text: In October 2009, Kemp made a presentation to the United Nations Human Rights Council in response to the introduction of the Goldstone report in which Israel and Hamas were accused of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity during the Gaza War.  Kemp spoke to the UN HRC on behalf of UN Watch.  Kemp said: "Of course innocent civilians were killed. War is chaos and full of mistakes. There have been mistakes by the British, American and other forces in Afghanistan and in Iraq, many of which can be put down to human error. But mistakes are not war crimes...Based on my knowledge and experience, I can say this: during Operation Cast Lead, the Israeli Defense Forces did more to safeguard the rights of civilians in the combat zones than any other army in the history of warfare".

text: In October 2009, Kemp made a presentation to the

entity_name: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: in response to the introduction of the

entity_name: United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

text: Goldstone report

text: in which Israel and Hamas were accused of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity during the Gaza War.  Kemp spoke to the UN HRC on behalf of

entity_name: UN Watch

text: UN Watch

text: .  Kemp said: "Of course innocent civilians were killed. War is chaos and full of mistakes. There have been mistakes by the British, American and other forces in Afghanistan and in Iraq, many of which can be put down to human error. But mistakes are not war crimes...Based on my knowledge and experience, I can say this: during Operation Cast Lead, the Israeli Defense Forces did more to safeguard the rights of civilians in the combat zones than any other army in the history of warfare".

method: UNH-ecn

text: Research into human embryonic stem cells is controversial, and regulation varies from country to country, with some countries banning it outright. Nevertheless,  these cells are being investigated as the basis for a number of therapeutic applications, including possible treatments for diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

text: Research into human embryonic stem cells is

entity_name: Stem cell controversy

text: controversial

text: , and

entity_name: Stem cell research policy

text: regulation

text: varies from country to country, with some countries banning it outright. Nevertheless,  these cells are being investigated as the basis for a number of therapeutic applications, including possible treatments for

entity_name: Diabetes mellitus

text: diabetes

text: and Parkinson's disease.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: For the body to recover from the acute health effects of radiation, it is important to allow crucial biological regenerative processes to take place post-exposure.  The human tissue endowed with the most regenerative potential is bone marrow.  This tissue is critical for human survival, yet is exceptionally radiation sensitive.

text: There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, 90% of the cells in (or on) a human body are microbes, by number (much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called commensal organisms.

text: There are many species of

entity_name: Bacteria

text: bacteria

text: and other

entity_name: Microorganism

text: microorganism

text: s that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, 90% of the cells in (or on) a human body are microbes, by number (much less by mass or volume). Some of these

entity_name: Symbiosis

text: symbiont

text: s are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans are called

entity_name: Commensalism

text: commensal

text: organisms.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: In April 2010 following experiments showing the potential vulnerabilities of implantable technology, Gasson's team demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems. Gasson drew parallels with other implantable devices such as cardiac pacemakers which he asserted were vulnerable because of a tendency of manufacturers to adopt a "security through obscurity" methodology rather than robust security methods. He also argued that as functions of the body are restored or enhanced by implanted devices, the boundaries of the body (the human experience of the body’s delimitation) become increasingly unclear and the separation between man and machine simply becomes theoretical, meaning that the technology becomes perceived by the human as being a part of their body and so should be considered as such. He argues that this development in our traditional notion of what constitutes our body and its boundaries has two notable repercussions: Firstly it becomes possible to talk in terms of a human (albeit a technologically enhanced human) becoming for instance infected by a computer virus or hacked by a third party. This forms the basis of his claim to be the first human infected by a computer virus. Secondly, this development of our concept of the body impacts on human rights, in particular the right to bodily integrity - in most legal systems the right to bodily integrity will be considered a vital fundamental right.

text: In April 2010 following experiments showing the potential vulnerabilities of implantable technology, Gasson's team demonstrated how a computer virus could wirelessly infect his implant and then be transmitted on to other systems. Gasson drew parallels with other implantable devices such as

text: cardiac pacemakers

text: which he asserted were vulnerable because of a tendency of manufacturers to adopt a "

entity_name: Security through obscurity

text: security through obscurity

text: " methodology rather than robust security methods. He also argued that as functions of the body are restored or enhanced by implanted devices, the boundaries of the body (the human experience of the body’s delimitation) become increasingly unclear and the separation between man and machine simply becomes theoretical, meaning that the technology becomes perceived by the human as being a part of their body and so should be considered as such. He argues that this development in our traditional notion of what constitutes our body and its boundaries has two notable repercussions: Firstly it becomes possible to talk in terms of a human (albeit a technologically enhanced human) becoming for instance infected by a computer virus or

entity_name: Security hacker

text: hack

text: ed by a third party. This forms the basis of his claim to be the first human infected by a computer virus. Secondly, this development of our concept of the body impacts on

entity_name: Human rights

text: human rights

text: , in particular the right to

entity_name: Bodily integrity

text: bodily integrity

text: - in most legal systems the right to bodily integrity will be considered a vital fundamental right.

text: Basic processing can be achieved through replacement of a mutated gene, inactivation of a mutated gene, or introduction of a new gene to help fight a disease caused by mutation. Secondly, gene doping is a procedure of gene therapy modulates gene expression of a particular gene. This procedure is mainly used to improve athletic ability for sporting events. This is a genetic form of human enhancement that is able to treat muscle-wasting disorders. It is a highly controversial procedure because the results do nothing unusual to the bloodstream, so athletic officials would be unable to detect chemicals in a blood or urine test. An example of gene doping would be proving athlete with erythropoietin (EPO) with is a hormone that increases the red blood cell count. Lastly, viral vectors are able to mimic the methods of a normal virus in the human body to introduce ‘good’ genes into a human cell. For instance, scientists are able to positively change the host’s genome by removing the genes that cause disease from a virus and replacing it with genes of the desired trait (“Types of Gene Therapy”).

text: Basic processing can be achieved through replacement of a mutated gene, inactivation of a mutated gene, or introduction of a new gene to help fight a disease caused by mutation. Secondly, gene doping is a procedure of gene therapy modulates gene expression of a particular gene. This procedure is mainly used to improve athletic ability for sporting events. This is a genetic form of human enhancement that is able to treat muscle-wasting disorders. It is a highly controversial procedure because the results do nothing unusual to the bloodstream, so athletic officials would be unable to detect chemicals in a blood or urine test. An example of gene doping would be proving athlete with

entity_name: Erythropoietin

text: erythropoietin

text: (EPO) with is a hormone that increases the red blood cell count. Lastly, viral vectors are able to mimic the methods of a normal virus in the human body to introduce ‘good’ genes into a human cell. For instance, scientists are able to positively change the host’s genome by removing the genes that cause disease from a virus and replacing it with genes of the desired trait (“Types of Gene Therapy”).

text: The human eye with normal vision has three kinds of cone cells, which sense light, with spectral sensitivity peaks in short (S, –), middle (M, –), and long (L, –) wavelengths. These cone cells underlie human color perception under medium- and high-brightness conditions (in very dim light, color vision diminishes, and the low-brightness, monochromatic "night-vision" receptors, called rod cells, take over). Thus, three parameters, corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three types of cone cells, can in principle describe any color sensation. Weighting a total light power spectrum by the individual spectral sensitivities of the three types of cone cells gives three effective stimulus values; these three values make up a tristimulus specification of the objective color of the light spectrum. The three parameters, denoted S, M, and L, can be indicated using a 3-dimensional space, called LMS color space, which is one of many color spaces which have been devised to help quantify human color vision.

text: The

entity_name: Human eye

text: human eye

text: with normal vision has three kinds of

entity_name: Cone cell

text: cone cell

text: s, which sense light, with

entity_name: Spectral sensitivity

text: spectral sensitivity

text: peaks in short (S, –), middle (M, –), and long (L, –) wavelengths. These cone cells underlie human color perception under medium- and high-brightness conditions (in very dim light,

entity_name: Color vision

text: color vision

text: diminishes, and the low-brightness, monochromatic "night-vision" receptors, called

entity_name: Rod cell

text: rod cell

text: s, take over). Thus, three parameters, corresponding to levels of stimulus of the three types of cone cells, can in principle describe any color sensation. Weighting a total light power spectrum by the individual spectral sensitivities of the three types of cone cells gives three effective

entity_name: Stimulus (physiology)

text: stimulus

text: values; these three values make up a tristimulus specification of the objective color of the light spectrum. The three parameters, denoted S, M, and L, can be indicated using a

entity_name: Three-dimensional space

text: space, called

entity_name: LMS color space

text: LMS color space

text: , which is one of many color spaces which have been devised to help quantify human

text: color vision

text: Schaller and Park (2011) used the term “the Behavioral Immune System” to account for observable activities that humans utilize in the face of pathogen threat. Whereas non-human social animals appear to largely rely upon distinctly organized social structures to combat the threat of diseases, it is evident such systems would be strained to apply in most modern human societies. Schaller and Park (2011) describe “perceptual cues” that humans use that will trigger aversive behavior toward other individuals. For example, people who appear to be ill may stimulate avoidance behavior in those around them, particularly if the others around them have temporarily suppressed immune systems , , . Wilson et al., 2003, speculated that gregarious species may invest less overall in their immune functions because so many of the body’s resources must go to support somatic growth and competition among mates. One potential explanation, therefore, for human hypersensitivity to the perception of disease threat is that we are left relatively vulnerable by our under-provisioned immune systems. Schaller and Park (2011) also make a connection between the experience of disgust and things that do pose actual threat of pathogen risk, however this “disgust” experience has a tendency to be over-applied rather than under-applied in the favor of the individual’s health and is therefore triggered by things that resemble disgust-inducing objects or actions. Such research has enormous implications for the explanation of aspects ranging from cultural diet variance to conformity and xenophobia. Schaller and Murray (2008) ran a comparison against research by Grunier et al. (2004) that displayed the variability of the prevalence of pathogens on a geographic scale. Schaller and Murray (2008) found overlap in cultural differences that included food preparation, mate selection and family structure, and sociosexual practices. In regions where infectious disease threat was lower, people trended toward more liberal sexual practices, more extroverted personalities, and less “self-conscious” behavior. In the 2011 article “the Behavioral Immune System”, the authors discuss how avoidance behaviors can also be triggered when an individual witnesses another individual violating social norms, hence a general trend toward ethnocentrism and wariness of foreigners. Especially during times of known pathogenic outbreak, this can be so extreme as to manifest itself in the form of xenophobia. Wu and Chang’s 2011 study elucidated trends toward conformity that they believe may have evolved as a protective dynamic against the introduction of contagions.

text: This translates to: (Chapter 1: ″The structure of human body″: Anatomy, as is a part of science, and its object is studying the structure of human body…)

text: This translates to: (Chapter 1: ″The structure of human body″:

entity_name: Anatomy

text: Anatomy

text: , as is a part of science, and its object is studying the structure of human body…)

text: The 1968 model year was also the introduction of the Plymouth Road Runner that shared the same body as the Satellite and Belvedere models.

text: The 1968 model year was also the introduction of the

entity_name: Plymouth Road Runner

text: Plymouth Road Runner

text: that shared the same body as the Satellite and Belvedere models.

text: The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.  The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no physical barrier between the two. The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.

text: The ventral body cavity is a human

entity_name: Body cavity

text: body cavity

text: that is in the

entity_name: Anatomical terms of location

entity_section: Anterior and posterior

text: anterior

text: (front) aspect of the

entity_name: Human body

text: human body

text: . It is made up of the

entity_name: Thoracic cavity

text: thoracic cavity

text: , and the abdominopelvic cavity.  The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into the

entity_name: Abdominal cavity

text: abdominal cavity

text: and

entity_name: Pelvic cavity

text: pelvic cavity

text: , but there is no physical barrier between the two. The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.

text: In 2012, Prof. Ehud Shapiro and Dr. Tom Ran have succeeded in creating a genetic device that operates independently in bacterial cells. The device has been programmed to identify certain parameters and mount an appropriate response. The device searches for transcription factors - proteins that control the expression of genes in the cell. A malfunction of these molecules can disrupt gene expression. In cancer cells, for example, the transcription factors regulating cell growth and division do not function properly, leading to increased cell division and the formation of a tumor. The device, composed of a DNA sequence inserted into a bacterium, performs a "roll call" of transcription factors. If the results match pre-programmed parameters, it responds by creating a protein that emits a green light—supplying a visible sign of a "positive" diagnosis. In follow-up research, the scientists plan to replace the light-emitting protein with one that will affect the cell's fate, for example, a protein that can cause the cell to commit suicide. In this manner, the device will cause only "positively" diagnosed cells to self-destruct. Following the success of the study in bacterial cells, the researchers are planning to test ways of recruiting such bacteria as an efficient system to be conveniently inserted into the human body for medical purposes (which shouldn't be problematic given our natural Microbiome; recent research reveals there are already 10 times more bacterial cells in the human body than human cells, that share our body space in a symbiotic fashion). Yet another research goal is to operate a similar system inside human cells, which are much more complex than bacteria.

text: In 2012, Prof. Ehud Shapiro and Dr. Tom Ran have succeeded in creating a

entity_name: Genetics

text: genetic

text: device that operates independently in

text: bacterial cells

text: . The device has been programmed to identify certain parameters and mount an appropriate response. The device searches for

entity_name: Transcription factor

text: transcription factors

entity_name: Protein

text: proteins

text: that control the

entity_name: Gene expression

text: expression of genes

text: in the cell. A malfunction of these molecules can disrupt

text: gene expression

text: . In

entity_name: Cancer cell

text: cancer cells

text: , for example, the

text: transcription factors

text: regulating

entity_name: Cell growth

text: cell growth

text: and

entity_name: Cell division

text: division

text: do not function properly, leading to increased cell division and the formation of a

entity_name: Neoplasm

text: tumor

text: . The device, composed of a DNA sequence inserted into a

text: bacterium

text: , performs a "

text: roll call

text: " of

text: transcription factors

text: . If the results match pre-programmed parameters, it responds by creating a protein that emits a

entity_name: Green fluorescent protein

text: green light

text: —supplying a visible sign of a "positive" diagnosis. In follow-up research, the scientists plan to replace the

text: light-emitting protein

text: with one that will affect the cell's fate, for example, a protein that can cause the cell to commit suicide. In this manner, the device will cause only "positively" diagnosed cells to self-destruct. Following the success of the study in bacterial cells, the researchers are planning to test ways of recruiting such bacteria as an efficient system to be conveniently inserted into the human body for medical purposes (which shouldn't be problematic given our natural

entity_name: Microbiota

text: Microbiome

text: ; recent research reveals there are already 10 times more bacterial cells in the human body than human cells, that share our body space in a

text: symbiotic

text: fashion). Yet another research goal is to operate a similar system inside human cells, which are much more complex than bacteria.

text: In Fick's original method, the "organ" was the entire human body and the marker substance was oxygen.

text: 2003	 - ''Adam’s Navel: A Natural and Cultural History of the Human Form'' (Viking; published in England by Allen Lane/Penguin, with the subtitles "A Natural and Cultural History of the Human Body" and "The Weird and Wonderful Story of the Human Body")

text: BioDigital is a New York-based biomedical visualization company that is often referred to as being "Google Earth for the Human Body". BioDigital offers an interactive, 3D software platform that enables individuals and business to explore and visualize health information. Their flagship product, the BioDigital Human, is a "searchable, customizable map of the human body".

text: Organ trade is the trade of human organs, tissues or other body parts for the purpose of transplantation.  There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, far exceeding the numbers available.

text: Organ trade is the

entity_name: Trade

text: trade

text: of

entity_section: Internal organs (by region)

text: human organs

text: , tissues or other body parts for the purpose of

entity_name: Organ transplantation

text: transplantation

text: .  There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, far exceeding the numbers available.

text: Since the time of the sphere, Strife has gained more sway; and the actual world is full of contrasts and oppositions, due to the combined action of both principles. Empedocles attempted to explain the separation of elements, the formation of earth and sea, of Sun and Moon, of atmosphere. He also dealt with the first origin of plants and animals, and with the physiology of humans. As the elements entered into combinations, there appeared strange results – heads without necks, arms without shoulders. Then as these fragmentary structures met, there were seen horned heads on human bodies, bodies of oxen with human heads, and figures of double sex. But most of these products of natural forces disappeared as suddenly as they arose; only in those rare cases where the parts were found to be adapted to each other, did the complex structures last. Thus the organic universe sprang from spontaneous aggregations, which suited each other as if this had been intended. Soon various influences reduced the creatures of double sex to a male and a female, and the world was replenished with organic life. It is possible to see this theory as an anticipation of Darwin's theory of natural selection, although Empedocles was not trying to explain evolution.

text: Since the time of the sphere, Strife has gained more sway; and the actual world is full of contrasts and oppositions, due to the combined action of both principles. Empedocles attempted to explain the separation of elements, the formation of earth and sea, of Sun and Moon, of atmosphere. He also dealt with the first origin of plants and animals, and with the

entity_name: Physiology

text: physiology

text: of humans. As the elements entered into combinations, there appeared strange results – heads without necks, arms without shoulders. Then as these fragmentary structures met, there were seen horned heads on human bodies, bodies of oxen with human heads, and figures of

entity_name: Intersex

text: double sex

text: . But most of these products of natural forces disappeared as suddenly as they arose; only in those rare cases where the parts were found to be adapted to each other, did the complex structures last. Thus the organic universe sprang from spontaneous aggregations, which suited each other as if this had been intended. Soon various influences reduced the creatures of double sex to a male and a female, and the world was replenished with organic life. It is possible to see this theory as an anticipation of

entity_name: Charles Darwin

text: Darwin

text: 's theory of

entity_name: Natural selection

text: natural selection

text: , although Empedocles was not trying to explain

entity_name: Evolution

text: evolution

text: Professor Leroy Cronin of Glasgow University proposed in a 2012 TED Talk that it was possible to use chemical inks to print medicine. Similarly, 3D printing has been considered as a method of implanting stem cells capable of generating new tissues and organs in living humans. With their ability to transform into any other kind of cell in the human body, stem cells offer huge potential in 3D bio-printing.

text: Professor

entity_name: Leroy Cronin

text: Leroy Cronin

text: of

entity_name: University of Glasgow

text: Glasgow University

text: proposed in a 2012

entity_name: TED (conference)

text: TED Talk

text: that it was possible to use chemical inks to print medicine. Similarly, 3D printing has been considered as a method of implanting

entity_name: Gene therapy

text: stem cells

text: capable of generating new tissues and organs in living humans. With their ability to transform into any other kind of cell in the human body, stem cells offer huge potential in 3D bio-printing.

text: The decisions made at First Council of Nicaea and re-ratified at the First Council of Constantinople, after several decades of ongoing controversy during which the work of Athanasius and the Cappadocian Fathers were influential.  The language used was that the one God exists in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); in particular it was affirmed that the Son was homoousios (of one substance) with the Father.  The Creed of the Nicene Council made statements about the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus, thus preparing the way for discussion about how exactly the divine and human come together in the person of Christ (Christology).

text: The decisions made at

entity_name: First Council of Nicaea

text: First Council of Nicaea

text: and re-ratified at the

entity_name: First Council of Constantinople

text: First Council of Constantinople

text: , after several decades of ongoing controversy during which the work of Athanasius and the

entity_name: Cappadocian Fathers

text: Cappadocian Fathers

text: were influential.  The language used was that the one God exists in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); in particular it was affirmed that the Son was

entity_name: Homoousion

text: homoousios

text: (of one substance) with the Father.  The

entity_name: Nicene Creed

text: Creed of the Nicene Council

text: made statements about the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus, thus preparing the way for discussion about how exactly the divine and human come together in the person of Christ (Christology).

text: The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions.  The percentage of essential fat is 2–5% in men, and 10–13% in women (referenced through NASM). Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, part of which protects internal organs in the chest and abdomen. The minimum recommended total body fat percentage exceeds the essential fat percentage value reported above. A number of methods are available for determining body fat percentage, such as measurement with calipers or through the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis.

text: The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of

entity_name: Adipose tissue

text: fat

text: divided by total

entity_name: Human body weight

text: body mass

text: ; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of

text: childbearing

text: and other hormonal functions.  The percentage of essential fat is 2–5% in men, and 10–13% in women (referenced through NASM). Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in

text: adipose tissue

text: , part of which protects

text: internal organ

text: s in the chest and abdomen. The minimum recommended total body fat percentage exceeds the essential fat percentage value reported above. A number of methods are available for determining body fat percentage, such as measurement with

text: calipers

text: or through the use of

text: bioelectrical impedance analysis

text: Although it operates at sub-national level, the EHRC was in 2009 recognised as a member of the worldwide network of national human rights institutions, securing "A status" accreditation from the International Co-ordinating Committee of NHRIs (ICC). This gives the Commission enhanced access to the Human Rights Council, treaty bodies and other United Nations human rights bodies. The EHRC was the second NHRI in the UK, following the creation of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) in 1999, and the Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) became the third to gain ICC accreditation in 2010.  The three bodies share representation and voting rights in the ICC and its regional network, the European Group of NHRIs.

text: Although it operates at sub-national level, the EHRC was in 2009 recognised as a member of the worldwide network of

text: national human rights institutions

text: , securing "A status" accreditation from the

entity_name: International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions

text: International Co-ordinating Committee of NHRIs

text: (ICC). This gives the Commission enhanced access to the

text: Human Rights Council

text: , treaty bodies and other

text: United Nations

text: human rights bodies. The EHRC was the second NHRI in the UK, following the creation of the

entity_name: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission

text: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission

text: (NIHRC) in 1999, and the

text: Scottish Human Rights Commission

text: (SHRC) became the third to gain ICC accreditation in 2010.  The three bodies share representation and voting rights in the ICC and its regional network, the

entity_name: European Group of National Human Rights Institutions

text: European Group of NHRIs

text: ZNF280D is ubiquitously expressed at relatively low levels throughout almost all tissues in the human body.

text: ZNF280D is

text: ubiquitously

text: expressed at relatively low levels throughout almost all tissues in the human body.

text: The regulation of human transplantation in the United Kingdom is set out in the Human Tissue Act 2004 and managed by the Human Tissue Authority.

text: The regulation of human transplantation in the

text: United Kingdom

text: is set out in the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: and managed by the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: In terms of section 39A of the Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983, genetic manipulation of gametes or zygotes outside the human body is absolutely prohibited. A zygote is the cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes; thus the fertilised ovum. Section 39A thus prohibits human cloning.

text: Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident macrophages present in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue apart from adipocytes is composed of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and variety of immune cells. The latter ones are composed of mast cells, eosinophils, B cells, T cells and macrophages. The number of macrophages within adipose tissue differs depending on the metabolic status. As discovered by Rudolph Leibel and Anthony Ferrante et al. in 2003 at Columbia University, the percentage of macrophages within adipose tissue ranges from 10% in lean mice and humans up to 50% in extremely obese, leptin deficient mice and almost 40% in obese humans. Increased number of adipose tissue macrophages correlates with increased adipose tissue production of proinflammatory molecules and might therefore contribute to the pathophysiological consequences of obesity (e.g. insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes).

text: Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident

text: macrophages

text: present in

text: adipose tissue

text: . Adipose tissue apart from

text: adipocytes

text: is composed of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and variety of immune cells. The latter ones are composed of

text: mast cells

text: eosinophils

text: B cells

text: T cells

text: and macrophages. The number of macrophages within adipose tissue differs depending on the metabolic status. As discovered by

text: Rudolph Leibel

text: and Anthony Ferrante et al. in 2003 at

text: Columbia University

text: , the percentage of macrophages within adipose tissue ranges from 10% in lean mice and humans up to 50% in extremely obese, leptin deficient mice and almost 40% in obese humans. Increased number of adipose tissue macrophages correlates with increased adipose tissue production of proinflammatory molecules and might therefore contribute to the pathophysiological consequences of obesity (e.g.

text: insulin resistance

text: type 2 diabetes

text: Once this step is made, it becomes possible to argue for the rationality of moral considerations in a new way. Humans begin with the conviction that justice is a genuine virtue. Thus, the conviction that the well-constituted human practical reason operates with considerations of justice, means that taking account of other people in that sort of way is "how human beings live together." (The thought that this is how they live must be understood in a sense that is compatible with the fact that actual individuals often do not – just as dentists understand the thought that "human beings have n teeth" in a way that is compatible with many people having fewer).  There is nothing incoherent in the thought that practical calculation that takes account of others and their good might characterize some kind of rational and social animal.

text: As in other mammals, thermoregulation in humans is an important aspect of homeostasis. In thermoregulation, body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations.

text: As in other mammals, thermoregulation in humans is an important aspect of

text: homeostasis

text: . In

text: thermoregulation

text: , body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For humans,

text: adaptation

text: to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from

text: evolution

text: and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations.

text: Simple (non-anthropomorphic) "phantoms" are used to relate operational quantities to measured free-air irradiation. The ICRU sphere phantom is based on the definition of an ICRU 4-element tissue-equivalent material which does not really exist and cannot be fabricated. The ICRU sphere is a theoretical 30 cm diameter "tissue equivalent" sphere consisting of a material with a density of 1 g·cm and a mass composition of 76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen. This material is specified to most closely approximate human tissue in its absorption properties. According to the ICRP, the ICRU "sphere phantom" in most cases adequately approximates the human body as regards the scattering and attenuation of penetrating radiation fields under consideration. Thus radiation of a particular energy fluence will have roughly the same energy deposition within the sphere as it would in the equivalent mass of human tissue.

text: In 1980–1981 she co-founded "Liberated Territories" - a group which published a weekly article in the Haaretz newspaper showing a radical view of the problems of Israeli society. In 1982 to 1984 she was a co-founder of the "Committee Against the War in Lebanon", which started opposition to the 1982 Lebanon War. In 1983 to 1984 she was a co-founder of "Alternative", a bi-national, extra-parliamentary organization that strove to promote peace through a two-state solution. In 1984 to 1987 she was a co-founder and a member of "Forum, Teachers from Tel Aviv University", an organization for peace and human rights. In 1988 she founded the Association of Israeli-Palestinian Physicians for Human Rights, later known as Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, a human rights organization working against the occupation of the Palestinian territories and defending the right to health. She served as the organization Chairwoman for its first ten years. In 1989-1991 she was a co-founder of "Palestinians and Israelis Together for Peace," where she organized seminars and discussion groups to help advance the peace process. In 1989 she co-founded "The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel", which still exists today, and was designed to create a lobby to stop torture in Israel. She was one of the founders of the committee against the closure of Bir Zeit University and in 1989 she co-founded "Verification", an organization of mental health workers for peace.

text: In 1980–1981 she co-founded "

text: Liberated Territories

text: " - a group which published a weekly article in the

text: Haaretz

text: newspaper showing a

text: radical

text: view of the problems of Israeli society. In 1982 to 1984 she was a co-founder of the "Committee Against the War in Lebanon", which started opposition to the

text: 1982 Lebanon War

text: . In 1983 to 1984 she was a co-founder of "

text: Alternative

text: ", a bi-national,

text: extra-parliamentary

text: organization that strove to promote peace through a

text: two-state solution

text: . In 1984 to 1987 she was a co-founder and a member of "Forum, Teachers from

text: Tel Aviv University

text: ", an organization for

text: peace

text: and

text: human rights

text: . In 1988 she founded the Association of Israeli-Palestinian Physicians for Human Rights, later known as

text: Physicians for Human Rights-Israel

text: , a human rights organization working against the

text: occupation

text: of the

text: Palestinian territories

text: and defending the

text: right to health

text: . She served as the organization Chairwoman for its first ten years. In 1989-1991 she was a co-founder of "Palestinians and Israelis Together for Peace," where she organized seminars and discussion groups to help advance the peace process. In 1989 she co-founded "The Public Committee Against Torture in Israel", which still exists today, and was designed to create a

text: lobby

text: to stop

text: torture

text: in Israel. She was one of the founders of the committee against the closure of

text: Bir Zeit University

text: and in 1989 she co-founded "Verification", an organization of

text: mental health

text: workers for peace.

text: The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily, which is around 50 to 75 kg. A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 500 to 750 times during a single day ( 500}}). ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption closely follows its synthesis. However a total of around 5 g of ATP is used by cell processes at any time in the body.

text: The energy used by human cells requires the

text: hydrolysis

text: of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily, which is around 50 to 75 kg. A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 500 to 750 times during a single day ( 500}}). ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption closely follows its synthesis. However a total of around 5 g of ATP is used by cell processes at any time in the body.

text: In 1982, Sarkar extended his writings on the subject of human society with the introduction of his new theory of "Neohumanism".  If humanism tends to contemplate only humans in a human-centric view, Neohumanism, according to Sarkar's theory, is instead the elevation of humanism to universalism. Sarkar said "When the underlying spirit of humanism is extended to everything, animate and inanimate, in this universe – I have designated this as "Neohumanism". This Neohumanism will elevate humanism to universalism, the cult of love for all created beings of this universe." Neohumanism is said to prefer to existential value over utility value for all living beings.Sarkar's Neohumanism places great emphasis on rationality and encourages what he calls a protospiritual mentality, a process of continually recognising each object with which we come in contact, externally or internally, as a manifestation of the Supreme Consciousness (Brahma). According to Sarkar, rationality helps to give rise to devotion, which he consider to be the "highest and most valuable treasure of humanity". In Sarkar's view, Neohumanism leads to the liberation of human intellect from the constraints of imposed dogma and psychic complexes helping to bridge the gap between the inner and outer worlds.

text: In 1982, Sarkar extended his writings on the subject of

text: human society

text: with the

text: introduction

text: of his new theory of "

text: Neohumanism

text: ".  If

text: humanism

text: tends to contemplate only humans in a human-centric view, Neohumanism, according to Sarkar's theory, is instead the elevation of humanism to

text: universalism

text: . Sarkar said "When the underlying spirit of humanism is extended to everything, animate and inanimate, in this universe – I have designated this as "Neohumanism". This Neohumanism will elevate humanism to universalism, the cult of love for all created beings of this universe." Neohumanism is said to prefer to

text: existential value over utility value

text: for all living beings.Sarkar's Neohumanism places great emphasis on

text: rationality

text: and encourages what he calls a

text: protospiritual mentality

text: , a process of continually recognising each object with which we come in contact, externally or internally, as a manifestation of the Supreme Consciousness (Brahma). According to Sarkar, rationality helps to give rise to devotion, which he consider to be the "highest and most valuable treasure of humanity". In Sarkar's view, Neohumanism leads to the liberation of human

text: intellect

text: from the constraints of imposed

entity_section: Dogma and the principle of selfish pleasure

text: dogma

text: and

text: psychic complex

text: es helping to bridge the gap between the inner and outer worlds.

text: Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.

text: Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of

text: osseous tissue

text: that form

text: bone

text: s. Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the

text: cortex

text: , or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than

text: cancellous bone

text: , which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the

text: osteon

text: The text asserts that human body is a composite of elements from earth, water, air, space (akash), and energy (agni, fire); and that the human soul (jīva) is "the lord of the [human] body". It then describes how human sensory organs arise from these, how functions such as human will, doubt, memory, intellect, copulation, speech, anger, fear, delusion, right conduct, compassion, modesty, non-violence, dharma and other aspects of life arise. The Sariraka Upanishad states that Prakriti (inert but always changing nature) consists of eight native forms, fifteen functional modifications, for a total of twenty-three tattva. It adds that the twenty fourth tattva in human body is avyakta (undifferentiated cosmic matter), asserting the individual soul functions as Kshetrajna ("the lord of the body") and the Purusha (indestructible universal principle, unchanging cosmic soul) is different and greater than the twenty four tattvas.

text: The text asserts that human body is a composite of elements from earth, water, air, space (akash), and energy (agni, fire); and that the human soul (

text: jīva

text: ) is "the lord of the [human] body". It then describes how human sensory organs arise from these, how functions such as human will, doubt, memory, intellect, copulation, speech, anger, fear, delusion, right conduct, compassion, modesty, non-violence,

text: dharma

text: and other aspects of life arise. The Sariraka Upanishad states that

text: Prakriti

text: (inert but always changing nature) consists of eight native forms, fifteen functional modifications, for a total of twenty-three

text: tattva

text: . It adds that the twenty fourth tattva in human body is avyakta (undifferentiated cosmic matter), asserting the individual soul functions as

text: Kshetrajna

text: ("the lord of the body") and the

text: Purusha

text: (indestructible universal principle, unchanging cosmic soul) is different and greater than the twenty four tattvas.

text: The United Nations General Assembly, under Article 13 of the UN Charter, has the power to initiate studies and make recommendations on human rights issues.Under this provision, the general assembly passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and since then a wide variety of other human rights instruments. The assembly has several subsidiary organs that deal with specific human rights issues, such as the Special Committee on Decolonization and the Special Commission against Apartheid (no longer operational). In addition the general assembly has set up a number of subsidiary organs that consider human rights issues in a number of high-profile contexts: such as the UN Council on Namibia, the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practises in the Occupied territories and the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable rights of the Palestine People.

text: These areas must all work together, as well as with the hippocampus, in order to create an array of understanding of the physical world. The hippocampus is key for storing the memory of what an object is/what it looks like for future use so that it can be compared and contrasted with other objects. Correctly being able to recognize an object is highly dependent on this organized network of brain areas that process, share, and store information. In a study by Denys et al., functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) was used to compare the processing of visual shape between humans and macaques. They found, amongst other things, that there was a degree of overlap between shape and motion sensitive regions of the cortex, but that the overlap was more distinct in humans. This would suggest that the human brain is better evolved for a high level of functioning in a distinct, three-dimensional, visual world.

text: These areas must all work together, as well as with the

text: hippocampus

text: , in order to create an array of understanding of the physical world. The hippocampus is key for storing the memory of what an object is/what it looks like for future use so that it can be compared and contrasted with other objects. Correctly being able to recognize an object is highly dependent on this organized network of brain areas that process, share, and store information. In a study by Denys et al., functional magnetic resonance imaging (

text: FMRI

text: ) was used to compare the processing of visual shape between humans and macaques. They found, amongst other things, that there was a degree of overlap between shape and motion sensitive regions of the cortex, but that the overlap was more distinct in humans. This would suggest that the human brain is better evolved for a high level of functioning in a distinct, three-dimensional, visual world.

text: According to the Human Tissue Act, the HTA and its authority are governed by a code of conduct  for the handling of human tissue, and the bodies of the deceased, but does not give the HTA authority over exhumed remains from archaeological sites.

text: Researchers need to understand the human body structure and behavior (biomechanics) to build and study humanoid robots. On the other side, the attempt to the simulation of the human body leads to a better understanding of it.Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behavior and it has been improving over time.

text: A person's complexion is a biological trait. The protein molecule known as melanin causes variation in tone. Melanocytes insert granules of melanin called melanosomes into the other skin cells of the human epidermis. The melanosomes in each recipient cell accumulate atop the cellular nucleus, where they protect the nuclear DNA from mutations caused by the sun's ionizing radiation. The human body tends to protect itself against harmful surroundings. The epidermis of the body, very sensitive and delicate, reacts almost immediately to most outside effects. People whose ancestors lived for long periods in the regions of the globe near the Equator generally have more active melanocytes, and therefore larger quantities of melanin in their skins. This makes their skins very dark and protects them against high levels of exposure to the sun (it also depends on the country). In areas of the globe closer to the poles, people have far less need for protection from ionizing radiation, so their skin is usually lighter.

text: A person's complexion is a

text: biological

text: trait. The protein molecule known as

text: melanin

text: causes variation in tone. Melanocytes insert granules of melanin called melanosomes into the other skin cells of the human epidermis. The melanosomes in each recipient cell accumulate atop the cellular nucleus, where they protect the nuclear

text: DNA

text: from mutations caused by the sun's ionizing radiation. The human body tends to protect itself against harmful surroundings. The epidermis of the body, very sensitive and delicate, reacts almost immediately to most outside effects. People whose ancestors lived for long periods in the regions of the globe near the

text: Equator

text: generally have more active melanocytes, and therefore larger quantities of melanin in their skins. This makes their skins very dark and protects them against high levels of exposure to the sun (it also depends on the country). In areas of the globe closer to the poles, people have far less need for protection from

text: ionizing radiation

text: , so their skin is usually lighter.

text: While this does not mean that such beings would be incapable of expressing emotions in other words, it does mean that they would express emotions differently from humans. Human concepts of happiness and sadness would be different because human would have different bodies. So then an organism's body directly affects how it can think, because it uses metaphors related to its body as the basis of concepts.

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the body louse from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of

text: pig

text: s, whales and other

text: cetaceans

text: , and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong

text: UV radiation

text: as explained in the

text: Out of Africa hypothesis

text: . Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the

text: head louse

text: and the

text: pubic louse

text: , would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the

text: gorilla louse

text: , diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the

text: body louse

text: from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

text: Bone mineralization occurs in human body by cells called osteoblasts..

text: Bone mineralization occurs in human body by cells called

text: osteoblasts

text: Following the success of HUSITA's first international conference held in Birmingham in 1987 the Dutch Ministry of Social Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs organized an informal meeting of European experts in the field of Information Technology and Human Services.  The meeting was one of the outcomes of a feasibility study carried out by the CREON foundation, concerning international cooperation in this field.  A main conclusion of this feasibility study was that an international (European) network should be established for the exchange of products, ideas, expertise, experiences and skills with respect to the introduction and use of IT in the human services.  As a first step in this approach the informal meeting of experts was organized.  The European network of organizations was called ENITH (European Network Information Technology and Human services).

text: Life enters the body, states the Prashna Upanishad, by the act of mind. It governs the body by delegating work to other organs, sage Pippalada continues in verse 3.4, each specialized to do its own work independent of the other powers, just like a king commands his ministers to govern functions in the villages in his kingdom. The Upanishad then enumerates a theory of human body that is found in older Vedic literature, such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad hymn II.1.19. It asserts, for example, that human body has a heart as the principal organ of soul, from where arise 101 major arteries, each major artery divides into a hundred times, which in turn subdivide into 72,000 smaller arteries, giving a total of 727,210,201 small and large arteries, and that these arteries diffuse air throughout the body. It is this life-breath which interfaces Self to all organs and life in human body, states the Upanishad.

text: It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the human-borne, and the extremophiles. Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future crewed missions in space, whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space.<ref name='Experimental methods'></ref> NASA has pointed out that normal adults have ten times as many microbial cells as human cells in their bodies. They are also nearly everywhere in the environment, and although normally invisible, can form slimy biofilms.

text: It is possible to classify these microorganisms into two groups, the

text: human-borne

text: , and the

text: extremophiles

text: . Studying the human-borne microorganisms is significant for human welfare and future

text: crewed missions in space

text: , whilst the extremophiles are vital for studying the physiological requirements of survival in space.<ref name='Experimental methods'></ref> NASA has pointed out that normal adults have ten times as many microbial cells as human cells in their bodies. They are also nearly everywhere in the environment, and although normally invisible, can form slimy biofilms.

text: The first body excavated had red hair, this led to the nickname of "Ginger" by curators and later by the public. After the Human Tissue Act 2004, the British Museum has developed policies for ethical treatment of human remains and no longer uses this nickname.

text: The first body excavated had red hair, this led to the nickname of "Ginger" by curators and later by the public. After the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: , the British Museum has developed policies for ethical treatment of human remains and no longer uses this nickname.

text: The Human Tissue Authority provides information to donors about where they can donate and answers many prevalent questions related to tissue donation on their website. The Human Tissue Authority provides the links to each establishment’s information, but each establishment has its own guidelines for body donation. The HTA also provides the tools to find donation sites local to the person wishing to donate their body, or tissues.

text: This gene represents a candidate gene for human lipodystrophy, characterized by loss of body fat, fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance. Mouse studies suggest that this gene functions during normal adipose tissue development and may also play a role in human triglyceride metabolism.

text: This gene represents a candidate gene for human

text: lipodystrophy

text: , characterized by loss of body fat, fatty liver,

text: hypertriglyceridemia

text: , and

text: insulin resistance

text: . Mouse studies suggest that this gene functions during normal adipose tissue development and may also play a role in human triglyceride metabolism.

text: James J. Gibson, too, stressed the importance of the environment, in particular, the (direct) perception of how the environment of an organism affords various actions to the organism. Thus, an appropriate analysis of the environment was crucial for an explanation of perceptually guided behaviour. He argued that animals and humans stand in a 'systems' or 'ecological' relation to the environment, such that to adequately explain some behaviour it was necessary to study the environment or niche in which the behaviour took place and, especially, the information that 'epistemically connects' the organism to the environment.

text: James J. Gibson

text: , too, stressed the importance of the environment, in particular, the (direct) perception of how the environment of an

text: organism

text: affords various actions to the organism. Thus, an appropriate analysis of the environment was crucial for an explanation of perceptually guided behaviour. He argued that animals and humans stand in a '

text: system

text: s' or '

text: ecological

text: ' relation to

text: the environment

text: , such that to adequately explain some behaviour it was necessary to study the environment or niche in which the behaviour took place and, especially, the information that 'epistemically connects' the organism to the environment.

text: Perhaps the most interesting and potent effect IGF has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells. By contrast, hypertrophy is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during weight training and steroid use and is simply an increase in the size of the cells. With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue. Weight training with or without anabolic steroid use enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.

text: Perhaps the most interesting and potent effect

text: IGF

text: has on the human body is its ability to cause hyperplasia, which is an actual splitting of cells. By contrast,

text: hypertrophy

text: is what occurs, for example, to skeletal muscle cells during

text: weight training

text: and

text: steroid use

text: and is simply an increase in the size of the cells. With IGF use, one is able to cause hyperplasia which actually increases the number of muscle cells present in the tissue. Weight training with or without

text: anabolic steroid

text: use enables these new cells to mature in size and strength. It is theorized that hyperplasia may also be induced through specific power output training for athletic performance, thus increasing the number of muscle fibers instead of increasing the size of a single fiber.

text: The engineering problems associated with leaving Earth and developing space propulsion systems have been examined for over a century, and millions of man-hours of research have been spent on them. In recent years there has been an increase in research on the issue of how humans can survive and work in space for extended and possibly indefinite periods of time. This question requires input from the physical and biological sciences and has now become the greatest challenge (other than funding) facing human space exploration. A fundamental step in overcoming this challenge is trying to understand the effects and impact of long-term space travel on the human body.

text: The engineering problems associated with leaving

text: Earth

text: and developing

text: space propulsion

text: systems have been examined for over a century, and millions of man-hours of research have been spent on them. In recent years there has been an increase in research on the issue of how humans can survive and work in space for extended and possibly indefinite periods of time. This question requires input from the physical and biological sciences and has now become the greatest challenge (other than funding) facing human

text: space exploration

text: . A fundamental step in overcoming this challenge is trying to understand the effects and impact of long-term space travel on the human body.

text: There are no approved clinical treatments using embryonic stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009. However, the human trial was not initiated until October 13, 2010 in Atlanta for spinal cord injury research. On November 14, 2011 the company conducting that trial (Geron Corporation) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs. ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation—if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing a teratoma. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face. Due to ethical considerations, many nations currently have moratoria or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines. Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Phase-one and -two clinical trials of PSC therapies were ongoing in 2016 for age-related macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and myocardial infarct.

text: There are no approved clinical treatments using embryonic stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009. However, the human trial was not initiated until October 13, 2010 in Atlanta for

text: spinal cord injury research

text: . On November 14, 2011 the company conducting that trial (

text: Geron Corporation

text: ) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs. ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation—if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing a

text: teratoma

text: . Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face. Due to ethical considerations, many nations currently have

text: moratoria

text: or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines. Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for

text: regenerative medicine

text: and tissue replacement after injury or disease.

text: Phase-one

text: and -two clinical trials of PSC therapies were ongoing in 2016 for

text: age-related macular degeneration

text: Parkinson's disease

text: spinal cord injury

text: diabetes

text: , and

text: myocardial infarct

text: Stuart K. Card (born c. 1946), an American researcher and Senior Research Fellow at Xerox PARC, is considered to be one of the pioneers of applying human factors in human–computer interaction.  His study of input devices led to the Fitts's Law characterization of the computer mouse and was a major factor leading to the mouse's commercial introduction by Xerox, most notably in the Alto and Star projects, some of the very earliest GUI systems employing a desktop metaphor.  The 1983 book The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, which he co-wrote with Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell, became seminal work in the HCI field.  Further research into the theoretical characterizations of human–machine interaction led to developments like "the Model Human Processor, the GOMS theory of user interaction, information foraging theory, and statistical descriptions of Internet use".  In the new millennium his research has been focusing on developing a "supporting science of human–information interaction and visual-semantic prototypes to aid sense making".

text: Stuart K. Card (born c. 1946), an American researcher and Senior Research Fellow at

text: Xerox PARC

text: , is considered to be one of the pioneers of applying

text: human factors

text: in

text: human–computer interaction

text: .  His study of input devices led to the Fitts's Law characterization of the

text: computer mouse

text: and was a major factor leading to the mouse's commercial introduction by Xerox, most notably in the

text: Alto

text: and

text: Star

text: projects, some of the very earliest

text: GUI

text: systems employing a

text: desktop metaphor

text: .  The 1983 book The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, which he co-wrote with

text: Thomas P. Moran

text: and

text: Allen Newell

text: , became seminal work in the HCI field.  Further research into the theoretical characterizations of human–machine interaction led to developments like "the

text: Model Human Processor

text: , the GOMS theory of user interaction,

text: information foraging

text: theory, and statistical descriptions of Internet use".  In the new millennium his research has been focusing on developing a "supporting science of human–information interaction and visual-semantic prototypes to aid sense making".

text: MiMedx® is an integrated developer, processor and marketer of patent protected and proprietary regenerative biomaterial products and bioimplants processed from human amniotic membrane and other birth tissues and human skin and bone.  "Innovations in Regenerative Biomaterials" is the framework behind their mission to give physicians products and tissues to help the body heal itself.  The allograft product families include: dHACM family with AmnioFix®, EpiFix® and EpiBurn® brands; Amniotic Fluid family with OrthoFlo brand; Umbilical family with EpiCord™ and AmnioCord™ brands; Placental Collagen family with CollaFix™ and AmnioFill™ brands; Bone family with Physio® brand; and Skin family with AlloBurn™ brand. AmnioFix,  EpiFix, and EpiBurn are their tissue technologies processed from human amniotic membrane; OrthoFlo is an amniotic fluid derived allograft;  EpiCord™ and AmnioCord™ are derived from the umbilical cord; Physio is a unique bone grafting material comprised of 100% bone tissue with no added carrier; AlloBurn is a skin product derived from human skin designed for the treatment of burns; and  CollaFix, the next brand they plan to commercialize, is their collagen fiber technology, developed with their patented cross-linking polymers, designed to mimic the natural composition, structure and mechanical properties of musculoskeletal tissues in order to augment their repair.

text: One of the challenges in thermal therapy is delivering the appropriate amount of heat to the correct part of the patient's body.  For this technique to be effective, the temperatures must be high enough, and the temperatures must be sustained long enough, to damage or kill the cancer cells.  However, if the temperatures are too high, or if they are kept elevated for too long, then serious side effects, including death, can result.  The smaller the place that is heated, and the shorter the treatment time, the lower the side effects. Conversely, tumor treated too slowly or at too low a temperature will not achieve therapeutic goals. The human body is a collection of tissues with differing heat capacities, all connected by a dynamic circulatory system with variable relationship to skin or lung surfaces designed to shed heat energy. All methods of inducing higher temperature in the body are countered by the thermo-regulatory mechanisms of the body. The body as a whole relies mostly on simple radiation of energy to the surrounding air from the skin (50% of heat lost this way) which is augmented by convection (blood shunting) and vaporization through sweat and respiration. Regional methods of heating may be more or less difficult based on the anatomic relationships, and tissue components of the particular body part being treated. Measuring temperatures in various parts of the body may be very difficult, and temperatures may locally vary even within a region of the body.

text: One of the challenges in thermal therapy is delivering the appropriate amount of heat to the correct part of the patient's body.  For this technique to be effective, the temperatures must be high enough, and the temperatures must be sustained long enough, to damage or kill the cancer cells.  However, if the temperatures are too high, or if they are kept elevated for too long, then serious side effects, including death, can result.  The smaller the place that is heated, and the shorter the treatment time, the lower the side effects. Conversely, tumor treated too slowly or at too low a temperature will not achieve therapeutic goals. The human body is a collection of tissues with differing heat capacities, all connected by a dynamic circulatory system with variable relationship to skin or lung surfaces designed to shed heat energy. All methods of inducing higher temperature in the body are countered by the

text: thermo-regulatory mechanisms of the body

text: . The body as a whole relies mostly on simple radiation of energy to the surrounding air from the skin (50% of heat lost this way) which is augmented by convection (blood shunting) and vaporization through sweat and respiration. Regional methods of heating may be more or less difficult based on the anatomic relationships, and tissue components of the particular body part being treated. Measuring temperatures in various parts of the body may be very difficult, and temperatures may locally vary even within a region of the body.

text: Extinction of animals, plants, and other organisms caused by human actions may go as far back as the late Pleistocene, over 12,000 years ago. There is evidence that abrupt climate change has especially played an enormous role in the extinction of larger mammals. However, while previous mass extinctions were due to natural environmental causes, research shows that wherever on Earth humans have migrated, other species have gone extinct, and human population growth, most prominently in the past two centuries, is regarded as one of the underlying causes of extinction. In terms of how humans have contributed, three major factors include the increased global concentration of greenhouse gases, affecting the global climate; oceanic devastation, such as through overfishing and contamination; and the modification and destruction of vast tracts of land and river systems around the world to meet solely human-centered ends (with 13 percent of Earth's ice-free land surface now used as row-crop agricultural sites, 26 percent used as pastures, and 4 percent urban-industrial areas), thus replacing the original local ecosystems. Other, related human causes of the extinction event include deforestation, hunting, pollution, the introduction in various regions of non-native species, and the widespread transmission of infectious diseases. At present, the rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than the "base" or historically typical rate of extinction (in terms of the natural evolution of the planet) and also the current rate of extinction is, therefore, 10 to 100 times higher than any of the previous mass extinctions in the history of Earth. It is also the only known mass extinction of plants.

text: Extinction of animals, plants, and other organisms caused by human actions may go as far back as the late

text: Pleistocene

text: , over 12,000 years ago. There is evidence that abrupt climate change has especially played an enormous role in the extinction of larger mammals. However, while previous mass extinctions were due to natural environmental causes, research shows that wherever on Earth humans have migrated, other species have gone extinct, and

text: human population growth

text: , most prominently in the past two centuries, is regarded as one of the underlying causes of extinction. In terms of how humans have contributed, three major factors include the

text: increased global concentration

text: of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, affecting the global climate; oceanic devastation, such as through

text: overfishing

text: and contamination; and the modification and destruction of vast tracts of land and river systems around the world to meet solely human-centered ends (with 13 percent of Earth's ice-free land surface now used as row-crop agricultural sites, 26 percent used as pastures, and 4 percent urban-industrial areas), thus replacing the original local ecosystems. Other, related human causes of the extinction event include

text: deforestation

text: hunting

text: pollution

text: , the introduction in various regions of

text: non-native species

text: , and the

text: widespread

text: transmission

text: of

text: infectious disease

text: s. At present, the rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than the "base" or historically typical rate of extinction (in terms of the natural evolution of the planet) and also the current rate of extinction is, therefore, 10 to 100 times higher than any of the previous

text: mass extinction

text: s in the history of Earth. It is also the only known mass extinction of plants.

text: In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages.  Each circulation takes about 60 seconds i.e one minute. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells.

text: In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a

text: cell nucleus

text: and most

text: organelle

text: s, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a

text: plasma membrane

text: as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the

text: bone marrow

text: and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by

text: macrophage

text: s.  Each circulation takes about 60 seconds i.e one minute. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (

text: 40% to 45%

text: ) is red blood cells.

text: In 2006, Jessica was awarded a regional Emmy for a program about the controversial German-based Body Worlds exhibition that displays plastinated human bodies and human body parts in museums around the world.

text: In 2006, Jessica was awarded a regional

text: Emmy

text: for a program about the controversial German-based

text: Body Worlds

text: exhibition that displays

text: plastinated

text: human bodies and human body parts in museums around the world.

text: There are some human organs and tissues that regenerate rather than simply scar, as a result of injury. These include the liver, fingertips, and endometrium. More information is now known regarding the passive replacement of tissues in the human body, as well as the mechanics of stem cells. Advances in research have enabled the induced regeneration of many more tissues and organs than previously thought possible. The aim for these techniques is to be used in the near future to regenerate any tissue in the human body.

text: There are some human organs and tissues that regenerate rather than simply scar, as a result of injury. These include the liver, fingertips, and endometrium. More information is now known regarding the passive replacement of tissues in the human body, as well as the mechanics of

text: stem cell

text: s. Advances in research have enabled the induced regeneration of many more tissues and organs than previously thought possible. The aim for these techniques is to be used in the near future to regenerate any tissue in the human body.

text: There are numerous non-governmental organizations dealing with the issue in the country, as well as the Croatian Government's Office for Human Rights and several equality bodies, such as The Ombudsperson for Human Rights, Ombudsperson for Gender Equality, Children's Ombudsperson and The Disability Ombudsman.

text: There are numerous

text: non-governmental organization

text: s dealing with the issue in the country, as well as the

text: Croatian Government

text: 's Office for Human Rights and several equality bodies, such as The Ombudsperson for Human Rights, Ombudsperson for Gender Equality, Children's Ombudsperson and The Disability Ombudsman.

text: In 2005, Prof. Shapiro presented a vision of the next grand challenge in Human biology: To uncover the Human cell lineage tree. Inside all of us is a cell lineage tree the history of how our body grows from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to 100 trillion cells. The biological and biomedical impact of such a success could be of a magnitude similar, if not larger than that of the Human Genome Project. In his TEDxTel-Aviv talk "Uncovering The Human Cell Lineage Tree The next grand scientific challenge" Prof. Shapiro described the system and results obtained with it so far, and a proposal for a FET Flagship project "Human Cell Lineage Flagship initiative" for uncovering the Human cell lineage tree in health and disease.

text: In 2005, Prof. Shapiro presented a vision of the next grand challenge in Human biology: To uncover the Human cell lineage

text: tree

text: . Inside all of us is a cell lineage tree the history of how our body grows from a single cell (the

text: fertilized egg

text: ) to 100 trillion cells. The biological and biomedical impact of such a success could be of a magnitude similar, if not larger than that of the

text: Human Genome Project

text: . In his TEDxTel-Aviv talk "Uncovering The Human Cell Lineage Tree The next grand scientific challenge" Prof. Shapiro described the system and results obtained with it so far, and a proposal for a FET Flagship project "Human Cell Lineage Flagship initiative" for uncovering the Human cell lineage tree in health and disease.

text: The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs, heart and spinal cord. Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system.The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.

text: The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual

text: bone

text: s supported and supplemented by

text: ligament

text: s,

text: tendon

text: s,

text: muscle

text: s and

text: cartilage

text: . It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the

text: brain

text: lung

text: s,

text: heart

text: and

text: spinal cord

text: . Although the teeth do not consist of tissue commonly found in bones, the teeth are usually considered as members of the skeletal system.The biggest bone in the body is the

text: femur

text: in the upper leg, and the smallest is the

text: stapes

text: bone in the

text: middle ear

text: . In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.

text: While this method of modeling human cancer in cell culture is effective and has been used for many years by scientists, it is also very imprecise. The exact changes that allow for the formation of the tumorigenic clones in the above-described experiment are not clear. Scientists addressed this question by the serial introduction of multiple mutations present in a variety of human cancers. This has led to the identification of mutation combinations that form tumorigenic cells in a variety of cell types. While the combination varies by cell type, the following alterations are required in all cases: TERT activation, loss of p53 pathway function, loss of pRb pathway function, activation of the Ras or myc proto-oncogenes, and aberration of the PP2A protein phosphatase. That is to say, the cell has an activated telomerase, eliminating the process of death by chromosome instability or loss, absence of apoptosis-induction pathways, and continued mitosis activation.

text: While this method of modeling human cancer in cell culture is effective and has been used for many years by scientists, it is also very imprecise. The exact changes that allow for the formation of the tumorigenic

text: clone

text: s in the above-described experiment are not clear. Scientists addressed this question by the serial introduction of multiple mutations present in a variety of human cancers. This has led to the identification of mutation combinations that form tumorigenic cells in a variety of cell types. While the combination varies by cell type, the following alterations are required in all cases: TERT activation, loss of p53 pathway function, loss of pRb pathway function, activation of the

text: Ras

text: or

text: myc

text: proto-oncogenes

text: , and aberration of the PP2A protein

text: phosphatase

text: . That is to say, the cell has an activated telomerase, eliminating the process of death by chromosome instability or loss, absence of apoptosis-induction pathways, and continued

text: mitosis

text: activation.

text: Elevated sulfatide is common in many tissues in the human body, including numerous cancer tissues and cells. These include:

text: Elevated sulfatide is common in many tissues in the human body, including numerous

text: cancer

text: tissues and cells. These include:

text: amino acid - any of twenty organic compounds that are subunits of protein in the human body

text: The regulation of tissue perfusion occurs in microcirculation. There, arterioles control the flow of blood to the capillaries. Arterioles contract and relax, varying their diameter and vascular tone, as the vascular smooth muscle responds to diverse stimuli. Distension of the vessels due to increased blood pressure is a fundamental stimulus for muscle contraction in arteriolar walls. As a consequence, microcirculation blood flow remains constant despite of changes in systemic blood pressure. This mechanism is present in all tissues and organs of the human body. In addition, the nervous system participates in the regulation of microcirculation. The sympathetic nervous system activates the smaller arterioles, including terminals. Noradrenaline and adrenaline have effects on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Other hormones (catecholamine, renin-angiotensin, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide) circulate in the bloodstream and can have an effect on the microcirculation causing vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Many hormones and neuropeptides are released together with classical neurotransmitters.

text: The regulation of tissue

text: perfusion

text: occurs in microcirculation. There,

text: arterioles

text: control the flow of blood to the capillaries. Arterioles contract and relax, varying their diameter and vascular tone, as the vascular smooth muscle responds to diverse stimuli. Distension of the vessels due to increased blood pressure is a fundamental stimulus for muscle contraction in arteriolar walls. As a consequence, microcirculation blood flow remains constant despite of changes in systemic blood pressure. This mechanism is present in all tissues and organs of the human body. In addition, the nervous system participates in the regulation of microcirculation. The sympathetic nervous system activates the smaller arterioles, including terminals.

text: Noradrenaline

text: and

text: adrenaline

text: have effects on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Other hormones (

text: catecholamine

text: renin-angiotensin

text: vasopressin

text: , and

text: atrial natriuretic peptide

text: ) circulate in the bloodstream and can have an effect on the microcirculation causing

text: vasodilation

text: or

text: vasoconstriction

text: . Many hormones and neuropeptides are released together with classical neurotransmitters.

text: Today, ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods in order to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includes physical ergonomics in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics; cognitive ergonomics in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including human–computer interaction, mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork, participation, community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others.

text: Today, ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods in order to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includes

text: physical ergonomics

text: in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics;

text: cognitive ergonomics

text: in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including

text: human–computer interaction

text: , mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork,

text: participation

text: , community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others.

text: Calcium is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is an important cellular ionic messenger with many functions. Calcium also serves as a structural element in bone. It is the relatively high atomic number of calcium that causes bone to be radio-opaque. Of the human body's solid components after drying and burning of organics (as for example, after cremation), about a third of the total "mineral" mass remaining is the approximately one kilogram of calcium that composes the average skeleton (the remainder being mostly phosphorus and oxygen).

text: Calcium is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is an important cellular ionic messenger with many functions. Calcium also serves as a structural element in bone. It is the relatively high atomic number of calcium that causes bone to be radio-opaque. Of the human body's solid components after drying and burning of organics (as for example, after

text: cremation

text: ), about a third of the total "mineral" mass remaining is the approximately one kilogram of calcium that composes the average skeleton (the remainder being mostly phosphorus and oxygen).

text: States have focused their tax incentives on unreimbursed costs associated with organ donation to ensure compliance with the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984. NOTA prohibits, "any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation." However, NOTA exempts, "the expenses of travel, housing, and lost wages incurred by the donor of a human organ in connection with the donation of the organ," from its definition of "valuable consideration."

text: States have focused their tax incentives on unreimbursed costs associated with organ donation to ensure compliance with the

text: National Organ Transplant Act of 1984

text: . NOTA prohibits, "any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation." However, NOTA exempts, "the expenses of travel, housing, and lost wages incurred by the donor of a human organ in connection with the donation of the organ," from its definition of "valuable consideration."

text: Klaus Heissler, the Smiths' man-in-a-fish-body pet, learns that his long lost original (human) body has been discovered and stored frozen by the CIA (Stan's place of employment). Excited by the idea of finally being able to ski jump again and pull off his famous stunt he never got to perform, dubbed "Da Flippity Flop", Klaus begs Stan to help him retrieve the body. However, Stan is less than willing to help. Depressed by Stan's reluctance, Klaus attempts suicide multiple times, but fails. Eventually, Francine manages to convince Stan to return Klaus into his human body. While at the CIA, Klaus and Stan discover several lab technicians have unfrozen Klaus' human body, using the ice to cool their alcoholic beverages. Consequently, the human body has severely decayed and rotted. An irate Klaus blames Stan for not getting to the CIA sooner and knocks Stan out with a blender. While Stan is unconscious, Klaus swaps bodies with him. When Stan awakens, he finds himself in Klaus's fish body and Klaus in his human body. Stan angrily demands Klaus to return him into his human body.

text: Klaus Heissler

text: , the Smiths' man-in-a-fish-body pet, learns that his long lost original (human) body has been discovered and stored frozen by the

text: CIA

text: (Stan's place of employment). Excited by the idea of finally being able to

text: ski jump

text: again and pull off his famous stunt he never got to perform, dubbed "Da Flippity Flop", Klaus begs

text: Stan

text: to help him retrieve the body. However, Stan is less than willing to help. Depressed by Stan's reluctance, Klaus attempts

text: suicide

text: multiple times, but fails. Eventually,

text: Francine

text: manages to convince Stan to return Klaus into his human body. While at the CIA, Klaus and Stan discover several lab technicians have unfrozen Klaus' human body, using the ice to cool their

text: alcoholic beverage

text: s. Consequently, the human body has severely decayed and rotted. An irate Klaus blames Stan for not getting to the CIA sooner and knocks Stan out with a

text: blender

text: . While Stan is unconscious, Klaus swaps bodies with him. When Stan awakens, he finds himself in Klaus's fish body and Klaus in his human body. Stan angrily demands Klaus to return him into his human body.

text: miR-663 has been identified as a possible suppressor of tumour growth, with its levels downregulated in human gastric cancer (GC) cell lines. miR-663 introduction into the two human GC cell lines BGC823 and SNU5 induces morphology changes and suppresses cell proliferation. Transfection with miR-663 also sees a resultant upregulation of cyclin B.

text: miR-663 has been identified as a possible suppressor of tumour growth, with its levels downregulated in human

text: gastric cancer

text: (GC) cell lines. miR-663 introduction into the two human GC cell lines BGC823 and SNU5 induces morphology changes and suppresses cell proliferation. Transfection with miR-663 also sees a resultant upregulation of

text: cyclin B

text: Embolization is used to treat a wide variety of conditions affecting different organs of the human body.

text: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, based in San José, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:

text: The

entity_name: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

text: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

text: (the IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the

text: Organization of American States

text: , also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the

text: Inter-American Court of Human Rights

text: , based in

text: San José

text: , Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights. The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:

text: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

text: Blood is circulated around the body through

text: blood vessel

text: s by the pumping action of the

text: heart

text: . In humans, blood is pumped from the strong

text: left ventricle

text: of the heart through

text: arteries

text: to peripheral

text: tissues

text: and returns to the right

text: atrium of the heart

text: through

text: vein

text: s. It then enters the right

text: ventricle

text: and is pumped through the

text: pulmonary artery

text: to the

text: lung

text: s and returns to the left atrium through the

text: pulmonary vein

text: s. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and

text: venous blood

text: carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of

text: metabolism

text: by

text: cells

text: , to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood.

text: The different units include Earth Science, Cells and the human body, and Sexual Health.

text: According to Timothy Robinson, it is unclear whether Aristotle identifies the soul with the body's structure. According to one interpretation of Aristotle, a properly organized body is already alive simply by virtue of its structure. However, according to another interpretation, the property of life—that is, the soul—is something in addition to the body's structure. Robinson uses the analogy of a car to explain this second interpretation. A running car is running not only because of its structure but also because of the activity in its engine. Likewise, according to this second interpretation, a living body is alive not only because of its structure but also because of an additional property: the soul is this additional property, which a properly organized body needs in order to be alive. John Vella uses Frankenstein's monster to illustrate the second interpretation: the corpse lying on Frankenstein's table is already a fully organized human body, but it is not yet alive; when Frankenstein activates his machine, the corpse gains a new property, the property of life, which Aristotle would call the soul.

text: According to Timothy Robinson, it is unclear whether Aristotle identifies the soul with the body's structure. According to one interpretation of Aristotle, a properly organized body is already alive simply by virtue of its structure. However, according to another interpretation, the property of life—that is, the soul—is something in addition to the body's structure. Robinson uses the analogy of a car to explain this second interpretation. A running car is running not only because of its structure but also because of the activity in its engine. Likewise, according to this second interpretation, a living body is alive not only because of its structure but also because of an additional property: the soul is this additional property, which a properly organized body needs in order to be alive. John Vella uses

text: Frankenstein

text: 's monster to illustrate the second interpretation: the corpse lying on Frankenstein's table is already a fully organized human body, but it is not yet alive; when Frankenstein activates his machine, the corpse gains a new property, the property of life, which Aristotle would call the soul.

text: The Universal White Brotherhood teaches “that all human beings possess two natures, a human nature and a divine nature.” The human nature “is composed of the physical and etheric body … the astral body … [and] the mental body,” and the divine body “consists of the Causal body … or divine wisdom … the Budhic body [which] is formed of all our purest, most noble feelings … [and] the Atmic body [or] the higher will.” The UWB believes that humans should identify with their divine nature.

text: Because C. perfringens beta toxin shares homology with S. aureus pore-forming alpha toxin, it was hypothesized that beta toxin acts in a similar way. Upon investigation, it was found that C. perfringens beta toxin forms cation-selective pores in cell membranes of 1.6–1.8 nm and results in swelling and lysis in HL60 cells.  Treatment of these cells with beta toxin induces and efflux K and influxes of Ca, Cl and Na. Heat-stable beta-toxin oligomers are shown to bind to cell membranes of human umbilical vein endothelial cells; endothelial cells are beta toxin's primary target, upon introduction. Further work on beta toxin has been hampered by its ineffectiveness on many readily available cell lines.

text: Because C. perfringens beta toxin shares homology with S. aureus pore-forming alpha toxin, it was hypothesized that beta toxin acts in a similar way. Upon investigation, it was found that C. perfringens beta toxin forms

text: cation

text: -selective pores in

text: cell membranes

text: of 1.6–1.8 nm and results in swelling and lysis in HL60 cells.  Treatment of these cells with beta toxin induces and efflux K and influxes of Ca, Cl and Na. Heat-stable beta-toxin oligomers are shown to bind to cell membranes of human umbilical vein endothelial cells; endothelial cells are beta toxin's primary target, upon introduction. Further work on beta toxin has been hampered by its ineffectiveness on many readily available

text: cell lines

text: Human beings are material, but the human person can survive the death of the body through continued existence of the soul, which persists. The human soul straddles the spiritual and material worlds, and is both a configured subsistent form as well as a configurer of matter into that of a living, bodily human. Because it is spiritual, the human soul does not depend on matter and may exist separately. Because the human being is a soul-matter composite, the body has a part in what it is to be human. Perfected human nature consists in the human dual nature, embodied and intellecting.

text: In 2005, Prof. Shapiro presented a vision of the next grand challenge in Human biology: To uncover the Human cell lineage Tree. Inside all of us is a cell lineage tree the history of how our body grows from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to 100 trillion cells. The biological and biomedical impact of such a success could be of a magnitude similar, if not larger than that of the Human Genome Project.

text: Tree

text: . Inside all of us is a cell lineage

text: tree

text: the history of how our body grows from a single cell (the

text: fertilized egg

text: Human Genome Project

text: In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone, water and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight, determines leanness. Two people of same sex and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition.

text: In

text: physical fitness

text: , body composition is used to describe the percentages of

text: fat

text: bone

text: water

text: and

text: muscle

text: in

text: human bodies

text: . Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight, determines leanness. Two people of same sex and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition.

text: GPR31 receptor mRNA is highly expressed in the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and to a lesser extent the DU145 prostate cancer cell line and to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC). Its mRNA is also express but at rather low levels in several other human cell lines including: K562 cells (human myelogenous leukemia cells); Jurkat cells (T lymphocye cells); Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cells), HEK 293 cells (primary embryonic kidney cells), MCF-7 cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cellss), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cells).

text: GPR31 receptor mRNA is highly expressed in the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and to a lesser extent the

text: prostate cancer cell line and to

text: human umbilical vein endothelial cell

text: s (HUVEC),

text: human umbilical vein endothelial cell

text: s (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC). Its mRNA is also express but at rather low levels in several other human cell lines including:

text: K562 cells

text: (human myelogenous leukemia cells);

text: Jurkat cells

text: (T lymphocye cells); Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cells),

text: HEK 293 cells

text: (primary embryonic kidney cells),

text: cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cellss), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cells).

text: Biodegradable polymers and biomaterials are also of significant interest for tissue engineering and regeneration. Tissue engineering is the ability to regenerate tissue with the help of artificial materials. The perfection of such systems can be used to grow tissues and cells in vitro or use a biodegradable scaffold to construct new structures and organs in vitro. For these uses, a biodegradable scaffold is obviously preferred as it reduces the risk of immunological reaction and rejection of the foreign object. While many of the more advanced systems are not ready for human therapeutics, there is significant positive research in animal studies. For example, it was possible to successfully grow rat smooth muscle tissue on a polycaprolactone/polylactide scaffold. Further research and development may allow for this technology to be used for tissue replacement, support, or enhancement in humans. One of the ultimate goals of tissue engineering is the creation of organs, such as the kidney, from basic constituents.  A scaffolding is necessary to grow the entity into a functioning organ, after which the polymer scaffold would degrade and be safely eliminated from the body. There are reports of using polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid to engineer vascular tissue for heart repair.  The scaffold can be used to help create undamaged arteries and vessels.

text: Biodegradable polymers and

text: biomaterials

text: are also of significant interest for

text: tissue engineering

text: and regeneration. Tissue engineering is the ability to regenerate tissue with the help of artificial materials. The perfection of such systems can be used to grow tissues and cells in vitro or use a biodegradable scaffold to construct new structures and organs in vitro. For these uses, a biodegradable scaffold is obviously preferred as it reduces the risk of immunological reaction and rejection of the foreign object. While many of the more advanced systems are not ready for human therapeutics, there is significant positive research in animal studies. For example, it was possible to successfully grow rat smooth muscle tissue on a polycaprolactone/polylactide scaffold. Further research and development may allow for this technology to be used for tissue replacement, support, or enhancement in humans. One of the ultimate goals of tissue engineering is the creation of organs, such as the kidney, from basic constituents.  A scaffolding is necessary to grow the entity into a functioning organ, after which the polymer scaffold would degrade and be safely eliminated from the body. There are reports of using

text: polyglycolic acid

text: and

text: polylactic acid

text: to engineer vascular tissue for heart repair.  The scaffold can be used to help create undamaged arteries and vessels.

text: Her book co-authored with sociologist Dorothy Nelkin, Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age (Crown Publishers) discusses the psychological, social and financial impacts of the commercialization of human tissue. Future Perfect: Confronting Decisions About Genetics (Columbia University Press) outlines the policy models that Andrews recommends for consideration as we enter an age of increasing knowledge of the human genome.

text: Her book co-authored with sociologist Dorothy Nelkin, Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age (Crown Publishers) discusses the psychological, social and financial impacts of the commercialization of human tissue. Future Perfect: Confronting Decisions About Genetics (Columbia University Press) outlines the policy models that Andrews recommends for consideration as we enter an age of increasing knowledge of the

text: human genome

text: As of 2014, it was often reported in popular media and in the scientific literature that there are about 10 times as many microbial cells in the human body than there are human cells; this figure was based on estimates that the human microbiome includes around 100 trillion bacterial cells and an adult human typically has around 10 trillion human cells.  In 2014 the American Academy of Microbiology published an FAQ that emphasized that the number of microbial cells and the number of human cells are both estimates, and noted that recent research had arrived at a new estimate of the number of human cells at around 37 trillion cells, meaning that the ratio of microbial to human cells is probably about 3:1.  In 2016 another group published a new estimate of ratio as being roughly 1:1 (1.3:1, with "an uncertainty of 25% and a variation of 53% over the population of standard 70 kg males").

text: As of 2014, it was often reported in popular media and in the scientific literature that there are about 10 times as many microbial cells in the human body than there are human cells; this figure was based on estimates that the human microbiome includes around 100 trillion bacterial cells and an adult human typically has around 10 trillion human cells.  In 2014 the

text: American Academy of Microbiology

text: published an FAQ that emphasized that the number of microbial cells and the number of human cells are both estimates, and noted that recent research had arrived at a new estimate of the number of human cells at around 37 trillion cells, meaning that the ratio of microbial to human cells is probably about 3:1.  In 2016 another group published a new estimate of ratio as being roughly 1:1 (1.3:1, with "an uncertainty of 25% and a variation of 53% over the population of standard 70 kg males").

text: The discovery of the physical representation of heredity came along with evolutionary principles and population genetics. In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the trait-carrying units that had become known as genes. A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics. From the 1950s to present times, biology has been vastly extended in the molecular domain. The genetic code was cracked by Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg after DNA was understood to contain codons. Finally, the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome. This project was essentially completed in 2003, with further analysis still being published. The Human Genome Project was the first step in a globalized effort to incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional, molecular definition of the human body and the bodies of other organisms.

text: The discovery of the physical representation of heredity came along with evolutionary principles and

text: population genetics

text: . In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to

text: DNA

text: as the component of

text: chromosomes

text: that held the trait-carrying units that had become known as

text: genes

text: . A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as

text: viruses

text: and

text: bacteria

text: , along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of

text: molecular genetics

text: . From the 1950s to present times, biology has been vastly extended in the

text: molecular

text: domain. The

text: genetic code

text: was cracked by

text: Har Gobind Khorana

text: Robert W. Holley

text: and

text: Marshall Warren Nirenberg

text: after DNA was understood to contain

text: codons

text: . Finally, the

text: Human Genome Project

text: was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human

text: genome

text: . This project was essentially completed in 2003, with further analysis still being published. The Human Genome Project was the first step in a globalized effort to incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional, molecular definition of the human body and the bodies of other organisms.

text: In aesthetics, the human figure or human form in art, sculpture and other art forms involves a study and appreciation of the beauty of the human body in its depiction or presentation. The study involves an appreciation of the body shape, including body postures - sitting, standing or even sleeping, and movements - walking, running, dancing etc. Kant  refers to the human figure as the ideal of beauty. The human figure conforms very well to the law that states that form follows function, which is a result of evolution over thousands of generations.

text: In

text: aesthetics

text: , the human figure or human form in art, sculpture and other art forms involves a study and appreciation of the

text: beauty

text: of the

text: human

text: body in its depiction or presentation. The study involves an appreciation of the

text: body shape

text: , including

text: body postures

text: - sitting, standing or even sleeping, and movements -

text: walking

text: , running,

text: dancing

text: etc.

text: Kant

text: refers to the human figure as the ideal of beauty. The human figure conforms very well to the law that states that

text: form follows function

text: , which is a result of

text: evolution

text: over thousands of generations.

text: Organofluorines exhibit biopersistence due to the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), which are sparingly water-soluble owing to their acidic functional groups, are noted persistent organic pollutants; perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are most often researched. PFAAs have been found in trace quantities worldwide from polar bears to humans, with PFOS and PFOA known to reside in breast milk and the blood of newborn babies. A 2013 review showed a slight correlation between groundwater and soil PFAA levels and human activity; there was no clear pattern of one chemical dominating, and higher amounts of PFOS were correlated to higher amounts of PFOA. In the body, PFAAs bind to proteins such as serum albumin; they tend to concentrate within humans in the liver and blood before excretion through the kidneys. Dwell time in the body varies greatly by species, with half-lives of days in rodents, and years in humans. High doses of PFOS and PFOA cause cancer and death in newborn rodents but human studies have not established an effect at current exposure levels.

text: Organofluorines exhibit biopersistence due to the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond.

text: Perfluoroalkyl acid

text: s (PFAAs), which are sparingly water-soluble owing to their acidic functional groups, are noted

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: s;

text: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

text: (PFOS) and

text: perfluorooctanoic acid

text: (PFOA) are most often researched. PFAAs have been found in trace quantities worldwide from polar bears to humans, with PFOS and PFOA known to reside in breast milk and the blood of newborn babies. A 2013 review showed a slight correlation between groundwater and soil PFAA levels and human activity; there was no clear pattern of one chemical dominating, and higher amounts of PFOS were correlated to higher amounts of PFOA. In the body, PFAAs bind to proteins such as

text: serum albumin

text: ; they tend to concentrate within humans in the liver and blood before excretion through the kidneys. Dwell time in the body varies greatly by species, with half-lives of days in rodents, and years in humans. High doses of PFOS and PFOA cause cancer and death in newborn rodents but human studies have not established an effect at current exposure levels.

text: In humans, aging is strongly correlated with the length of an individual's telomeres, the repetitive DNA at the ends of each chromosome.  Each time a cell in the body divides, its telomeres become shorter.  Eventually, telomeres will shorten to the point where the cell is unable to divide (the "Hayflick limit").  The enzyme telomerase adds these DNA sequence repeats to the telomere, re-lengthening it.  In humans, telomerase is expressed in embryonic stem cells and some other cells, but most somatic cells do not express it.

text: In humans, aging is strongly correlated with the length of an individual's

text: telomere

text: s, the repetitive

text: DNA

text: at the ends of each

text: chromosome

text: .  Each time a cell in the body

text: divides

text: , its telomeres become shorter.  Eventually, telomeres will shorten to the point where the cell is unable to divide (the "

text: Hayflick limit

text: ").  The enzyme

text: telomerase

text: adds these DNA sequence repeats to the telomere, re-lengthening it.  In humans, telomerase is expressed in

text: embryonic stem cells

text: and some other cells, but most

text: somatic

text: cells do not express it.

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text: Taking Rights Seriously

text: Taledanda

text: Tancred (novel)

text: Tanya

text: Tao of Jeet Kune Do

text: Tao Te Ching

text: Tarana-e-Milli

text: Teaching Ethics

text: Teaching Philosophy

text: Technics and Time, 1

text: Technoromanticism (book)

text: Telos (journal)

text: Tenth Letter (Plato)

text: Teorema (journal)

text: Teoria dell'Individuo Assoluto

text: Thalia (journal)

text: The 120 Days of Sodom

text: The Abolition of Work

text: The Absence of the Book

text: The Acorn (journal)

text: The Adulterous Woman

text: The Advancement of Learning

text: The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible

text: The Age of Reason (Sartre)

text: The Alphabet Versus the Goddess: The Conflict Between Word and Image

text: The American Journal of Semiotics

text: The Analysis of Beauty

text: The Analyst

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text: The Anatomy of Revolution

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text: The Archaeology of Knowledge

text: The Aristos

text: The Art of Being Right

text: The Art of Happiness

text: The Art of Loving

text: The Art of Worldly Wisdom

text: The Artist at Work

text: The Atheist's Guide to Christmas

text: The Athenian Murders

text: The Authoritarian Personality

text: The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man

text: The Ayn Rand Lexicon

text: The Bar Code Rebellion

text: The Bar Code Tattoo

text: The Beginning of Infinity

text: The Betrayal of the American Right

text: The Birth of the Clinic

text: The Birth of Tragedy

text: The Black Swan (Taleb book)

text: The Blood of Others

text: The Book of Lord Shang

text: The Book of Mirdad

text: The Book of Opposites

text: The Book of Tea

text: The Book of the Apple

text: The Book on Adler

text: The Bounds of Sense

text: The Bride of Messina

text: The Brothers Karamazov

text: The Call of the Marching Bell

text: The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy

text: The Cambridge Quintet

text: The Case Against the Fed

text: The Case for God

text: The Case of Thomas N.

text: The Case of Wagner

text: The Castle (novel)

text: The Century (book)

text: The Chips Are Down (screenplay)

text: The Choice (philosophy book)

text: The Closing of the American Mind

text: The Closing of the Western Mind

text: The Cloud of Unknowing

text: The Clouds

text: The Commonwealth of Oceana

text: The Communist Manifesto

text: The Concept of Anxiety

text: The Concept of Law

text: The Concept of Mind

text: The Concept of the Political

text: The Condemned of Altona

text: The Conditions of Philosophy

text: The Conquest of Bread

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text: The Consolations of Philosophy

text: The Continuing Revolution

text: The Contortionist's Handbook

text: The Course in Positive Philosophy

text: The Cream of the Jest

text: The Criminal of Lost Honour

entity_name: The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress

text: The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress

text: The Critic as Artist

text: The Crock of Gold (novel)

text: The Crucible (1957 film)

text: The Dawkins Delusion?

text: The Dawn (book)

text: The Death of Bunny Munro

text: The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond

text: The Death of Virgil

text: The Death of Vishnu

text: The Decadence of Industrial Democracies

text: The Description of the Human Body

text: The Development of Capitalism in Russia

entity_name: The Development of Metaphysics in Persia

text: The Development of Metaphysics in Persia

text: The Devil and the Good Lord

text: The Dictionary of Fashionable Nonsense

entity_name: The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy

text: The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy

entity_name: The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature

text: The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature

text: The Doctrine of Fascism

entity_name: The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated

text: The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated

text: The Doomed City

text: The Doors of Perception

text: The Earth House

entity_name: The Economics and Ethics of Private Property

text: The Economics and Ethics of Private Property

text: The Educated Mind

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: The Elegance of the Hedgehog

text: The Elements of Moral Philosophy

text: The Elements of Racial Education

text: The Emperor's New Mind

text: The End of Faith

text: The End of History and the Last Man

text: The End of the Soul

text: The Essence of Christianity

text: The Ethical Slut

text: The Ethics of Ambiguity

text: The Ethics of Liberty

text: The Evolution of Physics

text: The Examined Life

text: The Extended Mind

text: The Fall (Albert Camus novel)

entity_name: The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures

text: The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures

text: The Feast of Fools

text: The First and Last Freedom

text: The First Man

text: The Flies

text: The Flight from Woman

text: The Foundations of Arithmetic

text: The Fountainhead

text: The Fragility of Goodness

text: The Freethinker (journal)

text: The Gambler (novel)

text: The Garden of Cyrus

text: The Garden Party (play)

text: The Gay Science

entity_name: The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century

text: The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century

text: The Geography of Thought

text: The German Ideology

text: The Ghost in the Machine

text: The Ghost-Seer

text: The Global Trap

text: The God Delusion

text: The Good Book (book)

text: The Grammar of Science

text: The Grand Inquisitor

text: The Growing Stone

text: The Guest

text: The Guide for the Perplexed

text: The Guide

text: The Handmaid's Tale

text: The Harvard Review of Philosophy

text: The Herald of Coming Good

text: The Hermetic Tradition

text: The Hero with a Thousand Faces

text: The History of England (Hume)

text: The History of Great Britain

text: The History of Sexuality

text: The Human Condition (book)

text: The Idiot

text: The Imaginary (Sartre)

text: The Inclusion of the Other

text: The Incoherence of the Incoherence

text: The Incoherence of the Philosophers

text: The Informant (book)

entity_name: The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method

text: The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method

text: The Invisible Hook

entity_name: The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

text: The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

text: The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies

text: The Journal of Ethics

text: The Journal of Nietzsche Studies

text: The Journal of Philosophy

text: The Just Assassins

text: The Kal_m Cosmological Argument

text: The Kingdom of this World

text: The Last Messiah

text: The Last Puritan

text: The Lathe of Heaven

text: The Law (1850 book)

text: The Law of Nations

text: The Law of Peoples

text: The Laws of Thought

text: The Legitimation of Power

text: The Life of Reason

text: The Life You Can Save

text: The Literature of Exhaustion

text: The Logic of Scientific Discovery

text: The Logic of Sense

text: The Lonergan Review

text: The Machiavellian Moment

text: The Machinery of Freedom

text: The Magic Mountain

text: The Maid of Orleans (play)

text: The Man Without Qualities

text: The Market for Liberty

text: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: The Master and His Emissary

text: The Master of Go

text: The Meaning of Meaning

text: The Meaning of Things

text: The Mechanism of the Mind

text: The Mentor Philosophers

text: The Metamorphosis

entity_name: The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

text: The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

text: The Methods of Ethics

text: The Middle Way

text: The Mind's I

text: The Miracle of Mindfulness

text: The Misunderstanding

text: The Modern Schoolman

text: The Monist

text: The Moral Landscape

text: The Moviegoer

text: The Mystery of Banking

text: The Mystery of Being

text: The Mystery of the Grail

text: The Myth of Sisyphus

text: The Myth of the Rational Voter

text: The Name of the Rose

text: The Natural History of Revolution

text: The Nature and Destiny of Man

text: The Nature of Mind

text: The Nature of Rationality

text: The Nature of Truth

text: The Necessity of Atheism

text: The Nemesis of Faith

text: The New Masses

text: The New Science

entity_name: The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God

text: The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God

text: The Open Society and Its Enemies

text: The Ordeal of Richard Feverel

text: The Order of Things

text: The Origin of German Tragic Drama

entity_name: The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

text: The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

text: The Origin of the Work of Art

text: The Origins of Virtue

text: The Outdatedness of Human Beings

text: The Owl of Minerva

text: The Oxford Companion to Philosophy

text: The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy

text: The Panic of 1819

text: The Paradoxes of the Infinite

text: The Penultimate Truth

text: The Perennial Philosophy

text: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The Phenomenon of Man

text: The Philosopher

text: The Philosophers' Magazine

text: The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand

entity_name: The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity

text: The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity

text: The Philosophical Forum

text: The Philosophical Lexicon

text: The Philosophical Quarterly

text: The Philosophical Review

text: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

text: The Philosophy of Money

text: The Pigeon

text: The Plague

entity_name: The Point of View of My Work as an Author

text: The Point of View of My Work as an Author

text: The Politics of Individualism

text: The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H.

text: The Possessed (play)

text: The Postmodern Condition

text: The Postnational Constellation

text: The Poverty of Historicism

text: The Poverty of Philosophy

text: The Praise of Folly

text: The Prince

text: The Principal Upanishads (book)

text: The Principles of Mathematics

text: The Problem of Pain

text: The Problems of Philosophy

text: The Question Concerning Technology

text: The Racial Contract

text: The Rage Against God

text: The Range of Reason

text: The Rape of the A*P*E*

text: The Rationalists

text: The Raw Youth

text: The Realms of Being

text: The Reason of State

text: The Rebel (book)

entity_name: The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

text: The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

text: The Relativity of Wrong

text: The Religion of Man

text: The Renegade (Camus short story)

text: The Reprieve

text: The Republic (Plato)

text: The Respectful Prostitute

text: The Rhetoric of Drugs

text: The Right Attitude to Rain

text: The Road to Serfdom

text: The Roads to Freedom

text: The Robbers

text: The Rod of Moses

text: The Roman Revolution

text: The Romantic Manifesto

text: The Roots of Reference

text: The Royal Way

text: The Rutherford Journal

entity_name: The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics

text: The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics

text: The Satanic Bible

text: The School for Atheists

text: The Science of Good and Evil

text: The Sea, the Sea

text: The Second Sex

text: The Secret of Hegel

text: The Secrets of Selflessness

text: The Secrets of the Self

text: The Selfish Genius

text: The Shockwave Rider

text: The Sickness Unto Death

text: The Silent Men

text: The Silent World of Doctor and Patient

entity_name: The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer

text: The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer

text: The Situations and Names of Winds

text: The Skeptic's Dictionary

text: The Sky Crawlers

text: The Sleepwalkers (Broch novel)

text: The Social Contract

text: The Society of the Spectacle

text: The Solar Anus

text: The Solitaire Mystery

text: The Soul of Man under Socialism

text: The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism

text: The Spirit of the Laws

text: The State (book)

text: The State and Revolution

text: The State of Siege

text: The Story of My Heart

text: The Story of Philosophy

text: The Stranger (novel)

entity_name: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

text: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

text: The Structure of Liberty

text: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

text: The Subjection of Women

text: The Sublime Object of Ideology

text: The Sunday Philosophy Club

text: The Sunlight Dialogues

text: The Symbolic Species

entity_name: The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty

text: The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty

text: The System of Nature

text: The Tao of Zen

text: The Task (poem)

text: The Tea Party Goes to Washington

text: The Teachers of Gurdjieff

text: The Teachings of the Mystics

entity_name: The Theatre considered as a Moral Institution

text: The Theatre considered as a Moral Institution

entity_name: The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism

text: The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism

text: The Theory of Communicative Action

text: The Theory of Moral Sentiments

text: The Theory of Social and Economic Organization

text: The Thief's Journal

text: The Third Policeman

text: The Threat to Reason

text: The Three Types of Legitimate Rule (book)

text: The Three Types of Legitimate Rule

text: The Transcendence of the Ego

text: The Trial

text: The True Law of Free Monarchies

text: The Twilight of Atheism

text: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: The Unreality of Time

text: The Urantia Book

text: The Use of Knowledge in Society

text: The Value of Science

text: The Varieties of Religious Experience

text: The Virtue of Selfishness

text: The Vision of the Anointed

text: The Vocation of Man

entity_name: Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism

text: The Voice of Reason

text: The Voluntary City

text: The Wall (book)

text: The Way of Peace

text: The Wealth of Nations

text: The Will to Power (manuscript)

text: The Words

entity_name: The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

text: The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

text: The World (Descartes)

text: The World as Will and Representation

text: The World of Null-A

text: The Yogi and the Commissar

text: Theaetetus (dialogue)

text: Theages

text: Themes in Blade Runner

text: Théodicée

text: Theodor W. Adorno bibliography

text: Theologico-Political Treatise

text: Theophrastus redivivus

text: Theoria (philosophy journal)

text: Theory and Decision

text: Theory and Event

text: Thérèse Philosophe

text: Theses on Feuerbach

text: Think (journal)

entity_name: Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy

text: Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy

text: Thinker's Library

text: Thinking about Consciousness

text: Thirteen Classics

text: Thoughts on Government

text: Thoughts on Machiavelli

entity_name: Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces

text: Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces

text: Three Critics of the Enlightenment

entity_name: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

text: Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

text: Three Principles of the People

text: Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844

text: Three Upbuilding Discourses

text: Thus Spoke Zarathustra

text: Timaeus (dialogue)

text: Time and Free Will

text: Tiqqun

text: To Have or to Be?

text: Tomer Devorah

text: Topics (Aristotle)

text: Totality and Infinity

text: Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione

text: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.5)

text: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

text: Tractatus Politicus

text: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

text: Treatise

text: Troubled Sleep

text: Truth and Method

text: Tuesdays with Morrie

text: Tulu'i Islam

text: Turkish Review

text: Tusculanae Disputationes

text: Tusculanae Quaestiones

text: Twelfth Letter (Plato)

text: Twilight of the Idols

text: Two Ages: A Literary Review

text: Two Concepts of Liberty

text: Two Dogmas of Empiricism

text: Two Treatises of Government

text: Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843

text: Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844

text: As a system, the human body is difficult to model as a complete transfer function. Elements of the body, however, such as bones or molecules, have a known response to certain radiographic inputs, such as x-rays or magnetic resonance. Coupled with the controlled introduction of a known element, such as digested barium, radiography can be used to image parts or functions of the body by measuring and interpreting the response to the radiographic input. In this manner, many bone fractures and diseases may be detected and localized in preparation for treatment. X-rays may also be used to examine the interior of mechanical systems in manufacturing using NDT techniques, as well.

text: As a system, the

text: human body

text: is difficult to model as a complete

text: transfer function

text: . Elements of the body, however, such as

text: bone

text: s or molecules, have a known response to certain radiographic inputs, such as

text: x-ray

text: s or

text: magnetic resonance

text: . Coupled with the controlled introduction of a known element, such as

text: digested barium

text: , radiography can be used to image parts or functions of the body by measuring and interpreting the response to the radiographic input. In this manner, many

text: bone fracture

text: s and

text: diseases

text: may be detected and localized in preparation for treatment. X-rays may also be used to examine the interior of mechanical systems in manufacturing using NDT techniques, as well.

text: Catecholamines are produced mainly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra, the latter of which contains neuromelanin-pigmented neurons. The similarly neuromelanin-pigmented cell bodies of the locus ceruleus produce norepinephrine. Epinephrine is produced in small groups of neurons in the human brain which express its synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; these neurons project from a nucleus that is adjacent (ventrolateral) to the area postrema and from a nucleus in the dorsal region of the solitary tract.

text: Catecholamines are produced mainly by the

text: chromaffin cells

text: of the

text: adrenal medulla

text: and the

text: postganglionic fiber

text: s of the

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: Dopamine

text: , which acts as a

text: neurotransmitter

text: in the

text: central nervous system

text: , is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the

text: ventral tegmental area

text: and the

text: substantia nigra

text: , the latter of which contains

text: neuromelanin

text: -pigmented neurons. The similarly neuromelanin-pigmented cell bodies of the

text: locus ceruleus

text: produce

text: norepinephrine

text: Epinephrine

text: is produced in small groups of neurons in the human brain which express its synthesizing enzyme,

text: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

text: ; these neurons project from a nucleus that is adjacent (ventrolateral) to the

text: area postrema

text: and from a nucleus in the dorsal region of the

text: solitary tract

text: Computer-aided ergonomics is an interdisciplinary field of work that involves the use of a computer to solve complex problems regarding a human body interacting with an environment. As the title reveals, having a computer to help find the best ergonomic solution in a given situation. Ergonomics traditionally involves many disciplines including biomechanics, anthropometry, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, kinesiology, health sciences and physiology. Due to the highly interdisciplinary and complex nature of ergonomics it is hard to get a full understanding of a situation. As the human body is a complex system, thus it is beneficial to have a computer system that models the human body as a mechanical system. The human body contains several parts that can be modeled as known mechanical systems, for example bones connected with joints and driven by actuators (muscles).

text: Computer-aided ergonomics is an

text: interdisciplinary

text: field of work that involves the use of a computer to solve complex problems regarding a human body interacting with an environment. As the title reveals, having a computer to help find the best ergonomic solution in a given situation. Ergonomics traditionally involves many disciplines including biomechanics, anthropometry, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, kinesiology, health sciences and physiology. Due to the highly interdisciplinary and complex nature of ergonomics it is hard to get a full understanding of a situation. As the human body is a complex system, thus it is beneficial to have a computer system that models the human body as a mechanical system. The human body contains several parts that can be modeled as known mechanical systems, for example bones connected with joints and driven by actuators (muscles).

text: The human body is made up of different cell types and many technologies for printing these cells vary in their ability to ensure stability and viability of the cells during the manufacturing process. The methods used for 3D bioprinting of cells are photolithography, magnetic bioprinting, stereolithography, and direct cell extrusion. In each process, a physical biopsy of an organ is required. Certain cells from the biopsy are isolated and multiplied. These cells are then mixed with a liquefied material that provides oxygen and other nutrients to keep them alive outside of the human body. The mixture is then placed in a printer cartridge and structured using the patients’ medical scans.

text: The human body is made up of different cell types and many technologies for printing these cells vary in their ability to ensure stability and viability of the cells during the manufacturing process. The methods used for 3D bioprinting of cells are

text: photolithography

text: magnetic bioprinting

text: stereolithography

text: , and direct cell extrusion. In each process, a physical

text: biopsy

text: of an organ is required. Certain cells from the biopsy are isolated and multiplied. These cells are then mixed with a liquefied material that provides oxygen and other nutrients to keep them alive outside of the human body. The mixture is then placed in a printer cartridge and structured using the patients’ medical scans.

text: Adult humans have roughly 20–30 × 10 (20–30 trillion) red blood cells at any given time, comprising approximately 70% of the total human body cell number. Women have about 4 to 5 million erythrocytes per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5 to 6 million; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more). Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000–400,000 platelets in each microliter of human blood.

text: Adult humans have roughly

text: 20–30 × 10

text: (20–30 trillion) red blood cells at any given time, comprising approximately 70% of the total human body cell number. Women have about 4 to 5 million erythrocytes per

text: microliter

text: (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5 to 6 million;

text: people living at high altitudes

text: with low oxygen tension will have more). Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000

text: white blood cells

text: and about 150,000–400,000

text: platelet

text: s in each microliter of human blood.

text: Depending on the method used, reprogramming of adult cells into iPSCs for implantation could have severe limitations in humans. If a virus is used as a reprogramming factor for the cell, cancer-causing genes called oncogenes may be activated. These cells would appear as rapidly dividing cancer cells that do not respond to the body's natural cell signaling process. However, in 2008 scientists discovered a technique that could remove the presence of these oncogenes after pluripotency induction, thereby increasing the potential use of iPSC in humans.

text: Depending on the method used, reprogramming of adult cells into iPSCs for

text: implantation

text: could have severe limitations in humans. If a

text: virus

text: is used as a reprogramming factor for the cell, cancer-causing genes called

text: oncogenes

text: may be

text: activated

text: . These cells would appear as rapidly dividing cancer cells that do not respond to the body's natural cell signaling process. However, in 2008 scientists discovered a technique that could remove the presence of these oncogenes after pluripotency induction, thereby increasing the potential use of iPSC in humans.

text: Legalization of human organ trading has been opposed by a variety of human rights groups.  One such group is Organs Watch, which was established by Nancy Scheper-Hughes - a medical anthropologist who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ-selling rings.  Scheper-Hughes is famous for her investigations that lead to several arrests due to third-world people being forced or fooled into organ donations.

text: Legalization of human organ trading has been opposed by a variety of human rights groups.  One such group is Organs Watch, which was established by

text: Nancy Scheper-Hughes

text: - a medical anthropologist who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ-selling rings.  Scheper-Hughes is famous for her investigations that lead to several arrests due to third-world people being forced or fooled into organ donations.

text: The exhibit states that its purpose and mission is the education of laymen about the human body, leading to better health awareness. All the human plastinates are from people who donated their bodies for plastination via a body donation program. Each Body Worlds exhibition contains approximately 25 full-body plastinates with expanded or selective organs shown in positions that enhance the role of certain systems.

text: The exhibit states that its purpose and mission is the education of laymen about the human body, leading to better health awareness. All the human plastinates are from people who donated their bodies for plastination via a body donation program. Each Body Worlds exhibition contains approximately 25 full-body plastinates with expanded or selective

text: organs

text: shown in positions that enhance the role of certain systems.

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of

text: inflammation

text: , in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: The work he was most known for was his, Tashrīḥ-i badan-i insān     تشريح بدن انسان (MS P 19)  (The Anatomy of the Human Body, also known as "Mansur's Anatomy" Tashrīḥi Manṣūri) Commissioned by Zayn al-Abidin, an important political figure in being the last Muzaffarid ruler of Fars, Mansur's Anatomy is a medical treatise of about forty manuscript folios. It consists of seven sections: an introduction, five chapters covering the osseous, nervous, muscular, venous, and arterial systems, and an appendix on the formation of the fetus and compound organs, such as the heart. Instead of discussing interrelated functions of organs, he discussed organs based on their hierarchical ordering of functionality-related groups according to their importance to the life of the body. In this manner he discussed the anatomy of the vital and respiratory organs, and then the anatomy of the organs of nourishment, perception, and finally, reproduction. A concluding section on compound organs, such as the heart and brain, and on the formation of the fetus, was illustrated with a diagram showing a pregnant woman. Mansur's Anatomy is chiefly recognized for its inclusion of such colored anatomical illustrations, the first of its kind in the Arabic world.

text: Prolyl hydroxylase catalyzes the formation of hydroxyproline, which is the most abundant post-translational modification in human body. The modification has a significant impact on the stability of collagen, the major connective tissue of the human body. Specifically, hydroxylation increases the melting temperature (T) of helical collagen by 16 °C, as compared to unhydroxylated collagen, a difference that allows the protein to be stable at body temperature.

text: Prolyl hydroxylase catalyzes the formation of hydroxyproline, which is the most abundant post-translational modification in human body. The modification has a significant impact on the stability of

text: collagen

text: , the major connective tissue of the human body. Specifically, hydroxylation increases the

text: melting temperature

text: (T) of helical collagen by 16 °C, as compared to unhydroxylated collagen, a difference that allows the protein to be stable at body temperature.

text: Anatomical fugitive sheets are illustrations of the human body specially created to display internal organs and structures. Hinged flaps enable the viewer to see a body as if in various stages of dissection. They appeared for the first time in the 16th century and became popular as instructional aids. The parts were labelled, making it easier for lay students to understand the workings of the human body.

text: Anatomical fugitive sheets are illustrations of the human body specially created to display internal organs and structures. Hinged flaps enable the viewer to see a body as if in various stages of

text: dissection

text: . They appeared for the first time in the 16th century and became popular as instructional aids. The parts were labelled, making it easier for lay students to understand the workings of the human body.

text: There are many other types of cell. For instance, there are approximately 210 distinct cell types in the adult human body.

text: There are many other

text: types of cell

text: . For instance, there are approximately 210

entity_name: List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

text: distinct cell types in the adult human body

text: Human embryonic stem cells are able to undergo the process of differentiation into specific and relevant cells. To maintain the pluripotency of the embryonic stem cells, transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers play an important role despite the fact that little is known about the regulation of pluripotency throughout the process of splicing. The factor SON is identified as essential for the maintenance of this pluripotency. It is confirmed that SON regulates the splicing process of transcripts (RNAm) that will encode the gens that are going to regulate the pluripotency of the embryonic human cells.

text: Human embryonic stem cells are able to undergo the process of differentiation into specific and relevant cells. To maintain the

text: pluripotency

text: of the embryonic stem cells, transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers play an important role despite the fact that little is known about the regulation of pluripotency throughout the process of splicing. The factor SON is identified as essential for the maintenance of this pluripotency. It is confirmed that SON regulates the splicing process of transcripts (RNAm) that will encode the gens that are going to regulate the pluripotency of the embryonic human cells.

text: Determining the impact of a nanoparticle on a living system is not straightforward. A multitude of in vivo and in vitro studies must be done to fully characterize reactivity. In vivo studies often use whole organisms such as  mice or zebrafish to infer the interaction of the nanoparticle on a healthy human body. In vitro studies look at how nanoparticles interact with specific cell colonies, typically of human origin. Both types of experiments are needed for a complete understanding of nanoparticle toxicity, especially human toxicity, since no one model has complete human relevance.

text: Determining the impact of a nanoparticle on a living system is not straightforward. A multitude of

text: in vivo

text: and

text: in vitro

text: studies must be done to fully characterize reactivity. In vivo studies often use whole organisms such as

text: mice

text: or

text: zebrafish

text: to infer the interaction of the nanoparticle on a healthy human body. In vitro studies look at how nanoparticles interact with specific cell colonies, typically of human origin. Both types of experiments are needed for a complete understanding of nanoparticle toxicity, especially human toxicity, since no one model has complete human relevance.

text: Adalah’s international advocacy work focuses on United Nations human rights bodies, European Union bodies, embassies/foreign diplomats based in Israel, and cooperating with international human rights organizations and networks.

text: Further, human tissues that lack some sort of HERV expression could not be found which suggests that HERVs are permanent members of the human transcriptome. Although expression of HERV-W is prevalent in the whole body there are two tissues whose expression levels are higher than the rest. The HERV-W derived element of chromosome 12p11.21 and 7q21.2 had 42 hits from the env gene in pancreatic islet tissues and 224 hits  (11 gag, 41 pol, 164 env) in placenta, testis, and embryotic tissues, respectively. The HERV-W element on 7q21.2 encodes for ERVWE-1, which was named synctin-1.

text: Further, human tissues that lack some sort of HERV expression could not be found which suggests that HERVs are permanent members of the human

text: transcriptome

text: . Although expression of HERV-W is prevalent in the whole body there are two tissues whose expression levels are higher than the rest. The HERV-W derived element of chromosome 12p11.21 and 7q21.2 had 42 hits from the env gene in pancreatic islet tissues and 224 hits  (11 gag, 41 pol, 164 env) in placenta, testis, and embryotic tissues, respectively. The HERV-W element on 7q21.2 encodes for ERVWE-1, which was named synctin-1.

text: The transactional view of metaphysics—studying the nature of reality or what is real—deals with the inseparability of what is known and how humans inquire into what is known--knowing and the known. Since the age of Aristotle, humans have shifted from one paradigm or system of "logic" to another before a transactional metaphysics evolved with a focus that examines and inquires into solving problems first and foremost based on the relationship of man as a biological organism (with a brain and a body) shaped by its environment. In the book Transactionalism (2015), the nature of reality is traced historically from self-action to interaction to transactional competence each as its own age of knowing or episteme.

text: The transactional view of metaphysics—studying the nature of reality or what is real—deals with the inseparability of what is known and how humans inquire into what is known--knowing and the known. Since the age of Aristotle, humans have shifted from one paradigm or system of "logic" to another before a transactional metaphysics evolved with a focus that examines and inquires into solving problems first and foremost based on the relationship of man as a biological organism (with a brain and a body) shaped by its environment. In the book Transactionalism (2015), the nature of reality is traced historically from self-action to interaction to transactional competence each as its own age of knowing or

text: episteme

text: Many human blood cells, such as red blood cells (RBCs), immune cells, and even platelets all originate from the same progenitor cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). As these cells are short-lived, there needs to be a steady turnover of new blood cells and the maintenance of an HSC pool. This is broadly termed hematopoiesis. This event requires a special environment, termed the hematopoietic stem cell niche, which provides the protection and signals necessary to carry out the differentiation of cells from HSC progenitors. This niche relocates from the yolk sac to eventually rest in the bone marrow of mammals. Many pathological states can arise from disturbances in this niche environment, highlighting its importance in maintaining hematopoiesis.

text: Many human blood cells, such as

text: red blood cell

text: s (RBCs), immune cells, and even platelets all originate from the same progenitor cell, the

text: hematopoietic stem cell

text: (HSC). As these cells are short-lived, there needs to be a steady turnover of new blood cells and the maintenance of an HSC pool. This is broadly termed

text: hematopoiesis

text: . This event requires a special environment, termed the hematopoietic stem cell niche, which provides the protection and signals necessary to carry out the differentiation of cells from HSC progenitors. This niche relocates from the

text: yolk sac

text: to eventually rest in the

text: bone marrow

text: of mammals. Many pathological states can arise from disturbances in this niche environment, highlighting its importance in maintaining hematopoiesis.

text: This section summarizes the studies that have been conducted on animal subjects (such as rodents and non-human primates) that have been exposed either to spaceflight or (in the case of rodents) to the well accepted ground-based analog of hind-limb suspension (HS) to ascertain the effects of unloading states on the properties of muscle mass, strength, and endurance. The results presented herein overwhelmingly corroborate the body of evidence that has been reported on human subjects in the preceding sections of this report. Importantly, through the use of more cellular and molecular analyses, greater insights have been obtained into the underlying mechanisms associated with these alterations in muscle structure and function. Since the majority of evidence concerning the effects of spaceflight on mammalian skeletal muscle has been derived from rodent studies, the information provided here is focused mostly on the rodent model. It is important to point out that the structure and function of rodent skeletal muscle are nearly identical to those of human skeletal muscle. For example, rodent muscle is composed of the same general fiber-type profile and is sensitive to the same environmental (mechanical, hormonal, metabolic) cues observed for human muscle. Thus, the information summarized below provides credence to the data base derived from human subjects. However, it is important to point out that one primary advantage of the rodent model is that adaptive changes that occur in both species unfold in a much shorter time frame in rodents than in humans (hours to days versus days to weeks), making it possible to predict long-term changes in human skeletal muscle based on the shorter absolute time frame of the studies performed on rodents. Another important consideration in the context of animal research during spaceflight is that one can perform a straightforward experiment in which there is no requirement to provide some type of countermeasure intervention as there is for humans, and can thereby avoid the introduction of a confounding variable in ascertaining the true effects of spaceflight on a wide range of physiological variables. Also, given the remarkable agreement in the quantitative and qualitative nature of the findings observed in the spaceflight studies versus those obtained from ground-based HS studies, we have chosen to combine and integrate significant portions of the data that have been gathered in the last 25 years. This rodent data base in space life sciences research includes 14 flight experiments with 8 sponsored by the Russian Cosmos Program and 6 sponsored by NASA Space Life Sciences (SLS) and Space Transportation System (STS) missions. These flight experiments are complemented by numerous ground-based research studies that focused collectively on the topics described below. Most importantly, all of the data reported in this summary are derived from animal cohorts in which the control animals were studied from a synchronous vivarium group of the same age, strain, and gender, and the analyses were performed at the same time as that of the experimental groups. The provided information is based entirely on peer-reviewed experiments as detailed in the bibliography provided.

text: The revival of people who lived during the past is not a recreation of their past physical form – it was imperfect, parasitic, centered on mortal existence. Fedorov's idea was to transform it into self-creating, mind-controlled form, capable of infinite renewal, which is immortal. Those who haven’t died will go through the same transformation. Humans will have to become creators and organizers of their organisms ("our body will be our business"). In the past the development of civilization happened by increasing human power using external tools and machines – the human body remained imperfect.

text: Betz cells (also known as pyramidal cells of Betz) are giant pyramidal cells (neurons) located within the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex. They are named after Ukrainian scientist Vladimir Betz, who described them in his work published in 1874. These neurons are the largest in the central nervous system, sometimes reaching 100 μm in diameter. Betz cells are upper motor neurons that send their axons down to the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract, where in humans they synapse directly with anterior horn cells, which in turn synapse directly with their target muscles. While Betz cells have one apical dendrite typical of pyramidal neurons, they have more primary dendritic shafts, which can branch out at almost any point from the soma (cell body). These perisomatic (around the cell body) and basal dendrites project into all cortical layers, but most of their horizontal branches/arbors populate layers V and VI, some reaching down into the white matter. According to one study, Betz cells represent about 10% of the total pyramidal cell population in layer Vb of the human primary motor cortex.

text: Betz cells (also known as pyramidal cells of Betz) are giant

text: pyramidal cells

text: neurons

text: ) located within the fifth layer of the

text: grey matter

text: in the

text: primary motor cortex

text: . They are named after Ukrainian scientist

text: Vladimir Betz

text: , who described them in his work published in 1874. These neurons are the largest in the

text: central nervous system

text: , sometimes reaching 100

text: μm

text: in diameter. Betz cells are

text: upper motor neuron

text: s that send their

text: axon

text: s down to the

text: spinal cord

text: via the

text: corticospinal

text: tract, where in

text: human

text: s they

text: synapse

text: directly with

text: anterior horn

text: cells

text: , which in turn synapse directly with their target

text: muscle

text: s. While Betz cells have one apical dendrite typical of pyramidal neurons, they have more primary dendritic shafts, which can branch out at almost any point from the

text: soma

text: (cell body). These perisomatic (around the cell body) and

text: basal dendrite

text: s project into all cortical layers, but most of their horizontal branches/arbors populate layers V and VI, some reaching down into the

text: white matter

text: . According to one study, Betz cells represent about 10% of the total pyramidal cell population in layer Vb of the human primary motor cortex.

text: Monocytes are amoeboid in appearance, and have a granulated cytoplasm. Containing unilobar nuclei, these cells are one of the types of mononuclear leukocytes which shelter azurophil granules. The archetypal geometry of the monocyte nucleus is ellipsoidal; metaphorically bean-shaped or kidney-shaped, although the most significant distinction is that the nuclear envelope should not be hyperbolically furcated into lobes.  Contrast to this classification occurs in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Monocytes compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body and serve multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include:  replenishing resident macrophages under normal conditions; migration within approximately 8–12 hours in response to inflammation signals from sites of infection in the tissues; and differentiation into macrophages or dendritic cells to effect an immune response.  In an adult human, half of the monocytes are stored in the spleen. Monocytes are generally identified in stained smears by the large kidney shaped or notched nucleus. These change into macrophages after entering into appropriate tissue spaces, and can transform into foam cells in endothelium .

text: Monocytes are

text: amoeboid

text: in appearance, and have a granulated

text: cytoplasm

text: . Containing unilobar nuclei, these cells are one of the types of mononuclear leukocytes which shelter

text: azurophil granules

text: . The archetypal geometry of the monocyte nucleus is ellipsoidal; metaphorically bean-shaped or kidney-shaped, although the most significant distinction is that the nuclear envelope should not be hyperbolically furcated into lobes.  Contrast to this classification occurs in

text: polymorphonuclear leukocyte

text: s. Monocytes compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body and serve multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include:  replenishing resident

text: macrophage

text: s under normal conditions; migration within approximately 8–12 hours in response to

text: inflammation

text: signals from sites of infection in the tissues; and

text: differentiation

text: into macrophages or

text: dendritic cell

text: s to effect an immune response.  In an adult human, half of the monocytes are stored in the

text: spleen

text: . Monocytes are generally identified in stained smears by the large kidney shaped or notched nucleus. These change into

text: macrophages

text: after entering into appropriate tissue spaces, and can transform into

text: foam cell

text: s in endothelium .

text: HHaA is a human pseudogene believed to be responsible for fur-like body hair.  In humans the gene has become deactivated making it a pseudogene, however there is variation in the degree of body hair among human beings and occasional examples have been found of people where the gene is active leading to very thick body hair as a result.

text: HHaA is a human

text: pseudogene

text: believed to be responsible for fur-like

text: body hair

text: .  In humans the gene has become deactivated making it a pseudogene, however there is variation in the degree of body hair among human beings and occasional examples have been found of people where the gene is active leading to very thick body hair as a result.

text: Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

text: Human

text: physiology

text: is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical,

text: bioelectrical

text: , and

text: biochemical

text: functions of humans in good

text: health

text: , from

text: organs

text: to the

text: cells

text: of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of

text: organs

text: . These interact to maintain

text: homeostasis

text: , keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

text: There are now several human tissues that have been successfully or partially induced to regenerate. Many of these examples fall under the topic of regenerative medicine, which includes the methods and research conducted with the aim of regenerating the organs and tissues of humans as a result of injury. The major strategies of regenerative medicine include dedifferentiating injury site cells, transplanting stem cells, implanting lab-grown tissues and organs, and implanting bioartificial tissues.

text: There are now several human tissues that have been successfully or partially induced to regenerate. Many of these examples fall under the topic of

text: regenerative medicine

text: , which includes the methods and research conducted with the aim of regenerating the organs and tissues of humans as a result of injury. The major strategies of regenerative medicine include dedifferentiating injury site cells, transplanting stem cells, implanting lab-grown tissues and organs, and implanting bioartificial tissues.

text: The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis.

text: The male reproductive system consists of a number of

text: sex organ

text: s that play a role in the process of

text: human reproduction

text: . These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the

text: pelvis

text: In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species — including all vertebrates — the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures, connected to each other in synaptic networks whose intricacies have only begun to be unraveled. The majority of the approximately 20–25,000 genes belonging to the human genome are expressed specifically in the brain. Due to the plasticity of the human brain, the structure of its synapses and their resulting functions change throughout life. Thus the challenge of making sense of all this complexity is formidable.

text: In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the

text: central nervous system

text: brain

text: and

text: spinal cord

text: ), and the

text: peripheral nervous system

text: . In many species — including all vertebrates — the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The

text: human brain

text: alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures, connected to each other in synaptic networks whose intricacies have only begun to be unraveled. The majority of the approximately 20–25,000 genes belonging to the human genome are expressed specifically in the brain. Due to the

text: plasticity

text: of the human brain, the structure of its synapses and their resulting functions change throughout life. Thus the challenge of making sense of all this complexity is formidable.

text: In certain applications, antennas for wireless products that are used close to the human body should be designed resonating independently from the wireless product. This approach reduces the interference from human bodies called ‘body loading’ by removing the regions of high electro-magnetic field density from the areas that are occupied by human tissues when the wireless product is "in use". This method reduces the aperture size of the antenna and achieves a higher degree of electrical stability in the presence of the human body. It also reduces in-band "common-mode" noise from conducted power on the device chassis so that the approach also enables integration of multiple radios into a smaller device with reduced interference.

text: New advances in artificial limbs include additional levels of integration with the human body.  Electrodes can be placed into nervous tissue, and the body can be trained to control the prosthesis.  This technology has been used in both animals and humans. The prosthetic can be controlled by the brain using a direct implant or implant into various muscles.

text: Homeopathy is not a plausible system of treatment, as its dogmas about how drugs, illness, the human body, liquids and solutions operate are contradicted by a wide range of discoveries across biology, psychology, physics and chemistry made in the two centuries since its invention. Although some clinical trials produce positive results, multiple systematic reviews have indicated that this is because of chance, flawed research methods, and reporting bias. Continued homeopathic practice, despite the evidence that it does not work, has been criticized as unethical because it discourages the use of effective treatments, with the World Health Organization warning against using homeopathy to try to treat severe diseases such as HIV and malaria. The continued practice of homeopathy, despite a lack of evidence of efficacy, has led to it being characterized within the scientific and medical communities as nonsense, quackery, and a sham.

text: Homeopathy is not a plausible system of treatment, as its dogmas about how drugs, illness, the human body, liquids and solutions operate are contradicted by a wide range of discoveries across biology, psychology, physics and chemistry made in the two centuries since its invention. Although some

text: clinical trial

text: s produce positive results, multiple

text: systematic review

text: s have indicated that this is because of chance, flawed research methods, and

text: reporting bias

text: . Continued homeopathic practice, despite the evidence that it does not work, has been criticized as unethical because it discourages the use of effective treatments, with the

text: World Health Organization

text: warning against using homeopathy to try to treat severe diseases such as

text: HIV

text: and

text: malaria

text: . The continued practice of homeopathy, despite a lack of evidence of

text: efficacy

text: , has led to it being characterized within the scientific and medical communities as nonsense,

text: quackery

text: , and a sham.

text: The symmetry in the facial features of humans could be found as appealing to men and women. This could be due to the ability to find prospective mates in responding positively to either body or facial symmetry. This could be because attributes announce the individual's capacity to overcome challenges to normal development. The human preference for symmetry can be explained by humans looking at mate choice, mainly because symmetry is a reliable indicator in the genetic quality mates look for. The cognitive mechanisms and adaptive significance of facial attractiveness have been an interest of psychologists. Men and women find traits such as averageness, symmetry, and masculinity (in male) or femininity (in female) in faces attractive. It is noted that humans find symmetrical faces more attractive than asymmetrical faces. Disruptions to development caused by mutations or by an inability to secure critical material resources early in life could generate asymmetries in appearance. If body asymmetry reflects sub-optimal development of the brain or other important organs, a preference for symmetrical traits could enable the selective individual to acquire a partner with "good genes" to transfer to their offspring. Disruptions to development could be caused by stress, illness, or genetic factors.

text: The

text: symmetry

text: in the facial features of humans could be found as appealing to men and women. This could be due to the ability to find prospective mates in responding positively to either body or facial symmetry. This could be because attributes announce the individual's capacity to overcome challenges to normal development. The human preference for symmetry can be explained by humans looking at mate choice, mainly because symmetry is a reliable indicator in the genetic quality mates look for. The cognitive mechanisms and adaptive significance of facial attractiveness have been an interest of psychologists. Men and women find traits such as averageness, symmetry, and masculinity (in male) or femininity (in female) in faces attractive. It is noted that humans find symmetrical faces more attractive than asymmetrical faces. Disruptions to development caused by mutations or by an inability to secure critical material resources early in life could generate asymmetries in appearance. If body asymmetry reflects sub-optimal development of the brain or other important organs, a preference for symmetrical traits could enable the selective individual to acquire a partner with "good genes" to transfer to their offspring. Disruptions to development could be caused by stress, illness, or genetic factors.

text: Some human proximity sensors use passive infrared sensing in the far infrared wavelength to detect both static and/or moving human bodies.

text: Some human proximity sensors use

text: passive infrared sensing

text: in the far infrared wavelength to detect both static and/or moving human bodies.

text: The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a horse's penis can enlarge more than a bull's penis. The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis. As a general rule, a mammal's penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between specieseven between closely related ones. For example, an adult gorilla's erect penis is about  in length; an adult chimpanzee, significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms.

text: The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous,

text: erectile tissue

text: , which is a collection of

text: blood sinusoids

text: separated by sheets of

text: connective tissue

text: (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a

text: horse's penis

text: can enlarge more than a

text: bull's penis

text: . The

text: urethra

text: is on the ventral side of the body of the penis. As a general rule, a mammal's penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between specieseven between closely related ones. For example, an adult

text: gorilla

text: 's erect penis is about  in length; an adult

text: chimpanzee

text: , significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the

text: human penis

text: is larger than that of any other

text: primate

text: , both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms.

text: Copper is absorbed, transported, distributed, stored, and excreted in the body according to complex homeostatic processes which ensure a constant and sufficient supply of the micronutrient while simultaneously avoiding excess levels. If an insufficient amount of copper is ingested for a short period of time, copper stores in the liver will be depleted. Should this depletion continue, a copper health deficiency condition may develop. If too much copper is ingested, an excess condition can result. Both of these conditions, deficiency and excess, can lead to tissue injury and disease. However, due to homeostatic regulation, the human body is capable of balancing a wide range of copper intakes for the needs of healthy individuals.

text: Copper is absorbed, transported, distributed, stored, and excreted in the body according to complex

text: homeostatic

text: processes which ensure a constant and sufficient supply of the micronutrient while simultaneously avoiding excess levels. If an insufficient amount of copper is ingested for a short period of time, copper stores in the liver will be depleted. Should this depletion continue, a copper health deficiency condition may develop. If too much copper is ingested, an excess condition can result. Both of these conditions, deficiency and excess, can lead to tissue injury and disease. However, due to homeostatic regulation, the human body is capable of balancing a wide range of copper intakes for the needs of healthy individuals.

text: On 21 March 2013, at its 22nd session, the United Nations Human Rights Council established the Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The Commission is mandated to investigate the systematic, widespread and grave violations of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, with a view to ensuring full accountability, in particular for violations which may amount to crimes against humanity. The Commission dealt with matters relating to crimes against humanity on the basis of definitions set out by customary international criminal law and in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The 2014 Report by the commission found "the body of testimony and other information it received establishes that crimes against humanity have been committed in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, pursuant to policies established at the highest level of the State... These crimes against humanity entail extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation. The commission further finds that crimes against humanity are ongoing in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea because the policies, institutions and patterns of impunity that lie at their heart remain in place." Additionally, the commission found that crimes against humanity have been committed against starving populations, particularly during the 1990s, and are being committed against persons from other countries who were systematically abducted or denied repatriation, in order to gain labour and other skills for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

text: On 21 March 2013, at its 22nd session, the

text: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: established the

entity_name: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

text: Commission of Inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

text: Horses can interpret the body language of other creatures, including humans, whom they view as predators.  If socialized to human contact, horses usually respond to humans as a non-threatening predator.  Humans do not always understand this, however, and may behave in a way, particularly if using aggressive discipline, that resembles an attacking predator and triggers the horse's fight-or-flight response.    On the other hand, some humans exhibit fear of a horse, and a horse may interpret this behavior as human submission to the authority of the horse, placing the human in a subordinate role in the horse's mind.  This may lead the horse to behave in a more dominant and aggressive fashion.  Human handlers are more successful if they learn to properly interpret a horse's body language and temper their own responses accordingly.  Some methods of horse training explicitly instruct horse handlers to behave in ways that the horse will interpret as the behavior of a trusted leader in a herd and thus more willingly comply with commands from a human handler.  Other methods encourage operant conditioning to teach the horse to respond in a desired way to human body language, but also teach handlers to recognize the meaning of horse body language.

text: Horses can interpret the body language of other creatures, including humans, whom they view as

text: predator

text: s.  If socialized to human contact, horses usually respond to humans as a non-threatening predator.  Humans do not always understand this, however, and may behave in a way, particularly if using aggressive discipline, that resembles an attacking predator and triggers the horse's

text: fight-or-flight response

text: .    On the other hand, some humans exhibit fear of a horse, and a horse may interpret this behavior as human submission to the authority of the horse, placing the human in a subordinate role in the horse's mind.  This may lead the horse to behave in a more dominant and aggressive fashion.  Human handlers are more successful if they learn to properly interpret a horse's body language and temper their own responses accordingly.  Some methods of horse training explicitly instruct horse handlers to behave in ways that the horse will interpret as the behavior of a trusted leader in a herd and thus more willingly comply with commands from a human handler.  Other methods encourage

text: operant conditioning

text: to teach the horse to respond in a desired way to human body language, but also teach handlers to recognize the meaning of horse body language.

text: In 2008, Place et al. identified targets for miRNA miR-373 on the promoters of several human genes and found that introduction of miR-373 mimics into human cells induced the expression of its predicted target genes. This study provided the first example that RNAa could be mediated by naturally occurring non-coding RNA (ncRNA). In 2011, Huang et al. further demonstrated in mouse cells that endogenous RNAa mediated by miRNAs functions in a physiological context and is possibly exploited by cancer cells to gain a growth advantage.

text: In 2008, Place et al. identified targets for

text: miRNA

text: miR-373 on the promoters of several human genes and found that introduction of miR-373 mimics into human cells induced the expression of its predicted target genes. This study provided the first example that RNAa could be mediated by naturally occurring

text: non-coding RNA

text: ncRNA

text: ). In 2011, Huang et al. further demonstrated in mouse cells that endogenous RNAa mediated by miRNAs functions in a physiological context and is possibly exploited by cancer cells to gain a growth advantage.

text: Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. It is the seventh or eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight, about equal in abundance to potassium, and slightly greater than sodium and chlorine. A  human body contains about 140 grams of sulfur.

text: Sulfur is an essential component of all living

text: cells

text: . It is the seventh or eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight, about equal in abundance to

text: potassium

text: , and slightly greater than sodium and chlorine. A  human body contains about 140 grams of sulfur.

text: The Hispaniolan Giant Tarantula (Phormictopus cancerides) is a tarantula native to the Dominican Republic, where it is called Cacata; Haiti, where it is called Araignée-crab; and Cuba, where it is rare. It occurs from the West Indies to Brazil. During the day they hide under rocks and debris and come out at night to look for prey. Their fangs are quite formidable at more than 2 centimeters long, and when they pierce the body of a victim, venom is injected which paralyzes and breaks down the body tissue of the prey, allowing the tarantula to suck up the liquified insides. Its bite is not harmful to humans but can cause irritation and swelling.

text: The Hispaniolan Giant Tarantula (Phormictopus cancerides) is a

text: tarantula

text: native to the

text: Dominican Republic

text: , where it is called Cacata;

text: Haiti

text: , where it is called Araignée-crab; and

text: Cuba

text: , where it is rare. It occurs from the

text: West Indies

text: to

text: Brazil

text: . During the day they hide under rocks and debris and come out at night to look for prey. Their fangs are quite formidable at more than 2 centimeters long, and when they pierce the body of a victim, venom is injected which paralyzes and breaks down the body tissue of the prey, allowing the tarantula to suck up the liquified insides. Its bite is not harmful to humans but can cause irritation and swelling.

text: Peonidin, like many anthocyanidins, has shown potent inhibitory and apoptotic effects on cancer cells in vitro, notably metastatic human breast cancer cells.A very large question, however, has been raised about anthocyanidins' penetration and retention in human cells in vivo, due to their rapid elimination from the human body.

text: Nowviskie made no comment to those loud suggestions. Instead, she prompted twitter with “what do girls dig?” before going on to ask if the digital humanities “itself been gendered?” Finally, she points that “there’s something in the overall rhetoric around data mining worth taking a look at.” With a gendered data mining system in place, feminist historians have little to no hope of integrating their findings with the internet. Their minimal understanding of digital humanities limits their reach to the public audience even as the academic are reached. Feminist historians need to either work more collaboratively with feminist digital humanists involved in data mining or learn how to navigate the digital humanities without adding to the digital humanities’ feminist problems. However both are unlikely to occur as feminist digital humanists are just now themselves being integrated into the digital humanities.

text: Because B. insularis is only found in an area uninhabited by humans, there has never been an official report of a human being bitten by one, but other lanceheads are responsible for more human mortality than any other group of snakes in either North or South America. Ludwig Trutnau reports four human envenomations, three of which were fatal. The mortality rate for lancehead envenomations is 0.5–3% if the patient receives treatment and 7% if the patient does not receive treatment.  The effects of envenomations by lanceheads include swelling, local pain, nausea and vomiting, blood blisters, bruising, blood in the vomit and urine, intestinal bleeding, kidney failure, hemorrhage in the brain and severe necrosis of muscular tissue. Chemical analysis of the venom of B. insularis suggests that it is five times as potent as that of B. jararaca and is the fastest acting venom in the genus Bothrops. They have hemotoxic venom that eats away at flesh and tissue to digest the prey item before they swallow it. Bothrops insularis also have some neurotoxic venom that kills the prey item.

text: Because B. insularis is only found in an area uninhabited by humans, there has never been an official report of a human being bitten by one, but other lanceheads are responsible for more human mortality than any other group of snakes in either North or South America. Ludwig Trutnau reports four human envenomations, three of which were fatal. The mortality rate for lancehead envenomations is 0.5–3% if the patient receives treatment and 7% if the patient does not receive treatment.  The effects of envenomations by lanceheads include swelling, local pain, nausea and vomiting, blood blisters, bruising, blood in the vomit and urine, intestinal bleeding, kidney failure, hemorrhage in the brain and severe necrosis of muscular tissue. Chemical analysis of the venom of B. insularis suggests that it is five times as potent as that of

text: B. jararaca

text: and is the fastest acting venom in the genus Bothrops. They have

text: hemotoxic venom

text: that eats away at flesh and tissue to digest the prey item before they swallow it. Bothrops insularis also have some neurotoxic venom that kills the prey item.

text: The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.

text: The

text: composition of the human body

text: , by contrast, more closely follows the composition of

text: seawater

text: —save that the human body has additional stores of

text: carbon

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: necessary to form the

text: protein

text: s and

text: nucleic acid

text: s, together with

text: phosphorus

text: in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule

text: adenosine triphosphate

text: (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of

text: organism

text: s require particular additional elements, for example the

text: magnesium

text: in

text: chlorophyll

text: in green plants, the

text: calcium

text: in

text: mollusc shell

text: s, or the

text: iron

text: in the

text: hemoglobin

text: in

text: vertebrate animal

text: s'

text: red blood cell

text: s.

text: - Skeletal Muscle and Bone: sarcopenia and osteoporosis

text: The scandal led to the Human Tissue Act 2004, which overhauled legislation regarding the handling of human tissues in the UK and created the Human Tissue Authority.

text: The scandal led to the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: , which overhauled legislation regarding the handling of human tissues in the UK and created the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: The liver is a reddish-brown wedge-shaped organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body.Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it rests just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and overlies the gallbladder.

text: The liver is a reddish-brown wedge-shaped organ with four

text: lobes

text: of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs . It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest

text: gland

text: in the human body.Located in the

text: right upper quadrant

text: of the

text: abdominal cavity

text: , it rests just below the

text: diaphragm

text: , to the right of the stomach and overlies the

text: gallbladder

text: The main direction of scientific activity of D.O. Melnychuk and his scientific school is to study the molecular mechanisms of regulation of metabolism in animals and humans and the search and development of methods of correction of their violations. Together with Acad. M.F. Gulyiv grounded biological role of carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions in the metabolism of macromolecules and of energy in heterotrophic organisms, determined a number of physical and chemical patterns of carbamate formation of proteins and the estimates of their role in the regulation of enzyme activity, discovered the molecular mechanisms of systems metabolic homeostasis in cells in violation of the acid-base balance of the body, identified specific proteins membrane of enterocytes of the small intestine of newborn animals involved in the formation of maternal immunity, analyzed role of phospholipids in the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis, made a significant contribution to disclosure mechanisms of influence changes in bicarbonate concentration and CO2 in the blood on the intensity of the energy, mineral and nitrogen metabolism, discovered the molecular mechanisms of action hypercapnia and how to transfer the animals to the state of natural and artificial hibernation, also proved prospects of developed technique for veterinary and medical anesthetics, identified the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation disorders in diseases of animals and people such as: osteoporosis and osteomalacia, podagra, diabetes, caries, pre- and postnatal and postoperative complications (metabolic acidosis and ketosis), alcohol and ammonium toxicosis, heavy metal toxicosis, feed (food) acidosis in animals and humans, etc. For these research materials published about 700 scientific works, included over 10 monographs and textbooks.

text: 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE also directly bind with and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.  This activation may contribute to the ability of 15(S)-HETE to inhibit the growth of cultured human a) prostate cancer PC-3, LNCaP, and DU145 cells and non-malignant human prostate cells; b) lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells; c) human colorectal cancer cells; d) corneal epithelial cells; and e) Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells;  The decline in the level of 15(S)-HpETE-forming enzymes and consequential fall in cellular 15-HETE production that occurs in human prostate may be one mechanism by which this and perhaps other human cancers such as those of the colon, rectum, and lung avoid apoptosis and thereby progress and spread.  In this scenario,  15(S)-HETE and one of its formaing enzymes, particularly 15-LOX-2, appear to act as tumor suppressors.

text: 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE also directly bind with and activate

entity_name: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

text: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

text: .  This activation may contribute to the ability of 15(S)-HETE to inhibit the growth of cultured human a) prostate cancer

text: LNCaP

text: , and

text: cells and non-malignant human prostate cells; b) lung adenocarcinoma

text: A549 cell

text: s; c) human colorectal cancer cells; d) corneal epithelial cells; and e)

text: Jurkat

text: T-cell leukemia cells;  The decline in the level of 15(S)-HpETE-forming enzymes and consequential fall in cellular 15-HETE production that occurs in human prostate may be one mechanism by which this and perhaps other human cancers such as those of the colon, rectum, and lung avoid apoptosis and thereby progress and spread.  In this scenario,  15(S)-HETE and one of its formaing enzymes, particularly 15-LOX-2, appear to act as tumor suppressors.

text: Oxygen saturation is a term referring to the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood.   Normal blood oxygen levels in humans are considered 95-100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low resulting in hypoxemia.  Blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels. Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules () enter the tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation.

text: Oxygen saturation is a term referring to the fraction of

text: oxygen

text: -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the

text: blood

text: . The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood.   Normal blood oxygen levels in humans are considered 95-100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low resulting in

text: hypoxemia

text: .  Blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest.

text: Oxygen therapy

text: may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels. Oxygenation occurs when

text: oxygen

text: molecules () enter the

text: tissues

text: of the body. For example,

text: blood

text: is oxygenated in the

text: lung

text: s, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation.

text: This section describes the genesis of the human body from its conception to its growth. The reason for this information to be included is that,  'Nāda' is produced in the human body, hence the body has to be described. The physiological account of the human body is given next according to the Ayurveda system. This is followed by the indication of chakra-s, energy centres, based on the yogic school. By concentrating on some of these cakra-s one could attain great heights in music.

text: This section describes the genesis of the human body from its conception to its growth. The reason for this information to be included is that,  '

text: Nāda

text: ' is produced in the human body, hence the body has to be described. The physiological account of the human body is given next according to the

text: Ayurveda

text: system. This is followed by the indication of chakra-s, energy centres, based on the yogic school. By concentrating on some of these cakra-s one could attain great heights in music.

text: The study of the human body involves anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

text: The study of the human body involves

text: anatomy

text: physiology

text: histology

text: and

text: embryology

text: . The body

text: varies anatomically

text: in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain

text: homeostasis

text: , with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

text: For example, traditional media is an extension of the human body, while the new media is the extension of the human nervous system. The emergence of new media will change the equilibrium between human sensual organs and affect human psychology and society.  The extension of human senses will change our thoughts and behaviors and the ways we perceive the world. That's why McLuhan believed when a new medium appears, no matter what the concrete content it transmits, the new form of communication brings in itself a force that causes social transformation.

text: For example,

text: traditional media

text: is an extension of the human body, while the

text: new media

text: is the extension of the human nervous system. The emergence of new media will change the equilibrium between human sensual organs and affect human psychology and society.  The extension of human senses will change our thoughts and behaviors and the ways we perceive the world. That's why McLuhan believed when a new medium appears, no matter what the concrete content it transmits, the new form of communication brings in itself a force that causes social transformation.

text: In the 20th and 21st centuries, members of Humanist organizations have disagreed as to whether Humanism is a religion. They categorize themselves in one of three ways. Religious Humanism, in the tradition of the earliest Humanist organizations in the UK and US, attempts to fulfill the traditional social role of religion. Secular humanism considers all forms of religion, including religious Humanism, to be superseded. In order to sidestep disagreements between these two factions, recent Humanist proclamations define Humanism as a "life stance"; proponents of this view making up the third faction. All three types of Humanism (and all three of the American Humanist Association's manifestos) reject deference to supernatural beliefs; promoting the practical, methodological naturalism of science, but also going further and supporting the philosophical stance of metaphysical naturalism. The result is an approach to issues in a secular way. Humanism addresses ethics without reference to the supernatural as well, attesting that ethics is a human enterprise (see naturalistic ethics).

text: In the 20th and 21st centuries, members of Humanist organizations have disagreed as to whether Humanism is a religion. They categorize themselves in one of three ways.

text: Religious Humanism

text: , in the tradition of the earliest Humanist organizations in the UK and US, attempts to fulfill the traditional social role of religion. Secular humanism considers all forms of religion, including religious Humanism, to be superseded. In order to sidestep disagreements between these two factions, recent Humanist proclamations define Humanism as a "

text: life stance

text: "; proponents of this view making up the third faction. All three types of Humanism (and all three of the

text: American Humanist Association

text: 's manifestos) reject deference to supernatural beliefs; promoting the practical,

text: methodological naturalism

text: of science, but also going further and supporting the philosophical stance of

text: metaphysical naturalism

text: . The result is an approach to issues in a secular way. Humanism addresses ethics without reference to the supernatural as well, attesting that ethics is a human enterprise (see

text: naturalistic ethics

text: Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells. Each of the approximately 100 trillion (10) cells in an adult human has its own copy or copies of the genome except certain cell types, such as red blood cells, that lack nuclei in their fully differentiated state. Most cells are diploid; they have two copies of each chromosome. Such cells, called somatic cells, make up most of the human body, such as skin and muscle cells. Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions.

text: Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body:

text: germ cell

text: s,

text: somatic cell

text: s, and

text: stem cell

text: s. Each of the approximately 100 trillion (10) cells in an adult human has its own copy or copies of the

text: genome

text: except certain cell types, such as

text: red blood cell

text: s, that lack nuclei in their fully differentiated state. Most cells are

text: diploid

text: ; they have two copies of each

text: chromosome

text: . Such cells, called somatic cells, make up most of the human body, such as skin and muscle cells. Cells differentiate to specialize for different functions.

text: The skin is the largest organ in the human body. Skin is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and the fat layer, also called the hypodermis.  The epidermis is the outer layer of skin that keeps vital fluids in and harmful bacteria out of the body.  The dermis is the inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands. Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to dehydration and infections that can result in death.

text: The skin is the largest

text: organ

text: in the

text: human body

text: . Skin is made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and the fat layer, also called the hypodermis.  The epidermis is the outer layer of skin that keeps vital fluids in and harmful bacteria out of the body.  The dermis is the inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands. Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to

text: dehydration

text: and

text: infection

text: s that can result in death.

text: A humanized mouse is a mouse carrying functioning human genes, cells, tissues, and/or organs.  Humanized mice are commonly used as small animal models in biological and medical research for human therapeutics.  Immunodeficient mice are often used as recipients for human cells or tissues, because they can relatively easily accept heterologous cells due to lack of host immunity.  Traditionally, the nude mouse and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse have been used for this purpose, but recently the NOG mouse and the NSG mouse have been shown to engraft human cells and tissues more efficiently than other models.Two mouse strains, called MITRG and MISTRG, were described in which human versions of four genes encoding cytokines important for innate immune cell development are knocked into their respective mouse loci. Such humanized mouse models may be used to model the human immune system in scenarios of health and pathology, and may enable evaluation of therapeutic candidates in an in vivo setting relevant to human physiology.

text: A humanized mouse is a mouse carrying functioning human genes, cells, tissues, and/or organs.  Humanized mice are commonly used as small animal models in biological and medical research for human therapeutics.  Immunodeficient mice are often used as recipients for human cells or tissues, because they can relatively easily accept heterologous cells due to lack of host immunity.  Traditionally, the

text: nude mouse

text: and

text: severe combined immunodeficiency

text: (SCID) mouse have been used for this purpose, but recently the

text: NOG mouse

text: and the

text: NSG mouse

text: have been shown to engraft human cells and tissues more efficiently than other models.Two mouse strains, called MITRG and MISTRG, were described in which human versions of four genes encoding

text: cytokine

text: s important for

text: innate immune cell

text: development are knocked into their respective mouse loci. Such humanized mouse models may be used to model the human immune system in scenarios of health and pathology, and may enable evaluation of therapeutic candidates in an

text: in vivo

text: setting relevant to human physiology.

text: The area of human–machine choreography is yet to be extensively explored. How body-structure can be extended through machine mechanisms points to how the body can perform beyond its biological form and functions as well as beyond the local space it inhabits. How human movement is transduced into machine motion and then can be both expressed and extended into virtual performance on the web promises new possibilities in both conceptual approach and aesthetic application. For example, incorporating virtual camera views of the performing human–machine system enriches the choreography and intensifies the artistic result.

text: Humans experience their own body weight as a result of this supporting force, which results in a normal force applied to a person by the surface of a supporting object, on which the person is standing or sitting. In the absence of this force, a person would be in free-fall, and would experience weightlessness. It is the transmission of this reaction force through the human body, and the resultant compression and tension of the body's tissues, that results in the sensation of weight.

text: Humans experience their own body weight as a result of this supporting force, which results in a normal force applied to a person by the surface of a supporting object, on which the person is standing or sitting. In the absence of this force, a person would be in free-fall, and would experience weightlessness. It is the transmission of this reaction force through the human body, and the resultant

text: compression

text: and

text: tension

text: of the body's

text: tissues

text: , that results in the sensation of weight.

text: The sociology of the body and embodiment takes a broad perspective on the idea of "the body" and includes "a wide range of embodied dynamics including human and non-human bodies, morphology, human reproduction, anatomy, body fluids, biotechnology, genetics. This often intersects with health and illness, but also theories of bodies as political, social, cultural, economic and ideological productions. The ISA maintains a Research Committee devoted to "The Body in the Social Sciences".

text: The

text: sociology of the body and embodiment

text: takes a broad perspective on the idea of "the body" and includes "a wide range of embodied dynamics including human and non-human bodies, morphology, human reproduction, anatomy, body fluids, biotechnology, genetics. This often intersects with health and illness, but also theories of bodies as political, social, cultural, economic and ideological productions. The

text: ISA

text: maintains a Research Committee devoted to "The Body in the Social Sciences".

text: HAART– hairy cell leukemia– halofuginone hydrobromide– Halsted radical mastectomy– hamartoma– hand-foot syndrome– head and neck cancer– Hedyotis diffusa– HeLa– helical computed tomography– helper T cell– hemagglutinin-neuraminidase– hemangiopericytoma– hemangiosarcoma– hematogenous– hematologic malignancy– hematologist– hematopoiesis– hematopoietic growth factor– hematopoietic tissue– hematoporphyrin derivative– hemilaryngectomy– heparin– hepatectomy– hepatic– hepatic arterial infusion– hepatic artery– hepatic portal vein– hepatic veno-occlusive disease– hepatoblastoma– hepatocellular carcinoma– hepatocyte– hepatoma– hepatomegaly– HER1– HER2/neu– HER2/neu gene– herba scutellaria barbatae– hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome– hereditary mutation– hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer– herpesvirus– heterogenic– hexyl 5-aminolevulinate– high-dose chemotherapy– high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy– high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy– high-energy photon therapy– high-grade lymphoma– high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion– high-risk cancer– highly active antiretroviral therapy– hilar– histamine dihydrochloride– histiocytic lymphoma– histologic examination– histology– histone– histone deacetylase– historic cohort study– historical control subject– HLA– HNPCC– Hodgkin's disease– Hodgkin's lymphoma– holmium Ho 166 DOTMP– homoharringtonine– hormonal therapy– hormone receptor– hormone receptor test– hormone replacement therapy– hormone responsive– hormone therapy– Horner's syndrome– host cell– hot nodule– HPPH– HPV– HRT– HTLV-1– hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein– Huang Lian– human epidermal growth factor receptor 2– human leukocyte antigen– human lymphocyte antigen– human papillomavirus– human T-cell leukemia virus type 1– Hürthle cell neoplasm– hydrazine sulfate– hydromorphone– hydronephrosis– hydroureter– hydroxychloroquine– hydroxyurea– hypercalcemia– hyperfractionation– hyperglycemia– hypericum perforatum– hypernephroma– hyperplasia– hypersensitivity– hyperthermia therapy– hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion– hyperthermic perfusion– hyperthyroidism– hyperuricemia– hypervascular– hypoglycemia– hypopharynx– hypotension– hypothalamus– hypothesis– hypothyroidism– hypoxia– hypoxic– hysterectomy

text: HAART

text: hairy cell leukemia

text: halofuginone hydrobromide

text: Halsted radical mastectomy

text: hamartoma

text: hand-foot syndrome

text: head and neck cancer

text: Hedyotis diffusa

text: HeLa

text: helical computed tomography

text: helper T cell

text: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase

text: hemangiopericytoma

text: hemangiosarcoma

text: hematogenous

entity_name: Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues

text: hematologic malignancy

text: hematologist

text: hematopoiesis

text: hematopoietic growth factor

text: hematopoietic tissue

text: hematoporphyrin derivative

text: hemilaryngectomy

text: heparin

text: hepatectomy

text: hepatic

text: hepatic arterial infusion

text: hepatic artery

text: hepatic portal vein

text: hepatic veno-occlusive disease

text: hepatoblastoma

text: hepatocellular carcinoma

text: hepatocyte

text: hepatoma

text: hepatomegaly

text: HER2/neu gene

text: herba scutellaria barbatae

entity_name: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

text: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

text: hereditary mutation

entity_name: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

text: hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

text: herpesvirus

text: heterogenic

text: hexyl 5-aminolevulinate

text: high-dose chemotherapy

text: high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy

text: high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy

text: high-energy photon therapy

text: high-grade lymphoma

text: high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion

text: high-risk cancer

text: highly active antiretroviral therapy

text: hilar

text: histamine dihydrochloride

text: histiocytic lymphoma

text: histologic examination

text: histology

text: histone

text: histone deacetylase

text: historic cohort study

text: historical control subject

text: HLA

text: HNPCC

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: Hodgkin's lymphoma

text: holmium Ho 166 DOTMP

text: homoharringtonine

text: hormonal therapy

text: hormone receptor

text: hormone receptor test

text: hormone replacement therapy

text: hormone responsive

text: hormone therapy

text: Horner's syndrome

text: host cell

text: hot nodule

text: HPPH

text: HPV

text: HRT

text: hu14.18-interleukin-2 fusion protein

text: Huang Lian

text: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: human lymphocyte antigen

text: human papillomavirus

text: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

text: Hürthle cell neoplasm

text: hydrazine sulfate

text: hydromorphone

text: hydronephrosis

text: hydroureter

text: hydroxychloroquine

text: hydroxyurea

text: hypercalcemia

text: hyperfractionation

text: hyperglycemia

text: hypericum perforatum

text: hypernephroma

text: hyperplasia

text: hypersensitivity

text: hyperthermia therapy

text: hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion

text: hyperthermic perfusion

text: hyperthyroidism

text: hyperuricemia

text: hypervascular

text: hypoglycemia

text: hypopharynx

text: hypotension

text: hypothalamus

text: hypothesis

text: hypothyroidism

text: hypoxia

text: hypoxic

text: hysterectomy

text: Information about the structure and function of the human brain comes from a variety of experimental methods. Most information about the cellular components of the brain and how they work comes from studies of animal subjects, using a variety of techniques. Some techniques, however, are used mainly on humans.

text: Information about the structure and function of the human brain comes from a variety of experimental methods. Most information about the cellular components of the

text: brain

text: and how they work comes from studies of animal subjects, using a variety of techniques. Some techniques, however, are used mainly on humans.

text: The V of a drug represents the degree to which a drug is distributed in body tissue rather than the plasma. V is directly correlated with the amount of drug distributed into tissue; a higher V indicates a greater amount of tissue distribution. A V greater than the total volume of body water (approximately 42 liters in humans) is possible, and would indicate that the drug is highly distributed into tissue.

text: Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E) is the study of how cognitive and psychological processes affect our interaction with tools, machines, and objects in the environment. Many branches of psychology attempt to create models of and understand human behavior. These models are usually based on data collected from experiments. Human Factor psychologists however, take the same data and use it to design or adapt processes and objects that will compliment the human component of the equation. Rather than humans learning how to use and manipulate a piece of technology, human factors strives to design technology to be inline with the human behavior models designed by general psychology. This could be accounting for physical limitations of humans, as in ergonomics, or designing systems, especially computer systems, that work intuitively with humans, as does engineering psychology.

text: Human factors and ergonomics

text: (HF&E) is the study of how cognitive and psychological processes affect our interaction with tools, machines, and objects in the environment. Many branches of psychology attempt to create models of and understand human behavior. These models are usually based on data collected from experiments. Human Factor psychologists however, take the same data and use it to design or adapt processes and objects that will compliment the human component of the equation. Rather than humans learning how to use and manipulate a piece of technology, human factors strives to design technology to be inline with the human behavior models designed by general psychology. This could be accounting for physical limitations of humans, as in ergonomics, or designing systems, especially computer systems, that work intuitively with humans, as does engineering psychology.

text: Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) refers to the tendency of a regenerating axon in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to reinnervate a motor pathway as opposed to a somatosensory pathway. PMR affects how nerves regenerate and reinnervate within the PNS after surgical procedures or traumatic injuries. It is important to understand in order to further develop axonal regrowth surgical techniques. Further research of preferential motor reinnervation will lead to a better understanding of peripheral nervous system function in the human body regarding cell roles and abilities.

text: Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) refers to the tendency of a

text: regenerating

text: axon

text: in the

text: peripheral nervous system

text: (PNS) to

text: reinnervate

text: a motor pathway as opposed to a

text: somatosensory

text: pathway. PMR affects how nerves regenerate and reinnervate within the PNS after surgical procedures or traumatic injuries. It is important to understand in order to further develop axonal regrowth surgical techniques. Further research of preferential motor reinnervation will lead to a better understanding of peripheral nervous system function in the human body regarding cell roles and abilities.

text: Human sensing (also called human detection or human presence detection) encompasses a range of technologies for detecting the presence of a human body in an area of space, typically without the intentional participation of the detected person. Common applications include search and rescue, surveillance, and customer analytics (for example, people counters).

text: Human sensing (also called human detection or human presence detection) encompasses a range of technologies for detecting the presence of a human body in an area of space, typically without the intentional participation of the detected person. Common applications include

text: search and rescue

text: surveillance

text: , and

text: customer analytics

text: (for example,

text: people counter

text: s).

text: In 2003, there was discovery of endogenous morphine occurring naturally in the human body. Thirty years of speculation were made on this subject because there was a receptor that, it appeared, reacted only to morphine: the μ-opioid receptor in human tissue. Human cells that form in reaction to cancerous neuroblastoma cells have been found to contain trace amounts of endogenous morphine.

text: In 2003, there was discovery of endogenous morphine occurring naturally in the human body. Thirty years of speculation were made on this subject because there was a receptor that, it appeared, reacted only to morphine: the

text: μ-opioid receptor

text: in human tissue. Human cells that form in reaction to cancerous

text: neuroblastoma

text: cells have been found to contain trace amounts of endogenous morphine.

text: The amino acid sequence of animal insulins in different mammals may be similar to human insulin (insulin human INN), there is however considerable viability within vertebrate species. Porcine insulin has only a single amino acid variation from the human variety, and bovine insulin varies by three amino acids. Both are active on the human receptor with approximately the same strength. Bovine insulin and porcine insulin may be considered as the first clinically used insulin analogs (naturally occurring, produced by extraction from animal pancreas), at the time when biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA) was not available. There are extensive reviews on structure-relationship of naturally occurring insulins (phylogenic relationship in animals) and structural modifications. Prior to the introduction of biosynthetic human insulin, insulin derived from sharks was widely used in Japan.  Insulin from some species of fish may be also effective in humans.  Non-human insulins have caused allergic reactions in some patients related to the extent of purification, formation of non-neutralising antibodies is rarely observed with recombinant human insulin (insulin human rDNA) but allergy may occur in some patients.  This may be enhanced by the preservatives used in insulin preparations, or occur as a reaction to the preservative.  Biosynthetic insulin (insulin human rDNA) has largely replaced animal insulin.

text: The amino acid sequence of animal insulins in different mammals may be similar to human insulin (insulin human INN), there is however considerable viability within vertebrate species.

text: Porc

text: ine insulin has only a single amino acid variation from the human variety, and

text: bovine

text: insulin varies by three amino acids. Both are active on the human

text: receptor

text: with approximately the same strength. Bovine insulin and porcine insulin may be considered as the first clinically used insulin analogs (naturally occurring, produced by extraction from animal pancreas), at the time when biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA) was not available. There are extensive reviews on structure-relationship of naturally occurring insulins (phylogenic relationship in animals) and structural modifications. Prior to the introduction of biosynthetic human insulin, insulin derived from sharks was widely used in Japan.  Insulin from some species of fish may be also effective in humans.  Non-human insulins have caused

text: allergic

text: reactions in some patients related to the extent of purification, formation of non-neutralising antibodies is rarely observed with recombinant human insulin (insulin human rDNA) but allergy may occur in some patients.  This may be enhanced by the preservatives used in insulin preparations, or occur as a reaction to the preservative.  Biosynthetic insulin (insulin human rDNA) has largely replaced animal insulin.

text: The title The Soft Machine is a name for the human body, and the main theme of the book (as explicitly written in an appendix added to the 1968, British edition) concerns how control mechanisms invade the body.

text: The title The Soft Machine is a name for the

text: human body

text: , and the main theme of the book (as explicitly written in an appendix added to the 1968, British edition) concerns how control mechanisms invade the body.

text: Applicants may demonstrate their knowledge of human anatomy and physiology by completing a course in biological psychology, human anatomy, human biology, human physiology, or neuroscience provided by a regionally accredited academic institution or a BCIA-approved training program or by successfully completing an Anatomy and Physiology exam covering the organization of the human body and its systems.

text: 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE bind to the G protein-coupled receptor, Leukotriene B4 receptor 2, i.e. BLT2; this receptor may mediate at least some of their stimulatory activities.  Thus, BLT2 may be responsible in part or whole for mediating the growth-promoting and anti-apoptosis (i.e. anti-cell death) activities of 15(S)-HETE in cultured human breast cancer cells, human cancer colon cells, human  hepatocellular HepG2 and SMMC7721 cancer cells,  mouse 3T3 cells (a fibroblast cell line), rat PA adventitia fibroblasts, Baby hamster kidney cells, and diverse types of vascular endothelial cells.  These growth-stimulating effects could contribute to the progression of the cited cancer types in animal models or even humans or to the excess fibrosis that occurs, e.g. in the narrowing of pulmonary arteries that contributes to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, or accompanies liver cirrosis.  15(S)-HETE may also act through BLT2 to stimulate an immediate contractile response in rat pulmonary arteries and the angiogenic effect on human umbilical and dermal endothelial cells of the vasulature.

text: 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE bind to the

text: G protein-coupled receptor

text: Leukotriene B4 receptor 2

text: , i.e. BLT2; this receptor may mediate at least some of their stimulatory activities.  Thus, BLT2 may be responsible in part or whole for mediating the growth-promoting and anti-

text: apoptosis

text: (i.e. anti-cell death) activities of 15(S)-HETE in cultured human breast cancer cells, human cancer colon cells, human  hepatocellular HepG2 and SMMC7721 cancer cells,  mouse

text: 3T3 cells

text: (a fibroblast cell line), rat PA adventitia fibroblasts,

text: Baby hamster kidney cell

text: s, and diverse types of vascular endothelial cells.  These growth-stimulating effects could contribute to the progression of the cited cancer types in animal models or even humans or to the excess fibrosis that occurs, e.g. in the narrowing of pulmonary arteries that contributes to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, or accompanies liver cirrosis.  15(S)-HETE may also act through BLT2 to stimulate an immediate contractile response in rat pulmonary arteries and the angiogenic effect on human umbilical and dermal endothelial cells of the vasulature.

text: Body donation in the UK is governed by the Human Tissue Authority (HTA) under the auspices of the Human Tissue Act 2004. The HTA licenses and inspects establishments, such as medical schools, which teach anatomy using donated bodies. Under the Human Tissue Act, written consent must be given prior to death; consent cannot be given by anyone else after death. The minimum age to consent to donate your body in the UK is 17.

text: Body donation in the UK is governed by the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: (HTA) under the auspices of the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: . The HTA licenses and inspects establishments, such as medical schools, which teach anatomy using donated bodies. Under the Human Tissue Act, written consent must be given prior to death; consent cannot be given by anyone else after death. The minimum age to consent to donate your body in the UK is 17.

text: Published work documents the treatment of both rats and humans with 13-MTD throughout a 42-day period. The researchers studied adipose (body fat) tissue turnover and noted that 13-MTD did not harm participants. Furthermore, since 13-MTD is not produced in the human body like other fatty chain acids, its effectiveness does not depend on the body’s environmental state or stress levels. Being a foreign agent, 13-MTD works effectively against a host of cancerous mutations in the body, whereas other fatty acids fail.

text: Amniotic epithelial cells are a form of stem cells extracted from the lining of the inner membrane of the placenta.  Amniotic epithelial cells start to develop around 8 days post fertilization. These cells are known to have some of the same markers as embryonic stem cells, more specifically, Oct-4 and nanog. These transcription factors are the basis of the pluripotency of stem cells. Amniotic epithelial cells have the ability to develop into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They can develop into several organ tissues specific to these germ layers including heart, brain, and liver.  The pluripotentency of the human amniotic epithelial cells makes them useful in treating and fighting diseases and disorders of the nervous system as well as other tissues of the human body.  Artificial heart valves and working tracheas, as well as muscle, fat, bone, heart, neural and liver cells have all been engineered using amniotic stem cells. Tissues obtained from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients suffering from congenital diseases or malformations of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and cerebral tissue.

text: Amniotic epithelial cells are a form of

text: stem cell

text: s extracted from the lining of the inner membrane of the

text: placenta

text: .  Amniotic epithelial cells start to develop around 8 days post fertilization. These cells are known to have some of the same markers as embryonic stem cells, more specifically,

text: and

text: nanog

text: . These

text: transcription factors

text: are the basis of the pluripotency of stem cells. Amniotic epithelial cells have the ability to develop into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They can develop into several organ tissues specific to these germ layers including heart, brain, and liver.  The pluripotentency of the human amniotic epithelial cells makes them useful in treating and fighting diseases and disorders of the

text: nervous system

text: as well as other tissues of the human body.

text: Artificial heart valve

text: s and working

text: trachea

text: s, as well as muscle, fat, bone, heart, neural and liver cells have all been engineered using amniotic stem cells. Tissues obtained from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients suffering from congenital diseases or malformations of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and cerebral tissue.

text: The body, formed in the image of God, and the soul, which has adopted the Spirit of the Father, in harmony, make up the perfect human being, according to Irenaeus (died around 202). The Greek Gnosis and some Christians had looked down on the human body as inferior. Irenaeus defends the body  because it is the creation of God and a negative view would cast shadows both over God and his creation. The story of creation in the book Genesis (later quoted by Pope John Paul in his lectures on the body)  shows, that the first human being, Adam, was indeed an image of God.  Adam had supernatural life, immortality, super-natural sanctity and a closeness to God. Since he was free of the human need to sleep, he could see God without interruption. By giving in to temptation, he lost all these attributes.

text: The body, formed in the image of God, and the soul, which has adopted the Spirit of the Father, in harmony, make up the perfect human being, according to

text: Irenaeus

text: (died around 202). The Greek

text: Gnosis

text: and some Christians had looked down on the human body as inferior. Irenaeus defends the body  because it is the creation of God and a negative view would cast shadows both over God and his creation. The story of creation in the book Genesis (later quoted by Pope John Paul in his lectures on the body)  shows, that the first human being, Adam, was indeed an image of God.  Adam had supernatural life, immortality, super-natural sanctity and a closeness to God. Since he was free of the human need to sleep, he could see God without interruption. By giving in to temptation, he lost all these attributes.

text: Probiotics are defined to be non-pathogenic strains of organism that are incorporated into the diet to modify gut microbial ecology, leading to beneficial structural and functional changes in the gut. Some probiotics may serve as a barrier for the colonization of pathogens to prevent disease and enhance the immune system. In addition, some may carry out metabolic functions such as helping the fermentation of nondigestible fibres, and storing energy in the form of short-chain fatty acids. Of all the types of gut microbiota, Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli are considered the two most essential bacteria beneficial to human health while Staphylococci and Clostridia are considered pathogenic to human health. Organisms that are considered as probiotics remain viable even after culturing, modification, and storage before ingestion. They are not killed during digestion, and ultimately adhere to the epithelium in the gut. As a consequence, the host may gain clinical health benefits, such as the reduction in antibiotic-associated diarrhea and allergies in infants. The microbiome, which is composed of ecosystems within and on the human body, is necessary for infants in the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), an essential prerequisite for a normal immune system.

text: Probiotic

text: s are defined to be non-pathogenic strains of organism that are incorporated into the diet to modify

text: gut

text: microbial ecology, leading to beneficial structural and functional changes in the gut. Some probiotics may serve as a barrier for the colonization of

text: pathogen

text: s to prevent disease and enhance the

text: immune system

text: . In addition, some may carry out

text: metabolic

text: functions such as helping the fermentation of nondigestible fibres, and storing energy in the form of short-chain

text: fatty acid

text: s. Of all the types of gut microbiota,

text: Bifidobacteria

text: and

text: Lactobacilli

text: are considered the two most essential bacteria beneficial to human health while

text: Staphylococci

text: and

text: Clostridia

text: are considered pathogenic to human health. Organisms that are considered as probiotics remain viable even after culturing, modification, and storage before ingestion. They are not killed during digestion, and ultimately adhere to the

text: epithelium

text: in the gut. As a consequence, the host may gain clinical health benefits, such as the reduction in

text: antibiotic

text: -associated

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: allergies

text: in

text: infant

text: s. The

text: microbiome

text: , which is composed of ecosystems within and on the human body, is necessary for infants in the development of the

text: gut-associated lymphoid tissue

text: (GALT), an essential prerequisite for a normal immune system.

text: One of his more recent innovations is a microfabrication method for building tiny, complex, three-dimensional models of living human organs. These "organs-on-chips," which mimic complicated human organ functions, are being designed to replace traditional animal-based methods for testing of drugs and toxins. The first human organ-on-a-chip, the human "lung-on-a-chip", was reported in Science in 2010. Created using microchip manufacturing methods, the lung-on-a-chip is a complex three-dimensional model of a breathing lung that incorporates living human lung cells within microfluidic channels in silicone rubber. In 2012, Ingber and his team demonstrated in a study in Science Translational Medicine the ability to mimic a complex human disease on the lung-on-a-chip — specifically pulmonary edema, known commonly as “fluid on the lungs” — and to identify new therapeutics using this model. As an alternative to animal studies, the lung-on-a-chip could be used to study the safety and efficacy of new drugs, accelerating the introduction of new drugs to market while significantly lowering research costs. Ingber’s group extended this technology to develop a human gut-on-a-chip that undergoes peristalsis and supports growth of a living microbiome, a kidney tubule on a chip that mimics drug toxicities, as well as a bone marrow-on-a-chip that reconstitutes a full hematopoietic niche. In 2012, Ingber’s team was awarded a DARPA contract to string together ten organs-on-chips to build an automated human body-on-chips that will recapitulate whole-body physiology. This instrumented "human body-on-a-chip" could be used in combination with computational modeling to rapidly assess responses to new drug candidates, providing critical information on their safety and efficacy.

text: One of his more recent innovations is a microfabrication method for building tiny, complex, three-dimensional models of living human organs. These "

text: organs-on-chips

text: Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems. It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies.

text: Anatomy

text: considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as

text: organs

text: and organ systems. It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies.

text: Burtin took the position as Art Director of Upjohn’s publication Scope, while still art directing for Fortune Magazine, but did leave Fortune the same year. Scope was a magazine dedicated to conveying medical, scientific and pharmaceutical information. In 1959, Upjohn Company conducted a survey to see how many doctors or medical workers viewed their publication and the results were not as they would have liked. These results led Burtin to suggest one of the most notable projects he would design for Upjohn, creating a model of a human cell. "The Cell" exhibit was the first exhibit Burtin would design that demonstrated a human function as a gigantic three-dimensional visual. As explained in the book Design and Science: the Life and Work of Will Burtin, "The Cell demonstrated the inter relatedness of cellular function, linkage among organelles, and a vision - Burtin’s vision - of a cell’s physical structure.” Being biology had not yet found out all the functions of a human cell, the exhibit was described as a “generalized” human cell. "The Cell" was an instant success, reaching several U.S. cities, including San Francisco, Kalamazoo, New York City, and Chicago. The exhibit also reached England. The exhibit was reviewed in Newsweek and Life Magazine and reached about 40 million people. Due to the huge success with "The Cell", Burtin went on to create many other exhibits representing biology principles for Upjohn Company, including "The Brain" and "The Chromosome", both were very successful.

text: Burtin took the position as Art Director of Upjohn’s publication Scope, while still art directing for

text: Fortune Magazine

text: , but did leave Fortune the same year. Scope was a magazine dedicated to conveying medical, scientific and pharmaceutical information. In 1959,

text: Upjohn Company

text: conducted a survey to see how many doctors or medical workers viewed their publication and the results were not as they would have liked. These results led Burtin to suggest one of the most notable projects he would design for Upjohn, creating a model of a human cell. "The Cell" exhibit was the first exhibit Burtin would design that demonstrated a human function as a gigantic three-dimensional visual. As explained in the book Design and Science: the Life and Work of Will Burtin, "The Cell demonstrated the inter relatedness of cellular function, linkage among organelles, and a vision - Burtin’s vision - of a cell’s physical structure.” Being biology had not yet found out all the functions of a human cell, the exhibit was described as a “generalized” human cell. "The Cell" was an instant success, reaching several U.S. cities, including

text: San Francisco

text: Kalamazoo

text: New York City

text: , and

text: Chicago

text: . The exhibit also reached

text: England

text: . The exhibit was reviewed in

text: Newsweek

text: and

text: Life Magazine

text: and reached about 40 million people. Due to the huge success with "The Cell", Burtin went on to create many other exhibits representing biology principles for

text: Upjohn Company

text: , including "The Brain" and "The Chromosome", both were very successful.

text: Even at the small scale, the relationship between genes and proteins (once thought of as "one gene, one polypeptide") is known to be complicated, with approximately 5 proteins in the human body for each gene. More significantly, the causal chains from genes to functionality are not separate or isolated but are entangled together, most obviously in metabolic pathways (such as the Calvin and citric acid cycles) which link a succession of enzymes (and, thus, gene products) to form a coherent biochemical system. Furthermore, information flow in the chain is not exclusively one-way. While the central dogma of molecular biology describes how information cannot be passed back to inheritable genetic information, the other causal arrows in this chain can be bidirectional, with complex feedbacks ultimately regulating gene expression.

text: Even at the small scale, the relationship between genes and proteins (once thought of as "

text: one gene, one polypeptide

text: ") is known to be complicated, with approximately 5 proteins in the human body for each gene. More significantly, the causal chains from genes to functionality are not separate or isolated but are entangled together, most obviously in

text: metabolic pathway

text: s (such as the

text: Calvin

text: and

text: citric acid

text: cycles) which link a succession of

text: enzyme

text: s (and, thus, gene products) to form a coherent

text: biochemical

text: system. Furthermore, information flow in the chain is not exclusively one-way. While the

text: central dogma of molecular biology

text: describes how information cannot be passed back to inheritable genetic information, the other causal arrows in this chain can be

text: bidirectional

text: , with complex feedbacks ultimately regulating

text: gene expression

text: 2. Human Body Organs and Human Tissue Bill 2008

text: Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

text: Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the

text: human body

text: alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals. The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

text: Brand has provided this “plain English” explanation of her work: “One of the goals of research in neurobiology is to repair or regenerate neurons after damage to the brain or spinal cord. Before we can understand how to repair the nervous system, however, we must first learn how the nervous system is put together. Of all the tissues and organs in the human body the nervous system is the most intricate and complex, consisting of more than one trillion neurons. These neurons make precise connections with each other to form functional networks that can transmit information at amazing speed over considerable distances.

text: Her work focuses on the human body, especially the female torso, although images of males and other parts of the body can appear, generally depicted sensually or sexually. Heads and faces are generally left out. The torsos often emphasize the breasts of the woman and the genitalia of both sexes. She feels that this is the most apt for expressing her emotions and ideology. Often her themes related to the pain of women who rebel against society’s norms. She also likes the colors, textures and forms that they provide. The human forms have an overall traditional form, but with expressionist and symbolic accents meant to be disturbing, such as parts of the body mutilated or missing or the use of iron pins, staple or wire. The emphasis is usually on the reproductive organs and heart as these related to emotions, especially basic ones. She considers eroticism to be “the beginning, the end and the totality of existence.” Many of the sculptures also depict pregnancy and maternity because she feels this kind of love is the strongest and feels the strongest attachments to her mother and grandmothers. When faces do appear, they are not common ones or appear in expected places. In one sculpture, a fully adult human face emerges from a womb. Even without faces, the sculptures express sadness, resignation and suffering, which are expressed through the movement of her figures.

text: Her work focuses on the human body, especially the female torso, although images of males and other parts of the body can appear, generally depicted sensually or sexually. Heads and faces are generally left out. The torsos often emphasize the breasts of the woman and the

text: genitalia of both sexes

text: . She feels that this is the most apt for expressing her emotions and ideology. Often her themes related to the pain of women who rebel against society’s norms. She also likes the colors, textures and forms that they provide. The human forms have an overall traditional form, but with expressionist and symbolic accents meant to be disturbing, such as parts of the body mutilated or missing or the use of iron pins, staple or wire. The emphasis is usually on the reproductive organs and heart as these related to emotions, especially basic ones. She considers eroticism to be “the beginning, the end and the totality of existence.” Many of the sculptures also depict pregnancy and maternity because she feels this kind of love is the strongest and feels the strongest attachments to her mother and grandmothers. When faces do appear, they are not common ones or appear in expected places. In one sculpture, a fully adult human face emerges from a womb. Even without faces, the sculptures express sadness, resignation and suffering, which are expressed through the movement of her figures.

text: A nuclear chain cell is a type of cell that is found in the human body.

text: A nuclear chain cell is a type of

text: cell

text: that is found in the human body.

text: At least 13 human rights reports were issued by 18 different parties: Amnesty International, International Crisis Group, Doctors Without Borders, Physicians for Human Rights, Human Rights First, Independent Irish figures, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Without Frontiers, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights, Bahrain Human Rights Society, Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, Front Line Defenders, Gulf Centre for Human Rights, Index on Censorship, International Media Support and the Writers in Prison Committee (WiPC) of PEN International.

text: At least 13 human rights reports were issued by 18 different parties:

text: Amnesty International

text: International Crisis Group

text: Doctors Without Borders

text: Physicians for Human Rights

text: Human Rights First

text: , Independent Irish figures,

text: Human Rights Watch

text: Human Rights Without Frontiers

text: Bahrain Centre for Human Rights

text: Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights

text: Bahrain Human Rights Society

entity_name: Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry

text: Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry

entity_name: Arabic Network for Human Rights Information

text: Arabic Network for Human Rights Information

text: Front Line Defenders

text: Gulf Centre for Human Rights

text: Index on Censorship

text: International Media Support

text: and the

text: Writers in Prison Committee

text: (WiPC) of

text: PEN International

text: The human body has many defense mechanisms against pathogens, one of which is humoral immunity. This defence mechanism produces antibodies (large glycoproteins) in response to an immune stimulus. Many cells of the immune system are required for this process, including lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and antigen presenting cells. These cells coordinate an immune response upon the detection of foreign proteins (antigens), producing antibodies that bind to these antigens. In normal physiology, lymphocytes that recognise human proteins (autoantigens) either undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or become non-functional. This self-tolerance means that lymphocytes should not incite an immune response against human cellular antigens. Sometimes, however, this process malfunctions and antibodies are produced against human antigens, which may lead to autoimmune disease.

text: The human body has many defense mechanisms against

text: pathogen

text: s, one of which is

text: humoral immunity

text: . This defence mechanism produces

text: antibodies

text: (large

text: glycoproteins

text: ) in response to an immune stimulus. Many cells of the immune system are required for this process, including

text: lymphocyte

text: s (

text: T-cell

text: s and

text: B-cell

text: s) and

text: antigen presenting cell

text: s. These cells coordinate an immune response upon the detection of foreign proteins (

text: antigen

text: s), producing antibodies that bind to these antigens. In normal physiology, lymphocytes that recognise human proteins (

text: autoantigen

text: s) either undergo programmed cell death (

text: apoptosis

text: ) or become non-functional. This

text: self-tolerance

text: means that lymphocytes should not incite an immune response against human cellular antigens. Sometimes, however, this process malfunctions and antibodies are produced against human antigens, which may lead to autoimmune disease.

text: The cells of the inner cell mass (embryoblast), which are known as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), will further differentiate to form four structures: the amnion, the yolk sac, the allantois, and the embryo itself.  Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, that is, they can differentiate into any of the cell types present in the adult human, and into any of the intermediate progenitor cell types that eventually turn into the adult cell lines. hESCs are also immortal, in that they can divide and grow in number indefinitely, without undergoing either differentiation or cellular aging (cellular senescence).

text: The cells of the inner cell mass (embryoblast), which are known as human

text: embryonic stem cell

text: s (hESCs), will further differentiate to form four structures: the amnion, the yolk sac, the allantois, and the embryo itself.  Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, that is, they can differentiate into any of the cell types present in the adult human, and into any of the intermediate progenitor cell types that eventually turn into the adult cell lines. hESCs are also immortal, in that they can divide and grow in number indefinitely, without undergoing either differentiation or cellular aging (cellular senescence).

text: Development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. In humans, approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass. The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. These cells are referred to as pluripotent.

text: Development begins when a

text: sperm

text: fertilizes an

text: egg

text: and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical cells. In humans, approximately four days after fertilization and after several cycles of cell division, these cells begin to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells, called a

text: blastocyst

text: . The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the

text: inner cell mass

text: . The cells of the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues of the human body. Although the cells of the inner cell mass can form virtually every type of cell found in the human body, they cannot form an organism. These cells are referred to as

text: pluripotent

text: The human virome is a part of our bodies and will not always cause harm. Many latent and asymptomatic viruses are present in the human body all the time. Viruses infect all life forms; therefore the bacterial, plant, and animal cells and material in our gut also carry viruses. When viruses cause harm by infecting the cells in the body, a symptomatic disease may develop. Contrary to common belief, harmful viruses may be in the minority compared to benign viruses in the human body. It is much harder to identify viruses than it is to identify bacteria, therefore our understanding of benign viruses in the human body is very rudimentary.

text: The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and viability of human body.

text: The human body is the entire structure of a

text: human being

text: . It is composed of many different types of

text: cell

text: s that together create

text: tissue

text: s and subsequently

text: organ systems

text: . They ensure

text: homeostasis

text: and

text: viability

text: of human body.

text: The sizes with which humans tend to be most familiar are body dimensions (measures of anthropometry), which include measures such as human height, and human body weight. These measures can, in the aggregate, allow the generation of commercially useful distributions of products that accommodate expected body sizes, as with the creation of clothing sizes and shoe sizes, and with the standardization of door frame dimensions, ceiling heights, and bed sizes. The human experience of size can lead to a psychological tendency towards size bias, wherein the relative importance or perceived complexity of organisms and other objects is judged based on their size relative to humans, and particularly whether this size makes them easy to observe without aid.

text: The sizes with which humans tend to be most familiar are body dimensions (measures of

text: anthropometry

text: ), which include measures such as

text: human height

text: , and human

text: body weight

text: . These measures can, in the aggregate, allow the generation of commercially useful distributions of products that accommodate expected body sizes, as with the creation of

text: clothing sizes

text: and

text: shoe size

text: s, and with the standardization of

text: door frame

text: dimensions,

text: ceiling

text: heights, and

text: bed size

text: s. The human experience of size can lead to a psychological tendency towards size bias, wherein the relative importance or perceived complexity of organisms and other objects is judged based on their size relative to humans, and particularly whether this size makes them easy to observe without aid.

text: Ronald Frederick Geesin (born 17 December 1943, in Stevenston, Ayrshire, Scotland) is a Scottish musician and composer, noted for his quirky creations and novel applications of sound.  Geesin is well known to Pink Floyd fans as the "Pict" referenced in the title of the experimental track "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict". After the band found themselves hopelessly deadlocked over how to complete the title track from Atom Heart Mother in 1970, he worked with Pink Floyd as an orchestrator and organizer, and he also wrote the brass introduction. Geesin also collaborated with the band's Roger Waters (the two men shared a love of golf) on the unconventional film soundtrack Music from "The Body" (1970), sampling sounds made by the human body. Ron Geesin played piano with The Downtown Syncopators, a Dixieland band emulating the 'Original Dixieland Band' during the 1960s. The band was based in or near Crawley, Sussex, UK.

text: Ronald Frederick Geesin (born 17 December 1943, in

text: Stevenston

text: Ayrshire

text: Scotland

text: ) is a Scottish musician and

text: composer

text: , noted for his quirky creations and novel applications of sound.  Geesin is well known to

text: Pink Floyd

text: fans as the "

text: Pict

text: " referenced in the title of the experimental track "

entity_name: Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict

text: Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict

text: ". After the band found themselves hopelessly deadlocked over how to complete

text: the title track

text: from

text: Atom Heart Mother

text: in 1970, he worked with Pink Floyd as an orchestrator and organizer, and he also wrote the brass introduction. Geesin also collaborated with the band's

text: Roger Waters

text: (the two men shared a love of

text: golf

text: ) on the unconventional film soundtrack

text: Music from "The Body"

text: (1970), sampling sounds made by the human body. Ron Geesin played piano with The Downtown Syncopators, a

text: Dixieland

text: band emulating the 'Original Dixieland Band' during the 1960s. The band was based in or near Crawley, Sussex, UK.

text: Glutathione is only to a small extent bioavailable to humans; the human body is capable of maintaining a consistent level of GSH. Oral introduction of GSH into the body is, in fact, scarcely effective to increase its plasma and/or intracellular concentration. At the base of its poor bioavailability is the nature of glutathione which, being a tripeptide, is the substrate of proteases (peptidases) of the alimentary canal, and the absence of a specific carrier of glutathione at the level of cell membrane.

text: Glutathione is only to a small extent bioavailable to humans; the human body is capable of maintaining a consistent level of GSH. Oral introduction of GSH into the body is, in fact, scarcely effective to increase its plasma and/or intracellular concentration. At the base of its poor

text: bioavailability

text: is the nature of glutathione which, being a tripeptide, is the substrate of

text: proteases

text: (peptidases) of the alimentary canal, and the absence of a specific carrier of glutathione at the level of cell membrane.

text: Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells.  Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 90 million rod cells in the human retina.  Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, because they have only one type of light-sensitive pigment, rather than the three types that human cone cells have, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in darkness.

text: Rod cells, or rods, are

text: photoreceptor cell

text: s in the

text: retina

text: of the

text: eye

text: that can function in less intense

text: light

text: than the other type of visual photoreceptor,

text: cone cell

text: s.  Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in

text: peripheral vision

text: . On average, there are approximately 90 million rod cells in the human retina.  Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, because they have only one type of light-sensitive pigment, rather than the three types that human cone cells have, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in darkness.

text: A recent study, done in November 2010 and published March 2011, was done by a team of scientists from the University of Rochester and University of Colorado School of Medicine. They did an experiment to attempt to repair trauma to the Central Nervous System of an adult rat by replacing the glial cells. When the glial cells were injected into the injury of the adult rat’s spinal cord, astrocytes were generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein (Bone morphogenetic protein is important because it is considered to create tissue architecture throughout the body). So, with the bone protein and human glial cells combined, they promoted significant recovery of conscious foot placement, axonal growth, and obvious increases in neuronal survival in the spinal cord laminae. On the other hand, human glial precursor cells and astrocytes generated from these cells by being in contact with ciliary neurotrophic factors, failed to promote neuronal survival and support of axonal growth at the spot of the injury.

text: A recent study, done in November 2010 and published March 2011, was done by a team of scientists from the

text: University of Rochester

text: and

entity_name: University of Colorado School of Medicine

text: University of Colorado School of Medicine

text: . They did an experiment to attempt to repair

text: trauma

text: to the

text: Central Nervous System

text: of an adult rat by replacing the glial cells. When the glial cells were injected into the injury of the adult rat’s spinal cord, astrocytes were generated by exposing human glial precursor cells to bone morphogenetic protein (Bone morphogenetic protein is important because it is considered to create

text: tissue

text: architecture throughout the body). So, with the bone protein and human glial cells combined, they promoted significant recovery of conscious foot placement,

text: axonal

text: growth, and obvious increases in neuronal survival in the spinal cord

text: laminae

text: . On the other hand, human glial

text: precursor cells

text: and astrocytes generated from these cells by being in contact with

text: ciliary

text: neurotrophic factors, failed to promote neuronal survival and support of axonal growth at the spot of the injury.

text: During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or  supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

text: During the

text: French Revolution

text: , and soon after, in Germany (by the

text: Left Hegelians

text: ), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the

text: transcendent

text: or

text: supernatural

text: . The designation

text: Religious Humanism

text: refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to

text: Protestantism

text: , although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century

text: Enlightenment

text: , have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with

text: classical learning

text: and the

text: liberal arts

text: Lipoplatin evades immune surveillance thus escaping clearance from macrophages, circulates for long periods in body fluids after intravenous administration with a half-life of ~120 h, and extravasates through the compromised endothelium of the vasculature in tumors created during the process of neoangiogenesis Extravasation Figure. Thus, Lipoplatin nanoparticles are concentrated to the primary tumor and metastases. Human studies have shown 40- to 200-fold higher platinum concentration compared to the adjacent normal tissue in specimens from human biopsies 20h post-infusion of the drug. Lipoplatin nanoparticles once inside the tumor cell mass can fuse with the cell membrane because of the presence of the fusogenic lipid DPPG in their lipid bilayer; an alternative mechanism proposed is that Lipoplatin is taken by endocytosis by tumor cells as shown from Lipoplatin containing fluorescent lipids and imaging of the tumor cells in culture thus treated with fluorescent microscopy. These processes occurring at the cell membrane level are promoted by the lipid shell of the nanoparticles (disguised as nutrients). The technology allows Lipoplatin to empty its toxic payload (cisplatin) inside the cytoplasm to kill the tumor cell. The cell membrane is considered a significant barrier to transportation of the toxic molecules of cisplatin across and inside the tumor cell.

text: Lipoplatin evades

text: immune surveillance

text: thus escaping clearance from

text: macrophage

text: s, circulates for long periods in

text: body fluid

text: s after intravenous administration with a

text: half-life

text: of ~120 h, and

text: extravasate

text: s through the compromised

text: endothelium

text: of the

text: vasculature

text: in

text: tumor

text: s created during the process of neoangiogenesis Extravasation Figure. Thus, Lipoplatin nanoparticles are concentrated to the

text: primary tumor

text: and

text: metastases

text: . Human studies have shown 40- to 200-fold higher

text: platinum

text: concentration compared to the adjacent normal tissue in specimens from human

text: biopsies

text: 20h post-infusion of the drug. Lipoplatin nanoparticles once inside the tumor cell mass can fuse with the cell membrane because of the presence of the fusogenic lipid DPPG in their lipid bilayer; an alternative mechanism proposed is that Lipoplatin is taken by endocytosis by tumor cells as shown from Lipoplatin containing fluorescent lipids and imaging of the tumor cells in culture thus treated with fluorescent microscopy. These processes occurring at the cell membrane level are promoted by the lipid shell of the nanoparticles (disguised as nutrients). The technology allows Lipoplatin to empty its toxic payload (cisplatin) inside the cytoplasm to kill the tumor cell. The cell membrane is considered a significant barrier to transportation of the toxic molecules of cisplatin across and inside the tumor cell.

text: In the year 20XX, the metropolis known as Zeus Heaven Magic City has made a miraculous recovery from the fires of a nuclear World War III. In order for you to survive in this city of power and technology, it is necessary to ingest protein in whatever food that can be found. The secret organization Bath is a force that grows and expands every day, causing strife and of violent crime throughout the city. Zeus is in danger of ruin as the forces of Bath were constantly instilling their will upon the city by force. Zeus' leaders, however, have launched a secret project that gives them optimism on the prospect of defending the city against Bath. The project looks to enhance and to create a soldier wearing the special body armor, the strongest of the strongest body armor. From this project the conception of the idea to modify the human body was conceived, and three humans: Bonjour, Mademoiselle, and Très Bie have been transformed into fighting machines.

text: In the year 20XX, the metropolis known as Zeus Heaven Magic City has made a miraculous recovery from the fires of a nuclear

text: World War III

text: . In order for you to survive in this city of power and technology, it is necessary to ingest

text: protein

text: in whatever food that can be found. The secret organization Bath is a force that grows and expands every day, causing strife and of violent crime throughout the city. Zeus is in danger of ruin as the forces of Bath were constantly instilling their will upon the city by force. Zeus' leaders, however, have launched a secret project that gives them optimism on the prospect of defending the city against Bath. The project looks to enhance and to create a soldier wearing the special body armor, the strongest of the strongest body armor. From this project the conception of the idea to modify the human body was conceived, and three humans: Bonjour, Mademoiselle, and Très Bie have been transformed into fighting machines.

text: He also founded the HCI-Aero (Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace) conference series in cooperation with ACM-SIGCHI, the International Ergonomics Association and the Air and Space Academy (Program Chair, 1998-2014). HCI-Aero conferences followed the Human-Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace conference series, also created by Boy (1986–1995). HCI-Aero conferences have become a major reference in the field of HCI in Aerospace (full papers are indexed in the ACM Digital Library). He also created the Technical Committee on Human-Factors and Ergonomics of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), which he leads since 2008.He scientifically led two main projects regarding safety and human-computer interaction in aeronautics: DIVA, a European project that tried to understand aircrew’s awareness of both aircraft internal states and external situations using cognitive function analysis (1998-2001); and PAUSA, a French national project on authority distribution in air traffic management that contributed to the emergence of the Orchestra model for socio-cognitive analysis of multi-agent life-critical systems (2006-2008). This model and the development of HCDi led to the publication of the book, Orchestrating Human-Centered Design where he promotes education and training of leaders who understand technology, organizations and people (the TOP model). This book presents a humanist approach to design, engineering and more globally education. With Jen Narkevicius, he proposed a unification of HCD and systems engineering for a better definition of human-systems integration. He extended this HCD research effort on safety-critical systems to nuclear power plant control and management with two of his Ph.D. students. His research work is globally summarized in the discussion on cognitive engineering he had with Jean Pinet, a former Experimental Test Pilot of Concorde, and his dedication to automation, aerospace and education. Influenced by the work of Hiroshi Iishii, he proposed the shift from automation to tangible interactive objects. He has participated in NASA Blue Sky Study Groups for the “Small Pressurized Rover,”  (later called the "Lunar Electric Rover"). In 2012, he was the director of the International Space University Space Studies Program FIT/NASA-KSC local organizing committee and the chair of the team project of “what space can contribute to global STEM education.”  The same year, he gave a TEDx talk on “Human-Centered Design: the STEAM Renaissance”. He continues to work on risk taking and wrote an interdisciplinary book on the topic published by the Air and Space Academy.

text: He also founded the HCI-Aero (Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace) conference series in cooperation with ACM-SIGCHI, the International Ergonomics Association and the Air and Space Academy (Program Chair, 1998-2014). HCI-Aero conferences followed the Human-Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace conference series, also created by Boy (1986–1995). HCI-Aero conferences have become a major reference in the field of HCI in Aerospace (full papers are indexed in the ACM Digital Library). He also created the Technical Committee on Human-Factors and Ergonomics of the

text: International Ergonomics Association

text: (IEA), which he leads since 2008.He scientifically led two main projects regarding safety and human-computer interaction in aeronautics: DIVA, a European project that tried to understand aircrew’s awareness of both aircraft internal states and external situations using cognitive function analysis (1998-2001); and PAUSA, a French national project on authority distribution in air traffic management that contributed to the emergence of the Orchestra model for socio-cognitive analysis of multi-agent life-critical systems (2006-2008). This model and the development of HCDi led to the publication of the book, Orchestrating Human-Centered Design where he promotes education and training of leaders who understand technology, organizations and people (the TOP model). This book presents a humanist approach to design, engineering and more globally education. With Jen Narkevicius, he proposed a unification of HCD and systems engineering for a better definition of human-systems integration. He extended this HCD research effort on safety-critical systems to nuclear power plant control and management with two of his Ph.D. students. His research work is globally summarized in the discussion on cognitive engineering he had with

text: Jean Pinet

text: , a former Experimental Test Pilot of Concorde, and his dedication to automation, aerospace and education. Influenced by the work of Hiroshi Iishii, he proposed the shift from automation to tangible interactive objects. He has participated in NASA Blue Sky Study Groups for the “Small Pressurized Rover,”  (later called the "Lunar Electric Rover"). In 2012, he was the director of the International Space University Space Studies Program FIT/NASA-KSC local organizing committee and the chair of the team project of “what space can contribute to global STEM education.”  The same year, he gave a TEDx talk on “Human-Centered Design: the STEAM Renaissance”. He continues to work on risk taking and wrote an interdisciplinary book on the topic published by the Air and Space Academy.

text: Some commensal organisms, or organisms that occur in the body naturally and benefit from living in the host without causing it harm or conferring any significant benefit, also have the potential to become pathogens. This specific type of commensal/pathogen hybrid is called an opportunistic pathogen. Not all commensals are opportunistic pathogens. However, opportunistic pathogens are commensals by nature. They are not harmful for the body when the body's immune system is functioning normally, but if the host immune system becomes compromised, or loses its ability to function at its full or near-full potential, opportunistic pathogens switch from being a commensal organism to a pathogen. This is where the name opportunistic pathogen comes from: they are only pathogens when the opportunity to infect the host is there. An example of an opportunistic pathogen is Candida albicans. Candida albicans is a type of fungus/yeast found in the intestines and mucous membranes (like the vagina and throat) of healthy humans. It is also found on the skin of healthy humans. In healthy humans- meaning humans with functioning immune systems- Candida will not cause infections. It will simply co-exist with the host. However, if a person is in chemo therapy or has HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system (thus compromising it), Candida albicans will cause infections. It can cause infections as innocuous as yeast infections or thrush and it can cause infections as serious as systemic candidiasis which is fatal in about 50% of cases. Though the mechanisms Candida albicans uses to switch from being a commensal to a pathogen are largely unknown, the reasons for its strength as a pathogen are broadly known. Candida has plenty of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity which means it generates change quickly. As a result of constant diversification, candida has many opportunities to make advantageous mutations. Additionally, Candida can change morphology. It can convert from the yeast for to the filamentous form and vice versa, depending on which stage of infection it is in. In the beginning stages of infection, Candida is more likely to be in the filamentous form because this allows it to adhere to and infect cells more efficiently. Other adaptations of the commensal pathogen include the ability to grow at host temperature, create biofilms, resist  reactive oxygen species (ROS) created as part of the human immune response to fight off infection, adapt to different pHs  (relevant for being carried in the blood in different parts of the body) and adapt to low nutrient or low glucose environments like the liver  Because Candida albicans is very good at adapting to the fluctuating environments of the humans body (i.e.  its changing temperature, pH, oxygen reactivity and more) candida albicans is a good pathogen.

text: Some

text: commensal

text: organisms, or organisms that occur in the body naturally and benefit from living in the host without causing it harm or conferring any significant benefit, also have the potential to become pathogens. This specific type of commensal/pathogen hybrid is called an

text: opportunistic pathogen

text: . Not all commensals are opportunistic pathogens. However, opportunistic pathogens are commensals by nature. They are not harmful for the body when the body's immune system is functioning normally, but if the host immune system becomes compromised, or loses its ability to function at its full or near-full potential, opportunistic pathogens switch from being a commensal organism to a pathogen. This is where the name opportunistic pathogen comes from: they are only pathogens when the opportunity to infect the host is there. An example of an opportunistic pathogen is

text: Candida albicans

text: . Candida albicans is a type of fungus/yeast found in the intestines and mucous membranes (like the vagina and throat) of healthy humans. It is also found on the skin of healthy humans. In healthy humans- meaning humans with functioning immune systems- Candida will not cause infections. It will simply co-exist with the host. However, if a person is in chemo therapy or has HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system (thus compromising it), Candida albicans will cause infections. It can cause infections as innocuous as yeast infections or thrush and it can cause infections as serious as systemic candidiasis which is fatal in about 50% of cases. Though the mechanisms Candida albicans uses to switch from being a commensal to a pathogen are largely unknown, the reasons for its strength as a pathogen are broadly known. Candida has plenty of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity which means it generates change quickly. As a result of constant diversification, candida has many opportunities to make advantageous mutations. Additionally, Candida can change morphology. It can convert from the yeast for to the filamentous form and vice versa, depending on which stage of infection it is in. In the beginning stages of infection, Candida is more likely to be in the filamentous form because this allows it to adhere to and infect cells more efficiently. Other adaptations of the commensal pathogen include the ability to grow at host temperature, create

text: biofilms

text: , resist

text: reactive oxygen species

text: (ROS) created as part of the human immune response to fight off infection, adapt to different pHs  (relevant for being carried in the blood in different parts of the body) and adapt to low nutrient or low glucose environments like the liver  Because Candida albicans is very good at adapting to the fluctuating environments of the humans body (i.e.  its changing temperature, pH, oxygen reactivity and more) candida albicans is a good pathogen.

text: Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through its influence on the anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans was controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. Many genes essential for VNO function in animals (such as TRPC2) are non-functional in humans. Chemical communication does appear to occur among humans, but this does not necessarily imply that the human vomeronasal organ is functional.

text: Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of

text: reproduction

text: and

text: social behavior

text: (through its influence on the anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans was controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. Many genes essential for VNO function in animals (such as

text: ) are non-functional in humans. Chemical communication does appear to occur among humans, but this does not necessarily imply that the human vomeronasal organ is functional.

text: Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology. The human body consists of the legs, the torso, the arms, the neck, and the head. An adult human body consists of about 100 trillion (10) cells. The most commonly defined body systems in humans are the nervous, the cardiovascular, the circulatory, the digestive, the endocrine, the immune, the integumentary, the lymphatic, the muscoskeletal, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system.

text: Most aspects of human physiology are closely

text: homologous

text: to corresponding aspects of

text: animal

text: physiology. The human body consists of the

text: legs

text: , the

text: torso

text: , the

text: arm

text: s, the

text: neck

text: , and the

text: head

text: . An

text: adult

text: human body

text: consists of about 100 trillion (10)

text: cell

text: s. The most commonly defined

text: body systems

text: in humans are the

text: nervous

text: , the

text: cardiovascular

text: , the

text: circulatory

text: , the

text: digestive

text: , the

text: endocrine

text: , the

text: immune

text: , the

text: integumentary

text: , the

text: lymphatic

text: , the

text: muscoskeletal

text: , the

text: reproductive

text: , the

text: respiratory

text: , and the

text: urinary system

text: Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. Given the size of the field, it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.

text: Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of the normal

text: function

text: in

text: living systems

text: . A

text: sub-discipline

text: of

text: biology

text: , its focus is in how organisms, organ systems,

text: organs

text: cells

text: , and

text: biomolecule

text: s carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. Given the size of the field, it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of

text: humans

text: plant physiology

text: cellular physiology

text: , microbial physiology (

text: microbial metabolism

text: bacteria

text: l physiology, and

text: viral

text: physiology. The

text: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: . In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than

text: pathologically

text: , which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.

text: The Human Tissue Act 2004 (c 30) consolidated previous legislation in the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland, where the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 was enacted) and created the Human Tissue Authority to "regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue". Under the act, for organs (hearts, lungs, livers, pancreas and kidneys and corneas) to be available for transplant, a person must consent to their use on an 'opt-in' basis. That is, it is presumed that a person does not want to donate their organs, unless they indicate otherwise by: carrying an organ donation card; joining the NHS organ donation register; writing it down; or telling their relatives.

text: The

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: (c 30) consolidated previous legislation in the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland, where the

text: Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006

text: was enacted) and created the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: to "regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue". Under the act, for organs (hearts, lungs, livers, pancreas and kidneys and corneas) to be available for transplant, a person must consent to their use on an 'opt-in' basis. That is, it is presumed that a person does not want to donate their organs, unless they indicate otherwise by: carrying an organ donation card; joining the NHS organ donation register; writing it down; or telling their relatives.

text: Extremis is referred to as a "virus" throughout the story. The verbatim description offered by its inventor Maya Hansen, goes: "...Extremis is a super-soldier solution. It's a bio-electronics package, fitted into a few billion graphite nanotubes and suspended in a carrier fluid. A magic bullet, like the original super-soldier serum—all fitted into a single injection. It hacks the body's repair center—the part of the brain that keeps a complete blue print of the human body. When we're injured, we refer to that area of the brain to heal properly. Extremis rewrites the repair center. In the first stage, the body essentially becomes an open wound. The normal human blueprint is being replaced with the Extremis blueprint. The brain is being told the body is wrong. Extremis protocol dictates that the subject be placed on life support and intravenously fed nutrients at this point. For the next two or three days, the patient remains unconscious within a cocoon of scabs. (...) Extremis uses the nutrients and body mass to grow new organs. Better ones..."

text: Extremis is referred to as a "virus" throughout the story. The verbatim description offered by its inventor Maya Hansen, goes: "...Extremis is a super-soldier solution. It's a bio-electronics package, fitted into a few billion graphite

text: nanotubes

text: and suspended in a carrier fluid. A magic bullet, like the original super-soldier serum—all fitted into a single injection. It hacks the body's repair center—the part of the brain that keeps a complete blue print of the human body. When we're injured, we refer to that area of the brain to heal properly. Extremis rewrites the repair center. In the first stage, the body essentially becomes an open wound. The normal human blueprint is being replaced with the Extremis blueprint. The brain is being told the body is wrong. Extremis protocol dictates that the subject be placed on life support and intravenously fed nutrients at this point. For the next two or three days, the patient remains unconscious within a cocoon of scabs. (...) Extremis uses the nutrients and body mass to grow new organs. Better ones..."

text: Regarding the human body, Gregory opines that it is created for procreation. In that, humans are like animals; however, the human body also has the capacity for reasoning and perception. The body has three forms of life: the vegetative, sensual and intellectual. The human body derives its dignity from the fact that the Son of God had adopted it. But Gregory also considers the human body a heavy weight on the soul. The destination of man is to achieve similarity to God, through purification. Sin, passion and ambition must be renounced. The sacraments of the Church are a great help. Like Calvin 1300 years later, Gregory argues that God’s grace, not man’s efforts, determines an individual's ability to see God. God draws man upwards towards him. He climbs step by step, without knowing where he is going. The soul is driven by its love for him, whom it has not found. The love of God, so Gregory, increases in the soul, the more it knows him.

text: Regarding the human body, Gregory opines that it is created for procreation. In that, humans are like animals; however, the human body also has the capacity for reasoning and perception. The body has three forms of life: the vegetative, sensual and intellectual. The human body derives its dignity from the fact that the Son of God had adopted it. But Gregory also considers the human body a heavy weight on the soul. The destination of man is to achieve similarity to God, through purification. Sin, passion and ambition must be renounced. The

text: sacrament

text: s of the Church are a great help. Like Calvin 1300 years later, Gregory argues that God’s

text: grace

text: , not man’s efforts, determines an individual's ability to see God. God draws man upwards towards him. He climbs step by step, without knowing where he is going. The soul is driven by its love for him, whom it has not found. The love of God, so Gregory, increases in the soul, the more it knows him.

text: The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 (asp 4) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament to consolidate and overhaul previous legislation regarding the handling of human tissue.

text: The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 (asp 4) is an

text: Act

text: of the

text: Scottish Parliament

text: to consolidate and overhaul previous legislation regarding the handling of

text: human tissue

text: HB29 Relating to Dead Human Bodies. Would prohibit the commercial display of dead human bodies without a permit from the Department of Health.

text: LNCaP cells are a cell line of human cells commonly used in the field of oncology.  LNCaP cells are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells derived from the left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a 50-year-old caucasian male in 1977.  They are adherent epithelial cells growing in aggregates and as single cells.

text: LNCaP cells are a

text: cell line

text: of human cells commonly used in the field of

text: oncology

text: .  LNCaP cells are

text: androgen

text: -sensitive human

text: prostate

text: adenocarcinoma

text: cells derived from the left supraclavicular lymph node

text: metastasis

text: from a 50-year-old caucasian male in 1977.  They are adherent epithelial cells growing in aggregates and as single cells.

text: In 2011, Scott Carney coined the term "Red Market" to describe a broad category of economic transactions related to the human body.  He argues that advances in science have served to increase the demand for human body parts.  He writes that this increased demand has enabled a vast "Red Market," encompassing a wide variety of transactions, from organ sale to organ thievery, 'bone thievery,' 'blood farming,' and even rented space in women's wombs.

text: In 2011,

text: Scott Carney

text: coined the term "Red Market" to describe a broad category of economic transactions related to the human body.  He argues that advances in science have served to increase the demand for human body parts.  He writes that this increased demand has enabled a vast "Red Market," encompassing a wide variety of transactions, from organ sale to organ thievery, 'bone thievery,' 'blood farming,' and even rented space in women's wombs.

text: Bishop Beryl Nalova  has now created The Global Women Lobby , which brings together NGOs and Individuals all over the world to work solely for the fight against exploitation and human trafficking. The Lobby will work with Ministers of Governments in various countries, International organizations, to lobby that Human Trafficking be taking seriously in all levels of education, and teach people how to recognize a Potential Human Trafficking Chain.   Details of how this will work are on the website https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064937/http://berylasoboministries.org/global-women-lobby/

text: How Sex Works uses evolutionary biology to explore human sexuality, and how sexuality can influence society in terms of human relations and belief systems. The author examines the physiological purpose behind how sensory data is interpreted by the human body and its effect on human sexuality. Moalem arguest that menstruation, fertility, penis size, orgasm, ejaculation and contraception all have traces back to the “survival of the fittest” and human's desire to find a healthy partner for reproduction. The book covers other evolutionary factors influencing sexual attraction include pheremones, genetic makeup, immune system compatibility and ovulation.

text: How Sex Works uses

text: evolutionary biology

text: to explore human sexuality, and how sexuality can influence society in terms of human relations and belief systems. The author examines the physiological purpose behind how sensory data is interpreted by the human body and its effect on human sexuality. Moalem arguest that menstruation, fertility, penis size, orgasm, ejaculation and contraception all have traces back to the “

text: survival of the fittest

text: ” and human's desire to find a healthy partner for reproduction. The book covers other evolutionary factors influencing sexual attraction include pheremones, genetic makeup, immune system compatibility and ovulation.

text: The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a mechanism of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (HRC) that emerged from the 2005 UN reform process. Commonly referred to as the UN-UPR, it was established by General Assembly resolution 60/251 of 3 April 2006, the UN-UPR periodically examines the human rights performance of all 193 UN Member States. It is intended to complement, not duplicate, the work of other human rights mechanisms, including the UN human rights treaty bodies. This is the first international human rights mechanism to address all countries and all human rights. The Working Group on the UPR, which is composed of the HRC’s 47 Member States and chaired by the HRC President, conducts country reviews.

text: The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a mechanism of the

text: United Nations

text: (UN)

text: Human Rights Council

text: (HRC) that emerged from the 2005 UN reform process. Commonly referred to as the UN-UPR, it was established by

text: General Assembly

text: resolution 60/251 of 3 April 2006, the UN-UPR periodically examines the

text: human rights

text: performance of all 193 UN Member States. It is intended to complement, not duplicate, the work of other human rights mechanisms, including the UN

text: human rights treaty bodies

text: . This is the first international human rights mechanism to address all countries and all human rights. The Working Group on the UPR, which is composed of the HRC’s 47 Member States and chaired by the HRC President, conducts country reviews.

text: Visitors can take a look inside the human body and see how it all works together.

text: The conductivity estimation using EIT is a nonlinear ill-posed problem. In medical imaging we are often interested in the estimation of organ boundaries rather than the conductivity distribution inside the human body. The poor spatial resolution of EIT makes it difficult to estimate the organ boundaries, thus undermining its anatomical significance. If the conductivity values inside a specific region of the human body, such as that of thorax region, are assumed to be known a priori then the inverse problem in EIT becomes the estimation of shape, size and location of the internal organs. It consequently leads to a much lesser ill-posed problem and significantly reduces the dimension of the solution space,.

text: The conductivity estimation using EIT is a

text: nonlinear

text: ill-posed problem

text: . In medical imaging we are often interested in the estimation of

text: organ

text: boundaries rather than the conductivity distribution inside the human body. The poor

text: spatial resolution

text: of EIT makes it difficult to estimate the organ boundaries, thus undermining its anatomical significance. If the conductivity values inside a specific region of the human body, such as that of

text: thorax

text: region, are assumed to be known a priori then the inverse problem in EIT becomes the estimation of shape, size and location of the internal organs. It consequently leads to a much lesser ill-posed problem and significantly reduces the dimension of the

text: solution space

text: In addition to surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, many neuroblastoma patients at MSKCC were treated with a murine (mouse-derived) monoclonal antibody called 3F8. Given intravenously, 3F8 binds specifically to neuroblastoma cells and triggers an immune response, which destroys the cancerous cells. Because the antibody also binds to peripheral nerve cells, the treatment is painful, but it is generally without long-term complications. However, its use is limited by the body's eventual development of human anti-murine antibody, which neutralizes the effects. The Band of Parents raised $2–$3 million to fund the genetic engineering of the murine cell line that produces 3F8 so that it would produce a new antibody, Hu3F8, using human genes. Hu3F8 has the same benefits as 3F8, but because it is 98% human, it does not cause a neutralizing immune response. In theory, this should allow patients to be treated with it indefinitely.

text: In addition to

text: surgery

text: chemotherapy

text: and

text: radiation

text: , many neuroblastoma patients at MSKCC were treated with a murine (mouse-derived)

text: monoclonal antibody

text: called

text: . Given

text: intravenously

text: , 3F8 binds specifically to neuroblastoma cells and triggers an

text: immune response

text: , which destroys the cancerous cells. Because the antibody also binds to

text: peripheral nerve cells

text: , the treatment is painful, but it is generally without long-term complications. However, its use is limited by the body's eventual development of human anti-murine antibody, which neutralizes the effects. The Band of Parents raised $2–$3 million to fund the

text: genetic engineering

text: of the murine cell line that produces 3F8 so that it would produce a new antibody, Hu3F8, using human genes. Hu3F8 has the same benefits as 3F8, but because it is 98% human, it does not cause a neutralizing immune response. In theory, this should allow patients to be treated with it indefinitely.

text: Walker devoted large sections of many of his books to the description of the different organs of the human body, explaining how the digestive system and the various glands work. He considered a healthy colon the key to one's health. He estimated that 80% of all disease begins in the colon. He wrote:  "Every organ, gland and cell in the body is affected by the condition of the colon."

text: Walker devoted large sections of many of his books to the description of the different

text: organs

text: of the

text: human body

text: , explaining how the

text: digestive system

text: and the various

text: gland

text: s work. He considered a healthy

text: colon

text: the key to one's health. He estimated that 80% of all disease begins in the colon. He wrote:  "Every organ, gland and cell in the body is affected by the condition of the colon."

text: HB28 Relating to Dead Human Bodies would add to the prohibition against buying dead human bodies, the selling of dead human bodies and defines the term "dead human body" to include plastinated bodies and body parts. It would increase the fine for buying or selling a dead human body to up to $5,000.

text: The human body contains many types of cells and a human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3 days to 30 days), the loss of two important types of cells that are constantly being regenerated causes death. The loss of cells forming blood cells (bone marrow) and the cells in the digestive system (microvilli which form part of the wall of the intestines) is fatal.

text: The human body contains many types of

text: cell

text: s and a human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3 days to 30 days), the loss of two important types of cells that are constantly being regenerated causes death. The loss of cells forming

text: blood cells

text: bone marrow

text: ) and the cells in the digestive system (

text: microvilli

text: which form part of the wall of the

text: intestines

text: ) is fatal.

text: The Human Tissue Authority (HTA) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health.  It regulates the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue for a number of scheduled purposes such as research, transplantation, and education and training.

text: The Human Tissue Authority (HTA) is an executive

text: non-departmental public body

text: of the

text: Department of Health

text: .  It regulates the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue for a number of scheduled purposes such as research, transplantation, and education and training.

text: HAART –hairy leukoplakia –half-life –HAM/TSP –HCSUS –Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) –Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) –HELLP syndrome –helper T cells –helper/suppressor ratio (of T cells) –hematocrit –hematotoxic –hemoglobin –hemolysis –hemophilia –hepatic –hepatic steatosis –hepatitis –hepatitis C and HIV coinfection –hepatomegaly –herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) –herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) –herpes varicella zoster virus (VZV) –herpes viruses –highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) –histocompatibility testing –histoplasmosis –HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS) –HIV disease –HIV prevention trials network (HPTN) –HIV set point –HIV vaccine trials network (HVTN) –HIV-1 –HIV-2 –HIV-associated dementia –HIV-related tuberculosis –HLA –Hodgkin's disease –holistic medicine –homology (biology) –hormone –host –host factors –HPTN –HPV –HRSA –HTLV-I –HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) –HTLV-II –human growth hormone (HGH) –human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) –human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) –human leukocyte antigens (HLA) –human papilloma virus (HPV) –human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) –human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) –humoral immunity –HVTN –hydroxyurea –hypergammaglobulinemia –hyperglycemia –hyperlipidemia –hyperplasia –hyperthermia –hypogonadism –hypothesis –hypoxia

text: HAART

text: hairy leukoplakia

text: half-life

text: HAM/TSP

text: HCSUS

entity_name: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

text: Health Care Financing Administration

text: (HCFA) –

entity_name: Health Resources and Services Administration

text: Health Resources and Services Administration

text: HRSA

text: HELLP syndrome

text: helper T cells

text: helper/suppressor ratio

text: of T cells

text: hematocrit

text: hematotoxic

text: hemoglobin

text: hemolysis

text: hemophilia

text: hepatic

text: hepatic steatosis

text: hepatitis

text: hepatitis C and HIV coinfection

text: hepatomegaly

text: herpes simplex virus 1

text: herpes simplex virus 2

text: (HSV-2) –

text: herpes varicella zoster virus

text: VZV

text: herpes viruses

text: highly active antiretroviral therapy

text: HAART

text: histocompatibility testing

text: histoplasmosis

text: HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study

text: HCSUS

text: HIV disease

text: HIV prevention trials network

text: HPTN

text: HIV set point

text: HIV vaccine trials network

text: HVTN

text: HIV-associated dementia

text: HIV-related tuberculosis

text: HLA

text: Hodgkin's disease

text: holistic medicine

text: homology (biology)

text: hormone

text: host

text: host factors

text: HPTN

text: HPV

text: HRSA

text: HTLV-I

text: HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis

text: HAM/TSP

text: HTLV-II

text: human growth hormone

text: HGH

text: human immunodeficiency virus type 1

text: human immunodeficiency virus type 2

text: human leukocyte antigens

text: (HLA) –

text: human papilloma virus

text: HPV

text: human T cell lymphotropic virus type I

text: HTLV-I

text: human T cell lymphotropic virus type II

text: HTLV-II

text: humoral immunity

text: HVTN

text: hydroxyurea

text: hypergammaglobulinemia

text: hyperglycemia

text: hyperlipidemia

text: hyperplasia

text: hyperthermia

text: hypogonadism

text: hypothesis

text: hypoxia

text: Neuro: of or having to do with the nervous system. Nervous System: An organ system that coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but not limited to the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, skin, digestive system, immune system, hormonal, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine system, blood and reproductive system. Optimal function of the organism as a whole depends upon the proper function of the nervous system.

text: Neuro: of or having to do with the nervous system.

text: Nervous System

text: : An

text: organ

text: system that

text: coordinate

text: s the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but not limited to the

text: cardiovascular system

text: respiratory system

text: skin

text: digestive system

text: immune system

text: , hormonal, metabolic, musculoskeletal,

text: endocrine system

text: , blood and

text: reproductive system

text: . Optimal function of the organism as a whole depends upon the proper function of the nervous system.

text: This table lists the epithelia of different organs of the human body

text: This table lists the

text: epithelia

text: of different organs of the

text: human body

text: The  human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system.  The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to that of most other mammals. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin. The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

text: The  human skin is the outer covering of the body. In

text: human

text: s, it is the largest organ of the

text: integumentary system

text: .  The skin has up to seven layers of

text: ectodermal

text: tissue

text: and guards the underlying

text: muscle

text: s,

text: bone

text: s,

text: ligament

text: s and

text: internal organ

text: s. Human skin is similar to that of most other

text: mammal

text: s. Though nearly all human skin is covered with

text: hair follicle

text: s, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and

text: glabrous skin

text: . The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin).

text: The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis. (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin.) The epidermis forms the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.  The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which is primarily made up of adipose tissue. Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the, deeper tissue layers.

text: The human skin (integument) is composed of a minimum of two major layers of tissue: the

text: epidermis

text: and

text: dermis

text: . (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin.) The epidermis forms the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. Beneath this, the dermis comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular layers, and contains connective tissues, vessels, glands, follicles, hair roots, sensory nerve endings, and muscular tissue.  The deepest layer is the hypodermis, which is primarily made up of

text: adipose tissue

text: . Substantial collagen bundles anchor the dermis to the hypodermis in a way that permits most areas of the skin to move freely over the, deeper tissue layers.

text: Vestibular afferent signals are carried by type I or type II hair cells, which are distinguished by a larger amount of stereocilia per cell in type I cells than in type II cells. Nerve fibers attached to these hair cells carry signals to the vestibular nuclei in the brain, which are then used to gain information about the body's position. Larger diameter afferent fibers carry information from both type I and type II hair cells, and regular afferent fibers carry signals from type II hair cells. The semicircular canals encode head velocity signals, or angular acceleration, while the otoconia encode linear acceleration signals and gravitational signals. Regular afferent signals and irregular afferent signals travel to the vestibular nuclei in the brain, although irregular signals are at least two times more sensitive. Because of this, it has been questioned why humans have regular afferent signals. Studies have shown that regular afferent signals give information about how long the motion of the head or body lasts, and irregular afferent signals occur when the head is moved more violently, such as in falling.

text: Vestibular afferent signals are carried by type I or type II hair cells, which are distinguished by a larger amount of stereocilia per cell in type I cells than in type II cells. Nerve fibers attached to these hair cells carry signals to the

text: vestibular nuclei

text: in the brain, which are then used to gain information about the body's position. Larger diameter afferent fibers carry information from both type I and type II hair cells, and regular afferent fibers carry signals from type II hair cells. The semicircular canals encode head velocity signals, or

text: angular acceleration

text: , while the otoconia encode

text: linear acceleration

text: signals and

text: gravitational

text: signals. Regular afferent signals and irregular afferent signals travel to the vestibular nuclei in the brain, although irregular signals are at least two times more sensitive. Because of this, it has been questioned why humans have regular afferent signals. Studies have shown that regular afferent signals give information about how long the motion of the head or body lasts, and irregular afferent signals occur when the head is moved more violently, such as in falling.

text: Aphanoascus fulvescens is commonly found in the soil and in dung, living as a keratinophilic saprotroph. It is also often isolated from keratin-rich tissues such as hair and nails that have been discarded from the host.  A. fulvescens is a geophilic fungus and therefore does not normally infect mammals. The organism is more commonly isolated from soil that has been inhabited frequently by animals than soil that has not. However, while this fungus is not a true dermatophyte, it is opportunistic and has been seen to cause dermatophytosis in humans and other mammals on occasion. A. fulvescens has a worldwide distribution, however it is more frequently isolated in temperate climates. This is because the organism has optimal growth at 28 °C at which it grows 3–4 mm per day and up to 25 mm per week. At elevated temperatures, such as that of the human body (37 °C), A. fulvescens shows restricted growth, averaging only 5–6 mm of growth over the course of seven days. This may be a possible explanation as to why infections involving A. fulvescens are uncommon in humans and other mammals.

text: Aphanoascus fulvescens is commonly found in the soil and in dung, living as a keratinophilic

text: saprotroph

text: . It is also often isolated from keratin-rich tissues such as hair and nails that have been discarded from the host.  A. fulvescens is a

text: geophilic

text: fungus and therefore does not normally infect mammals. The organism is more commonly isolated from soil that has been inhabited frequently by animals than soil that has not. However, while this fungus is not a true

text: dermatophyte

text: , it is

text: opportunistic

text: and has been seen to cause

text: dermatophytosis

text: in humans and other mammals on occasion. A. fulvescens has a worldwide distribution, however it is more frequently isolated in

text: temperate climate

text: s. This is because the organism has optimal growth at 28 °C at which it grows 3–4 mm per day and up to 25 mm per week. At elevated temperatures, such as that of the human body (37 °C), A. fulvescens shows restricted growth, averaging only 5–6 mm of growth over the course of seven days. This may be a possible explanation as to why infections involving A. fulvescens are uncommon in humans and other mammals.

text: The augmentation of the buttocks is realized with a gluteal implant, which is emplaced under each gluteus maximus muscle; the insertion of the buttock prosthesis is through a midline incision (5–8-cm-wide) over the tailbone (coccyx). Augmentation with a gluteal implant is the method most effective for enlarging the buttocks of the man or of the woman whose body possesses few stores of excess adipose fat in the lower portion of the trunk, the buttocks and thighs, the anatomic regions where the human body usually stores excess body fat. Post-operatively, because of the cutting (incising) into the flesh of the tailbone muscles, the full healing of the augmented tissues can be approximately 6–8 months, in the course of which the gluteal-muscle tissues relax, and the settled buttocks prostheses are integrated to the gluteal region. The implantation procedure can be performed upon a patient who is either sedated or anaesthetized, either under general anaesthesia or under local anaesthesia. The usual operating-room time for a buttocks augmentation procedure is approximately 2 hours. The procedure can be managed either as an overnight in-patient treatment or as a hospital outpatient treatment. Given the nature of the surgical incisions to the gluteus maximus muscles, the therapeutic management of post-surgical pain (at the surgical-wound sites) and normal tissue-healing usually require a 4-6-week convalescence, after which the patient resumes his or her normal-life activities.

text: The augmentation of the buttocks is realized with a gluteal implant, which is emplaced under each

text: gluteus maximus muscle

text: ; the insertion of the buttock prosthesis is through a midline incision (5–8-cm-wide) over the tailbone (

text: coccyx

text: ). Augmentation with a gluteal implant is the method most effective for enlarging the buttocks of the man or of the woman whose body possesses few stores of excess

text: adipose fat

text: in the lower portion of the trunk, the

text: buttocks

text: and

text: thigh

text: s, the anatomic regions where the human body usually stores excess body fat. Post-operatively, because of the cutting (incising) into the flesh of the tailbone muscles, the full healing of the augmented tissues can be approximately 6–8 months, in the course of which the gluteal-muscle tissues relax, and the settled buttocks prostheses are integrated to the gluteal region. The implantation procedure can be performed upon a patient who is either

text: sedated

text: or

text: anaesthetized

text: , either under

text: general anaesthesia

text: or under

text: local anaesthesia

text: . The usual operating-room time for a buttocks augmentation procedure is approximately 2 hours. The procedure can be managed either as an overnight in-patient treatment or as a hospital outpatient treatment. Given the nature of the surgical incisions to the gluteus maximus muscles, the therapeutic management of post-surgical pain (at the surgical-wound sites) and normal tissue-healing usually require a 4-6-week convalescence, after which the patient resumes his or her normal-life activities.

text: Programs and software are tools focused on a very specific task, and thus aren't generalized and flexible. However, observations in systems such as the internet or biological systems demonstrate adaptation to their environments. One of the ways biological systems adapt to environments is through the use of redundancy. Many organs are redundant in humans. The kidney is one such example. Humans generally only need one kidney, but having a second kidney allows room for failure. This same principle may be taken to apply to software, but there are some challenges.When applying the principle of redundancy to computer science, blindly adding code is not suggested. Blindly adding code introduces more errors, makes the system more complex, and renders it harder to understand. Code that doesn't provide any reinforcement to the already existing code is unwanted. The new code must instead possess equivalent functionality, so that if a function is broken, another providing the same function can replace it. To do so, the new code must know how and when to accommodate the failure point. This means more logic needs to be added to the system. But as a system adds more logic, components, and increases in size, it becomes more complex. Thus, when making a more redundant system, the system also becomes more complex and developers must consider balancing redundancy with complexity.

text: Programs and software are tools focused on a very specific task, and thus aren't generalized and flexible. However, observations in systems such as the

text: internet

text: or

text: biological system

text: s demonstrate adaptation to their environments. One of the ways biological systems adapt to environments is through the use of redundancy. Many organs are redundant in humans. The

text: kidney

text: is one such example.

text: Human

text: s generally only need one kidney, but having a second kidney allows room for failure. This same principle may be taken to apply to software, but there are some challenges.When applying the principle of redundancy to computer science, blindly adding code is not suggested. Blindly adding code introduces more errors, makes the system more complex, and renders it harder to understand. Code that doesn't provide any reinforcement to the already existing code is unwanted. The new code must instead possess equivalent

text: functionality

text: , so that if a function is broken, another providing the same function can replace it. To do so, the new code must know how and when to accommodate the failure point. This means more

text: logic

text: needs to be added to the system. But as a system adds more logic,

text: components

text: , and increases in size, it becomes more complex. Thus, when making a more redundant system, the system also becomes more complex and developers must consider balancing redundancy with complexity.

text: Cell consistently uses absorption as a practice of growing stronger. In his first appearances, Cell uses his tail to pierce the skin of a victim to gain entry into their body, the tail then sucking out the organic matter of the subject and leaving behind clothing. This method was used on humans and attempted on Piccolo. Another method, and the one he uses to absorb the androids, revolves around Cell extending his tail to the point where it can engulf a subject and using it to do so when in their presence. If an individual becomes engulfed in the tail, they will be sent downward until entering Cell's body and being integrated into his core. This method differs from the other in that the absorbed individual will remain both completely intact within Cell's body, as was the case with Android #18. Removing the androids from Cell's body previously could cause him to revert to a prior form, though his body has been shown to remember the biological makeup of a transformation in the event that it no longer can be achieved with the subject inside of him and he has had it previously.

text: The UK Parliament created legislation for exhibits of human remains, including plastinated bodies and body parts, in England and Wales under the Human Tissue Act 2004. This requires a licence to be granted by the Human Tissue Authority. The Human Tissue Act superseded the Anatomy Act 1832, which had been found by an independent commission (The Redfern Report) to be inadequate on contemporary collection and use of human tissues, following the Alder Hey organs scandal. In March 2008, the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry was granted such a licence to hold Body Worlds 4 and a further licence was granted to the exhibition in the O2, London, in 2008.

text: The

text: UK Parliament

text: created legislation for exhibits of human remains, including plastinated bodies and body parts, in

text: England and Wales

text: under the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: . This requires a licence to be granted by the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: . The Human Tissue Act superseded the

text: Anatomy Act 1832

text: , which had been found by an independent commission (The Redfern Report) to be inadequate on contemporary collection and use of human tissues, following the

text: Alder Hey organs scandal

text: . In March 2008, the

entity_name: Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)

text: Manchester Museum of Science and Industry

text: was granted such a licence to hold Body Worlds 4 and a further licence was granted to the exhibition in the O2, London, in 2008.

text: Cognitive ergonomics, defined by the International Ergonomics Association "is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design." Cognitive ergonomics studies cognition in work and operational settings, in order to optimize human well-being and system performance.  It is a subset of the larger field of human factors and ergonomics.

text: Cognitive ergonomics, defined by the

text: International Ergonomics Association

text: "is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system design." Cognitive ergonomics studies cognition in work and operational settings, in order to optimize human well-being and system performance.  It is a subset of the larger field of

text: human factors and ergonomics

text: Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.  The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.  The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.  The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.  Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle.  In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

text: Many conditions affect the human

text: integumentary system

text: —the

text: organ system

text: covering the entire surface of the

text: body

text: and composed of

text: skin

text: hair

text: nails

text: , and related

text: muscle

text: and

text: glands

text: .  The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.  The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the

text: epidermis

text: dermis

text: , and

text: subcutaneous tissue

text: .  The two main types of human skin are:

text: glabrous skin

text: , the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.  Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called

text: pilosebaceous unit

text: s, each with

text: hair follicle

text: sebaceous gland

text: , and associated

text: arrector pili

text: muscle.

text: In the embryo

text: , the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the

text: ectoderm

text: , which is chemically influenced by the underlying

text: mesoderm

text: that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

text: The selection of test backing is significant because in flexible armor, the body tissue of a wearer plays an integral part in absorbing the high energy impact of ballistic and stab events. However the human torso has a very complex mechanical behavior. Away from the rib cage and spine, the soft tissue behavior is soft and compliant. In the tissue over the sternum bone region, the compliance of the torso is significantly lower. This complexity requires very elaborate bio-morphic backing material systems for accurate ballistic and stab armor testing.  A number of materials have been used to simulate human tissue in addition to Roma. In all cases, these materials are placed behind the armor during test impacts and are designed to simulate various aspects of human tissue impact behavior.

text: Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues that happen to pass through the chest area.  The voltage at which there is the danger of electrocution depends on the electrical conductivity of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.

text: Voltages greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin can cause heart

text: fibrillation

text: if they produce

text: electric current

text: s in body tissues that happen to pass through the

text: chest

text: area.  The voltage at which there is the danger of

text: electrocution

text: depends on the

text: electrical conductivity

text: of dry human skin. Living human tissue can be protected from damage by the insulating characteristics of dry skin up to around 50 volts. If the same skin becomes wet, if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to

text: electrode

text: s that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal.

text: In the pages of The Thunderbolts, Dr. Henry Pym has expressed the view that the Man-Thing is sentient, though difficult to communicate with. For example, he once rescued an infant and left the child with a doctor (which would require an understanding of the function of a doctor and the ability to navigate to a specific address). He is shown to understand concepts such as how to ring a doorbell, how to put an arm in a sling, and even how to flip an auto-destruct switch. The change in Man-Thing's intellect can partly be explained by fact that its brain, sensory organs, and central nervous system are now organized in a completely different fashion than a human; for instance, Man-Thing's auditory receptors are in his forehead. Regardless of what level of humanity the creature still possesses, it can discern when a person's motivations are evil, which causes it pain and motivates it to lash out.

text: In the pages of

text: The Thunderbolts

text: Dr. Henry Pym

text: has expressed the view that the Man-Thing is sentient, though difficult to communicate with. For example, he once rescued an infant and left the child with a doctor (which would require an understanding of the function of a doctor and the ability to navigate to a specific address). He is shown to understand concepts such as how to ring a doorbell, how to put an arm in a sling, and even how to flip an auto-destruct switch. The change in Man-Thing's intellect can partly be explained by fact that its brain, sensory organs, and central nervous system are now organized in a completely different fashion than a human; for instance, Man-Thing's auditory receptors are in his forehead. Regardless of what level of humanity the creature still possesses, it can discern when a person's motivations are evil, which causes it pain and motivates it to lash out.

text: In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA genomes are vulnerable to attack by reactive chemicals naturally produced in the intracellular environment and by agents from external sources.  An important internal source of DNA damage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed as byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism.  For eukaryotes, oxidative reactions are a major source of DNA damage (see DNA damage (naturally occurring) and Sedelnikova et al.).  In humans, about 10,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day.  In the rat, which has a higher metabolic rate than humans, about 100,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day.  In aerobically growing bacteria, ROS appear to be a major source of DNA damage, as indicated by the observation that 89% of spontaneously occurring base substitution mutations are caused by introduction of ROS-induced single-strand damages followed by error-prone replication past these damages.  Oxidative DNA damages usually involve only one of the DNA strands at any damaged site, but about 1-2% of damages involve both strands.  The double-strand damages include double-strand breaks (DSBs) and inter-strand crosslinks.  For humans, the estimated average number of endogenous DNA DSBs per cell occurring at each cell generation is about 50.  This level of formation of DSBs likely reflects the natural level of damages caused, in large part, by ROS produced by active metabolism.

text: In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA genomes are vulnerable to attack by reactive chemicals naturally produced in the intracellular environment and by agents from external sources.  An important internal source of DNA damage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed as byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism.  For eukaryotes, oxidative reactions are a major source of DNA damage (see

text: DNA damage (naturally occurring)

text: and Sedelnikova et al.).  In humans, about 10,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day.  In the rat, which has a higher metabolic rate than humans, about 100,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day.  In aerobically growing bacteria, ROS appear to be a major source of DNA damage, as indicated by the observation that 89% of spontaneously occurring base substitution mutations are caused by introduction of ROS-induced single-strand damages followed by error-prone replication past these damages.  Oxidative DNA damages usually involve only one of the DNA strands at any damaged site, but about 1-2% of damages involve both strands.  The double-strand damages include double-strand breaks (DSBs) and inter-strand crosslinks.  For humans, the estimated average number of endogenous DNA DSBs per cell occurring at each cell generation is about 50.  This level of formation of DSBs likely reflects the natural level of damages caused, in large part, by ROS produced by active metabolism.

text: To minimize damage to healthy tissue and other adverse effects, attempts are made to monitor temperatures.  The goal is to keep local temperatures in tumor bearing tissue under  to avoid damage to surrounding tissues. These temperatures have been derived from cell culture and animal studies. The body keeps itself normal human body temperature, near . Unless a needle probe can be placed with accuracy in every tumor site amenable to measurement, there is an inherent technical difficulty in how to actually reach whatever a treating center defines as an "adequate" thermal dose. Since there is also no consensus as to what parts of the body need to be monitored (common clinically measured sites are ear drums, oral, skin, rectal, bladder, esophagus, blood probes, or even tissue needles). Clinicians have advocated various combinations for these measurements. These issues complicate the ability of comparing different studies and coming up with a definition of exactly what a thermal dose actually should be for tumor, and what dose is toxic to what tissues in human beings. Clinicians may be able to apply advanced imaging techniques, instead of probes, to monitor heat treatments in real time; heat-induced changes in tissue are sometimes perceptible using these imaging instruments.

text: To minimize damage to healthy tissue and other adverse effects, attempts are made to monitor temperatures.  The goal is to keep local temperatures in tumor bearing tissue under  to avoid damage to surrounding tissues. These temperatures have been derived from cell culture and animal studies. The body keeps itself

text: normal human body temperature

text: , near . Unless a needle probe can be placed with accuracy in every tumor site amenable to measurement, there is an inherent technical difficulty in how to actually reach whatever a treating center defines as an "adequate" thermal dose. Since there is also no consensus as to what parts of the body need to be monitored (common clinically measured sites are ear drums, oral, skin, rectal, bladder, esophagus, blood probes, or even tissue needles). Clinicians have advocated various combinations for these measurements. These issues complicate the ability of comparing different studies and coming up with a definition of exactly what a thermal dose actually should be for tumor, and what dose is toxic to what tissues in human beings. Clinicians may be able to apply advanced imaging techniques, instead of probes, to monitor heat treatments in real time; heat-induced changes in

text: tissue

text: are sometimes perceptible using these imaging instruments.

text: The human race has spread to many star systems which are named the Greater Commonwealth. There are Inner Worlds, where most—if not all—of the citizens are "Higher humans"—humans who utilise biononics. Biononics enable the human body to essentially live forever as they rejuvenate the human body on a constant basis. Almost every human has a memory cell insert which records every piece of information stored in the owner's brain. In the event of bodyloss (death), this data can be downloaded into a clone of the original human, effectively eliminating death. Using so called secure stores, this data can even be stored in a second facility. If the memory cell is lost re-life is still possible, although without an uninterrupted continuity (a "restore" from a memory cell usually enables a clone to know how he died). ANA:Governance forms the government of Earth. ANA (Advanced Neural Activity Network) is a super computer/sentient intelligence/edifice embodied on and around Earth. Humans are able to download their consciousness into ANA, where they gain vastly expanded mentalities.  Farther away from Earth are the External Worlds, which are somewhat less technologically advanced. The Living Dream Faction live like how the world is in Makkathran (inside the void).  Their clothing follows Makkathran style and fashion. The goal of Living Dream is to travel to and live in the Void. The Development of the gaiafield, the so-called uniform neural entanglement effect, by Ozzie, allowed Inigo to broadcast his Dreams to everyone connected to the gaiafield. By connecting to Edeard, he is able to see aspects of Edeard's life as it is in Makkathran and gifts them to everyone. According to Ozzie, the gaiafield was meant to be used only for people to express their emotions for others to see; its use has been perverted by Inigo.

text: The first step of organ procurement is to check the health condition of the organ. If the source is human, most countries require that the source is legally dead for organ transplantation purposes (e.g. cardiac or brain dead) or a voluntary healthy adult for the donation of some organs. Organs cannot be procured after the heart has stopped beating for long time. Thus, a brain dead donor is preferred, but only a small percentage of deaths are brain deaths. Therefore, the majority of human organ sources are post cardiac death.

text: The first step of organ procurement is to check the health condition of the organ. If the source is human, most countries require that the source is legally dead for organ transplantation purposes (e.g.

text: cardiac

text: or brain dead) or a voluntary healthy adult for the donation of some organs. Organs cannot be procured after the heart has stopped beating for long time. Thus, a brain dead donor is preferred, but only a small percentage of deaths are brain deaths. Therefore, the majority of human organ sources are post cardiac death.

text: The collection, storage, analysis and transplantation of human tissue involves significant ethical and safety issues, and is heavily regulated. Each country sets its own framework for ensuring the safety of human tissue products.

text: The ICRP states "Radionuclides incorporated in the human body irradiate the tissues over time periods determined by their physical half-life and their biological retention within the body. Thus they may give rise to doses to body tissues for many months or years after the intake. The need to regulate exposures to radionuclides and the accumulation of radiation dose over extended periods of time has led to the definition of committed dose quantities".

text: Science to Sagan is not just a body of knowledge but a way of thinking. Sagan claims that the scientific way of thinking is both imaginative and disciplined, bringing humans to an understanding of how the universe is, rather than how they wish to perceive it. He says that science works much better than any other system because it has a "built-in error-correcting machine". Superstition and pseudoscience get in the way of many laypersons' ability to appreciate the beauty and benefits of science. Skeptical thinking allows people to construct, understand, reason, and recognize valid and invalid arguments. Wherever possible, there must be independent validation of the concepts whose truth should be proved. He states that reason and logic would succeed once the truth were known. Conclusions emerge from premises, and the acceptability of the premises should not be discounted or accepted because of bias.

text: Science to Sagan is not just a body of knowledge but a way of thinking. Sagan claims that the scientific way of thinking is both imaginative and disciplined, bringing humans to an understanding of how the universe is, rather than how they wish to perceive it. He says that science works much better than any other system because it has a "built-in error-correcting machine".

text: Superstition

text: and

text: pseudoscience

text: get in the way of many laypersons' ability to appreciate the beauty and benefits of science. Skeptical thinking allows people to

text: construct

text: understand

text: reason

text: , and recognize

text: valid

text: and invalid

text: argument

text: s. Wherever possible, there must be

text: independent validation

text: of the concepts whose

text: truth

text: should be proved. He states that reason and

text: logic

text: would succeed once the truth were known.

text: Conclusion

text: s emerge from

text: premise

text: s, and the acceptability of the premises should not be discounted or accepted because of

text: bias

text: Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild.  In these cases it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires.

text: A supporter of human rights, as Associate Minister of Health she amended the Human Rights Act to outlaw discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and having organisms in the body which might cause disease.

text: While receptors for other PSG family members have been identified, the precise receptor for PSG1 remains unknown. Cell surface receptors for PSGs are found on many cells throughout the body including dendrites and epithelial cells. These receptors are present both during development and in the adult. These receptors are also similar between species. Studies comparing mice and human PSGs discovered that some human PSGs when inserted into mice demonstrated partial levels of activity, because receptors present on the mice cells were able to interact with the human PSG. PSGs require the presence of a proteoglycan (PG) on the surface of the cell in order to bind.  The PSG actually will specifically bind to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) portion of the PG, which protrudes from the membrane of the cell. Their binding of PSG can be affected by heparin, which is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GAG portion of a PG.

text: While

text: receptors

text: for other PSG family members have been identified, the precise receptor for PSG1 remains unknown.

text: Cell surface receptor

text: s for PSGs are found on many cells throughout the body including

text: dendrite

text: s and

text: epithelial

text: cells. These receptors are present both during development and in the adult. These receptors are also similar between species. Studies comparing mice and human PSGs discovered that some human PSGs when inserted into mice demonstrated partial levels of activity, because receptors present on the mice cells were able to interact with the human PSG. PSGs require the presence of a

text: proteoglycan

text: (PG) on the surface of the cell in order to bind.  The PSG actually will specifically bind to the

text: glycosaminoglycan

text: (GAG) portion of the PG, which protrudes from the membrane of the cell. Their binding of PSG can be affected by heparin, which is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the GAG portion of a PG.

text: Here Vesalius describes the structure of the muscles, the agents used in creating movement by the body, and the material used to hold the joints together. Through his observations of  butchers cutting meat, he was able to incorporate the skills they used in the dissection of the human body. The order in which to dissect a human body to effectively observe each muscle in the body is laid out. Each illustration displays a deepening view of the human body which can be followed while dissecting a human body.  Vesalius also mentions the instruments needed to perform a dissection. Here Vesalius begins to describe how Galen's anatomical descriptions do not match his own observations. In order not to show disrespect to Galen, he suggests Galen's use of anatomical structure is in fact correct, but not for humans. He even continues to describe some of the structures in the way Galen would.

text: ZygoteBody, formerly Google Body, is a web application by Zygote Media Group that renders manipulable 3D anatomical models of the human body. Several layers from muscle tissues down to blood vessels can be removed or made transparent to allow better study of individual body parts. Most of the body parts are labelled and searchable.

text: ZygoteBody, formerly Google Body, is a web application by

text: Zygote Media Group

text: that renders manipulable 3D

text: anatomical

text: models of the

text: human body

text: . Several layers from

text: muscle

text: tissues down to

text: blood vessel

text: s can be removed or made transparent to allow better study of individual body parts. Most of the body parts are labelled and searchable.

text: Sexual penetration is the insertion of a body part or other object into a body orifice, such as the vagina, anus or mouth, as part of human sexual activity or animal sexual behavior.

text: Sexual penetration is the insertion of a body part or other object into a

text: body orifice

text: , such as the

text: vagina

text: anus

text: or

text: mouth

text: , as part of

text: human sexual activity

text: or

text: animal sexual behavior

text: The division of humanities is one of the five liberal arts divisions that opened with the campus in 1965. In 1963, Samuel McCulloch was appointed as the founding dean of UC Irvine Division of Humanities and laid its foundation. Upon the campus' opening day, he created four departments within the divion with a total of thirty-one faculty members. The four departments were: English and Comparative Literature, Foreign Languages and Literature, History, and Philosophy. By 1967, the governing body of UC Irvine turned the five liberal arts divisions into individual schools and the Division of Humanities had become the School of Humanities. In 1970 the Humanities Core Course was implemented and there was a focus on strengthening existing Humanities departments for the rest of the 1970s. The school also launched a doctorate in Critical Theory, making UC Irvine to be the only university in the country to offer a doctorate in the field.In the 1980s, Dean Ken Bailes founded the Organized Research Unit in Critical Theory and brought the system wide University of California Humanities Research Institute to UC Irvine. The School of Humanities started gaining national recognition and it expanded and grew throughout the 1990s and 2000s. The Humanities Instructional Building and Humanities Gateway were built and completed the Humanities Quad. The school today continues to expand by adding special programs and by creating cross collaboration with different schools on campus. The school has a total of 13 departments and over 20 majors and several interdisciplinary programs.

text: In 1999, he invited human rights organizations, political party leaders, Tamil activists, members of the Legislative Assembly in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and held a conference asking for compensation for those who are affected by the striking force and to free the innocent people arrested under TADA suffering in Mysore prison. He stood in support for the joint committee consisting People's Watch, Tamil Nadu Tribal People's Association, Soho Foundation and SICHREM, and exposed the vulnerabilities faced by the innocent people to the outside world. As a result, Judge Sadasiva Commission was set up by the National Human Rights Commission. He stood in support for its functioning.  He took legal efforts to help the victims testify to the investigation of the Commission. The STF officials got an interim stay for the Commission legally. He took necessary steps to vacate the stay order. He supported and led the conference organized by the human rights organizations for the justice of the affected people. He made appropriate arrangements to conduct the case for the people suffering in Mysore prison for more than 8 years. He provided a helping hand for the Human rights organization regarding this concern. Out of 124, Mysore Special court released 109 by declaring them innocent, and 11 by stating that the sentence was less than their period of imprisonment. For others, they appealed to Supreme Court. They too were released from 2 cases out of three. Likewise, he devoted himself completely for activities related to human rights also.

text: In 1999, he invited human rights organizations, political party leaders, Tamil activists, members of the Legislative Assembly in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and held a conference asking for compensation for those who are affected by the striking force and to free the innocent people arrested under TADA suffering in Mysore prison. He stood in support for the joint committee consisting People's Watch, Tamil Nadu Tribal People's Association, Soho Foundation and SICHREM, and exposed the vulnerabilities faced by the innocent people to the outside world. As a result, Judge Sadasiva Commission was set up by the

text: National Human Rights Commission

text: . He stood in support for its functioning.  He took legal efforts to help the victims testify to the investigation of the Commission. The STF officials got an interim stay for the Commission legally. He took necessary steps to vacate the stay order. He supported and led the conference organized by the human rights organizations for the justice of the affected people. He made appropriate arrangements to conduct the case for the people suffering in Mysore prison for more than 8 years. He provided a helping hand for the Human rights organization regarding this concern. Out of 124, Mysore Special court released 109 by declaring them innocent, and 11 by stating that the sentence was less than their period of imprisonment. For others, they appealed to Supreme Court. They too were released from 2 cases out of three. Likewise, he devoted himself completely for activities related to human rights also.

text: Underneath the body was a thin layer of moss and he was naked. Scientists know that this moss was formed in Danish peat bogs in the early Iron Age; therefore, the body was suspected to have been placed in the bog more than 2,000 years ago during that period. Subsequent C radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died in approximately 375–210 BC. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries.  The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum.  Sphagnum fight against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in their cell walls. However, due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

text: Underneath the body was a thin layer of moss and he was naked. Scientists know that this moss was formed in

text: Danish

text: peat bogs in the early Iron Age; therefore, the body was suspected to have been placed in the bog more than 2,000 years ago during that period. Subsequent

text: C

text: radiocarbon dating

text: of Tollund Man indicated that he died in approximately 375–210 BC. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the

text: acid

text: in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold

text: climate of the Nordic countries

text: .  The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body is caused by a

text: bryophyte

text: named

text: Sphagnum

text: .  Sphagnum fight against degradation due to resistant

text: phenolic compounds

text: contained in their cell walls. However, due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.

text: In 2004 Cole became the founding director of the McGovern Center for Humanities and Ethics.  With Ronald Carson and Nathan Carlin, he co-authored  Medical Humanities: An Introduction.

text: Ultrasonography is based on the principle that sound can pass through human body tissues and is reflected by the tissue interfaces in the same way that light can reflect back on itself, from a mirror. Tissue in the body will offer varying degrees of resistance, known as acoustic impedance, to the path of the ultrasound beam. When there is a high impedance difference between two tissues, the interface between them will strongly reflect the sound. When the ultrasound beam meets air, or solid tissue such as bone, their  impedance difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected making it impossible to see any underlying structures. The examiner will see just a shadow, instead of the image expected. Air will impede sound waves which is why a gel is used. The gel prevents air bubbles from forming between the probe, and the patient's skin and so helps the conduction of the sound waves from the transducer into the body. The watery medium also helps to conduct the sound waves. Liquids, including blood have a low impedance, which means that little energy will be reflected and no visualization possible. One of the important exceptions is that when the blood flow is very slow it can in fact be seen, in what is termed "spontaneous contrast".

text: Ultrasonography is based on the principle that

text: sound

text: can pass through human body tissues and is reflected by the tissue interfaces in the same way that light can reflect back on itself, from a mirror. Tissue in the body will offer varying degrees of resistance, known as

text: acoustic impedance

text: , to the path of the ultrasound beam. When there is a high impedance difference between two tissues, the interface between them will strongly reflect the sound. When the ultrasound beam meets air, or solid tissue such as bone, their  impedance difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is reflected making it impossible to see any underlying structures. The examiner will see just a shadow, instead of the image expected. Air will impede sound waves which is why a gel is used. The gel prevents air bubbles from forming between the probe, and the patient's skin and so helps the conduction of the sound waves from the transducer into the body. The watery medium also helps to conduct the sound waves. Liquids, including blood have a low impedance, which means that little energy will be reflected and no visualization possible. One of the important exceptions is that when the blood flow is very slow it can in fact be seen, in what is termed "spontaneous contrast".

text: Norbert Wiener's book was the forerunner of studies in cybernetics, and has influenced many theorists. It has impacted the fields of computers and technology, engineering, biology, sociology, and a broad range of other sciences. Numerous books have been published in relation to cybernetics theory which explore alternative concepts and models of feedback, human/machine relationships, systems science, and industrial advancement. William Ross Ashby, another founder of cybernetics, wrote the book Introduction to Cybernetics, which presents many new interpretations and definitions. Other theorists have produced writings on systems, communication, and the human experience in cybernetics. N. Katherine Hayles, author of How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics, describes the effects of technology in the age of virtual information and what it means for humans to live in an ever-advancing society. The American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) is a research association founded in 1964, the same year Wiener died, and is dedicated to the cooperative understanding and further improvement of cybernetics theory.

text: Norbert Wiener's book was the forerunner of studies in cybernetics, and has influenced many theorists. It has impacted the fields of computers and technology, engineering, biology, sociology, and a broad range of other sciences. Numerous books have been published in relation to cybernetics theory which explore alternative concepts and models of feedback, human/machine relationships, systems science, and industrial advancement.

text: William Ross Ashby

text: , another founder of cybernetics, wrote the book Introduction to Cybernetics, which presents many new interpretations and definitions. Other theorists have produced writings on systems, communication, and the human experience in cybernetics.

text: N. Katherine Hayles

text: , author of How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics, describes the effects of technology in the age of virtual information and what it means for humans to live in an ever-advancing society. The

text: American Society for Cybernetics

text: (ASC) is a research association founded in 1964, the same year Wiener died, and is dedicated to the cooperative understanding and further improvement of cybernetics theory.

text: Monroe confirms to Nick that the Geiers are responsible as they harvest organs for human enhancement. Monroe brings proof to Nick from a shop that sells organs. Nick later visits the owner, Freddy Calvert (Randy Schulman), revealing to be a Fuchsbau. Nick then has Freddy reveal the source of the human organs. Nick, along with Hank and Captain Renard (Sasha Roiz), go to a trailer in the forest where they discover the organs removal site while Renard kills the owner in self-defense. Nick detects the owner's phone and realizes the clinic is involved in the human harvesting.

text: Monroe confirms to Nick that the Geiers are responsible as they harvest organs for human enhancement. Monroe brings proof to Nick from a shop that sells organs. Nick later visits the owner, Freddy Calvert (Randy Schulman), revealing to be a Fuchsbau. Nick then has Freddy reveal the source of the human organs. Nick, along with Hank and Captain Renard (

text: Sasha Roiz

text: ), go to a trailer in the forest where they discover the organs removal site while Renard kills the owner in self-defense. Nick detects the owner's phone and realizes the clinic is involved in the human harvesting.

text: Under the mandate of the UN charter, and the multilateral UN human rights treaties, the United Nations (UN) as an intergovernmental body seeks to apply international jurisdiction for universal human-rights legislation. Within the UN machinery, human-rights issues are primarily the concern of the United Nations Security Council and the United Nations Human Rights Council, and there are numerous committees within the UN with responsibilities for safeguarding different human-rights treaties. The most senior body of the UN in the sphere of human rights is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The United Nations has an international mandate to:

text: Under the mandate of the UN charter, and the multilateral UN human rights treaties, the United Nations (UN) as an intergovernmental body seeks to apply international

text: jurisdiction

text: for universal human-rights legislation. Within the UN machinery, human-rights issues are primarily the concern of the

text: United Nations Security Council

text: and the

text: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: , and there are numerous committees within the UN with responsibilities for safeguarding different human-rights treaties. The most senior body of the UN in the sphere of human rights is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. The United Nations has an international mandate to:

text: The "Selfish Brain" theory represents a further development of already existing theories on the organization of the energy supply within the human organism. Blood sugar and fat deposition feedback systems constitute a complex system for regulating the intake of nutrients which is controlled by a hypothalamic center. The "Energy on demand” system for energy supply to the brain is seen as a supraordinate instance of this setup, which exerts control over the organs that regulate the blood sugar and fat feedback loops.

text: The sievert is used for human internal dose quantities in calculating committed dose. This is dose from radionuclides which have been ingested or inhaled into the human body, and thereby "committed" to irradiate the body for a period of time. The concepts of calculating protection quantities as described for external radiation applies, but as the source of radiation is within the tissue of the body, the calculation of absorbed organ dose uses different coefficients and irradiation mechanisms.

text: The sievert is used for human internal dose quantities in calculating

text: committed dose

text: . This is dose from radionuclides which have been ingested or inhaled into the human body, and thereby "committed" to irradiate the body for a period of time. The concepts of calculating protection quantities as described for external radiation applies, but as the source of radiation is within the tissue of the body, the calculation of absorbed organ dose uses different coefficients and irradiation mechanisms.

text: Konoko tracks down Kerr to a TCTF science facility, in which he explains to her that, in an effort to develop a solution to the encroaching pollution which threatened humanity, he and Dr. Hasegawa developed a biotech invention called the Daodan Chrysalis, a cell which could be implanted in the human body and which would replace damaged tissue and organs as the host body experienced harm, eventually resulting in the host becoming exceptionally strong and resilient.

text: It receives complaints from Palestinian citizens regarding human rights violation and handles them with official bodies. The ICHR has a legal mandate to report without restriction on the national human rights situation (on specific matters or through thematic reports) and violations of any human rights. It can make recommendations to the government, Parliament and other competent bodies on matters concerning legislative or administrative provisions, and promote the harmonisation of national laws and practices with Palestine’s international obligations and the implementation of recommendations of international human right mechanisms. Its mandate allows it to engage with the International human rights system and conduct public education and awareness.

text: Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar.  The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than do other great apes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their telomeres, producing human chromosome 2. There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome segment inversions on human chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, and 18. After the completion of the Human genome project, a common chimpanzee genome project was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor, which is involved in speech development, are different in the human lineage. Several genes involved in hearing were also found to have changed during human evolution, suggesting selection involving human language-related behavior. Differences between individual humans and common chimpanzees are estimated to be about 10 times the typical difference between pairs of humans.

text: Human

text: and

text: chimpanzee

text: chromosome

text: s are very similar.  The primary difference is that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than do other

text: great apes

text: . Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and other great apes have 24 pairs of chromosomes. In the human evolutionary lineage, two ancestral ape chromosomes fused at their

text: telomere

text: s, producing

text: human chromosome 2

text: . There are nine other major chromosomal differences between chimpanzees and humans: chromosome segment inversions on human chromosomes

text: , and

text: . After the completion of the

text: Human genome project

text: , a

text: common chimpanzee

text: genome project was initiated. In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes such as the

text: forkhead-box P2

text: transcription factor

text: , which is involved in speech development, are different in the human lineage. Several genes involved in hearing were also found to have changed during human evolution, suggesting selection involving human

text: language

text: -related behavior. Differences between individual humans and common chimpanzees are estimated to be about 10 times the typical difference between pairs of humans.

text: More recently, Cherenkov light has been used to image substances in the body. These discoveries have led to intense interest around the idea of using this light signal to quantify and/or detect radiation in the body, either from internal sources such as injected radiopharmaceuticals or from external beam radiotherapy in oncology. Radioisotopes such as the Beta emitters 18-F and 13-N or positron emitters 32-P or 90-Y have measurable Cherenkov emission and isotopes 18-F and 131-I have been imaged in humans for diagnostic value demonstration. External beam radiation therapy has been shown to induce a substantial amount of Cherenkov light in the tissue being treated, due to the photon beam energy levels used in the 6 MV to 18 MV ranges. The secondary electrons induced by these high energy x-rays result in the Chernekov light emission, where the detected signal can be imaged at the entry and exit surfaces of the tissue.

text: Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being used by researchers in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, to artificially reconstruct human tissue which has been previously damaged. Mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to become any type of fully developed cell, which can contribute to replacing muscle tissues or internal organs.To help discover the therapeutic uses of these stem cells they are grown in laboratories or by using medication to stimulate new cell growth within the human body. In MSC therapy the cells are extracted from the adult patient’s bone marrow via a procedure called bone marrow aspiration. This usually involves inserting a needle into the back of the patients hip bone and removing the sample from there. These cells are then grown under controlled in vitro conditions in a lab, so that they can multiply and same time mature( also referred to as differentiated. This process may take  two to three weeks. The kind of mature, fully differentiated cell phenotype and the number of those cells created though this can be influenced in three ways. Firstly by varying the initial seed density in the culture medium, secondly through changing the conditions of the medium during expansion, and lastly through the addition of additives such as proteins or growth hormones to the culture medium.  They are then harvested and put back into the patient through local delivery or systemic infusion.

text: Adult

text: mesenchymal stem cell

text: s (MSCs) are being used by researchers in the fields of

text: regenerative medicine

text: and

text: tissue engineering

text: , to artificially reconstruct human tissue which has been previously damaged. Mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to become any type of fully developed cell, which can contribute to replacing muscle tissues or internal organs.To help discover the therapeutic uses of these stem cells they are grown in laboratories or by using medication to stimulate new cell growth within the human body. In MSC therapy the cells are extracted from the adult patient’s

text: bone marrow

text: via a procedure called

text: bone marrow aspiration

text: . This usually involves inserting a needle into the back of the patients hip bone and removing the sample from there. These cells are then grown under controlled

text: in vitro

text: conditions in a lab, so that they can multiply and same time mature( also referred to as

text: differentiated

text: . This process may take  two to three weeks. The kind of mature, fully differentiated cell

text: phenotype

text: and the number of those cells created though this can be influenced in three ways. Firstly by varying the initial seed density in the culture medium, secondly through changing the conditions of the medium during expansion, and lastly through the addition of additives such as proteins or growth hormones to the culture medium.  They are then harvested and put back into the patient through

text: local delivery

text: or

text: systemic infusion

text: The fluids associated with the human body includes air, oxygen, carbondioxide, water, solvents, solutions, suspensions, serum, lymph and blood. The major body fluid which acts as the lifeline of the living organisms is "Blood". Blood is an extremely complex biological fluid. It consists of blood cells suspended in plasma and other different types of cells which include white blood cells, platelets etc. The blood flow in arteries and veins are closely linked to the blood vessel properties.Carrying the oxygen and nutrients to various tissues and organs of our body, delivering carbon dioxide to the lungs and accepting oxygen, bringing the metabolic by products to the kidneys, regulating the body's defence mechanism, that is, the immune system and facilitating in effective heat and mass transfer across the body are some of the major functions which blood performs in the human body.Blood consists of the red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes. The cells which are involved primarily in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide are known as Erythrocytes . The cells which are involved primarily in phagocytosis (the process of destruction of unknown particulate matter) and immune responses are known as Leukocytes; thrombocytes are the components of blood which are involved in blood clotting. In addition to these 55 to 60 percent of blood by volume consists of plasma. Plasma is the transparent, amber-colored liquid in which the cellular components of blood are suspended. Plasma contains  constituents such as proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and nutrients. Serum is blood plasma from which clotting factors have been removed.Blood accounts for 6 to 8 percent of body weight in normal, healthy humans. The density of blood is slightly greater than the density of water at approximately 1060 kg/m3. The increased density comes from the increased density of a red blood cell compared with the density of water or plasma. Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of matter. Blood Rheology is the study of blood, especially the properties associated with the deformation and flow of blood. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid. However, often the non-Newtonian effect is very small due to various reasons. Thus, it is important to know about the blood rheology.One of the characteristics of blood that affects the work required to cause the blood to flow through the arteries is the viscosity of blood. The viscosity of blood is in the range of 3 to 6 cP, or 0.003 to 0.006 Ns/m2. Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, which means that the viscosity of blood is not a constant with respect to the rate of shearing strain. In addition to the rate of shearing strain, the viscosity of blood is also dependent on temperature and on the volume percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells. If blood is made stationary for several seconds then clotting begins in the blood, as a result of which the viscosity of the blood increases. When stationary state is disturbed with increasing shear rate, the clot formation is destroyed and the viscosity decreases. Moreover, the orientation of red blood cells present in the blood also effect the viscosity of blood. Thus, we can say that blood is a shear thinning fluid, i.e., viscosity decreases with increase in shear rate. Beyond a shear rate of about 100s^-1, the viscosity is nearly constant and the blood behaves like a Newtonian fluid. Blood is a viscoelastic material, i.e., viscous and elastic because the effective viscosity of blood not only depends on the shear rate but also on the history of shear rate.It is also important to note that the normal blood flows much more easily compared to rigid particles, for the same particle volume fraction. This is due to the fact that red blood cells can accommodate by deforming in order to pass by one another.

text: Oxygen (O) must be present in every breathing gas. This is because it is essential to the human body's metabolic process, which sustains life. The human body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does with food. If the body is deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes, unconsciousness and death result. The tissues and organs within the body (notably the heart and brain) are damaged if deprived of oxygen for much longer than four minutes.

text: Oxygen (O) must be present in every breathing gas. This is because it is essential to the

text: human body

text: 's

text: metabolic process

text: , which sustains life. The human body cannot store oxygen for later use as it does with food. If the body is deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes, unconsciousness and death result. The

text: tissues

text: and

text: organ

text: s within the body (notably the heart and brain) are damaged if deprived of oxygen for much longer than four minutes.

text: There are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from blood supply. When cells die from necrosis, it's a rather messy affair. The death causes inflammation that can cause further distress of injury within the body.  Apoptosis, on the other hand, is relatively civil. Many cells undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, during fetal development. A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells. The human body replaces perhaps one million cells per second. When a cell is compelled to commit suicide, proteins called caspases go into action. They break down the cellular components needed for survival, and they spur production of enzymes known as DNas, which destroy the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. It's like roadies breaking down the stage in an arena after a major band has been through town. The cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are answered by vacuum cleaners known as macrophages. The macrophages clean away the shrunken cells, leaving no trace, so these cells have no chance to cause the damage that necrotic cells do. Apoptosis also differs from necrosis in that it's essential to human development. For example, in the womb, our fingers and toes are connected to one another by a sort of webbing. Apoptosis is what causes that webbing to disappear, leaving us with 10 separate digits. As our brains develop, the body, the body creates millions more cells than it needs; the ones that don't form synaptic connections undergo apoptosis so that the remaining cells function well. Programmed cell death is also necessary to start the process of menstruation. That's not to say that apoptosis is a perfect process. Rather than dying due to injury, cells that go through apoptosis die in response to signals within the body. When cells recognize viruses and gene mutations, they may induce death to prevent the damage from spreading. Scientist are trying to learn how they can modulate apoptosis, so that they can control which cells live and which undergo programmed cell death. Anti-cancer drugs and radiation, for example, work by triggering apoptosis in diseased cells. Many diseases and disorders are linked with the life and death of cells—increased apoptosis is a characteristic of AIDS, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease, while decreased apoptosis can signal lupus or cancer. Understanding how to regulate apoptosis could be the first step to treating these conditions.

text: There are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from blood supply. When cells die from necrosis, it's a rather messy affair. The death causes

text: inflammation

text: that can cause further distress of injury within the body.  Apoptosis, on the other hand, is relatively civil. Many cells undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, during fetal development. A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells. The human body replaces perhaps one million cells per second. When a cell is compelled to commit suicide, proteins called

text: caspases

text: go into action. They break down the cellular components needed for survival, and they spur production of enzymes known as DNas, which destroy the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. It's like roadies breaking down the stage in an arena after a major band has been through town. The cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are answered by vacuum cleaners known as

text: macrophages

text: The introduction has several sections after the lead. Running Divine Beings provides notes for the Dungeon Master on how and when deities interact with the world and their followers. Deities and the Campaign describes the place of deities within a campaign. Divine Abilities details the abilities that all deities have in common, as well as those of the four tiers of power: Greater God, Intermediate God, Lesser God, and Demigod. This section also describes how many avatars (manifestations of the deity upon the Prime Material Plane a god of a certain power level may have, and how many spells and special powers a god can grant followers based on power level. Nonhuman Deities as Archetypal Powers describes how the deities in the book are archetypal (as opposed to the ones in Legends and Lore which do not appear in every campaign), and do not vary greatly from world to world. Integrating Human and Nonhuman Pantheons suggests how human and nonhuman deities may coexist in the same game world. Avatars gives specific details on how avatar statistics work, based on those given for each deity in the book. Priests and Priesthoods explains how this section found in each deity entry is intended to function. Deities Included in This Book explains why the deities in this book were chosen to appear here. Explanatory Notes explains the mythos section introduction given before each pantheon is presented, and the personal entries of each god therein. Lastly, Abbreviations explains the abbreviations used in each deity entry.

text: The introduction has several sections after the lead. Running Divine Beings provides notes for the

text: Dungeon Master

text: on how and when deities interact with the world and their followers. Deities and the Campaign describes the place of deities within a campaign. Divine Abilities details the abilities that all deities have in common, as well as those of the four tiers of power: Greater God, Intermediate God, Lesser God, and Demigod. This section also describes how many avatars (manifestations of the deity upon the

text: Prime Material Plane

text: a god of a certain power level may have, and how many spells and special powers a god can grant followers based on power level. Nonhuman Deities as Archetypal Powers describes how the deities in the book are archetypal (as opposed to the ones in Legends and Lore which do not appear in every campaign), and do not vary greatly from world to world. Integrating Human and Nonhuman Pantheons suggests how human and nonhuman deities may coexist in the same game world. Avatars gives specific details on how avatar statistics work, based on those given for each deity in the book. Priests and Priesthoods explains how this section found in each deity entry is intended to function. Deities Included in This Book explains why the deities in this book were chosen to appear here. Explanatory Notes explains the mythos section introduction given before each pantheon is presented, and the personal entries of each god therein. Lastly, Abbreviations explains the abbreviations used in each deity entry.

text: Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones. In humans is encoded by the NOG gene. The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of rat, mouse, and Xenopus (an aquatic-frog genus).

text: Noggin, also known as NOG, is a

text: protein

text: that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones. In humans is encoded by the NOG

text: gene

text: . The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of

text: rat

text: mouse

text: , and

text: Xenopus

text: (an aquatic-frog genus).

text: The number of bacterial cells that live on or in the human body, for example throughout the alimentary canal and on the skin, is in the region of 10 times the total number of human cells in it. These microbes are vital, for instance for the digestive and the immune system to function.

text: The number of bacterial cells that live on or in the human body, for example throughout the alimentary canal and on the skin, is in the region of 10 times the total number of human cells in it. These microbes are

text: vital

text: , for instance for the digestive and the immune system to function.

text: The Association has Category II Status as a non-governmental organization at the United Nations, enabling it to participate in the deliberations of various UN bodies. In this capacity, the representative of the Association has been actively involved in the work of the Commission on Human Rights in Geneva and of related bodies, and as of 2007 will be engaged with the work of the United Nations Human Rights Council, which has replaced the Commission on Human Rights.

text: The Association has Category II Status as a

text: non-governmental organization

text: at the

text: United Nations

text: , enabling it to participate in the deliberations of various UN bodies. In this capacity, the representative of the Association has been actively involved in the work of the

entity_name: United Nations Commission on Human Rights

text: Commission on Human Rights

text: in

text: Geneva

text: and of related bodies, and as of 2007 will be engaged with the work of the

text: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: , which has replaced the Commission on Human Rights.

text: The carotid body contains the most vascularized tissue in the human body . The thyroid gland is very vascular, but not quite as much as the carotid body.

text: The carotid body contains the most vascularized tissue in the human body . The

text: thyroid gland

text: is very vascular, but not quite as much as the carotid body.

text: In one sense, somatology is the study of the body in the sense of anatomy and physiology, to learn about how the parts of the body work together. In this sense, somatology can also refer more generally to the properties associated with living organisms other than humans. The study of anatomy and physiology is important for medical practice, among other things, and is practiced in numerous colleges and universities all over the world.

text: To date, the ideal progenitor cells have not been found or created.  With the goal of recreating human tissue, the use of embryonic stem cells (ESC) was the initial logical choice.  These pluripotent cells can conceptually give rise to any somatic cell line in the human body and while animal studies have shown restoration of cardiac function, immunologic rejection issues and teratoma formation have rendered ESC's a high risk.

text: To date, the ideal progenitor cells have not been found or created.  With the goal of recreating human tissue, the use of embryonic stem cells (ESC) was the initial logical choice.  These pluripotent cells can conceptually give rise to any

text: somatic cell

text: line in the human body and while animal studies have shown restoration of cardiac function, immunologic rejection issues and

text: teratoma

text: formation have rendered ESC's a high risk.

text: Dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit. These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.

text: In order to unite his theories about the soul and how it operated within the body, he adapted the theory of the pneuma, which he used to explain how the soul operated within its assigned organs, and how those organs, in turn, interacted together. Galen then distinguished the vital pneuma, in the arterial system, from the psychic pneuma, in the brain and nervous system. Galen placed the vital pneuma in the heart and the psychic pneuma within the brain. He conducted many anatomical studies on animals, most famously an ox, to study the transition from vital to psychic pneuma. Although highly criticized for comparing animal anatomy to human anatomy, Galen was convinced that his knowledge was abundant enough in both anatomies to base one off of the other.

text: Proteins are polymers of amino acids, and they do all sorts of incredible things. They give structure to living things, carry messages and molecules around our bodies, support the immune system and catalyse chemical reactions, and they are used widely in industry and medicine too. In this issue, we explore proteins and discover how they are involved in all kinds of processes in humans and other organisms.

text: The firm was first licensed by Human Tissue Authority (HTA) in September 2006. It was licensed for the procurement, processing, testing, storage, distribution and import/export of human tissues and cells for human application, and storage of relevant material which has come from a human body for use for a scheduled purpose. By June 2015, the establishment was inspected by HTA on seven occasions. Cells4Life moved to its current premises in November 2010.

text: The firm was first licensed by

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: (HTA) in September 2006. It was licensed for the procurement, processing, testing, storage, distribution and import/export of human tissues and cells for human application, and storage of relevant material which has come from a human body for use for a scheduled purpose. By June 2015, the establishment was inspected by HTA on seven occasions. Cells4Life moved to its current premises in November 2010.

text: Pharaoh is, in a sense, an extended study of the metaphor of society-as-organism that Prus had adopted from English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, and that Prus makes explicit in the introduction to the novel: "the Egyptian nation in its times of greatness formed, as it were, a single person, in which the priesthood was the mind, the pharaoh was the will, the people the body, and obedience the cement." All of society's organ systems must work together harmoniously, if society is to survive and prosper.

text: Pharaoh is, in a sense, an extended study of the

text: metaphor

text: of

text: society

text: -as-

text: organism

text: that Prus had adopted from English philosopher and sociologist

text: Herbert Spencer

text: , and that Prus makes explicit in the introduction to the novel: "the Egyptian nation in its times of greatness formed, as it were, a single person, in which the priesthood was the mind, the pharaoh was the will, the people the body, and obedience the cement." All of society's

text: organ

text: systems must work together harmoniously, if society is to survive and prosper.

text: The late nineteenth to the early twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes, but for scientific exploration as well. French biologist and filmmaker Jean Painleve lobbied heavily for the use of film in the scientific field, as the new medium was more efficient in capturing and documenting the behavior, movement, and environment of microorganisms, cells, and bacteria, than the naked eye. The introduction of film into scientific fields allowed for not only the viewing "new images and objects, such as cells and natural objects, but also the viewing of them in real time", whereas prior to the invention of moving pictures, scientists and doctors alike had to rely on hand drawn sketches of human anatomy and its microorganisms.

text: In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells—also called parafollicular cells or C cells—of the thyroid gland.  In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (technically fifth, but that one is rudimentary and merges with the fourth). The cells that give rise to the parafollicular cells are actually derivatives of the neuroectoderm. These cells migrate and associate with the ultimopharyngeal body during development.Failure of development of ultimobranchial body is seen in DiGeorge syndrome.

text: In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the

text: calcitonin

text: -producing cells—also called

text: parafollicular cell

text: s or C cells—of the

text: thyroid gland

text: .  In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the

text: fourth pharyngeal pouch

text: (technically fifth, but that one is rudimentary and merges with the fourth). The cells that give rise to the parafollicular cells are actually derivatives of the

text: neuroectoderm

text: . These cells migrate and associate with the ultimopharyngeal body during development.Failure of development of ultimobranchial body is seen in

text: DiGeorge syndrome

text: However fascism's corporatism was a top-down model of state control over the economy while the Roman Catholic Church's corporatism favoured a bottom-up corporatism, whereby groups such as families and professional groups would voluntarily work together. The fascist state corporatism influenced the governments and economies of a number of Roman Catholic-majority countries, such as the governments of Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal, but also Konstantin Päts and Kārlis Ulmanis in non-Catholic Estonia and Latvia. Fascists in non-Catholic countries also supported Italian Fascist corporatism, including Oswald Mosley of the British Union of Fascists who commended corporatism and said that "it means a nation organized as the human body, with each organ performing its individual function but working in harmony with the whole". Mosley also considered corporatism as an attack on laissez-faire economics and "international finance".

text: However fascism's corporatism was a top-down model of state control over the economy while the Roman Catholic Church's corporatism favoured a bottom-up corporatism, whereby groups such as families and professional groups would voluntarily work together. The fascist state corporatism influenced the governments and economies of a number of Roman Catholic-majority countries, such as the governments of

text: Engelbert Dollfuss

text: in

text: Austria

text: and

text: António de Oliveira Salazar

text: in

text: Portugal

text: , but also

text: Konstantin Päts

text: and

text: Kārlis Ulmanis

text: in non-Catholic

text: Estonia

text: and

text: Latvia

text: . Fascists in non-Catholic countries also supported Italian Fascist corporatism, including

text: Oswald Mosley

text: of the

text: British Union of Fascists

text: who commended corporatism and said that "it means a nation organized as the human body, with each organ performing its individual function but working in harmony with the whole". Mosley also considered corporatism as an attack on

text: laissez-faire

text: economics and "international finance".

text: Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of various forms of human tissue.  Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides.   This contrasts with the methods of cytopathology, which uses free cells or tissue fragments.  Histopathological examination of tissues starts with surgery, biopsy, or autopsy.  The tissue is removed from the body of an organism and then placed in a fixative that stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is formalin, although frozen section fixing is also common.  To see the tissue under a microscope, the sections are stained with one or more pigments. The aim of staining is to reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast.  Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue.  The histological slides are then interpreted diagnostically and the resulting pathology report describes the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist.  In the case of cancer, this represents the tissue diagnosis required for most treatment protocols.

text: Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of various forms of

text: human tissue

text: .  Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides.   This contrasts with the methods of cytopathology, which uses free cells or tissue fragments.  Histopathological examination of tissues starts with

text: surgery

text: biopsy

text: , or autopsy.  The tissue is removed from the body of an organism and then placed in a fixative that stabilizes the tissues to prevent decay. The most common fixative is

text: formalin

text: , although

text: frozen section

text: fixing is also common.  To see the tissue under a microscope, the sections are stained with one or more pigments. The aim of staining is to reveal cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast.  Histochemistry refers to the science of using chemical reactions between laboratory chemicals and components within tissue.  The histological slides are then interpreted diagnostically and the resulting pathology report describes the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist.  In the case of cancer, this represents the tissue diagnosis required for most treatment protocols.

text: The Human Tissue Act 2004 (c 30) was an act of the UK parliament applying to England, Northern Ireland and Wales. It consolidated previous legislation and created the Human Tissue Authority to "regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue."

text: The Human Tissue Act 2004 (c 30) was an

entity_name: Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom

text: act of the UK parliament

text: applying to England, Northern Ireland and Wales. It consolidated previous legislation and created the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: to "regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue."

text: Since they are the closest relatives to humans, non-human primates were first considered as a potential organ source for xenotransplantation to humans. Chimpanzees were originally considered the best option since their organs are of similar size, and they have good blood type compatibility with humans, which makes them potential candidates for xenotransfusions. However, since chimpanzees are listed as an endangered species, other potential donors were sought. Baboons are more readily available, but impractical as potential donors. Problems include their smaller body size, the infrequency of blood group O (the universal donor), their long gestation period, and their typically small number of offspring. In addition, a major problem with the use of nonhuman primates is the increased risk of disease transmission, since they are so closely related to humans.

text: Since they are the closest relatives to humans, non-human primates were first considered as a potential organ source for xenotransplantation to humans. Chimpanzees were originally considered the best option since their organs are of similar size, and they have good blood type compatibility with humans, which makes them potential candidates for

text: xenotransfusion

text: s. However, since chimpanzees are listed as an endangered species, other potential donors were sought. Baboons are more readily available, but impractical as potential donors. Problems include their smaller body size, the infrequency of blood group O (the universal donor), their long gestation period, and their typically small number of offspring. In addition, a major problem with the use of nonhuman primates is the increased risk of disease transmission, since they are so closely related to humans.

text: This page lists foramina that occur in the human body.

text: This page lists

text: foramina

text: that occur in the

text: human body

text: At TED MED 2010, Dr. Keshavjee gave a talk entitled ‘Can a human lung breathe outside the body in which he addressed the process of repairing organs outside the human body.

text: At

text: TED MED

text: 2010, Dr. Keshavjee gave a talk entitled ‘Can a human lung breathe outside the body in which he addressed the process of repairing organs outside the human body.

text: During 1827 and 1828, Burke and Hare brought a new dimension to the trade of selling corpses "to the doctors" by murdering rather than grave-robbing and supplying their victims' fresh corpses for medical dissection. Their activities, and those of the London Burkers who imitated them, resulted in the passage of the Anatomy Act 1832.  This allowed unclaimed bodies and those donated by relatives to be used for the study of anatomy, and required the licensing of anatomy teachers, which essentially ended the body snatching trade.  The use of bodies for scientific research in the UK is now governed by the Human Tissue Authority.

text: During 1827 and 1828,

text: Burke and Hare

text: brought a new dimension to the trade of selling corpses "to the doctors" by murdering rather than grave-robbing and supplying their victims' fresh corpses for medical dissection. Their activities, and those of the

text: London Burkers

text: who imitated them, resulted in the passage of the

text: Anatomy Act 1832

text: .  This allowed unclaimed bodies and those donated by relatives to be used for the study of anatomy, and required the licensing of anatomy teachers, which essentially ended the body snatching trade.  The use of bodies for scientific research in the UK is now governed by the

text: Human Tissue Authority

text: In 2003, Kiessling wrote Human Embryonic Stem Cells: An Introduction to the Science and Therapeutic Potential, the first textbook on the controversial topic.

text: The Human Tissue Act 2004 covers England, Wales and Northern Ireland.  The Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 covers Scotland and has broadly similar provisions as far as transplantation is concerned.

text: The Human Tissue Act 2004 covers England, Wales and Northern Ireland.  The

text: Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006

text: covers Scotland and has broadly similar provisions as far as transplantation is concerned.

text: Cell types differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are being evaluated as preclinical in vitro models of Human diseases. Human cell types in a dish provide an alternative to traditional preclinical assays using animal, human immortalized cells or primary cultures from biopsies, which their limitations. Clinically-relevant cell types i.e. cell type affected in diseases are a major focus of research, this includes hepatocytes, Langerhans islet beta-cells, cardiomyocytes and  neurons. Drug screen are performed on miniaturized cell culture in multiwell-plates or on a chip.

text: Cell types differentiated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are being evaluated as

text: preclinical

text: in vitro models of Human diseases. Human cell types in a dish provide an alternative to traditional preclinical assays using animal, human

text: immortalized cells

text: or primary cultures from

text: biopsies

text: , which their limitations. Clinically-relevant cell types i.e. cell type affected in diseases are a major focus of research, this includes

text: hepatocytes

text: Langerhans islet

text: beta-cells

text: cardiomyocytes

text: and

text: neurons

text: Drug screen

text: are performed on miniaturized cell culture in multiwell-plates or on a chip.

text: According to a 2002 article in PNAS, "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering."

text: According to a 2002 article in

entity_name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

text: PNAS

text: , "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering."

text: The exhortation has three parts, as well as an introduction and conclusions. The introduction discusses the modern world's divisions and difficulties. It stresses the inherent desire of humanity for reconciliation. The first chapter discusses the fact that the mission of the Church remains the conversion of hearts.

text: The cells of the human body have many structures which move throughout them.

text: The

text: cells

text: of the

text: human body

text: have many structures which move throughout them.

text: During the Liverpool Biennial in 2004, Ono flooded the city with two images on banners, bags, stickers, postcards, flyers, posters and badges: one of a woman's naked breast, the other of the same model's vulva. (During her stay in Lennon's city of birth, she said she was "astounded" by the city's renaissance.) The piece, titled My Mummy Was Beautiful, was dedicated to Lennon's mother, Julia, who had died when he was a teenager. According to Ono, the work was meant to be innocent, not shocking; she was attempting to replicate the experience of a baby looking up at its mother's body, those parts of the mother's body being a child's introduction to humanity.

text: During the

text: Liverpool Biennial

text: in 2004, Ono flooded the city with two images on banners, bags, stickers, postcards,

text: flyer

text: s, posters and badges: one of a woman's naked breast, the other of the same model's

text: vulva

text: . (During her stay in Lennon's city of birth, she said she was "astounded" by the city's renaissance.) The piece, titled My Mummy Was Beautiful, was dedicated to Lennon's mother, Julia, who had died when he was a teenager. According to Ono, the work was meant to be innocent, not shocking; she was attempting to replicate the experience of a baby looking up at its mother's body, those parts of the mother's body being a child's introduction to humanity.

text: The human body contains many types of cells, and the human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital organ. For many short-term radiation deaths due to what is commonly known as radiation sickness (3 days to 30 days after exposure), it is the loss of bone marrow cells (which produce blood cells), and the loss of other cells in the wall of the intestines, that is fatal.

text: The

text: human body

text: contains many types of cells, and the human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital

text: organ

text: . For many short-term radiation deaths due to what is commonly known as

text: radiation sickness

text: (3 days to 30 days after exposure), it is the loss of

text: bone marrow

text: cells (which produce

text: blood cells

text: ), and the loss of other cells in the wall of the

text: intestines

text: , that is fatal.

text: Leonardo can work together with a human to solve a common problem as much as his body allows. He’s more effective at working shoulder-to-shoulder with a human because of the theory of mind work that is blended with his programming. In a task where one human wants cookies and another crackers from two locked locations and one of them has switched the locations, Leonardo can watch the first human trying to get to where he thinks the cookies are and open a box with cookies, helping him achieve his goal. All of Leonardo’s social skills work together so it can work alongside humans. When a human asks it to do a task, it can indicate what it knows or doesn’t know and what it can and cannot do. Communicating through expression and gesture and through perceiving expression, gesture, and speech, the robot is able to work as part of a team.

text: Major activities include the introduction of new legislation in the sphere of public service, review of the central bodies of executive power, implementation of quality-management systems into the work of public bodies, improvement of staff capacity and human resources services of public bodies and publishing periodic analyses to spread new ideas and best practices in the sphere of public service and administrative reform:

text: Major activities include the introduction of new legislation in the sphere of public service, review of the central bodies of executive power, implementation of quality-management systems into the work of public bodies, improvement of staff capacity and

text: human resources

text: services of public bodies and publishing periodic analyses to spread new ideas and best practices in the sphere of public service and administrative reform:

text: Strategic human resource management is "critical importance of human resources to strategy, organizational capability to adapt to change and the goals of the organization". In other words this is a strategy that intends to adapt the goals of an organization and is built off of other theories such as the contingency theory as well as institutional theory which fit under the umbrella of organizational theory. These theories look at the  universalistic, contingency and configurational  perspectives to see the effect of human resource practices in organizations. The universalistic perspective says that there are better human resource practices than others and those should be adopted within organization while contingency says that human resource practices need to align with other organization practices or the organizations mission, and configurational perspective is based on how to combine multiple aspects of human resource practices with effectiveness or performance. This can also be viewed as how human resource practices fit vertically or horizontally in an organization. This theory also involves looking at the value of human capital as well as social capitol both in and outside of organizations and how this affects human resource practices. Human capitol being knowledge and skills of individuals working for the organization and social capitol is based on the character and value of relationships in and out of the organization. "Colbert suggests that SHRM should focus on the interactions and processes of the organization's social system—the intentions, choices and actions of people in the system  and  on  HR  systems  as  a  coherent  whole."

text: Strategic human resource management is "critical importance of human resources to strategy, organizational capability to adapt to change and the goals of the organization". In other words this is a strategy that intends to adapt the goals of an organization and is built off of other theories such as the

text: contingency theory

text: as well as

text: institutional theory

text: which fit under the umbrella of

text: organizational theory

text: . These theories look at the  universalistic, contingency and configurational  perspectives to see the effect of human resource practices in organizations. The universalistic perspective says that there are better human resource practices than others and those should be adopted within organization while contingency says that human resource practices need to align with other organization practices or the organizations mission, and configurational perspective is based on how to combine multiple aspects of human resource practices with effectiveness or performance. This can also be viewed as how human resource practices fit vertically or horizontally in an organization. This theory also involves looking at the value of human capital as well as social capitol both in and outside of organizations and how this affects human resource practices. Human capitol being knowledge and skills of individuals working for the organization and social capitol is based on the character and value of relationships in and out of the organization. "Colbert suggests that SHRM should focus on the interactions and processes of the organization's social system—the intentions, choices and actions of people in the system  and  on  HR  systems  as  a  coherent  whole."

text: Phormia regina is a flesh-eating fly not usually used for medical gain. However, the maggots from the black blow fly are used in a medical practice called maggot therapy. Maggot therapy is a type of biotherapy involving the intentional introduction by a health care practitioner of live, disinfected maggots into the skin and soft tissue wound of a human or animal for the purpose of selectively cleaning out only the necrotic tissue within a wound to promote wound healing. Maggot therapy dates back to the Mayan empire, but there are no actual records of use until the early 16th century.

text: Phormia regina is a flesh-eating fly not usually used for medical gain. However, the maggots from the black blow fly are used in a medical practice called maggot therapy.

text: Maggot therapy

text: is a type of biotherapy involving the intentional introduction by a health care practitioner of live, disinfected maggots into the skin and soft tissue wound of a human or animal for the purpose of selectively cleaning out only the necrotic tissue within a wound to promote wound healing. Maggot therapy dates back to the Mayan empire, but there are no actual records of use until the early 16th century.

text: Tacit knowledge has been described as "know-how" – as opposed to "know-that" (facts). This distinction is usually taken to date back to a paper by Gilbert Ryle, given to the Aristotelian society in London in 1945. In this paper Ryle argues against the (intellectualist) position that all knowledge is knowledge of propositions ("know-that"), and the view that some knowledge can only be defined as "know-how" has therefore, in some contexts, come to be called "anti-intellectualist". There are further distinctions: "know-why" (science), or "know-who" (networking). Tacit knowledge involves learning and skill but not in a way that can be written down. On this account knowing-how or embodied knowledge is characteristic of the expert, who acts, makes judgments, and so forth without explicitly reflecting on the principles or rules involved. The expert works without having a theory of his or her work; he or she just performs skillfully without deliberation or focused attention Embodied knowledge represents a learned capability of a human body's nervous and endocrine systems .

text: Tacit knowledge has been described as "

text: know-how

text: " – as opposed to "know-that" (

text: fact

text: s). This distinction is usually taken to date back to a paper by Gilbert Ryle, given to the Aristotelian society in London in 1945. In this paper Ryle argues against the (intellectualist) position that all knowledge is knowledge of propositions ("know-that"), and the view that some knowledge can only be defined as "know-how" has therefore, in some contexts, come to be called "anti-intellectualist". There are further distinctions: "know-why" (science), or "know-who" (networking). Tacit knowledge involves learning and skill but not in a way that can be written down. On this account knowing-how or

text: embodied knowledge

text: is characteristic of the expert, who acts, makes judgments, and so forth without explicitly reflecting on the principles or rules involved. The expert works without having a theory of his or her work; he or she just performs skillfully without deliberation or focused attention Embodied knowledge represents a learned capability of a human body's

text: nervous

text: and

text: endocrine system

text: s .

text: In the introduction of the resolution, the Council expressed "grave concern" at the situation in Libya and condemned the use of force against civilians. It also condemned the repression and violations of human rights, and attempts by the Libyan government to incite violence; statements of condemnation from the Arab League, African Union, Organisation of the Islamic Conference and United Nations Human Rights Council were welcomed by the Council. Such attacks on protesters were considered to amount to crimes against humanity.

text: In the introduction of the resolution, the Council expressed "grave concern" at the situation in Libya and condemned the use of force against civilians. It also condemned the repression and violations of

text: human rights

text: , and attempts by the Libyan government to incite violence; statements of condemnation from the

text: Arab League

text: African Union

text: Organisation of the Islamic Conference

text: and

text: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: were welcomed by the Council. Such attacks on protesters were considered to amount to

text: crimes against humanity

text: LTB4, 5-HETE, and 5-oxoETE may contribute to the innate immune response as leukocyte chemotactic factors, i.e. they recruit and further activate circulating blood neutrophils and monccytes to sites of microbial invasion, tissue injury, and foreign bodies. When produced in excess, however, they may contribute to a wide range of pathological inflammatory responses (see 5-HETE and LTB4). 5-Oxo-ETE is a particularly potent chemotactic factor for and activator of eosinophils and may thereby contribute to eosinophil-based allergic reactions and diseases (see 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid). These metabolites may also contribute to the progression of certain cancers such as those of the prostate, breast, lung, ovary, and pancreas. ALOX5 may be overexpressed in some of these cancers; 5-Oxo-ETE and to a lesser extent 5-HETE stimulate human cell lines derived from these cancers to proliferate; and the pharmacological inhibition of ALOX5 in these human cell lines causes them to die by entering apoptosis. ALOX5 and its LTB4 metabolite as well as this metabolite's BLT1 and BLT2 receptors have also been shown to promote the growth of various types of human cancer cell lines in culture.

text: LTB4, 5-HETE, and 5-oxoETE may contribute to the

text: innate immune response

text: as leukocyte

text: chemotactic factor

text: s, i.e. they recruit and further activate circulating blood neutrophils and monccytes to sites of microbial invasion, tissue injury, and foreign bodies. When produced in excess, however, they may contribute to a wide range of pathological

text: inflammatory response

text: s (see

text: and

text: ). 5-Oxo-ETE is a particularly potent chemotactic factor for and activator of

text: eosinophil

text: s and may thereby contribute to eosinophil-based allergic reactions and diseases (see

text: 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid

text: ). These metabolites may also contribute to the progression of certain cancers such as those of the prostate, breast, lung, ovary, and pancreas. ALOX5 may be overexpressed in some of these cancers; 5-Oxo-ETE and to a lesser extent 5-HETE stimulate human cell lines derived from these cancers to proliferate; and the pharmacological inhibition of ALOX5 in these human cell lines causes them to die by entering

text: apoptosis

text: . ALOX5 and its LTB4 metabolite as well as this metabolite's

text: BLT

text: 1 and

text: receptors have also been shown to promote the growth of various types of human cancer cell lines in culture.

text: Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. Two of the most famous Greek anatomists and physiologists of the third century were Herophilus and Erasistratus. These two physicians helped pioneer human dissection for medical research. They also conducted vivisections on the cadavers of condemned criminals, which was considered taboo until the Renaissance – Herophilus was recognized as the first person to perform systematic dissections. Herophilus became known for his anatomical works making impressing contributions to many branches of anatomy and many other aspects of medicine. Some of the works included classifying the system of the pulse, the discovery that human arteries had thicker walls then veins, and that the atria were parts of the heart. Herophilus’s knowledge of the human body has provided vital input towards understanding the brain, eye, liver, reproductive organs and nervous system, and characterizing the course of disease. Erasistratus accurately described the structure of the brain, including the cavities and membranes, and made a distinction between its cerebrum and cerebellum  During his study in Alexandria, Erasistratus was particularly concerned with studies of the circulatory and nervous systems. He was able to distinguish the sensory and the motor nerves in the human body and believed that air entered the lungs and heart, which was then carried throughout the body. His distinction between the arteries and veins – the arteries carrying the air through the body, while the veins carried the blood from the heart was a great anatomical discovery. Erasistratus was also responsible for naming and describing the function of the epiglottis and the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid. During the third century, Greek physicians were able to differentiate nerves from blood vessels and tendons  and to realize that the nerves convey neural impulses. It was Herophilus who made the point that damage to motor nerves induced paralysis. Herophilus named the meninges and ventricles in the brain, appreciated the division between cerebellum and cerebrum and recognized that the brain was the "seat of intellect" and not a "cooling chamber" as propounded by Aristotle  Herophilus is also credited with describing the optic, oculomotor, motor division of the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear and hypoglossal nerves.

text: Some of the most striking advances in early anatomy and physiology took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. Two of the most famous Greek anatomists and physiologists of the third century were

text: Herophilus

text: and

text: Erasistratus

text: . These two physicians helped pioneer human

text: dissection

text: for medical research. They also conducted

text: vivisection

text: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues.  Since they are derived from the mesoderm, they have been shown to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy.  As a result, many researchers have focused on adult stem cells , or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can be transplanted into damaged tissue.

text: Mesenchymal stem cells

text: (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues.  Since they are derived from the

text: mesoderm

text: , they have been shown to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy.  As a result, many researchers have focused on adult stem cells , or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can be transplanted into damaged tissue.

text: Stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is critical for estimating size distribution of aerosolized particles from nano-powders or other sources. At nanotechnology workplaces, workers can be exposed via inhalation to potentially toxic substances during handling and processing of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles in the air often form agglomerates due to attractive inter-particle forces, such as van der Waals force or electrostatic force if the particles are charged. As a result, aerosol particles are usually observed as agglomerates rather than individual particles. For exposure and risk assessments of airborne nanoparticles, it is important to know about the size distribution of aerosols. When inhaled by humans, particles with different diameters are deposited in varied locations of the central and periphery respiratory system. Particles in nanoscale have been shown to penetrate the air-blood barrier in lungs and be translocated into secondary organs in the human body, such as the brain, heart and liver. Therefore, the knowledge on stability of nanoparticle agglomerates is important for predicting the size of aerosol particles, which helps assess the potential risk of them to human bodies.

text: Vision science is the scientific study of vision. Vision science encompasses all studies of vision, such as how human and non-human organisms process visual information, how conscious visual perception works in humans, how to exploit visual perception for effective communication, and how artificial systems can do the same tasks. Vision science overlaps with or encompasses disciplines such as ophthalmology and optometry, neuroscience(s), psychology (particularly sensation and perception psychology, cognitive psychology, biopsychology, psychophysics, and neuropsychology), physics (particularly optics), ethology, and computer science (particularly computer vision, artificial intelligence, and computer graphics), as well as other engineering related areas such as data visualization, user interface design, and human factors and ergonomics. Below is a list of pertinent journals.

text: Vision science is the scientific study of

text: vision

text: . Vision science encompasses all studies of vision, such as how

text: human

text: and

text: non-human

text: organisms

text: process visual information, how conscious

text: visual perception

text: works in humans, how to exploit visual

text: perception

text: for effective communication, and how artificial systems can do the same tasks. Vision science overlaps with or encompasses disciplines such as

text: ophthalmology

text: and

text: optometry

text: neuroscience

text: (s),

text: psychology

text: (particularly

text: sensation and perception psychology

text: cognitive psychology

text: biopsychology

text: psychophysics

text: , and

text: neuropsychology

text: physics

text: (particularly

text: optics

text: ethology

text: , and

text: computer science

text: (particularly

text: computer vision

text: artificial intelligence

text: , and

text: computer graphics

text: ), as well as other engineering related areas such as

text: data visualization

text: user interface design

text: , and

text: human factors and ergonomics

text: . Below is a list of pertinent journals.

text: Stress can have many profound effects on the human biological systems.  Biology primarily attempts to explain major concepts of stress using a stimulus-response paradigm, broadly comparable to how a psychobiological sensory system operates. The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) plays a crucial role in the body's stress-related mechanisms. Whether one should interpret these mechanisms as the body's response to a stressor or embody the act of stress itself is part of the ambiguity in defining what exactly stress is. Nevertheless, the central nervous system works closely with the body's endocrine system to regulate these mechanisms. The sympathetic nervous system becomes primarily active during a stress response, regulating many of the body's physiological functions in ways that ought to make an organism more adaptive to its environment. Below there follows a brief biological background of  neuroanatomy and neurochemistry and how they relate to stress.

text: Stress can have many profound effects on the human biological systems.  Biology primarily attempts to explain major concepts of stress using a stimulus-response paradigm, broadly comparable to how a

text: psychobiological

text: sensory system operates. The

text: central nervous system

text: (brain and spinal cord) plays a crucial role in the body's stress-related mechanisms. Whether one should interpret these mechanisms as the body's response to a

text: stressor

text: or embody the act of stress itself is part of the ambiguity in defining what exactly stress is. Nevertheless, the central nervous system works closely with the body's

text: endocrine system

text: to regulate these mechanisms. The

text: sympathetic nervous system

text: becomes primarily active during a

text: stress response

text: , regulating many of the body's

text: physiological

text: functions in ways that ought to make an organism more

text: adaptive

text: to its environment. Below there follows a brief biological background of

text: neuroanatomy

text: and

text: neurochemistry

text: and how they relate to stress.

text: Due to a shortage in organs but a growing demand for transplantations, people began to use other means to purchase organs outside of a hospital setting. The organ market began to become a commercial market. H. Barry Jacobs, the head of a Virginia company, announced in 1983 a new plan to buy and sell human organs on the market. This plan put healthy, human kidneys in the price range of up to $10,000 plus a $2,000 to $5,000 commission fee for Jacobs.  This brought the issue out into the open. NOTA was a response to this proposal making it criminal to transfer human organs for valuable consideration for the purposes of a human transplantation.

text: The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.

text: The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as

text: hematopathology

text: . The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.

text: The mesoderm has several components which develop into tissues: intermediate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and chorda-mesoderm. The chorda-mesoderm develops into the notochord. The intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads. The paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis. The lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system (including the heart and spleen), the wall of the gut, and wall of the human body.

text: The

text: mesoderm

text: has several components which develop into tissues: intermediate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and chorda-mesoderm. The chorda-mesoderm develops into the notochord. The

text: intermediate mesoderm

text: develops into kidneys and gonads. The

text: paraxial mesoderm

text: develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle, and dermis. The

text: lateral plate mesoderm

text: develops into the circulatory system (including the heart and spleen), the wall of the gut, and wall of the human body.

text: Healthy organs all work together cohesively and gaining a better understanding of how, helps to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Some functions cannot be accomplished only by one organ. That is why organs form complex systems. The system of organs is a collection of homogeneous organs, which have a common plan of structure, function, development, and they are connected to each other anatomically and communicate through the NEI supersystem.

text: Hafez Abu Seada is an Egyptian politician, human rights activist and the current Chairman of the Egyptian Organization for Human rights Egypt's oldest Human Rights NGO , most known for his campaigns against torture and police brutality in Egypt. Abu Seada was born on 1965 in Cairo Egypt. He took part in the student movement of the 1980s against president Mubarak's government and was detained several times due to his dissident activities. After graduating from law school he worked as a human rights lawyer and got involved in Egyptian civil society, and throughout his human rights career he held many posts including the presidency of the Egyptian Organization for human Rights, he was appointed in the mid 2000s in the government formed Egyptian National Council for Human Rights, and he is also a member of International Federation for Human Rights and was its envoy to the Arab league from 2004 to 2007. Abu Seada took part of dozens of international human rights conferences, as well as attending the United Nations Human Rights council sessions in Geneva regularly representing the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights which has a consultative status with the UN that gives it the right to observe various UN sessions. Abu Seada was a vocal supporter of Egypt's 2011 Revolution against the Mubarak regime, and took part on the street protests that ousted Egypt's longtime dictator, Abu Seada also harshly opposed the Muslim Brotherhood's regime and took part in the June 2013 uprising that ultimately led to the deposing of president Morsi on July 3, 2013. Abu Seada ran in Egypt's 2015 parliamentary elections, he nominated himself in the Maadi electoral district as a candidate of the conservative party. He pledged that the preservation of human rights and freedom of expression will be on the top of his legislative agenda if elected. Abu Seada's strongest opponents in the elections were Hussein Megawer a leading figure of Mubarak's defunct National Democratic Party, and Gamal El Sherif a well known lawyer. Abu Seada came in third in the polls, losing in the first round, while El Sherif defeated Megawer in the runoffs by a landslide.

text: Hafez Abu Seada is an Egyptian politician,

text: human rights

text: activist and the current Chairman of the

text: Egyptian Organization for Human rights

text: Egypt

text: 's oldest Human Rights

text: NGO

text: , most known for his campaigns against torture and

text: police brutality in Egypt

text: . Abu Seada was born on 1965 in

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: . He took part in the student movement of the 1980s against president

text: Mubarak

text: 's government and was detained several times due to his dissident activities. After graduating from law school he worked as a human rights lawyer and got involved in Egyptian

text: civil society

text: , and throughout his human rights career he held many posts including the presidency of the

text: Egyptian Organization for human Rights

text: , he was appointed in the mid 2000s in the government formed Egyptian

text: National Council for Human Rights

text: , and he is also a member of

entity_name: International Federation for Human Rights

text: International Federation for Human Rights

text: and was its envoy to the

text: Arab league

text: from 2004 to 2007. Abu Seada took part of dozens of international human rights conferences, as well as attending the

text: United Nations Human Rights council

text: sessions in

text: Geneva

text: regularly representing the

text: Egyptian Organization for Human Rights

text: which has a consultative status with the

text: UN

text: that gives it the right to observe various

text: UN sessions

text: . Abu Seada was a vocal supporter of Egypt's

text: 2011 Revolution

text: against the

text: Mubarak

text: regime, and took part on the street protests that ousted Egypt's longtime dictator, Abu Seada also harshly opposed the

text: Muslim Brotherhood

text: 's regime and took part in the

text: June 2013 uprising

text: that ultimately led to the

text: deposing

text: of president Morsi on July 3, 2013. Abu Seada ran in Egypt's

text: 2015 parliamentary elections

text: , he nominated himself in the

text: Maadi

text: electoral district as a candidate of the

text: conservative party

text: . He pledged that the preservation of human rights and freedom of expression will be on the top of his legislative agenda if elected. Abu Seada's strongest opponents in the elections were

text: Hussein Megawer

text: a leading figure of

text: Mubarak

text: 's defunct

text: National Democratic Party

text: , and Gamal El Sherif a well known lawyer. Abu Seada came in third in the polls, losing in the first round, while El Sherif defeated Megawer in the runoffs by a landslide.

text: That the soul sinned in its pre-existent state, and on that account was incarcerated in the body, the Catholic Church regards as a fiction which has been repeatedly condemned. Divested of this fiction, the theory that the soul exists prior to its infusion into the organism, while not explicitly reprobated, is obviously opposed to the doctrine of the Church, according to which souls are multiplied correspondingly with the multiplication of human organisms. But whether the rational soul is infused into the organism at conception, as the modern opinion holds, or some weeks subsequently, as medieval Scholastics supposed on the basis that the body of the embryo was not human, is an open question with some theologians.

text: That the soul sinned in its pre-existent state, and on that account was incarcerated in the body, the Catholic Church regards as a fiction which has been repeatedly condemned. Divested of this fiction, the theory that the soul exists prior to its infusion into the organism, while not explicitly reprobated, is obviously opposed to the doctrine of the Church, according to which souls are multiplied correspondingly with the multiplication of human organisms. But whether the rational soul is infused into the organism at

text: conception

text: , as the modern opinion holds, or some weeks subsequently, as medieval Scholastics supposed on the basis that the body of the embryo was not human, is an open question with some theologians.

text: Humanism as it was conceived in the early 20th century rejected revealed knowledge, theism-based morality and the supernatural. In the late 20th century the Humanist movement that affirms the dignity and worth of all people came into conflict with conservative Christian groups in the United States and "Secular Humanism" became the most popular element of organized Humanism.  Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organize under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centered ethical philosophy date to the Enlightenment era.

text: Humanism as it was conceived in the early 20th century rejected revealed knowledge,

text: theism

text: -based morality and the

text: supernatural

text: . In the late 20th century the Humanist movement that affirms the dignity and worth of all people came into conflict with conservative

text: Christian

text: groups in the United States and "

text: Secular Humanism

text: " became the most popular element of organized Humanism.  Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organize under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centered ethical philosophy date to the

text: Enlightenment

text: era.

text: A 2006 Baskin et al. study concluded, "The basic anatomical structures of the corporeal bodies in both sexes of humans and spotted hyenas were similar. As in humans, the dorsal nerve distribution was unique in being devoid of nerves at the 12 o'clock position in the penis and clitoris of the spotted hyena" and that "[d]orsal nerves of the penis/clitoris in humans and male spotted hyenas tracked along both sides of the corporeal body to the corpus spongiosum at the 5 and 7 o'clock positions. The dorsal nerves penetrated the corporeal body and distally the glans in the hyena" and, in female hyenas, "the dorsal nerves fanned out laterally on the clitoral body. Glans morphology was different in appearance in both sexes, being wide and blunt in the female and tapered in the male".

text: An article by Gary Becker and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a free market could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($15,000) and human livers ($32,000).

text: An article by

text: Gary Becker

text: and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a

text: free market

text: could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($15,000) and human livers ($32,000).

text: Together, the two systems work in an inverse relationship. In other words, when a specific situation occurs, an organism can approach the situation with one of the two systems. The systems will not be stimulated at the same time and which system is dominant depends on the situation in terms of punishment versus reward. This phenomenon of the differentiation between the two systems is thought to occur because of the distinct areas in the brain that becomes activated in response to different stimuli. This difference was noted years ago through electrical stimulation of the brain.

text: The electron dense bodies could persist inside tissue culture cells in the laboratory. After applying these data to the human condition, Domingue reasoned that in some patients who suffer from chronic bacterial infections, the disease process could be related to the fact that bacteria are able to differentiate into the resistant electron dense bodies that he observed in tissue cultures.

text: From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell, to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3-D brush renderings were not capturing his vision, often working together in the kitchen of Cameron's Malibu home. In , Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by . The following August, the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar. Stan Winston, who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined Avatar to help with the film's designs. Production design for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors. In , Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3-D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception.

text: From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator

text: Wayne Barlowe

text: and renowned concept artist

text: Jordu Schell

text: , to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3-D brush renderings were not capturing his vision, often working together in the kitchen of Cameron's

text: Malibu

text: home. In , Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by . The following August, the visual effects studio

text: Weta Digital

text: signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar.

text: Stan Winston

text: , who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined Avatar to help with the film's designs.

text: Production design

text: for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors. In , Cameron was announced to be using his own

text: Reality Camera System

text: to film in 3-D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception.

text: At the cellular level, "anergy" is the inability of an immune cell to mount a complete response against its target. In the immune system, circulating cells called lymphocytes form a primary army that defends the body against pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites. There are two major kinds of lymphocytes - the T lymphocyte and the B lymphocyte. Among the millions of lymphocytes in the human body, only a few actually are specific for any particular infectious agent. At the time of infection, these few cells must be recruited and allowed to multiply rapidly. This process – called "clonal expansion" – allows the body to quickly mobilise an army of clones, as and when required. Such immune response is anticipatory and its specificity is assured by pre-existing clones of lymphocytes, which expand in response to specific antigen (process called "clonal selection"). This specific clonal army then combats the pathogen until the body is free of the infection. Following clearance of the infection, the clones that are no longer needed die away naturally.

text: At the cellular level, "anergy" is the inability of an

text: immune cell

text: to mount a complete response against its target. In the immune system, circulating cells called lymphocytes form a primary army that defends the body against pathogenic

text: virus

text: es,

text: bacteria

text: and

text: parasite

text: s. There are two major kinds of lymphocytes - the

text: T lymphocyte

text: and the

text: B lymphocyte

text: . Among the millions of lymphocytes in the human body, only a few actually are specific for any particular infectious agent. At the time of infection, these few cells must be recruited and allowed to multiply rapidly. This process – called "clonal expansion" – allows the body to quickly mobilise an army of clones, as and when required. Such immune response is anticipatory and its specificity is assured by pre-existing clones of lymphocytes, which expand in response to specific

text: antigen

text: (process called "

text: clonal selection

text: "). This specific clonal army then combats the

text: pathogen

text: until the body is free of the infection. Following clearance of the infection, the clones that are no longer needed die away naturally.

text: The Authority is composed of a chairman, a deputy chairman, and however many members are appointed by the UK Secretary of State. They are in charge of reviewing information about human embryos and subsequent development, provision of treatment services, and activities governed by the Act of 1990. The Authority also offers information and advice to people seeking treatment, and to those who have donated gametes or embryos for purposes or activities covered in the Act of 1990. Some of the subjects under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 are prohibitions in connection with gametes, embryos, and germ cells. It also addresses licensing conditions, code of practice, and procedure of approval involving human embryos. This only concerns human embryos which have reached the two cell zygote stage, at which they are considered “fertilised” in the act. It also governs the keeping and using of human embryos, but only outside the woman’s body. The act contains amendments to UK law regarding termination of pregnancy, surrogacy and parental rights.

text: The Authority is composed of a chairman, a deputy chairman, and however many members are appointed by the UK Secretary of State. They are in charge of reviewing information about human embryos and subsequent development, provision of treatment services, and activities governed by the Act of 1990. The Authority also offers information and advice to people seeking treatment, and to those who have donated

text: gametes

text: or embryos for purposes or activities covered in the Act of 1990. Some of the subjects under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 are prohibitions in connection with gametes, embryos, and

text: germ cells

text: . It also addresses licensing conditions, code of practice, and procedure of approval involving human embryos. This only concerns human embryos which have reached the two cell

text: zygote

text: stage, at which they are considered “fertilised” in the act. It also governs the keeping and using of human embryos, but only outside the woman’s body. The act contains amendments to UK law regarding termination of pregnancy, surrogacy and parental rights.

text: In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs.

text: In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called

text: lung

text: s. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as

text: inhalation

text: , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as

text: exhalation

text: ; this process is collectively called

text: breathing

text: or

text: ventilation

text: . In

text: human

text: s and other

text: mammal

text: s, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include

text: trachea

text: bronchi

text: bronchiole

text: s, lungs, and

text: diaphragm

text: . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by

text: diffusion

text: , between the gaseous external environment and the

text: blood

text: . This exchange process occurs in the

text: alveoli

text: (air sacs) in the lungs.

text: It is the tissue-weighted sum of the equivalent doses in all specified tissues and organs of the human body and represents the stochastic health risk to the whole body, which is the probability of cancer induction and genetic effects, of low levels of ionising radiation. It takes into account the type of radiation and the nature of each organ or tissue being irradiated, and enables summation of organ doses due to varying levels and types of radiation, both internal and external, to produce an overall calculated effective dose.

text: It is the tissue-weighted sum of the

text: equivalent dose

text: s in all specified tissues and organs of the human body and represents the

text: stochastic

text: health risk to the whole body, which is the probability of cancer induction and genetic effects, of low levels of ionising radiation. It takes into account the type of radiation and the nature of each organ or tissue being irradiated, and enables summation of organ doses due to varying levels and types of radiation, both internal and external, to produce an overall calculated effective dose.

text: Too much cardiovascular exercise can directly affect muscle tissue if it is used excessively and without eating the correct food. The reason for this is because if the human body doesn't have sufficient energy stored in the form of glucose, then it will begin using energy from other sources, i.e. muscles. So for example, eating a little extra carbohydrates (which eventually transforms into glucose) will help the body to divert away from muscle tissue and extract energy from the glucose supplies. The time in which one eats is an important factor in ripping where cardiovascular training is concerned. Particular foods take a certain amount of time to extract the glucose in the digestive system. This means that there is limited amount of time to use the glucose before it gets stored as fat. Also there is a certain amount of time after cardiovascular exercise is being performed when the body's energy source runs out. This is when the process of muscle breakdown comes in to play also.

text: Too much cardiovascular exercise can directly affect muscle tissue if it is used excessively and without eating the correct food. The reason for this is because if the human body doesn't have sufficient energy stored in the form of

text: glucose

text: , then it will begin using energy from other sources, i.e. muscles. So for example, eating a little extra

text: carbohydrate

text: s (which eventually transforms into glucose) will help the body to divert away from muscle tissue and extract energy from the glucose supplies. The time in which one eats is an important factor in ripping where cardiovascular training is concerned. Particular foods take a certain amount of time to extract the glucose in the

text: digestive system

text: . This means that there is limited amount of time to use the glucose before it gets stored as fat. Also there is a certain amount of time after cardiovascular exercise is being performed when the body's energy source runs out. This is when the process of muscle breakdown comes in to play also.

text: Its counterpart in the rest of the United Kingdom is the Human Tissue Act 2004.

text: Its counterpart in the rest of the

text: United Kingdom

text: is the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Except for having perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (like in the genera Anixiella, Apodus, Boothiella, Thielavia, Zopfiella), fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens.

text: Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Except for having perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (like in the genera

text: Anixiella

text: Apodus

text: Boothiella

text: Thielavia

text: Zopfiella

text: ), fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens.

text: The ICRP states "Radionuclides incorporated in the human body irradiate the tissues over time periods determined by their physical half-life and their biological retentionwithin the body. Thus they may give rise to doses to body tissues for many months or years after the intake. The need to regulate exposures to radionuclides and theaccumulation of radiation dose over extended periods of time has led to the definition of committed dose quantities".

text: Undule Mwakasungula is a 'retired' human rights activist in Malawi.  As an activist, he served as the chairperson for the Human Rights Consultative Committee (HRCC). He is also the former director for the Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (HCRR), a network of Church Institutions, Human Rights NGOs and the Law Society of Malawi that serves to work together in areas of human rights, advocacy and information sharing. HRCC and Mwakasungula was one of the primary organizers of the July 20th, 2011 Malawian protests.  He has been a critical opponent of the Bingu wa Mutharika administration, likening it to Zimbabwe's current administration under Robert Mugabe, "We are almost Zimbabwe, both in the economy and in political governance."

text: Undule Mwakasungula is a 'retired' human rights activist in Malawi.  As an activist, he served as the chairperson for the

text: Human Rights Consultative Committee

text: (HRCC). He is also the former director for the

entity_name: Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation

text: Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation

text: (HCRR), a network of Church Institutions, Human Rights NGOs and the Law Society of Malawi that serves to work together in areas of human rights, advocacy and information sharing. HRCC and Mwakasungula was one of the primary organizers of the

text: July 20th, 2011 Malawian protests

text: .  He has been a critical opponent of the

text: Bingu wa Mutharika

text: administration, likening it to Zimbabwe's current administration under

text: Robert Mugabe

text: , "We are almost Zimbabwe, both in the economy and in political governance."

text: The concept of Human capital has relatively more importance in labour-surplus countries. These countries are naturally endowed with more of labour due to high birth rate under the given climatic conditions. The surplus labour in these countries is the human resource available in more abundance than the tangible capital resource. This human resource can be transformed into Human capital with effective inputs of education, health and moral values. The transformation of raw human resource into highly productive human resource with these inputs is the process of human capital formation. The problem of scarcity of tangible capital in the labour surplus countries can be resolved by accelerating the rate of human capital formation with both private and public investment in education and health sectors of their National economies. The tangible financial capital is an effective instrument of promoting economic growth of the nation. The intangible human capital, on the other hand, is an instrument of promoting comprehensive development of the nation because human capital is directly related to human development, and when there is human development, the qualitative and quantitative progress of the nation is inevitable. This importance of human capital is explicit in the changed approach of United Nations  towards comparative evaluation of economic development of different nations in the World economy. United Nations publishes Human Development Report  on human development in different nations with the objective of evaluating the rate of human capital formation in these nations. The statistical indicator of estimating Human Development in each nation is Human Development Index (HDI). It is the combination of "Life Expectancy Index", "Education Index" and "Income Index". The Life expectancy index reveals the standard of health of the population in the country; education index reveals the educational standard and the literacy ratio of the population; and the income index reveals the standard of living of the population. If all these indices have the rising trend over a long period of time, it is reflected into rising trend in HDI. The Human Capital is developed by health, education and quality of Standard of living. Therefore, the components of HDI viz, Life Expectancy Index, Education Index and Income Index are directly related to Human Capital formation within the nation. HDI is indicator of positive correlation between human capital formation and economic development. If HDI increases, there is higher rate of human capital formation in response to higher standard of education and health. Similarly, if HDI increases, per capita income of the nation also increases. Implicitly, HDI reveals that higher the human capital formation due to good standard of health and education, higher is the per capita income of the nation. This process of human development is the strong foundation of a continuous process of economic development of the nation for a long period of time. This significance of the concept of Human capital in generating long-term economic development of the nation cannot be neglected. It is expected that the Macroeconomic policies of all the nations are focussed towards promotion of human development and subsequently economic development. Human Capital is the backbone of Human Development and economic development in every nation. Mahroum (2007) suggested that at the macro-level, human capital management is about three key capacities, the capacity to develop talent, the capacity to deploy talent, and the capacity to draw talent from elsewhere. Collectively, these three capacities form the backbone of any country's human capital competitiveness. Recent U.S. research shows that geographic regions that invest in the human capital and economic advancement of immigrants who are already living in their jurisdictions help boost their short- and long-term economic growth. There is also strong evidence that organizations that possess and cultivate their human capital outperform other organizations lacking human capital (Crook, Todd, Combs, Woehr, and Ketchen, 2011).

text: The concept of Human capital has relatively more importance in labour-surplus countries. These countries are naturally endowed with more of labour due to high birth rate under the given climatic conditions. The surplus labour in these countries is the human resource available in more abundance than the tangible capital resource. This human resource can be transformed into Human capital with effective inputs of education, health and moral values. The transformation of raw human resource into highly productive human resource with these inputs is the process of human capital formation. The problem of scarcity of tangible capital in the labour surplus countries can be resolved by accelerating the rate of human capital formation with both private and public investment in education and health sectors of their National economies. The tangible financial capital is an effective instrument of promoting economic growth of the nation. The intangible human capital, on the other hand, is an instrument of promoting comprehensive development of the nation because human capital is directly related to human development, and when there is human development, the qualitative and quantitative progress of the nation is inevitable. This importance of human capital is explicit in the changed approach of

text: United Nations

text: towards comparative evaluation of economic development of different nations in the World economy. United Nations publishes

text: Human Development Report

text: on human development in different nations with the objective of evaluating the rate of human capital formation in these nations. The statistical indicator of estimating Human Development in each nation is

text: Human Development Index

text: (HDI). It is the combination of "

text: Life Expectancy Index

text: Education Index

text: " and "Income Index". The Life expectancy index reveals the standard of health of the population in the country; education index reveals the educational standard and the literacy ratio of the population; and the income index reveals the standard of living of the population. If all these indices have the rising trend over a long period of time, it is reflected into rising trend in HDI. The Human Capital is developed by health, education and quality of

text: Standard of living

text: McHenry travels regularly to Africa to extend his knowledge of human origins, focusing his studies on the fossil remains of australopithecines.  The best-known of which are the 3.2-million-year-old remains of 'Lucy', discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson of the Institute for Human Origins.  According to McHenry,  "The earlier species (Lucy) is more primitive in its skull and teeth, but has human-like body proportions," whereas "the later species, africanus, with more human-like skull and teeth, has the more ape-like body proportions--big arms, small legs."

text: McHenry travels regularly to

text: Africa

text: to extend his knowledge of human origins, focusing his studies on the fossil remains of

text: australopithecines

text: .  The best-known of which are the 3.2-million-year-old remains of '

text: Lucy

text: ', discovered in 1974 by

text: Donald Johanson

text: of the

text: Institute for Human Origins

text: .  According to McHenry,  "The earlier species (Lucy) is more primitive in its skull and teeth, but has human-like body proportions," whereas "the later species,

text: africanus

text: , with more human-like skull and teeth, has the more ape-like body proportions--big arms, small legs."

text: The education is based on an integrated curriculum. In this program, systems within the human body are described from the simplest units such as the cell to more complex systems including pathologies, in subject committees. In Phase I, groups of subject committees form a whole curriculum for a given year. In addition, there are special blocks such as Clinical Medicine and Professional Skills (CMPS), Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and Medical Technologies, Interactive Modules, Medical English and Elective Courses. The term “Subject committee” means that topics of a given subject like “cell” or “organ systems” are described in a coordinated manner by different departments. These committees contain both, theoretical lectures, practical studies and modules. Integrated programs within the subject committees will provide the equal participation of basic and clinical sciences to teach a particular organ system. As an example; the gastrointestinal system will be given in all aspects by contributions from basic sciences and clinical sciences. The courses include both, knowledge from basic sciences like anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and from clinical aspects like pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.In Phase I, the curriculum consists of 14 subject committees; 4 in year I, 5 in year 2 and 5 in year 3. In Phase I, within subject committees interactive modules are organized. In these modules, students work in small groups under the guidance of a tutors and analyze cases related to the subject committee to acquire self-directed learning skills. Clinical Medicine and Professional Skills (CMPS) is a three-year interdisciplinary program of Phase I. This program is organized by the Departments of Public Health and Family Medicine and features five courses: Clinical and Communication Skills, Health and Society, Research in Health, and Medical Humanities. The CMPS program has been designed as an initial introduction to medical professionalism, providing a knowledge and skills mixed tool box.

text: Under Part 1 of the Human Tissue Act 2004, it is unlawful to remove, store, or use human organs and other tissue for scheduled purposes without appropriate consent.  The removal, storage and use of an organ for the purpose of transplantation are scheduled purposes in this context.

text: Under Part 1 of the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: , it is unlawful to remove, store, or use human organs and other tissue for scheduled purposes without appropriate consent.  The removal, storage and use of an organ for the purpose of transplantation are scheduled purposes in this context.

text: In her work, Mntambo focuses on the human body and the organic nature of identity, using mainly natural materials and experimenting with sculptures, videos and photography. One of her favourite materials is the skin of the cow, often also used as a covering for human bodies – boneless sculptures – and thus oscillating between evoking the garments that can be shod at will and the bodies that once contained living, breathing, masticating beings with four stomachs. Mntambo embraces this ambiguity and likes to play with the tension between the sightly and the unsightly by manipulating how her viewers negotiate the two aspects of the hide.

text: Sunga is Visiting Professor at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lund University, Sweden, and former Head of the Rule of Law program at The Hague Institute for Global Justice in The Netherlands, and former Special Advisor on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the International Development Law Organization in Rome, Italy. He was responsible for supporting the UN Security Council's investigations in Rwanda and he served as Human Rights Officer in the United Nations as a staff member from 1994–2001 — mainly on problems relating to serious human rights and humanitarian law violations, issues involving war and recovery from post-conflict situations, as well as on fact-finding, monitoring, investigation and reporting.  He has also been an expert consultant for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations University, the United Nations Development Program, the International Labour Organization, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the European Union, the International Development Law Organization, and National Human Rights Commissions in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Nigeria, Russia, Turkey and Uganda. In May 2012, he launched a major study on the role of national human rights institutions in federal States which he prepared for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Moscow at a conference with representatives of more than 60 national human rights institutions of the Russian Federation.

text: Sunga is Visiting Professor at the

entity_name: Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

text: Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

text: in

text: Lund University

text: Sweden

text: , and former Head of the Rule of Law program at

text: The Hague Institute for Global Justice

text: in

text: The Netherlands

text: , and former Special Advisor on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the

entity_name: International Development Law Organization

text: International Development Law Organization

text: in Rome,

text: Italy

text: . He was responsible for supporting the

text: UN Security Council

text: 's investigations in

text: Rwanda

text: and he served as Human Rights Officer in the

text: United Nations

text: as a staff member from 1994–2001 — mainly on problems relating to serious human rights and humanitarian law violations, issues involving war and recovery from post-conflict situations, as well as on fact-finding, monitoring, investigation and reporting.  He has also been an expert consultant for the

entity_name: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

text: Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

text: , the

text: United Nations University

text: , the

text: United Nations Development Program

text: , the

text: International Labour Organization

text: , the

entity_name: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

text: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

entity_name: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

text: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

text: , the

text: European Union

text: , the International Development Law Organization, and

text: National Human Rights Commission

text: s in

text: Bangladesh

text: Ethiopia

text: Nepal

text: Nigeria

text: Russia

text: Turkey

text: and

text: Uganda

text: . In May 2012, he launched a major study on the role of

text: national human rights institutions

text: in federal States which he prepared for the

text: in

text: Moscow

text: at a conference with representatives of more than 60 national human rights institutions of the Russian Federation.

text: EOHR is part of the wider international and Arab human rights movement. It cooperates with the United Nations human rights bodies, as well as with other international and regional human rights organizations. EOHR was registered at the Ministry of Social Affairs in 2003 under registration No. 5220/2003.

text: Four centuries after Li Shizhen considered the bioethical and biomedical dilemmas of using human drugs, 20th-century technological and medical advances have raised new related questions of organ transplants, transplantation medicine, organ trade, tissue banks, human cloning, and the commodification of human body parts (Awaya 1999, Nie 2002, Scheper-Hughes and Wacquant 2002).

text: Four centuries after Li Shizhen considered the

text: bioethical

text: and

text: biomedical

text: dilemmas of using human drugs, 20th-century technological and medical advances have raised new related questions of

text: organ transplants

text: transplantation medicine

text: organ trade

text: tissue banks

text: human cloning

text: , and the

text: commodification

text: of human body parts (Awaya 1999, Nie 2002, Scheper-Hughes and Wacquant 2002).

text: Biotensegrity, a term coined by Dr. Stephen Levin, is the application of tensegrity principles to biologic structures. Biological structures such as muscles, bones, fascia, ligaments and tendons, or rigid and elastic cell membranes, are made strong by the unison of tensioned and compressed parts. The muscular-skeletal system is a synergy of muscle and bone. The muscles and connective tissues provide continuous pull and the bones present the discontinuous compression.

text: Biotensegrity, a term coined by Dr. Stephen Levin, is the application of tensegrity principles to biologic structures. Biological structures such as

text: muscle

text: s,

text: bones

text: fascia

text: ligaments

text: and

text: tendons

text: , or rigid and elastic

text: cell membrane

text: s, are made strong by the unison of tensioned and compressed parts. The muscular-skeletal system is a synergy of muscle and bone. The muscles and connective tissues provide continuous pull and the bones present the discontinuous compression.

text: The European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI) is a membership international not-for-profit association (AISBL) under Belgian law. In 2013 it established its Permanent Secretariat in Brussels bringing together National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from across the wider European region.Formerly known as European Group of National Human Rights Institutions (European Group of NHRIs, the Group), ENNHRI has been actively working in the field of promotion and protection of human rights in wider Europe for 15 years.  ENNHRI essentially assists in the establishment and accreditation of European NHRIs, coordinates the exchange of information and best practices among its members, facilitates capacity building and training, engages with international and regional mechanisms for protection and promotion of human right and intervenes on legal and policy developments in Europe.  ENNHRI is one of four regional networks within the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions (ICC), supported by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Other three groups are following: Network of African National Human Rights Institutions, Network of National Institutions in the Americas and Asia Pacific Forum.

text: The European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI) is a membership international not-for-profit association (AISBL) under Belgian law. In 2013 it established its Permanent Secretariat in Brussels bringing together

text: National Human Rights Institutions

text: (NHRIs) from across the wider European region.Formerly known as

text: European Group of National Human Rights Institutions

text: (European Group of NHRIs, the Group), ENNHRI has been actively working in the field of promotion and protection of human rights in wider Europe for 15 years.  ENNHRI essentially assists in the establishment and

text: accreditation

text: of European NHRIs, coordinates the exchange of information and best practices among its members, facilitates capacity building and training, engages with international and regional mechanisms for protection and promotion of human right and intervenes on legal and policy developments in Europe.  ENNHRI is one of four regional networks within the

text: International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions

text: (ICC), supported by the

text: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

text: (OHCHR). Other three groups are following:

entity_name: Network of African National Human Rights Institutions

text: Network of African National Human Rights Institutions

entity_name: Network of National Institutions in the Americas

text: Network of National Institutions in the Americas

text: and

text: Asia Pacific Forum

text: While it is still questionable as to whether or not the intelligence of the Mister Fantastic of the Mainstream Marvel Universe (Earth-616) was affected by the Cosmic Rays, the Ultimate version of Mister Fantastic definitely experiences an increase in his intellect from the accident that empowered him, making his "mind as flexible as his body," and "getting smarter every day".  He has shown a reduced need for sleep due to the hyper-efficient workings of his brain.  According to Ultimate Fantastic Four #7, Ultimate Reed's body has been radically transformed, his only internal organ being a "bacterial stack" that generates energy to fuel his body. This obviates the need to explain, for example, how his circulatory system can pump his blood when his body is stretched the length of a football field; he simply has none. Lacking a digestive system, he has no need to eat or drink. Similarly, because he has no lungs, Ultimate Reed does not need to breathe in any conventional human sense and can survive in environments lacking oxygen; however, during his time in the N-Zone, where the atmosphere is essentially acid, he is unable to breathe the air there, suggesting that he still requires air to a certain degree.

text: While it is still questionable as to whether or not the intelligence of the Mister Fantastic of the Mainstream Marvel Universe (Earth-616) was affected by the Cosmic Rays, the Ultimate version of Mister Fantastic definitely experiences an increase in his intellect from the accident that empowered him, making his "mind as flexible as his body," and "getting smarter every day".  He has shown a reduced need for sleep due to the hyper-efficient workings of his brain.  According to Ultimate Fantastic Four #7, Ultimate Reed's body has been radically transformed, his only internal organ being a "bacterial stack" that generates energy to fuel his body. This obviates the need to explain, for example, how his

text: circulatory system

text: can pump his blood when his body is stretched the length of a football field; he simply has none. Lacking a digestive system, he has no need to eat or drink. Similarly, because he has no lungs, Ultimate Reed does not need to breathe in any conventional human sense and can survive in environments lacking oxygen; however, during his time in the N-Zone, where the atmosphere is essentially acid, he is unable to breathe the air there, suggesting that he still requires air to a certain degree.

text: The theory defines "a hierarchy of isomorphic systems that are energy-organizing, self-correcting and goal directed" – working on the assumption that psychic patterns will be repeated in the same form (isomorphy)at every nested level of interaction.  Each of these constructs is then operationally defined with methods developed that test the hypothesis of the theory. In this way, it offers a comprehensive systems theory and methodology of practice that can be applied in clinical, organizational and educational settings. Most importantly, Agazarian's theory of living human systems introduces the hypothesis that the single essential process by which living human systems survive, develop and transform is by discriminating and integrating differences.

text: The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system.

text: The

text: musculoskeletal system

text: consists of the

text: human skeleton

text: (which includes

text: bone

text: s,

text: ligament

text: s,

text: tendon

text: s, and

text: cartilage

text: ) and attached

text: muscle

text: s. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain

text: bone marrow

text: , the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for

text: calcium

text: and

text: phosphate

text: . This system can be split up into the

text: muscular system

text: and the

text: skeletal system

text: HLA-DR is an MHC class II cell surface receptor encoded by the human leukocyte antigen complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related) and its ligand, a peptide of 9 amino acids in length or longer, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor (TCR). HLA (human leukocyte antigens) were originally defined as cell surface antigens that mediate graft-versus-host disease, which resulted in the rejection of tissue transplants in HLA-mismatched donors. Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant.

text: HLA-DR is an

text: MHC class II

text: cell surface receptor

text: encoded by the

text: human leukocyte antigen

text: complex on chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. The complex of HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related) and its ligand, a peptide of 9 amino acids in length or longer, constitutes a ligand for the T-cell receptor (TCR). HLA (

text: human leukocyte antigens

text: ) were originally defined as cell surface antigens that mediate

text: graft-versus-host disease

text: , which resulted in the rejection of tissue transplants in HLA-mismatched donors. Identification of these antigens has led to greater success and longevity in organ transplant.

text: The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) defines human-computer interaction as "a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them". An important facet of HCI is the securing of user satisfaction (or simply End User Computing Satisfaction)."Because human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and human factors such as computer user satisfaction are relevant. And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant." Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different backgrounds contribute to its success. HCI is also sometimes termed human–machine interaction (HMI), man-machine interaction (MMI) or computer-human interaction (CHI).

text: The

text: Association for Computing Machinery

text: (ACM) defines human-computer interaction as "a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them". An important facet of HCI is the securing of user satisfaction (or simply End User Computing Satisfaction)."Because human-computer interaction studies a human and a machine in communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in

text: computer graphics

text: operating system

text: s,

text: programming language

text: s, and development environments are relevant. On the human side,

text: communication theory

text: graphic

text: and

text: industrial design

text: disciplines,

text: linguistics

text: social science

text: s,

text: cognitive psychology

text: social psychology

text: , and

text: human factors

text: such as

text: computer user satisfaction

text: are relevant. And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant." Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different backgrounds contribute to its success. HCI is also sometimes termed human–machine interaction (HMI), man-machine interaction (MMI) or computer-human interaction (CHI).

text: Muse cells act as tissue repairing cells in vivo. When systemically administrated, naive Muse cells (without cytokine treatment or gene introduction) migrate to damaged site, home into the site and spontaneously differentiate into tissue-compatible cells to replenish new functional cells. This phenomenon was observed by the infusion of green fluorescent protein-labeled naive human Muse cells into animal models wit fulminant hepatitis, partial hepatectomy, muscle degeneration, skin injury, stroke and spinal cord injury. Infused Muse cells integrated into each damaged tissue and differentiated into human albumin- and human anti-trypsin-expressing hepatocytes in the liver, human dystrophin-expressing cells in the muscle, neurofilament and MAP-2-expressing neuronal cells in the spinal cord  and stroke, and cytokerain14-expressing epidermal cells in the skin, respectively.

text: Muse cells act as tissue repairing cells in vivo. When systemically administrated, naive Muse cells (without cytokine treatment or gene introduction) migrate to damaged site, home into the site and spontaneously differentiate into tissue-compatible cells to replenish new functional cells. This phenomenon was observed by the infusion of green fluorescent protein-labeled naive human Muse cells into animal models wit

text: fulminant hepatitis

text: , partial hepatectomy,

text: muscle degeneration

text: , skin injury, stroke and

text: spinal cord injury

text: . Infused Muse cells integrated into each damaged tissue and differentiated into human albumin- and human anti-trypsin-expressing hepatocytes in the liver, human dystrophin-expressing cells in the muscle,

text: neurofilament

text: and

text: -expressing neuronal cells in the spinal cord  and stroke, and cytokerain14-expressing epidermal cells in the skin, respectively.

text: In microgravity, the human body naturally adopts the neutral body posture.

text: In

text: microgravity

text: , the human body naturally adopts the

text: neutral body posture

text: Human embryonic stem cells are often grown in fibroblastic growth factor-2 containing, fetal bovine serum supplemented media. They are grown on a feeder layer of cells, which is believed to be supportive in maintaining the pluripotent characteristics of embryonic stem cells. However, even these conditions may not truly mimic in vivo niche conditions.

text: Human embryonic stem cells are often grown in fibroblastic growth factor-2 containing, fetal bovine serum supplemented media. They are grown on a

text: feeder layer

text: of cells, which is believed to be supportive in maintaining the pluripotent characteristics of embryonic stem cells. However, even these conditions may not truly mimic in vivo niche conditions.

text: The structural differences between prostaglandins account for their different biological activities. A given prostaglandin may have different and even opposite effects in different tissues in some cases. The ability of the same prostaglandin to stimulate a reaction in one tissue and inhibit the same reaction in another tissue is determined by the type of receptor to which the prostaglandin binds. They act as autocrine or paracrine factors with their target cells present in the immediate vicinity of the site of their secretion. Prostaglandins differ from endocrine hormones in that they are not produced at a specific site but in many places throughout the human body.

text: The structural differences between prostaglandins account for their different biological activities. A given prostaglandin may have different and even opposite effects in different tissues in some cases. The ability of the same prostaglandin to stimulate a reaction in one tissue and inhibit the same reaction in another tissue is determined by the type of

text: receptor

text: to which the prostaglandin binds. They act as

text: autocrine

text: or

text: paracrine

text: factors with their target cells present in the immediate vicinity of the site of their

text: secretion

text: . Prostaglandins differ from

text: endocrine

text: hormone

text: s in that they are not produced at a specific site but in many places throughout the human body.

text: Lastly, osteogenic differentiation was visible through calcium accumulation after one week.  "The sensitive RT-PCR assays, in addition to the immunological and histochemical data, showed that neither the adipogenic nor the osteogenic cultures were composed of cells of multiple lineages. The chondrogenic cultures did not appear histologically to contain cells that were of the other lineages, but they did express osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase". In a controlled manner, isolated and expanded human mesenchymal stem cells could differentiate into multiple lineages. This concept of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation can be used for future approaches to damaged or diseased tissue throughout the human body.

text: Young's modulus has been repeatedly used to characterize the mechanical properties of many tissues in the human body. The stiffness of animal tissues varies over several orders of magnitude, for example:

text: Selective binding between LANCL2 and ABA or other ligands such as the benzimidazole NSC61610 and piperazine BT-11, lead to elevation of intracellular cAMP, activation of PKA and suppression of inflammation in macrophages. In hepatocytes, LANCL2 regulates cell survival by phosphorylation of Akt through its interaction with the Akt kinase mTORC2. Active mTORC2 causes translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and stimulates glucose uptake. LANCL2 expression in immune cells, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and pancreas, and the potential to manipulate LANCL2 signaling and GLUT4 translocation with ABA make this G protein-coupled receptor a novel therapeutic target for glycemic control. In humans, ABA release was detected with increasing glycemia, although this mechanism failed in people suffering from type 2 and gestational diabetes. Also, plasma ABA concentrations increase after oral glucose load (OGTT) in healthy subjects. ABA stimulates glucose-dependent insulin release from human and rodent pancreatic β-cells. At a low dose (micrograms/Kg body weight) oral ABA significantly reduces both glycemia and insulinemia in rats and in humans undergoing an OGTT  indicating that ABA reduces the amount of insulin required to control hyperglycemia. This insulin-sparing effect suggests that LANCL2 can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and diabetes.

text: The Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is European initiative that focuses on a methodological and technological framework that, once established, will enable collaborative investigation of the human body as a single complex system.  The collective framework will make it possible to share resources and observations formed by institutions and organizations, creating disparate but integrated computer models of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of a living human body.

text: The Virtual Physiological Human (VPH) is European initiative that focuses on a methodological and technological framework that, once established, will enable collaborative investigation of the human body as a single

text: complex system

text: .  The collective framework will make it possible to share resources and observations formed by institutions and organizations, creating disparate but integrated

text: computer models

text: of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of a living human body.

text: This article contains a list of organs of the human body.

text: This article contains a list of

text: organs

text: of the human body.

text: In the pages of her treatise she explored many ideas amongst which are the comparison of a human body to an upside down tree. It is in the brain, like in the root of a tree, that all diseases begin and it is possible to cure them through various methods amongst which are words of cheerfulness, sound thought, and even to the hearing of music. The process of using wise words against violent emotions such as anger, she called "Rhetorical Insinuation" because it explored the idea of being able to persuade the will through words. She explored how emotions have an effect on the human body and how one can control their effects by focusing on the chief organ of the body, the brain. According to Father Feyjoo, much of the research she did contributed to the ability of physicians following her to develop some of the first theories around nervous diseases.

text: The very first generation computational phantoms were developed to address the need to better assess organ doses from internally deposited radioactive materials in workers and patients.  Until the late 1950s, the ICRP still used very simple models. In these calculations, each organ of the body was assumed to be represented as a sphere with an "effective radius". The radionuclide of interest was assumed to be located at the center of the sphere and the "effective absorbed energy" was calculated for each organ. Phantoms such as the Shepp-Logan Phantom were used as models of a human head in the development and testing of image reconstruction algorithms. However, scientists attempted to model individual organs of the body and ultimately the entire human body in a realistic manner, the efforts of which led to stylized anthropomorphic phantoms that resemble the human anatomy.

text: The very first generation computational phantoms were developed to address the need to better assess

text: organ

text: doses

text: from internally deposited

text: radioactive material

text: s in workers and patients.  Until the late 1950s, the ICRP still used very simple models. In these calculations, each organ of the body was assumed to be represented as a

text: sphere

text: with an "effective

text: radius

text: ". The

text: radionuclide

text: of interest was assumed to be located at the center of the sphere and the "effective absorbed energy" was calculated for each organ. Phantoms such as the

text: Shepp-Logan Phantom

text: were used as models of a human head in the development and testing of

text: image reconstruction

text: algorithms. However, scientists attempted to model individual organs of the body and ultimately the entire human body in a realistic manner, the efforts of which led to stylized

text: anthropomorphic

text: phantoms that resemble the

text: human anatomy

text: The most thoroughly studied resolvins, RvE1 and RvD1: a) inhibit blood leukocytes (e.g. neutrophils and eosinophils) from migrating out of the circulation into sites of inflammation and allergy; b) stimulate macrophages to convert from a M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype to a tissue repairing and wound healing M2 phenotype (see macrophage; c) stimulate macrophage phagocytosis ((i.e. ingestion) of apoptotic (i.e. dying) leukocytes at tissue sites of inflammation and allergy in a physiological process termed Efferocytosis; d) stimulate Natural killer T cells to clear leukocytes from inflamed tissues; e) stimulate leukocytes to engulf (i.e. eat) and kill pathogenic microbes at sites of invasion; f) inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFα, Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, Interleukin 12, et.) and  chemokines (e.g. CXCL2, CXCL8, CCL5, etc.) while stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. Interleukin 10); g) inhibit activation and function of dendritic cells, activation (e.g. aggregation) of platelets, and migration of vascular smooth muscle; and h) promote tissue repair and healing.  In consequence of these activities, RvE1 and RvD1 prevent or reduce the severity, tissue destruction, or mortality in animal models of a diverse set inflammatory and allergic reactions to bacterial pathogens, mechanical injuries, burns, cigarette smoke, autoimmune reactions, and various neurological and non-neurological degenerative diseases.  These animal model studies suggest that RvE1 and RvD1 contribute to resolving not only standard inflammatory and allergic reactions and diseases but also may be involved in slowing or, if deficient, promoting the progression of Alzheimer's disease, fibromyalgia, exercise-induced muscle injury, atherosclerosis, neuralgias, obesity, Retinopathy involving neovascularization, and, by its presence in mothers' milk, protection of suckling infants. Preclinical studies finding that human cells and issues in culture respond to and show the presence and increases in the levels of the resolvins as well as findings that RvE1 RvD1 are found at increased or in other instances decreased levels in the fluids and/or tissues of humans suffering the cited diseases lend further support to the notion that their presence slows while their absence promotes such diseases in humans. RvD1 also inhibits activation of the TRPV3, TRPV4, and TRPA1 receptors and ReV1 inhibits activation of the TRPV1 and TRPV3 receptors. this inhibition of these nervous tissue receptors appears responsible for reducing pain perception in various animal models and suggests that the two resolves may also function to reduce pain in humans.

text: The most thoroughly studied resolvins, RvE1 and RvD1: a) inhibit blood leukocytes (e.g.

text: neutrophils

text: and

text: eosinophils

text: ) from migrating out of the circulation into sites of inflammation and allergy; b) stimulate macrophages to convert from a M1-like pro-inflammatory

text: phenotype

text: to a tissue repairing and wound healing M2 phenotype (see

text: macrophage

text: ; c) stimulate macrophage

text: phagocytosis

text: ((i.e. ingestion) of

text: apoptotic

text: (i.e. dying) leukocytes at tissue sites of inflammation and

text: allergy

text: in a physiological process termed

text: Efferocytosis

text: ; d) stimulate

text: Natural killer T cell

text: s to clear leukocytes from inflamed tissues; e) stimulate leukocytes to engulf (i.e. eat) and kill pathogenic microbes at sites of invasion; f) inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory

text: cytokine

text: s (e.g.

text: TNFα

text: Interleukin 1β

text: Interleukin 6

text: Interleukin 8

text: Interleukin 12

text: , et.) and

text: chemokine

text: s (e.g.

text: , etc.) while stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g.

text: Interleukin 10

text: ); g) inhibit activation and function of

text: dendritic cell

text: s, activation (e.g. aggregation) of

text: platelets

text: , and migration of vascular smooth muscle; and h) promote tissue repair and healing.  In consequence of these activities, RvE1 and RvD1 prevent or reduce the severity, tissue destruction, or mortality in animal models of a diverse set inflammatory and allergic reactions to bacterial pathogens, mechanical injuries, burns, cigarette smoke,

text: autoimmune

text: reactions, and various neurological and non-neurological degenerative diseases.  These animal model studies suggest that RvE1 and RvD1 contribute to resolving not only standard inflammatory and allergic reactions and diseases but also may be involved in slowing or, if deficient, promoting the progression of

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: fibromyalgia

text: , exercise-induced muscle injury,

text: atherosclerosis

text: neuralgia

text: s,

text: obesity

text: Retinopathy

text: involving

text: neovascularization

text: , and, by its presence in mothers' milk, protection of suckling infants. Preclinical studies finding that human cells and issues in culture respond to and show the presence and increases in the levels of the resolvins as well as findings that RvE1 RvD1 are found at increased or in other instances decreased levels in the fluids and/or tissues of humans suffering the cited diseases lend further support to the notion that their presence slows while their absence promotes such diseases in humans. RvD1 also inhibits activation of the

text: , and

entity_name: Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1

text: receptors and ReV1 inhibits activation of the

text: and

text: receptors. this inhibition of these nervous tissue receptors appears responsible for reducing pain perception in various animal models and suggests that the two resolves may also function to reduce pain in humans.

text: The body category describes structural and physical characteristics of the human body while moving. This category is responsible for describing which body parts are moving, which parts are connected, which parts are influenced by others, and general statements about body organization. The majority of this category's work was not developed by Laban himself, but developed by his student/collaborator Irmgard Bartenieff, the founder of the Laban/Bartenieff Institute in NYC, through the "Bartenieff Fundamentals" (sm). The Body category, as well as the other categories, continue to be further developed through the work of numerous CMAs, and applied to ever extending fields, such as: fitness, somatic therapies, rehabilitation, dance technique, and more.

text: The body category describes structural and physical characteristics of the human body while moving. This category is responsible for describing which body parts are moving, which parts are connected, which parts are influenced by others, and general statements about body organization. The majority of this category's work was not developed by Laban himself, but developed by his student/collaborator Irmgard Bartenieff, the founder of the

text: Laban/Bartenieff Institute

text: in NYC, through the "Bartenieff Fundamentals" (sm). The Body category, as well as the other categories, continue to be further developed through the work of numerous CMAs, and applied to ever extending fields, such as: fitness, somatic therapies, rehabilitation, dance technique, and more.

text: The FBA is involved in the visual processing of the human body in contrast to body parts, providing us with a holistic image of the human body. This provides a functional dissociation between the EBA and the FBA as they are uniquely involved in the perception of distinct aspects of the human body. The FBA is capable of distinguishing bodies from other object kinds, such as human-like stick figures .

text: The giant rat reached a body length of about 25 cm, similar to the size of the brown rat. It is believed that the arrival of humans and the introduction of feral cats led to its extinction.

text: The giant rat reached a body length of about 25 cm, similar to the size of the

text: brown rat

text: . It is believed that the arrival of humans and the introduction of feral cats led to its extinction.

text: X-rays are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength less than about 10 m (greater than 3x10 Hz and 1,240 eV). A smaller wavelength corresponds to a higher energy according to the equation E=hc/λ. ("E" is Energy; "h" is Planck's constant; "c" is the speed of light; "λ" is wavelength.) When an X-ray photon collides with an atom, the atom may absorb the energy of the photon and boost an electron to a higher orbital level or if the photon is very energetic, it may knock an electron from the atom altogether, causing the atom to ionize. Generally, larger atoms are more likely to absorb an X-ray photon since they have greater energy differences between orbital electrons. Soft tissue in the human body is composed of smaller atoms than the calcium atoms that make up bone, hence there is a contrast in the absorption of X-rays. X-ray machines are specifically designed to take advantage of the absorption difference between bone and soft tissue, allowing physicians to examine structure in the human body.

text: X-rays are electromagnetic waves with a wavelength less than about 10 m (greater than 3x10 Hz and 1,240 eV). A smaller wavelength corresponds to a higher energy according to the equation

text: E

text: h

text: c

text: λ

text: . ("E" is Energy; "h" is Planck's constant; "c" is the speed of light; "λ" is wavelength.) When an X-ray photon collides with an atom, the atom may absorb the energy of the photon and boost an electron to a higher orbital level or if the photon is very energetic, it may knock an electron from the atom altogether, causing the atom to ionize. Generally, larger atoms are more likely to absorb an X-ray photon since they have greater energy differences between orbital electrons. Soft tissue in the human body is composed of smaller atoms than the calcium atoms that make up bone, hence there is a contrast in the absorption of X-rays. X-ray machines are specifically designed to take advantage of the absorption difference between bone and soft tissue, allowing physicians to examine structure in the human body.

text: Hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. The amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of purines eaten in food, the amount of urate synthesised within the body (e.g., through cell turnover), and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 µmol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 400 µmol/L (6.8 mg/dL) for men.

text: Hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of

text: uric acid

text: in the

text: blood

text: . In the pH conditions of body fluid, uric acid exists largely as urate, the ion form. The amount of urate in the body depends on the

text: balance

text: between the amount of

text: purine

text: s eaten in food, the amount of urate synthesised within the body (e.g., through

text: cell turnover

text: ), and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 µmol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 400 µmol/L (6.8 mg/dL) for men.

text: The benefits of UV can outweigh manageable risks. UV light produces Vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D is essential for life.The human body needs some UV radiation because the radiation stimulates the body's production of vitamin D.

text: Acids play important roles in the human body. The hydrochloric acid present in the stomach aids in digestion by breaking down large and complex food molecules. Amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins required for growth and repair of body tissues. Fatty acids are also required for growth and repair of body tissues. Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes. Carbonic acid is important for maintenance of pH equilibrium in the body.

text: Human organs have been transplanted into animals as a powerful research technique for studying human biology without harming human patients. This technique has also been proposed as an alternative source of human organs for future transplantation into human patients. For example, researchers from the Ganogen Research Institute transplanted human fetal kidneys into rats which demonstrated life supporting function and growth.

text: Human organs have been transplanted into animals as a powerful research technique for studying

text: human biology

text: without harming human patients. This technique has also been proposed as an alternative source of human organs for future transplantation into human patients. For example, researchers from the

text: Ganogen Research Institute

text: transplanted

text: human

text: fetal

text: kidneys

text: into rats which demonstrated life supporting function and growth.

text: DNA is highly reactive and susceptible to damage from things we are exposed to in everyday life. Fortunately, DNA has evolved processes in which it has the ability to repair itself. If the damages are not repaired and it continues to grow, mutagenic changes occur causing ageing and cancer. Boulton is responsible for identifying these new DNA repair genes, understanding how these genes work in DNA, and determining how the defects in these processes contribute to human diseases. To fulfil these tasks, Boulton studies the DNA damage repair inside a specific worm called C. elegans, then extends these findings to human cells. Through this process, he has found “remarkable similarities between the genes and proteins used to repair DNA damage in the worm and in humans....By studying this fundamental process of DNA damage repair, the researchers have contributed to our understanding of how faults in the system can lead to cancer.” Boulton's research has resulted in several major breakthroughs that are viewed as highly promising with regard to the potential development of new cancer treatments.

text: University of Cambridge critic Dr. Antonio Cuadrado–Fernandez talked about Hadaa Sendoo's poetry at the 1st International Symposium "Re-founding Democracy" in Barcelona. In his research paper he aims to use a phenomenological approach to the Indigenous poetry of Hadaa Sendoo:  "The poetry of Hadaa Sendoo takes the reader to the plains of Mongolia, to the smoke of the yurt, to wandering camels, to nights filled with stars traversed by nomadic families. This is an ancient life-style threatened by the prospect of the mining boom of Mongolia's earthly fortunes. Sendoo's poetry is an elegant yet powerful vindication of his communal worldviews rooted in nomadism and in his poem "The ruins and reflection" he also recurs to metamorphosis to conceptualise the steppe as a human body, which serves as a metaphor to project the resilient ecology of the steppes: Have you died? You seem like a dry sea / But you are the fleshing steppe / From your peaceful eyes / I know you have already forgot /Kublai Khan's sadness /And Togoontumur Khan's shame / You are only but sunk in sleep on the land / Your hair is bits of tiles / Your body is rocks / You are the troubled sea /  This poem is a good example of how humans perceive the world through the body used as a reference, like much cognitive theory suggests today, and that landscapes embody emotions and memories derived from personal and interpersonal experience. As cultural geographer Christopher Tilley suggests, "Knowledge and metaphorical understanding of landscape is intimately bound up with the experience of the human body in place, and in movement between places. The significance of places in the landscapes is continually being woven into the fabric of social life, and anchored to the topographies of the landscape". Thus, if we read this blend as the interrelation of the sensuous ingredients of both body and the geography of the steppes, the perceived effect is one of pleasurable affinity between humans and land, but also resilience and strength. The separation between body and environment seems to disappear as the distinction between body and land is difficult to discern. In other words, self and environment merge into a hybrid entity where body and environment are cognitively and sensuously connected. To sum up, if the earth is conceived as tissue-clothing, the earth is seen as a potentially flexible entity to which the indigenous body is fully adapted because both the body and the earth are perceived as having the same shape. If readers know that a nomadic way of life requires a perceptual attuning to the shapes of the physical world, it is easier for them to understand the conceptualization of earth as a body. But there is also another interesting aspect in the poem, the auditory space that readers enter through the interpellatory "Have you died", which is used to address the steppe as a humanized entity. As readers enter this space, they may wish to elaborate its acousticity, the sonority of the poet's voice addressing the steppes in the open air, its resonance in the sky as the wind blows... This poetic technique asserts Indigenous land as a unique entity replete with cultural meaning, against marketing and commodifying criteria that strips off its centuries old significance"."

text: University of Cambridge critic Dr.

text: Antonio Cuadrado–Fernandez

text: talked about Hadaa Sendoo's poetry at the 1st International Symposium "Re-founding Democracy" in Barcelona. In his research paper he aims to use a phenomenological approach to the Indigenous poetry of Hadaa Sendoo:  "The poetry of Hadaa Sendoo takes the reader to the plains of Mongolia, to the smoke of the yurt, to wandering camels, to nights filled with stars traversed by nomadic families. This is an ancient life-style threatened by the prospect of the mining boom of Mongolia's earthly fortunes. Sendoo's poetry is an elegant yet powerful vindication of his communal worldviews rooted in nomadism and in his poem "The ruins and reflection" he also recurs to metamorphosis to conceptualise the steppe as a human body, which serves as a metaphor to project the resilient ecology of the steppes: Have you died? You seem like a dry sea / But you are the fleshing steppe / From your peaceful eyes / I know you have already forgot /Kublai Khan's sadness /And Togoontumur Khan's shame / You are only but sunk in sleep on the land / Your hair is bits of tiles / Your body is rocks / You are the troubled sea /  This poem is a good example of how humans perceive the world through the body used as a reference, like much cognitive theory suggests today, and that landscapes embody emotions and memories derived from personal and interpersonal experience. As cultural geographer

text: Christopher Tilley

text: In humans, primary cilia are found on nearly every cell in the body.

text: A result of the invasion and conquest of Earth is the polarizing of human politics in the remaining human worlds between the Free Earther  Party and its opponents (who don't seem to have a specific name). Free Earthers are intransigently unreconciled to the loss of Humanity's original world and are committed to continued resistance to the invaders and eventual liberation of Earth. Boss Tweed, the main villain of The Ophiuchi Hotline, is an outspoken Free Earther - though in his case it is difficult to distinguish where commitment to the Free Earth cause ends and a simple lust for power begins. The Free Earthers' more pragmatic opponents point out that humanity has not found any effective means of opposing the Invaders' overwhelming four-dimensional weapons - or even understanding how they work; that Humanity is doing quite well on the remaining Eight Worlds; and that provoking the Invaders would not free the Earth but might endanger what humans still have. Ultimately, these cautions prove to have been completely justified; the Free Earthers' attempt to attack Jupiter does no real harm to the Invaders (as far as humans can see) but does provoke them into destroying the Eight Worlds and altogether expelling humans from the Solar System. As is eventually disclosed, this outcome was virtually inevitable. In every system which was invaded before and where the hitherto dominant species was driven off its home world in order to protect that world's Cataceans, there always develops an intransigent faction seeking to liberate the home planet, and its actions always ultimately cause the Invaders to drive the species altogether out of its original system. Since it already happened so many times before, presumably the Invaders in Humanity's Solar System anticipated it from the start and were patiently waiting for the Free Earthers to provide them with a pretext - though Humanity remains almost completely ignorant of who the Invaders truly are and how their minds work.

text: A result of the invasion and conquest of Earth is the polarizing of human politics in the remaining human worlds between the Free Earther  Party and its opponents (who don't seem to have a specific name). Free Earthers are intransigently unreconciled to the loss of Humanity's original world and are committed to continued resistance to the invaders and eventual liberation of Earth.

text: Boss Tweed

text: , the main villain of

text: The Ophiuchi Hotline

text: After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the haploid amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of  the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2N = 46) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes. There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents.

text: After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the

text: haploid

text: amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by

text: diploid

text: organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of  the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human

text: somatic

text: cells have

text: 46 chromosomes

text: (2N = 46) while human

text: sperm

text: and

text: egg

text: s have 23 chromosomes (N = 23). Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes, the 22

text: autosome

text: s and the special category of

text: sex chromosomes

text: . There are two distinct sex chromosomes, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person's father and 23 from the mother. That is, your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2, one from each of your parents.

text: These distinctions can be better understood in the light of Aquinas' understanding of matter and form, a hylomorphic ("matter/form") theory derived from Aristotle. In any given substance, matter and form are necessarily united, and each is a necessary aspect of that substance. However, they are conceptually separable. Matter represents what is changeable about the substance—what is potentially something else. For example, bronze matter is potentially a statue, or also potentially a cymbal. Matter must be understood as the matter of something. In contrast, form is what determines some particular chunk of matter to be a specific substance and no other. When Aquinas says that the human body is only partly composed of matter, he means the material body is only potentially a human being. The soul is what actualizes that potential into an existing human being. Consequently, the fact that a human body is live human tissue entails that a human soul is wholly present in each part of the human.

text: These distinctions can be better understood in the light of Aquinas' understanding of matter and form, a

text: hylomorphic

text: ("matter/form") theory derived from

text: Aristotle

text: . In any given substance, matter and form are necessarily united, and each is a necessary aspect of that substance. However, they are conceptually separable. Matter represents what is changeable about the substance—what is potentially something else. For example, bronze matter is potentially a statue, or also potentially a cymbal. Matter must be understood as the matter of something. In contrast, form is what determines some particular chunk of matter to be a specific substance and no other. When Aquinas says that the human body is only partly composed of matter, he means the material body is only potentially a human being. The soul is what actualizes that potential into an existing human being. Consequently, the fact that a human body is live human tissue entails that a human soul is wholly present in each part of the human.

text: It has been found in radiation biology experiments that if a group of cells are irradiated then as the dose increases the number of cells which survive decrease. It has also been found that if a population of cells are given a dose before being set aside (without being irradiated) for a length of time before being irradiated again then the radiation has less of an ability to cause cell death. The human body contains many types of cells and a human can be killed by the loss of a single tissue in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3 days to 30 days) the loss of cells forming blood cells (bone marrow) and the cells in the digestive system (wall of the intestines) cause death.

text: It has been found in

text: radiation biology

text: experiments that if a group of cells are irradiated then as the dose increases the number of cells which survive decrease. It has also been found that if a population of cells are given a dose before being set aside (without being irradiated) for a length of time before being irradiated again then the radiation has less of an ability to cause

text: cell death

text: . The human body contains many types of

text: cell

text: s and a human can be killed by the loss of a single tissue in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3 days to 30 days) the loss of cells forming

text: blood cells

text: bone marrow

text: ) and the cells in the digestive system (wall of the

text: intestines

text: ) cause death.

text: Kass has been a consistent critic of embryo research, including embryonic stem cell research, because of its "exploitation" and "destruction" of nascent human life. Although he claims to be agnostic about the moral standing of an early human embryo, he worries about treating human life, at whatever stage, merely as a natural resource. "There is something deeply repugnant and fundamentally transgressive about such a utilitarian treatment of prospective human life," he writes. But because he recognized the potential of such cells for medical research, he led the President's Council on Bioethics to examine alternative avenues of obtaining pluripotent stem cells: "Pluripotent cells might be obtainable from already dead (not just unwanted or doomed but actually dead) embryos, some of whose individual cells might nonetheless still be viable; from living embryos by nondestructive biopsy; from bioengineered, embryo-like artifacts; and from reprogrammed body cells, taken from children or adults, that are induced to return to the undifferentiated state of pluripotency. . . . We should be hopeful that a technological solution to our moral dilemma might soon be found and that this divisive piece of our recent political history will soon come to an end."

text: Kass has been a consistent critic of embryo research, including embryonic stem cell research, because of its "exploitation" and "destruction" of nascent human life. Although he claims to be agnostic about the moral standing of an early human embryo, he worries about treating human life, at whatever stage, merely as a natural resource. "There is something deeply repugnant and fundamentally transgressive about such a utilitarian treatment of prospective human life," he writes. But because he recognized the potential of such cells for medical research, he led the President's Council on Bioethics to examine alternative avenues of obtaining

text: pluripotent

text: stem cells: "Pluripotent cells might be obtainable from already dead (not just unwanted or doomed but actually dead) embryos, some of whose individual cells might nonetheless still be viable; from living embryos by nondestructive biopsy; from bioengineered, embryo-like artifacts; and from reprogrammed body cells, taken from children or adults, that are induced to return to the undifferentiated state of pluripotency. . . . We should be hopeful that a technological solution to our moral dilemma might soon be found and that this divisive piece of our recent political history will soon come to an end."

text: These new analogues need to be developed. It needs to be determined how safe the medicine is for human consumption, its stability in the human body and the best form for delivery to the desired organ system, like tablet or aerosol. After extensive testing, which can take up to 6 years, the new medicine is ready for marketing and selling.

text: In fact, the human body has seven sensory systems – not five. The sixth and seventh systems are the senses of motion located in the inner ear. The former signals the beginning and end of rotation and the latter signals body tilt relative to gravity as well as body translation. The seventh system no longer provides tilt information in weightlessness; however, it does continue to signal translation, so the afferent signals to the CNS are confusing. The experience of living and working in space alters the way the CNS interprets the otolith organ signals during linear acceleration. Although the perception is fairly accurate when subjects are exposed to angular acceleration in yaw in-flight, there are disturbances during angular rotation in pitch and roll, and during linear acceleration along the body transversal and longitudinal axes. Perception of body motion is also altered during the same motion immediately after landing. There is an adaptation to weightlessness in orbit that carries over to post-flight reactions to linear acceleration.

text: In fact, the human body has seven sensory systems – not five. The sixth and seventh systems are the senses of motion located in the inner ear. The former signals the beginning and end of rotation and the latter signals body tilt relative to gravity as well as body translation. The seventh system no longer provides tilt information in weightlessness; however, it does continue to signal translation, so the afferent signals to the CNS are confusing. The experience of living and working in space alters the way the CNS interprets the otolith organ signals during

text: linear acceleration

text: . Although the perception is fairly accurate when subjects are exposed to angular acceleration in

text: yaw

text: in-flight, there are disturbances during angular rotation in

text: pitch

text: and

text: roll

text: , and during linear acceleration along the body transversal and longitudinal axes. Perception of body motion is also altered during the same motion immediately after landing. There is an adaptation to weightlessness in orbit that carries over to post-flight reactions to linear acceleration.

text: One aspect of body modification discussed by Dr. Favazza is the concept of the "skin/self border".  Dr. Favazza describes the skin as one of the most simple physiological organs of the human body; yet this relatively simple organ has a very complex impact on human psychology.

text: Nevertheless, the ECJ decision does not preclude a further test of the validity of the directive on the ground that it is inconsistent with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Art. 27.1 TRIPS provides that patents are only to be granted with respect to 'inventions'.  The directive, however, provides that "biological material which is isolated from its natural environment ... may be the subject of an invention even if it previously occurred in nature."  It is clearly arguable that merely isolating a human gene or protein from its natural environment is not an activity that can come within the meaning of the word 'invention'.  The Danish Council of Bioethics in its Patenting Human Genes and Stem Cells Report noted that "In the members' view, it cannot be said with any reasonableness that a sequence or partial sequence of a gene ceases to be part of the human body merely because an identical copy of the sequence is isolated from or produced outside of the human body."  TRIPS applies to the European Community as it is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in its own right and accordingly must ensure "the conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures with obligations as provided" by the WTO.

text: Many other countries have passed laws aimed at ending illegal organ trade.  For example, South Africa adopted the Human Tissue Act of 1983, which outlaws the transfer of tissue (including flesh), bone, organ, or bodily fluid in exchange for payment.  In May 2007, China adopted the Human Transplantation Act, banning organ commercialism.

text: Human embryonic stem cells can divide without limit, and yet maintain the potential to make all the cells of the body.   This remarkable potential makes them useful for basic research on the function of the human body, for drug discovery and testing, and as a source of cells and tissues for transplantation medicine. In 1998, Thomson’s Lab was the first to report the successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998, Science published this research in an article titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts", results which Science later featured in its “Scientific Breakthrough of the Year” article, 1999.

text: An attractive feature of human iPS cells is the ability to derive them from adult patients to study the cellular basis of human disease. Since iPS cells are self-renewing and pluripotent, they represent a theoretically unlimited source of patient-derived cells which can be turned into any type of cell in the body. This is particularly important because many other types of human cells derived from patients tend to stop growing after a few passages in laboratory culture. iPS cells have been generated for a wide variety of human genetic diseases, including common disorders such as Down syndrome and polycystic kidney disease. In many instances, the patient-derived iPS cells exhibit cellular defects not observed in iPS cells from healthy patients, providing insight into the pathophysiology of the disease.An international collaborated project, StemBANCC, was formed in 2012 to build a collection of iPS cell lines for drug screening for a variety of disease. Managed by the University of Oxford, the effort pooled funds and resources from 10 pharmaceutical companies and 23 universities. The goal is to generate a library of 1,500 iPS cell lines which will be used in early drug testing by providing a simulated human disease environment. Furthermore, combining hiPSC technology and genetically-encoded voltage and calcium indicators  provided a large-scale and high-throughput platform for cardiovascular drug safety screening.

text: An attractive feature of human iPS cells is the ability to derive them from adult patients to study the cellular basis of human disease. Since iPS cells are self-renewing and pluripotent, they represent a theoretically unlimited source of patient-derived cells which can be turned into any type of cell in the body. This is particularly important because many other types of human cells derived from patients tend to stop growing after a few passages in laboratory culture. iPS cells have been generated for a wide variety of human genetic diseases, including common disorders such as Down syndrome and polycystic kidney disease. In many instances, the patient-derived iPS cells exhibit cellular defects not observed in iPS cells from healthy patients, providing insight into the pathophysiology of the disease.An international collaborated project, StemBANCC, was formed in 2012 to build a collection of iPS cell lines for drug screening for a variety of disease. Managed by the

text: University of Oxford

text: , the effort pooled funds and resources from 10 pharmaceutical companies and 23 universities. The goal is to generate a library of 1,500 iPS cell lines which will be used in early drug testing by providing a simulated human disease environment. Furthermore, combining hiPSC technology and genetically-encoded voltage and calcium indicators  provided a large-scale and high-throughput platform for cardiovascular drug safety screening.

text: Although it operates at sub-national level, the NIHRC was in 2001 recognised as a member of the worldwide network of national human rights institutions, securing "B status" accreditation from the International Co-ordinating Committee of NHRIs (ICC), and full or "A status" accreditation in 2006. The Commission thus gained enhanced access to the Human Rights Council, treaty bodies and other United Nations human rights bodies. The NIHRC was the first NHRI in the UK, but following the creation of the Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), both now ICC-accredited, the three bodies share representation and voting rights in the ICC and its regional network, the European Group of NHRIs.

text: Although it operates at sub-national level, the NIHRC was in 2001 recognised as a member of the worldwide network of

text: national human rights institutions

text: , securing "B status" accreditation from the

text: (ICC), and full or "A status" accreditation in 2006. The Commission thus gained enhanced access to the

text: Human Rights Council

text: , treaty bodies and other

text: United Nations

text: human rights bodies. The NIHRC was the first NHRI in the UK, but following the creation of the

text: Scottish Human Rights Commission

text: (SHRC) and the

text: Equality and Human Rights Commission

text: (EHRC), both now ICC-accredited, the three bodies share representation and voting rights in the ICC and its regional network, the

text: European Group of NHRIs

text: Anatomy is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four limbs (two arms and two legs), a head and a neck which connect to the torso. The body's shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The spine at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible vertebral column which surrounds the spinal cord, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body. Nerves connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of anatomical variations such as sesamoid bones and accessory muscles.

text: Anatomy

text: is the study of the shape and form of the human body. The human body has four

text: limb

text: s (two

text: arm

text: s and two

text: leg

text: s), a

text: head

text: and a

text: neck

text: which connect to the

text: torso

text: . The body's shape is determined by a strong

text: skeleton

text: made of

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: , surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The

text: spine

text: at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible

text: vertebral column

text: which surrounds the

text: spinal cord

text: , which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the

text: brain

text: to the rest of the body.

text: Nerve

text: s connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of

text: anatomical variation

text: s such as

text: sesamoid bone

text: s and

text: accessory muscle

text: s.

text: The only way to end the organlegging problem was to reduce the demand for human organs. Given the desire of humans to extend their lives, the only way to reduce the demand was to find a substitute for transplant stock. However, the draconian anti-technology laws of the ARM hindered all developments. It was not until the mid-24th century  that alloplasty, improved prosthetics, and most importantly, the ability to grow the needed organs by manipulating one's own DNA, ultimately made the organ banks obsolete.

text: The only way to end the organlegging problem was to reduce the demand for human organs. Given the desire of humans to extend their lives, the only way to reduce the demand was to find a substitute for transplant stock. However, the draconian anti-technology laws of the ARM hindered all developments. It was not until the mid-24th century  that

text: alloplasty

text: , improved

text: prosthetic

text: s, and most importantly, the ability to grow the needed organs by manipulating one's own

text: DNA

text: , ultimately made the organ banks obsolete.

text: After finishing his Master, Christian Keysers decided to concentrate on a subfield of cognitive neuroscience called social neuroscience that uses neuroscience methods to understand how we process the social world. He therefore performed his doctoral studies at the University of St Andrews with David Ian Perrett, one of the founding father of the field, to understand how the brain processes faces and facial expressions. This thesis work lead to new insights into how quickly the brain can process the faces of others. During this period, Christian became fascinated with the question of how the brain can attach meaning to the faces of others. How is it for instance, that we understand that a certain grimace would signal that another person is happy? How do we understand that a certain bodily movement towards a glass indicates that the other person aims to grasp a glass? In 1999, Christian was exposed to a visit of Vittorio Gallese, who presented his recent discovery of mirror neurons in the Psychology department lecture series. This deeply influenced Christian who decided to move to the lab of Giacomo Rizzolatti to undertake further studies on how these fascinating neurons could contribute to social perception.In 2000, after finishing his doctorate, Christian Keysers moved to the University of Parma to study mirror neurons. In early work there demonstrated that mirror neurons in the premotor cortex not only respond to the sight of actions, but also when actions can only be deduced or heard, leading to a publication in the journal science. This work had tremendous impact on the field, as it suggested that the premotor cortex could play a central, modality independent role in perception and may lay the origin for the evolution of speech in humans. Together this work indicated that brain regions involved in our own actions play a role in how we process the actions of others. Christian wondered whether a similar principle may underlie how we process the tactile sensations and emotions of others, and became increasingly independent of the research focus on the motor system in Parma. At the time, Christian had also met his to be wife, Valeria Gazzola, a biologist in the final phases of her studies, and together they decided to explore if the somatosensory system might be involved in perceiving the sensations of others. Via a fruitful collaboration with the French Neuroimaging specialist Bruno Wicker, they used Functional magnetic resonance imaging, and showed for the first time, that the Secondary somatosensory cortex, previously thought only to represent a persons own experiences of touch, is also activated when seeing someone or something else be touched. They also showed that the insula, thought only to respond to the experience of first hand emotions, was also activated when we see another individual experience similar emotions. Together this indicated a much more general principle than the original mirror neuron theory, in which people process the actions, sensations and emotions of others by vicariously activating owns own actions, sensations and emotions. Jointly, this work laid the foundation of the neuroscientific investigation of empathy.Based on this influential work, that was warded the Marie Curie Excellence Award, Christian and Valeria were offered to open their own laboratory at the University of Groningen, where Christian became an assistant professor in 2004, an associate professor in 2005 and a full professor for the neural basis of empathy in 2007, when he was only 34 years old, as one of the youngest full professors of the University. Together with his wife, his work in Groningen concentrated on using human neuroimaging techniques to understand the role of motor, somatosensory and limbic structures in understanding the inner states of others and the dysfunctions of these systems in psychiatric patients. While in Groningen, the team also demonstrated that rats show empathy for the others In 2010, they were then offered to move to the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, the only pure research institute in the Netherlands, funded by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Attracted by the ability to complement human neuroimaging studies with fundamental research in rodents, using all the advanced neuroscience techniques available at the Institute, they accepted, and moved the Social Brain Lab to Amsterdam. Christian also became a full professor at the University of Amsterdam and Valeria an associate professor at the same university, but their main research lab is at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience where their research now focuses on understanding the mechanisms of empathy using a combination of human and animal research, using some of the most advanced techniques available, including 7T neuroimaging, neuromodulation as well as electrophysiology, calcium imaging and optogenetics.

text: After finishing his Master, Christian Keysers decided to concentrate on a subfield of cognitive neuroscience called

text: social neuroscience

text: that uses neuroscience methods to understand how we process the social world. He therefore performed his doctoral studies at the

text: University of St Andrews

text: with

text: David Ian Perrett

text: , one of the founding father of the field, to understand how the brain processes faces and facial expressions. This thesis work lead to new insights into how quickly the brain can process the faces of others. During this period, Christian became fascinated with the question of how the brain can attach meaning to the faces of others. How is it for instance, that we understand that a certain grimace would signal that another person is happy? How do we understand that a certain bodily movement towards a glass indicates that the other person aims to grasp a glass? In 1999, Christian was exposed to a visit of

text: Vittorio Gallese

text: , who presented his recent discovery of

text: mirror neuron

text: s in the Psychology department lecture series. This deeply influenced Christian who decided to move to the lab of

text: Giacomo Rizzolatti

text: to undertake further studies on how these fascinating neurons could contribute to social perception.In 2000, after finishing his doctorate, Christian Keysers moved to the

text: University of Parma

text: to study

text: mirror neuron

text: s. In early work there demonstrated that

text: mirror neuron

text: s in the

text: premotor cortex

text: not only respond to the sight of actions, but also when actions can only be deduced or heard, leading to a publication in the journal science. This work had tremendous impact on the field, as it suggested that the premotor cortex could play a central, modality independent role in perception and may lay the origin for the evolution of speech in humans. Together this work indicated that brain regions involved in our own actions play a role in how we process the actions of others. Christian wondered whether a similar principle may underlie how we process the tactile sensations and emotions of others, and became increasingly independent of the research focus on the motor system in Parma. At the time, Christian had also met his to be wife, Valeria Gazzola, a biologist in the final phases of her studies, and together they decided to explore if the somatosensory system might be involved in perceiving the sensations of others. Via a fruitful collaboration with the French

text: Neuroimaging

text: specialist Bruno Wicker, they used

text: Functional magnetic resonance imaging

text: , and showed for the first time, that the

text: Secondary somatosensory cortex

text: , previously thought only to represent a persons own experiences of touch, is also activated when seeing someone or something else be touched. They also showed that the insula, thought only to respond to the experience of first hand emotions, was also activated when we see another individual experience similar emotions. Together this indicated a much more general principle than the original mirror neuron theory, in which people process the actions, sensations and emotions of others by vicariously activating owns own actions, sensations and emotions. Jointly, this work laid the foundation of the neuroscientific investigation of

text: empathy

text: .Based on this influential work, that was warded the Marie Curie Excellence Award, Christian and Valeria were offered to open their own laboratory at the

text: University of Groningen

text: , where Christian became an assistant professor in 2004, an associate professor in 2005 and a full professor for the neural basis of empathy in 2007, when he was only 34 years old, as one of the youngest full professors of the University. Together with his wife, his work in Groningen concentrated on using human neuroimaging techniques to understand the role of motor, somatosensory and limbic structures in understanding the inner states of others and the dysfunctions of these systems in psychiatric patients. While in Groningen, the team also demonstrated that rats show empathy for the others In 2010, they were then offered to move to the

text: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience

text: , the only pure research institute in the Netherlands, funded by the

entity_name: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: . Attracted by the ability to complement human neuroimaging studies with fundamental research in rodents, using all the advanced neuroscience techniques available at the Institute, they accepted, and moved the Social Brain Lab to Amsterdam. Christian also became a full professor at the

text: University of Amsterdam

text: and Valeria an associate professor at the same university, but their main research lab is at the

text: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience

text: where their research now focuses on understanding the mechanisms of empathy using a combination of human and animal research, using some of the most advanced techniques available, including 7T neuroimaging, neuromodulation as well as electrophysiology, calcium imaging and optogenetics.

text: In human anatomy, there are three types of chief cells, the gastric chief cell, the parathyroid chief cell, and the type 1 chief cells found in the carotid body.

text: In human anatomy, there are three types of chief cells, the

text: gastric chief cell

text: , the

text: parathyroid chief cell

text: , and the type 1 chief cells found in the carotid body.

text: Charaka studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs. He gave 360 as the total number of bones, including teeth, present in the human body. He was right when he considered heart to be a controlling centre. He claimed that the heart was connected to the entire body through 13 main channels. Apart from these channels, there were countless other ones of varying sizes which supplied not only nutrients to various tissues but also provided passage to waste products. He also claimed that any obstruction in the main channels led to a disease or deformity in the body.

text: Charaka studied the

text: anatomy

text: of the human body and various organs. He gave 360 as the total number of bones, including teeth, present in the human body. He was right when he considered heart to be a controlling centre. He claimed that the heart was connected to the entire body through 13 main channels. Apart from these channels, there were countless other ones of varying sizes which supplied not only

text: nutrient

text: s to various

text: tissue

text: s but also provided passage to waste products. He also claimed that any obstruction in the main channels led to a disease or deformity in the body.

text: The Act governs England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is separate legislation in Scotland, the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 and the Authority performs certain tasks on behalf of the Scottish Government (approval of living donation and licensing of establishments storing tissue for human application).

text: The Act governs England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is separate legislation in Scotland, the

text: Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006

text: and the Authority performs certain tasks on behalf of the

text: Scottish Government

text: (approval of living donation and licensing of establishments storing tissue for human application).

text: In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are:

text: In a typical

text: mammal

text: ian body such as the

text: human body

text: , the external body orifices are:

text: Located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex, fMRI studies have shown the extrastriate body area (EBA) to have selective responding when subjects see human bodies or body parts, implying that it has functional specialization. The EBA does not optimally respond to objects or parts of objects but to human bodies and body parts, a hand for example. In fMRI experiments conducted by Downing et al. participants were asked to look at a series of pictures. These stimuli includes objects, parts of objects (for example just the head of a hammer), figures of the human body in all sorts of positions and types of detail (including line drawings or stick men), and body parts (hands or feet) without any body attached. There was significantly more blood flow (and thus activation) to human bodies, no matter how detailed, and body parts than to objects or object parts.

text: In biology, adipose tissue , body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and the cytokine TNFα. The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat.  The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. Adipose tissue – more specifically brown adipose tissue – was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551.

text: In biology, adipose tissue , body fat, or simply fat is a loose

text: connective tissue

text: composed mostly of

text: adipocyte

text: s. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the

text: stromal vascular fraction

text: (SVF) of cells including

text: preadipocyte

text: s,

text: fibroblast

text: s,

text: vascular

text: endothelial cell

text: s and a variety of immune cells such as

text: adipose tissue macrophages

text: . Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of

text: lipid

text: s, although it also cushions and

text: insulates

text: the body. Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major

text: endocrine

text: organ, as it produces

text: hormone

text: s such as

text: leptin

text: estrogen

text: resistin

text: , and the

text: cytokine

text: TNFα

text: . The two types of adipose tissue are

text: white adipose tissue

text: (WAT), which stores energy, and

text: brown adipose tissue

text: (BAT), which generates body heat.  The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the

text: adipose gene

text: . Adipose tissue – more specifically brown adipose tissue – was first identified by the Swiss naturalist

text: Conrad Gessner

text: in 1551.

text: In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

text: In

text: biology

text: , energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living

text: organism

text: . Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological

text: cell

text: or an

text: organelle

text: of a biological

text: organism

text: . Energy is thus often said to be stored by

text: cells

text: in the structures of molecules of substances such as

text: carbohydrate

text: s (including sugars),

text: lipid

text: s, and

text: protein

text: s, which release energy when reacted with

text: oxygen

text: in

text: respiration

text: . In human terms, the

text: human equivalent

text: (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human

text: metabolism

text: , assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a

text: basal metabolic rate

text: of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

text: Human gut microbiota play a key role in the intestinal immune system, in maintaining a disease-free state. The gut and immune system form a complex structure that provides defense against ingested toxins and pathogenic bacteria. A well-balanced gut microflora is thought to play a particularly important role in the natural defense of the human body. Galactooligosaccharides support natural defenses of the human body via the gut microflora, indirectly by increasing a number of good bacteria in the gut and inhibiting the binding or survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Clostridia to the body, reducing the chances of getting infected. Furthermore, GOS can positively influence the immune system—indirectly through the production of antimicrobial substances as the result of galactooligosaccharide fermentation, that can reduce the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and directly by interaction with immune cells. For example, in infants the usage of GOS has been shown to have a potential role in allergy prevention and reduction of infectious diseases.  GOS supplementation has also been shown to reduce symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction and reduce the number of days with cold or flu in stressed undergraduate students undergoing exams.

text: Human gut microbiota play a key role in the intestinal immune system, in maintaining a disease-free state. The gut and immune system form a complex structure that provides defense against ingested toxins and pathogenic bacteria. A well-balanced gut microflora is thought to play a particularly important role in the natural defense of the human body. Galactooligosaccharides support natural defenses of the human body via the

text: gut microflora

text: , indirectly by increasing a number of good bacteria in the gut and inhibiting the binding or survival of Escherichia coli,

text: Salmonella Typhimurium

text: and Clostridia to the body, reducing the chances of getting infected. Furthermore, GOS can positively influence the immune system—indirectly through the production of antimicrobial substances as the result of galactooligosaccharide fermentation, that can reduce the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and directly by interaction with

text: immune cells

text: . For example, in infants the usage of GOS has been shown to have a potential role in allergy prevention and reduction of

text: infectious disease

text: s.  GOS supplementation has also been shown to reduce symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction and reduce the number of days with cold or flu in stressed undergraduate students undergoing exams.

text: In Mahabharata  Naar means water in human (Nar) body, is residence (Aayan) of God (Narayan).

text: In

text: Mahabharata

text: Naar means water in human (Nar) body, is residence (Aayan) of God (Narayan).

text: Human soft tissue is highly deformable, and its mechanical properties vary significantly from one person to another. Impact testing results showed that the stiffness and the damping resistance of a test subject’s tissue are correlated with the mass, velocity, and size of the striking object. Such properties may be useful for forensics investigation when contusions were induced. When solid object impact a human soft tissues, the energy of the impact will be absorbed by the tissues to reducing effect of the impact or the pain level, therefore; subjects with more soft tissue thickness tended to absorb the impacts with less aversion.

text: The habitats of mesophiles can include cheese and yogurt. They are often included during fermentation of beer and wine making.  Since normal human body temperature is 37 °C, the majority of human pathogens are mesophiles, as are most of the organisms comprising the human microbiome.

text: The habitats of mesophiles can include

text: cheese

text: and

text: yogurt

text: . They are often included during fermentation of

text: beer

text: and

text: wine

text: making.  Since normal human body temperature is 37

text: °C

text: , the majority of human

text: pathogens

text: are mesophiles, as are most of the organisms comprising the

text: human microbiome

text: In humans, androstenone also has been suggested to be a pheromone; however, there is little scientific data to support this claim. The vomeronasal organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ responsible for the detection of pheromones as more than just an odor. Most adult humans possess something resembling this organ, but there is no active function. Humans lack the sensory cells that exist in other mammals needed to detect pheromones beyond a smell. Humans also lack the genetic ability to produce these sensory cells actively.

text: In humans, androstenone also has been suggested to be a

text: pheromone

text: ; however, there is little scientific data to support this claim. The

text: vomeronasal organ

text: is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ responsible for the detection of pheromones as more than just an odor. Most adult humans possess something resembling this organ, but there is no active function. Humans lack the sensory cells that exist in other mammals needed to detect pheromones beyond a smell. Humans also lack the genetic ability to produce these sensory cells actively.

text: Protozoa are unicellular organisms, which have nuclei, and ultramicroscopic cellular bodies within their cytoplasm.  One particular aspect of protozoa that are of interest to human geneticists are their flagella, which are very similar to human sperm flagella.

text: Protozoa

text: are unicellular organisms, which have nuclei, and ultramicroscopic cellular bodies within their cytoplasm.  One particular aspect of protozoa that are of interest to human geneticists are their

text: flagella

text: , which are very similar to human

text: sperm

text: flagella.

text: There are many different types of cell in the human body.

text: There are many different types of

text: cell

text: in the

text: human body

text: The company bioprints and markets human tissues as a means of accelerating the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost, and without immediate risks to living test subjects. Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation. Organovo also partners with biopharmaceutical companies and academic medical centers to design, build, and validate more predictive in vitro tissues for disease modeling and toxicology. The living test tissues provide researchers the opportunity to test drugs before administering the drug to a living person; this bridges the gap between preclinical testing and clinical trials.

text: The company bioprints and markets human tissues as a means of accelerating the preclinical

text: drug testing

text: and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost, and without immediate risks to living test subjects. Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation. Organovo also partners with biopharmaceutical companies and academic medical centers to design, build, and validate more predictive in vitro tissues for disease modeling and toxicology. The living test tissues provide researchers the opportunity to test drugs before administering the drug to a living person; this bridges the gap between preclinical testing and clinical trials.

text: Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a biological system or body system. The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system because of the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems.

text: Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a

text: biological system

text: or body system. The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the

text: nervous

text: and

text: endocrine system

text: both operate via a shared organ, the

text: hypothalamus

text: . For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the

text: neuroendocrine system

text: . The same is true for the

text: musculoskeletal system

text: because of the relationship between the

text: muscular

text: and

text: skeletal

text: systems.

text: The immune system must recognize millions of potential antigens. There are fewer than 30,000 genes in the human body, so it is impossible to have one gene for every antigen. Instead, the DNA in millions of white blood cells in the bone marrow is shuffled to create cells with unique receptors, each of which can bind to a different antigen. Some receptors bind to tissues in the human body itself, so to prevent the body from attacking itself, those self-reactive white blood cells are destroyed during further development in the thymus.

text: Mutations or defects in the TAC3 or TAC3R gene can lead to steroidal feedback problems in the GnRH pulse generator loop, causing GnRH to be understimulated. Lack of GnRH ultimately  leads to hypogonadism. A review of neurokinin B and its sister peptides, kisspeptin and dynorphin, in sheep found that these KNDy cell groups (kisspeptin, neurokinin B, dynorphin), are in direct contact with the GnRH neuronal bodies in both the preoptic area and the mediobasal hypothalamus. Researchers found this to be feature to be conserved among species including humans. Due to the high percentage of co-localization found with neurokinin B cell bodies and receptor groups, it is suggested that Neurokinin b along with kisspeptin and dynorphin play a role in the release of GnRH. These findings are important since GnRH release plays such a pivotal  role in regulating hormonal control in the bodies of humans.

text: The environment can have major influences on human physiology. Environmental effects on human physiology are numerous; one of the most carefully studied effects is the alterations in thermoregulation in the body due to outside stresses. This is necessary because in order for enzymes to function, blood to flow, and for various body organs to operate, temperature must remain at consistent, balanced levels.

text: The environment

text: can have major influences on human

text: physiology

text: . Environmental effects on human physiology are numerous; one of the most carefully studied effects is the alterations in

text: thermoregulation

text: in the body due to outside

text: stresses

text: . This is necessary because in order for

text: enzyme

text: s to function,

text: blood

text: to flow, and for various body

text: organ

text: s to operate,

text: temperature

text: must remain at consistent, balanced levels.

text: Relapsing fever borreliosis often occurs with severe bacteremia. B. recurrentis is transmitted by the human body louse; no other animal reservoir of B. recurrentis is known. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. B. recurrentis infects the person via mucous membranes and then invades the bloodstream.

text: Relapsing fever borreliosis often occurs with severe

text: bacteremia

text: . B. recurrentis is transmitted by the human body

text: louse

text: ; no other animal reservoir of B. recurrentis is known. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. B. recurrentis infects the person via

text: mucous membranes

text: and then invades the bloodstream.

text: An early-stage medical laboratory and research company, called Organovo, designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue for medical research and therapeutic applications. The company utilizes its NovoGen MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting. Organovo anticipates that the bioprinting of human tissues will accelerate the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost. Additionally, Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation.

text: An early-stage medical laboratory and research company, called

text: Organovo

text: , designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue for medical research and therapeutic applications. The company utilizes its

text: NovoGen

text: MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting. Organovo anticipates that the bioprinting of human tissues will accelerate the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost. Additionally, Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation.

text: It has been found that the maggots of the green bottle fly prefer necrotic tissue and will leave living tissue alone, so they are often used in maggot therapy, or Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT). This therapy is the intentional introduction of disinfected maggots raised to clean out wounds that will not heal, typically larger wounds. However, Lucilia sericata— the common green bottle fly— is the preferred species. The maggots have three primary duties: to clean out wounds by eating dead tissues, kill off the bacteria, and encourage healthy tissue growth.

text: It has been found that the maggots of the green bottle fly prefer necrotic tissue and will leave living tissue alone, so they are often used in

text: maggot therapy

text: , or Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT). This therapy is the intentional introduction of disinfected maggots raised to clean out wounds that will not heal, typically larger wounds. However,

text: Lucilia sericata

text: — the common green bottle fly— is the preferred species. The maggots have three primary duties: to clean out wounds by eating dead tissues, kill off the bacteria, and encourage healthy tissue growth.

text: 10. By providing a full and in-depth understanding of the physical nature of the human being Transcendental Perspectivism initiates a renaissance of the body. It invites a physical celebration of the human being within a physical world. This reevaluation of the human body will lead to a third enlightenment, the Enlightenment of the Body.

text: In a shipping container, customs agents discover a huge amount of human hair used as materials for hair extensions, along with the dead body of a young girl with a shaved head. The corpse is transported to the morgue, where the results of the autopsy determine that the girl's internal organs have been harvested, the victim of a black market human organ racketeering ring. The morgue night watchman, a closet tricophile named Yamazaki (Ren Osugi), is infatuated by her beautiful hair and steals the body away to his home.  He finds that the girl's body has begun to grow hair—from her head, vacant eye sockets, tongue, and various open wounds.  He is delighted and encourages it to grow, harvesting it to make hair extensions to sell.  However, the hair controls and kills its wearers, causing them to experience the dying memories of the corpse girl, including the last thing she sees on the bloody operating table: the smiling mouth of the man who killed her.

text: In a shipping container, customs agents discover a huge amount of human hair used as materials for

text: hair extensions

text: , along with the dead body of a young girl with a shaved head. The corpse is transported to the morgue, where the results of the autopsy determine that the girl's internal organs have been harvested, the victim of a

text: black market

text: human organ racketeering

text: ring. The morgue night watchman, a closet

text: tricophile

text: named Yamazaki (

text: Ren Osugi

text: ), is infatuated by her beautiful hair and steals the body away to his home.  He finds that the girl's body has begun to grow hair—from her head, vacant eye sockets, tongue, and various open wounds.  He is delighted and encourages it to grow, harvesting it to make hair extensions to sell.  However, the hair controls and kills its wearers, causing them to experience the dying memories of the corpse girl, including the last thing she sees on the bloody operating table: the smiling mouth of the man who killed her.

text: One example of a computer system that can be used as a computer-aided ergonomics system is  that consider the human body as a dynamic multi-rigid-body system.  The human model is a public domain model contains most of the bones, muscles and joints that are present in the human body. The model in total have more than 1000 muscle elements, and many muscle elements have been modeled with the most detailed muscle model theory described by Hill, A.V. in 1938. The muscle model contains information as physiological cross-sectional area, length, penation angle, ratio of red and white fibers and so on. The AnyBody modeling system is capable of modeling almost any human voluntary movement or static situation. One example of a model, could be a seated model, where the human body is placed in a chair, that have a seat, backrest, headrest, leg rest, footrest, and armrest. The model can then calculate the forces acting between the human body and the chair, as well as for example the forces between any given spinal vertebra. This could be used for finding the optimal seated posture for a person, who suffers from lower back pain, assuming that greater load on a vertebra result in greater pain.

text: Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its acid mantle (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization.  The bacteria feed on the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor. Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor.

text: Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is

text: fermented

text: by

text: bacteria

text: that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and

text: sweat gland

text: s provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with

text: alkaline

text: pH soap, the skin loses its

text: acid mantle

text: (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. As many bacteria thrive in this elevated pH environment, this makes the skin susceptible to bacterial colonization.  The bacteria feed on the sweat from the

text: apocrine glands

text: and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing

text: trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid

text: in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.

text: Underarm hair

text: wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor.

text: Certain sites of the human body have immune privilege, meaning they are able to tolerate the introduction of antigens without eliciting an inflammatory immune response. Tissue grafts are normally recognised as foreign antigen by the body and attacked by the immune system. However, in immune privileged sites, tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time without rejection occurring. Immunologically privileged sites were thought to include:

text: Certain sites of the human body have immune privilege, meaning they are able to tolerate the introduction of

text: antigen

text: s without eliciting an

text: inflammatory

text: immune response.

text: Tissue

text: grafts

text: are normally recognised as foreign antigen by the body and attacked by the

text: immune system

text: . However, in immune privileged sites, tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time without

text: rejection

text: occurring. Immunologically privileged sites were thought to include:

text: Many human rights reports were published about the Bahraini uprising of 2011, a campaign of protests, and civil disobedience in the Persian Gulf state of Bahrain that is considered part of the revolutionary wave of protests dubbed the Arab Spring. At least 14 human rights reports were issued by 18 different parties: Amnesty International, International Crisis Group, Doctors Without Borders, Physicians for Human Rights, Human Rights First, Independent Irish figures, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Without Frontiers, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights, Bahrain Human Rights Society, Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, Front Line Defenders, Gulf Centre for Human Rights, Index on Censorship, International Media Support and the Writers in Prison Committee (WiPC) of PEN International.

text: Many human rights reports were published about the

text: Bahraini uprising of 2011

text: , a campaign of protests, and civil disobedience in the

text: Persian Gulf

text: state of

text: Bahrain

text: that is considered part of the

text: revolutionary wave

text: of protests dubbed the

text: Arab Spring

text: . At least 14 human rights reports were issued by 18 different parties:

text: Amnesty International

text: International Crisis Group

text: Doctors Without Borders

text: Physicians for Human Rights

text: Human Rights First

text: , Independent Irish figures,

text: Human Rights Watch

text: Human Rights Without Frontiers

text: Bahrain Centre for Human Rights

text: Bahrain Youth Society for Human Rights

text: Bahrain Human Rights Society

text: Front Line Defenders

text: Gulf Centre for Human Rights

text: Index on Censorship

text: International Media Support

text: and the

text: Writers in Prison Committee

text: (WiPC) of

text: PEN International

text: While it has yet to have been studied in-depth in the human brain, the SVZ function in the rodent brain has been, to a certain extent, examined and defined for its abilities. With such research, it has been found that the dual-functioning astrocyte is the dominant cell in the rodent SVZ; this astrocyte acts as not only a neuronal stem cell, but also as a supporting cell that promotes neurogenesis through interaction with other cells. This function is also induced by microglia and endothelial cells that interact cooperatively with neuronal stem cells to promote neurogenesis in vitro, as well as extracellular matrix components such as tenascin-C (helps define boundaries for interaction) and Lewis X (binds growth and signaling factors to neural precursors). The human SVZ is different, however, from the rodent SVZ in two distinct ways; the first is that the astrocytes of humans are not in close juxtaposition to the ependymal layer, rather separated by a layer lacking cell bodies; the second is that the human SVZ lacks chains of migrating neuroblasts seen in rodent SVZ, in turn providing for a lesser number of neuronal cells in the human than the rodent. For this reason, while rodent SVZ proves as a valuable source of information regarding the SVZ and its structure-to-function relationship, the human model will prove significantly different.

text: While it has yet to have been studied in-depth in the human brain, the SVZ function in the rodent brain has been, to a certain extent, examined and defined for its abilities. With such research, it has been found that the dual-functioning

text: astrocyte

text: is the dominant cell in the rodent SVZ; this astrocyte acts as not only a neuronal stem cell, but also as a supporting cell that promotes

text: neurogenesis

text: through interaction with other cells. This function is also induced by

text: microglia

text: and

text: endothelial

text: cells that interact cooperatively with neuronal stem cells to promote neurogenesis in vitro, as well as extracellular matrix components such as tenascin-C (helps define boundaries for interaction) and

text: Lewis X

text: (binds growth and signaling factors to neural precursors). The human SVZ is different, however, from the rodent SVZ in two distinct ways; the first is that the astrocytes of humans are not in close juxtaposition to the

text: ependymal

text: layer, rather separated by a layer lacking cell bodies; the second is that the human SVZ lacks chains of migrating

text: neuroblasts

text: seen in rodent SVZ, in turn providing for a lesser number of neuronal cells in the human than the rodent. For this reason, while rodent SVZ proves as a valuable source of information regarding the SVZ and its structure-to-function relationship, the human model will prove significantly different.

text: Human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs) are derived by experimental manipulation of pluripotent stem cells, such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and, more recently, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to differentiate into human cardiomyocytes. Interest in these bioengineered cardiac tissues has risen due to their potential use in cardiovascular research and clinical therapies. These tissues provide a unique in vitro model to study cardiac physiology with a species-specific advantage over cultured animal cells in experimental studies. hECTs also have therapeutic potential for in vivo regeneration of heart muscle. hECTs provide a valuable resource to reproduce the normal development of human heart tissue, understand the development of human cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may lead to engineered tissue-based therapies for CVD patients.

text: Human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs) are derived by experimental manipulation of

text: pluripotent

text: stem cells, such as

text: human embryonic stem cells

text: (hESCs) and, more recently,

text: human induced pluripotent stem cells

text: (hiPSCs) to differentiate into human

text: cardiomyocytes

text: . Interest in these bioengineered cardiac tissues has risen due to their potential use in cardiovascular research and clinical therapies. These tissues provide a unique

text: in vitro

text: model to study cardiac physiology with a species-specific advantage over cultured animal cells in experimental studies. hECTs also have therapeutic potential for

text: in vivo

text: regeneration of heart muscle. hECTs provide a valuable resource to reproduce the normal development of human heart tissue, understand the development of human cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may lead to engineered tissue-based therapies for CVD patients.

text: The anticipation of future states is also a major evolutionary and cognitive advance (Sjolander 1995).Anticipatory agents belonging to Rosen's definition are easy to see in human mental capabilities of taking decisions at a certain time T taking into account the effects of their own actions at different future timescales T+k. However, Rosen (a theoretical biologist) describes ALL living organisms as examples of naturally occurring anticipatory systems, which means that there must be somatic predictive models (meaning, "of the body"; physical) as components within the organization of all living organisms. No mental process is required for anticipation. In his book, Anticipatory Systems, Rosen describes how even single cellular organisms manifest this behavior pattern. It is logical to hypothesize therefore: If it is true that life is anticipatory in this sense, then the evolution of the conscious mind (such as human beings experience) may be a natural concentration and amplification of the anticipatory nature of life, itself.

text: The work of Austrian school economist Friedrich Hayek is especially important to understanding the organic view of society and how most human institutions, including law and the economy, are "the result of human action but not of human design."  In his last major work, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Hayek differentiates between endogenous orders, or self-organizing systems, and exogenous orders imposed from without.

text: The work of

text: Austrian school

text: economist

text: Friedrich Hayek

text: is especially important to understanding the organic view of society and how most human institutions, including law and the economy, are "the result of human action but not of human design."  In his last major work,

text: Law, Legislation and Liberty

text: , Hayek differentiates between endogenous orders, or self-organizing systems, and exogenous orders imposed from without.

text: Similarly,  FGF is being inserted into fibrin sealants to enhance the long term repair and sealing of tissue. FGF-1 has been experimentally shown to encourage the body’s own adhesive tissue to develop and effectively seal the wound (thereby stymieing infection and mitigating scar formation). Using FGF stimulate fibroblast activity is a more effective means of sealing tissue than current tissue sealants due to the robust nature of collagen which makes up connective tissue. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama examined the adhesive properties of fibrin tissue adhesives. The tests found that fibrin adhesives even at its intended medical concentration (29 mg/mL at the wound site) had shear strength of only 17.6 kiloPascals. Furthermore, another study performed at the University of California determined that the modulus (the stress/strain) of fibrin adhesives was on average 53.56 kPA. To seal together tissues the human body uses collagen and elastin to obtain superior shear strength.  Type I collagen which includes collagen strands bundled into strong fibrils has a unique tri-helical structure which increases the proteins structural integrity. In fact, a study performed by the Department of Medicine in University College London experimentally determined that pure type I collagen has a modulus of 5 GPa to 11.5 GPa. Therefore, pure type I collagen has nearly one million times greater structural integrity than fibrin. Collagen is therefore much harder to deform than fibrin, and collagen fibers create much stronger bonds between tissues than strands of fibrin polymer.

text: Similarly,  FGF is being inserted into fibrin sealants to enhance the long term repair and sealing of tissue. FGF-1 has been experimentally shown to encourage the body’s own adhesive tissue to develop and effectively seal the wound (thereby stymieing infection and mitigating scar formation). Using FGF stimulate fibroblast activity is a more effective means of sealing tissue than current tissue sealants due to the robust nature of

text: collagen

text: which makes up connective tissue. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama examined the adhesive properties of fibrin tissue adhesives. The tests found that fibrin adhesives even at its intended medical concentration (29 mg/mL at the wound site) had shear strength of only 17.6 kiloPascals. Furthermore, another study performed at the University of California determined that the modulus (the stress/strain) of fibrin adhesives was on average 53.56 kPA. To seal together tissues the human body uses collagen and elastin to obtain superior shear strength.  Type I collagen which includes collagen strands bundled into strong fibrils has a unique tri-helical structure which increases the proteins structural integrity. In fact, a study performed by the Department of Medicine in University College London experimentally determined that pure type I collagen has a modulus of 5 GPa to 11.5 GPa. Therefore, pure type I collagen has nearly one million times greater structural integrity than fibrin. Collagen is therefore much harder to deform than fibrin, and collagen fibers create much stronger bonds between tissues than strands of fibrin polymer.

text: Body image is a person's perception of the aesthetics or sexual attractiveness of their own body. The phrase body image was first coined by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body (1935). Human society has at all times placed great value on beauty of the human body, but a person's perception of their own body may not correspond to society's standards.

text: Body image is a person's perception of the

text: aesthetics

text: or

text: sexual attractiveness

text: of their own body. The phrase body image was first coined by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst

text: Paul Schilder

text: in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body (1935). Human society has at all times placed great value on beauty of the human body, but a person's perception of their own body may not correspond to society's standards.

text: Although parts of the brain have broadly understood functions, many mysteries remain about how brain cells (i.e., neurons and glia) work together to produce complex behaviors and disorders. Perhaps the broadest, most mysterious question is how diverse regions of the brain collaborate to form conscious experiences. So far, there is no evidence that there is one site for consciousness, which leads experts to believe that it is truly a collective neural effort. Therefore, as with James's idea that humans have untapped cognitive potential, it may be that a large number of questions about the brain have not been fully answered.

text: The field of digital humanities is served by several organisations: The European Association for Digital Humanities (EADH), the Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH), the Society for Digital Humanities/Société pour l'étude des médias interactifs (SDH/SEMI), the Japanese Association for Digital Humanities (JADH), the French-speaking Association for Digital Humanities (Humanistica) and the Australasian Association for Digital Humanities (aaDH), which are joined under the umbrella organisation of the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO). The alliance funds a number of projects such as the Digital Humanities Quarterly, supports  the Text Encoding Initiative, the organisation and sponsoring of workshops and conferences, as well as the funding of small projects, awards and bursaries.

text: The field of digital humanities is served by several organisations:

text: The European Association for Digital Humanities

text: (EADH), the

entity_name: Association for Computers and the Humanities

text: Association for Computers and the Humanities

text: (ACH), the

text: Society for Digital Humanities/Société pour l'étude des médias interactifs

text: (SDH/SEMI), the

text: Japanese Association for Digital Humanities

text: (JADH), the

text: French-speaking Association for Digital Humanities

text: (Humanistica) and the

text: Australasian Association for Digital Humanities

text: (aaDH), which are joined under the umbrella organisation of the

entity_name: Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations

text: Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations

text: (ADHO). The alliance funds a number of projects such as the

text: Digital Humanities Quarterly

text: , supports  the

text: Text Encoding Initiative

text: , the organisation and sponsoring of workshops and conferences, as well as the funding of small projects, awards and bursaries.

text: The human body can express the symbol of world axis. Some of the more abstract Tree of Life representations, such as the sefirot in Kabbalism and in the chakra system recognized by Hinduism and Buddhism, merge with the concept of the human body as a pillar between heaven and earth. Disciplines such as yoga and tai chi begin from the premise of the human body as axis mundi. The Buddha represents a world centre in human form. Large statues of a meditating figure unite the human figure with the symbolism of temple and tower. Astrology in all its forms assumes a connection between human health and affairs and the orientation of these with celestial bodies. World religions regard the body itself as a temple and prayer as a column uniting earth to heaven. The ancient Colossus of Rhodes combined the role of human figure with those of portal and skyscraper. The image of a human being suspended on a tree or a cross locates the figure at the axis where heaven and earth meet. The Renaissance image known as the Vitruvian Man represented a symbolic and mathematical exploration of the human form as world axis.

text: The human body can express the symbol of world axis. Some of the more abstract Tree of Life representations, such as the

text: sefirot

text: in

text: Kabbalism

text: and in the

text: chakra

text: system recognized by Hinduism and Buddhism, merge with the concept of the human body as a pillar between heaven and earth. Disciplines such as

text: yoga

text: and

text: tai chi

text: begin from the premise of the human body as axis mundi. The Buddha represents a world centre in human form. Large statues of a meditating figure unite the human figure with the symbolism of temple and tower.

text: Astrology

text: in all its forms assumes a connection between human health and affairs and the orientation of these with celestial bodies. World religions regard the body itself as a temple and prayer as a column uniting earth to heaven. The ancient

text: Colossus of Rhodes

text: combined the role of human figure with those of portal and skyscraper. The image of a human being suspended on a tree or a cross locates the figure at the axis where heaven and earth meet. The Renaissance image known as the

text: Vitruvian Man

text: represented a symbolic and mathematical exploration of the human form as world axis.

text: Human body parts and excreta are currently used in TCM medicines and are included in its new textbooks and handbooks, such as licorice in human feces, dried human placenta, finger nails, child's urine, hair, and urinary sediments (Hominis Urinae Sedimentum, Ren Zhong Bai). The current consumption of human parts is considered cannibalism by some. Other parts include pubic hair, flesh, blood, bone, semen, and menstrual blood. The Bencao Gangmu describes the use of 35 human waste products and body parts as medicines, such as bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs. - Also listed are human breath and the "soul of criminals that were hanged", which is considered under TCM to be a material object resembling charcoal that is dug out of the ground beneath the body shortly after a hanged criminal died, but very few human or allegedly human products remain in use today.

text: Human body parts and

text: excreta

text: are currently used in TCM medicines and are included in its new textbooks and handbooks, such as

text: licorice

text: in human

text: feces

text: , dried human

text: placenta

text: , finger nails, child's

text: urine

text: , hair, and urinary sediments (Hominis Urinae Sedimentum, Ren Zhong Bai). The current consumption of human parts is considered

text: cannibalism

text: by some. Other parts include

text: pubic hair

text: flesh

text: blood

text: bone

text: semen

text: , and

text: menstrual blood

text: . The

text: Bencao Gangmu

text: describes the use of 35 human waste products and body parts as medicines, such as bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs. - Also listed are human

text: breath

text: and the "

text: soul

text: of criminals that were

text: hanged

text: ", which is considered under TCM to be a material object resembling

text: charcoal

text: that is dug out of the ground beneath the body shortly after a hanged criminal died, but very few human or allegedly human products remain in use today.

text: This essay focuses on how connected humanity is to nature and how we must make strides to understand our role. Thomas argues that even our own bodies are not solely ours since the mitochondria and other organelles are descended from other organisms. He creates a metaphor of the Earth as a giant cell itself with humans just as one part of a vast system.

text: This essay focuses on how connected humanity is to nature and how we must make strides to understand our role. Thomas argues that even our own bodies are not solely ours since the

text: mitochondria

text: and other organelles are descended from other organisms. He creates a metaphor of the Earth as a giant cell itself with humans just as one part of a vast system.

text: “Without respect for the body as it is, social memory as it stands, there is no such thing as a workable or humane architecture.  And that’s why a place like this - La Defence outside Paris, is experienced by everybody, including those who live in it, as a piece of social scar tissue, gimmicky, condescending alphaville modernism.  Stick ‘em in concrete boxes and give them some concrete to play on, and then paint it all bright colours because that’s what the kiddies like, and if the kiddies don’t like it, they can write to the minister!”

text: In the UK, following the Human Tissue Act 2004 all organs and tissue must be returned to the body unless permission is given by the family to retain any tissue for further investigation. Normally the internal body cavity is lined with cotton wool or an appropriate material, the organs are then placed into a plastic bag to prevent leakage and returned to the body cavity. The chest flaps are then closed and sewn back together and the skull cap is sewed back in place. Then the body may be wrapped in a shroud and it is common for relatives to not be able to tell the procedure has been done when the body is viewed in a funeral parlor after embalming.

text: In the UK, following the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: all organs and tissue must be returned to the body unless permission is given by the family to retain any tissue for further investigation. Normally the internal body cavity is lined with cotton wool or an appropriate material, the organs are then placed into a plastic bag to prevent leakage and returned to the body cavity. The chest flaps are then closed and sewn back together and the skull cap is sewed back in place. Then the body may be wrapped in a

text: shroud

text: and it is common for relatives to not be able to tell the procedure has been done when the body is viewed in a

text: funeral parlor

text: after

text: embalming

text: The Warden Diamond is the Confederacy's penal colony. It is four human habitable worlds circling a single star, and that has a unique organism, the Warden Organism that is a microscopic symbiotic lifeform. When one is exposed to it, it takes up residence in each cell of one's body, generally improving it and seeing to the body's continued health. It can also give a person additional powers, that vary depending on which variety they have been exposed to and how well their mind can be in tune with the vague collective consciousness of the organism. Due to the fact that people die if they are taken out of the Warden System, it is thought to be the perfect penal colony, as escape is impossible.

text: The first phase of Foucault’s thought is characterized by knowledge construction of various types and how each thread of knowledge systems combine together to produce a series of networks (Foucault uses the term ‘Grille’) to produce a successful fully functional ‘subject’ and a workable fully functional human society. Foucault uses the terms epistemological indicators and epistemological breaks to show, contrary to popular opinion, that these “indicators” and “breaks” require skilled trained technical group of ‘specialists’ in the various knowledge fields and a trained rigorous professionalized regulatory body of which know-how on behalf of those who use the terms (discourse formations or “speech/discourse”) with a professional body that can make the terms used stand up to further rational scrutiny. Scientific knowledge for Foucault isn’t an advancement for human progress as is so often portrayed by the human sciences (such as the humanities and the social sciences) but is much more of a subtle method of organizing and producing firstly an individual subject, and secondly, a fully functional society functioning as a self-replicated control apparatus not as a group of ‘free’ atomized individuals but as a collective societal, organised (or drilled) unit both in terms of industrial Production, labour power and a militarily organized unit (in the guise of armies) which is beneficial for the production of “epistemological indicators” or “breaks” enabling society to “control itself” rather than have external factors (such as the state for example) to do the job.

text: The first phase of Foucault’s thought is characterized by knowledge construction of various types and how each thread of knowledge systems combine together to produce a series of networks (Foucault uses the term ‘Grille’) to produce a successful fully functional ‘subject’ and a workable fully functional human society. Foucault uses the terms

text: epistemological

text: indicators and epistemological breaks to show, contrary to popular opinion, that these “indicators” and “breaks” require skilled trained technical group of ‘specialists’ in the various knowledge fields and a trained rigorous professionalized regulatory body of which know-how on behalf of those who use the terms (discourse formations or “speech/discourse”) with a professional body that can make the terms used stand up to further rational scrutiny. Scientific knowledge for Foucault isn’t an advancement for human progress as is so often portrayed by the human sciences (such as the humanities and the social sciences) but is much more of a subtle method of organizing and producing firstly an individual subject, and secondly, a fully functional society functioning as a self-replicated control apparatus not as a group of ‘free’ atomized individuals but as a collective societal, organised (or drilled) unit both in terms of industrial

text: Production

text: labour power

text: and a militarily organized unit (in the guise of armies) which is beneficial for the production of “epistemological indicators” or “breaks” enabling society to “control itself” rather than have external factors (such as the state for example) to do the job.

text: The regrowth of lost tissues or organs in the human body is being researched. Some tissues such as skin regrow quite readily; others have been thought to have little or no capacity for regeneration, but ongoing research suggests that there is some hope for a variety of tissues and organs. Human organs that have been regenerated include the bladder, vagina and the penis.

text: The G protein-coupled receptor, GPR31, cloned from PC3 human prostate cancer cell line is a high affinity (Kd=4.8 nM) receptor for 12(S)-HETE; GPR31 does not bind 12(R)-HETE and has relatively little affinity for 5(S)-HETE or 15(S)-HETE.  GPR31 mRNA is expressed at low levels in several human cell lines including K562 cells (human myelogenous leukemia cell line), Jurkat cells, (T lymphocye cell line), Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cell line), HEK 293 cells (primary embryonic kidney cell line), MCF7 cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cell line), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cell line).  This mRNA appears to be more highly expressed in PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines as well as in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC).  In PC-3 prostate cancer cells, GPR31 receptor mediates the action of 12(S)-HETE in activating the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/Extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 pathway and NFκB pathway that lead to cell growth and other functions.  Studies have not yet determined the role, if any, in GPR31 receptor in the action of 12(S)-HETE in other cell types.

text: The

text: G protein-coupled receptor

text: , GPR31, cloned from

text: human prostate cancer cell line is a high affinity (Kd=4.8 nM) receptor for 12(S)-HETE; GPR31 does not bind 12(R)-HETE and has relatively little affinity for 5(S)-HETE or 15(S)-HETE.  GPR31 mRNA is expressed at low levels in several human cell lines including

text: K562 cells

text: (human myelogenous leukemia cell line),

text: Jurkat cells

text: , (T lymphocye cell line), Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cell line),

text: HEK 293 cells

text: (primary embryonic kidney cell line), MCF7 cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cell line), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cell line).  This mRNA appears to be more highly expressed in PC3 and

text: prostate cancer cell lines as well as in

text: human umbilical vein endothelial cell

text: s (HUVEC),

text: human umbilical vein endothelial cell

text: s (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC).  In PC-3 prostate cancer cells, GPR31 receptor mediates the action of 12(S)-HETE in activating the

text: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase

text: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

text: -1/2 pathway and

text: NFκB

text: pathway that lead to cell growth and other functions.  Studies have not yet determined the role, if any, in GPR31 receptor in the action of 12(S)-HETE in other cell types.

text: All biological organisms, including humans, function in a self-organizing mode internally and externally. That is, the elements in our bodies—down to individual cells and DNA molecules—work together in order to sustain us. However, there is no central "boss" to control this dynamic activity. Our relationships with other individuals also progress through the same circular free flowing process as we search for outcomes that are best for our well-being. Under the right conditions these social exchanges can be extraordinarily altruistic. Conversely, they can also be quite self-centered and even violent. It all depends on the context of the immediate environment and the people involved.

text: Distributed language represents an externalist perspective on human cognition. Instead of tracing communication to individual knowledge of a symbolic system, language-activity is taken to sustain the human world.  Extending work by Humberto Maturana, priority is given to how face-to-face interaction draws on multimodal activity or languaging .[1] As people language together, they gain the skills and knowledge needed to participate in a range of activities in which wordings play a part. Over time, these activities construct and maintain language as a whole. Distributed language thus links a biological theory of the origin of language to distributed cognition. Human cognitive and communicative abilities arise as people do things together while drawing on material, linguistic and other resources. Language activity is constrained by biology, circumstances, and collective ways of life. While bodies sustain coordination, our lived realities are extended by the resources of a partly shared collective world. Thus, language cannot be separated from the artifacts and institutions or the behaviour of the living beings who undertake collaborative (and solo) tasks. This distributed perspective challenges the mainstream view that language use can be explained by individual competencies and microsocial rules. To ascribe 'language' to individual organisms is, on the distributed perspective, an error. Building on cognitive science, the perspective challenges cognitive internalism by presenting language as a prime case of embodied and culturally embedded cognition. It emphasizes that the heterogeneity of human language does much to shape people, mind and society.

text: Distributed language represents an

text: externalist

text: perspective on human cognition. Instead of tracing communication to individual knowledge of a

text: symbolic system

text: , language-activity is taken to sustain the human world.  Extending work by

text: Humberto Maturana

text: , priority is given to how face-to-face interaction draws on multimodal activity or languaging .[1] As people language together, they gain the skills and knowledge needed to participate in a range of activities in which wordings play a part. Over time, these activities construct and maintain language as a whole. Distributed language thus links a biological theory of the

text: origin of language

text: to

text: distributed cognition

text: . Human cognitive and communicative abilities arise as people do things together while drawing on material, linguistic and other resources. Language activity is constrained by

text: biology

text: , circumstances, and collective ways of life. While bodies sustain coordination, our lived realities are extended by the resources of a partly shared collective world. Thus, language cannot be separated from the artifacts and institutions or the behaviour of the living beings who undertake collaborative (and solo) tasks. This distributed perspective challenges the mainstream view that language use can be explained by individual competencies and microsocial rules. To ascribe 'language' to individual organisms is, on the distributed perspective, an error. Building on

text: cognitive science

text: , the perspective challenges cognitive internalism by presenting language as a prime case of embodied and culturally embedded cognition. It emphasizes that the heterogeneity of human language does much to shape people, mind and society.

text: Regarding the relation between body and soul, Gregory states, the body is related to the soul, like the way in which the soul is related to God. To explain human existence, Gregory uses the concept of light: God is the most sublime light, He cannot be penetrated or defined. He is followed by the angels, and then by human beings. Man is the image of God but only in his soul, not in his body. He is therefore also a mixture of eternal and temporal. The grace of God created the soul of man. His body was created for suffering, to overcome his pride. The soul is destined to lead the body and be purified like gold in a fire. The soul is oriented towards God and yearns to communicate with him. The human body is the lower element of the human person. Through the body, man experiences his temporal existence. But Gregory also admired human beauty and the bodily abilities to dream, sleep and memorize. The body can be both a friend and enemy of a person, according to Gregory. The final goal is a unity of the soul with God, which is possible with Grace and the assistance of the Holy Spirit according to Gregory.

text: The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.

text: The muscular system is an

text: organ system

text: consisting of

text: skeletal

text: smooth

text: and

text: cardiac

text: muscle

text: s. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in

text: vertebrate

text: s is controlled through the

text: nervous system

text: , although some muscles (such as the

text: cardiac muscle

text: ) can be completely autonomous. Together with the

text: skeletal system

text: it forms the

text: musculoskeletal system

text: , which is responsible for movement of the

text: human body

text: The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All the chemical compounds and elements contained in the human body occur in various forms and combinations  such as hormones, vitamins, phospholipids and hydroxyapatite. These compounds are found in the human body and in the different types of organisms that humans eat.

text: The

text: human body

text: contains

text: chemical compounds

text: , such as

text: water

text: carbohydrate

text: s (sugar, starch, and

text: fiber

text: amino acids

text: (in

text: proteins

text: fatty acids

text: (in

text: lipids

text: ), and

text: nucleic acids

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: ). These compounds consist of

text: elements

text: such as

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: oxygen

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: calcium

text: iron

text: zinc

text: magnesium

text: manganese

text: , and so on. All the chemical compounds and elements contained in the

text: human body

text: occur in various forms and combinations  such as

text: hormones

text: vitamins

text: phospholipids

text: and

text: hydroxyapatite

text: . These compounds are found in the

text: human body

text: and in the different types of organisms that humans eat.

text: It is important to distinguish that there is a very significant difference between intestinal human tapeworm infection and human coenurosis. Humans are the definitive hosts for some tapeworm species, the most common being T. saginata and T. solium (pork and beef tapeworms). This means that these species can develop into full grown, reproductively capable adult worms within the human body. People infected with these species have a tapeworm infection. In contrast, the four species that cause human coenurosis can only grow into mature, reproductively capable worms inside their definitive hosts, canids such as dogs, wolves, foxes and coyotes. Humans who ingest eggs from any of these four species of Taenia become intermediate hosts, or places where the eggs can mature into larvae but not into adult worms. When humans ingest these eggs, the eggs develop into tapeworm larvae that group within cysts known as coenuri, which can be seen in the central nervous system, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues of infected humans. People with coenurosis do not develop a tapeworm infection because the larvae of coenurosis-causing parasites cannot develop into worms inside of humans.

text: It is important to distinguish that there is a very significant difference between intestinal human

text: tapeworm infection

text: and human coenurosis. Humans are the definitive hosts for some tapeworm species, the most common being

text: T. saginata

text: and

text: T. solium

text: (pork and beef tapeworms). This means that these species can develop into full grown, reproductively capable adult worms within the human body. People infected with these species have a tapeworm infection. In contrast, the four species that cause human coenurosis can only grow into mature, reproductively capable worms inside their definitive hosts,

text: canids

text: such as dogs, wolves, foxes and coyotes. Humans who ingest eggs from any of these four species of Taenia become intermediate hosts, or places where the eggs can mature into larvae but not into adult worms. When humans ingest these eggs, the eggs develop into tapeworm larvae that group within cysts known as coenuri, which can be seen in the

text: central nervous system

text: muscle

text: s, and

text: subcutaneous tissues

text: of infected humans. People with coenurosis do not develop a tapeworm infection because the larvae of coenurosis-causing parasites cannot develop into worms inside of humans.

text: Researchers are working towards building a multi-channel 3D microfluidic cell culture system that compartmentalizes microenvironments in which 3D cellular aggregates are cultured to mimic multiple organs in the body. Most organ-on-a-chip models today only culture one cell type, so even though they may be valid models for studying whole organ functions, the systemic effect of a drug on the human body is not verified.

text: The bodies responsible for overseeing compliance with the Convention are the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, both of which are organs of the Organization of American States (OAS).

text: The bodies responsible for overseeing compliance with the Convention are the

text: and the

text: Inter-American Court of Human Rights

text: , both of which are organs of the

text: Organization of American States

text: (OAS).

text: The effects of high altitude on humans are considerable. The percentage oxygen saturation of hemoglobin determines the content of oxygen in blood. After the human body reaches around 2,100 m (7,000 feet) above sea level, the saturation of oxyhemoglobin begins to plummet. However, the human body has both short-term and long-term adaptations to altitude that allow it to partially compensate for the lack of oxygen. Athletes use these adaptations to help their performance. There is a limit to the level of adaptation; mountaineers refer to the altitudes above  as the "death zone", where it is generally believed that no human body can acclimatize.

text: The effects of high altitude on humans are considerable. The percentage

text: oxygen saturation

text: of

text: hemoglobin

text: determines the content of

text: oxygen

text: in blood. After the

text: human body

text: reaches around 2,100 m (7,000 feet) above sea level, the saturation of oxyhemoglobin begins to plummet. However, the human body has both short-term and

text: long-term adaptations

text: to altitude that allow it to partially compensate for the lack of oxygen. Athletes use these adaptations to help their performance. There is a limit to the level of adaptation; mountaineers refer to the altitudes above  as the "death zone", where it is generally believed that no human body can acclimatize.

text: As a professor of the department of pathology, he has investigated the developmental mechanism of T cells, particularly addressing the issues of human thymocytes distinct from mouse thymocytes. T cell has been believed to be developed only by thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interaction in thymus, the “central dogma” in T cell development. However, he suggested  the presence of another important developmental pathway of human T cells, denying the central dogma of developmental dependence of T cells on thymic epithelial cells. In 1992, Park found human fetal thymocytes expressed the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in contrast to mouse thymocytes (Hum Immunol. 33:294-298, 1992), and provided the first in vitro evidence that human thymocytes can interact with other thymocytes, possibly for T cell receptor recognition of T cell-derived peptides within MHC class II on neighboring thymocytes (Hum Immunol. 54:15-20, 1997). Since then, he had tried to demonstrate that thymocyte- thymocyte (or, T cell-T cell, so called T-T) interaction is really present and T cells can be developed by the interaction in vivo. After almost 15 years, he finally established a delicately engineered mouse system in which T cells including thymocytes could expressed MHC class II molecules mimicking human T cells and successfully demonstrated that the T-T interaction occurred in the engineered murine thymus, resulting in the generation of functional CD4+ helper T cells (Immunity. 23:387-96, 2005). This work was supported by the data of another American research team (Immunity. 23:375-86, 2005), and contributed to the new line of research for the development of T cells of innate-like features (J Exp Med. 207:237-246, 2010). Based on this theory, he subsequently established humanized mouse system in which human T cells can develop via T cell-T cell interaction in the mouse.

text: As a professor of the department of

text: pathology

text: The EU Tissue Directive  sets standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution (including import and export in/out of the EU) of human tissues and cells intended for human application. It was adopted by the European Parliament on 7 April 2004 and came into effect between April 7, 2006 and April 7, 2007. The directive is implemented by the two technical directives  and.Only licensed centres in the EU are allowed to handle human tissues and cells intended for human application. The directive does not deal with matters in relation to research using human tissue and cells.

text: The EU Tissue Directive  sets standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution (including import and export in/out of the EU) of human tissues and

text: cells

text: intended for human application. It was adopted by the

text: European Parliament

text: on 7 April 2004 and came into effect between April 7, 2006 and April 7, 2007. The directive is implemented by the two technical directives  and.Only licensed centres in the

text: EU

text: are allowed to handle human tissues and cells intended for human application. The directive does not deal with matters in relation to research using human tissue and cells.

text: Studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) commonly report the nonfunctional p53-p21 axis of the G1/S checkpoint pathway, and its relevance for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response (DDR). p21 mRNA is clearly present and upregulated after the DDR in hESCs, but p21 protein is not detectable. In this cell type, p53 activates numerous microRNAs (like miR-302a, miR-302b, miR-302c, and miR-302d) that directly inhibit the p21 expression in hESCs.

text: These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult cells (e.g. epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors, pluripotent stem cells equivalent to embryonic stem cells have been derived from human adult skin tissue. Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues at Kyoto University used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 in their experiments on human facial skin cells. Junying Yu, James Thomson, and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin–Madison used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28, and carried out their experiments using cells from human foreskin.

text: These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult cells (e.g. epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with protein

text: transcription factors

text: , pluripotent stem cells equivalent to

text: embryonic stem cells

text: have been derived from human adult skin tissue.

text: Shinya Yamanaka

text: and his colleagues at

text: Kyoto University

text: used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 in their experiments on human facial skin cells.

text: Junying Yu

text: James Thomson

text: , and their colleagues at the

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28, and carried out their experiments using cells from human

text: foreskin

text: Inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby leukocytes (white blood cells), including neutrophils (white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation), gather, and chemokines (proteins released from certain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses, and serves to clear them from the body. In DPB, bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. However, when neither bacteria are present with DPB, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. In either circumstance, inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must be coughed up as sputum. The combination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB.

text: Inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response, whereby

text: leukocyte

text: s (white blood cells), including

text: neutrophil

text: s (white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation), gather, and

text: chemokine

text: s (proteins released from certain cells, which activate or elicit a response from other cells) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur. Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses, and serves to clear them from the body. In DPB, bacteria such as

text: Haemophilus influenzae

text: and

text: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

text: can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues. However, when neither bacteria are present with DPB, the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason. In either circumstance, inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles. The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus, which must be coughed up as sputum. The combination of inflammation, nodule development, infection, mucus, and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB.

text: In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes.  Painting and drawing studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) were part of the artist's education.Studies are   used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and  the disposition of the elements of the artist work, such as the human body depicted using light, color, form, perspective and composition.  Studies can be traced back as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, for example Leonardo da Vinci's  and Michelangelo's studies.Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors. The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies ‘‘De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), published 1543, was a pioneering work of human anatomy illustrated by Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar.

text: In

text: art

text: , a study is a

text: drawing

text: sketch

text: or

text: painting

text: done in preparation for a finished piece, or as

text: visual

text: note

text: s.  Painting and drawing studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) were part of the artist's education.Studies are   used by artists to understand the problems involved in execution of the artists subjects and  the disposition of the elements of the artist work, such as the human body depicted using light, color, form, perspective and composition.  Studies can be traced back as long ago as the

text: Italian Renaissance

text: , for example

text: Leonardo da Vinci

text: 's  and

text: Michelangelo

text: 's studies.Anatomical studies of the human body were also executed by medical doctors. The physician Andreas Vesalius work of anatomical studies ‘‘

text: De humani corporis fabrica

text: (On the fabric of the human body), published 1543, was a pioneering work of

text: human anatomy

text: illustrated by

text: Titian

text: 's pupil

text: Jan Stephen van Calcar

text: 12-HHT stimulates the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line to activate several pro-growth and/or pro-survival signaling pathways including protein kinase B, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase C, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, and (by inducing the proteolytic cleavage and release of a ligand for the Epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] receptor from HB-EGF), EGFR.  When detached from surfaces, cultured non-malignant PWR-1E and PC3 prostate cancer cells die by engaging suicidal apoptosis pathways, a reaction termed anoikis.  This is accompanied by increased expression of BLT2 receptors, activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), increases in NOX-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS-induced activation of the pro-survival transcription factor, NF-κB.  Ectopic expression and stimulation of BLT2 receptors by 12(S)-HETE or a synthetic BLT2 receptor agonist, CAY-10583, inhibits whereas Gene knockdown by mRNA interference or pharmacological inhibition by LY255283 enhances these cells' anoikis response to surface detachment. Unlike PC-3 cells, LNCaP and CWR22rv-1 human prostate cancer cell lines require exogenous androgen for their survival; this mimics the androgen dependency exhibited by most human prostate cancers in their early, untreated stages.  Both cell lines overexpress BLT2 receptors compared to the PWR-1E non-malignant human prostate cell line.  Treatment with the BLT2 receptor antagonist, Ly255283, caused both cell lines to become apoptotic; furthermore, BLT2 receptor knockdown using interference mRNA caused LNCaP but not PWR-1E cell apoptosis.  The effect appears due to the loss of BLT2-induced NOX4 generation, consequential reactive oxygen species-induced NF-κB-activation, and NF-κB-stimulated expression of androgen receptors. 12-HETE also increases the survival of PC-3 cells by helping to maintain high levels of phosphorylated Rb retinoblastoma protein, an effect which reduces the ability of retinoblastoma protein to inhibit the synthesis of DNA and thereby cell division. Finally, 12-lipoxygenase is overexpressed and the mass of 12-HETE is far higher in human prostate cancer than nearby normal prostate tissue; These findings suggest that BLT4 receptors operate to promote the survival, growth, and spread of human prostate cancer It remains unclear which if any of its 12-HHT, LTB4, and/or 12-HETE ligands mediate BLT2 receptor activation in the human disease.

text: 12-HHT stimulates the

text: human

text: prostate cancer

text: cell line to activate several pro-growth and/or pro-survival signaling pathways including

text: protein kinase B

text: phosphoinositide 3-kinase

text: protein kinase C

entity_name: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

text: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src

text: , and (by inducing the proteolytic cleavage and release of a ligand for the

text: Epidermal growth factor receptor

text: [EGFR] receptor from

text: HB-EGF

text: ), EGFR.  When detached from surfaces, cultured non-malignant PWR-1E and PC3 prostate cancer cells die by engaging suicidal

text: apoptosis

text: pathways, a reaction termed

text: anoikis

text: .  This is accompanied by increased expression of BLT2 receptors, activation of

text: NADPH oxidase

text: (NOX), increases in NOX-mediated production of

text: reactive oxygen species

text: (ROS), and ROS-induced activation of the pro-survival transcription factor,

text: NF-κB

text: .  Ectopic expression and stimulation of BLT2 receptors by 12(S)-HETE or a synthetic BLT2 receptor agonist, CAY-10583, inhibits whereas

text: Gene knockdown

text: by

text: mRNA

text: interference or pharmacological inhibition by LY255283 enhances these cells' anoikis response to surface detachment. Unlike PC-3 cells,

text: LNCaP

text: and CWR22rv-1 human prostate cancer cell lines require exogenous

text: androgen

text: for their survival; this mimics the androgen dependency exhibited by most human prostate cancers in their early, untreated stages.  Both cell lines overexpress BLT2 receptors compared to the PWR-1E non-malignant human prostate cell line.  Treatment with the BLT2 receptor antagonist, Ly255283, caused both cell lines to become apoptotic; furthermore, BLT2 receptor knockdown using interference mRNA caused LNCaP but not PWR-1E cell apoptosis.  The effect appears due to the loss of BLT2-induced

text: generation, consequential reactive oxygen species-induced NF-κB-activation, and NF-κB-stimulated expression of androgen receptors. 12-HETE also increases the survival of PC-3 cells by helping to maintain high levels of phosphorylated Rb

text: retinoblastoma protein

text: , an effect which reduces the ability of retinoblastoma protein to inhibit the synthesis of DNA and thereby cell division. Finally, 12-lipoxygenase is overexpressed and the mass of 12-HETE is far higher in human prostate cancer than nearby normal prostate tissue; These findings suggest that BLT4 receptors operate to promote the survival, growth, and spread of human prostate cancer It remains unclear which if any of its 12-HHT, LTB4, and/or 12-HETE ligands mediate BLT2 receptor activation in the human disease.

text: It is very important for the bumble bees to have bodily homeostasis over their body. However, the Bombus morio do not have a rectal pad. Instead, the excretion system in the Bombus morio, consisting of the Malpighian tubles, ileum, and rectum, gives the bees an efficient method of keeping homeostasis. An analysis of these organs showed that the Bombus morio Malpighian tubles are made up of two cell types, and the ileum four types. The Malpighian tubles are significant for excretory features by throwing out excess and unnecessary solutes. Ileum, on the other hand, has the function of balancing the ion, water, organic compounds, and protein balance in the body. Together, the two organs work together to achieve homeostasis within the Bombus morios bodies despite the lack of rectal papillae.

text: It is very important for the bumble bees to have bodily

text: homeostasis

text: over their body. However, the Bombus morio do not have a rectal pad. Instead, the excretion system in the Bombus morio, consisting of the

text: Malpighian tubles

text: , ileum, and rectum, gives the bees an efficient method of keeping homeostasis. An analysis of these organs showed that the Bombus morio Malpighian tubles are made up of two cell types, and the ileum four types. The Malpighian tubles are significant for excretory features by throwing out excess and unnecessary solutes. Ileum, on the other hand, has the function of balancing the ion, water, organic compounds, and protein balance in the body. Together, the two organs work together to achieve homeostasis within the Bombus morios bodies despite the lack of rectal papillae.

text: In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944, Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of humanity as "organic humanism".  The term is an important one because it sets limits on human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature of the human body. Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of spaces, because all these things had to be respected if people were to thrive. Technology and progress could never become a runaway train in his reasoning, so long as organic humanism was there to act as a brake. Indeed, Mumford considered the human brain from this perspective, characterizing it as hyperactive, a good thing in that it allowed humanity to conquer many of nature's threats, but potentially a bad thing if it were not occupied in ways that stimulated it meaningfully. Mumford's respect for human "nature", that is to say, the natural characteristics of being human, provided him with a platform from which to assess technologies, and technics in general. Thus his criticism and counsel with respect to the city and with respect to the implementation of technology was fundamentally organized around the organic humanism to which he ascribed. It was from the perspective of organic humanism that Mumford eventually launched a critical assessment of Marshall McLuhan, who argued that the technology, not the natural environment, would ultimately shape the nature of humankind, a possibility that Mumford recognized, but only as a nightmare scenario.

text: In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944, Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of humanity as "organic humanism".  The term is an important one because it sets limits on human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature of the human body. Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of spaces, because all these things had to be respected if people were to thrive. Technology and progress could never become a runaway train in his reasoning, so long as organic humanism was there to act as a brake. Indeed, Mumford considered the human brain from this perspective, characterizing it as hyperactive, a good thing in that it allowed humanity to conquer many of nature's threats, but potentially a bad thing if it were not occupied in ways that stimulated it meaningfully. Mumford's respect for human "nature", that is to say, the natural characteristics of being human, provided him with a platform from which to assess technologies, and technics in general. Thus his criticism and counsel with respect to the city and with respect to the implementation of technology was fundamentally organized around the organic humanism to which he ascribed. It was from the perspective of organic humanism that Mumford eventually launched a critical assessment of

text: Marshall McLuhan

text: , who argued that the technology, not the natural environment, would ultimately shape the nature of humankind, a possibility that Mumford recognized, but only as a nightmare scenario.

text: According to the Siddha medicine, various psychological and physiological functions of the body are attributed to the combination of seven elements: first is ooneer (plasma) responsible for growth, development and nourishment; second is cheneer (blood) responsible for nourishing muscles, imparting colour and improving intellect; the third is oon (muscle) responsible for shape of the body; fourth is koluppu/Kozhuppu (fatty tissue) responsible for oil balance and lubricating joints; fifth is elumbu (bone) responsible for body structure and posture and movement; sixth is elumbu majjai (bone marrow) responsible for formation of blood corpuscles; and the last is sukkilam (semen) responsible for reproduction. Like in Ayurveda, in Siddha medicine also, the physiological components of the human beings are classified as Vaadham (air), Pitham (fire) and Kabam(earth and water).

text: Any complete statement about motives will offer some kind of answers to these five questions. While it is important to understand each element of the Pentad on its own, it is more important to understand how the elements work together. This is called a ratio, and there are ten possible ratios within the Pentad. Burke maintained that analyzing the ratios of a speaker’s presentation would expose the resources of ambiguity people might exploit to interpret complex problems. The most common ratios used by Burke are Scene-Act and Scene-Agent. When engaged in a dramatistic study, he notes, "the basic unit of action would be defined as 'the human body in conscious or purposive motion'", which is an agent acting in a situation.

text: Any complete statement about motives will offer some kind of answers to these five questions. While it is important to understand each element of the Pentad on its own, it is more important to understand how the elements work together. This is called a

text: ratio

text: , and there are ten possible ratios within the Pentad. Burke maintained that analyzing the ratios of a speaker’s presentation would expose the resources of ambiguity people might exploit to interpret complex problems. The most common ratios used by Burke are Scene-Act and Scene-Agent. When engaged in a dramatistic study, he notes, "the basic unit of action would be defined as 'the human body in conscious or purposive motion'", which is an agent acting in a situation.

text: Thought Reading 2010–2011 – The radiography technology is used to imitate the human body’s skull image, in order to present ideas in the human head. Buddhist sculptures take the place of the contents of the brain tissue, which makes the work present the superposition of the fictional with the authentic.

text: Thought Reading 2010–2011 – The radiography technology is used to imitate the human body’s

text: skull

text: image, in order to present ideas in the human head. Buddhist sculptures take the place of the contents of the brain tissue, which makes the work present the superposition of the fictional with the authentic.

text: In June 17, 2011  Shaheed was elected as Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Situation in Iran by the Human Rights Council of the United Nations. However, for the first time since 2011, the Maldives, with Abdulla Yameen as President, refused to back Shaheed's re-appointment in 2014 as UN envoy, despite public appeals from Iranian civil society.  From 2010-2012, Shaheed had been the lead investigator of an alleged 800 million dollar fraud by current President Yameen, filing court cases in Singapore High Court through the UK fraud investigator Grant Thornton and Singapore solicitors Rajah and Tan. In September 2013, he stirred considerable animosity from President Yameen when he called for international intervention to facilitate presidential elections when the first round was nullified by the Supreme Court of Maldives. On 23 March 2016, the Human Rights Council voted to extend Dr Shaheed's UN mandate to investigate human rights abuses in the Islamic Republic of Iran for a 6th year, again without the support of his country, the Maldives. The Maldives' failure to support Dr Shaheed this time was explained by a leading government MP as based on his opposition to the re-introduction of the death penalty in the Maldives after a  63-year-old moratorium.

text: In June 17, 2011  Shaheed was elected as

text: Special Rapporteur

text: on the Human Rights Situation in Iran by the

text: Human Rights Council

text: of the United Nations. However, for the first time since 2011, the Maldives, with Abdulla Yameen as President, refused to back Shaheed's re-appointment in 2014 as UN envoy, despite public appeals from Iranian civil society.  From 2010-2012, Shaheed had been the lead investigator of an alleged 800 million dollar fraud by current President Yameen, filing court cases in Singapore High Court through the UK fraud investigator Grant Thornton and Singapore solicitors Rajah and Tan. In September 2013, he stirred considerable animosity from President Yameen when he called for international intervention to facilitate presidential elections when the first round was nullified by the Supreme Court of Maldives. On 23 March 2016, the Human Rights Council voted to extend Dr Shaheed's UN mandate to investigate human rights abuses in the Islamic Republic of Iran for a 6th year, again without the support of his country, the Maldives. The Maldives' failure to support Dr Shaheed this time was explained by a leading government MP as based on his opposition to the re-introduction of the death penalty in the Maldives after a  63-year-old moratorium.

text: The zàng-fǔ () organs are functional entities stipulated by Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). They constitute the centre piece of TCM's general concept of how the human body works. The term zàng (脏) refers to the organs considered to be yin in nature – Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney – while fǔ (腑) refers to the yang organs – Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gall Bladder, Urinary Bladder, Stomach and Sānjiaō.

text: The zàng-fǔ () organs are functional entities stipulated by

text: Traditional Chinese medicine

text: (TCM). They constitute the centre piece of TCM's general concept of how the human body works. The term zàng (脏) refers to the organs considered to be yin in nature – Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney – while fǔ (腑) refers to the yang organs – Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gall Bladder, Urinary Bladder, Stomach and

text: Sānjiaō

text: Psychologists who work with animals assume that the things they learn can be applied to the human brain. Memory is a complex system that relies on interactions between many distinct parts of the brain. In order to fully understand memory, researchers must cumulate evidence from human, animal, and developmental research in order to make broad theories about how memory works. Intraspecies comparisons are key. Rats for example display extremely complex behaviours and most of the structures in their brain parallel those in humans. Due to their relatively simple organization, slugs can be useful for studying how neurons interconnect to produce observable behaviour. Fruit flies are useful for studying gene-behaviour interactions because many generations with genetic alterations can be quickly bred in the laboratory.

text: The Human Rights Committee should not be confused with the more high-profile Commission on Human Rights, a Charter-based mechanism, or its replacement, the Human Rights Council. Whereas the Commission on Human Rights was a political forum where states debated all human rights concerns (since June 2006, replaced by the Council in that function), the Human Rights Committee is a treaty-based mechanism where a group of experts examines reports and rules on individual communications pertaining only to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It remains disputed whether the Human Rights Committee's "Views under article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol" qualify as decisions of a quasi-judicial body or simply constitute authoritative interpretations on the merits of the cases brought before them.

text: The Human Rights Committee should not be confused with the more high-profile

text: Commission on Human Rights

text: , a

text: Charter

text: -based mechanism, or its replacement, the

text: Human Rights Council

text: . Whereas the Commission on Human Rights was a political forum where states debated all human rights concerns (since June 2006, replaced by the Council in that function), the Human Rights Committee is a

text: treaty

text: -based mechanism where a group of experts examines reports and rules on individual communications pertaining only to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It remains disputed whether the Human Rights Committee's "Views under article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol" qualify as decisions of a

text: quasi-judicial body

text: or simply constitute authoritative interpretations on the merits of the cases brought before them.

text: "My painting developed itself from the human form. Herein lies the key to all future works. The mechanism of the organic, the electrical-chemical-physical system of the brain, the neurological system [...] – all of this interests me more and more. I understand these things indirectly [...] to interpret, to react to them [...]. In this respect, mechanical elements, graphic and cartographic symbols, words or parts of words, letters and figures represent connections to the human system [...]. The human figure, in its external appearance, disappeared from my paintings; the configuration of an idea or idea or image of humans – in the cosmos – is what I try to make visible." (Karl Hagedorn in conversation with Curt Heigl)

text: In 1994, the Indian parliament passed the Transplantation of Human Organ Act that accepted brain death for organ donation and made organ commerce a punishable offense. For the first time in India it was possible for the deceased to donate their organs and tissues provided the family consented to organ donation. India follows informed consent, unlike Spain and some of the other European countries that follow presumed consent. There are 23 organs in the human body and one can donate kidney, heart, liver, lungs, pancreas and the small bowel as well as tissues like cornea, skin, bone, tendons, cartilage and heart valves.However, due to the lack of awareness level among the public and medical professionals, this concept of organ donation in India needed a shift in attitudes.

text: In 1994, the

text: Indian parliament

text: passed the Transplantation of Human Organ Act that accepted

text: brain death

text: for

text: organ donation

text: and made organ commerce a punishable offense. For the first time in India it was possible for the deceased to donate their

text: organs

text: and

text: tissues

text: provided the family consented to organ donation. India follows

text: informed consent

text: , unlike Spain and some of the other European countries that follow

text: presumed consent

text: . There are 23 organs in the human body and one can donate

text: kidney

text: heart

text: liver

text: lungs

text: pancreas

text: and the

text: small bowel

text: as well as tissues like

text: cornea

text: skin

text: bone

text: tendons

text: cartilage

text: and

text: heart valve

text: s.However, due to the lack of awareness level among the public and medical professionals, this concept of organ donation in India needed a shift in attitudes.

text: A comparative analysis of CpG methylation patterns between humans and primates found that there were more than 800 genes that varied in their methylation patterns among orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Despite these apes having the same genes, methylation differences are what account for their phenotypic variation. The genes in question are involved in development. It is not the protein sequences that account for the differences in physical characteristics between humans and apes; rather, it is the epigenetic changes to the genes. Since humans and the great apes share 99% of their DNA, it is thought that the differences in methylation patterns account for their distinction. So far, there are known to be 171 genes that are uniquely methylated in humans, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in chimpanzees and bonobos, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in gorillas, and 450 genes that are uniquely methylated in orangutans. For example, genes involved in blood pressure regulation and the development of the inner ear’s semicircular canal are highly methylated in humans, but not in the apes. There are also 184 genes that are conserved at the protein level between human and chimpanzees, but have epigenetic differences. Enrichments in multiple independent gene categories show that regulatory changes to these genes have given humans their specific traits. This research shows that epigenetics plays an important role in evolution in primates.It has also been shown that cis-regulatory elements changes affect the transcription start sites (TSS) of genes. 471 DNA sequences are found to be enriched or depleted in regards to histone trimethylation at the H3K4 histone in chimpanzee, human, and macaque prefrontal cortexes. Among these sequences, 33 are selectively methylated in neuronal chromatin from children and adults, but not from non-neuronal chromatin. One locus that was selectively methylated was DPP10, a regulatory sequence that showed evidence of hominid adaptation, such as higher nucleotide substitution rates and certain regulatory sequences that were missing in other primates. Epigenetic regulation of TSS chromatin has been identified as an important development in the evolution of gene expression networks in the human brain. These networks are thought to play a role in cognitive processes and neurological disorders.An analysis of methylation profiles of humans and primate sperm cells reveals epigenetic regulation plays an important role here as well. Since mammalian cells undergo reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns during germ cell development, the methylomes of human and chimp sperm can be compared to methylation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). There were many hypomethylated regions in both sperms cells and ESCs that showed structural differences. Also, many of the promoters in human and chimp sperm cells had different amounts of methylation. In essence, DNA methylation patterns differ between germ cells and somatic cells as well as between the human and chimpanzee sperm cells. Meaning, differences in promoter methylation could possible account for the phenotypic differences between humans and primates.

text: A comparative analysis of

text: CpG

text: methylation patterns between humans and primates found that there were more than 800 genes that varied in their methylation patterns among orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Despite these apes having the same genes, methylation differences are what account for their

text: phenotypic variation

text: . The genes in question are involved in development. It is not the protein sequences that account for the differences in physical characteristics between humans and apes; rather, it is the epigenetic changes to the genes. Since humans and the great apes share 99% of their DNA, it is thought that the differences in methylation patterns account for their distinction. So far, there are known to be 171 genes that are uniquely methylated in humans, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in chimpanzees and bonobos, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in gorillas, and 450 genes that are uniquely methylated in orangutans. For example, genes involved in blood pressure regulation and the development of the inner ear’s semicircular canal are highly methylated in humans, but not in the apes. There are also 184 genes that are conserved at the protein level between human and chimpanzees, but have epigenetic differences. Enrichments in multiple independent gene categories show that regulatory changes to these genes have given humans their specific traits. This research shows that epigenetics plays an important role in evolution in primates.It has also been shown that cis-regulatory elements changes affect the transcription start sites (TSS) of genes. 471 DNA sequences are found to be enriched or depleted in regards to histone trimethylation at the H3K4 histone in chimpanzee, human, and macaque prefrontal cortexes. Among these sequences, 33 are selectively methylated in neuronal

text: chromatin

text: from children and adults, but not from non-neuronal chromatin. One

text: locus

text: that was selectively methylated was

text: , a

text: regulatory sequence

text: that showed evidence of hominid adaptation, such as higher

text: nucleotide substitution

text: rates and certain regulatory sequences that were missing in other primates. Epigenetic regulation of TSS chromatin has been identified as an important development in the evolution of gene expression networks in the human brain. These networks are thought to play a role in

text: cognitive processes

text: and

text: neurological disorders

text: .An analysis of methylation profiles of humans and primate

text: sperm cells

text: reveals epigenetic regulation plays an important role here as well. Since mammalian cells undergo reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns during

text: germ cell

text: development, the methylomes of human and chimp sperm can be compared to methylation in

text: embryonic stem cells

text: (ESCs). There were many hypomethylated regions in both sperms cells and ESCs that showed structural differences. Also, many of the

text: promoter

text: s in human and chimp sperm cells had different amounts of methylation. In essence, DNA methylation patterns differ between germ cells and

text: somatic cells

text: as well as between the human and chimpanzee sperm cells. Meaning, differences in promoter methylation could possible account for the phenotypic differences between humans and primates.

text: The ICRP states "Radionuclides incorporated in the human body irradiate the tissues over time periods determined by their physical half-life and their biological retention within the body. Thus they may give rise to doses to body tissues for many months or years after the intake. The need to regulate exposures to radionuclides and the accumulation of radiation dose over extended periods of time has led to the definition of committed dose quantities".The ICRP further states "For internal exposure, committed effective doses are generally determined from an assessment of the intakes of radionuclides from bioassay measurements or other quantities (e.g., activity retained in the body or in daily excreta). The radiation dose is determined from the intake using recommended dose coefficients".

text: Sabuco combined ancient Greek and Christian philosophies, along with Aristotelian views in order to explain how the mind and body interact in a holistic manner. She believed human nature to be a single concept, where the rational soul and spiritual soul must co-occur for a human being to exist. A human being would be considered a corpse with no potential for living when it lacked either of the two souls. Sabuco agreed with Atristotle's vision of form and matter in relation to the body: they both believed the interaction between the mind and body was the formal organization of a whole living human being. Her theory differed in the sense that the human being could not exist until the divine soul/mind coexisted with the body/matter.

text: Sabuco combined ancient Greek and Christian philosophies, along with

text: Aristotelian

text: views in order to explain how the mind and body interact in a

text: holistic

text: manner. She believed human nature to be a single concept, where the rational soul and spiritual soul must co-occur for a human being to exist. A human being would be considered a corpse with no potential for living when it lacked either of the two souls. Sabuco agreed with

text: Atristotle's

text: vision of form and matter in relation to the body: they both believed the interaction between the mind and body was the formal organization of a whole living human being. Her theory differed in the sense that the human being could not exist until the divine soul/mind coexisted with the body/matter.

text: Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the  embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one celled zygote to an adult human being.  Fertilisation occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development and at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus.Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of gestation (pregnancy) is nine months or 38 weeks.

text: Human embryogenesis is the process of

text: cell division

text: and

text: cellular differentiation

text: of the

text: embryo

text: that occurs during the early stages of

text: development

text: . In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one celled

text: zygote

text: to an adult

text: human being

text: Fertilisation

text: occurs when the

text: sperm

text: cell successfully enters and fuses with an

text: egg cell

text: ovum

text: ). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of

text: prenatal development

text: commences. Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development and at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a

text: fetus

text: .Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of

text: gestation

text: (pregnancy) is nine months or 38 weeks.

text: A typical human female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a typical human male has none.

text: A typical

text: human

text: female has only one Barr body per

text: somatic cell

text: , while a typical human male has none.

text: Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in cell culture such as the HeLa cell line, and specific stem cells such as germ cells (producing ova and spermatozoa). In artificial cloning, adult cells can be rejuvenated back to embryonic status and then used to grow a new tissue or animal without ageing. Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the Hayflick Limit, discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1961).

text: Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in cell culture such as the

text: HeLa

text: cell line, and specific

text: stem cell

text: s such as

text: germ cell

text: s (producing

text: ova

text: and

text: spermatozoa

text: ). In artificial

text: cloning

text: , adult cells can be rejuvenated back to embryonic status and then used to grow a new tissue or animal without ageing. Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the

text: Hayflick Limit

text: , discovered by

text: Leonard Hayflick

text: in 1961).

text: Different tissues contain calcium in different concentrations. For instance, Ca (mostly calcium phosphate and some calcium sulfate) is the most important (and specific) element of bone and calcified cartilage. In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability. The way to overcome this is through the process of bone resorption, in which calcium is liberated into the bloodstream through the action of bone osteoclasts. The remainder of calcium is present within the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

text: Different

text: tissues

text: contain calcium in different concentrations. For instance, Ca (mostly

text: calcium phosphate

text: and some

text: calcium sulfate

text: ) is the most important (and specific) element of

text: bone

text: and calcified

text: cartilage

text: . In humans, the total body content of calcium is present mostly in the form of bone mineral (roughly 99%). In this state, it is largely unavailable for exchange/bioavailability. The way to overcome this is through the process of

text: bone resorption

text: , in which calcium is liberated into the bloodstream through the action of bone

text: osteoclasts

text: . The remainder of calcium is present within the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

text: Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite ions, is naturally produced by white blood cells and other biological systems (such as the roots of marigolds) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen free radicals, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many organic molecules. Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of inflammation. The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. A team headed by Paul Wentworth Jr. of the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute has shown evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human immune response to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.

text: Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as

text: superoxide

text: singlet oxygen

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: , and

text: hypochlorite

text: ions, is naturally produced by

text: white blood cell

text: s and other biological systems (such as the roots of

text: marigold

text: s) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen

text: free radical

text: s, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many

text: organic molecules

text: . Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of

text: inflammation

text: . The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. A team headed by Paul Wentworth Jr. of the Department of Chemistry at the

text: Scripps Research Institute

text: has shown evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human

text: immune response

text: to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of

text: trioxidane

text: from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.

text: Protection quantities are calculated, and are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure, in the words of ICRP, "that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided". These quantities cannot be practically measured but are a calculated value of dose of organs of the human body, which is arrived at by using anthropomorphic phantoms. These are 3D computational models of the human body which take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation. The calculation starts with organ absorbed dose, and then applies radiation and tissue weighting factors.

text: Protection quantities are calculated, and are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure, in the words of ICRP, "that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided". These quantities cannot be practically measured but are a calculated value of dose of organs of the human body, which is arrived at by using

text: anthropomorphic phantom

text: s. These are 3D computational models of the human body which take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation. The calculation starts with organ absorbed dose, and then applies radiation and tissue weighting factors.

text: The cause of physical urticaria is unknown but it has been suggested to be an autoimmune disease. Suggesting that antibodies, which are produced by the immune system to protect humans from foreign microbes, are binding to body tissue; damaging body tissue.

text: The cause of physical urticaria is unknown but it has been suggested to be an

text: autoimmune

text: disease. Suggesting that antibodies, which are produced by the immune system to protect humans from foreign microbes, are binding to body tissue; damaging body tissue.

text: Mammals such as humans have a variety of organ systems. These specific systems are also widely studied in human anatomy.

text: Mammal

text: s such as humans have a variety of organ systems. These specific systems are also widely studied in

text: human anatomy

text: By definition, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated.  Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental.  Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) as is the case with pythons in the Everglades, species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact.  Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements, and are thus unbound to human motivations.  Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.

text: By

text: definition

text: , a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated.  Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental.  Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) as is the case with pythons in the Everglades, species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact.  Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements, and are thus unbound to human motivations.  Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.

text: The Heidelberg Research Architecture (HRA) is the Digital Humanities unit of the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" at Heidelberg University.It embraces digital resource development, project consultation and trainings for researchers and students. The HRA’s specialists work with researchers and students at the Cluster to form an integrated digital humanities environment for transcultural studies. Its agenda ranges from developing the Tamboti ecosystem that allows transcultural relations to be traced and analysed across diverse media types (texts, images, films, audio) and disparate objects (texts, concepts, social networks), to offering hands-on workshops on digital humanities tools for researchers working at the Cluster and Heidelberg University. Furthermore, digital resources and their production are increasingly integrated into teaching environments. The HRA provides advice to researchers on how to conceptualize and implement digital resources to structure their research.As a cooperation partner at local, national, and international level the HRA works together with partners from the public as well as the private sector.

text: The Heidelberg Research Architecture (HRA) is the

text: Digital Humanities

text: unit of the

entity_name: Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context"

text: Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context"

text: at

text: Heidelberg University

text: .It embraces digital resource development, project consultation and trainings for researchers and students. The HRA’s specialists work with researchers and students at the Cluster to form an integrated digital humanities environment for transcultural studies. Its agenda ranges from developing the Tamboti ecosystem that allows transcultural relations to be traced and analysed across diverse media types (texts, images, films, audio) and disparate objects (texts, concepts, social networks), to offering hands-on workshops on digital humanities tools for researchers working at the Cluster and Heidelberg University. Furthermore, digital resources and their production are increasingly integrated into teaching environments. The HRA provides advice to researchers on how to conceptualize and implement digital resources to structure their research.As a cooperation partner at local, national, and international level the HRA works together with partners from the public as well as the private sector.

text: Because an organism’s metabolome is largely defined by its genome, different species will have different metabolomes.  Indeed, the fact that the metabolome of a tomato is different than the metabolome of an apple is the reason why these two fruits taste so different.   Furthermore, different tissues, different organs and biofluids associated with those organs and tissues can also have distinctly different metabolomes.  The fact that different organisms and different tissues/biofluids have such different metabolomes has led to the development of a number of organism-specific of biofluid-specific metabolome databases.  Some of the better known metabolome databases include the Human Metabolome Database or HMDB, the Yeast Metabolome Database or YMDB, the E. coli Metabolome Database or ECMDB, the Arabidopsis metabolome database or AraCyc  as well as the Urine Metabolome Database, the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Metabolome Database  and the Serum Metabolome Database.  The latter three databases are specific to human biofluids.  A number of very popular general metabolite databases also exist including KEGG, MetaboLights, the Golm Metabolome Database, MetaCyc, LipidMaps  and Metlin.  Metabolome databases can be distinguished from metabolite databases in that metabolite databases contain lightly annotated or synoptic metabolite data from multiple organisms while metabolome databases contain richly detailed and heavily referenced chemical, pathway, spectral and metabolite concentration data for specific organisms.

text: Because an organism’s metabolome is largely defined by its

text: genome

text: , different species will have different metabolomes.  Indeed, the fact that the metabolome of a tomato is different than the metabolome of an apple is the reason why these two fruits taste so different.   Furthermore, different tissues, different

text: organs

text: and

text: biofluids

text: associated with those organs and

text: tissues

text: can also have distinctly different metabolomes.  The fact that different organisms and different

text: tissues

text: biofluids

text: have such different metabolomes has led to the development of a number of organism-specific of biofluid-specific metabolome databases.  Some of the better known metabolome databases include the

text: Human Metabolome Database

text: or

text: HMDB

text: the Yeast Metabolome Database

text: or

text: YMDB

text: , the

text: E. coli Metabolome Database

text: or

text: ECMDB

text: , the Arabidopsis metabolome database or AraCyc  as well as the Urine Metabolome Database, the

text: Cerebrospinal Fluid

text: (CSF) Metabolome Database  and the Serum Metabolome Database.  The latter three databases are specific to human biofluids.  A number of very popular general metabolite databases also exist including

text: KEGG

text: , MetaboLights, the

text: Golm Metabolome Database

text: MetaCyc

text: , LipidMaps  and Metlin.  Metabolome databases can be distinguished from metabolite databases in that metabolite databases contain lightly annotated or synoptic metabolite data from multiple organisms while metabolome databases contain richly detailed and heavily referenced chemical, pathway, spectral and metabolite concentration data for specific organisms.

text: In the United States, The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 made organ sales illegal. In the United Kingdom, the Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 first made organ sales illegal, and has been superseded by the Human Tissue Act 2004.

text: In the United States,

text: The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984

text: made organ sales illegal. In the United Kingdom, the

text: Human Organ Transplants Act 1989

text: first made organ sales illegal, and has been superseded by the

text: Human Tissue Act 2004

text: Reed's Humanities program includes the mandatory freshman course Introduction to Western Humanities covering ancient Greek and Roman literature, history, art, religion, and philosophy. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors may take Early Modern Europe covering Renaissance thought and literature; Modern Humanities covering the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and Modernism, and/or Foundations of Chinese Civilization. There is also a Humanities Senior Symposium.

text: Reed's Humanities program includes the mandatory freshman course Introduction to Western Humanities covering ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: literature, history, art, religion, and philosophy. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors may take Early Modern Europe covering

text: Renaissance

text: thought and literature; Modern Humanities covering the

text: Enlightenment

text: , the

text: French Revolution

text: , the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: , and

text: Modernism

text: , and/or Foundations of Chinese Civilization. There is also a Humanities Senior Symposium.

text: The High Commissioner is responsible for all the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as for its administration, and carries out the functions specifically assigned to him or her by the General Assembly in its resolution 48/141 of 20 December 1993 and subsequent resolutions of policy-making bodies; advises the Secretary-General on the policies of the United Nations in the area of human rights; ensures that substantive and administrative support is given to the projects, activities, organs and bodies of the human rights programme; represents the Secretary-General at meetings of human rights organs and at other human rights events; and carries out special assignments as decided by the Secretary-General. As well as those human rights are currently included in legally binding treaties, the High Commissioner also promotes human rights yet to be recognized in international law (such as the adoption of economic, social and cultural rights as a strategic priority, which are not all currently recognized in international legal instruments).

text: The High Commissioner is responsible for all the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as for its administration, and carries out the functions specifically assigned to him or her by the

text: General Assembly

text: in its resolution 48/141 of 20 December 1993 and subsequent resolutions of policy-making bodies; advises the Secretary-General on the policies of the United Nations in the area of human rights; ensures that substantive and administrative support is given to the projects, activities, organs and bodies of the human rights programme; represents the Secretary-General at meetings of human rights organs and at other human rights events; and carries out special assignments as decided by the Secretary-General. As well as those human rights are currently included in legally binding treaties, the High Commissioner also promotes human rights yet to be recognized in international law (such as the adoption of

text: economic, social and cultural rights

text: as a strategic priority, which are not all currently recognized in international legal instruments).

text: At the systems level, the questions addressed in systems neuroscience include how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory. In other words, they address how these neural circuits function and the mechanisms through which behaviors are generated. For example, systems level analysis addresses questions concerning specific sensory and motor modalities: how does vision work? How do songbirds learn new songs and bats localize with ultrasound? How does the somatosensory system process tactile information? The related fields of neuroethology and neuropsychology address the question of how neural substrates underlie specific animal and human behaviors. Neuroendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology examine interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine and immune systems, respectively. Despite many advancements, the way networks of neurons produce complex cognitions and behaviors is still poorly understood.

text: At the systems level, the questions addressed in

text: systems neuroscience

text: include how neural circuits are formed and used anatomically and physiologically to produce functions such as

text: reflex

text: es,

text: multisensory integration

text: motor coordination

text: circadian rhythm

text: s,

text: emotional responses

text: learning

text: , and

text: memory

text: . In other words, they address how these neural circuits function and the mechanisms through which behaviors are generated. For example, systems level analysis addresses questions concerning specific sensory and motor modalities: how does

text: vision

text: work? How do

text: songbirds

text: learn new songs and

text: bat

text: s localize with

text: ultrasound

text: ? How does the

text: somatosensory system

text: process tactile information? The related fields of

text: neuroethology

text: and

text: neuropsychology

text: address the question of how neural substrates underlie specific

text: animal

text: and

text: human

text: behaviors.

text: Neuroendocrinology

text: and

text: psychoneuroimmunology

text: examine interactions between the nervous system and the

text: endocrine

text: and

text: immune

text: systems, respectively. Despite many advancements, the way

text: networks of neurons

text: produce complex

text: cognition

text: s and behaviors is still poorly understood.

text: STAP cells were supposedly able to differentiate into placental cells, meaning they would be more potent than embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). It was not clear why ordinary cells do not convert into stem cells when subjected to similar stimuli under ordinary conditions, such as acidity in the body; Obokata et al. suggested that in vivo inhibitory mechanisms may block conversion to pluripotency.  Research is underway to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells using human tissue: in February 2014, Charles Vacanti and Koji Kojima (Harvard researchers originally involved in the discovery and publication of STAP) claimed to have preliminary results of STAP cells generated from human fibroblasts, but concomitantly cautioned that these preliminary results require further analysis and validation.

text: STAP cells were supposedly able to differentiate into

text: placenta

text: l cells, meaning they would be

text: more potent

text: than

text: embryonic stem cell

text: s or

text: induced pluripotent stem cell

text: s (iPS). It was not clear why ordinary cells do not convert into stem cells when subjected to similar stimuli under ordinary conditions, such as acidity in the body; Obokata et al. suggested that

text: in vivo

text: inhibitory mechanisms may block conversion to pluripotency.  Research is underway to generate stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) cells using human tissue: in February 2014, Charles Vacanti and Koji Kojima (

text: Harvard

text: researchers originally involved in the discovery and publication of STAP) claimed to have preliminary results of STAP cells generated from human

text: fibroblast

text: s, but concomitantly cautioned that these preliminary results require further analysis and validation.

text: For Heller, the Body was central to human identity.  The Body was the principium individuationis (in the sense in that Nietzsche understood or misunderstood that expression, which was good enough for Heller).  He once confessed privately that it is precisely because religions like Christianity offered a redemption that, for him, entailed the greatest sacrilege – a divestiture of the Body in Paradise in favour of some 'transfigured' entity that seemed to merge the individual personhood, eschatologically speaking, into a single collective state of all the blessed – it is for this reason that he was not interested in those religions. The Holocaust had a theological dimension for him, also. With its mass destruction of bodies it violated the principle of the sacred, of the spiritual, as manifested in the world.  For Heller, the spiritual was never not a tissue of 'vague abstractions': it was always incarnate. The spiritual needed the Body in exactly the same measure in which it needed transcendence: the spiritual had to be 'known and felt to be real'.  ‘Genius’ alone, he once wrote, 'is never the whole man'.

text: Too much is unknown about how the human nervous system controls locomotion; many regions contribute, such as the frontal lobe, cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. For example, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a nucleus of the brainstem that helps to control the planning and execution of gait. The PPN is connected extensively with other parts of the brain, including the spinal cord, cortex, and basal ganglia; these regions work together to plan, initiate, and maintain gait.

text: Too much is unknown about how the human

text: nervous system

text: controls locomotion; many regions contribute, such as the

text: frontal lobe

text: cerebellum

text: basal ganglia

text: brainstem

text: , and

text: spinal cord

text: . For example, the

text: pedunculopontine nucleus

text: (PPN) is a

text: nucleus

text: of the brainstem that helps to control the planning and execution of gait. The PPN is connected extensively with other parts of the brain, including the spinal cord,

text: cortex

text: , and basal ganglia; these regions work together to plan, initiate, and maintain gait.

text: Early in the 1980’s almost two decades before the positive psychology field was christened, Cooperrider began to question the deficit-based change field and the root metaphor that “human systems are problems to be solved,” and he observed that the pervasive problematizing perspective was constraining and limiting, just as industrial-era machine metaphors were also limiting. Cooperrider and Srivastva, in their earliest work at the number one heart center the world, the Cleveland Clinic, engaged in a radical reversal of the traditional problem-analytic approach. Influenced by the writings of Albert Schweitzer on “reverence for life,” they determined that organizations are not institutional machines incessantly in need of repair and that deteriorate steadily and over time. Rather organizations are, fundamentally, living systems and centers of human relatedness, alive and embedded in amplifying networks of infinite strengths. Instead of problems-to-be-solved, human systems are mysteries-to-be-appreciated; in a very real way they are products of the miracle of human interaction and relatedness.  And the more we study “what gives life” versus “what’s wrong” the more we move in the direction or become what we study. Instead of studying low morale, for example, we should study human flourishing in the workplace “because human systems move in the direction of what they study.”  The simple act of observation in a human system changes the phenomenon itself. In physics it’s called the Heisenberg Effect. But in human systems it’s even more powerful. Cooperrider called it “the exponential inquiry effect” to indicate how our first questions, like the early stage of a snowball, can grow into exponential tipping point movements. That's why he writes: “We live in worlds our questions create.”

text: Musically, this song is somewhat unusual for country music in that the introduction fades in and uses an arrangement and instrumentation, such as synthesizers. The fade out is similar to the introduction. The body of the song is a more typical country ballad.

text: Musically, this song is somewhat unusual for country music in that the introduction fades in and uses an arrangement and instrumentation, such as

text: synthesizer

text: s. The fade out is similar to the introduction. The body of the song is a more typical country ballad.

text: The sexual organs of the Centauri are quite different from those of humans, and they are in a different location than the human sex organs. Male Centauri have six tentacle-like genital organs that extend out from the sides of the body and "fold" in over the solar plexus when not in use. The males can stretch the tentacles out to four feet. These tentacles are somewhat prehensile, to the extent that they can be used to cheat in card games. Females have six narrow receptive orifices, three on either side of the base of the spine, just above the hips. During sexual intercourse the male inserts his tentacles in the female's orifices individually. Only a single insertion is necessary to inseminate, but "each [successive] one is a different level of intimacy and pleasure" – Centauri males grade their sexual encounters by the number of insertions in a manner similar to American baseball metaphors for sex.

text: The sexual organs of the Centauri are quite different from those of humans, and they are in a different location than the human sex organs. Male Centauri have six tentacle-like genital organs that extend out from the sides of the body and "fold" in over the

text: solar plexus

text: when not in use. The males can stretch the tentacles out to four feet. These tentacles are somewhat

text: prehensile

text: , to the extent that they can be used to cheat in

text: card games

text: . Females have six narrow receptive orifices, three on either side of the base of the

text: spine

text: , just above the

text: hip

text: s. During sexual intercourse the male inserts his tentacles in the female's orifices individually. Only a single insertion is necessary to

text: inseminate

text: , but "each [successive] one is a different level of intimacy and pleasure" – Centauri males grade their sexual encounters by the number of insertions in a manner similar to American

text: baseball metaphors for sex

text: Scientific interest in adult stem cells is centered on their ability to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and generate all the cell types of the organ from which they originate, potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, the use of human adult stem cells in research and therapy is not considered to be controversial, as they are derived from adult tissue samples rather than human embryos designated for scientific research.  They have mainly been studied in humans and model organisms such as mice and rats.

text: Scientific interest in adult stem cells is centered on their ability to divide or self-renew indefinitely, and generate all the

text: cell type

text: s of the

text: organ

text: from which they originate, potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells. Unlike

text: embryonic stem cells

text: , the use of human adult stem cells in research and therapy is not considered to be

text: controversial

text: , as they are derived from adult tissue samples rather than human embryos designated for scientific research.  They have mainly been studied in humans and

text: model organism

text: s such as

text: mice

text: and

text: rats

text: Bodies... The Exhibition is an exhibition showcasing preserved human bodies dissected to display bodily systems.  It opened in Tampa, Florida on August 20, 2005. It is similar to, though not affiliated with, the exhibition Body Worlds (which opened in 1995). The exhibit displays internal organs and organic systems, bodies staged in active poses, and fetuses in various stages of development.

text: Bodies... The Exhibition is an

text: exhibition

text: showcasing

text: preserved

text: human bodies dissected to display bodily systems.  It opened in

text: Tampa, Florida

text: on August 20, 2005. It is similar to, though not affiliated with, the exhibition

text: Body Worlds

text: (which opened in 1995). The exhibit displays internal organs and organic systems, bodies staged in active poses, and fetuses in various stages of development.

text: Although skin effect limits Tesla currents to the outer fraction of an inch in metal conductors, the 'skin depth' of human flesh is deeper than that of a metallic conductor due to higher resistivity and lower permittivity. Calculations of skin depth of body tissues at the frequency of Tesla coils show that it can be greater than the thickness of the body.  Thus there seems to be nothing to prevent high-frequency Tesla currents from passing through deeper portions of a subject's body, such as vital organs and blood vessels, which may be better conducting.  The reason for the lack of pain is that a human being's nervous system does not sense the flow of potentially dangerous electric currents above 15–20 kHz; essentially, for nerves to be activated, a significant number of ions must cross their membranes before the current (and hence voltage) reverses. Since the body no longer provides a warning 'shock', novices may touch the output streamers of small Tesla coils without feeling painful shocks. However, anecdotal evidence among Tesla coil experimenters indicates temporary tissue damage may still occur and be observed as muscle pain, joint pain, or tingling for hours or even days afterwards.  This is believed to be caused by the damaging effects of internal current flow, and is especially common with continuous wave, solid state or vacuum tube Tesla coils operating at relatively low frequencies (tens to hundreds of kHz). It is possible to generate very high frequency currents (tens to hundreds of MHz) that do have a smaller penetration depth in flesh. These are often used for medical and therapeutic purposes such as electrocauterization and diathermy. The designs of early diathermy machines were based on Tesla coils or Oudin coils.

text: Although skin effect limits Tesla currents to the outer fraction of an inch in metal conductors, the '

text: skin depth

text: ' of human flesh is deeper than that of a metallic conductor due to higher resistivity and lower permittivity. Calculations of skin depth of body tissues at the frequency of Tesla coils show that it can be greater than the thickness of the body.  Thus there seems to be nothing to prevent high-frequency Tesla currents from passing through deeper portions of a subject's body, such as vital organs and blood vessels, which may be better conducting.  The reason for the lack of pain is that a

text: human

text: being's nervous system does not sense the flow of potentially dangerous electric currents above 15–20 kHz; essentially, for nerves to be activated, a significant number of ions must cross their membranes before the current (and hence voltage) reverses. Since the body no longer provides a warning 'shock', novices may touch the output streamers of small Tesla coils without feeling painful shocks. However, anecdotal evidence among Tesla coil experimenters indicates temporary tissue damage may still occur and be observed as muscle pain, joint pain, or tingling for hours or even days afterwards.  This is believed to be caused by the damaging effects of internal current flow, and is especially common with

text: continuous wave

text: , solid state or vacuum tube Tesla coils operating at relatively low frequencies (tens to hundreds of kHz). It is possible to generate very high frequency currents (tens to hundreds of MHz) that do have a smaller penetration depth in flesh. These are often used for medical and therapeutic purposes such as

text: electrocauterization

text: and

text: diathermy

text: . The designs of early diathermy machines were based on Tesla coils or

text: Oudin coil

text: s.

text: Understanding human anatomy is at the core of the study of medicine. This museum has a collection, established by Dr Edgar Davidson Congdon, of more than 2,000 organs available for anatomical education. The museum displays the anatomical structure of all the systems of the human body, ranging from conception to reproductive age. Different forms of multiple births can be found on display. The range of muscles in the human body, the smallest of which is the size of an eyelash and the biggest of which is the size of a leg can also be seen. On display is a masterful dissection of the whole-body nervous and arterial system by Dr Patai Sirikarun, the one and only exhibit of its kind in the world.

text: Human sperm and eggs also lack molecules for the immune recognition of "self". These immune markers are also known as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens or more specifically in humans as human leukocyte antigens (HLA)). Therefore, a major question is how are human gametes recognized by immune effector cells. Specifically, their lack of MHC recognition markers should trigger the immune system, resulting in lysis of both sperm and eggs by leukocytes known as natural killer, or NK cells. These cells target and kill other cells lacking such MHC markers, a concept known as "missing self". One distinct possibility is that sperm and eggs are recognized via oligosaccharides expressed on their surfaces. For example, human gametes are coated with carbohydrate sequences that have been implicated in the suppression of NK cell mediated responses.

text: Human

text: sperm

text: and

text: eggs

text: also lack molecules for the immune recognition of "self". These immune markers are also known as

text: major histocompatibility complex

text: (MHC) antigens or more specifically in humans as

text: human leukocyte antigens

text: (HLA)). Therefore, a major question is how are human gametes recognized by immune effector cells. Specifically, their lack of MHC recognition markers should trigger the immune system, resulting in lysis of both sperm and eggs by

text: leukocytes

text: known as natural killer, or

text: NK cell

text: s. These cells target and kill other cells lacking such MHC markers, a concept known as "missing self". One distinct possibility is that sperm and eggs are recognized via oligosaccharides expressed on their surfaces. For example, human gametes are coated with carbohydrate sequences that have been implicated in the suppression of NK cell mediated responses.

text: The documentary opens with an introduction by Tilda Swinton, who gives a backstory about Björk's career and her intention with the Biophilia project, stating that the singer conceived the project wanting to redefine music in the 21st Century. Images from the "Moon and "Mutual Core" music videos accompany her speech. After that, some frames focus on the Graduale Nobili who are singing the backing vocals to "Thunderbolt" on a cliff in front of the ocean in Iceland. Thereafter the scene shifts to an early rehearsal of the Biophilia songs in Iceland during November 2010. The choir begin to learn their parts in "Thunderbolt" and "Moon" under the guide of the singer. After that, the documentary shows the encounter between Björk and Sir David Attenborough in the Natural History Museum in London. There, the naturalist and the singer discuss about the nature of music. They first talk about the importance of music and singing in the nature, with Attenborough explaining how music works for birds like the bird-of-paradise and the lyrebird, whose chirping is defined by the naturalist the "most complex sound ever", and he goes on by stating that the bird has developed an "impressive vocal range" which he compares to that of Björk. Attenborough states that the human larynx is capable of many more sounds that preceded language. Therefore, the singer asks him how he thinks music works for the modern people, and the naturalist explains how he thinks popular music is "extremely sexual", comparing popular music to medieval troubadors, and that is why is so relatable to young people and animals, i.e. the gibbons, which mate by singing together out of excitement. Attenborough affirms that "the mystery is how music has been used by humanity for something that is transcendental".

text: The documentary opens with an introduction by

text: Tilda Swinton

text: , who gives a backstory about Björk's career and her intention with the Biophilia project, stating that the singer conceived the project wanting to redefine music in the 21st Century. Images from the "

text: Moon

text: and "

text: Mutual Core

text: " music videos accompany her speech. After that, some frames focus on the Graduale Nobili who are singing the backing vocals to "Thunderbolt" on a cliff in front of the ocean in

text: Iceland

text: . Thereafter the scene shifts to an early rehearsal of the Biophilia songs in Iceland during November 2010. The choir begin to learn their parts in "Thunderbolt" and "Moon" under the guide of the singer. After that, the documentary shows the encounter between Björk and Sir David Attenborough in the

text: Natural History Museum

text: in London. There, the

text: naturalist

text: and the singer discuss about the nature of music. They first talk about the importance of music and singing in the nature, with Attenborough explaining how music works for birds like the

text: bird-of-paradise

text: and the

text: lyrebird

text: , whose chirping is defined by the naturalist the "most complex sound ever", and he goes on by stating that the bird has developed an "impressive vocal range" which he compares to that of Björk. Attenborough states that the human

text: larynx

text: is capable of many more sounds that preceded language. Therefore, the singer asks him how he thinks music works for the modern people, and the naturalist explains how he thinks popular music is "extremely sexual", comparing

text: popular music

text: to

text: medieval

text: troubadors

text: , and that is why is so relatable to young people and animals, i.e. the

text: gibbons

text: , which mate by singing together out of excitement. Attenborough affirms that "the mystery is how music has been used by humanity for something that is transcendental".

text: Evolution has provided the human body with two distinct features: the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait. While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other primates can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy. The human adaption to bipedalism is not limited to the leg, however, but has also affected the location of the body's center of gravity, the reorganisation of internal organs, and the form and biomechanism of the trunk. In humans, the double S-shaped vertebral column acts as a shock-absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load-bearing surface of the feet. The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization to support and locomotion — in orangutans the leg length is 111% of the trunk; in chimpanzees 128%, and in humans 171%. Many of the leg's muscles are also adapted to bipedalism, most substantially the gluteal muscles, the extensors of the knee joint, and the calf muscles.

text: Evolution

text: has provided the human body with two distinct features: the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient

text: bipedal

text: gait

text: . While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other

text: primate

text: s can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy. The human adaption to bipedalism is not limited to the leg, however, but has also affected the location of the body's

text: center of gravity

text: , the reorganisation of

text: internal organs

text: , and the form and

text: biomechanism

text: of the trunk. In humans, the double S-shaped

text: vertebral column

text: acts as a shock-absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load-bearing surface of the feet. The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization to support and locomotion — in

text: orangutan

text: s the leg length is 111% of the trunk; in

text: chimpanzee

text: s 128%, and in humans 171%. Many of the leg's muscles are also adapted to

text: bipedalism

text: , most substantially the

text: gluteal muscles

text: , the extensors of the

text: knee

text: joint, and the

text: calf muscle

text: s.

text: In 2005, the inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil predicted that over a 40-year period between 2005 and 2045, most human beings will gradually evolve into a super race of immortal cyborgs called Transhumans with super-bodies and super-brains (the super brains of the humanoid androids will have greater capacity not only in and of themselves, but also because they will be able to function more efficiently by storing some of their mental capacity in the cloud of the future greatly expanded Internet through brain-computer interfacing) by gradually replacing their biological cells with new cells having a more efficient cellular energy processing system that will be based on nanobots manufactured using nanotechnology.  These nanobot based cells will enable those who possess these initially quasi android bodies ("Human body 2.0") to have much greater physical endurance as if they were permanently on steroids, and many Olympic records will be routinely broken.  The five senses will be enhanced first by genetic enhancement and then by additional brain-computer interfacing. By about 2040, most humans will have become fully android ("Human body 3.0").

text: In 2005, the

text: inventor

text: and

text: futurist

text: Ray Kurzweil

text: predicted that over a 40-year period between 2005 and 2045, most human beings will gradually evolve into a super race of

text: immortal

text: cyborgs

text: called

text: Transhuman

text: s with super-bodies and super-brains (the super brains of the humanoid androids will have greater capacity not only in and of themselves, but also because they will be able to function more efficiently by storing some of their mental capacity in the

text: cloud

text: of the future greatly expanded

text: Internet

text: through

text: brain-computer interfacing

text: ) by gradually replacing their

text: biological cells

text: with new cells having a more efficient

text: cellular energy processing system

text: that will be based on

text: nanobot

text: s manufactured using

text: nanotechnology

text: .  These nanobot based cells will enable those who possess these initially quasi android bodies ("Human body 2.0") to have much greater physical endurance as if they were permanently on

text: steroid

text: s, and many

text: Olympic records

text: will be routinely broken.  The five

text: sense

text: s will be enhanced first by

text: genetic enhancement

text: and then by additional brain-computer interfacing. By about 2040, most humans will have become fully android ("Human body 3.0").

text: Despite claims that dogs show more human-like social cognition than wolves, several recent studies have demonstrated that if wolves are properly socialized to humans and have the opportunity to interact with humans regularly, then they too can succeed on some human-guided cognitive tasks, in some cases out-performing dogs at an individual level. Similar to dogs, wolves can also follow more complex point types made with body parts other than the human arm and hand (e.g. elbow, knee, foot). Both dogs and wolves have the cognitive capacity for prosocial behavior toward humans; however it is not guaranteed. For canids to perform well on traditional human-guided tasks (e.g. following the human point) both relevant lifetime experiences with humans - including socialization to humans during the critical period for social development - and opportunities to associate human body parts with certain outcomes (such as food being provided by human hands, a human throwing or kicking a ball, etc.) are required.

text: The Void was created by the Firstlife—the first beings to have existed in the galaxy—to reach the state of post-physical fulfilment. It is where Makkathran is situated. The people in the Void have psychic abilities such as "farsight" and the "third hand". The Void requires a tremendous amount of energy to sustain itself and the abilities it offers, which it acquires by expanding, consuming planets and star systems and converting them into energy.The Anomine is a race of alien beings who have reached post-physical status. They spread to many star systems in their prime. During this age, they discovered the Prime aliens and the threat they pose. They borrowed two DFspheres from the Raiel to generate the barriers around Dyson Alpha and Beta, the two star systems the Prime aliens inhabit, and confine them there (see Commonwealth Saga). By the start of the Void trilogy, most of the Anomine have already become post-physical, while some still live on their homeworld, living a life without the use of technology.The human race has spread to many star systems which are named the Greater Commonwealth. There are Inner Worlds, where most—if not all—of the citizens are "Higher humans"—humans who utilise biononics. Biononics enable the human body to essentially live forever as they rejuvenate the human body on a constant basis. Almost every human has a memory cell insert which records every piece of information stored in the owner's brain. In the event of bodyloss (death), this data can be downloaded into a clone of the original human, effectively eliminating death. Using so called secure stores, this data can even be stored in a second facility. If the memory cell is lost re-life is still possible, although without an uninterrupted continuity (a "restore" from a memory cell usually enables a clone to know how he died). ANA:Governance forms the government of Earth. ANA (Advanced Neural Activity Network) is a super computer/sentient intelligence/edifice embodied on and around Earth. Humans are able to download their consciousness into ANA, where they gain vastly expanded mentalities. Farther away from Earth are the External Worlds, which are somewhat less technologically advanced. The Living Dream Faction live as if they were on Makkathran (inside the void). Their clothing follows Makkathran style and fashion. The goal of Living Dream is to travel to and live in the Void. The Development of the gaiafield, the so-called uniform neural entanglement effect, by Ozzie, allowed Inigo to broadcast his Dreams to everyone connected to the gaiafield. By connecting to Edeard, he is able to see aspects of Edeard's life on Makkathran and gifts them to everyone. According to Ozzie, the gaiafield was meant to be used only for people to express their emotions for others to see; its use has been perverted by Inigo.

text: The Void was created by the Firstlife—the first beings to have existed in the galaxy—to reach the state of post-physical fulfilment. It is where Makkathran is situated. The people in the Void have psychic abilities such as "farsight" and the "third hand". The Void requires a tremendous amount of energy to sustain itself and the abilities it offers, which it acquires by expanding, consuming planets and star systems and converting them into energy.The Anomine is a race of alien beings who have reached post-physical status. They spread to many star systems in their prime. During this age, they discovered the Prime aliens and the threat they pose. They borrowed two DFspheres from the Raiel to generate the barriers around Dyson Alpha and Beta, the two star systems the Prime aliens inhabit, and confine them there (see

text: Commonwealth Saga

text: A technological nightmare becomes a terrifying reality in this sci-fi-thriller. When a group of computer experts and executives from a high-tech firm based in Seattle die suddenly and unexpectedly during a conference call, Samantha Craig (Turner), a government agent who specializes in disease tracking, is brought in to investigate. Craig finds herself having to work alongside Dr. Nick Baldwin (Sabato), a local physician trying to live down a professional disgrace, and together they make a shocking discovery: a deranged programmer named Ned Henderson (David Lewis) has developed a computer virus that has evolved from destroying databases into an organic virus that can claim human lives. But how would he be able to create such a contagion, and how can it be stopped?

text: A technological nightmare becomes a terrifying reality in this sci-fi-thriller. When a group of computer experts and executives from a high-tech firm based in Seattle die suddenly and unexpectedly during a conference call, Samantha Craig (

text: Turner

text: ), a government agent who specializes in disease tracking, is brought in to investigate. Craig finds herself having to work alongside Dr. Nick Baldwin (

text: Sabato

text: ), a local physician trying to live down a professional disgrace, and together they make a shocking discovery: a deranged programmer named Ned Henderson (

text: David Lewis

text: ) has developed a computer virus that has evolved from destroying databases into an organic virus that can claim human lives. But how would he be able to create such a contagion, and how can it be stopped?

text: Due to the nature of complex systems, the high-level description will often be completely different from the low level one. For example, there are features to an ant colony that are not features of any individual ant; features of the human mind that are not known to be descriptive of individual neurons in the brain, features of oceans which are not features of any individual water molecule, and features to a human personality that are not features of any cell in a body. The descriptions of these differ depending at what level they are studied. Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as epiphenomena.

text: Due to the nature of

text: complex systems

text: , the high-level description will often be completely different from the low level one. For example, there are features to an

text: ant colony

text: that are not features of any individual

text: ant

text: ; features of the human

text: mind

text: that are not known to be descriptive of individual

text: neuron

text: s in the

text: brain

text: , features of

text: ocean

text: s which are not features of any individual

text: water molecule

text: , and features to a human personality that are not features of any

text: cell

text: in a body. The descriptions of these differ depending at what level they are studied. Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as

text: epiphenomena

text: The advantages of the Scientific Pitch have also been discovered and used in the field of energy healing, among others by former NASA scientist and energy healing pioneer Dr. Barbara Brennan. Dr. Brennan, founder of the Barbara Brennan School of Healing, researched the Bioenergetics field, a field in science that concerns energy flow through living systems, and especially what she calls the "Human Energy Field". In her body of work Dr. Brennan studied the effect of light, sound and electromagnetic radiation on the human body and discovered 7 sound frequencies she refers to as "Chakra Tones". Dr. Brennan argues that these 7 tones have an energizing effect on the human energy field and that they promote physical health and well-being. Though the 7 tones were gathered individually by Dr. Brennan with no relation to a specific pitch, it was later noted that they could only be played on an instrument tuned to the Scientific Pitch thus reaffirming the beliefs of its unique proponents. Following her work, some music therapists as well as professional musicians have started using the Brennan 7 tones in music and therapy sessions, as well as fully adopting the Scientific Pitch. Believed by many to be the precise sound frequencies that resonate with the body, the Brennan 7 tones as well as the whole Scientific Pitch, are often referred to as "Organic Frequencies", though some use it more loosely to describe any pitch believed to affect the body.

text: The advantages of the Scientific Pitch have also been discovered and used in the field of

text: energy healing

text: , among others by former

text: NASA

text: scientist and energy healing pioneer

text: Dr. Barbara Brennan

text: . Dr. Brennan, founder of the Barbara Brennan School of Healing, researched the

text: Bioenergetics

text: field, a field in science that concerns energy flow through living systems, and especially what she calls the "Human Energy Field". In her body of work Dr. Brennan studied the effect of light, sound and

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: on the human body and discovered 7 sound frequencies she refers to as "

text: Chakra

text: Tones". Dr. Brennan argues that these 7 tones have an energizing effect on the human energy field and that they promote physical health and well-being. Though the 7 tones were gathered individually by Dr. Brennan with no relation to a specific pitch, it was later noted that they could only be played on an instrument tuned to the Scientific Pitch thus reaffirming the beliefs of its unique proponents. Following her work, some music therapists as well as professional musicians have started using the Brennan 7 tones in music and therapy sessions, as well as fully adopting the Scientific Pitch. Believed by many to be the precise sound frequencies that resonate with the body, the Brennan 7 tones as well as the whole Scientific Pitch, are often referred to as "Organic Frequencies", though some use it more loosely to describe any pitch believed to affect the body.

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast tissue.  Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes preadipocytes, fibroblasts, adipose tissue macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. In the integumentary system, which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold.  Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the

text: skin

text: subcutaneous fat

text: ), around internal

text: organ

text: s (

text: visceral fat

text: ), in bone marrow (

text: yellow bone marrow

text: ), intermuscular (

text: Muscular system

text: ) and in the breast tissue.  Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes

text: preadipocytes

text: fibroblast

text: s, adipose tissue

text: macrophage

text: s, and

text: endothelial cell

text: s. Adipose tissue contains many small

text: blood vessel

text: s. In the

text: integumentary system

text: , which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the

text: subcutaneous

text: layer, providing insulation from heat and cold.  Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be burned to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain.

text: Bioculture, comprises the emerging area bounded by the medical sciences, social sciences, area studies, culture studies, biotechnology, disability studies, the humanities, and the economic and global environment. Bioculture defines the activity and consolidation of ideas created when the human intersects with the technological. Along these lines, one can see the biosphere — the earth as it is affected by the human — as the adaptation of the natural to the human and biocultures as the inter-adaptation of the human to the new technologies and ways of knowing characterized by the 21st century’s attitude toward the body. It assumes that in bioculture there's a diverse way to know the workings of the body and mind, and that these are primarily culturally derived, and an expert's way of knowing produces specific strong results. However the results do not have an exclusive purview over the body and mind. Plus it seeks to develop and encourage not only the experts but also parts of people's bodies and minds as the subject of study.

text: Bioculture, comprises the emerging area bounded by the

text: medical sciences

text: social sciences

text: , area studies, culture studies,

text: biotechnology

text: , disability studies, the

text: humanities

text: , and the

text: economic

text: and global environment. Bioculture defines the activity and consolidation of ideas created when the human intersects with the

text: technological

text: . Along these lines, one can see the biosphere — the

text: earth

text: as it is affected by the

text: human

text: — as the adaptation of the natural to the human and biocultures as the inter-adaptation of the human to the new technologies and ways of knowing characterized by the 21st century’s attitude toward the

text: body

text: . It assumes that in bioculture there's a diverse way to know the workings of the body and mind, and that these are primarily culturally derived, and an expert's way of knowing produces specific strong results. However the results do not have an exclusive purview over the body and

text: mind

text: . Plus it seeks to develop and encourage not only the experts but also parts of people's bodies and minds as the subject of study.

text: Males typically have larger tracheae and branching bronchi, with about 30% greater lung volume per unit body mass. They have larger hearts, 10% higher red blood cell count, and higher hemoglobin, hence greater oxygen-carrying capacity. They also have higher circulating clotting factors (vitamin K, prothrombin and platelets). These differences lead to faster healing of wounds and higher peripheral pain tolerance. Females typically have more white blood cells (stored and circulating), more granulocytes and B and T lymphocytes. Additionally, they produce more antibodies at a faster rate than males. Hence they develop fewer infectious diseases and these continue for shorter periods. Ethologists argue that females, interacting with other females and multiple offspring in social groups, have experienced such traits as a selective advantage. According to Daly and Wilson, "The sexes differ more in human beings than in monogamous mammals, but much less than in extremely polygamous mammals." But given that sexual dimorphism in the closest relatives of humans is much greater than among humans, the human clade must be considered to be characterized by decreasing sexual dimorphism, probably due to less competitive mating patterns. One proposed explanation is that human sexuality has developed more in common with its close relative the bonobo, which exhibits similar sexual dimorphism, is polygynandrous and uses recreational sex to reinforce social bonds and reduce aggression.

text: Males typically have larger

text: tracheae

text: and branching

text: bronchi

text: , with about 30% greater

text: lung volume

text: per unit

text: body mass

text: . They have larger

text: heart

text: s, 10% higher

text: red blood cell

text: count, and higher

text: hemoglobin

text: , hence greater oxygen-carrying capacity. They also have higher circulating

text: clotting factors

text: vitamin K

text: , pro

text: thrombin

text: and

text: platelet

text: s). These differences lead to faster healing of

text: wound

text: s and higher peripheral pain tolerance. Females typically have more

text: white blood cell

text: s (stored and circulating), more

text: granulocyte

text: s and B and T

text: lymphocyte

text: s. Additionally, they produce more

text: antibodies

text: at a faster rate than males. Hence they develop fewer

text: infectious

text: diseases and these continue for shorter periods.

text: Ethologists

text: argue that females, interacting with other females and multiple offspring in social groups, have experienced such traits as a

text: selective

text: advantage. According to Daly and Wilson, "The sexes differ more in human beings than in

text: monogamous

text: mammals, but much less than in extremely

text: polygamous

text: mammals." But given that

text: sexual dimorphism

text: in the closest relatives of humans is much greater than among humans, the human clade must be considered to be characterized by decreasing sexual dimorphism, probably due to less competitive mating patterns. One proposed explanation is that human sexuality has developed more in common with its close relative the

text: bonobo

text: , which exhibits similar sexual dimorphism, is

text: polygynandrous

text: and uses

text: recreational sex

text: to reinforce social bonds and reduce aggression.

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (HO), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (HO), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more

text: trace element

text: s may play some role in the health of mammals.

text: Boron

text: and

text: silicon

text: are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.

text: Although the question of how the nervous system selects which particular degrees of freedom (DOFs) to use in a movement may be a problem to scientists, the abundance of DOFs is almost certainly an advantage to the mammalian and the invertebrate nervous systems. The human body has redundant anatomical DOFs (at muscles and joints), redundant kinematic DOFs (movements can have different trajectories, velocities, and accelerations and yet achieve the same goal), and redundant neurophysiological DOFs (multiple motoneurons synapsing on the same muscle, and vice versa). How the nervous system "chooses" a subset of these near-infinite DOFs is an overarching difficulty in understanding motor control and motor learning.

text: Although the question of how the

text: nervous system

text: selects which particular

text: degrees of freedom

text: (DOFs) to use in a movement may be a problem to scientists, the abundance of DOFs is almost certainly an advantage to the

text: mammal

text: ian and the

text: invertebrate

text: nervous system

text: s. The human body has redundant

text: anatomical

text: DOFs (at

text: muscle

text: s and

text: joint

text: s), redundant

text: kinematic

text: DOFs (movements can have different trajectories, velocities, and accelerations and yet achieve the same goal), and redundant

text: neurophysiological

text: DOFs (multiple

text: motoneurons

text: synapsing

text: on the same muscle, and vice versa). How the nervous system "chooses" a subset of these near-infinite DOFs is an overarching difficulty in understanding

text: motor control

text: and

text: motor learning

text: The philosophical arguments in the abortion debate are deontological or rights-based.  The view that all or almost all abortion should be illegal generally rests on the claims: (1) that the existence and moral right to life of human beings (human organisms) begins at or near conception-fertilization; (2) that induced abortion is the deliberate and unjust killing of the embryo in violation of its right to life; and (3) that the law should prohibit unjust violations of the right to life.  The view that abortion should in most or all circumstances be legal generally rests on the claims: (1) that women have a right to control what happens in and to their own bodies; (2) that abortion is a just exercise of this right; and (3) that the law should not criminalize just exercises of the right to control one's own body and its life-support functions.

text: The philosophical arguments in the

text: abortion debate

text: are

text: deontological

text: or rights-based.  The view that all or almost all abortion should be illegal generally rests on the claims: (1) that the existence and moral right to life of human beings (human organisms) begins at or near conception-

text: fertilization

text: ; (2) that induced abortion is the deliberate and unjust killing of the

text: embryo

text: in violation of its right to life; and (3) that the law should prohibit unjust violations of the right to life.  The view that abortion should in most or all circumstances be legal generally rests on the claims: (1) that women have a right to control what happens in and to their own bodies; (2) that abortion is a just exercise of this right; and (3) that the law should not criminalize just exercises of the right to control one's own body and its life-support functions.

text: In 1974, he received the first patent in the field of MRI when he patented the concept of NMR for detecting cancer after filing an application in 1972—now there are over 4,500 patents on MRI. As the National Science Foundation notes, “The patent included the idea of using NMR to ‘scan’ the human body to locate cancerous tissue.” However, it did not describe a method for generating pictures from such a scan or precisely how such a scan might be done. But without Damadian's discovery of the profound sensitivity of the relaxation time to different tissue types and malignant tissue, there would be no picture at all.	In the 1950s, Herman Carr reported  creating a one-dimensional MR image. Prompted by Damadian's report on the potential medical uses of NMR, Paul Lauterbur expanded on Carr's technique and developed a way to generate the first MRI images, in 2D and 3D, using gradients. Peter Mansfield from the University of Nottingham then developed a mathematical technique that would allow scans to take seconds rather than hours and produce clearer images than Lauterbur had. While Lauterbur and Mansfield focused on animals and human limbs, Damadian built the first full-body MRI machine and produced the first full magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") scan of the human body, albeit using a “focused field” technique that differs considerably from modern imaging. In recording the history of MRI, Mattson and Simon (1996) credit Damadian with describing the concept of whole-body NMR scanning, as well as discovering the NMR tissue relaxation differences that made this feasible.

text: In 1974, he received the first patent in the field of MRI when he patented the concept of NMR for detecting cancer after filing an application in 1972—now there are over 4,500 patents on MRI. As the

text: National Science Foundation

text: notes, “The patent included the idea of using NMR to ‘scan’ the human body to locate cancerous tissue.” However, it did not describe a method for generating pictures from such a scan or precisely how such a scan might be done. But without Damadian's discovery of the profound sensitivity of the relaxation time to different tissue types and malignant tissue, there would be no picture at all.	In the 1950s,

text: Herman Carr

text: reported  creating a one-dimensional MR image. Prompted by Damadian's report on the potential medical uses of NMR,

text: Paul Lauterbur

text: expanded on Carr's technique and developed a way to generate the first MRI images, in 2D and 3D, using gradients.

text: Peter Mansfield

text: from the

text: University of Nottingham

text: then developed a mathematical technique that would allow scans to take seconds rather than hours and produce clearer images than Lauterbur had. While Lauterbur and Mansfield focused on animals and human limbs, Damadian built the first full-body MRI machine and produced the first full

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: ("MRI") scan of the human body, albeit using a “focused field” technique that differs considerably from modern imaging. In recording the history of MRI, Mattson and Simon (1996) credit Damadian with describing the concept of whole-body NMR scanning, as well as discovering the NMR tissue relaxation differences that made this feasible.

text: This change in bone turnover is likely to be the reason for numerous effects seen in hypervitaminosis A, such as hypercalcemia and numerous bone changes such as bone loss that potentially leads to osteoporosis, spontaneous bone fractures, altered skeletal development in children, skeletal pain, radiographic changes, and bone lesions.

text: This change in bone turnover is likely to be the reason for numerous effects seen in hypervitaminosis A, such as

text: hypercalcemia

text: and numerous bone changes such as bone loss that potentially leads to

text: osteoporosis

text: , spontaneous bone fractures, altered skeletal development in children, skeletal pain,

text: radiographic

text: changes, and bone lesions.

text: Animals, including humans, have many natural defences against viruses. Some are non-specific and protect against many viruses regardless of the type. This innate immunity is not improved by repeated exposure to viruses and does not retain a "memory" of the infection. The skin of animals, particularly its surface, which is made from dead cells, prevents many types of viruses from infecting the host. The acidity of the contents of the stomach destroys many viruses that have been swallowed. When a virus overcomes these barriers and enters the host, other innate defences prevent the spread of infection in the body. A special hormone called interferon is produced by the body when viruses are present, and this stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours. Inside cells, there are enzymes that destroy the RNA of viruses. This is called RNA interference. Some blood cells engulf and destroy other virus infected cells.

text: Animals, including humans, have many natural defences against viruses. Some are non-specific and protect against many viruses regardless of the type. This

text: innate

text: immunity is not improved by repeated exposure to viruses and does not retain a "memory" of the infection. The skin of animals, particularly its surface, which is made from dead cells, prevents many types of viruses from infecting the host. The acidity of the contents of the stomach destroys many viruses that have been swallowed. When a virus overcomes these barriers and enters the host, other innate defences prevent the spread of infection in the body. A special hormone called

text: interferon

text: is produced by the body when viruses are present, and this stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours. Inside cells, there are enzymes that destroy the RNA of viruses. This is called

text: RNA interference

text: . Some blood cells

text: engulf

text: and destroy other virus infected cells.

text: The principles of heat transfer in engineering systems can be applied to the human body in order to determine how the body transfers heat. Heat is produced in the body by the continuous metabolism of nutrients which provides energy for the systems of the body. The human body must maintain a consistent internal temperature in order to maintain healthy bodily functions. Therefore, excess heat must be dissipated from the body to keep it from overheating. When a person engages in elevated levels of physical activity, the body requires additional fuel which increases the metabolic rate and the rate of heat production. The body must then use additional methods to remove the additional heat produced in order to keep the internal temperature at a healthy level.

text: The 'body matter' is the group of pages that contain the body of the text of the book. The front matter comes before it, containing title pages, content lists, publisher's metadata etc. It is followed by the back matter, which includes appendices, references, credits, colophon etc. The distinction between the parts, body and other, is that the body matter is produced by the author, the front and back matter by the publisher (through the book designer, index collator etc.). Where there is a prose introduction, it demonstrates this; an introduction by the author is considered as body matter, an introduction by an editor or other commentator is placed with the front matter. In some technical publications, appendices are so long and important as part of the book that they are a creative endeavour of the author, rather than a mere collation exercise by the publisher. In this case they may, like the introduction, be considered as a part of the body matter.

text: The 'body matter' is the group of pages that contain the body of the text of the book. The

text: front matter

text: comes before it, containing title pages, content lists, publisher's metadata etc. It is followed by the

text: back matter

text: , which includes appendices, references, credits,

text: colophon

text: etc. The distinction between the parts, body and other, is that the body matter is produced by the author, the front and back matter by the publisher (through the book designer, index collator etc.). Where there is a prose introduction, it demonstrates this; an introduction by the author is considered as body matter, an introduction by an editor or other commentator is placed with the front matter. In some technical publications, appendices are so long and important as part of the book that they are a creative endeavour of the author, rather than a mere collation exercise by the publisher. In this case they may, like the introduction, be considered as a part of the body matter.

text: Body art is art made on, with, or consisting of, the human body. The most common forms of body art are tattoos and body piercings. Other types include scarification, branding, subdermal implants, scalpelling, shaping (for example tight-lacing of corsets), full body tattoo and body painting.

text: Body art is

text: art

text: made on, with, or consisting of, the

text: human

text: body. The most common forms of body art are

text: tattoo

text: s and

text: body piercing

text: s. Other types include

text: scarification

text: branding

text: subdermal implants

text: scalpelling

text: , shaping (for example

text: tight-lacing

text: of

text: corsets

text: full body tattoo

text: and

text: body painting

text: Though there has been numerous successes with cloning animals, questions remain concerning the mechanisms of reprogramming in the ovum. Despite many attempts, success in creating human nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells has been limited. There lies a problem in the human cell's ability to form a blastocyst; the cells fail to progress past the eight cell stage of development. This is thought to be a result from the somatic cell nucleus being unable to turn on embryonic genes crucial for proper development. These earlier experiments used procedures developed in non-primate animals with little success. A research group from the Oregon Health & Science University demonstrated SCNT procedures developed for primates successfully reprogrammed skin cells into stem cells. The key to their success was utilizing oocytes in metaphase II (MII) of the cell cycle. Egg cells in MII contain special factors in the cytoplasm that have a special ability in reprogramming implanted somatic cell nuclei into cells with pluripotent states. When the ovum's nucleus is removed, the cell loses its genetic information. This has been blamed for why enucleated eggs are hampered in their reprogramming ability. It is theorized the critical embryonic genes are physically linked to oocyte chromosomes, enucleation negatively affects these factors. Another possibility is removing the egg nucleus or inserting the somatic nucleus causes damage to the cytoplast, affecting reprogramming ability. Taking this into account the research group applied their new technique in an attempt to produce human SCNT stem cells. In May 2013, the Oregon group reported the successful derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines derived through SCNT, using fetal and infant donor cells. Using MII oocytes from volunteers and their improved SCNT procedure, human clone embryos were successfully produced. These embryos were of poor quality, lacking a substantial inner cell mass and poorly constructed trophectoderm. The imperfect embryos prevented the acquisition of human ESC. The addition of caffeine during the removal of the ovum's nucleus and injection of the somatic nucleus improved blastocyst formation and ESC isolation. The ESC obtain were found to be capable of producing teratomas, expressed pluripotent transcription factors, and expressed a normal 46XX karyotype, indicating these SCNT were in fact ESC-like. This was the first instance of successfully using SCNT to reprogram human somatic cells. This study used fetal and infantile somatic cells to produce their ESC.

text: Though there has been numerous successes with cloning animals, questions remain concerning the mechanisms of reprogramming in the ovum. Despite many attempts, success in creating human nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells has been limited. There lies a problem in the human cell's ability to form a blastocyst; the cells fail to progress past the eight cell stage of development. This is thought to be a result from the somatic cell nucleus being unable to turn on embryonic genes crucial for proper development. These earlier experiments used procedures developed in non-primate animals with little success. A research group from the

text: Oregon Health & Science University

text: demonstrated SCNT procedures developed for primates successfully reprogrammed skin cells into stem cells. The key to their success was utilizing oocytes in metaphase II (MII) of the cell cycle. Egg cells in MII contain special factors in the cytoplasm that have a special ability in reprogramming implanted somatic cell nuclei into cells with pluripotent states. When the ovum's nucleus is removed, the cell loses its genetic information. This has been blamed for why enucleated eggs are hampered in their reprogramming ability. It is theorized the critical embryonic genes are physically linked to oocyte chromosomes, enucleation negatively affects these factors. Another possibility is removing the egg nucleus or inserting the somatic nucleus causes damage to the cytoplast, affecting reprogramming ability. Taking this into account the research group applied their new technique in an attempt to produce human SCNT stem cells. In May 2013, the Oregon group reported the successful derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines derived through SCNT, using fetal and infant donor cells. Using MII oocytes from volunteers and their improved SCNT procedure, human clone embryos were successfully produced. These embryos were of poor quality, lacking a substantial inner cell mass and poorly constructed

text: trophectoderm

text: . The imperfect embryos prevented the acquisition of human ESC. The addition of caffeine during the removal of the ovum's nucleus and injection of the somatic nucleus improved blastocyst formation and ESC isolation. The ESC obtain were found to be capable of producing teratomas, expressed pluripotent transcription factors, and expressed a normal 46XX karyotype, indicating these SCNT were in fact ESC-like. This was the first instance of successfully using SCNT to reprogram human somatic cells. This study used fetal and infantile somatic cells to produce their ESC.

text: Stem cells are cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998. In humans there are many types of stem cells, each with varying levels of potency. Potency is a measure of a cell's differentiation potential, or the number of other cell types that can be made from that stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. These stem cells can differentiate into all other cells in the human body and are the subject of much scientific research. However, since they must be derived from early human embryos their production and use in research has been a hotly debated topic as the embryo most likely is destroyed in the process.

text: Stem cell

text: s are cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998. In humans there are many types of stem cells, each with varying levels of potency. Potency is a measure of a cell's differentiation potential, or the number of other cell types that can be made from that stem cell.

text: Embryonic stem cell

text: s are

text: pluripotent

text: stem cells derived from the

text: inner cell mass

text: of the

text: blastocyst

text: . These stem cells can differentiate into all other cells in the human body and are the subject of much scientific research. However, since they must be derived from early human embryos their production and use in research has been a hotly debated topic as the embryo most likely is destroyed in the process.

text: The final impact after a passenger's body hits the car interior, airbag or seat belts is that of the internal organs hitting the ribcage or skull due to their inertia. The force of this impact is the way by which many car crashes cause disabling or life-threatening injury. Other ways are skeletal damage and blood loss, because of torn blood vessels, or damage caused by sharp fractured bone to organs and/or blood vessels. The sequence of energy-dissipating and speed-reducing technologies—crumple zone — seat belt — airbags — padded interior—are designed to work together as a system to reduce the force of the impact on the outside of the passenger(s)'s body and the final impact of organs inside the body. In a collision, slowing down the deceleration of the human body by even a few tenths of a second drastically reduces the force involved. Force is a simple equation: Force = mass X acceleration. Cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half. Therefore, changing the deceleration time from .2 seconds to .8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reduction in total force.

text: Part I, para 1 of the VDPA starts with "The World Conference on Human Rights reaffirms the solemn commitment of all States to fulfill their obligations to promote universal respect for, and observance and protection of, all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, other instruments relating to human rights, and international law. The universal nature of these rights and freedoms is beyond question."The VDPA acknowledges that international cooperation to realise human rights is vital, Part I, para 1 going on to state: "In this framework, enhancement of international cooperation in the field of human rights is essential for the full achievement of the purposes of the United Nations."However, the VDPA firmly places the ultimate responsibility for realizing human rights with the State, or the respective governments, Part I, para 1 concluding that: "Human rights and fundamental freedoms are the birthright of all human beings; their protection and promotion is the first responsibility of Governments."Recognising the rising importance of NGOs, the VDPA states in Part I, para 13: "There is a need for States and international organizations, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations, to create favourable conditions at the national, regional and international levels to ensure the full and effective enjoyment of human rights. States should eliminate all violations of human rights and their causes, as well as obstacles to the enjoyment of these rights."And on ratification of international treaties on human rights, the VDPA states in Part I, para 26 that it "welcomes the progress made in the codification of human rights instruments, which is a dynamic and evolving process, and urges the universal ratification of human rights treaties. All States are encouraged to accede to these international instruments; all States are encouraged to avoid, as far as possible, the resort to reservations."And on remedy and redress of human rights violation, VDPA states in Part I, para 27 that "Every State should provide an effective framework of remedies and redress human rights grievances or violations. The administration of justice, including law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies and, especially, an independent judiciary and legal profession in full conformity with applicable standards contained in international human rights instruments, are essential to the full and non-discriminatory realization of human rights and indispensable to the processes of democracy and sustainable development".

text: international treaties on human rights

text: , the VDPA states in Part I, para 26 that it "welcomes the progress made in the codification of

text: human rights instruments

text: , which is a dynamic and evolving process, and urges the universal ratification of human rights treaties. All States are encouraged to accede to these international instruments; all States are encouraged to avoid, as far as possible, the resort to

text: reservations

text: ."And on

text: remedy

text: and

text: redress

text: of human rights violation, VDPA states in Part I, para 27 that "Every State should provide an effective framework of remedies and redress human rights grievances or violations. The administration of justice, including law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies and, especially, an independent judiciary and legal profession in full conformity with applicable standards contained in

text: international human rights instruments

text: , are essential to the full and non-discriminatory realization of human rights and indispensable to the processes of democracy and

text: sustainable development

text: A study published in Human Fertility in March 2011 suggests that some human males often or always excrete sperm carried out of the body by Cowper's gland secretions prior to ejaculation, at concentrations similar to those found in their semen. This could result in the possibility of conception from the introduction of pre-ejaculate alone to the vagina, though the direct probability of pregnancy has not been assessed.

text: A study published in Human Fertility in March 2011 suggests that some human males often or always excrete

text: sperm

text: carried out of the body by Cowper's gland secretions prior to ejaculation, at concentrations similar to those found in their

text: semen

text: . This could result in the possibility of conception from the introduction of pre-ejaculate alone to the vagina, though the direct probability of pregnancy has not been assessed.

text: A body is usually considered to be a rigid or flexible part of a mechanical system (not to be confused with the human body). An example of a body is the arm of a robot, a wheel or axle in a car or the human forearm. A link is the connection of two or more bodies, or a body with the ground. The link is defined by certain (kinematical) constraints that restrict the relative motion of the bodies. Typical constraints are:

text: Paxton not only utilized the architecture of the human body but he used objects to emphasize how the body could manipulate itself around different objects.  He was interested in texture, shape, size, and even how the use of animals influenced or changed his dance vocabulary. This is apparent in such pieces as Jag Ville Gorna Telefonera (1964). In this piece he used three chickens, a full-sized overstuffed chair made of cake and yellow frosting, and clothes with zippers in the seams that could be taken off and put back together in an assortment of ways.

text: E-leadership is a social influence process, mediated by technology, to produce a change in attitudes, feelings, thinking, behavior, and performance with individuals, groups, or organizations to direct them toward achieving a specific goal;. As stated by Avolio and Kahai (2002), this involves enhancing the relationships among organizational members in a context in which work is mediated by technology. In this case, communication and the collection and dissemination of information occurs via information technology.Traditionally, leadership in organizations involve face-to-face interactions. Now, leaders may lead entire projects from a distance and interact with followers solely through information technology. Today, organizations are incorporating technology that interactions, creating a need for e-leadership. This wiring involves forms of technology such as videoconferencing, online collaboration software, cellphones, e-mail, and Wi-Fi. As a result, organizations are struggling with technological-integration issues while employees face a steep learning curve;. However, our understanding of how information systems change human dynamics has lagged behind the introduction and use of new technology. Thus, technology is being used without knowing the full extend of its impact on human dynamics in organizations.

text: The verse 1.5, for example, states, "we meditate on the river whose water consists of five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountainhead is the mind, of course of the five kinds of perceptions. It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains, it has fifty kinds of sufferings, and five branches." Adi Shankara and other scholars have explained, using more ancient Indian texts, what each of these numbers correspond to. For example, the five streams are five receptive organs of a human body, the five waves are the five active organs of a human body, and five rapids are the major health-related life stages.

text: The verse 1.5, for example, states, "we meditate on the river whose water consists of five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountainhead is the mind, of course of the five kinds of perceptions. It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains, it has fifty kinds of sufferings, and five branches."

text: Adi Shankara

text: and other scholars have explained, using more ancient Indian texts, what each of these numbers correspond to. For example, the five streams are five receptive organs of a human body, the five waves are the five active organs of a human body, and five rapids are the major health-related life stages.

text: The first one is about all that happened before doctors concentrated their studies upon Anatomy. So it lasts from the time of Hippocrates since the introduction of a rigorous study of the structure of human body. Since then operations were made with brutal rapidity, and there was no regard for antisepsis.

text: In the report of the Ministry is also clear that the doses of mesenchymal stem cells in the protocol of Vannoni are minimal, "suitable for mice, not for humans"; the dose used for stem cell transplantation in humans, is about two million per kilogram of body weight, while the protocol Stamina involves the transplantation of two million cells in total, without taking into account the body weight. It would have also been discovered that the protocol delivered to the Civilian Hospitals of Brescia and that one delivered to the Ministry would be different.

text: In the report of the Ministry is also clear that the doses of

text: mesenchymal stem cells

text: in the protocol of Vannoni are minimal, "suitable for

text: mice

text: , not for humans"; the dose used for stem cell transplantation in humans, is about two million per kilogram of body weight, while the protocol Stamina involves the transplantation of two million cells in total, without taking into account the body weight. It would have also been discovered that the protocol delivered to the Civilian Hospitals of

text: Brescia

text: and that one delivered to the Ministry would be different.

text: The European Union Tissues and Cells Directives (EUTCD) introduced common safety and quality standards for human tissues and cells across the European Union (EU).

text: There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

text: International non-governmental human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Service for Human Rights and FIDH monitor what they see as human rights issues around the world and promote their views on the subject. Human rights organizations have been said to ""translate complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community".Human rights organizations frequently engage in lobbying and advocacy in an effort to convince the United Nations, supranational bodies and national governments to adopt their policies on human rights. Many human-rights organizations have observer status at the various UN bodies tasked with protecting human rights. A new (in 2009) non-governmental human-rights conference is the Oslo Freedom Forum, a gathering described by The Economist as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum." The same article noted that human-rights advocates are more and more divided amongst themselves over how violations of human rights are to be defined, notably as regards the Middle East.

text: International non-governmental human rights organizations such as

text: Amnesty International

text: Human Rights Watch

text: International Service for Human Rights

text: and

text: FIDH

text: monitor what they see as human rights issues around the world and promote their views on the subject. Human rights organizations have been said to ""translate complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community".Human rights organizations frequently engage in

text: lobbying

text: and

text: advocacy

text: in an effort to convince the United Nations, supranational bodies and national governments to adopt their policies on human rights. Many human-rights organizations have observer status at the various UN bodies tasked with protecting human rights. A new (in 2009) non-governmental human-rights conference is the

text: Oslo Freedom Forum

text: , a gathering described by

text: The Economist

text: as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum." The same article noted that human-rights advocates are more and more divided amongst themselves over how violations of human rights are to be defined, notably as regards the Middle East.

text: In 1968, the human rights movement in the USSR focused directly on Soviet political psychiatry, organizing public protests and writing international bodies. In 1969, a group of about 14 activists including Sergei Kovalyov, a future Russian human rights ombudsman, constituted the Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR. The group composed the first samizdat (self-published) human rights bulletin, A Chronicle of Current Events. Among the members of the Action Group were individuals who subsequently fell victim to psychiatric abuse themselves: the poet Natalya Gorbanevskaya who in 1968 demonstrated on Red Square against bringing Soviet tanks into Czechoslovakia; Vladimir Borisov who later was one of the founders of the independent labor movement in the Soviet Union; Vladimir Maltsev, a translator; and Leonid Plyushch, a Ukrainian cyberneticist who was committed to the Special Psychiatric Hospital of Dnepropetrovsk and was awfully tortured with neuroleptics. Later three senior Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists examined Leonid Plyushch and "saw no indication of schizophrenia or other mental illness."

text: In 1968, the human rights movement in the USSR focused directly on Soviet political psychiatry, organizing public protests and writing international bodies. In 1969, a group of about 14 activists including

text: Sergei Kovalyov

text: , a future Russian human rights ombudsman, constituted the

entity_name: Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR

text: Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR

text: . The group composed the first

text: samizdat

text: (self-published) human rights bulletin,

text: A Chronicle of Current Events

text: . Among the members of the Action Group were individuals who subsequently fell victim to psychiatric abuse themselves: the poet

text: Natalya Gorbanevskaya

text: who in 1968 demonstrated on

text: Red Square

text: against bringing Soviet tanks into

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Vladimir Borisov

text: who later was one of the founders of the independent labor movement in the Soviet Union;

text: Vladimir Maltsev

text: , a translator; and

text: Leonid Plyushch

text: , a Ukrainian

text: cyberneticist

text: who was committed to the Special Psychiatric Hospital of

text: Dnepropetrovsk

text: and was awfully tortured with

text: neuroleptics

text: . Later three senior Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists examined Leonid Plyushch and "saw no indication of schizophrenia or other mental illness."

text: Scientists have established a few prostate cancer cell lines to investigate the mechanism involved in the progression of prostate cancer. LNCaP, PC-3 (PC3), and DU-145 (DU145) are commonly used prostate cancer cell lines. The LNCaP cancer cell line was established from a human lymph node metastatic lesion of prostatic adenocarcinoma. PC-3 and DU-145 cells were established from human prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to bone and to brain, respectively. LNCaP cells express androgen receptor (AR); however, PC-3 and DU-145 cells express very little or no AR. AR, an androgen-activated transcription factor, belongs to the steroid nuclear receptor family. Development of the prostate is dependent on androgen signaling mediated through AR, and AR is also important during the development of prostate cancer. The proliferation of LNCaP cells is androgen-dependent but the proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145 cells is androgen-insensitive. Elevation of AR expression is often observed in advanced prostate tumors in patients. Some androgen-independent LNCaP sublines have been developed from the ATCC androgen-dependent LNCaP cells after androgen deprivation for study of prostate cancer progression. These androgen-independent LNCaP cells have elevated AR expression and express prostate specific antigen upon androgen treatment. The paradox is that androgens inhibit the proliferation of these androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.

text: Scientists have established a few prostate cancer

text: cell lines

text: to investigate the mechanism involved in the progression of prostate cancer.

text: LNCaP

text: , PC-3 (

text: ), and DU-145 (

text: ) are commonly used prostate cancer cell lines. The LNCaP cancer cell line was established from a human lymph node metastatic lesion of prostatic adenocarcinoma. PC-3 and DU-145 cells were established from human prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to bone and to brain, respectively. LNCaP cells express

text: androgen receptor

text: (AR); however, PC-3 and DU-145 cells express very little or no AR. AR, an androgen-activated

text: transcription factor

text: , belongs to the steroid

text: nuclear receptor

text: family. Development of the prostate is dependent on androgen signaling mediated through AR, and AR is also important during the development of prostate cancer. The proliferation of LNCaP cells is

text: androgen

text: -dependent but the proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145 cells is

text: androgen

text: -insensitive. Elevation of AR expression is often observed in advanced prostate

text: tumor

text: s in patients. Some androgen-independent LNCaP sublines have been developed from the ATCC androgen-dependent LNCaP cells after androgen deprivation for study of prostate cancer progression. These

text: androgen

text: -independent LNCaP cells have elevated

text: AR

text: expression and express

text: prostate specific antigen

text: upon

text: androgen

text: treatment. The paradox is that

text: androgen

text: s inhibit the proliferation of these

text: androgen

text: -independent prostate

text: cancer

text: cells.

text: Recently, several publications have reported that laminins can be used to culture cells, such as pluripotent stem cells, that are difficult to culture on other substrates. Mostly, two types of laminins have been used. Laminin-111 extracted from mouse sarcomas is one popular laminin type, as well as a mixture of laminins 511 and 521 from human placenta. Various laminin isoforms are practically impossible to isolate from tissues in pure form due to extensive cross-linking and the need for harsh extraction conditions, such as proteolytic enzymes or low pH, that cause degradation. However, professor Tryggvason's group at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden showed how to produce recombinant laminins using HEK293 cells in 2000. Kortesmaa et al. 2000. This made it possible to test if laminins could have a significant role in vitro as they have in the human body. In 2008, two groups independently showed that mouse embryonic stem cells can be grown for months on top of recombinant laminin-511. Later, Rodin et al. showed that recombinant laminin 511 can be used to create a totally xeno-free and defined cell culture environment to culture human pluripotent ES cells and human iPS cells.

text: Like  Clement, Origen (185-254?) was an African. Also like Clement, Origen considers the human body a prison of the soul. Only the soul existed in paradise, according to Origen, the body was taken on by Adam and  Eve; as they were cast out of paradise. The body tends to be oriented toward lust and sin, but it is also a creation of God. God created the body like a work of art in his image. This creation reflects God’s intelligence. The human body is (eikon) somehow similar to God. To be completed as a mirror of him, is the task for every Christian. Unlike the human body,  the soul is an image of God. The body cannot be an image of God, otherwise God would look like a human being with a human body. Only the soul can see God, but it is caught between the flesh and spirit. It constantly has to make a choice between the two. Origen suggests, that Christians should free themselves from bodily restrictions as much as possible in this life. The body is important however,  in the context of resurrection. Origen believes that only  the resurrection of the body makes any sense. While he heeds Saint Paul, that the resurrection of the body will mean a new  body,  he insists, its identity  must be recognizable. Yet, he states, our hope for resurrection is not one for worms,  and our souls do not yearn for another decayable body.

text: Like  Clement,

text: Origen

text: (185-254?) was an African. Also like Clement, Origen considers the human body a prison of the soul. Only the soul existed in paradise, according to Origen, the body was taken on by Adam and  Eve; as they were cast out of paradise. The body tends to be oriented toward lust and sin, but it is also a creation of God. God created the body like a work of art in his image. This creation reflects God’s intelligence. The human body is (eikon) somehow similar to God. To be completed as a mirror of him, is the task for every Christian. Unlike the human body,  the soul is an image of God. The body cannot be an image of God, otherwise God would look like a human being with a human body. Only the soul can see God, but it is caught between the flesh and spirit. It constantly has to make a choice between the two. Origen suggests, that Christians should free themselves from bodily restrictions as much as possible in this life. The body is important however,  in the context of resurrection. Origen believes that only  the resurrection of the body makes any sense. While he heeds Saint Paul, that the resurrection of the body will mean a new  body,  he insists, its identity  must be recognizable. Yet, he states, our hope for resurrection is not one for worms,  and our souls do not yearn for another decayable body.

text: The series Once Upon a Time... Life used the same recurring lead characters as the other Once Upon a Time... series: the good characters represent the cells that make up the body's systems and defense mechanisms, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, while the bad characters represent the viruses and bacteria that threaten to attack the human body. Every episode of the series featured a different organ or system within the human body (like the brain, the heart, the circulatory system, etc.).

text: The series Once Upon a Time... Life used the same recurring lead characters as the other Once Upon a Time... series: the good characters represent the cells that make up the body's systems and defense mechanisms, such as

text: red blood cells

text: white blood cells

text: and

text: platelets

text: , while the bad characters represent the

text: viruses

text: and

text: bacteria

text: that threaten to attack the human body. Every episode of the series featured a different organ or system within the human body (like the

text: brain

text: , the

text: heart

text: , the

text: circulatory system

text: , etc.).

text: The Medical Institute of Bioregulation at Kyushu University seeks to facilitate understanding of the essential regulatory mechanisms involved inhuman biology at the cellular and molecular levels, with a long-term goal of curing diseases. At the Institute, we are interested in learning how individual cells regulate each other in the complex multi-cellular environment of the human body. The body is constantly exposed to a variety of threats such as infection, apoptosis, malfunctioning of organelles, and tumorigenesis. Yet, most of the time, homeostasis is maintained, and the body survives. How do our bodies, organs, and cells thwart threats and prevent disasters? We believe that the answers to this question will provide cures to medical conditions ranging from infection, cancer, allergies, and autoimmune diseases to multi-factorial genetic disorders and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.

text: River Out of Eden comprises five chapters. The first chapter lays down the framework on which the rest of the book is built, that life is a river of genes flowing through geological time where organisms are mere temporary bodies. The second chapter shows how human ancestry can be traced via many gene pathways to different most recent common ancestors, with special emphasis on the African Eve. The third chapter describes how gradual enhancement via natural selection is the only mechanism which can create the complexity we observe all around us in nature. The fourth chapter expounds on the utter indifference of genes towards organisms they build and discard, in their relentless drive to maximise their own utility functions. The last chapter summarises milestones during the evolution of life on Earth and speculates on how similar processes may work in alien planetary systems.

text: River Out of Eden comprises five chapters. The first chapter lays down the framework on which the rest of the book is built, that life is a river of

text: gene

text: s flowing through

text: geological time

text: where

text: organism

text: s are mere temporary bodies. The second chapter shows how human ancestry can be traced via many gene pathways to different

text: most recent common ancestor

text: s, with special emphasis on the

text: African Eve

text: . The third chapter describes how gradual enhancement via natural selection is the only mechanism which can create the complexity we observe all around us in nature. The fourth chapter expounds on the utter indifference of genes towards organisms they build and discard, in their relentless drive to maximise their own

text: utility function

text: s. The last chapter summarises milestones during the evolution of life on

text: Earth

text: and speculates on how similar processes may work in

text: alien

text: planetary system

text: s.

text: A short history of the introduction in clinical use of valves made of animal tissue for heart valve replacement in humans allows us to appreciate the evolution of this chapter of cardiac surgery and to imagine future potential developments in this field.

text: "The Human Tissue Act (HT Act) 2004 established the Human Tissue Authority (HTA) as the regulatory body in England, Wales and Northern Ireland for all matters concerning the removal, retention, use and disposal of human tissue (excluding gametes and embryos) for specified purposes. This includes responsibility for licensing the public display of whole bodies, body parts and human tissue from the deceased (if they died after 1 September 1906)."

text: Body composition may also be analyzed in terms of molecular type (e.g., water, protein, connective tissue, fats (or lipids)Hydroxylapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA. In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, muscle, bone, etc. In terms of cell type, the body contains hundreds of different types of cells, but notably, the largest number of cells contained in a human body (though not the largest mass of cells) are not human cells, but consist of bacteria (bacterial cells) residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract.

text: Body composition may also be analyzed in terms of molecular type (e.g.,

text: water

text: protein

text: connective tissue

text: fat

text: s (or

text: lipid

text: s)

text: Hydroxylapatite

text: (in bones),

text: carbohydrates

text: (such as

text: glycogen

text: and

text: glucose

text: ) and

text: DNA

text: . In terms of tissue type, the body may be analyzed into water, fat, muscle, bone, etc. In terms of cell type, the body contains hundreds of different types of cells, but notably, the largest number of cells contained in a human body (though not the largest mass of cells) are not human cells, but consist of bacteria (bacterial cells) residing in the normal human gastrointestinal tract.

text: Some of the essential elements that make up the human body, mainly potassium and carbon, have radioactive isotopes that add significantly to our background radiation dose. An average human contains about 30 milligrams of potassium-40 (K) and about 10 nanograms (10 g) of carbon-14 (C),  which has a decay half-life of 5,730 years. Excluding internal contamination by external radioactive material, the largest component of internal radiation exposure from biologically functional components of the human body is from potassium-40. The decay of about 4,000 nuclei of K per second makes potassium the largest source of radiation in terms of number of decaying atoms. The energy of beta particles produced by K is also about 10 times that from the beta particles from C decay.C is present in the human body at a level of 3700 Bq with a biological half-life of 40 days. There are about 1,200 beta particles per second produced by the decay of C. However, a C atom is in the genetic information of about half the cells, while potassium is not a component of DNA. The decay of a C atom inside DNA in one person happens about 50 times per second, changing a carbon atom to one of nitrogen. The global average internal dose from radionuclides other than radon and its decay products is 0.29 mSv/a, of which 0.17 mSv/a comes from K, 0.12 mSv/a comes from the uranium and thorium series, and 12 μSv/a comes from C.

text: Some of the essential elements that make up the human body, mainly potassium and carbon, have radioactive isotopes that add significantly to our background radiation dose. An average human contains about 30 milligrams of

text: (K) and about 10 nanograms (10 g) of

text: (C),  which has a decay half-life of 5,730 years. Excluding internal contamination by external radioactive material, the largest component of internal radiation exposure from biologically functional components of the human body is from potassium-40. The decay of about 4,000 nuclei of K per second makes potassium the largest source of radiation in terms of number of decaying atoms. The energy of

text: beta particle

text: s produced by K is also about 10 times that from the beta particles from C decay.C is present in the human body at a level of 3700 Bq with a

text: biological half-life

text: of 40 days. There are about 1,200 beta particles per second produced by the decay of C. However, a C atom is in the genetic information of about half the cells, while potassium is not a component of

text: DNA

text: . The decay of a C atom inside DNA in one person happens about 50 times per second, changing a carbon atom to one of

text: nitrogen

text: . The global average internal dose from radionuclides other than radon and its decay products is 0.29 mSv/a, of which 0.17 mSv/a comes from K, 0.12 mSv/a comes from the uranium and thorium series, and 12 μSv/a comes from C.

text: Applicants may demonstrate their knowledge of human anatomy and physiology by completing a course in human anatomy, human physiology, or human biology provided by a regionally-accredited academic institution or a BCIA-approved training program or by successfully completing an Anatomy and Physiology exam covering the organization of the human body and its systems.

text: The widespread use of the term regenerative medicine is attributed to William A. Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences). Haseltine was briefed on the project to isolate human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells at Geron Corporation in collaboration with researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He recognized that these cells' unique ability to differentiate into all the cell types of the human body (pluripotency) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy. Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term "regenerative medicine" in the way that it is used today: "an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by time" and "offers the prospect of curing diseases that cannot be treated effectively today, including those related to aging." From 1995 to 1998 Michael D. West, PhD, organized and managed the research between Geron Corporation and its academic collaborators James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University that led to the first isolation of human embryonic stem and human embryonic germ cells, respectively.

text: The widespread use of the term regenerative medicine is attributed to

text: William A. Haseltine

text: (founder of

text: Human Genome Sciences

text: ). Haseltine was briefed on the project to isolate human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells at

text: Geron Corporation

text: in collaboration with researchers at the

text: University of Wisconsin-Madison

text: and

text: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

text: . He recognized that these cells' unique ability to

text: differentiate

text: into all the cell types of the human body (

text: pluripotency

text: ) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy. Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term "regenerative medicine" in the way that it is used today: "an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by time" and "offers the prospect of curing diseases that cannot be treated effectively today, including those related to aging." From 1995 to 1998

text: Michael D. West

text: , PhD, organized and managed the research between

text: Geron Corporation

text: and its academic collaborators

text: James Thomson

text: at the

text: University of Wisconsin-Madison

text: and John Gearhart of

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: that led to the first isolation of human embryonic stem and human embryonic germ cells, respectively.

text: TMEM 249 expression is present at a high level in a wide variety of human tissues.  GEO tissue profiles for this protein show that this protein is present in a wide variety of locations within the human body.  The human protein atlas claims an even wider expression scope for this protein(source).

text: Michael D. West, PhD, is a gerontologist, and a pioneer in stem cells, cellular aging and telomere researcher, previous CEO of Advanced Cell Technology aka Ocata (NASDAQ: OCAT), founder of Geron () (a J&J partner) and is the current CEO of BioTime, Inc. () of Alameda, California (San Francisco Bay Area), a biotechnology company regarded as a leader in the field of regenerative medicine with a focus on Cell Therapies based on pluripotent stem cells that are regarded as all powerful with the ability to become all cells types of the human body. BioTime stock is traded on the NYSE MKT and TASE change under ticker symbol BTX.

text: Michael D. West, PhD, is a

text: gerontologist

text: and a pioneer in stem cells,

text: cellular aging

text: and

text: telomere

text: researcher, previous CEO of

text: Advanced Cell Technology

text: aka Ocata (NASDAQ: OCAT), founder of

text: Geron

text: () (a J&J partner) and is the current CEO of

text: BioTime

text: , Inc. () of Alameda, California (San Francisco Bay Area), a

text: biotechnology

text: company regarded as a leader in the field of

text: regenerative medicine

text: with a focus on Cell Therapies based on pluripotent stem cells that are regarded as all powerful with the ability to become all cells types of the human body. BioTime stock is traded on the NYSE MKT and TASE change under ticker symbol BTX.

text: Aquinas maintains that a human is a single material substance. He understands the soul as the form of the body, which makes a human being the composite of the two. Thus, only living, form-matter composites can truly be called human; dead bodies are "human" only analogously. One actually existing substance comes from body and soul. A human is a single material substance, but still should be understood as having an immaterial soul, which continues after bodily death.

text: Human experience consists, not of processes in an animal organism, but of these processes recognised as such.  That which we perceive is from the outset an apprehended fact—that is to say, it cannot be analysed into isolated elements (so-called sensations) which, as such, are not constituents of consciousness at all, but exist from the first as a synthesis of relations in a consciousness which keeps distinct the "self" and the various elements of the "object," though holding all together in the unity of the act of perception.  In other words, the whole mental structure we call knowledge consists, in its simplest equally with its most complex constituents, of the "work of the mind." Locke and Hume held that the work of the mind was eo ipso [by that very act] unreal because it was "made by" humans and not "given to" humans. It thus represented a subjective creation, not an objective fact. But this consequence follows only upon the assumption that the work of the mind is arbitrary, an assumption shown to be unjustified by the results of exact science, with the distinction, universally recognised, which such science draws between truth and falsehood, between the real and "mere ideas." This (obviously valid) distinction logically involves the consequence that the object, or content, of knowledge, viz., reality, is an intelligible ideal reality, a system of thought relations, a spiritual cosmos. How is the existence of this ideal whole to be accounted for? Only by the existence of some "principle which renders all relations possible and is itself determined by none of them"; an eternal self-consciousness which knows in whole what we know in part. To God the world is, to humans the world becomes. Human experience is God gradually made manifest.

text: Human experience consists, not of processes in an animal organism, but of these processes recognised as such.  That which we perceive is from the outset an apprehended fact—that is to say, it cannot be analysed into isolated elements (so-called sensations) which, as such, are not constituents of consciousness at all, but exist from the first as a synthesis of relations in a consciousness which keeps distinct the "self" and the various elements of the "object," though holding all together in the unity of the act of perception.  In other words, the whole mental structure we call knowledge consists, in its simplest equally with its most complex constituents, of the "work of the mind."

text: Locke

text: and Hume held that the work of the mind was eo ipso [by that very act] unreal because it was "made by" humans and not "given to" humans. It thus represented a subjective creation, not an objective fact. But this consequence follows only upon the assumption that the work of the mind is arbitrary, an assumption shown to be unjustified by the results of exact science, with the distinction, universally recognised, which such science draws between truth and falsehood, between the real and "mere ideas." This (obviously valid) distinction logically involves the consequence that the object, or content, of knowledge, viz., reality, is an intelligible ideal reality, a system of thought relations, a spiritual cosmos. How is the existence of this ideal whole to be accounted for? Only by the existence of some "principle which renders all relations possible and is itself determined by none of them"; an eternal self-consciousness which knows in whole what we know in part. To God the world is, to humans the world becomes. Human experience is God gradually made manifest.

text: The Chapter 1 uses many similes using nature to describe how the soul and the human body interact. The Brahman (Atman) leads all these gods within the human body, and they follow him, asserts the text, in a way similar to bees and queen-bee. They do and focus on what the Atman wants. He connects a web with them, and withdraws within itself like a spider. In a similar way, Prana spreads out into arteries in the temple that is human body and also retracts when it wants to. When the human body goes into deep sleep, the Prana retires, just like falcon soars to the skies when he wants to and then goes to his nest to retire.

text: The Chapter 1 uses many

text: similes

text: using nature to describe how the soul and the human body interact. The Brahman (Atman) leads all these gods within the human body, and they follow him, asserts the text, in a way similar to bees and queen-bee. They do and focus on what the Atman wants. He connects a web with them, and withdraws within itself like a spider. In a similar way, Prana spreads out into arteries in the temple that is human body and also retracts when it wants to. When the human body goes into deep sleep, the Prana retires, just like falcon soars to the skies when he wants to and then goes to his nest to retire.

text: Bone cells, which are found within the bone tissue, make up the skeletons of vertebrates. There are different types of bone tissue in a bone, made up of various types of bone cells: there is the cortical bone, which is the compact tissue of the hard outer part (cortex) of the bone; the cancellous bone, which is the spongy tissue inside of the compact cortex; and the subchondral tissue, which is the smooth tissue at the end of each bone. Bone cells all work together inside of the bones to help keep up the skeletal system. The bone cells do many things for the skeletal system, such as the development of new bones and continual bone remodeling (the maintenance of bones and the homeostatic regulation of minerals in the body). Types of bone cell include osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue; osteoblasts, which build new bone tissue; osteocytes, which hold up the bone together; and lining cells, which protect the bone.

text: Bone cells, which are found within the

text: bone tissue

text: , make up the

text: skeleton

text: s of vertebrates. There are different types of bone tissue in a

text: bone

text: , made up of various types of bone cells: there is the

text: cortical bone

text: , which is the compact tissue of the hard outer part (cortex) of the bone; the

text: cancellous bone

text: , which is the spongy tissue inside of the compact cortex; and the subchondral tissue, which is the smooth tissue at the end of each bone. Bone cells all work together inside of the bones to help keep up the skeletal system. The bone cells do many things for the skeletal system, such as the development of new bones and continual

text: bone remodeling

text: (the maintenance of bones and the

text: homeostatic

text: regulation of minerals in the body). Types of bone cell include

text: osteoclast

text: s, which break down bone tissue;

text: osteoblast

text: s, which build new bone tissue;

text: osteocyte

text: s, which hold up the bone together; and lining cells, which protect the bone.

text: The topic of the poem deals with the "maid of Orleans", or Joan of Arc, and how she was able to conquer her enemies. The maid is educated by nature and is said to know more about society and humanity than the educated. Her destiny is to fix society and to lead humanity to a better life. However, she is a character that is also separated from humanity in a way similar to the characters found within many Romantic poems. Philosophically, the poem is rooted in the works of Plato and Plotinus along with St. Paul. There is a connection within the poem to the ideas of Berkley, and the original lines of the poem were influenced by the philosophy of Godwin, Hartley, and Priestley. Coleridge, at the end of his life, wrote: "Within 12 months after the writing of this poem my bold Optimism, and Necessitarianism, together with the Infra, sue plusquam-Socinianism, down to which, step by step, I had unbelieved, gave way to the day-break of a more genial and less shallow System. But I contemplate with pleasure these Phases of my Transition."

text: The topic of the poem deals with the "maid of Orleans", or

text: Joan of Arc

text: , and how she was able to conquer her enemies. The maid is educated by nature and is said to know more about society and humanity than the educated. Her destiny is to fix society and to lead humanity to a better life. However, she is a character that is also separated from humanity in a way similar to the characters found within many Romantic poems. Philosophically, the poem is rooted in the works of

text: Plato

text: and

text: Plotinus

text: along with

text: St. Paul

text: . There is a connection within the poem to the ideas of Berkley, and the original lines of the poem were influenced by the philosophy of Godwin, Hartley, and Priestley. Coleridge, at the end of his life, wrote: "Within 12 months after the writing of this poem my bold Optimism, and Necessitarianism, together with the Infra, sue plusquam-Socinianism, down to which, step by step, I had unbelieved, gave way to the day-break of a more genial and less shallow System. But I contemplate with pleasure these Phases of my Transition."

text: Yana is determined by capacity and propensity of the "precious human body" wrought by merit, not by a specific teaching or lineage, as Gampopa states:

text: Yana is determined by capacity and propensity of the "precious human body" wrought by

text: merit

text: , not by a specific teaching or lineage, as Gampopa states:

text: EBOV is thought to infect humans through contact with mucous membranes or through skin breaks. Once infected, endothelial cells (cells lining the inside of blood vessels),  liver cells, and several types of immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells are the main targets of infection. Following infection with the virus, the immune cells carry the virus to nearby lymph nodes where further reproduction of the virus takes place. From there, the virus can enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system and spread throughout the body. Macrophages are the first cells infected with the virus, and this infection results in programmed cell death. Other types of white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, also undergo programmed cell death leading to an abnormally low concentration of lymphocytes in the blood. This contributes to the weakened immune response seen in those infected with EBOV.

text: EBOV is thought to infect humans through contact with mucous membranes or through skin breaks. Once infected,

text: endothelial cells

text: (cells lining the inside of blood vessels),  liver cells, and several types of immune cells such as

text: macrophages, monocytes

text: , and dendritic cells are the main targets of infection. Following infection with the virus, the immune cells carry the virus to nearby

text: lymph node

text: s where further reproduction of the virus takes place. From there, the virus can enter the bloodstream and

text: lymphatic system

text: and spread throughout the body. Macrophages are the first cells infected with the virus, and this infection results in

text: programmed cell death

text: . Other types of

text: white blood cell

text: s, such as

text: lymphocyte

text: s, also undergo programmed cell death leading to an abnormally

text: low concentration of lymphocytes

text: in the blood. This contributes to the weakened immune response seen in those infected with EBOV.

text: The CNS consists of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes that are generated from multipotent stem cells. NCRP Report No. 153 provides the following excellent and short introduction to the composition and cell types of interest for radiation studies of the CNS: “The CNS consists of neurons differing markedly in size and number per unit area. There are several nuclei or centers that consist of closely packed neuron cell bodies (e.g., the respiratory and cardiac centers in the floor of the fourth ventricle). In the cerebral cortex the large neuron cell bodies, such as Betz cells, are separated by a considerable distance. Of additional importance are the neuroglia which are the supporting cells and consist of astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia. These cells permeate and support the nervous tissue of the CNS, binding it together like a scaffold that also supports the vasculature. The most numerous of the neuroglia are Type I astrocytes, which make up about half the brain, greatly outnumbering the neurons. Neuroglia retain the capability of cell division in contrast to neurons and, therefore, the responses to radiation differ between the cell types. A third type of tissue in the brain is the vasculature which exhibits a comparable vulnerability for radiation damage to that found elsewhere in the body. Radiation-induced damage to oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells of the vasculature accounts for major aspects of the pathogenesis of brain damage that can occur after high doses of low-LET radiation.” Based on studies with low-LET radiation, the CNS is considered a radioresistant tissue. For example: in radiotherapy, early brain complications in adults usually do not develop if daily fractions of 2 Gy or less are administered with a total dose of up to 50 Gy. The tolerance dose in the CNS, as with other tissues, depends on the volume and the specific anatomical location in the human brain that is irradiated.

text: The final major anatomist of ancient times was Galen, active in the 2nd century. He compiled much of the knowledge obtained by previous writers, and furthered the inquiry into the function of organs by performing vivisection on animals. Due to a lack of readily available human specimens, discoveries through animal dissection were broadly applied to human anatomy as well.  Galen served as chief physician to the gladiators in Pergamum (AD 158). Through his position with the gladiators, Galen was able to study all kinds of wounds without performing any actual human dissection. By default, Galen was able to view much of the abdominal cavity. His study on pigs and apes, however, gave him more detailed information about the organs and provided the basis for his medical tracts. Around 100 of these tracts survive and fill 22 volumes of modern text. His two great anatomical works are On anatomical procedure and On the uses of the parts of the body of man. The information in these tracts became the foundation of authority for all medical writers and physicians for the next 1300 years until they were challenged by Vesalius and Harvey in the 16th century.

text: The final major anatomist of ancient times was

text: Galen

text: , active in the 2nd century. He compiled much of the knowledge obtained by previous writers, and furthered the inquiry into the function of organs by performing

text: vivisection

text: on animals. Due to a lack of readily available human specimens, discoveries through animal dissection were broadly applied to human anatomy as well.  Galen served as chief physician to the gladiators in

text: Pergamum

text: (AD 158). Through his position with the gladiators, Galen was able to study all kinds of wounds without performing any actual human dissection. By default, Galen was able to view much of the abdominal cavity. His study on pigs and apes, however, gave him more detailed information about the organs and provided the basis for his medical tracts. Around 100 of these tracts survive and fill 22 volumes of modern text. His two great anatomical works are On anatomical procedure and On the uses of the parts of the body of man. The information in these tracts became the foundation of authority for all medical writers and physicians for the next 1300 years until they were challenged by

text: Vesalius

text: and

text: Harvey

text: in the 16th century.

text: For organ dose calculations, NASA uses the model of Billings et al. to represent the self-shielding of the human body in a water-equivalent mass approximation.  Consideration of the orientation of the human body relative to vehicle shielding should be made if it is known, especially for SPEs

text: Circadian literally translates to "about a day" in Latin. This refers to the human 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. This cycle is driven by light. The human body must photoentrain or synchronize itself with light in order to make this happen. The rod cells are the photoreceptor cells in the retina capable of sensing light. However, they are not what sets the biological clock. The photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain a pigment called melanopsin. This photopigment is depolarized in the presence of light, unlike the rods which are hyperpolarized. Melanopsin encodes the day-night cycle to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN evokes a response from the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord modulate the superior cervical ganglia, which synapses on the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes the neurohormone melatonin from tryptophan. Melatonin is secreted into the bloodstream where it affects neural activity by interacting with melatonin receptors on the SCN. The SCN is then able to influence the sleep wake cycle, acting as the "apex of a hierarchy" that governs physiological timing functions. "Rest and sleep are the best example of self-organized operations within neuronal circuits".

text: Circadian literally translates to "about a day" in Latin. This refers to the human 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness. This cycle is driven by light. The human body must photoentrain or synchronize itself with light in order to make this happen. The rod cells are the

text: photoreceptor

text: cells in the retina capable of sensing light. However, they are not what sets the biological clock. The photosensitive

text: retinal ganglion cells

text: contain a pigment called melanopsin. This photopigment is depolarized in the presence of light, unlike the rods which are hyperpolarized. Melanopsin encodes the day-night cycle to the

text: suprachiasmatic nucleus

text: (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN evokes a response from the spinal cord. Preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord modulate the superior cervical ganglia, which synapses on the

text: pineal gland

text: . The pineal gland synthesizes the neurohormone melatonin from tryptophan. Melatonin is secreted into the bloodstream where it affects neural activity by interacting with melatonin receptors on the SCN. The SCN is then able to influence the sleep wake cycle, acting as the "apex of a hierarchy" that governs physiological timing functions. "Rest and sleep are the best example of self-organized operations within neuronal circuits".

text: Nanochondria would be able to replicate themselves within the body, even to the point where a mother would pass them on to her children, reducing the need for them to be implanted after the first generation. Even a single nanochondrion inside of an egg cell would be able to replicate to the point where the person that was born from the egg would have nanochondria in every cell in their body.  They would interact with and modify cells in the body,  potentially allowing people to modify or even make copies of themselves. Due to this, they have been criticized for their ability to make synthetic humans, or even "natural robots", as well as their potential to damage DNA. Nanochondria would even allow a person to exhale a utility fog, allowing them to in effect "breathe" a needed tool.

text: Nanochondria would be able to replicate themselves within the body, even to the point where a mother would pass them on to her children, reducing the need for them to be implanted after the first generation. Even a single nanochondrion inside of an

text: egg cell

text: would be able to replicate to the point where the person that was born from the egg would have nanochondria in every cell in their body.  They would interact with and modify cells in the body,  potentially allowing people to modify or even make copies of themselves. Due to this, they have been criticized for their ability to make synthetic humans, or even "natural robots", as well as their potential to damage

text: DNA

text: . Nanochondria would even allow a person to exhale a

text: utility fog

text: , allowing them to in effect "breathe" a needed tool.

text: The origins of religion can be looked at through the lens of the function and processing of the human mind. Pascal Boyer suggests that, for the longest period of time, the brain was thought of as a simple organ of the body. However, he claims that the more information collected about the brain indicates that the brain is indeed not a "blank slate." Humans do not just learn any information from the environment and surroundings around them. They have acquired sophisticated cognitive equipment that prepares them to analyze information in their culture and determine which information is relevant and how to apply it. Boyer states that "having a normal human brain does not imply that you have religion. All it implies is that people can acquire it, which is very different." He suggests that religions started for the reasons of providing answers to humans, giving comfort, providing social order to society, and satisfying the need of the illusion-prone nature of the human mind. Ultimately, religion came into existence because of our need to answer questions and hold together our societal order.

text: The origins of religion can be looked at through the lens of the function and processing of the human mind.

text: Pascal Boyer

text: suggests that, for the longest period of time, the brain was thought of as a simple organ of the body. However, he claims that the more information collected about the brain indicates that the brain is indeed not a "blank slate." Humans do not just learn any information from the environment and surroundings around them. They have acquired sophisticated cognitive equipment that prepares them to analyze information in their culture and determine which information is relevant and how to apply it. Boyer states that "having a normal human brain does not imply that you have religion. All it implies is that people can acquire it, which is very different." He suggests that religions started for the reasons of providing answers to humans, giving comfort, providing social order to society, and satisfying the need of the illusion-prone nature of the human mind. Ultimately, religion came into existence because of our need to answer questions and hold together our societal order.

text: (8 sections; 210,000 words; 38 original figures). The Human Psyche addresses and answers a host of highly significant questions relating to human existence and survival, at both the individuals and social level. Examples of some of these questions are as follows: What is the biological origin of consciousness, thought and intelligence? What is the relationship between emotions and instinct? How did the human psyche evolve from the brains of our animal relatives? What and where is the human mind? How is the human mind organized to produce different cognitive attributes and different personalities? Why do we need a God and where is the human soul? What conjures within us the experience of love or, alternatively, casts us into the oblivion of darkness? What are the origins of good and evil? How are these extremes of human experience represented in religion? How do we imagine things and how does our imagination differ from our dreams? Do all people think in the same way and, if not, are there greater differences between people from different societies, countries, cultures or races than between members of the same community? Where does belief and faith come from? What is the origin of racial conflict? Why is it so easy for politicians to persuade us to go to war? Why does the aggression of battle always result in rape, plunder and pillage? Are we motivated by our thoughts or our emotions? Is there any basis for the politically correct view that all humans have identical brains and that all behavioral and cultural diversity is learned? Why is it said that the longest road is that between the heart and the head?

text: In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction, germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body.

text: In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during

text: sexual reproduction

text: germ cells

text: are cells that give rise to gametes, and

text: stem cells

text: are cells that can divide through

text: mitosis

text: and

text: differentiate

text: into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in

text: mammal

text: s, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to

text: spermatozoa

text: and

text: ova

text: which fuse during

text: fertilization

text: to produce a cell called a

text: zygote

text: , which divides and differentiates into the cells of an

text: embryo

text: . There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body.

text: Just six elements—carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus—make up almost 99% of the mass of living cells, including those in the human body (see composition of the human body for a complete list). In addition to the six major elements that compose most of the human body, humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more.

text: Just six elements—

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: nitrogen

text: oxygen

text: calcium

text: , and

text: phosphorus

text: —make up almost 99% of the mass of living cells, including those in the human body (see

text: composition of the human body

text: for a complete list). In addition to the six major elements that compose most of the human body, humans require smaller amounts of possibly 18 more.

text: The functions of ATP7A in some tissues of the human body are as follows:

text: Thus far, for all species of mammals investigated, the SDN has been repeatedly found to be considerably larger in males than in females. The volume of the SDN was 2.2 times as large in males as in females and contained 2.1 times as many cells. The human SDN was elongated in females and more spherical in males. No sex differences were observed in the human SDN in either cell density or mean diameter of the cell nuclei.  The volume and cell number of the human SDN considerably decreases with age; although, the decrease in cell number is both sex and age-specific. In males, a substantial decrease in the cell number of the human SDN was observed between the age of 50–60 years. Cell death was more common in females than males, especially among those older than 70 years of age. The SDN cell number in females can drop to 10-15% that found in early childhood.

text: Leibel's initial research was focused on adrenergic receptor-mediated effects on lipolysis, and on the control of fatty acid re-esterification in human adipose tissue. Being among the first investigators to describe anatomic site-related differences in alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoreceptor activity in human adipose tissue, Leibel was also one of the first scientists to assess the role of alpha 2 and beta 1 adrenoreceptor in determining the sexual dimorphism in human adipose tissue distribution.

text: Leibel's initial research was focused on

text: adrenergic receptor

text: -mediated effects on

text: lipolysis

text: , and on the control of fatty acid re-esterification in human

text: adipose tissue

text: . Being among the first investigators to describe anatomic site-related differences in alpha 2 and beta 1

text: adrenoreceptor

text: activity in human

text: adipose tissue

text: , Leibel was also one of the first scientists to assess the role of alpha 2 and beta 1

text: adrenoreceptor

text: in determining the

text: sexual dimorphism

text: in human

text: adipose tissue

text: distribution.

text: Clement of Alexandria  (140?-220) viewed the body as the inferior partner in the body-soul relationship. The body tends to be sinful. The soul has three advantages over the body: it gives unity and life to the body; allows the body to reason; and is oriented towards God, while the body is oriented towards food and sex. The body is the grave of the soul, but also its residence, home and its vehicle.  Clement believed that the first humans were innocent until they got trapped by the pleasures of the body. The first humans, by misusing their body, misused their free will and decided to sin.

text: Clement of Alexandria

text: (140?-220) viewed the body as the inferior partner in the body-soul relationship. The body tends to be sinful. The soul has three advantages over the body: it gives unity and life to the body; allows the body to reason; and is oriented towards God, while the body is oriented towards food and sex. The body is the grave of the soul, but also its residence, home and its vehicle.  Clement believed that the first humans were innocent until they got trapped by the pleasures of the body. The first humans, by misusing their body, misused their free will and decided to sin.

text: The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.

text: The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an

text: organ system

text: that gives humans the ability to move using their

text: muscular

text: and

text: skeletal system

text: s. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.

text: Eating cycles are broken down into two phases, the feeding phase and the fasting (or under-eating) phase. These phases are influenced by the biology of the human autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Under normal conditions the human body's sympathetic nervous system kicks in during the day and puts the body in an energy spending activity mode while the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in at night and puts your body in an energy replenishing, relaxed and sleepy mode. Following the science of how these 2 systems ideally work, the Warrior diet aims to keep these systems operating that way by requiring an 18-hour under-feeding phase, ideally during the day, and a 4-6 hour over-feeding phase, ideally at night.

text: Eating cycles are broken down into two phases, the feeding phase and the fasting (or under-eating) phase. These phases are influenced by the biology of the human

text: autonomic nervous system

text: , particularly the

text: sympathetic

text: and

text: parasympathetic nervous systems

text: . Under normal conditions the human body's sympathetic nervous system kicks in during the day and puts the body in an energy spending activity mode while the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in at night and puts your body in an energy replenishing, relaxed and sleepy mode. Following the science of how these 2 systems ideally work, the Warrior diet aims to keep these systems operating that way by requiring an 18-hour under-feeding phase, ideally during the day, and a 4-6 hour over-feeding phase, ideally at night.

text: The protection quantities are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided. These quantities cannot be practically measured and are a calculated value of irradiation of organs of the human body, which is arrived at by using an anthropomorphic phantom. This is a 3D computational model of the human body which attempts to take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation.

text: The protection quantities are used as "limiting quantities" to specify exposure limits to ensure that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided. These quantities cannot be practically measured and are a calculated value of irradiation of organs of the human body, which is arrived at by using an

text: anthropomorphic phantom

text: . This is a 3D computational model of the human body which attempts to take into account a number of complex effects such as body self-shielding and internal scattering of radiation.

text: Several models have shown how relatively simple peer-to-peer vocal interactions, such as imitation, can spontaneously self-organize a system of sounds shared by the whole population, and different in different populations. For example, models elaborated by Berrah et al., as well as de Boer, and recently reformulated using Bayesian theory, showed how a group of individuals playing imitation games can self-organize repertoires of vowel sounds which share substantial properties with human vowel systems. For example, in de Boer's model, initially vowels are generated randomly, but agents learn from each other as they interact repeatedly over time. Agent A chooses a vowel from its repertoire and produces it, inevitably with some noise. Agent B hears this vowel and chooses the closest equivalent from its own repertoire. To check whether this truly matches the original, B produces the vowel it thinks it has heard, whereupon A refers once again to its own repertoire to find the closest equivalent. If this matches the one it initially selected, the game is successful, otherwise it has failed. "Through repeated interactions," according to de Boer, "vowel systems emerge that are very much like the ones found in human languages."

text: An increase in leg length since the evolution of bipedalism changed how leg muscles functioned in upright gait. In humans the "push" for walking comes from the leg muscles acting at the ankle.  A longer leg allows the use of the natural swing of the limb so that, when walking, humans do not need to use muscle to swing the other leg forward for the next step. As a consequence, since the human forelimbs are not needed for locomotion, they are instead optimized for carrying, holding, and manipulating objects with great precision.This results in decreased strength in the forelimbs relative to body size for humans compared to apes.  Having long hindlimbs and short forelimbs allows humans to walk upright, while orangutans and gibbons had the adaptation of longer arms to swing on branches.  Apes can stand on their hindlimbs, but they cannot do so for long periods of time without getting tired.  This is because their femurs are not adapted for bipedalism. Apes have vertical femurs, while humans have femurs that are slightly angled medially from the hip to the knee.   This adaptation allows our knees to be closer together and under the body’s center of gravity.  This permits humans to lock their knees and stand up straight for long periods of time without much effort from the muscles. The gluteus maximum became a major role in walking and is one of the largest muscles in humans. This muscle is much smaller in chimps, which shows that it has an important role in bipedalism. When humans run, our upright posture tends to flex forward as each foot strikes the ground creating momentum forward. The gluteus muscle helps to prevent the upper trunk of the body from "pitching forward" or falling over.

text: Gasson is a proponent of human enhancement using technology implanted into the body, and argues that advanced medical device technology will inevitably drift to non-medical augmentation applications in humans. He also strongly argues that with technology implanted in humans, the separation between man and machine can become theoretical because the technology can be perceived by the human as being a part of their body. Because of this he reasons that, as the boundaries of the human body (the human experience of the body’s delimitation) become increasingly unclear, it should be accepted that the technology augmentation is a part of the body.

text: Due to the considerable anthropological, archaeological, and public interest directed toward human remains, it is only natural that they have received a similar amount of attention from the DNA community. Due to their obvious signs of morphological preservation, many studies utilised mummified tissue as a source of ancient human DNA. Examples include both naturally preserved specimens, for example, those preserved in ice, such as the Ötzi the Iceman (Handt et al. 1994), or through rapid desiccation, such as high-altitude mummies from Andes (c.f. Pääbo 1986; Montiel et al. 2001) as well as various sources of artificially preserved tissue (such as the chemically treated mummies of ancient Egypt). However, mummified remains are a limited resource, and the majority of human aDNA studies have focused on extracting DNA from two sources that are much more common in the archaeological record – bone and teeth. Recently, several other sources have also yielded DNA, including paleofaeces (Poinar et al. 2001) and hair (Baker et al. 2001, Gilbert et al. 2004). Contamination remains a major problem when working on ancient human material. In November 2015, scientists reported finding a 110,000-year-old fossil tooth containing DNA from the Denisovan hominin, an extinct species of human in the genus Homo.

text: Due to the considerable

text: anthropological

text: archaeological

text: , and

text: public interest

text: directed toward human remains, it is only natural that they have received a similar amount of attention from the DNA community. Due to their obvious signs of

text: morphological

text: preservation, many studies utilised mummified tissue as a source of ancient human DNA. Examples include both naturally preserved specimens, for example, those preserved in ice, such as the

text: Ötzi the Iceman

text: (Handt et al. 1994), or through rapid

text: desiccation

text: , such as high-altitude mummies from Andes (c.f.

text: Pääbo

text: 1986; Montiel et al. 2001) as well as various sources of artificially preserved tissue (such as the chemically treated mummies of ancient Egypt). However, mummified remains are a limited resource, and the majority of human aDNA studies have focused on extracting DNA from two sources that are much more common in the

text: archaeological record

text: bone

text: and

text: teeth

text: . Recently, several other sources have also yielded DNA, including

text: paleofaeces

text: Poinar

text: et al. 2001) and

text: hair

text: (Baker et al. 2001, Gilbert et al. 2004). Contamination remains a major problem when working on ancient human material. In November 2015, scientists reported finding a 110,000-year-old fossil tooth containing DNA from the

text: Denisovan hominin

text: , an

text: extinct

text: species

text: of

text: human

text: in the genus

text: Homo

text: The adult Spirometra live in the small intestine of the definitive host—a dog, cat, raccoon, or other mammal—for up to 9 years, where they produce many eggs.  When the host defecates, the unembryonated eggs leave the body in the feces and hatch when they reach fresh water. The eggs are eaten by copepods (crustaceans of the genus Cyclops), which are the first intermediate hosts. In the copepods, the eggs develop into procercoid larvae that live in the body cavity. The second intermediate hosts include fish, reptiles, or amphibians that consume the copepods. The larvae penetrate the intestinal tract of the second intermediate host, where they become plerocercoid larvae and proliferate to the subcutaneous tissues and muscles. The second intermediate host is eventually eaten by a definitive host predator, such as a dog, and the cycle begins again. Humans are accidental hosts in the cycle, becoming infected with the plerocercoid larvae by contact with or ingestion of the first or second intermediate hosts. The larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissues in humans; however, no development takes place and the human is not capable of transmitting the disease. In S. proliferum, many larvae, rather than just a few, proliferate throughout the subcutaneous tissues of humans.

text: The adult Spirometra live in the

text: small intestine

text: of the definitive host—a dog, cat, raccoon, or other mammal—for up to 9 years, where they produce many eggs.  When the host defecates, the unembryonated eggs leave the body in the feces and hatch when they reach fresh water. The eggs are eaten by copepods (crustaceans of the genus

text: Cyclops

text: ), which are the first intermediate hosts. In the copepods, the eggs develop into procercoid larvae that live in the body cavity. The second intermediate hosts include fish, reptiles, or amphibians that consume the copepods. The larvae penetrate the intestinal tract of the second intermediate host, where they become plerocercoid larvae and proliferate to the subcutaneous tissues and muscles. The second intermediate host is eventually eaten by a definitive host predator, such as a dog, and the cycle begins again. Humans are accidental hosts in the cycle, becoming infected with the plerocercoid larvae by contact with or ingestion of the first or second intermediate hosts. The larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissues in humans; however, no development takes place and the human is not capable of transmitting the disease. In S. proliferum, many larvae, rather than just a few, proliferate throughout the subcutaneous tissues of humans.

text: The use of human stem cells, particularly embryonic stem cells, is controversial. Opponents' objections generally are based on interpretations of religious teachings or ethical considerations. Proponents of stem cell research point out that cells are routinely formed and destroyed in a variety of contexts. Use of stem cells taken from the umbilical cord or parts of the adult body may not provoke controversy.

text: The use of human

text: stem cells

text: , particularly

text: embryonic stem cells

text: , is controversial. Opponents' objections generally are based on interpretations of religious teachings or ethical considerations. Proponents of stem cell research point out that cells are routinely formed and destroyed in a variety of contexts. Use of stem cells taken from the umbilical cord or parts of the adult body may not provoke controversy.

text: The secondary oocyte is the largest cell in the body, and in humans is just visible to the naked eye.

text: His production was mainly dedicated to landscapes and monuments of the local areas with the successful introduction of human figures in the sceneries.

text: The message from this entire body of work is that the climate system is telling a consistent story of increasingly dominant human influence – the changes in temperature, ice extent, moisture, and circulation patterns fit together in a physically consistent way, like pieces in a complex puzzle.

text: The message from this entire body of work is that the climate system is telling a consistent story of increasingly dominant human influence – the changes in temperature, ice extent, moisture, and

text: circulation

text: patterns fit together in a physically consistent way, like pieces in a complex puzzle.

text: Multifocal fibrosclerosis and idiopathic fibrosclerosis are disorders of unknown aetiology, characterised by fibrous lesions (co-)occurring at a variety of sites. Known manifestations include retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis and Riedel's thyroiditis.

text: Multifocal fibrosclerosis and idiopathic fibrosclerosis are disorders of unknown aetiology, characterised by fibrous

text: lesion

text: s (co-)occurring at a variety of sites. Known manifestations include

text: retroperitoneal fibrosis

text: mediastinal fibrosis

text: and

text: Riedel's thyroiditis

text: The general economic crisis resulting from the Napoleonic Wars and their consequences also reached Turrach's mining in the first two decades of the 19th century. Following that, the iron business—under Peter Tunner senior (the father of Peter Tunner), who led the company from 1823 to 1844—underwent a considerable advancement, due to the streamlining of working methods and the introduction of modern technologies. In the middle of the 19th century, the annual quantity of ore delivered by the approximately 60 miners amounted to about 100 to 120,000 quintals (approx. 5,600 to 6,700 t). At that time, mining was only done during the winter, because the ore had to be pulled to the smelting facilities in bags.

text: The general economic crisis resulting from the

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: and their consequences also reached Turrach's mining in the first two decades of the 19th century. Following that, the iron business—under Peter Tunner senior (the father of

text: Peter Tunner

text: ), who led the company from 1823 to 1844—underwent a considerable advancement, due to the streamlining of working methods and the introduction of modern technologies. In the middle of the 19th century, the annual quantity of ore delivered by the approximately 60 miners amounted to about 100 to 120,000

text: quintal

text: s (approx. 5,600 to 6,700 t). At that time, mining was only done during the winter, because the ore had to be pulled to the smelting facilities in bags.

text: He was born in Sandnes. He served as director of the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries from 1918 to 1937.

text: He was born in

text: Sandnes

text: . He served as director of the

text: Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries

text: from 1918 to 1937.

text: A CBS article elaborating on the release stated that "although much of the information contained [in the list] was already in the public domain, officials in Washington and London have been quick to condemn WikiLeaks for publishing it, calling the act evidence of the organization's willingness to potentially aid terror groups in its mission to reveal U.S. secrets." The New York Times stated that the list "appears largely limited to sites that any would-be terrorist with Internet access and a bit of ingenuity might quickly have identified."

text: A

text: CBS

text: article elaborating on the release stated that "although much of the information contained [in the list] was already in the public domain, officials in Washington and London have been quick to condemn WikiLeaks for publishing it, calling the act evidence of the organization's willingness to potentially aid terror groups in its mission to reveal U.S. secrets." The

text: New York Times

text: stated that the list "appears largely limited to sites that any would-be terrorist with Internet access and a bit of ingenuity might quickly have identified."

text: Additionally, the DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans used clothing between 80,000 and 170,000 years ago, before leaving Africa. Human head and body lice occupy distinct ecological zones: head lice live and feed on the scalp, while body lice live on clothing and feed on the body. Because body lice require clothing to survive, the divergence of head and body lice from their common ancestor provides an estimate of the date of introduction of clothing in human evolutionary history.

text: The fact that human iPSCs capable of forming teratomas not only in humans but also in some animal body, in particular in mice or pigs, allowed to develop a method for differentiation of iPSCs in vivo. For this purpose, iPSCs with an agent for inducing differentiation into target cells are injected to genetically modified pig or mouse that has suppressed immune system activation on human cells.The formed teratoma is cut out and used for the isolation of the necessary differentiated human cells by means of monoclonal antibody to tissue-specific markers on the surface of these cells. This method has been successfully used for the production of functional myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid human cells suitable for transplantation (yet only to mice).Mice engrafted with human iPSC teratoma-derived hematopoietic cells produced human B and T cells capable of functional immune responses. These results offer hope that in vivo generation of patient customized cells is feasible, providing materials that could be useful for transplantation, human antibody generation and drug screening applications.Using MitoBloCK-6 and/or PluriSIn # 1 the differentiated progenitor cells can be further purified from teratoma forming pluripotent cells. The fact, that the differentiation takes place even in the teratoma niche, offers hope that the resulting cells are sufficiently stable to stimuli able to cause their transition back to the dedifferentiated (pluripotent) state and therefore safe. A similar in vivo differentiation system, yielding engraftable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse and human iPSCs in teratoma-bearing animals in combination with a maneuver to facilitate hematopoiesis, was described by Suzuki et al. They noted that neither leukemia nor tumors were observed in recipients after intravenous injection of iPSC-derived hematopoietic stem cells into irradiated recipients. Moreover, this injection resulted in multilineage and long-term reconstitution of the hematolymphopoietic system in serial transfers. Such system provides a useful tool for practical application of iPSCs in the treatment of hematologic and immunologic diseases.

text: The fact that human iPSCs capable of forming teratomas not only in humans but also in some animal body, in particular in mice or pigs, allowed to develop a method for differentiation of iPSCs in vivo. For this purpose, iPSCs with an agent for inducing differentiation into target cells are injected to

text: genetically modified

text: pig or mouse that has suppressed immune system activation on human cells.The formed teratoma is cut out and used for the isolation of the necessary differentiated human cells by means of

text: monoclonal antibody

text: Andreas Schlotterbeck (born 2 March 1982) is a German water polo player who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

text: Andreas Schlotterbeck (born 2 March 1982) is a

text: German

text: water polo

text: player who competed in the

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: OII-USA has also been heavily involved in the international intersex human rights movement. On Human Rights Day, December 10, 2012, founder and director Hida Viloria spearheaded the first global call for human rights by and for intersex people, via the "Open Letter: A Call for the Inclusion of Human Rights for Intersex People", which s/he authored and delivered to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with participants of the 2nd International Intersex Forum in Stockholm signing on in support. The following year, Viloria served as one of three intersex participants chosen by ILGA-Europe to co-organize the 3rd International Intersex Forum, in Malta, which led to the creation of the Malta Declaration, the most highly utilized and agreed upon declaration of demands and human rights goals of the international intersex community. The following month, on Human Rights Day 2013, Viloria's long term activism was acknowledged when s/he became the first openly intersex person invited to speak at the United Nations, educating about the human rights violations intersex people face and the need for legal protection from discrimination at the event, "Sport Comes Out Against Homophobia".

text: OII-USA has also been heavily involved in the international intersex human rights movement. On

text: Human Rights Day

text: , December 10, 2012, founder and director

text: Hida Viloria

text: spearheaded the first global call for human rights by and for intersex people, via the "Open Letter: A Call for the Inclusion of Human Rights for Intersex People", which s/he authored and delivered to the

text: with participants of the 2nd

text: International Intersex Forum

text: in Stockholm signing on in support. The following year, Viloria served as one of three intersex participants chosen by

text: ILGA-Europe

text: to co-organize the 3rd

text: International Intersex Forum

text: , in Malta, which led to the creation of the Malta Declaration, the most highly utilized and agreed upon declaration of demands and human rights goals of the international intersex community. The following month, on

text: Human Rights Day

text: 2013, Viloria's long term activism was acknowledged when s/he became the first openly intersex person invited to speak at the United Nations, educating about the human rights violations intersex people face and the need for legal protection from discrimination at the event, "Sport Comes Out Against Homophobia".

text: In the human body, the steps that lead to the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol begin with the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). These hormones travel through the blood vessels to the anterior pituitary gland of the brain. At this location, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released. ACTH binds to the receptors in the adrenal glands, which are located atop the kidneys, and this causes the release of cortisol. Cortisol enters the cytoplasm of cells in the body, including the brain. The hormone then reacts with receptors inside of the cell. The activated receptors reach the nucleus of the cells and regulate the transcription of genes. Eventually, the body experiences physiological and behavioral changes. Because cortisol hormone enters the cell’s nucleus, the effects of change take longer to occur, and last for a longer period of time, compared to the hormones of the SAM system.The effect of cortisol depends upon the type of receptor that it interacts with inside of the cell. There are two glucocorticoid receptors; one is the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and another is the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Normally, when cortisol is outside of the brain, it will bind to GRs. When cortisol is within the brain cells, it will bind to GRs and MRs. However, cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind more readily to MRs. Cortisol’s varying affinity toward GR and MR plays an important role in distinguishing between normal and stress responses by the HPA system. When cortisol is in its basal range, more MRs are bound to cortisol than GRs. GRs are predominantly bound when humans wake from sleep or experience stress. Therefore, GRs arbitrate most of the stress effects of cortisol and glucocorticoids in other species, while MRs control most basal effects.Often, cortisol and GR effects oppose the cortisol and MR effects. This leads many researchers to speculate that early childhood (and adult) stress resilience and weakness entail the ratio of MR to GR activation. Research has found that GRs impair neural flexibility and the processes involved in learning and memory. In contrast, MRs increase the synaptic plasticity. Therefore, the effects of frequent and prolonged stress responses from the HPA system may cause detrimental results.

text: In the human body, the steps that lead to the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol begin with the release of

text: corticotropin releasing hormone

text: (CRH) and

text: arginine vasopressin

text: (AVP). These hormones travel through the blood vessels to the

text: anterior pituitary gland

text: of the brain. At this location,

text: adrenocorticotropic hormone

text: (ACTH) is released. ACTH binds to the receptors in the adrenal glands, which are located atop the

text: kidney

text: s, and this causes the release of cortisol. Cortisol enters the cytoplasm of cells in the body, including the brain. The hormone then reacts with receptors inside of the

text: cell

text: . The activated receptors reach the

text: nucleus

text: of the cells and regulate the transcription of genes. Eventually, the body experiences physiological and behavioral changes. Because cortisol hormone enters the cell’s nucleus, the effects of change take longer to occur, and last for a longer period of time, compared to the hormones of the SAM system.The effect of cortisol depends upon the type of receptor that it interacts with inside of the cell. There are two glucocorticoid receptors; one is the

text: mineralocorticoid receptor

text: (MR) and another is the

text: glucocorticoid receptor

text: (GR). Normally, when cortisol is outside of the brain, it will bind to GRs. When cortisol is within the brain cells, it will bind to GRs and MRs. However, cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind more readily to MRs. Cortisol’s varying affinity toward GR and MR plays an important role in distinguishing between normal and stress responses by the HPA system. When cortisol is in its basal range, more MRs are bound to cortisol than GRs. GRs are predominantly bound when humans wake from sleep or experience stress. Therefore, GRs arbitrate most of the stress effects of cortisol and glucocorticoids in other species, while MRs control most basal effects.Often, cortisol and GR effects oppose the cortisol and MR effects. This leads many researchers to speculate that early childhood (and adult) stress resilience and weakness entail the ratio of MR to GR activation. Research has found that GRs impair neural flexibility and the processes involved in learning and memory. In contrast, MRs increase the synaptic plasticity. Therefore, the effects of frequent and prolonged stress responses from the HPA system may cause detrimental results.

text: Human Revolution takes place in the year 2027, 25 years prior to the original Deus Ex. The Deus Ex series is set in a cyberpunk future rife with secret organizations and conspiracies: among these forces is the Illuminati. Leading up to Human Revolution, there have been marked improvements in human society, with people actively combating global warming, finding cures for a large variety of diseases, and improving green energy. Alongside this, global megacorporations have come to eclipse government authority in power and influence, while private military forces dwarf the sanctioned armies of First World countries. Advances in biotechnology and cybernetics have led to the development of "augmentations", advanced artificial organs capable of greatly improving and enhancing the human body's performance. The development of augmentation technology has triggered the creation of a new social divide: those with augmentations become the world's new upper class citizenry and are touted as the future of humanity, while normal humans form the majority of the lower-class population. Augmentations also come with the necessity of taking Neuropozyne, a limited and expensive immunosuppressive drug that stops the body rejecting the technology. By the events of Human Revolution, society is being divided between "augs", humans who have accepted augmentation technology; and normal humans who are either morally opposed to it, too poor to afford it, or whose bodies actively reject it. The tensions between the two factions begin generating open conflict.

text: Human Revolution takes place in the year 2027, 25 years prior to the original

text: Deus Ex

text: . The Deus Ex series is set in a

text: cyberpunk

text: future rife with secret organizations and conspiracies: among these forces is the

text: Illuminati

text: . Leading up to Human Revolution, there have been marked improvements in human society, with people actively combating global warming, finding cures for a large variety of diseases, and improving green energy. Alongside this, global

text: megacorporation

text: s have come to eclipse government authority in power and influence, while private military forces dwarf the sanctioned armies of

text: First World

text: countries. Advances in biotechnology and cybernetics have led to the development of "augmentations", advanced

text: artificial organ

text: s capable of greatly improving and enhancing the human body's performance. The development of augmentation technology has triggered the creation of a new social divide: those with augmentations become the world's new upper class citizenry and are touted as the future of humanity, while normal humans form the majority of the lower-class population. Augmentations also come with the necessity of taking Neuropozyne, a limited and expensive

text: immunosuppressive drug

text: that stops the body rejecting the technology. By the events of Human Revolution, society is being divided between "augs", humans who have accepted augmentation technology; and normal humans who are either morally opposed to it, too poor to afford it, or whose bodies actively reject it. The tensions between the two factions begin generating open conflict.

text: Collaborative writing is writing done by more than one person; they may discuss what they are going to write before they start, and discuss what they have written after they finish each draft they write. The writing might be organized by dividing the writing into sub-tasks assigned to each group member, with the first part of the tasks done before the next parts, or they might work together on each task. The writing is planned, written, and revised, and more than one person is involved in at least one of those steps. Usually, discussions about the document's structure and context involve the entire group.

text: The architect Leon van Schaik formulates the adoption of spatial intelligence in the field of architecture and design. His first assumption relates to the origin of architecture in the human computational capacity to organize themselves spatially; based on people's own ideas about space, histories in space and communal mental space; all has been a combination that has evolved into society over millennia. Van Schaik explains how spatial intelligence works and how it is linked to the way individuals assess their surroundings. His comments are based on the research done by Roger Penrose, Shadows of the Mind. The awareness of what happens around someone comes from cells in the human body with enormous calculating capabilities, "intelligence is a distributed system: not something held like a command centre in the brain and then distributed, but something that is present throughout the organism, and linked together through the nervous system". An example to explain this human capability is similar to the ways spatial intelligence works in kinetic environments. Like the ability in which football players compute and execute the exact angle and force required to score a goal from a free kick. Another example of distributed intelligence at work is in the Australian Aboriginal Art. Aboriginal dot painting is a representation of the landscape inhabited by them with a surprising resemblance of the real space. It shows watercourses, animal shelter, where the edible plant are and all dimensions and spatial arrangement has been learned through a constant exposure to the world surrounding them, by walking, hunting, stalking, spearing.Van Schaik argues about the influence of spatial intelligence in the creation of engaging spaces. His assumption is to create a better relation between internal and external environments, and it requires the use of the best available knowledge, which in his opinion, involves the designer’s spatial intelligence and mental space; the new informational environment that enables the professional designer to communicate more interactively and inclusively. In van Schaik point of view, this new process of understanding space will provide the chance to forge new kinds of unity between architecture and the communities it seeks to serve: the commission of spatial intelligence is leading architecture’s domain into a new discipline that venture into new spatial formulations, new roles and new approaches. Van Schaik also pointed that architecture has to be more than the production of branded consumable, it has to be capable to influence the individuals deeper history, a benign and malevolent influence in people’s lives. For van Schaik, some of the most influencing architects using spatial intelligence in combination of their community’s mental space are: Peter Zumthor, Sean Godsell, Herzog and de Meuron, Zaha Hadid and Kathryn Findlay.

text: The architect Leon van Schaik formulates the adoption of spatial intelligence in the field of

text: architecture

text: and

text: design

text: . His first assumption relates to the origin of architecture in the human computational capacity to organize themselves spatially; based on people's own ideas about space, histories in space and communal mental space; all has been a combination that has evolved into society over millennia. Van Schaik explains how spatial intelligence works and how it is linked to the way individuals assess their surroundings. His comments are based on the research done by

text: Roger Penrose

text: Shadows of the Mind

text: . The awareness of what happens around someone comes from cells in the human body with enormous calculating capabilities, "intelligence is a distributed system: not something held like a command centre in the brain and then distributed, but something that is present throughout the organism, and linked together through the nervous system". An example to explain this human capability is similar to the ways spatial intelligence works in kinetic environments. Like the ability in which football players compute and execute the exact angle and force required to score a goal from a free kick. Another example of distributed intelligence at work is in the

text: Australian Aboriginal Art

text: Peter Zumthor

text: Sean Godsell

text: Herzog and de Meuron

text: Zaha Hadid

text: and Kathryn Findlay.

text: In 1953 S. Donald Stookey of the Corning Research and Development Division discovered Pyroceram, a white glass-ceramic material capable of withstanding a thermal shock (sudden temperature change) of up to 450 °C (840 °F), by accident.

text: In 1953

text: S. Donald Stookey

text: of the Corning Research and Development Division discovered

text: Pyroceram

text: , a white

text: glass-ceramic

text: material capable of withstanding a thermal shock (sudden temperature change) of up to 450 °C (840 °F), by accident.

text: The Icon must have undergone some renovations over the centuries. Probably there was some retouching on the occasion of its Canonical coronation that took place in 1645, by pontifical decree (Pope Innocent X).

text: The Icon must have undergone some renovations over the centuries. Probably there was some retouching on the occasion of its

text: Canonical coronation

text: that took place in 1645, by pontifical decree (

text: Pope

text: Innocent X

text: In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published The Structure of Man, a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. The Structure of Man contained a list of 86 human organs that Wiedersheim described as, "Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial." Since his time, the function of some of these structures has been discovered, while other anatomical vestiges have been unearthed, making the list primarily of interest as a record of the knowledge of human anatomy at the time. Later versions of Wiedersheim's list were expanded to as many as 180 human "vestigial organs". This is why the zoologist Horatio Newman said in a written statement read into evidence in the Scopes Trial that "There are, according to Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities."

text: In 1893,

text: Robert Wiedersheim

text: published

text: The Structure of Man

text: , a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. The Structure of Man contained a list of 86 human organs that Wiedersheim described as, "Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial." Since his time, the function of some of these structures has been discovered, while other anatomical vestiges have been unearthed, making the list primarily of interest as a record of the knowledge of human anatomy at the time. Later versions of Wiedersheim's list were expanded to as many as 180 human "vestigial organs". This is why the zoologist Horatio Newman said in a written statement read into evidence in the

text: Scopes Trial

text: that "There are, according to Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities."

text: Much research has been done on homeotic genes, ranging from basic understanding of how the molecules work to mutations to how homeotic genes affect the human body. Multiple model organisms are used even though Drosophila is the most common.

text: Though incomplete, the P. oligocenica male has an estimated body length of , while the alitrunk is .  The head has an almost square outline, being slightly shorter than it is wide, and the rear edge is rounded.  The large oval shaped eyes convex in shape, protruding slightly from the head capsule.  Neither of the mandibles have any teeth along the edges, and they are placed far apart on the head, preventing touching when they close.  The antennae are not preserved from the holotype, so the structure and length was unknown at the time of description. The forewing has a length of  with the veins fully enclosing and forming the cells 1+2r, 3r, mcu, and rm.  The rm cell is not present in the forewing of P. aberrans, distinguishing the two species.

text: Though incomplete, the P. oligocenica male has an estimated body length of , while the

text: alitrunk

text: is .  The head has an almost square outline, being slightly shorter than it is wide, and the rear edge is rounded.  The large oval shaped eyes convex in shape, protruding slightly from the head capsule.  Neither of the mandibles have any teeth along the edges, and they are placed far apart on the head, preventing touching when they close.  The

text: antennae

text: are not preserved from the holotype, so the structure and length was unknown at the time of description. The forewing has a length of  with the veins fully enclosing and forming the cells 1+2r, 3r, mcu, and rm.  The rm cell is not present in the forewing of P. aberrans, distinguishing the two species.

text: Above is a picture showing 3D cell culturing through magnetic levitation with the Bio-Assembler cell culturing system. (A) A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle assembly known as Nanoshuttle is added and dispersed over cells and the mixture is incubated. (B) After incubation with Nanoshuttle, cells are detached and transferred to a petri dish. (C) A magnetic drive is then placed on top of a petri dish top. (D) The magnetic field causes cells to rise to the air–medium interface. (E) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) levitated for 60 minutes (left images) and 4 hours (right images) (Scale bar, 50 μm). The onset of cell-cell interaction takes place as soon as cells levitate, and 3D structures start to form. At 1 hour, the cells are still relatively dispersed, but they are already showing some signs of stretching. Formation of 3D structures is visible after 4 hours of levitation (arrows).

text: Article 10 gives the General Assembly (UNGA) power to "discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter" and to make recommendations on those subjects. This, along with the Article 15 provision requiring the Security Council (UNSC) and other organs to issue reports of their activities to the General Assembly, essentially puts the General Assembly in the role of overseer over the other UN bodies (there is no reciprocal provision by which the Security Council or other bodies make recommendations as to the powers and functions of the General Assembly). Article 11 tasks the UNGA with considering "principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments" and making recommendations on the same to the UNSC, which under Chapter V has the responsibility of making more detailed plans in reference to disarmament. The UNGA is prohibited by Article 12 from making recommendations on matters currently being dealt with by the UNSC, unless requested to do so by the Council. However, this has not always prevented the General Assembly from attempting to deal with threats to international peace and security, in cases where the UNSC was deadlocked, by using the framework of the Uniting for Peace resolution (A/RES/377 A).

text: Article 10 gives the General Assembly (UNGA) power to "discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter" and to make recommendations on those subjects. This, along with the Article 15 provision requiring the Security Council (UNSC) and other organs to issue reports of their activities to the General Assembly, essentially puts the General Assembly in the role of overseer over the other UN bodies (there is no reciprocal provision by which the Security Council or other bodies make recommendations as to the powers and functions of the General Assembly). Article 11 tasks the UNGA with considering "principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments" and making recommendations on the same to the UNSC, which under

text: Chapter V

text: has the responsibility of making more detailed plans in reference to disarmament. The UNGA is prohibited by Article 12 from making recommendations on matters currently being dealt with by the UNSC, unless requested to do so by the Council. However, this has not always prevented the General Assembly from attempting to deal with threats to international peace and security, in cases where the UNSC was deadlocked, by using the framework of the

entity_name: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377

text: Uniting for Peace

text: resolution (A/RES/377 A).

text: Like other lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E), vitamin K is stored in the fat tissue of the human body.