text: The AuroraMax project is an outreach and education initiative carried out by the combined effort of The Canadian Space Agency, Astronomy North, University of Calgary and The city of Yellowknife in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The AuroraMax provides a place to explore and discover the wonder and science behind phenomena such as sunspots, Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of Canada. Auroras are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes. Auroras happen when protons and electrons or charged particles and gases in the Earth's atmosphere crash into each other, creating tiny flares of light that decorate the sky with colorful light. Billions of these tiny flares occur in sequence causing the lights to seem like they are dancing or moving. The lights in the Northern hemisphere are called Aurora Borealis or simply The Northern Lights while the lights in the Southern hemisphere are called Aurora Australis or simply The Southern Lights.

text: The AuroraMax project is an outreach and education initiative carried out by the combined effort of The

entity_name: Canadian Space Agency

text: Canadian Space Agency

entity_name: Astronomy North

text: Astronomy North

entity_name: University of Calgary

text: University of Calgary

text: and The city of

entity_name: Yellowknife

text: Yellowknife

text: in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The AuroraMax provides a place to explore and discover the wonder and science behind phenomena such as

entity_name: Sunspot

text: sunspots

text: , Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of

entity_name: Canada

text: Canada

text: . Auroras are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes. Auroras happen when protons and electrons or charged particles and gases in the Earth's atmosphere crash into each other, creating tiny flares of light that decorate the sky with colorful light. Billions of these tiny flares occur in sequence causing the lights to seem like they are dancing or moving. The lights in the Northern hemisphere are called

entity_name: Aurora

text: Aurora Borealis

text: or simply The Northern Lights while the lights in the Southern hemisphere are called

text: Aurora Australis

text: or simply The Southern Lights.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: David Downie joined the Politics Department at Fairfield University in 2008. He had been recruited to Fairfield to become the first director of the revamped Environmental Studies program . Prior to moving to Fairfield University, Downie taught courses in international environmental politics at Columbia University from 1994-2008. While at Columbia, Dr. Downie held several research, administrative and academic appointments in the Earth Institute, School of International and Public Affairs, and Department of Political Science, including: Associate Director of the Graduate Program in Climate and Society (2004–2008), Director of the Global Roundtable on Climate Change(2004–2008), and Director of Environmental Policy Studies at the School of International and Public Affairs (1994–1999). In 2000 he moved from a primary appointment at the School of International and Public Affairs to one at the Earth Institute in order to focus on applied policy research and on creating and expanding new interdisciplinary educational programs. As part of his work at the Earth Institute.

text: David Downie joined the Politics Department at

entity_name: Fairfield University

text: Fairfield University

text: in 2008. He had been recruited to Fairfield to become the first director of the revamped Environmental Studies program . Prior to moving to Fairfield University, Downie taught courses in international environmental politics at

entity_name: Columbia University

text: Columbia University

text: from 1994-2008. While at Columbia, Dr. Downie held several research, administrative and academic appointments in

entity_name: The Earth Institute

text: the Earth Institute

entity_name: School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

text: School of International and Public Affairs

text: , and Department of Political Science, including: Associate Director of the Graduate Program in Climate and Society (2004–2008), Director of the

entity_name: Global Roundtable on Climate Change

text: Global Roundtable on Climate Change

text: (2004–2008), and Director of Environmental Policy Studies at the School of International and Public Affairs (1994–1999). In 2000 he moved from a primary appointment at the School of International and Public Affairs to one at the Earth Institute in order to focus on applied policy research and on creating and expanding new interdisciplinary educational programs. As part of his work at the Earth Institute.

text: She was the first recipient of the "Prix de Dames" from the Société astronomique de France in 1889, and in 1893 was made an Officier d'Académe of the French Academy of Sciences - up to that time, these honours had not been awarded to a woman. On December 14, 1893 she read her doctoral thesis, "L'étude des Anneaux de Saturne" to a large audience of academics at the Sorbonne, and was awarded the degree of Docteur ès Sciences; the first woman to do so. Her main subjects were mathematics and mathematical astronomy. The examining committee, composed of Dr. Jean Gaston Darboux and Drs. Félix Tisserand and Marie Henri Andoyer were unanimous in their praise. By way of contrast, Harvard awarded its first doctorate in astronomy to Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin in 1925.

text: She was the first recipient of the "Prix de Dames" from the

entity_name: Société astronomique de France

text: Société astronomique de France

text: in 1889, and in 1893 was made an Officier d'Académe of the

entity_name: French Academy of Sciences

text: French Academy of Sciences

text: - up to that time, these honours had not been awarded to a woman. On December 14, 1893 she read her doctoral thesis, "L'étude des Anneaux de Saturne" to a large audience of academics at the

entity_name: University of Paris

text: Sorbonne

text: , and was awarded the degree of Docteur ès Sciences; the first woman to do so. Her main subjects were mathematics and mathematical astronomy. The examining committee, composed of Dr.

entity_name: Jean Gaston Darboux

text: Jean Gaston Darboux

text: and Drs.

entity_name: Félix Tisserand

text: Félix Tisserand

text: and

entity_name: Marie Henri Andoyer

text: Marie Henri Andoyer

text: were unanimous in their praise. By way of contrast,

entity_name: Harvard University

text: Harvard

text: awarded its first doctorate in astronomy to

entity_name: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

text: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

text: in 1925.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: Chamrosh is described as having the body of a dog with the head and wings of a bird. It was said to inhabit the ground beneath the soma tree that was the roost of the Senmurv. When the Senmurv descended or alighted from its roost, all the ripened seeds fell to the earth. These seeds were gathered by the Chamrosh, which then distributed them to other parts of the earth. There is a description of the Chamrosh in the Persian Rivayats: "The Creator Ohrmazd has produced on the shores of the sea Vourukasha a tree and two birds who are immortal and without death. Every year a thousand new branches spring up from that tree and all kinds of seeds hang on those branches and all those seeds become ripe. A bird called Amrosh comes and sits on one of the branches and shakes it and scatters down to the ground all the seeds. Another bird called Chamrosh comes and strikes all the seeds with its wings and sides and throws them into the sea. All those seeds go inside a cloud full of rain and that cloud rains on the ground and all the seeds appear on the earth."

text: Chamrosh is described as having the body of a dog with the head and wings of a bird. It was said to inhabit the ground beneath the

entity_name: Soma (drink)

text: soma

text: tree that was the roost of the

entity_name: Simurgh

text: Senmurv

text: . When the Senmurv descended or alighted from its roost, all the ripened seeds fell to the earth. These seeds were gathered by the Chamrosh, which then distributed them to other parts of the earth. There is a description of the Chamrosh in the

text: Persian Rivayats

text: : "The Creator

entity_name: Ahura Mazda

text: Ohrmazd

text: has produced on the shores of the sea

entity_name: Vourukasha

text: Vourukasha

text: a tree and two birds who are immortal and without death. Every year a thousand new branches spring up from that tree and all kinds of seeds hang on those branches and all those seeds become ripe. A bird called

text: Amrosh

text: comes and sits on one of the branches and shakes it and scatters down to the ground all the seeds. Another bird called Chamrosh comes and strikes all the seeds with its wings and sides and throws them into the sea. All those seeds go inside a cloud full of rain and that cloud rains on the ground and all the seeds appear on the earth."

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text:
11	Logic
1101	Application of logic
1102	Deductive logic
1103	General logic
1104	Inductive logic
1105	Methodology
1199	Other specialities relating to logic
12	Mathematics
1201	Algebra
1202	Analysis and functional analysis
1203	Computer Sciences (see 3304)
1204	Geometry
1205	Number theory
1206	Numerical analysis
1207	Operations research
1208	Probability
1209	Statistics
1210	Topology
1299	Other mathematical specialities
21	Astronomy, Astrophysics
2101	Cosmology
2102	Interplanetary physics (see 2512, 3324)
2103	Optical astronomy (see 2209)
2104	Planetology (see 2512, 3324)
2105	Radio-astronomy
2106	Solar system
2199	Other astronomical specialities
22	Physics
2201	Acoustics
2202	Electro-magnetism
2203	Electronics (see 3307)
2204	Physics
2205	Mechanics
2206	Molecular physics
2207	Nuclear physics (see 3320)
2208	Nucleonics
2209	Optics
2210	Physical chemistry (see 2307)
2211	Solid state physics
2212	Theoretical physics
2213	Thermodynamics
2214	Units and constants
2299	Other physical specialities
23	Chemistry
2301	Analytical chemistry
2302	Biochemistry (see 2306)
2303	Inorganic chemistry (see 3303)
2304	Macromolecular chemistry
2305	Nuclear chemistry
2306	Organic chemistry
2307	Physical chemistry (see 2210)
2399	Other chemical specialities
24	Life Sciences
2401	Animal Biology (Zoology) (see 3109)
2402	Anthropology (physical) (see 51)
2403	Biochemistry (see 2302)
2404	Biomathematics
2405	Biometrics
2406	Biophysics
2407	Cell biology
2408	Ethology
2409	Genetics
2410	Human biology (see 32)
2411	Human physiology
2412	Immunology
2413	Insect Biology (Entomology)
2414	Microbiology
2415	Molecular biology
2416	Palaeontology
2417	Plant Biology (Botany) (see 3103)
2418	Radiobiology
2419	Symbiosis
2420	Virology
2499	Other biological specialities
25	Earth and Space Science
2501	Atmospheric sciences (see 2502, 2509)
2502	Climatology (see 2501, 2509)
2503	Geochemistry
2504	Geodesy
2505	Geography (see 54)
2506	Geology
2507	Geophysics
2508	Hydrology
2509	Meteorology (see 2501, 2502)
2510	Oceanography
2511	Soil Science
2512	Space Sciences (see 2102, 2104, 3324)
2599	Other Earth, Space or Environmental specialities
31	Agricultural Sciences
3101	Agricultural chemistry
3102	Agricultural engineering
3103	Agronomy
3104	Animal husbandry
3105	Fish and wildlife
3106	Forestry
3107	Horticulture
3108	Phytopathology
3109	Veterinary sciences
3199	Other agricultural specialities
32	Medical Sciences
3201	Clinical sciences
3202	Epidemiology (see 2414, 2420)
3203	Forensic medicine
3204	Occupational medicine
3205	Internal medicine
3206	Nutrition sciences (see 3309)
3207	Pathology
3208	Pharmacodynamics
3209	Pharmacology
3210	Preventive medicine
3211	Psychiatry
3212	Public health
3213	Surgery
3214	Toxicology
3299	Other medical specialities
33	Technological Sciences
3301	Aeronautical technology and engineering
3302	Biochemical technology (see 3309)
3303	Chemical technology and engineering (see 2303, 2304, 2306)
3304	Computer technology (see 1203)
3305	Construction technology (see 3312, 5312)
3306	Electrical technology and engineering
3307	Electronic technology (see 2202, 2203, 3325)
3308	Environmental technology and engineering
3309	Food technology (see 3302, 3206)
3310	Industrial technology (see 5311)
3311	Instrumentation technology
3312	Materials technology
3313	Mechanical Engineering and technology
3314	Medical technology
3315	Metallurgical technology
3316	Metal products technology
3317	Motor vehicle technology
3318	Mining technology
3319	Naval technology
3320	Nuclear technology (see 2207)
3321	Petroleum and coal technology
3322	Power technology
3323	Railway technology
3324	Space technology (see 2512)
3325	Telecommunications technology (see 2202, 2203, 3307)
3326	Textile technology
3327	Transportation systems technology
3328	Unit operations technology
3329	Urban Planning
3399	Other technological specialities
51	Anthropology
5101	Cultural anthropology
5102	Ethnography and Ethnology
5103	Social anthropology
5199	Other anthropology specialities
52	Demography
5201	Fertility
5202	General demography
5203	Geographical demography
5204	Historical demography
5205	Mortality
5206	Population characteristics
5207	Population size and demographic evolution
5299	Other demographic specialities
53	Economic Sciences
5301	Domestic fiscal policy and public finance
5302	Econometrics
5303	Economic accounting
5304	Economic activity
5305	Economic systems
5306	Economics of technological change
5307	Economic theory
5308	General economics
5309	Industrial organization and public policy
5310	International economics
5311	Organization and management of enterprises (see 3310)
5312	Sectorial economics
5399	Other economic specialities
54	Geography
5401	Economic geography
5402	Historical geography
5403	Human geography
5404	Regional geography
5499	Other geographical specialities
55	History
5501	Biographies
5502	General history
5503	History of countries
5504	History by epochs
5505	Sciences auxiliary to history
5506	Specialized histories
5599	Other historical specialities
56	Juridical Science and Law
5601	Canon law
5602	General theory and method
5603	International law
5604	Legal organization
5605	National law and legislation
5699	Other juridical specialities
57	Linguistics
5701	Applied linguistics
5702	Diachronic linguistics
5703	Linguistic geography
5704	Linguistic theory
5705	Synchronic linguistics
5799	Other linguistic specialities
58	Pedagogy
5801	Educational theory and methods
5802	Organization and planning of education
5803	Teacher training and employment
5899	Other pedagogical specialities
59	Political Science
5901	International relations
5902	Policy sciences
5903	Political ideologies
5904	Political institutions
5905	Political life
5906	Political sociology
5907	Political systems
5908	Political theory
5909	Public administration
5910	Public opinion
5999	Other political science specialities
61	Psychology
6101	Abnormal psychology (see 3211)
6102	Adolescent and child psychology
6103	Counselling and guidance (see 3211)
6104	Educational psychology
6105	Evaluation and measurement in psychology
6106	Experimental psychology
6107	General psychology
6108	Geriatric psychology
6109	Occupational and personnel psychology
6110	Parapsychology
6111	Personality
6112	Psychological study of social issues
6113	Psychopharmacology
6114	Social psychology
6199	Other psychological specialities
62	Sciences of Arts and Letters
6201	Architecture
6202	Literary theory, analysis and criticism
6203	Fine arts theory, analysis and criticism
6299	Other artistic specialities
63	Sociology
6301	Cultural sociology
6302	Experimental sociology
6303	General sociology
6304	International disorder
6305	Mathematical sociology
6306	Occupational sociology
6307	Social change and development
6308	Social communications
6309	Social groups
6310	Social problems - Social disorder
6311	Sociology of human settlements
6399	Other sociological specialities
71	Ethics
7101	Classical ethics
7102	Ethics of individuals
7103	Group ethics
7104	Prospective ethics
7199	Other specialities relating to ethics
72	Philosophy
7201	Philosophy of knowledge
7202	Philosophical anthropology
7203	General philosophy
7204	Philosophical systems
7205	Philosophy of science
7206	Philosophy of nature
7207	Social philosophy
7208	Philosophical doctrines
7209	Other philosophical specialities

method: UNH-qee

text: The geology of Mars is differentiable from that of Earth by, among other things, its extremely large volcanoes and lack of crust movement. A goal of the MEP is to understand these differences from Earth along with the way that wind, water, volcanoes, tectonics, cratering and other processes have shaped the surface of Mars. Rocks can help scientists describe the sequence of events in Mars' history, tell whether there was an abundance of water on the planet through identifying minerals that are formed only in water, and tell if Mars once had a magnetic field (which would point toward Mars at one point being a dynamic Earth-like planet).

text: The

entity_name: Geology of Mars

text: geology of Mars

text: is differentiable from that of Earth by, among other things, its extremely large volcanoes and lack of crust movement. A goal of the MEP is to understand these differences from Earth along with the way that wind, water, volcanoes, tectonics,

entity_name: Impact crater

text: cratering

text: and other processes have shaped the surface of Mars. Rocks can help scientists describe the sequence of events in Mars' history, tell whether there was an abundance of water on the planet through identifying minerals that are formed only in water, and tell if Mars once had a

entity_name: Magnetosphere

text: magnetic field

text: (which would point toward Mars at one point being a dynamic Earth-like planet).

text: The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) is a science network of people, organisations and, most importantly observation platforms, that perform Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) in South Africa and its surrounding oceans. The SAEON is of global importance as an innovative approach in ecology to understand environmental change and to determine the impact of anthropogenic forces at multiple scales but it is a remarkably complex challenge to statistically discern between ubiquitous natural variability and exogenous forcing. The SAEON constitutes a national government response to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Earth Summit 2002) and is a component of the GEO (Group on Earth Observations). The SAEON has become the leader in environmental science and observation in South Africa  but has been criticised for taking a long time to establish, a situation which was inevitable in view of SAEON's multiple stakeholder corps. It has also been raised that the cost of replicated experimental treatments across SAEON sites will be high

text: The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) is a science network of people, organisations and, most importantly observation platforms, that perform Long-Term Ecological Research (

entity_name: Long Term Ecological Research Network

text: LTER

text: ) in

entity_name: South Africa

text: South Africa

text: and its surrounding oceans. The SAEON is of global importance as an innovative approach in ecology to understand environmental change and to determine the impact of anthropogenic forces at multiple scales but it is a remarkably complex challenge to statistically discern between ubiquitous natural variability and exogenous forcing. The SAEON constitutes a national government response to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (

entity_name: Earth Summit 2002

text: Earth Summit 2002

text: ) and is a component of the GEO (

entity_name: Group on Earth Observations

text: Group on Earth Observations

text: ). The SAEON has become the leader in environmental science and observation in South Africa  but has been criticised for taking a long time to establish, a situation which was inevitable in view of SAEON's multiple stakeholder corps. It has also been raised that the cost of replicated experimental treatments across SAEON sites will be high

text: The honor society was named Pi Gamma Mu from the initials of the three Greek words that describe the Society's objective: Politixes Gnōseōs Mathetai (Πολιτικές Γνώσεως Μάθεται), the study of political and social science.  The term Politixes or "political science or phenomena" encompassed the field of economics, which was then commonly referred to as political economy, its original name.  Pi Gamma Mu stood not only for scholarship in the social sciences, but also for synthesis and cooperation among its various branches.  It was an early advocate of an interdisciplinary as well as a cross-disciplinary approach to the study of social problems.

text: The honor society was named Pi Gamma Mu from the initials of the three Greek words that describe the Society's objective: Politixes Gnōseōs Mathetai (Πολιτικές Γνώσεως Μάθεται), the study of political and social science.  The term Politixes or "political science or phenomena" encompassed the field of

entity_name: Economics

text: economics

text: , which was then commonly referred to as

entity_name: Political economy

text: political economy

text: , its original name.  Pi Gamma Mu stood not only for scholarship in the social sciences, but also for synthesis and cooperation among its various branches.  It was an early advocate of an interdisciplinary as well as a cross-disciplinary approach to the study of social problems.

text: Illinois State University offers a six semester-hour course in traditional Field Geology that has been taught for more than three decades. The course is required for the Bachelor of Science degree, but applications from geology majors at other universities are welcomed.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: Currently, more than 300 scientists at the CfA are engaged in a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, earth and space sciences, and science education.

text: Currently, more than 300 scientists at the CfA are engaged in a broad program of research in

entity_name: Astronomy

text: astronomy

entity_name: Astrophysics

text: astrophysics

entity_name: Earth science

text: earth

text: and

entity_name: Outline of space science

text: space science

text: s, and

entity_name: Science education

text: science education

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: The Center for Environmental and Life Sciences (CELS) houses the Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, which offers degrees in Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, Sustainability Science, a Professional Science Masters (PSM) in Applied Sustainability, and certificate programs in Water Resource Management, Geographic Information Science and Environmental Forensics. CELS is also the home of the Passaic River Institute, the PSEG Institute for Sustainability Studies, and the interdisciplinary PhD Program in Environmental Management.

text: The Faculty of Sciences offers graduate programs on computer science, material science, astronomy, biology, earth science, ocean science, physics, mathematics, statistics & actuarial science, history and philosophy of science and science education, although most of these are run in collaboration with the nearby institutes, like Physics, Mathematics and IIMAS (Institute for applied mathematics and systems). Some programs are offered in conjunction with other faculties and institutes nationwide.

text: The Faculty of Sciences offers graduate programs on computer science, material science, astronomy, biology, earth science, ocean science, physics, mathematics, statistics & actuarial science, history and philosophy of science and science education, although most of these are run in collaboration with the nearby institutes, like Physics, Mathematics and

entity_name: Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas

text: IIMAS

text: (Institute for applied mathematics and systems). Some programs are offered in conjunction with other faculties and institutes nationwide.

text: The Science Building is equipped with an observatory, where some astronomical telescopes with auto-tracking and control functions are located. Students interested in Astronomy as well as the Earth Science are welcome to make a closer observation about the stars.

text: Megametres (from the Greek words megas = big and metro = count/measure) are rarely seen in practical use, e.g. "" is much more common than "5 Mm". Unless dealing with astronomy, distances on Earth can't be more than  (Equator length), although megametres may be used to measure the extensions of road systems and air travel distances, among other things rather than distances. The symbol (Mm) can also be confused with millimetres (mm). Megametres are also occasionally found in science fiction.

text: Megametres (from the

entity_name: Greek language

text: Greek

text: words megas = big and metro = count/measure) are rarely seen in practical use, e.g. "" is much more common than "5 Mm". Unless dealing with astronomy, distances on Earth can't be more than  (

entity_name: Equator

text: Equator

text: length), although megametres may be used to measure the extensions of road systems and air travel distances, among other things rather than distances. The symbol (Mm) can also be confused with

entity_name: Millimetre

text: millimetre

text: s (mm). Megametres are also occasionally found in

entity_name: Science fiction

text: science fiction

text: Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography and most Earth Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications.

text: Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including

entity_name: Geography

text: geography

text: and most Earth Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications.

text: Photographs of the Earth and other planets from spacecraft have inspired renewed interest in the orthographic projection in astronomy and planetary science.

text: Photographs of the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: and other

entity_name: Planet

text: planets

text: from spacecraft have inspired renewed interest in the orthographic projection in

text: astronomy

text: and

entity_name: Planetary science

text: planetary science

text: Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many branches.

text: Earth science is a branch of the

entity_name: Outline of physical science

text: physical science

text: s which is a part of the

entity_name: Natural science

text: natural science

text: s. It in turn has many branches.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

method: UNH-ecn

text: , 47 universities operate within Bulgaria's small territory, fostering its scientific and technological know-how. The country has a strong tradition in mathematics, astronomy, physics, nuclear technology and sciences-oriented education, and has significant experience in medical and pharmaceutical research. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), the leading scientific institution in the country, employs most of Bulgaria's researchers working in its numerous branches.  some of its most significant equipment remains non-operational due to severe mismanagement in the Ministry of Education and Science (responsible for funding scientific projects), such as an electrostatic accelerator, a research reactor and a neutron generator. The most powerful supercomputer in Eastern Europe (one of the top 100 in the world ), an IBM Blue Gene/P, entered service in September 2008 at the State Agency of Information Technology. Scientists from Sofia University and the BAS operate the machine. According to MENSA International, Bulgaria ranks 2nd in the world in Mensa IQ test-scores and its students rate second in the world in SAT scores.Also, international MENSA IQ testing completed in 2004 identified as the world's smartest woman (and one of the smartest people in the world) Daniela Simidchieva of Bulgaria, who has an IQ of 200.

text: , 47 universities operate within Bulgaria's small territory, fostering its scientific and technological know-how. The country has a strong tradition in mathematics, astronomy, physics, nuclear technology and sciences-oriented education, and has significant experience in medical and pharmaceutical research. The

entity_name: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

text: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

text: (BAS), the leading scientific institution in the country, employs most of Bulgaria's researchers working in its numerous branches.  some of its most significant equipment remains non-operational due to severe mismanagement in the Ministry of Education and Science (responsible for funding scientific projects), such as an

entity_name: Electrostatic nuclear accelerator

text: electrostatic accelerator

text: , a

entity_name: Research reactor

text: research reactor

text: and a

entity_name: Neutron generator

text: neutron generator

text: . The most powerful supercomputer in Eastern Europe (one of the top 100 in the world ), an IBM

entity_name: Blue Gene

text: Blue Gene

text: /P, entered service in September 2008 at the State Agency of Information Technology. Scientists from

entity_name: Sofia University

text: Sofia University

text: and the BAS operate the machine. According to MENSA International, Bulgaria ranks 2nd in the world in Mensa IQ test-scores and its students rate second in the world in

entity_name: SAT (disambiguation)

text: SAT

text: scores.Also, international MENSA IQ testing completed in 2004 identified as the world's smartest woman (and one of the smartest people in the world) Daniela Simidchieva of Bulgaria, who has an IQ of 200.

text: Greek astronomy is astronomy written in the Greek language in classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is understood to include the ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and Late Antiquity eras. It is not limited geographically to Greece or to ethnic Greeks, as the Greek language had become the language of scholarship throughout the Hellenistic world following the conquests of Alexander. This phase of Greek astronomy is also known as Hellenistic astronomy, while the pre-Hellenistic phase is known as Classical Greek astronomy. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, much of the Greek and non-Greek astronomers working in the Greek tradition studied at the Musaeum and the Library of Alexandria in Ptolemaic Egypt.The development of astronomy by the Greek and Hellenistic astronomers is considered by historians to be a major phase in the history of astronomy. Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena.  Most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy, as are the names of all planets and moons and all stars in the Bayer designation.  It was influenced by Babylonian and, to a lesser extent, Egyptian astronomy; in turn, it influenced Indian, Arabic-Islamic and Western European astronomy.

text: Greek astronomy is

text: astronomy

text: written in the

text: Greek language

text: in

entity_name: Classical antiquity

text: classical antiquity

text: . Greek astronomy is understood to include the

entity_name: Ancient Greece

text: ancient Greek

entity_name: Hellenistic period

text: Hellenistic

entity_name: Greco-Roman world

text: Greco-Roman

text: , and

entity_name: Late Antiquity

text: Late Antiquity

text: eras. It is not limited

text: geographic

text: ally to

text: Greece

text: or to ethnic

text: Greeks

text: , as the Greek language had become the language of scholarship throughout the

text: Hellenistic world

text: following the conquests of

text: Alexander

text: . This phase of Greek astronomy is also known as Hellenistic astronomy, while the pre-Hellenistic phase is known as Classical Greek astronomy. During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, much of the Greek and non-Greek

text: astronomers

text: working in the Greek tradition studied at the

text: Musaeum

text: and the

text: Library of Alexandria

text: in

text: Ptolemaic Egypt

text: .The development of astronomy by the Greek and Hellenistic astronomers is considered by historians to be a major phase in the

text: history of astronomy

text: . Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena.  Most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy, as are the names of all planets and moons and all stars in the

text: Bayer designation

text: .  It was influenced by

text: Babylonian

text: and, to a lesser extent,

text: Egyptian astronomy

text: ; in turn, it influenced

text: Indian

text: Arabic-Islamic

text: and

text: Western Europe

text: an astronomy.

text: Campbell is acting associate laboratory director for the Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) of the Department of Energy, where she leads over 500 researchers and staff. She also oversees the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) facilities of the Department of Energy.  Their scientific work covers a broad range of initiatives in bioenergy, microbiology, biomedical science, environmental recovery, and climate science.

text: Campbell is acting associate laboratory director for the Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate at the

text: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

text: (PNNL) of the

text: Department of Energy

text: , where she leads over 500 researchers and staff. She also oversees the

entity_name: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility

text: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement

text: (ARM) and

entity_name: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

text: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

text: (EMSL) facilities of the Department of Energy.  Their scientific work covers a broad range of initiatives in bioenergy, microbiology, biomedical science, environmental recovery, and climate science.

text: Rare Earth attracted substantial attention, both in the media and academically. It has been cited by many subsequent articles in the field of geology and astrobiology. Christopher McKay wrote a positive review titled 'All Alone After All?', in the journal Science. The Times proclaimed it as an answer to the Copernican Principle. Discover described it as a "a wet blanket for E.T. enthusiasts". The book's rationale was also praised by media outlets including Newsday and The Economist. CNN described it as an answer to the Fermi paradox. Several astronomy sources also praised the book including Sky & Telescope, Astronomy magazine. Other science media also praised the book including American Scientist, Popular Mechanics, Physics Today and Science. Ward & Brownlee's Rare Earth Hypothesis has been further popularised in books along the same theme.

text: Rare Earth attracted substantial attention, both in the media and academically. It has been cited by many subsequent articles in the field of geology and astrobiology.

text: Christopher McKay

text: wrote a positive review titled 'All Alone After All?', in the journal

text: Science

text: The Times

text: proclaimed it as an answer to the

text: Copernican Principle

text: Discover

text: described it as a "a wet blanket for E.T. enthusiasts". The book's rationale was also praised by media outlets including

text: Newsday

text: and

text: The Economist

text: CNN

text: described it as an answer to the

text: Fermi paradox

text: . Several astronomy sources also praised the book including

text: Sky & Telescope

text: Astronomy magazine

text: . Other science media also praised the book including

text: American Scientist

text: Popular Mechanics

text: Physics Today

text: and Science. Ward & Brownlee's Rare Earth Hypothesis has been further popularised in books along the same theme.

text: The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earth's history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology and the history of life. The scientific discipline that studies the properties and origin of sedimentary rocks is called sedimentology. Sedimentology is part of both geology and physical geography and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the Earth sciences, such as pedology, geomorphology, geochemistry and structural geology. Sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars.

text: The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the

text: Earth's history

text: , including

text: palaeogeography

text: paleoclimatology

text: and the

text: history of life

text: . The

text: scientific discipline

text: that studies the properties and origin of sedimentary rocks is called

text: sedimentology

text: . Sedimentology is part of both

text: geology

text: and

text: physical geography

text: and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the

text: Earth science

text: s, such as

text: pedology

text: geomorphology

text: geochemistry

text: and

text: structural geology

text: . Sedimentary rocks have also been found on

text: Mars

text: X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects. X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. X-ray astronomy is part of space science.

text: X-ray astronomy

text: is an observational branch of

text: astronomy

text: which deals with the study of

text: X-ray

text: emission from celestial objects.

text: X-radiation

text: is absorbed by the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by

text: balloon

text: s,

text: sounding rocket

text: s, and

text: satellite

text: s. X-ray astronomy is part of

text: space science

text: Systems geology can be seen as an integral part of the science of earth systems, "encompassing all components of the Earth system – air, life, rock and water – to gain a new and more comprehensive understanding of the world as we know it". Much of the background was set out in Solid-Earth Science and Society in 1993. Since then, considerable progress has resulted from large investments in geoinformatics by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and the European Commission (EC), much of it implemented on their high-level computing networks. The concepts of Earth Systems are reflected in the teaching of geology. Nevertheless, geology has unique aspects that justify consideration of systems geology as a distinct subsystem. These include the availability of detailed world-wide geological mapping and stratigraphical classification, and the rapidly growing understanding of Earth history in terms of past configurations of geological objects and processes.

text: Systems geology can be seen as an integral part of the science of earth systems, "encompassing all components of the Earth system – air, life, rock and water – to gain a new and more comprehensive understanding of the world as we know it". Much of the background was set out in Solid-Earth Science and Society in 1993. Since then, considerable progress has resulted from large investments in

text: geoinformatics

text: by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and the European Commission (EC), much of it implemented on their high-level computing networks. The concepts of Earth Systems are reflected in the teaching of geology. Nevertheless, geology has unique aspects that justify consideration of systems geology as a distinct subsystem. These include the availability of detailed world-wide geological mapping and stratigraphical classification, and the rapidly growing understanding of Earth history in terms of past configurations of geological objects and processes.

text: Subsequently, Muller branched out into other areas of science, and in particular the Earth sciences.  His work has included attempting to understand the ice ages, dynamics at the core-mantle boundary, patterns of extinction and biodiversity through time, and the processes associated with impact cratering.  One of his most well known proposals is the Nemesis hypothesis suggesting the Sun could have an as yet undetected companion dwarf star, whose perturbations of the Oort cloud and subsequent effects on the flux of comets entering the inner Solar System could explain an apparent 26 million year periodicity in extinction events.

text: Subsequently, Muller branched out into other areas of science, and in particular the

text: Earth science

text: s.  His work has included attempting to understand the

text: ice age

text: s, dynamics at the

text: core-mantle boundary

text: , patterns of

text: extinction

text: and

text: biodiversity

text: through time, and the processes associated with

text: impact cratering

text: .  One of his most well known proposals is the

text: Nemesis hypothesis

text: suggesting the

text: Sun

text: could have an as yet undetected companion

text: dwarf star

text: , whose perturbations of the

text: Oort cloud

text: and subsequent effects on the flux of

text: comet

text: s entering the

text: inner Solar System

text: could explain an apparent 26 million year periodicity in

text: extinction event

text: s.

text: Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation.  For instance, during the Last Glacial Maximum of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven evaporation from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including polar deserts (cold but with low rates of cloud cover and precipitation). In contrast, the world's climate was cloudier and wetter than today near the start of the warm Atlantic Period of 8000 years ago.

text: Climatological temperatures substantially affect cloud cover and precipitation.  For instance, during the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: of 18,000 years ago, thermal-driven

text: evaporation

text: from the oceans onto continental landmasses was low, causing large areas of extreme desert, including

text: polar desert

text: s (cold but with low rates of cloud cover and precipitation). In contrast, the world's climate was cloudier and wetter than today near the start of the warm

text: Atlantic Period

text: of 8000 years ago.

text: In contrast to meteorology, which focuses on short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

text: In contrast to

text: meteorology

text: , which focuses on short term

text: weather

text: systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions.

text: Climatologists

text: study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help

text: predict

text: future

text: climate change

text: The project Chasqui I, which initially was formative in nature, has evolved into a technological and scientific challenge for all members of the project. It is expected that Chasqui I allows to plant the foundations for future work in the area of small satellites and, to be increasing their size or number, give rise to satellite projects in different categories, in areas such as: communications, meteorology, remote sensing, earth images, navigation and oceanography.

text: The project Chasqui I, which initially was formative in nature, has evolved into a technological and scientific challenge for all members of the project. It is expected that Chasqui I allows to plant the foundations for future work in the area of small satellites and, to be increasing their size or number, give rise to satellite projects in different categories, in areas such as:

text: communications

text: meteorology

text: remote sensing

text: earth images

text: navigation

text: and oceanography.

text: Several categories have been added, dropped, or merged throughout the years. Computer Science was dropped from the list in late 2002. Current Events was in the 2005 competition, but did not make a return. General Science was dropped for the high school competition and Astronomy was merged with Earth Science to create Earth and Space in 2011.

text: Several categories have been added, dropped, or merged throughout the years.

text: Computer Science

text: was dropped from the list in late 2002. Current Events was in the 2005 competition, but did not make a return. General Science was dropped for the high school competition and Astronomy was merged with Earth Science to create Earth and Space in 2011.

text: Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy, oceanology, limnology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science,  and geodesy) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment.  Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

text: Environmental science is an

text: interdisciplinary

text: academic field

text: that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including

text: ecology

text: biology

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: zoology

text: mineralogy

text: oceanology

text: limnology

text: soil science

text: geology

text: atmospheric science

text: ,  and

text: geodesy

text: ) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of

text: natural history

text: and

text: medicine

text: during the

text: Enlightenment

text: .  Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and

text: interdisciplinary

text: approach to the study of

text: environmental systems

text: Environmental Fluid Mechanics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal on Earth sciences published by Springer Science+Business Media.

text: Environmental Fluid Mechanics is a bimonthly

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: on

text: Earth sciences

text: published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:

text: The

text: India Meteorological Department

text: (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:

text: 2013: The First Iranian and First Armenian Earth Scientist ever honored by the Geological Society of America (GSA) during its 125th Anniversary Annual Conference Special Meeting Dedicated to his over 40-yr of research and contribution to the world Earth Science at Denver, Colorado, USA, in October 2013, Sessions 214 &  291, T188: Tethyan Evolution and Seismotectonics of Southwest Asia (GSA Structural Geology and Tectonics Division; GSA Quaternary Geology & Geomorphology Division; GSA Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Petrology, & Volcanology Division).

text: The observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the Babylonian astronomers of the 7th or 8th century BC. The ancient Chinese also observed the orbit of Suìxīng (歲星) and established their cycle of 12 earthly branches based on its approximate number of years; the Chinese language still uses its name (simplified as 岁) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the Chinese zodiac, with each year associated with a Tai Sui star and god controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky; these beliefs survive in some Taoist religious practices and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals, now often popularly assumed to be related to the arrival of the animals before Buddha. The Chinese historian Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De, an ancient Chinese astronomer, discovered one of Jupiter's moons in 362 with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.In his 2nd century work the Almagest, the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years.In 499, Aryabhata, a mathematician–astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and astronomy, also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter's period as 4332.2722 days, or 11.86 years.

text: The observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the

text: Babylonian astronomers

text: of the 7th or 8th century BC. The ancient Chinese also observed the orbit of Suìxīng (歲星) and established their cycle of 12

text: earthly branches

text: based on its approximate number of years; the

text: Chinese language

text: still uses its name (

text: simplified

text: as 岁) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the

text: Chinese zodiac

text: , with each year associated with a

text: Tai Sui

text: star

text: and

text: god

text: controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky; these beliefs survive in some

text: Taoist

text: religious practices

text: and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals, now often

text: popularly assumed

text: to be related to the arrival of the animals before

text: Buddha

text: . The Chinese historian

text: Xi Zezong

text: has claimed that

text: Gan De

text: , an ancient

text: Chinese astronomer

text: , discovered one of

text: Jupiter's moons

text: in 362 with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.In his 2nd century work the

text: Almagest

text: , the Hellenistic astronomer

text: Claudius Ptolemaeus

text: constructed a

text: geocentric

text: planetary model based on

text: deferent

text: s and

text: epicycle

text: s to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years.In 499,

text: Aryabhata

text: , a mathematician–astronomer from the classical age of

text: Indian mathematics

text: and

text: astronomy

text: , also used a geocentric model to estimate Jupiter's period as 4332.2722 days, or 11.86 years.

text: In 1976, in Filieh, an area bordering the port city of Khorramshahr, the Persian GulfSouthern Branch of Jondi Shahpour University, Ahvaz (Shahid Chamran University), was established comprising two colleges: the College of Marine Sciences and the College of Maritime Management and Economics. But this newly established center was closed soon after due to the war imposed on Iran. This college recommenced academically in 1993, admitting 10 MS students in the fields of physical oceanography and marine biology on Shahid Chamran’s campus. With the start of the postwar reconstruction of the war torn cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr in 1998, the Southern Branch was moved back to Khorramshahr, expanding its academic scope by admitting undergraduate students in the fields of marine biology, environmental sciences and fisheries.

text: The Stone Science Library brings together books, journals, atlases, maps, photographs, and more in support of the Archaeology, Earth & Environment, and Earth Science and Geology departments, as well as the Center for Archaeological Studies, the Center for Remote Sensing.

text: The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DEES) is the educational arm of Columbia University located on the Lamont–Doherty campus to train graduate and undergraduate students enrolled at the university and at Barnard College. The Lamont–Doherty office of DEES primarily supports the department's graduate program, though many undergraduate students take classes and conduct research at the Observatory. At any given time, between 80 and 90 Ph.D. students are working towards degrees in specialties that include aqueous geochemistry, atmospheric science, climate science, ecophysiology, geology, paleoclimatology, paleontology, physical oceanography, solid Earth geophysics, and solid Earth geochemistry. Specific programs at Lamont–Doherty are conducted with many education-affiliates at Columbia and elsewhere in the New York metro area.

text: The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DEES) is the educational arm of Columbia University located on the Lamont–Doherty campus to train graduate and undergraduate students enrolled at the university and at Barnard College. The Lamont–Doherty office of DEES primarily supports the department's graduate program, though many undergraduate students take classes and conduct research at the Observatory. At any given time, between 80 and 90 Ph.D. students are working towards degrees in specialties that include aqueous geochemistry,

text: atmospheric science

text: climate science

text: ecophysiology

text: geology

text: paleoclimatology

text: paleontology

text: physical oceanography

text: , solid Earth

text: geophysics

text: , and solid Earth

text: geochemistry

text: . Specific programs at Lamont–Doherty are conducted with many education-affiliates at Columbia and elsewhere in the New York metro area.

text: Robert Phillip Sharp (24 June 1911 – 25 May 2004) was an expert on the geological surfaces of the Earth and the planet Mars. Sharp served as the chairman of the Division of Geological Sciences at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) from 1952 to 1968.  He built the modern department and especially recruited new faculty in geochemistry, tectonic geomorphology, planetary science, and field geology.

text: Robert Phillip Sharp (24 June 1911 – 25 May 2004) was an expert on the

text: geological surfaces

text: of the

text: Earth

text: and the planet

text: Mars

text: . Sharp served as the chairman of the Division of Geological Sciences at

text: California Institute of Technology

text: (Caltech) from 1952 to 1968.  He built the modern department and especially recruited new faculty in

text: geochemistry

text: , tectonic geomorphology,

text: planetary science

text: , and field geology.

text: |-| 23801 Erikgustafson ||  || Erik Olaf Gustafson, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project.  |-id=804| 23804 Haber ||  || Catherine Michelle Haber, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her behavioral science project.  |-id=808| 23808 Joshuahammer ||  || Joshua Wayne Hammer, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=809| 23809 Haswell ||  || John Douglas Reiji Haswell, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=811| 23811 Connorivens ||  || Connor Joseph Ivens, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=812| 23812 Jannuzi ||  || Brigg Lowell Jannuzi, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his earth and space science project. |-id=814| 23814 Bethanylynne ||  || Bethany Lynne Johnson, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=816| 23816 Rohitkamat ||  || Rohit G. Kamat, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project. |-id=817| 23817 Gokulk ||  || Gokul Krishnan, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=818| 23818 Matthewlepow ||  || Matthew Brice Lepow, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his earth and space science project.  |-id=819| 23819 Tsuyoshi ||  ||  Tsuyoshi Terai (born 1983), Japanese researcher, of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=821| 23821 Morganmonroe ||  || Morgan McKay Monroe, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her physical science project. |-id=831| 23831 Mattmooney ||  || Matthew Michael Mooney, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=833| 23833 Mowers ||  || Christopher Scott Mowers, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=834| 23834 Mukhopadhyay ||  || Prithwis Kumar Mukhopadhyay, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=837| 23837 Matthewnanni ||  || Matthew James Nanni, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project.  |-id=844| 23844 Raghvendra ||  || Shubha Srinivas Raghvendra, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her behavioral science project.  |-id=850| 23850 Ramaswami ||  || Keshav Ramaswami, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=851| 23851 Rottman-Yang ||  || Jaron Shalom Rottman-Yang, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=852| 23852 Laurierumker ||  || Laurie Ann Rumker, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=854| 23854 Rickschaffer ||  || Rick Schinco Schaffer, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project. |-id=855| 23855 Brandonshih ||  || Brandon H. Shih, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project.  |-id=858| 23858 Ambrosesoehn ||  || Ambrose Geoffrey Soehn, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=861| 23861 Benjaminsong ||  || Benjamin Paul Song, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=865| 23865 Karlsorensen ||  || Karl Mikael Sorensen, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project.  |-id=867| 23867 Cathsoto ||  || Catherine Soto, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=875| 23875 Strube ||  || Katherine Michaela Strube, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her physical science project.  |-id=877| 23877 Gourmaud || 1998 SP || Jamy Gourmaud, French journalist, involved in the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23882, 23890) |-id=879| 23879 Demura ||  || Hirohide Demura, Japanese lunar and planetary scientist. |-id=880| 23880 Tongil ||  || "Unification" in Korean|-id=882| 23882 Fredcourant ||  || Frédéric Courant, French journalist, animator of the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23877, 23890) |-id=884| 23884 Karenharvey ||  || Karen L. Harvey, née Angle, American astrophysicist (solar physics researcher) and wife of American astrophysicist (solar physics researcher) John Warren (Jack) Harvey †|-id=886| 23886 Toshihamane ||  || Toshihiko Hamane (born 1963), curator of the Gunma Astronomical Observatory. |-id=887| 23887 Shinsukeabe ||  || Shinsuke Abe (born 1970), a pioneer in modern meteoroid and asteroid research. |-id=888| 23888 Daikinoshita ||  ||Kinoshita Daisuke (born 1974), of the Institute of Astronomy at the National Central University, Taiwan, studies asteroids and comets. He has also worked on instrumentation and operations at Lulin Observatory, and has contributed to the development of astronomy in Taiwan. |-id=889| 23889 Hermanngrassmann ||  || Hermann Günther Grassmann, German mathematician, physicist, linguist, scholar, and neohumanist*|-id=890| 23890 Quindou ||  || Sabine Quindou, French journalist, involved in the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23877, 23882) |-id=893| 23893 Lauman ||  || Stephen W. Lauman (born 1974), an instrument maker at Lowell Observatory. |-id=894| 23894 Arikahiguchi ||  || Arika Higuchi (born 1979), a Japanese theoretical astronomer. |-id=895| 23895 Akikonakamura ||  || Akiko Nakamura (born 1964), a Japanese experimentalist in the field of planetary science. |-id=896| 23896 Tatsuaki ||  ||  Tatsuaki Hashimoto (born 1963) works on spacecraft guidance and control at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo. He was engaged in the attitude and orbit control systems of spacecraft such as the Hayabusa sample return mission to asteroid Itokawa. |-id=897| 23897 Daikuroda ||  ||  Kuroda Daisuke (born 1977), an astronomer at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=898| 23898 Takir ||  || Driss Takir (b. 1973), a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ithaca College. |-id=899| 23899 Kornoš ||  || Leonard Kornoš (b. 1956), a lecturer at the Comenius University in Bratislava. |-id=900| 23900 Urakawa ||  || Seitaro Urakawa (born 1975), an astronomer who works at the Bisei Spaceguard Center. |}

text: 23801 Erikgustafson

text: ||  || Erik Olaf Gustafson, a finalist in the 2007

entity_name: Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge

text: Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge

text: (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project.  |-id=804|

text: 23804 Haber

text: ||  || Catherine Michelle Haber, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her behavioral science project.  |-id=808|

text: 23808 Joshuahammer

text: ||  || Joshua Wayne Hammer, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=809|

text: 23809 Haswell

text: ||  || John Douglas Reiji Haswell, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=811|

text: 23811 Connorivens

text: ||  || Connor Joseph Ivens, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=812|

text: 23812 Jannuzi

text: ||  || Brigg Lowell Jannuzi, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his earth and space science project. |-id=814|

text: 23814 Bethanylynne

text: ||  || Bethany Lynne Johnson, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=816|

text: 23816 Rohitkamat

text: ||  || Rohit G. Kamat, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project. |-id=817|

text: 23817 Gokulk

text: ||  || Gokul Krishnan, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=818|

text: 23818 Matthewlepow

text: ||  || Matthew Brice Lepow, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his earth and space science project.  |-id=819|

text: 23819 Tsuyoshi

text: ||  ||  Tsuyoshi Terai (born 1983), Japanese researcher, of the

entity_name: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

text: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

text: . |-id=821|

text: 23821 Morganmonroe

text: ||  || Morgan McKay Monroe, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her physical science project. |-id=831|

text: 23831 Mattmooney

text: ||  || Matthew Michael Mooney, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=833|

text: 23833 Mowers

text: ||  || Christopher Scott Mowers, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=834|

text: 23834 Mukhopadhyay

text: ||  || Prithwis Kumar Mukhopadhyay, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=837|

text: 23837 Matthewnanni

text: ||  || Matthew James Nanni, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project.  |-id=844|

text: 23844 Raghvendra

text: ||  || Shubha Srinivas Raghvendra, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her behavioral science project.  |-id=850|

text: 23850 Ramaswami

text: ||  || Keshav Ramaswami, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=851|

text: 23851 Rottman-Yang

text: ||  || Jaron Shalom Rottman-Yang, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=852|

text: 23852 Laurierumker

text: ||  || Laurie Ann Rumker, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project.  |-id=854|

text: 23854 Rickschaffer

text: ||  || Rick Schinco Schaffer, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project. |-id=855|

text: 23855 Brandonshih

text: ||  || Brandon H. Shih, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project.  |-id=858|

text: 23858 Ambrosesoehn

text: ||  || Ambrose Geoffrey Soehn, a finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his physical science project. |-id=861|

text: 23861 Benjaminsong

text: ||  || Benjamin Paul Song, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=865|

text: 23865 Karlsorensen

text: ||  || Karl Mikael Sorensen, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for his botany and zoology project.  |-id=867|

text: 23867 Cathsoto

text: ||  || Catherine Soto, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her biochem, medicine, health, and microbiology project. |-id=875|

text: 23875 Strube

text: ||  || Katherine Michaela Strube, American finalist in the 2007 Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge (DCYSC), a middle school science competition, for her physical science project.  |-id=877|

text: 23877 Gourmaud

text: || 1998 SP || Jamy Gourmaud, French journalist, involved in the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23882, 23890) |-id=879|

text: 23879 Demura

text: ||  || Hirohide Demura, Japanese lunar and planetary scientist. |-id=880|

text: 23880 Tongil

text: Unification

text: " in

text: Korean

text: 23882 Fredcourant

text: ||  || Frédéric Courant, French journalist, animator of the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23877, 23890) |-id=884|

text: 23884 Karenharvey

text: Karen L. Harvey

text: , née Angle, American astrophysicist (solar physics researcher) and wife of American astrophysicist (solar physics researcher)

text: John Warren (Jack) Harvey

text: 23886 Toshihamane

text: ||  || Toshihiko Hamane (born 1963), curator of the

text: Gunma Astronomical Observatory

text: . |-id=887|

text: 23887 Shinsukeabe

text: ||  || Shinsuke Abe (born 1970), a pioneer in modern meteoroid and asteroid research. |-id=888|

text: 23888 Daikinoshita

text: ||  ||Kinoshita Daisuke (born 1974), of the Institute of Astronomy at the

text: National Central University

text: , Taiwan, studies asteroids and comets. He has also worked on instrumentation and operations at

text: Lulin Observatory

text: , and has contributed to the development of astronomy in Taiwan. |-id=889|

text: 23889 Hermanngrassmann

text: Hermann Günther Grassmann

text: , German mathematician, physicist, linguist, scholar, and neohumanist*|-id=890|

text: 23890 Quindou

text: ||  || Sabine Quindou, French journalist, involved in the television science program C’est pas sorcier (see also 23877, 23882) |-id=893|

text: 23893 Lauman

text: ||  || Stephen W. Lauman (born 1974), an instrument maker at

text: Lowell Observatory

text: . |-id=894|

text: 23894 Arikahiguchi

text: ||  || Arika Higuchi (born 1979), a Japanese theoretical astronomer. |-id=895|

text: 23895 Akikonakamura

text: ||  || Akiko Nakamura (born 1964), a Japanese experimentalist in the field of planetary science. |-id=896|

text: 23896 Tatsuaki

text: ||  ||  Tatsuaki Hashimoto (born 1963) works on spacecraft guidance and control at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo. He was engaged in the attitude and orbit control systems of spacecraft such as the Hayabusa sample return mission to asteroid Itokawa. |-id=897|

text: 23897 Daikuroda

text: ||  ||  Kuroda Daisuke (born 1977), an astronomer at the

text: . |-id=898|

text: 23898 Takir

text: ||  || Driss Takir (b. 1973), a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Ithaca College. |-id=899|

text: 23899 Kornoš

text: ||  || Leonard Kornoš (b. 1956), a lecturer at the

text: Comenius University

text: in Bratislava. |-id=900|

text: 23900 Urakawa

text: ||  || Seitaro Urakawa (born 1975), an astronomer who works at the

text: Bisei Spaceguard Center

text: In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets or frozen crystals, both of which are made of water or various chemicals.  The droplets or particles are suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body. On Earth, clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere (which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere). The air may be cooled to its dew point by a variety of atmospheric processes or it may gain moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source.  Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology.

text: In

text: meteorology

text: , a cloud is an

text: aerosol

text: comprising a visible mass of minute

text: liquid

text: droplets

text: or frozen

text: crystal

text: s, both of which are made of

text: water

text: or various

text: chemical

text: s.  The droplets or particles are suspended in the

text: atmosphere

text: above the surface of a

text: planet

text: ary body. On Earth, clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the

text: homosphere

text: (which includes the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: , and

text: mesosphere

text: ). The air may be cooled to its

text: dew point

text: by a variety of atmospheric processes or it may gain moisture (usually in the form of

text: water vapor

text: ) from an adjacent source.  Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the

text: cloud physics

text: branch of

text: meteorology

text: In September 1929 the Copenhagen Conference of Directors set up a technical Commission For Climatology, which held a meeting at Innsbruck discussing issues such as the relationship between dynamic meteorology and climatology. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the Commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. the baseline for measuring climate fluctuations.

text: The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) was created in 1990 with the purpose of studying climate change through research conducted in Antarctica.  Antarctica was chosen as the optimal site to study the atmosphere because of its remote location and relatively undisturbed environment.  Research in many fields has been conducted in Antarctica through ITASE, including astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth sciences, environmental science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics.

text: The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) was created in 1990 with the purpose of studying climate change through research conducted in

text: Antarctica

text: .  Antarctica was chosen as the optimal site to study the atmosphere because of its remote location and relatively undisturbed environment.  Research in many fields has been conducted in Antarctica through ITASE, including astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth sciences, environmental science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics.

text: Launched in 2015, the Monash Earth Sciences Garden offers a brand new, hands-on approach to teaching geology, physical geography and atmospheric sciences.

text: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B. Soil and Plant Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists. It covers environmental sciences, botany, earth sciences, physical geography, ecology, and the soil sciences of relevance to agriculture. The editor-in-chief is Anna Mårtensson (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences).

text: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B. Soil and Plant Science is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: published by

text: Taylor & Francis

text: on behalf of the

text: Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists

text: . It covers

text: environmental science

text: s,

text: botany

text: earth science

text: s,

text: physical geography

text: ecology

text: , and the

text: soil science

text: s of relevance to

text: agriculture

text: . The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Anna Mårtensson (

entity_name: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

text: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

text: Three Credits of Science are needed to graduate. Integrated Science (formerly known as Earth Sciences), Biology, Chemistry, Anatomy, Physics, Zoology, Marine Biology, Environmental Science, and the Veterinary Academy are all offered, and in the 2010–2011 school year, Forensic Science will be offered.

text: Three Credits of Science are needed to graduate. Integrated Science (formerly known as Earth Sciences),

text: Biology

text: Chemistry

text: Anatomy

text: Physics

text: Zoology

text: Marine Biology

text: Environmental Science

text: , and the Veterinary Academy are all offered, and in the 2010–2011 school year,

text: Forensic Science

text: will be offered.

text: Jakosky heads the University of Colorado at Boulder team within the NASA Astrobiology Institute. He serves on numerous national advisory committees. He serves as an associate director at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He is an expert in Earth and planetary geology and extraterrestrial life, including both the science and the societal and philosophical issues relating to the science. His research interests are in the geology of planetary surfaces, specifically the geology of Mars, the evolution of the martian atmosphere and climate, atmospheric chemistry, the potential for life on Mars and elsewhere, and the philosophical and societal issues in astrobiology.

text: Jakosky heads the

text: University of Colorado at Boulder

text: team within the

text: NASA Astrobiology Institute

text: . He serves on numerous national advisory committees. He serves as an associate director at the

entity_name: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

text: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

text: at the

text: University of Colorado at Boulder

text: . He is an expert in Earth and planetary

text: geology

text: and

text: extraterrestrial life

text: , including both the science and the societal and philosophical issues relating to the science. His research interests are in the

text: geology

text: of planetary surfaces, specifically the

text: geology of Mars

text: , the evolution of the

text: martian atmosphere

text: and climate,

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: , the potential for

text: life on Mars

text: and elsewhere, and the philosophical and societal issues in astrobiology.

text: Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major academic discipline, and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards, some Geotechnical engineering fields, and understanding past climates and environments.

text: Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the

text: Earth

text: . The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition,

text: structure

text: physical properties

text: , dynamics, and

text: history

text: of

text: Earth materials

text: , and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major

text: academic discipline

text: , and is also important for

text: mineral

text: and

text: hydrocarbon

text: extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of

text: natural hazard

text: s, some

text: Geotechnical engineering

text: fields, and understanding

text: past climates

text: and environments.

text: Deakin received the highest rating possible for its research in Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Materials Engineering, Human Movement and Sports Science, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and in Medical Physiology. The university's research was also found to be above world standard in Physical Chemistry, Environmental Science and Management, Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Nanotechnology, Zoology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Public Health and Health Services and Performing Arts and Creative Writing.

text: The natural science of astronomy is the study of celestial objects, observations and phenomena in the night sky. The ancient discipline of astronomy is the key method of calculating a date and time. A star in a solar system is the source of light which creates the stellar day, the rotation period of orbiting planets regulates the seasons on a planet surface, this combination is monitored and recorded by a calendar.

text: The

text: natural science

text: of

text: astronomy

text: is the study of

text: celestial object

text: s, observations and phenomena in the

text: night sky

text: . The

text: ancient discipline

text: of astronomy is the key method of calculating a

text: date

text: and

text: time

text: . A

text: star

text: in a

text: solar system

text: is the source of

text: light

text: which creates the

text: stellar day

text: , the

text: rotation period

text: of

text: orbit

text: ing

text: planet

text: s regulates the

text: season

text: s on a

text: planet surface

text: , this combination is monitored and recorded by a calendar.

text: Currently, Dr. Timothy Heaton is a professor of Earth Sciences at the University of South Dakota, Vermillion and chair person of the Earth Sciences and Physics Department. He has taught courses such as Historical Geology, Oceanography, Paleontology and the Evolution-Creation debate.

text: Currently, Dr. Timothy Heaton is a professor of

text: Earth Sciences

text: at the

text: University of South Dakota

text: , Vermillion and chair person of the Earth Sciences and Physics Department. He has taught courses such as Historical Geology, Oceanography, Paleontology and the

text: Evolution-Creation debate

text: Established by the Pakistan Navy in 2000, its status is granted as Semi-Government. It offers programmes in undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral studies.  Its research is  directed towards the development of engineering, philosophy, natural, social, and medical sciences. Bahria is a comprehensive university having multidisciplinary programs that includes Health Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Computer Sciences, Management Sciences, Social Sciences, Law, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Psychology and Maritime Studies. The university is one of the top institution of higher learning in the country and secured 23rd in among country's top thirty and most notable universities in "general category" by the HEC, as of 2016. The university is a member of the  Association of Commonwealth Universities of the United Kingdom.

text: Established by the

text: Pakistan Navy

text: in 2000, its status is granted as Semi-Government. It offers programmes in

text: undergraduate

text: post-graduate

text: , and

text: doctoral studies

text: .  Its research is  directed towards the development of engineering, philosophy,

text: natural

text: social

text: , and

text: medical science

text: s. Bahria is a comprehensive university having multidisciplinary programs that includes Health Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Computer Sciences, Management Sciences, Social Sciences, Law, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Psychology and Maritime Studies. The university is one of the top institution of higher learning in the country and secured 23rd in among country's top thirty and most notable universities in "general category" by the

text: HEC

text: , as of 2016. The university is a member of the

entity_name: Association of Commonwealth Universities

text: Association of Commonwealth Universities

text: of the

text: United Kingdom

text: Meteorology studies weather, while climatology studies climate; both are atmospheric sciences.

text: Meteorology

text: studies weather, while

text: climatology

text: studies climate; both are

text: atmospheric sciences

text: The level of understanding of Earth has increased markedly in recent times through science especially with the application of the scientific method. Environmental science is now a multi-disciplinary academic study taught and researched at many universities. This is used as a basis for addressing environmental issues.

text: The level of understanding of

text: Earth

text: has increased markedly in recent times through

text: science

text: especially with the application of the

text: scientific method

text: Environmental science

text: is now a multi-disciplinary academic study taught and researched at many universities. This is used as a basis for addressing environmental issues.

text: Climatological and Meteorological studies

text: |-id=002| 26002 Angelayeung ||  || 26002 Angelayeung Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Angela Yu-Yun Yeung (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Davis Senior High School, Davis, California.|-id=004| 26004 Loriying ||  || 26004 Loriying Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lori Ying (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her animal sciences project. She attends the South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York.|-id=005| 26005 Alicezhao ||  || 26005 Alicezhao Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alice Wei Zhao (b. 1993) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Sheboygan North High School, Sheboygan, Wisconsin.|-id=007| 26007 Lindazhou ||  || 26007 Lindazhou Discovered 2001 Mar. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Zhou (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey.|-id=013| 26013 Amandalonzo ||  || 26013 Amandalonzo Discovered 2001 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amanda Alonzo mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California.|-id=027| 26027 Cotopaxi || 4861 P-L || Cotopaxi, the 5897-m active volcano situated in the Andes in Ecuador, south of Quito. |-id=057| 26057 Ankaios || 4742 T-2 || Ancaeus, in Greek mythology, one of the Argonauts, father of Agapenor. |-id=074| 26074 Carlwirtz || 1977 TD || Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, 19th-20th-century German astronomer, the first, in 1924, to prove the existence of a redshift-distance relationship for spiral nebulae |-id=075| 26075 Levitsvet ||  || 26075 Levitsvet Discovered 1978 Aug. 8 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Lev Ivanovich Tsvetkov (b. 1938), head of the laboratory of radio astronomy of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory since 2002, is known for designing and developing instrumentation for observations of solar radio emission, for seeking and identifying global oscillations of the sun and for forecasting solar activity.|-id=080| 26080 Pablomarques || 1980 EF || Pablo Gutierrez-Marques (b. 1975), of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, had significant responsibility for the acquisition and processing of the scientific images of Vesta obtained by the Dawn spacecraft. |-id=087| 26087 Zhuravleva ||  || Lyudmila Vasil'evna Zhuravleva, a staff member of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy from 1972 to 1998. |}

text: 26002 Angelayeung

text: ||  || 26002 Angelayeung Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Angela Yu-Yun Yeung (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Davis Senior High School, Davis, California.|-id=004|

text: 26004 Loriying

text: ||  || 26004 Loriying Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lori Ying (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her animal sciences project. She attends the South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York.|-id=005|

text: 26005 Alicezhao

text: ||  || 26005 Alicezhao Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alice Wei Zhao (b. 1993) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Sheboygan North High School, Sheboygan, Wisconsin.|-id=007|

text: 26007 Lindazhou

text: ||  || 26007 Lindazhou Discovered 2001 Mar. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Zhou (b. 1992) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey.|-id=013|

text: 26013 Amandalonzo

text: ||  || 26013 Amandalonzo Discovered 2001 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amanda Alonzo mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California.|-id=027|

text: 26027 Cotopaxi

text: || 4861 P-L ||

text: Cotopaxi

text: , the 5897-m active volcano situated in the

text: Andes

text: in

text: Ecuador

text: , south of

text: Quito

text: . |-id=057|

text: 26057 Ankaios

text: || 4742 T-2 ||

text: Ancaeus

text: , in

text: Greek mythology

text: , one of the

text: Argonauts

text: , father of

text: Agapenor

text: . |-id=074|

text: 26074 Carlwirtz

text: || 1977 TD ||

text: Carl Wilhelm Wirtz

text: , 19th-20th-century German astronomer, the first, in 1924, to prove the existence of a redshift-distance relationship for spiral nebulae |-id=075|

text: 26075 Levitsvet

text: ||  || 26075 Levitsvet Discovered 1978 Aug. 8 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Lev Ivanovich Tsvetkov (b. 1938), head of the laboratory of radio astronomy of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory since 2002, is known for designing and developing instrumentation for observations of solar radio emission, for seeking and identifying global oscillations of the sun and for forecasting solar activity.|-id=080|

text: 26080 Pablomarques

text: || 1980 EF || Pablo Gutierrez-Marques (b. 1975), of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, had significant responsibility for the acquisition and processing of the scientific images of Vesta obtained by the Dawn spacecraft. |-id=087|

text: 26087 Zhuravleva

text: Lyudmila Vasil'evna Zhuravleva

text: , a staff member of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy from 1972 to 1998. |}

text: In 1891, a group of amateurs in Australia began discussing the idea of setting up branches of the BAA in their own country. Only the first of these, the New South Wales Branch established in 1895, would survive for more than a brief period. This branch became the second oldest astronomy organisation in Australia.

text: Epstein's paper “A Spectral Climatology” appeared in the first issue of The Journal of Climate, which began to be published by the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1988. In October1988, The Journal of Climate published a paper written by Epstein and A.G. Barnston, “A Precipitation Climatology of Five-Day Periods,” in which the authors, according to the abstract, develop a “precipitation climatology...for the relative frequencies of zero, one, or two or mere days with measurable precipitation within 5-day periods. The purpose of the climatology is to provide background for the development and introduction of extended-range (6- to 10-day forecast period) precipitation forecasts in terms of the probabilities of the three categories.”

text: According to the Earth Science Literacy Initiative, an Earth-science-literate person:

text: The Sedgwick Club is the official student geological society at the University of Cambridge, and is the oldest student-run geological society in the world. It aims to promote the subject of geology among its members through regular talks and social events. It is based in the Department of Earth Sciences.

text: The Sedgwick Club is the official student geological society at the

text: University of Cambridge

text: , and is the oldest student-run geological society in the world. It aims to promote the subject of

text: geology

text: among its members through regular talks and social events. It is based in the

entity_name: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge

text: Department of Earth Sciences

text: Earthwatch Institute is an international nonprofit organization that brings science to life for people concerned about the Earth’s future. Founded by Citron and Truesdell in 1969, Earthwatch supports scientific field research by offering volunteers the opportunity to join research teams around the world. This unique model is creating a systematic change in how the public views science and its role in environmental sustainability.

text: Earthwatch Institute

text: is an international nonprofit organization that brings science to life for people concerned about the Earth’s future. Founded by Citron and Truesdell in 1969, Earthwatch supports scientific field research by offering volunteers the opportunity to join research teams around the world. This unique model is creating a systematic change in how the public views science and its role in environmental sustainability.

text: Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in Mesopotamia, Greece, India, China, Egypt, and Central America, astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to be explored. Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the geocentric model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system, named after Ptolemy.

text: Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in

text: Mesopotamia

text: Greece

text: India

text: China

text: Egypt

text: , and

text: Central America

text: , astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to be explored. Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as

text: astrometry

text: . From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the

text: geocentric model

text: of the Universe, or the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: , named after

text: Ptolemy

text: The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO, Scripps Oceanography, or Scripps) in San Diego, California, founded in 1903, is one of the oldest and largest centers for ocean and Earth science research, public service, undergraduate and graduate training in the world.  Hundreds of ocean and Earth scientists conduct research with the aid of oceanographic research vessels and shorebased laboratories. Its Old Scripps Building is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. SIO is a department of the University of California, San Diego.  The public explorations center of the institution is the Birch Aquarium at Scripps.  Since becoming part of the University of California in 1912, the institution has expanded its scope to include studies of the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of Earth.

text: The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO, Scripps Oceanography, or Scripps) in

text: San Diego, California

text: , founded in 1903, is one of the oldest and largest centers for

text: ocean

text: and

text: Earth

text: science

text: research

text: , public service, undergraduate and graduate training in the world.  Hundreds of ocean and Earth scientists conduct research with the aid of oceanographic

text: research vessel

text: s and shorebased laboratories. Its

text: Old Scripps Building

text: is a U.S.

text: National Historic Landmark

text: . SIO is a department of the

text: University of California, San Diego

text: .  The public explorations center of the institution is the

text: Birch Aquarium

text: at Scripps.  Since becoming part of the University of California in 1912, the institution has expanded its scope to include studies of the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of Earth.

text: Meteorological observation and recording by Europeans in Australia commenced with the arrival of the First Fleet and spread across the continent with the tide of settlement. By the end of the 19th century the importance of meteorology was recognised and most colonies had established their own meteorological services, including Queensland from 1887. They prepared daily weather charts, issued forecasts and had begun the development of a climatological data bank. Following Federation, the Commonwealth Government assumed national responsibility for meteorological services when legislation creating the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology was passed in 1906. From its inception until the late 1980s the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology concentrated upon providing accurate short-term weather forecasts and creating a record of Australian weather observations. Finally in the 1990s, Australian scientists emerged as experts in the preparation of seasonal outlooks for the practical application to agriculture and other sectors.

text: Meteorological observation and recording by Europeans in Australia commenced with the arrival of the

text: First Fleet

text: and spread across the continent with the tide of settlement. By the end of the 19th century the importance of meteorology was recognised and most colonies had established their own meteorological services, including Queensland from 1887. They prepared daily weather charts, issued forecasts and had begun the development of a climatological data bank. Following

text: Federation

text: , the

text: Commonwealth Government

text: assumed national responsibility for meteorological services when legislation creating the

text: Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology

text: was passed in 1906. From its inception until the late 1980s the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology concentrated upon providing accurate short-term weather forecasts and creating a record of Australian weather observations. Finally in the 1990s, Australian scientists emerged as experts in the preparation of seasonal outlooks for the practical application to agriculture and other sectors.

text: As declared in the JGSI, the Society was established on May 28, 1958 to promote the cause of advanced study and research in all branches of earth system science.

text: As declared in the JGSI, the Society was established on May 28, 1958 to promote the cause of advanced study and research in all branches of

text: earth system science

text: In 1860, Isabella Duncan wrote Pre-Adamite Man, Or, The Story of Our Old Planet and Its Inhabitants, Told by Scripture & Science, a mixture of geology and scriptural interpretation. The book was popular among a number of geologists because it mixed biblical events with science. She suggested that the pre-Adamites are today's angels. Being that they were without sin (for sin did not enter the world until Adam disobeyed God) there was no reason for them not to have been at least raptured into heaven, anticipating what would again occur with the second coming of Jesus Christ. Duncan also believed that some angels had sinned and fell to become demons. Duncan supposed that such an upheaval would leave geological scars on the earth. The concept of ice ages, pioneered by Louis Agassiz, seemed to provide evidence of such events, drawing the line between the pre-Adamic era and the modern one (which she posited began about 6,000 years ago).

text: In 1860,

text: Isabella Duncan

text: wrote Pre-Adamite Man, Or, The Story of Our Old Planet and Its Inhabitants, Told by Scripture & Science, a mixture of

text: geology

text: and scriptural interpretation. The book was popular among a number of geologists because it mixed biblical events with science. She suggested that the pre-Adamites are today's

text: angel

text: s. Being that they were without

text: sin

text: (for sin did not enter the world until Adam disobeyed God) there was no reason for them not to have been at least

text: rapture

text: d into

text: heaven

text: , anticipating what would again occur with the

text: second coming of Jesus Christ

text: . Duncan also believed that some angels had sinned and fell to become

text: demon

text: s. Duncan supposed that such an upheaval would leave geological scars on the earth. The concept of

text: ice age

text: s, pioneered by

text: Louis Agassiz

text: , seemed to provide evidence of such events, drawing the line between the pre-Adamic era and the modern one (which she posited began about 6,000 years ago).

text: Unified Model suites which are similar to those from the Met Office are run by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the South African Weather Service, the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, the [South] Korea Meteorological Administration and the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, a subordinate office of the Indian Ministry of Earth Sciences.

text: Unified Model suites which are similar to those from the Met Office are run by the Australian

text: Bureau of Meteorology

text: , the Australian

entity_name: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

text: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

text: , the

text: South African Weather Service

text: , the

text: Norwegian Meteorological Institute

text: , the New Zealand

entity_name: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

text: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

text: , the [South]

text: Korea Meteorological Administration

text: and the

entity_name: National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting

text: National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting

text: , a subordinate office of the Indian

text: Ministry of Earth Sciences

text: In April 2010, U.S. News & World Report ranked the Jackson School of Geosciences ninth among U.S. earth science graduate programs. In addition to the overall ranking, the Jackson School earned top 10 rankings in two of four earth science specialty areas, placing No. 3 in geology and No. 6 in geophysics and seismology. Other areas in which the school is actively involved are paleontology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, hydrology, environmental geology, climate, petroleum exploration, petrology, geochemistry, structural geology and tectonics.

text: In April 2010,

text: U.S. News & World Report

text: ranked the Jackson School of Geosciences ninth among U.S. earth science graduate programs. In addition to the overall ranking, the Jackson School earned top 10 rankings in two of four earth science specialty areas, placing No. 3 in geology and No. 6 in geophysics and seismology. Other areas in which the school is actively involved are paleontology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, hydrology, environmental geology, climate, petroleum exploration, petrology, geochemistry, structural geology and tectonics.

text: The CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research was formed in 2005 as a result of a merger between the former CSIRO Division of Marine Research, with laboratories in Hobart, Cleveland, and Perth, and CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, with laboratories in Aspendale and Canberra. The Division of Marine Research was itself formed in 1997 as a merger between two previous CSIRO Divisions, the Division of Fisheries Research and the Division of Oceanography.Its research is in the areas of Marine science (including Marine biology, Fisheries science, and Oceanography) and Atmospheric sciences.

text: The CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research was formed in 2005 as a result of a merger between the former CSIRO Division of Marine Research, with laboratories in Hobart, Cleveland, and Perth, and CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, with laboratories in Aspendale and Canberra. The Division of Marine Research was itself formed in 1997 as a merger between two previous CSIRO Divisions, the Division of Fisheries Research and the Division of Oceanography.Its research is in the areas of

text: Marine science

text: (including

text: Marine biology

text: Fisheries science

text: , and

text: Oceanography

text: ) and

text: Atmospheric sciences

text: DeFries received her Ph.D. in 1980 from the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at Johns Hopkins University and her B.A. in Earth Science in 1976 from Washington University. In April 2016, Columbia University named her a University Professor, its highest academic rank. She had previously been the Denning Family Professor of Sustainable Development in Columbia's Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology. Before moving to Columbia in 2008, she was a professor at the University of Maryland, College Park with joint appointments in the Department of Geography and the Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center.

text: DeFries received her Ph.D. in 1980 from the Department of Geography and

text: Environmental Engineering

text: at

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: and her B.A. in Earth Science in 1976 from

text: Washington University

text: . In April 2016,

text: Columbia University

text: named her a University Professor, its highest academic rank. She had previously been the Denning Family Professor of

text: Sustainable Development

text: in Columbia's Department of

text: Ecology

text: Evolution

text: , and

text: Environmental Biology

text: . Before moving to Columbia in 2008, she was a professor at the

text: University of Maryland, College Park

text: with joint appointments in the Department of Geography and the Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center.

text: Climatology is approached in a variety of ways. Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology).  Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.  The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in models, either statistical or mathematical, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates. Historical climatology is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.

text: Climatology is approached in a variety of ways.

text: Paleoclimatology

text: seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as

text: ice cores

text: and

text: tree rings

text: dendroclimatology

text: Paleotempestology

text: uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.  The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in

text: models

text: , either

text: statistical

text: or

text: mathematical

text: , which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.

text: Historical climatology

text: is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.

text: The hospital’s former lands now house the Environmental Campus Birkenfeld (Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld), a branch of the Trier University of Applied Sciences.

text: The hospital’s former lands now house the

text: Environmental Campus Birkenfeld

text: (Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld), a branch of the

text: Trier University of Applied Sciences

text: Science: Biology, Chemistry, Geography and Earth Sciences, Home Economics, Physics, Mathematical Sciences.

text: Early departments that have now been spun off into research schools of their own include the departments of Astronomy and Geophysics and Geochemistry. Geophysics and Geochemistry separated into the Research School of Earth Sciences in 1973. Mount Stromlo Observatory became part of the Department of Astronomy in 1957. While part of the school, the Department of Astronomy developed Siding Spring Observatory and installed many new telescopes at Mount Stromlo Observatory. It separated into the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1986.

text: Early departments that have now been spun off into research schools of their own include the departments of Astronomy and Geophysics and Geochemistry. Geophysics and Geochemistry separated into the Research School of Earth Sciences in 1973.

text: Mount Stromlo Observatory

text: became part of the Department of Astronomy in 1957. While part of the school, the Department of Astronomy developed

text: Siding Spring Observatory

text: and installed many new

text: telescope

text: s at

text: Mount Stromlo Observatory

text: . It separated into the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1986.

text: Astronomy can now be performed by amateurs thanks to the availability of binoculars and telescopes. Many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring variable stars, tracking asteroids and discovering transient objects, such as comets. In fact, amateur astronomer Thomas Bopp is co-credited with discovering Comet Halle-Bopp.

text: Astronomy can now be performed by amateurs thanks to the availability of binoculars and telescopes. Many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring variable stars, tracking asteroids and discovering transient objects, such as comets. In fact, amateur astronomer

text: Thomas Bopp

text: is co-credited with discovering Comet Halle-Bopp.

text: One of its main focus areas is to partner with national and international organizations and institutions to run on-ground science awareness and motivation campaigns. Activities organized around the International Year of Astronomy inspired thousands of students around the country and the impact was acknowledged both home and abroad. Currently it is running a nationwide science awareness movement in partnership with Alif Ailaan reaching out to public and private schools in remote areas of Pakistan.

text: One of its main focus areas is to partner with national and international organizations and institutions to run on-ground science awareness and motivation campaigns. Activities organized around the

text: International Year of Astronomy

text: inspired thousands of students around the country and the impact was acknowledged both home and abroad. Currently it is running a nationwide science awareness movement in partnership with

text: Alif Ailaan

text: reaching out to public and private schools in remote areas of Pakistan.

text: Advances in physical oceanography occurred in the 20th century. Sea depth by acoustic measurements of was first made in 1914. The German "Meteor" expedition gathered 70,000 ocean depth measurements using an echo sounder, surveying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 1925 and 1927. The Great Global Rift was discovered by Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen in 1953 while the mountain range under the Arctic was found in 1954 by the Arctic Institute of the USSR. The theory of seafloor spreading was developed in 1960 by Harry Hammond Hess. The Ocean Drilling Program started in 1966. There has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction.

text: Advances in

text: physical oceanography

text: occurred in the 20th century. Sea depth by acoustic measurements of was first made in 1914. The German "Meteor" expedition gathered 70,000 ocean depth measurements using an

text: echo sounder

text: , surveying the

text: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: between 1925 and 1927. The

text: Great Global Rift

text: was discovered by

text: Maurice Ewing

text: and

text: Bruce Heezen

text: in 1953 while the mountain range under the Arctic was found in 1954 by the

text: Arctic Institute of the USSR

text: . The theory of seafloor spreading was developed in 1960 by

text: Harry Hammond Hess

text: . The

text: Ocean Drilling Program

text: started in 1966. There has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction.

text: The units of atmospheric pressure commonly used in meteorology were formerly the bar, which was close to the average air pressure on Earth, and the millibar. Since the introduction of SI units, meteorologists generally measure pressures in hectopascals (hPa) unit, equal to 100 pascals or 1 millibar. Exceptions include Canada and Portugal, which use kilopascals (kPa). In many other fields of science, the SI is preferred, which means Pa with a prefix (in multiples of 1000) is preferred.

text: The units of atmospheric pressure commonly used in

text: meteorology

text: were formerly the

text: bar

text: , which was close to the average air pressure on Earth, and the

text: millibar

text: . Since the introduction of

text: SI units

text: , meteorologists generally measure pressures in hectopascals (hPa) unit, equal to 100 pascals or 1 millibar. Exceptions include Canada and Portugal, which use kilopascals (kPa). In many other fields of science, the SI is preferred, which means Pa with a prefix (in multiples of 1000) is preferred.

text: Spherical astronomy or positional astronomy is the branch of astronomy that is used to determine the location of objects on the celestial sphere, as seen at a particular date, time, and location on Earth. It relies on the mathematical methods of spherical geometry and the measurements of astrometry.

text: Spherical astronomy or positional astronomy is the branch of

text: astronomy

text: that is used to determine the location of objects on the

text: celestial sphere

text: , as seen at a particular date, time, and location on

text: Earth

text: . It relies on the mathematical methods of

text: spherical geometry

text: and the measurements of

text: astrometry

text: When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in energy. Where there is an energy gradient, skillful application of science and engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans. Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms, it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy.

text: When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in

text: energy

text: . Where there is an energy

text: gradient

text: , skillful application of science and engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans. Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms, it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy.

text: The annual mean temperature at the measuring station of the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology in Zürich-Fluntern ( above sea level on the slope of the Zürichberg,  above the level of the city centre) is . The lowest monthly mean of daily minimum temperature are measured in January with  and the highest monthly mean of daily maximum temperature are measured in July with . On average there are 74.9 days in which the minimum temperature is below  (so-called frost days), and 23.7 days in which the maximum temperature is below  (so-called ice days). There are on average of 30 so-called summer days (maximum temperature equal to or above ) throughout the year, while so-called heat days (with maximum temperature equal to or above ) are 5.8 days.

text: The annual mean temperature at the measuring station of the

text: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology

text: in Zürich-Fluntern (

text: above sea level

text: on the slope of the Zürichberg,  above the level of the city centre) is . The lowest monthly mean of daily minimum temperature are measured in January with  and the highest monthly mean of daily maximum temperature are measured in July with . On average there are 74.9 days in which the minimum temperature is below  (so-called frost days), and 23.7 days in which the maximum temperature is below  (so-called ice days). There are on average of 30 so-called summer days (maximum temperature equal to or above ) throughout the year, while so-called heat days (with maximum temperature equal to or above ) are 5.8 days.

text: Darcy's law is a constitutive equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences.

text: Darcy's law is a

text: constitutive equation

text: that describes the flow of a

text: fluid

text: through a

text: porous

text: medium. The law was formulated by

text: Henry Darcy

text: based on the results of experiments on the flow of

text: water

text: through beds of

text: sand

text: , forming the basis of

text: hydrogeology

text: , a branch of

text: earth science

text: s.

text: "During World War II geology won its spurs as an important tool in both planning and operations in the US Army. This growth of geology was due to the increased appreciation on the part of our military leaders of the importance of scientific techniques and information, and to the increased appreciation on the part of our scientists of the usefullness of their abilities in the solution of a large variety of very practical problems."

text: "During World War II

text: geology

text: won its spurs as an important tool in both planning and operations in the US Army. This growth of geology was due to the increased appreciation on the part of our military leaders of the importance of scientific techniques and information, and to the increased appreciation on the part of our scientists of the usefullness of their abilities in the solution of a large variety of very practical problems."

text: NGOs have also been accused of using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns, i.e., accusations that NGOs have been ignorant about critical issues because, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr said, these organizations appear to have lost their efforts in being truly scientific and now seem to be more self-interested. Rather than operating through science so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs have been accused of abusing the utilization of science to gain their own advantages. In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was "a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool … but political and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way." At the same time, NGOs can appear to not be cooperative with other groups, according to the previous policy-maker for the German branch of Friends of the Earth, Jens Katjek. "If NGOs want the best for the environment", he says, "they have to learn to compromise."

text: NGOs have also been accused of using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns, i.e., accusations that NGOs have been ignorant about critical issues because, as chief scientist at

text: Greenpeace

text: Doug Parr said, these organizations appear to have lost their efforts in being truly scientific and now seem to be more self-interested. Rather than operating through science so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs have been accused of abusing the utilization of science to gain their own advantages. In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was "a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool … but political and commercial interests are using science as a cover for getting their way." At the same time, NGOs can appear to not be cooperative with other groups, according to the previous policy-maker for the German branch of

text: Friends of the Earth

text: , Jens Katjek. "If NGOs want the best for the environment", he says, "they have to learn to compromise."

text: In the general case, for snow to occur, the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico, with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds. While light snowfall occurs every few years across the northern panhandle and the north central peninsula, most of the state is in a rare portion of the continental United States that receives a mean maximum monthly snowfall amount of zero, the only other such areas being southern Texas and parts of California.<ref name="johnharrington AMS">{{cite journal|author1=Harrington Jr., John A.|author2=Cerveny, Randall S.|author3=Dewey, Kenneth F.|title=A Climatology of Mean Monthly Snowfall for the Conterminous United States: Temporal and Spatial Patterns|journal=Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology|date=August 1987|volume= 26|issue=8|publisher=American Meteorological Society|issn=0733-3021|pages=897–912|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026

text: In the general case, for snow to occur, the polar

text: jet stream

text: must move southward through

text: Texas

text: and into the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , with a stalled

text: cold front

text: across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds. While light snowfall occurs every few years across the northern

text: panhandle

text: and the north central peninsula, most of the state is in a rare portion of the continental United States that receives a mean maximum monthly snowfall amount of zero, the only other such areas being southern Texas and parts of

text: California

text: .<ref name="johnharrington AMS">{{cite journal|author1=Harrington Jr., John A.|author2=Cerveny, Randall S.|author3=Dewey, Kenneth F.|title=A Climatology of Mean Monthly Snowfall for the Conterminous United States: Temporal and Spatial Patterns|journal=Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology|date=August 1987|volume= 26|issue=8|publisher=American Meteorological Society|issn=0733-3021|pages=897–912|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026

text: Geologists' embrace of plate tectonics became part of a broadening of the field from a study of rocks into a study of the Earth as a planet. Other elements of this transformation include: geophysical studies of the interior of the Earth, the grouping of geology with meteorology and oceanography as one of the "earth sciences", and comparisons of Earth and the solar system's other rocky planets.

text: Geologists' embrace of

text: plate tectonics

text: became part of a broadening of the field from a study of rocks into a study of the Earth as a planet. Other elements of this transformation include: geophysical studies of the interior of the Earth, the grouping of geology with

text: meteorology

text: and

text: oceanography

text: as one of the "earth sciences", and comparisons of Earth and the solar system's other rocky planets.

text: Lindsay Parson, (head of the Law of the Sea Group at Southampton's National Oceanography Centre in the UK) stated that Denmark (via Greenland) and Canada would have equally good chances of claiming the territory on these grounds — which both nations have stated they will do — as the Lomonosov Ridge extends from Russia across the Arctic to Greenland and northern Canada. Denmark claimed that the  Lomonosov Ridge was its property, the BBC's World Service radio reported early on August 12. Danish science minister Helge Sander told reporters: "The preliminary investigations done so far are very promising. There are things suggesting that Denmark could be given the North Pole."

text: Lindsay Parson, (head of the Law of the Sea Group at

text: Southampton

text: 's

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: in the

text: UK

text: ) stated that

text: Denmark

text: (via

text: Greenland

text: ) and

text: Canada

text: would have equally good chances of claiming the territory on these grounds — which both nations have stated they will do — as the

text: Lomonosov Ridge

text: extends from Russia across the Arctic to Greenland and northern Canada. Denmark claimed that the

text: Lomonosov Ridge

text: was its property, the

text: BBC

text: 's

text: World Service

text: radio reported early on August 12. Danish science minister Helge Sander told reporters: "The preliminary investigations done so far are very promising. There are things suggesting that Denmark could be given the North Pole."

text: The Yorkshire Geological Society is a learned, professional and educational charity devoted to the earth sciences, founded in 1837. Its work is centred on the geology of Yorkshire, and northern England more generally, ranging from Northumbria and Cumbria in the north to Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire in the south.  The Society has over 650 members, the majority living within this region but with significant proportions of UK national and overseas members. It also has working relationships with around two dozen Corresponding Societies and other affiliated local geological and conservation societies and organisations, and with many of the universities of the region, as well as with the British Geological Survey, particularly its headquarters at Keyworth, Nottinghamshire.  The Society runs a wide-ranging programme of both indoor and field meetings for members, public lectures and conferences in various locations across its region, and coordinates and promotes with the Corresponding Societies a "Yorkshire Geology Month" every May.  The Society also publishes on the earth sciences, notably in its biannual Proceedings, published continuously since 1839, and its Circular, published seven times a year. The Society also publishes field guides, conference reports and books from time to time.

text: The Yorkshire Geological Society is a learned, professional and educational charity devoted to the earth sciences, founded in 1837. Its work is centred on the

text: geology of Yorkshire

text: , and northern England more generally, ranging from

text: Northumbria

text: and

text: Cumbria

text: in the north to

text: Nottinghamshire

text: and

text: Leicestershire

text: in the south.  The Society has over 650 members, the majority living within this region but with significant proportions of UK national and overseas members. It also has working relationships with around two dozen Corresponding Societies and other affiliated local geological and conservation societies and organisations, and with many of the universities of the region, as well as with the

text: British Geological Survey

text: , particularly its headquarters at

text: Keyworth

text: , Nottinghamshire.  The Society runs a wide-ranging programme of both indoor and field meetings for members, public lectures and conferences in various locations across its region, and coordinates and promotes with the Corresponding Societies a "Yorkshire Geology Month" every May.  The Society also publishes on the earth sciences, notably in its biannual Proceedings, published continuously since 1839, and its Circular, published seven times a year. The Society also publishes field guides, conference reports and books from time to time.

text: Elias Mariolopoulos (1900–1991) was a Greek meteorologist. Born in Athens, he graduated from the School of Physics and Mathematics, University of Athens; MA, University of Cambridge; Diploma in Meteorology Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and PhD, Docteur de l’ Université de Paris, Sciences; Docteur es Sciences Physiques, Paris, 1925. He has closely collaborated with Sir Napier Shaw, then head of the British Meteorological Office and President of the International Meteorological Committee, which has been predecessor of the World Meteorological Organization.

text: Elias Mariolopoulos (1900–1991) was a Greek

text: meteorologist

text: . Born in

text: Athens

text: , he graduated from the School of Physics and Mathematics,

entity_name: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

text: University of Athens

text: ; MA,

text: University of Cambridge

text: ; Diploma in Meteorology

text: Imperial College of Science and Technology

text: , London, and PhD, Docteur de l’ Université de Paris, Sciences; Docteur es Sciences Physiques, Paris, 1925. He has closely collaborated with Sir

text: Napier Shaw

text: , then head of the

text: British Meteorological Office

text: and President of the International Meteorological Committee, which has been predecessor of the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: Astronomy in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the period of Indus Valley Civilization during 3rd millennium BCE, when it was used to create calendars. As the Indus Valley civilization did not leave behind written documents, the oldest extant Indian astronomical text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dating from the Vedic period. Vedanga Jyotisha describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. During 6th century AD, astronomy was influenced by the Greek and Byzantine astronomical traditions.

text: Astronomy in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the period of

text: Indus Valley Civilization

text: during 3rd millennium BCE, when it was used to create calendars. As the Indus Valley civilization did not leave behind written documents, the oldest extant Indian astronomical text is the

text: Vedanga Jyotisha

text: , dating from the

text: Vedic period

text: . Vedanga Jyotisha describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. During 6th century AD, astronomy was influenced by the Greek and Byzantine astronomical traditions.

text: |-| 31901 Amitscheer ||  || Amit Scheer (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project.  |-id=902| 31902 Raymondwang ||  || Raymond Wang (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his engineering mechanics project. He also received the Gordon E. Moore Award and the Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=903| 31903 Euniceyou ||  || Eunice Linh You (b. 1996) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=904| 31904 Haoruochen ||  || Hao Ruochen (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his physics and astronomy project. He also received the London International Youth Science Forum, Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=905| 31905 Likinpong ||  || Li Kin Pong Michael (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=907| 31907 Wongsumming ||  || Wong Sum Ming Simon (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=909| 31909 Chenweitung ||  || Chen Wei-Tung (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. |-id=910| 31910 Moustafa ||  || Yasmine Yehya Moustafa (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=911| 31911 Niklasfauth ||  || Niklas Fauth (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his embedded systems project. He also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=912| 31912 Lukasgrafner ||  || Lukas Grafner (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. |-id=916| 31916 Arnehensel ||  || Arne Hensel (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his chemistry project. He also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=917| 31917 Lukashohne ||  || Lukas Hohne (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. |-id=918| 31918 Onkargujral ||  || Onkar Singh Gujral (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=919| 31919 Carragher ||  || Christopher Carragher (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=920| 31920 Annamcevoy ||  || Anna Maria McEvoy (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=922| 31922 Alsharif ||  || Shaima Lutfi Al-Sharif (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=925| 31925 Krutovskiy ||  || Roman Krutovskiy (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math project. |-id=926| 31926 Alhamood ||  || Abdul Jabbar Abdulrazaq Alhamood (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his plant sciences project. He also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=928| 31928 Limzhengtheng ||  || Lim Zheng Theng (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=931| 31931 Sipiera ||  || Paul P. Sipiera, American planetary geologist and meteoricist |-id=933| 31933 Tanyizhao ||  || Tan Yi Zhao (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=934| 31934 Benjamintan ||  || Tan Kye Jyn Benjamin (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=935| 31935 Midgley ||  || Anna Illing Midgley (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=936| 31936 Bernardsmit ||  || Bernard Adriaan Smit (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=937| 31937 Kangsunwoo ||  || Kang Sun Woo (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=938| 31938 Nattapong ||  || Nattapong Chueasiritaworn (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his animal sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=939| 31939 Thananon ||  || Thananon Hiranwanichchakorn (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his animal sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=940| 31940 Sutthiluk ||  || Sutthiluk Rakdee (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. |-id=943| 31943 Tahsinelmas ||  || Tahsin Elmas (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project.|-id=944| 31944 Seyitherdem ||  || Seyit Alp Herdem (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project.|-id=946| 31946 Sahilabbi ||  || Sahil Abbi (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software team project.|-id=951| 31951 Alexisallen ||  || Alexis Sue Allen (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. |-id=952| 31952 Bialtdecelie ||  || Meghan Dong Duo Bialt-DeCelie (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. |-id=953| 31953 Bontha ||  || Naveena Bontha (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering mechanics project.|-id=954| 31954 Georgiebotev ||  || Georgie Botev (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project.|-id=956| 31956 Wald ||  || Abraham Wald, 20th-century American statistician |-id=957| 31957 Braunstein ||  || Simone Braunstein (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her robotics and intelligent machines project. |-id=959| 31959 Keianacave ||  || Keiana Ashli Cave (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=969| 31969 Yihuachen ||  || Yi Hua Chen (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=971| 31971 Beatricechoi ||  || Seung Hye (Beatrice) Choi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=972| 31972 Carlycrump ||  || Carly Elizabeth Crump (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her microbiology project. She also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=973| 31973 Ashwindatta ||  || Ashwin Nivas Datta (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project.  |-id=975| 31975 Johndean ||  || John L. Dean (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=976| 31976 Niyatidesai ||  || Niyati Ketan Desai (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. |-id=977| 31977 Devalapurkar ||  || Sanath Kumar Devalapurkar (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his math project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=978| 31978 Jeremyphilip ||  || Jeremy Philip D´Silva (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=980| 31980 Axelfeldmann ||  || Axel Stephan Feldmann (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=982| 31982 Johnwallis ||  || John Wallis, 17th-century British mathematician, inventor of the symbol ∞ for infinity |-id=984| 31984 Unger ||  || Adam Unger (b. 1919), a basket maker by profession, was heavily involved in the construction of the Starkenburg Observatory. |-id=988| 31988 Jasonfiacco ||  || Jason Christopher Fiacco (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project.  |-id=991| 31991 Royghosh ||  || Roy Ghosh (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=996| 31996 Goecknerwald ||  || Claire Goeckner-Wald (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |}

text: 31901 Amitscheer

text: ||  || Amit Scheer (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project.  |-id=902|

text: 31902 Raymondwang

text: ||  || Raymond Wang (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his engineering mechanics project. He also received the Gordon E. Moore Award and the Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=903|

text: 31903 Euniceyou

text: ||  || Eunice Linh You (b. 1996) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=904|

text: 31904 Haoruochen

text: ||  || Hao Ruochen (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his physics and astronomy project. He also received the London International Youth Science Forum, Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=905|

text: 31905 Likinpong

text: ||  || Li Kin Pong Michael (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=907|

text: 31907 Wongsumming

text: ||  || Wong Sum Ming Simon (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=909|

text: 31909 Chenweitung

text: ||  || Chen Wei-Tung (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. |-id=910|

text: 31910 Moustafa

text: ||  || Yasmine Yehya Moustafa (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=911|

text: 31911 Niklasfauth

text: ||  || Niklas Fauth (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his embedded systems project. He also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=912|

text: 31912 Lukasgrafner

text: ||  || Lukas Grafner (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. |-id=916|

text: 31916 Arnehensel

text: ||  || Arne Hensel (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his chemistry project. He also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=917|

text: 31917 Lukashohne

text: ||  || Lukas Hohne (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics team project. |-id=918|

text: 31918 Onkargujral

text: ||  || Onkar Singh Gujral (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=919|

text: 31919 Carragher

text: ||  || Christopher Carragher (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=920|

text: 31920 Annamcevoy

text: ||  || Anna Maria McEvoy (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=922|

text: 31922 Alsharif

text: ||  || Shaima Lutfi Al-Sharif (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=925|

text: 31925 Krutovskiy

text: ||  || Roman Krutovskiy (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his math project. |-id=926|

text: 31926 Alhamood

text: ||  || Abdul Jabbar Abdulrazaq Alhamood (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his plant sciences project. He also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=928|

text: 31928 Limzhengtheng

text: ||  || Lim Zheng Theng (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=931|

text: 31931 Sipiera

text: Paul P. Sipiera

text: , American planetary geologist and meteoricist |-id=933|

text: 31933 Tanyizhao

text: ||  || Tan Yi Zhao (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=934|

text: 31934 Benjamintan

text: ||  || Tan Kye Jyn Benjamin (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=935|

text: 31935 Midgley

text: ||  || Anna Illing Midgley (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=936|

text: 31936 Bernardsmit

text: ||  || Bernard Adriaan Smit (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=937|

text: 31937 Kangsunwoo

text: ||  || Kang Sun Woo (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=938|

text: 31938 Nattapong

text: ||  || Nattapong Chueasiritaworn (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his animal sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=939|

text: 31939 Thananon

text: ||  || Thananon Hiranwanichchakorn (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his animal sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=940|

text: 31940 Sutthiluk

text: ||  || Sutthiluk Rakdee (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. |-id=943|

text: 31943 Tahsinelmas

text: ||  || Tahsin Elmas (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project.|-id=944|

text: 31944 Seyitherdem

text: ||  || Seyit Alp Herdem (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project.|-id=946|

text: 31946 Sahilabbi

text: ||  || Sahil Abbi (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software team project.|-id=951|

text: 31951 Alexisallen

text: ||  || Alexis Sue Allen (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. |-id=952|

text: 31952 Bialtdecelie

text: ||  || Meghan Dong Duo Bialt-DeCelie (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. |-id=953|

text: 31953 Bontha

text: ||  || Naveena Bontha (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering mechanics project.|-id=954|

text: 31954 Georgiebotev

text: ||  || Georgie Botev (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project.|-id=956|

text: 31956 Wald

text: Abraham Wald

text: , 20th-century American statistician |-id=957|

text: 31957 Braunstein

text: ||  || Simone Braunstein (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her robotics and intelligent machines project. |-id=959|

text: 31959 Keianacave

text: ||  || Keiana Ashli Cave (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=969|

text: 31969 Yihuachen

text: ||  || Yi Hua Chen (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=971|

text: 31971 Beatricechoi

text: ||  || Seung Hye (Beatrice) Choi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=972|

text: 31972 Carlycrump

text: ||  || Carly Elizabeth Crump (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her microbiology project. She also received the Dudley R. Hershbach SIYSS Award. |-id=973|

text: 31973 Ashwindatta

text: ||  || Ashwin Nivas Datta (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project.  |-id=975|

text: 31975 Johndean

text: ||  || John L. Dean (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=976|

text: 31976 Niyatidesai

text: ||  || Niyati Ketan Desai (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. |-id=977|

text: 31977 Devalapurkar

text: ||  || Sanath Kumar Devalapurkar (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his math project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. |-id=978|

text: 31978 Jeremyphilip

text: ||  || Jeremy Philip D´Silva (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=980|

text: 31980 Axelfeldmann

text: ||  || Axel Stephan Feldmann (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=982|

text: 31982 Johnwallis

text: John Wallis

text: , 17th-century British mathematician, inventor of the symbol ∞ for infinity |-id=984|

text: 31984 Unger

text: Adam Unger

text: (b. 1919), a basket maker by profession, was heavily involved in the construction of the Starkenburg Observatory. |-id=988|

text: 31988 Jasonfiacco

text: ||  || Jason Christopher Fiacco (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project.  |-id=991|

text: 31991 Royghosh

text: ||  || Roy Ghosh (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=996|

text: 31996 Goecknerwald

text: ||  || Claire Goeckner-Wald (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |}

text: Under the chairmanship of Robert Gross, the department developed a broader program encompassing solid-state physics, quantum electronics, and applied mathematics in addition to the core theoretical areas of plasma and nuclear physics.In 1997, the Fu Foundation donated large sums of funding supporting researches at the department, and in 1998, it officially changed its name to the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics due to the department's ever expanding stature. In the same year of the donation, renowned Professors Aron Pinczuk and Horst Störmer joined the department. In 2000, the department expanded again, creating two joint faculty positions with the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. That year, the Materials Science and Engineering Program of the Henry Krumb School of Mines was integrated with the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics.Since 1978, the department has grown from nine to thirty one full-time faculty members, who are involved in interdisciplinary areas of research relating to nanoscale science, earth science, advanced scientific computing, materials and information technologies, and plasma physics.The departmental faculty has recently received numerous accolades, including three Sloans, four Guggenheims, and one Packard fellowship, one Nobel Prize in physics, one Gordon Bell Prize, and two Buckley Prizes. Faculty members do extensive research in Columbia's Nanoscience and Engineering Center, the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, the Plasma Physics Laboratory, the Center for Terascale Computer Simulation.  Recently, the department has developed the sequential lateral solidification process that creates high-quality crystalline silicon films which generate major patent income.The department grants three undergraduate majors, including applied physics, applied mathematics, and materials science and engineering. Its graduate programs address these same three fields in a broader range. Each year, the department awards the Robert Simon Memorial Prize to its graduate student with the most distinguished doctoral dissertation.

text: Under the chairmanship of Robert Gross, the department developed a broader program encompassing

text: solid-state physics

text: quantum electronics

text: , and

text: applied mathematics

text: in addition to the core theoretical areas of plasma and

text: nuclear physics

text: .In 1997, the Fu Foundation donated large sums of funding supporting researches at the department, and in 1998, it officially changed its name to the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics due to the department's ever expanding stature. In the same year of the donation, renowned Professors Aron Pinczuk and

text: Horst Störmer

text: joined the department. In 2000, the department expanded again, creating two joint faculty positions with the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. That year, the Materials Science and Engineering Program of the

text: Henry Krumb School of Mines

text: was integrated with the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics.Since 1978, the department has grown from nine to thirty one full-time faculty members, who are involved in interdisciplinary areas of research relating to

text: nanoscale science

text: earth science

text: , advanced scientific computing, materials and information technologies, and plasma physics.The departmental faculty has recently received numerous accolades, including three

text: Sloans

text: , four

text: Guggenheims

text: , and one

text: Packard

text: fellowship, one Nobel Prize in physics, one

text: Gordon Bell Prize

text: , and two

entity_name: Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize

text: Buckley Prizes

text: . Faculty members do extensive research in Columbia's Nanoscience and Engineering Center, the

entity_name: Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers

text: Materials Research Science and Engineering Center

text: , the

text: Plasma Physics Laboratory

text: , the Center for Terascale Computer Simulation.  Recently, the department has developed the sequential lateral solidification process that creates high-quality crystalline silicon films which generate major patent income.The department grants three undergraduate majors, including applied physics, applied mathematics, and materials science and engineering. Its graduate programs address these same three fields in a broader range. Each year, the department awards the Robert Simon Memorial Prize to its graduate student with the most distinguished doctoral dissertation.

text: Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution. The objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth's atmosphere  is within the perview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole.

text: Astronomy is a

text: natural science

text: that studies

text: celestial objects

text: and phenomena. It applies

text: mathematics

text: physics

text: , and

text: chemistry

text: , in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their

text: evolution

text: . The objects of interest include

text: planets

text: moon

text: s,

text: star

text: s,

text: galaxies

text: , and

text: comet

text: s; while the phenomena include

text: supernovae explosions

text: gamma ray burst

text: s, and

text: cosmic microwave background radiation

text: . More generally all astronomical phenomena that originate outside

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: is within the perview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject,

text: physical cosmology

text: , is concerned with the study of the

text: Universe

text: as a whole.

text: In 1956, as the republic changed status from union to autonomous the Karelian-Finnish Branch of the USSR AS was renamed as the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS. The next president after I. I. Sykiäinen was V. S. Slodkevich (1957—1960), then the position was shortly held by V. P. Dadykin (1960—1962), who was succeeded by V. I. Yermakov (1962—1964, 1967). In 1957 there appeared the Forest Research Institute and the White Sea Biological Research Station under the Institute of Biology, and in 1961 the Institute of Geology. On 21.11.1963 the USSR AS Presidium passed the ordinance “On the actions in connection with the termination of the operation of the Bashkir, Karelian and Kazan branches of the USSR AS”. Pursuant to this ordinance the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS stopped operating on 01.01.1964. The only unit retained with the Academy of Sciences was the HLL Institute with the scientific library, archives and cartography office now subordinated to it. The Institute of Biology became an entity with own budget directly subordinated to the Petrozavodsk State University. The Forest Research Institute is renamed as the Karelian Forest Institute and transferred to the authority of the State Committee on Forest, Pulp-and-paper, Woodworking Industry and Forestry subordinated to the USSR Gosplan, and the Institute of Geology becomes subordinated to the USSR Ministry of Geology. On 18.02.1967 the USSR Council of Ministers adopted the Resolution “On reinstitution of the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS”. The Karelian Branch of the USSR AS was reassembled to comprise the Institutes of Geology, Forest Research, Biology, HLL, Departments of Hydrology and Water Economy, Economics. Having resumed its activities the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS was developing successfully relying on previous experience. The first president after the reinstitution was N. I. Pjavchenko (1967—1976). Leadership after N. I. Pjavchenko was ceded to scientists working at the Karelian Branch: first V. A. Sokolov (1976—1986) and then I. M. Nesterenko (1987—1991).

text: In 1956, as the republic changed status from union to autonomous the Karelian-Finnish Branch of the USSR AS was renamed as the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS. The next president after I. I. Sykiäinen was

text: V. S. Slodkevich

text: (1957—1960), then the position was shortly held by

text: V. P. Dadykin

text: (1960—1962), who was succeeded by V. I. Yermakov (1962—1964, 1967). In 1957 there appeared the Forest Research Institute and the White Sea Biological Research Station under the Institute of Biology, and in 1961 the Institute of Geology. On 21.11.1963 the USSR AS Presidium passed the ordinance “On the actions in connection with the termination of the operation of the Bashkir, Karelian and Kazan branches of the USSR AS”. Pursuant to this ordinance the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS stopped operating on 01.01.1964. The only unit retained with the Academy of Sciences was the HLL Institute with the scientific library, archives and cartography office now subordinated to it. The Institute of Biology became an entity with own budget directly subordinated to the Petrozavodsk State University. The Forest Research Institute is renamed as the Karelian Forest Institute and transferred to the authority of the State Committee on Forest, Pulp-and-paper, Woodworking Industry and Forestry subordinated to the USSR

text: Gosplan

text: , and the Institute of Geology becomes subordinated to the

text: USSR Ministry of Geology

text: . On 18.02.1967 the

entity_name: Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

text: USSR Council of Ministers

text: adopted the Resolution “On reinstitution of the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS”. The Karelian Branch of the USSR AS was reassembled to comprise the Institutes of Geology, Forest Research, Biology, HLL, Departments of Hydrology and Water Economy, Economics. Having resumed its activities the Karelian Branch of the USSR AS was developing successfully relying on previous experience. The first president after the reinstitution was

text: N. I. Pjavchenko

text: (1967—1976). Leadership after N. I. Pjavchenko was ceded to scientists working at the Karelian Branch: first V. A. Sokolov (1976—1986) and then I. M. Nesterenko (1987—1991).

text: In 1983 Epstein joined the National Weather Service's National Meteorological Center as chief scientist of the Climate Analysis Center, and it was there that he published his influential meteorological monograph "Statistical Inference and Prediction in Climatology: A Bayesian Approach."  Another important work published during this period was a 162-page NOAA Technical Report entitled “A Precipitation Climatology of 5-Day Periods” (1988).

text: In 1983 Epstein joined the

text: National Weather Service

text: 's National Meteorological Center as chief scientist of the Climate Analysis Center, and it was there that he published his influential meteorological monograph "Statistical Inference and Prediction in Climatology: A Bayesian Approach."  Another important work published during this period was a 162-page NOAA Technical Report entitled “A Precipitation Climatology of 5-Day Periods” (1988).

text: Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to the Earth, planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons; applying geological science to other planetary bodies. Due to the types of investigations involved, it is also closely linked with Earth-based geology.

text: Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a

text: planetary science

text: discipline concerned with the

text: geology

text: of the

text: celestial bodies

text: such as the

text: planet

text: s and their

text: moon

text: s,

text: asteroid

text: s,

text: comet

text: s, and

text: meteorite

text: s. Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to the

text: Earth

text: , planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons; applying geological science to other planetary bodies. Due to the types of investigations involved, it is also closely linked with Earth-based geology.

text: Net radiometers are frequently used in meteorology, climatology, solar energy studies and building physics. They can be seen in many meteorological stations—typically installed horizontally.

text: Net radiometers are frequently used in

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: solar energy

text: studies and building physics. They can be seen in many meteorological stations—typically installed horizontally.

text: There are biogeochemistry research groups in many universities around the world.  Since this is a highly inter-disciplinary field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines including: atmospheric sciences, biology, ecology, geomicrobiology, environmental chemistry, geology, oceanography and soil science.  These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as earth science and environmental science.

text: There are biogeochemistry research groups in many universities around the world.  Since this is a highly inter-disciplinary field, these are situated within a wide range of host disciplines including:

text: atmospheric sciences

text: biology

text: ecology

text: geomicrobiology

text: environmental chemistry

text: geology

text: oceanography

text: and

text: soil science

text: .  These are often bracketed into larger disciplines such as

text: earth science

text: and

text: environmental science

text: It was renamed the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton in 2005, again by HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, its new name reflecting its prominence in ocean and earth sciences within the UK.

text: It was renamed the

entity_name: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

text: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

text: in 2005, again by HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, its new name reflecting its prominence in ocean and earth sciences within the UK.

text: Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, kuşçu – falconer in Turkish; Latin: Ali Kushgii) was an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472. As a disciple of Ulugh Beg, he is best known for the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his treatise, Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and to the founding of Sahn-ı Seman Medrese, one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.

text: Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (

text: Ottoman Turkish

text: Persian language

text: : علی قوشچی, kuşçu –

text: falconer

text: in Turkish;

text: Latin

text: : Ali Kushgii) was an

text: astronomer

text: mathematician

text: and

text: physicist

text: originally from

text: Samarkand

text: , who settled in the

text: Ottoman Empire

text: some time before 1472. As a disciple of

text: Ulugh Beg

text: , he is best known for the development of

text: astronomical physics

text: independent from

text: natural philosophy

text: , and for providing

text: empirical evidence

text: for the

text: Earth's rotation

text: in his treatise, Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. In addition to his contributions to

text: Ulugh Beg

text: 's famous work

text: Zij-i-Sultani

text: and to the founding of

text: Sahn-ı Seman Medrese

text: , one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.

text: |-| 25601 Francopacini ||  || Franco Pacini, Italian astrophysicist †|-id=602| 25602 Ucaronia ||  || Umberto Caronia, father of co-discoverer Alfredo Caronia †|-id=604| 25604 Karlin ||  || Samuel Karlin, American statistician and mathematician, member of the National Academy of Sciences and recipient of the National Medal of Science |-id=606| 25606 Chiangshenghao ||  || Chiang Sheng-Hao (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. He attends the National Experimental High School at Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu City, Chinese Taipei.|-id=607| 25607 Tsengiching ||  || Tseng I-Ching (b. 1993) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the National Taichung Girl's Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan, Chinese Taipei.|-id=608| 25608 Hincapie ||  || Melisa Hincapie (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy and transportation project. She attends the Colegio La Compania de Maria La Ensenanza, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.|-id=609| 25609 Bogantes ||  || Fabiola Bogantes Jimenez (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=611| 25611 Mabellin ||  || Mabellin Fallas Quesada (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=612| 25612 Yaoskalucia ||  || Yaoska Lucia Hernandez Duarte (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=613| 25613 Bubenicek ||  || Petr Bubeníček (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=614| 25614 Jankral ||  || Jan Král (b. 1989) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=615| 25615 Votroubek ||  || Marek Votroubek (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=616| 25616 Riinuots ||  || Riinu Ots (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She attends the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium, Tartu, Estonia.|-id=617| 25617 Thomasnesch ||  || Thomas Nesch (b. 1989) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Technische Oberschule Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.|-id=619| 25619 Martonspohn ||  || Marton Spohn (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Fazekas Mihaly Secondary Grammar School, Budapest, Hungary.|-id=620| 25620 Jayaprakash ||  || Vishnu Jayaprakash (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the Chettinad Vidyashram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.|-id=624| 25624 Kronecker ||  || Leopold Kronecker, German mathematician. |-id=625| 25625 Verdenet ||  || Michel Verdenet, French amateur astronomer, chairman of the Association française des observateurs d'étoiles variables (AFOÉV, French Association of Variable Star Observers) † ‡ +|-id=628| 25628 Kummer ||  || Ernst Eduard Kummer, 19th-century German mathematician |-id=629| 25629 Mukherjee ||  || Anish Mukherjee (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the South Point High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.|-id=630| 25630 Sarkar ||  || Debarghya Sarkar (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the South Point High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.|-id=636| 25636 Vaishnav ||  || Hetal Kanjibhai Vaishnav (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. She attends the Late Shree S.G Dholakiya Memorial High School, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.|-id=638| 25638 Ahissar ||  || Shira Ahissar (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Aharon Katzir High School, Rehovot, Israel.|-id=639| 25639 Fedina ||  || Ksenia G. Fedina (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. She attends the Moscow Chemical Lyceum # 1303, Moscow, Russia.|-id=640| 25640 Klintefelt ||  || Philippe Klintefelt Collet (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences project. He attends the Goteborgs Hogre Samskola, Goteborg, Sweden.|-id=642| 25642 Adiseshan ||  || Tara Anjali Adiseshan (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She also received the Intel Young Scientist Award. She attends the Ramana Academy, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=645| 25645 Alexanderyan ||  || Ryan Cherian Alexander (b. 1993) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the R. C. Clark High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=646| 25646 Noniearora ||  || Shubhangi Arora (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Novi High School, Novi, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=648| 25648 Baghel ||  || Prateek Singh Baghel (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Shaker High School, Latham, New York, U.S.A.|-id=650| 25650 Shaubakshi ||  || Shaunak Krishan Bakshi (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. He attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=652| 25652 Maddieball ||  || Madeleine Amanda Ball (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Ursuline Academy of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=653| 25653 Baskaran ||  || Akshai Baskaran (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the Kennewick High School, Kennewick, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=655| 25655 Baupeter ||  || Peter Bau (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. He attends the Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=656| 25656 Bejnood ||  || Alborz Bejnood (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology team project. He attends the Oak Ridge High School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.|-id=657| 25657 Berkowitz ||  || Hannah M Berkowitz (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. She attends the Long Beach High School, Lido Beach, New York, U.S.A.|-id=658| 25658 Bokor ||  || Jacqueline B Bokor (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. She attends the Long Beach High School, Lido Beach, New York, U.S.A.|-id=659| 25659 Liboynton ||  || Li Sallou Boynton (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She also received the Intel Young Scientist Award. She attends the Bellaire High School, Bellaire, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=662| 25662 Chonofsky ||  || Mark Adrian Chonofsky (b. 1992) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project. He attends the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.A.|-id=663| 25663 Nickmycroft ||  || Nicholas Mycroft Christensen (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS) for his physics project. He was also awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. He attends the Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, Alabama, U.S.A.|-id=669| 25669 Kristinrose ||  || Kristin Rose Cordwell (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project. She attends the Manzano High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=670| 25670 Densley ||  || Riley Taylor Densley (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the Bingham High School, South Jordan, Utah, U.S.A.|-id=673| 25673 Di Mascio ||  || Michael Vincent Di Mascio (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. He attends the Waynesville High School, Waynesville, Ohio, U.S.A.|-id=674| 25674 Kevinellis ||  || Kevin Michael Ellis (b. 1991) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. He attends the Catlin Gabel School, Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=676| 25676 Jesseellison ||  || Jesse Kane Ellison (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Bayfield High School, Bayfield, Colorado, U.S.A.|-id=677| 25677 Aaronenten ||  || Aaron Christopher Enten (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the American Heritage School Plantation, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=678| 25678 Ericfoss ||  || Eric A. Foss (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. He attends the Kentwood High School, Covington, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=679| 25679 Andrewguo ||  || Andrew Yi Guo (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health science s team project. He attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.|-id=680| 25680 Walterhansen ||  || Walter Preston Hansen (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the Bingham High School, South Jordan, Utah, U.S.A.|-id=683| 25683 Haochenhong ||  || Haochen Hong (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the La Cueva High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=685| 25685 Katlinhornig ||  || Katlin Jayne Hornig (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Sargent High School, Monte Vista, Colorado, U.S.A.|-id=686| 25686 Stephoskins ||  || Stephanie Page Hoskins (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=688| 25688 Hritzo ||  || Bernadette Ann Hritzo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Villa Joseph Marie High School, Holland, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.|-id=689| 25689 Duannihuang ||  || Duanni Huang (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the La Cueva High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=690| 25690 Iredale ||  || Marley Elizabeth Iredale (b. 1992) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. She attends the Sequim High School, Sequim, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=693| 25693 Ishitani ||  || Catherine Elizabeth Ishitani (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. She attends the Mayo High School, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.|-id=695| 25695 Eileenjang ||  || Eileen Kao Jang (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.|-id=696| 25696 Kylejones ||  || Kyle Jones (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Villages High School, The Villages, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=697| 25697 Kadiyala ||  || Vishnu Kiran Kadiyala (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. He attends the duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=698| 25698 Snehakannan ||  || Sneha Trichy Kannan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. She attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A.|}

text: 25601 Francopacini

text: Franco Pacini

text: , Italian astrophysicist †|-id=602|

text: 25602 Ucaronia

text: ||  || Umberto Caronia, father of co-discoverer

text: Alfredo Caronia

text: 25604 Karlin

text: ||  || Samuel Karlin, American statistician and mathematician, member of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: and recipient of the

text: National Medal of Science

text: 25606 Chiangshenghao

text: ||  || Chiang Sheng-Hao (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. He attends the National Experimental High School at Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu City, Chinese Taipei.|-id=607|

text: 25607 Tsengiching

text: ||  || Tseng I-Ching (b. 1993) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the National Taichung Girl's Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan, Chinese Taipei.|-id=608|

text: 25608 Hincapie

text: ||  || Melisa Hincapie (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy and transportation project. She attends the Colegio La Compania de Maria La Ensenanza, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.|-id=609|

text: 25609 Bogantes

text: ||  || Fabiola Bogantes Jimenez (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=611|

text: 25611 Mabellin

text: ||  || Mabellin Fallas Quesada (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=612|

text: 25612 Yaoskalucia

text: ||  || Yaoska Lucia Hernandez Duarte (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her electrical and mechanical engineering team project. She attends the Colegio Tecnico Profesional de San Sebastian, San Jose, Costa Rica.|-id=613|

text: 25613 Bubenicek

text: ||  || Petr Bubeníček (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=614|

text: 25614 Jankral

text: ||  || Jan Král (b. 1989) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=615|

text: 25615 Votroubek

text: ||  || Marek Votroubek (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Gymnazium Aloise Jiraska, Litomyšl, Czech Republic.|-id=616|

text: 25616 Riinuots

text: ||  || Riinu Ots (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She attends the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium, Tartu, Estonia.|-id=617|

text: 25617 Thomasnesch

text: ||  || Thomas Nesch (b. 1989) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Technische Oberschule Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.|-id=619|

text: 25619 Martonspohn

text: ||  || Marton Spohn (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Fazekas Mihaly Secondary Grammar School, Budapest, Hungary.|-id=620|

text: 25620 Jayaprakash

text: ||  || Vishnu Jayaprakash (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the Chettinad Vidyashram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.|-id=624|

text: 25624 Kronecker

text: Leopold Kronecker

text: , German mathematician. |-id=625|

text: 25625 Verdenet

text: Michel Verdenet

text: , French amateur astronomer, chairman of the Association française des observateurs d'étoiles variables (AFOÉV, French Association of Variable Star Observers) † ‡ +|-id=628|

text: 25628 Kummer

text: Ernst Eduard Kummer

text: , 19th-century German mathematician |-id=629|

text: 25629 Mukherjee

text: ||  || Anish Mukherjee (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the South Point High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.|-id=630|

text: 25630 Sarkar

text: ||  || Debarghya Sarkar (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the South Point High School, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.|-id=636|

text: 25636 Vaishnav

text: ||  || Hetal Kanjibhai Vaishnav (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. She attends the Late Shree S.G Dholakiya Memorial High School, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.|-id=638|

text: 25638 Ahissar

text: ||  || Shira Ahissar (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Aharon Katzir High School, Rehovot, Israel.|-id=639|

text: 25639 Fedina

text: ||  || Ksenia G. Fedina (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. She attends the Moscow Chemical Lyceum # 1303, Moscow, Russia.|-id=640|

text: 25640 Klintefelt

text: ||  || Philippe Klintefelt Collet (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences project. He attends the Goteborgs Hogre Samskola, Goteborg, Sweden.|-id=642|

text: 25642 Adiseshan

text: ||  || Tara Anjali Adiseshan (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She also received the Intel Young Scientist Award. She attends the Ramana Academy, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=645|

text: 25645 Alexanderyan

text: ||  || Ryan Cherian Alexander (b. 1993) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the R. C. Clark High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=646|

text: 25646 Noniearora

text: ||  || Shubhangi Arora (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Novi High School, Novi, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=648|

text: 25648 Baghel

text: ||  || Prateek Singh Baghel (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Shaker High School, Latham, New York, U.S.A.|-id=650|

text: 25650 Shaubakshi

text: ||  || Shaunak Krishan Bakshi (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences team project. He also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award. He attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=652|

text: 25652 Maddieball

text: ||  || Madeleine Amanda Ball (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Ursuline Academy of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=653|

text: 25653 Baskaran

text: ||  || Akshai Baskaran (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. He attends the Kennewick High School, Kennewick, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=655|

text: 25655 Baupeter

text: ||  || Peter Bau (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. He attends the Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=656|

text: 25656 Bejnood

text: ||  || Alborz Bejnood (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology team project. He attends the Oak Ridge High School, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.|-id=657|

text: 25657 Berkowitz

text: ||  || Hannah M Berkowitz (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. She attends the Long Beach High School, Lido Beach, New York, U.S.A.|-id=658|

text: 25658 Bokor

text: ||  || Jacqueline B Bokor (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. She attends the Long Beach High School, Lido Beach, New York, U.S.A.|-id=659|

text: 25659 Liboynton

text: ||  || Li Sallou Boynton (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She also received the Intel Young Scientist Award. She attends the Bellaire High School, Bellaire, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=662|

text: 25662 Chonofsky

text: ||  || Mark Adrian Chonofsky (b. 1992) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project. He attends the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S.A.|-id=663|

text: 25663 Nickmycroft

text: ||  || Nicholas Mycroft Christensen (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS) for his physics project. He was also awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. He attends the Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, Alabama, U.S.A.|-id=669|

text: 25669 Kristinrose

text: ||  || Kristin Rose Cordwell (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project. She attends the Manzano High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=670|

text: 25670 Densley

text: ||  || Riley Taylor Densley (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the Bingham High School, South Jordan, Utah, U.S.A.|-id=673|

text: 25673 Di Mascio

text: ||  || Michael Vincent Di Mascio (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. He attends the Waynesville High School, Waynesville, Ohio, U.S.A.|-id=674|

text: 25674 Kevinellis

text: ||  || Kevin Michael Ellis (b. 1991) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. He attends the Catlin Gabel School, Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=676|

text: 25676 Jesseellison

text: ||  || Jesse Kane Ellison (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. He attends the Bayfield High School, Bayfield, Colorado, U.S.A.|-id=677|

text: 25677 Aaronenten

text: ||  || Aaron Christopher Enten (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the American Heritage School Plantation, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=678|

text: 25678 Ericfoss

text: ||  || Eric A. Foss (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. He attends the Kentwood High School, Covington, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=679|

text: 25679 Andrewguo

text: ||  || Andrew Yi Guo (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health science s team project. He attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.|-id=680|

text: 25680 Walterhansen

text: ||  || Walter Preston Hansen (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the Bingham High School, South Jordan, Utah, U.S.A.|-id=683|

text: 25683 Haochenhong

text: ||  || Haochen Hong (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the La Cueva High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=685|

text: 25685 Katlinhornig

text: ||  || Katlin Jayne Hornig (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Sargent High School, Monte Vista, Colorado, U.S.A.|-id=686|

text: 25686 Stephoskins

text: ||  || Stephanie Page Hoskins (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=688|

text: 25688 Hritzo

text: ||  || Bernadette Ann Hritzo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. She attends the Villa Joseph Marie High School, Holland, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.|-id=689|

text: 25689 Duannihuang

text: ||  || Duanni Huang (b. 1990) was awarded first place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics team project. He attends the La Cueva High School, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.|-id=690|

text: 25690 Iredale

text: ||  || Marley Elizabeth Iredale (b. 1992) was awarded first place and Best in Category in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. She attends the Sequim High School, Sequim, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=693|

text: 25693 Ishitani

text: ||  || Catherine Elizabeth Ishitani (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. She attends the Mayo High School, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.|-id=695|

text: 25695 Eileenjang

text: ||  || Eileen Kao Jang (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. She attends the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.|-id=696|

text: 25696 Kylejones

text: ||  || Kyle Jones (b. 1990) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. He attends the Villages High School, The Villages, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=697|

text: 25697 Kadiyala

text: ||  || Vishnu Kiran Kadiyala (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. He attends the duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=698|

text: 25698 Snehakannan

text: ||  || Sneha Trichy Kannan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. She attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A.|}

text: IIST offers undergraduate (B.Tech.), master's (M.Tech.) and Ph.D. programs in space science and technology, and also serves as a research centre. Doctoral programs in basic sciences and post-doctoral programs are also offered. Till 2013 batch, three different courses in B.Tech were offered, namely B.Tech in Aerospace, Avionics and Physical Sciences. As of 2014 admissions, a new 5-year Dual Degree (B.Tech. + M.Tech./M.S) in Engineering Physics replaced the existing Physical Sciences branch. The M.Tech./M.S can be done in any of the following - M.S. in Astronomy & Astrophysics, M.S. in Earth System Science, M.S. in Solid State Physics or M.Tech. in Optical Engineering. The seats are limited to 20 in the dual degree program from the existing 36 in Physical Sciences. 60 students each are admitted to the Aerospace and Avionics branches.

text: IIST offers undergraduate (

text: B.Tech.

text: ), master's (

text: M.Tech.

text: ) and Ph.D. programs in

text: space science

text: and

text: technology

text: , and also serves as a research centre. Doctoral programs in basic sciences and post-doctoral programs are also offered. Till 2013 batch, three different courses in B.Tech were offered, namely B.Tech in Aerospace, Avionics and Physical Sciences. As of 2014 admissions, a new 5-year Dual Degree (B.Tech. + M.Tech./M.S) in Engineering Physics replaced the existing Physical Sciences branch. The M.Tech./M.S can be done in any of the following - M.S. in Astronomy & Astrophysics, M.S. in Earth System Science, M.S. in Solid State Physics or M.Tech. in Optical Engineering. The seats are limited to 20 in the dual degree program from the existing 36 in Physical Sciences. 60 students each are admitted to the Aerospace and Avionics branches.

text: Budyko's groundbreaking book, Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface, published in 1956, transformed climatology from a qualitative into a quantitative physical science. These new physical methods based on heat balance were quickly adopted by climatologists around the world. In 1963, Budyko directed the compilation of an atlas illustrating the components of the Earth's heat balance.

text: Budyko's groundbreaking book, Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface, published in 1956, transformed

text: climatology

text: from a qualitative into a quantitative physical science. These new physical methods based on heat balance were quickly adopted by climatologists around the world. In 1963, Budyko directed the compilation of an atlas illustrating the components of the Earth's heat balance.

text: The College also conducts Meteorology branch related courses:

text: Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a Ph.D. in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.

text: Historically

text: , astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of

text: phenomena

text: in the sky, while

text: astrophysics

text: attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a

text: Ph.D.

text: in

text: physics

text: or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.

text: Isotope analysis has widespread applicability in the natural sciences. These include numerous applications in the biological, earth and environmental sciences.

text: Isotope analysis has widespread applicability in the

text: natural science

text: s. These include numerous applications in the

text: biological

text: earth

text: and

text: environmental science

text: s.

text: Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

text: Physical oceanography is the study of

text: physical

text: conditions and physical processes within the

text: ocean

text: , especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

text: Cultural astronomy is the set of interdisciplinary fields studying the astronomical systems of current or ancient societies and cultures. Such areas include archaeoastronomy (the study of the use of astronomy and its role in ancient cultures and civilizations), ethnoastronomy (the study of the use of astronomy and its role in contemporary cultures), historical astronomy (analyzing historic astronomical data), history of astronomy (understanding and study and evolution of the discipline of astronomy over the course of human knowledge) and history of astrology (understanding the astrological roots of astronomy and understanding the differences between astrology and astronomy).

text: Cultural astronomy is the set of

text: interdisciplinary

text: fields studying the

text: astronomical systems

text: of current or ancient societies and cultures. Such areas include

text: archaeoastronomy

text: (the study of the use of astronomy and its role in ancient cultures and civilizations),

text: ethnoastronomy

text: (the study of the use of astronomy and its role in contemporary cultures),

text: historical astronomy

text: (analyzing historic astronomical data),

text: history of astronomy

text: (understanding and study and evolution of the discipline of astronomy over the course of human knowledge) and

text: history of astrology

text: (understanding the

text: astrological

text: roots of astronomy and understanding the differences between

text: astrology and astronomy

text: The Institution of Environmental Sciences (IES) is a UK professional body leading debate, dissemination and promotion of environmental science and sustainability. The IES has ties with higher education and promotes and supports environmental sciences and sustainable development in universities and colleges nationally and internationally.

text: The Institution of Environmental Sciences (IES) is a UK professional body leading debate, dissemination and promotion of environmental science and sustainability. The IES has ties with

text: higher education

text: and promotes and supports environmental sciences and

text: sustainable development

text: in universities and colleges nationally and internationally.

text: The Wild Rice River's largest tributaries are the White Earth River, which joins it near Mahnomen, and the South Branch Wild Rice River, which joins it in its lower course in Norman County; the South Branch rises near Ogema in northwestern Becker County and flows  generally westwardly through Clay and Norman counties, past the town of Ulen.

text: The Wild Rice River's largest tributaries are the

text: White Earth River

text: , which joins it near Mahnomen, and the South Branch Wild Rice River, which joins it in its lower course in Norman County; the South Branch rises near

text: Ogema

text: in northwestern

text: Becker County

text: and flows  generally westwardly through

text: Clay

text: and Norman counties, past the town of

text: Ulen

text: Subjects within creation science correspond to the scientific disciplines of biology, earth sciences and astronomy.

text: Subjects within creation science correspond to the scientific disciplines of biology,

text: earth science

text: s and

text: astronomy

text: The first statistical guidance used by the National Hurricane Center was the Hurricane Analog Technique (HURRAN), which was available in 1969.  It used the newly developed North Atlantic tropical cyclone database to find storms with similar tracks.  It then shifted their tracks through the storm's current path, and used location, direction and speed of motion, and the date to find suitable analogs.  The method did well with storms south of the 25th parallel which had not yet turned northward, but poorly with systems near or after recurvature.  Since 1972, the Climatology and Persistence (CLIPER) statistical model has been used to help generate tropical cyclone track forecasts.  In the era of skillful dynamical forecasts, CLIPER is now being used as the baseline to show model and forecaster skill.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/resources/docs/Statistical_Knaff.pdf|pages=80–81|title=Statistical, 5-Day Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts Derived from Climatology and Persistence|volume=18|date=February 2003|accessdate=2011-02-25|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Weather and Forecasting|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018

text: The first statistical guidance used by the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: was the Hurricane Analog Technique (HURRAN), which was available in 1969.  It used the newly developed

text: North Atlantic tropical cyclone database

text: to find storms with similar tracks.  It then shifted their tracks through the storm's current path, and used location, direction and speed of motion, and the date to find suitable analogs.  The method did well with storms south of the

text: 25th parallel

text: which had not yet turned northward, but poorly with systems near or after recurvature.  Since 1972, the

text: Climatology and Persistence

text: (CLIPER) statistical model has been used to help generate tropical cyclone track forecasts.  In the era of skillful dynamical forecasts, CLIPER is now being used as the baseline to show model and forecaster skill.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/resources/docs/Statistical_Knaff.pdf|pages=80–81|title=Statistical, 5-Day Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts Derived from Climatology and Persistence|volume=18|date=February 2003|accessdate=2011-02-25|publisher=

text: American Meteorological Society

text: |journal=Weather and Forecasting|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018

text: Between 1907 and 1911 Otto Krümmel published the Handbuch der Ozeanographie, which became influential in awakening public interest in oceanography. The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by John Murray and Johan Hjort was the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever mounted until then, and led to the classic 1912 book The Depths of the Ocean.

text: Between 1907 and 1911

text: Otto Krümmel

text: published the Handbuch der Ozeanographie, which became influential in awakening public interest in oceanography. The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by John Murray and

text: Johan Hjort

text: was the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever mounted until then, and led to the classic 1912 book The Depths of the Ocean.

text: Earth science (also known as geoscience), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth, including geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, physical geography, oceanography, and soil science.

text: Earth science (also known as geoscience), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet

text: Earth

text: , including

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: hydrology

text: meteorology

text: physical geography

text: oceanography

text: , and

text: soil science

text: Luke Howard is considered to have established urban climatology with his book The Climate of London, which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall.

text: Luke Howard

text: is considered to have established urban climatology with his book The Climate of London, which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall.

text: The Nicholas School celebrates its creation date as 1991, but it represents a coming together of three entities that are almost as old as the university itself. Both formed in 1938, the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and the Duke University Marine Laboratory came together in 1991 to become the School of Environment. Following a $20 million gift from Peter M. and Ginny Nicholas in 1995, the school was named the Nicholas School of the Environment. In 1997, the Department of Geology (formed in 1936) joined the school as the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences and focuses on a number of areas at the intersection of earth and environmental sciences.

text: The Nicholas School celebrates its creation date as 1991, but it represents a coming together of three entities that are almost as old as the university itself. Both formed in 1938, the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and the Duke University Marine Laboratory came together in 1991 to become the School of Environment. Following a $20 million gift from

text: Peter M. and Ginny Nicholas

text: in 1995, the school was named the Nicholas School of the Environment. In 1997, the Department of Geology (formed in 1936) joined the school as the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences and focuses on a number of areas at the intersection of earth and environmental sciences.

text: Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, "place, zone"; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.  Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) which is also known as the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).  Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

text: Climatology (from

text: Greek

text: κλίμα, klima, "place, zone"; and -λογία,

text: -logia

text: ) or climate science is the study of

text: climate

text: , scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the

text: atmospheric sciences

text: and a subfield of

text: physical geography

text: , which is one of the

text: Earth science

text: s. Climatology now includes aspects of

text: oceanography

text: and

text: biogeochemistry

text: .  Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term

text: weather forecasting

text: using analog techniques such as the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO), the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: (MJO), the

text: North Atlantic oscillation

text: (NAO), the

text: Northern Annular Mode

text: (NAM) which is also known as the

text: Arctic oscillation

text: (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the

text: Pacific decadal oscillation

text: (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).  Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

text: A comparable discipline is oceanography, as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-disciplines, such as physical oceanography and marine biology. As the marine ecosystem is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular species.

text: A comparable discipline is

text: oceanography

text: , as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-disciplines, such as

text: physical oceanography

text: and

text: marine biology

text: . As the

text: marine ecosystem

text: is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular

text: species

text: FOSS and Delta Science modules are the foundation for many of the science units. Each grade covers a core science subject. Grade five covers environmental science, grade six covers Earth science, and grade seven studies life science. Experimental and experiential learning is central to the curriculum.

text: The energy generation forecasting problem is closely linked to the problem of weather variables forecasting. Indeed, this problem is usually split into two parts, on one hand focusing on the forecasting of solar PV or any other meteorological variable and on the other hand estimating the amount of energy that a concrete power plant will produce with the estimated meteorological resource.In general, the way to deal with this difficult problem is usually related to the spatial and temporal scales we are interested in, which yields to different approaches that can be found in the literature. In this sense, it is useful to classify these techniques depending on the forecasting horizon, so it is possible to distinguish between now-casting (forecasting 3–4 hours ahead), short-term forecasting (up to 7 days ahead) and long-term forecasting (months, years…)Solar radiation is a most important power follower of the physical and biological development in our earth. Its spatial and sequential heterogeneity powerfully influence the forceful of the environmental and hydrological organism by manipulate air temperature, soil moisture and vapor transpiration, snow cover up and lots of photochemical procedure. Therefore, solar radiation drives place efficiency and plant life allotment, organism a key feature in undeveloped and forestry sciences that be obliged to be known precisely. The quantity of solar radiation obtainable at the earth’ surface is at the outset controlled at worldwide balance, organism above all precious by the Sun Earth geometry and the atmosphere. On the other hand, a complete explanation of its freedom time unpredictability require deliberation of limited procedure which frequently turn out to be also applicable, as is the casing in mountainous region. Predominantly, limited territory adjust the inward bound solar radiation by shadow casts, slope of elevation, surface gradient and compass reading, as a result, precise spatial model of inward bound solar radiation be supposed to regard as the pressure of the terrain surface. In the final time, more than a few events to consist of the confined terrain special effects in the solar radiation countryside have been projected, such as the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), artificial intelligence or post dispensation of satellite stand technique. Solar radiation can be also evaluate using numerical weather forecast (NWP) models. Nevertheless, the space and time balance determined with them and the incomplete computational ability frequently avoid the deliberation of terrain connected property.

text: During the year, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued advisories on tropical cyclones west of the International Date Line to the Malay Peninsula, and north of the equator, in its role as the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, as designated by the World Meteorological Organization in 1989. The JMA issued forecasts and analyses every six hours starting at midnight UTC using numerical weather prediction (NWP) and a climatological tropical cyclone forecast model. They used the Dvorak technique and NWP to estimate 10-minute sustained winds and barometric pressure. The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin, operating from Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and supplying forecasts to the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The agency moved their backup facility from Yokosuka, Kanagawa in Japan to Monterey, California in 2002. Several meteorologists left the agency near the beginning of the year, although the new forecasters compensated for their inexperience by relying on the consensus of various forecast models.  In 2002, the JTWC began experimenting with five-day forecasts.

text: During the year, the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: (JMA) issued advisories on tropical cyclones west of the

text: International Date Line

text: to the

text: Malay Peninsula

text: , and north of the

text: equator

text: , in its role as the official

entity_name: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: , as designated by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: in 1989. The JMA issued forecasts and analyses every six hours starting at midnight UTC using

text: numerical weather prediction

text: (NWP) and a climatological

text: tropical cyclone forecast model

text: . They used the

text: Dvorak technique

text: and NWP to estimate 10-minute

text: sustained winds

text: and

text: barometric pressure

text: . The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin, operating from

text: Pearl Harbor

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: and supplying forecasts to the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The agency moved their backup facility from

text: Yokosuka, Kanagawa

text: in Japan to

text: Monterey, California

text: in 2002. Several meteorologists left the agency near the beginning of the year, although the new forecasters compensated for their inexperience by relying on the consensus of various forecast models.  In 2002, the JTWC began experimenting with five-day

text: forecasts

text: Bahria University offers Bachelor and higher degree programmes. It produces professionals in areas like Electronics & Telecommunication, Electrical, Computer Sciences, Software Engineering, Business Management, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Professional Psychology, Social Sciences and Law.

text: It was on public display at the OMSI Earth Science Hall in Portland, OR from 2009–2010 and its current whereabouts are undisclosed as of 6/2016.

text: Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture, and construction.

text: Meteorology,

text: climatology

text: atmospheric physics

text: , and

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: are sub-disciplines of the

text: atmospheric sciences

text: . Meteorology and

text: hydrology

text: compose the interdisciplinary field of

text: hydrometeorology

text: . The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military,

text: energy production

text: , transport,

text: agriculture

text: , and

text: construction

text: The England and Wales Precipitation series for its earlier years was based on the work of amateur observers whose observations were collected by George James Symons in British Rainfall and analysed extensively in 1931 to form a monthly series as far back as 1727. Detailed analysis during the early 1980s showed by use of principal component analysis that England and Wales could be climatologically divided into five regions corresponding closely to present-day meteorological divisions; however, because of the absence of data from South West England between 1813 and 1816 and from North West England before 1766, the modern series begins in January 1766. Separate data for each region of England go back only to 1873.

text: The England and Wales Precipitation series for its earlier years was based on the work of amateur observers whose observations were collected by George James Symons in British Rainfall and analysed extensively in 1931 to form a monthly series as far back as 1727. Detailed analysis during the early 1980s showed by use of

text: principal component analysis

text: that England and Wales could be climatologically divided into five regions corresponding closely to present-day meteorological divisions; however, because of the absence of data from South West England between 1813 and 1816 and from North West England before 1766, the modern series begins in January 1766. Separate data for each region of England go back only to 1873.

text: Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies principles of engineering mechanics, e.g. kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanics of material, to predict the mechanical behavior of soils.  Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behaviour of rock and rock masses; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the force-fields of their physical environment. The fundamental processes are all related to the behaviour of porous media.  Together, soil and rock mechanics are the basis for solving many engineering geology problems.

text: Soil mechanics

text: is a discipline that applies principles of engineering mechanics, e.g. kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanics of material, to predict the mechanical behavior of soils.

text: Rock mechanics

text: is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behaviour of rock and rock masses; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the

text: force-fields

text: of their physical environment. The fundamental processes are all related to the behaviour of porous media.  Together, soil and rock mechanics are the basis for solving many engineering geology problems.

text: Anan ben David, in direct contradiction of Karaites such as Daniel Al-Kumisi, had small respect for science as is often shown in his law-book. He forbids the use of medicines and of medical aid in general, for it is written, he says, "I, God, am thy physician" (Ex. xv. 26); this is held to prohibit drugs and doctors.His opposition to the astronomical determination of the festivals, of which he boasted to the caliph, led him to declare astronomy as a branch of the astrology and divination forbidden in the Bible, thus undermining the very foundation of the rabbinical calendar.

text: Anan ben David, in direct contradiction of Karaites such as

text: Daniel Al-Kumisi

text: , had small respect for science as is often shown in his law-book. He forbids the use of medicines and of medical aid in general, for it is written, he says, "I, God, am thy physician" (Ex. xv. 26); this is held to prohibit drugs and doctors.His opposition to the astronomical determination of the festivals, of which he boasted to the caliph, led him to declare astronomy as a branch of the astrology and divination forbidden in the Bible, thus undermining the very foundation of the rabbinical calendar.

text: To accommodate the needs of working professionals who could not pursue full-time study, SIPA established the Executive MPA program in 1999 as part of the Picker Center for Executive Education. In 2001 the School introduced an MPA in Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), which condenses the two years into twelve consecutive months, without a reduction in requirements, and provides core courses in management and policy analysis with a concentration in environmental science and earth systems. The ESP MPA program is offered in cooperation with The Earth Institute and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. In fall 2004 SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program, the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Sustainable Development, which combines elements of a traditional graduate education in social science, particularly economics, with a significant training in the natural sciences.

text: To accommodate the needs of working professionals who could not pursue full-time study, SIPA established the Executive MPA program in 1999 as part of the Picker Center for Executive Education. In 2001 the School introduced an MPA in Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), which condenses the two years into twelve consecutive months, without a reduction in requirements, and provides core courses in management and policy analysis with a concentration in

text: environmental science

text: and

text: earth systems

text: . The ESP MPA program is offered in cooperation with

text: The Earth Institute

text: and the

text: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

text: . In fall 2004 SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program, the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in

text: Sustainable Development

text: , which combines elements of a traditional graduate education in social science, particularly economics, with a significant training in the natural sciences.

text: For her work she was awarded the 2005 Price Medal "for investigations of outstanding merit in solid-earth geophysics, oceanography, or planetary sciences" of the Royal Astronomical Society.That same year she was also made a Fellow of the Icelandic National Academy of Sciences.

text: For her work she was awarded the 2005

text: Price Medal

text: "for investigations of outstanding merit in solid-earth geophysics, oceanography, or planetary sciences" of the

text: Royal Astronomical Society

text: .That same year she was also made a Fellow of the Icelandic National Academy of Sciences.

text: An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of Earth. They look at stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies, as well as many other celestial objects — either in observational astronomy, in analyzing the data or in theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include: planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. There are also related but distinct subjects like cosmology which studies the Universe as a whole.

text: An astronomer is a scientist in the field of

text: astronomy

text: who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of

text: Earth

text: . They look at

text: star

text: s,

text: planet

text: s,

text: moons

text: comet

text: s and

text: galaxies

text: , as well as many other

text: celestial object

text: s — either in

text: observational astronomy

text: , in analyzing the data or in

text: theoretical astronomy

text: . Examples of topics or fields astronomers work on include: planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. There are also related but distinct subjects like

text: cosmology

text: which studies the

text: Universe

text: as a whole.

text: Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of Earth.

text: Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the

text: lithosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: , and the

text: biosphere

text: as correspondent to

text: rocks

text: water

text: air

text: , and

text: life

text: respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the

text: cryosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: ice

text: ) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the

text: pedosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: soil

text: ) as an active and intermixed sphere.

text: Earth science

text: (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the

text: science

text: s related to the planet

text: Earth

text: . There are four major

text: discipline

text: s in earth sciences, namely

text: geography

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: and

text: geodesy

text: . These major disciplines use

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: chronology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or

text: spheres

text: of Earth.

text: Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well as how these tie into other systems such as the oceans). In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical and related to physics. It has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments. At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of sounding rockets, aeronomy became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important.

text: Atmospheric physics is the application of

text: physics

text: to the study of the

text: atmosphere

text: . Atmospheric physicists attempt to model

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: and the atmospheres of the other

text: planet

text: s using

text: fluid flow

text: equations,

text: chemical

text: models,

text: radiation budget

text: , and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well as how these tie into other systems such as the oceans). In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of

text: scattering theory

text: , wave propagation models,

text: cloud physics

text: statistical mechanics

text: and

text: spatial statistics

text: which are highly mathematical and related to physics. It has close links to

text: meteorology

text: and

text: climatology

text: and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including

text: remote sensing

text: instruments. At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of sounding rockets,

text: aeronomy

text: became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important.

text: |-| 26501 Sachiko ||  || Sachiko Nagata, teacher of Oshibana, the Japanese art of arranging pressed flowers |-id=502| 26502 Traviscole ||  || 26502 Traviscole Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Travis Cole Sylvester (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental-management project. He attends the Greybull High School, Greybull, Wyoming, U.S.A.|-id=503| 26503 Avicramer ||  || 26503 Avicramer Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avilash Kalpathy Cramer (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the West Linn High School, West Linn, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=504| 26504 Brandonli ||  || 26504 Brandonli Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Brandon Li (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=505| 26505 Olextokarev ||  || 26505 Olextokarev Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olexandr Tokarev (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Chemical Ecological Lyceum, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.|-id=507| 26507 Mikelin ||  || 26507 Mikelin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lin (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=508| 26508 Jimmylin ||  || 26508 Jimmylin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jimmy Lin (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=513| 26513 Newberry ||  || 26513 Newberry Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Cummings Newberry (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.|-id=518| 26518 Bhuiyan ||  || 26518 Bhuiyan Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mubarrat Nuvid Bhuiyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=522| 26522 Juliapoje ||  || 26522 Juliapoje Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Elizabeth Poje (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, New York, U.S.A.|-id=526| 26526 Jookayhyun ||  || 26526 Jookayhyun Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joo Kay Hyun (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Changduk Girls High School, Seoul, South Korea.|-id=527| 26527 Leasure ||  || 26527 Leasure Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Audrey Christine Leasure (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=528| 26528 Genniferubin ||  || 26528 Genniferubin Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gennifer Reid Rubin (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=530| 26530 Lucferreira ||  || 26530 Lucferreira Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lucas Strasburg Ferreira (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=532| 26532 Eduardoboff ||  || 26532 Eduardoboff Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eduardo Trierweiler Boff (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=533| 26533 Aldering ||  || Greg Aldering (b. 1962), a member of Supernova Cosmology Project studying the use of Type Ia supernovae for determining cosmological parameters. |-id=537| 26537 Shyamalbuch ||  || 26537 Shyamalbuch Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shyamal Buch (b. 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Vista del Lago High School, Folsom, California, U.S.A.|-id=541| 26541 Garyross ||  || Gary Ross (b. 1945) has served on the executive board of the Grand Rapids Astronomical Society and Warren Astronomical Society in southern Michigan. He has also been instrumental in the operation of the James C. Veen observatory in Lowell, Michigan, for over 40 years. |-id=544| 26544 Ajjarapu ||  || 26544 Ajjarapu Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avanthi Sai Ajjarapu (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the Ames High School, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.|-id=545| 26545 Meganperkins ||  || 26545 Meganperkins Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Megan Lynn Perkins (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=546| 26546 Arulmani ||  || 26546 Arulmani Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Dheevesh Arulmani (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.|-id=548| 26548 Joykutty ||  || 26548 Joykutty Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anna Maria Joykutty (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=549| 26549 Tankanran ||  || 26549 Tankanran Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tan Kan-Ran (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=551| 26551 Shenliangbo ||  || 26551 Shenliangbo Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shen Liang-Bo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=557| 26557 Aakritijain ||  || 26557 Aakritijain Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aakriti Jain (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=559| 26559 Chengcheng ||  || 26559 Chengcheng Discovered 2000 Mar. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Cheng Cheng (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=575| 26575 Andreapugh ||  || 26575 Andreapugh Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrea Aleah Pugh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=578| 26578 Cellinekim ||  || 26578 Cellinekim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Celline Kim (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=586| 26586 Harshaw ||  || 26586 Harshaw Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Richard Harshaw (b. 1951) is an Arizona amateur astronomer who makes measurements of double stars. He has served in numerous official positions with astronomy clubs.|-id=591| 26591 Robertreeves ||  || 26591 Robertreeves Discovered 2000 Mar. 2 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Robert Reeves (b. 1946) is the author of several books on digital astronomical imaging and of numerous popular articles on various topics in astronomy and space science.|-id=592| 26592 Maryrenfro ||  || Mary Renfro Reeves (born 1957) is a physical therapist in San Antonio, Texas |-id=593| 26593 Perrypat ||  || Perry Remaklus (b. 1939) and Patricia Remaklus (b. 1941), the founders, owners, and operators of the Willmann-Bell astronomy book publishing firm and long-time members of the Springfield Telescope Makers. |}

text: 26501 Sachiko

text: ||  || Sachiko Nagata, teacher of

text: Oshibana

text: , the Japanese art of arranging pressed flowers |-id=502|

text: 26502 Traviscole

text: ||  || 26502 Traviscole Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Travis Cole Sylvester (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental-management project. He attends the Greybull High School, Greybull, Wyoming, U.S.A.|-id=503|

text: 26503 Avicramer

text: ||  || 26503 Avicramer Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avilash Kalpathy Cramer (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the West Linn High School, West Linn, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=504|

text: 26504 Brandonli

text: ||  || 26504 Brandonli Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Brandon Li (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=505|

text: 26505 Olextokarev

text: ||  || 26505 Olextokarev Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olexandr Tokarev (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Chemical Ecological Lyceum, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.|-id=507|

text: 26507 Mikelin

text: ||  || 26507 Mikelin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lin (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=508|

text: 26508 Jimmylin

text: ||  || 26508 Jimmylin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jimmy Lin (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=513|

text: 26513 Newberry

text: ||  || 26513 Newberry Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Cummings Newberry (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.|-id=518|

text: 26518 Bhuiyan

text: ||  || 26518 Bhuiyan Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mubarrat Nuvid Bhuiyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=522|

text: 26522 Juliapoje

text: ||  || 26522 Juliapoje Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Elizabeth Poje (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, New York, U.S.A.|-id=526|

text: 26526 Jookayhyun

text: ||  || 26526 Jookayhyun Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joo Kay Hyun (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Changduk Girls High School, Seoul, South Korea.|-id=527|

text: 26527 Leasure

text: ||  || 26527 Leasure Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Audrey Christine Leasure (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=528|

text: 26528 Genniferubin

text: ||  || 26528 Genniferubin Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gennifer Reid Rubin (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=530|

text: 26530 Lucferreira

text: ||  || 26530 Lucferreira Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lucas Strasburg Ferreira (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=532|

text: 26532 Eduardoboff

text: ||  || 26532 Eduardoboff Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eduardo Trierweiler Boff (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=533|

text: 26533 Aldering

text: ||  || Greg Aldering (b. 1962), a member of Supernova Cosmology Project studying the use of Type Ia supernovae for determining cosmological parameters. |-id=537|

text: 26537 Shyamalbuch

text: ||  || 26537 Shyamalbuch Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shyamal Buch (b. 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Vista del Lago High School, Folsom, California, U.S.A.|-id=541|

text: 26541 Garyross

text: ||  || Gary Ross (b. 1945) has served on the executive board of the Grand Rapids Astronomical Society and Warren Astronomical Society in southern Michigan. He has also been instrumental in the operation of the James C. Veen observatory in Lowell, Michigan, for over 40 years. |-id=544|

text: 26544 Ajjarapu

text: ||  || 26544 Ajjarapu Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avanthi Sai Ajjarapu (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the Ames High School, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.|-id=545|

text: 26545 Meganperkins

text: ||  || 26545 Meganperkins Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Megan Lynn Perkins (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=546|

text: 26546 Arulmani

text: ||  || 26546 Arulmani Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Dheevesh Arulmani (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.|-id=548|

text: 26548 Joykutty

text: ||  || 26548 Joykutty Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anna Maria Joykutty (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=549|

text: 26549 Tankanran

text: ||  || 26549 Tankanran Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tan Kan-Ran (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=551|

text: 26551 Shenliangbo

text: ||  || 26551 Shenliangbo Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shen Liang-Bo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=557|

text: 26557 Aakritijain

text: ||  || 26557 Aakritijain Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aakriti Jain (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=559|

text: 26559 Chengcheng

text: ||  || 26559 Chengcheng Discovered 2000 Mar. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Cheng Cheng (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=575|

text: 26575 Andreapugh

text: ||  || 26575 Andreapugh Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrea Aleah Pugh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=578|

text: 26578 Cellinekim

text: ||  || 26578 Cellinekim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Celline Kim (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=586|

text: 26586 Harshaw

text: ||  || 26586 Harshaw Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Richard Harshaw (b. 1951) is an Arizona amateur astronomer who makes measurements of double stars. He has served in numerous official positions with astronomy clubs.|-id=591|

text: 26591 Robertreeves

text: ||  || 26591 Robertreeves Discovered 2000 Mar. 2 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Robert Reeves (b. 1946) is the author of several books on digital astronomical imaging and of numerous popular articles on various topics in astronomy and space science.|-id=592|

text: 26592 Maryrenfro

text: ||  || Mary Renfro Reeves (born 1957) is a physical therapist in

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: 26593 Perrypat

text: ||  || Perry Remaklus (b. 1939) and Patricia Remaklus (b. 1941), the founders, owners, and operators of the Willmann-Bell astronomy book publishing firm and long-time members of the Springfield Telescope Makers. |}

text: Courses offered are: English, Mathematics, Computer, Filipino, Earth Science, Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Social Studies, Values, Turkish, Physical Education, Environmental Science

text: Courses offered are:

text: English

text: Mathematics

text: Computer

text: Filipino

text: Earth Science

text: Chemistry

text: Biology

text: Physics

text: Social Studies

text: Values

text: Turkish

text: Physical Education

text: Environmental Science

text: As an honor to the Marquis, officers were selected from as many States as possible and, where practicable, from descendants of persons who had distinguished themselves in the American Revolution. One of these young men selected as officer on the Brandywines maiden voyage was 19-year-old Virgianian Matthew Fontaine Maury, who would eventually make great influences in the science of oceanography.

text: As an honor to the Marquis, officers were selected from as many States as possible and, where practicable, from descendants of persons who had distinguished themselves in the American Revolution. One of these young men selected as officer on the Brandywines maiden voyage was 19-year-old Virgianian

text: Matthew Fontaine Maury

text: , who would eventually make great influences in the science of oceanography.

text: According to Forbes magazine back in 1917, the branch at 55 Wall Street "does more business in its head office than is done under any other nongovernmental banking roof on the face of the earth."

text: According to

text: Forbes

text: magazine back in 1917, the branch at 55 Wall Street "does more business in its head office than is done under any other nongovernmental banking roof on the face of the earth."

text: Ian Plimer started as a tutor and senior tutor in Earth sciences at Macquarie University from 1968 to 1973. After finishing his Ph.D., he became a lecturer in geology at the W.S. and L.B. Robinson University College of the University of New South Wales at Broken Hill from 1974 to 1979. Plimer then went to work for North Broken Hill Ltd. between 1979 and 1982, becoming chief research geologist. Due to his publication of a number of academic papers, he was offered a job as senior lecturer in economic geology at the University of New England in 1982. After two years, he left to become a professor and head of geology at the University of Newcastle through 1991. Plimer later served as professor and head of geology of the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Melbourne from 1991 to 2005. He was conferred as professor emeritus of earth sciences at the University of Melbourne in 2005, and is a professor of mining geology at the University of Adelaide.

text: Ian Plimer started as a tutor and senior tutor in Earth sciences at Macquarie University from 1968 to 1973. After finishing his Ph.D., he became a lecturer in geology at the W.S. and L.B. Robinson University College of the University of New South Wales at Broken Hill from 1974 to 1979. Plimer then went to work for North Broken Hill Ltd. between 1979 and 1982, becoming chief research geologist. Due to his publication of a number of academic papers, he was offered a job as senior lecturer in economic geology at the

text: University of New England

text: in 1982. After two years, he left to become a professor and head of geology at the

text: University of Newcastle

text: through 1991. Plimer later served as professor and head of geology of the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Melbourne from 1991 to 2005. He was conferred as professor emeritus of earth sciences at the University of Melbourne in 2005, and is a professor of mining geology at the University of Adelaide.

text: In 1945 the Program in Food Technology was separated from the Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering and became the Department of Food Technology (in 1960 the name changed to the Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Technology, in 1963 to the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, and in 1985 to the Department of Applied Biological Sciences). In 1988 the department was disbanded. In 1957 the Department of Meteorology moved from the School of Engineering to the School of Science (in 1981 it became the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, and in 1983, part of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences). In 1994 the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences was moved from the Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology to the School of Science.

text: Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre (Vietnamese: Trung tâm nhiệt đới Việt Nga, Russian: Российско-вьетнамский тропический научно-исследовательский и технологический центр) is a scientific research organization in Vietnam. This centre was established in 1988 by an agreement between the Ministry of National Defense (Vietnam) and Russian Academy of Sciences. This centre is specializing in researching of sciences from tropical biology, medicine, environmental pollution and treatments such dioxin effects in Vietnam. It is headquartered in Hanoi and has branches in Ho Chi Minh City and Nha Trang.

text: Vietnam-Russia Tropical Centre (Vietnamese: Trung tâm nhiệt đới Việt Nga, Russian: Российско-вьетнамский тропический научно-исследовательский и технологический центр) is a scientific research organization in

text: Vietnam

text: . This centre was established in 1988 by an agreement between the

text: Ministry of National Defense (Vietnam)

text: and

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: . This centre is specializing in researching of sciences from tropical biology, medicine, environmental pollution and treatments such

text: dioxin

text: effects in Vietnam. It is headquartered in

text: Hanoi

text: and has branches in

text: Ho Chi Minh City

text: and

text: Nha Trang

text: Attenuation coefficient or narrow beam attenuation coefficient of the volume of a material characterizes how easily it can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter. A large attenuation coefficient means that the beam is quickly "attenuated" (weakened) as it passes through the medium, and a small attenuation coefficient means that the medium is relatively transparent to the beam. The SI unit of attenuation coefficient is the reciprocal metre (m). Extinction coefficient is an old term for this quantity, but still used in meteorology and climatology

text: Attenuation coefficient or narrow beam attenuation coefficient of the volume of a material characterizes how easily it can be penetrated by a beam of

text: light

text: sound

text: particle

text: s, or other

text: energy

text: or

text: matter

text: . A large attenuation coefficient means that the beam is quickly "attenuated" (weakened) as it passes through the medium, and a small attenuation coefficient means that the medium is relatively

text: transparent

text: to the beam. The

text: SI unit

text: of attenuation coefficient is the

text: reciprocal metre

text: (m). Extinction coefficient is an old term for this quantity, but still used in meteorology and climatology

text: The Omega-class destroyer is a fictional vessel used by Earthforce, the military branch of the Earth Alliance, in the science fiction television series Babylon 5. The CGI model of the ship created through an early version of Lightwave made its first appearance during the opening scene of the opening episode of the second season, "Points Of Departure", which was initially aired in the United states on November 2nd, 1994.

text: The Omega-class destroyer is a fictional vessel used by

text: Earthforce

text: , the military branch of the

text: Earth Alliance

text: , in the science fiction television series

text: Babylon 5

text: . The

text: CGI

text: model of the ship created through an early version of

text: Lightwave

text: made its first appearance during the opening scene of the opening episode of the second season, "

text: Points Of Departure

text: ", which was initially aired in the United states on November 2nd, 1994.

text: The Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is one of the largest and most diverse astrophysical institutions in the world, where scientists carry out a broad program of research in astronomy, astrophysics, earth and space sciences, and science education. The center's mission is to advance knowledge and understanding of the universe through research and education in astronomy and astrophysics.

text: The Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is one of the largest and most diverse astrophysical institutions in the world, where scientists carry out a broad program of research in

text: astronomy

text: astrophysics

text: earth

text: and

text: space science

text: s, and

text: science education

text: . The center's mission is to advance knowledge and understanding of the

text: universe

text: through research and education in astronomy and astrophysics.

text: The station was established on 26 February 1977. It is managed by the Polish Academy of Sciences, and its main research areas include marine biology, oceanography, geology, geomorphology, glaciology, meteorology, climatology, seismology, magnetism and ecology.

text: The station was established on 26 February 1977. It is managed by the

text: Polish Academy of Sciences

text: , and its main research areas include marine

text: biology

text: oceanography

text: geology

text: geomorphology

text: glaciology

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: seismology

text: magnetism

text: and

text: ecology

text: The NASA QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) is an Earth observation satellite carrying the SeaWinds scatterometer. Its primary mission is to measure the surface wind speed and direction over the ice-free global oceans. Observations from QuikSCAT have a wide array of applications, and have contributed to climatological studies, weather forecasting, meteorology, oceanographic research, marine safety, commercial fishing, tracking large icebergs, and studies of land and sea ice, among others. This SeaWinds scatterometer is referred to as the QuikSCAT scatterometer to distinguish it from the nearly identical SeaWinds scatterometer flown on the ADEOS-2 satellite.

text: The

text: NASA

text: QuikSCAT (Quick

text: Scatterometer

text: ) is an

text: Earth observation satellite

text: carrying the SeaWinds

text: scatterometer

text: . Its primary mission is to measure the surface wind speed and direction over the ice-free global oceans. Observations from QuikSCAT have a wide array of applications, and have contributed to climatological studies, weather forecasting, meteorology, oceanographic research, marine safety, commercial fishing, tracking large icebergs, and studies of land and sea ice, among others. This SeaWinds scatterometer is referred to as the QuikSCAT scatterometer to distinguish it from the nearly identical SeaWinds scatterometer flown on the

text: satellite.

text: The powerful symbolism of the book works in unison with paintings and text to create deeper meaning. It symbolizes objects as more than just its arbitrary symbol, as the quotation ‘when a tree is a ladder between earth and air’ presents the tree as not just a piece of wood, with bark and branches growing from the ground, but as something to be recognized in a different fashion-as a ladder. By drawing on the tree’s connections with the earth and air, it also portrays the beauty of nature, and how to appreciate it.

text: The powerful

text: symbol

text: ism of the book works in unison with paintings and text to create deeper meaning. It symbolizes objects as more than just its arbitrary symbol, as the quotation ‘when a tree is a ladder between earth and air’ presents the tree as not just a piece of wood, with bark and branches growing from the ground, but as something to be recognized in a different fashion-as a ladder. By drawing on the tree’s connections with the earth and air, it also portrays the beauty of nature, and how to appreciate it.

text: Math and English cover a variety of topics each year, in preparation for the Georgia Milestones Test at the end of the year. Crews students earn higher scores on the test than other schools across the state. Each year, the science studied is just one branch. In 6th grade, students study Earth Science (Rocks, Meteorology, Oceanography, Astronomy, etc.), in 7th grade, students study Life Science (Mostly Biology, a little bit of ecology), and in 8th grade, the students study high school Physical Science (Physics and Chemistry), and have the option to accept a high school credit for the class. Social Studies is done in a similar fashion.

text: Lennon Hall was built in 1964 and renovated in 2005. It has been the permanent home of the science departments (Biology, Environmental Science, Earth Science) and held many large classrooms and laboratories.

text: EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives, and distributes data from a large number of Earth observing satellites, and provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA’s Earth science data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for command and control, scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities. EOSDIS consists of a set of processing facilities and Earth Science Data Centers (referred to as Distributed Active Archive Centers, or DAACs) distributed across the United States. These processing facilities and DAACs serve hundreds of thousands of users around the world, providing hundreds of millions of data files each year covering many Earth science disciplines. The EOSDIS project as of September 2012 reported it contained approximately 10 PB of data in its database with ingestion of approximately 8.5 TB daily.

text: EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives, and distributes data from a large number of Earth observing satellites, and provides end-to-end capabilities for managing NASA’s

text: Earth science

text: data from various sources – satellites, aircraft, field measurements, and various other programs. For the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite missions, EOSDIS provides capabilities for

text: command and control

text: , scheduling, data capture and initial (Level 0) processing. These capabilities, constituting the EOSDIS Mission Operations, are managed by the Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO) Project. NASA network capabilities transport the data to the science operations facilities. EOSDIS consists of a set of processing facilities and Earth Science Data Centers (referred to as Distributed Active Archive Centers, or DAACs) distributed across the United States. These processing facilities and DAACs serve hundreds of thousands of users around the world, providing hundreds of millions of data files each year covering many Earth science disciplines. The EOSDIS project as of September 2012 reported it contained approximately 10 PB of data in its database with ingestion of approximately 8.5 TB daily.

text: For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion. Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of geology, initially in the Middle East and China, and largely focused on aspects such as the age of the Earth and the large-scale processes involved in mountain and ocean formation. As geology developed as a science, understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the Earth's interior, planetary geology and living systems.

text: For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion. Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of

text: geology

text: , initially in the Middle East and China, and largely focused on aspects such as the

text: age of the Earth

text: and the large-scale processes involved in

text: mountain

text: and

text: ocean

text: formation. As

text: geology developed as a science

text: , understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the

text: Earth's interior

entity_name: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: planetary geology

text: and

text: living systems

text: The Tantra of Kalachakra is the basis of Tibetan astronomy. It explains some phenomena in a similar manner as modern astronomy science. Hence, Sun eclipse is described as the Moon passing between the Sun and the Earth.

text: The Tantra of

text: Kalachakra

text: is the basis of Tibetan astronomy. It explains some phenomena in a similar manner as modern astronomy science. Hence, Sun eclipse is described as the Moon passing between the Sun and the Earth.

text: The Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) studies chemical processes in the Earth's atmosphere that affect climate, air quality, and the ozone layer.

text: The Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAAC) are part of EOSDIS. DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA's past and current Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the twelve data centers serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science.

text: The Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAAC) are part of EOSDIS. DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA's past and current

text: Earth Observing System

text: (EOS) satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the twelve data centers serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science.

text: Pavle Vujević (Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Вујевић, 10 August 1881 – 17 November 1966) was a Serbian geographer and meteorologist, professor of climatology, meteorology, and mathematical geography at the University of Belgrade. He was a founder of the science of micro-climatology, and one of the first in the science of potamology, the study of rivers.

text: Pavle Vujević (Serbian Cyrillic: Павле Вујевић, 10 August 1881 – 17 November 1966) was a Serbian geographer and meteorologist, professor of climatology, meteorology, and mathematical geography at the

text: University of Belgrade

text: . He was a founder of the science of micro-

text: climatology

text: , and one of the first in the science of potamology, the study of rivers.

text: The environmental transformations that have accompanied population growth  in Central America led to a broader engagement with cultural ecology and the human relationship with nature. A major initiative with colleagues at Clark University, which was always a center for this type of work under Robert Kates, Roger Kasperson and others, culminated in the Earth Transformed by Human Action (1990), a major stocktaking of anthropogenic impacts on the planet and its ecosystems. Over the last 20 years Turner has led, or participated in, other research on the science and dynamics of global environmental change (e.g. Steffen et al., 2004).

text: The environmental transformations that have accompanied population growth  in

text: Central America

text: led to a broader engagement with cultural ecology and the human relationship with nature. A major initiative with colleagues at Clark University, which was always a center for this type of work under

text: Robert Kates

text: , Roger Kasperson and others, culminated in the Earth Transformed by Human Action (1990), a major stocktaking of anthropogenic impacts on the planet and its ecosystems. Over the last 20 years Turner has led, or participated in, other research on the science and dynamics of global environmental change (e.g. Steffen et al., 2004).

text: The , abbreviated to , is a university that has campuses in Kofu and Tamaho, Japan. The University of Yamanashi has its origin in “Kitenkan” which was founded in 1795 as a branch school of “Shoheizaka-School” of Tokugawa Government (later the University of Tokyo) and was developed to the Normal School of Yamanashi after the Meiji Restoration. In 1921 the Normal School of Yamanashi for Junior and in 1924 the Yamanashi High School of Engineering were established. After the World War II these three schools were integrated to the University of Yamanashi according to the new school system of Japan. In 1978 the Yamanashi Medical University was opened which was only a Medical University in Prefecture of Yamanashi. Today’s University of Yamanashi was founded in 2002 by a merger between (former) University of Yamanashi and Yamanashi Medical University. It is formally referred to as the National university corporation, University of Yamanashi. In 2012 the Faculty of Education and Human science and the Faculty of Engineering were reorganized and the Faculty of Life and Environmental Science was newly established. In 2016 the lifelong studies course in the Faculty of Education and Human science was abolished, and the faculty was renamed to the Faculty of Education.

text: The , abbreviated to , is a university that has campuses in

text: Kofu

text: and

text: Tamaho

text: Japan

text: . The University of Yamanashi has its origin in “Kitenkan” which was founded in 1795 as a branch school of “Shoheizaka-School” of Tokugawa Government (later the University of Tokyo) and was developed to the Normal School of Yamanashi after the Meiji Restoration. In 1921 the Normal School of Yamanashi for Junior and in 1924 the Yamanashi High School of Engineering were established. After the World War II these three schools were integrated to the University of Yamanashi according to the new school system of Japan. In 1978 the Yamanashi Medical University was opened which was only a Medical University in Prefecture of Yamanashi. Today’s University of Yamanashi was founded in 2002 by a merger between (former) University of Yamanashi and Yamanashi Medical University. It is formally referred to as the National university corporation, University of Yamanashi. In 2012 the Faculty of Education and Human science and the Faculty of Engineering were reorganized and the Faculty of Life and Environmental Science was newly established. In 2016 the lifelong studies course in the Faculty of Education and Human science was abolished, and the faculty was renamed to the Faculty of Education.

text: Notable scholars from the area today known as Uzbekistan include Imam Bukhari whose book, Sahih Bukhari is regarded by Sunni Muslims as the most authentic of all hadith compilations and the most authoritative book after the Qur'an. Other Muslim scholars from the region include Imam Tirmidhi and Abu Mansur Maturidi who was one of the pioneers of Islamic Jurisprudence scholars and his two works are considered to be authoritative on the subject. In Samarqand, the development of sciences in the Muslim world greatly prospered. The work of Ali Qushji (d. 1474), who worked at Samarqand and then Istanbul, is seen as a late example of innovation in Islamic theoretical astronomy and it is believed he may have possibly had some influence on Nicolaus Copernicus due to similar arguments concerning the Earth's rotation.  The astronomical tradition established by the Maragha school continued at the Ulugh Beg Observatory at Samarqand. Founded by Ulugh Beg in the early 15th century, the observatory made considerable progress in observational astronomy.

text: Notable scholars from the area today known as Uzbekistan include

text: Imam Bukhari

text: whose book,

text: Sahih Bukhari

text: is regarded by

text: Sunni

text: Muslims as the most

text: authentic

text: of all

text: hadith

text: compilations and the most authoritative book after the

text: Qur'an

text: . Other Muslim scholars from the region include

text: Imam Tirmidhi

text: and

text: Abu Mansur Maturidi

text: who was one of the pioneers of Islamic Jurisprudence scholars and his two works are considered to be authoritative on the subject. In

text: Samarqand

text: , the development of sciences in the Muslim world greatly prospered. The work of

text: Ali Qushji

text: (d. 1474), who worked at

text: Samarqand

text: and then

text: Istanbul

text: , is seen as a late example of innovation in Islamic theoretical astronomy and it is believed he may have possibly had some influence on

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: due to similar arguments concerning the

text: Earth's rotation

text: .  The astronomical tradition established by the

text: Maragha

text: school continued at the

text: Ulugh Beg Observatory

text: at

text: Samarqand

text: . Founded by

text: Ulugh Beg

text: in the early 15th century, the observatory made considerable progress in observational astronomy.

text: Dr. Fassig's official meteorological service began on January 12, 1883, when he entered the Signal Corps of the United States War Department in Washington, D.C.  In May 1883, he was assigned to Fort Myer in Arlington County, Virginia for instruction, but returned to the Central Office for duty in January 1884.  In December 1885, he was sent to New Haven, Connecticut to work as an assistant and study electrical methods at Yale University.  In August 1887 he returned to the Central Office in Washington, D.C., where he worked as a bibliographer and librarian from June 1888 to February 1896.  In 1889, he published an extensive bibliography titled the “Bibliography of Meteorology – A classed catalogue of the printed literature of meteorology from the origin of printing to the close of 1881”.  He then served as an assistant in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and at Mount Weather, which is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia.  He was made chairman of the section on History and Bibliography of the International Meteorological Congress, Chicago in 1893.  His contacts with meteorologists from abroad led him to take a year's leave of absence to study in Germany, 1896-7, where he took special courses at the University of Berlin and became a member of the German Meteorological Society.  He was in charge of the Baltimore station from June 5, 1900 to July 14, 1905; May 31, 1907 to April 2, 1909, and August 10, 1912 to April 14, 1919.  While in Baltimore, he gave instruction in meteorology at the Johns Hopkins University and wrote "The Climate and Weather of Baltimore".  He was in charge of the station at San Juan, Puerto Rico, from April 2, 1909 to August 10, 1912, and April 14, 1919 to June 10, 1930, where he had general charge of the West Indian and Caribbean service.  On leaving San Juan he came once more to the Central Office, this time as Chief of the Climatological Division, which position he retained until his retirement on June 30, 1932.

text: Dr. Fassig's official meteorological service began on January 12, 1883, when he entered the

text: Signal Corps

text: of the

text: United States War Department

text: in

text: Washington, D.C.

text: In May 1883, he was assigned to

text: Fort Myer

text: in

text: Arlington County, Virginia

text: for instruction, but returned to the Central Office for duty in January 1884.  In December 1885, he was sent to

text: New Haven, Connecticut

text: to work as an assistant and study electrical methods at

text: Yale University

text: .  In August 1887 he returned to the Central Office in Washington, D.C., where he worked as a bibliographer and librarian from June 1888 to February 1896.  In 1889, he published an extensive bibliography titled the “Bibliography of Meteorology – A classed catalogue of the printed literature of meteorology from the origin of printing to the close of 1881”.  He then served as an assistant in

text: Philadelphia

text: Baltimore

text: , and at

entity_name: Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center

text: Mount Weather

text: , which is located in the

text: Blue Ridge Mountains

text: of

text: Virginia

text: .  He was made chairman of the section on History and Bibliography of the International Meteorological Congress,

text: Chicago

text: in 1893.  His contacts with meteorologists from abroad led him to take a year's leave of absence to study in Germany, 1896-7, where he took special courses at the University of Berlin and became a member of the German Meteorological Society.  He was in charge of the Baltimore station from June 5, 1900 to July 14, 1905; May 31, 1907 to April 2, 1909, and August 10, 1912 to April 14, 1919.  While in

text: Baltimore

text: , he gave instruction in meteorology at the Johns Hopkins University and wrote "The Climate and Weather of Baltimore".  He was in charge of the station at

text: San Juan, Puerto Rico

text: , from April 2, 1909 to August 10, 1912, and April 14, 1919 to June 10, 1930, where he had general charge of the West Indian and Caribbean service.  On leaving San Juan he came once more to the Central Office, this time as Chief of the Climatological Division, which position he retained until his retirement on June 30, 1932.

text: Astronomy has traditionally relied on electromagnetic radiation. Astronomy originated with visible-light astronomy and what could be seen with the naked eye. As technology advanced, it became possible to observe other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma rays. Each new frequency band gave a new perspective on the Universe and heralded new discoveries. Late in the 20th century, the detection of solar neutrinos founded the field of neutrino astronomy, giving an insight into previously invisible phenomena, such as the inner workings of the Sun. The observation of gravitational waves provides a further means of making astrophysical observations.

text: Astronomy

text: has traditionally relied on

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: . Astronomy originated with

text: visible-light astronomy

text: and what could be seen with the naked eye. As technology advanced, it became possible to observe other parts of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: , from

text: radio

text: to

text: gamma rays

text: . Each new frequency band gave a new perspective on the Universe and heralded new discoveries. Late in the 20th century, the detection of

text: solar neutrino

text: s founded the field of

text: neutrino astronomy

text: , giving an insight into previously invisible phenomena, such as the inner workings of the

text: Sun

text: . The observation of

text: gravitational wave

text: s provides a further means of making astrophysical observations.

text: In 1927, a National Academy of Sciences committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing a permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

text: In 1927, a

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing a permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

text: James Vladimir Taranik (April 23, 1940 – June 21, 2011) was an American scientist and educator who worked in the area of earth-observation satellite remote sensing.  He was Chief of NASA's Non-Renewable Resources Branch and Program Scientist of the Space Shuttle's first scientific flights with cargo that included experiments related to geology, atmospheric chemistry, meteorology, marine biology, and plant physiology in the earth and life sciences. He also held various positions in the Nevada System of Higher Education, including the Desert Research Institute and the Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering.

text: James Vladimir Taranik (April 23, 1940 – June 21, 2011) was an American scientist and educator who worked in the area of earth-observation satellite

text: remote sensing

text: .  He was Chief of

text: NASA

text: 's Non-Renewable Resources Branch and Program Scientist of the

text: Space Shuttle

text: 's first scientific flights with cargo that included experiments related to geology, atmospheric chemistry, meteorology, marine biology, and plant physiology in the earth and life sciences. He also held various positions in the

text: Nevada System of Higher Education

text: , including the

text: Desert Research Institute

text: and the

entity_name: Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering

text: Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering

text: s.  The globe, or the Earth viewed from space, with network arcs of data flow wrapped around it, is another dominant metaphor for the Internet in Western contexts and is connected with the metaphor of the Global Village.  Many abstract visual metaphors based on organic structures and patterns are found in literature on the Internet's infrastructure.  Often, these metaphors are used as a visual shorthand in explanations as they allow one to refer to the Internet as a definite object without having to explain the intricate details of its functioning. Clouds are the most common of abstract metaphors employed for this purpose in cloud computing and have been used since the creation of the Internet. Other abstract metaphors of the Internet draw on the fractal branching of trees and leaves, and the lattices of coral and webs, while others are based on the aesthetics of astronomy such as gas nebulas, and star clusters.

text: s.  The

text: globe

text: , or the

text: Earth

text: viewed from space, with network arcs of

text: data flow

text: wrapped around it, is another dominant metaphor for the Internet in Western contexts and is connected with the metaphor of the

text: Global Village

text: .  Many

text: abstract

text: visual metaphors based on

text: organic structures

text: and patterns are found in literature on the Internet's infrastructure.  Often, these metaphors are used as a visual

text: shorthand

text: in explanations as they allow one to refer to the Internet as a definite object without having to explain the intricate details of its functioning. Clouds are the most common of abstract metaphors employed for this purpose in

text: cloud computing

text: and have been used since the creation of the Internet. Other abstract metaphors of the Internet draw on the

text: fractal

text: branching of trees and leaves, and the

text: lattice

text: s of coral and webs, while others are based on the aesthetics of

text: astronomy

text: such as gas

text: nebulas

text: , and

text: star clusters

text: In oceanography, the symbol

text: In oceanography, the symbol

text: Macquarie University was ranked among the top 50 universities in the world for linguistics (43rd), psychology (48th) and earth and marine sciences (48th), and was ranked in the top 5 nationally for philosophy and earth and marine sciences, according to the 2014 QS World University Rankings.

text: The basic science courses includes earth & environmental sciences, biology, chemistry, and physics. First year students tackle earth & environmental science, and Introduction to Physical Sciences (Physics & Chemistry). Biology, Chemistry and Physics is introduced during second year. Sophomores tackle the areas of botany, inorganic chemistry, and mechanics. Zoology, organic chemistry, and thermodynamics is studied by juniors. Seniors have human biology, analytical chemistry and electricity, electronics, electromagnetics, and vectors.

text: The basic science courses includes

text: earth

text: environmental science

text: s,

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: , and

text: physics

text: . First year students tackle earth & environmental science, and Introduction to Physical Sciences (Physics & Chemistry). Biology, Chemistry and Physics is introduced during second year. Sophomores tackle the areas of

text: botany

text: inorganic chemistry

text: , and

text: mechanics

text: Zoology

text: organic chemistry

text: , and

text: thermodynamics

text: is studied by juniors. Seniors have

text: human biology

text: analytical chemistry

text: and

text: electricity

text: electronics

text: electromagnetics

text: , and

text: vectors

text: These schools existed until 1871, when the domains were abolished after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The han schools were at first narrowly defined as schools of Confucian studies for the cultivation of the samurai elite, and attendance was both expected of and limited to the children of this class. Late in the period, however, children of other social classes were permitted to attend, and the curriculum was expanded from its core in the Confucian classics to include training in classical Japanese studies (kokugaku), medicine, and the various branches of Western learning, including mathematics, astronomy, military science, and ballistics. Students entered at age 7 or 8 and usually completed their courses of study between the ages of 15 and 20. By the 1860s there were about 255 han schools nationwide.

text: These schools existed until 1871, when the domains were abolished after the

text: Meiji Restoration

text: of 1868. The han schools were at first narrowly defined as schools of

text: Confucian

text: studies for the cultivation of the

text: samurai

text: elite, and attendance was both expected of and limited to the children of this class. Late in the period, however, children of other social classes were permitted to attend, and the curriculum was expanded from its core in the Confucian classics to include training in classical Japanese studies (

text: kokugaku

text: ), medicine, and the various branches of

text: Western learning

text: , including mathematics, astronomy, military science, and ballistics. Students entered at age 7 or 8 and usually completed their courses of study between the ages of 15 and 20. By the 1860s there were about 255 han schools nationwide.

text: An Zhisheng was born on February 25, 1941, in Zhijiang County, Hunan, with his ancestral home in Liu'an, Anhui. His parents were both teachers. In 1952, he was accepted to the High School affiliated to Nanjing Normal University. After graduating from Nanjing University in 1966, he became a postgraduate at the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (). From 1966 to 1984, he was an assistant researchist at the Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (). He was appointed a research associate at the Laboratory of Xi'an Loess and Quaternary Geology (), in 1985, becoming research scientist in 1989. In 1991, he was elected a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1995, he was appointed director of the Laboratory of Xi'an Loess and Quaternary Geology and dean of the Xi'an Branch, Chinese Academy of sciences (Shanxi Provincial Academy of Sciences), serving until 2000. In 2000, he was elected a fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS). He was director of the Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences () in 1999, and held that office until 2002. On May 3, 2016, he was elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences.

text: An Zhisheng was born on February 25, 1941, in

text: Zhijiang County

text: Hunan

text: , with his

text: ancestral home

text: in

text: Liu'an

text: Anhui

text: . His parents were both teachers. In 1952, he was accepted to the High School affiliated to

text: Nanjing Normal University

text: . After graduating from

text: Nanjing University

text: in 1966, he became a postgraduate at the

text: Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: (). From 1966 to 1984, he was an assistant researchist at the

text: Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: (). He was appointed a research associate at the

text: Laboratory of Xi'an Loess and Quaternary Geology

text: (), in 1985, becoming research scientist in 1989. In 1991, he was elected a fellow of the

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: . In 1995, he was appointed director of the Laboratory of Xi'an Loess and Quaternary Geology and dean of the Xi'an Branch, Chinese Academy of sciences (Shanxi Provincial Academy of Sciences), serving until 2000. In 2000, he was elected a fellow of

text: the World Academy of Sciences

text: (TWAS). He was director of the

text: Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: () in 1999, and held that office until 2002. On May 3, 2016, he was elected Foreign Associate of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: While on Mir, the crew took part in experiments in the fields of medicine, geophysics, space technology, earth observation, astronomy and materials sciences.

text: The University of Kirkuk included eight faculties/colleges when it was established in 2003. These were  Engineering, Medicine, Law, Management & Economics, Science, Education, Nursing, and Agriculture. These Faculties has changed much since its inception, represented by the achievements of the mixed ethnic/religious students, in the various disciplines as well as academic/research programs provided by the faculty. After the creation of three new Colleges/Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture, the college of Education was established with its five Departments: Qur'anic Sciences, Geography, Physical Education, Kurdish language, and Turkish Language. The Faculty of Sciences was established with four Departments: Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Earth Sciences. In (2007-2008) the Faculty of Management and Economics was established to include the Departments of Business Administration and Statistics. Besides the development of the Faculty of Medicine with its nine disciplines/Branches: Microbiologist, Biochemistry, Surgery, Anatomy, Diseases, Internal Medicine, Physiology Medicine, Community Medicine. In the academic year (2008-2009), the Branch of Child Medicine was established. In the academic year (2009-2010), the Department of Mechanical Engineering was introduced to the College of Engineering. The UoK intends to exercise its best efforts to develop a cooperation program, establishing ties of friendship, promoting mutual academic/research collaboration, cultural and personnel/training exchanges, and working toward more specific and binding agreements.the university of kikruk is situated in the heart of Iraqs oil rich city of kirkuk. A city where the kurdish people are living, among with Arabs, Turks, assyrian and Turkmans.

text: USRA initially concentrated on the management of LSI (later renamed the Lunar and Planetary Institute) but, armed with its broad charter, the consortium began to explore other ways to serve the university space research community as early as 1970. Today, USRA researchers are involved with university, government and industry scientists and engineers in a broad array of space and aeronautics related fields, including astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, microgravity, life sciences, space technology, computer science, and advanced concepts.

text: USRA initially concentrated on the management of LSI (later renamed the

text: Lunar and Planetary Institute

text: ) but, armed with its broad charter, the consortium began to explore other ways to serve the university space research community as early as 1970. Today, USRA researchers are involved with university, government and industry scientists and engineers in a broad array of

text: space

text: and

text: aeronautics

text: related fields, including

text: astronomy

text: and

text: astrophysics

text: earth sciences

text: microgravity

text: life sciences

text: space technology

text: computer science

text: , and advanced concepts.

text: The Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tabriz (Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تبریز) (also informally referred to as O.T.T)is one of the many campuses affiliated with the Islamic Azad University, and is located in Tabriz.The University has a student body of approximately 3000 including graduate students.The university was founded in 2007 and despite its very young age has gained an excellent reputation in science and research compared to the other branches of the Islamic Azad University and mid-class universities in Iran.

text: The Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tabriz (Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تبریز) (also informally referred to as O.T.T)is one of the many campuses affiliated with the

text: Islamic Azad University

text: , and is located in

text: Tabriz

text: .The University has a student body of approximately 3000 including graduate students.The university was founded in 2007 and despite its very young age has gained an excellent reputation in science and research compared to the other branches of the Islamic Azad University and mid-class universities in

text: Iran

text: The Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM) under the School for Environmental Sciences (SES) is running two-year full-time, M.Sc. Environmental Microbiology. It was started as M.Sc. Environmental Microbiology under Environmental Sciences from the session in 2007-2008. The department has been sanctioned as independent by UGC-2010 under School for Environmental Sciences. The department offers Ph.D. degree in Environmental Microbiology.

text: Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It should not be confused with green chemistry, which seeks to reduce potential pollution at its source. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity and biological activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science.

text: Environmental chemistry is the

text: scientific study

text: of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It should not be confused with

text: green chemistry

text: , which seeks to reduce potential pollution at its source. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the

text: air

text: soil

text: , and

text: water

text: environments; and the effect of human activity and biological activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an

text: interdisciplinary

text: science that includes

text: atmospheric

text: aquatic

text: and

text: soil chemistry

text: , as well as heavily relying on

text: analytical chemistry

text: and being related to

text: environmental

text: and other areas of science.

text: A Bachelor of Environmental Science is an undergraduate bachelor's degree awarded for courses taken in the study of environmental science or related disciplines, such as sustainable resource development, environmental health, or ecological sustainability, and may also be known as a Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management degree in some schools.

text: A Bachelor of Environmental Science is an

text: undergraduate

text: bachelor's degree

text: awarded for courses taken in the study of

text: environmental science

text: or related disciplines, such as sustainable resource development,

text: environmental health

text: , or

text: ecological sustainability

text: , and may also be known as a Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management degree in some schools.

text: The School and Observatory for Earth Sciences was created by decree in 1997 from the fusion of the Geology and Earth Physics institutes of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Strasbourg. Interests in Earth Physics arose around 1880 in Germany with the birth of seismology and meteorology. The origin of the Geology Institute is even older and is linked to the French development of the University during the first half of the 19th century.After the annexation of Alsace by Germany, the Imperial University pursued a policy of elitism, basing its excellence on fundamental research as practiced at the University of Wilhelm von Humboldt (early 19th century). The same model was used when the French Grandes Ecoles were built. Since 1920, the IPGS and the IPGP (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris) conducted research and geophysical observations non-stop, without interruption during the War. Between 1939 and 1945, the IPGS was relocated in Clermont-Ferrand, were the Diplômes d'Ingénieurs were signed by Louis Cagnard, a famous French geophysicist.

text: The School and Observatory for Earth Sciences was created by decree in 1997 from the fusion of the Geology and Earth Physics institutes of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Strasbourg. Interests in Earth Physics arose around 1880 in Germany with the birth of seismology and

text: meteorology

text: . The origin of the Geology Institute is even older and is linked to the French development of the University during the first half of the 19th century.After the

text: annexation of Alsace by Germany

text: , the Imperial University pursued a policy of elitism, basing its excellence on fundamental research as practiced at the University of Wilhelm von Humboldt (early 19th century). The same model was used when the French Grandes Ecoles were built. Since 1920, the IPGS and the

text: IPGP

text: (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris) conducted research and geophysical observations non-stop, without interruption during the

text: War

text: . Between 1939 and 1945, the IPGS was relocated in

text: Clermont-Ferrand

text: , were the Diplômes d'Ingénieurs were signed by Louis Cagnard, a famous French geophysicist.

text: The period produced some influential English scholars. Roger Bacon, a philosopher and Franciscan friar, produced works on natural philosophy, astronomy and alchemy; his work set out the theoretical basis for future experimentation in the natural sciences. William of Ockham helped to fuse Latin, Greek and Islamic writing into a general theory of logic; "Ockham's Razor" was one of his oft-cited conclusions. English scholars since the time of Bede had believed the world was probably round, but Johannes de Sacrobosco estimated the circumference of the earth in the 13th century. Despite the limitations of medieval medicine, Gilbertus Anglicus published the Compendium Medicinae, one of the longest medical works ever written in Latin. Prominent historical and science texts began to be translated into English for the first time in the second half of the 14th century, including the Polychronicon and The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge were established during the 11th and 12th centuries, drawing on the model of the University of Paris.

text: The period produced some influential English scholars.

text: Roger Bacon

text: , a philosopher and Franciscan friar, produced works on

text: natural philosophy

text: astronomy

text: and

text: alchemy

text: ; his work set out the theoretical basis for future

text: experimentation

text: in the natural sciences.

text: William of Ockham

text: helped to fuse Latin, Greek and Islamic writing into a general theory of logic; "

text: Ockham's Razor

text: " was one of his oft-cited conclusions. English scholars since the time of Bede had believed the world was probably round, but

text: Johannes de Sacrobosco

text: estimated the circumference of the earth in the 13th century. Despite the limitations of

text: medieval medicine

text: Gilbertus Anglicus

text: published the Compendium Medicinae, one of the longest medical works ever written in Latin. Prominent historical and science texts began to be translated into English for the first time in the second half of the 14th century, including the

text: Polychronicon

text: and

text: The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

text: . The universities of Oxford and

text: Cambridge

text: were established during the 11th and 12th centuries, drawing on the model of the

text: University of Paris

text: The Applied Sciences’ DEVELOP National Program addresses environmental and public policy issues through interdisciplinary research projects that apply NASA Earth observations to community concerns around the globe. DEVELOP bridges the gap between NASA Earth Science and society, building capacity in both its participants and partner organizations to better prepare them to handle the challenges that face our society and future generations.

text: The

text: Applied Sciences

text: ’ DEVELOP National Program addresses environmental and public policy issues through interdisciplinary research projects that apply NASA Earth observations to community concerns around the globe. DEVELOP bridges the gap between NASA Earth Science and society, building capacity in both its participants and partner organizations to better prepare them to handle the challenges that face our society and future generations.

text: Islamic astronomy was developed on the basis of a spherical earth inherited from Hellenistic astronomy. The Islamic theoretical framework largely relied on the fundamental contributions of Aristotle (De caelo) and Ptolemy (Almagest), both of whom worked from the premise that the earth was spherical and at the centre of the universe (geocentric model).

text: Islamic astronomy

text: was developed on the basis of a spherical earth inherited from

text: Hellenistic astronomy

text: . The Islamic theoretical framework largely relied on the fundamental contributions of

text: Aristotle

text: De caelo

text: ) and

text: Ptolemy

text: Almagest

text: ), both of whom worked from the premise that the earth was spherical and at the centre of the universe (

text: geocentric model

text: Environmental science is the study of the interactions within the biophysical environment. Part of this scientific discipline is the investigation of the effect of human activity on the environment. Ecology, a sub-discipline of biology and a part of environmental sciences, is often mistaken as a study of human induced effects on the environment. Environmental studies is a broader academic discipline that is the systematic study of interaction of humans with their environment. It is a broad field of study that includes the natural environment, built environments and social environments.

text: Environmental science is the study of the interactions within the biophysical environment. Part of this

text: scientific discipline

text: is the investigation of the

text: effect of human activity on the environment

text: Ecology

text: , a sub-discipline of biology and a part of environmental sciences, is often mistaken as a study of human induced effects on the environment.

text: Environmental studies

text: is a broader

text: academic discipline

text: that is the systematic study of interaction of humans with their environment. It is a broad field of study that includes the

text: natural environment

text: built environment

text: s and

text: social environment

text: s.

text: Oscar Elton Sette (March 29, 1900 - July 25, 1972), who preferred to be called Elton Sette, was an influential 20th-century American fisheries scientist. During a five-decade career with the United States Bureau of Fisheries, United States Fish and Wildlife Service and its Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the National Marine Fisheries Service, Sette pioneered the integration of fisheries science with the sciences of oceanography and meteorology to develop a complete understanding of the physical and biological characteristics of the ocean environment and the effects of those characteristics on fisheries and fluctuations in the abundance of fish. He is recognized both in the United States and internationally for many significant contributions he made to marine fisheries research and for his leadership in the maturation of fisheries science to encompass fisheries oceanography, defined as the "appraisal or exploitation of any kind of [marine] organism useful to Man"  and "the study of oceanic processes affecting the abundance and availability of commercial fishes." Many fisheries scientists consider him to be the "father of modern fisheries science."

text: Oscar Elton Sette (March 29, 1900 - July 25, 1972), who preferred to be called Elton Sette, was an influential 20th-century American

text: fisheries scientist

text: . During a five-decade career with the

text: United States Bureau of Fisheries

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: and its Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the

text: National Marine Fisheries Service

text: , Sette pioneered the integration of fisheries science with the sciences of

text: oceanography

text: and

text: meteorology

text: to develop a complete understanding of the physical and biological characteristics of the ocean environment and the effects of those characteristics on fisheries and fluctuations in the abundance of fish. He is recognized both in the

text: United States

text: and internationally for many significant contributions he made to marine fisheries research and for his leadership in the maturation of fisheries science to encompass fisheries oceanography, defined as the "appraisal or exploitation of any kind of [marine] organism useful to Man"  and "the study of oceanic processes affecting the abundance and availability of commercial fishes." Many fisheries scientists consider him to be the "father of modern fisheries science."

text: The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.

text: The discovery by

text: Karl Jansky

text: in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of

text: radio astronomy

text: . Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for

text: infrared

text: ultraviolet

text: gamma-ray

text: , and

text: X-ray astronomy

text: Qushji's most important astronomical work is Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. Under the influence of Islamic theologians who opposed the interference of Aristotelianism in astronomy, Qushji rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely empirical and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead (though Savage-Smith asserts that no Islamic astronomers proposed a heliocentric universe). He found empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation through his observation on comets and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.

text: Qushji's most important astronomical work is Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. Under the influence of

text: Islamic theologians

text: who opposed the interference of

text: Aristotelianism

text: in astronomy, Qushji rejected

text: Aristotelian physics

text: and completely separated

text: natural philosophy

text: from

text: Islamic astronomy

text: , allowing astronomy to become a purely

text: empirical

text: and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead (though Savage-Smith asserts that no Islamic astronomers proposed a heliocentric universe). He found

text: empirical evidence

text: for the

text: Earth's rotation

text: through his observation on

text: comet

text: s and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.

text: As of June 2010, the number of stations providing data involving temperature is on the order of 1500, and nearly 3000 stations contribute precipitation data. In contrast, the number of stations currently providing data for the other elements ranges from approximately 150 (wind direction) to 900 (snow depth). Data collection for the elements other than temperature and precipitation began later so the data availability is lower; however the number of stations contributing these data is rapidly increasing. In measuring these elements, nearly all countries follow the climatological practices guidelines outlined by the World Meteorological Organization. Element identification is given for all series including those provided by countries which do not follow these guidelines.

text: As of June 2010, the number of stations providing data involving temperature is on the order of 1500, and nearly 3000 stations contribute precipitation data. In contrast, the number of stations currently providing data for the other elements ranges from approximately 150 (wind direction) to 900 (snow depth). Data collection for the elements other than temperature and precipitation began later so the data availability is lower; however the number of stations contributing these data is rapidly increasing. In measuring these elements, nearly all countries follow the climatological practices guidelines outlined by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: . Element identification is given for all series including those provided by countries which do not follow these guidelines.

text: An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over  deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.

text: An ocean is a major body of

text: saline water

text: , and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a

text: continuous body of water

text: that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over  deep. Average oceanic

text: salinity

text: is around 35

text: parts per thousand

text: (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the

text: World Ocean

text: or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to

text: oceanography

text: Astronomy has been a hot topic of debate and talks throughout the start of Human civilization. Since the starting of mankind, one can say Astronomy has born. With the humans need of understanding the nature of things around him, with the ever rotating earth and movement of stars, to the ptolemic system, Astronomy has been the earliest science among all. Even in India Astronomers like Aryabhata contributed greatly in Indian Astronomical context.

text: Astronomy

text: has been a hot topic of debate and talks throughout the start of Human civilization. Since the starting of mankind, one can say Astronomy has born. With the humans need of understanding the nature of things around him, with the ever rotating earth and movement of stars, to the ptolemic system, Astronomy has been the earliest science among all. Even in India Astronomers like

text: Aryabhata

text: contributed greatly in Indian Astronomical context.

text: Environmental Research Letters is a quarterly, open-access, electronic-only, peer-reviewed, scientific journal covering research in all aspects of environmental science. It is produced by IOP Publishing. Numerical modelling or simulation, as well as theoretical and experimental approaches to environmental science form the core content. Approaches from a range of physical and natural sciences, economics, and political, sociological and legal studies are also present.

text: Environmental Research Letters is a quarterly,

text: open-access

text: , electronic-only,

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: covering research in all aspects of

text: environmental science

text: . It is produced by

text: IOP Publishing

text: . Numerical modelling or simulation, as well as theoretical and experimental approaches to environmental science form the core content. Approaches from a range of

text: physical

text: and

text: natural science

text: s,

text: economics

text: , and

text: political

text: sociological

text: and

text: legal studies

text: are also present.

text: |-| 26201 Sayonisaha ||  || Sayoni Saha (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2012 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her behavioral and social-sciences project. |-id=205| 26205 Kuratowski ||  || Kazimierz Kuratowski, 20th-century Polish mathematician |-id=210| 26210 Lingas ||  || Lingas plateau, in the Parc national des Cévennes (Cévennes National Park), site of the Observatoire des Pises |-id=214| 26214 Kalinga ||  || UNESCO's Kalinga Prize (bearing the old name of the Indian state of Orissa) |-id=223| 26223 Enari ||  || 26223 Enari Discovered 1997 Dec. 3 by N. Sato at Chichibu. On 2001 Nov. 23, Akihiko Enari (b. 1980) became the first amateur radio operator (call sign JK1ZAM) in Japan to succeed in contacting the International Space Station in the course of the NASA program "Amateur Radio on the ISS".|-id=232| 26232 Antink ||  || 26232 Antink Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Suzanne Antink mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Palo Alto Senior High School, Palo Alto, California.|-id=233| 26233 Jimbraun ||  || 26233 Jimbraun Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jim Braun mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois.|-id=234| 26234 Leslibrinson ||  || 26234 Leslibrinson Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Leslie Brinson mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the North Carolina School of Science & Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina.|-id=235| 26235 Annemaduggan ||  || 26235 Annemaduggan Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Annemarie Duggan mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Shrewsbury High School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.|-id=238| 26238 Elduval ||  || 26238 Elduval Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Elizabeth Duval mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland.|-id=240| 26240 Leigheriks ||  || 26240 Leigheriks Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Leigh Eriks mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Catholic Central High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan.|-id=243| 26243 Sallyfenska ||  || 26243 Sallyfenska Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sally Fenska mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Miami High School, Miami, Oklahoma.|-id=246| 26246 Mikelake ||  || 26246 Mikelake Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lake mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, New York.|-id=247| 26247 Doleonardi ||  || 26247 Doleonardi Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Donna Leonardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey.|-id=248| 26248 Longenecker ||  || 26248 Longenecker Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nevin Longenecker mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the John Adams High School, South Bend, Indiana.|-id=250| 26250 Shaneludwig ||  || 26250 Shaneludwig Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shane Ludwig mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Woodcrest Christian School, Riverside, California.|-id=251| 26251 Kiranmanne ||  || 26251 Kiranmanne Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Kiran Manne mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, New Mexico.|-id=255| 26255 Carmarques ||  || 26255 Carmarques Discovered 1998 Aug. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Carlos Marques mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the State University of New York College of Technology at Farmingdale.|-id=259| 26259 Marzigliano ||  || 26259 Marzigliano Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gerard Marzigliano mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Division Avenue High School, Levittown, New York.|-id=264| 26264 McIntyre ||  || 26264 McIntyre Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nancy McIntyre mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Chaminade College Preparatory, West Hills, California.|-id=266| 26266 Andrewmerrill ||  || 26266 Amdrewmerrill Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrew Merrill mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Catlin Gabel School, Portland, Oregon.|-id=267| 26267 Nickmorgan ||  || 26267 Nickmorgan Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nicholas Morgan mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Staples High School, Westport, Connecticut.|-id=268| 26268 Nardi ||  || 26268 Nardi Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Patricia Nardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the George W. Hewlett High School, Hewlett, New York.|-id=269| 26269 Marciaprill ||  || 26269 Marciaprill Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Marcia Prill mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Madison High School, Madison, New Jersey.|-id=271| 26271 Lindapuster ||  || 26271 Lindapuster Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Puster mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas.|-id=273| 26273 Kateschafer ||  || 26273 Kateschafer Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Katherine Schafer mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California.|-id=275| 26275 Jefsoulier ||  || Jean Frančois Soulier (b. 1966), a specialized educator and dedicated comet observer. |-id=276| 26276 Natrees ||  || Nathaniel Paul Rees, grandson of the discoverer |-id=277| 26277 Ianrees ||  || Ian Hudson Rees, grandson of the discoverer |-id=291| 26291 Terristaples ||  || 26291 Terristaples Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Terri Staples mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Red River High School, Grand Forks, North Dakota.|-id=293| 26293 Van Muyden ||  || 26293 Van Muyden Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David Van Muyden mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Davis Senior High School, Davis, California.|-id=295| 26295 Vilardi ||  || 26295 Vilardi Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Virginia Vilardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, Alabama.|-id=298| 26298 Dunweathers ||  || 26298 Dunweathers Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Duncan Weathers mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Texas Academy of Mathematics & Science, Denton, Texas.|-id=300| 26300 Herbweiss ||  || 26300 Herbweiss Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Herb Weiss mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York.|}

text: 26201 Sayonisaha

text: ||  || Sayoni Saha (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2012 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her behavioral and social-sciences project. |-id=205|

text: 26205 Kuratowski

text: Kazimierz Kuratowski

text: , 20th-century Polish mathematician |-id=210|

text: 26210 Lingas

text: Lingas plateau

text: , in the

text: Parc national des Cévennes

text: (Cévennes National Park), site of the

text: Observatoire des Pises

text: 26214 Kalinga

text: ||  || UNESCO's

text: Kalinga Prize

text: (bearing the old name of the Indian state of Orissa) |-id=223|

text: 26223 Enari

text: ||  || 26223 Enari Discovered 1997 Dec. 3 by N. Sato at Chichibu. On 2001 Nov. 23, Akihiko Enari (b. 1980) became the first amateur radio operator (call sign JK1ZAM) in Japan to succeed in contacting the International Space Station in the course of the NASA program "Amateur Radio on the ISS".|-id=232|

text: 26232 Antink

text: ||  || 26232 Antink Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Suzanne Antink mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Palo Alto Senior High School, Palo Alto, California.|-id=233|

text: 26233 Jimbraun

text: ||  || 26233 Jimbraun Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jim Braun mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois.|-id=234|

text: 26234 Leslibrinson

text: ||  || 26234 Leslibrinson Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Leslie Brinson mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the North Carolina School of Science & Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina.|-id=235|

text: 26235 Annemaduggan

text: ||  || 26235 Annemaduggan Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Annemarie Duggan mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Shrewsbury High School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.|-id=238|

text: 26238 Elduval

text: ||  || 26238 Elduval Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Elizabeth Duval mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland.|-id=240|

text: 26240 Leigheriks

text: ||  || 26240 Leigheriks Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Leigh Eriks mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Catholic Central High School, Grand Rapids, Michigan.|-id=243|

text: 26243 Sallyfenska

text: ||  || 26243 Sallyfenska Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sally Fenska mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Miami High School, Miami, Oklahoma.|-id=246|

text: 26246 Mikelake

text: ||  || 26246 Mikelake Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lake mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, New York.|-id=247|

text: 26247 Doleonardi

text: ||  || 26247 Doleonardi Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Donna Leonardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Academy for Medical Science Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey.|-id=248|

text: 26248 Longenecker

text: ||  || 26248 Longenecker Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nevin Longenecker mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the John Adams High School, South Bend, Indiana.|-id=250|

text: 26250 Shaneludwig

text: ||  || 26250 Shaneludwig Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shane Ludwig mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Woodcrest Christian School, Riverside, California.|-id=251|

text: 26251 Kiranmanne

text: ||  || 26251 Kiranmanne Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Kiran Manne mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, New Mexico.|-id=255|

text: 26255 Carmarques

text: ||  || 26255 Carmarques Discovered 1998 Aug. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Carlos Marques mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the State University of New York College of Technology at Farmingdale.|-id=259|

text: 26259 Marzigliano

text: ||  || 26259 Marzigliano Discovered 1998 Aug. 17 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gerard Marzigliano mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Division Avenue High School, Levittown, New York.|-id=264|

text: 26264 McIntyre

text: ||  || 26264 McIntyre Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nancy McIntyre mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Chaminade College Preparatory, West Hills, California.|-id=266|

text: 26266 Andrewmerrill

text: ||  || 26266 Amdrewmerrill Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrew Merrill mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Catlin Gabel School, Portland, Oregon.|-id=267|

text: 26267 Nickmorgan

text: ||  || 26267 Nickmorgan Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nicholas Morgan mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Staples High School, Westport, Connecticut.|-id=268|

text: 26268 Nardi

text: ||  || 26268 Nardi Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Patricia Nardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the George W. Hewlett High School, Hewlett, New York.|-id=269|

text: 26269 Marciaprill

text: ||  || 26269 Marciaprill Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Marcia Prill mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Madison High School, Madison, New Jersey.|-id=271|

text: 26271 Lindapuster

text: ||  || 26271 Lindapuster Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Puster mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas.|-id=273|

text: 26273 Kateschafer

text: ||  || 26273 Kateschafer Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Katherine Schafer mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California.|-id=275|

text: 26275 Jefsoulier

text: ||  || Jean Frančois Soulier (b. 1966), a specialized educator and dedicated comet observer. |-id=276|

text: 26276 Natrees

text: ||  || Nathaniel Paul Rees, grandson of the discoverer |-id=277|

text: 26277 Ianrees

text: ||  || Ian Hudson Rees, grandson of the discoverer |-id=291|

text: 26291 Terristaples

text: ||  || 26291 Terristaples Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Terri Staples mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Red River High School, Grand Forks, North Dakota.|-id=293|

text: 26293 Van Muyden

text: ||  || 26293 Van Muyden Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David Van Muyden mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Davis Senior High School, Davis, California.|-id=295|

text: 26295 Vilardi

text: ||  || 26295 Vilardi Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Virginia Vilardi mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, Alabama.|-id=298|

text: 26298 Dunweathers

text: ||  || 26298 Dunweathers Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Duncan Weathers mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Texas Academy of Mathematics & Science, Denton, Texas.|-id=300|

text: 26300 Herbweiss

text: ||  || 26300 Herbweiss Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Herb Weiss mentored a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York.|}

text: The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) is a learned society that began as the Astronomical Society of London in 1820 to support astronomical research (mainly carried on at the time by 'gentleman astronomers' rather than professionals).  It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving its Royal Charter from William IV.  A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened up the fellowship to women.  It is the UK adhering organisation to the International Astronomical Union and a member of the Science Council, and encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. Meetings are held in Burlington House, in Piccadilly, London and across the United Kingdom (UK). They are involved in the production of astronomical journals and periodicals. The society has over 3000 members, around a third of whom live outside the UK. In addition, those members of the public who have an interest in astronomy and geophysics and wish to support the work of the society may become Friends of the RAS.

text: The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) is a

text: learned society

text: that began as the Astronomical Society of

text: London

text: in 1820 to support

text: astronomical

text: research (mainly carried on at the time by '

text: gentleman astronomers

text: ' rather than professionals).  It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving its

text: Royal Charter

text: from

text: William IV

text: .  A Supplemental Charter in 1915 opened up the fellowship to women.  It is the UK adhering organisation to the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: and a member of the

text: Science Council

text: , and encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. Meetings are held in

text: Burlington House

text: , in

text: Piccadilly

text: London

text: and across the

text: United Kingdom

text: (UK). They are involved in the production of astronomical journals and periodicals. The society has over 3000 members, around a third of whom live outside the UK. In addition, those members of the public who have an interest in astronomy and geophysics and wish to support the work of the society may become Friends of the RAS.

text: The university has six science departments namely Industries and Earth Sciences, Computer Science, Environmental and Herbal Science, Siddha Medicine, Ancient Sciences and Architecture.

text: Earth system science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. In general education, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this systems approach, the workshop report recommended that an Earth system science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".

text: Earth system science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, and the University of California, Santa Cruz. In general education, the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: , in cooperation with the

text: Keck Geology Consortium

text: and with support from five divisions within the

text: National Science Foundation

text: , convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this

text: systems approach

text: , the workshop report recommended that an Earth system science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".

text: Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field. It draws upon the disciplines of biology, chemistry, earth sciences, ecology, geography, mathematics, and physics.

text: Environmental science

text: is an interdisciplinary field. It draws upon the disciplines of biology, chemistry,

text: earth sciences

text: , ecology, geography, mathematics, and physics.

text: Abbott received her B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Earth and Planetary Sciences) in 1974; her M.S. from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (Marine Geology) in 1978; and her Ph.D. from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Marine Geology with a Geophysics minor) in 1982.

text: Abbott received her B.S. from the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Earth

text: and

text: Planetary Sciences

text: ) in 1974; her M.S. from the

text: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

text: of

text: Columbia University

text: Marine Geology

text: ) in 1978; and her Ph.D. from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (Marine Geology with a

text: Geophysics

text: minor) in 1982.

text: Astronomy (from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον astron, "star" and -νομία -nomia from νόμος nomos, "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct.

text: Astronomy (from the

text: Greek

text: ἀστρονομία

text: from

text: ἄστρον

text: astron, "star" and -νομία

text: -nomia

text: from

text: νόμος

text: nomos, "law" or "culture") means "law of the stars" (or "culture of the stars" depending on the translation). Astronomy should not be confused with

text: astrology

text: , the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the

text: two fields

text: share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct.

text: The Stanford School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, which changed its name from  the School of Earth Sciences in February 2015, is one of three schools at Stanford awarding both graduate and undergraduate degrees. Stanford's first faculty member was a professor of geology; as such it is considered the oldest academic foundation of Stanford University. It is composed of four departments and two interdisciplinary programs. Research and teaching span a wide range of disciplines.

text: The Stanford School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, which changed its name from  the School of Earth Sciences in February 2015, is one of three schools at

text: Stanford

text: awarding both graduate and undergraduate degrees. Stanford's first faculty member was a professor of

text: geology

text: ; as such it is considered the oldest academic foundation of Stanford University. It is composed of four departments and two interdisciplinary programs. Research and teaching span a wide range of disciplines.

text: Craig Idso's current research focus is on carbon sequestration, but he remains actively involved in several other aspects of global and environmental change, including climatology and meteorology, along with their impacts on agriculture.  Idso has published scientific articles on issues related to data quality, the growing season, the seasonal cycle of atmospheric , world food supplies, coral reefs, and urban  concentrations, the latter of which he investigated via a National Science Foundation grant as a faculty researcher in the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University.  In addition, he has lectured in Meteorology at Arizona State University, and in Physical Geography at Mesa Community College and Chandler-Gilbert Community College.

text: Craig Idso's current research focus is on

text: carbon sequestration

text: , but he remains actively involved in several other aspects of global and environmental change, including climatology and meteorology, along with their impacts on agriculture.  Idso has published scientific articles on issues related to data quality, the growing season, the seasonal cycle of atmospheric

text: , world food supplies, coral reefs, and urban  concentrations, the latter of which he investigated via a National Science Foundation grant as a faculty researcher in the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University.  In addition, he has lectured in Meteorology at Arizona State University, and in Physical Geography at

text: Mesa Community College

text: and

text: Chandler-Gilbert Community College

text: In the eighteenth century, as geology consolidated as a modern science, James Hutton maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. In the twentieth century, Vladimir Vernadsky formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. The Ukrainian  geochemist was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

text: In the eighteenth century, as

text: geology

text: consolidated as a modern science,

text: James Hutton

text: maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked. Later, the

text: naturalist

text: and explorer

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. In the twentieth century,

text: Vladimir Vernadsky

text: formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. The Ukrainian

text: geochemist

text: was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

text: Glaciology is an interdisciplinary earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, as in "astroglaciology".

text: Glaciology is an interdisciplinary

text: earth science

text: that integrates

text: geophysics

text: geology

text: physical geography

text: geomorphology

text: climatology

text: meteorology

text: hydrology

text: biology

text: , and

text: ecology

text: . The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of

text: human geography

text: and

text: anthropology

text: . The discoveries of water ice on the

text: Moon

text: Mars

text: Europa

text: and

text: Pluto

text: add an extraterrestrial component to the field, as in "astroglaciology".

text: Major areas of coverage by GeoRef include: •Areal geology•Economic geology•Engineering geology•Environmental geology•Extraterrestrial geology•Geochemistry•Geochronology•Geophysics•Hydrogeology and hydrology•Marine geology and oceanography•Mathematical geology•Mineralogy and Crystallography•Paleontology•Petrology•Seismology•Stratigraphy•Structural geology•Surficial geology

text: Major areas of coverage by GeoRef include: •

text: Areal geology

text: Economic geology

text: Engineering geology

text: Environmental geology

text: Extraterrestrial geology

text: Geochemistry

text: Geochronology

text: Geophysics

text: Hydrogeology

text: and

text: hydrology

text: Marine geology

text: and

text: oceanography

text: Mathematical geology

text: Mineralogy

text: and

text: Crystallography

text: Paleontology

text: Petrology

text: Seismology

text: Stratigraphy

text: Structural geology

text: Surficial geology

text: The schools have teams for the content areas of English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies.  The English team has an approved reading list each season focusing on selected plays, novels, short stories, nonfiction, and poetry as well as specific terminology.  The Math team focuses on studies from Algebra I, Algebra II, Geometry, and Trigonometry.  The science team focuses on the studies of physical science, earth science, biology, and chemistry.  The social studies questions involve treaties, US Supreme Court cases, legislation, geography, and history.  In addition to the content area specific teams, there is an All-Around team which focuses on information regarding art and architecture, performing arts (dance, theater, music), philosophy, religion, world literature (including mythology), math (including the history of math), science (physical science, earth science, biology, chemistry, psychology), and social studies (US history and world history, sociology, anthropology.Schools generally compete twice per week on Monday and Thursday with four schools hosting the competitions and four schools traveling to the school against which they are competing.  For 2008, the order of competition is social studies, all around, English, math, science.

text: The schools have teams for the content areas of

text: English

text: Mathematics

text: Science

text: Social Studies

text: .  The English team has an approved reading list each season focusing on selected

text: plays

text: novels

text: short stories

text: nonfiction

text: , and

text: poetry

text: as well as specific

text: terminology

text: .  The Math team focuses on studies from

text: Algebra I

text: Algebra II

text: Geometry

text: , and

text: Trigonometry

text: .  The science team focuses on the studies of

text: physical science

text: earth science

text: biology

text: , and

text: chemistry

text: .  The social studies questions involve

text: treaties

text: US Supreme Court

text: cases,

text: legislation

text: geography

text: , and

text: history

text: .  In addition to the content area specific teams, there is an All-Around team which focuses on information regarding

text: art

text: and

text: architecture

text: , performing arts (

text: dance

text: theater

text: music

text: philosophy

text: religion

text: , world

text: literature

text: (including

text: mythology

text: ), math (including the history of math), science (

text: physical science

text: earth science

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: psychology

text: ), and social studies (

text: US history

text: and

text: world history

text: sociology

text: anthropology

text: .Schools generally compete twice per week on Monday and Thursday with four schools hosting the competitions and four schools traveling to the school against which they are competing.  For 2008, the order of competition is social studies, all around, English, math, science.

text: H. N. Siddiquie was born on 20 July 1934 to M. A. Siddiquie, a civil surgeon and his homemaker wife, Ahemedi Begum as the eldest of their 6 sons and two daughters in Bijnor in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. His early education was at the Government Higher Secondary School, Adilabad and after matriculation in 1949, he completed his intermediate studies at Osmania University in 1951. Thereafter he joined Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) from where he completed his graduate degree in science in 1954. It was during this period, his father died but he continued his studies at AMU to obtain a master's degree in geology in 1956 and pursued his doctoral studies at the university but his doctoral degree came years later when the university awarded him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy while he was serving National Institute of Oceanography. His career started at Geological Survey of India (GSI) in 1956 at their Ground Water Exploration Division and Research Laboratories. He served GSI for over 17 years during which period he served as a senior geologist during 1966–73 and had a training stint at Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow. When the Government of India established National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in 1973, he moved to the institute's Goa headquarters as a Grade-E scientist and the head of the Geological Oceanography Division. He served NIO in different capacities such as Grade-F Scientist and deputy director before becoming the director of the institute in 1985.

text: H. N. Siddiquie was born on 20 July 1934 to M. A. Siddiquie, a civil surgeon and his homemaker wife, Ahemedi Begum as the eldest of their 6 sons and two daughters in

text: Bijnor

text: in the Indian state of

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: . His early education was at the Government Higher Secondary School,

text: Adilabad

text: and after matriculation in 1949, he completed his intermediate studies at

text: Osmania University

text: in 1951. Thereafter he joined

text: Aligarh Muslim University

text: (AMU) from where he completed his graduate degree in science in 1954. It was during this period, his father died but he continued his studies at AMU to obtain a master's degree in geology in 1956 and pursued his doctoral studies at the university but his doctoral degree came years later when the university awarded him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy while he was serving

entity_name: National Institute of Oceanography, India

text: National Institute of Oceanography

text: . His career started at

text: Geological Survey of India

text: (GSI) in 1956 at their Ground Water Exploration Division and Research Laboratories. He served GSI for over 17 years during which period he served as a senior geologist during 1966–73 and had a training stint at

text: Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

text: , Moscow. When the Government of India established National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in 1973, he moved to the institute's Goa headquarters as a Grade-E scientist and the head of the Geological Oceanography Division. He served NIO in different capacities such as Grade-F Scientist and deputy director before becoming the director of the institute in 1985.

text: The urban environment has two atmosphere layers, besides the planetary boundary layer outside and extending well above the city: (1) The urban boundary layer is due to the spatially integrated heat and moisture exchanges between the city and its overlying air. (2) The surface of the city corresponds to the level of the urban canopy layer. Fluxes across this plane comprise those from individual units, such as roofs, canyon tops, trees, lawns, and roads, integrated over larger land-use divisions (for example, suburbs). The urban heat island effect has been a major focus of urban climatological studies, and in general the effect the urban environment has on local meteorological conditions.

text: The urban environment has two atmosphere layers, besides the planetary boundary layer outside and extending well above the city: (1) The urban boundary layer is due to the spatially integrated heat and moisture exchanges between the city and its overlying air. (2) The surface of the city corresponds to the level of the urban

text: canopy layer

text: . Fluxes across this plane comprise those from individual units, such as roofs, canyon tops, trees, lawns, and roads, integrated over larger land-use divisions (for example,

text: suburb

text: s). The

text: urban heat island effect

text: has been a major focus of urban climatological studies, and in general the effect the urban environment has on local

text: meteorological

text: conditions.

text: Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and past climates. Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate change. Geology also plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic discipline.

text: Geology gives insight into the

text: history of the Earth

text: by providing the primary evidence for

text: plate tectonics

text: , the

text: evolutionary history of life

text: , and

text: past climates

text: . Geology is important for

text: mineral

text: and

text: hydrocarbon

text: exploration and exploitation, evaluating

text: water resources

text: , understanding of

text: natural hazard

text: s, the remediation of

text: environmental

text: problems, and for providing insights into past

text: climate change

text: . Geology also plays a role in

text: geotechnical engineering

text: and is a major

text: academic discipline

text: Students follow a traditional liberal arts curriculum, including four years each of English, Foreign Language (either French, German, Latin, Mandarin Chinese, or Spanish), Mathematics, Religion, Science (Earth Science or Oceanography, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), and Social Studies, as well as one year each of Art, Music Appreciation, and Health. In senior year, students take an additional (advanced) year of either Art or Music Appreciation. Chaminade is known for its rigorous academic program, and average SAT scores are consistently well above the national average.  Historically, 100% of Chaminade graduates are accepted into college, and each year over 99% of them chose to attend college. In 2014, all 399 graduates were accepted into college; the class of 2014 was awarded 1,390 scholarships, with 284 students being awarded one or more scholarship.

text: Students follow a traditional

text: liberal arts

text: curriculum, including four years each of English, Foreign Language (either French, German, Latin, Mandarin Chinese, or Spanish), Mathematics, Religion, Science (Earth Science or Oceanography, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), and Social Studies, as well as one year each of Art, Music Appreciation, and Health. In senior year, students take an additional (advanced) year of either Art or Music Appreciation. Chaminade is known for its rigorous academic program, and average

text: SAT

text: scores are consistently well above the national average.  Historically, 100% of Chaminade graduates are accepted into college, and each year over 99% of them chose to attend college. In 2014, all 399 graduates were accepted into college; the class of 2014 was awarded 1,390 scholarships, with 284 students being awarded one or more scholarship.

text: Earth Science, Physical Science, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Forensic Science, Anatomy & Physiology, Marine Biology, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Environmental Science, AP Physics

text: All major areas of Earth Sciences, including geology, geophysics, meteorology, oceanography, astronomy, and environmental science, are considered for selecting topics for the competition. In 2014, the tests were integrated for the first time.

text: The Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (Course XII) was formed from the 1983 merger of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, the former tracing its origins back to the first geology courses taught at MIT in 1865.

text: The distinction between the quantitative exact sciences and those sciences which deal with the causes of things is due to Aristotle, who distinguished mathematics from natural philosophy and considered the exact sciences to be the "more natural of the branches of mathematics."  Thomas Aquinas employed this distinction when he pointed out that astronomy explains the spherical shape of the Earth by mathematical reasoning while physics explains it by material causes.  This distinction was widely, but not universally, accepted until the Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century.  Edward Grant has proposed that a fundamental change leading to the new sciences was the unification of the exact sciences and physics by Kepler, Newton, and others, which resulted in a quantitative investigation of the physical causes of natural phenomena.

text: The distinction between the quantitative exact sciences and those sciences which deal with the causes of things is due to Aristotle, who distinguished mathematics from natural philosophy and considered the exact sciences to be the "more natural of the branches of mathematics."

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: employed this distinction when he pointed out that astronomy explains the

text: spherical shape of the Earth

text: by mathematical reasoning while physics explains it by

text: material cause

text: s.  This distinction was widely, but not universally, accepted until the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: of the Seventeenth Century.

text: Edward Grant

text: has proposed that a fundamental change leading to the new sciences was the unification of the exact sciences and physics by

text: Kepler

text: Newton

text: , and others, which resulted in a quantitative investigation of the physical causes of natural phenomena.

text: The geology of Mars is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars. It emphasizes the composition, structure, history, and physical processes that shape the planet. It is analogous to the field of terrestrial geology. In planetary science, the term geology is used in its broadest sense to mean the study of the solid parts of planets and moons. The term incorporates aspects of geophysics, geochemistry, mineralogy, geodesy, and cartography. A neologism, areology, from the Greek word Arēs (Mars), sometimes appears as a synonym for Mars's geology in the popular media and works of science fiction (e.g. Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy), but the term is rarely, if ever, used by professional geologists and planetary scientists.

text: The geology of Mars is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet

text: Mars

text: . It emphasizes the composition, structure, history, and physical processes that shape the planet. It is analogous to the field of terrestrial

text: geology

text: . In

text: planetary science

text: , the term geology is used in its broadest sense to mean the study of the solid parts of planets and moons. The term incorporates aspects of

text: geophysics

text: geochemistry

text: mineralogy

text: geodesy

text: , and

text: cartography

text: . A

text: neologism

text: , areology, from the Greek word Arēs (Mars), sometimes appears as a synonym for Mars's geology in the popular media and works of science fiction (e.g.

text: Kim Stanley Robinson’s

text: Mars trilogy

text: ), but the term is rarely, if ever, used by professional geologists and planetary scientists.

text: History of Earth science – history of the all-embracing  sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science, and all of its branches, are branches of physical science.

text: History of Earth science

text: – history of the all-embracing  sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science, and all of its branches, are branches of physical science.

text: Al-Warraq challenged the notion of revealed religion. He argued that if humans are capable of figuring out that, for instance, it is good to be forgiving, then a prophet is unnecessary, and that we should not heed the claims of self-appointed prophets, if what is claimed is found to be contrary to good sense and reason. Al-Warraq admired the intellect not for its capacity to submit to a god, but rather for its inquisitiveness towards the wonders of science. He explained that people developed the science of astronomy by gazing at the sky, and that no prophet was necessary to show them how to gaze; he also said that no prophets were needed to show them how to make flutes, either, or how to play them.

text: The journal covers all aspects of the Earth sciences, including theoretical research, modelling, and field work. Significant related work in other fields, such as  atmospheric sciences, geology, geophysics, climatology, oceanography, palaeontology, and space science, is also published.

text: The journal covers all aspects of the

text: Earth sciences

text: , including

text: theoretical research

text: modelling

text: , and

text: field work

text: . Significant related work in other fields, such as

text: atmospheric sciences

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: climatology

text: oceanography

text: palaeontology

text: , and

text: space science

text: , is also published.

text: The U.S. Antarctic Program, funded by the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, supports only that research that can be done exclusively in Antarctica or that can be done best from Antarctica. The scientific disciplines encompassed by the USAP are astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth science, environmental science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics. Currently, the USAP maintains three year-round research stations in Antarctica, the McMurdo Station, the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Palmer Station. In addition, the USAP operates several summer research camps and several research vessels that sail in the Antarctic waters.

text: The U.S. Antarctic Program, funded by the

text: National Science Foundation

text: 's Office of Polar Programs, supports only that research that can be done exclusively in Antarctica or that can be done best from Antarctica. The scientific disciplines encompassed by the USAP are astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth science, environmental science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics. Currently, the USAP maintains three year-round research stations in Antarctica, the

text: McMurdo Station

text: , the

text: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

text: , and the

text: Palmer Station

text: . In addition, the USAP operates several summer research camps and several research vessels that sail in the Antarctic waters.

text: Three Credits of Science are needed to graduate. Integrated Science I (formerly known as Earth Sciences), Biology, Chemistry, Anatomy & Physiology, Physics, Environmental Science, Integrated Science I & II.Some courses are also available in AP version.

text: Three Credits of Science are needed to graduate. Integrated Science I (formerly known as Earth Sciences),

text: Biology

text: Chemistry

text: Anatomy & Physiology

text: Physics

text: Environmental Science

text: Integrated Science I & II

text: .Some courses are also available in AP version.

text: Environmental science is a global issue, receiving more attention now than ever before and is going to increase in importance in the future. This course gives the opportunity to focus on Climate Change, Waste Management, Landscape Ecology and Environmental Science as well.

text: |-id=402| 25402 Angelanorse ||  || Angela Norse mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Highland Park Middle School, Beaverton, Oregon.|-id=403| 25403 Carlapiazza ||  || Carla Piazza mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan.|-id=404| 25404 Shansample ||  || Shannon Sample mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Iva E. Wells Middle School, Seneca, Missouri.|-id=405| 25405 Jeffwidder ||  || Jeff Widder mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. He teaches at the Whitefish Bay Middle School, Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin.|-id=406| 25406 Debwysocki ||  || Deborah Wysocki mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Lenape Middle School, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.|-id=410| 25410 Abejar ||  || Patrick Jeffrey Abejar (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary science project. He attends the Smithtown High School West, Smithtown, New York.|-id=412| 25412 Arbesfeld ||  || Noah Maxwell Arbesfeld (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts.|-id=413| 25413 Dorischen ||  || Doris Chen (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Tenafly High School, Tenafly, New Jersey.|-id=414| 25414 Cherkassky ||  || Michael Sheng Cherkassky (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Edina High School, Edina, Minnesota.|-id=415| 25415 Jocelyn ||  || Jocelyn Chuang (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent earch (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|-id=416| 25416 Chyanwen ||  || Wen Chyan (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Texas Academy of Mathematics & Science, Denton, Texas.|-id=417| 25417 Coquillette ||  || Elizabeth Charlotte Coquillette (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. She attends the Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, Ohio.|-id=418| 25418 Deshmukh ||  || Aniruddha Sandeep Deshmukh (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his botany project. He attends the Bellarmine College Preparatory School, San Jose, California.|-id=421| 25421 Gafaran ||  || Gabriela Aylin Faran (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her earth and planetary science project. She attends the West High School, Madison, Wisconsin.|-id=422| 25422 Abigreene ||  || Abigail Sara Greene (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the John Jay High School, Cross River, New York.|-id=424| 25424 Gunasekaran ||  || Suvai Gunasekaran (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials science project. She attends the James Madison Memorial High School, Madison, Wisconsin.|-id=425| 25425 Chelsealynn ||  || Chelsea Lynn Jurman (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, New York.|-id=426| 25426 Alexanderkim ||  || Alexander Mee-Woong Kim (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his zoology project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science nce and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.|-id=427| 25427 Kratchmarov ||  || Radomir Kratchmarov (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his microbiology project. He attends the Livingston High School, Livingston, New Jersey.|-id=428| 25428 Lakhanpal ||  || Nitish Lakhanpal (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the University High School, Irvine, California.|-id=430| 25430 Ericlarson ||  || Eric Kerner Larson (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the South Eugene High School, Eugene, Oregon.|-id=432| 25432 Josepherli ||  || Josepher Li (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|-id=434| 25434 Westonia ||  || Elizabeth Jane Weston (1581–1612), known as "Westonia", was an English-Czech poet, known mostly for her Neo-Latin poetry. Her Parthenicon was published in 1608. She is considered the first female Czech poet. |-id=455| 25455 Anissamak ||  || Anissa Yuenming Mak (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. She attends the Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York.|-id=456| 25456 Caitlinmann ||  || Caitlin Maureen Mann (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. She attends the Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, Ohio.|-id=457| 25457 Mariannamao ||  || Marianna Yuling Mao (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. She attends the Mission San Jose High School, Fremont, California.|-id=462| 25462 Haydenmetsky ||  || Hayden Craig Metsky (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey.|-id=464| 25464 Maxrabinovich ||  || Maxim Rabinovich (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Shorecrest Preparatory School, St. Petersburg, Florida.|-id=465| 25465 Rajagopalan ||  || Aditya Rajagopalan (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut.|-id=468| 25468 Ramakrishna ||  || Smitha Ramakrishna (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. She attends the Corona del Sol High School, Tempe, Arizona.|-id=469| 25469 Ransohoff ||  || Julia Dory Ransohoff (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Menlo-Atherton High School, Atherton, California.|-id=472| 25472 Joanoro ||  || Joan Oro, Spanish (Catalonian)-American biologist and public science advocate |-id=475| 25475 Lizrao ||  || Elizabeth Jie Rao (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Lincoln Park High School, Chicago, Illinois.|-id=476| 25476 Sealfon ||  || Adam Benjamin Sealfon (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York.|-id=477| 25477 Preyashah ||  || Preya Shah (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, New York.|-id=478| 25478 Shrock ||  || Christine Lee Shrock (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her bioinformatics and genomics project. She attends the Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, New York.|-id=479| 25479 Ericshyu ||  || Eric Shyu (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Illinois Mathematics & Science Academy, Aurora, Illinois.|-id=481| 25481 Willjaysun ||  || William Jayang Sun (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, Missouri.|-id=482| 25482 Tallapragada ||  || Narendra Pundarik Tallapragada (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.|-id=483| 25483 Trusheim ||  || Stephen Walter Trusheim (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Breck School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.|-id=486| 25486 Michaelwham ||  || Michael Tyler Wham (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his zoology project. He attends the Sterling Ridge Home School, Woodlands, Texas.|-id=488| 25488 Figueiredo ||  || Joanne Figueiredo mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Smithtown High School West, Smithtown, New York.|-id=490| 25490 Kevinkelly ||  || Kevin Kelly mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts.|-id=491| 25491 Meador ||  || Granger Meador mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Bartlesville High School, Bartlesville, Oklahoma.|-id=492| 25492 Firnberg ||  || Anat Firnberg mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Tenafly High School, Tenafly, New Jersey.|-id=495| 25495 Michaelroddy ||  || Michael Roddy mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Edina High School, Edina, Minnesota.|-id=497| 25497 Brauerman ||  || Susan Brauerman mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|}

text: 25402 Angelanorse

text: ||  || Angela Norse mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Highland Park Middle School, Beaverton, Oregon.|-id=403|

text: 25403 Carlapiazza

text: ||  || Carla Piazza mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan.|-id=404|

text: 25404 Shansample

text: ||  || Shannon Sample mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Iva E. Wells Middle School, Seneca, Missouri.|-id=405|

text: 25405 Jeffwidder

text: ||  || Jeff Widder mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. He teaches at the Whitefish Bay Middle School, Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin.|-id=406|

text: 25406 Debwysocki

text: ||  || Deborah Wysocki mentored a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition. She teaches at the Lenape Middle School, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.|-id=410|

text: 25410 Abejar

text: ||  || Patrick Jeffrey Abejar (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary science project. He attends the Smithtown High School West, Smithtown, New York.|-id=412|

text: 25412 Arbesfeld

text: ||  || Noah Maxwell Arbesfeld (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts.|-id=413|

text: 25413 Dorischen

text: ||  || Doris Chen (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Tenafly High School, Tenafly, New Jersey.|-id=414|

text: 25414 Cherkassky

text: ||  || Michael Sheng Cherkassky (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Edina High School, Edina, Minnesota.|-id=415|

text: 25415 Jocelyn

text: ||  || Jocelyn Chuang (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent earch (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|-id=416|

text: 25416 Chyanwen

text: ||  || Wen Chyan (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Texas Academy of Mathematics & Science, Denton, Texas.|-id=417|

text: 25417 Coquillette

text: ||  || Elizabeth Charlotte Coquillette (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. She attends the Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, Ohio.|-id=418|

text: 25418 Deshmukh

text: ||  || Aniruddha Sandeep Deshmukh (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his botany project. He attends the Bellarmine College Preparatory School, San Jose, California.|-id=421|

text: 25421 Gafaran

text: ||  || Gabriela Aylin Faran (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her earth and planetary science project. She attends the West High School, Madison, Wisconsin.|-id=422|

text: 25422 Abigreene

text: ||  || Abigail Sara Greene (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the John Jay High School, Cross River, New York.|-id=424|

text: 25424 Gunasekaran

text: ||  || Suvai Gunasekaran (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her materials science project. She attends the James Madison Memorial High School, Madison, Wisconsin.|-id=425|

text: 25425 Chelsealynn

text: ||  || Chelsea Lynn Jurman (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her behavioral and social sciences project. She attends the Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, New York.|-id=426|

text: 25426 Alexanderkim

text: ||  || Alexander Mee-Woong Kim (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his zoology project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science nce and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.|-id=427|

text: 25427 Kratchmarov

text: ||  || Radomir Kratchmarov (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his microbiology project. He attends the Livingston High School, Livingston, New Jersey.|-id=428|

text: 25428 Lakhanpal

text: ||  || Nitish Lakhanpal (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the University High School, Irvine, California.|-id=430|

text: 25430 Ericlarson

text: ||  || Eric Kerner Larson (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the South Eugene High School, Eugene, Oregon.|-id=432|

text: 25432 Josepherli

text: ||  || Josepher Li (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|-id=434|

text: 25434 Westonia

text: Elizabeth Jane Weston

text: (1581–1612), known as "Westonia", was an English-Czech poet, known mostly for her Neo-Latin poetry. Her Parthenicon was published in 1608. She is considered the first female Czech poet. |-id=455|

text: 25455 Anissamak

text: ||  || Anissa Yuenming Mak (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. She attends the Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York.|-id=456|

text: 25456 Caitlinmann

text: ||  || Caitlin Maureen Mann (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. She attends the Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, Ohio.|-id=457|

text: 25457 Mariannamao

text: ||  || Marianna Yuling Mao (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. She attends the Mission San Jose High School, Fremont, California.|-id=462|

text: 25462 Haydenmetsky

text: ||  || Hayden Craig Metsky (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey.|-id=464|

text: 25464 Maxrabinovich

text: ||  || Maxim Rabinovich (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. He attends the Shorecrest Preparatory School, St. Petersburg, Florida.|-id=465|

text: 25465 Rajagopalan

text: ||  || Aditya Rajagopalan (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut.|-id=468|

text: 25468 Ramakrishna

text: ||  || Smitha Ramakrishna (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. She attends the Corona del Sol High School, Tempe, Arizona.|-id=469|

text: 25469 Ransohoff

text: ||  || Julia Dory Ransohoff (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Menlo-Atherton High School, Atherton, California.|-id=472|

text: 25472 Joanoro

text: ||  || Joan Oro, Spanish (Catalonian)-American biologist and public science advocate |-id=475|

text: 25475 Lizrao

text: ||  || Elizabeth Jie Rao (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. She attends the Lincoln Park High School, Chicago, Illinois.|-id=476|

text: 25476 Sealfon

text: ||  || Adam Benjamin Sealfon (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. He attends the Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York.|-id=477|

text: 25477 Preyashah

text: ||  || Preya Shah (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, New York.|-id=478|

text: 25478 Shrock

text: ||  || Christine Lee Shrock (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for her bioinformatics and genomics project. She attends the Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, New York.|-id=479|

text: 25479 Ericshyu

text: ||  || Eric Shyu (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Illinois Mathematics & Science Academy, Aurora, Illinois.|-id=481|

text: 25481 Willjaysun

text: ||  || William Jayang Sun (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, Missouri.|-id=482|

text: 25482 Tallapragada

text: ||  || Narendra Pundarik Tallapragada (b. 1991) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia.|-id=483|

text: 25483 Trusheim

text: ||  || Stephen Walter Trusheim (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Breck School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.|-id=486|

text: 25486 Michaelwham

text: ||  || Michael Tyler Wham (b. 1990) is a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors, for his zoology project. He attends the Sterling Ridge Home School, Woodlands, Texas.|-id=488|

text: 25488 Figueiredo

text: ||  || Joanne Figueiredo mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Smithtown High School West, Smithtown, New York.|-id=490|

text: 25490 Kevinkelly

text: ||  || Kevin Kelly mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Lexington High School, Lexington, Massachusetts.|-id=491|

text: 25491 Meador

text: ||  || Granger Meador mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Bartlesville High School, Bartlesville, Oklahoma.|-id=492|

text: 25492 Firnberg

text: ||  || Anat Firnberg mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Tenafly High School, Tenafly, New Jersey.|-id=495|

text: 25495 Michaelroddy

text: ||  || Michael Roddy mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. He teaches at the Edina High School, Edina, Minnesota.|-id=497|

text: 25497 Brauerman

text: ||  || Susan Brauerman mentored a finalist in the 2009 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. She teaches at the Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York.|}

text: Data from Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (Indonesian: Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi Geofisika) shows that 11 days before the disaster the area was hit by heavy rain, around 50% from its annual rainfall. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences later explained that the ground on the area were soaked by the rain, caused the ground to moved. The area was also a steep area causing the place itself "a perfect place for a disaster to be occurred".

text: Data from

entity_name: Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics

text: Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics

text: (Indonesian: Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi Geofisika) shows that 11 days before the disaster the area was hit by heavy rain, around 50% from its annual rainfall. The

text: Indonesian Institute of Sciences

text: later explained that the ground on the area were soaked by the rain, caused the ground to moved. The area was also a

text: steep area

text: causing the place itself "a perfect place for a disaster to be occurred".

text: Schmid College is organized into two schools: The School of Computational Sciences and The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

text: Since its opening in September 2003 and thus spanning the years in between, SCIL has become an established institution with six branches, namely the Boys branch (up to GCE O Levels), the Girls branch (up to GCE A Levels), the Elementary branch (up to Grade III) and the Junior branch (Up to Kindergarten). Five branches are currently located in Gulberg, Lahore while a purpose-built campus on an area of 30 kanals has been established in Defence (Barki Road). All branches are equipped with well-maintained facilities such as computer and science laboratories and libraries, in addition to offering optional Hifz classes and a wide range of extra-curricular activities, all overseen by our conscientious faculty members.

text: Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Sampada (FORV Sagar Sampada) is an Indian research vessel that is equipped to carry out multidisciplinary research in oceanography, marine biology and fishery science. The vessel is currently managed and operated by the Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (CMLRE), Kochi, a research institute under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, and is operated from Kochi. FORV Sagar Sampada is a platform for interdisciplinary expeditions in and around the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone, with participation from various institutions, from India and abroad.

text: Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Sampada (FORV Sagar Sampada) is an Indian research vessel that is equipped to carry out multidisciplinary research in

text: oceanography

text: marine biology

text: and

text: fishery science

text: . The vessel is currently managed and operated by the

entity_name: Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology

text: Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology

text: (CMLRE), Kochi, a

text: research institute

text: under the

text: Ministry of Earth Sciences

text: , Government of India, and is operated from

text: Kochi

text: . FORV Sagar Sampada is a platform for interdisciplinary expeditions in and around the Indian

text: Exclusive Economic Zone

text: , with participation from various institutions, from India and abroad.

text: Marine resources conservation is a response to biological issues such as extinction and marine habitats change. Marine conservation is the study of conserving physical and biological marine resources and ecosystem functions. This is a relatively new discipline. Marine conservationists rely on a combination of scientific principles derived from marine biology, oceanography, and fisheries science, as well as on human factors such as demand for marine resources and marine law, economics and policy in order to determine how to best protect and conserve marine species and ecosystems. Marine resources conservation can be seen as sub-discipline of conservation biology.

text: Marine resources conservation is a response to biological issues such as

text: extinction

text: and

text: marine habitats

text: change. Marine conservation is the study of conserving physical and biological marine resources and ecosystem functions. This is a relatively new discipline. Marine conservationists rely on a combination of scientific principles derived from

text: marine biology

text: oceanography

text: , and

text: fisheries science

text: , as well as on human factors such as demand for marine resources and marine

text: law

text: , economics and policy in order to determine how to best protect and conserve marine species and ecosystems. Marine resources conservation can be seen as sub-discipline of

text: conservation biology

text: There is a historical context in Gail Ashley's study and as well, being a female makes it more challenging to succeed overtime. Nevertheless, she rises to the occasion despite all obstacles. Author Glenn Dolphin in his book, had argued on Drawing the Lines of Controversy, that the dynamics of developing science of geology years ago certainly helped in giving context to its history and prior to any systematic investigation of the surface of the earth and the processes that affect it, common knowledge through Europe was Biblically inspired. The earth had been created for humans, and humans had been there since the beginning and the earth was static and unchanging. People, for ages had been finding fossils, but not considering them remnants of prior living organisms, until Steno has his experience connecting the teeth of the great white shark with the tongue stones he and others had found in the mountains around Tuscany and elsewhere. This leads Steno to believe that the surface of the earth had changed and he set about developing the principles all which rely on the idea that the surface of the earth has changed since its formation; that the earth has a history I do suggest, that Gail Ashley is part of this dynamics of developing science. e.g. According to Geoscience world, Gail's study represents the first dated terrestrial record at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary with sufficient resolution to link lake cycles (a climate proxy) to astronomic forcing and the geochronometry of the sequence was determined using the paleomagnetic record (top of subchron CN2, 1.785 Ma), the ages of two tuffs (Tuff IB and Tuff IF), and sedimentation rates. Insolation (W/m2) variations calculated as a function of eccentricity and precession predict five cycles of varying insolation (±10%) between 2.0 and 1.5 Ma. Rainfall would have increased by one-third between dry and wet portions of each ∼21,000 k.y. cycle. The wet-dry climate pendulum may have been a factor in the natural selection processes of hominin evolution and the first wave of hominin migrations out of Africa (1.8 Ma)

text: Environmental science – an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

text: Environmental science

text: – an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

text: In addition to the main Hartley Library, there are other libraries based at the university's other campuses primarily focused on the subjects studied at that location. As one of the smaller libraries and given its proximity to the Highfield campus, the Avenue Library only houses a collection of key Humanities resources. It does however also hold an extensive film library, many of an international nature. On a larger scale, the libraries at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Winchester School of Art are more complete and house the majority of the resources and specialist collections on oceanography and earth sciences, healthcare and art and design respectively. The Malaysia campus holds a small collection of reference books but the majority of the resources needed for courses at the campus are available online. Separate from the Hartley Library is the E. J. Richards Engineering Library, which contains further materials for more in-depth study and is freely accessible to Engineering students and staff.

text: Coverage encompasses planets, natural satellites, interplanetary dust, interstellar medium, lunar samples, meteors, meteorites, asteroids, comets, craters, and tektites and comes from multiple disciplines, such as astronomy, astrophysics, physics, geophysics, chemistry, isotope geochemistry, mineralogy, Earth science, geology, or biology

text: Coverage encompasses

text: planet

text: s,

text: natural satellite

text: s,

text: interplanetary dust

text: interstellar medium

text: lunar sample

text: s,

text: meteor

text: s,

text: meteorite

text: s,

text: asteroid

text: s,

text: comet

text: s, craters, and

text: tektite

text: s and comes from multiple disciplines, such as

text: astronomy

text: astrophysics

text: physics

text: geophysics

text: chemistry

text: , isotope

text: geochemistry

text: mineralogy

text: Earth science

text: geology

text: , or

text: biology

text: |-id=402| 28402 Matthewkim ||  || Matthew Jaebol Kim (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management project. |-id=407| 28407 Meghanarao ||  || Meghana Vijay Rao (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. |-id=411| 28411 Xiuqicao ||  || Xiuqi Cao (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=415| 28415 Yingxiong ||  || Ying Xiong (born 1995) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=416| 28416 Ngqin ||  || Ng Qin Xiang (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=417| 28417 Leewei ||  || Lee Liang Matthew Wei (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=418| 28418 Pornwasu ||  || Pornwasu Pongtheerawan (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=419| 28419 Tanpitcha ||  || Tanpitcha Phongchaipaiboon (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=425| 28425 Sungkanit ||  || Arada Sungkanit (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=426| 28426 Sangani ||  || Kunal Ashok Sangani (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=427| 28427 Gidwani ||  || Mishka Gidwani (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=428| 28428 Ankurvaishnav ||  || Ankur Kanjibhai Vaishnav (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=433| 28433 Samarquez ||  || Samantha Marie Marquez (born 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials and bioengineering project. |-id=438| 28438 Venkateswaran ||  || Shyam Venkateswaran (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=439| 28439 Miguelreyes ||  || Miguel Arnold Silverio Reyes (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=442| 28442 Nicholashuey ||  || Nicholas Michael Huey (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=443| 28443 Crisara ||  || Alexander Raymond Crisara (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=444| 28444 Alexrabii ||  || Alexander Jahan Rabii (born 1996) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=446| 28446 Davlantes ||  || Christopher Joseph Davlantes (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=447| 28447 Arjunmathur ||  || Arjun Mathur (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=449| 28449 Ericlau ||  || Eric Lau (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=450| 28450 Saravolz ||  || Sara Ellen Volz (born 1995) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy and transportation project. |-id=451| 28451 Tylerhoward ||  || Tyler Trettel Howard (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=452| 28452 Natkondamuri ||  || Nathan Sai Kondamuri (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=453| 28453 Alexcecil ||  || Alexander Michael Cecil (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences project. |-id=457| 28457 Chloeanassis ||  || Chloe Anassis (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences project. |-id=460| 28460 Ariannepapa ||  || Arianne Elizabeth Papa (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=465| 28465 Janesmyth ||  || Jane Elizabeth Smyth (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=467| 28467 Maurentejamie ||  || Ruth Maurente Jamie (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=468| 28468 Shichangxu ||  || Shi Changxu, material-scientist-academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. |-id=474| 28474 Bustamante ||  || Elisa Bustamante (born 1990) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=479| 28479 Varlotta ||  || David Varlotta (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=480| 28480 Seojinyoung ||  || Seo Jinyoung (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=481| 28481 Shindongju ||  || Shin Dongju (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=482| 28482 Bauerle ||  || Matthew Russel Bauerle (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=483| 28483 Allenyuan ||  || Allen Yuan (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=484| 28484 Aishwarya ||  || Aishwarya Ananda Vardhana (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project. |-id=485| 28485 Dastidar ||  || Manosij G. Dastidar (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=488| 28488 Gautam ||  || Simanta Gautam (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=492| 28492 Marik ||  || Miklós Marik, Hungarian astronomer †|-id=493| 28493 Duncan-Lewis ||  || Christopher Anthony Duncan-Lewis (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=494| 28494 Jasmine ||  || Jasmine Samaiya Roberts (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |}

text: 28402 Matthewkim

text: ||  || Matthew Jaebol Kim (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management project. |-id=407|

text: 28407 Meghanarao

text: ||  || Meghana Vijay Rao (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. |-id=411|

text: 28411 Xiuqicao

text: ||  || Xiuqi Cao (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=415|

text: 28415 Yingxiong

text: ||  || Ying Xiong (born 1995) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=416|

text: 28416 Ngqin

text: ||  || Ng Qin Xiang (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=417|

text: 28417 Leewei

text: ||  || Lee Liang Matthew Wei (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=418|

text: 28418 Pornwasu

text: ||  || Pornwasu Pongtheerawan (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=419|

text: 28419 Tanpitcha

text: ||  || Tanpitcha Phongchaipaiboon (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=425|

text: 28425 Sungkanit

text: ||  || Arada Sungkanit (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=426|

text: 28426 Sangani

text: ||  || Kunal Ashok Sangani (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=427|

text: 28427 Gidwani

text: ||  || Mishka Gidwani (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management team project. |-id=428|

text: 28428 Ankurvaishnav

text: ||  || Ankur Kanjibhai Vaishnav (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management team project. |-id=433|

text: 28433 Samarquez

text: ||  || Samantha Marie Marquez (born 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials and bioengineering project. |-id=438|

text: 28438 Venkateswaran

text: ||  || Shyam Venkateswaran (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=439|

text: 28439 Miguelreyes

text: ||  || Miguel Arnold Silverio Reyes (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=442|

text: 28442 Nicholashuey

text: ||  || Nicholas Michael Huey (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering project. |-id=443|

text: 28443 Crisara

text: ||  || Alexander Raymond Crisara (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=444|

text: 28444 Alexrabii

text: ||  || Alexander Jahan Rabii (born 1996) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=446|

text: 28446 Davlantes

text: ||  || Christopher Joseph Davlantes (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=447|

text: 28447 Arjunmathur

text: ||  || Arjun Mathur (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=449|

text: 28449 Ericlau

text: ||  || Eric Lau (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=450|

text: 28450 Saravolz

text: ||  || Sara Ellen Volz (born 1995) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy and transportation project. |-id=451|

text: 28451 Tylerhoward

text: ||  || Tyler Trettel Howard (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=452|

text: 28452 Natkondamuri

text: ||  || Nathan Sai Kondamuri (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy and transportation project. |-id=453|

text: 28453 Alexcecil

text: ||  || Alexander Michael Cecil (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences project. |-id=457|

text: 28457 Chloeanassis

text: ||  || Chloe Anassis (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences project. |-id=460|

text: 28460 Ariannepapa

text: ||  || Arianne Elizabeth Papa (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=465|

text: 28465 Janesmyth

text: ||  || Jane Elizabeth Smyth (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=467|

text: 28467 Maurentejamie

text: ||  || Ruth Maurente Jamie (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=468|

text: 28468 Shichangxu

text: Shi Changxu

text: , material-scientist-academician of the

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: and the

text: Chinese Academy of Engineering

text: . |-id=474|

text: 28474 Bustamante

text: ||  || Elisa Bustamante (born 1990) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences team project. |-id=479|

text: 28479 Varlotta

text: ||  || David Varlotta (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=480|

text: 28480 Seojinyoung

text: ||  || Seo Jinyoung (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=481|

text: 28481 Shindongju

text: ||  || Shin Dongju (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental sciences team project. |-id=482|

text: 28482 Bauerle

text: ||  || Matthew Russel Bauerle (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=483|

text: 28483 Allenyuan

text: ||  || Allen Yuan (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=484|

text: 28484 Aishwarya

text: ||  || Aishwarya Ananda Vardhana (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project. |-id=485|

text: 28485 Dastidar

text: ||  || Manosij G. Dastidar (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=488|

text: 28488 Gautam

text: ||  || Simanta Gautam (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project. |-id=492|

text: 28492 Marik

text: Miklós Marik

text: , Hungarian astronomer †|-id=493|

text: 28493 Duncan-Lewis

text: ||  || Christopher Anthony Duncan-Lewis (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=494|

text: 28494 Jasmine

text: ||  || Jasmine Samaiya Roberts (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |}

text: The practical examination consists of tasks which are designed to assess participants' abilities to carry out scientific investigations in earth science inquiries. Participants are allowed to bring non-programmable calculators for the examinations. Sometimes special tool are provides as telescopes, geology compass, meteorological instruments and so on.The top twenty or so, students who qualify the entrance test for IESO are called for the training camp whose duration is about 20 days. On the basis of performance of these students the final team is selected which represents the particular country at the International Competition.

text: In 1972, the Science Center in Clayton began to receive funds from sales tax through the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District. In 1983, the St. Louis Museum of Science and Natural History purchased the Planetarium from the city, and closed it for remodeling. On July 20, 1985, the Planetarium reopened as the Saint Louis Science Center. On November 2, 1991, as part of a $34 million expansion, a new building opened across from the Planetarium south of I-64, on Oakland Avenue, increasing the size of the Science Center by a factor of seven. The new building was constructed on land that had previously been the site of the Falstaff Brewing Corporation headquarters. Designed by E. Verner Johnson and Associates, the new building included an Omnimax, now called IMAX Dome theater, as well as a pedestrian bridge over the interstate highway. New exhibits in the main building were devoted to Earth science, emerging technology, life sciences, physical science, and chemistry. Within two months, the newly remodeled Saint Louis Science Center became the most visited science center in the world.

text: In 1972, the Science Center in Clayton began to receive funds from sales tax through the

entity_name: Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District

text: Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District

text: . In 1983, the St. Louis

text: Museum of Science and Natural History

text: purchased the Planetarium from the city, and closed it for remodeling. On July 20, 1985, the Planetarium reopened as the Saint Louis Science Center. On November 2, 1991, as part of a $34 million expansion, a new building opened across from the Planetarium south of I-64, on Oakland Avenue, increasing the size of the Science Center by a factor of seven. The new building was constructed on land that had previously been the site of the

text: Falstaff Brewing Corporation

text: headquarters. Designed by

text: E. Verner Johnson and Associates

text: , the new building included an Omnimax, now called

text: IMAX

text: Dome theater, as well as a pedestrian bridge over the interstate highway. New exhibits in the main building were devoted to

text: Earth science

text: emerging technology

text: life sciences

text: physical science

text: , and

text: chemistry

text: . Within two months, the newly remodeled Saint Louis Science Center became the most visited science center in the world.

text: In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length, or Pa/m.

text: In atmospheric sciences (

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of

text: air

text: , more generally of any

text: fluid

text: ) is a physical quantity that describes which direction and at what rate the

text: pressure

text: changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in

text: units

text: of pressure per unit length, or

text: Pa

text: m

text: In 1999, Mann secured a position as a tenure-track assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia. He left Virginia in 2005 to become an associate professor in the Department of Meteorology (with joint appointments in Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute) at Pennsylvania State University, where he was also appointed the Director of its Earth System Science Center. He was promoted to full professor in 2009 and to "Distinguished Professor of Meteorology" in 2013.

text: In 1999, Mann secured a position as a tenure-track assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the

text: University of Virginia

text: . He left Virginia in 2005 to become an associate professor in the Department of Meteorology (with joint appointments in Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute) at

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: , where he was also appointed the Director of its Earth System Science Center. He was promoted to

text: full professor

text: in 2009 and to "Distinguished Professor of Meteorology" in 2013.

text: Ibn Sīnā wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing. While discussing the formation of mountains, he explained:

text: Ibn Sīnā wrote on

text: Earth science

text: s such as

text: geology

text: in The Book of Healing. While discussing the formation of

text: mountain

text: s, he explained:

text: |-id=312| 31312 Fangerhai ||  || Fang Er Hai (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project, and also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=313| 31313 Kanwingyi ||  || Kan Wing Yi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. |-id=319| 31319 Vespucci ||  || 31319 Vespucci Discovered 1998 Apr. 20 by V. S. Casulli at the Colleverde di Guidonia. Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer. In 1507 the geographer Martin Waldseemüller published the first paper of the Mundus Novus associating the name America with Amerigo Vespucci.|-id=323| 31323 Lysá hora ||  || Lysá hora, highest (1323 m) mountain of the Beskids (Beskydy) mountain range, the Czech Republic |-id=324| 31324 Jiřímrázek ||  || Jiří Mrázek, 20th-century Czech geophysicist, TV and radio popularizer of astronautics, astronomy, computer science and related subjects |-id=336| 31336 Chenyuhsin ||  || Chen Yu-Hsin (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth science project, and also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award.  |-id=338| 31338 Lipperhey ||  || Hans Lipperhey, 16th-17th-century Dutch lensmaker, inventor of Dutch perspective glass, and first to design and seek a patent for a practical telescope |-id=360| 31360 Huangyihsuan ||  || Huang Yi-Hsuan (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project, and also received the Dudley R. Herschbach SIYSS Award. |-id=363| 31363 Shulga ||  || Valery Mikhailovich Shulga, Ukrainian radio astronomer |-id=374| 31374 Hruskova ||  || Aranka Hruskova (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project.  |-id=375| 31375 Krystufek ||  || Robin Krystufek (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=376| 31376 Leobauersfeld ||  || Leonard Bauersfeld (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. |-id=377| 31377 Kleinwort ||  || Lennart Julian Kleinwort (b. 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project, and also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. |-id=378| 31378 Neidinger ||  || Leonard Bauersfeld (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. |-id=380| 31380 Hegyesi ||  || Hegyesi Donat Sandor (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=400| 31400 Dakshdua ||  || Daksh Dua (b. 1997) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences team project, and also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |}

text: 31312 Fangerhai

text: ||  || Fang Er Hai (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry team project, and also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=313|

text: 31313 Kanwingyi

text: ||  || Kan Wing Yi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental management project. |-id=319|

text: 31319 Vespucci

text: ||  || 31319 Vespucci Discovered 1998 Apr. 20 by V. S. Casulli at the Colleverde di Guidonia. Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer. In 1507 the geographer Martin Waldseemüller published the first paper of the Mundus Novus associating the name America with Amerigo Vespucci.|-id=323|

text: 31323 Lysá hora

text: Lysá hora

text: , highest (1323 m) mountain of the

text: Beskids

text: (Beskydy) mountain range, the

text: Czech Republic

text: 31324 Jiřímrázek

text: Jiří Mrázek

text: , 20th-century Czech geophysicist, TV and radio popularizer of astronautics, astronomy, computer science and related subjects |-id=336|

text: 31336 Chenyuhsin

text: ||  || Chen Yu-Hsin (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth science project, and also received the European Union Contest for Young Scientists Award.  |-id=338|

text: 31338 Lipperhey

text: Hans Lipperhey

text: , 16th-17th-century Dutch lensmaker, inventor of Dutch perspective glass, and first to design and seek a patent for a practical telescope |-id=360|

text: 31360 Huangyihsuan

text: ||  || Huang Yi-Hsuan (b. 1996) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences project, and also received the Dudley R. Herschbach SIYSS Award. |-id=363|

text: 31363 Shulga

text: ||  || Valery Mikhailovich Shulga, Ukrainian radio astronomer |-id=374|

text: 31374 Hruskova

text: ||  || Aranka Hruskova (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematical sciences project.  |-id=375|

text: 31375 Krystufek

text: ||  || Robin Krystufek (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=376|

text: 31376 Leobauersfeld

text: ||  || Leonard Bauersfeld (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. |-id=377|

text: 31377 Kleinwort

text: ||  || Lennart Julian Kleinwort (b. 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical sciences project, and also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award. |-id=378|

text: 31378 Neidinger

text: ||  || Leonard Bauersfeld (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy team project. |-id=380|

text: 31380 Hegyesi

text: ||  || Hegyesi Donat Sandor (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=400|

text: 31400 Dakshdua

text: ||  || Daksh Dua (b. 1997) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences team project, and also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |}

text: In geology, bedrock is the lithified rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet. The broken and weathered regolith includes soil and subsoil. The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as rockhead in engineering geology and its identification by digging, drilling or geophysical methods is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Superficial deposits (also known as drift) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

text: In

text: geology

text: , bedrock is the

text: lithified

text: rock

text: that lies under the loose softer material (

text: regolith

text: ) at the surface of the Earth or other

text: terrestrial planet

text: . The broken and weathered regolith includes

text: soil

text: and

text: subsoil

text: . The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as rockhead in

text: engineering geology

text: and its identification by digging, drilling or

text: geophysical

text: methods is an important task in most

text: civil engineering

text: projects. Superficial

text: deposits

text: (also known as

text: drift

text: ) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

text: Coverage includes joining basic and applied original research across multiple disciplines. These are the physical sciences, biological sciences (including health sciences and medicine), computer sciences (including information science), agriculture sciences, geosciences, and environmental sciences (including environmental engineering). Education and public relations are also covered.

text: Coverage includes joining

text: basic

text: and

text: applied

text: original research across multiple disciplines. These are the

text: physical sciences

text: biological sciences

text: (including

text: health sciences

text: and

text: medicine

text: computer sciences

text: (including

text: information science

text: agriculture sciences

text: geosciences

text: , and

text: environmental sciences

text: (including

text: environmental engineering

text: ). Education and public relations are also covered.

text: Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Chinese, and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is now often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.

text: Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in

text: recorded history

text: , such as the

text: Babylonians

text: Greeks

text: Indians

text: Egyptians

text: Nubians

text: Iranians

text: Chinese

text: , and

text: Maya

text: performed methodical observations of the

text: night sky

text: . Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as

text: astrometry

text: celestial navigation

text: observational astronomy

text: and the making of

text: calendar

text: s, but professional astronomy is now often considered to be synonymous with

text: astrophysics

text: Peter Arthur Fox is a data science and Semantic eScience researcher at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), United States. He is a Tetherless World Constellation chair and professor of Earth and Environmental Science, Computer Science and Cognitive Science, and director of the Information Technology and Web Science Program at RPI, and is known for defining informatics and data science in earth sciences as well as defining the sun-earth connection research agenda and co-convening the community. Fox was born in Devonport, Tasmania, Australia and currently resides in Troy, NY, United States.

text: Peter Arthur Fox is a

text: data science

text: and

text: Semantic eScience

text: researcher at

text: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

text: (RPI), United States. He is a

text: Tetherless World Constellation

text: chair and professor of Earth and Environmental Science, Computer Science and Cognitive Science, and director of the Information Technology and Web Science Program at RPI, and is known for defining informatics and data science in earth sciences as well as defining the sun-earth connection research agenda and co-convening the community. Fox was born in

text: Devonport, Tasmania

text: , Australia and currently resides in

text: Troy, NY

text: , United States.

text: In the atmospheric sciences, the climatological annual cycle is often used as the mean value.  Famous atmospheric anomalies are for instance the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the North Atlantic oscillation index.  SOI is the atmospheric component of El Niño, while NAO plays an important role for European weather by modification of the exit of the Atlantic storm track.

text: In the atmospheric sciences, the climatological

text: annual cycle

text: is often used as the mean value.  Famous atmospheric anomalies are for instance the

text: Southern Oscillation

text: index (SOI) and the

text: North Atlantic oscillation

text: index.  SOI is the atmospheric component of

text: El Niño

text: , while

text: NAO

text: plays an important role for

text: Europe

text: an

text: weather

text: by modification of the exit of the Atlantic

text: storm track

text: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Earth and Space Sciences, Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, and Statistics

text: In polymer science, the side chain of an oligomeric or polymeric offshoot extends from the backbone chain of a polymer. Side chains have noteworthy influence on a polymer's properties, mainly its crystallinity and density. An oligomeric branch may be termed a short-chain branch, and a polymeric branch may be termed a long-chain branch. Side groups are different from side chains; they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric.

text: In

text: polymer science

text: , the side chain of an

text: oligomer

text: ic or

text: polymer

text: ic offshoot extends from the

text: backbone chain

text: of a polymer. Side chains have noteworthy influence on a polymer's properties, mainly its

text: crystallinity

text: and

text: density

text: . An

text: oligomeric

text: branch may be termed a short-chain branch, and a

text: polymeric

text: branch may be termed a long-chain branch.

text: Side group

text: s are different from side chains; they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric.

text: Astronomy is a magazine about the science and hobby of astronomy. Based near Milwaukee in Waukesha, Wisconsin, it is produced by Kalmbach Publishing. Astronomy’s readers include those interested in astronomy, and those who want to know about sky events, observing techniques, astrophotography, and amateur astronomy in general.

text: Astronomy is a magazine about the science and hobby of astronomy. Based near Milwaukee in

text: Waukesha, Wisconsin

text: , it is produced by

text: Kalmbach Publishing

text: . Astronomy’s readers include those interested in astronomy, and those who want to know about sky events, observing techniques, astrophotography, and amateur astronomy in general.

text: Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the development of most major branches of science. Examples include Michael Faraday, who, with James Clerk Maxwell, unified the electric and magnetic forces in what are now known as Maxwell's equations; James Joule, who worked extensively in thermodynamics and is often credited with the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy; Paul Dirac, one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics; naturalist Charles Darwin, author of On the Origin of Species and discoverer of the principle of evolution by natural selection; James Hutton, founder of modern geology, whose work on the age of the earth forms a key element of Darwin's theory; Harold Kroto, the discoverer of buckminsterfullerene; William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) who drew important conclusions in the field of thermodynamics and invented the Kelvin scale of absolute zero; botanist Robert Brown discovered the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (Brownian motion); and the creator of Bell's Theorem, John Stewart Bell.

text: Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the development of most major branches of science. Examples include

text: Michael Faraday

text: , who, with

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: , unified the electric and

text: magnetic

text: force

text: s in what are now known as

text: Maxwell's equations

text: James Joule

text: , who worked extensively in

text: thermodynamics

text: and is often credited with the discovery of the

text: principle of conservation of energy

text: Paul Dirac

text: , one of the pioneers of

text: quantum mechanics

text: ; naturalist

text: Charles Darwin

text: , author of

text: On the Origin of Species

text: and discoverer of the principle of

text: evolution

text: by

text: natural selection

text: James Hutton

text: , founder of modern geology, whose work on the age of the earth forms a key element of Darwin's theory;

text: Harold Kroto

text: , the discoverer of

text: buckminsterfullerene

text: William Thomson (Baron Kelvin)

text: who drew important conclusions in the field of thermodynamics and invented the

text: Kelvin

text: scale of

text: absolute zero

text: ; botanist

entity_name: Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)

text: Robert Brown

text: discovered the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (

text: Brownian motion

text: ); and the creator of

text: Bell's Theorem

text: John Stewart Bell

text: RPI's TWC pursues disciplinary research and education themes centered on the World Wide Web. Peter Fox is the lead professor for the research areas: Data Frameworks, Data Science, Semantic eScience and XInformatics. Since 2009, the team has three applications themes: Open Government Data, Environmental Informatics, and Health Care and Life Science Informatics. Fox's primary  appointment is in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  in the School of Science. Appointments in the Departments of Computer Science (2008) and Cognitive Science (2014) followed.

text: RPI's TWC pursues disciplinary research and education themes centered on the

text: World Wide Web

text: . Peter Fox is the lead professor for the research areas: Data Frameworks, Data Science, Semantic eScience and XInformatics. Since 2009, the team has three applications themes:

text: Open Government Data

text: Environmental Informatics

text: , and Health Care and Life Science Informatics. Fox's primary  appointment is in the Department of

text: Earth and Environmental Sciences

text: in the School of Science. Appointments in the Departments of

text: Computer Science

text: (2008) and

text: Cognitive Science

text: (2014) followed.

text: That the Earth must be spherical was known since at least the time of Pythagoras (570–495 BC), but this knowledge did not reach ancient folklore such as the Alexander romance where Alexander travels to the ends of a flat Earth. It is notable that, unlike the Babylonians, Greeks, and Indians, the pre-Islamic Arabs had no scientific astronomy. Their knowledge of astronomy was limited to measuring time based on empirical observations of the "rising and setting" of the sun, moon, and particular stars. This area of astronomical study was known as anwa and continued to be developed after Islamization by the Arabs.  Astronomy in medieval Islam began in the 8th century and the first major Muslim work of astronomy was Zij al-Sindh written in 830 by al-Khwarizmi.  The work is significant as it introduced the Ptolemaic system into Islamic sciences (the Ptolemaic system was ultimately replaced by the Copernican system during the Scientific Revolution in Europe).

text: That the Earth must be spherical was known since at least the time of

text: Pythagoras

text: (570–495 BC), but this knowledge did not reach ancient folklore such as the Alexander romance where Alexander travels to the ends of a flat Earth. It is notable that, unlike the Babylonians, Greeks, and Indians, the

text: pre-Islamic Arabs

text: had no scientific astronomy. Their knowledge of astronomy was limited to measuring time based on empirical observations of the "rising and setting" of the sun, moon, and particular stars. This area of astronomical study was known as anwa and continued to be developed after

text: Islamization

text: by the Arabs.

text: Astronomy in medieval Islam

text: began in the 8th century and the first major Muslim work of astronomy was Zij al-Sindh written in 830 by

text: al-Khwarizmi

text: .  The work is significant as it introduced the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: into Islamic sciences (the Ptolemaic system was ultimately replaced by the

text: Copernican system

text: during the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: in Europe).

text: Athens is affected by the urban heat island effect in some areas which is caused by human activity, altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas, and bearing detrimental effects on energy usage, expenditure for cooling, and health. The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations, because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations. On the other hand, specific meteorological stations, such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station, are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island.

text: Athens is affected by the

text: urban heat island

text: effect in some areas which is caused by human activity, altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas, and bearing detrimental effects on energy usage, expenditure for cooling, and health. The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations, because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations. On the other hand, specific meteorological stations, such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station, are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island.

text: Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.

text: Earth science

text: – all-embracing term for the

text: science

text: s related to the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: . It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a special case in

text: planetary science

text: , the Earth being the only known

text: life

text: -bearing planet.

text: The department offers a BSc degree, with courses in atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics and chimistry, in cloud physics, in climatology and general oceanography. The students maybe follow training toward research, a teaching, or operational meteorologist. The department offers one year certificates for students coming from other deprtement, like physics, to pursue MSc and PhD programs in Meteorology and Oceanography.

text: The department offers a BSc degree, with courses in

text: atmospheric dynamics

text: thermodynamics

text: and

text: chimistry

text: , in

text: cloud physics

text: , in

text: climatology

text: and general oceanography. The students maybe follow training toward research, a teaching, or operational

text: meteorologist

text: . The department offers one year certificates for students coming from other deprtement, like physics, to pursue MSc and PhD programs in Meteorology and Oceanography.

text: The following courses offered by the University of Bristol managed to reach top 5 in The 'Times ranking (2008): Computer Science (3rd); Electrical and Electronic Engineering(3rd); Civil Engineering(5th); Biological Sciences(3rd); Mathematics (3rd); and Psychology (4th). Furthermore, the QS World University Rankings place Bristol in the world's top 100 universities for all subject areas in 2011: Arts and Humanities (57th), Natural Sciences (40th), Engineering & IT (83rd), Social Sciences (65th) and Life Sciences (70th). A further breakdown of the QS World University Natural Sciences Ranking shows the following: Earth Sciences (25th), Mathematics (35th), Environmental Sciences (39th), Physics (41st), and Chemistry (48th).

text: The following courses offered by the University of Bristol managed to reach top 5 in The 'Times ranking (2008):

entity_name: Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol

text: Computer Science

text: (3rd); Electrical and Electronic Engineering(3rd); Civil Engineering(5th); Biological Sciences(3rd); Mathematics (3rd); and Psychology (4th). Furthermore, the

text: QS World University Rankings

text: place Bristol in the world's top 100 universities for all subject areas in 2011: Arts and Humanities (57th), Natural Sciences (40th), Engineering & IT (83rd), Social Sciences (65th) and Life Sciences (70th). A further breakdown of the QS World University Natural Sciences Ranking shows the following: Earth Sciences (25th), Mathematics (35th), Environmental Sciences (39th), Physics (41st), and Chemistry (48th).

text: Academic classes are offered, along with electives. This includes English honors 9-12 and AP at senior year, history honors 9-12 and AP at junior or senior year, science honors 10-12 and AP at junior or senior year, math honors at 9-12 and AP at junior or senior year for pre-calculus and calculus exclusively at senior year. In order to graduate, students need three years of math, one year of algebra 1, one year of geometry, and one year of algebra 2/trigonometry, three years of history, one year of world history, and one year of US history 1 and 2, three years of science, one year physical/earth science, one year of biology, and one year of environmental science or chemistry. four years of English is required to graduate. Students can choose to go beyond their requirements and take a fourth year of math, science, and history.

text: The IAU coordinated the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. This initiative was an opportunity for the citizens of Earth to gain a deeper insight into astronomy’s role in enriching all human cultures. Moreover, served as a platform for informing the public about the latest astronomical discoveries while emphasizing the essential role of astronomy in science education. IYA2009 was sponsored by Celestron and Thales Alenia Space.

text: The IAU coordinated the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. This initiative was an opportunity for the citizens of Earth to gain a deeper insight into astronomy’s role in enriching all human cultures. Moreover, served as a platform for informing the public about the latest astronomical discoveries while emphasizing the essential role of astronomy in science education. IYA2009 was sponsored by

text: Celestron

text: and

text: Thales Alenia Space

text: One author described the early nineteenth century, the time of George Poulett Scrope and Charles Lyell's early careers, as an "intellectual 'reign of terror'" which was the "consequence of the unreasoning prejudice and wild alarm excited by the early progress of geological inquiry." Most attempts to explain the past using current processes as a reference was, rather than through calm argument, met by social stigma and intolerance. This can be seen by the treatment of Hutton's Theory of the Earth, Hall's meticulously kept records and experiments, and Playfair's Illustrations. These arguments had "come to be inscribed in a social Index Expurgatorius [and] might have seemed to be consigned to total oblivion." The writer of Scrope's Obituary in the Royal Society's Proceedings believed that "science is indebted for boldly encountering and successfully overcoming this storm of prejudice ... [Scrope and Lyell] accomplish[ed] the removal of geology from the domain of speculation to that of inductive science."

text: One author described the early nineteenth century, the time of George Poulett Scrope and Charles Lyell's early careers, as an "intellectual 'reign of terror'" which was the "consequence of the unreasoning prejudice and wild alarm excited by the early progress of geological inquiry." Most attempts to explain the past using current processes as a reference was, rather than through calm argument, met by social stigma and intolerance. This can be seen by the treatment of

text: Hutton

text: 's Theory of the Earth,

text: Hall

text: 's meticulously kept records and experiments, and

text: Playfair

text: 's Illustrations. These arguments had "come to be inscribed in a social Index Expurgatorius [and] might have seemed to be consigned to total oblivion." The writer of Scrope's Obituary in the Royal Society's Proceedings believed that "science is indebted for boldly encountering and successfully overcoming this storm of prejudice ... [Scrope and Lyell] accomplish[ed] the removal of geology from the domain of speculation to that of inductive science."

text: With the application of scientific methods to the investigation of the Earth's history, the study of geology could become a distinct field of science. To begin with, the terminology and definition of what constituted geological study had to be worked out. The term "geology" was first used technically in publications by two Genevan naturalists, Jean-André Deluc and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, though "geology" was not well received as a term until it was taken up in the very influential compendium, the Encyclopédie, published beginning in 1751 by Denis Diderot. Once the term was established to denote the study of the Earth and its history, geology slowly became more generally recognized as a distinct science that could be taught as a field of study at educational institutions. In 1741 the best-known institution in the field of natural history, the National Museum of Natural History in France, created the first teaching position designated specifically for geology. This was an important step in further promoting knowledge of geology as a science and in recognizing the value of widely disseminating such knowledge.

text: With the application of scientific methods to the investigation of the Earth's history, the study of geology could become a distinct field of science. To begin with, the terminology and definition of what constituted geological study had to be worked out. The term "geology" was first used technically in publications by two Genevan naturalists,

text: Jean-André Deluc

text: and

text: Horace-Bénédict de Saussure

text: , though "geology" was not well received as a term until it was taken up in the very influential compendium, the

text: Encyclopédie

text: , published beginning in 1751 by

text: Denis Diderot

text: . Once the term was established to denote the study of the Earth and its history, geology slowly became more generally recognized as a distinct science that could be taught as a field of study at educational institutions. In 1741 the best-known institution in the field of natural history, the National Museum of Natural History in France, created the first teaching position designated specifically for geology. This was an important step in further promoting knowledge of geology as a science and in recognizing the value of widely disseminating such knowledge.

text: Some of the earliest forms of astronomy can be dated to the period of Indus Valley Civilization or earlier. Some cosmological concepts are present in the Vedas, as are notions of the movement of heavenly bodies and the course of the year.As in other traditions, there is a close association of astronomy and religion during the early history of the science, astronomical observation being necessitated by spatial and temporal requirements of correct performance of religious ritual. Thus, the Shulba Sutras, texts dedicated to altar construction, discusses advanced mathematics and basic astronomy. Vedanga Jyotisha is another of the earliest known Indian texts on astronomy, it includes the details about the sun, moon, nakshatras, lunisolar calendar.

text: Some of the earliest forms of astronomy can be dated to the period of

text: Indus Valley Civilization

text: or earlier. Some cosmological concepts are present in the

text: Vedas

text: , as are notions of the movement of heavenly bodies and the course of the year.As in other traditions, there is a close association of

text: astronomy and religion

text: during the early history of the science, astronomical observation being necessitated by spatial and temporal requirements of

text: correct performance

text: of religious ritual. Thus, the

text: Shulba Sutras

text: , texts dedicated to altar construction, discusses advanced mathematics and basic astronomy.

text: Vedanga Jyotisha

text: is another of the earliest known Indian texts on astronomy, it includes the details about the sun, moon,

text: nakshatra

text: s,

text: lunisolar calendar

text: HDST would be equipped with an internal coronagraph, a disk that blocks light from the central star, making a dim planet more visible, and perhaps eventually a starshade that would float kilometers  out in front of it to perform the same function.<ref name='NYTimes 2015'></ref>  Initial cost estimates are approximately $10 billion.  <ref name='NYTimes 2015'/> The case in favor of the telescope is made in a report entitled "From Cosmic Birth to Living Earths",  on the future of astronomy commissioned by AURA, which runs the Hubble and other observatories on behalf of NASA and the National Science Foundation. The AURA group is starting the selection process with the report, by which major scientific projects are chosen and funded. Every 10 years, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences surveys the astronomical community and produces a prioritized wish list for the next decade. This survey, which happens next in 2020, provides a guide for Congress and NASA.<ref name='NYTimes 2015'/>

text: HDST would be equipped with an internal

text: coronagraph

text: , a disk that blocks light from the central star, making a dim planet more visible, and perhaps eventually a

text: starshade

text: that would float kilometers  out in front of it to perform the same function.<ref name='NYTimes 2015'></ref>  Initial cost estimates are approximately $10 billion.  <ref name='NYTimes 2015'/> The case in favor of the telescope is made in a report entitled "From Cosmic Birth to Living Earths",  on the future of

text: astronomy

text: commissioned by AURA, which runs the Hubble and other observatories on behalf of

text: NASA

text: and the

text: National Science Foundation

text: . The AURA group is starting the selection process with the report, by which major scientific projects are chosen and funded. Every 10 years, a committee of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: surveys the astronomical community and produces a prioritized wish list for the next decade. This survey, which happens next in 2020, provides a guide for

text: Congress

text: and NASA.<ref name='NYTimes 2015'/>

text: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describes climate "normals" as "reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered 'normal'.  A Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period.  A 30 year period is used, as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends." The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and in these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.

text: The

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: (WMO) describes climate "normals" as "reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered 'normal'.  A Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period.  A 30 year period is used, as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends." The WMO originated from the

text: International Meteorological Organization

text: which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934

text: Wiesbaden

text: meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and in these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.

text: There are currently four departments in the Faculty of Science. They are the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Earth & Environmental Sciences, and Physics & Astronomy. The Faculty of Science also runs the School of Optometry, and the School of Pharmacy. The School of Optometry is Canada's only English-language School of Optometry, renowned for its outreach programs and vision research. The Internationally renowned Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics is associated with the Department of Physics, and the Institute for Quantum Computing is also run through the Faculty of Science.

text: There are currently four departments in the Faculty of Science. They are the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Earth & Environmental Sciences, and Physics & Astronomy. The Faculty of Science also runs the School of Optometry, and the School of Pharmacy. The School of Optometry is Canada's only English-language

entity_name: University of Waterloo School of Optometry and Vision Science

text: School of Optometry

text: , renowned for its outreach programs and vision research. The Internationally renowned

entity_name: Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

text: Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

text: is associated with the Department of Physics, and the

text: Institute for Quantum Computing

text: is also run through the Faculty of Science.

text: Other Goddard missions support a variety of space science disciplines. Goddard's most famous project is the Hubble Space Telescope, a unique science platform that has been breaking new ground in astronomy for nearly 20 years. Other missions such as the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) study the structure and evolution of the universe. Other missions such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are currently studying the Sun and how its behavior affects life on the Earth.

text: Other Goddard missions support a variety of space science disciplines. Goddard's most famous project is the Hubble Space Telescope, a unique science platform that has been breaking new ground in astronomy for nearly 20 years. Other missions such as the

text: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

text: (WMAP) study the structure and evolution of the universe. Other missions such as the

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: (SOHO) are currently studying the Sun and how its behavior affects life on the Earth.

text: |-id=611| 26611 Madzlandon ||  || 26611 Madzlandon Discovered 2000 Mar. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Madeline Maley Landon (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Friendswood High School, Friendswood, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=612| 26612 Sunsetastro ||  || Founded in 1975, the Sunset Astronomical Society serves the Saginaw-Bay City-Midland tri-cities area of mid-Michigan. |-id=618| 26618 Yixinli ||  || 26618 Yixinli Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yixin Li (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science team project. She attends the Ballard High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=620| 26620 Yihuali ||  || 26620 Yihuali Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yihua Li (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science team project. She attends the Ballard High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=622| 26622 Maxwimberley ||  || 26622 Maxwimberley Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Maxim Ilya Wimberley (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Liberal Arts and Science Academy, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=629| 26629 Zahller ||  || Cordelia Zahller Luginbuhl (the discoverer's mother), and the Zahller family |-id=634| 26634 Balasubramanian ||  || 26634 Balasubramanian Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anirudha Balasubramanian (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Saint Albans School, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.|-id=639| 26639 Murgaš ||  || Jozef Murgaš, 19th-20th-century Slovak inventor, architect, botanist, painter, patriot, and Roman Catholic priest |-id=640| 26640 Bahýľ ||  || Ján Bahýľ, 19th-20th-century Slovak inventor and aeronautical pioneer |-id=642| 26642 Schlenoff ||  || 26642 Schlenoff Discovered 2000 May 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Philip Samuel Schlenoff (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Maclay School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=653| 26653 Amymeyer ||  || 26653 Amymeyer Discovered 2000 Sept. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amy Elizabeth Meyer (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Oakville Senior High School, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.|-id=656| 26656 Samarenae ||  || 26656 Samarenae Discovered 2000 Sept. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Samantha Renae Prabakaran (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Fort Myers High School, Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=659| 26659 Skirda ||  || 26659 Skirda Discovered 2000 Nov. 1 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olga Y. Skirda (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Health Careers High School, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=660| 26660 Samahalpern ||  || 26660 Samahalpern Discovered 2000 Nov. 1 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Samantha Brooke Halpern (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, New York, U.S.A.|-id=661| 26661 Kempelen ||  || Wolfgang von Kempelen, 18th-century Austrian polymath, mechanic and inventor |-id=664| 26664 Jongwon ||  || 26664 Jongwon Discovered 2000 Dec. 20 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jong Hyuck Won (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Langley High School, McLean, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=665| 26665 Sidjena ||  || 26665 Sidjena Discovered 2000 Dec. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Siddhartha Gautama Jena (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the International Academy, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=666| 26666 Justinto ||  || 26666 Justinto Discovered 2000 Dec. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Justin To (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Oak Grove High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=667| 26667 Sherwinwu ||  || 26667 Sherwinwu Discovered 2001 Jan. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sherwin Zhang Wu (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=668| 26668 Tonyho ||  || 26668 Tonyho Discovered 2001 Jan. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tony Ho (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences team project. He attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=671| 26671 Williamlopes ||  || 26671 Williamlopes Discovered 2001 Feb. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Lopes (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=672| 26672 Ericabrooke ||  || 26672 Ericabrooke Discovered 2001 Feb. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Erica Brooke Portnoy (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Commack High School, Commack, New York, U.S.A.|-id=679| 26679 Thomassilver ||  || 26679 Thomassilver Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Thomas Scott Silver (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Bergen Academy for Medical Science and Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.A.|-id=680| 26680 Wangchristi ||  || 26680 Wangchristi Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wang Kun Christina (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Shanghai American School, Shanghai, China.|-id=681| 26681 Niezgay ||  || 26681 Niezgay Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Augusto German Niez Gay (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Instituto San Jose Adoratrices, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina.|-id=682| 26682 Evanfletcher ||  || 26682 Evanfletcher Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Evan Haley Fletcher (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy project. He attends the Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=685| 26685 Khojandi ||  || 26685 Khojandi Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aryan Iden Khojandi (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=686| 26686 Ellenprice ||  || 26686 Ellenprice Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Ellen Marie Price (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy project. She attends the Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.|-id=688| 26688 Wangenevieve ||  || 26688 Wangenevieve Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Genevieve Ying Wang (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy team project. She attends the Grosse Pointe South High School, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=689| 26689 Smorrison ||  || 26689 Smorrison Discovered 2001 Mar. 23 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Stephen J. Morrison (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy team project. He attends the Grosse Pointe North High School, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=691| 26691 Lareegardner ||  || 26691 Lareegardner Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Laree Danielle Gardner (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy team project. She attends the Grosse Pointe North High School, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=694| 26694 Wenxili ||  || 26694 Wenxili Discovered 2001 Mar. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wenxi Li (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Thomas Chilton Jasper High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=696| 26696 Gechenzhang ||  || 26696 Gechenzhang Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gechen Zhang (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences project. He attends the Rockwood Summit High School, Fenton, Missouri, U.S.A.|-id=699| 26699 Masoncole ||  || 26699 Masoncole Discovered 2001 Mar. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mason Cole McFarland (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences project. He attends the Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.|}

text: 26611 Madzlandon

text: ||  || 26611 Madzlandon Discovered 2000 Mar. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Madeline Maley Landon (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Friendswood High School, Friendswood, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=612|

text: 26612 Sunsetastro

text: ||  || Founded in 1975, the Sunset Astronomical Society serves the Saginaw-Bay City-Midland tri-cities area of mid-Michigan. |-id=618|

text: 26618 Yixinli

text: ||  || 26618 Yixinli Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yixin Li (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science team project. She attends the Ballard High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=620|

text: 26620 Yihuali

text: ||  || 26620 Yihuali Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yihua Li (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science team project. She attends the Ballard High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=622|

text: 26622 Maxwimberley

text: ||  || 26622 Maxwimberley Discovered 2000 Apr. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Maxim Ilya Wimberley (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Liberal Arts and Science Academy, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=629|

text: 26629 Zahller

text: ||  || Cordelia Zahller Luginbuhl (the discoverer's mother), and the Zahller family |-id=634|

text: 26634 Balasubramanian

text: ||  || 26634 Balasubramanian Discovered 2000 Apr. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anirudha Balasubramanian (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Saint Albans School, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.|-id=639|

text: 26639 Murgaš

text: Jozef Murgaš

text: , 19th-20th-century Slovak inventor, architect, botanist, painter, patriot, and Roman Catholic priest |-id=640|

text: 26640 Bahýľ

text: ||  || Ján Bahýľ, 19th-20th-century Slovak inventor and aeronautical pioneer |-id=642|

text: 26642 Schlenoff

text: ||  || 26642 Schlenoff Discovered 2000 May 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Philip Samuel Schlenoff (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Maclay School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=653|

text: 26653 Amymeyer

text: ||  || 26653 Amymeyer Discovered 2000 Sept. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amy Elizabeth Meyer (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Oakville Senior High School, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.|-id=656|

text: 26656 Samarenae

text: ||  || 26656 Samarenae Discovered 2000 Sept. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Samantha Renae Prabakaran (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Fort Myers High School, Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=659|

text: 26659 Skirda

text: ||  || 26659 Skirda Discovered 2000 Nov. 1 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olga Y. Skirda (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Health Careers High School, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=660|

text: 26660 Samahalpern

text: ||  || 26660 Samahalpern Discovered 2000 Nov. 1 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Samantha Brooke Halpern (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health-sciences project. She attends the Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, New York, U.S.A.|-id=661|

text: 26661 Kempelen

text: Wolfgang von Kempelen

text: , 18th-century Austrian polymath, mechanic and inventor |-id=664|

text: 26664 Jongwon

text: ||  || 26664 Jongwon Discovered 2000 Dec. 20 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jong Hyuck Won (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Langley High School, McLean, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=665|

text: 26665 Sidjena

text: ||  || 26665 Sidjena Discovered 2000 Dec. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Siddhartha Gautama Jena (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the International Academy, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=666|

text: 26666 Justinto

text: ||  || 26666 Justinto Discovered 2000 Dec. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Justin To (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Oak Grove High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=667|

text: 26667 Sherwinwu

text: ||  || 26667 Sherwinwu Discovered 2001 Jan. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sherwin Zhang Wu (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences project. He attends the Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=668|

text: 26668 Tonyho

text: ||  || 26668 Tonyho Discovered 2001 Jan. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tony Ho (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health-sciences team project. He attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=671|

text: 26671 Williamlopes

text: ||  || 26671 Williamlopes Discovered 2001 Feb. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Lopes (b. 1989) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=672|

text: 26672 Ericabrooke

text: ||  || 26672 Ericabrooke Discovered 2001 Feb. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Erica Brooke Portnoy (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Commack High School, Commack, New York, U.S.A.|-id=679|

text: 26679 Thomassilver

text: ||  || 26679 Thomassilver Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Thomas Scott Silver (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Bergen Academy for Medical Science and Technology, Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.A.|-id=680|

text: 26680 Wangchristi

text: ||  || 26680 Wangchristi Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wang Kun Christina (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. She attends the Shanghai American School, Shanghai, China.|-id=681|

text: 26681 Niezgay

text: ||  || 26681 Niezgay Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Augusto German Niez Gay (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. He attends the Instituto San Jose Adoratrices, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina.|-id=682|

text: 26682 Evanfletcher

text: ||  || 26682 Evanfletcher Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Evan Haley Fletcher (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy project. He attends the Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=685|

text: 26685 Khojandi

text: ||  || 26685 Khojandi Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aryan Iden Khojandi (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy project. He attends the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A.|-id=686|

text: 26686 Ellenprice

text: ||  || 26686 Ellenprice Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Ellen Marie Price (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy project. She attends the Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.|-id=688|

text: 26688 Wangenevieve

text: ||  || 26688 Wangenevieve Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Genevieve Ying Wang (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy team project. She attends the Grosse Pointe South High School, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=689|

text: 26689 Smorrison

text: ||  || 26689 Smorrison Discovered 2001 Mar. 23 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Stephen J. Morrison (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics-and-astronomy team project. He attends the Grosse Pointe North High School, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=691|

text: 26691 Lareegardner

text: ||  || 26691 Lareegardner Discovered 2001 Mar. 19 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Laree Danielle Gardner (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics-and-astronomy team project. She attends the Grosse Pointe North High School, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=694|

text: 26694 Wenxili

text: ||  || 26694 Wenxili Discovered 2001 Mar. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wenxi Li (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Thomas Chilton Jasper High School, Plano, Texas, U.S.A.|-id=696|

text: 26696 Gechenzhang

text: ||  || 26696 Gechenzhang Discovered 2001 Mar. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gechen Zhang (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences project. He attends the Rockwood Summit High School, Fenton, Missouri, U.S.A.|-id=699|

text: 26699 Masoncole

text: ||  || 26699 Masoncole Discovered 2001 Mar. 30 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mason Cole McFarland (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences project. He attends the Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.|}

text: WestConn has the only bachelor's degree program in meteorology in southern New England. It is part of the Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Meteorology. The newly revised B.S. degree program contains an option in broadcast meteorology and also preps students for graduate studies in meteorology and earth sciences and provides the necessary coursework for employment with the National Weather Service.  The Science Building on the mid-town campus houses the Meteorological Studies and Weather Center (MSWC), which provides forecasting services for industrial and media clients, along with forensic climatological and meteorological studies.  The MSWC also contains a TV studio, forecast center, and research area which support the meteorology program.

text: Gageo-do is meteorologically significant, due to its location near the southern limit of the Yellow Sea Cold Current.  In 2005, the South Korean government announced plans for a marine science base on the island.

text: Gageo-do is meteorologically significant, due to its location near the southern limit of the

text: Yellow Sea Cold Current

text: .  In 2005, the South Korean government announced plans for a marine science base on the island.

text: |-id=702| 11702 Mifischer ||  || Michael Henry Fischer (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. |-id=703| 11703 Glassman ||  || Elena Leah Glassman (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering project. |-id=704| 11704 Gorin ||  || Michael Adam Gorin (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=706| 11706 Rijeka ||  || Rijeka, the principal seaport of Croatia, located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. |-id=707| 11707 Grigery ||  || Chelsea Nicole Grigery (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=709| 11709 Eudoxos ||  || Eudoxos of Knidos (c. 408-355 B.C.) was the prime mover behind two major developments in Greek mathematical thought: the theory of proportions that overcame the crisis caused by the discovery of irrational numbers, and the method of exhaustion for the calculation of areas and volumest. |-id=710| 11710 Nataliehale ||  || Natalie Adele Hale (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=711| 11711 Urquiza ||  || Luis Urquiza del Valle (1906-2000) was the much-loved grandfather of LONEOS observer L. Levy. |-id=712| 11712 Kemcook ||  || Kem H. Cook (b. 1949), of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is a founding member of the Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHO) Project, which used a refurbished, 120-year-old telescope (The Great Melbourne Telescope) to survey the Magellanic Clouds for gravitational microlensing by baryonic, halo dark matter. |-id=713| 11713 Stubbs ||  || Christopher Stubbs (b. 1958), of the University of Washington, has pursued a variety of projects in experimental physics and observational astrophysics, including searching for dark matter, measuring the rate of expansion of the universe with supernovae and testing the equivalence principle. |-id=714| 11714 Mikebrown ||  || Michael E. Brown (b. 1965), assistant professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology. |-id=715| 11715 Harperclark ||  || Elizabeth Dee Pauline Harper-Clark (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=716| 11716 Amahartman ||  || Amanda Nicole Hartman (b. 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=718| 11718 Hayward ||  || Nicholas Mark Edward Alexander Hayward (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. |-id=719| 11719 Hicklen ||  || Rachel Scarlett Hicklen (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=720| 11720 Horodyskyj ||  || Ulyana N. Horodyskyj (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=724| 11724 Ronaldhsu ||  || Ronald Hsu (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematics project. |-id=725| 11725 Victoriahsu ||  || Victoria Hsu (b. 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematics project. |-id=726| 11726 Edgerton || 1998 JA || Harold "Doc" Eugene Edgerton (1903-1990), born in Fremont, Nebraska, was professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during 1928-1966. |-id=727| 11727 Sweet ||  || During the 1.2-m Schmidt conversion Merle Sweet (b. 1942), assistant superintendent at the Palomar Observatory, assisted in overseeing the details in the layout and construction of the slip-ring trolleys. He also worked in the rewiring of the dome. |-id=728| 11728 Einer ||  || Steve Einer (b. 1955), a Palomar Observatory technician. |-id=730| 11730 Yanhua ||  || Yan Hua (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=736| 11736 Viktorfischl ||  || Viktor Fischl Avigdor Dagan, Czech-Israeli writer |-id=739| 11739 Baton Rouge ||  || Baton Rouge, Louisiana. |-id=740| 11740 Georgesmith ||  || George Smith (b. 1930) co-invented the CCD while at Bell Laboratories in 1969. |-id=743| 11743 Jachowski ||  || Matthew Douglas Apau Jachowski (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=746| 11746 Thomjansen ||  || Thomas Scott Jansen (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=753| 11753 Geoffburbidge || 2064 P-L || Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge, British-American physicist. |-id=754| 11754 Herbig || 2560 P-L || George H. Herbig, American astronomer. |-id=755| 11755 Paczynski || 2691 P-L || Bohdan Paczyński, Polish astronomer. |-id=756| 11756 Geneparker || 2779 P-L || Eugene Parker, American astronomer. |-id=757| 11757 Salpeter || 2799 P-L || Edwin Ernest Salpeter, Austrian astronomer. |-id=758| 11758 Sargent || 4035 P-L || Wallace Sargent, a British astrophysicist. |-id=759| 11759 Sunyaev || 4075 P-L || Rashid Sunyaev, Uzbek astrophysicist. |-id=760| 11760 Auwers || 4090 P-L || Arthur Auwers (Georg Friedrich Julius Arthur von Auwers), 19th-20th-century German astronomer, director of the Potsdam Observatory from 1881, author of the first reference catalogue of fundamental star positions |-id=761| 11761 Davidgill || 4868 P-L || David Gill, 19th-20th-century British astronomer and instrument designer, director of the Cape Observatory |-id=762| 11762 Vogel || 6044 P-L || Hermann Carl Vogel, 19th-20th-century German astronomer and spectroscopist, director of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory (1882–1907) |-id=763| 11763 Deslandres || 6303 P-L || Henri-Alexandre Deslandres, 19th-20th-century French astrophysicist and director of the Paris and Meudon observatories, independent inventor of the spectroheliograph |-id=764| 11764 Benbaillaud || 6531 P-L || Édouard Benjamin Baillaud19th-20th-century French director of the Toulouse (1878–1907) and Paris (1907–1926) observatories, founder of the Observatoire du Pic du Midi, first president of the International Astronomical Union |-id=765| 11765 Alfredfowler || 9057 P-L || Alfred Fowler, 19th-20th-century British astrophysicist, first general secretary of the International Astronomical Union |-id=766| 11766 Fredseares || 9073 P-L || Frederick H. Seares, 19th-20th-century American astronomer, standardizer of the stellar magnitude system |-id=767| 11767 Milne || 3224 T-1 || E. Arthur Milne, 20th-century British mathematician and astrophysicist |-id=768| 11768 Merrill || 4107 T-1 || Paul W. Merrill, 20th-century American spectroscopist, first to detect a short-lived isotope of technetium in the atmospheres of stars, thus confirming stellar nucleosynthesis |-id=769| 11769 Alfredjoy || 2199 T-2 || Alfred H. Joy, 20th-century American astronomer, inventor of the T Tauri classification |-id=770| 11770 Rudominkowski || 3163 T-2 || Rudolph Minkowski, 20th-century German-American astronomer |-id=771| 11771 Maestlin || 4136 T-2 || Michael Maestlin (1550-1631), professor of astronomy at Tübingen. |-id=772| 11772 Jacoblemaire || 4210 T-2 || Jacob Le Maire, Dutch explorer, after whom the Straits of Lemaire are named; he was, along with Schouten, one of the first westerners to visit Tonga †|-id=773| 11773 Schouten || 1021 T-3 || Willem Schouten, Dutch explorer who discovered Cape Horn †|-id=774| 11774 Jerne || 1128 T-3 || Niels Kaj Jerne, British-born (of Danish parentage) immunologist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=775| 11775 Köhler || 3224 T-3 || Georges J. F. Köhler, German biologist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=776| 11776 Milstein || 3460 T-3 || César Milstein, Argentinian biochemist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=777| 11777 Hargrave || 3526 T-3 || Lawrence Hargrave (1850-1915), Australian astronomer and aviation pioneer. |-id=778| 11778 Kingsford Smith || 4102 T-3 || Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator. |-id=779| 11779 Zernike || 4197 T-3 || Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physics †|-id=781| 11781 Alexroberts || 1966 PL || Alexander William Roberts, Scottish-South African astronomer |-id=782| 11782 Nikolajivanov ||  || Nikolaj Mikhajlovich Ivanov, Russian specialist in ballistics, head of the Russian Ballistic Center |-id=785| 11785 Migaic ||  || Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (formerly Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Air-Photography and Cartography) is the only educational institution in Russia that trains specialists in geodesy, geodynamics, astronomy, cosmic geodesy and the making of optical and electronic devices. |-id=786| 11786 Bakhchivandji || 1977 QW || Grigorij Yakovlevich Bakhchivandji (1909-1943) was a Soviet test pilot and pioneer in rocket flights who in 1942 piloted the first flight on the rocket-propelled experimental aircraft BI-1 of Bolkhovitinov and Isaev. |-id=787| 11787 Baumanka ||  || Bauman Moscow Technical University, founded in 1830, is a well-known higher education and research institution in Russia that trains specialists in many branches of technology and science. |-id=788| 11788 Nauchnyj ||  || Nauchnyj, Crimea, Ukraine, created at the same time as the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in 1945 |-id=789| 11789 Kempowski || 1977 RK || Walter Kempowski (b. 1929), one of the most important contemporary German writers. |-id=790| 11790 Goode || 1978 RU || Philip R. Goode (b. 1943), a professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and director of Big Bear Solar Observatory. |-id=791| 11791 Sofiyavarzar ||  || Sofiya Mikhajlovna Varzar (1878-1957), an expert on the dynamics of minor planets. |-id=792| 11792 Sidorovsky ||  || Lev Isaevich Sidorovsky (b. 1934) is a well-known St. Petersburg journalist whose initiatives on rehabilitation of historical truth and creation of new cultural traditions, in particular the annual celebration of Pushkin's Lyceum Day, have received public recognition. |-id=793| 11793 Chujkovia ||  || Elizaveta Fedorovna Chujkova (1865-1958), mother of twelve children, showed courage in preventing the demolition of a church in her home village of Serebryanye Prudy, not far from Moscow, in the 1930s. Among her descendants are writers and cultural workers. |-id=795| 11795 Fredrikbruhn ||  || Fredrik Bruhn, Swedish systems engineer specialised in miniaturisation and robotics, co-founder of Rotundus AB  ‡|-id=796| 11796 Nirenberg ||  || Louis Merses Nirenberg, American mathematician. |-id=797| 11797 Warell ||  || Johan Warell, Swedish astronomer †|-id=798| 11798 Davidsson ||  || Björn Davidsson, Swedish astronomer †|}

text: 11702 Mifischer

text: ||  || Michael Henry Fischer (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. |-id=703|

text: 11703 Glassman

text: ||  || Elena Leah Glassman (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering project. |-id=704|

text: 11704 Gorin

text: ||  || Michael Adam Gorin (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=706|

text: 11706 Rijeka

text: Rijeka

text: , the principal seaport of

text: Croatia

text: , located on

text: Kvarner Bay

text: , an inlet of the

text: Adriatic Sea

text: . |-id=707|

text: 11707 Grigery

text: ||  || Chelsea Nicole Grigery (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=709|

text: 11709 Eudoxos

text: Eudoxos of Knidos

text: (c. 408-355 B.C.) was the prime mover behind two major developments in Greek mathematical thought: the theory of proportions that overcame the crisis caused by the discovery of irrational numbers, and the method of exhaustion for the calculation of areas and volumest. |-id=710|

text: 11710 Nataliehale

text: ||  || Natalie Adele Hale (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=711|

text: 11711 Urquiza

text: ||  || Luis Urquiza del Valle (1906-2000) was the much-loved grandfather of LONEOS observer L. Levy. |-id=712|

text: 11712 Kemcook

text: ||  || Kem H. Cook (b. 1949), of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is a founding member of the Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHO) Project, which used a refurbished, 120-year-old telescope (The Great Melbourne Telescope) to survey the Magellanic Clouds for gravitational microlensing by baryonic, halo dark matter. |-id=713|

text: 11713 Stubbs

text: ||  || Christopher Stubbs (b. 1958), of the University of Washington, has pursued a variety of projects in experimental physics and observational astrophysics, including searching for dark matter, measuring the rate of expansion of the universe with supernovae and testing the equivalence principle. |-id=714|

text: 11714 Mikebrown

text: ||  || Michael E. Brown (b. 1965), assistant professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology. |-id=715|

text: 11715 Harperclark

text: ||  || Elizabeth Dee Pauline Harper-Clark (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=716|

text: 11716 Amahartman

text: ||  || Amanda Nicole Hartman (b. 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=718|

text: 11718 Hayward

text: ||  || Nicholas Mark Edward Alexander Hayward (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. |-id=719|

text: 11719 Hicklen

text: ||  || Rachel Scarlett Hicklen (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=720|

text: 11720 Horodyskyj

text: ||  || Ulyana N. Horodyskyj (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=724|

text: 11724 Ronaldhsu

text: ||  || Ronald Hsu (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematics project. |-id=725|

text: 11725 Victoriahsu

text: ||  || Victoria Hsu (b. 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematics project. |-id=726|

text: 11726 Edgerton

text: || 1998 JA || Harold "Doc" Eugene Edgerton (1903-1990), born in Fremont, Nebraska, was professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during 1928-1966. |-id=727|

text: 11727 Sweet

text: ||  || During the 1.2-m Schmidt conversion Merle Sweet (b. 1942), assistant superintendent at the Palomar Observatory, assisted in overseeing the details in the layout and construction of the slip-ring trolleys. He also worked in the rewiring of the dome. |-id=728|

text: 11728 Einer

text: ||  || Steve Einer (b. 1955), a Palomar Observatory technician. |-id=730|

text: 11730 Yanhua

text: ||  || Yan Hua (b. 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=736|

text: 11736 Viktorfischl

text: Viktor Fischl Avigdor Dagan

text: , Czech-Israeli writer |-id=739|

text: 11739 Baton Rouge

text: Baton Rouge

text: , Louisiana. |-id=740|

text: 11740 Georgesmith

text: ||  || George Smith (b. 1930) co-invented the CCD while at Bell Laboratories in 1969. |-id=743|

text: 11743 Jachowski

text: ||  || Matthew Douglas Apau Jachowski (b. 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=746|

text: 11746 Thomjansen

text: ||  || Thomas Scott Jansen (b. 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=753|

text: 11753 Geoffburbidge

text: || 2064 P-L ||

text: Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge

text: , British-American physicist. |-id=754|

text: 11754 Herbig

text: || 2560 P-L ||

text: George H. Herbig

text: , American astronomer. |-id=755|

text: 11755 Paczynski

text: || 2691 P-L ||

text: Bohdan Paczyński

text: , Polish astronomer. |-id=756|

text: 11756 Geneparker

text: || 2779 P-L ||

text: Eugene Parker

text: , American astronomer. |-id=757|

text: 11757 Salpeter

text: || 2799 P-L ||

text: Edwin Ernest Salpeter

text: , Austrian astronomer. |-id=758|

text: 11758 Sargent

text: || 4035 P-L ||

text: Wallace Sargent

text: , a British astrophysicist. |-id=759|

text: 11759 Sunyaev

text: || 4075 P-L ||

text: Rashid Sunyaev

text: , Uzbek astrophysicist. |-id=760|

text: 11760 Auwers

text: || 4090 P-L ||

text: Arthur Auwers

text: (Georg Friedrich Julius Arthur von Auwers), 19th-20th-century German astronomer, director of the

entity_name: Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

text: Potsdam Observatory

text: from 1881, author of the first reference catalogue of fundamental star positions |-id=761|

text: 11761 Davidgill

text: || 4868 P-L ||

text: David Gill

text: , 19th-20th-century British astronomer and instrument designer, director of the

text: Cape Observatory

text: 11762 Vogel

text: || 6044 P-L ||

text: Hermann Carl Vogel

text: , 19th-20th-century German astronomer and spectroscopist, director of the

text: Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory

text: (1882–1907) |-id=763|

text: 11763 Deslandres

text: || 6303 P-L ||

text: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres

text: , 19th-20th-century French astrophysicist and director of the

text: Paris

text: and

text: Meudon

text: observatories, independent inventor of the spectroheliograph |-id=764|

text: 11764 Benbaillaud

text: || 6531 P-L ||

text: Édouard Benjamin Baillaud

text: 19th-20th-century French director of the

text: Toulouse

text: (1878–1907) and

text: Paris

text: (1907–1926) observatories, founder of the

text: Observatoire du Pic du Midi

text: , first president of the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 11765 Alfredfowler

text: || 9057 P-L ||

text: Alfred Fowler

text: , 19th-20th-century British astrophysicist, first general secretary of the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 11766 Fredseares

text: || 9073 P-L ||

text: Frederick H. Seares

text: , 19th-20th-century American astronomer, standardizer of the stellar magnitude system |-id=767|

text: 11767 Milne

text: || 3224 T-1 ||

text: E. Arthur Milne

text: , 20th-century British mathematician and astrophysicist |-id=768|

text: 11768 Merrill

text: || 4107 T-1 ||

text: Paul W. Merrill

text: , 20th-century American spectroscopist, first to detect a short-lived isotope of

text: technetium

text: in the atmospheres of stars, thus confirming stellar nucleosynthesis |-id=769|

text: 11769 Alfredjoy

text: || 2199 T-2 ||

text: Alfred H. Joy

text: , 20th-century American astronomer, inventor of the

text: T Tauri

text: classification |-id=770|

text: 11770 Rudominkowski

text: || 3163 T-2 ||

text: Rudolph Minkowski

text: , 20th-century German-American astronomer |-id=771|

text: 11771 Maestlin

text: || 4136 T-2 ||

text: Michael Maestlin

text: (1550-1631), professor of astronomy at Tübingen. |-id=772|

text: 11772 Jacoblemaire

text: || 4210 T-2 ||

text: Jacob Le Maire

text: , Dutch explorer, after whom the Straits of Lemaire are named; he was, along with

text: Schouten

text: , one of the first westerners to visit Tonga †|-id=773|

text: 11773 Schouten

text: || 1021 T-3 ||

text: Willem Schouten

text: , Dutch explorer who discovered Cape Horn †|-id=774|

text: 11774 Jerne

text: || 1128 T-3 ||

text: Niels Kaj Jerne

text: , British-born (of Danish parentage) immunologist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=775|

text: 11775 Köhler

text: || 3224 T-3 ||

text: Georges J. F. Köhler

text: , German biologist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=776|

text: 11776 Milstein

text: || 3460 T-3 ||

text: César Milstein

text: , Argentinian biochemist, joint winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. |-id=777|

text: 11777 Hargrave

text: || 3526 T-3 || Lawrence Hargrave (1850-1915), Australian astronomer and aviation pioneer. |-id=778|

text: 11778 Kingsford Smith

text: || 4102 T-3 || Sir

text: Charles Edward Kingsford Smith

text: , Australian aviator. |-id=779|

text: 11779 Zernike

text: || 4197 T-3 ||

text: Frits Zernike

text: , Dutch physicist, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physics †|-id=781|

text: 11781 Alexroberts

text: || 1966 PL ||

text: Alexander William Roberts

text: , Scottish-South African astronomer |-id=782|

text: 11782 Nikolajivanov

text: Nikolaj Mikhajlovich Ivanov

text: , Russian specialist in ballistics, head of the Russian Ballistic Center |-id=785|

text: 11785 Migaic

text: ||  || Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (formerly Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Air-Photography and Cartography) is the only educational institution in Russia that trains specialists in geodesy, geodynamics, astronomy, cosmic geodesy and the making of optical and electronic devices. |-id=786|

text: 11786 Bakhchivandji

text: || 1977 QW || Grigorij Yakovlevich Bakhchivandji (1909-1943) was a Soviet test pilot and pioneer in rocket flights who in 1942 piloted the first flight on the rocket-propelled experimental aircraft BI-1 of Bolkhovitinov and Isaev. |-id=787|

text: 11787 Baumanka

text: ||  || Bauman Moscow Technical University, founded in 1830, is a well-known higher education and research institution in Russia that trains specialists in many branches of technology and science. |-id=788|

text: 11788 Nauchnyj

text: Nauchnyj

text: Crimea

text: Ukraine

text: , created at the same time as the

text: Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

text: in 1945 |-id=789|

text: 11789 Kempowski

text: || 1977 RK ||

text: Walter Kempowski

text: (b. 1929), one of the most important contemporary German writers. |-id=790|

text: 11790 Goode

text: || 1978 RU || Philip R. Goode (b. 1943), a professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and director of Big Bear Solar Observatory. |-id=791|

text: 11791 Sofiyavarzar

text: ||  || Sofiya Mikhajlovna Varzar (1878-1957), an expert on the dynamics of minor planets. |-id=792|

text: 11792 Sidorovsky

text: ||  || Lev Isaevich Sidorovsky (b. 1934) is a well-known St. Petersburg journalist whose initiatives on rehabilitation of historical truth and creation of new cultural traditions, in particular the annual celebration of Pushkin's Lyceum Day, have received public recognition. |-id=793|

text: 11793 Chujkovia

text: ||  || Elizaveta Fedorovna Chujkova (1865-1958), mother of twelve children, showed courage in preventing the demolition of a church in her home village of Serebryanye Prudy, not far from Moscow, in the 1930s. Among her descendants are writers and cultural workers. |-id=795|

text: 11795 Fredrikbruhn

text: Fredrik Bruhn

text: , Swedish systems engineer specialised in miniaturisation and robotics, co-founder of

text: Rotundus AB

text: 11796 Nirenberg

text: Louis Merses Nirenberg

text: , American mathematician. |-id=797|

text: 11797 Warell

text: Johan Warell

text: , Swedish astronomer †|-id=798|

text: 11798 Davidsson

text: Björn Davidsson

text: , Swedish astronomer †|}

text: The Byzantine Empire initially provided the medieval Islamic world with Ancient Greek texts on astronomy and mathematics for translation into Arabic as the Empire was the leading center of scientific scholarship in the region in the early Middle Ages. Later as the Muslim world became the center of scientific knowledge, Byzantine scientists such as Gregory Choniades translated Arabic texts on Islamic astronomy, mathematics and science into Medieval Greek, including the works of Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Ibn Yunus, al-Khazini (a Muslim scientist of Byzantine Greek descent), Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī among others. There were also some Byzantine scientists who used Arabic transliterations to describe certain scientific concepts instead of the equivalent Ancient Greek terms (such as the use of the Arabic talei instead of the Ancient Greek hososcopus). Byzantine science thus played an important role in not only transmitting ancient Greek knowledge to Western Europe and the Islamic world, but in also transmitting Islamic knowledge to Western Europe. Byzantine scientists also became acquainted with Sassanid and Indian astronomy through citations in some Arabic works.

text: The Byzantine Empire initially provided the medieval Islamic world with

text: Ancient Greek

text: texts on

text: astronomy

text: and

text: mathematics

text: for translation into

text: Arabic

text: as the Empire was the leading center of scientific scholarship in the region in the

text: early Middle Ages

text: . Later as the

text: Muslim world

text: became the center of scientific knowledge, Byzantine scientists such as

text: Gregory Choniades

text: translated Arabic texts on

text: Islamic astronomy

text: mathematics

text: and

text: science

text: into

text: Medieval Greek

text: , including the works of

text: Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

text: Ibn Yunus

text: al-Khazini

text: (a Muslim scientist of Byzantine Greek descent),

text: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

text: and

text: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī

text: among others. There were also some Byzantine scientists who used Arabic transliterations to describe certain scientific concepts instead of the equivalent Ancient Greek terms (such as the use of the Arabic talei instead of the Ancient Greek

text: hososcopus

text: ). Byzantine science thus played an important role in not only transmitting ancient Greek knowledge to Western Europe and the Islamic world, but in also transmitting Islamic knowledge to Western Europe. Byzantine scientists also became acquainted with

text: Sassanid

text: and

text: Indian astronomy

text: through citations in some Arabic works.

text: UND has three major libraries which, together, form the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota. The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state. It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books. It also serves as a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian Bygdeboker, or Norwegian farm and town records. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library. The School of Law operates the Thormodsgard Law Library and the School of Medicine operates the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.

text: UND has three major libraries which, together, form the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota. The

text: Chester Fritz Library

text: is the largest library in the state. It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books. It also serves as a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian Bygdeboker, or Norwegian farm and town records. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library. The

entity_name: University of North Dakota School of Law

text: School of Law

text: operates the Thormodsgard Law Library and the

entity_name: University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences

text: School of Medicine

text: operates the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.

text: The idea of exploring the effects of the depopulating of the Earth is an old one, having been a regular trope in science fiction novels for decades. Post-apocalyptic literature in general had often tried to imagine the fate of civilization and its artifacts after the end of humanity. Indeed, an extremely popular 1949 novel, Earth Abides, portrayed the breakdown of urban systems and structures after a pandemic, through the eyes of a survivor, who muses at the end of the first chapter: "What would happen to the world and its creatures without man? That he was left to see."

text: The idea of exploring the effects of the depopulating of the Earth is an old one, having been a regular trope in

text: science fiction

text: novels for decades. Post-apocalyptic literature in general had often tried to imagine the fate of civilization and its artifacts after the end of humanity. Indeed, an extremely popular 1949 novel,

text: Earth Abides

text: , portrayed the breakdown of urban systems and structures after a pandemic, through the eyes of a survivor, who muses at the end of the first chapter: "What would happen to the world and its creatures without man? That he was left to see."

text: WMO promotes cooperation in the establishment of networks for making meteorological, climatological, hydrological and geophysical observations, as well as the exchange, processing and standardization of related data, and assists technology transfer, training and research. It also fosters collaboration between the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of its Members and furthers the application of meteorology to public weather services, agriculture, aviation, shipping, the environment, water issues and the mitigation of the impacts of natural disasters.

text: Paleogeosciences are those associated with the past states or processes associated with Earth science or geoscience. Earth science or geoscience is an all-embracing term referring to the fields of science dealing with planet Earth. These studies of earth's history encompass the Biosphere, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, and Lithosphere; the Geosphere. One of the most socially prominent facets of the paleogeosciences would be their applications to our changing climate system.

text: Paleogeosciences are those associated with the past states or processes associated with

text: Earth science

text: or

text: geoscience

text: Earth science

text: or

text: geoscience

text: is an all-embracing term referring to the fields of

text: science

text: dealing with

text: planet

text: Earth

text: . These studies of earth's history encompass the

text: Biosphere

text: Cryosphere

text: Hydrosphere

text: Atmosphere

text: , and

text: Lithosphere

text: ; the

text: Geosphere

text: . One of the most socially prominent facets of the paleogeosciences would be their applications to our changing climate system.

text: In common usage, "environmental science" and "ecology" are often used interchangeably, but technically, ecology refers only to the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. Ecology could be considered a subset of environmental science, which also could involve purely chemical or public health issues (for example) ecologists would be unlikely to study. In practice, there is considerable overlap between the work of ecologists and other environmental scientists.

text: Ardis Herrold is an astronomy and earth sciences educator at Grosse Pointe North High School. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor of Science in geology. She went on to earn her master's degree in general science from Eastern Michigan University. Ardis Herrold is a former president of the Michigan Earth Science Teachers Association and is the adviser of Grosse Pointe North's radio astronomy team (

text: Ardis Herrold is an

text: astronomy

text: and

text: earth sciences

text: educator at

text: Grosse Pointe North High School

text: . She received her

text: undergraduate degree

text: from the

text: University of Michigan

text: with a

text: Bachelor of Science

text: in

text: geology

text: . She went on to earn her

text: master's degree

text: in

text: general science

text: from

text: Eastern Michigan University

text: . Ardis Herrold is a former president of the

text: Michigan Earth Science Teachers Association

text: and is the adviser of Grosse Pointe North's

text: radio astronomy

text: team (

text: Under its roof, the Faculty of Science at the University of Potsdam contains the Institutes for Biochemistry and Biology, Chemistry, Nutrition Sciences, Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy as well as the University of Potsdam Botanical Garden. Especially the study programs in Geoecology, Geoscience, Nutrition Science, Polymer Science, and Software Systems Engineering are in high demand.

text: Under its roof, the Faculty of Science at the University of Potsdam contains the Institutes for Biochemistry and Biology, Chemistry, Nutrition Sciences, Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy as well as the University of Potsdam Botanical Garden. Especially the study programs in Geoecology,

text: Geoscience

text: , Nutrition Science, Polymer Science, and Software Systems Engineering are in high demand.

text: |-id=405| 27405 Danielfeeny ||  || Daniel Jorgen Feeny (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=410| 27410 Grimmett ||  || Maria Elena Grimmett (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=411| 27411 Laurenhall ||  || Lauren Monet Hall (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=412| 27412 Teague ||  || 27412 Teague Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Thomas Teague (born 1954) is a barrister in London and a well known amateur astronomer in the UK. His major fields of study are solar and double star measurement from his home in Chester.|-id=413| 27413 Ambruster ||  || Carol Ambruster (1943–2013) did pioneering research on magnetic activity and flares of cool stars. She led Chaco Canyon work providing evidence for an early Navajo sun-watching tradition. Carol was the epitome of a perspicuous observer, with consummate interests also in music, art and history, and the natural world. |-id=417| 27417 Jessjohnson ||  || Jess Johnson (born 1966) is an observer as well as instrumentation specialist with the Catalina Sky Survey. |-id=421| 27421 Nathanhan ||  || Nathan Han (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=422| 27422 Robheckman ||  || Robert Tanner Heckman (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=423| 27423 Dennisbowers ||  || Dennis Bowers (born 1953), a valued, long-time technician of the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory |-id=425| 27425 Bakker ||  || Robert T. Bakker (born 1945), an American paleontologist. |-id=426| 27426 Brettlawrie ||  || Brett Lawrie (born 1959), an engineer at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Steward Observatory. |-id=433| 27433 Hylak ||  || Benjamin Lourdes Hylak (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his engineering project. |-id=434| 27434 Anirudhjain ||  || Anirudh Jain (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his engineering project. |-id=438| 27438 Carolynjons ||  || Carolyn Kay Jons (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=439| 27439 Kamimura ||  || Jordan Roy Kamimura (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=440| 27440 Colekendrick ||  || Coleman J. Kendrick (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=445| 27445 Lynnlane ||  || Lynn Lane (born 1955) has been the long-time business and finance manager of the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) and the Department of Planetary Sciences. She has served four LPL directors and provided invaluable support for numerous planetary scientists, students and spacecraft missions. |-id=446| 27446 Landoni ||  || Katherine Grace Landoni (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=447| 27447 Ichunlin ||  || I-Chun Florence Lin (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=449| 27449 Jamarkley ||  || Jennifer Ann Markley (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=450| 27450 Monzon ||  || Adriana S. Monzon (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=452| 27452 Nikhilpatel ||  || Nikhil Sanjay Patel (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=453| 27453 Crystalpoole ||  || Crystal Rennae Poole (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=454| 27454 Samapaige ||  || Samantha Paige Rowland (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=456| 27456 Sarkisian ||  || Emily Marie Sarkisian (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=457| 27457 Tovinkere ||  || Mahita Gauri Tovinkere (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=458| 27458 Williamwhite ||  || William Henry White (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=465| 27465 Cambroziak ||  || Carole Ambroziak, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=466| 27466 Cargibaysal ||  || Cargi Baysal, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=470| 27470 Debrabeckett ||  || Debra Beckett, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=478| 27478 Kevinbloh ||  || Kevin M. Bloh, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=480| 27480 Heablonsky ||  || Heather Blonsky, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=491| 27491 Broksas ||  || Heidi Broksas, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=492| 27492 Susanduncan ||  || Susan Duncan, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=493| 27493 Derikesibill ||  || Derik Esibill, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=495| 27495 Heatherfennell ||  || Heather Fennell mentored a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=500| 27500 Mandelbrot ||  || Benoît B. Mandelbrot, French-American mathematician. |}

text: 27405 Danielfeeny

text: ||  || Daniel Jorgen Feeny (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=410|

text: 27410 Grimmett

text: ||  || Maria Elena Grimmett (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=411|

text: 27411 Laurenhall

text: ||  || Lauren Monet Hall (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=412|

text: 27412 Teague

text: ||  || 27412 Teague Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Thomas Teague (born 1954) is a barrister in London and a well known amateur astronomer in the UK. His major fields of study are solar and double star measurement from his home in Chester.|-id=413|

text: 27413 Ambruster

text: ||  || Carol Ambruster (1943–2013) did pioneering research on magnetic activity and flares of cool stars. She led Chaco Canyon work providing evidence for an early Navajo sun-watching tradition. Carol was the epitome of a perspicuous observer, with consummate interests also in music, art and history, and the natural world. |-id=417|

text: 27417 Jessjohnson

text: ||  || Jess Johnson (born 1966) is an observer as well as instrumentation specialist with the Catalina Sky Survey. |-id=421|

text: 27421 Nathanhan

text: ||  || Nathan Han (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=422|

text: 27422 Robheckman

text: ||  || Robert Tanner Heckman (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=423|

text: 27423 Dennisbowers

text: ||  || Dennis Bowers (born 1953), a valued, long-time technician of the

text: University of Arizona

text: ’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory |-id=425|

text: 27425 Bakker

text: Robert T. Bakker

text: (born 1945), an American paleontologist. |-id=426|

text: 27426 Brettlawrie

text: ||  || Brett Lawrie (born 1959), an engineer at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Steward Observatory. |-id=433|

text: 27433 Hylak

text: ||  || Benjamin Lourdes Hylak (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his engineering project. |-id=434|

text: 27434 Anirudhjain

text: ||  || Anirudh Jain (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his engineering project. |-id=438|

text: 27438 Carolynjons

text: ||  || Carolyn Kay Jons (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=439|

text: 27439 Kamimura

text: ||  || Jordan Roy Kamimura (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=440|

text: 27440 Colekendrick

text: ||  || Coleman J. Kendrick (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=445|

text: 27445 Lynnlane

text: ||  || Lynn Lane (born 1955) has been the long-time business and finance manager of the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) and the Department of Planetary Sciences. She has served four LPL directors and provided invaluable support for numerous planetary scientists, students and spacecraft missions. |-id=446|

text: 27446 Landoni

text: ||  || Katherine Grace Landoni (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=447|

text: 27447 Ichunlin

text: ||  || I-Chun Florence Lin (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=449|

text: 27449 Jamarkley

text: ||  || Jennifer Ann Markley (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=450|

text: 27450 Monzon

text: ||  || Adriana S. Monzon (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=452|

text: 27452 Nikhilpatel

text: ||  || Nikhil Sanjay Patel (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=453|

text: 27453 Crystalpoole

text: ||  || Crystal Rennae Poole (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=454|

text: 27454 Samapaige

text: ||  || Samantha Paige Rowland (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=456|

text: 27456 Sarkisian

text: ||  || Emily Marie Sarkisian (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=457|

text: 27457 Tovinkere

text: ||  || Mahita Gauri Tovinkere (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=458|

text: 27458 Williamwhite

text: ||  || William Henry White (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=465|

text: 27465 Cambroziak

text: ||  || Carole Ambroziak, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=466|

text: 27466 Cargibaysal

text: ||  || Cargi Baysal, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=470|

text: 27470 Debrabeckett

text: ||  || Debra Beckett, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=478|

text: 27478 Kevinbloh

text: ||  || Kevin M. Bloh, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=480|

text: 27480 Heablonsky

text: ||  || Heather Blonsky, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=491|

text: 27491 Broksas

text: ||  || Heidi Broksas, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=492|

text: 27492 Susanduncan

text: ||  || Susan Duncan, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=493|

text: 27493 Derikesibill

text: ||  || Derik Esibill, a mentor of a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=495|

text: 27495 Heatherfennell

text: ||  || Heather Fennell mentored a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=500|

text: 27500 Mandelbrot

text: Benoît B. Mandelbrot

text: , French-American mathematician. |}

text: Udall also had the foresight, when he was Secretary of the Interior, to spearhead the use of NASA satellites to produce images of Earth from space for scientific research, leading to development of the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) center at the U.S. Geological Survey. Over the course of more than forty years, that program mapped the Earth from space, showing the physical changes to the planet.

text: Udall also had the foresight, when he was Secretary of the Interior, to spearhead the use of NASA satellites to produce images of Earth from space for scientific research, leading to development of the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) center at the

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: . Over the course of more than forty years, that program mapped the Earth from space, showing the physical changes to the planet.

text: Topics of interest for this journal are all interactions observed in space research, including space studies of the Earth's surface, meteorology, and climate. Acceptable articles in the context of space research are from the perspective of astrophysics, materials science, the life sciences, and fundamental physics. Also included in this context is the study of planetary meteorologies, and planetary climates. Other research encompasses Earth-based astronomy observations, the study of space debris, and space weather.

text: Topics of interest for this journal are all interactions observed in space research, including space studies of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface,

text: meteorology

text: , and

text: climate

text: . Acceptable articles in the context of space research are from the perspective of

text: astrophysics

text: materials science

text: , the

text: life science

text: s, and fundamental

text: physics

text: . Also included in this context is the study of planetary meteorologies, and planetary climates. Other research encompasses Earth-based

text: astronomy

text: observations, the study of

text: space debris

text: , and space weather.

text: In 1962, a sub-committee of the Western Australian branch of the Australian Academy of Science made recommendations which were reviewed in 1972 and 1974 by the Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia. In summary, the recommendations were:

text: In 1962, a sub-committee of the Western Australian branch of the

text: Australian Academy of Science

text: made recommendations which were reviewed in 1972 and 1974 by the

entity_name: Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia

text: Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia

text: . In summary, the recommendations were:

text: In 2001, Batten published Anthropologist: Scientist of the People, which won the 2002 "Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children citation" given by National Science Teachers Association. Several other books of hers are also recommended by National Science Teachers Association: Who Has A Belly Button, Aliens from Earth , Hey, Daddy! Animal Fathers and Their Babies, The Winking, Blinking Sea: All about Bioluminescence. Among them, Hey, Daddy! Animal Fathers and Their Babies, published in 2002, was named "Outstanding Science Read Aloud 2003" by American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Aliens from Earth" won the 2006 Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Book of the Year Award and was adopted by the New York City Public Schools in support of the 4th grade science requirement for the study of ecosystems.

text: In 2001, Batten published Anthropologist: Scientist of the People, which won the 2002 "Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children citation" given by

text: National Science Teachers Association

text: . Several other books of hers are also recommended by

text: National Science Teachers Association

text: : Who Has A Belly Button, Aliens from Earth , Hey, Daddy! Animal Fathers and Their Babies, The Winking, Blinking Sea: All about Bioluminescence. Among them, Hey, Daddy! Animal Fathers and Their Babies, published in 2002, was named "Outstanding Science Read Aloud 2003" by

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: . "Aliens from Earth" won the 2006 Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Book of the Year Award and was adopted by the New York City Public Schools in support of the 4th grade science requirement for the study of ecosystems.

text: In the science curriculum, ninth grade students are required, in most areas, to take Earth Science, Physical Science, or Biology. As far as the level of course, Earth Science is usually taken by the basic student, Physical Science for the advanced student, and Biology for the honors student. The honors student will most likely have already completed Physical Science as it is quite frequently a pre-requisite for most other lab sciences available at the high school level, and is often a requirement for graduation. Depending on the district, Chemistry may also be available as a 9th grader.

text: In the science

text: curriculum

text: , ninth grade students are required, in most areas, to take

text: Earth Science

text: Physical Science

text: , or

text: Biology

text: . As far as the level of course, Earth Science is usually taken by the basic student, Physical Science for the advanced student, and Biology for the honors student. The honors student will most likely have already completed Physical Science as it is quite frequently a pre-requisite for most other lab sciences available at the high school level, and is often a requirement for graduation. Depending on the district, Chemistry may also be available as a 9th grader.

text: The critics required a wide range of knowledge; and from this requirement sprang grammar, prosody, lexicography, mythology and archaeology. The service rendered by these critics is invaluable. To them we owe not merely the possession of the greatest works of Greek intellect, but the possession of them in a readable state. The most celebrated critics were Zenodotus; Aristophanes of Byzantium, to whom we owe the theory of Greek accents; Crates of Mallus; and Aristarchus of Samothrace, the coryphaeus of criticism. Others were Lycophron, Callimachus, Eratosthenes and many of a later age, for the critical school long survived the literary. Dionysius Thrax, the author of the first scientific Greek grammar, may also be mentioned. These philological labours were of great indirect importance, for they led to the study of the natural sciences, and in particular to a more accurate knowledge of geography and history. Considerable attention began to be paid to the ancient history of Greece, and to all the myths relating to the foundation of states and cities. A large collection of such curious information is contained in the Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). Eratosthenes was the first to write on physical geography; he also first attempted to draw up a chronological table of the Egyptian kings and of the historical events of Greece. The sciences of mathematics, astronomy and medicine were also cultivated with assiduity and success at Alexandria, but they did not have their origin there, and did not, in any strict sense, form part of the peculiarly Alexandrian literature. The founder of the mathematical school was the celebrated Euclid; among its scholars were Archimedes; Apollonius of Perga, author of a treatise on Conic Sections; Eratosthenes, to whom we owe the first measurement of the earth; and Hipparchus, the founder of the epicyclical theory of the heavens, afterwards called the Ptolemaic system, from its most famous expositor, Claudius Ptolemy. Alexandria continued to be celebrated as a school of mathematics and science long after the Christian era. The science of medicine had distinguished representatives in Herophilus and Erasistratus, the two first great anatomists.

text: The critics required a wide range of knowledge; and from this requirement sprang

text: grammar

text: prosody

text: lexicography

text: mythology

text: and

text: archaeology

text: . The service rendered by these critics is invaluable. To them we owe not merely the possession of the greatest works of Greek intellect, but the possession of them in a readable state. The most celebrated critics were

text: Zenodotus

text: Aristophanes of Byzantium

text: , to whom we owe the theory of Greek accents;

text: Crates of Mallus

text: ; and

text: Aristarchus of Samothrace

text: , the

text: coryphaeus

text: of criticism. Others were

text: Lycophron

text: Callimachus

text: Eratosthenes

text: and many of a later age, for the critical school long survived the literary.

text: Dionysius Thrax

text: , the author of the first scientific Greek grammar, may also be mentioned. These philological labours were of great indirect importance, for they led to the study of the natural sciences, and in particular to a more accurate knowledge of

text: geography

text: and

text: history

text: . Considerable attention began to be paid to the ancient

text: history of Greece

text: , and to all the myths relating to the foundation of states and cities. A large collection of such curious information is contained in the

text: Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)

text: . Eratosthenes was the first to write on physical geography; he also first attempted to draw up a chronological table of the Egyptian kings and of the historical events of Greece. The sciences of mathematics, astronomy and

text: medicine

text: were also cultivated with assiduity and success at Alexandria, but they did not have their origin there, and did not, in any strict sense, form part of the peculiarly Alexandrian literature. The founder of the mathematical school was the celebrated

text: Euclid

text: ; among its scholars were

text: Archimedes

text: Apollonius of Perga

text: , author of a treatise on

text: Conic Section

text: s;

text: Eratosthenes

text: , to whom we owe the first measurement of the earth; and

text: Hipparchus

text: , the founder of the epicyclical theory of the heavens, afterwards called the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: , from its most famous expositor,

text: Claudius Ptolemy

text: . Alexandria continued to be celebrated as a school of mathematics and science long after the Christian era. The science of medicine had distinguished representatives in

text: Herophilus

text: and

text: Erasistratus

text: , the two first great

text: anatomist

text: s.

text: Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth sciences. In particular, it considers interactions between the Earth's "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and, even, the magnetosphere—as well as the impact of human societies on these components. At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, paleontology, sociology, and space science. Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems, the resulting organization and time evolution of these systems, and their stability or instability. Subsets of Earth system science include systems geology and systems ecology, and many aspects of Earth system science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science.

text: Earth system science (ESS) is the application of

text: systems science

text: to the

text: Earth science

text: s. In particular, it considers interactions between the Earth's "spheres"—

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: cryosphere

text: geosphere

text: pedosphere

text: biosphere

text: , and, even, the

text: magnetosphere

text: —as well as the impact of human societies on these components. At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the

text: natural

text: and

text: social

text: sciences, from fields including

text: ecology

text: economics

text: geology

text: glaciology

text: meteorology

text: oceanography

text: paleontology

text: sociology

text: , and

text: space science

text: . Like the broader subject of

text: systems science

text: , Earth system science assumes a

text: holistic view

text: of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's

text: spheres

text: and their many constituent subsystems, the resulting

text: organization

text: and time evolution of these systems, and their stability or instability. Subsets of Earth system science include

text: systems geology

text: and

text: systems ecology

text: , and many aspects of Earth system science are fundamental to the subjects of

text: physical geography

text: and

text: climate science

text: Current areas of focus include: geology, earth science, biology, chemistry, environmental science, forensic science, and physical science.

text: Current areas of focus include:

text: geology

text: earth science

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: environmental science

text: forensic science

text: , and

text: physical science

text: Oceanography (compound of the Greek words ὠκεανός meaning "ocean" and γράφω meaning "write"), also known as oceanology, is the branch of Geography that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within: astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past.

text: Oceanography (compound of the

text: Greek

text: words ὠκεανός meaning "

text: ocean

text: " and γράφω meaning "write"), also known as oceanology, is the branch of

text: Geography

text: that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including

text: ecosystem

text: dynamics;

text: ocean current

text: s,

text: waves

text: , and

text: geophysical fluid dynamics

text: plate tectonics

text: and the geology of the sea floor; and

text: flux

text: es of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the

text: world ocean

text: and understanding of processes within:

text: astronomy

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: climatology

text: geography

text: geology

text: hydrology

text: meteorology

text: and

text: physics

text: Paleoceanography

text: studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past.

text: It is operated by SRI International for the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Danish Meteorological Institute. Its principal researcher is Anja Strømme. This facility is host to more than 20 instruments, the majority of which provide unique and complementary information about the arctic upper atmosphere. The centerpiece instrument of the facility is an L band incoherent scatter (IS) radar with a  fully steerable antenna. It continues to be in high demand by the scientific communities.

text: It is operated by SRI International for the U.S.

text: National Science Foundation

text: and the

text: Danish Meteorological Institute

text: . Its principal researcher is

text: Anja Strømme

text: . This facility is host to more than 20 instruments, the majority of which provide unique and complementary information about the

text: arctic

text: upper atmosphere. The centerpiece instrument of the facility is an

text: L band

text: incoherent scatter

text: (IS) radar with a  fully steerable antenna. It continues to be in high demand by the scientific communities.

text: Ely Hall is a two-story Richardsonian Romanesque classroom and laboratory building on the campus of Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, US. Designed by William Tubby and originally built in 1889 as the Alumnae Gymnasium, the structure once featured a large pool and a variety of other athletic spaces. Vassar's enrollment quickly outgrew the limited space within the building and it was first expanded and then superseded by Kenyon Hall in the 1930s. The Geology Department moved into the building shortly thereafter and Ely is now home to Vassar's Department of Earth Science and Geography, the A. Scott Warthin, Jr. Museum of Geology and Natural History, and the Aula, a spacious, frequently used gathering space that was once a basketball court.

text: Ely Hall is a two-story

text: Richardsonian Romanesque

text: classroom and laboratory building on the campus of

text: Vassar College

text: in the town of

text: Poughkeepsie, New York

text: , US. Designed by

text: William Tubby

text: and originally built in 1889 as the Alumnae Gymnasium, the structure once featured a large pool and a variety of other athletic spaces. Vassar's enrollment quickly outgrew the limited space within the building and it was first expanded and then superseded by

text: Kenyon Hall

text: in the 1930s. The Geology Department moved into the building shortly thereafter and Ely is now home to Vassar's Department of Earth Science and Geography, the A. Scott Warthin, Jr. Museum of Geology and Natural History, and the Aula, a spacious, frequently used gathering space that was once a basketball court.

text: A peer-reviewed journal in the field is Environmental Earth Sciences (), formerly Environmental Geology ().

text: A peer-reviewed journal in the field is

text: Environmental Earth Sciences

text: (), formerly Environmental Geology ().

text: By far, however, the greatest significance of works like this is that they seek to bridge the gap between faith on one side, and pure and applied science on the other. Oxygen forthrightly addresses certain areas of science that might appear to test the Christian faith quite sorely—among them the very possibility of finding living organisms on a world other than earth. Regrettably, Oxygen does not offer any explanation that might reconcile the disparate concepts of life on worlds beyond earth, and God having created life on earth and only on earth. One possible explanation might be that Mars harbors living organisms carried to it in the event that caused the Noachic Flood. (See especially the article on Hydroplates.) But neither this novel nor its sequel discuss that possibility at all—possibly because the theory remains controversial. Instead, they offer an assurance that the Christian faith is strong enough to stand any test, including a scientific finding that might on the surface appear to contradict Scripture. (In fact, Scripture is silent on the nature of the planets, and indeed on all celestial bodies, except the sun, moon, and stars.)

text: By far, however, the greatest significance of works like this is that they seek to bridge the gap between faith on one side, and pure and applied science on the other. Oxygen forthrightly addresses certain areas of science that might appear to test the Christian faith quite sorely—among them the very possibility of finding living organisms on a world other than earth. Regrettably, Oxygen does not offer any explanation that might reconcile the disparate concepts of life on worlds beyond earth, and God having created life on earth and only on earth. One possible explanation might be that Mars harbors living organisms carried to it in the event that caused the

text: Noachic Flood

text: . (See especially the article on

text: Hydroplates

text: .) But neither this novel nor its sequel discuss that possibility at all—possibly because the theory remains controversial. Instead, they offer an assurance that the Christian faith is strong enough to stand any test, including a scientific finding that might on the surface appear to contradict Scripture. (In fact, Scripture is silent on the nature of the planets, and indeed on all celestial bodies, except the sun, moon, and stars.)

text: For the student considering a career in the sciences, Johns Hopkins has much to offer at the undergraduate level. The departments of Biology, Biophysics, Chemistry, Cognitive Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mathematics, and Physics and Astronomy offer programs leading to bachelor’s degrees. All programs offer a sound foundation in the sciences and mathematics and require course work in the humanities and social sciences. Some require a degree of proficiency in a modern foreign language.

text: For the student considering a career in the sciences, Johns Hopkins has much to offer at the undergraduate level. The departments of

text: Biology

text: Biophysics

text: Chemistry

text: Cognitive Science

text: , Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mathematics, and Physics and Astronomy offer programs leading to bachelor’s degrees. All programs offer a sound foundation in the sciences and mathematics and require course work in the humanities and social sciences. Some require a degree of proficiency in a modern foreign language.

text: Solid Earth refers to "the Earth beneath our feet" or terra firma, the planet's solid surface and its interior. It contrasts with the Earth's fluid envelopes, the atmosphere and hydrosphere (but includes the ocean basin), as well as the biosphere and interactions with the sun. It includes the liquid core. Solid-earth science refers to the corresponding methods of study, a subset of Earth sciences, predominantly geophysics and geology, excluding aeronomy, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, hydrology, and ecology.

text: Solid Earth refers to "the

text: Earth

text: beneath our feet" or

text: terra firma

text: , the planet's solid surface and its interior. It contrasts with the Earth's fluid envelopes, the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: hydrosphere

text: (but includes the

text: ocean basin

text: ), as well as the

text: biosphere

text: and

text: interactions

text: with the

text: sun

text: . It includes the

text: liquid core

text: . Solid-earth science refers to the corresponding methods of study, a subset of

text: Earth sciences

text: , predominantly

text: geophysics

text: and

text: geology

text: , excluding

text: aeronomy

text: atmospheric sciences

text: oceanography

text: hydrology

text: , and

text: ecology

text: People in all 50 states and in more than five countries have participated in Earth Science Week events and activities, ranging from educators teaching Earth science activities in their classrooms to open houses held at major USGS field stations. State geological surveys are also key participants, and are responsible for having official proclamations issued by their state’s governor.

text: In the natural sciences, especially in atmospheric and Earth sciences involving applied statistics, an anomaly is the deviation in a quantity from its expected value, e.g., the difference between a measurement and a mean or a model prediction. Similarly, a standardized anomaly equals an anomaly divided by a standard deviation. A group of anomalies can be analyzed spatially, as a map, or temporally, as a time series.There are examples in atmospheric sciences and in geophysics.

text: In the

text: natural sciences

text: , especially in

text: atmospheric

text: and

text: Earth sciences

text: involving

text: applied statistics

text: , an anomaly is the

text: deviation

text: in a quantity from its expected value, e.g., the difference between a measurement and a mean or a model prediction. Similarly, a standardized anomaly equals an anomaly divided by a

text: standard deviation

text: . A group of anomalies can be analyzed spatially, as a map, or temporally, as a time series.There are examples in atmospheric sciences and in geophysics.

text: Beginning in the 1860s, advanced meteorological observation stations, as well as ship reports, allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations, including to the European mainland in some cases. Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October, which is the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season. In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010, Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast, or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward. Due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced the most effects, although countries as far east as Russia and Cyprus have experienced tropical cyclone impacts.

text: Beginning in the 1860s, advanced meteorological observation stations, as well as ship reports, allowed Atlantic hurricanes to be tracked for extended durations, including to the European mainland in some cases. Most storms that affected Europe have done so from August to October, which is the climatological peak of the

text: Atlantic hurricane season

text: . In a survey of such European tropical cyclones from 1961 to 2010, Dr. Kieran Hickey observed that the storms generally formed west of Africa and recurved to the northeast, or formed off the east coast of the United States and proceeded eastward. Due to their positions far to the west of the rest of Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced the most effects, although countries as far east as Russia and Cyprus have experienced tropical cyclone impacts.

text: Without seismic data or knowledge of its moment of inertia, little direct information is available about the internal structure and geochemistry of Venus. The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests they share a similar internal structure: a core, mantle, and crust. Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for plate tectonics on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to subduct without water to make it less viscous. This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated magnetic field.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nimmo, F. |date=2002 |title=Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio |journal=Geology |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=987–990 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030

text: Without seismic data or knowledge of its

text: moment of inertia

text: , little direct information is available about the internal structure and

text: geochemistry

text: of Venus. The similarity in size and density between Venus and Earth suggests they share a similar internal structure: a

text: core

text: mantle

text: , and

text: crust

text: . Like that of Earth, the Venusian core is at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate. The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The principal difference between the two planets is the lack of evidence for

text: plate tectonics

text: on Venus, possibly because its crust is too strong to

text: subduct

text: without water to make it less

text: viscous

text: . This results in reduced heat loss from the planet, preventing it from cooling and providing a likely explanation for its lack of an internally generated

text: magnetic field

text: .<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nimmo, F. |date=2002 |title=Crustal analysis of Venus from Magellan satellite observations at Atalanta Planitia, Beta Regio, and Thetis Regio |journal=

text: Geology

text: |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=987–990 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030

text: In the field of astrophysics, the university is a member of a consortium engaged in the construction and operation of the Large Binocular Telescope in the Mount Graham International Observatory of the Pinaleno Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It is also a member of both the Astrophysical Research Consortium, which operates telescopes at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, and the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy which operates the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the Gemini Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. The University of Virginia hosts the headquarters of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, which operates the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia and the Very Large Array radio telescope made famous in the Carl Sagan television documentary Cosmos and film Contact. The North American Atacama Large Millimeter Array Science Center is also located at the Charlottesville NRAO site.

text: In the field of

text: astrophysics

text: , the university is a member of a consortium engaged in the construction and operation of the

text: Large Binocular Telescope

text: in the

text: Mount Graham International Observatory

text: of the

text: Pinaleno Mountains

text: of southeastern

text: Arizona

text: . It is also a member of both the Astrophysical Research Consortium, which operates telescopes at

text: Apache Point Observatory

text: in

text: New Mexico

text: , and the

entity_name: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

text: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

text: which operates the

text: National Optical Astronomy Observatory

text: , the

text: Gemini Observatory

text: and the

text: Space Telescope Science Institute

text: . The University of Virginia hosts the headquarters of the

text: National Radio Astronomy Observatory

text: , which operates the

text: Green Bank Telescope

text: in

text: West Virginia

text: and the

text: Very Large Array

text: radio telescope made famous in the

text: Carl Sagan

text: television documentary

text: Cosmos

text: and film

text: Contact

text: . The North American

text: Atacama Large Millimeter Array

text: Science Center is also located at the Charlottesville NRAO site.

text: The inhomogeneities are not always errors. This is seen most clear for stations affected by warming due to the urban heat island effect. From the perspective of global warming, such local effects are undesirable, but to study the influence of climate on health such measurements are fine. Other inhomogeneities are due to compromises that have to be made been ventilation and protection against the sun and wetting in the design of a weather shelter. Trying to reduce one type of error (for a certain weather condition) in the design will often lead to the more errors from the other factors. Meteorological measurements are not made in the laboratory. Small errors are inevitable and may not be relevant for meteorological purposes, but if such an error changes, it may well be an inhomogeneity for climatology.

text: Gordon State College continues to offer associate degrees, most of which will transfer, in the following fields of study: Business Administration, Criminal Justice, History, Information Systems, Political Science, Psychology, Secretarial Science or Office Administration, Social Work, Sociology, Teacher Education, Art, English, Foreign Language, General Studies, Music, Theatre, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Astronomy, Biological Sciences and Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Dental Hygiene, Forestry, Horticulture, Mathematics, Medical Technology, Occupational Therapy, Physical Science, Physical Therapy, Physician Assistant, Physics, Pre-Pharmacy and Respiratory Therapy.

text: Gordon State College continues to offer

text: associate degree

text: s, most of which will transfer, in the following fields of study:

text: Business Administration

text: Criminal Justice

text: History

text: Information Systems

text: Political Science

text: Psychology

text: Secretarial Science

text: or

text: Office Administration

text: Social Work

text: Sociology

text: Teacher Education

text: Art

text: , English, Foreign Language,

text: General Studies

text: Music

text: Theatre

text: Agriculture

text: and

text: Environmental Science

text: s,

text: Astronomy

text: Biological Science

text: s and

text: Biology

text: Chemistry

text: Computer Science

text: Dental Hygiene

text: Forestry

text: Horticulture

text: Mathematics

text: Medical Technology

text: Occupational Therapy

text: Physical Science

text: Physical Therapy

text: Physician Assistant

text: Physics

text: , Pre-

text: Pharmacy

text: and

text: Respiratory Therapy

text: The second first became a de facto base unit within the metric system when, in 1832, Carl Friedrich Gauss used it, the centimetre and the gram to derive the units associated with values of absolute measurements of the Earth's magnetic field. The second, if based on the Earth's rotation, is not a constant as the Earth's rotation is slowing down—in 2008 the solar day was 0.002 s longer than in 1820. This had been known for many years; consequently in 1952 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined the second in terms of the Earth's rotation in the year 1900. Measurements of time were made using extrapolation from readings based on astronomy. With the launch of SI in 1960, the 11th CGPM adopted the IAU definition. In the years that followed, atomic clocks became significantly more reliable and precise; and in 1968 the 13th CGPM redefined the second in terms of a specific frequency from the emission spectrum of the caesium 133 atom, a component of atomic clocks. This provided the means to measure the time associated with astronomical phenomena rather than using astronomical phenomena as the basis from which time measurements were made.

text: The

text: second

text: first became a de facto base unit within the metric system when, in 1832,

text: Carl Friedrich Gauss

text: used it, the centimetre and the gram to derive the units associated with values of absolute measurements of the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . The second, if based on the

text: Earth's rotation

text: , is not a constant as the Earth's rotation is slowing down—in 2008 the solar day was 0.002 s longer than in 1820. This had been known for many years; consequently in 1952 the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) defined the second in terms of the Earth's rotation in the year 1900. Measurements of time were made using

text: extrapolation

text: from readings based on

text: astronomy

text: . With the launch of SI in 1960, the 11th CGPM adopted the IAU definition. In the years that followed,

text: atomic clock

text: s became significantly more reliable and precise; and in 1968 the 13th CGPM redefined the second in terms of a specific frequency from the

text: emission spectrum

text: of the

text: caesium 133

text: atom, a component of atomic clocks. This provided the means to measure the time associated with astronomical phenomena rather than using astronomical phenomena as the basis from which time measurements were made.

text: In 1994, Shepherd left MAFF to become the first Director of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, then known as the Southampton Oceanography Centre, in the Hampshire city of Southampton.  The creation of this centre brought together the Natural Environment Research Council's National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) into a single, purpose-built facility, located within the dock area of the city.  During his tenure as Director, 1994-1999, Shepherd served, in part, to bring together these two formerly separate organisations into a single collaborative institution.  At the conclusion of his term as Director, Shepherd became Professor of Marine Sciences within the University of Southampton as well as Director of the Earth System Modelling Initiative (1999-2006).  From 2006, he assumed a part-time role as a Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science at Southampton.  In parallel, Shepherd became Deputy Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (2000-2010), and began annual visits to LDEO as an adjunct senior research scientist (1999-).

text: In 1994, Shepherd left MAFF to become the first Director of the

text: , then known as the Southampton Oceanography Centre, in the

text: Hampshire

text: city of

text: Southampton

text: .  The creation of this centre brought together the

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: 's

text: National Institute of Oceanography

text: (NIO) and the

text: University of Southampton

text: 's School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) into a single, purpose-built facility, located within the dock area of the city.  During his tenure as Director, 1994-1999, Shepherd served, in part, to bring together these two formerly separate organisations into a single collaborative institution.  At the conclusion of his term as Director, Shepherd became Professor of Marine Sciences within the University of Southampton as well as Director of the Earth System Modelling Initiative (1999-2006).  From 2006, he assumed a

text: part-time

text: role as a Professorial Research Fellow in Earth System Science at Southampton.  In parallel, Shepherd became Deputy Director of the

text: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

text: (2000-2010), and began annual visits to LDEO as an adjunct senior research scientist (1999-).

text: Generally, three science courses are required. Biology, chemistry, and physics are usually offered. Courses such as physical and life science serve as introductory alternatives to those classes. Other science studies include geology, anatomy, astronomy, health science, environmental science, and forensic science.

text: Generally, three science courses are required.

text: Biology

text: chemistry

text: , and

text: physics

text: are usually offered. Courses such as

text: physical

text: and

text: life science

text: serve as introductory alternatives to those classes. Other science studies include

text: geology

text: anatomy

text: astronomy

text: health science

text: environmental science

text: , and

text: forensic science

text: He serves on several academic committees such as Honours and Recognition Committee/International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), International Commission on Climate (ICCL), International Commission on Dynamical Meteorology (ICDM), WWRP Monsoon Panel, Lead Author of IPCC WG II, Working Group for UN Environment Consultation (WGUNEC), Chinese Association for Science and Technology (CAST), International Commission on Planetary Atmospheres and their Evolution (ICPAE), World Youth Earth Scientists (YES), and on the responsible editor of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences and Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. Besides, he is the director of International Program Office of Asian Monsoon Years (AMY 2007-2012), and the co-coordinator of International Project of East Asian Climate (EAC).

text: He serves on several academic committees such as Honours and Recognition Committee/

entity_name: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

text: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

text: (IUGG),

text: International Commission on Climate

text: (ICCL),

text: International Commission on Dynamical Meteorology

text: (ICDM), WWRP Monsoon Panel, Lead Author of IPCC WG II,

text: Working Group for UN Environment Consultation

text: (WGUNEC),

text: Chinese Association for Science and Technology

text: (CAST),

text: International Commission on Planetary Atmospheres and their Evolution

text: (ICPAE),

text: World Youth Earth Scientists

text: (YES), and on the responsible editor of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences and Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. Besides, he is the director of International Program Office of

text: Asian Monsoon Years

text: (AMY 2007-2012), and the co-coordinator of International Project of

text: East Asian Climate

text: (EAC).

text: There are several elements that make up the weather and climate of a place. The major of these elements are the following: temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation. Analysis of these elements can provide the basis for forecasting weather and defining its climate. These same elements make also the basis of climatology study, of course, within a longer time scale rather than it does in meteorology.

text: There are several elements that make up the weather and climate of a place. The major of these elements are the following:

text: temperature

text: pressure

text: wind

text: humidity

text: , and

text: precipitation

text: . Analysis of these elements can provide the basis for forecasting weather and defining its climate. These same elements make also the basis of climatology study, of course, within a longer time scale rather than it does in meteorology.

text: Since cosmic X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, space-based telescopes are needed for X-ray astronomy.  Applying himself to this problem, Giacconi worked on the instrumentation for X-ray astronomy; from rocket-borne detectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to Uhuru, the first orbiting X-ray astronomy satellite, in the 1970s.  Giacconi's pioneering research continued in 1978 with the Einstein Observatory, the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space, and later with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which was launched in 1999 and is still in operation. Giacconi also applied his expertise to other fields of astronomy, becoming the first director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, the science operations center for the Hubble Space Telescope.

text: Since cosmic X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, space-based telescopes are needed for X-ray astronomy.  Applying himself to this problem, Giacconi worked on the instrumentation for X-ray astronomy; from rocket-borne detectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to

text: Uhuru

text: , the first orbiting X-ray astronomy satellite, in the 1970s.  Giacconi's pioneering research continued in 1978 with the

text: Einstein Observatory

text: , the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space, and later with the

text: Chandra X-ray Observatory

text: , which was launched in 1999 and is still in operation. Giacconi also applied his expertise to other fields of astronomy, becoming the first director of the

text: Space Telescope Science Institute

text: , the science operations center for the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: GPULib is a software library developed and marketed by Tech-X Corporation for accelerating general-purpose scientific computations from within the Interactive Data Language (IDL) using Nvidia's CUDA platform for programming its graphics processing units (GPUs). GPULib provides basic arithmetic, array indexing, special functions, Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), interpolation, BLAS matrix operations as well as LAPACK routines provided by MAGMA, and some image processing operations. All numeric data types provided by IDL are supported. GPULib is used in medical imaging, optics, astronomy, earth science, remote sensing, and other scientific areas.

text: GPULib is a software library developed and marketed by Tech-X Corporation for accelerating general-purpose scientific computations from within the Interactive Data Language (

text: IDL

text: ) using

text: Nvidia

text: 's

text: CUDA

text: platform for programming its

text: graphics processing unit

text: s (GPUs). GPULib provides basic arithmetic, array indexing, special functions, Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), interpolation,

text: BLAS

text: matrix operations as well as

text: LAPACK

text: routines provided by MAGMA, and some image processing operations. All numeric data types provided by IDL are supported. GPULib is used in medical imaging, optics, astronomy, earth science, remote sensing, and other scientific areas.

text: This region includes the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Tropical cyclone formation here varies widely from year to year, ranging from one to over twenty-five per year. Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and issues reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. On average, 11 named storms (of tropical storm or higher strength) occur each season, with an average of 6 becoming hurricanes and 2 becoming major hurricanes. The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 each season.

text: This region includes the North

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: , and the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Tropical cyclone formation here varies widely from year to year, ranging from one to over twenty-five per year. Most Atlantic

text: tropical storms

text: and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States

text: National Hurricane Center

text: monitors the basin and issues reports, watches and warnings about

text: tropical

text: weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the

text: Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

text: s for

text: tropical cyclone

text: s as defined by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: . On average, 11 named storms (of tropical storm or higher strength) occur each season, with an average of 6 becoming hurricanes and 2 becoming major hurricanes. The

text: climatological

text: peak of activity is around September 10 each season.

text: In the 1990s and under the directorate of Henri Malcorps, the RMI started using several new technologies such as the instillation in 1992 of a lightning detection system by radio interferometry (SAFIR). It is able to localize every impact of lightning throughout Belgium in real time, with an accuracy of about 1 km. Another example is, in 1993, when the RMI launched a meteorological database easily accessible with a computer: MeteoBBS. This system allows the display of satellite photos, meteorological radar pictures, the SAFIR maps, as well as all observations, weather forecasts and meteorological warnings.The scientific technology is quickly evolving and, in 1995, the METEOSAT satellite localized at 36.000 km above the Earth provided the first high quality images every half-hour.In 2001, the Royal Meteorological Institute acquired a brand new radar able to measure all kind of precipitation within a range of 240 km. It is located in Libramont, in the province of Luxembourg.Dr. Henri Malcorps retired in 2010, and Dr. Daniel Gellens has since then been the director ad interim of the RMI.

text: In the 1990s and under the directorate of Henri Malcorps, the RMI started using several new technologies such as the instillation in 1992 of a lightning detection system by radio

text: interferometry

text: (SAFIR). It is able to localize every impact of lightning throughout Belgium in real time, with an accuracy of about 1 km. Another example is, in 1993, when the RMI launched a meteorological database easily accessible with a computer: MeteoBBS. This system allows the display of satellite photos, meteorological radar pictures, the SAFIR maps, as well as all observations, weather forecasts and meteorological warnings.The scientific technology is quickly evolving and, in 1995, the

text: METEOSAT

text: satellite localized at 36.000 km above the Earth provided the first high quality images every half-hour.In 2001, the Royal Meteorological Institute acquired a brand new radar able to measure all kind of precipitation within a range of 240 km. It is located in

text: Libramont

text: , in the

text: province of Luxembourg

text: .Dr. Henri Malcorps retired in 2010, and Dr. Daniel Gellens has since then been the director ad interim of the RMI.

text: There are also 12 focus groups that organize research involving two or more sections. These are atmospheric and space electricity; cryosphere sciences; Earth and planetary surface processes; Earth and space science informatics; mineral and rock physics; global environmental change; natural hazards; near surface geophysics; nonlinear geophysics; paleoceanography and paleoclimatology; study of the Earth's deep interior; and societal impacts and policy sciences.

text: There are also 12 focus groups that organize research involving two or more sections. These are

text: atmospheric and space electricity

text: cryosphere

text: sciences; Earth and planetary surface processes; Earth and space science informatics;

text: mineral

text: and

text: rock physics

text: ; global environmental change;

text: natural hazard

text: s; near surface geophysics;

text: nonlinear geophysics

text: paleoceanography

text: and

text: paleoclimatology

text: ; study of the

text: Earth's deep interior

text: ; and societal impacts and policy sciences.

text: From 1846 to 1851 Lloyd was president of the Royal Irish Academy, who in 1862 awarded him their Cunningham gold medal. He resigned his chair of natural philosophy in 1843, on his accession to a senior fellowship in Trinity College. In 1862 he became vice-provost, and in 1867 was appointed provost, in succession to Richard MacDonnell. He was president of the British Association in 1857, when it met in Dublin, and delivered an inaugural address, which was published, in which he gave a sketch of the recent progress made in astronomy, terrestrial magnetism, and other branches of science.

text: From 1846 to 1851 Lloyd was president of the

text: Royal Irish Academy

text: , who in 1862 awarded him their

text: Cunningham gold medal

text: . He resigned his chair of natural philosophy in 1843, on his accession to a senior fellowship in Trinity College. In 1862 he became vice-provost, and in 1867 was appointed provost, in succession to

text: Richard MacDonnell

text: . He was president of the British Association in 1857, when it met in Dublin, and delivered an inaugural address, which was published, in which he gave a sketch of the recent progress made in astronomy, terrestrial magnetism, and other branches of science.

text: Economic geology is an important branch of geology which deals with different aspects of economic minerals being used by humankind to fulfill its various needs. The economic minerals are those which can be extracted profitably. Economic geologists help locate and manage the Earth's natural resources, such as petroleum and coal, as well as mineral resources, which include metals such as iron, copper, and uranium.

text: Economic geology is an important branch of geology which deals with different aspects of economic minerals being used by humankind to fulfill its various needs. The economic minerals are those which can be extracted profitably. Economic geologists help locate and manage the Earth's

text: natural resource

text: s, such as petroleum and coal, as well as mineral resources, which include metals such as iron, copper, and uranium.

text: Earth, Planets and Space is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media and Terra Scientific Publishing Company on behalf of five Japanese learned societies: the Seismological Society of Japan, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, Volcanological Society of Japan, Geodetic Society of Japan, and the Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences. It was established in 1949 as the Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity and obtained its current name in 1998 when it absorbed the Journal of Physics of the Earth (established 1952). The editor-in-chief is Yasuo Ogawa (Tokyo Institute of Technology).

text: Earth, Planets and Space is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: open access

text: scientific journal

text: published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: and Terra Scientific Publishing Company on behalf of five Japanese

text: learned societies

text: : the

text: Seismological Society of Japan

text: Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences

text: Volcanological Society of Japan

text: Geodetic Society of Japan

text: , and the

text: Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences

text: . It was established in 1949 as the Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity and obtained its current name in 1998 when it absorbed the Journal of Physics of the Earth (established 1952). The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Yasuo Ogawa (

text: Tokyo Institute of Technology

text: Hunt is Professor of Climate modelling in the Department of Space and Climate Physics and Department of Earth Sciences at University College London.

text: Hunt is Professor of

text: Climate modelling

text: in the Department of Space and Climate Physics and Department of Earth Sciences at

text: University College London

text: Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth sciences. In particular, it considers interactions between the Earth's "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and, even, the magnetosphere — as well as the impact of human societies on these components.

text: Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth sciences. In particular, it considers interactions between the Earth's "spheres"—

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: cryosphere

text: geosphere

text: pedosphere

text: biosphere

text: , and, even, the

text: magnetosphere

text: — as well as the impact of human societies on these components.

text: In meteorology and climatology, global numerical models of atmospheric flow are of increasing interest which employ geodesic grids that are based on an icosahedron (refined by triangulation) instead of the more commonly used longitude/latitude grid. This has the advantage of evenly distributed spatial resolution without singularities (i.e. the poles) at the expense of somewhat greater numerical difficulty.

text: In

text: meteorology

text: and

text: climatology

text: , global numerical models of atmospheric flow are of increasing interest which employ

text: geodesic grid

text: s that are based on an icosahedron (refined by

text: triangulation

text: ) instead of the more commonly used

text: longitude

text: latitude

text: grid. This has the advantage of evenly distributed spatial resolution without

text: singularities

text: (i.e. the

text: poles

text: ) at the expense of somewhat greater numerical difficulty.

text: Callahan holds a Ph.D. in earth and environmental science (2001) and an M.S. in geochemistry from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (1995), as well as a B.A. in geology from the University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota (1991).

text: Callahan holds a Ph.D. in

text: earth and environmental science

text: (2001) and an M.S. in

text: geochemistry

text: from the

entity_name: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

text: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

text: (1995), as well as a B.A. in

text: geology

text: from the

text: University of St. Thomas

text: St. Paul, Minnesota

text: Rice completed a Bachelor of Science, graduating with Honours in Meteorology.

text: Forecasts emphasize temperature and precipitation deviations from averages. These are based on 30-year statistical averages prepared by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and updated every ten years. The most recent climatological normals tabulation spans the period 1971 through 2000.

text: Forecasts emphasize temperature and precipitation deviations from averages. These are based on 30-year statistical averages prepared by the

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: and updated every ten years. The most recent climatological normals tabulation spans the period 1971 through 2000.

text: In geology, the sial refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in silicates and aluminium minerals.  It is sometimes equated with the continental crust because it is absent in the wide oceanic basins, but "sial" is a geochemical term rather than a plate tectonic term. As these elements are less dense than the majority of the earth's elements, they tend to be concentrated in the upper layer of the crust.

text: In

text: geology

text: , the sial refers to the composition of the upper layer of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: , namely rocks rich in

text: silicate

text: s and

text: aluminium

text: minerals.  It is sometimes equated with the

text: continental crust

text: because it is absent in the wide

text: oceanic basin

text: s, but "sial" is a

text: geochemical

text: term rather than a

text: plate tectonic

text: term. As these elements are less dense than the majority of the earth's elements, they tend to be concentrated in the upper layer of the crust.

text: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) maintains Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) through the Port Meteorological Office comprising ships of Merchant Navy, Indian Navy and foreign agencies through which meteorological observations from the ocean area are collected on real-time basis for operational forecasting and climatological purpose.

text: The

text: India Meteorological Department

text: (IMD) maintains Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) through the Port Meteorological Office comprising ships of Merchant Navy, Indian Navy and foreign agencies through which meteorological observations from the ocean area are collected on real-time basis for operational forecasting and climatological purpose.

text: Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography.

text: Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which

text: oceanography

text: is divided. Others include

text: biological

text: chemical

text: and

text: geological

text: oceanography.

text: The U. S. Navy, largely through the Office of Naval Research (ONR), was a major funding source throughout the early days of oceanography.  Up to 90% of U.S. oceanographic research funding from 1946 through 1965 came from Navy with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography being one of the notable research facilities and recipients of that funding. Such funding provided for both the conversion of former naval vessels to research and for their operation.

text: The U. S. Navy, largely through the

text: Office of Naval Research

text: (ONR), was a major funding source throughout the early days of oceanography.  Up to 90% of U.S. oceanographic research funding from 1946 through 1965 came from Navy with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography being one of the notable research facilities and recipients of that funding. Such funding provided for both the conversion of former naval vessels to research and for their operation.

text: A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that have shaped it. Geologists usually engage in studying geology. Geologists, studying more of an applied science than a theoretical one, must approach Geology using physics, chemistry and biology as well as other sciences. Geologists, compared to scientists engaged in other fields, are generally more exposed to the outdoors than staying in laboratories; although some geologists prefer to perform most of their studies in the lab. A geologists tool used for exploring are pickaxes, gloves, glasses, mining tools and a magnifying glass.

text: A geologist is a

text: scientist

text: who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the

text: Earth

text: as well as the processes and history that have shaped it. Geologists usually engage in studying

text: geology

text: . Geologists, studying more of an applied science than a theoretical one, must approach Geology using

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biology

text: as well as other sciences. Geologists, compared to scientists engaged in other fields, are generally more exposed to the outdoors than staying in laboratories; although some geologists prefer to perform most of their studies in the lab. A geologists tool used for exploring are pickaxes, gloves, glasses, mining tools and a magnifying glass.

text: The Oceanography Society (TOS) is a non-profit society founded in 1988, based in Rockville, Maryland, U.S. and incorporated in the District of Columbia. It is an oceanographical organization that aims to promote communication among oceanographers, spread knowledge through research and education, and to provide a constituency for building consensus amongst the sub-disciplines of the field. The society publishes the scientific journal Oceanography, which publishes articles on all oceanic disciplines.

text: The Oceanography Society (TOS) is a

text: non-profit

text: society founded in 1988, based in

text: Rockville, Maryland

text: , U.S. and incorporated in the

text: District of Columbia

text: . It is an

text: oceanographical

text: organization that aims to promote communication among oceanographers, spread knowledge through research and education, and to provide a constituency for building consensus amongst the sub-disciplines of the field. The society publishes the

text: scientific journal

text: Oceanography

text: , which publishes articles on all oceanic disciplines.

text: In the physical sciences, the school offers Earth Science, Chemistry and Physics. Some students will take Earth Science or Physics during freshman year depending on how their science grades were from middle school. Then, students will take Chemistry or Physics during their sophomore, junior or senior year. Other students will also have the option to take AP Biology or AP Environmental Science.

text: In 1969, the Observatory was renamed Lamont–Doherty in honor of a major gift from the Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation; in 1993, it was renamed the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in recognition of its expertise in the broad range of Earth sciences. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory is Columbia University's Earth science research center and is a core component of the Earth Institute, a collection of academic and research units within the university that together address complex environmental issues facing the planet and its inhabitants, with particular focus on advancing scientific research to support sustainable development and the needs of the world's poor.

text: In 1969, the Observatory was renamed Lamont–Doherty in honor of a major gift from the Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation; in 1993, it was renamed the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in recognition of its expertise in the broad range of Earth sciences. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory is Columbia University's Earth science research center and is a core component of the

text: Earth Institute

text: , a collection of academic and research units within the university that together address complex environmental issues facing the planet and its inhabitants, with particular focus on advancing scientific research to support

text: sustainable development

text: and the needs of the world's poor.

text: |-| 27301 Joeingalls ||  || 27301 Joeingalls Discovered 2000 Jan. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joseph Ingalls mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Saint Margaret's Episcopal School, San Juan Capistrano, California, U.S. |-id=302| 27302 Jeankobis ||  || 27302 Jeankobis Discovered 2000 Jan. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jean A. Kobis mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Williamsville High School East, East Amherst, New York, U.S. |-id=303| 27303 Leitner ||  || 27303 Leitner Discovered 2000 Jan. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Roxanne Leitner mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Ursuline Academy Of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S. |-id=309| 27309 Serenamccalla ||  || 27309 Serenamccalla Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Serena McCalla mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York, U.S. |-id=314| 27314 Janemcdonald ||  || 27314 Janemcdonald Discovered 2000 Jan. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jane McDonald mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Rickards High School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. |-id=320| 27320 Vellinga ||  || Joseph Vellinga (born 1938), the Flight System Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=323| 27323 Julianewman ||  || 27323 Julianewman Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Newman mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California, U.S. |-id=326| 27326 Jimobrien ||  || 27326 Jimobrien Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. James O'Brien mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Venture School, San Ramon, California, U.S. |-id=327| 27327 Lindaplante ||  || 27327 Lindaplante Discovered 2000 Feb. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Plante mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Woodbury High School, Woodbury, Minnesota, U.S. |-id=328| 27328 Pohlonski ||  || 27328 Pohlonski Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Emily Parker Pohlonski mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Novi High School, Novi, Michigan, U.S. |-id=330| 27330 Markporter ||  || 27330 Markporter Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mark Porter mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, U.S. |-id=332| 27332 Happritchard ||  || 27332 Happritchard Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Parmely Hap Pritchard mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=336| 27336 Mikequinn ||  || 27336 Mikequinn Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mike Quinn mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Sunset High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=338| 27338 Malaraghavan ||  || 27338 Malaraghavan Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mala Raghavan mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=341| 27341 Fabiomuzzi ||  || Fabio Muzzi, Italian amateur astronomer |-id=342| 27342 Joescanio ||  || 27342 Joescanio Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joseph M. V. Scanio mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=343| 27343 Deannashea ||  || 27343 Deannashea Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Deanna Shea mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Shepton High School, Plano, Texas, U.S. |-id=344| 27344 Vesevlada ||  || Vladimír Veselý, Czech researcher in apiculture †|-id=347| 27347 Dworkin ||  || Jason Dworkin (born 1969), the Project Scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=348| 27348 Mink ||  || Ronald Mink (born 1970), the Deputy Project Systems Engineer for the OSIRISREx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=349| 27349 Enos ||  || Heather Enos (born 1968), the Project Planning and Control Officer for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return mission. |-id=353| 27353 Chrisspenner ||  || Chris Spenner mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=354| 27354 Stiklaitis ||  || Angela Stiklaitis mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Penn Manor High School, Millersville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=356| 27356 Mattstrom ||  || Matthew Strom mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Basha High School, Chandler, Arizona, U.S. |-id=363| 27363 Alvanclark ||  || Alvan Clark (1804–1887), a noted American astronomer and telescope manufacturer. |-id=365| 27365 Henryfitz ||  || Henry Fitz (1808–1863), an amateur astronomer, early photographer and an optician best known for his high quality telescopes in an era when glass was of inferior quality. |-id=368| 27368 Raytesar ||  || 27368 Raytesar Discovered 2000 Mar. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Raymond Tesar mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Plainview-Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, New York, U.S. |-id=372| 27372 Ujifusa ||  || 27372 Ujifusa Discovered 2000 Mar. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Allannah Ujifusa mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Cupertino High School, Cupertino, California, U.S. |-id=373| 27373 Davidvernon ||  || 27373 Davidvernon Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David C. Vernon mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Western Alamance High School, Elon, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=374| 27374 Yim ||  || 27374 Yim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. P. J. Yim mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Saratoga High School, Saratoga, California, U.S. |-id=375| 27375 Asirvatham ||  || Roshini Shreya Asirvatham (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=381| 27381 Balasingam ||  || Namrata Ramya Balasingam (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=382| 27382 Justinbarber ||  || Justin Alexander Barber (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=383| 27383 Braebenedict ||  || Braeden Christopher Benedict (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=384| 27384 Meaganbethel ||  || Meagan Alanna Bethel (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=385| 27385 Andblonsky ||  || Andrew C. Blonsky (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=386| 27386 Chadcampbell ||  || Chad Robert Campbell (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=387| 27387 Chhabra ||  || Chad Robert Campbell (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=390| 27390 Kyledavis ||  || Kyle McKay Davis (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=392| 27392 Valerieding ||  || Valerie S. Ding (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=396| 27396 Shuji ||  || Shuji Nakamura, Japanese-American electronics engineer, inventor of the blue LED and the violet-blue laser |-id=397| 27397 D'Souza ||  || Alicia Danielle D´Souza (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |}

text: 27301 Joeingalls

text: ||  || 27301 Joeingalls Discovered 2000 Jan. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joseph Ingalls mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Saint Margaret's Episcopal School, San Juan Capistrano, California, U.S. |-id=302|

text: 27302 Jeankobis

text: ||  || 27302 Jeankobis Discovered 2000 Jan. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jean A. Kobis mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Williamsville High School East, East Amherst, New York, U.S. |-id=303|

text: 27303 Leitner

text: ||  || 27303 Leitner Discovered 2000 Jan. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Roxanne Leitner mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Ursuline Academy Of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S. |-id=309|

text: 27309 Serenamccalla

text: ||  || 27309 Serenamccalla Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Serena McCalla mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York, U.S. |-id=314|

text: 27314 Janemcdonald

text: ||  || 27314 Janemcdonald Discovered 2000 Jan. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jane McDonald mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Rickards High School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. |-id=320|

text: 27320 Vellinga

text: Joseph Vellinga

text: (born 1938), the Flight System Manager for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=323|

text: 27323 Julianewman

text: ||  || 27323 Julianewman Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Newman mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California, U.S. |-id=326|

text: 27326 Jimobrien

text: ||  || 27326 Jimobrien Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. James O'Brien mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Venture School, San Ramon, California, U.S. |-id=327|

text: 27327 Lindaplante

text: ||  || 27327 Lindaplante Discovered 2000 Feb. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Linda Plante mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Woodbury High School, Woodbury, Minnesota, U.S. |-id=328|

text: 27328 Pohlonski

text: ||  || 27328 Pohlonski Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Emily Parker Pohlonski mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Novi High School, Novi, Michigan, U.S. |-id=330|

text: 27330 Markporter

text: ||  || 27330 Markporter Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mark Porter mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, U.S. |-id=332|

text: 27332 Happritchard

text: ||  || 27332 Happritchard Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Parmely Hap Pritchard mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=336|

text: 27336 Mikequinn

text: ||  || 27336 Mikequinn Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mike Quinn mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Sunset High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=338|

text: 27338 Malaraghavan

text: ||  || 27338 Malaraghavan Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mala Raghavan mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=341|

text: 27341 Fabiomuzzi

text: ||  || Fabio Muzzi, Italian amateur astronomer |-id=342|

text: 27342 Joescanio

text: ||  || 27342 Joescanio Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joseph M. V. Scanio mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=343|

text: 27343 Deannashea

text: ||  || 27343 Deannashea Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Deanna Shea mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Shepton High School, Plano, Texas, U.S. |-id=344|

text: 27344 Vesevlada

text: Vladimír Veselý

text: , Czech researcher in apiculture †|-id=347|

text: 27347 Dworkin

text: ||  || Jason Dworkin (born 1969), the Project Scientist for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=348|

text: 27348 Mink

text: ||  || Ronald Mink (born 1970), the Deputy Project Systems Engineer for the OSIRISREx Asteroid Sample Return Mission. |-id=349|

text: 27349 Enos

text: ||  || Heather Enos (born 1968), the Project Planning and Control Officer for the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return mission. |-id=353|

text: 27353 Chrisspenner

text: ||  || Chris Spenner mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=354|

text: 27354 Stiklaitis

text: ||  || Angela Stiklaitis mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Penn Manor High School, Millersville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=356|

text: 27356 Mattstrom

text: ||  || Matthew Strom mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Basha High School, Chandler, Arizona, U.S. |-id=363|

text: 27363 Alvanclark

text: ||  || Alvan Clark (1804–1887), a noted American astronomer and telescope manufacturer. |-id=365|

text: 27365 Henryfitz

text: ||  || Henry Fitz (1808–1863), an amateur astronomer, early photographer and an optician best known for his high quality telescopes in an era when glass was of inferior quality. |-id=368|

text: 27368 Raytesar

text: ||  || 27368 Raytesar Discovered 2000 Mar. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Raymond Tesar mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Plainview-Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, New York, U.S. |-id=372|

text: 27372 Ujifusa

text: ||  || 27372 Ujifusa Discovered 2000 Mar. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Allannah Ujifusa mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Cupertino High School, Cupertino, California, U.S. |-id=373|

text: 27373 Davidvernon

text: ||  || 27373 Davidvernon Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David C. Vernon mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Western Alamance High School, Elon, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=374|

text: 27374 Yim

text: ||  || 27374 Yim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. P. J. Yim mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Saratoga High School, Saratoga, California, U.S. |-id=375|

text: 27375 Asirvatham

text: ||  || Roshini Shreya Asirvatham (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=381|

text: 27381 Balasingam

text: ||  || Namrata Ramya Balasingam (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=382|

text: 27382 Justinbarber

text: ||  || Justin Alexander Barber (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=383|

text: 27383 Braebenedict

text: ||  || Braeden Christopher Benedict (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=384|

text: 27384 Meaganbethel

text: ||  || Meagan Alanna Bethel (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her animal and plant sciences project. |-id=385|

text: 27385 Andblonsky

text: ||  || Andrew C. Blonsky (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=386|

text: 27386 Chadcampbell

text: ||  || Chad Robert Campbell (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=387|

text: 27387 Chhabra

text: ||  || Chad Robert Campbell (born 1999) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. |-id=390|

text: 27390 Kyledavis

text: ||  || Kyle McKay Davis (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his animal and plant sciences project. |-id=392|

text: 27392 Valerieding

text: ||  || Valerie S. Ding (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=396|

text: 27396 Shuji

text: ||  || Shuji Nakamura, Japanese-American electronics engineer, inventor of the blue LED and the violet-blue laser |-id=397|

text: 27397 D'Souza

text: ||  || Alicia Danielle D´Souza (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2011 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |}

text: Naoisé O’Reilly is a psychology expert who develops methods in the areas of expression and psychological profiling. She earned a Ph.D. Doctorate in physical oceanography from the National Oceanography Centre at the University of Southampton, United Kingdom in 2007. The British Library catalogued her Ph.D. dissertation entitled Combining Altimetry and Hydrography with Inverse Methods. Outlined as one of the conclusions, O’Reilly developed an oceanography satellite altimetry and argo float big data scientific research system to analyze the state of the north Atlantic Ocean in three dimensional surface elevations. She graduated from the National University of Ireland, Galway in 2000 with a first class honors degree in marine science. She studied quantitative Earth observations at the University of Oxford and geophysical and environmental fluid dynamics at the University of Cambridge in 2002.

text: Naoisé O’Reilly is a

text: psychology

text: expert

text: who develops methods in the areas of expression and psychological profiling. She earned a

text: Ph.D.

text: Doctorate

text: in physical oceanography from the National Oceanography Centre at the

text: University of Southampton

text: United Kingdom

text: in 2007. The

text: British Library

text: catalogued her Ph.D.

text: dissertation

text: entitled Combining Altimetry and Hydrography with Inverse Methods. Outlined as one of the conclusions, O’Reilly developed an

text: oceanography

text: satellite

text: altimetry and argo float

text: big data

text: scientific

text: research

text: system

text: to analyze the state of the north

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: in three dimensional surface elevations. She graduated from the

text: National University of Ireland, Galway

text: in 2000 with a first class honors degree in marine science. She studied quantitative Earth observations at the

text: University of Oxford

text: and geophysical and environmental fluid dynamics at the

text: University of Cambridge

text: in 2002.

text: The JPSS satellites will carry a suite of sensors designed to collect meteorological, oceanographic, climatological, and solar-geophysical observations of the earth land, oceans, atmosphere, and near-earth space.

text: The IGY encompassed eleven Earth sciences: aurora and airglow, cosmic rays, geomagnetism, gravity, ionospheric physics, longitude and latitude determinations (precision mapping), meteorology, oceanography, seismology, and solar activity. The timing of IGY was particularly suited to some of these phenomena, since it covered the peak of solar cycle 19.

text: The IGY encompassed eleven

text: Earth science

text: s:

text: aurora

text: and

text: airglow

text: cosmic ray

text: s,

text: geomagnetism

text: gravity

text: ionospheric physics

text: longitude

text: and

text: latitude

text: determinations (precision mapping),

text: meteorology

text: oceanography

text: seismology

text: , and

text: solar activity

text: . The timing of IGY was particularly suited to some of these phenomena, since it covered the peak of

text: solar cycle 19

text: Like theoretical chemical astronomy, the lines of conceptual understanding between theoretical astrophysics and theoretical physical astronomy are often blurred, but, again, there are subtle differences between these two sciences. Theoretical physics as applied to astronomy seeks to find new ways to observe physical phenomena in celestial objects and what to look for, for example. This often leads to theoretical astrophysics having to seek new ways to describe or explain those same observations, with hopefully a convergence to improve our understanding of the local environment of Earth and the physical Universe.

text: Like theoretical chemical astronomy, the lines of conceptual understanding between theoretical astrophysics and theoretical physical astronomy are often blurred, but, again, there are subtle differences between these two sciences. Theoretical physics as applied to astronomy seeks to find new ways to observe physical phenomena in celestial objects and what to look for, for example. This often leads to theoretical astrophysics having to seek new ways to describe or explain those same observations, with hopefully a convergence to improve our understanding of the local environment of Earth and the physical

text: Universe

text: Physics is a branch of fundamental science, not practical science. Physics is also called "the fundamental science" because the subject of study of all branches of natural science like chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics, similar to how chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in linking the physical sciences. For example, chemistry studies properties, structures, and reactions of matter (chemistry's focus on the atomic scale distinguishes it from physics). Structures are formed because particles exert electrical forces on each other, properties include physical characteristics of given substances, and reactions are bound by laws of physics, like conservation of energy, mass, and charge.

text: Physics is a branch of

text: fundamental science

text: , not

text: practical science

text: . Physics is also called "the fundamental science" because the subject of study of all branches of

text: natural science

text: like chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics, similar to how chemistry is often called

text: the central science

text: because of its role in linking the physical sciences. For example, chemistry studies properties, structures, and

text: reactions

text: of matter (chemistry's focus on the atomic scale

text: distinguishes it from physics

text: ). Structures are formed because particles exert electrical forces on each other, properties include physical characteristics of given substances, and reactions are bound by laws of physics, like conservation of energy, mass, and charge.

text: The Earthly Branches correspondences can best be understood in terms of hexagrams made by doubling a trigram. The trigram assigned to a branch (as shown below) is used as a starting point for a yang or yin sequence of elements, depending on the yin or yang value of the trigram.  For example, ☳ is a yang trigram, so the line elements of the hexagram made by doubling it (number 51) are water, wood, earth, fire, metal, and earth, corresponding to the yang sequence of branches beginning with Rat. According to the celestial stems, each line of the hexagram also corresponds to metal.  The line elements of yin trigrams are determined in the same way, except that the sequence is inverted (backward).  Thus, for example, the lines of hexagram number 2, made by doubling the ☷ trigram, are earth, fire, wood, earth, water, and metal. In the case of trigrams ☰ and ☷, because they appear twice in the celestial stems, they have the value of their first appearance when on the bottom, or their next appearance when on the top.  Accordingly, the lines of the bottom trigram for hexagram 2 are wood and the lines of the top trigram are water.

text: The

text: Earthly Branches

text: correspondences can best be understood in terms of hexagrams made by doubling a trigram. The trigram assigned to a branch (as shown below) is used as a starting point for a yang or yin sequence of elements, depending on the yin or yang value of the trigram.  For example, ☳ is a yang trigram, so the line elements of the hexagram made by doubling it (number 51) are water, wood, earth, fire, metal, and earth, corresponding to the yang sequence of branches beginning with

text: Rat

text: . According to the celestial stems, each line of the hexagram also corresponds to metal.  The line elements of yin trigrams are determined in the same way, except that the sequence is inverted (backward).  Thus, for example, the lines of hexagram number 2, made by doubling the ☷ trigram, are earth, fire, wood, earth, water, and metal. In the case of trigrams ☰ and ☷, because they appear twice in the celestial stems, they have the value of their first appearance when on the bottom, or their next appearance when on the top.  Accordingly, the lines of the bottom trigram for hexagram 2 are wood and the lines of the top trigram are water.

text: Hadley's erroneous reasoning had been in terms of a tendency to conserve linear momentum, as air mass travels from north to south or from south to north. Ferrel recognized that in meteorology and oceanography what needs to be taken into account is a tendency, of an air mass that is in motion relative to Earth, to conserve its angular momentum with respect to Earth's Axis.

text: Hadley

text: 's erroneous reasoning had been in terms of a tendency to conserve

text: linear momentum

text: , as air mass travels from north to south or from south to north. Ferrel recognized that in

text: meteorology

text: and

text: oceanography

text: what needs to be taken into account is a tendency, of an

text: air mass

text: that is in motion relative to

text: Earth

text: , to conserve its

text: angular momentum

text: with respect to

text: Earth's Axis

text: Astronomy publishes articles about the hobby and science of astronomy. Generally, the front half of the magazine reports on professional science, while the back half of the magazine presents items of interest to hobbyists. Science articles cover such topics as cosmology, space exploration, exobiology, research conducted by professional-class observatories, and individual professional astronomers. Each issue of Astronomy contains a foldout star map showing the evening sky for the current month and the positions of planets, and some comets.

text: |-| 28601 Benton ||  || Julius Benton (b. 1949) has been a key member of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) serving as Saturn & Venus Coordinators since 1971.  |-id=602| 28602 Westfall ||  || John Westfall (b. 1938), a Professor Emeritus at San Francisco State University and the former Executive Director of the Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers (1985-1995) |-id=603| 28603 Jenkins ||  || Jamey Jenkins (b. 1955), an American amateur astronomer who served as Assistant Coordinator-Archivist for the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers from 2003 to 2014 and is author of The Sun and How to Observe It. |-id=607| 28607 Jiayipeng ||  || Jiayi Peng (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her physics and space science project |-id=611| 28611 Liliapopova ||  || Lilia Popova (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her plant science project |-id=614| 28614 Vejvoda ||  || Jaromír Vejvoda, Czech musician, bandmaster and composer †|-id=618| 28618 Scibelli ||  || Samantha Marie Scibelli (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her physics and space science project |-id=625| 28625 Selvakumar ||  || Raja Selvakumar (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=626| 28626 Meghanshea ||  || Meghan Marjorie Shea (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her environmental science project |-id=628| 28628 Kensenshi ||  || Kensen Shi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer science project |-id=629| 28629 Solimano ||  || Jamie Lee Solimano (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her microbiology project |-id=630| 28630 Mayuri ||  || Mayuri Sridhar (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project |-id=631| 28631 Jacktakahashi ||  || Jack Ryan Takahashi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his medicine and health project |-id=632| 28632 Christraver ||  || Chris Traver (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project |-id=633| 28633 Ratripathi ||  || Raghav Tripathi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=636| 28636 Vasudevan ||  || Sahana Vasudevan (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=638| 28638 Joywang ||  || Joy Yiran Wang (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=640| 28640 Cathywong ||  || Catherine Wong (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=642| 28642 Zbarsky ||  || Samuel Zbarsky (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematics project |-id=643| 28643 Kellyzhang ||  || Kelly Zhang (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=644| 28644 Michaelzhang ||  || 28644 Michaelzhang Discovered 2000 Mar. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Zhang (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. He attends the Smithtown High School East, Saint James, New York.|-id=652| 28652 Andybramante ||  || Andrew Bramante mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=653| 28653 Charliebrucker ||  || Charles F. Brucker mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=654| 28654 Davidcaine ||  || David Caine mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=655| 28655 Erincolfax ||  || Erin Colfax mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=656| 28656 Doreencurtin ||  || Doreen Curtin mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=657| 28657 Briandempsey ||  || Brian Dempsey mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=660| 28660 Derbes ||  || David Derbes mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=661| 28661 Jimdickens ||  || James Dickens mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=662| 28662 Ericduran ||  || Eric Duran mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=664| 28664 Maryellenfay ||  || Mary Ellen Fay mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=665| 28665 Theresafultz ||  || Theresa Fultz mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=666| 28666 Trudygessler ||  || Trudy Gessler mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=667| 28667 Whithagins ||  || Whitney Hagins mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=669| 28669 Bradhelsel ||  || Bradley Helsel mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=672| 28672 Karolhiggins ||  || Karol Higgins mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=673| 28673 Valholmes ||  || Valerie M. Holmes mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=675| 28675 Suejohnston ||  || Susanne C. Johnston mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=676| 28676 Bethkoester ||  || Beth Koester mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=677| 28677 Laurakowalski ||  || Laura Kowalski mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=678| 28678 Lindquester ||  || Terri E. Lindquester mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=680| 28680 Sandralitvin ||  || Sandra Litvin mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=681| 28681 Loseke ||  || Meghann Loseke mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=682| 28682 Newhams ||  || Mike Newhams mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=683| 28683 Victorostrik ||  || Victor Ostrik mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=686| 28686 Tamsenprofit ||  || Tamsen Profit mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=687| 28687 Reginareals ||  || Regina A. Reals mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=688| 28688 Diannerister ||  || Dianne E. Rister mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=689| 28689 Rohrback ||  || Joan Rohrback mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=690| 28690 Beshellem ||  || Bernie Shellem mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=692| 28692 Chanleysmall ||  || Chanley M. Small mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=695| 28695 Zwanzig ||  || Glenn "Skip" Zwanzig mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=697| 28697 Eitanacks ||  || Eitan Samuel Acks (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=698| 28698 Aakshi ||  || Aakshi Agarwal (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=700| 28700 Balachandar ||  || Sidhika Balachandar (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |}

text: 28601 Benton

text: ||  || Julius Benton (b. 1949) has been a key member of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) serving as Saturn & Venus Coordinators since 1971.  |-id=602|

text: 28602 Westfall

text: ||  || John Westfall (b. 1938), a Professor Emeritus at San Francisco State University and the former Executive Director of the Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers (1985-1995) |-id=603|

text: 28603 Jenkins

text: ||  || Jamey Jenkins (b. 1955), an American amateur astronomer who served as Assistant Coordinator-Archivist for the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers from 2003 to 2014 and is author of The Sun and How to Observe It. |-id=607|

text: 28607 Jiayipeng

text: ||  || Jiayi Peng (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her physics and space science project |-id=611|

text: 28611 Liliapopova

text: ||  || Lilia Popova (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her plant science project |-id=614|

text: 28614 Vejvoda

text: Jaromír Vejvoda

text: , Czech musician, bandmaster and composer †|-id=618|

text: 28618 Scibelli

text: ||  || Samantha Marie Scibelli (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her physics and space science project |-id=625|

text: 28625 Selvakumar

text: ||  || Raja Selvakumar (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=626|

text: 28626 Meghanshea

text: ||  || Meghan Marjorie Shea (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her environmental science project |-id=628|

text: 28628 Kensenshi

text: ||  || Kensen Shi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer science project |-id=629|

text: 28629 Solimano

text: ||  || Jamie Lee Solimano (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her microbiology project |-id=630|

text: 28630 Mayuri

text: ||  || Mayuri Sridhar (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project |-id=631|

text: 28631 Jacktakahashi

text: ||  || Jack Ryan Takahashi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his medicine and health project |-id=632|

text: 28632 Christraver

text: ||  || Chris Traver (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project |-id=633|

text: 28633 Ratripathi

text: ||  || Raghav Tripathi (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=636|

text: 28636 Vasudevan

text: ||  || Sahana Vasudevan (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=638|

text: 28638 Joywang

text: ||  || Joy Yiran Wang (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=640|

text: 28640 Cathywong

text: ||  || Catherine Wong (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=642|

text: 28642 Zbarsky

text: ||  || Samuel Zbarsky (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematics project |-id=643|

text: 28643 Kellyzhang

text: ||  || Kelly Zhang (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=644|

text: 28644 Michaelzhang

text: ||  || 28644 Michaelzhang Discovered 2000 Mar. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Zhang (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. He attends the Smithtown High School East, Saint James, New York.|-id=652|

text: 28652 Andybramante

text: ||  || Andrew Bramante mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=653|

text: 28653 Charliebrucker

text: ||  || Charles F. Brucker mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=654|

text: 28654 Davidcaine

text: ||  || David Caine mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=655|

text: 28655 Erincolfax

text: ||  || Erin Colfax mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=656|

text: 28656 Doreencurtin

text: ||  || Doreen Curtin mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=657|

text: 28657 Briandempsey

text: ||  || Brian Dempsey mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=660|

text: 28660 Derbes

text: ||  || David Derbes mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=661|

text: 28661 Jimdickens

text: ||  || James Dickens mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=662|

text: 28662 Ericduran

text: ||  || Eric Duran mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=664|

text: 28664 Maryellenfay

text: ||  || Mary Ellen Fay mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=665|

text: 28665 Theresafultz

text: ||  || Theresa Fultz mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=666|

text: 28666 Trudygessler

text: ||  || Trudy Gessler mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=667|

text: 28667 Whithagins

text: ||  || Whitney Hagins mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=669|

text: 28669 Bradhelsel

text: ||  || Bradley Helsel mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=672|

text: 28672 Karolhiggins

text: ||  || Karol Higgins mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=673|

text: 28673 Valholmes

text: ||  || Valerie M. Holmes mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=675|

text: 28675 Suejohnston

text: ||  || Susanne C. Johnston mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=676|

text: 28676 Bethkoester

text: ||  || Beth Koester mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=677|

text: 28677 Laurakowalski

text: ||  || Laura Kowalski mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=678|

text: 28678 Lindquester

text: ||  || Terri E. Lindquester mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=680|

text: 28680 Sandralitvin

text: ||  || Sandra Litvin mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=681|

text: 28681 Loseke

text: ||  || Meghann Loseke mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=682|

text: 28682 Newhams

text: ||  || Mike Newhams mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=683|

text: 28683 Victorostrik

text: ||  || Victor Ostrik mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=686|

text: 28686 Tamsenprofit

text: ||  || Tamsen Profit mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=687|

text: 28687 Reginareals

text: ||  || Regina A. Reals mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=688|

text: 28688 Diannerister

text: ||  || Dianne E. Rister mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=689|

text: 28689 Rohrback

text: ||  || Joan Rohrback mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=690|

text: 28690 Beshellem

text: ||  || Bernie Shellem mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=692|

text: 28692 Chanleysmall

text: ||  || Chanley M. Small mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=695|

text: 28695 Zwanzig

text: ||  || Glenn "Skip" Zwanzig mentored a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors |-id=697|

text: 28697 Eitanacks

text: ||  || Eitan Samuel Acks (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=698|

text: 28698 Aakshi

text: ||  || Aakshi Agarwal (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=700|

text: 28700 Balachandar

text: ||  || Sidhika Balachandar (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |}

text: |-id=305| 28305 Wangjiayi ||  || Wang Jiayi (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computer science team project. |-id=309| 28309 Ericfein ||  || Eric E. Fein (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and planetary science project. |-id=317| 28317 Aislinndeely ||  || Aislinn Deely (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. |-id=318| 28318 Janecox ||  || Jane M. Cox (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. |-id=321| 28321 Arnabdey ||  || Arnab Dey (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=322| 28322 Kaeberich ||  || Jan Kaeberich (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=324| 28324 Davidcampeau ||  || David Alexandre Joseph Campeau (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=340| 28340 Yukihiro ||  || Yukihiro Adachi, Japanese member of the Matsue Astronomy Club and an observing partner of the discoverer |-id=341| 28341 Bingaman ||  || 28341 Bingaman Discovered 1999 Mar. 13 by R. Tucker at Goodricke-Pigott Observatory. Missouri-born Kory Bingaman (b. 1984) is a talented artist and graphic novelist.|-id=346| 28346 Kent ||  || Kent Hodgson, teacher and author |-id=351| 28351 Andrewfeldman ||  || Andrew Beekman Feldman (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=353| 28353 Chrisnielsen ||  || Christopher Stephen Nielsen (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=366| 28366 Verkuil ||  || Robert Huntington Verkuil (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=376| 28376 Atifjaved ||  || Atif Javed (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=382| 28382 Stevengillen ||  || Steven Donald Gillen (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=390| 28390 Demjohopkins ||  || 28390 Demjohopkins Discovered 1999 May 13 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Demitri Joseph Hopkins (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Merlo Station High School, Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=394| 28394 Mittag-Leffler ||  || Magnus Gustav Mittag-Leffler (1848-1927), a professor in Helsinki and Stockholm. |-id=396| 28396 Eymann ||  || Raymond Eymann, a French amateur astronomer. |-id=397| 28397 Forrestbetton ||  || Forrest Evan Betton (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=398| 28398 Ericthomas ||  || Eric Michael Thomas (born 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=400| 28400 Morgansinko ||  || Morgan Walker Sinko (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management project. |}

text: 28305 Wangjiayi

text: ||  || Wang Jiayi (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computer science team project. |-id=309|

text: 28309 Ericfein

text: ||  || Eric E. Fein (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and planetary science project. |-id=317|

text: 28317 Aislinndeely

text: ||  || Aislinn Deely (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. |-id=318|

text: 28318 Janecox

text: ||  || Jane M. Cox (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and planetary science project. |-id=321|

text: 28321 Arnabdey

text: ||  || Arnab Dey (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=322|

text: 28322 Kaeberich

text: ||  || Jan Kaeberich (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=324|

text: 28324 Davidcampeau

text: ||  || David Alexandre Joseph Campeau (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=340|

text: 28340 Yukihiro

text: ||  || Yukihiro Adachi, Japanese member of the Matsue Astronomy Club and an observing partner of the discoverer |-id=341|

text: 28341 Bingaman

text: ||  || 28341 Bingaman Discovered 1999 Mar. 13 by R. Tucker at Goodricke-Pigott Observatory. Missouri-born Kory Bingaman (b. 1984) is a talented artist and graphic novelist.|-id=346|

text: 28346 Kent

text: Kent Hodgson

text: , teacher and author |-id=351|

text: 28351 Andrewfeldman

text: ||  || Andrew Beekman Feldman (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=353|

text: 28353 Chrisnielsen

text: ||  || Christopher Stephen Nielsen (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=366|

text: 28366 Verkuil

text: ||  || Robert Huntington Verkuil (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=376|

text: 28376 Atifjaved

text: ||  || Atif Javed (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=382|

text: 28382 Stevengillen

text: ||  || Steven Donald Gillen (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=390|

text: 28390 Demjohopkins

text: ||  || 28390 Demjohopkins Discovered 1999 May 13 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Demitri Joseph Hopkins (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. He attends the Merlo Station High School, Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=394|

text: 28394 Mittag-Leffler

text: Magnus Gustav Mittag-Leffler

text: (1848-1927), a professor in

text: Helsinki

text: and

text: Stockholm

text: . |-id=396|

text: 28396 Eymann

text: ||  || Raymond Eymann, a French amateur astronomer. |-id=397|

text: 28397 Forrestbetton

text: ||  || Forrest Evan Betton (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=398|

text: 28398 Ericthomas

text: ||  || Eric Michael Thomas (born 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical and mechanical engineering team project. |-id=400|

text: 28400 Morgansinko

text: ||  || Morgan Walker Sinko (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental management project. |}

text: RCSHS is unique because of its advanced curriculum. The courses prescribed in the Department of Education’s Basic Education Curriculum are taught with more breadth and depth. Aside from these, additional subjects such as Environmental Science, Advanced Biology, Advanced Chemistry, Earth Science, Computer Science, Research, and even Robotics are also offered. Likewise, the Mathematics program also covers topics which are normally tackled by Engineering and Science majors.

text: Research on snow-to-liquid ratios and climatology thereof, much of it by Martin Baxter, significantly advanced understanding of processes and contributed to improved weather forecasting of snow events. Winter storms are a major area of research focus for CIPS throughout its existence. Meteorological analogs utilizing numerical weather prediction (NWP) (such as the GFS and NAM models) combined with meteorological reanalysis are also a substantial area of research and the guidance data is heavily used by operational meteorologists in the NWS and media.

text: Research on snow-to-liquid ratios and

text: climatology

text: thereof, much of it by Martin Baxter, significantly advanced understanding of processes and contributed to improved

text: weather forecasting

text: of snow events.

text: Winter storm

text: s are a major area of research focus for CIPS throughout its existence. Meteorological analogs utilizing

text: numerical weather prediction

text: (NWP) (such as the

text: GFS

text: and

text: NAM

text: models) combined with

text: meteorological reanalysis

text: are also a substantial area of research and the guidance data is heavily used by operational meteorologists in the NWS and media.

text: Oceanography, or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it: biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics as well as geography.

text: Oceanography, or marine science, is the branch of

text: Earth science

text: marine organisms

text: and

text: ecosystem

text: dynamics;

text: ocean currents

text: waves

text: , and geophysical fluid dynamics;

text: plate tectonics

text: and the geology of the sea floor; and

text: fluxes

text: of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers blend to further knowledge of the world ocean and understanding of processes within it:

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: geology

text: meteorology

text: , and

text: physics

text: as well as

text: geography

text: Davitaia’s scientific and public activities were a model of selfless service of his fatherland. His scientific investigations had a considerable influence on the development of Soviet geography, climatology, agricultural meteorology and a number of other sciences.

text: The School of Computational Sciences offers programs in computer science, software engineering, mathematics and physics, among others. The school emphasizes the teaching and use of computational modeling and analysis that can be incorporated into research being conducted in fields related to the environment and health sciences. The school offers both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computational and data sciences. The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences has programs in the foundational sciences (chemistry, biology, etc.), as well as in environmental and food science.

text: The data of CLIMAT reports are broadly used in meteorological and climatological applications, such as the generation of time-series, climate monitoring and climate modelling. Increasing quality and quantity of CLIMAT reports sent from meteorological observation sites ameliorates the generation of these products.

text: Initial definitions of science literacy included elaborations of the actual content that people should understand, and this content often followed somewhat traditional lines (biology, chemistry, physics). Earth science was somewhat narrowly defined as expanded geological processes. In the decade after those initial documents, ocean scientists and educators revised the notion of science literacy to include more contemporary, systems-oriented views of the natural world, leading to scientific literacy programs for the ocean, climate, earth science, and so on. This shift has ensured that educators' views of science literacy stay in sync with the directions and advances of real science in the real world.

text: Initial definitions of science literacy included elaborations of the actual content that people should understand, and this content often followed somewhat traditional lines (

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: physics

text: Earth science

text: was somewhat narrowly defined as expanded geological processes. In the decade after those initial documents, ocean scientists and educators revised the notion of science literacy to include more contemporary, systems-oriented views of the natural world, leading to scientific literacy programs for the

text: ocean

text: climate

text: earth science

text: , and so on. This shift has ensured that educators' views of science literacy stay in sync with the directions and advances of real science in the real world.

text: The Wiess School of Natural Sciences is an academic school at Rice University in Houston, Texas. It comprises the departments of BioSciences, Chemistry, Earth Science, Kinesiology, Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy. Rice is well known for its groundbreaking research in nanotechnology. As well as undergraduate departments, the school supports the professional science master's program. One of Rice's greatest minds and pioneers of the field was Richard Smalley, the Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Smalley received the Nobel Prize (along with Robert Curl) in 1996 for the discovery buckminsterfullerene, an allotrope of carbon commonly referred to as "buckyballs".

text: The Wiess School of Natural Sciences is an academic school at

text: Rice University

text: in

text: Houston

text: Texas

text: . It comprises the departments of

text: BioSciences

text: Chemistry

text: Earth Science

text: Kinesiology

text: Mathematics

text: Physics

text: and

text: Astronomy

text: . Rice is well known for its groundbreaking research in

text: nanotechnology

text: . As well as undergraduate departments, the school supports the professional science master's program. One of Rice's greatest minds and pioneers of the field was

text: Richard Smalley

text: , the Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Smalley received the

text: Nobel Prize

text: (along with

text: Robert Curl

text: ) in 1996 for the discovery

text: buckminsterfullerene

text: , an

text: allotrope

text: of carbon commonly referred to as "buckyballs".

text: Astronomy () is a monthly American magazine about astronomy. Targeting amateur astronomers for its readers, it contains columns on sky viewing, reader-submitted astrophotographs, and articles on astronomy and astrophysics that are readable by nonscientists.

text: Astronomy () is a monthly

text: American

text: magazine about

text: astronomy

text: . Targeting

text: amateur astronomers

text: for its readers, it contains columns on sky viewing, reader-submitted

text: astrophotographs

text: , and articles on astronomy and

text: astrophysics

text: that are readable by nonscientists.

text: From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction. An oceanographic buoy array was established in the Pacific to allow prediction of El Niño events.

text: From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction. An oceanographic buoy array was established in the Pacific to allow prediction of

text: El Niño

text: events.

text: Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences, due to the independent development of its concepts, techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub disciplines under its wing, the atmospheric science is also considered a separate branch of natural science. This field studies the characteristics of different layers of the atmosphere from ground level to the edge of the time. The timescale of study also varies from days to centuries. Sometimes the field also includes the study of climatic patterns on planets other than earth.

text: Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences, due to the independent development of its concepts, techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub disciplines under its wing, the

text: atmospheric science

text: is also considered a separate branch of natural science. This field studies the characteristics of different layers of the atmosphere from ground level to the edge of the time. The timescale of study also varies from days to centuries. Sometimes the field also includes the study of climatic patterns on planets other than earth.

text: Lindy Elkins-Tanton earned her B.S. in geology, M.S. in geochemistry, and Ph.D. in geology, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She was a professor at MIT, a research scientist at Brown University, and a lecturer at St. Mary's College of Maryland, and worked in the business world for a number of years. Within 10 years of completing her Ph.D. and serving as an associate professor in geology at MIT, she was recruited to the directorship position at Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Her appointment as Director of ASU’s School of Earth and Space Science took effect on July 1, 2014.

text: Lindy Elkins-Tanton earned her B.S. in

text: geology

text: , M.S. in

text: geochemistry

text: , and Ph.D. in geology, all from the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: (MIT) in

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: . She was a professor at MIT, a research scientist at

text: Brown University

text: , and a lecturer at

text: St. Mary's College of Maryland

text: , and worked in the business world for a number of years. Within 10 years of completing her Ph.D. and serving as an associate professor in geology at MIT, she was recruited to the directorship position at Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Her appointment as Director of ASU’s School of Earth and Space Science took effect on July 1, 2014.

text: Accurate climatologies of precipitation amount are more difficult to compile for the Arctic than climatologies of other variables such as temperature and pressure.  All variables are measured at relatively few stations in the Arctic, but precipitation observations are made more uncertain due to the difficulty in catching in a gauge all of the snow that falls.  Typically some falling snow is kept from entering precipitation gauges by winds, causing an underreporting of precipitation amounts in regions that receive a large fraction of their precipitation as snowfall.  Corrections are made to data to account for this uncaught precipitation, but they are not perfect and introduce some error into the climatologies (Serreze and Barry 2005).

text: The Faculty of Science offers the following departments and programs: Aquatic Resources, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Human Kinetics, Human Nutrition, Mathematics and Statistics, Nursing and Physics.

text: By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1518, the Philippine College of Arts and Trades (PCAT) was converted into the Technological University of the Philippines (TUP) on June 11, 1976. The conversion to a university status brought about comprehensive changes in the organizational set-up. To carry out its tasks, the University had to change its one-college structure to a system composed of six colleges, one of which is the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS). The CAS was created in 1979 with its four departments, namely: the Languages, the Social and Behavioral Sciences, the Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and the Physical Education.In 1991, the College was mandated to perform dual roles: as a service college and as a science college. On July 24, 1995, the TUP Board of Regents through Referendum No. 13, s. 1995 approved the devolution of some Master Programs of the Graduate School to the mother colleges. Since then, the granting of the degrees in the Master of Arts in Teaching with specializations in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and General Science has become the responsibility of the College of Arts and Sciences.On September 15, 1995, the University Board of Regents authorized to split the College of Arts and Sciences into the College of Science and the College of Liberal Arts. The new College of Science was structured to include graduate programs in Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and General Science. The college also offers five (5) baccalaureate programs, namely: Bachelor of Applied Science in Laboratory Technology, Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science, Bachelor of Science in Information Systems and Bachelor of Science in Information Technology.

text: By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1518, the Philippine College of Arts and Trades (PCAT) was converted into the Technological University of the Philippines (TUP) on June 11, 1976. The conversion to a university status brought about comprehensive changes in the organizational set-up. To carry out its tasks, the University had to change its one-college structure to a system composed of six colleges, one of which is the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS). The CAS was created in 1979 with its four departments, namely: the Languages, the Social and Behavioral Sciences, the Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and the Physical Education.In 1991, the College was mandated to perform dual roles: as a service college and as a science college. On July 24, 1995, the TUP Board of Regents through Referendum No. 13, s. 1995 approved the devolution of some Master Programs of the Graduate School to the mother colleges. Since then, the granting of the degrees in the Master of Arts in Teaching with specializations in

text: Mathematics

text: Physics

text: Chemistry

text: , and

text: General Science

text: has become the responsibility of the College of Arts and Sciences.On September 15, 1995, the University Board of Regents authorized to split the College of Arts and Sciences into the College of Science and the College of Liberal Arts. The new College of Science was structured to include graduate programs in Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and General Science. The college also offers five (5) baccalaureate programs, namely: Bachelor of

text: Applied Science

text: in

text: Laboratory Technology

text: , Bachelor of Science in

text: Computer Science

text: , Bachelor of Science in

text: Environmental Science

text: , Bachelor of Science in

text: Information Systems

text: and Bachelor of Science in

text: Information Technology

text: In Divisions B and C, teams may compete in up to twenty-three main events, which usually occur over a single day (some tournaments, such as the Texas State tournament, run competitive events over multiple days); done by a team of no more than 15 members.  Events fall under five main categories: Life, Personal, and Social Science, Earth & Space Science, Physical Science & Chemistry, Technology & Engineering, Inquiry & Nature of Science.  They are either knowledge-based (for example, written tests on earth science, physics, astronomy, or biology), hands-on (for example, chemistry lab practicals or events involving both device testing and an exam), or engineering-based (participants construct a device to do specified tasks).

text: In Divisions B and C, teams may compete in up to twenty-three main events, which usually occur over a single day (some tournaments, such as the Texas State tournament, run competitive events over multiple days); done by a team of no more than 15 members.  Events fall under five main categories: Life, Personal, and Social Science, Earth & Space Science, Physical Science & Chemistry, Technology & Engineering, Inquiry & Nature of Science.  They are either knowledge-based (for example, written tests on

text: earth science

text: physics

text: astronomy

text: , or

text: biology

text: ), hands-on (for example,

text: chemistry

text: lab practicals or events involving both device testing and an exam), or engineering-based (participants construct a device to do specified tasks).

text: The following universities have Oceanography departments or institutes that do research and teach the subject at undergraduate and/or graduate level:

text: In climatology, an annual cycle is the part of a measured quantity's fluctuation that is attributed to Earth's changing position in orbit over the course of the year.  Such quantities might be influenced directly (e.g. incoming solar radiation at a point at the surface) or indirectly (e.g. stratospheric westerlies and easterlies over the winter and summer hemispheres, respectively) by orbital position.

text: In

text: climatology

text: , an annual cycle is the part of a measured quantity's fluctuation that is attributed to Earth's changing position in

text: orbit

text: over the course of the year.  Such quantities might be influenced directly (e.g. incoming

text: solar radiation

text: at a point at the surface) or indirectly (e.g.

text: stratospheric

text: westerlies

text: and

text: easterlies

text: over the winter and summer hemispheres, respectively) by orbital position.

text: Carson joined the UK Meteorological Office in 1969, following his Ph.D from the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Liverpool, working on the structure and evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer. He did early research on the development of atmospheric general circulation models. In 1982, he was appointed to Assistant Director within the Met Office, and led the Boundary Layer Research Branch and later the Dynamical Climatology Branch. For 1987–1989 Carson was seconded to the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) as their first Programme Director for atmospheric sciences. He returned to the Met. Office in January 1990 and became Director of Climate Research and then first Director of the Hadley Centre.

text: Carson joined the UK Meteorological Office in 1969, following his Ph.D from the Department of Applied Mathematics,

text: University of Liverpool

text: , working on the structure and evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer. He did early research on the development of atmospheric

text: general circulation model

text: s. In 1982, he was appointed to Assistant Director within the Met Office, and led the Boundary Layer Research Branch and later the Dynamical Climatology Branch. For 1987–1989 Carson was seconded to the

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: (NERC) as their first Programme Director for atmospheric sciences. He returned to the Met. Office in January 1990 and became Director of Climate Research and then first Director of the Hadley Centre.

text: Global change studies at GISS are coordinated with research at other groups within the Earth Sciences Division, including the Laboratory for Atmospheres, Laboratory for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences, and Earth Observing System science office.

text: Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducts basic and applied research and development in fossil energy and environmental science area.  Four focus areas of the ORD are (A) Energy system dynamics, (B) Geological and environmental systems, (C) Computational and basic sciences, (D) Materials Science.  To strengthen its efforts and build on NETL's long-standing partnerships, ORD established the NETL-Regional University Alliance (RUA) in 2010 with the mission of accelerating development and deployment of energy and environmental technologies to ensure a robust energy future.

text: NASA Earth Science, formerly called the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), formerly called Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE), is a NASA research program "to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth system and its response to natural and human-induced changes to enable improved prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards for present and future generations".

text: NASA Earth Science, formerly called the NASA Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), formerly called Mission To Planet Earth (MTPE), is a

text: NASA

text: research program "to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth system and its response to natural and human-induced changes to enable improved prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards for present and future generations".

text: The categories of human accomplishment where significant figures are ranked in the book are as follows: Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Physics, Mathematics, Medicine, Technology, Combined Sciences, Chinese Philosophy, Indian Philosophy, Western Philosophy, Western Music, Chinese Painting, Japanese Art, Western Art, Arabic Literature, Chinese Literature, Indian Literature, Japanese Literature, and Western Literature.  The omission of several relative categories, including a broader Chinese art category or an Indian art category, are due to a lack of identifiable figures as most of the work is anonymous.

text: Science and Global Change is a science-oriented program based around the study of the physical sciences and global change.  Directed by Dr. Thomas R. Holtz Jr., a dinosaur paleontologist and senior lecturer in Geology, and Dr. John Merck, a professor and the Director of Undergraduate Studies for the Geology Department, SGC students are required to take a colloquium, supporting classes, as well as participate in various field trips and other active learning experiences.  The program changed its name from Earth, Life, and Time to Science and Global Change in 2009. SGC trips include study abroad opportunities to the Galapagos Islands and the Grand Canyon.

text: Science and Global Change is a science-oriented program based around the study of the physical sciences and global change.  Directed by Dr.

text: Thomas R. Holtz Jr.

text: , a dinosaur paleontologist and senior lecturer in Geology, and Dr. John Merck, a professor and the Director of Undergraduate Studies for the Geology Department, SGC students are required to take a colloquium, supporting classes, as well as participate in various field trips and other active learning experiences.  The program changed its name from Earth, Life, and Time to Science and Global Change in 2009. SGC trips include study abroad opportunities to the Galapagos Islands and the Grand Canyon.

text: Environment Act 1986- Environment Act 1995- Environment Agency- Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand- Environment Canada- Environment Hawaii- Environment of China- Environment Victoria- Environment Wales- Environmental accounting- Environmental agreement- Environmental and Social Studies (ESS)- Environmental archaeology- Environmental audits- Environmental benefits of vegetarianism- Environmental biotechnology- Environmental Campus Birkenfeld- Environmental Change Network- Environmental chemistry- Environmental concerns with electricity generation- Environmental consulting- Environmental Control System- Environmental Defense- Environmental degrees- Environmental degree-granting institutions- Environmental design- Environmental determinism- Environmental disaster- Environmental economics- Environmental effects of fishing- Environmental effects on physiology- Environmental engineering- Environmental ethics- Environmental factor- Environmental finance- Environmental geography- Environmental geology- Environmental gradient- Environmental hazard- Environmental health- Environmental history- Environmental humanities- Environmental impact assessment- Environmental impact of aviation- Environmental Impact Report- Environmental Information Regulations 2004- Environmental issues- Environmental issues in Australia- Environmental issues in Canada- Environmental issues in the United States- Environmental journalism- Environmental justice- Environmental law- Environmental Law Service- Environmental Life Force- Environmental management- Environmental management scheme- Environmental Measurements Laboratory- Environmental medicine- Environmental Modeling Center- Environmental movement- Environmental movement in Australia- Environmental movement in New Zealand- Environmental movement in the United States- Environmental policy- Environmental protection in Japan- Environmental psychology- Environmental Quality Improvement Act- Environmental racism- Environmental restoration- Environmental Risk Management Authority- Environmental science- Environmental security- Environmental skepticism- Environmental social science- Environmental sociology- Environmental standard- Environmental statistics- Environmental studies- Environmental suit- Environmental Sustainability Index- Environmental technology- Environmental Technology Laboratory- Environmental Toxins and Fetal Development- Environmental Transport Association- Environmental vandalism- Environmental vegetarianism- Environmentalism- Environmentalist- Environmentally friendly- Environmentally Sensitive Area- Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme

text: Environment Act 1986

text: Environment Act 1995

text: Environment Agency

entity_name: Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand

text: Environment and Conservation Organisations of Aotearoa New Zealand

text: Environment Canada

text: Environment Hawaii

text: Environment of China

text: Environment Victoria

text: Environment Wales

text: Environmental accounting

text: Environmental agreement

text: Environmental and Social Studies (ESS)

text: Environmental archaeology

text: Environmental audits

text: Environmental benefits of vegetarianism

text: Environmental biotechnology

text: Environmental Campus Birkenfeld

text: Environmental Change Network

text: Environmental chemistry

entity_name: Environmental impact of electricity generation

text: Environmental concerns with electricity generation

text: Environmental consulting

text: Environmental Control System

text: Environmental Defense

text: Environmental degrees

entity_name: List of environmental degree-granting institutions

text: Environmental degree-granting institutions

text: Environmental design

text: Environmental determinism

text: Environmental disaster

text: Environmental economics

text: Environmental effects of fishing

text: Environmental effects on physiology

text: Environmental engineering

text: Environmental ethics

text: Environmental factor

text: Environmental finance

text: Environmental geography

text: Environmental geology

text: Environmental gradient

text: Environmental hazard

text: Environmental health

text: Environmental history

text: Environmental humanities

text: Environmental impact assessment

text: Environmental impact of aviation

text: Environmental Impact Report

entity_name: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental issues

text: Environmental issues in Australia

text: Environmental issues in Canada

entity_name: Environmental issues in the United States

text: Environmental issues in the United States

text: Environmental journalism

text: Environmental justice

text: Environmental law

text: Environmental Law Service

text: Environmental Life Force

text: Environmental management

text: Environmental management scheme

text: Environmental Measurements Laboratory

text: Environmental medicine

text: Environmental Modeling Center

text: Environmental movement

text: Environmental movement in Australia

text: Environmental movement in New Zealand

entity_name: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental policy

text: Environmental protection in Japan

text: Environmental psychology

text: Environmental Quality Improvement Act

text: Environmental racism

text: Environmental restoration

text: Environmental Risk Management Authority

text: Environmental science

text: Environmental security

text: Environmental skepticism

text: Environmental social science

text: Environmental sociology

text: Environmental standard

text: Environmental statistics

text: Environmental studies

text: Environmental suit

text: Environmental Sustainability Index

text: Environmental technology

text: Environmental Technology Laboratory

entity_name: Environmental toxicants and fetal development

text: Environmental Toxins and Fetal Development

text: Environmental Transport Association

text: Environmental vandalism

text: Environmental vegetarianism

text: Environmentalism

text: Environmentalist

text: Environmentally friendly

text: Environmentally Sensitive Area

text: Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme

text: Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Research School of Biological Sciences, Research School of Chemistry, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Computer Science, Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Research School of Physics and Engineering (RSPE), Research School of Social Sciences, The Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS) concentrates on theoretical and empirical research in the social sciences. The following programs exist within the school: Demography & Sociology, Economics, History, Law, Philosophy, Political Science and Social & Political Theory, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (1973–2007, and The Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) (CRES was combined with the School of Resources, Environment and Society (SRES) to form The Fenner School of Environment and Society in 2007).

text: Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Research School of Biological Sciences, Research School of Chemistry, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Computer Science, Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering,

entity_name: ANU Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies

text: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies

text: (RSPAS),

entity_name: ANU Research School of Physics and Engineering

text: Research School of Physics and Engineering

text: , The

text: (RSPE), Research School of Social Sciences, The Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS) concentrates on theoretical and empirical research in the social sciences. The following programs exist within the school: Demography & Sociology, Economics, History, Law, Philosophy, Political Science and Social & Political Theory, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (1973–2007, and The Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) (CRES was combined with the School of Resources, Environment and Society (SRES) to form The

text: Fenner

text: School of Environment and Society in 2007).

text: Dr. Panikkar was born May 17, 1913 in Kottayam, Kerala. He was the only son of his parents Sankunni Menon and Shrimati Janaki Amma. His father was a Headmaster of a Government High School in the Old Travancore State. Dr. Panikkar did his primary, secondary and initial college education from C.M.S College, Kottayam.  A doctoral degree (DSc) holder from the University of Madras, he was reported to have undertaken research on marine organisms, conducted 22 voyages in the Indian Ocean for collecting specimens and credited with the compilation of a series of atlases. His efforts were also reported behind the establishment of the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education and Central Institute of Fisheries Operatives. He served as the Head of the Zoology Department at University College, Thiruvananthapuram, as the director of the Zoological Laboratory at the University of Madras, as the Officer on Special Duty at the Ministry of Agriculture (India), as the director of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, as the director of the National Institute of Oceanography and as a member of the National Commission on Agriculture. He also served as a member of the Indian National Science Academy and the Kerala State Planning Board and sat on the editorial boards of journals such as Journal of the Zoological Society of India, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Indian Journal of Marine Science, and Marine Biology.

text: Dr. Panikkar was born May 17, 1913 in Kottayam, Kerala. He was the only son of his parents Sankunni Menon and Shrimati Janaki Amma. His father was a Headmaster of a Government High School in the Old Travancore State. Dr. Panikkar did his primary, secondary and initial college education from C.M.S College, Kottayam.  A doctoral degree (DSc) holder from the

text: University of Madras

text: , he was reported to have undertaken research on marine organisms, conducted 22 voyages in the Indian Ocean for collecting specimens and credited with the compilation of a series of atlases. His efforts were also reported behind the establishment of the

text: National Institute of Oceanography

text: (NIO), the

entity_name: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

text: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

text: , Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute,

entity_name: Central Institute of Fisheries Technology

text: Central Institute of Fisheries Technology

entity_name: Central Institute of Fisheries Education

text: Central Institute of Fisheries Education

text: and Central Institute of Fisheries Operatives. He served as the Head of the Zoology Department at

text: University College, Thiruvananthapuram

text: , as the director of the Zoological Laboratory at the

text: University of Madras

text: , as the Officer on Special Duty at the

entity_name: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

text: Ministry of Agriculture (India)

text: , as the director of the

text: International Indian Ocean Expedition

text: , as the director of the

text: National Institute of Oceanography

text: and as a member of the

text: National Commission on Agriculture

text: . He also served as a member of the

text: Indian National Science Academy

text: and the

text: Kerala State Planning Board

text: and sat on the editorial boards of journals such as Journal of the Zoological Society of India, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Indian Journal of Marine Science, and Marine Biology.

text: Ralph Wendell Burhoe was born on 21 June 1911, in Somerville, Massachusetts. He attended Harvard University from 1928 to 1932 as a student of meteorology and climatology, though never completing his degree.  He then entered Andover Newton Theological School. Burhoe spent eighteen months in theological study at Andover.  Instead of becoming a minister as he had planned, he returned to Harvard University as an employee of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, finding some success as a scientist.  He went on to become the first full-time executive director of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences starting in 1947. His position at the AAAS brought him into close contact with such eminent scientists as the astronomer Harlow Shapley, the geologist Kirtley Mather, and the biologist George Wald. While there, he was one of the founders of the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science. In 1965, Burhoe joined the faculty at the Meadville Lombard Theological School, the Unitarian Universalist seminary in Hyde Park, Chicago. There he facilitated the founding of Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science and the Center for Advanced Study in Religion and Science (CASIRAS). After retiring from Meadville in 1974 he was affiliated with the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, where in 1988 he founded the Chicago Center for Religion and Science. His ashes are interred in the crypt at First Unitarian Church of Chicago where he was a member.

text: Ralph Wendell Burhoe was born on 21 June 1911, in

text: Somerville, Massachusetts

text: . He attended

text: Harvard University

text: from 1928 to 1932 as a student of

text: meteorology

text: and

text: climatology

text: , though never completing his degree.  He then entered

text: Andover Newton Theological School

text: . Burhoe spent eighteen months in theological study at Andover.  Instead of becoming a minister as he had planned, he returned to Harvard University as an employee of the

text: Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory

text: , finding some success as a scientist.  He went on to become the first full-time executive director of the

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: starting in 1947. His position at the AAAS brought him into close contact with such eminent scientists as the astronomer

text: Harlow Shapley

text: , the geologist

text: Kirtley Mather

text: , and the biologist

text: George Wald

text: . While there, he was one of the founders of the

entity_name: Institute on Religion in an Age of Science

text: Institute on Religion in an Age of Science

text: . In 1965, Burhoe joined the faculty at the

text: Meadville Lombard Theological School

text: , the

text: Unitarian Universalist

text: seminary in

text: Hyde Park, Chicago

text: . There he facilitated the founding of

text: Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science

text: and the Center for Advanced Study in Religion and Science (CASIRAS). After retiring from Meadville in 1974 he was affiliated with the

text: Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago

text: , where in 1988 he founded the Chicago Center for Religion and Science. His ashes are interred in the crypt at

text: First Unitarian Church of Chicago

text: where he was a member.

text: New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example, Earth systems engineering and management involves a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering studies, environmental science, ethics and philosophy of engineering. A new or emerging area of application will commonly be defined temporarily as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field warrants classification as a new "branch." One key indicator of such emergence is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field.

text: New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches – for example,

entity_name: Earth systems engineering and management

text: Earth systems engineering and management

text: involves a wide range of subject areas including

text: anthropology

text: engineering studies

text: environmental science

text: ethics

text: and

text: philosophy of engineering

text: . A new or emerging area of application will commonly be defined temporarily as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field warrants classification as a new "branch." One key indicator of such emergence is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field.

text: AGRICOLA indexes a wide variety of publications covering agriculture and its allied fields, including, "animal and veterinary sciences, entomology, plant sciences, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, farming and farming systems, agricultural economics, extension and education, food and human nutrition, and earth and environmental sciences."

text: AGRICOLA indexes a wide variety of publications covering agriculture and its allied fields, including, "

text: animal

text: and

text: veterinary science

text: s,

text: entomology

text: plant science

text: s,

text: forestry

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: fisheries

text: farming

text: and farming systems,

text: agricultural economics

text: extension

text: and

text: education

text: food

text: and

text: human nutrition

text: , and

text: earth

text: and

text: environmental science

text: s."

text: Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, originally growing from astronomy and earth science, but which now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology (together with geochemistry and geophysics), cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology.

text: Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of

text: planet

text: s (including

text: Earth

text: moons

text: , and

text: planetary system

text: s (in particular those of the

text: Solar System

text: ) and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from

text: micrometeoroid

text: s to

text: gas giant

text: s, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly

text: interdisciplinary

text: field, originally growing from

text: astronomy

text: and

text: earth science

text: , but which now incorporates many disciplines, including

text: planetary geology

text: (together with

text: geochemistry

text: and

text: geophysics

text: cosmochemistry

text: atmospheric science

text: oceanography

text: hydrology

text: theoretical planetary science

text: glaciology

text: , and

text: exoplanetology

text: . Allied disciplines include

text: space physics

text: , when concerned with the effects of the

text: Sun

text: on the bodies of the Solar System, and

text: astrobiology

text: Science education is the field concerned with sharing science content and process with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community. The learners may be children, college students, or adults within the general public; the field of science education includes work in science content, science process (the scientific method), some social science, and some teaching pedagogy. The standards for science education provide expectations for the development of understanding for students through the entire course of their K-12 education and beyond. The traditional subjects included in the standards are physical, life, earth, space, and human sciences.

text: Science

text: education

text: is the field concerned with sharing science content and

text: process

text: with individuals not traditionally considered part of the scientific community. The learners may be children, college students, or adults within the general public; the field of science education includes work in science content, science process (the

text: scientific method

text: ), some

text: social science

text: , and some teaching

text: pedagogy

text: . The standards for science education provide expectations for the development of understanding for students through the entire course of their

text: K-12 education

text: and beyond. The traditional subjects included in the standards are

text: physical

text: life

text: earth

text: space

text: , and

text: human science

text: s.

text: The formative years of Steinitz's career took place under the difficult conditions prevailing in any budding university, compounded with the instability of the wars which accompanied the resurrection of the state of Israel. Steinitz pursued connections and collaborations with the international community of scientists in order to ensure that research in Israel met the highest standards—a goal of critical importance for himself, the university, and the country. Furthermore, he realized that connections with colleagues from foreign countries would diminish the limits and disadvantages inherent in working in a small local scientific community geographically removed from global science centers. The wide and branched connections he wove over many years with scientists worldwide helped him to form a sound basis for what was, at that time, the early days of marine biology, oceanography, and ichthyology in Israel.

text: |-id=705| 28705 Michaelbecker ||  || Michael David Becker (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=707| 28707 Drewbecker ||  || Drew William Becker (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=710| 28710 Rebeccab ||  || Rebecca Ann Bloomfield (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=711| 28711 Emmaburnett ||  || Emma Ashley Burnett (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=712| 28712 Elizabethcorn ||  || Elizabeth Alyn Corn (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=714| 28714 Gandall ||  || Keoni K. Gandall (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=715| 28715 Garimella ||  || Mihir Tejas Garimella (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=716| 28716 Calebgonser ||  || Caleb Allen Tuttle Gonser (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=718| 28718 Rivergrace ||  || River Connell Grace (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=719| 28719 Sahoolahan ||  || Seamus Andrew Hoolahan (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=720| 28720 Krystalrose ||  || Krystal Rose Horton (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=722| 28722 Dhruviyer ||  || Dhruv Iyer (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=723| 28723 Cameronjones ||  || Cameron Cole Jones (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=726| 28726 Kailey-Steiner ||  || Johann Rod Kailey-Steiner (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=729| 28729 Moivre ||  || Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754), French mathematician. |-id=732| 28732 Rheakamat ||  || Rhea G. Kamat (b. 1998) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=734| 28734 Austinmccoy ||  || Austin Sagan McCoy (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=737| 28737 Mohindra ||  || Smita Mohindra (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project.. |-id=738| 28738 Carolinolan ||  || Caroline Grace Nolan (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=739| 28739 Julisauer ||  || Julienne Isabelle Sauer (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=740| 28740 Nathansperry ||  || Nathaniel Poort Sperry (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=742| 28742 Hannahsteele ||  || Hannah Mae Steele (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=747| 28747 Swintosky ||  || Megan Christine Swintosky (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=750| 28750 Brennawallin ||  || Brenna Caroline Wallin (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=757| 28757 Seanweber ||  || Sean Austin Weber (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=759| 28759 Joshwentzel ||  || Joshua Wentzel (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=760| 28760 Grantwomble ||  || Grant Donovan Womble (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=765| 28765 Katherinewu ||  || Katherine Jean Wu (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=766| 28766 Monge ||  || Gaspard Monge, French mathematician. |-id=770| 28770 Sarahrines ||  || Sarah Rines mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=778| 28778 Michdelucia ||  || Michelle DeLucia mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=779| 28779 Acthieke ||  || Adrienne C. Thieke mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=780| 28780 Lisadeaver ||  || Lisa Deaver mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=781| 28781 Timothylohr ||  || Timothy Lohr mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=782| 28782 Mechling ||  || Kim Mechling mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=784| 28784 Deringer ||  || Nancy Deringer mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=785| 28785 Woodjohn ||  || John Wood mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=787| 28787 Peterpinko ||  || Peter Pinko mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=800| 28800 Speth ||  || Dustin Speth mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |}

text: 28705 Michaelbecker

text: ||  || Michael David Becker (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=707|

text: 28707 Drewbecker

text: ||  || Drew William Becker (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=710|

text: 28710 Rebeccab

text: ||  || Rebecca Ann Bloomfield (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=711|

text: 28711 Emmaburnett

text: ||  || Emma Ashley Burnett (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=712|

text: 28712 Elizabethcorn

text: ||  || Elizabeth Alyn Corn (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=714|

text: 28714 Gandall

text: ||  || Keoni K. Gandall (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=715|

text: 28715 Garimella

text: ||  || Mihir Tejas Garimella (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=716|

text: 28716 Calebgonser

text: ||  || Caleb Allen Tuttle Gonser (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=718|

text: 28718 Rivergrace

text: ||  || River Connell Grace (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=719|

text: 28719 Sahoolahan

text: ||  || Seamus Andrew Hoolahan (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=720|

text: 28720 Krystalrose

text: ||  || Krystal Rose Horton (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=722|

text: 28722 Dhruviyer

text: ||  || Dhruv Iyer (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=723|

text: 28723 Cameronjones

text: ||  || Cameron Cole Jones (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=726|

text: 28726 Kailey-Steiner

text: ||  || Johann Rod Kailey-Steiner (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=729|

text: 28729 Moivre

text: Abraham de Moivre

text: (1667-1754), French mathematician. |-id=732|

text: 28732 Rheakamat

text: ||  || Rhea G. Kamat (b. 1998) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=734|

text: 28734 Austinmccoy

text: ||  || Austin Sagan McCoy (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=737|

text: 28737 Mohindra

text: ||  || Smita Mohindra (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project.. |-id=738|

text: 28738 Carolinolan

text: ||  || Caroline Grace Nolan (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=739|

text: 28739 Julisauer

text: ||  || Julienne Isabelle Sauer (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=740|

text: 28740 Nathansperry

text: ||  || Nathaniel Poort Sperry (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=742|

text: 28742 Hannahsteele

text: ||  || Hannah Mae Steele (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=747|

text: 28747 Swintosky

text: ||  || Megan Christine Swintosky (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=750|

text: 28750 Brennawallin

text: ||  || Brenna Caroline Wallin (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=757|

text: 28757 Seanweber

text: ||  || Sean Austin Weber (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=759|

text: 28759 Joshwentzel

text: ||  || Joshua Wentzel (b. 1999) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=760|

text: 28760 Grantwomble

text: ||  || Grant Donovan Womble (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=765|

text: 28765 Katherinewu

text: ||  || Katherine Jean Wu (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=766|

text: 28766 Monge

text: Gaspard Monge

text: , French mathematician. |-id=770|

text: 28770 Sarahrines

text: ||  || Sarah Rines mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=778|

text: 28778 Michdelucia

text: ||  || Michelle DeLucia mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=779|

text: 28779 Acthieke

text: ||  || Adrienne C. Thieke mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=780|

text: 28780 Lisadeaver

text: ||  || Lisa Deaver mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=781|

text: 28781 Timothylohr

text: ||  || Timothy Lohr mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=782|

text: 28782 Mechling

text: ||  || Kim Mechling mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=784|

text: 28784 Deringer

text: ||  || Nancy Deringer mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=785|

text: 28785 Woodjohn

text: ||  || John Wood mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=787|

text: 28787 Peterpinko

text: ||  || Peter Pinko mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=800|

text: 28800 Speth

text: ||  || Dustin Speth mentored a finalist in the 2013 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |}

text: Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide. They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated weather stations, or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise automated weather station. The ICAO defines the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), which is the model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere, and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the METAR observing code. Personal weather stations taking automated observations can transmit their data to the United States mesonet through the Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), the UK Met Office through their Weather Observations Website (WOW), or internationally through the Weather Underground Internet site.  A thirty-year average of a location's weather observations is traditionally used to determine the station's climate.

text: Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as

text: climatological

text: reasons to

text: forecast weather

text: and issue

text: warnings

text: worldwide. They can be taken manually, by a weather observer, by computer through the use of automated

text: weather station

text: s, or in a hybrid scheme using weather observers to augment the otherwise automated weather station. The

entity_name: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: ICAO

text: defines the

text: International Standard Atmosphere

text: (ISA), which is the model of the standard variation of

text: pressure

text: temperature

text: density

text: , and

text: viscosity

text: with

text: altitude

text: in the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , and is used to reduce a station pressure to sea level pressure. Airport observations can be transmitted worldwide through the use of the

text: METAR

text: observing code.

text: Personal weather station

text: s taking automated observations can transmit their data to the United States

text: mesonet

text: through the

text: Citizen Weather Observer Program

text: (CWOP), the UK

text: Met Office

text: through their Weather Observations Website (WOW), or internationally through the

text: Weather Underground

text: Internet site.  A thirty-year average of a location's weather observations is traditionally used to determine the station's

text: climate

text: Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant(s) of interest and the organism(s) being considered.  These are the final steps in the path to release an environmental contaminant, through transport to its effect in a biological system. It tries to measure how much of a contaminant can be absorbed by an exposed target organism, in what form, at what rate and how much of the absorbed amount is actually available to produce a biological effect. Although the same general concepts apply to other organisms, the overwhelming majority of applications of exposure assessment are concerned with human health, making it an important tool in public health.

text: Exposure assessment is a branch of

text: environmental science

text: and

text: occupational hygiene

text: that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the

text: environment

text: containing the

text: contaminant

text: (s) of interest and the

text: organism

text: (s) being considered.  These are the final steps in the path to release an environmental contaminant, through transport to its effect in a biological system. It tries to measure how much of a contaminant can be absorbed by an exposed target organism, in what form, at what rate and how much of the absorbed amount is actually available to produce a

text: biological effect

text: . Although the same general concepts apply to other organisms, the overwhelming majority of applications of exposure assessment are concerned with

text: human health

text: , making it an important tool in

text: public health

text: Geosciences include environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include hydrology, including oceanography.

text: Geosciences include

text: environmental geology

text: environmental soil science

text: , volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include

text: hydrology

text: , including

text: oceanography

text: Obninsk Meteorological Tower is the official landmark of the Russian science town Obninsk.

text: Obninsk Meteorological Tower is the official

text: landmark

text: of the

text: Russia

text: n science town

text: Obninsk

text: In 1924 Vaughan became the second director of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, suggested by outgoing director William Emerson Ritter. During Vaughan's tenure, the institution was refocused to concentrate on oceanography and was renamed the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Vaughan created programs in physical, chemical, and geological oceanography, augmented the biology program, and expanded the Institution's facilities.  He retired in 1936 and was replaced by Harald Sverdrup.

text: In 1924 Vaughan became the second director of the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, suggested by outgoing director

text: William Emerson Ritter

text: . During Vaughan's tenure, the institution was refocused to concentrate on oceanography and was renamed the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: . Vaughan created programs in physical, chemical, and geological oceanography, augmented the biology program, and expanded the Institution's facilities.  He retired in 1936 and was replaced by

text: Harald Sverdrup

text: |-| 7301 Matsuitakafumi || 1993 AB || Takafumi Matsui (b. 1946) is Director of the Planetary Exploration Research Center at the Chiba Institute of Technology, and Emeritus Professor at the University of Tokyo. He specializes in astrobiology and comparative planetology, and the study of meteoroid impacts on the evolution of the Earth and life.|-id=304| 7304 Namiki ||  || Namiki Mitsuo (b. 1957) is a Japanese amateur astronomer on the staff of the public-information office of the National Astronomical Observatory. He acts as a bridge between Japanese professionals and amateurs and helps create friendly relationships.|-id=305| 7305 Ossakajusto ||  || Named in memory of Justo Ossaka (1922-1998), emeritus director of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory. Graduating from the Geophysical Institute, Tohoku University, in 1950, he worked at the Sendai Observatory from 1956 to 1994. He contributed greatly to attracting amateur astronomers and planetarium visitors. Name proposed by A. Watanabe and M. Koishikawa of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory.|-id=306| 7306 Panizon || 1994 EH || Named in honor of Franco Panizon (b. 1925). Head of the pediatric department of the University of Trieste, he is one of the key figures in Italian pediatrics, endowed with a deep knowledge of all scientific disciplines focusing on human beings, a true master of science and life. From Trieste he has influenced pediatricians all over the country and has founded a pediatric school that teaches care for children through mind and heart.|-id=307| 7307 Takei || 1994 EH || George Takei, American actor |-id=308| 7308 Hattori ||  || Tadahiko Hattori, Japanese astronomer †|-id=309| 7309 Shinkawakami || 1995 FU || Shin-ichi Kawakami (b.1956) is a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences in the Faculty of Education at Gifu University. He has studied impact cratering and its implications for planetary evolution. He also published several books on the history of Planet Earth.|-id=311| 7311 Hildehan || 1995 TU || Forever outnumbered by the women in his life, the discoverer chose to acknowledge those most significant with an appellation formed by letters in the names of his mother, Edith (Johnson) di Cicco (1912-1994); wife, Hilary F. Bennett (b. 1952); and daughter, Hannah di Cicco (b. 1987).|-id=313| 7313 Pisano || 6207 P-L || Giovanni Pisano, Italian sculptor or Andrea Pisano, Italian sculptor*|-id=314| 7314 Pevsner || 2146 T-1 || Nikolaus Pevsner, German-born British historian of art and architecture*|-id=315| 7315 Kolbe || 1136 T-2 || |-id=316| 7316 Hajdu || 3145 T-2 || |-id=317| 7317 Cabot || 1940 ED || John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), Genoese-Venetian explorer †|-id=318| 7318 Dyukov || 1969 OX ||  Vitalij Petrovich Dyukov (b. 1945), a professor at the Siberian State Geodesy Academy in Novosibirsk, is a specialist on the earth's gravitational field and author of more than ten textbooks for students.|-id=319| 7319 Katterfeld ||  || Gennadij Nikolaevich Katterfeld, Russian geologist*|-id=320| 7320 Potter ||  || Hejno Iogannovich Potter, Russian astronomer †|-id=322| 7322 Lavrentina ||  || Soviet mathematician Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrent'ev (1900-1980) was the first head of the Siberian Department of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. His son Mikhail Mikhailovich Lavrent'ev (b. 1932) also works in mathematical physics.|-id=323| 7323 Robersomma ||  || Roberto Somma (b. 1944), an Italian space engineer at Alenia Spazio, has promoted ideas and organized international meetings in Italy on the exploration of the solar system, in particular of near-earth objects.|-id=324| 7324 Carret || 1981 BC || |-id=326| 7326 Tedbunch ||  || Theodore E. Bunch, American meteoriticist |-id=327| 7327 Crawford ||  || Named in honor of David L. Crawford (b. 1931), astronomer at the Kitt Peak National Observatory recognized for his fundamental contributions to protecting dark skies around observatories from light pollution through good outdoor lighting practices. In 1972 he was instrumental in establishing the first comprehensive lighting code, which regulated outdoor lighting in southern Arizona, and the code has become a model for such regulation throughout the world. Crawford was cofounder and executive director of the International Dark-Sky Association, a worldwide organization dedicated to the preservation of dark skies. He was also responsible for establishing the fundamental standards of the Strömgren photometric system. Name suggested and citation provided by D. R. Davis.|-id=328| 7328 Casanova ||  || Giacomo Casanova, Italian writer, spy, diplomat, and libertine †|-id=329| 7329 Bettadotto || 1985 GK || Elisabetta Dotto, Italian astronomer †|-id=330| 7330 Annelemaître || 1985 TD || Anne Lemaître, Belgian astronomer*|-id=331| 7331 Balindblad || 1985 TV || Bertil Lindblad, Swedish astronomer*|-id=332| 7332 Ponrepo ||  || Viktor Ponrepo (Dismas Šlambor), Czech cinematic pioneer †|-id=333| 7333 Bec-Borsenberger ||  || Annick Bec-Borsenberger, French astronomer*|-id=334| 7334 Sciurus || 1988 QV || The Sciurus genus (squirrels) †|-id=336| 7336 Saunders ||  || R. Stephen Saunders (b. 1940), chief scientist for the Solar System Exploration Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is the project scientist for the Mars Surveyor Program 2001/2003 mission, director of JPL's Regional Planetary Image Facility and former project scientist of the Magellan mission to Venus.|-id=342| 7342 Uchinoura ||  || Named for the town in southern Kyushu where the Kagoshima Space Center of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is located. A small fishing village, the town entered the limelight in 1962, when it was selected as the launching site for ISAS (now ISAS Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture). ISAS satellites are launched toward the Pacific Ocean from a plateau in the southeastern part of the town. The facilities are getting larger as the rockets also grow in size. The usual population of the town is about 10~000, but at the time of a launch staff and reporters typically cause a 20-percent increase.|-id=343| 7343 Ockeghem ||  || Johannes Ockeghem, Flemish composer †|-id=344| 7344 Summerfield || 1992 LU || |-id=345| 7345 Happer || 1992 OF ||  Felix Happer, the character played by Burt Lancaster in the movie "Local Hero" †|-id=346| 7346 Boulanger ||  || François Boulanger, French astronomer*|-id=349| 7349 Ernestmaes ||  ||  Ernest Maes (b. 1915), a doctor of medicine (dermatology), has long had a great interest in anthropology, history of religion and psychiatry, resulting in several books on the critical evaluation of religious tradition.|-id=351| 7351 Yoshidamichi ||  ||  Michitoshi Yoshida (b. 1963) is the director of Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, a branch of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. His main interests are extragalactic astronomy, especially observational study of active galaxies, and astronomical instrumentation.|-id=353| 7353 Kazuya ||  ||  Named in honor of Kazuya Yoshida (b. 1960). An authority in robot engineering at Tohoku University, Yoshida is now developing a robotic system to explore the minor planets. He is an excellent astrophotographer and a member of Mt. Nyukasa Station, where this minor planet was discovered.|-id=354| 7354 Ishiguro ||  || Kazuo Ishiguro, Japanese-born British author*|-id=355| 7355 Bottke ||  || William Frederick Bottke, American astronomer*|-id=356| 7356 Casagrande ||  ||  Named in memory of Alessandro Casagrande (1922-1964). Composer and orchestra conductor, he skillfully headed the music school in Terni and served as artistic manager of the city's symphonic bureau "S. Falchi". He was also a painter. In 1965 an international piano competition was named for him.|-id=358| 7358 Oze ||  ||  Oze is a basin highland lying astride the prefectures Fukushima, Gunma and Niigata. The highland is surrounded by mountains, including Mt. Hiuchidake and Mt. Shifutsu, making up the western part of the Nikko National Park.|-id=359| 7359 Messier || 1996 BH || Charles Messier, French astronomer †|-id=360| 7360 Moberg ||  || Vilhelm Moberg, Swedish writer †|-id=361| 7361 Endres ||  || |-id=362| 7362 Rogerbyrd || 1996 EY || |-id=363| 7363 Esquibel ||  || |-id=364| 7364 Otonkučera || 1996 KS || Oton Kučera, founder of Zagreb Observatory, Croatia|-id=365| 7365 Sejong ||  || |-id=366| 7366 Agata || 1996 UY ||  Hidehiko Agata (b. 1961) is a staff member in the public information office of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. His main interests are education and populiarization of astronomy, and he has published many books on elementary astronomy. He has also studied cometary plasma tails.|-id=367| 7367 Giotto || 3077 T-1 || Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter*|-id=368| 7368 Haldancohn || 1966 BB ||  Haldan Cohn (b. 1953), on the faculty of Indiana University, has carried out fundamental research on the dynamics of stellar systems. He is particularly known for his work on the late stages of core collapse in star clusters and on the effect of gravothermal instabilities on the dynamical evolution of star clusters.|-id=369| 7369 Gavrilin || 1975 AN ||  Valerij Aleksandrovich Gavrilin (1939–1999) was an outstanding Russian composer whose compositions have became a national property of Russia and occupy a well-deserved place in the culture of the twentieth century. The name was suggested by the Union of Concert Workers of Russia.|-id=370| 7370 Krasnogolovets ||  ||  Mikhail Aleksandrovich Krasnogolovets (b. 1960), professor of radioelectronics at Kharkov National Technical University, specializes in the physics of elementary particles, accelerators and lasers. He is known in particular for his work on a high-energy laser for astrophysical research.|-id=372| 7372 Emimar || 1979 HH || Geophysicist María Emilia Muzzio (b. 1979) and anthropologist Marina Muzzio (b. 1982) are two Argentine scientists, daughters of the discoverer.|-id=373| 7373 Stashis ||  ||  Vladimir Vladimirovich Stashis (b. 1925) is a Ukrainian scholar of jurisprudence, vice-rector of the Ukrainian National Academy of Law and a member of the International Court of the United Nations. He also likes poetry and art and has a large collection of pictures of classical Russian painters.|-id=376| 7376 Jefftaylor ||  || G. Jeffrey Taylor, American planetary scientist. |-id=377| 7377 Pizzarello ||  || Sandra Pizzarello, American chemist, pioneer of the study of organic material in meteorites. |-id=378| 7378 Herbertpalme ||  || Herbert Palme, German geochemist |-id=379| 7379 Naoyaimae ||  || Naoya Imae, Japanese curator at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo, meteoroticist and areologist. |-id=381| 7381 Mamontov ||  || Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, Russian patron of the arts*|-id=382| 7382 Bozhenkova ||  ||  The Russian writer Margarita Ivanovna Bozhenkova (b. 1941) is a member of the Writers' Union of Russia, vice-president of the Writers' Naval Association in St. Petersburg and laureate of the "Gold Pen" prize.|-id=383| 7383 Lassovszky || 1981 SE || Károly Lassovszky, Hungarian astronomer † ‡|-id=385| 7385 Aktsynovia ||  ||  Lyudmila Mikhailovna Aktsynova (1910-1997) and her husband Arkadij Vsevolodovich Aktsynov (1910-1997) were masters of portraiture and landscape painting. They depicted the beauties of nature in various parts of Russia, including Siberia, Baikal, Sayany, Altaj and Volga.|-id=386| 7386 Paulpellas || 1981 WM || Paul Pellas, French meteoriticist*|-id=387| 7387 Malbil ||  || Malcolm Bilson, American pianist †|-id=388| 7388 Marcomorelli ||  || Marco Morelli (b. 1973), a planetary geologist and a specialist in terrestrial impact structures and meteorites. |-id=389| 7389 Michelcombes || 1982 UE || Michel Combes, French astronomer*|-id=390| 7390 Kundera || 1983 QE || Milan Kundera, Czech novelist †|-id=391| 7391 Strouhal ||  || Vincenc Strouhal, Czech physicist †|-id=392| 7392 Kowalski || 1984 EX || Richard Kowalski, American amateur astronomer †|-id=393| 7393 Luginbuhl ||  || Christian Luginbuhl, American astronomer |-id=394| 7394 Xanthomalitia ||  ||  Leonid Vasil'evich Xanthomaliti (Ksanfomaliti; b. 1932), radiometrist, photo-metrist, polarimetrist and altimetrist, discovered the Martian "anti-greenhouse" effect, hypothesized on the thunderbolt phenomena in Venus' atmosphere and predicted high volcanic activity on Venus. The name was suggested by V. K. Abalakin.|-id=396| 7396 Brusin ||  ||  Named in honor of Silvia Rosa Brusin, head of one of the principal Italian scientific programs. She is strongly involved in popular astronomy and is in close contact with scientists around the world. Her programs on Italian television constitute a serious reference for interested people.|-id=398| 7398 Walsh || 1986 VM || Martin F. Walsh, friend of the discoverer †|-id=399| 7399 Somme ||  || The Somme is a river in Northern France in the département of Picardie. The Celtic name means `tranquility'. With a length of nearly 250 km and a source near the city of St. Quentin, the Somme forms an extensive and beautiful bay, rich in flora and fauna, as it enters the English Channel.|-id=400| 7400 Lenau ||  || Nikolaus Lenau (N. F. Niembsch von Strehlenau), 19th-century Austrian poet, whose Faust was the inspiration of Liszt's Mephisto Walzer |}

text: 7301 Matsuitakafumi

text: || 1993 AB || Takafumi Matsui (b. 1946) is Director of the Planetary Exploration Research Center at the Chiba Institute of Technology, and Emeritus Professor at the University of Tokyo. He specializes in astrobiology and comparative planetology, and the study of meteoroid impacts on the evolution of the Earth and life.|-id=304|

text: 7304 Namiki

text: ||  || Namiki Mitsuo (b. 1957) is a Japanese amateur astronomer on the staff of the public-information office of the National Astronomical Observatory. He acts as a bridge between Japanese professionals and amateurs and helps create friendly relationships.|-id=305|

text: 7305 Ossakajusto

text: ||  || Named in memory of Justo Ossaka (1922-1998), emeritus director of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory. Graduating from the Geophysical Institute, Tohoku University, in 1950, he worked at the Sendai Observatory from 1956 to 1994. He contributed greatly to attracting amateur astronomers and planetarium visitors. Name proposed by A. Watanabe and M. Koishikawa of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory.|-id=306|

text: 7306 Panizon

text: || 1994 EH || Named in honor of Franco Panizon (b. 1925). Head of the pediatric department of the University of Trieste, he is one of the key figures in Italian pediatrics, endowed with a deep knowledge of all scientific disciplines focusing on human beings, a true master of science and life. From Trieste he has influenced pediatricians all over the country and has founded a pediatric school that teaches care for children through mind and heart.|-id=307|

text: 7307 Takei

text: || 1994 EH ||

text: George Takei

text: , American actor |-id=308|

text: 7308 Hattori

text: Tadahiko Hattori

text: , Japanese astronomer †|-id=309|

text: 7309 Shinkawakami

text: || 1995 FU || Shin-ichi Kawakami (b.1956) is a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences in the Faculty of Education at Gifu University. He has studied impact cratering and its implications for planetary evolution. He also published several books on the history of Planet Earth.|-id=311|

text: 7311 Hildehan

text: || 1995 TU || Forever outnumbered by the women in his life, the discoverer chose to acknowledge those most significant with an appellation formed by letters in the names of his mother, Edith (Johnson) di Cicco (1912-1994); wife, Hilary F. Bennett (b. 1952); and daughter, Hannah di Cicco (b. 1987).|-id=313|

text: 7313 Pisano

text: || 6207 P-L ||

text: Giovanni Pisano

text: , Italian sculptor or

text: Andrea Pisano

text: , Italian sculptor*|-id=314|

text: 7314 Pevsner

text: || 2146 T-1 ||

text: Nikolaus Pevsner

text: , German-born British historian of art and architecture*|-id=315|

text: 7315 Kolbe

text: || 1136 T-2 || |-id=316|

text: 7316 Hajdu

text: || 3145 T-2 || |-id=317|

text: 7317 Cabot

text: || 1940 ED ||

text: John Cabot

text: (Giovanni Caboto), Genoese-Venetian explorer †|-id=318|

text: 7318 Dyukov

text: || 1969 OX ||  Vitalij Petrovich Dyukov (b. 1945), a professor at the Siberian State Geodesy Academy in Novosibirsk, is a specialist on the earth's gravitational field and author of more than ten textbooks for students.|-id=319|

text: 7319 Katterfeld

text: Gennadij Nikolaevich Katterfeld

text: , Russian geologist*|-id=320|

text: 7320 Potter

text: Hejno Iogannovich Potter

text: , Russian astronomer †|-id=322|

text: 7322 Lavrentina

text: ||  || Soviet mathematician Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrent'ev (1900-1980) was the first head of the Siberian Department of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. His son Mikhail Mikhailovich Lavrent'ev (b. 1932) also works in mathematical physics.|-id=323|

text: 7323 Robersomma

text: ||  || Roberto Somma (b. 1944), an Italian space engineer at Alenia Spazio, has promoted ideas and organized international meetings in Italy on the exploration of the solar system, in particular of near-earth objects.|-id=324|

text: 7324 Carret

text: || 1981 BC || |-id=326|

text: 7326 Tedbunch

text: Theodore E. Bunch

text: , American meteoriticist |-id=327|

text: 7327 Crawford

text: ||  || Named in honor of David L. Crawford (b. 1931), astronomer at the Kitt Peak National Observatory recognized for his fundamental contributions to protecting dark skies around observatories from light pollution through good outdoor lighting practices. In 1972 he was instrumental in establishing the first comprehensive lighting code, which regulated outdoor lighting in southern Arizona, and the code has become a model for such regulation throughout the world. Crawford was cofounder and executive director of the International Dark-Sky Association, a worldwide organization dedicated to the preservation of dark skies. He was also responsible for establishing the fundamental standards of the Strömgren photometric system. Name suggested and citation provided by D. R. Davis.|-id=328|

text: 7328 Casanova

text: Giacomo Casanova

text: , Italian writer, spy, diplomat, and libertine †|-id=329|

text: 7329 Bettadotto

text: || 1985 GK || Elisabetta Dotto, Italian astronomer †|-id=330|

text: 7330 Annelemaître

text: || 1985 TD ||

text: Anne Lemaître

text: , Belgian astronomer*|-id=331|

text: 7331 Balindblad

text: || 1985 TV ||

text: Bertil Lindblad

text: , Swedish astronomer*|-id=332|

text: 7332 Ponrepo

text: Viktor Ponrepo

text: (Dismas Šlambor), Czech cinematic pioneer †|-id=333|

text: 7333 Bec-Borsenberger

text: Annick Bec-Borsenberger

text: , French astronomer*|-id=334|

text: 7334 Sciurus

text: || 1988 QV || The

text: Sciurus

text: genus (

text: squirrel

text: s) †|-id=336|

text: 7336 Saunders

text: ||  || R. Stephen Saunders (b. 1940), chief scientist for the Solar System Exploration Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is the project scientist for the Mars Surveyor Program 2001/2003 mission, director of JPL's Regional Planetary Image Facility and former project scientist of the Magellan mission to Venus.|-id=342|

text: 7342 Uchinoura

text: ||  || Named for the town in southern Kyushu where the Kagoshima Space Center of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is located. A small fishing village, the town entered the limelight in 1962, when it was selected as the launching site for ISAS (now ISAS Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture). ISAS satellites are launched toward the Pacific Ocean from a plateau in the southeastern part of the town. The facilities are getting larger as the rockets also grow in size. The usual population of the town is about 10~000, but at the time of a launch staff and reporters typically cause a 20-percent increase.|-id=343|

text: 7343 Ockeghem

text: Johannes Ockeghem

text: , Flemish composer †|-id=344|

text: 7344 Summerfield

text: || 1992 LU || |-id=345|

text: 7345 Happer

text: || 1992 OF ||  Felix Happer, the character played by

text: Burt Lancaster

text: in the movie "

text: Local Hero

text: " †|-id=346|

text: 7346 Boulanger

text: François Boulanger

text: , French astronomer*|-id=349|

text: 7349 Ernestmaes

text: ||  ||  Ernest Maes (b. 1915), a doctor of medicine (dermatology), has long had a great interest in anthropology, history of religion and psychiatry, resulting in several books on the critical evaluation of religious tradition.|-id=351|

text: 7351 Yoshidamichi

text: ||  ||  Michitoshi Yoshida (b. 1963) is the director of Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, a branch of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. His main interests are extragalactic astronomy, especially observational study of active galaxies, and astronomical instrumentation.|-id=353|

text: 7353 Kazuya

text: ||  ||  Named in honor of Kazuya Yoshida (b. 1960). An authority in robot engineering at Tohoku University, Yoshida is now developing a robotic system to explore the minor planets. He is an excellent astrophotographer and a member of Mt. Nyukasa Station, where this minor planet was discovered.|-id=354|

text: 7354 Ishiguro

text: Kazuo Ishiguro

text: , Japanese-born British author*|-id=355|

text: 7355 Bottke

text: William Frederick Bottke

text: , American astronomer*|-id=356|

text: 7356 Casagrande

text: ||  ||  Named in memory of Alessandro Casagrande (1922-1964). Composer and orchestra conductor, he skillfully headed the music school in Terni and served as artistic manager of the city's symphonic bureau "S. Falchi". He was also a painter. In 1965 an international piano competition was named for him.|-id=358|

text: 7358 Oze

text: ||  ||  Oze is a basin highland lying astride the prefectures Fukushima, Gunma and Niigata. The highland is surrounded by mountains, including Mt. Hiuchidake and Mt. Shifutsu, making up the western part of the Nikko National Park.|-id=359|

text: 7359 Messier

text: || 1996 BH ||

text: Charles Messier

text: , French astronomer †|-id=360|

text: 7360 Moberg

text: Vilhelm Moberg

text: , Swedish writer †|-id=361|

text: 7361 Endres

text: ||  || |-id=362|

text: 7362 Rogerbyrd

text: || 1996 EY || |-id=363|

text: 7363 Esquibel

text: ||  || |-id=364|

text: 7364 Otonkučera

text: || 1996 KS ||

text: Oton Kučera

text: , founder of

text: Zagreb Observatory

text: Croatia

text: 7365 Sejong

text: ||  || |-id=366|

text: 7366 Agata

text: || 1996 UY ||  Hidehiko Agata (b. 1961) is a staff member in the public information office of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. His main interests are education and populiarization of astronomy, and he has published many books on elementary astronomy. He has also studied cometary plasma tails.|-id=367|

text: 7367 Giotto

text: || 3077 T-1 ||

text: Giotto di Bondone

text: , Italian painter*|-id=368|

text: 7368 Haldancohn

text: || 1966 BB ||  Haldan Cohn (b. 1953), on the faculty of Indiana University, has carried out fundamental research on the dynamics of stellar systems. He is particularly known for his work on the late stages of core collapse in star clusters and on the effect of gravothermal instabilities on the dynamical evolution of star clusters.|-id=369|

text: 7369 Gavrilin

text: || 1975 AN ||  Valerij Aleksandrovich Gavrilin (1939–1999) was an outstanding Russian composer whose compositions have became a national property of Russia and occupy a well-deserved place in the culture of the twentieth century. The name was suggested by the Union of Concert Workers of Russia.|-id=370|

text: 7370 Krasnogolovets

text: ||  ||  Mikhail Aleksandrovich Krasnogolovets (b. 1960), professor of radioelectronics at Kharkov National Technical University, specializes in the physics of elementary particles, accelerators and lasers. He is known in particular for his work on a high-energy laser for astrophysical research.|-id=372|

text: 7372 Emimar

text: || 1979 HH || Geophysicist María Emilia Muzzio (b. 1979) and anthropologist Marina Muzzio (b. 1982) are two Argentine scientists, daughters of the discoverer.|-id=373|

text: 7373 Stashis

text: ||  ||  Vladimir Vladimirovich Stashis (b. 1925) is a Ukrainian scholar of jurisprudence, vice-rector of the Ukrainian National Academy of Law and a member of the International Court of the United Nations. He also likes poetry and art and has a large collection of pictures of classical Russian painters.|-id=376|

text: 7376 Jefftaylor

text: G. Jeffrey Taylor

text: , American planetary scientist. |-id=377|

text: 7377 Pizzarello

text: Sandra Pizzarello

text: , American chemist, pioneer of the study of organic material in meteorites. |-id=378|

text: 7378 Herbertpalme

text: Herbert Palme

text: , German geochemist |-id=379|

text: 7379 Naoyaimae

text: Naoya Imae

text: , Japanese curator at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo, meteoroticist and areologist. |-id=381|

text: 7381 Mamontov

text: Savva Ivanovich Mamontov

text: , Russian patron of the arts*|-id=382|

text: 7382 Bozhenkova

text: ||  ||  The Russian writer Margarita Ivanovna Bozhenkova (b. 1941) is a member of the Writers' Union of Russia, vice-president of the Writers' Naval Association in St. Petersburg and laureate of the "Gold Pen" prize.|-id=383|

text: 7383 Lassovszky

text: || 1981 SE ||

text: Károly Lassovszky

text: , Hungarian astronomer † ‡|-id=385|

text: 7385 Aktsynovia

text: ||  ||  Lyudmila Mikhailovna Aktsynova (1910-1997) and her husband Arkadij Vsevolodovich Aktsynov (1910-1997) were masters of portraiture and landscape painting. They depicted the beauties of nature in various parts of Russia, including Siberia, Baikal, Sayany, Altaj and Volga.|-id=386|

text: 7386 Paulpellas

text: || 1981 WM ||

text: Paul Pellas

text: , French meteoriticist*|-id=387|

text: 7387 Malbil

text: Malcolm Bilson

text: , American pianist †|-id=388|

text: 7388 Marcomorelli

text: ||  || Marco Morelli (b. 1973), a planetary geologist and a specialist in terrestrial impact structures and meteorites. |-id=389|

text: 7389 Michelcombes

text: || 1982 UE ||

text: Michel Combes

text: , French astronomer*|-id=390|

text: 7390 Kundera

text: || 1983 QE ||

text: Milan Kundera

text: , Czech novelist †|-id=391|

text: 7391 Strouhal

text: Vincenc Strouhal

text: , Czech physicist †|-id=392|

text: 7392 Kowalski

text: || 1984 EX ||

text: Richard Kowalski

text: , American amateur astronomer †|-id=393|

text: 7393 Luginbuhl

text: Christian Luginbuhl

text: , American astronomer |-id=394|

text: 7394 Xanthomalitia

text: ||  ||  Leonid Vasil'evich Xanthomaliti (Ksanfomaliti; b. 1932), radiometrist, photo-metrist, polarimetrist and altimetrist, discovered the Martian "anti-greenhouse" effect, hypothesized on the thunderbolt phenomena in Venus' atmosphere and predicted high volcanic activity on Venus. The name was suggested by V. K. Abalakin.|-id=396|

text: 7396 Brusin

text: ||  ||  Named in honor of Silvia Rosa Brusin, head of one of the principal Italian scientific programs. She is strongly involved in popular astronomy and is in close contact with scientists around the world. Her programs on Italian television constitute a serious reference for interested people.|-id=398|

text: 7398 Walsh

text: || 1986 VM || Martin F. Walsh, friend of the discoverer †|-id=399|

text: 7399 Somme

text: ||  || The

text: Somme

text: is a river in Northern France in the département of Picardie. The Celtic name means `tranquility'. With a length of nearly 250 km and a source near the city of St. Quentin, the Somme forms an extensive and beautiful bay, rich in flora and fauna, as it enters the English Channel.|-id=400|

text: 7400 Lenau

text: Nikolaus Lenau

text: (N. F. Niembsch von Strehlenau), 19th-century Austrian poet, whose

text: Faust

text: was the inspiration of

text: Liszt

text: 's

text: Mephisto Walzer

text: The School of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established in 1932 as part of the reorganization of the Institute recommended by MIT President Karl Taylor Compton. The departments that became part of the School of Science were: Biology and Public Health (which in 1942 became the Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and in 1945 the Department of Biology); Chemistry; Geology (which in 1952 became the Department of Geology and Geophysics, in 1969 the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and in 1983 the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences); Mathematics; Physics; and Military Science and Tactics (which in 1933 became part of the Division of Humanities). The Department of General Science and Engineering was part of the School of Science from 1933 until it was discontinued in 1959.

text: The School of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was established in 1932 as part of the reorganization of the Institute recommended by MIT President

text: Karl Taylor Compton

text: . The departments that became part of the School of Science were: Biology and Public Health (which in 1942 became the Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, and in 1945 the Department of Biology); Chemistry; Geology (which in 1952 became the Department of Geology and Geophysics, in 1969 the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and in 1983 the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences); Mathematics; Physics; and Military Science and Tactics (which in 1933 became part of the Division of Humanities). The Department of General Science and Engineering was part of the School of Science from 1933 until it was discontinued in 1959.

text: Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an American geophysicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition of Earth and other planets. An expert in numerous scientific disciplines, Anderson’s work combined seismology, solid state physics, geochemistry and petrology to explain how the Earth works. Anderson was best known for his contributions to the understanding of the Earth’s deep interior, and more recently, for the hypothesis that hotspots are the product of plate tectonics rather than narrow plumes emanating from the deep Earth. Anderson was Professor (Emeritus) of Geophysics in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the  California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He received numerous awards from geophysical, geological and astronomical societies. In 1998 he was awarded the prestigious Crafoord Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences along with Adam Dziewonski. Later that year, Anderson received the National Medal of Science. He held honorary doctorates from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (where he did his undergraduate work in geology and geophysics) and the University of Paris (Sorbonne), and served on numerous university advisory committees, including those at Harvard, Princeton, Yale, University of Chicago, Stanford, University of Paris, Purdue University, and Rice University. Anderson’s wide-ranging research resulted in hundreds of published papers in the fields of planetary science, seismology, mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, tectonics and the philosophy of science. He continued to work and publish until his death. His widely known textbooks, Theory of the Earth, and New Theory of the Earth are regarded by colleagues as compelling syntheses of the origins of the Earth and its inner workings by one of the great geophysical authorities of our time.

text: Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an

text: American

text: geophysicist

text: who made significant contributions to the understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition of

text: Earth

text: and other planets. An expert in numerous scientific disciplines, Anderson’s work combined

text: seismology

text: solid state physics

text: geochemistry

text: and

text: petrology

text: to explain how the

text: Earth

text: works. Anderson was best known for his contributions to the understanding of the Earth’s deep interior, and more recently, for the hypothesis that

text: hotspots

text: are the product of

text: plate tectonics

text: rather than narrow plumes emanating from the deep

text: Earth

text: . Anderson was Professor (Emeritus) of Geophysics in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the

text: California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

text: . He received numerous awards from geophysical, geological and astronomical societies. In 1998 he was awarded the prestigious

text: Crafoord Prize

text: by the

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: along with

text: Adam Dziewonski

text: . Later that year, Anderson received the

text: National Medal of Science

text: . He held honorary doctorates from

text: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

text: (where he did his undergraduate work in

text: geology

text: and

text: geophysics

text: ) and the

text: University of Paris

text: (Sorbonne), and served on numerous university advisory committees, including those at

text: Harvard

text: Princeton

text: Yale

text: University of Chicago

text: Stanford

text: University of Paris

text: Purdue University

text: , and

text: Rice University

text: . Anderson’s wide-ranging research resulted in hundreds of published papers in the fields of

text: planetary science

text: seismology

text: mineral physics

text: petrology

text: geochemistry

text: tectonics

text: and the

text: philosophy of science

text: . He continued to work and publish until his death. His widely known textbooks, Theory of the Earth, and New Theory of the Earth are regarded by colleagues as compelling syntheses of the origins of the Earth and its inner workings by one of the great geophysical authorities of our time.

text: There are branches of Allahabad Bank, Employment Bureau and a post office as well as medical dispensary on the campus. It has a small meteorological observatory and plans are afoot for a seismological observatory.

text: Based in Huntsville, Alabama, Tribal Earth Science & Technology Education (TRESTE) is a NASA-funded team of nine tribal higher education institutions and the Universities Space Research Association's Earth System Science Program. The collaboration is designed to enhance Earth system science and geospatial education using problem-based teaching techniques in order to inspire undergraduate students for careers in Earth system science, the physical sciences, and other fields of engineering or science.

text: Based in

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: , Tribal Earth Science & Technology Education (TRESTE) is a

text: NASA

text: -funded team of nine tribal higher education institutions and the Universities Space Research Association's Earth System Science Program. The collaboration is designed to enhance

text: Earth system science

text: and

text: geospatial

text: education using problem-based teaching techniques in order to inspire

text: undergraduate

text: students for careers in Earth system science, the

text: physical science

text: s, and other fields of engineering or science.

text: Rakovanite, Na{H[VO]}•15H0, is a member of the pascoite family. It is a transparent, brittle mineral occurring in the monoclinic crystal system. It is orange in color and has an orange-yellow colored streak. Rakovanite is soft with a Mohs hardness of 1 and a calculated density of 2.407g cm. It does not fluoresce in long- or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. Rakovanite crystals are up to 1mm in maximum dimension and vary in habit from blocky to prismatic on [001], commonly exhibiting steps and striations parallel to [001].  Its name honors Dr. John Rakovan (b. 1964), professor, Department of Geology and   Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, US.

text: Rakovanite, Na{H[VO]}•15H0, is a member of the

text: pascoite

text: family. It is a transparent,

text: brittle

text: mineral occurring in the

text: monoclinic

text: crystal system. It is orange in color and has an orange-yellow colored

text: streak

text: . Rakovanite is soft with a

text: Mohs hardness

text: of 1 and a calculated

text: density

text: of 2.407g cm. It does not fluoresce in long- or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. Rakovanite crystals are up to 1mm in maximum dimension and vary in habit from blocky to prismatic on [001], commonly exhibiting steps and striations parallel to [001].  Its name honors Dr. John Rakovan (b. 1964), professor, Department of Geology and   Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, US.

text: In addition to pursuing studies in stellar kinematics, galactic structure, asteroid astrometry and the history of astronomy, Edmondson served as Program Director for Astronomy of the National Science Foundation (1956–1957), treasurer of the American Astronomical Society (1954–1975) and statistical advisor to Dr. Alfred Kinsey during his studies of human sexuality. He also advised in the development and site selection of the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which include the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile and the National Solar Observatory in New Mexico. He was also instrumental in creating the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), a consortium of 38 U. S. astronomical institutions and seven foreign affiliates, that manages the three observatories plus the Space Telescope Science Institute which directs research with the Hubble Space Telescope. He was AURA's president from 1962 to 1965. He was a member of the Minor Planet Commission of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and was its president from 1970 to 1973. He chaired the United States National Committee of the IAU from 1963 to 1964.

text: In addition to pursuing studies in

text: stellar

text: kinematics

text: galactic

text: structure, asteroid

text: astrometry

text: and the history of astronomy, Edmondson served as Program Director for Astronomy of the

text: National Science Foundation

text: (1956–1957), treasurer of the

text: American Astronomical Society

text: (1954–1975) and statistical advisor to Dr.

text: Alfred Kinsey

text: during his studies of human sexuality. He also advised in the development and site selection of the

text: National Optical Astronomy Observatories

text: , which include the

text: Kitt Peak National Observatory

text: in

text: Arizona

text: , the

text: Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory

text: in

text: Chile

text: and the

text: National Solar Observatory

text: in

text: New Mexico

text: . He was also instrumental in creating the

text: (AURA), a consortium of 38 U. S. astronomical institutions and seven foreign affiliates, that manages the three observatories plus the

text: Space Telescope Science Institute

text: which directs research with the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: . He was AURA's president from 1962 to 1965. He was a member of the Minor Planet Commission of the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU), and was its president from 1970 to 1973. He chaired the United States National Committee of the IAU from 1963 to 1964.

text: He has been active in a variety of organizations, and has been the vice-president (1975-1976) and president (1976-1977) of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography; vice-president (1978-1979), president (1981-1982) and honorary Fellow (2012) of the Ecological Society of America; president (2002) of the American Institute of Biological Sciences; and president (2001-2007) of the International Society of Limnology.

text: The Soviet government made the development and advancement of science a national priority, emphasizing science at all levels of education and showering top scientists with honours. Very large numbers of engineers graduated every year. Soviet scientists won acclaim in several fields, marked by a highly developed pure science and innovation at the theoretical level, though interpretation and application fell short. They were at the cutting edge of science in fields such as mathematics and in several branches of physical science, notably theoretical nuclear physics, chemistry, and astronomy. The physical chemist and physicist Nikolay Semenov was the first Soviet citizen to win a Nobel Prize, in 1956 among several other Soviet Nobel Prize winners and the mathematician Sergei Novikov was the first Soviet citizen to win a Fields Medal in 1970 followed by Grigory Margulis in 1978 and Vladimir Drinfeld in 1990.

text: The Soviet government made the development and advancement of science a national priority, emphasizing science at all levels of education and showering top scientists with honours. Very large numbers of

text: engineer

text: s graduated every year. Soviet scientists won acclaim in several fields, marked by a highly developed pure science and innovation at the theoretical level, though interpretation and application fell short. They were at the cutting edge of science in fields such as

text: mathematics

text: and in several branches of

text: physical science

text: , notably theoretical

text: nuclear physics

text: , chemistry, and

text: astronomy

text: . The

text: physical chemist

text: and

text: physicist

text: Nikolay Semenov

text: was the first Soviet citizen to win a

text: Nobel Prize

text: , in 1956 among several other Soviet Nobel Prize winners and the mathematician

text: Sergei Novikov

text: was the first Soviet citizen to win a

text: Fields Medal

text: in 1970 followed by

text: Grigory Margulis

text: in 1978 and

text: Vladimir Drinfeld

text: in 1990.

text: In contrast to meteorology, which studies short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists, those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

text: In contrast to

text: meteorology

text: , which studies short term

text: weather

text: Climatologists

text: , those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help

text: predict

text: future

text: climate change

text: Mira is a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer. As of June 2013, it is listed on TOP500 as the fifth-fastest supercomputer in the world. It has a performance of 8.59 petaflops (LINPACK) and consumes 3.9 MW.  The supercomputer was constructed by IBM for Argonne National Laboratory's Argonne Leadership Computing Facility with the support of the United States Department of Energy, and partially funded by the National Science Foundation. Mira will be used for scientific research, including studies in the fields of material science, climatology, seismology, and computational chemistry. The supercomputer is being utilized initially for sixteen projects, selected by the Department of Energy.

text: Mira is a

text: petascale

text: Blue Gene/Q

text: supercomputer

text: . As of June 2013, it is listed on

text: as the fifth-fastest supercomputer in the world. It has a performance of 8.59

text: petaflops

text: LINPACK

text: ) and consumes 3.9

text: MW

text: .  The supercomputer was constructed by IBM for

text: Argonne National Laboratory

text: 's Argonne Leadership Computing Facility with the support of the

text: United States Department of Energy

text: , and partially funded by the

text: National Science Foundation

text: . Mira will be used for scientific research, including studies in the fields of

text: material science

text: climatology

text: seismology

text: , and

text: computational chemistry

text: . The supercomputer is being utilized initially for sixteen projects, selected by the Department of Energy.

text: Science is a choice made by many students wishing to go into a field which utilises that specialised knowledge, courses offered by the Science Faculty at Parkes High are: Physics, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental Science, Biology and Senior Science (a general look at science) are Board Developed and ATAR accredited courses.

text: The Astronomical Society of India (ASI) is an Indian society of professional astronomers and other professionals from related disciplines. It was founded in 1972, with Vainu Bappu being the founder President of the Society, and as of 2010 has a membership of approximately 1000. Its registered office is at the Astronomy Department, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Its primary objective is the promotion of Astronomy and related branches of science. It organises meetings, supports and tries to popularise Astronomy and related subjects and publishes the Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India.

text: The Astronomical Society of India (ASI) is an

text: India

text: n society of professional

text: astronomer

text: s and other professionals from related disciplines. It was founded in 1972, with

text: Vainu Bappu

text: being the founder President of the Society, and as of 2010 has a membership of approximately 1000. Its registered office is at the Astronomy Department,

text: Osmania University

text: Hyderabad, India

text: . Its primary objective is the promotion of Astronomy and related branches of science. It organises meetings, supports and tries to popularise Astronomy and related subjects and publishes the

entity_name: Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India

text: Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India

text: Tad S. Murty (or Murthy) is an Indian-Canadian oceanographer and expert on tsunamis.  He is the former president of the Tsunami Society. He is an adjunct professor in the departments of Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences at the University of Ottawa. Murty has a PhD degree in oceanography and meteorology from the University of Chicago.He is co-editor of the journal Natural Hazards with Tom Beer of CSIRO and Vladimir Schenk of the Czech Republic.

text: Tad S. Murty (or Murthy) is an

text: Indian-Canadian

text: oceanographer

text: and expert on

text: tsunami

text: s.  He is the former president of the

text: Tsunami Society

text: . He is an adjunct professor in the departments of

text: Civil Engineering

text: and

text: Earth Sciences

text: at the

text: University of Ottawa

text: . Murty has a

text: PhD

text: degree in oceanography and

text: meteorology

text: from the

text: University of Chicago

text: .He is co-editor of the journal

text: Natural Hazards

text: with

text: Tom Beer

text: of

text: CSIRO

text: and

text: Vladimir Schenk

text: of the Czech Republic.

text: Initiated in 1947, the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), formerly known as the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, is a scientific society with the goal of Advancing the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. With approximately 4000 members in nearly 60 different countries, ASLO is the largest scientific society, worldwide, devoted to either limnology or oceanography or both. ASLO’s mission is to foster a diverse, international scientific community that creates, integrates and communicates knowledge across the full spectrum of aquatic sciences, advances public awareness and education about aquatic resources and research, and promotes scientific stewardship of aquatic resources for the public interest. Its products and activities are directed toward these ends.

text: Initiated in 1947, the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), formerly known as the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, is a scientific society with the goal of Advancing the Sciences of

text: Limnology

text: and

text: Oceanography

text: . With approximately 4000 members in nearly 60 different countries, ASLO is the largest scientific society, worldwide, devoted to either limnology or oceanography or both. ASLO’s mission is to foster a diverse, international scientific community that creates, integrates and communicates knowledge across the full spectrum of aquatic sciences, advances public awareness and education about aquatic resources and research, and promotes scientific stewardship of aquatic resources for the public interest. Its products and activities are directed toward these ends.

text: DePaolo received his B.S. degree with Honors in Geology from Binghamton University in 1973 and earned his Ph.D. in geology with a minor in chemistry under Gerald Wasserburg at the California Institute of Technology in 1978.  In the same year DePaolo began an assistant professorship at the University of California Los Angeles Department of Geology and Geochemistry and subsequently earned his associate (1981–1983) and full professorship (1983–1988).  In 1988 he began his term as Professor of Geochemistry at the University of California Berkeley in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science, with a joint appointment as a Faculty Scientist in the Earth Sciences Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) [1].  Upon his arrival in Berkeley Dr. DePaolo established and directs the Center for Isotope Geochemistry, a joint research facility between LBNL and UC Berkeley [2].  In 1998 he was made the Class of 1951 Professor of Geochemistry and served as chair of the department from 1990 to 1993.  From 1998-2006 DePaolo served as Geochemistry Department Head at LBNL, in 2007 he became Earth Sciences Division Director and from 2010-2011 he served as Acting Associate Laboratory Director for Energy and Environmental Sciences before accepting the position permanently on April 1, 2011.  In Spring of 2009, DePaolo became the Director of the Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO2 (EFRC) [3].

text: DePaolo received his B.S. degree with Honors in Geology from

text: Binghamton University

text: in 1973 and earned his Ph.D. in geology with a minor in chemistry under

text: Gerald Wasserburg

text: at the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: in 1978.  In the same year DePaolo began an assistant professorship at the

text: University of California Los Angeles

text: Department of Geology and Geochemistry and subsequently earned his associate (1981–1983) and full professorship (1983–1988).  In 1988 he began his term as Professor of Geochemistry at the

text: University of California Berkeley

text: in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science, with a joint appointment as a Faculty Scientist in the Earth Sciences Division at the

text: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

text: (LBNL) [1].  Upon his arrival in Berkeley Dr. DePaolo established and directs the Center for Isotope Geochemistry, a joint research facility between LBNL and UC Berkeley [2].  In 1998 he was made the Class of 1951 Professor of Geochemistry and served as chair of the department from 1990 to 1993.  From 1998-2006 DePaolo served as Geochemistry Department Head at LBNL, in 2007 he became Earth Sciences Division Director and from 2010-2011 he served as Acting Associate Laboratory Director for Energy and Environmental Sciences before accepting the position permanently on April 1, 2011.  In Spring of 2009, DePaolo became the Director of the Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO2 (EFRC) [3].

text: Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson's landmark environmental book Silent Spring along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study.

text: Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson's landmark environmental book

text: Silent Spring

text: along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the

text: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill

text: , and the

text: Cuyahoga River

text: of Cleveland, Ohio, "catching fire" (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study.

text: Earth science or geoscience is an all-embracing term for the fields of science related to the planet Earth. It can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geography, physics, chemistry, biology, chronology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and evolves.

text: Earth science or geoscience is an all-embracing term for the fields of

text: science

text: related to the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: . It can be considered to be a branch of

text: planetary science

text: , but with a much older history. There are both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches to Earth sciences. The Earth sciences can include the study of

text: geology

text: , the

text: lithosphere

text: , and the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, as well as the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: biosphere

text: . Typically, Earth scientists use tools from

text: geography

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: chronology

text: , and

text: mathematics

text: to build a quantitative understanding of how the

text: Earth system

text: works and evolves.

text: Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale, about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.

text: Microscale meteorology

text: is the study of short-lived

text: atmospheric

text: phenomena smaller than

text: mesoscale

text: , about 1 km or less. These two branches of

text: meteorology

text: are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than

text: synoptic scale

text: ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a

text: weather map

text: . These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.

text: Earth sciences graphics software is a plotting and image processing software used in atmospheric sciences, meteorology, climatology, oceanography and other Earth science disciplines.

text: Earth sciences graphics software is a plotting and image processing software used in atmospheric sciences,

text: meteorology

text: , climatology, oceanography and other

text: Earth science

text: disciplines.

text: Many of Bren's contributions have benefited universities in California, including the University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Chapman University. At the University of California, Bren “has contributed more to support endowed chairs than any other single donor in UC’s history.” Privately and through the Donald Bren Charitable Trust, he has directed contributions to support its faculty and programs. At UC Irvine, the Bren Events Center, the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences and the recently built Donald Bren Hall are named after him, honoring his patronage of the school. The University also named its Claire Trevor School of the Arts after his stepmother. Additionally, UC Santa Barbara named Bren Hall and the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, a graduate school, after him as well. Bren made a donation to the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management to “enhance and strengthen the school’s core interdisciplinary programs, personnel, and special activities.” When commenting about the continued support from Bren, UC Santa Barbara Chancellor Henry T. Yang said, “Bren’s vision for developing a peerless, world-leading institution offering an interdisciplinary program of environmental science, management, and policy has been a tremendous source of inspiration and leadership for the Bren School.”

text: Many of Bren's contributions have benefited universities in California, including the

text: University of California, Irvine

text: University of California, Santa Barbara

text: , and

text: Chapman University

text: . At the University of California, Bren “has contributed more to support endowed chairs than any other single donor in UC’s history.” Privately and through the Donald Bren Charitable Trust, he has directed contributions to support its faculty and programs. At UC Irvine, the

text: Bren Events Center

text: , the

entity_name: Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences

text: Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences

text: and the recently built Donald Bren Hall are named after him, honoring his patronage of the school. The University also named its

text: Claire Trevor School of the Arts

text: after his stepmother. Additionally, UC Santa Barbara named

text: Bren Hall

text: and the

entity_name: Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

text: Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

text: , a graduate school, after him as well. Bren made a donation to the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management to “enhance and strengthen the school’s core interdisciplinary programs, personnel, and special activities.” When commenting about the continued support from Bren, UC Santa Barbara Chancellor Henry T. Yang said, “Bren’s vision for developing a peerless, world-leading institution offering an interdisciplinary program of environmental science, management, and policy has been a tremendous source of inspiration and leadership for the Bren School.”

text: The Green Building is the main facility of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science (EAPS), also known as Course 12.  The departmental headquarters is on the 9th floor of the building.  The lower floors of the building contain the Planetary Science section.  The middle floors have the Earth Science section (Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry).  The upper floors house the Atmospheric Science section (which also includes Oceanography and Climatology).

text: The Green Building is the main facility of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science (EAPS), also known as Course 12.  The departmental headquarters is on the 9th floor of the building.  The lower floors of the building contain the

text: Planetary Science

text: section.  The middle floors have the

text: Earth Science

text: section (

text: Geology

text: Geophysics

text: , and

text: Geochemistry

text: ).  The upper floors house the

text: Atmospheric Science

text: section (which also includes

text: Oceanography

text: and

text: Climatology

text: April 28, 2012 was the third time the event was held on the National Mall. It was organized with help from Hofstra University, in addition to local astronomy clubs. Organizations represented included: the National Science Foundation, Astronomy Magazine, the American Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,  International Dark-Sky Association, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Space Telescope Science Institute, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory.

text: April 28, 2012 was the third time the event was held on the National Mall. It was organized with help from Hofstra University, in addition to local astronomy clubs. Organizations represented included: the

text: National Science Foundation

text: Astronomy Magazine

text: , the

text: American Astronomical Society

text: , the

text: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

text: ,  International Dark-Sky Association, the

entity_name: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: Space Telescope Science Institute

text: , and the

text: National Optical Astronomy Observatory

text: The science of Vastu plays a very important role in developing architecture styles. The basic concept underlines that, every structure built on earth has its own life, with a soul and personality which is shaped by its surroundings. The most important science which has Kerala has developed purely indigenously is Thachu-Shastra (Science of Carpentry) as the easily availability of timber and its heavy use of it. The concept of Thachi underlines that as timber is derived from a living form, the wood, when used for construction, has its own life which must be synthesized in harmony with its surroundings and people whom dwell inside it.

text: |-id=605| 31605 Braschi ||  || Nicoletta Braschi, Italian actress |-id=617| 31617 Meeraradha ||  || Meera Radha Srinivasan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences project.  |-id=618| 31618 Tharakan ||  || Serena Margaret Tharakan (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=619| 31619 Jodietinker ||  || Jodie Leigh Tinker (b. 1996) was awarded first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=627| 31627 Ulmera ||  || Alexandra Ulmer (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences team project. |-id=628| 31628 Vorperian ||  || Sevahn Kayaneh Vorperian (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=630| 31630 Jennywang ||  || Jenny Lynn Wang (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computer science project. |-id=631| 31631 Abbywilliams ||  || Abigail Anne Williams (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. |-id=632| 31632 Stephaying ||  || Stephanie Ying (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=633| 31633 Almonte ||  || Carolyn Marie Almonte (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project.  |-id=635| 31635 Anandarao ||  || Pranav Kumar Anandarao (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his energy project.  |-id=637| 31637 Bhimaraju ||  || Manasa Hari Bhimaraju (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=639| 31639 Bodoni ||  || Evelyn Ariana Bodoni (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=640| 31640 Johncaven ||  || John Blake Caven (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his computer science and software engineering project. |-id=641| 31641 Cevasco ||  || Hannah Olivia Cevasco (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=642| 31642 Soyounchoi ||  || Soyoun Choi (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=643| 31643 Natashachugh ||  || Natasha Chugh (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=650| 31650 Frýdek-Místek || 1999 HW || Frýdek-Místek, twin cities on the Silesia-Moravia border, Czech Republic, the discoverer's childhood home town |-id=655| 31655 Averyclowes ||  || Avery Parker Clowes (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=660| 31660 Maximiliandu ||  || Maximilian Junqi Du (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his chemistry project. |-id=661| 31661 Eggebraaten ||  || Andrew John Eggebraaten (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=664| 31664 Randiiwessen ||  || Randii Wessen, American program engineer at JPL |-id=665| 31665 Veblen ||  || Oswald Veblen, early 20th-century American mathematician |-id=671| 31671 Masatoshi ||  || Masatoshi Nakamura, Japanese actor and singer |-id=677| 31677 Audreyglende ||  || Audrey Glende (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her microbiology and biochemistry project. |-id=679| 31679 Glenngrimmett ||  || Glenn Manuel Grimmett (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal science project. |-id=680| 31680 Josephuitt ||  || Joseph Arthur Huitt (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal science project. |-id=682| 31682 Kinsey ||  || Elizabeth Grace Kinsey (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. |-id=684| 31684 Lindsay ||  || Mikayla Ann Lindsay (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. |-id=688| 31688 Bryantliu ||  || Bryant Michael Liu (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his plant science project.|-id=689| 31689 Sebmellen ||  || Sebastian Lucas Mellen (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his computer science and software engineering project. |-id=690| 31690 Nayamenezes ||  || Naya Kiren Menezes (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. |-id=696| 31696 Rohitmital ||  || Rohit Rahul Mital (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. |-id=697| 31697 Isaiahoneal ||  || Isaiah Logan O'Neal (b. 2001),  a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his plant science project. |-id=698| 31698 Nikolaiortiz ||  || 31698 Nikolaiortiz Discovered 1999 May 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nikolai Victorovitch Ortiz (b. 2002) is a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Seashore Middle Academy, Corpus Christi, Texas.|-id=700| 31700 Naperez ||  || Nicholas Antonio Perez (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. |}

text: 31605 Braschi

text: Nicoletta Braschi

text: , Italian actress |-id=617|

text: 31617 Meeraradha

text: ||  || Meera Radha Srinivasan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental sciences project.  |-id=618|

text: 31618 Tharakan

text: ||  || Serena Margaret Tharakan (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=619|

text: 31619 Jodietinker

text: ||  || Jodie Leigh Tinker (b. 1996) was awarded first place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=627|

text: 31627 Ulmera

text: ||  || Alexandra Ulmer (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences team project. |-id=628|

text: 31628 Vorperian

text: ||  || Sevahn Kayaneh Vorperian (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=630|

text: 31630 Jennywang

text: ||  || Jenny Lynn Wang (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computer science project. |-id=631|

text: 31631 Abbywilliams

text: ||  || Abigail Anne Williams (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences team project. |-id=632|

text: 31632 Stephaying

text: ||  || Stephanie Ying (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2014 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=633|

text: 31633 Almonte

text: ||  || Carolyn Marie Almonte (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project.  |-id=635|

text: 31635 Anandarao

text: ||  || Pranav Kumar Anandarao (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his energy project.  |-id=637|

text: 31637 Bhimaraju

text: ||  || Manasa Hari Bhimaraju (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=639|

text: 31639 Bodoni

text: ||  || Evelyn Ariana Bodoni (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=640|

text: 31640 Johncaven

text: ||  || John Blake Caven (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his computer science and software engineering project. |-id=641|

text: 31641 Cevasco

text: ||  || Hannah Olivia Cevasco (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=642|

text: 31642 Soyounchoi

text: ||  || Soyoun Choi (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=643|

text: 31643 Natashachugh

text: ||  || Natasha Chugh (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=650|

text: 31650 Frýdek-Místek

text: || 1999 HW ||

text: Frýdek-Místek

text: , twin cities on the Silesia-Moravia border,

text: Czech Republic

text: , the discoverer's childhood home town |-id=655|

text: 31655 Averyclowes

text: ||  || Avery Parker Clowes (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=660|

text: 31660 Maximiliandu

text: ||  || Maximilian Junqi Du (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his chemistry project. |-id=661|

text: 31661 Eggebraaten

text: ||  || Andrew John Eggebraaten (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his electrical and mechanical engineering project. |-id=664|

text: 31664 Randiiwessen

text: Randii Wessen

text: , American program engineer at

text: JPL

text: 31665 Veblen

text: Oswald Veblen

text: , early 20th-century American mathematician |-id=671|

text: 31671 Masatoshi

text: Masatoshi Nakamura

text: , Japanese actor and singer |-id=677|

text: 31677 Audreyglende

text: ||  || Audrey Glende (b. 2003), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her microbiology and biochemistry project. |-id=679|

text: 31679 Glenngrimmett

text: ||  || Glenn Manuel Grimmett (b. 2001) is a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal science project. |-id=680|

text: 31680 Josephuitt

text: ||  || Joseph Arthur Huitt (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal science project. |-id=682|

text: 31682 Kinsey

text: ||  || Elizabeth Grace Kinsey (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental and earth sciences project. |-id=684|

text: 31684 Lindsay

text: ||  || Mikayla Ann Lindsay (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. |-id=688|

text: 31688 Bryantliu

text: ||  || Bryant Michael Liu (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his plant science project.|-id=689|

text: 31689 Sebmellen

text: ||  || Sebastian Lucas Mellen (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his computer science and software engineering project. |-id=690|

text: 31690 Nayamenezes

text: ||  || Naya Kiren Menezes (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physics project. |-id=696|

text: 31696 Rohitmital

text: ||  || Rohit Rahul Mital (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. |-id=697|

text: 31697 Isaiahoneal

text: ||  || Isaiah Logan O'Neal (b. 2001),  a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his plant science project. |-id=698|

text: 31698 Nikolaiortiz

text: ||  || 31698 Nikolaiortiz Discovered 1999 May 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nikolai Victorovitch Ortiz (b. 2002) is a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental and earth sciences project. He attends the Seashore Middle Academy, Corpus Christi, Texas.|-id=700|

text: 31700 Naperez

text: ||  || Nicholas Antonio Perez (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2015 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his materials & bioengineering project. |}

text: A number of academics, environmentalists, think-tank consultants and writers are interviewed in the film in support of its various assertions. They include the Canadian environmentalist Patrick Moore, former member of Greenpeace but now a critic of the organisation; Richard Lindzen, professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Patrick Michaels, Research Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia; Nigel Calder, editor of New Scientist from 1962 to 1966; John Christy, professor and director of the Earth System Science Center at University of Alabama; Paul Reiter of the Pasteur Institute; former British Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson; and Piers Corbyn, a British weather forecaster.

text: A number of academics, environmentalists, think-tank consultants and writers are interviewed in the film in support of its various assertions. They include the Canadian environmentalist

text: Patrick Moore

text: , former member of

text: Greenpeace

text: but now a critic of the organisation;

text: Richard Lindzen

text: , professor of

text: meteorology

text: at the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Patrick Michaels

text: , Research Professor of Environmental Sciences at the

text: University of Virginia

text: Nigel Calder

text: , editor of

text: New Scientist

text: from 1962 to 1966;

text: John Christy

text: , professor and director of the Earth System Science Center at

text: University of Alabama

text: Paul Reiter

text: of the

text: Pasteur Institute

text: ; former British

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Nigel Lawson

text: ; and

text: Piers Corbyn

text: , a British weather forecaster.

text: STS-55 Columbia, was launched from KSC on April 26, 1993. With Ross serving as Payload Commander/Mission Specialist, nearly 90 experiments were conducted during the German-sponsored Spacelab D-2 mission to investigate life sciences, materials science, physics, robotics, astronomy, and the Earth and its atmosphere.  Columbia landed on May 6, 1993 at Edwards Air Force Base, Runway 22, after 160 orbits of the Earth in 239 hours and 45 minutes

text: Columbia

text: , was launched from KSC on April 26, 1993. With Ross serving as

text: Payload Commander

text: Mission Specialist

text: , nearly 90 experiments were conducted during the German-sponsored

text: Spacelab

text: D-2 mission to investigate

text: life sciences

text: materials science

text: physics

text: robotics

text: astronomy

text: , and the Earth and its atmosphere.  Columbia landed on May 6, 1993 at Edwards Air Force Base, Runway 22, after 160 orbits of the Earth in 239 hours and 45 minutes

text: Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth system science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a property of the system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth system science research. As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth system science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".

text: Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth system science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a property of the system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth system science research. As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist

text: Michael E. Mann

text: is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth system science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".

text: Earth/Environmental Science Honors

text: Earth/Environmental Science Honors

text: Amateur astronomy is a hobby whose participants enjoy watching the sky, and the abundance of objects found in it with the unaided eye, binoculars, or telescopes. Even though scientific research is not their main goal, many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring variable stars, tracking asteroids and discovering transient objects, such as comets and novae.

text: Amateur astronomy is a

text: hobby

text: whose participants enjoy watching the

text: sky

text: , and the abundance of objects found in it with the

text: unaided eye

text: binoculars

text: , or

text: telescope

text: s. Even though scientific

text: research

text: is not their main goal, many amateur astronomers make a contribution to astronomy by monitoring

text: variable stars

text: , tracking

text: asteroid

text: s and discovering transient objects, such as

text: comet

text: s and

text: nova

text: e.

text: Quaternary geology is the branch of geology that study developments from 2.6 millions years ago onwards. In particular Quaternary geology study the process and deposits that developed during the quaternary, a period characterized by glacial-interglacial cycles. Quaternary geology has developed over time from being originally a branch of historical geology to becoming a science on its own.

text: Quaternary geology is the branch of

text: geology

text: that study developments from 2.6 millions years ago onwards. In particular

text: Quaternary

text: geology study the process and deposits that developed during the quaternary, a period characterized by

text: glacial

text: interglacial

text: cycles. Quaternary geology has developed over time from being originally a branch of

text: historical geology

text: to becoming a science on its own.

text: Inevitably, given its setting, the Paradiso discusses astronomy extensively, but in the Ptolemaic sense. The Paradiso also discusses the importance of the experimental method in science, with a detailed example in lines 94–105 of Canto II:

text: Inevitably, given its setting, the Paradiso discusses

text: astronomy

text: extensively, but in the

text: Ptolemaic

text: sense. The Paradiso also discusses the importance of the

text: experimental method

text: in science, with a detailed example in lines 94–105 of Canto II:

text: The Faculty offers units of study and research in Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Mathematics, and Physics and Astronomy.

text: As proposed in the third five-year plan of India, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) was founded as the Institute of Tropical Meteorology on 17 November 1962 at Pune as an individual unit of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the main organisation responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasts, and detecting earthquakes in India.  On the recommendation of Committee for Organization of Scientific Research of the Government of India, Institute of Tropical Meteorology was then made an autonomous institution under the new name Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology on 1 April 1971. Till 1984, it worked under the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. In 1985, it was taken by the  Department of Science and Technology/ Ministry of Science and Technology. As per the notification No. O.M. No.25/10/2006 dated 19 July 2006 by the President of India, the Institute has been put under the control of the Ministry of Earth Sciences with effect from 12 July 2006.

text: As proposed in the third five-year plan of India, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) was founded as the Institute of Tropical Meteorology on 17 November 1962 at

text: Pune

text: as an individual unit of the

text: India Meteorological Department

text: (IMD), the main organisation responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasts, and detecting earthquakes in India.  On the recommendation of Committee for Organization of Scientific Research of the Government of India, Institute of Tropical Meteorology was then made an autonomous institution under the new name Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology on 1 April 1971. Till 1984, it worked under the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. In 1985, it was taken by the

entity_name: Department of Science and Technology (India)

text: Department of Science and Technology

entity_name: Ministry of Science and Technology (India)

text: Ministry of Science and Technology

text: . As per the notification No. O.M. No.25/10/2006 dated 19 July 2006 by the President of India, the Institute has been put under the control of the

text: Ministry of Earth Sciences

text: with effect from 12 July 2006.

text: The idea of a stationary weather ship was proposed as early as 1921 by Météo-France to help support shipping and the coming of transatlantic aviation.  Established during World War II, a weather ship, or ocean weather vessel, was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting.   They were used during World War II but had no means of defense, which led to the loss of several ships and many lives.   They were primarily located in the north Atlantic and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio.  In addition to their weather reporting function, these vessels aided in search and rescue operations, supported transatlantic flights, acted as research platforms for oceanographers,  monitored marine pollution, and aided weather forecasting both by weather forecasters and within computerized atmospheric models. Research vessels remain heavily used in oceanography, including physical oceanography and the integration of meteorological and climatological data in Earth system science.

text: The idea of a stationary weather ship was proposed as early as 1921 by

text: Météo-France

text: to help support shipping and the coming of

text: transatlantic aviation

text: .  Established during World War II, a

text: weather ship

text: , or ocean weather vessel, was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting.   They were used during World War II but had no means of defense, which led to the loss of several ships and many lives.   They were primarily located in the north

text: Atlantic

text: and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio.  In addition to their weather reporting function, these vessels aided in

text: search and rescue

text: operations, supported

text: transatlantic flight

text: s, acted as research platforms for

text: oceanographer

text: s,  monitored

text: marine pollution

text: , and aided weather forecasting both by weather forecasters and within computerized

text: atmospheric model

text: s.

text: Research vessel

text: s remain heavily used in oceanography, including

text: physical oceanography

text: and the integration of meteorological and climatological data in

text: Earth system science

text: The Royal Society of Chemistry publishes 2 other journals in the Environmental Science portfolio: Environmental Science: Nano was established in 2014 and Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology in 2015.

text: X-ray astronomy satellites study X-ray emissions from celestial objects. Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X-ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X-ray astronomy. Satellites are needed because X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites.

text: Amateur astronomy is usually associated with viewing the night sky when most celestial objects and events are visible, but sometimes amateur astronomers also operate during the day for events such as sunspots and solar eclipses.  Amateur astronomers often look at the sky using nothing more than their eyes, but common tools for amateur astronomy include portable telescopes and binoculars.

text: Amateur astronomy is usually associated with viewing the

text: night sky

text: when most celestial objects and events are visible, but sometimes amateur astronomers also operate during the day for events such as

text: sunspot

text: s and

text: solar eclipse

text: s.  Amateur astronomers often look at the sky using nothing more than their eyes, but common tools for amateur astronomy include portable

text: telescopes

text: and

text: binoculars

text: Whaler was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society Price Medal in 2013.   The Price Medal is awarded for investigations of outstanding merit in solid earth geophysics, oceanography or planetary sciences.

text: Whaler was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society

text: Price Medal

text: in 2013.   The Price Medal is awarded for investigations of outstanding merit in solid earth geophysics, oceanography or planetary sciences.

text: In addition to its commercial aims, Science Photo Library uses its media to sponsor and contribute to events aimed at popularising science to children, through educational multimedia competitions, and to the wider public through exhibitions such as From Earth to the Universe as part of the International Year of Astronomy, and its 2011 collaboration with RIA Novosti to showcase archive material covering the first human spaceflight by Yuri Gagarin.

text: In addition to its commercial aims, Science Photo Library uses its media to sponsor and contribute to events aimed at popularising science to children, through educational multimedia competitions, and to the wider public through exhibitions such as From Earth to the Universe as part of the

text: International Year of Astronomy

text: , and its 2011 collaboration with

text: RIA Novosti

text: to showcase archive material covering the first human spaceflight by

text: Yuri Gagarin

text: In April 1978, H. William Menard became the United States Geological Survey's tenth Director but remained only through the balance of the Carter administration. Menard had been a marine geologist with the Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego for several years and then had become a member of the faculty of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. In 1965-66, he was associated with the Office of Science and Technology in the White House. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Menard was a recognized worldwide authority in marine geology and oceanography and had discovered notable topographic and structural features of the sea floor that laid much of the foundation of the plate-tectonics revolution in geology. After his return to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1981, Menard continued to teach, write, and do research.

text: In April 1978, H. William Menard became the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: 's tenth Director but remained only through the balance of the Carter administration. Menard had been a marine geologist with the

text: Naval Electronics Laboratory

text: in San Diego for several years and then had become a member of the faculty of the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: . In 1965-66, he was associated with the

text: Office of Science and Technology

text: in the White House. A member of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: , Menard was a recognized worldwide authority in

text: marine geology

text: and

text: oceanography

text: and had discovered notable topographic and structural features of the sea floor that laid much of the foundation of the plate-tectonics revolution in geology. After his return to the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: in 1981, Menard continued to teach, write, and do research.

text: Along with general science offered in the junior grades, Central Peel allows students to select specialty science courses pertaining to Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Environmental Science, and Earth Science in grades 11 and 12. Environmental Science and Earth Science have both been cancelled recently in the past due to low enrollment.

text: Along with general science offered in the junior grades, Central Peel allows students to select specialty science courses pertaining to

text: Biology

text: Chemistry

text: Physics

text: Environmental Science

text: , and

text: Earth Science

text: in grades 11 and 12. Environmental Science and Earth Science have both been cancelled recently in the past due to low enrollment.

text: Johnson has been a faculty member at the Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, the Savannah State University Marine Science Program, the University of South Florida College of Marine Science, and the University of Texas at Arlington Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

text: Johnson has been a faculty member at the

text: Georgia Institute of Technology

text: School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, the

text: Savannah State University

text: Marine Science Program, the

text: University of South Florida

text: College of Marine Science, and the University of Texas at Arlington Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

text: Environmental science and environmental engineering are the geoprofessions commonly associated with the identification, remediation, and prevention of environmental contamination. These services range from phase-one and phase-two environmental site-assessments – research designed to assess the likelihood that a property is contaminated and subsurface exploration conducted to identify the nature and extent of contamination, respectively – up through the design of processes and systems to remediate contaminated sites for the protection of human health and the environment.

text: Environmental science and environmental engineering are the geoprofessions commonly associated with the identification, remediation, and prevention of environmental contamination. These services range from phase-one and phase-two

text: environmental site-assessments

text: – research designed to assess the likelihood that a property is contaminated and subsurface exploration conducted to identify the nature and extent of contamination, respectively – up through the design of processes and systems to remediate contaminated sites for the protection of human health and the environment.

text: Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, geography, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how it evolved to its current state.

text: Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences) is an all-embracing term for the

text: science

text: s related to the

text: planet

text: Earth

text: . It is arguably a special case in

text: planetary science

text: , the Earth being the only known

text: life

text: -bearing planet. There are both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches to Earth sciences. The formal discipline of Earth sciences may include the study of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: geography

text: chronology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works, and how it evolved to its current state.

text: CDAT is a software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology to display meteorological fields such as pressure, temperature, or wind speeds. It allows to read gridded meteorological data in different formats such as netCDF or GRIB and plot time series of displays from several identical datasets with differing times. It is similar in scope to GrADS but with more extensive user interface and capabilities.

text: CDAT is a software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology to display

text: meteorological

text: fields such as

text: pressure

text: temperature

text: , or

text: wind

text: speeds. It allows to read gridded meteorological data in different formats such as netCDF or GRIB and plot time series of displays from several identical datasets with differing times. It is similar in scope to

text: GrADS

text: but with more extensive user interface and capabilities.

text: By the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, Babylonian astronomy had evolved into the earliest example of a scientific astronomy, as it was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian Asger Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West – if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences – depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."

text: By the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in

text: Mesopotamia

text: Babylonian astronomy

text: had evolved into the earliest example of a scientific astronomy, as it was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian

text: Asger Aaboe

text: , "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the

text: Hellenistic world

text: in India

text: in Islam

text: , and in

text: the West

text: – if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the

text: exact science

text: s – depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."

text: During the year, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued advisories on tropical cyclones west of the International Date Line to the Malay Peninsula, and north of the equator; this was due to the agency's status as the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, as designated by the World Meteorological Organization in 1989. The JMA issued forecasts and analyses four times a day, beginning at 0000 UTC and continuing every six hours. The JMA issued forecasts based on a climatological tropical cyclone forecast model. The agency estimated 10 minute sustained winds and barometric pressure based on the Dvorak technique and numerical weather prediction. The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin, operating from Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to represent the interests of the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

text: During the year, the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: International Date Line

text: to the

text: Malay Peninsula

text: , and north of the

text: equator

text: ; this was due to the agency's status as the official

text: , as designated by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: in 1989. The JMA issued forecasts and analyses four times a day, beginning at 0000

text: UTC

text: and continuing every six hours. The JMA issued forecasts based on a climatological

text: tropical cyclone forecast model

text: . The agency estimated 10 minute

text: sustained winds

text: and

text: barometric pressure

text: based on the

text: Dvorak technique

text: and

text: numerical weather prediction

text: Pearl Harbor

text: in

text: Hawaii

text: to represent the interests of the

text: United States Armed Forces

text: in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

text: If passed, it would have capped 2010 CO emissions at the 2000 level. Residential and agricultural areas, as well as other areas deemed "not feasible", would be exempt. As such, approximately 85% of the United States' emissions would have been covered for the year 2000. The bill would have also established a scholarship at the National Academy of Sciences for those studying climatology.

text: If passed, it would have capped 2010

text: CO

text: emission

text: s at the 2000 level. Residential and agricultural areas, as well as other areas deemed "not feasible", would be exempt. As such, approximately 85% of the United States' emissions would have been covered for the year 2000. The bill would have also established a

text: scholarship

text: at the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: for those studying

text: climatology

text: Baker has published more than 150 scientific and policy papers, reviews, and reports in oceanography, climate, observation technology, and sustainable development. He has joined oceanographic expeditions to many parts of the world and is the co-holder of a U.S. patent on the design of a deep-sea pressure gauge which was used to make the first deep-sea tide measurement in the Antarctic Ocean. He is the author of the book Planet Earth: The View from Space, which was published by Harvard University Press.Baker is one of co-founders and first President of The Oceanography Society, an elected member of the American Philosophical Society, and a fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served as the B. Benjamin Zucker Environmental Fellow at Yale University. In 2008 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by Oceanology International for his "contribution to oceanography and marine science, and in 1998 the Government of India awarded him the Vikram Sarabhai Medal for his "outstanding contributions to space research in developing countries". He has been awarded two honorary degrees. He lectures regularly on the subjects of sustainability, climate change, and oceanography, has chaired numerous national and international advisory committees, and has testified frequently to the U.S. Congress.

text: Baker has published more than 150 scientific and policy papers, reviews, and reports in oceanography, climate, observation technology, and sustainable development. He has joined oceanographic expeditions to many parts of the world and is the co-holder of a U.S. patent on the design of a deep-sea pressure gauge which was used to make the first deep-sea tide measurement in the Antarctic Ocean. He is the author of the book Planet Earth: The View from Space, which was published by

text: Harvard University Press

text: .Baker is one of co-founders and first President of The Oceanography Society, an elected member of the

text: American Philosophical Society

text: , and a fellow of the American Meteorological Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served as the B. Benjamin Zucker Environmental Fellow at

text: Yale University

text: . In 2008 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by Oceanology International for his "contribution to oceanography and marine science, and in 1998 the Government of India awarded him the Vikram Sarabhai Medal for his "outstanding contributions to space research in developing countries". He has been awarded two honorary degrees. He lectures regularly on the subjects of sustainability, climate change, and oceanography, has chaired numerous national and international advisory committees, and has testified frequently to the U.S. Congress.

text: Science Bowl is a buzzer competition with questions classified into several topics. Since 2011, a new Energy category has been added to the subject categories, and Earth Science and Astronomy have been combined into "Earth and Space Sciences". Questions are now asked in the categories entitled Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Energy, "Earth and Space Science" and "General Science". In late 2002, Computer Science was dropped as an official category, and questions relating to computer science are now asked under Mathematics.

text: Science Bowl

text: is a buzzer competition with questions classified into several topics. Since 2011, a new

text: Energy

text: category has been added to the subject categories, and

text: Earth Science

text: and

text: Astronomy

text: have been combined into "Earth and Space Sciences". Questions are now asked in the categories entitled

text: Chemistry

text: Biology

text: Physics

text: Mathematics

text: Energy

text: , "Earth and Space Science" and "General Science". In late 2002,

text: Computer Science

text: was dropped as an official category, and questions relating to computer science are now asked under Mathematics.

text: In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part of the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology and to research. He stated that he planned a project to have medical interns do a tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse their social conscious and reduce the "brain drain." On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community. The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and college science teachers, training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography.

text: In addition to majoring in one of the five (Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, and Physics) science disciplines, BS-MS students can also minor in another disciplines.

text: In addition to majoring in one of the five (

text: Biological Sciences

text: Chemistry

text: Earth and Environmental Sciences

text: Mathematics

text: , and

text: Physics

text: ) science disciplines,

text: BS

text: MS

text: students can also minor in another disciplines.

text: |-id=102| 25102 Zhaoye ||  || Zhao Ye, Singaporean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=103| 25103 Kimdongyoung ||  || Kim Dongyoung, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for his computer science project and recipient of a Seaborg Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar (SIYSS) award |-id=104| 25104 Chohyunghoon ||  || Cho Hyunghoon, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his microbiology team project. |-id=105| 25105 Kimnayeon ||  || Kim Na Yeon, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her microbiology team project. |-id=106| 25106 Ryoojungmin ||  || Ryoo Jung Min, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her microbiology team project. |-id=108| 25108 Boström ||  || Johan Ingemar Boström, Swedish 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his animal sciences team project. |-id=109| 25109 Hofving ||  || Tobias Olof Hofving, Swedish 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his animal sciences team project. |-id=111| 25111 Klokun ||  || Vitaliy Mykhaylovych Klokun, Ukrainian 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his chemistry team project. |-id=112| 25112 Mymeshkovych ||  || Maryna Yuriivna Meshkovych, Ukrainian 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her chemistry team project. |-id=113| 25113 Benwasserman ||  || Benjamin David Wasserman, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=115| 25115 Drago ||  || Claire Elizabeth Drago, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her behavioral and social sciences team project. |-id=116| 25116 Jonathanwang ||  || Jonathan Wang, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for his medicine and health sciences team project and recipient of the European Union Contest for Young Scientists (EUCYS) Award |-id=118| 25118 Kevlin ||  || Kevin Huang Lin, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his microbiology project. |-id=119| 25119 Kakani ||  || Pragya Kakani, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=120| 25120 Yvetteleung ||  || Yvette Leung, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=122| 25122 Kaitlingus ||  || Kaitlyn Jeanne Lingus, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her plant sciences project. |-id=124| 25124 Zahramaarouf ||  || Zahra Moein Maarouf, Lebanese 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for her computer science team project. |-id=125| 25125 Brodallan ||  || Broderick David Allan (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan.|-id=127| 25127 Laurentbrunetto || 1998 SZ || Laurent Brunetto (b. 1972), a physics professor in Antibes, France. |-id=129| 25129 Uranoscope ||  || Uranoscope, a French amateur observatory, created in 1983 by Christian Bourdeille in Gretz Armainvilliers, near Paris. |-id=131| 25131 Katiemelua ||  || Katie Melua (b. 1984), a Georgian-born British singer, songwriter and musician whose songs have included astronomical culture. |-id=133| 25133 Douglin ||  || Douglas N. C. Lin (b. 1949), a theoretical astrophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. |-id=137| 25137 Seansolomon ||  || Sean Solomon (b. 1945), director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, is a geophysicist and planetary scientist who has studied the Earth's mid-ocean ridges and the surfaces of Venus, Mars and the Moon. He is the Principal Investigator for NASA's MESSENGER mission.|-id=138| 25138 Jaumann ||  || Ralf Jaumann (b. 1954), a research scientist at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt and a member of the geology working group for the Dawn mission to Vesta. |-id=139| 25139 Roatsch ||  || Thomas Roatsch (b. 1958), a cartographer of planetary satellite and asteroid surfaces. |-id=140| 25140 Schmedemann ||  || Nico Schmedemann (b. 1978), a researcher at the Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität in Berlin. |-id=142| 25142 Hopf ||  || Heinz Hopf (1894-1971), a professor of mathematics at the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich. |-id=143| 25143 Itokawa ||  || Hideo Itokawa, Japanese rocket scientist. He is regarded as the Father of Japanese rocketry. |-id=151| 25151 Stefanschröder ||  || Stefan E. Schröder (b. 1970), a planetary imaging specialist at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Berlin. |-id=152| 25152 Toplis ||  || Michael J. Toplis (b. 1969), a geochemist at the University of Toulouse. |-id=154| 25154 Ayers ||  || Robert Martin Ayers (b. 1941) is a long-time supporter of Lowell Observatory, currently serving as secretary of the Executive Committee and a multi-year member of the Advisory Board. He spent the summer at Lowell as an undergraduate in 1961. He retired as principal scientist from Adobe in 2005.|-id=155| 25155 van Belle ||  || Gerard van Belle, American-Canadian astronomer at the Lowell Observatory. |-id=156| 25156 Shkolnik ||  || Evgenya Shkolnik, Canadian astronomer at the Lowell Observatory. |-id=157| 25157 Fabian ||  || Andrew Christopher Fabian (b. 1948) is an X-ray astronomer at the University of Cambridge. He has worked with a number of orbiting X-ray observatories to advance our knowledge of such X-ray sources as black holes, their accretion disks, and gas in active galactic nuclei and clusters of galaxies.|-id=162| 25162 Beckage ||  || Michael (Mike) Beckage (b. 1959) is a long-time supporter of Lowell Observatory, currently serving as Chair of Lowell Observatory's Executive Committee and the Lowell Observatory Foundation. He shares his love of astronomy through outreach programs to the community and amateur astronomy clubs.|-id=166| 25166 Thompson ||  || Samantha Thompson (b. 1985) is the curator of exhibits at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ. She has degrees in history and in physics & astronomy. In 2016 she designed Lowell's Spaceguard Academy exhibit that highlighted the science and exploration of asteroids.|-id=175| 25175 Lukeandraka ||  || Luke Steven Andraka (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. He attends the Chesapeake Science Point Public Charter School, Hanover, Maryland.|-id=176| 25176 Thomasaunins ||  || Thomas Rudolf Aunins (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his physical sciences project. He attends the Lenape Middle School, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.|-id=178| 25178 Shreebose ||  || Shree Bose (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her environmental sciences project. She attends the Trinity Valley School, Fort Worth, Texas.|-id=180| 25180 Kenyonconlin ||  || Kenyon Rex Conlin (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his physical sciences project. He attends the Rocky Mountain Middle School, Heber City, Utah.|-id=182| 25182 Siddhawan ||  || Sidharth Dhawan (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Meadow Park Middle School, Beaverton, Oregon.|-id=183| 25183 Grantfisher ||  || Grant Garrett Fisher (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his animal and plant sciences project. He attends the Pi Beta Phi Elementary School, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.|-id=184| 25184 Taylorgaines ||  || Taylor Diahann Gaines (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her animal and plant sciences project. She attends the Iva E. Wells Middle School, Seneca, Missouri.|-id=189| 25189 Glockner ||  || Katherine Whittemore Glockner (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. She attends the Rhoades School, Encinitas, California.|-id=190| 25190 Thomasgoodin ||  || Thomas J. T. Goodin (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Mid-Pacific Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii.|-id=191| 25191 Rachelouise ||  || Rachel Louise Graham (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her engineering project. She attends the Riverton Middle School, Riverton, Wyoming.|-id=193| 25193 Taliagreene ||  || Talia Kate Greene (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her mathematics and computer science project. She attends the Cocoa Beach Junior Senior High School, Cocoa Beach, Florida.|-id=198| 25198 Kylienicole ||  || Kylie Nicole Grissom (b. 1993) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her earth and space sciences project. She attends the North Ogden Junior High School, North Ogden, Utah.|-id=199| 25199 Jiahegu ||  || Jiahe Gu (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his animal and plant sciences project. He attends the Martin Luther King, Jr., Magnet High School, Nashville, Tennessee.|}

text: 25102 Zhaoye

text: ||  || Zhao Ye, Singaporean 2008 Intel

entity_name: Intel International Science and Engineering Fair

text: International Science and Engineering Fair

text: (ISEF) winner, for her materials and bioengineering team project. |-id=103|

text: 25103 Kimdongyoung

text: ||  || Kim Dongyoung, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for his computer science project and recipient of a Seaborg

entity_name: Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar

text: Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar

text: (SIYSS) award |-id=104|

text: 25104 Chohyunghoon

text: ||  || Cho Hyunghoon, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his microbiology team project. |-id=105|

text: 25105 Kimnayeon

text: ||  || Kim Na Yeon, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her microbiology team project. |-id=106|

text: 25106 Ryoojungmin

text: ||  || Ryoo Jung Min, South-Korean 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her microbiology team project. |-id=108|

text: 25108 Boström

text: ||  || Johan Ingemar Boström, Swedish 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his animal sciences team project. |-id=109|

text: 25109 Hofving

text: ||  || Tobias Olof Hofving, Swedish 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his animal sciences team project. |-id=111|

text: 25111 Klokun

text: ||  || Vitaliy Mykhaylovych Klokun, Ukrainian 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his chemistry team project. |-id=112|

text: 25112 Mymeshkovych

text: ||  || Maryna Yuriivna Meshkovych, Ukrainian 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her chemistry team project. |-id=113|

text: 25113 Benwasserman

text: ||  || Benjamin David Wasserman, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=115|

text: 25115 Drago

text: ||  || Claire Elizabeth Drago, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her behavioral and social sciences team project. |-id=116|

text: 25116 Jonathanwang

text: ||  || Jonathan Wang, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for his medicine and health sciences team project and recipient of the

entity_name: European Union Contest for Young Scientists

text: European Union Contest for Young Scientists

text: (EUCYS) Award |-id=118|

text: 25118 Kevlin

text: ||  || Kevin Huang Lin, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for his microbiology project. |-id=119|

text: 25119 Kakani

text: ||  || Pragya Kakani, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=120|

text: 25120 Yvetteleung

text: ||  || Yvette Leung, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=122|

text: 25122 Kaitlingus

text: ||  || Kaitlyn Jeanne Lingus, American 2008 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner, for her plant sciences project. |-id=124|

text: 25124 Zahramaarouf

text: ||  || Zahra Moein Maarouf, Lebanese 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) winner for her computer science team project. |-id=125|

text: 25125 Brodallan

text: ||  || Broderick David Allan (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan.|-id=127|

text: 25127 Laurentbrunetto

text: || 1998 SZ || Laurent Brunetto (b. 1972), a physics professor in

text: Antibes, France

text: . |-id=129|

text: 25129 Uranoscope

text: Uranoscope

text: , a French amateur observatory, created in 1983 by

text: Christian Bourdeille

text: in

text: Gretz Armainvilliers

text: , near Paris. |-id=131|

text: 25131 Katiemelua

text: Katie Melua

text: (b. 1984), a Georgian-born British singer, songwriter and musician whose songs have included astronomical culture. |-id=133|

text: 25133 Douglin

text: ||  || Douglas N. C. Lin (b. 1949), a theoretical astrophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz. |-id=137|

text: 25137 Seansolomon

text: ||  || Sean Solomon (b. 1945), director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, is a geophysicist and planetary scientist who has studied the Earth's mid-ocean ridges and the surfaces of Venus, Mars and the Moon. He is the Principal Investigator for NASA's MESSENGER mission.|-id=138|

text: 25138 Jaumann

text: ||  || Ralf Jaumann (b. 1954), a research scientist at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt and a member of the geology working group for the Dawn mission to Vesta. |-id=139|

text: 25139 Roatsch

text: ||  || Thomas Roatsch (b. 1958), a cartographer of planetary satellite and asteroid surfaces. |-id=140|

text: 25140 Schmedemann

text: ||  || Nico Schmedemann (b. 1978), a researcher at the Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität in Berlin. |-id=142|

text: 25142 Hopf

text: Heinz Hopf

text: (1894-1971), a professor of mathematics at the

text: Swiss Institute of Technology

text: in

text: Zurich

text: . |-id=143|

text: 25143 Itokawa

text: Hideo Itokawa

text: , Japanese rocket scientist. He is regarded as the Father of Japanese rocketry. |-id=151|

text: 25151 Stefanschröder

text: ||  || Stefan E. Schröder (b. 1970), a planetary imaging specialist at the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Berlin. |-id=152|

text: 25152 Toplis

text: ||  || Michael J. Toplis (b. 1969), a geochemist at the University of Toulouse. |-id=154|

text: 25154 Ayers

text: ||  || Robert Martin Ayers (b. 1941) is a long-time supporter of Lowell Observatory, currently serving as secretary of the Executive Committee and a multi-year member of the Advisory Board. He spent the summer at Lowell as an undergraduate in 1961. He retired as principal scientist from Adobe in 2005.|-id=155|

text: 25155 van Belle

text: Gerard van Belle

text: , American-Canadian astronomer at the Lowell Observatory. |-id=156|

text: 25156 Shkolnik

text: Evgenya Shkolnik

text: , Canadian astronomer at the Lowell Observatory. |-id=157|

text: 25157 Fabian

text: ||  || Andrew Christopher Fabian (b. 1948) is an X-ray astronomer at the University of Cambridge. He has worked with a number of orbiting X-ray observatories to advance our knowledge of such X-ray sources as black holes, their accretion disks, and gas in active galactic nuclei and clusters of galaxies.|-id=162|

text: 25162 Beckage

text: ||  || Michael (Mike) Beckage (b. 1959) is a long-time supporter of Lowell Observatory, currently serving as Chair of Lowell Observatory's Executive Committee and the Lowell Observatory Foundation. He shares his love of astronomy through outreach programs to the community and amateur astronomy clubs.|-id=166|

text: 25166 Thompson

text: ||  || Samantha Thompson (b. 1985) is the curator of exhibits at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ. She has degrees in history and in physics & astronomy. In 2016 she designed Lowell's Spaceguard Academy exhibit that highlighted the science and exploration of asteroids.|-id=175|

text: 25175 Lukeandraka

text: ||  || Luke Steven Andraka (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his environmental sciences project. He attends the Chesapeake Science Point Public Charter School, Hanover, Maryland.|-id=176|

text: 25176 Thomasaunins

text: ||  || Thomas Rudolf Aunins (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his physical sciences project. He attends the Lenape Middle School, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.|-id=178|

text: 25178 Shreebose

text: ||  || Shree Bose (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her environmental sciences project. She attends the Trinity Valley School, Fort Worth, Texas.|-id=180|

text: 25180 Kenyonconlin

text: ||  || Kenyon Rex Conlin (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his physical sciences project. He attends the Rocky Mountain Middle School, Heber City, Utah.|-id=182|

text: 25182 Siddhawan

text: ||  || Sidharth Dhawan (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Meadow Park Middle School, Beaverton, Oregon.|-id=183|

text: 25183 Grantfisher

text: ||  || Grant Garrett Fisher (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his animal and plant sciences project. He attends the Pi Beta Phi Elementary School, Gatlinburg, Tennessee.|-id=184|

text: 25184 Taylorgaines

text: ||  || Taylor Diahann Gaines (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her animal and plant sciences project. She attends the Iva E. Wells Middle School, Seneca, Missouri.|-id=189|

text: 25189 Glockner

text: ||  || Katherine Whittemore Glockner (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her biochemistry, medicine, health science and microbiology project. She attends the Rhoades School, Encinitas, California.|-id=190|

text: 25190 Thomasgoodin

text: ||  || Thomas J. T. Goodin (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his engineering project. He attends the Mid-Pacific Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii.|-id=191|

text: 25191 Rachelouise

text: ||  || Rachel Louise Graham (b. 1995) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her engineering project. She attends the Riverton Middle School, Riverton, Wyoming.|-id=193|

text: 25193 Taliagreene

text: ||  || Talia Kate Greene (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her mathematics and computer science project. She attends the Cocoa Beach Junior Senior High School, Cocoa Beach, Florida.|-id=198|

text: 25198 Kylienicole

text: ||  || Kylie Nicole Grissom (b. 1993) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for her earth and space sciences project. She attends the North Ogden Junior High School, North Ogden, Utah.|-id=199|

text: 25199 Jiahegu

text: ||  || Jiahe Gu (b. 1994) is a finalist in the 2008 Society for Science and the Public middle school science competition, for his animal and plant sciences project. He attends the Martin Luther King, Jr., Magnet High School, Nashville, Tennessee.|}

text: This branch of structural geology deals mainly with the orientation, deformation and relationships of stratigraphy (bedding), which may have been faulted, folded or given a foliation by some tectonic event. This is mainly a geometric science, from which cross sections and three-dimensional block models of rocks, regions, terranes and parts of the Earth's crust can be generated.

text: This branch of structural geology deals mainly with the orientation, deformation and relationships of stratigraphy (bedding), which may have been faulted,

text: folded

text: or given a foliation by some tectonic event. This is mainly a geometric science, from which cross sections and three-dimensional block models of rocks, regions, terranes and parts of the Earth's crust can be generated.

text: School of Earth Sciences teaches in the areas of Geography and Geology. It provides postgraduate degree and PhD in Geography and Geology. Dr.Sulochana Shekhar is the dean. The School of Earth Sciences has the following departments:

text: The Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications, and Remote Sensing (IAASARS/NOA; ) is a non-profit research institute in Greece with expertise in multidisciplinary astrophysical, space and environmental sciences.  It is an independent research Institute of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) established in 2012 from the merging of the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and the Institute of Space Applications and Remote Sensing. The scientists of the Institute have broad knowledge in various areas of observational Astrophysics, Space Science and Earth observation techniques and their applications. They have established collaborations with research groups in Europe and United States, and their work is recognized through publications is refereed journals, invited talks at international conferences, and coordination of EU-funded and ESA-funded research projects. More details on the IAASARS and  its activities can be found in its annual report.

text: The Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications, and Remote Sensing (IAASARS/

text: NOA

text: ; ) is a non-profit research institute in Greece with expertise in multidisciplinary

text: astrophysical

text: space

text: and

text: environmental

text: sciences.  It is an independent research Institute of the

text: National Observatory of Athens

text: NOA

text: ) established in 2012 from the merging of the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and the Institute of Space Applications and Remote Sensing. The scientists of the Institute have broad knowledge in various areas of observational

text: Astrophysics

text: Space Science

text: and

text: Earth observation

text: techniques and their applications. They have established collaborations with research groups in

text: Europe

text: and United States, and their work is recognized through publications is refereed journals, invited talks at international conferences, and coordination of

text: EU

text: -funded and

text: ESA

text: -funded research projects. More details on the IAASARS and  its activities can be found in its annual report.

text: Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other arenas of study such as climatology.

text: Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of

text: atmospheric science

text: in which the

text: chemistry

text: of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: and that of other planets is studied. It is a

text: multidisciplinary approach

text: of research and draws on

text: environmental chemistry

text: physics

text: meteorology

text: computer modeling

text: oceanography

text: geology

text: and

text: volcanology

text: and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other arenas of study such as

text: climatology

text: Dorothy Jung Echols (9 September 1916 – 4 February 1977) was a prominent figure in geology in her time, making contributions in the petroleum industry and later teaching as a professor in the department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. In 1982, Echols received the Neil A. Miner Award from the National Association of Geology Teachers which is awarded to exceptional individuals that promote interest in earth sciences.

text: Dorothy Jung Echols (9 September 1916 – 4 February 1977) was a prominent figure in geology in her time, making contributions in the petroleum industry and later teaching as a professor in the department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: . In 1982, Echols received the Neil A. Miner Award from the

entity_name: National Association of Geoscience Teachers

text: National Association of Geology Teachers

text: which is awarded to exceptional individuals that promote interest in earth sciences.

text: The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the earth, which vary based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the sun's surface, and earth's temperature.

text: The authors describe a cross-disciplinary theory that takes in elements of cosmology, particle physics, paleo-climatology, and meteorology. They label their concept 'cosmoclimatology', and they attempt to look back through prior climate trends such as the

text: Medieval Warm Period

text: and the

text: Little Ice Age

text: . They detail what they view as a close correlation between the rate of cosmic rays reaching the earth, which vary based on electromagnetic fluctuation on the sun's surface, and earth's temperature.

text: Mathews received the Willet G. Miller Medal for "outstanding research in any branch of the earth sciences" from the Royal Society of Canada in 1989. Even after his retirement from teaching duties, he maintained an active research program and began writing a book on the geology of southern British Columbia, working part-time on the project until his death in 2003. The book was published posthumously in 2005 as Roadside Geology of Southern British Columbia.

text: Mathews received the

text: Willet G. Miller Medal

text: for "outstanding research in any branch of the earth sciences" from the

text: Royal Society of Canada

text: in 1989. Even after his retirement from teaching duties, he maintained an active research program and began writing a book on the geology of southern British Columbia, working part-time on the project until his death in 2003. The book was published posthumously in 2005 as Roadside Geology of Southern British Columbia.

text: The Flammarion engraving is a wood engraving by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in Camille Flammarion's 1888 book L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire ("The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology"). The engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a woodcut. It has been used to represent a supposedly medieval cosmology, including a flat earth bounded by a solid and opaque sky, or firmament, and also as a metaphorical illustration of either the scientific or the mystical quests for knowledge.

text: The Flammarion engraving is a

text: wood engraving

text: by an unknown artist, so named because its first documented appearance is in

text: Camille Flammarion

text: 's 1888 book L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire ("The Atmosphere: Popular Meteorology"). The engraving has often, but erroneously, been referred to as a

text: woodcut

text: . It has been used to represent a supposedly medieval cosmology, including a

text: flat earth

text: bounded by a solid and opaque sky, or

text: firmament

text: , and also as a metaphorical illustration of either the

text: scientific

text: or the

text: mystical

text: quests for knowledge.

text: Although the Greek-language-origin prefix geo refers to Earth, "geology" is often used in conjunction with the names of other planetary bodies when describing their composition and internal processes: examples are "the geology of Mars" and "Lunar geology". Specialised terms such as selenology (studies of the Moon), areology (of Mars), etc., are also in use.

text: Although the Greek-language-origin prefix

text: geo

text: refers to Earth, "geology" is often used in conjunction with the names of other planetary bodies when describing their composition and internal processes: examples are "the

text: geology of Mars

text: " and "

text: Lunar geology

text: ". Specialised terms such as selenology (studies of the Moon), areology (of Mars), etc., are also in use.

text: John Marshall is the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Oceanography in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

text: John Marshall is the

text: Cecil and Ida Green

text: Professor of

text: Oceanography

text: in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences at the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Marine biology is a branch of biology. It is closely linked to oceanography and may be regarded as a sub-field of marine science. It also encompasses many ideas from ecology. Fisheries science and marine conservation can be considered partial offshoots of marine biology (as well as environmental studies). Marine Chemistry, Physical oceanography and Atmospheric sciences are closely related to this field.

text: Marine biology is a branch of

text: biology

text: . It is closely linked to

text: oceanography

text: and may be regarded as a sub-field of

text: marine science

text: . It also encompasses many ideas from

text: ecology

text: Fisheries science

text: and

text: marine conservation

text: can be considered partial offshoots of marine biology (as well as

text: environmental studies

text: ). Marine Chemistry, Physical oceanography and Atmospheric sciences are closely related to this field.

text: Environmental Science as an undergraduate teaching programme is relatively a new one in this country. Khulna University opened the discipline in 1997. The subject incorporates physical, chemical and biological sciences, engineering and technology, socio-economics and management. The discipline offers a four-year undergraduate (Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science) and one and half years postgraduate (Master of Science in Environmental Science) degrees and offers a PhD programme.

text: M. Qasim Jan is a geologist and research scientist from Pakistan. He has been the vice-chancellor of three Pakistani universities. His research has been in geology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and tectonics. He has authored or edited a dozen books, and has published numerous papers on geology and tectonics of the North-West Himalayas. Presently, he is Professor Emeritus at the National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar. Jan is also currently the Secretary General of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and of the Association of the Academies of Sciences in Asia. He is also a fellow of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS).

text: M. Qasim Jan is a geologist and

text: research scientist

text: from Pakistan. He has been the vice-chancellor of three Pakistani universities. His research has been in

text: geology

text: mineralogy

text: petrology

text: geochemistry

text: , and

text: tectonics

text: . He has authored or edited a dozen books, and has published numerous papers on geology and tectonics of the North-West Himalayas. Presently, he is Professor Emeritus at the National Centre of Excellence in Geology,

text: University of Peshawar

text: . Jan is also currently the Secretary General of the

text: Pakistan Academy of Sciences

text: , and of the Association of the Academies of Sciences in Asia. He is also a fellow of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS).

text: Environmental engineering can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that addresses the issues of energy preservation, production asset and control of waste from human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with finding plausible solutions in the field of public health, such as waterborne diseases, implementing laws which promote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves waste water management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, public health and environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects.

text: Environmental engineering can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that addresses the issues of energy preservation, production asset and control of waste from human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with finding plausible solutions in the field of public health, such as

text: waterborne diseases

text: , implementing laws which promote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves

text: waste water management

text: air pollution

text: control, recycling,

text: waste disposal

text: , radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability,

text: public health

text: and

text: environmental engineering law

text: . It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects.

text: The Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command traces its ancestry to the Depot of Charts and Instruments, a 19th-century repository for nautical charts and navigational equipment. In the 1840s, its superintendent, Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury, created and published a revolutionary series of wind and current charts. This information, still resident in modern computer models of Ocean basins and the atmosphere, laid the foundation for the sciences of oceanography and meteorology.

text: The Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command traces its ancestry to the

text: Depot of Charts and Instruments

text: , a 19th-century repository for nautical charts and navigational equipment. In the 1840s, its superintendent,

text: Lieutenant

text: Matthew Fontaine Maury

text: , created and published a revolutionary series of

text: wind

text: and

text: current

text: charts. This information, still resident in modern computer models of

text: Ocean basin

text: s and the

text: atmosphere

text: , laid the foundation for the sciences of

text: oceanography

text: and

text: meteorology

text: Chikhachyov soon began a comprehensive study of Asia Minor, to which he devoted twenty years of his life. After the Altai trip, he became the attaché of the Russian embassy in Constantinople. He took advantage of his two-year stay there to study Turkish, and then, leaving the diplomatic service, undertook during 1847-1863 a series of expeditions in Asia Minor, during which he made extensive scientific researches and collections. The results were published by Chikhachyov in an enormous work, Asie Mineure: Description physique, statistique et archéologique de cette contrée. This work, embracing the geography, geology, climatology, zoology, botany, and paleontology of Asia Minor, represents the classic work of Chikhachyov in cooperation with numerous experts on different branches of the natural sciences.

text: Chikhachyov soon began a comprehensive study of

text: Asia Minor

text: , to which he devoted twenty years of his life. After the Altai trip, he became the attaché of the Russian embassy in

text: Constantinople

text: . He took advantage of his two-year stay there to study

text: Turkish

text: , and then, leaving the diplomatic service, undertook during 1847-1863 a series of expeditions in Asia Minor, during which he made extensive scientific researches and collections. The results were published by Chikhachyov in an enormous work, Asie Mineure: Description physique, statistique et archéologique de cette contrée. This work, embracing the

text: geography

text: geology

text: climatology

text: zoology

text: botany

text: , and

text: paleontology

text: of

text: Asia Minor

text: , represents the classic work of Chikhachyov in cooperation with numerous experts on different branches of the

text: natural science

text: s.

text: Prof. Dr. Qamar-Uz-Zaman Chaudhry is a Pakistani meteorologist and research scientist. He is the current Vice President of World Meteorological Organisation. He was retired from the position of Director General of Pakistan Meteorological Department on 13 September 2010. He is a researcher in the field of Meteorology, Atmospheric Sciences, Hydrology and Seismology. Chaudhry a well-known scientist in Pakistan who has written articles in the fields of Meteorology, Atmospheric Sciences, Hydrology, Seismology, Plate tectonics and earthquakes. His more than 50 research papers have been published in national and international scientific journals. He is currently working as Senior Advisor LEAD Pakistan on Climate Change Program.

text: Prof.

text: Dr.

text: Qamar-Uz-Zaman Chaudhry is a

text: Pakistani

text: meteorologist

text: and

text: research scientist

text: . He is the current

text: Vice President

text: of

text: World Meteorological Organisation

text: . He was retired from the position of Director General of

text: Pakistan Meteorological Department

text: on 13 September 2010. He is a researcher in the field of

text: Meteorology

text: Atmospheric Sciences

text: Hydrology

text: and

text: Seismology

text: . Chaudhry a well-known scientist in

text: Pakistan

text: who has written articles in the fields of

text: Meteorology

text: Atmospheric Sciences

text: Hydrology

text: Seismology

text: Plate tectonics

text: and

text: earthquakes

text: . His more than 50 research papers have been published in national and international scientific journals. He is currently working as Senior Advisor LEAD Pakistan on

text: Climate Change

text: Program.

text: PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science is a digital data library and a data publisher for earth system science. Data can be georeferenced in time (date/time or geological age) and space (latitude, longitude, depth/height).

text: PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science is a digital

text: data library

text: and a data publisher for

text: earth system science

text: . Data can be

text: georeference

text: d in time (date/time or geological age) and space (latitude, longitude, depth/height).

text: Bailly also gained a high literary reputation by his Éloges of King Charles V of France, Lacaille, Molière, Pierre Corneille and Gottfried Leibniz, which were issued in collected form in 1770 and 1790. He was admitted to the Académie française on 26 February 1784, and to the Académie des Inscriptions in 1785, when Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's simultaneous membership of all three Academies was renewed in him. From then on, Bailly devoted himself to the history of science, publishing A history of ancient astronomy  in 1775, followed by A history of modern astronomy (3 vols., 1782). Other works include Discourse on the origin of the sciences and the peoples of Asia (1777);  Discourse on Plato's 'Atlantide' (1779);  and A treatise on Indian and Oriental astronomy (1787). Though his works were "universally admired" by contemporaries, later commentators have remarked that "their erudition was… marred by speculative extravagances."

text: Bailly also gained a high literary reputation by his Éloges of King

text: Charles V of France

text: Lacaille

text: Molière

text: Pierre Corneille

text: and

text: Gottfried Leibniz

text: , which were issued in collected form in 1770 and 1790. He was admitted to the

text: Académie française

text: on 26 February 1784, and to the

entity_name: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

text: Académie des Inscriptions

text: in 1785, when

text: Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle

text: 's simultaneous membership of all three Academies was renewed in him. From then on, Bailly devoted himself to the

text: history of science

text: , publishing A history of ancient astronomy  in 1775, followed by A history of modern astronomy (3 vols., 1782). Other works include Discourse on the origin of the sciences and the peoples of Asia (1777);  Discourse on

text: Plato

text: 's

text: 'Atlantide'

text: (1779);  and A treatise on Indian and Oriental astronomy (1787). Though his works were "universally admired" by contemporaries, later commentators have remarked that "their erudition was… marred by speculative extravagances."

text: In addition to initializing operational forecasts, the analyses themselves are a valuable tool for subsequent meteorological and climatological studies.  However, an operational analysis dataset, i.e. the analysis data which were used for the real-time forecasts, will typically suffer from inconsistency if it spans any extended period of time, because operational analysis systems are frequently being improved.  A reanalysis project involves reprocessing observational data spanning an extended historical period using a consistent modern analysis system, to produce a dataset that can be used for meteorological and climatological studies.

text: Showa Station serves as a research outpost for astronomy, meteorology, biology and earth sciences.  It comprises over 60 separate buildings, large and small, including a 3-storey administration building, living quarters, power plant, sewage treatment facility, environmental science building, observatory, data processing facility, satellite building, ionospheric station, incinerator, earth science building, and radiosonde station.  Also present are fuel tanks, water storage, solar panels, a heliport,  water retention dam, and radio transmitter.

text: Showa Station serves as a research outpost for

text: astronomy

text: meteorology

text: biology

text: and

text: earth science

text: s.  It comprises over 60 separate buildings, large and small, including a 3-storey administration building, living quarters, power plant, sewage treatment facility, environmental science building, observatory, data processing facility, satellite building, ionospheric station, incinerator, earth science building, and

text: radiosonde

text: station.  Also present are fuel tanks, water storage, solar panels, a heliport,  water retention dam, and radio transmitter.

text: Scott A. Mandia is professor of Earth and space sciences and assistant chair of the  Physical Sciences Department at Suffolk County Community College, Long Island, New York, USA.  He has been teaching introductory meteorology and climatology courses for 22 years.  He received his M.S. – Meteorology from the Pennsylvania State University in 1990 and his B.S. – Meteorology from University of Lowell in 1987.  In 1997, he won the State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching.

text: Scott A. Mandia is professor of Earth and space sciences and assistant chair of the

text: Physical Sciences Department

text: at

text: Suffolk County Community College

text: Long Island

text: New York

text: , USA.  He has been teaching introductory meteorology and

text: climatology

text: courses for 22 years.  He received his M.S. –

text: Meteorology

text: from the

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: in 1990 and his B.S. – Meteorology from

text: University of Lowell

text: in 1987.  In 1997, he won the State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching.

text: During his career he published more than 300 papers, some of which delved into experimental physics. He also had an important influence over the science of meteorology, and was considered by some to be a pioneer in this field; Dove's primary meteorological focus was in climatology, a field pioneered by Alexander von Humboldt.

text: During his career he published more than 300 papers, some of which delved into experimental

text: physics

text: . He also had an important influence over the science of

text: meteorology

text: , and was considered by some to be a pioneer in this field; Dove's primary meteorological focus was in

text: climatology

text: , a field pioneered by

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: In 1999, with the Chinese government’s full backing, the inaugural International Symposium on Digital Earth in Beijing provided a venue for the extensive international support for implementing the Gore Digital Earth vision introduced a year earlier. Hundreds of digital earth cities created by governments and universities resulted.  In China, Digital Earth became a metaphor for modernization and automation with computers, leading to its incorporation into a five-year modernization plan.  Originating from China’s satellite remote sensing community, Digital Earth prowess spread to a range of applications including flood predictions, dust cloud modeling, environmental assessments, and city planning. China has been omnipresent at all international Digital Earth conferences since and has recently founded the International Society for Digital Earth, one of the first NGOs created by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2009, the International Symposium on Digital Earth returned to Beijing for its 6th meeting.

text: In 1999, with the Chinese government’s full backing, the inaugural

entity_section: International Symposia on Digital Earth (ISDE)

text: International Symposium on Digital Earth

text: in Beijing provided a venue for the extensive international support for implementing the Gore Digital Earth vision introduced a year earlier. Hundreds of digital earth cities created by governments and universities resulted.  In China, Digital Earth became a metaphor for modernization and automation with computers, leading to its incorporation into a five-year modernization plan.  Originating from China’s satellite

text: remote sensing

text: community, Digital Earth prowess spread to a range of applications including flood predictions,

text: dust cloud

text: modeling, environmental assessments, and

text: city planning

text: . China has been omnipresent at all international Digital Earth conferences since and has recently founded the International Society for Digital Earth, one of the first NGOs created by the

text: Chinese Academy of Sciences

text: . In 2009, the International Symposium on Digital Earth returned to Beijing for its 6th meeting.

text: RV Callista is a research vessel belonging to the School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.  Callista is a  catamaran designed and equipped for a range of coastal and shelf research.

text: RV Callista is a

text: research vessel

text: belonging to the School of Ocean and Earth Science,

text: University of Southampton

text: , at the

text: .  Callista is a

text: catamaran

text: designed and equipped for a range of

text: coast

text: al and

text: shelf

text: research.

text: The school possesses 5 undergraduate majors, each providing either a bachelor of science degree or a bachelor of arts degree. The majors that are available are Chemistry, Earth System Science, Environmental Science, Mathematics, and Physics.

text: The school possesses 5 undergraduate majors, each providing either a

text: bachelor of science

text: degree or a

text: bachelor of arts

text: degree. The majors that are available are

text: Chemistry

text: Earth System Science

text: Environmental Science

text: Mathematics

text: , and

text: Physics

text: Ensenada is developing scientific research and natural science sectors, with special focus in the marine sciences sectors. Ensenada is claimed to be the city with the highest number of scientists per capita in Latin America. The Center of Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE) conducts research in Earth Sciences, Applied Physics, Oceanography, Communications and Experimental and Applied Biology. Further research is conducted on the campus of the Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada (UABC), mainly in Oceanography and education areas although there are groups in Physics, Biology, and other related sciences. Mexico's National Autonomous University (UNAM) has a research campus in the city. The campus hosts the Institute of Astronomy and the Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology. The National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico) is located on the mountains south of the city.

text: Ensenada is developing scientific research and natural science sectors, with special focus in the marine sciences sectors. Ensenada is claimed to be the city with the highest number of scientists per capita in

text: Latin America

text: . The Center of Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE) conducts research in Earth Sciences, Applied Physics, Oceanography, Communications and Experimental and Applied Biology. Further research is conducted on the campus of the

entity_name: Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada

text: Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada

text: (UABC), mainly in Oceanography and education areas although there are groups in Physics, Biology, and other related sciences. Mexico's National Autonomous University (UNAM) has a research campus in the city. The campus hosts the Institute of Astronomy and the Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology. The

entity_name: National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)

text: National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)

text: is located on the mountains south of the city.

text: He saw the general indifference towards this field among both religious and secular students, thanks to the tough and boring nature of the subjects to most of the people. But he continued his bids, now by writing a small treatise in Arabic on logarithms and trigonometry, aimed at giving an easy entry for religious students to modern mathematics with which they can easily comprehend the old texts in the light of modern terminologies. The book is called Tazweedul fikri wal himam fi tabyeeni nnisab wallogarithem (Provision for thought and resolve in explaining ratio and logarithm). Introducing this book, he said that it was written for an easy opening to the world of difficult and ambiguous mathematics. His introductory book on astronomy is ‘ilmul falak ‘ala dhaui ‘ilmil hadees (Astronomy on light of modern science). Incorporating the modern mathematics and astronomy into the traditional astronomy and qibla science he wrote his another work called Risala fi istikhraju auqati ssalati wa sumutul qibla ‘ala tariqi hisabi logarithm (Treatise on extracting prayer timings and qibla directions using logarithm mathematics).

text: The network operates from the Earth and Space Sciences Department at the University of Washington in Seattle, and its data archiving is at the Data Management Center of IRIS Consortium in Seattle. The network is also affiliated with the University of Oregon Department of Geology. It is the second largest of the regional seismic networks in the ANSS (Advanced National Seismic System) and with more data than the networks in the states of Alaska, Utah, Nevada, Hawaii and the New Madrid, Missouri-Tennessee-Kentucky-Arkansas area.

text: The network operates from the Earth and Space Sciences Department at the

text: University of Washington

text: in Seattle, and its data archiving is at the Data Management Center of

text: IRIS Consortium

text: in Seattle. The network is also affiliated with the

text: University of Oregon

text: Department of Geology. It is the second largest of the regional seismic networks in the ANSS (Advanced National Seismic System) and with more data than the networks in the states of

text: Alaska

text: Utah

text: Nevada

text: Hawaii

text: and the

text: New Madrid, Missouri-Tennessee-Kentucky-Arkansas

text: area.

text: Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (Mini-Neptunes); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (Ocean planets), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (Gas dwarf or sub-Neptune). A super-Earth of high density is believed to be rocky and/or metallic, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. A super-Earth's interior could be undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or completely differentiated into layers of different composition. Researchers at Harvard Astronomy Department have developed user-friendly online tools to characterize the bulk composition of the super-Earths. A study on Gliese 876 d by a team around Diana Valencia revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the transit method of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition of a relevant super-Earth is. For Gliese 876 d, calculations range from 9,200 km (1.4 Earth radii) for a rocky planet and very large iron core to 12,500 km (2.0 Earth radii) for a watery and icy planet. Within this range of radii the super-Earth Gliese 876 d would have a surface gravity between 1.9g and 3.3g (19 and 32 m/s). However, this planet is not known to transit its host star.

text: Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (

text: Mini-Neptune

text: s); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (

text: Ocean planet

text: s), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (

text: Gas dwarf

text: or sub-Neptune). A super-Earth of high density is believed to be rocky and/or metallic, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. A super-Earth's interior could be undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or completely differentiated into layers of different composition. Researchers at Harvard Astronomy Department have developed user-friendly online tools to characterize the bulk composition of the super-Earths. A study on Gliese 876 d by a team around

text: Diana Valencia

text: revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the

text: transit method

text: of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition of a relevant super-Earth is. For

text: Gliese 876 d

text: , calculations range from 9,200 km (1.4 Earth radii) for a rocky planet and very large iron core to 12,500 km (2.0 Earth radii) for a watery and icy planet. Within this range of radii the super-Earth Gliese 876 d would have a surface

text: gravity

text: between 1.9

text: g

text: and 3.3g (19 and 32 m/s). However, this planet is not known to transit its host star.

text: Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.

text: Astronomy

text: is the oldest of the

text: natural science

text: s, dating back to

text: antiquity

text: , with its origins in the

text: religious

text: mythological

text: cosmological

text: calendrical

text: , and

text: astrological

text: beliefs and practices of

text: prehistory

text: : vestiges of these are still found in

text: astrology

text: , a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the

text: Western World

text: (see

text: astrology and astronomy

text: ). In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.

text: This sub-discipline of paleoclimatology and ecophysiology is relatively new. Acanthochronology is closely related to dendrochronology, dendroclimatology and isotope geochemistry and borrows many of the methods and techniques from these sub-disciplines of the Earth Sciences. It also draws heavily from the field of ecophysiology, a branch of Biology, to ascribe spine or thorn characteristics to particular environmental or physiological variables.

text: This sub-discipline of

text: paleoclimatology

text: and

text: ecophysiology

text: is relatively new. Acanthochronology is closely related to

text: dendrochronology

text: dendroclimatology

text: and

text: isotope geochemistry

text: and borrows many of the methods and techniques from these sub-disciplines of the

text: Earth Sciences

text: . It also draws heavily from the field of

text: ecophysiology

text: , a branch of

text: Biology

text: , to ascribe spine or thorn characteristics to particular environmental or physiological variables.

text: Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

text: Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

text: Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of diseases (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistical algorithms are incorporated in many places, including geographic information systems (GIS) and the R statistical environment.

text: Geostatistics is a branch of

text: statistics

text: focusing on spatial or

text: spatiotemporal

text: dataset

text: s. Developed originally to predict

text: probability distribution

text: s of

text: ore grade

text: s for

text: mining

text: operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including

text: petroleum geology

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: meteorology

text: oceanography

text: geochemistry

text: geometallurgy

text: geography

text: forestry

text: environmental control

text: landscape ecology

text: soil science

text: , and

text: agriculture

text: (esp. in

text: precision farming

text: ). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of

text: geography

text: , particularly those involving the spread of diseases (

text: epidemiology

text: ), the practice of commerce and military planning (

text: logistics

text: ), and the development of efficient

text: spatial network

text: s. Geostatistical algorithms are incorporated in many places, including

text: geographic information systems

text: (GIS) and the

text: R statistical environment

text: He has written extensively about a variety of science topics including astronomy, space exploration, the earth and planetary sciences, archaeology, technology, the history and philosophy of science, public issues of science, and the critical examination of pseudoscience and fringe-science.

text: Some critics were struck by what they saw as parallels in the movie's plot, dialogue and imagery with the Scientology teachings of L. Ron Hubbard particularly those in Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and Dianetics: The Original Thesis. Similarly, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone compared the film to the Scientology-themed flop Battlefield Earth, describing the film as "an unholy mess of platitudes and posturing" that wastes the talents and charm of Will Smith. Pointing out Smith's alleged ties to Scientology, including his funding of New Village Leadership Academy, a school that uses Study Tech as its teaching method, Matt Patches of Vulture declared the movie probably the clearest evidence of Smith's investment in Scientology, and detailed how he saw the film paralleling its teachings. The Hollywood Reporter published a guest-column review written by former Scientology member Marc Headley which pointed out similar parallels. The Sun noted an observation made by a former Scientologist that the fictional Rangers Corps is similar to the church's Sea Org branch, which has its own cadet branch.

text: Some critics were struck by what they saw as parallels in the movie's plot, dialogue and imagery with the

text: Scientology

text: teachings of

text: L. Ron Hubbard

text: particularly those in

entity_name: Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health

text: Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health

text: and Dianetics: The Original Thesis. Similarly,

text: Peter Travers

text: of

text: Rolling Stone

text: compared the film to the Scientology-themed flop

text: Battlefield Earth

text: , describing the film as "an unholy mess of platitudes and posturing" that wastes the talents and charm of Will Smith. Pointing out Smith's alleged ties to Scientology, including his funding of

text: New Village Leadership Academy

text: , a school that uses

text: Study Tech

text: as its teaching method, Matt Patches of

text: Vulture

text: declared the movie probably the clearest evidence of Smith's investment in Scientology, and detailed how he saw the film paralleling its teachings.

text: The Hollywood Reporter

text: published a guest-column review written by former Scientology member Marc Headley which pointed out similar parallels.

text: The Sun

text: noted an observation made by a former Scientologist that the fictional Rangers Corps is similar to the church's

text: Sea Org

text: branch, which has its own cadet branch.

text: Queen's operates the Miller Museum of Geology, an earth-science teaching museum which features an Earth Science and Geological Collections of 10 000 Minerals, and 865 fossils as well as an exhibit of the geology of the Kingston area. The museum is largely used as an earth-science teaching museum for local schools and natural-science interest groups in eastern Ontario.  The permanent exhibits feature dinosaurs, dinosaur eggs, fossils of early multi-celled animals and land tracks fossilized from 500 million years ago.

text: The first international organization of oceanography was created in 1902 as the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. In 1903 the Scripps Institution of Oceanography was founded, followed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930, Virginia Institute of Marine Science in 1938, and later the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, and the School of Oceanography at University of Washington. In Britain, the National Oceanography Centre (an institute of the Natural Environment Research Council) is the successor to the UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. In Australia, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), is a leading centre. In 1921 the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) was formed in Monaco.

text: The first international organization of oceanography was created in 1902 as the

entity_name: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

text: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

text: . In 1903 the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: was founded, followed by

text: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

text: in 1930,

text: Virginia Institute of Marine Science

text: in 1938, and later the

text: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

text: at

text: Columbia University

text: , and the

text: School of Oceanography

text: at

text: University of Washington

text: . In Britain, the

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: (an institute of the

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: ) is the successor to the UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. In Australia,

text: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research

text: (CMAR), is a leading centre. In 1921 the

text: International Hydrographic Bureau

text: (IHB) was formed in

text: Monaco

text: The College of Science and Mathematics (CSAM) offers master's degrees in Biology, Molecular Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Computer Science, Earth and Environmental Science, Sustainability Science, Mathematics, and Statistics. CSAM houses two PhD programs, the interdisciplinary PhD program in Environmental Management, founded in 2003, and the PhD in Mathematics Education.

text: |-| 32001 Golbin ||  || Benjamin David Golbin (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=002| 32002 Gorokhovsky ||  || Elliot Gorokhovsky (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=005| 32005 Roberthalfon ||  || Robert Z. Halfon (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project.|-id=006| 32006 Hallisey ||  || Olivia Anne Hallisey (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=007| 32007 Amirhelmy ||  || Amir Helmy (b. 2001) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=008| 32008 Adriángalád ||  || Adrián Galád (b. 1970), an astronomer at Modra and Ondřejov observatories who has (co-)authored a number of papers on asteroid photometric observations and orbital integrations. |-id=018| 32018 Robhenning ||  || Robert Cole Henning (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. |-id=019| 32019 Krithikaiyer ||  || Krithika Iyer (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her math project. |-id=021| 32021 Lilyjenkins ||  || Lily Nalulani Jenkins (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. |-id=022| 32022 Sarahjenkins ||  || Sarah 'Alohilani Jenkins (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. |-id=025| 32025 Karanjerath ||  || Karan Jerath (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his environmental engineering project. He also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award and the Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=031| 32031 Joyjin ||  || Joy Qiu Jin (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=032| 32032 Askandola ||  || Anmolpreet Singh Kandola (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. |-id=033| 32033 Arjunkapoor ||  || Arjun Kapoor (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software team project.|-id=034| 32034 Sophiakorner ||  || Sophia Nicole Korner (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=037| 32037 Deepikakurup ||  || Deepika Saraswathy Kurup (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. |-id=038| 32038 Kwiecinski ||  || Jarek Kwiecinski (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=044| 32044 Lakmazaheri ||  || Ava Carmen Lakmazaheri (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her robotics and intelligent machines project. She also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=047| 32047 Wenjiali ||  || Wenjia Dara Li (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. |-id=048| 32048 Kathyliu ||  || Kathy Liu (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=049| 32049 Jonathanma ||  || Jonathan QuanXuan Ma (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. |-id=051| 32051 Sadhikamalladi ||  || Sadhika S. Malladi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics team project. |-id=052| 32052 Diyamathur ||  || Diya Mathur (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=053| 32053 Demetrimaxim ||  || Demetri Maxim (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=054| 32054 Musunuri ||  || Sriharshita Vani Musunuri (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Innovation Exploration Award. |-id=056| 32056 Abrarnadroo ||  || Abrar Ali Nadroo (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=057| 32057 Ethannovek ||  || Ethan Novek (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. |-id=058| 32058 Charlesnoyes ||  || Charles Noyes (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his systems software project. He also received the London International Youth Science Forum, Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=059| 32059 Ruchipandya ||  || Ruchi Sandeep Pandya (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=060| 32060 Wyattpontius ||  || Wyatt Martin Pontius (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project.|-id=062| 32062 Amolpunjabi ||  || Amol Punjabi (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his biochemistry project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=063| 32063 Pusapaty ||  || Sai Sameer Pusapaty (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. |-id=065| 32065 Radulovacki ||  || Reid W. Radulovacki (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=066| 32066 Ramayya ||  || Shreya Sundaresh Ramayya (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=067| 32067 Ranganathan ||  || Noopur Ranganathan (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=069| 32069 Mayarao ||  || Maya Rao (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=070| 32070 Michaelretchin ||  || Michael Retchin (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=071| 32071 Matthewretchin ||  || Matthew Retchin (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=072| 32072 Revanur ||  || Swetha Revanur (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=073| 32073 Cassidyryan ||  || Cassidy Ryan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=074| 32074 Kevinsadhu ||  || Kevin Sadhu (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project. |-id=078| 32078 Jamesavoldelli ||  || James Savoldelli (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=079| 32079 Hughsavoldelli ||  || Hugh Savoldelli (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=080| 32080 Sanashareef ||  || Sana Shareef (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. |-id=082| 32082 Sominsky ||  || Levy Aaron Sominsky (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=085| 32085 Tomback ||  || Drew Tomback (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=086| 32086 Viviannetu ||  || Vivianne Tu (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=087| 32087 Vemulapalli ||  || Anoop Vemulapalli (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=088| 32088 Liamwallace ||  || Liam Alexander Wallace (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=089| 32089 Wojtania ||  || Nicky Wojtania (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science project. |-id=090| 32090 Craigworley ||  || Craig Worley (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. |-id=091| 32091 Jasonwu ||  || Jason Wu (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project.  |-id=092| 32092 Brianxia ||  || Brian Xia (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. |-id=093| 32093 Zhengyan ||  || Zheng Yan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=096| 32096 Puckett ||  || Tim Puckett, American astronomer †|}

text: 32001 Golbin

text: ||  || Benjamin David Golbin (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=002|

text: 32002 Gorokhovsky

text: ||  || Elliot Gorokhovsky (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=005|

text: 32005 Roberthalfon

text: ||  || Robert Z. Halfon (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project.|-id=006|

text: 32006 Hallisey

text: ||  || Olivia Anne Hallisey (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=007|

text: 32007 Amirhelmy

text: ||  || Amir Helmy (b. 2001) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software project. |-id=008|

text: 32008 Adriángalád

text: ||  || Adrián Galád (b. 1970), an astronomer at Modra and Ondřejov observatories who has (co-)authored a number of papers on asteroid photometric observations and orbital integrations. |-id=018|

text: 32018 Robhenning

text: ||  || Robert Cole Henning (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his embedded systems project. |-id=019|

text: 32019 Krithikaiyer

text: ||  || Krithika Iyer (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her math project. |-id=021|

text: 32021 Lilyjenkins

text: ||  || Lily Nalulani Jenkins (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. |-id=022|

text: 32022 Sarahjenkins

text: ||  || Sarah 'Alohilani Jenkins (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences team project. |-id=025|

text: 32025 Karanjerath

text: ||  || Karan Jerath (b. 1996) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his environmental engineering project. He also received the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award and the Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=031|

text: 32031 Joyjin

text: ||  || Joy Qiu Jin (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=032|

text: 32032 Askandola

text: ||  || Anmolpreet Singh Kandola (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. |-id=033|

text: 32033 Arjunkapoor

text: ||  || Arjun Kapoor (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his systems software team project.|-id=034|

text: 32034 Sophiakorner

text: ||  || Sophia Nicole Korner (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=037|

text: 32037 Deepikakurup

text: ||  || Deepika Saraswathy Kurup (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental engineering project. |-id=038|

text: 32038 Kwiecinski

text: ||  || Jarek Kwiecinski (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=044|

text: 32044 Lakmazaheri

text: ||  || Ava Carmen Lakmazaheri (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her robotics and intelligent machines project. She also received the Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=047|

text: 32047 Wenjiali

text: ||  || Wenjia Dara Li (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences team project. |-id=048|

text: 32048 Kathyliu

text: ||  || Kathy Liu (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=049|

text: 32049 Jonathanma

text: ||  || Jonathan QuanXuan Ma (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. |-id=051|

text: 32051 Sadhikamalladi

text: ||  || Sadhika S. Malladi (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics team project. |-id=052|

text: 32052 Diyamathur

text: ||  || Diya Mathur (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her behavioral and social sciences team project. She also received the Intel Foundation Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. |-id=053|

text: 32053 Demetrimaxim

text: ||  || Demetri Maxim (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his cellular and molecular biology project. |-id=054|

text: 32054 Musunuri

text: ||  || Sriharshita Vani Musunuri (b. 2000) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for her energy project. She also received the Innovation Exploration Award. |-id=056|

text: 32056 Abrarnadroo

text: ||  || Abrar Ali Nadroo (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. |-id=057|

text: 32057 Ethannovek

text: ||  || Ethan Novek (b. 1999) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. |-id=058|

text: 32058 Charlesnoyes

text: ||  || Charles Noyes (b. 1999) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his systems software project. He also received the London International Youth Science Forum, Philip V. Streich Memorial Award. |-id=059|

text: 32059 Ruchipandya

text: ||  || Ruchi Sandeep Pandya (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=060|

text: 32060 Wyattpontius

text: ||  || Wyatt Martin Pontius (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project.|-id=062|

text: 32062 Amolpunjabi

text: ||  || Amol Punjabi (b. 1998) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his biochemistry project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=063|

text: 32063 Pusapaty

text: ||  || Sai Sameer Pusapaty (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering project. |-id=065|

text: 32065 Radulovacki

text: ||  || Reid W. Radulovacki (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=066|

text: 32066 Ramayya

text: ||  || Shreya Sundaresh Ramayya (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her chemistry project. |-id=067|

text: 32067 Ranganathan

text: ||  || Noopur Ranganathan (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=069|

text: 32069 Mayarao

text: ||  || Maya Rao (b. 1996) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=070|

text: 32070 Michaelretchin

text: ||  || Michael Retchin (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=071|

text: 32071 Matthewretchin

text: ||  || Matthew Retchin (b. 1997) was awarded best of category award and first place in the 2015 Intel ISEF for his computational biology and bioinformatics team project. He also received the Intel and Indo-US Science & Technology Forum Visit to India. |-id=072|

text: 32072 Revanur

text: ||  || Swetha Revanur (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her computational biology and bioinformatics project. |-id=073|

text: 32073 Cassidyryan

text: ||  || Cassidy Ryan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and environmental sciences project. |-id=074|

text: 32074 Kevinsadhu

text: ||  || Kevin Sadhu (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project. |-id=078|

text: 32078 Jamesavoldelli

text: ||  || James Savoldelli (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=079|

text: 32079 Hughsavoldelli

text: ||  || Hugh Savoldelli (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=080|

text: 32080 Sanashareef

text: ||  || Sana Shareef (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her animal sciences project. |-id=082|

text: 32082 Sominsky

text: ||  || Levy Aaron Sominsky (b. 1998) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=085|

text: 32085 Tomback

text: ||  || Drew Tomback (b. 1998) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental engineering team project. |-id=086|

text: 32086 Viviannetu

text: ||  || Vivianne Tu (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=087|

text: 32087 Vemulapalli

text: ||  || Anoop Vemulapalli (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=088|

text: 32088 Liamwallace

text: ||  || Liam Alexander Wallace (b. 1997) was awarded first place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials science team project. |-id=089|

text: 32089 Wojtania

text: ||  || Nicky Wojtania (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials science project. |-id=090|

text: 32090 Craigworley

text: ||  || Craig Worley (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy project. |-id=091|

text: 32091 Jasonwu

text: ||  || Jason Wu (b. 1999) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project.  |-id=092|

text: 32092 Brianxia

text: ||  || Brian Xia (b. 2000) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his animal sciences project. |-id=093|

text: 32093 Zhengyan

text: ||  || Zheng Yan (b. 1997) was awarded second place in the 2015 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biomedical and health sciences project. |-id=096|

text: 32096 Puckett

text: Tim Puckett

text: , American astronomer †|}

text: The Faculty of Science and Engineering comprises the schools of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science;Chemistry; Computer Science; Earth and Environmental Science; Physics and Astronomy; Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Materials; Mathematics; and Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering.

text: The Faculty of Science and Engineering comprises the schools of

entity_name: School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, University of Manchester

text: Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science

entity_name: School of Chemistry, University of Manchester

text: Chemistry

entity_name: School of Computer Science, University of Manchester

text: Computer Science

text: ; Earth and Environmental Science;

entity_name: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

text: Physics and Astronomy

text: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

entity_name: School of Materials, University of Manchester

text: Materials

entity_name: School of Mathematics, University of Manchester

text: Mathematics

text: ; and

entity_name: School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester

text: Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering

text: Theoretical and Applied Climatology is a monthly journal published by Springer Science+Business Media which focuses on atmospheric sciences and climatology. It was established in 1949 as Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series B and obtained its current name in 1986. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and the editor-in-chief is Hartmut Graßl. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.759, ranking it 34th out of 74 journals in the category "Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences".

text: Theoretical and Applied Climatology is a monthly journal published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: which focuses on atmospheric sciences and

text: climatology

text: . It was established in 1949 as Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series B and obtained its current name in 1986. It is published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: and the

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Hartmut Graßl. According to the

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal has a 2012

text: impact factor

text: of 1.759, ranking it 34th out of 74 journals in the category "Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences".

text: Oceanography is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Oceanography Society, that covers ocean science and its applications. The journal also has a special section for news and information, society meeting reports, book reviews, and shorter editor-reviewed articles on public policy an education. One section, titled "Breaking Waves", is for short papers describing novel multidisciplinary approaches to oceanographic problems. The journal and all its back issues, dating to 1988, are available both in print and in full PDF format online in the journal website's archives. Oceanography is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.986.

text: Oceanography is a quarterly

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: published by the

text: Oceanography Society

text: , that covers

text: ocean science and its applications

text: . The journal also has a special section for news and information, society meeting reports, book reviews, and shorter editor-reviewed articles on public policy an education. One section, titled "Breaking Waves", is for short papers describing novel multidisciplinary approaches to

text: oceanographic problems

text: . The journal and all its back issues, dating to 1988, are available both in print and in full PDF format online in the journal website's archives. Oceanography is abstracted and indexed in the

text: Science Citation Index Expanded

text: . According to the

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal has a 2012

text: impact factor

text: of 2.986.

text: The Earth System Governance Project aims to contribute to science on the large, complex challenges of governance in an era of rapid and large-scale environmental change. The project seeks to create a better understanding of the role of institutions, organizations and governance mechanisms by which humans regulate their relationship with the natural environment. The Earth System Governance Project aims to integrate governance research at all levels. The project aims to examine problems of the ‘global commons’, but also local problems from air pollution to the preservation of waters, waste treatment or desertification and soil degradation. However, due to natural interdependencies local environmental pollution can be transformed into changes of the global system that affect other localities. Therefore, the Earth System Governance Project looks at institutions and governance processes both local and globally.

text: Bryson describes graphically and in layperson's terms the size of the universe and that of atoms and subatomic particles. He then explores the history of geology and biology and traces life from its first appearance to today's modern humans, placing emphasis on the development of the modern Homo sapiens. Furthermore, he discusses the possibility of the Earth being struck by a meteor and reflects on human capabilities of spotting a meteor before it impacts the Earth, and the extensive damage that such an event would cause. He also describes some of the most recent destructive disasters of volcanic origin in the history of our planet, including Krakatoa and Yellowstone National Park.

text: Bryson describes graphically and in layperson's terms

entity_section: Size, age, contents, structure, and laws

text: the size of the universe

text: and that of

text: atom

text: s and

text: subatomic particles

text: . He then explores the history of

text: geology

text: and

text: biology

text: and traces life from its first appearance to today's modern humans, placing emphasis on the development of the modern

text: Homo sapiens

text: . Furthermore, he discusses the possibility of the Earth being struck by a

text: meteor

text: and reflects on human capabilities of spotting a meteor before it

text: impacts the Earth

text: , and the extensive damage that such an event would cause. He also describes some of the most recent destructive disasters of volcanic origin in the history of our planet, including

text: Krakatoa

text: and

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: A weather ship, or Ocean Station Vessel, was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting. They were primarily located in the north Atlantic and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio. In addition to their weather reporting function, these vessels aided in search and rescue operations, supported transatlantic flights, acted as research platforms for oceanographers, monitored marine pollution, and aided weather forecasting both by weather forecasters and within computerized atmospheric models. Research vessels remain heavily used in oceanography, including physical oceanography and the integration of meteorological and climatological data in Earth system science.

text: A weather ship, or Ocean Station Vessel, was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in

text: weather forecasting

text: . They were primarily located in the north

text: Atlantic

text: and north Pacific oceans, reporting via radio. In addition to their weather reporting function, these vessels aided in

text: search and rescue

text: operations, supported

text: transatlantic flight

text: s, acted as research platforms for

text: oceanographer

text: s, monitored

text: marine pollution

text: atmospheric model

text: s.

text: Research vessel

text: physical oceanography

text: Earth system science

text: The journal aims for rapid publication of concise research reports on one or more of the disciplines covered by the American Geophysical Union, such as atmospheric sciences, solid Earth, space science, oceanography, hydrology, land surface processes, and the cryosphere. The journal also publishes invited reviews that cover advances achieved during the past two or three years. The target readership is the earth science community, the broader scientific community, and the general public.

text: The journal aims for rapid publication of concise research reports on one or more of the disciplines covered by the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: , such as

text: atmospheric sciences

text: solid Earth

text: space science

text: oceanography

text: hydrology

text: land surface processes

text: , and the

text: cryosphere

text: . The journal also publishes invited reviews that cover advances achieved during the past two or three years. The target readership is the

text: earth science

text: community, the broader scientific community, and the general public.

text: Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps.  Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals—a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century.  These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of  Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.

text: Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries.

text: Benoît de Maillet

text: and the

text: Comte de Buffon

text: saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars.

text: Jean-Étienne Guettard

text: and

text: Nicolas Desmarest

text: hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps.  Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's

text: John Walker

text: , Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's

text: Abraham Werner

text: created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals—a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century.  These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led

text: James Hutton

text: Georges Cuvier

text: and

text: Alexandre Brongniart

text: , following in the steps of

text: Steno

text: , to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of

text: index fossil

text: s became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as

text: Charles Lyell

text: Adam Sedgwick

text: , and

text: Roderick Murchison

text: applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.

text: Cindi Katz Websites: http://cindikatz.ws.gc.cuny.edu/ http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Earth-and-Environmental-Sciences/Faculty-Bios/Cindi-Katz and http://cindikatz.org

text: Geology – one of the Earth sciences, it is the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.

text: Geology

text: – one of the

text: Earth science

text: s, it is the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study

text: rock

text: sediment

text: soil

text: river

text: s, and

text: natural resources

text: |-id=503| 28503 Angelazhang ||  || Angela Zhang (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=504| 28504 Rebeccafaye ||  || Rebecca Faye Alford (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=505| 28505 Sagarrambhia ||  || Sagar Hitendra Rambhia (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=508| 28508 Kishore ||  || Kishore Balasubramanian (born 1996) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=509| 28509 Feddersen ||  || Matthew Troy Feddersen (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=511| 28511 Marggraff ||  || Blake Marggraff (born 1992) was awarded best in show (the Gordon E. Moore award), best of category, and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=512| 28512 Tanyuan ||  || Tan Jin Yuan (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=513| 28513 Guo ||  || Yanping Guo (born 1960) is the mission trajectory designer of the New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt mission. |-id=516| 28516 Möbius ||  || August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer. |-id=521| 28521 Mattmcintyre ||  || Matthew Karmen McIntyre (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=524| 28524 Ebright ||  || Katherine Yon Ebright (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=525| 28525 Andrewabboud ||  || Andrew Nickolas Abboud (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=527| 28527 Kathleenrose ||  || Kathleen Rose Maguire (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=530| 28530 Shiyimeng ||  || Shi Yimeng (born 1992) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. |-id=531| 28531 Nikbogdanov ||  || Nikita Michael Bogdanov (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=533| 28533 Iansohl ||  || Ian Alexander Sohl (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=534| 28534 Taylorwilson ||  || Taylor Ramon Wilson (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=535| 28535 Sungjanet ||  || Sung Janet Yun-Chen (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=536| 28536 Hunaiwen ||  || Hu Nai-Wen (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=537| 28537 Kirapowell ||  || Kira Elizabeth Powell (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=538| 28538 Ruisong ||  || Rui Song (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=542| 28542 Cespedes-Nano ||  || Kelvin Russell Cespedes Nano (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=543| 28543 Solis-Gozar ||  || Angel Francisco Solis Gozar (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=551| 28551 Paulomi ||  || Paulomi Bhattacharya (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=553| 28553 Bhupatiraju ||  || Surya Narayanaraju Bhupatiraju (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematics project |-id=554| 28554 Adambowman ||  || Adam Joseph Bowman (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project. |-id=555| 28555 Jenniferchan ||  || Jennifer Chan (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project |-id=556| 28556 Kevinchen ||  || Kevin Chen (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project |-id=557| 28557 Lillianchin ||  || Lillian Tiffany Chin (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=558| 28558 Kathcordwell ||  || Katherine Leigh Cordwell (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=559| 28559 Anniedai ||  || Annie Dai (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her materials science project |-id=563| 28563 Dantzler ||  || Alexa Victoria Dantzler (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=564| 28564 Gunderman ||  || Lane Gunderman (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project |-id=568| 28568 Jacobjohnson ||  || Jacob Paul Smullin Johnson (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project |-id=569| 28569 Kallenbach ||  || Jonah Kallenbach (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project |-id=570| 28570 Peterkraft ||  || Peter Kraft (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project |-id=571| 28571 Hannahlarson ||  || Hannah Kerner Larson (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=572| 28572 Salebreton ||  || Stephen Adam Le Breton (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his medicine and health project |-id=575| 28575 McQuaid ||  || Daniel Conor McQuaid (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=583| 28583 Mehrotra ||  || Pavan N. Mehrotra (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project |-id=587| 28587 Mundkur ||  || Naethan Sid Mundkur (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials science project |-id=592| 28592 O'Leary ||  || Vincent Jacob O'Leary (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his animal sciences project |-id=598| 28598 Apadmanabha ||  || Akshay Padmanabha (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioengineering project |-id=599| 28599 Terenzoni ||  || Michael Terenzoni (b. 1964) served as the Astronomy Coordinator at Flandrau Science Center. He later worked as an Observatory Specialist with Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona. This has made him well known and liked among both the professional and amateur astronomical communities in southern Arizona. |-id=600| 28600 Georgelucas ||  || George Lucas (b. 1944) is best known as the director of the films American Graffiti and Star Wars. |}

text: 28503 Angelazhang

text: ||  || Angela Zhang (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=504|

text: 28504 Rebeccafaye

text: ||  || Rebecca Faye Alford (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her medicine and health sciences project. |-id=505|

text: 28505 Sagarrambhia

text: ||  || Sagar Hitendra Rambhia (born 1994) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=508|

text: 28508 Kishore

text: ||  || Kishore Balasubramanian (born 1996) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences project. |-id=509|

text: 28509 Feddersen

text: ||  || Matthew Troy Feddersen (born 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=511|

text: 28511 Marggraff

text: ||  || Blake Marggraff (born 1992) was awarded best in show (the Gordon E. Moore award), best of category, and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his medicine and health sciences team project. |-id=512|

text: 28512 Tanyuan

text: ||  || Tan Jin Yuan (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=513|

text: 28513 Guo

text: ||  || Yanping Guo (born 1960) is the mission trajectory designer of the New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt mission. |-id=516|

text: 28516 Möbius

text: August Ferdinand Möbius

text: , German mathematician and astronomer. |-id=521|

text: 28521 Mattmcintyre

text: ||  || Matthew Karmen McIntyre (born 1992) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=524|

text: 28524 Ebright

text: ||  || Katherine Yon Ebright (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=525|

text: 28525 Andrewabboud

text: ||  || Andrew Nickolas Abboud (born 1993) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his microbiology project. |-id=527|

text: 28527 Kathleenrose

text: ||  || Kathleen Rose Maguire (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=530|

text: 28530 Shiyimeng

text: ||  || Shi Yimeng (born 1992) was awarded first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy project. |-id=531|

text: 28531 Nikbogdanov

text: ||  || Nikita Michael Bogdanov (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=533|

text: 28533 Iansohl

text: ||  || Ian Alexander Sohl (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=534|

text: 28534 Taylorwilson

text: ||  || Taylor Ramon Wilson (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics and astronomy project. |-id=535|

text: 28535 Sungjanet

text: ||  || Sung Janet Yun-Chen (born 1993) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=536|

text: 28536 Hunaiwen

text: ||  || Hu Nai-Wen (born 1994) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics and astronomy team project. |-id=537|

text: 28537 Kirapowell

text: ||  || Kira Elizabeth Powell (born 1994) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=538|

text: 28538 Ruisong

text: ||  || Rui Song (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant sciences project. |-id=542|

text: 28542 Cespedes-Nano

text: ||  || Kelvin Russell Cespedes Nano (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=543|

text: 28543 Solis-Gozar

text: ||  || Angel Francisco Solis Gozar (born 1995) was awarded second place in the 2011 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant sciences team project. |-id=551|

text: 28551 Paulomi

text: ||  || Paulomi Bhattacharya (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=553|

text: 28553 Bhupatiraju

text: ||  || Surya Narayanaraju Bhupatiraju (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematics project |-id=554|

text: 28554 Adambowman

text: ||  || Adam Joseph Bowman (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project. |-id=555|

text: 28555 Jenniferchan

text: ||  || Jennifer Chan (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project |-id=556|

text: 28556 Kevinchen

text: ||  || Kevin Chen (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project |-id=557|

text: 28557 Lillianchin

text: ||  || Lillian Tiffany Chin (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioengineering project |-id=558|

text: 28558 Kathcordwell

text: ||  || Katherine Leigh Cordwell (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=559|

text: 28559 Anniedai

text: ||  || Annie Dai (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her materials science project |-id=563|

text: 28563 Dantzler

text: ||  || Alexa Victoria Dantzler (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project |-id=564|

text: 28564 Gunderman

text: ||  || Lane Gunderman (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project |-id=568|

text: 28568 Jacobjohnson

text: ||  || Jacob Paul Smullin Johnson (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project |-id=569|

text: 28569 Kallenbach

text: ||  || Jonah Kallenbach (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project |-id=570|

text: 28570 Peterkraft

text: ||  || Peter Kraft (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project |-id=571|

text: 28571 Hannahlarson

text: ||  || Hannah Kerner Larson (born 1994) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her mathematics project |-id=572|

text: 28572 Salebreton

text: ||  || Stephen Adam Le Breton (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his medicine and health project |-id=575|

text: 28575 McQuaid

text: ||  || Daniel Conor McQuaid (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project |-id=583|

text: 28583 Mehrotra

text: ||  || Pavan N. Mehrotra (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his engineering project |-id=587|

text: 28587 Mundkur

text: ||  || Naethan Sid Mundkur (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials science project |-id=592|

text: 28592 O'Leary

text: ||  || Vincent Jacob O'Leary (born 1995) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his animal sciences project |-id=598|

text: 28598 Apadmanabha

text: ||  || Akshay Padmanabha (born 1996) is a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioengineering project |-id=599|

text: 28599 Terenzoni

text: ||  || Michael Terenzoni (b. 1964) served as the Astronomy Coordinator at Flandrau Science Center. He later worked as an Observatory Specialist with Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona. This has made him well known and liked among both the professional and amateur astronomical communities in southern Arizona. |-id=600|

text: 28600 Georgelucas

text: George Lucas

text: (b. 1944) is best known as the director of the films

text: American Graffiti

text: and

text: Star Wars

text: College of Natural Sciences: Biology, chemistry, earth & environmental science, mathematics, molecular biology, physics, pre-veterinary, science studies, semiconductor science & technology, sport science, statistical informatics

text: The SWGA's aims are the study and promotion of geology in South Wales. Anyone with an interest in geology and the earth sciences is welcome, professional or amateur. Activities include field trips during the summer season, and lectures at Swansea or Cardiff University's geology departments during the winter season, as well as support for Rockwatch activities for young people and geological events for the public.

text: The SWGA's aims are the study and promotion of

text: geology

text: in

text: South Wales

text: . Anyone with an interest in

text: geology

text: and the

text: earth sciences

text: is welcome, professional or amateur. Activities include field trips during the summer season, and lectures at

text: Swansea

text: or

text: Cardiff University

text: 's geology departments during the winter season, as well as support for

text: Rockwatch

text: activities for young people and geological events for the public.

text: Historian of Science Michael D. Gordin has called The Genesis Flood "one of postwar America's most culturally significant works about the natural world.  It was read by hundreds of thousands, spawned its own research institutes, and remains absolutely rejected by every mainstream biologist and geologist." The Genesis Flood also "became a best-seller in the Fundamentalist world and polarized Evangelical opinion." In 25 years, The Genesis Flood went through 29 printings and sold more than 200,000 copies. An old-earth creationist book, written specifically to challenge young-earth geological theories, called the late twentieth-century revival of interest in flood geology "astonishing and perplexing," especially "in the face of increasing geologic and astronomical evidence for the vast antiquity of the Earth and the universe." Again, in the words of a critic, Arthur McCalla, the growth in young-earth creationism occurred not because modern fundamentalists were more ignorant than in previous generations but because young-earth creationism "better defended a plain-sense reading of the inerrant Bible than did the old-Earth creationism of Ramm and the earlier Fundamentalists....Legions of Bible believers responded gratefully to Whitcomb and Morris because their system eliminated once and for all the need for interpretative contortions that twist and bend the words of the Bible in order to reconcile them with the findings of modern science."

text: Historian of Science Michael D. Gordin has called The Genesis Flood "one of postwar America's most culturally significant works about the natural world.  It was read by hundreds of thousands, spawned its own research institutes, and remains absolutely rejected by every mainstream biologist and geologist." The Genesis Flood also "became a best-seller in the

text: Fundamentalist

text: world and polarized Evangelical opinion." In 25 years, The Genesis Flood went through 29 printings and sold more than 200,000 copies. An old-earth creationist book, written specifically to challenge young-earth geological theories, called the late twentieth-century revival of interest in flood geology "astonishing and perplexing," especially "in the face of increasing geologic and astronomical evidence for the vast antiquity of the Earth and the universe." Again, in the words of a critic, Arthur McCalla, the growth in young-earth creationism occurred not because modern fundamentalists were more ignorant than in previous generations but because young-earth creationism "better defended a plain-sense reading of the inerrant Bible than did the old-Earth creationism of Ramm and the earlier Fundamentalists....Legions of Bible believers responded gratefully to Whitcomb and Morris because their system eliminated once and for all the need for interpretative contortions that twist and bend the words of the Bible in order to reconcile them with the findings of modern science."

text: Bell is an active planetary scientist and has been involved in many NASA robotic space exploration missions. As a professional scientist, he has published over 30 first-authored and 140 co-authored scientific research papers and over 400 short abstracts and conference presentations. Bell has also written and edited several books about Mars and the Moon. He is active in educating the public about space exploration. He is a frequent contributor to popular astronomy and science magazines, has made a number of television appearances on major network and cable channels, and gives free public lectures. He is currently a professor at the Arizona State University School of Earth and Space Exploration and an Adjunct Professor at the Cornell University Astronomy Department's Center for Radiophysics and Space Research.  In July 2014, Dr Bell was selected to be the principal investigator overseeing the Mastcam-Z imaging system for the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission.

text: Bell is an active planetary scientist and has been involved in many NASA

text: robotic space exploration

text: missions. As a professional scientist, he has published over 30 first-authored and 140 co-authored scientific research papers and over 400 short abstracts and conference presentations. Bell has also written and edited several books about

text: Mars

text: and the

text: Moon

text: . He is active in educating the public about

text: space exploration

text: . He is a frequent contributor to popular astronomy and science magazines, has made a number of television appearances on major network and cable channels, and gives free public lectures. He is currently a professor at the Arizona State University School of Earth and Space Exploration and an Adjunct Professor at the Cornell University Astronomy Department's Center for Radiophysics and Space Research.  In July 2014, Dr Bell was selected to be the principal investigator overseeing the

text: Mastcam-Z

text: imaging system for the upcoming

text: Mars 2020

text: rover mission.

text: The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada and Environment Canada, is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the Meteorological Service of Canada, and has been continuous since 1891.

text: The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada and Environment Canada, is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the

text: Meteorological Service of Canada

text: , and has been continuous since 1891.

text: The R.A.F. Penrose Gold Medal was established in 1923 and is awarded by the Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) to recognize a full career in the performance of "unusually original work in the earth sciences". The medal was donated by American geologist and founding President of the SEG Richard A.F. Penrose Jr. At the time of its donation, Penrose was explicit in his desire that the medal be awarded for achievements in pure geological science, rather than in the application of science to the discovery of mineral deposits.

text: The R.A.F. Penrose Gold Medal was established in 1923 and is awarded by the

text: Society of Economic Geologists

text: (SEG) to recognize a full career in the performance of "unusually original work in the earth sciences". The medal was donated by American geologist and founding President of the SEG

text: Richard A.F. Penrose Jr.

text: At the time of its donation, Penrose was explicit in his desire that the medal be awarded for achievements in pure geological science, rather than in the application of science to the discovery of mineral deposits.

text: The office is the predominant U.S. federal government sponsor for research in the physical sciences, including physics, chemistry, computer science, applied mathematics, materials science, nanoscience, and engineering, as well as systems biology and environmental sciences. The Office of Science makes extensive use of peer review and federal advisory committees to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priorities, and to determine the very best scientific proposals to support.

text: The office is the predominant

text: U.S. federal government

text: sponsor for research in the

text: physical sciences

text: , including

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: computer science

text: applied mathematics

text: materials science

text: nanoscience

text: , and

text: engineering

text: , as well as

text: systems biology

text: and

text: environmental sciences

text: . The Office of Science makes extensive use of peer review and federal advisory committees to develop general directions for research investments, to identify priorities, and to determine the very best scientific proposals to support.

text: Meunier is remembered for his work in comparative and experimental geology, and is credited for introducing experimental geology into the classroom as a specific branch of physical science.

text: At present, it has a total staff of 1,160, of which 808 are professional researchers, 7 academicians, 343 senior researchers. There are also 447 Ph.D. degree students and 530 master's degree students. The retired staff is 1,090. The Branch has set up 3 national key open labs, 2 CAS key open labs, 5 key labs set up by CAS and local province, 3 engineering centers, 5 doctoral sites, 5 post doctoral stations and national famous plant herbariums and halls of wildlife specimen and had a series of updated research instruments and apparatus, computer networks and biodiversity information systems. The Branch has become an advanced comprehensive science research base in astronomy, geology and biology.

text: The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration. Sunshine duration is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.

text: The following is a list of cities by sunshine duration.

text: Sunshine duration

text: is a

text: climatological

text: indicator, measuring duration of

text: sunshine

text: in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of

text: cloud

text: iness of a location, and thus differs from

text: insolation

text: , which measures the total

text: energy

text: delivered by sunlight over a given period.

text: The National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS) is a centre for research, teaching, and technology development in Ocean and Earth science. NOCS was created in 1995 jointly between the University of Southampton and the UK Natural Environment Research Council and is located within the port of Southampton at a purpose-built dockside campus with modern facilities. In 2010 the University and NERC components demerged, and the NERC-managed component became the National Oceanography Centre (NOC – with the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory in Liverpool). The two components of NOCS continue close collaboration through the jointly run Graduate School, shared research facilities and laboratories, complementary research groups, and many joint research grants and publications. The University component “Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton” (OES) is part of the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, (FNES). It was ranked 30th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences by the QS World University Rankings in 2014.

text: The National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS) is a centre for research, teaching, and technology development in Ocean and Earth science. NOCS was created in 1995 jointly between the

text: University of Southampton

text: and the UK

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: and is located within the port of

text: Southampton

text: at a purpose-built dockside campus with modern facilities. In 2010 the University and NERC components demerged, and the NERC-managed component became the

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: (NOC – with the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory in Liverpool). The two components of NOCS continue close collaboration through the jointly run Graduate School, shared research facilities and laboratories, complementary research groups, and many joint research grants and publications. The University component “Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton” (OES) is part of the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, (FNES). It was ranked 30th in the world for Earth and Marine Sciences by the

text: QS World University Rankings

text: in 2014.

text: The UCD Science District includes several major programmes, include the Earth Institute and INSIGHT, the national data analytics programme. It is also home to Ireland’s largest and most comprehensive campus for education and research in the Health Sciences, spanning biomedical research, population science and health services research.

text: During the Silver Age of comics, 30th century Earth is a member of the United Planets and home to its military branch, the Science Police. The most talented telepath among a race of powerful mentalists, Imra left her homeworld of Titan to join the Science Police as a teenager. However, during her flight to Earth, an assassination attempt was made on the life of fellow passenger and billionaire R.J. Brande. Using her powers of telepathy, Imra discovered the plot, and, with the help of two other teenagers on board, Lightning Lad and Cosmic Boy, caught the assassin and saved Brande's life. At Brande's urging, she adopted the persona of Saturn Girl, and joined Lightning Lad and Cosmic Boy in founding the Legion of Super-Heroes - an organization of teenage heroes formed to honor the legacy of Superboy. They traveled back to the 20th century and gave him a place on the team after he passed their tests. When Lex Luthor and the Legion of Super-Villains were about to kill Superman, Saturn Girl offered to die in his place, although a trick by Superman made Saturn Queen save her.

text: During the

text: Silver Age

text: of comics, 30th century Earth is a member of the United Planets and home to its military branch, the Science Police. The most talented telepath among a race of powerful mentalists, Imra left her homeworld of Titan to join the Science Police as a teenager. However, during her flight to Earth, an assassination attempt was made on the life of fellow passenger and billionaire R.J. Brande. Using her powers of telepathy, Imra discovered the plot, and, with the help of two other teenagers on board,

text: Lightning Lad

text: and

text: Cosmic Boy

text: , caught the assassin and saved Brande's life. At Brande's urging, she adopted the persona of Saturn Girl, and joined Lightning Lad and Cosmic Boy in founding the Legion of Super-Heroes - an organization of teenage heroes formed to honor the legacy of

text: Superboy

text: . They traveled back to the 20th century and gave him a place on the team after he passed their tests. When Lex Luthor and the Legion of Super-Villains were about to kill Superman, Saturn Girl offered to die in his place, although a trick by Superman made

text: Saturn Queen

text: save her.

text: The Journal of Earth System Science is a bimonthly peer-viewed scientific journal that covers research on Earth system science. It was established in 1978 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The editor-in-chief is D. Shankar (National Institute of Oceanography).

text: The Journal of Earth System Science is a bimonthly

text: peer-viewed

text: scientific journal

text: that covers

text: research

text: on

text: Earth system science

text: . It was established in 1978 and is published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: on behalf of the

text: Indian Academy of Sciences

text: . The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is D. Shankar (

text: National Institute of Oceanography

text: Hakim Sabzevari University (HSU) () is the second largest public university in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. It was established in 1987 as a branch of Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran but later became independent and then was renamed to Hakim Sabzevari University, after Hadi Sabzevari, a prominent Iranian  philosopher and theologian. HSU offers 139 bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. programs to more than 8,000 male and female students studying under about 160 faculty members. According to the Islamic World Science Citation Center statistics, HSU is ranked 44th in Iran amongst other universities of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The university currently consists of 10 schools including School of Letters and Humanities, School of Science, School of Engineering, School of Art and Architecture, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Theology, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Petroleum and Petrochemical, and School of Mathematics and Computer Science.

text: Hakim Sabzevari University (HSU) () is the second largest public university in

text: Razavi Khorasan province

text: , Iran. It was established in 1987 as a branch of

text: Tarbiat Moallem University

text: of Tehran but later became independent and then was renamed to Hakim Sabzevari University, after

text: Hadi Sabzevari

text: , a prominent Iranian  philosopher and theologian. HSU offers 139 bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. programs to more than 8,000 male and female students studying under about 160 faculty members. According to the

text: Islamic World Science Citation Center

text: statistics, HSU is ranked 44th in Iran amongst other universities of

entity_name: Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)

text: Ministry of Science, Research and Technology

text: . The university currently consists of 10 schools including School of Letters and Humanities, School of Science, School of Engineering, School of Art and Architecture, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Theology, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Petroleum and Petrochemical, and School of Mathematics and Computer Science.

text: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to oceanography. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean (often considered instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans).  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.

text: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to

text: oceanography

text: . It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the

text: continent

text: s and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

text: (sometimes considered a

text: sea

text: of the Atlantic),

text: Indian Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , and

text: Southern Ocean

text: (often considered instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans).  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.

text: During the late 1980s and 1990s as the director of Space and Earth Science programs at JPL, Elachi was responsible for the definition and development of numerous flight instruments and missions for solar system exploration, space-based astronomy and Earth science.

text: Following the war, the LEMO returned to Kharkov in mid-1945, remaining independent of the UPTI.. There Braude continued research in large-scale radio propagation, eventually turning his full interest to interferometry and radio-signal analysis. In 1955, the LEMO became the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU); Braude played a major role in forming the IRE. He was made a Vice-Director of the IRE, heading the Radio Astronomy Department and pioneering decametre-wavelength radio astronomy in Ukraine. In 1985, he was instrumental in forming a new academic establishment, the Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU, branched off IRE on the basis of the former Radio Astronomy Department.

text: Following the war, the LEMO returned to Kharkov in mid-1945, remaining independent of the UPTI.. There Braude continued research in large-scale radio propagation, eventually turning his full interest to

text: interferometry

text: and radio-signal analysis. In 1955, the LEMO became the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (IRE) of the

text: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

text: (NASU); Braude played a major role in forming the IRE. He was made a Vice-Director of the IRE, heading the Radio Astronomy Department and pioneering

text: decametre

text: -wavelength radio astronomy in Ukraine. In 1985, he was instrumental in forming a new academic establishment, the Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU, branched off IRE on the basis of the former Radio Astronomy Department.

text: Valdiya has been involved with the establishment of such geological institutions as Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Central Himalayan Environmental Association, Nainital, G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, and the Geology Department of the Kumaon University. He is an elected fellow of Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Sciences, India (FNASc), Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc), and the Third World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) and is a fellow of Geological Society of India, Geological Society of America and Geological Society of Nepal. He has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India. He has written over 110 research papers, authored 14 books, edited 9 books and penned 40 articles in Hindi towards popularization of science.

text: Valdiya has been involved with the establishment of such geological institutions as

text: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology

text: , Central Himalayan Environmental Association, Nainital, G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, and the Geology Department of the

text: Kumaon University

text: . He is an elected fellow of

text: Indian National Science Academy

text: National Academy of Sciences, India

text: (FNASc),

text: Indian Academy of Sciences

text: (FASc), and the

text: Third World Academy of Sciences

text: (FTWAS) and is a fellow of

text: Geological Society of India

text: Geological Society of America

text: and Geological Society of Nepal. He has served as a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to the

text: Prime Minister of India

text: . He has written over 110 research papers, authored 14 books, edited 9 books and penned 40 articles in

text: Hindi

text: towards popularization of science.

text: The American Astronomical Society (AAS, sometimes spoken as "double-A-S") is an American society of professional astronomers and other interested individuals, headquartered in Washington, DC. The primary objective of the AAS is to promote the advancement of astronomy and closely related branches of science, while the secondary purpose includes enhancing astronomy education and providing a political voice for its members through lobbying and grassroots activities.  Its current mission is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe.

text: The American Astronomical Society (AAS, sometimes spoken as "double-A-S") is an

text: American

text: society of professional

text: astronomer

text: s and other interested individuals, headquartered in

text: Washington, DC

text: . The primary objective of the AAS is to promote the advancement of astronomy and closely related branches of science, while the secondary purpose includes enhancing astronomy education and providing a political voice for its members through lobbying and grassroots activities.  Its current mission is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe.

text: __NOTOC__The Department of Natural Resources (French: Ministère des Ressources naturelles), operating under the FIP applied title Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), is the ministry of the government of Canada responsible for natural resources, energy, minerals and metals, forests, earth sciences, mapping and remote sensing. It was created in 1995 by amalgamating the now-defunct Departments of Energy, Mines and Resources and Forestry. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) works to ensure the responsible development of Canada's natural resources, including energy, forests, minerals and metals. NRCan also uses its expertise in earth sciences to build and maintain an up-to-date knowledge base of our landmass and resources. To promote internal collaboration, NRCan has implemented a departmental wide wiki based on MediaWiki. Natural Resources Canada also collaborates with American and Mexican government scientists, along with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, to produce the North American Environmental Atlas, which is used to depict and track environmental issues for a continental perspective.

text: __NOTOC__The Department of Natural Resources (

text: French:

text: Ministère des Ressources naturelles),

text: operating under

text: the

text: FIP applied title

text: Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), is the

text: ministry

text: of the government of

text: Canada

text: responsible for

text: natural resources

text: energy

text: mineral

text: s and

text: metal

text: s,

text: forest

text: s,

text: earth science

text: s,

text: map

text: ping and

text: remote sensing

text: . It was created in 1995 by amalgamating the now-defunct Departments of Energy, Mines and Resources and Forestry. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) works to ensure the responsible development of Canada's natural resources, including

text: energy

text: , forests, minerals and metals. NRCan also uses its expertise in earth sciences to build and maintain an up-to-date knowledge base of our landmass and resources. To promote internal collaboration, NRCan has implemented a departmental wide wiki based on

text: MediaWiki

text: . Natural Resources Canada also collaborates with

text: American

text: and

text: Mexican

text: government scientists, along with the

entity_name: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

text: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

text: , to produce the

text: North American Environmental Atlas

text: , which is used to depict and track environmental issues for a continental perspective.

text: |-id=004| 30004 Mikewilliams ||  || Mike Williams (b. 1952) was a lead engineer at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. |-id=005| 30005 Stevenchen ||  || Steven Chen (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. |-id=007| 30007 Johnclarke ||  || John Anthony Clarke (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary science project. |-id=008| 30008 Aroncoraor ||  || Aron Coraor (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. |-id=012| 30012 Sohamdaga ||  || Soham Daga (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=017| 30017 Shaundatta ||  || Shaun Datta (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. |-id=022| 30022 Kathibaker ||  || Kathi Baker (1954-2014) was involved with administrative support for the NASA HiRISE mission to Mars, as well as supporting many faculty, staff and students at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Most recently, Kathi served as executive assistant to the LPL Director. |-id=024| 30024 Neildavey ||  || 30024 Neildavey Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Neil Davey (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. He attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland.|-id=025| 30025 Benfreed ||  || Benjamin Freed (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=027| 30027 Anubhavguha ||  || Anubhav Guha (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. |-id=028| 30028 Yushihomma ||  || Yushi Homma (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=029| 30029 Preetikakani ||  || Preeti Kakani (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=030| 30030 Joycekang ||  || Joyce Blossom Kang (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. |-id=031| 30031 Angelakong ||  || Angela Xiangyue Kong (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. |-id=032| 30032 Kuszmaul ||  || William Henry Kuszmaul (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=033| 30033 Kevinlee ||  || Kevin Lee (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. |-id=035| 30035 Charlesliu ||  || Charles Xin Liu (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. |-id=036| 30036 Eshamaiti ||  || Esha Maiti (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. |-id=037| 30037 Rahulmehta ||  || Rahul Siddharth Mehta (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. |-id=039| 30039 Jameier ||  || Joshua Abraham Meier (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. |-id=040| 30040 Annemerrill ||  || Anne Merrill (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. |-id=042| 30042 Schmude ||  || Richard Schmude (b. 1958), a Professor of Astronomy at Gordon State College. |-id=043| 30043 Lisamichaels ||  || Lisa P. Michaels (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=048| 30048 Sreyasmisra ||  || Sreyas Misra (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. |-id=049| 30049 Violamocz ||  || Viola Mocz (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. |-id=050| 30050 Emilypang ||  || Emily Pang (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=051| 30051 Jihopark ||  || Jiho Park (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=053| 30053 Ivanpaskov ||  || Ivan Spassimirov Paskov (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. |-id=054| 30054 Pereira ||  || Brianna Pereira (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=055| 30055 Ajaysaini ||  || Ajay Saini (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=057| 30057 Sarasakowitz ||  || Sara Sakowitz (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. |-id=060| 30060 Davidseong ||  || David Seong (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=061| 30061 Vishnushankar ||  || Vishnu Shankar (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=063| 30063 Jessicashi ||  || Jessica Shi (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. |-id=064| 30064 Kaitlynshin ||  || Kaitlyn Shin (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her space science project. |-id=065| 30065 Asrinivasan ||  || Anand Srinivasan (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. |-id=066| 30066 Parthakker ||  || Parth Thakker (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. |-id=067| 30067 Natalieng ||  || Natalie Ng (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for her medicine and health project. |-id=068| 30068 Frankmelillo ||  || Frank Melillo (b. 1958) has been the Coordinator for the Mercury Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) since 2001. Also in that year he received the ALPO Walter Haas Observing Award. |-id=070| 30070 Thabitpulak ||  || Thabit Pulak (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded second place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for his environmental science project. |-id=073| 30073 Erichen ||  || Eric Shu Chen (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF for his microbiology project. |-id=081| 30081 Zarinrahman ||  || Zarin Ibnat Rahman (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded best of category and first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=085| 30085 Kevingarbe ||  || Kevin Matthew Garbe (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=097| 30097 Traino ||  || Alan Traino, American astronomer and caver|-id=100| 30100 Christophergo ||  || Christopher Go (b. 1970), a Philippine astrophotographer. |}

text: 30004 Mikewilliams

text: ||  || Mike Williams (b. 1952) was a lead engineer at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. |-id=005|

text: 30005 Stevenchen

text: ||  || Steven Chen (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. |-id=007|

text: 30007 Johnclarke

text: ||  || John Anthony Clarke (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his earth and planetary science project. |-id=008|

text: 30008 Aroncoraor

text: ||  || Aron Coraor (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his chemistry project. |-id=012|

text: 30012 Sohamdaga

text: ||  || Soham Daga (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=017|

text: 30017 Shaundatta

text: ||  || Shaun Datta (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his physics project. |-id=022|

text: 30022 Kathibaker

text: ||  || Kathi Baker (1954-2014) was involved with administrative support for the NASA HiRISE mission to Mars, as well as supporting many faculty, staff and students at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Most recently, Kathi served as executive assistant to the LPL Director. |-id=024|

text: 30024 Neildavey

text: ||  || 30024 Neildavey Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Neil Davey (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. He attends the Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland.|-id=025|

text: 30025 Benfreed

text: ||  || Benjamin Freed (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=027|

text: 30027 Anubhavguha

text: ||  || Anubhav Guha (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. |-id=028|

text: 30028 Yushihomma

text: ||  || Yushi Homma (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=029|

text: 30029 Preetikakani

text: ||  || Preeti Kakani (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=030|

text: 30030 Joycekang

text: ||  || Joyce Blossom Kang (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her engineering project. |-id=031|

text: 30031 Angelakong

text: ||  || Angela Xiangyue Kong (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. |-id=032|

text: 30032 Kuszmaul

text: ||  || William Henry Kuszmaul (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=033|

text: 30033 Kevinlee

text: ||  || Kevin Lee (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. |-id=035|

text: 30035 Charlesliu

text: ||  || Charles Xin Liu (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. |-id=036|

text: 30036 Eshamaiti

text: ||  || Esha Maiti (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. |-id=037|

text: 30037 Rahulmehta

text: ||  || Rahul Siddharth Mehta (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. |-id=039|

text: 30039 Jameier

text: ||  || Joshua Abraham Meier (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his medicine and health project. |-id=040|

text: 30040 Annemerrill

text: ||  || Anne Merrill (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her environmental science project. |-id=042|

text: 30042 Schmude

text: ||  || Richard Schmude (b. 1958), a Professor of Astronomy at Gordon State College. |-id=043|

text: 30043 Lisamichaels

text: ||  || Lisa P. Michaels (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=048|

text: 30048 Sreyasmisra

text: ||  || Sreyas Misra (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioengineering project. |-id=049|

text: 30049 Violamocz

text: ||  || Viola Mocz (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her physics project. |-id=050|

text: 30050 Emilypang

text: ||  || Emily Pang (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=051|

text: 30051 Jihopark

text: ||  || Jiho Park (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=053|

text: 30053 Ivanpaskov

text: ||  || Ivan Spassimirov Paskov (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. |-id=054|

text: 30054 Pereira

text: ||  || Brianna Pereira (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her medicine and health project. |-id=055|

text: 30055 Ajaysaini

text: ||  || Ajay Saini (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=057|

text: 30057 Sarasakowitz

text: ||  || Sara Sakowitz (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her biochemistry project. |-id=060|

text: 30060 Davidseong

text: ||  || David Seong (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=061|

text: 30061 Vishnushankar

text: ||  || Vishnu Shankar (b. 1996) is a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his biochemistry project. |-id=063|

text: 30063 Jessicashi

text: ||  || Jessica Shi (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her mathematics project. |-id=064|

text: 30064 Kaitlynshin

text: ||  || Kaitlyn Shin (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for her space science project. |-id=065|

text: 30065 Asrinivasan

text: ||  || Anand Srinivasan (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his computer science project. |-id=066|

text: 30066 Parthakker

text: ||  || Parth Thakker (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his materials science project. |-id=067|

text: 30067 Natalieng

text: ||  || Natalie Ng (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for her medicine and health project. |-id=068|

text: 30068 Frankmelillo

text: ||  || Frank Melillo (b. 1958) has been the Coordinator for the Mercury Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) since 2001. Also in that year he received the ALPO Walter Haas Observing Award. |-id=070|

text: 30070 Thabitpulak

text: ||  || Thabit Pulak (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded second place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for his environmental science project. |-id=073|

text: 30073 Erichen

text: ||  || Eric Shu Chen (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF for his microbiology project. |-id=081|

text: 30081 Zarinrahman

text: ||  || Zarin Ibnat Rahman (b. 1996), a finalist in the 2014 Intel STS, and was awarded best of category and first place in the 2013 Intel ISEF, for her behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=085|

text: 30085 Kevingarbe

text: ||  || Kevin Matthew Garbe (b. 1995), a finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors, for his mathematics project. |-id=097|

text: 30097 Traino

text: Alan Traino

text: , American astronomer and caver|-id=100|

text: 30100 Christophergo

text: ||  || Christopher Go (b. 1970), a Philippine astrophotographer. |}

text: Ryan (Ryan W.B.), in his article on the Mediterranean in the Encyclopedia of Oceanography, writes: "The Mediterranean is the largest poor water body on the planet earth." The low quantity of algae is the cause of the low number of fish in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, although there are regional differences.

text: Astronomy, perhaps the oldest science in history, has played an important role in most, if not all, cultures over the ages. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy, but in science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.

text: Astronomy

text: , perhaps the oldest science in history, has played an important role in most, if not all, cultures over the ages. The International Year of Astronomy 2009 (IYA2009) was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy, but in science in general, with a particular slant towards young people.

text: Acceptable technical majors for chapter or colony membership are defined in the chapter or colony bylaws.  The requirements of these technical majors includes having a minimum of 1/3 of all credit hours in architecture, computer science, engineering, mathematics, the physical sciences, or the biological sciences. In addition, a minimum of 1/6 of all credit hours shall be upper division courses in the aforementioned majors.  Physical sciences shall include: atmospheric science, chemistry, earth and space science, physics, astronomy, and other majors as defined by the respective university.  Biological sciences include: biology, biochemistry, botany, genetics, microbiology, zoology, and other majors as defined by the respective university. Examples of majors that do not generally meet these requirements are social and behavioral sciences such as sociology, psychology, and kinesiology.

text: From three faculties in 1976, today there are fifteen faculties: Arts (1976), Education (1976), Engineering & Technology (1978), Agriculture (1982), Law (1993, after an initial start-up in 1983), Basic Medical Sciences (2004), Clinical Sciences (2004) Communication and Information Sciences (2008), Veterinary Medicine (2009), Pharmaceutical Science (2010), and Life Science; Physical Science; Environmental Science; Management Sciences; and Social Sciences in (2013).

text: Oceanography is published quarterly—every March, June, September, and December. It contains peer-reviewed articles on many aspects of ocean science. The journal was first published in 1988; all of its issues are available both in print and online as PDF files.

text: Oceanography is published quarterly—every March, June, September, and December. It contains

text: peer-reviewed

text: articles on many aspects of ocean science. The journal was first published in 1988; all of its issues are available both in print and online as PDF files.

text: |-| 12101 Trujillo ||  || Chadwick Aaron Trujillo (born 1973), of the California Institute of Technology, specializes in the study of Kuiper belt objects. |-id=102| 12102 Piazzolla ||  || Astor Piazzolla, Argentinean composer best known for his distinct nuevo tango. |-id=104| 12104 Chesley ||  || Steven R. Chesley (born 1965), of the Solar System Dynamics Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is an expert in determination of the orbits of minor planets and application to the study of earth-impact probability. |-id=106| 12106 Menghuan ||  || Meng Huan (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=111| 12111 Ulm || 1998 LU || Ulm, a city in Germany on the banks of the Donau river. |-id=112| 12112 Sprague ||  || Ann Sprague (b. 1946) is a senior research associate with the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona. She is known for her work on the atmospheres of Mercury, the moon and Mars, as well as on the Messenger mission to Mercury.|-id=113| 12113 Hollows ||  || Fred Hollows (1929–1993), a New Zealand-born ophthalmologist. |-id=115| 12115 Robertgrimm ||  || Robert Grimm (b. 1960) is a planetary geophysicist. His thermal models led to the first mathematical representations of fluid flow on meteorite parent bodies and to a greater understanding of the thermal and collisional evolution of minor planets, including the heliocentric zonation of the main belt.|-id=117| 12117 Meagmessina ||  || Meagan Elizabeth Messina (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=118| 12118 Mirotsin ||  || Yauhen Adolfovich Mirotsin (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematics project. |-id=119| 12119 Memamis ||  || Megan Marie Miskowski (born 1984) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=123| 12123 Pazin ||  || Pazin, a Croatian town in the Istrian Peninsula and the administrative center of Istria County. |-id=124| 12124 Hvar ||  || Hvar, a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off the Dalmatian coast. |-id=125| 12125 Jamesjones ||  || James Jones, Canadian astronomer †|-id=127| 12127 Mamiya ||  || Rinzo Mamiya (1780–1844), an explorer and surveyor of the northern area of Japan. |-id=128| 12128 Palermiti ||  || Mike Palermiti, director of an observatory in Florida. |-id=130| 12130 Mousa ||  || Ahmed and Sarah Shaker Mousa, American finalists, 2000–2006 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) †*|-id=131| 12131 Echternach || 2085 P-L || Eddy Echternach, Dutch author, science writer and astronomy popularizer |-id=132| 12132 Wimfröger || 2103 P-L || Willem Albertus Fröger, Dutch-Argentinian amateur astronomer |-id=133| 12133 Titulaer || 2558 P-L || Chriet Titulaer, Dutch science writer and astronomer, co-presenter, with Henk Terlingen, of the Dutch television coverage of the Apollo Moon landings |-id=134| 12134 Hansfriedeman || 2574 P-L || Johannes Lambertus Maria ("Hans") Friedeman, 20th-century Dutch journalist and space enthusiast |-id=135| 12135 Terlingen || 3021 P-L || Henk Terlingen, Dutch journalist, co-author, with Chriet Titulaer, of the Dutch television coverage of the Apollo Moon landings |-id=136| 12136 Martinryle || 3045 P-L || Martin Ryle, 20th-century British astrophysicist and radio-astronomer, inventor of the aperture synthesis technique of interferometry |-id=137| 12137 Williefowler || 4004 P-L || William Alfred Fowler, 20th-century American nuclear astrophysicist |-id=138| 12138 Olinwilson || 4053 P-L || Olin C. Wilson, 20th-century American spectroscopist, co-discoverer, with Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu, of the Wilson-Bappu effect |-id=139| 12139 Tomcowling || 4055 P-L || Thomas G. Cowling, 20th-century British astrophysicist |-id=140| 12140 Johnbolton || 4087 P-L || John G. Bolton, 20th-century Australian radio astronomer pioneer |-id=141| 12141 Chushayashi || 4112 P-L || Chushiro Hayashi, Japanese astrophysicist |-id=142| 12142 Franklow || 4624 P-L || Frank J. Low, American physicist and infrared astronomer, inventor of the gallium-doped germanium bolometer |-id=143| 12143 Harwit || 4631 P-L || Martin O. Harwit, Czech-American astrophysicist and infrared astronomer, director (1987–1995) of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum |-id=144| 12144 Einhart || 4661 P-L || Einhart (also Eginhard or Einhard, ca. 770) was a Frankish scholar and historian. He was the chancellor of Charles the Great and of his son Ludwig the Pious. Einhard wrote Vita Karoli Magni, the biography of Charles the Great, one of the most precious books of the early Middle Ages.|-id=145| 12145 Behaim || 4730 P-L || Martin Behaim (1459-1507) was a German merchant, astronomer and cosmographer from Nürnberg. He traveled through Europe and became a Portuguese knight. He developed the earliest terrestrial globe, Erdapfel, or `Earth Apple', with a diameter of about 50 cm.|-id=146| 12146 Ostriker || 6035 P-L || Jeremiah P. Ostriker, an American astrophysicist. |-id=147| 12147 Bramante || 6082 P-L || Donato Bramante (1444-1514) was an Italian architect of the high Renaissance, working mainly in Milan and Rome. In Rome he designed his greatest work, St. Peter's Basilica.|-id=148| 12148 Caravaggio || 6636 P-L || Michelangelo Merist da Caravaggio (1571-1610) was an Italian artist of the Renaissance. He was almost forgotten after his death, but in the twentieth century his importance was rediscovered because of his great influence on the Baroque style during the Counter Reformation.|-id=149| 12149 Begas || 9099 P-L || Begas is the name of a German family of nineteenth-century artists, of whom the best known was Romantik-style painter Carl Joseph Begas (1794-1854). Of his four sons, Reinhold (1831-1911) and Carl Begas, Jr. (1845-1916), were sculptors, and Oskar (1828-1883) and Adalbert (1836-1888) Begas were painters.|-id=150| 12150 De Ruyter || 1051 T-1 || Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, 17th-century Dutch admiral |-id=151| 12151 Oranje-Nassau || 1220 T-1 || Willem I, Prince van Oranje-Nassau (1533-1584), led the Netherlands provinces in their war of liberation against Spain during 1568-1648. "The Father of the Fatherland" was assassinated and is entombed in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, was written in his honor.|-id=152| 12152 Aratus || 1287 T-1 || Hellenistic poet Aratus of Soli (c. 315/310-before 235 B.C.) was the author of Phaenomena ("Appearances"), an influential didactic poem composed around 275 B.C. that describes the celestial sphere, the constellations and weather prognostications based on their rising and setting.|-id=153| 12153 Conon || 3219 T-1 || Conon of Samos (c. 280-c. 220 B.C.) was a Hellenistic astronomer and mathematician who worked in Alexandria. In 246 B.C. he created the constellation of Coma Berenices, commemorating the sacrifice of Queen Berenice's tresses of hair after her husband's return from the Third Syrian War.|-id=154| 12154 Callimachus || 3329 T-1 || Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305-c. 240 B.C.) was a Hellenistic scholar and poet who worked in Alexandria, where he compiled a catalogue of the famous library. He wrote the poem Coma Berenices commemorating the creation of the eponymous constellation by Conon of Samos in 246 B.C.|-id=155| 12155 Hyginus || 4193 T-1 || Gaius Julius Hyginus (c. 64 B.C.-A.D. 17), Roman historian, philologer and mythographer, presided over the Palatine Library in Rome. His De Astronomia (or Poeticon Astronomicon) gives a comprehensive overview of the myths associated with the constellations. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=156| 12156 Ubels || 1042 T-2 || Egbert Ubels, Dutch fireman who perished on 9 May 2008 while fighting a shipyard fire in De Punt (Drenthe, Netherlands), along with colleagues Raymond Patrick Soyer and Anne Kregel |-id=157| 12157 Können || 1070 T-2 || Günther Peter Können (b. 1944), a researcher at the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, specialized in atmospheric optics. He is famous for his book Polarized light in Nature, which describes phenomena such as halos and rainbows. The name was suggested by M. Drummen.|-id=158| 12158 Tape || 1101 T-2 || Walter Tape (b. 1941) is an Alaskan mathematician. With his book Atmospheric halos he made an outstanding contribution to the popularization of these beautiful phenomena. The name was suggested by G. P. Können and M. Drummen.|-id=159| 12159 Bettybiegel || 1142 T-2 || Rebekka A. "Betty" Biegel (1886-1943) studied astronomy in Leiden, obtained her doctorate in Zürich, pursued psychology in Utrecht and developed psychological instruments for testing people. She commited suicide by cyanide rather than allow herself to be transported to Auschwitz. The name was suggested by W. R. Dick.|-id=160| 12160 Karelwakker || 1152 T-2 || Karel F. Wakker (b. 1944), professor of astrodynamics at Delft Techical University, has made important contributions to Dutch, ESA and NASA space projects, as well as inspiring numerous students. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=161| 12161 Avienius || 1158 T-2 || Postumius Rufius Festus Avienius, who lived in the second half of the fourth century, was a Latin poet from Etruria. He composed didactic poems on astronomy and geography. His Aratea was based on earlier Latin translations of Aratus' Phaenomena. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=162| 12162 Bilderdijk || 2145 T-2 || Willem Bilderdijk (1756-1831) was a Dutch poet and scholar who composed two didactic astronomical poems, Starrenkennis (1794) and De Starrenhemel (1807). These described the celestial sphere, the Milky Way and the constellations. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=163| 12163 Manilius || 3013 T-2 || Roman poet and astrologer Marcus Manilius (1st century A.D.) wrote the comprehensive astronomical-astrological poem Astronomica. The five-volume work was dedicated to Tiberius and contains a mythological description of the constellations and the Milky Way. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=164| 12164 Lowellgreen || 3067 T-2 || Lowell Clark Green (born 1925), a Lutheran pastor/theologian for more than half a century and Renaissance/Reformation scholar, now resident in Buffalo, New York. |-id=165| 12165 Ringleb || 3289 T-2 || Peter Ringleb, German neurologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=166| 12166 Oliverherrmann || 3372 T-2 || Oliver Herrmann, German neurologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=167| 12167 Olivermüller || 4306 T-2 || Oliver Müller, German cardiologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=168| 12168 Polko || 5141 T-2 || Norbert Polko, German astronomical assistant |-id=169| 12169 Munsterman || 2031 T-3 || Henk Munsterman, Dutch amateur astrophotographer |-id=170| 12170 Vanvollenhoven || 2372 T-3 || Pieter van Vollenhoven, Dutch professor of risk management at the Technical University of Twente and Dutch ambassador of the International Year of Astronomy |-id=171| 12171 Johannink || 2382 T-3 || Carl F. Johannink (b. 1959) is a Dutch high-school teacher and amateur astronomer. His main interests lie in meteor astronomy. He is a very prolific meteor observer, active within the Dutch Meteor Society. The name was suggested by K. Miskotte.|-id=172| 12172 Niekdekort || 2390 T-3 || Niek De Kort (b. 1956) has done outstanding work popularizing astronomy. He authored several books, including one about space research and the course book Modern Astronomy (1980) for a TV course with an enrollment of 25~000 people. The name was suggested by H. van Woerden and A. v. d. Brugge.|-id=173| 12173 Lansbergen || 3135 T-3 || Philippus Lansbergen, 16th-17th-century Dutch Calvinist minister and astronomer, author of the first Dutch popular book on astronomy |-id=174| 12174 van het Reve || 3164 T-3 || Karel van het Reve (1921-1999), professor of Slavic languages at Leiden University and a prolific writer, was considered to be one of the finest Dutch essayists with wide-ranging interests. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=175| 12175 Wimhermans || 3197 T-3 || Dutch author Willem Frederik Hermans (1921-1995) was considered one of the most important writers in the Netherlands in the postwar period. His oeuvre includes novels, short stories, plays, along with poetry and essays, as well as philosophical and scientific works. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=176| 12176 Hidayat || 3468 T-3 || Bambang Hidayat (b. 1934) is an active promotor of astronomy in Indonesia. Known for his work on visual binaries and H-emission-line stars, he was director of Bosscha Observatory in Lembang during 1968-1999 and vice-president of the IAU during 1994-2000.|-id=177| 12177 Raharto || 4074 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer Moedji Raharto (b. 1954) is senior lecturer at the Institut Teknologi Bandung and was director of Bosscha Observatory in Lembang during 2000-2003. He is an authority on Galactic structure, based on the Hipparcos and IRAS-Point Source catalogues.|-id=178| 12178 Dhani || 4304 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer and solar physicist Herdiwijaya Dhani (b. 1963) was director of Bosscha Observatory in Lembang during 2004-2005. He is known for his work on binaries, solar magnetic activity and its influence on weather and climate.|-id=179| 12179 Taufiq || 5030 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer Taufiq Hidayat (b. 1965), associate professor at the Institut Teknologi Bandung, was director of Bosscha Observatory in Lembang during 2006-2009. Known for work on the solar system and extrasolar transits, he actively fights the adverse effects of urbanisation around the observatory.|-id=180| 12180 Kistemaker || 5167 T-3 || Jacob Kistemaker (1917–2010), Teylers professor at Leiden University. |-id=182| 12182 Storm ||  || Theodor Storm (1817–1888), a German writer. |-id=185| 12185 Gasprinskij ||  || Ismail Gasprinskij (1851–1914) was a Crimean-Tatar teacher, enlightener, writer, publisher and public figure. |-id=186| 12186 Mitukurigen ||  || Mitukuri Genpo (1799–1863), a physician of Western medicine in the late Edo period. |-id=187| 12187 Lenagoryunova ||  || Elena (Lena) Viktorovna Goryunova (born 1961), hydrologist at Sebastopol Institute of Hydrography. |-id=189| 12189 Dovgyj ||  || Stanislav Alekseevich Dovgyj (born 1954), a corresponding member of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, is a scientist in the field of mechanics. |-id=190| 12190 Sarkisov ||  || Pavel Djibraelovich Sarkisov (born 1932), rector of the D. I. Mendeleev Moscow Chemical-Technological University. |-id=191| 12191 Vorontsova ||  || Margarita Alekseevna Vorontsova (born 1923), a pediatrician at the Simferopol children's hospital|-id=197| 12197 Jan-Otto ||  || Jan-Otto Carlsson, Swedish professor of inorganic chemistry at Uppsala University |-id=199| 12199 Sohlman ||  || Michael Sohlman (born 1944) is a well-known Swedish specialist in economics and finance, executive director of the Nobel Fund, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. |}

text: 12101 Trujillo

text: Chadwick Aaron Trujillo

text: (born 1973), of the California Institute of Technology, specializes in the study of Kuiper belt objects. |-id=102|

text: 12102 Piazzolla

text: Astor Piazzolla

text: , Argentinean composer best known for his distinct nuevo tango. |-id=104|

text: 12104 Chesley

text: ||  || Steven R. Chesley (born 1965), of the Solar System Dynamics Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is an expert in determination of the orbits of minor planets and application to the study of earth-impact probability. |-id=106|

text: 12106 Menghuan

text: ||  || Meng Huan (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=111|

text: 12111 Ulm

text: || 1998 LU ||

text: Ulm

text: , a city in Germany on the banks of the

text: Donau river

text: . |-id=112|

text: 12112 Sprague

text: ||  || Ann Sprague (b. 1946) is a senior research associate with the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of the University of Arizona. She is known for her work on the atmospheres of Mercury, the moon and Mars, as well as on the Messenger mission to Mercury.|-id=113|

text: 12113 Hollows

text: ||  || Fred Hollows (1929–1993), a New Zealand-born ophthalmologist. |-id=115|

text: 12115 Robertgrimm

text: ||  || Robert Grimm (b. 1960) is a planetary geophysicist. His thermal models led to the first mathematical representations of fluid flow on meteorite parent bodies and to a greater understanding of the thermal and collisional evolution of minor planets, including the heliocentric zonation of the main belt.|-id=117|

text: 12117 Meagmessina

text: ||  || Meagan Elizabeth Messina (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=118|

text: 12118 Mirotsin

text: ||  || Yauhen Adolfovich Mirotsin (born 1985) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematics project. |-id=119|

text: 12119 Memamis

text: ||  || Megan Marie Miskowski (born 1984) is a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=123|

text: 12123 Pazin

text: Pazin

text: , a

text: Croatia

text: n town in the

text: Istrian Peninsula

text: and the administrative center of

text: Istria County

text: . |-id=124|

text: 12124 Hvar

text: Hvar

text: , a

text: Croatia

text: n island in the

text: Adriatic Sea

text: , located off the

text: Dalmatia

text: n coast. |-id=125|

text: 12125 Jamesjones

text: James Jones

text: , Canadian astronomer †|-id=127|

text: 12127 Mamiya

text: Rinzo Mamiya

text: (1780–1844), an explorer and surveyor of the northern area of Japan. |-id=128|

text: 12128 Palermiti

text: ||  || Mike Palermiti, director of an observatory in Florida. |-id=130|

text: 12130 Mousa

text: ||  || Ahmed and Sarah Shaker Mousa, American finalists, 2000–2006 Intel

text: (ISEF) †*|-id=131|

text: 12131 Echternach

text: || 2085 P-L ||

text: Eddy Echternach

text: , Dutch author, science writer and astronomy popularizer |-id=132|

text: 12132 Wimfröger

text: || 2103 P-L ||

text: Willem Albertus Fröger

text: , Dutch-Argentinian amateur astronomer |-id=133|

text: 12133 Titulaer

text: || 2558 P-L ||

text: Chriet Titulaer

text: , Dutch science writer and astronomer, co-presenter, with Henk Terlingen, of the Dutch television coverage of the Apollo Moon landings |-id=134|

text: 12134 Hansfriedeman

text: || 2574 P-L ||

text: Johannes Lambertus Maria ("Hans") Friedeman

text: , 20th-century Dutch journalist and space enthusiast |-id=135|

text: 12135 Terlingen

text: || 3021 P-L ||

text: Henk Terlingen

text: , Dutch journalist, co-author, with Chriet Titulaer, of the Dutch television coverage of the Apollo Moon landings |-id=136|

text: 12136 Martinryle

text: || 3045 P-L ||

text: Martin Ryle

text: , 20th-century British astrophysicist and radio-astronomer, inventor of the

text: aperture synthesis

text: technique of interferometry |-id=137|

text: 12137 Williefowler

text: || 4004 P-L ||

text: William Alfred Fowler

text: , 20th-century American nuclear astrophysicist |-id=138|

text: 12138 Olinwilson

text: || 4053 P-L ||

text: Olin C. Wilson

text: , 20th-century American spectroscopist, co-discoverer, with

text: Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu

text: , of the

text: Wilson-Bappu effect

text: 12139 Tomcowling

text: || 4055 P-L ||

text: Thomas G. Cowling

text: , 20th-century British astrophysicist |-id=140|

text: 12140 Johnbolton

text: || 4087 P-L ||

text: John G. Bolton

text: , 20th-century Australian radio astronomer pioneer |-id=141|

text: 12141 Chushayashi

text: || 4112 P-L ||

text: Chushiro Hayashi

text: , Japanese astrophysicist |-id=142|

text: 12142 Franklow

text: || 4624 P-L ||

text: Frank J. Low

text: , American physicist and infrared astronomer, inventor of the gallium-doped germanium

text: bolometer

text: 12143 Harwit

text: || 4631 P-L ||

text: Martin O. Harwit

text: , Czech-American astrophysicist and infrared astronomer, director (1987–1995) of the Smithsonian Institution's

text: National Air and Space Museum

text: 12144 Einhart

text: || 4661 P-L ||

text: Einhart

text: (also Eginhard or Einhard, ca. 770) was a Frankish scholar and historian. He was the chancellor of Charles the Great and of his son Ludwig the Pious. Einhard wrote Vita Karoli Magni, the biography of Charles the Great, one of the most precious books of the early Middle Ages.|-id=145|

text: 12145 Behaim

text: || 4730 P-L ||

text: Martin Behaim

text: (1459-1507) was a German merchant, astronomer and cosmographer from Nürnberg. He traveled through Europe and became a Portuguese knight. He developed the earliest terrestrial globe, Erdapfel, or `Earth Apple', with a diameter of about 50 cm.|-id=146|

text: 12146 Ostriker

text: || 6035 P-L || Jeremiah P. Ostriker, an American astrophysicist. |-id=147|

text: 12147 Bramante

text: || 6082 P-L ||

text: Donato Bramante

text: (1444-1514) was an Italian architect of the high Renaissance, working mainly in Milan and Rome. In Rome he designed his greatest work, St. Peter's Basilica.|-id=148|

text: 12148 Caravaggio

text: || 6636 P-L ||

text: Michelangelo Merist da Caravaggio

text: (1571-1610) was an Italian artist of the Renaissance. He was almost forgotten after his death, but in the twentieth century his importance was rediscovered because of his great influence on the Baroque style during the Counter Reformation.|-id=149|

text: 12149 Begas

text: || 9099 P-L ||

text: Begas

text: is the name of a German family of nineteenth-century artists, of whom the best known was Romantik-style painter Carl Joseph Begas (1794-1854). Of his four sons, Reinhold (1831-1911) and Carl Begas, Jr. (1845-1916), were sculptors, and Oskar (1828-1883) and Adalbert (1836-1888) Begas were painters.|-id=150|

text: 12150 De Ruyter

text: || 1051 T-1 ||

text: Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter

text: , 17th-century Dutch admiral |-id=151|

text: 12151 Oranje-Nassau

text: || 1220 T-1 ||

text: Willem I

text: , Prince van Oranje-Nassau (1533-1584), led the Netherlands provinces in their war of liberation against Spain during 1568-1648. "The Father of the Fatherland" was assassinated and is entombed in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, was written in his honor.|-id=152|

text: 12152 Aratus

text: || 1287 T-1 || Hellenistic poet

text: Aratus of Soli

text: (c. 315/310-before 235 B.C.) was the author of Phaenomena ("Appearances"), an influential didactic poem composed around 275 B.C. that describes the celestial sphere, the constellations and weather prognostications based on their rising and setting.|-id=153|

text: 12153 Conon

text: || 3219 T-1 ||

text: Conon of Samos

text: (c. 280-c. 220 B.C.) was a Hellenistic astronomer and mathematician who worked in Alexandria. In 246 B.C. he created the constellation of Coma Berenices, commemorating the sacrifice of Queen Berenice's tresses of hair after her husband's return from the Third Syrian War.|-id=154|

text: 12154 Callimachus

text: || 3329 T-1 ||

text: Callimachus of Cyrene

text: (c. 305-c. 240 B.C.) was a Hellenistic scholar and poet who worked in Alexandria, where he compiled a catalogue of the famous library. He wrote the poem Coma Berenices commemorating the creation of the eponymous constellation by Conon of Samos in 246 B.C.|-id=155|

text: 12155 Hyginus

text: || 4193 T-1 ||

text: Gaius Julius Hyginus

text: (c. 64 B.C.-A.D. 17), Roman historian, philologer and mythographer, presided over the Palatine Library in Rome. His De Astronomia (or Poeticon Astronomicon) gives a comprehensive overview of the myths associated with the constellations. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=156|

text: 12156 Ubels

text: || 1042 T-2 || Egbert Ubels, Dutch fireman who perished on 9 May 2008 while fighting a shipyard fire in

text: De Punt

text: (Drenthe, Netherlands), along with colleagues Raymond Patrick Soyer and Anne Kregel |-id=157|

text: 12157 Können

text: || 1070 T-2 || Günther Peter Können (b. 1944), a researcher at the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, specialized in atmospheric optics. He is famous for his book Polarized light in Nature, which describes phenomena such as halos and rainbows. The name was suggested by M. Drummen.|-id=158|

text: 12158 Tape

text: || 1101 T-2 || Walter Tape (b. 1941) is an Alaskan mathematician. With his book Atmospheric halos he made an outstanding contribution to the popularization of these beautiful phenomena. The name was suggested by G. P. Können and M. Drummen.|-id=159|

text: 12159 Bettybiegel

text: || 1142 T-2 || Rebekka A. "Betty" Biegel (1886-1943) studied astronomy in Leiden, obtained her doctorate in Zürich, pursued psychology in Utrecht and developed psychological instruments for testing people. She commited suicide by cyanide rather than allow herself to be transported to Auschwitz. The name was suggested by W. R. Dick.|-id=160|

text: 12160 Karelwakker

text: || 1152 T-2 || Karel F. Wakker (b. 1944), professor of astrodynamics at Delft Techical University, has made important contributions to Dutch, ESA and NASA space projects, as well as inspiring numerous students. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=161|

text: 12161 Avienius

text: || 1158 T-2 || Postumius Rufius Festus Avienius, who lived in the second half of the fourth century, was a Latin poet from Etruria. He composed didactic poems on astronomy and geography. His Aratea was based on earlier Latin translations of Aratus' Phaenomena. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=162|

text: 12162 Bilderdijk

text: || 2145 T-2 || Willem Bilderdijk (1756-1831) was a Dutch poet and scholar who composed two didactic astronomical poems, Starrenkennis (1794) and De Starrenhemel (1807). These described the celestial sphere, the Milky Way and the constellations. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=163|

text: 12163 Manilius

text: || 3013 T-2 || Roman poet and astrologer

text: Marcus Manilius

text: (1st century A.D.) wrote the comprehensive astronomical-astrological poem Astronomica. The five-volume work was dedicated to Tiberius and contains a mythological description of the constellations and the Milky Way. The name was suggested by R. H. van Gent.|-id=164|

text: 12164 Lowellgreen

text: || 3067 T-2 ||

text: Lowell Clark Green

text: (born 1925), a Lutheran pastor/theologian for more than half a century and Renaissance/Reformation scholar, now resident in Buffalo, New York. |-id=165|

text: 12165 Ringleb

text: || 3289 T-2 || Peter Ringleb, German neurologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=166|

text: 12166 Oliverherrmann

text: || 3372 T-2 || Oliver Herrmann, German neurologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=167|

text: 12167 Olivermüller

text: || 4306 T-2 || Oliver Müller, German cardiologist, member of the team who cared for the second discoverer |-id=168|

text: 12168 Polko

text: || 5141 T-2 || Norbert Polko, German astronomical assistant |-id=169|

text: 12169 Munsterman

text: || 2031 T-3 || Henk Munsterman, Dutch amateur astrophotographer |-id=170|

text: 12170 Vanvollenhoven

text: || 2372 T-3 || Pieter van Vollenhoven, Dutch professor of risk management at the Technical University of Twente and Dutch ambassador of the

text: International Year of Astronomy

text: 12171 Johannink

text: || 2382 T-3 || Carl F. Johannink (b. 1959) is a Dutch high-school teacher and amateur astronomer. His main interests lie in meteor astronomy. He is a very prolific meteor observer, active within the Dutch Meteor Society. The name was suggested by K. Miskotte.|-id=172|

text: 12172 Niekdekort

text: || 2390 T-3 || Niek De Kort (b. 1956) has done outstanding work popularizing astronomy. He authored several books, including one about space research and the course book Modern Astronomy (1980) for a TV course with an enrollment of 25~000 people. The name was suggested by H. van Woerden and A. v. d. Brugge.|-id=173|

text: 12173 Lansbergen

text: || 3135 T-3 ||

text: Philippus Lansbergen

text: , 16th-17th-century Dutch Calvinist minister and astronomer, author of the first Dutch popular book on astronomy |-id=174|

text: 12174 van het Reve

text: || 3164 T-3 || Karel van het Reve (1921-1999), professor of Slavic languages at Leiden University and a prolific writer, was considered to be one of the finest Dutch essayists with wide-ranging interests. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=175|

text: 12175 Wimhermans

text: || 3197 T-3 || Dutch author Willem Frederik Hermans (1921-1995) was considered one of the most important writers in the Netherlands in the postwar period. His oeuvre includes novels, short stories, plays, along with poetry and essays, as well as philosophical and scientific works. The name was suggested by F. Israel.|-id=176|

text: 12176 Hidayat

text: || 3468 T-3 || Bambang Hidayat (b. 1934) is an active promotor of astronomy in Indonesia. Known for his work on visual binaries and H-emission-line stars, he was director of

text: Bosscha Observatory

text: in

text: Lembang

text: during 1968-1999 and vice-president of the IAU during 1994-2000.|-id=177|

text: 12177 Raharto

text: || 4074 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer Moedji Raharto (b. 1954) is senior lecturer at the

text: Institut Teknologi Bandung

text: and was director of

text: Bosscha Observatory

text: in

text: Lembang

text: during 2000-2003. He is an authority on Galactic structure, based on the Hipparcos and IRAS-Point Source catalogues.|-id=178|

text: 12178 Dhani

text: || 4304 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer and solar physicist Herdiwijaya Dhani (b. 1963) was director of

text: Bosscha Observatory

text: in Lembang during 2004-2005. He is known for his work on binaries, solar magnetic activity and its influence on weather and climate.|-id=179|

text: 12179 Taufiq

text: || 5030 T-3 || Indonesian astronomer Taufiq Hidayat (b. 1965), associate professor at the

text: Institut Teknologi Bandung

text: , was director of

text: Bosscha Observatory

text: in

text: Lembang

text: during 2006-2009. Known for work on the solar system and extrasolar transits, he actively fights the adverse effects of urbanisation around the observatory.|-id=180|

text: 12180 Kistemaker

text: || 5167 T-3 || Jacob Kistemaker (1917–2010), Teylers professor at

text: Leiden University

text: . |-id=182|

text: 12182 Storm

text: Theodor Storm

text: (1817–1888), a German writer. |-id=185|

text: 12185 Gasprinskij

text: Ismail Gasprinskij

text: (1851–1914) was a Crimean-Tatar teacher, enlightener, writer, publisher and public figure. |-id=186|

text: 12186 Mitukurigen

text: Mitukuri Genpo

text: (1799–1863), a physician of Western medicine in the late

text: Edo period

text: . |-id=187|

text: 12187 Lenagoryunova

text: ||  || Elena (Lena) Viktorovna Goryunova (born 1961), hydrologist at

text: Sebastopol Institute of Hydrography

text: . |-id=189|

text: 12189 Dovgyj

text: ||  || Stanislav Alekseevich Dovgyj (born 1954), a corresponding member of the

text: Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences

text: , is a scientist in the field of mechanics. |-id=190|

text: 12190 Sarkisov

text: ||  || Pavel Djibraelovich Sarkisov (born 1932), rector of the D. I. Mendeleev Moscow Chemical-Technological University. |-id=191|

text: 12191 Vorontsova

text: ||  || Margarita Alekseevna Vorontsova (born 1923), a pediatrician at the Simferopol children's hospital|-id=197|

text: 12197 Jan-Otto

text: Jan-Otto Carlsson

text: , Swedish professor of inorganic chemistry at Uppsala University |-id=199|

text: 12199 Sohlman

text: ||  || Michael Sohlman (born 1944) is a well-known Swedish specialist in economics and finance, executive director of the Nobel Fund, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. |}

text: There are preserved observations of solar and lunar eclipses from Babylonian astronomy and Chinese astronomy beginning from the 8th century BC. These observations, as well as further astronomical historical records from astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere, can be used to determine the actual changes in the rotation of the Earth over the last 27 centuries: The calculation to describe the place and time of eclipse is dependent on the rotation of the Earth. The ancient observations are consistent with the Earth having rotated a significant more of a total turn than would result from today's value of the speed of rotation would indicate: The Earth was turning faster ever faster throughout the past. The cumulative effect of the faster turn, of a magnitude of milliseconds per century, 36,425 days per century, shows up in a magnitude of hours and thousands of kilometers in observations. Scholars have combed the ancient records and calculated by modern models the magnitude of the long term historical slowing down of the Earth's rotation.

text: There are preserved observations of

text: solar

text: and

text: lunar eclipse

text: s from

text: Babylonian astronomy

text: and

text: Chinese astronomy

text: beginning from the 8th century BC. These observations, as well as further astronomical historical records from

text: astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

text: and elsewhere, can be used to determine the actual changes in the rotation of the Earth over the last 27 centuries: The calculation to describe the place and time of eclipse is dependent on the rotation of the Earth. The ancient observations are consistent with the Earth having rotated a significant more of a total turn than would result from today's value of the speed of rotation would indicate: The Earth was turning faster ever faster throughout the past. The cumulative effect of the faster turn, of a magnitude of milliseconds per century, 36,425 days per century, shows up in a magnitude of hours and thousands of kilometers in observations. Scholars have combed the ancient records and calculated by modern models the magnitude of the long term historical slowing down of the Earth's rotation.

text: |-id=707| 26707 Navrazhnykh ||  || 26707 Navrazhnykh Discovered 2001 Mar. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Luizetta Vadimovna Navrazhnykh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Florida Atlantic University High School, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=711| 26711 Rebekahbau ||  || 26711 Rebekahbau Discovered 2001 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rebekah Bau (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences team project. She attends the Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=713| 26713 Iusukyin || 2001 GR || Iu Suk-yin (b. 1932), a passionate school teacher who gave lifetime support to her husband Joseph Liu, the founder of the Hong Kong Space Museum and the "Father of Amateur Astronomy" in Hong Kong. |-id=715| 26715 South Dakota || 2001 HJ || South Dakota, where the discovery site, the Badlands Observatory, is situated |-id=717| 26717 Jasonye ||  || 26717 Jasonye Discovered 2001 Apr. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jason Ye (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences team project. He attends the Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=720| 26720 Yangxinyan ||  || 26720 Yangxinyan Discovered 2001 Apr. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yang Xinyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=727| 26727 Wujunjun ||  || 26727 Wujunjun Discovered 2001 Apr. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wu Junjun (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project. He attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=728| 26728 Luwenqi ||  || 26728 Luwenqi Discovered 2001 Apr. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lu Wenqi (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=733| 26733 Nanavisitor ||  || Nana Visitor (Nana Tucker), American actress †|-id=734| 26734 Terryfarrell ||  || Terry Farrell (Theresa Lee Farrell), American actress †|-id=736| 26736 Rojeski ||  || 26736 Rojeski Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Hannah Rojeski (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the Hilo High School, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A.|-id=737| 26737 Adambradley ||  || 26737 Adambradley Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Adam Bradley Halverson (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical- and mechanical-engineering project. He attends the Garretson High School, Garretson, South Dakota, U.S.A.|-id=738| 26738 Lishizhen ||  || 26738 Lishizhen Discovered 2001 Apr. 28 by W. K. Y. Yeung at the Desert Beaver Observatory. Li Shizhen (1518-1593) was a Chinese herbalist. It took him 28 years to complete his Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica), with details of 1800 drugs.|-id=739| 26739 Hemaeberhart ||  || 26739 Hemaeberhart Discovered 2001 Apr. 23 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Heather Marie Eberhart (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-management project. She attends the Bellarmine Preparatory School, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=740| 26740 Camacho ||  || 26740 Camacho Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Martin Ayalde Camacho (b. 1995) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Central High School, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.|-id=757| 26757 Bastei ||  || The Bastei, a 193 m rock in the middle of the Elbsandsteingebirge (eastern Germany's "Saxon Switzerland"), rising above the Elbe river |-id=761| 26761 Stromboli || 2033 P-L || Stromboli island and volcano |-id=763| 26763 Peirithoos || 2706 P-L || Peirithoos, mythological friend of Theseus and father of the Greek hero Polypoites |-id=793| 26793 Bolshoi ||  || 26793 Bolshoi Discovered 1977 Jan. 13 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Located in the center of Moscow, the Bolshoi Theater of opera and ballet is the largest in Russia and one of the most significant in the world. Its history began in 1776, when the province procurator prince Petr Vasil'evich Urusov received the decree of Catherine II and started building the theater.|-id=795| 26795 Basilashvili ||  || Oleg Valerianovich Basilashvili (born 1934) has been honored as a People's Artist of the USSR and a state prize laureate of Russia along with many other domestic and foreign prizes, including an Honorable Citizen of St. Petersburg. |-id=800| 26800 Gualtierotrucco ||  || Gualtiero Trucco (b. 1953) is a cardiologist specializing in arrhythmology. |}

text: 26707 Navrazhnykh

text: ||  || 26707 Navrazhnykh Discovered 2001 Mar. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Luizetta Vadimovna Navrazhnykh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Florida Atlantic University High School, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=711|

text: 26711 Rebekahbau

text: ||  || 26711 Rebekahbau Discovered 2001 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rebekah Bau (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her plant-sciences team project. She attends the Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=713|

text: 26713 Iusukyin

text: || 2001 GR || Iu Suk-yin (b. 1932), a passionate school teacher who gave lifetime support to her husband Joseph Liu, the founder of the Hong Kong Space Museum and the "Father of Amateur Astronomy" in Hong Kong. |-id=715|

text: 26715 South Dakota

text: || 2001 HJ ||

text: South Dakota

text: , where the discovery site, the

text: Badlands Observatory

text: , is situated |-id=717|

text: 26717 Jasonye

text: ||  || 26717 Jasonye Discovered 2001 Apr. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jason Ye (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his plant-sciences team project. He attends the Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.|-id=720|

text: 26720 Yangxinyan

text: ||  || 26720 Yangxinyan Discovered 2001 Apr. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yang Xinyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=727|

text: 26727 Wujunjun

text: ||  || 26727 Wujunjun Discovered 2001 Apr. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wu Junjun (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry team project. He attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=728|

text: 26728 Luwenqi

text: ||  || 26728 Luwenqi Discovered 2001 Apr. 16 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lu Wenqi (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.|-id=733|

text: 26733 Nanavisitor

text: Nana Visitor

text: (Nana Tucker), American actress †|-id=734|

text: 26734 Terryfarrell

text: Terry Farrell

text: (Theresa Lee Farrell), American actress †|-id=736|

text: 26736 Rojeski

text: ||  || 26736 Rojeski Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Hannah Rojeski (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the Hilo High School, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A.|-id=737|

text: 26737 Adambradley

text: ||  || 26737 Adambradley Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Adam Bradley Halverson (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his electrical- and mechanical-engineering project. He attends the Garretson High School, Garretson, South Dakota, U.S.A.|-id=738|

text: 26738 Lishizhen

text: ||  || 26738 Lishizhen Discovered 2001 Apr. 28 by W. K. Y. Yeung at the Desert Beaver Observatory. Li Shizhen (1518-1593) was a Chinese herbalist. It took him 28 years to complete his Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica), with details of 1800 drugs.|-id=739|

text: 26739 Hemaeberhart

text: ||  || 26739 Hemaeberhart Discovered 2001 Apr. 23 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Heather Marie Eberhart (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-management project. She attends the Bellarmine Preparatory School, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A.|-id=740|

text: 26740 Camacho

text: ||  || 26740 Camacho Discovered 2001 Apr. 27 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Martin Ayalde Camacho (b. 1995) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Central High School, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.|-id=757|

text: 26757 Bastei

text: ||  || The

text: Bastei

text: , a 193 m rock in the middle of the

text: Elbsandsteingebirge

text: (eastern Germany's "Saxon Switzerland"), rising above the

text: Elbe river

text: 26761 Stromboli

text: || 2033 P-L ||

text: Stromboli

text: island and volcano |-id=763|

text: 26763 Peirithoos

text: || 2706 P-L ||

text: Peirithoos

text: , mythological friend of

text: Theseus

text: and father of the Greek hero

text: Polypoites

text: 26793 Bolshoi

text: ||  || 26793 Bolshoi Discovered 1977 Jan. 13 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Located in the center of Moscow, the Bolshoi Theater of opera and ballet is the largest in Russia and one of the most significant in the world. Its history began in 1776, when the province procurator prince Petr Vasil'evich Urusov received the decree of Catherine II and started building the theater.|-id=795|

text: 26795 Basilashvili

text: ||  || Oleg Valerianovich Basilashvili (born 1934) has been honored as a People's Artist of the USSR and a state prize laureate of Russia along with many other domestic and foreign prizes, including an Honorable Citizen of St. Petersburg. |-id=800|

text: 26800 Gualtierotrucco

text: ||  || Gualtiero Trucco (b. 1953) is a cardiologist specializing in arrhythmology. |}

text: Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of oceanography, marine biology, marine conservation, ecology, population dynamics, economics and management in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such as bioeconomics.

text: Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of

text: oceanography

text: marine biology

text: marine conservation

text: ecology

text: population dynamics

text: , economics and management in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such as

text: bioeconomics

text: The school is ranked as one of the best in the UK for Earth Sciences. A 2008 Research Assessment Exercise assessment ranked the "Earth Systems and Environmental Science" department as the best in the UK by number of world leading research and staff. Its Geography department was ranked 15th in the world according to the 2015 QS rankings.

text: The school is ranked as one of the best in the UK for Earth Sciences. A 2008

text: Research Assessment Exercise

text: assessment ranked the "Earth Systems and Environmental Science" department as the best in the UK by number of world leading research and staff. Its Geography department was ranked 15th in the world according to the 2015 QS rankings.

text: The work of Ali Qushji (d. 1474), who worked at Samarkand and then Istanbul, is seen as a late example of innovation in Islamic theoretical astronomy and it is believed he may have possibly had some influence on Nicolaus Copernicus due to similar arguments concerning the Earth's rotation. Before Qushji, the only astronomer to present empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation was Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1274), who used the phenomena of comets to refute Ptolemy's claim that a stationary Earth can be determined through observation. Al-Tusi, however, eventually accepted that the Earth was stationary on the basis of Aristotelian cosmology and natural philosophy. By the 15th century, the influence of Aristotelian physics and natural philosophy was declining due to religious opposition from Islamic theologians such as Al-Ghazali who opposed to the interference of Aristotelianism in astronomy, opening up possibilities for an astronomy unrestrained by philosophy. Under this influence, Qushji, in his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely empirical and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth. He also observed comets and elaborated on al-Tusi's argument. He took it a step further and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory and that it is not possible to empirically deduce which theory is true. His work was an important step away from Aristotelian physics and towards an independent astronomical physics.

text: The work of

text: Ali Qushji

text: (d. 1474), who worked at

text: Samarkand

text: and then

text: Istanbul

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: due to similar arguments concerning the

text: Earth's rotation

text: . Before Qushji, the only astronomer to present

text: empirical evidence

text: for the Earth's rotation was

text: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī

text: (d. 1274), who used the phenomena of

text: comet

text: s to refute

text: Ptolemy

text: 's claim that a stationary Earth can be determined through observation. Al-Tusi, however, eventually accepted that the Earth was stationary on the basis of

text: Aristotelian cosmology

text: and

text: natural philosophy

text: . By the 15th century, the influence of

text: Aristotelian physics

text: and natural philosophy was declining due to religious opposition from

text: Islamic theologians

text: such as

text: Al-Ghazali

text: who opposed to the interference of

text: Aristotelianism

text: in astronomy, opening up possibilities for an astronomy unrestrained by philosophy. Under this influence, Qushji, in his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely

text: empirical

text: and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationary Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth. He also observed comets and elaborated on al-Tusi's argument. He took it a step further and concluded, on the basis of empirical evidence rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory and that it is not possible to empirically deduce which theory is true. His work was an important step away from Aristotelian physics and towards an independent

text: astronomical physics

text: Professor Alexander Dallas Bache became superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey after Hasslers death in 1843. During his years as superintendent, he reorganized the Coast Survey and expanded its work southward along the United States East Coast into the Florida Keys. In 1846 the Survey began to operate a ship, Phoenix, on the United States Gulf Coast for the first time. By 1847, Bache had expanded the Surveys operations from nine states to seventeen, and by 1849 it also operated along the United States West Coast, giving it a presence along all coasts of the United States. In 1845, he instituted the worlds first systematic oceanographic project for studying a specific phenomenon when he directed the Coast Survey to begin systematic studies of the Gulf Stream and its environs, including physical oceanography, geological oceanography, biological oceanography, and chemical oceanography. Baches initial orders for the Gulf Stream study served as a model for all subsequent integrated oceanographic cruises. Bache also instituted regular and systematic observations of the tides and investigated magnetic forces and directions, making the Survey the center of U.S. Government expertise in geophysics for the following century. In the late 1840s, the Survey pioneered the use of the telegraph to provide highly accurate determinations of longitude; known as the "American method," it soon was emulated worldwide.

text: Professor

text: Alexander Dallas Bache

text: became superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey after Hasslers death in 1843. During his years as superintendent, he reorganized the Coast Survey and expanded its work southward along the

text: United States East Coast

text: into the

text: Florida Keys

text: . In 1846 the Survey began to operate a ship,

text: Phoenix

text: , on the

text: United States Gulf Coast

text: for the first time. By 1847, Bache had expanded the Surveys operations from nine states to seventeen, and by 1849 it also operated along the

text: United States West Coast

text: , giving it a presence along all coasts of the United States. In 1845, he instituted the worlds first systematic oceanographic project for studying a specific phenomenon when he directed the Coast Survey to begin systematic studies of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: and its environs, including physical oceanography,

text: geological

text: oceanography,

text: biological

text: oceanography, and

text: chemical

text: oceanography. Baches initial orders for the Gulf Stream study served as a model for all subsequent integrated oceanographic cruises. Bache also instituted regular and systematic observations of the

text: tide

text: s and investigated

text: magnetic

text: forces and directions, making the Survey the center of U.S. Government expertise in geophysics for the following century. In the late 1840s, the Survey pioneered the use of the

text: telegraph

text: to provide highly accurate determinations of

text: longitude

text: ; known as the "American method," it soon was emulated worldwide.

text: Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system.

text: Earth science

text: science

text: s related to the planet

text: Earth

text: . It is arguably a special case in

text: planetary science

text: , the Earth being the only known

text: life

text: -bearing planet. There are both

text: reductionist

text: and

text: holistic

text: approaches to Earth science. There are four major

text: discipline

text: s in earth sciences, namely

text: geography

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: and

text: geodesy

text: . These major disciplines use

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: chronology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or

text: spheres

text: of the Earth system.

text: |-| 27101 Wenyucao ||  || 27101 Wenyucao Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wenyu Cao (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=102| 27102 Emilychen ||  || 27102 Emilychen Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Emily Li Chen (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her microbiology project. She attends the Brownell-Talbot High School, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |-id=103| 27103 Sungwoncho ||  || 27103 Sungwoncho Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sung Won Cho (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his animal-sciences project. He attends the Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=105| 27105 Clarkben ||  || 27105 Clarkben Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Benjamin Mathias Clark (born 1995) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Penn Manor High School, Millersville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=106| 27106 Jongoldman ||  || 27106 Jongoldman Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jonathan Aaron Goldman (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral- and social-sciences project. He attends the Plainview-Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, New York, U.S. |-id=107| 27107 Michelleabi ||  || 27107 Michelleabi Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michelle Abi Hackman (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her behavioral- and social-sciences project. She attends the John Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, New York, U.S. |-id=108| 27108 Bryanhe ||  || 27108 Bryanhe Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bryan Dawei He (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer-science project. He attends the Williamsville High School East, East Amherst, New York, U.S. |-id=110| 27110 Annemaryvonne ||  || Anne Marie Yvonne Maury Van Der Donckt (born 1965), the sister of one of the discoverers. |-id=114| 27114 Lukasiewicz ||  || Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish mathematician and logician, inventor of "reverse Polish notation" |-id=120| 27120 Isabelhawkins ||  || Isabel Trecco Hawkins, American astrochemist and director of the Center for Science Education at the University of California Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory |-id=121| 27121 Joardar ||  || 27121 Joardar Discovered 1998 Nov. 21 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rounok Joardar (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S. |-id=123| 27123 Matthewlam ||  || 27123 Matthewlam Discovered 1998 Nov. 21 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Matthew Lam (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral- and social-sciences project. He attends the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York, U.S. |-id=125| 27125 Siyilee ||  || 27125 Siyilee Discovered 1998 Nov. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Si-Yi Ryan Lee (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the North Carolina School Of Science And Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=126| 27126 Bonnielei ||  || 27126 Bonnielei Discovered 1998 Nov. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bonnie Rae Lei (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her animal-sciences project. She attends the Walnut High School, Walnut, California, U.S. |-id=130| 27130 Dipaola ||  || Andrea Di Paola, Italian astronomer †|-id=132| 27132 Ježek ||  || Jaroslav Ježek, Czech composer †|-id=141| 27141 Krystleleung ||  || 27141 Krystleleung Discovered 1998 Dec. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Krystle M. Leung (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her environmental-science project. She attends the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois, U.S. |-id=147| 27147 Mercedessosa ||  || 27147 Mercedessosa Discovered 1998 Dec. 17 by ODAS at Caussols. Mercedes Sosa (1935–2009) was an Argentinian popular singer, also known as La Negra by her fans. She renewed South American folk music, interpreting, among others, songs from Atahualpa Yupanqui and Violetta Parra. She was a goodwill ambassador for UNESCO in South America and the Caribbean.|-id=150| 27150 Annasante ||  || Anna Mazzi and Sante Colombini, parents of Ermes Colombini, one of the discoverers. |-id=178| 27178 Quino ||  || Joaquin Salvador Lavado Tejon (born 1932), known as Quino, an Argentinian cartoonist.  |-id=184| 27184 Ciabattari ||  || Fabrizio Ciabattari (born 1970), an Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=192| 27192 Selenali ||  || 27192 Selenali Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Selena Shi-Yao Li (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, U.S. |-id=194| 27194 Jonathanli ||  || 27194 Jonathanli Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jonathan F. Li (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Saint Margaret's Episcopal School, San Juan Capistrano, California, U.S. |-id=197| 27197 Andrewliu ||  || 27197 Andrewliu Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrew Bo Liu (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Henry M. Gunn Senior High School, Palo Alto, California, U.S. |}

text: 27101 Wenyucao

text: ||  || 27101 Wenyucao Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Wenyu Cao (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=102|

text: 27102 Emilychen

text: ||  || 27102 Emilychen Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Emily Li Chen (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her microbiology project. She attends the Brownell-Talbot High School, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |-id=103|

text: 27103 Sungwoncho

text: ||  || 27103 Sungwoncho Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sung Won Cho (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his animal-sciences project. He attends the Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=105|

text: 27105 Clarkben

text: ||  || 27105 Clarkben Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Benjamin Mathias Clark (born 1995) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Penn Manor High School, Millersville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=106|

text: 27106 Jongoldman

text: ||  || 27106 Jongoldman Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jonathan Aaron Goldman (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral- and social-sciences project. He attends the Plainview-Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, New York, U.S. |-id=107|

text: 27107 Michelleabi

text: ||  || 27107 Michelleabi Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michelle Abi Hackman (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her behavioral- and social-sciences project. She attends the John Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, New York, U.S. |-id=108|

text: 27108 Bryanhe

text: ||  || 27108 Bryanhe Discovered 1998 Nov. 10 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bryan Dawei He (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer-science project. He attends the Williamsville High School East, East Amherst, New York, U.S. |-id=110|

text: 27110 Annemaryvonne

text: ||  || Anne Marie Yvonne Maury Van Der Donckt (born 1965), the sister of one of the discoverers. |-id=114|

text: 27114 Lukasiewicz

text: Jan Łukasiewicz

text: , Polish mathematician and logician, inventor of "reverse Polish notation" |-id=120|

text: 27120 Isabelhawkins

text: Isabel Trecco Hawkins

text: , American astrochemist and director of the Center for Science Education at the University of California Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory |-id=121|

text: 27121 Joardar

text: ||  || 27121 Joardar Discovered 1998 Nov. 21 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rounok Joardar (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the Plano West Senior High School, Plano, Texas, U.S. |-id=123|

text: 27123 Matthewlam

text: ||  || 27123 Matthewlam Discovered 1998 Nov. 21 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Matthew Lam (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his behavioral- and social-sciences project. He attends the Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, New York, U.S. |-id=125|

text: 27125 Siyilee

text: ||  || 27125 Siyilee Discovered 1998 Nov. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Si-Yi Ryan Lee (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his biochemistry project. He attends the North Carolina School Of Science And Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=126|

text: 27126 Bonnielei

text: ||  || 27126 Bonnielei Discovered 1998 Nov. 18 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bonnie Rae Lei (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her animal-sciences project. She attends the Walnut High School, Walnut, California, U.S. |-id=130|

text: 27130 Dipaola

text: Andrea Di Paola

text: , Italian astronomer †|-id=132|

text: 27132 Ježek

text: Jaroslav Ježek

text: , Czech composer †|-id=141|

text: 27141 Krystleleung

text: ||  || 27141 Krystleleung Discovered 1998 Dec. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Krystle M. Leung (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her environmental-science project. She attends the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois, U.S. |-id=147|

text: 27147 Mercedessosa

text: ||  || 27147 Mercedessosa Discovered 1998 Dec. 17 by ODAS at Caussols. Mercedes Sosa (1935–2009) was an Argentinian popular singer, also known as La Negra by her fans. She renewed South American folk music, interpreting, among others, songs from Atahualpa Yupanqui and Violetta Parra. She was a goodwill ambassador for UNESCO in South America and the Caribbean.|-id=150|

text: 27150 Annasante

text: ||  || Anna Mazzi and Sante Colombini, parents of Ermes Colombini, one of the discoverers. |-id=178|

text: 27178 Quino

text: ||  || Joaquin Salvador Lavado Tejon (born 1932), known as

text: Quino

text: , an Argentinian cartoonist.  |-id=184|

text: 27184 Ciabattari

text: ||  || Fabrizio Ciabattari (born 1970), an Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=192|

text: 27192 Selenali

text: ||  || 27192 Selenali Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Selena Shi-Yao Li (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, U.S. |-id=194|

text: 27194 Jonathanli

text: ||  || 27194 Jonathanli Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jonathan F. Li (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Saint Margaret's Episcopal School, San Juan Capistrano, California, U.S. |-id=197|

text: 27197 Andrewliu

text: ||  || 27197 Andrewliu Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrew Bo Liu (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his bioinformatics and genomics project. He attends the Henry M. Gunn Senior High School, Palo Alto, California, U.S. |}

text: The university has seven teaching campuses. The main campus is located in the Highfield area of Southampton and is supplemented by four other campuses within the city: Avenue Campus housing the Faculty of Humanities, the National Oceanography Centre housing courses in Ocean and Earth Sciences, Southampton General Hospital offering courses in Medicine and Health Sciences, and Boldrewood Campus an engineering and maritime technology campus housing also the university's strategic ally Lloyd's Register. In addition, the university operates a School of Art based in nearby Winchester and an international branch in Malaysia offering courses in Engineering. Each campus is equipped with its own library facilities.

text: The university has seven teaching campuses. The

text: main campus

text: is located in the

text: Highfield

text: area of Southampton and is supplemented by four other campuses within the city:

text: Avenue Campus

text: housing the Faculty of Humanities, the

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: housing courses in Ocean and Earth Sciences,

text: Southampton General Hospital

text: offering courses in Medicine and Health Sciences, and

text: Boldrewood Campus

text: an engineering and maritime technology campus housing also the university's strategic ally

text: Lloyd's Register

text: . In addition, the university operates a

text: School of Art

text: based in nearby

text: Winchester

text: and an international branch in

text: Malaysia

text: offering courses in Engineering. Each campus is equipped with its own library facilities.

text: Adams served the government in a number of capacities.  In 1996, Adams was named chairman of the United States National Research Council (NRC) panel that reviewed the Mineral Resource Surveys Program Plan of the United States Geological Survey (USGS).  In recognition of his service to the USGS, he was presented with the John Wesley Powell Award, the USGS’s highest honor, in 1998.  He was subsequently vice chairman of the NRC Committee on Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands.  For many years, he served as a member of the Board of Earth Sciences and Resources of the National Academy of Sciences, advising the United States Congress and government agencies on issues and policy related to earth science and environmental science.

text: Adams served the

text: government

text: in a number of capacities.  In 1996, Adams was named chairman of the

entity_name: National Research Council (United States)

text: United States National Research Council

text: (NRC) panel that reviewed the Mineral Resource Surveys Program Plan of the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS).  In recognition of his service to the USGS, he was presented with the

text: John Wesley Powell Award

text: , the USGS’s highest honor, in 1998.  He was subsequently vice chairman of the NRC Committee on Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands.  For many years, he served as a member of the Board of Earth Sciences and Resources of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: , advising the

text: United States Congress

text: and government agencies on issues and policy related to

text: earth science

text: and

text: environmental science

text: Buratti received an M.S. in Earth and Planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.S. and PhD in Astronomy and Space Sciences from Cornell University.

text: Buratti received an M.S. in Earth and Planetary sciences from the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: and an M.S. and PhD in Astronomy and Space Sciences from

text: Cornell University

text: The history of geology is concerned with the development of the natural science of geology. Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth.

text: The history of geology is concerned with the development of the natural science of geology.

text: Geology

text: is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the

text: Earth

text: Atmospheric science| operator              = Finnish Meteorological Institute| website               = | COSPAR_ID             = | SATCAT                = | mission_duration      =

text: Atmospheric science| operator              =

text: Finnish Meteorological Institute

text: | website               = | COSPAR_ID             = | SATCAT                = | mission_duration      =

text: The Columbia University Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering focuses on research that finds solutions to global sustainability. The department traces its history to the Henry Krumb School of Mines, concentrating in areas of water resources and climate risks, sustainable energy and materials, and environmental health engineering.The Henry Krumb School of Mines has been a leading institution in mining and metallurgy research, having pioneered works in mineral beneficiation, chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena in mineral extraction. HKSM has been a leader in mining and metallurgy research and education, including the first mining handbook by Professor Peele, the first mineral processing handbook by Professor Taggart.During the 19th and 20th centuries, HKSM contributed to the development of technologies that provided basic materials need. Today the traditional mining and mineral engineering of the department were transformed to embody material and environmental engineering. The department maintains close ties with the Columbia Earth Institute directed by economist Jeffrey Sachs.The M.S. degree in Earth Resources Engineering was established in 1996 to supplant the mining and mineral engineering degree. The B.S. program in Earth and Environmental Engineering was initiated in 1998 with a student:faculty ratio of 3:1.The department enjoys external partnerships with other engineering departments, Columbia Earth Institute, the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, the Mailman School of Public Health, and the School of International and Public Affairs.The department offers the bachelor of science, master of science, doctor of philosophy, doctor of engineering science, and joint M.B.A degree with Columbia Business School. Recent graduates have gone on to work for Schlumberger, Ltd., CDM, Kleinfelder. Others have gone on to further studies, both at Columbia and at other leading universities.

text: The Columbia University Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering focuses on research that finds solutions to global sustainability. The department traces its history to the Henry Krumb School of Mines, concentrating in areas of water resources and climate risks, sustainable energy and materials, and environmental health engineering.The Henry Krumb School of Mines has been a leading institution in mining and metallurgy research, having pioneered works in mineral beneficiation, chemical

text: thermodynamics

text: , kinetics, and transport phenomena in mineral extraction. HKSM has been a leader in mining and metallurgy research and education, including the first mining handbook by Professor Peele, the first mineral processing handbook by Professor Taggart.During the 19th and 20th centuries, HKSM contributed to the development of technologies that provided basic materials need. Today the traditional mining and mineral engineering of the department were transformed to embody material and environmental engineering. The department maintains close ties with the Columbia

text: Earth Institute

text: directed by economist

text: Jeffrey Sachs

text: .The M.S. degree in Earth Resources Engineering was established in 1996 to supplant the mining and mineral engineering degree. The B.S. program in Earth and Environmental Engineering was initiated in 1998 with a student:faculty ratio of 3:1.The department enjoys external partnerships with other engineering departments, Columbia Earth Institute, the

text: Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory

text: , the

entity_section: International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI)

text: International Research Institute for Climate and Society

text: , the

entity_name: Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

text: Mailman School of Public Health

text: , and the

text: .The department offers the bachelor of science, master of science, doctor of philosophy, doctor of engineering science, and joint M.B.A degree with Columbia Business School. Recent graduates have gone on to work for

text: Schlumberger, Ltd.

text: , CDM,

text: Kleinfelder

text: . Others have gone on to further studies, both at Columbia and at other leading universities.

text: Since its creation, the primary scientific directions of the Organization have stemmed from its Scientific Committees (Biological Oceanography, Fishery Science, Physical Oceanography and Climate, and Marine Environmental Quality) supported by two Technical Committees (Data Exchange, and Monitoring). Each committee has authority to create subsidiary expert groups, with the approval of the Governing Council, to undertake the scientific work of the committees. National membership of all committees and other expert groups is determined by the delegates of each member country. Committee chairmen serve on the PICES Science Board, which is responsible for authorizing and overseeing all scientific activities of the Organization.

text: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi – the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean as recognized by the World Meteorological Organization – issued warnings for tropical cyclones developing in the region, using satellite imagery and surface data to assess and predict storms. The agency also utilized a tropical cyclone forecast model that used climatology and a storm's persistence to forecast future movement. Warnings and advisories were broadcast throughout India by telegraph and news media. The basin's activity is sub-divided between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal on opposite coasts of India, and is generally split before and after the monsoon season. Storms were also tracked on an unofficial basis by the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

text: The

text: India Meteorological Department

text: (IMD) in

text: New Delhi

text: – the official

text: for the northern

text: Indian Ocean

text: as recognized by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: – issued warnings for tropical cyclones developing in the region, using satellite imagery and surface data to assess and predict storms. The agency also utilized a

text: tropical cyclone forecast model

text: that used climatology and a storm's persistence to forecast future movement. Warnings and advisories were broadcast throughout India by telegraph and news media. The basin's activity is sub-divided between the

text: Arabian Sea

text: and the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: on opposite coasts of India, and is generally split before and after the

text: monsoon

text: season. Storms were also tracked on an unofficial basis by the American-based

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: In the 1970s, the recent publication of an English edition of The Genesis Flood, the EPM's rejection of flood geology, and Tilney's idiosyncratic scriptural interpretations, led to the formation of rival creationist groups such as the Newton Scientific Association and the Biblical Creation Society. During this time the EPM came to grudging acceptance of flood geology, and a number of young Earth creationists (YEC) joined its council and moved the balance away from Tilney and his allies. It was renamed the Creation Science Movement in 1980. By the mid 1980s it had become overwhelmingly YEC, formally incorporated flood geology into their 'Deed of Trust' (which all officers were required to sign) and condemned Gap and Day-Age Creationism as unscriptural. By the early 1990s it had closed down its foreign branches, but had increased its membership considerably.

text: In the 1970s, the recent publication of an English edition of

text: The Genesis Flood

text: , the EPM's rejection of

text: flood geology

text: , and Tilney's idiosyncratic scriptural interpretations, led to the formation of rival creationist groups such as the Newton Scientific Association and the Biblical Creation Society. During this time the EPM came to grudging acceptance of flood geology, and a number of

text: young Earth creationists

text: (YEC) joined its council and moved the balance away from Tilney and his allies. It was renamed the Creation Science Movement in 1980. By the mid 1980s it had become overwhelmingly YEC, formally incorporated flood geology into their 'Deed of Trust' (which all officers were required to sign) and condemned Gap and

text: Day-Age Creationism

text: as unscriptural. By the early 1990s it had closed down its foreign branches, but had increased its membership considerably.

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.	  	There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Six forums, including

text: Communication

text: Information

text: sciences,

text: Environmental science

text: Forensic science

text: Science education

text: , Science for school students and women & science.	  	There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and

text: Forestry

text: sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and

text: Behavioral

text: sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science,

text: Plant science

text: Dr. Corell served as an Affiliate of the Washington Advisory Group and is a Senior Policy Fellow at the Policy Program of the American Meteorological Society.  He recently completed an appointment that began in January 2000 as a Senior Research Fellow in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Dr. Robert Corell has been quoted in the Washington Post, Vanity Fair, Golf Digest, CBS News’ 60 Minutes, and many additional public media outlets such as Skavla. Dr. Corell is actively engaged in research concerned with the sciences of global change and the interface between science and public policy, particularly research activities that are focused on global and regional climate change, related environmental issues, and science to facilitate understanding of vulnerability and sustainable development. He co-chairs an international strategic planning group that is developing a strategy designed to harness science, technology, and innovation for sustainable development; serves as the Chair of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment; counsels as Senior Science Advisor to ManyOne.Net; and is Chair of the Board of the Digital Universe Foundation. Dr. Corell was Assistant Director for Geosciences at the National Science Foundation where he had oversight for the Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences and the global change programs of the National Science Foundation (NSF).  He was also a professor and academic administrator at the University of New Hampshire.  Dr. Corell is an oceanographer and engineer by background and training, having received Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees at Case Western Reserve University and MIT. He has also held appointments at the Woods Hole Institution of Oceanography, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of Washington, and Case Western Reserve University.

text: Dr. Corell served as an Affiliate of the Washington Advisory Group and is a Senior Policy Fellow at the Policy Program of the

text: American Meteorological Society

text: .  He recently completed an appointment that began in January 2000 as a Senior Research Fellow in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Dr. Robert Corell has been quoted in the Washington Post, Vanity Fair, Golf Digest, CBS News’ 60 Minutes, and many additional public media outlets such as Skavla. Dr. Corell is actively engaged in research concerned with the sciences of global change and the interface between science and public policy, particularly research activities that are focused on global and regional climate change, related environmental issues, and science to facilitate understanding of vulnerability and sustainable development. He co-chairs an international strategic planning group that is developing a strategy designed to harness science, technology, and innovation for sustainable development; serves as the Chair of the

text: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

text: ; counsels as Senior Science Advisor to ManyOne.Net; and is Chair of the Board of the Digital Universe Foundation. Dr. Corell was Assistant Director for Geosciences at the National Science Foundation where he had oversight for the Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences and the global change programs of the National Science Foundation (NSF).  He was also a professor and academic administrator at the University of New Hampshire.  Dr. Corell is an oceanographer and engineer by background and training, having received Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees at Case Western Reserve University and MIT. He has also held appointments at the Woods Hole Institution of Oceanography, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of Washington, and Case Western Reserve University.

text: The Jewish Climate Initiative is a branch of JES and the ICSD.  It focuses on tikkun olam (literally "repairing the world" in Hebrew) by providing a Jewish response to the current climate change crisis that threatens the ecosystems of Earth. Its focus areas are ethics, policy and activism, and science and technology, and how to utilize those areas to make a difference in the world.

text: The Jewish Climate Initiative is a branch of JES and the ICSD.  It focuses on

text: tikkun olam

text: (literally "repairing the world" in Hebrew) by providing a Jewish response to the current climate change crisis that threatens the ecosystems of Earth. Its focus areas are ethics, policy and activism, and science and technology, and how to utilize those areas to make a difference in the world.

text: Hong was also interested in astronomy and mathematics. He maintained the rotundity of the Earth and Earth's rotation. Traditional Confucianists regard that the sky is globular and the ground is square so they couldn't understand Hong's idea. Also, He firmly excluded the Anthropocentrism. Hong thought all things in nature are equal.

text: Hong was also interested in

text: astronomy

text: and

text: mathematics

text: . He maintained the rotundity of the Earth and

text: Earth's rotation

text: . Traditional Confucianists regard that the sky is globular and the ground is square so they couldn't understand Hong's idea. Also, He firmly excluded the

text: Anthropocentrism

text: . Hong thought all things in nature are equal.

text: In oceanography, geomorphology, and Earth Sciences, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material, and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. Often it refers to those submerged ridges, banks, or bars that rise near enough to the surface of a body of water as to constitute a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars. Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past and or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex.

text: This page is a glossary of astronomy. This scientific study is concerned with celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy has an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon.

text: This page is a glossary of astronomy. This scientific study is concerned with

text: celestial objects

text: and

text: phenomena

text: that originate outside the

text: atmosphere of Earth

text: . The field of

text: astronomy

text: has an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon.

text: Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of anthropology, communication studies, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology; and also in the interdisciplinary fields of environmental studies, human ecology and political ecology, among others.

text: Environmental social science is the broad,

text: transdisciplinary

text: study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. Environmental social scientists work within and between the fields of

text: anthropology

text: communication studies

text: economics

text: geography

text: history

text: political science

text: psychology

text: , and

text: sociology

text: ; and also in the

text: interdisciplinary

text: fields of

text: environmental studies

text: human ecology

text: and

text: political ecology

text: , among others.

text: Sites at high altitude are ideal for optical astronomy and provide optimal seeing, being above a significant portion of the Earth's atmosphere with its associated weather, turbulence, and diminished clarity. In particular, sites on mountaintops within about  of the ocean often have excellent observing conditions above a stable inversion layer throughout much of the year. High altitude sites are also above most of atmosphere's water vapor, making them ideal for infrared astronomy and submillimeter astronomy as those wavelengths are strongly absorbed by water vapor. On the other hand, high altitude does not offer as significant an advantage for radio astronomy at longer wavelengths, so relatively few radio telescopes are located at such sites. At the far end of the spectrum, for the extremely short wavelengths of x-ray and gamma ray astronomy, along with high-energy cosmic rays, high altitude observations once again offers significant advantages, enough that many experiments at these wavelengths have been conducted by balloon-borne or even by space telescopes, although a number of high-altitude ground-based sites have also been used. These include the Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory in Bolivia, which at  was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until surpassed in 2009 by the new University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory, an optical-infrared telescope on a remote  mountaintop in Chile.

text: Sites at high altitude are ideal for

text: optical astronomy

text: and provide optimal seeing, being above a significant portion of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: with its associated weather, turbulence, and diminished clarity. In particular, sites on mountaintops within about  of the ocean often have excellent observing conditions above a stable

text: inversion layer

text: throughout much of the year. High altitude sites are also above most of atmosphere's

text: water vapor

text: , making them ideal for

text: infrared astronomy

text: and

text: submillimeter astronomy

text: as those wavelengths are strongly absorbed by water vapor. On the other hand, high altitude does not offer as significant an advantage for

text: radio astronomy

text: at longer wavelengths, so relatively few radio telescopes are located at such sites. At the far end of the spectrum, for the extremely short wavelengths of

text: x-ray

text: and

text: gamma ray astronomy

text: , along with high-energy

text: cosmic ray

text: s, high altitude observations once again offers significant advantages, enough that many experiments at these wavelengths have been conducted by balloon-borne or even by

text: space telescopes

text: , although a number of high-altitude ground-based sites have also been used. These include the

text: Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory

text: in Bolivia, which at  was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until surpassed in 2009 by the new

text: University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory

text: , an optical-infrared telescope on a remote  mountaintop in Chile.

text: Environmental science projects are implemented in cooperation with organizations such as “Pasaules Dabas Fonds” (Formerly-WWF Latvia), Latvian Fund for Nature, Baltic Environmental Forum, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, etc.

text: Environmental science

text: projects are implemented in cooperation with organizations such as “Pasaules Dabas Fonds” (Formerly-

text: WWF

text: Latvia), Latvian Fund for Nature, Baltic Environmental Forum,

text: Finnish Environment Institute

text: (SYKE),

text: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

entity_name: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute

text: Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute

text: , Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, etc.

text: In the past, the forecaster was responsible for generating the entire weather forecast based upon available observations. Today, meteorologists' input is generally confined to choosing a model based on various parameters, such as model biases and performance.  Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error.  However, regardless how small the average error becomes with any individual system, large errors within any particularly piece of guidance are still possible on any given model run.  Professionals are required to interpret the model data into weather forecasts that are understandable to the lay person.  Professionals can use knowledge of local effects which may be too small in size to be resolved by the model to add information to the forecast.  As an example, terrain is considered in the QPF process by using topography or climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.  Using model guidance and comparing the various forecast fields to climatology, extreme events such as excessive precipitation associated with later flood events lead to better forecasts.  While increasing accuracy of forecast models implies that humans may no longer be needed in the forecast process at some point in the future, there is currently still a need for human intervention.

text: In the past, the forecaster was responsible for generating the entire weather forecast based upon available observations. Today, meteorologists' input is generally confined to choosing a model based on various parameters, such as model biases and performance.  Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error.  However, regardless how small the average error becomes with any individual system, large errors within any particularly piece of guidance are still possible on any given model run.  Professionals are required to interpret the model data into weather forecasts that are understandable to the lay person.  Professionals can use knowledge of local effects which may be too small in size to be resolved by the model to add information to the forecast.  As an example, terrain is considered in the QPF process by using topography or climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.  Using model guidance and comparing the various forecast fields to climatology, extreme events such as excessive precipitation associated with later

text: flood

text: events lead to better forecasts.  While increasing accuracy of forecast models implies that humans may no longer be needed in the forecast process at some point in the future, there is currently still a need for human intervention.

text: NCED is building interdisciplinary Earth-surface science by integrating elements of geomorphology,ecology, hydrology, sedimentary geology, engineering, economics, and geochemistry. It is creating a predictive Earth-surface science by integrating the advances and approaches of theory, laboratory experiments, numerical modeling,and fieldwork

text: Every human language has its own word for the Earth's Moon, and these words are the ones normally used in astronomical contexts. However, a number of fanciful or mythological names for the Moon have been used in the context of astronomy (an even larger number of lunar epithets have been used in non-astronomical contexts). In the 17th century, the Moon was sometimes referred to as Proserpina. More recently, especially in science-fictional contexts, the Moon has been called by the Latin name Luna, presumably on the analogy of the Latin names of the planets, or by association with the adjectival form lunar. In technical terminology, the word-stems seleno- (from Greek selēnē "moon") and cynthi- (from Cynthia, an epithet of the goddess Artemis) are sometimes used to refer to the Moon, as in selenography, selenology, and pericynthion.

text: Every human language has its own word for the Earth's

text: Moon

text: , and these words are the ones normally used in astronomical contexts. However, a number of fanciful or mythological names for the Moon have been used in the context of astronomy (an even larger number of lunar epithets have been used in non-astronomical contexts). In the 17th century, the Moon was sometimes referred to as Proserpina. More recently, especially in science-fictional contexts, the Moon has been called by the

text: Latin

text: name Luna, presumably on the analogy of the Latin names of the planets, or by association with the adjectival form lunar. In technical terminology, the word-stems seleno- (from

text: Greek

text: selēnē "moon") and cynthi- (from Cynthia, an epithet of the goddess

text: Artemis

text: ) are sometimes used to refer to the Moon, as in selenography, selenology, and pericynthion.

text: The Memorial Science Department offers a wide variety of science courses. Integrated Science is the introductory ninth grade course. The Science Department offers several different AP courses including AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Environmental Science, and AP Physics. Courses in the Biological Sciences include Biology, AP Biology, Fundamentals of Biology, Conservation Biology, Anatomy and Physiology, Forensics Science, and Molecular Biology. Chemistry courses are available at three different levels: AP Chemistry, Chemistry Honors, and Chemistry. Physics courses include AP Physics, Math Physics, and General Physics. The school also offers courses in Earth Science, including Earth Science 1, Earth Science 2, Astronomy, and AP Environmental Science. Other courses include Aerospace engineering and Mechanical World.

text: In recent history, the theory of evolution has been at the center of some controversy between Christianity and science. Christians who accept a literal interpretation of the biblical account of creation find incompatibility between Darwinian evolution and their interpretation of the Christian faith. Creation science or scientific creationism is a branch of creationism that attempts to provide scientific support for the Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis and attempts to disprove generally accepted scientific facts, theories and scientific paradigms about the history of the Earth, cosmology and biological evolution. It began in the 1960s as a fundamentalist Christian effort in the United States to prove Biblical inerrancy and falsify the scientific evidence for evolution. It has since developed a sizable religious following in the United States, with creation science ministries branching worldwide. In 1925, The State of Tennessee passed the Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in all schools in the state. Later that year, a similar law was passed in Mississippi, and likewise, Arkansas in 1927. In 1968, these "anti-monkey" laws were struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States as unconstitutional, "because they established a religious doctrine violating both the First and Fourth Amendments to the Constitution.

text: In recent history, the theory of

text: evolution

text: has been at the center of some controversy between Christianity and science. Christians who accept a literal interpretation of the

text: biblical account of creation

text: find incompatibility between

text: Darwinian evolution

text: and their interpretation of the Christian faith.

text: Creation science

text: or

text: scientific creationism

text: is a branch of

text: creationism

text: that attempts to provide scientific support for the

text: Genesis creation narrative

text: in the

text: Book of Genesis

text: and attempts to disprove generally accepted

text: scientific fact

text: s,

text: theories

text: and

text: scientific paradigms

text: about the history of the

text: Earth

text: cosmology

text: and biological

text: evolution

text: . It began in the 1960s as a

text: fundamentalist Christian

text: effort in the United States to prove

text: Biblical inerrancy

text: and falsify the scientific

text: evidence for evolution

text: . It has since developed a sizable religious following in the United States, with creation science ministries branching worldwide. In 1925, The State of Tennessee passed the

text: Butler Act

text: , which prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution in all schools in the state. Later that year, a similar law was passed in Mississippi, and likewise, Arkansas in 1927. In 1968, these "anti-monkey" laws were struck down by the

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: as unconstitutional, "because they established a religious doctrine violating both the

entity_name: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: First

text: and

entity_name: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Fourth Amendments

text: to the

text: Constitution

text: O'Connor argues that terminology in the 21st-century is a stumbling-block to modern analysis of geologic competence of the scriptural geologists because science today is understood in the language of Lyell and Darwin rather than that of Penn and Fairholme. Scriptural geologists saw themselves as ‘geologists’ (in the early 19th-century understanding of the term) and valued geologic fieldwork.  Biblical exegesis, too, was central to science in general and earth history in particular.  For the educated of the early 19th-century the Bible was itself valuable evidence. Evidence does not speak for itself, but requires interpretation. A heap of strata, or a line of Hebrew, is interpreted in various ways. To use the words ‘geology’ or ‘science’ in the 21st century sense automatically excludes Scriptural geologist perspectives on this debate, and skews the discussion from the start.

text: Climatological averages are used to determine which locations are within a certain climate regime.  The World Meteorological Organization has defined this average as through a 30 year period.  The version from 1936 utilized a mean temperature of the coldest month of below  and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above .  These temperatures were not arbitrary.  In Europe, the  average temperature isotherm (line of equal temperature) was near the southern extent of winter snowpack.  Many climatologists in the U.S. prefer to use  as the standard because they feel it better reflects consistency in regional landscapes. The  average temperature was found to be the minimum temperature necessary for the tree growth.  Large temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.

text: Climatological averages are used to determine which locations are within a certain climate regime.  The

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: has defined this average as through a 30 year period.  The version from 1936 utilized a mean temperature of the coldest month of below  and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above .  These temperatures were not arbitrary.  In Europe, the  average temperature

text: isotherm

text: (line of equal temperature) was near the southern extent of winter snowpack.  Many climatologists in the U.S. prefer to use  as the standard because they feel it better reflects consistency in regional landscapes. The  average temperature was found to be the minimum temperature necessary for the tree growth.  Large temperature ranges are common within this climate zone.

text: Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.

text: Phenomena of climatological interest include the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: circulation patterns

text: heat transfer

text: radiative

text: convective

text: and

text: latent

text: ), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation,

text: land use

text: and

text: topography

text: ), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.

text: Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch was established in June 17, 1985. The   University is a nongovernmental (ONG) and the non-profit organization for  public utility;   its budget is provided by the student inscription fees. The University began its activities under the presidency of Dr. Seyed Hossein Yahyavi and commissioning of four educational levels of professional doctorate degree in medicine, nursing, midwifery and laboratory sciences in bachelor level with absorption of 376 students and now with over 6000 students has three approval school, 17 branches in educational levels of professional doctorate degree, master, bachelor of science, discontinued bachelor and associate degree.

text: Geology was popularized by several authors. John Pye Smith's lectures published in 1840 reconciled an extended time frame with Genesis by the increasingly common gap theology or day-age theology, and said it was likely that the gravel and boulder formations were not "diluvium", but had taken long ages predating the creation of humans. He reaffirmed that the Flood was historical as a local event, something which the 17th century theologians Edward Stillingfleet and Matthew Poole had already suggested on a purely Biblical basis. Smith also denounced the "fanciful" writings of the scriptural geologists. Edward Hitchcock sought to ensure that geological findings could be corroborated by scripture, and dismissed the scriptural geology of Penn and Fairholme as misrepresenting both scripture and the facts of geology. He noted the difficulty of equating a violent deluge with the more tranquil Genesis account. Hugh Miller supported similar points with considerable detail.

text: Geology was popularized by several authors.

text: John Pye Smith

text: 's lectures published in 1840 reconciled an extended time frame with Genesis by the increasingly common

text: gap theology

text: or

text: day-age theology

text: , and said it was likely that the gravel and boulder formations were not "diluvium", but had taken long ages predating the creation of humans. He reaffirmed that the Flood was historical as a local event, something which the 17th century theologians

text: Edward Stillingfleet

text: and

text: Matthew Poole

text: had already suggested on a purely Biblical basis. Smith also denounced the "fanciful" writings of the scriptural geologists.

text: Edward Hitchcock

text: sought to ensure that geological findings could be corroborated by scripture, and dismissed the scriptural geology of Penn and Fairholme as misrepresenting both scripture and the facts of geology. He noted the difficulty of equating a violent deluge with the more tranquil Genesis account.

text: Hugh Miller

text: supported similar points with considerable detail.

text: The NOAA Corps is the smallest of the seven uniformed services of the United States Government, with over 300 commissioned officers and no enlisted or warrant officer ranks. The NOAA Corps today provides a cadre of professionals trained in engineering, earth sciences, oceanography, meteorology, fisheries science, and other related disciplines. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct diving operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA, as well as in positions in the United States Department of Defense, the United States Coast Guard, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the United States Department of State. Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps provides a ready source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. armed forces in time of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its purely civilian scientific projects. While civilian personnel could perform many of its functions, the big advantage of the NOAA Corps as a commissioned service is the quick response time of its personnel, which NOAA can shift among projects and to various places around the world as the need arises more quickly and more easily than it could by reassigning or hiring civilian personnel to meet new or changing requirements.

text: The NOAA Corps is the smallest of the seven uniformed services of the United States Government, with over 300 commissioned officers and no enlisted or warrant officer ranks. The NOAA Corps today provides a cadre of professionals trained in

text: engineering

text: earth science

text: s,

text: oceanography

text: meteorology

text: fisheries science

text: , and other related disciplines. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct

text: diving

text: operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA, as well as in positions in the

text: United States Department of Defense

text: , the

text: United States Coast Guard

text: , the

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: , and the

text: United States Department of State

text: . Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps provides a ready source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. armed forces in time of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its purely civilian scientific projects. While civilian personnel could perform many of its functions, the big advantage of the NOAA Corps as a commissioned service is the quick response time of its personnel, which NOAA can shift among projects and to various places around the world as the need arises more quickly and more easily than it could by reassigning or hiring civilian personnel to meet new or changing requirements.

text: ‘A Changing Planet’ considers the advancement of the earth system sciences in the light of recent concerns associated with environmental and climate change.  Two chief points are explored: how, when and why the Earth has become a subject of scientific investigation; and how this investigation has been pivotal to the rise of concerns about the impact of humans on the environments.  Those interviewed for the strand are those involved in the earth sciences: climatologists, meteorologists, geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, ecologists, glaciologists and oceanographers.

text: Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts is a scholarly bibliographic database that covers meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry and physics, astrophysics, hydrology, glaciology, physical oceanography and environmental sciences.

text: Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts is a scholarly

text: bibliographic database

text: that covers

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and

text: physics

text: astrophysics

text: hydrology

text: glaciology

text: physical oceanography

text: and

text: environmental science

text: s.

text: After 1912, the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory continued to operate as an active meteorological observatory.  Weather observations and recordings have continued to this day, providing modern meteorologists with a record of uninterrupted climatological observations that is unique in the world.

text: The scientific study of water and Earth's water cycle is hydrology; hydrodynamics studies the physics of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is oceanography. This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's currents but has since expanded into a large and multidisciplinary field: it examines the properties of seawater; studies waves, tides, and currents; charts coastlines and maps the seabeds; and studies marine life. The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as physical oceanography. Marine biology (biological oceanography) studies the plants, animals, and other organisms inhabiting marine ecosystems. Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater. Marine and maritime geography charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while marine geology (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of continental drift and the composition and structure of the Earth, clarified the process of sedimentation, and assisted the study of volcanism and earthquakes.

text: The

text: scientific study

text: of

text: water

text: and Earth's

text: water cycle

text: is

text: hydrology

text: hydrodynamics

text: studies the

text: physics

text: of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is

text: oceanography

text: . This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's

text: currents

text: but has since expanded into a large and

text: multidisciplinary

text: field: it examines the properties of

text: seawater

text: ; studies

text: waves

text: tides

text: , and

text: currents

text: ; charts

text: coastlines

text: and maps the

text: seabeds

text: ; and studies

text: marine life

text: . The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as

text: physical oceanography

text: Marine biology

text: (biological oceanography) studies the

text: plants

text: animals

text: , and other organisms inhabiting

text: marine ecosystems

text: . Both are informed by

text: chemical oceanography

text: , which studies the behavior of

text: elements

text: and

text: molecules

text: within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the

text: carbon cycle

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: 's role in the

text: increasing acidification

text: of seawater. Marine and maritime

text: geography

text: charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while

text: marine geology

text: (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of

text: continental drift

text: and the

text: composition

text: and

text: structure of the Earth

text: , clarified the process of

text: sedimentation

text: , and assisted the study of

text: volcanism

text: and

text: earthquakes

text: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is a program designed to provide advances in meteorology, ionospheric research, climatology, and space weather by using GPS satellites in conjunction with low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites. The term "COSMIC" may refer to either the organization itself or the constellation of satellites (also known as FORMOSAT-3, 福爾摩沙衛星三號, in Taiwan). The constellation is a joint U.S.-Taiwanese project with major participants including the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), the National Science Foundation, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on the U.S. side and the National Space Organization (NSPO) on the Taiwanese side.

text: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is a program designed to provide advances in

text: meteorology

text: ionospheric

text: research,

text: climatology

text: , and

text: space weather

text: by using

text: GPS

text: satellite

text: s in conjunction with

text: low Earth orbit

text: ing (LEO) satellites. The term "COSMIC" may refer to either the organization itself or the

text: constellation of satellites

text: (also known as

text: FORMOSAT

text: -3, 福爾摩沙衛星三號, in Taiwan). The constellation is a joint U.S.-

text: Taiwan

text: ese project with major participants including the

entity_name: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

text: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

text: (UCAR), the

text: National Science Foundation

text: , the

text: Naval Research Laboratory

text: (NRL), the

text: Air Force Research Laboratory

text: (AFRL) on the U.S. side and the

text: National Space Organization

text: (NSPO) on the Taiwanese side.

text: Formation of this new Association is recognition of the importance of the cryosphere in the study of Earth System Science, and particularly at a time of significant global change. Accordingly, cryospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the cryosphere (not unlike atmospheric sciences, encompassing meteorology, climatology, and aeronomy); as an interdisciplinary Earth science, many disciplines contribute to it, most notably geology, hydrology, and meteorology and climatology; in this sense, it is comparable to glaciology. IACS has historic connections going back to the establishment of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (International Glacier Commission) in 1894.

text: Formation of this new Association is recognition of the importance of the

text: cryosphere

text: in the study of

text: Earth System Science

text: , and particularly at a time of significant global change. Accordingly,

text: cryospheric sciences

text: is an

text: umbrella term

text: for the study of the

text: cryosphere

text: (not unlike

text: atmospheric sciences

text: , encompassing

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: , and

text: aeronomy

text: ); as an interdisciplinary

text: Earth science

text: , many disciplines contribute to it, most notably

text: geology

text: hydrology

text: , and

text: meteorology

text: and

text: climatology

text: ; in this sense, it is comparable to

text: glaciology

text: . IACS has historic connections going back to the establishment of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (International Glacier Commission) in 1894.

text: The Geological Survey has continued its research during this period. In 1986, the Survey merged with the Earth Physics Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and acquired the national seismology and geomagnetic observatory networks of that organization. In the nineties, this new organization took the lead in the development of the National Geoscience Mapping Program (NATMAP) with other governments, universities and industries to optimize the use of funding for the new mapping of bedrock and surface geology of Canada. Activity in environmental studies has involved establishing norms for the geochemical profiles of naturally occurring substances and work with respect to climate change as well as hydrogeology and natural radioactivity and the risks associated with natural dangers, including earthquakes and tsunamis. The Intergovernmental Geoscience Accord, signed in 1996, clarified the role of the Survey with respect to relations with provincial and territorial governments. As the result of a reorganization, the Survey became part of the Earth Sciences division of Natural Resources Canada in the mid-nineties. In recent years, the evolution of digital electronics and the Internet has seen the Survey undertake the development of the Geoscience Knowledge Network with the aim of making geological information available online. The budget of the Survey is now about $60 million a year, and the staff of 550 are located at headquarters in Ottawa and regional offices in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, St. Foy, Quebec, Calgary, Alberta and Sidney and Vancouver, British Columbia. Present fields of study include geological hazards and environmental geoscience, marine geoscience, minerals, hydrocarbons and bedrock and surficial geoscience.

text: The

text: Geological Survey

text: Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system.

text: Atmospheric sciences is an

text: umbrella term

text: for the study of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.

text: Meteorology

text: includes

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and

text: atmospheric physics

text: with a major focus on

text: weather forecasting

text: Climatology

text: is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic

text: climate variability

text: Aeronomy

text: is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where

text: dissociation

text: and

text: ionization

text: are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of

text: planetary science

text: and the study of the atmospheres of the

text: planet

text: s of the

text: solar system

text: |-id=208| 27208 Jennyliu ||  || 27208 Jennyliu Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jenny Jiaqi Liu (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her computer-science project. She attends the Amity Regional High School, Woodbridge, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=233| 27233 Mahajan ||  || 27233 Mahajan Discovered 1999 July 13 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rohan Mahajan (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials-science project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=236| 27236 Millermatt ||  || 27236 Millermatt Discovered 1999 Sept. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Matthew Miller (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the Western Alamance High School, Elon, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=238| 27238 Keenanmonks ||  || 27238 Keenanmonks Discovered 1999 Sept. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Keenan Monks (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Hazleton Area High School, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=239| 27239 O'Dorney ||  || 27239 O'Dorney Discovered 1999 Sept. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Evan Michael O'Dorney (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Venture School, San Ramon, California, U.S. |-id=241| 27241 Sunilpai ||  || 27241 Sunilpai Discovered 1999 Oct. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sunil Kochikar Pai (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Kinkaid School, Houston, Texas, U.S. |-id=244| 27244 Parthasarathy ||  || 27244 Parthasarathy Discovered 1999 Nov. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nikhil Parthasarathy (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=253| 27253 Graceleanor ||  || 27253 Graceleanor Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Grace Eleanor Phillips (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, New York, U.S. |-id=254| 27254 Shubhrosaha ||  || 27254 Shubhrosaha Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shubhro Saha (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=257| 27257 Tang-Quan ||  || 27257 Tang-Quan Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David Kenneth Tang-Quan (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his microbiology project. He attends the Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates, California, U.S. |-id=258| 27258 Chelseavoss ||  || 27258 Chelseavoss Discovered 1999 Dec. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Chelsea Sierra Voss (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioinformatics and genomics project. She attends the Cupertino High School, Cupertino, California, U.S. |-id=261| 27261 Yushiwang ||  || 27261 Yushiwang Discovered 1999 Dec. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yushi Wang (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer-science project. He attends the Sunset High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=263| 27263 Elainezhou ||  || 27263 Elainezhou Discovered 1999 Dec. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Elaine Zhou (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Lake Highland Prep School, Orlando, Florida, U.S. |-id=264| 27264 Frankclayton ||  || 27264 Frankclayton Discovered 1999 Dec. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Frank Clayton Anderson, III, mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Kinkaid School, Houston, Texas, U.S. |-id=267| 27267 Wiberg ||  || Kenneth B. Wiberg, American spectroscopist and chemist, and the Ph.D. advisor of the discoverer |-id=270| 27270 Guidotti ||  || Guido Guidotti, Italian amateur astronomer †|-id=276| 27276 Davidblack ||  || 27276 Davidblack Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David H. Black, Jr., mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=277| 27277 Pattybrown ||  || 27277 Pattybrown Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Patricia Brown mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Brownell-Talbot High School, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |-id=279| 27279 Boburan ||  || 27279 Boburan Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David (Bo) Buran mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Albany Academies, Albany, New York, U.S. |-id=280| 27280 Manettedavies ||  || 27280 Manettedavies Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Manette Davies mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Walnut High School, Walnut, California, U.S. |-id=282| 27282 Deborahday ||  || 27282 Deborahday Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Deborah Day mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Amity Regional High School, Woodbridge, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=284| 27284 Billdunbar ||  || 27284 Billdunbar Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bill Dunbar mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Henry M. Gunn Senior High School, Palo Alto, California, U.S. |-id=286| 27286 Adedmondson ||  || 27286 Adedmondson Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Adam Edmondson mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Hazleton Area High School, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=287| 27287 Garbarino ||  || 27287 Garbarino Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Guido Garbarino mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, New York, U.S. |-id=288| 27288 Paulgilmore ||  || 27288 Paulgilmore Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Paul Gilmore mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=289| 27289 Myrahalpin ||  || 27289 Myrahalpin Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Myra Halpin mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the North Carolina School Of Science And Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=291| 27291 Greghansen ||  || 27291 Greghansen Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gregory A. Hansen mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=296| 27296 Kathyhurd ||  || 27296 Kathyhurd Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Kathy Hurd mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois, U.S. |}

text: 27208 Jennyliu

text: ||  || 27208 Jennyliu Discovered 1999 Feb. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jenny Jiaqi Liu (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her computer-science project. She attends the Amity Regional High School, Woodbridge, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=233|

text: 27233 Mahajan

text: ||  || 27233 Mahajan Discovered 1999 July 13 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Rohan Mahajan (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials-science project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=236|

text: 27236 Millermatt

text: ||  || 27236 Millermatt Discovered 1999 Sept. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Matthew Miller (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials and bioengineering project. He attends the Western Alamance High School, Elon, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=238|

text: 27238 Keenanmonks

text: ||  || 27238 Keenanmonks Discovered 1999 Sept. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Keenan Monks (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Hazleton Area High School, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=239|

text: 27239 O'Dorney

text: ||  || 27239 O'Dorney Discovered 1999 Sept. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Evan Michael O'Dorney (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical-sciences project. He attends the Venture School, San Ramon, California, U.S. |-id=241|

text: 27241 Sunilpai

text: ||  || 27241 Sunilpai Discovered 1999 Oct. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Sunil Kochikar Pai (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Kinkaid School, Houston, Texas, U.S. |-id=244|

text: 27244 Parthasarathy

text: ||  || 27244 Parthasarathy Discovered 1999 Nov. 3 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Nikhil Parthasarathy (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his physics project. He attends the Harker School, San Jose, California, U.S. |-id=253|

text: 27253 Graceleanor

text: ||  || 27253 Graceleanor Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Grace Eleanor Phillips (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her plant-sciences project. She attends the Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, New York, U.S. |-id=254|

text: 27254 Shubhrosaha

text: ||  || 27254 Shubhrosaha Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shubhro Saha (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his chemistry project. He attends the Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=257|

text: 27257 Tang-Quan

text: ||  || 27257 Tang-Quan Discovered 1999 Dec. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David Kenneth Tang-Quan (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his microbiology project. He attends the Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates, California, U.S. |-id=258|

text: 27258 Chelseavoss

text: ||  || 27258 Chelseavoss Discovered 1999 Dec. 7 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Chelsea Sierra Voss (born 1994) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her bioinformatics and genomics project. She attends the Cupertino High School, Cupertino, California, U.S. |-id=261|

text: 27261 Yushiwang

text: ||  || 27261 Yushiwang Discovered 1999 Dec. 8 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Yushi Wang (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his computer-science project. He attends the Sunset High School, Portland, Oregon, U.S. |-id=263|

text: 27263 Elainezhou

text: ||  || 27263 Elainezhou Discovered 1999 Dec. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Elaine Zhou (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Lake Highland Prep School, Orlando, Florida, U.S. |-id=264|

text: 27264 Frankclayton

text: ||  || 27264 Frankclayton Discovered 1999 Dec. 12 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Frank Clayton Anderson, III, mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Kinkaid School, Houston, Texas, U.S. |-id=267|

text: 27267 Wiberg

text: Kenneth B. Wiberg

text: , American spectroscopist and chemist, and the Ph.D. advisor of the discoverer |-id=270|

text: 27270 Guidotti

text: Guido Guidotti

text: , Italian amateur astronomer †|-id=276|

text: 27276 Davidblack

text: ||  || 27276 Davidblack Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David H. Black, Jr., mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts, U.S. |-id=277|

text: 27277 Pattybrown

text: ||  || 27277 Pattybrown Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Patricia Brown mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Brownell-Talbot High School, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |-id=279|

text: 27279 Boburan

text: ||  || 27279 Boburan Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. David (Bo) Buran mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Albany Academies, Albany, New York, U.S. |-id=280|

text: 27280 Manettedavies

text: ||  || 27280 Manettedavies Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Manette Davies mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Walnut High School, Walnut, California, U.S. |-id=282|

text: 27282 Deborahday

text: ||  || 27282 Deborahday Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Deborah Day mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Amity Regional High School, Woodbridge, Connecticut, U.S. |-id=284|

text: 27284 Billdunbar

text: ||  || 27284 Billdunbar Discovered 2000 Jan. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Bill Dunbar mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Henry M. Gunn Senior High School, Palo Alto, California, U.S. |-id=286|

text: 27286 Adedmondson

text: ||  || 27286 Adedmondson Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Adam Edmondson mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Hazleton Area High School, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |-id=287|

text: 27287 Garbarino

text: ||  || 27287 Garbarino Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Guido Garbarino mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, New York, U.S. |-id=288|

text: 27288 Paulgilmore

text: ||  || 27288 Paulgilmore Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Paul Gilmore mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=289|

text: 27289 Myrahalpin

text: ||  || 27289 Myrahalpin Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Myra Halpin mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the North Carolina School Of Science And Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, U.S. |-id=291|

text: 27291 Greghansen

text: ||  || 27291 Greghansen Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gregory A. Hansen mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors. He teaches at the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=296|

text: 27296 Kathyhurd

text: ||  || 27296 Kathyhurd Discovered 2000 Jan. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Kathy Hurd mentored a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high-school seniors. She teaches at the Naperville Central High School, Naperville, Illinois, U.S. |}

text: Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).

text: Geology (from the

text: Ancient Greek

text: γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an

text: earth science

text: comprising the study of

text: solid Earth

text: , the

text: rocks

text: of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any

text: celestial body

text: (such as the

text: geology of the Moon

text: or

text: Mars

text: Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika or simply BMKG) is an Indonesian non-departmental government agency for meteorology, climatology, and geophysics.

text: Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika or simply BMKG) is an

text: Indonesia

text: n non-departmental government agency for

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: , and

text: geophysics

text: A minority of nations, Seventy-four of the world's 195 nations are represented at the IAU by their national science or astronomy academies. However, these academies in some sense represent the vast majority of the Earth's population even though they are not voted for or elected by the people causing unpopular results at times. The IAU declines to answer consumer requests to locate stars or sell star naming privileges because such endeavors detract from its scientific mission .

text: A minority of nations, Seventy-four of the world's 195 nations are represented at the IAU by their national science or astronomy academies. However, these academies in some sense represent the

text: vast majority of the Earth's population

text: even though they are not voted for or elected by the people causing unpopular results at times. The IAU declines to answer consumer requests to locate stars or sell star naming privileges because such endeavors detract from its scientific mission .

text: Unusually, the discipline of Astrophysics, is also included as part of environmental studies because of the reforms passed post-1968 in French research (Earth and environmental sciences are grouped with "Les sciences de l'Univers", that is astrophysics and planetary sciences).  The Paris Institute of Astrophysics is included here.

text: Astronomers use the WHT to conduct scientific research across most branches of observational astronomy, including solar system science, galactic astronomy, extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. Most of the instruments are designed to be useful for a range of different research.

text: Astronomers use the WHT to conduct scientific research across most branches of

text: observational astronomy

text: , including

text: solar system

text: science,

text: galactic astronomy

text: extragalactic astronomy

text: and

text: cosmology

text: . Most of the instruments are designed to be useful for a range of different research.

text: Soil science has two basic branches of study: edaphology and pedology. Edaphology is concerned with the influence of soils on living things. Pedology is focused on the formation, description (morphology), and classification of soils in their natural environment. In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the solid geology. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt; technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil.

text: Soil science

text: has two basic branches of study:

text: edaphology

text: and

text: pedology

text: . Edaphology is concerned with the influence of soils on living things. Pedology is focused on the formation, description (morphology), and classification of soils in their natural environment. In engineering terms, soil is referred to as

text: regolith

text: , or loose rock material that lies above the solid geology. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or

text: dirt

text: ; technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil.

text: The school is using a science-based curriculum, which emphasizes and deals more with Sciences (General Science, Geology, Earth Sciences, Inorganic and Bio Chemistry, Biology, Genetics, Physics, and Environmental Sciences), and Mathematics (Algebra, Consumer Mathematics, Trigonometry, Geometry, Calculus, Computer Sciences, and Statistics).

text: The school is using a science-based curriculum, which emphasizes and deals more with

text: Sciences

text: (General Science, Geology, Earth Sciences, Inorganic and Bio Chemistry, Biology, Genetics, Physics, and Environmental Sciences), and

text: Mathematics

text: (Algebra, Consumer Mathematics, Trigonometry, Geometry, Calculus, Computer Sciences, and Statistics).

text: From 1830 to 1833 Charles Lyell's multi-volume Principles of Geology was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation". He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text, and developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. The terms uniformitarianism for this idea, and catastrophism for the opposing viewpoint, were coined by William Whewell in a review of Lyell's book. Principles of Geology was the  most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century.

text: From 1830 to 1833

text: Charles Lyell

text: 's multi-volume

text: Principles of Geology

text: was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation". He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text, and developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. The terms uniformitarianism for this idea, and

text: catastrophism

text: for the opposing viewpoint, were coined by

text: William Whewell

text: in a review of Lyell's book. Principles of Geology was the  most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century.

text: The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) [pronounced simmer] was a five-frequency microwave radiometer flown on the Seasat and Nimbus 7 satellites. Both were launched in 1978, with the Seasat mission lasting less than six months until failure of the primary bus. The Nimbus 7 SMMR lasted from 25 October 1978 until 20 August 1987. It measured dual-polarized microwave radiances, at 6.63, 10.69, 18.0, 21.0, and 37.0 GHz, from the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Its primary legacy has been the creation of areal sea-ice climatologies for the Arctic and Antarctic.

text: The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) [pronounced simmer] was a five-frequency

text: microwave radiometer

text: flown on the

text: Seasat

text: and

text: Nimbus 7

text: satellites. Both were launched in 1978, with the Seasat mission lasting less than six months until failure of the primary

text: bus

text: . The Nimbus 7 SMMR lasted from 25 October 1978 until 20 August 1987. It measured dual-polarized microwave radiances, at 6.63, 10.69, 18.0, 21.0, and 37.0 GHz, from the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Its primary legacy has been the creation of areal

text: sea-ice

text: climatologies for the Arctic and Antarctic.

text: The Soviet Encyclopedia is a systematic summary of knowledge in social and economic studies and in the applied sciences . It became a universal reference work for the Soviet intelligentsia. According to the publisher's foreword in the English-language translation of the encyclopedia,the encyclopedia is important for knowledge and understanding of USSR. A major value of the Encyclopedia is its comprehensive information about Soviet and its peoples. Every aspect of Soviet life is systematically presented, including history, economics, science, art, and culture . The ethnic diversity of USSR’s peoples and its languages and cultures are extensively covered. There are biographies of prominent cultural and scientific figures who are not as well-known outside of Russia. There are detailed surveys of USSR’s provinces and towns, as well as their geology, geography, flora and fauna.

text: Earth science – the science of the planet Earth,  the only identified life-bearing planet. Its studies include the following:

text: Earth science

text: – the

text: science

text: of the planet

text: Earth

text: ,  the only identified

text: life-bearing planet

text: . Its studies include the following:

text: Today, Geology Hall houses some of the offices of the university's administration and the Rutgers Geology Museum. Previously, it housed the offices of the Rutgers geology department, now called the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, from 1872 until 1979, when it moved to the university's Busch Campus in Piscataway. This was the last of the university's science department to move across the Raritan River to the Busch campus.  In 1973, Geology Hall was included with six other buildings on Rutgers' Queen's Campus on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places.

text: Today, Geology Hall houses some of the offices of the university's administration and the Rutgers Geology Museum. Previously, it housed the offices of the Rutgers geology department, now called the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, from 1872 until 1979, when it moved to the university's

text: Busch Campus

text: in

text: Piscataway

text: . This was the last of the university's science department to move across the

text: Raritan River

text: to the Busch campus.  In 1973, Geology Hall was included with six other buildings on Rutgers' Queen's Campus on the

text: New Jersey Register of Historic Places

text: and the

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: The NERC Science Information Strategy (SIS) has been created to provide the framework for NERC to work more closely and effectively with its scientific communities, both internal and external, in delivering data and information management services to support its five year science strategy, the Next Generation Science for Planet Earth.

text: Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of Meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a factor of air pressure, humidity, topography, cloud type and raindrop size, via direct measurement and remote sensing data acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using numerical weather prediction. Geostationary orbiting satellites gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure realtime localised rainfall by estimating cloud albedo, water content, and the corresponding probability of rain.Geographic distribution of rain is largely governed by climate type, topography and habitat humidity. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation.  On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating.  The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.  The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities.  Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.  Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately  of water falls as precipitation each year;  of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is .  Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes.

text: Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of

text: Meteorology

text: . Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the

text: hydrological cycle

text: known as

text: precipitation

text: ). The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict rain distribution across different regions of planet

text: Earth

text: , a factor of

text: air pressure

text: humidity

text: topography

text: cloud type

text: and raindrop size, via direct measurement and

text: remote sensing

text: data acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using

text: numerical weather prediction

text: Geostationary

text: orbiting satellites gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure realtime localised rainfall by estimating

text: cloud albedo

text: , water content, and the corresponding probability of rain.Geographic distribution of rain is largely governed by

text: climate type

text: , topography and habitat humidity. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within

text: windward

text: sides of the terrain at elevation.  On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating.  The movement of the

text: monsoon trough

text: , or

text: intertropical convergence zone

text: , brings

text: rainy seasons

text: to

text: savannah

text: clime

text: s.  The

text: urban heat island

text: effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities.

text: Global warming

text: may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.  Precipitation is a major component of the

text: water cycle

text: , and is responsible for depositing most of the

text: fresh water

text: on the

text: planet

text: . Approximately  of water falls as precipitation each year;  of it over the

text: ocean

text: s. Given the

text: Earth

text: 's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is .

text: Climate

text: classification systems such as the

text: Köppen climate classification

text: system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes.

text: The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (often abbreviated to NOCS) is located in Southampton Docks some three miles south of the main university campus. The campus is home of the university's Ocean and Earth Sciences department and is also a campus of the Natural Environment Research Council's research institute, the National Oceanography Centre. Five of the National Oceanography Centre's research divisions are based on the campus.

text: The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (often abbreviated to NOCS) is located in

text: Southampton Docks

text: some three miles south of the main university campus. The campus is home of the university's Ocean and Earth Sciences department and is also a campus of the

text: Natural Environment Research Council

text: 's research institute, the

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: . Five of the National Oceanography Centre's research divisions are based on the campus.

text: Nightshade is a simulation and visualization software for teaching and exploring astronomy, Earth science, and related topics. Its primary purpose is for use in digital planetarium systems with additional features to allow it to also be used on desktop or laptop computers.  It operates on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows.

text: Nightshade is a simulation and visualization software for teaching and exploring astronomy, Earth science, and related topics. Its primary purpose is for use in digital planetarium systems with additional features to allow it to also be used on desktop or laptop computers.  It operates on

text: Linux

text: Mac OS X

text: and

text: Windows

text: Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

text: Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the

text: environment

text: . Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

text: JAMSTEC is headquartered in Yokosuka and based in five other locations: Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) in Yokohama, Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO) in Mutsu, Aomori, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research (KOCHI) in Kōchi, Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC) in Nago, Okinawa, and Tokyo Office.

text: JAMSTEC is headquartered in

text: Yokosuka

text: and based in five other locations: Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) in

text: Yokohama

text: , Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO) in

text: Mutsu, Aomori

text: , Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research (KOCHI) in

text: Kōchi

text: , Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC) in

text: Nago, Okinawa

text: , and

text: Tokyo

text: Office.

text: Much research in several science disciplines, including economics, political science, geology, paleontology, ecology, meteorology, and astronomy, relies on quasi-experiments.  For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis "suns are collapsed clouds of hydrogen," to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen, and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a sun. However, by observing various clouds of hydrogen in various states of collapse, and other implications of the hypothesis (for example, the presence of various spectral emissions from the light of stars), we can collect data we require to support the hypothesis.  An early example of this type of experiment was the first verification in the 17th century that light does not travel from place to place instantaneously, but instead has a measurable speed. Observation of the appearance of the moons of Jupiter were slightly delayed when Jupiter was farther from Earth, as opposed to when Jupiter was closer to Earth; and this phenomenon was used to demonstrate that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons was consistent with a measurable speed.

text: Much research in several

text: science

text: disciplines, including

text: economics

text: political science

text: geology

text: paleontology

text: ecology

text: meteorology

text: , and

text: astronomy

text: , relies on quasi-experiments.  For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis "suns are collapsed clouds of hydrogen," to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen, and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a sun. However, by observing various clouds of hydrogen in various states of collapse, and other implications of the hypothesis (for example, the presence of various spectral emissions from the light of stars), we can collect data we require to support the hypothesis.  An early example of this type of experiment was the first verification in the 17th century that light does not travel from place to place instantaneously, but instead has a measurable speed. Observation of the appearance of the moons of Jupiter were slightly delayed when Jupiter was farther from Earth, as opposed to when Jupiter was closer to Earth; and this phenomenon was used to demonstrate that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons was consistent with a measurable speed.

text: His research work consisting of more than a hundred scientific publications has been acknowledged by foreign colleagues. He was elected Vice President of the International Climatologic Committee from 1931 until World War II. He was also elected a member of the International Committee of Upper Atmosphere as well as of the International Committee of Agricultural Meteorology. As recognition and reward for his work, the Academy of Athens elected him as a member in 1965 and later as President of the Academy in 1973.

text: One of the challenges with using wind to replace natural gas is the intermittent nature of wind energy, since the same wind conditions are not always present. According to a 2007 study by Archer & Jacobson published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, interconnecting ten or more widely separated wind farms allows 33 to 47% of the total energy produced (15–20% of nominal capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

text: One of the

text: challenges

text: with using wind to replace natural gas is the intermittent nature of wind energy, since the same wind conditions are not always present. According to a 2007 study by Archer & Jacobson published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, interconnecting ten or more widely separated wind farms allows 33 to 47% of the total energy produced (15–20% of nominal capacity) to be used as reliable,

text: baseload electric power

text: , as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

text: In his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, Ali Kuşçu (1403–1474) rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely empirical and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationery Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead. He found empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation through his observation on comets and concluded, on the basis of empiricism rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.

text: In his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy,

text: Ali Kuşçu

text: (1403–1474) rejected

text: Aristotelian physics

text: and completely separated

text: natural philosophy

text: from

text: Islamic astronomy

text: , allowing

text: astronomy

text: to become a purely

text: empirical

text: and mathematical

text: science

text: . This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of a stationery Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead. He found empirical evidence for the

text: Earth's rotation

text: through his observation on

text: comet

text: s and concluded, on the basis of

text: empiricism

text: rather than speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth theory.

text: Earth sciences are taught through a partnership program with Middlebrook Gardens where students take weekly lessons in the gardens doing hands on experiments and learn about environmental sustainability.

text: Bruekelman–Cram Science Hall is home to the Physical Sciences Department. Inside includes classrooms for Chemistry, Physics, and Earth science. Some museums are located with in the Breuekelman–Cram Science Hall including the Johnston Geology Museum, the Richard H. Schmidt Museum of Natural History, and the Peterson Planetarium.

text: The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences.  The most notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics are listed chronologically.  Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change

text: The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of

text: atmospheric sciences

text: .  The most notable advancements in observational

text: meteorology

text: weather forecasting

text: climatology

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: , and

text: atmospheric

text: physics

text: are listed chronologically.  Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change

text: Upon adoption of a Decree on Establishment of Hydrometeorological service in Montenegro, the Hydrometeorological Institute started with operations on 20 December 1947 as a governmental agency. Precipitation, maritime, meteorological, climatological, synoptical, agrometeorological and hydrological stations that were controlled by the army fell under the competence of the Hydrometeorological Institute.

text: Upon adoption of a Decree on Establishment of Hydrometeorological service in Montenegro, the Hydrometeorological Institute started with operations on 20 December 1947 as a

text: governmental agency

text: . Precipitation, maritime,

text: meteorological

text: climatological

text: synoptical

text: agrometeorological

text: and

text: hydrological

text: stations that were controlled by the army fell under the competence of the Hydrometeorological Institute.

text: The World Tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. This great tree acts as an Axis mundi, supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth and underworld. In European mythology the best known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology.

text: The World Tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. This great tree acts as an

text: Axis mundi

text: , supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth and underworld. In European mythology the best known example is the tree

text: Yggdrasil

text: from

text: Norse mythology

text: Montañez started as an Assistant Professor of Geology in the Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside in 1990 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1995. She moved to the Department of Geology (now the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences) at the University of California, Davis in 1998 where she continues to work as a Professor.  She is also a role model for women in science in general, and Latina scientists in particular.

text: Montañez started as an Assistant Professor of Geology in the Department of Earth Sciences,

text: University of California, Riverside

text: in 1990 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1995. She moved to the Department of Geology (now the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences) at the University of California, Davis in 1998 where she continues to work as a Professor.  She is also a role model for women in science in general, and Latina scientists in particular.

text: George Sugihara (Born 16 December 1949 in Tokyo, Japan) is professor of biological oceanography in the Physical Oceanography Research Division at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where he is the inaugural holder of the McQuown Chair in Natural Science.  Sugihara is a theoretical biologist who has worked across a wide variety of fields, including landscape ecology, algebraic topology, algal physiology and paleoecology, neurobiology, atmospheric science, fisheries science, and quantitative finance.

text: George Sugihara (Born 16 December 1949 in Tokyo, Japan) is professor of biological oceanography in the Physical Oceanography Research Division at the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: , where he is the inaugural holder of the McQuown Chair in Natural Science.  Sugihara is a theoretical biologist who has worked across a wide variety of fields, including

text: landscape ecology

text: algebraic topology

text: , algal physiology and

text: paleoecology

text: neurobiology

text: atmospheric science

text: fisheries science

text: , and

text: quantitative finance

text: The first edition of Robert Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, which was published anonymously in 1844 in England, contained a tree-like diagram (p. 212) in the chapter "Hypothesis of the development of the vegetable and animal kingdoms". It shows a model of embryological development where fish (F), reptiles (R), and birds (B) represent branches from a path leading to mammals (M). In the text this branching tree idea is tentatively applied to the history of life on earth: "there may be branching" (p. 191), but the branching diagram is not displayed again specifically for this purpose. However, the image of a branching tree could easily have inspired others to use it explicitly as a representation of the history of life on earth.

text: The first edition of

text: Robert Chambers

entity_name: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

text: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

text: , which was published anonymously in 1844 in England, contained

text: a tree-like diagram

text: (p. 212) in the chapter "Hypothesis of the development of the vegetable and animal kingdoms". It shows a model of embryological development where fish (F), reptiles (R), and birds (B) represent branches from a path leading to mammals (M). In the text this branching tree idea is tentatively applied to the history of life on earth: "there may be branching" (p. 191), but the branching diagram is not displayed again specifically for this purpose. However, the image of a branching tree could easily have inspired others to use it explicitly as a representation of the history of life on earth.

text: The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) is a directory to Earth science data and services. The GCMD database currently holds more than 30,000 Earth science data sets and service descriptions covering all aspects of Earth and environmental sciences. One can use the search box or select from the available keywords to search for data and services.ECHO - Application Program Interfaces (APIs) for Search and Order

text: The Earth's climate is affected by dust in the atmosphere, so locating major sources of atmospheric dust is important for climatology. Recent research indicates that surface deposits of diatomaceous earth play an important role. Research shows all the dust comes from this Bodélé depression in Chad, where storms push diatomite gravel over dunes, generating dust by abrasion.

text: The Earth's

text: climate

text: is affected by

text: dust

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: , so locating major sources of atmospheric dust is important for

text: climatology

text: . Recent research indicates that surface deposits of diatomaceous earth play an important role. Research shows all the dust comes from this

text: Bodélé depression

text: in

text: Chad

text: , where storms push diatomite gravel over

text: dune

text: s, generating dust by

text: abrasion

text: Astronomy is the largest circulation astronomy magazine, with monthly circulation of 114,080.  The majority of its readers are in the United States, but it is also circulated in Canada and internationally.

text: Astronomy is the largest circulation astronomy magazine, with monthly circulation of 114,080.  The majority of its readers are in the United States, but it is also circulated in

text: Canada

text: and internationally.

text: Hydrogeology is the geoprofession involved when environmental studies involve subsurface water. Hydrogeology applications range from securing safe, plentiful underground drinking-water sources to identifying the nature of groundwater contamination in order to facilitate remediation. Environmental toxicology is a geoprofession when used to identify the source, fate, transformation, effects, and risks of pollutants on the environment, including soil, water, and air. Wetlands science is a geoprofessional pursuit that incorporates several scientific disciplines, such as botany, biology, and limnology. It involves, among other activities, the delineation, conservation, restoration, and preservation of wetlands. These services are sometimes conducted by geoprofessional specialists called wetlands scientists. Ecology is a closely related environmental geoprofession involving studies into the distribution of organisms and biodiversity within an environmental context.

text: Hydrogeology

text: is the geoprofession involved when environmental studies involve subsurface water. Hydrogeology applications range from securing safe, plentiful underground drinking-water sources to identifying the nature of groundwater contamination in order to facilitate remediation.

text: Environmental toxicology

text: is a geoprofession when used to identify the source, fate, transformation, effects, and risks of pollutants on the environment, including soil, water, and air.

text: Wetlands science

text: is a geoprofessional pursuit that incorporates several scientific disciplines, such as

text: botany

text: biology

text: , and

text: limnology

text: . It involves, among other activities, the delineation, conservation, restoration, and preservation of wetlands. These services are sometimes conducted by geoprofessional specialists called

text: wetlands scientists

text: Ecology

text: is a closely related environmental geoprofession involving studies into the distribution of organisms and biodiversity within an environmental context.

text: Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology.

text: The intellectual climate of the time "remained dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and the corresponding Ptolemaic astronomy. At that time there was no reason to accept the Copernican theory, except for its mathematical simplicity [by avoiding using the equant in determining planetary positions]." Tycho Brahe's system ("that the earth is stationary, the sun revolves about the earth, and the other planets revolve about the sun") also directly competed with Copernicus's. It was only a half century later with the work of Kepler and Galileo that any substantial evidence defending Copernicanism appeared, starting "from the time when Galileo formulated the principle of inertia...[which] helped to explain why everything would not fall off the earth if it were in motion."   "[Not until] after Isaac Newton formulated the universal law of gravitation and the laws of mechanics [in his 1687 Principia], which unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics, was the heliocentric view generally accepted."

text: The intellectual climate of the time "remained dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and the corresponding Ptolemaic astronomy. At that time there was no reason to accept the Copernican theory, except for its mathematical simplicity [by avoiding using the

text: equant

text: in determining planetary positions]." Tycho Brahe's system ("that the earth is stationary, the sun revolves about the earth, and the other planets revolve about the sun") also directly competed with Copernicus's. It was only a half century later with the work of Kepler and Galileo that any substantial evidence defending Copernicanism appeared, starting "from the time when Galileo formulated the principle of inertia...[which] helped to explain why everything would not fall off the earth if it were in motion."   "[Not until] after

text: Isaac Newton

text: formulated the universal law of gravitation and the laws of mechanics [in his 1687

entity_name: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Principia

text: ], which unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics, was the heliocentric view generally accepted."

text: |-id=003| 27003 Katoizumi ||  || Izumi Kato, Japanese singer |-id=004| 27004 Violetaparra ||  || Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval (1917–1967), known as Violeta Parra, was a well-known Chilean artist and folk singer. |-id=047| 27047 Boisvert ||  || 27047 Boisvert Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Scott Paul Boisvert (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, for his environmental-science project. He attends the Basha High School, Chandler, Arizona, U.S. |-id=048| 27048 Jangong ||  || 27048 Jangong Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jan Jiawei Gong (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. She attends the Garden City Senior High School, Garden City, New York, U.S. |-id=049| 27049 Kraus ||  || Adam Levi Kraus, American astronomer |-id=052| 27052 Katebush ||  || Kate Bush (born 1958) is a singer/songwriter/performance artist who has a haunting voice and presence when she performs. |-id=056| 27056 Ginoloria ||  || Gino Loria, Italian mathematician and historian of mathematics |-id=071| 27071 Rangwala ||  || 27071 Rangwala Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alydaar Rangwala (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. He attends the Albany Academies, Albany, New York, U.S. |-id=072| 27072 Aggarwal ||  || 27072 Aggarwal Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amol Aggarwal (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical sciences project. He attends the Saratoga High School, Saratoga, California, U.S. |-id=074| 27074 Etatolia ||  || 27074 Etatolia Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eta Atolia (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Rickards High School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. |-id=079| 27079 Vsetín ||  || Vsetín, Wallachia region of eastern Moravia, the Czech Republic, site of a public observatory founded there in 1950 † ‡ +|-id=087| 27087 Tillmannmohr ||  || Tillmann Mohr, director of EUMETSAT † |-id=088| 27088 Valmez ||  || Valašské Meziříčí, a town in the Wallachia region of eastern Moravia, the Czech Republic †|-id=091| 27091 Alisonbick ||  || 27091 Alisonbick Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alison Dana Bick (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=094| 27094 Salgari ||  || Emilio Salgari, 19th-century Italian author, the "King of Adventure" |-id=095| 27095 Girardiwanda ||  || Wanda Girardi Castellani (a.k.a. Girardi Wanda), Italian poet and journalist |-id=098| 27098 Bocarsly ||  || 27098 Bocarsly Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joshua David Bocarsly (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials science project. He attends the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=099| 27099 Xiaoyucao ||  || 27099 Xiaoyucao Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Xiaoyu Cao (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California, U.S. |}

text: 27003 Katoizumi

text: Izumi Kato

text: , Japanese singer |-id=004|

text: 27004 Violetaparra

text: Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval

text: (1917–1967), known as Violeta Parra, was a well-known Chilean artist and folk singer. |-id=047|

text: 27047 Boisvert

text: ||  || 27047 Boisvert Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Scott Paul Boisvert (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, for his environmental-science project. He attends the Basha High School, Chandler, Arizona, U.S. |-id=048|

text: 27048 Jangong

text: ||  || 27048 Jangong Discovered 1998 Sept. 14 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jan Jiawei Gong (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. She attends the Garden City Senior High School, Garden City, New York, U.S. |-id=049|

text: 27049 Kraus

text: Adam Levi Kraus

text: , American astronomer |-id=052|

text: 27052 Katebush

text: ||  || Kate Bush (born 1958) is a singer/songwriter/performance artist who has a haunting voice and presence when she performs. |-id=056|

text: 27056 Ginoloria

text: Gino Loria

text: , Italian mathematician and historian of mathematics |-id=071|

text: 27071 Rangwala

text: ||  || 27071 Rangwala Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alydaar Rangwala (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search and was also awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his biochemistry project. He attends the Albany Academies, Albany, New York, U.S. |-id=072|

text: 27072 Aggarwal

text: ||  || 27072 Aggarwal Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Amol Aggarwal (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2011 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his mathematical sciences project. He attends the Saratoga High School, Saratoga, California, U.S. |-id=074|

text: 27074 Etatolia

text: ||  || 27074 Etatolia Discovered 1998 Sept. 26 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eta Atolia (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her biochemistry project. She attends the Rickards High School, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. |-id=079|

text: 27079 Vsetín

text: Vsetín

text: Wallachia

text: region of eastern

text: Moravia

text: , the

text: Czech Republic

text: , site of a public observatory founded there in 1950 † ‡ +|-id=087|

text: 27087 Tillmannmohr

text: Tillmann Mohr

text: , director of

text: EUMETSAT

text: † |-id=088|

text: 27088 Valmez

text: Valašské Meziříčí

text: , a town in the

text: Wallachia

text: region of eastern

text: Moravia

text: , the

text: Czech Republic

text: 27091 Alisonbick

text: ||  || 27091 Alisonbick Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Alison Dana Bick (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her materials and bioengineering project. She attends the Millburn High School, Millburn, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=094|

text: 27094 Salgari

text: Emilio Salgari

text: , 19th-century Italian author, the "King of Adventure" |-id=095|

text: 27095 Girardiwanda

text: Wanda Girardi Castellani

text: (a.k.a. Girardi Wanda), Italian poet and journalist |-id=098|

text: 27098 Bocarsly

text: ||  || 27098 Bocarsly Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joshua David Bocarsly (born 1992) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for his materials science project. He attends the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, U.S. |-id=099|

text: 27099 Xiaoyucao

text: ||  || 27099 Xiaoyucao Discovered 1998 Oct. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Xiaoyu Cao (born 1993) was a finalist in the 2010 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high-school seniors, for her chemistry project. She attends the Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California, U.S. |}

text: The Bubnoff unit is employed in geology to measure rates of lowering of earth surfaces due to erosion and is named after the Russian (German-Baltic) geologist Serge von Bubnoff (1888–1957). An erosion speed of 1 B also means that 1 m³ of earth is being removed from an area of 1 km² in 1 year. Compared to everyday phenomena, erosion is  under most circumstances (excluding rapid events like landslides) an extremely slow process, calling for such a specialized unit. For instance, the current average rate of erosion over the Earth's landmasses has been estimated at 30 B (30 m in a million years). There are, however, great regional differences in erosion speed. As an extreme example the watershed area of the Semani River in Albania is eroding at a rate of almost 3000 B (3 millimeters per year), the river having been estimated to transport about 4600 tons of earth per year from the average square kilometer in its watershed.

text: The Bubnoff unit is employed in

text: geology

text: to measure rates of lowering of earth surfaces due to

text: erosion

text: and is named after the Russian (German-Baltic) geologist

text: Serge von Bubnoff

text: (1888–1957). An erosion speed of 1 B also means that 1 m³ of earth is being removed from an area of 1 km² in 1 year. Compared to everyday phenomena, erosion is  under most circumstances (excluding rapid events like

text: landslides

text: ) an extremely slow process, calling for such a specialized unit. For instance, the current average rate of erosion over the Earth's landmasses has been estimated at 30 B (30 m in a million years). There are, however, great regional differences in erosion speed. As an extreme example the

text: watershed

text: area of the

text: Semani River

text: in

text: Albania

text: is eroding at a rate of almost 3000 B (3 millimeters per year), the river having been estimated to transport about 4600 tons of earth per year from the average square kilometer in its watershed.

text: Palynology is an interdisciplinary science and is a branch of earth science (geology or geological science) and biological science (biology), particularly plant science (botany). Stratigraphical palynology is a branch of micropalaeontology and paleobotany, which studies fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene.

text: Palynology is an interdisciplinary science and is a branch of

text: earth science

text: geology

text: or geological science) and

text: biological science

text: biology

text: ), particularly

text: plant science

text: botany

text: Stratigraphical

text: palynology is a branch of

text: micropalaeontology

text: and

text: paleobotany

text: , which studies

text: fossil

text: palynomorphs from the

text: Precambrian

text: to the

text: Holocene

text: |-| 12501 Nord ||  || Ashley Lynne Nord (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=504| 12504 Nuest ||  || Jennifer Elizabeth Nuest (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=506| 12506 Pariser ||  || Andrew Robert Pariser (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=509| 12509 Pathak ||  || Madhav Dilip Pathak (born 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=511| 12511 Patil ||  || Reshma Shivaputrappa Patil (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her gerontology project. |-id=512| 12512 Split ||  || Split is the largest Dalmatian city and the second-largest urban center in Croatia. Located on the shores of the eastern Adriatic Sea, it is a vital link to the numerous surrounding islands. The historic city of Split is built around the "Palace of Diocletian", the world's best preserved Roman palace.|-id=513| 12513 Niven ||  || Ivan M. Niven, Canadian-American mathematician †|-id=514| 12514 Schommer ||  || Robert Schommer, an astronomer at Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory. |-id=515| 12515 Suiseki ||  || Literally "Water-Stone" in Japanese, Suiseki is the Japanese art form of stone appreciation. |-id=517| 12517 Grayzeck ||  || Edwin John Grayzeck, American astronomer, Archive Manager, Small Bodies Node of the Planetary Data System, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park †|-id=519| 12519 Pullen ||  || Sarah Adele Pullen (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=522| 12522 Rara ||  || Prem Vilas Fortran M. Rara, Filipino winner of the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) † ‡ +|-id=524| 12524 Conscience ||  || Hendrik Conscience (1812–1883), a founder of Flemish literature. |-id=526| 12526 de Coninck ||  || Herman de Coninck (1944–1997), a Flemish poet and critic. |-id=527| 12527 Anneraugh ||  || Anne C. Raugh, American astronomer †|-id=529| 12529 Reighard ||  || Chelsea Lynne Reighard (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=530| 12530 Richardson ||  || Aaron Cole Richardson (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his botany project. |-id=533| 12533 Edmond || 1998 LA || Edmond, a city in central Oklahoma, was founded on 1889 Apr. 22 in the first of the Oklahoma land runs. |-id=534| 12534 Janhoet ||  || Jan Hoet, founder of the Museum of Contemporary Art (Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK)) in Ghent and Artistic Director of the Marta Museum in Herford, Germany*|-id=537| 12537 Kendriddle ||  || Kendra LeeAnn Riddle (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering project. |-id=539| 12539 Chaikin ||  || Andrew L. Chaikin (born 1956), a renowned author and space historian whose interests include the Apollo program. His landmark book A Man on the Moon served as the basis for the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, which dramatized the first lunar exploration. |-id=540| 12540 Picander ||  || Picander, pseudonym of Christian Friedrich Henrici (1700–1764), was one of Bach's most important librettists. |-id=541| 12541 Makarska ||  || Makarska is a town located on a horseshoe-shaped bay between the Biokovo mountains and the Adriatic Sea in the Croatian region of Dalmatia. It is the center of the Makarska riviera and noted for its palm-fringed promenade. Its Franciscan monastery houses a renowned seashell collection.|-id=542| 12542 Laver ||  || Rodney Laver (born 1938), a tennis player from the discoverer's home state of Queensland and widely regarded as one of the greats of the game. |-id=548| 12548 Erinriley ||  || Erin Kathleen Riley (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics project. |-id=553| 12553 Aaronritter ||  || Aaron M. Ritter (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=556| 12556 Kyrobinson ||  || Kylan Thomas Robinson (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=557| 12557 Caracol ||  || "El Caracol" at Chichén Itza in Yucatán, Mexico, has been described as probably the most famous of all the astronomically related buildings in ancient Mesoamerica. |-id=561| 12561 Howard ||  || Ron Howard American Actor, director, producer. |-id=562| 12562 Briangrazer ||  || Brian Grazer American Producer. |-id=564| 12564 Ikeller ||  || Ingeborg Bickel-Keller (born 1941), the discoverer’s wife. |-id=565| 12565 Khege ||  || Keith Hege (born 1932), of Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, is an expert in high angular resolution astronomy and instrumentation. |-id=566| 12566 Derichardson ||  || Derek Charles Richardson, Canadian astrophysicist † ‡|-id=567| 12567 Herreweghe ||  || Philippe Herreweghe, Belgian conductor. |-id=568| 12568 Kuffner ||  || Moriz von Kuffner, Austrian brewer, alpinist and founder of the Kuffner Observatory in Vienna |-id=572| 12572 Sadegh ||  || Cameron Sadegh (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. |-id=574| 12574 LONEOS || 1999 RT || Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS). |-id=575| 12575 Palmaria ||  || Palmaria is the most important island in the gulf of La Spezia, famous for its old quarry of a rare golden marble nicknamed "Portoro". |-id=576| 12576 Oresme ||  || Nicole Oresme(c. 1323 – 1382), bishop of Lisieux, conceived the representation of time-varying quantities by two-dimensional graphs, using the latitude-longitude analogy. |-id=577| 12577 Samra ||  || Shamsher Singh Samra (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=578| 12578 Bensaur ||  || Benjamin Paul Saur (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. |-id=579| 12579 Ceva ||  || The brothers Giovanni (1647–1734) and Tommaso (1648–1737) Ceva were Italian mathematicians interested in geometry and physics. |-id=580| 12580 Antonini ||  || Pierre Antonini is a retired mathematics professor who has discovered many minor planets and a supernova at his private observatory, using first a 16-cm telescope, now a 30-cm telescope. |-id=581| 12581 Rovinj ||  || Rovinj is a city on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula. It was initially built on an island but connected to the mainland in the eighteenth century. Saint Euphemia's basilica overlooks the medieval city and its 22 offshore islands.|-id=583| 12583 Buckjean ||  || Named for the discoverer's father, a railroad conductor, and his mother, a registered nurse. |-id=584| 12584 Zeljkoandreic ||  || Željko Andreić (born 1957), a renowned Croatian amateur astronomer and promoter of astronomy. |-id=585| 12585 Katschwarz ||  || Kathleen Alice Schwarz (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=593| 12593 Shashlov ||  || Anthon Michailovich Shashlov (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. |-id=595| 12595 Amandashaw ||  || Amanda Bryce Shaw (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematics project. |-id=596| 12596 Shukla ||  || Kavita M. Shukla (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=598| 12598 Sierra ||  || Elizabeth Sierra (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=599| 12599 Singhal ||  || Akshat Singhal (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. |}

text: 12501 Nord

text: ||  || Ashley Lynne Nord (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=504|

text: 12504 Nuest

text: ||  || Jennifer Elizabeth Nuest (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=506|

text: 12506 Pariser

text: ||  || Andrew Robert Pariser (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=509|

text: 12509 Pathak

text: ||  || Madhav Dilip Pathak (born 1987), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his behavioral and social sciences project. |-id=511|

text: 12511 Patil

text: ||  || Reshma Shivaputrappa Patil (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her gerontology project. |-id=512|

text: 12512 Split

text: ||  || Split is the largest Dalmatian city and the second-largest urban center in Croatia. Located on the shores of the eastern Adriatic Sea, it is a vital link to the numerous surrounding islands. The historic city of Split is built around the "Palace of Diocletian", the world's best preserved Roman palace.|-id=513|

text: 12513 Niven

text: Ivan M. Niven

text: , Canadian-American mathematician †|-id=514|

text: 12514 Schommer

text: Robert Schommer

text: , an astronomer at Cerro Tololo InterAmerican Observatory. |-id=515|

text: 12515 Suiseki

text: ||  || Literally "Water-Stone" in Japanese, Suiseki is the Japanese art form of stone appreciation. |-id=517|

text: 12517 Grayzeck

text: Edwin John Grayzeck

text: , American astronomer, Archive Manager, Small Bodies Node of the Planetary Data System, Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park †|-id=519|

text: 12519 Pullen

text: ||  || Sarah Adele Pullen (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her microbiology project. |-id=522|

text: 12522 Rara

text: ||  || Prem Vilas Fortran M. Rara, Filipino winner of the 2002

text: Intel International Science and Engineering Fair

text: (ISEF) † ‡ +|-id=524|

text: 12524 Conscience

text: Hendrik Conscience

text: (1812–1883), a founder of Flemish literature. |-id=526|

text: 12526 de Coninck

text: Herman de Coninck

text: (1944–1997), a Flemish poet and critic. |-id=527|

text: 12527 Anneraugh

text: Anne C. Raugh

text: , American astronomer †|-id=529|

text: 12529 Reighard

text: ||  || Chelsea Lynne Reighard (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=530|

text: 12530 Richardson

text: ||  || Aaron Cole Richardson (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his botany project. |-id=533|

text: 12533 Edmond

text: || 1998 LA || Edmond, a city in central Oklahoma, was founded on 1889 Apr. 22 in the first of the Oklahoma land runs. |-id=534|

text: 12534 Janhoet

text: Jan Hoet

text: , founder of the Museum of Contemporary Art (Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK)) in Ghent and Artistic Director of the Marta Museum in Herford, Germany*|-id=537|

text: 12537 Kendriddle

text: ||  || Kendra LeeAnn Riddle (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her engineering project. |-id=539|

text: 12539 Chaikin

text: Andrew L. Chaikin

text: (born 1956), a renowned author and space historian whose interests include the Apollo program. His landmark book A Man on the Moon served as the basis for the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, which dramatized the first lunar exploration. |-id=540|

text: 12540 Picander

text: ||  || Picander, pseudonym of

text: Christian Friedrich Henrici

text: (1700–1764), was one of Bach's most important librettists. |-id=541|

text: 12541 Makarska

text: Makarska

text: is a town located on a horseshoe-shaped bay between the Biokovo mountains and the Adriatic Sea in the Croatian region of Dalmatia. It is the center of the Makarska riviera and noted for its palm-fringed promenade. Its Franciscan monastery houses a renowned seashell collection.|-id=542|

text: 12542 Laver

text: Rodney Laver

text: (born 1938), a tennis player from the discoverer's home state of Queensland and widely regarded as one of the greats of the game. |-id=548|

text: 12548 Erinriley

text: ||  || Erin Kathleen Riley (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her physics project. |-id=553|

text: 12553 Aaronritter

text: ||  || Aaron M. Ritter (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=556|

text: 12556 Kyrobinson

text: ||  || Kylan Thomas Robinson (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering project. |-id=557|

text: 12557 Caracol

text: ||  || "El Caracol" at Chichén Itza in Yucatán, Mexico, has been described as probably the most famous of all the astronomically related buildings in ancient Mesoamerica. |-id=561|

text: 12561 Howard

text: Ron Howard

text: American Actor, director, producer. |-id=562|

text: 12562 Briangrazer

text: Brian Grazer

text: American Producer. |-id=564|

text: 12564 Ikeller

text: ||  || Ingeborg Bickel-Keller (born 1941), the discoverer’s wife. |-id=565|

text: 12565 Khege

text: ||  || Keith Hege (born 1932), of Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, is an expert in high angular resolution astronomy and instrumentation. |-id=566|

text: 12566 Derichardson

text: Derek Charles Richardson

text: , Canadian astrophysicist † ‡|-id=567|

text: 12567 Herreweghe

text: Philippe Herreweghe

text: , Belgian conductor. |-id=568|

text: 12568 Kuffner

text: ||  || Moriz von Kuffner, Austrian brewer, alpinist and founder of the Kuffner Observatory in

text: Vienna

text: 12572 Sadegh

text: ||  || Cameron Sadegh (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his chemistry project. |-id=574|

text: 12574 LONEOS

text: || 1999 RT ||

entity_name: Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search

text: Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search

text: (LONEOS). |-id=575|

text: 12575 Palmaria

text: ||  || Palmaria is the most important island in the gulf of La Spezia, famous for its old quarry of a rare golden marble nicknamed "Portoro". |-id=576|

text: 12576 Oresme

text: Nicole Oresme

text: (c. 1323 – 1382), bishop of Lisieux, conceived the representation of time-varying quantities by two-dimensional graphs, using the latitude-longitude analogy. |-id=577|

text: 12577 Samra

text: ||  || Shamsher Singh Samra (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=578|

text: 12578 Bensaur

text: ||  || Benjamin Paul Saur (born 1983), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his physics project. |-id=579|

text: 12579 Ceva

text: ||  || The brothers Giovanni (1647–1734) and Tommaso (1648–1737) Ceva were Italian mathematicians interested in geometry and physics. |-id=580|

text: 12580 Antonini

text: ||  || Pierre Antonini is a retired mathematics professor who has discovered many minor planets and a supernova at his private observatory, using first a 16-cm telescope, now a 30-cm telescope. |-id=581|

text: 12581 Rovinj

text: Rovinj

text: is a city on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula. It was initially built on an island but connected to the mainland in the eighteenth century. Saint Euphemia's basilica overlooks the medieval city and its 22 offshore islands.|-id=583|

text: 12583 Buckjean

text: ||  || Named for the discoverer's father, a railroad conductor, and his mother, a registered nurse. |-id=584|

text: 12584 Zeljkoandreic

text: ||  || Željko Andreić (born 1957), a renowned Croatian amateur astronomer and promoter of astronomy. |-id=585|

text: 12585 Katschwarz

text: ||  || Kathleen Alice Schwarz (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental science project. |-id=593|

text: 12593 Shashlov

text: ||  || Anthon Michailovich Shashlov (born 1986), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. |-id=595|

text: 12595 Amandashaw

text: ||  || Amanda Bryce Shaw (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her mathematics project. |-id=596|

text: 12596 Shukla

text: ||  || Kavita M. Shukla (born 1984), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=598|

text: 12598 Sierra

text: ||  || Elizabeth Sierra (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. |-id=599|

text: 12599 Singhal

text: ||  || Akshat Singhal (born 1985), a finalist in the 2002 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science project. |}

text: Highway 254 crosses the East Branch Blue Earth River near its intersection with County Road 16 in Emerald Township.

text: Highway 254 crosses the

text: East Branch Blue Earth River

text: near its intersection with County Road 16 in Emerald Township.

text: The RMI is located in Uccle, in a site shared with the Royal Observatory of Belgium and the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy. Among other remarkable places on site, the climatological park of the RMI is the reference in Belgium for climatology. Under the authority of BELSPO, the RMI makes its priority in providing meteorological warnings to the Belgian population, along with the European organization Meteoalarm.The Institute gives daily weather forecasts to the public and to a few specific sectors including agriculture, transport, media and energy.  Moreover, the RMI publishes a monthly climatological report, containing for every day of the previous month data on wind speed, average/minimum/maximum temperature, precipitation, insolation. It is entirely free and accessible through the RMI website.   The current face of RMI reflects the importance given to scientific meteorological research, in the fields of forecasting, issues concerning atmosphere and climate, the hydrological cycle, observations’ systems, magnetism and the ionosphere.

text: The RMI is located in Uccle, in a site shared with the

text: Royal Observatory of Belgium

text: and the

text: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy

text: . Among other remarkable places on site, the climatological park of the RMI is the reference in Belgium for

text: climatology

text: . Under the authority of BELSPO, the RMI makes its priority in providing meteorological warnings to the Belgian population, along with the European organization

text: Meteoalarm

text: .The Institute gives daily weather forecasts to the public and to a few specific sectors including

text: agriculture

text: transport

text: , media and energy.  Moreover, the RMI publishes a monthly climatological report, containing for every day of the previous month data on wind speed, average/minimum/maximum temperature, precipitation, insolation. It is entirely free and accessible through the RMI website.   The current face of RMI reflects the importance given to scientific meteorological research, in the fields of forecasting, issues concerning

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: climate

text: , the hydrological cycle, observations’ systems,

text: magnetism

text: and the

text: ionosphere

text: The process of removal of materials from geological or soil horizons is called eluviation or leaching. There is a difference in the usage of this term in geology and soil science. In soil science, eluviation is the transport of soil material from upper layers of soil to lower levels by downward precipitation of water across soil  horizons, and accumulation of this material (illuvial deposit) in lower levels is called illuviation. In geology, the removed material is irrelevant, and the deposit (eluvial deposit) is the remaining material. Eluviation occurs when precipitation exceeds evaporation.

text: The process of removal of materials from geological or soil horizons is called eluviation or leaching. There is a difference in the usage of this term in geology and

text: soil science

text: . In soil science, eluviation is the transport of soil material from upper layers of soil to lower levels by downward precipitation of water across

text: soil  horizon

text: s, and accumulation of this material (

text: illuvial deposit

text: ) in lower levels is called

text: illuviation

text: . In geology, the removed material is irrelevant, and the deposit (eluvial deposit) is the remaining material. Eluviation occurs when precipitation exceeds evaporation.

text: Near the Earth's surface, this horizontal pressure gradient force is directed from higher toward lower pressure. Its particular orientation at any one time and place depends strongly on the weather situation. At mid-latitudes, the typical horizontal pressure gradient may take on values of the order of 10 Pa/m (or 10 Pa/km), although rather higher values occur within meteorological fronts.

text: Near the

text: Earth's surface

text: , this horizontal pressure gradient force is directed from higher toward lower pressure. Its particular orientation at any one time and place depends strongly on the weather situation. At mid-

text: latitude

text: s, the typical horizontal pressure gradient may take on values of the order of 10 Pa/m (or 10 Pa/km), although rather higher values occur within

text: meteorological fronts

text: Both Karl Marx and the early socialist William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters. According to Marx, "Even an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together ... are not owners of the earth. They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations." Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary Aleksandr Bogdanov and the Proletkul't organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism, and "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of Soviet rule, before Joseph Stalin attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudo-science of Trofim Lysenko. Likewise, Mao Zedong rejected environmentalism and believed that, based on the laws of historical materialism, all of nature must be put into the service of revolution.

text: Both Karl Marx and the early socialist

text: William Morris

text: arguably had a concern for environmental matters. According to Marx, "Even an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together ... are not owners of the earth. They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations." Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary

text: Aleksandr Bogdanov

text: and the

text: Proletkul't

text: organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism, and "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of

text: Soviet

text: rule, before

text: Joseph Stalin

text: attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the pseudo-science of

text: Trofim Lysenko

text: . Likewise,

text: Mao Zedong

text: rejected environmentalism and believed that, based on the laws of historical materialism, all of nature must be put into the service of revolution.

text: The Museum of Economic Geology was founded by the Dublin Castle administration in 1845, with chemist Robert Kane as curator, and a focus on mining in Ireland similar to the Museum of Practical Geology in London. In 1847, Kane was promoted to director, expanding its remit, and renaming it the Museum of Irish Industry (MII). In 1853 a new Science and Art Department was created within the Whitehall administration, and in 1854 the MII placed under its remit. A School of Science applied to Mining and the Arts was created, modelled on the Royal School of Mines in London, with four professorships shared jointly by the MII school and the Royal Dublin Society (RDS). The MII and School shared premises at 51, St. Stephen's Green, acquired in 1846 and fitted out by 1852. In 1864, a select committee of the UK parliament recommended that the MII and School be entirely separated from the RDS and broadened into a government-supported College of Science for Ireland. In 1865, HM Treasury agreed and in 1867 a commission was appointed by the education committee of the Privy Council. The commission, headed by William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, outlined the scope and functions of the proposed college, and the RCScI mission statement on 11 September 1867 was:

text: The Museum of Economic Geology was founded by the

text: Dublin Castle administration

text: in 1845, with chemist

text: Robert Kane

text: as curator, and a focus on

text: mining in Ireland

text: similar to the

text: Museum of Practical Geology

text: in London. In 1847, Kane was promoted to director, expanding its remit, and renaming it the

text: Museum of Irish Industry

text: (MII). In 1853 a new

text: Science and Art Department

text: was created within

text: the Whitehall administration

text: , and in 1854 the MII placed under its remit. A School of Science applied to Mining and the Arts was created, modelled on the

text: Royal School of Mines

text: in London, with four professorships shared jointly by the MII school and the

text: Royal Dublin Society

text: (RDS). The MII and School shared premises at 51, St. Stephen's Green, acquired in 1846 and fitted out by 1852. In 1864, a

text: select committee

text: of the

text: UK parliament

text: recommended that the MII and School be entirely separated from the RDS and broadened into a government-supported College of Science for Ireland. In 1865,

text: HM Treasury

text: agreed and in 1867 a commission was appointed by the education committee of the

text: Privy Council

text: . The commission, headed by

text: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

text: , outlined the scope and functions of the proposed college, and the RCScI mission statement on 11 September 1867 was:

text: The Geology of England is mainly sedimentary. The youngest rocks are in the south east, progressing in age in a north-westerly direction. The Tees-Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and older, harder, and generally a higher relief in the north-west. The geology of England is recognisable in the landscape of its counties, for instance Cumbria, Kent and Norfolk all have very distinct and very different looks from each other.The geology of Northern England and Western England tends to be somewhat closer to that of its near neighbours, Wales and Scotland, with the geology of Southern England and Eastern England being more aligned with that found across the North Sea and English Channel in Northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

text: The Geology of England is mainly

text: sedimentary

text: . The youngest rocks are in the south east, progressing in age in a north-westerly direction. The Tees-Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and older, harder, and generally a higher relief in the north-west. The geology of England is recognisable in the landscape of its counties, for instance

text: Cumbria

text: , Kent and

text: Norfolk

text: all have very distinct and very different looks from each other.The geology of Northern England and Western England tends to be somewhat closer to that of its near neighbours, Wales and Scotland, with the geology of Southern England and Eastern England being more aligned with that found across the

text: North Sea

text: and

text: English Channel

text: in

text: Northern France

text: , Belgium, and the Netherlands.

text: |-id=004| 28004 Terakawa || 1997 XA || Syoji Terakawa, expert mirror polisher. |-id=019| 28019 Warchal ||  || Bohdan Warchal, Slovak violinist, conductor and educator, member of the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and chief conductor and soloist of the Slovak Chamber Orchestra †|-id=037| 28037 Williammonts ||  || William Lowell Monts (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=038| 28038 Nicoleodzer ||  || Nicole Brooke Odzer (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=039| 28039 Mauraoei ||  || Maura Clare Oei (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her engineering project. |-id=042| 28042 Mayapatel ||  || Maya Mona Patel (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=043| 28043 Mabelwheeler ||  || 28043 Mabelwheeler Discovered 1998 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mabel Elizabeth Wheeler (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. She attends the Cherry Hill Elementary School, Orem, Utah.|-id=045| 28045 Johnwilkins ||  || John C. Wilkins (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=048| 28048 Camilleyoke ||  || Camille Virginia Yoke (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=049| 28049 Yvonnealex ||  || Yvonne Alexander mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=050| 28050 Asekomeh ||  || Demetrius Asekomeh mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=059| 28059 Kiliaan ||  || Cornelis Kiliaan, 16th-century Flemish linguist |-id=068| 28068 Stephbillings ||  || Stephanie Billings mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=072| 28072 Lindbowerman ||  || Lindsay Bowerman mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=073| 28073 Fohner ||  || Nancy Fohner mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=074| 28074 Matgallagher ||  || Matthew Gallagher mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=075| 28075 Emilyhoffman ||  || Emily Hoffman mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=078| 28078 Mauricehilleman ||  || Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist who developed 8 of the 14 most common vaccines in use today. |-id=081| 28081 Carriehudson ||  || Carrie Hudson mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=091| 28091 Mikekane ||  || Michael Kane mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=092| 28092 Joannekear ||  || Joanne Kear mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=093| 28093 Staceylevoit ||  || Stacey Levoit mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=094| 28094 Michellewis ||  || Michelle Lewis mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=095| 28095 Seanmahoney ||  || Sean Mahoney mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=096| 28096 Kathrynmarsh ||  || Kathryn Marsh mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |}

text: 28004 Terakawa

text: || 1997 XA || Syoji Terakawa, expert mirror polisher. |-id=019|

text: 28019 Warchal

text: Bohdan Warchal

text: , Slovak violinist, conductor and educator, member of the

text: Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra

text: and chief conductor and soloist of the

text: Slovak Chamber Orchestra

text: 28037 Williammonts

text: ||  || William Lowell Monts (born 1997) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=038|

text: 28038 Nicoleodzer

text: ||  || Nicole Brooke Odzer (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=039|

text: 28039 Mauraoei

text: ||  || Maura Clare Oei (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her engineering project. |-id=042|

text: 28042 Mayapatel

text: ||  || Maya Mona Patel (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her earth and space sciences project. |-id=043|

text: 28043 Mabelwheeler

text: ||  || 28043 Mabelwheeler Discovered 1998 Mar. 24 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mabel Elizabeth Wheeler (b. 2000) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. She attends the Cherry Hill Elementary School, Orem, Utah.|-id=045|

text: 28045 Johnwilkins

text: ||  || John C. Wilkins (born 2000) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for his earth and space sciences project. |-id=048|

text: 28048 Camilleyoke

text: ||  || Camille Virginia Yoke (born 1998) is a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=049|

text: 28049 Yvonnealex

text: ||  || Yvonne Alexander mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=050|

text: 28050 Asekomeh

text: ||  || Demetrius Asekomeh mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=059|

text: 28059 Kiliaan

text: Cornelis Kiliaan

text: , 16th-century Flemish linguist |-id=068|

text: 28068 Stephbillings

text: ||  || Stephanie Billings mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=072|

text: 28072 Lindbowerman

text: ||  || Lindsay Bowerman mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=073|

text: 28073 Fohner

text: ||  || Nancy Fohner mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=074|

text: 28074 Matgallagher

text: ||  || Matthew Gallagher mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=075|

text: 28075 Emilyhoffman

text: ||  || Emily Hoffman mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=078|

text: 28078 Mauricehilleman

text: Maurice Hilleman

text: , American microbiologist who developed 8 of the 14 most common vaccines in use today. |-id=081|

text: 28081 Carriehudson

text: ||  || Carrie Hudson mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=091|

text: 28091 Mikekane

text: ||  || Michael Kane mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=092|

text: 28092 Joannekear

text: ||  || Joanne Kear mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=093|

text: 28093 Staceylevoit

text: ||  || Stacey Levoit mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=094|

text: 28094 Michellewis

text: ||  || Michelle Lewis mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=095|

text: 28095 Seanmahoney

text: ||  || Sean Mahoney mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |-id=096|

text: 28096 Kathrynmarsh

text: ||  || Kathryn Marsh mentored a finalist in the 2012 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle-school students. |}

text: To be among the best of meteorological, climatological and geophysical service centre by 2020.

text: The Tulane University School of Science and Engineering (SSE) offers degrees in biological chemistry, biomedical engineering, cell and molecular biology, chemical and biomolecular engineering, chemistry, earth and environmental science, ecology and evolutionary biology, environmental biology, environmental geoscience, geology, mathematics, neuroscience, physics, psychology, and statistics.  In addition, a minor is offered in engineering science.  The school was established in the fall of 2005 as part of the Tulane Renewal Plan, when the Faculty of the Liberal Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering were reorganized into two schools: the School of Liberal Arts and the School of Science and Engineering.

text: The Tulane University School of Science and Engineering (SSE) offers degrees in

text: biological chemistry

text: biomedical engineering

text: cell

text: and

text: molecular biology

text: chemical

text: and

text: biomolecular engineering

text: chemistry

text: earth

text: and

text: environmental science

text: ecology and evolutionary biology

text: environmental biology

text: environmental geoscience

text: geology

text: mathematics

text: neuroscience

text: physics

text: psychology

text: , and

text: statistics

text: .  In addition, a minor is offered in

text: engineering science

text: .  The school was established in the fall of 2005 as part of the Tulane Renewal Plan, when the Faculty of the Liberal Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering were reorganized into two schools: the

entity_name: Tulane University School of Liberal Arts

text: School of Liberal Arts

text: and the School of Science and Engineering.

text: The seminal event in the founding of the modern science of oceanography was the 1872-76 Challenger expedition. As the first true oceanographic cruise, this expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline. In response to a recommendation from the Royal Society, The British Government announced in 1871 an expedition to explore world's oceans and conduct appropriate scientific investigation. Charles Wyville Thompson and Sir John Murray launched the Challenger expedition. The Challenger, leased from the Royal Navy, was modified for scientific work and equipped with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. Under the scientific supervision of Thomson, Challenger travelled nearly  surveying and exploring. On her journey circumnavigating the globe, 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken. Around 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as "the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries". He went on to found the academic discipline of oceanography at the University of Edinburgh, which remained the centre for oceanographic research well into the 20th century. Murray was the first to study marine trenches and in particular the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and map the sedimentary deposits in the oceans. He tried to map out the world's ocean currents based on salinity and temperature observations, and was the first to correctly understand the nature of coral reef development.

text: The seminal event in the founding of the modern science of oceanography was the 1872-76

text: Challenger expedition

text: . As the first true oceanographic cruise, this expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline. In response to a recommendation from the

text: Royal Society

text: The British Government

text: announced in 1871 an expedition to explore world's oceans and conduct appropriate scientific investigation.

text: Charles Wyville Thompson

text: and

text: Sir John Murray

text: launched the Challenger expedition. The Challenger, leased from the

text: Royal Navy

text: , was modified for scientific work and equipped with separate laboratories for

text: natural history

text: and

text: chemistry

text: . Under the scientific supervision of Thomson, Challenger travelled nearly  surveying and exploring. On her journey circumnavigating the globe, 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken. Around 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as "the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries". He went on to found the academic discipline of oceanography at the

text: University of Edinburgh

text: , which remained the centre for oceanographic research well into the 20th century. Murray was the first to study marine trenches and in particular the

text: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

text: , and map the sedimentary deposits in the oceans. He tried to map out the world's ocean currents based on salinity and temperature observations, and was the first to correctly understand the nature of

text: coral reef

text: development.

text: The final, most evolved stage is the positivist stage, the stage when humans give up on discovering absolute truth, and turn towards discovering, through reasoning and observation, actual laws of phenomena. Humans realize that laws exist, and that the world can be rationally explained through science, rational thought, laws, and observation. Comte was a positivist, believing in the natural rather than the supernatural, and so he claimed that his time period, the 1800s, was in the positivist stage. He believed that within this stage, there is a hierarchy of sciences: mathematics, astronomy, terrestrial physics, chemistry, and physiology. Mathematics, the “science that relates to the measurement of magnitudes”, is the most perfect science of all, and is applied to the most important laws of the universe. Astronomy is the most simple science, and is the first “to be subjected to positive theories". Physics is less satisfactory than astronomy, because it is more complex, having less pure and systemized theories. Physics, as well as chemistry, are the “general laws of the inorganic world”, and are harder to distinguish. Physiology completes the system of natural sciences, and is the most important of all sciences because it is the “only solid basis of the social reorganization that must terminate the crisis in which the most civilized nations have found themselves”. This stage will fix the problems in current nations, allowing progression and peace.

text: He completed three degrees while attending the University of Alberta; B.Sc. (1964), M.Sc. (1966), Ph.D. (1969). In 1969–1970, Clowes completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at Australian National University. He became a professor at the University of British Columbia in 1970. In 1987, he became the director of Lithoprobe, a national geoscience research project. Clowes continues to teach at UBC as a professor in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences. His research, with colleagues and students, focuses on seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere; and relation of the results to geology and tectonics.

text: He completed three degrees while attending the

text: University of Alberta

text: ; B.Sc. (1964), M.Sc. (1966), Ph.D. (1969). In 1969–1970, Clowes completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at

text: Australian National University

text: . He became a professor at the

text: University of British Columbia

text: in 1970. In 1987, he became the director of

text: Lithoprobe

text: , a national geoscience research project. Clowes continues to teach at UBC as a professor in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences. His research, with colleagues and students, focuses on seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere; and relation of the results to

text: geology

text: and

text: tectonics

text: Burmeister studied mathematics and physics at the University of Munich under Hugo von Seeliger and Arnold Sommerfeld, and he received his doctorate in 1919. Upon graduation, he became Director of the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory, of the Geomagnetism Branch of the Munich Earth Observatory, under the Geophysics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, at the University of Munich. Due to the industrialization of Munich, operation of the observatory became more and more difficult, so, in 1927 the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory was closed and moved to a village 25 kilometers west of Munich, and it became the Maisach Geomagnetic Observatory. Due to the construction of a large military air base near Maisach, this facility was closed on October 31, 1937. It was moved to a small town west of Munich, and it became the Fürstenfeldbruck Geomagnetic Observatory where measurements began on 1 January 1939 under Burmeister as its inaugural director. Burmeister retired as director of the observatory in 1958, whereupon Karl Wienert was appointed to the position.

text: Burmeister studied mathematics and physics at the

text: University of Munich

text: under

text: Hugo von Seeliger

text: and

text: Arnold Sommerfeld

text: , and he received his doctorate in 1919. Upon graduation, he became Director of the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory, of the Geomagnetism Branch of the Munich Earth Observatory, under the Geophysics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, at the University of Munich. Due to the industrialization of Munich, operation of the observatory became more and more difficult, so, in 1927 the Munich Geomagnetic Observatory was closed and moved to a village 25 kilometers west of Munich, and it became the

text: Maisach

text: Geomagnetic Observatory. Due to the construction of a large military air base near Maisach, this facility was closed on October 31, 1937. It was moved to a small town west of Munich, and it became the

text: Fürstenfeldbruck

text: Geomagnetic Observatory where measurements began on 1 January 1939 under Burmeister as its inaugural director. Burmeister retired as director of the observatory in 1958, whereupon Karl Wienert was appointed to the position.

text: Ewing began his academic career as an Assistant Professor at the University of New Mexico (1974) rising to the rank of Regents’ Professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences in 1993.  From 1997 to 2013, he was a professor at the University of Michigan in three Departments: Earth & Environmental Sciences, Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences, and Materials Science & Engineering. In 2009, he was appointed as the Edward H. Kraus University Professor at the University of Michigan. In 2014, he joined Stanford University as a Senior Fellow in the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and as a Professor in the School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences. He is presently the Frank Stanton Professor in Nuclear Security.

text: Ewing began his academic career as an Assistant Professor at the

text: University of New Mexico

text: (1974) rising to the rank of Regents’ Professor of Earth & Planetary Sciences in 1993.  From 1997 to 2013, he was a professor at the

text: University of Michigan

text: in three Departments: Earth & Environmental Sciences, Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Sciences, and Materials Science & Engineering. In 2009, he was appointed as the Edward H. Kraus University Professor at the University of Michigan. In 2014, he joined Stanford University as a Senior Fellow in the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and as a Professor in the School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences. He is presently the Frank Stanton Professor in Nuclear Security.

text: Branches of science – divisions within science with respect to the entity or system concerned, which typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature.

text: Branches of science

text: – divisions within science with respect to the entity or system concerned, which typically embodies its own

text: terminology

text: and

text: nomenclature

text: Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include astrophysics, atmospheric physics, chemistry, ecology, physical geography, geology, geophysics, glaciology, hydrology, oceanography, and volcanology.

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: circulation patterns

text: heat transfer

text: radiative

text: convective

text: and

text: latent

text: ), interactions between the atmosphere and the

text: oceans

text: and

text: land

text: surface (particularly

text: vegetation

text: land use

text: and

text: topography

text: ), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include

text: astrophysics

text: atmospheric physics

text: chemistry

text: ecology

text: physical geography

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: glaciology

text: hydrology

text: oceanography

text: , and

text: volcanology

text: Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale, about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere. Important topics in microscale meteorology include heat transfer and gas exchange between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground turbulence.  Measuring these transport processes involves use of micrometeorological (or flux) towers.  Variables often measured or derived include net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat storage, and fluxes of trace gases important to the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

text: Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived

text: atmospheric

text: phenomena smaller than

text: mesoscale

text: meteorology

text: synoptic scale

text: weather map

text: . These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere. Important topics in microscale meteorology include

text: heat transfer

text: and

text: gas exchange

text: between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground

text: turbulence

text: .  Measuring these transport processes involves use of micrometeorological (or flux) towers.  Variables often measured or derived include net

text: radiation

text: sensible heat

text: flux,

text: latent heat flux

text: , ground heat storage, and fluxes of

text: trace gases

text: important to the

text: atmosphere

text: biosphere

text: , and

text: hydrosphere

text: A.I. is the only school in the state of Delaware with a working observatory, which is used by the earth sciences class and the astronomy club.

text: A.I. is the only school in the state of Delaware with a working

text: observatory

text: , which is used by the earth sciences class and the astronomy club.

text: This consideration of a "reverse meaning" allows René Guénon to propose an explanation of some artistic depictions, such as that reported by Ananda Coomaraswamy in his study "The inverted tree": some images of the "World Tree", a symbol of universal Manifestation, represent the tree with its roots up and its branches down: the corresponding positions correspond to two complementary points of view that can be contemplated: point of view of the manifestation and of the Principle. This consideration of "reverse meaning" is one of the elements of a "science of symbolism" in which Guénon refers to, and used by him in many occasions. Thus, in his book The Great Triad, mainly dedicated to the explanation of some symbols belonging to Far Eastern tradition, the general symbols of Sky and Earth are linked, from the point of view of cyclical development, with the "sphere" and the "cube", while their meeting point is identified with the skyline because "it is on their periphery, or their most remote confines, that is to say, the horizon, that Sky and Earth are joining according to sensitive appearances"; the consideration of the "reverse meaning " surfaces here in the reality symbolized by these appearances because "following that reality, they unite on the contrary by the center". From there comes, according to Guénon, an explanation of the symbolism of the "ventral side" that Heaven presents to the "cosmos", and correspondingly of the "backbone" side shown by the Earth. This symbolism explains the shape of the ancient Chinese currency, which are drilled in the center by the figure of a square (see picture). Similarly, among the symbols of Anima Mundi, one of the most common is the snake, which is often figured in the circular shape of the Ouroboros:

text: This consideration of a "reverse meaning" allows René Guénon to propose an explanation of some artistic depictions, such as that reported by

text: Ananda Coomaraswamy

text: in his study "The inverted tree": some images of the "World Tree", a symbol of universal Manifestation, represent the tree with its roots up and its branches down: the corresponding positions correspond to two complementary points of view that can be contemplated: point of view of the manifestation and of the Principle. This consideration of "reverse meaning" is one of the elements of a "science of symbolism" in which Guénon refers to, and used by him in many occasions. Thus, in his book The Great Triad, mainly dedicated to the explanation of some symbols belonging to

text: Far Eastern tradition

text: , the general symbols of Sky and Earth are linked, from the point of view of cyclical development, with the "sphere" and the "cube", while their meeting point is identified with the skyline because "it is on their periphery, or their most remote confines, that is to say, the horizon, that Sky and Earth are joining according to sensitive appearances"; the consideration of the "reverse meaning " surfaces here in the reality symbolized by these appearances because "following that reality, they unite on the contrary by the center". From there comes, according to Guénon, an explanation of the symbolism of the "ventral side" that Heaven presents to the "cosmos", and correspondingly of the "backbone" side shown by the Earth. This symbolism explains the shape of the ancient Chinese currency, which are drilled in the center by the figure of a square (see picture). Similarly, among the symbols of Anima Mundi, one of the most common is the snake, which is often figured in the circular shape of the

text: Ouroboros

text: Founded in 1972, the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) is an Organized Research Unit within The University of Texas at Austin, conducting academic research in geology and geophysics.UTIG works with the UT Department of Geological Sciences and Bureau of Economic Geology to provide basic and applied geophysical research opportunities for graduate students at the MA and PhD level through its worldwide programs in solid earth geophysics, marine geology/geophysics, and multi-channel reflection seismology. Some of its scientists also participate in the university's Environmental Science Institute.

text: Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.

text: Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a

text: climatological

text: indicator, measuring duration of

text: sunshine

text: cloud

text: insolation

text: , which measures the total

text: energy

text: There was a wide range of readings of the book among the aristocracy interested in science, who assessed it independently without dismissing it out of hand. Sir John Cam Hobhouse wrote his thoughts down in his diary: "In spite of the allusions to the creative will of God the cosmogony is atheistic—at least the introduction of an author of all things seems very like a formality for the sake of saving appearances—it is not a necessary part of the scheme". While disquieted by its information on embryology implying human origins from animals, he thought its tone was good. He concluded that "It does not meddle with revealed religion—but unless I am mistaken the leaders of revealed religion will meddle with it." Lord Morpeth thought it had "much that is able, startling, striking" and progressive development did not conflict with Genesis more than then current geology, but did "not care much for the notion that we are engendered by monkeys" and objected strongly to the idea that the Earth was "a member of a democracy" of similar planets.

text: There was a wide range of readings of the book among the aristocracy interested in science, who assessed it independently without dismissing it out of hand.

text: Sir John Cam Hobhouse

text: wrote his thoughts down in his diary: "In spite of the allusions to the creative will of God the cosmogony is atheistic—at least the introduction of an author of all things seems very like a formality for the sake of saving appearances—it is not a necessary part of the scheme". While disquieted by its information on

text: embryo

text: logy implying human origins from animals, he thought its tone was good. He concluded that "It does not meddle with revealed religion—but unless I am mistaken the leaders of revealed religion will meddle with it."

text: Lord Morpeth

text: thought it had "much that is able, startling, striking" and progressive development did not conflict with Genesis more than then current geology, but did "not care much for the notion that we are engendered by monkeys" and objected strongly to the idea that the Earth was "a member of a democracy" of similar planets.

text: The Durham University Department of Earth Sciences' Isotope Geology Laboratory is named after him, as is the students' Geology Society.

text: The

text: Durham University

text: Department of Earth Sciences' Isotope Geology Laboratory is named after him, as is the students' Geology Society.

text: Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal. An ideal is by definition unattainable in a given time/space but endlessly approachable and it is this endless pursuit that forms a sustainable system in the process (ibid).Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms. Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmentally-friendly chemical engineering, environmental resources management and environmental protection. Information is gained from green chemistry, earth science, environmental science and conservation biology. Ecological economics studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems.

text: Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal. An ideal is by definition unattainable in a given time/space but endlessly approachable and it is this endless pursuit that forms a sustainable system in the process (ibid).Healthy ecosystems and

text: environments

text: are necessary to the survival of humans and other

text: organisms

text: . Ways of reducing negative human impact are

text: environmentally-friendly chemical engineering

text: environmental resources management

text: and

text: environmental protection

text: . Information is gained from

text: green chemistry

text: earth science

text: environmental science

text: and

text: conservation biology

text: Ecological economics

text: studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems.

text: Wakimoto was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in 1996, was a Councilor from 1997-2000, and received its Meisinger Award for "significant contributions to the understanding of mesoscale phenomena through insightful and detailed analysis of observations" in 1992. He served on the AMS Committee on Severe Local Storms from 1987-1991 (chair, 1988-1991), the UCAR/AMS Committee on the Study on Observational Systems from 1988-1990, and the AMS Committee on Radar Meteorology from 2000-2004 (chair, 2001-2004). He has published over 100 journal articles and was associate editor of Monthly Weather Review as well as co-editor of AMS Meteorological Monograph: Radar and Atmospheric Science: A Collection of Essays in Honor of David Atlas. From 2003-2006, he served on the National Academies Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC).

text: Wakimoto was elected a Fellow of the

text: American Meteorological Society

text: (AMS) in 1996, was a Councilor from 1997-2000, and received its Meisinger Award for "significant contributions to the understanding of mesoscale phenomena through insightful and detailed analysis of observations" in 1992. He served on the AMS Committee on Severe Local Storms from 1987-1991 (chair, 1988-1991), the UCAR/AMS Committee on the Study on Observational Systems from 1988-1990, and the AMS Committee on Radar Meteorology from 2000-2004 (chair, 2001-2004). He has published over 100 journal articles and was associate editor of

text: Monthly Weather Review

text: as well as co-editor of AMS Meteorological Monograph: Radar and Atmospheric Science: A Collection of Essays in Honor of David Atlas. From 2003-2006, he served on the

entity_name: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

text: National Academies

text: Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC).

text: The Museum of the Earth is a natural history museum located in  Ithaca, New York. The museum was created in 2003 as part of the Paleontological Research Institution (PRI), which studies the history of the Earth and its life. Both PRI and the Museum of the Earth are formally affiliated with Cornell University.  The Museum of the Earth is home to earth-science exhibits and science-related art displays with a focus on the concurrent evolution of the Earth and life.

text: The Museum of the Earth is a

text: natural history museum

text: located in

text: Ithaca, New York

text: . The museum was created in 2003 as part of the

text: Paleontological Research Institution

text: (PRI), which studies the history of the Earth and its life. Both PRI and the Museum of the Earth are formally affiliated with

text: Cornell University

text: .  The Museum of the Earth is home to earth-science exhibits and science-related art displays with a focus on the concurrent evolution of the Earth and life.

text: Hydrometeorology is the branch of meteorology that deals with the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms. A hydrometeorologist prepares and issues forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding. Typically the range of knowledge that is required overlaps with climatology, mesoscale and synoptic meteorology, and other geosciences.

text: Hydrometeorology

text: is the branch of meteorology that deals with the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: , the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of

text: storm

text: s. A hydrometeorologist prepares and issues forecasts of accumulating (quantitative) precipitation, heavy rain, heavy snow, and highlights areas with the potential for flash flooding. Typically the range of knowledge that is required overlaps with climatology, mesoscale and synoptic meteorology, and other geosciences.

text: Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth, as it provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and past climates. In modern times, geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation and for evaluating water resources. It is publicly important for the prediction and understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate change. Geology plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic discipline.

text: Geology gives insight into the

text: history of the Earth

text: , as it provides the primary evidence for

text: plate tectonics

text: , the

text: evolutionary history of life

text: , and past climates. In modern times, geology is commercially important for

text: mineral

text: and

text: hydrocarbon

text: exploration and exploitation and for evaluating

text: water resources

text: . It is publicly important for the prediction and understanding of

text: natural hazards

text: , the remediation of

text: environmental

text: climate change

text: . Geology plays a role in

text: geotechnical engineering

text: and is a major

text: academic discipline

text: In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation.

text: In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into

text: global warming

text: , together with

text: solar radiation

text: X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray observation and detection from astronomical objects. X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be taken to high altitude by balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. X-ray astronomy is the space science related to a type of space telescope that can see farther than standard light-absorption telescopes, such as the Mauna Kea Observatories, via x-ray radiation.

text: X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of

text: astronomy

text: which deals with the study of

text: X-ray

text: observation and detection from

text: astronomical object

text: s.

text: X-radiation

text: is absorbed by the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: balloons

text: sounding rocket

text: s, and

text: satellite

text: s. X-ray astronomy is the

text: space science

text: related to a type of

text: space telescope

text: that can see farther than standard light-absorption telescopes, such as the

text: Mauna Kea Observatories

text: , via x-ray radiation.

text: Because the field of astronomy is diverse, several divisions have been formed each of which promotes and enables a different branch of astronomy or astronomy-related science as well as working within the overall charter of the AAS. Many of the divisions hold separate meetings in addition to meeting with the main group. The divisions of the AAS, together with their main research interests, are:

text: The sciences students have to choose from are: Living Environment/Biology, Earth Science, AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, Chemistry.

text: Temperature gradients in the atmosphere are important in the atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields).

text: Temperature gradients in the

text: atmosphere

text: are important in the atmospheric sciences (

text: meteorology

text: climatology

text: and related fields).

text: The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a focus on the arts and sciences with a high level of co-existence in undergraduate and graduate programs. Freshman admission is selective but there are high levels of transfer-in. 107 Bachelor's degrees are offered across the Haas School of Business (1), College of Chemistry (5), College of Engineering (20), College of Environmental Design (4), College of Letters and Science (67), College of Natural Resources (10), and other individual majors (2). The most popular majors are Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Political Science, Molecular and Cell Biology, Environmental Science, and Economics.

text: MTRI has its heritage in the branch of the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) that remained not-for-profit and developed into the Altarum Institute after ERIM's organization was divided by a corporate takeover in the late 1990s. It became part of Michigan Tech in 2006 and includes research programs related to national security, protecting and evaluating critical infrastructure, bioinformatics, earth sciences, and environmental processes, including transportation.

text: MTRI has its heritage in the branch of the

entity_name: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

text: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

text: (ERIM) that remained not-for-profit and developed into the

text: Altarum Institute

text: after ERIM's organization was divided by a corporate takeover in the late 1990s. It became part of Michigan Tech in 2006 and includes research programs related to national security, protecting and evaluating critical infrastructure, bioinformatics, earth sciences, and environmental processes, including transportation.

text: The large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion relative to the size of the event, based on its short-period body wave magnitude. The Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency assigned a magnitude of 6.8, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a similar value of 6.1 (both body wave magnitude) that were calculated from short-period seismic waves (1–2 seconds in the case of the USGS). The USGS then presented a moment magnitude of 7.2 that was calculated from 5–100-second surface waves, and Harvard University subsequently revealed that a moment magnitude of 7.7 had been resolved based on even longer 150-second surface waves.

text: The large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion relative to the size of the event, based on its short-period

text: body wave magnitude

text: . The

text: Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency

text: assigned a magnitude of 6.8, and the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS) reported a similar value of 6.1 (both body wave magnitude) that were calculated from short-period

text: seismic wave

text: s (1–2 seconds in the case of the USGS). The USGS then presented a

text: moment magnitude

text: of 7.2 that was calculated from 5–100-second surface waves, and

text: Harvard University

text: subsequently revealed that a moment magnitude of 7.7 had been resolved based on even longer 150-second surface waves.

text: Weather surveillance radar was first installed in the Philippines in 1963 atop the Central Office of the Bureau (but this was destroyed beyond repair by a fire in 1978).In 1965, on its centenary, half of the weather stations across the country were already linked with each other by single side-band radio transceivers, forming an independent meteorological communication system. In 1968, the Philippines joined the Typhoon Committee formed by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) and the WMO. The following year saw the transfer of the central office from the Marsman Building to 1424, Quezon Boulevard Extension in Quezon City.  The same year also ushered the 5-year "WMO Training and Research Project, Manila". Composed of the Institute of Meteorology in the Weather Bureau and the Department of Meteorology in the University of the Philippines, the project aimed to meet the training needs of the country's meteorological personnel and to carry out research in various fields of meteorology. The Institute provided technical in-service training in various levels while the Department offered a post-graduate course leading to a Master of Science degree in Meteorology. With the implementation of the project, the acquisition of an IBM 1130 was realized and computerization in the Bureau came of age. A telemetry system in the Marikina River Basin was then set up which led to the Bureau's initial efforts in flood forecasting.

text: Weather surveillance radar was first installed in the Philippines in 1963 atop the Central Office of the Bureau (but this was destroyed beyond repair by a fire in 1978).In 1965, on its centenary, half of the weather stations across the country were already linked with each other by

text: single side-band

text: radio transceivers, forming an independent meteorological communication system. In 1968, the Philippines joined the Typhoon Committee formed by the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE, now Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific or ESCAP) and the WMO. The following year saw the transfer of the central office from the Marsman Building to 1424,

text: Quezon Boulevard Extension

text: in

text: Quezon City

text: .  The same year also ushered the 5-year "WMO Training and Research Project, Manila". Composed of the Institute of Meteorology in the Weather Bureau and the Department of Meteorology in the University of the Philippines, the project aimed to meet the training needs of the country's meteorological personnel and to carry out research in various fields of meteorology. The Institute provided technical in-service training in various levels while the Department offered a post-graduate course leading to a Master of Science degree in Meteorology. With the implementation of the project, the acquisition of an

text: IBM 1130

text: was realized and computerization in the Bureau came of age. A telemetry system in the

text: Marikina River Basin

text: was then set up which led to the Bureau's initial efforts in flood forecasting.

text: The observational scientist and physical oceanographer taught at the European Space Agency Earth Observation Summer School in Frascati, Italy in 2004 on a course run for postdoctoral researchers interpreting and using satellite images in Earth science research.  She assisted the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute in developing a UNESCO postgraduate level workshop called the Application of Satellite Altimetry to Oceanography. This was a training course for the western Indian Ocean region run in Africa for postdoctoral students in 2004. She addressed the European Geosciences Union general assembly in Nice, France in 2004 and her works were presented at an Argo Science workshop in Venice, Italy in 2006.

text: The observational

text: scientist

text: and physical oceanographer taught at the

text: European Space Agency

text: Earth Observation Summer School in

text: Frascati

text: Italy

text: in 2004 on a course run for postdoctoral researchers interpreting and using

text: satellite

text: images in

text: Earth

text: science research.  She assisted the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute in developing a UNESCO postgraduate level workshop called the Application of Satellite Altimetry to Oceanography. This was a training course for the western

text: Indian Ocean

text: region run in

text: Africa

text: for postdoctoral students in 2004. She addressed the

text: European Geosciences Union

text: general assembly in

text: Nice

text: France

text: in 2004 and her works were presented at an Argo Science workshop in

text: Venice

text: , Italy in 2006.

text: Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, astronomy, chemistry, and Earth science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields).

text: Natural science can be divided into two main branches:

text: life science

text: (or biological science) and

text: physical science

text: . Physical science is subdivided into branches, including

text: physics

text: astronomy

text: chemistry

text: , and

text: Earth science

text: . These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields).

text: Research at NOCS listed by groups affiliated with the University of Southampton’s Ocean and Earth Science department (OES) and the Southampton branch office of the National Oceanography Centre:

text: Research at NOCS listed by groups affiliated with the University of Southampton’s Ocean and Earth Science department (OES) and the Southampton branch office of the

text: National Oceanography Centre

text: Beijing Forestry University, or Beijing University of Forestry, (, abbreviated as BFU) is an environmental friendly university sharing knowledge of sciences, engineering, laws, arts and languages to the world. It is one of the Project 211 universities (top 100 China's universities in the 21st century), and it provides a wide range of courses, such as Artificial Intelligence, Automation, Biology, Computer science, Economics, Electronics, Environmental Science, Forestry, Languages, Laws, Management, Mathematics, Physics and Psychology, to students. To share its environmental friendly mind to the world, the university is now providing modern technologies for people to protect the earth.

text: Beijing Forestry University, or Beijing University of Forestry, (, abbreviated as BFU) is an environmental friendly university sharing knowledge of sciences, engineering, laws, arts and languages to the world. It is one of the

text: Project 211

text: universities (top 100 China's universities in the 21st century), and it provides a wide range of courses, such as

text: Artificial Intelligence

text: Automation

text: Biology

text: Computer science

text: Economics

text: Electronics

text: Environmental Science

text: Forestry

text: Languages

text: Laws

text: Management

text: Mathematics

text: Physics

text: and

text: Psychology

text: , to students. To share its environmental friendly mind to the world, the university is now providing modern technologies for people to protect the earth.

text: Flood geology is the religiously-inspired interpretation of the geological history of the Earth in terms of the global flood described in Genesis 6–9. Similar views played a part in the early development of the science of geology, even after the biblical chronology had been rejected by geologists in favour of an ancient Earth. Flood geology is an activity within creation science, which is a part of young Earth creationism.

text: Flood geology is the religiously-inspired interpretation of the

text: geological history

text: of the Earth in terms of the

text: global flood

text: described in

text: Genesis 6–9

text: . Similar views played a part in the

text: early development of the science of geology

text: , even after the

text: biblical chronology

text: had been rejected by

text: geologists

text: in favour of an ancient Earth. Flood geology is an activity within

text: creation science

text: , which is a part of

text: young Earth creationism

text: Environmental Dosimetry is used where it is likely that the environment will generate a significant radiation dose. An example of this is radon monitoring. Radon is a radioactive gas generated by the decay of uranium, which is present in varying amounts in the earth's crust. Certain geographic areas, due to the underlying geology, continually generate radon which permeates its way to the earth's surface. In some cases the dose can be significant in buildings where the gas can accumulate. A number of specialised dosimetry techniques are used to evaluate the dose that a building's occupants may receive.

text: Environmental Dosimetry is used where it is likely that the environment will generate a significant radiation dose. An example of this is

text: radon

text: monitoring. Radon is a radioactive gas generated by the decay of uranium, which is present in varying amounts in the earth's crust. Certain geographic areas, due to the underlying geology, continually generate radon which permeates its way to the earth's surface. In some cases the dose can be significant in buildings where the gas can accumulate. A number of specialised dosimetry techniques are used to evaluate the dose that a building's occupants may receive.

text: Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the  inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. The first person to use the word "γεωγραφία" was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of human geography and physical geography. The four historical traditions in geographical research are: spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".

text: Geography (from

text: Greek

text: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of

text: science

text: devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the  inhabitants, and the phenomena of

text: Earth

text: . The first person to use the word "γεωγραφία" was

text: Eratosthenes

text: (276–194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of the Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. It is often defined in terms of the two branches of

text: human geography

text: and

text: physical geography

text: . The four historical traditions in geographical research are:

text: spatial analyses

text: of natural and the human phenomena,

text: area studies

text: of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the

text: Earth science

text: s. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the

text: physical science

text: s".

text: The Indian Geophysical Union is the Government of India's scientific body responsible for all activities related with Earth Science System such as seismology, magnetism, meteorology, geodesy, volcanology, oceanography, hydrology and tectonophysics and to encourage the study of and research in geophysical problems and to provide media for publication of the results. It is situated near another Geophysical Centre Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad.

text: The Indian Geophysical Union is the

text: Government of India

text: 's scientific body responsible for all activities related with

text: Earth Science

text: System such as

text: seismology

text: magnetism

text: meteorology

text: geodesy

text: volcanology

text: oceanography

text: hydrology

text: and

text: tectonophysics

text: and to encourage the study of and research in geophysical problems and to provide media for publication of the results. It is situated near another Geophysical Centre

entity_name: Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services

text: Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services

text: Hyderabad

text: The Center for Marine Studies (Portuguese: Centro de Estudos do Mar, CEM) is a satellite campus and marine research station of the Federal University of Paraná (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR), located in the municipality of Pontal do Paraná, Brazil. Established in 1982 as a marine biology laboratory, it has since extended its activities into the fields of physical, chemical and geological oceanography, coastal management and environmental social science. It offers undergraduate courses in Oceanography, Aquaculture Engineering, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Natural Sciences, besides sponsoring a graduate program in Ocean and Coastal Systems.

text: The Center for Marine Studies (

text: Portuguese

text: : Centro de Estudos do Mar, CEM) is a

text: satellite campus

text: and marine

text: research station

text: of the

text: Federal University of Paraná

text: (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR), located in the municipality of

text: Pontal do Paraná

text: Brazil

text: . Established in 1982 as a

text: marine biology

text: laboratory, it has since extended its activities into the fields of

text: physical

text: chemical

text: and

text: geological

text: oceanography

text: coastal management

text: and

text: environmental social science

text: . It offers undergraduate courses in

text: Oceanography

text: Aquaculture Engineering

text: Civil Engineering

text: Environmental Engineering

text: and

text: Natural Sciences

text: , besides sponsoring a graduate program in Ocean and Coastal Systems.

text: A CTD or Sonde is an oceanography instrument used to determine the conductivity, temperature, and depth of the ocean.

text: A CTD or Sonde is an

text: oceanography

text: instrument used to determine the conductivity, temperature, and depth of the ocean.

text: The Ancient Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. Their models were based on nested homocentric spheres centered upon the Earth. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis.

text: The

text: Ancient Greeks

text: developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by

text: Eudoxus of Cnidus

text: and

text: Callippus of Cyzicus

text: . Their models were based on nested homocentric spheres centered upon the Earth. Their younger contemporary

text: Heraclides Ponticus

text: proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis.

text: The Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS, Persian: پژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی Pazhoheshgah e Melli e Oghianoos Shenasi va Oloum e Javvi) is a research center established by Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in 1992 under the name 'Iran Oceanography Center' to perform research in the field of oceanography. In March 2010, the organization was renamed to 'Iranian National Center for Oceanography (INCO)'. In June 2013, the organization was again renamed to 'Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS)'.

text: The Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS,

text: Persian

text: : پژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی Pazhoheshgah e Melli e Oghianoos Shenasi va Oloum e Javvi) is a research center established by

text: Iran

text: 's

text: in 1992 under the name 'Iran Oceanography Center' to perform research in the field of oceanography. In March 2010, the organization was renamed to 'Iranian National Center for Oceanography (INCO)'. In June 2013, the organization was again renamed to 'Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS)'.

text: The Division on Dynamical Astronomy is a branch of the American Astronomical Society that focuses on the advancement of all aspects of dynamical astronomy, including celestial mechanics, solar system dynamics, stellar dynamics, as well as the dynamics of the interstellar medium and galactic dynamics, and coordination of such research with other branches of science.  It awards the Brouwer Award every year, which was established to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of Dynamical Astronomy, including celestial mechanics, astrometry, geophysics, stellar systems, galactic and extra galactic dynamics.

text: The Division on Dynamical Astronomy is a branch of the

text: American Astronomical Society

text: that focuses on the advancement of all aspects of dynamical astronomy, including celestial mechanics, solar system dynamics, stellar dynamics, as well as the dynamics of the interstellar medium and galactic dynamics, and coordination of such research with other branches of science.  It awards the

entity_name: Brouwer Award (Division on Dynamical Astronomy)

text: Brouwer Award

text: every year, which was established to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of Dynamical Astronomy, including

text: celestial mechanics

text: astrometry

text: geophysics

text: stellar systems

text: , galactic and extra galactic dynamics.

text: Glomar Challenger was a deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel for oceanography and marine geology studies. The drillship was designed by Global Marine Inc. (now Transocean Inc.) specifically for a long term contract with the American National Science Foundation and University of California Scripps Institution of Oceanography and built by Levingston Shipbuilding Company in Orange, Texas. Launched on March 23, 1968, the vessel was owned and operated by the Global Marine Inc. corporation. Glomar Challenger was given its name as a tribute to the accomplishments of the oceanographic survey vessel . Glomar is a truncation of Global Marine.

text: Glomar Challenger was a deep sea research and

text: scientific drilling

text: vessel for

text: oceanography

text: and

text: marine geology

text: studies. The

text: drillship

text: was designed by Global Marine Inc. (now

text: Transocean

text: Inc.) specifically for a long term contract with the American

text: National Science Foundation

text: and

text: University of California

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: and built by

text: Levingston Shipbuilding Company

text: in

text: Orange, Texas

text: . Launched on March 23, 1968, the vessel was owned and operated by the

text: Global Marine Inc.

text: corporation. Glomar Challenger was given its name as a tribute to the accomplishments of the oceanographic survey vessel . Glomar is a truncation of Global Marine.

text: CLIMAT is a code for reporting monthly climatological data assembled at land-based meteorological surface observation sites to data centres. CLIMAT-coded messages contain information on several meteorological variables that are important to monitor characteristics, changes, and variability of climate. Usually these messages are sent and exchanged via the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). Modifications of the CLIMAT code are the CLIMAT SHIP and CLIMAT TEMP / CLIMAT TEMP SHIP codes which serve to report monthly climatological data assembled at ocean-based meteorological surface observation sites and at land-/ocean-based meteorological upper-air observation sites, respectively. The monthly values included usually are obtained by averaging observational values of one or several daily observations over the respective month.

text: CLIMAT is a code for reporting monthly climatological data assembled at land-based meteorological surface observation sites to data centres. CLIMAT-coded messages contain information on several meteorological variables that are important to monitor characteristics, changes, and variability of

text: climate

text: . Usually these messages are sent and exchanged via the

text: Global Telecommunication System

text: (GTS) of the

text: World Meteorological Organisation

text: (WMO). Modifications of the CLIMAT code are the CLIMAT SHIP and CLIMAT TEMP / CLIMAT TEMP SHIP codes which serve to report monthly climatological data assembled at ocean-based meteorological surface observation sites and at land-/ocean-based meteorological upper-air observation sites, respectively. The monthly values included usually are obtained by averaging observational values of one or several daily observations over the respective month.

text: ISB affiliated organizations include: the International Association for Urban Climate, the International Society for Agricultural Meteorology, the International Union of Biological Sciences, the World Health Organization, and the World Meteorological Organization. ISB affiliate members include: the American Meteorological Society, the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, the German Meteorological Society, the Society for the Promotion of Medicine-Meteorological Research e.V., International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology, and the UK Met Office.

text: ISB affiliated organizations include: the

text: International Association for Urban Climate

text: , the

text: International Society for Agricultural Meteorology

text: , the

entity_name: International Union of Biological Sciences

text: International Union of Biological Sciences

text: , the

text: World Health Organization

text: , and the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: . ISB affiliate members include: the

text: American Meteorological Society

text: , the

text: Centre for Renewable Energy Sources

text: , the

text: German Meteorological Society

text: , the

text: Society for the Promotion of Medicine-Meteorological Research e.V.

text: International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology

text: , and the UK

text: Met Office

text: Within the ecological and health spheres, Levins identifies a conflict "not between science and antiscience, but rather between different pathways for science and technology; between a commodified science-for-profit and a gentle science for humane goals; between the sciences of the smallest parts and the sciences of dynamic wholes... [he] offers proposals for a more holistic, integral approach to understanding and addressing environmental issues". These beliefs are also common within the scientific community, with for example, scientists being prominent in environmental campaigns warning of environmental dangers such as ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. It can also be argued that this version of antiscience comes close to that found in the medical sphere, where patients and practitioners may choose to reject science and adopt a pseudoscientific approach to health problems. This can be both a practical and a conceptual shift and has attracted strong criticism: "therapeutic touch, a healing technique based upon the laying-on of hands, has found wide acceptance in the nursing profession despite its lack of scientific plausibility. Its acceptance is indicative of a broad antiscientific trend in nursing".

text: Within the ecological and health spheres,

text: Levins

text: identifies a conflict "not between science and antiscience, but rather between different pathways for science and technology; between a commodified science-for-profit and a gentle science for humane goals; between the sciences of the smallest parts and the sciences of dynamic wholes... [he] offers proposals for a more holistic, integral approach to understanding and addressing environmental issues". These beliefs are also common within the scientific community, with for example, scientists being prominent in environmental campaigns warning of environmental dangers such as

text: ozone depletion

text: and the

text: greenhouse effect

text: . It can also be argued that this version of antiscience comes close to that found in the medical sphere, where patients and practitioners may choose to reject science and adopt a

text: pseudoscientific

text: approach to health problems. This can be both a practical and a conceptual shift and has attracted strong criticism: "therapeutic touch, a healing technique based upon the laying-on of hands, has found wide acceptance in the nursing profession despite its lack of scientific plausibility. Its acceptance is indicative of a broad antiscientific trend in nursing".

text: The study of oceanography is divided into these four branches:

text: The history of Earth concerns the development of the planet Earth from its formation to the present day. Nearly all branches of natural science have contributed to the understanding of the main events of the Earth's past. The  age of Earth is approximately one-third of the age of the universe. An immense amount of geological change has occurred in that timespan, accompanied by the emergence of life and its subsequent evolution.

text: The history of Earth concerns the development of the planet

text: Earth

text: from its formation to the present day. Nearly all branches of

text: natural science

text: have contributed to the understanding of the main events of the Earth's past. The

text: age of Earth

text: is approximately one-third of the

text: age of the universe

text: . An immense amount of

text: geological

text: change has occurred in that timespan, accompanied by the emergence of

text: life

text: and its subsequent

text: evolution

text: BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal. Any kind of data can be represented, along with its specific spatial/temporal context and any other associated metadata. In the WMO terminology, BUFR belongs to the category of table-driven code forms, where the meaning of data elements is determined by referring to a set of tables that are kept and maintained separately from the message itself.

text: BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven

text: meteorological

text: codes, such as

text: SYNOP

text: (surface observations),

text: TEMP

text: (upper air soundings) and

text: CLIMAT

text: (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal. Any kind of data can be represented, along with its specific spatial/temporal context and any other associated

text: metadata

text: . In the WMO terminology, BUFR belongs to the category of table-driven code forms, where the meaning of data elements is determined by referring to a set of tables that are kept and maintained separately from the message itself.

text: Tourism geography is that branch of science which deals with the study of travel and its impact on places.

text: David George Stead (6 March 1877 – 2 August 1957) was an Australian marine biologist, ichthyologist, oceanographer, conservationist and writer.  He was born at St Leonards in Sydney, and educated at public schools and the Sydney Technical College. In 1909 he was a founder of, and during its early years the main driving force behind, the Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia.  His career included many government positions both in Australia and in Malaya.  He served as the Australian representative on international committees concerned with fisheries science, marine biology and oceanography. He married three times, the third time to botanist and writer Thistle Yolette Harris in 1951.  He died at his home in Watsons Bay, Sydney.

text: David George Stead (6 March 1877 – 2 August 1957) was an Australian

text: marine biologist

text: ichthyologist

text: oceanographer

text: conservationist

text: and writer.  He was born at

text: St Leonards

text: in Sydney, and educated at public schools and the

text: Sydney Technical College

text: . In 1909 he was a founder of, and during its early years the main driving force behind, the

entity_name: Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia

text: Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia

text: .  His career included many government positions both in Australia and in

text: Malaya

text: .  He served as the Australian representative on international committees concerned with

text: fisheries science

text: , marine biology and oceanography. He married three times, the third time to

text: botanist

text: and writer

text: Thistle Yolette Harris

text: in 1951.  He died at his home in

text: Watsons Bay

text: , Sydney.

text: According to a spokesperson for the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), the quake was felt in several mainland towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The Mentawai Islands may have acted as a barrier, shielding the Sumatran coast by absorbing the brunt of the tsunami. As of October 30, 2010, the confirmed death toll stands at 435, with 110 more unaccounted for. Many of the missing are believed to have been swept out to sea.

text: According to a spokesperson for the

text: (BMKG), the quake was felt in several mainland towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The Mentawai Islands may have acted as a barrier, shielding the Sumatran coast by absorbing the brunt of the tsunami. As of October 30, 2010, the confirmed death toll stands at 435, with 110 more unaccounted for. Many of the missing are believed to have been swept out to sea.

text: Nowadays more than 18,000 undergraduate and graduate students participate to the life of this university. More than 2,000 are international or exchange students. Joseph Fourier University is not only famous for its alumni but also for its commitment to fundamental as well as applied research and innovation.Part of the university is the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), a leading institution in the field of earth, space and environmental sciences.

text: Nowadays more than 18,000 undergraduate and graduate students participate to the life of this university. More than 2,000 are international or exchange students. Joseph Fourier University is not only famous for its alumni but also for its commitment to fundamental as well as applied research and innovation.Part of the university is the

entity_name: Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble

text: Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble

text: (OSUG), a leading institution in the field of earth, space and environmental sciences.

text: The plan to create National Oceanography Centre Southampton as a centre of excellence in marine and earth science was formulated in the late 1980s to early 1990s by the Natural Environment Research Council in coordination with the University of Southampton. According to that plan a research and teaching complex was erected on the new Waterfront Campus dock-side location within the Port of Southampton to become the new home for the former National Institute of Oceanographic Science (from Wormley, Surrey), the Research Vessel Service (from Barry, Wales) and the former University of Southampton departments of Geology and Oceanography. NOCS was officially opened in 1996 as the Southampton Oceanography Centre by Prince Philip (he also renamed it the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in 2005).

text: The plan to create National Oceanography Centre Southampton as a centre of excellence in marine and earth science was formulated in the late 1980s to early 1990s by the Natural Environment Research Council in coordination with the University of Southampton. According to that plan a research and teaching complex was erected on the new Waterfront Campus dock-side location within the

text: Port of Southampton

text: to become the new home for the former National Institute of Oceanographic Science (from Wormley, Surrey), the Research Vessel Service (from Barry, Wales) and the former University of Southampton departments of Geology and Oceanography. NOCS was officially opened in 1996 as the Southampton Oceanography Centre by

text: Prince Philip

text: (he also renamed it the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in 2005).

text: Geology (from the Greek γῆ, gê, "earth" and λόγος, logos, "study") is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or geology of Mars).

text: Geology (from the

text: Greek

text: γῆ, gê, "earth" and λόγος,

text: logos

text: , "study") is the science comprising the study of solid

text: Earth

text: , the

text: rocks

text: of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the

text: geology of the Moon

text: or

text: geology of Mars

text: Hundreds of peer-reviewed articles have been based on ELA research in journals such as Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Hydrological Processes, Limnology and Oceanography, Environmental Science and Technology, including at least 184 in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and 30 in Biogeochemistry.

text: Food choice is the subject of research in nutrition, food science, psychology, anthropology, sociology, and other branches of the natural and social sciences. It is of practical interest to the food industry and especially its marketing endeavors. Social scientists have developed different conceptual frameworks of food choice behavior. Theoretical models of behavior incorporate both individual and environmental factors affecting the formation or modification of behaviors. Social cognitive theory examines the interaction of environmental, personal, and behavioral factors.

text: Food choice is the subject of research in

text: nutrition

text: food science

text: psychology

text: anthropology

text: sociology

text: , and other branches of the natural and social sciences. It is of practical interest to the

text: food industry

text: and especially its

text: marketing

text: endeavors. Social scientists have developed different conceptual frameworks of food choice behavior. Theoretical models of behavior incorporate both individual and environmental factors affecting the formation or modification of behaviors.

text: Social cognitive theory

text: examines the interaction of environmental, personal, and behavioral factors.

text: In the study of the atmosphere, meteorology can be divided into distinct areas that depend on both time and spatial scales. At one extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively, the geospatial size of each of these three scales relates directly with the appropriate timescale.

text: In the study of the atmosphere, meteorology can be divided into distinct areas that depend on both time and spatial scales. At one extreme of this scale is climatology. In the timescales of hours to days, meteorology separates into micro-, meso-, and synoptic scale meteorology. Respectively, the

text: geospatial

text: size of each of these three scales relates directly with the appropriate timescale.

text: In March 2007, in response to the 2001 Amsterdam Declaration, the Scientific Committee of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), the overarching social science programme in the field, mandated the drafting of the Science Plan of the Earth System Governance Project by a newly appointed Scientific Planning Committee. The Earth System Governance Project builds on the results of an earlier long-term research programme, the IHDP core project Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC). In 2008, the Earth System Governance Project was officially launched.

text: Scripps Oceanography is divided into three research sections, each with its own subdivisions:

text: In recognition of his outstanding contributions to his fields of study, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Meteorology Society of Great Britain in 1940, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1947. In 1972, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "for his services to science and education especially in the fields of meteorology and climatology".

text: In recognition of his outstanding contributions to his fields of study, he was elected a Fellow of the

text: Royal Meteorology Society of Great Britain

text: in 1940, and a Fellow of the

text: Royal Society of Canada

text: in 1947. In 1972, he was made a Companion of the

text: Order of Canada

text: "for his services to science and education especially in the fields of meteorology and climatology".

text: The degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology is a five-year course that aims to provide students with a comprehensive training in various fields of Geology such as History of the Earth, Identification, Classification and Designation of various Rocks and Fossils Formations. Emphasis is given to the study of the Earth's Deformation such as Folds, Faults and Joints, Mineral Exploration and Development, Economic Geology, Petroleum Exploration, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Peleontology, Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology, and Environmental Geology.

text: The earth science collection focuses on the natural history of rocks, minerals, and fossils. Specimens within the earth science collection focus on a number of different studies including paleontology, geology, paleobotany, and comparative osteology.

text: The earth science collection focuses on the natural history of rocks,

text: minerals

text: , and

text: fossils

text: . Specimens within the earth science collection focus on a number of different studies including

text: paleontology

text: geology

text: paleobotany

text: , and comparative osteology.

text: It was not until the 17th century that geology made great strides in its development. At this time, geology became its own entity in the world of natural science.  It was discovered by the Christian world that different translations of the Bible contained different versions of the biblical text.  The one entity that remained consistent through all of the interpretations was that the Deluge had formed the world’s geology and geography.  To prove the Bible’s authenticity, individuals felt the need to demonstrate with scientific evidence that the Great Flood had in fact occurred. With this enhanced desire for data came an increase in observations of the Earth’s composition, which in turn led to the discovery of fossils. Although theories that resulted from the heightened interest in the Earth’s composition were often manipulated to support the concept of the Deluge, a genuine outcome was a greater interest in the makeup of the Earth.  Due to the strength of Christian beliefs during the 17th century, the theory of the origin of the Earth that was most widely accepted was A New Theory of the Earth published in 1696, by William Whiston. Whiston used Christian reasoning to “prove” that the Great Flood had occurred and that the flood had formed the rock strata of the Earth.

text: It was not until the 17th century that geology made great strides in its development. At this time, geology became its own entity in the world of natural science.  It was discovered by the Christian world that different translations of the

text: Bible

text: contained different versions of the biblical text.  The one entity that remained consistent through all of the interpretations was that the

text: Deluge

text: had formed the world’s geology and

text: geography

text: .  To prove the Bible’s authenticity, individuals felt the need to demonstrate with

text: scientific evidence that the Great Flood had in fact occurred

text: . With this enhanced desire for data came an increase in observations of the Earth’s composition, which in turn led to the discovery of

text: fossil

text: s. Although theories that resulted from the heightened interest in the Earth’s composition were often manipulated to support the concept of the Deluge, a genuine outcome was a greater interest in the makeup of the Earth.  Due to the strength of Christian beliefs during the 17th century, the theory of the origin of the Earth that was most widely accepted was

text: A New Theory of the Earth

text: published in 1696, by

text: William Whiston

text: . Whiston used Christian reasoning to “prove” that the Great Flood had occurred and that the flood had formed the rock strata of the Earth.

text: |-id=109| 30109 Jaywilson ||  || Jay Wilson, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=110| 30110 Lisabreton ||  || Lisa Breton, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=111| 30111 Wendyslijk ||  || Wendy Slijk, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=117| 30117 Childress ||  || Stephanie Childress, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=119| 30119 Lucamatone ||  || Luca Matone, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=122| 30122 Elschweitzer ||  || Ellen Schweitzer, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=123| 30123 Scottrippeon ||  || Scott Rippeon, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=125| 30125 Mikekiser ||  || Mike Kiser, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=126| 30126 Haviland ||  || Maureen Haviland, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=128| 30128 Shannonbunch ||  || Shannon Bunch, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=129| 30129 Virmani ||  || Rajeev Virmani, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=130| 30130 Jeandillman ||  || Jean Dillman, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=136| 30136 Bakerfranke ||  || Baker Franke, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=140| 30140 Robpergolizzi ||  || Robert Pergolizzi, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=141| 30141 Nelvenzon ||  || Nel Venzon, Jr., a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=142| 30142 Debfrazier ||  || Debbie Frazier, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=144| 30144 Minubasu ||  || Minu Basu, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=146| 30146 Decandia ||  || Maria DeCandia, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=147| 30147 Amyhammer ||  || Amy Hammer, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=149| 30149 Kellyriedell ||  || Kelly Riedell, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=150| 30150 Laseminara ||  || Laurie Seminara, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=151| 30151 Susanoffner ||  || Susan Offner, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=152| 30152 Reneefallon ||  || Renee Fallon, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=153| 30153 Ostrander ||  || Peter Ostrander, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=154| 30154 Christichil ||  || Christi Chilton, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=155| 30155 Warmuth ||  || Audrey Warmuth, a mentor of finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=157| 30157 Robertspira ||  || Robert Spira, a mentor of finalist in the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=158| 30158 Mabdulla ||  || Muhammad Ugur Oglu Abdulla (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=159| 30159 Behari ||  || Nikhil Behari (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=160| 30160 Danielbruce ||  || Daniel Sebastian Bruce (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=161| 30161 Chrepta ||  || Benjamin Joseph Chrepta (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=162| 30162 Courtney ||  || Joshua Michael Courtney (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=164| 30164 Arnobdas ||  || Arnob Das (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=166| 30166 Leodeng ||  || Leo Z. Deng (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=167| 30167 Caredmonds ||  || Caroline S Edmonds (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=168| 30168 Linusfreyer ||  || Linus Alexander Freyer (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=169| 30169 Raghavganesh ||  || Raghav Ganesh (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=170| 30170 Makaylaruth ||  || Makayla Ruth Gates (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=172| 30172 Giedraitis ||  || Alden Shea Giedraitis (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=173| 30173 Greenwood ||  || Floyd S. Greenwood (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=174| 30174 Hollyjackson ||  || Holly Marie Jackson (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=175| 30175 Adityajain ||  || Aditya Jain (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=176| 30176 Gelseyjaymes ||  || Gelsey Elise Jaymes (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=177| 30177 Khashayar ||  || Sahar A Khashayar (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=179| 30179 Movva ||  || Rajiv Movva (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=183| 30183 Murali ||  || Chythanya Murali (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=184| 30184 Okasinski ||  || Jonathan Guanghong Okasinski (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=186| 30186 Ostojic ||  || Annie Ostojic (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her mathematics and computer science project. |-id=187| 30187 Jamesroney ||  || James Peter Roney (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=188| 30188 Hafsasaeed ||  || Hafsa Naseem Saeed (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=190| 30190 Alexshelby ||  || Alexander Lloyd Shelby (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=191| 30191 Sivakumar ||  || Aditya Diwakar Sivakumar (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=192| 30192 Talarterzian ||  || Talar Victoria-Grace Terzian (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=193| 30193 Annikaurban ||  || Annika Frances Urban (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=194| 30194 Liamyoung ||  || Liam Hayden Young (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=195| 30195 Akdemir ||  || Nilgun Akdemir, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=197| 30197 Nickbadyrka ||  || Nick Badyrka, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=199| 30199 Ericbrown ||  || Eric Brown, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=200| 30200 Terryburch ||  || Terry Burch, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |}

text: 30109 Jaywilson

text: ||  || Jay Wilson, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=110|

text: 30110 Lisabreton

text: ||  || Lisa Breton, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=111|

text: 30111 Wendyslijk

text: ||  || Wendy Slijk, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=117|

text: 30117 Childress

text: ||  || Stephanie Childress, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=119|

text: 30119 Lucamatone

text: ||  || Luca Matone, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=122|

text: 30122 Elschweitzer

text: ||  || Ellen Schweitzer, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=123|

text: 30123 Scottrippeon

text: ||  || Scott Rippeon, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=125|

text: 30125 Mikekiser

text: ||  || Mike Kiser, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=126|

text: 30126 Haviland

text: ||  || Maureen Haviland, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=128|

text: 30128 Shannonbunch

text: ||  || Shannon Bunch, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=129|

text: 30129 Virmani

text: ||  || Rajeev Virmani, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=130|

text: 30130 Jeandillman

text: ||  || Jean Dillman, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=136|

text: 30136 Bakerfranke

text: ||  || Baker Franke, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=140|

text: 30140 Robpergolizzi

text: ||  || Robert Pergolizzi, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=141|

text: 30141 Nelvenzon

text: ||  || Nel Venzon, Jr., a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=142|

text: 30142 Debfrazier

text: ||  || Debbie Frazier, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=144|

text: 30144 Minubasu

text: ||  || Minu Basu, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=146|

text: 30146 Decandia

text: ||  || Maria DeCandia, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=147|

text: 30147 Amyhammer

text: ||  || Amy Hammer, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=149|

text: 30149 Kellyriedell

text: ||  || Kelly Riedell, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=150|

text: 30150 Laseminara

text: ||  || Laurie Seminara, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=151|

text: 30151 Susanoffner

text: ||  || Susan Offner, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=152|

text: 30152 Reneefallon

text: ||  || Renee Fallon, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=153|

text: 30153 Ostrander

text: ||  || Peter Ostrander, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=154|

text: 30154 Christichil

text: ||  || Christi Chilton, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=155|

text: 30155 Warmuth

text: ||  || Audrey Warmuth, a mentor of finalist in the 2013 Intel Science Talent Search, a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=157|

text: 30157 Robertspira

text: ||  || Robert Spira, a mentor of finalist in the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search (STS), a science competition for high school seniors. |-id=158|

text: 30158 Mabdulla

text: ||  || Muhammad Ugur Oglu Abdulla (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=159|

text: 30159 Behari

text: ||  || Nikhil Behari (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=160|

text: 30160 Danielbruce

text: ||  || Daniel Sebastian Bruce (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=161|

text: 30161 Chrepta

text: ||  || Benjamin Joseph Chrepta (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his mathematics and computer science project. |-id=162|

text: 30162 Courtney

text: ||  || Joshua Michael Courtney (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=164|

text: 30164 Arnobdas

text: ||  || Arnob Das (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=166|

text: 30166 Leodeng

text: ||  || Leo Z. Deng (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=167|

text: 30167 Caredmonds

text: ||  || Caroline S Edmonds (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her animal & plant sciences project. |-id=168|

text: 30168 Linusfreyer

text: ||  || Linus Alexander Freyer (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=169|

text: 30169 Raghavganesh

text: ||  || Raghav Ganesh (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=170|

text: 30170 Makaylaruth

text: ||  || Makayla Ruth Gates (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=172|

text: 30172 Giedraitis

text: ||  || Alden Shea Giedraitis (b. 1999), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his engineering project. |-id=173|

text: 30173 Greenwood

text: ||  || Floyd S. Greenwood (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=174|

text: 30174 Hollyjackson

text: ||  || Holly Marie Jackson (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her physical sciences project. |-id=175|

text: 30175 Adityajain

text: ||  || Aditya Jain (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=176|

text: 30176 Gelseyjaymes

text: ||  || Gelsey Elise Jaymes (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=177|

text: 30177 Khashayar

text: ||  || Sahar A Khashayar (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=179|

text: 30179 Movva

text: ||  || Rajiv Movva (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his biochemistry, medicine, health science, and microbiology project. |-id=183|

text: 30183 Murali

text: ||  || Chythanya Murali (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=184|

text: 30184 Okasinski

text: ||  || Jonathan Guanghong Okasinski (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=186|

text: 30186 Ostojic

text: ||  || Annie Ostojic (b. 2002), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her mathematics and computer science project. |-id=187|

text: 30187 Jamesroney

text: ||  || James Peter Roney (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his animal & plant sciences project. |-id=188|

text: 30188 Hafsasaeed

text: ||  || Hafsa Naseem Saeed (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her environmental sciences project. |-id=190|

text: 30190 Alexshelby

text: ||  || Alexander Lloyd Shelby (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=191|

text: 30191 Sivakumar

text: ||  || Aditya Diwakar Sivakumar (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his physical sciences project. |-id=192|

text: 30192 Talarterzian

text: ||  || Talar Victoria-Grace Terzian (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=193|

text: 30193 Annikaurban

text: ||  || Annika Frances Urban (b. 2001), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for her engineering project. |-id=194|

text: 30194 Liamyoung

text: ||  || Liam Hayden Young (b. 2000), a finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students, for his environmental sciences project. |-id=195|

text: 30195 Akdemir

text: ||  || Nilgun Akdemir, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=197|

text: 30197 Nickbadyrka

text: ||  || Nick Badyrka, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=199|

text: 30199 Ericbrown

text: ||  || Eric Brown, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |-id=200|

text: 30200 Terryburch

text: ||  || Terry Burch, a mentor of finalist in the 2014 Broadcom MASTERS, a math and science competition for middle school students. |}

text: The Earth Systems Program (ESP) examined the increased stresses on the environment, including issues relating to energy, food, agriculture, water, and other natural resources, and to analyze how they interact with respect to international security. ESP was created out of the idea that technology should allow people worldwide to improve their living standards and amenities through secure and environmentally friendly ways.  The program worked improve dialogue and trust between environmental scientists, policy makers, and the public, as well as to develop science partnerships to solve critical environment and energy problems.

text: The Earth Systems Program (ESP) examined the increased stresses on the environment, including issues relating to energy, food, agriculture, water, and other

text: natural resources

text: , and to analyze how they interact with respect to

text: international security

text: . ESP was created out of the idea that technology should allow people worldwide to improve their

text: living standards

text: and amenities through secure and

text: environmentally friendly

text: ways.  The program worked improve dialogue and trust between

text: environmental scientist

text: s, policy makers, and the public, as well as to develop science partnerships to solve critical environment and energy problems.

text: Paltridge was involved in studies on stratospheric electricity, the effect of the atmosphere on plant growth and the radiation properties of clouds. Paltridge researched topics such as the optimum design of plants and the economics of climate forecasting, and worked on atmospheric radiation and the theoretical basis of climate. Paltridge introduced the subsequently disputed hypothesis that the earth/atmosphere climate system adopts a format that maximises its rate of thermodynamic dissipation, i.e., entropy production. This suggests a governing constraint by a principle of maximum rate of entropy production. According to this principle, prediction of the broad-scale steady-state distribution of cloud, temperature and energy flows in the ocean and atmosphere may be possible when one has sufficient data about the system for that purpose, but does not have fully detailed data about every variable of the system. As co-author with C.M.R. Platt, in 1976 Paltridge published a textbook entitled Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology.

text: Paltridge was involved in studies on stratospheric electricity, the effect of the atmosphere on plant growth and the radiation properties of clouds. Paltridge researched topics such as the optimum design of plants and the economics of climate forecasting, and worked on atmospheric radiation and the theoretical basis of climate. Paltridge introduced the subsequently disputed hypothesis that the earth/atmosphere climate system adopts a format that maximises its rate of thermodynamic dissipation, i.e.,

text: entropy

text: production. This suggests a governing constraint by a

entity_section: Principles of maximum entropy production and minimum energy dissipation

text: principle of maximum rate of entropy production

text: . According to this principle, prediction of the broad-scale steady-state distribution of cloud, temperature and energy flows in the ocean and atmosphere may be possible when one has sufficient data about the system for that purpose, but does not have fully detailed data about every variable of the system. As co-author with C.M.R. Platt, in 1976 Paltridge published a textbook entitled Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology.

text: The scientific disciplines that employ these aircraft include Earth sciences, astronomy, atmospheric chemistry, climatology, oceanography, archeology, ecology, forestry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology, volcanology and biology. The DC-8 and ER-2 are also important tools for the development of sensors intended to fly aboard future Earth-observing satellites, and to validate and calibrate the sensors which are used onboard satellites which currently orbit the Earth.

text: The scientific disciplines that employ these aircraft include

text: Earth sciences

text: astronomy

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: climatology

text: oceanography

text: archeology

text: ecology

text: forestry

text: geography

text: geology

text: hydrology

text: meteorology

text: volcanology

text: and

text: biology

text: . The DC-8 and ER-2 are also important tools for the development of sensors intended to fly aboard future Earth-observing satellites, and to validate and calibrate the sensors which are used onboard satellites which currently orbit the Earth.

text: Creationists base their beliefs on a literal reading of religious texts, including the biblical Genesis creation myth and Islamic mythology from the Quran. For young Earth creationists, this includes a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative and the rejection of the scientific theory of evolution. Literalist creationists believe that evolution cannot adequately account for the history, diversity, and complexity of life on Earth.  Pseudoscientific branches of creationism include creation science, flood geology, and intelligent design, as well as subsets of pseudoarchaeology, pseudohistory, and even pseudolinguistics.

text: Creationists base their beliefs on a literal reading of

text: religious texts

text: , including the biblical

text: Genesis creation myth

text: and

text: Islamic mythology

text: from the

text: Quran

text: . For

text: young Earth creationists

text: , this includes a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative and the rejection of the

text: scientific theory

text: of evolution. Literalist creationists believe that evolution cannot adequately account for the

text: history

text: diversity

text: , and

text: complexity

text: of life on

text: Earth

text: Pseudoscientific

text: branches of creationism include

text: creation science

text: flood geology

text: , and

text: intelligent design

text: , as well as subsets of

text: pseudoarchaeology

text: pseudohistory

text: , and even pseudolinguistics.

text: Dynamic Earth is an interactive science museum in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Owned and operated by Science North, Dynamic Earth is an earth sciences museum which builds on the city's mining heritage, focusing principally on geology and mining history exhibitions.

text: Dynamic Earth is an interactive

text: science museum

text: in

text: Greater Sudbury

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: . Owned and operated by

text: Science North

text: , Dynamic Earth is an

text: earth sciences

text: museum which builds on the city's

text: mining

text: heritage, focusing principally on

text: geology

text: and mining history exhibitions.

text: Original scripts were written by science journalist Deborah Byrd of the McDonald Observatory. These evolved from a 1976 astronomy telephone message service and a 30-minute-long Sunday morning public service radio program on astronomy taped at the former KNOW studios on North Lamar Street at Martin Luther King Boulevard. Another Austin radio station, KLBJ-FM, aired a broadcast version of similar Byrd-inspired scripts as Have You Seen the Stars Tonight? With the creation of the StarDate concept, Byrd secured funding from the National Science Foundation to begin national distribution under the new moniker and brief, immediate format. The niche broadcasting position of StarDate has always been its quick but relaxed, diary-like delivery which allows it to be interspersed with regular programing. Byrd produced, and Joel Block hosted, the show until 1991, when a change in management at McDonald and effective demotions led both to depart and start another syndicated radio series, Earth & Sky, which aired from 1991 to 2013 and was heard on about 1,000 radio stations.  Since 1991, StarDate has been produced by Damond Benningfield, and hosted by Sandy Wood, a San Antonio radio personality who was also one of the first female disc jockeys in the southwestern United States.

text: Original scripts were written by science journalist

text: Deborah Byrd

text: of the McDonald Observatory. These evolved from a 1976 astronomy telephone message service and a 30-minute-long Sunday morning public service radio program on astronomy taped at the former KNOW studios on North Lamar Street at Martin Luther King Boulevard. Another Austin radio station,

text: KLBJ-FM

text: , aired a broadcast version of similar Byrd-inspired scripts as Have You Seen the Stars Tonight? With the creation of the StarDate concept, Byrd secured funding from the

text: National Science Foundation

text: to begin national distribution under the new moniker and brief, immediate format. The niche broadcasting position of StarDate has always been its quick but relaxed, diary-like delivery which allows it to be interspersed with regular programing. Byrd produced, and Joel Block hosted, the show until 1991, when a change in management at McDonald and effective demotions led both to depart and start another syndicated radio series,

text: Earth & Sky

text: , which aired from 1991 to 2013 and was heard on about 1,000 radio stations.  Since 1991, StarDate has been produced by Damond Benningfield, and hosted by Sandy Wood, a

text: San Antonio

text: radio personality who was also one of the first female

text: disc jockey

text: s in the southwestern United States.

text: Planetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or Earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. There are several major conferences each year, and a wide range of peer-reviewed journals.

text: Planetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or Earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. There are several major conferences each year, and a wide range of

text: peer-reviewed journals

text: In the United States, the study of range science is commonly offered at land-grant universities including New Mexico State University, Colorado State University, Oregon State University, South Dakota State University, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Arizona, the University of Idaho, the University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Montana State University. The Range Science curriculum is strongly tied to animal science, as well as plant ecology, soil science, wildlife management, climatology and anthropology. Courses in a typical Range Science curriculum may include ethology, range animal nutrition, plant physiology, plant ecology, plant identification, plant communities, microbiology, soil sciences, fire control, agricultural economics, wildlife ecology, ranch management, Socioeconomics, cartography, hydrology, Ecophysiology, and environmental policy. These courses are essential to entering a range science profession.

text: In the United States, the study of range science is commonly offered at

text: land-grant universities

text: including

text: New Mexico State University

text: Colorado State University

text: Oregon State University

text: South Dakota State University

text: Texas A&M University

text: Texas Tech University

text: , the

text: University of Arizona

text: , the

text: University of Idaho

text: , the

text: University of Wyoming

text: Utah State University

text: , and

text: Montana State University

text: . The Range Science curriculum is strongly tied to

text: animal science

text: , as well as

text: plant ecology

text: soil science

text: wildlife management

text: climatology

text: and

text: anthropology

text: . Courses in a typical Range Science curriculum may include

text: ethology

text: , range

text: animal nutrition

text: plant physiology

text: plant ecology

text: plant identification

text: plant communities

text: microbiology

text: soil sciences

text: fire control

text: agricultural economics

text: wildlife ecology

text: ranch management

text: Socioeconomics

text: cartography

text: hydrology

text: Ecophysiology

text: , and

text: environmental policy

text: . These courses are essential to entering a range science profession.

text: Terahertz frequencies, or submillimeter wavelengths, which exist between microwave frequencies and infrared wavelengths can be metaphorically termed "unclaimed territory" where almost no devices exist. Because there are limits to propagating the terahertz band through the atmosphere, the commercial sector has remained uninvolved with such technological development. However, terahertz devices have been useful in the remote sensing and spectroscopy areas. Moreover, a rich vein of knowledge has been amassed via submillimeter observation techniques. In particular, interdisciplinary researchers involved with astronomy, chemistry, earth science, planetary science, and space science, have studied thermal emission lines for a diverse and large assortment of gas molecules. The amount of information obtained is specifically amenable to this particular band of electromagnetic radiation. Indeed, the cosmos is suffused in terahertz energy, and meanwhile, almost all of it appears to be overlooked, disregarded, or simply unidentified.

text: Terahertz

text: frequencies, or

text: submillimeter

text: wavelengths, which exist between

text: microwave

text: frequencies and

text: infrared

text: wavelengths can be metaphorically termed "unclaimed territory" where almost no devices exist. Because there are limits to propagating the terahertz band through the atmosphere, the commercial sector has remained uninvolved with such technological development. However, terahertz devices have been useful in the

text: remote sensing

text: and

text: spectroscopy

text: areas. Moreover, a rich vein of knowledge has been amassed via submillimeter observation techniques. In particular, interdisciplinary researchers involved with astronomy, chemistry,

text: earth science

text: planetary science

text: , and

text: space science

text: , have studied thermal

text: emission lines

text: for a diverse and large assortment of gas

text: molecules

text: . The amount of information obtained is specifically amenable to this particular band of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: . Indeed, the cosmos is suffused in terahertz energy, and meanwhile, almost all of it appears to be overlooked, disregarded, or simply unidentified.

text: B. L. K. Somayajulu, born on 5 March 1937 in the port city of Visakhapatanam in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, completed his graduate studies (BSc hons) from Andhra University in 1956. Subsequently, he joined BARC Training School, simultaneously enrolling at Bombay University for pursuing his doctoral studies. During the course of his PhD studies, he moved to Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and had a three-year stint at Scripps Institution of Oceanography before securing a PhD in 1969 from Bombay University. His post-doctoral work was also at Scripps Institution and on his return to India, he joined Oceanography and Climate Studies Area, Earth Sciences and Solar System Division of Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in 1972. He served the institution for the whole of his career till his superannuation in 1997 and post-retirement, he continues his association with PRL as an honorary professor and a CSIR Emeritus Scientist.

text: B. L. K. Somayajulu, born on 5 March 1937 in the port city of

text: Visakhapatanam

text: in the south Indian state of

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: , completed his graduate studies (BSc hons) from

text: Andhra University

text: in 1956. Subsequently, he joined BARC Training School, simultaneously enrolling at

text: Bombay University

text: for pursuing his doctoral studies. During the course of his PhD studies, he moved to

text: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

text: (TIFR) and had a three-year stint at

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: before securing a PhD in 1969 from Bombay University. His post-doctoral work was also at Scripps Institution and on his return to India, he joined Oceanography and Climate Studies Area, Earth Sciences and Solar System Division of

text: Physical Research Laboratory

text: (PRL) in 1972. He served the institution for the whole of his career till his superannuation in 1997 and post-retirement, he continues his association with PRL as an honorary professor and a

entity_name: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

text: CSIR

text: Emeritus Scientist.

text: As a review publication by invitation only, Reviews of Geophysics provides an overview of geophysics research. It integrates summations of previous scientific investigations with active research areas. Critical analysis of the progress in, and direction of, geophysics is provided. Topical coverage includes solid-earth geophysics, cryospheric science, oceans and atmospheric studies, meteorology, and oceanography), along with the physics of the solar system and its processes. For example, coverage includes processes that tend to concern the public such as rainfall rates, trends in marine fisheries, earthquake probabilities, and volcanic eruption potentials.

text: As a review publication by invitation only, Reviews of Geophysics provides an overview of

text: geophysics research

text: . It integrates summations of previous scientific investigations with active research areas. Critical analysis of the progress in, and direction of, geophysics is provided. Topical coverage includes solid-earth geophysics,

text: cryospheric science

text: , oceans and

text: atmospheric studies

text: meteorology

text: , and

text: oceanography

text: ), along with the physics of the solar system and its processes. For example, coverage includes processes that tend to concern the public such as

text: rainfall rates

text: , trends in

text: marine fisheries

text: earthquake probabilities

text: , and

text: volcanic eruption

text: potentials.

text: The Cornerstone project From Earth to the Universe (FETTU) is a worldwide public science event that began in June 2008, and still ongoing through 2011. This project has endeavored to bring astronomy images and their science to a wider audience in non-traditional informal learning venues. In placing these astronomy exhibitions in public parks, metro stations, art centers, hospitals, shopping malls and other accessible locations, it has been hoped that individuals who might normally ignore or even dislike astronomy, or science in general, will be engaged.

text: The Cornerstone project From Earth to the Universe (FETTU) is a worldwide

text: public science

text: event that began in June 2008, and still ongoing through 2011. This project has endeavored to bring astronomy images and their science to a wider audience in non-traditional

text: informal learning

text: venues. In placing these astronomy exhibitions in public parks, metro stations, art centers, hospitals, shopping malls and other accessible locations, it has been hoped that individuals who might normally ignore or even dislike astronomy, or science in general, will be engaged.

text: Earth Charter -Earth observation satellite -Earthscan -Eco hotels -Eco-cities -Eco-efficiency -Eco-industrial park -Eco-sufficiency -Ecoforestry -Ecolabel -Ecological deficit -Ecological economics -Ecological footprint -Ecological humanities -Ecological literacy -Ecological sanitation -Ecological threshold -Ecologically sustainable development -Ecosharing -Ecosystem -Ecotax -Ecotechnology -Ecotourism -Ecovillages -Electric vehicle -Emissions trading -Energy conservation -Energy content of biofuel -Energy crop -Energy density -Energy descent -Energy development -Energy economics -Efficient energy use -Energy Globe Award -Energy Policy Act of 2005 -Energy saving modules -Energy security -Environmental accounting -Environmental and social studies -Environmental archaeology -Environmental audits -Environmental benefits of vegetarianism -Environmental biotechnology -Environmental Change Network -Environmental chemistry -Environmental concerns with electricity generation -Environmental consulting -Environmental control system -Environmental defense -Environmental design -Environmental design and planning -Environmental disaster -Environmental determinism -Environmental economics -Environmental effects of fishing -Environmental effects on physiology -Environmental engineering -Environmental enterprise -Environmental ethics -Environmental factor -Environmental finance -Environmental geography -Environmental geology -Environmental gradient -Environmental hazard -Environmental health -Environmental impact assessment -Environmental impact report -Environmental Information Regulations 2004 -Environmental journalism -Environmental justice -Environmental law -Environmental Law Service -Environmental Life Force -Environmental management -Environmental management scheme -Environmental Measurements Laboratory -Environmental medicine -Environmental microbiology -Environmental Modeling Center -Environmental movement -Environmental movement in New Zealand -Environmental movement in the United States -Environmental planning -Environmental preservation -Environmental pricing reform -Environmental protection in Japan -Environmental psychology -Environmental Quality Improvement Act -Environmental racism -Environmental remediation -Environmental Research Letters -Environmental restoration -Environmental Risk Management Authority -Environmental science -Environmental security -Environmental skepticism -Environmental sociology -Environmental standard -Environmental studies -Environmental suit -Environmental Sustainability Index -Environmental technology -Environmental Technology Laboratory -Environmental Technology Verification Program -Environmental toxins and fetal development -Environmental transport association -Environmental vandalism -Environmental vegetarianism -Environmental, Safety and Health Communication -Environmentalism -EPA Sustainability -Epidemics -Ethanol fuel -Ethical consumerism -Eugenics -European Biofuels Technology Platform -

text: Earth Charter

text: Earth observation satellite

text: Earthscan

text: Eco hotels

text: Eco-cities

text: Eco-efficiency

text: Eco-industrial park

text: Eco-sufficiency

text: Ecoforestry

text: Ecolabel

text: Ecological deficit

text: Ecological economics

text: Ecological footprint

text: Ecological humanities

text: Ecological literacy

text: Ecological sanitation

text: Ecological threshold

text: Ecologically sustainable development

text: Ecosharing

text: Ecosystem

text: Ecotax

text: Ecotechnology

text: Ecotourism

text: Ecovillages

text: Electric vehicle

text: Emissions trading

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy content of biofuel

text: Energy crop

text: Energy density

text: Energy descent

text: Energy development

text: Energy economics

text: Efficient energy use

text: Energy Globe Award

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: Energy saving modules

text: Energy security

text: Environmental accounting

text: Environmental and social studies

text: Environmental archaeology

text: Environmental audits

text: Environmental benefits of vegetarianism

text: Environmental biotechnology

text: Environmental Change Network

text: Environmental chemistry

text: Environmental consulting

text: Environmental control system

text: Environmental defense

text: Environmental design

text: Environmental design and planning

text: Environmental disaster

text: Environmental determinism

text: Environmental economics

text: Environmental effects of fishing

text: Environmental effects on physiology

text: Environmental engineering

text: Environmental enterprise

text: Environmental ethics

text: Environmental factor

text: Environmental finance

text: Environmental geography

text: Environmental geology

text: Environmental gradient

text: Environmental hazard

text: Environmental health

text: Environmental impact assessment

text: Environmental impact report

text: Environmental journalism

text: Environmental justice

text: Environmental law

text: Environmental Law Service

text: Environmental Life Force

text: Environmental management

text: Environmental management scheme

text: Environmental Measurements Laboratory

text: Environmental medicine

text: Environmental microbiology

text: Environmental Modeling Center

text: Environmental movement

text: Environmental movement in New Zealand

text: Environmental planning

text: Environmental preservation

text: Environmental pricing reform

text: Environmental protection in Japan

text: Environmental psychology

text: Environmental Quality Improvement Act

text: Environmental racism

text: Environmental remediation

text: Environmental Research Letters

text: Environmental restoration

text: Environmental Risk Management Authority

text: Environmental science

text: Environmental security

text: Environmental skepticism

text: Environmental sociology

text: Environmental standard

text: Environmental studies

text: Environmental suit

text: Environmental Sustainability Index

text: Environmental technology

text: Environmental Technology Laboratory

entity_name: Environmental Technology Verification Program

text: Environmental Technology Verification Program

text: Environmental toxins and fetal development

text: Environmental transport association

text: Environmental vandalism

text: Environmental vegetarianism

text: Environmental, Safety and Health Communication

text: Environmentalism

text: EPA Sustainability

text: Epidemics

text: Ethanol fuel

text: Ethical consumerism

text: Eugenics

text: European Biofuels Technology Platform

text: Mathematical Gymnasium Belgrade is unique for its success in International Science Olympiads in Mathematics, Physics, Informatics, Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Earth Sciences: its students have won more than 400 medals so far, on all 5 continents of the world.

text: A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology. Geologists are also known as earth scientists or geoscientists.

text: A

text: geologist

text: is a contributor to the science of

text: geology

text: . Geologists are also known as

text: earth scientist

text: s or geoscientists.

text: The New York Times described how Fukuda's posters "distilled complex concepts into compelling images of logo-simplicity". His commercial work included his creation of the official poster for the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka. A 1980 poster created for Amnesty International features a clenched fist interwoven with barbed wire, with the letter "S" in the word "Amnesty" at the top of the poster formed from a linked shackle. "Victory 1945", one of his best-known works, features a projectile heading straight at the opening of the barrel of a cannon. A pair of posters created to celebrate Earth Day include a design showing the Earth as a seed opening against a solid sea-blue background and "1982 Happy Earth Day", which shows an axe with its head against the ground and a small branch sprouting upwards from its handle.

text: The New York Times

text: described how Fukuda's posters "distilled complex concepts into compelling images of logo-simplicity". His commercial work included his creation of the official poster for the

text: 1970 World's Fair

text: in

text: Osaka

text: . A 1980 poster created for

text: Amnesty International

text: features a clenched fist interwoven with barbed wire, with the letter "S" in the word "Amnesty" at the top of the poster formed from a linked shackle. "Victory 1945", one of his best-known works, features a projectile heading straight at the opening of the barrel of a cannon. A pair of posters created to celebrate

text: Earth Day

text: include a design showing the Earth as a seed opening against a solid sea-blue background and "1982 Happy Earth Day", which shows an axe with its head against the ground and a small branch sprouting upwards from its handle.

text: Stokes was appointed to a lecturership with the Auckland University, and taught for a year for their Waikato branch before becoming a member of the geography department at Waikato University when that university was founded in 1964. At Waikato, she worked hard to promote Māori studies and to integrate local Māori communities into the university's activities, and she continued to serve as a faculty member for nearly 41 years, the longest tenure among the Waikato staff. In 1969 she was promoted to Senior Lecturer, and in 1975 to Reader. In the early 1970s, unusually for geography departments in New Zealand, the department at Waikato split into two, with physical geography moving to the Department of Earth Sciences; Stokes remained with the renamed Department of Human Geography and Environmental Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Johnson recalls her as "a wise but stroppy woman, someone who would have no truck with fools but who opened her heart, her mind and her home to those whose intellect and politics she respected", and she was known as the "kuia" (a Māori word for a wise old woman) of the geography department.

text: Stokes was appointed to a lecturership with the

text: Auckland University

text: , and taught for a year for their Waikato branch before becoming a member of the geography department at Waikato University when that university was founded in 1964. At Waikato, she worked hard to promote Māori studies and to integrate local Māori communities into the university's activities, and she continued to serve as a faculty member for nearly 41 years, the longest tenure among the Waikato staff. In 1969 she was promoted to Senior Lecturer, and in 1975 to Reader. In the early 1970s, unusually for geography departments in New Zealand, the department at Waikato split into two, with physical geography moving to the Department of Earth Sciences; Stokes remained with the renamed Department of Human Geography and Environmental Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Johnson recalls her as "a wise but stroppy woman, someone who would have no truck with fools but who opened her heart, her mind and her home to those whose intellect and politics she respected", and she was known as the "kuia" (a Māori word for a wise old woman) of the geography department.

text: As an integrative field, Earth system science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at NASA, where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983.  The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, ''Earth System Science: Overview'' (1986), and the book-length ''Earth System Science: A Closer View'' (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science. Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of global change studies and programs.

text: As an integrative field, Earth system science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at

text: NASA

text: , where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983.  The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, ''Earth System Science: Overview'' (1986), and the book-length ''Earth System Science: A Closer View'' (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science. Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of

text: global change

text: studies and programs.

text: Ellen Browning Scripps (October 18, 1836 – August 3, 1932) was an American journalist and philanthropist who was the founding donor of several major institutions in Southern California. She and her brother E.W. Scripps created America's largest chain of newspapers, linking midwestern industrial cities with booming towns in the west. By the 1920s, Ellen Browning Scripps was worth an estimated $30 million (or $3.5 billion in 2016 dollars), most of which she gave away. She established the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, the oldest and largest center for ocean and earth science research. She appeared on the cover of Time magazine after founding Scripps College in Claremont, California.  She also donated millions of dollars to organizations, worldwide, that promised to advance democratic principles and women's education. She never married.

text: Ellen Browning Scripps (October 18, 1836 – August 3, 1932) was an American journalist and

text: philanthropist

text: who was the founding donor of several major institutions in

text: Southern California

text: . She and her brother

text: E.W. Scripps

text: created America's largest chain of newspapers, linking midwestern industrial cities with booming towns in the west. By the 1920s, Ellen Browning Scripps was worth an estimated $30 million (or $3.5 billion in 2016 dollars), most of which she gave away. She established the

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: in La Jolla, California, the oldest and largest center for ocean and earth science research. She appeared on the cover of

text: Time

text: magazine after founding

text: Scripps College

text: in Claremont, California.  She also donated millions of dollars to organizations, worldwide, that promised to advance democratic principles and women's education. She never married.

text: However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations (starting c. 13 years ago) there is considerable uncertainty in the conclusions. Climatology observations require several decades to definitively distinguish natural variability from climate trends.

text: However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations (starting c. 13 years ago) there is considerable uncertainty in the conclusions.

text: Climatology

text: observations require several decades to definitively distinguish natural variability from climate trends.

text: |-id=702| 46702 Linapucci || 1997 DX || Lina Pucci, mother of the first discoverer |-id=719| 46719 Plantade || 1997 PJ || François de Plantade, French cartographer and astronomer, founder of the Société royale des sciences de Montpellier (Royal Society of Sciences of Montpellier) |-id=720| 46720 Pierostroppa ||  || Piero Stroppa, Italian physics teacher and astronomy populariser, who worked for the magazine Nuovo Orione |-id=722| 46722 Ireneadler || || Irene Adler, heroine of the Sherlock Holmes story A Scandal in Bohemia |-id=727| 46727 Hidekimatsuyama ||  || Hideki Matsuyama (b. 1970) became a member of the Nanyo Astronomical Lovers Club in 1990 and actively popularizes astronomy.|-id=731| 46731 Prieurblanc ||  || Pierre Prieur-Blanc, one of the three people involved in the construction of the Observatoire de Paris' coronagraphic station on Pic de Château-Renard at Saint-Véran in the Hautes-Alpes |-id=737| 46737 Anpanman || 1997 VO || Anpanman, Takashi Yanase's cartoon hero, whose head is a bun filled with sweet bean jam |-id=793| 46793 Phinney || 1998 JP || Jeffrey L. Phinney, American astronomer |-id=796| 46796 Mamigasakigawa || 1998 KU || Mamigasakigawa is the river that flows through the center of Yamagata City. It is a branch of the Mogami River.|}

text: 46702 Linapucci

text: || 1997 DX || Lina Pucci, mother of the first discoverer |-id=719|

text: 46719 Plantade

text: || 1997 PJ ||

text: François de Plantade

text: , French cartographer and astronomer, founder of the

text: Société royale des sciences de Montpellier

text: (Royal Society of Sciences of Montpellier) |-id=720|

text: 46720 Pierostroppa

text: Piero Stroppa

text: , Italian physics teacher and astronomy populariser, who worked for the magazine Nuovo Orione |-id=722|

text: 46722 Ireneadler

text: Irene Adler

text: , heroine of the

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: story

text: A Scandal in Bohemia

text: 46727 Hidekimatsuyama

text: ||  || Hideki Matsuyama (b. 1970) became a member of the Nanyo Astronomical Lovers Club in 1990 and actively popularizes astronomy.|-id=731|

text: 46731 Prieurblanc

text: Pierre Prieur-Blanc

text: , one of the three people involved in the construction of the

text: Observatoire de Paris

text: ' coronagraphic station on

text: Pic de Château-Renard

text: at

text: Saint-Véran

text: in the Hautes-Alpes |-id=737|

text: 46737 Anpanman

text: || 1997 VO ||

text: Anpanman

text: , Takashi Yanase's cartoon hero, whose head is a bun filled with sweet bean jam |-id=793|

text: 46793 Phinney

text: || 1998 JP ||

text: Jeffrey L. Phinney

text: , American astronomer |-id=796|

text: 46796 Mamigasakigawa

text: || 1998 KU || Mamigasakigawa is the river that flows through the center of Yamagata City. It is a branch of the Mogami River.|}

text: Originally established as the Central Meteorological Institute (MZA), by 1863 it operated 88 weather stations. Its name was changed in 1979 to Swiss Meteorological Institute (SMA). Since 1996, it has been operating as MeteoSwiss. Since 2006, its official name is "Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss".

text: The Journal of Geology publishes research on geology, geophysics, geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology, petrology, plate tectonics, volcanology, structural geology, mineralogy, and planetary sciences. Its content ranges from planetary evolution to computer modeling of fossil development, making it relevant to geologists as well as other researchers working in the Earth or planetary sciences.

text: The Journal of Geology publishes research on

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: , geochemistry, sedimentology, geomorphology,

text: petrology

text: plate tectonics

text: volcanology

text: , structural geology,

text: mineralogy

text: , and planetary sciences. Its content ranges from planetary evolution to computer modeling of

text: fossil

text: development, making it relevant to geologists as well as other researchers working in the Earth or planetary sciences.

text: The measurement of geologic time is a long-standing problem of Geology. When geology was at its beginnings, a major problem for stratigraphers was to find a reliable method for the measurement of time. In the eighteenth century, and during most of the nineteenth century, the ideas on the geologic time were indeed so controversial that the estimates for the age of the Earth encompassed the whole range from ca. 6000 years to 300 millions of years. The longer estimate came from Charles Darwin, who probably went closer to the truth because he had clear in mind that the evolution of life must have required a lot of time to take place. The current estimate of the age of the Earth is ca. 4500 millions of years.The solution of the dating problem arrived only with the discovery that some natural elements undergo a continuous decay. This led to the first radiometric datings by Boltwood and Strutt.Today, the determination of the age of the Earth is not a primary scope of geochronometry anymore, and most efforts are rather aimed at obtaining increasingly precise radiometric datings.At the same time, other methods for the measurement of time were developed, so the quantification of geologic time can now be endeavored with a variety of approaches.

text: The measurement of geologic

text: time

text: is a long-standing problem of

text: Geology

text: . When

text: geology

text: was at its beginnings, a major problem for stratigraphers was to find a reliable method for the measurement of

text: time

text: . In the eighteenth century, and during most of the nineteenth century, the ideas on the geologic time were indeed so controversial that the estimates for the

text: age of the Earth

text: encompassed the whole range from ca. 6000 years to 300 millions of years. The longer estimate came from

text: Charles Darwin

text: , who probably went closer to the truth because he had clear in mind that the

text: evolution

text: of life must have required a lot of

text: time

text: to take place. The current estimate of the

text: age of the Earth

text: is ca. 4500 millions of years.The solution of the dating problem arrived only with the discovery that some natural

text: elements

text: undergo a continuous decay. This led to the first

text: radiometric dating

text: s by Boltwood and Strutt.Today, the determination of the

text: age of the Earth

text: is not a primary scope of geochronometry anymore, and most efforts are rather aimed at obtaining increasingly precise radiometric datings.At the same time, other methods for the measurement of time were developed, so the quantification of geologic

text: time

text: can now be endeavored with a variety of approaches.

text: The International Journal of Biometeorology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications on studies examining the interactions between living organisms and factors of the natural and artificial physical environment. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International Society of Biometeorology, its scope includes the fields of Earth and environmental science, life sciences, animal physiology, plant physiology and environmental medicine/environmental psychology.

text: The International Journal of Biometeorology is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: which publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications on studies examining the interactions between living organisms and factors of the natural and artificial physical environment. The journal is published by

text: Springer Science+Business Media

text: on behalf of the

text: International Society of Biometeorology

text: , its scope includes the fields of

text: Earth

text: and

text: environmental science

text: life sciences

text: animal physiology

text: plant physiology

text: and

text: environmental medicine

text: environmental psychology

text: The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) is the national research institute in astronomy and space science of South Korea funded by the South Korean Government.  Its headquarters are located in Daejeon, in the Daedeok Science Town. Research at KASI covers main areas of modern astronomy, including Optical Astronomy, Radio Astronomy, Space Science, and Theoretical Astronomy.

text: The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) is the national research institute in astronomy and space science of

text: South Korea

text: funded by the South Korean Government.  Its headquarters are located in

text: Daejeon

text: , in the

text: Daedeok Science Town

text: . Research at KASI covers main areas of modern astronomy, including Optical Astronomy, Radio Astronomy, Space Science, and Theoretical Astronomy.

text: He was the editor-in-chief of the Journal of African Earth Sciences.

text: He was the editor-in-chief of the

text: Journal of African Earth Sciences

text: Questions are asked in the categories of General Science, Physical Science, Life Science, Earth and Space Science, Energy, and Mathematics. Although they are not subcategorized, the questions fall into the subcategories of Chemistry, Algebra, Computer Science, Biology, Physics, Astronomy, Geometry, and Current Events. General Science covers science-related items that do not fall under any specific type of science such as items common to all sciences. The newest addition was a category specially made for the 2006 National competition: a group of about 5 questions asked through graphics and models projected onto computer screens and as hard copies distributed to competing teams. These were only used in semi-finals and championship rounds.

text: Questions are asked in the categories of

text: General Science

text: Physical Science

text: Life Science

text: , Earth and Space Science,

text: Energy

text: , and

text: Mathematics

text: . Although they are not subcategorized, the questions fall into the subcategories of

text: Chemistry

text: Algebra

text: Computer Science

text: Biology

text: Physics

text: Astronomy

text: Geometry

text: , and

text: Current Events

text: . General Science covers science-related items that do not fall under any specific type of science such as items common to all sciences. The newest addition was a category specially made for the 2006 National competition: a group of about 5 questions asked through graphics and models projected onto computer screens and as hard copies distributed to competing teams. These were only used in semi-finals and championship rounds.

text: Studying glacial motion and the landforms that result requires tools from many different disciplines: physical geography, climatology, and geology are among the areas sometime grouped together and called earth science.

text: Studying glacial motion and the landforms that result requires tools from many different disciplines:

text: physical geography

text: climatology

text: , and

text: geology

text: are among the areas sometime grouped together and called

text: earth science

text: Venezuela truly opened itself to Russia in the 20th century. In the early years, labor migrants began arriving in the country, and after the 1917 Revolution, political exiles from Russia – both monarchists and Kadets – began to appear. Later on, several families of Russian emigrants from China relocated to Venezuela. Until the middle of the 20th century, however, an organized colony of Russians living in Venezuela did not exist. Despite this lack of organization, the strong Russian footprint on the cultural life of Venezuela in the early 20th century was owed to the Russian artist Nikolai Ferdinandov. El Ruso, as he was called by Venezuelans.

text: Venezuela

text: truly opened itself to

text: Russia

text: in the 20th century. In the early years, labor migrants began arriving in the country, and after the

text: 1917 Revolution

text: , political exiles from Russia – both

text: monarchists

text: and Kadets – began to appear. Later on, several families of Russian emigrants from China relocated to Venezuela. Until the middle of the 20th century, however, an organized colony of Russians living in Venezuela did not exist. Despite this lack of organization, the strong Russian footprint on the cultural life of Venezuela in the early 20th century was owed to the Russian artist

text: Nikolai Ferdinandov

text: . El Ruso, as he was called by Venezuelans.

text: The Department of Geosciences offers undergraduates a bachelor’s degree in geosciences by way of four options: geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and earth science education. Graduate students can earn a master of science or doctoral degree. The Department of Geosciences’ graduate program has two top-ranking programs: paleontology and earth sciences.

text: Image morphing is a technique to synthesize a fluid transformation from one image (source image) to another (destination image). Source image can be one or more than one images. There are two parts in the image morphing implementation. The first part is warping and the second part is cross-dissolving.

text: Image morphing

text: is a technique to synthesize a fluid transformation from one image (source image) to another (destination image). Source image can be one or more than one images. There are two parts in the image morphing implementation. The first part is warping and the second part is cross-dissolving.

text: He began his career in journalism for Screen International magazine  and his screenwriting debut was the 1991 television drama Tell Me That You Love Me, followed by screenplays for The Bridge (1992) and Tom & Viv (1994) for which Miranda Richardson and Rosemary Harris both received Oscar nominations.

text: He began his career in journalism for

text: Screen International

text: magazine  and his

text: screenwriting

text: debut was the 1991 television drama Tell Me That You Love Me, followed by screenplays for

text: The Bridge

text: (1992) and

text: Tom & Viv

text: (1994) for which

text: Miranda Richardson

text: and

text: Rosemary Harris

text: both received Oscar nominations.

text: The large jump in children protected by the state in 2000 over 1999 is because many children's hospital and residential schools for small children were re-designated as orphanages in the year 2000.

text: Short subjects

text: Short subjects

text: As a requirement for this program, each student must complete a total of four years of math, four years of science, four years of English, four years of a foreign language (or to the AP level), three years of social studies, two years of academic seminar, one year of arts and humanities, and a senior mentoring project. The Academic Mentoring Program is an advanced level independent study program that allows students to design their own class content from any subject area and to study under the direction of professional in the chosen field. The program's purpose is to allow students to pursue an idea beyond the opportunities provided in the regular classroom.

text: The culture of library science promotes policies and procedure for managing information that fosters the relationship between library science and the development of information science to provides benefits for health informatics development; which is traced to the 1950s with the beginning of computer uses in healthcare (Nelson & Staggers p.4).  Early practitioners interested in the field soon learned that; there was no formal education programs set up to educate them on the informatics science until during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Professional development begins to emerge, playing a significant role in the development of health informatics (Nelson &Staggers p.7)According to Imhoff et al., 2001. Healthcare informatics is not only the application of computer technology to problems in healthcare but covers all aspects of generation, handling, communication, storage, retrieval, management, analysis, discovery, and synthesis of data information and knowledge in the entire scope of healthcare. Furthermore, they stated that the primary goal of health informatics can be distinguished as follows: To provide solution for problems related to data, information, and knowledge processing. To study general principles of processing data information and knowledge in medicine and healthcare.

text: In the 2011 Scottish parliamentary election, he defeated his main rival, Labour's Frank McAveety, to win the Glasgow Shettleston seat with a majority of 586 votes. The turnout was 37.7%.  During his time in Holyrood so far, Mason has called on the Scottish Government to make housing investment its top priority. During the debate on same-sex marriage in Scotland, Mason was widely condemned for raising a motion stating that no person or organisation should be forced to be involved or to approve of same-sex marriage. In January 2015 he spoke in parliament in favour of young Earth creationism. In February 2016, he publicly asked "How is national debt different from national deficit?" on Twitter, prompting the Spectator to say that he "appears to lack a basic understanding of finance".

text: In the

text: 2011 Scottish parliamentary election

text: , he defeated his main rival, Labour's

text: Frank McAveety

text: , to win the

entity_name: Glasgow Shettleston (Scottish Parliament constituency)

text: Glasgow Shettleston

text: seat with a majority of 586 votes. The turnout was 37.7%.  During his time in Holyrood so far, Mason has called on the Scottish Government to make housing investment its top priority. During the debate on

text: same-sex marriage

text: in Scotland, Mason was widely condemned for raising a motion stating that no person or organisation should be forced to be involved or to approve of same-sex marriage. In January 2015 he spoke in parliament in favour of

text: young Earth creationism

text: . In February 2016, he publicly asked "How is national debt different from national deficit?" on Twitter, prompting the Spectator to say that he "appears to lack a basic understanding of finance".

text: mean that the sum or product is over all prime powers dividing n. E.g., if n = 24,

text: In 1999 Henket won the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds Prize for his oeuvre. In 2003 he was appointed a Knight in the Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw (Order of the Dutch Lion). In 2004 he and Wessel de Jonge won the BNA Kubus, a prize of the Dutch Federation of Architects because of their revitalization of architectonic heritage. Henket also won the Victor de Steursprijs, Scheudersprijs for subterranean building and the Bouwprijs 2005. In 2007 the Fries Museum in Leeuwarden and the Glaspaleis in Heerlen honored him with an exhibition of his work. In 2015 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the RIAI.

text: In 1999 Henket won the

text: Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds

text: Prize for his

text: oeuvre

text: . In 2003 he was appointed a Knight in the

text: Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw

text: (Order of the Dutch Lion). In 2004 he and Wessel de Jonge won the

text: BNA Kubus

text: , a prize of the Dutch Federation of Architects because of their revitalization of architectonic heritage. Henket also won the

text: Victor de Steursprijs

text: Scheudersprijs

text: for subterranean building and the

text: Bouwprijs

text: 2005. In 2007 the

text: Fries Museum

text: in

text: Leeuwarden

text: and the

text: Glaspaleis

text: in

text: Heerlen

text: honored him with an exhibition of his work. In 2015 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the

entity_name: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland

text: RIAI

text: Den Ilp () is a village in the municipality of Landsmeer, North Holland, the Netherlands. Its shape is nearly vertical, and is mostly shaped around a single  road of the same name, with two roads branching off westward halfway along Den Ilp. Den Ilp itself is characterised as a narrow road flanked by ditches with individual bridges leading to separate houses. The village's population was 809 as of January 2007. It is a recent addition to the municipality. The former municipality of Den Ilp merged with two other municipalities to form the municipality of Landsmeer in 1991. In the Netherlands, the village is well known for its abundant lighting displays in the weeks leading up to Christmas.

text: Den Ilp () is a

text: village

text: in the

text: municipality

text: of

text: Landsmeer

text: North Holland

text: , the

text: Netherlands

text: . Its shape is nearly vertical, and is mostly shaped around a single  road of the same name, with two roads branching off westward halfway along Den Ilp. Den Ilp itself is characterised as a narrow road flanked by ditches with individual bridges leading to separate houses. The village's population was 809 as of January 2007. It is a recent addition to the municipality. The former municipality of Den Ilp merged with two other municipalities to form the municipality of Landsmeer in 1991. In the Netherlands, the village is well known for its abundant lighting displays in the weeks leading up to

text: Christmas

text: Near Earth Asteroids and bodies in the asteroid belt could also be sources of raw materials for ISRU.

text: Near Earth Asteroids

text: and bodies in the

text: asteroid

text: belt could also be sources of raw materials for ISRU.

text: Eric Rignot is Professor of Earth system science at the University of California, Irvine, and principal scientist for the Radar Science and Engineering Section at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

text: Eric Rignot is

text: Professor

text: of

text: Earth system science

text: at the

text: University of California, Irvine

text: , and principal scientist for the

text: Radar Science and Engineering Section

text: at

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: Astronomy is a science that lends itself to the recording and study of observations: the vigorous notings of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes.  Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists are still widely used in Western calendars: the solar year, the lunar month, the seven-day week. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon.  Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician who was contemporary with the Greek astronomers. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Astronomy and astrology were considered to be the same thing, as evidenced by the practice of this science in Babylonia by priests. Indeed, rather than following the modern trend towards rational science, moving away from superstition and belief, the Mesopotamian astronomy conversely became more astrology-based later in the civilisation - studying the stars in terms of horoscopes and omens, which might explain the popularity of the clay tablets. Hipparchus was to use this data to calculate the precession of the Earth's axis.  Fifteen hundred years after Kiddinu, Al-Batani, born in what is now Turkey, would use the collected data and improve Hipparchus' value for the precession of the Earth's axis. Al-Batani's value, 54.5 arc-seconds per year, compares well to the current value of 49.8 arc-seconds per year (26,000 years for Earth's axis to round the circle of nutation).

text: Astronomy

text: is a science that lends itself to the recording and study of observations: the vigorous notings of the motions of the

text: star

text: s,

text: planet

text: s, and the

text: moon

text: are left on thousands of

text: clay tablet

text: s created by

text: scribe

text: s.  Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian scientists are still widely used in Western calendars: the

text: solar year

text: , the

text: lunar month

text: , the

text: seven-day week

text: . Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: .  Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of

text: Kidinnu

text: , a

text: Chaldea

text: n astronomer and mathematician who was contemporary with the Greek astronomers. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Astronomy and

text: astrology

text: were considered to be the same thing, as evidenced by the practice of this science in

text: Babylonia

text: by priests. Indeed, rather than following the modern trend towards

text: rational

text: science, moving away from

text: superstition

text: and

text: belief

text: , the Mesopotamian

text: astronomy

text: conversely became more astrology-based later in the civilisation - studying the stars in terms of

text: horoscope

text: s and

text: omen

text: s, which might explain the popularity of the clay tablets.

text: Hipparchus

text: was to use this data to calculate the

text: precession

text: of the

text: Earth

text: 's axis.  Fifteen hundred years after Kiddinu,

text: Al-Batani

text: , born in what is now Turkey, would use the collected data and improve Hipparchus' value for the

text: precession of the Earth's axis

text: . Al-Batani's value, 54.5 arc-seconds per year, compares well to the current value of 49.8 arc-seconds per year (26,000 years for Earth's axis to round the circle of

text: nutation

text: On 2 March 2013, Sea Shepherd claimed victory and reported that the Japanese whaling fleet had departed the Southern Ocean. However, on 5 March 2013, Sea Shepherd reported the Japanese whaling fleet had turned back to the Southern Ocean to resume its whale hunt and stated that its own vessels had turned around to pursue the fleet. On 10 March 2013, Sea Shepherd announced it was ending the campaign and returning to port as adverse weather conditions were preventing any further whaling.  Sea Shepherd has stated that this campaign was its most successful Antarctic campaign to date in terms of the number of whales saved. The Sea Shepherd Society places the number of whales it saved during Zero Tolerance as 932.

text: UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed "from the top down" in terms of research emphasis. Local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well. John Jay Hopkins of General Dynamics Corporation pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter. The original authorization for the San Diego campus given by the UC Regents in 1956 approved a "graduate program in science and technology" that included undergraduate programs, a compromise that won both the support of General Dynamics and the city voters' approval. Nobel laureate Harold Urey, a physicist from the University of Chicago, and Hans Suess, who had published the first paper on the greenhouse effect with Revelle in the previous year, were early recruits to the faculty in 1958. Maria Goeppert-Mayer, later the second female Nobel laureate in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, and earth science. Before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

text: UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed "from the top down" in terms of research emphasis. Local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well.

text: John Jay Hopkins

text: of

text: General Dynamics Corporation

text: pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter. The original authorization for the San Diego campus given by the

text: UC Regents

text: in 1956 approved a "graduate program in science and technology" that included undergraduate programs, a compromise that won both the support of General Dynamics and the city voters' approval. Nobel laureate

text: Harold Urey

text: , a physicist from the

text: University of Chicago

text: , and

text: Hans Suess

text: , who had published the first paper on the

text: greenhouse effect

text: with Revelle in the previous year, were early recruits to the faculty in 1958.

text: Maria Goeppert-Mayer

text: , later the second female

text: Nobel laureate

text: in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of

text: physics

text: biology

text: chemistry

text: , and

text: earth science

text: . Before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

text: Xemu Records is an independent record label, with a roster of indie rock artists and bands.

text: Xemu Records is an

text: independent record label

text: , with a roster of

text: indie rock

text: artists and bands.

text: Alibaba Cloud aims to build a cloud computing service platform, including e-commerce data mining e-commerce data processing, and data customisation. It was established in September 2009 in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of Alibaba Group. It has R&D centres and operators in Hangzhou, Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Silicon Valley and Dubai. In July 2014, Alibaba Cloud entered into a partnership deal with Inspur. Alibaba Cloud is the largest high-end cloud computing company in China. In 2009, Alibaba acquired HiChina, the largest domain registration service and web hosting service company in China, and built it into Alibaba Cloud.

text: Alibaba Cloud

text: aims to build a cloud computing service platform, including e-commerce data mining e-commerce data processing, and data customisation. It was established in September 2009 in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of Alibaba Group. It has R&D centres and operators in Hangzhou, Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Silicon Valley and Dubai. In July 2014, Alibaba Cloud entered into a partnership deal with Inspur. Alibaba Cloud is the largest high-end cloud computing company in China. In 2009, Alibaba acquired

text: HiChina

text: , the largest domain registration service and web hosting service company in China, and built it into Alibaba Cloud.

text: The music in the game is a collection of tracks taken from the PSP version of Ridge Racer. Players can also listen to their own personal music library stored on their iPod/iPhone.

text: The music in the game is a collection of tracks taken from the PSP version of

text: Ridge Racer

text: . Players can also listen to their own personal music library stored on their iPod/iPhone.

text: The seminary is doctrinally committed to the Reformed faith and Covenant theology, and it believes the Bible to be the inspired and inerrant word of God.

text: The seminary is doctrinally committed to the

text: Reformed faith

text: and

text: Covenant theology

text: , and it believes the

text: Bible

text: to be the

text: inspired

text: and

text: inerrant

text: word of

text: God

text: The group was activated shortly before the end of World War II as the 518th Air Service Group in Italy in early 1945 as part of a reorganization of Army Air Forces (AAF) support groups in which the AAF replaced Service Groups that included personnel from other branches of the Army and supported two combat groups with Air Service Groups including only Air Corps units.  It was designed to support a single combat group.  Its 944th Air Engineering Squadron provided maintenance that was beyond the capability of the combat group, its 768th Air Materiel Squadron handled all supply matters, and its Headquarters & Base Services Squadron provided other support.  The unit supported the 465th Bombardment Group in Italy.  The group moved to the Caribbean and provided support for flying units redeploying from Europe to the United States. It was disbanded in 1948.

text: The

text: group

text: was activated shortly before the end of

text: World War II

text: as the 518th Air Service Group in Italy in early 1945 as part of a reorganization of

text: Army Air Forces

text: (AAF) support groups in which the AAF replaced Service Groups that included personnel from other branches of the Army and supported two combat groups with Air Service Groups including only Air Corps units.  It was designed to support a single combat group.  Its 944th Air Engineering Squadron provided maintenance that was beyond the capability of the combat group, its 768th Air Materiel Squadron handled all supply matters, and its Headquarters & Base Services Squadron provided other support.  The unit supported the

text: 465th Bombardment Group

text: in Italy.  The group moved to the Caribbean and provided support for flying units redeploying from Europe to the United States. It was disbanded in 1948.

text: The annual school magazine's name is 'Bosconian', and the school's English teacher, Ms. Uma Nair, heads the student body called the 'Editorial Board', or popularly as the 'Ed Board', which is primarily responsible for the creation of the magazine. The Editorial Board is headed by an 'Editor' (also called chief editor) who supervises a select group of 'Assistant Editors' (also known as editors).

text: Dresden-Strehlen station has existed since 1902. It is the only S-Bahn station that retained its historic structure during the upgrade of the line after 2000. The only change to the existing platform was the installation of a lift. The historic station building is, however, no longer used for railway operations and is now empty. Several Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe bus lines serve the station. A tram interchange is planned.

text: Tahir wrote a novel, The Last Imam in 1984.

text: Tan-ey-sya

text: Tan-ey-sya

text: Parker was Assessor of the Town of Orwell from 1841 to 1847; Highway Commissioner for four years; and Overseer of the Poor for two years. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Oswego Co., 3rd D.) in 1866 and 1870.

text: Parker was Assessor of the Town of Orwell from 1841 to 1847; Highway Commissioner for four years; and Overseer of the Poor for two years. He was a member of the

text: New York State Assembly

text: (Oswego Co., 3rd D.) in

text: and

text: The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 229 (as at 28 August 2006).

text: On June 1, 1996, Harrelson was arrested in Lee County, Kentucky, after he symbolically planted four hemp seeds to challenge the state law which did not distinguish between industrial hemp and marijuana. Harrelson had arrived in the county with his attorney, former Kentucky Governor Louie B. Nunn, an agent and a camera crew from CNN. While at a local hotel, Harrelson phoned the county sheriff, Junior Kilburn, to advise him of his intentions. Kilburn and deputy sheriff Danny Towsend arrived at the location where Harrelson informed them he would be. With the cameras rolling, Harrelson planted the hemp seeds into the ground. Once planted, Kilburn placed Harrelson under arrest for cultivating marijuana and booked him into the county jail. He was released on $200 bail the same day. He later signed autographs and posed for photos with deputies. He was acquitted of those charges with the help of Nunn after just 25 minutes.

text: On June 1, 1996, Harrelson was arrested in

text: Lee County, Kentucky

text: , after he symbolically planted four hemp seeds to challenge the state law which did not distinguish between industrial hemp and marijuana. Harrelson had arrived in the county with his attorney, former Kentucky Governor

text: Louie B. Nunn

text: , an agent and a camera crew from

text: CNN

text: . While at a local hotel, Harrelson phoned the county sheriff, Junior Kilburn, to advise him of his intentions. Kilburn and deputy sheriff Danny Towsend arrived at the location where Harrelson informed them he would be. With the cameras rolling, Harrelson planted the hemp seeds into the ground. Once planted, Kilburn placed Harrelson under arrest for cultivating marijuana and booked him into the county jail. He was released on $200 bail the same day. He later signed autographs and posed for photos with deputies. He was acquitted of those charges with the help of Nunn after just 25 minutes.

text: It was clear in the novels of Henry James that, however free his heroines felt to exercise their intellectual and sexual autonomy, they ultimately paid a price for their choices.

text: Crew members soon discover that the body in the stasis chamber is the warden, who was killed by Dr. Zellar. Zellar is captured easily, but escapes and holds the crew hostage with a biological agent he smuggled aboard. He threatens to release the agent unless Captain Bridger and Commander Ford destroy the UEO headquarters at Pearl Harbor.

text: Crew members soon discover that the body in the stasis chamber is the warden, who was killed by Dr. Zellar. Zellar is captured easily, but escapes and holds the crew hostage with a

text: biological agent

text: he smuggled aboard. He threatens to release the agent unless

text: Captain Bridger

text: and

entity_name: List of main characters of seaQuest DSV season 1

text: Commander Ford

text: destroy the UEO headquarters at

text: Pearl Harbor

text: A student group is an organization of students, typically at a high school, college or university, who share a common background or interest.  Student groups may be supervised by a member of faculty, but are typically organized and attended independently.  Student groups may elect people to positions of responsibility in the group, such as president, vice-president, treasurer, and business manager.

text: A student group is an organization of students, typically at a

text: high school

text: college

text: or

text: university

text: , who share a common background or interest.  Student groups may be supervised by a member of faculty, but are typically organized and attended independently.  Student groups may elect people to positions of responsibility in the group, such as president, vice-president, treasurer, and business manager.

text: While the concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the effect of both Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury on the Earth sciences. The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see Vladimir I. Vernadsky), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "ecosystem" by Sir Arthur Tansley (see ecology history). Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.

text: While the concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the effect of both

text: Charles Darwin

text: and

text: Matthew F. Maury

text: on the

text: Earth sciences

text: . The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see

text: Vladimir I. Vernadsky

text: ), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "

text: ecosystem

text: " by Sir

text: Arthur Tansley

text: (see

text: ecology history

text: ). Vernadsky defined

text: ecology

text: as the science of the biosphere. It is an

text: interdisciplinary

text: concept for integrating

text: astronomy

text: geophysics

text: meteorology

text: biogeography

text: evolution

text: geology

text: geochemistry

text: hydrology

text: and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.