trading. Using the western appropriative rights system as an example, water rights are usufruct, indefinite, and senior or junior rights holders may forfeit their rights if they do not use their full water allocation for beneficial use (criteria for forfeiture and definition of "beneficial use" varies by state). Because rights holders do not "own" water rights, but merely consume water, they bear no cost for overconsumption, and may consume more water than needed to avoid forfeiture. Agricultural water users may intentionally apply water to low-value crops or water-intensive crops to justify and maintain their current water allocation. Thus, tradable rights may also encourage agricultural production of more high-value crops and/or less water-intensive crops. In the case of the western United States, as of 2006, irrigators typically consume more than 80% of freshwater, and so water trading markets could reallocate water to urban, environmental, and higher-value crop uses, where water is valued greater at the margin.

text: Where water is scarce, tradable water rights may incentivize

text: water conservation

text: and make more water available for trading. Using the western appropriative rights system as an example, water rights are

text: usufruct

text: , indefinite, and senior or junior rights holders may forfeit their rights if they do not use their full water allocation for

text: beneficial use

text: (criteria for

text: forfeiture

text: and definition of "beneficial use" varies by state). Because rights holders do not "own" water rights, but merely consume water, they bear no cost for overconsumption, and may consume more water than needed to avoid forfeiture. Agricultural water users may intentionally apply water to low-value crops or water-intensive crops to justify and maintain their current water allocation. Thus, tradable rights may also encourage agricultural production of more high-value crops and/or less water-intensive crops. In the case of the western United States, as of 2006, irrigators typically consume more than 80% of freshwater, and so water trading markets could reallocate water to urban, environmental, and higher-value crop uses, where water is valued greater at the margin.

text: Antibiotics are used in aquaculture to treat diseases caused by bacteria.  Sometimes the antibiotics are used to treat diseases, but more commonly antibiotics are used to prevent diseases by treating the water or fish before disease occurs. While this prophylactic method of preventing disease is profitable because it prevents loss and allows fish to grow more quickly, there are several downsides.

text: Antibiotics are used in

text: aquaculture

text: to treat diseases caused by bacteria.  Sometimes the antibiotics are used to treat diseases, but more commonly antibiotics are used to prevent diseases by treating the water or fish before disease occurs. While this prophylactic method of preventing disease is profitable because it prevents loss and allows fish to grow more quickly, there are several downsides.

text: A water footprint is the amount of water that each of us use in our daily lives. Most of the world's water is salt water which we cannot use in our food or water supplies. Therefore, the freshwater sources that were once plentiful are now being diminished due to anthropogenic metabolism of the growing population. The water footprint encompasses how much fresh water is needed for each consumer’s needs. According to J. Allan, "there is a huge impact of water use on stores of surface and groundwater and on flows to which water is returned after use. These impacts are shown to be particularly high for manufacturing industries. For example, that there are less than 10 economies worldwide that have a significant water surplus, but that these economies have successfully met, or have the potential to meet, the water deficits of the other 190 economies. Consumers enjoy the delusion of food and water security provided by virtual water trade.

text: A

text: water footprint

text: is the amount of water that each of us use in our daily lives. Most of the world's water is salt water which we cannot use in our food or water supplies. Therefore, the freshwater sources that were once plentiful are now being diminished due to anthropogenic metabolism of the growing population. The water footprint encompasses how much

text: fresh water

text: is needed for each consumer’s needs. According to J. Allan, "there is a huge impact of water use on stores of surface and

text: groundwater

text: and on flows to which

text: water

text: is returned after use. These impacts are shown to be particularly high for manufacturing industries. For example, that there are less than 10 economies worldwide that have a significant water surplus, but that these economies have successfully met, or have the potential to meet, the water deficits of the other 190 economies. Consumers enjoy the delusion of food and water security provided by

text: virtual water

text: trade.

text: In many types of processes, combustion is used to generate heat, and the recuperator serves to recuperate, or reclaim this heat, in order to reuse or recycle it.  The term recuperator refers as well to liquid-liquid counterflow heat exchangers used for heat recovery in the chemical and refinery industries and in closed processes such as ammonia-water or LiBr-water absorption refrigeration cycle.

text: In many types of processes,

text: combustion

text: is used to generate heat, and the recuperator serves to recuperate, or reclaim this heat, in order to reuse or recycle it.  The term recuperator refers as well to liquid-liquid counterflow heat exchangers used for heat recovery in the chemical and refinery industries and in closed processes such as ammonia-water or LiBr-water absorption refrigeration cycle.

text: There are several ways to reduce the use of water. For example, most irrigation systems waste water; typically, only between 35% and 50% of water withdrawn for irrigated agriculture ever reaches the crops. Most soaks into unlined canals, leaks out of pipes, or evaporates before reaching (or after being applied to) the fields. Swales and cistern

text: There are several ways to reduce the use of water. For example, most irrigation systems waste water; typically, only between 35% and 50% of water withdrawn for irrigated agriculture ever reaches the crops. Most soaks into unlined canals, leaks out of pipes, or evaporates before reaching (or after being applied to) the fields.

text: Swales

text: and

text: cistern

text: As a major organ for excretion, the kidney removes waste materials and chemicals from the body, such as increased concentrations of intermediary metabolites of a particular pathway, making urine (the waste product from the kidney) particularly useful for medical diagnostics. The key advantages of using urine as a biofluid are: (1) its sterility; (2) accessibility and non-invasive method of collection; and (3) it being largely free from interfering proteins or lipids.

text: Millwheel or water wheel are sometimes used as a charge in heraldic arms. The water wheel is often used to symbolize the food processing industry or industry in general.

text: Millwheel or

text: water wheel

text: are sometimes used as a charge in heraldic arms. The water wheel is often used to symbolize the food processing industry or industry in general.

text: Humans in East Asia were consuming large amounts of freshwater fish around 40 000 years ago. Spearfishing with barbed harpoons along the coast was widespread by the Palaeolithic. Fish ponds surrounded Sumerian temples by 2 500 BC and a Chinese classical text credited to the 5th-century BC businessman Fan Li is the earliest known work on fish farming. A surviving fragment of Isidore of Charax's 1st-century Parthian itinerary describes locals freediving for pearls in the Persian Gulf, and Oppian's 2nd-century Halieutics relates the four main Greek and Roman fishing methods as hook-and-line, netting, passive traps, and trident. Traditional fishing boats operate in near-shore waters but, during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period, fishing on the open sea—particularly cod—became important to the economic and naval development of Northern Europe, New England, and Canada. Overfishing along the coasts of the North Sea spurred the development of deep-sea fishers such as the Brixham and otter trawlers, which might serve as motherships for longlining dories; in the 19th century, advances such as rail transport, canning, and refrigeration allowed fishing to become a full-fledged industry. Improvements in sonar during the world wars were adapted as fishfinders and, during the 1950s, great factory ships caught and processed as many fish in an hour as earlier trawlers had in a season. By the 1960s, the North Atlantic and North Pacific fisheries were close to maximal exploitation. After the catch from wild marine fisheries grew from 18 million metric tons (20 million tons) in 1950 to around 85 million metric tons ( million tons) by the late 1980s, it has remained essentially constant since. Chinese economic reform led to massive growth of its fishing production, from 7% of the world total in 1961 to 35% by 2010. Scientific studies of population dynamics and nationalization of formerly shared waters are both helping to cope with overexploitation but the success of modern commercial fishing has required major corrective actions: the collapse of the Grand Banks cod fishery to less than 1% of its historic levels required a complete moratorium by Canada in 1992 and China has enforced a zero-growth policy in its wild catch since 2000, redirecting its industry towards aquaculture; its annual months-long bans on fishing in disputed areas of the South China Sea is enforced over the protest of neighboring states.

text: Humans in

text: East Asia

text: were consuming large amounts of

text: freshwater fish

text: around 40 000 years ago.

text: Spearfishing

text: with barbed

text: harpoon

text: s along the coast was widespread by the

text: Palaeolithic

text: Fish pond

text: s surrounded

text: Sumer

text: ian temples by 2 500 BC and a

text: Chinese classic

text: al text credited to the 5th-century BC businessman

text: Fan Li

text: is the earliest known work on

text: fish farm

text: ing. A surviving fragment of

text: Isidore of Charax

text: 's 1st-century

text: Parthia

text: n itinerary describes locals

text: freediving

text: for

text: pearls

text: in the

text: Persian Gulf

text: , and

text: Oppian

text: 's 2nd-century Halieutics relates the four main Greek and Roman fishing methods as

text: hook

text: -and-

text: line

text: netting

text: passive traps

text: , and

text: trident

text: Traditional fishing boat

text: s operate in near-shore waters but, during the

text: late Middle Ages

text: and

text: early Modern period

text: , fishing on the open sea—particularly

text: cod

text: —became important to the economic and naval development of

text: Northern Europe

text: New England

text: , and Canada.

text: Overfishing

text: along the coasts of the

text: North Sea

text: spurred the development of deep-sea fishers such as the

text: Brixham

text: and

text: otter trawler

text: s, which might serve as

text: mothership

text: s for

text: longlining

text: dories

text: ; in the 19th century, advances such as

text: rail transport

text: canning

text: , and

text: refrigeration

text: allowed fishing to become a full-fledged

text: industry

text: . Improvements in

text: sonar

text: during the

text: world wars

text: were adapted as

text: fishfinder

text: s and, during the 1950s, great

text: factory ship

text: s caught and processed as many fish in an hour as earlier trawlers had in a season. By the 1960s, the

text: North Atlantic

text: and

text: North Pacific fisheries

text: were close to maximal exploitation. After the catch from

text: wild marine fisheries

text: grew from 18 million

text: metric ton

text: s (20 million

text: tons

text: ) in 1950 to around 85 million

text: metric ton

text: s ( million

text: ton

text: s) by the late 1980s, it has remained essentially constant since.

text: Chinese economic reform

text: led to massive growth of its

text: fishing production

text: , from 7% of the world total in 1961 to 35% by 2010. Scientific studies of

text: population dynamics

text: and

text: nationalization

text: of formerly

text: shared waters

text: are both helping to cope with

text: overexploitation

text: but the success of modern

text: commercial fishing

text: has required major corrective actions: the

entity_name: Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery

text: collapse of the Grand Banks cod fishery

text: to less than 1% of its historic levels required a complete moratorium by Canada in 1992 and China has enforced a zero-growth policy in its wild catch since 2000, redirecting its industry towards

text: aquaculture

text: ; its annual months-long bans on fishing in disputed areas of the

text: South China Sea

text: is enforced over the protest of neighboring states.

text: Sheet-fed presses offer several advantages. Because individual sheets are fed through, a large number of sheet sizes and format sizes can be run through the same press. In addition, waste sheets can be used for make-ready (which is the testing process to ensure a quality print run). This allows for lower cost preparation so that good paper is not wasted while setting up the press, for plates and inks. Waste sheets do bring some disadvantages as often there are dust and offset powder particles that transfer on to the blankets and plate cylinders, creating imperfections on the printed sheet. This method produces the highest quality images.

text: The book The Dance of Change states there are many reasons why an organization may have trouble in transforming itself into a learning organization. The first is that an organization does not have enough time. Employees and management may have other issues that take priority over trying to change the culture of their organization. The team may not be able to commit the time an institution does not have the appropriate help or training. For an organization to be able to change, it needs to know the steps necessary to solve the problems it faces. As a solution, a mentor or coach who is well versed in the learning organization concept may be necessary.

text: Many watercourses have changed direction over the years for various reasons. The Kilmarnock Water used to run slightly to the west as it passes through the Howard Park in Kilmarnock, previously 'Barbadoes Green'; the old 'fossilised' river bank is still discernible. It is said that this was done deliberately by a Lord Boyd, the local laird, so that he could claim more land. The river formed the boundary and by moving it permanently he gained more land.

text: Many watercourses have changed direction over the years for various reasons. The Kilmarnock Water used to run slightly to the west as it passes through the Howard Park in

text: Kilmarnock

text: , previously 'Barbadoes Green'; the old 'fossilised' river bank is still discernible. It is said that this was done deliberately by a Lord Boyd, the local laird, so that he could claim more land. The river formed the boundary and by moving it permanently he gained more land.

text: In 2007, the private concessionaires in Casablanca, Tangiers and Tetouan, as well as the public water utility of Meknes began to implement water supply and sanitation pilot projects on the basis of an innovative output-based aid approach. The objective is to extend water and sewer connections to 11.300 households in poor, unzoned, periurban neighbourhoods. The pilot projects are part of the National Human Development Initiative and are funded through a US$ 7 million grant by the Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) administered by the World Bank. It is the first time that GPOBA, which promotes primarily the private sector, provided grants to a public water operator. The average subsidy level per connection amounts to USD 169 for water supply and to USD 606 for sanitation. The average subsidy level per connection is 35 percent. Operators also developed awareness raising campaigns to make people aware of the option to connect to sewers through teams that go to market places. Under the output-based aid approach investments are pre-financed by the concessionaires or the public utility that are being reimbursed by GPOBA only after a verification process certifies that the households have been connected and receive an adequate service. According to the World Bank, the output-based aid approach has helped to improve processes, overcome financing obstacles and mobilize stakeholder partnership.

text: In 2007, the private concessionaires in Casablanca, Tangiers and Tetouan, as well as the public water utility of Meknes began to implement water supply and sanitation pilot projects on the basis of an innovative

text: output-based aid

text: approach. The objective is to extend water and sewer connections to 11.300 households in poor, unzoned, periurban neighbourhoods. The pilot projects are part of the

text: National Human Development Initiative

text: and are funded through a US$ 7 million grant by the Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) administered by the World Bank. It is the first time that GPOBA, which promotes primarily the private sector, provided grants to a public water operator. The average

text: subsidy

text: level per connection amounts to USD 169 for water supply and to USD 606 for sanitation. The average subsidy level per connection is 35 percent. Operators also developed awareness raising campaigns to make people aware of the option to connect to sewers through teams that go to market places. Under the output-based aid approach investments are pre-financed by the concessionaires or the public utility that are being reimbursed by GPOBA only after a verification process certifies that the households have been connected and receive an adequate service. According to the World Bank, the output-based aid approach has helped to improve processes, overcome financing obstacles and mobilize stakeholder partnership.

text: Qualitative reasoning creates non-numerical descriptions of physical systems and their behavior, preserving important behavioral properties and qualitative distinctions. The goal of qualitative reasoning research is to develop representation and reasoning methods that enable computer programs to reason about the behavior of physical systems, without precise quantitative information. An example is observing pouring rain and the steadily rising water level of a river, which is sufficient information to take action against possible flooding without knowing the exact water level, the rate of change, or the time the river might flood.

text: Pseudomonas borbori is an aerobic, Gram-negative, nonfluorescent, nonsporulating, motile, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a nitrifying inoculum used in aquaculture. Based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, P. borbori was placed in the P. aeruginosa group.

text: Pseudomonas borbori is an

text: aerobic

text: Gram-negative

text: , non

text: fluorescent

text: nonsporulating

text: motile

text: , rod-shaped

text: bacterium

text: isolated from a

text: nitrifying

text: inoculum used in

text: aquaculture

text: . Based on 16S

text: rRNA

text: phylogenetic analysis, P. borbori was placed in the P. aeruginosa group.

text: A water tank is a container for storing liquid. The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.

text: A water tank is a container for storing liquid. The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, to provide storage of water for use in many applications,

text: drinking water

text: irrigation

text: agriculture,

text: fire

text: suppression,

text: agricultural

text: farming, both for plants and livestock,

text: chemical

text: manufacturing,

text: food preparation

text: as well as many other uses.

text: Water

text: tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank:

text: plastics

text: polyethylene

text: polypropylene

text: fiberglass

text: concrete

text: stone

text: steel

text: (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.

text: US Census Bureau data from 2002 identified a series of housing characteristics for units owner-occupied units inhabited by households with average incomes, ranging from $40,000 to $60,000. The median square footage for homes occupied by middle income households was 1,700 with 52% of such homes having two or more bathrooms. The median value of these homes was $112,000 with the median year of construction being 1970. Middle income households tended to spend roughly 18% of their monthly income on housing. Considering these statistics it is likely that many average Americans reside in  homes, priced slightly above $100,000 with two or more bathrooms that were built in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, the taken income is slightly above average.

text: The Irrigation Law specifically prohibits the transferring of water rights, hence the creation of water markets, and gives priority to collective users rights over individual users.Users are granted water rights through registries or authorizations. Registries are granted to the indigenous and local families or communities and are aimed at securing water access for domestic or traditional agriculture use respectively. Authorizations are granted to other farmer organizations for agricultural or agro-forestry use for a maximum of 40 years.

text: Combined water and sewer bills amount, on average, to less than 0.5% of total household expenditures and are thus quite affordable. The intermittent supply leads many to rely on bottled or tanked water, which is about 8 to 10 times higher than piped water, so that total household expenditures are often much higher than the utility bill. Prices paid to water vendors are 4 to 8 JD per m. In 2007 it was estimated that an average poor household with 6 members in the Middle Governorates spends 31-39 JD per year on its water and sewer bill at a consumption of 70 liter/capita/day, corresponding to only 0.4% of household expenditures. However, if other items are added the picture changes substantially: it costs 35 JD per year to depreciate the cost of a 2 m rooftop storage tank over 10 years; 160 JD per year to buy 2 liters/capita/day of bottled water at a price of 0.04 JD per liter (0.80 JD per canister of 5 gallons); and 153 JD per year to buy the equivalent of 28 liters/capita/day at a price of 2.50 JD/m from water vendors. This amounts to 374 JD per year and household, corresponding to 6.3% of expenditures. In addition, for households not connected to the sewer network the cost of emptying septic tanks at a cost between 21 and 40 JD per load needs to be added to calculate total water and sanitation expenditures. In conclusion, the cost of the water bill thus is only a fraction of total water expenditures, and household water expenditures could be lowered significantly if a sufficient quantity of good quality water was supplied on a reliable basis.

text: Toilets accounted for almost 30% of residential indoor water use in the United States in 1999. One flush of a standard U.S. toilet requires more water than most individuals, and many families, in the world use for all their needs in an entire day.A home’s toilet water sustainability can be improved in one of two ways: improving the current toilet or installing a more efficient toilet.  To improve the current toilet, one possible method is to put weighted plastic bottles in the toilet tank.  Also, there are inexpensive tank banks or float booster available for purchase.  A tank bank is a plastic bag to be filled with water and hung in the toilet tank. A float booster attaches underneath the float ball of pre-1986 three and a half gallon capacity toilets.  It allows these toilets to operate at the same valve and float setting but significantly reduces their water level, saving between one and one and a third gallons of water per flush.  A major waste of water in existing toilets is leaks.  A slow toilet leak is undetectable to the eye, but can waste hundreds of gallons each month.  One way to check this is to put food dye in the tank, and to see if the water in the toilet bowl turns the same color.  In the event of a leaky flapper, one can replace it with an adjustable toilet flapper, which allows self-adjustment of the amount of water per flush.

text: Toilets

text: accounted for almost 30% of residential indoor water use in the United States in 1999. One flush of a standard U.S. toilet requires more water than most individuals, and many families, in the world use for all their needs in an entire day.A home’s toilet water sustainability can be improved in one of two ways: improving the current toilet or installing a more efficient toilet.  To improve the current toilet, one possible method is to put weighted plastic bottles in the toilet tank.  Also, there are inexpensive tank banks or float booster available for purchase.  A tank bank is a plastic bag to be filled with water and hung in the toilet tank. A float booster attaches underneath the float ball of pre-1986 three and a half gallon capacity toilets.  It allows these toilets to operate at the same valve and float setting but significantly reduces their water level, saving between one and one and a third gallons of water per flush.  A major waste of water in existing toilets is leaks.  A slow toilet leak is undetectable to the eye, but can waste hundreds of gallons each month.  One way to check this is to put food dye in the tank, and to see if the water in the toilet bowl turns the same color.  In the event of a leaky flapper, one can replace it with an adjustable toilet flapper, which allows self-adjustment of the amount of water per flush.

text: The elpistostegalid fish are considered the most apomorphic of fish in comparison to tetrapods.  From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. Development of eye ridges and flatting of the skull are also observed in primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles. The most likely reason for the traits to be adaptive was for their use in aerial vision above the waterline. The traits enabled animals to check area on land for safe spots if being chased by a predator in water, as well as being useful for searching for prey items above the water. The water-based lateral line system was used substantially by these aquatic tetrapods to detect danger from predators. Within the Osteichthyan diversification, there were no changes related to respiration in the transition as can be seen by the nasal region and palatal morphology in elpistostegalid fishes. The primary change from basic ostelepiform ancestors to the first elpistostegalid in the middle Devonian was to the pre-existing roof skulls.

text: The elpistostegalid fish are considered the most apomorphic of fish in comparison to tetrapods.  From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. Development of eye ridges and flatting of the skull are also observed in primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles. The most likely reason for the traits to be adaptive was for their use in aerial vision above the waterline. The traits enabled animals to check area on land for safe spots if being chased by a predator in water, as well as being useful for searching for prey items above the water. The water-based

text: lateral line system

text: was used substantially by these aquatic tetrapods to detect danger from predators. Within the Osteichthyan diversification, there were no changes related to respiration in the transition as can be seen by the nasal region and palatal morphology in elpistostegalid fishes. The primary change from basic ostelepiform ancestors to the first elpistostegalid in the middle Devonian was to the pre-existing roof skulls.

text: In 2008 out of the total treatment capacity of 2.52 billion cubic meters per day, about one third or 0.86 billion cubic meters per day could be treated at the standard of reclaimed water. Each plant possesses the capacity to further treat part of its flow for reclamation. The capacities of some plants are not fully used. According to one source, 56% of the reclaimed water was used for power plant cooling, 25% for agricultural irrigation, 16% to replenish watercourses and only 2.5% for non-potable residential uses such as toilet flushing, road cleaning, car washing, fire fighting and the use of water for construction. Only 0.5% was used to irrigate parks such as the Beijing Olympic Park. However, another source states that in the same year a much higher share of 47% of the reclaimed water was used for agricultural irrigation, about 30% for environmental reuse, only 20% for industries and 3% for "urban miscellaneous reuses". A third source says that the 2010 target was to reclaim 0.6 billion cubic meters of water (1.64 million cubic meters per day), out of which 50% were for agriculture, 25% for industry including power plant cooling and 25% for non-potable municipal uses without mentioning environmental uses. In 2010, the use of reclaimed water reached 680 million cubic meters per year (1.86 billion cubic meters per day), accounting for 19 percent of the city's water supply. By 2015, the total volume of reclaimed water is planned to be 1 billion cubic meters per year (2.74 million cubic meters per day), bringing the share of reclaimed water to 28%. The above sets of figures are inconsistent with each other, making it hard to find out the actual quantities and shares of reclaimed water.

text: In 2008 out of the total treatment capacity of 2.52 billion cubic meters per day, about one third or 0.86 billion cubic meters per day could be treated at the standard of reclaimed water. Each plant possesses the capacity to further treat part of its flow for reclamation. The capacities of some plants are not fully used. According to one source, 56% of the reclaimed water was used for power plant cooling, 25% for agricultural irrigation, 16% to replenish watercourses and only 2.5% for non-potable residential uses such as toilet flushing, road cleaning, car washing, fire fighting and the use of water for construction. Only 0.5% was used to irrigate parks such as the

text: Beijing Olympic Park

text: . However, another source states that in the same year a much higher share of 47% of the reclaimed water was used for agricultural irrigation, about 30% for environmental reuse, only 20% for industries and 3% for "urban miscellaneous reuses". A third source says that the 2010 target was to reclaim 0.6 billion cubic meters of water (1.64 million cubic meters per day), out of which 50% were for agriculture, 25% for industry including power plant cooling and 25% for non-potable municipal uses without mentioning environmental uses. In 2010, the use of reclaimed water reached 680 million cubic meters per year (1.86 billion cubic meters per day), accounting for 19 percent of the city's water supply. By 2015, the total volume of reclaimed water is planned to be 1 billion cubic meters per year (2.74 million cubic meters per day), bringing the share of reclaimed water to 28%. The above sets of figures are inconsistent with each other, making it hard to find out the actual quantities and shares of reclaimed water.

text: Despite covering only about 6.5% of the total area of Egypt; the Nile Valley and Nile Delta are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population.  The Nile valley extends approximately 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo.  The Nile Valley is very cool and known as Upper Egypt, while the Nile Delta region is known as Lower Egypt.  Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production.  In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry.  Since construction of the Aswan Dam, agriculture in the Nile valley depends on irrigation.  The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas.  Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture.  Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture.

text: Despite covering only about 6.5% of the total area of Egypt; the

text: Nile Valley

text: and

text: Nile Delta

text: are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population.  The Nile valley extends approximately 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo.  The Nile Valley is very cool and known as

text: Upper Egypt

text: , while the Nile Delta region is known as

text: Lower Egypt

text: .  Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production.  In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry.  Since construction of the

text: Aswan Dam

text: , agriculture in the Nile valley depends on

text: irrigation

text: .  The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas.  Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture.  Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture.

text: Another important benefit in using the SODIS bottles as opposed to the bags or other methods requiring the water to be transferred to a smaller container for consumption is that the bottles are a point-of-use household water treatment method. Point-of-use means that the water is treated in the same easy to handle container it will be served from, thus decreasing the risk of secondary water contamination.

text: Shortly before opening day, the Mall of America filed a lawsuit against Water Park of America claiming trademark infringement. The Mall of America claimed the water park's name was too similar to the Mall of America's name and could cause some to associate the two. The Water Park of America filed a counterclaim in the matter accusing the Mall of America of, among other things, knowing about Water Park of America's use of the name since the fall of 2003, encouraging the use of the name, and encouraging the Water Park of America to spend millions of dollars advertising and promoting the name up until March 2006. Water Park of America went on to claim that the reason Mall of America changed its position became clear in a press release, in which the Mall of America announced it was going to build its own water park as part of Phase II. The parties have settled the dispute under confidential terms.

text: Shortly before opening day, the

text: Mall of America

text: filed a

text: lawsuit

text: against Water Park of America claiming

text: trademark infringement

text: . The Mall of America claimed the water park's name was too similar to the Mall of America's name and could cause some to associate the two. The Water Park of America filed a counterclaim in the matter accusing the Mall of America of, among other things, knowing about Water Park of America's use of the name since the fall of 2003, encouraging the use of the name, and encouraging the Water Park of America to spend millions of dollars advertising and promoting the name up until March 2006. Water Park of America went on to claim that the reason Mall of America changed its position became clear in a press release, in which the Mall of America announced it was going to build its own water park as part of Phase II. The parties have settled the dispute under confidential terms.

text: Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the steam turbine and heat exchanger, in addition to its use as a chemical solvent. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge.

text: Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the

text: steam turbine

text: and

text: heat exchanger

text: , in addition to its use as a chemical

text: solvent

text: . Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is

text: pollution

text: . Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (

text: thermal pollution

text: ). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge.

text: The PRMCC, through its founding partners (Caribbean Stranding Network and the Inter American University of Puerto Rico), is committed to enhance implementing research, rescue, rehabilitation, and community outreach programs for manatee conservation. A capital improvement plan has been slated by the PRMCC and includes development steps for: (1) Financing the yearly operation of the PRMCC; (2) Completing the infrastructure of rehabilitation tanks for better functioning, including a false floor in the medical tank, automatic chlorination and an ozone filtration system; (3) Constructing Phase 3 of the PRMCC, including laboratories, veterinary clinic, husbandry areas and a community outreach room to receive the general public; (4) Refurbishing the sea-pen used by the PRMCC in collaboration with the Puerto Rico National Guard in Punta Salinas to re-introduce rehabilitated manatees to the wild; and (5) Refurbishing quarantine tanks and constructing aquaculture ponds for the aquaponic cultivation of aquatic plants (water hyacinths and water thyme) that will serve as food for the manatees in rehabilitation in a sustainable manner.

text: Municipal and Industrial water use can impact sturgeon by changing the amount of water available, the water temperature and water quality.

text: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Sewage treatment

text: is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Determination of whether a material constitutes a particular waste type may govern the manner in which the material must be handled from that point forward. For example, in the United States, non-hazardous municipal solid waste may be sent to a landfill, while used motor oil is deemed hazardous and cannot be dumped in landfills, but rather is subject to more stringent handling, storage, treatment, and disposal requirements.

text: Determination of whether a material constitutes a particular waste type may govern the manner in which the material must be handled from that point forward. For example, in the United States, non-hazardous

text: municipal solid waste

text: may be sent to a landfill, while used motor oil is deemed hazardous and cannot be dumped in landfills, but rather is subject to more stringent handling, storage, treatment, and disposal requirements.

text: When an organization does not possess a healthy culture or requires some kind of organizational culture change, the change process can be daunting. One major reason why such change is difficult is that organizational cultures, and the organizational structures in which they are embedded, often reflect the "imprint" of earlier periods in a persistent way and exhibit remarkable levels of inertia. Culture change may be necessary to reduce employee turnover, influence employee behavior, make improvements to the company, refocus the company objectives and/or rescale the organization, provide better customer service, and/or achieve specific company goals and results. Culture change is affected by a number of elements, including the external environment and industry competitors, change in industry standards, technology changes, the size and nature of the workforce, and the organization's history and management.

text: All of the water requirements for irrigation, flushing, and cooling tower is met through treated effluent. The water-efficient fixtures in the complex is estimated to reduce the water usage in the hotel by 35 percent compared with conventional benchmarks. The external pervious areas and green roofs along with water-harvesting structures will retain all of storm-water catchment on-site. Waste generated by the hotel is completely recycled by waste segregation at source and utilisation for useful purposes. The hotel has an onsite organic waste converter, capable of converting all of the organic waste produced daily into manure, installed.

text: On line 8, "His" is the word which appears in the original 1609 Quarto. Katherine Duncan-Jones has edited this to become "her," as many scholars think that "his" may be a misreading of the manuscript, which may have read "hir". This change is frequently made by editors, as Philomel is referred to as feminine throughout the rest of the sonnet. However, there are scholars who defend the use of "his". Stephen Booth simply contends that this is done to move away from the mythological allusion and focuses on the nightingale: It is the male nightingale that sings. While David West also offers a defense of the use of "his," his reasoning differs greatly from Booth. West contends that Shakespeare used his for a variety of reasons, among his reasons being to avoid " the embarrassment of comparing [his lover] to a female." Another reason defense put forth by West is a difference in language. In Elizabethan times, his was used as a neutral pronoun, often used where a modern writer would use "its".

text: Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution.

text: Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of

text: hydropower

text: , and early industrial uses of

text: tidal power

text: and

text: wind power

text: fossil fuel

text: s such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of

text: watermill

text: s in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

text: wheeled

text: and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early

text: fulling

text: mills,

text: gristmill

text: s,

text: huller

text: s,

text: sawmill

text: s,

text: ship mill

text: s,

text: stamp mill

text: s,

text: steel mill

text: s,

text: sugar mills

text: tide mill

text: s and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented

text: crankshaft

text: s and

text: water turbine

text: s, employed

text: gear

text: s in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by

text: manual labour

text: in

text: ancient times

text: to be

text: mechanized

text: and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: An assessment of water management in agriculture sector was conducted in 2007 by the International Water Management Institute in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population. It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of physical water scarcity, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. One third of the worlds population does not have access to clean drinking water, which is more than 2.3 billion people. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.

text: An assessment of water management in agriculture sector was conducted in 2007 by the

text: in

text: Sri Lanka

text: physical water scarcity

text: , where there is not enough water to meet all demands. One third of the worlds population does not have access to clean drinking water, which is more than 2.3 billion people. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing

text: economic water scarcity

text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the Clean Water Act, which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste. Point source water pollution is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste.

entity_name: United States regulation of point source water pollution

text: Point source water pollution

text: is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

text: Tariffs. Tariffs are identical for the entire service area of ONEA, with the objective of cross subsidies between localities. The ONEA water tariffs are among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, reaching on average CFA franc 440/m3 (US$0.87/m3). The tariff structure is based on an increasing block rate system, with a social block including a basic consumption of 8 cubic meter per household and month at CFAF 209/m3 (US$0.41/m3) including the sanitation surcharge. However, taking into account the fixed monthly fee of CFAF 1,000 (US$2), a household consuming 6 m3 per month actually pays the equivalent of CFAF 375/m3 (US$0.75/m3). Commercial users, public buildings and residential users with a consumption of more than 30m3/month pay CFAF 1,040 per m3 (US$ 2.05/m3). Consumers using standpipes should pay CFAF 5 (US$0.01) for a 20-liter bucket, CFAF 10  (US$0.02) for a 40-liter bucket and CFAF 60 (US$0.12) for a 220-liter barrel. The price per bucket corresponds to CFAF 250/m3 (US$0.50/m3). However, this official rate is not well enforced and in practice users pay between CFAF 350 and 600/m3 (US$0.75/m3 - US$1.20/m3). Standpipe caretakers pay CFAF 188/m3 (US$0.37/m3) to the utility and earn a living based on the margin they charge. Consumers using vendors pay much higher rates, around CFAF 1,000-1,500/m3 (US$2–3/m3). Under a social connection program, connection fees charged by the national utility for household connections, which were set at CFAF 120,000 (US$240) in 2005, corresponding to the full cost of establishing the connection, were first reduced to CFAF 50,000 (US$lOO) and then to CFAF 30,000 (US$60)

text: Tariffs. Tariffs are identical for the entire service area of ONEA, with the objective of cross subsidies between localities. The ONEA water tariffs are among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, reaching on average

text: CFA franc

text: 440/m3 (US$0.87/m3). The tariff structure is based on an increasing block rate system, with a social block including a basic consumption of 8 cubic meter per household and month at CFAF 209/m3 (US$0.41/m3) including the sanitation surcharge. However, taking into account the fixed monthly fee of CFAF 1,000 (US$2), a household consuming 6 m3 per month actually pays the equivalent of CFAF 375/m3 (US$0.75/m3). Commercial users, public buildings and residential users with a consumption of more than 30m3/month pay CFAF 1,040 per m3 (US$ 2.05/m3). Consumers using standpipes should pay CFAF 5 (US$0.01) for a 20-liter bucket, CFAF 10  (US$0.02) for a 40-liter bucket and CFAF 60 (US$0.12) for a 220-liter barrel. The price per bucket corresponds to CFAF 250/m3 (US$0.50/m3). However, this official rate is not well enforced and in practice users pay between CFAF 350 and 600/m3 (US$0.75/m3 - US$1.20/m3). Standpipe caretakers pay CFAF 188/m3 (US$0.37/m3) to the utility and earn a living based on the margin they charge. Consumers using vendors pay much higher rates, around CFAF 1,000-1,500/m3 (US$2–3/m3). Under a social connection program, connection fees charged by the national utility for household connections, which were set at CFAF 120,000 (US$240) in 2005, corresponding to the full cost of establishing the connection, were first reduced to CFAF 50,000 (US$lOO) and then to CFAF 30,000 (US$60)

text: The ECOTOX, ERED (sediment) and Toxicity Residue Databases are used by many regulatory agencies such as state environmental quality agencies and the EPA to determine regulatory environmental toxicant concentration levels. Under the Clean Water Act the EPA has used the ECOTOX database among other information to set wastewater toxicant concentration standards for industry as well as water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. Under the CWA, individual states must regulate water quality criteria at or below the concentrations set forth by the EPA. Sediment toxicant concentrations, however, are generally not regulated in the same way. The determination of sediment quality criteria and sediment toxicity testing is highly complex and is often regulated by states or some state run environmental agency. Sediment toxicity evaluations of contaminated sediments are very site specific and toxicant effect levels are often much more variable than those of surface waters. For this reason it may be nearly impossible to develop feasible acceptable sediment concentration regulations that apply to all aquatic systems or regions.

text: The ECOTOX, ERED (sediment) and Toxicity Residue Databases are used by many regulatory agencies such as state environmental quality agencies and the EPA to determine regulatory environmental toxicant concentration levels. Under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: the EPA has used the ECOTOX database among other information to set wastewater toxicant concentration standards for industry as well as water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. Under the CWA, individual states must regulate water quality criteria at or below the concentrations set forth by the EPA. Sediment toxicant concentrations, however, are generally not regulated in the same way. The determination of sediment quality criteria and sediment toxicity testing is highly complex and is often regulated by states or some state run environmental agency. Sediment toxicity evaluations of contaminated sediments are very site specific and toxicant effect levels are often much more variable than those of surface waters. For this reason it may be nearly impossible to develop feasible acceptable sediment concentration regulations that apply to all aquatic systems or regions.

text: Clause III A defines how the water use is quantified / measured for domestic, municipal, irrigation, industrial, production of power and diversions outside the Godavari river basin area. Clause III B defines how a water use from the manmade reservoirs and other works are measured for remaining uses (navigation, pisciculture, wild life protection and recreation purposes) which are not covered under Clause III A.

text: After a first settling and/or screening treatment, wastewaters to be treated (civil, industrial, domestic) are pumped into RCBR modules. By the wastewaters contact, plastic caps are covered by a bacterial biological film. Bacteria are nourished by the organic substance dissolved into the water, purifying it. Purified waters can be drained on a surface body water or on the ground. If they are conveniently disinfected and complementing the modules with a tertiary depuration plant, these waters can be used to irrigate, to full the toilets, to wash objects and streets.

text: The difference of these methods could be demonstrated with the methods used in waste water processing: in the clarification phase, sludge sinks to the bottom of the pool and clear water flows over the clear water grooves and continues its journey. The obtained sludge is then pumped into the thickeners, where sludge thickens farther and is then obtained to be pumped into digestion to be prepared into fertilizer.

text: Since 2004 new rules are in force for fresh water and saltwater fishing as an aquaculture practice under specific organic labeling. Fresh water fishing in ponds is notable for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); this species is also adopted to land based marine aquaculture. Eel farming is also popular where water is recirculated in fresh water tanks. Other varieties of fish adopted in fresh water fishing are mussels, oysters and crayfish. Turbot from which is mostly exported is also a species raised under aquaculture. Many species are also raised for stocking. Shell fish has also been produced and its yield has was a record 280 metric tonnes between 2004 and 2005. Approval process involves clearance from the Department of Fisheries under the Danish Environment Protection Act; recirculated eel farms are exempt under this Act.

text: Since 2004 new rules are in force for fresh water and saltwater fishing as an aquaculture practice under specific organic labeling. Fresh water fishing in ponds is notable for

text: rainbow trout

text: (Oncorhynchus mykiss); this species is also adopted to land based marine aquaculture. Eel farming is also popular where water is recirculated in fresh water tanks. Other varieties of fish adopted in fresh water fishing are mussels,

text: oysters

text: and

text: crayfish

text: Turbot

text: from which is mostly exported is also a species raised under aquaculture. Many species are also raised for stocking. Shell fish has also been produced and its yield has was a record 280 metric tonnes between 2004 and 2005. Approval process involves clearance from the Department of Fisheries under the Danish Environment Protection Act; recirculated eel farms are exempt under this Act.

text: Restraint should be exercised in the polemical use of pure reason. Kant defined this polemical use as the defense against dogmatic negations. For example, if it is dogmatically affirmed that God exists or that the soul is immortal, a dogmatic negation could be made that God doesn't exist or that the soul is not immortal. Such dogmatic assertions can't be proved. The statements are not based on possible experience. In section II, the discipline of pure reason in polemics, Kant argues strongly against the polemical use of pure reason. The dogmatic use of reason would be the acceptance as true of a statement that goes beyond the bounds of reason while the polemic use of reason would be the defense of such statement against any attack that could be raised against it. For Kant, then, there cannot possibly be any polemic use of pure reason. Kant argues against the polemic use of pure reason and considers it improper on the grounds that opponents cannot engage in a rational dispute based on a question that goes beyond the bounds of experience.

text: Restraint should be exercised in the

text: polemic

text: al use of pure reason. Kant defined this polemical use as the defense against dogmatic negations. For example, if it is dogmatically affirmed that

text: God

text: exists or that the

text: soul

text: is immortal, a dogmatic negation could be made that God doesn't exist or that the soul is not immortal. Such dogmatic assertions can't be proved. The statements are not based on possible

text: experience

text: . In section II, the discipline of pure reason in polemics, Kant argues strongly against the polemical use of pure reason. The dogmatic use of reason would be the acceptance as true of a statement that goes beyond the bounds of reason while the polemic use of reason would be the defense of such statement against any attack that could be raised against it. For Kant, then, there cannot possibly be any polemic use of pure reason. Kant argues against the polemic use of pure reason and considers it improper on the grounds that opponents cannot engage in a rational dispute based on a question that goes beyond the bounds of experience.

text: The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon, but the test audiences disliked it. The scene was written to give the film more suspense, and featured Cal (falsely) offering to give Lovejoy, his valet, the "Heart of the Ocean" if he can get it from Jack and Rose. Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first-class dining room. Just as they are about to escape him, Lovejoy notices Rose's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding. In revenge for framing him for the "theft" of the necklace, Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window, which explains the gash on Lovejoy's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film. In their reactions to the scene, test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one's life for wealth, and Cameron cut it for this reason, as well as for timing and pacing reasons. Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons.

text: The version used for the first

text: test screening

text: featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon, but the test audiences disliked it. The scene was written to give the film more suspense, and featured Cal (falsely) offering to give Lovejoy, his valet, the "

text: Heart of the Ocean

text: " if he can get it from Jack and Rose. Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first-class dining room. Just as they are about to escape him, Lovejoy notices Rose's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding. In revenge for framing him for the "theft" of the necklace, Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window, which explains the gash on Lovejoy's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film. In their reactions to the scene, test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one's life for wealth, and Cameron cut it for this reason, as well as for timing and pacing reasons. Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons.

text: Some historical writers attribute the change in the political organization of the primitive Polanie tribe to the influence of foreign commerce, which for geographic reasons had early centered on the Gopło. At that period the lake was a very large body of water with a level at least ten feet higher than at present. The many small lakes now existing in the region were in all probability a part of Gopło, and the valleys of the vicinity constituted the bottom of the lake. There are many reasons to believe that such was the hydrography of the section in that remote age. In his  description of Gopło, written five hundred years ago, Jan Długosz, a Polish historian, speaks of a vast body of water, leading us to believe that the lake then was much larger than it is at the present time. There is reason to believe that five hundred years previous to this historian's time, before the primeval forests were cut, the lake was still larger. The supposition that Gopło at the time of its highest level was connected by means of small navigable streams with the rivers Warta, Oder and the Vistula is quite plausible.

text: Some historical writers attribute the change in the political organization of the primitive Polanie tribe to the influence of foreign commerce, which for geographic reasons had early centered on the Gopło. At that period the lake was a very large body of water with a level at least ten feet higher than at present. The many small lakes now existing in the region were in all probability a part of Gopło, and the valleys of the vicinity constituted the bottom of the lake. There are many reasons to believe that such was the

text: hydrography

text: of the section in that remote age. In his  description of Gopło, written five hundred years ago,

text: Jan Długosz

text: , a Polish historian, speaks of a vast body of water, leading us to believe that the lake then was much larger than it is at the present time. There is reason to believe that five hundred years previous to this historian's time, before the primeval forests were cut, the lake was still larger. The supposition that Gopło at the time of its highest level was connected by means of small navigable streams with the rivers Warta, Oder and the Vistula is quite plausible.

text: Recently Dr. Addison Lawrence received a patent for his System and Method for Super-Intensive Shrimp Production.  This system employs artificial raceways to produce large quantities of shrimp.  In an interview with Undercurrent News Lawrence said, “We have several very interested commercial groups interested in using the technology to develop shrimp farms in the United States, and we have several groups interested in developing farms outside of the US,"Super-Intensive Shrimp Production offers the capability to have no outflow, saving on water costs, reducing the impact on local water resources and reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming.

text: Gurtnellen has an area, , of . Of this area, 11.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 25.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (61.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , 16.9% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 5.2% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for farming or pastures, while 2.9% is used for orchards or vine crops and 9.0% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 0.2% is covered with buildings, 0.1% is industrial, 0.2% is classed as special developments, and 0.8% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.1% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.9% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 39.3% is too rocky for vegetation, and 21.4% is other unproductive land.

text: Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species.

text: All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has ever been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such claim.

text: Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, and food production towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of systems ecology and industrial ecology.

text: Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, and food production towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of

text: systems ecology

text: and

text: industrial ecology

text: Since approximately 1930 it is common to use water cooling for tubes of powerful transmitters. As these devices uses high operation voltages ( around 10 kV), the use of deionized water is required and it has to be carefully controlled.Modern solid-state transmitters can be built so, that even high power transmitters do not require water cooling. Water cooling is however also sometimes used for thyristors of HVDC valves, for which also the use of deionized water is required.

text: Although carrageenans were introduced on an industrial scale in the 1930s, they were first used in China around 600 B.C. (where Gigartina was used) and in Ireland around 400 A.D. Carrageen gelatin can be prepared at home using the traditional recipe found in Diderot's Encyclopédie and used for centuries. 5oz rinsed Irish moss is cooked with 8 quarts of water for 10 minutes, stirred as it boils. Hard water should be mixed with 1/2 oz of borax. Two quarts of cold water are rapidly added to the hot brew, and after the mixture has cooled it is strained through a cloth. It is then cooled for 24 hours and becomes gelatinous.

text: Although carrageenans were introduced on an industrial scale in the 1930s, they were first used in

text: China

text: around 600 B.C. (where Gigartina was used) and in

text: Ireland

text: around 400 A.D. Carrageen gelatin can be prepared at home using the traditional recipe found in Diderot's

text: Encyclopédie

text: and used for centuries. 5oz rinsed Irish moss is cooked with 8 quarts of water for 10 minutes, stirred as it boils. Hard water should be mixed with 1/2 oz of borax. Two quarts of cold water are rapidly added to the hot brew, and after the mixture has cooled it is strained through a cloth. It is then cooled for 24 hours and becomes gelatinous.

text: When lindane is used in agriculture, an estimated 12–30% of it volatilizes into the atmosphere, where it is subject to long-range transport and can be deposited by rainfall. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water, and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. However, biotransformation and elimination are relatively rapid when exposure is discontinued. Most exposure of the general population to lindane has resulted from agricultural uses and the intake of foods, such as produce, meats and milk, produced from treated agricultural commodities. Human exposure has decreased significantly since the cancellation of agricultural uses in 2006. Even so, the CDC published in 2005 its Third National Report on Human Exposures to Environmental Chemicals, which found no detectable amounts of lindane in human blood taken from a random sampling of about 5,000 people in the US as part of the NHANES study (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm ). The lack of detection of lindane in this large human "biomonitoring" study likely reflects the increasingly limited agricultural uses of lindane over the last two decades.  The cancellation of agricultural uses in the United States will further reduce the amount of lindane introduced into the environment by more than 99%.

text: When lindane is used in agriculture, an estimated 12–30% of it volatilizes into the atmosphere, where it is subject to

text: long-range transport

text: and can be deposited by rainfall. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water, and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. However, biotransformation and elimination are relatively rapid when exposure is discontinued. Most exposure of the general population to lindane has resulted from agricultural uses and the intake of foods, such as produce, meats and milk, produced from treated agricultural commodities. Human exposure has decreased significantly since the cancellation of agricultural uses in 2006. Even so, the CDC published in 2005 its Third National Report on Human Exposures to Environmental Chemicals, which found no detectable amounts of lindane in human blood taken from a random sampling of about 5,000 people in the US as part of the NHANES study (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm ). The lack of detection of lindane in this large human "biomonitoring" study likely reflects the increasingly limited agricultural uses of lindane over the last two decades.  The cancellation of agricultural uses in the United States will further reduce the amount of lindane introduced into the environment by more than 99%.

text: The term "balneotherapy" is generally applied to everything relating to spa treatment, including the drinking of waters and the use of hot baths and natural vapor baths, as well as of the various kinds of mud and sand used for hot applications. Balneotherapy refers to the medical use of these spas, as opposed to recreational use. Common minerals found in spa waters are sodium, magnesium, calcium, and iron, as well as arsenic, lithium, potassium, manganese, bromine, and iodine. All these may be contained in the peat that is commonly used in preparation of spa waters. Resorts may also add minerals or essential oils to naturally occurring hot springs. Though balneotherapy commonly refers to mineral baths, the term may also apply to water treatments using regular hot or cold tap water.

text: The term "balneotherapy" is generally applied to everything relating to spa treatment, including the drinking of waters and the use of hot baths and natural vapor baths, as well as of the various kinds of mud and sand used for hot applications. Balneotherapy refers to the medical use of these spas, as opposed to recreational use. Common minerals found in spa waters are

text: sodium

text: magnesium

text: calcium

text: , and

text: iron

text: , as well as

text: arsenic

text: lithium

text: potassium

text: manganese

text: bromine

text: , and

text: iodine

text: . All these may be contained in the

text: peat

text: that is commonly used in preparation of spa waters. Resorts may also add minerals or essential oils to naturally occurring hot springs. Though balneotherapy commonly refers to mineral baths, the term may also apply to water treatments using regular hot or cold tap water.

text: Clause I declares that ground water use shall not be reckoned as river water use. In Godavari basin the ground water use exceeds surface / river water use in irrigation, etc. So the actual return flows available would not exceed 10% of primary water supply of the river. Thus as an exception in case of irrigation use, Clause II B aptly says that the extent of return flows shall not be deducted from the water lifted / diverted for the irrigation use (clause III A i). Also, it implies that return flows deduction is applicable for water uses under domestic & municipal water supply (clause III A iii) and industrial purpose (clause III A iv) at the rate of 80% and 97.5% respectively.

text: Growing algae as a source of biofuel has also been shown to have numerous environmental benefits, and has presented itself as a much more environmentally friendly alternative to current biofuels. For one, it is able to utilize run-off, water contaminated with fertilizers and other nutrients that are a by-product of farming, as its primary source of water and nutrients. Because of this, it prevents this contaminated water from mixing with the lakes and rivers that currently supply our drinking water. In addition to this, the ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates that would normally render the water unsafe actually serve as excellent nutrients for the algae, meaning that fewer resources are needed to grow the algae. Many algae species used in biodiesel production are excellent bio-fixers, meaning they are able to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to use as a form of energy for themselves. Because of this, they have found use in industry as a way to treat flue gases and reduce GHG emissions.

text: Agricultural images, according to King and Rhodes, when viewed as semiotic signs of agriculture are viewed on a scale. People with high exposure to agriculture (those with agricultural backgrounds such as FFA, family farms, etc.) tend to associate agricultural images with day-to-day tasks (such as operating farm equipment or getting things ready to plant) and objects such as muddy boots or farm tools. Those with low exposure to agriculture (those who grew up in suburban or urban areas) tend to associate the images of agriculture with agricultural or open-space landscapes and finished agricultural food products in grocery stores.  There are also those with a medium exposure to agriculture, who view agricultural images as somewhere in between industrial and open-space settings of agriculture.

text: According to ANA, the dry Pacific basin, with 37.4 km³ available per year, accounts for less than 2% of Peru's renewable water resources. Its 62 rivers flowing west from the Andes supply the bulk of the water to the coastal region. Of these rivers, only about 30% are perennial. From 1984 to 2000, the average water availability decreased to 33 km³ per year and from 2003 to 2004 to 20 km³ per year. Agriculture accounts for the withdrawal of 14 km³ per year (or 80% of total water use) and domestic withdrawals account for 2 km³ per year (12% of total water use). The Atlantic basin holds more than 97% of all available water with nearly 2,000 km³ per year. Agriculture also accounts for 80% of water use, while domestic use accounts for 14%. The Lake Titicaca basin receives 10 BCM per year, less than 1% of the total. In this basin, agriculture accounts for 66% of total water use, while domestic use accounts for 30%.

text: Advancements in water treatment technology have affected all areas of industrial water treatment. Although mechanical filtration, such as reverse osmosis, is widely employed to filter contaminants, other technologies including the use of ozone generators, wastewater evaporation, electrodeionization and bioremediation are also able to address the challenges of industrial water treatment.

text: Advancements in water treatment technology have affected all areas of industrial water treatment. Although mechanical filtration, such as

text: reverse osmosis

text: , is widely employed to filter contaminants, other technologies including the use of ozone generators, wastewater evaporation,

text: electrodeionization

text: and bioremediation are also able to address the challenges of industrial water treatment.

text: Such a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household. The danger of biological contamination is avoided by using:

text: Such a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household. The danger of

text: biological contamination

text: is avoided by using:

text: The provision of household amenities steadily improved during the second half of the twentieth century. From 1971 to 1983, households having the sole use of a fixed bath or shower rose from 88% to 97%, and those with an internal WC from 87% to 97%. In addition, the number of households with central heating almost doubled during that same period, from 34% to 64%. By 1983, 94% of all households had a refrigerator, 81% a colour television, 80% a washing machine, 57% a deep freezer, and 28% a tumble-drier.

text: The 27,000-square foot sugar house on Madava Farms houses the equipment for syrup production, a café and special events dining room, and a store selling crown maple products and other goods. Crown Maple is the only syrup producer that uses a reverse osmosis filtration system, which removes 80% of the water content from the sap and filters out impurities. The facility also contains one of the largest maple syrup evaporators ever built. In an effort to ensure that the syrup production process has a minimized environmental impact, the equipment is cleaned using steam from the evaporation process. This reduces the amount of water used, which is both ecologically and financially beneficial The finished syrup rates a 67 on the Brix scale, higher than the standard 66%, but below the legal limit of 68%.

text: The 27,000-square foot

text: sugar house

text: on Madava Farms houses the equipment for syrup production, a café and special events dining room, and a store selling crown maple products and other goods. Crown Maple is the only syrup producer that uses a

text: reverse osmosis

text: filtration system, which removes 80% of the water content from the sap and filters out impurities. The facility also contains one of the largest maple syrup evaporators ever built. In an effort to ensure that the syrup production process has a minimized environmental impact, the equipment is cleaned using steam from the

text: evaporation

text: process. This reduces the amount of water used, which is both ecologically and financially beneficial The finished syrup rates a 67 on the Brix scale, higher than the standard 66%, but below the legal limit of 68%.

text: Activated sludge model is a generic name for a group of mathematical methods to model activated sludge systems. The research in this area is coordinated by a task group of the International Water Association (IWA). Activated sludge models are used in scientific research to study biological processes in hypothetical systems. They can also be applied on full scale waste water treatment plants for optimisation, when carefully calibrated with reference data for sludge production and nutrients in the effluent.

text: Activated sludge model is a generic name for a group of mathematical methods to model

text: activated sludge

text: systems. The research in this area is coordinated by a task group of the

text: International Water Association

text: (IWA). Activated sludge models are used in scientific research to study biological processes in hypothetical systems. They can also be applied on full scale waste water treatment plants for optimisation, when carefully calibrated with reference data for sludge production and nutrients in the effluent.

text: The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4800; 113th Congress) would appropriate $20.9 billion. The funding would go to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and its programs and services, such as the United States Secretary of Agriculture, the National Appeals Division, the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics, the Economic Research Service, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the Agricultural Research Service, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Office of the Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Agricultural Marketing Service, the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety, the Food Safety and Inspection Service, the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, the Farm Service Agency, the Risk Management Agency, and other related agencies. One controversial provision of the bill was the provision that would waive the requirement that schools follow certain nutritional requirements in their school lunches, requirements that first lady Michelle Obama has been a strong supporter of.

text: The

entity_name: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015

text: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4800; 113th Congress)

text: would appropriate $20.9 billion. The funding would go to the

text: United States Department of Agriculture

text: (USDA) and its programs and services, such as the

text: United States Secretary of Agriculture

text: , the

text: National Appeals Division

text: , the

text: , the

text: Economic Research Service

text: , the

text: , the

text: Agricultural Research Service

text: , the

text: , the

text: , the

text: , the

text: Agricultural Marketing Service

text: , the

text: , the

text: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food Safety

text: , the

text: Food Safety and Inspection Service

text: , the

text: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services

text: , the

text: Farm Service Agency

text: , the

text: Risk Management Agency

text: , and other related agencies. One controversial provision of the bill was the provision that would waive the requirement that schools follow certain nutritional requirements in their school lunches, requirements that first lady

text: Michelle Obama

text: has been a strong supporter of.

text: Granite Island, also known by the Ramindjeri people as Nulcoowarra, is a small island next to Victor Harbor, South Australia, not far from South Australia's capital city, Adelaide. Although there are no permanent residents, there are buildings and shelters on the island, including a cafe. It is a popular tourist attraction, particularly for people wishing to see little penguins (commonly called "fairy penguins") which live there. The island also supported resident wallabies in the 1980s which captivated visiting tourists. The island is accessible across a causeway from the mainland, either on foot or by catching an antique horse-drawn tram. As of 2015, the private company Oceanic Victor intends to use the island as a departure point to ferry tourists to a new tourist attraction in adjacent waters. Tourists will be able to enter an aquaculture seacage where they will be able to swim with and hand feed southern bluefin tuna, and observe other South Australian marine species.

text: Granite Island, also known by the

text: Ramindjeri

text: people as Nulcoowarra, is a small island next to

text: Victor Harbor

text: South Australia

text: , not far from South Australia's capital city,

text: Adelaide

text: . Although there are no permanent residents, there are buildings and shelters on the island, including a cafe. It is a popular tourist attraction, particularly for people wishing to see

text: little penguin

text: s (commonly called "fairy penguins") which live there. The island also supported resident wallabies in the 1980s which captivated visiting tourists. The island is accessible across a

text: causeway

text: from the mainland, either on foot or by catching an

text: antique horse-drawn tram

text: . As of 2015, the private company

text: Oceanic Victor

text: intends to use the island as a departure point to ferry tourists to a new tourist attraction in adjacent waters. Tourists will be able to enter an aquaculture seacage where they will be able to swim with and hand feed

text: southern bluefin tuna

text: , and observe other South Australian marine species.

text: Consequences for agriculture have already been observed in North America. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the Barnett Shale region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried as hydraulic fracturing water has been taken from an aquifer used for residential and agricultural use.

text: Consequences for

text: agriculture

text: have already been observed in North America. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the

text: Barnett Shale

text: region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried as hydraulic fracturing water has been taken from an

text: aquifer

text: used for residential and agricultural use.

text: A particularity of water tariffs in England and Wales is the low share of metering. Most users are not billed on a volumetric basis and have no financial incentive for water conservation. Since the 1990s efforts have been made to increase the share of household metering, which reached 33% in 2008 for the UK. The Environment Agency would like to see 75% of households metered by 2025. Studies show that water meters lead to a 5-15% reduction in household water use. Meters are typically only installed at the request of customers.

text: Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A significant section of recreational activities are designated as  hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational drug use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms and laws.

text: Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A significant section of recreational activities are designated as

text: hobbies

text: which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, sports, studies, and travel. Some recreational activities - such as gambling,

text: recreational drug use

text: , or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms and laws.

text: There a number of different waste treatment technologies for the disposal, recycling, storage, or energy recovery from different waste types. Each type has its own associated methods of waste management.

text: There a number of different waste treatment technologies for the disposal,

text: recycling

text: storage

text: , or

text: energy recovery

text: from different

text: waste types

text: . Each type has its own associated methods of

text: waste management

text: A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. A single dwelling will be considered to contain multiple households if either meals or living space are not shared. The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is important to the fields of economics and inheritance. Household models include the family, varieties of blended families, share housing, group homes, boarding houses, houses in multiple occupation (UK), and a single room occupancy (US). In feudal times, the royal Household and medieval households of the wealthy would also have included servants and other retainers.

text: A household consists of one or more people who live in the same

text: dwelling

text: and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. A single dwelling will be considered to contain multiple households if either meals or living space are not shared. The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social,

text: microeconomic

text: and government models, and is important to the fields of

text: economics

text: and

text: inheritance

text: . Household models include the family, varieties of

text: blended families

text: share housing

text: group home

text: s,

text: boarding house

text: s,

text: houses in multiple occupation

text: (UK), and a

text: single room occupancy

text: (US). In

text: feudal

text: times, the

text: royal Household

text: and

text: medieval household

text: s of the wealthy would also have included

text: servants

text: and other retainers.

text: A fishing habitat was created downstream of the facility.In times of drought water quality can be maintained by using nearby recreational reservoirs to supply extra water to the creeks. The creeks and recreational reservoirs have water quality sufficient for fish.

text: The change in a judicial ideology about property rights during the early 19th century had far-reaching effects on the later development of the railroad. Beginning with mill cases during the late 18th century, courts began to change the application of common-law property rights. Two major common-law assumptions existed which would later be challenged in emerging disputes involving the rights of mill owners to obstruct the natural flow of streams adjacent to their property. Eighteenth-century English common law considered artificial influence to streams impermissible. A judge deciding a case in the New Jersey Supreme Court wrote, "The right to enjoyment of land is a basic attribute of dominion over property". This premise was based on the belief that the diversion or obstruction of streams adjacent to multiple property owners, without the consent of all interested parties, was an infringement of the natural right of enjoyment of one's land. Courts favored anti-developmental claims over economic development. "Conflicts over the use of land were invariably resolved in favor of economic inactivity". In 1783, courts began upholding the rights of new property owners to develop their land for economic purposes. In Shorey v. Gorrell (a case decided by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1783), "without long usage sufficient to confer a prescriptive right, there is no legal basis for preventing newcomers from obstructing a stream." The mill cases highlighted the pro-economic favoritism of the judiciary, an initiative contradicting 18th-century common-law orthodoxy. As the railroads emerged, many cases between private landowners such as Ezra B. Eaton and railroads accused of violating property rights would encounter pro-economic judicial forces (often deciding in favor of enterprises yielding the greatest economic benefit for the community or state) and overshadowing the preceding century's common-law principles. Horwitz wrote about some of the insights of the new judiciary, "Some attempted the modification of common-law definition of injury to permit extensive, uncompensated use of water for business purposes". In the 1805 Palmer v. Mulligan, the New York Supreme Court asserted for the first time that upstream land owners could obstruct the flow of water for mill use. The court reasoned that to prevent a newcomer from obstructing part of a stream would inherently confer exclusive rights to "whomever first built a dam," and resolved that "competition and rivalry is always good for [the] public".  The outcome of this case set a legal precedent, used by pro-economic judges tasked with determining injury related to water and property rights. The reasonable-use test, or balancing test, became the threshold in determining the merits of an injury caused to a property owner by the obstruction of naturally-flowing water by another. As its name implies, the reasonable-use test gave precedence for the first time to a property owner's right to use their land for economic development (regardless of the development's detriment to another property owner). In 1818, following Mulligan, Platt v. Johnson upheld  upstream mill owners' right to obstruct streams adjacent to downstream property owners. This case exemplified a shift in the judiciary favoring pro-economic-development land rights, citing the common-law maximum sic utere ("use it thus")—the shortened version of sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas ("use [what is] yours so as not to harm [what is] of others")—to justify property owners' use of land for economic interests (contradicting the maxim's original meaning). In Shorey, Mulligan and Johnson, the  early 19th-century courts introduced the view that injury was determined by "relative efficiencies of conflicting property uses" (as opposed to the English common-law tradition ensuring a natural right of enjoyment).

text: balancing test

text: , became the threshold in determining the merits of an injury caused to a property owner by the obstruction of naturally-flowing water by another. As its name implies, the reasonable-use test gave precedence for the first time to a property owner's right to use their land for economic development (regardless of the development's detriment to another property owner). In 1818, following Mulligan, Platt v. Johnson upheld  upstream mill owners' right to obstruct streams adjacent to downstream property owners. This case exemplified a shift in the judiciary favoring pro-economic-development land rights, citing the common-law maximum sic utere ("use it thus")—the shortened version of sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas ("use [what is] yours so as not to harm [what is] of others")—to justify property owners' use of land for economic interests (contradicting the maxim's original meaning). In Shorey, Mulligan and Johnson, the  early 19th-century courts introduced the view that injury was determined by "relative efficiencies of conflicting property uses" (as opposed to the English common-law tradition ensuring a natural right of enjoyment).

text: The Clean Water Rule is a final publication created by the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Army Corps of Engineers regarding water resource management in the United States. The legislation re-defines the rules and regulations of US waterways originally protected under the Clean Water Act of 1972.

text: The Clean Water Rule is a final publication created by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: and the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: regarding

text: water resource

text: management in the

text: United States

text: . The legislation re-defines the rules and regulations of US

text: waterways

text: originally protected under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: of 1972.

text: It is common industry practice to use specifically designed oil and water-based carriers for magnetic particles. Deodorized kerosene and mineral spirits have not been commonly used in the industry for 40 years. It is dangerous to use kerosene or mineral spirits as a carrier due to their low flash points, and inhalation of fumes by the operators.

text: It is common industry practice to use specifically designed oil and water-based carriers for magnetic particles. Deodorized kerosene and

text: mineral spirits

text: have not been commonly used in the industry for 40 years. It is dangerous to use kerosene or mineral spirits as a carrier due to their low

text: flash point

text: s, and inhalation of fumes by the operators.

text: Servando Teresa de Mier, in a treatise written in 1820 in which he discussed the reasons why New Spain was the only overseas territory of Spain that had not yet secured its independence, chose the term Anáhuac to refer to the country. This term, in Nahuatl, was used by the Mexica to refer to the territory they dominated. According to some linguists, it means "near or surrounded by waters", probably in reference to Lake Texcoco, even though it was also the word used to refer to the world or the terrestrial universe (as when used in the phrase Cem Anáhuac, "the entire earth") and in which their capital, Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was at the centre and at the same time at the centre of the waters, being built on an island in a lake.

text: Servando Teresa de Mier

text: , in a treatise written in 1820 in which he discussed the reasons why New Spain was the only overseas territory of

text: Spain

text: that had not yet secured its independence, chose the term Anáhuac to refer to the country. This term, in Nahuatl, was used by the

text: Mexica

text: to refer to the territory they dominated. According to some linguists, it means "near or surrounded by waters", probably in reference to

text: Lake Texcoco

text: , even though it was also the word used to refer to the

text: world

text: or the terrestrial universe (as when used in the phrase Cem Anáhuac, "the entire earth") and in which their capital,

text: Mexico-Tenochtitlan

text: , was at the centre and at the same time at the centre of the waters, being built on an island in a lake.

text: Multi-functional use of offshore waters can lead to more sustainable aquaculture "in areas that can be simultaneously used for other activities such as energy production". Operations for finfish and shellfish are being developed. For example, the Hubb-Sea World Research Institutes’ project to convert a retired oil platform 10 nm off the southern California coast to an experimental offshore aquaculture facility. The institute plans to grow mussels and red abalone on the actual platform, as well as white seabass, striped bass, bluefin tuna, California halibut and California yellowtail in floating cages.

text: Multi-functional use of offshore waters can lead to more sustainable aquaculture "in areas that can be simultaneously used for other activities such as energy production". Operations for finfish and shellfish are being developed. For example, the Hubb-Sea World Research Institutes’ project to convert a retired oil platform 10 nm off the southern California coast to an experimental offshore aquaculture facility. The institute plans to grow

text: mussel

text: s and

text: red abalone

text: on the actual platform, as well as

text: white seabass

text: striped bass

text: bluefin tuna

text: California halibut

text: and California yellowtail in floating cages.

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural products of water (fish, shellfish, algae, seaweed and other aquatic organisms). Intensive aquaculture takes place on land using  tanks, ponds or other controlled systems or in the ocean, using cages.

text: Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural products of

text: water

text: fish

text: shellfish

text: algae

text: seaweed

text: and other aquatic organisms). Intensive aquaculture takes place on land using  tanks, ponds or other controlled systems or in the ocean, using cages.

text: The term "water closet" is still used today in some places, but it often refers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbing fixtures such as a sink or a bathtub. Plumbing manufacturers often use the term "water closet" to differentiate toilets from urinals. American plumbing codes still refer to a toilet as a "Water Closet" or a "WC". Many South American countries refer to a toilet as a "water" or "WC". The Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary accepts "váter" as a name for a toilet or bathroom, which is derived from the British term "water closet". In French, the expression aller aux waters ("to go to the waters") has now become obsolete, but it also derives from "water closet". "WC" is still used in the French language, although not as common as the term "toilet", and pronounced as "VC", a shortened version of "double V C". In Germany, the expression "Klo" (first syllable of "Kloset") is still used, though "WC" is more common. In Dutch and Swiss German, using the term "WC" is common.

text: The term "water closet" is still used today in some places, but it often refers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbing fixtures such as a sink or a bathtub. Plumbing manufacturers often use the term "water closet" to differentiate toilets from

text: urinals

text: . American plumbing codes still refer to a toilet as a "Water Closet" or a "WC". Many South American countries refer to a toilet as a "water" or "WC". The

text: Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary

text: accepts "váter" as a name for a toilet or bathroom, which is derived from the British term "water closet". In French, the expression aller aux waters ("to go to the waters") has now become obsolete, but it also derives from "water closet". "WC" is still used in the French language, although not as common as the term "toilet", and pronounced as "VC", a shortened version of "double V C". In Germany, the expression "Klo" (first syllable of "Kloset") is still used, though "WC" is more common. In Dutch and Swiss German, using the term "WC" is common.

text: Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) recycle water by circulating it through filters to remove fish waste and food and then recirculating it back into the tanks.  This saves water and the waste gathered can be used in compost or, in some cases, could even be treated and used on land. While RAS was developed with freshwater fish in mind, scientist associated with the Agricultural Research Service have found a way to rear saltwater fish using RAS in low-salinity waters. Although saltwater fish are raised in off-shore cages or caught with nets in water that typically has a salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt), scientists were able to produce healthy pompano, a saltwater fish, in tanks with a salinity of only 5 ppt. Commercializing low-salinity RAS are predicted to have positive environmental and economical effects. Unwanted nutrients from the fish food would not be added to the ocean and the risk of transmitting diseases between wild and farm-raised fish would greatly be reduced. The price of expensive saltwater fish, such as the pompano and combia used in the experiments, would be reduced. However, before any of this can be done researchers must study every aspect of the fish's lifecycle, including the amount of ammonia and nitrate the fish will tolerate in the water, what to feed the fish during each stage of its lifecycle, the stocking rate that will produce the healthiest fish, etc.

text: Recirculating aquaculture systems

text: (RAS) recycle water by circulating it through filters to remove fish waste and food and then recirculating it back into the tanks.  This saves water and the waste gathered can be used in

text: compost

text: or, in some cases, could even be treated and used on land. While RAS was developed with freshwater fish in mind, scientist associated with the

text: Agricultural Research Service

text: have found a way to rear saltwater fish using RAS in low-salinity waters. Although saltwater fish are raised in off-shore cages or caught with nets in water that typically has a salinity of 35

text: parts per thousand

text: (ppt), scientists were able to produce healthy pompano, a saltwater fish, in tanks with a salinity of only 5 ppt. Commercializing low-salinity RAS are predicted to have positive environmental and economical effects. Unwanted nutrients from the fish food would not be added to the ocean and the risk of transmitting diseases between wild and farm-raised fish would greatly be reduced. The price of expensive saltwater fish, such as the pompano and combia used in the experiments, would be reduced. However, before any of this can be done researchers must study every aspect of the fish's lifecycle, including the amount of ammonia and nitrate the fish will tolerate in the water, what to feed the fish during each stage of its lifecycle, the

text: stocking rate

text: that will produce the healthiest fish, etc.

text: Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.5%.  Out of the forested land, 53.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 4.0% is used for growing crops and  20.1% is pastures and 14.4% is used for alpine pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

text: Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept.

text: Sometimes the term "integrated aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes, however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness.

text: Aquaponics

text: , fractionated aquaculture, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems, and integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems are other variations of the IMTA concept.

text: Hydroclaves use water as the pressurizing medium. Since the boiling point of water rises with pressure, the hydroclave can attain high temperatures without generating steam. While simple in principle, this brings complications. Substantial pumping capacity is needed, since even the slight compressibility of water means that the pressurization stores non-trivial energy. Seals that work reliably against air or another gas fail to work well with extremely hot water. Leaks behave differently in hydroclaves, as the leaking water flashes into steam, and this continues for as long as water remains in the vessel. For these and other reasons, very few manufacturers will consider making hydroclaves, and the prices of such machines reflect this.

text: The Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM agreed to the eligibility categories for the introduction of the CARIPASS. Given that the CARIPASS uses biometric technology to match the cardholder against the information within the CARIPASS System, the cardholder must be a minimum of sixteen (16) years of age. One reason for the age requirement is that biometrics, such as fingerprints and iris shape can change with age.

text: Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.

text: Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "

text: thermal treatment

text: ". Incinerators convert waste materials into

text: heat

text: gas

text: steam

text: , and

text: ash

text: Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.6%.  Out of the forested land, 45.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 5.7% is used for growing crops and  20.3% is pastures and 20.4% is used for alpine pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

text: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, water was the main source of power for new inventions such as Richard Arkwright's water frame. Although the use of water power gave way to steam power in many of the larger mills and factories, it was still used during the 18th and 19th centuries for many smaller operations, such as driving the bellows in small blast furnaces (e.g. the Dyfi Furnace) and gristmills, such as those built at Saint Anthony Falls, which uses the 50-foot (15 m) drop in the Mississippi River.

text: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, water was the main source of power for new inventions such as

text: Richard Arkwright

text: 's

text: water frame

text: . Although the use of water power gave way to steam power in many of the larger mills and factories, it was still used during the 18th and 19th centuries for many smaller operations, such as driving the bellows in small

text: blast furnace

text: s (e.g. the

text: Dyfi Furnace

text: ) and

text: gristmill

text: s, such as those built at

text: Saint Anthony Falls

text: , which uses the 50-foot (15 m) drop in the

text: Mississippi River

text: No information regarding the water quality of the dam but can be assumed to be fair. The Pongola Rivers major form of pollution is agricultural pesticides which make their way into the river due to the heavy use of land for agriculture above the dam.

text: No information regarding the water quality of the dam but can be assumed to be fair. The

text: Pongola River

text: s major form of pollution is agricultural pesticides which make their way into the river due to the heavy use of land for agriculture above the dam.

text: Nations overprinted stamps for use in their colonies mainly for the same reasons as for their domestic use. Due to poor planning, supply problems, faster than anticipated changing postal rates, changes in currency or other reasons they ran out of stamps, and demand had to be met. Some overprints were used to establish the first stage of postal service in a new territorial possession or colony however. If preparations had not been made, the controlling nation's regular homeland stamps would be overprinted with a local name, local currency or 'abroad' indication.  In a similar fashion a nation's domestic stamps may be overprinted for use in foreign post offices under that power's control.  For example, from 1919-22 the United States overprinted 18 postage stamps at double value and marked for its office in Shanghai, China.

text: Nations overprinted stamps for use in their colonies mainly for the same reasons as for their domestic use. Due to poor planning, supply problems, faster than anticipated changing postal rates, changes in currency or other reasons they ran out of stamps, and demand had to be met. Some overprints were used to establish the first stage of postal service in a new territorial possession or colony however. If preparations had not been made, the controlling nation's regular homeland stamps would be overprinted with a local name, local currency or 'abroad' indication.  In a similar fashion a nation's domestic stamps may be overprinted for use in foreign post offices under that power's control.  For example, from 1919-22 the United States overprinted 18 postage stamps at double value and marked for its office in

text: Shanghai

text: China

text: Whether research, teaching, study, or production systems, aquaculture engineering systems generally make use of water treatment operations to ensure the good quality of the environment for the fish life. Water recirculating systems are also an important aspect of this endeavor, with emphasis on water quality, oxygen content, and feed amount.

text: Class "C" refers to water that can sustain the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic life, water then can be used for recreational purposes including boating, and industrial water that can be used for industrial purposes after treatment.

text: Thus superheated water can be used to process many organic compounds with significant environmental benefits compared to the use of conventional organic solvents.

text: Indian carps and stinging catfish are cultured in Bangladesh, but the methods could be more productive. The pond and cage cultures used are based only on the fish. They don't take advantage of the productivity increases that could take place if other trophic levels were included. Expensive artificial feeds are used, partly to supply the fish with protein. These costs could be reduced if freshwater snails, such as Viviparus bengalensis, were simultaneously cultured, thus increasing the available protein. The organic and inorganic wastes produced as a byproduct of culturing could also be minimized by integrating freshwater snail and aquatic plants, such as water spinach,respectively.

text: Indian carps

text: and

text: stinging catfish

text: are cultured in Bangladesh, but the methods could be more productive. The pond and cage cultures used are based only on the fish. They don't take advantage of the productivity increases that could take place if other trophic levels were included. Expensive artificial feeds are used, partly to supply the fish with protein. These costs could be reduced if freshwater snails, such as Viviparus bengalensis, were simultaneously cultured, thus increasing the available protein. The organic and inorganic wastes produced as a byproduct of culturing could also be minimized by integrating freshwater snail and aquatic plants, such as

text: water spinach

text: ,respectively.

text: Commercial aquaculture in Washington is regulated by local, state, and federal government entities, each tasked with different responsibilities. Some of the agencies involved are the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, US Army Corps of Engineers, and the Food and Drug Administration. The decisions of these agencies are governed by several federal acts, such as the Clean Water Act, Lacey Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Animal Health Protection Act.

text: Commercial aquaculture in Washington is regulated by local, state, and federal government entities, each tasked with different responsibilities. Some of the agencies involved are the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: , and the

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: . The decisions of these agencies are governed by several federal acts, such as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: Lacey Act

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: , and

text: Animal Health Protection Act

text: It has also been used in aquaculture.

text: It has also been used in

text: aquaculture

text: In the United States, the term is applied with a body of federal and state standards and regulations that are monitored by regulatory agencies.  All states in the U.S. have some form of a department or commission that is responsible for a variety of activities such as monitoring quality, responding to citizen complaints, and enforcing environmental regulations.  The agency with the lead implementation responsibility for most major federal environmental laws (e.g. Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act) is the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other federal agencies with significant oversight roles include the  Council on Environmental Quality, Department of the Interior and the Army Corps of Engineers.

text: In the United States, the term is applied with a body of federal and state

text: standards and regulations

text: that are monitored by regulatory agencies.  All states in the U.S. have some form of a department or commission that is responsible for a variety of activities such as monitoring quality, responding to citizen complaints, and enforcing environmental regulations.  The agency with the lead implementation responsibility for most major federal environmental laws (e.g.

text: Clean Air Act

text: Clean Water Act

text: ) is the US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). Other federal agencies with significant oversight roles include the

text: Council on Environmental Quality

text: Department of the Interior

text: and the

text: Army Corps of Engineers

text: Slip Joint connections are also commonly used in waste water plumbing.

text: Slip Joint connections are also commonly used in

text: waste water plumbing

text: The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the atmospheric sciences and oceanography. The reason that it is usedin both fluids is that changes in pressure result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid- examples being the fact that air temperature drops as one climbs a mountain and water temperature can increase with depth in very deep ocean trenches and within the ocean mixed layer. When potential temperature is used instead, these apparently unstable conditions vanish.

text: The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the

text: atmospheric sciences

text: and

text: oceanography

text: . The reason that it is usedin both fluids is that changes in pressure result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid- examples being the fact that air temperature drops as one climbs a mountain and water temperature can increase with depth in very deep ocean trenches and within the ocean

text: mixed layer

text: . When potential temperature is used instead, these apparently unstable conditions vanish.

text: Water use in California is divided into approximately 51% for environmental uses, 39% agricultural use and 11% urban uses, though that varies considerably between regions and between wet and dry years. Solely relying on these statewide volumes is controversial because they don't consider the fact that most of the volume of water used for environmental purposes includes flows down Wild and Scenic Rivers in the North Coast where there is no practical way to recover it for either agricultural or urban use because it lacks many connections to the statewide water supply system. It also doesn't factor in the amount of water required to keep salty water from the Pacific Ocean from intruding into the Delta beyond a certain small concentration. Otherwise, "reduced water quality resulting from large amounts of salt water drawn into the Delta could shut down the export pumps that supply fresh water to agriculture and cities."

text: In 2012, the US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) created an adjusted measure of GDP to account for productive household activity.  By using detailed time use surveys for the period 1965-2010, the BEA found that incorporating “nonmarket household production” raises the GDP measure by 39% in 1965 and 26% in 2010.  The surveys used seven categories of time use in American household production (housework, cooking, odd jobs, gardening, shopping, child care, and domestic travel) and the BEA assigned a low-end market wage to the hours spent on each activity.

text: In 2012, the

text: US Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis

text: (BEA) created an adjusted measure of GDP to account for productive household activity.  By using detailed

text: time use survey

text: s for the period 1965-2010, the BEA found that incorporating “nonmarket household production” raises the GDP measure by 39% in 1965 and 26% in 2010.  The surveys used seven categories of time use in American household production (housework, cooking, odd jobs, gardening, shopping, child care, and domestic travel) and the BEA assigned a low-end market wage to the hours spent on each activity.

text: Waste management and recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership with Viridor Waste Management. Locally produced inert waste is sent to landfill for disposal. Recycle waste is taken to the recycling plant at the Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility in Kent for processing. Poole's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Scottish and Southern Energy. Drinking and waste water is managed by Wessex Water; groundwater sources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 80% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

text: Waste management

text: and recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership with

text: Viridor Waste Management

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: is sent to

text: landfill

text: for disposal. Recycle waste is taken to the recycling plant at the

entity_name: Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility

text: Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility

text: in Kent for processing. Poole's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: Scottish and Southern Energy

text: Drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: is managed by

text: Wessex Water

text: groundwater

text: sources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 80% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

text: On January 9, 2001, the US Supreme Court, in a split vote of 5 to 4, (Solid Waste Agency, of Skokie, Illinois vs US Army Corps of Engineers) threw out what has been dubbed the Migratory bird rule A case that pitted a consortium of towns around Chicago over isolated wetlands, inhabited or visited by over 100 migratory bird species, against the US Army Corps of Engineers. In this case, Skokie, Illinois, wanted abandoned quarries filled with water, but not connected to another or navigable body of water to serve as a site for a solid waste facility. For the previous 15 years, lower courts had sustained the law in favor of migratory birds, siding with the Army Corps.

text: On January 9, 2001, the US Supreme Court, in a split vote of 5 to 4, (Solid Waste Agency, of

text: Skokie, Illinois

text: vs

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: ) threw out what has been dubbed the

text: Migratory bird rule

text: A case that pitted a consortium of towns around Chicago over isolated wetlands, inhabited or visited by over 100 migratory bird species, against the US Army Corps of Engineers. In this case, Skokie, Illinois, wanted abandoned quarries filled with water, but not connected to another or navigable body of water to serve as a site for a solid waste facility. For the previous 15 years, lower courts had sustained the law in favor of migratory birds, siding with the Army Corps.

text: In 1854 Philadelphia increased its tax base by expanding its borders to include the surrounding suburbs, and after the Civil War its population swelled. By 1870 the Centennial Exposition was upcoming, and Philadelphia was rapidly changing. It was suffering from a water crisis because it required more water, but there was no appropriate method for water purification and the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers were heavily polluted. Philadelphia's typhoid fever rate was among the highest in the nation, and most well-to-do families drank bottled spring water. The Wharton family's "Bellevue" estate, along with several others nearby that had been annexed into the city, was threatened with condemnation by the city for the construction of a new reservoir to hold potable water. Wharton saw a potential solution to both of these problems. He started purchasing land in southern New Jersey in the 1870s, eventually acquiring  in the Pinelands which contained an aquifer replenished by several rivers and lakes. The water from the Pinelands was relatively pure and he planned to export the water to Philadelphia. Wharton suggested that a city-controlled company could develop the necessary water mains and pump, funded by public purchase of stocks and bonds. There was opposition to the plan by others in Philadelphia and in New Jersey, and eventually a law was passed in New Jersey preventing the export of water. The Wharton Bellevue estate was taken by the city, but the planned reservoir was never constructed, because of local politics and also because by 1890 water could be purified by filtration, obviating the need for an extra reservoir. Instead the estate was sold to developers for construction of new housing for the newly organized industry nearby in North Philadelphia.

text: In 1854 Philadelphia increased its tax base by expanding its borders to include the surrounding suburbs, and after the Civil War its population swelled. By 1870 the

text: Centennial Exposition

text: was upcoming, and Philadelphia was rapidly changing. It was suffering from a water crisis because it required more water, but there was no appropriate method for

text: water purification

text: and the

text: Delaware

text: and Schuylkill rivers were heavily

text: polluted

text: . Philadelphia's

text: typhoid fever

text: rate was among the highest in the nation, and most well-to-do families drank bottled

text: spring water

text: . The Wharton family's "

text: Bellevue

text: " estate, along with several others nearby that had been annexed into the city, was threatened with condemnation by the city for the construction of a new

text: reservoir

text: to hold

text: potable water

text: . Wharton saw a potential solution to both of these problems. He started purchasing land in southern New Jersey in the 1870s, eventually acquiring  in the

text: Pinelands

text: which contained an

text: aquifer

text: replenished by several

text: river

text: s and

text: lake

text: s. The water from the Pinelands was relatively pure and he planned to export the water to Philadelphia. Wharton suggested that a city-controlled company could develop the necessary

text: water mains

text: and

text: pump

text: , funded by public purchase of

text: stock

text: s and

text: bonds

text: . There was opposition to the plan by others in Philadelphia and in New Jersey, and eventually a law was passed in New Jersey preventing the export of water. The Wharton

text: Bellevue estate

text: was taken by the city, but the planned reservoir was never constructed, because of local politics and also because by 1890 water could be

text: purified

text: by

text: filtration

text: , obviating the need for an extra reservoir. Instead the estate was sold to developers for construction of new housing for the newly organized

text: industry

text: nearby in

text: North Philadelphia

text: Hospental has an area, , of .  Of this area, 32.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 9.7% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 1.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (56.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).  , 0.8% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 8.9% is covered in small trees and shrubbery.  Of the agricultural land, 5.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 27.1% is used for alpine pastures.  Of the settled areas, 0.1% is covered with buildings,  0.3% is classed as special developments,  and 1.0% is transportation infrastructure.  Of the unproductive areas, 0.1% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 1.1% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 34.9% is too rocky for vegetation,  and 20.5% is other unproductive land.

text: It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.  Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use water for cooling, ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.

text: It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry.  Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams,

text: thermoelectric power plants

text: , which use water for cooling,

text: ore

text: and

text: oil

text: refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a solvent. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.

text: Recreational drug use is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen LSD is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.

text: Recreational drug use

text: is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of

text: altering the state of consciousness

text: through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen

text: LSD

text: is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.

text: Deir Atiyah has a number of windmills (sometimes referred to as Air Wheels). The power generated by the windmills is used to pump water from deep wells. The origins of the windmills are not known, but they are reported to be a major source of power to pump water for agriculture for more than a hundred years.

text: Cheshmeh-Ali ("Spring of Ali") is an ancient recreational place,  located in the south  of Tehran and north of Rey. The spring is spot in the neighborhood of Ebn-e Babooyeh, Tughrul Tower, and below the Rashkan castle and next to Rey Castle and Fath Ali shah inscription. In the past, carpet salers and people used to wash their carpets there, with their idea that the property of this spring water is good and clean for carpets and make them full lighter color by its mineral water.

text: Cheshmeh-Ali ("

text: Spring

text: of Ali") is an ancient recreational place,  located in the south  of

text: Tehran

text: and north of

text: Rey

text: . The spring is spot in the neighborhood of

text: Ebn-e Babooyeh

text: Tughrul Tower

text: , and below the

text: Rashkan castle

text: and next to

text: Rey Castle

text: and

entity_name: Fath Ali shah inscription (Cheshmeh-Ali)

text: Fath Ali shah inscription

text: . In the past, carpet salers and people used to wash their

text: carpets

text: there, with their idea that the property of this spring water is good and clean for carpets and make them full lighter color by its

text: mineral water

text: Despite many further consultations and incentives, no new aquaculture space was created under the new legislation for another four years. This coincided with a change in government at the end of 2008, which announced that the aquaculture reforms are to be overhauled.

text: The best application so far for Boger fluids is solving the problem of disposal for the waste produced in the processing of bauxite to alumina for use in producing aluminium, and there is normally two or three times more "red mud" produced than alumina. Normally, the waste, known as "red mud", was disposed of by being flushed down dams with millions of liters of water. The dams continue to hold the "red mud", because it does not work as building foundation and also can't be used as farm land. Companies needed to find a way to efficiently dispose of it all onto the dams without clogging the tubes it was being transferred in. With the development of Boger fluids, aluminum giant Alcoa developed a way to convert the waste into a thick matter that could still flow down pipes. Using this method, the dangers of tubes erupting was cut out, leading to a more sustainable practice.

text: The best application so far for Boger fluids is solving the problem of disposal for the waste produced in the processing of

text: bauxite

text: to alumina for use in producing

text: aluminium

text: , and there is normally two or three times more "

text: red mud

text: " produced than alumina. Normally, the waste, known as "red mud", was disposed of by being flushed down dams with millions of liters of water. The dams continue to hold the "red mud", because it does not work as building foundation and also can't be used as farm land. Companies needed to find a way to efficiently dispose of it all onto the dams without clogging the tubes it was being transferred in. With the development of Boger fluids, aluminum giant

text: Alcoa

text: developed a way to convert the waste into a thick matter that could still flow down pipes. Using this method, the dangers of tubes erupting was cut out, leading to a more sustainable practice.

text: Upon the launch of the main installations in “Tarnów II”, in Azoty in Tarnów, 4 basic technological lines were visibly distinguished: nitric compounds, organic compounds of methane, chloric compound and caprolactam derivatives. In the first half of 70’s of the previous century, the further changes in the material base for ammonia production were introduced. This was due to economic reasons and lower production capability of the installations generating gas for ammonia synthesis than the capabilities of the modernised and constructed ammonia syntheses in the period of Tarnów II. It was decided to purchase the installation for methane conversion with water steam at the nickel catalyser with capacity of 500 tons of ammonia per day in order to change the material basis. This unit was given the subsequent number 5 and was commonly called the “change of base”. The new installation was launched in September 1973. As a result, it was stopped to produce ammonia on the basis of water gas out of expensive coke. The old generators that were one of the most important pre-war installations in Azoty were withdrawn from use.

text: Upon the launch of the main installations in “Tarnów II”, in Azoty in Tarnów, 4 basic technological lines were visibly distinguished: nitric compounds,

text: organic compound

text: s of methane, chloric compound and caprolactam derivatives. In the first half of 70’s of the previous century, the further changes in the material base for ammonia production were introduced. This was due to economic reasons and lower production capability of the installations generating gas for ammonia synthesis than the capabilities of the modernised and constructed ammonia syntheses in the period of Tarnów II. It was decided to purchase the installation for methane conversion with water steam at the nickel catalyser with capacity of 500 tons of ammonia per day in order to change the material basis. This unit was given the subsequent number 5 and was commonly called the “change of base”. The new installation was launched in September 1973. As a result, it was stopped to produce ammonia on the basis of water gas out of expensive coke. The old generators that were one of the most important pre-war installations in Azoty were withdrawn from use.

text: Sometimes, certain water vessels are equipped with advanced water treatment plants instead of traditional Marine Sanitation Device’s. Advance Water Treatment plants can also be referred to as Advanced Wastewater Purification (AWP) systems. They are most commonly found on ships that sail in Alaskan waters and sometimes work in parallel with an onboard Marine Sanitation Device. Royal Caribbean International, for example, have installed AWP systems on their ships which treat wastewater using advanced technology. Royal Caribbean AWP systems include three types of water purification systems, Scanship, Hydroxyl/Headworks and Navalis. Scanship and Hydroxyl use biological treatment while the Navalis system primarily uses advanced oxidation and filtration methods. Scanship and Hydroxyl systems use bacterial to consume the waste while also utilizing a chemical in order to break down and remove solids. Scanship and Hydroxyl systems are very similar to water treatment plants based on shore. This involves a simple five stage process. The first stage involves a prefilter where screens removes heavy and noticeable solids from the waste influent. Then the wastewater is passed through a biological reactor which uses beneficial bacteria to further break down any solids. Next the influent is pumped through a flotation unit which removes floatable waste. Afterwards, the clean water is passed through polishing filters which make the water even cleaner. The last and final stage involves an ultraviolet light reactor which disinfects the water. The final product may then be dried, incinerated, stored, or discharged at sea with respect to international regulations.

text: Sometimes, certain water vessels are equipped with advanced water treatment plants instead of traditional Marine Sanitation Device’s. Advance Water Treatment plants can also be referred to as Advanced Wastewater Purification (AWP) systems. They are most commonly found on ships that sail in Alaskan waters and sometimes work in parallel with an onboard Marine Sanitation Device.

text: Royal Caribbean International

text: , for example, have installed AWP systems on their ships which treat wastewater using advanced technology. Royal Caribbean AWP systems include three types of water purification systems, Scanship, Hydroxyl/Headworks and Navalis. Scanship and Hydroxyl use biological treatment while the Navalis system primarily uses advanced oxidation and filtration methods. Scanship and Hydroxyl systems use bacterial to consume the waste while also utilizing a chemical in order to break down and remove solids. Scanship and Hydroxyl systems are very similar to water treatment plants based on shore. This involves a simple five stage process. The first stage involves a prefilter where screens removes heavy and noticeable solids from the waste influent. Then the wastewater is passed through a biological reactor which uses beneficial bacteria to further break down any solids. Next the influent is pumped through a flotation unit which removes floatable waste. Afterwards, the clean water is passed through polishing filters which make the water even cleaner. The last and final stage involves an ultraviolet light reactor which disinfects the water. The final product may then be dried, incinerated, stored, or discharged at sea with respect to international regulations.

text: Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently Suma Park Dam and Spring Creek Reservoir are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams, Lake Canobolas and Gosling Creek Reservoir, were previously used for domestic water consumption however are now used for recreational purposes. The city is currently on Level 2 water restrictions.  Orange City Council is undertaking a number of strategies to supplement its supply, including stormwater harvesting.

text: Orange has several water sources used for domestic consumption, both currently in use and formerly used. Currently Suma Park Dam and Spring Creek Reservoir are used for domestic water consumption. Two other dams,

text: Lake Canobolas

text: and Gosling Creek Reservoir, were previously used for domestic water consumption however are now used for recreational purposes. The city is currently on Level 2 water restrictions.  Orange City Council is undertaking a number of strategies to supplement its supply, including stormwater harvesting.

text: Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.9%.  Out of the forested land, 37.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 11.7% is used for growing crops and 13.1% is pastures and 26.3% is used for alpine pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

text: Sustainable refurbishment is the equivalent of sustainable development which relates to new developments of cities, buildings or industries etc.Sustainable refurbishment includes insulation and related measures to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, installation of renewable energy sources such as solar water heating and photovoltaics, measures to reduce water consumption, and changes to reduce overheating, improve ventilation and improve internal comfort. The process of sustainable refurbishment includes minimising the waste of existing components, recycling and using environmentally friendly materials, and minimising energy use, noise and waste during the refurbishment.

text: Sustainable refurbishment is the equivalent of

text: sustainable development

text: which relates to new developments of cities, buildings or industries etc.Sustainable refurbishment includes

text: insulation

text: and related measures to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, installation of

text: renewable energy

text: sources such as solar water heating and

text: photovoltaics

text: , measures to reduce water consumption, and changes to reduce overheating, improve ventilation and improve internal comfort. The process of sustainable refurbishment includes minimising the waste of existing components,

text: recycling

text: and using

text: environmentally friendly

text: materials, and minimising energy use, noise and waste during the refurbishment.

text: In addition, Mechanical Concrete, when constructed using tire-derived geo-cylinders, offers a sustainable solution to a major global environmental waste problem. Each year, the United States generates about 300 million waste automobile tires – roughly one tire per person per year. As of 2007, about 90 percent of used tires found some end use, mostly as tire-derived fuel used for power generation. Still, some 128 million waste tires were stacked high in unhealthy and dangerous piles across the nation. Burying tire-derived material is a method environmental agencies prefer for using and disposing of waste tires. In the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s formal hierarchy of solid waste management, re-use delivers greater environmental benefit than recycling.

text: In addition, Mechanical Concrete, when constructed using tire-derived geo-cylinders, offers a sustainable solution to a major global environmental waste problem. Each year, the United States generates about 300 million

text: waste automobile tires

text: – roughly one tire per person per year. As of 2007, about 90 percent of used tires found some end use, mostly as tire-derived fuel used for power generation. Still, some 128 million waste tires were stacked high in unhealthy and dangerous piles across the nation. Burying tire-derived material is a method environmental agencies prefer for using and disposing of waste tires. In the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: ’s formal hierarchy of solid waste management,

text: re-use

text: delivers greater environmental benefit than

text: recycling

text: In the US, irrigation water application data are collected in the quintennial Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey, conducted as part of the Census of Agriculture.  Such data indicate great differences in irrigation water use within various agricultural sectors.  For example, about 14 percent of corn-for-grain land and 11 percent of soybean land in the US are irrigated, compared with 66 percent of vegetable land, 79 percent of orchard land and 97 percent of rice land.

text: Since its founding, the Institute staff has analyzed scientific and policy issues, published papers, and provided both community and high-level policy workshops and briefings around water, climate, energy, environmental security, globalization, and more, with a special focus on issues in the hydrologic sciences, water management, and water policy. Its interdisciplinary approach is applied to resource issues, strategies for community involvement, and economic globalization, and they also address the misuse and abuse of science in the policy context. The Institute has also worked on new thinking around sustainable water resources management and use. In 2011, the Institute was awarded the first U.S. Water Prize. Researchers at the Institute also defined the concept of peak water.  The Institute's most well-known publication is the The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources(published by Island Press, Washington, D.C.). In 2012, the Institute produced a new book "A 21st Century U.S. Water Policy" (published by Oxford University Press).

text: Since its founding, the Institute staff has analyzed scientific and policy issues, published papers, and provided both community and high-level policy workshops and briefings around water, climate, energy, environmental security, globalization, and more, with a special focus on issues in the hydrologic sciences, water management, and water policy. Its interdisciplinary approach is applied to resource issues, strategies for community involvement, and

text: economic globalization

text: , and they also address the misuse and abuse of science in the policy context. The Institute has also worked on new thinking around

text: sustainable

text: water resources

text: management and use. In 2011, the Institute was awarded the first U.S. Water Prize. Researchers at the Institute also defined the concept of

text: peak water

text: .  The Institute's most well-known publication is the The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources(published by Island Press, Washington, D.C.). In 2012, the Institute produced a new book "A 21st Century U.S. Water Policy" (published by Oxford University Press).

text: Ketamine is a prescription anesthetic that is federally regulated (e.g., U.S. Schedule III, U.K. Class B) that functions as a dissociative anesthetic, and so has seen use as a recreational drug. Originating in the United States in the 1970s, the recreational use of ketamine has since spread to Europe, Canada, Asia, and Australia. Attempts are made to use the drug at sub-anesthetic doses; contexts for use include both private settings and at club venues (raves and parties), where it initially gained popularity. Despite its emergence as a club drug, users may eventually relegate their use to more private settings.

text: Ketamine

text: is a prescription anesthetic that is federally regulated (e.g., U.S. Schedule III, U.K. Class B) that functions as a

text: dissociative anesthetic

text: , and so has seen use as a

text: recreational drug

text: . Originating in the

text: United States

text: in the 1970s, the recreational use of ketamine has since spread to

text: Europe

text: Canada

text: Asia

text: , and

text: Australia

text: . Attempts are made to use the drug at sub-anesthetic doses; contexts for use include both private settings and at club venues (

text: rave

text: s and parties), where it initially gained popularity. Despite its emergence as a

text: club drug

text: , users may eventually relegate their use to more private settings.

text: IPR or even unplanned potable use of reclaimed wastewater exists in many countries, where the latter is discharged into groundwater to hold back saline intrusion in coastal aquifers. IPR has generally included some type of environmental buffer, but conditions in certain areas have created an urgent need for more direct alternatives.A well-known and frequently quoted success story on water reuse (IPR) is Singapore (Singapore). At the end of 2002, the programme - successfully branded as NEWater - had garnered a 98 per cent acceptance rate, with 82% of respondents indicating that they would drink the reused water directly, another 16% only when mixed with reservoir water. MF/RO and UV are used for the wastewater treatment by the PUB-Singapore's National Water Agency. The produced NEWater after stabilization (addition of alkaline chemicals) is in compliance with the WHO requirements and can be piped off to its wide range of applications (e.g. reuse in industry, discharge to a drinking water reservoir). NEWater now makes up around 30% of Singapore’s total use, by 2060 Singapore’s National Water Agency plans to triple the current NEWater capacity as to meet 50% of Singapore’s future water demand. Today, the water is mostly used by industry, including high-tech industries requiring ultra-pure water (Growing Blue, 2011), and only a very small percentage of NEWater is blended with reservoir water used to produce drinking water.

text: IPR or even unplanned potable use of reclaimed wastewater exists in many countries, where the latter is discharged into groundwater to hold back

text: saline intrusion

text: in coastal aquifers. IPR has generally included some type of environmental buffer, but conditions in certain areas have created an urgent need for more direct alternatives.A well-known and frequently quoted success story on water reuse (IPR) is Singapore (Singapore). At the end of 2002, the programme - successfully branded as NEWater - had garnered a 98 per cent acceptance rate, with 82% of respondents indicating that they would drink the reused water directly, another 16% only when mixed with reservoir water. MF/RO and UV are used for the wastewater treatment by the PUB-Singapore's National Water Agency. The produced NEWater after stabilization (addition of alkaline chemicals) is in compliance with the WHO requirements and can be piped off to its wide range of applications (e.g. reuse in industry, discharge to a drinking water reservoir).

text: NEWater

text: now makes up around 30% of Singapore’s total use, by 2060 Singapore’s National Water Agency plans to triple the current NEWater capacity as to meet 50% of Singapore’s future water demand. Today, the water is mostly used by industry, including high-tech industries requiring ultra-pure water (Growing Blue, 2011), and only a very small percentage of NEWater is blended with reservoir water used to produce drinking water.

text: Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style, which has been the basic style since the 1940s. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door.

text: Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style, which has been the basic style since the 1940s. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include

text: automatic defrosting

text: , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door.

text: In February 2014, during a drought that had hit California, Nunes rejected any link between the drought and global warming, saying "Global warming is nonsense." He criticized the federal government for shutting off portions of California’s system of water irrigation and storage and diverting water into a program for freshwater salmon and the delta smelt. “There was plenty of water. This has nothing to do with drought." Nunes elaborated on his climate denialism in an April 2015 National Review article. At the time California farmers were criticized for using most of California's water, making the state's drought worse. The agriculture sector uses at least 80 percent of the state's water, often on water-intensive crops such as almonds. Nunes, a third-generation dairy farmer, challenged media criticism of the agriculture industry. He claimed, "Farmers do not use 80 percent of California’s water. In reality, 50 percent of the water that is captured by the state’s dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, and other infrastructure is diverted for environmental causes. Farmers, in fact, use 40 percent of the water supply. Environmentalists have manufactured the 80 percent statistic by deliberately excluding environmental diversions from their calculations." Nunes added that California's lack of adequate water storage facilities has only made the problem worse. He wrote, "Furthermore, in many years there are additional millions of acre-feet of water that are simply flushed into the ocean due to a lack of storage capacity — a situation partly explained by environmental groups’ opposition to new water-storage projects. Returning to an argument he has made before regarding California's water storage and irrigation system, Nunes added, "The drought is a genuine problem in California, but our irrigation system was designed to withstand five years of drought."

text: In February 2014, during a

text: drought

text: that had hit California, Nunes rejected any link between the drought and

text: global warming

text: , saying "Global warming is nonsense." He criticized the federal government for shutting off portions of California’s system of water irrigation and storage and diverting water into a program for freshwater salmon and the delta smelt. “There was plenty of water. This has nothing to do with drought." Nunes elaborated on his

text: climate denialism

text: in an April 2015

text: National Review

text: article. At the time California farmers were criticized for using most of California's water, making the state's drought worse. The agriculture sector uses at least 80 percent of the state's water, often on water-intensive crops such as almonds. Nunes, a third-generation dairy farmer, challenged media criticism of the agriculture industry. He claimed, "Farmers do not use 80 percent of California’s water. In reality, 50 percent of the water that is captured by the state’s dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, and other infrastructure is diverted for environmental causes. Farmers, in fact, use 40 percent of the water supply. Environmentalists have manufactured the 80 percent statistic by deliberately excluding environmental diversions from their calculations." Nunes added that California's lack of adequate water storage facilities has only made the problem worse. He wrote, "Furthermore, in many years there are additional millions of acre-feet of water that are simply flushed into the ocean due to a lack of storage capacity — a situation partly explained by environmental groups’ opposition to new water-storage projects. Returning to an argument he has made before regarding California's water storage and irrigation system, Nunes added, "The drought is a genuine problem in California, but our irrigation system was designed to withstand five years of drought."

text: There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial conditions. Most current environmental laws focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these designations allow for some water contamination as long as the particular type of contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. Given the landscape changes (e.g., land development, urbanization, clearcutting in forested areas) in the watersheds of many freshwater bodies, returning to pristine conditions would be a significant challenge. In these cases, environmental scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may concentrate on the protection of populations of endangered species and protecting human health.

text: There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial conditions. Most current environmental laws focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these designations allow for some

text: water contamination

text: as long as the particular type of contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. Given the landscape changes (e.g.,

text: land development

text: urbanization

text: clearcutting

text: in forested areas) in the

text: watersheds

text: of many freshwater bodies, returning to pristine conditions would be a significant challenge. In these cases, environmental scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may concentrate on the protection of populations of

text: endangered species

text: and protecting human health.

text: Earth Charter -Earth observation satellite -Earthscan -Eco hotels -Eco-cities -Eco-efficiency -Eco-industrial park -Eco-sufficiency -Ecoforestry -Ecolabel -Ecological deficit -Ecological economics -Ecological footprint -Ecological humanities -Ecological literacy -Ecological sanitation -Ecological threshold -Ecologically sustainable development -Ecosharing -Ecosystem -Ecotax -Ecotechnology -Ecotourism -Ecovillages -Electric vehicle -Emissions trading -Energy conservation -Energy content of biofuel -Energy crop -Energy density -Energy descent -Energy development -Energy economics -Efficient energy use -Energy Globe Award -Energy Policy Act of 2005 -Energy saving modules -Energy security -Environmental accounting -Environmental and social studies -Environmental archaeology -Environmental audits -Environmental benefits of vegetarianism -Environmental biotechnology -Environmental Change Network -Environmental chemistry -Environmental concerns with electricity generation -Environmental consulting -Environmental control system -Environmental defense -Environmental design -Environmental design and planning -Environmental disaster -Environmental determinism -Environmental economics -Environmental effects of fishing -Environmental effects on physiology -Environmental engineering -Environmental enterprise -Environmental ethics -Environmental factor -Environmental finance -Environmental geography -Environmental geology -Environmental gradient -Environmental hazard -Environmental health -Environmental impact assessment -Environmental impact report -Environmental Information Regulations 2004 -Environmental journalism -Environmental justice -Environmental law -Environmental Law Service -Environmental Life Force -Environmental management -Environmental management scheme -Environmental Measurements Laboratory -Environmental medicine -Environmental microbiology -Environmental Modeling Center -Environmental movement -Environmental movement in New Zealand -Environmental movement in the United States -Environmental planning -Environmental preservation -Environmental pricing reform -Environmental protection in Japan -Environmental psychology -Environmental Quality Improvement Act -Environmental racism -Environmental remediation -Environmental Research Letters -Environmental restoration -Environmental Risk Management Authority -Environmental science -Environmental security -Environmental skepticism -Environmental sociology -Environmental standard -Environmental studies -Environmental suit -Environmental Sustainability Index -Environmental technology -Environmental Technology Laboratory -Environmental Technology Verification Program -Environmental toxins and fetal development -Environmental transport association -Environmental vandalism -Environmental vegetarianism -Environmental, Safety and Health Communication -Environmentalism -EPA Sustainability -Epidemics -Ethanol fuel -Ethical consumerism -Eugenics -European Biofuels Technology Platform -

text: Earth Charter

text: Earth observation satellite

text: Earthscan

text: Eco hotels

text: Eco-cities

text: Eco-efficiency

text: Eco-industrial park

text: Eco-sufficiency

text: Ecoforestry

text: Ecolabel

text: Ecological deficit

text: Ecological economics

text: Ecological footprint

text: Ecological humanities

text: Ecological literacy

text: Ecological sanitation

text: Ecological threshold

text: Ecologically sustainable development

text: Ecosharing

text: Ecosystem

text: Ecotax

text: Ecotechnology

text: Ecotourism

text: Ecovillages

text: Electric vehicle

text: Emissions trading

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy content of biofuel

text: Energy crop

text: Energy density

text: Energy descent

text: Energy development

text: Energy economics

text: Efficient energy use

text: Energy Globe Award

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: Energy saving modules

text: Energy security

text: Environmental accounting

text: Environmental and social studies

text: Environmental archaeology

text: Environmental audits

text: Environmental benefits of vegetarianism

text: Environmental biotechnology

text: Environmental Change Network

text: Environmental chemistry

text: Environmental consulting

text: Environmental control system

text: Environmental defense

text: Environmental design

text: Environmental design and planning

text: Environmental disaster

text: Environmental determinism

text: Environmental economics

text: Environmental effects of fishing

text: Environmental effects on physiology

text: Environmental engineering

text: Environmental enterprise

text: Environmental ethics

text: Environmental factor

text: Environmental finance

text: Environmental geography

text: Environmental geology

text: Environmental gradient

text: Environmental hazard

text: Environmental health

text: Environmental impact assessment

text: Environmental impact report

text: Environmental journalism

text: Environmental justice

text: Environmental law

text: Environmental Law Service

text: Environmental Life Force

text: Environmental management

text: Environmental management scheme

text: Environmental Measurements Laboratory

text: Environmental medicine

text: Environmental microbiology

text: Environmental Modeling Center

text: Environmental movement

text: Environmental movement in New Zealand

text: Environmental planning

text: Environmental preservation

text: Environmental pricing reform

text: Environmental protection in Japan

text: Environmental psychology

text: Environmental Quality Improvement Act

text: Environmental racism

text: Environmental remediation

text: Environmental Research Letters

text: Environmental restoration

text: Environmental Risk Management Authority

text: Environmental science

text: Environmental security

text: Environmental skepticism

text: Environmental sociology

text: Environmental standard

text: Environmental studies

text: Environmental suit

text: Environmental Sustainability Index

text: Environmental technology

text: Environmental Technology Laboratory

entity_name: Environmental Technology Verification Program

text: Environmental Technology Verification Program

text: Environmental toxins and fetal development

text: Environmental transport association

text: Environmental vandalism

text: Environmental vegetarianism

text: Environmental, Safety and Health Communication

text: Environmentalism

text: EPA Sustainability

text: Epidemics

text: Ethanol fuel

text: Ethical consumerism

text: Eugenics

text: European Biofuels Technology Platform

text: Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

text: Increasingly,

text: agriculture

text: is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

text: In legal usage, the court noted, the word "judgment" has at least two meanings: a general meaning and a technical meaning. When used in the general sense, the word comprises both the reasons for judgment and the judgment or order; when used in its technical sense, it is the equivalent of "order." When a judgment has been delivered in court, whether in writing or orally, the registrar draws up a formal order of court which is embodied in a separate document signed by him. It is a copy of this which is served by the sheriff. There can be an appeal only against the substantive order made by the court, not against the reasons for judgment.

text: Most recreational divers never advance to a high level of competency as might be indicated by certification and experience, and furthermore, many divers do not dive sufficiently frequently to maintain their skills. Nevertheless, they are routinely expected to provide assistance to their dive buddies in the event of an emergency, and are also routinely allocated to dive with complete strangers who may be using unfamiliar equipment. It is standard practice for many, if not most diving charter organisations to allocate buddy pairs among divers they have never assessed for competence on the basis of their certification and claimed experience. The optimal conditions are seldom fulfilled on open-water recreational dives.

text: Some strains of fish are more resistant than others, even within species; using resistant strains may help reduce the incidence and severity of whirling disease in aquaculture.  There is also some circumstantial evidence that fish populations can develop resistance to the disease over time.  Additionally, aquaculturists may avoid M. cerebralis infections by not using earthen ponds for raising young fish; this keeps them away from possibly infected tubificids and makes it easier to eliminate spores and oligochaetes through filtration, chlorination, and ultraviolet bombardment. To minimise tubificid populations, techniques include periodic disinfection of the hatchery or aquaculture ponds, and the rearing of small trout indoors in pathogen-free water. Smooth-faced concrete or plastic-lined raceways that are kept clean and free of contaminated water keep aquaculture facilities free of the disease.

text: The conclusion made by the report's authors was that only by changing the way we use water within agriculture would we be able to meet the acute water, environment and poverty challenges facing us over the next 50 years. They suggested that with wise policies and investments in irrigation, upgrading rainfed agriculture, and trade it would be possible to limit future growth in water withdrawals to 13% and the expansion of cultivated land to 9%. However, the effects of climate change and the increased use of biofuels would complicate matters, making actions necessary to address these. The Assessment found the greatest potential lay in rainfed areas of the world housing the highest number of poor people. Upgrading these rainfed lands through better water management held the greatest potential to increase productivity and decrease poverty. The technology would not necessarily need to be complex; simple measures such as catching water in huge tubular plastic bags and storing roof and road run-off could double or even triple food production in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia, effectively increasing productivity from each raindrop by that amount.

text: The conclusion made by the report's authors was that only by changing the way we use water within agriculture would we be able to meet the acute water, environment and poverty challenges facing us over the next 50 years. They suggested that with wise policies and investments in irrigation, upgrading rainfed agriculture, and trade it would be possible to limit future growth in water withdrawals to 13% and the expansion of cultivated land to 9%. However, the effects of

text: climate change

text: and the increased use of

text: biofuels

text: would complicate matters, making actions necessary to address these. The Assessment found the greatest potential lay in rainfed areas of the world housing the highest number of poor people. Upgrading these rainfed lands through better water management held the greatest potential to increase productivity and decrease poverty. The technology would not necessarily need to be complex; simple measures such as catching water in huge tubular plastic bags and storing roof and road run-off could double or even triple food production in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia, effectively increasing productivity from each raindrop by that amount.

text: The River Sunar (also called Sonar) is a rain-fed river in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It flows in the region  called Bundelkhand in Damoh district. Its overall length is more than 250 km. It flows south to north like all Vindhyan rivers and Ganges system tributaries of central Indian rivers. The river is like Ganga for this region. It drains an approximately 12000 square kilometer area of the southern boundary of Bundelkhand. Few government project are planned on the river for provide water for agriculture and electricity production.Pancham nagar project are planned on Bewas river main tributary of the Sunar River for provide water by canal  for agricultural use and provide full amount water for former dry lands.Another project in progress is Saksuma Dam for production of electricity on main river sunar.pancham nagar is approximately completed.

text: Some fields that were encompassed in the area of water resources (mainly for urban use) included groundwater exploitation, construction of aqueducts for water supply, stormwater and wastewater sewerage systems, flood protection and drainage, construction and use of fountains, baths and other sanitary and purgatory facilities, and even recreational uses of water.

text: Some fields that were encompassed in the area of water resources (mainly for urban use) included groundwater exploitation, construction of

text: aqueduct

text: s for water supply, stormwater and wastewater sewerage systems, flood protection and drainage, construction and use of

text: fountain

text: s, baths and other sanitary and purgatory facilities, and even recreational uses of water.

text: 56.1% of housing units have a telephone and/or mobile phone in the dwelling, 41.5% have access to a phone nearby, and 2.3% have access that is not nearby or no access. 82.8% of households have a flush or chemical toilet. 84.2% have refuse removed by the municipality at least once a week and 2.6% have no rubbish disposal. 47.2% have running water inside their dwelling, 83.6% have running water on their property, and 97.5% have access to running water. 73.2% of households use electricity for cooking, 70.4% for heating, and 80.8% for lighting. 77.4% of households have a radio, 65.7% have a television, 15.1% own a computer, 62.1% have a refrigerator, and 45.1% have a mobile phone.

text: 56.1% of housing units have a telephone and/or

text: mobile phone

text: in the dwelling, 41.5% have access to a phone nearby, and 2.3% have access that is not nearby or no access. 82.8% of households have a flush or chemical toilet. 84.2% have

text: refuse

text: removed by the municipality at least once a week and 2.6% have no rubbish disposal. 47.2% have

text: running water

text: inside their dwelling, 83.6% have running water on their property, and 97.5% have access to running water. 73.2% of households use electricity for cooking, 70.4% for heating, and 80.8% for lighting. 77.4% of households have a radio, 65.7% have a television, 15.1% own a computer, 62.1% have a

text: refrigerator

text: , and 45.1% have a mobile phone.

text: A water jet used for recreation is generally smaller than a water cannon, but large enough that the water can spray several metres or feet. People can either insert money to pay for a predetermined amount of usage time, or push a button for free to start and stop the water. The water jet can be turned to allow the person to spray the water in different directions,it is also used in agriculture .

text: A water jet used for

text: recreation

text: is generally smaller than a

text: water cannon

text: , but large enough that the water can spray several

text: metre

text: s or feet. People can either insert money to pay for a predetermined amount of usage time, or push a button for free to start and stop the water. The water jet can be turned to allow the person to spray the water in different directions,it is also used in agriculture .

text: The Clough Commons includes a number of techniques to maximize water efficiency including water efficient landscaping, a  cistern, and water harvesting. Water efficient landscaping involves the use of native plants which tend to require less watering than non-native vegetation. In addition, the cistern provides water for flushing toilets and other non-potable water uses. Visible data will reflect the amount of water collected by the cistern, via condensate from HVAC units and harvested using other means (such as rainwater collected on the roof garden).

text: The Clough Commons includes a number of techniques to maximize water efficiency including water efficient landscaping, a

text: cistern

text: , and

text: water harvesting

text: . Water efficient landscaping involves the use of native plants which tend to require less watering than non-native vegetation. In addition, the cistern provides water for flushing toilets and other non-potable water uses. Visible data will reflect the amount of water collected by the cistern, via condensate from HVAC units and harvested using other means (such as rainwater collected on the roof garden).

text: In the past century,  agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic and sustainable agriculture movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management and selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food.

text: In the past century,  agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor,

text: water pollution

text: , and

text: farm subsidies

text: . In recent years there has been a backlash against the

text: external

text: environmental effects

text: of conventional agriculture, resulting in the

text: organic

text: and

text: sustainable agriculture

text: movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the

text: European Union

text: , which first certified

text: organic food

text: in 1991 and began reform of its

text: Common Agricultural Policy

text: (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as

text: decoupling

text: . The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as

text: integrated pest management

text: and selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include

text: genetically modified food

text: Hydraulic fracturing uses between  of water per well, with large projects using up to . Additional water is used when wells are refractured.  An average well requires  of water over its lifetime.  According to the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S.  Surface water may be contaminated through spillage and improperly built and maintained waste pits, and ground water can be contaminated if the fluid is able to escape the formation being fractured (through, for example, abandoned wells) or by produced water (the returning fluids, which also contain dissolved constituents such as minerals and brine waters). Produced water is managed by underground injection, municipal and commercial wastewater treatment and discharge, self‐contained systems at well sites or fields, and recycling to fracture future wells. Typically less than half of the produced water used to fracture the formation is recovered.

text: Hydraulic fracturing uses between  of water per well, with large projects using up to . Additional water is used when wells are refractured.  An average well requires  of water over its lifetime.  According to the

text: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

text: , greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S.

text: Surface water

text: may be contaminated through spillage and improperly built and maintained waste pits, and

text: ground water

text: can be contaminated if the fluid is able to escape the formation being fractured (through, for example, abandoned wells) or by

text: produced water

text: (the returning fluids, which also contain dissolved constituents such as minerals and

text: brine water

text: s). Produced water is managed by

text: underground injection

text: municipal

text: and

text: commercial

text: wastewater treatment

text: and discharge, self‐contained systems at well sites or fields, and recycling to fracture future wells. Typically less than half of the produced water used to fracture the formation is recovered.

text: The tariff for a first block on an IBT is usually set at a very low tariff with the objective to protect poor households that are assumed to consume less water than non-poor households. The size of the first block can vary from 5 cubic meters to 50 cubic meters per household and month. In South Africa, the first block of consumption of 6 cubic meters per household and month is even provided for free (free basic water). Average monthly water consumption varies depending on household size and consumption habits between about 4 cubic meters for a single-person household in temperate climate (e.g. in Germany) with no outdoor water use and about 50 cubic meters for a four-person household in warm climate (e.g. in the Southern United States) including outdoor water use.

text: The tariff for a first block on an IBT is usually set at a very low tariff with the objective to protect poor households that are assumed to consume less water than non-poor households. The size of the first block can vary from 5 cubic meters to 50 cubic meters per household and month. In

entity_name: Water supply and sanitation in South Africa

text: South Africa

text: , the first block of consumption of 6 cubic meters per household and month is even provided for free (free basic water). Average monthly water consumption varies depending on household size and consumption habits between about 4 cubic meters for a single-person household in temperate climate (e.g. in Germany) with no outdoor water use and about 50 cubic meters for a four-person household in warm climate (e.g. in the Southern United States) including outdoor water use.

text: Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.3%.  Out of the forested land, 28.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 38.7% is used for growing crops and 10.3% is pastures and 11.9% is used for alpine pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

text: The intention behind the technology is to provide an alternative to the dominant method for moving agricultural water to other uses known as "buy and dry,"  whereby an entity purchases agricultural land and "dries" the land in perpetuity, severing the water right from the property. Though many farmers  participated in the practice in the 1990s using water rights as their "401k retirement plans," it is seen as an unsustainable business practice as farms are taken out of operation . .

text: At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "Blue Revolution" could take place in aquaculture, just as the Green Revolution of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture.<ref>"The Economist: 'The promise of a blue revolution', Aug. 7, 2003.

text: At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "Blue Revolution" could take place in aquaculture, just as the

text: Green Revolution

text: of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture.<ref>"The Economist: 'The promise of a blue revolution', Aug. 7, 2003.

text: Beyond the use of certain technologies, Sustainable Design in Water Management also consists very importantly in correct implementation of concepts. Among one of these principal concepts is the fact normally in developed countries 100% of water destined for consumption, that is not necessarily for drinking purposes, is of potable water quality. This concept of differentiating qualities of water for different purposes has been called "fit-for-purpose". This more rational use of water achieves several economies, that are not only related to water itself, but also the consumption of energy, as to achieve water of drinking quality can be extremely energy intensive for several reasons.

text: Rivers most important city are: Iguaçu, Boots, Sarapuí, Velhas, Outeiro, Silver and maxambomba. The quality of rivers and Boots Sarapuí, according to CONAMA, are classified as Class 2: are water bodies that can be used for domestic supply, if they are treated conventionally. With proper care, these waters are also suitable for the protection of aquatic communities, primary contact recreation, fruit plants and irrigation of vegetables, and natural creation and / or intensive species for human consumption.

text: Water temperature and calcium concentrations are thought to be the key variables determining koura growth rates. P. zealandicus have high survivability (>80%) rates below  but temperatures above this correlate with lower rates of survivability. Higher death rates are thought to be associated with increased activity of koura at higher temperatures.  Greater activity by koura increases cannibalistic behaviour and increased activity may also impact on water quality with the greater production of ammonia as a waste product. Survival of koura also increases with higher calcium concentrations in the water and this is thought to be in part due to a lower incidence of moulting related deaths and decreased risk from predation. A calcium concentration value of 20–30 mg/L Ca in water is thought to be ideal for maintaining koura growth and survivability in aquaculture setups.

text: Water temperature and calcium concentrations are thought to be the key variables determining koura growth rates. P. zealandicus have high survivability (>80%) rates below  but temperatures above this correlate with lower rates of survivability. Higher death rates are thought to be associated with increased activity of koura at higher temperatures.  Greater activity by koura increases cannibalistic behaviour and increased activity may also impact on water quality with the greater production of

text: ammonia

text: as a waste product. Survival of koura also increases with higher calcium concentrations in the water and this is thought to be in part due to a lower incidence of moulting related deaths and decreased risk from predation. A calcium concentration value of 20–30 mg/L Ca in water is thought to be ideal for maintaining koura growth and survivability in aquaculture setups.

text: Various environmental effects are associated with meat production. Among these are greenhouse gas emissions, fossil energy use, water use, water quality changes, and effects on grazed ecosystems.

text: Direct exchange systems are more efficient and have potentially lower installation costs than closed loop water systems. Copper's high thermal conductivity contributes to the higher efficiency of the system, but heat flow is predominantly limited by the thermal conductivity of the ground, not the pipe. The main reasons for the higher efficiency are the elimination of the water pump (which uses electricity), the elimination of the water-to-refrigerant heat exchanger (which is a source of heat losses), and most importantly, the latent heat phase change of the refrigerant in the ground itself.

text: The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix—either the skin of an asymmetric membrane or an interfacially polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite membrane—where the separation occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and 40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has around 27 bar (390 psi) natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. This process is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt and other minerals from sea water to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s, it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications.

text: The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix—either the skin of an asymmetric membrane or an interfacially polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite membrane—where the separation occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17

text: bar

text: psi

text: ) for fresh and brackish water, and 40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has around 27 bar (390 psi) natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. This process is best known for its use in

text: desalination

text: (removing the salt and other minerals from

text: sea water

text: to get

text: fresh water

text: ), but since the early 1970s, it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications.

text: Fraser Island is part of the local government area Fraser Coast Region, which was created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007. Before the local government reorganisation, the island was split up evenly between the City of Hervey Bay (northern part) and the City of Maryborough (southern part).

text: Fraser Island is part of the

text: local government area

text: Fraser Coast Region

text: , which was created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007. Before the local government reorganisation, the island was split up evenly between the

text: City of Hervey Bay

text: (northern part) and the

text: City of Maryborough

text: (southern part).

text: The Household Electricity Approach to measuring the size of the underground economy or black market of a country exploits the presumed relationship between household electrical consumption and a country's GDP. It assumes that undeclared economic activity still needs to use resources, such as electricity, to function. Since electricity consumption is generally well known it can be used as an indicator of economic activity that is not otherwise declared.

text: The Household Electricity Approach to measuring the size of the

text: underground economy

text: or

text: black market

text: of a country exploits the presumed relationship between household electrical consumption and a country's GDP. It assumes that undeclared economic activity still needs to use resources, such as electricity, to function. Since electricity consumption is generally well known it can be used as an indicator of economic activity that is not otherwise declared.

text: Each year in France, more than ten million water monitoring results (drinking water, surface inland water, groundwater, coastal water, wastewater…) are produced and exchanged between laboratories and their clients (sanitary or pollution control authorities, water agencies, industries,…). These data are stored in various databases using a number of formats, but also screened, combined, used or transferred.

text: There are three main groups of Rhizaria:

text: Bertrand, who was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 1999, also founded the Give Love Give Life organization with Trudell; their objective was to raise public consciousness about ovarian and other gynecological cancers through the use of music. The first Give Love Give Life concert was held in February 2004 at The Roxy in West Hollywood. Bertrand and Trudell worked to organize strategic support in the music and film community for Johanna's Law, legislation to fund national outreach and education about the signs and symptoms of gynecological cancers, which was signed into law on January 12, 2007. To benefit the Women's Cancer Research Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, a second Give Love Give Life concert was held at the Gibson Amphitheater in Los Angeles in February 2007, a month after Bertrand died from cancer.

text: Bertrand, who was diagnosed with

text: ovarian cancer

text: in 1999, also founded the Give Love Give Life organization with Trudell; their objective was to raise public consciousness about ovarian and other gynecological cancers through the use of music. The first Give Love Give Life concert was held in February 2004 at

text: The Roxy

text: in

text: West Hollywood

text: . Bertrand and Trudell worked to organize strategic support in the music and film community for

text: Johanna's Law

text: , legislation to fund national outreach and education about the signs and symptoms of gynecological cancers, which was signed into law on January 12, 2007. To benefit the Women's Cancer Research Institute at

text: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

text: , a second Give Love Give Life concert was held at the

text: Gibson Amphitheater

text: in Los Angeles in February 2007, a month after Bertrand died from cancer.

text: There were 3,863 households out of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.00.

text: There were 3,863

text: household

text: s out of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.00.

text: Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

text: Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site.

text: Point of use water treatment

text: and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and

text: greywater

text: for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

text: BCDMH is an excellent source of both chlorine and bromine as it reacts slowly with water releasing hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid. It used as a chemical disinfectant used for recreational water and drinking water purification. BCDMH works in the following manner:

text: BCDMH is an excellent source of both chlorine and bromine as it reacts slowly with water releasing

text: hypochlorous acid

text: and

text: hypobromous acid

text: . It used as a chemical

text: disinfectant

text: used for recreational water and drinking

text: water purification

text: . BCDMH works in the following manner:

text: The Hindu texts assert that the man should take his wife with him, when proceeding to pilgrimage. However, some  also call attention to the fact that doing one's duty as a householder is more important than going on pilgrimages, and it is only in special cases or once one has paid his Three Debts (to his parents, his teacher, and the Vedas) that he should resort to pilgrimages.

text: Announced as the first Zero-waste food manufacturer in the world, several years ago. Alara ensures that no food produced in the factory goes to waste through; producing against orders, this means no over-producing, giving to charity when possible and through using anaerobic digesters.

text: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) allocates call sign prefixes for radio and television stations of all types. They also form the basis for, but do not exactly match, aircraft registration identifiers. These prefixes are agreed upon internationally, and are a form of country code.  A call sign can be any number of letters and numerals but each country must only use call signs that begin with the characters allocated for use in that country.

text: The

text: International Telecommunication Union

text: (ITU) allocates

text: call sign prefix

text: es for

text: radio

text: and

text: television

text: stations of all types. They also form the basis for, but do not exactly match,

text: aircraft registration

text: identifiers. These prefixes are agreed upon internationally, and are a form of

text: country code

text: .  A call sign can be any number of letters and numerals but each country must only use call signs that begin with the characters allocated for use in that country.

text: The quadratic polynomial

text: The quadratic polynomial

text: Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one's mental state in a way that modifies emotions, perceptions, and feelings for recreational purposes. When a substance enters the user's body, it brings on an intoxicating effect, often referred to as a "high". Generally, people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories: depressants  (these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness); stimulants (these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness); and psychedelic drugs (these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing).  In popular usage, it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication.

text: Recreational drug use is the use of a

text: psychoactive drug

text: to

text: alter one's mental state

text: in a way that modifies emotions, perceptions, and feelings for recreational purposes. When a substance enters the user's body, it brings on an

text: intoxicating effect

text: , often referred to as a "high". Generally, people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories:

text: depressant

text: s  (these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness);

text: stimulant

text: s (these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness); and

text: psychedelic drug

text: s (these cause

text: hallucination

text: s and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing).  In popular usage, it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as

text: self-medication

text: Robert Fowler was born on 23 December 1724, and baptized at Skendleby Thorpe, Lincolnshire, England.  He was the third son of George and Mary Fowler (née Hurst) of Skendleby Thorpe.  After an education at Westminster School, he was elected a King’s Scholar in 1744.  On 24 May of that year he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1747, a Master of Arts degree in 1751, and a Doctor of Divinity degree in 1764.  He married Mildred, eldest daughter (and coheir of her brother, also William) of William Dealtry of Gainsborough, County Lincolnshire, on 29 October 1766.  Together, they had one son and two daughters.

text: Robert Fowler was born on 23 December 1724, and baptized at

text: Skendleby Thorpe

text: Lincolnshire

text: , England.  He was the third son of George and Mary Fowler (née Hurst) of Skendleby Thorpe.  After an education at

text: Westminster School

text: , he was elected a King’s Scholar in 1744.  On 24 May of that year he was admitted to

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1747, a Master of Arts degree in 1751, and a Doctor of Divinity degree in 1764.  He married Mildred, eldest daughter (and coheir of her brother, also William) of William Dealtry of Gainsborough, County Lincolnshire, on 29 October 1766.  Together, they had one son and two daughters.

text: Impairment of water quality by manure and other substances in runoff and infiltrating water is a concern, especially where intensive livestock production is carried out.  In the US, in a comparison of 32 industries, the livestock industry was found to have a relatively good record of compliance with  environmental regulations pursuant to the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, but pollution issues from large livestock operations can  sometimes be serious where violations occur.  Various measures have been suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency, among others, which can help reduce livestock damage to streamwater quality and riparian environments.

text: The use of depletion forces to initiate flocculation is a common process in water treatment. The relatively small size of dispersed particles in waste water renders typical filtration methods ineffective. However, if the dispersion was to be destabilized and flocculation occur, particles can then be filtered out to produce pure water. Therefore, coagulants and flocculants are typically introduced to waste water which create these depletion forces between the dispersed particles.

text: The use of depletion forces to initiate

text: flocculation

text: is a common process in water treatment. The relatively small size of dispersed particles in waste water renders typical filtration methods ineffective. However, if the dispersion was to be destabilized and

text: flocculation

text: occur, particles can then be filtered out to produce pure water. Therefore, coagulants and

text: flocculants

text: are typically introduced to waste water which create these depletion forces between the dispersed particles.

text: Recreational usage is usually non-consumptive. Golf courses are often targeted as using excessive amounts of water, especially in drier regions. It is, however, unclear whether recreational irrigation (which would include private gardens) has a noticeable effect on water resources. This is largely due to the unavailability of reliable data. Additionally, many golf courses utilize either primarily or exclusively treated effluent water, which has little impact on potable water availability.

text: Recreational usage is usually non-consumptive.

text: Golf course

text: s are often targeted as using excessive amounts of water, especially in drier regions. It is, however, unclear whether recreational irrigation (which would include private gardens) has a noticeable effect on water resources. This is largely due to the unavailability of reliable data. Additionally, many golf courses utilize either primarily or exclusively treated effluent water, which has little impact on potable water availability.

text: The zoo provides a free online service called Talking Zoo which lets visitors download hours of animal information onto their iPod, MP3 player, mobile phone or PDA.

text: Goldman announced he was selling Book Soup on January 2, 2009, then died of pancreatic cancer on January 3, 2009. Vroman's Bookstore and Book Soup signed an agreement October 9, 2009, to purchase Book Soup.

text: Goldman announced he was selling Book Soup on January 2, 2009, then died of

text: pancreatic cancer

text: on January 3, 2009.

text: Vroman's Bookstore

text: and Book Soup signed an agreement October 9, 2009, to purchase Book Soup.

text: Sea water has had a long history of therapeutic use, referred to as ‘Thalassotherapy’ it originates from the Greek word 'thalassa’.  Both the Greeks and the Romans used the therapeutic effects of sea water for relaxation, regeneration and stimulation.  Books on the healing power of sea water first appeared in the 17th Century and until the early 20th Century seaside holidays were both therapeutic and recreational.

text: Sea water has had a long history of therapeutic use, referred to as ‘

text: Thalassotherapy

text: ’ it originates from the Greek word '

text: thalassa

text: ’.  Both the Greeks and the Romans used the therapeutic effects of sea water for relaxation, regeneration and stimulation.  Books on the healing power of sea water first appeared in the 17th Century and until the early 20th Century seaside holidays were both therapeutic and recreational.

text: Serial dilution is achieved by taking an amount of the mixture and adding solvent, but the "Korsakovian" method may also be used, whereby the vessel in which the preparations are manufactured is emptied, refilled with solvent, and the volume of fluid adhering to the walls of the vessel is deemed sufficient for the new batch. The Korsakovian method is sometimes referred to as K on the label of a homeopathic preparation, e.g. 200CK is a 200C preparation made using the Korsakovian method.

text: The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste; see: resource recovery.The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

text: The

text: waste hierarchy

text: refers to the "3 Rs"

text: reduce

text: reuse

text: and

text: recycle

text: , which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of

text: waste minimisation

text: . The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste; see:

text: resource recovery

text: .The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and

text: waste-to-energy

text: . Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

text: γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a hygroscopic colorless liquid with a weak characteristic odor.  Soluble in water, GBL is a common solvent and reagent in chemistry as well as being used as a flavouring, as a cleaning solvent, as a superglue remover, and as a solvent in some wet aluminium electrolytic capacitors. In humans it acts as a prodrug for γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and it is used as a recreational intoxicant with effects similar to alcohol.

text: γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) is a

text: hygroscopic

text: colorless liquid with a weak characteristic

text: odor

text: .  Soluble in water, GBL is a common

text: solvent

text: and

text: reagent

text: in

text: chemistry

text: as well as being used as a

text: flavouring

text: , as a cleaning solvent, as a

text: superglue

text: remover, and as a

text: solvent

text: in some wet aluminium electrolytic capacitors. In humans it acts as a

text: prodrug

text: for

text: γ-hydroxybutyric acid

text: (GHB), and it is used as a

text: recreational

text: intoxicant

text: with effects similar to

text: alcohol

text: Municipal water use accounts for about 16% of total water use in Turkey, compared to 76% used by agriculture and 12% by industry. Total water withdrawals for all uses accounted for only 17% of total available water resources in an average year (average 1977-2001). Municipal water use thus accounted for only about 3% of available water resources. However, water availability is highly seasonal and is not equally distributed throughout the country. Local and regional water shortages occur despite ample average water availability. For example, in 2007 a severe drought hit the entire Mediterranean coast as well as Central Anatolia and threatened the water supply of Istanbul and Ankara.

text: The Thermal Club is a private motorsports facility situated on  south of Thermal. This private country club for automotive enthusiasts plans to build a  with 300 lots for member-owned garages and villas.  the first  was in use by early members and for media and promotional events with 2 more courses planned.http://www.thethermalclub.com/

text: There were 49 households out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.18.

text: There were 49 households out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were

text: married couples

text: living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.18.

text: Today the land is used in aquaculture.

text: Today the land is used in aquaculture.

text: Subsequently, the island has been used for strategic defense and operations during and after the Cold War with Wake Island serving as a launch platform for military rockets involved in testing anti-missile defense systems and atmospheric re-entry trials. Wake's location allows for a safe launch and trajectory over unpopulated ocean with open space for intercepts.

text: Subsequently, the island has been used for strategic defense and operations during and after the

text: Cold War

text: with Wake Island serving as a launch platform for military rockets involved in testing anti-missile defense systems and atmospheric re-entry trials. Wake's location allows for a safe launch and trajectory over unpopulated ocean with open space for intercepts.

text: The commercialization of water is offered as a response to the increased scarcity of water that has resulted due to the world population tripling while the demand for water has increased six-fold. Market environmentalism uses the markets as a solution to environmental problems such as environmental degradation and an inefficient use of resources. Supporters of market environmentalism believe that the managing of water as an economic good by private companies will be more effective than political accountability by citizens through their representatives. The opponents believe that the consequence of water being a human right excludes private sector involvement and requires that water should be given to all people because it is essential to life. Access to water as a human right is used by some NGOs as a means to combat privatization efforts. A human right to water "generally rests on two justifications: the non-substitutability of drinking water ("essential for life"), and the fact that many other human rights which are explicitly recognized in the UN Conventions are predicated upon an (assumed) availability of water (e.g. the right to food)."

text: The commercialization of water is offered as a response to the increased scarcity of water that has resulted due to the world population tripling while the demand for water has increased six-fold. Market environmentalism uses the markets as a solution to environmental problems such as environmental degradation and an inefficient use of resources. Supporters of market environmentalism believe that the managing of water as an economic good by private companies will be more effective than political accountability by citizens through their representatives. The opponents believe that the consequence of water being a human right excludes private sector involvement and requires that water should be given to all people because it is essential to life. Access to water as a human right is used by some NGOs as a means to combat privatization efforts. A human right to water "generally rests on two justifications: the non-substitutability of drinking water ("essential for life"), and the fact that many other human rights which are explicitly recognized in the UN Conventions are predicated upon an (assumed) availability of water (e.g. the

text: right to food

text: These methods either heat the structures in the water to prevent frazil ice adhesion or heat the water to prevent frazil ice from forming in the first place. When heating the structure, it must be heated to a temperature above freezing. Electrical resistance heaters have been found to work well, but these have potential safety problems. Installing hollow tubes in the structures through which steam or warm water is pumped also works, but this method has been seen to cause operational problems. Other active methods are also available. Sometimes warm water byproducts are released from nearby water facilities, and the warm water is wasted. Redirecting this water to potential frazil ice accumulation regions could raise the water temperature 0.1-0.2 °C, often enough to prevent supercooled water from developing.

text: These methods either heat the structures in the water to prevent frazil ice adhesion or heat the water to prevent frazil ice from forming in the first place. When heating the structure, it must be heated to a temperature above freezing. Electrical

text: resistance heater

text: s have been found to work well, but these have potential safety problems. Installing hollow tubes in the structures through which steam or warm water is pumped also works, but this method has been seen to cause operational problems. Other active methods are also available. Sometimes warm water byproducts are released from nearby water facilities, and the warm water is wasted. Redirecting this water to potential frazil ice accumulation regions could raise the water temperature 0.1-0.2 °C, often enough to prevent supercooled water from developing.

text: Hamerkops feed during the day, often taking a break at noon to roost. They normally feed alone or in pairs. The food is typical of long-legged wading birds, and the most important is amphibians. They also eat fish, shrimp, insects and rodents. They walk in shallow water looking for prey, shuffling one foot at a time on the bottom or suddenly opening their wings to flush prey out of hiding. The same shuffling technique is used to locate food in middens of fish remains.

text: Tupaia is a treeshrew genus in the family Tupaiidae that was first described by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the Malay word tupai meaning squirrels or small animals that resemble squirrels.

text: Tupaia is a

text: treeshrew

text: genus

text: in the family

text: Tupaiidae

text: that was first described by

text: Thomas Stamford Raffles

text: in 1821. The name of this genus derives from the

text: Malay

text: word tupai meaning

text: squirrel

text: s or small animals that resemble squirrels.

text: The role played by the Iowa Caucuses is viewed with envy by states across the country. Traditionally, Iowa has been first and then followed by the state of New Hampshire, but states such as South Carolina, Nevada, and Florida have been moving up the dates of their presidential primaries to try to capture some of the media and political attention that Iowa and New Hampshire receive.

text: The role played by the Iowa Caucuses is viewed with envy by states across the country. Traditionally, Iowa has been first and then followed by the state of

text: New Hampshire

text: , but states such as

text: South Carolina

text: Nevada

text: , and

text: Florida

text: have been moving up the dates of their presidential primaries to try to capture some of the media and political attention that Iowa and New Hampshire receive.

text: Sewerage is also handled by the water utilities, however the various water and sewer networks may not conform to the same boundaries, resulting in interbasin water transfers. This is for practical reasons, because the area is hilly and divided by several watersheds, because the area has developed irregularly and erratically, and because water treatment plants are usually not near sewage treatment plants. Septic tanks are still used in the older homes of some exurbs.

text: Sewerage

text: is also handled by the water utilities, however the various water and sewer networks may not conform to the same boundaries, resulting in

text: interbasin water transfer

text: s. This is for practical reasons, because the area is hilly and divided by several

text: watershed

text: s, because the area has developed irregularly and erratically, and because

text: water treatment

text: plants are usually not near

text: sewage treatment plant

text: s.

text: Septic tank

text: s are still used in the older homes of some exurbs.

text: He was loaned out to Adeccoligaen club Ullensaker/Kisa for second half of the 2013-season. He made 10 appearance during his loan spell.

text: He was loaned out to

text: Adeccoligaen

text: club

text: Ullensaker/Kisa

text: for second half of the 2013-season. He made 10 appearance during his loan spell.

text: Under communist rule, agriculture received much less attention and investment funding than industry. Partly because of this fact, agricultural output grew slowly, not regaining prewar levels of production until the 1960s. Falling productivity and the need to increase farm output to reduce agricultural imports eventually drew official attention to agriculture. A principal government goal was to encourage large-scale farming that could benefit from modern technologies and powerful farm equipment. Proceeding slowly during the 1980s, consolidation of farms accelerated in the 1970s. Most of the larger cooperatives encompassed several villages and raised a variety of crops and livestock. In the 1960s, in an effort to increase farm incomes, the government raised the prices of farm products; during the previous decade, by contrast, prices for farm produce had been kept low, partly to extract workers and investment funds for the expansion of industry. By the early 1970s, the average farm income reportedly had reached parity with that of urban white- collar workers. The farm labor force of the 1980s was relatively young (45% was under 40 years of age in 1980) and well educated. The performance of the agricultural sector improved markedly during the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s. In 1960 the official index of gross agricultural output (in constant 1980 prices) had stood at 96, compared with 100 in 1936. In 1970 the index reached 116.8, and by 1980 it had increased to 143. Between 1981 and 1985, according to official sources, total agricultural production increased by 9.8% over the 1980 level.

text: When rail negotiations to transport coal from the project broke down, Peabody designed a coal slurry pipeline similar to a natural gas pipeline to transport the coal 273 miles to the Mohave Generating Station in Laughlin, Nevada. The company pumped potable water from the underground Navajo Aquifer (N-aquifer) to supply the slurry pipeline, a solution that generated controversy. The Navajo Aquifer is a main source of potable water for the Navajo and Hopi tribes, who use the water for farming and livestock maintenance as well as drinking and other domestic uses. Members of the tribes as well as outside environmental groups have alleged that the pumping of water by Peabody Energy has caused contamination of water sources and a severe decline in potable water. Peabody contends that operations consumed only one percent of the aquifer's water.

text: When rail negotiations to transport coal from the project broke down, Peabody designed a coal

text: slurry pipeline

text: similar to a natural gas pipeline to transport the coal 273 miles to the

text: Mohave Generating Station

text: in

text: Laughlin, Nevada

text: . The company pumped

text: potable water

text: from the underground Navajo Aquifer (N-aquifer) to supply the slurry pipeline, a solution that generated controversy. The Navajo Aquifer is a main source of potable water for the Navajo and Hopi tribes, who use the water for farming and livestock maintenance as well as drinking and other domestic uses. Members of the tribes as well as outside environmental groups have alleged that the pumping of water by Peabody Energy has caused contamination of water sources and a severe decline in potable water. Peabody contends that operations consumed only one percent of the aquifer's water.

text: (Karl Vogt and Johann Stockhausen)

text: (Karl Vogt and Johann Stockhausen)

text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s university and applied sciences college have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s

text: university

text: and

entity_name: Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences

text: applied sciences college

text: have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

text: Environmental concerns, along concerns with cost and human health, have led to research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. Golf course superintendents are often trained in the uses of these practices and grasses. This has led to significant reduction in the amount of both water and chemicals on courses. Golf course turf is an excellent filter for water and has been used in communities to cleanse grey water, such as incorporating them into bioswales.

text: Environmental concerns, along concerns with cost and human health, have led to research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. Golf course superintendents are often trained in the uses of these practices and grasses. This has led to significant reduction in the amount of both water and chemicals on courses. Golf course turf is an excellent filter for water and has been used in communities to cleanse

text: grey water

text: , such as incorporating them into

text: bioswale

text: s.

text: In terms of hydrology, the Bravo, Purificacion and Guayalejo rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico after crossing the state from the western inland. On their way, their basins and zones of influence naturally correspond to the areas destined for agricultural use. The Rio Grande, known to Mexicans as the Río Bravo, represents the northern frontier shared with the United States. One of the tributaries of this natural border, the San Juan River, feeds the Falcon International Reservoir and the Marte Gomez Dam, which, in conjunction with the "Friendship Dam", reach a capacity of 12,940 million cubic meters of stored water. Agricultural and cattle raising activities are served by 14 other dams across the state, with a total capacity of 7,500 million cubic meters of water.

text: In terms of hydrology, the Bravo, Purificacion and Guayalejo rivers flow into the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: after crossing the state from the western inland. On their way, their basins and zones of influence naturally correspond to the areas destined for agricultural use. The Rio Grande, known to Mexicans as the

text: Río Bravo

text: , represents the northern frontier shared with the United States. One of the tributaries of this natural border, the

text: San Juan River

text: , feeds the Falcon International Reservoir and the

text: Marte Gomez Dam

text: , which, in conjunction with the "Friendship Dam", reach a capacity of 12,940 million cubic meters of stored water. Agricultural and cattle raising activities are served by 14 other dams across the state, with a total capacity of 7,500 million cubic meters of water.

text: Side products from this process include ferrophosphorus, a crude form of FeP, resulting from iron impurities in the mineral precursors. The silicate slag is a useful construction material. The fluoride is sometimes recovered for use in water fluoridation. More problematic is a "mud" containing significant amounts of white phosphorus. Production of white phosphorus is conducted in large facilities in part because it is energy intensive. The white phosphorus is transported in molten form. Some major accidents have occurred during transportation; train derailments at Brownston, Nebraska and Miamisburg, Ohio led to large fires. The worst incident in recent times was an environmental contamination in 1968 when the sea was polluted from spillage and/or inadequately treated sewage from a white phosphorus plant at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.

text: Side products from this process include ferrophosphorus, a crude form of FeP, resulting from iron impurities in the mineral precursors. The silicate

text: slag

text: is a useful construction material. The fluoride is sometimes recovered for use in

text: water fluoridation

text: . More problematic is a "mud" containing significant amounts of white phosphorus. Production of white phosphorus is conducted in large facilities in part because it is energy intensive. The white phosphorus is transported in molten form. Some major accidents have occurred during transportation; train derailments at

text: Brownston, Nebraska

text: and

text: Miamisburg, Ohio

text: led to large fires. The worst incident in recent times was an environmental contamination in 1968 when the sea was polluted from spillage and/or inadequately treated sewage from a white phosphorus plant at

text: Placentia Bay, Newfoundland

text: Water-activated tape is used for closing and sealing boxes. Before closing corrugated fiberboard boxes, the tape is wetted or remoistened, activated by water. The tape is mostly 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Such tape is considered 'good' to chew on, as many believe it whitens teeth.[citation needed].

text: Water-activated tape is used for closing and sealing boxes. Before closing

text: corrugated fiberboard

text: box

text: es, the tape is wetted or remoistened, activated by water. The tape is mostly 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide. Such tape is considered 'good' to chew on, as many believe it whitens teeth.[citation needed].

text: The process and waste waters used in shale oil extraction contain phenols, tar, and several other environmentally toxic products. Power stations use water as a coolant and for hydraulic transportation of oil shale ash to the ash heaps. Narva power stations use  of water from the Narva River annually for cooling. For ash transportation, generated oil shale ash is mixed with water at a ratio of 1:20 and the resulted mixture, known as "ash pulp", is pumped to the heaps. Consequently, the transportation water becomes highly alkaline. The total volume of formed alkaline water is .

text: The process and waste waters used in shale oil extraction contain

text: phenols

text: tar

text: , and several other environmentally toxic products. Power stations use water as a coolant and for hydraulic transportation of oil shale ash to the ash heaps. Narva power stations use  of water from the

text: Narva River

text: annually for cooling. For ash transportation, generated oil shale ash is mixed with water at a ratio of 1:20 and the resulted mixture, known as "ash pulp", is pumped to the heaps. Consequently, the transportation water becomes highly

text: alkaline

text: . The total volume of formed alkaline water is .