text: Sorting n-tuples (depending on context also called e.g. records consisting of fields) can be done based on one or more of its components. More generally objects can be sorted based on a property. Such a component or property is called a sort key.

text: Sorting

entity_name: Tuple

text: n-tuple

text: s (depending on context also called e.g.

entity_name: Object composition

text: record

text: s consisting of fields) can be done based on one or more of its components. More generally objects can be sorted based on a property. Such a component or property is called a sort key.

text: [15] What is rewards-based crowdfunding?: http://www.visionlaunch.com/what-is-rewards-based-crowdfunding/

entity_name: 2010s in the music industry

text: ] What is rewards-based crowdfunding?: http://www.visionlaunch.com/what-is-rewards-based-crowdfunding/

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Synergon is a Swedish based consultant network functioning as an IBO (Intellectual Property Business Organization). It  focuses on stratergy and practical handling of IP (intellectual property, such as patents, trade-marks etc.) matters for smaller and medium-sized research based companies.

text: Synergon is a

entity_name: Sweden

text: Swedish

text: based

entity_name: Consultant

text: consultant

text: network functioning as an IBO (

entity_name: Intellectual property organization

text: Intellectual Property Business Organization

text: ). It  focuses on stratergy and practical handling of

entity_name: Intellectual property

text: IP

text: (intellectual property, such as patents, trade-marks etc.) matters for smaller and medium-sized research based companies.

text: Emil and the Detectives may refer to the following films based on the 1929 novel Emil and the Detectives:

text: Emil and the Detectives may refer to the following films based on the 1929 novel

entity_name: Emil and the Detectives

text: Emil and the Detectives

text: Polymorphic attacks don't have a single detectable signature, making them very difficult for signature-based IDS, and even some anomaly-based IDS, to detect. Shikata ga nai ("it cannot be helped") is a popular polymorphic encoder in the Metasploit framework used to convert malicious shellcode into difficult-to-detect polymorphic shellcode using XOR additive feedback.

text: Polymorphic attacks don't have a single detectable signature, making them very difficult for signature-based IDS, and even some anomaly-based IDS, to detect.

entity_name: Shikata ga nai

text: Shikata ga nai

text: ("it cannot be helped") is a popular polymorphic encoder in the

entity_name: Metasploit Project

text: Metasploit

text: framework used to convert malicious

entity_name: Shellcode

text: shellcode

text: into difficult-to-detect polymorphic shellcode using XOR additive feedback.

text: The very break-up of sales volume into base (volume that would be generated in absence of any marketing activity) and incremental (volume generated by marketing activities in the short run) across time gain gives wonderful insights. The base grows or declines across longer periods of time while the activities generating the incremental volume in the short run also impact the base volume in the long run. The variation in the base volume is a good indicator of the strength of the brand and the loyalty it commands from its users.

method: dangnt-nlp

text: 'Waiting for Godot –'Waking Life –'Walden –'Wallenstein (play) –'War and Peace –'War in the Age of Intelligent Machines –'War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization –'Waterland (novel) –'We Can Build You –'We Can Remember It for You Wholesale –'We the Living –'Wen-tzu –'Wenzi –'What Computers Can't Do –'What Has Government Done to Our Money? –'What I Believe –'What Is Art? –'What Is it Like to Be a Bat? –'What Is Literature? –'What Is Property? –'What Is This Thing Called Science? –'What is universal history and why does one study it? –'What should then be done O people of the East –'What We Believe But Cannot Prove –'When Nietzsche Wept (novel) –'Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang –'Wholeness and the Implicate Order –'Whose Justice? Which Rationality? –'Why I Am Not a Christian –'Why Truth Matters –'William Tell (play) –'Wirtembergisches Repertorium der Literatur –'Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language –'Wittgenstein's Beetle (and other classic thought experiments) –'Wittgenstein's Beetle and Other Classic Thought Experiments –'Wittgenstein's Mistress –'Wittgenstein's Poker –'Word and Object –'Works by Thomas Aquinas –'Works of Love –'World Hypotheses –'Writing and Difference –'Writing Sampler –'Wuzhen pian –

entity_name: Waiting for Godot

text: Waiting for Godot

entity_name: Waking Life

text: Waking Life

entity_name: Walden

text: Walden

entity_name: Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)

text: Wallenstein (play)

entity_name: War and Peace

text: War and Peace

entity_name: War in the Age of Intelligent Machines

text: War in the Age of Intelligent Machines

entity_name: War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization

text: War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization

entity_name: Waterland (novel)

text: Waterland (novel)

entity_name: We Can Build You

text: We Can Build You

entity_name: We Can Remember It for You Wholesale

text: We Can Remember It for You Wholesale

entity_name: We the Living

text: We the Living

entity_name: Wenzi

text: Wen-tzu

text: Wenzi

entity_name: Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence

text: What Computers Can't Do

entity_name: What Has Government Done to Our Money?

text: What Has Government Done to Our Money?

entity_name: What I Believe

text: What I Believe

entity_name: What Is Art?

text: What Is Art?

entity_name: What Is it Like to Be a Bat?

text: What Is it Like to Be a Bat?

entity_name: What Is Literature?

text: What Is Literature?

entity_name: What Is Property?

text: What Is Property?

entity_name: What Is This Thing Called Science?

text: What Is This Thing Called Science?

entity_name: Friedrich Schiller

text: What is universal history and why does one study it?

entity_name: What Should then be Done O People of the East

text: What should then be done O people of the East

entity_name: What We Believe But Cannot Prove

text: What We Believe But Cannot Prove

entity_name: When Nietzsche Wept (novel)

text: When Nietzsche Wept (novel)

entity_name: Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang

text: Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang

entity_name: Wholeness and the Implicate Order

text: Wholeness and the Implicate Order

entity_name: Whose Justice? Which Rationality?

text: Whose Justice? Which Rationality?

entity_name: Why I Am Not a Christian

text: Why I Am Not a Christian

entity_name: Why Truth Matters

text: Why Truth Matters

entity_name: William Tell (play)

text: William Tell (play)

entity_name: Wirtembergisches Repertorium der Literatur

text: Wirtembergisches Repertorium der Literatur

entity_name: Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language

text: Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language

entity_name: Wittgenstein's Beetle and Other Classic Thought Experiments

text: Wittgenstein's Beetle (and other classic thought experiments)

text: Wittgenstein's Beetle and Other Classic Thought Experiments

entity_name: Wittgenstein's Mistress

text: Wittgenstein's Mistress

entity_name: Wittgenstein's Poker

text: Wittgenstein's Poker

entity_name: Word and Object

text: Word and Object

entity_name: List of works by Thomas Aquinas

text: Works by Thomas Aquinas

entity_name: Works of Love

text: Works of Love

entity_name: World Hypotheses

text: World Hypotheses

entity_name: Writing and Difference

text: Writing and Difference

entity_name: Writing Sampler

text: Writing Sampler

entity_name: Wuzhen pian

text: Wuzhen pian

text: Spot Blue International Property is a UK based online Turkish Real Estate portal. It is a privately owned company, based in Surbiton, Greater London.

text: Spot Blue International Property is a UK based online Turkish

entity_name: Real estate

text: Real Estate

text: portal. It is a privately owned company, based in Surbiton, Greater London.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: Property tax is based on fair market value of the subject property. The amount of tax is determined annually based on the market value of each property on a particular date, and most jurisdictions require redeterminations of value periodically. The tax is computed as the determined market value times an assessment ratio times the tax rate. Assessment ratios and tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions, and may vary by type of property within a jurisdiction. Where a property has recently been sold between unrelated sellers, such sale establishes fair market value. In other (i.e., most) cases, the value must be estimated. Common estimation techniques include comparable sales, depreciated cost, and an income approach. Property owners may also declare a value, which is subject to change by the tax assessor.

text: Property tax is based on

entity_name: Fair market value

text: fair market value

text: of the subject property. The amount of tax is determined annually based on the market value of each property on a particular date, and most jurisdictions require redeterminations of value periodically. The tax is computed as the determined market value times an assessment ratio times the tax rate. Assessment ratios and tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions, and may vary by type of property within a jurisdiction. Where a property has recently been sold between unrelated sellers, such sale establishes fair market value. In other (i.e., most) cases, the value must be estimated. Common estimation techniques include comparable sales, depreciated cost, and an income approach. Property owners may also declare a value, which is subject to change by the tax assessor.

text: In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the convection activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than cloud base elevation.

text: In convective clouds, the cloud top is largely influenced by the strength of the

entity_name: Convection

text: convection

text: activity, which itself may depend on surface properties, in particular the supply of heat and water vapor below the cloud. Cloud top height is often much more variable than

entity_name: Cloud base

text: cloud base

text: elevation.

text: Taxes may be imposed on individuals (natural persons), business entities, estates, trusts, or other forms of organization. Taxes may be based on property, income, transactions, transfers, importations of goods, business activities, or a variety of factors, and are generally imposed on the type of taxpayer for whom such tax base is relevant. Thus, property taxes tend to be imposed on property owners. In addition, certain taxes, particularly income taxes, may be imposed on the members of organizations for the organization's activities. Thus, partners are taxed on the income of their partnership.

text: Taxes may be imposed on individuals (natural persons), business entities, estates, trusts, or other forms of organization. Taxes may be based on property, income, transactions, transfers, importations of goods, business activities, or a variety of factors, and are generally imposed on the type of taxpayer for whom such

entity_name: Tax

entity_section: Kinds of taxes

text: tax base

text: is relevant. Thus, property taxes tend to be imposed on property owners. In addition, certain taxes, particularly income taxes, may be imposed on the members of organizations for the organization's activities. Thus, partners are taxed on the income of their partnership.

text: Studies raise the question of how detection of hydrodynamic stimuli in these animals is possible given the movement of the vibrissae due to water flow during swimming. Whiskers vibrate with a certain frequency based on swim speed and properties of the whisker. Detection of the water disturbance caused by this vibrissal movement should overshadow any stimulus produced by a distant fish due to its proximity. For seals, one proposal is that they might sense changes in the baseline frequency of vibration to detect hydrodynamic stimuli produced by another source. However, a more recent study shows that the morphology of the seal's vibrissae actually prevents vortices produced by the whiskers from creating excessive water disturbances.

text: In computer programming, the Schwartzian transform is technique used to improve the efficiency of sorting a list of items. This idiom is appropriate for comparison-based sorting when the ordering is actually based on the ordering of a certain property (the key) of the elements, where computing that property is an intensive operation that should be performed a minimal number of times. The Schwartzian transform is notable in that it does not use named temporary arrays.

text: In

entity_name: Computer programming

text: computer programming

text: , the Schwartzian transform is technique used to improve the efficiency of

entity_name: Sorting

text: sorting

text: a list of items. This

entity_name: Programming idiom

text: idiom

text: is appropriate for

entity_name: Comparison sort

text: comparison-based sorting

text: when the ordering is actually based on the ordering of a certain property (the key) of the elements, where computing that property is an intensive operation that should be performed a minimal number of times. The Schwartzian transform is notable in that it does not use named temporary arrays.

text: In baseball, the manager, with the help of his assistants, will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches. To avoid detection, the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners.

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was one of the most famous philosophers who articulated thoughts on the nature of property. He is known for claiming that "property is theft", but is less known for the claims that "property is liberty" and "property is impossible". According to Colin Ward, Proudhon did not see a contradiction between these slogans. This was because Proudhon distinguished between what he considered to be two distinct forms of property often bound up in the single label. To the mutualist, this is the distinction between property created by coercion and property created by labor. Property is theft "when it is related to a landowner or capitalist whose ownership is derived from conquest or exploitation and [is] only maintained through the state, property laws, police, and an army". Property is freedom for "the peasant or artisan family [who have] a natural right to a home, land [they may] cultivate, [...] to tools of a trade", and the fruits of that cultivation—but not to ownership or control of the lands and lives of others. The former is considered illegitimate property, the latter legitimate property.

entity_name: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: was one of the most famous philosophers who articulated thoughts on the nature of property. He is known for claiming that "

entity_name: Property is theft!

text: property is theft

text: ", but is less known for the claims that "property is liberty" and "property is impossible". According to

entity_name: Colin Ward

text: Colin Ward

text: , Proudhon did not see a contradiction between these slogans. This was because Proudhon distinguished between what he considered to be two distinct forms of property often bound up in the single label. To the mutualist, this is the distinction between property created by coercion and property created by labor. Property is theft "when it is related to a landowner or capitalist whose ownership is derived from conquest or exploitation and [is] only maintained through the state, property laws, police, and an army". Property is freedom for "the peasant or artisan family [who have] a natural right to a home, land [they may] cultivate, [...] to tools of a trade", and the fruits of that cultivation—but not to ownership or control of the lands and lives of others. The former is considered illegitimate property, the latter legitimate property.

text: Federal agencies such as the TPA make a Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) for property they own that is not leased to third parties. Such entities pay property taxes on property leased to third parties. By 2009, the City estimated that the TPA owed $37 million in unpaid PILT for all its properties. The PILT was based on the assessed value as calculated by the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation, which assesses all property for the province of Ontario. The City and the TPA presented their case before a federal dispute advisory panel. On January 26, 2009, the Dispute Advisory Panel recommended that TPA pay PILT for the airport on a per passenger basis of 80 cents per passenger. This amount was based on various considerations including similar payments made by other airports, which make the payments based on passenger numbers. At the time of the ruling, Pearson International Airport paid 94 cents per passenger. On February 10, 2009, the City applied for a judicial review to the Federal Court of Canada.

text: Federal agencies such as the TPA make a

entity_name: Payment in lieu of taxes

text: Payment in Lieu of Taxes

text: (PILT) for property they own that is not leased to third parties. Such entities pay

entity_name: Property tax

text: property tax

text: es on property leased to third parties. By 2009, the City estimated that the TPA owed $37 million in unpaid PILT for all its properties. The PILT was based on the assessed value as calculated by the

entity_name: Municipal Property Assessment Corporation

text: Municipal Property Assessment Corporation

text: , which assesses all property for the province of Ontario. The City and the TPA presented their case before a federal dispute advisory panel. On January 26, 2009, the Dispute Advisory Panel recommended that TPA pay PILT for the airport on a per passenger basis of 80 cents per passenger. This amount was based on various considerations including similar payments made by other airports, which make the payments based on passenger numbers. At the time of the ruling, Pearson International Airport paid 94 cents per passenger. On February 10, 2009, the City applied for a judicial review to the

entity_name: Federal Court of Canada

text: Federal Court of Canada

method: UNH-qee

text: Anthropology studies the diverse systems of ownership, rights of use and transfer, and possession under the term "theories of property." Western legal theory is based, as mentioned, on the owner of property being a legal person. However, not all property systems are founded on this basis.

text: Anomaly detection was proposed for intrusion detection systems (IDS) by Dorothy Denning in 1986. Anomaly detection for IDS is normally accomplished with thresholds and statistics, but can also be done with soft computing, and inductive learning. Types of statistics proposed by 1999 included profiles of users, workstations, networks, remote hosts, groups of users, and programs based on frequencies, means, variances, covariances, and standard deviations.  The counterpart of anomaly detection in intrusion detection is misuse detection.

text: Anomaly detection was proposed for

entity_name: Intrusion detection system

text: intrusion detection systems

text: (IDS) by

entity_name: Dorothy E. Denning

text: Dorothy Denning

text: in 1986. Anomaly detection for IDS is normally accomplished with thresholds and statistics, but can also be done with

entity_name: Soft computing

text: soft computing

text: , and inductive learning. Types of statistics proposed by 1999 included profiles of users, workstations, networks, remote hosts, groups of users, and programs based on frequencies, means, variances, covariances, and standard deviations.  The counterpart of anomaly detection in

text: intrusion detection

text: is

entity_name: Misuse detection

text: misuse detection

text: On June 28, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson set aside $2.8 million for land purchase and the erection of storehouses and piers for what was to become the Navy Base. Of the 474 acres (1.9 km²) originally acquired, 367 had been the old Jamestown Exposition grounds. The military property was later expanded considerably. The former Virginian Railway coal piers, land, and an adjacent coal storage facility owned by Norfolk & Western Railway (which merged with the VGN in 1959) were added in the 1960s and 1970s. The base now includes over 4,000 acres (16 km²) and is the largest Naval facility in the world.

text: On June 28, 1917, President

entity_name: Woodrow Wilson

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: set aside $2.8 million for land purchase and the erection of storehouses and piers for what was to become the

entity_name: Naval Station Norfolk

text: Navy Base

text: . Of the 474 acres (1.9 km²) originally acquired, 367 had been the old Jamestown Exposition grounds. The military property was later expanded considerably. The former

entity_name: Virginian Railway

text: Virginian Railway

text: coal piers, land, and an adjacent coal storage facility owned by

entity_name: Norfolk and Western Railway

text: Norfolk & Western

text: Railway (which merged with the VGN in 1959) were added in the 1960s and 1970s. The base now includes over 4,000 acres (16 km²) and is the largest Naval facility in the world.

text: Drug syndicates have been producing methamphetamine in small-scale and kitchen-type laboratories to avoid detection by the Philippine authorities since 2010. Usually, drug syndicates rent warehouses for use as drug laboratories. These syndicates have moved towards renting houses in private subdivisions, condominiums and apartments to be used as bases for their illegal drug production. Private properties are becoming more favorable to drug syndicates as sites of illegal drug production.

text: Simulations are created within the server using the Ruby language and text-based RSG files.  SimSpark uses the Open Dynamics Engine (ODE) for detecting collisions and for simulating rigid body dynamics.  ODE allows accurate simulation of the physical properties of objects such as velocity, inertia and friction.

text: Simulations are created within the server using the

entity_name: Ruby (programming language)

text: Ruby

text: language and text-based RSG files.  SimSpark uses the

entity_name: Open Dynamics Engine

text: Open Dynamics Engine

text: (ODE) for detecting collisions and for simulating rigid body dynamics.  ODE allows accurate simulation of the physical properties of objects such as velocity, inertia and friction.

text: A post–September 11 development, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems, one of which is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the EGIS, a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors. The other two manufacturers are Barringer Technologies, now owned by Smith 's Detection Systems, and Ion Track Instruments, part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems.

text: A post–September 11 development,

entity_name: Explosive detection

text: explosive detection

text: systems have become a part of all

entity_name: United States

text: US

entity_name: Airport

text: airport

text: s. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the

text: FAA

text: to provide these systems, one of which is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the

text: EGIS

text: , a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors. The other two manufacturers are Barringer Technologies, now owned by Smith 's Detection Systems, and Ion Track Instruments, part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems.

text: Greece has a Municipal and a Government property tax. The municipal property tax (ΤΑΠ/ΔΤ/ΔΦ) is included in electricity bills and incorporates, among others, charges for street cleaning and lighting. The Government property tax (ENFIA) is a combination of the individual asset's tax based upon floor-area and a progressive real-estate wealth tax per individual which is based on the estimated net-worth of all properties and can reach 2%.

text: We are influenced by others around us; we want to be doing what everyone else is doing.  People often base their actions and beliefs on what others around them are doing, how others act or what others believe.

text: Depending on a solid surface's ability to successfully form a conjugate base by absorbing an electrically neutral acid, the basic strength of the surface is determined. "The number of basic sites per unit surface area of the solid" is used to express how much base is found on a solid base catalyst. Scientists have developed two methods to measure the amount of basic sites: titration with benzoic acid using indicators and gaseous acid adsorption. A solid with enough basic strength will absorb an electrically neutral acid indicator and cause the acid indicator's color to change to the color of its conjugate base. When performing the gaseous acid adsorption method, nitric oxide is used. The basic sites are then determined using the amount of carbon dioxide than is absorbed.

text: The factors affecting the Open Source Movement’s legal formalization are primarily based on recent political discussion over copyright, appropriation, and intellectual property.

text: Dimethyl sulfate, known as DMS, is a chemical that can be used to modify nucleic acids in order to determine secondary structure.  DMS modifies certain bases through methylation.  One set of methylation products that is used for RNA is the methylation of N1 adenosine and N3 of cytosine which prevents the natural hydrogen bonds to form between bases modified by DMS.  This enables modification sites to be detected by RT-PCR, as modified sites cannot be basepaired, which results in the reverse transcriptase to fall off and produce different band sizes.  DMS may modify adenines and cytosines that are single stranded, base paired at the end of a helix, or in a base pair next to a GU pair. Detection of these modifications is done by examination of a gel and looking at bands present.  One thing of note is that since modification prevents the addition of nucleotides at the modification site each of the bands generated is shifted by one base down on the gel. Nucleotides may be protected from DMS modification by base pairing, tertiary contacts, or protein-RNA interactions.  This can be used to begin to develop a model of secondary structure for the RNA molecule.  Structure probing by DMS allows for detection of secondary structure changes due to binding of RNA molecules along with detecting changes in tertiary structure.

text: Dimethyl sulfate

text: , known as DMS, is a chemical that can be used to modify nucleic acids in order to determine secondary structure.  DMS modifies certain bases through

text: methylation

text: .  One set of methylation products that is used for RNA is the methylation of N1 adenosine and N3 of cytosine which prevents the natural hydrogen bonds to form between bases modified by DMS.  This enables modification sites to be detected by RT-PCR, as modified sites cannot be basepaired, which results in the reverse transcriptase to fall off and produce different band sizes.  DMS may modify adenines and cytosines that are single stranded, base paired at the end of a helix, or in a base pair next to a GU pair. Detection of these modifications is done by examination of a gel and looking at bands present.  One thing of note is that since modification prevents the addition of nucleotides at the modification site each of the bands generated is shifted by one base down on the gel. Nucleotides may be protected from DMS modification by base pairing, tertiary contacts, or protein-RNA interactions.  This can be used to begin to develop a model of secondary structure for the RNA molecule.  Structure probing by DMS allows for detection of secondary structure changes due to binding of RNA molecules along with detecting changes in tertiary structure.

text: More recently, modern nucleic acid-based microbial detection methods have made Koch’s original postulates even less relevant. These nucleic acid-based methods make it possible to identify microbes that are associated with a disease, but in many cases the microbes are uncultivable. Also, nucleic acid-based detection methods are very sensitive, and they can often detect the very low levels of viruses that are found in healthy people without disease.

text: The state Supreme Court also provided two other alternative bases for affirming the trial court decision. It held that because Mr. Palazzolo acquired the property in 1978 by virtue of the dissolution of Shore Gardens, he had acquired the property after the adoption of the regulations restricting the filling of wetlands and thus “had no reasonable investment-backed expectations.”  Put another way, “the right to fill wetlands was not part of the title he acquired.”  The court also found that Mr. Palazzolo “had not been deprived of all beneficial use of his property” because had he developed the upland portion of the land he could have realized some value from the property (approximately $200,000 compared to Palazzolo’s estimate of a $3.1 million net value).  Alternatively, he could have realized “value in the amount of $157,000 as an open-space gift.”

text: The concept originated from the idea that single stranded DNA or RNA molecules can be electrophoretically driven in a strict linear sequence through a biological pore that can be less than eight nanometers, and can be detected given that the molecules release an ionic current while moving through the pore.  The pore contains a detection region capable of recognizing different bases, with each base generating various time specific signals corresponding to the sequence of bases as they cross the pore which are then evaluated. Precise control over the DNA transport through the pore is crucial for success. Various enzymes such as exonucleases and polymerases have been used to moderate this process by positioning them near the pore’s entrance.

text: Both branches of evidence-based medicine spread rapidly. On the evidence-based guidelines and policies side, explicit insistence on evidence of effectiveness was introduced by the American Cancer Society in 1980. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) began issuing guidelines for preventive interventions based on evidence-based principles in 1984.  In 1985, the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association applied strict evidence-based criteria for covering new technologies. Beginning in 1987, specialty societies such as the American College of Physicians, and voluntary health organizations such as the American Heart Association, wrote many evidence-based guidelines. In 1991, Kaiser Permanente, a managed care organization in the US, began an evidence-based guidelines program. In 1991, Richard Smith wrote an editorial in the British Medical Journal and introduced the ideas of evidence-based policies in the UK. In 1993, the Cochrane Collaboration created a network of 13 countries to produce of systematic reviews and guidelines. In 1997, the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (then known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, or AHCPR) established Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPCs) to produce evidence reports and technology assessments to support the development of guidelines. In the same year, a National Guideline Clearinghouse that followed the principles of evidence-based policies was created by AHRQ, the AMA, and the American Association of Health Plans (now America's Health Insurance Plans). In 1999, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) was created in the UK. A central idea of this branch of evidence-based medicine is that evidence should be classified according to the rigor of its experimental design, and the strength of a recommendation should depend on the strength of the evidence.

text: Based on Industry Standards: The Sample UHID is not based on existing industry standards. It is based on ASTM's Standard Guide for Properties of a Universal Healthcare Identifier (UHID).

text: Based on Industry Standards: The Sample UHID is not based on existing industry standards. It is based on

text: ASTM's Standard Guide

text: for Properties of a Universal Healthcare Identifier (UHID).

text: A variety of techniques have been proposed as the basis for recommender systems: collaborative, content-based, knowledge-based, and demographic techniques. Each of these techniques has known shortcomings, such as the well known cold-start problem for collaborative and content-based systems (what to do with new users with few ratings) and the knowledge engineering bottleneck in knowledge-based approaches. A hybrid recommender system is one that combines multiple techniques together to achieve some synergy between them.

text: A variety of techniques have been proposed as the basis for recommender systems: collaborative, content-based, knowledge-based, and demographic techniques. Each of these techniques has known shortcomings, such as the well known

text: cold-start

text: problem for collaborative and content-based systems (what to do with new users with few ratings) and the knowledge engineering bottleneck in

text: knowledge-based

text: approaches. A hybrid recommender system is one that combines multiple techniques together to achieve some synergy between them.

text: The numbers stamped on the head of the bolt are referred to the grade of the bolt used in certain application with the strength of a bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an ISO strength rating (called property class) stamped on the head. And the absence of marking/number indicates a lower grade bolt with low strength. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number before the point is the ultimate tensile strength in MPa divided by 100. The number after the point is the multiplier ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt has a nominal (minimum) ultimate tensile strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times ultimate tensile strength or 0.8(500) = 400 MPa.

text: The numbers stamped on the head of the bolt are referred to the grade of the bolt used in certain application with the strength of a bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an

entity_name: International Organization for Standardization

text: ISO

text: strength rating (called property class) stamped on the head. And the absence of marking/number indicates a lower grade bolt with low strength. The property classes most often used are 5.8, 8.8, and 10.9. The number before the point is the

text: ultimate tensile strength

text: in

text: MPa

text: divided by 100. The number after the point is the multiplier ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. For example, a property class 5.8 bolt has a nominal (minimum) ultimate tensile strength of 500 MPa, and a tensile yield strength of 0.8 times ultimate tensile strength or 0.8(500) = 400 MPa.

text: DArT is based on microarray hybridizations that detect the presence versus absence of individual fragments in genomic representations. The technology has significant advantages over other array based Single-nucleotide polymorphism detection technologies in the analysis of polyploid plants.

text: DArT is based on

text: microarray

text: hybridizations that detect the presence versus absence of individual fragments in genomic representations. The technology has significant advantages over other array based

text: Single-nucleotide polymorphism

text: detection technologies in the analysis of

text: polyploid

text: plants.

text: Each character is made to play different from another. Many characters were chosen to be included in the game due to popular demand, in which Disney conducted polls on their social networking pages. While some characters are playable in a Playset and the Toybox, some are only playable in Toybox mode. Characters are split up into two categories, Marvel Super Heroes (characters that are based on Marvel properties) and Disney Originals (characters that are based on Disney and Pixar properties).

text: Each character is made to play different from another. Many characters were chosen to be included in the game due to popular demand, in which Disney conducted polls on their social networking pages. While some characters are playable in a Playset and the Toybox, some are only playable in Toybox mode. Characters are split up into two categories, Marvel Super Heroes (characters that are based on

text: Marvel

text: properties) and Disney Originals (characters that are based on

text: Disney

text: and

text: Pixar

text: properties).

text: PAF Base Samungli is a Pakistan Air Force (PAF) airbase located near Quetta Airport, in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. No. 17 Squadron and No. 23 Squadron of Pakistan Air Force (PAF) are based in PAF Base Samungli which is used as a main operating base since the 1970s.The base has been used by the United States for military logistical operations in support of the 2001 war in Afghanistan. Khalid Airbase is another Airforce base located some 12 kilometres away from PAF Base Samungli, managed by Pakistan Air Force (PAF).

text: PAF Base Samungli

text: is a

text: Pakistan Air Force (PAF)

text: airbase located near

text: Quetta Airport

text: , in the

text: Balochistan

text: province of

text: Pakistan

text: No. 17 Squadron

text: and

text: No. 23 Squadron

text: of

text: Pakistan Air Force (PAF)

text: are based in

text: PAF Base Samungli

text: which is used as a main operating base since the 1970s.The base has been used by the

text: United States

text: for military logistical operations in support of the

text: 2001 war in Afghanistan

text: . Khalid Airbase is another Airforce base located some 12 kilometres away from

text: PAF Base Samungli

text: , managed by

text: Pakistan Air Force (PAF)

text: The acronym "B.A.S.E." (now more commonly "BASE") was coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield.  Carl Boenish was the catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978, he filmed the first BASE jumps to be made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique (from El Capitan, in Yosemite National Park). While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.

text: The acronym "B.A.S.E." (now more commonly "BASE") was coined by filmmaker

text: Carl Boenish

text: , his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield.  Carl Boenish was the catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978, he filmed the first BASE jumps to be made using ram-air parachutes and the

text: freefall tracking technique

text: (from

text: El Capitan

text: , in

text: Yosemite National Park

text: ). While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the El Capitan activity was the effective birth of what is now called BASE jumping.

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2, also known as Shen Tan Di Renjie 2, is the second installment in a four-season Chinese television series based on gong'an detective stories related to Di Renjie, a Tang dynasty magistrate and statesman. Written and directed by Qian Yanqiu, the series starred Liang Guanhua as the titular protagonist, and was first broadcast on CCTV-8 on 20 November 2006, two years after the first season. It was followed by Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3 in 2008, and Mad Detective Di Renjie in 2010.

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2, also known as Shen Tan Di Renjie 2, is the second installment in a four-season Chinese television series based on

text: gong'an

text: detective

text: stories

text: related to

text: Di Renjie

text: , a

text: Tang dynasty

text: magistrate and statesman. Written and directed by Qian Yanqiu, the series starred Liang Guanhua as the titular protagonist, and was first broadcast on

text: on 20 November 2006, two years after the first season. It was followed by

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3

text: in 2008, and

text: Mad Detective Di Renjie

text: in 2010.

text: Tabulated below are several examples of acids and their conjugate bases; notice how they differ by just one proton (H ion). Acid strength decreases and conjugate base strength increases down the table.

text: A challenge in optical detection is the need for integrating detectors and photodiodes in a miniaturized portable format on the bio-MEMS. Optical detection includes fluorescence-based techniques, chemiluminescence-based techniques, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Fluorescence-based optical techniques use markers that emit light at specific wavelengths and the presence or enhancement/reduction (e.g. fluorescence resonance energy transfer) in optical signal indicates a reaction has occurred. Fluorescence-based detection has been used in microarrays and PCR on a chip devices. Chemiluminescence is light generation by energy release from a chemical reaction. Bioluminescence and electrochemiluminescence are subtypes of chemiluminescence. Surface plasmon resonance sensors  can be thin-film refractometers or gratings that measure the resonance behaviour of surface plasmon on metal or dielectric surfaces. The resonance changes when biomolecules are captured or adsorbed on the sensor surface and depends on the concentration of the analyte as well as its properties. Surface plasmon resonance has been used in food quality and safety analysis, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.

text: A challenge in optical detection is the need for integrating detectors and

text: photodiode

text: s in a miniaturized portable format on the bio-MEMS. Optical detection includes

text: fluorescence

text: -based techniques,

text: chemiluminescence

text: -based techniques, and

text: surface plasmon resonance (SPR)

text: . Fluorescence-based optical techniques use markers that emit light at specific

text: wavelength

text: s and the presence or enhancement/reduction (e.g.

text: fluorescence resonance energy transfer

text: ) in optical signal indicates a reaction has occurred. Fluorescence-based detection has been used in

text: microarray

text: s and

text: PCR

text: on a chip devices. Chemiluminescence is

text: light

text: generation by energy release from a chemical reaction.

text: Bioluminescence

text: and

text: electrochemiluminescence

text: are subtypes of chemiluminescence. Surface plasmon resonance sensors  can be thin-film

text: refractometer

text: s or gratings that measure the resonance behaviour of

text: surface plasmon

text: on metal or dielectric surfaces. The resonance changes when biomolecules are captured or adsorbed on the sensor surface and depends on the concentration of the analyte as well as its properties. Surface plasmon resonance has been used in

text: food quality and safety analysis

text: medical diagnostics

text: , and

text: environmental monitoring

text: Shippensburg Area School Board set property tax rates for 2013-14 at 10.400 mills for residents in Cumberland County and 95.3500 mills for residents in Franklin County.  A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value.  Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and government property. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections (Local Tax Enabling Act), which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. School districts located in more than one county are required to apportion the tax levy based on the market value in each county as determined by the State Tax Equalization Board pursuant to section 672.1 of the School Code. As a result, the tax rate increases are not the same for each county in a multi-county school district. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. In 2010, Cumberland County engaged in a property value reassessment.

text: Shippensburg Area School Board set property tax rates for 2013-14 at 10.400 mills for residents in Cumberland County and 95.3500 mills for residents in Franklin County.  A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value.  Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The

text: property tax

text: One of the most important legal principles that seems to have been associated with kinship is that of private property, especially the ownership of land and resources. In the very least, differential access to property and resources for different groups in society is evident in the archaeology, indicated both by differential burial wealth and relatively consistent enclosing of settlement space. Most likely, access rights were at least partially based on kinship/descent, as this is the case not only in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws, but also in the neighbouring Roman and Germanic laws. Even though we cannot be perfectly sure, inheritable individual possession of property and resources, with legal ownership resting with the wider kin-group, is the most likely form of regulating differential access to property and resources in Celtic societies in late prehistory.

text: One of the most important legal principles that seems to have been associated with kinship is that of

text: private property

text: , especially the ownership of land and resources. In the very least, differential access to property and resources for different groups in society is evident in the archaeology, indicated both by differential burial wealth and relatively consistent enclosing of settlement space. Most likely, access rights were at least partially based on kinship/descent, as this is the case not only in the early medieval Irish and Welsh laws, but also in the neighbouring Roman and Germanic laws. Even though we cannot be perfectly sure, inheritable individual possession of property and resources, with legal ownership resting with the wider kin-group, is the most likely form of regulating differential access to property and resources in Celtic societies in late prehistory.

text: Rule-based theories of concept learning began with cognitive psychology and early computer models of learning that might be implemented in a high level computer language with computational statements such as if:then production rules.  They take classification data and a rule-based theory as input which are the result of a rule-based learner with the hopes of producing a more accurate model of the data (Hekenaho 1997). The majority of rule-based models that have been developed are heuristic, meaning that rational analyses have not been provided and the models are not related to statistical approaches to induction. A rational analysis for rule-based models could presume that concepts are represented as rules, and would then ask to what degree of belief a rational agent should be in agreement with each rule, with some observed examples provided (Goodman, Griffiths, Feldman, and Tenenbaum). Rule-based theories of concept learning are focused more so on perceptual learning and less on definition learning. Rules can be used in learning when the stimuli are confusable, as opposed to simple. When rules are used in learning, decisions are made based on properties alone and rely on simple criteria that do not require a lot of memory ( Rouder and Ratcliff, 2006).

text: Rule-based theories of concept learning began with

text: cognitive psychology

text: and early computer models of learning that might be implemented in a high level computer language with computational statements such as

text: if:then

text: production rules.  They take classification data and a rule-based theory as input which are the result of a rule-based learner with the hopes of producing a more accurate model of the data (Hekenaho 1997). The majority of rule-based models that have been developed are heuristic, meaning that rational analyses have not been provided and the models are not related to statistical approaches to induction. A rational analysis for rule-based models could presume that concepts are represented as rules, and would then ask to what degree of belief a rational agent should be in agreement with each rule, with some observed examples provided (Goodman, Griffiths, Feldman, and Tenenbaum). Rule-based theories of concept learning are focused more so on

text: perceptual learning

text: and less on definition learning. Rules can be used in learning when the stimuli are confusable, as opposed to simple. When rules are used in learning, decisions are made based on properties alone and rely on simple criteria that do not require a lot of memory ( Rouder and Ratcliff, 2006).

text: The U.S. armed forces use a variable number of base locations depending on its level of operations. With ongoing warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003, the United States Air Force used 35 bases, while in 2006 it used 14, including four in Iraq.  The United States Navy maintains one major base and one smaller installation, with extensive deployments afloat and ashore by U.S. Navy, U.S Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard ships, aviation units and ground units.

text: The U.S. armed forces use a variable number of base locations depending on its level of operations. With ongoing warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003, the

text: United States Air Force

text: used 35 bases, while in 2006 it used 14, including four in Iraq.  The

text: United States Navy

text: maintains one major base and one smaller installation, with extensive deployments afloat and ashore by U.S. Navy,

text: U.S Marine Corps

text: and

text: U.S. Coast Guard

text: ships, aviation units and ground units.

text: cr360 is a sustainability and EHS software provider based in Cambridge, UK. Founded in 2002 as CRedit360, the company offers web-based software solutions for EHS, supply chain, and  corporate social responsibility information management as well as energy management, property management and carbon management. cr360 was awarded with the Queen's Award for Enterprise in 2015 and has been listed in the Hiscox Tech Track 100 in 2014 and 2015. The headquarters are in Cambridge, UK, with offices in the US and New Zealand.

text: cr360 is a

text: sustainability

text: and

text: EHS

text: software provider based in

text: Cambridge, UK

text: . Founded in 2002 as CRedit360, the company offers web-based software solutions for EHS,

text: supply chain

text: , and

text: corporate social responsibility

text: information management as well as

text: energy management

text: property management

text: and

text: carbon management

text: . cr360 was awarded with the

text: Queen's Award for Enterprise

text: in 2015 and has been listed in the Hiscox

text: Tech Track 100

text: in 2014 and 2015. The headquarters are in Cambridge, UK, with offices in the

text: US

text: and

text: New Zealand

text: Use of the word base is historical, in reference to the chemical properties of nucleobases in acid-base reactions within the test tube, and is not especially important for understanding most of their biological functions.

text: Use of the word base is historical, in reference to the chemical properties of nucleobases in

text: acid-base reactions

text: within the test tube, and is not especially important for understanding most of their biological functions.

text: What is it that gives a distinctively inductive character to the acquisition of a knowledge base? It is evidently the "analogy of experience" that underlies its useful application. Whenever we find ourselves prefacing an argument with the phrase "If past experience is any guide..." then we can be sure that this principle has come into play. We are invoking an analogy between past experience, considered as a totality, and present experience, considered as a point of application. What we mean in practice is this: "If past experience is a fair sample of possible experience, then the knowledge gained in it applies to present experience". This is the mechanism that allows a knowledge base to be carried across gulfs of experience that are indifferent to the effective contents of its rules.

text: It is important that doctors interpreting tests, base what they say on scientific evidence.  If one visits hospital and gets tested for something - e.g. a blood count - most of the tests are used often, and have been done thousands or millions of times before, on many different people. The doctors reading the test results have a large body of evidence to interpret what the results mean. By contrast, MRD tests are new, and the diseases are uncommon. The tests have been done on relatively few people. Consequently, there is less evidence available to guide doctors in interpreting the tests, or basing treatment decisions on them. In plain English, this means the doctors are likely to be very cautious, and rely more on other tests which they know and trust, than these, at least at present, while evidence is accumulating.

text: Separation systems are coupled with a detector, that allows the detection and identification of VOCs based on their molecular weight and chemical properties. The most used system for the analysis of floral scent samples is GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry).

text: Separation systems are coupled with a

text: detector

text: , that allows the detection and identification of VOCs based on their molecular weight and chemical properties. The most used system for the analysis of floral scent samples is

text: GC-MS

text: (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry).

text: Strengths: The advantage of micro-MRI is that it has good spatial resolution, up to 100 µm and even 25 µm in very high strength magnetic fields. It also has excellent contrast resolution to distinguish between normal and pathological tissue. Micro-MRI can be used in a wide variety of applications, including anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging. Furthermore, since micro-MRI’s mechanism is based on a magnetic field, it is much safer compared to radiation based imaging modalities such as micro-CT and micro-PET.

text: There is a wide spectrum of IDS, varying from antivirus software to hierarchical systems that monitor the traffic of an entire backbone network. The most common classifications are network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS). A system that monitors important operating system files is an example of a HIDS, while a system that analyzes incoming network traffic is an example of a NIDS. It is also possible to classify IDS by detection approach: the most well-known variants are signature-based detection (recognizing bad patterns, such as malware) and anomaly-based detection (detecting deviations from a model of "good" traffic, which often relies on machine learning). Some IDS have the ability to respond to detected intrusions. Systems with response capabilities are typically referred to as an intrusion prevention system.

text: There is a wide spectrum of IDS, varying from

text: antivirus software

text: to hierarchical systems that monitor the traffic of an entire backbone network. The most common classifications are network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and

text: host-based intrusion detection system

text: s (HIDS). A system that monitors important operating system files is an example of a HIDS, while a system that analyzes incoming network traffic is an example of a NIDS. It is also possible to classify IDS by detection approach: the most well-known variants are signature-based detection (recognizing bad patterns, such as

text: malware

text: ) and

entity_name: Anomaly-based intrusion detection system

text: anomaly-based detection

text: (detecting deviations from a model of "good" traffic, which often relies on

text: machine learning

text: ). Some IDS have the ability to respond to detected intrusions. Systems with response capabilities are typically referred to as an intrusion prevention system.

text: In Marxian economics and socialist politics, there is distinction between "private property" and "personal property". The former is defined as the means of production in reference to private ownership over an economic enterprise based on socialized production and wage labor; the latter is defined as consumer goods or goods produced by an individual. Prior to the 18th century, private property usually referred to land ownership.

text: In

text: Marxian economics

text: and socialist politics, there is distinction between "private property" and "

text: personal property

text: ". The former is defined as the means of production in reference to private ownership over an economic enterprise based on

text: socialized production

text: and

text: wage labor

text: ; the latter is defined as

text: consumer goods

text: or goods produced by an individual. Prior to the 18th century, private property usually referred to

text: land ownership

text: The base station would signal the five digit sequence; any and all radios tuned to that base station would detect the sequence and compare it with their own; if it matched, the unit would signal its user with a bell or buzzer, and the user could then answer and announce the identity of their unit, similar to how a voice-call user would respond.

text: All in all the military spent NOK 53 million on the process of selling the property. Subtracted the sales price, this was what the military spend on operating the base after closure, maintaining it and in various discounts to purchasers for them to fix up the base after the sale took place. The scandal resulted in Parliament changing the sales procedures so that they had to be approved of by the government. The Defence Estates Agency retrospectively admitted their mistake and restructured their processes and organization to better handle sales and avoid future scandals.

text: A strengths-based approach to personal positive change aims to have clinical psychology place an equal weight on both positive and negative functioning when attempting to understand and treat distress. This rationale is based on empirical findings. Because positive characteristics interact with negative life events to predict disorder the exclusive study of negative life events could produce misleading results.Interventions focusing on strengths and positive emotions can be as effective in treating disorder as other more commonly used approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy.

text: A strengths-based approach to personal positive change aims to have clinical psychology place an equal weight on both positive and negative functioning when attempting to understand and treat distress. This rationale is based on empirical findings. Because positive characteristics interact with negative life events to predict disorder the exclusive study of negative life events could produce misleading results.Interventions focusing on strengths and positive emotions can be as effective in treating disorder as other more commonly used approaches such as

text: cognitive behavioral therapy

text: All in all the military spent NOK 53 million on the process of selling the property. Subtracted the sales price, this was what the military spend on operating the base after closure, maintaining it and in various discounts to purchasers for them to fix up the base after the sale took place. The scandal resulted in Parliament changing the sales procedures so that they had to be approved of by the government.

text: However, in R v. Hill and Hall (1989), the Court of Appeal introduced an objective element to part (b) of the defence. The defendants had been convicted of possession of a hacksaw blade outside a US naval base in Wales, having admitted an intention to use the blade to cut through the base's perimeter fence. They claimed a lawful excuse in that they had acted to protect their own property located near the base; their reasoning was that the base would at some point in the future attract a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. Given that Hill was "forced to admit that she did not expect a nuclear bomb to fall today or tomorrow", the Court concluded that this threat to property was too remote and thus the defence had not been made out, however honest the belief had been.

text: However, in R v. Hill and Hall (1989), the

text: Court of Appeal

text: introduced an objective element to part (b) of the defence. The defendants had been convicted of possession of a hacksaw blade outside a US naval base in Wales, having admitted an intention to use the blade to cut through the base's perimeter fence. They claimed a lawful excuse in that they had acted to protect their own property located near the base; their reasoning was that the base would at some point in the future attract a nuclear attack by the

text: Soviet Union

text: . Given that Hill was "forced to admit that she did not expect a nuclear bomb to fall today or tomorrow", the Court concluded that this threat to property was too remote and thus the defence had not been made out, however honest the belief had been.

text: Research suggests that use or neglect of base rates can be influenced by how the problem is presented, which reminds us that the representativeness heuristic is not a "general, all purpose heuristic", but may have many contributing factors. Base rates may be neglected more often when the information presented is not causal. Base rates are used less if there is relevant individuating information. Groups have been found to neglect base rate more than do individuals. Use of base rates differs based on context. Research on use of base rates have been inconsistent, with some authors suggesting a new model is necessary.

text: An anomaly-based intrusion detection system, is an intrusion detection system for detecting both network and computer intrusions and misuse by monitoring system activity and classifying it as either normal or anomalous. The classification is based on heuristics or rules, rather than patterns or signatures, and attempts to detect any type of misuse that falls out of normal system operation. This is as opposed to signature-based systems, which can only detect attacks for which a signature has previously been created.

text: An anomaly-based intrusion detection system, is an

text: intrusion detection system

text: for detecting both network and computer intrusions and misuse by monitoring system activity and classifying it as either normal or anomalous. The classification is based on

text: heuristics

text: or rules, rather than patterns or

text: signature

text: s, and attempts to detect any type of misuse that falls out of normal system operation. This is as opposed to signature-based systems, which can only detect attacks for which a signature has previously been created.

text: Patent analysis is a family of techniques and tools for studying the information present within and attached to patents, the major form of intellectual property. Although this has traditionally been done using spreadsheet-based data analysis methods, the field of intellectual property has witnessed a surge in the availability of software-based patent analysis tools.

text: Patent analysis is a family of techniques and tools for studying the information present within and attached to

text: patents

text: , the major form of

text: intellectual property

text: . Although this has traditionally been done using spreadsheet-based

text: data analysis

text: methods, the field of intellectual property has witnessed a surge in the availability of software-based patent analysis tools.

text: Timothy Levine (PhD, Michigan State University, 1992) was present for the first empirical test for information manipulation theory, has been a significant contributor to the development of IMT, and is a leader in developing new paradigms for deception detection research. IMT provided impetus to the development of a message-based theory of deception detection that calls into question psychophysical and emotion-based theories of deception detection as well as the interaction-based IDT.

text: Timothy Levine (PhD, Michigan State University, 1992) was present for the first empirical test for information manipulation theory, has been a significant contributor to the development of IMT, and is a leader in developing new paradigms for

text: deception

text: detection research. IMT provided impetus to the development of a message-based theory of deception detection that calls into question psychophysical and emotion-based theories of deception detection as well as the interaction-based IDT.

text: The Maha-punnama Sutta, also called The Great Full-moon Night Discourse, describes the impermanence of the aggregates to assert that there is no self, and the right discernment is, "this is not mine, this is not my self, this is not what I am". This Maha-punnama Sutta theme is retained in the Theravadin six sense bases exegesis, states Bhikkhu Bodhi, which sum up the conditioned existence as "the all" of the sense bases, and that the "six bases are empty of a self and of what belongs to the self".

text: A property tax, millage tax is an ad valorem tax that an owner of real estate or other property pays on the value of the property being taxed. There are three species or types of property: Land, Improvements to Land (immovable man made things), and Personal (movable man made things). Real estate, real property or realty are all terms for the combination of land and improvements. The taxing authority requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary between countries and jurisdictions.

text: A property tax, millage tax is an ad valorem tax that an owner of

text: real estate

text: or other

text: property

text: pays on the value of the property being taxed. There are three species or types of property: Land, Improvements to Land (immovable man made things), and Personal (movable man made things). Real estate, real property or realty are all terms for the combination of land and improvements. The taxing authority requires and/or performs an

text: appraisal

text: of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary between countries and jurisdictions.

text: Simulators (potentially interactive ones) are used to build physically-based models, and predict properties.

text: Based on US tax laws, investors may find that the cost of using a property finder is tax-deductible when purchasing an investment property. However, for the owner-occupier, no tax break may exist unless the total acquisition costs versus the eventual sales price and gain can be verified if any capital gains tax is due.   In some cases the Property Finder will only charge a percentage based on what they can save with a transaction.

text: Based on US tax laws, investors may find that the cost of using a property finder is tax-deductible when purchasing an investment property. However, for the

text: owner-occupier

text: , no tax break may exist unless the total acquisition costs versus the eventual sales price and gain can be verified if any

text: capital gains tax

text: is due.   In some cases the Property Finder will only charge a percentage based on what they can save with a transaction.

text: Inferae  is an artificial group used in the identification of plants based on Bentham and Hooker's classification. Bentham and Hooker published an excellent classification in three volumes in  between 1862 and 1883. As a natural system of classification, it does not show evolutionary relationship between plants but still is a useful and popular system of classification based on a dichotomous key especially for the flowering plant groups (angiosperms.) It is the most popular system of classification based on key characteristics enabling taxonomic students to quickly identify plant groups based only on physical characteristics. However, it is not a scientific group and is used for identification purposes only based on similar plant characteristics. Under the system Inferae are a group of plants based on an artificial and non scientific series. The group Inferae are Gamopetalae and dicotyledons. The group comprises;

text: Inferae  is an artificial group used in the identification of plants based on Bentham and Hooker's classification. Bentham and Hooker published an excellent classification in three volumes in  between 1862 and 1883. As a natural system of

text: classification

text: , it does not show

text: evolutionary

text: relationship between plants but still is a useful and popular system of classification based on a

text: dichotomous key

text: especially for the flowering plant groups (

text: angiosperms

text: .) It is the most popular system of classification based on key characteristics enabling

text: taxonomic

text: students to quickly identify plant groups based only on physical characteristics. However, it is not a scientific group and is used for identification purposes only based on similar plant characteristics. Under the system Inferae are a group of plants based on an artificial and non scientific series. The group Inferae are

text: Gamopetalae

text: and

text: dicotyledons

text: . The group comprises;

text: Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential liquid–liquid extractions to purify acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties.

text: Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential

text: liquid–liquid extraction

text: s to purify

text: acid

text: s and

text: bases

text: from mixtures based on their chemical properties.

text: Levels of Black carbon are most often determined based on the modification of the optical properties of a fiber filter by deposited particles. Either filter transmittance, filter reflectance or a combination of transmittance and reflectance is measured. Aethalometers are frequently used devices that optically detect the changing absorption of light transmitted through a filter ticket. A multiangle absorption photometer takes into account both transmitted and reflected light. Alternative methods rely on satellite based measurements of optical depth for large areas or more recently on spectral noise analysis for very local concentrations.

text: The typical properties of ticalium composite material from 6xxx aluminium alloy is a hardness of 120 HV, a yield strength of 300 MPa, a tensile strength of 330 MPa and a stiffness of 85 GPa.  These values are about 25% higher than those for the base alloy.

text: The typical properties of ticalium composite material from 6xxx aluminium alloy is a hardness of 120

text: HV

text: , a yield strength of 300

text: MPa

text: , a tensile strength of 330 MPa and a stiffness of 85

text: GPa

text: .  These values are about 25% higher than those for the base alloy.

text: Lieberman is credited for being among the first lawyers in the world to begin generating a significant revenue and client base via online virtual worlds such as Second Life. For example, through the Washington, DC-based law firm of Greenberg & Lieberman, CNN has cited him as "among the virtual world's earning elite." In 2007 CNN reported that the American Bar Association and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are among the organizations seeking assistance and legal guidance from Lieberman on issues relating to business practices in virtual worlds. He is a regular lecturer for the Montgomery County Bar Association on intellectual property issues. He has said, "IP law is extraordinarily complicated and a 3-D image helps people to reach out and touch items so that they can understand my explanations. Second Life makes people feel as if they have physically met one another. In addition, its interactive capabilities help users, particularly lawyers, to clarify difficult concepts. Second Life is not another world; it is an extension of real life." Lieberman assumes the name of "Navets Potato" (Navets is Stevan spelt backwards) in Second Life and has multiple avatars, one which resembles himself and some six others as of 2007, based on what he wants to accomplish.

text: Lieberman is credited for being among the first lawyers in the world to begin generating a significant revenue and client base via online virtual worlds such as

text: Second Life

text: . For example, through the Washington, DC-based law firm of Greenberg & Lieberman,

text: CNN

text: has cited him as "among the virtual world's earning elite." In 2007 CNN reported that the

text: American Bar Association

text: and the

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: FBI

text: ) are among the organizations seeking assistance and legal guidance from Lieberman on issues relating to business practices in virtual worlds. He is a regular lecturer for the

text: Montgomery County Bar Association

text: on intellectual property issues. He has said, "IP law is extraordinarily complicated and a 3-D image helps people to reach out and touch items so that they can understand my explanations. Second Life makes people feel as if they have physically met one another. In addition, its interactive capabilities help users, particularly lawyers, to clarify difficult concepts. Second Life is not another world; it is an extension of real life." Lieberman assumes the name of "Navets Potato" (Navets is Stevan spelt backwards) in Second Life and has multiple avatars, one which resembles himself and some six others as of 2007, based on what he wants to accomplish.

text: Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties.  Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.

text: Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are

text: analogous

text: (structurally similar) to naturally occurring

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: , used in medicine and in molecular biology research.

text: Nucleic acid

text: s are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a

text: phosphate

text: backbone, a pentose sugar, either

text: ribose

text: or

text: deoxyribose

text: , and one of four

text: nucleobase

text: s.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties.  Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as

text: PNA

text: , which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a

text: triple helix

text: ).Nucleic acid analogues are also called

text: Xeno Nucleic Acid

text: and represent one of the main pillars of

text: xenobiology

text: , the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.

text: that are based on the properties of reals.

text: Two common approaches to defining "physicalism" are the theory-based and object-based approaches. The theory-based conception of physicalism proposes that "a property is physical if and only if it either is the sort of property that physical theory tells us about or else is a property which metaphysically (or logically) supervenes on the sort of property that physical theory tells us about". Likewise, the object-based conception claims that "a property is physical if and only if: it either is the sort of property required by a complete account of the intrinsic nature of paradigmatic physical objects and their constituents or else is a property which metaphysically (or logically) supervenes on the sort of property required by a complete account of the intrinsic nature of paradigmatic physical objects and their constituents".

text: Property tax is a fair, equitable and progressive tax that rises with the quantity of access to local services for the property. Very poor sections of communities are normally screened out of the property tax system. The Government of Kerala has decided to introduce plinth area based assessment of property tax for residential and non-residential commercial buildings in 1999.  As rules and operational instructions are not implemented on the basis of the new decision, old system of property tax collection based on rental value is still in force right now in the mid-2007.

text: Property tax is a fair, equitable and progressive tax that rises with the quantity of access to local services for the property. Very poor sections of communities are normally screened out of the property tax system. The

text: Government of Kerala

text: has decided to introduce plinth area based assessment of property tax for residential and non-residential commercial buildings in 1999.  As rules and operational instructions are not implemented on the basis of the new decision, old system of

text: property tax

text: collection based on rental value is still in force right now in the mid-2007.

text: Wollastonite has industrial importance worldwide. It is used in many industries, mostly by tile factories which have incorporated it into the manufacturing of ceramic to improve many aspects, and this is due to its fluxing properties, freedom from volatile constituents, whiteness, and acicular particle shape. In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during firing, increases green and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects. In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel. As an additive in paint, it improves the durability of the paint film, acts as a pH buffer, improves its resistance to weathering, reduces gloss, reduces pigment consumption, and acts as a flatting and suspending agent. In plastics, wollastonite improves tensile and flexural strength, reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added. As a substitute for asbestos in floor tiles, friction products, insulating board and panels, paint, plastics, and roofing products, wollastonite is resistant to chemical attack, inert, stable at high temperatures, and improves flexural and tensile strength. In some industries, it is used in different percentages of impurities, such as its use as a fabricator of mineral wool insulation, or as an ornamental building material.

text: Wollastonite has industrial importance worldwide. It is used in many industries, mostly by tile factories which have incorporated it into the manufacturing of ceramic to improve many aspects, and this is due to its fluxing properties, freedom from volatile constituents, whiteness, and acicular particle shape. In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during

text: firing

text: , increases

text: green

text: and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects. In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel. As an additive in paint, it improves the durability of the paint film, acts as a

text: pH

text: buffer, improves its resistance to weathering, reduces gloss, reduces pigment consumption, and acts as a flatting and suspending agent. In plastics, wollastonite improves

text: tensile

text: and

text: flexural strength

text: , reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added. As a substitute for asbestos in floor tiles, friction products, insulating board and panels, paint, plastics, and roofing products, wollastonite is resistant to chemical attack, inert, stable at high temperatures, and improves flexural and tensile strength. In some industries, it is used in different percentages of impurities, such as its use as a fabricator of mineral wool insulation, or as an ornamental building material.

text: Of note, in a quasi in rem case the court may lack  personal jurisdiction  over the  defendant,  but it has jurisdiction over the defendant's property.   The property could be  seized  to obtain a claim against the defendant.   A judgment based on quasi in rem jurisdiction generally affects rights to the property only between the persons involved and does not "bind the entire world" as does a judgment based on "jurisdiction in rem".

text: Of note, in a quasi in rem case the court may lack

text: personal jurisdiction

text: over the

text: defendant

text: ,  but it has jurisdiction over the defendant's property.   The property could be

text: seized

text: to obtain a claim against the defendant.   A judgment based on quasi in rem jurisdiction generally affects rights to the property only between the persons involved and does not "bind the entire world" as does a judgment based on "

text: jurisdiction in rem

text: Base Size (1/300 scale) - A Base which has 1 to 5 strength points has a size of 20mm by 30mm. A Base with more than 5 strength points has a size of 30mm by 30mm.

text: Loyalties differ in strength.  They can range from supreme loyalties, that override all other considerations, to merely presumptive loyalties, that affect one's presumptions, providing but one motivation for action that is weighed against other motivations.  Nathanson observes that strength of loyalty is often interrelated with basis.  "Blood is thicker than water", states an aphorism, explaining that loyalties that have biological ties as their bases are generally stronger.

text: Loyalties differ in strength.  They can range from supreme loyalties, that override all other considerations, to merely presumptive loyalties, that affect one's presumptions, providing but one motivation for action that is weighed against other motivations.  Nathanson observes that strength of loyalty is often interrelated with basis.  "

text: Blood is thicker than water

text: ", states an aphorism, explaining that loyalties that have biological ties as their bases are generally stronger.

text: Its modern construction is a composite of two steel beams connected intermittently by bolts to manage compressive buckling, with the gap between the beams filled with concrete. The bolts transfer the shear, with an equal number of bolts above and below ground. The poles are tapered from ground level to the top and the toe. This construction uses the tensile properties of the steel, giving the poles excellent properties in bending. Stobie pole strength in the strong direction may be up to 4.5 times the weak direction strength. Small holes through the concrete enable easy attachment of modular cross-arms, insulators and other hardware. The poles are fireproof, rotproof, and termiteproof. Stobie poles are widely regarded in Australia to be dangerous to vehicles, with collisions sometimes "almost cutting the vehicle in half."  There are those in the industry who claim that steel bends more than wood, but such claims do not take into account the smaller cross-section Stobie poles present to vehicles.

text: Its modern construction is a composite of two steel beams connected intermittently by bolts to manage compressive

text: buckling

text: , with the gap between the beams filled with concrete. The bolts transfer the

text: shear

text: , with an equal number of bolts above and below ground. The poles are tapered from ground level to the top and the toe. This construction uses the

text: tensile

text: properties of the steel, giving the poles excellent properties in bending. Stobie pole strength in the strong direction may be up to 4.5 times the weak direction strength. Small holes through the concrete enable easy attachment of modular cross-arms, insulators and other hardware. The poles are fireproof, rotproof, and termiteproof. Stobie poles are widely regarded in Australia to be dangerous to vehicles, with collisions sometimes "almost cutting the vehicle in half."  There are those in the industry who claim that steel bends more than wood, but such claims do not take into account the smaller cross-section Stobie poles present to vehicles.

text: OPTICS-OF is an outlier detection algorithm based on OPTICS. The main use is the extraction of outliers from an existing run of OPTICS at low cost compared to using a different outlier detection method. The better known version LOF is based on the same concepts.

text: OPTICS-OF is an

text: outlier detection

text: algorithm based on OPTICS. The main use is the extraction of outliers from an existing run of OPTICS at low cost compared to using a different outlier detection method. The better known version

text: LOF

text: is based on the same concepts.

text: Angelo Rossitto was based on the strength of his performance in Hellzapoppin'.

text: Angelo Rossitto

text: was based on the strength of his performance in

text: Hellzapoppin'

text: Personal property is generally considered property that is movable, as opposed to real property or real estate. In common law systems, personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. In civil law systems, personal property is often called movable property or movables – any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings. Movable property on land, for example, larger livestock, was not automatically sold with the land. In contrast, wildlife and smaller livestock like chickens were often sold as part of the land. In fact the word cattle is the Old Norman variant of Old French chatel (derived from Latin capitalis, “of the head”), which was once synonymous with general movable personal property.

text: Personal property is generally considered

text: property

text: that is movable, as opposed to

text: real property

text: or

text: real estate

text: . In

text: common law

text: systems, personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. In

text: civil law

text: systems, personal property is often called movable property or movables – any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with

text: immovable property

text: or immovables, such as land and buildings. Movable property on land, for example, larger

text: livestock

text: , was not automatically sold with the land. In contrast, wildlife and smaller livestock like chickens were often sold as part of the land. In fact the word cattle is the Old

text: Norman

text: variant of

text: Old French

text: chatel (derived from Latin capitalis, “of the head”), which was once synonymous with general movable personal property.

text: Fidelity is very important in DNA replication. Mismatches in DNA base pairing can potentially result in dysfunctional proteins and could lead to cancer. Many DNA polymerase contain an exonuclease domain, which acts in detecting base pair mismatches and further performs in the removal of the incorrect nucleotide to be replaced by the correct one. The shape and the interactions accommodating the Watson and Crick base pair are what primarily contribute to the detection or error. Hydrogen bonds play a key role in base pair binding and interaction. The loss of an interaction, which occurs at a mismatch, is said to trigger a shift in the balance, for the binding of the template-primer, from the polymerase, to the exonuclease domain. In addition, an incorporation of a wrong nucleotide causes a retard in DNA polymerization. This delay gives time for the DNA to be switched from the polymerase site to the exonuclease site. Different conformational changes and loss of interaction occur at different mismatches. In a purine:pyrimidine mismatch there is a displacement of the pyrimidine towards the major groove and the purine towards the minor groove. Relative to the shape of DNA polymerase’s binding pocket, steric clashes occur between the purine and residues in the minor groove, and important van der Waals and electrostatic interactions are lost by the pyrimidine. Pyrimidine:pyrimidine and purine:purine mismatches present less notable changes since the bases are displaced towards the major groove, and less steric hindrance is experienced. However, although the different mismatches result in different steric properties, DNA polymerase is still able to detect and differentiate them so uniformly and maintain fidelity in DNA replication.

text: On 29 June 1998, the Navy transferred the last segment of the closed Naval Air Station Glenview (BRAC 1993) from Navy ownership to private ownership, with the Village of Glenview, Illinois and the Local Reuse Authority (LRA) taking possession of over 90% of the closed and transferring portion of the base. The first transfer occurred in September 1997, with the remaining 10% transferred in October 1999.  This last 10% contained the remaining sites that required some form of remedial environmental action. The 90% milestone was because the operational closure of the base occurred in September 1995, just two years after the base was selected for closure during BRAC 1993 (aka "BRAC III"). Since then, much of the base property had been idle. The new use plan for the base was different from the previous airfield use, with much of the land and facilities seeing extensive demolition and redevelopment.  The importance of the redevelopment effort was significant.  NAS Glenview was located in the geographic center of the Village of Glenview and contained 15% of the landmass. Once redevelopment planners decided not to use the existing infrastructure as an airfield, alternate plans were developed. The resulting plan called for a "mixed use" scenario providing open space and public land, senior and residential housing, recreational and sports areas, mixed retail areas, a business park with an area used as a "prairie reserve", and a new railroad station. Since the existing air base infrastructure had to be demolished to make room for a new supporting infrastructure, it was important for the LRA to develop the base in systematic stages.

text: For an avalanche to occur, it is necessary that a snowpack have a weak layer (or instability) below a slab of cohesive snow. In practice the formal mechanical and structural factors related to snowpack instability are not directly observable outside of laboratories, thus the more easily observed properties of the snow layers (e.g. penetration resistance, grain size, grain type, temperature) are used as index measurements of the mechanical properties of the snow (e.g. tensile strength, friction coefficients, shear strength, and ductile strength). This results in two principal sources of uncertainty in determining snowpack stability based on snow structure: First, both the factors influencing snow stability and the specific characteristics of the snowpack vary widely within small areas and time scales, resulting in significant difficulty extrapolating point observations of snow layers across different scales of space and time. Second, the relationship between readily observable snowpack characteristics and the snowpack's critical mechanical properties has not been completely developed.

text: For an avalanche to occur, it is necessary that a snowpack have a weak layer (or instability) below a slab of cohesive snow. In practice the formal mechanical and structural factors related to snowpack instability are not directly observable outside of laboratories, thus the more easily observed properties of the snow layers (e.g. penetration resistance, grain size, grain type, temperature) are used as index measurements of the mechanical properties of the snow (e.g.

text: tensile strength

text: friction

text: coefficients,

text: shear strength

text: , and

text: ductile strength

text: ). This results in two principal sources of uncertainty in determining snowpack stability based on snow structure: First, both the factors influencing snow stability and the specific characteristics of the snowpack vary widely within small areas and time scales, resulting in significant difficulty extrapolating point observations of snow layers across different scales of space and time. Second, the relationship between readily observable snowpack characteristics and the snowpack's critical mechanical properties has not been completely developed.

text: EBAC uses emotion detection technology to supplement the access control systems by detecting the emotion of the person requesting access and using it as an additional authentication factor along with the recognized identity of the user as needed. The novelty of the approach is that access is granted based on the actual feelings of the users with regards to the requested resources. The approach is based on the detection of emotion based on the involuntary brain signals that are extremely hard to control or circumvent, and on using the detected emotion in the context of access control.

text: The effort used in developing bases by fragrance companies or individual perfumers may equal that of a marketed perfume, since they are useful in that they are reusable. On top of its reusability, the benefit in using bases for construction are quite numerous:

text: The most commonly used and commercially available fluorescent base analogue, 2-aminopurine (2-AP), has a high-fluorescence quantum yield free in solution (0.68) that is considerably reduced (appr. 100 times but highly dependent on base sequence) when incorporated into nucleic acids. The emission sensitivity of 2-AP to immediate surroundings is shared by other promising and useful fluorescent base analogues like 3-MI, 6-MI, 6-MAP, pyrrolo-dC (also commercially available), modified and improved derivatives of pyrrolo-dC, furan-modified bases and many other ones (see recent reviews). This sensitivity to the microenvironment has been utilized in studies of e.g. structure and dynamics within both DNA and RNA, dynamics and kinetics of DNA-protein interaction and electron transfer within DNA. A newly developed and very interesting group of fluorescent base analogues that has a fluorescence quantum yield that is nearly insensitive to their immediate surroundings is the tricyclic cytosine family. 1,3-Diaza-2-oxophenothiazine, tC, has a fluorescence quantum yield of approximately 0.2 both in single- and in double-strands irrespective of surrounding bases. Also the oxo-homologue of tC called tC (both commercially available), 1,3-diaza-2-oxophenoxazine, has a quantum yield of 0.2 in double-stranded systems. However, it is somewhat sensitive to surrounding bases in single-strands (quantum yields of 0.14–0.41). The high and stable quantum yields of these base analogues make them very bright, and, in combination with their good base analogue properties (leaves DNA structure and stability next to unperturbed), they are especially useful in fluorescence anisotropy and FRET measurements, areas where other fluorescent base analogues are less accurate. Also, in the same family of cytosine analogues, a FRET-acceptor base analogue, tC, has been developed. Together with tC as a FRET-donor this constitutes the first nucleic acid base analogue FRET-pair ever developed. The tC-family has, for example, been used in studies related to polymerase DNA-binding and DNA-polymerization mechanisms.

text: The base fabric's tensile strength is determined by the size (denier) and strength (tenacity) of the yarns and the number of yarns per linear inch or meter. The larger the yarn and the more yarns per inch, the greater the finished product's tensile strength.

text: The base fabric's tensile strength is determined by the size (

text: denier

text: ) and strength (tenacity) of the yarns and the number of yarns per linear inch or meter. The larger the yarn and the more yarns per inch, the greater the finished product's tensile strength.

text: A sequence, or 'train', of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes. In motor neurons, for example, the strength at which an innervated muscle is flexed depends solely on the 'firing rate', the average number of spikes per unit time (a 'rate code'). At the other end, a complex 'temporal code' is based on the precise timing of single spikes. They may be locked to an external stimulus such as in the visual  and auditory system or be generated intrinsically by the neural circuitry.

text: A sequence, or 'train', of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes. In motor neurons, for example, the strength at which an innervated muscle is flexed depends solely on the 'firing rate', the average number of spikes per unit time (a 'rate code'). At the other end, a complex '

text: temporal code

text: ' is based on the precise timing of single spikes. They may be locked to an external stimulus such as in the visual  and

text: auditory system

text: or be generated intrinsically by the neural circuitry.

text: Once a metric is given on a surface and a base point is fixed, there is a unique geodesic connecting the base point to each sufficiently nearby point. The direction of the geodesic at the base point and the distance uniquely determine the other endpoint. These two bits of data, a direction and a magnitude, thus determine a tangent vector at the base point. The map from tangent vectors to endpoints smoothly sweeps out a neighbourhood of the base point and defines what is called the "exponential map", defining a local coordinate chart at that base point. The neighbourhood swept out has similar properties to balls in Euclidean space, namely any two points in it are joined by a unique geodesic. This property is called "geodesic convexity" and the coordinates are called "normal coordinates". The explicit calculation of normal coordinates can be accomplished by considering the differential equation satisfied by geodesics. The convexity properties are consequences of Gauss's lemma and its generalisations. Roughly speaking this lemma states that geodesics starting at the base point must cut the spheres of fixed radius centred on the base point at right angles. Geodesic polar coordinates are obtained by combining the exponential map with polar coordinates on tangent vectors at the base point. The Gaussian curvature of the surface is then given by the second order deviation of the metric at the point from the Euclidean metric. In particular the Gaussian curvature is an invariant of the metric, Gauss's celebrated Theorema Egregium. A convenient way to understand the curvature comes from an ordinary differential equation, first considered by Gauss and later generalized by Jacobi, arising from the change of normal coordinates about two different points. The Gauss–Jacobi equation provides another way of computing the Gaussian curvature. Geometrically it explains what happens to geodesics from a fixed base point as the endpoint varies along a small curve segment through data recorded in the Jacobi field, a vector field along the geodesic. One and a quarter centuries after Gauss and Jacobi, Marston Morse gave a more conceptual interpretation of the Jacobi field in terms of second derivatives of the energy function on the infinite-dimensional Hilbert manifold of paths.

text: Once a metric is given on a surface and a base point is fixed, there is a unique geodesic connecting the base point to each sufficiently nearby point. The direction of the geodesic at the base point and the distance uniquely determine the other endpoint. These two bits of data, a direction and a magnitude, thus determine a tangent vector at the base point. The map from tangent vectors to endpoints smoothly sweeps out a neighbourhood of the base point and defines what is called the "exponential map", defining a local coordinate chart at that base point. The neighbourhood swept out has similar properties to balls in Euclidean space, namely any two points in it are joined by a unique geodesic. This property is called "geodesic convexity" and the coordinates are called "normal coordinates". The explicit calculation of normal coordinates can be accomplished by considering the differential equation satisfied by geodesics. The convexity properties are consequences of

text: Gauss's lemma

text: and its generalisations. Roughly speaking this lemma states that geodesics starting at the base point must cut the spheres of fixed radius centred on the base point at right angles. Geodesic polar coordinates are obtained by combining the exponential map with polar coordinates on tangent vectors at the base point. The Gaussian curvature of the surface is then given by the second order deviation of the metric at the point from the Euclidean metric. In particular the Gaussian curvature is an invariant of the metric, Gauss's celebrated

text: Theorema Egregium

text: . A convenient way to understand the curvature comes from an ordinary differential equation, first considered by Gauss and later generalized by Jacobi, arising from the change of normal coordinates about two different points. The Gauss–Jacobi equation provides another way of computing the Gaussian curvature. Geometrically it explains what happens to geodesics from a fixed base point as the endpoint varies along a small curve segment through data recorded in the

text: Jacobi field

text: , a

text: vector field

text: along the geodesic. One and a quarter centuries after Gauss and Jacobi,

text: Marston Morse

text: gave a more conceptual interpretation of the Jacobi field in terms of second derivatives of the energy function on the infinite-dimensional

text: Hilbert manifold

text: of paths.

text: The point of computing the character and weight is useful to be able to tell what sort of bases and local bases can exist. We have following facts:

text: Real estate or immovable property is a legal term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as buildings. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered synonymous with real property, in contrast from personal property (also sometimes called chattel or personalty). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in common law, while civil law jurisdictions refer instead to immovable property.

text: Real estate or

text: immovable property

text: is a

text: legal

text: term (in some jurisdictions) that encompasses land along with anything permanently affixed to the land, such as

text: building

text: s. Real estate (immovable property) is often considered synonymous with

text: real property

text: , in contrast from

text: personal property

text: (also sometimes called chattel or personalty). However, for technical purposes, some people prefer to distinguish real estate, referring to the land and fixtures themselves, from real property, referring to ownership rights over real estate. The terms real estate and real property are used primarily in

text: common law

text: , while

text: civil law

text: jurisdiction

text: s refer instead to

text: immovable property

text: Bases can be easily shared with public. One need not have an Airtable account to view the published Bases. These view only Bases shared in public are called Airtable views. These views can be embedded into one's own website and allows the website users see the real time information in Base, without needing them to have an Airtable account. One possible use-case is Airtable Form, which can be used to take a survey of a product. The feedback received from a customer can also be shown to public by sharing the Airtable View.

text: 7	Should not be based on experimental properties

text: Most existing database systems, including all major commercial database systems, are strong strict two phase locking (SS2PL) based and already CO compliant. Thus they can participate in a CO based solution for global serializability in multidatabase environments without any modification (except for the popular multiversioning, where additional CO aspects should be considered). Achieving global serializability across SS2PL based databases using atomic commitment (primarily using two phase commit, 2PC) has been employed for many years (i.e., using the same CO solution for a specific special case; however, no reference is known prior to CO, that notices this special case's automatic global deadlock resulotion by the atomic commitment protocol's augmented-conflict-graph global cycle elimination process). Virtually all existing distributed transaction processing environments and supporting products rely on SS2PL and provide 2PC. As a matter of fact SS2PL together with 2PC have become a de facto standard. This solution is a homogeneous concurrency control one, suboptimal (when both Serializability and Strictness are needed; see Strict commitment ordering; SCO) but still quite effective in most cases, sometimes at the cost of increased computing power needed relatively to the optimum. (However, for better performance relaxed serializability is used whenever applications allow). It allows inter-operation among SS2PL-compliant different database system types, i.e., allows heterogeneity in aspects other than concurrency control. SS2PL is a very constraining schedule property, and "takes over" when combined with any other property. For example, when combined with any optimistic property, the result is not optimistic anymore, but rather characteristically SS2PL. On the other hand, CO does not change data-access scheduling patterns at all, and any combined property's characteristics remain unchanged. Since also CO uses atomic commitment (e.g., 2PC) for achieving global serializability, as SS2PL does, any CO compliant database system or transactional object can transparently join existing SS2PL based environments, use 2PC, and maintain global serializability without any environment change. This makes CO a straightforward, natural generalization of SS2PL for any conflict serializability based database system, for all practical purposes.

text: Most existing database systems, including all major commercial database systems, are

text: strong strict two phase locking (SS2PL)

text: based and already CO compliant. Thus they can participate in a

text: CO based solution for global serializability in multidatabase environments

text: without any modification (except for the popular

text: multiversioning

text: , where additional CO aspects should be considered). Achieving global serializability across SS2PL based databases using atomic commitment (primarily using

text: two phase commit

text: , 2PC) has been employed for many years (i.e., using the same CO solution for a specific special case; however, no reference is known prior to CO, that notices this special case's automatic global deadlock resulotion by the atomic commitment protocol's

entity_section: Exact characterization of voting-deadlocks by global cycles

text: augmented-conflict-graph

text: global cycle elimination process). Virtually all existing distributed transaction processing environments and supporting products rely on SS2PL and provide 2PC. As a matter of fact SS2PL together with 2PC have become a

text: de facto standard

text: . This solution is a homogeneous concurrency control one, suboptimal (when both Serializability and

text: Strictness

text: are needed; see

text: Strict commitment ordering

text: ; SCO) but still quite effective in most cases, sometimes at the cost of increased computing power needed relatively to the optimum. (However, for better performance

text: relaxed serializability

text: is used whenever applications allow). It allows inter-operation among SS2PL-compliant different database system types, i.e., allows heterogeneity in aspects other than concurrency control. SS2PL is a very constraining schedule property, and "takes over" when combined with any other property. For example, when combined with any

text: optimistic property

text: , the result is not optimistic anymore, but rather characteristically SS2PL. On the other hand, CO does not change data-access scheduling patterns at all, and any combined property's characteristics remain unchanged. Since also CO uses atomic commitment (e.g., 2PC) for achieving global serializability, as SS2PL does, any CO compliant database system or transactional object can transparently join existing SS2PL based environments, use 2PC, and maintain global serializability without any environment change. This makes CO a straightforward, natural generalization of SS2PL for any conflict serializability based database system, for all practical purposes.

text: Open Source Tripwire functions as a host-based intrusion detection system. Rather than attempting to detect intrusions at the network interface level (as in network intrusion detection systems), Open Source Tripwire detects changes to file system objects.

text: Open Source Tripwire functions as a

text: host-based intrusion detection system

text: . Rather than attempting to detect intrusions at the network interface level (as in

text: network intrusion detection system

text: s), Open Source Tripwire detects changes to file system objects.

text: DNA array is fabricated to test the G–G mismatch stabilizing properties of the naphthyridine dimer. Each of the four immobilized sequences in the array differed by one base. The position of this base is indicated by an X in sequence 1 as shown in Figure 16. The SPR difference image is only detected for the sequence having cytosine (C) base at the X position in sequence 1, the complementary sequence to sequence 2. However, the SPR difference image corresponding to the addition of sequence 2 in the presence of the naphthyridine dimer shows that, in addition to its complement, sequence 2 also hybridizes to the sequence that forms a G–G mismatch. These results demonstrate that SPR imaging is a promising tool for monitoring single base mismatches and screen out the hybridized molecules.

text: Properties which affect choice of an ointment base are:

text: Public property is property that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of state property. The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership (owned collectively by the population of a state). This is in contrast to private property, owned by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the financial interests of persons, such as corporations. State ownership, also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual or communities.

text: Public property is

text: property

text: that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of

text: state property

text: . The term may be used either to describe the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its ownership (owned collectively by the

text: population

text: of a

text: state

text: ). This is in contrast to

text: private property

text: , owned by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the financial interests of persons, such as

text: corporations

text: State ownership

text: , also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the

text: state

text: , rather than an

text: individual

text: or

text: communities

text: Kurtz analyzes the bases of religion: how provable are the claims of the famous prophets who founded religion in their name: Jesus, Moses, Muhammad, Joseph Smith, Ellen G. White and others? He asks what the prospects are for developing a humanistic society based on scientific and humane foundations.

text: Kurtz analyzes the bases of religion: how provable are the claims of the famous prophets who founded religion in their name:

text: Jesus

text: Moses

text: Muhammad

text: Joseph Smith

text: Ellen G. White

text: and others? He asks what the prospects are for developing a humanistic society based on scientific and humane foundations.

text: The detection and tracking takes place from an aerial view, which implies that each object in the scene is composed of only a few pixels. Therefore, there are only a couple of pixels that can be used for tracking.A major part used for detection is the shadow of an object. The shadow of an object goes through a normalization procedure and is then passed into a trained Gentle AdaBoost Classifier. The AdaBoost Classifier is a machine learning meta-algorithm which can be used with many other types of algorithms to improve their performance, like it is used in this case. This produces a confidence score of the likeliness of an object being in that area. These results are used to form the base of the Tracking-by-Detection approach.

text: Boutique law firms have maintained their competitive edge in a number of fields. Firms like Seattle-based Harris & Moure remain a competitive force in the international law practice. The complexities of intellectual property, especially patent law, have made IP boutiques still competitive, including Fish & Richardson, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, Oblon, Spivak, Schwegman, Lundberg & Woessner and Wood, Herron & Evans, although New York City IP boutiques Pennie & Edmonds largely joined Jones Day, Fish & Neave merged with Boston-based Ropes & Gray, and a number of Morgan & Finnegan lawyers joined Texas-based Locke Lord Bissell & Liddell.  Additionally, Alexandria-based IP boutique Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis merged with Pittsburgh-based Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney in 2005, Cushman, Darby & Cushman was absorbed by national firm Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman (then Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro), Houston-based Arnold, White & Durkee merged with Howrey (then Howrey & Simon), Los Angeles-based Lyon & Lyon dissolved in 2002, and Silicon Valley boutique Skjerven Morrill & MacPherson LLP dissolved in 2003.

text: Boutique law firms have maintained their competitive edge in a number of fields. Firms like

text: Seattle

text: -based Harris & Moure remain a competitive force in the

text: international law

text: practice. The complexities of

text: intellectual property

text: , especially

text: patent law

text: , have made

text: IP

text: boutiques still competitive, including

text: Fish & Richardson

entity_name: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner

text: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner

text: Oblon, Spivak

text: , Schwegman, Lundberg & Woessner and Wood, Herron & Evans, although New York City IP boutiques

text: Pennie & Edmonds

text: largely joined

text: Jones Day

text: Fish & Neave

text: merged with

text: Boston

text: -based

text: Ropes & Gray

text: , and a number of Morgan & Finnegan lawyers joined Texas-based

text: Locke Lord Bissell & Liddell

text: .  Additionally, Alexandria-based IP boutique Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis merged with

text: Pittsburgh

text: -based

text: Buchanan, Ingersoll & Rooney

text: in 2005, Cushman, Darby & Cushman was absorbed by national firm

text: Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman

text: (then Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro),

text: Houston

text: -based Arnold, White & Durkee merged with

text: Howrey

text: (then Howrey & Simon),

text: Los Angeles

text: -based

text: Lyon & Lyon

text: dissolved in 2002, and Silicon Valley boutique Skjerven Morrill & MacPherson LLP dissolved in 2003.

text: During the 2006 campaign, McMullan pledged to eliminate automatic property tax raises based on increased property assessments and to implement a "zero-based budget" with mandatory reviews for all city expenditures.  He also opposed the existing plans for tower development at Port Dalhousie.

text: An application protocol-based intrusion detection system (APIDS) is an intrusion detection system that focuses its monitoring and analysis on a specific application protocol or protocols in use by the computing system.

text: An application protocol-based intrusion detection system (APIDS) is an

text: intrusion detection system

text: that focuses its monitoring and analysis on a specific application

text: protocol

text: or protocols in use by the computing system.

text: Proudhon in his earliest works analyzed the nature and problems of the capitalist economy.  While deeply critical of capitalism, he also objected to those contemporary socialists who advocated centralized, hierarchical forms of association or state control of the economy. In a sequence of commentaries, from What is Property? (1840), posthumously published in the Théorie de la propriété (Theory of Property, 1863–64), he declared in turn that "property is theft", "property is impossible", "property is despotism", and "property is freedom". When he said "property is theft", he was referring to the landowner or capitalist who he believed "stole" the profits from laborers. For Proudhon, the capitalist's employee was "subordinated, exploited: his permanent condition is one of obedience".

text: Proudhon in his earliest works analyzed the nature and problems of the capitalist economy.  While deeply critical of

text: capitalism

text: , he also objected to those contemporary socialists who advocated centralized, hierarchical forms of association or state control of the economy. In a sequence of commentaries, from

text: What is Property?

text: (1840), posthumously published in the Théorie de la propriété (Theory of Property, 1863–64), he declared in turn that "property is theft", "property is impossible", "property is despotism", and "property is freedom". When he said "property is theft", he was referring to the landowner or capitalist who he believed "stole" the profits from laborers. For Proudhon, the capitalist's employee was "subordinated, exploited: his permanent condition is one of obedience".

text: The detectives investigate crimes against persons such as homicide and death investigations, robbery, sexual assaults – adult & juvenile, incidents of domestic violence, and child abuse. The Investigative Unit is also responsible for working property crimes such as burglary, stealing, auto theft, arson, fraud, forgery, and identity theft. Although there are no specialty positions within this Unit, cases are distributed to the Detectives based on specialized training and experience. All sex offender registrations, warrants, and violations are the responsibility of the Investigative Unit. Detectives are on-call 24 hours a day and are expected to respond to all major incidents. Detectives are also trained as crime scene investigators.

text: Proteins with a high degree of sequence similarity are also generally assumed to exhibit a high degree of functional similarity, i.e. Hox proteins with identical homeodomains are assumed to have identical DNA-binding properties (unless additional sequences are known to influence DNA-binding).To identify the set of proteins between two different species that are most likely to be most similar in function, classification schemes are used. For Hox proteins, three different classification schemes exist: phylogenetic inference based, synteny-based, and sequence similarity-based. The three classification schemes provide conflicting information for Hox proteins expressed in the middle of the body axis (Hox6-8 and Antp, Ubx and abd-A). A combined approach used phylogenetic inference-based information of the different species and plotted the protein sequence types onto the phylogenetic tree of the species. The approach identified the proteins that best represent ancestral forms (Hox7 and Antp) and the proteins that represent new, derived versions (or were lost in an ancestor and are now missing in numerous species).

text: Tensile testing, is also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. The results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an application, for quality control, and to predict how a material will react under other types of forces. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. For anisotropic materials, such as composite materials and textiles, biaxial tensile testing is required.

text: Tensile testing, is also known as tension testing, is a fundamental

text: materials science

text: test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled

text: tension

text: until failure. The results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an application, for

text: quality control

text: , and to predict how a material will react under other types of

text: force

text: s. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are

text: ultimate tensile strength

text: , maximum

text: elongation

text: and reduction in area. From these measurements the following properties can also be determined:

text: Young's modulus

text: Poisson's ratio

text: yield strength

text: , and

text: strain-hardening

text: characteristics. Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of

text: isotropic

text: materials. For

text: anisotropic

text: materials, such as

text: composite material

text: s and textiles,

text: biaxial tensile testing

text: is required.

text: Barfield argues that three components make up an appearance, say, of a real tree: (1) the "unrepresented," namely that which is supposed to be independent of human consciousness (2) a person's vision, and (3) other sense-perceptions. Sometimes he refers to the "unrepresented" as "the particles," (such as atoms and subatomic particles) though he does not mean that literally but only as a kind of concession to the conventional view, which he adopts to begin with for the sake of discussion.  If one reads him carefully, however, one discovers that by "unrepresented," he means a provisionally unknown "subsensible" or "supersensible" base; whether that base is in fact merely what physics suggests, or is something more, he leaves open to begin with. During the course of the book, it becomes clear that the unrepresented, while including what physics discovers, is infinitely more.

text: Dutyholders of all non-domestic properties within the UK must establish an asbestos register and a management plan.  The definition of "non-domestic" is "a property or structure (commercial, domestic or residential) where work is carried out" the obligation of the dutyholder is that such operatives are not exposed to any asbestos-based materials during the course of the work, the Asbestos Register states the presence or non-presence of asbestos related to the inside and outside of the structure.  The exception is where the property age (post-1999 when chrysotile asbestos was banned) would indicate that such products will not have been used during the construction of the building.

text: A detailed computer analysis of the biomechanics of Stegosauruss feeding behavior was performed in 2010, using two different three-dimensional models of Stegosaurus teeth given realistic physics and properties. Bite force was also calculated using these models and the known skull proportions of the animal, as well as simulated tree branches of different size and hardness. The resultant bite forces calculated for Stegosaurus were 140.1 Newton (N), 183.7 N, and 275 N (for anterior, middle and posterior teeth, respectively), which means its bite force was less than half that of a Labrador Retriever. Stegosaurus could have easily bitten through smaller green branches, but would have had difficulty with anything over 12 mm in diameter. Stegosaurus, therefore, probably browsed primarily among smaller twigs and foliage, and would have been unable to handle larger plant parts unless the animal was capable of biting much more efficiently than predicted in this study. However, A study published on May 20, 2016 by Stephen Lautenschlager et al. indicates Stegosaurus' bite strength was stronger than previously believed. Comparisons were made between it (represented by a specimen known as "Sophie" from the United Kingdom's Natural History Museum) and two other herbivorous dinosaurs; Erlikosaurus and Plateosaurus to determine if all three had similar bite forces and similar niches. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that Stegosaurus had a bite similar in strength to that of modern herbivorous mammals, in particular, cattle and sheep. Based on this data, it is likely Stegosaurus also ate woodier, tougher plants such as cycads, perhaps even acting as a means of spreading cycad seeds. The findings were published in the journal Scientific Reports.

text: A detailed computer analysis of the biomechanics of Stegosauruss feeding behavior was performed in 2010, using two different three-dimensional models of Stegosaurus teeth given realistic physics and properties. Bite force was also calculated using these models and the known skull proportions of the animal, as well as simulated tree branches of different size and hardness. The resultant bite forces calculated for Stegosaurus were 140.1

text: Newton

text: (N), 183.7 N, and 275 N (for anterior, middle and posterior teeth, respectively), which means its bite force was less than half that of a

text: Labrador Retriever

text: . Stegosaurus could have easily bitten through smaller green branches, but would have had difficulty with anything over 12 mm in diameter. Stegosaurus, therefore, probably browsed primarily among smaller twigs and foliage, and would have been unable to handle larger plant parts unless the animal was capable of biting much more efficiently than predicted in this study. However, A study published on May 20, 2016 by Stephen Lautenschlager et al. indicates Stegosaurus' bite strength was stronger than previously believed. Comparisons were made between it (represented by a specimen known as "Sophie" from the United Kingdom's Natural History Museum) and two other herbivorous dinosaurs;

text: Erlikosaurus

text: and

text: Plateosaurus

text: to determine if all three had similar bite forces and similar niches. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that Stegosaurus had a bite similar in strength to that of modern herbivorous mammals, in particular, cattle and sheep. Based on this data, it is likely Stegosaurus also ate woodier, tougher plants such as cycads, perhaps even acting as a means of spreading cycad seeds. The findings were published in the journal Scientific Reports.

text: Game designer Shannon Appelcline considered GURPS Wild Cards an "ironic property" since it was a GURPS book based on a series of novels that were originally based on a roleplaying campaign that had been run using Chaosium's Superworld system.

text: Game designer Shannon Appelcline considered GURPS Wild Cards an "ironic property" since it was a GURPS book based on a series of novels that were originally based on a roleplaying campaign that had been run using

text: Chaosium

text: 's

text: Superworld

text: system.

text: In mathematics, a base (or basis) B for a topological space X with topology T is a collection of open sets in T such that every open set in T can be written as a union of elements of B. We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base generating that topology, and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base which generates them.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: , a base (or basis) B for a

text: topological space

text: X with

text: topology

text: T is a collection of

text: open set

text: s in T such that every open set in T can be written as a union of elements of B. We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base generating that topology, and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base which generates them.

text: A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%. Exporters of basmati rice use "purity certificates" based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments. Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.

text: A

text: PCR

text: -based assay similar to

text: DNA fingerprinting

text: in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%. Exporters of basmati rice use "purity certificates" based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments. Based on this protocol, which was developed at the

entity_name: Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics

text: Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics

text: , the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.

text: Prior to 1 July 2001, distributions from property trusts commonly included a so-called "tax free" portion which was subtracted from the reduced cost base but not the cost base, in a similar way.  (See Property trust distributions below.)

text: Prior to 1 July 2001, distributions from property trusts commonly included a so-called "tax free" portion which was subtracted from the reduced cost base but not the cost base, in a similar way.  (See

text: Property trust distributions below

text: The standard remedy in a detinue action is an order that the property be returned.  The standard remedy in an action for trespass to chattels is a judgment for an amount equal to the value of loss of use of the property.  Damages from a trespass claim are based on the harm caused to the plaintiff, rather than the value of the chattel. Many actions can constitute both conversion and trespass. In these cases, a plaintiff must eventually choose which claim to press based on what damages they seek to recover. It is the difference between forcing a rental fee and a total sale upon a defendant.

text: Up to the late 1980s it was generally assumed that any undeclared nuclear activities would have to be based on the diversion of nuclear material from safeguards. States acknowledged the possibility of nuclear activities entirely separate from those covered by safeguards, but it was assumed they would be detected by national intelligence activities. There was no particular effort by IAEA to attempt to detect them.

text: A large variety of artificial nucleobases have been developed for use as metal base pairs.  These modified nucleobases exhibit tunable electronic properties, sizes, and binding affinities that can be optimized for a specific metal.  For, example a nucleoside modified with a pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate has shown to bind tightly to Cu, whereas other divalent ions are only loosely bound.  The tridentate character contributes to this selectivity.  The fourth coordination site on the copper is saturated by an oppositely arranged pyridine nucleobase.  The asymmetric metal base pairing system is orthogonal to the Watson-Crick base pairs.  Another example of an artificial nucleobase is that with hydroxypyridone nucleobases, which are able to bind Cu inside the DNA duplex.  Five consecutive copper-hydroxypyridone base pairs were incorporated into a double strand, which were flanked by only one natural nucleobase on both ends.  EPR data showed that the distance between copper centers was estimated to be 3.7 ± 0.1 Å, while a natural B-type DNA duplex is only slightly larger (3.4 Å).  The appeal for stacking metal ions inside a DNA duplex is the hope to obtain nanoscopic self-assembling metal wires, though this has not been realized yet.

text: Undrained strength is typically defined by Tresca theory, based on Mohr's circle as:

text: Undrained strength is typically defined by

text: Tresca theory

text: , based on

text: Mohr's circle

text: as:

text: Self-interest and interdependence are central properties of social exchange. These are the basic forms of interaction when two or more actors have something of value to each other, and they have to decide whether to exchange and in what amounts. Homans uses the concepts of individualism to explain exchange processes. To him, the meaning of individual self-interest is a combination of economic and psychological needs. Fulfilling self-interest is often common within the economic realm of the social exchange theory where competition and greed can be common. In social exchange, self-interest is not a negative thing; rather, when self-interest is recognized, it will act as the guiding force of interpersonal relationships for the advancement of both parties' self-interest"—Michael Roloff (1981)Thibaut and Kelley see the mutual interdependence of persons as the central problem for the study of social behavior. They developed a theoretical framework based on the interdependence of actors. They also highlighted social implications of different forms of interdependence such as reciprocal control. According to their interdependence definition, outcomes are based on a combination of parties' efforts and mutual and complementary arrangements.

text: Self-interest and

text: interdependence

text: are central properties of social exchange. These are the basic forms of interaction when two or more actors have something of value to each other, and they have to decide whether to exchange and in what amounts. Homans uses the concepts of

text: individualism

text: to explain exchange processes. To him, the meaning of individual self-interest is a combination of economic and psychological needs. Fulfilling self-interest is often common within the economic realm of the social exchange theory where competition and greed can be common. In social exchange, self-interest is not a negative thing; rather, when self-interest is recognized, it will act as the guiding force of interpersonal relationships for the advancement of both parties' self-interest"—Michael Roloff (1981)Thibaut and Kelley see the mutual interdependence of persons as the central problem for the study of social behavior. They developed a

text: theoretical framework

text: based on the interdependence of actors. They also highlighted social implications of different forms of interdependence such as reciprocal control. According to their interdependence definition, outcomes are based on a combination of parties' efforts and mutual and complementary arrangements.

text: Under Proposition 13, the annual real estate tax on a parcel of property is limited to 1% of its assessed value. This "assessed value," may be increased only by a maximum of 2% per year, until and unless the property has a change of ownership. At the time of the change in ownership the low assessed value may be reassessed to complete current market value that will produce a new base year value for the property, but future assessments are likewise restricted to the 2% annual maximum increase of the new base year value.

text: Resperion’s IntegraBase modifier increases the strength of hot mix asphalt Base and Binder courses while also improving fatigue life. The increased strength from the binding technology enables thickness reductions while reducing costs and time needed to build without sacrificing any performance or longevity of the pavement. IntegraBase also provides for improved high temperature performance, retaining strength in warm temperatures while withstanding typically deleterious thermal cycling. IntegraBase’s binding technology also improves wet strength and improves water stripping properties (separation of the bitumen from the aggregate). The binding strength of IntegraBase also enables the construction of roads with marginal aggregates, allowing contractors to use local materials.

text: Resperion’s IntegraBase modifier increases the strength of

text: hot mix asphalt

text: Base and Binder courses while also improving fatigue life. The increased strength from the binding technology enables thickness reductions while reducing costs and time needed to build without sacrificing any performance or longevity of the pavement. IntegraBase also provides for improved high temperature performance, retaining strength in warm temperatures while withstanding typically deleterious

text: thermal cycling

text: . IntegraBase’s binding technology also improves wet strength and improves water stripping properties (separation of the bitumen from the aggregate). The binding strength of IntegraBase also enables the construction of roads with marginal aggregates, allowing contractors to use local materials.

text: Using properties of the input nullator portion of the nullor, the input voltage across the op amp input terminals is zero. Consequently, the voltage across reference resistor R is the applied voltage v, making the current in R simply v/R. Again using the nullator properties, the input current to the nullor is zero. Consequently, Kirchhoff's current law at the emitter provides an emitter current of v/R. Using properties of the norator output portion of the nullor, the nullor provides whatever current is demanded of it, regardless of the voltage at its output. In this case, it provides the transistor base current i. Thus, Kirchhoff's current law applied to the transistor as a whole provides the output current drawn through resistor R as

text: Using properties of the input nullator portion of the nullor, the input voltage across the op amp input terminals is zero. Consequently, the voltage across reference resistor R is the applied voltage v, making the current in R simply v/R. Again using the nullator properties, the input current to the nullor is zero. Consequently,

text: Kirchhoff's current law

text: at the emitter provides an emitter current of v/R. Using properties of the norator output portion of the nullor, the nullor provides whatever current is demanded of it, regardless of the voltage at its output. In this case, it provides the transistor base current i. Thus, Kirchhoff's current law applied to the transistor as a whole provides the output current drawn through resistor R as

text: Smyth v. Ames set a precedent for the worth of utility property to be evaluated based on fair value. “The basis of all calculations as to the reasonableness of rates to be charged by a corporation...must be the fair value of the property being used by it for the convenience of the public.” (ROSE, KENNETH "Electric Power: Traditional Monopoly Franchise Regulation and Rate Making."Encyclopedia of Energy. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2004) Fair value was used to determine a rate base for almost fifty years.

text: Smyth v. Ames

text: set a precedent for the worth of utility property to be evaluated based on

text: fair value

text: . “The basis of all calculations as to the reasonableness of rates to be charged by a corporation...must be the fair value of the property being used by it for the convenience of the public.” (ROSE, KENNETH "Electric Power: Traditional Monopoly Franchise Regulation and Rate Making."Encyclopedia of Energy. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2004) Fair value was used to determine a rate base for almost fifty years.

text: Programmers in control of a big ball of mud project are strongly encouraged to study it and to understand what it accomplishes, and to use this as a loose basis for a formal set of requirements for a well-designed system that could replace it. Technology shifts, such as client-server to web-based or file-based to database-based, may provide good reasons to start over from scratch.

text: This section summarizes the studies that have been conducted on animal subjects (such as rodents and non-human primates) that have been exposed either to spaceflight or (in the case of rodents) to the well accepted ground-based analog of hind-limb suspension (HS) to ascertain the effects of unloading states on the properties of muscle mass, strength, and endurance. The results presented herein overwhelmingly corroborate the body of evidence that has been reported on human subjects in the preceding sections of this report. Importantly, through the use of more cellular and molecular analyses, greater insights have been obtained into the underlying mechanisms associated with these alterations in muscle structure and function. Since the majority of evidence concerning the effects of spaceflight on mammalian skeletal muscle has been derived from rodent studies, the information provided here is focused mostly on the rodent model. It is important to point out that the structure and function of rodent skeletal muscle are nearly identical to those of human skeletal muscle. For example, rodent muscle is composed of the same general fiber-type profile and is sensitive to the same environmental (mechanical, hormonal, metabolic) cues observed for human muscle. Thus, the information summarized below provides credence to the data base derived from human subjects. However, it is important to point out that one primary advantage of the rodent model is that adaptive changes that occur in both species unfold in a much shorter time frame in rodents than in humans (hours to days versus days to weeks), making it possible to predict long-term changes in human skeletal muscle based on the shorter absolute time frame of the studies performed on rodents. Another important consideration in the context of animal research during spaceflight is that one can perform a straightforward experiment in which there is no requirement to provide some type of countermeasure intervention as there is for humans, and can thereby avoid the introduction of a confounding variable in ascertaining the true effects of spaceflight on a wide range of physiological variables. Also, given the remarkable agreement in the quantitative and qualitative nature of the findings observed in the spaceflight studies versus those obtained from ground-based HS studies, we have chosen to combine and integrate significant portions of the data that have been gathered in the last 25 years. This rodent data base in space life sciences research includes 14 flight experiments with 8 sponsored by the Russian Cosmos Program and 6 sponsored by NASA Space Life Sciences (SLS) and Space Transportation System (STS) missions. These flight experiments are complemented by numerous ground-based research studies that focused collectively on the topics described below. Most importantly, all of the data reported in this summary are derived from animal cohorts in which the control animals were studied from a synchronous vivarium group of the same age, strain, and gender, and the analyses were performed at the same time as that of the experimental groups. The provided information is based entirely on peer-reviewed experiments as detailed in the bibliography provided.

text: Detects the presence of a ball based on force applied to a rod at the base of the chamber, which converts that force to an electrical signal via a piezoelectric "pad".

text: Detects the presence of a ball based on force applied to a rod at the base of the chamber, which converts that force to an electrical signal via a

text: piezoelectric

text: "pad".

text: Intent-based Access Control (IBAC),   a novel access control model first proposed by Abdulaziz Almehmadi, is an access control system that detects the intention of the user requesting access answering the question "Why?" access is being requested as opposed to current access control systems that asks "Who?" is requesting access. IBAC is designed to prevent the insider threat as opposed to the current access control systems that are designed to prevent the outsider threat. IBAC is a risk-based access control that assesses risk of access based on the detected intent and the motivation level towards executing that intent. IBAC takes advantage of the robustness of P300-based Concealed Information Test to detect an intent of access and uses the brain signals to detect the motivation level. The access control system has been used on 30 participants with 100% detected intentions of access and all mal-intent users being rejected access before they commit their mal-intended action.

text: Property taxes as a primary source of funding for public education have become highly controversial, for a number of reasons. First, if a state's population and land values escalate rapidly, many longtime residents may find themselves paying property taxes much higher than anticipated. In response to this phenomenon, California's citizens passed Proposition 13 in 1978, which severely restricted the ability of the Legislature to expand the state's educational system to keep up with growth. Some states, such as Michigan, have investigated or implemented alternate schemes for funding education that may sidestep the problems of funding based mainly on property taxes by providing funding based on sales or income tax. These schemes also have failings, negatively impacting funding in a slow economy.

text: Property taxes as a primary source of funding for public education have become highly controversial, for a number of reasons. First, if a state's population and land values escalate rapidly, many longtime residents may find themselves paying property taxes much higher than anticipated. In response to this phenomenon, California's citizens passed

text: Proposition 13

text: in 1978, which severely restricted the ability of the Legislature to expand the state's educational system to keep up with growth. Some states, such as Michigan, have investigated or implemented alternate schemes for funding education that may sidestep the problems of funding based mainly on property taxes by providing funding based on sales or income tax. These schemes also have failings, negatively impacting funding in a slow economy.

text: The Short-cut DCF method is based on a model developed by Professor Neil Crosby of the University of Reading (and ultimately based on earlier work by Wood and Greaves). The RICS have encouraged use of the method in appropriate circumstances. The Short-cut DCF is an adaptation to property valuation of the DCF method, which is widely used in finance.

text: The Short-cut DCF method is based on a model developed by Professor

text: Neil Crosby

text: of the

text: University of Reading

text: (and ultimately based on earlier work by Wood and Greaves). The

entity_name: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors

text: RICS

text: have encouraged use of the method in appropriate circumstances. The Short-cut DCF is an adaptation to property valuation of the DCF method, which is widely used in finance.

text: NAS Atlanta closed its doors on 26 September 2009 in a base closing ceremony. The property was then turned over to the Georgia State Department of Defense for use as its new main base of operations.

text: Like any trunked system, LTR MultiNet allows users to be grouped to virtual channels on a system backbone. The system backbone consists of repeaters configured to support the LTR protocol. The virtual channels, called system and group, are controlled by the system electronics. In an LTR system, the electronics that set up communications between radios are housed in each radio set, (scan-based). The MultiNet system has some form of central controller in addition to the scan-based radio electronics. When idle, radios scan all system channels searching for a valid system-and-group call. When a valid call is detected, all radios set to the detected system and group, (virtual channel) meet on a physical channel and can communicate. A valid call could be an individual call or a call to a group of radios.

text: Like any trunked system, LTR MultiNet allows users to be grouped to virtual channels on a system backbone. The system backbone consists of

text: repeaters

text: configured to support the LTR protocol. The virtual channels, called system and group, are controlled by the system electronics. In an LTR system, the electronics that set up communications between radios are housed in each radio set, (scan-based). The MultiNet system has some form of central controller in addition to the scan-based radio electronics. When idle, radios scan all system channels searching for a valid system-and-group call. When a valid call is detected, all radios set to the detected system and group, (virtual channel) meet on a physical channel and can communicate. A valid call could be an individual call or a call to a group of radios.

text: One advantage of capitalization rate valuation is that it is separate from a "market-comparables" approach to an appraisal (which compares 3 valuations: what other similar properties have sold for based on a comparison of physical, location and economic characteristics, actual replacement cost to re-build the structure in addition to the cost of the land and capitalization rates). Given the inefficiency of real estate markets, multiple approaches are generally preferred when valuing a real estate asset. Capitalization rates for similar properties, and particularly for "pure" income properties, are usually compared to ensure that estimated revenue is being properly valued.

text: One advantage of capitalization rate valuation is that it is separate from a "market-comparables" approach to an

text: appraisal

text: (which compares 3 valuations: what other similar properties have sold for based on a comparison of physical, location and economic characteristics, actual replacement cost to re-build the structure in addition to the cost of the land and capitalization rates). Given the inefficiency of real estate markets, multiple approaches are generally preferred when valuing a real estate asset. Capitalization rates for similar properties, and particularly for "pure" income properties, are usually compared to ensure that estimated revenue is being properly valued.

text: Detection of hydrocarbons can be based on the mixing properties of gaseous hydrocarbons – or other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – and the sensing material incorporated in the sensor. The selectivity and sensitivity depends on the molecular structure of the VOC and the concentration; however, it is difficult to design a selective sensor for a single VOC. Many VOC sensors detect using a fuel-cell method.

text: Detection of hydrocarbons can be based on the mixing properties of gaseous hydrocarbons – or other

text: volatile organic compound

text: s (VOCs) – and the sensing material incorporated in the sensor. The selectivity and sensitivity depends on the molecular structure of the VOC and the concentration; however, it is difficult to design a selective sensor for a single VOC. Many VOC sensors detect using a

text: fuel-cell method

text: In his 1849 treatise What is Property?, Pierre Proudhon answers with "Property is theft!" In natural resources, he sees two types of property, de jure property (legal title) and de facto property (physical possession), and argues that the former is illegitimate.  Proudhon's conclusion is that "property, to be just and possible, must necessarily have equality for its condition."

text: In his 1849 treatise

text: What is Property?

text: Pierre Proudhon

text: answers with "

text: Property is theft!

text: " In natural resources, he sees two types of property, de jure property (legal title) and de facto property (physical possession), and argues that the former is illegitimate.  Proudhon's conclusion is that "property, to be just and possible, must necessarily have equality for its condition."

text: Originally, the expropriation was based on the book value of the properties. Nevertheless, the Allende administration introduced the idea of "excessive profits" into the calculation of indemnization for the mines. This idea was based on the concept that the multinational corporations had reaped profits far in excess of what was considered "normal business practice". The way this was done was by comparing copper profits in Chile with the companies' profits elsewhere in the world. It was calculated that twelve percent was the worldwide profit rate for these companies, and that they had made $774 million above this in Chile from 1955 to 1970: "This deduction exceeded the book value of the companies' properties".

text: Enzymatic mismatch cleavage assays exploit the properties of mismatch-specific endonucleases to detect and cleave mismatches. These methods are simple to run using standard laboratory techniques and equipment, and can detect polymorphisms, single base pair mismatches, and insertions and deletions at low frequencies. Several such enzymes have been discovered (including CEL I, T4 endonuclease VII, Endonuclease V, T7 endonuclease I).

text: Removing common factors is annoying, and it is unnecessary if the base is a prime number. Computers use base 2, which is a prime number, so division always works. And the division tables are trivial. The only questions are: what times 1 ends in 0? and: what times 1 ends in 1. Thus the rightmost bits in the differences are the bits in the answer. For example, one divided by three, which is 1/11, proceeds as follows.

text: Removing common factors is annoying, and it is unnecessary if the base is a

text: prime number

text: . Computers use base 2, which is a prime number, so division always works. And the division tables are trivial. The only questions are: what times 1 ends in 0? and: what times 1 ends in 1. Thus the rightmost

text: bit

text: s in the differences are the bits in the answer. For example, one divided by three, which is 1/11, proceeds as follows.

text: Determining disordered regions from biochemical methods is very costly and time-consuming. Due to the variable nature of IDPs, only certain aspects of their structure can be detected, so that a full characterization requires a large number of different methods and experiments. This further increases the expense of IDP determination. In order to overcome this obstacle, computer-based methods are created for predicting protein structure and function. It is one of the main goals of bioinformatics to derive knowledge by prediction. Predictors for IDP function are also being developed, but mainly use structural information such as linear motif sites. There are different approaches for predicting IDP structure, such as neural networks or matrix calculations, based on different structural and/or biophysical properties.

text: Determining disordered regions from biochemical methods is very costly and time-consuming. Due to the variable nature of IDPs, only certain aspects of their structure can be detected, so that a full characterization requires a large number of different methods and experiments. This further increases the expense of IDP determination. In order to overcome this obstacle, computer-based methods are created for predicting protein structure and function. It is one of the main goals of bioinformatics to derive knowledge by prediction. Predictors for IDP function are also being developed, but mainly use structural information such as

text: linear motif

text: sites. There are different approaches for predicting IDP structure, such as

text: neural networks

text: or matrix calculations, based on different structural and/or biophysical properties.

text: Strength-based practice is a social work practice theory that emphasizes people's self-determination and strengths. It is a philosophy and a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the face of adversity. It is client-led, with a focus on future outcomes and strengths that people bring to a problem or crisis. When applied beyond the field of social work, strength-based practice is also referred to as the "strength-based approach".

text: Strength-based practice is a

text: social work

text: practice

text: theory

text: that emphasizes people's self-determination and strengths. It is a philosophy and a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the face of adversity. It is client-led, with a focus on future outcomes and strengths that people bring to a problem or crisis. When applied beyond the field of social work, strength-based practice is also referred to as the "strength-based approach".

text: Metropolitan Organizing Strategy Enabling Strength (MOSES) is an interfaith group based in Detroit, Michigan, United States.

text: Metropolitan Organizing Strategy Enabling Strength (MOSES) is an

text: interfaith

text: group based in

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: , United States.

text: Personal property is a type of property. In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. It is distinguished from real property, or real estate. In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location or another. This term is used to distinguish property that different from immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.

text: Personal property is a type of

text: property

text: . In the

text: common law

text: systems personal property may also be called chattels. It is distinguished from

text: real property

text: , or

text: real estate

text: . In the

text: civil law

text: systems personal property is often called

text: movable property

text: or movables - any property that can be moved from one location or another. This term is used to distinguish property that different from

text: immovable property

text: or immovables, such as land and buildings.

text: Given some property of interest expressed as a function of position on the image, there are two main classes of blob detectors: (i) differential methods, which are based on derivatives of the function with respect to position, and (ii) methods based on local extrema, which are based on finding the local maxima and minima of the function. With the more recent terminology used in the field, these detectors can also be referred to as interest point operators, or alternatively interest region operators (see also interest point detection and corner detection).

text: Given some property of interest expressed as a function of position on the image, there are two main classes of blob detectors: (i)

text: differential

text: methods, which are based on derivatives of the function with respect to position, and (ii) methods based on local

text: extrema

text: , which are based on finding the local maxima and minima of the function. With the more recent terminology used in the field, these detectors can also be referred to as interest point operators, or alternatively interest region operators (see also

text: interest point detection

text: and

text: corner detection

text: Whichever of those two assessments is lower results in the base land value. This base land value is taxed at between 1.6 and 3.4% in 2013, although some individual properties may pay more or less.

text: Hurricane Andrew struck Miami in 1992, with catastrophic damage to Homestead Air Force Base in Homestead. A plan to rejuvenate the property in 1993 and convert it into a commercial airport was met with enthusiasm from local municipal and commercial entities hoping to recoup $480 million and 11,000 jobs lost in the local community by the destruction and subsequent closing of the base. On March 31, 1994, the base was designated as a reserve base, functioning only part-time. A cursory environmental study performed by the Air Force was deemed insufficient by local conservation groups, who threatened to sue in order to halt the acquisition when estimates of 650 flights a day were projected. Groups had previously been alarmed in 1990 by the inclusion of Homestead Air Force Base on a list of the U.S. Government's most polluted properties. Their concerns also included noise, and the inevitable collisions with birds using the mangrove forests as rookeries. The Air Force base is located between Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park, giving it the potential to cause harm to both. In 2000, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt and the director of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency expressed their opposition to the project, despite other Clinton Administration agencies previously working to ensure the base would be turned over to local agencies quickly and smoothly as "a model of base disposal".Although attempts were made to make the base more environmentally friendly, in 2001 local commercial interests promoting the airport lost federal support.

text: Hurricane Andrew

text: struck Miami in 1992, with catastrophic damage to

text: Homestead Air Force Base

text: in

text: Homestead

text: . A plan to rejuvenate the property in 1993 and convert it into a commercial airport was met with enthusiasm from local municipal and commercial entities hoping to recoup $480 million and 11,000 jobs lost in the local community by the destruction and subsequent closing of the base. On March 31, 1994, the base was designated as a

text: reserve

text: base, functioning only part-time. A cursory environmental study performed by the Air Force was deemed insufficient by local conservation groups, who threatened to sue in order to halt the acquisition when estimates of 650 flights a day were projected. Groups had previously been alarmed in 1990 by the inclusion of Homestead Air Force Base on a list of the U.S. Government's most polluted properties. Their concerns also included noise, and the inevitable collisions with birds using the mangrove forests as rookeries. The Air Force base is located between Everglades National Park and

text: Biscayne National Park

text: , giving it the potential to cause harm to both. In 2000,

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: Bruce Babbitt

text: and the director of the

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: expressed their opposition to the project, despite other

text: Clinton Administration

text: agencies previously working to ensure the base would be turned over to local agencies quickly and smoothly as "a model of base disposal".Although attempts were made to make the base more environmentally friendly, in 2001 local commercial interests promoting the airport lost federal support.

text: The distinction between property and possession is used by Heinsohn and Steiger to classify forms of society. "Three distinctive systems of material reproduction are known to man: (i) custom or tribal societies, (ii) command or feudal societies and (iii) ownership- or property-based societies." The first two are based on possession, which is a physical, material concept. Property, on the other hand, is an abstract, intangible concept, and thus can only exist as a creation of law and within the realm established by the rule of law. Where such a regime of law is established, property arises; and it is accompanied by the phenomenon of property premium. "As soon as property is created it carries an unearned and immaterial premium, the property premium. This premium exists in addition to the physical use of goods or resources in their possessional state and consists of two powers: (i) its capacity of backing the issue of money which can be created only in a credit contract and (ii) its eligibility to serve as collateral for obtaining credit."

text: The distinction between property and possession is used by Heinsohn and Steiger to classify forms of society. "Three distinctive systems of material reproduction are known to man: (i) custom or tribal societies, (ii) command or feudal societies and (iii) ownership- or property-based societies." The first two are based on possession, which is a physical, material concept. Property, on the other hand, is an abstract, intangible concept, and thus can only exist as a creation of law and within the realm established by the rule of law. Where such a regime of law is established, property arises; and it is accompanied by the phenomenon of property premium. "As soon as property is created it carries an unearned and immaterial premium, the property premium. This premium exists in addition to the physical use of goods or resources in their possessional state and consists of two powers: (i) its capacity of backing the issue of

text: money

text: which can be created only in a

text: credit

text: contract

text: and (ii) its eligibility to serve as

text: collateral

text: for obtaining credit."

text: Because of the possibility of crashes of the F-22s stationed at the base, the city of Hampton is attempting to buy up privately owned property via eminent domain to create a safety buffer zone around the base.

text: Because of the possibility of crashes of the F-22s stationed at the base, the city of Hampton is attempting to buy up privately owned property via

text: eminent domain

text: to create a safety buffer zone around the base.

text: But if the connection to the reference is lost then the base station will be on its own to establish what time it is. The base station needs a way to establish accurate frequency and phase (to know what time it is) using internal (or local) resources, and that’s where the function of holdover becomes important.

text: RT-LAMP is used in the detection of viruses. This method can be very effective in detecting viruses with an RNA genome (Group II, IV, and V based on the Baltimorevirus classification system).

text: RT-LAMP is used in the detection of

text: virus

text: es. This method can be very effective in detecting viruses with an RNA genome (Group II, IV, and V based on the Baltimore

text: virus classification

text: system).

text: The properties of acids and bases are relevant to physical organic chemistry. Organic chemists are primarily concerned with Brønsted–Lowry acids/bases as proton donors/acceptors and Lewis acids/bases as electron acceptors/donors in organic reactions. Chemists use a series of factors developed from physical chemistry -- electronegativity/Induction, bond strengths, resonance, hybridization, aromaticity, and solvation—to predict relative acidities and basicities.

text: The properties of

text: acid

text: s and

text: bases

text: are relevant to physical organic chemistry. Organic chemists are primarily concerned with

text: Brønsted–Lowry

text: acids/bases as proton donors/acceptors and

text: Lewis acids/bases

text: as electron acceptors/donors in organic reactions. Chemists use a series of factors developed from physical chemistry --

text: electronegativity

text: Induction

text: bond strengths

text: resonance

text: hybridization

text: aromaticity

text: , and

text: solvation

text: —to predict relative acidities and basicities.

text: Hopson Development Holdings Limited or Hopson Development (), established in Guangzhou, China in 1992, is one of the five largest real estate private company in Guangdong Province. (The others are Country Garden, Evergrande Real Estate Group, R&F Properties and Agile Property.) It focuses on property developments, including residential property, commercial property, hotel and tourist property, and property management business, in major Mainland cities such as Guangzhou, Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai.

text: Hopson Development Holdings Limited or Hopson Development (), established in

text: Guangzhou

text: China

text: in 1992, is one of the five largest

text: real estate

text: private company

text: in

text: Guangdong Province

text: . (The others are

text: Country Garden

text: Evergrande Real Estate Group

text: R&F Properties

text: and

text: Agile Property

text: .) It focuses on

text: property developments

text: , including

text: residential

text: property,

text: commercial

text: property,

text: hotel

text: and

text: tourist

text: property, and

text: property management

text: business, in major

text: Mainland

text: cities

text: such as Guangzhou,

text: Beijing

text: Tianjin

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: Property management systems also known as PMS or Hotel Operating System (Hotel OS), under business terms may be used in real estate of mind, manufacturing, logistics, intellectual property, government or hospitality accommodation management.  They are computerized systems that facilitate the management of properties, personal property, equipment, including maintenance, legalities and personnel all through a single piece of software.  They replaced old-fashioned, paper-based methods that tended to be both cumbersome and inefficient. They are often deployed as client/server configurations. Today, most next generation property management systems favour web and cloud technology and offer their software to clients using a software-as-a-service model. When choosing a Cloud or PC based system hoteliers should consider the impact of the internet being down. With a Cloud based system if you lost internet how would you check customer in or produce bills. Even a few hours out at the wrong time of day could be difficult.

text: Property management systems also known as PMS or Hotel Operating System (Hotel OS), under business terms may be used in real estate of mind, manufacturing, logistics, intellectual property, government or hospitality accommodation management.  They are computerized systems that facilitate the management of properties, personal property, equipment, including maintenance, legalities and personnel all through a single piece of software.  They replaced old-fashioned, paper-based methods that tended to be both cumbersome and inefficient. They are often deployed as client/server configurations. Today, most next generation property management systems favour web and

text: cloud technology

text: and offer their software to clients using a

text: software-as-a-service

text: model. When choosing a Cloud or PC based system hoteliers should consider the impact of the internet being down. With a Cloud based system if you lost internet how would you check customer in or produce bills. Even a few hours out at the wrong time of day could be difficult.

text: Barfield argues that if, as physics suggests, ordinary appearances—including for example colors, sounds, and smells—are a kind of subjective response of the human organism to an unknown underlying base of reality, and if what underlies our phenomena and is real independently of us is only what is suggested by science's experimental hypotheses of a subatomic world; if, that is, we must conclude that there is no such thing as unseen color, unheard sound, or unfelt solidity, because physics tells us the only thing existing independently of us is a subsensible or supersensible base symbolized in some detail by particle theory—then in that case other sciences besides physics, in particular those sciences that deal with the pre-human past, must be profoundly reconceived.

text: The base consisted of two separate properties; the Vedder Creek location was the main part of the base and was mothballed, whereas the Chilcotin training area and firing ranges were kept by DND for use by local reserve units in the Vancouver area.

text: General properties of bases include:

text: General properties of bases include:

text: While base ten is normally used for scientific notation, powers of other bases can be used too, base 2 being the next most commonly used one.

text: The Privy Council did not accept the applicability of concepts of implied licence, non-derogation from grant, or inalienable right to repair one's property as bases for the Leyland spare parts doctrine. Instead the Privy Council said the doctrine was "an expression of what the House perceived as overriding public policy, namely the need to prevent a manufacturer from using copyright (as opposed to patents or design right) in order to control the aftermarket in spare parts." The Privy Council then turned to what in the United States has been considered the "Chicago School" method of legal analysis:

text: In computing, the binary (base-2), octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base-16) bases are most commonly used. Computers, at the most basic level, deal only with sequences of conventional zeroes and ones, thus it is easier in this sense to deal with powers of two. The hexadecimal system is used as "shorthand" for binary—every 4 binary digits (bits) relate to one and only one hexadecimal digit. In hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are denoted by A, B, C, D, E, and F (and sometimes a, b, c, d, e, and f).

text: In

text: computing

text: , the

text: binary

text: (base-2), octal (base-8) and

text: hexadecimal

text: (base-16) bases are most commonly used. Computers, at the most basic level, deal only with sequences of conventional zeroes and ones, thus it is easier in this sense to deal with powers of two. The hexadecimal system is used as "shorthand" for binary—every 4 binary digits (bits) relate to one and only one hexadecimal digit. In hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are denoted by A, B, C, D, E, and F (and sometimes a, b, c, d, e, and f).

text: Leveling effect or solvent leveling refers to the effect of solvent on the properties of acids and bases.  The strength of a strong acid is limited ("leveled") by the basicity of the solvent. Similarly the strength of a strong base is leveled by the acidity of the solvent.  When a strong acid is dissolved in water, it reacts with it to form hydronium ion (HO). An example of this would be the following reaction, where "HA" is the strong acid:

text: Leveling effect or solvent leveling refers to the effect of

text: solvent

text: on the properties of acids and bases.  The strength of a

text: strong acid

text: is limited ("leveled") by the basicity of the solvent. Similarly the strength of a

text: strong base

text: is leveled by the acidity of the solvent.  When a strong acid is dissolved in water, it reacts with it to form

text: hydronium

text: ion

text: (HO). An example of this would be the following reaction, where "HA" is the strong acid:

text: Water-based units can only move on water and on port cities. If a damaged water-based unit is in a port city, its strength will be repaired at a rate of one unit of strength per day. If a water-based unit is placed in a city it will defend the city. All water-based units can attack targets on land, except the submarine. 2 water-based units cannot occupy same square, unless inside a city.

text: Others have said the statement is fallacious only on a superficial reading of Proudhon, devoid of context. Proudhon used the term "property" with reference to claimed ownership in land, factories, etc. He believed such claims were illegitimate, and thus a form of theft from the commons.  Proudhon explicitly states that the phrase "property is theft" is analogous to the phrase "slavery is murder".  According to Proudhon, the slave, though biologically alive, is clearly in a sense "murdered".  The "theft" in his terminology does not refer to ownership any more than the "murder" refers directly to physiological death, but rather both are meant as terms to represent a denial of specific rights. Others point out that the difference between the two examples is that "slavery is murder," unlike "property is theft," does not make a statement that denies the validity of one of the concepts it utilizes. We should note as well that Proudhon does not actually say all property is theft—he is referring to a very specific kind of property rights. Proudhon favored another kind, which he called possession, based on occupancy and use, a sort of usufruct rights idea. In What is Property? he therefore says with the apparent contradiction "property is theft" to denote one sort he feels is this, "property is liberty", referring to the kind he favored, and "property is impossible" to make it clear any sort of property rights cannot be absolute. Separate concepts are therefore laid out in a way that can be confusing, especially if one is not familiar with them.

text: Others have said the statement is fallacious only on a superficial reading of Proudhon, devoid of context. Proudhon used the term "property" with reference to claimed ownership in land, factories, etc. He believed such claims were illegitimate, and thus a form of theft from the commons.  Proudhon explicitly states that the phrase "property is theft" is analogous to the phrase "slavery is murder".  According to Proudhon, the slave, though biologically alive, is clearly in a sense "murdered".  The "theft" in his terminology does not refer to ownership any more than the "murder" refers directly to physiological death, but rather both are meant as terms to represent a denial of specific rights. Others point out that the difference between the two examples is that "slavery is murder," unlike "property is theft," does not make a statement that denies the validity of one of the concepts it utilizes. We should note as well that Proudhon does not actually say all property is theft—he is referring to a very specific kind of property rights. Proudhon favored another kind, which he called possession, based on occupancy and use, a sort of

text: usufruct

text: rights idea. In

text: What is Property?

text: he therefore says with the apparent contradiction "property is theft" to denote one sort he feels is this, "property is liberty", referring to the kind he favored, and "property is impossible" to make it clear any sort of property rights cannot be absolute. Separate concepts are therefore laid out in a way that can be confusing, especially if one is not familiar with them.

text: The data base has several sections. There are records of primary sources: Canadian detective fiction - novels; Canadian detective fiction - short stories; crime, mystery and detection television; crime, mystery and detection films, and The Skene-Melvin Collection. The Skene-Melvin Collection of Canadian Crime, Mystery and Detective Fiction at Brock University, was donated to the University by detective fiction bibliographer David Skene-Melvin in 2001. Gates, in association with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), has also provided funding and research support for the data base.

text: The data base has several sections. There are records of primary sources: Canadian detective fiction - novels; Canadian detective fiction - short stories; crime, mystery and detection television; crime, mystery and detection films, and The Skene-Melvin Collection. The Skene-Melvin Collection of Canadian Crime, Mystery and Detective Fiction at Brock University, was donated to the University by detective fiction bibliographer David Skene-Melvin in 2001. Gates, in association with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (

entity_name: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council

text: SSHRC

text: ), has also provided funding and research support for the data base.

text: Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

text: Property tax

text: is imposed on

text: real property

text: by the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal-use

text: personal property

text: is not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30

text: mills

text: is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

text: The U.S. government and many states have regulations regarding lead-based paint. Many of them apply to evaluating a property for lead-based paint. There are two different testing procedures that are similar but yield different information. Lead-based paint inspections will evaluate all painted surfaces in a complex to determine where lead-based paint, if any, is present. The procedures for lead inspections is outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7, 1997 Revision. The other testing is a lead-based paint risk assessment. In this testing, only deteriorated painted surfaces are tested and dust wipe samples are collected. This information will help the risk assessor determine if there are any lead hazards. Many property owners decided to get a combination of both tests to determine where the lead-based paint is present and what hazards are present as well. Risk assessments are outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 5. In addition, if a child is poisoned in a property, the owner may be required to perform abatement (permanent elimination of the lead hazard).

text: The seismoelectrical method (which is different form the electroseismic physical principle) is based on the generation of electromagnetic fields in soils and rocks by seismic waves. This technique is still under development and in the future it may have applications like detecting and characterizing fluids in the underground by their electrical properties, among others, usually related to fluids (porosity, transmisivity, physical properties)

text: The seismoelectrical method (which is different form the electroseismic physical principle) is based on the generation of

text: electromagnetic field

text: s in soils and rocks by

text: seismic wave

text: s. This technique is still under development and in the future it may have applications like detecting and characterizing fluids in the underground by their electrical properties, among others, usually related to fluids (porosity, transmisivity, physical properties)

text: At the base of metrology is the definition, realisation and dissemination of units of measurement. Physical or chemical properties are quantised by assigning a property value in some multiple of a measurement unit.

text: At the base of metrology is the definition, realisation and dissemination of units of measurement. Physical or chemical properties are quantised by assigning a property value in some multiple of a

text: measurement unit

text: Intellectual property, as with most common law countries, remains entirely based in federal statute; however, there are common-law economic torts related to intellectual property, e.g., passing off. Canada tried to take the middle road between the United Kingdom and the United States in many of their intellectual property laws. Copyright law and trademark law in Canada was initially based on the English legislation but has since incorporated many changes from the US model and other places. Canadian patent law, however, was initially based on US legislation but has typically favored the application of UK case law.

text: Intellectual property, as with most common law countries, remains entirely based in federal statute; however, there are

text: common-law

text: economic tort

text: s related to intellectual property, e.g.,

text: passing off

text: . Canada tried to take the middle road between the United Kingdom and the United States in many of their intellectual property laws.

text: Copyright law

text: and

text: trademark law

text: in Canada was initially based on the English legislation but has since incorporated many changes from the US model and other places.

text: Canadian patent law

text: , however, was initially based on US legislation but has typically favored the application of UK case law.

text: The architecture based on formal mathematical semantics also allows for better safety tests and simulations based on formal verification, a property of utmost importance when it comes to publicly used decentralized applications. The infamous DAO hack for example could have been avoided if the DAO’s code had been based on Rholang.

text: Determining the value of property is a critical aspect of property taxation, as such value determines the amount of tax due.  Various techniques may be used to determine value.  Except in the case of property recently sold, valuation has some inherently subjective aspects.  Values may change over time, and many states require taxing jurisdictions to redetermine values every three or four years.  The value of property is often determined based on current use of the property, rather than potential uses.  Property values are determined at a particular valuation date for each jurisdiction, which varies widely.

text: On 25 October, Headquarters, Third Air Force sent orders to Bartow announcing that the base would be inactivated as of 31 December 1945 and be transferred to Air Technical Service Command (ATSC) in a standby status, pending disposition as excess property.  Under ATSC, buildings and equipment were sold and any useful military equipment was transferred to other bases around the country.  The base was declared as surplus in 1946 and was turned over to the War Assets Administration (WAA) for disposal and return to civil use.

text: On 25 October, Headquarters, Third Air Force sent orders to Bartow announcing that the base would be inactivated as of 31 December 1945 and be transferred to

text: Air Technical Service Command

text: (ATSC) in a standby status, pending disposition as excess property.  Under ATSC, buildings and equipment were sold and any useful military equipment was transferred to other bases around the country.  The base was declared as surplus in 1946 and was turned over to the

text: War Assets Administration

text: (WAA) for disposal and return to civil use.

text: The Bling Ring, a Lifetime television movie documenting the group's activities, aired on September 26, 2011. It stars Austin Butler as Zack Garvey (based on Nick Prugo), Yin Chang as Natalie Kim (based on Rachel Lee), Spencer Locke as Maddie Bishop (based on Alexis Neiers), Tracey Fairaway as Cherry Cox (based on Diana Tamayo), and Tom Irwin as Detective Archie Fishman (loosely based on Det. Brett Goodkin). Jennifer Grey has a supporting role as Garvey's mother, Iris.

text: The Bling Ring, a

text: Lifetime

text: television movie documenting the group's activities, aired on September 26, 2011. It stars

text: Austin Butler

text: as Zack Garvey (based on Nick Prugo),

text: Yin Chang

text: as Natalie Kim (based on Rachel Lee),

text: Spencer Locke

text: as Maddie Bishop (based on Alexis Neiers), Tracey Fairaway as Cherry Cox (based on Diana Tamayo), and

text: Tom Irwin

text: as Detective Archie Fishman (loosely based on Det. Brett Goodkin).

text: Jennifer Grey

text: has a supporting role as Garvey's mother, Iris.

text: Property law governs ownership and possession. Real property, sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. Personal property, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as stocks and shares. A right in rem is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right in personam which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns mortgages, rental agreements, licences, covenants, easements and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property, company law, trusts and commercial law. An example of a basic case of most property law is Armory v Delamirie [1722]. A chimney sweep's boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three halfpence and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him. Lord Chief Justice Pratt ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keepers") until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of possession in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something could belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Possession may be nine tenths of the law, but not all.

text: Property

text: law governs ownership and possession.

text: Real property

text: , sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it.

text: Personal property

text: , refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as

text: stocks and shares

text: . A right

text: in rem

text: is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right

text: in personam

text: which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns

text: mortgages

text: rental agreements

text: licences

text: covenants

text: easement

text: s and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property,

text: company law

text: trusts

text: and

text: commercial law

text: . An example of a basic case of most property law is

text: Armory v Delamirie

text: [1722]. A

text: chimney sweep

text: 's boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three

text: halfpence

text: and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him.

text: Lord Chief Justice Pratt

text: ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keepers") until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of

text: possession

text: in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something could belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Possession may be nine tenths of the law, but not all.

text: Hawkgirl owes her powers to a belt of Nth metal, a substance native to the planet Thanagar (once home of another pair of Hawk-heroes, Katar Hol and Hawkwoman). The metal is psycho-reactive, responding to its bearer's thoughts and in its base form has a number of electromagnetic/gravitational properties. To the Hawks, it grants the power of flight, superhuman strength, super-acute vision, and an enhanced healing/regeneration ability.

text: Hawkgirl owes her powers to a belt of

text: Nth metal

text: , a substance native to the planet Thanagar (once home of another pair of Hawk-heroes,

text: Katar Hol

text: and

text: Hawkwoman

text: ). The metal is psycho-reactive, responding to its bearer's thoughts and in its base form has a number of electromagnetic/gravitational properties. To the Hawks, it grants the power of flight, superhuman strength, super-acute vision, and an enhanced healing/regeneration ability.

text: This observation is not surprising. In the case of the detected protein and peptide components, tissue-specific expression of the proteins is known commonly. Precise immunohistochemical methods are based on this phenomenon. The mass spectrometer detection, mainly from cell membranes and similar tissue, specifically, of complex lipids from similar tissue, however, yields surprising results. Since the distribution of proteins are in good agreement with the distribution patterns obtained by immunohistochemical methods, the distribution of the lipid components of the direct ionization mass spectrometric, previously were relative methods leading to the appearance of a new era in the study of biological specimens. The desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) was the first-MS technique, which allowed non-invasive testing of any objects (or organisms) without sample preparation, regardless of their shape or mechanical properties.

text: Now we ask what happens to the matrix of  when we change bases in V and W.  Let  and  be ordered bases for V and W respectively, and suppose we are given a second pair of bases  and   Let φ and φ be the coordinate isomorphisms taking the usual basis in R to the first and second bases for V, and let ψ and ψ be the isomorphisms taking the usual basis in R to the first and second bases for W.

text: Many socialist movements advocate the common ownership of the means of production by all of society as an eventual goal to be achieved through the development of the productive forces, although many socialists classify socialism as public ownership of the means of production, reserving "common ownership" for what Karl Marx termed "upper-stage communism". From a Marxist analysis, society based on a superabundance of goods and common ownership of the means of production would be devoid of classes based on ownership of productive property.

text: Many socialist movements advocate the common ownership of the means of production by all of society as an eventual goal to be achieved through the development of the

text: productive forces

text: , although many socialists classify socialism as public ownership of the means of production, reserving "common ownership" for what Karl Marx termed "

text: upper-stage communism

text: ". From a

text: Marxist

text: analysis, society based on a superabundance of goods and common ownership of the means of production would be devoid of classes based on ownership of productive property.

text: Alonizing is a diffusion metallizing process in that it is a thermochemical treatment that involves enriching the surface layer of an object with one or more metallic elements. Specifically, alonizing is the diffusion of aluminum into the surface of a base metal through high temperature vapors. The types of metals that can be alonized include all types of wrought and cast steels (i.e. plain carbon and low alloy grades, ferritic and austenitic steels, highly alloyed nickel-chromium steels, etc.). This process results in an alloy with the surface properties of aluminum while retaining the base metal’s inherent strength and rigidity. Therefore, alonizing does not change the high-temperature mechanical properties of the base metal, which is the advantage of alonizing over simply creating an aluminum alloy (aluminizing the surface versus aluminum throughout the alloy).

text: Alonizing is a

text: diffusion

text: metallizing

text: process in that it is a

text: thermochemical

text: treatment that involves enriching the surface layer of an object with one or more

text: metallic elements

text: . Specifically, alonizing is the diffusion of

text: aluminum

text: into the surface of a base metal through high temperature vapors. The types of metals that can be alonized include all types of wrought and cast

text: steel

text: s (i.e. plain carbon and low alloy grades,

text: ferritic

text: and

text: austenitic

text: steels, highly alloyed nickel-chromium steels, etc.). This process results in an

text: alloy

text: with the surface properties of aluminum while retaining the base metal’s inherent

text: strength

text: and

text: rigidity

text: . Therefore, alonizing does not change the high-temperature mechanical properties of the base metal, which is the advantage of alonizing over simply creating an

text: aluminum alloy

text: (aluminizing the surface versus aluminum throughout the alloy).

text: In 2011 General Growth Properties, following its bankruptcy, spun off 30 mall properties into a new division, Rouse Properties, Inc. Spring Hill Mall was one of the properties transferred to Rouse Properties. The property is currently owned and managed by Rouse Properties, one of the largest mall owners in the United States.

text: In 2011

text: General Growth Properties

text: , following its bankruptcy, spun off 30 mall properties into a new division,

text: Rouse Properties

text: , Inc. Spring Hill Mall was one of the properties transferred to

text: Rouse Properties

text: . The property is currently owned and managed by

text: Rouse Properties

text: , one of the largest mall owners in the United States.

text: Armstrong further rejects nominalisms that deny that properties and relations exist in reality because he suggests that these sorts of nominalisms, specifically referring to what he calls class nominalism, and resemblance nominalism, postulate primitives of either class membership or resemblance. This primitive results in a vicious regress for both kinds of nominalisms, Armstrong suggests, thus motivating his states-of-affairs based system that unites properties by postulating a primitive tie of instantiation  based on a fact-ontology, called states of affairs.

text: Finally, for those who objected that this is not really a form of physicalism because there is no assurance that every mental event will have a physical base, Davidson formulated the thesis of supervenience. Mental properties are dependent on physical properties and there can be no change in higher-level properties without a corresponding change in lower-level properties.

text: Finally, for those who objected that this is not really a form of

text: physicalism

text: because there is no assurance that every mental event will have a physical base, Davidson formulated the thesis of

text: supervenience

text: . Mental properties are dependent on physical properties and there can be no change in higher-level properties without a corresponding change in lower-level properties.

text: Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament was developed by Digital Fiction and published by Atari. The YuYu Hakusho anime adaptation by Studio Pierrot had begun airing in North America on Cartoon Network in 2002, where it proved popular on the afternoon Toonami block.  In July 2003, Atari established a publishing agreement with Funimation Entertainment, the English licensor of the anime adaptation series. Prior to this deal, games based on the series had never been made available to English-speaking audiences in North America, Europe or Australia. Atari had previously published games based another successful  Funimation property, Dragon Ball Z . Atari released its first game Yu Yu Hakusho: Spirit Detective for the Game Boy Advance in December 2003 and announced Dark Tournament just before the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2004.

text: Yu Yu Hakusho: Dark Tournament was developed by

text: Digital Fiction

text: and published by

text: Atari

text: . The YuYu Hakusho anime adaptation by

text: Studio Pierrot

text: had begun airing in North America on

text: Cartoon Network

text: in 2002, where it proved popular on the afternoon

text: Toonami

text: block.  In July 2003, Atari established a publishing agreement with

text: Funimation Entertainment

text: , the English licensor of the anime adaptation series. Prior to this deal, games based on the series had never been made available to English-speaking audiences in North America, Europe or Australia. Atari had previously published games based another successful  Funimation property,

text: Dragon Ball Z

text: . Atari released its first game

text: Yu Yu Hakusho: Spirit Detective

text: for the

text: Game Boy Advance

text: in December 2003 and announced Dark Tournament just before the

text: Electronic Entertainment Expo

text: in May 2004.

text: In physical optics, laws are based on physical properties of materials.

text: In

text: physical optics

text: , laws are based on physical properties of materials.

text: The clamp load, also called preload of a fastener, is created when a torque is applied, and so develops a tensile preload that is generally a substantial percentage of the fastener's proof strength. Fasteners are manufactured to various standards that define, among other things, their strength. Torque charts are available to specify the required torque for a given fastener based on its property class (fineness of manufacture and fit) and grade (tensile strength).

text: The clamp load, also called preload of a fastener, is created when a torque is applied, and so develops a tensile preload that is generally a substantial percentage of the fastener's

text: proof strength

text: . Fasteners are manufactured to various standards that define, among other things, their strength. Torque charts are available to specify the required torque for a given fastener based on its property class (fineness of manufacture and fit) and grade (tensile strength).

text: Virtual home design software has found widespread usage among homeowners who have suffered property damage, as server-side, HTML5-based design software is ideal for homeowners who wish to see what certain products will look like on damaged areas of their houses.

text: Golden ratio base is a non-integer positional numeral system that uses the golden ratio (the irrational number  ≈ 1.61803399 symbolized by the Greek letter φ) as its base. It is sometimes referred to as base-φ, golden mean base, phi-base, or, colloquially, phinary. Any non-negative real number can be represented as a base-φ numeral using only the digits 0 and 1, and avoiding the digit sequence "11" – this is called a standard form.  A base-φ numeral that includes the digit sequence "11" can always be rewritten in standard form, using the algebraic properties of the base φ — most notably that φ + 1 = φ.  For instance, 11 = 100.

text: Golden ratio base is a

text: non-integer positional numeral system

text: that uses the

text: golden ratio

text: (the irrational number  ≈ 1.61803399 symbolized by the

text: Greek letter

text: φ

text: ) as its

text: base

text: . It is sometimes referred to as base-φ, golden mean base, phi-base, or, colloquially, phinary. Any

text: non-negative

text: real number

text: can be represented as a base-φ numeral using only the digits 0 and 1, and avoiding the digit sequence "11" – this is called a standard form.  A base-φ numeral that includes the digit sequence "11" can always be rewritten in standard form, using the algebraic properties of the base φ — most notably that φ + 1 = φ.  For instance, 11 = 100.

text: Indigenous communities face legal, social, cultural, and economic challenges when attempting to protect or manage their intellectual property (IP), and often there is a lack of community infrastructure to formalize processes for confronting IP issues. To mitigate this challenge, the Penobscot Nation in Maine established an IP Working Group that developed tribal protocols, tools, and an internal infrastructure to address IP issues particularly related to archaeology and heritage-based places. This involved discussions around what constitutes Penobscot Nation intellectual property, what characterizes intellectual property violations (and how to deal with them), and identifying the community’s intellectual property priorities. The full project report and project summary are available on the IPinCH website.

text: Indigenous communities face legal, social, cultural, and economic challenges when attempting to protect or manage their intellectual property (IP), and often there is a lack of community infrastructure to formalize processes for confronting IP issues. To mitigate this challenge, the

text: Penobscot Nation

text: in Maine established an IP Working Group that developed tribal protocols, tools, and an internal infrastructure to address IP issues particularly related to archaeology and heritage-based places. This involved discussions around what constitutes Penobscot Nation intellectual property, what characterizes intellectual property violations (and how to deal with them), and identifying the community’s intellectual property priorities. The full project report and project summary are available on the IPinCH website.

text: The French Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is regarded as the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work What is Property?, published in 1840. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory. He developed the theory of spontaneous order in society, where organization emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests; his famous quote on the matter is, "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order." In What is Property? Proudhon answers with the famous accusation "Property is theft." In this work, he opposed the institution of decreed "property" (propriété), where owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish. He contrasted this with what he called "possession," or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. Later, however, Proudhon added that "Property is Liberty," and argued that it was a bulwark against state power. His opposition to the state, organized religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists, and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.

text: The French

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: is regarded as the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work

text: What is Property?

text: , published in 1840. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory. He developed the theory of

text: spontaneous order

text: in society, where organization emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests; his famous quote on the matter is, "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order." In What is Property? Proudhon answers with the famous accusation "

text: Property is theft

text: ." In this work, he opposed the institution of decreed "property" (propriété), where owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish. He contrasted this with what he called "possession," or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. Later, however, Proudhon added that "Property is Liberty," and argued that it was a bulwark against state power. His opposition to the state, organized religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists, and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.

text: In many jurisdictions, television licences are enforced. The BBC states that "television detector vans" are employed by TV Licensing in the UK.Besides claims of (usually undisclosed) sophisticated technological methods for the detection of operating televisions, detection of illegal television sets can be as simple as the observation of the lights and sounds of an illegally used television in a user's home at night. Detection is made much easier because nearly all houses do have a licence, so only those houses that do not have a licence need to be checked. However, in the UK there has been not one single prosecution for TV licence evasion based upon evidence obtained using detection equipment, and there is no technical evidence supporting claims that such detection equipment is capable of carrying out the specific task of locating television sets accurately; indeed, detection equipment used even at the perimeter of a dwelling cannot specifically pinpoint receiving devices based upon the equipment's I.F. (intermediate frequency). This frequency is too low down the frequency spectrum (very low wavelength) to allow such capabilities of any equipment, handheld or otherwise. An effort to compel the BBC to release key information about the television detection vans (and possible handheld equivalents) based on the Freedom of Information Act was rejected. The BBC has stated on record "... detection equipment is complex to deploy as its use is strictly governed by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001. RIPA and the Order outline how the relevant investigatory powers are to be used by the BBC and ensure compliance with human rights.

text: In many jurisdictions, television licences are enforced. The BBC states that "television detector vans" are employed by TV Licensing in the UK.Besides claims of (usually undisclosed) sophisticated technological methods for the detection of operating televisions, detection of illegal television sets can be as simple as the observation of the lights and sounds of an illegally used television in a user's home at night.

entity_name: Television licensing in the United Kingdom

text: Detection

text: is made much easier because nearly all houses do have a licence, so only those houses that do not have a licence need to be checked. However, in the UK there has been not one single prosecution for TV licence evasion based upon evidence obtained using detection equipment, and there is no technical evidence supporting claims that such detection equipment is capable of carrying out the specific task of locating television sets accurately; indeed, detection equipment used even at the perimeter of a dwelling cannot specifically pinpoint receiving devices based upon the equipment's I.F. (intermediate frequency). This frequency is too low down the frequency spectrum (very low wavelength) to allow such capabilities of any equipment, handheld or otherwise. An effort to compel the BBC to release key information about the television detection vans (and possible handheld equivalents) based on the

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: was rejected. The BBC has stated on record "... detection equipment is complex to deploy as its use is strictly governed by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001. RIPA and the Order outline how the relevant investigatory powers are to be used by the BBC and ensure compliance with human rights.

text: Each year, the Vermont legislature sets a base amount that a school district will be expected to spend per pupil. Homestead property tax calculations are based on the amount per pupil that the district must raise over the base amount to fund its budget. In each school district, the property tax liability is established by the following method:

text: A base (or basis) B for a topological space X with topology T is a collection of open sets in T such that every open set in T can be written as a union of elements of B.  We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base that generates that topology—and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base that generates them.

text: A base (or basis) B for a

text: topological space

text: X with

text: topology

text: T is a collection of

text: open set

text: s in T such that every open set in T can be written as a union of elements of B.  We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base that generates that topology—and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base that generates them.

text: Eutectic alloys melt at single temperature, without mushy region. Eutectic alloys have superior spreading; non-eutectics in the mushy region have high viscosity and at the same time attack the base metal, with correspondingly lower spreading force. Fine grain size gives eutectics both increased strength and increased ductility. Highly accurate melting temperature lets joining process be performed only slightly above the alloy's melting point. On solidifying, there is no mushy state where the alloy appears solid but is not yet; the chance of disturbing the joint by manipulation in such state is reduced (assuming the alloy did not significantly change its properties by dissolving the base metal). Eutectic behavior is especially beneficial for solders.

text: Eutectic alloys melt at single temperature, without mushy region. Eutectic alloys have superior spreading; non-eutectics in the mushy region have high viscosity and at the same time attack the base metal, with correspondingly lower spreading force. Fine grain size gives eutectics both increased strength and increased ductility. Highly accurate melting temperature lets joining process be performed only slightly above the alloy's melting point. On solidifying, there is no mushy state where the alloy appears solid but is not yet; the chance of disturbing the joint by manipulation in such state is reduced (assuming the alloy did not significantly change its properties by dissolving the base metal). Eutectic behavior is especially beneficial for

text: solder

text: s.

text: Property taxes are levied by municipalities based on fair market appraisal of real property. Rates vary from .97% on homesteaded property in Ferdinand, Essex County, to 2.72% on nonresidents' property in Barre City. Statewide, towns average 1.77% to 1.82% tax rate.

text: The property that is now St. Mary’s Cathedral was originally St. Mary’s Academy founded by the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word from San Antonio.  Sacred Heart Cathedral bought the property in 1944.  Three years later a chapel from an Air Force base was moved to the school property and became a chapel of convenience for the cathedral parish.  St. Mary’s Parish was started at the Academy property in 1959.  A new church was built for the parish in 1981 and it was destroyed in a fire on February 26, 2007.

text: The property that is now St. Mary’s Cathedral was originally St. Mary’s Academy founded by the

entity_name: Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word

text: Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word

text: from

text: San Antonio

entity_name: Sacred Heart Cathedral (Amarillo, Texas)

text: Sacred Heart Cathedral

text: bought the property in 1944.  Three years later a chapel from an Air Force base was moved to the school property and became a chapel of convenience for the cathedral parish.  St. Mary’s Parish was started at the Academy property in 1959.  A new church was built for the parish in 1981 and it was destroyed in a fire on February 26, 2007.

text: The panellists are either successful at identifying the guest or Frost has to reveal their identity, after which they are interviewed and given a key-shaped trophy as a memento. Starting during Loyd Grossman's reign as location presenter, the geographic spread of the properties was extended with one of the properties on each show being located in the US and one in Europe. When Stefanie Powers took over her role in 2007, she was based in the US and conducted the US property tours, whilst UK based Lisa Snowdon conducted the European property tours.

text: The panellists are either successful at identifying the guest or Frost has to reveal their identity, after which they are interviewed and given a key-shaped trophy as a memento. Starting during Loyd Grossman's reign as location presenter, the geographic spread of the properties was extended with one of the properties on each show being located in the US and one in Europe. When

text: Stefanie Powers

text: took over her role in 2007, she was based in the US and conducted the US property tours, whilst UK based

text: Lisa Snowdon

text: conducted the European property tours.

text: Although these properties are interrelated, they are not interdependent.  A metal hydride can be a thermodynamically a weak acid and a weak H donor; it could also be strong in one category but not the other or strong in both.  The H strength of a hydride also known as its hydride donor ability or hydricity corresponds to the hydride's Lewis base strength.  Not all hydrides are powerful Lewis bases.  The base strength of hydrides vary as much as the pKa of protons.  This hydricity can be measured by heterolytic cleaving hydrogen between a metal complex and base with a known pK then measuring the resulting equilibrium.  This presupposes that the hydride doesn't heterolytically or homolytically react with itself to reform hydrogen.  A complex would homolytically react with itself if the homolytic M-H bond is worth less than half of the homolytic H-H bond.  Even if the homolytic bond strength above that threshold the complex is still susceptible to radical reaction pathways.

text: In October 2013 Japanese officials entered the base with US permission to look for buried cultural properties. They discovered dozens of abandoned metal drums, but did not report this to the Ginowan city's mayor until March 2014. Members of the Japanese defense ministry's local bureau and Ginowan city visually inspected the site, as part of its cultural property research and "no unusual odor or color change in soil" was detected. Also apparently no health problems have been actively "reported by residents living around the base". Ginowan city government had called the Japanese defense ministry's to investigate for "possible environmental impacts". The Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera said: "We will take appropriate measures in cooperation with the United States and the city of Ginowan" as they plan environmental studies on soil in the week of March 18, 2014. The United States rarely allow environmental inspections on U.S. bases not planned for return to Japan.

text: In October 2013 Japanese officials entered the base with US permission to look for buried cultural properties. They discovered dozens of abandoned metal drums, but did not report this to the

text: Ginowan city

text: 's mayor until March 2014. Members of the

text: Japanese defense ministry's

text: local bureau and Ginowan city visually inspected the site, as part of its cultural property research and "no unusual odor or color change in soil" was detected. Also apparently no health problems have been actively "reported by residents living around the base". Ginowan city government had called the Japanese defense ministry's to investigate for "possible environmental impacts". The Japanese Defense Minister

text: Itsunori Onodera

text: said: "We will take appropriate measures in cooperation with the United States and the city of Ginowan" as they plan environmental studies on soil in the week of March 18, 2014. The United States rarely allow environmental inspections on U.S. bases not planned for return to Japan.

text: The interpretation of "lidar" as an acronym ("LIDAR" or "LiDAR") came later, beginning in 1970, based on the assumption that since the base term "radar" originally started as an acronym for "RAdio Detection And Ranging", "LIDAR" must stand for "LIght Detection And Ranging", or for "Laser Imaging, Detection and Ranging". Although the English language no longer treats "radar" as an acronym and printed texts universally present the word uncapitalized, the word "lidar" became capitalized as "LIDAR" or "LiDAR" in some publications beginning in the 1980s. Currently no consensus exists on capitalization, reflecting uncertainty about whether or not "lidar" is an acronym, and if it is an acronym, whether it should appear in lower case, like "radar". Various publications refer to lidar as "LIDAR", "LiDAR", "LIDaR", or "Lidar". The USGS uses both "LIDAR" and "lidar", sometimes in the same document; the New York Times uses both "lidar" and "Lidar".

text: The interpretation of "lidar" as an acronym ("LIDAR" or "LiDAR") came later, beginning in 1970, based on the assumption that since the base term "radar" originally started as an acronym for "RAdio Detection And Ranging", "LIDAR" must stand for "LIght Detection And Ranging", or for "Laser Imaging, Detection and Ranging". Although the English language no longer treats "radar" as an acronym and printed texts universally present the word uncapitalized, the word "lidar" became capitalized as "LIDAR" or "LiDAR" in some publications beginning in the 1980s. Currently no consensus exists on capitalization, reflecting uncertainty about whether or not "lidar" is an acronym, and if it is an acronym, whether it should appear in lower case, like "radar". Various publications refer to lidar as "LIDAR", "LiDAR", "LIDaR", or "Lidar". The

text: USGS

text: uses both "LIDAR" and "lidar", sometimes in the same document; the

text: New York Times

text: uses both "lidar" and "Lidar".

text: Rate base is the value of property on which a public utility is permitted to earn a specified rate of return, in accordance with rules set by a regulatory agency. In general, the rate base consists of the value of property as used by the utility in providing service. It may be calculated by any one or a combination of accounting methods, such as fair value, prudent investment, reproduction cost, or original cost.

text: Rate base is the value of property on which a

text: public utility

text: is permitted to earn a specified

text: rate of return

text: , in accordance with rules set by a

text: regulatory agency

text: . In general, the rate base consists of the value of property as used by the utility in providing service. It may be calculated by any one or a combination of accounting methods, such as

text: fair value

text: , prudent investment, reproduction cost, or original cost.

text: Naval Air Station Grosse Ile was commissioned 7 September 1929 as Naval Reserve Air Base Grosse Ile at Grosse Ile, Michigan. Though that was the official beginning, the air station traces its roots back to July 1925 when four US Naval reservists started an aviation unit near Detroit. At first they had no aircraft, and for over a year had to operate using only classroom instruction. The first aircraft assigned to the Detroit Naval Air Reserves was a single Consolidated NY-1, and would remain their sole aircraft for another year. The base at Grosse Ile began with a single tin hangar floated down the Detroit River from the unit's former home near downtown Detroit. By 1927 a large hangar had been built on Olds Bay at the southern tip of the island for use by Navy seaplanes. By 1935 the Navy had acquired all the property formerly owned by The Detroit Aircraft Corporation and a Curtiss-Wright flying school, and had occupied the former Curtiss-Wright hangar, which became the base's primary hangar.

text: Naval Air Station Grosse Ile was commissioned 7 September 1929 as Naval Reserve Air Base Grosse Ile at

text: Grosse Ile, Michigan

text: . Though that was the official beginning, the air station traces its roots back to July 1925 when four US Naval reservists started an aviation unit near

text: Detroit

text: . At first they had no aircraft, and for over a year had to operate using only classroom instruction. The first aircraft assigned to the Detroit Naval Air Reserves was a single

text: Consolidated NY

text: -1, and would remain their sole aircraft for another year. The base at Grosse Ile began with a single tin hangar floated down the

text: Detroit River

text: from the unit's former home near downtown Detroit. By 1927 a large hangar had been built on Olds Bay at the southern tip of the island for use by Navy seaplanes. By 1935 the Navy had acquired all the property formerly owned by The

text: Detroit Aircraft Corporation

text: and a Curtiss-Wright flying school, and had occupied the former Curtiss-Wright hangar, which became the base's primary hangar.

text: Scaled correlation should be in many cases preferred over signal filtering based on spectral methods. The advantage of scaled correlation is that it does not make assumptions about the spectral properties of the signal (e.g., sinusoidal shapes of signals). Nikolić et al. have shown that the use of Wiener–Khinchin theorem to remove slow components is inferior to results obtained by scaled correlation. These advantages become obvious especially when the signals are non-periodic or when they consist of discrete events such as the time stamps at which neuronal action potentials have been detected.

text: Scaled correlation should be in many cases preferred over signal filtering based on spectral methods. The advantage of scaled correlation is that it does not make assumptions about the spectral properties of the signal (e.g., sinusoidal shapes of signals). Nikolić et al. have shown that the use of

text: Wiener–Khinchin theorem

text: to remove slow components is inferior to results obtained by scaled correlation. These advantages become obvious especially when the signals are non-periodic or when they consist of discrete events such as the time stamps at which neuronal action potentials have been detected.

text: In the real world it is very hard to find independent (unrelated) individuals. Population based association mapping has been modified to control population stratification or relatedness in nested association mapping. Still there is one other limitation in population based QTL mapping; when the frequency of the favorable allele should be relatively high to be detected. Usually favorable alleles are rare mutant alleles ( for example usually a resistant parent might be 1 out of 10000 genotypes). Another variant of association mapping in related populations is family based association mapping. In family based association mapping instead of multiple unrelated individuals multiple unrelated families or pedigrees are used. The family based association mapping  (external link) can be used in situations where the mutant alleles have been introgressed in populations. One of popular family based association mapping Transmission disequilibrium test. For details please read Family based QTL mapping.

text: In the real world it is very hard to find independent (unrelated) individuals. Population based association mapping has been modified to control population stratification or relatedness in

text: nested association mapping

text: . Still there is one other limitation in population based QTL mapping; when the frequency of the favorable allele should be relatively high to be detected. Usually favorable alleles are rare mutant alleles ( for example usually a resistant parent might be 1 out of 10000 genotypes). Another variant of association mapping in related populations is family based association mapping. In family based association mapping instead of multiple unrelated individuals multiple unrelated families or pedigrees are used. The family based association mapping  (external link) can be used in situations where the mutant alleles have been introgressed in populations. One of popular family based association mapping Transmission disequilibrium test. For details please read

text: Family based QTL mapping

text: CTA launched The Innovation Movement, a broad based group with more than 200,000 members, in order to spur economic growth and technological innovation. CTA provides Innovation Movement members with tools to contact their members of Congress via social media in support of policies that the group says will advance American innovation and increase the strength of the economy. The Innovation Movement is active on issues including international trade, immigration, deficit reduction, broadband deployment, and intellectual property.

text: In this book, the authors introduce the concept of "the republic of property": "What is central for our purposes here is that the concept of property and the defense of property remain the foundation of every modern political constitution. This is the sense in which the republic, from the great bourgeois revolutions to today, is a republic of property". Part 2 of the book deals with the relationship between modernity and anti-modernity and proposes "alter-modernity". Alter-modernity "involves not only insertion in the long history of antimodern struggles but also rupture with any fixed dialectic between modern sovereignty and antimodern resistance. In the passage from antimodernity to altermodernity, just as tradition and identity are transformed, so too resistance takes on a new meaning, dedicated now to the constitution of alternatives. The freedom that forms the base of resistance, as we explained earlier, comes to the fore and constitutes an event to announce a new political project."

text: Doughs vary widely depending on ingredients, the kind of product being produced, the type of leavening agent (particularly whether the dough is based on yeast or not), how the dough is mixed (whether quickly mixed or kneaded and left to rise), and cooking or baking technique. There is no formal definition of what makes dough, though most doughs have viscoelastic properties.

text: Doughs vary widely depending on ingredients, the kind of product being produced, the type of

text: leavening agent

text: (particularly whether the dough is based on yeast or not), how the dough is mixed (whether quickly mixed or

text: kneaded

text: and left to rise), and cooking or baking technique. There is no formal definition of what makes dough, though most doughs have

text: viscoelastic

text: properties.

text: A variety of alloys are used as filler metals for brazing depending on the intended use or application method. In general, braze alloys are made up of 3 or more metals to form an alloy with the desired properties. The filler metal for a particular application is chosen based on its ability to: wet the base metals, withstand the service conditions required, and melt at a lower temperature than the base metals or at a very specific temperature.

text: Gains from sale of tangible personal property are sourced differently in different jurisdictions. The U.S. treats such gains in three distinct manners: a) gain from sale of purchased inventory is sourced based on where title to the goods passes; b) gain from sale of inventory produced by the person (or certain related persons) is sourced 50% based on title passage and 50% based on location of production and certain assets; c) other gains are sourced based on the residence of the seller.

text: Detective ranks somewhat parallel the street ranks up to Detective Superintendent. Trainee Detectives spend a minimum of 6 months as a Constable on Trial after completing an intensive Selection and Induction course. During these initial 6 months they are required to pass 4 module based exams before progression to Detective Constable. They are then required to continue studying with another 6 exam based modules as well as a number of workplace assessments. Once the Detective Constable has completed all of this they are then required to sit a pre requisite exam based on all of the exam based modules they have previously sat. If they are successful in passing this they will attend the Royal New Zealand Police College where they complete their training with the Detective Qualification course before receiving the final designation of Detective. All of these requirements are expected to be completed within 2–3 years.

text: The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-20112 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten the exceptions to the Act 1 Index. The following exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004, for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006, for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS taking into account based on the PSERS contribution rate.The School District Adjusted Index for the Selinsgrove Area School District 2006–2007 through 2010–2011.

text: The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-20112 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the

entity_name: Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry

text: Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry

text: , for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the

text: Bureau of Labor Statistics

text: in the

text: U.S. Department of Labor

text: , for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten the exceptions to the Act 1 Index. The following exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004, for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006, for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS taking into account based on the PSERS contribution rate.The School District Adjusted Index for the Selinsgrove Area School District 2006–2007 through 2010–2011.

text: In the same year the channel launched a property based show hosted by Richard Eberle and Maura Derrane called The Property Game. Similar to other European broadcasters TV3 began to produce its own reality based TV series.

text: In the same year the channel launched a property based show hosted by

text: Richard Eberle and Maura Derrane

text: called The Property Game. Similar to other European broadcasters TV3 began to produce its own reality based TV series.

text: 1-cyclohexyl-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate known as CMCT is another chemical that is used in structure probing.  CMCT like DMS serves to modify the exposed bases of specific nucleotides, which are uridine, and to a smaller extent guanine.  CMCT reacts primarily with N3 of uridine and N1 of guanine modifying two sites responsible for hydrogen bonding on the bases.  Modification using CMCT is analogous in detection to DMS as modification prevents basepairing at specific nucleotides which are then detected using rt-PCR and running of the PCR products on an agarose gel as shown in Figure 1.  Structure probing of RNA by CMCT indicates the presence of uridine and guanine in single stranded regions by accessibility to modification or the presence of uridine and guanine in double stranded regions by protection from CMCT, which is the absence of a band.  CMCT, like DMS can detect secondary and tertiary structure changes, but still has the same weaknesses as the method of modification is the same as DMS.

text: 1-cyclohexyl-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate known as CMCT is another chemical that is used in structure probing.  CMCT like DMS serves to modify the exposed bases of specific nucleotides, which are

text: uridine

text: , and to a smaller extent

text: guanine

text: .  CMCT reacts primarily with N3 of uridine and N1 of guanine modifying two sites responsible for hydrogen bonding on the bases.  Modification using CMCT is analogous in detection to DMS as modification prevents basepairing at specific nucleotides which are then detected using rt-PCR and running of the PCR products on an agarose gel as shown in Figure 1.  Structure probing of RNA by CMCT indicates the presence of uridine and guanine in single stranded regions by accessibility to modification or the presence of uridine and guanine in double stranded regions by protection from CMCT, which is the absence of a band.  CMCT, like DMS can detect secondary and tertiary structure changes, but still has the same weaknesses as the method of modification is the same as DMS.

text: 2010Take-over of US-based Global Risk Consultants (GRC), thus becoming market leader in independent property loss control consulting

text: Windows Search queries are specified in Advanced Query Syntax (AQS) which supports not only simple text searches but provides advanced property-based query operations as well. AQS defines certain keywords which can be used to refine the search query, such as specifying boolean operations on searched terms (AND, OR, NOT) as well as to specify further filters based on file metadata or file type. It can also be used to limit results from specific information stores like regular files, offline files cache, or email stores. File type specific operators are available as well. WDS also supports wildcard prefix matching searches. It also includes several SQL-like operators like GROUP BY. AQS is locale dependent and uses different keywords in international versions of Windows 7.

text: Windows Search queries are specified in Advanced Query Syntax (AQS) which supports not only simple text searches but provides advanced property-based query operations as well. AQS defines certain keywords which can be used to refine the search query, such as specifying

text: boolean

text: operations on searched terms (AND, OR, NOT) as well as to specify further filters based on file

text: metadata

text: or file type. It can also be used to limit results from specific information stores like regular files, offline files cache, or email stores. File type specific operators are available as well. WDS also supports

text: wildcard

text: prefix matching searches. It also includes several

text: SQL

text: -like operators like GROUP BY. AQS is locale dependent and uses different keywords in international versions of Windows 7.

text: Bases, or base devices, are the devices located in areas around the arena. The device itself and the area around the device are both known as "bases" to players, although it is clear to players that the device is what is being referred to when talking about destroying a base or shooting at a base and the area around the base is being referred to when talking about going to a base or sitting in a base. The device is contained by an open box which is mounted on a wall somewhere, and the device itself is hemispherical in appearance, black, and decorated by flashing lights. There are many red lights on it for decoration. However, there are three green lights located around it which are also sensors and which players shoot at; inexperienced players often have trouble because they aim at the red lights, which are not sensors. If a player shoots the base a sufficient number of times (determined by the game's settings), the player will eventually deactivate or destroy the base, which means that the player has just collected a large number of points for their team, and also that the base has been deactivated for a period of time. Depending on the game's settings, the base may shoot back once it has been deactivated, or while a player is shooting at it. Players hit by a base are deactivated for a period of time. In some games, the bases are used for completely different purposes, or not at all.

text: Gum base is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. Polymers, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum. Plasticizers improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure. Resins compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry, Table 3 lists all of the natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components. Table 3: Gum Base Ingredients Approved for Use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016)

text: Gum base

text: is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins.

text: Polymer

text: s, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum.

text: Plasticizer

text: s improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure.

text: Resin

text: s compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry, Table 3 lists all of the natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components. Table 3: Gum Base Ingredients Approved for Use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016)

text: Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and/or control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load-bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-grade materials from expansive clays to granular materials. Stabilization can be achieved with a variety of chemical additives including lime, fly ash, and Portland cement. Proper design and testing is an important component of any stabilization project. This allows for the establishment of design criteria, and determination of the proper chemical additive and admixture rate that achieves the desired engineering properties. Stabilization process benefits can include: Higher resistance (R) values, Reduction in plasticity, Lower permeability, Reduction of pavement thickness, Elimination of excavation - material hauling/handling - and base importation, Aids compaction, Provides “all-weather” access onto and within projects sites. Another form of soil treatment closely related to soil stabilization is soil modification, sometimes referred to as “mud drying” or soil conditioning. Although some stabilization inherently occurs in soil modification, the distinction is that soil modification is merely a means to reduce the moisture content of a soil to expedite construction, whereas stabilization can substantially increase the shear strength of a material such that it can be incorporated into the project’s structural design. The determining factors associated with soil modification vs soil stabilization may be the existing moisture content, the end use of the soil structure and ultimately the cost benefit provided. Equipment for the stabilization and modification processes include: chemical additive spreaders, soil mixers (reclaimers), portable pneumatic storage containers, water trucks, deep lift compactors, motor graders.

text: According to Roberts, an edge detector should have the following properties: the produced edges should be well-defined, the background should contribute as little noise as possible, and the intensity of edges should correspond as close as possible to what a human would perceive.  With these criteria in mind and based on then prevailing psychophysical theory Roberts proposed the following equations:

text: In games in which bases are used, a particular focus is placed on the bases because often they are the largest source of points for players. In games such as these, common team tactics are to invade and occupy an enemy base area in the hopes that each player on the team can destroy the base, thereby earning a large amount of points. Because in these games the points earned by deactivating other players pales in comparison to the points earned by destroying bases, deactivating players is often merely used as a means whereby a player can stop an enemy from destroying a base and earning points, or a means whereby a player can secure a period of time in which they can destroy the base.

text: A variety of amines and nitrogen heterocycles are useful bases of moderate strength (pK of conjugate acid around 10-13)

text: In 2011 Government of Gibraltar and the UK Ministry of Defence agreed that the UK's property requirements would be filled by the Naval Base, the Airfield, Devil's Tower Camp and Four Corners so releasing extensive other property for disposal.

text: In 2011 Government of Gibraltar and the UK

text: Ministry of Defence

text: agreed that the UK's property requirements would be filled by the Naval Base, the Airfield, Devil's Tower Camp and Four Corners so releasing extensive other property for disposal.

text: Pinch:UDG scans DNA for uracil by nonspecifically binding to the strand and creating akink in the backbone, thereby positioning the selected base for detection. The Pro-rich and Gly-Ser loops form polar contacts with the 3’ and 5’ phosphates flanking the examined base. This compression of the DNA backbone, or “pinch,” allows for close contact between UDG and base of interest.

text: Pinch:UDG scans DNA for uracil by nonspecifically binding to the strand and creating akink in the backbone, thereby positioning the selected base for detection. The Pro-rich and Gly-Ser loops form polar contacts with the 3’ and 5’ phosphates flanking the examined base. This compression of the

text: DNA

text: backbone, or “pinch,” allows for close contact between UDG and base of interest.

text: Traditional methods for the detection of K. brevis are based on microscopy or pigment analysis. These are time-consuming, and typically require a skilled microscopist for identification. Cultivation-based identification is extremely difficult and can take several months. A molecular, real-time PCR-based approach for sensitive and accurate detection of K. brevis cells in marine environments has therefore been developed. Another technique for the detection of K. brevis is multiwavelength spectroscopy, which uses a model-based examination of UV-vis spectra. Methods of detection using satellite spectroscopy have also been developed. This particular protist is known to be harmful to humans, large fish, and other marine mammals. It has been found that the survival of scleractinian coral is negatively affected by brevetoxin. Scleractinian coral exhibits decreased rates of respiration when there is a high concentration of K. brevis.

text: Traditional methods for the detection of K. brevis are based on microscopy or pigment analysis. These are time-consuming, and typically require a skilled microscopist for identification. Cultivation-based identification is extremely difficult and can take several months. A molecular, real-time

text: PCR

text: -based approach for sensitive and accurate detection of K. brevis cells in marine environments has therefore been developed. Another technique for the detection of K. brevis is multiwavelength spectroscopy, which uses a model-based examination of UV-vis spectra. Methods of detection using satellite spectroscopy have also been developed. This particular

text: protist

text: is known to be harmful to humans, large fish, and other marine mammals. It has been found that the survival of

text: scleractinian coral

text: is negatively affected by brevetoxin. Scleractinian coral exhibits decreased rates of respiration when there is a high concentration of K. brevis.

text: Traditional mediaeval property-based honours included:

text: In January 2014, an agreement signed by Cypriot Foreign Minister Ioannis Kasoulides and Foreign Secretary William Hague, in the presence of President Nicos Anastasiades, was made to lift the restrictions in developing properties within the British bases areas. The right of the owners to develop their land concerns 15 local administrative units, which make up 78% of the total area of the bases. The agreement lifted all restrictions about eligibility and the development of properties within the British Bases so that all regulations applied in the Republic of Cyprus will be valid within the Bases areas, as regards purchasing and developing properties by European or third country nationals.

text: In January 2014, an agreement signed by Cypriot Foreign Minister

text: Ioannis Kasoulides

text: and Foreign Secretary

text: William Hague

text: , in the presence of President

text: Nicos Anastasiades

text: , was made to lift the restrictions in developing properties within the British bases areas. The right of the owners to develop their land concerns 15 local administrative units, which make up 78% of the total area of the bases. The agreement lifted all restrictions about eligibility and the development of properties within the British Bases so that all regulations applied in the Republic of Cyprus will be valid within the Bases areas, as regards purchasing and developing properties by European or third country nationals.

text: Very few metals react to heat treatment in the same manner, or to the same extent, that carbon steel does, and carbon steel heat treating behavior can vary radically depending on alloying elements. Steel can be softened to a very malleable state through annealing, or it can be hardened to a state nearly as rigid and brittle as glass by quenching. However, in its hardened state, steel is usually far too brittle, lacking the structural integrity to be useful for most applications. Tempering is a method used to decrease the hardness, thereby increasing the ductility of the quenched steel, to impart some springiness and malleability to the metal. This allows the metal to bend before breaking. Depending on how much temper is imparted to the steel, it may bend elastically (the steel returns to its original shape once the load is removed), or it may bend plastically (the steel does not return to its original shape, resulting in permanent deformation), before fracturing. Tempering is used to precisely balance the mechanical properties of the metal, such as shear strength, yield strength, hardness, ductility and tensile strength, to achieve any number of a combination of properties, making the steel useful for a wide variety of applications. Tools such as hammers and wrenches require good resistance to abrasion, impact resistance, and resistance to deformation. Springs do not require as much rigidity, but must deform elastically before breaking. Automotive parts tend to be a little less rigid, but need to deform plastically before breaking.

text: Very few metals react to heat treatment in the same manner, or to the same extent, that

text: carbon steel

text: does, and carbon steel heat treating behavior can vary radically depending on alloying elements. Steel can be softened to a very

text: malleable

text: state through

text: annealing

text: , or it can be hardened to a state nearly as rigid and brittle as glass by

text: quenching

text: . However, in its hardened state, steel is usually far too brittle, lacking the structural integrity to be useful for most applications. Tempering is a method used to decrease the hardness, thereby increasing the ductility of the quenched steel, to impart some springiness and malleability to the metal. This allows the metal to bend before breaking. Depending on how much temper is imparted to the steel, it may bend

text: elastically

text: (the steel returns to its original shape once the load is removed), or it may bend

text: plastically

text: (the steel does not return to its original shape, resulting in permanent deformation), before

text: fracturing

text: . Tempering is used to precisely balance the mechanical properties of the metal, such as

text: shear strength

text: yield strength

text: hardness

text: ductility

text: and

text: tensile strength

text: , to achieve any number of a combination of properties, making the steel useful for a wide variety of applications. Tools such as hammers and wrenches require good resistance to abrasion, impact resistance, and resistance to deformation. Springs do not require as much rigidity, but must deform elastically before breaking. Automotive parts tend to be a little less rigid, but need to deform plastically before breaking.

text: The Property Based Configuration feature simplifies the experience of automating administration: an administrator can update the WebSphere Application Server Version 7 configuration using a simple property file.

text: The decrease of temperature is based on the increase of bonding strength using plasma activation on clean wafer surfaces. Further, the increase is caused by elevation in amount of Si-OH groups, removal of contaminants on the wafer surface, the enhancement of viscous flow of the surface layer and the enhanced diffusivity of water and gas trapped at the interface. Based on ambient pressure, two main surface activation fields using plasma treatment are established for wafer preprocessing to lower the temperatures during annealing. To establish maximum surface energy at low temperatures (< 100 °C) numerous parameters for plasma activation and annealing need to be optimized according to the bond material.Plasma activated bonding is based on process pressure divided into:

text: The decrease of temperature is based on the increase of bonding strength using

text: plasma activation

text: on clean

text: wafer

text: surfaces. Further, the increase is caused by elevation in amount of Si-OH groups, removal of

text: contaminants

text: on the wafer surface, the enhancement of viscous flow of the surface layer and the enhanced

text: diffusivity

text: of water and gas trapped at the interface. Based on

text: ambient pressure

text: , two main surface activation fields using

text: plasma

text: treatment are established for wafer preprocessing to lower the temperatures during annealing. To establish maximum surface energy at low temperatures (< 100 °C) numerous parameters for plasma activation and annealing need to be optimized according to the bond material.Plasma activated bonding is based on process pressure divided into:

text: Copper has many desirable properties for thermally efficient and durable heat exchangers. First and foremost, copper is an excellent conductor of heat. This means that copper's high thermal conductivity allows heat to pass through it quickly. Other desirable properties of copper in heat exchangers include its corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, maximum allowable stress and internal pressure, creep rupture strength, fatigue strength, hardness, thermal expansion, specific heat, antimicrobial properties, tensile strength, yield strength, high melting point, alloyability, ease of fabrication, and ease of joining.

text: Copper

text: has many desirable properties for thermally efficient and durable

text: heat exchangers

text: . First and foremost, copper is an excellent conductor of heat. This means that copper's high

text: thermal conductivity

text: allows heat to pass through it quickly. Other desirable properties of copper in heat exchangers include its

text: corrosion

text: resistance,

text: biofouling

text: resistance, maximum allowable stress and internal pressure, creep rupture strength,

text: fatigue strength

text: hardness

text: thermal expansion

text: specific heat

text: antimicrobial

text: properties,

text: tensile strength

text: yield strength

text: , high

text: melting point

text: alloy

text: ability, ease of fabrication, and ease of joining.

text: London & Regional Properties (L&R) is a property company based in London, United Kingdom. It is one of the largest privately held property companies in Europe.

text: London & Regional Properties (L&R) is a

text: property company

text: based in

text: London

text: , United Kingdom. It is one of the largest

text: privately held

text: property companies in Europe.

text: A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a proton. Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result, a strong acid such as perchloric acid exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as acetic acid when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent. On the other hand, all acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons. This is called the leveling effect. Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids, weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids.

text: A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a proton. Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result, a strong acid such as

text: perchloric acid

text: exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as

text: acetic acid

text: when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent. On the other hand, all acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons. This is called the

text: leveling effect

text: . Strong bases are

text: leveling solvents

text: for acids, weak bases are

text: differentiating solvents

text: for acids.

text: His nanotube work led to consideration of the properties of "opened" carbon nanotubes and the development of graphene-based electronics, starting in 2001.  Anticipating that patterned graphene structures would behave like interconnected carbon nanotubes, he proposed several avenues of graphene preparation, including exfoliation of graphite flakes to oxidized silicon wafers and epitaxial growth on silicon carbide. The latter was deemed most promising for large-scale integrated electronics, and was funded by Intel Corporation in 2003. In 2004, the group was awarded additional funding from the National Science Foundation for the pursuit of graphene science. The first paper, "Two dimensional electron gas properties of ultrathin epitaxial graphite", was presented in March 2004 at a meeting of the American Physical Society and published in December under the title, "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: Two dimensional electron gas properties and a route towards graphene based electronics". This paper, based primarily on data documented in 2003, describes the first electrical measurements of epitaxial graphene, reports fabrication of the first graphene transistor, and outlines the desirable properties of graphene for use in graphene-based electronics. De Heer and coworkers Claire Berger and Phillip First hold the first patent on graphene-based electronics, provisionally filed in June 2003. The approach championed by de Heer has the advantage of producing graphene directly on a high-quality electronic material (silicon carbide) and does not require isolation or transfer to any other substrate.

text: His nanotube work led to consideration of the properties of "opened" carbon nanotubes and the development of

text: graphene

text: -based electronics, starting in 2001.  Anticipating that patterned graphene structures would behave like interconnected carbon nanotubes, he proposed several avenues of graphene preparation, including exfoliation of graphite flakes to oxidized

text: silicon wafer

text: s and

text: epitaxial

text: growth on

text: silicon carbide

text: . The latter was deemed most promising for

text: large-scale integrated electronics

text: , and was funded by

text: Intel Corporation

text: in 2003. In 2004, the group was awarded additional funding from the

text: National Science Foundation

text: for the pursuit of graphene science. The first paper, "Two dimensional electron gas properties of ultrathin epitaxial graphite", was presented in March 2004 at a meeting of the

text: American Physical Society

text: and published in December under the title, "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: Two dimensional electron gas properties and a route towards graphene based electronics". This paper, based primarily on data documented in 2003, describes the first electrical measurements of epitaxial graphene, reports fabrication of the first graphene

text: transistor

text: , and outlines the desirable properties of graphene for use in graphene-based electronics. De Heer and coworkers

text: Claire Berger

text: and Phillip First hold the first patent on graphene-based electronics, provisionally filed in June 2003. The approach championed by de Heer has the advantage of producing graphene directly on a high-quality electronic material (silicon carbide) and does not require isolation or transfer to any other substrate.

text: Also known as anime-based games, this is a list of computer and video games that are based on manga or anime properties.

text: Also known as anime-based games, this is a list of computer and video games that are based on

text: manga

text: or

text: anime

text: properties.

text: The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is the area of base material, either a metal or a thermoplastic, which is not melted and has had its microstructure and properties altered by welding or heat intensive cutting operations.  The heat from the  welding process and subsequent re-cooling causes this change from the weld interface to the termination of the sensitizing temperature in the base metal.  The extent and magnitude of property change depends primarily on the base material, the weld filler metal, and the amount and concentration of heat input by the welding process.

text: The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is the area of base material, either a

text: metal

text: or a

text: thermoplastic

text: , which is not melted and has had its microstructure and properties altered by

text: welding

text: or heat intensive cutting operations.  The heat from the  welding process and subsequent re-cooling causes this change from the weld interface to the termination of the sensitizing temperature in the base metal.  The extent and magnitude of property change depends primarily on the base material, the weld filler metal, and the amount and concentration of heat input by the welding process.

text: This is done by saturating the equations by the degeneracy conditions, which may be done by using the elimination property of Gröbner bases.

text: The defendant is allowed to show the existence of facts which would make it unjust to allow the plaintiff to recover full value. Ordinarily, the defendant is not allowed to deduct maintenance and upkeep expenses which would normally accrue taking care of the converted property. Return of the property with acceptance by the owner can dismiss the action, or be used as a mitigating fact.  However, the mere offering of the converted property does not necessarily dismiss all damages which may have occurred based on the original tort.  Action under legal process can be a complete defense and can mitigate damages.

text: Historically, when a lease ran out the property held there under would revert to the possession of the landlord/freeholder.  In this case, the job of the leasehold valuation tribunal is to hear evidence from both sides as to what the long leasehold value of such a property would be and to determine what proportions of value of the said property should rightfully be ascribed to leaseholder and the freeholder under the legislation. Generally such evidence is given by an expert witness for each side who will argue that a particular value is more applicable based on an analysis of recent sales of comparable properties around the date that the Leasehold Enfranchisement Notice was served.

text: Historically, when a

text: lease

text: ran out the property held there under would revert to the possession of the landlord/freeholder.  In this case, the job of the leasehold valuation tribunal is to hear evidence from both sides as to what the long leasehold value of such a property would be and to determine what proportions of value of the said property should rightfully be ascribed to leaseholder and the freeholder under the legislation. Generally such evidence is given by an

text: expert witness

text: for each side who will argue that a particular value is more applicable based on an analysis of recent sales of comparable properties around the date that the Leasehold Enfranchisement Notice was served.

text: In a differentiating solvent, various acids dissociate to different degrees and thus have different strengths. In a leveling solvent, several acids are completely dissociated and are thus of the same strength. A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a proton. Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result a strong acid such as perchloric acid exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as acetic acid when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent. On the other hand, all acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons. This is called the leveling effect. Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids, weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids.  Because of the leveling effect of common solvents, studies on super acids are conducted in solvents that are very weakly basic such as sulfur dioxide (liquefied) and SOClF.

text: In a differentiating solvent, various acids dissociate to different degrees and thus have different strengths. In a leveling solvent, several acids are completely dissociated and are thus of the same strength. A weakly basic solvent has less tendency than a strongly basic one to accept a

text: proton

text: . Similarly a weak acid has less tendency to donate protons than a strong acid. As a result a strong acid such as

text: perchloric acid

text: acetic acid

text: when dissolved in a weakly basic solvent. On the other hand, all acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons. This is called the leveling effect. Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids, weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids.  Because of the leveling effect of common solvents, studies on super acids are conducted in solvents that are very weakly basic such as

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (liquefied) and SOClF.

text: Marx says that primitive accumulation means the expropriation of the direct producers, and more specifically "the dissolution of private property based on the labor of its owner... Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor" (emphasis added).

text: Marx says that primitive accumulation means the

text: expropriation

text: of the direct producers, and more specifically "the dissolution of

text: private property

text: based on the labor of its owner... Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor" (emphasis added).

text: The base fabric's tensile strength is determined by the size (denier) and strength of the yarns and the number of yarns per linear distance. The larger the yarn and the more yarns per inch, the greater the finished product's tensile strength.

text: One can have reasons for doubt that are based on the relationship between objective "facts" and subjective experience. The positions, distances, and places of objects would seem to affect how they are perceived by the person: for instance, the portico may appear tapered when viewed from one end, but symmetrical when viewed at the other; and these features are different. Because they are different features, to believe the object has both properties at the same time is to believe it has two contradictory properties. Since this is absurd, one must suspend judgment about what properties it possesses due to the contradictory experiences. (Empiricus:63)

text: The large E39 "Mogul" and E40 "Goliath" base are used on street lights, and high-wattage lamps (such as a 100-/200-/300-watt three-way) and many high-intensity discharge bulbs. In areas following the U.S. National Electrical Code, general-use lamps over 300 W cannot use an E26 base and must instead use the E39 base, 300 W lamps may use either base. Medium Edison screw (MES) bulbs for 12 V are also produced for recreational vehicles. Large outdoor Christmas lights use an intermediate base, as do some desk lamps and many microwave ovens. Previously, emergency exit signs also tended to use the intermediate base, but U.S. and Canadian rules now require long-life and energy-efficient LED lamps, which can be purchased inside a bulb as a retrofit. A medium screw base should not carry more than 25 amperes current; this may limit the practical rating of low voltage lamps.

text: The large E39 "Mogul" and E40 "Goliath" base are used on

text: street light

text: s, and high-wattage lamps (such as a 100-/200-/300-watt three-way) and many

text: high-intensity discharge

text: bulbs. In areas following the U.S.

text: National Electrical Code

text: , general-use lamps over 300 W cannot use an E26 base and must instead use the E39 base, 300 W lamps may use either base. Medium Edison screw (MES) bulbs for 12 V are also produced for

text: recreational vehicle

text: s. Large outdoor Christmas lights use an intermediate base, as do some desk lamps and many

text: microwave oven

text: s. Previously,

text: emergency exit

text: signs also tended to use the intermediate base, but U.S. and Canadian rules now require long-life and energy-efficient

text: LED

text: lamps, which can be purchased inside a bulb as a

text: retrofit

text: . A medium screw base should not carry more than 25

text: ampere

text: s current; this may limit the practical rating of

text: low voltage

text: lamps.

text: Groups:Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Group II base stocks are composed of fractionally distilled petroleum that has been hydrocracked to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized slack wax (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include polyolesters (POE), polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and perfluoropolyalkylethers (PFPAEs). Groups I and II are commonly referred to as mineral oils, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description.

text: Groups:Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of

text: fractionally distilled

text: petroleum

text: which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Group II base stocks are composed of

text: fractionally distilled

text: petroleum

text: that has been

text: hydrocracked

text: to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized

text: slack wax

text: (a Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are

text: polyalphaolefin

text: s (PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include

text: polyolester

text: s (POE),

text: polyalkylene glycol

text: s (PAG), and

text: perfluoropolyalkylether

text: s (PFPAEs). Groups I and II are commonly referred to as

text: mineral oil

text: s, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description.

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie, also known as Shen Tan Di Renjie and Wu Chao Mi An, is a Chinese television series based on gong'an detective stories related to Di Renjie, a Tang dynasty magistrate and statesman. Written and directed by Qian Yanqiu, the series starred Liang Guanhua as the titular protagonist, and was first broadcast on CCTV-8 on 6 August 2004. The series was followed by three sequels: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2 (2006), Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3 (2008), and Mad Detective Di Renjie (2010).

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie, also known as Shen Tan Di Renjie and Wu Chao Mi An, is a Chinese television series based on

text: gong'an

text: detective

text: stories

text: related to

text: Di Renjie

text: , a

text: Tang dynasty

text: on 6 August 2004. The series was followed by three sequels:

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3

text: (2008), and

text: Mad Detective Di Renjie

text: Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy, where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Typically, astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun. Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines.

text: Spectroscopy

text: is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in

text: astronomy

text: , where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Typically,

text: astronomical spectroscopy

text: uses high-dispersion

text: diffraction grating

text: s to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions.

text: Helium

text: was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the

text: sun

text: Chemical element

text: s can be detected in astronomical objects by

text: emission line

text: s and

text: absorption line

text: s.

text: Saturable inductor current sensor is based on the detection of an inductance change. The saturable inductor is made of small and thin magnetic core wound with a coil around it. The saturable inductor operates into its saturation region. It is designed in such a way that the external and internal flux density will affect its saturation level. Change in the saturation level of a saturable inductor will alter core’s permeability and, consequently, its inductance L. The value of saturable inductance (L) is high at low currents (based on the permeability of the core) and low at high currents (the core permeability becomes unity when saturated).Fluxgate detectors rely on the property of many magnetic materials to exhibit a non-linear relationship between the magnetic field strength H and the flux density B.

text: Saturable inductor current sensor is based on the detection of an

text: inductance

text: change. The saturable inductor is made of small and thin magnetic core wound with a coil around it. The saturable inductor operates into its saturation region. It is designed in such a way that the external and internal flux density will affect its saturation level. Change in the saturation level of a saturable inductor will alter core’s

text: permeability

text: and, consequently, its inductance L. The value of saturable inductance (L) is high at low currents (based on the permeability of the core) and low at high currents (the core permeability becomes unity when saturated).Fluxgate detectors rely on the property of many magnetic materials to exhibit a non-linear relationship between the magnetic field strength H and the flux density B.

text: Extravagant numbers can be defined in any base. There are infinitely many extravagant numbers, no matter what base is used.

text: The conception that an action for conversion lies only for tangible property capable of being identified and taken into actual possession is based on a fiction by which the action of trover was founded, namely, that the defendant had found the property of another, which was lost. This conception has become, in the progress of the law, something without meaning which has been discarded by most courts. Therefore, it has been generally accepted that an action for conversion lies for every species of personal property which is the subject of private ownership, whether animate or inanimate. Intangible property can be the subject of a conversion in the United States. There cannot be an action in conversion for choses in action or mere debt. Computer software can be the subject of a conversion.

text: In 2008, a collective of local citizens (or Citizens Action Group) based in Marietta, Greenville County, South Carolina initiated a campaign to "Save Our Saluda" following what they perceived to be aggressive property development. Their mission is to "(protect) and (preserve) the headwaters of the Saluda watershed through concerned citizens action".

text: In 2008, a collective of local citizens (or Citizens Action Group) based in

text: Marietta

text: Greenville County, South Carolina

text: initiated a campaign to "Save Our Saluda" following what they perceived to be aggressive property development. Their mission is to "(protect) and (preserve) the

text: headwaters

text: of the Saluda

text: watershed

text: through concerned citizens action".

text: BASE is also used in alkali-metal thermal to electric converters (AMTECs). An AMTEC is a high efficiency device for directly converting heat to electricity. An AMTEC operates as a thermally regenerative electrochemical cell by expanding sodium through the pressure differential across the  (BASE) membrane. BASE electrolytes have been used in some molten-carbonate fuel cells, as well as other liquid electrode/solid electrolyte fuel cell designs.

text: BASE is also used in

entity_name: Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter

text: alkali-metal thermal to electric converter

text: s (AMTECs). An AMTEC is a high efficiency device for directly converting heat to electricity. An AMTEC operates as a thermally regenerative electrochemical cell by expanding sodium through the pressure differential across the  (BASE) membrane. BASE electrolytes have been used in some

text: molten-carbonate fuel cell

text: s, as well as other liquid electrode/solid electrolyte

text: fuel cell

text: designs.

text: WTP and WTA are important factors for public policy.  Many economic decisions are based upon the implicit assignment of property rights.  When looking at a lake which is being polluted by a nearby factory, the WTA and WTP for treatment of an effluent treatment plant may have different consequences based upon how property rights are politically assigned.  If lakeside residents have no property right to an effluent-free lake, then their willingness to pay to treat the lake's water supply would be considered.  Conversely, if the lakeside residents are found to have a property right to a clean lake, then their willingness to accept compensation for a polluted lake would be considered.

text: New properties have also been introduced, including temporary properties which are constructed by the Rig unit (formerly known as the APC). Temporary properties cannot build new units like other properties can, but can only be used as stationary resupply bases providing some defensive cover for units, and can be captured. Each Rig unit can construct one of two temporary properties, the Temporary Port and Temporary Airport. Additionally, the new Radar property has been added; when captured it clears a five-tile radius of Fog of War.

text: A series of homes were built for Canadian Forces personnel at the corner of Keele Street and Sheppard Avenue West and at the south end of the base property. Access to the north end housing on Robert Woodhead Crescent and John Drury Drive was restricted to base personnel and fenced off from the neighbouring properties. With most of the military base being closed down, the housing has been abandoned and torn down.

text: A series of homes were built for Canadian Forces personnel at the corner of

text: Keele Street

text: and

text: Sheppard Avenue

text: West and at the south end of the base property. Access to the north end housing on Robert Woodhead Crescent and John Drury Drive was restricted to base personnel and fenced off from the neighbouring properties. With most of the military base being closed down, the housing has been abandoned and torn down.

text: The base is attached to the rifle, usually with screws, and is often designed to have a low profile, and to allow use of the iron sights if the scope is not present. Some manufacturers provide integral bases on many of their firearms; an example of such a firearm is the Ruger Super Redhawk revolver. The most commonly encountered mounting systems are the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) and the 11 mm dovetail mounts (sometimes called tip-off mounts), commonly found on rimfires and air guns, the Weaver type base and the STANAG 2324 (MIL-STD-1913 "Picatinny rail") base. Ruger uses a proprietary scope base system, though adapters are available to convert the Ruger bases into Weaver type bases. Scope base and mounting systems are also manufactured in Europe. Specialized manufacturers like Ernst Apel GmbH offer an elaborate program of mounting solutions for many different guns. Some of the European mounting solutions are virtually unknown and hence rarely applied in America. Many European gun manufacturers also developed and offer proprietary scope base systems for their guns, for example Sako has tapered dovetails and Tikka uses 16mm dovetail.

text: The base is attached to the rifle, usually with screws, and is often designed to have a low profile, and to allow use of the iron sights if the scope is not present. Some manufacturers provide integral bases on many of their firearms; an example of such a firearm is the

text: Ruger

text: Super Redhawk

text: revolver. The most commonly encountered mounting systems are the 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) and the 11 mm

text: dovetail

text: mounts (sometimes called tip-off mounts), commonly found on

text: rimfires

text: and

text: air gun

text: s, the

text: Weaver type base

text: and the

text: STANAG

text: 2324 (

text: Picatinny rail

text: ") base. Ruger uses a proprietary scope base system, though adapters are available to convert the Ruger bases into Weaver type bases. Scope base and mounting systems are also manufactured in Europe. Specialized manufacturers like Ernst Apel GmbH offer an elaborate program of mounting solutions for many different guns. Some of the European mounting solutions are virtually unknown and hence rarely applied in America. Many European gun manufacturers also developed and offer proprietary scope base systems for their guns, for example

text: Sako

text: has tapered dovetails and Tikka uses 16mm dovetail.

text: Many constructive trusts relate the transfer of property. Those trusts over homes are known as trusts of common intention, and relate exclusively to family homes. In Lloyds Bank v Rosset, the House of Lords set out the circumstances in which a trust of common intention can arise. Firstly, where the parties demonstrate that there was an agreement formed before the acquisition of the property. Secondly, where the parties contribute to the purchase price or mortgage payments and therefore practically demonstrate a common intention to claim an equitable interest; this second form is similar to one form of resulting trust Common intention trusts grant a claimant an equitable right to the home, calculated as a proportion of the total value that corresponds to their financial contributions. The second occasion on which a constructive trust may arise over property is where a piece of property is sold or transferred. The contract transfers the equitable interest from the original owner to the other party, which takes place through a constructive trust. This originated with Chinn v Collins, where it was decided that the creation of such a contract automatically passes the equitable interest to the buyer,  assuming the contract can be completed. Until it is completed, that property is held on constructive trust by the seller for the benefit of the buyer. This applies to both personal and real property, with additional rules for the transfer of real property (land). Section 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 provides that the contract must be in writing, which is not a requirement for the transfer of personal property.

text: Many constructive trusts relate the transfer of property. Those trusts

text: over homes

text: are known as trusts of common intention, and relate exclusively to family homes. In

text: Lloyds Bank v Rosset

text: , the House of Lords set out the circumstances in which a trust of common intention can arise. Firstly, where the parties demonstrate that there was an agreement formed before the acquisition of the property. Secondly, where the parties contribute to the purchase price or mortgage payments and therefore practically demonstrate a common intention to claim an

text: equitable interest

text: ; this second form is similar to one form of

text: resulting trust

text: Common intention trusts grant a claimant an equitable right to the home, calculated as a proportion of the total value that corresponds to their financial contributions. The second occasion on which a constructive trust may arise over property is where a piece of property is sold or transferred. The contract transfers the equitable interest from the original owner to the other party, which takes place through a constructive trust. This originated with

text: Chinn v Collins

text: , where it was decided that the creation of such a contract automatically passes the equitable interest to the buyer,  assuming the contract can be completed. Until it is completed, that property is held on constructive trust by the seller for the benefit of the buyer. This applies to both

text: personal

text: and

text: real property

text: , with additional rules for the transfer of real property (land). Section 2 of the

entity_name: Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

text: Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

text: provides that the contract must be in writing, which is not a requirement for the transfer of personal property.

text: Automated processing of information not interpretable by software agents can be improved by adding rich semantics to the corresponding resources, such as video files. One of the approaches for the formal conceptualization of represented knowledge domains is the use of machine-interpretable ontologies, which provide structured data in, or based on, RDF, RDFS, and OWL. Ontology engineering is the design and creation of such ontologies, which can contain more than just the list of terms (controlled vocabulary); they contain terminological, assertional, and relational axioms to define concepts (classes), individuals, and roles (properties) (TBox, ABox, and RBox, respectively). Ontology engineering is a relatively new field of study concerning the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tool suites and languages that support them.A common way to provide the logical underpinning of ontologies is to formalize the axioms with description logics, which can then be translated to any serialization of RDF, such as RDF/XML or Turtle. Beyond the description logic axioms, ontologies might also contain SWRL rules. The concept definitions can be mapped to any kind of resource or resource segment in RDF, such as images, videos, and regions of interest, to annotate objects, persons, etc., and interlink them with related resources across knowledge bases, ontologies, and LOD datasets. This information, based on human experience and knowledge, is valuable for reasoners for the automated interpretation of sophisticated and ambiguous contents, such as the visual content of multimedia resources. Application areas of ontology-based reasoning include, but are not limited to, information retrieval, automated scene interpretation, and knowledge discovery.

text: Automated processing of information not interpretable by

text: software agents

text: can be improved by adding rich

text: semantics

text: to the corresponding resources, such as video files. One of the approaches for the formal

text: conceptualization

text: of represented

text: knowledge domain

text: s is the use of machine-interpretable ontologies, which provide

text: structured data

text: in, or based on,

text: RDF

text: RDFS

text: , and

text: OWL

text: . Ontology engineering is the design and creation of such ontologies, which can contain more than just the list of terms (

text: controlled vocabulary

text: ); they contain terminological, assertional, and relational axioms to define concepts (classes), individuals, and roles (properties) (

text: TBox

text: ABox

text: , and RBox, respectively). Ontology engineering is a relatively new field of study concerning the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tool suites and languages that support them.A common way to provide the logical underpinning of ontologies is to formalize the axioms with

text: description logic

text: s, which can then be translated to

text: any serialization of RDF

text: , such as

text: RDF/XML

text: or

text: Turtle

text: . Beyond the description logic axioms, ontologies might also contain

text: SWRL

text: rules. The concept definitions can be mapped to any kind of resource or resource segment in

text: RDF

text: , such as images, videos, and

text: regions of interest

text: , to annotate objects, persons, etc., and interlink them with related resources across

text: knowledge base

text: s, ontologies, and

text: LOD

text: datasets. This information, based on human experience and knowledge, is valuable for

text: reasoners

text: for the automated interpretation of sophisticated and ambiguous contents, such as the visual content of multimedia resources. Application areas of

text: ontology-based reasoning

text: include, but are not limited to,

text: information retrieval

text: , automated scene interpretation, and

text: knowledge discovery

text: Karl Marx distinguished social classes by their connection to the means of production in the capitalist system: the bourgeoisie own the means, but this effectively includes the proletariat itself as the workers can only sell their own labour power (forming the material base of the cultural superstructure). Max Weber critiqued Marxist economic determinism, arguing that social stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities, but on other status and power differentials (e.g. patriarchy). According to Weber, stratification may occur among at least three complex variables: (1) Property (class): A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own; Marx would have placed such a person in the proletariat. (2) Prestige (status): A person's prestige, or popularity in a society. This could be determined by the kind of job this person does or wealth. and (3) Power (political party): A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a member of the United States Congress, may hold little property or status but they still hold immense power Pierre Bourdieu provides a modern example in the concepts of cultural and symbolic capital. Theorists such as Ralf Dahrendorf have noted the tendency towards an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or service-based economies. Perspectives concerning globalization, such as dependency theory, suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the developing countries.

text: Karl Marx distinguished social classes by their connection to the

text: means of production

text: in the capitalist system: the

text: bourgeoisie

text: own the means, but this effectively includes the

text: proletariat

text: itself as the workers can only sell their own

text: labour power

text: (forming the

text: material base of the cultural superstructure

text: ). Max Weber critiqued Marxist

text: economic determinism

text: , arguing that social stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities, but on other status and power differentials (e.g.

text: patriarchy

text: ). According to Weber, stratification may occur among at least three complex variables: (1) Property (class): A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own; Marx would have placed such a person in the proletariat. (2) Prestige (status): A person's prestige, or popularity in a society. This could be determined by the kind of job this person does or wealth. and (3) Power (political party): A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a member of the United States Congress, may hold little property or status but they still hold immense power

text: Pierre Bourdieu

text: provides a modern example in the concepts of

text: cultural

text: and

text: symbolic capital

text: . Theorists such as

text: Ralf Dahrendorf

text: have noted the tendency towards an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or service-based economies. Perspectives concerning globalization, such as

text: dependency theory

text: , suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the

text: developing countries

text: A modal property is a property representing possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done. It is a base concept, one of the base concepts mentioned as base types in the WordNet ontology of semantics. It is not a mental property. It is not a physical property.

text: A modal property is a

text: property

text: representing possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done. It is a

text: base concept

text: , one of the

text: base concepts

text: mentioned as

text: base types

text: in the

text: WordNet

text: ontology

text: of

text: semantics

text: . It is not a

text: mental property

text: . It is not a

text: physical property

text: The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio; in addition the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric properties), such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints and abrupt changes in geometry such as holes are considered.

text: The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its

text: yield strength

text: ultimate strength

text: Young's modulus

text: , and

text: Poisson's ratio

text: ; in addition the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric properties), such as its length, width,

text: thickness

text: , boundary constraints and abrupt changes in geometry such as holes are considered.

text: The Intellectual Property Lawyers' Organisation or The Intellectual Property Lawyer's Organisation (TIPLO) is a United Kingdom-based association of intellectual property lawyers.

text: The Intellectual Property Lawyers' Organisation or The Intellectual Property Lawyer's Organisation (TIPLO) is a

text: United Kingdom

text: -based association of

text: intellectual property

text: lawyer

text: s.

text: Edge detection is a well-developed field on its own within image processing.Region boundaries and edges are closely related,since there is often a sharp adjustment in intensity at the region boundaries.Edge detection techniques have therefore been used as the base of another segmentation technique.

text: Edge detection

text: is a well-developed field on its own within image processing.Region boundaries and edges are closely related,since there is often a sharp adjustment in intensity at the region boundaries.Edge detection techniques have therefore been used as the base of another segmentation technique.

text: The type prophecy that Kleodora would have engaged in, while not translating, was Lithomancy. The word Lithomancy comes from the Greek word Lithos, meaning stone, and manteia, meaning prophecy. The gemstones used had different properties based on what kind of stone they were. Some could be for temporal discoveries, while others could be medicinal remedies.

text: The type prophecy that Kleodora would have engaged in, while not translating, was

text: Lithomancy

text: . The word Lithomancy comes from the Greek word Lithos, meaning stone, and manteia, meaning prophecy. The gemstones used had different properties based on what kind of stone they were. Some could be for temporal discoveries, while others could be medicinal remedies.

text: Presentation Layer applications are created using an XML based declarative markup language, known as Media Center Markup Language (MCML). MCML is used to define the user interface, with animation, text input, navigation, data binding, and local storage support available from the markup itself. If custom code or other functionality is required to implement a certain feature, CLI assemblies can be referred. Any CLI language can be used to write the code-behind assemblies that implement the required functionality. An MCML document defines the interface as a collection of UI elements, each exposing four attributes: Content which defines what that UI element will display, Properties to control the presentation aspects of the element, Locals which enumerate the set of private state data for the element, and Rules which allow the attributes to be modified based on certain triggers. By modifying these attributes at runtime, either from markup or code behind classes, the interface is generated.

text: Presentation Layer applications are created using an

text: XML

text: based

text: declarative

text: markup language

text: , known as Media Center Markup Language (MCML). MCML is used to define the user interface, with animation, text input, navigation, data binding, and local storage support available from the markup itself. If custom code or other functionality is required to implement a certain feature,

text: CLI assemblies

text: can be referred. Any

text: CLI language

text: can be used to write the

text: code-behind

text: assemblies that implement the required functionality. An MCML document defines the interface as a collection of UI elements, each exposing four attributes: Content which defines what that UI element will display, Properties to control the presentation aspects of the element, Locals which enumerate the set of private state data for the element, and Rules which allow the attributes to be modified based on certain triggers. By modifying these attributes at runtime, either from markup or code behind classes, the interface is generated.

text: In this approach a comparison with the market is done. For example if a person wish to buy a property in place A, it is quite likely that the price of neighborhood would be checked before arriving at conclusion on the existing property, leading to an approach based on the market. This valuation method relies on the estimation of value based on similar market transactions (e.g. similar license agreements) of comparable brand rights. Given that often the asset under valuation is unique, the comparison is performed in terms of utility, technological specificity and property, having also in consideration the perception of the asset by the market. Data on comparable or similar transactions may be accessed in the following sources:

text: The strength of Lewis bases have been evaluated for various Lewis acids, such as I, SbCl, and BF.

text: Property taxes are assessed on real and personal property; only 20% of the value is used as the tax base.

text: Property tax

text: es are assessed on real and personal property; only 20% of the value is used as the tax base.

text: What differentiates these particles from normal surface plasmons is that plasmonic nanoparticles also exhibit interesting scattering, absorbance, and coupling properties based on their geometries and relative positions. These unique properties have made them a focus of research in many applications including solar cells, spectroscopy, signal enhancement for imaging, and cancer treatment.

text: What differentiates these particles from normal

text: surface plasmons

text: is that plasmonic nanoparticles also exhibit interesting

text: scattering

text: absorbance

text: , and coupling properties based on their geometries and relative positions. These unique properties have made them a focus of research in many applications including solar cells, spectroscopy, signal enhancement for imaging, and cancer treatment.

text: Based on the macroscopic theory of ideal (free) diffusion the impulse response of a unicast molecular communication channel was reported in a paper that identified that the impulse response of the ideal diffusion based molecular communication channel experiences temporal spreading. Such temporal spreading has a deep impact in the performance of the system e.g. in creating the intersymbol interference (ISI) at the receiving nanomachine. In order to detect the concentration-encoded molecular signal two detection methods named sampling-based detection (SD) and energy-based detection (ED) have been proposed. While the SD approach is based on the concentration amplitude of only one sample taken at a suitable time instant during the symbol duration, the ED approach is based on the total accumulated number of molecules received during the entire symbol duration. In order to reduce the impact of ISI a controlled pulse-width based molecular communication scheme has been analysed. The work presented in  showed that it is possible to realize multilevel amplitude modulation based on ideal diffusion. A comprehensive study of pulse-based binary and sinus-based, concentration-encoded molecular communication system have also been investigated.

text: Attempts to group or cluster pixels based on texture properties.

text: Non-nucleophilic bases of high strength are usually anions.  For these species the pK's of the conjugate acid is around 35-40.

text: It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not.  Color, for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it. In this sense, many ostensibly physical properties are called supervenient. A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality. This is similar to the way in which objects are supervenient on atomic structure. A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quantum structure.

text: It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not.

text: Color

text: , for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it. In this sense, many ostensibly physical properties are called

text: supervenient

text: . A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality. This is similar to the way in which objects are supervenient on atomic structure. A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quantum structure.

text: In contrast, here is a table of bases and their conjugate acids. Similarly, base strength decreases and conjugate acid strength increases down the table.

text: An analysis by Schwarzer et al. showed that the citation-based measures CPA and co-citation analysis, have complementary strengths compared to text-based similarity measures. Text-based similarity approaches reliably identified more narrowly similar articles out of a test collection of Wikipedia articles, e.g. articles sharing identical terms, while the CPA approach outperformed CoCit at identifying more broadly related articles, as well as more popular articles, which the authors claim to likely also be of higher quality.

text: An analysis by Schwarzer et al. showed that the citation-based measures CPA and

text: co-citation analysis

text: , have complementary strengths compared to text-based similarity measures. Text-based similarity approaches reliably identified more narrowly similar articles out of a test collection of Wikipedia articles, e.g. articles sharing identical terms, while the CPA approach outperformed CoCit at identifying more broadly related articles, as well as more popular articles, which the authors claim to likely also be of higher quality.

text: In 1995, Wilson published his landmark paper, "Classifier fitness based on accuracy" in which he introduced the classifier system XCS.  XCS took the simplified architecture of ZCS and added an accuracy-based fitness, a niche GA (acting in the action set [A]), an explicit generalization mechanism called subsumption, and an adaptation of the Q-Learning credit assignment.  XCS was popularized by its ability to reach optimal performance while evolving accurate and maximally general classifiers as well as its impressive problem flexibility (able to perform both reinforcement learning and supervised learning) . XCS later became the best known and most studied LCS algorithm and defined a new family of accuracy-based LCS.  ZCS alternatively became synonymous with strength-based LCS.  XCS is also important, because it successfully bridged the gap between LCS and the field of reinforcement learning.  Following the success of XCS, LCS were later described as reinforcement learning systems endowed with a generalization capability.  Reinforcement learning typically seeks to learn a value function that maps out a complete representation of the state/action space.  Similarly, the design of XCS drives it to form an all-inclusive and accurate representation of the problem space (i.e. a complete map) rather than focusing on high payoff niches in the environment (as was the case with strength-based LCS).  Conceptually, complete maps don't only capture what you should do, or what is correct, but also what you shouldn't do, or what's incorrect.  Differently, most strength-based LCSs, or exclusively supervised learning LCSs seek a rule set of efficient generalizations in the form of a best action map (or a partial map).   Comparisons between strength vs. accuracy-based fitness and complete vs. best action maps have since been examined in greater detail.

text: In 1995, Wilson published his landmark paper, "Classifier fitness based on accuracy" in which he introduced the classifier system XCS.  XCS took the simplified architecture of ZCS and added an accuracy-based fitness, a niche GA (acting in the action set [A]), an explicit generalization mechanism called subsumption, and an adaptation of the

text: Q-Learning

text: credit assignment.  XCS was popularized by its ability to reach optimal performance while evolving accurate and maximally general classifiers as well as its impressive problem flexibility (able to perform both

text: reinforcement learning

text: and

text: supervised learning

text: ) . XCS later became the best known and most studied LCS algorithm and defined a new family of accuracy-based LCS.  ZCS alternatively became synonymous with strength-based LCS.  XCS is also important, because it successfully bridged the gap between LCS and the field of

text: reinforcement learning

text: .  Following the success of XCS, LCS were later described as reinforcement learning systems endowed with a generalization capability.

text: Reinforcement learning

text: typically seeks to learn a value function that maps out a complete representation of the state/action space.  Similarly, the design of XCS drives it to form an all-inclusive and accurate representation of the problem space (i.e. a complete map) rather than focusing on high payoff niches in the environment (as was the case with strength-based LCS).  Conceptually, complete maps don't only capture what you should do, or what is correct, but also what you shouldn't do, or what's incorrect.  Differently, most strength-based LCSs, or exclusively supervised learning LCSs seek a rule set of efficient generalizations in the form of a best action map (or a partial map).   Comparisons between strength vs. accuracy-based fitness and complete vs. best action maps have since been examined in greater detail.

text: Soaps are salts of fatty acids. In the domestic setting, sodium-based and potassium-based soaps are commonly used as natural cleaning surfactants. The most useful of the non-detergent soaps are those based on lithium, as they are free of corrosive properties. For lubrication, and as form-release agents, soaps derived from lithium are used due to their higher melting points. The main components of lithium soaps are lithium stearate and lithium 12-hydroxystearate. In addition to soap, soap-based lubricating greases also contain hydrocarbon oils and other components.

text: Soaps are

text: salts

text: of

text: fatty acid

text: s. In the domestic setting, sodium-based and potassium-based soaps are commonly used as natural cleaning

text: surfactants

text: . The most useful of the non-detergent soaps are those based on lithium, as they are free of corrosive properties. For lubrication, and as form-release agents, soaps derived from lithium are used due to their higher melting points. The main components of lithium soaps are

text: lithium stearate

text: and

text: lithium 12-hydroxystearate

text: . In addition to soap, soap-based lubricating greases also contain hydrocarbon oils and other components.

text: Richlyn Systems is a UK-based software and website development company. It was incorporated in 1983 and is based in The Gateway at Sheffield. The company developed a Property Integrated Management and Accounting System (PIMS) which is now used by many companies including Valad Property Group, HBOS, Evans Easyspace, Evans Property Group and Wykeland Property Group.

text: Richlyn Systems is a

text: UK

text: -based

text: software

text: and

text: website

text: development company. It was incorporated in 1983 and is based in The Gateway at Sheffield. The company developed a Property Integrated Management and Accounting System (PIMS) which is now used by many companies including Valad Property Group, HBOS, Evans Easyspace, Evans Property Group and Wykeland Property Group.

text: The strength of a Calani is based on two properties: a player's skill, and the number of different estates they have worked for.  Because of his pleasing appearance and his skill in Quis, Kelric is coveted by the queens (known as "Managers") of the different estates.  Kelric's membership in the estates proceeds as follows: Dahl, Haka, Bahvla, Miesa, Varz, and finally Karn.  Renamed "Sevtar", Kelric has two children with two of his wives (one of which is born Rhon) during his time in the different estates.

text: The strength of a Calani is based on two properties: a player's skill, and the number of different estates they have worked for.  Because of his pleasing appearance and his skill in Quis,

text: Kelric

text: is coveted by the queens (known as "Managers") of the different estates.

text: Kelric's

text: membership in the estates proceeds as follows: Dahl, Haka, Bahvla, Miesa, Varz, and finally Karn.  Renamed "Sevtar",

text: Kelric

text: has two children with two of his wives (one of which is born

text: Rhon

text: ) during his time in the different estates.

text: In 2006, the California Supreme Court definitively held that a utility charge imposed by an agency for ongoing water delivery, including a consumption based utility charge, was a “property-related” fee.  In reaching the preceding conclusion about consumption based utility charges, the court relied on the “user fee or charge for a property-related service” component of the constitutional definition.  Based on the court’s reasoning, fees and charges for ongoing sewer and refuse collection services are also “property-related” fees and charges.

text: Brickfilms,  videos using Lego, have existed since the 1970s. Starting in 2003, Lego officially made their first film partnership to make films based on their toy property. They chose Bionicle as the property and they made a deal with Miramax to make a trilogy of Bionicle films. Over the years, after the trilogy ended, a new trilogy based on Bionicle was planned with Universal Pictures after the Miramax film contract ended and the first film in the new trilogy would be titled Bionicle: The Legend Reborn. But plans broke between Lego and Universal so they cancelled the fifth film in the series. But they continued on with a film titled Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers. The film received positive reviews from fans and critics and after the DVD release, a sequel was set to star Clutch as the hero again. A mini-sequel and a short film based on Clutch Powers were released and plans for a sequel are unknown.

text: Brickfilm

text: s,  videos using

text: Lego

text: , have existed since the 1970s. Starting in 2003, Lego officially made their first film partnership to make films based on their toy property. They chose Bionicle as the property and they made a deal with

text: Miramax

text: to make a trilogy of Bionicle films. Over the years, after the trilogy ended, a new trilogy based on Bionicle was planned with

text: Universal Pictures

text: after the Miramax film contract ended and the first film in the new trilogy would be titled

text: Bionicle: The Legend Reborn

text: . But plans broke between Lego and Universal so they cancelled the fifth film in the series. But they continued on with a film titled

text: Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers

text: . The film received positive reviews from fans and critics and after the DVD release, a sequel was set to star Clutch as the hero again. A mini-sequel and a short film based on Clutch Powers were released and plans for a sequel are unknown.

text: There are 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, administered by the Pennsylvania Public School Code of 1949. School districts can comprise one municipality, like the School District of Philadelphia, or multiple municipalities. School districts have the sole responsibility to instruct the school-aged population of the Commonwealth. Some school districts cross one or more county lines creating challenges in equalizing property taxes because of widely varying property tax assessments. Like some other local governments, school districts are classified based on population and these classifications determine what regulations they follow.

text: There are 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, administered by the Pennsylvania Public School Code of 1949. School districts can comprise one municipality, like the

text: School District of Philadelphia

text: , or multiple municipalities. School districts have the sole responsibility to instruct the school-aged population of the Commonwealth. Some school districts cross one or more county lines creating challenges in equalizing property taxes because of widely varying property tax assessments. Like some other local governments, school districts are classified based on population and these classifications determine what regulations they follow.

text: In early 2009, White listed the 45± acre property with Boston-based real estate firm, LandVest, Inc., which specializes in the marketing of luxury residences, vacant land and resource-based properties, including timberland. The asking price for the property is available upon request.

text: Some games base the strength and amount of a character's magic on stats such as "wisdom" or "intelligence". These stats are used because they are easy to keep track of and develop in pen-and-paper RPGs.

text: Some games base the strength and amount of a character's magic on

text: stats

text: such as "wisdom" or "intelligence". These stats are used because they are easy to keep track of and develop in pen-and-paper RPGs.

text: States are a mechanism to combine changes to properties in a semantic unit. A button for example has a pressed and a non-pressed state, an address book application could have a read-only and an edit state for contacts. Every element has an "implicit" base state. Every other state is described by listing the properties and values of those elements which differ from the base state.

text: AST will generally require that the operator perform what's known as an "E Analysis." E ("Eee-sub-cee") is shorthand for Expected Casualty – a calculation of the probability of casualty to any and all groups of people within the maximum dispersion of the vehicle. In the simplest case, a rocket will have containment, which means that there are no people or property located within the maximum range of the vehicle. Most rockets, however, cannot achieve containment, and must be regulated using a risk-based approach.

text: Taxes that are not "broad-based" (that is, that residents could avoid paying) have not aroused comparable controversy. For example, the meals and rentals tax disproportionately impacts tourists and visitors, who do not vote. Recent legislatures have covered increased spending with increases in sin taxes, tolls, and filing fees. Some feel it would be simpler and fairer to enact a broad-based tax; in 2008, various Town Meetings considered citizen petitions against "The Pledge." In particular, the property tax is seen as unfairly impacting the poor and especially retirees. Advocates of a state broad-based tax say it would permit higher state payments to municipalities, enabling them to lower property taxes. The opposing argument is that a new state tax would not change this alleviate local taxes, but would eventually lead to more state spending.

text: Taxes that are not "broad-based" (that is, that residents could avoid paying) have not aroused comparable controversy. For example, the meals and rentals tax disproportionately impacts tourists and visitors, who do not vote. Recent legislatures have covered increased spending with increases in

text: sin taxes

text: , tolls, and filing fees. Some feel it would be simpler and fairer to enact a broad-based tax; in 2008, various Town Meetings considered citizen petitions against "The Pledge." In particular, the property tax is seen as unfairly impacting the poor and especially retirees. Advocates of a state broad-based tax say it would permit higher state payments to municipalities, enabling them to lower property taxes. The opposing argument is that a new state tax would not change this alleviate local taxes, but would eventually lead to more state spending.

text: The property tax most citizens are aware of is known as an ad valorem tax.  This tax is used to fund general or day-to-day government operations.  An ad valorem tax is commonly levied on both real and personal property.  A property tax is based upon a property's market value.  The ad valorem tax levy is based upon a millage rate which never varies from parcel to parcel. The foundation principles for ad valorem taxes are that each property is valued according to its market value (equity) and that each property is taxed based upon a single millage rate that applies to everyone (uniformity).

text: The property tax most citizens are aware of is known as an

text: ad valorem

text: tax.  This tax is used to fund general or day-to-day government operations.  An ad valorem tax is commonly levied on both real and personal property.  A property tax is based upon a property's market value.  The ad valorem tax levy is based upon a

text: millage rate

text: which never varies from parcel to parcel. The foundation principles for ad valorem taxes are that each property is valued according to its market value (

text: equity

text: ) and that each property is taxed based upon a single millage rate that applies to everyone (uniformity).

text: Important widely recognized types of property include real property (the combination of land and any improvements to or on the land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons, business entities or individual natural persons), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc.), although the last is not always as widely recognized or enforced. An article of property may have physical and incorporeal parts. A title, or a right of ownership, establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as the owner sees fit.

text: Important widely recognized types of property include

text: real property

text: (the combination of land and any improvements to or on the land),

text: personal property

text: (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons, business entities or individual natural persons), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and

text: intellectual property

text: (exclusive rights over artistic

entity_section: Property and Commercialization of Body Tissue

text: creations, inventions

text: , etc.), although the last is not always as widely recognized or enforced. An article of property may have physical and incorporeal parts. A

text: title

text: , or a

text: right

text: of

text: ownership

text: , establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as the owner sees fit.

text: Compressive strength is one of the most important engineering property of Concrete which designers are concerned of. It is a standard industrial practice that the concrete is classified based on grades. This grade is nothing but the Compressive Strength of the concrete cube or cylinder. Cube or Cylinder samples are usually tested under a compression testing machine to obtain the compressive strength of concrete. The test requisites differ country to country based on the design code. As per Indian codes, compressive strength of concrete is defined as

text: Public-key algorithms are based on the computational difficulty of various problems. The most famous of these is integer factorization (e.g., the RSA algorithm is based on a problem related to integer factoring), but the discrete logarithm problem is also important. Much public-key cryptanalysis concerns numerical algorithms for solving these computational problems, or some of them, efficiently (i.e., in a practical time). For instance, the best known algorithms for solving the elliptic curve-based version of discrete logarithm are much more time-consuming than the best known algorithms for factoring, at least for problems of more or less equivalent size. Thus, other things being equal, to achieve an equivalent strength of attack resistance, factoring-based encryption techniques must use larger keys than elliptic curve techniques. For this reason, public-key cryptosystems based on elliptic curves have become popular since their invention in the mid-1990s.

text: Public-key algorithms are based on the computational difficulty of various problems. The most famous of these is

text: integer factorization

text: (e.g., the RSA algorithm is based on a problem related to integer factoring), but the

text: discrete logarithm

text: problem is also important. Much public-key cryptanalysis concerns numerical algorithms for solving these computational problems, or some of them, efficiently (i.e., in a practical time). For instance, the best known algorithms for solving the

text: elliptic curve-based

text: version of discrete logarithm are much more time-consuming than the best known algorithms for factoring, at least for problems of more or less equivalent size. Thus, other things being equal, to achieve an equivalent strength of attack resistance, factoring-based encryption techniques must use larger keys than elliptic curve techniques. For this reason, public-key cryptosystems based on elliptic curves have become popular since their invention in the mid-1990s.

text: While real property may be divided among co-owners and tenants for the purpose of the land's use and enjoyment, taking a mortgage of property primarily serves the purpose of ensuring loans are repaid. Because of the nature of money lending, and frequently unequal bargaining power between banks and borrowers, the law gives significant legal protection to borrowers against the enforcement of unfair bargains. Along with pledges, liens and equitable charges, English law counts a mortgage as one of four main kinds of security interest, whereby a proprietary right that binds third parties is said to arise on conclusion of a contract. It must simply be the contract's intention to make property available to secure repayment. The Law of Property Act 1925 section 85 say that a mortgage requires a deed (under LPMPA 1989 section 1, a document that is signed, witnessed and states it is a deed). Under the Land Registration Act 2002 sections 23 and 27, a notice of a mortgage must be filed with HM Land Registry for the mortgage to be effective. Then, LPA 1925 section 87 says mortgages confer upon the mortgagee (i.e. the secured lender) the same rights as a 3000-year lease holder. The reason for this reference to "3000 years" is that in a primitive protective measure, the common law said mortgage terms must always allow for the property to be redeemed in the end, when the debt is repaid. In the 18th century decision of Vernon v Bethell Lord Henley LC refused to enforce the conveyance of Vernon's sugar plantation in Antigua to a deceased London lender, Bethell, when Vernon had trouble repaying, even though some exchanges between the two had raised the possibility of giving up the land to satisfy the debt. Given the considerable interest paid already, Lord Henley LC held it would frustrate (or "clog") Vernon's right to redeem property. As he put it protection for the borrower was warranted because "necessitous men are not, truly speaking, free men, but, to answer a present exigency, will submit to any terms that the crafty may impose upon them". Accordingly, the rule developed that "once a mortgage, always a mortgage", meaning a mortgage cannot be turned into a conveyance of the property by the operation of terms in an agreement. It means that a lender may at most sell a property to realise its value, but may not take ownership, and the borrower must always practically be able to get back the property. The rule was suspended for companies by the Companies Act 2006 section 739, and was criticised in Jones v Morgan for being inappropriate in commerce, but it still survives as a rudimentary common law method to protecting vulnerable borrowers.

text: While real property may be divided among co-owners and tenants for the purpose of the land's use and enjoyment, taking a mortgage of property primarily serves the purpose of ensuring loans are repaid. Because of the nature of money lending, and frequently

text: unequal bargaining power

text: between banks and borrowers, the law gives significant legal protection to borrowers against the enforcement of unfair bargains. Along with pledges, liens and equitable charges, English law counts a mortgage as one of four main kinds of

text: security interest

text: , whereby a

text: proprietary right

text: that binds third parties is said to arise on conclusion of a

text: contract

text: . It must simply be the contract's intention to make property available to secure repayment. The

text: Law of Property Act 1925

text: section 85 say that a mortgage requires a deed (under

text: LPMPA 1989

text: section 1, a document that is signed, witnessed and states it is a deed). Under the

text: Land Registration Act 2002

text: sections 23 and 27, a notice of a mortgage must be filed with

text: HM Land Registry

text: for the mortgage to be effective. Then,

text: LPA 1925

text: section 87 says mortgages confer upon the mortgagee (i.e. the secured lender) the same rights as a 3000-year lease holder. The reason for this reference to "3000 years" is that in a primitive protective measure, the common law said mortgage terms must always allow for the property to be redeemed in the end, when the debt is repaid. In the 18th century decision of

text: Vernon v Bethell

text: Lord Henley LC

text: refused to enforce the conveyance of Vernon's sugar plantation in

text: Antigua

text: to a deceased London lender, Bethell, when Vernon had trouble repaying, even though some exchanges between the two had raised the possibility of giving up the land to satisfy the debt. Given the considerable interest paid already, Lord Henley LC held it would frustrate (or "clog") Vernon's right to redeem property. As he put it protection for the borrower was warranted because "necessitous men are not, truly speaking, free men, but, to answer a present exigency, will submit to any terms that the crafty may impose upon them". Accordingly, the rule developed that "once a mortgage, always a mortgage", meaning a mortgage cannot be turned into a conveyance of the property by the operation of terms in an agreement. It means that a lender may at most sell a property to realise its value, but may not take ownership, and the borrower must always practically be able to get back the property. The rule was suspended for companies by the

text: Companies Act 2006

text: section 739, and was criticised in

text: Jones v Morgan

text: for being inappropriate in commerce, but it still survives as a rudimentary common law method to protecting vulnerable borrowers.

text: "Modern" NAS Squantum had a couple of problems.  First, its proximity to Boston's Logan International Airport resulted in increasing airspace conflicts in the postwar era; the Boston Logan Instrument Landing System was in alignment with Runway 2 of Squantum.  In one case, an Air France Lockheed Constellation bound for Boston actually landed at Squantum by mistake.  The base's second problem was its short and landlocked (water locked?) runways.  These were not long enough to support routine jet operations and because of the base's position on the Squantum peninsula they could not be lengthened.  The 1946 and 1949 USGS topographic maps labeled the property as “U.S. Naval Reservation”, but did not depict an airfield.  The base's third problem was that it was old and that many of its facilities had been jury-built using scrap materials and re-used structures salvaged from the Victory Plant Shipyard during the depths of the Great Depression when funds were hard to come by. It was said of NAS Squantum in the January 1949 issue of Naval Aviation News that it "grew like topsy" and was more the result of having to make do with what was available instead of careful planning.

text: "Modern" NAS Squantum had a couple of problems.  First, its proximity to Boston's

text: Logan International Airport

text: resulted in increasing airspace conflicts in the postwar era; the Boston Logan Instrument Landing System was in alignment with Runway 2 of Squantum.  In one case, an Air France Lockheed Constellation bound for Boston actually landed at Squantum by mistake.  The base's second problem was its short and landlocked (water locked?) runways.  These were not long enough to support routine jet operations and because of the base's position on the Squantum peninsula they could not be lengthened.  The 1946 and 1949 USGS topographic maps labeled the property as “U.S. Naval Reservation”, but did not depict an airfield.  The base's third problem was that it was old and that many of its facilities had been jury-built using scrap materials and re-used structures salvaged from the Victory Plant Shipyard during the depths of the Great Depression when funds were hard to come by. It was said of NAS Squantum in the January 1949 issue of Naval Aviation News that it "grew like topsy" and was more the result of having to make do with what was available instead of careful planning.

text: Arc welding reduces mechanical properties to no worse than –O hardening condition. For –H116 base material, measured at  ambient temperature, yield strength decreases from  to  and ultimate strength from . The relatively low decrease in ultimate strength (about 10%) is extremely good performance for an aluminium alloy.

text: For example, an amine will displace phosphine from the adduct with the acid BF. In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid — hard base and soft acid — soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid — soft base or soft acid — hard base interactions. Later investigation of the thermodynamics of the interaction suggested that hard—hard interactions are enthalpy favored, whereas soft—soft are entropy favored.

text: For example, an

text: amine

text: will displace

text: phosphine

text: from the adduct with the acid BF. In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid — hard base and soft acid — soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid — soft base or soft acid — hard base interactions. Later investigation of the thermodynamics of the interaction suggested that hard—hard interactions are

text: enthalpy

text: favored, whereas soft—soft are

text: entropy

text: favored.

text: > system.They have outstanding mechanical properties at room temperature combining high strength (ultimate tensile strength of up to 800 MPa) and ductility (elongation to failure up to 100%) based on a high work-hardening capacity. TWIP steels have mostly high content in Mn (above 20% in weight %) and small additions of elements such C (<1 wt.%), Si (<3 wt.%), or Al (<3 wt.%). The steels have low stacking fault energy (between 20 and 40 mJ/m2]) at room temperature. Although the details of the mechanisms controlling strain-hardening in TWIP steels are still unclear, the high strain-hardening is commonly attributed to the reductionof the dislocation mean free path with the increasing fraction of deformation twins as these are considered to be strong obstaclesto dislocation glide. Therefore, a quantitative study of deformation twinning in TWIP steels is critical to understand their strain-hardening mechanisms and mechanical properties. Deformation twinning can be considered as a nucleation and growth process. Twin growth is assumed to proceed by co-operative movement of Shockley partials on subsequent {111} planes.

text: Fiber reinforcement materials are added to the resin system increase the tensile strength and stiffness of the finished part. The selection of reinforcement material is based on the properties desired in the finished product. These materials do not react with the resin but are a distinct and integral part of the advanced composite system.

text: The gas-phase thermodynamic properties of this chemical are difficult to determine because the chemical can disproportionate to form [YbCl] or dimerize. The YbCl species was detected by electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry as (YbCl). Additional complications in obtaining experimental data arise from the myriad of low-lying f-d and f-f electronic transitions. Despite these issues, the thermodynamic properties of YbCl have been obtained and the C symmetry group has been assigned based upon the four active infrared vibrations.

text: The gas-phase thermodynamic properties of this chemical are difficult to determine because the chemical can disproportionate to form [YbCl] or dimerize. The YbCl species was detected by electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry as (YbCl). Additional complications in obtaining experimental data arise from the myriad of low-lying f-d and f-f electronic transitions. Despite these issues, the thermodynamic properties of YbCl have been obtained and the C

text: symmetry

text: group has been assigned based upon the four active infrared vibrations.

text: The theory was also applied to a range of recognition tasks: from invariant single object recognition in clutter to multiclass categorization problems on publicly available data sets (CalTech5, CalTech101, MIT-CBCL) and complex (street) scene understanding tasks that requires the recognition of both shape-based as well as texture-based objects (on 	StreetScenes data set). The approach performs really well: It has the capability of learning from only a few training examples and was shown to outperform several more complex state-of-the-art systems  constellation models, the hierarchical SVM-based face- detection system). A key element in the approach is a new set of scale and position-tolerant feature detectors, which are biologically plausible and agree quantitatively with the tuning properties of cells along the ventral stream of visual cortex. These features are adaptive to the training set, though we also show that a universal feature set, learned from a set of natural images unrelated to any categorization task, likewise achieves good performance.

text: In 1993, Zabludowicz set up Ivory Gate, a property investment company based in London. Using offshore vehicles, Ivory Gate made investments in UK commercial property.

text: In 1993, Zabludowicz set up Ivory Gate, a

text: property investment

text: company based in London. Using offshore vehicles, Ivory Gate made investments in UK commercial property.

text: In 2002 Brooks Air Force Base was renamed Brooks City-Base when the property was conveyed to the Brooks Development Authority as part of a unique project between local, state, and federal government.  The Brooks Development Authority is now the owner and operator of the  property, and is redeveloping it as a science, business, and technology center.  The Air Force was the largest tenant at Brooks City-Base.

text: In 2002 Brooks Air Force Base was renamed

text: Brooks City-Base

text: when the property was conveyed to the Brooks Development Authority as part of a unique project between local, state, and federal government.  The Brooks Development Authority is now the owner and operator of the  property, and is redeveloping it as a science, business, and technology center.  The Air Force was the largest tenant at Brooks City-Base.

text: Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that is used to assay a sample using a fluorescent probe.  DNA nucleotides themselves are not good candidates for this technique because they do not readily re-emit light upon light excitation.   A fluorescent marker is needed to detect base flipping. 2-Aminopurine is a base that is structurally similar to adenine, but is very fluorescent when flipped out from the DNA duplex.  It is commonly used to detect base flipping and has an excitation at 305‑320 nm and emission at 370 nm so that it well separated from the excitations of proteins and DNA.  Other fluorescent probes used to study DNA base flipping are 6MAP (4‑amino‑6‑methyl‑7(8H)‑pteridone)  and Pyrrolo‑C (3-[β-D-2-ribofuranosyl]-6-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(3H)-one).   Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is also employed to provide a more detailed picture of the extent of base flipping as well as the conformational dynamics occurring during base flipping.

text: Fluorescence spectroscopy

text: is a technique that is used to assay a sample using a fluorescent probe.  DNA nucleotides themselves are not good candidates for this technique because they do not readily re-emit light upon light excitation.   A fluorescent marker is needed to detect base flipping.

text: is a base that is structurally similar to

text: adenine

text: , but is very fluorescent when flipped out from the DNA duplex.  It is commonly used to detect base flipping and has an excitation at 305‑320 nm and emission at 370 nm so that it well separated from the excitations of proteins and DNA.  Other fluorescent probes used to study DNA base flipping are

text: (4‑amino‑6‑methyl‑7(8H)‑pteridone)  and

text: Pyrrolo‑C

text: (3-[β-D-2-ribofuranosyl]-6-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(3H)-one).

text: Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

text: is also employed to provide a more detailed picture of the extent of base flipping as well as the conformational dynamics occurring during base flipping.

text: The Property Trust Group is a property investment group, the ultimate holding company of which is PT Holdings Limited, based in Bermuda. The group owns a portfolio of commercial buildings in the United Kingdom through its subsidiary The Property Trust plc which is registered in London. The principals of the group are Anthony K.C. Cheng and Mona M.N. Cheng.

text: The Property Trust Group is a

entity_section: Real estate as the instrument of investment

text: property investment

text: group, the ultimate holding company of which is PT Holdings Limited, based in

text: Bermuda

text: . The group owns a portfolio of commercial buildings in the United Kingdom through its subsidiary The Property Trust plc which is registered in London. The principals of the group are Anthony K.C. Cheng and Mona M.N. Cheng.

text: Let ABCD be a Saccheri quadrilateral having AB as base, CD as summit and CA and DB as the equal sides that are perpendicular to the base. The following properties are valid in any Saccheri quadrilateral in hyperbolic geometry:

text: Let ABCD be a Saccheri quadrilateral having AB as base, CD as summit and CA and DB as the equal sides that are perpendicular to the base. The following properties are valid in any Saccheri quadrilateral in

text: hyperbolic geometry

text: Many superheroes (and supervillains) operate from a base or headquarters. These bases are often equipped with state-of-the-art, highly advanced, and/or alien technologies. They are typically set in disguised and/or in secret locations to avoid being detected by enemies or the general public (for example, Superman's Fortress of Solitude or the Batcave). Some bases, such as the Baxter Building or the Hall of Justice, are common public knowledge (even if their precise location may remain secret). Many heroes and villains who do not have a permanent headquarters may have a mobile base of operations instead.

text: Many superheroes (and supervillains) operate from a base or headquarters. These bases are often equipped with state-of-the-art, highly advanced, and/or alien technologies. They are typically set in disguised and/or in secret locations to avoid being detected by enemies or the general public (for example, Superman's

text: Fortress of Solitude

text: or the

text: Batcave

text: ). Some bases, such as the

text: Baxter Building

text: or the

text: Hall of Justice

text: , are common public knowledge (even if their precise location may remain secret). Many heroes and villains who do not have a permanent headquarters may have a mobile base of operations instead.

text: Each state applies varying standards in regards to determining whether a game is one of skill, or of chance; in most states, this determination is based on whether the skill-based elements of the game are predominant over those of chance, and whether these chance-based elements have more than an incidental effect on the outcome of the game (dominant factor test, material degree). Some states use stricter criteria, under which games whose outcomes are influenced by any element of chance, or appeal to a "gambling instinct", are considered games of chance, regardless of the presence of skill-based elements. In the state of Illinois, any game played for cash where the players are not the "actual contestants" in a "bona fide contest for the determination of skill, speed, strength, or endurance", constitutes gambling.

text: Each state applies varying standards in regards to determining whether a game is one of skill, or of chance; in most states, this determination is based on whether the skill-based elements of the game are predominant over those of chance, and whether these chance-based elements have more than an incidental effect on the outcome of the game (

text: dominant factor test

text: , material degree). Some states use stricter criteria, under which games whose outcomes are influenced by any element of chance, or appeal to a "gambling instinct", are considered games of chance, regardless of the presence of skill-based elements. In the state of Illinois, any game played for cash where the players are not the "actual contestants" in a "bona fide contest for the determination of skill, speed, strength, or endurance", constitutes gambling.

text: Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be classified by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products.

text: Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or

text: product design

text: . Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset,

text: elastomer

text: structural

text: biodegradable

text: , and

text: electrically conductive

text: . Plastics can also be classified by various

text: physical properties

text: , such as

text: density

text: tensile strength

text: glass transition temperature

text: , and resistance to various chemical products.

text: This wider definition allows recognition of what is or what isn't a Health 2.0 technology. Typically, enterprise-based, customized client-server systems are not, while more open, cloud based systems fit the definition. However, this line was blurring by 2011-2 as more enterprise vendors started to introduce cloud-based systems and native applications for new devices like smartphones and tablets.

text: Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In other words, compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together), whereas tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.

text: Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to

text: tensile strength

text: , which withstands loads tending to elongate. In other words, compressive strength resists

text: compression

text: (being pushed together), whereas tensile strength resists

text: tension

text: (being pulled apart). In the study of

text: strength of materials

text: , tensile strength, compressive strength, and

text: shear strength

text: can be analyzed independently.

text: A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is merely what is left after an acid has donated a proton in a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid.

text: A conjugate acid, within the

text: Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

text: , is a

text: species

text: formed by the

text: reception of a proton

text: H

text: ) by a

text: base

text: —in other words, it is a base with a

text: hydrogen

text: ion added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is merely what is left after an acid has donated a proton in a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the

text: removal of a proton

text: from an acid.

text: Because pressure measurement error can be caused by more than just CCT (i.e., corneal hydration, elastic properties, etc.), it is impossible to 'adjust' pressure measurements based only on CCT measurements. The frequency doubling illusion can also be used to detect glaucoma with the use of a frequency doubling technology perimeter.

text: Because pressure measurement error can be caused by more than just CCT (i.e., corneal hydration, elastic properties, etc.), it is impossible to 'adjust' pressure measurements based only on CCT measurements. The

text: frequency doubling illusion

text: can also be used to detect glaucoma with the use of a frequency doubling technology perimeter.

text: DEs based on silicone (PDMS) and natural rubber are promising research fields. Properties such as fast response times and efficiency are superior using natural rubber based DEs compared to VHB (acrylic elastomer) based DEs for strains under 15%.

text: DEs based on silicone (

text: PDMS

text: ) and

text: natural rubber

text: are promising research fields. Properties such as

text: fast response

text: times and efficiency are superior using natural rubber based DEs compared to VHB (

text: acrylic elastomer

text: ) based DEs for

text: strains

text: under 15%.

text: Mechanical properties include elasticity and plasticity, tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, fracture toughness, ductility (low in brittle materials), and indentation hardness.  Solid mechanics is the study of the behavior of solid matter under external actions such as external forces and temperature changes.

text: Mechanical properties include

text: elasticity

text: and

text: plasticity

text: tensile strength

text: compressive strength

text: shear strength

text: fracture toughness

text: ductility

text: (low in brittle materials), and

text: indentation hardness

text: Solid mechanics

text: is the study of the behavior of solid matter under external actions such as external forces and temperature changes.

text: But although almost all numbers satisfy this property, it has not been proven for any real number not specifically constructed for the purpose.Among the numbers x whose continued fraction expansions are known not to have this property are rational numbers, roots of quadratic equations (including the square roots of integers and the golden ratio Φ), and the base of the natural logarithm e.

text: But although almost all numbers satisfy this property, it has not been proven for any real number not specifically constructed for the purpose.Among the numbers x whose continued fraction expansions are known not to have this property are

text: rational number

text: s, roots of

text: quadratic equation

text: s (including the

text: square root

text: s of integers and the

text: golden ratio

text: Φ), and the

text: base of the natural logarithm

text: e.

text: A series of homes for Canadian Forces personnel were built at the corner of Keele Street and Sheppard Avenue West (William Baker Park) and at the south end of the base property (Stanley Greene Park). Access to the north end housing on Robert Woodhead Crescent and John Drury Drive was restricted to base personnel and fenced off from the neighbouring properties, as was the south end housing on Frederick Tisdale circle.

text: A series of homes for Canadian Forces personnel were built at the corner of

text: Keele Street

text: and

text: Sheppard Avenue

text: West (William Baker Park) and at the south end of the base property (Stanley Greene Park). Access to the north end housing on Robert Woodhead Crescent and John Drury Drive was restricted to base personnel and fenced off from the neighbouring properties, as was the south end housing on Frederick Tisdale circle.

text: Many anti-spyware applications are able to detect some software based keyloggers and quarantine, disable or cleanse them.  However, because many keylogging programs are legitimate pieces of software under some circumstances, anti spyware often neglects to label keylogging programs as spyware or a virus. These applications are able to detect software-based keyloggers based on patterns in executable code, heuristics and keylogger behaviours (such as the use of hooks and certain APIs).

text: Many

text: anti-spyware

text: applications are able to detect some software based keyloggers and quarantine, disable or cleanse them.  However, because many keylogging programs are legitimate pieces of software under some circumstances, anti spyware often neglects to label keylogging programs as spyware or a virus. These applications are able to detect software-based keyloggers based on patterns in

text: executable code

text: heuristics

text: and keylogger behaviours (such as the use of

text: hooks

text: and certain

text: API

text: s).

text: Brendtro and colleagues have authored numerous books and publications on building environments where all young people thrive. These evidence-based principles are being employed in education, treatment, juvenile justice, social service, youth development, and faith-based settings as described in a recent book with contributions from over 30 international leaders in transforming children, families, communities, and organizations. These concepts inform school and justice reform, the transition from deficit to strength-based treatment, and democratic models of organizational leadership. Brendtro has trained professionals in over 25 countries and dozens of indigenous communities.

text: This experiment revealed structures beneath the surface in Mare Crisium, Mare Serenitatis, Oceanus Procellarum, and many other areas. In the mare areas, layers were observed in several different parts of the basins and are therefore believed to be widespread features. Based on the properties of the reflected radar waves, the structures are believed to be layering within the basalt that fills both of these mare basins. In Mare Serenitatis, layers were detected at depths of 0.9 and 1.6 kilometers below the surface. In Mare Crisium, a layer was detected at a depth of 1.4 kilometers below the surface. The bottom of the mare basalts were apparently not detected by this experiment. However, in Mare Crisium the Lunar Sounder Experiment results were combined with other observations to estimate a total basalt thickness of between 2.4 and 3.4 kilometers.

text: This experiment revealed structures beneath the surface in

text: Mare Crisium

text: Mare Serenitatis

text: Oceanus Procellarum

text: , and many other areas. In the mare areas, layers were observed in several different parts of the basins and are therefore believed to be widespread features. Based on the properties of the reflected radar waves, the structures are believed to be layering within the basalt that fills both of these mare basins. In Mare Serenitatis, layers were detected at depths of 0.9 and 1.6 kilometers below the surface. In Mare Crisium, a layer was detected at a depth of 1.4 kilometers below the surface. The bottom of the mare basalts were apparently not detected by this experiment. However, in

text: Mare Crisium

text: the Lunar Sounder Experiment results were combined with other observations to estimate a total basalt thickness of between 2.4 and 3.4 kilometers.

text: In philosophy, supervenience is an ontological relation that is used to describe cases where (roughly speaking)  the upper-level properties of a system are determined by its lower level properties. Some philosophers hold that the world is structured into a kind of hierarchy of properties, where the higher level properties supervene on the lower level properties.  According to this type of view, social properties supervene on psychological properties, psychological properties supervene on biological properties, biological properties supervene on chemical properties, etc.   That is, the chemical properties of the world determine a distribution of biological properties, those biological properties determine a distribution of psychological properties, and so forth. So, for example, mind-body supervenience holds that "every mental phenomenon must be grounded in, or anchored to, some underlying physical base (presumably a neural state). This means that mental states can occur only in systems that can have physical properties; namely physical systems."

text: In

text: philosophy

text: , supervenience is an

text: ontological

text: relation that is used to describe cases where (roughly speaking)  the upper-level properties of a system are determined by its lower level properties. Some philosophers hold that the world is structured into a kind of hierarchy of properties, where the higher level properties supervene on the lower level properties.  According to this type of view, social properties supervene on psychological properties, psychological properties supervene on biological properties, biological properties supervene on chemical properties, etc.   That is, the chemical properties of the world determine a distribution of biological properties, those biological properties determine a distribution of psychological properties, and so forth. So, for example, mind-body supervenience holds that "every mental phenomenon must be grounded in, or anchored to, some underlying physical base (presumably a neural state). This means that mental states can occur only in systems that can have physical properties; namely physical systems."

text: What constitutes 'navigable' waters can not be separated from the context in which the question is asked. Numerous federal agencies define jurisdiction based on navigable waters, including admiralty jurisdiction, pollution control, to the licensing of dams, and even property boundaries.  The numerous definitions and jurisdictional statutes have created an array of case law specific to which context the question of navigability arises. Some of the most commonly discussed definitions are listed here.

text: These arcs have the property that every arc based at

text: In California, there are 3 primary types of BIDs all of which have their own standards for assessments and require different legal actions. In California, the payments made by the businesses and property owners within the districts are technically "fees" and not "taxes." Due to Proposition 13, adopted by the voters in 1978, California State statute no longer allows for ad valorem  assessment (i.e., based on property value). As a result of Proposition 218 (1996), BIDs may no longer assess their participating businesses and property owners for general governmental services, but are limited to assessing fees for provision of special benefits to the affected properties over and above those conferred to the public at large, and the properties may only be assessed an amount proportional to the special benefit it receives.

text: In California, there are 3 primary types of BIDs all of which have their own standards for assessments and require different legal actions. In California, the payments made by the businesses and property owners within the districts are technically "fees" and not "taxes." Due to

text: Proposition 13

text: , adopted by the voters in 1978, California State statute no longer allows for

text: ad valorem

text: assessment (i.e., based on property value). As a result of

text: Proposition 218

text: (1996), BIDs may no longer assess their participating businesses and property owners for general governmental services, but are limited to assessing fees for provision of special benefits to the affected properties over and above those conferred to the public at large, and the properties may only be assessed an amount proportional to the special benefit it receives.

text: A base-5 system (quinary) has been used in many cultures for counting. Plainly it is based on the number of digits on a human hand. It may also be regarded as a sub-base of other bases, such as base-10, base-20, and base-60.

text: A base-5 system (

text: quinary

text: ) has been used in many cultures for counting. Plainly it is based on the number of digits on a human hand. It may also be regarded as a sub-base of other bases, such as base-10, base-20, and base-60.

text: Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

text: Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As

text: Christopher Hitchens

text: summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

text: , called "bases", with the following properties:

text: Typical examples of indicators based on currency strength are relative currency strength and absolute currency strength (percentage). Their combination is called the "Forex Flow indicator", because you are able to see the whole currency flow across the forex market.

text: Typical examples of indicators based on currency strength are

text: relative currency strength

text: and

text: absolute currency strength

text: (percentage). Their combination is called the "Forex Flow indicator", because you are able to see the whole currency flow across the forex market.

text: The strength of soil-cement bases actually increases with age, providing good long-term performance.

text: RBAC: In the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model, access to resources is based on the role assigned to a user. In this model, an administrator assigns a user to a role that has certain predetermined right and privileges. Because of the user's association with the role, the user can access certain resources and perform specific tasks. RBAC is also known as Non-Discretionary Access Control. The roles assigned to users are centrally administered.Dynamic Disclosure Monitor Architecture uses this MAC to detect any direct security violation, if any direct security violation is detected the query is rejected then and there, otherwise it is passed through inference engine to disclose data that can be inferred. All the disclosed data obtained from inference engine is again sent to MAC to detect any direct security violation. If any violation is detected the query is rejected, otherwise answered.

text: IEEE 1588-2008 uses a hierarchical selection algorithm based on the following properties, in the indicated order:

text: In traditional soil survey, spatial distribution of soil properties and soil bodies can be inferred using mental models which leads to manual delineations. Such methods can be considered to be subjective, and it is hence difficult or impossible to statistically assess the accuracy of such maps without additional field sampling. Traditional soil survey mapping has some limitations for use in a multithematic GIS related to the fact that is often not consistently applied by different mappers, it is largely manual and it is difficult to automate. Most of traditional soil maps in the world are based on manual delineations of assumed soil bodies, to which then soil attributes are attached. In the case of pedometric mapping, all outputs are based on using rigorous statistical computing and are hence reproducible.

text: In traditional soil survey, spatial distribution of soil properties and soil bodies can be inferred using mental models which leads to manual delineations. Such methods can be considered to be subjective, and it is hence difficult or impossible to statistically assess the accuracy of such maps without additional field sampling. Traditional soil survey mapping has some limitations for use in a multithematic GIS related to the fact that is often not consistently applied by different mappers, it is largely manual and it is difficult to automate. Most of traditional soil maps in the world are based on manual delineations of assumed soil bodies, to which then soil attributes are attached. In the case of pedometric mapping, all outputs are based on using rigorous statistical computing and are hence

text: reproducible

text: The use of "physical" in physicalism is a philosophical concept and can be distinguished from alternative definitions found in the literature (e.g. Popper defined a physical proposition to be one which can at least in theory be denied by observation). A "physical property", in this context, may be a metaphysical or logical combination of properties which are  physical in the ordinary sense. It is common to express the notion of "metaphysical or logical combination of properties" using the notion of supervenience: A property A is said to supervene on a property B if any change in A necessarily implies a change in B. Since any change in a combination of properties must consist of a change in at least one component property, we see that the combination does indeed supervene on the individual properties. The point of this extension is that physicalists usually suppose the existence of various abstract concepts which are non-physical in the ordinary sense of the word; so physicalism cannot be defined in way that denies the existence of these abstractions. Also, physicalism defined in terms of supervenience does not entail that all properties in the actual world are type identical to physical properties. It is, therefore, compatible with multiple realizability.

text: The use of "physical" in physicalism is a philosophical concept and can be distinguished from alternative definitions found in the literature (e.g. Popper defined a physical proposition to be one which can at least in theory be denied by observation). A "physical property", in this context, may be a metaphysical or logical combination of properties which are  physical in the ordinary sense. It is common to express the notion of "metaphysical or logical combination of properties" using the notion of

text: supervenience

text: : A property A is said to supervene on a property B if any change in A necessarily implies a change in B. Since any change in a combination of properties must consist of a change in at least one component property, we see that the combination does indeed supervene on the individual properties. The point of this extension is that physicalists usually suppose the existence of various abstract concepts which are non-physical in the ordinary sense of the word; so physicalism cannot be defined in way that denies the existence of these abstractions. Also, physicalism defined in terms of supervenience does not entail that all properties in the actual world are

text: type identical

text: to physical properties. It is, therefore, compatible with

text: multiple realizability

text: In the US, real estate taxes which are based on a percentage of the property's actual or nominal value are referred to as "property taxes".  The term "rates" is not used in this context.  Property taxes are the prime funding method for local government, and are normally the responsibility of the property owner, regardless of whether the property owner lives on the property.

text: . For the 3-base periodicity property, the frequency content at

text: A newer form of a hybrid system is the combination of passive phase-detection auto-focus and passive contrast auto-focus, sometimes assisted by active methods, as both methods need some visible contrast to work with. Under their operational conditions, phase-detection auto-focusing is very fast, since the measurement method provides both information, the amount of offset and the direction, so that the focusing motor can move the lens right into (or close to) focus without additional measurements. Additional measurements on the fly, however, can improve accuracy or help keep track of moving objects. However, the accuracy of phase-detection auto-focus depends on its effective measurement basis. If the measurement basis is large, measurements are very accurate, but can only work with lenses with a large geometrical aperture (e.g. 1:2.8 or larger). Even with high contrasty objects, phase-detection AF cannot work at all with lenses slower than its effective measurement basis. In order to work with most lenses, the effective measurement basis is typically set to between 1:5.6 and 1:6.7, so that AF continues to work with slow lenses (at least for as long as they are not stopped down). This, however, reduces the intrinsical accuracy of the autofocus system, even if fast lenses are used. Since the effective measurement basis is an optical property of the actual implementation, it cannot be changed easily. Very few cameras provide multi-PD-AF systems with several switchable measurement bases depending on the lens used in order to allow normal auto-focusing with most lenses, and more accurate focusing with fast lenses.Contrast AF does not have this inherit design limitation on accuracy as it only needs a minimal object contrast to work with. Once this is available, it can work with high accuracy regardless of the speed of a lens; in fact, for as long as this condition is met, it can even work with the lens stopped down. Also, since contrast AF continues to work in stopped-down mode rather than only in open-aperture mode, it is immune to aperture-based focus shift errors phase-detection AF systems suffer since they cannot work in stopped-down mode. Thereby, contrast AF makes arbitrary fine-focus adjustments by the user unnecessary. Also, contrast AF is immune to focusing errors due to surfaces with repeating patterns and they can work over the whole frame, not just near the center of the frame, as phase-detection AF does. The down-side, however, is that contrast AF is a closed-loop iterative process of shifting the focus back and forth in rapid succession. Compared to phase-detection AF, contrast AF is slow, since the speed of the focus iteration process is mechanically limited and this measurement method does not provide any directional information. Combining both measurement methods, the phase-detection AF can assist a contrast AF system to be fast and accurate at the same time, to compensate aperture-based focus-shift errors, and to continue to work with lenses stopped down, as, for example, in stopped-down measuring or video mode.

text: aperture-based focus shift errors

text: phase-detection AF systems suffer since they cannot work in stopped-down mode. Thereby, contrast AF makes arbitrary fine-focus adjustments by the user unnecessary. Also, contrast AF is immune to focusing errors due to surfaces with repeating patterns and they can work over the whole frame, not just near the center of the frame, as phase-detection AF does. The down-side, however, is that contrast AF is a closed-loop iterative process of shifting the focus back and forth in rapid succession. Compared to phase-detection AF, contrast AF is slow, since the speed of the focus iteration process is mechanically limited and this measurement method does not provide any directional information. Combining both measurement methods, the phase-detection AF can assist a contrast AF system to be fast and accurate at the same time, to compensate aperture-based focus-shift errors, and to continue to work with lenses stopped down, as, for example, in stopped-down measuring or video mode.

text: Many of the commonly used materials for NEMS technology have been carbon based, specifically diamond, carbon nanotubes and graphene. This is mainly because of the useful properties of carbon based materials which directly meet the needs of NEMS. The mechanical properties of carbon (such as large Young's modulus) are fundamental to the stability of NEMS while the metallic and semiconductor conductivities of carbon based materials allow them to function as transistors.

text: Many of the commonly used materials for NEMS technology have been

text: carbon

text: based, specifically

text: diamond

text: carbon nanotube

text: s and

text: graphene

text: . This is mainly because of the useful properties of carbon based materials which directly meet the needs of NEMS. The mechanical properties of carbon (such as large

text: Young's modulus

text: ) are fundamental to the stability of NEMS while the metallic and

text: semiconductor

text: conductivities of carbon based materials allow them to function as

text: transistor

text: s.

text: In common usage an object is the material inside the boundary of an object, in 3-dimensional space.  The boundary of an object is a contiguous surface which may be used to determine what is inside, and what is outside an object.  An object is a single piece of material, whose extent is determined by a description based on the properties of the material.  An imaginary sphere of granite within a larger block of granite would not be considered an identifiable object, in common usage.  A fossilized scull encased in a rock may be considered an object because it is possible to determine the extent of the scull based on the properties of the material.

text: In Europe, the Swiss Traugott Oertli developed a blender based on the technical construction and design style conception of the Waring Blendor, releasing in 1943 the Turmix Standmixer. Based on the blender, Mr. Traugott also developed another kind of appliance to extract juice of any juicy fruit or vegetables, the Turmix Juicer, which was also available as separated accessory for use in the Turmix blender, the juicer Turmix Junior.  had promoted the benefits of drinking natural juices made with fruits and vegetables, with recipes using juices to promote its blender and juicer. Now the juicer vs blender argument is an extremely hot topic in the fitness and health conscious community. Some say blenders are healthier, while the others say juicers are more efficient. But both the juicer as well as the blender have their own strengths and weaknesses, and it would be unfair to rate any one of them as being “better” than the other based off one strength. Juicers are better with juices, blenders are better with smoothies.

text: In Europe, the Swiss Traugott Oertli developed a blender based on the technical construction and design style conception of the Waring Blendor, releasing in 1943 the Turmix Standmixer. Based on the blender, Mr. Traugott also developed another kind of appliance to extract juice of any juicy fruit or vegetables, the Turmix Juicer, which was also available as separated accessory for use in the

text: Turmix

text: blender, the

text: juicer

text: Turmix Junior.  had promoted the benefits of drinking natural juices made with fruits and vegetables, with recipes using juices to promote its blender and juicer. Now the juicer vs blender argument is an extremely hot topic in the fitness and health conscious community. Some say blenders are healthier, while the others say juicers are more efficient. But both the juicer as well as the blender have their own strengths and weaknesses, and it would be unfair to rate any one of them as being “better” than the other based off one strength. Juicers are better with juices, blenders are better with smoothies.

text: EEDAR was listed #15 on Forbes’ list of America Most Promising Companies, which is based on the size of their potential market, the strength of their intellectual property, experience of their management team, and track record in hitting product development benchmarks.

text: EEDAR was listed #15 on

text: Forbes

text: ’ list of America Most Promising Companies, which is based on the size of their potential market, the strength of their intellectual property, experience of their management team, and track record in hitting product development benchmarks.

text: In 2004, CCTV-8 aired a television series based on detective stories related to Di Renjie, under the title Amazing Detective Di Renjie (神探狄仁杰), starring Liang Guanhua as the titular protagonist. It was followed by three sequels: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2 (2006), Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3 (2008), and Mad Detective Di Renjie (2010). Some characters in the television series are fictionalised versions of historical figures, including Wu Zetian and Di Renjie himself. The plot of each season is further divided into two or three parts, each covering one case. The story usually follows a pattern of a seemingly small case gradually leading to Di Renjie uncovering a sinister plot that threatens the Chinese empire.

text: In 2004,

text: aired a television series based on detective stories related to Di Renjie, under the title

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie

text: (神探狄仁杰), starring Liang Guanhua as the titular protagonist. It was followed by three sequels:

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 2

text: Amazing Detective Di Renjie 3

text: (2008), and

text: Mad Detective Di Renjie

text: (2010). Some characters in the television series are fictionalised versions of historical figures, including

text: Wu Zetian

text: and Di Renjie himself. The plot of each season is further divided into two or three parts, each covering one case. The story usually follows a pattern of a seemingly small case gradually leading to Di Renjie uncovering a sinister plot that threatens the Chinese empire.

text: Material properties computation, based on 3D images:

text: Consider what is meant by the representation 12,243 in the negadecimal system, whose base  is −10:

text: Stronger acids have a larger acid dissociation constant (K) and a smaller logarithmic constant (pK=−logK) than weaker acids. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths also depend on the stability of the conjugate base.

text: Stronger acids have a larger

text: acid dissociation constant

text: (K) and a smaller logarithmic constant (pK=−logK) than weaker acids. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the

text: polarity

text: of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths also depend on the stability of the conjugate base.

text: Various solutions have been proposed based on slightly different assumptions about what properties are desired for the final agreement point.

text: Alternatively, one can employ large base cases that still use a divide-and-conquer algorithm, but implement the algorithm for predetermined set of fixed sizes where the algorithm can be completely unrolled into code that has no recursion, loops, or conditionals (related to the technique of partial evaluation).  For example, this approach is used in some efficient FFT implementations, where the base cases are unrolled implementations of divide-and-conquer FFT algorithms for a set of fixed sizes.  Source code generation methods may be used to produce the large number of separate base cases desirable to implement this strategy efficiently.

text: Alternatively, one can employ large base cases that still use a divide-and-conquer algorithm, but implement the algorithm for predetermined set of fixed sizes where the algorithm can be completely

text: unrolled

text: into code that has no recursion, loops, or

text: conditionals

text: (related to the technique of

text: partial evaluation

text: ).  For example, this approach is used in some efficient FFT implementations, where the base cases are unrolled implementations of divide-and-conquer FFT algorithms for a set of fixed sizes.

text: Source code generation

text: methods may be used to produce the large number of separate base cases desirable to implement this strategy efficiently.

text: Base/Stand Scale - Each base represents a company, part of a company or a platoon. A Base can have a maximum of 9 Strength points. (If there are more than 9 vehicles or Gun's in a Company, the Company is split into two bases, each of which are similar in strength. This system allows a base to also represent a platoon, such as a support platoon attached to a Headquarters company.)

text: The neurotransmitter based energy detection scheme   suggests that the neural tissue chemically executes a Radar-like detection procedure.

text: An adaptive base isolation system includes a tunable isolator that can adjust its properties based on the input to minimize the transferred vibration. Magnetorheological fluid dampers]

text: An adaptive base isolation system includes a tunable isolator that can adjust its properties based on the input to minimize the transferred vibration.

text: Magnetorheological fluid

text: dampers]

text: DNA base flipping, also known as nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single nucleotide base, or nucleobase, in the DNA or dsRNA structures is rotated out from the DNA backbone by 180 degrees 1.  This occurs when an enzyme needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as when it needs to be replaced with another base during DNA repair.  It was first observed in 1994 using X-ray crystallography to view a methyltransferase enzyme performing work on a cytosine base. Since then, it has been shown to be used by many different enzymes in many biological processes such as DNA methylation, various DNA repair mechanisms, RNA transcription and DNA replication.DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors.  This can occur by an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then actively rotates the base, or a passive process, where the base first rotates out spontaneously, then is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, or hybridization probes.

text: DNA base flipping, also known as nucleotide flipping, is a mechanism in which a single

text: nucleotide

text: base, or

text: nucleobase

text: , in the DNA or dsRNA structures is rotated out from the DNA backbone by 180 degrees 1.  This occurs when an

text: enzyme

text: needs access to the base to perform work on it, such as when it needs to be replaced with another base during

text: DNA repair

text: .  It was first observed in 1994 using

text: X-ray crystallography

text: to view a

text: methyltransferase

text: enzyme performing work on a

text: cytosine

text: base. Since then, it has been shown to be used by many different enzymes in many biological processes such as

text: DNA methylation

text: , various

text: DNA repair

text: mechanisms,

text: RNA transcription

text: and

text: DNA replication

text: .DNA base flipping occurs by breaking the

text: hydrogen bonds

text: between the bases and unstacking the base from its neighbors.  This can occur by an active process, where an enzyme binds to the DNA and then actively rotates the base, or a passive process, where the base first rotates out spontaneously, then is recognized and bound by an enzyme. It can be detected using

text: X-ray crystallography

text: NMR spectroscopy

text: fluorescence spectroscopy

text: , or

text: hybridization probes

text: In addition to being significantly less expensive than traditional legacy point of sale systems, the real strength of a cloud based point of sale system is that there are developers all over the world creating software applications for cloud based POS.  Cloud based POS systems are often described as future proof as new applications are constantly being conceived and built. Countries such as in India where businesses were hardly using POS systems have seen a huge increase in the use of POS systems out of growth in IT, especially the restaurants. Before this, only payment terminals saw rise in use out of economic growth. A few companies have ventured in the cloud based POS systems too, e.g. GoFrugal, CirQ, posit, etc. Yet the need for pos terminal is estimated at 20 million!

text: In addition to being significantly less expensive than traditional legacy point of sale systems, the real strength of a cloud based point of sale system is that there are developers all over the world creating software applications for cloud based POS.  Cloud based POS systems are often described as future proof as new applications are constantly being conceived and built. Countries such as in India where businesses were hardly using POS systems have seen a huge increase in the use of POS systems out of growth in IT, especially the restaurants. Before this, only payment terminals saw rise in use out of economic growth. A few companies have ventured in the cloud based POS systems too, e.g. GoFrugal,

text: CirQ

text: , posit, etc. Yet the need for pos terminal is estimated at 20 million!

text: During the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait, the first indication of the Iraqi ground advance was from a radar-equipped tethered balloon that detected Iraqi armor and air assets moving south. Surveillance tethered balloons were used in the 2004 American occupation of Iraq. They utilized a high-tech optics system to detect and observe enemies from miles away. They have been used to over watch foot patrols and convoys in Baghdad, Afghanistan, and are permanently installed above US military bases in Kabul and Bagram.

text: During the 1990

text: Invasion of Kuwait

text: , the first indication of the Iraqi ground advance was from a

text: radar

text: -equipped tethered balloon that detected Iraqi armor and air assets moving south. Surveillance tethered balloons were used in the

text: 2004 American occupation of Iraq

text: . They utilized a high-tech

text: optics

text: system to detect and observe enemies from miles away. They have been used to over watch foot patrols and convoys in

text: Baghdad

text: Afghanistan

text: , and are permanently installed above US military bases in

text: Kabul

text: and

text: Bagram

text: Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally overdetermined. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? Jaegwon Kim says:

text: Strong emergence can be criticized for being causally

text: overdetermined

text: . The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗?

text: Jaegwon Kim

text: says:

text: The tax is based upon the assessed market value of the property in May 2013. This valuation is to be used as the basis for a half-year payment in 2013, as well as 3 further full year payments in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The tax due is calculated via a system of market bands. The initial national central rate of the tax is 0.18% of a property's value up to €1 million, and in the case of properties valued over €1 million, 0.25% on the balance. From 1 January 2015, local authorities will be able to vary LPT rates -/+ 15% of the national central rate.

text: An ad valorem tax is based upon the legal principles of equity and uniformity. That is, everyone must be treated fairly and equally. In special assessments, proportionality is a key element. A special assessment is premised upon the necessity for the public improvement and the fiscal burden imposed must be reasonably proportional to the benefit created. Unlike ad valorem taxes,special assessments are not expected to be uniformly levied (the same millage rate for each parcel).  The fiscal burden is spread among only those properties within the special assessment district and it is apportioned to each property based upon the unique, specific and direct benefit the property received from the public improvement. Thus, a vacant lot might be assessed the same fee as an adjacent lot which has a million dollar home on it. For example, both the vacant lot and the property improved with a million dollar home, might be assessed Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00) for a sewer connection. So, while both properties have identical $5,000 special assessment obligations because sewer installations have been specially assessed, there will be a huge difference in their ad valorem tax levies; one ad valorem levy will be based upon the value of a vacant lot and the other will be based upon the value of the lot plus the million dollar home.

text: An ad valorem tax is based upon the legal principles of equity and uniformity. That is, everyone must be treated fairly and equally. In special assessments, proportionality is a key element. A special assessment is premised upon the necessity for the public improvement and the fiscal burden imposed must be reasonably proportional to the benefit created. Unlike ad valorem taxes,special assessments are not expected to be uniformly levied (the same millage rate for each parcel).  The

text: fiscal burden

text: is spread among only those properties within the special assessment district and it is apportioned to each property based upon the unique, specific and direct benefit the property received from the public improvement. Thus, a vacant lot might be assessed the same fee as an adjacent lot which has a million dollar home on it. For example, both the vacant lot and the property improved with a million dollar home, might be assessed Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000.00) for a sewer connection. So, while both properties have identical $5,000 special assessment obligations because sewer installations have been specially assessed, there will be a huge difference in their ad valorem tax levies; one ad valorem levy will be based upon the value of a vacant lot and the other will be based upon the value of the lot plus the million dollar home.

text: It is generally accepted in the antivirus industry that the signature-based protection of most vendors is identically effective. If a signature is available for an item of malware, then every product (unless dysfunctional) should detect it. However, some vendors are significantly faster than others at becoming aware of new viruses and/or updating their customers signature databases to detect them.

text: First-principle calculations with quasiparticle corrections and many-body effects explored the electronic and optical properties of graphene-based materials. With GW calculation, the properties of graphene-based materials are accurately investigated, including graphene nanoribbons, edge and surface functionalized armchair graphene nanoribbons and scaling properties in armchair graphene nanoribbons.

text: Version 0.96.9 also introduced important DHT protection against Sybil attacks, using algorithms based on statistical properties.

text: Version 0.96.9 also introduced important DHT protection against

text: Sybil attack

text: s, using algorithms based on statistical properties.

text: Water Remote sensing instruments allow to record the color of a water body, which provides information on the presence and abundance of optically active natural water components. The water color spectrum is defined as an apparent optical property (AOP) of the water. This means that the color of the water is influenced by the angular distribution of the light field and by the nature and quantity of the substances in the medium, in this case, water. Thus, the value of this parameter will change with changes in the optical properties and concentrations of the optically active substances in the water, the inherent optical properties or IOPS. The IOPS are independent from the angular distribution of light but they are dependent from the type and substances present in the medium as well. For instance, the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance, Kd (it is often used as an index of water clarity or ocean turbidity) is defined as an AOP, while the absorption coefficient and the scattering coefficient of the medium are defined as IOPS.There are two different approaches to determine the concentration of optically active water components by the study of the spectra. The first approach consist of empirical algorithms based on statistical relationships and the second approach consists of analytical algorithms based on the inversion of calibrated bio-optical models. Accurate calibration of the relationships/models used is an important condition for successful inversion on water remote sensing techniques and the determination of concentration of water quality parameters from observed spectral remote sensing data.Thus, these techniques depend on their ability to record these changes in the spectral signature of light backscattered from water surface and relate these recorded changes to water quality parameters via empirical or analytical approaches. Depending of the water constituents of interest and the sensor used, different parts of the spectrum will be analysed.

text: Water Remote sensing instruments allow to record the color of a water body, which provides information on the presence and abundance of optically active natural water components. The water color spectrum is defined as an apparent optical property (AOP) of the water. This means that the color of the water is influenced by the angular distribution of the light field and by the nature and quantity of the substances in the medium, in this case, water. Thus, the value of this parameter will change with changes in the optical properties and concentrations of the optically active substances in the water, the inherent optical properties or IOPS. The IOPS are independent from the angular distribution of light but they are dependent from the type and substances present in the medium as well. For instance, the diffuse

text: attenuation coefficient

text: of downwelling irradiance, Kd (it is often used as an index of water clarity or

text: ocean turbidity

text: ) is defined as an AOP, while the

text: absorption coefficient

text: and the scattering coefficient of the medium are defined as IOPS.There are two different approaches to determine the concentration of optically active water components by the study of the spectra. The first approach consist of empirical algorithms based on statistical relationships and the second approach consists of analytical algorithms based on the inversion of calibrated bio-optical models. Accurate calibration of the relationships/models used is an important condition for successful inversion on water remote sensing techniques and the determination of concentration of water quality parameters from observed spectral remote sensing data.Thus, these techniques depend on their ability to record these changes in the spectral signature of light backscattered from water surface and relate these recorded changes to water quality parameters via empirical or analytical approaches. Depending of the water constituents of interest and the sensor used, different parts of the spectrum will be analysed.

text: The NEPIC Innovation Strategy established the regions industrial and academic innovation strengths within the chemistry and biotechnology based process sector. The work informed both public and private interests and has led directly to the creation of several innovation centres that are now managed through the United Kingdom National Innovation Catapult Organisation called The Centre for Process Innovation based at the Wilton Centre, Wilton, Redcar on Teesside.

text: The NEPIC Innovation Strategy established the regions industrial and academic innovation strengths within the

text: chemistry

text: and

text: biotechnology

text: based process sector. The work informed both public and private interests and has led directly to the creation of several innovation centres that are now managed through the

text: United Kingdom

text: National Innovation Catapult Organisation called The Centre for Process Innovation based at the

text: Wilton Centre

text: Wilton

text: Redcar

text: on

text: Teesside

text: IC-PIC (information correlation and partial information correlation) based method employs the base correlation property of DNA sequence. IC and PIC were calculated using following formulas,

text: Land and Property Services is the authority responsible for registering and valuing property. The domestic rates are based on the capital value of the residential property on 1 January 2005. This is in contrast to non-domestic rates on businesses which are based on rental value.

text: Land and Property Services

text: is the authority responsible for registering and valuing property. The domestic rates are based on the capital value of the residential property on 1 January 2005. This is in contrast to

text: non-domestic rates on businesses

text: which are based on rental value.

text: . Based on the found properties, a algorithm for deriving

text: The risk-need-responsivity model is a model used in criminology to develop recommendations for how prisoners should be assessed based on the risk they present and what they need, and what kinds of environments they should be placed in to reduce recidivism. It was first proposed in 1990 based on the research conducted on classifications of offender treatments by Lee Sechrest and Ted Palmer, among other researchers, in the 1960s and 70s. It was primarily developed by Canadian researchers James Bonta, Don Andrews, and Paul Gendreau. It has been considered the best model that exists for determining offender treatment, and some of the best risk-assessment tools used on offenders are based on it.

text: The risk-need-responsivity model is a model used in

text: criminology

text: to develop recommendations for how prisoners should be assessed based on the risk they present and what they need, and what kinds of environments they should be placed in to reduce

text: recidivism

text: . It was first proposed in 1990 based on the research conducted on classifications of offender treatments by Lee Sechrest and Ted Palmer, among other researchers, in the 1960s and 70s. It was primarily developed by Canadian researchers James Bonta, Don Andrews, and Paul Gendreau. It has been considered the best model that exists for determining offender treatment, and some of the best risk-assessment tools used on offenders are based on it.

text: The ad-valorem tax base is primarily residential property and the land surrounding Remington Park, which contains such non-taxable properties as the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, the Oklahoma City Zoo, the Omniplex Science Museum, the National Softball Hall of Fame, the Oklahoma State Firefighter Museum, and the land on which Remington Park is built.

text: The

text: ad-valorem tax base

text: is primarily residential property and the land surrounding

text: Remington Park

text: , which contains such non-taxable properties as the

entity_name: National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum

text: National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum

text: , the

text: Oklahoma City Zoo

text: , the

text: Omniplex Science Museum

text: , the

entity_name: National Softball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: National Softball Hall of Fame

text: , the

text: Oklahoma State Firefighter Museum

text: , and the land on which Remington Park is built.

text: Although examples of higher level properties which are not identical to lower order properties are easy to find, examples where they are not reducible to or predicable from their bases are more controversial.

text: Exemptions typically fall into two categories:  usage based or entity based.  Use based exemptions are when an otherwise taxable item or service is used in a manner that has been deemed exempt.  The resale exemption is the most common use based exemption.  Other use based exemptions could be items or services to be used in manufacturing, research & development, or teleproduction.  Entity based exemptions are when the item or service is exempt solely because the purchaser falls into a category the state has granted an exempt status.  Exempt entities could be government (federal, state or local), non-profit organizations, religious organizations, tribal governments, or foreign diplomats.  Every state decides for themselves which use based and entity based exemption they will grant.

text: (Sec. 216) Requires the Secretary during FY2015, in managing and disposing of any multifamily property that is owned or has a mortgage held by HUD, and during the process of foreclosure on any property with a contract for section 8 rental assistance payments or other federal programs, to maintain any rental assistance payments attached to any dwelling units in the property. Authorizes the Secretary, however, to the extent that such a multifamily property is not feasible for continued payments, based on specified cost, operation, or environmental considerations, to: (1) contract, in consultation with the property's tenants, for project-based rental assistance payments with an owner or owners of other existing housing properties; or (2) provide other rental assistance.

text: The fourth requirement is that no property-related fee or charge may be imposed for a property-related service unless that service is actually used by, or immediately available to, the owner of the property in question.  In addition, property-related fees or charges based on potential or future use of a property-related service are not permitted.

text: Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property, describes something which a person or corporation can have ownership of and can transfer ownership to another person or corporation, but has no physical substance, for example brand identity or knowledge/intellectual property.  It generally refers to statutory creations such as copyright, trademarks, or patents.  It excludes tangible property like real property (land, buildings, and fixtures) and personal property (ships, automobiles, tools, etc.).  In some jurisdictions intangible property are referred to as choses in action.  Intangible property is used in distinction to tangible property.  It is useful to note that there are two forms of intangible property: legal intangible property (which is discussed here) and competitive intangible property (which is the source from which legal intangible property is created but cannot be owned, extinguished, or transferred).  Competitive intangible property disobeys the intellectual property test of voluntary extinguishment and therefore results in the sources that create intellectual property (knowledge in its source form, collaboration, process-engagement, etc.) escaping quantification.

text: Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property, describes something which a person or

text: corporation

text: can have ownership of and can transfer ownership to another person or corporation, but has no physical substance, for example brand identity or knowledge/

text: intellectual property

text: .  It generally refers to statutory creations such as

text: copyright

text: trademark

text: s, or

text: patent

text: s.  It excludes tangible property like

text: real property

text: (land, buildings, and

text: fixtures

text: ) and

text: personal property

text: (ships, automobiles, tools, etc.).  In some jurisdictions intangible property are referred to as choses in action.  Intangible property is used in distinction to

text: tangible property

text: .  It is useful to note that there are two forms of intangible property: legal intangible property (which is discussed here) and competitive intangible property (which is the source from which legal intangible property is created but cannot be owned, extinguished, or transferred).  Competitive intangible property disobeys the intellectual property test of voluntary

text: extinguishment

text: and therefore results in the sources that create intellectual property (knowledge in its source form, collaboration, process-engagement, etc.) escaping quantification.

text: During World War I (1914–1918) the base was expanded again, and in 1917, a U.S. naval submarine base was established on what is now naval air station property. Its mission during World War I was to supply oil to the U.S. fleet and to block German ships from reaching Mexican oil supplies.

text: During World War I (1914–1918) the base was expanded again, and in 1917, a

entity_name: List of submarines of the United States Navy

text: U.S. naval

text: submarine base

text: was established on what is now naval air station property. Its mission during World War I was to supply oil to the U.S. fleet and to block

text: German ships

text: from reaching Mexican oil supplies.

text: Permutations are used in the interleaver component of the  error detection and correction algorithms, such as turbo codes, for example 3GPP Long Term Evolution  mobile telecommunication standard uses  these ideas (see 3GPP technical specification 36.212 ).Such applications raise the question of fast generation of permutations satisfying certain desirable properties. One of the methods is based on the permutation polynomials. Also as a base for optimal hashing in Unique Permutation Hashing.

text: Permutations are used in the

text: interleaver

text: component of the

text: error detection and correction

text: algorithms, such as

text: turbo codes

text: , for example

text: 3GPP Long Term Evolution

text: mobile telecommunication standard uses  these ideas (see 3GPP technical specification 36.212 ).Such applications raise the question of fast generation of permutations satisfying certain desirable properties. One of the methods is based on the

text: permutation polynomials

text: . Also as a base for optimal hashing in Unique Permutation Hashing.

text: For Marxism–Leninism, the USSR was a workers' state and thus any property under this State was a type of socialist property. However, the rest of Marxist tendencies based their theory of a non-socialist USSR based on disagreement with this, referencing among others the argument of the difference between socialization and nationalization.

text: In the 1948 theatrical release of the same name, Whispering Smith, Alan Ladd starred as the no-nonsense railroad investigator assigned to solve the mystery of a rash of train robberies. He sadly finds that the perpetrator of the crimes is an old friend, Murray Sinclaire, portrayed by Robert Preston. The 1948 film was not the first motion picture based to have been based on Spearman's railroad detective. In fact here were three silent films based on Spearman's novel, in 1916, 1926, and 1927.  A sound picture set in modern times, Whispering Smith Speaks, was released in 1935, though, in that film, the titular character was a railroad track walker rather than a detective, who solves a crime on the side. In the first of the silent films, Harold Lloyd served as an assistant director, while the director, J. P. McGowan, also played the lead. In 1951, the film, Whispering Smith Hits London, also set in modern times, starred Richard Carlson as an American detective working on a special case at Scotland Yard in England.

text: In the 1948 theatrical release of the same name, Whispering Smith,

text: Alan Ladd

text: starred as the no-nonsense railroad investigator assigned to solve the mystery of a rash of train robberies. He sadly finds that the perpetrator of the crimes is an old friend, Murray Sinclaire, portrayed by

text: Robert Preston

text: . The 1948 film was not the first motion picture based to have been based on Spearman's railroad detective. In fact here were three

text: silent film

text: s based on Spearman's novel, in 1916, 1926, and 1927.  A sound picture set in modern times, Whispering Smith Speaks, was released in 1935, though, in that film, the titular character was a railroad track walker rather than a detective, who solves a crime on the side. In the first of the silent films,

text: Harold Lloyd

text: served as an assistant director, while the director, J. P. McGowan, also played the

text: lead

text: . In 1951, the film, Whispering Smith Hits London, also set in modern times, starred

text: Richard Carlson

text: as an American detective working on a special case at

text: Scotland Yard

text: in

text: England

text: The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base are hydrophobic. This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical properties throughout the mastication process. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva system in a consumer’s mouth will dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing gum, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long period of time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing gum can be classified as a product containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic balance of plastic and elastic properties.

text: Counterfeit banknote detection pens are used to detect counterfeit Swiss franc, euro and United States banknotes amongst others. Typically, genuine banknotes are printed on paper based on cotton fibers, and do not contain the starches that are reactive with iodine. When the pen is used to mark genuine bills, the mark is yellowish or colourless. Counterfeit pens are most effective against notes printed on standard printer or photocopier paper. The chemical properties of US banknotes prior to 1960 are such that marking pens do not work.

text: Counterfeit banknote detection pens are used to detect

text: counterfeit

text: Swiss franc

text: euro

text: and

text: United States banknotes

text: amongst others. Typically, genuine banknotes are printed on paper based on cotton fibers, and do not contain the starches that are reactive with iodine. When the pen is used to mark genuine bills, the mark is yellowish or colourless. Counterfeit pens are most effective against notes printed on standard printer or

text: photocopier

text: paper. The chemical properties of US banknotes prior to 1960 are such that marking pens do not work.

text: Medicinal uses are based on the extract's vasodilation and anti-inflammatory properties.

text: In tumor cells copy-neutral LOH can be biologically equivalent to the second hit in the Knudson hypothesis. Acquired UPD is quite common in both hematologic and solid tumors, and is reported to constitute 20 to 80% of the LOH seen in human tumors. Determination of virtual karyotypes using SNP-based arrays can provide genome-wide copy number and LOH status, including detection of copy-neutral LOH. Copy-neutral LOH cannot be detected by arrayCGH, FISH, or conventional cytogenetics. SNP-based arrays are preferred for virtual karyotyping of tumors and can be performed on fresh or paraffin-embedded tissues.

text: In tumor cells copy-neutral LOH can be biologically equivalent to the second hit in the Knudson hypothesis. Acquired UPD is quite common in both hematologic and solid tumors, and is reported to constitute 20 to 80% of the LOH seen in human tumors. Determination of

text: virtual karyotypes

text: using SNP-based arrays can provide genome-wide copy number and LOH status, including detection of copy-neutral LOH. Copy-neutral LOH cannot be detected by arrayCGH, FISH, or conventional cytogenetics. SNP-based arrays are preferred for virtual karyotyping of tumors and can be performed on fresh or paraffin-embedded tissues.

text: Promotion to the rank of sergeant and beyond is merit-based. A sergeant normally manages a team during a shift, like Patrol Supervisor of a Police Service Area (PSA) for a shift. A detective sergeant is typically in charge of a team in a specific part of either local detectives at police stations or crime squads.

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Friedrich Engels argue that the free market is not necessarily free, but weighted towards those who already own private property. They view capitalist regulations, including the enforcement of private property on land and exclusive rights to natural resources, as unjustly enclosing upon what should be owned by all, forcing those without private property  to sell their labor to capitalists and landlords in a market favorable to the latter, thus forcing workers to accept low wages in order to survive. In his criticism of capitalism, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon believed that the emphasis on private property is the problem. He argued that property is theft, arguing that private property leads to despotism: "Now, property necessarily engenders despotism—the government of caprice, the reign of libidinous pleasure. That is so clearly the essence of property that, to be convinced of it, one need but remember what it is, and observe what happens around him. Property is the right to use and abuse." Many left-wing anarchists, such as anarchist communists, believe in replacing capitalist private property with a system where people can lay claim to things based on personal use and claim that "Property is the domination of an individual, or a coalition of individuals, over things; it is not the claim of any person or persons to the use of things" and "this is, usufruct, a very different matter. Property means the monopoly of wealth, the right to prevent others using it, whether the owner needs it or not."

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Friedrich Engels argue that the free market is not necessarily free, but weighted towards those who already own private property. They view capitalist regulations, including the enforcement of

text: private property

text: on land and exclusive rights to natural resources, as unjustly

text: enclosing

text: upon what should be owned by all, forcing those without

text: private property

text: to sell their labor to capitalists and landlords in a market favorable to the latter, thus forcing workers to accept low wages in order to survive. In his criticism of capitalism, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon believed that the emphasis on

text: private property

text: is the problem. He argued that

text: property is theft

text: , arguing that

text: private property

text: leads to despotism: "Now, property necessarily engenders despotism—the government of caprice, the reign of libidinous pleasure. That is so clearly the essence of property that, to be convinced of it, one need but remember what it is, and observe what happens around him. Property is the right to use and abuse." Many left-wing anarchists, such as

text: anarchist communist

text: s, believe in replacing capitalist

text: private property

text: with a system where people can lay claim to things based on personal use and claim that "

text: Property

text: is the domination of an individual, or a coalition of individuals, over things; it is not the claim of any person or persons to the use of things" and "this is, usufruct, a very different matter.

text: Property

text: means the monopoly of wealth, the right to prevent others using it, whether the owner needs it or not."

text: Dubai Properties Group is a property development and management company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The company is a member of the Dubai Holding group.

text: Dubai Properties Group is a property development and management company based in

text: Dubai

text: United Arab Emirates

text: . The company is a member of the

text: Dubai Holding

text: group

text: The crystal structure of HEAs has been found to be the dominant factor in determining the mechanical properties. bcc HEAs typically have high yield strength and low ductility and vice versa for fcc HEAs. Some alloys have been particularly noted for their exceptional mechanical properties. A refractory alloy, VNbMoTaW maintains a high yield strength (>) even at a temperature of , significantly outperforming conventional superalloys such as Inconel 718. However, room temperature ductility is poor, less is known about other important high temperature properties such as creep resistance, and the density of the alloy is higher than conventional nickel-based superalloys.

text: The crystal structure of HEAs has been found to be the dominant factor in determining the mechanical properties. bcc HEAs typically have high yield strength and low ductility and vice versa for fcc HEAs. Some alloys have been particularly noted for their exceptional mechanical properties. A

text: refractory

text: alloy, VNbMoTaW maintains a high yield strength (>) even at a temperature of , significantly outperforming conventional

text: superalloys

text: such as

text: Inconel

text: 718. However, room temperature ductility is poor, less is known about other important high temperature properties such as

text: creep

text: resistance, and the density of the alloy is higher than conventional nickel-based superalloys.

text: A criticism of the base and superstructure theory is that property relations (supposedly part of the base and the driving force of history) are actually defined by legal relations, an element of the superstructure. Defenders of the theory claim that Marx believed in property relations and social relations of production as two separate entities.

text: A criticism of the base and superstructure theory is that

text: property relations

text: (supposedly part of the base and the driving force of history) are actually defined by legal relations, an element of the superstructure. Defenders of the theory claim that Marx believed in property relations and social relations of production as two separate entities.

text: The latest technology enables home buyers to receive property details while outside a property, visit estate agents' websites for the latest listings and display properties for sale in the local vicinity using location-based applications on mobile phones.

text: In the Middle Ages, based on a mistranslation from the Arabic term for bitumen, it was thought that mummies possessed healing properties. As a result, it became common practice to grind Egyptian mummies into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the sun-desiccated corpses of criminals, slaves and suicidal people were substituted by mendacious merchants. The practice developed into a wide-scale business that flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties to stop bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form as in mellified man. Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; a brownish pigment known as mummy brown, based on mummia (sometimes called alternatively caput mortuum, Latin for death's head), which was originally obtained by grounding human and animal Egyptian mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century, but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists who replaced the said pigment by a totally different blend -but keeping the original name, mummia or mummy brown-yielding a similar tint and based on ground minerals(oxides and fired earths) and or blends of powdered gums and oleoresins (such as myrrh and frankincense) as well as ground bitumen. These blends appeared on the market as forgeries of powdered mummy pigment but were ultimately considered as acceptable replacements, once antique mummies were no longer permitted to be destroyed.   Many thousands of mummified cats were also sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in fertilizer.

text: In the

text: Middle Ages

text: , based on a mistranslation from the

text: Arabic

text: term for bitumen, it was thought that mummies possessed healing properties. As a result, it became common practice to grind Egyptian mummies into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the

text: sun-desiccated

text: corpses of criminals, slaves and

text: suicidal

text: people were substituted by mendacious merchants. The practice developed into a wide-scale business that flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties to stop bleeding, and were sold as

text: pharmaceuticals

text: in powdered form as in

text: mellified man

text: . Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; a brownish pigment known as

text: mummy brown

text: , based on

text: mummia

text: (sometimes called alternatively

text: caput mortuum

text: , Latin for death's head), which was originally obtained by grounding human and animal Egyptian mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century, but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists who replaced the said pigment by a totally different blend -but keeping the original name, mummia or mummy brown-yielding a similar tint and based on ground minerals(oxides and fired earths) and or blends of powdered gums and oleoresins (such as myrrh and frankincense) as well as ground bitumen. These blends appeared on the market as forgeries of powdered mummy pigment but were ultimately considered as acceptable replacements, once antique mummies were no longer permitted to be destroyed.   Many thousands of mummified cats were also sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in

text: fertilizer

text: , based on atomic-level properties.

text: , based on atomic-level properties.

text: While there have been large investigations into PA/polyolefin blends, little has been published about the properties of PPA/ polyolefin blends. This may be due to the relatively high processing temperatures needed for PPA based resins compared to the temperature stability of polyolefins.  PPA/PA/polyolefin blends exhibit a good balance of ductility, strength, stiffness, impact, and thermal performance, indicating that these types of materials should have commercial utility.

text: A medication's potency often is changed with its base. For example, some topical steroids will be classified one or two strengths higher when moving from cream to ointment. As a rule of thumb, an ointment base is more occlusive and will drive the medication into the skin more rapidly than a solution or cream base.

text: A medication's potency often is changed with its base. For example, some

text: topical steroid

text: s will be classified one or two strengths higher when moving from cream to ointment. As a rule of thumb, an ointment base is more occlusive and will drive the medication into the skin more rapidly than a solution or cream base.

text: By mapping each bag to a feature vector of metadata, metadata-based algorithms allow the flexibility of using an arbitrary single-instance algorithm to perform the actual classification task. Future bags are simply mapped (embedded) into the feature space of metadata and labeled by the chosen classifier. Therefore, much of the focus for metadata-based algorithms is on what features or what type of embedding leads to effective classification. Note that some of the previously mentioned algorithms, such as TLC and GMIL could be considered metadata-based.

text: With the discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine some concerns have been raised regarding DNA methylation studies using the bisulfite sequencing technique.  5-hydroxymethylcytosine has been shown to behave like its precursor, 5-methylcytosine, in bisulfite conversion experiments. Therefore, bisulfite sequencing data may need to be revisited to verify whether the detected modified base is 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. In 2012 the lab of Chuan He discovered a method to solve the problems of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine being detected as 5-methylcytosine in normal bisulfite conversion experiments using the oxidative properties of the Tet-family of enzymes, this method has been termed TAB-seq.

text: With the discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine some concerns have been raised regarding DNA methylation studies using the bisulfite sequencing technique.  5-hydroxymethylcytosine has been shown to behave like its precursor, 5-methylcytosine, in bisulfite conversion experiments. Therefore, bisulfite sequencing data may need to be revisited to verify whether the detected modified base is 5-methylcytosine or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. In 2012 the lab of

text: Chuan He

text: discovered a method to solve the problems of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine being detected as 5-methylcytosine in normal bisulfite conversion experiments using the oxidative properties of the Tet-family of enzymes, this method has been termed

text: TAB-seq

text: The air base was founded as a diversion airfield in 1954 with two parallel runways (06L/24R and 06R/24L) and never served as an active base for aircraft, seeing only incidental usage from the aerial photo reconnaissance unit from nearby Volkel Air Base, even though the base was expanded in 1973 for possible NATO use. In 1993 it was closed as an operational airfield and became the home base of the Royal Netherlands Air Force guided missile division (Groep Geleide Wapens, or GGW). One runway remained however, though it is no longer actively used by the military. The base is used for glider flying however. Military aerial exercises also take place in its airspace.

text: The air base was founded as a diversion airfield in 1954 with two parallel runways (06L/24R and 06R/24L) and never served as an active base for aircraft, seeing only incidental usage from the aerial photo reconnaissance unit from nearby

text: Volkel Air Base

text: , even though the base was expanded in 1973 for possible

text: NATO

text: use. In 1993 it was closed as an operational airfield and became the home base of the

text: Royal Netherlands Air Force

text: guided missile division (Groep Geleide Wapens, or GGW). One runway remained however, though it is no longer actively used by the military. The base is used for

text: glider

text: flying however. Military aerial exercises also take place in its

text: airspace

text: Another useful property of the image functors is base change. Given continuous maps

text: Another useful property of the image functors is

text: base change

text: . Given continuous maps

text: Unlike approaches that make asymptotic assumptions, including bootstrap approaches and those that rely on the central limit theorem, CDF-based bounds are valid for finite sample sizes.  And unlike bounds based on inequalities such as Hoeffding's and McDiarmid's inequalities, CDF-based bounds use properties of the entire sample and thus often produce significantly tighter bounds.

text: Unlike approaches that make asymptotic assumptions, including

text: bootstrap approaches

text: and those that rely on the

text: central limit theorem

text: , CDF-based bounds are valid for finite sample sizes.  And unlike bounds based on inequalities such as

text: Hoeffding's

text: and

text: McDiarmid's

text: inequalities, CDF-based bounds use properties of the entire sample and thus often produce significantly tighter bounds.

text: According to their properties, cations are usually classified into six groups.  Each group has a common reagent which can be used to separate them from the solution. To obtain meaningful results, the separation must be done in the sequence specified below, as some ions of an earlier group may also react with the reagent of a later group, causing ambiguity as to which ions are present. This happens because cationic analysis is based on the solubility products of the ions. As the cation gains its optimum concentration needed for precipitation it precipitates and hence allowing us to detect it.  The division and precise details of separating into groups vary slightly from one source to another; given below is one of the commonly used schemes.

text: According to their properties,

text: cation

text: s are usually classified into six groups.  Each group has a common reagent which can be used to separate them from the solution. To obtain meaningful results, the separation must be done in the sequence specified below, as some ions of an earlier group may also react with the reagent of a later group, causing ambiguity as to which ions are present. This happens because cationic analysis is based on the solubility products of the ions. As the cation gains its optimum concentration needed for precipitation it precipitates and hence allowing us to detect it.  The division and precise details of separating into groups vary slightly from one source to another; given below is one of the commonly used schemes.

text: While Ni based superalloys are excellent high temperature materials and have proven very useful, Co based superalloys potentially possess superior hot corrosion, oxidation, and wear resistance as compared to Ni-based superalloys. For this reason, efforts have also been put into developing Co based superalloys over the past several years. Despite that, traditional Co based superalloys have not found widespread usage because they have a lower strength at high temperature than Ni based superalloys. The main reason for this is that they appear to lack the γ’ precipitation strengthening that is so important in the high temperature strength of Ni-based superalloys. A 2006 report on metastable γ’-Co(Al,W) intermetallic compound with the L1 structure suggests Co based alloys as alternative to traditional Ni based superalloys. However this class of alloys was reported in a PhD thesis by C. S. Lee in 1971. The two-phase microstructure consists of cuboidal γ’ precipitates embedded in a continuous γ matrix and is therefore morphologically identical to the microstructure observed in Ni based superalloys. Like in the Ni-based system, there is a high degree of coherency between the two phases which is one of the main factors resulting in the superior strength at high temperatures. This provides a pathway for the development of a new class of load-bearing Co based superalloys for application in severe environments. In these alloys 'W' is the crucial addition for getting  γ’ intermetallic compound that makes them much denser (>9.6 gm/cm compared to Ni-based superalloys. Recently a new class of γ - γ’  cobalt based superalloys have been developed that are "W" free and have much lower density comparable to nickel based superalloys. In addition to the fact that many of the properties of these new Co based superalloys could be better than those of the more traditional Ni based ones, Co also has a higher melting temperature than Ni. Therefore, if the high temperature strength could be improved, the development of novel Co based superalloys could allow for an increase in jet engine operation temperature resulting in an increased efficiency.

text: Bartonella growth rates improve when cultured in an enrichment inoculation step in a liquid insect-based medium  such as Bartonella α-Proteobacteria Growth Medium (BAPGM)  or Schneider’s Drosophila-based insect powder medium. Several studies have optimized the growing conditions of Bartonella spp. cultures in these liquid media, with no change in bacterial protein expressions or host interactions in vitro. Insect-based liquid media supports the growth and co-culturing of at least seven Bartonella species, reduces bacterial culturing time and facilitates PCR detection and isolation of Bartonella spp. from animal and patient samples. Research shows that DNA may be detected following direct extraction from blood samples and become negative following enrichment culture, thus PCR is recommended after direct sample extraction and also following incubation in enrichment culture. Several studies have successfully optimized sensitivity and specificity by using PCR amplification (pre-enrichment PCR) and enrichment culturing of blood draw samples, followed by PCR (post-enrichment PCR) and DNA sequence identification.

text: Much like in Diablo and Diablo II, the quality and attributes of equipment are randomized. In addition to base stats (such as damage and attack speed for weapon or armor points on armor), higher-quality items have additional properties, such as extra damage, attribute bonuses, bonuses to critical hit chance or sockets (which allow items to be upgraded and customized by adding gems for various stat bonuses). Magic-quality items have 1 to 3 random properties, rare-quality items have 4 to 6 random properties and legendary-quality items typically have 6 to 8 properties with varying degrees of randomness (for example, the Mempo of Twilight, a legendary helm, always has a socket, bonuses to elemental resistance, attack speed and life, a bonus to either Intelligence, Dexterity or Strength, and one additional random property, however the magnitude of these bonuses varies from item to item), and set items are a subtype of legendary items which provide additional, cumulative bonuses if multiple items from the same set are simultaneously equipped. Higher level monsters tend to drop higher level items, which tend to have higher base stats and bonuses.

text: Much like in

text: Diablo

text: and

text: Diablo II

text: , the quality and attributes of equipment are randomized. In addition to base

text: stats

text: (such as damage and attack speed for weapon or armor points on armor), higher-quality items have additional properties, such as extra damage,

text: attribute bonuses

text: , bonuses to

text: critical hit

text: chance or sockets (which allow items to be upgraded and customized by adding gems for various stat bonuses). Magic-quality items have 1 to 3 random properties, rare-quality items have 4 to 6 random properties and legendary-quality items typically have 6 to 8 properties with varying degrees of randomness (for example, the Mempo of Twilight, a legendary helm, always has a socket, bonuses to elemental resistance, attack speed and life, a bonus to either Intelligence, Dexterity or Strength, and one additional random property, however the magnitude of these bonuses varies from item to item), and set items are a subtype of legendary items which provide additional, cumulative bonuses if multiple items from the same set are simultaneously equipped. Higher level monsters tend to drop higher level items, which tend to have higher base stats and bonuses.

text: Eschenmoser developed synthetic pathways for artificial nucleic acids, specifically modifying the sugar backbone of the polymer. Having developed a number of structural alternatives to the naturally occurring nucleic acids, Eschenmoser and his colleagues were able to contrast the properties of these synthetic nucleic acids with naturally occurring ones to effectively determine the properties of RNA and DNA vital to modern biochemical processes. This work demonstrated that hydrogen-bonding interactions between the base-paring surfaces of the nucleobases alone might not have provided sufficient selection pressure to lead to the eventual rise of ribose in the structure of modern nucleic acids. He determined that pentose sugars, particularly ribose, conform to a geometry that contributes significantly to the helical structure of DNA by optimizing base-pair stacking distances in naturally occurring oligonucleotides. These base-stacking interactions orient and stabilize the base-paring surfaces of the nucleobases (A, G, C, T or U in RNA) and give rise to the canonical Watson-Crick base-paring rules that are well understood today.

text: Eschenmoser developed synthetic pathways for artificial nucleic acids, specifically modifying the sugar backbone of the polymer. Having developed a number of structural alternatives to the naturally occurring nucleic acids, Eschenmoser and his colleagues were able to contrast the properties of these synthetic

text: nucleic acid

text: s with naturally occurring ones to effectively determine the properties of

text: RNA

text: and

text: DNA

text: vital to modern biochemical processes. This work demonstrated that

text: hydrogen-bonding

text: interactions between the base-paring surfaces of the

text: nucleobase

text: s alone might not have provided sufficient selection pressure to lead to the eventual rise of ribose in the structure of modern nucleic acids. He determined that

text: pentose

text: sugars, particularly ribose, conform to a geometry that contributes significantly to the helical structure of DNA by optimizing base-pair stacking distances in naturally occurring oligonucleotides. These base-stacking interactions orient and stabilize the base-paring surfaces of the nucleobases (A, G, C, T or U in RNA) and give rise to the canonical

text: Watson-Crick base-paring

text: rules that are well understood today.

text: The difference between the in-place rent and the ERV is the reversionary value of the property. For example, with passing rent of $160,000, and an ERV of $200,000, the property is $40,000 reversionary. Holding the valuers cap rate constant at 8%, we could consider the property as having a current value of $2,000,000 based on passing rent, or $2,500,000 based on ERV.

text: The term "National Treasure" has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897,although the definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. The written materials in the list adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties that came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".

text: The term "

text: National Treasure

text: " has been used in Japan to denote

text: cultural properties

text: since 1897,although the definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. The written materials in the list adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties that came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the

entity_name: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

text: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

text: based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".

text: The conflict central to the plot arises from opposing claims to the land of the Alouan on the Uaia continent, with one side (the Uldras) asserting a right derived from original tenancy and the other (the Land Barons or "Outkers") a right based on the strength and determination to defend established property ownership, even if the property in question was originally stolen. Exploring the theme of barbarism versus civilisation, Vance would ultimately seem to argue that a societal mean is the most preferable of all possible worlds. The society of Szintarre has become over-civilised and proves too weak to defend itself when the erjins that the rights-obsessed city-dwellers hypocritically keep as slaves rise up against them. On the other hand, the Land Barons, who are in effect settled reavers and are rustic and quaint in comparison with urbane Szintarre society, nonetheless bring the benefits of civilisation (basic healthcare, education, reliable sources of drinking water, etc.) to the Uldras, curbing their more violent and barbarous customs, while otherwise allowing them to continue their traditional way of life unhindered.

text: The remaining 8 qualifying places were allocated to Bands 4 and 5, based on previous World Cup playing strength;

text: In modern Poland,  the act of December 12, 2003, by offsetting the value of the property abandoned abroad against sales price or fees for perpetual use is regarded as a base for state compensation to Polish citizens for the value of the abandoned property.  As of February 29, 2003, 82,000 applications for compensation were submitted, with total estimate value over 10,500 million PLN.

text: In modern Poland,  the act of December 12, 2003, by offsetting the value of the property abandoned abroad against sales price or fees for perpetual use is regarded as a base for state compensation to Polish citizens for the value of the abandoned property.  As of February 29, 2003, 82,000 applications for compensation were submitted, with total estimate value over 10,500 million

text: PLN

text: When the TPA was formed, all financial agreements with the City of Toronto and the Toronto Harbour Commission were severed. The TPA announced that it wanted to be exempt from making property tax payments to the City of Toronto, which ceased to provide a subsidy to the TPA. Agencies of the Government of Canada do not pay property taxes per se, but instead some negotiated amount to account for municipal services. For the period from 1999 until 2008, the TPA did not make payments in lieu of property tax to the City of Toronto on the Island Airport in a dispute over the amount of the payment. By 2009, the City estimated that the TPA owed $37 million in unpaid payments in lieu of property tax (PILT). The PILT payments were based on the assessed value as calculated by the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation, which assesses all property for the province of Ontario. The City and the TPA presented their case before a federal dispute resolution process. On January 26, 2009, the Dispute Advisory Panel recommended an amount of $5 million that the TPA must pay. This value was based on similar payments made by other airports, which make the payments based on passenger numbers. Pearson Airport at the time of the ruling paid 94 cents per passenger. The ruling by the panel works out to 80 cents per passenger. On February 10, 2009, the City applied for a judicial review to the Federal Court of Canada.	 On November 25, 2009, the City and the TPA came to an agreement in principle to settle all outstanding legal issues. Both sides agreed to accept the other's estimate of monies owned. The City will pay $11.4 million owing on payments related to the 2002 property settlement and $380,559 owing on harbour user fees. The TPA will pay the City $6.4 million owed to resolve the dispute over the PILTs. The agreement, which was ratified by Toronto City Council, was made in conjunction with the transfer of  of land at Leslie Street and Lake Shore Boulevard for a proposed Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) light rail storage facility. Lands transferred to the City of Toronto by the Harbour Commission in the 1990s would remain in the possession of the City of Toronto.

text: When the TPA was formed, all financial agreements with the City of Toronto and the Toronto Harbour Commission were severed. The TPA announced that it wanted to be exempt from making property tax payments to the City of Toronto, which ceased to provide a subsidy to the TPA. Agencies of the Government of Canada do not pay

text: property tax

text: es per se, but instead some negotiated amount to account for municipal services. For the period from 1999 until 2008, the TPA did not make payments in lieu of property tax to the City of Toronto on the Island Airport in a dispute over the amount of the payment. By 2009, the City estimated that the TPA owed $37 million in unpaid payments in lieu of property tax (PILT). The PILT payments were based on the assessed value as calculated by the

text: , which assesses all property for the province of Ontario. The City and the TPA presented their case before a federal dispute resolution process. On January 26, 2009, the Dispute Advisory Panel recommended an amount of $5 million that the TPA must pay. This value was based on similar payments made by other airports, which make the payments based on passenger numbers. Pearson Airport at the time of the ruling paid 94 cents per passenger. The ruling by the panel works out to 80 cents per passenger. On February 10, 2009, the City applied for a judicial review to the

text: Federal Court of Canada

text: .	 On November 25, 2009, the City and the TPA came to an agreement in principle to settle all outstanding legal issues. Both sides agreed to accept the other's estimate of monies owned. The City will pay $11.4 million owing on payments related to the 2002 property settlement and $380,559 owing on harbour user fees. The TPA will pay the City $6.4 million owed to resolve the dispute over the PILTs. The agreement, which was ratified by Toronto City Council, was made in conjunction with the transfer of  of land at Leslie Street and

text: Lake Shore Boulevard

text: for a proposed

text: Toronto Transit Commission

text: (TTC)

text: light rail

text: storage facility. Lands transferred to the City of Toronto by the Harbour Commission in the 1990s would remain in the possession of the City of Toronto.

text: Hybridization probes can be used to detect base flipping.  This technique uses a molecule that has a complementary sequence to the sequence you would like to detect such that it binds to a single-strand of the DNA or RNA.  Several hybridization probes have been used to detect base flipping. Potassium permanganate is used to detect thymine residues that have been flipped out by cytosine-C5 and adenine-N6 methyltransferases.  Chloroacetaldehyde is used to detect cytosine residues flipped out by the HhaI DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase (M. HhaI).

text: Hybridization probes

text: can be used to detect base flipping.  This technique uses a molecule that has a complementary sequence to the sequence you would like to detect such that it binds to a single-strand of the DNA or RNA.  Several hybridization probes have been used to detect base flipping.

text: Potassium permanganate

text: is used to detect

text: thymine

text: residues that have been flipped out by

text: and

text: adenine-N6 methyltransferases

text: Chloroacetaldehyde

text: is used to detect

text: cytosine

text: residues flipped out by the HhaI DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase (M. HhaI).

text: Harlinghausen was given meager forced to achieve these ends. kg 40, based at Cognac and Bordeaux was handed over to him, containing all three groups of the unit (I., II., and III./KG 40). Küstenfliegergruppe 106, 406, 506, 606 and 906 were also made available, based at Amsterdam, (Netherlands), Brest, Westerland, Lannion, (France), Aalborg, (Denmark). Aufklärungsgruppe 122, a reconnaissance unit, was based in several locations; at Amsterdam, Brest and Wilhelmshaven. Stab./KG 40 was known to have just one Fw 200 on strength on 31 March 1941. Owing to Hitler’s order on 6 January 1941, I./KG 40 was initially under the command of Donitz, who at that time was based at Lorient. It had only eight Fw 200s on strength at the end of 1940, and subsequent strength is unknown. II./KG 40 was formed with 1 Staffel on 1 January. The 5th and 6th Staffel worked up on Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 217 E-1s into late June 1941. On 26 July it was declared operational, and transferred to Cognac with 29 Do 217s (12 operational) and one He 111. III./KG 40 was known to have been formed on or about 24 March 1941, and was based at Brest. Strength details are unknown in 1941, but the unit did operate He 111s and the Fw 200. It is estimated by April, 1941, Fliegerführer Atlantik had on strength 21 Fw 200s, 26 He 111s, 24 Heinkel He 115s, and a mixed force of Messerschmitt Bf 110s and Junkers Ju 88s, numbering 12 aircraft. The total number of aircraft by July 1941 had reached 155; 29 Fw 200s, 31 He 111s, 45 Ju 88s, 18 He 115s, 20 Dornier Do 217s, 12 Bf 110s and Ju 88 specialised reconnaissance aircraft.

text: Harlinghausen was given meager forced to achieve these ends. kg 40, based at

text: Cognac

text: and

text: Bordeaux

text: was handed over to him, containing all three groups of the unit (I., II., and III./KG 40). Küstenfliegergruppe 106, 406, 506, 606 and 906 were also made available, based at

text: Amsterdam

text: , (Netherlands),

text: Brest

text: Westerland

text: Lannion

text: , (France),

text: Aalborg

text: Denmark

text: ). Aufklärungsgruppe 122, a reconnaissance unit, was based in several locations; at Amsterdam, Brest and

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: . Stab./KG 40 was known to have just one Fw 200 on strength on 31 March 1941. Owing to Hitler’s order on 6 January 1941, I./KG 40 was initially under the command of Donitz, who at that time was based at

text: Lorient

text: . It had only eight Fw 200s on strength at the end of 1940, and subsequent strength is unknown. II./KG 40 was formed with 1 Staffel on 1 January. The 5th and 6th Staffel worked up on

text: Heinkel He 111

text: and

text: Dornier Do 217

text: E-1s into late June 1941. On 26 July it was declared operational, and transferred to Cognac with 29 Do 217s (12 operational) and one He 111. III./KG 40 was known to have been formed on or about 24 March 1941, and was based at Brest. Strength details are unknown in 1941, but the unit did operate He 111s and the Fw 200. It is estimated by April, 1941, Fliegerführer Atlantik had on strength 21 Fw 200s, 26 He 111s, 24

text: Heinkel He 115

text: s, and a mixed force of

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: s and

text: Junkers Ju 88

text: s, numbering 12 aircraft. The total number of aircraft by July 1941 had reached 155; 29 Fw 200s, 31 He 111s, 45 Ju 88s, 18 He 115s, 20

text: Dornier Do 217

text: s, 12 Bf 110s and Ju 88 specialised reconnaissance aircraft.

text: The twenty-second season of the Case Closed anime was directed by Yasuichiro Yamamoto and produced by TMS Entertainment and Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation. The series is based on Gosho Aoyama's Case Closed manga series. In Japan, the series is titled  but was changed due to legal issues with the title Detective Conan. The series focuses on the adventures of teenage detective Shinichi Kudo who was turned into a child by a poison called APTX 4869, but continues working as a detective under the alias Conan Edogawa.

text: The twenty-second season of the

text: Case Closed

text: anime

text: was directed by

text: Yasuichiro Yamamoto

text: and produced by

text: TMS Entertainment

text: and

text: Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation

text: . The series is based on

text: Gosho Aoyama

text: 's Case Closed

text: manga

text: series. In Japan, the series is titled  but was changed due to legal issues with the title Detective Conan. The series focuses on the adventures of teenage detective

text: Shinichi Kudo

text: who was turned into a child by a poison called

text: APTX 4869

text: , but continues working as a detective under the alias Conan Edogawa.

text: DAMAC Properties is a property development company in the Middle East, based in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates.

text: DAMAC Properties is a property development company in the

text: Middle East

text: , based in

text: Dubai

text: , in the

text: United Arab Emirates

text: In 1997 the council sold the property to London-based Harinbrook Properties to be converted into apartments.

text: Detecting spam based on the content of the email, either by detecting keywords such as "viagra" or by statistical means (content or non-content based), is very popular.  Content based statistical means or detecting keywords can be very accurate when they are correctly tuned to the types of legitimate email that an individual gets, but they can also make mistakes such as detecting the keyword "cialis" in the word "specialist" (see also Internet censorship: Over- and under-blocking). Spam originators frequently seek to defeat such measures by employing typographical techniques such as replacing letters with accented variants or alternative characters which appear identical to the intended characters but are internally distinct (e.g., replacing a Roman 'A' with a Cyrillic 'A'), or inserting other characters such as whitespace, nonprinting characters, or bullets into a term to block pattern matching. This introduces an arms race which demands increasingly complex keyword-detection methods.

text: Detecting spam based on the content of the email, either by detecting keywords such as "viagra" or by statistical means (content or non-content based), is very popular.  Content based statistical means or detecting keywords can be very accurate when they are correctly tuned to the types of legitimate email that an individual gets, but they can also make mistakes such as detecting the keyword "

text: cialis

text: " in the word "specialist" (see also

text: Internet censorship: Over- and under-blocking

text: ). Spam originators frequently seek to defeat such measures by employing typographical techniques such as replacing letters with accented variants or alternative characters which appear identical to the intended characters but are internally distinct (e.g., replacing a Roman 'A' with a Cyrillic 'A'), or inserting other characters such as whitespace, nonprinting characters, or bullets into a term to block pattern matching. This introduces an

text: arms race

text: which demands increasingly complex keyword-detection methods.

text: Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel, but its compressive strength is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the ASTM.

text: Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less

text: tensile strength

text: and

text: shock resistance

text: than steel, but its

text: compressive strength

text: is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the

text: ASTM

text: Most, but not all, countries require appraisers to be Licensed or Certified. Appraisers are often known as "property valuers" or "land valuers"; in British English they are "valuation surveyors". If the appraiser's opinion is based on market value, then it must also be based on the highest and best use of the real property. In the United States, mortgage valuations of improved residential properties are generally reported on a standardized form like the Uniform Residential Appraisal Report. Appraisals of more commercial properties (e.g., income-producing, raw land) are often reported in narrative format and competed by a Certified General Appraiser.

text: Most, but not all, countries require appraisers to be Licensed or Certified. Appraisers are often known as "property valuers" or "land valuers"; in

text: British English

text: they are "valuation surveyors". If the appraiser's opinion is based on market value, then it must also be based on the

text: highest and best use

text: of the real property. In the United States, mortgage valuations of improved residential properties are generally reported on a standardized form like the

text: Uniform Residential Appraisal Report

text: . Appraisals of more commercial properties (e.g., income-producing, raw land) are often reported in narrative format and competed by a Certified General Appraiser.

text: Tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions.  They are generally set by the taxing jurisdiction's governing body.  The method of determining the rate varies widely, but may be constrained under laws of particular states. In some jurisdictions, property is taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use.  Examples of classification are residential, commercial, industrial, vacant, and blighted real property. Property classification are used to tax properties at different rates and for different public policy purposes. In Washington D.C. for instance property occupancy is incentivized by taxing residential property at 0.85 percent of assessed value but vacant residential property at 5 percent of assessed value.

text: Tax rates

text: vary widely among jurisdictions.  They are generally set by the taxing jurisdiction's governing body.  The method of determining the rate varies widely, but may be constrained under laws of particular states. In some jurisdictions, property is taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use.  Examples of classification are residential, commercial, industrial, vacant, and blighted real property. Property classification are used to tax properties at different rates and for different public policy purposes. In Washington D.C. for instance property occupancy is incentivized by taxing residential property at 0.85 percent of assessed value but vacant residential property at 5 percent of assessed value.

text: Depending on the nature of the Detection system assays can be based on:

text: The majority of intrusion prevention systems utilize one of three detection methods: signature-based, statistical anomaly-based, and stateful protocol analysis.

text: Prior to testing, the Schmidt hammer should be calibrated using a calibration test anvil supplied by the manufacturer for that purpose. 12 readings should be taken, dropping the highest and lowest, and then take the average of the ten remaining.Using this method of testing is classed as indirect as it does not give a direct measurement of the strength of the material. It simply gives an indication based on surface properties, it is only suitable for making comparisons between samples.

text: She was enrolled in Marvel's screenwriting program in 2009, during which time she was offered several of their lesser-known properties on which to base a screenplay. Out of those, Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning's Guardians of the Galaxy, due to her interest in space and science fiction. "I can’t tell you what the other titles were that [Marvel] were offering up on the table, but I can tell you that one of them was a little bit more appropriate for me, just based on gender," she says. "I think they were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians, because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic-comedy writer or something like that." Perlman spent two years writing a draft, immersing herself in the Guardians universe. In late 2011, Perlman was asked to create another draft, and in early 2012, American writer and director James Gunn was brought in to contribute to the script, and direct the film.

text: She was enrolled in Marvel's screenwriting program in 2009, during which time she was offered several of their lesser-known properties on which to base a screenplay. Out of those, Perlman chose

text: Dan Abnett

text: and

text: Andy Lanning

text: 's

text: Guardians of the Galaxy

text: , due to her interest in space and science fiction. "I can’t tell you what the other titles were that [Marvel] were offering up on the table, but I can tell you that one of them was a little bit more appropriate for me, just based on gender," she says. "I think they were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians, because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic-comedy writer or something like that." Perlman spent two years writing a draft, immersing herself in the Guardians universe. In late 2011, Perlman was asked to create another draft, and in early 2012, American writer and director

text: James Gunn

text: was brought in to contribute to the script, and direct the film.

text: Players may be required to keep track of the combat capabilities of individual bases by the use of separate written records, or a value printed on the base. In this case the use of a Board-Game system may be preferable.

text: Strikingly, the Autobots and Decepticons bases are the reverse of what they are in other incarnations: The Autobots have an underwater base while the Decepticons are based out of a mountain.

text: In July 2008, Forbes magazine named Rose City Park the ninth most overpriced neighborhood in the country.  This was based on a price-to-earnings spread comparing rental costs with buying costs for similar properties, based on number of bedrooms, location and price per square foot.  A neighborhood with a high price-to-earnings spread is considered overvalued because a buyer is getting a low return based on costs and paying a huge premium to live in area relative to how much it would cost to rent a similar property there.

text: In July 2008,

text: Forbes

text: magazine named Rose City Park the ninth most overpriced neighborhood in the country.  This was based on a price-to-earnings spread comparing rental costs with buying costs for similar properties, based on number of bedrooms, location and price per square foot.  A neighborhood with a high price-to-earnings spread is considered overvalued because a buyer is getting a low return based on costs and paying a huge premium to live in area relative to how much it would cost to rent a similar property there.

text: Geostatistical inversion procedures detect and delineate thin reservoirs otherwise poorly defined. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based geostatistical inversion addresses the vertical scaling problem by creating seismic derived rock properties with vertical sampling compatible to geologic models.

text: Geostatistical inversion procedures detect and delineate thin reservoirs otherwise poorly defined.

text: Markov chain Monte Carlo

text: (MCMC) based geostatistical inversion addresses the vertical scaling problem by creating seismic derived rock properties with vertical sampling compatible to geologic models.

text: English personal property law is a branch of English property law concerned with non-land based property interests.

text: English personal property law is a branch of

text: English property law

text: concerned with non-land based property interests.

text: Schema-level matchers only consider schema information, not instance data. The available information includes the usual properties of schema elements, such as name, description, data type, relationship types (part-of, is-a, etc.), constraints, and schema structure. Working at the element (atomic elements like attributes of objects) or structure level (matching combinations of elements that appear together in a structure), these properties are used to identify matching elements in two schemas. Language-based or linguistic matchers use names and text (i.e., words or sentences) to find semantically similar schema elements. Constraint based matchers exploit constraints often contained in schemas. Such constraints are used to define data types and value ranges, uniqueness, optionality, relationship types and cardinalities, etc. Constraints in two input schemas are matched to determine the similarity of the schema elements.

text: New physical phenomena appear in consideration of the integral systems which absorb radiation. For example, EPS is based on the regularities of the correlation of physico-chemical properties and integral spectral characteristics for UV or (and) visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (so-called law spectrum-properties). Color is also an integral characteristic of a visible spectrum. Therefore, the consequence of this is so-called law color-properties.  All this allow the use of EPS methods for studying individual and complex multicomponent substances.

text: In 2012 Brookfield entered the industrial-property sector. Between 2012 and 2014 BPY purchased Atlanta-based Industrial Developments International and London-based Gazeley Ltd, industrial-property companies focused on the US, UK, Europe and Asia. Together the two companies are called IDI Gazeley, and is part of Brookfield Logistics Properties.

text: In 2012 Brookfield entered the industrial-property sector. Between 2012 and 2014 BPY purchased Atlanta-based

text: Industrial Developments International

text: and London-based

text: Gazeley Ltd

text: , industrial-property companies focused on the US, UK, Europe and Asia. Together the two companies are called IDI Gazeley, and is part of Brookfield Logistics Properties.

text: The appointment tries to be collaborative and strengths based.

text: Signature-based IDS refers to the detection of attacks by looking for specific patterns, such as byte sequences in network traffic, or known malicious instruction sequences used by malware. This terminology originates from anti-virus software, which refers to these detected patterns as signatures. Although signature-based IDS can easily detect known attacks, it is impossible to detect new attacks, for which no pattern is available.

text: Signature-based IDS refers to the detection of attacks by looking for specific patterns, such as byte sequences in network traffic, or known malicious instruction sequences used by malware. This terminology originates from

text: anti-virus software

text: , which refers to these detected patterns as signatures. Although signature-based IDS can easily detect known attacks, it is impossible to detect new attacks, for which no pattern is available.

text: Misuse detection is an approach to detecting computer attacks. In a misuse detection approach, abnormal system behaviour is defined first, and then all other behaviour is defined as normal. It stands against the anomaly detection approach which utilizes the reverse: defining normal system behaviour first and defining all other behaviour as abnormal.With misuse detection, anything not known is normal. An example of misuse detection is the use of attack signatures in an intrusion detection system. Misuse detection has also been used more generally to refer to all kinds of computer misuse.

text: Misuse detection is an approach to detecting

text: computer attacks

text: . In a misuse detection approach, abnormal system behaviour is defined first, and then all other behaviour is defined as normal. It stands against the

text: anomaly detection

text: approach which utilizes the reverse: defining normal system behaviour first and defining all other behaviour as abnormal.With misuse detection, anything not known is normal. An example of misuse detection is the use of attack signatures in an

text: intrusion detection system

text: . Misuse detection has also been used more generally to refer to all kinds of computer misuse.

text: The strength of the metal-oxygen bond can be estimated in various ways. The hydration enthalpy, though based indirectly on experimental measurements, is the most reliable measure. The scale of values is based on an arbitrarily chosen zero, but this does not affect differences between the values for two metals. Other measures include the M-O vibration frequency and the M-O bond length. The strength of the M-O bond tends to increase with the charge and decrease as the size of the metal ion increases. In fact there is a very good linear correlation between hydration enthalpy and the ratio of charge squared to ionic radius, z/r. For ions in solution Shannon's "effective ionic radius" is the measure most often used.

text: The market for a bio-based and biodegradable replacement for polyester is expected to grow rapidly during the next five years. The bio-based polyester, P(3-HP), has attractive mechanical properties, such as rigidity, ductility, and exceptional tensile strength in drawn films and can be created using the new lower toxicity method. On account of these properties, P(3-HP) has applications in packaging or biodegradable plastics.

text: Dubai Motor City is a property development in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, by Union Properties (a UAE based property development company). The development is based on a motor-sport theme and includes residential units, business towers, motor-sports facilities, retail and a theme park.

text: Dubai Motor City is a property development in

text: Dubai

text: United Arab Emirates

text: , by Union Properties (a UAE based property development company). The development is based on a motor-sport theme and includes residential units, business towers, motor-sports facilities, retail and a theme park.

text: Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization" in contrast to a spontaneous crystallization, which is usually not wanted in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics have the fabrication advantage of glass, as well as special properties of ceramics. Glass-ceramics do not require brazing but can withstand brazing temperatures up to 700 °C. Glass-ceramics usually have between 30%  [m/m] and 90% [m/m] crystallinity and yield an array of materials with interesting properties like zero porosity, high strength, toughness, translucency or opacity, pigmentation, opalescence, low or even negative thermal expansion, high temperature stability, fluorescence, machinability, ferromagnetism, resorbability or high chemical durability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, ion conductivity, superconductivity, isolation capabilities,  low dielectric constant and loss, high resistivity and break-down voltage.  These properties can be tailored by controlling the base-glass composition and by controlled heat treatment/crystallization of base glass. In manufacturing, glass-ceramics are valued for having the strength of ceramic but the hermetic sealing properties of glass.

text: Glass-ceramics have an

text: amorphous

text: phase and one or more

text: crystal

text: line phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization" in contrast to a spontaneous crystallization, which is usually not wanted in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics have the fabrication advantage of glass, as well as special properties of ceramics. Glass-ceramics do not require

text: brazing

text: but can withstand brazing temperatures up to 700 °C. Glass-ceramics usually have between 30%  [m/m] and 90% [m/m] crystallinity and yield an array of materials with interesting properties like zero

text: porosity

text: , high strength, toughness,

text: translucency

text: or

text: opacity

text: pigmentation

text: opalescence

text: , low or even negative

text: thermal expansion

text: , high temperature stability,

text: fluorescence

text: , machinability,

text: ferromagnetism

text: , resorbability or high chemical durability,

text: biocompatibility

text: bioactivity

text: , ion conductivity,

text: superconductivity

text: , isolation capabilities,  low

text: dielectric constant

text: and loss, high

text: resistivity

text: and break-down voltage.  These properties can be tailored by controlling the base-glass composition and by controlled heat treatment/crystallization of base glass. In manufacturing, glass-ceramics are valued for having the strength of ceramic but the

text: hermetic seal

text: ing properties of glass.

text: The property is jointly owned by FirstRand Bank (FNB, RMB, Wesbank and Ashburton) and Accelerate Property Fund. The bank self-occupies its share of the property, while Accelerate Property Fund is leasing office-and retail space to tenants. Accelerate Property Fund appointed Cape Town-based commercial brokerage firm Baker Street Properties to manage and market the property.

text: The property is jointly owned by

text: FirstRand Bank (FNB, RMB, Wesbank and Ashburton)

text: and Accelerate Property Fund. The bank self-occupies its share of the property, while Accelerate Property Fund is leasing office-and retail space to tenants. Accelerate Property Fund appointed Cape Town-based commercial brokerage firm Baker Street Properties to manage and market the property.

text: Through a process that is not clearly understood, about 1%, or 10 joules (1 foe), of the energy released (in the form of neutrinos) is reabsorbed by the stalled shock, producing the supernova explosion. Neutrinos generated by a supernova were observed in the case of Supernova 1987A, leading astrophysicists to conclude that the core collapse picture is basically correct. The water-based Kamiokande II and IMB instruments detected antineutrinos of thermal origin, while the  gallium-71-based Baksan instrument detected neutrinos (lepton number = 1) of either thermal or electron-capture origin.

text: Through a process that is not clearly understood, about 1%, or 10 joules (1 foe), of the energy released (in the form of neutrinos) is reabsorbed by the stalled shock, producing the supernova explosion. Neutrinos generated by a supernova were observed in the case of

text: Supernova 1987A

text: , leading astrophysicists to conclude that the core collapse picture is basically correct. The water-based

text: Kamiokande II

text: and

text: IMB

text: instruments detected antineutrinos of thermal origin, while the

text: gallium

text: Baksan

text: instrument detected neutrinos (

text: lepton number

text: = 1) of either thermal or electron-capture origin.

text: Dubai Properties is a subsidiary of Dubai Properties Group which is a member of the Dubai Holding group and is based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Dubai Properties core activity is the development of large scale residential and commercial property developments within the Emirate of Dubai.

text: Dubai Properties is a subsidiary of Dubai Properties Group which is a member of the

text: Dubai Holding

text: group

text: and is based in

text: Dubai

text: United Arab Emirates

text: . Dubai Properties core activity is the development of large scale residential and commercial property developments within the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Dubai

text: Critical state and elasto-plastic soil mechanics have been the subject of criticism ever since they were first introduced.   The key factor driving the criticism is primarily the implicit assumption that soils are made of isotropic point particles. Real soils are composed of finite size particles with anisotropic properties that strongly determine observed behavior. Consequently, models based on a metals based theory of plasticity are not able to model behavior of soils that is a result of anisotropic particle properties, one example of which is the drop in shear strengths post peak strength, i.e., strain-softening behavior. Because of this elasto-plastic soil models are only able to model "simple stress-strain curves" such as that from isotropic normally or lightly over consolidated "fat" clays, i.e., CL-ML type soils constituted of very fine grained particles.

text: IEEE 1588-2002 uses a selection algorithm based on similar properties.

text: A host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) is an intrusion detection system that monitors and analyzes the internals of a computing system as well as (in some cases) the network packets on its network interfaces (just like a network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) would do). This was the first type of intrusion detection software to have been designed, with the original target system being the mainframe computer where outside interaction was infrequent.

text: A host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) is an

text: intrusion detection system

text: that monitors and analyzes the internals of a computing system as well as (in some cases) the network packets on its network interfaces (just like a

text: network-based intrusion detection system

text: (NIDS) would do). This was the first type of intrusion detection software to have been designed, with the original target system being the

text: mainframe computer

text: where outside interaction was infrequent.

text: A material's strength is dependent on its microstructure. The engineering processes to which a material is subjected can alter this microstructure. The variety of strengthening mechanisms that alter the strength of a material includes work hardening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation hardening and grain boundary strengthening and can be quantitatively and qualitatively explained. Strengthening mechanisms are accompanied by the caveat that some other mechanical properties of the material may degenerate in an attempt to make the material stronger. For example, in grain boundary strengthening, although yield strength is maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make the material brittle. In general, the yield strength of a material is an adequate indicator of the material's mechanical strength. Considered in tandem with the fact that the yield strength is the parameter that predicts plastic deformation in the material, one can make informed decisions on how to increase the strength of a material depending its microstructural properties and the desired end effect. Strength is expressed in terms of the limiting values of the compressive stress, tensile stress, and shear stresses that would cause failure. The effects of dynamic loading are probably the most important practical consideration of the strength of materials, especially the problem of fatigue. Repeated loading often initiates brittle cracks, which grow until failure occurs. The cracks always start at stress concentrations, especially changes in cross-section of the product, near holes and corners at nominal stress levels far lower than those quoted for the strength of the material.

text: A material's strength is dependent on its

text: microstructure

text: . The engineering processes to which a material is subjected can alter this microstructure. The variety of

text: strengthening mechanisms

text: that alter the strength of a material includes

text: work hardening

text: solid solution strengthening

text: precipitation hardening

text: and

text: grain boundary strengthening

text: and can be quantitatively and qualitatively explained. Strengthening mechanisms are accompanied by the caveat that some other mechanical properties of the material may degenerate in an attempt to make the material stronger. For example, in grain boundary strengthening, although

text: yield strength

text: is maximized with decreasing grain size, ultimately, very small grain sizes make the material brittle. In general, the yield strength of a material is an adequate indicator of the material's mechanical strength. Considered in tandem with the fact that the yield strength is the parameter that predicts

text: plastic deformation

text: in the material, one can make informed decisions on how to increase the strength of a material depending its microstructural properties and the desired end effect. Strength is expressed in terms of the limiting values of the

text: compressive stress

text: tensile stress

text: , and

text: shear stress

text: es that would cause failure. The effects of dynamic loading are probably the most important practical consideration of the strength of materials, especially the problem of

text: fatigue

text: . Repeated loading often initiates

text: brittle

text: cracks, which grow until failure occurs. The cracks always start at

text: stress concentration

text: s, especially changes in cross-section of the product, near holes and corners at nominal stress levels far lower than those quoted for the strength of the material.

text: The first mesoionic carbenes based on pyrazole have been reported by Huynh in 2007.  These carbenes are referred to as pyrazolin-3(or 4)-ylidenes.  Pyrazolin-4-ylidenes are often tetrasubstituted with alkyl or aryl groups; however, the C3 and C5 positions could be substituted with nitrogen- or oxygen-based groups.  The electronic properties of the groups in the C3 and C5 positions affect the overall electron properties of the ligand and influence catalytic activity.  Free carbene have been produced as well as transition metal complexes.

text: The first mesoionic carbenes based on

text: pyrazole

text: have been reported by Huynh in 2007.  These carbenes are referred to as pyrazolin-3(or 4)-ylidenes.  Pyrazolin-4-ylidenes are often tetrasubstituted with alkyl or aryl groups; however, the C3 and C5 positions could be substituted with nitrogen- or oxygen-based groups.  The electronic properties of the groups in the C3 and C5 positions affect the overall electron properties of the ligand and influence catalytic activity.  Free carbene have been produced as well as transition metal complexes.

text: All real property and personal property is subject to tax unless specifically exempted by law. Personal property also is taxed, although most personal property owned by individuals is exempt. Personal property tax applies to personal property used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law. All property taxes are paid to the county treasurer's office where the property is located. Washington does not impose a tax on assets such as bank accounts, stocks or bonds. Neither does the state assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Washington does not collect inheritance taxes; however, the estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws, and therefore the state imposes its own estate tax.

text: All

text: real property

text: and

text: personal property

text: is subject to tax unless specifically exempted by law. Personal property also is taxed, although most personal property owned by individuals is exempt.

text: Personal property tax

text: applies to personal property used when conducting business or to other personal property not exempt by law. All property taxes are paid to the county treasurer's office where the property is located. Washington does not impose a tax on assets such as

text: bank account

text: s,

text: stock

text: s or

text: bonds

text: . Neither does the state assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Washington does not collect

text: inheritance tax

text: es; however, the

text: estate tax

text: is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws, and therefore the state imposes its own estate tax.

text: As the Allied forces advanced, new bases were formed, and the old ones in Australia were closed. Base Sections 5 and 6 were closed in January 1943, and Base Section 4 in June 1944. The remaining four became bases, and a Base Section was formed in Brisbane to control them. Bases 1 and 3 were closed in December 1944, leaving only Bases 2 and 7. These were deactivated in June 1945 and their functions absorbed by the Australia Base Section, as the Base Section had been renamed in February 1945. In New Guinea, Base D was closed in July 1945, and Bases A, B and E in September, leaving Bases F, G and H. Meanwhile, a series of bases were opened in the Philippines: Base K on Leyte, Base M on Luzon, Base R at Batangas, Base S on Cebu and base X at Manila. These came under the Luzon Base Section, which was redesignated the Philippine on 1 April 1945.  On 7 June 1945, USASOS became AFWESPAC, under the command of Lieutenant General Wilhelm D. Styer, and it absorbed USAFFE.

text: As the Allied forces advanced, new bases were formed, and the old ones in Australia were closed. Base Sections 5 and 6 were closed in January 1943, and Base Section 4 in June 1944. The remaining four became bases, and a Base Section was formed in Brisbane to control them. Bases 1 and 3 were closed in December 1944, leaving only Bases 2 and 7. These were deactivated in June 1945 and their functions absorbed by the Australia Base Section, as the Base Section had been renamed in February 1945. In New Guinea, Base D was closed in July 1945, and Bases A, B and E in September, leaving Bases F, G and H. Meanwhile, a series of bases were opened in the Philippines: Base K on Leyte, Base M on

text: Luzon

text: , Base R at

text: Batangas

text: , Base S on

text: Cebu

text: and base X at Manila. These came under the Luzon Base Section, which was redesignated the Philippine on 1 April 1945.  On 7 June 1945, USASOS became AFWESPAC, under the command of Lieutenant General

text: Wilhelm D. Styer

text: , and it absorbed USAFFE.

text: Level 2. Abstraction: At this level, properties are ordered. The objects of thought are geometric properties, which the student has learned to connect deductively. The student understands that properties are related and one set of properties may imply another property. Students can reason with simple arguments about geometric figures. A student at this level might say, "Isosceles triangles are symmetric, so their base angles must be equal." Learners recognize the relationships between types of shapes. They recognize that all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares, and they understand why squares are a type of rectangle based on an understanding of the properties of each. They can tell whether it is possible or not to have a rectangle that is, for example, also a rhombus. They understand necessary and sufficient conditions and can write concise definitions. However, they do not yet understand the intrinsic meaning of deduction. They cannot follow a complex argument, understand the place of definitions, or grasp the need for axioms, so they cannot yet understand the role of formal geometric proofs.

text: Level 2. Abstraction: At this level, properties are ordered. The objects of thought are geometric properties, which the student has learned to connect deductively. The student understands that properties are related and one set of properties may imply another property. Students can reason with simple arguments about geometric figures. A student at this level might say, "

text: Isosceles triangle

text: s are symmetric, so their base angles must be equal." Learners recognize the relationships between types of shapes. They recognize that all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares, and they understand why squares are a type of rectangle based on an understanding of the properties of each. They can tell whether it is possible or not to have a rectangle that is, for example, also a rhombus. They understand

text: necessary and sufficient condition

text: s and can write concise definitions. However, they do not yet understand the intrinsic meaning of deduction. They cannot follow a complex argument, understand the place of definitions, or grasp the need for axioms, so they cannot yet understand the role of formal geometric proofs.

text: Polymer degradation is a change in the properties—tensile strength, color, shape, etc.—of a polymer or polymer-based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals such as acids, alkalis and some salts. These changes are usually undesirable, such as cracking and chemical disintegration of products or, more rarely, desirable, as in biodegradation, or deliberately lowering the molecular weight of a polymer for recycling. The changes in properties are often termed "aging".

text: Polymer degradation is a change in the properties—

text: tensile strength

text: color

text: , shape, etc.—of a

text: polymer

text: or polymer-based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as

text: heat

text: light

text: or

text: chemical

text: s such as

text: acid

text: s,

text: alkali

text: s and some

text: salts

text: . These changes are usually undesirable, such as cracking and chemical disintegration of products or, more rarely, desirable, as in

text: biodegradation

text: , or deliberately lowering the

text: molecular weight

text: of a polymer for

text: recycling

text: . The changes in properties are often termed "aging".

text: Set based on an existing theme/license or intellectual property

text: Because of Marx's belief that the individual is a product of society, Althusser holds that it is pointless to try to build a social theory on a prior conception of the individual. The subject of observation is not individual human elements, but rather "structure". As he sees it, Marx does not explain society by appealing to the properties of individual persons—their beliefs, desires, preferences, and judgements. Rather, Marx defines society as a set of fixed "levels" and "practices". He uses this analysis to defend Marx's historical materialism against the charge that it crudely posits a base (economic level) and superstructure (culture/politics) "rising upon it" and then attempts to explain all aspects of the superstructure by appealing to features of the (economic) base (the well known architectural metaphor). For Althusser, it is a mistake to attribute this economic determinist view to Marx. In much the same way that he criticises the idea of a social theory founded on an historical conception of human needs, so does Althusser critique the idea that economic practice can be used in isolation to explain other aspects of society. Althusser believes that both the base and the superstructure are interdependent, although he keeps to the classic Marxist materialist understanding of the determination of the base "in the last instance" (albeit with some extension and revision). The advantage of levels and practices over individuals as a starting point is that although each practice is only a part of a complex whole of society, a practice is a whole in itself in that it consists of a number of different kinds of parts. Economic practice, for example, contains raw materials, tools, individual persons, etc., all united in a process of production.

text: Because of Marx's belief that the individual is a product of society, Althusser holds that it is pointless to try to build a social theory on a prior conception of the individual. The subject of observation is not individual human elements, but rather "structure". As he sees it, Marx does not explain society by appealing to the properties of individual persons—their beliefs, desires, preferences, and judgements. Rather, Marx defines society as a set of fixed "levels" and "practices". He uses this analysis to defend Marx's

text: historical materialism

text: against the charge that it crudely posits a base (economic level) and

text: superstructure

text: (culture/politics) "rising upon it" and then attempts to explain all aspects of the

text: superstructure

text: by appealing to features of the (economic) base (the well known architectural metaphor). For Althusser, it is a mistake to attribute this

text: economic determinist

text: view to Marx. In much the same way that he criticises the idea of a social theory founded on an historical conception of human needs, so does Althusser critique the idea that

text: economic

text: practice can be used in isolation to explain other aspects of society. Althusser believes that both the base and the superstructure are interdependent, although he keeps to the classic Marxist materialist understanding of the

text: determination

text: of the base "in the last instance" (albeit with some extension and revision). The advantage of levels and practices over individuals as a starting point is that although each practice is only a part of a complex whole of society, a practice is a whole in itself in that it consists of a number of different kinds of parts. Economic practice, for example, contains raw materials, tools, individual persons, etc., all united in a process of production.

text: The French philosopher Pierre Joseph Proudhon is the first person to call himself an "anarchist", and considered among its most influential theorists. He is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". He became a member of the French Parliament after the revolution of 1848, whereon he referred to himself as a "federalist". His best-known assertion is that Property is Theft!, contained in his first major work, What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government  (Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement), published in 1840. The book's publication attracted the attention of the French authorities. It also attracted the scrutiny of Karl Marx, who started a correspondence with its author. The two influenced each other: they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty with the provocatively titled The Poverty of Philosophy. The dispute became one of the sources of the split between the anarchist and Marxian wings of the International Working Men's Association. Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility". Mutualism originated from the writings of philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Mutualists oppose the idea of individuals receiving an income through loans, investments, and rent, as they believe these individuals are not laboring. Though Proudhon opposed this type of income, he expressed that he had never intended "...to forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital.  I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose." Insofar as they ensure the worker's right to the full product of their labor, mutualists support markets (or artificial markets) and property in the product of labor.  However, they argue for conditional titles to land, whose ownership is legitimate only so long as it remains in use or occupation (which Proudhon called "possession"); thus advocating personal property, but not private property.

text: The French philosopher

text: Pierre Joseph Proudhon

text: is the first person to call himself an "

text: anarchist

text: ", and considered among its most influential theorists. He is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". He became a member of the

text: French Parliament

text: after the

text: revolution of 1848

text: , whereon he referred to himself as a "

text: federalist

text: ". His best-known assertion is that

text: Property is Theft!

text: , contained in his first major work,

text: What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and Government

text: (Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement), published in 1840. The book's publication attracted the attention of the French authorities. It also attracted the scrutiny of

text: Karl Marx

text: , who started a correspondence with its author. The two influenced each other: they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's

entity_name: The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty

text: The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty

text: with the provocatively titled

text: The Poverty of Philosophy

text: . The dispute became one of the sources of the split between the anarchist and

text: Marxian

text: wings of the

text: International Working Men's Association

text: . Mutualism is an

text: economic theory

text: and

text: anarchist

text: school of thought

text: that advocates a society where each person might possess a

text: means of production

text: , either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the

text: free market

text: . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a

text: labor theory of value

text: that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility". Mutualism originated from the writings of philosopher

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: . Mutualists oppose the idea of individuals receiving an income through loans, investments, and rent, as they believe these individuals are not laboring. Though Proudhon opposed this type of income, he expressed that he had never intended "...to forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital.  I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose." Insofar as they ensure the worker's right to the full product of their labor, mutualists support

text: markets

text: (or

text: artificial market

text: s) and

text: property

text: in the product of labor.  However, they argue for conditional titles to land, whose ownership is legitimate only so long as it remains in use or occupation (which Proudhon called "possession"); thus advocating

text: personal property

text: , but not

text: private property

text: The company's primary product, introduced in 2007, Hedgehog Enterprise provides the core monitoring capability based on a sensor and server model. The sensor resides on the database server's OS and monitors the memory/cache for suspect database transactions, sending alerts in real-time to the management console. Thus, unlike network-based or host-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) or intrusion prevention systems (IPS), Hedgehog can fully monitor databases running on Virtual Machines or even in the cloud. The server is a Java-based application that communicates with the sensors and can centrally monitor hundreds of databases.  Based on a set of policies and rules, the system can audit, alert on, or suspend sessions that violate preset conditions.

text: The company's primary product, introduced in 2007, Hedgehog Enterprise provides the core monitoring capability based on a sensor and server model. The sensor resides on the database server's OS and monitors the memory/cache for suspect database transactions, sending alerts in real-time to the management console. Thus, unlike network-based or host-based

text: intrusion detection systems (IDS)

text: or

text: intrusion prevention systems (IPS)

text: , Hedgehog can fully monitor databases running on

text: Virtual Machines

text: or even in the

text: cloud

text: . The server is a Java-based application that communicates with the sensors and can centrally monitor hundreds of databases.  Based on a set of policies and rules, the system can audit, alert on, or suspend sessions that violate preset conditions.

text: API Group II- and API Group III-type base stocks help to formulate more economic-type semi-synthetic lubricants. API Group I-, II-, II+-, and III-type mineral-base oil stocks are widely used in combination with additive packages, performance packages, and ester and/or API Group IV poly-alpha-olefins in order to formulate semi-synthetic-based lubricants. API Group III base oils are sometimes considered Fully synthetic, but they are still classified as highest-top-level mineral-base stocks. A Synthetic or Synthesized material is one that is produced by combining or building individual units into a unified entry. Synthetic base stocks as described above are man-made and tailored to have a controlled molecular structure with predictable properties, unlike mineral base oils, which are complex mixtures of naturally occurring hydrocarbons and paraffins.

text: The use of the tag for academic users is unrestricted; however, commercial users must pay royalties to Roche. The original patent expired on 11 Feb 2003, and thus should be now public property; current claims to royalties are based on a much narrower set of more recent patents.  Suitable tag sequences are available free for commercial use; for example, MK(HQ)6 may be used for enhanced expression in E. coli and tag removal. The total number of histidine residues may vary in the tag. N- or C-terminal his-tags may also be followed or preceded, respectively, by a suitable amino acid sequence that facilitates a removal of the polyhistidine-tag using endopeptidases. This extra sequence is not necessary if exopeptidases are used to remove N-terminal His-tags (e.g., Qiagen TAGZyme).  Furthermore, exopeptidase cleavage may solve the unspecific cleavage observed when using endoprotease-based tag removal. Polyhistidine-tags are often used for affinity purification of genetically modified proteins.

text: The use of the tag for academic users is unrestricted; however, commercial users must pay

text: royalties

text: to Roche. The original patent expired on 11 Feb 2003, and thus should be now public property; current claims to royalties are based on a much narrower set of more recent patents.  Suitable tag sequences are available free for commercial use; for example, MK(HQ)6 may be used for enhanced expression in E. coli and tag removal. The total number of histidine residues may vary in the tag. N- or C-terminal his-tags may also be followed or preceded, respectively, by a suitable

text: amino acid sequence

text: that facilitates a removal of the polyhistidine-tag using

text: endopeptidases

text: . This extra sequence is not necessary if

text: exopeptidases

text: are used to remove N-terminal His-tags (e.g., Qiagen TAGZyme).  Furthermore, exopeptidase cleavage may solve the unspecific cleavage observed when using endoprotease-based tag removal. Polyhistidine-tags are often used for

text: affinity purification

text: of

text: genetically modified

text: proteins.

text: The strength-based approach is often referred to as a response to more deficit-focused or pathological approaches. For example, Laursen and Nissen noted that in the field of youth justice, the mainstream corrections model focuses on risks, needs, and addresses weaknesses. Alternatively, the strength-based approach enhances strengths, and builds on characteristics that are already present in individuals.

text: Ruthenium has numerous properties that qualify it as an antineoplastic drug contender. While platinum-based compounds have served as very successful anti-cancer drugs, they have several limitations including their side effects, as well as ineffectiveness against certain types of cancer. Bergamo and Sava speculated in 2011 that some of these issues might be resolved with the use of a ruthenium substitute. Though most ruthenium complexes are only in the beginning stages of the approval process for anti-cancer drugs, many of their properties may give them advantages over many platinum-based drugs now in use.

text: Ruthenium

text: has numerous properties that qualify it as an

text: antineoplastic drug

text: contender. While

text: platinum-based compounds

text: have served as very successful anti-cancer drugs, they have several limitations including their

text: side effects

text: , as well as ineffectiveness against certain types of cancer. Bergamo and Sava speculated in 2011 that some of these issues might be resolved with the use of a ruthenium substitute. Though most ruthenium complexes are only in the beginning stages of the approval process for anti-cancer drugs, many of their properties may give them advantages over many platinum-based drugs now in use.

text: Coins that are intended for circulation have some special requirements based on the conditions they will encounter. For example, a coin may be in circulation for up to 30 years, and so must have excellent wear resistance and anti-corrosion properties. Achieving this goal necessitates the use of base metal alloys. Some metals like manganese have occasionally been used in coins, but suffer from making the coins too hard to take an impression well (or metals apt to wear out stamping machines at the mint).

text: Coins that are intended for circulation have some special requirements based on the conditions they will encounter. For example, a coin may be in circulation for up to 30 years, and so must have excellent wear resistance and anti-

text: corrosion

text: properties. Achieving this goal necessitates the use of base metal

text: alloy

text: s. Some metals like manganese have occasionally been used in coins, but suffer from making the coins too hard to take an impression well (or metals apt to wear out stamping machines at the mint).

text: One of the centerpieces of the game was the legend of six ancient strengths based on the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths. Players were assigned a primary and a secondary strength based on a questionnaire. The strengths were

text: One of the centerpieces of the game was the legend of six ancient strengths based on the

text: Values in Action Inventory of Strengths

text: . Players were assigned a primary and a secondary strength based on a questionnaire. The strengths were

text: Factor bases are used in, for example, Dixon's factorization, the quadratic sieve, and the number field sieve. The difference between these algorithms is essentially the methods used to generate (x, y) candidates. Factor bases are also used in the Index calculus algorithm for computing discrete logarithms.

text: Factor bases are used in, for example,

text: Dixon's factorization

text: , the

text: quadratic sieve

text: , and the

text: number field sieve

text: . The difference between these algorithms is essentially the methods used to generate (x, y) candidates. Factor bases are also used in the

text: Index calculus algorithm

text: for computing discrete logarithms.

text: Specialization is used when a base object class (type) contains or can be subcategorized into a more specific subclass.  When this can be done, the subclass derived from the base class inherits the properties of the more general base or parent class.  This mechanism is used to share or reuse properties between the general data component and its specialization.  For example, a vehicle type (or class) is identified as a data component with properties of vehicle identification number (VIN), make, and model.  Truck type (or class) is a specialization of vehicle and thus inherits the vehicle's properties but also has its own characteristic properties, such as truck bed length.  Specialization is time independent and is generally used only when the base class and subclass always exist.

text: Isaac Bell is the main character in a series of Clive Cussler branded books: The Chase (2007), The Wrecker (2009), The Spy (2010), The Race (2011), The Thief (2012), The Striker (2013), The Bootlegger (2014), The Assassin (2015), and The Gangster (2016). The lean, blond haired man is an ace detective with the Van Dorn Detective agency (based on the real life Pinkerton Detective Agency).

text: Isaac Bell is the main character in a series of

text: Clive Cussler

text: branded books:

text: The Chase

text: The Wrecker

text: The Spy

text: The Race

text: The Thief

text: The Striker

text: (2013), The Bootlegger (2014), The Assassin (2015), and The Gangster (2016). The lean, blond haired man is an ace detective with the Van Dorn Detective agency (based on the real life Pinkerton Detective Agency).

text: In August, 2012, the FPL unveiled a $1.7 million production facility for renewable, forest-based nanomaterials. This facility is the first of its kind in the United States and one that positions the laboratory as the country’s leading producer of nanocellulose materials. Nanocellulose is simply wood fiber broken down to the nanoscale. For perspective, a nanometer is roughly one-millionth the thickness of an American dime. Materials at this minute scale have unique properties; nanocellulose-based materials can be stronger than Kevlar fiber and provide high strength properties with low weight. Applications for nanocellulose materials, for example, include use in lightweight armor and ballistic glass. Companies in the automotive, aerospace, electronics, consumer products, and medical device industries also see high potential for these innovative materials in a wide variety of applications.

text: The construct-specific detection methods can either be DNA or protein based. DNA based detection looks for a part of the foreign DNA inserted in a GMO. For technical reasons, certain DNA sequences are shared by several GMOs. Protein-based methods detect the product of the transgene, for example the Bt toxin. Since different GMOs may produce the same protein, construct-specific detection can test a sample for several GMOs in one step, but is unable to tell precisely which of the similar GMOs are present. Especially in the USA, protein-based detection is used for the construct-specific approach.

text: The construct-specific detection methods can either be DNA or

text: protein

text: based. DNA based detection looks for a part of the foreign DNA inserted in a GMO. For technical reasons, certain DNA sequences are shared by several GMOs. Protein-based methods detect the product of the transgene, for example the

text: Bt toxin

text: . Since different GMOs may produce the same protein, construct-specific detection can test a sample for several GMOs in one step, but is unable to tell precisely which of the similar GMOs are present. Especially in the USA, protein-based detection is used for the construct-specific approach.

text: K-1 was a primary air base for the Iraqi Air Force prior to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF).  It was seized by the United States Army and was used as a Contingency Operating Location in northern Iraq.  Since U.S. forces began using the K1 facility, a lot of property has accumulated here that had to be accounted for so that we could make a responsible handoff to the Iraqis. We wanted them to know exactly what we were giving them,” said Hall, a native of Dickinson, N.D. “We downsized as much of our equipment and property as we could by moving it to [another U.S. base] leading up to this base closure, we also are transitioning much of it to the Iraqis.

text: In spite of these restrictions, most generally used practical thermometers are of the empirically based kind. Especially, it was used for calorimetry, which contributed greatly to the discovery of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, empirical thermometry has serious drawbacks when judged as a basis for theoretical physics. Empirically based thermometers, beyond their base as simple direct measurements of ordinary physical properties of thermometric materials, can be re-calibrated, by use of theoretical physical reasoning, and this can extend their range of adequacy.

text: In spite of these restrictions, most generally used practical thermometers are of the empirically based kind. Especially, it was used for

text: calorimetry

text: , which contributed greatly to the discovery of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, empirical thermometry has serious drawbacks when judged as a basis for theoretical physics. Empirically based thermometers, beyond their base as simple direct measurements of ordinary physical properties of thermometric materials, can be re-calibrated, by use of theoretical physical reasoning, and this can extend their range of adequacy.

text: One important difference between the circle-based and lune-based β-skeletons is that, for any point set that does not lie on a single line, there always exists a sufficiently large value of β such that the circle-based β-skeleton is the empty graph. In contrast, if a pair of points p and q has the property that, for all other points r, one of the two angles pqr and qpr is obtuse, then the lune-based β-skeleton will contain edge pq no matter how large β is.

text: One important difference between the circle-based and lune-based β-skeletons is that, for any point set that does not lie on a single line, there always exists a sufficiently large value of β such that the circle-based β-skeleton is the

text: empty graph

text: . In contrast, if a pair of points p and q has the property that, for all other points r, one of the two angles pqr and qpr is obtuse, then the lune-based β-skeleton will contain edge pq no matter how large β is.

text: If F is a free abelian group with basis B, then we have the following universal property: for every arbitrary function f from B to some abelian group A, there exists a unique group homomorphism from F to A which extends f.  By a general property of universal properties, this shows that "the" abelian group of base B is unique up to an isomorphism. Therefore, the universal property can be used as a definition of the free abelian group of base B. The uniqueness of the group defined by this property shows that all the other definitions are equivalent.

text: If F is a free abelian group with basis B, then we have the following

text: universal property

text: : for every arbitrary function f from B to some abelian group A, there exists a unique

text: group homomorphism

text: from F to A which extends f.  By a general property of universal properties, this shows that "the" abelian group of base B is unique

text: up to

text: an isomorphism. Therefore, the universal property can be used as a definition of the free abelian group of base B. The uniqueness of the group defined by this property shows that all the other definitions are equivalent.

text: The base rate, which includes fire protection, is $0.6315 per $100 of assessed value for owner-occupied residential properties. Non owner-occupied residential properties pay provincial tax as well as any taxes for services beyond fire protection; business pay 50% more than the total rate for non owner-occupied residential properties.

text: The property was purchased in 2015 by London based relative value (economics) portfolio manager Richard West, a Keokuk native.  Extensive renovations faithful to the architecture and Victorian era are planned.  The property will be used for cultural, historical, and social events after the renovations take place.

text: The property was purchased in 2015 by

text: London

text: based

text: relative value (economics)

text: portfolio manager

text: Richard West, a Keokuk native.  Extensive renovations faithful to the architecture and Victorian era are planned.  The property will be used for cultural, historical, and social events after the renovations take place.

text: Socialism would make use of incentive-based systems, and inequality would still exist but to a diminishing extent as all members of society would be worker-owners. This eliminates the severity of previous tendencies towards inequality and conflicts arising over ownership of the means of production and property income accruing to a small class of owners. The method of compensation and reward in a socialist society would be based on an authentic meritocracy, along the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution".

text: Socialism would make use of incentive-based systems, and inequality would still exist but to a diminishing extent as all members of society would be worker-owners. This eliminates the severity of previous tendencies towards inequality and conflicts arising over ownership of the means of production and property income accruing to a small class of owners. The method of compensation and reward in a socialist society would be based on an authentic meritocracy, along the principle of "

text: from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution

text: Constraint theory stipulates that the concept that results from an attempt at conceptual combination is controlled by three constraints known as diagnosticity, plausibility and informativeness. Diagnosticity refers to the a complex concept's possession of the defining properties of its component simple concepts. Because such properties are diagnostic of the component concepts, at least some of them should be diagnostic of the higher-order representations constructed from those concepts. Plausibility refers to consistency with existing knowledge and prior experience. It is based on the assumption that a complex concept should be reasonably relevant to the context in which it is used. This assumption makes the most sense in a practical, linguistic context, particularly when a speaker is catering to the understanding of the listener. Informativeness is the property of having more meaning or properties than any individual component. If a complex concept were not distinguishable from any given component, it would be identical to that component. Because nothing can logically be both a component of something and the totality of something simultaneously, a complex concept must at least be the sum of its parts. Many argue that the interaction among component concepts should allow a complex concept to be greater than that sum.  If multiple possible ways to structure or interpret a complex concept exist, the one which best satisfies or most satisfies these constraints is the one which will be used. The paradigm upon which constraint theory is based is computational, and therefore views the mind as a processor which operates on the basis of standard problem-solving protocols (i.e. algorithms and heuristics).

text: algorithms

text: and

text: heuristics

text: There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.

text: There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and

text: intangible property

text: Real property

text: (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an

text: appraisal

text: of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.

text: Bloom filters are often used to search large chemical structure databases (see chemical similarity). In the simplest case, the elements added to the filter (called a fingerprint in this field) are just the atomic numbers present in the molecule, or a hash based on the atomic number of each atom and the number and type of its bonds. This case is too simple to be useful. More advanced filters also encode atom counts, larger substructure features like carboxyl groups, and graph properties like the number of rings. In hash-based fingerprints, a hash function based on atom and bond properties is used to turn a subgraph into a PRNG seed, and the first output values used to set bits in the Bloom filter.

text: Bloom filters are often used to search large chemical structure databases (see

text: chemical similarity

text: ). In the simplest case, the elements added to the filter (called a fingerprint in this field) are just the atomic numbers present in the molecule, or a hash based on the atomic number of each atom and the number and type of its bonds. This case is too simple to be useful. More advanced filters also encode atom counts, larger substructure features like carboxyl groups, and graph properties like the number of rings. In hash-based fingerprints, a hash function based on atom and bond properties is used to turn a subgraph into a

text: PRNG

text: seed, and the first output values used to set bits in the Bloom filter.

text: .  Then F is a filter base satisfying the properties of (i).

text: Values may be determined based on recent sales of comparable property.  The value of most homes is usually determined based on sales of comparable homes in the immediate area.  Valuation adjustments may be necessary to achieve comparability.  Among the factors considered in determining if a property is comparable are:

text: Mechanical properties of materials include the yield strength, tensile strength, fatigue strength, crack resistance, and other characteristics.

text: Adrenorphin, also sometimes referred to as metorphamide, is an endogenous, C-terminally amidated, opioid octapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH) that is produced from proteolytic cleavage of proenkephalin A and is widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain. It was named based on the fact that it was originally detected in human phaeochromocytoma tumour derived from the adrenal medulla, and was subsequently found in normal human and bovine adrenal medulla as well. Adrenorphin exhibits potent opioid activity, acting as a balanced μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonist while having no effects on δ-opioid receptors. It possesses analgesic and respiratory depressive properties.

text: Adrenorphin, also sometimes referred to as metorphamide, is an

text: endogenous

text: C-terminally

text: amidated

text: opioid

text: octapeptide

text: (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-NH) that is produced from

text: proteolytic

text: cleavage

text: of

text: proenkephalin A

text: and is widely distributed throughout the

text: mammalian

text: brain

text: . It was named based on the fact that it was originally detected in

text: human

text: phaeochromocytoma

text: tumour

text: derived from the

text: adrenal medulla

text: , and was subsequently found in normal human and

text: bovine

text: adrenal medulla as well. Adrenorphin exhibits

text: potent

text: opioid activity, acting as a balanced

text: μ-

text: and

text: κ-opioid receptor

text: agonist

text: while having no effects on

text: δ-opioid receptor

text: s. It possesses

text: analgesic

text: and

text: respiratory depressive

text: properties.

text: Some examples of permanent military bases used by the navies and air forces of the world are the HMNB Portsmouth in Portsmouth, UK, the Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington State, USA, or Ramstein Air Base, Germany (the last two are each designated as a Main Operating Base). Other examples of non- or semi-permanent military bases include a Forward Operating Base (FOB), a Logistics Base (Log base) and a Fire Base (FB).

text: Some examples of permanent military bases used by the

text: navies

text: and

text: air force

text: s of the world are the

text: HMNB Portsmouth

text: in Portsmouth, UK, the

text: Naval Air Station Whidbey Island

text: , Washington State, USA, or

text: Ramstein Air Base

text: , Germany (the last two are each designated as a

text: Main Operating Base

text: ). Other examples of non- or semi-permanent military bases include a

text: Forward Operating Base

text: (FOB), a

text: Logistics

text: Base (Log base) and a

text: Fire Base

text: (FB).

text: Insurance and reinsurance business activities are conducted through approximately 70 domestic and foreign-based insurance companies. Berkshire’s insurance businesses provide insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks primarily in the United States. In addition, as a result of the General Re acquisition in December 1998, Berkshire’s insurance businesses also includes life, accident, and health reinsurers, as well as internationally based property and casualty reinsurers. Berkshire’s insurance companies maintain capital strength at exceptionally high levels. This strength differentiates Berkshire’s insurance companies from their competitors. Collectively, the aggregate statutory surplus of Berkshire’s U.S. based insurers was approximately $48 billion . All of Berkshire’s major insurance subsidiaries are rated AAA by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, the highest Financial Strength Rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s, and are rated A++ (superior) by A. M. Best with respect to their financial condition and operating performance.

text: Insurance and

text: reinsurance

text: business activities are conducted through approximately 70 domestic and foreign-based insurance companies. Berkshire’s insurance businesses provide insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks primarily in the United States. In addition, as a result of the

text: General Re

text: acquisition in December 1998, Berkshire’s insurance businesses also includes life, accident, and health reinsurers, as well as internationally based property and casualty reinsurers. Berkshire’s insurance companies maintain capital strength at exceptionally high levels. This strength differentiates Berkshire’s insurance companies from their competitors. Collectively, the aggregate statutory surplus of Berkshire’s U.S. based insurers was approximately $48 billion . All of Berkshire’s major insurance subsidiaries are rated

text: AAA

text: by Standard & Poor’s Corporation, the highest Financial Strength Rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s, and are rated A++ (superior) by

text: A. M. Best

text: with respect to their financial condition and operating performance.

text: Event-related optical signal (EROS) is a brain-scanning technique which uses infrared light through optical fibers to measure changes in optical properties of active areas of the cerebral cortex. Whereas techniques such as diffuse optical imaging (DOT) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure optical absorption of haemoglobin, and thus are based on blood flow, EROS takes advantage of the scattering properties of the neurons themselves, and thus provides a much more direct measure of cellular activity. EROS can pinpoint activity in the brain within millimeters (spatially) and within milliseconds (temporally). Its biggest downside is the inability to detect activity more than a few centimeters deep. EROS is a new, relatively inexpensive technique that is non-invasive to the test subject. It was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where it is now used in the Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory of Dr. Gabriele Gratton and Dr. Monica Fabiani.

text: Event-related optical signal

text: (EROS) is a brain-scanning technique which uses infrared light through optical fibers to measure changes in optical properties of active areas of the cerebral cortex. Whereas techniques such as

text: diffuse optical imaging

text: (DOT) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure optical absorption of haemoglobin, and thus are based on blood flow, EROS takes advantage of the scattering properties of the neurons themselves, and thus provides a much more direct measure of cellular activity. EROS can pinpoint activity in the brain within millimeters (spatially) and within milliseconds (temporally). Its biggest downside is the inability to detect activity more than a few centimeters deep. EROS is a new, relatively inexpensive technique that is non-invasive to the test subject. It was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where it is now used in the Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory of Dr. Gabriele Gratton and Dr. Monica Fabiani.

text: The sliding criterion (discontinuity) is a tool to estimate easily the shear strength properties of a discontinuity in a rock mass based on visual and tactile (i.e. by feeling) characterization of the discontinuity. The shear strength of a discontinuity is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope engineering, but also stability of natural slopes is often governed by the shear strength along discontinuities.

text: The sliding criterion (discontinuity) is a tool to estimate easily the

text: shear strength

text: properties of a

text: discontinuity

text: in a

text: rock

text: mass based on visual and tactile (i.e. by feeling) characterization of the

text: discontinuity

text: . The shear strength of a discontinuity is important in, for example,

text: tunnel

text: foundation

text: , or

text: slope

text: engineering, but also stability of

text: natural slopes

text: is often governed by the shear strength along discontinuities.

text: Unlike many prior systems, DynaText was not limited to any particular DTD (or schema). Rather, customers could build style sheets in a simple language (also SGML-based), using properties very much like the later DSSSL, CSS, and XSL-FO. However, every property could have an expression as its value, which would be evaluated (if necessary) for each element the style applied to. Graphics, tables, formulae, and plug-ins could be included in documents.

text: Unlike many prior systems, DynaText was not limited to any particular

text: DTD

text: (or

text: schema

text: ). Rather, customers could build style sheets in a simple language (also SGML-based), using properties very much like the later

entity_name: Document Style Semantics and Specification Language

text: DSSSL

text: CSS

text: , and

text: XSL-FO

text: . However, every property could have an expression as its value, which would be evaluated (if necessary) for each element the style applied to. Graphics, tables, formulae, and plug-ins could be included in documents.

text: Attanasio based the characters in Homicide on the detectives featured in Simon's book. Frank Pembleton was based on Detective Harry Edgerton, although the two were so different that both the producers and detectives agreed their only true similarity was that they were black. Meldrick Lewis was only loosely based on Detective Donald Waltemeyer, and Levinson admitted Lewis did not start to become strongly developed until season three because, "I thought it'd be great to have a character who was totally unwilling to share with the people he worked with." Tim Bayliss was based on the real-life Baltimore detective Tom Pellegrini, the primary detective who investigated the 1988 Baltimore slaying of 11-year-old Latonya Kim Wallace. The extremely personal approach Bayliss took in attempting to solve Adena Watson's murder, and his strong disappointment over failing to solve it, was based on the emotions Pellegrini went through in the Wallace case. Pellegrini provided advice to actor Kyle Secor about how to play the Bayliss role.

text: Attanasio based the characters in Homicide on the detectives featured in Simon's book. Frank Pembleton was based on Detective

text: Harry Edgerton

text: , although the two were so different that both the producers and detectives agreed their only true similarity was that they were black. Meldrick Lewis was only loosely based on Detective Donald Waltemeyer, and Levinson admitted Lewis did not start to become strongly developed until

text: season three

text: because, "I thought it'd be great to have a character who was totally unwilling to share with the people he worked with." Tim Bayliss was based on the real-life Baltimore detective Tom Pellegrini, the primary detective who investigated the 1988 Baltimore slaying of 11-year-old Latonya Kim Wallace. The extremely personal approach Bayliss took in attempting to solve Adena Watson's murder, and his strong disappointment over failing to solve it, was based on the emotions Pellegrini went through in the Wallace case. Pellegrini provided advice to actor Kyle Secor about how to play the Bayliss role.

text: The use of colorimetric test kits for explosive detection is one of the oldest, simplest, and most widely used methods for the detection of explosives. Colorimetric detection of explosives involves applying a chemical reagent to an unknown material or sample and observing a color reaction. Common color reactions are known and indicate to the user if there is an explosive material present and in many cases the group of explosive from which the material is derived. The major groups of explosives are nitroaromatic explosives, nitrate ester and nitramine explosives, improvised explosives not containing nitro groups which includes inorganic nitrate based explosives, chlorate based explosives, and peroxide based explosives.

text: Like the substrate, steric hindrance affects the nucleophile's strength. The methoxide anion, for example, is both a strong base and nucleophile because it is a methyl nucleophile, and is thus very much unhindered. tert-Butoxide, on the other hand, is a strong base, but a poor nucleophile, because of its three methyl groups hindering its approach to the carbon. Nucleophile strength is also affected by charge and electronegativity: nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity. For example, OH is a better nucleophile than water, and I is a better nucleophile than Br (in polar protic solvents). In a polar aprotic solvent, nucleophilicity increases up a column of the periodic table as there is no hydrogen bonding between the solvent and nucleophile; in this case nucleophilicity mirrors basicity. I would therefore be a weaker nucleophile than Br because it is a weaker base. Verdict - A strong/anionic nucleophile always favours S2 manner of nucleophillic substitution.

text: Like the substrate,

text: steric hindrance

text: affects the nucleophile's strength. The

text: methoxide

text: anion, for example, is both a strong base and nucleophile because it is a methyl nucleophile, and is thus very much unhindered.

text: tert-Butoxide

text: , on the other hand, is a strong base, but a poor nucleophile, because of its three methyl groups hindering its approach to the carbon. Nucleophile strength is also affected by charge and

text: electronegativity

text: : nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity. For example, OH is a better nucleophile than water, and I is a better nucleophile than Br (in polar protic solvents). In a polar aprotic solvent, nucleophilicity increases up a column of the periodic table as there is no hydrogen bonding between the solvent and nucleophile; in this case nucleophilicity mirrors basicity. I would therefore be a weaker nucleophile than Br because it is a weaker base. Verdict - A strong/anionic nucleophile always favours S2 manner of nucleophillic substitution.

text: Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties. For example, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. In later times bronze has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc.

text: Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties. For example,

text: steel

text: is stronger than

text: iron

text: , its primary element. The

text: electrical

text: and

text: thermal conductivity

text: of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as

text: density

text: reactivity

text: Young's modulus

text: of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as

text: tensile strength

text: and

text: shear strength

text: may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the

text: atom

text: s in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting

text: ferromagnetic

text: alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals.

text: Bronze

text: , an alloy of

text: copper

text: and

text: tin

text: , was the first alloy discovered, during the

text: prehistoric

text: period now known as the

text: bronze age

text: ; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. In later times bronze has been used for

text: ornaments

text: bell

text: s,

text: statue

text: s, and

text: bearings

text: Brass

text: is an alloy made from

text: copper

text: and

text: zinc

text: The following is a list of property developers based in New York:

text: Tucker's Island was an island of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It was part of the land leased to the United States Government in 1941 for ninety-nine years for the construction of the Naval Operating Base Bermuda, a joint shipping base and naval air station. Tucker's Island was joined by infilling to nearby Morgan's Island, and the two were connected to the Main Island by a narrow infilling, creating a peninsula. The base, by then designated the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex, was closed in 1995 along with other US bases in Bermuda. After a delay while the issue of toxic waste deposits was argued between the British/Bermudian and US Governments, the land was handed back to the Government of Bermuda and allowed to return to nature pending the clean-up of toxins and a decision on its future. The only user of the area was the Royal Bermuda Regiment, which had begun training there when it was still a US base. Following public outrage at plans to develop a Jumeirah resort hotel at Southlands, then a wooded private estate on the South Shore, the government traded the former US naval base to the developers in exchange for Southlands, most of which was designated as parkland. Morgan's Point, as the former naval base is now called, is currently being cleared to make way for the new resort.

text: Tucker's Island was an

text: island

text: of the

text: British Overseas Territory

text: of

text: Bermuda

text: . It was part of the land leased to the

text: United States Government

text: in 1941 for ninety-nine years for the construction of the

text: Naval Operating Base Bermuda

text: , a joint shipping base and naval air station. Tucker's Island was joined by infilling to nearby

text: Morgan's Island

text: , and the two were connected to the Main Island by a narrow infilling, creating a peninsula. The base, by then designated the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex, was closed in 1995 along with other US bases in Bermuda. After a delay while

text: the issue of toxic waste deposits

text: was argued between the British/Bermudian and US Governments, the land was handed back to the

text: Government of Bermuda

text: and allowed to return to nature pending the clean-up of toxins and a decision on its future. The only user of the area was the

text: Royal Bermuda Regiment

text: , which had begun training there when it was still a US base. Following public outrage at plans to develop a

text: Jumeirah

text: resort hotel at Southlands, then a wooded private estate on the South Shore, the government traded the former US naval base to the developers in exchange for Southlands, most of which was designated as parkland. Morgan's Point, as the former naval base is now called, is currently being cleared to make way for the new resort.

text: Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a technique that allows detection of single base mutations without the need for PCR or gel electrophoresis. Short (20-25 nucleotides in length), labeled probes are exposed to the non-fragmented target DNA. Hybridization occurs with high specificity due to the short length of the probes and even a single base change will hinder hybridization. The target DNA is then washed and the labeled probes that didn't hybridize are removed. The target DNA is then analyzed for the presence of the probe via radioactivity or fluorescence. In this experiment, as in most molecular biology techniques, a control must be used to ensure successful experimentation. The Illumina Methylation Assay is an example of a method that takes advantage of the ASO technique to measure one base pair differences in sequence.

text: Allele-specific oligonucleotide

text: (ASO) is a technique that allows detection of single base mutations without the need for PCR or gel electrophoresis. Short (20-25 nucleotides in length), labeled probes are exposed to the non-fragmented target DNA. Hybridization occurs with high specificity due to the short length of the probes and even a single base change will hinder hybridization. The target DNA is then washed and the labeled probes that didn't hybridize are removed. The target DNA is then analyzed for the presence of the probe via radioactivity or fluorescence. In this experiment, as in most molecular biology techniques, a control must be used to ensure successful experimentation. The

text: Illumina Methylation Assay

text: is an example of a method that takes advantage of the ASO technique to measure one base pair differences in sequence.

text: A hypothetical cell membrane capable of functioning in liquid methane was modeled in February 2015. The proposed chemical base for these membranes is acrylonitrile, which has been detected on Titan.  Called an "azotosome" ('nitrogen body'), formed from "azote", French for nitrogen, and "soma", Greek for body, it lacks the phosphorus and oxygen found in phospholipids on Earth but contains nitrogen.  Despite the very different chemical structure and external environment, its properties are surprisingly similar, including autoformation of sheets, flexibility, stability, and other properties.

text: A hypothetical

text: cell membrane

text: capable of functioning in liquid

text: methane

text: was modeled in February 2015. The proposed chemical base for these membranes is

text: acrylonitrile

text: , which has been detected on Titan.  Called an "

text: azotosome

text: " ('nitrogen body'), formed from "azote", French for nitrogen, and "soma", Greek for body, it lacks the phosphorus and oxygen found in

text: phospholipid

text: s on Earth but contains nitrogen.  Despite the very different chemical structure and external environment, its properties are surprisingly similar, including autoformation of sheets, flexibility, stability, and other properties.

text: Because the solvent system definition depends on the solute as well as on the solvent itself, a particular solute can be either an acid or a base depending on the choice of the solvent:  is a strong acid in water, a weak acid in acetic acid, and a weak base in fluorosulfonic acid; this characteristic of the theory has been seen as both a strength and a weakness, because some substances (such as  and ) have been seen to be acidic or basic on their own right. On the other hand, solvent system theory has been criticized as being too general to be useful. Also, it has been thought that there is something intrinsically acidic about hydrogen compounds, a property not shared by non-hydrogenic solvonium salts.

text: The courts have generally held that direct taxes are limited to taxes on people (variously called "capitation", "poll tax" or "head tax") and property. All other taxes are commonly referred to as "indirect taxes," because they tax an event, rather than a person or property per se. What seemed to be a straightforward limitation on the power of the legislature based on the subject of the tax proved inexact and unclear when applied to an income tax, which can be arguably viewed either as a direct or an indirect tax.

text: The original strength in education of Authorware could be linked to its roots in pedagogical models based on constructivist views.

text: The original strength in education of Authorware could be linked to its roots in

text: pedagogical

text: models based on

entity_name: Constructivism (philosophy of education)

text: constructivist

text: views.

text: Several clinical studies showed that HFQRS is valuable  in detecting supply ischemia and stress induced ischemia (demand ischemia). They also show that HFQRS performs significantly better than standard ST segment based analysis in detecting myocardial ischemia in stress ECG testing, both in terms of sensitivity and in specificity. Another study even showed that HFQRS analysis performs equally well in women, a population in which standard, ST segment based stress ECG analysis, is notoriously inaccurate.

text: Several clinical studies showed that HFQRS is valuable  in detecting supply ischemia and stress induced ischemia (demand ischemia). They also show that HFQRS performs significantly better than standard ST segment based analysis in detecting myocardial ischemia in

text: stress ECG testing

text: , both in terms of sensitivity and in specificity. Another study even showed that HFQRS analysis performs equally well in women, a population in which standard, ST segment based stress ECG analysis, is notoriously inaccurate.

text: Whereas alcohol is intrinsically a denaturing and inert rendering agent to many of a botanical's extracted constituent and compounds, glycerin possesses no such denaturing and inert rendering effects on a botanical's extracted constituents and compounds.  From both clinical and manufacturing perspectives, this is possibly the most important defining differentiator between alcohol-based made tinctures versus 'true' alcohol-free glycerin-based made Glycerites, that includes: 'actual' levels or degrees of efficacy relative to actual concentrations (i.e. percentages) of constituents and/or constituent group(s) present in a finished tincture and/or Glycerite, now given what has previously been unaddressed concerning the denaturing/inert-rendering weighted factor for alcohol-based tinctures (a Clinical consideration);  and the QA/QC related physical properties inherent in and chemically intrinsic to a finished tincture and/or Glycerite as regards inverting, REDOX, precipitation, scaling, novel constituent complexing, etc. (a Manufacturing consideration).

text: This keypoint detection step is a variation of one of the blob detection methods developedby Lindeberg by detecting scale-space extrema of the scale normalized Laplacian, that is detecting points that are local extrema with respect to both space and scale, in the discrete case by comparisons with the nearest 26 neighbours in a discretized scale-space volume. The difference of Gaussians operator can be seen as an approximation to the Laplacian, with the implicit normalization in the pyramid also constituting a discrete approximation of the scale-normalized Laplacian.Another real-time implementation of scale-space extrema of the Laplacian operator has been presented by Lindeberg and Bretzner based on a hybrid pyramid representation, which was used for human-computer interaction by real-time gesture recognition in Bretzner et al. (2002).

text: This keypoint detection step is a variation of one of the

text: blob detection

text: methods developedby Lindeberg by detecting scale-space extrema of the scale normalized Laplacian, that is detecting points that are local extrema with respect to both space and scale, in the discrete case by comparisons with the nearest 26 neighbours in a discretized scale-space volume. The difference of Gaussians operator can be seen as an approximation to the Laplacian, with the implicit normalization in the

text: pyramid

text: also constituting a discrete approximation of the scale-normalized Laplacian.Another real-time implementation of scale-space extrema of the Laplacian operator has been presented by Lindeberg and Bretzner based on a hybrid pyramid representation, which was used for human-computer interaction by real-time gesture recognition in Bretzner et al. (2002).

text: Network-based anomalous intrusion detection systems often provide a second line of defense to detect anomalous traffic at the physical and network layers after it has passed through a firewall or other security appliance on the border of a network. Host-based anomalous intrusion detection systems are one of the last layers of defense and reside on computer end points. They allow for fine-tuned, granular protection of end points at the application level.

text: The Album is based heavily on C.S. Lewis' That Hideous Strength.

text: The Album is based heavily on C.S. Lewis'

text: That Hideous Strength

text: For each of the nucleotide bases, there is a corresponding fluorescent dye molecule that enable the detector to identify the base being incorporated by the DNA polymerase as it performs the DNA synthesis. The fluorescent dye molecule is attached to the phosphate chain of the nucleotide.  When the nucleotide is incorporated by the DNA polymerase, the fluorescent dye is cleaved off with the phosphate chain as a part of a natural DNA synthesis process during which a phosphodiester bond is created to elongate the DNA chain.  The cleaved fluorescent dye molecule then diffuses out of the detection volume so that the fluorescent signal is no longer detected.

text: For each of the nucleotide bases, there is a corresponding fluorescent dye molecule that enable the detector to identify the base being incorporated by the DNA polymerase as it performs the

text: DNA synthesis

text: . The fluorescent dye molecule is attached to the phosphate chain of the nucleotide.  When the nucleotide is incorporated by the DNA polymerase, the fluorescent dye is cleaved off with the phosphate chain as a part of a natural

text: DNA synthesis

text: process during which a

text: phosphodiester bond

text: is created to elongate the DNA chain.  The cleaved fluorescent dye molecule then diffuses out of the detection volume so that the fluorescent signal is no longer detected.

text: Wood-cement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a wood-cement composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often expressed as a percentage value. To determine wood-cement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used, such as, hydration characteristics, strength, interfacial bond and morphology. Various methods are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cement-aggregate mix; the comparison of the mechanical properties of cement-aggregate mixes and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the wood-cement mixes. It has been found that the hydration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al. have reviewed these methods of compatibility assessment and suggested a method based on the ‘maturity concept’ i.e. taking in consideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction.

text: Mg-Zn-Ca based metallic glasses are a relatively new group of amorphous metals, possessing commercial and technical advantages over early compositions.  Gu and co-workers produced the first Mg-Zn-Ca BMG in 2005, reporting high glass forming ability, high strength and most importantly exceptional plasticity.  This lanthanide-free, Mg-based glass attracted immediate interest due to its low density and cost, and particularly because of its uncharacteristically high ductility.  This property was unexpected for such compositions, as the constituent elements are found to be of relatively low Poisson ratio, and hence contribute little to the inherent plasticity of the glass.  This unlikely asset was seized upon by Li in 2008, who made use of the Poisson ratio principle and increased Mg content at the expense of Zn to further enhance plasticity.  Further improvements were achieved by incremental addition of Ca to the Mg72Zn28 binary composition, producing numerous ternary alloys along the 350 °C isotherm of the Mg-Zn-Ca system.

text: Mg-Zn-Ca based metallic glasses are a relatively new group of amorphous metals, possessing commercial and technical advantages over early compositions.  Gu and co-workers produced the first Mg-Zn-Ca BMG in 2005, reporting high glass forming ability, high strength and most importantly exceptional

text: plasticity

text: .  This

text: lanthanide

text: -free, Mg-based glass attracted immediate interest due to its low density and cost, and particularly because of its uncharacteristically high

text: ductility

text: .  This property was unexpected for such compositions, as the constituent elements are found to be of relatively low

text: Poisson ratio

text: , and hence contribute little to the inherent plasticity of the glass.  This unlikely asset was seized upon by Li in 2008, who made use of the Poisson ratio principle and increased Mg content at the expense of Zn to further enhance plasticity.  Further improvements were achieved by incremental addition of Ca to the Mg72Zn28 binary composition, producing numerous

text: ternary alloy

text: s along the 350 °C

text: isotherm

text: of the Mg-Zn-Ca system.

text: Columnist Alistair Walsh suggested in an article written for the website Property Observer, that Numbeo's information is based on what people say and should be taken with grain of salt.  There's no third party check or audit on the accuracy of data.

text: While iThenticate is best known as a plagiarism detection service, collaborative efforts with the user base have created a number of new use cases. The most prominent aside from plagiarism detection include intellectual property protection and document-versus-document(s) analysis. iThenticate also allows for integration with content management systems (CMSs) and manuscript tracking systems (MTSs).

text: Title to real property acquired by recipients with federal awards vests with the recipient. It must be used for the originally authorized purpose as long as needed for that purpose. Real property may be used in other federally sponsored projects or programs that have purposes similar to the onethe property was bought for, as long as the federal government authorizes it. However it may not dispose of or encumber the title to real property without prior federal government consent. When it is no longer needed for the federally supported programs or projects, the recipient must request disposition instructions from the federal government. Just like equipment, if the property is sold, a proportionate share is provided to the federal government amount of the current fair market value, based on the percent of federal funds to own recipients fund used to acquire the item.

text: Title to

text: real property

text: acquired by recipients with federal awards vests with the recipient. It must be used for the originally authorized purpose as long as needed for that purpose. Real property may be used in other federally sponsored projects or programs that have purposes similar to the onethe property was bought for, as long as the federal government authorizes it. However it may not dispose of or encumber the title to real property without prior federal government consent. When it is no longer needed for the federally supported programs or projects, the recipient must request disposition instructions from the federal government. Just like equipment, if the property is sold, a proportionate share is provided to the federal government amount of the current fair market value, based on the percent of federal funds to own recipients fund used to acquire the item.

text: Edge-based range segmentation algorithms are based on edge detection and labeling edges using the jump boundaries (discontinuities). They apply an edge detector to extract edges from a range image. Once boundaries are extracted, edges with common properties are clustered together. A typical example of edge-based range segmentation algorithms is presented by Fan et al. The segmentation procedure starts by detecting discontinuities using zero-crossing and curvature values. The image is segmented at discontinuities to obtain an initial segmentation. At the next step, the initial segmentation is refined by fitting quadratics whose coefficients are calculated based on the Least squares method. In general, a drawback of edge-based range segmentation algorithms is that although they produce clean and well defined boundaries between different regions, they tend to produce gaps between boundaries. In addition, for curved surfaces, discontinuities are smooth and hard to locate and therefore these algorithms tend to under-segment the range image. Although the range image segmentation problem has been studied for a number of years, the task of segmenting range images of curved surfaces is yet to be satisfactorily resolved.

text: Edge-based range segmentation algorithms are based on

text: edge detection

text: and labeling edges using the jump boundaries (discontinuities). They apply an edge detector to extract edges from a range image. Once boundaries are extracted, edges with common properties are clustered together. A typical example of edge-based range segmentation algorithms is presented by Fan et al. The segmentation procedure starts by detecting discontinuities using zero-crossing and curvature values. The image is segmented at discontinuities to obtain an initial segmentation. At the next step, the initial segmentation is refined by fitting quadratics whose coefficients are calculated based on the

text: Least squares

text: method. In general, a drawback of edge-based range segmentation algorithms is that although they produce clean and well defined boundaries between different regions, they tend to produce gaps between boundaries. In addition, for curved surfaces, discontinuities are smooth and hard to locate and therefore these algorithms tend to under-segment the range image. Although the range image segmentation problem has been studied for a number of years, the task of segmenting range images of curved surfaces is yet to be satisfactorily resolved.

text: A MIC mortgage portfolio can include everything from small second mortgages on residential property to commercial and development mortgages on new projects. Every investment is typically based on a thorough investigation of the property. A typical MIC loan (ideally) should never exceed a specified percentage (typically from 60% to 85%) of the current value of the property. Compare this to a conventional bank's willingness to routinely loan 80% of the value of the property and sometimes even 100%. MIC's investment strategies vary considerably, as do their rates of return on invested capital.  Recent MIC's have generated returns between 6% and 12% for investors, however, returns vary based not only on the investment strategy of the specific MIC but also on the nature of the investment share itself.  Some MIC shares are designed to be held for a period as short as a year, and other MIC shares require the investor to hold them for a longer period, up to 10 years in some cases. Yields typically increase when the hold periods are longer, and are lower for shares that are immediately liquid after a short hold period such as one year.

text: A MIC mortgage portfolio can include everything from small

text: second mortgage

text: s on

text: residential property

text: to commercial and development mortgages on new projects. Every investment is typically based on a thorough investigation of the property. A typical MIC loan (ideally) should never exceed a specified percentage (typically from 60% to 85%) of the current value of the property. Compare this to a conventional bank's willingness to routinely loan 80% of the value of the property and sometimes even 100%. MIC's investment strategies vary considerably, as do their rates of return on invested

text: capital

text: .  Recent MIC's have generated returns between 6% and 12% for investors, however, returns vary based not only on the investment strategy of the specific MIC but also on the nature of the investment share itself.  Some MIC shares are designed to be held for a period as short as a year, and other MIC shares require the investor to hold them for a longer period, up to 10 years in some cases. Yields typically increase when the hold periods are longer, and are lower for shares that are immediately liquid after a short hold period such as one year.

text: is a fictitious tensile strength based on compression and shear experiments.

text: Chingis Izmailov hypothesized that spherical models and other metric structures may not be applicable to properties of categorizable perceptual objects. Thus, colors lose their metric arrangement when they are colors of differently categorized objects (such as “apple” and “banana”) rather than colors of objects that do not belong to different categories (e.g., apertures or pigment patches). Chingis Izmailov also hypothesized, based on the evoked potential experiments, that the system responsible for detection of changes in brightness is physiologically different from the system responsible for detecting spatial patterns.

text: According to a study published in Materials and Design, several parameters affect the final product. Flash time is the time that the arc is present. Upset time is the amount of time that the two pieces are pressed together. Flash time needs to be long enough to sufficiently heat the metal before it is pressed together. However, if it is too long, too much of the base metal begins to melt away. The upset time is critical in creating the desired mechanical properties of the finished weld. During the upset, any impurities in the base metal are pressed out creating a perfect weld. If the upset time is too short, all of the impurities may not be pushed out of the base metal creating a defective weld. The upset time is also crucial in the strength of the finished weld because it is during the upset that coalescence occurs between the two pieces of metal. If the upset time is too short, the two pieces of metal may not completely bond.

text: According to a study published in Materials and Design, several parameters affect the final product. Flash time is the time that the

text: arc

text: is present. Upset time is the amount of time that the two pieces are pressed together. Flash time needs to be long enough to sufficiently heat the metal before it is pressed together. However, if it is too long, too much of the base metal begins to melt away. The upset time is critical in creating the desired mechanical properties of the finished weld. During the upset, any impurities in the base metal are pressed out creating a perfect weld. If the upset time is too short, all of the impurities may not be pushed out of the base metal creating a defective weld. The upset time is also crucial in the strength of the finished weld because it is during the upset that

text: coalescence

text: occurs between the two pieces of metal. If the upset time is too short, the two pieces of metal may not completely bond.

text: Network behavior anomaly detection (NBAD) provides one approach to network security threat detection. It is a complementary technology to systems that detect security threats based on packet signatures.

text: Base on the actual situation of income and cash, assessment of releasing priority 1, 2 or 3 expenses and investments may be discusses. Therefore the organization does not have to stick to one of the scenarios or alternatives that it has decided upon some month ago, rather the organization understands what the current income and cash situation is, how much additional income may be expected, and what the impact of releasing the next bundle of expenses and investments is. Therewith, the discussion turns from analyzing variances and possibly explaining why the actual did not turn out to be what the budget was, the discussion is more forward-looking focusing on how much the income and cash has to increase before additional expenses are release, and how such an increase may be achieved.

text: The possibility of using unique properties of lanthanides in the nanotechnology is demonstrated. The origination of linear and nonlinear optical properties of lanthanide compounds with phthalocyanines, porphyrins, naphthalocyanines, and their analogs in solutions and condensed state and the prospects of obtaining novel materials on their basis are discussed. Based on the electronic structure and properties of lanthanides and their compounds, namely, optical and magnetic characteristics, electronic and ionic conductivity, and fluctuating valence, molecular engines are classified. High-speed storage engines or memory storage engines; photoconversion molecular engines based on Ln(II) and Ln(III); electrochemical molecular engines involving silicate and phosphate glasses; molecular engines whose operation is based on insulatorsemiconductor, semiconductor-metal, and metal-superconductor types of conductivity phase transitions; solid electrolyte molecular engines; and miniaturized molecular engines for medical analysis are distinguished. It is shown that thermodynamically stable nanoparticles of LnM composition can be formed by d elements of the second halves of the series, i.e., those arranged after M = Mn, Tc, and Re.

text: A significant property of these anhydrides is that they are acidic oxides. This follows from the definition, since loss of water from an acid is not an acid-base reaction. Although it is difficult to classify these oxides as acids, the property is manifest in reactions with bases. For example, carbon dioxide reacts with alkali.

text: A significant property of these anhydrides is that they are

text: acidic

text: oxides. This follows from the definition, since loss of water from an acid is not an acid-base reaction. Although it is difficult to

text: classify

text: these oxides as acids, the property is manifest in reactions with bases. For example, carbon dioxide reacts with

text: alkali

text: BioSteel was a trademark name for a high-strength based fiber material made of the recombinant  spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk of transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State University. It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within .

text: BioSteel was a

text: trademark

text: name for a high-strength based fiber material made of the

text: recombinant

text: spider silk

text: -like protein extracted from the milk of

text: transgenic

text: goat

text: s, made by Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the

text: University of Wyoming

text: and

text: Utah State University

text: . It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within .

text: The CEILIDH scheme is based on the ElGamal scheme and thus has similar security properties.

text: In Marxian economics and related schools, property income is a portion of the surplus value produced by an economy, where "surplus value" refers to value beyond what is needed for subsistence. As such, income derived through property ownership constitutes a type of "unearned income" on the basis of economic exploitation for the capitalist class that receives and lives off of property income, because its recipients receive property income by virtue of owning property regardless of their contribution to the social product. As such, the existence of property income based on private property forms the basis for the class division in capitalist economies.

text: In

text: Marxian economics

text: and related schools, property income is a portion of the

text: surplus value

text: produced by an economy, where "surplus value" refers to value beyond what is needed for subsistence. As such, income derived through property ownership constitutes a type of "unearned income" on the basis of economic

text: exploitation

text: for the capitalist class that receives and lives off of property income, because its recipients receive property income by virtue of owning property regardless of their contribution to the social product. As such, the existence of property income based on private property forms the basis for the class division in capitalist economies.

text: Crosslinking improves the elevated-temperature properties of the base polymer. Adequate strength to 120–150 °C is maintained by reducing creep, the tendency to flow. Chemical resistance is enhanced by resisting dissolution. Low temperature properties are improved. Impact and tensile strength, scratch resistance, and resistance to brittle fracture are enhanced.

text: Crosslinking improves the elevated-temperature properties of the base polymer. Adequate strength to 120–150

text: °C

text: is maintained by reducing creep, the tendency to flow. Chemical resistance is enhanced by resisting dissolution. Low temperature properties are improved. Impact and tensile strength, scratch resistance, and resistance to brittle fracture are enhanced.

text: The Dark blue sector ‘Diet’ - Based on a combination of diet contents and diet frequency. The Red sector ‘Bacteria’ - Based on a combination of amount of plaque and mutans streptococci. The Light blue sector ‘Susceptibility’- Based on a combination of fluoride program, saliva secretion and saliva buffer capacity. The Yellow sector ‘Circumstances’ - Based on a combination of past caries experience and related diseases. The Green sector shows an estimation of the ‘Actual chance to avoid new cavities’. (‘what is left’ when the other factors have taken their share!)

text: The Dark blue sector ‘

text: Diet

text: ’ - Based on a combination of diet contents and diet frequency. The Red sector ‘

text: Bacteria

text: ’ - Based on a combination of amount of

text: plaque

text: and

text: mutans streptococci

text: . The Light blue sector ‘Susceptibility’- Based on a combination of

text: fluoride

text: program,

text: saliva

text: secretion and

text: saliva buffer

text: capacity. The Yellow sector ‘Circumstances’ - Based on a combination of past caries experience and related diseases. The Green sector shows an estimation of the ‘Actual chance to avoid new cavities’. (‘what is left’ when the other factors have taken their share!)

text: Mohamed Alabbar (), is a businessman in the real estate and property development industry of the United Arab Emirates and former director general of the Dubai Department of Economic Development. Alabbar is the founder and chairman of Emaar Properties, one of the largest real estate development companies in the world and known for developing the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building and the Dubai Mall,the world's largest mall. Alabbar is a Board Member of Abu Dhabi-based Eagle Hills  a private investment and real estate Development Company, since 2014. Alabbar leads Adeptio AD Investments, a UAE-based investor group, which purchased Americana (Kuwait Food Company) from its majority stockholder for US$2.36 billion in June 2016.  He also acts as a top adviser to Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the leader of Dubai. Through Alabbar Enterprises, Alabbar has 4% stake in online fashion retailer Yoox Net-a-Porter Group, having invested US$113 million in the company in April 2016. He also led two investor groups in buying a combined 16.45 percent stake in Dubai-based courier Aramex as part of a plan to build an e-commerce platform across the Arab world. A champion of e-commerce and digitization in the Arab world, Alabbar has raised $1 billion from investors to spearhead what will be a string of major digital and e-commerce launches in the UAE. He has been included in numerous lists such as the top 5 UAE business leaders, the 100 most powerful Arabs, and the 10 most influential people in the United Arab Emirates.

text: Mohamed Alabbar (), is a businessman in the real estate and property development industry of the

text: United Arab Emirates

text: and former director general of the

entity_name: Department of Economic Development (Dubai)

text: Dubai Department of Economic Development

text: . Alabbar is the founder and chairman of

text: Emaar Properties

text: , one of the largest real estate development companies in the world and known for developing the

text: Burj Khalifa

text: , the world's tallest building and the

text: Dubai Mall

text: ,the world's largest mall. Alabbar is a Board Member of Abu Dhabi-based Eagle Hills  a private investment and real estate Development Company, since 2014. Alabbar leads Adeptio AD Investments, a UAE-based investor group, which purchased Americana (Kuwait Food Company) from its majority stockholder for US$2.36 billion in June 2016.  He also acts as a top adviser to

text: Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

text: , the leader of Dubai. Through Alabbar Enterprises, Alabbar has 4% stake in online fashion retailer

text: Yoox Net-a-Porter Group

text: , having invested US$113 million in the company in April 2016. He also led two investor groups in buying a combined 16.45 percent stake in Dubai-based courier

text: Aramex

text: as part of a plan to build an e-commerce platform across the Arab world. A champion of e-commerce and digitization in the Arab world, Alabbar has raised $1 billion from investors to spearhead what will be a string of major digital and e-commerce launches in the UAE. He has been included in numerous lists such as the top 5 UAE business leaders, the 100 most powerful Arabs, and the 10 most influential people in the United Arab Emirates.

text: Nickel aluminide is used as a strengthening constituent in high-temperature nickel-base superalloys, however, unalloyed nickel aluminide has a tendency to exhibit brittle fracture and low ductility at ambient temperatures.Nickel aluminide is unique in that it has very high thermal conductivity combined with high strength at high temperature. These properties, combined with its high strength and low density, make it ideal for special applications like coating blades in gas turbines and jet engines.

text: Nickel aluminide is used as a strengthening constituent in high-temperature nickel-base

text: superalloy

text: s, however, unalloyed nickel aluminide has a tendency to exhibit brittle fracture and low ductility at ambient temperatures.Nickel aluminide is unique in that it has very high thermal conductivity combined with high strength at high temperature. These properties, combined with its high strength and low density, make it ideal for special applications like coating blades in

text: gas turbine

text: s and

text: jet engine

text: s.

text: While cameras capture product information based primarily on material reflectance, lasers and their sensors are able to interrogate a material's structural properties in addition to determining differences in color. This structural property inspection capability makes lasers ideal for detecting a wide range of organic and inorganic foreign material such as insects, glass, metal, sticks, rocks and plastic, even if they are the same color as the good product, and for separating various materials at waste recycling facilities.

text: The Test of Highest and Best Use is applied to an improved property both as improved and as if vacant.  Vacant properties are generally only given the as vacant test. The Highest and Best Use as vacant may be the same or different as the Highest and Best use as improved. For improved properties, the first analysis applied is the use of the property based on the assumption that the parcel is vacant. Then, the analysis focuses on the use that should be made of the property as it is currently improved.  The extent to which the existing improvements differ from the highest and best use as-if vacant, reveals the extent of any functional obsolescence. Further, there are three potential actions that can be undertaken regarding the existing improvements: Retention of the existing improvements, modification of the improvements or the development scheme of the site, or demolition and removal of the improvements.

text: The part of John Munch was based on Jay Landsman, a practical joker who was known in his homicide unit for his morbid wit. Both Belzer and the character Munch he portrays are cynical, caustic former hippies who are so similar that Belzer declared the character "exactly as I would be if I were a cop". Stanley Bolander was inspired by Detective Donald Worden who, like his on-screen counterpart, was nicknamed "The Big Man". Ned Beatty only met Worden once before taking on the role, and he said the detective had "an uncluttered mind and a near-photographic memory". Beau Felton was based on Detective Donald Kincaid, and Felton's clashes with Pembleton were based on Kincaid's real-life strong dislike for Harry Edgerton. Kay Howard was based in part on the female Detective Bert Silver, and in part on the male Detective Rich Garvey, who experienced a real-life string of good luck in solving consecutive cases, just as Howard did in the first season.

text: The part of John Munch was based on

text: Jay Landsman

text: , a practical joker who was known in his homicide unit for his morbid wit. Both Belzer and the character Munch he portrays are cynical, caustic former

text: hippie

text: s who are so similar that Belzer declared the character "exactly as I would be if I were a cop". Stanley Bolander was inspired by Detective

text: Donald Worden

text: who, like his on-screen counterpart, was nicknamed "The Big Man". Ned Beatty only met Worden once before taking on the role, and he said the detective had "an uncluttered mind and a near-photographic memory". Beau Felton was based on Detective Donald Kincaid, and Felton's clashes with Pembleton were based on Kincaid's real-life strong dislike for Harry Edgerton. Kay Howard was based in part on the female Detective Bert Silver, and in part on the male Detective Rich Garvey, who experienced a real-life string of good luck in solving consecutive cases, just as Howard did in the first season.

text: SSI had already published many RPGs based on original properties. Its "hardcore" RPG Wizard's Crown (1985) presaged the Gold Box games' design, with eight-character parties, a skill-based experience system, highly detailed combat mechanics, dozens of commands, injuries and bleeding, and strengths and weaknesses versus individual weapon classes. The game did not, however, offer much in terms of role-playing or narrative beyond buying, selling and killing. Wizard's Crown was followed by The Eternal Dagger in 1987, a similar game that removed some of its predecessor's more complicated elements.

text: SSI had already published many RPGs based on original properties. Its "hardcore" RPG

text: Wizard's Crown

text: (1985) presaged the Gold Box games' design, with eight-character parties, a

text: skill-based

text: experience system, highly detailed combat mechanics, dozens of commands, injuries and bleeding, and strengths and weaknesses versus individual weapon classes. The game did not, however, offer much in terms of role-playing or narrative beyond buying, selling and killing. Wizard's Crown was followed by

text: The Eternal Dagger

text: in 1987, a similar game that removed some of its predecessor's more complicated elements.

text: Allometric scaling is any change that deviates from isometry.  A classic example discussed by Galileo in his Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences is the skeleton of mammals.  The skeletons become much more robust and massive relative to the size of the body as the body size increases.  Allometry is often expressed in terms of a scaling exponent based on body mass, or body length (Snout-vent length, total length etc.). A perfectly isometrically scaling organism would see all volume-based properties change proportionally to the body mass, all surface area-based properties change with mass to the power 2/3, and all length-based properties change with mass to the 1/3 power. If, after statistical analyses, for example, a volume-based property was found to scale to mass to the 0.9 power, then this would be called "negative allometry", as the values are smaller than predicted by isometry.  Conversely, if a surface area based property scales to mass to the 0.8 power, the values are higher than predicted by isometry and the organism is said to show "positive allometry".  One example of positive allometry occurs among species of monitor lizards (family Varanidae), in which the limbs are relatively longer in larger-bodied species. The same is true for some fishes, e.g. the muskellunge, whose weight grows with about the power of 3.325 of its length. A  muskellunge will weigh about , while a  muskellunge will weigh about , as 33% longer while more than double the weight.

text: Allometric scaling is any change that deviates from

text: isometry

text: .  A classic example discussed by

text: Galileo

text: in his

text: Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences

text: is the skeleton of mammals.  The skeletons become much more robust and massive relative to the size of the body as the body size increases.  Allometry is often expressed in terms of a scaling exponent based on body mass, or body length (Snout-vent length, total length etc.). A perfectly isometrically scaling organism would see all volume-based properties change proportionally to the body mass, all surface area-based properties change with mass to the power 2/3, and all length-based properties change with mass to the 1/3 power. If, after statistical analyses, for example, a volume-based property was found to scale to mass to the 0.9 power, then this would be called "negative allometry", as the values are smaller than predicted by isometry.  Conversely, if a surface area based property scales to mass to the 0.8 power, the values are higher than predicted by isometry and the organism is said to show "positive allometry".  One example of positive allometry occurs among species of monitor lizards (family

text: Varanidae

text: ), in which the limbs are relatively longer in larger-bodied species. The same is true for some fishes, e.g. the

text: muskellunge

text: , whose weight grows with about the power of 3.325 of its length. A  muskellunge will weigh about , while a  muskellunge will weigh about , as 33% longer while more than double the weight.

text: Mechanical properties are important in structural and building materials as well as textile fabrics. They include the many properties used to describe the strength of materials such as: elasticity / plasticity, tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength, fracture toughness & ductility (low in brittle materials), and indentation hardness.

text: Mechanical properties are important in structural and building materials as well as textile fabrics. They include the many properties used to describe the

text: strength

text: of materials such as:

text: elasticity

text: plasticity

text: tensile strength

text: compressive strength

text: shear strength

text: fracture toughness

text: ductility

text: (low in

text: brittle

text: materials), and

text: indentation hardness

text: For example, battery-powered cellular telephones often use a low-power analog front-end to amplify and tune in the radio signals from the base station.  However, a base station has grid power and can use power-hungry, but very flexible software radios.  Such base stations can be easily reprogrammed to process the signals used in new cellular standards.

text: For example, battery-powered cellular telephones often use a low-power analog front-end to

text: amplify

text: and

text: tune

text: in the

text: radio

text: signals from the base station.  However, a base station has grid power and can use power-hungry, but very flexible

text: software radio

text: s.  Such base stations can be easily reprogrammed to process the signals used in new cellular standards.

text: The work is based on the contention that in the state of nature, "the earth, in its natural uncultivated state... was the common property of the human race"; the concept of private ownership arose as a necessary result of the development of agriculture, since it was impossible to distinguish the possession of improvements to the land from the possession of the land itself. Thus, Paine viewed private property as necessary while at the same time asserting that the basic needs of all humanity must be provided for by those with property, who have originally taken it from the general public. This in some sense is their "payment" to non-property holders for the right to hold private property.

text: The work is based on the contention that in the state of nature, "the earth, in its natural uncultivated state... was the common property of the human race"; the concept of private ownership arose as a necessary result of the development of

text: agriculture

text: , since it was impossible to distinguish the possession of improvements to the land from the possession of the land itself. Thus, Paine viewed private property as necessary while at the same time asserting that the basic needs of all humanity must be provided for by those with property, who have originally taken it from the general public. This in some sense is their "payment" to non-property holders for the right to hold private property.

text: Geosynchronous satellites have the advantage of remaining permanently in the same area of the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth, and so permanently within view of a given ground station. Geostationary satellites have the special property of remaining permanently fixed in exactly the same position in the sky, as viewed from any location on Earth, meaning that ground-based antennas do not need to track them but can remain fixed in one direction. Such satellites are often used for communication purposes; a geosynchronous network is a communication network based on communication with or through geosynchronous satellites.

text: PCR methods that have been developed are based on the 16S rRNA gene, the hsp65 gene, or the insertion sequence IS2404. In 1999, Guimaraes-Peres et al. evaluated two nested PCRs: the nested IS2404-based PCR and the nested 16S rRNA gene-based PCR. IS2404-based PCR was positive only with M. ulcerans isolates and the closely related M. shinshuense. The 16S rRNA gene-based PCR was positive not only for these two strains but also for M. marinum. The use of IS2404-based PCR as a detection method for M. ulcerans showed better sensitivity and specificity, required less time, and was less costly than the 16S rRNA gene-based PCR.

text: WinFS provides four predefined base types – Items, Relationships, ScalarTypes and NestedTypes. An Item is the fundamental data object which can be stored, and a Relationship is the relation or link between two data items. Since all WinFS items must have a type, the type of item stored defines its properties. The properties of an Item may be a ScalarType, which defines the smallest unit of information a property can have, or a NestedType, which is a collection of more than one ScalarTypes and/or NestedTypes. All WinFS types are made available as .NET CLR classes.

text: WinFS provides four predefined base types – Items, Relationships, ScalarTypes and NestedTypes. An Item is the fundamental data object which can be stored, and a Relationship is the relation or link between two data items. Since all WinFS items must have a type, the type of item stored defines its properties. The properties of an Item may be a ScalarType, which defines the smallest unit of information a property can have, or a NestedType, which is a collection of more than one ScalarTypes and/or NestedTypes. All WinFS types are made available as .NET CLR

text: classes

text: These are often used to finance projects that are unconventional, great deals, or where money is needed quickly.  Typically hard money lenders will lend 50-70% of the value of the property regardless of the sales price (unlike banks).  They will typically close loans in 2–7 days.  Credit scores and income are often overlooked by hard money lenders, however they may ask to see a business plan or exit strategy for the project.  They may get paid via points (e.g. 1 point equals one percent of the total amount borrowed), interest rate (10-20% per year is common), and an equitable interest.  These will vary based on the size of the project and the agreed upon contract.  Hard money lenders are collateral based and typically require first position on the property.

text: These are often used to finance projects that are unconventional, great deals, or where money is needed quickly.  Typically

text: hard money lender

text: s will lend 50-70% of the value of the property regardless of the sales price (unlike banks).  They will typically close loans in 2–7 days.

text: Credit score

text: s and

text: income

text: are often overlooked by hard money lenders, however they may ask to see a business plan or exit strategy for the project.  They may get paid via points (e.g. 1 point equals one percent of the total amount borrowed), interest rate (10-20% per year is common), and an equitable interest.  These will vary based on the size of the project and the agreed upon contract.  Hard money lenders are

text: collateral

text: based and typically require first position on the property.

text: Due to the properties of the CDMA signaling scheme, it is possible for a CDMA phone to simultaneously receive signals from two or more radio base stations that are transmitting the same bit stream (using different transmission codes) on the different physical channels in the same frequency bandwidth. If the signal power from two or more radio base stations is nearly the same, the phone receiver can combine the received signals in such a way that the bit stream is decoded much more reliably than if only one base station were transmitting to the subscriber station. If any one of these signals fades significantly, there will be a relatively high probability of having adequate signal strength from one of the other radio base stations.

text: Due to the properties of the CDMA signaling scheme, it is possible for a CDMA phone to simultaneously receive signals from two or more radio

text: base stations

text: that are transmitting the same

text: bit stream

text: (using different transmission codes) on the different physical channels in the same frequency bandwidth. If the signal power from two or more radio base stations is nearly the same, the phone receiver can combine the received signals in such a way that the bit stream is decoded much more reliably than if only one base station were transmitting to the subscriber station. If any one of these signals fades significantly, there will be a relatively high probability of having adequate signal strength from one of the other radio base stations.

text: The prediction that light represented a transmission of energy in wave form through a "luminiferous ether", and the seeming confirmation of that prediction with Helmholtz student Heinrich Hertz's 1888 detection of electromagnetic radiation, was a major triumph for physical theory and raised the possibility that even more fundamental theories based on the field could soon be developed. Experimental confirmation of Maxwell's theory was provided by Hertz, who generated and detected electric waves in 1886 and verified their properties, at the same time foreshadowing their application in radio, television, and other devices. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect. Research on the electromagnetic waves began soon after, with many scientists and inventors conducting experiments on their properties. In the mid to late 1890s Guglielmo Marconi developed a radio wave based wireless telegraphy system (see invention of radio).

text: The prediction that light represented a transmission of energy in wave form through a "

text: luminiferous ether

text: ", and the seeming confirmation of that prediction with Helmholtz student

text: Heinrich Hertz

text: 's 1888 detection of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: , was a major triumph for physical theory and raised the possibility that even more fundamental theories based on the field could soon be developed. Experimental confirmation of Maxwell's theory was provided by Hertz, who generated and detected electric waves in 1886 and verified their properties, at the same time foreshadowing their application in radio, television, and other devices. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered the

text: photoelectric effect

text: . Research on the electromagnetic waves began soon after, with many scientists and inventors conducting experiments on their properties. In the mid to late 1890s

text: Guglielmo Marconi

text: developed a

text: radio wave

text: based

text: wireless telegraphy

text: system (see

text: invention of radio

text: The Base was formerly wholly owned by Tainui Group Holdings, the holding company for the assets of the Waikato-Tainui Iwi, and has been valued at over $250M. However, in 2016 NZX-listed Kiwi Property Group invested $192.5 million in acquiring a 50% stake. This investment values the property at $385 million.

text: The Base was formerly wholly owned by Tainui Group Holdings, the holding company for the assets of the

text: Waikato-Tainui

text: Iwi, and has been valued at over $250M. However, in 2016 NZX-listed

text: Kiwi Property Group

text: invested

text: 192.5 million in acquiring a 50% stake. This investment values the property at

text: 385 million.

text: Though it is intuitively clear what supervenience is, formally specifying what it means involves a complex technical apparatus and a family of related but subtly different definitions.  Most definitions involve comparisons of objects for indiscernibility.  According to one standard definition, a set of properties A (e.g. mental properties) supervenes on a set of properties B (e.g. neural properties), if and only if any two objects x and y which share all properties in B (are "B-indiscernible") must also share all properties in A (are "A-indiscernible"). The intuitive idea is that if you could make a physical copy of a person, you'd also be making a psychological copy of that person.   The reverse does not hold: two people could be in the same mental state, but that mental state could be supported by different brain states (the same mental state could be "multiply realizable" by different brain states).  The properties in B are called the base properties (or sometimes subjacent or subvenient properties), and the properties in A are called the supervenient properties.

text: Though it is intuitively clear what supervenience is, formally specifying what it means involves a complex technical apparatus and a family of related but subtly different definitions.  Most definitions involve comparisons of objects for indiscernibility.  According to one standard definition, a set of properties A (e.g. mental properties) supervenes on a set of properties B (e.g. neural properties), if and only if any two objects x and y which share all properties in B (are "B-

text: indiscernible

text: ") must also share all properties in A (are "A-indiscernible"). The intuitive idea is that if you could make a physical copy of a person, you'd also be making a psychological copy of that person.   The reverse does not hold: two people could be in the same mental state, but that mental state could be supported by different brain states (the same mental state could be "

text: multiply realizable

text: " by different brain states).  The properties in B are called the base properties (or sometimes subjacent or subvenient properties), and the properties in A are called the supervenient properties.

text: Any US citizen or validly licensed business can apply for a BLM grazing permit or lease. To do so, one must either buy or control private property (known as "base property") that has been legally recognized by the Bureau as having preference for the use of public land grazing privileges, or acquire property that has the capability to serve as base property and then apply to the BLM to transfer the preference for grazing privileges from an existing base property to the acquired property (which would become the new "base property").

text: The principal of this methodis based on the nucleic acid-binding properties of silica particles or diatoms in the presence of this Chaotropic agent,which are according to the Chaotropic effect. In this section, we will explain the mechanism of the "nucleic acid-binding properties of silica under the Chaotropic agent" in view of Chaotropic effect.

text: The principal of this methodis based on the nucleic acid-binding properties of silica particles or diatoms in the presence of this Chaotropic agent,which are according to the

text: Chaotropic effect

text: . In this section, we will explain the mechanism of the "nucleic acid-binding properties of silica under the Chaotropic agent" in view of Chaotropic effect.

text: The mentioned research action ‘Modelling Real Property Transactions’ investigated methods to describe selected transactions in a formal way, to allow for comparisons across countries / jurisdictions. Descriptions were performed both using a more simple format, a Basic Use Case template, and more advanced applications of the Unified Modelling Language. Process models were compared through an ontology-based methodology, and national property transaction costs were estimated for Finland and Denmark, based on the directions of the United Nations System of National Accounts.

text: The mentioned research action ‘Modelling Real Property Transactions’ investigated methods to describe selected transactions in a formal way, to allow for comparisons across countries /

text: jurisdictions

text: . Descriptions were performed both using a more simple format, a Basic Use Case template, and more advanced applications of the

text: Unified Modelling Language

text: . Process models were compared through an ontology-based methodology, and national property transaction costs were estimated for Finland and Denmark, based on the directions of the

entity_name: United Nations System of National Accounts

text: United Nations System of National Accounts

text: Ordered types correspond to noncommutative logic where exchange, contraction and weakening are discarded. This can be used to model stack-based memory allocation (contrast with linear types which can be used to model heap-based memory allocation). Without the exchange property, an object may only be used when at the top of the modelled stack, after which it is popped off resulting in every variable being used exactly once in the order it was introduced.

text: Ordered types correspond to

text: noncommutative logic

text: where exchange, contraction and weakening are discarded. This can be used to model

text: stack-based memory allocation

text: (contrast with linear types which can be used to model heap-based memory allocation). Without the exchange property, an object may only be used when at the top of the modelled stack, after which it is popped off resulting in every variable being used exactly once in the order it was introduced.

text: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the strength-based approach is limited; however, some studies have shown that working with individuals and communities through a strength lens improves individual outcomes, such as quality of life, employment, and health. On a more societal level, a strength-based approach promotes positive views of individuals and takes focus away from blame or judgement. This alternative view may contribute to de-stigmatization of certain groups and may increase positive political attention and social support. Overall, there is a need for more research and further evaluations of the strength-based approach.

text: The statistical approaches to novelty detection may be classified into parametric and non-parametric approaches. Parametric approaches assume a specific statistical distribution (such as a Gaussian distribution) of data and statistical modeling based on data mean and covariance, whereas non-parametric approaches do not make any assumption on the statistical properties of data.

text: The statistical approaches to novelty detection may be classified into

text: parametric

text: and

text: non-parametric

text: approaches. Parametric approaches assume a specific statistical distribution (such as a

text: Gaussian distribution

text: ) of data and statistical modeling based on data

text: mean

text: and

text: covariance

text: , whereas non-parametric approaches do not make any assumption on the statistical properties of data.

text: Carbon nanotubes are also a promising material as building blocks in hierarchical composite materials given their exceptional mechanical properties (~1 TPa in modulus, and ~100 GPa in strength). Initial attempts to incorporate CNTs into hierarchical structures (such as yarns, fibres or films) has led to mechanical properties that were significantly lower than these potential limits. Windle et al. have used an in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) spinning method to produce continuous CNT yarns from CVD-grown CNT aerogels. CNT yarns can also be manufactured by drawing out CNT bundles from a CNT forest and subsequently twisting to form the fibre (draw-twist method, see picture on right). The Windle group have fabricated CNT yarns with strengths as high as ~9 GPa at small gage lengths of ~1 mm, however, strengths of only about ~1 GPa were reported at the longer gage length of 20 mm. The reason why fibre strengths have been low compared to the strength of individual CNTs is due to a failure to effectively transfer load to the constituent (discontinuous) CNTs within the fibre.  One potential route for alleviating this problem is via irradiation (or deposition) induced covalent inter-bundle and inter-CNT cross-linking to effectively 'join up' the CNTs, with higher dosage levels leading to the possibility of amorphous carbon/carbon nanotube composite fibres. Espinosa et al. developed high performance DWNT-polymer composite yarns by twisting and stretching ribbons of randomly oriented bundles of DWNTs thinly coated with polymeric organic compounds. These DWNT-polymer yarns exhibited an unusually high energy to failure of ~100 J·g (comparable to one of the toughest natural materials – spider silk), and strength as high as ~1.4 GPa. Effort is ongoing to produce CNT composites that incorporate tougher matrix materials, such as Kevlar, to further improve on the mechanical properties toward those of individual CNTs.

text: Kevlar

text: , to further improve on the mechanical properties toward those of individual CNTs.

text: Inheritance allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a base class may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inheritance corresponds to what is usually meant by "inheritance". The other two forms are much less frequently used. If the access specifier is omitted, a "class" inherits privately, while a "struct" inherits publicly. Base classes may be declared as virtual; this is called virtual inheritance. Virtual inheritance ensures that only one instance of a base class exists in the inheritance graph, avoiding some of the ambiguity problems of multiple inheritance.

text: Inheritance

text: allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a

text: base class

text: may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inheritance corresponds to what is usually meant by "inheritance". The other two forms are much less frequently used. If the access specifier is omitted, a "class" inherits privately, while a "struct" inherits publicly. Base classes may be declared as virtual; this is called

text: virtual inheritance

text: . Virtual inheritance ensures that only one instance of a base class exists in the inheritance graph, avoiding some of the ambiguity problems of multiple inheritance.

text: He accepted appointment as chairman of two Australian based gold-mining companies. He visited Australia in 1935-36 to inspect properties and again in 1939.

text: Because of conservation units, populations and species that have high or differing levels of genetic variation are can be distinguished in order to manage each individually, which can ultimately differ based on a number of factors. In one instance, Atlantic salmon located within the Bay of Fundy were given evolutionary significance based on the differences in genetic sequences found among different populations. This detection of evolutionary significance can allow each population of salmon to receive customized concervation and protection based on their adaptive uniqueness in response to geogaphic location.

text: Because of conservation units, populations and species that have high or differing levels of genetic variation are can be distinguished in order to manage each individually, which can ultimately differ based on a number of factors. In one instance,

text: Atlantic salmon

text: located within the

text: Bay of Fundy

text: were given evolutionary significance based on the differences in genetic sequences found among different populations. This detection of evolutionary significance can allow each population of salmon to receive customized concervation and protection based on their adaptive uniqueness in response to geogaphic location.

text: The API separator is a gravity separation device designed using Stokes' law principles that define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their density, size and water properties. The design of the separator is based on the specific gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. Based on that design criterion, most of the suspended solids will settle to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil will rise to top of the separator, and the wastewater will be the middle layer between the oil on top and the solids on the bottom. The API Design Standards, when correctly applied, make adjustments to the geometry, design and size of the separator beyond simple Stokes Law principles. This includes allowances for water flow entrance and exit turbulence losses as well as other factors.

text: The API separator is a gravity separation device designed using

text: Stokes' law

text: principles that define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their

text: density

text: , size and water properties. The design of the separator is based on the

text: specific gravity

text: difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. Based on that design criterion, most of the suspended solids will settle to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil will rise to top of the separator, and the wastewater will be the middle layer between the oil on top and the solids on the bottom. The API Design Standards, when correctly applied, make adjustments to the geometry, design and size of the separator beyond simple Stokes Law principles. This includes allowances for water flow entrance and exit turbulence losses as well as other factors.

text: Included and pictured in this list are the historic properties which are located in what once was Williams Air Force Base. The base was once an active training base for the United States Army Air Forces, which later became the United States Air Force. The base closed in 1993. Part of the base was annexed by Mesa and the other part by the city of Phoenix. The area in which the base was located has been converted into a civilian airport called the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and an educational campus anchored by the Arizona State University and Chandler-Gilbert Community College.

text: Included and pictured in this list are the historic properties which are located in what once was

text: Williams Air Force Base

text: . The base was once an active training base for the United States Army Air Forces, which later became the United States Air Force. The base closed in 1993. Part of the base was annexed by Mesa and the other part by the city of Phoenix. The area in which the base was located has been converted into a civilian airport called the

text: Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport

text: and an educational campus anchored by the

text: Arizona State University

text: and

text: Chandler-Gilbert Community College

text: Since 47 Ursae Majoris c was detected indirectly, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. Based on its high mass, the planet is likely to be a gas giant with no solid surface.

text: Since 47 Ursae Majoris c was detected indirectly, properties such as its

text: radius

text: , composition, and

text: temperature

text: are unknown. Based on its high mass, the planet is likely to be a

text: gas giant

text: with no

text: solid

text: surface.

text: Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of private property and services (in sum, all relationships not caused by threats or violence, including exchanges of money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) in order to minimize conflict while maximizing individual liberty and prosperity. However, they also recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic. Though anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized or joint non-public) property, some propose that non-state public or community property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society. For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the compulsory state. Anarcho-capitalist libertarians believe that the only just, and/or most economically beneficial, way to acquire property is through voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based original appropriation, rather than through aggression or fraud.

text: Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based on the voluntary trade of

text: private property

text: and

text: services

text: (in sum, all relationships not caused by threats or violence, including exchanges of money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) in order to minimize conflict while maximizing individual liberty and prosperity. However, they also recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic. Though anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized or joint non-public) property, some propose that non-state public or community property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society. For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the compulsory

text: state

text: . Anarcho-capitalist

text: libertarians

text: believe that the only just, and/or most economically beneficial, way to acquire property is through voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based

text: original appropriation

text: , rather than through aggression or fraud.

text: A Shiamak Style class involves strength- and flexibility-based warm ups, passes and dance routines.

text: Since then, the strength-based approach has been adapted and applied to many contexts. In the service sector, for example, it has been applied to case management, education, community development, and working with many different groups, such as young people and people with mental illnesses. Beyond social services, in 1995, Marcus Buckingham and Donald Clifton introduced the strengths perspective to the business world.

text: This highlights the importance underlining the debate over intellectual property in conjunction with decentralized distribution systems such as today's internet. Where the price of information distribution is going towards zero with ever more efficient tools to distribute information is being invented. Growing amounts of information being distributed to an increasingly larger customer base as times goes by. With growing disintermediation in said markets and growing concerns over the protection of intellectual property rights it is not clear what form markets for information will take with the evolution of the information age.

text: This highlights the importance underlining the debate over intellectual property in conjunction with decentralized distribution systems such as today's internet. Where the price of information distribution is going towards zero with ever more efficient tools to distribute information is being invented. Growing amounts of information being distributed to an increasingly larger customer base as times goes by. With growing

text: disintermediation

text: in said markets and growing concerns over the protection of intellectual property rights it is not clear what form markets for information will take with the evolution of the information age.

text: This problem has straightforward solutions in a sufficiently powerful OO programming system. Essentially, the Circle-Ellipse problem is one of synchronizing two representations of type: the de facto type based on the properties of the object, and the formal type associated with the object by the object system. If these two pieces of information, which are ultimately only bits in the machine, are kept synchronized so that they say the same thing, everything is fine. It is clear that a circle cannot satisfy the invariants required of it while its base ellipse methods allow mutation of parameters. However, the possibility exists that when a circle cannot meet the circle invariants, its type can be updated so that it becomes an ellipse. If a circle which has become a de facto ellipse doesn't change type, then its type is a piece of information which is now out of date, reflecting the history of the object (how it was once constructed) and not its present reality (what it has since mutated into).

text: True Detective second season received mixed reviews. Praise was given to the performances of Farrell, McAdams, and Kitsch, cinematography, and action sequences. However, many critics felt it was weaker than the first season. Most criticism focused on the convoluted plot and dialogue. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 64%, based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "True Detectives second season stands on its own as a solid police drama, with memorable moments and resonant relationships outweighing predictable plot twists." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 61 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

text: True Detective second season received mixed reviews. Praise was given to the performances of Farrell, McAdams, and Kitsch, cinematography, and action sequences. However, many critics felt it was weaker than the first season. Most criticism focused on the convoluted plot and dialogue. On

text: Rotten Tomatoes

text: , the season has a rating of 64%, based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "True Detectives second season stands on its own as a solid police drama, with memorable moments and resonant relationships outweighing predictable plot twists." On

text: Metacritic

text: , the season has a score of 61 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

text: In well-defined air masses, many (or even most) clouds may have a similar cloud base because this variable is largely controlled by the thermodynamic properties of that air mass, which are relatively homogeneous on a large spatial scale. This is not the case for the cloud tops, which can vary widely from cloud to cloud, as the depth of the cloud is determined by the strength of local convection.

text: In well-defined

text: air mass

text: es, many (or even most) clouds may have a similar cloud base because this variable is largely controlled by the thermodynamic properties of that air mass, which are relatively homogeneous on a large spatial scale. This is not the case for the

text: cloud top

text: s, which can vary widely from cloud to cloud, as the depth of the cloud is determined by the strength of local

text: convection

text: What is squeezed between them is the triangle whose base is the vertical segment whose endpoints are the two dots.  The length of the base of the triangle is tan(θ + Δθ) − tan(θ), and the height is 1.  The area of the triangle is therefore

text: WPF exposes a property system for objects which inherit from DependencyObject, that is aware of the dependencies between the consumers of the property, and can trigger actions based on changes in properties. Properties can be either hard coded values or expressions, which are specific expressions that evaluate to a result. In the initial release, however, the set of expressions supported is closed. The value of the properties can be inherited from parent objects as well. WPF properties support change notifications, which invoke bound behaviors whenever some property of some element is changed. Custom behaviors can be used to propagate a property change notification across a set of WPF objects. This is used by the layout system to trigger a recalculation of the layout on property-changes, thus exposing a declarative programming style for WPF, whereby almost everything, from setting colors and positions to animating elements can be achieved by setting properties. This allows WPF applications to be written in XAML, which is a declarative mark-up language, by binding the keywords and attributes directly to WPF classes and properties.

text: WPF exposes a property system for objects which inherit from DependencyObject, that is aware of the dependencies between the consumers of the property, and can trigger actions based on changes in properties. Properties can be either hard coded values or expressions, which are specific expressions that evaluate to a result. In the initial release, however, the set of expressions supported is closed. The value of the properties can be inherited from parent objects as well. WPF properties support change notifications, which invoke bound

text: behaviors

text: whenever some property of some element is changed. Custom behaviors can be used to propagate a property change notification across a set of WPF objects. This is used by the layout system to trigger a recalculation of the layout on property-changes, thus exposing a

text: declarative programming

text: style for WPF, whereby almost everything, from setting colors and positions to animating elements can be achieved by setting properties. This allows WPF applications to be written in

text: XAML

text: , which is a declarative mark-up language, by binding the keywords and attributes directly to WPF classes and properties.

text: Harriman is now a London-based property developer.

text: In some other bases, six-digit numbers with similar properties exist, given by (base − 1)/7. E.g. in base 12 it is 186A35 and base 24 3A6LDH.

text: In some other bases, six-digit numbers with similar properties exist, given by (base − 1)/7. E.g. in

text: base 12

text: it is 186A35 and

text: base 24

text: The following properties are key indicators for automata-based programming:

text: The difference is essentially whether correlations between base and supervenient properties hold within actual worlds only, or across possible worlds. For example, if psychological properties strongly locally supervene on physical properties, then any two people physically the same, in any two worlds, will also be psychologically the same. On the other hand, if psychological properties only weakly locally supervene on physical properties, then those correlations between base and supervenient properties that hold in virtue of the supervenience relation are maintained within each world, but can be different in different worlds. For example, my physical duplicates in the actual world will have the same thoughts as I have; but my physical duplicates in other possible worlds may have different thoughts than I have in the actual world.

text: Astereognosis (or tactile agnosia if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information. An individual with astereognosis is unable to identify objects by handling them, despite intact elementary tactile, proprioceptive, and thermal sensation. With the absence of vision (i.e. eyes closed), an individual with astereognosis is unable to identify what is placed in their hand based on cues such as texture, size, spatial properties, and temperature. As opposed to agnosia, when the object is observed visually, one should be able to successfully identify the object.

text: Astereognosis (or

text: tactile

text: agnosia

text: if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information. An individual with astereognosis is unable to identify objects by handling them, despite intact elementary tactile, proprioceptive, and thermal

text: sensation

text: . With the absence of vision (i.e. eyes closed), an individual with astereognosis is unable to identify what is placed in their hand based on cues such as texture, size, spatial properties, and temperature. As opposed to agnosia, when the object is observed visually, one should be able to successfully identify the object.

text: Property tax (Dutch: Onroerendezaakbelasting (OZB)) is levied on property on a municipal basis. Only the owners of residential property and people who rent and/or own commercial space (shop, office, workshop) are taxed. People who rent a home do not pay property tax since 2006. Municipalities combine their property taxes with a tax for garbage collection, and a tax for the sewer system.Owners and users of property and land also pay taxes based on the value of property to the waterboards for the protection against floodings and cleaning of surface water and sewer water ("waterschapsbelasting"). The Dutch state is taxing owners of houses by charging "huurwaardeforfait": a percentage of the value of a house is added to the income of the owner, so the owner of a house is paying more income tax.All property related taxes are based on the value of the house estimated by the municipality: the "WOZ-waarde" ("Wet Onroerende Zaakbelasting", Law Property Tax).

text: Property tax (

text: Dutch

text: : Onroerendezaakbelasting (OZB)) is levied on property on a municipal basis. Only the owners of residential property and people who rent and/or own commercial space (shop, office, workshop) are taxed. People who rent a home do not pay property tax since 2006. Municipalities combine their property taxes with a tax for garbage collection, and a tax for the sewer system.Owners and users of property and land also pay taxes based on the value of property to the waterboards for the protection against floodings and cleaning of surface water and sewer water ("waterschapsbelasting"). The Dutch state is taxing owners of houses by charging "huurwaardeforfait": a percentage of the value of a house is added to the income of the owner, so the owner of a house is paying more income tax.All property related taxes are based on the value of the house estimated by the municipality: the "WOZ-waarde" ("Wet Onroerende Zaakbelasting", Law Property Tax).

text: Residual stresses can reduce the strength of the base material, and can lead to catastrophic failure through cold cracking. Cold cracking is limited to steels and is associated with the formation of martensite as the weld cools. The cracking occurs in the heat-affected zone of the base material. To reduce the amount of distortion and residual stresses, the amount of heat input should be limited, and the welding sequence used should not be from one end directly to the other, but rather in segments.

text: Residual stresses can reduce the strength of the base material, and can lead to catastrophic failure through cold cracking. Cold cracking is limited to steels and is associated with the formation of

text: martensite

text: as the weld cools. The cracking occurs in the heat-affected zone of the base material. To reduce the amount of distortion and residual stresses, the amount of heat input should be limited, and the welding sequence used should not be from one end directly to the other, but rather in segments.

text: Radar warning receiver (RWR) systems detect the radio emissions of radar systems. Their primary purpose is to issue a warning when a radar signal that might be a threat (such as a police speed detection radar) is detected. The warning can then be used, manually or automatically, to evade the detected threat. RWR systems can be installed in all kind of airborne, sea-based, and ground-based assets (such as aircraft, ships, automobiles, military bases). This article is focused mainly on airborne military RWR systems; for commercial police RWR systems, see radar detector.

text: Radar warning receiver (RWR) systems detect the

text: radio

text: emissions of

text: radar

text: systems. Their primary purpose is to issue a warning when a radar signal that might be a threat (such as a police

text: speed detection radar

text: ) is detected. The warning can then be used, manually or automatically, to evade the detected threat. RWR systems can be installed in all kind of airborne, sea-based, and ground-based assets (such as

text: aircraft

text: ship

text: s,

text: automobile

text: s,

text: military base

text: s). This article is focused mainly on airborne military RWR systems; for commercial police RWR systems, see

text: radar detector

text: The intermediate value theorem is an existence theorem, based on the real number property of completeness, and states:

text: The

text: intermediate value theorem

text: is an

text: existence theorem

text: , based on the real number property of

text: completeness

text: , and states:

text: Informally, a graph property is a property of a graph that is independent of labeling. More formally, a graph property is a mapping from the set of all graphs to {0,1} such that isomorphic graphs are mapped to the same value. For example, the property of containing at least 1 vertex of degree 2 is a graph property, but the property that the first vertex has degree 2 is not, because it depends on the labeling of the graph (in particular, it depends on which vertex is the "first" vertex). A graph property is called non-trivial if it doesn't assign the same value to all graphs. For instance, the property of being a graph is a trivial property, since all graphs possess this property. On the other hand, the property of being empty is non-trivial, because the empty graph possesses this property, but non-empty graphs do not. A graph property is said to be monotone if the addition of edges does not destroy the property. Alternately, if a graph possesses a monotone property, then every supergraph of this graph on the same vertex set also possesses it. For instance, the property of being nonplanar is monotone: a supergraph of a nonplanar graph is itself nonplanar. However, the property of being regular is not monotone.

text: Informally, a

text: graph property

text: is a property of a graph that is independent of labeling. More formally, a graph property is a mapping from the set of all graphs to {0,1} such that isomorphic graphs are mapped to the same value. For example, the property of containing at least 1 vertex of degree 2 is a graph property, but the property that the first vertex has degree 2 is not, because it depends on the labeling of the graph (in particular, it depends on which vertex is the "first" vertex). A graph property is called non-trivial if it doesn't assign the same value to all graphs. For instance, the property of being a graph is a trivial property, since all graphs possess this property. On the other hand, the property of being empty is non-trivial, because the

text: empty graph

text: possesses this property, but non-empty graphs do not. A graph property is said to be

text: monotone

text: if the addition of edges does not destroy the property. Alternately, if a graph possesses a monotone property, then every

text: supergraph

text: of this graph on the same vertex set also possesses it. For instance, the property of being

text: nonplanar

text: is monotone: a supergraph of a nonplanar graph is itself nonplanar. However, the property of being

text: regular

text: is not monotone.

text: Since the determination of marital property is rule based, it is implemented using directed graphs.

text: Since the determination of marital property is rule based, it is implemented using

text: directed graph

text: s.

text: For these systems it could not be established on what technology they are based. If you know more about the actual hardware used by these systems, then please move them to the correct class.

text: The Faculty of Law at the University of Calgary offers a thesis-based and a course-based LLM program, a Post-baccalaureate Certificate in Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law, and special case PhDs. The program is focused on the strengths of the law school which are international law, regulatory law and property law theory. Graduate studies at the law school contribute to general academic research, produce legal scholarship, and develop specialized expertise in focus areas of the legal profession. With permission, graduate law students may also take graduate courses in outside faculties as part of the program.

text: The Faculty of Law at the University of Calgary offers a thesis-based and a course-based LLM program, a Post-baccalaureate Certificate in Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law, and special case

text: PhD

text: s. The program is focused on the strengths of the law school which are

text: international law

text: regulatory law

text: and

text: property law

text: theory. Graduate studies at the law school contribute to general academic research, produce legal scholarship, and develop specialized expertise in focus areas of the legal profession. With permission, graduate law students may also take graduate courses in outside faculties as part of the program.

text: Jarvis employed use of the California iniative process of which "Prop 13" was made into law and the iniative became popular with California homeowners. "Prop 13" placed a ceiling on property taxes which had previously been assessed relative to assessed value based on current market valuation of real property by county assessors. That the iniative process of Proposition 13 created a different formula for property taxes (1% of purchase price of property) was popular with the 1970s single family homeowner of California. Jarvis argued an assessed value of property based on unattained gain that exceeds the original home purchase price is an unrealized gain and homeowners found "Prop 13" appealing since it was based on the actual purchase price of real estate.  During the inflationary period of the 1970s assessments had increased each year and single-family homeowners who had purchased their homes in an earlier time claimed the new tax assessments unaffordable.  The "Prop 13" iniative sets a formula for property taxation at 1% of the purchase price of real estate.

text: Fungible property (e.g., bushels of wheat or shares of corporation stock) may include items of property acquired at different times with differing bases. If such property is sold, the taxpayer may need to use an assumption (such as average cost or FIFO) for determining the cost of the portion of the property sold.

text: Fungible property (e.g., bushels of wheat or shares of corporation stock) may include items of property acquired at different times with differing bases. If such property is sold, the taxpayer may need to use an assumption (such as

text: average cost

text: or

text: FIFO

text: ) for determining the cost of the portion of the property sold.

text: "A radiologist using rule-based categorization would observewhether specific properties of an X-ray image meet certaincriteria; for example, is there an extreme difference in brightnessin a suspicious region relative to other regions? A decision isthen based on this property alone." (see Rouder and Ratcliff 2006)

text: In France, revolutionaries began using the term anarchiste in a positive light as early as September 1793.  Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his treatise What is Property?, and is often described as the founder of modern anarchist theory.  He developed the theory of spontaneous order in society, in which organisation emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests – "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order."  Proudhon answers his own question in What is Property? with the famous statement, "Property is theft."  He opposed the institution of decreed property ("proprietorship") in which owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish, and contrasted this with usufruct ("possession"), or limited ownership of resources only while in more or less continuous use.  Later, Proudhon added that "Property is Liberty," and argued that it was a bulwark against state power.  His opposition to the state, organized religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists, and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.

text: In France, revolutionaries began using the term anarchiste in a positive light as early as September 1793.

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: was the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his treatise

text: What is Property?

text: , and is often described as the founder of modern anarchist theory.  He developed the theory of

text: spontaneous order

text: in society, in which organisation emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests – "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order."  Proudhon answers his own question in What is Property? with the famous statement, "

text: Property is theft

text: ."  He opposed the institution of decreed property ("proprietorship") in which owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish, and contrasted this with

text: usufruct

text: ("possession"), or limited ownership of resources only while in more or less continuous use.  Later, Proudhon added that "Property is Liberty," and argued that it was a bulwark against state power.  His opposition to the state, organized religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists, and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.

text: The business scope expanded significantly when it acquired the rival biotechnology and cell culture company Life Technologies/GIBCO in 2000. Since then, the company has continued to add technologies through a series of mergers and acquisitions, which have broadened its customer base and strengthened its intellectual property portfolio. Among these, established companies such as Ethrog Biotechnology, Molecular Probes (fluorescence-based detection),  Dynal (magnetic bead–based separation), Panvera (proteins and assays for drug screening), InforMax (software for computational biology and bioinformatics), BioSource (cellular pathway analysis), CellzDirect (cell products and services for research) and Zymed and Caltag Laboratories (primary and secondary antibodies) have been brought under the Invitrogen brand.

text: The business scope expanded significantly when it acquired the rival

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: cell culture

text: company Life Technologies/GIBCO in 2000. Since then, the company has continued to add technologies through a series of mergers and acquisitions, which have broadened its customer base and strengthened its intellectual property portfolio. Among these, established companies such as Ethrog Biotechnology, Molecular Probes (

text: fluorescence

text: -based detection),  Dynal (magnetic bead–based separation), Panvera (proteins and assays for

text: drug screening

text: ), InforMax (software for computational biology and bioinformatics), BioSource (cellular pathway analysis), CellzDirect (cell products and services for research) and Zymed and Caltag Laboratories (primary and secondary

text: antibodies

text: ) have been brought under the Invitrogen brand.

text: Kearney Base became the nucleus of what is now Forward Operating Base Sharana.

text: Polymer properties are broadly divided into several classes based on the scale at which the property is defined as well as upon its physical basis. The most basic property of a polymer is the identity of its constituent monomers. A second set of properties, known as microstructure, essentially describe the arrangement of these monomers within the polymer at the scale of a single chain. These basic structural properties play a major role in determining bulk physical properties of the polymer, which describe how the polymer behaves as a continuous macroscopic material. Chemical properties, at the nano-scale, describe how the chains interact through various physical forces. At the macro-scale, they describe how the bulk polymer interacts with other chemicals and solvents.

text: Polymer properties are broadly divided into several classes based on the scale at which the property is defined as well as upon its physical basis. The most basic property of a polymer is the identity of its constituent monomers. A second set of properties, known as

text: microstructure

text: , essentially describe the arrangement of these monomers within the polymer at the scale of a single chain. These basic structural properties play a major role in determining bulk physical properties of the polymer, which describe how the polymer behaves as a continuous macroscopic material. Chemical properties, at the nano-scale, describe how the chains interact through various physical forces. At the macro-scale, they describe how the bulk polymer interacts with other chemicals and solvents.

text: Notable features include strong bias towards declarative rule-based style of programming and ability to infer types and properties of objects from the way they are used.  For example, the statement "John wears a hat." creates a "person" called "John" (since only people are capable of wearing things), creates a "thing" with the "wearable" property (since only objects marked "wearable" are capable of being worn), and sets John as wearing the hat.

text: Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts. Personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation, but property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is one-third of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

text: Property tax

text: is imposed on

text: real property

text: by the state, by counties, and by school districts. Personal-use

text: personal property

text: is not subject to property taxation, but property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is one-third of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30

text: mill

text: s is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.

text: One of the most apparent influences from this series was the creation of what became DC Comics' answer to X-Men's character-based storytelling style, The New Teen Titans by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez, which became a highly successful and influential property in its own right. Wolfman would associate himself with the title for sixteen years, while Perez established a large fanbase and sought-after pencilling style. A successful cartoon based on the Titans of the Bronze Age of Comics was launched in 2003, and lasted for three years.

text: One of the most apparent influences from this series was the creation of what became DC Comics' answer to X-Men's character-based storytelling style,

text: The New Teen Titans

text: by

text: Marv Wolfman

text: and

text: George Pérez

text: , which became a highly successful and influential property in its own right. Wolfman would associate himself with the title for sixteen years, while Perez established a large fanbase and sought-after pencilling style. A successful cartoon based on the Titans of the Bronze Age of Comics was launched in 2003, and lasted for three years.

text: Book V discusses the base of "property"—that which is attributable only to a particular subject and is not an essential attribute. Property is subdivided into essential and permanent, versus relative and temporary.

text: National Retail Properties () is a real estate company based in Orlando, Florida. The company invests in single-tenant, triple-net lease retail properties.

text: National Retail Properties () is a real estate company based in

text: Orlando, Florida

text: . The company invests in single-tenant, triple-net lease retail properties.

text: The redevelopment of the site is expected to affect a number of businesses that lease space within the Honest Ed's building, and a number of standalone businesses on neighbouring streets under the same property ownership. The property's sale to Vancouver-based Westbank Properties, a luxury developer of hotels, residences and office space, was announced in October 2013, but David Mirvish announced that he would rent the property from Westbank for two to three years, during which time Honest Ed's and the Mirvish Village businesses would continue to operate until the developer decided what to do with the 1.8 hectare parcel of land.

text: Modernizr offers tests for more than 250 features, then creates a JavaScript object (named "Modernizr") that contains the results of these tests as boolean properties.  It also adds classes to the HTML element based on what features are and are not natively supported.

text: Modernizr offers tests for more than 250 features, then creates a

text: JavaScript

text: object (named "Modernizr") that contains the results of these tests as

text: boolean

text: properties.  It also adds classes to the

text: HTML

text: element based on what features are and are not natively supported.

text: When describing base in mathematical notation, the letter b is generally used as a symbol for this concept, so, for a binary system, b equals 2. Another common way of expressing the base is writing it as a decimal subscript after the number that is being represented. 1111011 implies that the number 1111011 is a base-2 number, equal to 123 (a decimal notation representation), 173 (octal) and 7B (hexadecimal). In books and articles, when using initially the written abbreviations of number bases, the base is not subsequently printed: it is assumed that binary 1111011 is the same as 1111011.

text: When describing base in

text: mathematical notation

text: , the letter b is generally used as a

text: symbol

text: for this concept, so, for a

text: binary

text: system, b

text: equals

text: 2. Another common way of expressing the base is writing it as a decimal subscript after the number that is being represented. 1111011 implies that the number 1111011 is a base-2 number, equal to 123 (a

text: decimal notation

text: representation), 173 (

text: octal

text: ) and 7B (

text: hexadecimal

text: ). In books and articles, when using initially the written abbreviations of number bases, the base is not subsequently printed: it is assumed that binary 1111011 is the same as 1111011.

text: DSLRs typically use autofocus based on phase detection. This method allows the optimal lens position to be calculated, rather than "found", as would be the case with autofocus based on contrast maximisation. Phase-detection autofocus is typically faster than other passive techniques. As the phase sensor requires the same light going to the image sensor, it was previously only possible with an SLR design.  However, with the introduction of focal-plane phase detect autofocusing in mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras by Sony, Fuji, Olympus and Panasonic, cameras can now employ both phase detect and contrast detect AF points concurrently with higher content awareness.

text: Eversheds was originally established in 1988 by a four-way merger between Manchester-based Alexander Tatham & Co, Sheffield-based Broomheads & Neals, Norwich-based Daynes Hill & Perks and Birmingham-based Evershed & Tomkinson. Later in 1988 the combined firm merged with Newcastle upon Tyne-based Ingledew Botterell Roche & Temperley. In 1989 the firm merged with Cardiff-based Philips & Buck and Nottingham-based Wells & Hind. In 1990 the firm merged with Leeds-based Hepworth & Chadwick. In 1991 the firm merged with Ipswich-based Turner Martin & Symes. In 1992 the firm rebranded all of its member firms with the prefix 'Eversheds', the names of which were shortened to just 'Eversheds' in 1995. Eversheds merged with Bristol-based Holt Philips in 1994 and the London and Brussels offices of Jacques & Lewis in 1995. In May 1996 the insurance, corporate and property groups of London-based Waltons & Morse joined Eversheds. In August 1997 Eversheds merged with Newcastle upon Tyne-based Wilkinson Maughan. In May 1998 Eversheds formed an alliance with Copenhagen-based Sandal Lunoe and acquired the London, Paris, Sofia and Moscow offices of Frere Cholmeley Bischoff. In November 1998 Eversheds merged with Cambridge-based Palmer Wheeldon. In 2000 Eversheds merged with Newcastle upon Tyne-based Linsley & Mortimer and financially integrated all of its UK offices.

text: Eversheds was originally established in 1988 by a four-way merger between

text: Manchester

text: -based Alexander Tatham & Co,

text: Sheffield

text: -based Broomheads & Neals,

text: Norwich

text: -based Daynes Hill & Perks and

text: Birmingham

text: -based Evershed & Tomkinson. Later in 1988 the combined firm merged with

text: Newcastle upon Tyne

text: -based Ingledew Botterell Roche & Temperley. In 1989 the firm merged with

text: Cardiff

text: -based Philips & Buck and

text: Nottingham

text: -based Wells & Hind. In 1990 the firm merged with

text: Leeds

text: -based Hepworth & Chadwick. In 1991 the firm merged with

text: Ipswich

text: -based Turner Martin & Symes. In 1992 the firm rebranded all of its member firms with the prefix 'Eversheds', the names of which were shortened to just 'Eversheds' in 1995. Eversheds merged with

text: Bristol

text: -based Holt Philips in 1994 and the London and

text: Brussels

text: offices of Jacques & Lewis in 1995. In May 1996 the insurance, corporate and property groups of London-based Waltons & Morse joined Eversheds. In August 1997 Eversheds merged with Newcastle upon Tyne-based Wilkinson Maughan. In May 1998 Eversheds formed an alliance with

text: Copenhagen

text: -based Sandal Lunoe and acquired the London,

text: Paris

text: Sofia

text: and

text: Moscow

text: offices of Frere Cholmeley Bischoff. In November 1998 Eversheds merged with

text: Cambridge

text: -based Palmer Wheeldon. In 2000 Eversheds merged with Newcastle upon Tyne-based Linsley & Mortimer and financially integrated all of its UK offices.

text: An example of a collection of open sets which is not a base is the set S of all semi-infinite intervals of the forms (−∞, a) and (a, ∞), where a is a real number. Then S is not a base for any topology on R. To show this, suppose it were. Then, for example, (−∞, 1) and (0, ∞) would be in the topology generated by S, being unions of a single base element, and so their intersection (0,1) would be as well. But (0, 1) clearly cannot be written as a union of the elements of S. Using the alternate definition, the second property fails, since no base element can "fit" inside this intersection.

text: The window period for a test is the amount of time from the initial infection event until the disease can be detected. Exposure to HIV, followed by replication of the virus, may take as long as six months to reach a level detectable in many testing methods. An HIV antibody test usually detects the HIV antibodies within two to eight weeks, but can have a valid negative result for a long as 2 to 6 months after initial infection. Viral load tests can also be used to diagnose HIV infection, especially in children under 18 months born to mothers with HIV, where the presence of maternal antibodies prevents the use of antibody-based (ELISA) diagnostic tests. Pooled viral RNA testing shortens the window period to a median of 17 days (95% CI, 13-28 Days). Although it is not the standard of care to use this test for diagnosis, in communities with high HIV prevalence, this test has a significantly improved negative predictive value over 3rd and 4th generation tests for detecting acute HIV infections.

text: The

text: window period

text: for a test is the amount of time from the initial infection event until the disease can be detected. Exposure to HIV, followed by replication of the virus, may take as long as six months to reach a level detectable in many testing methods. An

text: HIV antibody test

text: usually detects the HIV

text: antibodies

text: within two to eight weeks, but can have a valid negative result for a long as 2 to 6 months after initial infection. Viral load tests can also be used to diagnose HIV infection, especially in children under 18 months born to mothers with HIV, where the presence of maternal antibodies prevents the use of antibody-based (

text: ELISA

text: diagnostic tests

text: . Pooled viral RNA testing shortens the window period to a median of 17 days (95% CI, 13-28 Days). Although it is not the standard of care to use this test for diagnosis, in communities with high HIV prevalence, this test has a significantly improved negative predictive value over 3rd and 4th generation tests for detecting acute HIV infections.

text: The twenty-first season of the Case Closed anime was directed by Koujin Ochi and Yasuichiro Yamamoto and produced by TMS Entertainment and Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation. The series is based on Gosho Aoyama's Case Closed manga series. In Japan, the series is titled  but was changed due to legal issues with the title Detective Conan. The series focuses on the adventures of teenage detective Shinichi Kudo who was turned into a child by a poison called APTX 4869, but continues working as a detective under the alias Conan Edogawa.

text: The twenty-first season of the

text: Case Closed

text: anime

text: was directed by

text: Koujin Ochi

text: and

text: Yasuichiro Yamamoto

text: and produced by

text: TMS Entertainment

text: and

text: Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation

text: . The series is based on

text: Gosho Aoyama

text: 's Case Closed

text: manga

text: Shinichi Kudo

text: APTX 4869

text: There are several basic definitions for what is meant by stability. Some are based on summations of random variables and others on properties of characteristic functions.

text: There are several basic definitions for what is meant by stability. Some are based on summations of random variables and others on properties of

entity_name: Characteristic function (probability theory)

text: characteristic function

text: s.

text: The paradigms are revisited when Henderson talks about standards. Standards are an important topic in education and seeing the Transformative Standards he puts forth shows them in a new light. Received standards stress the importance of “standardized factual knowledge and skills, knowledge and skills that are testable with a large population, and criteria based on a predetermined metric based on counting”. These standards are not based on the students or what they have learned. Henderson’s Transformative Standards are based on student understanding and wisdom. Taking what the student knows of the subject and allowing them to show their understanding through demonstration and performances.

text: The paradigms are revisited when Henderson talks about

text: standards

text: . Standards are an important topic in education and seeing the Transformative Standards he puts forth shows them in a new light. Received standards stress the importance of “standardized factual knowledge and skills, knowledge and skills that are testable with a large population, and criteria based on a predetermined metric based on

text: counting

text: ”. These standards are not based on the students or what they have learned. Henderson’s Transformative Standards are based on student understanding and wisdom. Taking what the student knows of the subject and allowing them to show their understanding through demonstration and performances.

text: As seen above, the strength of a base depends primarily on pH. To help describe the strengths of weak bases, it is helpful to know the percentage protonated-the percentage of base molecules that have been protonated. A lower percentage will correspond with a lower pH because both numbers result from the amount of protonation. A weak base is less protonated, leading to a lower pH and a lower percentage protonated.

text: Weak bases exist in chemical equilibrium much in the same way as weak acids do, with a base dissociation constant (K) indicating the strength of the base. For example, when ammonia is put in water, the following equilibrium is set up:

text: Weak bases exist in

text: chemical equilibrium

text: much in the same way as

text: weak acid

text: s do, with a

text: base dissociation constant

text: (K) indicating the strength of the base. For example, when ammonia is put in water, the following equilibrium is set up:

text: Due to their non-crystalline (amorphous) structures, Liquidmetals are harder than alloys of titanium or aluminum of similar composition. The zirconium and titanium based Liquidmetal alloys achieved yield strength of over 1723 MPa, nearly twice the strength of conventional crystalline titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V is ~830 MPa), and about the strength of high-strength steels and some highly engineered bulk composite materials (see tensile strength for a list of common materials). However, the early casting methods introduced microscopic flaws that were excellent sites for crack propagation which led to Vitreloy being fragile like glass. Although strong, these early batches shattered easily when struck. Newer casting methods, adjustments of the alloy mixtures and other changes have improved this.

text: Due to their non-crystalline (

text: amorphous

text: ) structures, Liquidmetals are harder than alloys of

text: titanium

text: or

text: aluminum

text: of similar composition. The zirconium and titanium based Liquidmetal alloys achieved

text: yield strength

text: of over 1723 MPa, nearly twice the strength of conventional crystalline titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V is ~830 MPa), and about the strength of high-strength steels and some highly engineered bulk

text: composite material

text: s (see

text: tensile strength

text: for a list of common materials). However, the early casting methods introduced microscopic flaws that were excellent sites for crack propagation which led to Vitreloy being fragile like glass. Although strong, these early batches shattered easily when struck. Newer casting methods, adjustments of the alloy mixtures and other changes have improved this.

text: As of the 2014-15 school year, Prospect Park's share of funding for the Manchester had more than doubled in the previous decade, with property taxes for the regional district rising nearly $700 on the average home in the previous two years after a 2013 change by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education to the district's funding formula that allocated costs with half based on enrollment and half based on valuation, a formula that benefitted North Haledon. Haledon and Prospect Park had argued that property valuation should be the basis for assessing district taxes, while North Haledon, with the largest property valuation, had argued that funding should be based exclusively on enrollment.

text: As of the 2014-15 school year, Prospect Park's share of funding for the Manchester had more than doubled in the previous decade, with property taxes for the regional district rising nearly $700 on the average home in the previous two years after a 2013 change by the Commissioner of the

text: New Jersey Department of Education

text: to the district's funding formula that allocated costs with half based on enrollment and half based on valuation, a formula that benefitted North Haledon. Haledon and Prospect Park had argued that property valuation should be the basis for assessing district taxes, while North Haledon, with the largest property valuation, had argued that funding should be based exclusively on enrollment.

text: Cooking base, sometimes called soup base, is a concentrated flavoring compound used in place of stock for the creation of soups, sauces, and gravies. Since it can be purchased rather than prepared fresh, it is commonly used in restaurants where cost is a more important factor than achieving haute cuisine. Veal and chicken base are common, as are beef, lamb and vegetable base. Soup base is available in many levels of quality. Today, these products are produced in low and very low sodium varieties, seafood and vegetarian.

text: Cooking base, sometimes called soup base, is a concentrated flavoring compound used in place of

text: stock

text: for the creation of

text: soups

text: sauces

text: , and

text: gravies

text: . Since it can be purchased rather than prepared fresh, it is commonly used in restaurants where cost is a more important factor than achieving

text: haute cuisine

text: . Veal and chicken base are common, as are beef, lamb and vegetable base. Soup base is available in many levels of quality. Today, these products are produced in low and very low sodium varieties, seafood and vegetarian.

text: Certain capital gains are deferred; that is, they are taxed at a time later than the year of disposition. Gains on property sold for installment payments may be recognized as those payments are received. Gains on property exchanged for like kind property are not recognized, and the tax basis of the new property is based on the tax basis of the old property.

text: When ideally implemented, this process mixes the material without changing the phase (by melting or otherwise) and creates a microstructure with fine, equiaxed grains. This homogeneous grain structure, separated by high-angle boundaries, allows some aluminium alloys to take on superplastic properties. Friction stir processing also enhances the tensile strength and fatigue strength of the metal. In tests with actively cooled magnesium-alloy workpieces, the microhardness was almost tripled in the area of the friction stir processed seam (to 120–130 Vickers hardness).

text: When ideally implemented, this process mixes the material without

text: changing the phase

text: (by

text: melting

text: or otherwise) and creates a

text: microstructure

text: with fine,

text: equiaxed

text: grains

text: . This homogeneous grain structure, separated by high-angle boundaries, allows some

text: aluminium alloy

text: s to take on

text: superplastic

text: properties. Friction stir processing also enhances the

text: tensile strength

text: and

text: fatigue strength

text: of the metal. In tests with actively cooled magnesium-alloy workpieces, the

text: microhardness

text: was almost tripled in the area of the friction stir processed seam (to 120–130

text: Vickers hardness

text: The base used must not interfere with the reaction by undergoing nucleophilic substitution or addition with a carbonyl carbon. For this reason, the conjugate sodium alkoxide base of the alcohol formed (e.g. sodium ethoxide if ethanol is formed) is often used, since the alkoxide is regenerated. In mixed Claisen condensations, a non-nucleophilic base such as lithium diisopropylamide, or LDA, may be used, since only one compound is enolizable. LDA is not commonly used in the classic Claisen or Dieckmann condensations due to enolization of the electrophilic ester.

text: The base used must not interfere with the reaction by undergoing

text: nucleophilic

text: substitution

text: or

text: addition

text: with a carbonyl carbon. For this reason, the conjugate sodium

text: alkoxide

text: base of the alcohol formed (e.g.

text: sodium ethoxide

text: if

text: ethanol

text: is formed) is often used, since the alkoxide is regenerated. In mixed Claisen condensations, a

text: non-nucleophilic base

text: such as

text: lithium diisopropylamide

text: , or LDA, may be used, since only one compound is enolizable. LDA is not commonly used in the classic Claisen or

text: Dieckmann condensation

text: s due to enolization of the

text: electrophilic

text: ester.

text: Base-12 systems (duodecimal or dozenal) have been popular because multiplication and division are easier than in base-10, with addition and subtraction being just as easy. Twelve is a useful base because it has many factors. It is the smallest common multiple of one, two, three, four and six. There is still a special word for "dozen" in English, and by analogy with the word for 10, hundred, commerce developed a word for 12, gross. The standard 12-hour clock and common use of 12 in English units emphasize the utility of the base. In addition, prior to its conversion to decimal, the old British currency Pound Sterling (GBP) partially used base-12; there were 12 pence (d) in a shilling (s), 20 shillings in a pound (£), and therefore 240 pence in a pound. Hence the term LSD or, more properly, £sd.

text: Base-12 systems (

text: duodecimal

text: or dozenal) have been popular because multiplication and division are easier than in base-10, with addition and subtraction being just as easy. Twelve is a useful base because it has many

text: factors

text: . It is the smallest common multiple of one, two, three, four and six. There is still a special word for "dozen" in English, and by analogy with the word for 10, hundred, commerce developed a word for 12, gross. The standard 12-hour clock and common use of 12 in English units emphasize the utility of the base. In addition, prior to its conversion to decimal, the old British currency

text: Pound Sterling

text: (GBP) partially used base-12; there were 12 pence (d) in a shilling (s), 20 shillings in a pound (£), and therefore 240 pence in a pound. Hence the term LSD or, more properly,

text: £sd

text: The above property can be informally observed by considering the primes of a chain in base 2. (Note that, as with all bases, multiplying by the number of the base "shifts" the digits to the left.) When we consider

text: The properties are controlled by pulp quality, crêping and additives (both in base paper and as coating). The wet strength is often an important parameter for tissue paper.

text: The properties are controlled by

text: pulp

text: quality,

text: crêping

text: and additives (both in base paper and as coating). The

text: wet strength

text: is often an important parameter for tissue paper.

text:
Guarding home plate on plays in which a baserunner attempts to score a run. The catcher is often obliged to catch a ball thrown from a fielder and to tag out a runner arriving from third base. Naturally, the runner's objective, in this situation, is to elude the catcher's tag and touch the plate. Prior to 2014, the catcher's best strategy was to block the runner's path so as to prevent the runner from reaching the plate at all. Collisions between runners and catchers were common. Since the start of the 2014 season, a catcher may only obstruct a runner's path to home plate when he, the catcher, is in possession of the ball.  Without the ball in hand, the catcher must allow the runner to score uncontested. If the catcher drops the ball while tagging the runner, the runner is safe. Although contact between a runner and a catcher was generally allowed in the major leagues until the beginning of the 2014 season, little league, high school, and college runners are encouraged or mandated to avoid significant contact.
Preventing stolen bases by throwing to second base or third base to allow an infielder to tag a baserunner attempting to reach the base. A catcher who is very good at preventing stolen bases is said to have a low stolen-base percentage; a poor one has many bases stolen while he catches. (A pitcher who is slow to deliver is often more at fault for stolen bases than the catcher is.) Ideally, a catcher should be able to get the ball from his glove to that of the player covering second base in under two seconds. This is referred to as a catcher's "pop time", the time elapsing between the popping sound of the pitch striking the catcher's mitt and the similar pop when the ball arrives at the glove of the fielder covering second base.
Rarely, a catcher can make a successful pick-off throw to a base to surprise an inattentive or incautious baserunner. Especially at the higher levels of baseball (where this play almost never results in an out), the catcher's snap throws are mainly for psychological effect. If the runner knows that the catcher often attempts snap throws, the runner is likely to take a smaller lead from his base before each pitch, which will allow the infielders an extra fraction of a second to throw the runner out at the next base if he attempts to advance (as, for example, when a ground ball is hit). Yadier Molina of the St. Louis Cardinals is known for using pickoffs with success, particularly at first base. Teams may sometimes call a deliberate play, the pitchout, wherein the pitcher intentionally throws the ball wide and high to the catcher, who comes out of his crouch to receive it and relays the ball quickly to a base to put a runner out.
Rarely, a catcher will run to first base or third base to participate in rundown plays at those bases.
In certain game situations, typically a ball batted to the shortstop or third baseman with no runners on base, the catcher may be expected to back-up first base in case the first baseman misses or mishandles a throw.
In certain game situations, when a runner is on first and the batter bunts the ball or hits the ball softly, which causes the third baseman to rush in to get the ball and throw to first base, the catcher must cover third base so that the runner from first base does not advance to third base on the play and this then forces the third baseman to cover home plate.

text: Guarding home plate on plays in which a baserunner attempts to score a run. The catcher is often obliged to catch a ball thrown from a fielder and to

text: tag out

text: a runner arriving from third base. Naturally, the runner's objective, in this situation, is to elude the catcher's tag and touch the plate. Prior to 2014, the catcher's best strategy was to block the runner's path so as to prevent the runner from reaching the plate at all. Collisions between runners and catchers were common. Since the start of the 2014 season, a catcher may only obstruct a runner's path to home plate when he, the catcher, is in possession of the ball.  Without the ball in hand, the catcher must allow the runner to score uncontested. If the catcher drops the ball while tagging the runner, the runner is safe. Although contact between a runner and a catcher was generally allowed in the major leagues until the beginning of the 2014 season, little league, high school, and college runners are encouraged or mandated to avoid significant contact.<br>Preventing

text: stolen base

text: s by throwing to

text: second base

text: or

text: third base

text: to allow an

text: infielder

text: to tag a

text: baserunner

text: attempting to reach the base. A catcher who is very good at preventing stolen bases is said to have a low stolen-base percentage; a poor one has many bases stolen while he catches. (A pitcher who is slow to deliver is often more at fault for stolen bases than the catcher is.) Ideally, a catcher should be able to get the ball from his glove to that of the player covering second base in under two seconds. This is referred to as a catcher's "pop time", the time elapsing between the popping sound of the pitch striking the catcher's mitt and the similar pop when the ball arrives at the glove of the fielder covering second base.<br>Rarely, a catcher can make a successful

text: pick-off

text: throw to a base to surprise an inattentive or incautious baserunner. Especially at the higher levels of baseball (where this play almost never results in an out), the catcher's snap throws are mainly for psychological effect. If the runner knows that the catcher often attempts snap throws, the runner is likely to take a smaller lead from his base before each pitch, which will allow the infielders an extra fraction of a second to throw the runner out at the next base if he attempts to advance (as, for example, when a

text: ground ball

text: is hit).

text: Yadier Molina

text: of the

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: is known for using pickoffs with success, particularly at first base. Teams may sometimes call a deliberate play, the

text: pitchout

text: , wherein the pitcher intentionally throws the ball wide and high to the catcher, who comes out of his crouch to receive it and relays the ball quickly to a base to put a runner out.<br>Rarely, a catcher will run to first base or third base to participate in

text: rundown

text: plays at those bases.<br>In certain game situations, typically a ball batted to the

text: shortstop

text: or

text: third baseman

text: with no runners on base, the catcher may be expected to back-up first base in case the first baseman misses or mishandles a throw.<br>In certain game situations, when a runner is on first and the batter bunts the ball or hits the ball softly, which causes the third baseman to rush in to get the ball and throw to first base, the catcher must cover third base so that the runner from first base does not advance to third base on the play and this then forces the third baseman to cover home plate.

text: Robert Brown Parker (September 17, 1932 – January 18, 2010) was an American crime writer. His most famous works were the 40 novels written about the private detective Spenser. ABC television network developed the television series Spenser: For Hire based on the character in the mid-1980s; a series of TV movies based on the character were also produced. His works incorporate encyclopedic knowledge of the Boston metropolitan area. The Spenser novels have been cited by critics and bestselling authors such as Robert Crais, Harlan Coben and Dennis Lehane as not only influencing their own work but reviving and changing the detective genre.  Parker also wrote two other series based on an individual character:  He wrote nine novels based on the character Jesse Stone and six novels based on the character Sunny Randall.

text: Robert Brown Parker (September 17, 1932 – January 18, 2010) was an American

text: crime writer

text: . His most famous works were the 40 novels written about the

text: private detective

text: Spenser

text: ABC

text: television network developed the

text: television series

text: Spenser: For Hire

text: based on the character in the mid-1980s; a

text: series of TV movies

text: based on the character were also produced. His works incorporate encyclopedic knowledge of the

text: Boston

text: metropolitan area. The Spenser novels have been cited by critics and bestselling authors such as

text: Robert Crais

text: Harlan Coben

text: and

text: Dennis Lehane

text: as not only influencing their own work but reviving and changing the detective genre.  Parker also wrote two other series based on an individual character:  He wrote nine novels based on the character

text: Jesse Stone

text: and six novels based on the character Sunny Randall.

text: After welding, a number of distinct regions can be identified in the weld area. The weld itself is called the fusion zone—more specifically, it is where the filler metal was laid during the welding process. The properties of the fusion zone depend primarily on the filler metal used, and its compatibility with the base materials. It is surrounded by the heat-affected zone, the area that had its microstructure and properties altered by the weld. These properties depend on the base material's behavior when subjected to heat. The metal in this area is often weaker than both the base material and the fusion zone, and is also where residual stresses are found.

text: After welding, a number of distinct regions can be identified in the weld area. The weld itself is called the fusion zone—more specifically, it is where the filler metal was laid during the welding process. The properties of the fusion zone depend primarily on the filler metal used, and its compatibility with the base materials. It is surrounded by the

text: heat-affected zone

text: , the area that had its microstructure and properties altered by the weld. These properties depend on the base material's behavior when subjected to heat. The metal in this area is often weaker than both the base material and the fusion zone, and is also where residual stresses are found.

text: Waspaloy is an age-hardenable, nickel-based superalloy with excellent strength properties through temperatures of roughly 980°C (1800°F). Other characteristics of Waspaloy include good corrosion resistance, as well as being relatively impervious to oxidation making it well suited for service in extreme environments.

text: Waspaloy is an age-hardenable, nickel-based

text: superalloy

text: with excellent strength properties through temperatures of roughly 980°C (1800°F). Other characteristics of Waspaloy include good

text: corrosion

text: resistance, as well as being relatively impervious to

text: oxidation

text: making it well suited for service in extreme environments.

text: Okena is an intrusion detection company based in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was acquired by Cisco Systems on January 24, 2003.Okena's technology is behavior-based as opposed to the signatures that most intrusion detection systems are based on.

text: Okena is an

text: intrusion detection

text: company based in

text: Waltham, Massachusetts

text: . It was acquired by

text: Cisco Systems

text: on January 24, 2003.Okena's technology is behavior-based as opposed to the signatures that most intrusion detection systems are based on.

text: In addition to her research, Comite's practice in New York City is based on a philosophical concept of the innate uniqueness of each human. Her method begins with the collecting of data on a patient to address the individual’s status via what Comite refers to as a precision health analysis.  Dr. Comite’s focus is on personalized treatment paths based on customized tracts incorporating unique aspects for each patient based on a myriad of variables such as lifestyle, metabolism, hormonal and genetic factors, in conjunction with evidence-based medicine to help patients best manage their aging process. Comite also works on helping males deal with what she refers to as Male Menopause.

text: The p-adic numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the left of the decimal point, in the same way that real numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the right. The number system that results depends on what base is used for the digits: any base is possible, but a prime number base provides the best mathematical properties. The set of the p-adic numbers contains the rational numbers, but is not contained in the complex numbers.

text: The p-adic numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the left of the decimal point, in the same way that real numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the right. The number system that results depends on what

text: base

text: is used for the digits: any base is possible, but a

text: prime number

text: base provides the best mathematical properties. The set of the p-adic numbers contains the rational numbers, but is not contained in the complex numbers.

text: New High -grade Fruit Paper Production TechnologyNew High-set strength Paper Pulp TechnologyHigh-strength Water-resistant Packaging Material Manufacturing ProcessesPhysical Properties of Paper Manufacturing CardboardHoneycomb Base Paper Manufacturing Technology

text: If a company's value is based on its technology, it is often equally important for the business owners to obtain intellectual property protection for their idea.  The newsmagazine The Economist estimated that up to 75% of the value of US public companies is now based on their intellectual property (up from 40% in 1980).  Often, 100% of a small startup company's value is based on its intellectual property. As such, it is important for technology-oriented startup companies to develop a sound strategy for protecting their intellectual capital as early as possible. Startup companies, particularly those associated with new technology, sometimes produce huge returns to their creators and investors—a recent example of such is Google, whose creators became billionaires through their stock ownership and options. However, the failure rate of startup companies is very high. One common reason for failure is that startup companies can run out of funding, without securing their next round of investment or before becoming profitable enough to pay their staff. When this happens, it can leave employees without paychecks. Sometimes these companies are purchased by other companies, if they are deemed to be viable, but oftentimes they leave employees with very little recourse to recoup lost income for worked time.

text: If a company's value is based on its technology, it is often equally important for the business owners to obtain

text: intellectual property protection

text: for their idea.  The newsmagazine

text: The Economist

text: estimated that up to 75% of the value of US public companies is now based on their

text: intellectual property

text: (up from 40% in 1980).  Often, 100% of a small startup company's value is based on its intellectual property. As such, it is important for technology-oriented startup companies to develop a sound strategy for protecting their

text: intellectual capital

text: as early as possible. Startup companies, particularly those associated with new technology, sometimes produce huge returns to their creators and investors—a recent example of such is

text: Google

text: , whose creators became billionaires through their stock ownership and options. However, the failure rate of startup companies is very high. One common reason for failure is that startup companies can run out of funding, without securing their next round of investment or before becoming profitable enough to pay their staff. When this happens, it can leave employees without paychecks. Sometimes these companies are purchased by other companies, if they are deemed to be viable, but oftentimes they leave employees with very little recourse to recoup lost income for worked time.

text: Materials with high tensile strengths with negligible elongation properties are reinforced with woven or nonwoven fabrics. The fibres used for making the fabric are of high tenacity like Jute, Glass Fibre, Kevlar, Polypropylene, Polyamides (Nylon) etc. The weaving of the fabric is done either in a coil fashion or in a layer fashion. Molten materials, ceramic clays, plastics or cement concrete are deposited on the base fabric in such a way that the inner fabric is completely wrapped with the concrete or plastic.

text: Materials with high

text: tensile strength

text: s with negligible

text: elongation

text: properties are reinforced with

text: woven

text: or

text: nonwoven

text: fabrics. The

text: fibres

text: used for making the fabric are of high tenacity like

text: Jute

text: Glass Fibre

text: Kevlar

text: Polypropylene

text: Polyamides

text: (Nylon) etc. The

text: weaving

text: of the fabric is done either in a coil fashion or in a layer fashion. Molten materials,

text: ceramic

text: clays, plastics or cement concrete are deposited on the base fabric in such a way that the inner fabric is completely wrapped with the concrete or plastic.

text: The hexadecimal form is specified to be 14 digits grouped together and applies whether all digits are in the decimal range or whether some are in the range 'A'-'F'. In the first case, all digits are in the range '0'-'9', the check-digit is calculated using the normal base 10 Luhn algorithm, but if at least one digit is in the range 'A'-'F' this check digit algorithm uses base 16 arithmetic. The check-digit is never transmitted or stored. It is intended to detect most (but not all) input errors, it is not intended to be a checksum or CRC to detect transmission errors. Consequently, it may be printed on phones or their packaging in case of manual entry of an MEID (e.g. because there is no bar  code or the bar code is unreadable).

text: The hexadecimal form is specified to be 14 digits grouped together and applies whether all digits are in the decimal range or whether some are in the range 'A'-'F'. In the first case, all digits are in the range '0'-'9', the check-digit is calculated using the normal base 10

text: Luhn

text: algorithm, but if at least one digit is in the range 'A'-'F' this check digit algorithm uses base 16 arithmetic. The check-digit is never transmitted or stored. It is intended to detect most (but not all) input errors, it is not intended to be a checksum or CRC to detect transmission errors. Consequently, it may be printed on phones or their packaging in case of manual entry of an MEID (e.g. because there is no bar  code or the bar code is unreadable).

text: Structure- and sequence-based prediction of DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins can be performed on several web servers listed below.DISIS predicts DNA binding sites directly from amino acid sequence and hence is applicable for all known proteins. It is based on the chemical-physical properties of the residue and its environment, predicted structural features and evolutionary data. It uses machine learning algorithms.DISIS2 receives the raw amino acid sequence and generates all features from it, such as secondary structure, solvent accessibility, disorder, b-value, protein-protein interaction, coiled coils, and evolutionary profiles, etc. The amount of predicted features is much larger than of DISIS (previous version). Finally, DISIS2 is able to predict DNA-binding residues from protein sequence of DNA-binding proteins.DNABindR predicts DNA binding sites from amino acid sequences using machine learning algorithms.DISPLAR makes a prediction based on properties of protein structure. Knowledge of the protein structure is required BindN makes a prediction based on chemical properties of the input protein sequence. Knowledge of the protein structure is not required.BindN+ is an upgraded version of BindN that applies support vector machines (SVMs) to sequence-based prediction of DNA or RNA-binding residues from biochemical features and evolutionary information.DP-Bind combines multiple methods to make a consensus prediction based on the profile of evolutionary conservation and properties of the input protein sequence. Profile of evolutionary conservation is automatically generated by the web-server. Knowledge of the protein structure  is not required.DBS-PSSMand DBS-Predpredict the DNA-binding in a protein from their sequence information.

text: support vector machine

text: s (SVMs) to sequence-based prediction of DNA or RNA-binding residues from biochemical features and evolutionary information.DP-Bind combines multiple methods to make a consensus prediction based on the profile of evolutionary conservation and properties of the input protein sequence. Profile of evolutionary conservation is automatically generated by the web-server. Knowledge of the protein structure  is not required.DBS-PSSMand DBS-Predpredict the DNA-binding in a protein from their sequence information.

text: There are two types of SI units, base units and derived units.  Base units are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and light intensity.  Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the Watt, i.e. the unit for power, is defined from the base units as m·kg·s. Other physical properties may be measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m.

text: There are two types of SI units, base units and derived units.  Base units are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and light intensity.  Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the

text: Watt

text: , i.e. the unit for power, is defined from the base units as m·kg·s. Other physical properties may be measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m.

text: The structure of a nucleic acid molecule consists of a sequence of nucleotides distinguished by which nucleobase they contain. In DNA, the four bases present are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).  Nucleic acids have the property that two molecules will only bind to each other to form a double helix if the two sequences are complementary, meaning that they form matching sequences of base pairs, with A only binding to T, and C only to G.  Because the formation of correctly matched base pairs is energetically favorable, nucleic acid strands are expected in most cases to bind to each other in the conformation that maximizes the number of correctly paired bases.  The sequences of bases in a system of strands thus determine the pattern of binding and the overall structure in an easily controllable way.  In DNA nanotechnology, the base sequences of strands are rationally designed by researchers so that the base pairing interactions cause the strands to assemble in the desired conformation.  While DNA is the dominant material used, structures incorporating other nucleic acids such as RNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) have also been constructed.

text: The

text: structure

text: of a nucleic acid molecule consists of a sequence of

text: nucleotide

text: s distinguished by which

text: nucleobase

text: they contain. In DNA, the four bases present are

text: adenine

text: (A),

text: cytosine

text: (C),

text: guanine

text: (G), and

text: thymine

text: (T).  Nucleic acids have the property that two molecules will only bind to each other to form a double helix if the two sequences are

text: complementary

text: , meaning that they form matching sequences of base pairs, with A only binding to T, and C only to G.  Because the formation of correctly matched base pairs is

text: energetically favorable

text: , nucleic acid strands are expected in most cases to bind to each other in the conformation that maximizes the number of correctly paired bases.  The sequences of bases in a system of strands thus determine the pattern of binding and the overall structure in an easily controllable way.  In DNA nanotechnology, the base sequences of strands are rationally designed by researchers so that the base pairing interactions cause the strands to assemble in the desired conformation.  While

text: DNA

text: is the dominant material used, structures incorporating other nucleic acids such as

text: RNA

text: and

text: peptide nucleic acid

text: (PNA) have also been constructed.

text: On August 10, 1960 the American flag was lowered at Pepperrell AFB and the Union Jack and the Canadian Red Ensign were raised as the base property was transferred back to the Crown, Her Majesty in Right of Canada.  The Government of Canada kept a small portion of the base for use as what is now CFS St. John's.  The remainder was transferred to the Government of Newfoundland, which subsequently sold off and developed the remainder of the property.

text: On August 10, 1960 the

text: American flag

text: was lowered at Pepperrell AFB and the

text: Union Jack

text: and the

text: Canadian Red Ensign

text: were raised as the base property was transferred back to the Crown, Her Majesty in Right of Canada.  The Government of Canada kept a small portion of the base for use as what is now

text: CFS St. John's

text: .  The remainder was transferred to the Government of Newfoundland, which subsequently sold off and developed the remainder of the property.

text: Schiff bases of isatin are investigated for their pharmaceutical properties.

text: Schiff base

text: s of isatin are investigated for their pharmaceutical properties.

text: Value-based pricing is defined based on the value that a product or service can deliver to a predefined segment of customers which are the main factor for setting prices (Hinterhuber, 2008, 42), as value-based pricing depends on the strength of benefits that a company can prove and offer to their customers. Thus, value is the most important driving force in every business decision as value focuses on the price the potential customers are willing to pay based on the benefit offered by the business]

text: Digital Copy files based on transcoding solutions can use the correct audio track and subtitle based on the user's location or choice and individually create the digital copy based on the target device properties (video and audio bitrate, display resolution, aspect ratio).

text: Digital Copy files based on transcoding solutions can use the correct audio track and

text: subtitle

text: based on the user's location or choice and individually create the digital copy based on the target device properties (video and audio bitrate,

text: display resolution

text: aspect ratio

text: Ion Torrent Systems Inc. developed a sequencing approach based on standard DNA replication chemistry. This technology measures the release of a hydrogen ion each time a base is incorporated. A microwell containing template DNA is flooded with a single nucleotide, if the nucleotide is complementary to the template strand it will be incorporated and a hydrogen ion will be released. This release triggers an ISFET ion sensor. If a homopolymer is present in the template sequence multiple nucleotides will be incorporated in a single flood cycle, and the detected electrical signal will be proportionally higher.

text: Ion Torrent Systems Inc. developed a sequencing approach based on standard DNA replication chemistry. This technology measures the release of a hydrogen ion each time a base is incorporated. A microwell containing template DNA is flooded with a single

text: nucleotide

text: , if the nucleotide is complementary to the template strand it will be incorporated and a hydrogen ion will be released. This release triggers an

text: ISFET

text: ion sensor. If a

text: homopolymer

text: is present in the template sequence multiple nucleotides will be incorporated in a single flood cycle, and the detected electrical signal will be proportionally higher.

text: The estimated error rate of standard next-generation sequencing platforms is 10 - 10 per base call. With this error rate billions of base calls that are produced by NGS will results in millions of the errors. The errors are introduced during sample preparation and sequencing such as polymerase , sequencing and image analysis errors. While the NGS platforms error rate is admissible to some applications such as detection of clonal variants, it is a major limit for applications that require higher accuracy for detection of low frequency variants such as detection of intra-organismal mosaicism, subclonal variants in genetically heterogeneous cancers or circulating tumor DNA.

text: The estimated error rate of standard

text: next-generation sequencing

text: platforms is 10 - 10 per base call. With this error rate billions of base calls that are produced by NGS will results in millions of the errors. The errors are introduced during sample preparation and sequencing such as

text: polymerase

text: , sequencing and image analysis errors. While the NGS platforms error rate is admissible to some applications such as detection of

text: clonal variants

text: , it is a major limit for applications that require higher accuracy for detection of low frequency variants such as detection of intra-organismal

text: mosaicism

text: subclonal variants

text: in genetically

text: heterogeneous cancers

text: or circulating tumor DNA.

text: The basis of property is generally the property's cost: the amount paid for the property in cash or other property. Holding period refers to the duration of time owned based on the purchase date.

text: A full anneal typically results in the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy. Its purpose is to originate a uniform and stable microstructure that most closely resembles the metal's phase diagram equilibrium microstructure, thus letting the metal attain relatively low levels of hardness, yield strength and ultimate strength with high plasticity and toughness. To perform a full anneal on a steel for example, steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form austenite or austenite-cementite grain structure.  The material is then allowed to cool very slowly so that the equilibrium microstructure is obtained. In most cases this means the material is allowed to furnace cool (the furnace is turned off and the steel is let cool down inside) but in some cases it's air cooled. The cooling rate of the steel has to be sufficiently slow so as to not let the austenite transform into bainite or martensite, but rather have it completely transform to pearlite and ferrite or cementite. This means that steels that are very hardenable (i.e. tend to form martensite under moderately low cooling rates) have to be furnace cooled. The details of the process depend on the type of metal and the precise alloy involved. In any case the result is a more ductile material but a lower yield strength and a lower tensile strength. This process is also called LP annealing for lamellar pearlite in the steel industry as opposed to a process anneal, which does not specify a microstructure and only has the goal of softening the material. Often the material to be machined is annealed, and then subject to further heat treatment to achieve the final desired properties.

text: A full anneal typically results in the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy. Its purpose is to originate a uniform and stable microstructure that most closely resembles the metal's phase diagram equilibrium microstructure, thus letting the metal attain relatively low levels of hardness, yield strength and ultimate strength with high plasticity and toughness. To perform a full anneal on a steel for example, steel is heated to slightly above the austenitic temperature and held for sufficient time to allow the material to fully form

text: austenite

text: or austenite-cementite grain structure.  The material is then allowed to cool very slowly so that the

text: equilibrium

text: microstructure is obtained. In most cases this means the material is allowed to furnace cool (the furnace is turned off and the steel is let cool down inside) but in some cases it's air cooled. The cooling rate of the steel has to be sufficiently slow so as to not let the

text: austenite

text: transform into

text: bainite

text: or

text: martensite

text: , but rather have it completely transform to

text: pearlite

text: and

text: ferrite

text: or

text: cementite

text: . This means that steels that are very

text: hardenable

text: (i.e. tend to form martensite under moderately low cooling rates) have to be furnace cooled. The details of the process depend on the type of metal and the precise alloy involved. In any case the result is a more ductile material but a lower

text: yield strength

text: and a lower

text: tensile strength

text: . This process is also called LP annealing for lamellar pearlite in the steel industry as opposed to a process anneal, which does not specify a microstructure and only has the goal of softening the material. Often the material to be machined is annealed, and then subject to further heat treatment to achieve the final desired properties.

text: The original hydraulics fluid, dating back to the time of ancient Egypt, was water. Beginning in the 1920s, mineral oil began to be used more than water as a base stock due to its inherent lubrication properties and ability to be used at temperatures above the boiling point of water. Today most hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil base stocks.

text: The original hydraulics fluid, dating back to the time of

text: ancient Egypt

text: , was

text: water

text: . Beginning in the 1920s,

text: mineral oil

text: began to be used more than water as a base stock due to its inherent

text: lubrication

text: properties and ability to be used at temperatures above the

text: boiling point

text: of water. Today most hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil base stocks.

text: An action for conversion may be maintained by persons having the immediate right of possession of the article converted.  In order for a plaintiff to recover in a suit for conversion, it is necessary that the plaintiff establish a right to the property and what is converted.  An immediate right to possession at the time of conversion is usually all that is required in the way of title or possession to enable the plaintiff to maintain an action.  The possession of personal property carries with it the presumption of title, and enables the possessor to maintain an action for conversion against any person except the rightful owner.  As against a stranger with no possession rights, mere possession alone is good enough, and in such a case, the plaintiff need prove no more than possession. Generally, a peaceable possession of land, even though wrongful, is a sufficient interest on which to base an action for conversion against a trespasser upon the land who severs property from the soil as part of the trespass, although neither party has title to the land or the property severed therefrom.

text: A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.

text: A nitrogenous base, or

text: nitrogen

text: -containing

text: base

text: , is an

text: organic molecule

text: with a nitrogen

text: atom

text: that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to

text: bond

text: nucleic acid

text: s together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the

text: lone pair

text: of

text: electron

text: s of a nitrogen atom.

text: Payments for Federally Connected Children, otherwise known as "basic support payments," are made through a formula grant program that provides assistance to local school districts with concentrations of children residing on Indian lands, military bases, low-rent housing properties, or other Federal properties, and concentrations of children who have parents in the uniformed services or employed on eligible Federal properties who do not live on Federal property.  School districts submit student counts annually for each of the eligible categories.  Each category is given a different weight in the funding formula.  For example, children who live on and whose parents work on Federal property are given a weight of one, while children who live in Federal low-rent housing (subject to the Housing Act of 1937) are given a weight of 0.10, and children whose parents are in the military but do not live on base are given a weight of 0.20.  Students with disabilities in certain categories are weighted an additional amount, and payments for these students come from a separate appropriation.  The funding formula also accounts for average daily attendance in the district, percentage of students in the district who are federally connected, how many state and local funds are paid per student in the district, and the amount Impact Aid contributes to the district's total expenditures. Congress has funded this grant annually since the inception of the Impact Aid law.

text: Payments for Federally Connected Children, otherwise known as "basic support payments," are made through a formula grant program that provides assistance to local school districts with concentrations of children residing on Indian lands,

text: military base

text: s, low-rent housing properties, or other Federal properties, and concentrations of children who have parents in the uniformed services or employed on eligible Federal properties who do not live on Federal property.  School districts submit student counts annually for each of the eligible categories.  Each category is given a different weight in the funding formula.  For example, children who live on and whose parents work on Federal property are given a weight of one, while children who live in Federal low-rent housing (subject to the

text: Housing Act of 1937

text: ) are given a weight of 0.10, and children whose parents are in the military but do not live on base are given a weight of 0.20.  Students with disabilities in certain categories are weighted an additional amount, and payments for these students come from a separate appropriation.  The funding formula also accounts for average daily attendance in the district, percentage of students in the district who are federally connected, how many state and local funds are paid per student in the district, and the amount Impact Aid contributes to the district's total expenditures. Congress has funded this grant annually since the inception of the Impact Aid law.

text: Following its closure in 1966, the base property was relinquished by the Government of the United States to the Government of Canada, under the terms of the original deal. The Government of Canada subsequently transferred the base property to the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, which established the Harmon Corporation to oversee the disposition and use of the base property and facilities.

text: Following its closure in 1966, the base property was relinquished by the

text: Government of the United States

text: to the

text: Government of Canada

text: , under the terms of the original deal. The

text: Government of Canada

text: subsequently transferred the base property to the

text: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador

text: , which established the Harmon Corporation to oversee the disposition and use of the base property and facilities.

text: HOAs establish a new community as a municipal corporation.  Voting in an HOA is based on property ownership,  Only property owners are eligible to vote. Renters are prohibited from directly voting the unit, although they can deal directly with their landlords under their lease contract, since that is the party who has responsibility to them.

text: The Royal Australian Air Force maintains several air bases, including three which are only occasionally activated. The RAAF's operational headquarters, Air Command, is located at RAAF Base Glenbrook near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at RAAF Base Amberley near Ipswich, Queensland, RAAF Base Tindal near Katherine, Northern Territory and RAAF Base Williamtown near Newcastle, New South Wales. The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at RAAF Base Richmond in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the Jindalee Operational Radar Network. Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at RAAF Base Pearce near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at RAAF Base East Sale near Sale, Victoria and RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include RAAF Base Darwin and RAAF Base Townsville and three 'bare bases' in Queensland and Western Australia. Of the RAAF's operational bases, only Tindal is located near an area in which the service's aircraft might feasibly see combat. While this protects the majority of the RAAF's assets from air attack, most air bases are poorly defended and aircraft are generally hangared in un-hardened shelters.

text: The Royal Australian Air Force maintains several air bases, including three which are only occasionally activated. The RAAF's operational headquarters,

text: Air Command

text: , is located at

text: RAAF Base Glenbrook

text: near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at

text: RAAF Base Amberley

text: near

text: Ipswich, Queensland

text: RAAF Base Tindal

text: near

text: Katherine, Northern Territory

text: and

text: RAAF Base Williamtown

text: near

text: Newcastle, New South Wales

text: . The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at

text: RAAF Base Edinburgh

text: near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at

text: RAAF Base Richmond

text: in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the

text: Jindalee Operational Radar Network

text: . Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at

text: RAAF Base Pearce

text: near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at

text: RAAF Base East Sale

text: near

text: Sale, Victoria

text: and RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include

text: RAAF Base Darwin

text: and

text: RAAF Base Townsville

text: and three

text: 'bare bases'

text: in

text: Queensland

text: and Western Australia. Of the RAAF's operational bases, only Tindal is located near an area in which the service's aircraft might feasibly see combat. While this protects the majority of the RAAF's assets from air attack, most air bases are poorly defended and aircraft are generally hangared in un-hardened shelters.

text: DNA can have mutations that cause a base in the DNA strand to be damaged.  To ensure genetic integrity of the DNA, enzymes need to repair any damage.  There are many types of DNA repair.  Base excision repair utilizes base flipping to flip the damaged base out of the double helix and into the specificity pocket of a glycosylase which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond and removes the base.  DNA glycosylases interact with DNA, flipping bases to determine a mismatch.  An example of base excision repair occurs when a cytosine base is deaminated and becomes a uracil base.  This causes a U:G mispair which is detected by Uracil DNA glycosylase.  The uracil base is flipped out into the glycosylase active pocket where it is removed from the DNA strand.   Base flipping is used to repair mutations such as 8-Oxoguanine (oxoG) and  thymine dimers created by UV radiation.

text: DNA can have

text: mutation

text: s that cause a base in the DNA strand to be damaged.  To ensure genetic integrity of the DNA, enzymes need to repair any damage.  There are many types of

text: DNA repair

text: Base excision repair

text: utilizes base flipping to flip the damaged base out of the double helix and into the specificity pocket of a

text: glycosylase

text: which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond and removes the base.  DNA glycosylases interact with DNA, flipping bases to determine a mismatch.  An example of base excision repair occurs when a cytosine base is deaminated and becomes a uracil base.  This causes a U:G mispair which is detected by

text: Uracil DNA glycosylase

text: .  The uracil base is flipped out into the glycosylase active pocket where it is removed from the DNA strand.   Base flipping is used to repair mutations such as

text: (oxoG) and

text: thymine dimer

text: s created by UV radiation.

text: As well as using 3D structure and family precedence, it is possible to estimate druggability using other properties of a protein such as features derived from the amino-acid sequence (feature-based druggability) which is applicable to assessing small-molecule based druggability or biotherapeutic-based druggability or the properties of ligands or compounds known to bind the protein (Ligand-based druggability).

text: Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size. In other words, tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart), whereas compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together). Ultimate tensile strength is measured by the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.

text: Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to

text: compressive strength

text: , which withstands loads tending to reduce size. In other words, tensile strength resists

text: tension

text: (being pulled apart), whereas compressive strength resists

text: compression

text: (being pushed together). Ultimate tensile strength is measured by the maximum

text: stress

text: that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In the study of

text: strength of materials

text: shear strength

text: can be analyzed independently.

text: Ranking, Classifying, and Comparing: Specific properties are useful for making comparisons about one attribute while cancelling out the effect of variations in another attribute.  For instance, steel alloys are typically stronger than aluminum alloys but are also much denser.  Greater strength allows less metal to be used, which makes the choice between the two metals less than obvious.  To simplify the comparison, one would compare the specific strength (strength to weight ratio) of the two metals.  A more everyday example is grocery shopping.  The two kilogram package sells for a higher price than the one kilogram package, but what matters is the "specific price", commonly called the unit cost (cost per kilogram).

text: Ranking, Classifying, and Comparing: Specific properties are useful for making comparisons about one attribute while cancelling out the effect of variations in another attribute.  For instance, steel alloys are typically stronger than aluminum alloys but are also much denser.  Greater strength allows less metal to be used, which makes the choice between the two metals less than obvious.  To simplify the comparison, one would compare the

text: specific strength

text: (strength to weight ratio) of the two metals.  A more everyday example is grocery shopping.  The two kilogram package sells for a higher price than the one kilogram package, but what matters is the "specific price", commonly called the unit cost (cost per kilogram).

text: Although 135 Hertha has long been classified as an M-type asteroid based on its spectral properties, observations carried out by Rivkin et al. in 1996 using the IRTF at Mauna Kea Observatory have raised the possibility of reclassification.  The presence of a dip in the observed spectrum at 3 μm indicates that the surface is hydrated, suggesting that 135 Hertha should be reclassified as a W-type (a "wet M-type") asteroid.  Based on work carried out by Salisbury and Walter, the Rivkin study estimated the water content of the asteroid to be between 0.14 and 0.27 percent by mass; it should be noted, however, that this estimate is based on laboratory measurements and may not be applicable to asteroids in space.

text: Although 135 Hertha has long been classified as an M-type asteroid based on its spectral properties, observations carried out by Rivkin et al. in 1996 using the

text: IRTF

text: at

text: Mauna Kea Observatory

text: have raised the possibility of reclassification.  The presence of a dip in the observed spectrum at 3 μm indicates that the surface is hydrated, suggesting that 135 Hertha should be reclassified as a W-type (a "wet M-type") asteroid.  Based on work carried out by Salisbury and Walter, the Rivkin study estimated the water content of the asteroid to be between 0.14 and 0.27 percent by mass; it should be noted, however, that this estimate is based on laboratory measurements and may not be applicable to asteroids in space.

text: On February 22, 1952, the now-completed Site Able was renamed Manzano Base and turned over to the operational control of the Air Force.  The Denver Post story apparently was correct insofar as it described the general nature of the base. What appeared to be secure bunkers were visible to people (mostly military personnel) who went to a recreational camping area nearby known as Coyote Canyon. The military, however, never officially confirmed the nature of the activities at Manzano Base. At one point, a military spokesman said that Manzano Base had nothing to do with Sandia Base. Manzano has since been identified as the first of six original National Stockpile Sites (NSS) (for nuclear weapons). The other original NSS installations similar to Manzano were: Site Baker at Killeen Base, adjacent to Gray Air Force Base and Fort Hood, Texas; Site Charlie at Campbell Air Force Base and adjacent to Fort Campbell (Tennessee and Kentucky); Site Dog at Bossier Base, adjacent to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana; Lake Mead Base, adjacent to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada; and Medina Base, adjacent to Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.

text: On February 22, 1952, the now-completed Site Able was renamed Manzano Base and turned over to the operational control of the Air Force.  The Denver Post story apparently was correct insofar as it described the general nature of the base. What appeared to be secure bunkers were visible to people (mostly military personnel) who went to a recreational camping area nearby known as Coyote Canyon. The military, however, never officially confirmed the nature of the activities at Manzano Base. At one point, a military spokesman said that Manzano Base had nothing to do with Sandia Base. Manzano has since been identified as the first of six original National Stockpile Sites (NSS) (for nuclear weapons). The other original NSS installations similar to Manzano were: Site Baker at Killeen Base, adjacent to Gray Air Force Base and

text: Fort Hood

text: , Texas; Site Charlie at Campbell Air Force Base and adjacent to

text: Fort Campbell

text: (Tennessee and Kentucky); Site Dog at Bossier Base, adjacent to

text: Barksdale Air Force Base

text: , Louisiana; Lake Mead Base, adjacent to

text: Nellis Air Force Base

text: , Nevada; and

text: Medina Base

text: , adjacent to

text: Lackland Air Force Base

text: , Texas.

text: Many networking and security companies claim to detect and control Skype's protocol for enterprise and carrier applications. While the specific detection methods used by these companies are often private, Pearson's chi-squared test and naive Bayes classification are two approaches that were published in 2008. Combining statistical measurements of payload properties (such as byte frequencies and initial byte sequences) as well as flow properties (like packet sizes and packet directions) has also shown to be an effective method for identifying Skype's TCP- and UDP-based protocols.

text: Many networking and security companies claim to detect and control Skype's protocol for enterprise and carrier applications. While the specific detection methods used by these companies are often private,

text: Pearson's chi-squared test

text: and

text: naive Bayes classification

text: are two approaches that were published in 2008. Combining statistical measurements of payload properties (such as byte frequencies and initial byte sequences) as well as flow properties (like packet sizes and packet directions) has also shown to be an effective method for identifying Skype's TCP- and UDP-based protocols.

text: Most legal systems distinguish between different types of property, especially between land (immovable property, estate in land, real estate, real property) and all other forms of property—goods and chattels, movable property or personal property, including the value of legal tender if not the legal tender itself, as the manufacturer rather than the possessor might be the owner. They often distinguish tangible and intangible property. One categorization scheme specifies three species of property: land, improvements (immovable man-made things), and personal property (movable man-made things).

text: Most

text: legal system

text: s distinguish between different types of property, especially between land (

text: immovable property

text: estate in land

text: real estate

text: real property

text: ) and all other forms of property—goods and

text: chattels

text: movable property

text: or

text: personal property

text: , including the

text: value of legal tender

text: if not the

text: legal tender itself

text: , as the

text: manufacturer

text: rather than the possessor might be the owner. They often distinguish

text: tangible

text: and

text: intangible property

text: . One categorization scheme specifies three species of property: land, improvements (immovable man-made things), and personal property (movable man-made things).

text: The missile was the culmination of a major Soviet effort to develop a medium solid-fueled missile with multiple basing modes: silo-based and rail-based versions were deployed, and a road-mobile version was considered but rejected.  This made for a much more survivable ICBM, as the rail-based missiles could move around the rail network and thus be difficult to detect and track. The new missile was to replace the older liquid-fueled SS-19 missiles which were entirely silo-based. Its US counterpart was the MX missile.

text: The missile was the culmination of a major Soviet effort to develop a medium solid-fueled missile with multiple basing modes: silo-based and rail-based versions were deployed, and a road-mobile version was considered but rejected.  This made for a much more survivable ICBM, as the rail-based missiles could move around the rail network and thus be difficult to detect and track. The new missile was to replace the older liquid-fueled

text: missiles which were entirely silo-based. Its

text: US

text: counterpart was the

text: MX missile

text: An alternative valuation may be used for income producing property based on economic concepts.  Using the income approach, value is determined based on present values expected income streams from the property.  Selection of an appropriate discount rate in determining present values is a key judgmental factor influencing valuation under this approach.

text: Where recent comparable property sales are not available, a cost based approach may be used.  In this approach, the original or replacement cost of a property is reduced by an allowance for decline in value (depreciation) of improvements.  In some jurisdictions, the amount of depreciation may be limited by statute.  Where original cost is used, it may be adjusted for inflation or increases or decreases in cost of constructing improvements.  Replacement cost may be determined by estimates of construction costs.

text: In the detection sub-process location and property vectors are recorded to allow particle localization for ejection and material classification for discrimination purposes. All detection technologies applied have in common to be cheap, contactless and fast. The technologies are subdivided in transmitting and reflecting groups, the first measuring the inner content of a particle while the later only uses the surface reflection for discrimination. Surface, or reflection technologies have the disadvantage that the surfaces need to be representing the content, thus need to be clean from clay and dust adhesions. But by default surface reflection technologies violate the Fundamental Sampling Principle because not all components of a particle have the same probability of being detected. The main transmitting technologies are EM (Electromagnetics) and XRT (X-ray-Transmission). EM detection is based on the conductivity of the material passing an alternating electromagnetic field. The principle of XRT is widely known through the application in medical diagnostics and airport luggage scanners. The main surface or reflection technologies are traditionally X-ray luminescence detectors capturing the fluorescence of diamonds under the excitation of X-ray radiation and color cameras detecting brightness and colour difference. Spectroscopic methods such as near-infrared spectroscopy known from remote sensing in exploration in mining for decades, have found their way into industrial scale sensor-based sorters. Advantage of the application of near-infrared spectroscopy is that the evidence can be measured on the presence of specific molecular bonds, thus minerals composition of the near-infrared active minerals. There is more detection technologies available on industrial scale sensor-based ore sorters. Readers that want to go into detail can find more in the literature.

text: In the detection sub-process location and property vectors are recorded to allow particle localization for ejection and material classification for discrimination purposes. All detection technologies applied have in common to be cheap, contactless and fast. The technologies are subdivided in transmitting and reflecting groups, the first measuring the inner content of a particle while the later only uses the surface reflection for discrimination. Surface, or reflection technologies have the disadvantage that the surfaces need to be representing the content, thus need to be clean from clay and dust adhesions. But by default surface reflection technologies violate the Fundamental Sampling Principle because not all components of a particle have the same probability of being detected. The main transmitting technologies are EM (

text: Electromagnetics

text: ) and XRT (

text: X-ray

text: -Transmission). EM detection is based on the conductivity of the material passing an alternating

text: electromagnetic field

text: . The principle of XRT is widely known through the application in medical diagnostics and airport luggage scanners. The main surface or reflection technologies are traditionally X-ray

text: luminescence

text: detectors capturing the

text: fluorescence

text: of

text: diamond

text: s under the

text: excitation

text: of X-ray radiation and color cameras detecting brightness and colour difference. Spectroscopic methods such as

text: near-infrared spectroscopy

text: known from remote sensing in exploration in mining for decades, have found their way into industrial scale sensor-based sorters. Advantage of the application of near-infrared spectroscopy is that the evidence can be measured on the presence of specific

text: molecular bonds

text: , thus minerals composition of the near-infrared active minerals. There is more detection technologies available on industrial scale sensor-based ore sorters. Readers that want to go into detail can find more in the literature.

text: A modified version of the Daewoo CPC-300E was one of the types of MSX-computers which had some distribution in Russia during the mid-1980s - 1990s. At the present time, in some cities, 10-15 new and sealed computers can be found (some owners sell them at Russian online auctions). These computers were a property of some schools. These computers were bought to replace older MSX-based computer in classes which used the Yamaha YIS503 and Yamaha YIS805 (Yamaha distributed these computers in the USSR during the mid-1980s). For example, the Daewoo-based computers were used in the schools of Primorsky Krai. However, Daewoo computers, used for this purposes, were the standard Korean versions, and they do not contain Russian letters on the keyboard, as Yamaha's models did. Also an English manual is packaged with these computers.

text: A modified version of the Daewoo CPC-300E was one of the types of MSX-computers which had some distribution in Russia during the mid-1980s - 1990s. At the present time, in some cities, 10-15 new and sealed computers can be found (some owners sell them at Russian online auctions). These computers were a property of some schools. These computers were bought to replace older MSX-based computer in classes which used the

text: Yamaha YIS503

text: and

text: Yamaha YIS805

text: (Yamaha distributed these computers in the

text: USSR

text: during the mid-1980s). For example, the Daewoo-based computers were used in the schools of

text: Primorsky Krai

text: . However, Daewoo computers, used for this purposes, were the standard Korean versions, and they do not contain Russian letters on the keyboard, as Yamaha's models did. Also an English manual is packaged with these computers.

text: Researchers have developed simple inexpensive methods for on-site detection of hydrogen sulfide  present in air based on the antiaggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Dissolving  into a weak alkaline buff solution leads to the formation of HS-, which can stabilize AuNPs and ensure they maintain their red color allowing for visual detection of toxic levels of .

text: Researchers have developed simple inexpensive methods for on-site detection of

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: present in air based on the antiaggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Dissolving  into a weak alkaline buff solution leads to the formation of HS-, which can stabilize AuNPs and ensure they maintain their red color allowing for visual detection of toxic levels of .

text: A mechanic's lien is a security interest in the title to property for the benefit of those who have supplied labor or materials that improve the property. The lien exists for both real property and personal property.  In the realm of real property, it is called by various names, including, generically, construction lien.  It is also called a materialman's lien or supplier's lien when referring to those supplying materials, a laborer's lien when referring to those supplying labor, and a design professional's lien when referring to architects or designers who contribute to a work of improvement.  In the realm of personal property, it is also called an artisan's lien.  The term "lien" comes from a French root, with a meaning similar to link; it is related to "liaison."  Mechanic's liens on property in the United States date from the 18th century.

text: A mechanic's

text: lien

text: is a

text: security interest

text: in the

text: title

text: to

text: property

text: for the benefit of those who have supplied labor or materials that improve the property. The lien exists for both

text: real property

text: and

text: personal property

text: .  In the realm of

text: real property

text: , it is called by various names, including, generically, construction lien.  It is also called a materialman's lien or supplier's lien when referring to those supplying materials, a laborer's lien when referring to those supplying labor, and a design professional's lien when referring to architects or designers who contribute to a work of improvement.  In the realm of

text: personal property

text: , it is also called an artisan's lien.  The term "lien" comes from a French root, with a meaning similar to

text: link

text: ; it is related to "liaison."  Mechanic's liens on property in the United States date from the 18th century.

text: Diffusion control offers another advantage. Changing the diffusion barrier allows the sensor manufacturer to tailor the sensor to a particular target gas concentration range. In addition, since the diffusion barrier is primarily mechanical, the calibration of electrochemical sensors tends to be more stable over time and so electrochemical sensor based instruments require much less maintenance than some other detection technologies. In principle, the sensitivity can be calculated based on the diffusion properties of the gas path into the sensor, though experimental errors in the measurement of the diffusion properties make the calculation less accurate than calibrating with test gas.

text: In the case of a trailer home, whether it is a fixture or chattel has a bearing on whether a real property mortgage applies to the trailer. For example, most mortgages contain a clause that forbids the borrower from removing or demolishing fixtures on the property, which would lower the value of the security. However, there have been cases where lenders lend money based on the value of the trailer home on the property, where that trailer is later removed from the property. Similarly, a chattel mortgage granted to allow a person to purchase a trailer home could be lost if the trailer is later attached to real property.

text: In the case of a trailer home, whether it is a fixture or chattel has a bearing on whether a real property

text: mortgage

text: applies to the trailer. For example, most mortgages contain a clause that forbids the borrower from removing or demolishing fixtures on the property, which would lower the value of the security. However, there have been cases where lenders lend money based on the value of the trailer home on the property, where that trailer is later removed from the property. Similarly, a chattel mortgage granted to allow a person to purchase a trailer home could be lost if the trailer is later attached to real property.

text: The different decimal numeral systems of the world use a larger base to better envision the size of the number, and have created names for the powers of this larger base. The table shows  what number the order of magnitude aim at for base 10 and for base . It can be seen that the order of magnitude is included in the number name in this example, because bi- means 2 and tri- means 3 (these make sense in the long scale only), and the suffix -illion tells that the base is . But the number names billion, trillion themselves (here with other meaning than in the first chapter) are not names of the orders of magnitudes, they are names of "magnitudes", that is the numbers  etc.

text: The different

text: decimal

text: numeral systems

text: of the world use a larger base to better envision the size of the number, and have created names for the powers of this larger base. The table shows  what number the order of magnitude aim at for base 10 and for base . It can be seen that the order of magnitude is included in the number name in this example, because bi- means 2 and tri- means 3 (these make sense in the long scale only), and the suffix -illion tells that the base is . But the number names billion, trillion themselves (here with

text: other meaning

text: than in the first chapter) are not names of the orders of magnitudes, they are names of "magnitudes", that is the numbers  etc.

text: With the case Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co., 320 U.S. 591 (1944) rate base formulation moved from being based on fair value to using the measure of prudent investment.  This changed the focus for review to be on the “end result” instead of looking at specific property value or a formula for rate base.  Despite this change, the used and useful test remained part of the rate base evaluation.

text: With the case Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co., 320 U.S. 591 (1944) rate base formulation moved from being based on

text: fair value

text: to using the measure of

text: prudent investment

text: .  This changed the focus for review to be on the “end result” instead of looking at specific property value or a formula for rate base.  Despite this change, the used and useful test remained part of the rate base evaluation.

text: AerMet alloy is an ultra-high strength type of martensitic alloy steel. The main alloying elements are cobalt and nickel, but chromium, molybdenum, and carbon are also added. Its exceptional properties are hardness, tensile strength, fracture toughness, and ductility. Aermet is weldable with no preheating needed. AerMet alloy is not corrosion resistant, so it must be sealed if used in a moist environment. AerMet is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technology Corporation.

text: AerMet alloy is an ultra-high strength type of

text: martensitic

text: alloy steel

text: . The main alloying elements are

text: cobalt

text: and

text: nickel

text: , but

text: chromium

text: molybdenum

text: , and

text: carbon

text: are also added. Its exceptional properties are

text: hardness

text: tensile strength

text: fracture toughness

text: , and

text: ductility

text: . Aermet is weldable with no preheating needed. AerMet alloy is not corrosion resistant, so it must be sealed if used in a moist environment. AerMet is a registered trademark of Carpenter Technology Corporation.

text: At least sometimes, the justifier of a belief is another belief.  When, to return to the earlier example, the woman believes that her husband is having an affair, she bases that belief on other beliefs—namely, beliefs about the lipstick and perfume.  Strictly speaking, her belief isn't based on the evidence itself—after all, what if she did not believe it?  What if she thought that all of that evidence were just a hoax? What if her husband commonly wears perfume and lipstick on business trips? For that matter, what if the evidence existed, but she did not know about it?  Then, of course, her belief that her husband is having an affair wouldn't be based on that evidence, because she did not know it was there at all; or, if she thought that the evidence were a hoax, then surely her belief couldn't be based on that evidence.

text: In 2006 they released Gitchi Gumee, based on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, that won the Midwest Booksellers Association Children's Picture Book of the Year Honor Book Award.  That year they acquired rights to the Buck Wilder property and released their first Buck Wilder Adventure chapter books for children  and the PaleoJoe Dinosaur Detective Club series. Buck Wilder books have sold over 370,000 since their debut. The Buck Wilder character had been put into every 4th grade classroom by the State of Michigan to help make kids interested in the outdoors. The PaleoJoe brand was launched by FOX TV in a pilot test for the State of Michigan and its success has plans by FOX to go national with the PaleoJoe Ultimate Field Trip for fall 2008.

text: In 2006 they released Gitchi Gumee, based on

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: 's poem, that won the Midwest Booksellers Association Children's Picture Book of the Year Honor Book Award.  That year they acquired rights to the Buck Wilder property and released their first Buck Wilder Adventure chapter books for children  and the PaleoJoe Dinosaur Detective Club series. Buck Wilder books have sold over 370,000 since their debut. The Buck Wilder character had been put into every 4th grade classroom by the State of Michigan to help make kids interested in the outdoors. The PaleoJoe brand was launched by FOX TV in a pilot test for the State of Michigan and its success has plans by FOX to go national with the PaleoJoe Ultimate Field Trip for fall 2008.

text: More recent standards have used integer-based transforms that have similar properties to the DCT but are explicitly based on integer processing rather than being defined by trigonometric functions. As a result of these transforms having similar symmetry properties to the DCT and being, to some degree, approximations of the DCT, they have sometimes been called "integer DCT" transforms. Such transforms are used for video compression in the following technologies pertaining to more recent standards:

text: Damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach is commonly used in aerospace engineering to manage the extension of cracks in structure through the application of the principles of fracture mechanics.  In aerospace engineering, structure is considered to be damage tolerant if a maintenance program has been implemented that will result in the detection and repair of accidental damage, corrosion and fatigue cracking before such damage reduces the residual strength of the structure below an acceptable limit.

text: Damage tolerance is a property of a structure relating to its ability to sustain defects safely until repair can be effected. The approach to engineering design to account for damage tolerance is based on the assumption that flaws can exist in any structure and such flaws propagate with usage. This approach is commonly used in

text: aerospace engineering

text: to manage the extension of cracks in structure through the application of the principles of

text: fracture mechanics

text: .  In aerospace engineering, structure is considered to be damage tolerant if a maintenance program has been implemented that will result in the detection and repair of accidental damage, corrosion and fatigue cracking before such damage reduces the residual strength of the structure below an acceptable limit.

text: The effects of Hurricane Georges in Mississippi included $676.8 million in damages but no fatalities.  Hurricane Georges was a Category 2 storm in the 1998 Hurricane season.

text: The effects of Hurricane Georges in Mississippi included $676.8 million in damages but no fatalities.

text: Hurricane Georges

text: was a

text: Category 2

text: storm in the 1998 Hurricane season.

text: Most of the TCP stack implementations today use TCP New Reno or its variations (such as TCP SACK RFC3517) as the congestion avoidance algorithm. The New Reno-based algorithms are loss-based. Loss-based algorithms treat the packet losses as the sole indication of the congestions in the network. As the Internet has since evolved, this assumption is often an overkill today. The congestion loss is constantly descending with the advancement of the technologies, while, relatively, random loss due to the properties of the media (e.g., wireless/Fading channels), wireline noises/cross-talk, connectivity flaws, software bugs, etc., is increasing. Once a "congestion" is detected (or false-alarmed), New Reno shrinks the Congestion Window (CWND) sharply, causing a plunge of the sending rate. This is one of the major reasons that the TCP based applications are often barely able to utilize a fraction of the subscribed bandwidth today, especially when the RTT is large.

text: Most of the TCP stack implementations today use

text: TCP New Reno

text: or its variations (such as TCP SACK RFC3517) as the congestion avoidance algorithm. The New Reno-based algorithms are loss-based. Loss-based algorithms treat the packet losses as the sole indication of the congestions in the network. As the Internet has since evolved, this assumption is often an overkill today. The congestion loss is constantly descending with the advancement of the technologies, while, relatively, random loss due to the properties of the media (e.g., wireless/

text: Fading channels

text: ), wireline noises/cross-talk, connectivity flaws, software bugs, etc., is increasing. Once a "congestion" is detected (or false-alarmed), New Reno shrinks the Congestion Window (CWND) sharply, causing a plunge of the sending rate. This is one of the major reasons that the TCP based applications are often barely able to utilize a fraction of the subscribed bandwidth today, especially when the

text: RTT

text: is large.

text: Fair market value (FMV) is an estimate of the market value of a property, based on what a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured buyer would probably pay to a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured seller in the market. An estimate of fair market value may be founded either on precedent or extrapolation. Fair market value differs from the intrinsic value that an individual may place on the same asset based on their own preferences and circumstances.

text: Fair market value (FMV) is an estimate of the

text: market value

text: of a

text: property

text: , based on what a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured

text: buyer

text: would probably pay to a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured

text: seller

text: in the

text: market

text: . An estimate of fair market value may be founded either on precedent or extrapolation. Fair market value differs from the

text: intrinsic value

text: that an individual may place on the same asset based on their own preferences and circumstances.

text: Political, legal, and/or government affairs

text: In March 2006, Malian army officer Hassan ag Fagaga, of Tuareg origins, defected from his post with a number of his men, also of Tuareg origins, On 17 May, an attack was launched on the Malian Army at Tin Zawaten, near the meeting of the Mali, Algerian, and Niger borders. On 22 May 2006, a number of former Tuareg rebel, including Hassan ag Fagaga and Ibrahim ag Bahanga intensified their campaign with the simultaneous seizing of arms and material from the military bases in Menaka and Kidal, after which the assailants took to the former rebel bases from the 1990s in the Tigharghar mountains of the Kidal region.

text: In March 2006, Malian army officer Hassan ag Fagaga, of Tuareg origins, defected from his post with a number of his men, also of Tuareg origins, On 17 May, an attack was launched on the Malian Army at

text: Tin Zawaten

text: , near the meeting of the Mali, Algerian, and Niger borders. On 22 May 2006, a number of former Tuareg rebel, including Hassan ag Fagaga and Ibrahim ag Bahanga intensified their campaign with the simultaneous seizing of arms and material from the military bases in Menaka and Kidal, after which the assailants took to the former rebel bases from the 1990s in the Tigharghar mountains of the Kidal region.

text: His publications include Alternative Paradigms: The Impact of Islamic and Western Weltanschauungs on Political Theory, The Civilizational Transformation and The Muslim World in English, Stratejik Derinlik (Strategic Depth), and Küresel Bunalım (The Global Crisis) in Turkish.His book Strategic Depth is a very influential book in Turkey's foreign policy orientation, even becoming a bestseller in Greece in July 2010. He is very influential in the military, academic, and government triangle shaping Turkish foreign policy. In addition to Turkish, he speaks English, German, Arabic and Malay.

text: His publications include Alternative Paradigms: The Impact of Islamic and Western Weltanschauungs on Political Theory, The Civilizational Transformation and The Muslim World in English, Stratejik Derinlik (Strategic Depth), and Küresel Bunalım (The Global Crisis) in Turkish.His book Strategic Depth is a very influential book in Turkey's foreign policy orientation, even becoming a bestseller in

text: Greece

text: in July 2010. He is very influential in the military, academic, and government triangle shaping Turkish foreign policy. In addition to

text: Turkish

text: , he speaks

text: English

text: German

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Malay

text: Japanese officials found dozens of abandoned metal drums in October 2013 when they entered the base with US permission to look for buried cultural property, The officials did not report this to the Ginowan city's mayor until March 2014. "No unusual odor or color change in soil" was detected and no health problems have been actively "reported by residents living around the base". Ginowan city government called the Japanese defense ministry to investigate for "possible environmental impacts". The Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera said: "We will take appropriate measures in cooperation with the United States and the city of Ginowan" as they plan environmental studies on soil in the week of March 18, 2014. The United States rarely allow environmental inspections on U.S. bases not planned for return to Japan.

text: Japanese officials found dozens of abandoned metal drums in October 2013 when they entered the base with US permission to look for buried cultural property, The officials did not report this to the Ginowan city's mayor until March 2014. "No unusual odor or color change in soil" was detected and no health problems have been actively "reported by residents living around the base". Ginowan city government called the Japanese defense ministry to investigate for "possible environmental impacts". The Japanese Defense Minister

text: Itsunori Onodera

text: In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP).  The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair (UBP) were named d5SICS and dNaM. More technically, these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, feature two fused aromatic rings that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA. His team designed a variety of in vitro or "test tube" templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques, namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR-based applications. Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair, and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms, A–T and G–C, they provide a fully functional and expanded six-letter "genetic alphabet".

text: In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the

text: Scripps Research Institute

text: in San Diego, California, published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP).  The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair (UBP) were named

text: and

text: dNaM

text: . More technically, these artificial

text: nucleotides

text: bearing hydrophobic

text: nucleobase

text: s, feature two fused

text: aromatic rings

text: that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA. His team designed a variety of in vitro or "test tube" templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques, namely

text: PCR amplification of DNA

text: and PCR-based applications. Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair, and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms, A–T and G–C, they provide a fully functional and expanded six-letter "genetic alphabet".

text: Siegfried introduces swine master Tristan to his new young charges.

text: King Coal is a 1917 novel by Upton Sinclair that describes the poor working conditions in the coal mining industry in the western United States during the 1910s, from the perspective of a single protagonist, Hal Warner. As in his earlier work, The Jungle, Sinclair uses the novel to express his socialist viewpoint.  The book is based on the 1913-1914 Colorado coal strikes and written just after the Ludlow massacre.  The sequel to King Coal was posthumously published under the title, The Coal War.

text: King Coal is a

text: novel by

text: Upton Sinclair

text: that describes the poor working conditions in the

text: coal mining

text: industry in the western United States during the 1910s, from the perspective of a single protagonist, Hal Warner. As in his earlier work,

text: The Jungle

text: , Sinclair uses the novel to express his

text: socialist

text: viewpoint.  The book is based on the 1913-1914

text: Colorado coal strikes

text: and written just after the

text: Ludlow massacre

text: .  The sequel to King Coal was posthumously published under the title,

text: The Coal War

text: As Steppenwolf, they performed at such venues as Whisky a Go Go.

text: As Steppenwolf, they performed at such venues as

text: Whisky a Go Go

text: Daniel B. Cid is the founder and CTO of Sucuri Inc. He was also the lead developer of the open source OSSEC HIDS. His interests range from intrusion detection, log analysis (log-based intrusion detection) and secure development. He is an active member of the open source community, specially known for creating the OSSEC, Rootcheck and Syscheck packages. He is also the co-writer of the Host-Based Intrusion Detection Guide book.

text: Daniel B. Cid is the founder and CTO of

text: Sucuri Inc

text: . He was also the lead developer of the open source

text: OSSEC

text: HIDS

text: . His interests range from intrusion detection, log analysis (log-based intrusion detection) and secure development. He is an active member of the open source community, specially known for creating the

text: OSSEC

text: , Rootcheck and Syscheck packages. He is also the co-writer of the Host-Based Intrusion Detection Guide book.

text: For grouping problems, see XSLT/Muenchian grouping. Below is a sample of incoming XML document

text: For grouping problems, see

text: XSLT/Muenchian grouping

text: . Below is a sample of incoming XML document

text: At the beginning of the twentieth century, Guyancourt was a large village where one cultivates corn, oats, beets, fodder and potatoes. The trades were numerous, with almost 16 wine merchants for 614 inhabitants.

text: and its derivative relative to θ

text: and its derivative relative to θ

text: The classes of ELDYK that fought in 1974 were the 103, 105 and 107.

text: This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 2004.

text: This is an incomplete list of

text: Statutory Instrument

text: s of the United Kingdom in 2004.

text: When the document was published, Northerners were outraged by what they considered a Southern attempt to extend slavery. American free-soilers, recently angered by the strengthened Fugitive Slave Law (passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 and requiring officials of free states to cooperate in the return of slaves), decried as unconstitutional what Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune labeled "The Manifesto of the Brigands." During the period of Bleeding Kansas, as anti- and pro-slavery supporters fought for control of the state, the Ostend Manifesto served as a rallying cry for the opponents of the Slave Power. The incident was one of many factors that gave rise to the Republican Party, and the manifesto was criticized in the Party's first platform in 1856 as following a "highwayman's" philosophy of "might makes right." But, the movement to annex Cuba did not fully end until after the American Civil War.

text: When the document was published, Northerners were outraged by what they considered a Southern attempt to extend slavery. American

text: free-soilers

text: , recently angered by the strengthened

text: Fugitive Slave Law

text: (passed as part of the

text: Compromise of 1850

text: and requiring officials of free states to cooperate in the return of slaves), decried as unconstitutional what

text: Horace Greeley

text: of the

text: New York Tribune

text: labeled "The Manifesto of the Brigands." During the period of

text: Bleeding Kansas

text: , as anti- and pro-slavery supporters fought for control of the state, the Ostend Manifesto served as a rallying cry for the opponents of

text: the Slave Power

text: . The incident was one of many factors that gave rise to the

text: Republican Party

text: , and the manifesto was criticized in the Party's first platform in 1856 as following a "

text: highwayman

text: 's" philosophy of "might makes right." But, the movement to annex Cuba did not fully end until after the

text: American Civil War

text: Hoogsteen pairs have quite different properties from Watson-Crick base pairs. The angle between the two glycosidic bonds (ca. 80° in the A• T pair) is larger and the C1′–C1′ distance (ca. 860 pm or 8.6 Å) is smaller than in the regular geometry. In some cases, called reversed Hoogsteen base pairs, one base is rotated 180° with respect to the other.In some DNA sequences, especially CA and TA dinucleotides, Hoogsteen base pairs exist as transient entities that are present in thermal equilibrium with standard Watson–Crick base pairs. The detection of the transient species required the use of NMR techniques that have only recently been applied to macromolecules.

text: Hoogsteen pairs have quite different properties from

text: Watson-Crick base pairs

text: . The angle between the two glycosidic bonds (ca. 80° in the A• T pair) is larger and the C1′–C1′ distance (ca. 860 pm or 8.6 Å) is smaller than in the regular geometry. In some cases, called reversed Hoogsteen base pairs, one base is rotated 180° with respect to the other.In some DNA sequences, especially CA and TA dinucleotides, Hoogsteen base pairs exist as transient entities that are present in thermal equilibrium with standard Watson–Crick base pairs. The detection of the transient species required the use of NMR techniques that have only recently been applied to macromolecules.

text: —Ibn Taymiyyah opposed the use of consensus of jurists, replacing it with the consensus of the "companions" (sahaba).

text: —Ibn Taymiyyah opposed the use of consensus of jurists, replacing it with the consensus of the "companions" (

text: sahaba

text: Because needs differ per subject, prosperity in the broad sense is also a subjective concept and an empty (formal) concept in the sense that needs to be considered in the context of what the subject means by it. On this basis, the economy can not give prescriptions (or standards) for action.

text: The basic principle for coin detection is to test the physical properties of the coin against known characteristics of acceptable coins. The detector evaluates the coin based on its weight, size, and/or magnetism, and then sends an appropriate electrical signal via its output connection.  The next step is generally performed by the banknote-to-coins exchanger.

text: The basic principle for coin detection is to test the physical properties of the coin against known characteristics of acceptable coins. The detector evaluates the coin based on its weight, size, and/or

text: magnetism

text: , and then sends an appropriate electrical signal via its output connection.  The next step is generally performed by the

text: banknote-to-coins exchanger

text: With Michael W. Dardick, Schusterman co-founded Granite Properties, a Plano, Texas-based real estate investment company based in 1991. The company owns three buildings in Los Angeles, California, five in Atlanta, Georgia, twelve in Dallas, Texas, five in Houston, Texas, and four in Denver, Colorado. By 2015, it had an annual revenue of US$182.7 million and 150 employees.

text: With Michael W. Dardick, Schusterman co-founded Granite Properties, a

text: Plano, Texas

text: -based real estate investment company based in 1991. The company owns three buildings in

text: Los Angeles, California

text: , five in

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: , twelve in

text: Dallas, Texas

text: , five in

text: Houston, Texas

text: , and four in

text: Denver, Colorado

text: . By 2015, it had an annual revenue of US$182.7 million and 150 employees.

text: For an autoparallel sub-manifold parallel transport in it can be expressed with the sub-manifold's base vectors, i.e.

text: For an

entity_name: Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry

text: autoparallel

text: sub-manifold parallel transport in it can be expressed with the sub-manifold's base vectors, i.e.

text: The graphs clearly shows the non-linear dependence of the option value to the base asset price.

text: Peer production does not produce commodities for exchange value, and does not use the price mechanism or corporate hierarchy to determine the allocation of resources. It must therefore be distinguished from both the capitalist market (though it can be linked and embedded in the broader market) and from production through state and corporate planning; as a mode of governance it differs from traditional linear hierarchies; and as a mode of property it differs from both traditional private property and state-based collective public property; it is rather the common property of its producers and users and the whole of humankind. Unlike private property, peer property is inclusive rather than exclusive – its nature is to share ownership as widely, rather than as narrowly, as possible.

text: Peer production does not produce commodities for exchange value, and does not use the

text: price mechanism

text: or

text: corporate

text: hierarchy

text: to determine the allocation of resources. It must therefore be distinguished from both the

text: capitalist

text: market

text: (though it can be linked and embedded in the broader market) and from production through state and corporate planning; as a mode of

text: governance

text: it differs from traditional

text: linear

text: hierarchies; and as a mode of property it differs from both traditional private property and state-based collective

text: public property

text: ; it is rather the common property of its producers and users and the whole of humankind. Unlike

text: private property

text: , peer property is inclusive rather than exclusive – its nature is to share ownership as widely, rather than as narrowly, as possible.

text: In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes, terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids, with pK values (25) between that of ammonia (35) and ethanol (16). The acetylide conjugate base is stabilized as a result of the high s character of the sp orbital, in which the electron pair resides. Electrons in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy. Treatment of terminal alkynes with a strong base gives the corresponding metal acetylides:

text: In addition to undergoing the reactions characteristic of internal alkynes, terminal alkynes are reactive as weak acids, with

text: pK

text: values (25) between that of

text: ammonia

text: (35) and

text: ethanol

text: (16). The acetylide

text: conjugate base

text: is stabilized as a result of the high s character of the sp orbital, in which the electron pair resides.

text: Electron

text: s in an s orbital benefit from closer proximity to the positively charged atom nucleus, and are therefore lower in energy. Treatment of terminal alkynes with a

text: strong base

text: gives the corresponding

text: metal acetylide

text: s: