text: Each power starts out with a certain set of territories depending on whether the campaign starts in 1939 or 1941. Some of the powers control territory that they actually did not at the time. For example, Germany's territory includes Libya and Ethiopia (both under Italian rule), the United States controls territories in the Caribbean Sea and South America (both independent), while the United Kingdom controls Canada and Australia (both Commonwealth). The focus of Campaign mode is to capture enemy territories while defending one's own, reducing the number of ports under enemy control to zero. Territories produce four types of resources: money, iron ore, oil, and aluminum for the power that controls them.  Money is used to fund construction of ships and aircraft, and fund R&D of new technologies or ship and aircraft types. Iron ore is used for ship construction, oil is used by ships for movement, and aluminum is used for aircraft construction. Capturing territories thus increases the resources available to a player while denying their use to the enemy.

text: Each power starts out with a certain set of territories depending on whether the campaign starts in 1939 or 1941. Some of the powers control territory that they actually did not at the time. For example, Germany's territory includes

entity_name: Italian Libya

text: Libya

text: and

entity_name: Italian East Africa

text: Ethiopia

text: (both under Italian rule), the United States controls territories in the

entity_name: Caribbean Sea

text: Caribbean Sea

text: and

entity_name: South America

text: South America

text: (both independent), while the United Kingdom controls

entity_name: Canada

text: Canada

text: and

entity_name: Australia

text: Australia

text: (both

entity_name: Commonwealth of Nations

text: Commonwealth

text: ). The focus of Campaign mode is to capture enemy territories while defending one's own, reducing the number of ports under enemy control to zero. Territories produce four types of resources: money,

entity_name: Iron ore

text: iron ore

entity_name: Petroleum

text: oil

text: , and

entity_name: Aluminium

text: aluminum

text: for the power that controls them.  Money is used to fund construction of ships and aircraft, and fund R&D of new technologies or ship and aircraft types. Iron ore is used for ship construction, oil is used by ships for movement, and aluminum is used for aircraft construction. Capturing territories thus increases the resources available to a player while denying their use to the enemy.

text: Introducing the term 'low entropy' for valuable natural resources, and the term 'high entropy' for valueless waste and pollution, Georgescu explains that all the economic process does from a physical point of view is to irreversibly transform low entropy into high entropy, thereby providing a flow of natural resources for people to live on. The irreversibility of this economic process is the reason why natural resources are scarce: Recycling of material resources is possible, but only by using up some energy resources plus an additional amount of other material resources; and energy resources, in turn, cannot be recycled at all, but are dissipated as waste heat (according to the entropy law).

text: Introducing the term 'low entropy' for valuable natural resources, and the term 'high entropy' for valueless waste and pollution, Georgescu explains that all the economic process does from a physical point of view is to irreversibly transform low entropy into high entropy, thereby providing a flow of natural resources for people to live on. The irreversibility of this economic process is the reason why natural resources are scarce:

entity_name: Recycling

text: Recycling

text: of material resources is possible, but only by using up some energy resources plus an additional amount of other material resources; and energy resources, in turn, cannot be recycled at all, but are dissipated as

entity_name: Waste heat

text: waste heat

text: (according to the entropy law).

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: UNH-qee

text: Although it can be threatening if it is not controlled, fire is a successful way to conserve forest resources. Controlled burn is a technique that is used to manage forests. Fire can benefit the ecosystem within a forest. Fire is natural and it is also a tool of foresters used to improve the forests. It renews the forest undergrowth and also stimulates the germination of trees species. In some species of trees such as the Sequoia, seedlings remain in dormancy until broken by fire. As a result, These species can not reproduce without fire.

text: Although it can be threatening if it is not controlled, fire is a successful way to conserve forest resources.

entity_name: Controlled burn

text: Controlled burn

text: is a technique that is used to manage forests. Fire can benefit the ecosystem within a forest. Fire is natural and it is also a tool of foresters used to improve the forests. It renews the forest undergrowth and also stimulates the

entity_name: Germination

text: germination

text: of trees species. In some species of trees such as the

entity_name: Sequoia sempervirens

text: Sequoia

entity_name: Seedling

text: seedlings

text: remain in dormancy until broken by fire. As a result, These species can not reproduce without fire.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: For the most part, mitigation involves fuel conservation, and the use of alternative and renewable energy sources.  The development of unconventional oil resources can extend the supply of petroleum, but does not reduce consumption.

text: For the most part, mitigation involves

entity_name: Energy conservation

text: fuel conservation

text: , and the use of

entity_name: Alternative energy

text: alternative

text: and

entity_name: Renewable energy

text: renewable energy

text: sources.  The development of

entity_name: Unconventional oil

text: unconventional oil

text: resources can extend the supply of petroleum, but does not reduce consumption.

text: Percent-encoding, also known as URL encoding, is a mechanism for encoding information in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) under certain circumstances. Although it is known as URL encoding it is, in fact, used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Name (URN). As such, it is also used in the preparation of data of the application/x-www-form-urlencoded media type, as is often used in the submission of HTML form data in HTTP requests.

text: Percent-encoding, also known as URL encoding, is a mechanism for

entity_name: Binary-to-text encoding

text: encoding

text: information in a

entity_name: Uniform Resource Identifier

text: Uniform Resource Identifier

text: (URI) under certain circumstances. Although it is known as URL encoding it is, in fact, used more generally within the main

text: Uniform Resource Identifier

text: (URI) set, which includes both

entity_name: Uniform Resource Locator

text: Uniform Resource Locator

text: (URL) and

entity_name: Uniform Resource Name

text: Uniform Resource Name

text: (URN). As such, it is also used in the preparation of data of the application/x-www-form-urlencoded

entity_name: Media type

text: media type

text: , as is often used in the submission of

entity_name: HTML

text: HTML

entity_name: Form (HTML)

text: form

text: data in

entity_name: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: HTTP

text: requests.

method: UNH-ecn

text: The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) created the consultative council on 30 August 2005.The forest became part of the Mantiqueira Mosaic of conservation units, created in 2006.On 5 August 2008 IBAMA and the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) launched an inquiry into irregularities in extraction of wood, sand mining, disappearance of wild animals and sale of seedlings.The forest is now administered by ICMBio.The management plan was approved on 10 May 2016.

text: The

entity_name: Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

text: Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources

text: (IBAMA) created the consultative council on 30 August 2005.The forest became part of the

entity_name: Mantiqueira Mosaic

text: Mantiqueira Mosaic

text: of conservation units, created in 2006.On 5 August 2008 IBAMA and the

entity_name: Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation

text: Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation

text: (ICMBio) launched an inquiry into irregularities in extraction of wood, sand mining, disappearance of wild animals and sale of seedlings.The forest is now administered by ICMBio.The management plan was approved on 10 May 2016.

text: With the passage of the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act by the United States Congress in 1976 and the U.S. Government's establishment of a 200-nautical-mile fishery conservation zone, Townsend Cromwell  began to support U.S. Government- and State of Hawaii-sponsored investigations of marine and land resources of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. After completing that work in 1982, she returned to assessments of commercial fishery resources such as spiny lobster, groundfish, and precious corals, and she conducted assessments of the deep shrimp and groundfish fisheries around Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. She also supported field camps on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands to count Hawaiian monk seals and green sea turtles under a U.S. Government mandate for preservation of those species, and she took part in oceanographic cruises using satellites to improve the understanding of wind-generated eddies and large frontal systems in Pacific Ocean fisheries areas. In her later years, she participated in resource assessments for the Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. For several years prior to her decommissioning, she took part in multi-agency U.S. Government efforts to remove hundreds of tons of discarded fishing gear and other marine debris from coral reef ecosystems.

text: With the passage of the

entity_name: Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

text: Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

text: by the

entity_name: United States Congress

text: United States Congress

text: in 1976 and the U.S. Government's establishment of a 200-

entity_name: Nautical mile

text: nautical-mile

text: fishery conservation zone, Townsend Cromwell  began to support U.S. Government- and

entity_name: Hawaii

text: State of Hawaii

text: -sponsored investigations of marine and land resources of the

entity_name: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

text: . After completing that work in 1982, she returned to assessments of commercial fishery resources such as

entity_name: Spiny lobster

text: spiny lobster

entity_name: Groundfish

text: groundfish

text: , and precious

entity_name: Coral

text: coral

text: s, and she conducted assessments of the deep

entity_name: Shrimp

text: shrimp

text: and groundfish fisheries around

entity_name: Guam

text: Guam

text: and the

entity_name: Northern Mariana Islands

text: Northern Mariana Islands

text: . She also supported field camps on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands to count

entity_name: Hawaiian monk seal

text: Hawaiian monk seal

text: s and

entity_name: Green sea turtle

text: green sea turtle

text: s under a U.S. Government mandate for preservation of those species, and she took part in oceanographic cruises using

entity_name: Satellite

text: satellite

text: s to improve the understanding of wind-generated eddies and large frontal systems in Pacific Ocean fisheries areas. In her later years, she participated in resource assessments for the

text: Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve

text: in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. For several years prior to her

entity_name: Ship commissioning

entity_section: Ship decommissioning

text: decommissioning

text: , she took part in multi-agency U.S. Government efforts to remove hundreds of tons of discarded fishing gear and other marine debris from coral reef

entity_name: Ecosystem

text: ecosystem

text: s.

text: The Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of web resources. The OAI-ORE specification implements the ORE Model which introduces the resource map (ReM) that makes it possible to associate an identity with aggregations of resources and make assertions about their structure and semantics.

text: The

entity_name: Open Archives Initiative

text: Open Archives Initiative

text: Object Reuse and Exchange (OAI-ORE) defines standards for the description and exchange of aggregations of

entity_name: Web resource

text: web resource

text: s. The OAI-ORE specification implements the ORE Model which introduces the

entity_name: Resource map

text: resource map

text: (ReM) that makes it possible to associate an identity with aggregations of resources and make assertions about their structure and semantics.

text: From this principle, conservation biologists can trace communal resource based ethics throughout cultures as a solution to communal resource conflict. For example, the Alaskan Tlingit peoples and the Haida of the Pacific Northwest had resource boundaries, rules, and restrictions among clans with respect to the fishing of sockeye salmon. These rules were guided by clan elders who knew lifelong details of each river and stream they managed. There are numerous examples in history where cultures have followed rules, rituals, and organized practice with respect to communal natural resource management.

text: From this principle, conservation biologists can trace communal resource based ethics throughout cultures as a solution to communal resource conflict. For example, the Alaskan

entity_name: Tlingit

text: Tlingit

text: peoples and the

entity_name: Haida people

text: Haida

text: of the

entity_name: Pacific Northwest

text: Pacific Northwest

text: had resource boundaries, rules, and restrictions among clans with respect to the fishing of

entity_name: Sockeye salmon

text: sockeye salmon

text: . These rules were guided by clan elders who knew lifelong details of each river and stream they managed. There are numerous examples in history where cultures have followed rules, rituals, and organized practice with respect to communal natural resource management.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to be sorted, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of active disassembly, which may result in more consumer product components being re-used or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable, as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because it is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.

text: While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to be sorted, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of

entity_name: Active Disassembly

text: active disassembly

text: , which may result in more consumer product components being re-used or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable, as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because it is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in

entity_name: Landfill

text: landfills

entity_name: Incineration

text: incinerated

text: or used to produce electricity at

entity_name: Waste-to-energy

text: waste-to-energy

text: plants.

text: In 1982, the UN developed the World Charter for Nature, we have to protect it just like our mother, which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures need to be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law. To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN, WWF and the UNEP in 1990, set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.

text: In 1982, the UN developed the

entity_name: World Charter for Nature

text: World Charter for Nature

text: , we have to protect it just like our mother, which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures need to be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law. To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

entity_name: World Wide Fund for Nature

text: WWF

text: and the

entity_name: United Nations Environment Programme

text: UNEP

text: in 1990, set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively.

text: There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of natural resources without compromising human wealth. However, many studies show that economic growth “eats up” these gains at least partially: if the economy grows by 2% per annum we need an increasing resource productivity by 4% in order to achieve a 2% reduction of the absolute resource use. While eco-efficiency aims to improve the effectiveness of material, energy, and land use, eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods.

text: There are potentials to reduce substantially the use of

entity_name: Natural resource

text: natural resources

text: without compromising human wealth. However, many studies show that

entity_name: Economic growth

text: economic growth

text: “eats up” these gains at least partially: if the economy grows by 2% per annum we need an increasing

entity_name: Resource productivity

text: resource productivity

text: by 4% in order to achieve a 2% reduction of the absolute resource use. While

entity_name: Eco-efficiency

text: eco-efficiency

text: aims to improve the effectiveness of material, energy, and land use, eco-sufficiency aims at reducing negative environmental consequences through a reduction of the demand for consumer goods.

text: Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).

text: Like

text: aluminium

text: , copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the

entity_name: International Resource Panel

text: International Resource Panel

text: 's

entity_name: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: , the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).

text: As a protected area, the Philippine government needs approximately US$ 180,000 annually to protect and manage its natural resources. Tourists are encouraged to pay US$ 0.50 per day as conservation fee for the duration of their visit at the Municipal Tourism Office or the Office of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), which are housed in the Municipal Building in Calle Real. This was embodied in the PAMB Resolution No. 08 series 2000 from the National Integrated Protected Area Program (NIPAP) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

text: As a protected area, the Philippine government needs approximately

entity_name: United States dollar

text: US$

text: 180,000 annually to protect and manage its natural resources. Tourists are encouraged to pay

text: US$

text: 0.50 per day as conservation fee for the duration of their visit at the Municipal Tourism Office or the Office of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), which are housed in the Municipal Building in Calle Real. This was embodied in the PAMB Resolution No. 08 series 2000 from the National Integrated Protected Area Program (NIPAP) of the

entity_name: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines)

text: Department of Environment and Natural Resources

text: (DENR).

text: The Alto Tarauacá Extractive Reserve was created by decree on 8 November 2000 with an area of about  to ensure sustainable exploitation and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by extractive populations.The reserve is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood is based on the extraction, subsistence agriculture and breeding small animals.Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these populations, and to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.

text: The Alto Tarauacá Extractive Reserve was created by decree on 8 November 2000 with an area of about  to ensure sustainable exploitation and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by extractive populations.The reserve is classed as

entity_name: IUCN protected area categories

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood is based on the extraction, subsistence agriculture and breeding small animals.Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these populations, and to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources.

text: Exclusive use resources: When multiple processes are dependent on a resource and they need to access it at the same time the operating system needs to ensure that only one processor accesses it at a given point in time.This reduces  concurrency.

text: The focus of the conference was on natural resources and their proper use. President Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty." Among those speaking were leading industrialists, such as Andrew Carnegie and James J. Hill, politicians, and resource experts. Their speeches emphasized both the nation's need to exploit renewable resources and the differing situations of the various states, requiring different plans. This Conference was a seminal event in the history of conservationism; it brought the issue to public attention in a highly visible way. The next year saw two outgrowths of the Conference: the National Conservation Commission, which Roosevelt and Pinchot set up with representatives from the states and Federal agencies, and the First National Conservation Congress, which Pinchot led as an assembly of private conservation interests.

text: The focus of the conference was on natural resources and their proper use. President Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty." Among those speaking were leading industrialists, such as

entity_name: Andrew Carnegie

text: Andrew Carnegie

text: and

entity_name: James J. Hill

text: James J. Hill

text: , politicians, and resource experts. Their speeches emphasized both the nation's need to exploit renewable resources and the differing situations of the various states, requiring different plans. This Conference was a seminal event in the history of conservationism; it brought the issue to public attention in a highly visible way. The next year saw two outgrowths of the Conference: the National Conservation Commission, which Roosevelt and Pinchot set up with representatives from the states and Federal agencies, and the First National Conservation Congress, which Pinchot led as an assembly of private conservation interests.

text: To understand the conservation efforts in China, it is important to know something about the events of the several past hundred years of China's history relating to social attitudes, pressures on nature and natural resources, and the political ambition to safeguard the natural environment. Each of these are significant factors and determinants of conservation efforts.  Up until the year 1700, China was a country that was rampant with land reclamations, growing land exploitation, and wars. These series of events led to a huge upsurge in the diminishing of the natural biomass and as well as a reduction in spatial distribution of biotic resources. The significance of this situation was that this drastic dwindling of resources made the people of this region aware of the relationship between utilization and conservation. From 1911 to 1949, China began to move into the direction of modern industry, urbanization, civil wars, and agriculture. This transition period brought with it the depletion and disappearance of various renewable resources, as well as the pollution of various biotopes. This lack of conservation eventually led to a deteriorating environment, which meant lower standards of living for the Chinese human population. This is the point when both the government and the people of China came to the epiphany that the environment matters. It was not until 1956 that modern nature conservation efforts begin to develop.

text: The USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) published a Federal Register notice on 15 January 2016, announcing the National Organic Program (NOP) final guidance on Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation for Certified Organic Operations. Given the broad scope of natural resources which includes soil, water, wetland, woodland and wildlife, the guidance provides examples of practices that support the underlying conservation principles and demonstrate compliance with USDA organic regulations § 205.200. The final guidance provides organic certifiers and farms with examples of production practices that support conservation principles and comply with the USDA organic regulations, which require operations to maintain or improve natural resources. The final guidance also clarifies the role of certified operations (to submit an OSP to a certifier), certifiers (ensure that the OSP describes or lists practices that explain the operator's monitoring plan and practices to support natural resources and biodiversity conservation), and inspectors (onsite inspection) in the implementation and verification of these production practices.

text: Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park is a protected area located in the north-east of South Australia about  north-west of Innamincka.  The national park was proclaimed on 31 March 2005 as the Coongie Lakes National Park under National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 over a parcel of land previously part of the Innamincka Regional Reserve to "conserve significant wetlands, provide experiences for visitors and ensure that the core component of the Coongie Lakes system was protected."  The national park is located on land that was included on the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention under the name, Coongie Lakes in 1987.  In 2014, the national park was renamed as the Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park.  The national park is co-managed by the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR), the Yandruwandha Yawarrawarrka Parks Advisory Committee and South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board.  It is classified as an IUCN Category II protected area.

text: Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park is a

text: protected area

text: located in the north-east of

text: South Australia

text: about  north-west of

text: Innamincka

text: .  The national park was proclaimed on 31 March 2005 as the Coongie Lakes National Park under

text: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972

text: over a parcel of land previously part of the

text: Innamincka Regional Reserve

text: to "conserve significant wetlands, provide experiences for visitors and ensure that the core component of the Coongie Lakes system was protected."  The national park is located on land that was included on the

entity_name: List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance

text: List of Wetlands of International Importance

text: under the

text: Ramsar Convention

text: under the name,

text: Coongie Lakes

text: in 1987.  In 2014, the national park was renamed as the Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park.  The national park is co-managed by the

entity_name: Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (South Australia)

text: Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources

text: (DEWNR), the Yandruwandha Yawarrawarrka Parks Advisory Committee and South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board.  It is classified as an

text: IUCN

text: Category II protected area

text: The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries is one of the groups backing these educational efforts throughout the country. As the nation’s trade association for the scrap recycling industry, ISRI provides members and community leaders with resources that they can use when facing the issue. They have also teamed with the National Crime Prevention Council (known for McGruff the Crime Dog and the “Take a Bite Out of Crime” slogan) in an effort to team with law enforcement and crime prevention organizations to fight and solve this problem, and have established a theft alert system that these groups can use. ISRI and the National Crime Prevention Council offer a number of tips for how to fight and prevent metal theft, including requiring photo ID and license plate information for every transaction, training employees on identifying stolen goods, and keeping good records that might be useful later.

text: The

text: Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries

text: is one of the groups backing these educational efforts throughout the country. As the nation’s trade association for the scrap recycling industry, ISRI provides members and community leaders with resources that they can use when facing the issue. They have also teamed with the

text: National Crime Prevention Council

text: (known for

text: McGruff the Crime Dog

text: and the “Take a Bite Out of Crime” slogan) in an effort to team with law enforcement and crime prevention organizations to fight and solve this problem, and have established a theft alert system that these groups can use. ISRI and the National Crime Prevention Council offer a number of tips for how to fight and prevent metal theft, including requiring photo ID and license plate information for every transaction, training employees on identifying stolen goods, and keeping good records that might be useful later.

text: Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities and usable things. With increasing population, the demand for resources is increasing. There are marked differences in resource distribution and associated economic inequality between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment. Sustainable development means that we should exploit our resources carefully to meet our present requirement without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The practice of the three R's - reduce, reuse and recycle must be followed in order to save and extend the availability of resources.

text: Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities and usable things. With increasing population, the demand for resources is increasing. There are marked differences in

text: resource distribution

text: and associated

text: economic inequality

text: between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries.

text: Sustainable development

text: is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the

text: environment

text: . Sustainable development means that we should exploit our resources carefully to meet our present requirement without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The practice of the three R's - reduce, reuse and recycle must be followed in order to save and extend the availability of resources.

text: A natural approach is to make holding a resource be a class invariant: resources are acquired during object creation (specifically initialization), and released during object destruction (specifically finalization). This is known as Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), and ties resource management to object lifetime, ensuring that live objects have all necessary resources. Other approaches do not make holding the resource a class invariant, and thus objects may not have necessary resources (because they've not been acquired yet, have already been released, or are being managed externally), resulting in errors such as trying to read from a closed file. This approach ties resource management to memory management (specifically object management), so if there are no memory leaks (no object leaks), there are no resource leaks. RAII works naturally for heap-managed resources, not only stack-managed resources, and is composable: resources held by objects in arbitrarily complicated relationships (a complicated object graph) are released transparently simply by object destruction (so long as this is done properly!).

text: A natural approach is to make holding a resource be a

text: class invariant

text: : resources are acquired during object creation (specifically initialization), and released during object destruction (specifically finalization). This is known as

text: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization

text: (RAII), and ties resource management to

text: object lifetime

text: , ensuring that live objects have all necessary resources. Other approaches do not make holding the resource a class invariant, and thus objects may not have necessary resources (because they've not been acquired yet, have already been released, or are being managed externally), resulting in errors such as trying to read from a closed file. This approach ties resource management to memory management (specifically object management), so if there are no memory leaks (no object leaks), there are no

text: resource leak

text: s. RAII works naturally for heap-managed resources, not only stack-managed resources, and is composable: resources held by objects in arbitrarily complicated relationships (a complicated

text: object graph

text: ) are released transparently simply by object destruction (so long as this is done properly!).

text: Throughout most of history, humanity has used nature’s resources to build cities and roads, to provide food and create products, and to release carbon dioxide at a rate that was well within Earth’s budget. But by the early 1970s, that critical threshold had been crossed: Human consumption began outstripping what the planet could reproduce. According to Global Footprint Network’s calculations, our demand for renewable ecological resources and the services they provide is now equivalent to that of more than 1.5 Earths. The data shows us on track to require the resources of two planets well before mid-2000-century.

text: Throughout most of history, humanity has used nature’s resources to build cities and roads, to provide food and create products, and to

text: release carbon dioxide

text: at a rate that was well within Earth’s budget. But by the early 1970s, that critical threshold had been crossed: Human consumption began outstripping what the planet could reproduce. According to

text: Global Footprint Network

text: ’s calculations, our demand for renewable ecological resources and the services they provide is now equivalent to that of more than 1.5 Earths. The data shows us on track to require the resources of two planets well before mid-2000-century.

text: Pendeba teaches about natural resources and conservation.

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency encourages electronic recyclers to become certified by demonstrating to an accredited, independent third party auditor that they meet specific standards to safely recycle and manage electronics.  This should work so as to ensure the highest environmental standards are being maintained.  Two certifications for electronic recyclers currently exist and are endorsed by the EPA.  Customers are encouraged to choose certified electronics recyclers.  Responsible electronics recycling reduces environmental and human health impacts, increases the use of reusable and refurbished equipment and reduces energy use while conserving limited resources. The two EPA-endorsed certification programs are: Responsible Recyclers Practices (R2) and E-Stewards.  Certified companies ensure they are meeting strict environmental standards which maximize reuse and recycling, minimize exposure to human health or the environment, ensure safe management of materials and require destruction of all data used on electronics. Certified electronics recyclers have demonstrated through audits and other means that they continually meet specific high environmental standards and safely manage used electronics. Once certified, the recycler is held to the particular standard by continual oversight by the independent accredited certifying body. A certification board accredits and oversees certifying bodies to ensure that they meet specific responsibilities and are competent to audit and provide certification.

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency encourages electronic recyclers to become certified by demonstrating to an accredited, independent third party auditor that they meet specific standards to safely recycle and manage electronics.  This should work so as to ensure the highest environmental standards are being maintained.  Two certifications for electronic recyclers currently exist and are endorsed by the EPA.  Customers are encouraged to choose certified electronics recyclers.  Responsible electronics recycling reduces environmental and human health impacts, increases the use of reusable and refurbished equipment and reduces energy use while conserving limited resources. The two EPA-endorsed certification programs are: Responsible Recyclers Practices (R2) and

text: E-Stewards

text: .  Certified companies ensure they are meeting strict environmental standards which maximize reuse and recycling, minimize exposure to human health or the environment, ensure safe management of materials and require destruction of all data used on electronics. Certified electronics recyclers have demonstrated through audits and other means that they continually meet specific high environmental standards and safely manage used electronics. Once certified, the recycler is held to the particular standard by continual oversight by the independent accredited certifying body. A certification board accredits and oversees certifying bodies to ensure that they meet specific responsibilities and are competent to audit and provide certification.

text: The Caeté-Taperaçu Marine Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 20 May 2005 to protect livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the resident population.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood is based on extraction, subsistence agriculture and small-scale animal raising.Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these people and to ensure sustainable use of natural resources.

text: The Caeté-Taperaçu Marine Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 20 May 2005 to protect livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the resident population.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood is based on extraction, subsistence agriculture and small-scale animal raising.Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these people and to ensure sustainable use of natural resources.

text: • High recycled content, with reusable resources.

text: Green Information System (Green IS) is a combination of environment and Information Technology (IT), The relationship between Information Technology (IT) and the environment is complex, because of  the negative environmental impact of IT production, use, and disposal then, making this effect greener has been termed Green Information Technology, which considers IT’s environmental impact primarily as a problem to be mitigated. Another effect involves the positive impact of using Information Systems (IS) to improve the eco-sustainability of businesses and society; this is termed Green IS. This Green IS viewpoint sees IS as a partial solution to many environmental problems. So Green IS is a solution for the negative environmental effect of information technology. IS facilitates the reuse of waste and energy and can serve as a tool for industrial symbiosis, which involves the ‘‘the mutualistic interaction of different industries for beneficial reuse of waste flows or energy cascading that results in a more resource-efficient production system and fewer adverse environmental impacts.

text: Green Information System (Green IS) is a combination of environment and Information Technology (IT), The relationship between Information Technology (IT) and the environment is complex, because of  the negative environmental impact of IT production, use, and disposal then, making this effect greener has been termed

text: Green Information Technology

text: , which considers IT’s environmental impact primarily as a problem to be mitigated. Another effect involves the positive impact of using Information Systems (IS) to improve the eco-sustainability of businesses and society; this is termed Green IS. This Green IS viewpoint sees IS as a partial solution to many environmental problems. So Green IS is a solution for the negative environmental effect of information technology. IS facilitates the reuse of waste and energy and can serve as a tool for industrial symbiosis, which involves the ‘‘the mutualistic interaction of different industries for beneficial reuse of waste flows or energy cascading that results in a more resource-efficient production system and fewer adverse environmental impacts.

text: Value can also be added to new structures that are built by implementing reused materials.  The United States Green Building Council's program entitled Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) offers seven credits relating to reusing materials.  (This accounts for seven out of a maximum sixty-nine credits)  These include credits for building-shell reuse, material reuse, and diverting waste from landfills.  Building shell-reuse is particularly appropriate for shells made of dimension stone.

text: Value can also be added to new structures that are built by implementing reused materials.  The

text: United States Green Building Council

text: 's program entitled

entity_name: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

text: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

text: (LEED) offers seven credits relating to reusing materials.  (This accounts for seven out of a maximum sixty-nine credits)  These include credits for building-shell reuse, material reuse, and diverting waste from landfills.  Building shell-reuse is particularly appropriate for shells made of

text: dimension stone

text: The "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" is focused on "reinventing the flush toilet". The aim was to create a toilet that not only removes pathogens from human excreta, but also recovers resources such as energy, clean water, and nutrients (a concept also known as reuse of excreta). It should operate "off the grid" without connections to water, sewer, or electrical networks. Finally, it should costs less than 5 US-cents per user per day.

text: The "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" is focused on "reinventing the

text: flush toilet

text: ". The aim was to create a toilet that not only removes

text: pathogen

text: s from human

text: excreta

text: , but also

text: recovers resources

text: such as energy, clean water, and

text: nutrient

text: s (a concept also known as

text: reuse of excreta

text: ). It should operate "off the grid" without connections to water, sewer, or electrical networks. Finally, it should costs less than 5 US-cents per user per day.

text: The crystal darter is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN on its Red List because of "a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat".  It is also listed as a special concern species by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, as an endangered species by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Missouri Department of Conservation, as an extirpated species by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and as a tier 1, or critically impaired, species by the Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks because of "extreme rarity (five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation."

text: The crystal darter is listed as vulnerable by the

text: IUCN

text: on its

text: Red List

text: because of "a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat".  It is also listed as a special concern species by the

entity_name: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

text: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

text: and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, as an endangered species by the

entity_name: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

text: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

text: and the

text: Missouri Department of Conservation

text: , as an extirpated species by the

entity_name: Illinois Department of Natural Resources

text: Illinois Department of Natural Resources

text: , and as a tier 1, or critically impaired, species by the

entity_name: Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks

text: Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks

text: because of "extreme rarity (five or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation."

text: Natural resource refers to "the subsurface, land surface, water, fauna and flora resources of Alberta, but does not include an energy resource as defined in the ResponsibleEnergy Development Act." Environmental impact assessment (EIS) reports are ordered under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. Industrial mineral projects are defined in the Mines and Minerals Act.

text: Resource productivity and resource intensity are key concepts used in sustainability measurement as they attempt to decouple the direct connection between resource use and environmental degradation. Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity). The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity. Scientific and political debates on resource productivity are regularly held at, among others, the World Resources Forum conferences.

text: Resource productivity and

text: resource intensity

text: are key concepts used in

text: sustainability measurement

text: as they attempt to decouple the direct connection between resource use and

text: environmental degradation

text: . Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both

text: economic

text: and

text: environmental cost

text: . Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity). The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity. Scientific and political debates on resource productivity are regularly held at, among others, the

text: World Resources Forum

text: conferences.

text: • Renewable Resources in the Pacific

text: • Renewable Resources in the Pacific

text: By 1911, as Canadians became aware of the depletion occurring within America's natural resources, a debate focused on the extent of resource exploitation in Canada’s National Parks erupted.  This debate began as early as 1906 at the Forestry Convention in Ottawa as it stimulated a new interest in conservation which spoke to the governmental, academic, and public level.  Canada's National Parks were no longer places of unlimited natural resources, but were now considered a place where resources needed to be conserved through regulation to ensure future and continued use.

text: Natural capital is one approach to ecosystem valuation which revolves around the idea, in contrast to traditional economics, that non-human life produces essential resources. Thus, ecological health is essential to the sustainability of the economy. In Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution the author claims that the global economy is within a larger economy of natural resources and ecosystem services that sustain us. In order to continue to reap the benefits of our natural environment, we need to recognize the importance of natural capital within the economy. According to the authors, the "next industrial revolution" depends on the espousal of four central strategies: "the conservation of resources through more effective manufacturing processes, the reuse of materials as found in natural systems, a change in values from quantity to quality, and investing in natural capital, or restoring and sustaining natural resources."

text: Natural capital is one approach to

text: ecosystem valuation

text: which revolves around the idea, in contrast to traditional economics, that non-human life produces essential resources. Thus, ecological health is essential to the sustainability of the economy. In

text: Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution

text: the author claims that the global economy is within a larger economy of natural resources and ecosystem services that sustain us. In order to continue to reap the benefits of our natural environment, we need to recognize the importance of natural capital within the economy. According to the authors, the "next industrial revolution" depends on the espousal of four central strategies: "the conservation of resources through more effective

text: manufacturing

text: processes, the reuse of materials as found in natural systems, a change in values from quantity to quality, and investing in natural capital, or restoring and sustaining

text: natural resources

text: The Division of Ecological and Water Resources studies the ecosystems within Minnesota. They analyze the information in order to understand how the ecosystems function, how they benefit the citizens of Minnesota, how they are impacted by human use, and what long-term effects will take place on the health of the ecosystems. The division is involved in locating and protecting endangered and threatened species, as well as the habitats that are vital to the conservation of those species. Another part of the division's responsibilities is in managing threats against the ecosystem. These threats include: harmful invasive species, fish and wildlife diseases, and the negative impact human development can have on the environment. One of the largest programs that the Division of Ecological Resources is in charge of is Minnesota’s Nongame Wildlife Program, which focuses on the conservation of species that are not hunted. This would include trumpeter swans, bald eagles and Minnesota’s state bird, the common loon. The division is also accountable for all lakes, rivers and streams, wetlands, and ground waters within the state. The division enforces permits implemented to protect and preserve Minnesota's water resources. The program works on observing the effects of climate on the water resources and analyzes the data in order to understand and address the impact the climate has on the Minnesota's wildlife and its citizens.

text: The Division of Ecological and Water Resources studies the ecosystems within Minnesota. They analyze the information in order to understand how the

text: ecosystem

text: s function, how they benefit the citizens of Minnesota, how they are impacted by human use, and what long-term effects will take place on the health of the ecosystems. The division is involved in locating and protecting

text: endangered

text: and threatened species, as well as the habitats that are vital to the conservation of those species. Another part of the division's responsibilities is in managing threats against the ecosystem. These threats include: harmful invasive species, fish and wildlife diseases, and the negative impact human development can have on the environment. One of the largest programs that the Division of Ecological Resources is in charge of is Minnesota’s Nongame Wildlife Program, which focuses on the conservation of species that are not hunted. This would include

text: trumpeter swan

text: s,

text: bald eagle

text: s and Minnesota’s state bird, the

text: common loon

text: . The division is also accountable for all lakes, rivers and streams, wetlands, and ground waters within the state. The division enforces permits implemented to protect and preserve Minnesota's water resources. The program works on observing the effects of climate on the water resources and analyzes the data in order to understand and address the impact the climate has on the Minnesota's wildlife and its citizens.

text: The plan would support conservation of land and water resources and developing actionable climate science, and to encourage other countries to take action to address climate change, including reducing deforestation and lowering subsidies that increase use of fossil fuels.

text: The plan would support conservation of land and water resources and developing actionable climate science, and to encourage other countries to take action to address climate change, including reducing deforestation and lowering subsidies that increase use of

text: fossil fuels

text: The country of Botswana has yet to impose legislation governing the collection of recyclable materials.  As such, waste levels are quite high.  Somarelang Tikologo promotes the internationally acclaimed Waste Management Hierarchy of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, with an aim to ultimately achieve safe and proper landfill disposal with a focus on recycling.  This waste management approach aims at conserving and protecting the limited and fragile natural resources, maintaining a healthy and clean environment, and a conducive environment for sustainable development.

text: The country of Botswana has yet to impose legislation governing the collection of recyclable materials.  As such, waste levels are quite high.  Somarelang Tikologo promotes the internationally acclaimed Waste Management Hierarchy of

text: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

text: , with an aim to ultimately achieve safe and proper landfill disposal with a focus on

text: recycling

text: .  This waste management approach aims at conserving and protecting the limited and fragile natural resources, maintaining a healthy and clean environment, and a conducive environment for sustainable development.

text: Another important area of interest of alternative purchase networks is the one related to fashion industry. Despite the urgent need to reduce waste and conserve finite natural resources in order to develop a sustainable future, consumers from developed affluent nations are rapidly increasing their excessive consumption. The consumption of second-hand clothing is a sustainable alternative to the consumption of new clothes and to reduce the negative impact on the environment and on people of fast fashion industry. In fact, by reusing and re-adopting existing garments, the demand for new clothing production is reduced. (see used goods and second hand). In some cases the consumption of second-hand goods and clothes through alternative purchase networks can be related to charity initiatives. This is, for example, the case of Oxfam’s shops, which sell used items and fair trade products from developing country (especially books, clothes and toys). Products usually come from public donations and the proceeds are used by Oxfam to help needy people to improve their lives conditions.

text: Another important area of interest of alternative purchase networks is the one related to fashion industry. Despite the urgent need to reduce waste and conserve finite natural resources in order to develop a sustainable future, consumers from developed affluent nations are rapidly increasing their excessive consumption. The consumption of second-hand clothing is a sustainable alternative to the consumption of new clothes and to reduce the negative impact on the environment and on people of

text: fast fashion

text: industry. In fact, by reusing and re-adopting existing garments, the demand for new clothing production is reduced. (see

text: used goods

text: and

text: second hand

text: ). In some cases the consumption of second-hand goods and clothes through alternative purchase networks can be related to charity initiatives. This is, for example, the case of

text: Oxfam

text: ’s shops, which sell used items and fair trade products from developing country (especially books, clothes and toys). Products usually come from public donations and the proceeds are used by Oxfam to help needy people to improve their lives conditions.

text: Another requirement for SSI is that the individual's resources be below a certain limit.  This amount is $2,000 for a single individual and $3,000 for an individual and their spouse (whether the spouse is eligible for SSI or not), $4,000 for a child applicant with one parent living in the household, and $5,000 for a child applicant with two parents living in the household. However, conditional benefits may be paid if a substantial portion of the resources are considered non-liquid, resources that cannot be sold within 20 working days, if they agree to sell the resources at their current market value within a specified period and repay the money after the non-liquid property is sold.

text: .  This variable is the current amount of non-renewable resources divided by the initial amount of non-renewable resources available.  As such

text: The Ituxi Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 5 June 2008 with an area of about .IT is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The purpose is to protect the livelihoods and ensure use and conservation of natural resources traditionally used by the communities in the reserve.On 18 September 2008 INCRA recognised the reserve as supporting 300 families of small farmers, who would be eligible for PRONAF support.The deliberative council of the reserve was created on 4 November 2010.

text: The Ituxi Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 5 June 2008 with an area of about .IT is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The purpose is to protect the livelihoods and ensure use and conservation of natural resources traditionally used by the communities in the reserve.On 18 September 2008

entity_name: Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária

text: INCRA

text: recognised the reserve as supporting 300 families of small farmers, who would be eligible for

entity_section: PRONAF (National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming)

text: PRONAF

text: support.The deliberative council of the reserve was created on 4 November 2010.

text: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, conservation in the United States was significantly visible. This conservation movement was concerned about the possible overexploitation of non-renewable natural resources and called for regulation. Harold Hotelling responded to this call with his paper. In fact, he began his paper with an introduction to this problem by stating in 1931 that:

text: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century,

text: conservation in the United States

text: was significantly visible. This

text: conservation movement

text: was concerned about the possible overexploitation of non-renewable natural resources and called for regulation.

text: Harold Hotelling

text: responded to this call with his paper. In fact, he began his paper with an introduction to this problem by stating in 1931 that:

text: The applications of technology often result in unavoidable and unexpected environmental impacts, which according to the I = PAT equation is measured as resource use or pollution generated per unit GDP. Environmental impacts caused by the application of technology are often perceived as unavoidable for several reasons. First, given that the purpose of many technologies is to exploit, control, or otherwise “improve” upon nature for the perceived benefit of humanity while at the same time the myriad of processes in nature have been optimized and are continually adjusted by evolution, any disturbance of these natural processes by technology is likely to result in negative environmental consequences. Second, the conservation of mass principle and the first law of thermodynamics (i.e., conservation of energy) dictate that whenever material resources or energy are moved around or manipulated by technology, environmental consequences are inescapable. Third, according to the second law of thermodynamics, order can be increased within a system (such as the human economy) only by increasing disorder or entropy outside the system (i.e., the environment). Thus, technologies can create “order” in the human economy (i.e., order as manifested in buildings, factories, transportation networks, communication systems, etc.) only at the expense of increasing “disorder” in the environment. According to a number of studies, increased entropy is likely to be correlated to negative environmental impacts.

text: The applications of technology often result in unavoidable and unexpected environmental impacts, which according to the

text: I = PAT

text: equation is measured as resource use or pollution generated per unit GDP. Environmental impacts caused by the application of technology are often perceived as unavoidable for several reasons. First, given that the purpose of many technologies is to exploit, control, or otherwise “improve” upon nature for the perceived benefit of humanity while at the same time the myriad of processes in nature have been optimized and are continually adjusted by evolution, any disturbance of these natural processes by technology is likely to result in negative environmental consequences. Second, the conservation of mass principle and the

text: first law of thermodynamics

text: (i.e., conservation of energy) dictate that whenever material resources or energy are moved around or manipulated by technology, environmental consequences are inescapable. Third, according to the

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: , order can be increased within a system (such as the human economy) only by increasing disorder or

text: entropy

text: outside the system (i.e., the environment). Thus, technologies can create “order” in the human economy (i.e., order as manifested in buildings, factories, transportation networks, communication systems, etc.) only at the expense of increasing “disorder” in the environment. According to a number of studies, increased entropy is likely to be correlated to negative environmental impacts.

text: The Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program in Anchorage is a statewide outreach and technical assistance program helping Alaskans widely use, conserve and enjoy Alaska’s marine and coastal resources.

text: Buddhist economics also gives importance to natural, renewable, and non-renewable resources. They feel that non renewable resources should only be used when most needed and then also with utmost care, meticulously planning out its use. They believe that using them extravagantly is violent and not in keeping with the Buddhist belief of nonviolence. According to them, if the entire population relies on non renewable resources for their existence, they are behaving parasitically, preying on capital goods instead of income. Adding to this, they feel that this uneven distribution and ever increasing exploitation of natural resources will lead to violence between man.

text: Buddhist economics also gives importance to natural, renewable, and

text: non-renewable resources

text: . They feel that non renewable resources should only be used when most needed and then also with utmost care, meticulously planning out its use. They believe that using them extravagantly is violent and not in keeping with the Buddhist belief of nonviolence. According to them, if the entire population relies on non renewable resources for their existence, they are behaving parasitically, preying on capital goods instead of income. Adding to this, they feel that this uneven distribution and ever increasing exploitation of natural resources will lead to violence between man.

text: By the 1980s, the park started to receive official recognition for its unique resources. The three Historic Districts were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 in recognition of their CCC-built structures. That same year the state celebrated Black Moshannon State Park's "50th Anniversary".  In 1994, the DCNR established the "Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area" as part of a program to recognize areas of "unique scenic, geologic or ecological value." In 1997 the park's Important Bird Area (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania. By 2001 yearly attendance at Black Moshannon State Park was over 350,000. As of 2008, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) Bureau of Parks, which administers all 120 Pennsylvania state parks, had chosen Black Moshannon as one of its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks", citing its location atop the Allegheny Plateau and within the state forest, its many trails and rare plants, and its status as a state park natural area and the "[l]argest reconstituted bog/wetland complex in Pennsylvania".

text: By the 1980s, the park started to receive official recognition for its unique resources. The three Historic Districts were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 in recognition of their CCC-built structures. That same year the state celebrated Black Moshannon State Park's "50th Anniversary".  In 1994, the DCNR established the "Black Moshannon Bog Natural Area" as part of a program to recognize areas of "unique scenic, geologic or ecological value." In 1997 the park's

text: Important Bird Area

text: (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania. By 2001 yearly attendance at Black Moshannon State Park was over 350,000. As of 2008, the

entity_name: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

text: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

text: (DCNR) Bureau of Parks, which administers all 120 Pennsylvania state parks, had chosen Black Moshannon as one of its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks", citing its location atop the Allegheny Plateau and within the state forest, its many trails and rare plants, and its status as a state park natural area and the "[l]argest reconstituted bog/wetland complex in Pennsylvania".

text: The National Trust's primary purposes are preservation of historic and natural resources; promotion and augmentation of the amenities to those resources; conservation of flora and fauna; and provision of access to the historic and natural resources for the public.

text: The National Trust's primary purposes are preservation of historic and natural resources; promotion and augmentation of the amenities to those resources; conservation of

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: ; and provision of access to the historic and natural resources for the public.

text: Aluminium is theoretically 100% recyclable without any loss of its natural qualities. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. in cars, buildings, electronics etc.) is . Much of this is in more-developed countries ( per capita) rather than less-developed countries ( per capita). Knowing the per capita stocks and their approximate lifespans is important for planning recycling.

text: Aluminium is theoretically 100% recyclable without any loss of its natural qualities. According to the

text: International Resource Panel

text: 's

text: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: , the global

text: per capita

text: stock of aluminium in use in society (i.e. in cars, buildings, electronics etc.) is . Much of this is in more-developed countries ( per capita) rather than less-developed countries ( per capita). Knowing the per capita stocks and their approximate lifespans is important for planning recycling.

text: In Canada's federal system of government, jurisdiction over energy is divided between the federal and provincial and territorial governments. Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of non-renewable resources, as well as the generation and production of electricity. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and international trade and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources on federal lands.

text: In Canada's

text: federal system

text: of government, jurisdiction over energy is divided between the

text: federal

text: and

text: provincial and territorial governments

text: . Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of

text: non-renewable resources

text: , as well as the generation and production of

text: electricity

text: . Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and

text: international trade

text: and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources on

text: federal lands

text: The Rio Jutaí Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 17 July 2002 with the objectives of assuring sustainable use and conservation of renewable resources, and protection of the livelihood and culture of the local extractive population.It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, established in 2002.The reserve is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.

text: The Rio Jutaí Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 17 July 2002 with the objectives of assuring sustainable use and conservation of renewable resources, and protection of the livelihood and culture of the local extractive population.It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It became part of the

text: Central Amazon Ecological Corridor

text: , established in 2002.The reserve is administered by the

text: In 1999, the conservation area was converted into a buffer zone. Under the Buffer Zone Management Guidelines the conservation of forests, wildlife and cultural resources received top priority, followed by conservation of other natural resources and development of alternative energy.

text: In 1999, the conservation area was converted into a buffer zone. Under the Buffer Zone Management Guidelines the conservation of forests, wildlife and cultural resources received top priority, followed by conservation of other natural resources and development of

text: alternative energy

text: The increased consumption of many natural resources has sparked the need for protection. Many of these resources were barely touched less than half a century ago but have been drained in several situations. One of these resources, water, is key to survival of almost all life but is being used quicker than it is replenished in many states within the United States. This has created the need for greater conservation which has been met by new techniques and technologies for both reducing the amount of water being used and increasing how efficiently it is being used. Some of these methods are as simple as replacing the fixtures in government buildings and offering rebates to citizens, but are as complex as growing genetically engineered food crops so that farmers can consume less water for use on them. Another key resource that has been met with new legislation is the land that is used to grow the crops for farms. One fairly new United States government policy, the Farmland Protection Policy Act, is designed in order to protect this resource from being over consumed by the government. It does this by ensuring that any entity, both federal and non-federal, that uses government assistance such as acquiring or disposing of land, providing financing or loans, managing property, providing technical assistance, cannot convert agricultural land into land that is permanently used for other purposes if it can be avoided. If the overuse of these resources is not mediated, the eventual result would create the loss of another key resource for survival. That is, if either land for agriculture or water for the land and the people who inhabit it becomes insufficient, the population in the United States would begin to run out of food. Not only would cash crops of plants become insufficient to supply people, it would also become insufficient to feed the livestock and animals that also depend on plants that are grown on agricultural land. Because of this, the need for conservation is greater than ever, especially when current efforts have only been able to slow the gradual depletion of these two key resources while increased populations create the need for higher consumption.

text: Consequences for agriculture have already been observed in North America. In some regions of the US that are vulnerable to droughts, farmers are now competing with fracking industrials for the use of water resources. In the Barnett Shale region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried up due to fracking's withdrawal of water, and water has been taken from an aquifer used for residential and agricultural use. Farmers have seen their wells go dry in Texas and New Mexico as a result of fracking’s pressure on water resources, for instance in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the North Water Conservation District in Colorado was organized an auction to allocate water and the prices rose from $22/acre-foot in 2010 to $28 in the beginning of 2012.

text: Consequences for

text: agriculture

text: have already been observed in North America. In some regions of the US that are vulnerable to

text: droughts

text: , farmers are now competing with fracking industrials for the use of

text: water resources

text: . In the

text: Barnett Shale

text: region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried up due to fracking's withdrawal of water, and water has been taken from an

text: aquifer

text: used for residential and agricultural use. Farmers have seen their wells go dry in Texas and New Mexico as a result of fracking’s pressure on

text: water resources

text: , for instance in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the North Water Conservation District in Colorado was organized an auction to allocate water and the prices rose from $22/acre-foot in 2010 to $28 in the beginning of 2012.

text: Collaboration among agencies is necessary. Federal agencies involved in nonpoint pollution control include Soil Conservation Service, US Forest Service, Office of Surface Mining, Bureau of Land Management, US Army Corps of Engineers, etc. Effective management of NPS pollution requires a partnership among state, federal, local agencies as well as private interests and the public. Coordination among existing programs, especially governmental spending programs, should be performance objectives. Examples of coordination include the federal construction grant program under title II of the 1972 FWPCA Amendments, which reduce municipal sewage pollution by providing necessary funds, as well as governmental spending programs like the CWA and the Farm Bill  and other programs provided funding on a large number of discrete sources of nonpoint pollution sources could get a better connection to allocate funding resource effectively.

text: Natural resource management can be utilized as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism. There are several places throughout the world where the amount of natural resources are abundant. But, with human encroachment and habitats these resources are depleting. Without knowing the proper utilization of certain resources they are destroyed and floral and faunal species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programmes can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management programmes can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched. Several organizations, NGO's, scientists are working on this field.	Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised the situation. Researcher from Jadavpur University presently are working in this area for the development of ecotourism which can be utilized as a tool for natural resource management.

text: FES has been involved in assisting the restoration, management and governance of Common Property Land Resources since 1986. The organisation uses a holistic approach to resource management by “intertwining principles of nature conservation and local self-governance in order to accelerate ecological restoration, as well as improve the living conditions of the poor.”

text: FES has been involved in assisting the restoration, management and governance of Common Property Land Resources since 1986. The organisation uses a holistic approach to resource management by “intertwining principles of

text: nature conservation

text: and

text: local self-governance

text: in order to accelerate ecological restoration, as well as improve the living conditions of the poor.”

text: It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in waste disposal processes in broader ecological terms, where causal relations dissipate into complex networks of material and energy flow. For example, "cities do not follow all the strategies of ecosystem development. Biogeochemical paths become fairly straight relative to wild ecosystems, with very reduced recycling, resulting in large flows of waste and low total energy efficiencies. By contrast, in wild ecosystems, one population's wastes are another population's resources, and succession results in efficient exploitation of available resources. However, even modernized cities may still be in the earliest stages of a succession that may take centuries or millennia to complete." How much energy is used in recycling also depends on the type of material being recycled and the process used to do so. Aluminium is generally agreed to use far less energy when recycled rather than being produced from scratch. The EPA states that "recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95 percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source, bauxite." In 2009 more than half of all aluminium cans produced came from recycled aluminium.

text: It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in waste disposal processes in broader ecological terms, where causal relations dissipate into complex networks of material and energy flow. For example, "cities do not follow all the strategies of ecosystem development. Biogeochemical paths become fairly straight relative to wild ecosystems, with very reduced recycling, resulting in large flows of waste and low total energy efficiencies. By contrast, in wild ecosystems, one population's wastes are another population's resources, and succession results in efficient exploitation of available resources. However, even modernized cities may still be in the earliest stages of a succession that may take centuries or millennia to complete." How much energy is used in recycling also depends on the type of material being recycled and the process used to do so. Aluminium is generally agreed to use far less energy when recycled rather than being produced from scratch. The EPA states that "recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95 percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source,

text: bauxite

text: ." In 2009 more than half of all aluminium cans produced came from recycled aluminium.

text: Modern marine resources conservation first became globally recognized in the 1970s after World War II in an era known as the "marine revolution". The United States federal legislation showed its support of marine resources conservation by institutionalizing protected areas and creating marine estuaries.  In the mid-1970s the United States formed the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Through this program, nations could communicate and make agreements about marine resources conservation.  After the formation of the IUCN, new independent organizations known as non-governmental organizations started to appear. These organizations were self-governed and had individual goals for marine conservation.  At the end of the 1970s, undersea explorations equipped with new technology such as computers were undertaken. During these explorations, fundamental principles of change were discovered in relation to marine ecosystems. Through this discovery, the interdependent nature of the ocean was revealed. This led to a change in the approach of marine conservation efforts, and a new emphasis was put on restoring systems within the environment, along with protecting biodiversity.

text: Modern marine resources conservation first became globally recognized in the 1970s after

text: World War II

text: in an era known as the "marine revolution". The

entity_name: List of United States federal legislation

text: United States federal legislation

text: showed its support of marine resources conservation by institutionalizing protected areas and creating marine estuaries.  In the mid-1970s the United States formed the

text: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: (IUCN). Through this program, nations could communicate and make agreements about marine resources conservation.  After the formation of the IUCN, new independent organizations known as

text: non-governmental organization

text: s started to appear. These organizations were self-governed and had individual goals for marine conservation.  At the end of the 1970s, undersea explorations equipped with new technology such as computers were undertaken. During these explorations, fundamental principles of change were discovered in relation to marine ecosystems. Through this discovery, the interdependent nature of the ocean was revealed. This led to a change in the approach of marine conservation efforts, and a new emphasis was put on restoring systems within the environment, along with protecting biodiversity.

text: The Passa Quatro National Forest was created by federal ordnance 562 of 25 October 1968.At first it was administered by the former Instituto Nacional do Pinho (INP).It is now run by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).Its purpose is sustainable multiple use of forest resources, and scientific research with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.It is part of the Mantiqueira Mosaic of conservation units, created in 2006.It is also part of the Serra da Mantiqueira Ecological Corridor.

text: The Passa Quatro National Forest was created by federal ordnance 562 of 25 October 1968.At first it was administered by the former Instituto Nacional do Pinho (INP).It is now run by the

text: .It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).Its purpose is sustainable multiple use of forest resources, and scientific research with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.It is part of the

text: Mantiqueira Mosaic

text: of conservation units, created in 2006.It is also part of the Serra da Mantiqueira Ecological Corridor.

text: Recycling also preserves natural resources. About 20 trees are needed to produce one ton of virgin paper and on average Americans use about 730 pounds of paper (approximately a third of a ton) per year.

text: Recycling also preserves

text: natural resource

text: s. About 20 trees are needed to produce one ton of virgin paper and on average Americans use about 730 pounds of paper (approximately a third of a ton) per year.

text: A fundamental problem is that having a resource is no longer a class invariant (the resource is held from object creation until it is disposed, but the object is still live at this point), so the resource may not be available when the object tries to use it, for example trying to read from a closed file. This means that all methods on the object that use the resource potentially fail, concretely usually by returning an error or raising an exception. In practice this is minor, as use of resources can usually fail for other reasons as well (for example, trying to read past the end of a file), so these methods already might fail, and not having a resource just adds another possible failure. A standard way to implement this is to add a boolean field to the object, called disposed, which is set to true by dispose, and checked by a guard clause to all methods (that use the resource), raising an exception (such as ObjectDisposedException in .NET) if the object has been disposed.

text: A fundamental problem is that having a resource is no longer a

text: class invariant

text: (the resource is held from object creation until it is disposed, but the object is still live at this point), so the resource may not be available when the object tries to use it, for example trying to read from a closed file. This means that all methods on the object that use the resource potentially fail, concretely usually by returning an error or raising an exception. In practice this is minor, as use of resources can usually fail for other reasons as well (for example, trying to read past the end of a file), so these methods already might fail, and not having a resource just adds another possible failure. A standard way to implement this is to add a boolean field to the object, called disposed, which is set to true by dispose, and checked by a

text: guard clause

text: to all methods (that use the resource), raising an exception (such as ObjectDisposedException in .NET) if the object has been disposed.

text: Nanotechnology- Nanotoxicity- NASA Clean Air Study- NASA Earth Observatory- Nasdaq Biotechnology Index- National Ambient Air Quality Standards- Native Forest Action- Native Forest Action Council- Native Forest Council- Native Forest Restoration Trust- Native planting- Natural capital- Natural capitalism- Natural disaster- Natural environment- Natural Environment Research Council- Natural gas- Natural History Museum- Natural landscape- Natural phenomenon- Natural region- Natural resource- Natural Resources Canada- Natural Resources Conservation Service- Natural Resources Defense Council- Natural World- Nature- Nature (journal)- Nature (TV series)- Nature Clinical Practice Oncology- Nature Conservancy Council- Nature Heritage Fund- Nature Publishing Group- Nature reserve- Nature Society (Singapore)- Naturefriends- Naturejobs- Natureland Seal Sanctuary- Nature's Classroom- Neighborhood electric vehicle- Neo-luddism- New Jersey- New Naturalist- New town- New Urbanism- New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network- New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987- Newlands Reclamation Act- Niagara Falls- Night soil- Nitrate Vulnerable Zone- No-dig gardening- Noise (environmental)- Noise Control Act- Noise health effects- Noise pollution- Non-renewable energy- North American Butterfly Association- North American smallpox epidemic- North American Solar Challenge- North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission- North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization- North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power- Northern Ireland Environment Agency- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization- Not in Our Genes- No-till farming- NSW Wildlife Information and Rescue Service- Nuclear winter

text: Nanotechnology

text: Nanotoxicity

text: NASA Clean Air Study

text: NASA Earth Observatory

text: Nasdaq Biotechnology Index

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: Native Forest Action

text: Native Forest Action Council

text: Native Forest Council

text: Native Forest Restoration Trust

text: Native planting

text: Natural capital

text: Natural capitalism

text: Natural disaster

text: Natural environment

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: Natural gas

text: Natural History Museum

text: Natural landscape

text: Natural phenomenon

text: Natural region

text: Natural resource

text: Natural Resources Canada

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: Natural Resources Defense Council

text: Natural World

text: Nature

text: Nature (journal)

text: Nature (TV series)

text: Nature Clinical Practice Oncology

text: Nature Conservancy Council

text: Nature Heritage Fund

text: Nature Publishing Group

text: Nature reserve

text: Nature Society (Singapore)

text: Naturefriends

text: Naturejobs

text: Natureland Seal Sanctuary

text: Nature's Classroom

text: Neighborhood electric vehicle

text: Neo-luddism

text: New Jersey

text: New Naturalist

text: New town

text: New Urbanism

entity_name: New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network

text: New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network

entity_name: New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987

text: New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987

text: Newlands Reclamation Act

text: Niagara Falls

text: Night soil

text: Nitrate Vulnerable Zone

text: No-dig gardening

text: Noise (environmental)

text: Noise Control Act

text: Noise health effects

text: Noise pollution

text: Non-renewable energy

text: North American Butterfly Association

entity_name: 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic

text: North American smallpox epidemic

text: North American Solar Challenge

text: North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission

entity_name: North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization

text: North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization

entity_name: North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power

text: North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power

text: Northern Ireland Environment Agency

entity_name: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization

text: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization

text: Not in Our Genes

text: No-till farming

entity_name: NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service

text: NSW Wildlife Information and Rescue Service

text: Nuclear winter

text: The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production, use and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analysed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy. Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. The ideas of embodied resource use (the total resources needed to produce a product or service), resource intensity, and resource productivity are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption. Key resource categories relating to human needs are food, energy, materials and water.

text: The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production, use and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analysed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy. Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. The ideas of embodied resource use (the total resources needed to produce a product or service),

text: resource intensity

text: , and

text: resource productivity

text: are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption. Key resource categories relating to human needs are

text: food

text: energy

text: , materials and water.

text: On June 28, 2005, the Senate approved an expansive energy bill with an 11-year, $18.6 billion package of energy tax breaks with a renewed focus toward renewable energy resources and conservation.  Tax credits were introduced for Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps, CHP/Cogeneration, Solar Hybrid Lighting, Microturbines, and Geothermal Direct-Use.

text: By reducing energy consumption we are able to conserve natural resources and thus have a less dramatic impact on our environment.

text: Many donated goods are either second hand or otherwise surplus. If not donated to people who need them, they might otherwise end up in a landfill. Thus, it is argued that gifts in kind reduce resource use and pollution. This provides a means, particularly for corporations, of doing social good with things that would otherwise be a liability.

text: Many donated goods are either

text: second hand

text: or otherwise surplus. If not donated to people who need them, they might otherwise end up in a

text: landfill

text: . Thus, it is argued that gifts in kind reduce resource use and pollution. This provides a means, particularly for corporations, of doing social good with things that would otherwise be a liability.

text: Chapman is an advocate for natural resource and wildlife conservation. He proposes to make the State of Georgia a leader in conservation through sustainable management of Georgia's national resources, encouraging productive use of Georgia's natural assets, promoting natural resource-based tourism, and improving conservation awareness among Georgia's youth.

text: Ships are built with money (representing renewable resources) and metal (representing non-renewable resources).  Money and metal are available instantly, wherever needed.  There are several different kinds of ships, including the basic Fighter, a Scout with longer range but weaker weapons, a Colony Ship used to found new colonies, Satellites which are cheap but cannot move from the world at which they are built, and in recent versions a few others as well, such as the Tanker and Dreadnought.  Each ship has a ranking in each of five technologies: range (determining how far a ship can fly before refueling), speed (determining how quickly ships reach their destinations and who shoots first in a battle), weapons, shields, and "miniaturization".  Higher-tech ships cost more money and metal, with the exception of ships with high "miniaturization" which take far more money but less metal.  Miniaturization is much less effective when applied to Colony Ships, compared to other types of ships.  Ships cannot be upgraded, although old ships can be scrapped to retrieve a portion of their metal. When a ship is destroyed in battle, a smaller portion can also be recovered.  The first ship of a given design costs two to four times as much as subsequent units, to account for research and design costs.

text: Ships are built with money (representing

text: renewable resource

text: s) and metal (representing

text: non-renewable resources

text: ).  Money and metal are available instantly, wherever needed.  There are several different kinds of ships, including the basic Fighter, a Scout with longer range but weaker weapons, a Colony Ship used to found new colonies, Satellites which are cheap but cannot move from the world at which they are built, and in recent versions a few others as well, such as the Tanker and Dreadnought.  Each ship has a ranking in each of five technologies: range (determining how far a ship can fly before refueling), speed (determining how quickly ships reach their destinations and who shoots first in a battle), weapons, shields, and "miniaturization".  Higher-tech ships cost more money and metal, with the exception of ships with high "miniaturization" which take far more money but less metal.  Miniaturization is much less effective when applied to Colony Ships, compared to other types of ships.  Ships cannot be upgraded, although old ships can be scrapped to retrieve a portion of their metal. When a ship is destroyed in battle, a smaller portion can also be recovered.  The first ship of a given design costs two to four times as much as subsequent units, to account for research and design costs.

text: The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. (See Raccoon dog for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade.) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children's books stated and still do, that the decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest (it causes flooding). In Cree lands however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics.

text: The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. (See

text: Raccoon dog

text: for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade.) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children's books stated and still do, that the decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest (it causes flooding). In Cree lands however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics.

text: As a response to this needed effort, the NGO Red Caribeña de Varamientos (Caribbean Stranding Network) partnered with the Inter American University of Puerto Rico to implement research, rescue, rehabilitation, and community outreach programs for manatee conservation through the establishment of the Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center  (PRMCC). Through a long-term cooperative agreement, permits and licenses from Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER), US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Network and the University slated academic programs to support research and conservation work in the PRMCC with the participation of students and faculty, as well as the means of seeking funds available to academia and community-based organizations to support the manatee conservation initiatives.

text: As a response to this needed effort, the NGO Red Caribeña de Varamientos (Caribbean Stranding Network) partnered with the

text: Inter American University of Puerto Rico

text: to implement research, rescue, rehabilitation, and community outreach programs for manatee conservation through the establishment of the Puerto Rico Manatee Conservation Center  (PRMCC). Through a long-term cooperative agreement, permits and licenses from

entity_name: Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (Puerto Rico)

text: Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources

text: (PRDNER), US

text: Fish and Wildlife Service

text: (USFWS) and US

entity_name: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

text: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

text: , the Network and the University slated academic programs to support research and conservation work in the PRMCC with the participation of students and faculty, as well as the means of seeking funds available to academia and

text: community-based organizations

text: to support the manatee conservation initiatives.

text: The reserve area was owned in the first decades of the 20th century by Jose Soares Maciel Filho, owner of a large textile mill.After the plant went bankrupt the reserve area was sold in 1982 to the National Housing Bank, which planned to build 2,500 housing units.Concern about the potential impact on water resources resulted in formation of ADMA – Associação em Defesa dos Mananciais do Alcobaça, which took responsibility for preserving the forest and managing water resources.The Ecological Reserve was created by decree on 5 May 1988.In 2005 the reserve was transferred to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama).

text: The reserve area was owned in the first decades of the 20th century by Jose Soares Maciel Filho, owner of a large textile mill.After the plant went bankrupt the reserve area was sold in 1982 to the National Housing Bank, which planned to build 2,500 housing units.Concern about the potential impact on water resources resulted in formation of ADMA – Associação em Defesa dos Mananciais do Alcobaça, which took responsibility for preserving the forest and managing water resources.The Ecological Reserve was created by decree on 5 May 1988.In 2005 the reserve was transferred to the

text: (Ibama).

text: HARBEC has developed and implemented new solutions to offset emissions, utilize waste and conserve resources. An example of this is their water conservation program. They have an 800,000 gallon reservoir for their fire suppression system and heat exchange equipment. Storm water and industrial waste water are diverted into the pond, where natural vegetation and cattail remediation are used to clean the water in which fish are raised. The pond provides thermal mass which is used to dissipate the heat prior to sending it to a cooling tower. This reduces the energy necessary for total cooling requirements.

text: HARBEC has developed and implemented new solutions to offset emissions, utilize waste and conserve resources. An example of this is their water conservation program. They have an 800,000 gallon reservoir for their fire suppression system and heat exchange equipment. Storm water and industrial waste water are diverted into the pond, where natural vegetation and cattail remediation are used to clean the water in which fish are raised. The pond provides

text: thermal mass

text: which is used to dissipate the heat prior to sending it to a cooling tower. This reduces the energy necessary for total cooling requirements.

text: These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources. Among the programs supported are the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks, natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across America.

text: Energy independence, while being attempted by large or resource-rich and economically strong countries like United States, Russia, China and the Near East, is an idealized status that at present can only be approximated through non-sustainable exploitation of a country's (non-renewable) natural resources. Another factor in reducing dependence is of course the addition of renewable energy sources to the energy mix. Usually, a country will rely on local and global energy renewable and non-renewable resources, a mixed-model solution that presumes various energy sources and modes of energy transfer between countries like electric power transmission, oil transport (oil and gas pipelines and tankers), etc.. The European dependence on Russian energy is a case in point.

text: Energy independence, while being attempted by large or resource-rich and economically strong countries like United States, Russia, China and the

text: Near East

text: , is an idealized status that at present can only be approximated through

text: non-sustainable

text: exploitation

text: of a country's (

text: non-renewable

text: natural resource

text: s. Another factor in reducing dependence is of course the addition of

text: renewable energy

text: sources to the

text: energy mix

text: . Usually, a country will rely on local and global energy renewable and non-renewable resources, a mixed-model solution that presumes various energy sources and modes of

text: energy transfer

text: between countries like

text: electric power transmission

text: , oil transport (

text: oil

text: and

text: gas pipeline

text: s and

text: tankers

text: ), etc.. The

text: European dependence on Russian energy

text: is a case in point.

text: Smart ways to construct homes such that minimal resources are used to cooling and heating the house in summer and winter respectively can significantly reduce energy costs.

text: The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is distributed in patches throughout the eastern regions of Australia. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) listed the koala as potentially vulnerable in 1992, and the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995 and the Queensland Nature Conservation Regulation Act of 2006 categorized the koala as vulnerable to extinction in New South Wales and Queensland.

text: The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is distributed in patches throughout the

text: eastern regions of Australia

text: . The

text: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

text: (IUCN) listed the koala as potentially vulnerable in 1992, and the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act of 1995 and the Queensland Nature Conservation Regulation Act of 2006 categorized the koala as vulnerable to extinction in New South Wales and Queensland.

text: Between 2004 and 2007, UNDP led a project in the Dibeen Forest, Jerash, Al Meirad and Burma municipalities of the region to support the establishment of the nature reserve. This helped to conserve the unique local biodiversity and encouraged the local communities to make sustainable alternative uses of the available resources. As a result, there was increased awareness of the local capacity-building and need for the conservation-oriented land use planning in the region.

text: Between 2004 and 2007,

text: UNDP

text: led a project in the Dibeen Forest, Jerash, Al Meirad and Burma municipalities of the region to support the establishment of the nature reserve. This helped to conserve the unique local

text: biodiversity

text: and encouraged the local communities to make sustainable alternative uses of the available resources. As a result, there was increased awareness of the local capacity-building and need for the conservation-oriented land use planning in the region.

text: The stated mission of Californians Against Waste is "to conserve resources, prevent pollution and protect California’s environment through the development, promotion and implementation of waste reduction and recycling policies and programs."

text: 2001 was a difficult year for the company and by July several key contracts expired without renewal. A severe blow was dealt in August 2001 when the United States Postal Service cancelled its contracts with its existing carriers and turned these duties over to FedEx. The company saw a short reprieve when Emery Worldwide suddenly eliminated their own airline in favor of using contract carriers and Express One received a short-term contract to carry freight until the end of 2001. Having secured little new business by the end of the year, the company removed most of their aircraft from service and furloughed the vast majority of their employees to conserve resources, however this was not enough to prevent them from filing for bankruptcy and ceasing operations by mid-2002.

text: 2001 was a difficult year for the company and by July several key contracts expired without renewal. A severe blow was dealt in August 2001 when the

text: United States Postal Service

text: cancelled its contracts with its existing carriers and turned these duties over to

text: FedEx

text: . The company saw a short reprieve when

text: Emery Worldwide

text: suddenly eliminated their own airline in favor of using contract carriers and Express One received a short-term contract to carry freight until the end of 2001. Having secured little new business by the end of the year, the company removed most of their aircraft from service and furloughed the vast majority of their employees to conserve resources, however this was not enough to prevent them from filing for bankruptcy and ceasing operations by mid-2002.

text: Natural resources in the sense that the accounts should make it possible to describe stocks and changes in stocks of selected finite or renewable resources. These accounts deal with questions related to the monetary valuation of this natural capital, the physical quantities and qualitative aspects that do not have any market monetary value, e.g., the value of outdoor recreation and biodiversity. Such accounts may be compiled for sub-soil assets (e.g., oil and gas resources), biological resources (e.g., forests, fish stocks), land and eco-systems.

text: Natural resources in the sense that the accounts should make it possible to describe stocks and changes in stocks of selected finite or

text: renewable resource

text: s. These accounts deal with questions related to the monetary valuation of this natural capital, the physical quantities and qualitative aspects that do not have any market monetary value, e.g., the value of outdoor recreation and

text: biodiversity

text: . Such accounts may be compiled for sub-soil assets (e.g., oil and gas resources), biological resources (e.g., forests, fish stocks), land and eco-systems.

text: Worldwide there are broader packaging scoring systems that address the full environmental impact of packaging. Recycling being one factor, other vital considerations include the use of recycled materials in the package, avoidance of toxic substances, minimization of packaging, effects on atmosphere (greenhouse gas, VOC, etc.), use of renewable resources, etc.   Efforts involve methodologies such as life cycle assessment to inventory the all environmental impacts and factors.There are many Sustainability metrics and indices, some specifically for packaging.

text: Worldwide there are broader packaging scoring systems that address the full environmental impact of packaging. Recycling being one factor, other vital considerations include the use of recycled materials in the package, avoidance of toxic substances, minimization of packaging, effects on atmosphere (greenhouse gas, VOC, etc.), use of

text: renewable resource

text: s, etc.   Efforts involve methodologies such as

text: life cycle assessment

text: to inventory the all environmental impacts and factors.There are many

text: Sustainability metrics and indices

text: , some specifically for packaging.

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annually recognizes small businesses that demonstrate abilities to reduce waste, conserve energy, and recycle. The businesses use resources and ideas outlined in the Energy Star program. The award was established in 1999.

text: After 3 decades of CF in Nepal, more than 1.652 million forest lands handed over to 1.45 million households of 17685 community forest user group (CFUG) to conserve, manage and utilization . CFUG as a common property resource management program in Nepal have resulted in improving forest cover and condition.By institutionally, Community forest user group is autonomous, independent and accountable institution for conserving, managing and utilizing of natural resources in Nepal legitimized by Forest Act 1992 and Forest Regulation 1995 of Nepal.The additional advantages are as effective protection, wise use of resources, plantation, forest fire control, and more effective contribution to local development and economic generation. It enhanced biodiversity, water flow and soil stability. More than 90% of villagers report that their forests are in better condition than a decade ago. Furthermore, CFs are able to meet poor & vulnerable household's daily subsistence needs for forest products such as firewood, fodder, & timbers. Apart from this, growing forests capture and store carbon that are contributing to both mitigation and adaptation to CC. Because of, user groups have institutionally developed after CF handed over. Furthermore, the landscape of hills of Nepal drastically transformed into greenery. Such types of changes have positive impact on carbon sequestration which has contributed in reducing effects of climate change.

text: The strategy of buying used items is employed by some to save money, as they are typically worth less than the equivalent new items. Purchasing used items for reuse prevents them from becoming waste and saves costly production of equivalent new goods. Motivations for purchase include conserving natural resources and protecting the environment, and may form part of a simple living plan.

text: The strategy of buying used items is employed by some to save

text: money

text: , as they are typically worth less than the equivalent new items. Purchasing used items for

text: reuse

text: prevents them from becoming

text: waste

text: and saves costly production of equivalent new goods. Motivations for purchase include conserving

text: natural resource

text: s and protecting the

text: environment

text: , and may form part of a

text: simple living

text: plan.

text: The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75%, which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the per capita stock of steel in use in Australia, Canada, the European Union EU15, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand and the US combined is  (about 860 million people in 2005).

text: The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent

text: physical properties

text: during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75%, which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year. According to the

text: International Resource Panel

text: 's

text: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: , the per capita stock of steel in use in Australia, Canada, the European Union EU15, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand and the US combined is  (about 860 million people in 2005).

text: Within an application or other code, resources can be loaded simply using a combination of their type, ID or name, without regard to how and where they are stored in the resource fork. The client is returned a Handle to the loaded resource which can then be accessed like any other heap-based data. The OS component that facilitates this is the Resource Manager. In addition to abstracting the details of the data storage from the data itself, the Resource Manager also arranges sets of open resource forks into a stack, with the most recently opened file on top. When trying to load a resource, it will look in the top of the stack first, (perhaps the current document's resource fork), then the next one down (the application's resource fork), then the next one (system resource forks). This arrangement is very powerful — it permits local resources to override more global ones lower down — so an application can provide its own icons or fonts in place of the standard system ones, for example. It also allows an application to load resources from the system using the same API as any other resource, without regard to where or how that resource is stored — to the application, all resources are equally available and easy to use. The system reserves resource IDs in a certain range to help avoid resource conflicts arising from this. Resource Manager APIs allow the programmer to manipulate the stack and modify the search behaviour.

text: Within an application or other code, resources can be loaded simply using a combination of their type, ID or name, without regard to how and where they are stored in the resource fork. The client is returned a

text: Handle

text: to the loaded resource which can then be accessed like any other heap-based data. The OS component that facilitates this is the Resource Manager. In addition to abstracting the details of the data storage from the data itself, the Resource Manager also arranges sets of open resource forks into a stack, with the most recently opened file on top. When trying to load a resource, it will look in the top of the stack first, (perhaps the current document's resource fork), then the next one down (the application's resource fork), then the next one (system resource forks). This arrangement is very powerful — it permits local resources to override more global ones lower down — so an application can provide its own icons or fonts in place of the standard system ones, for example. It also allows an application to load resources from the system using the same API as any other resource, without regard to where or how that resource is stored — to the application, all resources are equally available and easy to use. The system reserves resource IDs in a certain range to help avoid resource conflicts arising from this. Resource Manager APIs allow the programmer to manipulate the stack and modify the search behaviour.

text: These services facilitate the transaction and redistribution of unwanted, yet perfectly usable, materials and equipment from one entity to another. The entities that benefit from either side of this service (as donors, sellers, recipients, or buyers) can be businesses, nonprofits, schools, community groups, and individuals. Some maintain a physical space (a reuse center), and others act as a matching service (a virtual exchange). Reuse centers generally maintain both warehouses and trucks. They take possession of the donated materials and make them available for redistribution or sale. Virtual exchanges do not have physical space or trucks, but instead allow users to post listings of materials available and wanted (for free or at low cost) on an online materials exchange website. Staff will help facilitate the exchange of these materials without ever taking possession of the materials.

text: Being a more resourceful single conservation foundation, utilisation of marketing resources to promote conservation work,and collaboration of efforts towards zero extinction and sustainable use of natural resources by the new OPCFHK are made possible. With the joint resources from the two old organisations, more are dedicated to investigation of the non-charismatic megafauna in addition to the emphasis on charismatic megafauna as the umbrella species to save wildlife habitats.

text: Being a more resourceful single conservation foundation, utilisation of marketing resources to promote conservation work,and collaboration of efforts towards zero extinction and sustainable use of natural resources by the new OPCFHK are made possible. With the joint resources from the two old organisations, more are dedicated to investigation of the non-charismatic megafauna in addition to the emphasis on charismatic megafauna as the

text: umbrella species

text: to save wildlife habitats.

text: Project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label without limit.  Therefore, it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced with a given amount of raw materials.  This makes Microsoft Project unsuitable for solving problems of available materials constrained production.  Additional software is necessary to manage a complex facility that produces physical goods.

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized McDonald's continuous effort to reduce solid waste by designing more efficient packaging and by promoting the use of recycled-content materials. McDonald's reports that it is committed towards environmental leadership by effectively managing electric energy, by conserving natural resources through recycling and reusing materials, and by addressing water management issues within the restaurant.

text: Jane Smart is a charity chief executive. She is the Global Director of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)'s Biodiversity Conservation Group and Head of its Species Program. The Biodiversity Conservation Group comprises the Species Programme, Protected Areas Programme, Global Marine Programme as well as the Invasive Species Initiative. As Head of the Species Programme Jane is responsible for around 35 staff based in Switzerland, Washington DC, US and Cambridge, UK and is responsible for managing the compilation and production of The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™.

text: Jane Smart is a

text: charity

text: chief executive

text: . She is the Global Director of the

text: (IUCN)'s Biodiversity Conservation Group and Head of its Species Program. The Biodiversity Conservation Group comprises the Species Programme, Protected Areas Programme, Global Marine Programme as well as the Invasive Species Initiative. As Head of the Species Programme Jane is responsible for around 35 staff based in Switzerland, Washington DC, US and Cambridge, UK and is responsible for managing the compilation and production of The IUCN

text: Red List of Threatened Species

text: The old powerhouse currently serves as a tourist attraction known as the Stave Falls Visitor Centre. It features exhibits about the construction of the dam, hydroelectric generation, renewable and non-renewable resources, hydroelectric generation, human and natural heritage, and conservation.

text: From around 2000 there has been growing awareness that sealing off protected areas and evicting the local people is less effective than engaging the local people in sustainable economic activities and conservation efforts.The ASSC contacted the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) in 1999 after years of negotiations with INCRA had stalled.IBAMA undertook studies and identified that the reserve was needed. The proposal was supported by government and civil society institutions in Sena Madureira.The Catholic Church gave strong backing for creation of the reserve.A letter from Nenzinho to the president of Brazil on 14 December 2001 called the Brazilian Amazon the lungs of the Earth and said, “We are the real conservationists who ... still live in the same places, preserving the forest around us."

text: From around 2000 there has been growing awareness that sealing off protected areas and evicting the local people is less effective than engaging the local people in sustainable economic activities and conservation efforts.The ASSC contacted the

text: (IBAMA) in 1999 after years of negotiations with INCRA had stalled.IBAMA undertook studies and identified that the reserve was needed. The proposal was supported by government and civil society institutions in Sena Madureira.The Catholic Church gave strong backing for creation of the reserve.A letter from Nenzinho to the president of Brazil on 14 December 2001 called the Brazilian Amazon the lungs of the Earth and said, “We are the real conservationists who ... still live in the same places, preserving the forest around us."

text: The law was administered by the Farm Service Agency until FY1996, when management was transferred to the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

text: The law was administered by the Farm Service Agency until FY1996, when management was transferred to the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: Techniques of forest conservation are used to improve forested areas and to make the available resources sustainable.

text: Techniques of

text: forest conservation

text: are used to improve forested areas and to make the available resources sustainable.

text: The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.

text: The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all

text: ecosystem

text: s,

text: species

text: , and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its

text: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

text: , addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and

text: biosafety

text: issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.

text: The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas is an agreement that was designed to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited.

text: The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas is an agreement that was designed to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being

text: overexploited

text: The second face refers to the ethical and sustainable use of resources in regards to management systems. This is achieved through strategic planning to ensure resource conservation. More specifically this face involves  dealing with pest management, resource conversion, multiple cropping patterns, and methods for estimating the state of resources. A lot of ignorance toward traditional ecological knowledge is at the fault of management, these people are used to growing up in a more modern advanced system, they tend to ignore it.

text: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource (renewable electricity) and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy. Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy. Renewable Energy Certificates provide a mechanism for the purchase of renewable energy that is added to and pulled from the electrical grid.

text: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States that represent proof that 1

text: megawatt-hour

text: (MWh) of

text: electricity

text: was generated from an eligible

text: renewable energy

text: resource (

text: renewable electricity

text: ) and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.

text: Solar renewable energy certificates

text: (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy. Renewable Energy Certificates provide a mechanism for the purchase of renewable energy that is added to and pulled from the

text: electrical grid

text: ‘Renewable Resources‘ Funding Programme

text: ‘Renewable Resources‘ Funding Programme

text: School of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources

text: is a non profit marine and coastal research institute of Colombia, linked to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, charged with conducting basic and applied research on the natural renewable resources and the environment of coastal and oceanic ecosystems of the seas adjacent to the national territory. INVEMAR formulates technical concepts on conservation and sustainable use of marine resources and assistance and scientific and technical support to the Ministry, territorial entities and Autonomous Regional Organizations.

text: is a

text: non profit

text: marine

text: and

text: coastal

text: research institute

text: of

text: Colombia

text: , linked to the

entity_name: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (Colombia)

text: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development

text: , charged with conducting basic and applied research on the natural renewable resources and the environment of coastal and

text: oceanic ecosystems

text: of the seas adjacent to the national territory. INVEMAR formulates technical concepts on conservation and sustainable use of marine resources and assistance and scientific and technical support to the Ministry, territorial entities and Autonomous Regional Organizations.

text: In United States conservation policy, Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) are geographically associated land resource units delineated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and characterized by a particular pattern that combines soils, water, climate, vegetation, land use, and type of farming.  There are 204 MLRAs in the United States, ranging in size from less than  to more than .

text: In United States conservation policy, Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) are geographically associated land resource units delineated by the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: and characterized by a particular pattern that combines soils, water, climate, vegetation, land use, and type of farming.  There are 204 MLRAs in the United States, ranging in size from less than  to more than .

text: In 2009, she was elected as Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. In 2014, she was awarded the Sustained Achievement Award of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation, recognizing her long-term contribution and commitment to the protection and conservation of natural resources. Also in 2014, she was appointed to the US Blue Ribbon Panel on Sustaining America's Diverse Fish and Wildlife Resources.

text: NSPD-66 policy states that for "environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, the Secretaries of State, the Interior, Commerce, and Homeland Security and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with heads of other relevant executive departments and agencies, shall respond effectively to increased pollutants and other environmental challenges; continue to identify ways to conserve, protect, and sustainably manage Arctic species and ensure adequate enforcement presence to safeguard living marine resources; seek to develop ways to address changing and expanding commercial fisheries in the Arctic; and intensify efforts to develop scientific information on the adverse effects of pollutants on human health and the environment and work with other nations to reduce the introduction of key pollutants into the Arctic."

text: There are various methods of categorizing natural resources, these include source of origin, stage of development, and by their renewability. These classifications are described below.On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into:

text: the School of Forest Resources and Conservation (forestry and conservation) and the School of Natural Resources and Environment (natural resources and environmental science).

text: the School of Forest Resources and Conservation (

text: forestry

text: and

text: conservation

text: ) and the School of Natural Resources and Environment (natural resources and

text: environmental science

text: Earth minerals and metal ores are examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are present in vast amounts in Earth's crust, and their extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by natural geological processes (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through plate tectonics, tectonic subsidence and crustal recycling.

text: Earth

text: minerals and

text: metal

text: ores are examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are present in vast amounts in Earth's

text: crust

text: , and their extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by

text: natural geological processes

text: (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through

text: plate tectonics

text: tectonic subsidence

text: and

text: crustal recycling

text: to the extent that the use of any natural or historic resource for recreation or tourism is not inconsistent with its conservation, to foster the use of natural and historic resources for recreation, and to allow their use for tourism

text: Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal’s 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain’s 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.

text: Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated.

text: Wind turbine

text: s generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal’s 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain’s 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.

text: • PA Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources (funding)

text: A useful way to think of a semaphore as used in the real-world systems is as a record of how many units of a particular resource are available, coupled with operations to adjust that record safely (i.e. to avoid race conditions) as units are required or become free, and, if necessary, wait until a unit of the resource becomes available. Semaphores are a useful tool in the prevention of race conditions; however, their use is by no means a guarantee that a program is free from these problems. Semaphores which allow an arbitrary resource count are called counting semaphores, while semaphores which are restricted to the values 0 and 1 (or locked/unlocked, unavailable/available) are called binary semaphores and are used to implement locks.

text: A useful way to think of a semaphore as used in the real-world systems is as a record of how many units of a particular resource are available, coupled with operations to adjust that record safely (i.e. to avoid

text: race conditions

text: ) as units are required or become free, and, if necessary, wait until a unit of the resource becomes available. Semaphores are a useful tool in the prevention of race conditions; however, their use is by no means a guarantee that a program is free from these problems. Semaphores which allow an arbitrary resource count are called counting semaphores, while semaphores which are restricted to the values 0 and 1 (or locked/unlocked, unavailable/available) are called binary semaphores and are used to implement

text: locks

text: The Susquehanna Warrior Trail began as the old Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad bed. In 1995, the Pennsylvania Environmental Counsel received grants from the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and Luzerne County to begin planning to convert the old railroad bed into a trail. Three years later, in 1998, the plan was completed and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, and the Berwick HWF funded the project. Construction of the trail began in 2005. The trail was opened to the public in 2007. The trail was damaged by Tropical Storm Lee in 2011. However, numerous volunteers repaired the damage.

text: The Susquehanna Warrior Trail began as the old Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad bed. In 1995, the Pennsylvania Environmental Counsel received grants from the

text: and

text: Luzerne County

text: to begin planning to convert the old railroad bed into a trail. Three years later, in 1998, the plan was completed and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, the

entity_name: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

text: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

text: , and the Berwick HWF funded the project. Construction of the trail began in 2005. The trail was opened to the public in 2007. The trail was damaged by

text: Tropical Storm Lee

text: in 2011. However, numerous volunteers repaired the damage.

text: Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused or recycled at the end of their useful life. There is significant overlap with appropriate technology, which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular considering the needs of people in developing countries. However, the most appropriate technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate technology," as that term is commonly used.

text: Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused or recycled at the end of their useful life. There is significant overlap with

text: appropriate technology

text: , which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular considering the needs of people in developing countries. However, the most appropriate technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate technology," as that term is commonly used.

text: An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which is used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times.   Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between energy crops and Non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical base products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.

text: An important renewable resource is

text: wood

text: provided by means of

text: forestry

text: , which is used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times.   Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between

text: energy crop

text: s and

text: Non-food crop

text: s. A large variety of

text: lubricants

text: , industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of

text: cotton

text: copra

text: or

text: hemp

text: paper

text: derived from

text: wood

text: rags

text: or

text: grass

text: es,

text: bioplastic

text: are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical base products like

text: latex

text: ethanol

text: resin

text: sugar

text: and

text: starch

text: can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include

text: fur

text: leather

text: , technical

text: fat

text: and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g.

text: animal glue

text: tendon

text: s,

text: casings

text: or in historical times

text: ambra

text: and

text: baleen

text: provided by

text: whaling

text: When it is too costly to exclude some people from access to an environmental resource, the resource is either called a common property resource (when there is rivalry for the resource, such that one person's use of the resource reduces others' opportunity to use the resource) or a public good (when use of the resource is non-rivalrous). In either case of non-exclusion, market allocation is likely to be inefficient.

text: When it is too costly to exclude some people from access to an environmental resource, the resource is either called a

text: common property resource

text: (when there is rivalry for the resource, such that one person's use of the resource reduces others' opportunity to use the resource) or a

text: public good

text: (when use of the resource is

text: non-rivalrous

text: ). In either case of non-exclusion, market allocation is likely to be inefficient.

text: The "Zero Waste Hierarchy" describes a progression of policies and strategies to support the Zero Waste system, from highest and best to lowest use of materials.  It is designed to be applicable to all audiences, from policy-makers to industry and the individual.  It aims to provide more depth to the internationally recognized 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle); to encourage policy, activity and investment at the top of the hierarchy; and to provide a guide for those who wish to develop systems or products that move us closer to Zero Waste.   It enhances the Zero Waste definition by providing guidance for planning and a way to evaluate proposed solutions.All over the world, in some form or another, a pollution prevention hierarchy is incorporated into recycling regulations, solid waste management plans, and resource conservation programs. In Canada, a pollution prevention hierarchy otherwise referred to as the Environmental Protection Hierarchy was adopted. This Hierarchy has been incorporated into all recycling regulations within Canada and is embedded within all resource conservation methods which all government mandated waste prevention programs follow. While the intention to incorporate the 4th R (recovery)prior to disposal was good, many organizations focused on this 4th R instead of the top of the hierarchy resulting in costly systems designed to destroy materials instead of systems designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. Because of this, along with other resource destruction systems that have been emerging over the past few decades, Zero Waste Canada along with the Zero Waste International Alliance have adopted the only internationally peer reviewed Zero Waste Hierarchy that focuses on the first 3Rs; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle including Compost

text: Additionally, recycling is a naturally occurring component of the ecosystem, and is responsible for much of the resources used by the system. Under the anthroposystem model, however, recycling does not naturally occur. Outside input is relied on for material and energy supplies, and recycling systems that do exist are artificially created. The process of improving the flow of energy, such that waste can be reused as input resources, is known as industrial ecology.

text: Additionally, recycling is a naturally occurring component of the ecosystem, and is responsible for much of the

text: resources

text: used by the system. Under the anthroposystem

text: model

text: , however, recycling does not naturally occur. Outside input is relied on for material and energy supplies, and recycling systems that do exist are artificially created. The process of improving the flow of energy, such that waste can be reused as input resources, is known as industrial ecology.

text: Some items, such as clothes and children's toys, often become unwanted before they wear out due to changes in their owner's needs or preferences; these can be reused by selling or giving them to new owners. Regiving can take place informally between family, friends, or neighbours, through environmental freecycling organisations or through anti-poverty charities such as the Red Cross, United Way, Salvation Army, and Goodwill which give these items to those who could not afford them new. Other organizations such as iLoveSchools have websites where both new and used goods can be offered to any of America's school teachers so their life can be extended and help schoolchildren. The average American, for example, throws away 67.9 pounds of used clothing and rags. With the U.S. population at approximately 296 million people, that translates into 20 billion pounds of used clothing and textiles that are tossed into the landfills each year. This has partly motivated movements such as The Compact, whose members promise not to buy anything new for a year, and rely on reusing items that otherwise would be thrown away. Reuse not only reduces landfill inline with the waste minimization program but can help raise money for a good cause.

text: Some items, such as clothes and children's toys, often become unwanted before they wear out due to changes in their owner's needs or preferences; these can be reused by selling or giving them to new owners. Regiving can take place informally between family, friends, or neighbours, through environmental

text: freecycling

text: organisations or through anti-poverty charities such as the

entity_name: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

text: Red Cross

text: United Way

text: Salvation Army

text: , and

text: Goodwill

text: which give these items to those who could not afford them new. Other organizations such as

text: iLoveSchools

text: have websites where both new and used goods can be offered to any of America's school teachers so their life can be extended and help schoolchildren. The average American, for example, throws away 67.9 pounds of used clothing and rags. With the U.S. population at approximately 296 million people, that translates into 20 billion pounds of used clothing and textiles that are tossed into the landfills each year. This has partly motivated movements such as

text: The Compact

text: , whose members promise not to buy anything new for a year, and rely on reusing items that otherwise would be thrown away. Reuse not only reduces

text: landfill

text: inline with the

text: waste minimization

text: program but can help raise money for a good cause.

text: The Lye and Wollescote Cemetery Chapels building in the centre of the cemetery (originally called the Mortuary Chapels) was built in 1879 and is a Grade II listed building. It had two chapels, at opposite ends of the building; the nonconformist chapel was closed in the 1970s and the Church of England chapel closed following a fire in 1993. The West Midlands Historic Buildings Trust received a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to take full ownership of the building in March 2014. The trust planned to conserve the chapels and to bring them back into use as a venue for civil ceremonies. This project also aimed to create resources to encourage people to discover more about their local heritage and nature conservation, in particular via a resource-pack for schools and a nature trail. The refurbishment was completed in early 2016, the building is now in use as a secular registration office and has been renamed as the Thomas Robinson Building.

text: The Lye and Wollescote Cemetery Chapels building in the centre of the cemetery (originally called the Mortuary Chapels) was built in 1879 and is a

text: Grade II listed

text: building. It had two chapels, at opposite ends of the building; the

text: nonconformist

text: chapel was closed in the 1970s and the

text: Church of England

text: chapel closed following a fire in 1993. The West Midlands Historic Buildings Trust received a grant from the

text: Heritage Lottery Fund

text: to take full ownership of the building in March 2014. The trust planned to conserve the chapels and to bring them back into use as a venue for

text: civil ceremonies

text: . This project also aimed to create resources to encourage people to discover more about their local heritage and nature conservation, in particular via a resource-pack for schools and a nature trail. The refurbishment was completed in early 2016, the building is now in use as a secular registration office and has been renamed as the Thomas Robinson Building.

text: A common anti-pattern is to use finalizers to release resources, by analogy with the Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) idiom of C++: acquire a resource in the initializer (constructor), and release it in the finalizer (destructor). This does not work, for a number of reasons. Most basically, finalizers may never be called, and even if called, may not be called in a timely manner – thus using finalizers to release resources will generally cause resource leaks. Further, finalizers are not called in a prescribed order, while resources often need to be released in a specific order, frequently the opposite order in which they were acquired. Also, as finalizers are called at the discretion of the garbage collector, they will often only be called under managed memory pressure (when there is little managed memory available), regardless of resource pressure – if scarce resources are held by garbage but there is plenty of managed memory available, garbage collection may not occur, thus not reclaiming these resources.

text: A common

text: anti-pattern

text: is to use finalizers to release resources, by analogy with the

text: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization

text: (RAII) idiom of C++: acquire a resource in the initializer (constructor), and release it in the finalizer (destructor). This does not work, for a number of reasons. Most basically, finalizers may never be called, and even if called, may not be called in a timely manner – thus using finalizers to release resources will generally cause

text: resource leak

text: s. Further, finalizers are not called in a prescribed order, while resources often need to be released in a specific order, frequently the opposite order in which they were acquired. Also, as finalizers are called at the discretion of the garbage collector, they will often only be called under managed memory pressure (when there is little managed memory available), regardless of resource pressure – if scarce resources are held by garbage but there is plenty of managed memory available, garbage collection may not occur, thus not reclaiming these resources.

text: Reuse of resources solves only part of the problem. Ensuring that all the required resources are available on the printer is another big problem. In PPML this problem is solved by allowing references to resources via URLs (uniform resource locator). Now the printer can retrieve the resource via the URL if it doesn't have that particular resource yet. This eliminates the need to send all the needed resources along with the print job. The printer will simply retrieve those resources that it needs on the fly. If it already has the resource in its cache it does need not retrieve the resource. This works in the same way as a browser that gains speed by loading (parts of) a webpage from its cache.

text: Reuse of resources solves only part of the problem. Ensuring that all the required resources are available on the printer is another big problem. In PPML this problem is solved by allowing references to resources via URLs (

text: uniform resource locator

text: ). Now the printer can retrieve the resource via the URL if it doesn't have that particular resource yet. This eliminates the need to send all the needed resources along with the print job. The printer will simply retrieve those resources that it needs on the fly. If it already has the resource in its cache it does need not retrieve the resource. This works in the same way as a browser that gains speed by loading (parts of) a webpage from its cache.

text: The objectives of the collection and recycling routine are to educate the general public in cherishing food as well as making good use of resources. The service encourages two-way cooperation for food waste recycling. HKOWRC aims to provide 24-hour recycling services particularly to livestock breeders, farmers, catering industry, schools and large-scale housing estates. For most of the cases, the recycled food waste is to be used by the service targets again for other purposes, therefore avoiding wastage of resources. For livestock breeders and farmers, the recycled food waste is converted to animal feeds and fertilizers that contain richer nutritional values than the conventional ones. It possibly gives higher yield. For catering industry, the recycled food waste is converted to crops which are grown from organic compost from HKOWRC for latest organic food at a special prize. For schools and housing estates, it aims to raise the awareness of food waste reduction when the recycling service reveals the huge amount of food wastes accumulated.

text: The objectives of the collection and recycling routine are to educate the general public in cherishing food as well as making good use of resources. The service encourages two-way cooperation for food waste recycling. HKOWRC aims to provide 24-hour recycling services particularly to

text: livestock breeders

text: farmers

text: catering industry

text: schools

text: and large-scale

text: housing estates

text: . For most of the cases, the recycled food waste is to be used by the service targets again for other purposes, therefore avoiding wastage of resources. For

text: livestock breeders

text: and

text: farmers

text: , the recycled food waste is converted to

text: animal feeds

text: and

text: fertilizers

text: that contain richer nutritional values than the conventional ones. It possibly gives higher yield. For

text: catering industry

text: , the recycled food waste is converted to crops which are grown from organic compost from HKOWRC for latest organic food at a special prize. For

text: schools

text: and

text: housing estates

text: , it aims to raise the awareness of food

text: waste reduction

text: when the recycling service reveals the huge amount of food wastes accumulated.

text: The Secretary of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico () is responsible of protecting, conserving, and managing the natural and environmental resources of Puerto Rico.

text: The Secretary of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico () is responsible of protecting, conserving, and managing the

text: natural

text: and environmental resources of

text: Puerto Rico

text: Improved technology and infrastructure in the recycling re-use, and more efficient use of materials could mitigate some of the negative environmental impacts associated with them. This could also improve the reliability and security of resources.

text: Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates. The Panel reported that the increase in the use of metals during the 20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal stocks from below ground to use in applications within society above ground. For example, the in-use stock of copper in the USA grew from 73 to 238 kg per capita between 1932 and 1999.

text: Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the

text: International Resource Panel

text: , hosted by the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates. The Panel reported that the increase in the use of metals during the 20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal stocks from below ground to use in applications within society above ground. For example, the in-use stock of copper in the USA grew from 73 to 238 kg per capita between 1932 and 1999.

text: Rabbit-proof fence- Rabbits in Australia- Rachel Carson- Radiative forcing- Radical environmentalism- Radio Frequency Interference- Radioactive decay- Radioactive waste- Rain garden- Ralph Nader- Ramsar Convention- Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance- RealClimate- Rechargeable battery- Reclaimed water- Reconciliation Ecology- Rectenna- Recumbent bicycle- Recycling- Recycling of PET Bottles- Recycling Symbol- Red panda- Red tide- Reducing environment- Refined resource- Reforestation- Refrigerant- Refurbishment- Regenerative (design)- Regenerative fuel cell- Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals- Remanufacturing- Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory- Renewable energy- Renewable energy commercialization- Renewable energy development- Renewable resource- Renovation- Repair and maintenance- Research institutes- Research Natural Area- Residual fuel- Resin identification code- Resource- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act- Resource curse- Resource depletion- Resource economics- Resource extraction- Resource Management Act 1991- Resource rent- Respect diversity- Respect for diversity- Restoration ecology- Restricted use pesticides- Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive- Resurrection ecology- Reuse- Right of public access to the wilderness- Rimini protocol- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve- Road pricing- Road verge- Roads Beautifying Association- Roads to Resources Program- Roof garden- Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts- RTECS- Runoff (water)- Rush hour

text: Rabbit-proof fence

text: Rabbits in Australia

text: Rachel Carson

text: Radiative forcing

text: Radical environmentalism

text: Radio Frequency Interference

text: Radioactive decay

text: Radioactive waste

text: Rain garden

text: Ralph Nader

text: Ramsar Convention

text: Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance

text: RealClimate

text: Rechargeable battery

text: Reclaimed water

text: Reconciliation Ecology

text: Rectenna

text: Recumbent bicycle

text: Recycling

text: Recycling of PET Bottles

text: Recycling Symbol

text: Red panda

text: Red tide

text: Reducing environment

text: Refined resource

text: Reforestation

text: Refrigerant

text: Refurbishment

text: Regenerative (design)

text: Regenerative fuel cell

entity_name: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

text: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals

text: Remanufacturing

entity_name: Research centers and laboratories at the University of California, Berkeley

entity_section: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory

text: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory

text: Renewable energy

text: Renewable energy commercialization

text: Renewable energy development

text: Renewable resource

text: Renovation

text: Repair and maintenance

entity_name: List of environmental research institutes

text: Research institutes

text: Research Natural Area

text: Residual fuel

text: Resin identification code

text: Resource

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Resource curse

text: Resource depletion

text: Resource economics

text: Resource extraction

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: Resource rent

text: Respect diversity

text: Respect for diversity

text: Restoration ecology

text: Restricted use pesticides

entity_name: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

text: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

text: Resurrection ecology

text: Reuse

text: Right of public access to the wilderness

text: Rimini protocol

entity_name: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

text: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

text: Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve

text: Road pricing

text: Road verge

text: Roads Beautifying Association

text: Roads to Resources Program

text: Roof garden

text: Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts

entity_name: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

text: RTECS

text: Runoff (water)

text: Rush hour

text: 10. To promote conservation of natural resources and long term sustainability.

text: The natural landscaping also uses native plants and materials which further conserves resources by requiring less maintenance and water. As part of a recycling initiative, the development uses bio-swales—landscape elements designed to remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water—to filter, collect and redistribute water back into the site.

text: The California Institute for Water Resources (formerly the University of California Water Resources Center) was an interdisciplinary research institute dedicated to developing and coordinating a system-wide approach to water conservation. The center was funded by the California State Legislature in 1957, and was located on the original 1907 site of the UC Citrus Experiment Station on Mount Rubidoux in Riverside County, California. WRC was administered by the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR). It collected historic and other documents related to water topics through the Water Resources Center Archives (WRCA) (located on the UC Riverside campus) and made the collection available to the public.

text: The California Institute for Water Resources (formerly the University of California Water Resources Center) was an

text: interdisciplinary

text: research institute

text: dedicated to developing and coordinating a

text: system-wide

text: approach to

text: water conservation

text: . The center was funded by the

text: California State Legislature

text: in 1957, and was located on the original 1907 site of the

entity_name: University of California Citrus Experiment Station

text: UC Citrus Experiment Station

text: on

text: Mount Rubidoux

text: in

text: Riverside County, California

text: . WRC was administered by the

text: UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources

text: (ANR). It collected historic and other documents related to water topics through the

entity_name: Water Resources Collections and Archives

text: Water Resources Center Archives

text: (WRCA) (located on the

text: UC Riverside

text: campus) and made the collection available to the public.

text: Corbyn's environmental policy, set out in his "Protecting Our Planet" manifesto, involves developing a "resource-efficient, green economy", creating one million new green climate jobs, "leading an end to the era of fossil fuels" and transitioning to renewable energy, ending the Conservative government's policy of hydraulic fracking, addressing climate change and air pollution, conserving ecosystems and protecting the welfare of animals. Corbyn's platform has been welcomed by high-profile figures in the Green Party, including former leader Caroline Lucas and Molly Scott Cato and by The Ecologist magazine.

text: Corbyn's environmental policy, set out in his "Protecting Our Planet" manifesto, involves developing a "resource-efficient,

text: green economy

text: ", creating one million new

text: green climate jobs

text: , "leading an

text: end to the era of fossil fuels

text: " and

text: transitioning

text: to

text: renewable energy

text: , ending the

text: Conservative government

text: 's policy of

entity_name: Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom

text: hydraulic fracking

text: , addressing

text: climate change

text: and

text: air pollution

text: , conserving

text: ecosystem

text: s and protecting the

text: welfare of animals

text: . Corbyn's platform has been welcomed by high-profile figures in the

text: Green Party

text: , including former leader

text: Caroline Lucas

text: and

text: Molly Scott Cato

text: and by

text: The Ecologist

text: magazine.

text: Reducing usage by using drinking (potable) water only for human consumption is another option. In some cities such as Hong Kong, sea water is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide in order to conserve fresh water resources.

text: Reducing usage by using drinking (potable) water only for human consumption is another option. In some cities such as

text: Hong Kong

text: , sea water is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide in order to

text: conserve fresh water resources

text: The CIWMB's duties and responsibilities were transferred to the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), another agency within the California Environmental Protection Agency, in January 2010.  The functions of the beverage container recycling deposit/California Redemption Value (CRV) programs established by the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act (AB 2020, Margolin - 1986), or "Bottle Bill," were consolidated from California Department of Conservation, Division of Recycling into the new CalRecycle.

text: The CIWMB's duties and responsibilities were transferred to the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), another agency within the

entity_name: California Environmental Protection Agency

text: California Environmental Protection Agency

text: , in January 2010.  The functions of the beverage container recycling deposit/

text: California Redemption Value (CRV)

text: programs established by the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act (AB 2020, Margolin - 1986), or "Bottle Bill," were consolidated from California Department of Conservation, Division of Recycling into the new CalRecycle.

text: In a 1996 article in The New York Times, John Tierney claimed that government mandated recycling wastes more resources than it saves.Tierney's article received a referenced critique from the Environmental Defense Fund, which noted that "the article relied heavily on quotes and information supplied by a group of consultants and think tanks that have strong ideological objections to recycling".

text: In a 1996 article in

text: The New York Times

text: John Tierney

text: claimed that government mandated recycling wastes more resources than it saves.Tierney's article received a referenced critique from the

text: Environmental Defense Fund

text: , which noted that "the article relied heavily on quotes and information supplied by a group of consultants and think tanks that have strong ideological objections to recycling".

text: Marstel-Day CEO and President Rebecca R. Rubin founded the company in 2002 to assist clients with conservation and natural resource issues. Rubin developed a groundbreaking conservation conveyance strategy that the Department of Defense (DOD) used to convey 80,000 acres of surplus military land to public and private organizations for permanent conservation or recreational use.A U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, Military Base Closures, noted that the DOD used conservation conveyance in the largest single transfer of surplus property that the U.S. Army has undertaken, conveying almost 58,000 acres from the Sierra Army Depot in California to qualified not-for-profit groups for natural resource and conservation purposes.The White House named Rubin a Champion of Change for Community Resilience in 2013. She currently leads a regional initiative on climate, environment and readiness in Virginia, and Gov. Terry McAuliffe named Rubin to the State Air Pollution Control Board.In addition to Rubin, the Marstel-Day leadership team includes H. Lee Halterman, partner and general counsel; James P. “Phil” Huber, partner; Sean B. Donohoe, Ph.D., partner; and Jennifer Graham, partner and Air Force program manager.Halterman, who served as policy director of the U.S. House Armed Services Committee, also known as the United States House Committee on Armed Services, and general counsel to U.S. Rep. Ron Dellums, co-authored Lying Down with the Lions: A Public Life from the Streets of Oakland to the Halls of Power (2000) and Defense Sense: The Search for a Rational Military Policy (1983).

text: Marstel-Day CEO and President Rebecca R. Rubin founded the company in 2002 to assist clients with conservation and natural resource issues. Rubin developed a groundbreaking

text: conservation conveyance

text: strategy that the

text: Department of Defense

text: (DOD) used to convey 80,000 acres of surplus military land to public and private organizations for permanent conservation or recreational use.A

text: U.S. Government Accountability Office

text: (GAO) report, Military Base Closures, noted that the DOD used conservation conveyance in the largest single transfer of surplus property that the

text: U.S. Army

text: has undertaken, conveying almost 58,000 acres from the

text: Sierra Army Depot

text: in California to qualified not-for-profit groups for natural resource and conservation purposes.The

text: White House

text: named Rubin a Champion of Change for Community Resilience in 2013. She currently leads a regional initiative on climate, environment and readiness in Virginia, and Gov.

text: Terry McAuliffe

text: named Rubin to the State Air Pollution Control Board.In addition to Rubin, the Marstel-Day leadership team includes H. Lee Halterman, partner and general counsel; James P. “Phil” Huber, partner; Sean B. Donohoe, Ph.D., partner; and Jennifer Graham, partner and Air Force program manager.Halterman, who served as policy director of the U.S. House Armed Services Committee, also known as the

entity_name: United States House Committee on Armed Services

text: United States House Committee on Armed Services

text: , and general counsel to U.S. Rep.

text: Ron Dellums

text: , co-authored Lying Down with the Lions: A Public Life from the Streets of Oakland to the Halls of Power (2000) and Defense Sense: The Search for a Rational Military Policy (1983).

text: The mission of the Sweetwater Creek State Park is to sustain, enhance, protect and conserve Georgia’s natural, historic and cultural resources for present and future generations. The wise use of the resources of the park is necessary in order to provide recreational and educational prospects and facilities. The protection of the park resources is critical during fast urban growth.  Atlanta grows and its demand for land use increases. The urbanization creates urban heat island effect, which is due to absorption of heat by asphalt and concrete cover. As trees and green cover help to reduce urban heat island effect, the protection of parks is important. In 1998, the Chattahoochee River was named one of the nations’ most Endangered Rivers by the American Rivers Environmental Group. The river receives a large amount of pollutants brought by rainwater runoff which is due to the urbanization. One of the goals of the park is protection of the rivers that flow through the park and fish population in those rivers. Due to urban growth, the demand to the park increases creating problems with trail compaction and erosion and unmanageable litter.  The park offers several programs for public to participate in the park conservation such as: Rivers Alive Cleanup, P2AD-Pollution Prevention, Waste Management, Trail Maintenance, Recycling.

text: The mission of the Sweetwater Creek State Park is to sustain, enhance, protect and conserve Georgia’s natural, historic and cultural resources for present and future generations. The wise use of the resources of the park is necessary in order to provide recreational and educational prospects and facilities. The protection of the park resources is critical during fast urban growth.  Atlanta grows and its demand for land use increases. The

text: urbanization

text: creates

text: urban heat island effect

text: , which is due to absorption of heat by asphalt and concrete cover. As trees and green cover help to reduce urban heat island effect, the protection of parks is important. In 1998, the

text: Chattahoochee River

text: was named one of the nations’ most Endangered Rivers by the

text: American Rivers Environmental Group

text: . The river receives a large amount of pollutants brought by rainwater runoff which is due to the

text: urbanization

text: . One of the goals of the park is protection of the rivers that flow through the park and fish population in those rivers. Due to urban growth, the demand to the park increases creating problems with

text: trail compaction

text: and

text: erosion

text: and unmanageable litter.  The park offers several programs for public to participate in the park conservation such as:

text: Rivers Alive Cleanup

text: P2AD-Pollution Prevention

text: Waste Management

text: Trail Maintenance

text: Recycling

text: Human populations have been increasing rapidly, introducing new stressors to ecosystems, such as climate change and influxes of invasive species.  As a result, the demand for natural resources is unpredictable.  Although ecosystem changes may occur gradually, the cumulative changes can have negative effects for humans and wildlife.  Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing Applications can be used to monitor and evaluate natural resources by mapping them in local and global scales. These tools will continue to be highly beneficial in natural resources management.

text: Human populations have been

text: increasing

text: rapidly, introducing new stressors to ecosystems, such as

text: climate change

text: and influxes of

text: invasive species

text: .  As a result, the demand for natural resources is unpredictable.  Although ecosystem changes may occur gradually, the cumulative changes can have negative effects for humans and wildlife.

text: Geographic Information Systems

text: (GIS) and

text: Remote Sensing

text: Applications can be used to monitor and evaluate natural resources by mapping them in local and global scales. These tools will continue to be highly beneficial in natural resources management.

text: With this backing, in July 1938 the province set up the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board (today known as the Energy Resources Conservation Board).  New unitization rules limited well spacing to about  per well.  The board also reduced oil production from the field.  This reduced the flaring of natural gas, but it came only after the waste of an estimated 28 billion cubic metres.  The lessons of Turner Valley made an impression around the world as the need for conservation and its impact on ultimate recovery became better understood.  Countries framing their first petroleum laws have often used the Alberta legislation as a model.

text: With this backing, in July 1938 the province set up the Alberta Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board (today known as the

text: Energy Resources Conservation Board

text: ).  New unitization rules limited well spacing to about  per well.  The board also reduced oil production from the field.  This reduced the flaring of natural gas, but it came only after the waste of an estimated 28 billion cubic metres.  The lessons of Turner Valley made an impression around the world as the need for conservation and its impact on ultimate recovery became better understood.  Countries framing their first petroleum laws have often used the Alberta legislation as a model.

text: Conservation measures proposed in the core area of the larger Area de Conservación y Desarrollo Sostenible de Llanuras del Tortuguero (ACTo), encompasses the Tortuguero National Park, the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Reserve (40,315 ha) and a border reserve (11,092 ha). The Ministry for the Environment and Energy (MINAE) has the responsibility to manage the project. In 1990-1992, conservation projects were undertaken with the initiative of the Project the Ministry for the Environment and Energy (MINAE) and the European Union (EU), and were  implemented by IUCN. The project  envisaged "the organisation of land use and agro-forestry, conservation of aquatic resources, strengthening of social structures, facilitating research development, and protecting existing natural and cultural resources."

text: Conservation measures proposed in the core area of the larger

text: Area de Conservación y Desarrollo Sostenible de Llanuras del Tortuguero

text: (ACTo), encompasses the Tortuguero National Park, the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Reserve (40,315 ha) and a border reserve (11,092 ha). The Ministry for the Environment and Energy (MINAE) has the responsibility to manage the project. In 1990-1992, conservation projects were undertaken with the initiative of the Project the Ministry for the Environment and Energy (MINAE) and the

text: European Union

text: (EU), and were  implemented by

text: IUCN

text: . The project  envisaged "the organisation of land use and agro-forestry, conservation of aquatic resources, strengthening of social structures, facilitating research development, and protecting existing natural and cultural resources."

text: Some new hardware features are also in Direct3D 12, including Shader Model 5.1, Volume Tiled Resources(Tier 2), Shader Specified Stencil Reference Value, Typed UAV Load, Conservative Rasterization(Tier 1), better collision and culling with Conservative Rasterization, Rasterizer Ordered Views (ROVs), Standard Swizzles, Default Texture Mapping, Swap Chains, swizzled resources and compressed resources, additional blend modes, programmable blend and efficient Order-independent transparency(OIT) with pixel ordered UAV.

text: Some new hardware features are also in Direct3D 12, including Shader Model 5.1, Volume Tiled Resources(Tier 2), Shader Specified Stencil Reference Value, Typed UAV Load, Conservative Rasterization(Tier 1), better collision and culling with Conservative Rasterization, Rasterizer Ordered Views (ROVs), Standard Swizzles, Default Texture Mapping, Swap Chains,

text: swizzled resources

text: and

text: compressed resources

text: , additional

text: blend mode

text: s, programmable blend and efficient

text: Order-independent transparency

text: (OIT) with pixel ordered UAV.

text: 2005 Secretary of the Army, Environmental Security Award"Natural Resources Conservation-team"

text: The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), an agency of the USDA, provides conservation technical assistance and other resources to Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers who, when compared to other farmers in a given area, have particular disadvantages regarding access to USDA program assistance. The NRCS determines the status of a Limited Resource Farmer or Rancher by considering income and farm sales.

text: The

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: (NRCS), an agency of the USDA, provides conservation technical assistance and other resources to Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers who, when compared to other farmers in a given area, have particular disadvantages regarding access to USDA program assistance. The NRCS determines the status of a Limited Resource Farmer or Rancher by considering income and farm sales.

text: This process of recycling as well as reusing the recycled material has proven advantageous because it reduces amount of waste sent to landfills, conserves natural resources, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps create new jobs. Recycled materials can also be converted into new products that can be consumed again, such as paper, plastic and glass.

text: The sustainable use, development and conservation of the world’s livestock genetic resources are of vital importance to agriculture, food production, rural development and the environment. To understand and improve the state of the world’s animal genetic resources, coordinated international efforts are necessary. Periodic assessments of the global state of these resources, and of countries’ capacities to manage them are thus required for accurate knowledge and appropriate action. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) has published two such reports describing the state of the world’s animal genetic resources. The first report The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was published in 2007 and the second in 2015. The reports were commissioned by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of FAO, with the overall objective of developing national capacities and international co-operation to achieve sustainable intensification of livestock production systems. They intend on publishing a new report every 10 years.

text: The sustainable use, development and conservation of the world’s

entity_name: Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

text: livestock genetic resources

text: are of vital importance to

text: agriculture

text: , food production,

text: rural development

text: and the

text: environment

text: . To understand and improve the state of the world’s animal genetic resources, coordinated international efforts are necessary. Periodic assessments of the global state of these resources, and of countries’ capacities to manage them are thus required for accurate knowledge and appropriate action.

text: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)

text: has published two such reports describing the state of the world’s animal genetic resources. The first report The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was published in 2007 and the second in 2015. The reports were commissioned by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of FAO, with the overall objective of developing national capacities and international co-operation to achieve sustainable intensification of livestock production systems. They intend on publishing a new report every 10 years.

text: It is estimated that the available water resources in Benin are sufficient to meet the current and future demand, even if agricultural and industrial consumption are included. The current water use is about 1% of the available resources. The total amount of renewable water resources in the country is estimated at 3,954 m³ per person and year, an amount whereby water shortages only occur irregularly or locally according to a definition of Falkenmark and  Widstrand. 2000 km² or 1.8% of the total surface area of Benin (112,620 km²) is covered by water. Rainfall averages 1,039 mm per year, but varies considerably among region and season.

text: It is estimated that the available

text: water resources

text: in Benin are sufficient to meet the current and future demand, even if agricultural and industrial consumption are included. The current water use is about 1% of the available resources. The total amount of renewable water resources in the country is estimated at 3,954 m³ per person and year, an amount whereby water shortages only occur irregularly or locally according to a definition of Falkenmark and  Widstrand. 2000 km² or 1.8% of the total surface area of Benin (112,620 km²) is covered by water. Rainfall averages 1,039 mm per year, but varies considerably among region and season.

text: An environmentalist is a person who may speak out about our natural environment and the sustainable management of its resources through changes in public policy or individual behavior. This may include supporting practices such as informed consumption, conservation initiatives, investment in renewable resources, improved efficiencies in the materials economy, transitioning to new accounting paradigms such as Ecological economics and renewing and revitalizing our connections with non-human life.

text: An

text: environmentalist

text: is a person who may speak out about our natural environment and the sustainable management of its resources through changes in public policy or individual behavior. This may include supporting practices such as informed consumption, conservation initiatives, investment in

text: renewable resources

text: , improved efficiencies in the materials economy, transitioning to new accounting paradigms such as

text: Ecological economics

text: and renewing and revitalizing our connections with non-human life.

text: If we were to utilize these recycling methods we would not have to expend energy and resources on mining for new resources to use in manufacturing.  Recycled aluminum, for example, has the same properties as newly manufactured aluminum but expends so much less energy in the manufacturing process.  This is assuming however that recycling plants are being run in the most efficient ways possible.

text: The federal partners are the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The state partners are the Maine Department of Marine Resources, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, District of Columbia Fisheries and Wildlife, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Virginia Marine Resources Commission, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, and Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Other partners include the New England Fishery Management Council, Potomac River Fisheries Commission, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council.

text: The federal partners are the

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: (FWS),

text: National Marine Fisheries Service

text: of the

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA). The state partners are the

text: Maine Department of Marine Resources

text: New Hampshire Fish and Game Department

text: Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries

text: Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife

entity_name: Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

text: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

entity_name: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

text: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

entity_name: New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife

text: New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife

text: Delaware Department of Natural Resources

text: Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission

text: District of Columbia Fisheries and Wildlife

entity_name: Maryland Department of Natural Resources

text: Maryland Department of Natural Resources

text: Virginia Marine Resources Commission

entity_name: North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality

text: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

entity_name: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources

text: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources

entity_name: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

text: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

text: , and

text: Georgia Department of Natural Resources

text: . Other partners include the New England Fishery Management Council, Potomac River Fisheries Commission, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council.

text: Total renewable water resources:

text: Total renewable water resources:

text: The Yasuni-ITT Initiative was launched by president Rafael Correa of Ecuador at the U.N. General Assembly in 2007. The Yasuni-ITT Initiative seeks to prevent the drilling of oil in the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini (ITT) oil field within the Yasuni National Park. The Yasuni National Park, located on the eastern edge of Ecuador, encompasses a section of Ecuador's Amazon Rainforest and is recognized as one of the most bio diverse regions in the world; as well as the home of several indigenous Amazonian tribes.  An initial proposal to promote the sustainable development of the renewable resources of the National Parks in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador, rather than extracting non-renewable oil resources, was published in 1994 by Luis Fierro. However, the Yasuni National Park is estimated to contain approximately 846 million barrels of crude oil, approximately 20% of the country's proven oil reserves. To prevent the environmental destruction caused as a result of oil exploitation, the government of Ecuador proposed a permanent ban on oil production inside the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini oil field in exchange for 50% of the value of the reserves, or $3.6 billion over 13 years to be raised from public and private contributions from the international community. By preventing the drilling of oil inside the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini oil field, the Yasuni-ITT Initiative seeks to conserve the biodiversity of the region, protect the indigenous peoples currently living in voluntary isolation inside the Yasuni National Park, and avoid the emission of significant quantities of CO caused by oil production.

text: The Yasuni-ITT Initiative was launched by president Rafael Correa of

text: Ecuador

text: at the

text: U.N. General Assembly

text: in 2007. The Yasuni-ITT Initiative seeks to prevent the drilling of oil in the

text: Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini (ITT)

text: oil field

text: within the

text: Yasuni National Park

text: . The Yasuni National Park, located on the eastern edge of Ecuador, encompasses a section of Ecuador's

text: Amazon Rainforest

text: and is recognized as one of the most

text: bio diverse

text: regions in the world; as well as the home of several indigenous Amazonian tribes.  An initial proposal to promote the sustainable development of the renewable resources of the National Parks in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador, rather than extracting non-renewable oil resources, was published in 1994 by

text: Luis Fierro

text: . However, the Yasuni National Park is estimated to contain approximately 846 million barrels of crude oil, approximately 20% of the country's proven oil reserves. To prevent the

text: environmental destruction

text: caused as a result of oil exploitation, the government of Ecuador proposed a permanent ban on oil production inside the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini oil field in exchange for 50% of the value of the reserves, or $3.6 billion over 13 years to be raised from public and private contributions from the international community. By preventing the drilling of oil inside the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini oil field, the Yasuni-ITT Initiative seeks to conserve the

text: biodiversity

text: of the region, protect the

text: indigenous people

text: s currently living in voluntary isolation inside the Yasuni National Park, and avoid the emission of significant quantities of CO caused by oil production.

text: Zero Waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. No trash is sent to landfills or incinerators. The process recommended is one similar to the way that resources are reused in nature. The definition adopted by the Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA) is:

text: Zero Waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of

text: resource

text: life cycles so that all products are

text: reused

text: . No trash is sent to

text: landfills

text: or

text: incinerators

text: . The process recommended is one

text: similar

text: to the way that resources are reused in nature. The definition adopted by the Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA) is:

text: Water Management Hierarchy (WMH) is a hierarchy of water conservation priorities.  Levels of the hierarchy from the highest to the lowest in terms of the priority for water conservation include elimination, reduction, outsourcing/reuse and regeneration.  The most preferred option is elimination, followed by reduction of water demand.  After that, direct reuse/recycling and water outsourcing through method such as rainwater harvesting are preferred.  This is followed by regeneration or treatment of wastewater before being reused.  Freshwater will only be used when all water-saving options have been explored.

text: Water Management Hierarchy (WMH) is a hierarchy of

text: water conservation

text: priorities.  Levels of the hierarchy from the highest to the lowest in terms of the priority for

text: water conservation

text: include elimination, reduction, outsourcing/reuse and regeneration.  The most preferred option is elimination, followed by reduction of water demand.  After that, direct reuse/recycling and water outsourcing through method such as

text: rainwater harvesting

text: are preferred.  This is followed by regeneration or treatment of wastewater before being reused.  Freshwater will only be used when all water-saving options have been explored.

text: The category of protected area (known as a “reserve” in South Australia) known as regional reserve was created in 1987 by the South Australian Government in order to achieve a balance between “nature conservation and the use of natural resources.”The first use of the regional reserve category was the Innamincka Regional Reserve in 1988 which is located in the part of the state containing both a “place of major conservation importance,” the Coongie Lakes wetland system which is listed as a Ramsar site, and primary production activity consisting of petroleum product extraction at Moomba and beef cattle production on the Innamincka Station.The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 was amended in 1987 to create this reserve category along with the additional requirements of seeking Parliamentary approval to abolish or remove land from a regional reserve and the tabling of periodic reporting on a 10-year basis in the Parliament of South Australia.  The reporting is twofold - firstly, an assessment of the “the impact of  the utilisation of natural resources on the conservation of the wildlife and the natural and historic features of the reserve” is required and secondly, an assessment of the benefit achieved by the state economy by the use of the natural resources is required.  As of 30 June 2015, the seven regional reserves have been declared by the Government of South Australia covering an area of  or 9.5% of the state’s land area.

text: The category of protected area (known as a “reserve” in South Australia) known as regional reserve was created in 1987 by the

text: South Australian Government

text: in order to achieve a balance between “nature conservation and the use of natural resources.”The first use of the regional reserve category was the Innamincka Regional Reserve in 1988 which is located in the part of the state containing both a “place of major conservation importance,” the

text: Coongie Lakes

text: wetland system which is listed as a

text: Ramsar site

text: , and primary production activity consisting of petroleum product extraction at

text: Moomba

text: and beef cattle production on the Innamincka Station.The

text: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972

text: was amended in 1987 to create this reserve category along with the additional requirements of seeking Parliamentary approval to abolish or remove land from a regional reserve and the tabling of periodic reporting on a 10-year basis in the

text: Parliament of South Australia

text: .  The reporting is twofold - firstly, an assessment of the “the impact of  the utilisation of natural resources on the conservation of the wildlife and the natural and historic features of the reserve” is required and secondly, an assessment of the benefit achieved by the state economy by the use of the natural resources is required.  As of 30 June 2015, the seven regional reserves have been declared by the

text: Government of South Australia

text: covering an area of  or 9.5% of the state’s land area.

text: The interpretations assume that the "window" has positive value and that replacing it is not a good investment.  In the broader scope, offsetting factors can reduce or even negate the cost of destruction.  For example, new technologies developed during a war and forced modernization during postwar reconstruction can cause old technologies to become valueless. Also, if two shopkeepers keep their "window" beyond the point where it would maximize their profit, the shopkeeper whose window is broken is forced to make a good investment – increasing his comparative profit, or rather, reducing his comparative loss. Regardless, while wanton destruction of real value may not be a net loss, it is of course still a misfortune, not a blessing. Others argue that the broken window may not result in reduction of spending by the victim, but rather, a reduction in excessive savings. "The logic of limited resources only applies when the economy is using most of those limited resources. If there are slack resources, we need merely mobilize some of the slack resources." The reductio ad absurdum of breaking 100 windows, then, applies only when underutilised resources have been used, and the tailor is forced to divert resources from more productive means.

text: The interpretations assume that the "window" has positive value and that replacing it is not a good investment.  In the broader scope, offsetting factors can reduce or even negate the cost of destruction.  For example, new technologies developed during a war and forced modernization during postwar reconstruction can cause old technologies to become valueless. Also, if two shopkeepers keep their "window" beyond the point where it would maximize their profit, the shopkeeper whose window is broken is forced to make a good investment – increasing his comparative profit, or rather, reducing his comparative loss. Regardless, while wanton destruction of real value may not be a net loss, it is of course still a misfortune, not a blessing. Others argue that the broken window may not result in reduction of spending by the victim, but rather, a reduction in excessive savings. "The logic of limited resources only applies when the economy is using most of those limited resources. If there are slack resources, we need merely mobilize some of the slack resources." The

text: reductio ad absurdum

text: of breaking 100 windows, then, applies only when underutilised resources have been used, and the tailor is forced to divert resources from more productive means.

text: The son of Joseph Rubin Bostrom, he was educated at the University of Manitoba, and subsequently worked as a teacher and economist. In 1969, Bostrom married Sandra Louise McNabb.  He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the provincial election of 1973, in the northern riding of Rupertsland.  Despite his relative youth and inexperience, he was appointed to the cabinet of Edward Schreyer on December 23, 1974, being named as Minister of Cooperative Development with responsibility for Lands and Renewable Resources.  He was named Minister of Renewable Resources and Transportation Services on October 15, 1975, and held this position until the Schreyer government was defeated in the election of 1977.

text: The son of Joseph Rubin Bostrom, he was educated at the

text: University of Manitoba

text: , and subsequently worked as a teacher and economist. In 1969, Bostrom married Sandra Louise McNabb.  He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the

text: provincial election of 1973

text: , in the northern riding of

text: Rupertsland

text: .  Despite his relative youth and inexperience, he was appointed to the

text: cabinet

text: of

text: Edward Schreyer

text: on December 23, 1974, being named as

text: Minister of Cooperative Development

text: with responsibility for

text: Lands and Renewable Resources

text: .  He was named

text: Minister of Renewable Resources and Transportation Services

text: on October 15, 1975, and held this position until the Schreyer government was defeated in the

text: election of 1977

text: Auctions to effectively allocate resources, like public pollution control expenses, could increase competition and maximize revenues in private markets for pollution control. This mechanism could also used to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of government programs. This mechanism provides better market-based information to allocate resources effectively with lower cost. The societal goal is to reduce pollution rather than to avoid paying for unsuccessful pollution control projects. Auctions for public pollution control expenses could be a way to deal with some of the most intractable sources of pollution including nonpoint pollution sources. The government could accept bids based on units of cost per units of pollution reduced and it could pay based on proof of actual pollution reductions based on a performance measurement.

text: Recycling was a highlight throughout World War II. During the war, financial constraints and significant material shortages due to war efforts made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycle materials.  These resource shortages caused by the world wars, and other such world-changing occurrences, greatly encouraged recycling. The struggles of war claimed much of the material resources available, leaving little for the civilian population. It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste, as recycling offered an extra source of materials allowing people to make the most of what was available to them. Recycling household materials meant more resources for war efforts and a better chance of victory.  Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out in the home front during World War II in every country involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fiber, as a matter of patriotism.

text: Recycling was a highlight throughout World War II. During the war, financial constraints and significant material shortages due to war efforts made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycle materials.  These resource shortages caused by the

text: world war

text: s, and other such world-changing occurrences, greatly encouraged recycling. The struggles of war claimed much of the material resources available, leaving little for the civilian population. It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste, as recycling offered an extra source of materials allowing people to make the most of what was available to them. Recycling household materials meant more resources for war efforts and a better chance of victory.  Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out in the

text: home front during World War II

text: in every country involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fiber, as a matter of patriotism.

text: The Natural Resource Charter is a global initiative to assist governments and societies of countries rich in non-renewable natural resources to effectively govern those resources in a way that generates economic growth, promotes the welfare of the population and is environmentally sustainable.

text: The Natural Resource Charter is a global initiative to assist governments and societies of countries rich in

text: non-renewable natural resources

text: to effectively govern those resources in a way that generates economic growth, promotes the welfare of the population and is environmentally sustainable.

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 10 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (

text: YJ

text: ) or 4 × 10 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as

text: uranium

text: exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of

text: methane clathrates

text: are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."

text: Conscious efforts to conserve and protect global biodiversity are a recent phenomenon. Natural resource conservation, however, has a history that extends prior to the age of conservation. Resource ethics grew out of necessity through direct relations with nature. Regulation or communal restraint became necessary to prevent selfish motives from taking more than could be locally sustained, therefore compromising the long-term supply for the rest of the community. This social dilemma with respect to natural resource management is often called the "Tragedy of the Commons".

text: Conscious efforts to conserve and protect global biodiversity are a recent phenomenon. Natural resource conservation, however, has a history that extends prior to the age of conservation. Resource ethics grew out of necessity through direct relations with nature. Regulation or communal restraint became necessary to prevent selfish motives from taking more than could be locally sustained, therefore compromising the long-term supply for the rest of the community. This social dilemma with respect to natural resource management is often called the "

text: Tragedy of the Commons

text: Of all the state-based RPS programs in place today, no two are the same. Each has been designed taking into account state-specific policy objectives (e.g.  economic growth, diversity of energy supply, environmental concerns), local resource endowment, political considerations, and the capacity to expand renewable energy production. At the most basic level, this gives rise to differing RPS targets and years (e.g. Arizona's 15% by 2025 and Colorado's 30% by 2020). Other factors in program design include resource eligibility, in-state requirements, new build requirements, technology favoritism, lobbying by industry associations and non-profits, groups cost caps, program coverage (IOUs versus Cooperatives and Municipal utilities), cost recovery by utilities, penalties for non-compliance, rules regarding REC creation and trading, and additional non-binding goals. Since RPS programs create a mandate to purchase renewable energy, they create a lucrative captive market of buyers for renewable energy producers who are eligible in a particular state's RPS program to issue RECs. A state may choose to promote new investment in renewable energy generation capacity by not making eligible existing renewable energy such as hydroelectric plants or geothermal energy to qualify under an RPS program.

text: Of all the state-based RPS programs in place today, no two are the same. Each has been designed taking into account state-specific policy objectives (e.g.  economic growth, diversity of energy supply, environmental concerns), local resource endowment, political considerations, and the capacity to expand renewable energy production. At the most basic level, this gives rise to differing RPS targets and years (e.g. Arizona's 15% by 2025 and Colorado's 30% by 2020). Other factors in program design include resource eligibility, in-state requirements, new build requirements, technology favoritism, lobbying by industry associations and non-profits, groups cost caps, program coverage (IOUs versus Cooperatives and Municipal utilities), cost recovery by utilities, penalties for non-compliance, rules regarding REC creation and trading, and additional non-binding goals. Since RPS programs create a mandate to purchase renewable energy, they create a lucrative

text: captive market

text: of buyers for renewable energy producers who are eligible in a particular state's RPS program to issue RECs. A state may choose to promote new investment in renewable energy generation capacity by not making eligible existing renewable energy such as hydroelectric plants or geothermal energy to qualify under an RPS program.

text: Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of disposed materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

text: The Rio Cajari Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree 99.145 of 12 March 1990.A decree of 30 September 1997 declared that the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) could expropriate an area of about  covered by the reserve.The reserve is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The reserve is to ensure sustainable use and conservation of renewable natural resources used by the traditional extractive populations. IBAMA was made responsible for management.Today the reserve is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).

text: The Rio Cajari Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree 99.145 of 12 March 1990.A decree of 30 September 1997 declared that the

text: (IBAMA) could expropriate an area of about  covered by the reserve.The reserve is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The reserve is to ensure sustainable use and conservation of renewable natural resources used by the traditional extractive populations. IBAMA was made responsible for management.Today the reserve is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).

text: The Environment Court has a substantially larger role than the Planning Tribunal, with expanded functions and powers over planning, resource consents and enforcement. Virtually all important processes and decisions under the Resource Management Act 1991, such as regional policy statements, regional and district plans, resource consents and water conservation orders, may be appealed to the Environment Court.

text: The Environment Court has a substantially larger role than the Planning Tribunal, with expanded functions and powers over planning,

text: resource consent

text: s and enforcement. Virtually all important processes and decisions under the

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: , such as regional policy statements, regional and district plans,

text: resource consent

text: s and

text: water conservation orders

text: , may be appealed to the Environment Court.

text: Natural resources are materials that occur in a natural form within environments. These can be classified as either biotic or abiotic on the basis of their origin. The landmass and the territorial waters of Cambodia contain a rather moderate amount, array and variety of resources. Apart from water, abiotic resources, such as minerals are generally rare. Still, advanced geo-scientific technologies have produced remarkable results and re-assessments in recent years, such as the localization of offshore oil and gas depots in the Gulf of Thailand. Cambodia, on the other hand possesses a relatively wide range of biotic resources, in particular timber, forest products, rare plants and a fauna of great diversity.

text: Natural resources are materials that occur in a natural form within environments. These can be classified as either

text: biotic

text: or

text: abiotic

text: on the basis of their origin. The landmass and the territorial waters of Cambodia contain a rather moderate amount, array and variety of resources. Apart from water,

text: abiotic

text: resources, such as minerals are generally rare. Still, advanced geo-scientific technologies have produced remarkable results and re-assessments in recent years, such as the localization of offshore oil and gas depots in the

text: Gulf of Thailand

text: . Cambodia, on the other hand possesses a relatively wide range of

text: biotic

text: resources, in particular timber, forest products, rare plants and a fauna of great diversity.

text: Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, can be used over and over again, minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material. Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates.

text: Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, can be used over and over again, minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy. For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material. Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the

text: International Resource Panel

text: , hosted by the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates.

text: In computing, a system resource, or simply resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system. Every device connected to a computer system is a resource. Every internal system component is a resource. Virtual system resources include files (concretely file handles), network connections (concretely network sockets), and memory areas. Managing resources is referred to as resource management, and includes both preventing resource leaks (releasing a resource when a process has finished using it) and dealing with resource contention (when multiple processes wish to access a limited resource).

text: In

text: computing

text: , a system resource, or simply resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system. Every device connected to a computer system is a resource. Every internal system component is a resource. Virtual system resources include

text: files

text: (concretely

text: file handle

text: s), network connections (concretely

text: network socket

text: s), and memory areas. Managing resources is referred to as

text: resource management

text: , and includes both preventing

text: resource leak

text: s (releasing a resource when a process has finished using it) and dealing with

text: resource contention

text: (when multiple processes wish to access a limited resource).

text: Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Water

text: can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example,

text: groundwater

text: is usually removed from an

text: aquifer

text: at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (

text: subsidence

text: ) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is

text: fresh water

text: ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Resource productivity and resource intensity are  key concepts used in sustainability measurement as they measure attempts to decouple the connection between resource use and environmental degradation. Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity). The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity.

text: Resource productivity

text: and resource intensity are  key concepts used in

text: sustainability measurement

text: as they measure attempts to decouple the connection between resource use and

text: environmental degradation

text: . Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two sides of the same coin, in practice they involve very different approaches and can be viewed as reflecting, on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use (resource productivity) and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome (resource intensity). The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity.

text: Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1 spent on product. In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of GDP. When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP.

text: Resource intensity is a measure of the

text: resource

text: s (e.g.

text: water

text: energy

text: material

text: s) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of

text: good

text: or

text: service

text: , or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the

text: efficiency of resource use

text: . It is often expressed as the

text: quantity

text: of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per $1 spent on product. In national economic and

text: sustainability accounting

text: it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of

text: GDP

text: . When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption. Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP; low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP.

text: The ICNF's mission is to propose, monitor and ensure the implementation of policies in the fields of nature conservancy and forestry, to promote the conservation, sustainable use, appreciation, and enjoyment of the natural heritage. In addition, it promotes the sustainable development of forests and resource members, to allow increased competitiveness along the forestry-to-industry chain, but also to defend hunting resources and aquaculture along inland waterways.

text: In a forest resource assessment of Ethiopia, Reusing found that within 17 years (1973–1990) high-forest cover decreased from 54,410 to 45,055 km² or from 4.75 to 3.96% of the land area. He calculated a deforestation rate of 1,630 km² per year, which means that deforestation at the same rate would leave about 18,975 of the 45,055 km² in 2006. The FAO (2007) estimated a deforestation rate of 1,410 km² per year.

text: The concept of a "backstop" resource is a resource that is sufficiently abundant and sustainable to replace non-renewable resources. Thus, solar and other renewable energy sources are considered "backstop" energy options for unsustainable fossil fuels. Similarly, Gleick and Palaniappan defined "backstop water sources" to be those resources that can replace unsustainable and non-renewable use of water, albeit typically at a higher cost.The classic backstop water source is desalination of seawater. If the rate of water production is not sufficient in one area, another "backstop" could be increased interbasin transfers, such as pipelines to carry freshwater from where it is abundant to an area where water is needed. Water can be imported into an area using water trucks. The most expensive and last resort measures of getting water to a community such as desalination, water transfers are called “backstop” water sources. Fog catchers are the most extreme of backstop methods.

text: The concept of a "backstop" resource is a resource that is sufficiently abundant and sustainable to replace non-renewable resources. Thus, solar and other renewable energy sources are considered "backstop" energy options for unsustainable

text: fossil fuel

text: s. Similarly, Gleick and Palaniappan defined "backstop water sources" to be those resources that can replace unsustainable and non-renewable use of water, albeit typically at a higher cost.The classic backstop water source is

text: desalination

text: of seawater. If the rate of water production is not sufficient in one area, another "backstop" could be increased interbasin transfers, such as pipelines to carry freshwater from where it is abundant to an area where water is needed. Water can be imported into an area using water trucks. The most expensive and last resort measures of getting water to a community such as desalination, water transfers are called “backstop” water sources. Fog catchers are the most extreme of backstop methods.

text: Cultivation and local and regional use of renewable resources support economic growth, added value and new jobs – especially in rural areas. They allow economic and social participation and will lead to an increase of quality of life for the people on the ground. Also in the industrial field, e.g. in the chemical industry, renewable resources are being used more and more and as a result new jobs can be provided.

text: There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (depletion and overconsumption of resources) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for developed countries).

text: There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (

text: depletion and overconsumption of resources

text: ) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for

text: developed countries

text: An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its production possibility frontier, it could have higher output if all the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a trade-off between economic efficiency and unemployment: if the frictionally unemployed accepted the first job they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.

text: An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its

text: production possibility frontier

text: , it could have higher output if all the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a trade-off between economic efficiency and unemployment: if the

text: frictionally unemployed

text: accepted the first job they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.

text: She had previously worked for the Waste Resource Trust, promoting responsible waste disposal and recycling on Waiheke Island.

text: She had previously worked for the Waste Resource Trust, promoting responsible waste disposal and recycling on

text: Waiheke Island

text: eGRID data include emissions, different types of emission rates, electricity generation, resource mix, and heat input.  eGRID data also include plant identification, location, and structural information.  The emissions information in eGRID include carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO), methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO),and carbon dioxide equivalent (COe).  CO, CH, and NO are greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute to global warming or climate change.  NO and SO contribute to unhealthy air quality and acid rain in many parts of the country.  eGRID's resource mix information includes the following fossil fuel resources: coal, oil, gas, other fossil; nuclear resources; and the following renewable resources: hydroelectric (water), biomass (including biogas, landfill gas and digester gas), wind, solar, and geothermal.

text: eGRID data include emissions, different types of emission rates,

text: electricity generation

text: , resource mix, and heat input.  eGRID data also include

text: plant

text: identification, location, and structural information.  The emissions information in eGRID include

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO),

text: nitrogen oxides

text: (NO),

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO),

text: methane

text: (CH), nitrous oxide (NO),and

text: carbon dioxide equivalent

text: (COe).  CO, CH, and NO are

text: greenhouse gases

text: (GHG) that contribute to

text: global warming

text: or

text: climate change

text: .  NO and SO contribute to unhealthy air quality and

text: acid rain

text: in many parts of the country.  eGRID's resource mix information includes the following

text: fossil fuel

text: resources:

text: coal

text: oil

text: gas

text: , other fossil;

text: nuclear resources

text: ; and the following

text: renewable resources

text: hydroelectric

text: (water),

text: biomass

text: (including

text: biogas

text: landfill gas

text: and digester gas),

text: wind

text: solar

text: , and

text: geothermal

text: Other researchers and movements such as the Zeitgeist Movement suggest a new socioeconomic model which, through a structural increase of efficiency, collaboration and locality in production as well as effective sharing, increased modularity, sustainability and optimal design of products, is expected to reduce resource-consumption.

text: Other researchers and movements such as

text: the Zeitgeist Movement

text: suggest a new socioeconomic model which, through a structural increase of

text: efficiency

text: , collaboration and locality in production as well as effective

text: sharing

text: , increased

text: modularity

text: , sustainability and optimal design of products, is expected to reduce resource-consumption.

text: When a non-information resource is looked up without any specific representation format, then the server needs to redirect the request to information resource with an HTML representation. For example, to retrieve the resource “Italy” (http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/resource/Italy), which is a non-information resource, the server redirects to the html page of “Italy” (http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/geoinfo/geopolitical/page/Italy).

text: In conservation, resource management is a set of practices pertaining to maintaining natural systems integrity.  Examples of this form of management are air resource management, soil conservation, forestry, wildlife management and water resource management.  The broad term for this type of resource management is natural resource management (NRM).

text: In

text: conservation

text: , resource management is a set of practices pertaining to maintaining natural systems integrity.  Examples of this form of management are

text: air resource

text: management,

text: soil conservation

text: forestry

text: wildlife

text: management and

text: water resource

text: management.  The broad term for this type of resource management is

text: natural resource management

text: (NRM).

text: Resource recovery is the retrieval of recyclable waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use.  It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy.  This process is carried out at a resource recovery facility.  Resource recovery is not only important to the environment, but it can be cost effective by decreasing the amount of waste sent to the disposal stream, reduce the amount of space needed for landfills, and protect limited natural resources.

text: Historical research is being done on the commons, often inspired by Elinor Ostrom. This is an attempt to understand empirically how people were able to manage land use collectively for 500 years or more, without significant state support or supervision. A frequent complaint in the discussion is that socialists, like their liberal and conservative counterparts, confuse an ethical principle of resource allocation (the "why") with the economic technique of resource allocation (the "how") – the result being an economic policy in which the means and the ends are confused.

text: Historical research is being done on

text: the commons

text: , often inspired by

text: Elinor Ostrom

text: . This is an attempt to understand empirically how people were able to manage land use collectively for 500 years or more, without significant state support or supervision. A frequent complaint in the discussion is that socialists, like their liberal and conservative counterparts, confuse an ethical principle of resource allocation (the "why") with the economic technique of resource allocation (the "how") – the result being an economic policy in which the means and the ends are confused.

text: AB 32 further directs that the California Air Resources Board (ARB) will work with the California Department of Resource Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) to create a mandatory commercial recycling program, and partnerships between California and local government recycling and composting programs such as San Francisco’s mandatory ordinance.  Statewide, such diversions from the waste stream are expected to conservatively produce the following greenhouse gas savings in millions of metric tons (MMT) of carbon dioxide equivalents:

text: The Recycling of Waste Tires:The inability of landfills to properly deal with the disposal of tires has spurred the research into ways to successfully recycle tires into commodities and resources, such as concrete, asphalt and other tires. To convert the waste tire into a valuable product, it must first be reduced in size and then recycled. The recycling process begins first by shredding tires into small manageable chips, which are then cooled to cryogenic temperatures, causing the pieces to become brittle. These brittle pieces are then pulverized into a material that must be screened to remove large chunks of rubber or polymer. Finally, the remaining fibre and magnetic material are separated from the pulverized material using a magnetic separator and a vibrational separator. This form of recycling is environmentally friendly, and allows a valuable resource to be used again and again.There is a potential for using waste tire rubber to make activated-carbon adsorbents for air-quality control applications. Such an approach provides a recycling path for waste tires and the production of new adsorbents from a low-cost waste material.Also, recycled rubber from tires is used as a component of various products commonly known as "tire derived products". Such products include asphalt paving mixtures and as extenders in a variety of rubber products such as roofing materials, walk pads, carpet and flooring underlay and other products. More such products are being developed.

text: The Recycling of Waste Tires:The inability of landfills to properly deal with the disposal of tires has spurred the research into ways to successfully recycle tires into commodities and resources, such as

text: concrete

text: asphalt

text: and other tires. To convert the waste tire into a valuable product, it must first be reduced in size and then recycled. The recycling process begins first by

text: shredding

text: tires into small manageable chips, which are then cooled to

text: cryogenic

text: temperatures, causing the pieces to become brittle. These brittle pieces are then pulverized into a material that must be screened to remove large chunks of rubber or polymer. Finally, the remaining

text: fibre

text: and magnetic material are separated from the pulverized material using a magnetic separator and a vibrational separator. This form of recycling is environmentally friendly, and allows a valuable resource to be used again and again.There is a potential for using waste tire rubber to make activated-carbon adsorbents for air-quality control applications. Such an approach provides a recycling path for waste tires and the production of new adsorbents from a low-cost waste material.Also, recycled rubber from tires is used as a component of various products commonly known as "tire derived products". Such products include asphalt paving mixtures and as extenders in a variety of

text: rubber

text: products such as roofing materials, walk pads, carpet and flooring underlay and other products. More such products are being developed.

text: By the twentieth century, the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources.  The increase in health, wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress. However, in the 1930s economists began developing models of non-renewable resource management (see Hotelling's rule) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources.

text: By the twentieth century, the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources.  The increase in health, wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress. However, in the 1930s economists began developing models of

text: non-renewable resource

text: management (see

text: Hotelling's rule

text: ) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources.

text: Natural Resources Adelaide & Mt Lofty Ranges (AMLR) are following four main strategies to conserve the biodiversity of the region:

text: Agriculture according to the New Standard Encyclopedia is “one of the most important sectors in the economies of most nations” (New Standard 1992). At the same time conservation is the use of resources in a manner that safely maintains a resource that can be used by humans. Conservation has become critical because the global population has increased over the years and more food needs to be produced every year (New Standard 1992). Sometimes referred to as "agricultural environmental management", conservation agriculture may be sanctioned and funded through conservation programs promulgated through agricultural legislation, such as the U.S. Farm Bill.

text: Agriculture according to the New Standard Encyclopedia is “one of the most important sectors in the economies of most nations” (New Standard 1992). At the same time conservation is the use of resources in a manner that safely maintains a resource that can be used by humans. Conservation has become critical because the global population has increased over the years and more food needs to be produced every year (New Standard 1992). Sometimes referred to as "agricultural environmental management", conservation agriculture may be sanctioned and funded through conservation programs promulgated through agricultural legislation, such as the

text: U.S. Farm Bill

text: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of

text: renewable energy

text: is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: the vast majority of climate scientists

text: agree will cause major

text: adverse effects

text: .Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Under capitalism, he suggests that technology "has been the sine qua non of growth" - thus he believes that, even in a world with hypothetical "free energy", the effect would be to lower the cost of automobile production, leading to the massive overproduction of vehicles, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic resource depletion and the "paving over" of the "remainder of nature". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new post-industrial commodities is a "plain illusion", as miniaturized components involve many substances and are therefore non-recyclable (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more pollutants). He is quick to warn "environmental liberals" against over-selling the virtues of renewable energies that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support renewable energy projects, he believes it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on renewable energy technologies alone.

text: Under

text: capitalism

text: , he suggests that technology "has been the sine qua non of

text: growth

text: " - thus he believes that, even in a world with hypothetical "free energy", the effect would be to lower the cost of

text: automobile

text: production, leading to the massive

text: overproduction

text: of

text: vehicle

text: s, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic

text: resource depletion

text: and the "paving over" of the "remainder of

text: nature

text: ". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new

text: post-industrial

text: commodities is a "plain illusion", as

text: miniaturized

text: components involve many substances and are therefore non-

text: recyclable

text: (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more

text: pollutants

text: ). He is quick to warn "environmental

text: liberals

text: " against over-selling the virtues of

text: renewable energies

text: that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support

text: renewable energy

text: projects, he believes it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on

text: renewable energy

text: technologies alone.

text: Sustainable Materials Management is a systemic approach to using and reusing materials more productively over their entire lifecycles. It represents a change in how a society thinks about the use of natural resources and environmental protection. By looking at a product's entire lifecycle new opportunities can be found to reduce environmental impacts, conserve resources, and reduce costs.U.S. and global consumption of materials increased rapidly during the last century. According to the Annex to the G7 Leaders’ June 8, 2015 Declaration, global raw material use rose during the 20th century at about twice the rate of population growth. For every 1 percent increase in gross domestic product, raw material use has risen by 0.4 percent. This increasing consumption has come at a cost to the environment, including habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, overly stressed fisheries and desertification. Materials management is also associated with an estimated 42 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Failure to find more productive and sustainable ways to extract, use and manage materials, and change the relationship between material consumption and growth, has grave implications for our economy and society.

text: The UKOTCF website and database contain extensive information on conservation priorities for the UKOTs, as well as funding sources, environmental education resources and specific information on projects carried out in the UKOTs. The database was incorporated in response to requests from the territories, designed so that information can be added and updated by partner organisations. The database modules help to track critical sites (and common issues across sites), conservation priorities, projects within the UKOTs/CDs, environmental education resources and other information on a wide variety of subjects. The database has been described as ' a valuable resource for conservation practitioners in the Overseas Territories ' by the Institute of Zoology.

text: Topics include  reuse metrics, case studies and experiments, copyright and legal issues, current issues in reuse libraries, distributed components, formal methods, design and validation of components, domain analysis and engineering, generators, and Integration frameworks.

text: Waste & Resources Action Programme (UK) to derive economic opportunities from paper mill sludge through its recycling into usable materials

text: Waste & Resources Action Programme

text: (UK) to derive economic opportunities from paper mill sludge through its recycling into usable materials

text: Henry Ford's assembly line techniques reduced the man-hours of labor required to deliver a car from 783 minutes to 93 minutes. These examples show that the greater input of higher non-material resources can raise the productivity of physical resources and thereby extend their limits.

text: Henry Ford

text: 's assembly line techniques reduced the man-hours of labor required to deliver a car from 783 minutes to 93 minutes. These examples show that the greater input of higher non-material resources can raise the productivity of physical resources and thereby extend their limits.

text: In 2006, the European Commission tabled a proposal to the European Parliament to establish a framework for soil protection within the union. Soil is recognised as a non-renewable resource because of its slow formation process. However—unlike other non-renewable resources, such as coal, that have explicit policies governing extraction methods, trading, and consumption in the EU—soil governance is contained within the contexts of environmental policies and regulation on various entities of the biosphere. The draft policy recognised that soil governance had been "scattered" in EU legislation, and lacked a cohesive isolated framework, therefore governance and management of the same resource was open to interpretation depending on the main resource and industry policy in question. The policy sought to unify the "scattered" regulations because they lacked the mandate to "identify and cover all soil threats". This view was supported by extensive consultation between stakeholders and the European commission that started in February 2003, and saw member states convey their support for a framework based on regional action in 2004. The framework was developed as a directive to member states; this form of legislation allows interpretation by stakeholders at national and local levels, and between networks thus complying with the subsidiarity principle. The principle provides that EU political decisions must be implemented at "the lowest possible administrative and political level, and as close to the citizens as possible", unless in areas where action by individual countries is insufficient. It is under this principle that member states rejected the proposal to establish a framework for soil protection as the proposal argued that member states are unable to effectively monitor and manage their soils. Inconsistencies in national soil governance strategies and, classification and treatment of contaminants would disable the objectives of the proposal because of the complexities of trans-border soil pollution and management. Furthermore, soil degradation and mismanagement affects other environmental areas, and industries governed through EU legislation such as water, biodiversity, and food production, thus it was deemed appropriate to have uniform legislation across all entities. Member states argued that soil management should not be negotiated at the European Regional level as they already had strong domestic policies regulating soil usage and management, therefore focus should be directed at strengthening local policies and regulatory institution. Consequently, the EU does not have a cohesive soil governance policy and relies on environmental policies, and non-renewable resource policies and legislations of member states to guide utilisation, management and regulate pollutants of the soil.

text: In 2006, the European Commission tabled a proposal to the European Parliament to establish a framework for soil protection within the union. Soil is recognised as a non-renewable resource because of its slow formation process. However—unlike other non-renewable resources, such as coal, that have explicit policies governing extraction methods, trading, and consumption in the EU—soil governance is contained within the contexts of environmental policies and regulation on various entities of the

text: biosphere

text: . The draft policy recognised that soil governance had been "scattered" in EU legislation, and lacked a cohesive isolated framework, therefore governance and management of the same resource was open to interpretation depending on the main resource and industry policy in question. The policy sought to unify the "scattered" regulations because they lacked the mandate to "identify and cover all soil threats". This view was supported by extensive consultation between stakeholders and the European commission that started in February 2003, and saw member states convey their support for a framework based on regional action in 2004. The framework was developed as a directive to member states; this form of legislation allows interpretation by stakeholders at national and local levels, and between networks thus complying with the

text: subsidiarity

text: The Water Resources Act 1963 (1963 c.38) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that continued the process of creating an integrated management structure for water, which had begun with the passing of the Land Drainage Act 1930. It created River Authorities and a Water Resources Board. River Authorities were responsible for conservation, re-distribution and augmentation of water resources in their area, for ensuring that water resources were used properly in their area, or were transferred to the area of another river authority. The River Authorities covered the areas of one or more of the River Boards created under the River Boards Act 1948, and inherited their duties and responsibilities, including those concerned with fisheries, the prevention of pollution, and the gauging of rivers. It did not integrate the provision of public water supply into the overall management of water resources, but it introduced a system of charges and licenses for water abstraction, which enabled the River Authorities to allocate water to potential users. This included the water supply agencies, who now needed their supplies to be licensed.

text: The Water Resources Act 1963 (1963 c.38) is an

text: Act

text: of the

text: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: that continued the process of creating an integrated management structure for water, which had begun with the passing of the

text: Land Drainage Act 1930

text: . It created

text: River Authorities

text: and a Water Resources Board. River Authorities were responsible for conservation, re-distribution and augmentation of water resources in their area, for ensuring that water resources were used properly in their area, or were transferred to the area of another river authority. The River Authorities covered the areas of one or more of the

text: River Board

text: s created under the River Boards Act 1948, and inherited their duties and responsibilities, including those concerned with fisheries, the prevention of pollution, and the

text: gauging

text: of rivers. It did not integrate the provision of public water supply into the overall management of water resources, but it introduced a system of charges and licenses for water abstraction, which enabled the River Authorities to allocate water to potential users. This included the water supply agencies, who now needed their supplies to be licensed.

text: The Conservation Reporting and Evaluation System (CRES) is the system used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to collect and compile information about staff activities, conservation program implementation, and program accomplishments.

text: The Conservation Reporting and Evaluation System (CRES) is the system used by the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: (NRCS) to collect and compile information about staff activities, conservation program implementation, and program accomplishments.

text: Under the chairmanship of Sir Henri, delegates approved bylaws and a constitution of the Canadian Forestry Association, Canada's oldest conservation organization. These early conservationists recognized that the whole field of renewable resources, the forests, waters, wildlife, soils and recreational values, were closely interrelated. The CFA's mission continues to be to promote the protection and wise use of Canada's forest, water and wildlife resources. His participation as the first president of the Canadian Forestry Association was not altered by his ongoing political activity. He continued to put forward new ideas for forestry. In 1906 the CFA convened Canada's first national forestry convention, chaired by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, honorary CFA President. Sir Henri presented a paper in that called for the forest sector to consider conversion to the metric measurement system, a change that would not come to fruition in Canada until the 1980s.

text: Water, however, is not a finite resource, but rather re-circulated as potable water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than human consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserve in the earth (about 1% of our drinking water supply, which is replenished in aquifers around every 1 to 10 years), that is a non-renewable resource, and it is, rather, the distribution of potable and irrigation water which is scarce, rather than the actual amount of it that exists on the earth. Water-poor countries use importation of goods as the primary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption), since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in water.

text: Water, however, is not a finite resource, but rather re-circulated as potable water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than human consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserve in the earth (about 1% of our drinking

text: water supply

text: , which is replenished in aquifers around every 1 to 10 years), that is a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , and it is, rather, the distribution of potable and irrigation water which is scarce, rather than the actual amount of it that exists on the earth. Water-poor countries use importation of goods as the primary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption), since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in water.

text: The Hubbert curve has become popular in the scientific community for predicting the depletion of various natural resources. M. King Hubbert created this measurement device in 1956 for a variety of finite resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. Hubbert's curve was not applied to resources such as water originally, since water is a renewable resource. Some forms of water, however, such as fossil water, exhibit similar characteristics to oil, and overpumping (faster than the rate of natural recharge of groundwater) often results in a Hubbert-type peak. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Like peak oil, peak water is inevitable given the rate of extraction of certain water systems. A current argument is that growing populations and demands for water will inevitably lead to non-renewable use of water resources.

text: The

text: Hubbert curve

text: has become popular in the scientific community for predicting the depletion of various natural resources.

text: M. King Hubbert

text: created this measurement device in 1956 for a variety of finite resources such as coal, oil, natural gas and

text: uranium

text: . Hubbert's curve was not applied to resources such as water originally, since water is a renewable resource. Some forms of water, however, such as

text: fossil water

text: , exhibit similar characteristics to oil, and overpumping (faster than the rate of natural recharge of groundwater) often results in a Hubbert-type peak. A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Like peak oil, peak water is inevitable given the rate of extraction of certain water systems. A current argument is that growing populations and demands for water will inevitably lead to non-renewable use of water resources.

text: In water and natural resources, deployment refers to the actualisation of best management practices with the ultimate goals of conserving natural resources and improving the quality of water bodies.

text: There are conflicting views whether improvements in technological efficiency and innovation will enable a complete decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation. On the one hand, it has been claimed repeatedly by efficiency experts that resource use intensity (i.e., energy and materials use per unit GDP) could in principle be reduced by at least four or five-fold, thereby allowing for continued economic growth without increasing resource depletion and associated pollution. On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution. Furthermore, there are inherent thermodynamic (i.e., second law of thermodynamics) and practical limits to all efficiency improvements. For example, there are certain minimum unavoidable material requirements for growing food, and there are limits to making automobiles, houses, furniture, and other products lighter and thinner without the risk of losing their necessary functions. Since it is both theoretically and practically impossible to increase resource use efficiencies indefinitely, it is equally impossible to have continued and infinite economic growth without a concomitant increase in resource depletion and environmental pollution, i.e., economic growth and resource depletion can be decoupled to some degree over the short run but not the long run. Consequently, long-term sustainability requires the transition to a steady state economy in which total GDP remains more or less constant, as has been advocated for decades by Herman Daly and others in the ecological economics community.

text: There are conflicting views whether improvements in technological efficiency and innovation will enable a complete decoupling of economic growth from environmental degradation. On the one hand, it has been claimed repeatedly by efficiency experts that resource use intensity (i.e., energy and materials use per unit

text: GDP

text: ) could in principle be reduced by at least four or five-fold, thereby allowing for continued economic growth without increasing resource depletion and associated pollution. On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the

text: rebound effect (conservation)

text: or

text: Jevons Paradox

text: resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution. Furthermore, there are inherent thermodynamic (i.e.,

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: ) and practical limits to all efficiency improvements. For example, there are certain minimum unavoidable material requirements for growing food, and there are limits to making automobiles, houses, furniture, and other products lighter and thinner without the risk of losing their necessary functions. Since it is both theoretically and practically impossible to increase resource use efficiencies indefinitely, it is equally impossible to have continued and infinite economic growth without a concomitant increase in resource depletion and environmental pollution, i.e., economic growth and resource depletion can be decoupled to some degree over the short run but not the long run. Consequently, long-term sustainability requires the transition to a

text: steady state economy

text: in which total GDP remains more or less constant, as has been advocated for decades by

text: Herman Daly

text: and others in the

text: ecological economics

text: community.

text: Since its formation in 1951 The Nature Conservancy has slowly developed into one of the world’s largest conservation organizations. Currently operating in over 30 countries, across 5 continents worldwide, The Nature Conservancy aims to protect nature and its assets for future generations. The organization purchases land or accepts land donations with the intension of conserving its natural resources.  In 1955 The Nature Conservancy purchased its first 60-acre plot near the New York/Connecticut border in the United States of America. Today the Conservancy has expanded to protect over 119 million acres of land, 5,000 river miles as well as participating in over 1000 marine protection programs across the globe .Since its beginnings The Nature Conservancy has understood the benefit in taking a scientific approach towards habitat conservation. For the last decade the organization has been using a collaborative, scientific method known as ‘Conservation by Design’. By collecting and analyzing scientific data The Conservancy is able to holistically approach the protection of various ecosystems. This process determines the habitats that need protection, specific elements that should be conserved as well as monitoring progress so more efficient practices can be developed for the future.

text: Since its formation in 1951

text: The Nature Conservancy

text: has slowly developed into one of the world’s largest conservation organizations. Currently operating in over 30 countries, across 5 continents worldwide, The Nature Conservancy aims to protect nature and its assets for future generations. The organization purchases land or accepts land donations with the intension of conserving its natural resources.  In 1955 The Nature Conservancy purchased its first 60-acre plot near the New York/Connecticut border in the United States of America. Today the Conservancy has expanded to protect over 119 million acres of land, 5,000 river miles as well as participating in over 1000 marine protection programs across the globe .Since its beginnings The Nature Conservancy has understood the benefit in taking a scientific approach towards habitat conservation. For the last decade the organization has been using a collaborative, scientific method known as ‘Conservation by Design’. By collecting and analyzing scientific data The Conservancy is able to holistically approach the protection of various ecosystems. This process determines the habitats that need protection, specific elements that should be conserved as well as monitoring progress so more efficient practices can be developed for the future.

text: This purchase along with subsequent, smaller purchases, have allowed the Natural Area Preserve to be expanded to , out of the  that comprise the Cypress Island Natural Resources Conservation Area.

text: Topics can be reused across multiple publications. Fragments of content within topics can be reused through the use of content references (conref or conkeyref), a transclusion mechanism.

text: Topics

text: can be reused across multiple publications. Fragments of content within topics can be reused through the use of content references (conref or conkeyref), a

text: transclusion

text: mechanism.

text: A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants.  From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource).

text: A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a

text: human

text: perspective a

text: natural resource

text: is anything obtained from the

text: environment

text: to satisfy human needs and wants.  From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see

text: biological resource

text: Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use. It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy. These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility. Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost effective. It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural resources.

text: In Pennsylvania, the region surrounding is the focus of a Conservation Landscape Initiative, led by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and the Appalachian Trail Conservancy. The initiative is organized as South Mountain Partnership, which involves other organizations, government, business, and community members.

text: In Pennsylvania, the region surrounding is the focus of a Conservation Landscape Initiative, led by the

text: (DCNR) and the

text: Appalachian Trail Conservancy

text: . The initiative is organized as South Mountain Partnership, which involves other organizations, government, business, and community members.

text: In water and natural resources, implementation refers to the actualization of best management practices with the ultimate goals of conserving natural resources and improving the quality of water bodies.

text: The Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2013 would amend the Energy Policy and Conservation Act to require the Secretary: (1) as part of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, to conduct on-site technical assessments at the request of a manufacturer to identify opportunities for maximizing the energy efficiency of industrial processes and cross-cutting systems, preventing pollution and minimizing waste, improving efficient use of water in manufacturing processes, and conserving natural resources; and (2) as part of the DOE's industrial efficiency programs, to carry out an industry-government partnership program to research, develop, and demonstrate new sustainable manufacturing and industrial technologies and processes that maximize the energy efficiency of industrial systems, reduce pollution, and conserve natural resources.

text: The Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2013 would amend the

text: Energy Policy and Conservation Act

text: to require the Secretary: (1) as part of the

entity_name: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

text: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

text: , to conduct on-site technical assessments at the request of a manufacturer to identify opportunities for maximizing the energy efficiency of industrial processes and cross-cutting systems, preventing pollution and minimizing waste, improving efficient use of water in manufacturing processes, and conserving natural resources; and (2) as part of the DOE's industrial efficiency programs, to carry out an industry-government partnership program to research, develop, and demonstrate new sustainable manufacturing and industrial technologies and processes that maximize the energy efficiency of industrial systems, reduce pollution, and conserve natural resources.

text: Reuse can be categorized further:

text: Reuse can be categorized further:

text: Around the year 1900 in the United States, Gifford Pinchot lead a movement of conservation. Gifford Pinchot made conservation a popular word in its application to natural resources. Throughout the next two decades, forestry professions became widespread. Following World War I, forestry became a cooperation between private landowners, the states, and the federal government. On March 21, 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent a message to the United States Congress to strengthen the United States forest resources. In the following days, congress enacted the establishment of emergency conservation work. This project consisted of twenty five thousand men working on forest protection by planting trees, watershed restoration and erosion control. About 2.2 billion seedlings were planted which marked a start of conservation in the United States. In 1935, the Natural Resources Committee was created to understand, plan and use natural resources. Following World War II, the first Smokey Bear symbol appeared on a poster to represent a fire prevention cooperation. The Smokey Bear icon soon became one of the best advertisement icons in the United States. When people started to realize that the resources were not unlimited within the forests, conservation efforts began to start.

text: Around the year 1900 in the United States,

text: Gifford Pinchot

text: lead a movement of conservation. Gifford Pinchot made conservation a popular word in its application to natural resources. Throughout the next two decades,

text: forestry

text: professions became widespread. Following

text: World War I

text: , forestry became a cooperation between private landowners, the states, and the federal government. On March 21, 1933, U.S. President

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: sent a message to the

text: United States Congress

text: to strengthen the United States forest resources. In the following days, congress enacted the establishment of emergency conservation work. This project consisted of twenty five thousand men working on forest protection by planting trees,

text: watershed

text: restoration and

text: erosion

text: control. About 2.2 billion seedlings were planted which marked a start of conservation in the United States. In 1935, the Natural Resources Committee was created to understand, plan and use natural resources. Following

text: World War II

text: , the first

text: Smokey Bear

text: symbol appeared on a poster to represent a fire prevention cooperation. The Smokey Bear icon soon became one of the best advertisement icons in the United States. When people started to realize that the resources were not unlimited within the forests, conservation efforts began to start.

text: The land on which Erie Bluffs State Park is located was acquired in 2004 by the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy from Reliant Energy. The conservancy then turned over ownership of the parklands to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to be managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

text: The land on which Erie Bluffs State Park is located was acquired in 2004 by the

text: Western Pennsylvania Conservancy

text: from

text: Reliant Energy

text: . The conservancy then turned over ownership of the parklands to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to be managed by the

text: Metals and their compounds have been used for millennia because of their unique properties. They are used in highly valued products of modern technology, furthermore, they plan an essential role in renewable energy technologies. After having analyzed issues of metal stocks in society and recycling rates and recycling conditions and opportunities in the previous two reports on metals, Metal Stocks in Society report and Recycling Rates of Metals report, the International Resource Panel decides to address the environmental and energy issues related to the use and the production of metals. In this report, an assessment is made of literature on metal flows and cycles in nature and in society, the way they are connected, and the potential impacted related to them. The four areas of focus are 1) Local impacts of mining, 2) life cycle energy use, 3) non-metal sources, and 4) the need for a final sink. Furthermore, the author point out that a sustainable metals management cannot be defined in isolation, because a global issue like this is linked to many other issues at the global level: population and welfare increase, the concurrent expected rise in demand for food, water, and energy, the availability of metals and other non-renewable materials, the shift to a renewable energy system, dietary choices, etc. Therefore it should be part of an overall effort to steer society towards a more sustainable development.

text: Metals and their compounds have been used for millennia because of their unique properties. They are used in highly valued products of modern technology, furthermore, they plan an essential role in renewable energy technologies. After having analyzed issues of metal stocks in society and recycling rates and recycling conditions and opportunities in the previous two reports on metals,

text: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: and

text: Recycling Rates of Metals report

text: , the International Resource Panel decides to address the environmental and energy issues related to the use and the production of metals. In this report, an assessment is made of literature on metal flows and cycles in nature and in society, the way they are connected, and the potential impacted related to them. The four areas of focus are 1) Local impacts of mining, 2) life cycle energy use, 3) non-metal sources, and 4) the need for a final sink. Furthermore, the author point out that a sustainable metals management cannot be defined in isolation, because a global issue like this is linked to many other issues at the global level: population and welfare increase, the concurrent expected rise in demand for food, water, and energy, the availability of metals and other non-renewable materials, the shift to a renewable energy system, dietary choices, etc. Therefore it should be part of an overall effort to steer society towards a more sustainable development.

text: In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".

text: In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the

text: technosphere

text: is equal to or greater than one".

text: The MIPS method can be used to measure natural resource consumption in five categories, viz. abiotic and biotic resources, earth movements in agriculture and silviculture, water and air. Abiotic resources refer to non-renewable resources like minerals, fossil energy sources and soil excavations. Biotic resources refer to renewable resources like plant biomass. Earth movements include mechanical movements and erosion. Water includes surface, ground and deep ground water used by humans. Air is calculated when it is used in combustion processes or chemically or physically transformed.The concept of total material requirement (TMR) used in many cases used in macro-level statistics and it refers to sum of abiotic and biotic resources and erosion.

text: The MIPS method can be used to measure natural resource consumption in five categories, viz.

text: abiotic

text: and

text: biotic

text: resources, earth movements in agriculture and

text: silviculture

text: , water and air. Abiotic resources refer to non-renewable resources like minerals, fossil energy sources and soil excavations. Biotic resources refer to renewable resources like plant

text: biomass

text: . Earth movements include mechanical movements and erosion. Water includes surface, ground and deep ground water used by humans. Air is calculated when it is used in combustion processes or chemically or physically transformed.The concept of total material requirement (TMR) used in many cases used in macro-level statistics and it refers to sum of abiotic and biotic resources and erosion.

text: Conservation criminology is compliment to green criminology. Originally proposed by an interdisciplinary group of scholars from the Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, School of Criminal Justice, and Environmental Science & Policy Program at Michigan State University, conservation criminology seeks to overcome limitations inherent to single-discipline science and provide practical guidance about on-the-ground reforms. Conservation criminology is an interdisciplinary and applied paradigm for understanding programs and policies associated with global conservation risks. By integrating natural resources management, risk and decision science, and criminology, conservation criminology-based approaches ideally result in improved environmental resilience, biodiversity conservation, and secure human livelihoods. As an interdisciplinary science, conservation criminology requires the constant and creative combination of theories, methods, and techniques from diverse disciplines throughout the entire processes of research, practice, education, and policy. Thinking about the interdisciplinary nature of conservation criminology can be quite exciting but does require patience and understanding of the different languages, epistemologies and ontologies of the core disciplines. Conservation criminology has been extensively applied to extralegal exploitation of natural resources such as wildlife poaching in Namibia and Madagascar  corruption in conservation, e-waste, and general noncompliance with conservation rules.  By relying on multiple disciplines, conservation criminology leapfrogs this ideal; it promotes thinking about second- and third-order consequences of risks, not just isolated trends.

text: Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced yields. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

text: Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced

text: yields

text: . Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as

text: natural gas

text: (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

text: In addition to a better understanding of the stakeholders' needs, the decrease in cost of some GIS software and other easy-to-use systems of information organization dramatically increased the effectiveness of community control of conservancies.  Both national and provincial governments can obtain a relatively affordable amount of equipment and trained staff to construct databases with information collected from the locals and from other sources.  They can then combine this information into readably usable maps for locals to use in their administration of each conservancy. Maps produced by this method highlight information of local concern and allow leaders to build consensus and to resolve community resource use issues, as well as giving everyone involved a "big-picture" view of their conservancy. Bringing even modest amounts of technology to underdeveloped portions of the country allowed significant progress toward the management and sustainability of communities and their resources.

text: In addition to a better understanding of the stakeholders' needs, the decrease in cost of some

text: GIS

text: software and other easy-to-use systems of information organization dramatically increased the effectiveness of community control of conservancies.  Both national and provincial governments can obtain a relatively affordable amount of equipment and trained staff to construct

text: databases

text: with information collected from the locals and from other sources.  They can then combine this information into readably usable maps for locals to use in their administration of each conservancy. Maps produced by this method highlight information of local concern and allow leaders to build consensus and to resolve community resource use issues, as well as giving everyone involved a "big-picture" view of their conservancy. Bringing even modest amounts of

text: technology

text: to underdeveloped portions of the country allowed significant progress toward the management and sustainability of communities and their resources.

text: Recycling Resource CenterHeart to Heart’s Recycling Resource Center collects donations of used goods and employs migrant workers to sort and clean the donated items. Some of these goods are then used in the Green Handicraft Workshop, while others are sold in the Mutual Aid Shop.

text: Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources.

text: Bioasphalt is an

text: asphalt

text: alternative made from non-petroleum based

text: renewable resource

text: s.

text: The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN) is the institution in charge of the conservation, protection and sustainable use of the natural resources and the environment.

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: In July 1896, Muir became associated with Gifford Pinchot, a national leader in the conservation movement. Pinchot was the first head of the United States Forest Service and a leading spokesman for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of the people. His views eventually clashed with Muir's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country's natural resources. Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation's natural resources for long-term sustainable commercial use.  As a professional forester, his view was that "forestry is tree farming," without destroying the long-term viability of the forests. Muir valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities. In one essay about the National Parks, he referred to them as "places for rest, inspiration, and prayers." He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for its spiritual nourishment. Both men opposed reckless exploitation of natural resources, including clear-cutting of forests. Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it, but Pinchot's view of wilderness management was more resource-oriented.

text: In July 1896, Muir became associated with

text: Gifford Pinchot

text: , a national leader in the conservation movement. Pinchot was the first head of the

text: United States Forest Service

text: and a leading spokesman for the sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of the people. His views eventually clashed with Muir's and highlighted two diverging views of the use of the country's natural resources. Pinchot saw conservation as a means of managing the nation's natural resources for long-term sustainable commercial use.  As a professional forester, his view was that "forestry is tree farming," without destroying the long-term viability of the forests. Muir valued nature for its spiritual and transcendental qualities. In one essay about the National Parks, he referred to them as "places for rest, inspiration, and prayers." He often encouraged city dwellers to experience nature for its spiritual nourishment. Both men opposed reckless exploitation of natural resources, including clear-cutting of forests. Even Muir acknowledged the need for timber and the forests to provide it, but Pinchot's view of wilderness management was more resource-oriented.

text: Considerable effort was required by CICS application programmers to make their transactions as efficient as possible. A common technique was to limit the size of individual programs to no more than 4,096 bytes, or 4K, so that CICS could easily reuse the memory occupied by any program not currently in use for another program or other application storage needs. When virtual memory was added to versions OS/360 in 1972, the 4K strategy became even more important to reduce paging and thrashing unproductive resource-contention overhead.

text: Considerable effort was required by CICS application programmers to make their transactions as efficient as possible. A common technique was to limit the size of individual programs to no more than 4,096 bytes, or 4K, so that CICS could easily reuse the memory occupied by any program not currently in use for another program or other application storage needs. When

text: virtual memory

text: was added to versions OS/360 in 1972, the 4K strategy became even more important to reduce

text: paging

text: and

text: thrashing

text: unproductive resource-contention overhead.

text: Definitions of renewable: resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources. In 1962 Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.

text: Definitions of renewable: resources may also include agricultural production, as in

text: sustainable agriculture

text: and to an extent

text: water resources

text: . In 1962

text: Paul Alfred Weiss

text: defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is

text: renewable energy

text: resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.

text: Hungarian by descent, Agardy was born in the United States after her parents and sister fled Hungary. She had the good fortune of being selected to participate in a high school expedition to the U.S. Virgin Islands to learn about field biology, and there cemented her desire to focus on the sea and the challenges to preserving its wonders. After studying at Wellesley and Dartmouth Colleges in New England (USA), she returned to the Virgin Islands to lead an Endangered Species Management Program in cooperation with the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Years later she returned to graduate school at the University of Rhode Island (URI), where she simultaneously worked towards her Masters in Marine Affairs (specializing in fisheries management) and her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (sea turtle population dynamics and genetics). While at URI she joined the nascent Coastal Resources Center, exporting US experience in coastal planning to developing countries. Agardy then went on to do a post-doc at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), and was a Marine Policy Fellow there for several years. It was while at WHOI that she began working with the multilateral institutions that would shape her interests and work in years to come: the Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme of UNESCO and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The love of the sea that her husband Josh Spring and children Alex, Sophie, and Christopher all share is a continuing source of inspiration.

text: Hungarian by descent, Agardy was born in the

text: United States

text: after her parents and sister fled

text: Hungary

text: . She had the good fortune of being selected to participate in a high school expedition to the

text: U.S. Virgin Islands

text: to learn about field biology, and there cemented her desire to focus on the sea and the challenges to preserving its wonders. After studying at

text: Wellesley

text: and

text: Dartmouth College

text: s in

text: New England

text: (USA), she returned to the Virgin Islands to lead an Endangered Species Management Program in cooperation with the

text: US Fish and Wildlife Service

text: . Years later she returned to graduate school at the

text: University of Rhode Island

text: (URI), where she simultaneously worked towards her Masters in Marine Affairs (specializing in

text: fisheries management

text: ) and her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences (

text: sea turtle

text: population dynamics and genetics). While at URI she joined the nascent Coastal Resources Center, exporting US experience in coastal planning to developing countries. Agardy then went on to do a post-doc at the

text: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

text: (WHOI), and was a Marine Policy Fellow there for several years. It was while at WHOI that she began working with the multilateral institutions that would shape her interests and work in years to come: the

text: Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme

text: of

text: UNESCO

text: and the

text: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

text: (IUCN). The love of the sea that her husband Josh Spring and children Alex, Sophie, and Christopher all share is a continuing source of inspiration.

text: Since 1905 the Islas Marías Federal Prison has operated on María Madre Island, using the island’s natural resources. The prison colony is mainly engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, forest harvesting and fishing. In this respect, in order to protect and conserve the reserve’s natural resources and the ecological processes that take place there, it is important to promote sustainable resource use and guarantee ecosystem conservation and integrity to enable the population of the Penitentiary Colony to remain on the island in the long term.

text: Since 1905 the

text: Islas Marías Federal Prison

text: has operated on María Madre Island, using the island’s natural resources. The prison colony is mainly engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, forest harvesting and fishing. In this respect, in order to protect and conserve the reserve’s natural resources and the ecological processes that take place there, it is important to promote sustainable resource use and guarantee ecosystem conservation and integrity to enable the population of the Penitentiary Colony to remain on the island in the long term.

text: The I=PAT equation has been criticized for being too simplistic by assuming that P, A, and T are independent of each other.  In reality, at least 7 interdependencies between P, A, and T could exist, indicating that it is more correct to rewrite the equation as I = f(P,A,T). For example, a doubling of technological efficiency, or equivalently a reduction of the T-factor by 50%, does not necessarily reduce the environmental impact (I) by 50% if efficiency induced price reductions stimulate additional consumption of the resource that was supposed to be conserved, a phenomenon called the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox.  As was shown by Alcott, despite significant improvements in the carbon intensity of GDP (i.e., the efficiency in carbon use) since 1980, world fossil energy consumption has increased in line with economic and population growth. Similarly, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that energy and materials use efficiency improvements were almost always outpaced by economic growth, resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.

text: The I=PAT equation has been criticized for being too simplistic by assuming that P, A, and T are independent of each other.  In reality, at least 7 interdependencies between P, A, and T could exist, indicating that it is more correct to rewrite the equation as I = f(P,A,T). For example, a doubling of technological efficiency, or equivalently a reduction of the T-factor by 50%, does not necessarily reduce the environmental impact (I) by 50% if efficiency induced price reductions stimulate additional consumption of the resource that was supposed to be conserved, a phenomenon called the

text: rebound effect (conservation)

text: or

text: Jevons Paradox

text: .  As was shown by Alcott, despite significant improvements in the carbon intensity of GDP (i.e., the efficiency in carbon use) since 1980, world fossil energy consumption has increased in line with economic and population growth. Similarly, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that energy and materials use efficiency improvements were almost always outpaced by economic growth, resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.

text: While many of these emissions do not occur within Oakland's geographic boundaries, consumption and disposal decisions made by each member of the Oakland community play a major role in the creation of these GHG emissions. By pursuing the City's adopted Zero Waste strategies, Oakland can help to create GHG reductions of the same magnitude as those related to transportation and building energy use. Replacing energy-intensive virgin resources with energy-efficient recycled resources can create significant GHG benefits and help to address global resource depletion. The Zero Waste hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle and compost can be viewed as a global energy efficiency program that significantly reduces energy and other natural resources required to create consumer goods, from cars to packaging to food.

text: The stock of a non-renewable resource, being an asset, holds a market value which yields returns to its owner at a certain rate.This rate of return can be determined by three components:

text: The

text: stock

text: of a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , being an asset, holds a market value which yields returns to its owner at a certain rate.This rate of return can be determined by three components:

text: Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources (see also mineral resource classification). Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion.

text: Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.

text: Natural resource

text: s are commonly divided between

text: renewable resource

text: s and

text: non-renewable resource

text: s (see also

text: mineral resource classification

text: ). Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion.

text: By reusing materials, one lives more sustainably by not contributing to the addition of waste to landfills. Reusing saves natural resources by decreasing the necessity of raw material extraction. For example, reusable bags can reduce the amount of waste created by grocery shopping eliminating the need to create and ship plastic bags and the need to manage their disposal and recycling or polluting effects.

text: By reusing materials, one lives more sustainably by not contributing to the addition of waste to landfills. Reusing saves

text: natural resources

text: by decreasing the necessity of

text: raw material

text: extraction. For example, reusable bags can reduce the amount of waste created by grocery shopping eliminating the need to create and ship plastic bags and the need to manage their disposal and recycling or polluting effects.

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas. Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of

text: natural resource

text: s for

text: economic growth

text: , sometimes with a

text: negative connotation

text: of accompanying

text: environmental degradation

text: . It started to emerge on an

text: industrial

text: scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of

text: raw material

text: s (such as in

text: mining

text: steam power

text: , and

text: machinery

text: ) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century,

text: energy

text: consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the

text: world’s energy consumption

text: is sustained by the extraction of

text: fossil fuel

text: s, which consists of

text: oil

text: coal

text: and

text: gas

text: . Another

text: non-renewable resource

text: that is exploited by humans is

text: subsoil minerals

text: such as

text: precious metal

text: s that are mainly used in the production of industrial

text: commodities

text: Intensive agriculture

text: is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the

text: natural environment

text: , for example the degradation of

text: forest

text: s in a

text: terrestrial ecosystem

text: and

text: water pollution

text: in an

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: . As the

text: world population

text: rises and

text: economic growth

text: occurs, the

text: depletion of natural resources

text: influenced by the unsustainable extraction of

text: raw materials

text: becomes an increasing concern.

text: One of the strategic lines established in the reserve’s Conservation and Management Plan is to include environmental conservation in the social re-adaptation process promoted by the penitentiary authorities, by involving the inhabitants of the penitentiary in natural resource protection and sustainable management activities.

text: Water sector investment project (PISEAU). In 2000 the World Bank approved the first water sector investment project (PISEAU) implemented by the  Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources with a total cost of 258 million USD. It was financed together with KfW development bank, which contributed USD 17.5 million, while the World Bank financed USD 103 million. It is not clear how the remaining resources were financed. The main objective of the project was to promote integrated water resources management, together with a better policy for water resources conservation. The project consists of five components: Irrigation management, groundwater management, water conservation and environmental protection, rural drinking water supply, and institutional strengthening and capacity building. The measures taken were expected to significantly improve the productivity of agriculture and increase access to drinking water for rural population. In 2007 the project was concluded.

text: Water sector investment project (PISEAU). In 2000 the World Bank approved the first water sector investment project (PISEAU) implemented by the  Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources with a total cost of 258 million USD. It was financed together with

text: KfW development bank

text: , which contributed USD 17.5 million, while the World Bank financed USD 103 million. It is not clear how the remaining resources were financed. The main objective of the project was to promote integrated water resources management, together with a better policy for water resources conservation. The project consists of five components: Irrigation management, groundwater management, water conservation and environmental protection, rural drinking water supply, and institutional strengthening and capacity building. The measures taken were expected to significantly improve the productivity of agriculture and increase access to drinking water for rural population. In 2007 the project was concluded.

text: Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of stakeholders, natural resources:

text: Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of

text: stakeholders

text: , natural resources:

text: Jordan's water resources include conventional as well as non-conventional resources, the latter e.g. comprising water reuse and desalination.

text: A significant portion of the Cache River Wetlands are protected by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Illinois Department of Natural Resources.  Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1990, covers  of aquatic and riparian habitat, and is eventually planned to expand to .  The Illinois Department of Natural Resources' Cache River State Natural Area protects another . And local landowners, through Wetlands Reserve Program easements with Natural Resources Conservation Service, protect an additional  of restored wetlands.  Also through NRCS, landowners are using a variety of conservation practices, such as conservation tillage, grassed waterways and reforestation; many of these practices are through NRCS’ Environmental Quality Incentives and Wildlife Habitat Programs. In all, more than  of private lands are using some sort of NRCS conservation program in the Cache River Watershed.

text: A significant portion of the Cache River Wetlands are protected by

text: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

text: and

text: Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge

text: , established in 1990, covers  of aquatic and riparian habitat, and is eventually planned to expand to .  The Illinois Department of Natural Resources'

text: Cache River State Natural Area

text: protects another . And local landowners, through

text: Wetlands Reserve Program

text: easements with

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: , protect an additional  of restored wetlands.  Also through NRCS, landowners are using a variety of conservation practices, such as conservation tillage, grassed waterways and reforestation; many of these practices are through NRCS’ Environmental Quality Incentives and Wildlife Habitat Programs. In all, more than  of private lands are using some sort of NRCS conservation program in the Cache River Watershed.

text: The trail system is operated by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

text: The trail system is operated by the

entity_name: Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

text: Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources

text: The reserve is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)The objectives are to conserve biodiversity of the ecosystems of mangroves, salt marshes, dunes, wetlands, floodplains, rivers, estuaries and islands and ensure sustainable use of natural resources while protecting the livelihoods and culture of the traditional extractive  communities of the region..

text: The reserve is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)The objectives are to conserve biodiversity of the ecosystems of mangroves, salt marshes, dunes, wetlands, floodplains, rivers, estuaries and islands and ensure sustainable use of natural resources while protecting the livelihoods and culture of the traditional extractive  communities of the region..

text: La Santa Cecilia, in collaboration with the Nature Conservancy, urge their fans to conserve water and other natural resources in a video that is part of the Conservancy's All Hands On Earth campaign.

text: La Santa Cecilia, in collaboration with the

text: Nature Conservancy

text: , urge their fans to conserve water and other natural resources in a video that is part of the Conservancy's All Hands On Earth campaign.

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. Non-wood pulp processing requires a high use of water and energy.

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from

text: plantation

text: s or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. Non-wood pulp processing requires a high use of water and energy.

text: If this were the case then the rate of growth of the observed price of non-renewable resource would be inclined towards the rate of interest as the proportion of costs in price decreases and the rent brought about by the scarcity of the natural resource increases.

text: Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of water resources, including surface water and ground water. Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes.

text: Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of

text: water resources

text: , including

text: surface water

text: and

text: ground water

text: . Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes.

text: Measures of resource consumption are resource intensity and resource efficiency. Industrialization and globalized markets have increased the tendency for overconsumption of resources. The resource consumption rate of a nation does not usually correspond with the primary resource availabilty, this is called resource curse.

text: Measures of resource consumption are

text: resource intensity

text: and

text: resource efficiency

text: Industrialization

text: and

text: globalized

text: markets

text: have increased the tendency for

text: overconsumption

text: of resources. The resource consumption rate of a nation does not usually correspond with the primary resource availabilty, this is called

text: resource curse

text: Between 1985 and 1989 she organized and managed a project in conjunction with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and the Ministry of Natural Resources, which developed recreational resources at urban water sites. The program created educational and leisure activities for fishing resources with the aim of gaining community support for environmental rehabilitation of urban ponds and waterways. Facing budget cuts, she became an environmental consultant with Gartner Lee Associates in 1989, working on projects throughout Ontario, and in some locations in British Columbia, Newfoundland, and Yukon. She became a principal at Garnter Lee in 1994 and headed their Environmental Planning Team for a decade before becoming the Director of the Ecology Division at the TRCA in 2005. During her tenure at the TRCA, Martin-Downs continued conservation efforts of the Don River, and worked with other governmental agencies to improve performance in "water and air quality, carbon emissions, waste diversion, land use and biodiversity". In 2013, Martin-Downs became the Chief Administrative Officer of the Credit Valley Conservation Authority, where she is working on a conservation development project for the border between Etobicoke and Mississauga as part of the Lakeview Waterfront Connection Project.

text: Between 1985 and 1989 she organized and managed a project in conjunction with the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) and the

entity_name: Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry

text: Ministry of Natural Resources

text: , which developed recreational resources at urban water sites. The program created educational and leisure activities for fishing resources with the aim of gaining community support for environmental rehabilitation of urban ponds and waterways. Facing budget cuts, she became an environmental consultant with Gartner Lee Associates in 1989, working on projects throughout Ontario, and in some locations in British Columbia, Newfoundland, and Yukon. She became a principal at Garnter Lee in 1994 and headed their Environmental Planning Team for a decade before becoming the Director of the Ecology Division at the TRCA in 2005. During her tenure at the TRCA, Martin-Downs continued conservation efforts of the Don River, and worked with other governmental agencies to improve performance in "water and air quality, carbon emissions, waste diversion, land use and biodiversity". In 2013, Martin-Downs became the Chief Administrative Officer of the Credit Valley Conservation Authority, where she is working on a conservation development project for the border between

text: Etobicoke

text: and

text: Mississauga

text: as part of the

text: Lakeview Waterfront Connection Project

text: Government agencies in some countries publish maps (commonly collected together as a national 'wind atlas') of estimated wind resources, which serve to inform policy-making and encourage wind power development. Examples include the Canadian Wind Atlas, the European Wind Atlas, and the Wind Resource Atlas of the United States. Recognizing the lack of knowledge of wind (and solar) resource potential in developing countries, the Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project was initiated by the United Nations Environment Program in 2002, with funding from the Global Environment Facility, to carry out initial mapping using only satellite-based data. More recently the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a program within the World Bank, has launched an initiative to map wind and other renewable energy resources in a number of developing countries, with the intention of developing high quality mapping outputs (and associated datasets) that are validated with specially commissioned ground-based data. There is also an ongoing effort by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to create a Global Atlas for Renewable Energy, which brings together publicly available GIS data on wind and other renewable energy resources.

text: Government agencies in some countries publish maps (commonly collected together as a national 'wind atlas') of estimated wind resources, which serve to inform policy-making and encourage wind power development. Examples include the Canadian Wind Atlas, the European Wind Atlas, and the Wind Resource Atlas of the United States. Recognizing the lack of knowledge of wind (and solar) resource potential in developing countries, the Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project was initiated by the

text: United Nations Environment Program

text: in 2002, with funding from the

text: Global Environment Facility

text: , to carry out initial mapping using only satellite-based data. More recently the

entity_name: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

text: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

text: (ESMAP), a program within the

text: World Bank

text: , has launched an initiative to map wind and other renewable energy resources in a number of developing countries, with the intention of developing high quality mapping outputs (and associated datasets) that are validated with specially commissioned ground-based data. There is also an ongoing effort by the

text: International Renewable Energy Agency

text: (IRENA) to create a Global Atlas for Renewable Energy, which brings together publicly available

text: GIS

text: data on wind and other renewable energy resources.

text: Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth. They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the natural world's capacity to replenish them. A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment.

text: The federal government has certain specific responsibilities relating to water, such as fisheries and navigation, as well as exercising certain overall responsibilities such as the conduct of external affairs. Within the federal government, over 20 departments and agencies have responsibilities for freshwater. The 1987 Federal Water Policy, which remains valid today, has two main goals with respect to water: To protect and enhance the quality of the water resource and to promote the wise and efficient management and use of water. The Canada Water Act (proclaimed on September 30, 1970) provides the framework for cooperation with provinces and territories in the conservation, development, and utilization of Canada's water resources. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, completes the framework for the protection and of water resources. Environment Canada is the federal department (Ministry) in charge of conserving and protecting Canada's water resources. Health Canada is the federal department in charge of protecting the health of all Canadians by developing the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality in partnership with the provinces and territories. Infrastructure Canada, a department established in 2002, is a focal point for the Government of Canada on infrastructure issues and programs within the larger Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (TIC) portfolio.

text: The federal government has certain specific responsibilities relating to water, such as fisheries and navigation, as well as exercising certain overall responsibilities such as the conduct of external affairs. Within the federal government, over 20 departments and agencies have responsibilities for freshwater. The 1987 Federal Water Policy, which remains valid today, has two main goals with respect to water: To protect and enhance the quality of the water resource and to promote the wise and efficient management and use of water. The Canada Water Act (proclaimed on September 30, 1970) provides the framework for cooperation with provinces and territories in the conservation, development, and utilization of Canada's water resources. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, completes the framework for the protection and of water resources.

text: Environment Canada

text: is the federal department (Ministry) in charge of conserving and protecting Canada's water resources.

text: Health Canada

text: is the federal department in charge of protecting the health of all Canadians by developing the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality in partnership with the provinces and territories.

text: Infrastructure Canada

text: , a department established in 2002, is a focal point for the Government of Canada on infrastructure issues and programs within the larger Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (TIC) portfolio.

text: Conservation banking is an environmental market-based method designed to offset adverse impacts, generally, to species of concern, are threatened, or endangered and protected under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) through the creation of conservation banks. Conservation banking can be viewed as a method of mitigation that allows permitting agencies to target various natural resources typically of value or concern, and it is generally contemplated as a protection technique to be implemented before the valued resource or species will need to be mitigated. The ESA prohibits the "taking" of fish and wildlife species which are officially listed as endangered or threatened in their populations.  However, under section 7(a)(2) for Federal Agencies, and under section 10(a) for private parties, a take may be permissible for unavoidable impacts if there are conservation mitigation measures for the impacted species or habitat. Purchasing “credits” through a conservation bank is one such mitigation measure to remedy the loss.

text: Conservation banking is an environmental market-based method designed to offset adverse impacts, generally, to species of concern, are threatened, or endangered and protected under the United States

text: Endangered Species Act

text: (ESA) through the creation of conservation banks. Conservation banking can be viewed as a method of mitigation that allows permitting agencies to target various natural resources typically of value or concern, and it is generally contemplated as a protection technique to be implemented before the valued resource or species will need to be mitigated. The

text: ESA

text: prohibits the "taking" of fish and wildlife species which are officially listed as endangered or threatened in their populations.  However, under section 7(a)(2) for Federal Agencies, and under section 10(a) for private parties, a take may be permissible for unavoidable impacts if there are conservation mitigation measures for the impacted species or habitat. Purchasing “credits” through a conservation bank is one such mitigation measure to remedy the loss.

text: Vice President, Jason Weller, Chief, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

text: The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) is an Alberta corporation, with its main office in Calgary, Alberta. The Alberta Energy Regulator's mandate under the Responsible Energy Development Act, passed on 10 December 2012 and proclaimed on 17 June 2013, is to provide safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of energy resources in the province. Under the REDA, the Progressive Conservatives established the AER in December 2012 to provide one-stop shop for regulatory approvals after industry complained about the delays and costs of red tape. The legislation combined duties of the Energy Resources Conservation Board with responsibilities of Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development to create a single entity to administer the Public Lands Act, the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act and the Water Act. The AER operates at arm’s length from the Government of Alberta, under an appointed board of directors headed by Chair Gerry Protti, a former president of the oil industry lobby Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, and CEO Jim Ellis, appointed by Energy Minister Ken Hughes. On 17 June 2013, all regulatory functions previously carried out by the Energy Resources Conservation Board were taken over by the Alberta Energy Regulator.

text: The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) is an Alberta corporation, with its main office in Calgary, Alberta. The Alberta Energy Regulator's mandate under the Responsible Energy Development Act, passed on 10 December 2012 and proclaimed on 17 June 2013, is to provide safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of energy resources in the province. Under the REDA, the Progressive Conservatives established the AER in December 2012 to provide one-stop shop for regulatory approvals after industry complained about the delays and costs of red tape. The legislation combined duties of the

text: Energy Resources Conservation Board

text: with responsibilities of

entity_name: Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development

text: Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development

text: to create a single entity to administer the Public Lands Act, the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act and the Water Act. The AER operates at arm’s length from the Government of Alberta, under an appointed board of directors headed by Chair Gerry Protti, a former president of the oil industry lobby

entity_name: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

text: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

text: , and CEO Jim Ellis, appointed by Energy Minister

text: Ken Hughes

text: . On 17 June 2013, all regulatory functions previously carried out by the

text: Energy Resources Conservation Board

text: were taken over by the Alberta Energy Regulator.

text: 5. Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted

text: In the third quarterly fiscal update published in February 2016, forecasts for the Crown debt was $18.9 billion compared to a surplus of $1.12 billion in 2014/2015. The deficit was forecast at $6.3 billion, revenue was forecast to be $43.1 billion and the expense was forecast at $49.4 billion. The 2015/2016 forecast for non-renewable resource revenue has been decreased to $2.47, down from In 2014-15 the non-renewable resource revenue was $8.95 billion. In the 2015 spring budget it was projected to be $2.77 billion. With the lower exchange rate crude oil royalties—budgeted at $610 million are forecast to be $74 million higher but remain much lower than the $2.25 billion in 2014-15. Transfers from the federal government are forecast at a total of 7,256 million up from 5,982 in 2014-15. If global oil production continued to outperform expectations for an even more prolonged period, Alberta's outlook will be further weakened. In January 2016 the price of Western Canadian Select WCS—the Alberta heavy oil benchmark—fell below US$20 per barrel—"the lowest level since trading began in 2004." However, Alberta's economy experienced real GDP growth because of an improved trade balance with declining imports and rising exports—mainly because of the low Canadian dollar. The unemployment rate was expected to average 7.4% in 2016.

text: In the third quarterly fiscal update published in February 2016, forecasts for the Crown debt was $18.9 billion compared to a surplus of $1.12 billion in 2014/2015. The deficit was forecast at $6.3 billion, revenue was forecast to be $43.1 billion and the expense was forecast at $49.4 billion. The 2015/2016 forecast for non-renewable resource revenue has been decreased to $2.47, down from In 2014-15 the non-renewable resource revenue was $8.95 billion. In the 2015 spring budget it was projected to be $2.77 billion. With the lower exchange rate crude oil royalties—budgeted at $610 million are forecast to be $74 million higher but remain much lower than the $2.25 billion in 2014-15. Transfers from the federal government are forecast at a total of 7,256 million up from 5,982 in 2014-15. If global oil production continued to outperform expectations for an even more prolonged period, Alberta's outlook will be further weakened. In January 2016 the price of

text: Western Canadian Select

text: WCS—the Alberta heavy oil benchmark—fell below US$20 per barrel—"the lowest level since trading began in 2004." However, Alberta's economy experienced real GDP growth because of an improved trade balance with declining imports and rising exports—mainly because of the low Canadian dollar. The unemployment rate was expected to average 7.4% in 2016.

text: Plastics are too valuable a resource to send to landfill at their end of life. Industry wants these materials back to recycle whenever possible. When plastics cannot be sustainably recycled such non-recyclable plastics provides a valuable energy resource for advanced thermal process; contributing to energy security and displacing virgin fossils fuels.

text: EcoTeams: trains groups of householders to monitor their resource use and reduce over time

text: Incorporating recycled materials into the manufacturing process of new goods is an integral change.  Mineral resources are finite, such as bauxite ore for aluminum or fossil fuels to make plastics, so it is imperative to start reusing what we have already mined so that we do not deplete what is left.  There are many technologies available that help tremendously with recycling efforts such as near-infrared equipment which, "is a common sortation technology in large recycling operations and can accurately identify many different types of polymers." Near-infrared equipment is a much easier way to sort through plastics compared to the human eye.

text: Incorporating

text: recycled materials

text: into the manufacturing process of new goods is an integral change.

text: Mineral resource

text: s are finite, such as

text: bauxite

text: ore for aluminum or fossil fuels to make plastics, so it is imperative to start reusing what we have already mined so that we do not deplete what is left.  There are many technologies available that help tremendously with recycling efforts such as

text: near-infrared

text: equipment which, "is a common sortation technology in large recycling operations and can accurately identify many different types of polymers." Near-infrared equipment is a much easier way to sort through plastics compared to the human eye.

text: ARES claimed advantages including indefinite storage with no energy losses, low costs when earth/rocks are used and conservation of water resources.

text: Also in 2008, the Alliance created the Reality Coalition in partnership with the National Wildlife Federation, the League of Conservation Voters, the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Sierra Club. The Reality Coalition used television, print and online advertisements as well as grassroots events to challenge the idea of clean coal.

text: Also in 2008, the Alliance created the Reality Coalition in partnership with the

text: National Wildlife Federation

text: , the

text: League of Conservation Voters

text: , the

text: Natural Resources Defense Council

text: and the

text: Sierra Club

text: . The Reality Coalition used television, print and online advertisements as well as grassroots events to challenge the idea of

text: clean coal

text: Natural resources are usually absent in production functions. When Robert Solow and Joseph Stiglitz attempted to develop a more realistic production function by including natural resources, they did it in a manner economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen criticized as a "conjuring trick": Solow and Stiglitz had failed to take into account the laws of thermodynamics, since their variant allowed man-made capital to be a complete substitute for natural resources. Neither Solow nor Stiglitz reacted to Georgescu-Roegen's criticism, despite an invitation to do so in the September 1997 issue of the journal Ecological Economics.

text: Natural resource

text: s are usually absent in production functions. When

text: Robert Solow

text: and

text: Joseph Stiglitz

text: attempted to develop a more realistic production function by including natural resources, they did it in a manner economist

text: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

text: criticized as a "conjuring trick": Solow and Stiglitz had failed to take into account the

text: laws of thermodynamics

text: , since their variant allowed man-made capital to be a complete substitute for natural resources. Neither Solow nor Stiglitz reacted to Georgescu-Roegen's criticism, despite an invitation to do so in the September 1997 issue of the journal

text: Ecological Economics

text: In addition to 13 developed parks and more than 120 miles of trails, Metro Parks manages several conservation areas for the purpose of preserving Summit County’s natural resources. While these conservation areas are not officially open to the public, most are accessible via neighboring trails.

text: Capturing and reusing stormwater as a resource helps maintain a site's predevelopment hydrology while creating an additional supply of water for irrigation or other purposes. Rainwater harvesting is an LID practice that facilitates the reuse of stormwater.

text: The concept of resources has been applied in diverse realms, with respect to economics, biology and ecology, computer science, management, and human resources, and is linked to the concepts of competition, sustainability, conservation, and stewardship. In application within human society, commercial or non-commercial factors require resource allocation through resource management.

text: The concept of resources has been applied in diverse realms, with respect to

text: economics

text: biology

text: and

text: ecology

text: computer science

text: management

text: , and

text: human resources

text: , and is linked to the concepts of

text: competition

text: sustainability

text: conservation

text: , and

text: stewardship

text: . In application within human

text: society

text: , commercial or non-commercial factors require

text: resource allocation

text: through

text: resource management

text: According to the authors, the "next industrial revolution" depends on the espousal of four central strategies: "the conservation of resources through more effective manufacturing processes, the reuse of materials as found in natural systems, a change in values from quantity to quality, and investing in natural capital, or restoring and sustaining natural resources".

text: Stainless steel is 100% recyclable. An average stainless steel object is composed of about 60% recycled material of which approximately 40% originates from end-of-life products and about 60% comes from manufacturing processes. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the per capita stock of stainless steel in use in society is 80–180 kg in more developed countries and 15 kg in less-developed countries.

text: Stainless steel is 100%

text: recyclable

text: . An average stainless steel object is composed of about 60% recycled material of which approximately 40% originates from end-of-life products and about 60% comes from manufacturing processes. According to the

text: International Resource Panel

text: 's

text: Metal Stocks in Society report

text: , the per capita stock of stainless steel in use in society is 80–180 kg in more developed countries and 15 kg in less-developed countries.

text: The Carajás National Forest  was created by decree 2.486 of 2 February 1998 with an area of .By creating the national forest the government avoided the need to submit the grant of the mining concession to congressional vote.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The objective is sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on sustainable exploitation of native forest.The national forest seeks to reconcile mining with conservation of biodiversity.

text: The Carajás National Forest  was created by decree 2.486 of 2 February 1998 with an area of .By creating the national forest the government avoided the need to submit the grant of the mining concession to congressional vote.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The objective is sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on sustainable exploitation of native forest.The national forest seeks to reconcile mining with conservation of biodiversity.

text: Friends of the Earth Europe calls for the accurate measurement, and then reduction of Europe's use of land, water, materials and carbon use. They recognise and promote the environmental, economic and social benefits of reducing Europe’s resource consumption. Following research by Sustainable Europe Research Institute, this work has focussed on promoting carbon footprint, water footprint, land footprint & material footprint as tools for measuring & reducing resource use.

text: Friends of the Earth Europe calls for the accurate measurement, and then reduction of Europe's use of land, water, materials and carbon use. They recognise and promote the environmental, economic and social benefits of reducing Europe’s resource consumption. Following research by Sustainable Europe Research Institute, this work has focussed on promoting

text: carbon footprint

text: water footprint

text: land footprint

text: & material footprint as tools for measuring & reducing resource use.

text: The Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh became the largest Silver LEED certified museum in the country in March 2006. This validates that the Museum’s expansion has been designed and constructed using sustainable practices with particular attention to site development, water conservation, energy management, using recycled materials, waste management, reusing resources, indoor air quality as well as developing new programs for visitors. To offer teaching moments about the new green museum, many of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left exposed.

text: The Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh became the largest Silver LEED certified museum in the country in March 2006. This validates that the Museum’s expansion has been designed and constructed using sustainable practices with particular attention to site development, water conservation, energy management, using recycled materials, waste management, reusing resources, indoor air quality as well as developing new programs for visitors. To offer teaching moments about the new

text: green museum

text: , many of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left exposed.

text: Towards this objective, PRADAN promotes the Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) of land, water, forest and biological resources to achieve and sustain potential agricultural productivity. INRM combines managing the use of natural resources along with their conservation and sustenance.Programmes consist of enhancing productivity in agriculture; diversifying into new crops; setting up irrigation systems; and instituting entirely new ways of managing the natural resource base.

text: Representational state transfer (REST) or RESTful web services are one way of providing interoperability between computer systems on the Internet. REST-compliant web services allow requesting systems to access and manipulate textual representations of web resources using a uniform and predefined set of stateless operations. Other forms of web service exist, which expose their own arbitrary sets of operations such as  WSDL and SOAP. "Web resources" were first defined on the World Wide Web as documents or files identified by their URLs, but today they have a much more generic and abstract definition encompassing every thing or entity that can be identified, named, addressed or handled, in any way whatsoever, on the web. In a REST web service, requests made to a resource's URI will elicit a response that may be in XML, HTML, JSON or some other defined format. The response may confirm that some alteration has been made to the stored resource, and it may provide hypertext links to other related resources or collections of resources. Using HTTP, as is most common, the kind of operations available include those predefined by the HTTP verbs GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and so on. By making use of a stateless protocol and standard operations REST systems aim for fast performance, reliability, and the ability to grow, by using reused components that can be managed and updated without affecting the system as a whole, even while it is running.

text: Representational state transfer (REST) or RESTful

text: web service

text: s are one way of providing interoperability between computer systems on the

text: Internet

text: . REST-compliant web services allow requesting systems to access and manipulate textual representations of

text: web resource

text: s using a uniform and predefined set of

text: stateless

text: operations. Other forms of web service exist, which expose their own arbitrary sets of operations such as

text: WSDL

text: and

text: SOAP

text: . "Web resources" were first defined on the

text: World Wide Web

text: as documents or files identified by their

text: URL

text: s, but today they have a much more generic and abstract definition encompassing every thing or entity that can be identified, named, addressed or handled, in any way whatsoever, on the web. In a REST web service, requests made to a resource's

text: URI

text: will elicit a response that may be in

text: XML

text: HTML

text: JSON

text: or some other defined format. The response may confirm that some alteration has been made to the stored resource, and it may provide

text: hypertext

text: links to other related resources or collections of resources. Using

text: HTTP

text: , as is most common, the kind of operations available include those predefined by the

text: HTTP verbs

text: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and so on. By making use of a stateless protocol and standard operations REST systems aim for fast performance, reliability, and the ability to grow, by using reused components that can be managed and updated without affecting the system as a whole, even while it is running.

text: A private natural heritage reserve is a sustainable use conservation unit under SNUC.Such units allow sustained use of renewable environmental resources, maintaining biodiversity and other ecological attributes.The reserves are established in private areas in perpetuity to preserve biodiversity.The owner is given incentives such as tax exemption.The SNUC specifies that sustainable use of the renewable environmental resources must be compatible with the essential ecological processes, maintaining biodiversity and ecological attributes.Sustainable use in this case includes scientific research and public visits for tourism, recreation and education.

text: These programs are to encourage local landowners and organizations to participate in the conservation of natural resources on their land, and lastly landscape planning has a goal to solve problems dealing with natural resource conservation with the help of the community in order to reach a desired future outcome.

text: RIGS may be designated for their value to Earth Science, and to Earth heritage in general, and may include cultural, educational, historical and aesthetic resources. The concept was introduced by the Nature Conservancy Council's publication Earth Science Conservation in Great Britain – A Strategy (1990). They are conserved and protected from development as a material consideration through the planning system by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. They do not have the statutory management protection enjoyed by Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

text: RIGS may be designated for their value to

text: Earth Science

text: , and to Earth heritage in general, and may include cultural, educational, historical and aesthetic resources. The concept was introduced by the

text: Nature Conservancy Council

text: 's publication Earth Science Conservation in Great Britain – A Strategy (1990). They are conserved and protected from development as a material consideration through the planning system by the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. They do not have the statutory management protection enjoyed by

text: Sites of Special Scientific Interest

text: (SSSIs).

text: Zero waste is poorly supported by the enactment of government laws to enforce the waste hierarchy of refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle and rot (compost). In practice, these laws invariably emphasize destruction and recycling, while the reuse component is marginalized.	A special feature of Zero Waste as a design principle is that it can be applied to any product or process, in any situation or at any level. Thus it applies equally to toxic chemicals as to benign plant matter. It applies to the waste of atmospheric purity by coal burning or the waste of radioactive resources by attempting to designate the excesses of nuclear power plants as "nuclear waste". All processes can be designed to minimize the need for discard, both in their own operations and in the usage or consumption patterns which the design of their products leads to. Recycling, on the other hand, deals only with simple materials.	Zero Waste can even be applied to the waste of human potential by enforced poverty and the denial of educational opportunity. It encompasses redesign for reduced energy wasting in industry or transportation and the wasting of the earth's rainforests. It is a general principle of designing for the efficient use of all resources, however defined.

text: Zero waste is poorly supported by the enactment of government laws to enforce the

text: waste hierarchy of refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle and rot (compost)

text: . In practice, these laws invariably emphasize destruction and recycling, while the reuse component is marginalized.	A special feature of Zero Waste as a design principle is that it can be applied to any product or process, in any situation or at any level. Thus it applies equally to toxic chemicals as to benign plant matter. It applies to the waste of atmospheric purity by coal burning or the waste of radioactive resources by attempting to designate the excesses of nuclear power plants as "nuclear waste". All processes can be designed to minimize the need for discard, both in their own operations and in the usage or consumption patterns which the design of their products leads to. Recycling, on the other hand, deals only with simple materials.	Zero Waste can even be applied to the waste of human potential by enforced poverty and the denial of educational opportunity. It encompasses redesign for reduced energy wasting in industry or transportation and the wasting of the earth's rainforests. It is a general principle of designing for the efficient use of all resources, however defined.

text: Using community recycling from yard and kitchen waste utilizes a local area's commonly available resources.  These resources in the past were thrown away into large waste disposal sites, are now used to produce low cost organic compost for organic farming.  Other practices includes growing a diverse number of perennial crops in a single field, each of which would grow in separate season so as not to compete with each other for natural resources. This system would result in increased resistance to diseases and decreased effects of erosion and loss of nutrients in soil. Nitrogen fixation from legumes, for example, used in conjunction with plants that rely on nitrate from soil for growth, helps to allow the land to be reused annually. Legumes will grow for a season and replenish the soil with ammonium and nitrate, and the next season other plants can be seeded and grown in the field in preparation for harvest.

text: Using community recycling from yard and kitchen waste utilizes a local area's commonly available resources.  These resources in the past were thrown away into large waste disposal sites, are now used to produce low cost organic compost for organic farming.  Other practices includes growing a diverse number of perennial crops in a single field, each of which would grow in separate season so as not to compete with each other for natural resources. This system would result in increased resistance to diseases and decreased effects of erosion and loss of nutrients in soil.

text: Nitrogen fixation

text: from legumes, for example, used in conjunction with plants that rely on nitrate from soil for growth, helps to allow the land to be reused annually. Legumes will grow for a season and replenish the soil with ammonium and nitrate, and the next season other plants can be seeded and grown in the field in preparation for harvest.

text: Created in 1909, the Commission of Conservation became the Canadian forum for conservation issues, acting as an advisory and consultative body used to answer questions related to conservation and better utilization of Canada's natural and human resources. The Commission focused on a concept that maximized future profits through good management in the present. Rather than preserving through non-use, the Commission was concerned with managing resources for long term gain.

text: Wastewater reuse is often used synonymously with the terms wastewater recycling and wastewater reclamation and can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of surface water and groundwater (the latter referred to as groundwater recharge). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.Water and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in arid countries. The World Health Organization  has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the human population and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater aquifers used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative water supply.

text: Wastewater

text: reuse is often used synonymously with the terms

text: wastewater recycling

text: and

text: wastewater reclamation

text: and can be defined as the use of

text: reclaimed water

text: for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: (the latter referred to as

text: groundwater recharge

text: ). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to

text: sustainable

text: water management

text: because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.

text: Water

text: and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in

text: arid

text: countries. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the

text: human population

text: and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater

text: aquifers

text: used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local

text: freshwater

text: supplies are limited or are available only with large

text: capital expenditure

text: . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing

text: environmental pollution

text: and improving

text: carbon footprint

text: ; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative

text: water supply

text: BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that "we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources."  BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.

text: The most common reducibility in computational complexity theory is polynomial-time reducibility; a set A is polynomial-time reducible to a set B if there is a polynomial-time function f such that for every n, n is in A if and only if f(n) is in B.  This reducibility is, essentially, a resource-bounded version of many-one reducibility.  Other resource-bounded reducibilities are used in other contexts of computational complexity theory where other resource bounds are of interest.

text: The most common reducibility in computational complexity theory is

text: polynomial-time reducibility

text: ; a set A is polynomial-time reducible to a set B if there is a polynomial-time function f such that for every n, n is in A if and only if f(n) is in B.  This reducibility is, essentially, a resource-bounded version of many-one reducibility.  Other resource-bounded reducibilities are used in other contexts of computational complexity theory where other resource bounds are of interest.

text: The Goytacazes National Forest was created by federal decree of 28 November 2002 with the objectives of promoting management of multiple uses of natural resources, maintaining and protecting water resources and biodiversty, recovering degraded areas and supporting environmental education.It had an approximate area of .It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It is managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.

text: The Goytacazes National Forest was created by federal decree of 28 November 2002 with the objectives of promoting management of multiple uses of natural resources, maintaining and protecting water resources and biodiversty, recovering degraded areas and supporting environmental education.It had an approximate area of .It became part of the

entity_name: Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor

text: Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor

text: , created in 2002.It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It is managed by the

text: The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program is a partnership of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC).

text: The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program is a partnership of the

text: (DCNR), the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC) and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC).

text: The primary objective in SimTown is to keep the town's citizens happy. This can be achieved by ensuring that water supply, trees, farm crops, and the recycling program remain well maintained and well funded, with the allocation of "credits" given at each stint. The amount of these resources required for the town and the credits awarded will depend on how much has been built in the town. Trees and ponds, for example, may consume a certain amount of water, while most businesses and homes will generate an amount of garbage that will have to be dealt with using the recycling program. If these resources are not kept in check, the town may experience negative repercussions, such as the presence of dying trees and dried-up ponds if water supply is not sufficiently provided. This aspect of the game may be compared with the annual or monthly budgets seen in SimCity; however, there are no signs of actual currency used in SimTown aside from the credits allocated for the external resources; construction of buildings and landscaping also require no monetary costs.

text: The primary objective in SimTown is to keep the town's citizens happy. This can be achieved by ensuring that

text: water supply

text: tree

text: s, farm

text: crops

text: , and the

text: recycling

text: program remain well maintained and well funded, with the allocation of "credits" given at each stint. The amount of these resources required for the town and the credits awarded will depend on how much has been built in the town. Trees and ponds, for example, may consume a certain amount of water, while most businesses and homes will generate an amount of garbage that will have to be dealt with using the recycling program. If these resources are not kept in check, the town may experience negative repercussions, such as the presence of dying trees and dried-up ponds if water supply is not sufficiently provided. This aspect of the game may be compared with the annual or monthly budgets seen in SimCity; however, there are no signs of actual currency used in SimTown aside from the credits allocated for the external resources; construction of buildings and landscaping also require no monetary costs.

text: Justice White would have dismissed the complaint because SCRAP lacked standing to sue: "To me, the alleged injuries are so remote, speculative, and insubstantial in fact that they fail to confer standing." SCRAP's allegation that the rate's effect of "retarding the use of recycled materials, causing further consumption of our forests and natural resources," became, Justice White concluded "no more concrete, real, or substantial when it is added that materials will cost more at the marketplace and that somehow the freight rate increase will increase air pollution." He compared the allegations to those of taxpayers in Massachusetts v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 486-489 (1923), "or allegations that government decisions are offensive to reason or morals." Justice White also expressed his position that “failure of this country’s railroads even in their present anemic condition will guarantee that recyclable materials will stay where they are – far beyond the reach of recycling plants that as a consequence may not be built at all."

text: Justice

text: White

text: would have dismissed the complaint because SCRAP lacked standing to sue: "To me, the alleged injuries are so remote, speculative, and insubstantial in fact that they fail to confer standing." SCRAP's allegation that the rate's effect of "retarding the use of recycled materials, causing further consumption of our forests and natural resources," became, Justice White concluded "no more concrete, real, or substantial when it is added that materials will cost more at the marketplace and that somehow the freight rate increase will increase air pollution." He compared the allegations to those of taxpayers in Massachusetts v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, 486-489 (1923), "or allegations that government decisions are offensive to reason or morals." Justice White also expressed his position that “failure of this country’s railroads even in their present anemic condition will guarantee that recyclable materials will stay where they are – far beyond the reach of recycling plants that as a consequence may not be built at all."

text: The Terra Grande-Pracuúba Extractive Reserve was created by presidential decree on 5 June 2006.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio]].It has with the objective of protecting the livelihoods and culture of the people and ensure sustainable use of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the extractive population.The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.

text: The Terra Grande-Pracuúba Extractive Reserve was created by presidential decree on 5 June 2006.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio]].It has with the objective of protecting the livelihoods and culture of the people and ensure sustainable use of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the extractive population.The conservation unit is supported by the

text: Amazon Region Protected Areas Program

text: Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are a subset of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) used for abstract identifiers, such as a person's name or their telephone number.  For URNs to be meaningful, they must be mapped to a concrete resource of some sort.  Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are often used to describe such resources, such as a computer hostname, or a local file.

text: Uniform Resource Names (

text: URNs

text: ) are a subset of Uniform Resource Identifiers (

text: URI

text: s) used for abstract identifiers, such as a person's name or their telephone number.  For URNs to be meaningful, they must be mapped to a concrete resource of some sort.  Uniform Resource Locators (

text: URL

text: s) are often used to describe such resources, such as a computer

text: hostname

text: , or a local file.

text: ″Conservation and preservation are closely linked and may indeed seem to mean the same thing. Both terms involve a degree of protection, but how that is protection is carried out is the key difference. Conservation is generally associated with the protection of natural resources, while preservation is associated with the protection of buildings, objects, and landscapes. Put simply, conservation seeks the proper use of nature, while preservation seeks protection of nature from use.

text: The consumer conservation ethic is sometimes expressed by the four R's: " Rethink, Reduce, Recycle, Repair"This social ethic primarily relates to local purchasing, moral purchasing, the sustained, and efficient use of renewable resources, the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as air and water quality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a built environment.

text: The consumer conservation ethic is sometimes expressed by the four R's: " Rethink, Reduce, Recycle, Repair"This social ethic primarily relates to

text: local purchasing

text: moral purchasing

text: , the

text: sustained

text: , and efficient use of

text: renewable resource

text: s, the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as

text: air

text: and

text: water

text: quality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a

text: built environment

text: The National Bat Monitoring Programme (NBMP) was launched in 1996 and consists of a number of national, annual surveys carried out by a network of volunteers across the UK. The NBMP is a partnership between Bat Conservation Trust (BCT), Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), Defra and Natural Resources Wales (NRW). Natural England (NE) also contribute to the programme.

text: The National Bat Monitoring Programme (NBMP) was launched in 1996 and consists of a number of national, annual surveys carried out by a network of volunteers across the UK. The NBMP is a partnership between Bat Conservation Trust (BCT),

text: Joint Nature Conservation Committee

text: (JNCC),

entity_name: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

text: Defra

text: and

text: Natural Resources Wales

text: (NRW).

text: Natural England

text: (NE) also contribute to the programme.

text: The Campus Arboretum should not be confused with State Arboretum of Georgia, deeded as a gift to, and also operated by, the University of Georgia, but located in the Northeast Georgia Mountains at the Thompson Mills Forest, Braselton, Georgia. This arboretum features 330 acres with granite outcrop, the Lee Creek Native Tree Trail, the Pinetum Trail, and the seven-acre Evan Thompson Thornton Memorial Garden (30-minute self-guided walk). Groups are welcome, the forest is open year round weekdays, guides can be made available, though there are self-guided tours, and parking is on site. The university's Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources uses the forest and environs in its goal to prepare leaders in the conservation and sustainable management of forests and other renewable natural resources using the latest ideas and technology for real world applications.

text: The Campus Arboretum should not be confused with State Arboretum of Georgia, deeded as a gift to, and also operated by, the University of Georgia, but located in the Northeast Georgia Mountains at the

text: Thompson Mills Forest

text: Braselton, Georgia

text: . This arboretum features 330 acres with granite outcrop, the Lee Creek Native Tree Trail, the Pinetum Trail, and the seven-acre Evan Thompson Thornton Memorial Garden (30-minute self-guided walk). Groups are welcome, the forest is open year round weekdays, guides can be made available, though there are self-guided tours, and parking is on site. The university's Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources uses the forest and environs in its goal to prepare leaders in the conservation and sustainable management of forests and other renewable natural resources using the latest ideas and technology for real world applications.

text: Burke was Director of Graduate Studies in Conservation and Resource Use at Yale (1951-1957).

text: Many materials can be considered a “green” material until its background is revealed. Any material that has used toxic or carcinogenic chemicals in its treatment or manufacturing (such as formaldehyde in glues used in woodworking), has traveled extensively from its source or manufacturer, or has been cultivated or harvested in an unsustainable manner might not be considered green. In order for any material to be considered green, it must be resource efficient, not compromise indoor air quality or water conservation, and be energy efficient (both in processing and when in use in the shelter). Resource efficiency can be achieved by using as much recycled content, reusable or recyclable content, materials that employ recycled or recyclable packaging, locally available material, salvaged or remanufactured material, material that employs resource efficient manufacturing, and long-lasting material as possible.

text: Many materials can be considered a “green” material until its background is revealed. Any material that has used toxic or carcinogenic chemicals in its treatment or manufacturing (such as

text: formaldehyde

text: in glues used in woodworking), has traveled extensively from its source or manufacturer, or has been cultivated or harvested in an unsustainable manner might not be considered green. In order for any material to be considered green, it must be resource efficient, not compromise

text: indoor air quality

text: or

text: water conservation

text: , and be energy efficient (both in processing and when in use in the shelter). Resource efficiency can be achieved by using as much recycled content, reusable or recyclable content, materials that employ recycled or recyclable packaging, locally available material, salvaged or remanufactured material, material that employs resource efficient manufacturing, and long-lasting material as possible.

text: The second mechanism by which synaptic vesicles are recycled is known as kiss-and-run fusion. In this case, the synaptic vesicle "kisses" the cellular membrane, opening a small pore for its neurotransmitter payload to be released through, then closes the pore and is recycled back into the cell. The kiss-and-run mechanism has been a hotly debated topic. Its effects have been observed and recorded; however the reason behind its use as opposed to full collapse fusion is still being explored. It has been speculated that kiss-and-run is often employed to conserve scarce vesicular resources as well as being utilized to respond to high-frequency inputs. Experiments have shown that kiss-and-run events do occur. First observed by Katz and del Castillo, it was later observed that the kiss-and-run mechanism was different from full collapse fusion in that cellular capacitance did not increase in kiss-and-run events. This reinforces the idea of a kiss-and-run fashion, the synaptic vesicle releases its payload and then separates from the membrane.

text: The second mechanism by which synaptic vesicles are recycled is known as

text: kiss-and-run fusion

text: . In this case, the synaptic vesicle "kisses" the cellular membrane, opening a small pore for its neurotransmitter payload to be released through, then closes the pore and is recycled back into the cell. The kiss-and-run mechanism has been a hotly debated topic. Its effects have been observed and recorded; however the reason behind its use as opposed to full collapse fusion is still being explored. It has been speculated that kiss-and-run is often employed to conserve scarce vesicular resources as well as being utilized to respond to high-frequency inputs. Experiments have shown that kiss-and-run events do occur. First observed by

text: Katz

text: and del Castillo, it was later observed that the kiss-and-run mechanism was different from full collapse fusion in that cellular

text: capacitance

text: did not increase in kiss-and-run events. This reinforces the idea of a kiss-and-run fashion, the synaptic vesicle releases its payload and then separates from the membrane.

text: The Auatí-Paraná Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 7 August 2001 to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of renewable natural resources, and to protect the way of life and culture of the extractive population.It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, established in 2002.The reserve is managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.The deliberative council was created on 20 November 2008.The management plan for the reserve was approved in 30 October 2012.

text: The Auatí-Paraná Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 7 August 2001 to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of renewable natural resources, and to protect the way of life and culture of the extractive population.It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: Central Amazon Ecological Corridor

text: , established in 2002.The reserve is managed by the

text: .The deliberative council was created on 20 November 2008.The management plan for the reserve was approved in 30 October 2012.

text: The Watersheds Protection Act (1963) is the law governing watersheds in Jamaica and is administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Authority. The primary focus of the Act is the conservation of water resources by protecting lands and riparian zones along the watersheds. The Act is intended to ensure proper land use in vital watershed areas, reduce soil erosion, maintain optimum levels of groundwater, and promote regular flows in waterways.

text: The Watersheds Protection Act (1963) is the law governing

text: watersheds

text: in Jamaica and is administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Authority. The primary focus of the Act is the conservation of water resources by protecting lands and

text: riparian zones

text: along the watersheds. The Act is intended to ensure proper land use in vital watershed areas, reduce soil erosion, maintain optimum levels of groundwater, and promote regular flows in waterways.

text: Natural resources often occur in distinct regions.  Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography.  A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region.  Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field, the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the South Wales Coalfield, which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region; the Kuznetsk Basin, a similarly important coal mining region in Russia; Kryvbas, the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the James Bay Project, a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed.

text: Natural resource

text: s often occur in distinct regions.  Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography.  A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region.  Some examples of natural resource regions include the

text: Rumaila Field

text: , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the

text: Gulf War

text: ; the

text: Coal Region

text: of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the

text: South Wales Coalfield

text: , which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region; the

text: Kuznetsk Basin

text: , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia;

text: Kryvbas

text: , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the

text: James Bay Project

text: , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed.

text: According to the World Conservation Strategy, a report on conservation published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in collaboration with UNESCO and with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF):

text: According to the World Conservation Strategy, a report on conservation published by the

text: (IUCN) in collaboration with

text: UNESCO

text: and with the support of the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP) and the

text: World Wildlife Fund

text: (WWF):

text: The company says its operations focuses on reducing waste, conserving energy, using natural resources responsibly and promoting employee safety. For example, in 2010 Brady became a Smartway Transport partner in the U.S. while in 2009 it opened a facility in Egelsbach, Germany, that uses a geothermic heating and cooling system. It says it uses Design for Environment principles to design eco-friendly products including halogen-free flame-retardant labels and ribbons.

text: Economic Factor of Renewable Resources

text: Economic Factor of Renewable Resources

text: Lekki Conservation Centre (LCC) is a  Natural Resource Conservation in Lekki, Lagos State.

text: Lekki Conservation Centre (LCC) is a

text: Natural Resource Conservation

text: in

text: Lekki

text: Lagos State

text: Water: The Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, in partnership with individuals representing the diverse water users of the state, created the Water Conservation Implementation Plan (WCIP) to help create a culture of conservation and guide Georgians toward more efficient use of our state’s finite water resources.

text: Water: The

text: Georgia Department of Natural Resources

text: , Environmental Protection Division, in partnership with individuals representing the diverse water users of the state, created the Water Conservation Implementation Plan (WCIP) to help create a culture of conservation and guide Georgians toward more efficient use of our state’s finite

text: water resources

text: Conservation Finance describes the practice of raising and managing capital to support land, water, and resource conservation. Conservation financing options vary by source from public, private, and nonprofit funders; by type from loans, to grants, to tax incentives, to market mechanisms; and by scale ranging from federal to state, national to local.  Conservationists have traditionally relied upon private, philanthropic capital in the form of solicited donations, foundation grants, etc., and public, governmental funds in the form of tax incentives, ballot measures, bonding, agency appropriations, etc., to fund conservation projects and initiatives.  Although governments and philanthropists provide a moderate amount of funds, there is a shortage in the capital required to preserve global ecosystems.  On an annual basis, investors must allocate $300 to $400 billion to meet worldwide conservation needs.  From this amount, funders only provide approximately $52 billion per year to conservation finance. Increasingly, conservationists are embracing a broader range of funding and financing options, leveraging traditional “philanthropic and government resources with other sources of capital, including that from the capital markets."  These non-traditional sources of conservation capital include debt-financing, emerging tax benefits, private equity investments, and project financing. These additional sources of leverage serve to enlarge the pool of financial capital available to fund conservation work worldwide and, as this financial capital is invested, the asset portfolio of conserved land, water and natural resources is grown.

text: Stakeholder analysis originated from business management practices and has been incorporated into natural resource management in ever growing popularity. Stakeholder analysis in the context of natural resource management identifies distinctive interest groups affected in the utilisation and conservation of natural resources.

text: Stakeholder analysis

text: originated from business management practices and has been incorporated into

text: natural resource

text: management in ever growing popularity. Stakeholder analysis in the context of natural resource management identifies distinctive interest groups affected in the utilisation and conservation of natural resources.

text: The revenue distribution process varies from state to state. States predominantly generate revenue from leasing activities or sales of renewable resources (such as grazing leases and timber sales), uses that provide annual income for the beneficiaries. Additionally, revenues from the sale of trust lands or the sale of non-renewable natural resources are invested into a permanent fund to generate interest for distribution to the beneficiaries. These permanent funds, and the interest payments derived from them, are used for many purposes related to the public school system, including guaranteeing school bonds and loans, funding construction and providing land for public institutions, and supplementing teacher salaries.

text: Another variation is resource allocation, in which a set of intervals s are scheduled using resources k such that k is minimized. That is, all the intervals must be scheduled, but the objective is to reduce the number of resources as much as possible.

text: Critics argue it is not possible to uphold NAP when protecting the environment as most pollution can never be traced back to the party that caused it. They therefore claim that only general broad government regulations will be able to protect the environment. Supporters cite the problem of the tragedy of the commons and argue that free-market environmentalism will be much more effective in conserving nature.Political theorist Hillel Steiner emphasizes that all things made come from natural resources and that the validity of any rights to those made things depends on the validity of the rights to the natural resources. If land was stolen then anyone buying produce from that land would not be the legitimate owner of the goods. Also, if natural resources cannot be privately owned but are, and always will be, the property of all of mankind then NAP would be violated if such a resource would be used without everybody’s consent (see the Lockean proviso and free-market anarchism). Libertarian philosopher Roderick Long points out that, as natural resources are required not only for the production of goods but for the production of the human body as well, the very concept of self-ownership can only exist if the land itself is privately owned.

text: Critics argue it is not possible to uphold NAP when protecting the

text: environment

text: as most

text: pollution

text: can never be traced back to the party that caused it. They therefore claim that only general broad government regulations will be able to protect the environment. Supporters cite the problem of the

text: tragedy of the commons

text: and argue that

text: free-market environmentalism

text: will be much more effective in conserving nature.Political theorist

text: Hillel Steiner

text: emphasizes that all things made come from natural resources and that the validity of any rights to those made things depends on the validity of the rights to the natural resources. If land was stolen then anyone buying produce from that land would not be the legitimate owner of the goods. Also, if natural resources cannot be privately owned but are, and always will be, the property of all of mankind then NAP would be violated if such a resource would be used without everybody’s consent (see the

text: Lockean proviso

text: and

text: free-market anarchism

text: ). Libertarian philosopher

text: Roderick Long

text: points out that, as natural resources are required not only for the production of goods but for the production of the human body as well, the very concept of

text: self-ownership

text: can only exist if the land itself is privately owned.

text: IEPDs which have been published to the IEPD Clearinghouse are available for reuse by other organizations.

text: Code reuse may imply the creation of a separately maintained version of the reusable assets.  While code is the most common resource selected for reuse, other assets generated during the development cycle may offer opportunities for reuse: software components, test suites, designs, documentation, and so on.

text: In 1948, the Division of Law Enforcement was established within the Department of Conservation. The new division consisted of a director who was given the authority to appoint a chief coastal warden and chief conservation officer. The conservation officers enforced inland fish and game laws and the coastal wardens enforced marine fisheries laws. In 1953, the Department of Conservation changed its name to the Department of Natural Resources. The Division of Law Enforcement was also given the authority to enforce laws relating to marine fisheries, inland fisheries, game, forests, parks, fire, and dogs. In 1964, the law enforcement responsibilities of the coastal warden service and the conservation officer were combined. The new name of the coastal warden and conservation officer was changed to natural resource officer. In 1975, the Department of Natural Resources was reorganized and became the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. The Division of Law Enforcement became the only statewide agency with the primary responsibility to prevent violations of the state’s environmental laws. In 1978, the Department of Law Enforcement signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Marine Fisheries Service to enforce federal laws. In 1981, the Division of Law Enforcement was transferred back to the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Recreation Vehicles.

text: Mishra spoke on the concept, philosophy, importance of conserving natural resources through integrated watershed management. He advised the participants to give more thought on this mechanism. Speaking on the occasion, Plant Science head OP Chaturvedi stressed on importance of work in close collaboration with people and different agencies and not in isolation.He said that common property resources should be protected, conserved and utilised with community participation for their common cause and development. The HRD and Social Science division head Lakhan Singh motivated the officers to use past experiences and relate with existing agro-ecosystems.  He highlighted the various factors promoting and inhibiting people's participation in watershed management. He said the commitment of villagers and officers towards watershed goal will make a difference in socio-economic transformation of people.

text: Besides physical resources, information is often reused, notably program code for the software that drives computers and the Internet, but also the documentation that explains how to use every modern device. And it is proposed as a way to improve education by assembling a great library of shareable learning objects that can be reused in learning management systems.

text: Besides physical resources,

text: information

text: is often reused, notably

text: program code

text: for the software that drives computers and the

text: Internet

text: , but also the

text: documentation

text: that explains how to use every modern device. And it is proposed as a way to improve education by assembling a great library of shareable

text: learning object

text: s that can be reused in

text: learning management system

text: s.

text: Agrawal, K.K. Sahu, B.D. Pandey, "Solid waste management in non-ferrous industries in India", Resources, Conservation and Recycling 42 (2004), 99–120.

text: The country’s mean annual surface runoff has been estimated at more than 2 billion cubic meters per year. The country has eleven renewable alluvial aquifers with an estimated combined mean annual recharge of nearly 1 billion cubic meters per year. According to the World Resources Institute the renewable groundwater and surface water resources overlap, i.e. the entire renewable groundwater resources originate in recharge from rivers (Wadis) so that total renewable water resources are in the order of 2 cubic kilometres/year. Surface resources and renewable aquifers are concentrated in the west and southwest, where rainfall is higher.

text: The country’s mean annual surface runoff has been estimated at more than 2 billion cubic meters per year. The country has eleven renewable alluvial aquifers with an estimated combined mean annual recharge of nearly 1 billion cubic meters per year. According to the World Resources Institute the renewable groundwater and surface water resources overlap, i.e. the entire renewable groundwater resources originate in recharge from rivers (

text: Wadi

text: s) so that total renewable water resources are in the order of 2 cubic kilometres/year. Surface resources and renewable aquifers are concentrated in the west and southwest, where rainfall is higher.

text: In 1959, the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission was temporarily abolished, and its duties were transferred to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. In 1968, the Division of Oil and Gas was formed within the Department of Natural Resources. In 1976, the word "conservation" was added back to the division's title, and it became the Division of Oil and Gas Conservation.

text: In 1959, the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission was temporarily abolished, and its duties were transferred to the

text: Alaska Department of Natural Resources

text: . In 1968, the Division of Oil and Gas was formed within the Department of Natural Resources. In 1976, the word "conservation" was added back to the division's title, and it became the Division of Oil and Gas Conservation.

text: The renewable energy from the sun, wind, wave, biomass and geothermal energies are based on renewable resources. Renewable resources such as the movement of water (hydropower, tidal power and wave power), wind and radiant energy from geothermal heat (used for geothermal power) and solar energy (used for solar power) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.

text: The renewable energy from the

text: sun

text: wind

text: wave

text: biomass

text: and

text: geothermal

text: energies are based on renewable resources. Renewable resources such as the movement of

text: water

text: hydropower

text: tidal power

text: and

text: wave power

text: wind

text: and

text: radiant energy

text: from geothermal heat (used for

text: geothermal power

text: ) and solar energy (used for

text: solar power

text: ) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.

text: Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

text: Based on

text: 's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like

text: China

text: and the

text: United States

text: heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: is resulting in significant

entity_name: Energy security and renewable technology

text: energy security

text: climate change mitigation

text: , and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

text: In this position, he authored the Great Outdoors Colorado Amendment, which created a massive land conservation program of which he became chairman. Salazar also created the Youth in Natural Resources program, giving thousands of Colorado's youth an opportunity to work and learn about Colorado's natural resources in public schools. The Great Outdoors Colorado program’s success was a model for President Obama’s America’s Great Outdoors Initiative to create a 21st century agenda for conservation and outdoor recreation.

text: In this position, he authored the Great Outdoors Colorado Amendment, which created a massive land conservation program of which he became chairman. Salazar also created the Youth in Natural Resources program, giving thousands of Colorado's youth an opportunity to work and learn about Colorado's natural resources in public schools. The Great Outdoors Colorado program’s success was a model for

text: President Obama

text: ’s America’s Great Outdoors Initiative to create a 21st century agenda for conservation and outdoor recreation.

text: In the United States conservation policy, forest plans are land and resource management plans for units of the National Forest System under the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-378) and the National Forest Management Act (P.L. 94-588). The Acts specify a detailed process and numerous requirements, including public participation and periodic revision, intended to achieve multiple use and sustained yield of the national forests.

text: In the United States conservation policy, forest plans are land and resource management plans for units of the

text: National Forest System

text: under the

entity_name: Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974

text: Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974

text: (P.L. 93-378) and the

text: National Forest Management Act

text: (P.L. 94-588). The Acts specify a detailed process and numerous requirements, including public participation and periodic revision, intended to achieve

text: multiple use

text: and

text: sustained yield

text: of the national forests.

text: In-situ conservation is the on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species. It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agroecosystems by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming practices.e.g., Nilgiri biosphere in India.

text: In-situ

text: conservation is the on-site

text: conservation

text: or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of

text: plant

text: or

text: animal

text: species

text: , such as

text: forest genetic resources

text: in natural populations of tree species. It is the process of protecting an

text: endangered

text: plant

text: or

text: animal

text: species

text: in its natural

text: habitat

text: , either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from

text: predator

text: s. It is applied to conservation of

text: agricultural biodiversity

text: in

text: agroecosystem

text: s by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming practices.e.g., Nilgiri biosphere in India.

text: The concept of a web resource is primitive in the web architecture, and is used in the definition of its fundamental elements. The term was first introduced to refer to targets of uniform resource locators (URLs), but its definition has been further extended to include the referent of any uniform resource identifier (RFC 3986), or internationalized resource identifier (RFC 3987). In the Semantic Web, abstract resources and their semantic properties are described using the family of languages based on Resource Description Framework (RDF).

text: The concept of a web resource is primitive in the

text: web

text: architecture, and is used in the definition of its fundamental elements. The term was first introduced to refer to targets of

text: uniform resource locator

text: s (URLs), but its definition has been further extended to include the

text: referent

text: of any

text: uniform resource identifier

text: (RFC 3986), or

text: internationalized resource identifier

text: (RFC 3987). In the

text: Semantic Web

text: , abstract resources and their semantic properties are described using the family of languages based on

text: Resource Description Framework

text: (RDF).

text: Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation in order to extract the maximum benefits from products, delay the consumption of virgin resources, and reduce the amount of waste generated. Resource recovery differs from the management of waste by using life-cycle analysis (LCA) to offer alternatives to landfill disposal of discarded materials. A number of studies on municipal solid waste (MSW) have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured alternatives to landfill disposal.

text: Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as

text: recycling

text: composting

text: or energy generation in order to extract the maximum benefits from products, delay the consumption of virgin resources, and reduce the amount of waste generated. Resource recovery differs from the management of waste by using

text: life-cycle analysis

text: (LCA) to offer alternatives to

text: landfill

text: disposal of discarded materials. A number of studies on

text: municipal solid waste

text: (MSW) have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured alternatives to

text: landfill

text: disposal.

text: Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption.  Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus abiotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classification.

text: Resources have three main characteristics:

text: utility

text: limited availability

text: , and potential for

text: depletion

text: or

text: consumption

text: .  Resources have been variously categorized as

text: biotic

text: versus

text: abiotic

text: renewable

text: versus

text: non-renewable

text: , and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classification.

text: Furthermore, technologies have to be more human in scale, less wasteful in resources, and directly responsive to the basic needs of people. In a developing country, such as India, where economic and social disparities in society are large, the poor tend to overutilize and destroy renewable resources out of the exigencies of survival and need. On the other hand, the rich tend to overutilize and destroy other kinds of resources, such as non-renewable resources, often out of greed. Thus, only by increasing social equity, and eradicating poverty, can humankind make an impact on environmental conservation and reduce the threats to the resource base.

text: Jordan has a diverse range of habitats, ecosystems and biota due, to its varied landscapes and environments. The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature was set up in 1966 to protect and manage Jordan's natural resources. Nature reserves in Jordan include the Dana Biosphere Reserve, the Azraq Wetland Reserve, the Shaumari Wildlife Reserve and the Mujib Nature Reserve.

text: Jordan has a diverse range of habitats, ecosystems and biota due, to its varied landscapes and environments. The

entity_name: Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature

text: Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature

text: was set up in 1966 to protect and manage Jordan's natural resources.

text: Nature reserves in Jordan

text: include the

text: Dana Biosphere Reserve

text: , the

text: Azraq Wetland Reserve

text: , the

text: Shaumari Wildlife Reserve

text: and the

text: Mujib Nature Reserve

text: The issue has been re-examined by modern economists studying consumption rebound effects from improved energy efficiency. In addition to reducing the amount needed for a given use, improved efficiency also lowers the relative cost of using a resource, which increases the quantity demanded. This counteracts (to some extent) the reduction in use from improved efficiency. Additionally, improved efficiency accelerates economic growth, further increasing the demand for resources.  Jevons's paradox occurs when the effect from increased demand predominates, and better efficiency leads to more resources being used.

text: The issue has been re-examined by modern economists studying consumption

text: rebound effects

text: from improved

text: energy efficiency

text: . In addition to reducing the amount needed for a given use, improved efficiency also lowers the relative cost of using a resource, which increases the quantity demanded. This counteracts (to some extent) the reduction in use from improved efficiency. Additionally, improved efficiency accelerates

text: economic growth

text: , further increasing the demand for resources.  Jevons's paradox occurs when the effect from increased demand predominates, and better efficiency leads to more resources being used.

text: Transclusion facilitates modular design: a resource  is stored once and distributed for reuse in multiple documents. Updates or corrections to a resource are then reflected in any referencing documents.  Ted Nelson coined the term for his 1980 nonlinear book Literary Machines.

text: Transclusion facilitates

text: modular design

text: : a

text: resource

text: is stored once and distributed for reuse in multiple documents. Updates or corrections to a resource are then reflected in any referencing documents.

text: Ted Nelson

text: coined the term for his 1980 nonlinear book

text: Literary Machines

text: Metals were an early priority for the International Resource Panel, since little was known about them, their impacts, their economic importance or their scarcity. The report aimed to calculate the amount of metals present in society and assess the potential for utilising in-use stock to offset demand from virgin metal. Knowing how much metal stock there is in use, and how long the lifespan of the metal is, can help planners know when these metal stocks will enter recycling or waste streams.  It suggested that these 'mines above ground' had growing potential for future metals supply; the authors found that there is about 50 kg of above-ground copper for every person on earth, and more than two tons of iron per capita. However, they noted that enormous disparities in global metals stocks existed between developed and developing nations including Brazil, China and India.

text: Metals were an early priority for the

text: International Resource Panel

text: , since little was known about them, their impacts, their economic importance or their scarcity. The report aimed to calculate the amount of metals present in society and assess the potential for utilising in-use stock to offset demand from virgin metal. Knowing how much metal stock there is in use, and how long the lifespan of the metal is, can help planners know when these metal stocks will enter recycling or waste streams.  It suggested that these 'mines above ground' had growing potential for future metals supply; the authors found that there is about 50 kg of above-ground

text: copper

text: for every person on earth, and more than two tons of

text: iron

text: per capita. However, they noted that enormous disparities in global metals stocks existed between developed and developing nations including Brazil, China and India.

text: There are several key concepts in the LC4MP: total resources, resources allocated, resources required, resources remaining, and resources available. Total resources refer to the total resources in the resource pool. Resources allocated refer to the resources that are actually available for a processing task. The resource allocated to a task may be equivalent to the total resources, but probably is not. Resources required are the amount of resources necessary to complete a task (See Total-Allocated-Required Resources.). Resources remaining refer to the difference between total resources and resources required. Resources available are the difference between the resources allocated and the resources required. Resources remaining and resources available may be the same if total resources are equivalent to resources allocated, but this is unlikely the case. See the overall picture of mental resources in information processing.

text: Scanlon started his career in 1984 at the law firm Ward & Partners in Adelaide, Australia, where he was made a Capital Partner in 1991. After leaving legal practice he served as Chief of Staff to the South Australian Minister for Environment and Natural Resources. From 1997 to 2000 he was Chief Executive of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and later the Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs in South Australia. From 2001 to 2004 he was Director of the Environmental Law Centre with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Head of the Environmental Law Programme. He was the first Independent Commissioner appointed to the Murray Darling Basin Commission in 2006 and presented the first minority report in the 100-year history of the Commission in the same year. In 2007 he accepted an appointment as Principal Adviser on Policy and Programme with UNEP.

text: The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change' such as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography, economy, society, politics and technology. The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification.The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.

text: The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change' such as

text: Mining

text: petroleum extraction

text: fishing

text: and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography, economy, society, politics and technology. The current practice of

text: Agriculture

text: is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification.The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: , a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction.

text: Current Lear's macaw conservation projects are managed under the authority of Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources. The Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Lear's Macaw advises the institute on the conservation of Lear's macaw. The committee includes Brazilian and international organizations and individuals. In 2009, the conservation status of the species was downgraded to endangered from critically endangered by the IUCN. This was prompted by an increase in the population, which based on annual 2009 counts at the Toca Velha and Serra Branca roosting sites is estimated to be 1000 individuals.

text: Current Lear's macaw conservation projects are managed under the authority of

text: . The Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Lear's Macaw advises the institute on the conservation of Lear's macaw. The committee includes Brazilian and international organizations and individuals. In 2009, the conservation status of the species was downgraded to

text: endangered

text: from

text: critically endangered

text: by the

text: IUCN

text: . This was prompted by an increase in the population, which based on annual 2009 counts at the Toca Velha and Serra Branca roosting sites is estimated to be 1000 individuals.

text: Pennsylvania DCNR Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources rangers are state law enforcement officers.  The term "ranger" is used very liberally and may cause confusion. Most people will not have ever come into contact with DCNR rangers unless they have needed their services. The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) has DCNR rangers in both parks and forests.

text: Pennsylvania DCNR

text: rangers are state law enforcement officers.  The term "ranger" is used very liberally and may cause confusion. Most people will not have ever come into contact with DCNR rangers unless they have needed their services. The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) has DCNR rangers in both parks and forests.

text: Title II: Conservation Programs - Appropriates funds for the following: (1) Office of the Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment, and (2) Natural Resources Conservation Service.

text: Title II: Conservation Programs - Appropriates funds for the following: (1)

entity_name: Under Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment

text: Office of the Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment

text: , and (2)

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: Projects that take the PHE approach work to create healthier communities and ecosystems. These projects aim to bring better health services to remote communities to improve participation in conservation efforts. PHE projects also promote family planning services to help slow population growth that can put pressure on natural resources. That means PHE approaches strive to simultaneously improve access to health services while helping communities manage their natural resources in ways that improve their health and livelihood even as they protect the environment. Beyond this, the PHE approach also targets synergies between human health and ecosystem health by including a wide spectrum of development and conservation targets such as the sustainable management of natural resources, improving livelihoods, food security and nutrition, and by maintaining or restoring habitats and ecosystem functions.  By focusing on the synergy between communities and their environment, the PHE approach conserves biodiversity while at the same time improving environmental health conditions for the local people. PHE is effective at achieving a wide range of positive results over multiple sectors.

text: Projects that take the PHE approach work to create healthier communities and ecosystems. These projects aim to bring better health services to remote communities to improve participation in conservation efforts. PHE projects also promote family planning services to help slow population growth that can put pressure on

text: natural resource

text: s. That means PHE approaches strive to simultaneously improve access to health services while helping communities manage their natural resources in ways that improve their health and livelihood even as they protect the environment. Beyond this, the PHE approach also targets synergies between human health and

text: ecosystem health

text: by including a wide spectrum of development and conservation targets such as the sustainable management of natural resources, improving livelihoods,

text: food security

text: and nutrition, and by maintaining or restoring habitats and ecosystem functions.  By focusing on the

text: synergy

text: between communities and their environment, the PHE approach conserves biodiversity while at the same time improving environmental health conditions for the local people. PHE is effective at achieving a wide range of positive results over multiple sectors.

text: A key tool in resource efficiency is measuring different aspects of resource use (e.g. carbon footprint, water footprint, land footprint or material use), then identifying 'hot spots' where the most resources are used and/or where there are the best opportunities to reduce this resource use. For example, WRAP has published information on hotspots for 50 grocery products likely to contribute most to the environmental impacts associated with UK household consumption. WRAP have created a range of tools and guides to help improve business resource efficiency.

text: A key tool in resource efficiency is measuring different aspects of resource use (e.g.

text: carbon footprint

text: water footprint

text: land footprint

text: or

text: material use

text: ), then identifying 'hot spots' where the most resources are used and/or where there are the best opportunities to reduce this resource use. For example,

text: WRAP

text: has published information on hotspots for 50 grocery products likely to contribute most to the

text: environmental impact

text: s associated with UK

text: household consumption

text: . WRAP have created a range of tools and guides to help improve business resource efficiency.

text: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA) was created as the first amendment to SWDA, after congress realized that the SWDA was not comprehensive enough. RCRA identifies the increasing amount of both hazardous and non-hazardous being produced at the time, and declares that in order to maintain the quality of life expected in the United States, new waste management practices need to be established. It also bans open dumps  and discusses the implications of hazardous waste, recycling, and renewable energy.  RCRA then goes on to dictate that assistance must be provided to communities for waste management and declare that Hazardous Waste must be properly managed, and incite a need for research into better management practices. RCRA also altered the responsible party from an “end of the pipe,” meaning the waste disposal or water remediation facility, to a “cradle to grave,” meaning the party who created the waste.

text: The

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) was created as the first amendment to SWDA, after congress realized that the SWDA was not comprehensive enough. RCRA identifies the increasing amount of both hazardous and non-hazardous being produced at the time, and declares that in order to maintain the quality of life expected in the United States, new waste management practices need to be established. It also bans open dumps  and discusses the implications of hazardous waste, recycling, and renewable energy.  RCRA then goes on to dictate that assistance must be provided to communities for waste management and declare that Hazardous Waste must be properly managed, and incite a need for research into better management practices. RCRA also altered the responsible party from an “end of the pipe,” meaning the waste disposal or water remediation facility, to a “cradle to grave,” meaning the party who created the waste.

text: The CCN's mission, as stated on their website, is to build "the world's strongest network of policymakers, corporations, and NGOs to promote the efficient and beneficial use of natural resources and effective transnational conservation solutions, including through its Natural Resource Wealth Management™ program and initiatives."

text: Advit Foundation is a non-profit development organization registered in India as a Charitable Trust. It is headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana and works towards conservation of environment resources and livelihood enhancement. The organisation was founded by Charu Jain in 2004 with an aim to take up development projects focusing on water management, energy efficiency, renewable energy, skill development and environment education programs.

text: Advit Foundation is a

text: non-profit

text: development organization registered in

text: India

text: as a

text: Charitable Trust

text: . It is headquartered in

text: Gurgaon

text: Haryana

text: and works towards conservation of environment resources and livelihood enhancement. The organisation was founded by Charu Jain in 2004 with an aim to take up development projects focusing on water management, energy efficiency, renewable energy, skill development and environment education programs.

text: Improving product durability, such as extending a vacuum cleaner's useful life to 15 years instead of 12, can reduce waste and usually much improves resource optimisation.

text: Improving

text: product durability

text: , such as extending a

text: vacuum cleaner

text: 's useful life to 15 years instead of 12, can reduce waste and usually much improves resource optimisation.

text: Clothing swapping can further promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling of clothing. By reusing clothing that's already been made and recycling clothing from one owner to another, source reduction can be achieved. This moves away from usage of new raw materials to make more clothing available for consumption. Through the method of clothing swapping,an alternative resource for consumers to ultimately save in regards to money and time is provided. It reduces transportation emissions, costs, and the time it takes to drive and search through the chaos of most clothing stores. Swapping clothes further promotes the use of sustainable online shopping and the internet as well as an increase of social bonds through online communication or effective personal communication in "clothing swap parties". The EPA states, that by reusing items, at the source waste can be diverted from ending up in landfills because it delays or avoids that item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system.

text: Clothing swapping can further promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling of clothing. By reusing clothing that's already been made and recycling clothing from one owner to another, source reduction can be achieved. This moves away from usage of new raw materials to make more clothing available for consumption. Through the method of clothing swapping,an alternative resource for consumers to ultimately save in regards to money and time is provided. It reduces transportation emissions, costs, and the time it takes to drive and search through the chaos of most clothing stores. Swapping clothes further promotes the use of sustainable

text: online shopping

text: and the internet as well as an increase of social bonds through online communication or effective personal communication in "clothing swap parties". The EPA states, that by reusing items, at the source waste can be diverted from ending up in landfills because it delays or avoids that item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system.

text: Environment and natural resources aspects involve the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction, operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and reuse of excreta practiced and the effects of these, for example reusing the wastewater, returning nutrients and organic material to agriculture, and the protecting of other non-renewable resources, for example through the production of renewable energy (e.g. biogas or fuel wood).

text: Environment and natural resources aspects involve the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction, operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and

text: reuse of excreta

text: practiced and the effects of these, for example reusing the

text: wastewater

text: , returning nutrients and organic material to agriculture, and the protecting of other non-renewable resources, for example through the production of

text: renewable energy

text: (e.g.

text: biogas

text: or fuel wood).

text: Jackson was named "Legislator of the Year" by the Consumer Federation of California for her advocacy on behalf of consumers, particularly in the areas of health care and privacy rights. Jackson was also named "Legislator of the Year" by the Congress of California Seniors for advocacy against elder abuse and health care issues and by the California League of Conservation Voters for her focus on natural resources and public health. She was named "Legislator of the Year" by the National Organization for Women for advancing women's health issues and equal opportunity and by the Junior League of California for her work on domestic violence and issues affecting children. Californians Against Waste named her legislator of the year after the passage of her bills to do with pesticide use and the recycling of electronic-waste. Other awards include "Guardian of the Coast" from Vote the Coast, the "Outstanding Public Service Award" by the California School Employees Association and the Planned Parenthood "Giraffe award" - for sticking her neck out and helping others.

text: Jackson was named "Legislator of the Year" by the

text: Consumer Federation of California

text: for her advocacy on behalf of consumers, particularly in the areas of health care and privacy rights. Jackson was also named "Legislator of the Year" by the

text: Congress of California Seniors

text: for advocacy against

text: elder abuse

text: and health care issues and by the

entity_name: California League of Conservation Voters

text: California League of Conservation Voters

text: for her focus on natural resources and public health. She was named "Legislator of the Year" by the

text: National Organization for Women

text: for advancing women's health issues and equal opportunity and by the

text: Junior League

text: of California for her work on domestic violence and issues affecting children.

text: Californians Against Waste

text: named her legislator of the year after the passage of her bills to do with pesticide use and the recycling of electronic-waste. Other awards include "Guardian of the Coast" from Vote the Coast, the "Outstanding Public Service Award" by the

text: California School Employees Association

text: and the

text: Planned Parenthood

text: "Giraffe award" - for sticking her neck out and helping others.

text: The algorithm to calculate recyclable resources was also exploitable. If one built enough residential units, the resulting recyclables produced by the colony would be more than the resources going into the colony.

text: The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is the institution in charge of the conservation, protection and sustainable use of the natural resources and the environment.

text: Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). As a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, conservation, and resource management. This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.

text: Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a

text: natural resource

text: ). As a discipline it therefore combines elements of hydrology, environmental science,

text: meteorology

text: conservation

text: , and

text: resource management

text: . This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (

text: aquifer

text: s) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers.

text: The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of Federal park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include heritage interpretation to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lakeshores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger. Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement. They control traffic and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.

text: The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of Federal park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include

text: heritage interpretation

text: to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lakeshores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger. Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement. They control traffic and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.

text: The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for the design of programs and actions conducive to the development of renewable energies (through the Renewable Energy Coordination) and energy efficiency (through the Energy Efficiency Coordination) initiatives. Complementarily, the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources.

text: This resource specifies the value of attribute for the component named component.subcomponent.subcomponent of the program application. Resources are often used for specifying the parameters of widgets created by the application. Since these widgets are arranged in a tree, the sequence of component/subcomponent names is used to identify a widget by giving its path within the tree. The value of the resource is the value of an attribute for this widget, such as its background color, etc.

text: This resource specifies the value of attribute for the component named component.subcomponent.subcomponent of the program application. Resources are often used for specifying the parameters of

text: widgets

text: created by the application. Since these widgets are arranged in a

text: tree

text: , the sequence of component/subcomponent names is used to identify a widget by giving its path within the tree. The value of the resource is the value of an attribute for this widget, such as its background color, etc.

text: In 2012, a US$50,000 scholarship was named in his honor at his alma mater, the University of Alabama, as a result of a fundraising one-shot turkey hunt held by the Alabama Conservation and Natural Resources Foundation.

text: Caxiuanã National Forest was established on November 28, 1961, under federal law No. 239. It is managed by Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), which maintains two bases in the forest. The Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (Estação Científica Ferreira Penna) is maintained by the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA), and is the center of many international research projects. The research station covers , opened in 1993, and consists of laboratories and housing.

text: Caxiuanã National Forest was established on November 28, 1961, under federal law No. 239. It is managed by

text: (ICMBio), which maintains two bases in the forest. The

text: Ferreira Penna Scientific Station

text: (Estação Científica Ferreira Penna) is maintained by the

text: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

text: and

text: (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA), and is the center of many international research projects. The research station covers , opened in 1993, and consists of laboratories and housing.

text: The initiative supports the broader goals of innovative and transparent application of the mitigation hierarchy in relation to biodiversity and ecosystem services, as defined in the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources (2012).

text: The initiative supports the broader goals of innovative and transparent application of the mitigation hierarchy in relation to biodiversity and ecosystem services, as defined in the

text: International Finance Corporation

text: (IFC) Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources (2012).

text: 3.Strategically link important natural and human communities. The purpose of this strategy would be to strengthen the viability of existing recreational areas and habitats by extending them and linking them to each other and to inhabited areas, thereby reducing habitat fragmentation, increasing resource awareness through the proliferation of public contact points, and expanding the recreational value of previously isolated resource islands. Specifics here would include identifying potential links between existing resources and focusing funds on the creation of such links; using such links as a way of connecting resources to population centers; and linking ecologically important areas to greenways as a way of economically combining both ecologic and recreational conservation efforts.

text: A 'renewable resource' is an organic natural resource which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.

text: A 'renewable resource' is an organic

text: natural resource

text: which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its

text: ecosphere

text: . A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.

text: In 2002, the South African Coelacanth Conservation and Genome Resource Programme was launched to help further the studies and conservation of the coelacanth. The South African Coelacanth Conservation and Genome Resource Programme focuses on biodiversity conservation, evolutionary biology, capacity building, and public understanding. The South African government committed to spending R10 million on the program.In 2011, a plan for a Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park was designed the conserve marine biodiversity for marine animals including the coelacanth. The park was designed to reduce habitat destruction and improve prey availability for endangered species.

text: Reuse of excreta is one example of resource recovery of the resources contained in excreta, mainly the plant-available nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as micronutrients such as sulphur and organic matter. These resources which are contained in wastewater, excreta and greywater have traditionally been reused in agriculture in many countries and are still being reused in agriculture to this day, but the practice is often carried out in an unregulated and unsafe manner for example in many developing countries (e.g. Mexico, India, Bangladesh, Ghana). The WHO Guidelines from 2006 have set up a framework how this reuse can be done safely by following a multiple barrier approach.

text: Reuse of excreta is one example of

text: resource recovery

text: of the resources contained in excreta, mainly the plant-available nutrients

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: potassium

text: as well as micronutrients such as

text: sulphur

text: and

text: organic matter

text: . These resources which are contained in

text: wastewater

text: , excreta and

text: greywater

text: have traditionally been reused in agriculture in many countries and are still being reused in agriculture to this day, but the practice is often carried out in an unregulated and unsafe manner for example in many developing countries (e.g. Mexico, India, Bangladesh, Ghana). The WHO Guidelines from 2006 have set up a framework how this reuse can be done safely by following a multiple barrier approach.

text: It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2030 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy. Other changes involve use of electric cars and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage.

text: It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in

text: Energy Policy

text: suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2030 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more

text: wind turbine

text: s and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize

text: bioenergy

text: . Other changes involve use of

text: electric car

text: s and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage.

text: In the federal budget introduced on March 19, 2007, the Conservatives introduced changes to the equalization system which imposed caps on payments.  This resulted in Saskatchewan not being able to retain 100% of its non-renewable resource revenue.Lukiwski acknowledged that the Conservative changes did not exactly fulfill the Conservative's promise with the changes, stating "If you want to say we didn't fulfil the commitment or keep our promise, fair enough."

text: In the

text: federal budget

text: introduced on March 19, 2007, the Conservatives introduced changes to the equalization system which imposed caps on payments.  This resulted in Saskatchewan not being able to retain 100% of its non-renewable resource revenue.Lukiwski acknowledged that the Conservative changes did not exactly fulfill the Conservative's promise with the changes, stating "If you want to say we didn't fulfil the commitment or keep our promise, fair enough."

text: According to the Index Mundi’s data Greenland ranked number 1 and Iceland ranked number 2 in renewable internal freshwater resources per capita with 10,662,190.00 cubic meters and 519,264.70 cubic meters, respectively. Nepal ranked 60th country with 7,034.67 cubic meters. Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.

text: According to the Index Mundi’s data

text: Greenland

text: ranked number 1 and

text: Iceland

text: ranked number 2 in renewable internal freshwater resources per capita with 10,662,190.00

text: cubic meters

text: and 519,264.70

text: cubic meters

text: , respectively.

text: Nepal

text: ranked 60th country with 7,034.67

text: cubic meters

text: . Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the

text: World Bank

text: 's population estimates.

text: As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many of the items thrown away contain precious metals which can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Other industries can also benefit from resource recycling with the wood chippings in pallets and other packaging materials being passed onto sectors such as the horticultural profession. In this instance, workers can use the recycled chips to create paths, walkways, or

text: Some of the potential benefits that an enterprise GIS can provide include significantly reduced redundancy of data across the system, improved accuracy and integrity of geographic information, and more efficient use and sharing of data (Sipes, 2005). Since data is one of the most significant investments in any GIS program, any approach that reduces acquisition costs while maintaining data quality is important. The implementation of an enterprise GIS may also reduce the overall GIS maintenance and support costs providing a more effective use of departmental GIS resources. Data can be integrated and used in decision making processes across the whole organisation (Sipes, 2005).

text: The mission of the Refuge System is "To administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate restoration of fish, wildlife,and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of the present and future generations of Americans" (National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997). The Refuge System maintains the biological integrity, diversity and environmental health of these natural resources and enables for associated public enjoyment of these areas where compatible with conservation efforts.

text: The pamphlet "Why Freegan?"—written by former Against Me! drummer Warren Oakes in Gainesville, Florida in 1999—defines freeganism as "an anti-consumeristic ethic about eating" and goes on to describe practices including dumpster diving, plate scraping, wild foraging, gardening, theft, employee scams, and barter as alternatives to paying for food. The pamphlet also expanded the activities associated with "freeganism" with a long section on non-alimentary practices, including conserving water, pre-cycling, reusing goods, and using solar energy. More than just a set of behaviors, though, the pamphlet presents freeganism as having an overarching political goal: an "ultimate boycott" of "all the corporations, all the stores, all the pesticides, all the land and resources wasted, the capitalist system, the all-oppressive dollar, the wage slavery, the whole burrito" in favor of "liv[ing] a full satisfying life...while treading lightly on the earth."

text: The pamphlet "Why Freegan?"—written by former

text: Against Me!

text: drummer

text: Warren Oakes

text: in Gainesville, Florida in 1999—defines freeganism as "an anti-consumeristic ethic about eating" and goes on to describe practices including

text: dumpster diving

text: , plate scraping,

text: wild foraging

text: gardening

text: theft

text: , employee scams, and

text: barter

text: as alternatives to paying for food. The pamphlet also expanded the activities associated with "freeganism" with a long section on non-alimentary practices, including

text: conserving water

text: pre-cycling

text: , reusing goods, and using

text: solar energy

text: . More than just a set of behaviors, though, the pamphlet presents freeganism as having an overarching political goal: an "ultimate boycott" of "all the corporations, all the stores, all the pesticides, all the land and resources wasted, the

text: capitalist

text: system, the all-oppressive dollar, the wage slavery, the whole burrito" in favor of "liv[ing] a full satisfying life...while treading lightly on the earth."

text: Eco-initiatives at the Raj Nivas are adhered to its daily functioning. An eco-initiative to reuse, reduce and recycle has been adopted. Conserving energy and resources is always a priority. The Raj Nivas kitchen always follows the mantra of serving local, organic food. Eco-friendly products are sourced from local producers and are used at Raj Nivas and provided for the guest’s .Under its green initiative, Raj Nivas supports local artisans and craftsman by ensuring that all gifts, mementos and decorative are sourced specifically from Puducherry.

text: Reduce is a form of precycling that allows for the preservation of natural resources and also saves money on behalf of the manufacturer, the consumer, and the waste manager. Moreover, effective source reduction slows the depletion of environmental resources, prolongs the life of waste management facilities, and makes combustion and landfills safer by removing toxic waste components.

text: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sets the legislative basis for SSM in the United States, establishing a preference for resource conservation over disposal.  In 2010, the Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery shifted focus from just resource recovery efforts to adopt a broader sustainable materials management approach. The new approach includes the two original waste management mandates of RCRA: 1) to protect human health and the environment from waste and 2) to conserve resources, and adds in three additional goals: 1) to “Reduce waste and increase the efficient and sustainable use of resources”, 2) “Prevent exposures to humans and ecosystems from the use of hazardous chemicals” 3) “Manage wastes and clean up chemical releases in a safe, environmentally sound manner”.

text: JEL: Q2 – Renewable Resources and Conservation

text: JEL: Q2

text: Renewable Resources

text: and Conservation

text: The San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation Demonstration Garden is a public teaching-research garden with just over an acre of plantings and displays that showcase water conservation through a series of themed gardens and exhibits located at California State University, San Bernardino. While located on the Cal State campus in San Bernardino, the Garden was not built with any state resources. Rather, it was made possible by major gifts from three local donors: the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District (now called the West Valley Water District), the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians and the Inland Empire Resource Conservation District, with additional donations from a variety of smaller donors and in-kind contributions of labor, supplies and expertise.

text: The San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation Demonstration Garden is a public teaching-research garden with just over an acre of plantings and displays that showcase

text: water conservation

text: through a series of themed gardens and exhibits located at

entity_name: California State University, San Bernardino

text: California State University, San Bernardino

text: . While located on the Cal State campus in

text: San Bernardino

text: , the Garden was not built with any state resources. Rather, it was made possible by major gifts from three local donors: the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District (now called the West Valley Water District), the

text: San Manuel Band of Mission Indians

text: and the Inland Empire Resource Conservation District, with additional donations from a variety of smaller donors and in-kind contributions of labor, supplies and expertise.

text: Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report was the 2nd of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the International Resource Panel (IRP) of the United Nations Environment Programme. The IRP provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas, including:

text: Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report was the 2nd of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the

text: International Resource Panel

text: (IRP) of the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: . The IRP provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas, including:

text: As the focus value is not required to segregate the same community, or make any kind of "triage" of the poor  to prioritize them. However we should not pulverize the same BI for a large territory. First, because the focus  value has its efficiency reduced by the greater variation between the costs of life in the same location - being  much  more  functional  when  applied  in  different  ways  for  each  community  or  local  economy.  And  second,  because, taking into account that social inequality tends to be reflected also in the geographical distribution  of wealth, we can make a much more efficient use of resources by directing them to the neediest areas, or  more specifically providing priority to locations with greater social risk, the resources needed for training and  provision of new communities protected by Basic Income.

text: A pipelined system typically requires more resources (circuit elements, processing units, computer memory, etc.) than one that executes one batch at a time, because its stages cannot reuse the resources of a previous stage. Moreover, pipelining may increase the time it takes for an instruction to finish.

text: Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous) cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as;

text: Another ecological market failure is presented by the overutilisation of an otherwise renewable resource at a point in time, or within a short period of time. Such overutilisation usually occurs when the resource in question has poorly defined (or non-existing) property rights attached to it while too many market agents engage in activity simultaneously for the resource to be able to sustain it all. Examples range from over-fishing of fisheries and over-grazing of pastures to over-crowding of recreational areas in congested cities. This type of ecological market failure is generally known as the 'tragedy of the commons'. In this type of market failure, the principle of Pareto efficiency is violated the utmost, as all agents in the market are left worse off, while nobody are benefitting. It has been argued that the best way to remedy a 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure is to establish enforceable property rights politically — only, this may be easier said than done.

text: Another ecological market failure is presented by the overutilisation of an otherwise renewable resource at a point in time, or within a short period of time. Such overutilisation usually occurs when the resource in question has poorly defined (or non-existing)

text: property rights

text: attached to it while too many market agents engage in activity simultaneously for the resource to be able to sustain it all. Examples range from over-fishing of fisheries and over-grazing of pastures to over-crowding of recreational areas in congested cities. This type of ecological market failure is generally known as the '

text: tragedy of the commons

text: '. In this type of market failure, the principle of Pareto efficiency is violated the utmost, as all agents in the market are left worse off, while nobody are benefitting. It has been argued that the best way to remedy a 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure is to establish enforceable property rights politically — only, this may be easier said than done.

text: Several types of consumer containers have been in reuse systems. Reusable bottles for milk, soda, and  beer have been part of closed-loop use-return-clean-refill-reuse cycles.

text: Several types of consumer containers have been in reuse systems.

text: Reusable bottles

text: for milk, soda, and  beer have been part of closed-loop use-return-clean-refill-reuse cycles.

text: The jurisdiction over the petroleum industry in Canada, which includes energy policies regulating the petroleum industry, is shared between the federal and provincial and territorial governments. Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and international trade (which included pipelines) and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products on federal lands.

text: The jurisdiction over the petroleum industry in Canada, which includes energy policies regulating the petroleum industry, is shared between the

text: federal

text: and

text: provincial and territorial governments

text: non-renewable resources

text: such as petroleum products. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and

text: international trade

text: (which included pipelines) and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources such as petroleum products on

text: federal lands

text: In computer science, a Uniform Resource Characteristic (URC) is a string of characters representing the metadata of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), a string identifying a Web resource). A URC binds a URI's associated Uniform Resource Name (URN), a unique name for a Web resource) to its Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the location at which a Web resource can be found).  URCs were proposed as a specification in the mid-1990s, but were never adopted.

text: In

text: computer science

text: , a Uniform Resource Characteristic (URC) is a

text: string

text: of

text: character

text: s representing the

text: metadata

text: of a

text: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)

text: , a string identifying a

text: Web resource

text: ). A URC binds a URI's associated

text: Uniform Resource Name (URN)

text: , a unique name for a Web resource) to its

text: Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

text: , the location at which a Web resource can be found).  URCs were proposed as a

text: specification

text: in the mid-1990s, but were never adopted.

text: The Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico — (DRNA)— is the executive department of the government of Puerto Rico tasked with protecting, conserving, developing, and managing the natural and environmental resources of Puerto Rico. The current Secretary is Carmen R. Guerrero Pérez.

text: The Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico — (DRNA)— is the

entity_name: Executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico

text: executive department of the government of Puerto Rico

text: tasked with protecting, conserving, developing, and managing the

text: natural

text: and

text: environmental

text: resources of

text: Puerto Rico

text: . The current Secretary is Carmen R. Guerrero Pérez.

text: On the basis of the information and knowledge compiled by FAO for The State of World’s Forest Genetic Resources, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture developed the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Development of Forest Genetic Resources. This Global Plan of Action identifies 27 strategic priorities grouped into 4 areas: 1) improving the availability of, and access to, information on forest genetic resources; 2) conservation of forest genetic resources (in situ and ex situ); 3) sustainable use, development and management of forest genetic resources; 4) policies, institutions and capacity-building.

text: On the basis of the information and knowledge compiled by

text: FAO

text: for The State of World’s Forest Genetic Resources, the

text: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

text: developed the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Development of Forest Genetic Resources. This Global Plan of Action identifies 27 strategic priorities grouped into 4 areas: 1) improving the availability of, and access to, information on forest genetic resources; 2) conservation of forest genetic resources (in situ and ex situ); 3) sustainable use, development and management of forest genetic resources; 4) policies, institutions and capacity-building.

text: The conservation of resources (COR) model is a theory of stress and coping that attempts to explain individual differences in coping attributions. Differences between individuals in coping can be large, even when the stressors and relevant goals of the individual. This gap in coping is attributed to differences in the resources to which the individuals have access. Individuals can invest resources to protect themselves from loss. Often times, stressful situations involve the possibility of loss or gain of resources. Concretely, resources include psychological well-being, systems of social support, intellectual ability, resilience, and more. Under the COR system, maladaptive forms of coping are often used because the individual lacks sufficient resources to perform adaptive forms of coping.

text: In 22 June 2005 the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA: National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform) recognised the reserve as meeting the needs of 1,600 families of small rural producers, who would qualify for PRONAF support.The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) created the deliberative council on 9 March 2006 with the aim of helping to create and implement the management plan and to make the reserve a reality.On 23 March 2010 responsibility was transferred to  the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).The same day ICMBio granted the right of use to the Users' Association of the reserve (Associação dos Usuários da Reserva Extrativista Mãe Grande de Curuçá - AUREMAG).

text: In 22 June 2005 the

text: Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária

text: (INCRA: National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform) recognised the reserve as meeting the needs of 1,600 families of small rural producers, who would qualify for

text: PRONAF

text: support.The

text: (IBAMA) created the deliberative council on 9 March 2006 with the aim of helping to create and implement the management plan and to make the reserve a reality.On 23 March 2010 responsibility was transferred to  the

text: (ICMBio).The same day ICMBio granted the right of use to the Users' Association of the reserve (Associação dos Usuários da Reserva Extrativista Mãe Grande de Curuçá - AUREMAG).

text: As a result of the doctrine of stewardship, Christian environmentalists oppose policies and practices that threaten the health or survival of the planet. Of particular concern to such Christians are the current widespread reliance on non-renewable resources, habitat destruction, pollution, and all other factors that contribute to climate change or otherwise threaten the health of the ecosystem. Many Christian environmentalists have broken with conservative political leaders as a result of these positions.

text: As a result of the doctrine of stewardship, Christian environmentalists oppose policies and practices that threaten the health or survival of the planet. Of particular concern to such Christians are the current widespread reliance on

text: non-renewable resources

text: habitat destruction

text: pollution

text: , and all other factors that contribute to

text: climate change

text: or otherwise threaten the health of the

text: ecosystem

text: . Many Christian environmentalists have broken with conservative political leaders as a result of these positions.

text: Halmahera's marine biodiversity and rich marine resources are not receiving the needed marine conservation priority attention. The objective of this attention should be to combine it with development of other economic sectors such as fisheries, marine tourism, oil and gas, and achieve a sustainable economic development of the marine resources and conserve its marine diversity value. To take appropriate decisions in the matter, the Nature Conservancy, WWF-Indonesia and other partners have initiated studies for a preliminary assessment on the prospects for "marine conservation and tourism in the Halmahera area". The surveys also cover study of the ecological link between Halmahera and the Bird's Head Seascape to the east and the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape on the west.

text: Although recognition came late, he received several honorary doctorates and numerous awards. The earliest was the "Joy Gobinda Law Gold Medal" in 1953, awarded by the Asiatic Society of Bengal and was based on an appraisal of his work by Sunder Lal Hora (and in 1970 received the Sunder Lal Hora memorial Medal of the Indian National Science Academy). He received honorary doctorates from the Aligarh Muslim University (1958), Delhi University (1973) and Andhra University (1978). In 1967 he became the first non-British citizen to receive the Gold Medal of the British Ornithologists' Union. In the same year, he received the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize consisting of a sum of $100,000, which he used to form the corpus of the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund. In 1969 he received the John C. Phillips memorial medal of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences gave him the Pavlovsky Centenary Memorial Medal in 1973 and in the same year he was made Commander of the Netherlands Order of the Golden Ark by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. The Indian government decorated him with a Padma Bhushan in 1958 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1976. He was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1985.

text: Although recognition came late, he received several honorary doctorates and numerous awards. The earliest was the "Joy Gobinda Law Gold Medal" in 1953, awarded by the

text: Asiatic Society of Bengal

text: and was based on an appraisal of his work by

text: Sunder Lal Hora

text: (and in 1970 received the Sunder Lal Hora memorial Medal of the

text: Indian National Science Academy

text: ). He received honorary doctorates from the

text: Aligarh Muslim University

text: Delhi University

text: (1973) and

text: Andhra University

text: (1978). In 1967 he became the first non-British citizen to receive the Gold Medal of the

text: British Ornithologists' Union

text: . In the same year, he received the

entity_name: J. Paul Getty Award for Conservation Leadership

text: J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize

text: consisting of a sum of $100,000, which he used to form the corpus of the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund. In 1969 he received the John C. Phillips memorial medal of the

text: . The

text: USSR Academy of Medical Sciences

text: gave him the Pavlovsky Centenary Memorial Medal in 1973 and in the same year he was made Commander of the Netherlands

text: Order of the Golden Ark

text: by

text: Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

text: . The Indian government decorated him with a

text: Padma Bhushan

text: in 1958 and the

text: Padma Vibhushan

text: in 1976. He was also nominated to the

text: Rajya Sabha

text: in 1985.

text: Another argument for space colonization is to mitigate the negative effects of overpopulation.If the resources of space were opened to use and viable life-supporting habitats were built, Earth would no longer define the limitations of growth. Although many of Earth's resources are non-renewable, off-planet colonies could satisfy the majority of the planet's resource requirements. With the availability of extraterrestrial resources, demand on terrestrial ones would decline.

text: Another argument for space colonization is to mitigate the negative effects of

text: overpopulation

text: .If the resources of space were opened to use and viable life-supporting habitats were built, Earth would no longer define the limitations of growth. Although many of Earth's resources are non-renewable, off-planet colonies could satisfy the majority of the planet's resource requirements. With the availability of extraterrestrial resources, demand on terrestrial ones would decline.

text: Conservation programs that are operated by the Conserve Georgia partner agencies include initiatives for water and air quality, energy efficiency, recycling, wildlife conservation and litter prevention. These resources are available to everyone quickly and easily through the www.ConserveGeorgia.org Web portal.

text: Conservation programs that are operated by the Conserve Georgia partner agencies include initiatives for

text: water

text: and

text: air quality

text: energy efficiency

text: recycling

text: wildlife conservation

text: and

text: litter

text: prevention. These resources are available to everyone quickly and easily through the

text: Web portal.

text: Water resources, such as lakes and aquifers, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term fossil water is sometimes used to describe aquifers which don't recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the Ogallala Aquifer, is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be overdrafted or depleted.  Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as nitrates, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean.

text: Water resources, such as

text: lake

text: s and

text: aquifer

text: s, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term

text: fossil water

text: is sometimes used to describe aquifers which don't recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: , is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be

text: overdrafted

text: or depleted.  Forests enhance the recharge of

text: aquifer

text: s in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as

text: nitrate

text: s, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean.

text: The purpose of the program is to use education to instill the ideas of environmental conservation and protection in students. Workshops are provided for students to create and plan different projects that aim to preserve the tropical forests. Some projects that have been conducted include science fairs, waste separation, and the use of waste materials in arts and crafts. Each project is either centered around, or develops, a topic that deals with the environment. Some topics include the importance of water, recycling, and natural resources.

text: The Chapada Limpa Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 26 September 2007 with an area of  to protect the livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources used traditionally by the residents.The region had for years been an area of conflict between the traditional extractive population and soybean agribusinesses.The reserve conserved part of one of the most threatened biomes in the country.It was the first extractive reserve in the cerrado biome in Maranhão.It is administered by the federal  Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).The reserve is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).Its objectives are to protect the livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the extractive population.

text: The Chapada Limpa Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 26 September 2007 with an area of  to protect the livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources used traditionally by the residents.The region had for years been an area of conflict between the traditional extractive population and soybean agribusinesses.The reserve conserved part of one of the most threatened biomes in the country.It was the first extractive reserve in the cerrado biome in Maranhão.It is administered by the federal

text: (ICMBio).The reserve is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).Its objectives are to protect the livelihoods and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by the extractive population.

text: BINGOs (Big International Non-Government Organizations) are often the source of controversy due to their partnering "with multinational corporations—particularly in the businesses of gas and oil, pharmaceuticals, and mining—that are directly involved in pillaging and destroying forest areas owned by indigenous peoples" (Chapin, 2004). As anthropologist Jim Igoe points out, "Ironically, there is growing evidence that national parks themselves are contributing to the very problems that advocates of community conservation are trying to solve… The loss of natural resources to indigenous resource management systems that these evictions entailed frequently forced local people to mine natural resources in the area to which they were restricted". As highlighted in the introduction by Chapin, the funding for conservation efforts have reverted from the need to work with indigenous people and local communities "with a new focus on large-scale conservation strategies and the importance of science, rather than social realities, in determining their agendas" (Chapin, 2004). The most disdainful issue that indigenous people have with BINGOs is how they convey support for indigenous people but then turn around and align with extractive corporations. Often indigenous people have to battle with those very business that funded BINGOs over land rights and almost always BINGOs often turn the blind eye when evictions were taking place.

text: The 1988 constitution incorporates environmental precepts that are advanced compared with those of most other countries. At that time, the Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) established its permanent Commission for Defense of the Consumer, the Environment, and Minorities. In 1989 the creation of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis--Ibama) joined together the federal environment secretariat and the federal agencies specializing in forestry, rubber, and fisheries. In 1990 the administration of Fernando Collor de Mello (president, 1990–92) appointed the well-known environmentalist José Lutzemberger as secretary of the environment and took firm positions on the environment and on Indian lands. In 1992 Brazil played a key role at the Earth Summit, not only as its host but also as negotiator on sustainable development agreements, including the conventions on climate and biodiversity. The Ministry of Environment was created in late 1992, after President Collor had left office. In August 1993, it became the Ministry of Environment and the Legal Amazon and took a more pragmatic approach than had the combative Lutzemberger. However, because of turnover in its leadership, a poorly defined mandate, and lack of funds, its role and impact were limited. In 1995 its mandate and name were expanded to include water resources—the Ministry of Environment, Hydraulic Resources, and the Legal Amazon—it began a process of restructuring to meet its mandate of "shared management of the sustainable use of natural resources." In 1997 the Commission on Policies for Sustainable Development and Agenda 21 began to function under the aegis of the Civil Household. One of its main tasks was to prepare Agenda 21 (a plan for the twenty-first century) for Brazil and to stimulate preparation of state and local agendas.

text: The 1988 constitution incorporates environmental precepts that are advanced compared with those of most other countries. At that time, the

text: Chamber of Deputies

text: (Câmara dos Deputados) established its permanent Commission for Defense of the Consumer, the Environment, and Minorities. In 1989 the creation of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis--

text: Ibama

text: ) joined together the federal environment secretariat and the federal agencies specializing in

text: forestry

text: rubber

text: , and fisheries. In 1990 the administration of

text: Fernando Collor de Mello

text: (president, 1990–92) appointed the well-known environmentalist José Lutzemberger as secretary of the environment and took firm positions on the environment and on Indian lands. In 1992 Brazil played a key role at the

text: Earth Summit

text: , not only as its host but also as negotiator on sustainable development agreements, including the conventions on climate and biodiversity. The Ministry of Environment was created in late 1992, after President Collor had left office. In August 1993, it became the Ministry of Environment and the

text: Legal Amazon

text: and took a more pragmatic approach than had the combative Lutzemberger. However, because of turnover in its leadership, a poorly defined mandate, and lack of funds, its role and impact were limited. In 1995 its mandate and name were expanded to include water resources—the Ministry of Environment, Hydraulic Resources, and the Legal Amazon—it began a process of restructuring to meet its mandate of "shared management of the sustainable use of natural resources." In 1997 the Commission on Policies for Sustainable Development and Agenda 21 began to function under the aegis of the Civil Household. One of its main tasks was to prepare Agenda 21 (a plan for the twenty-first century) for Brazil and to stimulate preparation of state and local agendas.

text: Significant water resources management challenges were identified by the water community of Argentina during the Second National Water Resources Meeting held in Buenos Aires (May 18–20, 2004) and are listed here: (i) incomplete/outdated legal and regulatory framework; (ii) limited capacity in water management at the central and provincial levels coupled with outdated procedures for water resources planning; (iii) lack of an integrated national water resources information system and deficient water resources monitoring network; (iv) serious water pollution problems (surface and groundwater); (v) high risk for flooding in urban and rural areas; (vi) lack of appropriate incentives for conservation and efficient use of the resource base and for reducing pollution. Some of these challenges are addressed in more detail below.

text: Since the time of the English economist Thomas Malthus, some have thought that capacity for development is limited by availability of natural resources. Resources can be divided into four major categories: physical, social, mental, and human. Land, water, mineral and oil, etc. constitute physical resources. Social resources consist of society's capacity to manage and direct complex systems and activities. Knowledge, information and technology are mental resources. The energy, skill and capacities of people constitute human resources.

text: Since the time of the English economist

text: Thomas Malthus

text: , some have thought that capacity for development is limited by availability of natural resources. Resources can be divided into four major categories: physical, social, mental, and human. Land, water, mineral and oil, etc. constitute physical resources. Social resources consist of society's capacity to manage and direct complex systems and activities. Knowledge, information and technology are mental resources. The energy, skill and capacities of people constitute human resources.

text: A range of approaches and tools can be used to promote sustainable practices. Demand management, which includes accurate valuations of natural resources and increasing public awareness, is a valuable strategy to support sustainable consumption. This approach can also provide significant savings in infrastructure investment. Sustainable production can be supported by the adoption and use of environmentally sound technologies which can improve environmental performance significantly. These technologies protect the environment, are less polluting, use resources in a sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and products and handle all residual wastes in a more environmentally acceptable way than the technologies for which they are substitutes. Environmentally sound technologies can also be used to drive reduced impacts and enhance value along a supply chain and support businesses embracing product stewardship.

text: That same year, in response to the 1973 energy crisis, Rick Findlay was hired by Environment Canada’s Federal Facilities Program to develop and coordinate a resource conservation program primarily for federal government facilities in Ontario. The program was expected to improve environmental quality and reduce energy demand. The Federal Facilities Program sought advice on a recycling pilot program for Canadian Forces Base Borden and eventually made contact with RIS. RIS experimented with a variety of techniques to improve the performance recycling and found that participation rates were significantly higher when residents could simply drop their recycling in a plastic box. Initially, the project at CFB Borden used milk crates borrowed from a local grocery store. Participation was likely encouraged by a standing order from the Base Commander to recycle.

text: That same year, in response to the

text: 1973 energy crisis

text: , Rick Findlay was hired by Environment Canada’s Federal Facilities Program to develop and coordinate a resource conservation program primarily for federal government facilities in Ontario. The program was expected to improve environmental quality and reduce energy demand. The Federal Facilities Program sought advice on a recycling pilot program for

text: Canadian Forces Base Borden

text: and eventually made contact with RIS. RIS experimented with a variety of techniques to improve the performance recycling and found that participation rates were significantly higher when residents could simply drop their recycling in a plastic box. Initially, the project at CFB Borden used milk crates borrowed from a local grocery store. Participation was likely encouraged by a standing order from the Base Commander to recycle.

text: In February 2012 the Province of Alberta "expected $13.4 billion in revenue from non-renewable resources in 2013-14. By January 2013 the province was anticipating only $7.4 billion. "30 per cent of Alberta’s approximately $40-billion budget is funded through oil and gas revenues. Bitumen royalties represent about half of that total." In 2009/10 royalties from the oil sands amounted to $1.008 billion (Budget 2009 cited in Energy Alberta 2009.

text: A Planning Commission consisting of members nominated by First Nations and Yukon Government was formed on October 15, 2004, to guide the process. The Commission's goal is to "ensure wilderness characteristics, wildlife and their habitats, cultural resources, and waters are maintained over time while managing resource use. These uses include, but are not limited to, traditional use, trapping, recreation, outfitting, wilderness tourism, subsistence harvesting, and the exploration and development of non-renewable resources. Achieving this goal requires managing development at a pace and scale that maintains ecological integrity. The long-term objective is to return all lands to their natural state".

text: Object pooling can offer a significant performance boost in situations where the cost of initializing a class instance is high and the rate of instantiation and destruction of a class is high – in this case objects can frequently be reused, and each reuse saves a significant amount of time. Object pooling requires resources – memory and possibly other resources, such as network sockets, and thus it is preferable that the number of instances in use at any one time is low, but this is not required.

text: The Hawaii Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement(DOCARE) and also known as the Hawaii DLNR Police, is the law enforcement agency for the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. It is tasked with full state police powers to enforces all State laws and Department rules, with primary jurisdiction involving State lands, State Parks, historical sites, forest reserves, aquatic life and wildlife areas, coastal zones, Conservation districts, State shores, as well as county ordinances involving county parks, for enforcing Hawaii’s fishing and recreational boating laws and protecting reefs and other marine resources, patrolling harbors and coastal areas, and conducting marijuana eradication missions.

text: The Hawaii Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement(DOCARE) and also known as the Hawaii DLNR Police, is the law enforcement agency for the

text: Hawaii

entity_name: Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources

text: Department of Land and Natural Resources

text: . It is tasked with full

text: state police

text: powers to enforces all State laws and Department rules, with primary jurisdiction involving State lands, State Parks, historical sites, forest reserves, aquatic life and wildlife areas, coastal zones, Conservation districts, State shores, as well as county ordinances involving county parks, for enforcing Hawaii’s fishing and recreational boating laws and protecting reefs and other marine resources, patrolling harbors and coastal areas, and conducting marijuana eradication missions.

text: Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our approach to resources and production. Zero Waste is not about recycling and diversion from landfills but about restructuring production and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in the first place. The materials that are still required in these re-designed, resource-efficient systems will be reused many times as the products that incorporate them are reused. Deconstruction can be described as construction in reverse. It involves carefully taking apart a building to maximize the reuse of materials, thereby reducing waste and conserving resources. Deconstruction can capture materials and some components from the millions of buildings that are existing and that were poorly designed for high level reuse but it is not a favored approach from a Zero Waste point of view. Zero Waste favors the design of buildings as assemblages of high level components, not their creation from rough materials such as lumber, cement or plaster. The details are not worked out yet but to the extent that entire rooms, entire walls, roofs or floors or entire utility systems can be pre-built and installed as completed components, that will be the goal of Zero Waste design. Until buildings are built as components capable of later dismantling, deconstruction is a stop-gap process that the United States can use to minimize the waste of building materials. For now, the largest parts that we are able to save tend to be architectural elements, windows, doors, and metals, many of which are being saved and resold by reuse yards such as Urban Ore in Berkeley, California. The main parts that still need to be crushed are wood flooring, brick walls, and structural timbers. The demolition of traditional buildings has been long done by wrecking ball or bulldozer. Social and political artifacts, such as demolition contractor licenses and required permits that can only be satisfied by destruction and discard (with partial recycling of rubble and steel), render the destruction and disposal costs cheaper than deconstruction. Approximately seventy pounds of the waste is generated for about every square foot of the residential building demolition. It is arguable that this is artificial economics, based on the cultural preference for wastefulness and that Zero Waste designs of dismantlable components will ultimately be the cheapest as well as the most conservative way to reuse buildings. Further discussions of this topic may be found on the ZWI website.

text: Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our approach to resources and production. Zero Waste is not about recycling and diversion from landfills but about restructuring production and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in the first place. The materials that are still required in these re-designed, resource-efficient systems will be reused many times as the products that incorporate them are reused.

text: Deconstruction

text: Its main programs are currently based in the Indonesian province of Papua (western New Guinea), working with local communities such as the Asmat to help them achieve sustainable development and protect their rainforests and biodiversity. IPCA provides information, training, equipment and other support to stakeholders to help them conserve and manage their natural resources. IPCA also carries out scientific surveys to document biodiversity, how local people value and use those resources, and how it is impacted by threats such as commercial fishing, logging, and invasive species.

text: Its main programs are currently based in the

text: Indonesia

text: n province of

text: Papua

text: (western

text: New Guinea

text: ), working with local communities such as the

text: Asmat

text: to help them achieve sustainable development and protect their

text: rainforest

text: s and

text: biodiversity

text: . IPCA provides information, training, equipment and other support to stakeholders to help them conserve and manage their natural resources. IPCA also carries out scientific surveys to document biodiversity, how local people value and use those resources, and how it is impacted by threats such as commercial

text: fishing

text: logging

text: , and

text: invasive species

text: Humans have used resources of this ecoregion for many years, dating all the way back to early Native Americans. Some traditional resources that are still used today are in danger of being overharvested. These include the Pacific Ocean fisheries, the dwindling timber industry, the rivers flowing from the mountains and the grasslands. All of these resources are either being over harvested or destroyed through agricultural and industrial development. Grasslands hold many native oak trees that are being lost due to overgrazing or forest fires. The overgrazing is attributed to the increasing number of cattle farms while the forest fires come from the use of natural water for human and agricultural use. As more water is used, oak trees lose out without this key component and fires increase due to drying out of the grasslands and forests. The government has tried to install conservation programs to halter the increased use of the land and waterways, but more must be done to create a truly sustainable environment.

text: The community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that: locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and people will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people's quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the resource are also enhanced. Regional and community based natural resource management is also based on the principle of subsidiarity.

text: The community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that: locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation, and people will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people's quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the resource are also enhanced. Regional and community based natural resource management is also based on the principle of

text: subsidiarity

text: Simon's 1981 book The Ultimate Resource is a criticism of what was then the conventional wisdom on population growth, raw-material scarcity and resource consumption. Simon argues that our notions of increasing resource-scarcity ignore the long-term declines in wage-adjusted raw material prices. Viewed economically, he argues, increasing wealth and technology make more resources available; although supplies may be limited physically they may be viewed as economically indefinite as old resources are recycled and new alternatives are assumed to be developed by the market. Simon challenged the notion of an impending Malthusian catastrophe—that an increase in population has negative economic consequences; that population is a drain on natural resources; and that we stand at risk of running out of resources through over-consumption. Simon argues that population is the solution to resource scarcities and environmental problems, since people and markets innovate. His ideas were praised by Nobel Laureate economists Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, the latter in a 1998 foreword to The Ultimate Resource II, but they have also attracted critics such as Paul R. Ehrlich and Albert Allen Bartlett.

text: Simon's 1981 book

text: The Ultimate Resource

text: is a criticism of what was then the conventional wisdom on

text: population growth

text: , raw-material scarcity and resource consumption. Simon argues that our notions of increasing resource-scarcity ignore the long-term declines in wage-adjusted raw material prices. Viewed economically, he argues, increasing wealth and technology make more resources available; although supplies may be limited physically they may be viewed as economically indefinite as old resources are recycled and new alternatives are assumed to be developed by the market. Simon challenged the notion of an impending

text: Malthusian catastrophe

text: —that an increase in population has negative economic consequences; that population is a drain on natural resources; and that we stand at risk of running out of resources through

text: over-consumption

text: . Simon argues that population is the solution to resource scarcities and environmental problems, since people and markets innovate. His ideas were praised by

text: Nobel Laureate

text: economists

text: Friedrich Hayek

text: and

text: Milton Friedman

text: , the latter in a 1998 foreword to The Ultimate Resource II, but they have also attracted critics such as Paul R. Ehrlich and

text: Albert Allen Bartlett

text: An additional strategy to water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater resources.  Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams. Excess pumping of groundwater leads to a decrease in groundwater levels and if continued it can exhaust the resource. Ground and surface waters are connected and overuse of groundwater can reduce and, in extreme examples, diminish the water supply of lakes, rivers, and streams. In coastal regions, over pumping groundwater can increase saltwater intrusion which results in the contamination of  groundwater water supply. Sustainable use of groundwater is essential in water conservation.

text: The Oklahoma Conservation Commission provides assistance to Oklahoma's 88 conservation districts and to the public in order to foster a sense of care, wise use and best management of Oklahoma's renewable natural resources. The conservation districts in Oklahoma are grouped into five areas in the state. Each area is represented by a Conservation Commission board member. Administration of the agency is carried out by an executive director.

text: The reserve is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The objective is to conserve the biodiversity of the ecosystems of mangroves, salt marshes, dunes, wetlands, floodplains, rivers, estuaries and islands; and to protect the livelihoods and culture of the traditional extractive population, and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources of the unit.

text: The reserve is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The objective is to conserve the biodiversity of the ecosystems of mangroves, salt marshes, dunes, wetlands, floodplains, rivers, estuaries and islands; and to protect the livelihoods and culture of the traditional extractive population, and ensure the sustainable use of natural resources of the unit.

text: In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans.

text: In contrast, resources such as

text: timber

text: (when

text: harvested sustainably

text: ) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered

text: renewable resource

text: s, largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans.

text: Most proponents of waste minimisation consider that the way forward may be to view any manufactured product at the end of its useful life as a resource for recycling and reuse rather than waste.  Recycling a product is easier if it is constructed of fewer materials.  Car manufacturers have recently reduced the number of plastics used in their cars from twenty or more to three or four,  hence simplifying the recovery of plastics from scrapped cars. However, exceptions (like having a combination of paper and plastic or plastic coating on glass) do exist, and might enable a product to fulfill its role with the minimum of resources.

text: A wide array of individuals and organizations are eyeing competing demands on these lands. The US Forest Service, Arizona Geological Survey, US Geological Survey, Natural Resource Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service), University of New Mexico, The Nature Conservancy, New Mexico Department of Fish and Game, University of Arizona, and Coronado National Forest have been active in studying the future of the area.

text: A wide array of individuals and organizations are eyeing competing demands on these lands. The

text: US Forest Service

text: , Arizona Geological Survey,

text: US Geological Survey

text: , Natural Resource Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service),

text: University of New Mexico

text: , The Nature Conservancy,

text: New Mexico Department of Fish and Game

text: University of Arizona

text: , and

text: Coronado National Forest

text: have been active in studying the future of the area.

text: 1997 — Geothermal Resources Council Special Achievement for the Lake County, Calif. Wastewater Recycling System.

text: Human activities influence the natural environment in many different ways. Processes needed to execute these activities need resources, energy and human manpower. Production, delivery and consummation of goods generates emissions and waste. The SPI includes all these different issues affecting the environment. A total area A which would be needed to embed human activities into ecosphere can so be aggregated.A = A + A + A + A + A 	[m] (1)A = A + A + A					[m] (2)A = A + A 							[m] (3)The sum for the total area is the sum of all partial areas (Formel 1). A, the area needed to provide raw materials, is the sum (formula 2) of all areas needed to provide renewable resources (A), fossil resources (A) and non-renewable resources (A). A is the area needed to provide process energy (incl. electricity). A, the area needed to provide the infrastructure for the process is the sum (formula 3) of direct land use (A) and the area needed to provide the area for buildings and process plants (A). A is the area needed for the supply of the staff and A is the area needed for a sustainable embedding of emissions and waste into ecosphere. The SPI aggregates partial footprints from mass, energy and emission inventories of every sub-process and refers them to the end product. This means that a is the total footprint of a considered product per measurement unit. Seven different categories were defined to guarantee a better visibility of the different impact categories:

text: The Inter-American Conference on the Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources met in 1948 as a collection of nearly 200 scientists from all over the Americans forming the trusteeship principle that:

text: Founded as the Botswana Wild Dog Research Project in 1989, the Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT) has expanded to cover all the large carnivore species in Botswana. It is one of the longest running large predator research projects in Africa and one of only a handful of its caliber worldwide. BPCT research on wild dogs has made it abundantly clear that the health and welfare of the entire predator population is a key indication of overall health of the ecosystem. The Government of Botswana, also acknowledging that appropriate and necessary resource management cannot be undertaken in the absence of accurate information about its natural resources, has entrusted BPCT with the task of leading northern Botswana's conservation and research initiatives on all large carnivores and their associated habitats. The Okavango Delta, where most of BPCT's research takes place, is a freshwater wetland of global importance. It is the largest Ramsar (International Convention on Wetlands) site on Earth and was granted IUCN world heritage status by the World Conservation Union (IUCN).

text: Founded as the Botswana Wild Dog Research Project in 1989, the Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT) has expanded to cover all the large

text: carnivore

text: species

text: in

text: Botswana

text: . It is one of the longest running large

text: predator

text: research

text: projects in

text: Africa

text: and one of only a handful of its caliber worldwide. BPCT research on

text: wild dog

text: s has made it abundantly clear that the health and welfare of the entire predator population is a key indication of overall health of the ecosystem. The

text: Government

text: of Botswana, also acknowledging that appropriate and necessary resource management cannot be undertaken in the absence of accurate information about its natural resources, has entrusted BPCT with the task of leading northern Botswana's

text: conservation

text: and research initiatives on all large carnivores and their associated habitats. The

text: Okavango Delta

text: , where most of BPCT's research takes place, is a freshwater wetland of global importance. It is the largest

text: Ramsar

text: (International Convention on

text: Wetlands

text: ) site on

text: Earth

text: and was granted IUCN

text: world heritage

text: status by the

text: World Conservation Union

text: (IUCN).

text: As economies grow, the need for resources growsaccordingly. There is a fixed supply of non-renewableresources, such as petroleum (oil), and theseresources will inevitably be depleted. Renewable resources can also be depleted if extracted at unsustainable rates over extended periods. For example, this has occurred with 'caviar' production in the Caspian Sea. There is much concern as to how growing demand for these resources will be met as supplies decrease. Many organizations and governments look to energy technologies such as biofuels, solar cells, and wind turbines to meet the demand gap after peak oil. Others have argued that none of the alternatives could effectively replace versatility and portability of oil. Authors of the book Techno-Fix criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of technology in solving agricultural and social challenges arising from growth.

text: National Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Recycling of Metal Mineral Resources

text: Conserved Water Statutes are state policies that were enacted by California, Montana, Washington, and Oregon to conserve water and allocated water resources to meet the needs of increasing demand for water in the dry lands where irrigation is or was occurring. Conserved Water Statutes helps the states to dismiss the disincentives to conserve water and can do so without damaging pre-existing water rights. Because any extra amount of water after applying water to a beneficiaries of the pre-existing water policies does not belong to the appropriators, such a condition creates an incentive to use as much water as possible rather than saving. This obviously causes costs of irrigation to be greater than the optimal amount which makes the policy very inefficient. However, by enacting Conserved Water Statutes, state legislatures are able to address the disincentives to save water. The policy allows the appropriators to have rights over the surplus water and enforces them to verify their water savings by the water resources department. Out of the four states that adapted the Conserved Water Statutes, Oregon is often renowned to be the most successful. According to "How Expanding The Productivity of Water Rights Could Lessen Our Water Woes," Oregon’s Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD) has been a success because a high percentage of submitted applications submitted, and the OWRD serves as a good intermediaries that help appropriators to conserve water. OWRD’s programs are not only a success because its effectiveness but also because of their efforts to improve the workers’ working conditions. According to OWRD's website, the state policies regarding the water rights are divided into Cultural Competency, Traditional Health Worker, Coordinated Care Organizations, and Race, Ethnicity and Language Data Collection.

text: Coordinated Care Organizations

text: , and Race, Ethnicity and Language Data Collection.

text: EBCD's mission: to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of natural renewable resources including species and ecosystems both for their intrinsic and direct value to the benefit of humanity

text: 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material. However, levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates.

text: 95% of the energy used to make aluminium from

text: bauxite

text: ore is saved by using recycled material. However, levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the

text: International Resource Panel

text: , hosted by the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP), published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates.

text: While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency resources (with fixed spatial reuse patterns), recent multi-user MIMO techniques enables adaptive resource management also in the spatial domain. In cellular networks, this means that the fractional frequency reuse in the GSM standard has been replaced by a universal frequency reuse in LTE standard.

text: While classical radio resource managements primarily considered the allocation of time and frequency resources (with fixed spatial reuse patterns), recent

text: multi-user MIMO

text: techniques enables adaptive resource management also in the spatial domain. In cellular networks, this means that the fractional frequency reuse in the

text: GSM

text: standard has been replaced by a universal frequency reuse in

text: LTE

text: standard.

text: The premise underlying Daly's concept of a steady-state economy is that the economy is an open subsystem of a finite and non-growing ecosystem (Earth's natural environment). The economy is maintained by importing low-entropy matter-energy (resources) from nature; these resources are put through the economy, being transformed and manufactured into goods along the way; eventually, the throughput of matter-energy is exported to the environment as high-entropy waste and pollution. Recycling of material resources is possible, but only by using up some energy resources as well as an additional amount of other material resources; and energy resources, in turn, cannot be recycled at all, but are dissipated as waste heat. Out of necessity, then, any subsystem of a fixed nongrowing system must itself at some point also become nongrowing.

text: The premise underlying Daly's concept of a steady-state economy is that the economy is an open subsystem of a finite and non-growing ecosystem (Earth's natural environment). The economy is maintained by importing low-entropy matter-energy (resources) from nature; these resources are put through the economy, being transformed and manufactured into goods along the way; eventually, the throughput of matter-energy is exported to the environment as high-entropy waste and pollution.

text: Recycling

text: of material resources is possible, but only by using up some energy resources as well as an additional amount of other material resources; and energy resources, in turn, cannot be recycled at all, but are dissipated as

text: waste heat

text: . Out of necessity, then, any subsystem of a fixed nongrowing system must itself at some point also become nongrowing.

text: Participants in the project include national and sub-national government agencies and departments in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. In Canada, the national Canadian Wildlife Service of Environment Canada is a participant, as is the Ministry of Natural Resources agency of the government of Ontario and Manitoba Conservation, a department of the government of Manitoba. In Mexico, the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad and Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources are national participants. In the United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Biological Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey are national participants. State-level participants include the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the Missouri Department of Conservation, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, North Dakota Game and Fish, and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.

text: Participants in the project include national and sub-national government agencies and departments in Canada,

text: Mexico

text: , and the United States. In Canada, the national

text: Canadian Wildlife Service

text: of

text: Environment Canada

text: is a participant, as is the

text: Ministry of Natural Resources

text: agency of the

text: government of Ontario

text: and

text: Manitoba Conservation

text: , a department of the

text: government of Manitoba

text: . In Mexico, the

entity_name: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad

text: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad

text: and

text: Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources

text: are national participants. In the United States, the

text: Fish and Wildlife Service

text: and the Biological Resources Division of the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: are national participants. State-level participants include the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, the

entity_name: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries

text: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries

text: , the

text: Missouri Department of Conservation

text: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

text: North Dakota Game and Fish

text: , and the

text: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

text: The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti. Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the degradation of the land. The United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million US dollars to reduce Botswana's debt by $8.3 million US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive conservation of the land.

text: The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti. Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the degradation of the land. The

text: United States Government

text: has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million US dollars to reduce Botswana's debt by $8.3 million US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive

text: conservation

text: of the land.

text: In 1995, Dow launched its first set of 10-year goals. By 2005, its Sustainability Goals focused on saving energy, conserving resources, and reusing waste. The company then launched its 2015 Sustainability Goals, in which the company pledged to use science and technology to address several social and environmental challenges and reduce its global footprint. As part of these goals, the company's corporate social responsibility arm commits itself to help address climate change, protect human health, and improve energy efficiency, among others. Addressing these goals, Dow has created a process for purifying water via reverse osmosis with a reduction of energy usage of 30%; it has also created a pathway to produce Omega-9 oils, thus trying to reduce the amount of harmful fats, such as trans fats from the American diet.

text: In 1995, Dow launched its first set of 10-year goals. By 2005, its Sustainability Goals focused on saving energy, conserving resources, and reusing waste. The company then launched its 2015 Sustainability Goals, in which the company pledged to use science and technology to address several social and environmental challenges and reduce its global

text: footprint

text: . As part of these goals, the company's

text: corporate social responsibility

text: arm commits itself to help address

text: climate change

text: , protect human health, and improve energy efficiency, among others. Addressing these goals, Dow has created a process for purifying water via

text: reverse osmosis

text: with a reduction of energy usage of 30%; it has also created a pathway to produce

text: oils, thus trying to reduce the amount of harmful fats, such as

text: trans fats

text: from the American diet.

text: Flowering time was also reduced in okra when black plastic mulch was used; the plants reached 50% flowering 3–6 days earlier than un-mulched plots. Plant height in okra was significantly increased with black plastic mulch use compared to those grown in bare soil. Evaporation from soil accounts for 25-50% of water used in irrigation, using plastic mulch prevents much of this evaporation and thus reduces the amount of water needed to grow the crop. This conservation of water makes plastic mulch favourable for farmers in dry and arid climates where water is a limited resource. As the second most used ag plastic in the world, the volume of plastic mulch used every year is estimated at 700,000t.

text: Flowering time was also reduced in okra when black plastic mulch was used; the plants reached 50% flowering 3–6 days earlier than un-mulched plots. Plant height in okra was significantly increased with black plastic mulch use compared to those grown in bare soil. Evaporation from soil accounts for 25-50% of water used in

text: irrigation

text: , using plastic mulch prevents much of this evaporation and thus reduces the amount of water needed to grow the crop. This conservation of water makes plastic mulch favourable for farmers in dry and arid climates where water is a limited resource. As the second most used ag plastic in the world, the volume of plastic mulch used every year is estimated at 700,000t.

text: 1998 Secretary of the Army, Environmental Security Award"Natural Resources Conservation- Large Installation"

text: The Natural Resources Conservation Board (NRCB), an arms-length agency of the Government of Alberta that reports to Alberta Environment, was established in 1991 under the Natural Resources Conservation Board Act (NRCBA). The NRBC reviews "proposed non-energy natural resource projects."

text: This research investigates practices and discourses concerning natural resource use and conservation, including cultural comparisons and technical solutions.

text: Besides using natural, locally available resources (e.g. wood or adobe), waste materials imported from cities using conventional (and inefficient) waste management may be gathered and re-used to build a sustainable living environment. Use of these cities' waste material allows the gathering of a huge amount of building material at a low cost. When obtained, the materials may be recycled over and over in the own city/community, using the cradle to cradle design method. Locations where waste can be found include landfills, junkyards, on water surfaces and anywhere around towns or near highways. Organic waste that can be reused to fertilise plants can be found in sewages. Also, town districts and other places (e.g. cemeteries) that are subject of undergoing renovation or removal can be used for gathering materials as stone, concrete, or potassium.

text: Besides using natural, locally available resources (e.g. wood or adobe), waste materials imported from cities using conventional (and inefficient) waste management may be gathered and re-used to build a sustainable living environment. Use of these cities' waste material allows the gathering of a huge amount of building material at a low cost. When obtained, the materials may be recycled over and over in the own city/community, using the

text: cradle to cradle design

text: method. Locations where waste can be found include

text: landfill

text: s,

text: junkyards

text: , on water surfaces and anywhere around towns or near highways. Organic waste that can be reused to fertilise plants can be found in sewages. Also, town districts and other places (e.g.

text: cemeteries

text: ) that are subject of undergoing renovation or removal can be used for gathering materials as stone, concrete, or potassium.

text: The company has formed a football team for employees, while each year it rewards distinguished pupils and students, employees’ children, with cash gifts. The group participates in programmes for recycling corporate resources, thus conserving resources.

text: Australian water resources have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in groundwater use and the constant threat of drought. These increased pressures not only affect the quantity and quality of the waterways but they also negatively affect biodiversity. The government needs to create policies that preserve, protect and monitor Australia’s inland water. The most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government is environmental flow allocations that allocate water to the natural environment. The proper implementation of water trading systems could help to conserve water resources in Australia. Over the years there has been an increase in demand for water, making Australia the third largest per capita user of water in the world (Beeton et al. 2006). If this trend continues, the gap between supply and demand will need to be addressed. The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates (UNEP, 2014). By changing public perception to promote the action of reusing and recycling water some of the stress of water shortages can be alleviated.  More extensive solutions like desalination plants, building more dams and using aquifer storage are all options that could be taken to conserve water levels but all these methods are controversial. With caps on surface water use, both urban and rural consumers are turning to groundwater use; this has caused groundwater levels to decline significantly. Groundwater use is very hard to monitor and regulate. There is not enough research currently being conducted to accurately determine sustainable yields. Some regions are seeing improvement in groundwater levels by applying caps on bores and the amount of water that consumers are allowed to extract. There have been projects in environmental governance aimed at restoring vegetation in the riparian zone. Restoring riparian vegetation helps increase biodiversity, reduce salinity, prevent soil erosion and prevent riverbank collapse. Many rivers and waterways are controlled by weirs and locks that control the flow of rivers and also prevent the movement of fish. The government has funded fish-ways on some weirs and locks to allow for native fish to move upstream. Wetlands have significantly suffered under restricted water resources with water bird numbers dropping and a decrease in species diversity. The allocation of water for bird breeding through environmental flows in Macquarie Marshes has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing daughterless carp to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: Australia

text: n

text: water resources

text: have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in

text: groundwater

text: Macquarie Marshes

text: has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing

text: daughterless carp

text: to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: The major objectives of the trust are to: undertake field research to promote the conservation of wildlife and natural resources in India; develop and advocate participatory management and conservation programmes for the restoration of wildlife and ecosystems; and promote sustainable use of natural resources, equitable development and the maintenance of cultural and traditional attributes of indigenous communities.

text: The major objectives of the trust are to: undertake field research to promote the conservation of wildlife and

text: natural resources

text: in India; develop and advocate participatory management and conservation programmes for the restoration of wildlife and ecosystems; and promote sustainable use of natural resources, equitable development and the maintenance of cultural and traditional attributes of indigenous communities.

text: In 1990, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) established the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, and its Ararinha Azul project (Little Blue Macaw project) in order to conserve the species. At that time, the known captive population of Spix's stood at 15, and one in the wild. Early 1990 was the low point for conservation of the Spix. The Permanent Committee was dissolved in 2002 due to irreconcilable differences between the parties involved. In 2004 a committee was re-formed and re-structured under the title of "The Working Group for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw".

text: In 1990, the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA,

text: ) established the Permanent Committee for the Recovery of Spix's Macaw, called CPRAA, and its Ararinha Azul project (Little Blue Macaw project) in order to conserve the species. At that time, the known captive population of Spix's stood at 15, and one in the wild. Early 1990 was the low point for conservation of the Spix. The Permanent Committee was dissolved in 2002 due to irreconcilable differences between the parties involved. In 2004 a committee was re-formed and re-structured under the title of "The Working Group for the Recovery of the Spix's Macaw".

text: In the North American Deserts there are emerging natural resources within the ecosystem. A few natural resources within the desert consist of oil, sunlight, copper, zinc, and water. Some of these resources are renewable and some are non-renewable. Most of these resources are being exploited by humans and most actions are not sustainable.Sunlight is one of the deserts most important resource as it is renewable and has sustainable exploitations. Deserts within North America tend to have fields of solar panels, so they can reuse the sun as energy. Areas such as New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and the Great Basin area, put up fields for green energy. We monitored how the sun provides energy for resources such as plants and animals; we decided to make solar panels to produce energy for us. Water is also a resource found in the desert that can be reused and has sustainable exploitations.

text: The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to sustainable development and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.

text: The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to

text: sustainable development

text: and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.

text: The Itaituba I National Forest was created by decree nº 2.481 of 2 February 1998.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.Law 12678 of 25 June 2012 amended the limits of the Amazônia, Campos Amazônicos and Mapinguari national parks, the Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Crepori national forests and the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area.All were reduced in size except the Campos Amazônicos.Itaituba I was reduced by .

text: The Itaituba I National Forest was created by decree nº 2.481 of 2 February 1998.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) with the objective of sustainable multiple use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.Law 12678 of 25 June 2012 amended the limits of the

text: Amazônia

text: Campos Amazônicos

text: and

text: Mapinguari

text: national parks, the Itaituba I,

text: Itaituba II

text: and

text: Crepori

text: national forests and the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area.All were reduced in size except the Campos Amazônicos.Itaituba I was reduced by .

text: 2008 Secretary of the Army, Environmental Security Award"Natural Resources Conservation- Large Installation"

text: Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of economy of societies, management of energy resources has become very crucial. Energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources more effectively that is with minimum incremental costs. Many times it is possible to save expenditure on energy without incorporating fresh technology by simple management techniques. Most often energy management is the practice of using energy more efficiently by eliminating energy wastage or to balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness with energy conservation.

text: Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of economy of societies, management of energy resources has become very crucial. Energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources more effectively that is with minimum incremental costs. Many times it is possible to save expenditure on energy without incorporating fresh

text: technology

text: by simple

text: management

text: techniques. Most often energy management is the practice of using energy more efficiently by eliminating energy wastage or to balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness with

text: energy conservation

text: These principles can be applied to non-military uses when Unity of command is separated into coordination and reality, Economy of Force is redefined as use of resources, Mass is separated into renewable and non-renewable resources, and relationships are separated from unity of command.

text: In a 2007 article, Michael Munger, chairman of political science at Duke University, wrote that "if recycling is more expensive than using new materials, it can't possibly be efficient.... There is a simple test for determining whether something is a resource... or just garbage... If someone will pay you for the item, it's a resource.... But if you have to pay someone to take the item away,... then the item is garbage."

text: In a 2007 article, Michael Munger, chairman of political science at

text: Duke University

text: , wrote that "if recycling is more expensive than using new materials, it can't possibly be efficient.... There is a simple test for determining whether something is a resource... or just garbage... If someone will pay you for the item, it's a resource.... But if you have to pay someone to take the item away,... then the item is garbage."

text: Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind.  He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping.  His leadership put conservation of forests high on America's priority list.

text: Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term

text: conservation ethic

text: as applied to natural resources. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind.  He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping.  His leadership put conservation of forests high on America's priority list.

text: Coalbed methane is considered a non-renewable resource, although the Alberta Research Council, Alberta Geological Survey and others have argued coalbed methane is a renewable resource because the bacterial action that formed the methane is ongoing. This is subject to debate since it has also been shown that the dewatering that accompanies CBM production destroys the conditions needed for the bacteria to produce methane and the rate of formation of additional methane is undetermined.  This debate is currently causing a right of ownership issue in the Canadian province of Alberta, as only non-renewable resources can legally be owned by the province.

text: Coalbed methane is considered a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , although the

text: Alberta Research Council

text: Alberta Geological Survey

text: and others have argued coalbed methane is a

text: renewable resource

text: because the bacterial action that formed the methane is ongoing. This is subject to debate since it has also been shown that the dewatering that accompanies CBM production destroys the conditions needed for the bacteria to produce methane and the rate of formation of additional methane is undetermined.  This debate is currently causing a

text: right of ownership

text: issue in the

text: Canadian

text: province of

text: Alberta

text: , as only non-renewable resources can legally be owned by the province.

text: "By using more efficient building methods and materials, it is estimated that we could reduce the energy, resource consumption and / or waste production by 50-60% without decreasing value, aesthetics or function." Taking the Earth's finite resources into consideration, along with acknowledging that manufactured products, including all building materials, affect the Earth’s resources, it is becoming very important to make sensible decisions regarding the use of these limited resources to preserve our natural environment along with human civilization.  Increased use of resource efficient construction materials and methods will help to induce more sustainable practices throughout the building and construction industry.

text: Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called zero ecological footprint, wherein human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

text: Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called

text: zero ecological footprint

text: , wherein human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

text: State departments of natural resources and conservation develop, maintain, and manage public lands across the nation. Special regulations and rules apply on all wildlife management areas across the United States. Wildlife management areas are accessible to the public for many recreational uses. Hunters and campers enjoy the land to harvest wild game on a legal basis. Hunting is permitted on wildlife management areas but there are rules and regulations. A valid hunting license is required, and often a wildlife management area land use permit is also required. Along with public use of the wildlife management areas, State departments of natural resources provide necessary management to upkeep the land. The management techniques within a wildlife management area include developing habitat for wildlife along with conserving the natural land resources. Land resources within a wildlife management area are conserved by not allowing the harvest of tree species or alteration of the land in any way.

text: State departments of natural resources and conservation develop, maintain, and manage public lands across the nation. Special regulations and rules apply on all

text: wildlife management area

text: s across the United States. Wildlife management areas are accessible to the public for many recreational uses. Hunters and campers enjoy the land to harvest wild game on a legal basis. Hunting is permitted on wildlife management areas but there are rules and regulations. A valid hunting license is required, and often a wildlife management area land use permit is also required. Along with public use of the wildlife management areas, State departments of natural resources provide necessary management to upkeep the land. The management techniques within a wildlife management area include developing habitat for wildlife along with conserving the natural land resources. Land resources within a wildlife management area are conserved by not allowing the harvest of tree species or alteration of the land in any way.

text: Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (alcohols containing at least two hydroxyl groups), such as ethylene glycol , propylene glycol and glycerol. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as automobile antifreeze; while propylene glycol has been used to reduce ice formation in ice cream. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by cryobiologists to reduce ice formation in sperm, oocytes, and embryos that are cold-preserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival. Trehalose is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely.

text: Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (

text: alcohol

text: s containing at least two

text: hydroxyl

text: groups), such as

text: ethylene glycol

text: propylene glycol

text: and

text: glycerol

text: Ethylene glycol

text: is commonly used as automobile

text: antifreeze

text: ; while

text: propylene glycol

text: has been used to reduce ice formation in

text: ice cream

text: Dimethyl sulfoxide

text: (DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by

text: cryobiologist

text: s to reduce ice formation in

text: sperm

text: oocyte

text: s, and

text: embryo

text: s that are cold-preserved in

text: liquid nitrogen

entity_name: Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources

text: Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources

text: is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival.

text: Trehalose

text: is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely.

text: While this field of the law is still in its infancy, it is in an era of rapid change and development.  Arguably the resources of space are infinite.  If commercial space transportation becomes widely available, with substantially lower launch costs, then all countries will be able to directly reap the benefits of space resources.  In that situation, it seems likely that consensus will be much easier to achieve with respect to commercial development and human settlement of outer space. High costs are not the only factor preventing the economic exploitation of space: it is argued that space should be considered as a pristine environment worthy of protection and conservation, and that the legal regime for space should further protect it from being used as a resource for Earth's needs.  Debate is also focused on whether space should continue to be legally defined as part of the “common heritage of man,” and therefore unavailable for national claims, or whether its legal definition should be changed to allow private property in space.

text: A component of the Solano Land Trust located at Rush Ranch is the Rush Ranch Educational Council, more commonly known as RREC.  RREC is an all volunteer, non-profit organization that offers an educational program to 3rd and 4th grade students who visit the ranch on field trips. The program is offered at no charge, made possible by a grant from the Nature Conservancy in partnership with the Solano Land Trust. The program—designed to meet California K-12 education standards for history-social studies—teaches children about the original inhabitants of the ranch, the Patwin Indians, on a recreated Patwin village located on the ranch.  The interactive program is divided into six stations, each focused on a facet of Patwin culture and daily life. At these stations, RREC docents use replicated tools and materials to demonstrate the ways in which the Patwins were able to thrive and ensure generational survival using seasonally available resources and by employing sustainable harvesting and natural resource conservation.

text: A component of the Solano Land Trust located at Rush Ranch is the Rush Ranch Educational Council, more commonly known as RREC.  RREC is an all volunteer, non-profit organization that offers an educational program to 3rd and 4th grade students who visit the ranch on field trips. The program is offered at no charge, made possible by a grant from the Nature Conservancy in partnership with the Solano Land Trust. The program—designed to meet California K-12 education standards for history-social studies—teaches children about the original inhabitants of the ranch, the Patwin Indians, on a recreated Patwin village located on the ranch.  The interactive program is divided into six stations, each focused on a facet of Patwin culture and daily life. At these stations, RREC

text: docents

text: use replicated tools and materials to demonstrate the ways in which the Patwins were able to thrive and ensure generational survival using seasonally available resources and by employing sustainable harvesting and natural resource conservation.

text: Initially, the fund received 30 per cent of Alberta's non-renewable resource royalties.  Over time, successive Conservative governments propped up dubious ventures in domestic ventures ranging from forestry to aviation and food processing.

text: Initially, the fund received 30 per cent of Alberta's

text: non-renewable resource

text: royalties.  Over time, successive Conservative governments propped up dubious ventures in domestic ventures ranging from forestry to aviation and food processing.

text: Resources are scarce and it is important to use them as efficiently as possible. Thus, it is essential to know if the production and distribution of national product made by an economy is maximally efficient. The production becomes efficient only if the productive resources are utilized in such a way that any reallocation does not produce more of one good without reducing the output of any other good. In other words, efficient distribution means that redistributing goods cannot make anyone better off without making someone else worse off. (See Pareto efficiency.)

text: Resources are scarce and it is important to use them as efficiently as possible. Thus, it is essential to know if the production and distribution of national product made by an economy is maximally efficient. The production becomes efficient only if the productive resources are utilized in such a way that any reallocation does not produce more of one good without reducing the output of any other good. In other words, efficient distribution means that redistributing goods cannot make anyone better off without making someone else worse off. (See

text: Pareto efficiency

text: In essence, projects, such as reforestation, create a viable market of eco-friendly services mutually beneficial to landowners, businesses and society, and most importantly, the environment. Nonetheless, such creative plans will be necessary in the near future as the United States struggles to maintain a positive balance between society and the finite natural resources of the nation. Ultimately, through dedicated research, eco-friendly practices of land management, and efforts to educate the public regarding the necessity of conservation, those individuals dedicated to American conservation seek to preserve the nation's natural resources.

text: The metaphor illustrates the argument that free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately reduces the resource through over-exploitation, temporarily or permanently. This occurs because the benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals or groups, each of whom is motivated to maximize use of the resource to the point in which they become reliant on it, while the costs of the exploitation are borne by all those to whom the resource is available (which may be a wider class of individuals than those who are exploiting it). This, in turn, causes demand for the resource to increase, which causes the problem to snowball until the resource collapses (even if it retains a capacity to recover). The rate at which depletion of the resource is realized depends primarily on three factors: the number of users wanting to consume the common in question, the consumptiveness of their uses, and the relative robustness of the common.

text: The metaphor illustrates the argument that free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately reduces the resource through

text: over-exploitation

text: , temporarily or permanently. This occurs because the benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals or groups, each of whom is motivated to maximize use of the resource to the point in which they become reliant on it, while the costs of the exploitation are borne by all those to whom the resource is available (which may be a wider class of individuals than those who are exploiting it). This, in turn, causes demand for the resource to increase, which causes the problem to snowball until the resource collapses (even if it retains a capacity to recover). The rate at which depletion of the resource is realized depends primarily on three factors: the number of users wanting to consume the common in question, the consumptiveness of their uses, and the relative robustness of the common.

text: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines OER as: "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students, and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning, and research. OER includes learning content, software tools to develop, use, and distribute content, and implementation resources such as open licences". (This is the definition cited by Wikipedia's sister project, Wikiversity.) By way of comparison, the Commonwealth of Learning "has adopted the widest definition of Open Educational Resources (OER) as 'materials offered freely and openly to use and adapt for teaching, learning, development and research'". The WikiEducator project suggests that OER refers "to educational resources (lesson plans, quizzes, syllabi, instructional modules, simulations, etc.) that are freely available for use, reuse, adaptation, and sharing'.

text: The

entity_name: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: (OECD) defines OER as: "digitised materials offered freely and openly for educators, students, and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning, and research. OER includes learning content, software tools to develop, use, and distribute content, and implementation resources such as open licences". (This is the definition cited by Wikipedia's sister project,

text: Wikiversity

text: .) By way of comparison, the

text: Commonwealth of Learning

text: "has adopted the widest definition of Open Educational Resources (OER) as 'materials offered freely and openly to use and adapt for teaching, learning, development and research'". The

text: WikiEducator

text: project suggests that OER refers "to educational resources (lesson plans, quizzes, syllabi, instructional modules, simulations, etc.) that are freely available for use, reuse, adaptation, and sharing'.

text: Henry Kissinger appointed Tom to the role of Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs in 1973.  Tom’s job was to corral the allies into a common approach to the energy crisis and prevent bilateralism from gaining the upper hand. The US spearheaded the International Energy Program (IEP) Agreement, underpinned by the International Energy Agency(IEA), which still exists today, as a counterweight to OPEC. To make the US credible on the IEA, Congress adopted our first energy legislation in 1975 promoting conservation, renewable and alternative energy resources.

text: Henry Kissinger

text: appointed Tom to the role of

entity_name: Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs

text: Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs

text: in 1973.  Tom’s job was to corral the allies into a common approach to the energy crisis and prevent bilateralism from gaining the upper hand. The US spearheaded the International Energy Program (IEP) Agreement, underpinned by the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA), which still exists today, as a counterweight to

text: OPEC

text: . To make the US credible on the IEA, Congress adopted our first energy legislation in 1975 promoting conservation, renewable and alternative energy resources.

text: To ensure the provision of adequate, secure and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous energy resources both non-renewable and renewable energy resources using the latest cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country.

text: To ensure the provision of adequate, secure and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous

text: energy resource

text: s both

text: non-renewable

text: and

text: renewable energy resources

text: using the latest cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country.

text: The RC&D Program is a nationwide USDA program administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).  The purpose of the RC&D program is to accelerate the conservation, development, and utilization of natural resources, improve the general level of economic activity, and to enhance the environment and standard of living in designated RC&D areas.  Current program objectives focus on improvement of quality of life achieved through natural resources conservation and community development which leads to sustainable communities, prudent use (development), and the management and conservation of natural resources.

text: The Mabuchi Group changed the layout of its factories and the production process aiming to improve productivity and energy conservation, while reducing electricity and water usage and CO2 emissions at the same time. In addition, Mabuchi has improved the yield percentage of material for efficient use of resources. The company is also analyzing the content and volume of waste across the Group and working on reduction as well as improvements in the recycling rate toward zero emissions. In terms of environmentally hazardous substances, Mabuchi is rolling out production activities based on the motto "do not include, do not mix, do not emit" hazardous substances. Mabuchi Motor's procurement is conducted globally, and in purchasing various types of materials, the company promotes green procurement, giving priority to purchasing products from business partners who are working on environmental preservation. On the production and shipment front, Mabuchi aims to minimize use of fuel and resources at storage locations by locating its warehouses close to its customers.

text: The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation, classed Loango National Park as a faunal reserve and protected area for conservation.

text: The

text: World Conservation Union

text: or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation, classed Loango National Park as a faunal reserve and protected area for conservation.

text: Toro Negro is a protected area under the law.  The forest has a protected status of "IV" ("Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources") according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) convention. Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources.

text: Toro Negro is a

text: protected area

text: under the law.  The forest has a protected status of "IV" ("Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources") according to the

text: International Union for the Conservation of Nature

text: (IUCN) convention. Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the

text: Today's wise use coalition has appropriated a nineteenth-century term. According to historian Douglas McCleery, the idea of "conservation as wise use" of natural resources began with conservation leader Gifford Pinchot in the late nineteenth century. The original "wise use" movement was a product of the Progressive Era, and included the concept of multiple use—public land can be used simultaneously for recreation, for timber, for mining, and for wildlife habitat. The multiple-use and wise use concepts advocated by Pinchot reflected the view that nature's resources should be scientifically managed so as "to protect the basic productivity of the land and its ability to serve future generations."

text: Today's wise use coalition has appropriated a nineteenth-century term. According to historian Douglas McCleery, the idea of "conservation as wise use" of natural resources began with conservation leader Gifford Pinchot in the late nineteenth century. The original "wise use" movement was a product of the

text: Progressive Era

text: , and included the concept of multiple use—public land can be used simultaneously for recreation, for timber, for mining, and for wildlife habitat. The multiple-use and wise use concepts advocated by Pinchot reflected the view that nature's resources should be scientifically managed so as "to protect the basic productivity of the land and its ability to serve future generations."

text: Abiotic resources are obtained from the non-living and non-organic material. Some of the resources like Water and Air are Renewable. Other resources like Minerals are Non-renewable and exhaustible because they cannot be regenerated.[10] Minerals have many categories like Metallic, Non-Metallic and Minor minerals.

text: Conduit works by having a collection of data providers and data conversions. Data providers can represent all sorts of resources, such as an MP3 player attached to a computer, a website, or a program residing on a computer. They have data types, such as image, contact, or note, and are also defined to be either a source, a sink, or both. When the user tries to connect a source data provider and a sink data provider, Conduit will try to allow this connection using the conversions it has available to it. Conduit uses a number of fundamental data types so that a conversion only has to be created once, and can be reused for any data providers that use that data type.

text: Conduit works by having a collection of data providers and data conversions. Data providers can represent all sorts of resources, such as an MP3 player attached to a computer, a website, or a program residing on a computer. They have data types, such as image, contact, or note, and are also defined to be either a

text: source

text: , a

text: sink

text: , or both. When the user tries to connect a source data provider and a sink data provider, Conduit will try to allow this connection using the conversions it has available to it. Conduit uses a number of fundamental data types so that a conversion only has to be created once, and can be reused for any data providers that use that data type.

text: Qualitatively, this basically states that the relative amount of non-renewable resources decreases, the amount capital required to extract the resources increases.  To more deeply examine this table requires examining the equation that it comes from,

text: Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes  e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Renewable energy

text: refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes  e.g.

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: biomass

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: and

text: geothermal heat

text: . Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas:

text: electricity generation

text: hot water

text: space heating

text: motor fuel

text: s, and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: In January 2011, The Nature Conservancy and the Dow Chemical Co. announced a collaboration to integrate the value of nature into business decision-making. Scientists, engineers, and economists from The Nature Conservancy and Dow are working together at three pilot sites (North America, Latin America, and TBD) to implement and refine models that support corporate decision-making related to the value and resources nature provides. Those ecosystem services include water, land, air, oceans and a variety of plant and animal life. These sites will serve as a "living laboratories", to validate and test methods and models so they can be used to inform more sustainable business decisions at Dow, with a goal to influence the decision-making and business practices of other companies.

text: Creation of the reserve was urged since 2005 by the people of Cassurubá to protect the livelihoods and culture of 300 families who collect shellfish there, including protection of the mangroves.The Cassurubá Extractive Reserve was created by presidential decree on 5 June 2009.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It became part of the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor, created in 2002.It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The purpose is to protect livelihoods and ensure conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by extractive population in the area.

text: Creation of the reserve was urged since 2005 by the people of Cassurubá to protect the livelihoods and culture of 300 families who collect shellfish there, including protection of the mangroves.The Cassurubá Extractive Reserve was created by presidential decree on 5 June 2009.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It became part of the

text: , created in 2002.It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).The purpose is to protect livelihoods and ensure conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by extractive population in the area.

text: Some markets can fail due to the nature of the goods being exchanged. For instance, goods can display the attributes of public goods or common goods, wherein sellers are unable to exclude non-buyers from using a product, as in the development of inventions that may spread freely once revealed.  This can cause underinvestment because developers cannot capture enough of the benefits from success to make the development effort worthwhile. This can also lead to resource depletion in the case of common-pool resources, where, because use of the resource is rival but non-excludable, there is no incentive for users to conserve the resource. An example of this is a lake with a natural supply of fish: if people catch the fish faster than they can reproduce, then the fish population will dwindle until there are no fish left for future generations.

text: Some markets can fail due to the nature of the goods being exchanged. For instance, goods can display the attributes of

text: public goods

text: or

text: common good

text: s, wherein sellers are unable to

text: exclude

text: non-buyers from using a product, as in the development of inventions that may spread freely once revealed.  This can cause underinvestment because developers cannot capture enough of the benefits from success to make the development effort worthwhile. This can also lead to resource depletion in the case of

text: common-pool resource

text: s, where, because use of the resource is

text: rival

text: but

text: non-excludable

text: , there is no incentive for users to conserve the resource. An example of this is a lake with a natural supply of fish: if people catch the fish faster than they can reproduce, then the fish population will dwindle until there are no fish left for future generations.

text: Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not for defining the boundaries of the resource. The resources are managed by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used depending on local condition.

text: As of 1993 APAs were defined as areas where wildlife, genetic diversity and other natural resources were to be conserved through adequate and sustainable use for the benefit of the local population, following a management plan to harmonise the various human activities.The APA was the closest concept to the Biosphere Reserve in Brazilian law, the main difference being that a strictly protected core zone was not required.However the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) was drawing up new definitions that would include the requirement for core zones in APAs.

text: As of 1993 APAs were defined as areas where wildlife, genetic diversity and other natural resources were to be conserved through adequate and sustainable use for the benefit of the local population, following a management plan to harmonise the various human activities.The APA was the closest concept to the

text: Biosphere Reserve

text: in Brazilian law, the main difference being that a strictly protected core zone was not required.However the

text: (IBAMA) was drawing up new definitions that would include the requirement for core zones in APAs.

text: Mining lease ML1117, the largest expired lease, contains the extensive Enterprise dredge mine, with a surface area of  and a depth of . The application process for the renewal of mining leases requires the Minister for Mines for the Queensland government to consider future land uses of the area covered by the expired mining lease, under special section 286A of the Mineral Resources Act. The Minister can not renew an expired lease if further mining would be inappropriate having regard to future uses of the land. Since it was last renewed in 1986, parts of ML1117 had been included in the national estate because of its high conservation value, parts had been included in the Moreton Bay RAMSAR protected wetland  and all of it was for inclusion in a future national park. Conservationists foresaw there existed a strong argument that further mining would have been totally inappopriate, given regard for future and continuing land uses and therefore the lease ML1117 could not be renewed under the Mineral Resources Act. Under Queensland law, a ministerial decision to renew ML1117 would have allowed a right to judicial review of the decision in the Queensland Supreme Court by indigenous owners, the Quandamooka people of NSI, and conservationists. These parties had publicly flagged they would certainly use that right, given the good prospects of overturning the lease renewal decision upon judicial review, and bringing about the cessation of sand mining on the island around 2014.

text: Waste charges are used for the research and development of technology to reduce the weight of waste and recycle waste, the installation of waste disposal facilities, financing for waste recycling projects, financial support for local governments to collect and recycle waste, and the purchase and storage of recyclable resources.

text: A unique dimension to the film is the Christian concept of taking dominion (Genesis 1:28, repeating, in command form, the part of God's plan also contained in Genesis 1:26). The Dominion Mandate, the idea, is not to be confused with Dominionism or Dominion Theology, both of which are rooted in that concept. In Christianity, taking dominion (using the earth and its resources for the needs of man and to the glory of God) is the corollary of Biblical stewardship (conserving those resources for later use or for aesthetic reasons and to the glory of God), both concepts being primarily derived from the passage in Genesis. The preceding two verses, Genesis 1:26, 27

text: A unique dimension to the film is the Christian concept of taking dominion (

text: Genesis

text: , repeating, in

text: command

text: form

text: , the part of

text: God's plan

text: also contained in Genesis 1:26). The

text: Dominion Mandate

text: , the idea, is not to be confused with

text: Dominionism

text: or

text: Dominion Theology

text: , both of which are rooted in that concept. In

text: Christianity

text: , taking dominion (using the earth and its

text: resources

text: for the

text: needs

text: of

text: man

text: and to the

text: glory of God

text: ) is the corollary of

text: Biblical stewardship

text: (conserving those resources for later use or for

text: aesthetic

text: reasons and to the glory of

text: God

text: ), both concepts being primarily derived from the passage in Genesis. The preceding two verses, Genesis 1:26, 27

text: Consumer resources exist for exchanging usable materials, such as freecycling sites which are often grassroots and entirely nonprofit movements of people who are giving (and getting) stuff for free in their own towns. It's all about reuse and keeping good stuff out of landfills. Membership is normally free. In, addition, there are directory-based resources such as RecycleChicken.com which point consumers to local and national locations for reuse and repurposing of materials not normally accepted in recycling programs.

text: Consumer resources exist for exchanging usable materials, such as

text: freecycling

text: sites which are often grassroots and entirely nonprofit movements of people who are giving (and getting) stuff for free in their own towns. It's all about reuse and keeping good stuff out of landfills. Membership is normally free. In, addition, there are directory-based resources such as RecycleChicken.com which point consumers to local and national locations for reuse and repurposing of materials not normally accepted in

text: recycling

text: programs.

text: The intent of a green building design is to curtail the demand on non-renewable resources, amplify utilization efficiency of these resources when in use, and augment the reuse, recycling, and consumption of renewable resources.

text: The intent of a

text: green building

text: design is to curtail the demand on non-renewable resources, amplify utilization efficiency of these resources when in use, and augment the reuse, recycling, and consumption of renewable resources.

text: In Jamaica and certain parts of the Caribbean (where it is only known as Crocus) many enslaved Africans who used to work on the plantations were not often given pleasant materials with which to make clothes. Some had access to cotton which was spun, woven, cut and sewn into serviceable clothing (often called homespun) whilst others had to make do with clothing fashioned from roughly hewn sacking. Enslaved Africans used their resourcefulness to recycle discarded sacking and fashion them into garments that although fairly uncomfortable by all accounts provided protection from the heat and dust. A traditional costume of Jamaican Maroons uses fabric very similar to this material as a way of drawing an affinity and play homage to the resourcefulness and creativity of their enslaved ancestors who gained freedom. For the rest of the population, it is used to make bags for carrying loads of coffee and other items edible or not.

text: But shifting the focus of sustainable development from conservation to development has had the imperceptible effect of stretching the original forest management term of sustainable yield from the use of renewable resources only (like forestry), to now also accounting for the use of non-renewable resources (like minerals). This stretching of the term has been questioned. Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall 'sustainable development' in an industrialised world economy that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of Earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources:

text: But shifting the focus of sustainable development from conservation to development has had the imperceptible effect of stretching the original forest management term of

text: sustainable yield

text: from the use of renewable resources only (like forestry), to now also accounting for the use of non-renewable resources (like

text: minerals

text: ). This stretching of the term has been questioned. Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall 'sustainable development' in an industrialised

text: world economy

text: that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of Earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources:

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the impala as a species of least concern overall; the black-faced impala, however, is classified as a vulnerable species; as of 2008, fewer than 1,000 individuals are estimated in the wild. Though there are no major threats to the survival of the common impala, poaching and natural calamities have significantly contributed to the decline of the black-faced impala. As of 2008, the population of the common impala has been estimated at around two million. According to some studies, translocation of the black-faced impala can be highly beneficial in its conservation.

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (

text: IUCN

text: ) classifies the impala as a

text: species of least concern

text: overall; the black-faced impala, however, is classified as a

text: vulnerable species

text: ; as of 2008, fewer than 1,000 individuals are estimated in the wild. Though there are no major threats to the survival of the common impala, poaching and natural calamities have significantly contributed to the decline of the black-faced impala. As of 2008, the population of the common impala has been estimated at around two million. According to some studies,

text: translocation

text: of the black-faced impala can be highly beneficial in its conservation.

text: In a 2002 article for The Heartland Institute, Jerry Taylor, director of natural resource studies at the Cato Institute, wrote, "If it costs X to deliver newly manufactured plastic to the market, for example, but it costs 10X to deliver reused plastic to the market, we can conclude the resources required to recycle plastic are 10 times more scarce than the resources required to make plastic from scratch. And because recycling is supposed to be about the conservation of resources, mandating recycling under those circumstances will do more harm than good."

text: In a 2002 article for The Heartland Institute, Jerry Taylor, director of natural resource studies at the

text: Cato Institute

text: , wrote, "If it costs X to deliver newly manufactured plastic to the market, for example, but it costs 10X to deliver reused plastic to the market, we can conclude the resources required to recycle plastic are 10 times more scarce than the resources required to make plastic from scratch. And because recycling is supposed to be about the conservation of resources, mandating recycling under those circumstances will do more harm than good."

text: The need for resources that can be continuously reused creates the need for more safe, sustainable, and consumer multiple-user friendly products. The organizations that are formed to coordinate the collective resource certainly procure the best resources, as a collective they are able to afford the resources as well. Finished consumer products within any market are made from materials that are created in specific conditions that permit a cost-effective creation. While this often reduces the cost as much as possible, it also increase the impact of the product through the globalized translation of sustainability and shipment miles. By collaboratively consuming, communities can not only afford better resources, but also avoid the impacts created by having every financially able community member consume the resource individually.

text: Although the Pine Creek Gorge was clearcut in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it is now covered by second growth forest, thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s. The park is named for Leonard Harrison, a Wellsboro lumberman who cut the timber there, then established the park, which he donated to the state in 1922. The CCC improved the park and built many of its original facilities. Since a successful publicity campaign in 1936, the park has been a popular tourist destination and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Leonard Harrison State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) Bureau of Parks for its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks" list, which praised its "spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge, also known as Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon".

text: Although the Pine Creek Gorge was

text: clearcut

text: in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it is now covered by

text: second growth forest

text: , thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the

text: Civilian Conservation Corps

text: (CCC) in the 1930s. The park is named for

text: Leonard Harrison

text: , a Wellsboro lumberman who cut the timber there, then established the park, which he donated to the state in 1922. The CCC improved the park and built many of its original facilities. Since a successful publicity campaign in 1936, the park has been a popular tourist destination and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Leonard Harrison State Park was chosen by the

text: (DCNR) Bureau of Parks for its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks" list, which praised its "spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge, also known as Pennsylvania's Grand Canyon".

text: A common application is to natural resource investments.  Here, the underlying asset is the resource itself; the value of the asset is a function of both quantity of resource available and the price of the commodity in question.  The value of the resource is then the difference between the value of the asset and the cost associated with developing the resource. Where positive ("in the money") management will undertake the development, and will not do so otherwise, and a resource project is thus effectively a call option.  A resource firm may (should) therefore also be analysed using the options approach. Specifically, the value of the firm comprises the value of already active projects determined via DCF valuation (or other standard techniques) and undeveloped reserves as analysed using the real options framework. See Mineral economics.

text: A common application is to

text: natural resource

text: investments.  Here, the

text: underlying asset

text: is the resource itself; the value of the asset is a function of both quantity of resource available and the

text: price of the commodity in question

text: .  The value of the resource is then the difference between the value of the asset and the cost associated with

entity_section: Development mining vs. production mining

text: developing the resource

text: . Where positive ("

text: in the money

text: ") management will undertake the development, and will not do so otherwise, and a resource project is thus effectively a

text: call option

text: .  A

text: resource firm

text: may (should) therefore also be analysed using the options approach. Specifically, the value of the firm comprises the value of already active projects determined via DCF valuation (or

text: other standard techniques

text: ) and undeveloped reserves as analysed using the

text: real options

text: framework. See

text: Mineral economics

text: Most free-market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention because they waste resources. Terry Anderson and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated, and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs. Daniel K. Benjamin argues that it wastes people's resources and lowers the wealth of a population.

text: Most free-market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention because they waste resources.

text: Terry Anderson

text: and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated, and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs.

text: Daniel K. Benjamin

text: argues that it wastes people's resources and lowers the wealth of a population.

text: Renewable energy and energy efficiency are no longer niche sectors that are promoted only by governments and environmentalists. The increasing levels of investment and that more of the capital is from conventional financial actors, both suggest that sustainable energy has become mainstream and the future of energy production, as non-renewable resources decline. This is reinforced by climate change concerns, nuclear dangers and accumulating radioactive waste, high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support for renewable energy. These factors are commercializing renewable energy, enlarging the market and growing demand, the adoption of new products to replace obsolete technology and the conversion of existing infrastructure to a renewable standard.

text: Renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: are no longer niche

text: sector

text: s that are promoted only by governments and environmentalists. The increasing levels of investment and that more of the capital is from conventional financial actors, both suggest that sustainable energy has become mainstream and the future of energy production, as non-renewable resources decline. This is reinforced by

text: climate change

text: concerns, nuclear dangers and accumulating radioactive waste,

text: high oil prices

text: peak oil

text: and increasing government support for renewable energy. These factors are

text: commercializing renewable energy

text: , enlarging the market and growing demand, the adoption of new products to replace obsolete technology and the conversion of existing infrastructure to a renewable standard.

text: Resources include water, sources of energy, land and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. Lack of resources is a serious challenge for Japan to overcome to increase its national power. In the Persian Gulf War of 1991, fought over economic issues, Iraq captured Kuwait in order to capture its oil wells, among other reasons. Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including the two nuclear powers, India and Pakistan. Nations attempt to attain energy and natural resource security by acquiring the needed resources by force, negotiation and commerce.

text: Resources include water, sources of energy, land and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. Lack of resources is a serious challenge for

text: Japan

text: to overcome to increase its national power. In the

text: Persian Gulf War

text: of 1991, fought over economic issues,

text: Iraq

text: captured

text: Kuwait

text: in order to capture its oil wells, among other reasons. Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including the two nuclear powers,

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: . Nations attempt to attain energy and natural resource security by acquiring the needed resources by force, negotiation and commerce.

text: Resource consumption is about the consumption of non-renewable, or less often, renewable resources. Specifically, it may refer to:

text: Resource consumption is about the

text: consumption

text: of

text: non-renewable

text: , or less often,

text: renewable resource

text: s. Specifically, it may refer to:

text: There is considerable debate about whether the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate is correct, and of the relevance of Jevons's paradox to energy conservation policy. Most governments, environmentalists and NGOs pursue policies that improve efficiency, holding that it will lower resource consumption and reduce environmental problems. Others, including many environmental economists, doubt this 'efficiency strategy' towards sustainability, and worry that efficiency gains may in fact lead to higher production and consumption. They hold that for resource use to fall, efficiency gains should be coupled with other policies that limit resource use.

text: There is considerable debate about whether the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate is correct, and of the relevance of Jevons's paradox to

text: energy conservation

text: policy. Most governments, environmentalists and NGOs pursue policies that improve efficiency, holding that it will lower resource consumption and reduce environmental problems. Others, including many

text: environmental economists

text: , doubt this 'efficiency strategy' towards

text: sustainability

text: , and worry that efficiency gains may in fact lead to higher production and consumption. They hold that for resource use to fall, efficiency gains should be coupled with other policies that limit resource use.

text: The reserve was created in response to a request to IBAMA in 2001 by the local extractive community association for the right to occupy the land and to expel communities that were degrading the environment.The Médio Purus Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 8 May 2008.It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It aims to protect the livelihoods of the traditional residents and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by these communities.

text: The reserve was created in response to a request to IBAMA in 2001 by the local extractive community association for the right to occupy the land and to expel communities that were degrading the environment.The Médio Purus Extractive Reserve was created by federal decree on 8 May 2008.It is administered by the

text: (ICMBio).It is classed as

text: IUCN protected area category

text: VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).It aims to protect the livelihoods of the traditional residents and ensure the use and conservation of renewable natural resources traditionally used by these communities.

text: An integrated approach to land and water resources management requires participatory planning with the people, to develop systems and treatment measures that are most suitable to the resources available.  The technologies that PRADAN has developed are simple and labour-intensive and best suited to the people they are designed to serve.PRADAN’s integrated approach to natural resource management (INRM) calls for the efficient management of soil, water and vegetation resources, yet maintaining a livelihood focus.  INRM recognises that uncontrolled, unplanned and unscientific use of natural resources results in their decline.  Therefore, managing natural resources calls for proper land use while protecting it from erosion; enhanced productivity while maintaining soil fertility; and water harvesting and conservation.

text: Resource Management System, as defined in the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 2001), is a system of conservation practices and management specified in the field office technical guide of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) that is designed to prevent resource degradation and permit sustained use of natural resources.

text: Resource Management System, as defined in the

entity_name: Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002

text: 2002 farm bill

text: (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 2001), is a system of conservation practices and management specified in the field office technical guide of the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: (NRCS) that is designed to prevent resource degradation and permit sustained use of natural resources.

text: Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva are often characterized by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.

text: Particular areas such as

text: the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva

text: are often characterized by the

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: geodiversity

text: existent in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and

text: air

text: , as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as

text: metal ore

text: s,

text: petroleum

text: , and most forms of energy.

text: So, for example, shale gas is secondary non-renewable. Wind is a primary renewable.

text: Conservation and prudent use of natural resources for the benefit of society.

text: Relief International’s food and agriculture programming embraces environmental awareness by incorporating climate change, natural resource management, and conservation principles into projects that improve global food security. By increasing communities' knowledge of sound agricultural methods suitable to the regional landscape, cultural needs, and environment concerns, Relief International empowers farmers how to diversify viable crops, make the best use of the local growing season, and preserve local natural resources. The result is communities that can produce nutritious food for themselves in a sustainable way.

text: The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is a continent-wide agreement signed in 1968. It supersedes the Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State of 1933 and has been superseded by the African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (revised) signed in Maputo in 2003.

text: The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is a continent-wide agreement signed in 1968. It supersedes the

entity_name: Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State

text: Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State

text: of 1933 and has been superseded by the

text: African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (revised)

text: signed in Maputo in 2003.

text: USDA prime farmland designation helps growth management and resource conservation efforts in urban growth areas to use zoning and conservation easements in order to preserve prime farmland resources, maintain local economic diversity, and establish green belts. Nonprofit organizations like American Farmland Trust specialize in helping communities use these techniques.

text: USDA prime farmland designation helps

text: growth management

text: and resource

text: conservation

text: efforts in urban growth areas to use

text: zoning

text: and

text: conservation easements

text: in order to preserve prime farmland resources, maintain local economic diversity, and establish

text: green belt

text: s. Nonprofit organizations like

text: American Farmland Trust

text: specialize in helping communities use these techniques.

text: The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs.  Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g. linear) search algorithm to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for a given task from substantial to close to zero.  In 2009, a study by a physicist at Harvard estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, Google disputed this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produced only 0.2 grams of CO₂.

text: The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs.  Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow (e.g. linear) search algorithm to a fast (e.g. hashed or indexed) search algorithm can reduce resource usage for a given task from substantial to close to zero.  In 2009, a study by a physicist at

text: Harvard

text: estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, Google disputed this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produced only 0.2 grams of CO₂.

text: Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex,  guano, charcoal, wood ash, plant colors as indigo, and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era. Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation, overgrazing or overfishing.

text: Historically, renewable resources like firewood,

text: latex

text: guano

text: charcoal

text: wood ash

text: , plant colors as

text: indigo

text: , and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era. Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in

text: deforestation

text: overgrazing

text: or

text: overfishing

text: The New York State Association for Reduction, Reuse and Recycling is an organization which seeks to promotes use of recycling throughout New York State. It promotes a wide variety of techniques for reuse of resources, and also assists local communities who wish to expand and develop their recycling activities.

text: The New York State Association for Reduction, Reuse and Recycling is an organization which seeks to promotes use of

text: recycling

text: throughout New York State. It promotes a wide variety of techniques for reuse of resources, and also assists local communities who wish to expand and develop their recycling activities.

text: The arquebus was more sensitive to humid weather. At the Battle of Villalar, rebel troops experienced a significant defeat partially due to having a high proportion of arquebusiers in a rainstorm which rendered the weapons useless. Gunpowder also ages much faster than a bolt or an arrow, particularly if improperly stored. Also, the resources needed to make gunpowder were less universally available than the resources needed to make bolts and arrows. Finding and reusing arrows or bolts was a lot easier than doing the same with arquebus bullets. This was a useful way to reduce the cost of practice, or resupply oneself if control of the battlefield after a battle was retained. A bullet must fit a barrel much more precisely than an arrow or bolt must fit a bow, so the arquebus required more standardization and made it harder to resupply by looting bodies of fallen soldiers. Gunpowder production was also far more dangerous than arrow production.

text: The arquebus was more sensitive to humid weather. At the

text: Battle of Villalar

text: , rebel troops experienced a significant defeat partially due to having a high proportion of arquebusiers in a rainstorm which rendered the weapons useless. Gunpowder also ages much faster than a bolt or an arrow, particularly if improperly stored. Also, the resources needed to make gunpowder were less universally available than the resources needed to make bolts and arrows. Finding and reusing arrows or bolts was a lot easier than doing the same with arquebus bullets. This was a useful way to reduce the cost of practice, or resupply oneself if control of the battlefield after a battle was retained. A bullet must fit a barrel much more precisely than an arrow or bolt must fit a bow, so the arquebus required more standardization and made it harder to resupply by looting bodies of fallen soldiers. Gunpowder production was also far more dangerous than arrow production.

text: Recycled resources generate revenues, but they also save energy. How much depends on the material: some materials such as aluminum, carpet, and copper consume so much energy in production, that recycling these energy-intensive products results in large energy savings. For example, a 2005 report by the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that one ton of aluminum can recycling saves 209 million BTUs, which is equivalent to  of oil. The same report provides statistics for other materials: carpeting—106 million Btu ( of crude oil); copper wire—83.1 million Btu (14 barrels); high-density polyethylene milk jugs—51.4 million Btu (8.9 barrels); steel cans—20.5 million Btu (3.5 barrels); newspaper—16.9 million Btu (2.9 barrels); and glass—2.7 million Btu (0.47 barrels)

text: Recycled resources generate revenues, but they also save energy. How much depends on the material: some materials such as

text: aluminum

text: carpet

text: , and

text: copper

text: consume so much energy in production, that recycling these energy-intensive products results in large energy savings. For example, a 2005 report by the

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: estimates that one ton of aluminum can recycling saves 209 million BTUs, which is equivalent to  of oil. The same report provides statistics for other materials: carpeting—106 million Btu ( of crude oil); copper wire—83.1 million Btu (14 barrels);

text: high-density polyethylene

text: milk jugs—51.4 million Btu (8.9 barrels);

text: steel cans

text: —20.5 million Btu (3.5 barrels); newspaper—16.9 million Btu (2.9 barrels); and

text: glass

text: —2.7 million Btu (0.47 barrels)

text: Global agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow bioprospecting or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of biopiracy when such principles are not respected.

text: Global agreements such as the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: , give "sovereign national rights over biological resources" (not property). The agreements commit countries to "conserve biodiversity", "develop resources for sustainability" and "share the benefits" resulting from their use. Biodiverse countries that allow

text: bioprospecting

text: or collection of natural products, expect a share of the benefits rather than allowing the individual or institution that discovers/exploits the resource to capture them privately. Bioprospecting can become a type of

text: biopiracy

text: when such principles are not respected.

text: The Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) was a tax on profits generated from the mining of non-renewable resources in Australia. It was a replacement for the proposed Resource Super Profit Tax (RSPT).

text: The Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) was a tax on profits generated from the mining of

text: non-renewable resource

text: s in Australia. It was a replacement for the proposed Resource Super Profit Tax (RSPT).

text: Zero Carbon Australia Renewable Energy Superpower Report 2015 is Beyond Zero Emissions' estimate of the size and value of Australia's economically demonstrated solar photovoltaic and wind resources situated within 10km of the existing electricity grid. The size of the resource is found to be much larger than non-renewable energy resources, and ranks Australia in the global top 3 for quality - and potential cheapness - of its renewable energy.  The report assesses the worlds clean energy transition and its energy-intensive sectors and then suggests that if it were paired with energy intensive ore and resource-processing industries,  potentially worth billions to the economy, Australia's renewable energy resource would position Australia as a renewable energy superpower with a strong sustained and sustainable competitive advantage.

text: Cadmium poisoning- Callendar effect- Calnev Pipeline- Cancer- Cancer Alley- Car Free Days- Carbofuran- Carbon audit regime- Carbon credit- Carbon cycle- Carbon dioxide sink- Carbon emissions trading- Carbon fixation- Carbon flux- Carbon footprint- Carbon intensity- Carbon offset- Carbon sequestering- Carbon tax- Carbon tetrachloride- Carfree Cities- Car-free movement- Car-free zone- Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day- Carpool- Carrying capacity- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety- Cause of Environmental Degradation- Catch and release- Certified wood- Cetacean bycatch- Cetacean Conservation Center- Charles Darwin Foundation- Chartered Institute of Environmental Health- Chemical oxygen demand- Chemical toilet- Chemical warfare- Chemical waste- Chemical weapon designation- Chemical weapon proliferation- Chemical Weapons Convention- Cherenkov radiation- Chernobyl accident- Chernobyl2020- Chicago Climate Exchange- Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study- China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement- Chionophile- Chipko movement- Chlorofluorocarbon- Citizen Information Project- Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination- Citizens for Global Solutions- City Beautiful movement- Clark County Wetlands Park- Clean Air Act- Clean Air Act (1970)- Clean Air Act (1990)- Clean Air Act 1956- Clean coal- Clean Development Mechanism- Clean Energy Future Group- Clean Up Australia- Clean Water Act- Clear Skies Act- Clearfelling- Climate Audit- Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536- Climate commitment studies- Climate Diagnostics Center- Climate engineering- Climate Group- Climate house- Climate model- Climate modeller- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory- Climate Outreach and Information Network- Climate sensitivity- Climate surprise- Climatic determinism- Clinton Global Initiative- Cloaca Maxima- Cloud forcing- Coastal Zone Management Act- Cogeneration- Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration- Common alcohol fuel mixtures- Community bicycle program- Community Climate System Model- Community Fisheries Control Agency- Community Forests in England- Community garden- Community gardening- Compact fluorescent lamp- Compactor- Compost- Compost windrow turner- Composting toilet- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization- Compressed air energy storage- Computer Conservation Society- Computer recycling- Concrete recycling- Conservation agriculture- Conservation and Neocolonialism- Conservation and Research Center- Conservation area- Conservation areas in Singapore- Conservation areas of Portugal- Conservation Authorities Act- Conservation authority- Conservation biology- Conservation Centre Liverpool- Conservation designation- Conservation district- Conservation easement- Conservation ethic- Conservation genetics- Conservation Halton- Conservation headland- Conservation Law Foundation- Conservation medicine- Conservation movement- Conservation park- Conservation status- Conservation status (TNC)- Conservationist- Constructed wetland- Consumerism- Container composting- Cooler Heads Coalition- Coral bleaching- COSMIC- Country park- Countryside Agency- Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000- Countryside Commission- Critical Mass (cycling)- Critical Mass Energy Project- Current Population Survey- Cycling advocacy

text: Cadmium poisoning

text: Callendar effect

text: Calnev Pipeline

text: Cancer

text: Cancer Alley

text: Car Free Days

text: Carbofuran

text: Carbon audit regime

text: Carbon credit

text: Carbon cycle

text: Carbon dioxide sink

text: Carbon emissions trading

text: Carbon fixation

text: Carbon flux

text: Carbon footprint

text: Carbon intensity

text: Carbon offset

text: Carbon sequestering

text: Carbon tax

text: Carbon tetrachloride

text: Carfree Cities

text: Car-free movement

text: Car-free zone

text: Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day

text: Carpool

text: Carrying capacity

text: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

text: Cause of Environmental Degradation

text: Catch and release

text: Certified wood

text: Cetacean bycatch

text: Cetacean Conservation Center

text: Charles Darwin Foundation

entity_name: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chemical oxygen demand

text: Chemical toilet

text: Chemical warfare

text: Chemical waste

text: Chemical weapon designation

text: Chemical weapon proliferation

text: Chemical Weapons Convention

text: Cherenkov radiation

text: Chernobyl accident

text: Chicago Climate Exchange

entity_name: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

text: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

entity_name: China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: Chionophile

text: Chipko movement

text: Chlorofluorocarbon

text: Citizen Information Project

entity_name: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Global Solutions

text: City Beautiful movement

text: Clark County Wetlands Park

text: Clean Air Act

text: Clean Air Act (1970)

text: Clean Air Act (1990)

text: Clean Air Act 1956

text: Clean coal

text: Clean Development Mechanism

text: Clean Energy Future Group

text: Clean Up Australia

text: Clean Water Act

text: Clear Skies Act

text: Clearfelling

text: Climate Audit

text: Climate change

text: Climate changes of 535-536

text: Climate commitment studies

text: Climate Diagnostics Center

text: Climate engineering

text: Climate Group

text: Climate house

text: Climate model

text: Climate modeller

entity_name: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Outreach and Information Network

text: Climate sensitivity

text: Climate surprise

text: Climatic determinism

entity_section: Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) and CGI U

text: Clinton Global Initiative

text: Cloaca Maxima

text: Cloud forcing

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: Cogeneration

entity_name: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Common alcohol fuel mixtures

text: Community bicycle program

text: Community Climate System Model

text: Community Fisheries Control Agency

text: Community Forests in England

text: Community garden

text: Community gardening

text: Compact fluorescent lamp

text: Compactor

text: Compost

text: Compost windrow turner

text: Composting toilet

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

entity_name: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization

text: Compressed air energy storage

text: Computer Conservation Society

text: Computer recycling

text: Concrete recycling

text: Conservation agriculture

text: Conservation and Neocolonialism

entity_name: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

text: Conservation and Research Center

text: Conservation area

text: Conservation areas in Singapore

text: Conservation areas of Portugal

text: Conservation Authorities Act

entity_name: Conservation authority (Ontario, Canada)

text: Conservation authority

text: Conservation biology

text: Conservation Centre Liverpool

text: Conservation designation

text: Conservation district

text: Conservation easement

text: Conservation ethic

text: Conservation genetics

text: Conservation Halton

text: Conservation headland

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: Conservation medicine

text: Conservation movement

text: Conservation park

text: Conservation status

text: Conservation status (TNC)

text: Conservationist

text: Constructed wetland

text: Consumerism

text: Container composting

text: Cooler Heads Coalition

text: Coral bleaching

entity_name: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate

text: COSMIC

text: Country park

text: Countryside Agency

text: Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000

text: Countryside Commission

text: Critical Mass (cycling)

text: Critical Mass Energy Project

text: Current Population Survey

text: Cycling advocacy

text: The ‘Renewable Resources’ funding programme is part of the government’s new high-tech strategy to improve Germany’s competitive position. It also supports the government’s ‘Policy Strategy on Bioeconomy’, which aims to create a resource-efficient economy that makes use of renewable resources.

text: Besides livestock losses, there is also a need to reduce human-elephant conflicts around water resources.  There have been several reported elephant attacks, particularly in the northwestern region of Namibia.  The Nyae Nyae Conservancy has used the income generated from their park to build and manage water points specifically for elephants away from the human lands.  The members of the conservancy are often given cash incentives to keep these water points functioning.

text: Besides

text: livestock

text: losses, there is also a need to reduce human-elephant conflicts around water resources.  There have been several reported elephant attacks, particularly in the northwestern region of Namibia.  The Nyae Nyae Conservancy has used the income generated from their park to build and manage water points specifically for

text: elephants

text: away from the human lands.  The members of the conservancy are often given cash incentives to keep these water points functioning.

text: A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are almost always conserved.

text: A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.

text: Earth

text: mineral

text: s and

text: metal

text: ore

text: s,

text: fossil fuel

text: s (

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: ) and

text: groundwater

text: in certain

text: aquifer

text: s are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual

text: element

text: s are almost always conserved.

text: This list of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom presents various renewable resources such as crops for food or fuel, livestock and wood with accompanying information being given on its production and trade by the United Kingdom.

text: This list of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom presents various

text: renewable resources

text: such as

text: crops

text: for

text: food

text: or

text: fuel

text: livestock

text: and

text: wood

text: with accompanying information being given on its

text: production

text: and

text: trade

text: by the

text: United Kingdom

text: Both technological optimists and proponents of decoupling cite efficiency of resource use as a way to mitigate the problems associated with economic growth. But history has shown that when technological progress increases the efficiency with which a resource is used, the rate of consumption of that resource actually tends to rise. This phenomenon is called the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons paradox. A recent extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that energy and materials use efficiency improvements were almost always outpaced by economic growth, resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.  Furthermore, there are inherent thermodynamic (i.e., second law of thermodynamics) and practical limits to all efficiency improvements. For example, there are certain minimum unavoidable material requirements for growing food, and there are limits to making automobiles, houses, furniture, and other products lighter and thinner without the risk of losing their necessary functions.

text: Both technological optimists and proponents of decoupling cite efficiency of resource use as a way to mitigate the problems associated with economic growth. But history has shown that when technological progress increases the efficiency with which a resource is used, the rate of consumption of that resource actually tends to rise. This phenomenon is called the

text: rebound effect (conservation)

text: or

text: Jevons paradox

text: . A recent extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that energy and materials use efficiency improvements were almost always outpaced by economic growth, resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.  Furthermore, there are inherent thermodynamic (i.e.,

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: ) and practical limits to all efficiency improvements. For example, there are certain minimum unavoidable material requirements for growing food, and there are limits to making automobiles, houses, furniture, and other products lighter and thinner without the risk of losing their necessary functions.

text: In 1993, member tribes of the Society banded together to acquire funding of their natural resource management offices through legislation. The Native American Fish and Wildlife Society took the lead in this fight. H.R. 2874 was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill was entitled “Indian Fish and Wildlife Resource Enhancement Act of 1993.” The bill aimed to reaffirm and protect Indian hunting, fishing, and gathering rights and to provide for the conservation, prudent management, enhancement, orderly development and use of the resource. It would also maximize tribal capability and flexibility in managing fish and wildlife resources for the continuing benefit of Indian people. A management component was developed under the bill. The bill passed through the House of Representative. It was then introduce in 1994 on the Senate side under S. 1526 under the title “Indian Fish and Wildlife Resource Management Act of 1994.” The states showed up in full force to oppose the bill. Their main contention is that the monies generated from the Pittman–Robertson Act and the Dingell–Johnson Act (PRDJ) would be used for these programs under the bill. PRDJ is an excise tax on the purchase of all equipment for hunting, fishing, hiking, and camping. The funds are divvied out to the natural resource department in each state and US territory and is separated according to the land mass of each state and territory. The tribes contend that since the states use tribal reservations to calculate total land mass that the tribes deserve a cut of the funds for their natural resource departments. The billed was tabled in the Senate.

text: In 1993, member tribes of the Society banded together to acquire funding of their natural resource management offices through legislation. The Native American Fish and Wildlife Society took the lead in this fight. H.R. 2874 was introduced into the House of Representatives. The bill was entitled “

text: Indian Fish and Wildlife Resource Enhancement Act of 1993

text: .” The bill aimed to reaffirm and protect Indian hunting, fishing, and gathering rights and to provide for the conservation, prudent management, enhancement, orderly development and use of the resource. It would also maximize tribal capability and flexibility in managing fish and wildlife resources for the continuing benefit of Indian people. A management component was developed under the bill. The bill passed through the House of Representative. It was then introduce in 1994 on the Senate side under S. 1526 under the title “

text: Indian Fish and Wildlife Resource Management Act of 1994

text: .” The states showed up in full force to oppose the bill. Their main contention is that the monies generated from the

entity_name: Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

text: Pittman–Robertson Act

text: and the

text: Dingell–Johnson Act

text: (PRDJ) would be used for these programs under the bill. PRDJ is an excise tax on the purchase of all equipment for hunting, fishing, hiking, and camping. The funds are divvied out to the natural resource department in each state and US territory and is separated according to the land mass of each state and territory. The tribes contend that since the states use tribal reservations to calculate total land mass that the tribes deserve a cut of the funds for their natural resource departments. The billed was tabled in the Senate.

text: It is believed that up to 40% of landfill space is filled with construction waste material. The primary responsibility in selecting materials for the library is to contribute as little waste as possible. Another responsibility is to choose materials that can be produced without causing too much damage to the natural environment. In order to fulfill the first responsibility, post-industrial and post-consumer recycled materials are being used. When purchasing materials claiming to be made from recycled goods it is important to investigate what their claims mean. It is a common marketing practice to exaggerate how green a product is by using misleading statements. Also, materials should be chosen that are going to be able to be reused or recycled 50–100 years down the road when the library building has reached the end of its useful life (Tseng, 2007). As non-renewable resources decrease, reusing and recycling are going to become increasingly necessary in the future.

text: It is believed that up to 40% of landfill space is filled with construction waste material. The primary responsibility in selecting materials for the library is to contribute as little waste as possible. Another responsibility is to choose materials that can be produced without causing too much damage to the natural environment. In order to fulfill the first responsibility, post-industrial and post-consumer recycled materials are being used. When purchasing materials claiming to be made from recycled goods it is important to investigate what their claims mean. It is a common marketing practice to exaggerate how green a product is by using misleading statements. Also, materials should be chosen that are going to be able to be reused or recycled 50–100 years down the road when the library building has reached the end of its useful life (

text: Tseng, 2007

text: ). As non-renewable resources decrease, reusing and

text: recycling

text: are going to become increasingly necessary in the future.

text: The natural environment, with soil, water, forests, plants and animals are all renewable resources, as long as they are adequately monitored, protected and conserved. Sustainable agriculture is the cultivation of plant and animal materials in a manner that preserves plant and animal ecosystems over the long term. The overfishing of the oceans is one example of where an industry practice or method can threaten an ecosystem, endanger species and possibly even determine whether or not a fishery is sustainable for use by humans. An unregulated industry practice or method can lead to a complete resource depletion.

text: The natural environment, with

text: soil

text: water

text: forest

text: s,

text: plant

text: s and

text: animal

text: s are all renewable resources, as long as they are adequately

text: monitored, protected and conserved

text: Sustainable agriculture

text: is the cultivation of plant and animal materials in a manner that preserves plant and animal

text: ecosystem

text: s over the long term. The

text: overfishing

text: of the oceans is one example of where an industry practice or method can threaten an ecosystem, endanger

text: species

text: and possibly even determine whether or not a

text: fishery

text: is sustainable for use by humans. An unregulated industry practice or method can lead to a complete

text: resource depletion

text: The ecosystem management concept is based on the relationship between sustainable resource maintenance and human demand for use of natural resources. Therefore, socioeconomics factors significantly affect  natural resource management. The goal of a natural resource manager is to fulfill the demand for a given resource without causing harm to the ecosystem, or jeopardizing the future of the resource. Partnerships between ecosystem managers, natural resource managers and stakeholders should be encouraged in order to promote a more sustainable use of limited natural resources. Natural resource managers must initially measure the overall integrity of the ecosystem they are involved in. If the ecosystem  supporting resources is healthy, managers can decide on the ideal amount of resource extraction,  while leaving enough to allow the resource to replenish itself for subsequent harvests.  Historically, some natural resources have experienced limited human disturbance  and therefore have been able to  subsist naturally . However, some ecosystems  such as forests, which typically provide considerable timber resources; have sometimes undergone successful reforestation processes and consequently have accommodated the needs of future generations. A successfully managed resource, will provide for current demand while leaving enough to repopulate and provide for future demand.

text: The ecosystem management concept is based on the relationship between sustainable resource maintenance and human demand for use of natural resources. Therefore, socioeconomics factors significantly affect  natural resource management. The goal of a natural resource manager is to fulfill the demand for a given resource without causing harm to the ecosystem, or jeopardizing the future of the resource. Partnerships between ecosystem managers, natural resource managers and stakeholders should be encouraged in order to promote a more sustainable use of limited natural resources. Natural resource managers must initially measure the overall integrity of the ecosystem they are involved in. If the ecosystem  supporting resources is healthy, managers can decide on the ideal amount of resource extraction,  while leaving enough to allow the resource to replenish itself for subsequent harvests.  Historically, some natural resources have experienced limited human disturbance  and therefore have been able to  subsist naturally . However, some ecosystems  such as

text: forest

text: s, which typically provide considerable timber resources; have sometimes undergone successful reforestation processes and consequently have accommodated the needs of future generations. A successfully managed resource, will provide for current demand while leaving enough to repopulate and provide for future demand.

text: Under the English common law, however, the Sovereign could own these resources but the ownership was limited in nature, the Crown could not grant these properties to private owners if the effect was to interfere with the public interests in navigation of fishing. Resources that were suitable for these uses were deemed to be held in trust by the Crown for the benefit of the public.The Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and the forests have such a great importance to the people as a whole that it would be wholly unjustified to make them a subject of private ownership. The said resources being a gift of nature. They should be made freely available to everyone irrespective of the status in life. The doctrine enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the general public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes.Three types of restrictions on governmental authority are often thought to be imposed by the public trust: first, the property subject to the trust must not only be used for a public purpose, but it must be held available for use by the general public; second, the property may not be sold, even for a fair cash equivalent; and third, the property must be maintained for particular types of uses.

text: Reuse is the action or practice of using something again, whether for its original purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfil a different function (creative reuse or repurposing). It should be distinguished from recycling, which is the breaking down of used items to make raw materials for the manufacture of new products. Reuse – by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items – helps save time, money, energy, and resources. In broader economic terms, it can make quality products available to people and organizations with limited means, while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy.

text: Reuse is the action or practice of using something again, whether for its original purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfil a different function (

text: creative reuse

text: or

text: repurposing

text: ). It should be distinguished from

text: recycling

text: , which is the breaking down of used items to make

text: raw material

text: s for the manufacture of new products. Reuse – by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items – helps save time, money, energy, and resources. In broader economic terms, it can make quality products available to people and organizations with limited means, while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy.

text: "The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is committed to the conservation, protection, management, use and enjoyment of the State's natural resources for current and future generations."

text: Biological resources include agriculture, forestry, and biologically-derived waste, and there are many other renewable bioresource examples. One of the scientific terms used to denote renewable bioresources is lignocellulose. Lignocellulosic tissues are biologically-derived natural resources containing some of the main constituents of the natural world. 1) Holocellulose is the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose that includes cellulose, a common building block made of sugar (glucose) that is the most abundant biopolymer, as well as hemicellulose. 2) Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer. Cellulose and lignin are two of the primary natural polymers used by plants to store energy as well as to give strength, as is the case in woody plant tissues. Other energy storage chemicals in plants include oils, waxes, fats, etc., and because these other plant compounds have distinct properties, they offer potential for a host of different bioproducts

text: Biological

text: resources include

text: agriculture

text: forestry

text: , and biologically-derived

text: waste

text: , and there are many other

text: renewable

text: bioresource examples. One of the scientific terms used to denote renewable bioresources is

text: lignocellulose

text: . Lignocellulosic tissues are biologically-derived

text: natural resources

text: containing some of the main constituents of the natural world. 1)

text: Holocellulose

text: is the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose that includes

text: cellulose

text: , a common building block made of sugar (glucose) that is the most abundant biopolymer, as well as

text: hemicellulose

text: . 2)

text: Lignin

text: is the second most abundant biopolymer. Cellulose and lignin are two of the primary natural polymers used by plants to store energy as well as to give strength, as is the case in woody plant tissues. Other energy storage chemicals in plants include

text: oils

text: waxes

text: fat

text: s, etc., and because these other plant compounds have distinct properties, they offer potential for a host of different bioproducts

text: Majority of Pakistan’s industrial sectors, for example fishing and agriculture, which count for more than one forth of the output and two-fifth of employment in Pakistan,  are highly dependent on the country’s natural resources. Hence in order to sustain economic growth there is a high demand on already scare natural resources. However it is ironic that what the country depends on for its growth is also what threatens the future welfare and success of the country. According to the World Bank  70% of Pakistan’s population lives in rural areas and are already stricken of high poverty levels. These people depend on natural resources to provide income and tend to over use these resources. This leads to further degradation of the environment and subsequently increases poverty. Hence this has led to what the World Bank refers to as a “vicious downward spiral of impoverishment and environmental degradation.”

text: Majority of Pakistan’s industrial sectors, for example

text: fishing

text: and

text: agriculture

text: , which count for more than one forth of the output and two-fifth of employment in Pakistan,  are highly dependent on the country’s natural resources. Hence in order to sustain economic growth there is a high demand on already scare natural resources. However it is ironic that what the country depends on for its growth is also what threatens the future welfare and success of the country. According to the

text: World Bank

text: 70% of Pakistan’s population lives in rural areas and are already stricken of high poverty levels. These people depend on natural resources to provide income and tend to over use these resources. This leads to further degradation of the environment and subsequently increases poverty. Hence this has led to what the World Bank refers to as a “vicious downward spiral of impoverishment and

text: environmental degradation

text: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Minnesota charged with conserving and managing the state's natural resources. The agency maintains areas such as state parks, state forests, recreational trails, and recreation areas as well as managing minerals, wildlife, and forestry. The agency is currently divided into six divisions - Ecological & Water Resources, Enforcement, Fish & Wildlife, Forestry, Lands & Minerals, and Parks & Trails.

text: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Minnesota

text: charged with conserving and managing the state's natural resources. The agency maintains areas such as

text: state park

text: s,

text: state forest

text: s, recreational

text: trail

text: s, and recreation areas as well as managing

text: minerals

text: wildlife

text: , and

text: forestry

text: . The agency is currently divided into six divisions - Ecological & Water Resources, Enforcement, Fish & Wildlife, Forestry, Lands & Minerals, and Parks & Trails.

text: Oil is the most exploited resource within the deserts. In the North American desert most of the oil is found within the Great Basin region and this resource is non-renewable. Oil is mined out of rocks and creates massive holes that disrupt the ecosystem. The process with taking oil is not sustainable and this resource is scarce.Another resource that is mined is copper. Along with oil, this resource is also scarce as it is non-renewable and also has the same mining affects as oil does. This resource can be used for things such as computers, TVs, cell phones, and other electronics. Copper is mainly found in California. Other mined resources consist of zinc, uranium, rocks, jade, crystals, gold, and quartz.

text: The law is credited with reducing litter and increasing container recycling.  As a result, items which used to make up around 40% of roadside litter now represent about 6%.  With return rates averaging 90%, another major benefit is in waste reduction and resource conservation, particularly for aluminum.  By comparison, states without similar bills recycle on average 28% of their containers.  Beverage distributors retain all deposits not reclaimed by consumers.

text: The law is credited with reducing

text: litter

text: and increasing container

text: recycling

text: .  As a result, items which used to make up around 40% of roadside litter now represent about 6%.  With return rates averaging 90%, another major benefit is in waste reduction and resource conservation, particularly for

text: aluminum

text: .  By comparison, states without similar bills recycle on average 28% of their containers.  Beverage distributors retain all deposits not reclaimed by consumers.

text: One basic assumption of ecological modernization relates to environmental readaptation of economic growth and industrial development. On the basis of enlightened self-interest, economy and ecology can be favourably combined: Environmental productivity, i.e. productive use of natural resources and environmental media (air, water, soil, ecosystems), can be a source of future growth and development in the same way as labour productivity and capital productivity. This includes increases in energy and resource efficiency as well as product and process innovations such as environmental management and sustainable supply chain management, clean technologies, benign substitution of hazardous substances, and product design for environment. Radical innovations in these fields can not only reduce quantities of resource turnover and emissions, but also change the quality or structure of the industrial metabolism. In the co-evolution of humans and nature, and in order to upgrade the environment’s carrying capacity, ecological modernization gives humans an active role to play, which may entail conflicts with nature conservation.

text: One basic assumption of ecological modernization relates to environmental readaptation of economic growth and industrial development. On the basis of

text: enlightened self-interest

text: , economy and ecology can be favourably combined: Environmental

text: productivity

text: , i.e. productive use of natural resources and environmental media (air, water, soil, ecosystems), can be a source of future growth and development in the same way as

text: labour productivity

text: and capital productivity. This includes increases in energy and resource efficiency as well as product and process innovations such as environmental management and sustainable

text: supply chain management

text: clean technologies

text: , benign substitution of hazardous substances, and product design for environment. Radical innovations in these fields can not only reduce quantities of resource turnover and emissions, but also change the quality or structure of the

text: industrial metabolism

text: . In the co-evolution of humans and nature, and in order to upgrade the environment’s

text: carrying capacity

text: , ecological modernization gives humans an active role to play, which may entail conflicts with nature conservation.

text: Environment - current issues:limited natural freshwater resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

text: Environment - current issues:limited natural freshwater resources;

text: desertification

text: ; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

text: In 2003, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources purchased 9000 acres of land along South Branch Roaring Creek.

text: In 2003, the

text: purchased 9000 acres of land along South Branch Roaring Creek.

text: Autonomous buildings can increase security and reduce environmental impacts by using on-site resources (such as sunlight and rain) that would otherwise be wasted. Autonomy often dramatically reduces the costs and impacts of networks that serve the building, because autonomy short-circuits the multiplying inefficiencies of collecting and transporting resources. Other impacted resources, such as oil reserves and the retention of the local watershed, can often be cheaply conserved by thoughtful designs.

text: The California Department of Conservation is a department within the government of California, belonging to the California Natural Resources Agency. With a team of scientists, engineers, environmental experts, and other specialists, the Department of Conservation administers a variety of programs vital to California’s public safety, environment and economy. The department’s mission is to manage California’s working lands. It regulates oil, natural gas and geothermal wells; studies and maps earthquakes and other geologic phenomena; maps and classifies areas containing mineral deposits; ensures reclamation of land used for mining; and administers agricultural and open-space land conservation programs. A division within the department dedicated to encouraging beverage container recycling has been moved into the newly created Department of Resources Recovery and Recycling (CalRecycle). Despite the similar name, the Department of Conservation should not be confused with the California Conservation Corps, another department within the Natural Resources Agency, which provides work experience for young adults. The Department of Conservation often collaborates with its federal equivalents, such as the U.S. Geological Survey.

text: The California Department of Conservation is a department within the

text: government of California

text: , belonging to the California Natural Resources Agency. With a team of scientists, engineers, environmental experts, and other specialists, the Department of Conservation administers a variety of programs vital to California’s public safety, environment and economy. The department’s mission is to manage California’s working lands. It regulates oil, natural gas and geothermal wells; studies and maps earthquakes and other geologic phenomena; maps and classifies areas containing mineral deposits; ensures reclamation of land used for mining; and administers agricultural and open-space land conservation programs. A division within the department dedicated to encouraging beverage container recycling has been moved into the newly created Department of Resources Recovery and Recycling (CalRecycle). Despite the similar name, the Department of Conservation should not be confused with the

text: California Conservation Corps

text: , another department within the Natural Resources Agency, which provides work experience for young adults. The Department of Conservation often collaborates with its

text: federal

text: equivalents, such as the

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: In project management terminology, resources are required to carry out the project tasks. They can be people, equipment, facilities, funding, or anything else capable of definition (usually other than labour) required for the completion of a project activity. The lack of a resource will therefore be a constraint on the completion of the project activity. Resources may be storable or non storable. Storable resources remain available unless depleted by usage, and may be replenished by project tasks which produce them. Non-storable resources must be renewed for each time period, even if not utilised in previous time periods.

text: In

text: project management

text: terminology, resources are required to carry out the

text: project

text: task

text: s. They can be people, equipment, facilities,

text: funding

text: , or anything else capable of definition (usually other than

text: labour

text: ) required for the completion of a project activity. The lack of a resource will therefore be a constraint on the completion of the project activity. Resources may be storable or non storable. Storable resources remain available unless depleted by usage, and may be replenished by project tasks which produce them. Non-storable resources must be renewed for each time period, even if not utilised in previous time periods.

text: Reusing current materials uses even less energy than recycling. Reusing is preferred to recycling because it eliminates the cost of transport to a recycling plant, sorting, re-manufacturing, distributing, and there are no wages needed to be paid to employees for doing these tasks.  Reusable containers only have to be manufactured once for hundreds or thousands of uses (such as a water bottle used every day for years), and the energy cost between uses is approximately that of cleaning the container with soap and water, a negligible expense compared to sorting, melting down, and pouring the material into a mold again, for example. Reusing containers could, in theory, replace recyclable containers and one-use containers, if made out of a durable enough material. There are inconveniences that go along with reusing materials however. Some of these inconveniences include having to clean the containers between uses, carrying around full or empty containers, and they require a time commitment due to having to hold on to them instead of throwing them away.

text: The olive ridley is classified as Vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. These listings were largely responsible for halting the large scale commercial exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins. The Convention on Migratory Species and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from Endangered to Threatened, yet enforcing these sanctions on a global scale has been unsuccessful for the most part. Conservation successes for the olive ridley have relied on well-coordinated national programs in combination with local communities and nongovernment organizations, which focused primarily on public outreach and education.Arribada management has also played a critical role in conserving olive ridleys. Lastly, enforcing the use of turtle excluder devices in the shrimp trawling industry has also proved effective in some areas. Globally, the olive ridley continues to receive less conservation attention than its close relative, the Kemp's ridley (L. kempii).

text: The olive ridley is classified as

text: Vulnerable

text: according to the

text: (IUCN), and is listed in Appendix I of

text: CITES

text: . These listings were largely responsible for halting the large scale commercial exploitation and trade of olive ridley skins. The

entity_name: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

text: Convention on Migratory Species

text: and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles have also provided olive ridleys with protection, leading to increased conservation and management for this marine turtle. National listings for this species range from

text: Endangered

text: to

text: Threatened

text: , yet enforcing these sanctions on a global scale has been unsuccessful for the most part. Conservation successes for the olive ridley have relied on well-coordinated national programs in combination with local communities and nongovernment organizations, which focused primarily on public outreach and education.Arribada management has also played a critical role in conserving olive ridleys. Lastly, enforcing the use of turtle excluder devices in the shrimp trawling industry has also proved effective in some areas. Globally, the olive ridley continues to receive less conservation attention than its close relative, the Kemp's ridley (L. kempii).

text: David Pimentel has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

text: David Pimentel

text: has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

text: One benefit of thermal waste treatment facilities is to avoid the yield of methane gas that is a by-product of decay that damages the climate strongly. Another is the production of energy during incineration which helps protection of the environment. Valuable resources will also be conserved by means of separation and exploitation of the recyclables in the waste before incineration.

text: One benefit of

text: thermal waste treatment facilities

text: is to avoid the yield of

text: methane gas

text: that is a by-product of decay that damages the

text: climate

text: strongly. Another is the production of

text: energy

text: during

text: incineration

text: which helps protection of the

text: environment

text: . Valuable resources will also be conserved by means of separation and exploitation of the

text: recyclables

text: in the waste before

text: incineration

text: Each faction has 2 resources. The Dark Angels have their redemption resource and resolve resource. The redemption resource is used to produce basic units, such as; Tactical Space Marines, Assault Marines and Devastators. Whilst resolve is used to produce; Dreadnaughts and Ravenwings, it is also used to use unique in-battle abilities. Whilst the Orks produce teef, the standard resource for all ork units and the Ork faction also makes use of the 'warp' resource, which is used to grant special abilities from the Weirdboy Tower.

text: A patient with ARDS, on average, spends between 8 and 11 days on a mechanical ventilator; APRV may reduce this time significantly and conserve valuable resources.

text: In information technology, a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a resource.  Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI. The most common form of URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), frequently referred to informally as a web address. More rarely seen in usage is the Uniform Resource Name (URN), which was designed to complement URLs by providing a mechanism for the identification of resources in particular namespaces.

text: In

text: information technology

text: , a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a

text: string

text: of

text: character

text: s used to

text: identify

text: a

text: resource

text: .  Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the

text: World Wide Web

text: , using specific

text: protocol

text: s. Schemes specifying a concrete

text: syntax

text: and associated protocols define each URI. The most common form of URI is the

text: Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

text: , frequently referred to informally as a web address. More rarely seen in usage is the

text: Uniform Resource Name (URN)

text: , which was designed to complement URLs by providing a mechanism for the identification of resources in particular

text: namespace

text: s.

text: Management of human consumption of resources is an indirect approach based largely on information gained from economics. Herman Daly has suggested three broad criteria for ecological sustainability: renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield (the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.

text: Management of human consumption of resources is an indirect approach based largely on information gained from

text: economics

text: . Herman Daly has suggested three broad criteria for ecological sustainability: renewable resources should provide a

text: sustainable yield

text: (the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.

text: The Conservation Security Program (CSP) is a voluntary conservation program in the United States that supports ongoing stewardship of private agricultural lands by providing payments and technical assistance for maintaining and enhancing natural resources. The program provides not only financial, but technical assistance to promote the conservation and improvement of soil, water, air, energy, plant and animal life, and other conservation purposes.

text: The Conservation Security Program (CSP) is a voluntary conservation program in the United States that supports ongoing stewardship of private agricultural lands by providing payments and technical assistance for maintaining and enhancing natural resources. The program provides not only financial, but technical assistance to promote the conservation and improvement of

text: soil

text: water

text: air

text: energy

text: , plant and animal life, and other conservation purposes.

text: The resources that households use can be reduced considerably by using electricity thoughtfully (e.g. turning off lights and equipment when it is not needed) and by reducing the number of car journeys made. Individuals can reduce the amount of waste they create by buying fewer products and by buying products which last longer. Mending broken or worn items of clothing or equipment also contributes to minimising household waste. Individuals can minimise their water usage, and walk or cycle to their destination rather than using their car to save fuel and cut down emissions.

text: The resources that households use can be reduced considerably by

text: using electricity

text: thoughtfully (e.g. turning off lights and equipment when it is not needed) and by reducing the number of car journeys made. Individuals can reduce the amount of waste they create by buying fewer products and by buying products which last longer. Mending broken or worn items of clothing or equipment also contributes to minimising household waste. Individuals can minimise their water usage, and walk or cycle to their destination rather than using their car to save fuel and cut down emissions.

text: The term conservation came into widespread use in the late 19th century and referred to the management, mainly for economic reasons, of such natural resources as timber, fish, game, topsoil, pastureland, and minerals. In addition it referred to the preservation of forests (forestry), wildlife (wildlife refuge), parkland, wilderness, and watersheds. This period also saw the passage of the first conservation legislation and the establishment of the first nature conservation societies. The Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869 was passed in Britain as the first nature protection law in the world after extensive lobbying from the Association for the Protection of Seabirds and the respected ornithologist Alfred Newton. Newton was also instrumental in the passage of the first Game laws from 1872, which protected animals during their breeding season so as to prevent the stock from being brought close to extinction.

text: The term conservation came into widespread use in the late 19th century and referred to the management, mainly for economic reasons, of such natural resources as

text: timber

text: , fish, game,

text: topsoil

text: pasture

text: land, and minerals. In addition it referred to the preservation of forests (

text: forestry

text: ), wildlife (

text: wildlife refuge

text: ), parkland,

text: wilderness

text: , and

text: watersheds

text: . This period also saw the passage of the first conservation legislation and the establishment of the first nature conservation societies. The

text: Sea Birds Preservation Act of 1869

text: was passed in Britain as the first nature protection law in the world after extensive lobbying from the Association for the Protection of Seabirds and the respected

text: ornithologist

text: Alfred Newton

text: . Newton was also instrumental in the passage of the first

text: Game laws

text: from 1872, which protected animals during their breeding season so as to prevent the stock from being brought close to extinction.

text: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 was passed "to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal, to conserve energy and natural resources, to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner." Subtitle C of RCRA gives the EPA the authority to regulate the generation, transport, treatment, storage and disposal of all deemed hazardous waste.

text: The

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976 was passed "to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal, to conserve energy and natural resources, to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner." Subtitle C of RCRA gives the EPA the authority to regulate the generation, transport, treatment, storage and disposal of all deemed hazardous waste.

text: The establishment of the government body Waste & Resources Action Programme has increased the country's recycling capacity. It is a registered charity. It works with businesses, individuals and communities to achieve a circular economy through helping them reduce waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way. WRAP was established in 2000 as a company limited by guarantee. and receives funding from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Northern Ireland Executive, Zero Waste Scotland, the Welsh Government and the European Union.

text: The establishment of the government body

text: Waste & Resources Action Programme

text: has increased the country's recycling capacity. It is a registered charity. It works with businesses, individuals and communities to achieve a

text: circular economy

text: through helping them reduce waste, develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way. WRAP was established in 2000 as a

text: company limited by guarantee

text: . and receives funding from the

text: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

text: , the

text: Northern Ireland Executive

text: , Zero Waste Scotland, the

text: Welsh Government

text: and the

text: European Union

text: In view of the limited availability of water resources, water reuse is seen as an important source. In the West Bank, Israel collects wastewater in two facilities in the Jordan Valley. Not only wastewater from Israelis in Jerusalem and settlements is collected, but also from Palestinians. All recycled water is used for irrigation in settlements in the Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea area.

text: Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore natural resources while meeting the socioeconomic, political and cultural and needs of current and future generations. The principal objective of ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance and ethical use of natural resources. It is a multifaceted and holistic approach which requires a significant change in how the natural and human environments are identified.

text: Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore

text: natural resource

text: s while meeting the socioeconomic, political and cultural and needs of current and future generations. The principal objective of ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance and ethical use of natural resources. It is a multifaceted and holistic approach which requires a significant change in how the natural and human environments are identified.

text: The traditional use of reserves is as savings for potential times of crises, especially balance of payments crises. As we will see below, originally those fears were related to the current account, but this gradually changed to include financial account needs as well. Originally, the creation of the IMF was viewed as a response to the need of countries to accumulate reserves. If a specific country is suffering from a balance of payments crisis, it would be able to borrow from the IMF, as this would be a pool of resources, and so the need to accumulate reserves would be lowered. However, the process of obtaining resources from the Fund is not automatic, which can cause problematic delays especially when markets are stressed. Hence, the fund never fulfilled completely its role, serving more as provider of resources for longer term adjustments. Another caveat of the project is the fact that when the crisis is generalized, the resources of the IMF could prove insufficient. After the 2008 crisis, the members of the Fund had to approve a capital increase, since its resources were strained. Some critics point out that the increase in reserves in Asian countries after the 1997 Asia crisis was a consequence of disappointment of the countries of the region with the IMF. During the 2008 crisis, the Federal Reserve instituted currency swap lines with several countries, alleviating liquidity pressures in dollars, thus reducing the need to use reserves.

text: The traditional use of reserves is as

text: savings

text: for potential times of crises, especially balance of payments crises. As we will see below, originally those fears were related to the current account, but this gradually changed to include financial account needs as well. Originally, the creation of the IMF was viewed as a response to the need of countries to accumulate reserves. If a specific country is suffering from a balance of payments crisis, it would be able to borrow from the IMF, as this would be a pool of resources, and so the need to accumulate reserves would be lowered. However, the process of obtaining resources from the Fund is not automatic, which can cause problematic delays especially when markets are stressed. Hence, the fund never fulfilled completely its role, serving more as provider of resources for longer term adjustments. Another caveat of the project is the fact that when the crisis is generalized, the resources of the IMF could prove insufficient. After the 2008 crisis, the members of the Fund had to approve a capital increase, since its resources were strained. Some critics point out that the increase in reserves in Asian countries after the 1997 Asia crisis was a consequence of disappointment of the countries of the region with the IMF. During the 2008 crisis, the

text: Federal Reserve

text: instituted

text: currency swap

text: lines with several countries, alleviating liquidity pressures in dollars, thus reducing the need to use reserves.

text: The distinction between Dharawal Nature Reserve and Dharawal State Conservation Area was due to coal mining being allowed in the state conservation area. Dharawal Nature Reserve was categorised by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as a category Ia Strict Nature Reserve and the Dharawal State Conservation Area was categorised as a category VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources.

text: The distinction between Dharawal Nature Reserve and Dharawal State Conservation Area was due to coal mining being allowed in the state conservation area. Dharawal Nature Reserve was categorised by the

text: as a category Ia Strict Nature Reserve and the Dharawal State Conservation Area was categorised as a category VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources.

text: The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

text: The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000

text: exajoules

text: (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

text: Water resources in Israel consist of conventional water resources (surface water, groundwater) and non-conventional water resources including the reuse of treated wastewater (reclaimed water), seawater desalination and the desalination of brackish water.

text: Agricultural production and consumption within the economy is the modern human ecosystem. This system has been made feasible as industrial practices and transportation systems have improved, allowing for cost-effective production and distribution across scaled markets. The change of these scales is the expansion of the distance between consumer and producer and the increase in consumer population. Industrial production and distribution of agricultural resources utilizes non-renewable resources and harmful chemicals. As the scales of production and distribution have grown, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of non-renewable and chemical resources.

text: The World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) are non-profit organizations that provide funding and other support to off site and on site conservation efforts. The wise use of crop genetic diversity in plant breeding and genetic modification can also contribute significantly to protecting the biodiversity in crops. Crop varieties can be genetically modified to resist specific pests and diseases. For example, a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a natural insecticide toxin. Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxin and therefore a resistance to certain pests. Bt corn (maize) can however adversely affect non-target insects closely related to the target pest, as with the monarch butterfly.

text: The

text: World Resources Institute

text: (WRI) and the

text: World Conservation Union

text: (IUCN) are non-profit organizations that provide funding and other support to off site and on site conservation efforts. The wise use of crop genetic diversity in plant breeding and genetic modification can also contribute significantly to protecting the biodiversity in crops. Crop varieties can be genetically modified to resist specific pests and diseases. For example, a gene from the soil

text: bacterium

text: Bacillus thuringiensis

text: (Bt) produces a natural

text: insecticide

text: toxin

text: . Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxin and therefore a

text: resistance

text: to certain

text: pests

text: . Bt corn (

text: maize

text: ) can however adversely affect non-target insects closely related to the target pest, as with the

text: monarch butterfly

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

text: Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, only renew over geological timescales.

text: Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed

text: non-renewable resources

text: , such as

text: fossil fuel

text: s, only renew over geological timescales.

text: Fossil resources like coal, mineral oil and gas decrease worldwide. Germany, like most industrial nations, has to focus more and more on alternative resources. This means that agricultural and forestry resources used in a substantial or energetic way can be a major contribution. Renewable resources are not only important for supply guarantee but also for climate protection.

text: Green printing is described as the movement in the printing industry wherein recycling, reusing, and reducing are done to lower the number of resources used for printing and advertising.

text: Green printing is described as the movement in the

text: printing industry

text: wherein

text: recycling

text: , reusing, and reducing are done to lower the number of resources used for printing and

text: advertising

text: The utilization of electronic waste resources is around 50% currently and is growing.  The LRHA states that consumers are responsible for the cost of recycling most home appliances.  This includes transportation costs and recycling fees.  The consumers pay the retailers to pick up the waste. They then recycle it and the consumers pay the related fees.  In order to make the system more balanced, if a consumer asks a retailer to take the used home appliance for any reason (most likely because they purchased a new appliance), the retailer is obligated to pick it up.  The retailers usually take it back to the manufacturer.  The manufacturer is required to have a system in place to recycle the electronic waste, and this system must also maintain a certain percentage of utilization from these resources.  Part of this process is not regulated by the government, and that is the process of acquiring a recycling facility and/or how the recycling is currently done.  Manufacturers can hire anyone they want to build the facility and they can also recycle electronic waste in any way they deem fit.  The only thing it must maintain is the amount of utilization from each material that comes into the facility.  The manufacturers often want to recycle the products in the cheapest way possible and this leaves a lot of room for improvement.

text: The utilization of electronic waste resources is around 50% currently and is growing.  The LRHA states that

text: consumers

text: are responsible for the cost of recycling most home

text: appliances

text: .  This includes

text: transportation

text: costs and recycling fees.  The consumers pay the

text: retailers

text: to pick up the waste. They then recycle it and the consumers pay the related fees.  In order to make the system more balanced, if a consumer asks a retailer to take the used home appliance for any reason (most likely because they purchased a new appliance), the retailer is obligated to pick it up.  The retailers usually take it back to the manufacturer.  The manufacturer is required to have a system in place to recycle the electronic waste, and this system must also maintain a certain percentage of utilization from these resources.  Part of this process is not regulated by the government, and that is the process of acquiring a recycling facility and/or how the recycling is currently done.  Manufacturers can hire anyone they want to build the facility and they can also recycle electronic waste in any way they deem fit.  The only thing it must maintain is the amount of utilization from each material that comes into the facility.  The manufacturers often want to recycle the products in the cheapest way possible and this leaves a lot of room for improvement.

text: The Southeast Arizona Land Exchange and Conservation Act of 2013 was introduced into the House on February 14, 2013 by Rep. Paul A. Gosar (R, AZ-4).  It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources, the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation.  On May 15, 2013, it was ordered reported (amended) by a vote of 23-19.  House Report 113-167 on the bill was released on July 22, 2013 and the bill was placed on Union Calendar 121 at that time.  The House Majority Leader Eric Cantor placed the bill on the House Schedule on September 13, 2013 for consideration under a suspension of the rules on September 17.

text: The Southeast Arizona Land Exchange and Conservation Act of 2013 was introduced into the House on February 14, 2013 by

text: Rep. Paul A. Gosar (R, AZ-4)

text: .  It was referred to the

entity_name: United States House Committee on Natural Resources

text: United States House Committee on Natural Resources

text: , the

entity_name: United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources

text: United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources

text: , and the

entity_name: United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Federal Lands

text: United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation

text: .  On May 15, 2013, it was ordered reported (amended) by a vote of 23-19.  House Report 113-167 on the bill was released on July 22, 2013 and the bill was placed on Union Calendar 121 at that time.  The House Majority Leader

text: Eric Cantor

text: placed the bill on the House Schedule on September 13, 2013 for consideration under a suspension of the rules on September 17.

text: Because waste cotton is often already dyed, re-dyeing may not be necessary. Cotton is an extremely resource-intense crop in terms of water, pesticides and insecticides. This means that using recycled cotton can lead to significant savings of natural resources and reduce pollution from agriculture.

text: The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, formerly Soil Conservation Service classifies soil pH ranges as follows:

text: The United States Department of Agriculture

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: , formerly Soil Conservation Service classifies soil pH ranges as follows:

text: Presque Isle was named a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1967. A recommendation was made to abolish the independent board as early as 1930, although this did not come about until January 19, 1971, with the creation of the state Department of Environmental Resources (which later became the DCNR).  From 1989 to 1992, over 50 breakwaters were built along the western and northern shore of the peninsula to help control erosion. In 1997 the park's Important Bird Area (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania. As part of the State Parks 2000 strategic plan of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), Gull Point was named a "State Park Natural Area for rare and migratory shorebirds to rest, feed and possibly nest".

text: Presque Isle was named a

text: National Natural Landmark

text: by the

text: National Park Service

text: in 1967. A recommendation was made to abolish the independent board as early as 1930, although this did not come about until January 19, 1971, with the creation of the state Department of Environmental Resources (which later became the DCNR).  From 1989 to 1992, over 50

text: breakwaters

text: were built along the western and northern shore of the peninsula to help control erosion. In 1997 the park's

text: Important Bird Area

text: (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania. As part of the State Parks 2000 strategic plan of the

text: (DCNR), Gull Point was named a "State Park Natural Area for rare and migratory shorebirds to rest, feed and possibly nest".

text: Renewability is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or non-renewable:

text: The lack of resources, including medical devices and distribution channels, “necessitates the reuse of single-use devices” in much of Africa. This includes the reuse of syringes and needles that have not been sterilized, and even rubber gloves. In the Middle East, available data indicates that reuse of SUDs is common throughout Arab countries (particularly for cardiac catheters), despite the absence of a regulatory framework. Reprocessing in both Africa and the Middle East is done at the user-facility level.

text: Because global climate change is happening faster than predictions could ever have envisioned, education and public awareness is important in reducing our overall consumption of natural resources and limiting the amount of CO2 we emit, the main attributor to climate change. There are several nonprofit organizations within Sri Lanka petitioning for a more sustainable environment for both humans and species alike. The Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS) main purpose is to conserve the dwindling biodiversity of Sri Lanka. They have completing several conservation projects including a wetlands conservation project along with many habitat restoration missions. Currently the SLWCS has seven proposed projects they hope to take on in the near future (Forming Partnerships to Preserve Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity). Their mission for these proposed projects is as follows; “Our experience over the past 12 years indicates that agriculture, fisheries and tourism related activities have a great impact on our natural resources. Over 70% of our people depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. The SLWCS devotes most of its effort to introducing better land use and agricultural practices so that agricultural development can be sustained over the long-term” (SLWCS Mission). Even though this particular group features maintaining the well being of many elephants in Sri Lanka, they have similar goals and aspirations to build a better more sustainable environment for humans, plants and animals. Another amazing conservation group in Sri Lanka prides themselves in protecting natural habitats and educating children through wildlife camps about the importance of Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity. Sri Lankan Wilds has been creating and maintaining natural habitats through knowledge and education. Currently in Sri Lanka there are several nature parks that preserve habitats for many animals. However, the challenge with conserving habitats also depends on the speed at which climate change occurs. Creating nature reserves is important however as climate change continues, the range for these endemic species may be altered, therefore habitat continuation is a must for the future, allowing for adequate corridor systems linking similar environments together so species will be able to adjust to the changing climate (Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka). 	As far as conserving the climate of Sri Lanka, the amount of CO2 that is emitted in Sri Lanka is small to none compared to many of the larger countries in the US. The National Climate Change Adaption Strategy (NCCAS) has prioritized a framework for combating and coping with climate change. There framework includes five key components that will be assessed from 2011 to 2016. The following is the framework the NCCAS will follow; 1. Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning and Development2. Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements3. Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security4. Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change ImpactsThis framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that stopping climate change is unrealistic, so many of their goals have to do with preparing and understanding what they need to do to prepare both economically but also environmentally. 	Because Sri Lanka lies close to the equator, it undoubtedly receives more direct sunlight therefore causing increased temperatures. As all the effects of climate change set in, potential sea level rise will occur, changing both the marine and terrestrial environments. There is little the people of Sri Lanka can do to stop the effects of climate change, there is only adapting from this point on. The endemic species and their habitats will need to be protected through nature reserves, but also governments will need to implement strict development boundaries so precious habitats are not consumed with human population growth.

text: Climate Resilience

text: of Key Economic Drivers5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change ImpactsThis framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that stopping climate change is unrealistic, so many of their goals have to do with preparing and understanding what they need to do to prepare both economically but also environmentally. 	Because Sri Lanka lies close to the equator, it undoubtedly receives more direct sunlight therefore causing increased temperatures. As all the effects of climate change set in, potential sea level rise will occur, changing both the marine and terrestrial environments. There is little the people of Sri Lanka can do to stop the effects of climate change, there is only adapting from this point on. The endemic species and their habitats will need to be protected through nature reserves, but also governments will need to implement strict development boundaries so precious habitats are not consumed with human population growth.

text: The Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve (NECNR) refers to an area designated as a protected Nature Reserve located on the northeast coast of Puerto Rico, between the municipalities of Luquillo and Fajardo. Specifically, the lands that comprise the NEC are located between Luquillo’s town square to the west and Seven Seas Beach to the east, being delineated by PR Route # 3 to its south and the Atlantic Ocean to its north. It was decreed as a protected area by former Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal S. Acevedo-Vilá in April 2008, a decision reversed by Governor Luis G. Fortuño-Burset in October 2009, although he later passed a law in June 2012 re-designated as nature reserve two-thirds of its lands, after intense lobbying and public pressure. Later, in 2013, Governor Alejandro García-Padilla signed a law declaring all lands within the NEC a nature reserve. The area comprises 2,969.64 acres (1201.77 hectares), which include such diverse habitats as forests, wetlands, beaches, coral communities, and a sporadically bioluminescent lagoon. The Corridor is also home to 866 species of flora and fauna, of which 54 are considered critical elements, meaning rare, threatened, endangered and endemic species classified by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER), some even designated as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). These include, among others, federally endangered species such as the plain pigeon, the snowy plover, the Puerto Rican boa, the hawksbill sea turtle and the West Indian manatee. The beaches along the NEC, which are 8.74 kilometers (5.43 miles) long are important nesting grounds for the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), which starts its nesting season around April each year.

text: The Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve (NECNR) refers to an area designated as a protected

text: Nature Reserve

text: located on the northeast coast of

text: Puerto Rico

text: , between the municipalities of

text: Luquillo

text: and

text: Fajardo

text: . Specifically, the lands that comprise the NEC are located between

text: Luquillo

text: ’s

text: town square

text: to the west and Seven Seas Beach to the east, being delineated by PR Route # 3 to its south and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: to its north. It was decreed as a

text: protected area

text: by former Puerto Rico

text: Governor

text: Aníbal S. Acevedo-Vilá

text: in April 2008, a decision reversed by Governor

text: Luis G. Fortuño-Burset

text: in October 2009, although he later passed a law in June 2012 re-designated as nature reserve two-thirds of its lands, after intense lobbying and public pressure. Later, in 2013, Governor

text: Alejandro García-Padilla

text: signed a law declaring all lands within the NEC a nature reserve. The area comprises 2,969.64

text: acres

text: hectares

text: ), which include such diverse

text: habitats

text: as

text: forest

text: s,

text: wetlands

text: beach

text: es,

text: coral

text: communities, and a sporadically

text: bioluminescent

text: lagoon

text: . The Corridor is also home to 866

text: species

text: of

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: , of which 54 are considered critical elements, meaning

text: rare

text: threatened

text: endangered

text: and

text: endemic species

text: classified by the

text: (DNER), some even designated as

text: critically endangered

text: by the

text: (IUCN). These include, among others,

text: federally endangered

text: species

text: such as the

text: plain pigeon

text: , the

text: snowy plover

text: , the

text: Puerto Rican boa

text: , the

text: hawksbill sea turtle

text: and the

text: West Indian manatee

text: . The beaches along the NEC, which are 8.74

text: kilometers

text: miles

text: ) long are important

text: nest

text: ing grounds for the

text: leatherback sea turtle

text: (Dermochelys coriacea), which starts its nesting season around April each year.

text: Integrated natural resource management (INRM) is a process of managing natural resources in a systematic way, which includes multiple aspects of natural resource use (biophysical, socio-political, and economic) meet production goals of producers and other direct users (e.g., food security, profitability, risk aversion) as well as goals of the wider community (e.g., poverty alleviation, welfare of future generations, environmental conservation). It focuses on sustainability and at the same time tries to incorporate all possible stakeholders from the planning level itself, reducing possible future conflicts. The conceptual basis of INRM has evolved in recent years through the convergence of research in diverse areas such as sustainable land use, participatory planning, integrated watershed management, and adaptive management. INRM is being used extensively and been successful in regional and community based natural management.

text: In 1989 fifteen families on the Pirajubaé coast initiated a project to implement a marine farm for berbigão (Anomalocardia brasiliana) in the Tipitinga shallows in front of the mangroves of the Tavares the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and the National Center for Research and Conservation of Sociobiodiversity Associated with Traditional Peoples and Communities (CNPT) participated with the local fishers in forming the Pirajubaé Extractive Reserve Association (Associação da Reserva Extrativista do Pirajubaé).The Pirajubaé Marine Extractive Reserve was created by decree 533 of 20 May 1992 and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.

text: In 1989 fifteen families on the Pirajubaé coast initiated a project to implement a marine farm for berbigão (Anomalocardia brasiliana) in the Tipitinga shallows in front of the mangroves of the Tavares the

text: (IBAMA) and the National Center for Research and Conservation of Sociobiodiversity Associated with Traditional Peoples and Communities (CNPT) participated with the local fishers in forming the Pirajubaé Extractive Reserve Association (Associação da Reserva Extrativista do Pirajubaé).The Pirajubaé Marine Extractive Reserve was created by decree 533 of 20 May 1992 and is administered by the

text: Hotelling's rule states that the most socially and economically profitable extraction path of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest. It describes the time path of natural resource extraction which maximizes the value of the resource stock.

text: Hotelling's rule states that the most socially and economically profitable extraction path of a

text: non-renewable resource

text: is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest. It describes the time path of natural resource extraction which maximizes the value of the resource stock.

text: According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) it is important to dispose of electronics via recycling because,"Electronic products are made from valuable resources and materials, including metals, plastics, and glass, all of which require energy to mine and manufacture. Donating or recycling consumer electronics conserves our natural resources and avoids air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions that are caused by manufacturing virgin materials."   Consumer recycling options include donating equipment directly to organizations in need, sending devices directly back to their original manufacturers, or getting components to a convenient recycler or refurbisher.

text: The Bronx Zoo seeks to educate its patrons about water resources and the impact of restroom use on water resources through the EcoRestroom exhibit. At the same time, by installing this restroom with composting toilets the Zoo has reduced its carbon footprint. The restroom serves men and women with 12 toilets and six sinks for women and two toilets, four waterless urinals and four sinks for men. The sinks do not rely on electricity or battery power; rather, they recharge as water runs through them. The used water runs into a Grey Water garden that is unharmed by the bio-compatible soap available for use by patrons. The restroom doubles as exhibition space, informing visitors of water conservation. Along the pathway to the entrance of the restroom there are water-droplet-shaped signs that give visitors tips for conserving and repurposing water at home. Signs continue over the sinks, providing visitors with facts about water use meant to inspire thought about their own use and what they can do to use less water. Signs on the inside of the stall doors inform visitors how composting toilets function and the impact they have on the environment. This installation not only shows patrons how they can make simple changes to conserve water but implements those changes in real time at the Zoo. In educating, the Zoo is also making a difference.

text: The Bronx Zoo

text: Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future) – these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to clean air may not be). The vast majority of resources are theoretically exhaustible, which means they have a finite quantity and can be depleted if managed improperly.

text: Some natural resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future) – these are solar radiation,

text: geothermal energy

text: , and air (though access to clean air may not be). The vast majority of resources are theoretically exhaustible, which means they have a finite quantity and can be depleted if managed improperly.

text: The Under Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment promotes the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources on the Nation's private lands and sustains production of all the goods and services that the public demands of the national forests. The Under Secretary is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the United States Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service.

text: The Under Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment promotes the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources on the Nation's private lands and sustains production of all the goods and services that the public demands of the national forests. The Under Secretary is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the

text: United States Forest Service

text: and

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: A different proposed solution to partially decouple economic growth from environmental degradation is the restore approach. This approach views "restore" as a fourth component to the common reduce, reuse, recycle motto. Participants in such efforts are encouraged to voluntarily donate towards nature conservation a small fraction of the financial savings they experience through a more frugal use of resources. These financial savings would normally lead to rebound effects, but a theoretical analysis suggests that donating even a small fraction of the experienced savings can potentially more than eliminate rebound effects.

text: Energy from any grid-tied source is bought and sold with contracts specifying the generator and purchaser. In the trade of renewable energy, RECs specify that a unit of renewable energy was generated.  Because once electricity is placed on the electrical grid it mixes with electricity from multiple sources and becomes indistinguishable, RECs are used to track the ownership of environmental and social benefits of the renewable energy.  The majority of RECs are sold separately from the electricity itself.  In these cases, the electricity is sold as "null" energy without its environmental and social benefits, as if it were generated by non-renewable resources such as coal, nuclear or natural gas.  When RECs are purchased in combination with non-renewable electricity this constitutes the legal purchase of renewable energy.  This is how electrical grid connected renewable energy is traded in the U.S.  Grid-connected renewable energy is used by electric utility companies in meeting their regulatory requirements and by individuals and businesses wishing to lessen their environmental impact.  RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allows the economic forces of supply and demand to spur the further development of renewable energy generation.

text: Energy from any grid-tied source is bought and sold with contracts specifying the generator and purchaser. In the trade of renewable energy, RECs specify that a unit of renewable energy was generated.  Because once electricity is placed on the

text: electrical grid

text: it mixes with electricity from multiple sources and becomes indistinguishable, RECs are used to track the ownership of environmental and social benefits of the renewable energy.  The majority of RECs are sold separately from the electricity itself.  In these cases, the electricity is sold as "null" energy without its environmental and social benefits, as if it were generated by non-renewable resources such as coal, nuclear or natural gas.  When RECs are purchased in combination with non-renewable electricity this constitutes the legal purchase of renewable energy.  This is how

text: electrical grid

text: connected renewable energy is traded in the U.S.  Grid-connected renewable energy is used by electric utility companies in meeting their regulatory requirements and by individuals and businesses wishing to lessen their environmental impact.  RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allows the economic forces of supply and demand to spur the further development of renewable energy generation.

text: The Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes by-products). For example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards. This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by others.

text: The

text: Kalundborg

text: industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes by-products). For example, the Energy E2

text: Asnæs Power Station

text: produces

text: gypsum

text: as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards. This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by others.

text: Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to sustainably manage the natural resource fresh water, to protect the water environment, and to meet current and future human demand. Population, household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as climate change have increased pressures on natural water resources especially in manufacturing and agricultural irrigation. Many US cities have already implemented policies aimed at water conservation, with much success.

text: Water conservation includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to

text: sustainably

text: manage the

text: natural resource

text: fresh water

text: , to protect the

text: water environment

text: , and to meet current and future human

text: demand

text: . Population, household size, and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used. Factors such as

text: climate change

text: have increased pressures on natural water resources especially in

text: manufacturing

text: and agricultural

text: irrigation

text: . Many US cities have already implemented policies aimed at water conservation, with much success.

text: Dr. Stevens' research has involved the use of abundant, renewable biopolymer resources, specifically polysaccharides—including starch, cellulose, and agar—for the production of degradable, biodegradable, and compostable products that conserve the use of fossil resources and divert waste plastics from landfills and incinerators.  His research has been supported by grants from funders such as the National Science Foundation.

text: Spring Farm Advanced Resource Recovery Facility (or Spring Farm ARRT Facility, formerly Macarthur Resource Recovery Park, and originally Jacks Gully Waste and Recycling Centre) is a Resource Recovery Facility, Materials Recycling Facility, and landfill located in Spring Farm, New South Wales, Australia.

text: Spring Farm Advanced Resource Recovery Facility (or Spring Farm ARRT Facility, formerly Macarthur Resource Recovery Park, and originally Jacks Gully Waste and Recycling Centre) is a Resource Recovery Facility,

text: Materials Recycling Facility

text: , and

text: landfill

text: located in

text: Spring Farm

text: New South Wales

text: Australia

text: This was one of the main procedures promoted by the US Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification.

text: This was one of the main procedures promoted by the US Soil Conservation Service (the current

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: ) during the 1930s. The

text: US Department of Agriculture

text: established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the

text: Dust Bowl

text: when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with

text: desertification

text: In the United States some of the antecedents of Environmental Education were Nature Studies, Conservation Education and School Camping. Nature studies integrated academic approach with outdoor exploration (Roth, 1978). Conservation Education brought awareness to the misuse of natural resources. George Perkins Marsh discoursed on humanity’s integral part of the natural world. The governmental agencies like the U.S. Forest Service and the EPA were also pushing a conservation agenda. Conservation ideals still guide environmental education today. School Camping was exposure to the environment and use of resources outside of the classroom for educational purposes. The legacies of these antecedents are still present in the evolving arena of environmental education.

text: In the United States some of the antecedents of Environmental Education were Nature Studies, Conservation Education and School Camping. Nature studies integrated academic approach with outdoor exploration (Roth, 1978). Conservation Education brought awareness to the misuse of natural resources.

text: George Perkins Marsh

text: discoursed on humanity’s integral part of the natural world. The governmental agencies like the

text: U.S. Forest Service

text: and the EPA were also pushing a conservation agenda. Conservation ideals still guide environmental education today. School Camping was exposure to the environment and use of resources outside of the classroom for educational purposes. The legacies of these antecedents are still present in the evolving arena of environmental education.

text: Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world, its fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity. Secondary focus is on materials conservation, including non-renewable resources such as metals, minerals and fossil fuels, and energy conservation, which is important to protect the natural world. Those who follow the conservation ethic and, especially, those who advocate or work toward conservation goals are termed conservationists.

text: Conservation is an

text: ethic

text: of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the

text: natural world

text: , its

text: fisheries

text: habitats

text: , and

text: biological diversity

text: . Secondary focus is on materials conservation, including

text: non-renewable resources

text: such as metals, minerals and

text: fossil fuels

text: , and

text: energy conservation

text: , which is important to protect the natural world. Those who follow the conservation ethic and, especially, those who advocate or work toward conservation goals are termed

text: conservationists

text: Missouri imposes a tax on all retail sales of tangible personal property and specified services. The state tax is four percent, plus one-eighth of one percent dedicated to the Department of Conservation and one-tenth of one percent dedicated to the Department of Natural Resources. The state tax on food however, is one percent. (Food is still subject to the Department of Conservation and Department of Natural Resources sales taxes, as well as local sales taxes.) Missouri also imposes a use tax on tangible personal property that is stored, used, or consumed in Missouri but not subject to the sales tax.

text: Missouri imposes a tax on all retail sales of tangible personal property and specified services. The state tax is four percent, plus one-eighth of one percent dedicated to the

text: Department of Conservation

text: and one-tenth of one percent dedicated to the

entity_name: Missouri Department of Natural Resources

text: Department of Natural Resources

text: . The state tax on food however, is one percent. (Food is still subject to the Department of Conservation and Department of Natural Resources sales taxes, as well as local sales taxes.) Missouri also imposes a use tax on tangible personal property that is stored, used, or consumed in Missouri but not subject to the sales tax.

text: As a British idea the concept of a national conservation management system may be traced to an upsurge of sentiment after the Second World War that the world should be made a better place.  It was the botanist Arthur Tansley who pleaded for organised nature conservation on the double ground of scientific value and beauty. He had advanced the concept of the ecosystem in 1935, and a number of key ideas of relevance to nature conservation stem from this. In the immediate post-war years, he hoped for an 'Ecological Research Council', and a 'National Wildlife Service'.  In this context, the idea of national standards of conservation management can be traced to the formation of the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), and its great survey of habitats and species, the Nature Conservation Review, published in 1977.   From this time there was general agreement that the common purpose of conservation management systems was to transform situations of ecological confrontation between humans and non-humans into a system of mutual accommodation.  The NCC's first guidelines for managing its national resource was a pro forma to accommodate a description of the site, the goals of management, and a prescriptive section, in which the objectives of management were to be interpreted in a practical manner.  Central to the latter section were lists of codified jobs to help wardens abide by best practice. The major shortcoming of the guidelines was the lack of a business philosophy to track value for the inputs of effort and resources.

text: As a British idea the concept of a national

text: conservation management system

text: may be traced to an upsurge of sentiment after the

text: Second World War

text: that the world should be made a better place.  It was the botanist

text: Arthur Tansley

text: who pleaded for organised nature conservation on the double ground of scientific value and beauty. He had advanced the concept of the ecosystem in 1935, and a number of key ideas of relevance to nature conservation stem from this. In the immediate post-war years, he hoped for an 'Ecological Research Council', and a 'National Wildlife Service'.  In this context, the idea of national standards of conservation management can be traced to the formation of the

text: Nature Conservancy Council

text: (NCC), and its great survey of habitats and species, the

text: Nature Conservation Review

text: , published in 1977.   From this time there was general agreement that the common purpose of conservation management systems was to transform situations of ecological confrontation between humans and non-humans into a system of mutual accommodation.  The NCC's first guidelines for managing its national resource was a pro forma to accommodate a description of the site, the goals of management, and a prescriptive section, in which the objectives of management were to be interpreted in a practical manner.  Central to the latter section were lists of codified jobs to help wardens abide by best practice. The major shortcoming of the guidelines was the lack of a business philosophy to track value for the inputs of effort and resources.

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable."

text: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an

text: international organization

text: working in the field of

text: nature conservation

text: and sustainable use of

text: natural resource

text: s. It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying and education. IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable."

text: Based on a recently completed survey in 2007, the Standardization Administration of China plans to further develop and improve standards for conservation and comprehensive utilization of natural resources in the following areas: energy, water, wood and land conservation, development of renewable energy, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, recovery, recycling and reuse of scrap materials and clean production.

text: Based on a recently completed survey in 2007, the

text: Standardization Administration of China

text: plans to further develop and improve standards for conservation and comprehensive utilization of natural resources in the following areas: energy, water, wood and land conservation, development of renewable energy, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, recovery,

text: recycling

text: and reuse of scrap materials and clean production.

text: In 2004, Solid Energy, a New Zealand State owned enterprise, applied for resource consents under the Resource Management Act for the Cypress Mine, a proposed open-cast coal mine. The consents were granted by the Buller District Council and the West Coast Regional Council. The Buller Conservation Group, Forest and Bird and Te Runanga O Ngati Waewae, and the Department of Conservation appealed the consent decision to the Environment Court. The appeal was declined and the resource consents confirmed in a decision issued on 24 May 2005.

text: In 2004,

text: Solid Energy

text: , a New Zealand

text: State owned enterprise

text: , applied for

text: resource consent

text: s under the

text: Resource Management Act

text: for the

text: Cypress Mine

text: , a proposed open-cast coal mine. The consents were granted by the Buller District Council and the West Coast Regional Council. The Buller Conservation Group, Forest and Bird and Te Runanga O Ngati Waewae, and the Department of Conservation appealed the consent decision to the

text: Environment Court

text: . The appeal was declined and the resource consents confirmed in a decision issued on 24 May 2005.

text: Technologies designed to reduce resource use and improve efficiency are often touted as sustainable or green solutions. Degrowth literature, however, warns about these technological advances due to the "rebound effect".  This concept is based on observations that when a less resource-exhaustive technology is introduced, behaviour surrounding the use of that technology may change, and consumption of that technology could increase or even offset any potential resource savings. In light of the rebound effect, proponents of degrowth hold that the only effective 'sustainable' solutions must involve a complete rejection of the growth paradigm and a move toward a degrowth paradigm. There are also fundamental limits to technological solutions in the pursuit of degrowth, as all engagements with technology increase the cumulutive matter-energy throughput.

text: Technologies designed to reduce resource use and improve efficiency are often touted as sustainable or green solutions. Degrowth literature, however, warns about these technological advances due to the "

text: rebound effect

text: ".  This concept is based on observations that when a less resource-exhaustive technology is introduced,

text: behaviour surrounding the use of that technology may change

text: , and consumption of that technology could increase or even offset any potential resource savings. In light of the rebound effect, proponents of degrowth hold that the only effective 'sustainable' solutions must involve a complete rejection of the growth paradigm and a move toward a degrowth paradigm. There are also fundamental limits to technological solutions in the pursuit of degrowth, as all engagements with technology increase the cumulutive matter-energy throughput.

text: This bottleneck in printing can be solved by specifying reusable content. Reusable content are things that are used on many of the pages. Reusable content can be fonts (letter types), logos (in all sorts of formats), signatures (for policies), diagrams (research results), images (advertising) and the like. An object that is reusable is often called a resource. PPML was designed to make this reuse of resources explicit and allows the printer to know which resources are needed at a particular point in the job. This allows a resource to be rasterized once and used many times instead of being rasterized on every page on which it is used.

text: In United States agricultural policy, a nondegradation standard is defined in the 2002 Farm Bill provisions establishing the Conservation Security Program (CSP; P.L. 107-171, Sec. 2001) to mean the level of measures required to protect and prevent degradation of 1 or more natural resources, as determined by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Participating farmers’ conservation security plans must address resources of concern and meet the appropriate nondegradation standard.

text: In

text: United States agricultural

text: policy, a nondegradation standard is defined in the

text: 2002 Farm Bill

text: provisions establishing the

text: Conservation Security Program

text: (CSP; P.L. 107-171, Sec. 2001) to mean the level of measures required to protect and prevent degradation of 1 or more natural resources, as determined by the

text: Natural Resources Conservation Service

text: . Participating farmers’ conservation security plans must address resources of concern and meet the appropriate nondegradation standard.

text: Defying Ocean's End was launched at a conference held in Los Cabos, Mexico on May 29 to June 3, 2003.  The conference was organized by Conservation International; convened by American oceanographer, Dr. Sylvia Earle, and Intel Corporation co-founder, Gordon Moore; and chaired by Graeme Kelleher. It included the participation of nearly 150 experts from more than 20 countries, representing the fields of ocean science, finance, and conservation.  A select group of senior representatives from world governments, corporations and the media were also in attendance.  In addition to Conservation International, a number of large, international conservation organizations collaborated on the conference.  These included The Nature Conservancy, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Ocean Conservancy, Wildlife Conservation Society, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Wildlife Fund.  The Conference was sponsored by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, BP, ESRI, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and the Alexander Henry Foundation.

text: Defying Ocean's End was launched at a conference held in Los Cabos, Mexico on May 29 to June 3, 2003.  The conference was organized by

text: Conservation International

text: ; convened by American

text: oceanographer

text: , Dr. Sylvia Earle, and

text: Intel Corporation

text: co-founder,

text: Gordon Moore

text: ; and chaired by Graeme Kelleher. It included the participation of nearly 150 experts from more than 20 countries, representing the fields of

text: ocean science

text: , finance, and conservation.  A select group of senior representatives from world governments, corporations and the media were also in attendance.  In addition to Conservation International, a number of large, international conservation organizations collaborated on the conference.  These included

text: The Nature Conservancy

text: Natural Resources Defense Council

text: The Ocean Conservancy

text: Wildlife Conservation Society

text: , the

text: and the

text: World Wildlife Fund

text: .  The Conference was sponsored by the

text: Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

text: BP

text: ESRI

text: Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines

text: and the Alexander Henry Foundation.

text: Rather than focusing on the economic or material benefits associated with nature, humans began to appreciate the value of nature itself and the need to protect pristine wilderness. By the middle of the 20th century countries such as the United States, Canada, and Britain understood this appreciation and instigated laws and legislation in order to ensure that the most fragile and beautiful environments would be protected for generations to come. Today with the help of NGO’s, not-for profit organizations and governments worldwide there is a stronger movement taking place, with a deeper understanding of habitat conservation with the aim of protecting delicate habitats and preserving biodiversity on a global scale.  The commitment and actions of small volunteering association in villages and towns, that endeavour to emulate the work done by well known Conservation Organisations, is paramount in ensuring generations that follow understand the importance of conserving natural resources.  A village conservation group with the mission statement "We are committed to protecting and enhancing the natural environment in and around the adjoining villages of Ouston and Urpeth." may one day inspire a child who becomes the employee of a worldwide conservation organisation.

text: Rather than focusing on the economic or material benefits associated with nature, humans began to appreciate the value of nature itself and the need to protect pristine wilderness. By the middle of the 20th century countries such as the United States, Canada, and Britain understood this appreciation and instigated laws and legislation in order to ensure that the most fragile and beautiful environments would be protected for generations to come. Today with the help of NGO’s,

text: not-for profit

text: organizations and governments worldwide there is a stronger

text: movement

text: taking place, with a deeper understanding of habitat conservation with the aim of protecting delicate habitats and preserving

text: biodiversity

text: on a global scale.  The commitment and actions of small volunteering association in villages and towns, that endeavour to emulate the work done by well known Conservation Organisations, is paramount in ensuring generations that follow understand the importance of conserving natural resources.  A village conservation group with the mission statement "We are committed to protecting and enhancing the natural environment in and around the adjoining villages of

text: Ouston

text: and Urpeth." may one day inspire a child who becomes the employee of a worldwide conservation organisation.

text: Integrating recycling into K-12 educational system has become a goal for many educators.  Usually it is integrated into science or social studies classrooms.  This is due to its inclusion in the national education standards for both of these subject areas.  Common areas that recycling is integrated into the curriculum include areas such as the study of natural resources, general environmental units, soil units, water units, community units, economic units, and geography units.  Although interest is growing, major textbook publishers do not always include recycling in a textbook so teachers are left to supplement the textbooks with outside curriculum to meet the national standards.  For example, in a unit about trees or natural resources teachers could include supplemental curriculum about recycling because in the textbook it is never explicitly covered.  Non-profit organizations as well as governmental organizations have created supplemental curriculum for teachers to fill this void.  Some purely non-profit groups include the Center for a New American Dream and Be SMART.  Other creators of curriculum include governmental offices.  Some of these include Oregon, California, and Waukesha County, Wisconsin.  Also, some non-profit organizations have partnered with sections of the government to collaborate on educational materials.  For example, The Keystone Center partnered with the United States Department of Energy and the National Energy Technology Laboratory to create curriculum on global warming.

text: Integrating recycling into K-12 educational system has become a goal for many educators.  Usually it is integrated into science or social studies classrooms.  This is due to its inclusion in the national education standards for both of these subject areas.  Common areas that recycling is integrated into the curriculum include areas such as the study of natural resources, general environmental units, soil units, water units, community units, economic units, and geography units.  Although interest is growing, major textbook publishers do not always include recycling in a textbook so teachers are left to supplement the textbooks with outside curriculum to meet the national standards.  For example, in a unit about trees or natural resources teachers could include supplemental curriculum about recycling because in the textbook it is never explicitly covered.  Non-profit organizations as well as governmental organizations have created supplemental curriculum for teachers to fill this void.  Some purely non-profit groups include the

text: Center for a New American Dream

text: and

text: Be SMART

text: .  Other creators of curriculum include governmental offices.  Some of these include Oregon, California, and Waukesha County, Wisconsin.  Also, some non-profit organizations have partnered with sections of the government to collaborate on educational materials.  For example, The

text: Keystone Center

text: partnered with the

text: United States Department of Energy

text: and the

text: National Energy Technology Laboratory

text: to create curriculum on

text: global warming

text: Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, they are generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made.

text: Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, they are generally considered to be

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made.

text: Some participants in the help to redefine conservation are countries in South America which pay notice to indigenous areas that are willing to participate in practices of conservation with the technical resources from conservation groups. Instead of being kicked out of their land, there is Federal Environmental Conservation Act that protect their rights to remain on the land and use its natural resources and the "common wealth minister negotiates conservation agreements with them".

text: Some participants in the help to redefine conservation are countries in

text: South America

text: which pay notice to indigenous areas that are willing to participate in practices of conservation with the technical resources from conservation groups. Instead of being kicked out of their land, there is Federal Environmental Conservation Act that protect their rights to remain on the land and use its natural resources and the "common wealth minister negotiates conservation agreements with them".

text: The Conservancy’s work enables protection of important natural resources and creates economic benefits through an area’s tourism, recreation and forestry. Most of the land preserved by WPC is now publicly owned, being some of Pennsylvania's premier parks, forests, game lands and natural areas, or subject to conservation easements that allow public access. WPC acquired land for the creation of 12 state parks, including:

text: The Conservancy’s work enables protection of important natural resources and creates economic benefits through an area’s tourism, recreation and forestry. Most of the land preserved by WPC is now publicly owned, being some of Pennsylvania's premier parks, forests, game lands and natural areas, or subject to

text: conservation easements

text: that allow public access. WPC acquired land for the creation of 12 state parks, including:

text: Estimates of water resources in Syria vary greatly, which is due to different assumptions about inflows from and outflows to other countries, different methodologies to account for overlaps between surface water and groundwater, and poor data. For example, one report estimates "internal" renewable water resources at 7.1 km³/year (long-term average 1977-2001), taking into account overlaps between data between surface water and groundwater. However, UNDP estimates the renewable surface and groundwater resources at 10 km³/year. FAO estimates "total actual renewable water resources" at 16.8 km³/year. The same report estimates "actual external renewable surface water resources" at 17.3 km³/year, including 15.8 km³ of water "entering" with the Euphrates, as unilaterally proposed by Turkey, 0.3 km³ of water "entering" with the Asi-Orontes, as agreed with Lebanon, and 1.3 km³/year from the Tigris. No specific estimates are provided for outflows of surface water to neighboring countries. If 58% of the flow of the Euphrates entering Syria (9.16 km³/year) are considered Iraq's share as stipulated in the 1989 agreement, actual water resources available to Syria would be much lower than stated above. Finally, official data are questionable because better hydro-geological investigations of groundwater are needed to obtain more reliable data.

text: Estimates of water resources in Syria vary greatly, which is due to different assumptions about inflows from and outflows to other countries, different methodologies to account for overlaps between surface water and groundwater, and poor data. For example, one report estimates "internal" renewable water resources at 7.1 km³/year (long-term average 1977-2001), taking into account overlaps between data between surface water and groundwater. However,

text: UNDP

text: estimates the renewable surface and groundwater resources at 10 km³/year.

text: FAO

text: estimates "total actual renewable water resources" at 16.8 km³/year. The same report estimates "actual external renewable surface water resources" at 17.3 km³/year, including 15.8 km³ of water "entering" with the Euphrates, as unilaterally proposed by Turkey, 0.3 km³ of water "entering" with the Asi-Orontes, as agreed with Lebanon, and 1.3 km³/year from the Tigris. No specific estimates are provided for outflows of surface water to neighboring countries. If 58% of the flow of the Euphrates entering Syria (9.16 km³/year) are considered Iraq's share as stipulated in the 1989 agreement, actual water resources available to Syria would be much lower than stated above. Finally, official data are questionable because better hydro-geological investigations of groundwater are needed to obtain more reliable data.

text: In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as goods, where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow. David Ricardo in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by Hotelling's rule, which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling. It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "Hotelling rent" for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the rate of interest, reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resources.The Hartwick's rule provides an important result about the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable source.

text: In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as

text: goods

text: , where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow.

text: David Ricardo

text: in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by

text: Hotelling's rule

text: , which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable

text: resource management

text: by

text: Harold Hotelling

text: . It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable conditions, lead to a

text: depletion

text: of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "

text: Hotelling rent

text: " for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the

text: rate of interest

text: , reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resources.The

text: Hartwick's rule

text: provides an important result about the

text: sustainability

text: of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable source.

text: On 18 November 2006 the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) announced that it was studying creation of the Bay of Babitonga Wildlife Reserve, and that public consultations would be held in local communities.The proposed sustainable conservation unit would promote harmonious integration of productive activity in the region with conservation of nature, particularly of land crab, grouper, sea bass, gray dolphin and porpoise.This would be the first wildlife reserve to be created in Brazil.The purpose was to promote research that would benefit fishing and shellfish cultivation in the bay.Activities such as fishing, swimming and sightseeing would be regulated to avoid exceeding the capacity of the environment.The reserve would cover the mangroves and deep water.It would not have direct control over dumping of domestic and industrial sewage, but could help find funding for sewage works.

text: On 18 November 2006 the

text: (IBAMA) announced that it was studying creation of the Bay of Babitonga Wildlife Reserve, and that public consultations would be held in local communities.The proposed sustainable conservation unit would promote harmonious integration of productive activity in the region with conservation of nature, particularly of land crab, grouper, sea bass, gray dolphin and porpoise.This would be the first wildlife reserve to be created in Brazil.The purpose was to promote research that would benefit fishing and shellfish cultivation in the bay.Activities such as fishing, swimming and sightseeing would be regulated to avoid exceeding the capacity of the environment.The reserve would cover the mangroves and deep water.It would not have direct control over dumping of domestic and industrial sewage, but could help find funding for sewage works.

text: Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia. It is located in Stuarts Creek, about  north of the town of Marree via the Oodnadatta Track in the state’s Far North.  The conservation park was proclaimed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1996.  As of 2012, the conservation park is subject to a co-management agreement between the Arabana aboriginal people and the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources  The name of the conservation park is derived from the Arabana language name used for the local feature also known as Hamilton Hill (also as Mount Hamilton) meaning "snakes head" in reference to the profile of Hamilton Hill.  The conservation park protects both a network of mound springs that upwell from the Great Artesian Basin and the "ruins of a fettler’s cottage at the old Margaret Rail Siding."  Notable mound spring sites with the conservation park include "Pitha - Kurnti - Kurnti" at Coward Springs, "Thirrka" (also known as "Blanche Cup"), "Pirdali–nha" (also known as "The Bubbler") and "Wabma Kadarbu" at Hamilton Hill.  As of 2012, facilities within the conservation park include car parks at each spring, boardwalks, viewing platforms and interpretive signage.  The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

text: Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park is a

text: protected area

text: in the

text: Australia

text: n

text: state

text: of

text: South Australia

text: . It is located in

text: Stuarts Creek

text: , about  north of the town of

text: Marree

text: via the

text: Oodnadatta Track

text: in the state’s

text: Far North

text: .  The conservation park was proclaimed under the

text: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972

text: in 1996.  As of 2012, the conservation park is subject to a co-management agreement between the

text: Arabana aboriginal people

text: and the

text: The name of the conservation park is derived from the

text: Arabana language

text: name used for the local feature also known as Hamilton Hill (also as Mount Hamilton) meaning "snakes head" in reference to the profile of Hamilton Hill.  The conservation park protects both a network of

text: mound spring

text: s that upwell from the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: and the "ruins of a fettler’s cottage at the old Margaret Rail Siding."  Notable mound spring sites with the conservation park include "Pitha - Kurnti - Kurnti" at

text: Coward Springs

text: , "Thirrka" (also known as "Blanche Cup"), "Pirdali–nha" (also known as "The Bubbler") and "Wabma Kadarbu" at Hamilton Hill.  As of 2012, facilities within the conservation park include car parks at each spring, boardwalks, viewing platforms and interpretive signage.  The conservation park is classified as an

text: IUCN

entity_section: Category III — Natural Monument or Feature

text: Category III protected area

text: "The only proper way to conserve any resource is to develop it to the point of highest productivity and with the maximum of efficiency, and to use every means to maintain its productivity. To withhold any natural resource from use under proper conditions...is waste in the grossest form."

text: Long-term effects of this displacement and repurposing linger in the refugees, their families and subsequent generations, effectively reshaping the cultural and economic dynamic of an entire society. This has a ripple effect on their culture and people for generations to come. The use and conservation of a resource is a direct link to conflicts in Africa. According to Abiodun Alao, author of Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa, natural resources can be linked to conflicts in three different ways: either a direct or remote conflict is caused by the resource, or a natural resource can fuel or sustain conflicts, and lastly when resources have been used to resolve conflicts. Often, the conservation efforts that commandeer indigenous people's land remove the natives from a familiar social environment and transplant them into unknown quarters and customs. By doing so, traditional values such as "songs, rituals, …and stories" could be entirely lost in little more than one generation's progression. Economically, relocation and displacement can be devastating on a personal and communal level. Indigenous peoples of all intra-culture class types are forced to the boundaries of the new parks, stripped of their homes and status, and sometimes made to live in "shabby squatter camps…without running water or sanitation". This leads to even more tension between conservation administrators and the new conservation refugees.

text: Long-term effects of this displacement and repurposing linger in the refugees, their families and subsequent generations, effectively reshaping the cultural and economic dynamic of an entire society. This has a ripple effect on their culture and people for generations to come. The use and conservation of a resource is a direct link to conflicts in Africa. According to Abiodun Alao, author of Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa, natural resources can be linked to conflicts in three different ways: either a direct or remote conflict is caused by the resource, or a natural resource can fuel or sustain conflicts, and lastly when resources have been used to resolve conflicts. Often, the conservation efforts that commandeer indigenous people's land remove the natives from a familiar social environment and transplant them into unknown quarters and customs. By doing so, traditional values such as "songs, rituals, …and stories" could be entirely lost in little more than one generation's progression. Economically, relocation and displacement can be devastating on a personal and communal level.

text: Indigenous peoples

text: of all intra-culture class types are forced to the boundaries of the new parks, stripped of their homes and status, and sometimes made to live in "shabby squatter camps…without running water or sanitation". This leads to even more tension between conservation administrators and the new conservation refugees.

text: Some libertarians believe that property is on one's work based on resources, and never on the resources themselves, so that there is actually no problem of unjust hoarding of resources: if someone else can reuse the "same" resource without harming the previous "owner"'s work, he has a usufruct to use it.  Since there is no conflict, the previous "owner" has no claim.  For example, if one person traverse another person's land with electromagnetic waves from radio broadcast or sight of a nearby building, the first is not interfering with the second person's crops, so he has no claim against the first.  However, if the first were walking on that land and treading on the crops, the second would have a valid claim.  Though natural resources exist, what gives value to them is the work of men, and those who create this value legitimately own it, whereas by the very nature of a free society, they do not own the utility of these resources that otherwise benefit everyone.  See the relevant chapter of Frédéric Bastiat's Economic Harmonies.

text: Some libertarians believe that property is on one's work based on resources, and never on the resources themselves, so that there is actually no problem of unjust hoarding of resources: if someone else can reuse the "same" resource without harming the previous "owner"'s work, he has a

text: usufruct

text: to use it.  Since there is no conflict, the previous "owner" has no claim.  For example, if one person traverse another person's land with electromagnetic waves from radio broadcast or sight of a nearby building, the first is not interfering with the second person's crops, so he has no claim against the first.  However, if the first were walking on that land and treading on the crops, the second would have a valid claim.  Though natural resources exist, what gives value to them is the work of men, and those who create this value legitimately own it, whereas by the very nature of a free society, they do not own the utility of these resources that otherwise benefit everyone.  See the relevant chapter of

text: Frédéric Bastiat

text: 's Economic Harmonies.

text: Scran works in partnership with over 300 cultural institutions in Scotland and the rest of the UK who contribute material to the online service. The online learning resource service hosts nearly 490,000 images, movies and sounds from museums, galleries, archives and the media. Subscribers can download and reuse these for personal and educational use in accordance with the subscriber licence. The online service also provides a range of tools for users "to do stuff with things they find". A number of institutions use Scran's open source online solution - Scran-in-a-Box - to provide access to their own data.

text: Scran works in partnership with over 300 cultural institutions in Scotland and the rest of the UK who contribute material to the online service. The online learning resource service hosts nearly 490,000 images, movies and sounds from museums, galleries, archives and the media. Subscribers can download and reuse these for personal and educational use in accordance with the subscriber licence. The online service also provides a range of tools for users "to do stuff with things they find". A number of institutions use Scran's

text: open source

text: online solution - Scran-in-a-Box - to provide access to their own data.

text: The aim of this switch is to reduce the packaging carbon footprint by 25% and to use 43% less fossil resources.

text: The aim of this switch is to reduce the packaging

text: carbon footprint

text: by 25% and to use 43% less fossil resources.

text: In addition to the three Scientific Surveys, the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources included Divisions of Environmental Management, Resource Development, Resource Extension Service, the Illinois State Museum, plus The General Office in Springfield.  The Director of the Institute was Frank Beal. The Board of Natural Resources and Conservation continued to administer the Institute. In 1981 the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources became the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, whose six divisions were the Illinois State Geological Survey, the Illinois Natural History Survey, the Illinois State Water Survey, Energy Programs, Policy and Planning, and the Illinois State Museum.  The Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (now the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center) was established within the Department of Energy and Natural Resources in 1984.  In 1995, Governor Jim Edgar issued an Executive Order to restructure the state's environmental agencies.  The Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (in part), Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, and several other related government units were combined to form the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR).   The Surveys (now four, including the Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center) plus the Illinois State Museum were placed under the Office of Scientific Research and Analysis within IDNR.  The Surveys remained in IDNR until the Institute was established within the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2008.

text: In addition to the three Scientific Surveys, the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources included Divisions of Environmental Management, Resource Development, Resource Extension Service, the

text: Illinois State Museum

text: , plus The General Office in Springfield.  The Director of the Institute was Frank Beal. The Board of Natural Resources and Conservation continued to administer the Institute. In 1981 the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources became the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, whose six divisions were the Illinois State Geological Survey, the Illinois Natural History Survey, the Illinois State Water Survey, Energy Programs, Policy and Planning, and the

text: Illinois State Museum

text: .  The Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (now the Illinois Sustainable Technology Center) was established within the Department of Energy and Natural Resources in 1984.  In 1995, Governor Jim Edgar issued an Executive Order to restructure the state's environmental agencies.  The Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (in part), Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, and several other related government units were combined to form the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR).   The Surveys (now four, including the Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center) plus the Illinois State Museum were placed under the Office of Scientific Research and Analysis within IDNR.  The Surveys remained in IDNR until the Institute was established within the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2008.

text: The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA), popularly known as the International Seed Treaty, is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), as well as the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use. It also recognises Farmers' Rights, subject to national laws to: a) the protection of traditional knowledge relevant to plant genetic resources for food andagriculture; b) the right to equitably participate in sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; and c) the right to participate in making decisions, at the national level, on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The Treaty establishes the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing to facilitate plant germplasm exchanges and benefit sharing through Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA).

text: The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA), popularly known as the International Seed Treaty, is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: , which aims at guaranteeing

text: food security

text: through the

text: conservation

text: , exchange and

text: sustainable use

text: of the world's

text: plant genetic

text: resources

text: for food and agriculture (PGRFA), as well as the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use. It also recognises Farmers' Rights, subject to national laws to: a) the protection of traditional knowledge relevant to plant genetic resources for food andagriculture; b) the right to equitably participate in sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; and c) the right to participate in

text: making decisions

text: , at the national level, on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The Treaty establishes the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing to facilitate plant

text: germplasm

text: exchanges and benefit sharing through

text: Standard Material Transfer Agreement

text: (SMTA).

text: The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act was introduced into the United States Senate on January 22, 2013 by Sen. Carl Levin (D, MI). It was referred to the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. It was reported by the committee alongside Senate Report 113-14. On June 19, 2013, it passed the Senate by unanimous consent. It was received in the United States House of Representatives on June 20, 2013 and referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation. On February 29, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that S. 23 would be considered under a suspension of the rules on March 3, 2014. Consideration was delayed until March 4, 2014 due to a snowstorm in Washington D.C. The House voted on March 3, 2014 to pass the bill by a voice vote. On March 13, 2014, it was signed into law as  by President Barack Obama.

text: The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act was introduced into the

text: United States Senate

text: on January 22, 2013 by

text: Sen. Carl Levin (D, MI)

text: . It was referred to the

entity_name: United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

text: United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

text: . It was reported by the committee alongside Senate Report 113-14. On June 19, 2013, it passed the Senate by

text: unanimous consent

text: . It was received in the

text: United States House of Representatives

text: on June 20, 2013 and referred to the

text: and the

text: . On February 29, 2014, House Majority Leader

text: Eric Cantor

text: announced that S. 23 would be considered under a

text: suspension of the rules

text: on March 3, 2014. Consideration was delayed until March 4, 2014 due to a snowstorm in Washington D.C. The House voted on March 3, 2014 to pass the bill by a

text: voice vote

text: . On March 13, 2014, it was signed into law as  by President

text: Barack Obama

text: The management plan, prepared jointly by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources and Vale, was approved on 30 April 2004.The plan's objectives include exploration, mining, processing, transport and marketing of mineral resources, promoting management of forest resources ecologically and economically, protecting water resources, scenic beauty, historical and archaeological sites and biodiversity, supporting scientific research and environmental education and promoting recreational activities, leisure and ecotourism.

text: The management plan, prepared jointly by the

text: and Vale, was approved on 30 April 2004.The plan's objectives include exploration, mining, processing, transport and marketing of mineral resources, promoting management of forest resources ecologically and economically, protecting water resources, scenic beauty, historical and archaeological sites and biodiversity, supporting scientific research and environmental education and promoting recreational activities, leisure and ecotourism.

text: Baba Dioum (born 15 October 1937) is a Senegalese forestry engineer. In a paper presented in New Delhi in 1968, at the triennial meeting of the General Assembly of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Dioum made the much anthologised statement: "In the end we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we are taught." His major concerns have been agricultural development and natural resource management.

text: Baba Dioum (born 15 October 1937) is a

text: Senegal

text: ese forestry engineer. In a paper presented in

text: New Delhi

text: in 1968, at the triennial meeting of the General Assembly of the

text: (IUCN), Dioum made the much anthologised statement: "In the end we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we are taught." His major concerns have been agricultural development and natural resource management.

text: The CSP can be used on Tribal and private working lands. All 50 states and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific basins have all incorporated the CSP. The program provides equitable access to benefit all producers, regardless of size of operation, crops produced, or geographic location. The CSP helps producers maintain conservation stewardship and implement additional conservation practices that provide added environmental enhancement, while creating powerful incentives for other producers to meet those same standards of conservation performance. The NRCS believes "The conservation benefits gained will help farms and ranches be more environmentally sustainable and will increase the natural resources benefits provided to all Americans."

text: The CSP can be used on

text: Tribal

text: and private working lands. All 50 states and

text: U.S. territories

text: in the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Pacific

text: basins have all incorporated the CSP. The program provides equitable access to benefit all producers, regardless of size of operation, crops produced, or geographic location. The CSP helps producers maintain conservation stewardship and implement additional conservation practices that provide added environmental enhancement, while creating powerful incentives for other producers to meet those same standards of conservation performance. The NRCS believes "The conservation benefits gained will help farms and ranches be more environmentally sustainable and will increase the natural resources benefits provided to all Americans."

text: The statement in the definition of ecosan to "safely recycle" includes hygienic, microbial and chemical aspects. Thus, the recycled human excreta product, in solid or liquid form, shall be of high quality both concerning pathogens and all kind of hazardous chemical components. The statement "use of non-renewable resources is minimised" means that the gain in resources by recycling shall be larger than the cost of resources by recycling.

text: Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper and cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles and electronics. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such as food or garden waste—is also considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing.

text: Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper and cardboard, metal, plastic,

text: tire

text: s, textiles and

text: electronics

text: . The

text: composting

text: or other reuse of

text: biodegradable waste

text: —such as

text: food

text: or

text: garden waste

text: —is also considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection centre or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing.

text: The National Association of Conservation Districts is a non-profit organization that represents America’s conservation districts and the men and women who serve. Conservation districts are local units of government who are required by state law to carry out natural resource management programs. Districts work with landowners and operators who are willing to help them manage and protect land and water resources on all public and private lands in the US.

text: The Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources was  implemented on 21 December 2005 to reduce environmental impacts associated with resource use and to do this in a growing economy. The objective can be described as “ensuring that the consumption of resources and their associated impacts do not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment and breaking linkages between economic growth and resource use”.

text: The

text: Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

text: was  implemented on 21 December 2005 to reduce environmental impacts associated with resource use and to do this in a growing economy. The objective can be described as “ensuring that the consumption of resources and their associated impacts do not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment and breaking linkages between economic growth and resource use”.

text: Following a decision by the Clackamas County Board of Commissioners to approve uses for the site other than those uses no longer allowed following decommissioning, the decision was appealed to the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA).  The decision was upheld in LUBA No 2015-022, allowing a balancing of statewide land use goals for historic preservation and high-value resource lands through the affording of such sites a precedent path for a Statewide Land Use Goal Exception.  The decision established that adaptive reuse of historic structures on resource land is necessary to preserve them, and that local jurisdictions can and should strategically rezone to allow limited uses not otherwise allowed in resource zones.  The decision not only supported viable approaches to preserve these specific sites, but also provided a bright line preservation path for all historic resources in Oregon Timber and Agriculture zones.

text: Theodore Roosevelt and his close ally George Bird Grinnell, were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market hunting. This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt recognized that the laissez-faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the Boone and Crockett Club in 1887. The Club was made up of the best minds and influential men of the day. The Boone and Crockett Club's contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America. As president, Theodore Roosevelt became a prominent conservationist, putting the issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter,  Gifford Pinchot.  Roosevelt was deeply committed to conserving natural resources, and is considered to be the nation's first conservation President. He encouraged the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined.

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: and his close ally

text: George Bird Grinnell

text: , were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market hunting. This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt recognized that the laissez-faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the

text: Boone and Crockett Club

text: in 1887. The Club was made up of the best minds and influential men of the day. The

text: Boone and Crockett Club

text: 's contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America. As president,

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: became a prominent

text: conservationist

text: , putting the issue high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter,

text: Gifford Pinchot

text: .  Roosevelt was deeply committed to conserving natural resources, and is considered to be the nation's first

text: conservation

text: President. He encouraged the

text: Newlands Reclamation Act

text: of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi² or 930,000 km²) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land for

text: national park

text: s and

text: nature preserve

text: s than all of his predecessors combined.

text: The Monte Roraima National Park existed only on paper until 2001, when the United Nations provided money to implement and manage parks in Brazil.The indigenous people became concerned when the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) began to implement the management plan.This included erecting a headquarters building, and potentially removing the indigenous Ingarikó and Macushi people from the park.On 15 April 2005 the area was completely assigned to Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI: National Indian Foundation) through the "dual affectation" legal device create by the federal government with recognition of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory.Under the decree of 15 April 2005 the boundaries of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory were ratified and Monte Roraima National Park was made Union public property with the roles of both maintaining the constitutional rights of the Indians and conserving the environment.

text: The Monte Roraima National Park existed only on paper until 2001, when the

text: United Nations

text: provided money to implement and manage parks in Brazil.The indigenous people became concerned when the

text: (IBAMA) began to implement the management plan.This included erecting a headquarters building, and potentially removing the indigenous

text: Ingarikó

text: and

text: Macushi people

text: from the park.On 15 April 2005 the area was completely assigned to

text: Fundação Nacional do Índio

text: (FUNAI: National Indian Foundation) through the "dual affectation" legal device create by the federal government with recognition of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory.Under the decree of 15 April 2005 the boundaries of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Territory were ratified and Monte Roraima National Park was made Union public property with the roles of both maintaining the constitutional rights of the Indians and conserving the environment.

text: A popular social movement in the late 1800s pushed conservation of natural resources to the top of the national agenda. The leaders of the movement were concerned that poor land management would put long-term national interests at risk, as well as destroy future Americans' natural heritage. Under President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States placed 230,000,000 acres of land under national protection to conserve natural assets for the long-term use of future generations.

text: A popular social movement in the late 1800s pushed conservation of natural resources to the top of the national agenda. The leaders of the movement were concerned that poor land management would put long-term national interests at risk, as well as destroy future Americans' natural heritage. Under President

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: , the United States placed 230,000,000 acres of land under

entity_name: List of areas in the United States National Park System

text: national protection

text: to conserve natural assets for the long-term use of future generations.

text: The World Resources Forum (WRF) is a non-profit organisation for sharing knowledge about the economic, political, social and environmental implications of global resource use.  WRF promotes resource productivity among researchers, policymakers, business, NGOs and the public. The WRF Conference is a series of conferences on global resources issues, formerly known as R-conferences (Recycling, Reducing, Re-using), organised since 1993. The WRF provides information about natural resources, trends and limitations in use and production, and serves as a platform on which to discuss their economic and political implications. The WRF is directed at academics, politicians, research-oriented practitioners, entrepreneurs, consultants and other professionals in the areas of sustainable development.

text: The World Resources Forum (WRF) is a non-profit organisation for sharing knowledge about the economic, political, social and environmental implications of global resource use.  WRF promotes

text: resource productivity

text: among researchers, policymakers, business,

text: NGO

text: s and the public. The WRF Conference is a series of conferences on global resources issues, formerly known as R-conferences (Recycling, Reducing, Re-using), organised since 1993. The WRF provides information about

text: natural resources

text: , trends and limitations in use and production, and serves as a platform on which to discuss their economic and political implications. The WRF is directed at academics, politicians, research-oriented practitioners, entrepreneurs, consultants and other professionals in the areas of

text: sustainable development

text: The institution was awarded an American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) Recycling Award. During the 2004–05 school year, Mountain Home High School students collected more than 6 tons of paper for recycling, and created a model program to promote natural resource conservation.

text: The institution was awarded an

text: American Forest & Paper Association

text: (AF&PA) Recycling Award. During the 2004–05 school year, Mountain Home High School students collected more than 6 tons of paper for

text: recycling

text: , and created a model program to promote natural resource conservation.

text: The Senate Natural Resources and the Environment Committee has jurisdiction over energy resources and development. This includes industry-wide regulation on issues of conservation, use and maintenance of strategic reserves, and for standards of use of public lands and their renewable resources. The scope incorporates any surface mining operation, coal mining, oil and gas mining and exploration, all aspects of mineral leasing, and the regulation of the state's water resources.

text: Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a variety of materials, including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products. Another benefit of recycling e-waste is that many of the materials can be recycled and re-used again. Materials that can be recycled include "ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals, glass, and various types of plastic." “Non-ferrous metals, mainly aluminum and copper can all be re-smelted and re-manufactured. Ferrous metals such as steel and iron can be also be re-used." Due to the recent surge in popularity in 3D printing, certain 3D printers have been designed (FDM variety) to produce waste that can be easily recycled which decreases the amount of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. The excess plastic from these printers that comes out as a byproduct can also be reused to create new 3D printed creations.

text: The protected areas serve the purpose of conserving the forests and wildlife of Pakistan. National Conservation Strategy of 1993 was a major landmark of start of conservation of natural resources and wildlife in Pakistan. Resource-managed man-made forests like Changa Manga, Kamalia plantation and Chichawatni plantation have also been planted to serve purpose and conserve forests. Through conservation, a large region of Thal desert has been afforested.

text: The protected areas serve the purpose of conserving the forests and wildlife of Pakistan.

text: National Conservation Strategy

text: of 1993 was a major landmark of start of conservation of natural resources and wildlife in Pakistan. Resource-managed man-made forests like

text: Changa Manga

text: Kamalia

text: plantation and

text: Chichawatni

text: plantation have also been planted to serve purpose and conserve forests. Through conservation, a large region of

text: Thal desert

text: has been

text: afforested

text: Norfolkline reduced their carbon footprint by investing in environmental friendly resources, such as their recent investment of refrigerated trailers which are 92% recyclable.

text: The term natural resource management is frequently used when dealing with a particular resource for human use rather than managing the whole ecosystem. A main objective of natural resources management is the sustainability for future generations, which appoints ecosystem managers  to balance natural resources  exploitation and conservation over long-term timeframe. The balanced relationship of each resource in an ecosystem is subject to change at different spatial and temporal scales. Dimensions such as, watersheds, soils, flora and fauna, need to be considered individually and on a landscape level. A variety of natural resources are utilized for food, medicine, energy and shelter.

text: The term

text: natural resource management

text: is frequently used when dealing with a particular resource for human use rather than managing the whole

text: ecosystem

text: . A main objective of natural resources management is the sustainability for future generations, which appoints ecosystem managers  to balance natural resources  exploitation and conservation over long-term timeframe. The balanced relationship of each resource in an ecosystem is subject to change at different spatial and temporal scales. Dimensions such as, watersheds, soils, flora and fauna, need to be considered individually and on a landscape level. A variety of natural resources are utilized for food, medicine, energy and shelter.

text: There are several key differences in management of resources in the global commons from those of the commons, in general. There are obvious differences in scale of both the resources and the number of users at the local versus the global level.  Also, there are differences in the shared culture and expectations of resource users; more localized commons users tend to be more homogeneous and global users more heterogeneous. This contributes to differences in the possibility and time it takes for new learning about resource usage to occur at the different levels. Moreover, global resource pools are less likely to be relatively stable and the dynamics are less easily understood. Many of the global commons are non-renewable on human time scales. Thus, resource degradation is more likely to be the result of unintended consequences that are unforeseen, not immediately observable, or not easily understood. For example, the carbon dioxide emissions that drive climate change continue to do so for at least a millennium after they enter the atmosphere and species extinctions last forever.  Importantly, because there are significant differences in the benefits, costs, and interests at the global level, there are significant differences in externalities between more local resource uses and uses of global-level resources.

text: There are several key differences in management of resources in the global commons from those of the commons, in general. There are obvious differences in scale of both the resources and the number of users at the local versus the global level.  Also, there are differences in the shared culture and expectations of resource users; more localized commons users tend to be more homogeneous and global users more heterogeneous. This contributes to differences in the possibility and time it takes for new learning about resource usage to occur at the different levels. Moreover, global resource pools are less likely to be relatively stable and the dynamics are less easily understood. Many of the global commons are non-renewable on human time scales. Thus, resource degradation is more likely to be the result of unintended consequences that are unforeseen, not immediately observable, or not easily understood. For example, the carbon dioxide emissions that drive climate change continue to do so for at least a millennium after they enter the atmosphere and species extinctions last forever.  Importantly, because there are significant differences in the benefits, costs, and interests at the global level, there are significant differences in

text: externalities

text: between more local resource uses and uses of global-level resources.

text: Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many natural resources are essential for human survival, while others are used for satisfying human desire. Conservation is the management of natural resources with the goal of sustainability. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.

text: Natural resources

text: are derived from the

text: environment

text: . Many natural resources are essential for human survival, while others are used for satisfying human desire. Conservation is the management of

text: natural resources

text: with the goal of

text: sustainability

text: . Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.

text: BC Hydro's Power Smart program encourages energy conservation among its residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The program also aims to promote energy saving retail products and building construction, and includes a "Sustainable Communities Program". Its in-house Resource Smart program is used to identify and implement efficiency gains at existing BC Hydro facilities. BC Hydro also practices energy conservation at its generating facilities through the continuous monitoring and efficient use of the water resources used to power its generators.

text: BC Hydro's

text: Power Smart

text: program encourages energy conservation among its residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The program also aims to promote energy saving retail products and building construction, and includes a "Sustainable Communities Program". Its in-house Resource Smart program is used to identify and implement efficiency gains at existing BC Hydro facilities. BC Hydro also practices energy conservation at its generating facilities through the continuous monitoring and efficient use of the water resources used to power its generators.

text: The private sector comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households. The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of natural resources. Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry and fishery organisations. Environmental resource management undertaken by the private sectors varies dependent upon the resource type, that being renewable or non-renewable and private and common resources (also see Tragedy of the Commons). Environmental managers from the private sector also need skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment.

text: The

text: private sector

text: comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households. The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of

text: natural resources

text: . Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry and fishery organisations. Environmental resource management undertaken by the private sectors varies dependent upon the resource type, that being renewable or non-renewable and private and common resources (also see

text: Tragedy of the Commons

text: Environmental managers

text: from the private sector also need skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment.

text: The Liberals won four seats and the Conservatives three. The Avalon seat changed hands from the Liberals to the Tories. The seat had been held by Natural Resources Minister John Efford, who is retiring. Fabian Manning has won the seat for the Conservatives over Bill Morrow.

text: The Liberals won four seats and the Conservatives three. The

text: Avalon

text: seat changed hands from the Liberals to the Tories. The seat had been held by Natural Resources Minister

text: John Efford

text: , who is retiring.

text: Fabian Manning

text: has won the seat for the Conservatives over Bill Morrow.

text: The two main government agencies in charge of developing renewable energy resources are SEMARNAT and SENER. The Environment and Natural Resources Secretariat (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources, while SENER defines the national energy policy. CONAE, the National Commission for Energy Savings, is responsible for promoting energy savings and energy efficiency. Finally, SEDESOL, the National Secretariat for Social Development, includes the promotion and use of renewable energy in some of their projects.

text: Research entitled Evaluating the Economic Impact of Farmers' Markets Using an Opportunity Cost Framework was conducted on farmers' markets in West Virginia. Researchers intended to illustrate that opportunity cost reduced net positive impact, however, not disproportionately. They distributed the impact of opportunity cost in the West Virginian economy by major industries. These industries were: agriculture-resources, Mining-utilities-construction, manufacturing, trade-transportation, financial activities, professional-technical services, educational-health-social services, entertainment-travel-other services, and government. The sectors that presented a more significant impact were agriculture-resources and trade-transportation. Education-health-social services were affected by secondary impacts. Total job impacts were felt in the trade-transportation and agriculture-resources sectors. So while the data affirms that farmers' markets have a positive effect on the local economy of West Virginia the opportunity costs reduces its positive impact significantly.

text: Research entitled Evaluating the Economic Impact of Farmers' Markets Using an Opportunity Cost Framework was conducted on farmers' markets in

text: West Virginia

text: . Researchers intended to illustrate that

text: opportunity cost

text: reduced net positive impact, however, not disproportionately. They distributed the impact of opportunity cost in the West Virginian economy by major industries. These industries were: agriculture-resources, Mining-utilities-construction, manufacturing, trade-transportation, financial activities, professional-technical services, educational-health-social services, entertainment-travel-other services, and government. The sectors that presented a more significant impact were agriculture-resources and trade-transportation. Education-health-social services were affected by secondary impacts. Total job impacts were felt in the trade-transportation and agriculture-resources sectors. So while the data affirms that farmers' markets have a positive effect on the local economy of West Virginia the opportunity costs reduces its positive impact significantly.

text: A persistent uniform resource locator (PURL) is a uniform resource locator (URL) (i.e., location-based uniform resource identifier or URI) that is used to redirect to the location of the requested web resource. PURLs redirect HTTP clients using HTTP status codes. PURLs are used to curate the URL resolution process, thus solving the problem of transitory URIs in location-based URI schemes like HTTP. Technically the string resolution on PURL is like SEF URL resolution.

text: A persistent uniform resource locator (PURL) is a

text: uniform resource locator

text: (URL) (i.e., location-based

text: uniform resource identifier

text: or URI) that is used to redirect to the location of the requested

text: web resource

text: . PURLs redirect

text: HTTP

text: clients using

text: HTTP status codes

text: . PURLs are used to curate the URL resolution process, thus solving the problem of transitory URIs in location-based

text: URI scheme

text: s like HTTP. Technically the string resolution on PURL is like

text: SEF URL

text: resolution.

text: By the 20th century, the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources. The increase in health, wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress.  However, in the 1930s economists began developing models of non-renewable resource management (see Hotelling's rule) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources (Hartwick's rule).

text: By the 20th century, the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources. The increase in health, wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress.  However, in the 1930s economists began developing models of

text: non-renewable resource

text: management (see

text: Hotelling's rule

text: ) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources (

text: Hartwick's rule

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: is resulting in significant

text: energy security

text: climate change mitigation

text: , and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

text: Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce redundancy by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form within the software product development process. The key idea in reuse is that parts of a computer program written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time.

text: Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce redundancy by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form within the software product development process. The key idea in reuse is that parts of a

text: computer program

text: written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time.

text: The production of goods and services by manufacturing products in economic systems creates many types of waste during production and after the consumer has made use of it. The material is then either incinerated, buried in a landfill or recycled for reuse.  Recycling turns materials of value that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources again.

text: The production of goods and services by

text: manufacturing

text: product

text: s in

text: economic system

text: s creates many

text: types of waste

text: during production and after the

text: consumer

text: has made use of it. The material is then either

text: incinerated

text: , buried in a

text: landfill

text: or

text: recycled

text: for reuse.  Recycling turns materials of value that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources again.

text: The percentage of renewable resources that could be achieved by 2020 has evolved from 25% in 2007 to 100% in 2010:

text: Excessive use of renewable resources<br>Excessive use of otherwise renewable  resources are undermining ecological stability worldwide. Between 2000 and 2012 alone, some fourteen percent of what amounts to Earth's original forest cover was deforested. Tropical rainforests have been subject to deforestation at a rapid pace for decades — especially in West and Central Africa and in Brazil — mostly due to subsistence farming, population pressure and urbanization. Population pressure is also exerting much strain on the world's soil systems, leading to land degradation, mostly in developing countries. Global erosion rates on conventional cropland are presently estimated to exceed soil creation rates by more than one order of magnitude. Widespread overuse of groundwater result in water deficits in many countries of the world. By 2025, the living conditions of two-thirds of the world's population could be stressed by water scarcity.

text: Excessive use of renewable resources<br>Excessive use of otherwise

text: renewable

text: resources are undermining ecological stability worldwide. Between 2000 and 2012 alone,

text: some fourteen percent of what amounts to Earth's original forest cover was deforested

text: . Tropical rainforests have been subject to

text: deforestation at a rapid pace for decades

text: — especially in

text: West and Central Africa

text: and in

text: Brazil

text: — mostly due to

text: subsistence farming, population pressure and urbanization

text: . Population pressure is also exerting much strain on the

text: world's soil systems, leading to land degradation

text: , mostly in developing countries. Global erosion rates on conventional cropland are presently estimated to

text: exceed soil creation rates by more than one order of magnitude

text: . Widespread overuse of

text: groundwater

text: result in

text: water deficits in many countries of the world

text: . By 2025,

text: the living conditions of two-thirds of the world's population could be stressed by water scarcity

text: These types of toilets can be used for resource recovery by reusing sanitized feces and urine as fertilizer and soil conditioner for gardening or ornamental activities.

text: These types of toilets can be used for

text: resource recovery

text: by reusing sanitized feces and urine as fertilizer and soil conditioner for gardening or ornamental activities.

text: Treating the environment as an externality may generate short-term profit at the expense of sustainability. Sustainable business practices, on the other hand, integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones (i.e., the triple bottom line). Growth that depletes ecosystem services is sometimes termed "uneconomic growth" as it leads to a decline in quality of life. Minimizing such growth can provide opportunities for local businesses. For example, industrial waste can be treated as an "economic resource in the wrong place". The benefits of waste reduction include savings from disposal costs, fewer environmental penalties, and reduced liability insurance. This may lead to increased market share due to an improved public image. Energy efficiency can also increase profits by reducing costs.

text: Treating the environment as an externality may generate short-term profit at the expense of sustainability.

text: Sustainable business

text: practices, on the other hand, integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones (i.e., the

text: triple bottom line

text: ). Growth that depletes ecosystem services is sometimes termed "

text: uneconomic growth

text: " as it leads to a decline in

text: quality of life

text: . Minimizing such growth can provide opportunities for local businesses. For example, industrial waste can be treated as an "economic resource in the wrong place". The benefits of

text: waste reduction

text: include savings from disposal costs, fewer environmental penalties, and reduced liability insurance. This may lead to increased market share due to an improved public image. Energy efficiency can also increase profits by reducing costs.

text: The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment is responsible for the creation and enforcement of policies and regulations dealing with the environment, including conservation, regeneration, forestry and wildlife protection. It is also responsible for the exploration, management and conservation of the country's natural resources, including the management of the water supply, mineral deposit development, and the exploration of the country's territory and continental shelf. Finally, the Ministry also is in charge of regulating industrial and energy safety, and monitors geological and earthquake activities and development of state police and legal regulation in forestry affairs.

text: The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment is responsible for the creation and enforcement of policies and regulations dealing with the environment, including

text: conservation

text: , regeneration,

text: forestry

text: and

text: wildlife protection

text: . It is also responsible for the exploration, management and conservation of the country's natural resources, including the

text: management of the water supply

text: , mineral deposit development, and the exploration of the country's territory and

text: continental shelf

text: . Finally, the Ministry also is in charge of regulating industrial and energy safety, and monitors geological and

text: earthquake

text: activities and development of state police and legal regulation in forestry affairs.

text: The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service lists the following uses for Indiangrass:

text: Taiga (boreal forests) have amazing natural resources that are being exploited by humans. Human activities have a huge effect on the taiga ecoregions mainly through extensive logging, natural gas extraction and mine-fracking. This results in loss of habitat and increases the rate of deforestation. It is important to use the natural resources but its key to use natural resources sustainably and not over exploit them. In recent years rules and regulations have been set in place to conserve the forests in order to reduce the amount of trees that are cut. There has been an increase in oil extraction and mining throughout the United States and Canada. Exploitation of tar sands oil reserves has increased mining. This is a large operation that started in Alberta Canada. Oil extraction has a direct effect on the taiga forests because the most valuable and abundant oil resources come from taiga forests. Tar sands have affected over 75% of the habitat in Alberta taiga forest due to the clearing of the forests and the oil ponds that come from the extraction. These tar sands also create awful toxic oil ponds that affect the wildlife and surrounding vegetation. Oil extraction also affects the forest soil, which harms tree and plant growth.

text: Taiga (boreal forests) have amazing natural resources that are being exploited by humans. Human activities have a huge effect on the taiga ecoregions mainly through extensive logging, natural gas extraction and mine-fracking. This results in loss of habitat and increases the rate of deforestation. It is important to use the natural resources but its key to use natural resources sustainably and not over exploit them. In recent years rules and regulations have been set in place to conserve the forests in order to reduce the amount of trees that are cut. There has been an increase in oil extraction and mining throughout the United States and Canada. Exploitation of

text: tar sands oil

text: reserves has increased mining. This is a large operation that started in Alberta Canada. Oil extraction has a direct effect on the taiga forests because the most valuable and abundant oil resources come from taiga forests. Tar sands have affected over 75% of the habitat in Alberta taiga forest due to the clearing of the forests and the oil ponds that come from the extraction. These tar sands also create awful toxic oil ponds that affect the wildlife and surrounding vegetation. Oil extraction also affects the forest soil, which harms tree and plant growth.

text: Between 2006 and 2013 the number of visits to federal protected areas, mostly to national parks, tripled to 6.3 million.In 2007 the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) was created to manage federal conservation units, including national parks, taking over from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA).More funds were made available for settling expropriation claims, and a system of environmental compensation was introduced to support investment in parks. The result has been growth in the number of parks with management plans and clear land ownership. These may qualify for outsourced public use services.Private concessions have been used in parks such as Tijuca and Fernando de Noronha, and more are planned.

text: Between 2006 and 2013 the number of visits to federal protected areas, mostly to national parks, tripled to 6.3 million.In 2007 the

text: (ICMBio) was created to manage federal conservation units, including national parks, taking over from the

text: (IBAMA).More funds were made available for settling expropriation claims, and a system of environmental compensation was introduced to support investment in parks. The result has been growth in the number of parks with management plans and clear land ownership. These may qualify for outsourced public use services.Private concessions have been used in parks such as

text: Tijuca

text: and

entity_name: Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park

text: Fernando de Noronha

text: , and more are planned.

text: Much of the San Marcos River is protected via the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan due to the wildlife that reside and the usage of the river. This plan was established in 2006 as an attempt between several Texas cities, that use the many resources of the San Marcos River, to manage aquatic habitats and to manage water resources of the Comal and San Marcos springs. This plan helps manage control of non -native species, species stability, control of native species, sediment removal, reduction of contamination, and flow protection.  Work on the San Marcos River banks are the main focus of the restoration projects in a large effort to protect the Edward Aquifer. Non-Native plants will be uprooted and new plants will be planted to take their spots. Also, there will be six new access points to the river in attempts to allow people to get in and out of the water without harm to the river banks. The city will spend close to a million dollars in this restoration attempt. This makes the river a more ideal habitat, while at the same time improving recreation.

text: The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management, water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of wilderness areas to include preservation of biodiversity. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching environmental movement, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Chiefly in the United States, conservation is seen as differing from environmentalism in that it aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued sustainable use by humans. In other parts of the world conservation is used more broadly to include the setting aside of natural areas and the active protection of wildlife for their inherent value, as much as for any value they may have for humans.

text: The early conservation movement included

text: fisheries

text: and

text: wildlife management

text: , water,

text: soil

text: conservation and

text: sustainable forestry

text: . The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of

text: wilderness

text: areas to include preservation of

text: biodiversity

text: . Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching

text: environmental movement

text: , while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Chiefly in the United States, conservation is seen as differing from

text: environmentalism

text: in that it aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued

text: sustainable

text: use by humans. In other parts of the world conservation is used more broadly to include the setting aside of natural areas and the active protection of wildlife for their inherent value, as much as for any value they may have for humans.

text: Starting out as a campaign to eliminate litter on campus in 2006, the Solid Green initiative has progressed to achieve other goals. One such example is Gameday Recycling, which was started in 2009 and has exponentially increased in tonnage recycled. This project involves over 80,000 people on any given home weekend, a way for Clemson University to educate the public about the Solid Green campaign. Trash bags are placed at each parking spot and volunteers go around after the games collecting the trash and taking it to the recycling center. Recycling bins are placed in each dorm room with recycling containers at the base of each dormitory. Offices and classrooms on campus have completely replaced regular waste bins with recycling bins. There is also a massive recycling center at Kite Hill, which is open to anyone. Clemson students compete in RecycleMania each year, a nationwide event in which college campuses compete to recycle the most waste. At Cherry Crossing Research Facility, the community can drop off unused food for compost, or yard waste to be recycled as mulch, an extra effort by the university to decrease their carbon footprint. University faculty and staff are strongly encouraged to take advantage of the opportunities around campus to recycle and to educate their students about the importance of conserving our valuable resources. The importance of recycling is evident anywhere on campus with the display of recycling bins, reminders to conserve energy, and Solid Green paraphernalia.

text: Starting out as a campaign to eliminate litter on campus in 2006, the Solid Green initiative has progressed to achieve other goals. One such example is Gameday Recycling, which was started in 2009 and has exponentially increased in tonnage recycled. This project involves over 80,000 people on any given home weekend, a way for Clemson University to educate the public about the Solid Green campaign. Trash bags are placed at each parking spot and volunteers go around after the games collecting the trash and taking it to the recycling center. Recycling bins are placed in each dorm room with recycling containers at the base of each dormitory. Offices and classrooms on campus have completely replaced regular waste bins with recycling bins. There is also a massive recycling center at

text: Kite Hill

text: , which is open to anyone. Clemson students compete in RecycleMania each year, a nationwide event in which college campuses compete to recycle the most waste. At Cherry Crossing Research Facility, the community can drop off unused food for compost, or yard waste to be recycled as mulch, an extra effort by the university to decrease their carbon footprint. University faculty and staff are strongly encouraged to take advantage of the opportunities around campus to recycle and to educate their students about the importance of conserving our valuable resources. The importance of recycling is evident anywhere on campus with the display of recycling bins, reminders to conserve energy, and Solid Green paraphernalia.

text: An ethicurean also commits to minimizing the amount of waste produced, the recycling of waste and the mindful use of resources (energy, water etc.).

text: An ethicurean also commits to minimizing the amount of waste produced, the

text: recycling

text: of waste and the mindful use of resources (energy, water etc.).

text: In the dry season, the gray mouse lemur faces the challenge of exploiting sparsely distributed feeding resources efficiently. Results of a recent study on this showed that the gray mouse lemur does not move around randomly, but rather use spatial cues to ﬁnd food resources in the absence of sensory cues, and that they seem to reuse common, highly efficient routes with regard to travel distance. It is believed that rather than using a route-based network, the gray mouse lemur has some sense of mental representation of their spatial environment, which they use to find and exploit food resources.

text: In the dry season, the gray mouse lemur faces the challenge of exploiting sparsely distributed feeding resources efficiently. Results of a recent study on this showed that the gray mouse lemur does not move around randomly, but rather use spatial cues to ﬁnd food resources in the absence of sensory cues, and that they seem to reuse common, highly efficient routes with regard to travel distance. It is believed that rather than using a route-based network, the gray mouse lemur has some sense of

text: mental representation

text: of their spatial environment, which they use to find and exploit food resources.

text: The Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program is a voluntary partnership between the United States federal government and the country's coastal and Great Lake states and territories authorized by the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 to address national coastal issues. The Act provides the basis for protecting, restoring, and responsibly developing the United States' diverse coastal communities and resources. To meet the goals of the CZMA, the National CZM Program takes a comprehensive approach to coastal resource management— balancing the often competing and occasionally conflicting demands of coastal resource use, economic development, and conservation. Some of the key elements of the National CZM Program include:

text: 5. Economy is providing sustainment resources in an efficient manner to enable a commander to employ all assets to achieve the greatest effect possible. It is achieved through efficient management and discipline, prioritizing and allocating resources, and capitalizing on joint interdependencies. It can also be achieved by contracting for support or using host nation resources to reduce or eliminate the use of military resources.

text: The different projects can become economically efficient by maximizing the benefits of the limited resource (water). To maximize efficiency the users need to find where marginal cost is equal to marginal benefit. It is important for supply to equal demand like in the figure below. The use of water becomes a negative externality when there is rivalry and the property rights are not well-defined. The way to eliminate some of the negative externality is there can be a tax placed on the resource to increase the marginal cost. When they tax the right amount the user will use the resource at the socially acceptable level. The other way to affect the externality is to create a subsidy. A subsidy will increase the marginal benefit in order to get to the socially accepted level of use for the resource.

text: The different projects can become economically efficient by maximizing the benefits of the limited resource (water). To maximize efficiency the users need to find where

text: marginal cost

text: is equal to

text: marginal benefit

text: . It is important for supply to equal demand like in the figure below. The use of water becomes a negative

text: externality

text: when there is rivalry and the property rights are not well-defined. The way to eliminate some of the negative externality is there can be a

text: tax

text: placed on the resource to increase the marginal cost. When they tax the right amount the user will use the resource at the socially acceptable level. The other way to affect the externality is to create a

text: subsidy

text: . A subsidy will increase the marginal benefit in order to get to the socially accepted level of use for the resource.

text: Other ways to improve recycling include taking glass items to bottle banks at supermarkets and composting biodegradable waste which prevents it from being sent to landfill. One of the best ways to recycle is to simply reuse items around the home rather than throwing them out.

text: Other ways to improve recycling include taking glass items to bottle banks at supermarkets and composting

text: biodegradable waste

text: which prevents it from being sent to

text: landfill

text: . One of the best ways to recycle is to simply reuse items around the home rather than throwing them out.

text: Through the utilization of recycled material for the manufacturing of clothing, this provides an additional realm of economic world profit. Sustainable Clothing will provide a new market for additional job opportunities, continuous net flow of money in the economy, and the reduction of raw materials and virgin resources.Source reduction or reducing the use of raw materials and virgin resources can ultimately reduce carbon emissions during the manufacturing process as well as the resources and carbon emissions that are related to the transportation process. This also prevents the unsustainable usage of extracting materials from the Earth by making use of what has already been used (i.e. recycling).

text: It is important to distinguish recycling from Zero Waste.	Some claim that the key component to zero waste is recycling while others reject that notion in favor of reusing high function. The common understanding of recycling is simply that of placing bottles and cans in a recycle bin. The modern version of recycling is more complicated and involves many more elements of financing and government support. For example, a 2007 report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency states that the US recycles at a national rate of 33.4% and includes in this figure composted materials. In addition many worldwide commodity industries have been created to handle the materials that are recycled. At the same time, claims of recycling rates have sometimes been exaggerated, for example by the inclusion of soil and organic matter used to cover garbage dumps daily, in the "recycled" column. In states with recycling incentives, there is constant local pressure to pump up the recycling rate figures.	 The movement toward recycling has separated itself from the concept of zero waste. One example of this is the computer industry where worldwide millions of PC's are disposed of as electronic waste each year (160 million in 2007). Those computers that enter the recycling stream are broken down into a small amount of raw materials while most merely enter dumps through export to third world countries. Companies are then able to purchase some raw materials, notably steel, copper and glass, reducing the use of new materials. On the other hand, there is an industry, more aligned with the Zero Waste principle of design for long term reuse, that actually repairs computers. It is called the Computer Refurbishing industry and it predates the current campaign to just collect and ship electronics. They have organizations and conferences and have for many years donated computers to schools, clinics and non-profits. Zero Waste planning demands that components be redesigned for effective reuse over long lives leading to even more refurbishing and repair.	There is one seminal example that brings out the difference between Zero Waste and recycling in stark relief. That example, quoted in Getting To Zero Waste, is the software business. Zero Waste is sensitive to the waste of intellectual effort that would be caused by the need to recreate certain basic inventions of software (called objects in software design) as opposed to copying them over and over whenever needed. The waste would occur as the software developers consume resources while solving problems already solved earlier. The application of Zero Waste analysis is straightforward as it recommends conserving human effort. On the other hand, the usual approach of recycling would be to look for some materials that could be found to reuse. The materials on which software is saved (such as paper or diskettes)is of little significance compared to the saving of human effort and if software is saved electronically, there is no media at all. Thus Zero Waste correctly identifies a wasteful behavior to avoid while recycling has no application.	The recycling movement has been embraced by the garbage industry because it serves so well as greenwashing i.e. a way to show that design for garbage creation is acceptable because materials will be kept out of a dump by recycling them. Zero Waste, on the other hand, offers the garbage industry no such screen against public condemnation of waste, and therefore actually threatens the continued need for garbage disposal. For example, in Alameda County, California, garbage dumping is charged a surcharge of $8/ton (as of 2009) which goes entirely for a recycling subsidy but none of which goes for any kind of Zero Waste style designing. Zero Waste has received no support from the garbage industry or politicians under their control except in those cases where it can be claimed to consist solely of more recycling.

text: It is important to distinguish recycling from Zero Waste.	Some claim that the key component to zero waste is

text: recycling

text: while others reject that notion in favor of reusing high function. The common understanding of recycling is simply that of placing bottles and cans in a recycle bin. The modern version of recycling is more complicated and involves many more elements of financing and government support. For example, a 2007 report by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: states that the US recycles at a national rate of 33.4% and includes in this figure composted materials. In addition many worldwide commodity industries have been created to handle the materials that are recycled. At the same time, claims of recycling rates have sometimes been exaggerated, for example by the inclusion of

text: soil

text: and organic matter used to cover garbage dumps daily, in the "recycled" column. In states with recycling incentives, there is constant local pressure to pump up the recycling rate figures.	 The movement toward recycling has separated itself from the concept of zero waste. One example of this is the

text: computer industry

text: where worldwide millions of PC's are disposed of as

text: electronic waste

text: each year (160 million in 2007). Those computers that enter the recycling stream are broken down into a small amount of

text: raw materials

text: while most merely enter dumps through export to

text: third world countries

text: . Companies are then able to purchase some raw materials, notably

text: steel

text: copper

text: and

text: glass

text: , reducing the use of new materials. On the other hand, there is an industry, more aligned with the Zero Waste principle of design for long term reuse, that actually repairs computers. It is called the

text: Computer Refurbishing

text: Alameda County, California

text: , garbage dumping is charged a surcharge of $8/ton (as of 2009) which goes entirely for a recycling subsidy but none of which goes for any kind of Zero Waste style designing. Zero Waste has received no support from the garbage industry or politicians under their control except in those cases where it can be claimed to consist solely of more recycling.

text: There are other funding systems in use.  Under a resource-based system, funding is based on an allocation of specific education resources, such as teachers or classroom units. Resource-based formulas include unit and personnel mechanisms in which distribution of funds is based on payment for specified resources, such as teachers, aides, or equipment.  Under a percentage reimbursement system, the amount of state special education aid a district receives is directly based on its expenditures for the program. The variable block grant is used to describe funding approaches in which funding is determined in part by base year allocations, expenditures, and/or enrollment. Many states use separate funding mechanisms to target resources to specific populations or areas ofpolicy concern such as extended school year services or specialized equipment.  According to the CSEF report, a growing number of states have a separate funding stream that can be accessed by districts serving exceptionally "high-cost" special education students.

text: In 1995, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste, and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products. The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials, and to recommend practices for buying these products. Once a product is designated, state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.

text: In 1995, the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste, and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products. The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials, and to recommend practices for buying these products. Once a product is designated, state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.

text: Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling."

text: Recycling is a

text: resource recovery

text: practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called

text: kerbside collection

text: . In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "

text: single-stream recycling

text: Genetic materials that are typically cryogenically preserved include sperm, oocytes, embryos and somatic cells. Cryogenic facilities are called gene banks and can vary greatly in size usually according to the economic resources available. They must be able to facilitate germplasm collection, processing, freezing, and long term storage, all in a hygienic and organized manner. Gene banks must maintain a precise database and make information and genetic resources accessible to properly facilitate cryoconservation. Cryoconservation is an ex situ conservation strategy that often coexists alongside in situ conservation to protect and preserve livestock genetics. Cryoconservation of livestock genetic resources is primarily done in order to preserve the genetics of populations of interest, such as indigenous breeds, also known as local or minor breeds. Material may be stored because individuals shared specific genes and phenotypes that may be of value or have potential value for researchers or breeders. Therefore, one of the main goals remains preserving the gene pool of local breeds that may be threatened. Indigenous livestock genetics are commonly threatened by factors such as globalization, modernization, changes in production systems, inappropriate introduction of major breeds, genetic drift, inbreeding, crossbreeding, climate change, natural disasters, disease, cultural changes, and urbanization. Indigenous livestock are critical to sustainable agricultural development and food security, due to their: adaptation to environment and endemic diseases, indispensable part in local production systems, social and cultural significance, and importance to local rural economies. The genetic resources of minor breeds have value to the local farmers, consumers of the products, private companies and investors interested in crossbreeding, breed associations, governments, those conducting research and development, and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, efforts have been made by national governments and non-governmental organizations, such as the Livestock Conservancy, to encourage conservation of livestock genetics through cryoconservation, as well as through other ex situ and in situ strategies. Cryogenic specimens of livestock genetic resources can be preserved and used for extended periods of time. This advantage makes cryoconservation beneficial particularly for threatened breeds who have low breed populations. Cryogenically preserved specimens can be used to revive breeds that are endangered or extinct, for breed improvement, crossbreeding, research and development. However, cryoconservation can be an expensive strategy and requires long term hygienic and economic commitment for germplasms to remain viable. Cryoconservation can also face unique challenges based on the species, as some species have a reduced survival rate of frozen germplasm.

text: Genetic materials that are typically cryogenically preserved include

text: sperm

text: oocyte

text: s,

text: embryos

text: and

text: somatic cells

text: . Cryogenic facilities are called

text: gene bank

text: s and can vary greatly in size usually according to the economic resources available. They must be able to facilitate

text: germplasm

text: collection, processing, freezing, and long term storage, all in a hygienic and organized manner. Gene banks must maintain a precise database and make information and genetic resources accessible to properly facilitate cryoconservation. Cryoconservation is an

text: ex situ

text: conservation

text: strategy that often coexists alongside

text: in situ

text: conservation to protect and preserve livestock

text: genetics

text: . Cryoconservation of livestock genetic resources is primarily done in order to preserve the genetics of populations of interest, such as indigenous breeds, also known as local or minor breeds. Material may be stored because individuals shared specific genes and phenotypes that may be of value or have potential value for researchers or breeders. Therefore, one of the main goals remains preserving the gene pool of local breeds that may be threatened. Indigenous livestock genetics are commonly threatened by factors such as

text: globalization

text: modernization

text: , changes in production systems, inappropriate introduction of major breeds,

text: genetic drift

text: inbreeding

text: crossbreed

text: ing,

text: climate change

text: natural disaster

text: s, disease,

text: cultural changes

text: , and urbanization. Indigenous livestock are critical to

text: sustainable

text: agricultural

text: development

text: and

text: food security

text: , due to their: adaptation to

text: environment

text: and endemic diseases, indispensable part in local production systems, social and cultural significance, and importance to local rural

text: economies

text: . The genetic resources of minor breeds have value to the local farmers, consumers of the products,

text: private companies

text: and investors interested in crossbreeding, breed associations, governments, those conducting research and development, and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, efforts have been made by national governments and non-governmental organizations, such as

text: the Livestock Conservancy

text: , to encourage conservation of livestock genetics through cryoconservation, as well as through other ex situ and in situ strategies. Cryogenic specimens of livestock genetic resources can be preserved and used for extended periods of time. This advantage makes cryoconservation beneficial particularly for threatened breeds who have low breed populations. Cryogenically preserved specimens can be used to revive breeds that are

text: endangered

text: or

text: extinct

text: , for breed improvement, crossbreeding, research and development. However, cryoconservation can be an expensive strategy and requires long term hygienic and economic commitment for germplasms to remain viable. Cryoconservation can also face unique challenges based on the species, as some species have a reduced survival rate of frozen germplasm.

text: Kosovo () is a village in Batetsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

text: Kosovo () is a

text: village

text: in

text: Batetsky District

text: of

text: Novgorod Oblast

text: Russia

text: When looking at Crew’s student achievement record, some point to one-year drops in test scores as a picture of his overall record. The Abt report concluded that Tacoma’s 1995 increase in test scores was most likely a result of efforts to increase student test-taking skills, but Tacoma school officials believe the short-term gains were a result of Crew leaving for New York causing a setback in continued improvement.  Peter Sacks, an author and journalist, said that Crew is one of a breed of superintendent who focuses on short-term gains that may not be good for the district in the long-term. However, in New York, reforms initiated during Crew’s tenure have been credited with playing a role in the continually improving test scores that his successors have achieved.

text: When looking at Crew’s student achievement record, some point to one-year drops in test scores as a picture of his overall record. The Abt report concluded that Tacoma’s 1995 increase in test scores was most likely a result of efforts to increase student test-taking skills, but Tacoma school officials believe the short-term gains were a result of Crew leaving for New York causing a setback in continued improvement.

text: Peter Sacks

text: , an author and journalist, said that Crew is one of a breed of superintendent who focuses on short-term gains that may not be good for the district in the long-term. However, in New York, reforms initiated during Crew’s tenure have been credited with playing a role in the continually improving test scores that his successors have achieved.

text: Jellyfish Lake is stratified into two layers, an oxygenated upper layer (mixolimnion) and a lower anoxic layer (monimolimnion). The oxygen concentration in the lake declines from about 5 ppm at the surface to zero at 15 meters (at the chemocline). Stratification is persistent and seasonal mixing does not occur. The lake is one of about 200 saline meromictic lakes that have been identified in the world. However most of these lakes are of freshwater origin. Permanently stratified marine lakes are unusual, but on Eil Malk and on other nearby islands there are eleven other apparently permanent stratified marine lakes.

text: Jellyfish Lake is

text: stratified

text: into two layers, an

text: oxygenated

text: upper layer (mixolimnion) and a lower

text: anoxic

text: layer (monimolimnion). The oxygen concentration in the lake declines from about 5 ppm at the surface to zero at 15 meters (at the

text: chemocline

text: ). Stratification is persistent and seasonal mixing does not occur. The lake is one of about 200 saline

text: meromictic lake

text: s that have been identified in the world. However most of these lakes are of freshwater origin. Permanently stratified marine lakes are unusual, but on Eil Malk and on other nearby islands there are eleven other apparently permanent stratified marine lakes.

text: Zawiya of Sidi Abderraouf El Marr as well as the technical college of the Sidi Abderraouf El Marr alley, the Sidi El Ragrag Mosque and the El Marr Hammam can be found in the vicinity.

text: Zawiya of Sidi Abderraouf El Marr as well as the technical college of the Sidi Abderraouf El Marr alley, the Sidi El Ragrag Mosque and the El Marr

text: Hammam

text: can be found in the vicinity.

text: Wade Hampton II married his first wife, Ann Fitzsimons, in 1817. His father had given him his Mill Tract north of the present Garner's Ferry Road. His father's home was the original Woodlands south of the Garner's Ferry Road. Wade Hampton II built a raised, two-story cottage prior to the birth of Wade Hampton III in 1818. In 1837 or 1838, Millwood was remodeled in Greek Revival style by the architect Nathaniel Potter from Rhode Island. His plan had a wing on each side, six two-story columns at the center, and three smaller columns on each wing. The renovations took about two years. During this time, the family lived away including a resort near White Sulphur Springs.

text: Wade Hampton II married his first wife, Ann Fitzsimons, in 1817. His father had given him his Mill Tract north of the present Garner's Ferry Road. His father's home was the original

text: Woodlands

text: south of the Garner's Ferry Road. Wade Hampton II built a raised, two-story cottage prior to the birth of Wade Hampton III in 1818. In 1837 or 1838, Millwood was remodeled in

text: Greek Revival

text: style by the architect

text: Nathaniel Potter

text: from Rhode Island. His plan had a wing on each side, six two-story columns at the center, and three smaller columns on each wing. The renovations took about two years. During this time, the family lived away including a resort near

text: White Sulphur Springs

text: The SIDBI foundation for Microcredit (SFMC)

text: The Free Officers who toppled King Farouk in the Revolution of 1952 assigned specific symbolism to each of the three bands of the Arab Liberation flag. The red band symbolises the period before the Revolution, a time characterized by the struggle against the monarchy, and the British occupation of the country. The white band symbolizes the bloodless nature of the Revolution itself. The black band symbolizes the end of the oppression of the Egyptian people at the hands of the monarchy, and foreign imperialism.

text: The

text: Free Officers

text: who toppled

text: King Farouk

text: in the

text: Revolution of 1952

text: assigned specific symbolism to each of the three bands of the Arab Liberation flag. The red band symbolises the period before the Revolution, a time characterized by the struggle against the

text: monarchy

text: , and the British occupation of the country. The white band symbolizes the bloodless nature of the Revolution itself. The black band symbolizes the end of the oppression of the Egyptian people at the hands of the monarchy, and foreign imperialism.

text: Screed has three meanings in building construction. 1) a flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made aluminium tool used to smooth and true materials like concrete, stucco and plaster after it has been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening; 2) a strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed batten); 3) the material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat). In the UK, screed has also come to describe a thin, top layer of material (traditionally sand and cement), poured in site on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied, or it can be left bare to achieve a raw effect. It is becoming more common to use "self-leveling" poured screeds which use materials other than cement as their binder.

text: Screed has three meanings in building construction. 1) a flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made

text: aluminium

text: tool used to smooth and true materials like

text: concrete

text: stucco

text: and plaster after it has been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening; 2) a strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed

text: batten

text: ); 3) the material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat). In the UK, screed has also come to describe a thin, top layer of material (traditionally sand and cement), poured in site on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied, or it can be left bare to achieve a raw effect. It is becoming more common to use "self-leveling" poured screeds which use materials other than cement as their binder.

text: , or Han Yang in Chinese, is a Japanese table tennis player of Chinese origin. He won two gold medals in the men's singles at the 2007 ITTF Pro Tour series in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and in Santiago, Chile. As of December 2012, Kan is ranked no. 99 in the world by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). Kan is a member of the table tennis team for Tokyo Art Club in Tokyo, Japan, and is coached and trained by Ryo Yuzawa. Kan is also right-handed, and uses offensive, penhold grip.

text: , or Han Yang in Chinese, is a Japanese table tennis player of Chinese origin. He won two gold medals in the men's singles at the 2007 ITTF Pro Tour series in

text: Belo Horizonte, Brazil

text: , and in

text: Santiago, Chile

text: . As of December 2012, Kan is ranked no. 99 in the world by the

text: International Table Tennis Federation

text: (ITTF). Kan is a member of the table tennis team for Tokyo Art Club in

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: , and is coached and trained by Ryo Yuzawa. Kan is also right-handed, and uses offensive, penhold grip.

text: Colladon studied law but then worked in the laboratories of Ampère and Fourier. He received an Académie des Sciences award with his friend Charles Sturm for their measurement of the speed of sound and the breaking up of water jets. Stymied by the lack of a sight of the water jet provided to the audience, he used a tube to collect and pipe sunlight to the lecture table. The light was trapped by the total internal reflection of the tube until the water jet, upon which edge the light incidented at a glancing angle, broke up and carried the light in a curved flow. Colladon reported this experiment to a wider audience in the Comptes rendus, the French Academy of Sciences' journal, in 1842.

text: Colladon studied law but then worked in the laboratories of

text: Ampère

text: and

text: Fourier

text: . He received an

text: Académie des Sciences

text: award with his friend

text: Charles Sturm

text: for their measurement of the

text: speed of sound

text: and the breaking up of

text: water jet

text: s. Stymied by the lack of a sight of the water jet provided to the audience, he used a tube to collect and pipe sunlight to the lecture table. The light was trapped by the

text: total internal reflection

text: of the tube until the water jet, upon which edge the light incidented at a glancing angle, broke up and carried the light in a curved flow. Colladon reported this experiment to a wider audience in the

entity_name: Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences

text: Comptes rendus

text: , the

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: ' journal, in 1842.

text: This is a list of Natural Resources Conservation Areas (NRCAs), part of the Washington Natural Areas Program managed by Washington Department of Natural Resources.

text: This is a list of Natural Resources Conservation Areas (NRCAs), part of the

text: Washington Natural Areas Program

text: managed by

entity_name: Washington State Department of Natural Resources

text: Washington Department of Natural Resources

text: A 2013 study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aimed to find science-based, pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia's agricultural systems to cope with climate change, while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers. The study's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather-based agro-advisory services, to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover, replenish groundwater and use renewable energy. A 2014 study found that warming had increased maize yields in the Heilongjiang region of China had increased by between 7 and 17% per decade as a result of rising temperatures.

text: A 2013 study by the

entity_name: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

text: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

text: ICRISAT

text: ) aimed to find science-based, pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia's agricultural systems to cope with climate change, while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers. The study's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather-based agro-advisory services, to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover, replenish groundwater and use

text: renewable energy

text: . A 2014 study found that warming had increased maize yields in the

text: Heilongjiang

text: region of China had increased by between 7 and 17% per decade as a result of rising temperatures.

text: The problem of non-perturbative systems has been somewhat alleviated by the advent of modern computers. It has become practical to obtain numerical non-perturbative solutions for certain problems, using methods such as density functional theory. These advances have been of particular benefit to the field of quantum chemistry. Computers have also been used to carry out perturbation theory calculations to extraordinarily high levels of precision, which has proven important in particle physics for generating theoretical results that can be compared with experiment.

text: The problem of non-perturbative systems has been somewhat alleviated by the advent of modern

text: computer

text: s. It has become practical to obtain numerical non-perturbative solutions for certain problems, using methods such as

text: density functional theory

text: . These advances have been of particular benefit to the field of

text: quantum chemistry

text: . Computers have also been used to carry out perturbation theory calculations to extraordinarily high levels of precision, which has proven important in

text: particle physics

text: for generating theoretical results that can be compared with experiment.

text: In the summer of 2011 CAPP contacted ENV to requested a meeting with the Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG), and officials from several government ministries, including Alberta Environment, Energy, Sustainable Resource Development (SRD), as well as the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), (now Alberta Energy Regulator) to discuss CAPP’s desire to strike a committee to develop a public communications strategy focused on fracturing and water use associated with shale gas development." Senior-level government and industry officials attended the joint meeting "to develop a plan to shape public perceptions of shale gas development and water use." From Alberta Energy participants included Director of Unconventional Gas Doug Bowes, Associate Branch Head Matthew Foss, Environment and Resource Services Audrey Murray, Executive Director of Resource Development Sharla Rauschning, Assistant Deputy Minister Resource Development Policy Division Jennifer Steber. From Alberta Environment participants included, Deputy Minister Ernie Hui, Former Head of Groundwater Policy within the Water Policy Branch, now the Exec. Dir. of OH&S Policy and Program with Human Services Ross Nairne.  From Sustainable Resource Development (SRD) participants included Assistant Deputy Minister Glen Selland, Executive Director, Land Management Branch Jeff Reynolds, Officials from CAPP included VP Operations David Pryce, Manager of BC Operations Brad Herald, Manager of Water and Reclamation Tara Payment. From the Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG) CSUG (a.k.a. CSUR) participants included Vice President Kevin Heffernan.

text: In the summer of 2011 CAPP contacted ENV to requested a meeting with the Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG), and officials from several government ministries, including

text: Alberta Environment

text: , Energy, Sustainable Resource Development (SRD), as well as the

text: Energy Resources Conservation Board

text: (ERCB), (now

text: Alberta Energy Regulator

text: ) to discuss CAPP’s desire to strike a committee to develop a public communications strategy focused on fracturing and water use associated with shale gas development." Senior-level government and industry officials attended the joint meeting "to develop a plan to shape public perceptions of shale gas development and water use." From Alberta Energy participants included Director of Unconventional Gas Doug Bowes, Associate Branch Head Matthew Foss, Environment and Resource Services Audrey Murray, Executive Director of Resource Development Sharla Rauschning, Assistant Deputy Minister Resource Development Policy Division Jennifer Steber. From Alberta Environment participants included, Deputy Minister Ernie Hui, Former Head of Groundwater Policy within the Water Policy Branch, now the Exec. Dir. of OH&S Policy and Program with Human Services Ross Nairne.  From Sustainable Resource Development (SRD) participants included Assistant Deputy Minister Glen Selland, Executive Director, Land Management Branch Jeff Reynolds, Officials from CAPP included VP Operations David Pryce, Manager of BC Operations Brad Herald, Manager of Water and Reclamation Tara Payment. From the Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas (CSUG) CSUG (a.k.a. CSUR) participants included Vice President Kevin Heffernan.

text: He provided vocals for the opening theme song for The Hub's Transformers: Rescue Bots.

text: He provided vocals for the opening theme song for

text: The Hub

text: 's

text: Transformers: Rescue Bots

text: The state program «Development Strategy 2030» identifies the following major public policy goals in the area of environmental protection and efficient natural resource use: stabilizing the quality of the environment, ensuring a favorable environment for human activity and preserving natural resources for future generations. Between 1994 and 2001 the Republic of Kazakhstan, recognizing the importance of natural resource conservation and its obligations to the international community, ratified 19 environmental conventions embracing preservation of all natural components, including transboundary elements.Policy in the area of stabilizing environmental quality is aimed at:

text: The state program «Development Strategy 2030» identifies the following major public policy goals in the area of environmental protection and efficient natural resource use: stabilizing the quality of the environment, ensuring a favorable environment for human activity and preserving natural resources for future generations. Between 1994 and 2001 the

text: Republic of Kazakhstan

text: , recognizing the importance of natural resource conservation and its obligations to the international community, ratified 19 environmental conventions embracing preservation of all natural components, including transboundary elements.Policy in the area of stabilizing environmental quality is aimed at:

text: The quadratic polynomial

text: The quadratic polynomial

text: When it comes to environmental concerns, green printing can help in conservation and preservation. On the use of recycled paper, the paper manufacturing industry has been quite active in seeking ways of producing their products without having to process pulps that are acquired from trees. This simply means that the thousand or more pounds of solid waste left when producing non-recycled paper could be reduced, allowing trees to live longer and become stronger for another set of years. Another good example of green printing strategy is the production of remanufactured printer cartridges, which are made up of recycled cartridges that have been inspected and tested before selling. These printer supplies reduce the number of resources used when creating OEMs, which helps preserve nature. Up to 97% of remanufactured cartridges are recyclable cutting the number of waste dumped each day.

text: When it comes to environmental concerns, green printing can help in conservation and preservation. On the use of recycled paper, the paper manufacturing industry has been quite active in seeking ways of producing their products without having to process

text: pulps

text: that are acquired from

text: trees

text: . This simply means that the thousand or more pounds of solid

text: waste

text: left when producing non-recycled paper could be reduced, allowing trees to live longer and become stronger for another set of years. Another good example of green printing strategy is the production of

text: remanufactured printer cartridges

text: , which are made up of recycled cartridges that have been inspected and tested before selling. These printer supplies reduce the number of resources used when creating OEMs, which helps preserve nature. Up to 97% of remanufactured cartridges are recyclable cutting the number of waste dumped each day.

text: Riccardo Zipoli, from the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, has studied the relations and interconnections between Kiarostami's poems and his films. The results of the analysis reveal how Kiarostami's treatment of "uncertain reality" is similar in his poems and films.Kiarostami's poetry is reminiscent of the later nature poems of the Persian painter-poet, Sohrab Sepehri. On the other hand, the succinct allusion to philosophical truths without the need for deliberation, the non-judgmental tone of the poetic voice, and the structure of the poem—absence of personal pronouns, adverbs or over reliance on adjectives—as well as the lines containing a kigo (きご, a "season word") gives much of this poetry a haikuesque characteristic.

text: Riccardo Zipoli, from the

text: Ca' Foscari University of Venice

text: , has studied the relations and interconnections between Kiarostami's poems and his films. The results of the analysis reveal how Kiarostami's treatment of "uncertain reality" is similar in his poems and films.Kiarostami's poetry is reminiscent of the later nature poems of the Persian painter-poet,

text: Sohrab Sepehri

text: . On the other hand, the succinct allusion to

text: philosophical

text: truths without the need for deliberation, the non-judgmental tone of the poetic voice, and the structure of the poem—absence of personal pronouns, adverbs or over reliance on adjectives—as well as the lines containing a kigo (きご, a "season word") gives much of this poetry a

text: haiku

text: esque characteristic.

text: The film was met with mostly favorable reviews, though did very poor business at the Israeli Box office. The film initially remained unreleased on DVD, and was only available through VOD. But shortly after Dayan's death, the film saw a first DVD release in June 2014.

text: The film was met with mostly favorable reviews, though did very poor business at the Israeli Box office. The film initially remained unreleased on

text: DVD

text: , and was only available through

text: VOD

text: . But shortly after Dayan's death, the film saw a first DVD release in June 2014.

text: The building was also constructed using many alternative and renewable building materials including flooring surfaces produced from fast-growing bamboo and recycled tires, and rigid wall surfaces made from pressed wheat. These materials were used to conserve and recycle valuable natural resources.

text: In the 1993 series finale, Cliff finally receives a promotion. In "The Show Where Sam Shows Up" (1995), an episode of the Cheers spinoff Frasier, Sam (Ted Danson) tells Frasier that Cliff has not left home since he read an article about flesh-eating bacteria; however, Sam then discovers that Cliff is one of two other men with whom Sam's fiance Sheila (Téa Leoni) had had sex. In another Frasier episode, "The Show Where Woody Shows Up", Woody tells Frasier that Cliff almost got married to a mail order bride, but she decided to go back to Bosnia after spending a few days with him. In another Frasier episode, "Cheerful Goodbyes", Cliff has his retirement party at the airport bar; he had planned to move to Florida, but decides to stay in Boston (to Carla's dismay).

text: In the 1993

text: series finale

text: , Cliff finally receives a promotion. In "

text: The Show Where Sam Shows Up

text: " (1995), an episode of the Cheers spinoff

text: Frasier

text: Sam

text: Ted Danson

text: ) tells Frasier that Cliff has not left home since he read an article about

text: flesh-eating bacteria

text: ; however, Sam then discovers that Cliff is one of two other men with whom Sam's fiance Sheila (

text: Téa Leoni

text: ) had had sex. In another Frasier episode, "The Show Where Woody Shows Up", Woody tells Frasier that Cliff almost got married to a mail order bride, but she decided to go back to

text: Bosnia

text: after spending a few days with him. In another Frasier episode, "Cheerful Goodbyes", Cliff has his retirement party at the airport bar; he had planned to move to Florida, but decides to stay in Boston (to Carla's dismay).

text: Rancho Milpitas was a  Mexican land grant in Santa Clara County, California.  The name comes from the Nahuatl word for maize and could be translated "little cornfields".  The grant included what is now the city of Milpitas.

text: Rancho Milpitas was a

text: Mexican land grant

text: in

text: Santa Clara County, California

text: .  The name comes from the

text: Nahuatl

text: word for

text: maize

text: and could be translated "little cornfields".  The grant included what is now the city of

text: Milpitas

text: In project-based work, the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the project manager as project schedules and resulting resource bookings are based on estimates of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions. Again, consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short-notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems, though at the cost of reduced specialisation.

text: In project-based work, the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the

text: project manager

text: as project

text: schedules

text: and resulting resource bookings are based on

text: estimates

text: of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions. Again, consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short-notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems, though at the cost of reduced specialisation.

text: MegaGlest, a cross-platform game, is a continuation of real-time classic Glest, which has not been developed since April 2009. The MegaGlest game intends to continue in Glests spirit and with similar gameplay, while improving existing features and adding more functionality, and therefore continues to use the Glest versioning scheme. The MegaGlest engine is designed to be moddable, with game elements defined by editable XML files. While a map editor and a model viewer are included, additional game assets can also be developed using separate open source applications (such as Blender) and are stored in open and documented formats (PNG, JPEG, Ogg) and the own G3D Glest model file format.

text: MegaGlest, a cross-platform game, is a

text: continuation

text: of real-time classic

text: Glest

text: , which has not been developed since April 2009. The MegaGlest game intends to continue in Glests spirit and with similar

text: gameplay

text: , while improving existing features and adding more functionality, and therefore continues to use the Glest

text: versioning scheme

text: . The MegaGlest engine is designed to be

text: moddable

text: , with game elements defined by editable

text: XML

text: files. While a

text: map editor

text: and a

text: model viewer

text: are included, additional game assets can also be developed using separate open source applications (such as

text: Blender

text: ) and are stored in

text: open and documented formats

text: PNG

text: JPEG

text: Ogg

text: ) and the own G3D Glest model file format.

text: There was still little sign of the situation easing as drivers formed queues of up to half a mile at those filling stations still holding supplies. Many forecourts were rationing drivers to as little as £10 each, while others imposed a minimum spend of £25. A Cornish garage even refused to serve anyone who was "not local" after the owner decided to turn away holidaymakers in favour of regular customers and account holders as supplies in Cornwall began to dry up.

text: There was still little sign of the situation easing as drivers formed queues of up to half a mile at those filling stations still holding supplies. Many forecourts were rationing drivers to as little as £10 each, while others imposed a minimum spend of £25. A Cornish garage even refused to serve anyone who was "not local" after the owner decided to turn away holidaymakers in favour of regular customers and account holders as supplies in

text: Cornwall

text: began to dry up.

text: Abu'l-Ala Yazid ibn Abi Muslim Dinar (?-721) was the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya from 720 until his assassination in 721.

text: Abu'l-Ala Yazid ibn Abi Muslim Dinar (?-721) was the

text: Umayyad

text: governor of

text: Ifriqiya

text: from 720 until his assassination in 721.

text: Taqwa Pinero (born Taquan Dean on August 6, 1983) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for Iberostar Tenerife of the Spanish League.

text: Taqwa Pinero (born Taquan Dean on August 6, 1983) is an American professional

text: basketball

text: player who currently plays for

text: Iberostar Tenerife

text: of the

text: Spanish League

text: The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste; see: resource recovery.The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

text: The

text: waste hierarchy

text: refers to the "3 Rs"

text: reduce

text: reuse

text: and

text: recycle

text: , which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of

text: waste minimisation

text: . The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste; see:

text: resource recovery

text: .The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and

text: waste-to-energy

text: . Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life-cycle for each product.

text: The Suffolk Coast and Heaths AONB is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Suffolk, England.

text: The Suffolk Coast and Heaths AONB is an

text: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

text: in

text: Suffolk

text: , England.

text: Insecticon had a biography printed in the Beast Wars Sourcebook by IDW Publishing.

text: Insecticon had a biography printed in the Beast Wars Sourcebook by

text: IDW Publishing

text: The following summary was compiled by the Russian Organized Crime Task Force, and published by CSIS, to assist the United States in proceeding with future assistance to the Russian government as they struggle to battle organized crime. Although the summary was compiled in 1997, the same recommendations still stand today.

text: He has guest-starred on many series including, Murphy Brown, NewsRadio, ER, Murder, She Wrote, Sex and the City, 21 Jump Street, Medium, both the 1985 and the 2002 versions of The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, Star Trek: Voyager, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Monk, and Grace Under Fire.

text: He has guest-starred on many series including,

text: Murphy Brown

text: NewsRadio

text: ER

text: Murder, She Wrote

text: Sex and the City

text: 21 Jump Street

text: Medium

text: , both the

text: and the

text: versions of

text: The Twilight Zone

text: The Outer Limits

text: Star Trek: Voyager

text: Curb Your Enthusiasm

text: Monk

text: , and

text: Grace Under Fire

text: As design advances reduced the costs of logic and memory, the programmer's time became relatively more important.  Subsequent computer designs emphasized ease of programming, typically using a larger and more intuitive instruction set.

text: Sportspeople in this class use wheelchairs on a regular basis as a result of reduced muscle function.  They have low to moderate levels of balance issues while sitting, but maintain overall good balance from that position.  They have normal arm function. Medically, this class includes people with severe hemiplegia, and paralysis of one limb while having deformations in two other limbs. Functionally, this means they have severe impairment of three limbs, or all four limbs but to a lesser degree than LAF1. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson uses a wheelchair, has moderate sitting balance, reduced limb function in their throwing limb but has good sitting balance while throwing. For the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF2 was defined by the Games organizers as, "Wheelchair bound with normal function in throwing arm and poor to no sitting balance."

text: where the sum runs over all amino acid pairs

text: Dow ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1958 provincial election, but lost to Progressive Conservative incumbent Errick French Willis by over 1,000 votes in the southern riding of Turtle Mountain.  He did not run in the 1959 election, but took the Turtle Mountain seat in a by-election on November 26, 1959, following Willis's resignation to accept the office of Lieutenant Governor.  This by-election occurred at a time when the Progressive Conservative Party was dominant both federally and provincially, and Dow was only able to defeat his PC opponent Robert Cawston Aitkens by 106 votes.

text: Dow ran for the Manitoba legislature in the

text: 1958 provincial election

text: , but lost to

entity_name: Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba

text: Progressive Conservative

text: incumbent

text: Errick French Willis

text: by over 1,000 votes in the southern riding of

text: Turtle Mountain

text: .  He did not run in the

text: 1959 election

text: , but took the Turtle Mountain seat in a

text: by-election

text: on November 26, 1959, following Willis's resignation to accept the office of

text: Lieutenant Governor

text: .  This by-election occurred at a time when the Progressive Conservative Party was dominant both federally and provincially, and Dow was only able to defeat his PC opponent

text: Robert Cawston Aitkens

text: by 106 votes.

text: Additionally, some rolling stock of limited height and length could proceed further past Donegall Quay and through a tunnel under the western end of the Queen's Bridge, known as the Queen's Bridge Subway to Queen's Bridge Goods Station (now Oxford Street Bus Station). Until June 1963, this was the only available (if impractical) way of transferring rail vehicles through the city from York Road. This tunnel was closed in 1966 and converted into a pedestrian subway, thus completely isolating York Road from the rest of Belfast. The tunnel itself stayed open as a pedestrian subway until 2002, when it was demolished and its remnants used to carry cables.

text: The episode was viewed by 2.37 million viewers during its premiere and received generally positive reviews from critics.

text: In 1916 me married Friederike Mathilde Jopp the daughter of Karl and Marie Jopp (born Schad). Friederike or Elfriede as Kaminski called her, was a singer in Munich.

text: The role played by the Iowa Caucuses is viewed with envy by states across the country. Traditionally, Iowa has been first and then followed by the state of New Hampshire, but states such as South Carolina, Nevada, and Florida have been moving up the dates of their presidential primaries to try to capture some of the media and political attention that Iowa and New Hampshire receive.

text: The role played by the Iowa Caucuses is viewed with envy by states across the country. Traditionally, Iowa has been first and then followed by the state of

text: New Hampshire

text: , but states such as

text: South Carolina

text: Nevada

text: , and

text: Florida

text: have been moving up the dates of their presidential primaries to try to capture some of the media and political attention that Iowa and New Hampshire receive.

text: The Library joined the 10:10 project in 2010 in a bid to reduce their carbon footprint. One year later they announced that they had reduced their carbon emissions according to 10:10's criteria by 18%.

text: The Library joined the

text: project in 2010 in a bid to reduce their

text: carbon footprint

text: . One year later they announced that they had reduced their carbon emissions according to 10:10's criteria by 18%.

text: In 1991 he suffered permanent heart damage following an incident whilst using a sauna in the jockeys' room at Canberra racecourse.

text: In 1991 he suffered permanent heart damage following an incident whilst using a

text: sauna

text: in the jockeys' room at

text: Canberra

text: racecourse.

text: In 1901 the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary), whilst in Australia for the inaugural opening of federal parliament, anchored their yacht the "Ophir" in Cowan Creek and boarded the paddle wheel steam boat the "General Gordon" for a tour of the lower Hawkesbury.

text: In 1901 the Duke and Duchess of York (later

text: King George V

text: and

text: Queen Mary

text: ), whilst in Australia for the inaugural opening of federal parliament, anchored their yacht the "Ophir" in Cowan Creek and boarded the paddle wheel steam boat the "General Gordon" for a tour of the lower Hawkesbury.

text: Seventh Generation focuses its marketing and product development on sustainability and the conservation of natural resources, using recycled and post-consumer materials in its packaging, and biodegradable, and plant-based phosphate- and chlorine-free ingredients in its products.

text: Seventh Generation focuses its marketing and product development on

text: sustainability

text: and the

text: conservation of natural resources

text: , using

text: recycled

text: and post-consumer materials in its packaging, and

text: biodegradable

text: , and plant-based phosphate- and chlorine-free ingredients in its products.

text: Environment and Climate Change Canada (or simply its former name, Environment Canada, or EC) (), legally incorporated as the Department of the Environment under the Department of the Environment Act (R.S., 1985, c. E-10 ), is the department of the Government of Canada with responsibility for coordinating environmental policies and programs as well as preserving and enhancing the natural environment and renewable resources. The powers, duties and functions of the Minister of the Environment extend to and include matters relating to: "preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment, including water, air, soil, flora and fauna; conserve Canada's renewable resources; conserve and protect Canada's water resources;forecast daily weather conditions and warnings, and provide detailed meteorological information to all of Canada; enforce rules relating to boundary waters; and coordinate environmental policies and programs for the federal government."Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec.

text: Environment and Climate Change Canada (or simply its former name, Environment Canada, or EC) (), legally incorporated as the Department of the Environment under the

entity_name: Department of the Environment Act (Canada)

text: Department of the Environment Act

text: (R.S., 1985, c. E-10 ), is the

text: department

text: of the

text: Government of Canada

text: with responsibility for coordinating environmental policies and programs as well as preserving and enhancing the natural environment and renewable resources. The powers, duties and functions of the Minister of the Environment extend to and include matters relating to: "preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment, including water, air, soil, flora and fauna; conserve Canada's renewable resources; conserve and protect Canada's water resources;forecast daily weather conditions and warnings, and provide detailed meteorological information to all of Canada; enforce rules relating to boundary waters; and coordinate environmental policies and programs for the federal government."Its ministerial headquarters is located in

text: les Terrasses de la Chaudière

text: Gatineau

text: Quebec

text: Boccaletti joined The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in February 2013. In his role as Chief Strategy Officer, he works with other members of the Executive Team to develop the organization’s strategy and apply economic and scientific practice to its conservation agenda. Likewise, as the organization's Global Managing Director for Water, Boccaletti leads a team of over 200 freshwater scientists, policy experts, economists and on-the-ground conservation practitioners. He promotes action on water issues by governments and businesses.

text: Boccaletti joined

text: The Nature Conservancy

text: (TNC) in February 2013. In his role as Chief Strategy Officer, he works with other members of the Executive Team to develop the organization’s strategy and apply economic and scientific practice to its conservation agenda. Likewise, as the organization's Global Managing Director for Water, Boccaletti leads a team of over 200 freshwater scientists, policy experts, economists and on-the-ground conservation practitioners. He promotes action on water issues by governments and businesses.

text: The Ohio Department of Natural Resources has classified the Appalachian grizzled skipper as a state endangered species due to declining population numbers in the state. One of the main causes of this decline is an unintended reaction to the spraying of pesticides aimed at controlling gypsy moth populations. Many populations of gypsy moths targeted to be sprayed with the insecticide biflubenzuron were unknowingly nested near or with unknown grizzled skipper colonies. This spraying has caused many populations to be extirpated in the Appalachian region and the state of New Jersey. Monitoring by conservationist groups coupled with state endangerment protection may prove successful at maintaining the remaining colonies.

text: The

text: Ohio Department of Natural Resources

text: has classified the Appalachian grizzled skipper as a state endangered species due to declining population numbers in the state. One of the main causes of this decline is an unintended reaction to the spraying of pesticides aimed at controlling

text: gypsy moth

text: populations. Many populations of gypsy moths targeted to be sprayed with the insecticide biflubenzuron were unknowingly nested near or with unknown grizzled skipper colonies. This spraying has caused many populations to be

text: extirpated

text: in the Appalachian region and the state of New Jersey. Monitoring by conservationist groups coupled with state endangerment protection may prove successful at maintaining the remaining colonies.

text: Inside Broadway receives funding from several New York City and New York State Government agencies.

text: The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is a Zimbabwean community-based natural resource management programme. It is one of the first programs to consider wildlife as renewable natural resources, while addressing the allocation of its ownership to indigenous peoples in and around conservation protected areas.

text: The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is a

text: Zimbabwe

text: an

text: community-based natural resource management

text: programme. It is one of the first programs to consider wildlife as renewable natural resources, while addressing the allocation of its ownership to indigenous peoples in and around conservation protected areas.

text: The several Japanese crucians are collectively called funa (:ja:鮒). The generic fish can be used in a preparation called kanro-ni, stewed in syrupy, soy sauce-flavored liquid till they glisten, a preserved dish similar to tsukudani. The specialty dish funazushi specifically calls for the use one species, the nigoro-buna (C. a. grandoculis). Hence, it would be misleading to say that any crucian carp may be used for this delicacy. However, due to diminishing resources, ersatz funazushi is now being made using substitute types such as C. cuvieri. The deep-bodied forms of C. cuvieri, called hera-buna, shaped rather like flatfishes, are caught by rod and tackle for sport, but are not considered good eating.

text: The several Japanese crucians are collectively called funa (

text: :ja:鮒

text: ). The generic fish can be used in a preparation called kanro-ni, stewed in syrupy, soy sauce-flavored liquid till they glisten, a preserved dish similar to

text: tsukudani

text: . The specialty dish

text: funazushi

text: specifically calls for the use one species, the nigoro-buna (

text: C. a. grandoculis

text: ). Hence, it would be misleading to say that any crucian carp may be used for this delicacy. However, due to diminishing resources, ersatz funazushi is now being made using substitute types such as

text: C. cuvieri

text: . The deep-bodied forms of C. cuvieri, called hera-buna, shaped rather like flatfishes, are caught by rod and tackle for sport, but are not considered good eating.

text: Indicated Mineral Resource

text: Indicated Mineral Resource

text: 1. Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Guidelines2. Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Plan3. Crisis Communication Guide4. Media Plan for Disasters and Emergencies5. Telecommunications Plan6. Relief Distribution Plan7. Shelter Management Program8. National Plan for Transportation in Disasters9. Welfare Emergency Management Support Plan10. Stress Response Team Plan11. Emergency Action Plan for Agricultural Pests And Diseases12. Disaster Auxiliary Corps Guidelines13. Hospitality Industry Crisis Management Plan14. Model Plan for the District Disaster Committees