text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, gives the film a 20% rating; the site's consensus is: "Neither intelligent enough to work as thought-provoking sci-fi nor trashy enough to provide B-movie thrills, The Last Days on Mars proves as cinematically barren as the titular planet."  Metacritic rated it 46/100 based on 10 reviews.  Justin Chang of Variety called it a "murkily derivative sci-fi-horror entry that basically amounts to Red Planet of the Dead."  Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it "good on atmospherics but unimaginatively plotted".  David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter called it atmospheric and gripping but "unapologetically derivative".  Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Lean, muscular and on the money, The Last Days on Mars takes a familiar story and tells it so tautly that we are pleased to be on board."

entity_name: Rotten Tomatoes

text: Rotten Tomatoes

text: , a

entity_name: Review aggregator

text: review aggregator

text: , gives the film a 20% rating; the site's consensus is: "Neither intelligent enough to work as thought-provoking sci-fi nor trashy enough to provide B-movie thrills, The Last Days on Mars proves as cinematically barren as the titular planet."

entity_name: Metacritic

text: Metacritic

text: rated it 46/100 based on 10 reviews.  Justin Chang of

entity_name: Variety (magazine)

text: Variety

text: called it a "murkily derivative sci-fi-horror entry that basically amounts to Red Planet of the Dead."

entity_name: Stephen Holden

text: Stephen Holden

text: of

entity_name: The New York Times

text: The New York Times

text: called it "good on atmospherics but unimaginatively plotted".  David Rooney of

entity_name: The Hollywood Reporter

text: The Hollywood Reporter

text: called it atmospheric and gripping but "unapologetically derivative".

entity_name: Kenneth Turan

text: Kenneth Turan

text: of the

entity_name: Los Angeles Times

text: Los Angeles Times

text: wrote, "Lean, muscular and on the money, The Last Days on Mars takes a familiar story and tells it so tautly that we are pleased to be on board."

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: The kanji of Haruka's surname translate as  and . Together, they constitute most of the name of the planet Uranus in Japanese,  . Her given name is in hiragana  and so its meaning is not inherent, but the word itself means "distant" . Her family name is sometimes incorrectly romanized as Tennō, which is in fact a more common writing of the planet's name, but the manga invariably glosses Haruka's surname as Ten'ō where furigana are used, and it is pronounced this way in the anime.

text: The

entity_name: Kanji

text: kanji

text: of Haruka's surname translate as  and . Together, they constitute most of the name of the planet Uranus in Japanese,  . Her given name is in

entity_name: Hiragana

text: hiragana

text: and so its meaning is not inherent, but the word itself means "distant" . Her family name is sometimes incorrectly romanized as Tennō, which is in fact a more common writing of the planet's name, but the manga invariably glosses Haruka's surname as Ten'ō where

entity_name: Furigana

text: furigana

text: are used, and it is

entity_name: Japanese language

entity_section: Phonology

text: pronounced

text: this way in the anime.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Mab orbits at the same distance from Uranus as the μ ring (formerly known as R/2003 U 1), a recently discovered dusty ring. The moon is nearly the optimal size for dust production, since larger moons can recollect the escaping dust and smaller moons have too small surface areas for supplying the ring via ring particle or meteoroid collisions. No rings associated with Perdita and Cupid have been found, probably because Belinda limits the lifetimes of dust they generate.

text: Mab orbits at the same distance from Uranus as the

entity_name: Rings of Uranus

text: μ

text: ring (formerly known as R/2003 U 1), a recently discovered dusty

entity_name: Ring system

text: ring

text: . The moon is nearly the optimal size for dust production, since larger moons can recollect the escaping dust and smaller moons have too small surface areas for supplying the ring via ring particle or

entity_name: Meteoroid

text: meteoroid

text: collisions. No rings associated with Perdita and Cupid have been found, probably because

entity_name: Belinda (moon)

text: Belinda

text: limits the lifetimes of dust they generate.

text: Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of , and has a complex, layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

text: Uranus is the seventh

entity_name: Planet

text: planet

text: from the

entity_name: Sun

text: Sun

text: . It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the

entity_name: Solar System

text: Solar System

text: . Uranus is similar in composition to

entity_name: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: , and both have different bulk chemical composition from that of the larger

entity_name: Gas giant

text: gas giant

text: s

entity_name: Jupiter

text: Jupiter

text: and

entity_name: Saturn

text: Saturn

text: . For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as "

entity_name: Ice giant

text: ice giant

text: s" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of

entity_name: Hydrogen

text: hydrogen

text: and

entity_name: Helium

text: helium

text: , but it contains more "

entity_name: Volatiles

text: ices

text: " such as water,

entity_name: Ammonia

text: ammonia

text: , and

entity_name: Methane

text: methane

text: , along with traces of other

entity_name: Hydrocarbon

text: hydrocarbon

text: s. It is the coldest planetary

entity_name: Atmosphere

text: atmosphere

text: in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of , and has a complex, layered

entity_name: Cloud

text: cloud

text: structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.

method: UNH-ecn

text: The two sub-Saturn planets are known to have fairly large cores weighing in about 17.6 ± 4.3 Earth-masses for EPIC 2037 b and 16.1 ± 4.2 for EPIC 2037 c.

text: The two sub-

text: Saturn

text: planets

text: are known to have fairly large cores weighing in about 17.6 ± 4.3 Earth-masses for

entity_name: EPIC 2037 b

text: EPIC 2037 b

text: and 16.1 ± 4.2 for

entity_name: EPIC 2037 c

text: EPIC 2037 c

text: The short film is about a boy who lives and works on a farm. One day when going to sell vegetables at a market, his cart breaks down. Two strangers, a frog and a mole, offer him a strange seed in exchange for the vegetables. The boy accepts and finds that the seed grows into a miniature planet. It continues growing as he tends to it, forming an atmosphere, weather systems and life. After being taken back to the city, he meets the stranger who sold the seed to him, and they release the planet into a galaxy of similar planets, where it will grow  for years until becoming a real planet.

text: To reach Saturn, visitors turn north and continue along Cayuga street. At the corner of Cayuga and Court street, Saturn's obelisk sits outside the former location of the Tompkins County Public Library. The rings of Saturn are clearly visible within the circular window.

text: To reach Saturn, visitors turn north and continue along Cayuga street. At the corner of Cayuga and Court street, Saturn's obelisk sits outside the former location of the

entity_name: Tompkins County Public Library

text: Tompkins County Public Library

text: . The rings of Saturn are clearly visible within the circular window.

text: Saturn ( ) is a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in myth. Saturn is a complex figure because of his multiple associations and long history. He was the first god of the Capitol, known since the most ancient times as Saturnius Mons, and was seen as a god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. In later developments he came to be also a god of time. His reign was depicted as a Golden Age of plenty and peace. The Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum housed the state treasury. In December, he was celebrated at what is perhaps the most famous of the Roman festivals, the Saturnalia, a time of feasting, role reversals, free speech, gift-giving and revelry. Saturn the planet and Saturday are both named after the god.

text: Saturn ( ) is a god in

entity_name: Religion in ancient Rome

text: ancient Roman religion

text: , and a character in

entity_name: Roman mythology

text: myth

text: . Saturn is a complex figure because of his multiple associations and long history. He was the first god of the Capitol, known since the most ancient times as Saturnius Mons, and was seen as a god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. In later developments he came to be also a god of time. His reign was depicted as a

entity_name: Golden Age

text: Golden Age

text: of plenty and peace. The

entity_name: Temple of Saturn

text: Temple of Saturn

text: in the

entity_name: Roman Forum

text: Roman Forum

text: housed the state treasury. In December, he was celebrated at what is perhaps the most famous of the

entity_name: Roman festivals

text: Roman festivals

text: , the

entity_name: Saturnalia

text: Saturnalia

text: , a time of feasting, role reversals, free speech, gift-giving and revelry.

text: Saturn

text: the planet and

entity_name: Saturday

text: Saturday

text: are both named after the god.

text: Another possible mechanism that may move planets over large orbital radii is gravitational scattering by larger planets or, in a protoplantetary disk, gravitational scattering by over-densities in the fluid of the disk. In the case of the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune may have been gravitationally scattered in close encounters with Jupiter and/or Saturn. Planetesimals that were present in the early formation of the Solar System called oligarchs are much smaller than Uranus and Neptune and so are likely to have been scattered much further out and be roaming the space between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. Sedna may be the first known example of such oligarch planets. Even smaller objects would have been scattered even further out to become the Oort cloud.

text: Another possible mechanism that may move planets over large orbital radii is gravitational scattering by larger planets or, in a protoplantetary disk, gravitational scattering by over-densities in the fluid of the disk. In the case of the

text: Solar System

text: , Uranus and Neptune may have been gravitationally scattered in close encounters with Jupiter and/or Saturn. Planetesimals that were present in the early formation of the Solar System called

entity_name: Nebular hypothesis

entity_section: Formation of planets

text: oligarchs

text: are much smaller than Uranus and Neptune and so are likely to have been scattered much further out and be roaming the space between the

entity_name: Kuiper belt

text: Kuiper belt

text: and the

entity_name: Oort cloud

text: Oort cloud

entity_name: 90377 Sedna

text: Sedna

text: may be the first known example of such

entity_name: Planets beyond Neptune

entity_section: Halo of oligarch planets

text: oligarch planets

text: . Even smaller objects would have been scattered even further out to become the

text: Oort cloud

text: The early Solar System may have begun with five giant planets. In numerical simulations of the jumping-Jupiter scenario the ice giant is often ejected following its gravitational encounters with Jupiter and Saturn, leaving planetary systems that begin with four giant planets with only three. Although beginning with a higher-mass planetesimal disk was found to stabilize four-planet systems, the massive disk either resulted in excess migration of Jupiter and Saturn after the encounters between an ice giant and Jupiter or prevented these encounters by damping eccentricities. This problem led David Nesvorný to investigate planetary systems beginning with five giant planets. After conducting thousands of simulations he reported that simulations beginning with five giant planets were 10 times as likely to reproduce the current orbits of the outer planets. A follow-up study by David Nesvorny and Alessandro Morbidelli sought initial resonant configurations that would would reproduce the semi-major axis of the four outer planets, Jupiter's eccentricity, and a jump from <2.1 to >2.3 in Jupiter's and Saturn's period ratio. While less than 1% of the best four-planet models met these criteria roughly 5% of the best five-planet models were judged successful, with Jupiter's eccentricity being the most difficult to reproduce. A separate study by Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown found similar probabilities (4% vs 3%) of reproducing the current outer Solar System beginning with four or five giant planets using the best initial conditions. Their simulations differed in that the planetesimal disk was placed close to the outer planet resulting in a period of migration before planetary encounters began. Criteria included reproducing the the oscillations of Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities, a period when Neptune's eccentricity exceeded 0.2 during which hot classical Kuiper belt objects were captured, and the retention of a primordial cold classical Kuiper belt, but not the jump in Jupiter's and Saturn's period ratio. Their results also indicate that if Neptune's eccentricity exceeded 0.2, preserving a cold classical belt may require the ice giant to be ejected in as little as 10,000 years.

text: The early Solar System may have begun with five giant planets. In numerical simulations of the jumping-Jupiter scenario the ice giant is often

entity_name: Rogue planet

text: ejected

text: following its gravitational encounters with Jupiter and Saturn, leaving

entity_name: Planetary system

text: planetary system

text: s that begin with four giant planets with only three. Although beginning with a higher-mass planetesimal disk was found to stabilize four-planet systems, the massive disk either resulted in excess migration of Jupiter and Saturn after the encounters between an ice giant and Jupiter or prevented these encounters by damping eccentricities. This problem led David Nesvorný to investigate planetary systems beginning with five giant planets. After conducting thousands of simulations he reported that simulations beginning with five giant planets were 10 times as likely to reproduce the current orbits of the outer planets. A follow-up study by David Nesvorny and Alessandro Morbidelli sought initial resonant configurations that would would reproduce the semi-major axis of the four outer planets, Jupiter's eccentricity, and a jump from <2.1 to >2.3 in Jupiter's and Saturn's period ratio. While less than 1% of the best four-planet models met these criteria roughly 5% of the best five-planet models were judged successful, with Jupiter's eccentricity being the most difficult to reproduce. A separate study by

entity_name: Konstantin Batygin

text: Konstantin Batygin

text: and Michael Brown found similar probabilities (4% vs 3%) of reproducing the current outer Solar System beginning with four or five giant planets using the best initial conditions. Their simulations differed in that the planetesimal disk was placed close to the outer planet resulting in a period of migration before planetary encounters began. Criteria included reproducing the the oscillations of Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities, a period when Neptune's eccentricity exceeded 0.2 during which hot classical Kuiper belt objects were captured, and the retention of a primordial

entity_name: Classical Kuiper belt object

text: cold classical Kuiper belt

text: , but not the jump in Jupiter's and Saturn's period ratio. Their results also indicate that if Neptune's eccentricity exceeded 0.2, preserving a cold classical belt may require the ice giant to be ejected in as little as 10,000 years.

method: UNH-qee

text: The four outer planets, or giant planets (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are together over 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less massive (<20 Earth masses each) and are composed primarily of ices. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, "ice giants". All four giant planets have rings, although only Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term superior planet designates planets outside Earth's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars.

text: The four outer planets, or giant planets (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are together over 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less massive (<20 Earth masses each) and are composed primarily of ices. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, "ice giants". All four giant planets have

text: rings

text: , although only Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term

entity_name: Inferior and superior planets

text: superior planet

text: designates planets outside Earth's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars.

text: Together with Scott S. Sheppard, he co-discovered the Carme group, a group of moons of the planet Jupiter.

text: Together with

entity_name: Scott S. Sheppard

text: Scott S. Sheppard

text: , he co-discovered the

entity_name: Carme group

text: Carme group

text: , a group of

entity_name: Natural satellite

text: moons

text: of the planet

text: Jupiter

text: As part of the Nazis' Welthauptstadt Germania plan, which was partly based on earlier plans, there were a variety of plans in the 1930s to transform the railway yards in the Berlin area, some affecting the Teltow area. Some of these projects were approved for construction. A new marshalling yard was planned in Großbeeren, which would extend between Großbeeren station and Teltow station on the east side of the tracks of the Anhalt Railway. Instead of implementing old plans for a bypass railway south of Berlin, it was planned to build the Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring) on a route that ran further north than the Outer Ring (Außenring) that was built later. The provisional Outer Freight Ring between Teltow station and Biesenhorst (west of Kaulsdorf station on the Eastern Railway) was opened on 16 December 1940. Construction started in 1939 on a railway that ran to Tempelhof from Großbeeren station and was used for the construction of Großbeeren marshalling yard and the planned locomotive depot at Lichterfelde Süd. The Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren was opened in 1941. As a result of the war these projects were implemented on a temporary basis; more construction projects such as the western extension of the outer freight ring north from Teltow via Stahnsdorf to Potsdam were omitted except for a few early works.

text: As part of the

entity_name: Nazism

text: Nazis

entity_name: Welthauptstadt Germania

text: Welthauptstadt Germania

text: plan, which was partly based on earlier plans, there were a variety of plans in the 1930s to transform the railway yards in the Berlin area, some affecting the Teltow area. Some of these projects were approved for construction. A new marshalling yard was planned in

entity_name: Großbeeren

text: Großbeeren

text: , which would extend between

text: Großbeeren station

text: and Teltow station on the east side of the tracks of the Anhalt Railway. Instead of implementing old plans for a bypass railway south of Berlin, it was planned to build the

text: Outer Freight Ring

text: (Güteraußenring) on a route that ran further north than the

text: Outer Ring

text: (Außenring) that was built later. The provisional Outer Freight Ring between Teltow station and Biesenhorst (west of

text: Kaulsdorf station

text: on the

text: Eastern Railway

text: ) was opened on 16 December 1940. Construction started in 1939 on a railway that ran to Tempelhof from Großbeeren station and was used for the construction of Großbeeren marshalling yard and the planned locomotive depot at

text: Lichterfelde Süd

text: . The Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren was opened in 1941. As a result of the war these projects were implemented on a temporary basis; more construction projects such as the western extension of the outer freight ring north from Teltow via Stahnsdorf to Potsdam were omitted except for a few early works.

text: Some of the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and other planets are believed to have formed from smaller, circumplanetary analogs of the protoplanetary disks.  The formation of planets and moons in geometrically thin, gas- and dust-rich disks is the reason the planets are arranged in an ecliptic plane. Tens of millions of years after the formation of the Solar System, the inner few AU of the Solar System likely contained dozens of moon- to Mars-sized bodies that were accreting and consolidating into the terrestrial planets that we now see. The Earth's moon likely formed after a Mars-sized protoplanet obliquely impacted the proto-Earth ~30 million years after the formation of the Solar System.

text: Some of the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and other planets are believed to have formed from smaller, circumplanetary analogs of the protoplanetary disks.  The formation of planets and moons in geometrically thin, gas- and dust-rich disks is the reason the

text: planets

text: are arranged in an

text: ecliptic plane

text: . Tens of millions of years after the formation of the Solar System, the inner few AU of the Solar System likely contained dozens of moon- to Mars-sized bodies that were accreting and consolidating into the terrestrial planets that we now see. The Earth's moon likely formed after a Mars-sized protoplanet obliquely

text: impacted

text: the proto-Earth ~30 million years after the formation of the Solar System.

text: The winter climate produces extremely cold temperatures, with an average minimum temperature for Itasca being . This cold weather is accompanied with snowfall amounts averaging around  annually. A combination of the Arctic air with heavy snowfall and wind can create severe blizzard conditions in the area.

text: The winter climate produces extremely cold temperatures, with an average minimum temperature for Itasca being . This cold weather is accompanied with snowfall amounts averaging around  annually. A combination of the Arctic air with heavy snowfall and wind can create severe

text: blizzard

text: conditions in the area.

text: , which is also the astronomical symbol for the planet Jupiter.

text: , which is also the

text: astronomical symbol

text: for the planet

text: Jupiter

text: James Ludlow Elliot (17 June 1943 – 3 March 2011) was an American astronomer and scientist who, as part of a team, discovered the rings around the planet Uranus. Elliot was also part of a team that observed global warming on Triton, the largest moon of Neptune.

text: James Ludlow Elliot (17 June 1943 – 3 March 2011) was an

text: American

text: astronomer

text: and

text: scientist

text: who, as part of a team, discovered the

text: rings around the planet Uranus

text: . Elliot was also part of a team that observed global warming on

text: Triton

text: , the largest moon of

text: Neptune

text: At least within the oil and gas context, however, courts tend to construe "take or pay" contracts as providing a means of alternative performance; a gas purchaser can either buy the gas or pay a deficiency amount.  In other words, courts find that so long as the purchaser either buys the gas or makes the deficiency payment no breach has occurred and, therefore, there are no liquidated damages because the payment of the deficiency amount is not a remedy but is instead an alternative means of performance.  The Oklahoma Supreme Court explained this rationale in Roye Realty & Developing, Inc. v. Arkla, Inc., 1993 OK 99, 863 P.2d 1150.  In that case, Arkla, a gas purchaser, argued that the deficiency payment provision in a "take or pay" contract really was a liquidated damages provision.  The Oklahoma Supreme Court rejected Arkla's contention, stating:

text: Closed cells contain cloud filled regions in the center of the hexagon formation with cloud free regions on the edge of the hexagon. The closed cell has slow rising motion in the middle and faster descending motion at the edges. Closed cells tend to occur over warmer waters such as those associated with the Kuroshio Current and the Gulf Stream.

text: Darrow and Mustang seek an alliance with the Moon Lords of Jupiter, who are led by the self-declared Sovereign of the Outer Rim, Romulus au Raa. Darrow's former friend Roque au Fabii is also there, in his position as the Imperator of Octavia au Lune's Sword Armada, to negotiate a truce with the Moon Lords. Darrow secures their support against Octavia when he manipulates Roque into confirming that she possesses planet-destroying atomic weapons to use against them if necessary. Darrow's forces are joined by those of the Moon Lords against Roque's Sword Armada and the fleet of Victra's brutal sister, Antonia au Severus-Julii. Darrow and Mustang head directly at the center of Roque's formation and do some damage, but suffer heavy losses. With Darrow's flagship The Pax nearly destroyed, Roque brings his own ship close to have his commandos board the ship and capture Darrow. Darrow's true plan then takes off: he and a squad of Reds in clawdrills jump across and burrow into the hull of Roque's ship, chewing through deck after deck toward the bridge. They are followed by shuttles filled with Sefi's Obsidians. They overtake the ship, and the proud Roque, refusing to surrender, commits suicide. Antonia flees, but is soon captured by Victra. After the battle, Sefi and her Obsidians instigate a riot among the Sons of Ares to execute their Gold prisoners, having been enraged by the savagery of the Jackal. Sevro proves their hypocrisy in dramatic fashion by first hanging Cassius for killing Fitchner, and then hanging himself for his own multiple murders. Astonished, Sefi cuts them both down before they die, and Sevro makes peace with the Obsidians. Sevro and Victra are married in the week thereafter.

text: Darrow and Mustang seek an alliance with the Moon Lords of

text: Jupiter

text: Herzberg pointed out direct evidence of H molecules in the atmospheres of the outer planets. The atmospheres of the inner planets (including Earth) and of Saturn's big moon Titan show strong CIA in the infrared, due to concentrations of molecular gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. exist. In more recent years extrasolar planetswere discovered, whose atmospheres are hot (thousand kelvin or more), but resemble otherwise Jupiter's atmosphere (mixtures of mostly H and He), where strong CIA exists.

text: Herzberg pointed out direct evidence of H molecules in the atmospheres of the

text: outer planets

text: . The atmospheres of the inner planets (including Earth) and of

text: Saturn

text: 's big moon

text: Titan

text: show strong CIA in the infrared, due to concentrations of molecular gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. exist. In more recent years extrasolar planetswere discovered, whose atmospheres are hot (thousand

text: kelvin

text: or more), but resemble otherwise Jupiter's atmosphere (mixtures of mostly H and He), where strong CIA exists.

text: In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as . Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching . Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately . Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

text: In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2

text: flyby

text: in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a

text: Great Dark Spot

text: comparable to the

text: Great Red Spot

text: on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as . Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching . Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately . Neptune has a faint and fragmented

text: ring system

text: (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

text: The memoir is an account of the events surrounding the redefinition of the term planet that eventually changed the status of Pluto. It chronicles the discovery of Eris, a dwarf planet then mistakenly thought to be larger than Pluto, located within the scattered disc, beyond Neptune's orbit. The replaying of events includes the adversarial challenging of long-held scientific beliefs between some of the world's leading astronomers, and the eventual 2006 International Astronomical Union's vote that removed Pluto from the list of Solar System planets.

text: The memoir is an account of the events surrounding the

text: redefinition of the term planet

text: that eventually changed the status of Pluto. It chronicles the discovery of

text: Eris

text: , a dwarf planet then mistakenly thought to be larger than Pluto, located within the

text: scattered disc

text: , beyond Neptune's orbit. The replaying of events includes the adversarial challenging of long-held scientific beliefs between some of the world's leading astronomers, and the eventual 2006

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 's vote that removed Pluto from the list of

text: Solar System

text: planets.

text: The accretion disk of the protostar IRAS 16293-2422 has parts rotating in opposite directions. This is the first known example of a counterrotating accretion disk. When its planets form, the inner planets will orbit in the opposite direction to the outer planets.

text: The

text: accretion disk

text: of the protostar

text: IRAS 16293-2422

text: has parts rotating in opposite directions. This is the first known example of a counterrotating accretion disk. When its planets form, the inner planets will orbit in the opposite direction to the outer planets.

text: Uranus orbits the Sun once every 84 years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 3 billion km (about 20 AU). The difference between its minimum and maximum distance from the Sun is 1.8 AU, larger than that of any other planet, though not as large as that of dwarf planet Pluto. The intensity of sunlight varies inversely with the square of distance, and so on Uranus (at about 20 times the distance from the Sun compared to Earth) it is about 1/400 the intensity of light on Earth. Its orbital elements were first calculated in 1783 by Pierre-Simon Laplace. With time, discrepancies began to appear between the predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, John Couch Adams first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet. In 1845, Urbain Le Verrier began his own independent research into Uranus's orbit. On September 23, 1846, Johann Gottfried Galle located a new planet, later named Neptune, at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.

text: Uranus orbits the Sun once every 84 years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 3

text: billion

text: km (about 20

text: AU

text: ). The difference between its minimum and maximum distance from the Sun is 1.8 AU, larger than that of any other planet, though not as large as that of

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: . The intensity of sunlight varies inversely with the square of distance, and so on Uranus (at about 20 times the distance from the Sun compared to Earth) it is about 1/400 the intensity of light on Earth. Its orbital elements were first calculated in 1783 by

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: . With time, discrepancies began to appear between the predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841,

text: John Couch Adams

text: first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet. In 1845,

text: Urbain Le Verrier

text: began his own independent research into Uranus's orbit. On September 23, 1846,

text: Johann Gottfried Galle

text: located a new planet

text: , later named

text: Neptune

text: , at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.

text: Uranus's mass is roughly 14.5 times that of Earth, making it the least massive of the giant planets. Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune's at roughly four times that of Earth. A resulting density of 1.27 g/cm makes Uranus the second least dense planet, after Saturn. This value indicates that it is made primarily of various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane. The total mass of ice in Uranus's interior is not precisely known, because different figures emerge depending on the model chosen; it must be between 9.3 and 13.5 Earth masses. Hydrogen and helium constitute only a small part of the total, with between 0.5 and 1.5 Earth masses. The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7 Earth masses) is accounted for by rocky material.

text: Uranus's mass is roughly 14.5 times that of Earth, making it the least massive of the giant planets. Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune's at roughly four times that of Earth. A resulting density of 1.27 g/cm makes Uranus the second least dense planet, after Saturn. This value indicates that it is made primarily of various ices, such as water, ammonia, and methane. The total mass of ice in Uranus's interior is not precisely known, because different figures emerge depending on the model chosen; it must be between 9.3 and 13.5 Earth masses.

text: Hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: constitute only a small part of the total, with between 0.5 and 1.5 Earth masses. The remainder of the non-ice mass (0.5 to 3.7 Earth masses) is accounted for by

text: rocky material

text: The peak brightness of the μ ring lies almost exactly on the orbit of the small Uranian moon Mab, which is probably the source of the ring’s particles. The ν ring is positioned between Portia and Rosalind and does not contain any moons inside it. A reanalysis of the Voyager 2 images of forward-scattered light clearly reveals the μ and ν rings. In this geometry the rings are much brighter, which indicates that they contain much micrometer-sized dust. The outer rings of Uranus may be similar to the G and E rings of Saturn as E ring is extremely broad and receives dust from Enceladus.

text: The peak brightness of the μ ring lies almost exactly on the orbit of the small Uranian moon

text: Mab

text: , which is probably the source of the ring’s particles. The ν ring is positioned between

text: Portia

text: and

text: Rosalind

text: and does not contain any moons inside it. A reanalysis of the Voyager 2 images of forward-scattered light clearly reveals the μ and ν rings. In this geometry the rings are much brighter, which indicates that they contain much micrometer-sized dust. The outer rings of Uranus may be similar to the

text: G and E rings of Saturn

text: as E ring is extremely broad and receives dust from

text: Enceladus

text: The facility was originally constructed in 1940 at the village of Michoud, Louisiana by Higgins-Tucker division of Higgins Industries under the direction of Andrew Jackson Higgins on behalf of the United States government for the war production during World War II to make plywood C-76 cargo planes and landing craft. During the Korean War it made engines for Sherman and Patton tanks, and boasted a 5,500 foot paved runway. It came under the management of NASA in 1961 and was used for the construction of the S-IC first stage of the Saturn V rockets and the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB rockets built by Chrysler Corp. It is home to the first stage of the last-constructed Saturn V, SA-515 built by Chrysler Corp. and Boeing Corp.It must be noted that its height limitation, unable to allow the construction of the bigger C-8 direct Moon vehicle, was one of the major reasons why the smaller C-5 (later renamed Saturn V) was chosen instead of the originally planned  Moon vehicle.

text: The facility was originally constructed in 1940 at the village of

text: Michoud, Louisiana

text: by Higgins-Tucker division of

text: Higgins Industries

text: under the direction of

text: Andrew Jackson Higgins

text: on behalf of the United States government for the war production during

text: World War II

text: to make plywood

text: cargo plane

text: s and

text: landing craft

text: . During the

text: Korean War

text: it made engines for

text: Sherman

text: and

text: Patton

text: tanks, and boasted a 5,500 foot paved runway. It came under the management of NASA in 1961 and was used for the construction of the

text: S-IC

text: first stage of the

text: Saturn V

text: rockets and the

text: S-IB

text: first stage of the

text: Saturn IB

text: rockets built by Chrysler Corp. It is home to the first stage of the last-constructed Saturn V, SA-515 built by Chrysler Corp. and Boeing Corp.It must be noted that its height limitation, unable to allow the construction of the bigger C-8 direct Moon vehicle, was one of the major reasons why the smaller C-5 (later renamed Saturn V) was chosen instead of the originally planned  Moon vehicle.

text: At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles. When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the entire planet. One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K, making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.

text: At ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, Uranus's atmosphere is bland in comparison to the other giant planets, even to Neptune, which it otherwise closely resembles. When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten

text: cloud

text: features across the entire planet. One proposed explanation for this dearth of features is that Uranus's

text: internal heat

text: appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K, making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.

text: COROT-9b is an exoplanet orbiting the star COROT-9, approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation Serpens. COROT-9b's distance of nearest approach to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU is the largest of all known transiting planets, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in albedo as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into one of two states: a cloudless state with temperatures between  and , or covered in water clouds with a temperature in the range  to .

text: COROT-9b is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting the

text: star

text: , approximately 1500 light years away in the constellation

text: Serpens

text: . COROT-9b's

text: distance of nearest approach

text: to its parent star of approximately 0.36 AU is the largest of all known transiting planets, with an orbital period of 95 days. The transit of this planet lasts 8 hours. The planet is at a distance from its star where there is a strong increase in

text: albedo

text: as the temperature decreases, because of the condensation of reflective water clouds in the atmosphere. This suggests its atmosphere may be locked into one of two states: a cloudless state with temperatures between  and , or covered in water clouds with a temperature in the range  to .

text: The planet orbits 3.07 times further out and is 7.13 times less massive than the first companion, having a semi-amplitude of only 42 m/s. Its mass is 2.44 times that of Jupiter and its diameter is roughly the same size as Jupiter's. The orbital resonance of the planet orbiting the brown dwarf is 5:1. The eccentricity of the planet is higher than that of all the planets and dwarf planets in the Solar System except Eris, which has an eccentricity of 0.44.

text: The planet orbits 3.07 times further out and is 7.13 times less massive than the first companion, having a semi-

text: amplitude

text: of only 42 m/s. Its mass is 2.44 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: and its

text: diameter

text: is roughly the same size as Jupiter's. The

text: orbital resonance

text: of the planet orbiting the brown dwarf is 5:1. The

text: eccentricity

text: of the planet is higher than that of all the

text: planet

text: s and

text: dwarf planet

text: s in the

text: Solar System

text: except

text: Eris

text: , which has an eccentricity of 0.44.

text: Adrastea is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day. It orbits at the edge of Jupiter's Main Ring and is thought to be the main contributor of material to the Rings of Jupiter. Despite observations made in the 1990s by the Galileo spacecraft, very little is known about the moon's physical characteristics other than its size and the fact that it is tidally locked to Jupiter.

text: Adrastea is one of the few moons in the

text: Solar System

text: known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day. It orbits at the edge of

text: Jupiter's Main Ring

text: and is thought to be the main contributor of material to the

text: Rings of Jupiter

text: . Despite observations made in the 1990s by the

text: Galileo spacecraft

text: , very little is known about the moon's physical characteristics other than its size and the fact that it is

text: tidally locked

text: to

text: Jupiter

text: The Minor Planet Center classifies the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna as a scattered-disc object. Its discoverer Michael E. Brown has suggested instead that it should be considered an inner Oort-cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc, because, with a perihelion distance of 76 AU, it is too remote to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets. Under this definition, an object with a perihelion greater than 40 AU could be classified as outside the scattered disc.

text: The

text: Minor Planet Center

text: classifies the trans-Neptunian object

text: 90377 Sedna

text: as a scattered-disc object. Its discoverer

text: Michael E. Brown

text: has suggested instead that it should be considered an inner Oort-cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc, because, with a

text: perihelion

text: distance of 76 AU, it is too remote to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets. Under this definition, an object with a perihelion greater than 40 AU could be classified as outside the scattered disc.

text: Jupiter's internal magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the planet's outer core, which is composed of liquid metallic hydrogen. Volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io eject large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas into space, forming a large torus around the planet. Jupiter's magnetic field forces the torus to rotate with the same angular velocity and direction as the planet. The torus in turn loads the magnetic field with plasma, in the process stretching it into a pancake-like structure called a magnetodisk. In effect, Jupiter's magnetosphere is shaped by Io's plasma and its own rotation, rather than by the solar wind like Earth's magnetosphere. Strong currents in the magnetosphere generate permanent aurorae around the planet's poles and intense variable radio emissions, which means that Jupiter can be thought of as a very weak radio pulsar. Jupiter's aurorae have been observed in almost all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, including infrared, visible, ultraviolet and soft X-rays.

text: Jupiter's internal magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the planet's outer core, which is composed of liquid

text: metallic hydrogen

text: . Volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon

text: Io

text: eject large amounts of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: gas into space, forming a large

text: torus

text: around the planet. Jupiter's magnetic field forces the torus to rotate with the same

text: angular velocity

text: and direction as the planet. The torus in turn loads the magnetic field with

text: plasma

text: , in the process stretching it into a pancake-like structure called a magnetodisk. In effect, Jupiter's magnetosphere is shaped by Io's plasma and its own rotation, rather than by the

text: solar wind

text: like Earth's magnetosphere. Strong currents in the magnetosphere generate permanent

text: aurorae

text: around the planet's poles and intense variable radio emissions, which means that Jupiter can be thought of as a very weak

text: radio pulsar

text: . Jupiter's aurorae have been observed in almost all parts of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: , including

text: infrared

text: visible

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: soft X-rays

text: This  tall Sentry was stationed in an unmanned supply depot/surveillance post on the planet Uranus. It was destroyed by a group of Eternals led by Uranos, sparking a war with the Kree.

text: This  tall Sentry was stationed in an unmanned supply depot/surveillance post on the planet

text: Uranus

text: . It was destroyed by a group of

text: Eternals

text: led by

text: Uranos

text: , sparking a war with the Kree.

text: These globally distributed, ephemeral and insular habitats that support endemic faunas offer natural laboratories for studies on dispersal, isolation and evolution. Here, hydrographic and topographic controls on biodiversity and biogeography might be much more readily resolved than in systems where climate and human activity obscure their role. In addition, hydrothermal vents have been suggested to be the habitat of the origin of life. These hypotheses are being used by ChEss researchers in collaboration with NASA to develop programmes to search for life in planets or moons of the outer space.

text: Centaurs have short dynamical lifetimes due to perturbations by the giant planets. Asbolus is estimated to have an orbital half-life of about 860 kiloannum. Asbolus is currently classified as a SN centaur since Saturn is considered to control the perihelion and Neptune controls the aphelion. It currently has a perihelion of 6.8 AU, so is also influenced by Jupiter. Centaurs with a perihelion less than 6.6 AU are very strongly influenced by Jupiter and for classification purposes are considered to have a perihelion under the control of Jupiter. In about ten thousand years, clones of the orbit of Asbolus suggest that its perihelion classification may come under the control of Jupiter.

text: Centaurs have short dynamical lifetimes due to

text: perturbations

text: by the giant planets. Asbolus is estimated to have an orbital half-life of about 860

text: kiloannum

text: . Asbolus is currently classified as a SN centaur since Saturn is considered to control the

text: perihelion

text: and Neptune controls the aphelion. It currently has a

text: perihelion

text: of 6.8

text: AU

text: , so is also influenced by Jupiter. Centaurs with a perihelion less than 6.6 AU are very strongly influenced by Jupiter and for classification purposes are considered to have a perihelion under the control of Jupiter. In about ten thousand years, clones of the orbit of Asbolus suggest that its perihelion classification may come under the control of Jupiter.

text: Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.

text: Volume is the

text: quantity

text: of

text: three-dimensional space

text: enclosed by a

text: closed surface

text: , for example, the space that a substance (

text: solid

text: liquid

text: gas

text: , or

text: plasma

text: ) or shape occupies or contains.Volume is often quantified numerically using the

text: SI derived unit

text: , the

text: cubic metre

text: . The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container, i. e. the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.

text: In 1964, as the legend of the song grew, Jubilee hired a new group of musicians, under the name of The Five Sharps. They then recorded a new version of "Stormy Weather". It was released as Jubilee 5478, a 45 single. This version isn't nearly as collectible as the first version.

text: denotes the surface energy of the solid–liquid, liquid–gas, or solid–gas interface

text: As a music producer and performer, Saturn is best known for his work with electronic duos Socks and Sandals (with Nicolas Sauser) and pH10 (with Recone F. Helmut), and LD-50. Saturn was a resident DJ in Brooklyn, NY at Halcyon's Sunday evening "Undercity" party, along with DJs Spinoza, Sheldon Drake, Mercy_Killah, HazMaat and others. In the realm of new media, Saturn was at the forefront of the videoblog revolution of the mid-2000s, and created the popular videoblogs ZipZapZop.com and MyGermanClass.com, which won a Best of 2006 People's Choice award for video podcasts from Apple's iTunes. Saturn's video interview of Todd Polenburg called "Bush Bush Revolution" was featured on Rocketboom.

text: The rings of Uranus are thought to be relatively young, at not more than 600 million years old. The Uranian ring system probably originated from the collisional fragmentation of a number of moons that once existed around the planet. After colliding, the moons probably broke up into numerous particles, which survived as narrow and optically dense rings only in strictly confined zones of maximum stability.

text: At or below 0 °C (32 °F), blood vessels close to the skin start to constrict, and blood is shunted away from the extremities via the action of glomus bodies. The same response may also be a result of exposure to high winds. This constriction helps to preserve core body temperature. In extreme cold, or when the body is exposed to cold for long periods, this protective strategy can reduce blood flow in some areas of the body to dangerously low levels. This lack of blood leads to the eventual freezing and death of skin tissue in the affected areas. Of the four degrees of frostbite, each has varying degrees of pain.

text: At or below 0 °C (32 °F),

text: blood vessels

text: close to the skin start to constrict, and blood is shunted away from the extremities via the action of

text: glomus bodies

text: . The same response may also be a result of exposure to high winds. This constriction helps to preserve core body temperature. In extreme cold, or when the body is exposed to cold for long periods, this protective strategy can reduce blood flow in some areas of the body to dangerously low levels. This lack of blood leads to the eventual freezing and death of skin tissue in the affected areas. Of the four degrees of frostbite, each has varying degrees of pain.

text: All the inner satellites of Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune have very dark surfaces with an albedo between 0.06 (Metis) and 0.10 (Adrastea). Saturn's satellites, in contrast, have very bright surfaces, with albedos between 0.4 and 0.6. This is thought to be because their surfaces are being coated with fresh ice particles swept up from the ring system within which they orbit. The inner satellites around the other planets may have been darkened by space weathering. None of the known inner satellites possesses an atmosphere.

text: All the inner satellites of Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune have very dark surfaces with an

text: albedo

text: between 0.06 (

text: Metis

text: ) and 0.10 (

text: Adrastea

text: ). Saturn's satellites, in contrast, have very bright surfaces, with albedos between 0.4 and 0.6. This is thought to be because their surfaces are being coated with fresh ice particles swept up from the ring system within which they orbit. The inner satellites around the other planets may have been darkened by

text: space weathering

text: . None of the known inner satellites possesses an atmosphere.

text: The inner satellites are small in comparison with the major moons of their respective planets. All are too small to have attained a gravitationally-collapsed spheroidal shape. Many are highly elongated, such as for example, Amalthea, which is twice as long as wide. By far the largest of the inner satellites is Proteus, which is about 440 km across in its longest dimension and close to spherical, but not spherical enough to be considered a gravitationally collapsed shape. Most known inner satellites are 50 to 200 km across, while the smallest confirmed is Daphnis at 6 to 8 km in size. Unconfirmed bodies orbiting close to Saturn's F ring, such as S/2004 S 6, may be somewhat smaller moons, if they are not transient clumps of dust instead. The Cassini spacecraft has recently found indications (small dusty rings) that even smaller moonlets may be orbiting in the Cassini Division. The size of the smallest known inner moons around the outer planets increases with distance from the Sun, but this trend is thought to be due to increasingly difficult lighting and observing conditions rather than any physical trend. Smaller inner moons may eventually be discovered.

text: The inner satellites are small in comparison with the major moons of their respective planets. All are too small to have attained a gravitationally-collapsed spheroidal shape. Many are highly elongated, such as for example, Amalthea, which is twice as long as wide. By far the largest of the inner satellites is Proteus, which is about 440 km across in its longest dimension and close to spherical, but not spherical enough to be considered a gravitationally collapsed shape. Most known inner satellites are 50 to 200 km across, while the smallest confirmed is Daphnis at 6 to 8 km in size. Unconfirmed bodies orbiting close to Saturn's

text: F ring

text: , such as

text: S/2004 S 6

text: , may be somewhat smaller moons, if they are not transient clumps of dust instead. The

text: Cassini spacecraft

text: has recently found indications (small dusty rings) that even smaller moonlets may be orbiting in the

text: Cassini Division

text: . The size of the smallest known inner moons around the outer planets increases with distance from the Sun, but this trend is thought to be due to increasingly difficult lighting and observing conditions rather than any physical trend. Smaller inner moons may eventually be discovered.

text: Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is a gas giant, along with Saturn, with the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, being ice giants. Jupiter was known to astronomers of ancient times. The Romans named it after their god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus.

text: Jupiter is the fifth

text: planet

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: largest

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: . It is a

text: giant planet

text: with a

text: mass

text: one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is a

text: gas giant

text: , along with

text: Saturn

text: , with the other two

text: giant planet

text: s,

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , being

text: ice giant

text: s. Jupiter was known to

text: astronomer

text: s of ancient times. The

text: Romans

text: named it after

text: their god

text: Jupiter

text: . When viewed from

text: Earth

text: , Jupiter can reach an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of −2.94, bright enough for its reflected light to cast shadows, and making it on average the third-brightest object in the

text: night sky

text: after the

text: Moon

text: and

text: Venus

text: The comic version of Unicron may be far larger. In the first issue of Marvel Comics Generation One Transformers comic, Cybertron is said to be around the size of Saturn (which has a diameter of roughly 120,000 km at the equator). As Unicron's planet mode is seen to be as large as Cybertron (if not larger) in the comics, this would suggest a diameter of 120,000+ km. The Dreamwave equivalent of Unicron may be the same size, as the Cybertron of the Dreamwave universe was also said to be the size of Saturn.

text: The comic version of Unicron may be far larger. In the first issue of

text: Marvel Comics

text: Generation One

text: Transformers comic, Cybertron is said to be around the size of

text: Saturn

text: (which has a diameter of roughly 120,000 km at the

text: equator

text: ). As Unicron's planet mode is seen to be as large as Cybertron (if not larger) in the comics, this would suggest a diameter of 120,000+ km. The Dreamwave equivalent of Unicron may be the same size, as the Cybertron of the Dreamwave universe was also said to be the size of Saturn.

text: From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea—orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out, Larissa, was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004.  A new moon and the smallest yet, S/2004 N 1, was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.

text: From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune. Of these, the irregularly shaped

text: Proteus

text: is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon, it is only 0.25% the mass of Triton. Neptune's innermost four moons—

text: Naiad

text: Thalassa

text: Despina

text: and

text: Galatea

text: —orbit close enough to be within Neptune's rings. The next-farthest out,

text: Larissa

text: , was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs, but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989, Larissa was found to have caused it. Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004.  A new moon and the smallest yet,

text: S/2004 N 1

text: , was found in 2013. Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, Neptune's moons have been named after lesser sea gods.

text: Several symbols were proposed for Neptune to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery, Urbain Le Verrier originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a trident, while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago, who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (

text: Several symbols were proposed for

text: Neptune

text: to accompany the suggested names for the planet. Claiming the right to name his discovery,

text: Urbain Le Verrier

text: originally proposed the name Neptune and the symbol of a

text: trident

text: , while falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French

text: Bureau des Longitudes

text: . In October, he sought to name the planet Leverrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director,

text: François Arago

text: , who in turn proposed a new symbol for the planet (

text: Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Uranus, making a single flyby as part of its grand tour of the outer planets.

text: The migration of the outer planets is necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions. Beyond Neptune, the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, and the Oort cloud, three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU, and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU.

text: The migration of the outer planets is necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions.

text: Beyond Neptune

text: , the Solar System continues into the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , the

text: scattered disc

text: , and the

text: Oort cloud

text: , three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed

text: comet

text: s. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the

entity_name: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: solar nebula

text: dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU, and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU.

text: As the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the fluid becomes higher, significant differences in fluid parameters other than density may develop in the fluid due to temperature. An example of such a parameter is viscosity, which may begin to significantly vary horizontally across layers of fluid.  This breaks the symmetry of the system, and generally changes the pattern of up- and down-moving fluid from stripes to hexagons, as seen at right. Such hexagons are one example of a convection cell.

text: As the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the fluid becomes higher, significant differences in fluid parameters other than density may develop in the fluid due to temperature. An example of such a parameter is

text: viscosity

text: , which may begin to significantly vary horizontally across layers of fluid.  This breaks the symmetry of the system, and generally changes the pattern of up- and down-moving fluid from stripes to hexagons, as seen at right. Such hexagons are one example of a

text: convection cell

text: Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen.  When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

text: Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres.

text: Titan

text: , a moon of Saturn, and

text: Triton

text: , a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of

text: nitrogen

text: .  When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun,

text: Pluto

text: has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

text: Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan's diameter is 50% larger than Earth's natural satellite, the Moon, and it is 80% more massive. It is the second-largest moon in the Solar System, after Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and is larger than the smallest planet, Mercury, although only 40% as massive. Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens,  Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, and the sixth known planetary satellite. Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii. From Titan's surface Saturn subtends an arc of 5.7 degrees and would appear 11.4 times the size our moon does to us.

text: Titan is the sixth ellipsoidal moon from

text: Saturn

text: . Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan's diameter is 50% larger than Earth's natural satellite, the

text: Moon

text: , and it is 80% more massive. It is the

text: second-largest moon

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: , after Jupiter's moon

text: Ganymede

text: , and is larger than the smallest planet,

text: Mercury

text: , although only 40% as massive. Discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: ,  Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, and the sixth known planetary satellite. Titan orbits Saturn at 20 Saturn radii. From Titan's surface Saturn subtends an arc of 5.7 degrees and would appear 11.4 times the size our moon does to us.

text: Uranus has five major moons: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. They range in diameter from 472 km for Miranda to 1578 km for Titania. All these moons are relatively dark objects: their geometrical albedo varies between 30 and 50%, whereas their Bond albedo is between 10 and 23%. Umbriel is the darkest moon and Ariel the brightest. The masses of the moons range from 6.7 kg (Miranda) to 3.5 kg (Titania). For comparison, the Moon has a mass of 7.5 kg. The major moons of Uranus are thought to have formed in the accretion disc, which existed around Uranus for some time after its formation or resulted from a large impact suffered by Uranus early in its history.

text: Uranus has five major moons:

text: Miranda

text: Ariel

text: Umbriel

text: Titania

text: , and

text: Oberon

text: . They range in diameter from 472 km for Miranda to 1578 km for Titania. All these moons are relatively dark objects: their geometrical albedo varies between 30 and 50%, whereas their

text: Bond albedo

text: is between 10 and 23%. Umbriel is the darkest moon and Ariel the brightest. The masses of the moons range from 6.7 kg (Miranda) to 3.5 kg (Titania). For comparison, the

text: Moon

text: has a mass of 7.5 kg. The major moons of Uranus are thought to have formed in the

text: accretion disc

text: , which existed around Uranus for some time after its formation or resulted from a large impact suffered by

text: Uranus

text: early in its history.

text: In 2006, an Uranus-mass extrasolar planet was detected by gravitational microlensing around this star.

text: In 2006, an

text: Uranus

text: -mass

text: extrasolar planet

text: was detected by

text: gravitational microlensing

text: around this star.

text: São Paulo is known for its rapidly changing weather. Locals say that all four seasons can be experienced in one day. In the morning, when winds blow from the ocean, the weather can be cool or sometimes even cold. When the sun hits its peak, the weather can be extremely dry and hot. When the sun sets, the cold wind comes back bringing cool temperatures. This phenomenon happens usually in the winter.

text: The diagram to the right illustrates the distribution of known trans-Neptunian objects (up to 70 AU) in relation to the orbits of the planets and the centaurs for reference. Different classes are represented in different colours. Resonant objects (including Neptune trojans) are plotted in red, cubewanos in blue.The scattered disc extends to the right, far beyond the diagram, with known objects at mean distances beyond 500 AU (Sedna) and aphelia beyond 1000 AU ().

text: The diagram to the right illustrates the distribution of known trans-Neptunian objects (up to 70 AU) in relation to the orbits of the planets and the

text: centaurs

text: for reference. Different classes are represented in different colours.

text: Resonant objects

text: (including

text: Neptune trojan

text: s) are plotted in red,

text: cubewano

text: s in blue.The

text: scattered disc

text: extends to the right, far beyond the diagram, with known objects at mean distances beyond 500 AU (

text: Sedna

text: ) and aphelia beyond 1000 AU ().

text: Weak and afflicted planets situated in the trikonasthanas produce bad results; they can make one’s life miserable and even cause Balarishta. If the Moon occupies the last navamsa of the sign and malefic planets are in the 5th and 9th without beneficial aspects the child dies immediately. If Saturn, the Sun, the Moon and Mars occupy the 12th, the 9th, the lagna and the 8th bhavas respectively unaspected by powerful Jupiter the child dies quickly. Whereas Varahamihira reiterates that if the Moon conjoining with a malefic planet or malefic planets occupies the 5th, the 7th, the 9th, the 12th, the 1st or the 8th houses and is not aspected by or combined with powerful Venus, Mercury or Jupiter death comes early; Kalyan Verma refers to the very weak dark-half Moon producing this result. Planets occupying the 9th house in the absence of Mercury and Jupiter cannot be considered strong even if occupying their own sign, exaltation sign or friendly sign. According to Kalyan Verma three or more planets conjoining with Mercury in the 9th house make one trustworthy, rich and a ruler but if the 9th house is occupied by planets other than Mercury and Jupiter they make one suffer from physical ailments, be unattractive in appearance, inhuman and mean, and even suffer incarceration.

text: Weak and afflicted planets situated in the trikonasthanas produce bad results; they can make one’s life miserable and even cause

text: Balarishta

text: . If the Moon occupies the last navamsa of the sign and malefic planets are in the 5th and 9th without beneficial aspects the child dies immediately. If Saturn, the Sun, the Moon and Mars occupy the 12th, the 9th, the lagna and the 8th bhavas respectively unaspected by powerful Jupiter the child dies quickly. Whereas

text: Varahamihira

text: reiterates that if the Moon conjoining with a malefic planet or malefic planets occupies the 5th, the 7th, the 9th, the 12th, the 1st or the 8th houses and is not aspected by or combined with powerful Venus, Mercury or Jupiter death comes early; Kalyan Verma refers to the very weak dark-half Moon producing this result. Planets occupying the 9th house in the absence of Mercury and Jupiter cannot be considered strong even if occupying their own sign, exaltation sign or friendly sign. According to Kalyan Verma three or more planets conjoining with Mercury in the 9th house make one trustworthy, rich and a ruler but if the 9th house is occupied by planets other than Mercury and Jupiter they make one suffer from physical ailments, be unattractive in appearance, inhuman and mean, and even suffer incarceration.

text: The Cassini mission, which arrived at Saturn in the summer of 2004, initially discovered three small inner moons including Methone and Pallene between Mimas and Enceladus as well as the second Lagrangian moon of Dione—Polydeuces. It also observed three suspected but unconfirmed moons in the F Ring. In  Cassini scientists announced that the structure of Saturn's rings indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings, although only one, Daphnis, has been visually confirmed so far (in 2005). In 2007 Anthe was announced. In 2008 it was reported that Cassini observations of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea might be the signature of a tenuous ring system around Saturn's second largest moon. In , Aegaeon, a moonlet within the G Ring, was announced. In July of the same year, S/2009 S 1, the first moonlet within the B Ring, was observed. In April 2014, the possible beginning of a new moon, within the A Ring, was reported. (related image)

text: The

text: Cassini

text: mission, which arrived at Saturn in the summer of 2004, initially discovered three small inner moons including

text: Methone

text: and

text: Pallene

text: between Mimas and Enceladus as well as the second Lagrangian moon of Dione—

text: Polydeuces

text: . It also observed three suspected but unconfirmed moons in the

text: F Ring

text: . In  Cassini scientists announced that the structure of

text: Saturn's rings

text: indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings, although only one,

text: Daphnis

text: , has been visually confirmed so far (in 2005). In 2007

text: Anthe

text: was announced. In 2008 it was reported that Cassini observations of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's

text: magnetosphere

text: near

text: Rhea

text: might be the signature of a

text: tenuous ring system

text: around Saturn's second largest moon. In ,

text: Aegaeon

text: , a moonlet within the G Ring, was announced. In July of the same year,

text: S/2009 S 1

text: , the first moonlet within the B Ring, was observed. In April 2014, the possible beginning of a new

text: moon

text: , within the

text: A Ring

text: , was reported. (

text: related image

text: There are three confirmed planets, all in direct orbit. The outer two planets, Kepler-9b (the inner one) and Kepler-9c (the outer one), are low density gas giants that are respectively 25% and 17% the mass of Jupiter and around 80% the radius of Jupiter. Both planets have a density less than that of water, similar to Saturn. The innermost planet, Kepler-9d, is a super-Earth with a radius that is 1.64 times that of Earth, orbiting the star every 1.6 days. It is estimated that there is a 0.59% chance that the discoveries are false.

text: There are three confirmed

text: planets

text: , all in direct orbit. The outer two planets,

text: (the inner one) and

text: (the outer one), are low density gas giants that are respectively 25% and 17% the mass of Jupiter and around 80% the radius of Jupiter. Both planets have a density less than that of water, similar to

text: Saturn

text: . The innermost planet,

text: , is a

text: super-Earth

text: with a radius that is 1.64

text: times that of Earth

text: , orbiting the star every 1.6 days. It is estimated that there is a 0.59% chance that the discoveries are false.

text: Saturn Communications are an Australian ICT integrator based in Hobart Tasmania. They service Southern Tasmania as well as most parts of Northern Tasmania. Saturn Communications are playing a key role in providing services via the nationwide rollout of fibre optics (National Broadband Network).

text: Saturn Communications are an Australian ICT integrator based in Hobart Tasmania. They service Southern Tasmania as well as most parts of Northern Tasmania. Saturn Communications are playing a key role in providing services via the nationwide rollout of fibre optics (

text: National Broadband Network

text: In 1930 he coined the Japanese word  for the newly discovered planet Pluto. The name was then borrowed into Chinese and Korean.

text: In 1930 he coined the Japanese word  for the newly discovered planet

text: Pluto

text: . The name was then borrowed into

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Korean

text: Also many moons, even those that do not orbit the Sun directly, often exhibit features in common with true planets. There are 19 moons in the Solar System that have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and would be considered planets if only the physical parameters are considered.  Both Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan are larger than Mercury, and Titan even has a substantial atmosphere, thicker than the Earth's. Moons such as Io and Triton demonstrate obvious and ongoing geological activity, and Ganymede has a magnetic field. Just as stars in orbit around other stars are still referred to as stars, some astronomers argue that objects in orbit around planets that share all their characteristics could also be called planets. Indeed, Mike Brown makes just such a claim in his dissection of the issue, saying:

text: Also many moons, even those that do not orbit the Sun directly, often exhibit features in common with true planets. There are 19 moons in the Solar System that have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and would be considered planets if only the physical parameters are considered.  Both Jupiter's moon

text: Ganymede

text: and Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: are larger than Mercury, and Titan even has a substantial atmosphere, thicker than the Earth's. Moons such as

text: Io

text: and

text: Triton

text: demonstrate obvious and ongoing geological activity, and Ganymede has a

text: magnetic field

text: . Just as

text: star

text: s in orbit around other stars are still referred to as stars, some astronomers argue that objects in orbit around planets that share all their characteristics could also be called planets. Indeed, Mike Brown makes just such a claim in his dissection of the issue, saying:

text: Eris was never officially classified as a planet, and the 2006 definition of planet defined both Eris and Pluto not as planets but as dwarf planets because they have not cleared their neighbourhoods. They do not orbit the Sun alone, but as part of a population of similarly sized objects. Pluto itself is now recognized as being a member of the Kuiper belt and the largest dwarf planet, larger than the more-massive Eris.

text: Eris was never officially classified as a planet, and the

text: 2006 definition of planet

text: defined both Eris and Pluto not as planets but as dwarf planets because they have not

text: cleared their neighbourhoods

text: . They do not orbit the Sun alone, but as part of a population of similarly sized objects. Pluto itself is now recognized as being a member of the Kuiper belt and the largest dwarf planet, larger than the more-massive Eris.

text: The chemical element uranium, discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, was named after the newly discovered planet Uranus.

text: The

text: chemical element

text: uranium

text: , discovered in 1789 by the German chemist

text: Martin Heinrich Klaproth

text: , was named after the newly discovered planet Uranus.

text: The population that fled the planet initially colonized the Moon and Mars, but these colonies were destroyed by hostile forces from Earth. The pioneers—or "Outers" as they came to be known—eventually settled among Jupiter's moons Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede, and Saturn's moons Dione, Enceladus, and Mimas. The Outers have survived by using highly advanced genetic engineering and their pure determination for a free life. They've formed a loose form of democracy which over the course of centuries has been dominated by long-lived humans who still remember the events which caused them to flee Earth.

text: The population that fled the planet initially colonized the Moon and Mars, but these colonies were destroyed by hostile forces from Earth. The pioneers—or "Outers" as they came to be known—eventually settled among

text: Jupiter

text: 's moons

text: Callisto

text: Europa

text: , and

text: Ganymede

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: 's moons

text: Dione

text: Enceladus

text: , and

text: Mimas

text: . The Outers have survived by using highly advanced genetic engineering and their pure determination for a free life. They've formed a loose form of

text: democracy

text: which over the course of centuries has been dominated by long-lived humans who still remember the events which caused them to flee Earth.

text: The other ones are LEAG (Luna), OPAG (Outer Planets & Satellites), SBAG (Small Bodies), andVEXAG (Venus).

text: The other ones are LEAG (

text: Luna

text: ), OPAG (

text: Outer Planets

text: & Satellites), SBAG (

text: Small Bodies

text: ), andVEXAG (

text: Venus

text: The band was signed to Relativity Records in 1986 and released its first two EPs, High Octane Revival (1986) and Boom Boom Boom Bingo (1987). High Octane Revival was voted the #4 EP of 1986 in the Village Voice's "Pazz & Jop" Critics list.  In 1987, Scruffy The Cat released its debut album, Tiny Days, with the singles "Never Never/Time Never Forgets" and "Mybabyshesallright". Tiny Days was in the top 5 of college national radio charts and ranked #4 in the Village Voice year end critics poll of 1987.  Videos for the two singles received rotation on MTV's 120 Minutes and the album Tiny Days was one of the top 10 college albums in Rolling Stones upon its release.  In 1988, the band released its second album, Moons Of Jupiter, which was followed by the single "Love Song #9" in 1989. Moons Of Jupiter was recorded in Memphis with famed producer Jim Dickinson at the legendary Ardent Studios.  Chris Heim of the Chicago Tribune wrote that Moons of Jupiter is a "more relaxed and polished effort that wraps the group's typically catchy pop hooks in the fuzzy warmth of sweet Memphis soul."   Moons of Jupiter spent eight weeks on the Billboard 200 album list, peaking at number 177.  The first single from the LP, also titled Moons of Jupiter, reached the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, spending six weeks on the chart and peaking at number 23.

text: The band was signed to

text: Relativity Records

text: in 1986 and released its first two EPs, High Octane Revival (1986) and Boom Boom Boom Bingo (1987). High Octane Revival was voted the #4 EP of 1986 in the Village Voice's "Pazz & Jop" Critics list.  In 1987, Scruffy The Cat released its debut album, Tiny Days, with the singles "Never Never/Time Never Forgets" and "Mybabyshesallright". Tiny Days was in the top 5 of college national radio charts and ranked #4 in the Village Voice year end critics poll of 1987.  Videos for the two singles received rotation on

text: MTV

text: 's

text: 120 Minutes

text: and the album Tiny Days was one of the top 10 college albums in Rolling Stones upon its release.  In 1988, the band released its second album, Moons Of Jupiter, which was followed by the single "Love Song #9" in 1989. Moons Of Jupiter was recorded in Memphis with famed producer

text: Jim Dickinson

text: at the legendary Ardent Studios.  Chris Heim of the

text: Chicago Tribune

text: wrote that Moons of Jupiter is a "more relaxed and polished effort that wraps the group's typically catchy pop hooks in the fuzzy warmth of sweet Memphis soul."   Moons of Jupiter spent eight weeks on the Billboard 200 album list, peaking at number 177.  The first single from the LP, also titled Moons of Jupiter, reached the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, spending six weeks on the chart and peaking at number 23.

text: Any original populations of irregular satellites captured by traditional mechanisms, such as drag or impacts from the accretion disks, would be lost during the interactions of the planets at the time of global system instability. In the Nice model, large numbers of planetesimals interact with the outer planets at this time, and some are captured during three-way interactions with those planets. The probability for any planetesimal to be captured by an ice giant is relatively high, a few 10. These new satellites could be captured at almost any angle, so unlike the regular satellites of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, they do not necessarily orbit in the planets' equatorial planes.  Some irregulars may have even been exchanged between planets. The resulting irregular orbits match well with the observed populations' semimajor axes, inclinations and eccentricities. Subsequent collisions between these captured satellites may have created the suspected collisional families seen today. These collisions are also required to erode the population to the present size distribution.

text: Any original populations of

text: irregular satellite

text: s captured by traditional mechanisms, such as drag or impacts from the accretion disks, would be lost during the interactions of the planets at the time of global system instability. In the Nice model, large numbers of planetesimals interact with the outer planets at this time, and some are captured during

text: three-way interactions

text: with those planets. The probability for any planetesimal to be captured by an

text: ice giant

text: is relatively high, a few 10. These new satellites could be captured at almost any angle, so unlike the

text: regular satellite

text: s of

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , they do not necessarily orbit in the planets' equatorial planes.  Some irregulars may have even been exchanged between planets. The resulting irregular orbits match well with the observed populations' semimajor axes, inclinations and eccentricities. Subsequent collisions between these captured satellites may have created the suspected

text: collisional families

text: seen today. These collisions are also required to erode the population to the present size distribution.

text: Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. Like the Moon and many of the satellites of the giant planets, its rotational period (its day) is identical to its orbital period; Titan is thus tidally locked in synchronous rotation with Saturn, and permanently shows one face to the planet, hence, Titan's "day" is equal to its orbit period. Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface, from which the planet would always appear to hang directly overhead. Longitudes on Titan are measured westward, starting from the meridian passing through this point. Its orbital eccentricity is 0.0288, and the orbital plane is inclined 0.348 degrees relative to the Saturnian equator. Viewed from Earth, Titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii (just over ) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0.8 arcseconds in diameter.

text: Titan orbits Saturn once every 15 days and 22 hours. Like the

text: Moon

text: and many of the satellites of the

text: giant planet

text: s, its

text: rotational period

text: (its day) is identical to its orbital period; Titan is thus

text: tidally locked

text: in

text: synchronous rotation

text: with Saturn, and permanently shows one face to the planet, hence, Titan's "day" is equal to its orbit period. Because of this, there is a sub-Saturnian point on its surface, from which the planet would always appear to hang directly overhead. Longitudes on Titan are measured westward, starting from the meridian passing through this point. Its orbital eccentricity is 0.0288, and the orbital plane is inclined 0.348 degrees relative to the Saturnian equator. Viewed from Earth, Titan reaches an angular distance of about 20 Saturn radii (just over ) from Saturn and subtends a disk 0.8

text: arcsecond

text: s in diameter.

text: Uranus governs societies, clubs, and any group based on humanitarian or progressive ideals. Uranus, the planet of sudden and unexpected changes, rules freedom and originality. In society, it rules radical ideas and people, as well as revolutionary events that upset established structures. Uranus is also associated with Wednesday, alongside Mercury (since Uranus is in the higher octave of Mercury).

text: Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly of hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of the mass. They are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with probably a molten rocky core. The outermost portion of their hydrogen atmosphere is characterized by many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia. The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very large pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The gas giants' cores are thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000 K) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.

text: Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly of hydrogen and helium, with heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of the mass. They are thought to consist of an outer layer of

text: molecular hydrogen

text: surrounding a layer of liquid

text: metallic hydrogen

text: , with probably a molten rocky core. The outermost portion of their hydrogen atmosphere is characterized by many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia. The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very large pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor. The gas giants' cores are thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000

text: K

text: ) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.

text: From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

text: From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent

text: discovery of Pluto

text: in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the

text: Kuiper belt

text: in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: defined the word "planet" for the first time

text: , reclassifying Pluto as a "

text: dwarf planet

text: " and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

text: Shepherd satellites are small moons that orbit within, or just beyond, a planet's ring system. They have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. Saturn's shepherd moons are Pan (Encke gap), Daphnis (Keeler gap), Atlas (A Ring), Prometheus (F Ring) and Pandora (F Ring). These moons together with co-orbitals (see below) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated.

text: Shepherd satellite

text: s are small moons that orbit within, or just beyond, a planet's

text: ring system

text: . They have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. Saturn's shepherd moons are Pan (

text: Encke gap

text: ), Daphnis (

text: Keeler gap

text: Atlas

text: (A Ring),

text: Prometheus

text: (F Ring) and

text: Pandora

text: (F Ring). These moons together with co-orbitals (see below) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated.

text: Comets are thought to have two separate points of origin in the Solar System. Short-period comets (those with orbits of up to 200 years) are generally accepted to have emerged from either the Kuiper belt or the scattered disc, which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun. Long-period comets, such as comet Hale–Bopp, whose orbits last for thousands of years, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and so very few comets are thought to originate there. The scattered disc, however, is dynamically active, and is far more likely to be the place of origin for comets. Comets pass from the scattered disc into the realm of the outer planets, becoming what are known as centaurs. These centaurs are then sent farther inward to become the short-period comets.

text: Comet

text: s are thought to have two separate points of origin in the Solar System. Short-period comets (those with orbits of up to 200 years) are generally accepted to have emerged from either the

text: Kuiper belt

text: or the scattered disc, which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun. Long-period comets, such as

text: comet Hale–Bopp

text: , whose orbits last for thousands of years, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and so very few comets are thought to originate there. The scattered disc, however, is dynamically active, and is far more likely to be the place of origin for comets. Comets pass from the scattered disc into the realm of the outer planets, becoming what are known as

text: centaurs

text: . These centaurs are then sent farther inward to become the short-period comets.

text: In order of their distance from the planet, the irregular moons are Triton, Nereid, Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia, Psamathe, and Neso, a group that includes both prograde and retrograde objects. The five outermost moons are similar to the irregular moons of other giant planets, and are thought to have been gravitationally captured by Neptune, unlike the regular satellites, which probably formed in situ.

text: In order of their distance from the planet, the irregular moons are

text: Triton

text: Nereid

text: Halimede

text: Sao

text: Laomedeia

text: Psamathe

text: , and

text: Neso

text: , a group that includes both prograde and retrograde objects. The five outermost moons are similar to the irregular moons of other

text: giant planet

text: s, and are thought to have been gravitationally captured by Neptune, unlike the regular satellites, which probably formed

text: in situ

text: On the other three gas giants, eclipses only occur at certain periods during the planet's orbit, due to their higher inclination between the orbits of the moon and the orbital plane of the planet. The moon Titan, for example, has an orbital plane tilted about 1.6° to Saturn's equatorial plane. But Saturn has an axial tilt of nearly 27°. The orbital plane of Titan only crosses the line of sight to the Sun at two points along Saturn's orbit. As the orbital period of Saturn is 29.7 years, an eclipse is only possible about every 15 years.

text: On the other three

text: gas giant

text: s, eclipses only occur at certain periods during the planet's orbit, due to their higher

text: inclination

text: between the orbits of the moon and the

text: orbital plane

text: of the planet. The moon

text: Titan

text: , for example, has an orbital plane tilted about 1.6° to Saturn's equatorial plane. But Saturn has an axial tilt of nearly 27°. The orbital plane of Titan only crosses the line of sight to the Sun at two points along Saturn's orbit. As the orbital period of Saturn is 29.7 years, an eclipse is only possible about every 15 years.

text: She lends her name to the moon Jupiter XLI, also called Aoede, which orbits the planet Jupiter.

text: She lends her name to the

text: moon

text: Jupiter XLI

text: , also called Aoede, which orbits the planet

text: Jupiter

text: Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies (Jupiter would wiggle a bit because of the non-zero eccentricities). Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance.

text: Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in

text: synchronous rotation

text: around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies (Jupiter would wiggle a bit because of the non-zero eccentricities). Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance.

text: Songs or other musical forms influenced by the concept of outer space have appeared in music throughout history, both in instrumental and vocal pieces with lyrics. As early as Ancient Greece, Pythagoras believed in something called the "harmony of the spheres". He believed that since planets and the stars all moved in the universe according to mathematical equations that these mathematical equations could be translated into musical notes and thus produce a symphony.  This idea was explored further throughout Western history under the theories of Musica universalis. Some more recent and widely different examples are The Planets by Gustav Holst, and the song "Space Oddity" by David Bowie. Outer space also appears as a theme in "space age" retro pop music, such as Stereolab's Space-Age Bachelor Pad Music.

text: Songs or other musical forms influenced by the concept of outer space have appeared in music throughout history, both in instrumental and vocal pieces with lyrics. As early as

text: Ancient Greece

text: Pythagoras

text: believed in something called the "

text: harmony of the spheres

text: ". He believed that since planets and the stars all moved in the universe according to mathematical equations that these mathematical equations could be translated into musical notes and thus produce a symphony.  This idea was explored further throughout Western history under the theories of

text: Musica universalis

text: . Some more recent and widely different examples are

text: The Planets

text: by

text: Gustav Holst

text: , and the song "

text: Space Oddity

text: " by

text: David Bowie

text: . Outer space also appears as a theme in "

text: space age

text: " retro pop music, such as

text: Stereolab

text: 's

text: Space-Age Bachelor Pad Music

text: A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System. The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "giant planet", but in the 1990s it became known that Uranus and Neptune are really a distinct class of giant planet, being composed mainly of heavier volatile substances (which are referred to as 'ices'). For this reason, Uranus and Neptune are now often classified in the separate category of ice giants.

text: A gas giant is a

text: giant planet

text: composed mainly of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: are the gas giants of the

text: Solar System

text: . The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "giant planet", but in the 1990s it became known that

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: are really a distinct class of giant planet, being composed mainly of heavier volatile substances (which are referred to as 'ices'). For this reason, Uranus and Neptune are now often classified in the separate category of

text: ice giant

text: s.

text: During the summer of 1964 at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Flandro was assigned the task of studying techniques for exploring the outer planets of the solar system.  In this study  he discovered the rare alignment of the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and conceived the Planetary Grand Tour multi-planet mission utilizing the gravity-assist technique to reduce the mission duration from forty years to less than ten years. This work was exploited by NASA with the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 missions.

text: During the summer of 1964 at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (

text: JPL

text: ), Flandro was assigned the task of studying techniques for exploring the outer planets of the solar system.  In this study  he discovered the rare alignment of the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and conceived the

text: Planetary Grand Tour

text: multi-planet mission utilizing the gravity-assist technique to reduce the mission duration from forty years to less than ten years. This work was exploited by

text: NASA

text: with the

text: Voyager 1

text: and

text: Voyager 2

text: missions.

text: Scafetta has argued, "At least 60% of the warming of the Earth observed since 1970 appears to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar system." According to Scafetta, the only reasonable explanation is that the climate system is modulated by astronomical oscillations.  Natural cycles known with certainty are the 11 (Schwabe) and 22 (Hale) year solar cycles, the cycles of the planets and luni-solar nodal cycles. Jupiter has an orbital period of 11.9 years while Saturn has an orbital period of 29.4 years. These periods predict three other major cycles which are associated with Jupiter and Saturn: about 10 years, the opposition of two planets; about 20 years, their synodic cycle; and about 60 years, the repetition of the combined orbits of the two planets. The major lunar cycles are about 18.6 and 8.85 years. Scafetta's climate model is based primarily on a comparison of secular periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun´s periodic  movement around barycenter of the Solar System caused by the revolving planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Periodic modulation of Moon´s orbital parameters by these planets and subsequent modulation of lunar tides is also discussed. According to Scafetta, who provides no physical explanation of that process, external forcing of celestial origin simply drives the adjustment of the natural rhythms by letting their own energy flow with the same frequency of the forcing. It just passes to the climatic system the information of how it has to oscillate, not the entire energy to make it oscillate. The effect of a periodic external forcing, even if weak, may become macroscopic and all components of the system gradually synchronize with it.

text: Scafetta has argued, "At least 60% of the warming of the Earth observed since 1970 appears to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar system." According to Scafetta, the only reasonable explanation is that the climate system is modulated by astronomical oscillations.  Natural cycles known with certainty are the 11 (

text: Schwabe

text: ) and 22 (

text: Hale

text: ) year solar cycles, the cycles of the planets and luni-solar

text: nodal cycles

text: Jupiter

text: has an orbital period of 11.9 years while

text: Saturn

text: has an orbital period of 29.4 years. These periods predict three other major cycles which are associated with Jupiter and Saturn: about 10 years, the opposition of two planets; about 20 years, their synodic cycle; and about 60 years, the repetition of the combined orbits of the two planets. The major lunar cycles are about

text: 18.6 and 8.85 years

text: . Scafetta's climate model is based primarily on a comparison of secular periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun´s periodic  movement around

text: barycenter of the Solar System

text: caused by the revolving planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Periodic modulation of

text: Moon´s orbital parameters

text: by these planets and subsequent modulation of lunar tides is also discussed. According to Scafetta, who provides no physical explanation of that process, external forcing of celestial origin simply drives the adjustment of the natural rhythms by letting their own energy flow with the same frequency of the forcing. It just passes to the climatic system the information of how it has to oscillate, not the entire energy to make it oscillate. The effect of a periodic external forcing, even if weak, may become macroscopic and all components of the system gradually synchronize with it.

text: A number of astronomers, most notably Alan Stern, the head of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto, contend that the IAU's definition is flawed, and that Pluto and Eris, and all large trans-Neptunian objects, such as , , ,  and , should be considered planets in their own right. However, the discovery of Eris did not rehabilitate the Planet X theory because it is far too small to have significant effects on the outer planets' orbits.

text: A number of astronomers, most notably

text: Alan Stern

text: , the head of NASA's

text: New Horizons

text: mission to Pluto, contend that the IAU's definition is flawed, and that Pluto and Eris, and all large trans-Neptunian objects, such as , , ,  and , should be considered planets in their own right. However, the discovery of Eris did not rehabilitate the Planet X theory because it is far too small to have significant effects on the outer planets' orbits.

text: The largest moon of Saturn is a world in its own right: Titan has a dense atmosphere and complex weather system, with liquid-carved river networks and sizable seas.

text: The largest moon of

text: Saturn

text: is a world in its own right:

text: Titan

text: has a dense atmosphere and complex weather system, with liquid-carved river networks and sizable seas.

text: It was also believed that efficient heat transfer between the sides of the planet necessitates atmospheric circulation of an atmosphere so thick as to disallow photosynthesis.  Due to differential heating, it was argued, a tidally locked planet would experience fierce winds with permanent torrential rain at the point directly facing the local star, the subsolar point. In the opinion of one author this makes complex life improbable. Plant life would have to adapt to the constant gale, for example by anchoring securely into the soil and sprouting long flexible leaves that do not snap. Animals would rely on infrared vision, as signaling by calls or scents would be difficult over the din of the planet-wide gale. Underwater life would, however, be protected from fierce winds and flares, and vast blooms of black photosynthetic plankton and algae could support the sea life.

text: It was also believed that efficient heat transfer between the sides of the planet necessitates

text: atmospheric circulation

text: of an

text: atmosphere

text: so thick as to disallow photosynthesis.  Due to differential heating, it was argued, a tidally locked planet would experience fierce winds with permanent torrential rain at the point directly facing the local star, the

text: subsolar point

text: . In the opinion of one author this makes complex life improbable. Plant life would have to adapt to the constant gale, for example by anchoring securely into the soil and sprouting long flexible leaves that do not snap. Animals would rely on infrared vision, as signaling by calls or scents would be difficult over the din of the planet-wide gale. Underwater life would, however, be protected from fierce winds and flares, and vast blooms of black photosynthetic plankton and algae could support the sea life.

text: Another nomenclature, often seen in science fiction, uses Roman numerals in the order of planets' positions from the star. (This was inspired by an old system for naming moons of the outer planets, such as "Jupiter IV" for Callisto.) But such a system is impractical for scientific use, because new planets may be found closer to the star, changing all numerals.

text: Another nomenclature, often seen in science fiction, uses

text: Roman numerals

text: in the order of planets' positions from the star. (This was inspired by an old system for naming moons of the outer planets, such as "Jupiter IV" for

text: Callisto

text: .) But such a system is impractical for scientific use, because new planets may be found closer to the star, changing all numerals.

text: On October 8, 2014, a real-world planitia (plain) on Saturn's moon Titan was named Poritrin Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: On October 8, 2014, a real-world

text: planitia

text: (plain) on

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: was named Poritrin Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: Luke Skywalker took Jacen Solo with him to Belkaden to find the Yuuzhan Vong. While, Anakin Solo Jacen's brother, is with Luke Skywalker's wife Mara to Dantooine, a planet on the outer rim. They went to figure out if they could find a cure for the Vong disease that has spread across the galaxy. Anakin tries to help Mara with her work, without using the force. Two Jedi Knights named Corran Horn and Ganner Rhysode are sent a mission to Bimmiel, an outer rim planet to find university students, that were taking from the Yuuzhan Vong and are missing at the moment.

text: The planet is a large hot Jupiter, about 1.43 times the radius of Jupiter and approximately 3.3 times as massive. Its huge size is due to the intense heating from its parent star, which causes the outer layers of its atmosphere to bloat. The extremely large radius of the planet indicates that COROT-2b is really hot, estimated to be around 1500 K, even hotter than would be expected given its location close to its parent star. This fact may be a sign of tidal heating due to interactions with another planet. At Jupiter-like distances its radius would roughly be the same as Jupiter.The complete phase curve of this planet has been observed.

text: The planet is a large

text: hot Jupiter

text: , about 1.43 times the radius of

text: Jupiter

text: and approximately 3.3 times as massive. Its huge size is due to the intense heating from its parent star, which causes the outer layers of its atmosphere to bloat. The extremely large radius of the planet indicates that COROT-2b is really hot, estimated to be around 1500 K, even hotter than would be expected given its location close to its parent star. This fact may be a sign of

text: tidal heating

text: due to interactions with another planet. At Jupiter-like distances its radius would roughly be the same as Jupiter.The complete phase curve of this planet has been observed.

text: The exploration of Uranus has, to date, been solely through telescopes and NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft, which made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986. Voyager 2 discovered 10 moons, studied the planet's cold atmosphere, and examined its ring system, discovering two new rings. It also imaged Uranus' five large moons, revealing that their surfaces are covered with impact craters and canyons.

text: The exploration of Uranus has, to date, been solely through telescopes and

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft, which made its closest approach to

text: Uranus

text: on January 24, 1986. Voyager 2 discovered 10

text: moons

text: , studied the planet's cold

text: atmosphere

text: , and examined its

text: ring system

text: , discovering two new rings. It also imaged Uranus' five large moons, revealing that their surfaces are covered with

text: impact crater

text: s and

text: canyon

text: s.

text: Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or, in case of Saturn's E-ring, the ejecta of cryovolcanic material.

text: Baker also translated from the French and published in London in 1587 a little book in black letter entitled 'The Rules, &c. touching the use and practice of the common almanacs which are named Ephemerides, a brief and short instruction upon the Judicial Astrologie for to prognosticate of things to come by the help of the same Ephemerides, with a treatise added hereunto touching the conjunction of the Planets and of their Prognostications,' &c. Among the prognostications are such as these : 'If the moon be in conjunction with Jupiter, it is good to let blood,' 'If Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and the moon be found conjoined in the sign of Leo, men shall be grieved with pains of the stomach.'

text: Baker also translated from the French and published in London in 1587 a little book in black letter entitled 'The Rules, &c. touching the use and practice of the common almanacs which are named

text: Ephemerides

text: , a brief and short instruction upon the Judicial Astrologie for to prognosticate of things to come by the help of the same Ephemerides, with a treatise added hereunto touching the conjunction of the Planets and of their Prognostications,' &c. Among the prognostications are such as these : 'If the moon be in conjunction with Jupiter, it is good to let blood,' 'If Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and the moon be found conjoined in the sign of Leo, men shall be grieved with pains of the stomach.'

text: The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions. Originally, the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun, with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.

text: The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the

text: Solar System

text: 's outermost regions. Originally, the

text: Kuiper belt

text: was much denser and closer to the

text: Sun

text: , with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.

text: The planet has a mass 1.32 times that of Jupiter. Since the planet's inclination is known, the value is exact. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-113) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets 51 Pegasi b and HD 209458 b. The planet races around the star every 1.43 days. The radius of the planet is only 9% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-hot Jupiters".

text: The

text: planet

text: has a mass 1.32 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Since the planet's

text: inclination

text: is known, the value is exact. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-113) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets

text: 51 Pegasi b

text: and

text: HD 209458 b

text: . The planet races around the star every 1.43 days. The radius of the planet is only 9% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-

text: hot Jupiter

text: s".

text: The main problem encountered in deciphering the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is the transport of heavy cold plasma from the Io torus at 6 R to the outer magnetosphere at distances of more than 50 R. The precise mechanism of this process is not known, but it is hypothesized to occur as a result of plasma diffusion due to interchange instability. The process is similar to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in hydrodynamics. In the case of the Jovian magnetosphere, centrifugal force plays the role of gravity; the heavy liquid is the cold and dense Ionian (i.e. pertaining to Io) plasma, and the light liquid is the hot, much less dense plasma from the outer magnetosphere. The instability leads to an exchange between the outer and inner parts of the magnetosphere of flux tubes filled with plasma. The buoyant empty flux tubes move towards the planet, while pushing the heavy tubes, filled with the Ionian plasma, away from Jupiter. This interchange of flux tubes is a form of magnetospheric turbulence.

text: The main problem encountered in deciphering the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is the transport of heavy cold plasma from the Io torus at 6 R to the outer magnetosphere at distances of more than 50 R. The precise mechanism of this process is not known, but it is hypothesized to occur as a result of plasma diffusion due to interchange instability. The process is similar to the

text: Rayleigh-Taylor instability

text: in

text: hydrodynamics

text: . In the case of the Jovian magnetosphere,

text: centrifugal force

text: plays the role of gravity; the heavy liquid is the cold and dense Ionian (i.e. pertaining to

text: Io

text: ) plasma, and the light liquid is the hot, much less dense plasma from the outer magnetosphere. The instability leads to an exchange between the outer and inner parts of the magnetosphere of

text: flux tube

text: s filled with plasma. The buoyant empty flux tubes move towards the planet, while pushing the heavy tubes, filled with the Ionian plasma, away from Jupiter. This interchange of flux tubes is a form of magnetospheric

text: turbulence

text: Not to be confused with Chiron, Pluto's only moon Charon is treated like a "minor planet" or given the same status as a dwarf planet, the title given to Pluto when in 2006 the International Astronomical Union demoted its status from the farthest planet.

text: Not to be confused with Chiron, Pluto's only moon

text: Charon

text: is treated like a "minor planet" or given the same status as a

text: dwarf planet

text: , the title given to Pluto when in 2006 the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: demoted its status from the farthest planet.

text: The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between  to as far as  from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of , and a torus-shaped inner Oort cloud of . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune. The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after Jack G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.

text: The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between  to as far as  from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of , and a

text: torus

text: -shaped inner Oort cloud of . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets to inside the orbit of

text: Neptune

text: . The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after

text: Jack G. Hills

text: , who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.

text: The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610. However, by the late 19th century these names had fallen out of favor, and for a long time it was most common to refer to them in the astronomical literature simply as "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or as "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", etc.

text: The Galilean moons of Jupiter (

text: Io

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Callisto

text: ) were named by

text: Simon Marius

text: soon after their discovery in 1610. However, by the late 19th century these names had fallen out of favor, and for a long time it was most common to refer to them in the astronomical literature simply as "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or as "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", etc.

text: Recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above , sometimes rising by  or more within only a few minutes. More extreme events have also been documented, where temperatures have been reported to exceed . However, such extreme events have never been officially verified. Heat bursts are also characterized by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong, even damaging, winds.

text: Recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above , sometimes rising by  or more within only a few minutes. More extreme events have also been documented, where temperatures have been reported to exceed . However, such extreme events have never been officially verified. Heat bursts are also characterized by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong, even damaging,

text: wind

text: s.

text: A music video for the first version of the song was released on May 6 and was made by Endeavor Media. Young uploaded 'Behind the Scenes' footage of the video on VEVO a few days prior to the release on May 2, which explained the concept for the video; saying that it's about two men (Young and Chrystopher) leaving earth, but unlike many videos with a similar theme, they aren't leaving a post-apocalyptic earth, instead, there is a big celebration about leaving a very polluted earth. In the video the earth is shown as a planet that has terrible living conditions. The celebration is because they are leaving earth to find a better planet in outer space. As shown in the music video the duo are taking samples of earth with them to outer space to archive them.

text: A music video for the first version of the song was released on May 6 and was made by Endeavor Media. Young uploaded 'Behind the Scenes' footage of the video on

text: VEVO

text: a few days prior to the release on May 2, which explained the concept for the video; saying that it's about two men (Young and Chrystopher) leaving earth, but unlike many videos with a similar theme, they aren't leaving a

entity_name: Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction

text: post-apocalyptic

text: earth

text: , instead, there is a big celebration about leaving a very polluted earth. In the video the earth is shown as a planet that has terrible living conditions. The celebration is because they are leaving earth to find a better planet in outer space. As shown in the music video the duo are taking samples of earth with them to outer space to archive them.

text: Direct flyby missions to Neptune are only preferable in window gaps with a 12-year interval, due to the complexity of planetary positions. There is currently a window open for launching a Neptune mission from 2014 to 2019, with the next opportunity occurring from 2031. These constraints are based on current rocket technology which relies on gravity assists from Jupiter and Saturn. With the new Space Launch System (SLS) technology in development at Boeing, deep space missions with heavier payloads could potentially be propelled at much greater speeds (200 AU in 15 years) and missions to the outer planets could be launched independently of gravity assistance.

text: Direct flyby missions to Neptune are only preferable in window gaps with a 12-year interval, due to the complexity of planetary positions. There is currently a window open for launching a Neptune mission from 2014 to 2019, with the next opportunity occurring from 2031. These constraints are based on current rocket technology which relies on

text: gravity assist

text: s from Jupiter and Saturn. With the new

text: Space Launch System

text: (SLS) technology in development at

text: Boeing

text: , deep space missions with heavier payloads could potentially be propelled at much greater speeds (200 AU in 15 years) and missions to the outer planets could be launched independently of gravity assistance.

text: 2061 is set 51 years after the events of 2010: Odyssey Two. At the end of that novel, the enigmatic aliens who built the Monolith had transformed the planet Jupiter into a mini-sun in order to aid the evolution of life on Jupiter's moon Europa. A message was sent to Earth referring to Jupiter's moons:

text: 2061 is set 51 years after the events of

text: 2010: Odyssey Two

text: . At the end of that novel, the enigmatic aliens who built the Monolith had transformed the planet

text: Jupiter

text: into a mini-

text: sun

text: in order to aid the evolution of life on Jupiter's moon

text: Europa

text: . A message was sent to Earth referring to Jupiter's moons:

text: On May 31, 1997 in Trenton, New Jersey, during a three way dance with the Dudley Boyz and PG-13, Saturn tore his ACL when he landed on a crutch while executing a kick on Big Dick Dudley. Despite the injury, Saturn continued to compete and defeated the Dudley Boyz at Wrestlepalooza '97 and Kronus continued defending the title in handicap matches against the F.B.I before Saturn competed in a match that saw the Eliminators drop the tag-team titles back to the Dudley Boyz at a house show in Waltham, Massachusetts on June 20, 1997.

text: On May 31, 1997 in

text: Trenton, New Jersey

text: , during a three way dance with the Dudley Boyz and

text: , Saturn tore his

text: ACL

text: when he landed on a crutch while executing a kick on

text: Big Dick Dudley

text: . Despite the injury, Saturn continued to compete and defeated the Dudley Boyz at Wrestlepalooza '97 and Kronus continued defending the title in handicap matches against the

text: F.B.I

text: before Saturn competed in a match that saw the Eliminators drop the tag-team titles back to the Dudley Boyz at a house show in

text: Waltham, Massachusetts

text: on June 20, 1997.

text: Soon after the Second World War—with the developing division of Germany and division of Berlin—the Soviet occupation forces and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, founded in 1949) needed effective bypass routes around West Berlin. The Outer Freight Ring, which partly ran through West Berlin, was not suitable for this. Several connecting routes around Berlin emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but they were inefficient and some were too far away from Berlin. The first section of the Outer Ring was opened to the east of Genshagener Heide and a subsequent section was opened towards Schönefeld and Grünau cross; these connected to the existing line from Seddin marshalling yard. The last phase of construction of the outer ring was in the late 1950s, when the section between Golm and Saarmund  was put in operation, so that the Saarmund–Großbeeren section of the bypass became part of the outer ring. The section between Michendorf and Saarmund remained of great importance as a connection to the Seddin marshalling yard.

text: Soon after the Second World War—with the developing

text: division of Germany

text: and division of Berlin—the Soviet occupation forces and the

text: German Democratic Republic

text: (East Germany, founded in 1949) needed effective bypass routes around

text: West Berlin

text: . The Outer Freight Ring, which partly ran through West Berlin, was not suitable for this. Several connecting routes around Berlin emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but they were inefficient and some were too far away from Berlin. The first section of the Outer Ring was opened to the east of Genshagener Heide and a subsequent section was opened towards

text: Schönefeld

text: and

text: Grünau

text: cross; these connected to the existing line from Seddin marshalling yard. The last phase of construction of the outer ring was in the late 1950s, when the section between Golm and Saarmund  was put in operation, so that the Saarmund–Großbeeren section of the bypass became part of the outer ring. The section between Michendorf and Saarmund remained of great importance as a connection to the Seddin marshalling yard.

text: Pluto, in comics, may refer to:

text: Pluto, in comics, may refer to:

text: Tethys, a moon of the planet Saturn, and the prehistoric Tethys Ocean are named after this goddess.

text: Tethys

text: , a moon of the planet

text: Saturn

text: , and the prehistoric

text: Tethys Ocean

text: are named after this goddess.

text: William Herschel was a British astronomer and composer who became famous for discovering the planet Uranus.

text: William Herschel

text: was a British astronomer and composer who became famous for discovering the planet Uranus.

text: Barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height.  In other words, no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind.  It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours.  In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies.  Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones). A barotropic model tries to solve a simplified form of atmospheric dynamics based on the assumption that the atmosphere is in geostrophic balance; that is, that the Rossby number of the air in the atmosphere is small. If the assumption is made that the atmosphere is divergence-free, the curl of the Euler equations reduces into the barotropic vorticity equation. This latter equation can be solved over a single layer of the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere at a height of approximately  is mostly divergence-free, the barotropic model best approximates the state of the atmosphere at a geopotential height corresponding to that altitude, which corresponds to the atmosphere's  pressure surface.

text: Barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly

text: barotropic

text: , which means that the direction and speed of the

text: geostrophic wind

text: are independent of height.  In other words, no vertical

text: wind shear

text: of the geostrophic wind.  It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours.  In this type of atmosphere,

text: high

text: and

text: low pressure area

text: s are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies.  Warm-core highs (such as the

text: subtropical ridge

text: and Bermuda-Azores high) and

text: cold-core low

text: s have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as

text: tropical cyclone

text: s). A barotropic model tries to solve a simplified form of

text: atmospheric dynamics

text: based on the assumption that the atmosphere is in

text: geostrophic balance

text: ; that is, that the

text: Rossby number

text: of the air in the atmosphere is small. If the assumption is made that the atmosphere is

text: divergence-free

text: , the

text: curl

text: of the

text: Euler equations

text: reduces into the

text: barotropic vorticity equation

text: . This latter equation can be solved over a single layer of the atmosphere. Since the atmosphere at a height of approximately  is mostly divergence-free, the barotropic model best approximates the state of the atmosphere at a

text: geopotential height

text: corresponding to that altitude, which corresponds to the atmosphere's  pressure surface.

text: Juno is a Jupiter exploration mission which launched on August 5, 2011 and arrived in July 2016. It is the first solar-powered spacecraft to explore an outer planet. The craft was placed into a polar orbit in order to study the planet's magnetic field and internal structure.NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter provided extensive knowledge about its upper atmosphere, however, further study of Jupiter is crucial not only to the understanding of its origin and nature of the Solar System, but also of giant extrasolar planets in general. The Juno spacecraft investigation is intended to address the following objectives for Jupiter:

text: Juno

text: is a

text: Jupiter

text: exploration mission which launched on August 5, 2011 and arrived in July 2016. It is the first solar-powered spacecraft to explore an outer planet. The craft was placed into a

text: polar orbit

text: in order to study the planet's

text: magnetic field

text: and internal structure.NASA's

text: Galileo

text: mission to Jupiter provided extensive knowledge about its upper atmosphere, however, further study of Jupiter is crucial not only to the understanding of its origin and nature of the Solar System, but also of giant

text: extrasolar planet

text: s in general. The Juno spacecraft investigation is intended to address the following objectives for Jupiter:

text: The original Nice model resolved this problem by beginning with the Jupiter and Saturn inside their 2:1 resonance. Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities are excited when, after a period of slow divergent migration, they cross the 2:1 resonance. This destabilizes the outer Solar System and a series of gravitational encounters ensues during which Uranus and Neptune are scattered outward into the planetesimal disk. There they scatter a great number of planetesimals inward accelerating the migration of the planets. The scattering of planetesimals and the sweeping of resonances through the asteroid belt produce a bombardment of the inner planets. In addition to reproducing the positions and eccentricities of the outer planets, the original Nice model provided for the origin of: the Jupiter and Neptune trojans;  the irregular satellites of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; the various populations of trans-Neptunian objects; the magnitude of, and with the right initial conditions, the timing of the Late Heavy Bombardment.

text: The original Nice model resolved this problem by beginning with the Jupiter and Saturn inside their 2:1 resonance. Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities are excited when, after a period of slow divergent migration, they cross the 2:1 resonance. This destabilizes the outer Solar System and a series of gravitational encounters ensues during which Uranus and Neptune are scattered outward into the planetesimal disk. There they scatter a great number of planetesimals inward accelerating the migration of the planets. The scattering of planetesimals and the sweeping of resonances through the

text: asteroid belt

text: produce a bombardment of the

text: inner planets

text: . In addition to reproducing the positions and eccentricities of the outer planets, the original Nice model provided for the origin of: the Jupiter and

text: Neptune trojan

text: s;  the

text: irregular satellites

text: of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; the various populations of

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s; the magnitude of, and with the right initial conditions, the timing of the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: HD 10180 h is the largest and outermost known planet in the system. It is likely a Saturn-sized giant planet with a minimum mass 65 times that of Earth. Orbiting at 3.4 AU, a distance comparable to the distance of the outer part of the asteroid belt from the Sun and as such it is likely a Sudarsky Class I planet. The spurious detection probability is 0.6%.

text: HD 10180 h is the largest and outermost known planet in the system. It is likely a

text: Saturn

text: -sized giant planet with a minimum mass 65 times that of Earth. Orbiting at 3.4 AU, a distance comparable to the distance of the outer part of the

text: asteroid belt

text: from the Sun and as such it is likely a Sudarsky Class I planet. The spurious detection probability is 0.6%.

text: The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when Gary Flandro of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) noted that an alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that would occur in the late 1970s would enable a single spacecraft to visit all of the outer planets by using gravity assists. The particular alignment occurs once every 175 years. By 1966, JPL was promoting the project, noting it would allow a complete survey of the outer planets in less time and for less money than sending individual probes to each planet.

text: The concept of the Grand Tour began in 1964, when

text: Gary Flandro

text: of the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: (JPL) noted that an alignment of

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: that would occur in the late 1970s would enable a single spacecraft to visit all of the outer planets by using

text: gravity assist

text: s. The particular alignment occurs once every 175 years. By 1966, JPL was promoting the project, noting it would allow a complete survey of the outer planets in less time and for less money than sending individual probes to each planet.

text: Janardan Harji in his Mansagari states that if at the time of birth any planet occupies a friendly sign or its own sign or is in its exaltation sign in a trikonabhava (trine) then that planet having gained many favourable vargas gives its assigned good results in full. One such planet makes one wealthy, and two adept, successful and renowned. In the section devoted to arishtas and arishtabhanga of Chapter IV he reiterates that if at birth a strong (varga-wise) Mercury or Venus or Jupiter is situated in a kendrasthana from the lagna even if combined with an evil planet, it will single-handedly soon destroy all arishtas, and that the Moon situated in the 8th house from the lagna in a drekkena owned by Jupiter, Venus or Mercury will confer a long lease of life.

text: Janardan Harji in his

text: Mansagari

text: states that if at the time of birth any planet occupies a friendly sign or its own sign or is in its exaltation sign in a trikonabhava (trine) then that planet having gained many favourable vargas gives its assigned good results in full. One such planet makes one wealthy, and two adept, successful and renowned. In the section devoted to arishtas and arishtabhanga of Chapter IV he reiterates that if at birth a strong (varga-wise) Mercury or Venus or Jupiter is situated in a kendrasthana from the lagna even if combined with an evil planet, it will single-handedly soon destroy all arishtas, and that the Moon situated in the 8th house from the lagna in a drekkena owned by Jupiter, Venus or Mercury will confer a long lease of life.

text: Ring the Alarm is the second and final album by Philly's Most Wanted (shortened to Philly's Most), released on June 15, 2004 through Universal Records. By the time this album was released, the duo's partnership with production team The Neptunes, who had produced most of their last album, had ended, and The Neptunes did not produce any songs on Ring the Alarm. Instead, production was handled by various producers.

text: Ring the Alarm is the second and final album by

text: Philly's Most Wanted

text: (shortened to Philly's Most), released on June 15, 2004 through

text: Universal Records

text: . By the time this album was released, the duo's partnership with production team

text: The Neptunes

text: , who had produced most of their last album, had ended, and The Neptunes did not produce any songs on Ring the Alarm. Instead, production was handled by various producers.

text: Even planets in more stable orbits of a binary star system would suffer other kinds of problems according to her such as climatic problems. As an example, a planet in a binary star system orbiting the larger star would be drawn closer to its gravitational field, causing the planet to endure heat of great temperatures during this period. As the planet passes its larger star and reaches the orbit of its smaller star, the gravitational field of that star would give the planet more distance from it. The distance (perhaps along with the smaller solar projection of the star) would send the planet into extreme frigid temperatures.

text: Saturn's rings would be seen from an angle of only 0.019° and be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular phases. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only 3.5 minutes of arc, one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth.

text: Saturn's rings would be seen from an angle of only 0.019° and be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular

text: phase

text: s. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only 3.5 minutes of arc, one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth.

text: The planet has a mass 1.14 times that of Jupiter. Since the planet's inclination is known, this represents the best measured true mass of the planet, rather than simply the minimum mass as is the case when the inclination is unknown. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-132) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets 51 Pegasi b and HD 209458 b. The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours. The radius of the planet is only 18% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-hot Jupiters".

text: The

text: planet

text: has a mass 1.14 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Since the planet's

text: inclination

text: is known, this represents the best measured true mass of the planet, rather than simply the minimum mass as is the case when the inclination is unknown. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-132) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets

text: 51 Pegasi b

text: and

text: HD 209458 b

text: . The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours. The radius of the planet is only 18% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-

text: hot Jupiter

text: s".

text: Space weathering is the damage that occurs to any object exposed to the harsh environment of outer space.  Bodies without atmospheres (including the Moon, Mercury, the asteroids, comets, and most of the moons of other planets) incur many weathering processes:

text: Space weathering is the damage that occurs to any object exposed to the harsh environment of

text: outer space

text: .  Bodies without atmospheres (including the

text: Moon

text: Mercury

text: , the

text: asteroids

text: comets

text: , and most of the moons of other planets) incur many weathering processes:

text: The mass of Gliese 876 d from radial velocity has one problem, it is that only a lower limit on the mass can be obtained. This is because the measured mass value also depends on the orbital inclination, which in general is unknown. However, models incorporating the gravitational interactions between the resonant outer planets enables the inclination of the orbits to be determined. This reveals that the outer planets are nearly coplanar with an inclination of around 59° with respect to the plane of the sky. Assuming that Gliese 876 d orbits in the same plane as the other planets, the true mass of the planet is revealed to be 6.83 times the mass of Earth.

text: The mass of Gliese 876 d from radial velocity has one problem, it is that only a lower limit on the mass can be obtained. This is because the measured mass value also depends on the orbital inclination, which in general is unknown. However, models incorporating the gravitational interactions between the

text: resonant

text: outer planets enables the inclination of the orbits to be determined. This reveals that the outer planets are nearly

text: coplanar

text: with an inclination of around 59° with respect to the plane of the sky. Assuming that Gliese 876 d orbits in the same plane as the other planets, the true mass of the planet is revealed to be 6.83 times the mass of Earth.

text: Pluto first appeared as a nameless bloodhound tracking the escaped convict Mickey in the film The Chain Gang (September 1930). A month and a half later, Pluto appeared as Minnie Mouse's dog named Rover who comes along with her and Mickey on a picnic. By his third appearance, in The Moose Hunt (1931), Pluto is Mickey's pet, now named "Pluto".

text: Pluto first appeared as a nameless

text: bloodhound

text: tracking the escaped convict Mickey in the film

text: The Chain Gang

text: (September 1930). A month and a half later, Pluto appeared as Minnie Mouse's dog named Rover who comes along with her and Mickey on a picnic. By his third appearance, in The Moose Hunt (1931), Pluto is Mickey's pet, now named "Pluto".

text: Vishaka is a nakshatra in Indian astronomy spread in Tula or Libra (The 7th House of Natural Vedic Astrology). In Hindu mythology, Vishaka is a daughter of king Daksha. She was one of the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha who married the moon-God Chandra. Vishaka is the sixteenth nakshatra of the Hindu zodiac, ruled by the planet Jupiter Brihaspati or Guru, It is also the birth star of the Hindu deity Lord Murugan.

text: Vishaka is a

text: nakshatra

text: in

text: Indian astronomy

text: spread in Tula or Libra (The 7th House of Natural Vedic Astrology). In

text: Hindu

text: mythology, Vishaka is a daughter of king

text: Daksha

text: . She was one of the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha who married the moon-God

text: Chandra

text: . Vishaka is the sixteenth nakshatra of the

text: Hindu zodiac

text: , ruled by the planet Jupiter

text: Brihaspati

text: or Guru, It is also the birth star of the Hindu deity Lord

text: Murugan

text: With a minimum mass of about 5 Earth masses, the innermost planet falls into the regime of Super-Earths. The two outer planets straddle the commonly accepted upper limit between Super-Earths and Neptunes at , so they could be either predominantly rocky or gaseous. All three planets orbit within 0.5 AU and are likely too hot to maintain liquid water.

text: With a minimum mass of about 5 Earth masses, the innermost planet falls into the regime of

text: Super-Earth

text: s. The two outer planets straddle the commonly accepted upper limit between Super-Earths and Neptunes at , so they could be either predominantly rocky or gaseous. All three planets orbit within 0.5 AU and are likely too hot to maintain liquid water.

text: A woman becomes capable of bearing a child after appearance of the first of the menses recurring in a cycle found to be governed by the Moon and Mars. When the Moon is in an anupchayasthana i.e. in a kendrasthana or a trikonasthana or in the 2nd or the 12th from its natal position, the menses for conception occurs but if the Moon is in an upachayasthana i.e. in the 3rd, the 6th, the 10th or 11th,and receives the aspect of a masculine benefic planet the woman gets sexual union with man but does not conceive. If the Sun, the Moon, Venus and Mars occupy their own navamsas and Jupiter is in the lagna-kendra or in a trikonasthana, conception takes place. Bhattotpala citing Saravali (Slokas VIII. 2-4) in his commentary adds that a potent woman can become pregnant when at the time of commencement of the regular menses the Moon aspected by Mars is not in an upachayasthana from the Janam-rasi i.e. from the natal position of the Moon; if the Moon is aspected by Mars or is in an upachayasthana then she will not conceive.

text: A woman becomes capable of bearing a child after appearance of the first of the menses recurring in a cycle found to be governed by the

text: Moon

text: and

text: Mars

text: . When the Moon is in an anupchayasthana i.e. in a kendrasthana or a

text: trikonasthana

text: or in the 2nd or the 12th from its natal position, the menses for conception occurs but if the Moon is in an upachayasthana i.e. in the 3rd, the 6th, the 10th or 11th,and receives the aspect of a masculine benefic planet the woman gets sexual union with man but does not conceive. If the

text: Sun

text: , the Moon,

text: Venus

text: and Mars occupy their own

text: navamsa

text: s and

text: Jupiter

text: is in the

text: lagna-kendra

text: or in a trikonasthana, conception takes place.

text: Bhattotpala

text: citing

text: Saravali

text: (Slokas VIII. 2-4) in his commentary adds that a potent woman can become pregnant when at the time of commencement of the regular menses the Moon aspected by Mars is not in an

text: upachayasthana

text: from the Janam-rasi i.e. from the natal position of the Moon; if the Moon is aspected by Mars or is in an upachayasthana then she will not conceive.

text: There are several factors that can determine planetary temperatures and therefore several measures that can draw comparisons to that of the Earth in planets where atmospheric conditions are unknown. Equilibrium temperature is used for planets without atmospheres. With atmosphere, a greenhouse effect is assumed. Finally, surface temperature is used. Each of these temperatures is affected by climate, which is influenced by the orbit and rotation (or tidal locking) of the planet, each of which introduces further variables.

text: There are several factors that can determine planetary temperatures and therefore several measures that can draw comparisons to that of the Earth in planets where atmospheric conditions are unknown.

text: Equilibrium temperature

text: is used for planets without atmospheres. With atmosphere, a

text: greenhouse effect

text: is assumed. Finally, surface temperature is used. Each of these temperatures is affected by climate, which is influenced by the orbit and rotation (or tidal locking) of the planet, each of which introduces further variables.

text: In addition to showing how the inner solar system formed, Wetherill's work provided the basis for a model of a giant-impact origin for the Moon and the core of Mercury. It also led to explanations for the isotopic abundances of present-day planetary atmospheres. Recently, Wetherill has shown that Jupiter plays an important role in the evolution of the Solar System; by ejecting comets from the solar system, it offers a protective presence to the inner planets. Wetherill's theoretical work supports discussions on the origins of the Solar System as well as on extrasolar planets.

text: In addition to showing how the inner solar system formed, Wetherill's work provided the basis for a model of a giant-impact origin for the

text: Moon

text: and the core of Mercury. It also led to explanations for the isotopic abundances of present-day planetary atmospheres. Recently, Wetherill has shown that

text: Jupiter

text: plays an important role in the evolution of the

text: Solar System

text: ; by ejecting

text: comets

text: from the solar system, it offers a protective presence to the inner planets. Wetherill's theoretical work supports discussions on the origins of the Solar System as well as on

text: extrasolar planets

text: All terrestrial planets (and some satellites, such as the Moon) are essentially composed of silicates wrapped around iron cores. The large outer Solar System moons and Pluto have more ice, and less rock and metal, but still undergo analogous processes.

text: All terrestrial planets (and some satellites, such as the Moon) are essentially composed of

text: silicates

text: wrapped around iron cores. The large outer Solar System moons and Pluto have more ice, and less rock and metal, but still undergo analogous processes.

text: Ricky and his Mighty Robot were bored until when his parents got in their car to go shopping, Ricky's mother told him and the Robot not to make any mess while they're gone and then his father gave Ricky an idea of building a fort. While the parents were gone, the mayor of Squeakyville wanted to demolish an abandoned building but it costs money to do so, so Ricky and his Robot saved the mayor's trouble by tearing down the building for free. With all the debris from the building, Ricky and his Robot built a fort, which made noises that annoyed Farmer Feta, who lived next door to Ricky. When the parents arrived home, they saw the fort that Ricky and his Robot built. Ricky's mother was displeased and called the fort a mess and said that the Ricotta family is having Cousin Lucy, Uncle Freddie, and Auntie Ethel as their guests in their house. When the relatives arrived, Lucy called the fort a castle and said it should be painted pink, much to Ricky's dismay. Meanwhile, on planet Neptune, Nimrod Nightcrawler was planning to take over Earth due to their planet being cold and clouded with poisonous vapor after some greedy Nightcrawlers digged for fossil fuel which caused all of the Nightcrawlers on Neptune to live underground but he also knew about Ricky's Robot. Nimrod launched a rocket with an inflatable teleporter (wormhole) to planet Earth, which crashed at Farmer Feta's property. Through the teleporter, Nimrod convinced the Farmer that he can stop Ricky and his Robot for their annoyances by digging under his property, but the Farmer did not mean for Ricky and his Robot to be harmed. When the digging began, the fort started to tumble and when the Robot tried to keep it stable, he fell into a deep pit set up by Nimrod and his army of Naughty Nightcrawlers. After that, the fort crashed down on the Robot, trapping him. Then Ricky, Lucy, and her pets Cupcake, Fudgie, and Waffles, went through the teleporter to investigate and arrived at some underground home of the Nightcrawlers on Neptune. The Nightcrawlers in the tunnel caught Ricky, Lucy, and her pets with their tight squeeze but the heroes freed themselves by tickling the Nightcrawlers. Then they went back to Earth through the teleporter but the Nightcrawlers followed. Then the Robot got freed by Lucy who was riding on one of the Nightcrawlers' robo-suits (assumed to be riding on her unicorn as a princess) by digging him up. The Robot scared away the Nightcrawlers who followed them and made the Nightcrawlers return to Neptune through the teleporter. After that, the Robot defeated the rest of the other Nightcrawlers who were destroying Squeakyville. They, too, ran away back to Neptune through the teleporter and Ricky and his Robot jailed Nimrod Nightcrawler. Soon, Ricky, the Robot, Lucy, Cupcake, Fudgie, and Waffles cleaned up the mess by throwing away all the debris from the destroyed fort into the teleporter, destroying computers and other technology belonging to the Nightcrawlers in the underground tunnel of Neptune. With the deep pit in the yard, Lucy filled it up with water by a garden hose and made it into an artificial pond. The story concludes as Ricky, the Robot (using the deactivated wormhole/teleporter as his inflatable tube), Lucy, and her pets happily swam in the backyard pond.

text: pond

text: . The story concludes as Ricky, the Robot (using the deactivated wormhole/teleporter as his inflatable tube), Lucy, and her pets happily swam in the backyard pond.

text: The same year, Djang San released an EP, "Uranus", which gathered a few songs recorded between 2006 and 2011.

text: The climate is continental (long, hot summers, cold winters) with extremes of temperature over the course of the year: 38 °C in summer and -8 °C in winter. The “cierzo” a cold northerly wind, helps to keep the humidity low. The main problems for the grape-growers are the risk of hailstones, the strong winds and excessive summer heat, as drought can affect the harvest. However the large difference between daytime and night-time temperatures is a positive contributory factor to the characteristic intensity of Cariñena wines.

text: The climate is

text: continental

text: (long, hot summers, cold winters) with extremes of

text: temperature

text: over the course of the year: 38 °C in summer and -8 °C in winter. The “

text: cierzo

text: ” a cold northerly wind, helps to keep the humidity low. The main problems for the grape-growers are the risk of hailstones, the strong winds and excessive summer heat, as drought can affect the harvest. However the large difference between daytime and night-time temperatures is a positive contributory factor to the characteristic intensity of Cariñena wines.

text: The planet was discovered by four team members including Steve Vogt in 2005 using their radial velocity method, which used to measure changes in red- and blue-shifting of the star that indicate the presence of planets caused by gravitational tug. He also indicated the existence of two additional outer planets.

text: The planet was discovered by four team members including

text: Steve Vogt

text: in 2005 using their

text: radial velocity method

text: , which used to measure changes in red- and blue-shifting of the star that indicate the presence of planets caused by

text: gravitational tug

text: . He also indicated the existence of two additional outer planets.

text: Contrary to public awareness, the CZA is not a rare phenomenon, but it tends to be overlooked since it occurs so far overhead. It is worthwhile to look out for it when sun dogs are visible, since the same type of ice crystals that cause them (plate-shaped hexagonal prisms in horizontal orientation) are responsible for the CZA.

text: Contrary to public awareness, the CZA is not a rare phenomenon, but it tends to be overlooked since it occurs so far overhead. It is worthwhile to look out for it when

text: sun dogs

text: are visible, since the same type of ice crystals that cause them (plate-shaped hexagonal prisms in horizontal orientation) are responsible for the CZA.

text: Jupiter's magnetosphere ejects streams of high-energy electrons and ions (energy up to tens megaelectronvolts), which travel as far as Earth's orbit. These streams are highly collimated and vary with the rotational period of the planet like the radio emissions. In this respect as well, Jupiter shows similarity to a pulsar.

text: Jupiter's magnetosphere ejects streams of high-energy electrons and ions (energy up to tens

text: megaelectronvolt

text: s), which travel as far as Earth's orbit. These streams are highly

text: collimated

text: and vary with the rotational period of the planet like the radio emissions. In this respect as well, Jupiter shows similarity to a pulsar.

text: Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique. The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km outward from Saturn's equator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness and are composed of 93% water ice with traces of tholin impurities and 7% amorphous carbon. The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m. While the other gas giants also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.

text: Saturn is probably best known for the system of

text: planetary ring

text: s that makes it visually unique. The rings extend from 6,630 km to 120,700 km outward from Saturn's equator, average approximately 20 meters in thickness and are composed of 93% water ice with traces of

text: tholin

text: impurities and 7% amorphous

text: carbon

text: . The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m. While the other

text: gas giant

text: s also have ring systems, Saturn's is the largest and most visible.

text: Chester was president of MIRA in 1993 as they continued to improve facilities and do research while providing a community service class, a summer high school science teacher program, and a public lecture series. Chester gave his address on the Star of Bethlehem. "If you’re an astronomer," Chester said later, "one of the things you learn at an early age is that everyone wants to know about the Star of Bethlehem." After giving a presentation at Hillsdale College in 1992, Chester published an article in Imprimis suggesting a series of events involving the planet Jupiter and the star Regulus that took place in 3 BC, and between Jupiter and the planet Venus in 2 BC might explain the Star of Bethlehem. Chester suggested the Christmas song "We Three Kings" was an almost entirely incorrect popular conception and used a 1 BC date for Herod the Great’s death based on the work of Ernest L. Martin, whom Chester has called an authoritative source on the Star of Bethlehem. Chester suggested the planetary motions and conjunctions of 3 BC and 2 BC involving Jupiter, Venus, and also Mercury, Mars, and Saturn were impressive, and noted that Jupiter could have stopped over the town of Bethlehem due to apparent retrograde motion.

text: Chester was president of MIRA in 1993 as they continued to improve facilities and do research while providing a community service class, a summer high school science teacher program, and a public lecture series. Chester gave his address on the Star of Bethlehem. "If you’re an astronomer," Chester said later, "one of the things you learn at an early age is that everyone wants to know about the

text: Star of Bethlehem

text: ." After giving a presentation at

text: Hillsdale College

text: in 1992, Chester published an article in

text: Imprimis

text: suggesting a series of events involving the

text: planet

text: Jupiter and the star

text: Regulus

text: that took place in 3 BC, and between

text: Jupiter

text: and the planet

text: Venus

text: in 2 BC might explain the Star of Bethlehem. Chester suggested the Christmas song "

text: We Three Kings

text: " was an almost entirely incorrect popular conception and used a 1 BC date for

text: Herod the Great

text: ’s death based on the work of

text: Ernest L. Martin

text: , whom Chester has called an authoritative source on the Star of Bethlehem. Chester suggested the planetary motions and

text: conjunctions

text: of 3

text: BC

text: and 2 BC involving Jupiter, Venus, and also Mercury, Mars, and Saturn were impressive, and noted that Jupiter could have stopped over the town of Bethlehem due to

text: apparent retrograde motion

text: The Périphérique consists of two concentric carriageways: the intérieur ("inner ring") and the extérieur ("outer ring").  Vehicles travel clockwise on the inner ring and counterclockwise on the outer ring.  Some stretches of the road are sometimes referred to by cardinal direction. For example, in the southern half of the highway, the "inner ring" is designated as the Périphérique Ouest ("Western Ring") as traffic flows westbound whereas the "outer ring" is designated as the Périphérique Est ("Eastern Ring") as traffic flows eastbound.  In the northern half, these designations are reversed.

text: Outer Rim is the second downloadable content for the game, released in March 22, 2016. It adds 4 maps set in Jabba the Hutt's palace (Palace garage and Jabba's Palace) in Tatooine and a factory area in Sullust (Sorosuub refinery and Sorosuub pipelines) and a new mode called extraction. The game is available free to players who have purchased the game's Season Pass. Outer Rim is the first of the four DLC packs planned for Season Pass owners. The second expansion pack is titled Bespin and allows players to fight in the setting of Cloud City, released in September 2016. The third expansion pack, titled Death Star, was released September 2016 as well and marked the debut of the Death Star in the game.  The final DLC expansion pack was released on December 6, 2016.  It features playable characters Jyn Erso and Orson Krennic.  Battles may now be waged on and above the planet of Scarif.

text: Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System. The larger ones have also been called planetoids. These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disc of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet. As minor planets in the outer Solar System were discovered and found to have volatile-based surfaces that resemble those of comets, they were often distinguished from asteroids of the asteroid belt. In this article, the term "asteroid" refers to the minor planets of the inner Solar System including those co-orbital with Jupiter.

text: Asteroids are

text: minor planet

text: s, especially those of the

text: inner Solar System

text: . The larger ones have also been called planetoids. These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the

text: Sun

text: that did not show the disc of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active

text: comet

text: . As

text: minor planets in the outer Solar System

text: were discovered and found to have volatile-based surfaces that resemble those of comets, they were often distinguished from asteroids of the

text: asteroid belt

text: . In this article, the term "asteroid" refers to the minor planets of the inner Solar System including those co-orbital with

text: Jupiter

text: The leader of the Zonnen and the most vicious of the bunch. He immobilized Alan with his Darkness ÄRM Finstarnis enabling the other Zonnen members to infiltrate the Training Gates. After the other Zonnen members were destroyed, Saturn attacked Alan as a last resort to trap the other members of Team MÄR. Alan had Merilo tell the others to transfer their power to Alan enabling Alan to break free. After Alan destroyed Finstarnis, Saturn is metamorphosed into a one-horned wolf-like beast surrounded in a dark aura. Alan was able to open the Training Gates releasing Team MÄR. Saturn's beast form is then destroyed by the combined powers of Dorothy's Flying Leo, Snow's Yuki-chan, Alviss' 13 Totem Poles, Nanashi's Electric Eye, Jack's Earth Beans, and Ginta using Babbo's Gargoyle form.

text: The leader of the Zonnen and the most vicious of the bunch. He immobilized Alan with his Darkness ÄRM Finstarnis enabling the other Zonnen members to infiltrate the Training Gates. After the other Zonnen members were destroyed, Saturn attacked Alan as a last resort to trap the other members of Team MÄR. Alan had Merilo tell the others to transfer their power to Alan enabling Alan to break free. After Alan destroyed Finstarnis, Saturn is metamorphosed into a one-horned

text: wolf

text: -like beast surrounded in a dark aura. Alan was able to open the Training Gates releasing Team MÄR. Saturn's beast form is then destroyed by the combined powers of Dorothy's Flying Leo, Snow's Yuki-chan, Alviss' 13 Totem Poles, Nanashi's Electric Eye, Jack's Earth Beans, and Ginta using Babbo's Gargoyle form.

text: The second theory, part of the Nice model, proposes that the Jupiter trojans were captured during planetary migration, which happened about  years after the Solar System's formation. The migration was triggered by the passage of Jupiter and Saturn through the 1:2 mean-motion resonance. During this period Uranus, Neptune and to some extent Saturn moved outward, whereas Jupiter moved slightly inward. Migrating giant planets destabilized the primordial Kuiper belt, throwing millions of objects into the inner Solar System. In addition, their combined gravitational influence would have quickly disturbed any pre-existing Jupiter trojans. In this theory, the present Jupiter trojan population eventually accumulated from runaway Kuiper belt objects as Jupiter and Saturn moved away from the resonance.

text: The second theory, part of the

text: Nice model

text: , proposes that the Jupiter trojans were captured during

text: planetary migration

text: , which happened about  years after the Solar System's formation. The migration was triggered by the passage of Jupiter and Saturn through the 1:2 mean-motion

text: resonance

text: . During this period

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: and to some extent Saturn moved outward, whereas Jupiter moved slightly inward. Migrating giant planets destabilized the primordial

text: Kuiper belt

text: , throwing millions of objects into the inner Solar System. In addition, their combined gravitational influence would have quickly disturbed any pre-existing Jupiter trojans. In this theory, the present Jupiter trojan population eventually accumulated from runaway Kuiper belt objects as Jupiter and Saturn moved away from the resonance.

text: The second largest of the inner satellites of Jupiter, Thebe orbits within the outer edge of the Thebe gossamer ring that is formed from dust ejected from its surface. It is irregularly shaped and reddish in colour, and is thought like Amalthea to consist of porous water ice with unknown amounts of other materials. Its surface features include large craters and high mountains—some of them are comparable to the size of the moon itself.

text: The second largest of the

text: inner satellites of Jupiter

text: , Thebe orbits within the outer edge of the

text: Thebe gossamer ring

text: that is formed from dust ejected from its surface. It is irregularly shaped and reddish in colour, and is thought like

text: Amalthea

text: to consist of porous water ice with unknown amounts of other materials. Its surface features include large craters and high mountains—some of them are comparable to the size of the moon itself.

text: In the end stages of planet formation, a planet (as so defined) will have "cleared the neighbourhood" of its own orbital zone, meaning it has become gravitationally dominant, and there are no other bodies of comparable size other than its satellites or those otherwise under its gravitational influence. A large body that meets the other criteria for a planet but has not cleared its neighbourhood is classified as a dwarf planet. This includes Pluto, which is constrained in its orbit by the gravity of Neptune and shares its orbital neighbourhood with Kuiper belt objects. The IAU's definition does not attach specific numbers or equations to this term, but all the planets have cleared their neighbourhoods to a much greater extent (by orders of magnitude) than any dwarf planet, or any candidate for dwarf planet.

text: In the end stages of

text: planet formation

text: , a

text: planet

text: (as so defined) will have "cleared the neighbourhood" of its own orbital zone, meaning it has become gravitationally dominant, and there are no other bodies of comparable size other than its

text: satellites

text: or those otherwise under its gravitational influence. A large body that meets the other criteria for a planet but has not cleared its neighbourhood is classified as a

text: dwarf planet

text: . This includes

text: Pluto

text: , which is constrained in its orbit by the gravity of

text: Neptune

text: and shares its orbital neighbourhood with

text: Kuiper belt

text: objects. The IAU's definition does not attach specific numbers or equations to this term, but all the planets have cleared their neighbourhoods to a much greater extent (by

text: orders of magnitude

text: ) than any dwarf planet, or any candidate for dwarf planet.

text: Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as starlike points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star, ranging from magnitudes −1.5 to −4.9. The outer moons would be invisible except for Himalia, which would appear as a dim, starlike point to the naked eye (magnitude +5.5) only under favorable circumstances (if its periapsis happens to coincide exactly with its full phase).

text: Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as starlike points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star, ranging from magnitudes −1.5 to −4.9. The outer moons would be invisible except for

text: Himalia

text: , which would appear as a dim, starlike point to the naked eye (magnitude +5.5) only under favorable circumstances (if its periapsis happens to coincide exactly with its full phase).

text: IVO is a low-cost, outer-planet mission that would explore Io's active volcanism and impact on the Jupiter system as a whole by measuring its global heat flow, its induced magnetic field, the temperature of its lava, and the composition of its atmosphere, volcanic plumes, and lavas.

text: Saturn is a German chain of electronics stores, now found in several European countries. Saturn sells household appliances, home entertainment, and media such as CDs and DVDs. With Media Markt it constitutes Media-Saturn Holding, owned by the German retail trade company METRO. It is known for its slightly coarse German-language advertising slogan "Geiz ist geil!" ("Stinginess is cool!").

text: Saturn is a

text: German

text: chain

text: of

text: electronics

text: stores, now found in several

text: Europe

text: an countries. Saturn sells household appliances, home entertainment, and media such as

text: CDs

text: and

text: DVD

text: s. With

text: Media Markt

text: it constitutes

text: Media-Saturn Holding

text: , owned by the German retail trade company

text: METRO

text: . It is known for its slightly coarse

text: German-language

text: advertising

text: slogan

text: "Geiz ist geil!" ("Stinginess is cool!").

text: An ice giant is a giant planet composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are two known ice giants in the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune. Since 2014, there has been theoretical evidence of the existence of a possible third ice giant, which, if it exists, would be the Solar System's ninth planet.

text: An ice giant is a

text: giant planet

text: composed mainly of elements heavier than

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: , such as

text: oxygen

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: , and

text: sulfur

text: . There are two known ice giants in the

text: Solar System

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . Since 2014, there has been theoretical evidence of the existence of a possible third ice giant, which, if it exists, would be the Solar System's

text: ninth planet

text: The Tom Van Flandern model was first proposed in 1993 in the first edition of his book. In the revised version from 1999 and later, the original Solar System had 6 pairs of twin planets each fissioned off from the equatorial bulges of an overspinning Sun (outward centrifugal forces exceed the inward gravitational force) at different times so having different temperatures, sizes, and compositions, and having condensed thereafter with the nebular disk dissipating after some 100 million years, with 6 planets exploding. Four of these were helium dominated, fluid, and unstable (helium class planets). These were V (Bellatrix) (V standing for the 5th planet, the first 4 including Mercury and Mars), K (Krypton), T (transneptunian), and Planet X. In these cases, the smaller moons exploded because of tidal stresses leaving the 4 component belts of the 2 major planetoid zones.  Planet LHB-A, the explosion for which is postulated to have caused the Late Heavy Bombardment (about 4 eons ago), was twinned with Jupiter, and LHB-B, the explosion for which is postulated to have caused another LHB, was twinned with Saturn. In planets LHB-A, Jupiter, LHB-B, and Saturn,  being gigantic, Jovian planets, the inner and smaller partner in each pair was subjected to enormous tidal stresses causing it to blow up. The explosions took place before they were able to fission off moons. As the 6 were fluid they left no trace. Solid planets fission off only one moon and Mercury was a moon of Venus but drifted away because of the Sun's gravitational influence. Mars was a moon of Bellatrix.	One major argument against exploding planets and moons is that there would not be an energy source powerful enough to cause such explosions, but Van Flandern provides 3 possible mechanisms: change of state, natural nuclear reactor, and gravitational heat energy. The first 2 he considers as being powerful enough only for smaller planets, but the third relies on LaSage gravity which has fallen out of favour (see Le Sage's theory of gravitation).	The other major argument is that there isn’t enough mass in the Main Belt to account for the calamity, but, in this type of explosion, most of the mass would be vapourized. Van Flandern presents over 100 points of evidence in 11 lines of evidence for such explosions.  The EPH (exploded planet hypothesis) has been supported also by Olbers (who originated it in 1812), Lagrange in 1814,  Reginald Daly in 1944, Brown and Patterson in 1948 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.), Sergei Orloff (who gave the name of  Phaeton to the missing planet), Ovenden in 1972 and 1973 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.), Opik in 1978 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.).	It is the only model that explains the twinning of planets (and moons), but also explains coplanar and circular orbits, angular momentum distribution, the asteroid belts, the small size and orbital anomalies of Mars and Mercury, and the late heavy bombardments.

text: The

text: Tom Van Flandern

text: model was first proposed in 1993 in the first edition of his book. In the revised version from 1999 and later, the original Solar System had 6 pairs of twin planets each fissioned off from the equatorial bulges of an overspinning Sun (outward centrifugal forces exceed the inward gravitational force) at different times so having different temperatures, sizes, and compositions, and having condensed thereafter with the nebular disk dissipating after some 100 million years, with 6 planets exploding. Four of these were helium dominated, fluid, and unstable (helium class planets). These were V (Bellatrix) (V standing for the 5th planet, the first 4 including Mercury and Mars), K (Krypton), T (transneptunian), and Planet X. In these cases, the smaller moons exploded because of tidal stresses leaving the 4 component belts of the 2 major planetoid zones.  Planet LHB-A, the explosion for which is postulated to have caused the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: (about 4 eons ago), was twinned with Jupiter, and LHB-B, the explosion for which is postulated to have caused another LHB, was twinned with Saturn. In planets LHB-A, Jupiter, LHB-B, and Saturn,  being gigantic, Jovian planets, the inner and smaller partner in each pair was subjected to enormous tidal stresses causing it to blow up. The explosions took place before they were able to fission off moons. As the 6 were fluid they left no trace. Solid planets fission off only one moon and Mercury was a moon of Venus but drifted away because of the Sun's gravitational influence. Mars was a moon of Bellatrix.	One major argument against exploding planets and moons is that there would not be an energy source powerful enough to cause such explosions, but Van Flandern provides 3 possible mechanisms: change of state, natural nuclear reactor, and gravitational heat energy. The first 2 he considers as being powerful enough only for smaller planets, but the third relies on LaSage gravity which has fallen out of favour (see

text: Le Sage's theory of gravitation

text: ).	The other major argument is that there isn’t enough mass in the Main Belt to account for the calamity, but, in this type of explosion, most of the mass would be vapourized. Van Flandern presents over 100 points of evidence in 11 lines of evidence for such explosions.  The EPH (exploded planet hypothesis) has been supported also by

text: Olbers

text: (who originated it in 1812),

text: Lagrange

text: in 1814,

text: Reginald Daly

text: in 1944, Brown and Patterson in 1948 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.), Sergei Orloff (who gave the name of

text: Phaeton

text: to the missing planet), Ovenden in 1972 and 1973 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.),

text: Opik

text: in 1978 (Van Flandern, 1999, loc. cit.).	It is the only model that explains the twinning of planets (and moons), but also explains coplanar and circular orbits, angular momentum distribution, the asteroid belts, the small size and orbital anomalies of Mars and Mercury, and the late heavy bombardments.

text: Mariner Jupiter-Saturn was approved in 1972 after the cancellation of the Grand Tour program, which proposed visiting all the outer planets with multiple spacecraft. The Mariner Jupiter-Saturn program proposed two Mariner-derived probes that would perform a scaled back mission involving flybys of only the two gas giants, though designers at JPL built the craft with the intention that further encounters past Saturn would be an option. Trajectories were chosen to allow one probe to visit Jupiter and Saturn first, and perform a flyby of Saturn's moon Titan to gather information about the moon's substantial atmosphere. The other probe would arrive at Jupiter and Saturn later, and its trajectory would enable it to continue on to Uranus and Neptune assuming the first probe accomplished all its objectives, or be redirected to perform a Titan flyby if necessary. The program's name was changed to Voyager just before launch in 1977, and after Voyager 1 successfully completed its Titan encounter, Voyager 2 went on to visit the two ice giants.

text: Mariner Jupiter-Saturn was approved in 1972 after the cancellation of the

text: Grand Tour program

text: , which proposed visiting all the outer planets with multiple spacecraft. The Mariner Jupiter-Saturn program proposed two Mariner-derived probes that would perform a scaled back mission involving flybys of only the two gas giants, though designers at JPL built the craft with the intention that further encounters past Saturn would be an option. Trajectories were chosen to allow one probe to visit Jupiter and Saturn first, and perform a flyby of Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: to gather information about the moon's substantial atmosphere. The other probe would arrive at Jupiter and Saturn later, and its trajectory would enable it to continue on to

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: assuming the first probe accomplished all its objectives, or be redirected to perform a Titan flyby if necessary. The program's name was changed to

text: Voyager

text: just before launch in 1977, and after

text: Voyager 1

text: successfully completed its Titan encounter,

text: Voyager 2

text: went on to visit the two

text: ice giants

text: Manly P Hall (1901–1990), mystic and a 33rd degree mason, taught that each of the  three Abrahamic faiths has a planet that governs that religion. Judaism is Saturn: the symbol of Judaism is a hexagram symbol of Saturn, and the day of worship is on Saturday, day of Saturn. Christianity is the Sun: the symbol of Christianity is the cross symbol of the Sun, and the day of worship is Sunday, day of the Sun. Islam is Venus: the symbol of Islam is the star and  crescent (the star commonly thought to represent Venus), and the day of worship is on Friday.

text: Manly P Hall

text: (1901–1990), mystic and a

text: 33rd degree

text: mason, taught that each of the  three Abrahamic faiths has a planet that governs that religion. Judaism is Saturn: the symbol of Judaism is a hexagram symbol of Saturn, and the day of worship is on Saturday, day of Saturn. Christianity is the Sun: the symbol of Christianity is the cross symbol of the Sun, and the day of worship is Sunday, day of the Sun. Islam is Venus: the symbol of Islam is the star and  crescent (the star commonly thought to represent Venus), and the day of worship is on Friday.

text: Examples of satellites undergoing tidal orbital decay are Mars' moon Phobos, Neptune's moon Triton, and the extrasolar planet TrES-3b.

text: Examples of satellites undergoing tidal orbital decay are Mars' moon

text: Phobos

text: , Neptune's moon

text: Triton

text: , and the extrasolar planet

text: They then try to recover the Hudson copy, hoping that some freak of chance will have saved it from a similar fate. The atmosphere becomes increasingly panicked as extensive searches fail to discover any trace of the wrecked train, either in the wreckage of the bridge or elsewhere in the river. Extra suspense is provided by the mystery of the "ghost train" which on stormy nights howls up the abandoned trackbed and suddenly vanishes on reaching the site of the bridge.

text: The seven classical planets are those easily seen with the naked eye, and were thus known to ancient astrologers. They are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Sometimes, the Sun and Moon were referred to as "the lights" or the "luminaries". Vesta and Uranus can also just be seen with the naked eye, though no ancient culture appears to have taken note of them. The astrological descriptions attached to the seven classical planets have been preserved since ancient times. Astrologers call the seven classical planets "the seven personal and social planets", because they are said to represent the basic human drives of every individual. The personal planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The social or transpersonal planets are Jupiter and Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are often called the first of the "transpersonal" or "transcendent" planets as they represent a transition from the inner personal planets to the outer modern, impersonal planets. The outer modern planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are often called the collective or transcendental planets. The following is a list of the planets and their associated characteristics.

text: The seven

text: classical planets

text: are those easily seen with the naked eye, and were thus known to ancient astrologers. They are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Sometimes, the Sun and Moon were referred to as "the lights" or the "

text: luminaries

text: Vesta

text: and

text: Uranus

text: can also just be seen with the naked eye, though no ancient culture appears to have taken note of them. The astrological descriptions attached to the seven classical planets have been preserved since ancient times. Astrologers call the seven classical planets "the seven personal and social planets", because they are said to represent the basic human drives of every individual. The personal planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The social or transpersonal planets are Jupiter and Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are often called the first of the "transpersonal" or "transcendent" planets as they represent a transition from the inner personal planets to the outer modern, impersonal planets. The outer modern planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are often called the collective or transcendental planets. The following is a list of the planets and their associated characteristics.

text: Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'waterworld', might be an 'ocean-like' planet. It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet GJ 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike GJ 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An Earth-like composition is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system. It is thus likely to have a more volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler-11f, the smallest known gas planet. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, "If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean". This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life.

text: Kepler-22b, dubbed by scientists as a 'waterworld', might be an

text: 'ocean-like' planet

text: . It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet

text: GJ 1214 b

text: although Kepler-22b, unlike GJ 1214 b, is in the habitable zone. An

text: Earth-like composition

text: is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by

text: radial velocity measurements

text: of the system. It is thus likely to have a more

text: volatile-rich composition

text: with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to

text: , the smallest known gas planet. Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project, has speculated, "If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core, it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean". This possibility has spurred

entity_name: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

text: SETI

text: to perform research on top candidates for

text: extraterrestrial life

text: Kepler-7b is a hot Jupiter, a Jupiter-like exoplanet orbiting close to its star. Its equilibrium temperature, due to its proximity to its star, is hot and is measured at nearly 1540 K. However, of the first five planets discovered by Kepler, it is the second coolest, being surpassed only by Kepler-6b. This is over twelve times hotter than Jupiter. Kepler-7b has a mass of only 0.433 that of Jupiter but due to proximity to its star the planet has expanded to a radius of 1.478 that of Jupiter. Because of this its mean density is only 0.166 g/cm, about the same as expanded polystyrene, a substance used to manufacture lightweight, disposable commercial plastic products. Only WASP-17b (0.49M; 1.66R) was known to have a lower density at the time of Kepler-7b's discovery. Such low densities are not predicted by current standard theories of planet formation. Kepler-7b orbits its host star every 4.8855 days at a distance of , making it the furthest-orbiting planet of the first five discovered by Kepler. Mercury, in contrast, orbits at a distance of 0.387 AU every 87.97 days. In addition Kepler-7b has an observed orbital inclination of 86.5º, which means that its orbit is almost edge-on as seen from Earth.

text: Kepler-7b is a

text: hot Jupiter

text: , a Jupiter-like exoplanet orbiting close to its star. Its

text: equilibrium temperature

text: , due to its proximity to its star, is hot and is measured at nearly 1540

text: K

text: . However, of the first five planets discovered by Kepler, it is the second coolest, being surpassed only by

text: . This is over twelve times hotter than Jupiter. Kepler-7b has a mass of only 0.433 that of

text: Jupiter

text: but due to proximity to its star the planet has expanded to a radius of 1.478 that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Because of this its mean density is only 0.166 g/cm, about the same as

text: expanded polystyrene

text: , a substance used to manufacture lightweight, disposable commercial plastic products. Only

text: M

text: ; 1.66R) was known to have a lower density at the time of Kepler-7b's discovery. Such low densities are not predicted by current standard theories of planet formation. Kepler-7b orbits its host star every 4.8855 days at a distance of , making it the furthest-orbiting planet of the first five discovered by Kepler.

text: Mercury

text: , in contrast, orbits at a distance of 0.387 AU every 87.97 days. In addition Kepler-7b has an observed

text: orbital inclination

text: of 86.5º, which means that its orbit is almost edge-on as seen from Earth.

text: From 1995 to 2006, Uranus's apparent magnitude fluctuated between +5.6 and +5.9, placing it just within the limit of naked eye visibility at +6.5. Its angular diameter is between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds, compared with 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter. At opposition, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars. In larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter of between 15 and 23 cm, Uranus appears as a pale cyan disk with distinct limb darkening. With a large telescope of 25 cm or wider, cloud patterns, as well as some of the larger satellites, such as Titania and Oberon, may be visible.

text: From 1995 to 2006, Uranus's

text: apparent magnitude

text: fluctuated between +5.6 and +5.9, placing it just within the limit of

text: naked eye

text: visibility at +6.5. Its

text: angular diameter

text: is between 3.4 and 3.7 arcseconds, compared with 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter. At opposition, Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies, and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars. In larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter of between 15 and 23 cm, Uranus appears as a pale cyan disk with distinct

text: limb darkening

text: . With a large telescope of 25 cm or wider, cloud patterns, as well as some of the larger satellites, such as

text: Titania

text: and

text: Oberon

text: , may be visible.

text: Descriptions of a hot, humid planet were already considered scientifically doubtful as early as 1922, when Charles Edward St. John and Seth B. Nicholson, failing to detect the spectroscopic signs of oxygen or water in the atmosphere, proposed a dusty, windy desert Venus. The model of a planet covered in clouds of polymeric formaldehyde dust was never as popular as a swamp or jungle, but featured in several notable stories, like Poul Anderson's The Big Rain (1954), and Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth's novel The Space Merchants (1953).

text: Descriptions of a hot, humid planet were already considered scientifically doubtful as early as 1922, when

text: Charles Edward St. John

text: and

text: Seth B. Nicholson

text: , failing to detect the

text: spectroscopic

text: signs of oxygen or water in the atmosphere, proposed a dusty, windy desert Venus. The model of a planet covered in clouds of polymeric

text: formaldehyde

text: dust was never as popular as a swamp or jungle, but featured in several notable stories, like

text: Poul Anderson

text: 's The Big Rain (1954), and

text: Frederik Pohl

text: and

text: Cyril M. Kornbluth

text: 's novel

text: The Space Merchants

text: Gua sha was transferred and translated into Vietnamese from China as cạo gió. This term translates roughly "to scrape wind", as in Vietnamese culture "catching a cold" or fever is often referred to as trúng gió, "to catch wind". The origin of this term is the Shang Han Lun, a ~220 CE Chinese Medical text on cold induced disease - like most Asian countries China's medical sciences were a profound influence in Vietnam, especially between the 5th and 7th Centuries CE. Cạo gió is an extremely common remedy in Vietnam and for expatriate Vietnamese. There are many variants of cạo gió. Some methods use oil balm and a coin to apply pressure to the skin. Others use a boiled egg with a coin inserted in the middle of the yolk. The egg is wrapped in a piece of cloth and rubbed over the forehead (in the case of a fever) and other areas of skin. After the rubbing, the coin is removed from the egg and will appear blackened.

text: Gua sha was transferred and translated into

text: Vietnamese

text: from China as cạo gió. This term translates roughly "to scrape wind", as in Vietnamese culture "catching a cold" or fever is often referred to as trúng gió, "to catch wind". The origin of this term is the

text: Shang Han Lun

text: , a ~220 CE Chinese Medical text on cold induced disease - like most Asian countries China's medical sciences were a profound influence in Vietnam, especially between the 5th and 7th Centuries CE. Cạo gió is an extremely common remedy in Vietnam and for

text: expatriate Vietnamese

text: . There are many variants of cạo gió. Some methods use oil balm and a coin to apply pressure to the skin. Others use a boiled egg with a coin inserted in the middle of the yolk. The egg is wrapped in a piece of cloth and rubbed over the forehead (in the case of a fever) and other areas of skin. After the rubbing, the coin is removed from the egg and will appear blackened.

text: Papers contributed by Ussher to the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy included "Observations on the Disappearance and Reappearance of Saturn's Rings in the Year 1789". From the compression of the globe of Saturn he deduced a rotation-period for the planet of 10 hours 12½ minutes.

text: Papers contributed by Ussher to the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy included "Observations on the Disappearance and Reappearance of Saturn's Rings in the Year 1789". From the compression of the globe of

text: Saturn

text: he deduced a rotation-period for the planet of 10 hours 12½ minutes.

text: First probe to fly by two planets and first probe to Saturn. (Communications were lost due to power constraints and vast distance.)

text: The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses () it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.

text: The formation of

text: giant planet

text: s is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the

text: frost line

text: , where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10

text: Earth mass

text: es—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the

text: hydrogen

text: helium

text: gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses () it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner.

text: Jupiter

text: - and

text: Saturn

text: -like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation.

text: Ice giant

text: s such as

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.

text: The jumping-Jupiter scenario specifies an evolution of giant-planet migration described by the Nice model, in which an ice giant (Uranus, Neptune, or an additional Neptune-mass planet) is scattered inward by Saturn and outward by Jupiter, causing the step-wise separation of their orbits. The jumping-Jupiter scenario was proposed by Ramon Brasser, Alessandro Morbidelli, Rodney Gomes, Kleomenis Tsiganis, and Harold Levison after their studies revealed that the smooth divergent migration of Jupiter and Saturn resulted in an inner Solar System significantly different from the current Solar System. The sweeping of secular resonances through the inner Solar System during the migration excited the eccentricities of the terrestrial planets beyond current values and left an asteroid belt with an excessive ratio of high- to low-inclination objects. The step-wise separation of Jupiter and Saturn described in the jumping-Jupiter scenario can allow these resonances to quickly cross the inner Solar System without altering orbits excessively, although the terrestrial planets remain sensitive to its passage. The jumping-Jupiter scenario also results in a number of other differences with the original Nice model. The fraction of lunar impactors from the core of the asteroid belt during the Late Heavy Bombardment is significantly reduced, most of the Jupiter trojans are captured during Jupiter's encounters with the ice giant, as are Jupiter's irregular satellites. In the jumping-Jupiter scenario, the likelihood of preserving four giant planets on orbits resembling their current ones appears to increase if the early Solar System originally contained an additional ice giant, which was later ejected by Jupiter into interstellar space. However, this remains an atypical result, as is the preservation of the current orbits of the terrestrial planets.

text: The jumping-Jupiter scenario specifies an evolution of giant-

text: planet migration

text: described by the

text: Nice model

text: , in which an

text: ice giant

text: (Uranus, Neptune, or an

text: additional Neptune-mass planet

text: ) is scattered inward by Saturn and outward by Jupiter, causing the step-wise separation of their

text: orbit

text: s. The jumping-Jupiter scenario was proposed by Ramon Brasser, Alessandro Morbidelli, Rodney Gomes, Kleomenis Tsiganis, and Harold Levison after their studies revealed that the smooth divergent migration of Jupiter and Saturn resulted in an

text: inner Solar System

text: significantly different from the current Solar System. The sweeping of

text: secular resonance

text: s through the inner Solar System during the migration excited the

text: eccentricities

text: of the

text: terrestrial planet

text: s beyond current values and left an

text: asteroid belt

text: with an excessive ratio of high- to low-

text: inclination

text: objects. The step-wise separation of Jupiter and Saturn described in the jumping-Jupiter scenario can allow these resonances to quickly cross the inner Solar System without altering orbits excessively, although the terrestrial planets remain sensitive to its passage. The jumping-Jupiter scenario also results in a number of other differences with the original Nice model. The fraction of lunar impactors from the core of the asteroid belt during the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: is significantly reduced, most of the

text: Jupiter trojan

text: s are captured during Jupiter's encounters with the ice giant, as are Jupiter's

text: irregular satellites

text: . In the jumping-Jupiter scenario, the likelihood of preserving four giant planets on orbits resembling their current ones appears to increase if the early

text: Solar System

text: originally contained an

text: additional ice giant

text: , which was later ejected by Jupiter into

text: interstellar space

text: . However, this remains an atypical result, as is the preservation of the current orbits of the terrestrial planets.

text: Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter's gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet is Juno, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa.

text: Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by

text: robotic spacecraft

text: , most notably during the early

text: Pioneer

text: and

text: Voyager

text: flyby

text: missions and later by the

text: Galileo orbiter

text: . In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by the

text: New Horizons

text: probe, which

text: used Jupiter's gravity

text: to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to

text: Pluto

text: . The latest probe to visit the planet is

text: Juno

text: , which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon

text: Europa

text: Dale Sutton, a recent graduate from the Space Academy, is assigned to the Albatross, a decrepit old spaceship. When the Albatross is assigned to explore the mysterious ringed planet Saturn, Dale remembers the story of Captain Dearborn who had commanded the first and last mission to Saturn. When the Albatross reaches Saturn's moon Titan, the superstitious fears of the crew are realized as equipment begins to disappear, and eventually people.

text: Dale Sutton, a recent graduate from the Space Academy, is assigned to the Albatross, a decrepit old spaceship. When the Albatross is assigned to explore the mysterious ringed planet Saturn, Dale remembers the story of Captain Dearborn who had commanded the first and last mission to Saturn. When the Albatross reaches Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: , the superstitious fears of the crew are realized as equipment begins to disappear, and eventually people.

text: Over the course of the Solar System's evolution, comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets, and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud, a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. Eventually, after about 800 million years, the gravitational disruption caused by galactic tides, passing stars and giant molecular clouds began to deplete the cloud, sending comets into the inner Solar System. The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by space weathering from the solar wind, micrometeorites, and the neutral components of the interstellar medium.

text: Over the course of the Solar System's evolution,

text: comet

text: s were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets, and sent thousands of AU outward to form the

text: Oort cloud

text: , a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. Eventually, after about 800 million years, the gravitational disruption caused by

text: galactic tide

text: s, passing stars and giant molecular clouds began to deplete the cloud, sending comets into the inner Solar System. The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by

text: space weathering

text: from the solar wind, micrometeorites, and the neutral components of the

text: interstellar medium

text: Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a  star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 10 years at 2 AU out to around 10 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a  star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars one to  for one that orbits at Saturn's distance to the Sun, the maximum time () corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a  star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for  and  respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

text: Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its

text: planetary system

text: , if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a  star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a

text: habitable zone

text: for several times 10 years at 2

text: AU

text: out to around 10 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a  star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of

text: Mars

text: one to  for one that orbits at

text: Saturn

text: 's distance to the Sun, the maximum time () corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of

text: Jupiter

text: . However, for planets orbiting a  star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for  and  respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

text: The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to moonlets hundreds of meters across, each in its own orbit around Saturn. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, because there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

text: The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to

text: moonlet

text: s hundreds of meters across, each in its own orbit around Saturn. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, because there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

text: Interplanetary space is filled with traces of hydrogen gas, which cause the planets to slowly spiral inwards, along with ice blocks. The outer planets are large mainly because they have swallowed a large number of ice blocks, but the inner planets have not swallowed nearly as many. One can see ice blocks on the move in the form of meteors, and when one collides with the Earth, it produces hailstorms over an area of many square kilometers, while when one falls into the Sun, it produces a sunspot and gets vaporized, making "fine ice," which covers the innermost planets.

text: Pluto is the largest and most-massive member of the Kuiper belt and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO, surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc. Originally considered a planet, Pluto's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt, and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs, known as "plutinos", that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune.

text: Pluto is the largest and most-massive member of the Kuiper belt and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO, surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc. Originally considered a planet, Pluto's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt, and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs, known as "

text: plutino

text: s", that share the same 2:3

text: resonance

text: with Neptune.

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core. The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their

text: chemical

text: or physical (

text: rheological

text: ) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct

text: silicate

text: solid crust, which is underlain by a highly

text: viscous

text: solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: . The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the

text: upper mantle

text: are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the

text: asthenosphere

text: , a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a

text: transition zone

text: that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid

text: outer core

text: lies above a solid

text: inner core

text: . The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher

text: angular velocity

text: than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

text: The criticism was soon afterwards made, that both Adams and Le Verrier had been over-optimistic in the precision they claimed for their calculations, and both had, by using Bode's law, greatly overestimated the planet's distance from the sun. Further, it was suggested that they both succeeded in getting the longitude almost right only because of a "fluke of orbital timing".  This criticism was discussed in detail by Danjon (1946)  who illustrated with a diagram and discussion that while hypothetical orbits calculated by both LeVerrier and Adams for the new planet were indeed of very different size on the whole from that of the real Neptune (and actually similar to each other), they were both much closer to the real Neptune over that crucial segment of orbit covering the interval of years for which the observations and calculations were made, than they were for the rest of the calculated orbits.  So the fact that both the calculators used a much larger orbital major axis than the reality was shown to be not so important, and not the most relevant parameter.

text: The criticism was soon afterwards made, that both Adams and Le Verrier had been over-optimistic in the precision they claimed for their calculations, and both had, by using

text: Bode's law

text: , greatly overestimated the planet's distance from the sun. Further, it was suggested that they both succeeded in getting the longitude almost right only because of a "fluke of orbital timing".  This criticism was discussed in detail by Danjon (1946)  who illustrated with a diagram and discussion that while hypothetical orbits calculated by both LeVerrier and Adams for the new planet were indeed of very different size on the whole from that of the real Neptune (and actually similar to each other), they were both much closer to the real Neptune over that crucial segment of orbit covering the interval of years for which the observations and calculations were made, than they were for the rest of the calculated orbits.  So the fact that both the calculators used a much larger orbital major axis than the reality was shown to be not so important, and not the most relevant parameter.

text: The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of Chinese astronomer Gan De around 364 BC. However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.  By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 30× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610. Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo, though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614, and the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892. With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century. Himalia was discovered in 1904, Elara in 1905, Pasiphaë in 1908, Sinope in 1914, Lysithea and Carme in 1938, Ananke in 1951, and Leda in 1974. By the time that Voyager space probes reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto which had been observed in 1975, but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis, Adrastea, and Thebe.

text: The first claimed observation of one of Jupiter's moons is that of Chinese astronomer

text: Gan De

text: around 364 BC. However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of

text: Galileo Galilei

text: in 1609.  By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive

text: Galilean moons

text: with his 30×

text: magnification

text: telescope

text: , and he published his results in March 1610. Simon Marius had independently discovered them one day after Galileo, though he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614, and the names Marius assigned are used today:

text: Ganymede

text: Callisto

text: Io

text: , and

text: Europa

text: . No additional satellites were discovered until

text: E. E. Barnard

text: observed

text: Amalthea

text: in 1892. With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the twentieth century.

text: Himalia

text: was discovered in 1904,

text: Elara

text: in 1905,

text: Pasiphaë

text: in 1908,

text: Sinope

text: in 1914,

text: Lysithea

text: and

text: Carme

text: in 1938,

text: Ananke

text: in 1951, and

text: Leda

text: in 1974. By the time that

text: Voyager space probes

text: reached Jupiter around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including

text: Themisto

text: which had been observed in 1975, but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979:

text: Metis

text: Adrastea

text: , and

text: Thebe

text: Giant planets are also sometimes called jovian planets, after Jupiter. They are also sometimes known as gas giants. However, many astronomers apply the latter term only to Jupiter and Saturn, classifying Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as ice giants. Both names are potentially misleading: all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their critical points, where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist. The principal components are hydrogen and helium in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, and water, ammonia and methane in the case of Uranus and Neptune.

text: Giant planets are also sometimes called jovian planets, after Jupiter. They are also sometimes known as

text: gas giant

text: s. However, many astronomers apply the latter term only to Jupiter and Saturn, classifying Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as

text: ice giant

text: s. Both names are potentially misleading: all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their

text: critical points

text: , where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist. The principal components are

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, and

text: water

text: ammonia

text: and

text: methane

text: in the case of Uranus and Neptune.

text: Saturn has at least 62 known moons, although the exact number is debatable since Saturn's rings are made up of vast numbers of independently orbiting objects of varying sizes. The largest of the moons is Titan. Titan holds the distinction of being the only moon in the Solar System with an atmosphere denser and thicker than that of Earth. As a result of the deployment from the Cassini spacecraft of the Huygens probe and its successful landing on Titan, Titan also holds the distinction of being the only object in the outer Solar System that has been explored with a lander.

text: Saturn has at least 62

text: known moons

text: , although the exact number is debatable since Saturn's rings are made up of vast numbers of independently orbiting objects of varying sizes. The largest of the moons is

text: Titan

text: . Titan holds the distinction of being the only moon in the Solar System with an atmosphere denser and thicker than that of Earth. As a result of the deployment from the Cassini spacecraft of the Huygens probe and its successful landing on Titan, Titan also holds the distinction of being the only object in the outer Solar System that has been explored with a lander.

text: In astrology, the planet Uranus (

text: In

text: astrology

text: , the planet Uranus (

text: Astrologically speaking, Saturn is associated with focus, precision, nobility, ethics, civility, lofty goals, purpose, career, great achievements, dedication, authority figures, ordered hierarchy, stability, virtues, productiveness, valuable hard lessons learned, destiny, conforming social structures, balance, and karma  (reaping what you have sowed or divine cosmic justice) but also with limitations, restrictions, boundaries, anxiety, tests, practicality, reality, and time. It concerns a person's sense of duty, discipline, responsibility, including their physical and emotional endurance during hardships. Saturn is also considered to represent the part of a person concerned with long-term planning or foresight. The Return of Saturn is said to mark significant events in each person's life. According to the 1st-century poet Manilius, Saturn is sad, morose, and cold, and is the greater malefic. According to Claudius Ptolemy, "Saturn is lord of the right ear, the spleen, the bladder, the phlegm, and the bones." Saturn symbolized processes and things that were dry and cold, which are necessary balancing aspects to maintain life. It governed the melancholic humor.

text: Astrologically speaking, Saturn is associated with focus, precision, nobility, ethics, civility, lofty goals, purpose, career, great achievements, dedication, authority figures, ordered hierarchy, stability, virtues, productiveness, valuable hard lessons learned, destiny, conforming social structures, balance, and karma  (reaping what you have sowed or divine cosmic justice) but also with limitations, restrictions, boundaries, anxiety, tests, practicality, reality, and time. It concerns a person's sense of duty, discipline, responsibility, including their physical and emotional endurance during hardships. Saturn is also considered to represent the part of a person concerned with long-term planning or foresight.

text: The Return of Saturn

text: is said to mark significant events in each person's life. According to the 1st-century poet Manilius, Saturn is sad, morose, and cold, and is the greater

text: malefic

text: . According to Claudius Ptolemy, "Saturn is lord of the right ear, the spleen, the bladder, the phlegm, and the bones." Saturn symbolized processes and things that were dry and cold, which are necessary balancing aspects to maintain life. It governed the

text: melancholic

text: humor.

text: Kepler-6b is an extrasolar planet in the orbit of the unusually metal-rich Kepler-6, a star in the field of view of the NASA-operated Kepler spacecraft, which searches for planets that cross directly in front of, or transit, their host stars. It was the third planet to be discovered by Kepler. Kepler-6 orbits its host star every three days from a distance of .046 AU. Its proximity to Kepler-6 inflated the planet, about two-thirds the mass of Jupiter, to slightly larger than Jupiter's size and greatly heated its atmosphere.

text: Kepler-6b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: in the orbit of the unusually metal-rich

text: , a star in the field of view of the

text: NASA

text: -operated

text: Kepler

text: spacecraft, which searches for planets that cross directly in front of, or

text: transit

text: , their host stars. It was the third planet to be discovered by Kepler. Kepler-6 orbits its host star every three days from a distance of .046

text: AU

text: . Its proximity to Kepler-6 inflated the planet, about two-thirds the mass of Jupiter, to slightly larger than Jupiter's size and greatly heated its atmosphere.

text: PLUTO was a materials testing nuclear reactor housed at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, a former Royal Air Force airfield at Harwell, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom. It was one of five reactors on the site. The site was selected as the scientific center for research and development of UK's expanding nuclear programs. Designed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), the reactor was built by Head Wrightson Processes Ltd, an industrial firm in Teesside, England. PLUTO was one of two high flux reactors; the first, DIDO, was its prototype. PLUTO was the second of three DIDO class reactors to become operational. PLUTO and DIDO were located at Harwell; the third, Dounreay (DMTR) in Caithness, Scotland.The development of multi-purpose type PLUTO reactors gave rise to many countries building their own materials testing reactors based on DIDO's design. On 27 October 1957, the PLUTO reactor was commissioned and operated for thirty three years before decommissioning in 1990.

text: PLUTO was a materials testing

text: nuclear reactor

text: housed at the

text: Atomic Energy Research Establishment

text: , a former Royal Air Force airfield at

text: Harwell, Oxfordshire

text: in the

text: United Kingdom

text: . It was one of five reactors on the site. The site was selected as the scientific center for research and development of UK's expanding nuclear programs. Designed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), the reactor was built by

text: Head Wrightson Processes Ltd

text: , an industrial firm in Teesside, England. PLUTO was one of two high flux reactors; the first, DIDO, was its prototype. PLUTO was the second of three DIDO class reactors to become operational. PLUTO and DIDO were located at Harwell; the third, Dounreay (DMTR) in Caithness, Scotland.The development of multi-purpose type PLUTO reactors gave rise to many countries building their own materials testing reactors based on DIDO's design. On 27 October 1957, the PLUTO reactor was commissioned and operated for thirty three years before decommissioning in 1990.

text: Bill Gates was born with Adhi yoga. In his case, the Moon situated alone in Pisces sign has Jupiter in Leo in the 6th, Mercury conjoining with Mars in Virgo in the 7th, and Venus is in the 8th with the Sun and Saturn in Libra, this location of benefic and malefic planets gives rise to other important yogas. There is the opinion that influence of malefics may not spoil this yoga, they bring in aggression, ruthlessness and power and stand for technical education and scientific professions. The view that a single natural benefic in the 6th or in the 7th or in the 8th from the Moon gives rise to Adhi yoga appears to be too far-fetched for it is seen that single Jupiter either in the 6th or in the 8th gives rise to the inauspicious Sakat yoga and if it is alone in the 7th to the favourable Gajakesari yoga.Adhi yoga can be seen present with other yogas and Raja yogas.

text: Bill Gates

text: was born with Adhi yoga. In his case, the Moon situated alone in Pisces sign has Jupiter in Leo in the 6th, Mercury conjoining with Mars in Virgo in the 7th, and Venus is in the 8th with the Sun and Saturn in Libra, this location of benefic and malefic planets gives rise to other important yogas. There is the opinion that influence of malefics may not spoil this yoga, they bring in aggression, ruthlessness and power and stand for technical education and scientific professions. The view that a single natural benefic in the 6th or in the 7th or in the 8th from the Moon gives rise to Adhi yoga appears to be too far-fetched for it is seen that single Jupiter either in the 6th or in the 8th gives rise to the inauspicious Sakat yoga and if it is alone in the 7th to the favourable Gajakesari yoga.Adhi yoga can be seen present with other yogas and

text: Raja yogas

text: The Taunton-Bridgwater canal is also home to an installation termed the 'Somerset Space Walk', a scale model (530 million:1) of the Solar System centred around the 'Sun' at Maunsel lock with the planets located along the towpath in both directions. The Space Walk was designed by local man, Pip Youngman, in order to demonstrate the scale of the Solar System in an interactive way. The trail can be walked either from Taunton's Brewhouse Theatre to Maunsel Lock (Pluto to the Sun) or from Bridgwater's Morrison's Supermarket to Maunsel Lock (also Pluto to the Sun) or of course, vice versa. From Pluto to the Sun from either town is an  walk.

text: The Taunton-Bridgwater canal is also home to an installation termed the 'Somerset Space Walk', a scale model (530 million:1) of the

text: Solar System

text: centred around the '

text: Sun

text: ' at Maunsel lock with the planets located along the towpath in both directions. The Space Walk was designed by local man, Pip Youngman, in order to demonstrate the scale of the Solar System in an interactive way. The trail can be walked either from Taunton's Brewhouse Theatre to Maunsel Lock (

text: Pluto

text: to the Sun) or from Bridgwater's Morrison's Supermarket to Maunsel Lock (also Pluto to the Sun) or of course, vice versa. From Pluto to the Sun from either town is an  walk.

text: For a gas bubble within a liquid, there is only one surface.  For a gas bubble with a liquid wall, beyond which is again gas, there are two surfaces, each contributing to the total pressure difference.If the bubble is spherical and the outer radius differs from the inner radius by a small distance,

text: She went down to the planet, where she began to fight Singularity (a Superman-like being), for whom the telepathic illusion which had caused the trouble was being maintained (to keep him from causing trouble on his race's real planet). When Ultra Boy and Monstress went down to get her, she began to fight them too. Finally, she was knocked out by Singularity while the Legion, having captured the shadow-creature and realized what it was, knocked out the illusion causing Singularity to go looking for his original planet. Then Brainiac 5 managed to restore Umbra and Saturn Girl's minds, and Umbra finally broke down in a crying heap.

text: She went down to the planet, where she began to fight Singularity (a

text: Superman

text: -like being), for whom the telepathic illusion which had caused the trouble was being maintained (to keep him from causing trouble on his race's real planet). When

text: Ultra Boy

text: and

text: Monstress

text: went down to get her, she began to fight them too. Finally, she was knocked out by Singularity while the Legion, having captured the shadow-creature and realized what it was, knocked out the illusion causing Singularity to go looking for his original planet. Then

text: Brainiac 5

text: managed to restore Umbra and Saturn Girl's minds, and Umbra finally broke down in a crying heap.

text: Saturn was formed by brothers Salman and Shahbaz in 2003 and was joined by Hasham Kazi with whom they started recording "Raakh" their debut track at S & M Studios Islamabad. Hasham left the band due to personal reason shortly after the release of the song and the two brothers moved on. In 2004 Saturn released their second song with a completely new line up and started playing concerts regularly till late 2005. It was in the start of 2006 when Saturn disbanded and the band went into idle years Idle Years (2006–2007) From 2006 to 2007 Saturn remained out of the music scene, occasionally performing at music festivals, but not playing at many concerts. It was later revealed that the band had been working on their debut album "Naya Din".

text: Divini’s reputation as the best European maker of telescopes begun to be superseded in 1656, when Christiaan Huygens announced the discovery of a "moon" of Saturn (the satellite that was called Titan later on). The Dutch astronomer, discovered it in 1655 using his own telescopes, then followed its movements for months, seeing that the satellite make a complete revolution outer of Saturn "arms" every sixteen days. During those months he recognized also phases of different width in the anses, the mysterious formation accompanying the planet, and reasoned that If that body had to rotate remaining attached to the planet in a few days, its appearance should have been changing shape more frequently than it did.  He  recognized the role of that fortuitous circumstance in  permitting him to guess and declare – in 1659 – the real nature of the planet’s ring. Nevertheless, while writing: "I perceive this ring very plainly with the eyes", he was underestimating the role of his insights and gestalt switch for the interpretation of what he had seen. We can interpret Huygens’ worry to attribute his discovery to a visual fact as a sort of pre-defensive attitude, demonstrating that any change of the heavens based on the strongest logical reason, was still hampered by the Inquisition in that post-Galilean age.

text: Divini’s reputation as the best European maker of telescopes begun to be superseded in 1656, when

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: announced the discovery of a "moon" of Saturn (the satellite that was called

text: Titan

text: later on). The Dutch astronomer, discovered it in 1655 using his own telescopes, then followed its movements for months, seeing that the satellite make a complete revolution outer of Saturn "arms" every sixteen days. During those months he recognized also phases of different width in the anses, the mysterious formation accompanying the planet, and reasoned that If that body had to rotate remaining attached to the planet in a few days, its appearance should have been changing shape more frequently than it did.  He  recognized the role of that fortuitous circumstance in  permitting him to guess and declare – in 1659 – the real nature of the planet’s ring. Nevertheless, while writing: "I perceive this ring very plainly with the eyes", he was underestimating the role of his insights and gestalt switch for the interpretation of what he had seen. We can interpret Huygens’ worry to attribute his discovery to a visual fact as a sort of pre-defensive attitude, demonstrating that any change of the heavens based on the strongest logical reason, was still hampered by the Inquisition in that post-Galilean age.

text: As with all astronomers of the Struve family, Herman was mostly working on establishing position and movements of single and double stars and satellites of the planets of the Solar System. In 1885, a 30-inch refracting telescope was installed at Pulkovo, at the time the largest in the world (see great refractor). Struve was the first user of that telescope, which he used mostly for determining positions of a large number of double stars. His other major topic was Saturn, but he also studied Mars, Neptune and the fifth moon of Jupiter. He could not observe Uranus from Pulkovo because it was too far south. In 1888, Struve discovered libration of Hyperion (the seventh moon of Saturn) and explained it by the perturbing action of the largest Saturn's moon, Titan. The same year, he introduced an intersatelite method of correcting orbital position of satellites. The method was rather successful because systematic errors in visual observations of some planets, such as Mars, were unacceptably large. Struve, however, realized that the method had flaws and recommended combining planet/satellite and intersatellite measurements. In 1892, Struve discovered libration of two other moons of Saturn, Mimas and Enceladus. His observations of the moon of Mars, Phobos, were later used by B. Sharpless in studying the secular acceleration of its orbit.

text: As with all astronomers of the Struve family, Herman was mostly working on establishing position and movements of single and

text: double star

text: s and satellites of the planets of the Solar System. In 1885, a 30-inch

text: refracting telescope

text: was installed at Pulkovo, at the time the largest in the world (see

text: great refractor

text: ). Struve was the first user of that telescope, which he used mostly for determining positions of a large number of

text: double star

text: s. His other major topic was

text: Saturn

text: , but he also studied

text: Mars

text: Neptune

text: and the fifth moon of

text: Jupiter

text: . He could not observe

text: Uranus

text: from Pulkovo because it was too far south. In 1888, Struve discovered

text: libration

text: of

text: Hyperion

text: (the seventh

text: moon of Saturn

text: ) and explained it by the perturbing action of the largest Saturn's moon,

text: Titan

text: . The same year, he introduced an intersatelite method of correcting orbital position of satellites. The method was rather successful because systematic errors in visual observations of some planets, such as Mars, were unacceptably large. Struve, however, realized that the method had flaws and recommended combining planet/satellite and intersatellite measurements. In 1892, Struve discovered libration of two other moons of Saturn,

text: Mimas

text: and

text: Enceladus

text: . His observations of the moon of Mars,

text: Phobos

text: , were later used by B. Sharpless in studying the secular acceleration of its orbit.

text: The planet was discovered by four team members including Steven Vogt in 2005 using their radial velocity method, which used to measure changes in red- and blue-shifting of the star that indicate the presence of planets caused by gravitational tug. There is also a linear trend in the radial velocities, which may indicate an additional outer planet. The best two-planet model gives a different period and mass for the inner planet (9.8 years and 3.4 Jupiter masses), with an outer planet of 2.1 Jupiter masses in a 37-year orbit. However the two-planet model does not represent a significant improvement over the model with one planet and a linear trend, so more observations are needed to constrain the parameters of the outer planet.

text: Steven Vogt

text: in 2005 using their

text: radial velocity method

text: gravitational tug

text: . There is also a linear trend in the radial velocities, which may indicate an additional outer planet. The best two-planet model gives a different period and mass for the inner planet (9.8 years and 3.4 Jupiter masses), with an outer planet of 2.1 Jupiter masses in a 37-year orbit. However the two-planet model does not represent a significant improvement over the model with one planet and a linear trend, so more observations are needed to constrain the parameters of the outer planet.

text: Astrologically speaking, Pluto is called "the great renewer", and is considered to represent the part of a person that destroys in order to renew, through bringing buried, but intense needs and drives to the surface, and expressing them, even at the expense of the existing order. A commonly used keyword for Pluto is "transformation". It is associated with power and personal mastery, and the need to cooperate and share with another, if each is not to be destroyed. Pluto governs big business and wealth, mining, surgery and detective work, and any enterprise that involves digging under the surface to bring the truth to light. Pluto is also associated with Tuesday, alongside Mars.

text: 10199 Chariklo ( or ; ; provisional designation: ) is the largest confirmed centaur (minor planet of the outer Solar System). It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus, grazing the orbit of Uranus. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two rings (nicknamed Oiapoque and Chuí), around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation. making it the first known minor planet to have rings.

text: 10199 Chariklo ( or ; ;

text: provisional designation

text: : ) is the largest confirmed

text: centaur

text: minor planet

text: of the outer Solar System). It orbits the Sun between

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Uranus

text: grazing the orbit of Uranus

text: . On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two

text: rings

text: (nicknamed

text: Oiapoque

text: and

text: Chuí

text: ), around Chariklo by observing a stellar

text: occultation

text: . making it the first known

text: minor planet

text: to have rings.

text: HD 231701 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 354 light years away in the constellation of Sagitta. This planet orbits at 0.55 AU from the star HD 231701 with eccentricity 0.19. Based on its high mass of 1.08 M, the planet is probably a gas giant, meaning the planet has no solid surface and have composition similar to solar system's outer planets.

text: HD 231701 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: approximately 354

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Sagitta

text: . This planet orbits at 0.55

text: AU

text: from the star

text: HD 231701

text: with

text: eccentricity

text: 0.19. Based on its high mass of 1.08 M, the planet is probably a

text: gas giant

text: , meaning the planet has no solid surface and have composition similar to

text: solar system

text: 's

text: outer planets

text: How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming is the 2010 memoir by Mike Brown, the American astronomer most responsible for the reclassification of Pluto from planet to dwarf planet.

text: How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming is the 2010 memoir by

text: Mike Brown

text: , the American

text: astronomer

text: most responsible for the reclassification of

text: Pluto

text: from

text: planet

text: to

text: dwarf planet

text: An interesting example of what can be called a primary is Pluto and its moon, Charon. The center of mass (or barycenter) of those two bodies is always outside Pluto's surface. This has led some astronomers to call the Pluto-Charon system a binary dwarf planet or a double planet rather than simply a dwarf planet (the primary) and its moon. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union briefly considered a formal definition of the term double planet that could have formally included Pluto and Charon but this definition was not ratified.

text: An interesting example of what can be called a primary is

text: Pluto

text: and its moon,

text: Charon

text: . The center of mass (or barycenter) of those two bodies is always outside Pluto's surface. This has led some astronomers to call the Pluto-Charon system a binary dwarf planet or a

text: double planet

text: rather than simply a dwarf planet (the primary) and its moon. In 2006, the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: briefly considered a formal definition of the term double planet that could have formally included Pluto and Charon but this definition was not ratified.

text: Saturn's rings may be very old, dating to the formation of Saturn itself. There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's inner rings. One theory, originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century, is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn (named Veritas, a Roman goddess who hid in a well) whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces (see Roche limit). A variation on this theory is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large comet or asteroid. The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed.

text: Saturn's rings may be very old, dating to the formation of Saturn itself. There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's inner rings. One theory, originally proposed by

text: Édouard Roche

text: in the 19th century, is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn (named Veritas, a Roman goddess who hid in a well) whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by

text: tidal force

text: s (see

text: Roche limit

text: ). A variation on this theory is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large

text: comet

text: or

text: asteroid

text: . The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original

text: nebula

text: r material from which Saturn formed.

text: The area has excellent road and rail connectivity. On its northern edge runs the Rohtak Road (NH10), and the Outer Ring Road forms its eastern periphery. Both these roads are well maintained and are 6-8 lanes wide around the area. In this area, the outer ring road is maintained by the MCD and has a flyover at Peera Garhi Chowk and an Underpass and roundabout at Bhera Enclave/Sunder Vihar Crossing.  Outer Ring Road also has several foot-over bridges with escalators.  Similarly, the Rohtak Road is maintained by the PWD. Where outer ring road connects the area with much of the city, Rohtak Road connects it to the Centre and the state border.

text: The area has excellent road and rail connectivity. On its northern edge runs the

text: Rohtak Road

text: (NH10), and the Outer Ring Road forms its eastern periphery. Both these roads are well maintained and are 6-8 lanes wide around the area. In this area, the outer ring road is maintained by the MCD and has a flyover at

text: Peera Garhi Chowk

text: and an Underpass and roundabout at Bhera Enclave/Sunder Vihar Crossing.  Outer Ring Road also has several foot-over bridges with escalators.  Similarly, the Rohtak Road is maintained by the

text: PWD

text: . Where outer ring road connects the area with much of the city, Rohtak Road connects it to the Centre and the state border.

text: Also, from time to time Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in “seasons”. Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations:

text: Also, from time to time Saturn is

text: occulted

text: by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky). As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in “seasons”. Saturnian occultations will take place 12 or more times over a 12-month period, followed by about a five-year period in which no such activity is registered. Australian astronomy experts Hill and Horner explain the seasonal nature of Saturnian occultations:

text: Gornahoor Harharkh is a scientist on the planet Saturn who specializes in elucidating the particularities of Okidanokh, as well as he was Beelzebub's essence friend.

text: Development started in the 1980s. Its design includes a Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and a lander (Huygens) for the moon Titan. The two spacecraft are named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. The spacecraft launched on October 15, 1997 aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur and entered orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004, after an interplanetary voyage that included flybys of Earth, Venus, and Jupiter.  On December 25, 2004, Huygens separated from the orbiter and landed on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14, 2005. It successfully returned data to Earth, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System.

text: Development started in the 1980s. Its design includes a Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and a lander (Huygens) for the moon

text: Titan

text: . The two spacecraft are named after astronomers

text: Giovanni Cassini

text: and

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: . The spacecraft launched on October 15, 1997 aboard a

text: Titan IVB/Centaur

text: and entered orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004, after an interplanetary voyage that included flybys of Earth, Venus, and Jupiter.  On December 25, 2004, Huygens separated from the orbiter and landed on Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: on January 14, 2005. It successfully returned data to Earth, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first

text: landing

text: ever accomplished in the outer

text: Solar System

text: Jupiter has 67 natural satellites. Of these, 51 are less than 10 kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the "Galilean moons", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

text: Jupiter has 67

text: natural satellite

text: s. Of these, 51 are less than 10 kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975. The four largest moons, visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night, known as the "

text: Galilean moons

text: ", are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

text: In 1980, Voyager 1 made a fly-by of Saturn that showed the F-ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure; it is now known that the outer two rings consist of knobs, kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding, with the less bright third ring lying inside them.

text: is a good-natured, masculine-acting girl who is a year older than most of the other Sailor Soldiers. She is able to transform into Sailor Uranus, Soldier of Sky and Flight. Before becoming a Sailor Soldier, she dreamt of becoming a racer, and she has excellent driving skills. She tends to dress and, in the anime, speak like a man. When it comes to fighting the enemy she distrusts outside help and prefers to work solely with her girlfriend Sailor Neptune and, later, Pluto and Saturn. Sailor Uranus's talisman, known as the Space Sword, aids her with her fighting and attacks.

text: is a good-natured, masculine-acting girl who is a year older than most of the other Sailor Soldiers. She is able to transform into Sailor Uranus, Soldier of

text: Sky

text: and

text: Flight

text: . Before becoming a Sailor Soldier, she dreamt of becoming a racer, and she has excellent driving skills. She tends to

text: dress

text: and, in the anime, speak

text: like a man

text: . When it comes to fighting the enemy she distrusts outside help and prefers to work solely with her girlfriend Sailor Neptune and, later, Pluto and Saturn. Sailor Uranus's talisman, known as the Space Sword, aids her with her fighting and attacks.

text: At any given temperature, all the molecules in a liquid do not have the same kinetic energy. Some high energy particles on the liquid surface may have enough energy to escape the inter molecular forces of attraction of the liquid and become a gas. This is called evaporation.

text: The first study of the spectral energy distribution of the planet was published in July 2013.This study shows detections at 1.265, 1.66, 2.18, 3.80, 4.05 and 4.78 µm demonstrating that the planet has a very dusty and/or cloudy atmosphere. The SED is consistent with that of an early L dwarf, but with a lower surface gravity. The effective temperature is constrained to  and the surface gravity to log g = 4.0 . A second study, published in September 2013, provided a new detection at 3.1 µm obtained at the Gemini Observatory along with a reanalysis of previous data. They found the planet to be overluminous in the mid-infrared 3.1 µm band compared to models of early L dwarfs. Models incorporating small dust particles and thick clouds provided the best fit to the SED. The effective temperature is constrained to   and the surface gravity to log g = 3.8 . This fit corresponds to a planet radius of 1.65 times that of Jupiter, arguing that Beta Pictoris b may be younger than its host star (finished forming at 5 Ma).

text: The first study of the spectral energy distribution of the planet was published in July 2013.This study shows detections at 1.265, 1.66, 2.18, 3.80, 4.05 and 4.78

text: µm

text: demonstrating that the planet has a very dusty and/or cloudy atmosphere. The SED is consistent with that of an early

text: L dwarf

text: , but with a lower surface gravity. The effective temperature is constrained to  and the surface gravity to log g = 4.0 . A second study, published in September 2013, provided a new detection at 3.1 µm obtained at the

text: Gemini Observatory

text: along with a reanalysis of previous data. They found the planet to be overluminous in the

text: mid-infrared

text: 3.1 µm band compared to models of early L dwarfs. Models incorporating small dust particles and thick clouds provided the best fit to the SED. The effective temperature is constrained to   and the surface gravity to log g = 3.8 . This fit corresponds to a planet radius of 1.65 times that of Jupiter, arguing that Beta Pictoris b may be younger than its host star (finished forming at 5 Ma).

text: The Flame Resistant Environmental Ensemble (FREE) is a multi-layered, versatile insulating garment that is adaptable to varying mission requirements and environmental conditions. The system consists of undergarments, a base layer, midweight underlayer, light weather outer layer, intermediate weather outer layer, and an extreme/wet weather parka. It also includes cold weather gloves, a rigger belt, and wool socks.

text: The Flame Resistant Environmental Ensemble (FREE) is a multi-layered, versatile insulating garment that is adaptable to varying mission requirements and environmental conditions. The system consists of undergarments, a base layer, midweight underlayer, light weather outer layer, intermediate weather outer layer, and an extreme/wet weather

text: parka

text: . It also includes cold weather gloves, a rigger belt, and wool socks.

text: All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction that the Sun is rotating, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions—the planets with retrograde rotation—are Venus and Uranus. Venus's axial tilt is 177 degrees, which means it is spinning almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit. Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77 degrees, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.

text: All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction that the Sun is rotating, which is

text: counterclockwise

text: when viewed from above the Sun's

text: north pole

text: . Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions—the planets with retrograde rotation—are

text: Venus

text: and

text: Uranus

text: . Venus's axial tilt is 177 degrees, which means it is spinning almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit. Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77 degrees, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized

text: protoplanet

text: collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.

text: Hygiea is the main member of the Hygiea family and contains almost all the mass  (well over 90%) in this family. It is the largest of the class of dark C-type asteroids that are dominant in the outer asteroid belt—which lie beyond the Kirkwood gap at 2.82 AU. Hygiea appears to have a noticeably oblate spheroid shape, with an average diameter of 444 ± 35 km and a semimajor axis ratio of 1.11. This is much more than for the other objects in the "big four"—2 Pallas, 4 Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. Aside from being the smallest of the four, Hygiea, like Ceres, has a relatively low density, which is more comparable to the icy satellites of Jupiter or Saturn than to the terrestrial planets or the stony asteroids.

text: Hygiea is the main member of the

text: Hygiea family

text: and contains almost all the mass  (well over 90%) in this family. It is the largest of the class of dark

text: C-type asteroid

text: s that are dominant in the outer

text: asteroid belt

text: —which lie beyond the

text: Kirkwood gap

text: at 2.82 AU. Hygiea appears to have a noticeably

text: oblate spheroid

text: shape, with an average diameter of 444 ± 35 km and a semimajor axis ratio of 1.11. This is much more than for the other objects in the "

text: big four

text: 2 Pallas

text: 4 Vesta

text: and the

text: dwarf planet

text: Ceres

text: . Aside from being the smallest of the four, Hygiea, like Ceres, has a relatively low density, which is more comparable to the icy satellites of

text: Jupiter

text: or

text: Saturn

text: than to the

text: terrestrial planet

text: s or the stony asteroids.

text: The rings are made of an extremely dark material. The geometric albedo of the ring particles does not exceed 5–6%, while the Bond albedo is even lower—about 2%. The rings particles demonstrate a steep opposition surge—an increase of the albedo when the phase angle is close to zero. This means that their albedo is much lower when they are observed slightly off the opposition. The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near-infrared. They exhibit no identifiable spectral features. The chemical composition of the ring particles is not known. However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn because they are too dark, darker than the inner moons of Uranus. This indicates that they are probably composed of a mixture of the ice and a dark material. The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be organic compounds considerably darkened by the charged particle irradiation from the Uranian magnetosphere. The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.

text: The rings are made of an extremely dark material. The

text: geometric albedo

text: of the ring particles does not exceed 5–6%, while the

text: Bond albedo

text: is even lower—about 2%. The rings particles demonstrate a steep opposition surge—an increase of the albedo when the

text: phase angle

text: is close to zero. This means that their albedo is much lower when they are observed slightly off the opposition. The rings are slightly red in the

text: ultraviolet

text: and visible parts of the

text: spectrum

text: and grey in

text: near-infrared

text: . They exhibit no identifiable

text: spectral features

text: . The

text: chemical composition

text: of the ring particles is not known. However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the

text: rings of Saturn

text: because they are too dark, darker than the

text: inner moons of Uranus

text: . This indicates that they are probably composed of a mixture of the ice and a dark material. The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be

text: organic compound

text: s considerably darkened by the

text: charged particle

text: irradiation from the Uranian

text: magnetosphere

text: . The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.

text: In this episode, the Enterprise must contend with a massive space cloud that eats planets, now targeting a Federation colony of over 82 million.

text: In this initial model the number of planetesimals that would reach the Moon is consistent with the crater record from the LHB. Impacts onto Jupiter's moons are sufficient to trigger Ganymede's differentiation but not Callisto's. However, significant differences with observations have also been identified. The orbital distribution of the surviving asteroid belt has an excess of high inclination objects due to the secular resonances exciting inclinations and also removing low inclination objects. During Jupiter and Saturn's slow approach to the 2:1 resonance leading up to the LHB Mars's eccentricity can reach a level that results in the destabilization of the inner Solar System. The eccentricities of the other terrestrial planets can also be excited beyond current levels by sweeping secular resonances. In the outer Solar System the impacts of icy planetesimals onto Saturn's inner moons are sufficient to vaporize their ice. These issue provided motivations for modifications to the initial Nice model.

text: In this initial model the number of

text: planetesimal

text: s that would reach the Moon is consistent with the crater record from the LHB. Impacts onto Jupiter's moons are sufficient to trigger Ganymede's differentiation but not Callisto's. However, significant differences with observations have also been identified. The orbital distribution of the surviving asteroid belt has an excess of high inclination objects due to the secular resonances exciting inclinations and also removing low inclination objects. During Jupiter and Saturn's slow approach to the 2:1 resonance leading up to the LHB Mars's eccentricity can reach a level that results in the destabilization of the inner Solar System. The eccentricities of the other terrestrial planets can also be excited beyond current levels by sweeping secular resonances. In the outer Solar System the impacts of icy planetesimals onto Saturn's inner moons are sufficient to vaporize their ice. These issue provided motivations for modifications to the initial Nice model.

text: As of April 8, 2014, Environment Canada replaced the Wind Chill Warning with an Extreme Cold Warning. In the older system a wind chill warning for Southern Ontario and Atlantic Canada was issued when the wind chill dropped to -35. Thus a temperature of  with no winds would not require a warning be issued. Under the new system the extreme cold warning is issued based on either the temperature or the wind chill being a certain value for at least two hours. The values range from  in the south to  in parts of the Arctic.

text: As of April 8, 2014, Environment Canada replaced the

text: Wind Chill Warning

text: with an Extreme Cold Warning. In the older system a

text: wind chill

text: warning for

text: Southern Ontario

text: and

text: Atlantic Canada

text: was issued when the wind chill dropped to -35. Thus a temperature of  with no winds would not require a warning be issued. Under the new system the extreme cold warning is issued based on either the temperature or the wind chill being a certain value for at least two hours. The values range from  in the south to  in parts of the

text: Arctic

text: The Titan Ringlet within Saturn's C Ring represents another type of resonance in which the rate of apsidal precession of one orbit exactly matches the speed of revolution of another.  The outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Saturn's major moon Titan.

text: The

text: Titan Ringlet

text: within Saturn's

text: C Ring

text: represents another type of resonance in which the rate of

text: apsidal precession

text: of one orbit exactly matches the speed of revolution of another.  The outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Saturn's major moon

text: Titan

text: The so-called natural benefics and the so-called natural malefic are not always benefics or always malefic for all lagnas by virtue of their bhava-lordship. By virtue of their owning auspicious or inauspicious bhavas they are termed Shubha or Papa; even Papas can confer good results. There are Arishtayogabhanga yogas that cancel out the bad effects of Arishta yogas, and there are also Rajayogabhanga yogas that nullify Raja yoga effects. The Sun situated at the end of Pisces, when it will also be in Vargottamamsa; the Moon situated at the end of Aries, when it will be in Sagittarius navamsa; Mars in Sagittarius; Mercury in Leo; Jupiter in Gemini; Venus in Aquarius and Saturn situated in Virgo sign are called Ucchabhilashi (desiring to go to a higher place). The Ucchabhilashi planets, like the planets occupying their own or exaltation signs, generally give yoga results (benefic results), they tend to confer Royal honours and make one hold the foremost place in the family and own circle of activity.

text: The Mariner Jupiter-Saturn project was approved in early 1972, with an estimated cost of $360 million. The probes would be built by JPL, with the intention that they would last long enough to complete the original Grand Tour of the four giant planets, but be advertised as missions to only Jupiter and Saturn to reduce estimated total project costs.

text: Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal thermal flux. Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere. In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only  W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m². The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.

text: Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's

text: internal heat

text: appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal

text: thermal flux

text: . Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood.

text: Neptune

text: , which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the

text: far infrared

text: (i.e.

text: heat

text: ) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its

text: atmosphere

text: . In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only  W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m². The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than

text: Neptune

text: Blizzard conditions of cold temperatures and strong winds can cause wind chill values that can result in hypothermia or frostbite. The wind chill factor is the amount of cooling the human body feels due to the combination of wind and temperature.

text: Blizzard conditions of cold temperatures and strong winds can cause

text: wind chill

text: values that can result in

text: hypothermia

text: or

text: frostbite

text: . The wind chill factor is the amount of cooling the human body feels due to the combination of wind and temperature.

text: Neptune has 14 known moons. Triton is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal. Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a retrograde orbit, indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation, and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration. It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the Roche limit. In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of .

text: Neptune has 14 known

text: moons

text: Triton

text: is the largest Neptunian moon, comprising more than 99.5% of the mass in orbit around Neptune, and it is the only one massive enough to be

text: spheroid

text: al.

text: Triton

text: was discovered by

text: William Lassell

text: just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System, Triton has a

text: retrograde orbit

text: , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place; it was probably once a

text: dwarf planet

text: in the Kuiper belt. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a

text: synchronous rotation

text: , and it is slowly spiralling inward because of

text: tidal acceleration

text: . It will eventually be torn apart, in about 3.6 billion years, when it reaches the

text: Roche limit

text: . In 1989, Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System, with estimated temperatures of .

text: The glyph or sigil of the planet Neptune in astronomy and astrology.

text: The glyph or sigil of the planet

text: Neptune

text: in

text: astronomy

text: and

text: astrology

text: There are no solid arguments to explain if Earth's atmosphere has the optimal composition to host life. On Earth, during the period when coal was first formed, atmospheric oxygen () levels were up to 35%, and  coincided with the periods of greatest biodiversity. So, assuming that the presence of a significant amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is essential for exoplanets to develop complex life forms, the percentage of oxygen relative to the total atmosphere appears to limit the maximum size of the planet for optimum superhabitability and ample biodiversity.

text: There are no solid arguments to explain if Earth's atmosphere has the optimal composition to host life. On Earth, during the period when

text: coal

text: was first formed, atmospheric oxygen () levels were up to 35%, and  coincided with the periods of greatest

text: biodiversity

text: . So, assuming that the presence of a significant amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is essential for exoplanets to develop complex life forms, the percentage of oxygen relative to the total atmosphere appears to limit the maximum size of the planet for optimum superhabitability and ample biodiversity.

text: Hiʻiaka is the larger, outer moon of the dwarf planet Haumea.

text: Hiʻiaka is the larger, outer

text: moon of

text: the

text: dwarf planet

text: Haumea

text: In 2002, the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team announced the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting the star. Based upon the orbital elements, most of this gas giant's orbit lies within the habitable zone (HZ) of the host star; it only passes outside this region at apogee. As such, it is unlikely that a terrestrial planet could have a stable orbit within the HZ unless it moves in a synchronized fashion with the gas giant. Numerical simulations suggest that such a planet could orbit within the L or L Lagrangian points of the gas giant.

text: In 2002, the

text: Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team

text: announced the discovery of an

text: extrasolar planet

text: orbiting the star. Based upon the orbital elements, most of this

text: gas giant

text: 's orbit lies within the

text: habitable zone

text: (HZ) of the host star; it only passes outside this region at

text: apogee

text: . As such, it is unlikely that a

text: terrestrial planet

text: could have a stable orbit within the HZ unless it moves in a synchronized fashion with the gas giant. Numerical simulations suggest that such a planet could orbit within the L or L

text: Lagrangian point

text: s of the gas giant.

text: The most part of the Metropolitan City of Cagliari have a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild winters. The extreme values in summer are over , often with high humidity, while in winter, the record lows are below zero. Heavy snowfalls occur, on average, every thirty years.- Extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters. The average temperature of the coldest month, January, is about , and that of the warmest month, August, about . However, heat waves can occur, due to African anticyclone activity, starting in June. From mid-June to mid-September, rain is a rare event, usually storms in the afternoon. The rainy season starts in September, but the first cold days come in December, which is usually the wettest month. Winds are frequent, especially the mistral and sirocco; in summer days a marine sirocco breeze (s'imbattu) lowers the temperature and the humidity.

text: The most part of the Metropolitan City of Cagliari have a

text: Mediterranean climate

text: with hot, dry summers and mild winters. The extreme values in summer are over , often with high humidity, while in winter, the record lows are below zero. Heavy snowfalls occur, on average, every thirty years.- Extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters. The average temperature of the coldest month, January, is about , and that of the warmest month, August, about . However, heat waves can occur, due to African

text: anticyclone

text: activity, starting in June. From mid-June to mid-September, rain is a rare event, usually storms in the afternoon. The rainy season starts in September, but the first cold days come in December, which is usually the wettest month. Winds are frequent, especially the

text: mistral

text: and

text: sirocco

text: ; in summer days a marine sirocco breeze (s'imbattu) lowers the temperature and the

text: humidity

text: The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by the Cassini Division (discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini). Along with the C Ring, which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division, these regions constitute the main rings. The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings. The latter include the D Ring, extending inward to Saturn's cloud tops, the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system. These diffuse rings are characterised as "dusty" because of the small size of their particles (often about a micrometre); their chemical composition is, like the main rings, almost entirely of water ice. The narrow F Ring, just off the outer edge of the A Ring, is more difficult to categorize; parts of it are very dense, but it also contains a great deal of dust-size particles.

text: The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by the Cassini Division (discovered in 1675 by

text: Giovanni Domenico Cassini

text: ). Along with the C Ring, which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division, these regions constitute the main rings. The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings. The latter include the D Ring, extending inward to Saturn's cloud tops, the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system. These diffuse rings are characterised as "dusty" because of the small size of their particles (often about a micrometre); their chemical composition is, like the main rings, almost entirely of water ice. The narrow F Ring, just off the outer edge of the A Ring, is more difficult to categorize; parts of it are very dense, but it also contains a great deal of dust-size particles.

text: The Enterprise welcomes two Iyaaran ambassadors, Loquel and Byleth, who are visiting the ship as part of a "cultural exchange" that will also send Picard to their planet. Before Picard departs, he assigns Troi to act as Loquel's liaison and asks Riker to do the same for Byleth. But Byleth has other ideas, and instead demands that Worf serve as his shipboard guide. Soon afterward, Picard departs for the Iyaaran home world with Voval, the Iyaaran shuttle pilot, who is gruff and uncommunicative. Their awkward silence is disrupted by a malfunction aboard their ship. Crashing on an unknown planet, Voval receives a concussion, but Picard is seemingly unhurt. He decides to seek help outside, but falls to the ground trying to traverse the planet's stormy surface. While he lies unconscious, someone silently drags him away.

text: The

text: Enterprise

text: welcomes two Iyaaran ambassadors, Loquel and Byleth, who are visiting the ship as part of a "cultural exchange" that will also send

text: Picard

text: to their planet. Before Picard departs, he assigns

text: Troi

text: to act as Loquel's liaison and asks

text: Riker

text: to do the same for Byleth. But Byleth has other ideas, and instead demands that

text: Worf

text: serve as his shipboard guide. Soon afterward, Picard departs for the Iyaaran home world with Voval, the Iyaaran shuttle pilot, who is gruff and uncommunicative. Their awkward silence is disrupted by a malfunction aboard their ship. Crashing on an unknown planet, Voval receives a concussion, but Picard is seemingly unhurt. He decides to seek help outside, but falls to the ground trying to traverse the planet's stormy surface. While he lies unconscious, someone silently drags him away.

text: The gas–liquid–solid triple point of water corresponds to the minimum pressure at which liquid water can exist. At pressures below the triple point (as in outer space), solid ice when heated at constant pressure is converted directly into water vapor in a process known as sublimation. Above the triple point, solid ice when heated at constant pressure first melts to form liquid water, and then evaporates or boils to form vapor at a higher temperature.

text: The gas–liquid–solid triple point of water corresponds to the minimum pressure at which liquid water can exist. At pressures below the triple point (as in

text: outer space

text: ), solid ice when heated at constant pressure is converted directly into water vapor in a process known as

text: sublimation

text: . Above the triple point, solid ice when heated at constant pressure first melts to form liquid water, and then evaporates or boils to form vapor at a higher temperature.

text: Atmospheric mining is the process of extracting valuable materials or other non-renewable resources from the atmosphere. Due to the abundance of hydrogen and helium in the outer planets of the Solar System, atmospheric mining may be easier than mining terrestrial surfaces.

text: Atmospheric mining is the process of extracting valuable materials or other non-renewable resources from the atmosphere. Due to the abundance of hydrogen and helium in the

text: outer planets

text: of the

text: Solar System

text: , atmospheric mining may be easier than mining terrestrial surfaces.

text: Announced in 2009, two extrasolar planets were discovered to be orbiting the star.  Both planets are less massive than Jupiter. The inner planet HD 215497 b orbits very close to the star and is termed a “hot super-Earth”. The outer planet HD 215497 c is Saturn-sized and orbits a little bit further from the star as the Earth, at around 1.282 AU.

text: Announced in 2009, two

text: extrasolar planet

text: s were discovered to be orbiting the star.  Both planets are less massive than

text: Jupiter

text: . The inner planet

text: HD 215497 b

text: orbits very close to the star and is termed a “

text: hot super-Earth

text: ”. The

text: outer planet

text: HD 215497 c

text: is Saturn-sized and orbits a little bit further from the star as the

text: Earth

text: , at around 1.282 AU.

text: Uranus served almost 10,000 guests per month during tourist season.

text: Theoretical models show that Hot Jupiters and Hot Neptunes can evolve by hydrodynamic loss of their atmospheres to Mini-Neptunes (as it could be the Super-Earth GJ 1214 b), or even to rocky planets known as chthonian planets (after migrating towards the proximity of their parent star). The amount of the outermost layers that is lost depends on the size and the material of the planet and the distance from the star. In a typical system a gas giant orbiting 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of the whole planet except for its core.

text: Theoretical models show that Hot Jupiters and Hot Neptunes can evolve by hydrodynamic loss of their atmospheres to Mini-Neptunes (as it could be the Super-Earth

text: GJ 1214 b

text: ), or even to rocky planets known as

text: chthonian planet

text: s (after migrating towards the proximity of their parent star). The amount of the outermost layers that is lost depends on the size and the material of the planet and the distance from the star. In a typical system a gas giant orbiting 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of the whole planet except for its core.

text: The second largest moon of the planet Saturn is named after her.

text: The

text: second largest moon

text: of the planet

text: Saturn

text: is named after her.

text: Subcooling may also be produced by superheating the gas leaving the evaporator and heading to the gas compressor. These systems withdraw heat from the liquid line but heat up the gas compressors suction. This is a very common solution to insure that gas reaches the compressor and liquid reaches the valve. It also allows maximum heat exchanger use as minimizes the portion of the heat exchangers used to change the temperature of the fluid, and maximizes the volume in which the refrigerant changes its phase (phenomena involving much more heat flow, the base principle of vapor-compression refrigeration).

text: Subcooling may also be produced by

text: superheating

text: the gas leaving the

text: evaporator

text: and heading to the

text: gas compressor

text: . These systems withdraw

text: heat

text: from the

text: liquid line

text: but heat up the gas compressors suction. This is a very common solution to insure that gas reaches the compressor and liquid reaches the

text: valve

text: . It also allows maximum

text: heat exchanger

text: use as minimizes the portion of the heat exchangers used to change the temperature of the fluid, and maximizes the volume in which the refrigerant

text: changes its phase

text: (phenomena involving much more heat flow, the base principle of vapor-compression refrigeration).

text: The Small Magellanic Cloud (referred to in-setting as the Lesser Magellanic Cloud) is composed of three main regions: the densely populated Core (shrouded by a dense radiation shell), a ring of provinces with "standard" stellar densities, and an outer Fringe region where stars and planets are much fewer and further between. Beyond the Fringe worlds lies the Chomak Cluster, a collection of stars only recently (in astronomical terms) captured by the Cloud's gravitational field.

text: The

text: Small Magellanic Cloud

text: (referred to in-setting as the Lesser Magellanic Cloud) is composed of three main regions: the densely populated Core (shrouded by a dense radiation shell), a ring of provinces with "standard" stellar densities, and an outer Fringe region where stars and planets are much fewer and further between. Beyond the Fringe worlds lies the Chomak Cluster, a collection of stars only recently (in astronomical terms) captured by the Cloud's gravitational field.

text: As objects increasingly closer in size to Pluto were discovered in the region, it was argued that Pluto should be reclassified as one of the Kuiper belt objects, just as Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta eventually lost their planet status after the discovery of many other asteroids. On July 29, 2005, astronomers at Caltech announced the discovery of a new trans-Neptunian object, Eris, which was substantially more massive than Pluto and the most massive object discovered in the Solar System since Triton in 1846. Its discoverers and the press initially called it the tenth planet, although there was no official consensus at the time on whether to call it a planet. Others in the astronomical community considered the discovery the strongest argument for reclassifying Pluto as a minor planet.

text: As objects increasingly closer in size to Pluto were discovered in the region, it was argued that Pluto should be reclassified as one of the Kuiper belt objects, just as

text: Ceres

text: Pallas

text: Juno

text: and

text: Vesta

text: eventually lost their planet status after the discovery of many other

text: asteroid

text: s. On July 29, 2005, astronomers at

text: Caltech

text: announced the discovery of a new

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: Eris

text: , which was substantially more massive than Pluto and the most massive object discovered in the Solar System since

text: Triton

text: in 1846. Its discoverers and the press initially called it the

text: tenth planet

text: , although there was no official consensus at the time on whether to call it a planet. Others in the astronomical community considered the discovery the strongest argument for reclassifying Pluto as a minor planet.

text: In the various Disney theme park resorts around the world, Pluto is a meetable character just like many of his film co-stars. Pluto, however, uncharacteristically walks on two legs in this capacity out of necessity. Adults and children are able to meet, play with, and get autographs and pictures with Pluto and his friends at all Disney parks.

text: Voyager 2 is also the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune, making a single flyby as part of its grand tour of the outer planets.

text: At one point in the song, the protagonist wants to write , but instead of reading it kimi, reading it as the word , as well as writing  and reading it as the word . He feels like nothing could separate them if they do this. At another point, the song references the Japanese divination style Rokusei Senjutsu. The protagonist's lover insists that the protagonist's destiny star is Jupiter, and that hers is Mars, and that he is at the  (misfortune time) at the end of his six-year cycle. The protagonist says that he's actually an earth person (instead of a person with destiny linked to a planet), but no matter if that's true, or if his destiny star is Jupiter, it's only one planet away from Mars.

text: At one point in the song, the protagonist wants to write , but instead of reading it kimi, reading it as the word , as well as writing  and reading it as the word . He feels like nothing could separate them if they do this. At another point, the song references the Japanese

text: divination

text: style

text: Rokusei Senjutsu

text: . The protagonist's lover insists that the protagonist's destiny star is

text: Jupiter

text: , and that hers is

text: Mars

text: , and that he is at the  (misfortune time) at the end of his six-year cycle. The protagonist says that he's actually an earth person (instead of a person with destiny linked to a planet), but no matter if that's true, or if his destiny star is Jupiter, it's only one planet away from Mars.

text: Extremely massive stars (more than approximately ), which are very luminous and thus have very rapid stellar winds, lose mass so rapidly due to radiation pressure that they tend to strip off their own envelopes before they can expand to become red supergiants, and thus retain extremely high surface temperatures (and blue-white color) from their main-sequence time onwards. The largest stars of the current generation are about  because the outer layers would be expelled by the extreme radiation. Although lower-mass stars normally do not burn off their outer layers so rapidly, they can likewise avoid becoming red giants or red supergiants if they are in binary systems close enough so that the companion star strips off the envelope as it expands, or if they rotate rapidly enough so that convection extends all the way from the core to the surface, resulting in the absence of a separate core and envelope due to thorough mixing.

text: Hydrogen and helium are abundant in outer planets.

text: Most planets known to humans are either gaseous Jovian planets or solid terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These inner planets have a rocky surface with metal interiors. The Jovian planets consist of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. While these planets are larger, their only land surface is a small rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere. The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to have surface layers composed of liquid hydrogen rather than solid land; however, their planetary geology is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune (the ice giants) possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised.  While their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible. The entire surface of a rocky planet or moon is considered land, even with a lack of seas or oceans for contrast. Planetary bodies that have a thin atmosphere often have land that is marked by impact craters since atmospheric conditions would normally break-down incoming objects and erode rough impact sites. Land on planetary bodies other than Earth can also be bought and sold although ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

text: Most planets known to humans are either gaseous

text: Jovian planets

text: or solid

text: terrestrial planets

text: . Terrestrial planets include

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: , and

text: Mars

text: . These inner planets have a rocky surface with metal interiors. The Jovian planets consist of

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . While these planets are larger, their only land surface is a small rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere. The

text: gas giant

text: s, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to have surface layers composed of

text: liquid hydrogen

text: rather than solid land; however, their

text: planetary geology

text: is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune (the

text: ice giant

text: s) possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised.  While their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible. The entire surface of a rocky planet or moon is considered land, even with a lack of seas or oceans for contrast. Planetary bodies that have a thin atmosphere often have land that is marked by impact craters since atmospheric conditions would normally break-down incoming objects and erode rough impact sites. Land on planetary bodies other than Earth can also be bought and sold although ownership of

text: extraterrestrial real estate

text: is not recognized by any authority.

text: Upsilon Andromedae d orbits its star nearly every 3.5 years (about 1,276 days) in an eccentric orbit, more eccentric than that of any of the known planets in the Solar System. To explain the planet's orbital eccentricity, some have proposed a close encounter with an now-lost outer planet of Upsilon Andromedae A. The encounter would have moved planet "d" into an eccentric orbit closer to the star and ejected the outer planet.

text: Upsilon Andromedae d orbits its star nearly every 3.5 years (about 1,276 days) in an

text: eccentric

text: orbit, more eccentric than that of any of the known planets in the

text: Solar System

text: . To explain the planet's orbital eccentricity, some have proposed a close encounter with an now-lost outer planet of Upsilon Andromedae A. The encounter would have moved planet "d" into an eccentric orbit closer to the star and ejected the outer planet.

text: Tidal downsizing is a hypothetical mechanism for the formation of planets. The process begins with the formation of large clumps of gas, of roughly 10 Jupiter masses, via gravitational instability in the outer parts of the protoplanetary disk. The clumps migrate inward due to gravitational interactions with the gas disk. Solid grains within the clump collide and grow and settle toward the center forming a massive core. The clump is disrupted due to tidal forces or heating from the star when it approaches within a few AU of the star leaving behind a smaller object. Depending on the extent and timing of the mass loss the remnant may be a terrestrial planet, an ice giant or a gas giant.

text: Tidal downsizing is a hypothetical mechanism for the formation of

text: planets

text: . The process begins with the formation of large clumps of gas, of roughly 10

text: Jupiter

text: masses, via

text: gravitational instability

text: in the outer parts of the

text: protoplanetary disk

text: . The clumps migrate inward due to gravitational interactions with the gas disk. Solid grains within the clump collide and grow and settle toward the center forming a

text: massive core

text: . The clump is disrupted due to

text: tidal forces

text: or heating from the

text: star

text: when it approaches within a few

text: AU

text: of the star leaving behind a smaller object. Depending on the extent and timing of the mass loss the remnant may be a

text: terrestrial planet

text: , an

text: ice giant

text: or a

text: gas giant

text: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star so that the habitable zone can be at different distances. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet.

text: Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

text: Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged

text: Berlin Observatory

text: astronomer

text: Johann Gottfried Galle

text: to search with the observatory's

text: refractor

text: Heinrich d'Arrest

text: , a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a

text: planet

text: , as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

text: The solar system, showing the Sun and the planets in the order of their position from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. (Pluto has since been reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union, but it was still considered a planet at the time the message was transmitted.)

text: The

text: solar system

text: , showing the

text: Sun

text: and the planets in the order of their position from the

text: Sun

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: , and

text: Pluto

text: . (Pluto has since been reclassified as a

text: dwarf planet

text: by the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: , but it was still considered a planet at the time the message was transmitted.)

text: Close to Jupiter, the planet's rings and small moons absorb high-energy particles (energy above 10 keV) from the radiation belts. This creates noticeable gaps in the belts' spatial distribution and affects the decimetric synchrotron radiation. In fact, the existence of Jupiter's rings was first hypothesized on the basis of data from the Pioneer 11 spacecraft, which detected a sharp drop in the number of high-energy ions close to the planet. The planetary magnetic field strongly influences the motion of sub-micrometer ring particles as well, which acquire an electrical charge under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation. Their behavior is similar to that of co-rotating ions. The resonant interaction between the co-rotation and the orbital motion is thought to be responsible for the creation of Jupiter's innermost halo ring (located between 1.4 and 1.71 R), which consists of sub-micrometer particles on highly inclined and eccentric orbits. The particles originate in the main ring; however, when they drift toward Jupiter, their orbits are modified by the strong 3:2 Lorentz resonance located at 1.71 R, which increases their inclinations and eccentricities. Another 2:1 Lorentz resonance at 1.4 Rj defines the inner boundary of the halo ring.

text: Close to Jupiter, the planet's rings and small moons absorb high-energy particles (energy above 10 keV) from the radiation belts. This creates noticeable gaps in the belts' spatial distribution and affects the decimetric synchrotron radiation. In fact, the existence of Jupiter's rings was first hypothesized on the basis of data from the

text: Pioneer 11

text: spacecraft, which detected a sharp drop in the number of high-energy ions close to the planet. The planetary magnetic field strongly influences the motion of sub-micrometer ring particles as well, which acquire an electrical charge under the influence of solar

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: . Their behavior is similar to that of co-rotating

text: ion

text: s. The resonant interaction between the co-rotation and the orbital motion is thought to be responsible for the creation of Jupiter's innermost halo ring (located between 1.4 and 1.71 R), which consists of sub-micrometer particles on highly

text: inclined

text: and

text: eccentric

text: orbits. The particles originate in the main ring; however, when they drift toward Jupiter, their orbits are modified by the strong 3:2 Lorentz resonance located at 1.71 R, which increases their inclinations and eccentricities. Another 2:1 Lorentz resonance at 1.4 Rj defines the inner boundary of the halo ring.

text: The CD re-issue includes several single only tracks recorded during the studio session for the LP Stormy Weather, also included are the four tracks originally released in 1957 on the EP Lena Horne at the Cocoanut Grove.

text: The CD re-issue includes several single only tracks recorded during the studio session for the LP Stormy Weather, also included are the four tracks originally released in 1957 on the

text: EP

text: Lena Horne at the

text: Cocoanut Grove

text: In order of distance from Neptune, the regular moons are Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, S/2004 N 1, and Proteus. All but the outer two are within Neptune-synchronous orbit (Neptune's rotational period is 0.6713 day) and thus are being tidally decelerated. Naiad, the closest regular moon, is also the second smallest among the inner moons (following the discovery of S/2004 N 1), whereas Proteus is the largest regular moon and the second largest moon of Neptune.

text: In order of distance from Neptune, the regular moons are

text: Naiad

text: Thalassa

text: Despina

text: Galatea

text: Larissa

text: S/2004 N 1

text: , and

text: Proteus

text: . All but the outer two are within Neptune-

text: synchronous orbit

text: (Neptune's rotational period is 0.6713 day) and thus are being

text: tidally decelerated

text: . Naiad, the closest regular moon, is also the second smallest among the inner moons (following the discovery of S/2004 N 1), whereas Proteus is the largest regular moon and the second largest moon of Neptune.

text: Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state; in early formation, the denser, heavier materials sank to the centre, leaving the lighter materials near the surface. Each therefore has a differentiated interior consisting of a dense planetary core surrounded by a mantle that either is or was a fluid. The terrestrial planets are sealed within hard crusts, but in the giant planets the mantle simply blends into the upper cloud layers. The terrestrial planets have cores of elements such as iron and nickel, and mantles of silicates. Jupiter and Saturn are believed to have cores of rock and metal surrounded by mantles of metallic hydrogen. Uranus and Neptune, which are smaller, have rocky cores surrounded by mantles of water, ammonia, methane and other ices. The fluid action within these planets' cores creates a geodynamo that generates a magnetic field.

text: Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state; in early formation, the denser, heavier materials sank to the centre, leaving the lighter materials near the surface. Each therefore has a

text: differentiated

text: interior consisting of a dense

text: planetary core

text: surrounded by a

text: mantle

text: that either is or was a

text: fluid

text: . The terrestrial planets are sealed within hard

text: crusts

text: , but in the giant planets the mantle simply blends into the upper cloud layers. The terrestrial planets have cores of elements such as

text: iron

text: and

text: nickel

text: , and mantles of

text: silicate

text: s.

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: are believed to have cores of rock and metal surrounded by mantles of

text: metallic hydrogen

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , which are smaller, have rocky cores surrounded by mantles of

text: water

text: ammonia

text: methane

text: and other

text: ices

text: . The fluid action within these planets' cores creates a

text: geodynamo

text: that generates a

text: magnetic field

text: There are also two coat types found in the breed.  These consist of the standard and full-coated varieties.  Both are recognized by the UKC and equally acceptable by the breed standard.  The only exception being that the coat length may not be so long as to obscure the outline of the dog, which is considered a breed fault.  The Alaskan Klee Kai has a double coat; an undercoat that is short and soft and an outer coat that is made of longer guard hairs.  This double coat allows them to have thermal protection from extreme hot and cold weather.

text: The British Isles do not experience extreme weather regularly. There have been several occasions where extreme weather events have occurred.  In the winter of 1982, for a few days parts of central and southern England experienced temperatures lower than central Europe and Moscow. In contrast, the summers of 1975 and 1976 experienced temperatures as high as . It was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages. Extended periods of extreme weather, such as the drought of 1975–1976 and the very cold winters of 1946–1947, 1962–1963, 1978–79, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010, are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist several days or even weeks. In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather.

text: The British Isles do not experience

text: extreme weather

text: regularly. There have been several occasions where extreme weather events have occurred.  In the winter of 1982, for a few days parts of central and southern England experienced temperatures lower than

text: central Europe

text: and

text: Moscow

text: . In contrast, the summers of 1975 and 1976 experienced temperatures as high as . It was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages. Extended periods of extreme weather, such as the drought of 1975–1976 and the very cold winters of 1946–1947, 1962–1963, 1978–79, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010, are often caused by blocking

text: anti-cyclone

text: s which can persist several days or even weeks. In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather.

text: Neptune, also called Poseidon, is a fictional character in Marvel Comics and is based on the Roman God with the same name. Neptune is the god of the sea in the Olympian pantheon, and the patron god of Atlantis.

text: Neptune, also called Poseidon, is a fictional character in

text: Marvel Comics

text: and is based on the

text: Roman God with the same name

text: . Neptune is the god of the sea in the

text: Olympian pantheon

text: , and the patron god of

text: Atlantis

text: During the early Solar System the five giant planets are captured into a series of mean-motion resonances due to gas-driven migration. A disk of planetesimals orbits beyond these planets, extending to 30 AU. The planetesimal disk is stirred by gravitational interactions with Pluto-massed objects exciting eccentricities and inclinations. After several hundred million years these interactions cause the resonance chain of the giant planets to be broken. The planets then begin to migrate, driven by transfers of angular momentum as they scatter planetesimals. A net inward transfer of planetesimals causes Neptune to migrate outward as most planetesimals it scatters outward return to be scattered again while some of the planetesimals it scatters inward encounter Uranus and are prevented from returning. A similar process occurs for Uranus, the extra ice giant, and Saturn resulting in their outward migration and a transfer of planetesimals inward from the outer belt to Jupiter. Jupiter, in contrast, ejects most of the planetesimals from the Solar System, and as a result migrates inward. Neptune migrates outward several AU and the orbits of the other planets diverge during this planetesimal-driven migration. The divergent migration of the planets leads to resonance crossings, exciting the eccentricities of the planets and destabilizing the planetary system. During this instability the extra ice giant enters a Saturn-crossing orbit and is scattered inward by Saturn onto a Jupiter-crossing orbit. Repeated gravitational encounters with the ice giant drive a step-wise separation of Jupiter and Saturn's orbits leading to a rapid increase of their period ratio until it is greater than 2.3. The ice giant also encounters Uranus and Neptune and crosses parts of the asteroid belt as these encounters increase the eccentricity and semi-major axis of its orbit. After 10,000–100,000 years, the ice giant is ejected from the Solar System following an encounter with Jupiter, making it a rogue planet. The remaining planets then continue to migrate at a declining rate and slowly approach their final orbits as most of the remaining planetesimal disk is removed.

text: rogue planet

text: . The remaining planets then continue to migrate at a declining rate and slowly approach their final orbits as most of the remaining planetesimal disk is removed.

text: Ramon Brasser, Alessandro Morbidelli, Rodney Gomes, Kleomenis Tsiganis, and Harold Levison published a series of three papers analyzing the orbital evolution of the Solar System during giant planet migration. The impact this migration had on the eccentricities of Jupiter and Saturn, the orbits of the terrestrial planets, and the orbital distribution of the asteroid belt allowed them to identify several constraints on the evolution of the outer Solar System. A number of these were found to be incompatible with smooth planetesimal-driven migration of Jupiter after the 2:1 resonance crossing.

text: In section seven, extraterrestrial clouds can be found in the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system and beyond.  The planets with clouds are listed (not numbered) in order of their distance from the sun, and the clouds on each planet are in approximate descending order of altitude.

text: Blasto is a third-person shooter game developed by Sony Interactive and published by Sony Computer Entertainment America for the Sony PlayStation in 1998.  Although heavily marketed the game proved too difficult for many gamers. "There’s a good game here – it’s just simply hidden under many layers of frustration."   The late Phil Hartman had voiced Captain Blasto, an extremely muscular, alien-fighting, dimwitted captain who’s always in the mood for a babe from any solar system most specifically in the Planet Uranus.

text: Blasto is a

text: third-person shooter

text: game developed by

text: Sony Interactive

text: and published by

text: Sony Computer Entertainment America

text: for the

text: Sony PlayStation

text: in

text: .  Although heavily marketed the game proved too difficult for many gamers. "There’s a good game here – it’s just simply hidden under many layers of frustration."   The late

text: Phil Hartman

text: had voiced Captain Blasto, an extremely muscular, alien-fighting, dimwitted captain who’s always in the mood for a babe from any solar system most specifically in the Planet

text: Uranus

text: Along with the Sun, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane (Mercury is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System's history.

text: Along with the Sun, the

text: gravitational

text: influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's

text: orbital plane

text: than the Sun's

text: equatorial plane

text: Mercury

text: is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the

text: Kirkwood gap

text: s in the

text: asteroid belt

text: are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: of the inner Solar System's history.

text: Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, and was originally considered the ninth planet from the Sun. After 1992, its planethood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt. In 2005, Eris, which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered, which led the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term "planet" formally for the first time the following year. This definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a member of the new "dwarf planet" category.

text: Pluto was discovered by

text: Clyde Tombaugh

text: in 1930, and was originally considered the

text: ninth planet

text: from the Sun. After 1992, its

text: planet

text: hood was questioned following the discovery of several objects of similar size in the Kuiper belt. In 2005, Eris, which is 27% more massive than Pluto, was discovered, which led the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) to

text: define the term "planet"

text: formally for the first time the following year. This definition excluded Pluto and reclassified it as a member of the new "dwarf planet" category.

text: Twenty-four of Saturn's moons are regular satellites; they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to Saturn's equatorial plane. They include the seven major satellites, four small moons that exist in a trojan orbit with larger moons, two mutually co-orbital moons and two moons that act as shepherds of Saturn's F Ring. Two other known regular satellites orbit within gaps in Saturn's rings. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in a resonance with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the A Ring, within G Ring and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. The regular satellites are traditionally named after Titans and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn.

text: Twenty-four of Saturn's moons are regular satellites; they have

text: prograde orbit

text: s not greatly

text: inclined

text: to Saturn's equatorial plane. They include the seven major satellites, four small moons that exist in a

text: trojan

text: orbit with larger moons, two mutually

text: co-orbital moon

text: s and two moons that act as

text: shepherds

text: of Saturn's

text: F Ring

text: . Two other known regular satellites orbit within gaps in Saturn's rings. The relatively large

text: Hyperion

text: is locked in a

text: resonance

text: with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the

text: A Ring

text: , within

text: G Ring

text: and between the major moons

text: Mimas

text: and Enceladus. The regular satellites are traditionally named after

text: Titans

text: and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological

text: Saturn

text: The sun-like star 61 Virginis has three planets: one is a super-Earth and two are Neptune-mass planets.

text: The sun-like star

text: 61 Virginis

text: has three planets: one is a

text: super-Earth

text: and two are

text: Neptune

text: -mass planets.

text: Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is steam.

text: Gas is one of

text: the four fundamental states of matter

text: (the others being

text: solid

text: liquid

text: , and

text: plasma

text: ). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a

text: noble gas

text: like

text: neon

text: elemental

text: molecules made from one type of atom (e.g.

text: oxygen

text: ), or

text: compound

text: molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g.

text: carbon dioxide

text: ). A gas

text: mixture

text: would contain a variety of pure gases much like the

text: air

text: . What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and

text: gravitational fields

text: are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is

text: steam

text: A Chthonian planet results when a gas giant has its outer atmosphere stripped away by its parent star, likely due to the planet's inward migration. All that remains from the encounter is the original core.

text: A

text: Chthonian planet

text: results when a gas giant has its outer atmosphere stripped away by its parent star, likely due to the planet's inward migration. All that remains from the encounter is the original core.

text: Neptune was ordered from Deptford Dockyard on 15 February 1790, to a design developed by Surveyor of the Navy Sir John Henslow. She was one of three ships of the Neptune class, alongside her sisters  and . Neptune was laid down at Deptford in April 1791, receiving her name on 24 July 1790. The initial stages of her construction were overseen by Master Shipwright Martin Ware, though he was succeeded by Thomas Pollard in June 1795, and Pollard oversaw her completion. Neptune was launched on 28 January 1797 and sailed to Woolwich to be fitted for sea. Arriving at Woolwich on 12 February, she was immediately docked to have her copper sheathing fitted, a process that was completed by 1 March. Launched again, she finished fitting out, and received her masts and yards. Her final costs came to £77,053, and included £61,172 spent on the hull, masts and yards, and a further £15,881 on rigging and stores.

text: Neptune was ordered from

text: Deptford Dockyard

text: on 15 February 1790, to a design developed by

text: Surveyor of the Navy

text: Sir John Henslow

text: . She was one of three ships of the

text: Neptune class

text: , alongside her sisters  and . Neptune was laid down at Deptford in April 1791, receiving her name on 24 July 1790. The initial stages of her construction were overseen by Master Shipwright Martin Ware, though he was succeeded by Thomas Pollard in June 1795, and Pollard oversaw her completion. Neptune was launched on 28 January 1797 and sailed to

text: Woolwich

text: to be fitted for sea. Arriving at Woolwich on 12 February, she was immediately docked to have her

text: copper sheathing

text: fitted, a process that was completed by 1 March. Launched again, she finished fitting out, and received her masts and yards. Her final costs came to £77,053, and included £61,172 spent on the hull, masts and yards, and a further £15,881 on rigging and stores.

text: The formation of terrestrial planets differs from that of giant gas planets, also called Jovian planets. The particles that make up the terrestrial planets are made from metal and rock that condense in the inner Solar System. However, Jovian planets begin as large, icy planetesimals, which then capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula.  Differentiation between these two classes of planetesimals arise due to the frost line of the solar nebula.

text: The formation of

text: terrestrial planet

text: s differs from that of giant gas planets, also called

text: Jovian planet

text: s. The particles that make up the terrestrial planets are made from metal and rock that condense in the inner

text: Solar System

text: . However, Jovian planets begin as large, icy planetesimals, which then capture hydrogen and helium gas from the

text: solar nebula

text: .  Differentiation between these two classes of planetesimals arise due to the

text: frost line

text: of the solar nebula.

text: Hot water from the treatment plant was circulated in small-bore pipes alongside the pipeline to reduce heat losses and potential hydrate formation, an ice-like substance that can cause blockages. At the Pickering treatment plant raw gas was routed through a slug catcher and inlet separator to remove liquid hydrocarbons and water. Gas flowed to two parallel vetrocoke absorbers where it was washed with a counter-current aqueous solution of soda ash and arsenic compounds to convert the hydrogen sulphide to elemental sulphur. Gas then flowed to a hydrocarbon recovery unit where it was chilled to remove further liquid hydrocarbons, the dry sulphur-free gas passed through a British Gas metering station to Feeder No. 6 of the National Transmission System which passes through Pickering. The sulphur-rich solution from the absorbers was routed to oxidiser regenerators where air was bubbled through the solution to remove the sulphur in the form of a froth. The froth was dried in a rotary vacuum filter and heated in an autoclave to allow removal of impurities prior to being stored in tanks at about 130 °C from where it was removed by heated road tanker. The regenerated absorber solution from the oxidisers, together with recovered solution from the vacuum filters, was returned for reuse in the vetrocoke absorbers. Hydrocarbon liquids were routed to condensate stabilizers and then to storage tanks for removal by road tanker.

text: Hot water from the treatment plant was circulated in small-bore pipes alongside the pipeline to reduce heat losses and potential

text: hydrate

text: formation, an ice-like substance that can cause blockages. At the Pickering treatment plant raw gas was routed through a

text: slug catcher

text: and inlet separator to remove liquid

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and water. Gas flowed to two parallel vetrocoke absorbers where it was washed with a counter-current aqueous solution of

text: soda ash

text: and arsenic compounds to convert the hydrogen sulphide to elemental

text: sulphur

text: . Gas then flowed to a

text: hydrocarbon

text: recovery unit where it was chilled to remove further liquid hydrocarbons, the dry sulphur-free gas passed through a

text: British Gas

text: metering station to Feeder No. 6 of the

text: National Transmission System

text: which passes through Pickering. The sulphur-rich solution from the absorbers was routed to oxidiser regenerators where air was bubbled through the solution to remove the

text: sulphur

text: in the form of a froth. The froth was dried in a rotary vacuum filter and heated in an

text: autoclave

text: to allow removal of impurities prior to being stored in tanks at about 130 °C from where it was removed by heated road tanker. The regenerated absorber solution from the oxidisers, together with recovered solution from the vacuum filters, was returned for reuse in the vetrocoke absorbers. Hydrocarbon liquids were routed to condensate stabilizers and then to storage tanks for removal by road tanker.

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the satellites of Mars and the inner satellites of the giant planets.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's Moon and the outer satellites of the giant planets.  Some satellites, such as Saturn's Iapetus, are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the

text: satellites of Mars

text: and the

text: inner satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's

text: Moon

text: and the

text: outer satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Some satellites, such as Saturn's

text: Iapetus

text: , are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

text: Saturn has a prominent ring system that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-two moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of moonlets comprising the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.

text: Saturn has a prominent

text: ring system

text: that consists of nine continuous main rings and three discontinuous arcs and that is composed mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and

text: dust

text: . Sixty-two

text: moons

text: are known to orbit Saturn, of which fifty-three are officially named. This does not include the hundreds of

text: moonlet

text: s comprising the rings.

text: Titan

text: , Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet

text: Mercury

text: , although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.

text: The Solar System consists of an inner region of small rocky planets and outer region of large gas giants. However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on the conditions of their initial formation. Many systems with a hot Jupiter gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as planetary migration or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars.At present, few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple Super-Earths have been detected.

text: The Solar System consists of an inner region of small

text: rocky planets

text: and outer region of large

text: gas giants

text: . However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on the conditions of their initial formation. Many systems with a

text: hot Jupiter

text: gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as

text: planetary migration

text: or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars.At present, few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple

text: Super-Earth

text: s have been detected.

text: The dwarf planet Pluto has five moons. Its largest moon Charon, named after the ferryman who took souls across the River Styx, is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a binary system informally referred to as a double-dwarf-planet. Pluto's four  other moons, Nix, Hydra,  Kerberos and Styx are  far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.

text: The dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: has five moons. Its largest moon

text: Charon

text: , named after the ferryman who took souls across the

text: River Styx

text: , is more than half as large as Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In effect, each orbits the other, forming a

text: binary system

text: informally referred to as a

text: double-dwarf-planet

text: . Pluto's four  other moons,

text: Nix

text: Hydra

text: Kerberos

text: and

text: Styx

text: are  far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.

text: Another Gilligan's Island-based Filmation animated series called Gilligan's Planet was made in 1982. The premise for that series centers around the castaways creating a spaceship and winding up on a deserted planet.

text: Another Gilligan's Island-based

text: Filmation

text: animated series called

text: Gilligan's Planet

text: was made in 1982. The premise for that series centers around the castaways creating a spaceship and winding up on a deserted planet.

text: Triton was discovered by William Lassell in 1846, just seventeen days after the discovery of Neptune. Nereid was discovered by Gerard P. Kuiper in 1949. The third moon, later named Larissa, was first observed by Harold J. Reitsema, William B. Hubbard, Larry A. Lebofsky and David J. Tholen on May 24, 1981. The astronomers were observing a star's close approach to Neptune, looking for rings similar to those discovered around Uranus four years earlier. If rings were present, the star's luminosity would decrease slightly just before the planet's closest approach. The star's luminosity dipped only for several seconds, which meant that it was due to a moon rather than a ring.

text: Triton

text: was discovered by

text: William Lassell

text: in 1846, just seventeen days after the

text: discovery of Neptune

text: Nereid

text: was discovered by

text: Gerard P. Kuiper

text: in 1949. The third moon, later named

text: Larissa

text: , was first observed by Harold J. Reitsema, William B. Hubbard, Larry A. Lebofsky and

text: David J. Tholen

text: on May 24, 1981. The astronomers were observing a star's close approach to Neptune, looking for rings similar to

text: those discovered around Uranus

text: four years earlier. If rings were present, the star's luminosity would decrease slightly just before the planet's closest approach. The star's luminosity dipped only for several seconds, which meant that it was due to a moon rather than a ring.

text: A star's metallicity measurement is one parameter that helps determine if a star will have planets and the type of planets, as there is a direct correlation between metallicity and the type of planets a star may have. Measurements have demonstrated the connection between a star's metallicity and gas giant planets, like Jupiter and Saturn.  The more metals in a star and thus its planetary system and proplyd, the more likely the system may have gas giant planets and rocky planets.  Current models show that the metallicity along with the correct planetary system temperature and distance from the star are key to planet and planetesimal formation. Metallicity also affects a star's color temperature.  Metal poor stars are bluer and metal rich stars are redder. The Sun, with 8 planets and 5 planetesimals, is used as the reference, with a [Fe/H] of 0.00. Other stars are noted with a positive or negative value.  A star with a  has the same iron abundance as the Sun. A star with  has one tenth heavy elements of that found in the Sun. At , the heavy element abundance is 10 times the Sun's value. The survey of stellar population of stars shows that older stars have less metallicity.

text: A star's metallicity measurement is one parameter that helps determine if a star will have

text: planet

text: s and the type of planets, as there is a direct correlation between metallicity and the type of planets a star may have. Measurements have demonstrated the connection between a star's metallicity and

text: gas giant

text: planets, like

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: .  The more metals in a star and thus its

text: planetary system

text: and

text: proplyd

text: , the more likely the system may have gas giant planets and

text: rocky planets

text: .  Current models show that the metallicity along with the correct planetary system temperature and distance from the star are key to planet and

text: planetesimal

text: formation. Metallicity also affects a star's

text: color temperature

text: .  Metal poor stars are

text: bluer

text: and metal rich stars are redder. The

text: Sun

text: , with

text: 8 planets

text: and 5 planetesimals, is used as the reference, with a [Fe/H] of 0.00. Other stars are noted with a positive or negative value.  A star with a  has the same iron abundance as the Sun. A star with  has one tenth heavy elements of that found in the Sun. At , the heavy element abundance is 10 times the Sun's value. The survey of

text: stellar population

text: of stars shows that older stars have less metallicity.

text: Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about  at the winter polar caps to highs of up to  in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.

text: Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about  at the winter polar caps to highs of up to  in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low

text: thermal inertia

text: of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.

text: When composing The Planets Holst initially scored the work for piano duet, except for "Neptune", which was scored for a single organ, as Holst believed that the sound of the piano was too percussive for a world as mysterious and distant as Neptune. Holst then scored the suite for a large orchestra, in which form it became enormously popular. Holst's use of orchestration was very imaginative and colourful, showing the influence of such contemporary composers as Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg, as well as such late Russian romantics as Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Glazunov. Its novel sonorities helped make the work an immediate success with audiences at home and abroad. Although The Planets remains Holst's most popular work, the composer himself did not count it among his best creations and later in life complained that its popularity had completely surpassed his other works. He was, however, partial to his own favourite movement, "Saturn".

text: When composing The Planets Holst initially scored the work for piano

text: duet

text: , except for "Neptune", which was scored for a

text: single organ

text: , as Holst believed that the sound of the piano was too percussive for a world as mysterious and distant as Neptune. Holst then scored the suite for a large orchestra, in which form it became enormously popular. Holst's use of orchestration was very imaginative and colourful, showing the influence of such contemporary composers as

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: and

text: Arnold Schoenberg

text: , as well as such late Russian romantics as

text: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

text: and

text: Alexander Glazunov

text: . Its novel sonorities helped make the work an immediate success with audiences at home and abroad. Although The Planets remains Holst's most popular work, the composer himself did not count it among his best creations and later in life complained that its popularity had completely surpassed his other works. He was, however, partial to his own favourite movement, "Saturn".

text: The observed planet by itself cannot explain the structure of the planetesimal belts at 30 AU and 52 AU from the star. These belts might be associated with smaller planets at 25 and 44 AU, with around 0.5 and 0.1 Jupiter masses respectively. Such a system of planets, if it exists, would be close to a 1:3:7 orbital resonance. It may also be that the rings in the outer disc at 500–800 AU are indirectly caused by the influence of these planets.

text: The observed planet by itself cannot explain the structure of the planetesimal belts at 30 AU and 52 AU from the star. These belts might be associated with smaller planets at 25 and 44 AU, with around 0.5 and 0.1 Jupiter masses respectively. Such a system of planets, if it exists, would be close to a 1:3:7

text: orbital resonance

text: . It may also be that the rings in the outer disc at 500–800 AU are indirectly caused by the influence of these planets.

text: Jupiter and Saturn drive most asteroids from their initial orbits during their migrations, leaving behind an excited remnant derived from both inside and outside Jupiter's original location. Before Jupiter's migrations the surrounding regions contained asteroids which varied in composition with their distance from the Sun. Rocky asteroids dominated the inner region, while more primitive and icy asteroids dominated the outer region beyond the ice line. As Jupiter and Saturn migrate inward, ~15% of the inner asteroids are scattered outward onto orbits beyond Saturn. After reversing course, Jupiter and Saturn first encounter these objects, scattering about 0.5% of the original population back inward onto stable orbits. Later Jupiter and Saturn migrate into the outer region, scattering 0.5% of the primitive asteroids onto orbits in the outer asteroid belt. The encounters with Jupiter and Saturn leave many of the captured asteroids with large eccentricities and inclinations. In some cases icy asteroids are left with orbits crossing the region where the terrestrial planets form, and by colliding with them, deliver water to them.

text: Jupiter and Saturn drive most asteroids from their initial orbits during their migrations, leaving behind an excited remnant derived from both inside and outside Jupiter's original location. Before Jupiter's migrations the surrounding regions contained asteroids which varied in composition with their distance from the Sun. Rocky asteroids dominated the inner region, while more primitive and icy asteroids dominated the outer region beyond the ice line. As Jupiter and Saturn migrate inward, ~15% of the inner asteroids are scattered outward onto orbits beyond Saturn. After reversing course, Jupiter and Saturn first encounter these objects, scattering about 0.5% of the original population back inward onto stable orbits. Later Jupiter and Saturn migrate into the outer region, scattering 0.5% of the primitive asteroids onto orbits in the outer asteroid belt. The encounters with Jupiter and Saturn leave many of the captured asteroids with large

text: eccentricities

text: and

text: inclinations

text: . In some cases icy asteroids are left with orbits crossing the region where the terrestrial planets form, and by colliding with them, deliver water to them.

text: Daphnis ( ; ) is an inner satellite of Saturn. It is also known as ; its provisional designation was . Daphnis is about 8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits the planet in the Keeler Gap within the A ring.

text: Daphnis ( ; ) is an

text: inner satellite

text: of

text: Saturn

text: . It is also known as ; its provisional designation was . Daphnis is about 8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits the planet in the

text: Keeler Gap

text: within the

text: A ring

text: The gas giant planets display clouds or belts of various compositions, including ammonia and methane.

text: The Nice 2 model is a model of the early evolution of the Solar System. The Nice 2 model resembles the original Nice model in that a late instability of the outer Solar System results in gravitational encounters between planets, the disruption of an outer planetesimal disk, and the migrations of the outer planets to new orbits. However, the Nice 2 model differs in its initial conditions and in the mechanism for triggering the late instability. These changes reflect the analysis of the orbital evolution of the outer Solar System during the gas disk phase and the inclusion of gravitational interactions between planetesimals in the outer disk into the model.

text: The Nice 2 model is a model of the early evolution of the

text: Solar System

text: . The Nice 2 model resembles the

text: original Nice model

text: in that a late instability of the outer Solar System results in gravitational encounters between planets, the disruption of an outer

text: planetesimal

text: disk, and the migrations of the

text: outer planets

text: to new orbits. However, the Nice 2 model differs in its initial conditions and in the mechanism for triggering the late instability. These changes reflect the analysis of the orbital evolution of the outer Solar System during the

text: gas disk

text: phase and the inclusion of gravitational interactions between planetesimals in the outer disk into the model.

text: Planet Jupiter is on average greater than 5 astronomical units (AU) distance from the Sun, receiving only 4% of the sunlight received by planet Earth. For trips to Ceres (avg. of 2.8 AU from the Sun), Mars (1.5 AU), the Moon (1.0 AU), or the two planets closer to the Sun than Earth (Venus (0.7 AU) and Mercury (0.4 AU)), solar photocell technology can be used in addition to nuclear fission thermocells, via large and highly efficient solar panels on spacecraft. Sufficiently large solar panels might be 3D printed in space by companies such as Deep Space Industries and Tethers Unlimited, Inc., the former of which NASA has given $100,000 and later $500,000 (August 2013) grant money to study the process.

text: Planet

text: Jupiter

text: is on average greater than 5

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU) distance from the

text: Sun

text: , receiving only 4% of the sunlight received by planet

text: Earth

text: . For trips to

text: Ceres

text: (avg. of 2.8 AU from the Sun),

text: Mars

text: (1.5 AU), the

text: Moon

text: (1.0 AU), or the two planets closer to the Sun than Earth (

text: Venus

text: (0.7 AU) and

text: Mercury

text: (0.4 AU)), solar

text: photocell

text: technology can be used in addition to nuclear fission thermocells, via large and

text: highly efficient

text: solar panel

text: s on spacecraft. Sufficiently large solar panels might be

text: 3D printed

text: in space by companies such as

text: Deep Space Industries

text: and

text: Tethers Unlimited, Inc.

text: , the former of which NASA has given $100,000 and later $500,000 (August 2013) grant money to study the process.

text: If the gas or liquid is very viscous (resulting in turbulent differential motion), the reversal of the magnetic field may not be very periodic. This is the case with the Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by turbulent currents in a viscous outer core.

text: If the gas or liquid is very viscous (resulting in

text: turbulent

text: differential motion), the reversal of the magnetic field may not be very periodic. This is the case with the Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by turbulent currents in a viscous outer core.

text: Pluto is one of the more imposing mutants, being extremely large and exceptionally strong. Pluto possesses a misshapen head and face and appears to be mentally impaired. He is the counterpart of Pluto from the original 1977 version of The Hills Have Eyes, and is played by Michael Bailey Smith.

text: Pluto is one of the more imposing mutants, being extremely large and exceptionally strong. Pluto possesses a misshapen head and face and appears to be

text: mentally impaired

text: . He is the counterpart of Pluto from the original 1977 version of The Hills Have Eyes, and is played by

text: Michael Bailey Smith

text: In addition to the large Galilean moons, Jupiter is orbited by sixty three smaller moons, but only two of them, Amalthea and Thebe, have been imaged at sufficient resolution for surface features to become apparent.

text: In addition to the large

text: Galilean moons

text: , Jupiter is orbited by sixty three smaller moons, but only two of them,

text: Amalthea

text: and

text: Thebe

text: , have been imaged at sufficient resolution for surface features to become apparent.

text: None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter. For an observer on Io, the closest large moon to the planet, Jupiter's apparent diameter would be about 20° (38 times the visible diameter of the Moon, covering 1% of Io's sky). An observer on Metis, the innermost moon, would see Jupiter's apparent diameter increased to 68° (130 times the visible diameter of the Moon, covering 18% of Metis's sky). A "full Jupiter" over Metis shines with about 4% of the Sun's brightness (light on Earth from a full moon is 400 thousand times dimmer than sunlight).

text: None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter. For an observer on

text: Io

text: , the closest large moon to the planet, Jupiter's apparent diameter would be about 20° (38 times the visible diameter of the Moon, covering 1% of Io's sky). An observer on

text: Metis

text: , the innermost moon, would see Jupiter's apparent diameter increased to 68° (130 times the visible diameter of the Moon, covering 18% of Metis's sky). A "full Jupiter" over Metis shines with about 4% of the Sun's brightness (light on Earth from a full moon is 400 thousand times dimmer than sunlight).

text: The planet is a gas giant that is about  in diameter. Like most gas giants, it has a solid core that consists of metal followed by layers of metallic gases. Many of the layers of gas are poisonous, and the pressure and temperature are far above what a human could tolerate. But from approximately  down from outer space, there is a habitable layer known as the Bespin Life Zone. This layer has an oxygen atmosphere with the temperature and pressure that makes it ideal for human life. It is in this layer that Cloud City is located.

text: The planet is a

text: gas giant

text: that is about  in diameter. Like most gas giants, it has a solid core that consists of metal followed by layers of metallic gases. Many of the layers of gas are poisonous, and the pressure and temperature are far above what a human could tolerate. But from approximately  down from

text: outer space

text: , there is a habitable layer known as the Bespin Life Zone. This layer has an

text: oxygen

text: atmosphere

text: with the temperature and pressure that makes it ideal for human life. It is in this layer that Cloud City is located.

text: In many industrial processes that involved small, porous or light particle which have to be fluidized with more viscous fluid in the present of gas, a gas–liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB) is more preferred compared to conventional system because it can minimize dead zone and increase the contacting efficiency among gas, liquid and solid phases by improving the shear stress between those phases.  Gas–liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed also can provide higher gas holdup, produce more uniform bubble size, better interphase contact, and good heat and mass transfer capabilities.  The flexibility of using GLSCFB allow the fluidized bed to operate at much more higher liquid velocity than the minimum fluidization velocity which in turn increase the fractional conversion as well as production efficiency per unit cross-sectional area of the bed. Moreover, the deactivated catalyst used in the GLSCFB can be regenerated continuously by using the circulating fluidized bed which in turn reduced the operating cost for replacing the catalyst frequently.

text: Triton is unique among all large moons in the Solar System for its retrograde orbit around its planet (i.e. it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer irregular moons of Jupiter and Saturn also have retrograde orbits, as do some of Uranus's outer moons. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are small in comparison; the largest of them (Phoebe) has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton.

text: Triton is unique among all large moons in the Solar System for its

text: retrograde orbit

text: around its planet (i.e. it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer

text: irregular moon

text: s of

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: also have retrograde orbits, as do some of

text: Uranus

text: 's outer moons. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are small in comparison; the largest of them (

text: Phoebe

text: ) has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton.

text: Pluto is a member of the race of immortals known as the gods of Olympus. Among his race, his superhuman strength is equaled only by Neptune and Ares, and is exceeded only by Zeus and Hercules. Pluto's body is also virtually tireless, granting him almost limitless stamina. Pluto has proven capable of withstanding powerful impact forces, temperature extremes, and powerful energy blasts all without sustaining damage. Like all other members of his race, Pluto is immortal in the sense that he is immune to the effects of aging. He hasn't aged since reaching adulthood and is also immune to all known diseases. It would take damage that severely discorporated his body to cause his physical death. He is able to recover from damage with a greater speed and extent than most other members of his race.

text: Falconer Madan married Frances Jane Hayter (1862–1938) second daughter of Harrison Hayter the engineer. His son, Geoffrey, was a celebrated anthologist. His daughter Ethel married Charles Fox Burney and his granddaughter Venetia Burney is noteworthy for proposing the name Pluto for the newly discovered planet.

text: Falconer Madan married Frances Jane Hayter (1862–1938) second daughter of

text: Harrison Hayter

text: the engineer. His son,

text: Geoffrey

text: , was a celebrated anthologist. His daughter Ethel married

text: Charles Fox Burney

text: and his granddaughter

text: Venetia Burney

text: is noteworthy for proposing the name

text: Pluto

text: for the newly discovered planet.

text: Chiron attracted considerable interest because it was the first object discovered in such an orbit, well outside the asteroid belt. Chiron is classified as a centaur, the first of a class of objects orbiting between the outer planets. Chiron is a Saturn–Uranus object because its perihelion lies in Saturn's zone of control and its aphelion lies in that of Uranus. Centaurs are not in stable orbits and will be removed by gravitational perturbation by the giant planets over a period of millions of years, moving to different orbits or leaving the Solar System altogether. Chiron is probably a refugee from the Kuiper belt and will probably become a short-period comet in about a million years.

text: Chiron attracted considerable interest because it was the first object discovered in such an orbit, well outside the

text: asteroid belt

text: . Chiron is classified as a centaur, the first of a class of objects orbiting between the

text: outer planet

text: s. Chiron is a Saturn–Uranus object because its perihelion lies in Saturn's zone of control and its aphelion lies in that of Uranus. Centaurs are not in stable orbits and will be removed by gravitational

text: perturbation

text: by the giant planets over a period of millions of years, moving to different orbits or leaving the Solar System altogether. Chiron is probably a refugee from the

text: Kuiper belt

text: and will probably become a

text: short-period comet

text: in about a million years.

text: A now-abandoned hypothesis for the origin of the Moon was actually called the "double-planet hypothesis"; the idea was that the Earth and the Moon formed in the same region of the solar system's proto-planetary disk, forming a system under gravitational interaction. This idea, too, is a problematic condition for defining two bodies as "double planets" because planets can "capture" moons through gravitational interaction. For example, the moons of Mars (Phobos and Deimos) are thought to be asteroids captured long ago by Mars. Such a weak definition would also deem Neptune-Triton a double planet, since Triton was a Kuiper belt body the same size and of similar composition to Pluto, later captured by Neptune.

text: A now-abandoned hypothesis for the

text: origin of the Moon

text: was actually called the "double-planet hypothesis"; the idea was that the Earth and the Moon formed in the same region of the

text: solar system

text: 's proto-planetary disk, forming a system under gravitational interaction. This idea, too, is a problematic condition for defining two bodies as "double planets" because planets can "capture" moons through gravitational interaction. For example, the

text: moons of Mars

text: Phobos

text: and

text: Deimos

text: ) are thought to be asteroids captured long ago by

text: Mars

text: . Such a weak definition would also deem Neptune-Triton a double planet, since

text: Triton

text: was a

text: Kuiper belt

text: body the same size and of similar composition to Pluto, later captured by

text: Neptune

text: Once the cores are of sufficient mass (), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to  in a few million years. After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years. The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. In this model ice giants—Uranus and Neptune—are failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk.

text: Once the cores are of sufficient mass (), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to  in a few million years. After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years. The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. In this model ice giants—Uranus and Neptune—are failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. The latter case corresponds to the so-called

text: hot Jupiters

text: , which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk.

text: The main component of the atmosphere of Pluto is nitrogen. Content of methane, according to measurements by New Horizons, is 0.25%. For carbon monoxide, the Earth-based estimates are  (2010) and  (2015). Under influence of high-energy cosmic radiation, these gases react to form more complex compounds (not volatile at Pluto's surface temperatures), including ethane (CH), ethylene (CH), acetylene (CH), heavier hydrocarbons and nitriles and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (amount of ethylene is about 0.0001%, and amount of acetylene is about 0.0003%). These compounds slowly precipitate on the surface. Probably, they also include tholins, which are responsible for the brown color of Pluto (like some other bodies in the outer solar system).

text: The main component of the atmosphere of Pluto is

text: nitrogen

text: . Content of

text: methane

text: , according to measurements by New Horizons, is 0.25%. For

text: carbon monoxide

text: , the Earth-based estimates are  (2010) and  (2015). Under influence of

text: high-energy cosmic radiation

text: , these gases react to form more complex compounds (not volatile at Pluto's surface temperatures), including

text: ethane

text: (CH),

text: ethylene

text: (CH),

text: acetylene

text: (CH), heavier

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and

text: nitrile

text: s and

text: hydrogen cyanide

text: (HCN) (amount of ethylene is about 0.0001%, and amount of acetylene is about 0.0003%). These compounds slowly precipitate on the surface. Probably, they also include

text: tholins

text: , which are responsible for the brown color of Pluto (like some other bodies in the outer solar system).

text: While these tests and experiments were going on, JPL performed a number of speculative studies for planetary aerobot missions to Mars, Venus, Saturn's moon Titan, and the outer planets.

text: While these tests and experiments were going on, JPL performed a number of speculative studies for planetary aerobot missions to

text: Mars

text: Venus

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: , and the

text: outer planet

text: s.

text: The surface of Tethys has a number of large-scale features distinguished by their color and sometimes brightness. The trailing hemisphere gets increasingly red and dark as the anti-apex of motion is approached. This darkening is responsible for the hemispheric albedo asymmetry mentioned above. The leading hemisphere also reddens slightly as the apex of the motion is approached, although without any noticeable darkening. Such a bifurcated color pattern results in the existence of a bluish band between hemispheres following a great circle that runs through the poles. This coloration and darkening of the Tethyan surface is typical for Saturnian middle-sized satellites. Its origin may be related to a deposition of bright ice particles from the E-ring onto the leading hemispheres and dark particles coming from outer satellites on the trailing hemispheres. The darkening of the trailing hemispheres can also be caused by the impact of plasma from the magnetosphere of Saturn, which co-rotates with the planet.

text: The surface of Tethys has a number of large-scale features distinguished by their color and sometimes brightness. The trailing hemisphere gets increasingly red and dark as the anti-apex of motion is approached. This darkening is responsible for the hemispheric albedo asymmetry mentioned above. The leading hemisphere also reddens slightly as the

text: apex

text: of the motion is approached, although without any noticeable darkening. Such a bifurcated color pattern results in the existence of a bluish band between hemispheres following a great circle that runs through the poles. This coloration and darkening of the Tethyan surface is typical for Saturnian middle-sized satellites. Its origin may be related to a deposition of bright ice particles from the

text: E-ring

text: onto the leading hemispheres and dark particles coming from outer satellites on the trailing hemispheres. The darkening of the trailing hemispheres can also be caused by the impact of plasma from the

text: magnetosphere of Saturn

text: , which co-rotates with the planet.

text: The exact location of the initial fire, its source of ignition, and the initial source of fuel remain subjects of debate. The cause of the accident has never been determined conclusively, although many hypotheses have been proposed. Sabotage theories notwithstanding, one scenario often put forth over by some experts involves a combination of gas leakage and atmospheric static conditions. Escaping hydrogen gas (in this specific case from incomplete or damaged vents along the top of the vessel and especially near the rear upper tail fin) will typically burn after mixing with air and will explode when mixed with air in the right proportions. This, along with the high static collected from flying within stormy conditions could have combined to ignite the leaking gas and down the airship. In addition, a certain amount of gas may have been inexplicably lost out the top of the vessel for, at the same time, water ballast was noticeably released to slow the rate of descent. The initial explosion would therefore have been the result of the quickening fire reaching the gas bags themselves via the compromised aft-most vent at the vessel's stern. Another more recent theory involves the airship's outer covering. The silvery cloth covering contained material including cellulose nitrate which is highly flammable. This theory is controversial and has been rejected by other researchers because the outer skin burns too slowly to account for the rapid flame propagation and gaps in the fire correspond with internal gas cell divisions, which wouldn't be visible if the fire spread across the skin first. Hydrogen fires had  previously destroyed many other airships. The duralumin framework of Hindenburg was salvaged and shipped back to Germany. There the scrap was recycled and used in the construction of military aircraft for the Luftwaffe, as were the frames of Graf Zeppelin and Graf Zeppelin II when they were scrapped in 1940.

text: Luftwaffe

text: , as were the frames of

text: Graf Zeppelin

text: and

text: Graf Zeppelin II

text: when they were scrapped in 1940.

text: Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale, their speed, the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects, an important one being its velocity; another the density of the gas involved; another its energy content or wind energy.

text: Wind is the flow of

text: gas

text: es on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of

text: air

text: . In

text: outer space

text: solar wind

text: is the movement of

text: gas

text: es or charged particles from the

text: Sun

text: through space, while

text: planetary wind

text: is the

text: outgassing

text: of light

text: chemical element

text: s from a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by their

text: spatial scale

text: , their

text: speed

text: , the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in the

text: Solar System

text: occur on

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Saturn

text: . Winds have various aspects, an important one being its

text: velocity

text: ; another the density of the gas involved; another its energy content or

text: wind energy

text: In October 2009, the discovery of a tenuous disk of material just interior to the orbit of Phoebe was reported. The disk was aligned edge-on to Earth at the time of discovery. This disk can be loosely described as another ring. Although very large (the apparent size of two full moons as seen from Earth), the ring is virtually invisible. It was discovered using NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope, and was seen over the entire range of the observations, which extended from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn, with calculations indicating that it may extend outward up to 300 Saturn radii and inward to the orbit of Iapetus at 59 Saturn radii.  The ring was subsequently studied using the WISE, Herschel and Cassini spacecraft; WISE observations show that it extends from at least between 50 and 100 to 270 Saturn radii (the inner edge is lost in the planet's glare). Data obtained with WISE indicate the ring particles are small; those with radii of greater than 10 cm comprise 10% or less of the cross-sectional area.

text: In October 2009, the discovery of a tenuous disk of material just interior to the orbit of

text: Phoebe

text: was reported. The disk was aligned edge-on to Earth at the time of discovery. This disk can be loosely described as another ring. Although very large (the apparent size of two full moons as seen from Earth), the ring is virtually invisible. It was discovered using

text: NASA

text: 's

text: infrared

text: Spitzer Space Telescope

text: , and was seen over the entire range of the observations, which extended from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn, with calculations indicating that it may extend outward up to 300 Saturn radii and inward to the orbit of Iapetus at 59 Saturn radii.  The ring was subsequently studied using the

text: WISE

text: Herschel

text: and Cassini spacecraft; WISE observations show that it extends from at least between 50 and 100 to 270 Saturn radii (the inner edge is lost in the planet's glare). Data obtained with WISE indicate the ring particles are small; those with radii of greater than 10 cm comprise 10% or less of the cross-sectional area.

text: The planet was announced by the COROT mission (a CNES project with European Space Agency participation).  The planet is a large hot Jupiter, about 1.49 times the radius of Jupiter and approximately 1.03 times as massive, based on ground observations of the star. Its large size is due to its low density combined with the intense heating of its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat.

text: The planet was announced by the

text: COROT

text: mission (a

text: CNES

text: project with

text: European Space Agency

text: participation).  The planet is a large

text: hot Jupiter

text: , about 1.49 times the radius of

text: Jupiter

text: and approximately 1.03 times as massive, based on ground observations of the star. Its large size is due to its low density combined with the intense heating of its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat.

text: Bagenal has worked on a number of planetary science missions including the Voyager Plasma Science (PLS) experiment, Galileo, Deep Space 1, New Horizons mission to Pluto, and the Juno mission to Jupiter. Usually in her work on different missions, she is a member of the science team as a plasma scientist. Bagenal chairs NASA's Outer Planet Assessment Group that provides input from the scientific community on exploration of the outer solar system. Her career research endeavors have earned 4412 citations and she has an h-index of 38.She was selected to be a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2006.

text: Bagenal has worked on a number of

text: planetary science

text: missions including the

text: Voyager

text: Plasma Science (PLS) experiment,

text: Galileo

text: Deep Space 1

text: New Horizons

text: mission to

text: Pluto

text: , and the

text: Juno

text: mission to

text: Jupiter

text: . Usually in her work on different missions, she is a member of the science team as a plasma scientist. Bagenal chairs NASA's Outer Planet Assessment Group that provides input from the scientific community on exploration of the outer solar system. Her career

text: research endeavors

text: have earned 4412

text: citations

text: and she has an

text: h-index

text: of 38.She was selected to be a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2006.

text: Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 with the Kepler space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to scientists. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants.  Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.

text: Both

text: gravitational microlensing

text: and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more

text: rogue planet

text: s not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system

text: with the

text: Kepler

text: space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion

text: Earth-sized

text: exoplanets

text: reside in the Milky Way. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on

text: Kepler space mission

text: data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized

text: planets

text: orbiting in the

text: habitable zone

text: s of

text: Sun-like stars

text: and

text: red dwarf

text: s within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to scientists. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants.  Besides exoplanets, "

text: exocomet

text: s",

text: comets

text: beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.

text: For bodies of similar size the effect may be of comparable size for both, and both may become tidally locked to each other on a much shorter timescale. An example is the dwarf planet Pluto and its satellite Charon. They have already reached a state where Charon is only visible from one hemisphere of Pluto and vice versa. Pluto is roughly the same age as the planets in the Solar System.

text: For bodies of similar size the effect may be of comparable size for both, and both may become tidally locked to each other on a much shorter timescale. An example is the

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: and its satellite

text: Charon

text: . They have already reached a state where Charon is only visible from one hemisphere of Pluto and vice versa. Pluto is roughly the same age as the planets in the Solar System.

text: If the moon's mass is not too low compared to the planet, it may in turn stabilize the planet's axial tilt, i.e. its obliquity against the orbit around the star. On Earth, the Moon has played an important role in stabilizing the axial tilt of the Earth, thereby reducing the impact of gravitational perturbations from the other planets and ensuring only moderate climate variations throughout the planet. On Mars, however, a planet without significant tidal effects from its relatively low-mass moons Phobos and Deimos, axial tilt can undergo extreme changes from 13° to 40° on timescales of  to .

text: If the moon's mass is not too low compared to the planet, it may in turn stabilize the planet's

text: axial tilt

text: , i.e. its obliquity against the orbit around the star. On Earth, the

text: Moon

text: has played an important role in stabilizing the axial tilt of the Earth, thereby reducing the impact of gravitational perturbations from the other planets and ensuring only moderate climate variations throughout the planet. On

text: Mars

text: , however, a planet without significant tidal effects from its relatively low-mass moons

text: Phobos

text: and

text: Deimos

text: , axial tilt can undergo extreme changes from 13° to 40° on timescales of  to .

text: Once the Mission intercepts the intruder the story shifts into an alien contact scenario. The "intruder" is actually the silicate core of a Jovian planet, orbited by a moon and five immense alien spacecraft. The Jupiter Mission is intercepted in mid-space by aliens, dubbed Cygnans, riding on matter-annihilation powered "broomsticks". The mission is essentially destroyed, with the surviving crew taken alive as specimens for a Cygnan zoo. Now imprisoned, the Sino-American crew attempt contact with the Cygnans and seek to discover their true purpose in appearing in the Solar System. Using a Moog synthesizer, via an early example of sampling in fiction, one of the crew who possesses perfect pitch learns the Cygnan musical language, and is educated by Cygnan didactic films. What he discovers is the Cygnans have travelled for six million years from the progenitor star of Cygnus X-1, now a black hole, and to do so have raided numerous star systems for Jupiter-mass planets to use as fuel.

text: Once the Mission intercepts the intruder the story shifts into an

text: alien contact

text: scenario. The "intruder" is actually the silicate core of a Jovian planet, orbited by a moon and five immense alien spacecraft. The Jupiter Mission is intercepted in mid-space by aliens, dubbed Cygnans, riding on matter-annihilation powered "broomsticks". The mission is essentially destroyed, with the surviving crew taken alive as specimens for a Cygnan zoo. Now imprisoned, the Sino-American crew attempt contact with the Cygnans and seek to discover their true purpose in appearing in the Solar System. Using a

text: Moog synthesizer

text: , via an early example of

text: sampling

text: in fiction, one of the crew who possesses

text: perfect pitch

text: learns the Cygnan musical language, and is educated by Cygnan didactic films. What he discovers is the Cygnans have travelled for six million years from the progenitor star of Cygnus X-1, now a black hole, and to do so have raided numerous star systems for Jupiter-mass planets to use as fuel.

text: The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere. In addition to Earth, many of the other astronomical objects in the Solar System have atmospheres. These include all the gas giants, as well as Mars, Venus, and Pluto. Several moons and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do comets and the Sun. There is evidence that extrasolar planets can have an atmosphere. Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the greenhouse effect, aerosol and cloud physics, and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics.

text: The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere. In addition to Earth, many of the other

text: astronomical object

text: s in the

text: Solar System

text: have

text: atmosphere

text: s. These include all the

text: gas giants

text: , as well as

text: Mars

text: Venus

text: , and

text: Pluto

text: . Several

text: moons

text: and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do

text: comet

text: s and the

text: Sun

text: . There is evidence that

text: extrasolar planet

text: s can have an atmosphere. Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the

text: greenhouse effect

text: aerosol

text: and cloud physics, and

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and dynamics.

text: The next scene places the viewer at the Kennedy Space Center in January 1999 when the first "Zeus I" manned spacecraft to Mars is carried into orbit by a Saturn V rocket. The Zeus project represents the beginning of a major effort by NASA and NATO to explore and eventually colonize the outer planets.

text: The next scene places the viewer at the

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: in January 1999 when the first "Zeus I" manned spacecraft to Mars is carried into orbit by a

text: Saturn V

text: rocket. The Zeus project represents the beginning of a major effort by

text: NASA

text: and

text: NATO

text: to explore and eventually colonize the outer planets.

text: Book III covers the mediaeval Quadrivium, the four subjects which supplemented the Trivium being mathematics, geometry, music and astronomy. He argues that there are infinitely many numbers, as you can always add one (or any other number) to whatever number you think is the limit. He attributes geometry to Ancient Egypt, arguing that because the River Nile flooded and covered the land with mud, geometry was needed to mark out people's land "with lines and measures". Isidore distinguishes astronomy from astrology, and covers the world, the sky and the celestial sphere, the zodiac, the sun, moon, stars, Milky Way, planets and the names of the stars. He derives the curved (curvus) vault of the heavens from the Latin word for "upside-down" (conversus). He explains eclipses of the sun as the moon coming between the earth and the sun, and eclipses of the moon as happening when it runs into the shadow of the earth. He condemns the Roman naming of the planets after their gods: Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.

text: Book III covers the mediaeval

text: Quadrivium

text: , the four subjects which supplemented the Trivium being

text: mathematics

text: geometry

text: music

text: and

text: astronomy

text: . He argues that there are infinitely many numbers, as you can always add one (or any other number) to whatever number you think is the limit. He attributes geometry to

text: Ancient Egypt

text: , arguing that because the

text: River Nile

text: flooded and covered the land with mud, geometry was needed to mark out people's land "with lines and measures". Isidore distinguishes astronomy from

text: astrology

text: , and covers the world, the sky and the celestial sphere, the

text: zodiac

text: , the sun, moon, stars,

text: Milky Way

text: , planets and the names of the stars. He derives the curved (curvus) vault of the heavens from the Latin word for "upside-down" (conversus). He explains eclipses of the sun as the moon coming between the earth and the sun, and eclipses of the moon as happening when it runs into the shadow of the earth. He condemns the Roman naming of the planets after their gods: Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.

text: By studying observations taken by the Hipparcos astrometric mission, a group of scientists proposed that the planet has an inclination of 179.9° (almost exactly face-on) and a mass of 196 Jupiters. If that was the case, the planet would be a red dwarf instead. However, the data was anything but conclusive, and statistically it is extremely unlikely to lie in such a position. But because the inclination is unknown, so is the true mass of the planet. Still, it is very probable that the object is a true planet.

text: By studying observations taken by the

text: Hipparcos

text: astrometric

text: mission, a group of scientists proposed that the planet has an

text: inclination

text: of 179.9° (almost exactly face-on) and a mass of 196 Jupiters. If that was the case, the planet would be a

text: red dwarf

text: instead. However, the data was anything but conclusive, and

text: statistically

text: it is extremely unlikely to lie in such a position. But because the inclination is unknown, so is the

text: true mass

text: of the planet. Still, it is very probable that the object is a true planet.

text: Her main areas of interest are ground and space-based astronomical observations of outer planets' atmospheres and satellites at visible and near infrared wavelengths utilizing Adaptive optics (AO) technology.

text: Her main areas of interest are ground and space-based astronomical observations of outer planets' atmospheres and satellites at visible and near infrared wavelengths utilizing

text: Adaptive optics

text: (AO) technology.

text: Centaurs are minor planets with a semi-major axis between those of the outer planets. They have unstable orbits that cross or have crossed the orbits of one or more of the giant planets; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years. Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human. It has been estimated that there are around 44,000 centaurs in the Solar System with diameters larger than 1 km.

text: Centaurs are

text: minor planet

text: s with a

text: semi-major axis

text: between those of the

text: outer planets

text: . They have unstable orbits that cross or have crossed the orbits of one or more of the giant planets; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years. Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both

text: asteroid

text: s and

text: comet

text: s. They are named after the mythological

text: centaur

text: s that were a mixture of

text: horse

text: and

text: human

text: . It has been estimated that there are around 44,000 centaurs in the

text: Solar System

text: with diameters larger than 1 km.

text: The first probe to explore the outer planets was Pioneer 10, which flew by Jupiter in 1973. Pioneer 11 was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The Voyager probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 – 1981. Voyager 2 then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The Voyager probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and are on course to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. According to NASA, both Voyager probes have encountered the termination shock at a distance of approximately 93 AU from the Sun.

text: The first probe to explore the outer planets was

text: Pioneer 10

text: , which flew by Jupiter in 1973.

text: Pioneer 11

text: was the first to visit Saturn, in 1979. The

text: Voyager

text: probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 – 1981.

text: Voyager 2

text: then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The Voyager probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and are on course to find and study the

text: termination shock

text: , heliosheath, and heliopause. According to

text: NASA

text: , both Voyager probes have encountered the termination shock at a distance of approximately 93 AU from the Sun.

text: Planets, named for the Greek word for "wanderer," process through the star field a little each day.  Planets, to the naked eye, look like additional points of light in the sky.  The disc is not apparent without binoculars or a telescope.  Venus is the most prominent planet, often called the "morning star" or "evening star" because it is brighter than the stars and visible near sunrise or sunset depending on its location in its orbit. Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are also visible to the naked eye.

text: Planet

text: s, named for the

text: Greek

text: word for "wanderer," process through the star field a little each day.  Planets, to the naked eye, look like additional points of light in the sky.  The disc is not apparent without binoculars or a telescope.

text: Venus

text: is the most prominent planet, often called the "morning star" or "evening star" because it is brighter than the stars and visible near sunrise or sunset depending on its location in its orbit.

text: Mercury

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: are also visible to the naked eye.

text: The results of the planetary periods or dashas depend on the specific strength or weakness of the concerned planet; for the planet to give its best results it should be strong in Shadabala and auspiciously placed with reference to the lagna without being afflicted by inimical malefic planets. Saturn situated in the 5th house from the lagna does not generally confer good results, though it can confer a long span of life but usually makes one evil-minded and quarrelsome. In the case of Gemini lagna, Saturn situated in the 5th will be in its sign of exaltation as a benefic and as the lord of the 9th house; it will give rise to yoga and Dhana yoga. An exalted planet occupying a trikonabhava makes one fortunate and famous; additionally if the lord of the navamsa of occupation is also situated in a quadrant (kendra) or a trine (trikona) from the lagna in own or exaltation sign then one undoubtedly becomes very fortunate and occupies an eminent position in life.  All planets give their good or bad results during the course of their mahadasas and antra-dasas; the results vary from person to person because of the varying conditions and circumstances of their individual births and family back-ground, place and country of birth etc., and because planets are never found identically conditioned in any two individual horoscopes. A planet may give a weak constitution but at the same time it may also produce financial and professional prosperity. The mental disposition is judged by reference to the Moon, and the liability to diseases and accidents is judged from the planets associating with the Moon, the Sun and the lagna.Jataka Parijata (Ch. XVIII. Sl.58) states that in the beginning the mahadasa lord gives results in accordance with the house it occupies, in the middle, as per the sign it occupies, and at the close, as per the influence of the planetary aspects that improve or afflict the mahadasa lord. And, Mantreswara in his Phaladeepika explains that the gain or loss of things and the events signified by a particular bhava will be experienced when the lord of the lagna transits a trine from the natal position of the bhava-lord or the bhava-lord transits a trine from the natal point of the lagna, or when during the course of their transits they aspect each other or combine in a sign, or when the bhava-karaka transits the natal position of the lord of the lagna or the lord of the sign occupied by the Moon at the time of birth or when the lord of the lagna transits that bhava.

text: The results of the planetary periods or dashas depend on the specific strength or weakness of the concerned planet; for the planet to give its best results it should be strong in Shadabala and auspiciously placed with reference to the lagna without being afflicted by inimical malefic planets. Saturn situated in the 5th house from the lagna does not generally confer good results, though it can confer a long span of life but usually makes one evil-minded and quarrelsome. In the case of Gemini lagna, Saturn situated in the 5th will be in its sign of exaltation as a benefic and as the lord of the 9th house; it will give rise to yoga and

text: Dhana yoga

text: . An exalted planet occupying a trikonabhava makes one fortunate and famous; additionally if the lord of the navamsa of occupation is also situated in a quadrant (kendra) or a trine (trikona) from the lagna in own or exaltation sign then one undoubtedly becomes very fortunate and occupies an eminent position in life.  All planets give their good or bad results during the course of their mahadasas and antra-dasas; the results vary from person to person because of the varying conditions and circumstances of their individual births and family back-ground, place and country of birth etc., and because planets are never found identically conditioned in any two individual horoscopes. A planet may give a weak constitution but at the same time it may also produce financial and professional prosperity. The mental disposition is judged by reference to the Moon, and the liability to diseases and accidents is judged from the planets associating with the Moon, the Sun and the lagna.

text: Jataka Parijata

text: (Ch. XVIII. Sl.58) states that in the beginning the mahadasa lord gives results in accordance with the house it occupies, in the middle, as per the sign it occupies, and at the close, as per the influence of the planetary aspects that improve or afflict the mahadasa lord. And,

text: Mantreswara

text: in his

text: Phaladeepika

text: explains that the gain or loss of things and the events signified by a particular bhava will be experienced when the lord of the lagna transits a trine from the natal position of the bhava-lord or the bhava-lord transits a trine from the natal point of the lagna, or when during the course of their transits they aspect each other or combine in a sign, or when the bhava-karaka transits the natal position of the lord of the lagna or the lord of the sign occupied by the Moon at the time of birth or when the lord of the lagna transits that bhava.

text: This planet may have Earth-like moons with bodies of water and possibly life. But giving the planet's high eccentricity, life on the moons may not evolve as well as those on Earth. From the surface of the moon, ones may see parent planet in the sky about half of the times with different phases just like the Moon seen from Earth, as well as other moons. If this planet has rings nearly as prominent as Saturn's, then the rings can be seen surrounding the planet, making this scenery even more amazing.

text: This planet may have

text: Earth-like moons

text: with bodies of water and possibly life. But giving the planet's high eccentricity, life on the moons may not evolve as well as those on Earth. From the surface of the moon, ones may see parent planet in the sky about half of the times with different phases just like the

text: Moon

text: seen from Earth, as well as other moons. If this planet has rings nearly as prominent as Saturn's, then the rings can be seen surrounding the planet, making this scenery even more amazing.

text: Uranus's magnetosphere contains charged particles: mainly protons and electrons, with a small amount of H ions. No heavier ions have been detected. Many of these particles probably derive from the thermosphere. The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2 megaelectronvolts, respectively. The density of low-energy (below 1 kiloelectronvolt) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2 cm. The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps. The particle flux is high enough to cause darkening or space weathering of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000 years. This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings. Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles. Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.

text: Uranus's magnetosphere contains

text: charged particle

text: s: mainly

text: proton

text: s and

text: electron

text: s, with a small amount of

text: H

text: ion

text: s. No heavier ions have been detected. Many of these particles probably derive from the thermosphere. The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2

text: megaelectronvolt

text: s, respectively. The density of low-energy (below 1

text: kiloelectronvolt

text: ) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2 cm. The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps. The particle

text: flux

text: is high enough to cause darkening or

text: space weathering

text: of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000 years. This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings. Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles. Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.

text: While extreme weather conditions (cold and wind) increase the risk of frostbite, certain individuals and population groups appear more disposed to frostbite.

text: The candidate planet, a hot Jupiter gas giant slightly more massive than Jupiter, was thought to orbit the star HD 188753 A once every 80 hours or so (3.3 days), at a distance of about 8 million kilometers, a twentieth of the distance between Earth and the Sun. The existence of HD 188753 Ab in a relatively close triple star system challenged the current models of planet formation. The current idea is that giant planets form in the outer reaches of their system (in orbits similar to those of Jupiter and Saturn).  Once formed, some of these planets may migrate close to their stars, becoming hot Jupiters.  The theoretical difficulty in understanding HD 188753 Ab is that any protoplanetary disk would have ended around 1 astronomical unit from the primary star (due to the presence of the secondary stars).  A Jovian planet should not have been able to form so close to the primary, and with no disk material beyond 1 AU, a planet should not have been able to form beyond that distance to migrate inward.  One of the possibilities suggested that the planet formed before the secondary stars had reached their current configuration.  This suggests that the two secondary stars were once more distant than they are now.

text: The candidate planet, a

text: hot Jupiter

text: gas giant slightly more massive than Jupiter, was thought to orbit the star HD 188753 A once every 80 hours or so (3.3 days), at a distance of about 8 million kilometers, a twentieth of the distance between Earth and the Sun. The existence of HD 188753 Ab in a relatively close triple star system challenged the current models of planet formation. The current idea is that giant planets form in the outer reaches of their system (in orbits similar to those of

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: ).  Once formed, some of these planets may migrate close to their stars, becoming hot Jupiters.  The theoretical difficulty in understanding HD 188753 Ab is that any

text: protoplanetary disk

text: would have ended around 1

text: astronomical unit

text: from the primary star (due to the presence of the secondary stars).  A

text: Jovian planet

text: should not have been able to form so close to the primary, and with no disk material beyond 1 AU, a planet should not have been able to form beyond that distance to migrate inward.  One of the possibilities suggested that the planet formed before the secondary stars had reached their current configuration.  This suggests that the two secondary stars were once more distant than they are now.

text: Planet formation and planet evolution is of interest when gathering and interpreting data for planetary atmospheres. Atmospheric circulation, meteorology, and boundary layers are also part of the original published research. Understanding is gained through remote sensing and laboratory simulation.

text: Planet formation

text: and

text: planet evolution

text: is of interest when gathering and interpreting

text: data

text: for

text: planetary atmosphere

text: s.

text: Atmospheric circulation

text: , meteorology, and

text: boundary layer

text: s are also part of the original published research. Understanding is gained through

text: remote sensing

text: and

text: laboratory simulation

text: When a liquid solvent absorbs a gas mixture or part of it, a mass of gas moves into the liquid. For example, water may absorb oxygen from the air. This mass transfer takes place at the interface between the liquid and the gas, at a rate depending on both the gas and the liquid. This type of absorption depends on the solubility of gases, the pressure and the temperature. The rate and amount of absorption also depend on the surface area of the interface and its duration in time. For example, when the water is finely divided and mixed with air, as may happen in a waterfall or a strong ocean surf, the water absorbs more oxygen.

text: <gallery mode="packed">Wickelvorrichtung_für_die_Linearwickeltechnik.png|Linearwinding application used for an outer grooved statorNadelwickelanwendung_zum_Bewickeln_eines_außen_genuteten_Vollblechschnittstators.png|Needle winding application for an outer grooved stator

text: The Outer Planet Flagship Mission was a joint mission between NASA and ESA to send a probe to study the icy satellites of the outer Solar System. There were two primary candidate missions under study: Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) and Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM).  On February 18, 2009 NASA announced that both missions can proceed forward, but the EJSM is to be the first, departing Earth in 2020 and arriving at Jupiter in 2026. The Titan mission is to be launched later.

text: The Outer Planet Flagship Mission was a joint mission between

text: NASA

text: and

text: ESA

text: to send a probe to study the icy satellites of the outer Solar System. There were two primary candidate missions under study:

text: Europa Jupiter System Mission

text: (EJSM) and

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: (TSSM).  On February 18, 2009 NASA announced that both missions can proceed forward, but the EJSM is to be the first, departing Earth in 2020 and arriving at Jupiter in 2026. The Titan mission is to be launched later.

text: Aware of the inadequacies of printed pictures of the Solar System, the Space Walk was designed by inventor Pip Youngman as a way of challenging our perceptions of space and experiencing the vastness of the Solar System.The model is built to a scale of 1:530,000,000, meaning that one millimetre on the model equates to 530 kilometres. The Sun is sited at Higher Maunsel Lock, and one set of planets is installed in each direction along the canal towards Taunton and Bridgwater; the distance between the Sun and each model of Pluto being . Fortunately for less hardy walkers, the inner planets are within  of the Sun, and near to the Maunsel Canal Centre (and tea shop) at Lower Maunsel Lock, where a more detailed leaflet about the model is available.

text: Aware of the inadequacies of printed pictures of the Solar System, the Space Walk was designed by

text: inventor

text: Pip Youngman as a way of challenging our perceptions of space and experiencing the vastness of the Solar System.The model is built to a scale of 1:530,000,000, meaning that one millimetre on the model equates to 530 kilometres. The Sun is sited at Higher Maunsel Lock, and one set of planets is installed in each direction along the canal towards

text: Taunton

text: and

text: Bridgwater

text: ; the distance between the Sun and each model of

text: Pluto

text: being . Fortunately for less hardy walkers, the inner planets are within  of the Sun, and near to the Maunsel Canal Centre (and tea shop) at Lower Maunsel Lock, where a more detailed leaflet about the model is available.

text: Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, though dimmer than Earth's, because the sunlight there is on average 27 times fainter, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The planet's narrow rings might be faintly visible from latitudes above the equator. Further down into the atmosphere, the Sun would be obscured by clouds and haze of various colors, most commonly blue, brown, and red. Although theories abound on the cause of the colors, there is currently no unambiguous answer.

text: Although no images from within

text: Jupiter

text: 's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, though dimmer than Earth's, because the sunlight there is on average 27 times fainter, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The planet's narrow

text: rings

text: might be faintly visible from latitudes above the equator. Further down into the atmosphere, the Sun would be obscured by clouds and haze of various colors, most commonly blue, brown, and red. Although theories abound on the cause of the colors, there is currently no unambiguous answer.

text: After the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn divergently crossed the 2:1 orbital resonance, in which Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets, causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the dense planetesimal belt. The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards, while moving outwards themselves. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter, whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System. This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. This scattering scenario explains the trans-Neptunian populations' present low mass.

text: After the

text: formation of the Solar System

text: , the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn divergently crossed the 2:1

text: orbital resonance

text: , in which Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets, causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the dense planetesimal belt. The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards, while moving outwards themselves. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter, whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System. This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. This scattering scenario explains the trans-Neptunian populations' present low mass.

text: The rings of the Solar System's gas giants are aligned with their planet's equator. However, for exoplanets that orbit close to their star, tidal forces from the star would lead to the outermost rings of a planet being aligned with the planet's orbital plane around the star. A planet's innermost rings would still be aligned with the planet's equator so that if the planet has a tilted rotational axis, then the different alignments between the inner and outer rings would create a warped ring system.

text: The rings of the Solar System's gas giants are aligned with their planet's equator. However, for exoplanets that orbit close to their star, tidal forces from the star would lead to the outermost rings of a planet being aligned with the planet's orbital plane around the star. A planet's innermost rings would still be aligned with the planet's equator so that if the planet has a

text: tilted rotational axis

text: , then the different alignments between the inner and outer rings would create a warped ring system.

text: All of Uranus's moons are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock. The names of all four satellites of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Ariel is named after the leading sylph in The Rape of the Lock. It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest. The moon is also designated Uranus I.

text: All of Uranus's moons are named after characters from the works of

text: William Shakespeare

text: or

text: Alexander Pope

text: 's

text: The Rape of the Lock

text: . The names of all four satellites of Uranus then known were suggested by

text: John Herschel

text: in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Ariel is named after the leading

text: sylph

text: in

text: The Rape of the Lock

text: . It is also the name of

text: the spirit who serves Prospero

text: in Shakespeare's

text: The Tempest

text: . The moon is also designated Uranus I.

text: Some satellite systems have been known to have gas interactions between objects. Notable examples include the Jupiter, Saturn and Pluto systems. The Io plasma torus is a transfer of oxygen and sulfur from the tenuous atmosphere of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io and other objects including Jupiter and Europa.  A torus of oxygen and hydrogen produced by Saturn's moon, Enceladus forms part of the E ring around Saturn.  Nitrogen gas transfer between Pluto and Charon has also been modelled and is expected to be observable by the New Horizons space probe. Similar tori produced by Saturn's moon Titan (nitrogen) and Neptune's moon Triton (hydrogen) is predicted.

text: Some satellite systems have been known to have gas interactions between objects. Notable examples include the Jupiter, Saturn and Pluto systems. The

text: Io plasma torus

text: is a transfer of oxygen and sulfur from the tenuous atmosphere of

text: Jupiter's

text: volcanic moon,

text: Io

text: and other objects including Jupiter and Europa.  A torus of oxygen and hydrogen produced by

text: Saturn's

text: moon,

text: Enceladus

text: forms part of the E ring around Saturn.  Nitrogen gas transfer between Pluto and Charon has also been modelled and is expected to be observable by the

text: New Horizons

text: space probe. Similar tori produced by Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: (nitrogen) and Neptune's moon

text: Triton

text: (hydrogen) is predicted.

text: COROT-7b has a maximum surface temperature between 1800 and 2600 °C (3300 to 4700 degrees Fahrenheit). Due to the high temperature, it may be covered in lava. The composition and density of the planet, though weakly constrained, make COROT-7b a probably rocky planet, like Earth. It could belong to a class of planets that are thought to contain up to 40% water (in the form of ice and/or vapor) in addition to rock. However, the fact that it formed so close to its parent star may mean that it is depleted of volatiles. A strong possibility exists that the planet's rotation is tidally locked to the orbital period, so that temperatures and geologic conditions on the sides of the planet facing towards and away from the star may be dramatically different. Theoretical work suggests that CoRoT-7b could be a chthonian planet (the remains of a Neptune-like planet from which much of the initial mass has been removed due to close proximity to its parent star). Other researchers dispute this, and conclude COROT-7b was always a rocky planet and not the eroded core of a gas or ice giant, due to the young age of the star system.

text: COROT-7b has a maximum surface temperature between 1800 and 2600 °C (3300 to 4700 degrees Fahrenheit). Due to the high temperature, it may be covered in

text: lava

text: . The composition and density of the planet, though weakly constrained, make COROT-7b a probably

text: rocky

text: planet, like Earth. It could belong to a class of planets that are thought to contain up to 40% water (in the form of ice and/or vapor) in addition to rock. However, the fact that it formed so close to its parent star may mean that it is depleted of

text: volatiles

text: . A strong possibility exists that the planet's rotation is

text: tidally locked

text: to the orbital period, so that temperatures and geologic conditions on the sides of the planet facing towards and away from the star may be dramatically different. Theoretical work suggests that CoRoT-7b could be a

text: chthonian planet

text: (the remains of a Neptune-like planet from which much of the initial mass has been removed due to close proximity to its parent star). Other researchers dispute this, and conclude COROT-7b was always a rocky planet and not the eroded core of a gas or ice giant, due to the young age of the star system.

text: Cloud patterns are divided three shape. first it is given shape to blown cloud with wind, and second is floating cloud, third is dotted cloud scattered in sky. These shape of cloud patterns were differ by era. Each pattern reflect social background.

text: Many modern astrologers, eschewing the use of the other essential dignities, use the three outer planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto as the modern rulers of Aquarius, Pisces and Scorpio, respectively.  The practice derives from the similarity between the nature of the planets with the nature of these signs. This as illustrated by the differences in the two "decans" tables above.

text: Many modern astrologers, eschewing the use of the other essential dignities, use the three outer planets,

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Pluto

text: as the modern rulers of Aquarius, Pisces and Scorpio, respectively.  The practice derives from the similarity between the nature of the planets with the nature of these signs. This as illustrated by the differences in the two "decans" tables above.

text: The main driver of Jupiter's magnetosphere is the planet's rotation. In this respect Jupiter is similar to a device called a Unipolar generator. When Jupiter rotates, its ionosphere moves relatively to the dipole magnetic field of the planet. Because the dipole magnetic moment points in the direction of the rotation, the Lorentz force, which appears as a result of this motion, drives negatively charged electrons to the poles, while positively charged ions are pushed towards the equator. As a result, the poles become negatively charged and the regions closer to the equator become positively charged. Since the magnetosphere of Jupiter is filled with highly conductive plasma, the electrical circuit is closed through it. A current called the direct current flows along the magnetic field lines from the ionosphere to the equatorial plasma sheet. This current then flows radially away from the planet within the equatorial plasma sheet and finally returns to the planetary ionosphere from the outer reaches of the magnetosphere along the field lines connected to the poles. The currents that flow along the magnetic field lines are generally called field-aligned or Birkeland currents. The radial current interacts with the planetary magnetic field, and the resulting Lorentz force accelerates the magnetospheric plasma in the direction of planetary rotation. This is the main mechanism that maintains co-rotation of the plasma in Jupiter's magnetosphere.

text: The main driver of Jupiter's magnetosphere is the planet's rotation. In this respect Jupiter is similar to a device called a

text: Unipolar generator

text: . When Jupiter rotates, its ionosphere moves relatively to the dipole magnetic field of the planet. Because the dipole magnetic moment points in the direction of the rotation, the

text: Lorentz force

text: , which appears as a result of this motion, drives negatively charged electrons to the poles, while positively charged ions are pushed towards the equator. As a result, the poles become negatively charged and the regions closer to the equator become positively charged. Since the magnetosphere of Jupiter is filled with highly conductive plasma, the

text: electrical circuit

text: is closed through it. A current called the direct current flows along the magnetic field lines from the ionosphere to the equatorial plasma sheet. This current then flows radially away from the planet within the equatorial plasma sheet and finally returns to the planetary ionosphere from the outer reaches of the magnetosphere along the field lines connected to the poles. The currents that flow along the magnetic field lines are generally called field-aligned or

text: Birkeland current

text: s. The radial current interacts with the planetary magnetic field, and the resulting Lorentz force accelerates the magnetospheric plasma in the direction of planetary rotation. This is the main mechanism that maintains co-rotation of the plasma in Jupiter's magnetosphere.

text: AIP released The Phantom Planet on a double feature with Assignment Outer Space.

text: AIP released The Phantom Planet on a

text: double feature

text: with

text: Assignment Outer Space

text: Uranus reached its most recent equinox on December 7, 2007.

text: A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a standing wave pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

text: A persisting

text: hexagon

text: al wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a

text: standing wave

text: pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

text: One other planet has been detected within the same planetary system. It is designated "Kapteyn c" and orbits further out from the star, beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone. It is considered to be too cold for stellar-light based life.

text: One other planet has been detected within the same planetary system. It is designated "

text: Kapteyn c

text: " and orbits further out from the star, beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone. It is considered to be too cold for stellar-light based life.

text: 2060 Chiron, also known as 95P/Chiron, is a minor planet in the outer Solar System, orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. Discovered in 1977 by Charles T. Kowal (precovery images have been found as far back as 1895), it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs—bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. Besides the four giant planets, Chiron and 10199 Chariklo, also a centaur, are the only other bodies in the Solar System known to have rings.

text: 2060 Chiron, also known as 95P/Chiron, is a

text: minor planet

text: in the outer

text: Solar System

text: orbit

text: ing the

text: Sun

text: between

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Uranus

text: . Discovered in 1977 by

text: Charles T. Kowal

text: precovery

text: images have been found as far back as 1895), it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as

text: centaur

text: s—bodies orbiting between the

text: asteroid belt

text: and the

text: Kuiper belt

text: . Besides the four giant planets, Chiron and

text: 10199 Chariklo

text: , also a centaur, are the only other bodies in the Solar System known to have

text: rings

text: Wampas are a horned, clawed, white-furred, carnivorous species native to the frozen world of Hoth. They are a semi-sentient race of predators standing over 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, subsisting in the cold climate by hunting tauntauns. Wampas are usually solitary creatures, but are known to occasionally hunt in packs. Their white fur allows wampas to blend-in with Hoth's blinding blizzards, enabling them to catch their prey completely unaware. Once they have made their kill, wampas drag the carcasses back to their icy lair, where they suspend them from the ceiling until ready to eat them. Due to the extreme temperatures of Hoth and the cold-blooded nature of the Wampa, the creatures are difficult to track on radar. A similar species is believed to inhabit the planet Gall, in the Outer Rim.  First appearance in The Empire Strikes Back.

text: Wampas are a horned, clawed, white-furred,

text: carnivorous

text: species native to the frozen world of

text: Hoth

text: . They are a semi-

text: sentient

text: race of

text: predator

text: s standing over 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, subsisting in the cold climate by hunting

text: tauntaun

text: s. Wampas are usually

text: solitary

text: creatures, but are known to occasionally

text: hunt in packs

text: . Their white fur allows wampas to blend-in with Hoth's blinding

text: blizzards

text: , enabling them to catch their prey completely unaware. Once they have made their kill, wampas drag the carcasses back to their icy lair, where they suspend them from the ceiling until ready to eat them. Due to the extreme temperatures of Hoth and the

text: cold-blooded

text: nature of the Wampa, the creatures are difficult to track on radar. A similar species is believed to inhabit the planet

text: Gall

text: , in the Outer Rim.  First appearance in

text: The Empire Strikes Back

text: Although the extremely uniform appearance of Uranus during Voyager 2's visit in 1986 had led to expectations that Neptune would also have few visible atmospheric phenomena, the spacecraft found that Neptune had obvious banding, visible clouds, auroras, and even a conspicuous anticyclone storm system rivaled in size only by Jupiter's small Spot. Neptune also proved to have the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System, measured as high as 2,100 km/h. Voyager 2 also examined Neptune's ring and moon system. It discovered 900 complete rings and additional partial ring "arcs" around Neptune. In addition to examining Neptune's three previously known moons, Voyager 2 also discovered five previously unknown moons, one of which, Proteus, proved to be the last largest moon in the system. Data from Voyager 2 supported the view that Neptune's largest moon, Triton, is a captured Kuiper belt object.

text: Although the extremely uniform appearance of Uranus during Voyager 2's visit in 1986 had led to expectations that Neptune would also have few visible atmospheric phenomena, the spacecraft found that Neptune had obvious banding, visible clouds,

text: auroras

text: , and even a conspicuous

text: anticyclone storm system

text: rivaled in size only by Jupiter's small Spot. Neptune also proved to have the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System, measured as high as 2,100 km/h. Voyager 2 also examined Neptune's ring and moon system. It discovered 900 complete rings and additional partial ring "arcs" around Neptune. In addition to examining Neptune's three previously known moons, Voyager 2 also discovered five previously unknown moons, one of which,

text: Proteus

text: , proved to be the last largest moon in the system. Data from Voyager 2 supported the view that Neptune's largest moon,

text: Triton

text: , is a captured

text: Kuiper belt

text: object.

text: Parashara states that at the time of birth benefic planets viz - Mercury, Jupiter and Venus, situated in the 6th, the 7th and the 8th house from the Natal Moon give rise to Adhi yoga (provided the planets giving rise to this yoga are neither aspected by or joined by malefic planets) and the person will be a king or a minister or a commander of forces (also interpreted as a leader) in accordance with the strength gained by these named planets; he does not mention the order of their placement. This yoga has also been cited by Varahamihira  as arising from the Moon alone. B. Suryanarain Rao, concurring with others states that this definition of Adhi yoga indicates that all benefics must be in these houses or in any one of these houses i.e. in 6th, 7th and 8th, or in 6th or in 7th or in 8th, or in 6th and 7th or 6th and 8th or in 7th and 8th. He also cites the opinion of Srutakriti who states that malefic planets occupying these bhavas will also give rise to Adhi yoga but the person will be evil minded and tyrannical; if benefics and malefic are thus placed then mixed results will ensue. Mandavya and Saravali class Adhi yoga as Raja yoga.

text: Parashara

text: states that at the time of birth benefic planets viz - Mercury, Jupiter and Venus, situated in the 6th, the 7th and the 8th house from the Natal Moon give rise to Adhi yoga (provided the planets giving rise to this yoga are neither aspected by or joined by malefic planets) and the person will be a king or a minister or a commander of forces (also interpreted as a leader) in accordance with the strength gained by these named planets; he does not mention the order of their placement. This

text: yoga

text: has also been cited by

text: Varahamihira

text: as arising from the Moon alone. B. Suryanarain Rao, concurring with others states that this definition of Adhi yoga indicates that all benefics must be in these houses or in any one of these houses i.e. in 6th, 7th and 8th, or in 6th or in 7th or in 8th, or in 6th and 7th or 6th and 8th or in 7th and 8th. He also cites the opinion of Srutakriti who states that malefic planets occupying these bhavas will also give rise to Adhi yoga but the person will be evil minded and tyrannical; if benefics and malefic are thus placed then mixed results will ensue. Mandavya and

text: Saravali

text: class Adhi yoga as Raja yoga.

text: The music video begins with a purple liquid forming the word 'JANET'. Jackson is then shown sitting on top of a planet in outer space, wearing a bodysuit adorned with jewelry, long ponytail, and mask. Various asteroids and dancers mounting planets in black latex attire and helmets are shown. Jackson flips her ponytail, revealing her face as cosmic dust is tossed about. Several dancers leap to other planets as Jackson descends to a cratered surface, performing abstract choreography with two dancers. Jackson jumps to another setting, shown in slow motion as the audio is filtered, landing on a white liquid surface with a crimson atmosphere. Backed by eight dancers, Jackson performs the song's choreography as various objects crash into the liquid. Jackson and the dancers fall into the liquid, with Jackson reemerging in a red catsuit. Jackson then performs a dance routine with six glowing spheres. The final sphere ascends upward as fourteen white liquid objects explode.

text: The music video begins with a purple liquid forming the word 'JANET'. Jackson is then shown sitting on top of a planet in outer space, wearing a bodysuit adorned with jewelry, long ponytail, and mask. Various

text: asteroid

text: s and dancers mounting planets in black latex attire and helmets are shown. Jackson flips her ponytail, revealing her face as cosmic dust is tossed about. Several dancers leap to other planets as Jackson descends to a

text: crater

text: ed surface, performing abstract choreography with two dancers. Jackson jumps to another setting, shown in slow motion as the audio is filtered, landing on a white liquid surface with a crimson atmosphere. Backed by eight dancers, Jackson performs the song's choreography as various objects crash into the liquid. Jackson and the dancers fall into the liquid, with Jackson reemerging in a red catsuit. Jackson then performs a dance routine with six glowing spheres. The final sphere ascends upward as fourteen white liquid objects explode.

text: Adrastea is the smallest and second-closest member of the inner Jovian satellite family. It orbits Jupiter at a radius of about 129,000 km (1.806 Jupiter radii) at the exterior edge of the planet's Main Ring. Adrastea is one of only three moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day—the other two being Jupiter's innermost moon Metis, and Mars' moon Phobos. The orbit has very small eccentricity and inclination—around 0.0015 and 0.03°, respectively. Inclination is relative to the equator of Jupiter.

text: Adrastea is the smallest and second-closest member of the

text: inner Jovian satellite family

text: . It orbits

text: Jupiter

text: at a radius of about 129,000 km (1.806 Jupiter radii) at the exterior edge of the planet's

text: Main Ring

text: . Adrastea is one of only three moons in the

text: Solar System

text: known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day—the other two being Jupiter's innermost moon

text: Metis

text: , and

text: Mars

text: ' moon

text: Phobos

text: . The orbit has very small

text: eccentricity

text: and

text: inclination

text: —around 0.0015 and 0.03°, respectively. Inclination is relative to the equator of Jupiter.

text: Neptune Computer Inc., commonly known simply as Neptune, is a Canadian privately held consumer electronics and wearable technology company based in Montreal and Toronto. The company has raised around $2 million in total from crowdfunding sources alone.

text: Neptune Computer Inc., commonly known simply as Neptune, is a Canadian privately held consumer electronics and wearable technology company based in

text: Montreal

text: and

text: Toronto

text: . The company has raised around $2 million in total from crowdfunding sources alone.

text: Pluto is Mickey Mouse's pet dog. Unlike the highly anthropomorphic Goofy, Pluto is characterized as a normal dog who walks on four legs, and almost never speaks.

text: Pluto

text: is Mickey Mouse's pet dog. Unlike the highly anthropomorphic Goofy, Pluto is characterized as a normal dog who walks on four legs, and almost never speaks.

text: The 1 metre telescope is associated with two unique discoveries in the solar system.  In the year 1972, atmosphere was detected around Jupiter's satellite Ganymede and in the year 1977, participated in the observations that confirmed rings were discovered around the planet Uranus. In 1984, Kavalur reported the discovery of a thin outer ring around Saturn.

text: The 1 metre telescope is associated with two unique discoveries in the solar system.  In the year 1972, atmosphere was detected around

text: Jupiter

text: 's satellite

text: Ganymede

text: and in the year 1977, participated in the observations that confirmed rings were discovered around the planet

text: Uranus

text: . In 1984, Kavalur reported the discovery of a thin outer

text: ring

text: around

text: Saturn

text: A lava planet is a hypothetical type of terrestrial planet, with a surface mostly or entirely covered by molten lava. Situations where such planets could exist include a young terrestrial planet just after its formation, a planet that has recently suffered a large collision event, or a planet orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces.

text: A lava planet is a hypothetical type of

text: terrestrial planet

text: , with a surface mostly or entirely covered by molten

text: lava

text: . Situations where such planets could exist include a young terrestrial planet just after its formation, a planet that has recently suffered a large collision event, or a planet orbiting very close to its

text: star

text: , causing intense irradiation and

text: tidal force

text: s.

text: Although the words "gas" and "giant" are often combined, hydrogen planets need not be as large as the familiar gas giants from the Solar System. However, smaller gas planets and planets closer to their star will lose atmospheric mass more quickly via hydrodynamic escape than larger planets and planets farther out.

text: Although the words "gas" and "giant" are often combined, hydrogen planets need not be as large as the familiar gas giants from the Solar System. However, smaller gas planets and planets closer to their star will lose atmospheric mass more quickly via

text: hydrodynamic escape

text: than larger planets and planets farther out.

text: A final consideration is the way in which the two bodies came to form a system. Both the Earth-Moon and Pluto-Charon systems formed as a result of giant impacts: one body was impacted by a second body, resulting in a debris disk, and through accretion, either two new bodies formed or one new body formed, with the larger body remaining (but changed). However, a giant impact is not a sufficient condition for two bodies being "double planets" because such impacts can also produce tiny satellites, such as the four, small, outer satellites of Pluto.

text: A final consideration is the way in which the two bodies came to form a system. Both the Earth-Moon and Pluto-Charon systems formed as a result of

text: giant impacts

text: : one body was impacted by a second body, resulting in a debris disk, and through accretion, either two new bodies formed or one new body formed, with the larger body remaining (but changed). However, a giant impact is not a sufficient condition for two bodies being "double planets" because such impacts can also produce tiny satellites, such as the four, small, outer satellites of Pluto.

text: The disaster that destroyed Shaggai was likely caused by the passing of the Outer God Ghroth the Harbinger. The Mi-go, with their untoward influence over the planet-shattering path of Ghroth, may have instigated the obliteration of Shaggai for some inscrutable purpose. One theory even purports that Ghroth awakened the local Great Old One, The Worm that Gnaws in the Night, destroying the planet.

text: The disaster that destroyed Shaggai was likely caused by the passing of the Outer God

text: Ghroth the Harbinger

text: . The

text: Mi-go

text: , with their untoward influence over the planet-shattering path of Ghroth, may have instigated the obliteration of Shaggai for some

text: inscrutable

text: purpose. One theory even purports that Ghroth awakened the local

text: Great Old One

text: The Worm that Gnaws in the Night

text: , destroying the planet.

text: WASP-19b is an extrasolar planet, notable for possessing one of the shortest orbital periods of any known planetary body:  days or approximately 18.932 hours.It has a mass close to that of Jupiter (1.15 Jupiter masses), but by comparison has a much larger radius (1.31 times that of Jupiter, or 0.13 Solar radii); making it nearly the size of a low-mass star. It orbits the star WASP-19 in the Vela constellation. It is currently the shortest period hot Jupiter discovered as planets with shorter orbital periods have a rocky, metallic or degenerate matter composition.

text: WASP-19b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: , notable for possessing one of the shortest orbital periods of any known planetary body:  days or approximately 18.932 hours.It has a mass close to that of

text: Jupiter

text: Jupiter mass

text: es), but by comparison has a much larger radius (1.31 times that of Jupiter, or 0.13

text: Solar radii

text: ); making it nearly the size of a low-mass star. It orbits the star

text: in the

text: Vela constellation

text: . It is currently the shortest period hot Jupiter discovered as planets with shorter orbital periods have a rocky, metallic or degenerate matter composition.

text: On Silver Millennium, Sailor Uranus was also the princess of her home planet. She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System from outside invasion. As Princess Uranus, she dwelt in Miranda Castle and wore a deep blue gown—she appears in this form in the original manga Act 41, as well as in supplementary art.

text: Based on variations in the timing of the system's eclipses, in 2008 it was claimed that two giant planets were in orbit around the binary: one with a masses of 8.47 and 19.2 times the mass of Jupiter orbiting with periods of 9.1 and 15.8 years respectively. The proposed system was later shown to be extremely unstable, with mean lifetimes less than 1000 years in the parameter space allowed by the uncertainties in the data. An alternate, dynamically-stable orbital solution was proposed with a 14.3 Jupiter mass object on a 12-year orbit and an outer companion of 65 Jupiter masses on a 55-year orbit, however it has been noted that the outer companion's orbital parameters are highly unconstrained, again casting doubt on the reality of this model. The problems with modelling this system and the proposed planets orbiting several other post-common envelope binaries has led to the suggestion that the eclipse timing variations used to infer the existence of planets has a non-planetary origin.

text: Based on variations in the timing of the system's eclipses, in 2008 it was claimed that two giant planets were in orbit around the binary: one with a masses of 8.47 and 19.2 times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: orbiting with periods of 9.1 and 15.8 years respectively. The proposed system was later shown to be extremely unstable, with mean lifetimes less than 1000 years in the parameter space allowed by the uncertainties in the data. An alternate, dynamically-stable orbital solution was proposed with a 14.3 Jupiter mass object on a 12-year orbit and an outer companion of 65 Jupiter masses on a 55-year orbit, however it has been noted that the outer companion's orbital parameters are highly unconstrained, again casting doubt on the reality of this model. The problems with modelling this system and the proposed planets orbiting several other post-common envelope binaries has led to the suggestion that the eclipse timing variations used to infer the existence of planets has a non-planetary origin.

text: Sailor Pluto's powers over time and space are somewhat tied with the destructive power of Sailor Saturn for astrological and mythological reasons. The names of Sailor Pluto's attacks include frequent reference to the Underworld (in Act 32 of the manga, she states that she "carries the protection of the planet of the underwold, Pluto."), which was the province of Pluto in Roman myth; this is evident in her first named power, , which is her primary attack throughout the anime adaptation. Unlike any other attack in the series, its name is whispered rather than shouted when she uses it. In the Cloverway English adaptation, it is renamed Pluto Deadly Scream.

text: Sailor Pluto's powers over time and space are somewhat tied with the destructive power of

text: Sailor Saturn

text: for astrological and mythological reasons. The names of Sailor Pluto's attacks include frequent reference to the

text: Underworld

text: (in Act 32 of the manga, she states that she "carries the protection of the planet of the underwold, Pluto."), which was the province of

text: Pluto

text: in

text: Roman myth

text: ; this is evident in her first named power, , which is her primary attack throughout the anime adaptation. Unlike any other attack in the series, its name is whispered rather than shouted when she uses it. In the Cloverway English adaptation, it is renamed Pluto Deadly Scream.

text: The planets have been designated Pr0201b and Pr0211b. The 'b' at the end of their names indicates that the bodies are planets. The discoveries are what have been termed Hot Jupiters, massive gas giants that, unlike the planet Jupiter, orbit very close to their parent stars.

text: The planets have been designated

text: and

text: . The 'b' at the end of their names indicates that the bodies are planets. The discoveries are what have been termed

text: Hot Jupiter

text: s, massive

text: gas giants

text: that, unlike the planet

text: Jupiter

text: , orbit very close to their parent stars.

text: Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague, Saturn's moons can be divided into ten groups according to their orbital characteristics. Many of them, such as Pan and Daphnis, orbit within Saturn's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet's rotation period. The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean orbital inclinations ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees (except Iapetus, which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees) and small orbital eccentricities. On the other hand, irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn's moon system, in particular the Norse group, have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years. The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn's rotation.

text: Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague, Saturn's moons can be divided into ten groups according to their orbital characteristics. Many of them, such as

text: Pan

text: and

text: Daphnis

text: , orbit within Saturn's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet's rotation period. The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean

text: orbital inclination

text: s ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees (except

text: Iapetus

text: , which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees) and small

text: orbital eccentricities

text: . On the other hand, irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn's moon system, in particular the

text: Norse group

text: , have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years. The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn's rotation.

text: The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant with a similar bulk composition to Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many other planets detected around other stars, WASP-1b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as hot Jupiters.

text: The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a

text: gas giant

text: with a similar bulk composition to

text: Jupiter

text: . Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many other planets detected around other stars, WASP-1b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as

text: hot Jupiter

text: s.

text: is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting the Sun as a Detached object in the outer reaches of the Solar System. It was first observed on 21 May 2010, by astronomers Andrzej Udalski, Scott S. Sheppard, M. Szymanski and Chad Trujillo at the Las Campañas Observatory in Chile. Measuring several hundreds of kilometers in diameter, it is likely a dwarf planet.

text: is a

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: orbiting the Sun as a

text: Detached object

text: in the outer reaches of the

text: Solar System

text: . It was first observed on 21 May 2010, by astronomers

text: Andrzej Udalski

text: Scott S. Sheppard

text: , M. Szymanski and

text: Chad Trujillo

text: at the

text: Las Campañas Observatory

text: in Chile. Measuring several hundreds of kilometers in diameter, it is

text: likely a dwarf planet

text: In 2013, Cassini data confirmed a 1993 prediction by Porco and Mark Marley that acoustic oscillations within the body of Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in the rings of Saturn. This confirmation, the first to demonstrate that planetary rings can act like a seismograph in recording oscillatory motions within the host planet, should provide new constraints on the interior structure of Saturn. Such oscillations are known to exist in the sun as well as other stars.

text: Saturn's rings would not be prominent from most of the moons. This is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick, and most of the moons orbit almost exactly (within 1.5°) in the planet's ring plane. Thus, the rings are edge-on and practically invisible from the inner moons. From the outer moons, starting with Iapetus, a more oblique view of the rings would be available, although the greater distance would make Saturn appear smaller in the sky; from Phoebe, the largest of Saturn's outermost moons, Saturn would appear only as big as the full Moon does from Earth. The play of distance and angle is quite sensitive to the values used, but calculations show the best view of the rings would be achieved from the inner moon Mimas, which lies a full 1.5° off Saturn's equatorial plane and is fairly near the rings. At their widest opening, when Mimas is at its maximum distance from Saturn's equatorial plane, the edges of the rings (from B to A) would be separated by 2.7 degrees. The co-orbitals Epimetheus and Janus would also get a good view, with maximum opening angles ranging between 1.5 and 2.9°. Tethys gets the next best view, with nearly half a degree. Iapetus achieves 0.20°, which is more than any of the outer moons can claim.

text: Saturn's rings would not be prominent from most of the moons. This is because the rings, though wide, are not very thick, and most of the moons orbit almost exactly (within 1.5°) in the planet's ring plane. Thus, the rings are edge-on and practically invisible from the inner moons. From the outer moons, starting with

text: Iapetus

text: , a more oblique view of the rings would be available, although the greater distance would make Saturn appear smaller in the sky; from

text: Phoebe

text: , the largest of Saturn's outermost moons, Saturn would appear only as big as the full Moon does from Earth. The play of distance and angle is quite sensitive to the values used, but calculations show the best view of the rings would be achieved from the inner moon

text: Mimas

text: , which lies a full 1.5° off Saturn's equatorial plane and is fairly near the rings. At their widest opening, when Mimas is at its maximum distance from Saturn's equatorial plane, the edges of the rings (from B to A) would be separated by 2.7 degrees. The co-orbitals

text: Epimetheus

text: and

text: Janus

text: would also get a good view, with maximum opening angles ranging between 1.5 and 2.9°.

text: Tethys

text: gets the next best view, with nearly half a degree. Iapetus achieves 0.20°, which is more than any of the outer moons can claim.

text: In the immediate aftermath of the object's discovery, there was much discussion as to whether it could be termed a "tenth planet". NASA even put out a press release describing it as such. However, acceptance of Eris as the tenth planet implicitly demanded a definition of planet that set Pluto as an arbitrary minimum size. Many astronomers, claiming that the definition of planet was of little scientific importance, preferred to recognise Pluto's historical identity as a planet by "grandfathering" it into the planet list.

text: In the immediate aftermath of the object's discovery, there was much discussion as to whether it could be termed a "

text: tenth planet

text: ". NASA even put out a press release describing it as such. However, acceptance of Eris as the tenth planet implicitly demanded a definition of planet that set Pluto as an arbitrary minimum size. Many astronomers, claiming that the definition of planet was of little scientific importance, preferred to recognise Pluto's historical identity as a planet by "

text: grandfathering

text: " it into the planet list.

text: Bob Chapek, chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, stated that the land "will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you’ve never seen before — a gateway planet located on the outer rim, full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar."

text: Bob Chapek, chairman of

text: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

text: , stated that the land "will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you’ve never seen before — a gateway planet located on the outer rim, full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar."

text: According to the Jaimini system of prognostication, when Janma Lagna, Hora Lagna and Ghatika Lagna are simultaneously aspected by a planet, the person becomes a ruler or one equal to him (Sutra I.3.24). A powerful Raja yoga is caused if at the time of birth, Chandra lagna, Navamsa lagna and Drekkana lagna and the 7th house from these three are aspected by one planet (Sutra I.3.25). Jaimini states that if out of the six lagnas, viz., Lagna, Ghatika lagna, Hora lagna, Chandra lagna, Navamsa lagna and Drekkana lagna – one planet sees five and not all the six, the person will enjoy Raja yoga (Sutra I.3.26); B. Suryanarain Rao in his commentary on this sutra tells us that if an exalted planet occupies the Arudha lagna or the Moon, Jupiter and Venus occupy the Arudha lagna and there are no obstructive argalas but only beneficial ones, the person will attain to royal position. If the 2nd, 4th and 5th become equal (in strength etc.) to the Karaka, the person becomes a Raja or equal to him or when the 3rd and the 6th bhavas from Atmakaraka (the planet most advanced in a sign) are equal in strength or if they are joined by malefic, or if from the lords of lagna and the 7th house benefic planets occupy the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 8th house. If to the lord of the lagna or to the lord of 7th, the 5th house is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon, the person becomes a high Government official and wields political power. If the lord of the lagna aspects the lagna and if the lord of the Karaka lagna aspects that lagna, the person will have very good Raja yogas. The Sun and Jupiter are the karakas ('significators') of the 10th house, any kind of sambandha ('mutual association') established by these two makes one adept and shine in his/her chosen field of creative/scientific/religious/philosophical activity, become a high-ranking official or advisor and famous. Jupiter situated in the Karakamsa i.e. in conjunction with the Atmakaraka in the Navamsa-chart makes one master the Vedas or become a philosopher or a religious leader; Venus likewise situated makes one a great political figure. However, B V Raman states that Raja yogas given by Jaimini have not been tested as his method has not been in vogue.

text: According to the

text: Jaimini system

text: of prognostication, when Janma Lagna, Hora Lagna and Ghatika Lagna are simultaneously aspected by a planet, the person becomes a ruler or one equal to him (Sutra I.3.24). A powerful Raja yoga is caused if at the time of birth, Chandra lagna, Navamsa lagna and Drekkana lagna and the 7th house from these three are aspected by one planet (Sutra I.3.25).

text: Jaimini

text: states that if out of the six lagnas, viz., Lagna, Ghatika lagna, Hora lagna, Chandra lagna, Navamsa lagna and Drekkana lagna – one planet sees five and not all the six, the person will enjoy Raja yoga (Sutra I.3.26); B. Suryanarain Rao in his commentary on this sutra tells us that if an exalted planet occupies the Arudha lagna or the Moon, Jupiter and Venus occupy the Arudha lagna and there are no obstructive argalas but only beneficial ones, the person will attain to royal position. If the 2nd, 4th and 5th become equal (in strength etc.) to the Karaka, the person becomes a Raja or equal to him or when the 3rd and the 6th bhavas from

text: Atmakaraka

text: (the planet most advanced in a sign) are equal in strength or if they are joined by malefic, or if from the lords of lagna and the 7th house benefic planets occupy the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 8th house. If to the lord of the lagna or to the lord of 7th, the 5th house is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon, the person becomes a high Government official and wields political power. If the lord of the lagna aspects the lagna and if the lord of the Karaka lagna aspects that lagna, the person will have very good Raja yogas. The Sun and Jupiter are the karakas ('significators') of the 10th house, any kind of sambandha ('mutual association') established by these two makes one adept and shine in his/her chosen field of creative/scientific/religious/philosophical activity, become a high-ranking official or advisor and famous. Jupiter situated in the Karakamsa i.e. in conjunction with the Atmakaraka in the Navamsa-chart makes one master the

text: Vedas

text: or become a philosopher or a religious leader; Venus likewise situated makes one a great political figure. However,

text: B V Raman

text: states that Raja yogas given by Jaimini have not been tested as his method has not been in vogue.

text: Sailor Uranus' powers are inspired by Roman mythology, where Uranus is the god of the sky. They are also inspired by western astrology, where the planet Uranus is associated with natural disasters, such as "earthquakes, tornadoes, typhoons and hurricanes." Her first attack is World Shaking; she gathers energy from the sky and blasts it at her foes. She is given three major attacks in the series, and although they all have English names (like those of the other Sailor Soldiers), each is also given kanji in the manga to denote the meaning to Japanese readers. For example, World Shaking is given kanji which translate to , , and . The intended English pronunciation is given in furigana. This is Sailor Uranus's primary attack for most of the anime series.

text: Sailor Uranus' powers are inspired by

text: Roman mythology

text: , where

text: Uranus

text: is the god of the sky. They are also inspired by western astrology, where the planet Uranus is associated with natural disasters, such as "earthquakes, tornadoes, typhoons and hurricanes." Her first attack is World Shaking; she gathers energy from the sky and blasts it at her foes. She is given three major attacks in the series, and although they all have English names (like those of the other Sailor Soldiers), each is also given

text: kanji

text: in the manga to denote the meaning to Japanese readers. For example, World Shaking is given kanji which translate to , , and . The intended English pronunciation is given in

text: furigana

text: . This is Sailor Uranus's primary attack for most of the anime series.

text: Uranus is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (), the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter), which in Latin became "Ūranus". It is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure of Greek mythology. The adjective of Uranus is "Uranian". The pronunciation of the name Uranus preferred among astronomers is , with stress on the first syllable as in Latin Ūranus, in contrast to , with stress on the second syllable and a long a, though both are considered acceptable.

text: Uranus is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky

text: Uranus

text: (), the father of

text: Cronus

text: Saturn

text: ) and grandfather of

text: Zeus

text: Jupiter

text: ), which in Latin became "Ūranus". It is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure of

text: Greek mythology

text: . The adjective of Uranus is "Uranian". The pronunciation of the name Uranus preferred among

text: astronomers

text: is , with stress on the first syllable as in Latin Ūranus, in contrast to , with stress on the second syllable and a

entity_section: Traditional long and short vowels in English orthography

text: long a

text: , though both are considered acceptable.

text: Mudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from  in January to  in July; the annual mean is . Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from  to .、

text: Mudanjiang features a

text: monsoon

text: -influenced,

text: humid continental climate

text: Köppen

text: Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from  in January to  in July; the annual mean is . Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from  to .、

text: Zvilpogghua (the Feaster from the Stars) is the son of Tsathoggua and Shathak, and is the father of Sfatlicllp. Zvilpogghua was conceived on the planet Yaksh (Neptune).

text: Zvilpogghua (the Feaster from the Stars) is the son of Tsathoggua and Shathak, and is the father of Sfatlicllp. Zvilpogghua was conceived on the planet

entity_name: Extraterrestrial places in the Cthulhu Mythos

text: Yaksh

text: (Neptune).

text: As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty rings of Jupiter or the broad and complex rings of Saturn, some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice. However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian F ring and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons. The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of Saturn. Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus. In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter. In contrast, the Neptunian ring system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust; the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.

text: As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty

text: rings of Jupiter

text: or the broad and complex

text: rings of Saturn

text: , some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice. However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian

text: F ring

text: and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons. The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of

text: Saturn

text: . Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus. In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter. In contrast, the

text: Neptunian ring

text: system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust; the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.

text: Saturn has 62 known moons, 53 of which have formal names. In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings, which are not considered to be true moons. Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings. Saturn's second-largest moon, Rhea, may have a tenuous ring system of its own, along with a tenuous atmosphere.

text: Saturn has 62 known

text: moons

text: , 53 of which have formal names. In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn's rings, which are not considered to be true moons.

text: Titan

text: , the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings. Saturn's second-largest moon,

text: Rhea

text: , may have a tenuous

text: ring system of its own

text: , along with a tenuous

text: atmosphere

text: is an unnamed minor planet in the outer Solar System, classified as a trans-Neptunian object, approximately 550–600 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by and at the U.S Palomar Observatory, California, on 10 December 2002. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, the minor planet is a likely dwarf planet.

text: is an unnamed

text: minor planet

text: in the

text: outer Solar System

text: , classified as a

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: , approximately 550–600 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by and at the U.S

text: Palomar Observatory

text: , California, on 10 December 2002. According to American astronomer

text: Michael Brown

text: , the minor planet is a

text: likely dwarf planet

text: Oar participates deeply in two fundamental comic archetypes, the Fish Out of Water and the Wise Simpleton. Oar, in fact, was a fish out of water on her own planet, Melaquin; she was the last ambulatory and conscious individual on a planet of sleepers. Once she gets into outer space, among alien species (richly imagined and lushly described), her place beyond the fringe of the everyone else's mental outlook is even more extreme.

text: "Ice dwarf" as a term for an icy planetary body that generally orbits beyond Neptune was coined as part of a conception of a threefold division of the Solar System into inner terrestrial planets, central gas giants, and outer ice dwarfs, of which Pluto was the principal member. This conception foreshadowed the reclassification of Pluto to dwarf planet and plutoid after the discovery of Eris.

text: "Ice dwarf" as a term for an icy

text: planetary body

text: that generally orbits beyond

text: Neptune

text: was coined as part of a conception of a threefold division of the

text: Solar System

text: into inner

text: terrestrial planet

text: s, central

text: gas giant

text: s, and outer ice dwarfs, of which Pluto was the principal member. This conception foreshadowed the reclassification of Pluto to dwarf planet and plutoid after the discovery of Eris.

text: The Sun-Sentinel described the Saturn Stool as “a pink planet seat surrounded by a pale green ring on an aluminum hydraulic lift. . . .” The anodized aluminum and lacquered wood stool became synonymous with Jackson’s work and, a decade later, it was used in an ad for Absolut Vodka titled “Absolut Jackson”.

text: The

text: Sun-Sentinel

text: described the Saturn Stool as “a pink planet seat surrounded by a pale green ring on an aluminum hydraulic lift. . . .” The anodized aluminum and lacquered wood stool became synonymous with Jackson’s work and, a decade later, it was used in an ad for

text: Absolut Vodka

text: titled “Absolut Jackson”.

text: The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies. For a mantle to form, the planetary body must be large enough to have undergone the process of planetary differentiation by density. The mantle lies between the core below and the crust above. The terrestrial planets (Earth, Venus, Mars and Mercury), the Moon, two of Jupiter's moons (Io and Europa) and the asteroid Vesta each have a mantle made of silicate rock. Interpretation of spacecraft data suggests that at least two other moons of Jupiter (Ganymede and Callisto), as well as Titan and Triton each have a mantle made of ice or other solid volatile substances.

text: The mantle is a layer inside a

text: terrestrial planet

text: and some other

text: rocky

text: planetary bodies

text: . For a mantle to form, the planetary body must be large enough to have undergone the process of

text: planetary differentiation

text: by

text: density

text: . The mantle lies between the

text: core

text: below and the

text: crust

text: above. The terrestrial planets (

text: Earth

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: and

text: Mercury

text: ), the

text: Moon

text: , two of

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: moon

text: s (

text: Io

text: and

text: Europa

text: ) and the

text: asteroid

text: Vesta

text: each have a mantle made of

text: silicate

text: rock. Interpretation of spacecraft data suggests that at least two other moons of Jupiter (

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Callisto

text: ), as well as

text: Titan

text: and

text: Triton

text: each have a mantle made of

text: ice

text: or other

text: solid volatile

text: substances.

text: Its modern use in science fiction literature contrasts "Earth" (the planet) with outer space or hypothetical other planets with sapient life. The term was often used in 1950s science fiction film and novels by aliens to express a disdainful or patronizing tone towards creatures from Earth. The meaning "creature from planet Earth" in the context of space travel may be extended to non-human species, as in "Russia fetes dog Laika, first earthling in space".

text: Its modern use in science fiction literature contrasts "Earth" (the planet) with outer space or hypothetical other planets with sapient life. The term was often used in 1950s science fiction film and novels by aliens to express a disdainful or patronizing tone towards creatures from Earth. The meaning "creature from planet Earth" in the context of space travel may be extended to non-human species, as in "Russia fetes dog

text: Laika

text: , first earthling in space".

text: Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn's brightness, they are not visible from Earth with unaided vision. In 1610, the year after Galileo Galilei first turned a telescope to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655, Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. Although many people think of Saturn's rings as being made up of a series of tiny ringlets (a concept that goes back to Laplace), true gaps are few. It is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk with concentric local maxima and minima in density and brightness. On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space.

text: Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn's

text: brightness

text: , they are not visible from Earth with

text: unaided vision

text: . In 1610, the year after

text: Galileo Galilei

text: first turned a

text: telescope

text: to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655,

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. Although many people think of Saturn's rings as being made up of a series of tiny ringlets (a concept that goes back to

text: Laplace

text: ), true gaps are few. It is more correct to think of the rings as an

text: annular disk

text: with

text: concentric

text: local

text: maxima and minima

text: in density and brightness. On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space.

text: HD 23596 b is an exoplanet approximately 170 light years away in the constellation Perseus. The planet is very massive, at least 7.8 times that of Jupiter, classifying as mid-superjovian. Based on its mass, the planet would probably be a gas giant with no solid surface. The planet orbits at the average distance of 2.83 AU, taking 1565 days to complete its orbit with average velocity of 19.7 km/s. The eccentricity of the planet’s orbit is higher than all the planets in the Solar System, bringing as close as 2.00 AU to as far as 3.66 AU from the parent star.

text: HD 23596 b is an

text: exoplanet

text: approximately 170

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: Perseus

text: . The planet is very massive, at least 7.8 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: , classifying as mid-

text: superjovian

text: . Based on its mass, the planet would probably be a

text: gas giant

text: with no solid surface. The planet orbits at the average distance of 2.83 AU, taking 1565 days to complete its orbit with average velocity of 19.7 km/s. The eccentricity of the planet’s orbit is higher than all the planets in the

text: Solar System

text: , bringing as close as 2.00 AU to as far as 3.66 AU from the parent star.

text: The Memory of Whiteness is a science fiction novel written by Kim Stanley Robinson and published in 1985. It shares with the Mars trilogy a focus on human colonization of the solar system and depicts a grand tour that travels from the outer planets inward toward the Sun, visiting many human colonies along the way. The different human societies on the various planets and planetoids visited are depicted in detail. The purpose of the tour is to stage concerts by the "Holywelkin Orchestra", a futuristic musical instrument played by a selected master. Readers follow the Orchestra and its entourage together with a journalist, who after some time detects a conspiracy that seems to be connected with a group of gray-clad, sun-worshipping monks. The tour ends near the planet Mercury in a solar station belonging to these "Grays", which controls the white line energy source for the whole solar system.

text: The Memory of Whiteness is a

text: science fiction

text: novel written by

text: Kim Stanley Robinson

text: and published in 1985. It shares with the

text: Mars trilogy

text: a focus on human colonization of the

text: solar system

text: and depicts a grand tour that travels from the outer

text: planet

text: s inward toward the

text: Sun

text: , visiting many human colonies along the way. The different human

text: societies

text: on the various

text: planet

text: s and

text: planetoid

text: s visited are depicted in detail. The purpose of the tour is to stage concerts by the "Holywelkin Orchestra", a futuristic musical instrument played by a selected master. Readers follow the Orchestra and its entourage together with a journalist, who after some time detects a conspiracy that seems to be connected with a group of gray-clad, sun-worshipping monks. The tour ends near the planet

text: Mercury

text: in a solar station belonging to these "Grays", which controls the white line energy source for the whole solar system.

text: On April 14, 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon in the A Ring of the planet Saturn.

text: On April 14, 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon in the

text: A Ring

text: of the

text: planet

text: Saturn.

text: Saturn is a gas giant because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium ('gas'). It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core. Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an oblate spheroid; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%: 60,268 km versus 54,364 km, respectively. Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less. Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times the Earth's mass, while Saturn is 95 times the mass of the Earth. Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.

text: Saturn is a

text: gas giant

text: because it is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium ('gas'). It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core. Saturn's rotation causes it to have the shape of an

text: oblate spheroid

text: ; that is, it is flattened at the poles and bulges at its equator. Its equatorial and polar radii differ by almost 10%: 60,268 km versus 54,364 km, respectively. Jupiter,

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: , the other giant planets in the Solar System, are also oblate but to a lesser extent. Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less. Although Saturn's

text: core

text: is considerably denser than water, the average

text: specific density

text: of the planet is 0.69 g/cm due to the atmosphere. Jupiter has 318 times the Earth's mass, while Saturn is 95 times the mass of the

text: Earth

text: . Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System.

text: Ogrons are low-intelligence, ape-like hominids who live in scattered communities on an unnamed planet on the outer fringes of the Milky Way, far from the central spaceways. The dominant lifeform on their home planet is a giant slug-like lizard named the Eater, which preys on and is prayed to by the Ogrons.

text: Ogrons are low-intelligence, ape-like hominids who live in scattered communities on an unnamed planet on the outer fringes of the

text: Milky Way

text: , far from the central spaceways. The dominant lifeform on their home planet is a giant slug-like lizard named the Eater, which preys on and is prayed to by the Ogrons.

text: In his later career, Herschel discovered two moons of Saturn, Mimas and Enceladus; as well as two moons of Uranus, Titania and Oberon. He did not give these moons their names; they were named by his son John in 1847 and 1852, respectively, after his death. Herschel measured the axial tilt of Mars and discovered that the martian ice caps, first observed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1666) and Christiaan Huygens (1672), changed size with that planet's seasons. It has been suggested that Herschel might have discovered rings around Uranus.

text: In his later career, Herschel discovered two moons of Saturn,

text: Mimas

text: and

text: Enceladus

text: ; as well as two moons of Uranus,

text: Titania

text: and

text: Oberon

text: . He did not give these moons their names; they were named by his son

text: John

text: in 1847 and 1852, respectively, after his death. Herschel measured the

text: axial tilt

text: of

text: Mars

text: and discovered that the martian

text: ice caps

text: , first observed by

text: Giovanni Domenico Cassini

text: (1666) and

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: (1672), changed size with that planet's seasons. It has been suggested that Herschel might have discovered rings around Uranus.

text: A dynamical study of planets b, c, and d showed tidal effects at least on b and c, to the extent that b had to be a sub-Neptune. All the planets from b to at least f must have migrated inward. That study implied that d was a sub-Neptune as well.

text: The fifth day of the week, Thursday is associated with the planet Jupiter and is referred to as Guru (Guruvar or Guruvaaram). Thursdays are considered auspicious to start any educational endeavours. It is on Thursdays that special worship services are offered to Dakshinamurthy in many Saivite temples. Some temple traditions hold full moon nights, particularly the night of the Guru Purnima as the appropriate time for worship services to Dakshinamurthy.

text: The fifth day of the week, Thursday is associated with the planet Jupiter and is referred to as

text: Guru

text: (Guruvar or Guruvaaram). Thursdays are considered auspicious to start any educational endeavours. It is on Thursdays that special worship services are offered to Dakshinamurthy in many

text: Saivite

text: temples. Some temple traditions hold

text: full moon

text: nights, particularly the night of the

text: Guru Purnima

text: as the appropriate time for worship services to Dakshinamurthy.

text: Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of  at its equator. The average density of Jupiter, 1.326 g/cm, is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of the four terrestrial planets.

text: Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of  at its

text: equator

text: . The average density of Jupiter, 1.326 g/cm, is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of the four

text: terrestrial planet

text: s.

text: The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind. Such a process over geologic time causes water-rich planets such as the Earth to evolve into planets like Venus. Additionally, planets with hotter lower atmospheres could accelerate the loss rate of hydrogen.

text: The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as

text: hydrogen

text: to move up to the

text: exobase

text: , the lower limit of the

text: exosphere

text: , where the gases can then reach

text: escape velocity

text: , entering

text: outer space

text: without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind. Such a process over

text: geologic time

text: causes water-rich planets such as the Earth to evolve into planets like

text: Venus

text: . Additionally, planets with hotter lower atmospheres could accelerate the loss rate of hydrogen.

text: Swedish astrophysicist, in 1954, 1975, and 1978  included electromagnetic effects in equations of particle motions, and angular momentum distribution and compositional differences were explained. In 1954 he first proposed the band structure in which he distinguished an A-cloud, containing mostly helium, but with some solid- particle impurities ("meteor rain"), a B-cloud, with mostly hydrogen, a C-cloud, having mainly carbon, and a D-cloud, made mainly of silicon and iron. Impurities in the A-cloud form Mars and the Moon (later captured by Earth), in the B-cloud they condense into Mercury, Venus, and Earth, in the C-cloud they condense into the outer planets, and Pluto and Triton may have formed from the D-cloud.

text: The term distant minor planet is used by the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to refer collectively to those minor planets found in the outer Solar System that are not commonly thought of as "asteroids". Included are the populations centaurs, Neptune trojans, and trans-Neptunian objects.

text: The term distant minor planet is used by the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 's

text: Minor Planet Center

text: to refer collectively to those

text: minor planet

text: s found in the outer Solar System that are not commonly thought of as "

text: asteroid

text: s". Included are the populations

text: centaurs

text: Neptune trojan

text: s, and

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s.

text: This proved that the unknown radioactive source originated from the decay of uranium and, coupled with the previous observation that the source was different chemically from all known elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in a paper entitled Radioactive Element 93 in the Physical Review on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the paper, but they soon decided on "neptunium" since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements".

text: This proved that the unknown radioactive source originated from the decay of uranium and, coupled with the previous observation that the source was different chemically from all known elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in a paper entitled Radioactive Element 93 in the

text: Physical Review

text: on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the paper, but they soon decided on "neptunium" since uranium had been named after the planet

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving

text: Glenn Seaborg

text: to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element,

text: plutonium

text: . In 1951, McMillan shared the

text: Nobel Prize in Chemistry

text: with Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements".

text: Pioneer species are the first organisms that colonise an area, of which lithoseres are an example. They will typically be very hardy (i.e., they will be xerophytes, wind-resistant or cold-resistant). In the case of a lithosere the pioneer species will be cyanobacteria and algae, which create their own food and water—i.e., they are autotrophic and so do not require any external nutrition (except sunlight). For example, the first lithosere observed after the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa was algae. Other examples of lithoseres include communities of mosses and lichens, as they are extremely resilient and are capable of surviving in areas without soil.

text: Pioneer species

text: are the first

text: organism

text: s that colonise an area, of which lithoseres are an example. They will typically be very hardy (i.e., they will be

text: xerophyte

text: s, wind-resistant or cold-resistant). In the case of a lithosere the pioneer species will be

text: cyanobacteria

text: and algae, which create their own food and water—i.e., they are

text: autotroph

text: ic and so do not require any external

text: nutrition

text: (except

text: sunlight

text: ). For example, the first lithosere observed after the volcanic explosion of

text: Krakatoa

text: was algae. Other examples of lithoseres include communities of

text: moss

text: es and

text: lichen

text: s, as they are extremely resilient and are capable of surviving in areas without soil.

text: The minor planet was named after Apostolos Christou (b. 1968), planetary astronomer and programmer at the North Irish Armagh Observatory, after which the minor planet 10502 Armaghobs was named. His field or research include minor planets in co-orbit with Venus, designing near-Earth asteroids missions, the dwarf planet 1 Ceres, meteor impacts on Venus, as well as the irregular satellite families of the outer planets. Naming citation was published on 23 May 2005 (M.P.C. 54173).

text: The minor planet was named after

text: Apostolos Christou

text: (b. 1968), planetary astronomer and programmer at the North Irish

text: Armagh Observatory

text: , after which the minor planet

text: 10502 Armaghobs

text: was named. His field or research include minor planets in co-orbit with Venus, designing near-Earth asteroids missions, the dwarf planet

text: 1 Ceres

text: , meteor impacts on Venus, as well as the irregular satellite families of the outer planets. Naming citation was published on 23 May 2005 (

text: M.P.C.

text: To help decide which decade the instrument is from, the Jupiter logo designs can be used. The earlier Jupiter saxophones have a "Jupiter and KHS Musical Instrument Co Ltd" logo on the bell and have Taiwan near the model and serial numbers under the thumbrest.This was changed in the early 1990s to a "Jupiter and KHS Musical Instrument Taiwan" logo on the bell with no Taiwan near the model and serial numbers under the thumbrest.The newer Jupiter saxophones just have a Jupiter logo on the bell and have Taiwan near the model and serial numbers under the thumbrest.Earlier Jupiter instrument cases have a "Jupiter Wind Instruments" logo and newer Jupiter instrument cases just have a Jupiter logo.

text: Circulation in Jupiter's atmosphere is markedly different from that in the atmosphere of Earth. The interior of Jupiter is fluid and lacks any solid surface. Therefore, convection may occur throughout the planet's outer molecular envelope. As of 2008, a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere has not been developed. Any such theory needs to explain the following facts: the existence of narrow stable bands and jets that are symmetric relative to Jupiter's equator, the strong prograde jet observed at the equator, the difference between zones and belts, and the origin and persistence of large vortices such as the Great Red Spot.

text: Circulation in Jupiter's atmosphere is markedly different from that

text: in the atmosphere of Earth

text: . The interior of Jupiter is fluid and lacks any solid surface. Therefore,

text: convection

text: may occur throughout the planet's outer molecular envelope. As of 2008, a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere has not been developed. Any such theory needs to explain the following facts: the existence of narrow stable bands and jets that are symmetric relative to Jupiter's equator, the strong prograde jet observed at the equator, the difference between zones and belts, and the origin and persistence of large vortices such as the Great Red Spot.

text: The inner satellites that have been imaged show heavily cratered surfaces. The cratering rate for bodies orbiting close to giant planets is greater than for the main and outer moons because of gravitational focusing: Sun-orbiting bodies which pass into a large region in the vicinity of a giant planet are preferentially deflected towards the planet by its gravitational field, so that the frequency of potential impactors passing through a given cross-sectional area close to the planet is much greater than in interplanetary space. As a result, it has been estimated that very small bodies in inner orbits are expected to be disrupted by external impactors on a timescale much shorter than the age of the solar system. This would place a lower limit on the size of the inner moons that remain.

text: The inner satellites that have been imaged show heavily cratered surfaces. The cratering rate for bodies orbiting close to giant planets is greater than for the main and outer moons because of

text: gravitational focusing

text: : Sun-orbiting bodies which pass into a large region in the vicinity of a

text: giant planet

text: are preferentially deflected towards the planet by its gravitational field, so that the frequency of potential impactors passing through a given cross-sectional area close to the planet is much greater than in interplanetary space. As a result, it has been estimated that very small bodies in inner orbits are expected to be disrupted by external impactors on a timescale much shorter than the age of the solar system. This would place a lower limit on the size of the inner moons that remain.

text: The asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity. Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets. Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris. In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons" after the Moon. Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects.

text: The

text: asteroid belt

text: , which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the

text: Kuiper belt

text: and

text: scattered disc

text: , which are populations of

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of

text: sednoid

text: s. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity. Such objects are categorized as

text: dwarf planet

text: s. Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid

text: Ceres

text: and the trans-Neptunian objects

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Eris

text: . In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including

text: comet

text: s,

text: centaurs

text: and

text: interplanetary dust cloud

text: s, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by

text: natural satellite

text: s, usually termed "moons" after the

text: Moon

text: . Each of the outer planets is encircled by

text: planetary ring

text: s of dust and other small objects.

text: Another project involved constructing the Digital Orrery by Gerry Sussman and his MIT group in 1988. The group used a supercomputer to integrate the orbits of the outer planets over 845 million years (some 20 per cent of the age of the Solar System). In 1988, Sussman and Wisdom found data using the Orrery which revealed that Pluto's orbit shows signs of chaos, due in part to its peculiar resonance with Neptune.

text: Another project involved constructing the Digital Orrery by

text: Gerry Sussman

text: and his MIT group in 1988. The group used a supercomputer to integrate the orbits of the outer planets over 845 million years (some 20 per cent of the age of the Solar System). In 1988, Sussman and Wisdom found data using the Orrery which revealed that Pluto's orbit shows signs of chaos, due in part to its peculiar

text: resonance

text: with

text: Neptune

text: Planetary scientists often classify volatiles with exceptionally low melting points, such as hydrogen and helium, as gases (as in gas giant), whereas those volatiles with melting points above about 100 K are referred to as ices. The terms "gas" and "ice" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liquids or gases. Thus, Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants, and Uranus and Neptune are ice giants, even though the vast majority of the "gas" and "ice" in their interiors is a hot, highly dense fluid that gets denser as the center of the planet is approached.

text: Planetary scientists often classify volatiles with exceptionally low melting points, such as

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: , as gases (as in

text: gas giant

text: ), whereas those volatiles with melting points above about 100

text: K

text: are referred to as ices. The terms "gas" and "ice" in this context can apply to compounds that may be solids, liquids or gases. Thus,

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: are

text: gas giant

text: s, and

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: are

text: ice giant

text: s, even though the vast majority of the "gas" and "ice" in their interiors is a

text: hot, highly dense fluid

text: that gets denser as the center of the planet is approached.

text: The outer Solar System dwarf planet Haumea has two known moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka, named after Hawaiian goddesses. These small moons were discovered in 2005, from observations of Haumea made at the large telescopes of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii.

text: The

text: outer Solar System

text: dwarf planet

text: Haumea

text: has two known

text: moons

text: Hiʻiaka

text: and

text: Namaka

text: , named after

text: Hawaiian

text: goddesses. These small moons were discovered in 2005, from observations of Haumea made at the large telescopes of the

text: W. M. Keck Observatory

text: in Hawaii.

text: Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and outer space. The first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth (1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the South Pole (1911), and the first moon landing (1969). The landing of robots on Mars (2004 and 2012) and on an asteroid (2001), the Voyager explorations of the outer planets (Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989), Voyager 1's passage into interstellar space (2013), and New Horizon's flyby of Pluto (2015) were significant recent Western achievements.

text: Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and

text: outer space

text: . The first expedition to

text: circumnavigate the Earth

text: (1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the

text: South Pole

text: (1911), and the first

text: moon landing

text: (1969). The

text: landing of robots on Mars

text: (2004 and 2012) and on an

text: asteroid

text: (2001), the

text: Voyager

text: explorations of the outer planets (

text: Uranus

text: in 1986 and

text: Neptune

text: in 1989), Voyager 1's passage into interstellar space (2013), and New Horizon's flyby of

text: Pluto

text: (2015) were significant recent Western achievements.

text: The planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme seasonal effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an Earth-like moon would be able to support liquid water at its surface over the course of a year.  Due to the eccentric orbit of this massive gas giant, it is unlikely that a habitable planet could survive in this system.

text: The planet's highly eccentric orbit means the planet would experience extreme

text: season

text: al effects. Despite this, simulations suggest that an

text: Earth

text: -like

text: moon

text: would be able to support liquid water at its surface over the course of a year.  Due to the eccentric orbit of this massive gas giant, it is unlikely that a

text: habitable planet

text: could survive in this system.

text: is the sub-instructional person on the team, she was a former Self-Defense Force official, and she was raised as an elite of combat, tending to be a bit bossy at times. She is also good at handling machines, shooting, and military arts. Sakura is often seen as the serious, level-headed person in the group and barely ever smiles. She soon gets along with Natsuki and starts trusting her more, contrary to the beginning of the series where she threatened Natsuki with a sword, believing her to be part of the Negative Syndicate. Sakura is very loyal to SGS and keeps her feelings for Satoru to herself. She and Souta frequently fight Shizuka of the Wind. In the Boukenger movie, Sakura is also revealed to have a fear of bugs. In Task 26, it is revealed that she ran away from her parents and joined a special army school to find her destiny, and when she first met Satoru and he asked her to join the other Boukengers in the shooting gallery. She may seem very cold-headed and insensitive to a certain point but in Task 31, after Eiji was badly injured by Gai, Sakura's emotional self showed after being enraged by the cruelty and treachery of Gai. After the final battle with Gajya, Sakura stowed away on GoGo Voyager when Satoru left the Boukenger team to take on a new adventure in outer space with her new-found treasure: her smile. However, while exploring planet Isla, Sakura is possessed by the released Pachacamac XII, who uses her as both a host and as a hostage to ensure Satoru aids him willingly in gaining his ancestor's power. Once freed of the monster's control, Sakura aids her team and the Gekirangers in defeating Pachacamac. Since the series finale, Sakura calls Satoru by his real name, and not by "Chief".

text: is the sub-instructional person on the team, she was a former

text: Self-Defense Force

text: Sanyasa yoga arises when four or more strong planets combine in one house or sign, the nature or kind of Sanyasa adopted depends upon the strongest planet in that particular group of planets. If the Sun be the strongest planet the person of high morals and intallectual prowess will choose severe and difficult practices in remote places; if it be the Moon, then in seclusion more in the study of scriptures; if it be Mercury, one who is easily influenced by philosophy of others; if it be Mars, one who chooses to wear red-coloured clothes and who struggles to control his temper; if it be Jupiter, one who has complete control over his senses and sense - organs; if it be Venus, a wandering mendicant, and if the strongest planet be Saturn it makes one adopt exceedingly severe practices. The involvement of the lord of the 10th house in this conjunction of four or more planets is the stronger indicator of Sanyasa. If those four or more planets happen to conjoin in a kendra or in a trikona, then the person attains Moksha but if they conjoin in the 8th house there will be Yogabhrashta i.e. there will be break in yoga-operation, and fall from the final state of emancipation. If strongest of the conjoining planets is combust then there will be no sanyasa and if it is defeated in planetary warfare one returns to worldly life after taking sanyasa. Sanyasa is also indicated when the Moon in a drekkena of Saturn is aspected by Mars and Saturn or is in a navamsa of Mars aspected by Saturn. A person takes to sanyasa if the dispositor of the Moon is aspected by Saturn and not by any other planet or if aspected by all planets occupying a single house or sign or if Jupiter is in the 9th house and Saturn aspects the lagna (Ascendant), the Moon and Jupiter, such a person will write on Sastras and found a school of philosophy, and in case Saturn not aspected by any planet is in the 9th house then one born a king will take to sanyasa.

text: Sanyasa yoga arises when four or more strong planets combine in one house or sign, the nature or kind of Sanyasa adopted depends upon the strongest planet in that particular group of planets. If the

text: Sun

text: be the strongest planet the person of high morals and intallectual prowess will choose severe and difficult practices in remote places; if it be the

text: Moon

text: , then in seclusion more in the study of scriptures; if it be

text: Mercury

text: , one who is easily influenced by philosophy of others; if it be

text: Mars

text: , one who chooses to wear red-coloured clothes and who struggles to control his temper; if it be

text: Jupiter

text: , one who has complete control over his senses and sense - organs; if it be

text: Venus

text: , a wandering mendicant, and if the strongest planet be

text: Saturn

text: it makes one adopt exceedingly severe practices. The involvement of the lord of the 10th house in this conjunction of four or more planets is the stronger indicator of Sanyasa. If those four or more planets happen to conjoin in a kendra or in a trikona, then the person attains

text: Moksha

text: but if they conjoin in the 8th house there will be Yogabhrashta i.e. there will be break in yoga-operation, and fall from the final state of emancipation. If strongest of the conjoining planets is combust then there will be no sanyasa and if it is defeated in planetary warfare one returns to worldly life after taking sanyasa. Sanyasa is also indicated when the Moon in a drekkena of Saturn is aspected by Mars and Saturn or is in a

text: navamsa

text: of Mars aspected by Saturn. A person takes to sanyasa if the dispositor of the Moon is aspected by Saturn and not by any other planet or if aspected by all planets occupying a single house or sign or if Jupiter is in the 9th house and Saturn aspects the lagna (Ascendant), the Moon and Jupiter, such a person will write on Sastras and found a school of philosophy, and in case Saturn not aspected by any planet is in the 9th house then one born a king will take to sanyasa.

text: Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute believes the outer planets show signs of collisions with plutoids 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers in diameter: Uranus could have been tipped off its axis by a plutoid, and Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, is probably a captured plutoid from the Kuiper belt.

text: Alan Stern

text: of the

text: Southwest Research Institute

text: believes the outer planets show signs of collisions with plutoids 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers in diameter:

text: Uranus

text: could have been tipped off its axis by a plutoid, and

text: Triton

text: , the largest

text: moon

text: of

text: Neptune

text: , is probably a captured plutoid from the Kuiper belt.

text: The use of long-exposure photographic plates made possible the discovery of additional moons. The first to be discovered in this manner, Phoebe, was found in 1899 by W.H. Pickering. In 1966 the tenth satellite of Saturn was discovered by Audouin Dollfus, when the rings were observed edge-on near an equinox. It was later named Janus. A few years later it was realized that all observations of 1966 could only be explained if another satellite had been present and that it had an orbit similar to that of Janus. This object is now known as Epimetheus, the eleventh moon of Saturn. It shares the same orbit with Janus—the only known example of co-orbitals in the Solar System. In 1980 three additional Saturnian moons were discovered from the ground and later confirmed by the Voyager probes. They are trojan moons of Dione (Helene) and Tethys (Telesto and Calypso).

text: The use of

text: long-exposure

text: photographic plates made possible the discovery of additional moons. The first to be discovered in this manner,

text: Phoebe

text: , was found in 1899 by

text: W.H. Pickering

text: . In 1966 the tenth satellite of Saturn was discovered by

text: Audouin Dollfus

text: , when the rings were observed edge-on near an

text: equinox

text: . It was later named

text: Janus

text: . A few years later it was realized that all observations of 1966 could only be explained if another satellite had been present and that it had an orbit similar to that of Janus. This object is now known as

text: Epimetheus

text: , the eleventh moon of Saturn. It shares the same orbit with Janus—the only known example of

text: co-orbitals

text: in the Solar System. In 1980 three additional Saturnian moons were discovered from the ground and later confirmed by the

text: Voyager

text: probes. They are

text: trojan moon

text: s of Dione (

text: Helene

text: ) and Tethys (

text: Telesto

text: and

text: Calypso

text: The AAT also hosts an ongoing program to search for extrasolar planets, the Anglo-Australian Planet Search (AAPS). The AAPS exploits the high stability of the University College of London Echelle Spectrograph (UCLES) to obtain the few meters per second precision in measurements of the radial (line-of-sight) velocities of stars necessary to detect the reflex Doppler motion induced by the presence of a planet. To date the AAPS has found more than 20 extrasolar planets, with masses ranging from ~10% to > 10 times that of Jupiter.

text: The AAT also hosts an ongoing program to search for

text: extrasolar planet

text: s, the Anglo-Australian Planet Search (AAPS). The AAPS exploits the high stability of the University College of London Echelle Spectrograph (UCLES) to obtain the few meters per second precision in measurements of the radial (line-of-sight) velocities of stars necessary to detect the reflex

text: Doppler motion

text: induced by the presence of a planet. To date the AAPS has found more than 20 extrasolar planets, with masses ranging from ~10% to > 10 times that of Jupiter.

text: This cloud consists mainly of water droplets. By definition of cumulonimbus cloud, at its top water droplets are transformed into ice crystals, but for cumulonimbus calvus content of ice crystals is small and freezing is in early stage, so cloud top still looks round and puffy.

text: This cloud consists mainly of water droplets. By definition of

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: , at its top water droplets are transformed into ice crystals, but for cumulonimbus calvus content of ice crystals is small and freezing is in early stage, so cloud top still looks round and puffy.

text: Ring systems are collections of dust, moonlets, or other small objects. The most notable examples are those around Saturn, but the other three gas giants (Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) also have ring systems.  The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a tenuous ring system consisting of three narrow, relatively dense bands within a particulate disk, the first predicted around a moon.Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System. centaur 10199 Chariklo, with a diameter of about , is the smallest object with rings ever discovered consisting of two narrow and dense bands, 6–7 km (4 mi) and 2–4 km (2 mi) wide, separated by a gap of . Extrasolar planet J1407b has been referred to as a "Saturn on steroids" or “Super Saturn” due to its massive system of circumplanetary rings with a radius of approximately 90 million km (0.6 AU).

text: Ring systems are collections of

text: dust

text: moonlet

text: s, or other small objects. The most notable examples are

text: those around Saturn

text: , but the other three

text: gas giant

text: s (

text: Jupiter

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ) also have ring systems.  The

text: Saturn

text: ian moon

text: Rhea

text: may have a tenuous

text: ring system

text: consisting of three narrow, relatively dense bands within a particulate disk, the first predicted around a

text: moon

text: .Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System.

text: centaur

text: 10199 Chariklo

text: , with a diameter of about , is the smallest object with rings ever discovered consisting of two narrow and dense bands, 6–7 km (4 mi) and 2–4 km (2 mi) wide, separated by a gap of . Extrasolar planet

text: has been referred to as a "

text: Saturn

text: on steroids" or “

text: Super Saturn

text: ” due to its massive system of circumplanetary rings with a radius of approximately 90 million km (0.6

text: AU

text: The moons of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to have formed through co-accretion, a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System. As the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. However, whereas Jupiter possesses four large satellites in highly regular, planet-like orbits, Titan overwhelmingly dominates Saturn's system and possesses a high orbital eccentricity not immediately explained by co-accretion alone. A proposed model for the formation of Titan is that Saturn's system began with a group of moons similar to Jupiter's Galilean satellites, but that they were disrupted by a series of giant impacts, which would go on to form Titan. Saturn's mid-sized moons, such as Iapetus and Rhea, were formed from the debris of these collisions. Such a violent beginning would also explain Titan's orbital eccentricity.

text: The moons of Jupiter and Saturn are thought to have formed through

text: co-accretion

text: , a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System. As the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. However, whereas Jupiter possesses four large satellites in highly regular, planet-like orbits, Titan overwhelmingly dominates Saturn's system and possesses a high orbital eccentricity not immediately explained by co-accretion alone. A proposed model for the formation of Titan is that Saturn's system began with a group of moons similar to Jupiter's

text: Galilean satellites

text: , but that they were disrupted by a series of

text: giant impact

text: s, which would go on to form Titan. Saturn's mid-sized moons, such as

text: Iapetus

text: and

text: Rhea

text: , were formed from the debris of these collisions. Such a violent beginning would also explain Titan's orbital eccentricity.

text: Orkney is some  east-northeast of the Outer Hebrides, Shetland is a further  further northeast and Norway some  due east of Shetland. The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis, the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides, is approximately .

text: Orkney

text: is some  east-northeast of the Outer Hebrides,

text: Shetland

text: is a further  further northeast and Norway some  due east of Shetland. The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the

text: Butt of Lewis

text: , the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides, is approximately .

text: Neptune was laid out in 1837. A post office was established at Neptune in 1839, and remained in operation until 1905.

text: The Grand Tour was a NASA program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the outer Solar System. It called for four spacecraft, two of which would visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other two would visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The enormous cost of the project, around $1 billion, led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the Voyager program.

text: The Grand Tour was a

text: NASA

text: program that would have sent two groups of robotic probes to all the planets of the

text: outer Solar System

text: . It called for four spacecraft, two of which would visit

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , and

text: Pluto

text: , while the other two would visit Jupiter,

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . The enormous cost of the project, around $1 billion, led to its cancellation and replacement with Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, which became the

text: Voyager program

text: The square (cube) is used to represent a nuclear reactor, the two bars representing control rods and thus alluding to nuclear reactor operations.  The disc is symbolic of completeness and refers to the knowledge and training required of all nuclear reactor operators.  The disc is also a symbol of the sun, the source of all energy and power.  The symbol of the planet Uranus, from which the term “uranium” is derived, refers to nuclear energy and power.  Addition of the laurel wreaths signifies further achievement and qualification.  The gold color for the shift supervisor signifies the highest degree of achievement and qualification.

text: According to one planetesimal simulation of the establishment of the planetary system, the outermost planets Uranus and Neptune formed very slowly, over a period of several billion years. Harold Levison and his team have also suggested that the relatively low density of material in the outer Solar System during planet formation would have greatly slowed their accretion.This "late appearance" of these planets has therefore been suggested as a different reason for the LHB. However, recent calculations of gas-flows combined with planetesimal runaway growth in the outer Solar System imply that Jovian planets formed extremely rapidly, on the order of 10 My, which does not support this explanation for the LHB.

text: According to one

text: planetesimal

text: simulation of the establishment of the planetary system, the outermost planets Uranus and Neptune formed very slowly, over a period of several billion years. Harold Levison and his team have also suggested that the relatively low density of material in the outer Solar System during planet formation would have greatly slowed their accretion.This "late appearance" of these planets has therefore been suggested as a different reason for the LHB. However, recent calculations of gas-flows combined with planetesimal runaway growth in the outer Solar System imply that

text: Jovian planets

text: formed extremely rapidly, on the order of 10 My, which does not support this explanation for the LHB.

text: Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. The possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out. There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia. Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70% covered in water. Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean. It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts. Hot Neptunes close to their star could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface. Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include ammonia, argon, carbon disulfide, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, neon, nitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphine, silane, sulfuric acid, and water.

text: Oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of liquids can be composed of liquids other than water, for example the

text: hydrocarbon

text: lakes on

text: Titan

text: . The possibility of seas of

text: nitrogen

text: on

text: Triton

text: was also considered but ruled out. There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons

text: Ganymede

text: Callisto

text: Europa

text: , Titan and

text: Enceladus

text: are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia. Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70% covered in water. Extrasolar

text: terrestrial planet

text: s that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean. It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts.

text: Hot Neptune

text: s close to their star could lose their atmospheres via

text: hydrodynamic escape

text: , leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface. Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals that might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include

text: ammonia

text: argon

text: carbon disulfide

text: ethane

text: hydrazine

text: hydrogen

text: hydrogen cyanide

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: methane

text: neon

text: nitrogen

text: nitric oxide

text: phosphine

text: silane

text: sulfuric acid

text: , and

text: water

text: Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.

text: Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr.

text: Glenn T. Seaborg

text: Joseph W. Kennedy

text: Edwin M. McMillan

text: , and

text: Arthur C. Wahl

text: by deuteron bombardment of

text: in the 60-inch

text: cyclotron

text: at the

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: . They first synthesized

text: half-life

text: 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).

text: Uranium

text: had been named after the planet

text: Uranus

text: and

text: neptunium

text: after the planet

text: Neptune

text: , and so element 94 was named after

text: Pluto

text: , which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of

text: neutron capture

text: and

text: beta decay

text: , where some of the

text: neutron

text: s released by the

text: fission

text: process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.

text: Similar to other SD Gundam series, Command Chronicles is set on a singular planet and serves as a stand in for a real world nation. Whilst Musha Gundam commonly represents Asia (Japan, China, India, etc.) and Knight Gundam represents Europe, Command represents America. This is highlighted by the fact the characters use random Engrish and are based on the 'trigger happy' depiction of Americans seen within many action films of the 1980s/1990s, such as Rambo. This behaviour is often highlighted to extremes for comedic purposes. In one mini-comic, after a mission to stop a nuclear launch goes wrong the Gundams are shown having to leave their now destroyed country behind and live in outer space.

text: Similar to other SD Gundam series, Command Chronicles is set on a singular planet and serves as a stand in for a real world nation. Whilst Musha Gundam commonly represents Asia (Japan, China, India, etc.) and Knight Gundam represents Europe, Command represents America. This is highlighted by the fact the characters use random

text: Engrish

text: and are based on the 'trigger happy' depiction of Americans seen within many action films of the 1980s/1990s, such as

text: Rambo

text: . This behaviour is often highlighted to extremes for comedic purposes. In one mini-comic, after a mission to stop a nuclear launch goes wrong the Gundams are shown having to leave their now destroyed country behind and live in outer space.

text: Outer space is the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits. However, even the deep vacuum of intergalactic space is not devoid of matter, as it contains a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. By comparison, the air we breathe contains about 10 molecules per cubic meter. The sparse density of matter in outer space means that electromagnetic radiation can travel great distances without being scattered: the mean free path of a photon in intergalactic space is about 10 km, or 10 billion light years. In spite of this, extinction, which is the absorption and scattering of photons by dust and gas, is an important factor in galactic and intergalactic astronomy.

text: Outer space is the closest known approximation to a

text: perfect vacuum

text: . It has effectively no

text: friction

text: , allowing stars,

text: planets

text: and

text: moons

text: to move freely along their ideal

text: orbit

text: s. However, even the deep vacuum of

text: intergalactic space

text: is not devoid of

text: matter

text: , as it contains a few

text: hydrogen atoms

text: per cubic meter. By comparison, the air we breathe contains about 10 molecules per cubic meter. The sparse density of matter in outer space means that

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: can travel great distances without being scattered: the

text: mean free path

text: of a

text: photon

text: in intergalactic space is about 10 km, or 10 billion light years. In spite of this,

text: extinction

text: , which is the

text: absorption

text: and

text: scattering

text: of photons by dust and gas, is an important factor in galactic and intergalactic

text: astronomy

text: But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit. The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel. Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

text: But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant

text: drag

text: on

text: satellite

text: s. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called

text: low Earth orbit

text: and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit. The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on

text: solar sail

text: s, a proposed propulsion system for

text: interplanetary travel

text: . Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

text: Astronomical spectroscopy is a particularly significant type of remote spectral sensing. In this case, the objects and samples of interest are so distant from earth that electromagnetic radiation is the only means available to measure them. Astronomical spectra contain both absorption and emission spectral information. Absorption spectroscopy has been particularly important for understanding interstellar clouds and determining that some of them contain molecules. Absorption spectroscopy is also employed in the study of extrasolar planets. Detection of extrasolar planets by the transit method also measures their absorption spectrum and allows for the determination of the planet's atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure, and scale height, and hence allows also for the determination of the planet's mass.

text: Astronomical spectroscopy

text: is a particularly significant type of remote spectral sensing. In this case, the objects and samples of interest are so distant from earth that electromagnetic radiation is the only means available to measure them. Astronomical spectra contain both absorption and emission spectral information. Absorption spectroscopy has been particularly important for understanding

text: interstellar clouds

text: and determining that some of them contain

text: molecules

text: . Absorption spectroscopy is also employed in the study of

text: extrasolar planets

text: . Detection of extrasolar planets by the

text: transit method

text: also measures their absorption spectrum and allows for the determination of the planet's atmospheric composition, temperature, pressure, and

text: scale height

text: , and hence allows also for the determination of the planet's mass.

text: In celestial mechanics, an orbital resonance occurs when two orbiting bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of two small integers. The physics principle behind orbital resonance is similar in concept to pushing a child on a swing, where the orbit and the swing both have a natural frequency, and the other body doing the "pushing" will act in periodic repetition to have a cumulative effect on the motion. Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies, i.e., their ability to alter or constrain each other's orbits.  In most cases, this results in an unstable interaction, in which the bodies exchange momentum and shift orbits until the resonance no longer exists. Under some circumstances, a resonant system can be stable and self-correcting, so that the bodies remain in resonance.  Examples are the 1:2:4 resonance of Jupiter's moons Ganymede, Europa and Io, and the 2:3 resonance between Pluto and Neptune.  Unstable resonances with Saturn's inner moons give rise to gaps in the rings of Saturn.  The special case of 1:1 resonance (between bodies with similar orbital radii) causes large Solar System bodies to eject most other bodies sharing their orbits; this is part of the much more extensive process of clearing the neighbourhood, an effect that is used in the current definition of a planet.

text: In

text: celestial mechanics

text: , an orbital resonance occurs when two

text: orbit

text: ing bodies exert a regular, periodic

text: gravitational

text: influence on each other, usually because their

text: orbital period

text: s are related by a ratio of two small

text: integer

text: s. The physics principle behind orbital resonance is similar in concept to pushing a child on a swing, where the orbit and the swing both have a

text: natural frequency

text: , and the other body doing the "pushing" will act in periodic repetition to have a cumulative effect on the motion. Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies, i.e., their ability to alter or constrain each other's orbits.  In most cases, this results in an unstable interaction, in which the bodies exchange

text: momentum

text: and shift orbits until the resonance no longer exists. Under some circumstances, a resonant system can be stable and self-correcting, so that the bodies remain in resonance.  Examples are the 1:2:4 resonance of

text: Jupiter

text: 's moons

text: Ganymede

text: Europa

text: and

text: Io

text: , and the 2:3 resonance between

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Neptune

text: .  Unstable resonances with

text: Saturn

text: 's inner moons give rise to gaps in the

text: rings of Saturn

text: .  The special case of 1:1 resonance (between bodies with similar orbital radii) causes large

text: Solar System

text: bodies to eject most other bodies sharing their orbits; this is part of the much more extensive process of

text: clearing the neighbourhood

text: , an effect that is used in the current

text: definition of a planet

text: Sanyasa yogas compel a person to give up all wealth and material possessions; he then becomes a mendicant and begs for alms. These yogas are a class apart, they are Shubha-yogas (auspicious yogas) and are not ava-yogas (evil yogas) indicating poverty. They compel a person to renounce the world and seek the Ultimate Truth. Raja yogas obtaining along with Sanyasa yogas make a person a world-renowned Dikshita and may be a pious ruler who is widely worshipped. A weak Saturn casting its aspect on the weak lord of the Ascendant generally makes one take to the path of renunciation. If the lord of the bhava in which the Sanyasa yoga occurs is associated with Rahu or combines with Gulika in a cruel amsa, or if benefics do not aspect the said lord, then that Sanyasa yoga will be defunct. Chengiz Khan, the mighty Mongol warrior, was born at 1.30 A.M on 16/09/1186 A.D.with six planets combining in one sign and house i.e. in Virgo in the 3rd house from the lagna which grouping included a strong Uchhabhilashi Saturn, he did not take to the path of renunciation. He was a ruthless warrior and a wandering conqueror as foretold by Saravali for this conjunction and a powerful ruler as ordained by Laghu Jataka Sarwaswa vide Verse 537 which states that if all planets are in the 12th from the Moon and aspect the 6th house from the Moon then a Raja yoga is caused and the person lives for 68 years; Chengiz Khan lived for 68 years.

text: Sanyasa yogas compel a person to give up all wealth and material possessions; he then becomes a mendicant and begs for alms. These yogas are a class apart, they are Shubha-yogas (auspicious yogas) and are not ava-yogas (evil yogas) indicating poverty. They compel a person to renounce the world and seek the Ultimate Truth.

text: Raja yoga

text: s obtaining along with Sanyasa yogas make a person a world-renowned Dikshita and may be a pious ruler who is widely worshipped. A weak Saturn casting its aspect on the weak lord of the Ascendant generally makes one take to the path of renunciation. If the lord of the bhava in which the Sanyasa yoga occurs is associated with

text: Rahu

text: or combines with Gulika in a cruel amsa, or if benefics do not aspect the said lord, then that Sanyasa yoga will be defunct.

text: Chengiz Khan

text: , the mighty

text: Mongol

text: warrior, was born at 1.30 A.M on 16/09/1186 A.D.with six planets combining in one sign and house i.e. in Virgo in the 3rd house from the lagna which grouping included a strong Uchhabhilashi Saturn, he did not take to the path of renunciation. He was a ruthless warrior and a wandering conqueror as foretold by

text: Saravali

text: for this conjunction and a powerful ruler as ordained by Laghu Jataka Sarwaswa vide Verse 537 which states that if all planets are in the 12th from the Moon and aspect the 6th house from the Moon then a Raja yoga is caused and the person lives for 68 years; Chengiz Khan lived for 68 years.

text: The dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere are very different from Earth's.  Plasma co-rotates with Saturn in its magnetosphere.  Saturn's strong magnetic field and rapid rotation create a strong co-rotational electric field that accelerates plasma in its magnetosphere until it reaches rotation speeds near that of the planet.  Because Saturn's moons are essentially 'sitting still' in this very high speed flow, a complex interaction between this plasma and the atmosphere of the moon Titan was observed.

text: The Ravigneaux set has two sun gears, a large sun and a small sun, and a single planet carrier, holding two sets of planetary gears, inner planets and outer planets. The carrier is one sub-assembly but has two radii to couple with the inner and outer planets, respectively. The two sets of planet gears rotate independently of the carrier but co-rotate with a fixed gear ratio with respect to each other. The inner planets couple with the small sun gear and co-rotate at a fixed gear ratio with respect to it. The outer planets couple with the large sun gear and co-rotates with a fixed gear ratio with respect to it. Finally, the ring gear also couples and co-rotates with the outer planets in a fixed gear ratio with respect to them.

text: The Ravigneaux set has two sun gears, a large sun and a small sun, and a single planet carrier, holding two sets of planetary gears, inner planets and outer planets. The carrier is one sub-assembly but has two

text: radii

text: to couple with the inner and outer planets, respectively. The two sets of planet gears rotate independently of the carrier but co-rotate with a fixed gear

text: ratio

text: with respect to each other. The inner planets couple with the small sun gear and co-rotate at a fixed gear ratio with respect to it. The outer planets couple with the large sun gear and co-rotates with a fixed gear ratio with respect to it. Finally, the ring gear also couples and co-rotates with the outer planets in a fixed gear ratio with respect to them.

text: The gravitational slingshot technique uses the gravity of planets and moons to change the speed and direction of a spacecraft without using fuel. In typical example, a spacecraft is sent to a distant planet on a path that is much faster than what the Hohmann transfer would call for. This would typically mean that it would arrive at the planet's orbit and continue past it. However, if there is a planet between the departure point and the target, it can be used to bend the path toward the target, and in many cases the overall travel time is greatly reduced. A prime example of this are the two crafts of the Voyager program, which used slingshot effects to change trajectories several times in the outer Solar System. It is difficult to use this method for journeys in the inner part of the Solar System, although it is possible to use other nearby planets such as Venus or even the Moon as slingshots in journeys to the outer planets.

text: The gravitational slingshot technique uses the

text: gravity

text: of planets and moons to change the speed and direction of a spacecraft without using fuel. In typical example, a spacecraft is sent to a distant planet on a path that is much faster than what the Hohmann transfer would call for. This would typically mean that it would arrive at the planet's orbit and continue past it. However, if there is a planet between the departure point and the target, it can be used to bend the path toward the target, and in many cases the overall travel time is greatly reduced. A prime example of this are the two crafts of the

text: Voyager program

text: , which used slingshot effects to change trajectories several times in the outer Solar System. It is difficult to use this method for journeys in the inner part of the Solar System, although it is possible to use other nearby planets such as Venus or even the

text: Moon

text: as slingshots in journeys to the outer planets.

text: In our Solar System, all of the planets and most of the other objects that orbit the Sun, with the exception of many comets, do so in the "prograde" direction, i.e. the same sense as the rotation of the Sun. Also the rotations of most planets are prograde, with the exceptions of Venus and Uranus, which have retrograde rotations. Most satellites of planets revolve around their planets in the prograde sense. (In the case of the satellites of Uranus, this means they revolve in the same sense as Uranus's rotation, which is retrograde relative to the Sun.) There are some satellites which orbit in the retrograde sense, but these are generally small and distant from their planets, except for Neptune's satellite Triton, which is large and close. It is thought that these retrograde satellites, including Triton, are bodies which have been captured into orbit around their planets, having been formed elsewhere.

text: In our

text: Solar System

text: , all of the

text: planet

text: s and most of the other objects that orbit the

text: Sun

text: , with the exception of many

text: comet

text: s, do so in the "prograde" direction, i.e. the same sense as the rotation of the Sun. Also the rotations of most planets are prograde, with the exceptions of

text: Venus

text: and

text: Uranus

text: , which have retrograde rotations. Most

text: satellites

text: of planets revolve around their planets in the prograde sense. (In the case of the satellites of Uranus, this means they revolve in the same sense as Uranus's rotation, which is retrograde relative to the Sun.) There are some satellites which orbit in the retrograde sense, but these are generally small and distant from their planets, except for

text: Neptune

text: 's satellite

text: Triton

text: , which is large and close. It is thought that these retrograde satellites, including Triton, are bodies which have been captured into orbit around their planets, having been formed elsewhere.

text: Ring of Saturn is an extended play by Goldie released on 23 November 1998.

text: Ring of Saturn is an

text: extended play

text: by

text: Goldie

text: released on 23 November 1998.

text: Tholins also occur on the dwarf planet Pluto and its moon Charon and are responsible for their red colors as well as the blue tint of Pluto's atmosphere.

text: Tholins also occur on the

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: and its moon

text: Charon

text: and are responsible for their red colors as well as the blue tint of Pluto's atmosphere.

text: However, using a Hohmann transfer orbit, it might take decades for a spaceship to travel to the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and it requires a very large delta-v budget, because the spacecraft would have to travel for 800 million km (500 million miles) or more against the force of the Sun's gravity. Therefore, as gravitational assist maneuvers offer a way to gain speed without using  propellant, all missions to the outer planets have used them.

text: However, using a Hohmann transfer orbit, it might take decades for a spaceship to travel to the outer planets (

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ) and it requires a very large

text: delta-v budget

text: , because the spacecraft would have to travel for 800 million km (500 million miles) or more against the force of the Sun's gravity. Therefore, as gravitational assist maneuvers offer a way to gain speed without using  propellant, all missions to the outer planets have used them.

text: Hypnota uses this new talent both in her stage act and in crime, including the selling of her mesmerized victims to slave merchants from the planet Saturn. Hypnota hypnotizes her twin sister, Serva, into becoming her assistant on stage and in crime. When Saturn's slave trade in Earthlings is banned as part of a peace treaty with Earth, Hypnota, hoping to revitalize her source of revenue, steals America's contingency defense plans against the ringed world in order to foment hostility and break the treaty. Her warmongering efforts attract the attention of the heroic Wonder Woman. Hypnota battles Wonder Woman with the unwilling aid of Hypnota's twin sister Serva. Hypnota hypnotizes Wonder Woman a number of times before making the hypnosis making her publicly humiliate herself before helping her in her crimes and warmongering. Wonder Woman breaks free of Hypnota's control, frees Serva from hypnosis and stops Hypnota with the aid of a mirror causing Hypnota to hypnotize herself.

text: Hypnota uses this new talent both in her stage act and in crime, including the selling of her mesmerized victims to slave merchants from the planet

text: Saturn

text: . Hypnota hypnotizes her twin sister, Serva, into becoming her assistant on stage and in crime. When Saturn's slave trade in Earthlings is banned as part of a peace treaty with

text: Earth

text: , Hypnota, hoping to revitalize her source of revenue, steals America's contingency defense plans against the ringed world in order to foment hostility and break the treaty. Her warmongering efforts attract the attention of the heroic

text: Wonder Woman

text: . Hypnota battles Wonder Woman with the unwilling aid of Hypnota's twin sister Serva. Hypnota hypnotizes Wonder Woman a number of times before making the hypnosis making her publicly humiliate herself before helping her in her crimes and warmongering. Wonder Woman breaks free of Hypnota's control, frees Serva from hypnosis and stops Hypnota with the aid of a mirror causing Hypnota to hypnotize herself.

text: The climate of the village is somewhat extreme in nature, i.e. quite hot during the summer and fairly cold during the winter. January is the coldest month when the mean minimum temperature comes down to approximately 4 degree C. The temperature starts rising from March and reaches its peak in May when the mercury touches about 45 degree C. Rain starts sometime in mid June and lasts till mid September. The district gets easterly winds from June to September, and from October to May wind direction reverses. Maximum rains occur during the months of July and August (289 mm).

text: Saturn was one of five combat stores ships operated by Military Sealift Command. She provided fuel, food, ammunition and ocean towing services to U.S. Navy ships around the world. Saturn carried virtually every type of food and supply needed by Navy ships. Saturn carried spare and repair parts for other ships and aircraft and also had a limited capability to transfer fuel to other Navy ships at sea. Supplies and fuel are transferred to other ships using lines and hoses suspended above the water to another ship as the ships move forward at the same speed and sometimes less than 50 feet apart.

text: Saturn was one of five

text: combat stores ship

text: s operated by Military Sealift Command. She provided fuel, food, ammunition and ocean towing services to

text: U.S. Navy

text: ships around the world. Saturn carried virtually every type of food and supply needed by Navy ships. Saturn carried spare and repair parts for other ships and aircraft and also had a limited capability to transfer fuel to other Navy ships at sea. Supplies and fuel are transferred to other ships using lines and hoses suspended above the water to another ship as the ships move forward at the same speed and sometimes less than 50 feet apart.

text: The next ring is named the Le Verrier ring after Urbain Le Verrier, who predicted Neptune's position in 1846. With an orbital radius of about 53,200 km, it is narrow, with a width of about 113 km. Its normal optical depth is 0.0062 ± 0.0015, which corresponds to an equivalent depth of 0.7 ± 0.2 km. The dust fraction in the Le Verrier ring ranges from 40% to 70%. The small moon Despina, which orbits just inside of it at 52,526 km, may play a role in the ring's confinement by acting as a shepherd.

text: The next ring is named the Le Verrier ring after

text: Urbain Le Verrier

text: , who predicted Neptune's position in 1846. With an orbital radius of about 53,200 km, it is narrow, with a width of about 113 km. Its normal optical depth is 0.0062 ± 0.0015, which corresponds to an equivalent depth of 0.7 ± 0.2 km. The dust fraction in the Le Verrier ring ranges from 40% to 70%. The small moon

text: Despina

text: , which orbits just inside of it at 52,526 km, may play a role in the ring's confinement by acting as a

text: shepherd

text: Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

text: Space transport

text: is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a

text: spacecraft

text: . While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

text: Pluto is the Olympian god of the Underworld, death, and the dead, and is the Monarch of Hades. Much of the character's story parallels that of traditional Greek Myth. To wit, after defeating their father Cronus, Pluto and his brothers Zeus and Neptune as well as his sisters Hera, Hestia and Demeter drew lots to divide Cronus' empire among them. Pluto gained control of the Underworld as the judge of the dead. However, in the Marvel Universe, Pluto is a scheming god that plans to overthrow Zeus, which no Greek Myth supports.

text: Pluto is the Olympian god of the Underworld, death, and the dead, and is the Monarch of Hades. Much of the character's story parallels that of traditional

text: Greek Myth

text: . To wit, after defeating their father

text: Cronus

text: , Pluto and his brothers Zeus and

text: Neptune

text: as well as his sisters

text: Hera

text: Hestia

text: and Demeter drew lots to divide Cronus' empire among them. Pluto gained control of the

text: Underworld

text: as the judge of the dead. However, in the

text: Marvel Universe

text: , Pluto is a scheming god that plans to overthrow Zeus, which no Greek Myth supports.

text: The minor planet was named by the Minor Planet Names Committee for the creature Pholus, a centaur from Greek mythology, like his brother Chiron, after which 2060 Chiron was named, in order to follow the tradition of naming this class of outer planet-crossing objects after centaurs. Pholus died by a self-inflicted wound from a poisoned arrow used by Heracles (see 5143 Heracles), who buried Pholus on the mountain Pholoe. Naming citation was published on 14 July 1992 (M.P.C. 20523).

text: The minor planet was named by the Minor Planet Names Committee for the creature

text: Pholus

text: , a

text: centaur

text: from

text: Greek mythology

text: , like his brother

text: Chiron

text: , after which

text: 2060 Chiron

text: was named, in order to follow the tradition of naming this class of outer planet-crossing objects after centaurs. Pholus died by a self-inflicted wound from a poisoned arrow used by

text: Heracles

text: (see

text: 5143 Heracles

text: ), who buried Pholus on the mountain Pholoe. Naming citation was published on 14 July 1992 (

text: M.P.C.

text: The Voyager 2 closest approach to Jupiter occurred on July 9, 1979. It came within  of the planet's cloud tops. It discovered a few rings around Jupiter, as well as volcanic activity on the moon Io.

text: The Voyager 2 closest approach to Jupiter occurred on July 9, 1979. It came within  of the planet's cloud tops. It discovered a few

text: rings around Jupiter

text: , as well as volcanic activity on the moon

text: Io

text: In 2003, NASA conducted a conceptual study called "Human Outer Planets Exploration" (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the outer solar system. The possibility was mooted of building a surface base on Callisto, because of the low radiation levels at the moon's distance from Jupiter and its geological stability. Callisto is the only one of Jupiter's Galilean satellites for which human exploration is feasible. The levels of ionizing radiation on Io, Europa and Ganymede are inimical to human life, and adequate protective measures have yet to be devised.

text: In 2003,

text: NASA

text: conducted a conceptual study called "Human Outer Planets Exploration" (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the

text: outer solar system

text: . The possibility was mooted of building a surface base on Callisto, because of the low radiation levels at the moon's distance from Jupiter and its geological stability. Callisto is the only one of Jupiter's Galilean satellites for which human exploration is feasible. The levels of

text: ionizing radiation

text: on Io, Europa and Ganymede are inimical to human life, and adequate protective measures have yet to be devised.

text: Pluto has five known natural satellites: Charon, first identified in 1978 by astronomer James Christy; Nix and Hydra, both discovered in 2005; Kerberos, discovered in 2011; and Styx, discovered in 2012. The satellites' orbits are circular (eccentricity < 0.006) and coplanar with Pluto's equator (inclination < 1°), and therefore tilted approximately 120° relative to Pluto's orbit. The Plutonian system is highly compact: the five known satellites orbit within the inner 3% of the region where prograde orbits would be stable. Closest to Pluto is Charon, which is large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium and to cause the barycenter of the Pluto–Charon system to be outside Pluto. Beyond Charon there are four much smaller circumbinary moons, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.

text: Pluto has five known

text: natural satellite

text: s:

text: Charon

text: , first identified in 1978 by astronomer

text: James Christy

text: Nix

text: and

text: Hydra

text: , both discovered in 2005;

text: Kerberos

text: , discovered in 2011; and

text: Styx

text: , discovered in 2012. The satellites' orbits are circular (eccentricity < 0.006) and coplanar with Pluto's equator (inclination < 1°), and therefore tilted approximately 120° relative to Pluto's orbit. The Plutonian system is highly compact: the five known satellites orbit within the inner 3% of the region where

text: prograde orbit

text: s would be stable. Closest to Pluto is Charon, which is large enough to be in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: and to cause the

text: barycenter

text: of the Pluto–Charon system to be outside Pluto. Beyond Charon there are four much smaller

text: circumbinary

text: moons, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra.

text: There are 67 known moons of Jupiter. This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 63 moons and its rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.

text: There are 67 known moons of Jupiter. This gives

text: Jupiter

text: the largest number of

text: moons

text: with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the

text: Solar System

text: . The most massive of the moons are the four

text: Galilean moons

text: , which were independently discovered in 1610 by

text: Galileo Galilei

text: and

text: Simon Marius

text: and were

entity_name: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

text: the first objects

text: found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the

text: Roman god

text: Jupiter

text: or his

text: Greek equivalent

text: Zeus

text: . The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 63 moons and

text: its rings

text: together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.

text: When a planet was engulfed, the Helatrobans attacked it with "little orange-colored bombs that would talk", and the clouds themselves would speak: "And here you'd have a gray cloud going by and it'd be saying, 'Hark! Hark! Hark!' you see? 'Watch out! Look out! Who's there? Who's that?'".

text: A secondary atmosphere is an atmosphere of a planet that did not form by accretion during the formation of the planet's star. A secondary atmosphere instead forms from internal volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts. It is characteristic of terrestrial planets, which includes Earth and the other terrestrial planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's.

text: A secondary atmosphere is an

text: atmosphere

text: of a

text: planet

text: that did not form by

text: accretion

text: during the formation of the planet's

text: star

text: . A secondary atmosphere instead forms from internal

text: volcanic

text: activity, or by accumulation of material from

text: comet

text: impacts. It is characteristic of

text: terrestrial planet

text: s, which includes

text: Earth

text: and the other terrestrial planets in the

text: Solar System

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: , and

text: Mars

text: . Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to

text: primary atmosphere

text: s like

text: Jupiter

text: 's.

text: In a 2014 letter to the journal Nature, astronomers Chad Trujillo and Scott S. Sheppard inferred the possible existence of a massive trans-Neptunian planet from similarities in the orbits of the distant trans-Neptunian objects Sedna and . On 20 January 2016, researchers Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown at Caltech explained how a massive outer planet would be the likeliest explanation for the similarities in orbits of six distant objects, and they proposed specific orbital parameters. The predicted planet would be a super-Earth, with an estimated mass of 10 Earths (approximately 5,000 times the mass of Pluto), a diameter two to four times that of Earth, and a highly elliptical orbit with an orbital period of approximately 15,000 years.

text: In a 2014 letter to the journal

text: Nature

text: , astronomers

text: Chad Trujillo

text: and

text: Scott S. Sheppard

text: inferred the possible existence of a massive trans-Neptunian planet from similarities in the orbits of the distant trans-Neptunian objects

text: Sedna

text: and . On 20 January 2016, researchers

text: Konstantin Batygin

text: and

text: Michael E. Brown

text: at

text: Caltech

text: explained how a massive outer planet would be the likeliest explanation for the similarities in orbits of six distant objects, and they proposed specific orbital parameters. The predicted planet would be a

text: super-Earth

text: , with an estimated mass of 10 Earths (approximately 5,000 times the mass of

text: Pluto

text: ), a diameter two to four times that of Earth, and a highly

text: elliptical orbit

text: with an orbital period of approximately 15,000 years.

text: These items are also known to have astrological correlations to planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Sun and Moon.

text: In extreme circumstances during the winter, truly cold, dense, air occasionally flows from the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico through the Chivela Pass in the Sierra Madres, into the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific side. These winds can be strong enough to sandblast paint off ships at sea.

text: In extreme circumstances during the winter, truly cold, dense, air occasionally flows from the

text: Bay of Campeche

text: in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: through the Chivela Pass in the Sierra Madres, into the

text: Gulf of Tehuantepec

text: on the Pacific side. These winds can be strong enough to sandblast paint off ships at sea.

text: The inner edge of the HZ is the distance where runaway greenhouse effect vaporize the whole water reservoir and, as a second effect, induce the photodissociation of water vapor and the loss of hydrogen to space. The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the star where adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere fails to keep the surface of the planet above the freezing point.

text: The inner edge of the HZ is the distance where

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: vaporize the whole water reservoir and, as a second effect, induce the photodissociation of water vapor and the loss of hydrogen to space. The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the star where adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere fails to keep the surface of the planet above the freezing point.

text: The overall structure of the charted regions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four relatively small inner planets surrounded by a belt of mostly rocky asteroids, and four giant planets surrounded by the Kuiper belt of mostly icy objects. Astronomers sometimes informally divide this structure into separate regions. The inner Solar System includes the four terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. The outer Solar System is beyond the asteroids, including the four giant planets. Since the discovery of the Kuiper belt, the outermost parts of the Solar System are considered a distinct region consisting of the objects beyond Neptune.

text: Neptune's mass of 1.0243 kg is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter. Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

text: Neptune's mass of 1.0243 kg is intermediate between Earth and the larger

text: gas giant

text: s: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Its

text: gravity

text: at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s, 1.14 times the

text: surface gravity

text: of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's

text: equator

text: ial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like

text: Uranus

text: , is an

text: ice giant

text: , a subclass of

text: giant planet

text: , due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of

text: volatiles

text: relative to Jupiter and

text: Saturn

text: . In the search for

text: extrasolar planet

text: s, Neptune has been used as a

text: metonym

text: : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

text: Ice cap climates are not nearly as common on land in the extreme northern latitudes as in Antarctica. This is because the Arctic Ocean moderates the temperatures of the surrounding land, making the extreme cold seen in Antarctica impossible. In fact, the coldest winters in the northern hemisphere are in subarctic climates in Siberia, such as Verkhoyansk, which are much farther inland and lack the ocean's moderating effect. This same lack of moderating oceanic effect, coupled with the extreme continentality of the Russian interior allows for very warm summers in the same areas that experience harsh winters. Conversely, ice cap climates in the high arctic remain below 10 degrees Celsius year-round and are the coldest places in the northern hemisphere by mean annual temperature. For example, Resolute and Eureka in Nunavut, Canada have markedly lower annual temperatures than anywhere in Russia or Scandinavia, even for example, Verhoyansk, Omyakon or Novaya Zemlya.

text: Ice cap climates are not nearly as common on land in the extreme northern latitudes as in Antarctica. This is because the Arctic Ocean moderates the temperatures of the surrounding land, making the extreme cold seen in Antarctica impossible. In fact, the coldest winters in the northern hemisphere are in

text: subarctic climates

text: in

text: Siberia

text: , such as

text: Verkhoyansk

text: , which are much farther inland and lack the ocean's moderating effect. This same lack of moderating oceanic effect, coupled with the extreme continentality of the Russian interior allows for very warm summers in the same areas that experience harsh winters. Conversely, ice cap climates in the high arctic remain below 10 degrees Celsius year-round and are the coldest places in the northern hemisphere by mean annual temperature. For example,

text: Resolute

text: and

text: Eureka

text: in

text: Nunavut, Canada

text: have markedly lower annual temperatures than anywhere in Russia or Scandinavia, even for example,

text: Verhoyansk

text: Omyakon

text: or

text: Novaya Zemlya

text: The abundant population of solid bodies orbiting Saturn including moons as well as ring particles exerts a strong influence on the magnetosphere of Saturn. The plasma in the magnetosphere co-rotates with the planet, continuously impinging on the trailing hemispheres of slowly moving moons. While ring particles and the majority of moons only passively absorb plasma and energetic charged particles, three moons – Enceladus, Dione and Titan – are significant sources of new plasma. The absorption of energetic electrons and ions reveals itself by noticeable gaps in the radiation belts of Saturn near the moon's orbits, while the dense rings of Saturn completely eliminate all energetic electrons and ions closer than 2.2 R, creating a low radiation zone in the vicinity of the planet. The absorption of the co-rotating plasma by a moon disturbs the magnetic field in its empty wake—the field is pulled towards a moon, creating a region of a stronger magnetic field in the near wake.

text: The abundant population of solid bodies orbiting Saturn including moons as well as ring particles exerts a strong influence on the magnetosphere of Saturn. The plasma in the magnetosphere co-rotates with the planet, continuously impinging on the trailing hemispheres of slowly moving moons. While ring particles and the majority of moons only passively absorb plasma and energetic charged particles, three moons – Enceladus, Dione and Titan – are significant sources of new plasma. The absorption of energetic electrons and ions reveals itself by noticeable gaps in the radiation belts of Saturn near the moon's orbits, while the dense rings of Saturn completely eliminate all energetic electrons and ions closer than 2.2 R, creating a low radiation zone in the vicinity of the planet. The absorption of the co-rotating plasma by a moon disturbs the magnetic field in its empty

text: wake

text: —the field is pulled towards a moon, creating a region of a stronger magnetic field in the near wake.

text: YM Uranus is a tanker registered under the Maltese flag. It was involved in a collision on 8 October 2010 off the coast of Brittany, France.

text: YM Uranus is a

text: tanker

text: registered under the

text: Maltese flag

text: . It was involved in a collision on 8 October 2010 off the coast of

text: Brittany

text: France

text: In addition to Venus, floating cities have been proposed in science fiction on several other planets. For example, floating cities might also permit settlement of the outer three gas giants, as the gas giants lack solid surfaces.  Jupiter is not promising for habitation due to its high gravity, escape velocity and radiation, but the solar system's other gas giants (Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) may be more practical.  In 1978, the British Interplanetary Society's Project Daedalus envisioned floating factories in the atmospheres of Jupiter refining helium-3 to produce fuel for an interstellar probe.  Michael McCollum notes that the "surface" gravity of Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's) is very close to that of Earth, and in his novel The Clouds of Saturn, he envisioned cities floating in the Saturnian atmosphere, where the buoyancy is provided by envelopes of hydrogen heated by fusion reactors. Uranus and Neptune also have "surface" gravities comparable to Earth's, and even lower escape velocities than Saturn. Cecelia Holland populated Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus with mutant humans, the Styth, in floating cities in her only SF novel, Floating Worlds (1975).

text: In addition to Venus, floating cities have been proposed in science fiction on several other planets. For example, floating cities might also permit settlement of the outer three

text: gas giant

text: s, as the gas giants lack solid surfaces.

text: Jupiter

text: is not promising for habitation due to its high

text: gravity

text: escape velocity

text: and

text: radiation

text: , but the

text: solar system

text: 's other gas giants (

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ) may be more practical.  In 1978, the

text: British Interplanetary Society

text: 's

text: Project Daedalus

text: envisioned floating factories in the atmospheres of Jupiter refining

text: to produce fuel for an

text: interstellar probe

text: Michael McCollum

text: notes that the "surface" gravity of Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's) is very close to that of Earth, and in his novel The Clouds of Saturn, he envisioned cities floating in the Saturnian atmosphere, where the buoyancy is provided by envelopes of

text: hydrogen

text: heated by

text: fusion reactors

text: . Uranus and Neptune also have "surface" gravities comparable to Earth's, and even lower escape velocities than Saturn.

text: Cecelia Holland

text: populated Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus with mutant humans, the Styth, in floating cities in her only SF novel, Floating Worlds (1975).

text: Jupiter mass ( or ) is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter (, 317.83 Earth mass; one Earth mass equals 0.00315 Jupiter masses). Jupiter mass is used to describe masses of the gas giants, such as the outer planets and extrasolar planets. It is also used in describing brown dwarfs.

text: Jupiter mass ( or ) is the unit of

text: mass

text: equal to the total mass of the planet

text: Jupiter

text: (, 317.83

text: Earth mass

text: ; one Earth mass equals 0.00315 Jupiter masses). Jupiter mass is used to describe masses of the

text: gas giant

text: s, such as the

text: outer planet

text: s and

text: extrasolar planet

text: s. It is also used in describing

text: brown dwarf

text: s.

text: Traditionally, the energies and manifestations of the planets were different based on their declination or motion; for the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the diurnal energy represents the planet in direct motion, while the nocturnal energy refers to the retrograde motion of the planets.  For the Moon, this was illustrated by the waxing or waning periods of the Moon, respectively; the Sun's figures were based on the Sun during the day (or northern declination) or during the night (southern declination).  The zodiacal rulerships followed from the diurnal or nocturnal planetary rulership: nocturnal figures are assigned earth and water signs, while diurnal figures are assigned fire and air signs.  The North Node is assigned, by Gerard of Cremona, to Sagittarius and the South Node to Virgo (for the sake of finding the ascendant in astrological traditions of geomancy).  Once the zodiacal rulerships were agreed upon, all the following correspondences followed upon the geomantic figures, including what part of the body they each ruled over, different countries, planetary hours, body and character types, and so on.

text: Traditionally, the energies and manifestations of the planets were different based on their

text: declination

text: or

text: motion

text: ; for the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the diurnal energy represents the planet in direct motion, while the nocturnal energy refers to the retrograde motion of the planets.  For the Moon, this was illustrated by the waxing or waning periods of the Moon, respectively; the Sun's figures were based on the Sun during the day (or northern declination) or during the night (southern declination).  The zodiacal rulerships followed from the diurnal or nocturnal planetary rulership: nocturnal figures are assigned earth and water signs, while diurnal figures are assigned fire and air signs.  The North Node is assigned, by Gerard of Cremona, to Sagittarius and the South Node to Virgo (for the sake of finding the ascendant in astrological traditions of geomancy).  Once the zodiacal rulerships were agreed upon, all the following correspondences followed upon the geomantic figures, including what part of the body they each ruled over, different countries,

text: planetary hours

text: , body and character types, and so on.

text: The ending theme, "Red Blue Yellow", consists of the planets in the solar system in order. At the time of the show's broadcast, Pluto was actually inside the orbit of Neptune. This was not reflected in the animation, the reason being that the show itself is set in the year 2050. Also, the rings of Jupiter had just been discovered the year before, so in the ending animation, Jupiter is depicted with rings. However, in contrast to the actual rings of Jupiter, which are too thin to see a shadow cast on the planet, the picture of Jupiter in the ending sequence does have the shadow of rings on it.

text: The ending theme, "Red Blue Yellow", consists of the planets in the

text: solar system

text: in order. At the time of the show's broadcast,

text: Pluto

text: was actually inside the orbit of

text: Neptune

text: . This was not reflected in the animation, the reason being that the show itself is set in the year 2050. Also, the rings of Jupiter had just been discovered the year before, so in the ending animation, Jupiter is depicted with rings. However, in contrast to the actual rings of Jupiter, which are too thin to see a shadow cast on the planet, the picture of Jupiter in the ending sequence does have the shadow of rings on it.

text: Mystara is a hollow planet, with a habitable surface on its interior called the Hollow World. This world is lit by an eternal red sun at the center of Mystara, and serves as a "cultural museum," preserving the societies that have become extinct in the outer world. The existence of the Hollow World is not, in general, known to the inhabitants of the outer world. The poles are actually huge, subtly curving holes that allow passage between the outer and inner world, although it is a long, hard trek through a cold, unlit, stormy and anti-magic area. The curvature of the holes is so subtle that explorers from either surface do not notice the transition until after it is already made, causing quite a shock for most.

text: Mystara is a hollow planet, with a habitable surface on its interior called the

text: Hollow World

text: . This world is lit by an eternal red sun at the center of Mystara, and serves as a "cultural museum," preserving the societies that have become extinct in the outer world. The existence of the Hollow World is not, in general, known to the inhabitants of the outer world. The poles are actually huge, subtly curving holes that allow passage between the outer and inner world, although it is a long, hard trek through a cold, unlit, stormy and anti-magic area. The curvature of the holes is so subtle that explorers from either surface do not notice the transition until after it is already made, causing quite a shock for most.

text: Charles' and Ethel's daughter, Venetia Phair, is famed for proposing the name Pluto for the erstwhile planet, at the tender age of 11.

text: Charles' and Ethel's daughter,

text: Venetia Phair

text: , is famed for proposing the name

text: Pluto

text: for the erstwhile planet, at the tender age of 11.

text: As some other planets emit cyclotron radiation too, AKR could be used to learn more about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and to detect extrasolar planets.

text: As some other planets emit cyclotron radiation too, AKR could be used to learn more about

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , and to detect

text: extrasolar planet

text: s.

text: After the cancellation, the "Voyager" name was recycled for the Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 probes to the outer planets, with the latter probe, Voyager 2 (Mariner 12), completing another ambitious post-Apollo project, the "Grand Tour". The Saturn V had also been planned at one point as the launch vehicle for an upscaled probe for this mission.

text: After the cancellation, the "Voyager" name was recycled for the

text: Mariner 11

text: and

text: Mariner 12

text: probes to the outer planets, with the latter probe, Voyager 2 (Mariner 12), completing another ambitious post-Apollo project, the "

text: Grand Tour

text: ". The Saturn V had also been planned at one point as the launch vehicle for an upscaled probe for this mission.

text: Tidal heating (also known as tidal working) occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the crust of the moons and planets involved. Io has a similar mass and size as the Moon, but Io is the most geologically active body in the Solar System. This is caused by the heating mechanism of Io. The major heating source of Earth and its moon is radioactive heating, but the heating source on Io is tidal heating. As Jupiter is very massive, the side of Io nearest to Jupiter has a slightly larger gravitational pull than the opposite side. This difference in gravitational forces cause distortion of Io’s shape. Differently from the Earth’s only moon, Jupiter has several moons (i.e. Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto). As Io is the innermost moon of Jupiter, Jupiter pulls Io inward and other moons pull Io outward. This causes Io’s orbit to be elliptical and eccentric. The distance between Jupiter and Io changes all the time and the distortion of Io likewise changes all the time. The constant change in the shape of Io results in a large amount of friction in the moon and the friction-induced heating drives strong volcanic activities on the surface of Io.

text: Tidal heating

text: (also known as tidal working) occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital and rotational energy are dissipated as heat in the crust of the moons and planets involved. Io has a similar mass and size as the

text: Moon

text: , but

text: Io

text: is the most geologically active body in the

text: Solar System

text: . This is caused by the heating mechanism of Io. The major heating source of Earth and its moon is radioactive heating, but the heating source on Io is

text: tidal heating

text: . As Jupiter is very massive, the side of Io nearest to

text: Jupiter

text: has a slightly larger gravitational pull than the opposite side. This difference in gravitational forces cause distortion of Io’s shape. Differently from the Earth’s only moon, Jupiter has several moons (i.e. Io,

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Callisto

text: ). As Io is the innermost moon of Jupiter, Jupiter pulls Io inward and other moons pull Io outward. This causes Io’s orbit to be elliptical and

text: eccentric

text: . The distance between Jupiter and Io changes all the time and the distortion of Io likewise changes all the time. The constant change in the shape of Io results in a large amount of friction in the moon and the friction-induced heating drives strong volcanic activities on the surface of Io.

text: Kepler-16b is a gas giant, an exoplanet that is near the same mass and radius as the planets Jupiter and Saturn. It has a temperature of . The planet has a radius of 0.77 , slightly larger than Saturn, and has no solid surface.

text: Kepler-16b is a

text: gas giant

text: , an exoplanet that is near the same mass and radius as the planets

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: . It has a temperature of . The planet has a radius of 0.77 , slightly larger than

text: Saturn

text: , and has no solid surface.

text: Ehricke was an accomplished practitioner in the field of astrodynamics and its applications.  His two-volume work entitled Space Flight is probably the most complete and surely the most useful introduction to this complex subject ever written.  It focuses on methods for exploration of the solar system.  He clearly demonstrated the so-called "gravity assist" method for utilizing hyperbolic encounters with an intermediate planet to increase (or decrease) the velocity and orbital elements of a space vehicle.  This technique had opened the entire solar system to robotic exploration by using what he called "Instrumented Comets."  Examples include the Voyager missions to the outer planets and the recent successful New Horizons mission to Pluto. His contribution to this important field of exploration has been neglected for many decades and incorrect claims of "invention" of what is now called gravity assist were made by Minovitch.

text: In 1441, King Sejong's son, Prince Munjong, invented the first standardized rain gauge. These were sent throughout the Joseon Dynasty of Korea as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest. In 1450, Leone Battista Alberti developed a swinging-plate anemometer, and was known as the first anemometer. In 1607, Galileo Galilei constructed a thermoscope. In 1611, Johannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)". In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer. In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the "centigrade" temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale. In 1783, the first hair hygrometer was demonstrated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure. In 1802–1803, Luke Howard wrote On the Modification of Clouds, in which he assigns cloud types Latin names. In 1806, Francis Beaufort introduced his system for classifying wind speeds. Near the end of the 19th century the first cloud atlases were published, including the International Cloud Atlas, which has remained in print ever since. The April 1960 launch of the first successful weather satellite, TIROS-1, marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally.

text: In 1441,

text: King Sejong

text: 's son, Prince Munjong, invented the first standardized

text: rain gauge

text: . These were sent throughout the

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: of

text: Korea

text: as an official tool to assess land taxes based upon a farmer's potential harvest. In 1450,

text: Leone Battista Alberti

text: developed a swinging-plate

text: anemometer

text: , and was known as the first anemometer. In 1607,

text: Galileo Galilei

text: constructed a

text: thermoscope

text: . In 1611,

text: Johannes Kepler

text: wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)". In 1643,

text: Evangelista Torricelli

text: invented the mercury

text: barometer

text: . In 1662, Sir

text: Christopher Wren

text: invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714,

text: Gabriel Fahrenheit

text: created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742,

text: Anders Celsius

text: , a Swedish astronomer, proposed the "centigrade" temperature scale, the predecessor of the current

text: Celsius

text: scale. In 1783, the first hair

text: hygrometer

text: was demonstrated by

text: Horace-Bénédict de Saussure

text: . In 1802–1803,

text: Luke Howard

text: wrote On the Modification of Clouds, in which he assigns

text: cloud types

text: Latin

text: names. In 1806,

text: Francis Beaufort

text: introduced his

text: system for classifying wind speeds

text: . Near the end of the 19th century the first

text: cloud atlas

text: es were published, including the

text: International Cloud Atlas

text: , which has remained in print ever since. The April 1960 launch of the first successful

text: weather satellite

text: , marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally.

text: Thus, Earth became included in the list of planets, whereas the Sun and Moon were excluded. At first, when the first satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were discovered in the 17th century, the terms "planet" and "satellite" were used interchangeably – although the latter would gradually become more prevalent in the following century. Until the mid-19th century, the number of "planets" rose rapidly because any newly discovered object directly orbiting the Sun was listed as a planet by the scientific community.

text: The separation between the A Ring and the F Ring has been named the Roche Division in honor of the French physicist Édouard Roche. The Roche Division should not be confused with the Roche limit, a physical concept that describes when a large object gets so close to a planet (such as Saturn) that the planet's tidal forces will pull it apart. Lying at the outer edge of the main ring system, the Roche Division is in fact close to Saturn's Roche limit, which is why the rings have been unable to accrete into a moon.

text: The separation between the

text: A Ring

text: and the

text: F Ring

text: has been named the Roche Division in honor of the French physicist

text: Édouard Roche

text: . The Roche Division should not be confused with the

text: Roche limit

text: , a physical concept that describes when a large object gets so close to a planet (such as Saturn) that the planet's

text: tidal force

text: s will pull it apart. Lying at the outer edge of the main ring system, the Roche Division is in fact close to Saturn's Roche limit, which is why the rings have been unable to

text: accrete

text: into a moon.

text: Rydberg matter consists of usually hexagonal planar clusters; these cannot be very big because of the retardation effect caused by the finite velocity of the speed of light. Hence, they are not gases or plasmas; nor are they solids or liquids; they are most similar to dusty plasmas with small clusters in a gas. Though Rydberg matter can be studied in the laboratory by laser probing, the largest cluster reported consists of only 91 atoms, but it has been shown to be behind extended clouds in space and the upper atmosphere of planets. Bonding in Rydberg matter is caused by delocalisation of the high-energy electrons to form an overall lower energy state. The way in which the electrons delocalise is to form standing waves on loops surrounding nuclei, creating quantised angular momentum and the defining characteristics of Rydberg matter. It is a generalised metal by way of the quantum numbers influencing loop size but restricted by the bonding requirement for strong electron correlation; it shows exchange-correlation properties similar to covalent bonding. Electronic excitation and vibrational motion of these bonds can be studied by Raman spectroscopy.

text: Rydberg matter consists of usually hexagonal planar

text: clusters

text: ; these cannot be very big because of the

text: retardation effect

text: caused by the finite velocity of the speed of light. Hence, they are not gases or plasmas; nor are they solids or liquids; they are most similar to

text: dusty plasma

text: s with small clusters in a gas. Though Rydberg matter can be studied in the laboratory by

text: laser probing

text: , the largest cluster reported consists of only 91 atoms, but it has been shown to be behind extended clouds in space and the upper atmosphere of planets. Bonding in Rydberg matter is caused by

text: delocalisation

text: of the high-energy electrons to form an overall lower energy state. The way in which the electrons delocalise is to form standing waves on loops surrounding nuclei, creating quantised angular momentum and the defining characteristics of Rydberg matter. It is a generalised metal by way of the quantum numbers influencing loop size but restricted by the bonding requirement for strong electron correlation; it shows exchange-correlation properties similar to covalent bonding. Electronic excitation and vibrational motion of these bonds can be studied by

text: Raman spectroscopy

text: On June 21, 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting the star was announced. The planets, a super-Earth and a "mini-Neptune" are unusual in that they have very close orbits; their semi-major axes differ by only 0.013 AU. The outer planet orbits only 11% further than the inner one. Coupled with masses significantly higher than Earth, their gravitational influence to each other is significant, meaning that their interaction causes extreme transit timing variations for both. Kepler-36b and c have estimated densities of 6.8 and 0.86 g/cm, respectively. The two planets are close to a 7:6 orbital resonance.

text: On June 21, 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting the star was announced. The planets, a

text: super-Earth

text: and a "

text: mini-Neptune

text: " are unusual in that they have very close orbits; their

text: semi-major axes

text: differ by only 0.013

text: AU

text: . The outer planet orbits only 11% further than the inner one. Coupled with masses significantly higher than Earth, their gravitational influence to each other is significant, meaning that their interaction causes extreme

text: transit timing variation

text: s for both. Kepler-36b and c have estimated densities of 6.8 and 0.86 g/cm, respectively. The two planets are close to a 7:6

text: orbital resonance

text: The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered (as "arcs") in 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet, Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory, and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by U.S. Astronomer William Hubbard.

text: The rings of

text: Neptune

text: consist primarily of five principal

text: rings

text: and were first discovered (as "arcs") in 1984 in Chile by

text: Patrice Bouchet

text: , Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at

text: La Silla Observatory

text: (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from

text: Paris Observatory

text: , and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by U.S. Astronomer William Hubbard.

text: Finally, aerobots might be used to explore the atmosphere of Jupiter and possibly the other gaseous outer planets. As the atmospheres of these planets are largely composed of hydrogen, and since there is no lighter gas than hydrogen, such an aerobot would have to be a Montgolfiere. As sunlight is weak at such distances, the aerobot would obtain most of its heating from infrared energy radiated by the planet below.

text: Finally, aerobots might be used to explore the atmosphere of Jupiter and possibly the other gaseous

text: outer planet

text: s. As the atmospheres of these planets are largely composed of hydrogen, and since there is no lighter gas than hydrogen, such an aerobot would have to be a

text: Montgolfiere

text: . As sunlight is weak at such distances, the aerobot would obtain most of its heating from infrared energy radiated by the planet below.

text: Neso ( ; Greek: Νησώ), also known as Neptune XIII, is the outermost natural satellite of Neptune. It is an Irregular moon discovered by Matthew J. Holman, Brett J. Gladman, et al. on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003. Neso orbits Neptune at a distance of more than 48 Gm (million km), making it (as of 2015) the most distant known moon of any planet. At apocenter, the satellite is more than 72 Gm from Neptune. This distance is of such an order that it exceeds Mercury's aphelion, which is approximately 70 Gm from the Sun.

text: Neso ( ; Greek: Νησώ), also known as Neptune XIII, is the outermost

text: natural satellite

text: of

text: Neptune

text: . It is an

text: Irregular moon

text: discovered by

text: Matthew J. Holman

text: Brett J. Gladman

text: , et al. on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003. Neso orbits Neptune at a distance of more than 48

text: G

text: m (million

text: km

text: ), making it (as of 2015) the most distant known moon of any planet. At

text: apocenter

text: , the satellite is more than 72 Gm from Neptune. This distance is of such an order that it exceeds Mercury's

text: aphelion

text: , which is approximately 70 Gm from the

text: Sun

text: According to Charles Bourland, a consultant for the NASA Food Technology Commercial Space Center, if one burps in outer space, it is usually wet because the liquid and gas do not separate in the stomach like they do on Earth.

text: According to Charles Bourland, a consultant for the

text: NASA Food Technology Commercial Space Center

text: , if one burps in

text: outer space

text: , it is usually wet because the

text: liquid

text: and

text: gas

text: do not separate in the

text: stomach

text: like they do on Earth.

text: The Cassini Division is a  wide region between Saturn's A Ring and B Ring. It was discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Cassini at the Paris Observatory using a refracting telescope that had a 2.5 inch objective lens with a 20 foot long focal length and a 90x magnification. From Earth it appears as a thin black gap in the rings. However, Voyager discovered that the gap is itself populated by ring material bearing much similarity to the C Ring. The division may appear bright in views of the unlit side of the rings, since the relatively low density of material allows more light to be transmitted through the thickness of the rings (see second image in gallery).

text: The Cassini Division is a  wide region between Saturn's

text: A Ring

text: and

text: B Ring

text: . It was discovered in 1675 by

text: Giovanni Cassini

text: at the

text: Paris Observatory

text: using a

text: refracting telescope

text: that had a 2.5 inch

text: objective lens

text: with a 20 foot long

text: focal length

text: and a 90x

text: magnification

text: . From Earth it appears as a thin black gap in the rings. However, Voyager discovered that the gap is itself populated by ring material bearing much similarity to the

text: C Ring

text: . The division may appear bright in views of the unlit side of the rings, since the relatively low density of material allows more light to be transmitted through the thickness of the rings (see second image in

text: gallery

text: Nineteen moons are known to be massive enough to have relaxed into a rounded shape under their own gravity, and seven of them are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. They are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but are not dwarf planets because they do not directly orbit the Sun. The seven that are more massive than Eris are the Moon, the four Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), one moon of Saturn (Titan), and one moon of Neptune (Triton). The others are six moons of Saturn (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, and Iapetus), five moons of Uranus (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon), and one moon of Pluto (Charon). There are additional possibilities among TNOs, including Dysnomia orbiting Eris. Alan Stern calls these moons "satellite planets", one of three categories of planet together with dwarf planets and classical planets. The term planemo ("planetary-mass object") covers all three.

text: Nineteen

text: moons

text: are known to be massive enough to have relaxed into a rounded shape under their own gravity, and seven of them are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. They are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but are not dwarf planets because they do not directly orbit the Sun. The seven that are more massive than Eris are the

text: Moon

text: , the four

text: Galilean moons

text: of Jupiter (

text: Io

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: , and

text: Callisto

text: ), one moon of Saturn (

text: Titan

text: ), and one moon of Neptune (

text: Triton

text: ). The others are six moons of Saturn (

text: Mimas

text: Enceladus

text: Tethys

text: Dione

text: Rhea

text: , and

text: Iapetus

text: ), five moons of Uranus (

text: Miranda

text: Ariel

text: Umbriel

text: Titania

text: , and

text: Oberon

text: ), and one moon of Pluto (

text: Charon

text: ). There are additional possibilities among TNOs, including

text: Dysnomia

text: orbiting Eris. Alan Stern calls these moons "satellite planets", one of three categories of planet together with dwarf planets and classical planets. The term

text: planemo

text: ("planetary-mass object") covers all three.

text: In the 1960s, American aerospace engineer Gary Flandro of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory conceived of a mission, known as the Planetary Grand Tour, that would exploit a rare alignment of the outer planets of the Solar System. This mission would ultimately be accomplished in the late 1970s by the two Voyager probes, but in order to prepare for it, NASA decided in 1964 to experiment with launching a pair of probes to the outer Solar System. An advocacy group named the Outer Space Panel and chaired by American space scientist James A. Van Allen, worked out the scientific rationale for exploring the outer planets. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center put together a proposal for a pair of "Galactic Jupiter Probes" that would pass through the asteroid belt and visit Jupiter. These were to be launched in 1972 and 1973 during favorable windows that occurred only a few weeks every 13 months. Launch during other time intervals would have been more costly in terms of propellant requirements.

text: In the 1960s, American aerospace engineer

text: Gary Flandro

text: of the NASA

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: conceived of a mission, known as the

text: Planetary Grand Tour

text: , that would exploit a rare alignment of the outer planets of the Solar System. This mission would ultimately be accomplished in the late 1970s by the two

text: Voyager

text: probes, but in order to prepare for it, NASA decided in 1964 to experiment with launching a pair of probes to the

text: outer Solar System

text: . An advocacy group named the Outer Space Panel and chaired by American space scientist

text: James A. Van Allen

text: , worked out the scientific rationale for exploring the outer planets. NASA

text: Goddard

text: Spaceflight Center put together a proposal for a pair of "Galactic Jupiter Probes" that would pass through the asteroid belt and visit Jupiter. These were to be launched in 1972 and 1973 during favorable windows that occurred only a few weeks every 13 months. Launch during other time intervals would have been more costly in terms of propellant requirements.

text: Hawalius, was home to oracles, seers, soothsayers and take-away pizza shops, but was being Plutoed by time-travelling journalists, taking away the planet's trade. Arthur Dent travelled there and met the smelly Old Woman in the Cave (with a solar-powered photocopier) and the Old Man on the Poles in .

text: Hawalius, was home to oracles, seers, soothsayers and take-away pizza shops, but was being

text: Plutoed

text: by time-travelling journalists, taking away the planet's trade. Arthur Dent travelled there and met the smelly

text: Old Woman in the Cave

text: (with a solar-powered photocopier) and the

text: Old Man on the Poles

text: in .

text: The first mention of rings around Neptune dates back to 1846 when William Lassell, the discoverer of Neptune's largest moon Triton, thought he had seen a ring around the planet. However, his claim was never confirmed and it is likely that it was an observational artifact. The first reliable detection of a ring was made in 1968 by stellar occultation, although that result would go unnoticed until 1977 when the rings of Uranus were discovered. Soon after the Uranus discovery, a team from Villanova University led by Harold J. Reitsema began searching for rings around Neptune. On 24 May 1981, they detected a dip in a star's brightness during one occultation; however, the manner in which the star dimmed did not suggest a ring. Later, after the Voyager fly-by, it was found that the occultation was due to the small Neptunian moon Larissa, a highly unusual event.

text: The first mention of rings around Neptune dates back to 1846 when

text: William Lassell

text: , the discoverer of Neptune's largest moon

text: Triton

text: , thought he had seen a ring around the planet. However, his claim was never confirmed and it is likely that it was an

text: observational artifact

text: . The first reliable detection of a ring was made in 1968 by stellar

text: occultation

text: , although that result would go unnoticed until 1977 when the

text: rings of Uranus

text: were discovered. Soon after the Uranus discovery, a team from

text: Villanova University

text: led by

text: Harold J. Reitsema

text: began searching for rings around Neptune. On 24 May 1981, they detected a dip in a star's brightness during one occultation; however, the manner in which the star dimmed did not suggest a ring. Later, after the Voyager fly-by, it was found that the occultation was due to the small Neptunian moon

text: Larissa

text: , a highly unusual event.

text: For example, the abundance of oxygen in pure water can be measured in two ways: the mass fraction is about 89%, because that is the fraction of water's mass which is oxygen. However, the mole-fraction is 33.3333...%  because only 1 atom of 3 in water, HO, is oxygen. As another example, looking at the mass-fraction abundance of hydrogen and helium in both the Universe as a whole and in the atmospheres of gas-giant planets such as Jupiter, it is 74% for hydrogen and 23–25% for helium; while the (atomic) mole-fraction for hydrogen is 92%, and for helium is 8%, in these environments. Changing the given environment to  Jupiter's outer atmosphere, where hydrogen is diatomic while helium is not, changes the molecular mole-fraction (fraction of total gas molecules), as well as the fraction of atmosphere by volume, of hydrogen to about 86%, and of helium to 13%.

text: For example, the abundance of

text: oxygen

text: in pure

text: water

text: can be measured in two ways: the mass fraction is about 89%, because that is the fraction of water's mass which is oxygen. However, the mole-fraction is 33.3333...%  because only 1

text: atom

text: of 3 in water, HO, is oxygen. As another example, looking at the mass-fraction abundance of hydrogen and helium in both the

text: Universe

text: as a whole and in the

text: atmosphere

text: s of

text: gas-giant planet

text: s such as

text: Jupiter

text: , it is 74% for

text: hydrogen

text: and 23–25% for

text: helium

text: ; while the (atomic) mole-fraction for hydrogen is 92%, and for helium is 8%, in these environments. Changing the given environment to

text: Jupiter's outer atmosphere

text: , where hydrogen is

text: diatomic

text: while helium is not, changes the molecular mole-fraction (fraction of total gas molecules), as well as the fraction of atmosphere by volume, of hydrogen to about 86%, and of helium to 13%.

text: Meanwhile, back at the power plant, radioactivity causes Deputy Doo-Doo to grow into a giant, and he resumes rampaging through the city. Super Diaper Baby and Diaper Dog fly out to stop him, but Diaper Dog notes that they shouldn't touch the now-radioactive Deputy Doo-Doo. Instead, they trick him into attacking himself, and they wrap him up using a giant toilet paper roll (taken from the top of a building called "Bob's Toilet Paper Co."), and remove him to the planet Uranus.

text: Meanwhile, back at the power plant,

text: radioactivity

text: causes Deputy Doo-Doo to grow into a giant, and he resumes rampaging through the city. Super Diaper Baby and Diaper Dog fly out to stop him, but Diaper Dog notes that they shouldn't touch the now-radioactive Deputy Doo-Doo. Instead, they trick him into attacking himself, and they wrap him up using a giant toilet paper roll (taken from the top of a building called "Bob's Toilet Paper Co."), and remove him to the planet

text: Uranus

text: s that we know of today. It is approximately 13,000 light years away, located near the center of the galaxy. The planet was discovered using a technique called microlensing. In this case it took 150 days. Two telescopes are used to detect the planet and the time difference between identification by each telescope is used to calculate the distance to the planet. This also contributes to determining the mass of the planet which is about half of Jupiter's. The planet orbits a star with a mass of 0.7 solar masses and is 3.1 AU

text: s that we know of today. It is approximately 13,000 light years away, located near the center of the galaxy. The planet was discovered using a technique called

text: microlensing

text: . In this case it took 150 days. Two telescopes are used to detect the planet and the time difference between identification by each telescope is used to calculate the distance to the planet. This also contributes to determining the mass of the planet which is about half of

text: Jupiter

text: 's. The planet orbits a star with a mass of 0.7 solar masses and is 3.1

text: AU

text: Plumes from the moon Enceladus, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets, have been shown to be the source of the material in the E Ring. The E Ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous Phoebe ring). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material. The E ring is distributed between the orbits of Mimas and Titan.

text: Plumes from the moon Enceladus, which seems similar in chemical makeup to comets, have been shown to be the source of the material in the E Ring. The

text: E Ring

text: is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous

text: Phoebe ring

text: ). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material. The E ring is distributed between the orbits of

text: Mimas

text: and

text: Titan

text: MUSE, conceived in 2012 and proposed in 2015, is a European concept for a dedicated mission to the planet Uranus to study its atmosphere, interior, moons, rings, and magnetosphere.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'></ref> It is suggested to be launched with an Ariane 5 rocket in 2026, arriving at Uranus in 2044, and operating until 2050.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'/>

text: MUSE

text: , conceived in 2012 and proposed in 2015, is a European concept for a dedicated mission to the planet Uranus to study its

text: atmosphere

text: , interior,

text: moons

text: rings

text: , and

text: magnetosphere

text: .<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'></ref> It is suggested to be launched with an

text: Ariane 5

text: rocket in 2026, arriving at Uranus in 2044, and operating until 2050.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'/>

text: Extended periods of extreme weather, such as the droughts of 1975–1976, summer 2006, and spring 2012, the long hot summers of 1911, 1976, 2003 and 2006, and the winters of 1946–1947, 1962–1963, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011 are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist for several days, weeks, or even months. In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather.

text: Extended periods of extreme weather, such as the droughts of 1975–1976, summer 2006, and spring 2012, the long hot summers of 1911, 1976, 2003 and 2006, and the winters of 1946–1947, 1962–1963, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011 are often caused by blocking

text: anti-cyclone

text: s which can persist for several days, weeks, or even months. In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather.

text: The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft. It began with the arrival of Pioneer 10 into the Jovian system in 1973, and, , has continued with eight further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and all but two have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit. These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements and travel time. On 5th July 2016, spacecraft Juno arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment.

text: The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by

text: automated spacecraft

text: . It began with the arrival of

text: Pioneer 10

text: into the

text: Jovian system

text: in 1973, and, , has continued with eight further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the

text: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

text: (NASA), and all but two have been flybys that take detailed observations without the

text: probe

text: landing or entering orbit. These probes make

text: Jupiter

text: the most visited of the

text: Solar System

text: 's

text: outer planets

text: as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements and travel time. On 5th July 2016, spacecraft

text: Juno

text: arrived and entered the planet's orbit—the second craft ever to do so. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment.

text: || bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 5th planet|-| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" | Saturn| bgcolor="Black" |

text: || bgcolor="#FFE8E8" | 5th planet|-| bgcolor="#FFFFCC" |

text: Saturn

text: | bgcolor="Black" |

text: The coastal area on the Atlantic Ocean is no stranger to volatile weather. The year after the film was released, a winter storm, one of the worst Nor'easters to ever occur there, struck. During what came to be known as the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962, the Beebe family, the real-life owners of Misty, brought her inside their home to weather the storm. Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to a foal, which the children named "Stormy." This prompted author Henry to write a sequel, Stormy, Misty's Foal, published in 1963.  Henry had already written a previous sequel, Sea Star: Orphan of Chincoteague, published in 1949.

text: The coastal area on the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: is no stranger to volatile weather. The year after the film was released, a winter storm, one of the worst

text: Nor'easter

text: s to ever occur there, struck. During what came to be known as the

text: Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962

text: , the Beebe family, the real-life owners of Misty, brought her inside their home to weather the storm. Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to a

text: foal

text: , which the children named "Stormy." This prompted author Henry to write a sequel, Stormy, Misty's Foal, published in 1963.  Henry had already written a previous sequel, Sea Star: Orphan of Chincoteague, published in 1949.

text: From time to time the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota holds the Karlis Kaufmanis Public Lecture.  Speakers have included Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of the dwarf planet Pluto, Carolyn Porco, noted for imaging work on the Voyager missions, and Michael E. Brown, discoverer of several dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt.

text: From time to time the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota holds the Karlis Kaufmanis Public Lecture.  Speakers have included

text: Clyde Tombaugh

text: , discoverer of the

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: Carolyn Porco

text: , noted for imaging work on the

text: Voyager

text: missions, and

text: Michael E. Brown

text: , discoverer of several dwarf planets in the

text: Kuiper belt

text: Neptune possesses the typical powers of an Olympian, including superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability, and reflexes, and immortality. Neptune can breathe underwater and possesses the ability to manipulate vast cosmic/mystical energies for numerous purposes which have yet to be revealed. He is known to be capable of inter-dimensional teleportation. Neptune's powers are equal to those of Pluto's; the death god once overwhelmed Doctor Strange, the Sorcerer Supreme himself, in direct magical combat. As the god of the sea, Neptune can manipulate the oceans and water to his will. He is also the god of earthquakes and can manipulate earth and other geokinetic elements to a degree.

text: Open cells are characterized by a cloud free region in the middle of the hexagonal formation with cloudy regions in the outer edge of the hexagon. The open cell will have slow descending motion in the middle with faster rising motion on the edges forming the hexagonal cloud shape. They tend to form over colder water such as those that exist off the Californian coast.

text: Asbolus' name was given to 8405 Asbolus, a minor planet in the outer Solar System. It belongs to the class of centaurs, whose orbits lie between Jupiter and Neptune.

text: Asbolus' name was given to

text: 8405 Asbolus

text: , a

text: minor planet

text: in the

text: outer Solar System

text: . It belongs to the class of

text: centaur

text: s, whose orbits lie between Jupiter and Neptune.

text: In the Solar System, the masses of the outer planets can be listed in Jupiter mass. The other gas giants are far less massive than Jupiter.

text: In the

text: Solar System

text: , the masses of the outer planets can be listed in Jupiter mass. The other gas giants are far less massive than Jupiter.

text: In more modern times, planetary science began in astronomy, from studies of the unresolved planets. In this sense, the original planetary astronomer would be Galileo, who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, the mountains on the Moon, and first observed the rings of Saturn, all objects of intense later study. Galileo's study of the lunar mountains in 1609 also began the study of extraterrestrial landscapes: his observation "that the Moon certainly does not possess a smooth and polished surface" suggested that it and other worlds might appear "just like the face of the Earth itself".

text: In more modern times, planetary science began in astronomy, from studies of the unresolved planets. In this sense, the original planetary astronomer would be

text: Galileo

text: , who discovered the four largest moons of

text: Jupiter

text: , the mountains on the

text: Moon

text: , and first observed the

text: rings of Saturn

text: , all objects of intense later study. Galileo's study of the lunar mountains in 1609 also began the study of extraterrestrial landscapes: his observation "that the Moon certainly does not possess a smooth and polished surface" suggested that it and other worlds might appear "just like the face of the Earth itself".

text: In Wheaton v. McCarthy, 800 F.3d 282 (6th Cir. 2015), the Sixth Circuit held, in an opinion by Judge Kethledge, that an Ohio administrative agency had unreasonably determined that the statutory term “family” did not include a Medicare beneficiary’s live-in spouse. The court noted that some statutory terms “are ambiguous only at the margins, while clearly encompassing a certain core.” Thus, “[t]he term ‘planet’ might be ambiguous as applied to Pluto, but is clear as applied to Jupiter.”

text: Due to its high radius, slightly smaller than Kepler-22b it could be a "Water world", comparable to Gliese 1214 b which is known to be a water rich planet, or It could have a gaseous outer shell similar to Kepler-11f one of the smallest gas planets known.

text: Due to its high radius, slightly smaller than

text: it could be a "

text: Water world

text: ", comparable to

text: Gliese 1214 b

text: which is known to be a water rich planet, or It could have a gaseous outer shell similar to

text: one of the smallest

text: gas planet

text: s known.

text: All superior planets are most easily visible at their oppositions because they are near their closest approach to Earth and are also above the horizon all night. The variation in magnitude caused by changes in elongation are greater the closer the planet's orbit is to the Earth's. Mars' magnitude in particular changes with elongation: it can be as low as +1.8 when in conjunction near aphelion but at a rare favourable opposition it is as high as −2.9, or seventy-five times brighter than its minimum brightness. As one moves further out, the difference in magnitude caused by the difference in elongation gradually fall. The maximum and minimum brightness of Jupiter differ by only a factor of 3.3 times, whilst those of Uranus – which is the most distant Solar System body visible to the naked eye – differ by a factor of 1.7 times.

text: All superior planets are most easily visible at their oppositions because they are near their closest approach to Earth and are also above the horizon all night. The variation in

text: magnitude

text: caused by changes in elongation are greater the closer the planet's orbit is to the Earth's.

text: Mars

text: ' magnitude in particular changes with elongation: it can be as low as +1.8 when in conjunction near aphelion but at a rare favourable opposition it is as high as −2.9, or seventy-five times brighter than its minimum brightness. As one moves further out, the difference in magnitude caused by the difference in elongation gradually fall. The maximum and minimum brightness of

text: Jupiter

text: differ by only a factor of 3.3 times, whilst those of

text: Uranus

text: – which is the most distant Solar System body visible to the

text: naked eye

text: – differ by a factor of 1.7 times.

text: Orbiting the star are three planets, whose discovery was announced in 2008; the discovery paper was published in 2009. The inner planet has a mass at least 7.5 times that of Earth, and is termed a super-Earth (this classification is based solely on the mass of the planet and should not be taken to imply that the planet could support Earthlike conditions). The middle planet and the outer planet are gas giants. The orbital periods for three planets are 9.3743 days for a 7.56 M planet, 962 days for a 0.64 M planet, and 2172 days for a 0.54 M planet. This solution is unstable, more data are required to constrain the orbital position of planet d.

text: Orbiting the star are three

text: planets

text: , whose discovery was announced in 2008; the discovery paper was published in 2009. The inner planet has a mass at least 7.5 times that of Earth, and is termed a

text: super-Earth

text: (this classification is based solely on the mass of the planet and should not be taken to imply that the planet could support Earthlike conditions). The middle planet and the outer planet are

text: gas giant

text: s. The

text: orbital period

text: s for three planets are 9.3743 days for a 7.56 M planet, 962 days for a 0.64

text: M

text: planet, and 2172 days for a 0.54 M planet. This solution is unstable, more data are required to constrain the orbital position of planet d.

text: The interplanetary dust cloud is cosmic dust (small particles floating in outer space) which pervades the space between planets in the Solar System and in other planetary systems. It has been studied for many years in order to understand its nature, origin, and relationship to larger bodies.

text: The interplanetary dust cloud is

text: cosmic dust

text: (small particles floating in

text: outer space

text: ) which pervades the space between

text: planet

text: s in the

text: Solar System

text: and in other

text: planetary system

text: s. It has been studied for many years in order to understand its nature, origin, and relationship to larger bodies.

text: A planet's atmospheric conditions influence its ability to retain heat, so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: desert planets (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out.

text: A planet's atmospheric conditions influence its ability to retain heat, so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:

text: desert planet

text: s (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced

text: greenhouse effect

text: , meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out.

text: Thirty inner satellites are currently known, found orbiting around all four of the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). Because of their small size, and glare from the nearby planet, they can be very difficult to observe from Earth. Some, such as Pan and Daphnis at Saturn, and Naiad at Neptune, have only ever been observed by spacecraft.

text: Thirty inner satellites are currently known, found orbiting around all four of the

text: giant planet

text: s (

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ). Because of their small size, and glare from the nearby planet, they can be very difficult to observe from Earth. Some, such as

text: Pan

text: and

text: Daphnis

text: at Saturn, and

text: Naiad

text: at Neptune, have only ever been observed by spacecraft.

text: The song tells of disappointment, as the lyrics, "Don't know why there's no sun up in the sky", show someone pining for her man to return. The weather is a metaphor for the feelings of the singer: "stormy weather since my man and I ain't together, keeps raining all the time."

text: None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of their parent planet, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloudtops. The angular diameters of the five large moons are as follows (for comparison, Earth's moon measures on average 31′ for terrestrial observers): Miranda, 11–15′; Ariel, 20–23′; Umbriel, 15–17′; Titania, 11–13′; Oberon, 8–9′. Unlike on the other gas giants, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than starlike points; the moons Portia and Juliet can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. Several others range from 6′ to 8′. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye.

text: None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of their parent planet, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloudtops. The

text: angular diameter

text: s of the five large moons are as follows (for comparison, Earth's moon measures on average 31′ for terrestrial observers): Miranda, 11–15′; Ariel, 20–23′; Umbriel, 15–17′; Titania, 11–13′; Oberon, 8–9′. Unlike on the other gas giants, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than starlike points; the moons

text: Portia

text: and

text: Juliet

text: can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. Several others range from 6′ to 8′. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye.

text: In March 1781, during his search for double stars, Herschel noticed an object appearing as a disk. Herschel originally thought it was a comet or a stellar disk, which he believed he might actually resolve. He made many more observations of it, and afterwards Russian Academician Anders Lexell computed the orbit and found it to be probably planetary. Herschel determined in agreement that it must be a planet beyond the orbit of Saturn. He called the new planet the 'Georgian star' (Georgium sidus) after King George III, which also brought him favour; the name did not stick. In France, where reference to the British king was to be avoided if possible, the planet was known as 'Herschel' until the name 'Uranus' was universally adopted. The same year, Herschel was awarded the Copley Medal and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1782, he was appointed "The King’s Astronomer" (not to be confused with the Astronomer Royal). He and his sister subsequently moved to Datchet (then in Buckinghamshire but now in Berkshire) on 1 August 1782. He continued his work as a telescope maker and achieved an international reputation for their manufacture, profitably selling over 60 completed reflectors to British and Continental astronomers.

text: In March 1781, during his search for double stars, Herschel noticed an object appearing as a disk. Herschel originally thought it was a comet or a stellar disk, which he believed he might actually resolve. He made many more observations of it, and afterwards Russian Academician

text: Anders Lexell

text: computed the orbit and found it to be probably planetary. Herschel determined in agreement that it must be a planet beyond the orbit of Saturn. He called the new planet the 'Georgian star' (Georgium sidus) after

text: King George III

text: , which also brought him favour; the name did not stick. In France, where reference to the British king was to be avoided if possible, the planet was known as 'Herschel' until the name 'Uranus' was universally adopted. The same year, Herschel was awarded the

text: Copley Medal

text: and elected a Fellow of the

text: Royal Society

text: . In 1782, he was appointed "The King’s Astronomer" (not to be confused with the

text: Astronomer Royal

text: ). He and his sister subsequently moved to

text: Datchet

text: (then in

text: Buckinghamshire

text: but now in

text: Berkshire

text: ) on 1 August 1782. He continued his work as a telescope maker and achieved an international reputation for their manufacture, profitably selling over 60 completed reflectors to British and Continental astronomers.

text: The winters are typically milder than in inland areas, with January lows averaging in the mid 30's and highs in the lower 50's, and is more frequently overcast than in the summer. However, the exposure of the Outer Banks makes it prone to higher winds, often causing wind chills to make the apparent temperature as cold as the inland areas. Although snow is possible (averaging 3 inches per year), there are many times when years pass between snowfalls.

text: Overall the continent’s extreme cold air scarcely holds enough moisture for snowfall. Consequently, Antarctica’s blizzards are at times as much about wind stirring up existing snow as they are about new snowfall. For instance, the water equivalent from annual snow fall on Ross Island averages only  (National Science Foundation). Snowfall in Antarctica's interior is far less at . Noted as well are the McMurdo Dry Valleys on the western shores of McMurdo Sound where snow seldom accumulates.

text: Overall the continent’s extreme cold air scarcely holds enough moisture for snowfall. Consequently, Antarctica’s blizzards are at times as much about wind stirring up existing snow as they are about new snowfall. For instance, the water equivalent from annual snow fall on Ross Island averages only  (National Science Foundation). Snowfall in Antarctica's interior is far less at . Noted as well are the

text: McMurdo Dry Valleys

text: on the western shores of McMurdo Sound where snow seldom accumulates.

text: Since Jubilee, in 1952, had been releasing singles on both the 78 and 45 formats, collectors assumed that there must be a 45 somewhere (even then, collectors valued 45s much more than 78s). None ever surfaced, however, and only a handful of 78's of "Stormy Weather" have ever been found.

text: On several occasions, it has been claimed that 61 Cygni might have unseen low-mass companions, planets or a brown dwarf. Kaj Strand of the Sproul Observatory, under the direction of Peter van de Kamp, made the first such claim in 1942 using observations to detect tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B. These perturbations suggested that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A. Reports of this third body served as inspiration for Hal Clement's 1953 science fiction novel Mission of Gravity. In 1957, van de Kamp narrowed his uncertainties, claiming that the object had a mass of eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B.

text: On several occasions, it has been claimed that 61 Cygni might have unseen low-mass companions, planets or a

text: brown dwarf

text: Kaj Strand

text: of the Sproul Observatory, under the direction of

text: Peter van de Kamp

text: , made the first such claim in 1942 using observations to detect tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B. These perturbations suggested that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A. Reports of this third body served as inspiration for

text: Hal Clement

text: 's 1953 science fiction novel

text: Mission of Gravity

text: . In 1957, van de Kamp narrowed his uncertainties, claiming that the object had a mass of eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the

text: Pulkovo Observatory

text: near

text: Saint Petersburg

text: suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve

text: Jupiter masses

text: around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B.

text: Bombie is the first of the five breaks in the Uluwatu series, located on the outer reef. Well known for breaking boards and snapping leashes, Bombie is an extremely powerful wave. On bigger swell days the wave can reach up to 20 feet. With fairly consistent surf year round, the best time is from May to October. This is the dry season with southeast winds. The typical surf arises from groundswells, coming in with a southwest swell direction. Bombie has a left breaking reef.

text: Bombie is the first of the five breaks in the Uluwatu series, located on the outer

text: reef

text: . Well known for breaking boards and snapping leashes, Bombie is an extremely powerful wave. On bigger swell days the wave can reach up to 20 feet. With fairly consistent surf year round, the best time is from May to October. This is the

text: dry season

text: with southeast winds. The typical surf arises from groundswells, coming in with a southwest swell direction. Bombie has a left breaking reef.

text: The axis of this Laplace plane is coplanar with, and between, (a) the polar axis of the parent planet's spin, and (b) the orbital axis of the parent planet's orbit around the Sun. The Laplace plane arises because the equatorial oblateness of the parent planet tends to cause the orbit of the satellite to precess around the polar axis of the parent planet's equatorial plane, while the solar perturbations tend to cause the orbit of the satellite to precess around the polar axis of the parent planet's orbital plane around the Sun.  The two effects acting together result in an intermediate position for the reference axis for the satellite orbit's precession.

text: The outer space treaty is the most widely adopted treaty, with 103 parties . The rescue agreement, the liability convention and the registration convention all elaborate on provisions of the outer space treaty.  UN delegates apparently intended that the moon treaty serve as a new comprehensive treaty which would supersede or supplement the outer space treaty, most notably by elaborating upon the outer space treaty's provisions regarding resource appropriation and prohibition of territorial sovereignty. The moon treaty has only 13 parties however, and many consider it to be a failed treaty due to its limited acceptance. India is the only nation that has both signed the moon treaty and declared itself interested in going to the moon.  India has not ratified the treaty; an analysis of India's treaty law is required to understand how this affects India legally.

text: The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of unmanned space probes. The arrival of the Voyager spacecraft at Saturn in 1980–1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons—Atlas, Prometheus and Pandora, bringing the total to 17. In addition, Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus. In 1990, Pan was discovered in archival Voyager images.

text: The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of unmanned space probes. The arrival of the

text: Voyager

text: spacecraft at Saturn in 1980–1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons—

text: Atlas

text: Prometheus

text: and

text: Pandora

text: , bringing the total to 17. In addition, Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus. In 1990,

text: Pan

text: was discovered in archival Voyager images.

text: Supercritical liquid–gas boundaries are lines in the p–T diagram that delimit more liquid-like and more gas-like states of a supercritical fluid. They comprise the Fisher–Widom line, the Widom line, and the Frenkel line.

text: Supercritical liquid–gas boundaries are lines in the

text: p–T diagram

text: that delimit more liquid-like and more gas-like states of a

text: supercritical fluid

text: . They comprise the Fisher–Widom line, the Widom line, and the Frenkel line.

text: The term "minor planet" would have been abandoned, replaced by the categories "small Solar System body" (SSSB) and a new classification of "pluton". The former would have described those objects underneath the "spherical" threshold. The latter would have been applied to those planets with highly inclined orbits, large eccentricities and an orbital period of more than 200 earth years (that is, those orbiting beyond Neptune). Pluto would have been the prototype for this class. The term "dwarf planet" would have been available to describe all planets smaller than the eight "classical planets" in orbit around the Sun, though would not have been an official IAU classification. The IAU did not make recommendations in the draft resolution on what separated a planet from a brown dwarf. A vote on the proposal was scheduled for August 24, 2006.

text: The term "minor planet" would have been abandoned, replaced by the categories "

text: small Solar System body

text: " (SSSB) and a new classification of "pluton". The former would have described those objects underneath the "spherical" threshold. The latter would have been applied to those planets with highly inclined orbits, large eccentricities and an orbital period of more than 200 earth years (that is, those orbiting beyond Neptune). Pluto would have been the prototype for this class. The term "

text: dwarf planet

text: " would have been available to describe all planets smaller than the eight "classical planets" in orbit around the Sun, though would not have been an official IAU classification. The IAU did not make recommendations in the draft resolution on what separated a planet from a

text: brown dwarf

text: . A vote on the proposal was scheduled for August 24, 2006.

text: The role of Jupiter in the early history of the Solar System is somewhat better established, and the source of significantly less debate. Early in the Solar System's history, Jupiter is accepted as having played an important role in the hydration of our planet: it increased the eccentricity of asteroid belt orbits and enabled many to cross Earth's orbit and supply the planet with important volatiles such as water and carbon dioxide. Before Earth reached half its present mass, icy bodies from the Jupiter–Saturn region and small bodies from the primordial asteroid belt supplied water to the Earth due to the gravitational scattering of Jupiter and, to a lesser extent, Saturn. Thus, while the gas giants are now helpful protectors, they were once suppliers of critical habitability material.

text: The role of Jupiter in the early history of the Solar System is somewhat better established, and the source of significantly less debate. Early in the Solar System's history, Jupiter is accepted as having played an important role in the hydration of our planet: it increased the eccentricity of

text: asteroid belt

text: orbits and enabled many to cross Earth's orbit and supply the planet with important volatiles such as water and carbon dioxide. Before Earth reached half its present mass, icy bodies from the Jupiter–Saturn region and small bodies from the primordial asteroid belt supplied water to the Earth due to the gravitational scattering of Jupiter and, to a lesser extent,

text: Saturn

text: . Thus, while the gas giants are now helpful protectors, they were once suppliers of critical habitability material.

text: In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that the rings could not be solid or they would become unstable and break apart. He proposed that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. Later, Sofia Kovalevskaya found that Saturn's rings cannot be liquid ring-shaped bodies. Maxwell's proposal was proven to be correct in 1895 through spectroscopic studies of the rings carried out by James Keeler of Allegheny Observatory and Aristarkh Belopolsky of Pulkovo Observatory.

text: In 1859,

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: demonstrated that the rings could not be solid or they would become unstable and break apart. He proposed that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. Later,

text: Sofia Kovalevskaya

text: found that Saturn's rings cannot be liquid ring-shaped bodies. Maxwell's proposal was proven to be correct in 1895 through spectroscopic studies of the rings carried out by

text: James Keeler

text: of

text: Allegheny Observatory

text: and

text: Aristarkh Belopolsky

text: of

text: Pulkovo Observatory

text: Six months before Harrington's death, E. Myles Standish had used data from Voyager 2's 1989 flyby of Neptune, which had revised the planet's total mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. When Neptune's newly determined mass was used in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (JPL DE), the supposed discrepancies in the Uranian orbit, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. There are no discrepancies in the trajectories of any space probes such as Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System. Although most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist, as of January 2016 there is speculation concerning Planet Nine.

text: Six months before Harrington's death,

text: E. Myles Standish

text: had used data from Voyager 2's 1989 flyby of Neptune, which had revised the planet's total mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. When Neptune's newly determined mass was used in the

entity_name: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris

text: (JPL DE), the supposed discrepancies in the Uranian orbit, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. There are no discrepancies in the trajectories of any space probes such as

text: Pioneer 10

text: Pioneer 11

text: Voyager 1

text: , and

text: Voyager 2

text: that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System. Although most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist, as of January 2016 there is speculation concerning

text: Planet Nine

text: The most prominent planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn, but the other three giant planets (Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune) also have ring systems. Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may be found around other types of astronomical objects, including minor planets, moons, and brown dwarfs.

text: The most prominent planetary rings in the

text: Solar System

text: are

text: those around Saturn

text: , but the other three

text: giant planet

text: s (

text: Jupiter

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ) also have ring systems. Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may be found around other types of astronomical objects, including minor planets, moons, and brown dwarfs.

text: The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the cosmographical boundary of the Solar System and the extent of the Sun's Hill sphere. The outer Oort cloud is only loosely bound to the Solar System, and thus is easily affected by the gravitational pull both of passing stars and of the Milky Way itself. These forces occasionally dislodge comets from their orbits within the cloud and send them toward the inner Solar System. Based on their orbits, most of the short-period comets may come from the scattered disc, but some may still have originated from the Oort cloud.

text: The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the

text: cosmographical

text: boundary of the

text: Solar System

text: and the extent of the Sun's

text: Hill sphere

text: . The outer Oort cloud is only loosely bound to the Solar System, and thus is easily affected by the gravitational pull both of

text: passing stars

text: and of the

text: Milky Way

text: itself. These forces occasionally dislodge comets from their orbits within the cloud and send them toward the

text: inner Solar System

text: . Based on their orbits, most of the

text: short-period comet

text: s may come from the scattered disc, but some may still have originated from the Oort cloud.

text: As seen from Earth, all the other planets, asteroids and all objects in the Solar System appear to periodically switch direction as they cross the sky. Though all stars and planets appear to move from east to west on a nightly basis in response to the rotation of Earth, the outer planets generally drift slowly eastward relative to the stars. Asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects (including Pluto) exhibit apparent retrogradation. This motion is normal for the planets, and so is considered direct motion.  However, since Earth completes its orbit in a shorter period of time than the planets outside its orbit, it periodically overtakes them, like a faster car on a multi-lane highway. When this occurs, the planet being passed will first appear to stop its eastward drift, and then drift back toward the west. Then, as Earth swings past the planet in its orbit, it appears to resume its normal motion west to east. Inner planets Venus and Mercury appear to move in retrograde in a similar mechanism, but as they can never be in opposition to the Sun as seen from Earth, their retrograde cycles are tied to their inferior conjunctions with the Sun. They are unobservable in the Sun's glare and in their "new" phase, with mostly their dark sides toward Earth; they occur in the transition from morning star to evening star.

text: As seen from Earth, all the other planets, asteroids and all objects in the Solar System appear to periodically switch direction as they cross the sky. Though all stars and planets appear to move from east to west on a nightly basis in response to the rotation of Earth, the outer planets generally drift slowly eastward relative to the stars.

text: Asteroids

text: and

text: Kuiper Belt

text: Objects (including

text: Pluto

text: ) exhibit apparent retrogradation. This motion is normal for the planets, and so is considered direct motion.  However, since Earth completes its orbit in a shorter period of time than the planets outside its orbit, it periodically overtakes them, like a faster car on a multi-lane highway. When this occurs, the planet being passed will first appear to stop its eastward drift, and then drift back toward the west. Then, as Earth swings past the planet in its orbit, it appears to resume its normal motion west to east. Inner planets

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mercury

text: appear to move in retrograde in a similar mechanism, but as they can never be

text: in opposition

text: to the Sun as seen from Earth, their retrograde cycles are tied to their inferior conjunctions with the

text: Sun

text: . They are unobservable in the Sun's glare and in their "new" phase, with mostly their dark sides toward Earth; they occur in the transition from morning star to evening star.

text: In the United States an extreme cold warning was an experimental weather warning issued by the National Weather Service  in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. The warning was issued if the temperature fell to  or colder with a wind of less than . It was an experimental advisory for when the air temperature was dangerously cold, but the wind was too little to warrant a Wind Chill Watch or Warning.

text: In the United States an extreme cold warning was an experimental weather warning issued by the

text: National Weather Service

text: in

text: North Dakota

text: South Dakota

text: , and

text: Minnesota

text: . The warning was issued if the temperature fell to  or colder with a wind of less than . It was an experimental advisory for when the air temperature was dangerously cold, but the wind was too little to warrant a

text: Wind Chill Watch

text: or

text: Warning

text: The encounters between planets dynamically perturb the orbits of their satellites, exciting inclinations and eccentricities, and altering semi-major axes. If close enough, an ice giant approaching within 0.02 AU of Jupiter, the encounters can disrupt systems of satellites, leading to collisions between or the ejections of satellites. More distant encounters can disrupt the Laplace resonance of Jupiter's moons Io, Europa and Ganymede, although this can be restored by tidal interactions. Callisto is unlikely to have been part of the Laplace resonance, because encounters that raise it to its current orbit leave it with an excessive inclination. The most sensitive tests for the jumping-Jupiter models are the inclinations of the outer satellites, which are not damped by tidal interactions. For Jupiter, six out of ten 5-planet models left Callisto with an inclination near its current level. Saturn's moon Iapetus was excited to its current inclination in five of ten, though three left it with excessive eccentricity. The low inclination of Uranus's moon Oberon, 0.1°, is preserved in nine out of ten. The preservation of Oberon's inclination favors the 5-planet models, with only a few encounters between Uranus and an ice giant, over 4-planet models in which Uranus encounters Jupiter and Saturn. A separate study estimated the likelihood of Jupiter ejecting a fifth giant planet while leaving Callisto a dynamically cold orbit at 42%.

text: The encounters between planets dynamically perturb the orbits of their satellites, exciting inclinations and eccentricities, and altering semi-major axes. If close enough, an ice giant approaching within 0.02 AU of Jupiter, the encounters can disrupt systems of satellites, leading to collisions between or the ejections of satellites. More distant encounters can disrupt the

text: Laplace resonance

text: of Jupiter's moons

text: Io

text: Europa

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: , although this can be restored by tidal interactions.

text: Callisto

text: is unlikely to have been part of the Laplace resonance, because encounters that raise it to its current orbit leave it with an excessive inclination. The most sensitive tests for the jumping-Jupiter models are the inclinations of the outer satellites, which are not damped by tidal interactions. For Jupiter, six out of ten 5-planet models left Callisto with an inclination near its current level. Saturn's moon Iapetus was excited to its current inclination in five of ten, though three left it with excessive eccentricity. The low inclination of Uranus's moon Oberon, 0.1°, is preserved in nine out of ten. The preservation of Oberon's inclination favors the 5-planet models, with only a few encounters between Uranus and an ice giant, over 4-planet models in which Uranus encounters Jupiter and Saturn. A separate study estimated the likelihood of Jupiter ejecting a fifth giant planet while leaving Callisto a dynamically cold orbit at 42%.

text: The most notable exception is the Pluto–Charon system. The Charon-to-Pluto mass ratio of 0.117 (≈ ) is close enough to 1 that Pluto and Charon have frequently been described by many scientists as "double dwarf planets" ("double planets" prior to the 2006 definition of "planet"). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) currently calls Charon a satellite of Pluto, but has explicitly expressed a willingness to reconsider the bodies double dwarf planets at a future time.

text: The most notable exception is the Pluto–Charon system. The Charon-to-Pluto mass ratio of 0.117 (≈ ) is close enough to 1 that Pluto and Charon have frequently been described by many scientists as "double dwarf planets" ("double planets" prior to the 2006 definition of "planet"). The

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) currently calls Charon a satellite of Pluto, but has explicitly expressed a willingness to reconsider the bodies double dwarf planets at a future time.

text: Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space. A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape, operating at different time scales; the most prominent is  Jeans Escape, named after British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who described the process of atmospheric loss to the molecular kinetic energy..

text: Atmospheric escape is the loss of

text: planet

text: ary

text: atmospheric

text: gases to

text: outer space

text: . A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape, operating at different time scales; the most prominent is  Jeans Escape, named after British astronomer

text: Sir James Jeans

text: , who described the process of atmospheric loss to the molecular kinetic energy..

text: Kepler-90 is notable for the configuration of its planetary system, which has similarities to the Solar System in which the rocky planets are nearer and gas giants further away. The five inner planets are either super-Earths or mini-Neptunes due to their size. The two outer planets are gas giants. The outermost known planet orbits its host star at about the same distance as Earth from the Sun.

text: 944 Hidalgo is a centaur because it has a semi-major axis between Jupiter's and Neptune's. Despite this, the Minor Planet Center (MPC) does not list it as a centaur. Hidalgo has traditionally been considered an asteroid because centaurs were not recognized as a distinct class until the discovery of 2060 Chiron in 1977.

text: 944 Hidalgo is a

text: centaur

text: because it has a semi-major axis between

text: Jupiter

text: 's and

text: Neptune

text: 's. Despite this, the

text: Minor Planet Center

text: (MPC) does not list it as a centaur. Hidalgo has traditionally been considered an asteroid because centaurs were not recognized as a distinct class until the discovery of

text: 2060 Chiron

text: in 1977.

text: The area has excellent road and rail connectivity. On its northern edge runs the Rohtak Road (NH10), and the Outer Ring Road divides Paschim Vihar into east and the west.  Both these roads are well maintained and are 6-8 lanes wide around the area. In this area, the outer ring road is maintained by the MCD and has a flyover at Peera Garhi Chowk and an underpass and roundabout at Sunder Vihar Crossing. The Outer Ring Road also has several foot-over bridges with well-maintained escalators. Similarly, the Rohtak Road is maintained by the PWD. Where the Outer Ring Road connects the area with much of the city, Rohtak Road connects it to the center of Delhi and the state border of Haryana.Both these roads have a very high frequency of buses. Most of the buses that ply on the Outer Ring Road are DTC low-floors; AC and Non-AC.

text: The area has excellent road and rail connectivity. On its northern edge runs the Rohtak Road (NH10), and the Outer Ring Road divides Paschim Vihar into east and the west.  Both these roads are well maintained and are 6-8 lanes wide around the area. In this area, the outer ring road is maintained by the MCD and has a flyover at

text: Peera Garhi Chowk

text: and an underpass and roundabout at Sunder Vihar Crossing. The Outer Ring Road also has several foot-over bridges with well-maintained escalators. Similarly, the Rohtak Road is maintained by the

text: PWD

text: . Where the Outer Ring Road connects the area with much of the city, Rohtak Road connects it to the center of Delhi and the state border of Haryana.Both these roads have a very high frequency of buses. Most of the buses that ply on the Outer Ring Road are DTC low-floors; AC and Non-AC.

text: For gas giants, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. Optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. Also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect.

text: For

text: gas giant

text: s, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. Optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. Also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect.

text: The rings of Neptune, like those of Uranus, are thought to be relatively young; their age is probably significantly less than that of the Solar System. Also, like those of Uranus, Neptune's rings probably resulted from the collisional fragmentation of onetime inner moons. Such events create moonlet belts, which act as the sources of dust for the rings. In this respect the rings of Neptune are similar to faint dusty bands observed by Voyager 2 between the main rings of Uranus.

text: The rings of Neptune, like those of Uranus, are thought to be relatively young; their age is probably significantly less than that of the

text: Solar System

text: . Also, like those of Uranus, Neptune's rings probably resulted from the collisional fragmentation of onetime inner moons. Such events create

text: moonlet

text: belts, which act as the sources of dust for the rings. In this respect the rings of Neptune are similar to faint dusty bands observed by Voyager 2 between the main rings of Uranus.

text: In data analysis applications, such as image processing, a lookup table (LUT) is used to transform the input data into a more desirable output format.  For example, a grayscale picture of the planet Saturn will be transformed into a color image to emphasize the differences in its rings.

text: In data analysis applications, such as

text: image processing

text: , a lookup table (LUT) is used to transform the input data into a more desirable output format.  For example, a grayscale picture of the planet Saturn will be transformed into a color image to emphasize the differences in its rings.

text: The Skyway series differs from the Castle series significantly; where the Castle series is humorous fantasy, the Skyway series is action-adventure science fiction.  The Skyway series traces the adventures of Jake McGraw, who drives a futuristic cargo truck on the Skyway.  The Skyway itself is a mysterious road, built by an unknown race of aliens, which runs across various planets from one portal to another.  Driving through a portal (a "tollbooth") instantaneously transports you onto a different planet, many light years away.  Humans found the Skyway on Pluto and began expanding along it, encountering various alien races along the way.  However no one has a map, or knows where the Skyway begins or ends, and because each portal is one-way, only explored sections with a known return path (discovered by trial and error) are considered safe to travel.

text: In 1655, Christiaan Huygens became the first person to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring. Using a 50 power refracting telescope that he designed himself, far superior to those available to Galileo, Huygens observed Saturn and wrote that "It [Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic". Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings.

text: In 1655,

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: became the first person to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring. Using a 50 power refracting telescope that he designed himself, far superior to those available to Galileo, Huygens observed Saturn and wrote that "It [Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic".

text: Robert Hooke

text: was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings.

text: The Gorge can have a moderating effect on air temperatures in the County near the Columbia River when maritime air moves in from the west. Major easterly flows, however, can occasionally cause extreme cold conditions as cold air moves west through the Gorge. Winds are generally from the west in the summer, resulting in strong and consistent winds on the Columbia River at Hood River County, making Hood River a world-renowned wind surfing location. Winter winds can blow from either the east or the west and can be of sufficient force to result in widespread damage.

text: The 2012 title sequence features references to all previous title sequences, mainly hexagons - but also with more subtle features like the golden head (as seen in the 1997 BBC version), and the planet Earth and a city-like structure as seen in the popularised 1987–95 versions.

text: HMS Neptune was an ironclad turret ship originally designed and built in Britain for Brazil, but acquired for the Royal Navy in 1878. Modifications to suit the Royal Navy took three years to complete and the ship did not begin her first commission until 1883 with the Channel Fleet. She was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1885, but refitted in Portsmouth in 1886–87. Neptune then became the coastguard ship for the 1st Class Reserve at Holyhead until 1893 when she was placed in reserve in Portsmouth. While she was being towed to the breakers in 1903, Neptune unintentionally rammed , then serving as a training hulk for the Naval Signal School, collided with , and narrowly missed several other ships. She was scrapped in Germany in 1904.

text: HMS Neptune was an

text: ironclad

text: turret ship

text: originally designed and built in Britain for Brazil, but acquired for the

text: Royal Navy

text: in 1878. Modifications to suit the Royal Navy took three years to complete and the ship did not begin her first commission until 1883 with the

text: Channel Fleet

text: . She was transferred to the

text: Mediterranean Fleet

text: in 1885, but refitted in

text: Portsmouth

text: in 1886–87. Neptune then became the

text: coastguard

text: ship for the 1st Class Reserve at

text: Holyhead

text: until 1893 when she was placed in

text: reserve

text: in Portsmouth. While she was being towed to the

text: breakers

text: in 1903, Neptune unintentionally

text: rammed

text: , then serving as a training

text: hulk

text: for the Naval Signal School, collided with , and narrowly missed several other ships. She was scrapped in Germany in 1904.

text: Portia is the second-largest inner satellite of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly decaying due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.

text: Portia is the second-largest inner satellite of Uranus after

text: Puck

text: . The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus'

text: synchronous orbital radius

text: , is slowly decaying due to

text: tidal deceleration

text: . The moon will one day either break up into a

text: planetary ring

text: or hit Uranus.

text: A cis-Neptunian object is, literally, any astronomical body found within the orbit of Neptune. However, the term is typically used for those distant minor planets other than trans-Neptunian objects: that is, all sub-planetary bodies orbiting the Sun at or within the distance of Neptune, but outside the orbit of Jupiter. This includes the icy minor planets known as centaurs and the Neptune trojans.

text: A cis-Neptunian object is, literally, any astronomical body found within the orbit of

text: Neptune

text: . However, the term is typically used for those

text: distant minor planet

text: s other than

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s: that is, all sub-planetary bodies orbiting the

text: Sun

text: at or within the distance of Neptune, but outside the orbit of Jupiter. This includes the icy minor planets known as

text: centaurs

text: and the

text: Neptune trojan

text: s.

text: A stormy cloud with a rough lightning sticking out of it, either in a bubble or just floating above the character's head as a modified 'cloudy' thought bubble, depicts anger, not always verbally expressed.

text: Pluto was discovered by Clyde W. Tombaugh on 18 February 1930.  When Pluto was first discovered, it was initially known as Planet X.  Astronomers had been searching for another planet past Neptune, hoping to solve the dilemma of its rather irregular orbit.  It is now known, however, that the perceived irregular orbit of Neptune was the result of a mathematical error because Pluto, being a planetoid smaller than our own Moon, was far too small to affect any type of gravitational pull on the gas giant.  Pluto is very much a 20th-century planet and refers to the two world wars, and weapons of mass destruction, nuclear power, and a desire to totally control the world we live in.  It is a planet that reveals to us the extremes we are capable of if we do not set necessary boundaries in our lives.  This planet governs the compulsions in our life:  those things we are compelled to do but know we should not, such as murder, rape, drug addiction, and even overeating if it is of such an extent that it threatens our health. Pluto is considered to be a higher octave of Mars, and this is evidenced by the fact that both planets co-rule Scorpio.  Pluto, circling the Sun in 248 years, has a rather elliptical orbit, which means that it stays in the sign it rules, Scorpio, for a mere 9 years, and the sign of its fall, Taurus for 30!  With this in mind, some astrologers believe that Pluto should rightfully rule Taurus, but for the time being it still rules Scorpio.  As other trans-Neptunian object planets are discovered, however, this placement just might have to be reconsidered.

text: Pluto was discovered by

text: Clyde W. Tombaugh

text: on 18 February 1930.  When Pluto was first discovered, it was initially known as

text: Planet X

text: .  Astronomers had been searching for another planet past Neptune, hoping to solve the dilemma of its rather irregular orbit.  It is now known, however, that the perceived irregular orbit of Neptune was the result of a mathematical error because Pluto, being a planetoid smaller than our own Moon, was far too small to affect any type of gravitational pull on the gas giant.  Pluto is very much a 20th-century planet and refers to the two

text: world war

text: s, and weapons of mass destruction,

text: nuclear power

text: , and a desire to totally control the world we live in.  It is a planet that reveals to us the extremes we are capable of if we do not set necessary boundaries in our lives.  This planet governs the compulsions in our life:  those things we are compelled to do but know we should not, such as

text: murder

text: rape

text: drug addiction

text: , and even overeating if it is of such an extent that it threatens our health.

text: Pluto

text: is considered to be a higher octave of

text: Mars

text: , and this is evidenced by the fact that both planets co-rule

text: Scorpio

text: .  Pluto, circling the Sun in 248 years, has a rather

text: elliptical

text: orbit, which means that it stays in the sign it rules, Scorpio, for a mere 9 years, and the sign of its fall,

text: Taurus

text: for 30!  With this in mind, some astrologers believe that Pluto should rightfully rule Taurus, but for the time being it still rules Scorpio.  As other

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: planets are discovered, however, this placement just might have to be reconsidered.

text: In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbit VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The  Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a planet was orbiting this small star. The claimants of VB 10b note that these Doppler measurements only rule out planets more massive than 3 times the mass of Jupiter, but this limit is only half the reported best-fit mass of the planet as originally claimed. The claims for this planet thus fall into a long history of claimed astrometric extrasolar planet detections that were subsequently refuted.

text: In May 2009, astronomers from

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: Pasadena, California

text: , announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbit VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The

text: Hale telescope

text: at the

text: Palomar Observatory

text: was used to detect evidence of this planet using the

text: astrometry method

text: . The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using

text: Doppler spectroscopy

text: failed to detect the

text: radial velocity

text: variations that would be expected if such a planet was orbiting this small star. The claimants of VB 10b note that these Doppler measurements only rule out planets more massive than 3 times the mass of Jupiter, but this limit is only half the reported best-fit mass of the planet as originally claimed. The claims for this planet thus fall into a long history of claimed astrometric

text: extrasolar planet

text: detections that were subsequently refuted.

text: In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not believed to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts.

text: In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not believed to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the

text: period of giant impacts

text: The planet would be inhospitable because of a runaway greenhouse effect on its surface. Any oceans on its surface would've boiled away due to the high stellar flux, and as this occurred, the temperature would've risen to around . The water vapor would've accumulated in the atmosphere to the point where the surface temperature would rise to around  as the planet would've been overwhelmed by water vapor (it is a powerful greenhouse gas). Little amounts of carbon dioxide would've been present, as Kepler-69c was probably an ocean planet (with little to no landmasses) very shortly after its star was born into the main sequence, before the stellar flux increased to its estimated present value. The surface pressure would've also increased to around 100 times Earth's surface pressure (100 kilopascals, 100 atm.) because of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

text: The planet would be inhospitable because of a

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: on its surface. Any oceans on its surface would've boiled away due to the high stellar flux, and as this occurred, the temperature would've risen to around . The

text: water vapor

text: would've accumulated in the atmosphere to the point where the surface temperature would rise to around  as the planet would've been overwhelmed by water vapor (it is a powerful greenhouse gas). Little amounts of

text: carbon dioxide

text: would've been present, as Kepler-69c was probably an

text: ocean planet

text: (with little to no landmasses) very shortly after its star was born into the

text: main sequence

text: , before the stellar flux increased to its estimated present value. The surface pressure would've also increased to around 100 times Earth's surface pressure (100

text: kilopascal

text: s, 100

text: atm.

text: ) because of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

text: A more recent variant of this type of theory by R. M. Canup is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger, Titan-sized, differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula. This would explain the scarcity of rocky material within the rings. The rings would initially have been much more massive (~1000 times) and broader than at present; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the moons of Saturn out to Tethys, also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons. Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon, raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g/cm, compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys.

text: A more recent variant of this type of theory by

text: R. M. Canup

text: is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger, Titan-sized, differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula. This would explain the scarcity of rocky material within the rings. The rings would initially have been much more massive (~1000 times) and broader than at present; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the moons of Saturn out to

text: Tethys

text: , also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons. Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon, raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g/cm, compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys.

text: The majority of Uranus's rings are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. The ring system contains little dust overall; it consists mostly of large bodies 0.2–20 m in diameter. However, some rings are optically thin: the broad and faint 1986U2R/ζ, μ and ν rings are made of small dust particles, while the narrow and faint λ ring also contains larger bodies. The relative lack of dust in the ring system is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended Uranian exosphere—corona.

text: The majority of Uranus's rings are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. The ring system contains little dust overall; it consists mostly of large bodies 0.2–20 m in diameter. However, some rings are optically thin: the broad and faint 1986U2R/ζ, μ and ν rings are made of small dust particles, while the narrow and faint λ ring also contains larger bodies. The relative lack of dust in the ring system is due to

text: aerodynamic drag

text: from the extended Uranian

text: exosphere

text: corona

text: Further apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets led Percival Lowell to conclude that yet another planet, "Planet X", must lie beyond Neptune. After his death, his Lowell Observatory conducted a search that ultimately led to Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a dwarf planet by the IAU.

text: Further apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets led

text: Percival Lowell

text: to conclude that yet another planet, "

text: Planet X

text: ", must lie beyond Neptune. After his death, his

text: Lowell Observatory

text: conducted a search that ultimately led to

text: Clyde Tombaugh

text: 's discovery of

text: Pluto

text: in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was reclassified in 2006 as a

text: dwarf planet

text: by the IAU.

text: The Nice 2 model begins with the outer planets in a stable quadruple resonance with each planet in resonance with its nearest neighbors.  One example among several potential stable quadruple resonance configurations is Jupiter and Saturn in a 3:2 resonance, Saturn and Uranus in a 3:2 resonance, and Uranus and Neptune in a 4:3 resonance. Interactions with an outer planetesimal disk that is gravitationally stirred by Pluto-sized objects cause the planets to migrate inward while remaining in resonance. During this migration the eccentricity of the inner ice giant increases, leading to secular-resonance crossings. After several hundred million years, the resonant configuration is destabilized during one of these secular-resonance crossings. Gravitational encounters between the planets similar to those in the original Nice model begin shortly thereafter.

text: The Nice 2 model begins with the outer planets in a stable quadruple

text: resonance

text: with each planet in resonance with its nearest neighbors.  One example among several potential stable quadruple resonance configurations is

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: in a 3:2 resonance, Saturn and Uranus in a 3:2 resonance, and

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: in a 4:3 resonance. Interactions with an outer planetesimal disk that is gravitationally stirred by

text: Pluto

text: -sized objects cause the planets to migrate inward while remaining in resonance. During this migration the

text: eccentricity

text: of the inner

text: ice giant

text: increases, leading to

text: secular-resonance

text: crossings. After several hundred million years, the resonant configuration is destabilized during one of these secular-resonance crossings. Gravitational encounters between the planets similar to those in the original Nice model begin shortly thereafter.

text: Data and photographs collected by the Voyagers' cameras, magnetometers, and other instruments revealed previously unknown details about each of the giant planets and their moons. Close-up images from the spacecraft charted Jupiter’s complex cloud forms, winds, and storm systems and discovered volcanic activity on its moon Io. Saturn’s rings were found to have enigmatic braids, kinks, and spokes and to be accompanied by a myriad "ringlets." At Uranus Voyager 2 discovered a substantial magnetic field around the planet and 10 additional moons. Its flyby of Neptune uncovered three complete rings and six hitherto unknown moons as well as a planetary magnetic field and complex, widely distributed auroras. Voyager 2 is still the only spacecraft to have visited the ice giants.

text: Data and photographs collected by the Voyagers' cameras,

text: magnetometers

text: , and other instruments revealed previously unknown details about each of the

text: giant planet

text: s and their

text: moons

text: . Close-up images from the spacecraft charted Jupiter’s complex cloud forms, winds, and storm systems and discovered volcanic activity on its moon

text: Io

text: . Saturn’s rings were found to have enigmatic braids, kinks, and spokes and to be accompanied by a myriad "ringlets." At Uranus Voyager 2 discovered a substantial magnetic field around the planet and 10 additional moons. Its flyby of Neptune uncovered three complete rings and six hitherto unknown moons as well as a planetary

text: magnetic field

text: and complex, widely distributed

text: auroras

text: . Voyager 2 is still the only spacecraft to have visited the

text: ice giant

text: s.

text: In 2005, the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team announced some of the discoveries of an extrasolar planet orbiting the star.

text: In 2005, the

text: Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team

text: announced some of the discoveries of an

text: extrasolar

text: planet

text: orbiting the star.

text: Uranus is the third largest (Neptune has a larger mass, but a smaller volume) planet in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of about 2.8 billion kilometers (1.7 billion miles), and it completes one orbit every 84 Earth years. The length of a day on Uranus as measured by Voyager 2 is 17 hours, 14 minutes. Uranus is unique among the planets in that its axial tilt is about 90°, meaning that its axis is roughly parallel with, not perpendicular to, the plane of the ecliptic. This extremely large tilt of its axis is thought to be the result of a collision between the accumulating planet Uranus with another planet-sized body early in the history of the Solar System. Given the unusual orientation of its axis, with the polar regions of Uranus exposed for periods of many years to either continuous sunlight or darkness, planetary scientists were not at all sure what to expect when observing Uranus.

text: Uranus

text: is the third largest (Neptune has a larger mass, but a smaller volume) planet in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of about 2.8 billion kilometers (1.7 billion miles), and it completes one orbit every 84 Earth years. The length of a day on Uranus as measured by Voyager 2 is 17 hours, 14 minutes. Uranus is unique among the planets in that its axial tilt is about 90°, meaning that its axis is roughly parallel with, not perpendicular to, the

text: plane of the ecliptic

text: . This extremely large tilt of its axis is thought to be the result of a collision between the accumulating planet Uranus with another planet-sized body early in the history of the Solar System. Given the unusual orientation of its axis, with the polar regions of Uranus exposed for periods of many years to either continuous sunlight or darkness, planetary scientists were not at all sure what to expect when observing Uranus.

text: Shortly after Voyager 2s flyby of Neptune and its findings at Triton in August 1989, scientists sought interest in a mission to Pluto and further studies for the existence of a Kuiper belt and Kuiper belt objects, potentially similar to Triton. All four outer planets were explored by Voyager 2, launched in 1977, with close approaches to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. After a Neptune encounter, the alignment of Pluto made it impossible for Voyager 2 to continue there, leaving it on a trajectory out of the Solar System.

text: Shortly after

text: Voyager 2

text: s flyby of

text: Neptune

text: and its findings at

text: Triton

text: in August 1989, scientists sought interest in a mission to Pluto and further studies for the existence of a

text: Kuiper belt

text: and Kuiper belt objects, potentially similar to Triton. All four outer planets were explored by

text: Voyager 2

text: , launched in 1977, with close approaches to

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . After a Neptune encounter, the alignment of Pluto made it impossible for Voyager 2 to continue there, leaving it on a trajectory out of the Solar System.

text: Pluto was also considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a "dwarf planet" in 2007. The symbol used for Pluto was a ligature of the letters P and L (Unicode U+2647 150%).

text: Pluto

text: was also considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 until its re-classification as a "

text: dwarf planet

text: " in 2007. The symbol used for Pluto was a ligature of the letters P and L (Unicode U+2647 150%).

text: Saturn's south pole does not have a hexagon, according to Hubble observations; however, it does have a vortex, and there is also a vortex inside the northern hexagon.

text: Saturn's south pole does not have a hexagon, according to

text: Hubble

text: observations; however, it does have a

text: vortex

text: , and there is also a vortex inside the northern hexagon.

text: Uranus has by far the most extensive system of inner satellites, containing thirteen known moons:

text: Uranus

text: has by far the most extensive system of inner satellites, containing thirteen known moons:

text: Sailor Saturn's powers are mostly based on Roman mythology, in which Saturn is the god of the harvest. In western astrology, the planet Saturn is known as "the Greater Malefic", "the Old Taskmaster" and "the Grim Reaper." In Act 37 of the manga, Sailor Saturn refers to herself as "the harbinger of death" and her primary role is that of the destroyer. As such, her awakening is greatly feared by Sailors Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Her first act upon arrival is to assault Master Pharaoh 90 with the attack "Death Reborn Revolution." The kanji used with this maneuver translate to , with the intended pronunciation given in furigana.

text: Sailor Saturn's powers are mostly based on

text: Roman mythology

text: , in which

text: Saturn

text: is the god of the

text: harvest

text: . In western astrology, the planet Saturn is known as "the

text: Greater Malefic

text: ", "the Old Taskmaster" and "the

text: Grim Reaper

text: ." In Act 37 of the manga, Sailor Saturn refers to herself as "the harbinger of death" and her primary role is that of the destroyer. As such, her awakening is greatly feared by Sailors Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Her first act upon arrival is to assault Master Pharaoh 90 with the attack "Death Reborn Revolution." The

text: kanji

text: used with this maneuver translate to , with the intended pronunciation given in

text: furigana

text: After the outer steel mantle has been cleaned, it is again lowered over the outer bell model. The mantle and the outer bell mould are then lowered over the inner mould and the outer and inner sections are clamped together, leaving a space between them. The clamped mould is supported, by being buried in a casting pit which bears the weight of metal and allows even cooling. Ingots of either ready-made bronze or its component metals are melted in a melting furnace and heated until liquid at a temperature of approximately . The liquid metal is then skimmed to remove impurities before the start of the casting process. When everything is ready, the molten bronze is transferred to the moulds using either ladles or a system of brick channels specially constructed in the casting pit, through which the hot metal can then flow from the melting furnace into the space between the two moulds. Holes in the top of the mantle ensure that gases are able to escape. If gas remained in the metal, the bell would be porous and susceptible to cracking. Porousness can also develop if the mould is damp, is not at the proper temperature, or if the metal, when poured, is not hot enough. The bell is allowed to cool for several days. Large bells can take over a week to cool completely. Small bells, those under , can be removed from the moulding pit the following day.

text: After the outer steel mantle has been cleaned, it is again lowered over the outer bell model. The mantle and the outer bell mould are then lowered over the inner mould and the outer and inner sections are clamped together, leaving a space between them. The clamped mould is supported, by being buried in a casting pit which bears the weight of metal and allows even cooling.

text: Ingots

text: of either ready-made bronze or its component metals are melted in a melting furnace and heated until liquid at a temperature of approximately . The liquid metal is then skimmed to remove impurities before the start of the casting process. When everything is ready, the molten bronze is transferred to the moulds using either ladles or a system of brick channels specially constructed in the casting pit, through which the hot metal can then flow from the melting furnace into the space between the two moulds. Holes in the top of the mantle ensure that gases are able to escape. If gas remained in the metal, the bell would be porous and susceptible to cracking. Porousness can also develop if the mould is damp, is not at the proper temperature, or if the metal, when poured, is not hot enough. The bell is allowed to cool for several days. Large bells can take over a week to cool completely. Small bells, those under , can be removed from the moulding pit the following day.

text: After Simmonds signs off, Koenig's ship passes the Space Dock, a space station in lunar orbit; as he watches, the Meta probe ship docks with the station.  Meta is a rogue planet currently passing through the outer limits of Earth's solar system.  The planet was discovered when radio astronomers were tracking a series of repetitive radio signals approaching from deep space.  Photographs sent back from the latest robot probe, Spacefarer 9, confirm that Meta possesses an atmosphere.  Hopes are high that the upcoming mission will find Meta supporting some form of intelligent life.

text: After Simmonds signs off, Koenig's ship passes the

text: Space Dock

text: , a space station in lunar orbit; as he watches, the Meta probe ship docks with the station.  Meta is a

text: rogue planet

text: currently passing through the outer limits of Earth's solar system.  The planet was discovered when

text: radio astronomers

text: were tracking a series of repetitive radio signals approaching from deep space.

text: Photograph

text: s sent back from the latest robot probe, Spacefarer 9, confirm that Meta possesses an atmosphere.  Hopes are high that the upcoming mission will find Meta supporting some form of intelligent life.

text: 50000 Quaoar ("Kwawar") is a Kuiper belt object roughly half the size of Pluto, with a diameter of  km. It is large enough and massive enough that it is probably a dwarf planet. Its orbit in the Kuiper belt is not in resonance with Neptune, which means it is a classical Kuiper belt object. Quaoar has one known moon, Weywot.

text: 50000 Quaoar ("Kwawar") is a

text: Kuiper belt

text: object roughly half the size of

text: Pluto

text: , with a diameter of  km. It is large enough and massive enough that it is probably a

text: dwarf planet

text: . Its orbit in the Kuiper belt is not in resonance with

text: Neptune

text: , which means it is a

text: classical Kuiper belt object

text: . Quaoar has one known

text: moon

text: Weywot

text: The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space starting from between  to as far as  from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of , and a doughnut-shaped inner cloud, the Hills cloud, of . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets that fall to inside the orbit of Neptune. The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after J. G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.

text: The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space starting from between  to as far as  from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of , and a doughnut-shaped inner cloud, the Hills cloud, of . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets that fall to inside the orbit of

text: Neptune

text: . The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after J. G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.

text: 61 Virginis c (abbreviated 61 Vir c) is an exoplanet orbiting the 5th apparent-magnitude G-type main-sequence star 61 Virginis in the constellation Virgo. 61 Virginis c has a minimum mass of 18.2 times that of Earth and orbits one-fifth the distance to the star as Earth orbits the Sun, at a precise distance of 0.2175 AU with an eccentricity of 0.14. This planet would most likely be a gas giant like Uranus and Neptune. This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 from using a precise radial velocity method taken at Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories.

text: 61 Virginis c (abbreviated 61 Vir c) is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting the 5th

text: apparent-magnitude

text: G-type main-sequence star

text: 61 Virginis

text: in the constellation

text: Virgo

text: . 61 Virginis c has a

text: minimum mass

text: of 18.2 times that of Earth and orbits one-fifth the distance to the star as Earth orbits the Sun, at a precise distance of 0.2175 AU with an eccentricity of 0.14. This planet would most likely be a

text: gas giant

text: like

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . This planet was discovered on 14 December 2009 from using a precise

text: radial velocity method

text: taken at

text: Keck

text: and

text: Anglo-Australian Observatories

text: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma experienced extremely hot temperatures in the summer of 2011, and below normal rainfall. While winter, spring, and fall temperatures were close to normals, Central Oklahoma started to experience abnormally high temperatures after a very wet month of May. High temperatures in the months of June, July, and August were 9F above normals, and overnight lows were also significantly above norm. The heat was so extreme, that OGE, the area's main electricity provider, refused to cut off electric service in the month of August, as it felt that this might result in deaths among the elderly, many of whom used electric power to air-condition their homes. The following data is for the weather station at Will Rogers World Airport, located southwest of the city, which during the summer, experienced a peak temperature of 110F. Due to the urban heat island effect, most of the urban area of Oklahoma City was even hotter than the temperatures recorded at the airport.  One weather station, located in an urban part of the city, recorded an air temperature of 116F on August 3. The heat wave finally ended on September 15, 2011, when a cold front moved though Central Oklahoma.

text: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

text: experienced extremely hot temperatures in the summer of 2011, and below normal rainfall. While winter, spring, and fall temperatures were close to

text: normals

text: , Central Oklahoma started to experience abnormally high temperatures after a very wet month of May. High temperatures in the months of June, July, and August were 9F above normals, and overnight lows were also significantly above norm. The heat was so extreme, that

text: OGE

text: , the area's main electricity provider, refused to cut off electric service in the month of August, as it felt that this might result in deaths among the elderly, many of whom used electric power to air-condition their homes. The following data is for the weather station at

text: Will Rogers World Airport

text: , located southwest of the city, which during the summer, experienced a peak temperature of 110F. Due to the

text: urban heat island

text: effect, most of the urban area of Oklahoma City was even hotter than the temperatures recorded at the airport.  One weather station, located in an urban part of the city, recorded an air temperature of 116F on August 3. The heat wave finally ended on September 15, 2011, when a cold front moved though Central Oklahoma.

text: The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny moonlets less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury. Saturn has 62 moons with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names and only 13 of which have diameters larger than 50 kilometers, as well as dense rings with complex orbital motions of their own. Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to be ellipsoidal in shape, though only two of those, Titan and Rhea, are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium. Particularly notable among Saturn's moons are Titan, the second-largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the Solar System, with a nitrogen-rich Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape including hydrocarbon lakes and dry river networks; and Enceladus, which is seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets, emits jets of gas and dust and may harbor liquid water under its south pole region.

text: The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny

text: moonlet

text: s less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous

text: Titan

text: , which is larger than the planet

text: Mercury

text: Saturn

text: has 62

text: moons

text: with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names and only 13 of which have diameters larger than 50 kilometers, as well as dense

text: rings

text: with complex orbital motions of their own. Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to be ellipsoidal in shape, though only two of those, Titan and

text: Rhea

text: , are currently in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . Particularly notable among Saturn's moons are Titan, the second-

text: largest

text: moon (after Jupiter's

text: Ganymede

text: ) in the Solar System, with a

text: nitrogen-rich

text: Earth-like atmosphere and a landscape including

text: hydrocarbon lakes

text: and dry river networks; and

text: Enceladus

text: , which is seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets, emits jets of gas and dust and may harbor liquid water under its south pole region.

text: In the grand tack model Jupiter undergoes a two-phase migration after its formation, migrating inward to 1.5 AU before reversing course and migrating outward. Jupiter's formation takes place near the ice line, at roughly 3.5 AU. After clearing a gap in the gas disk Jupiter undergoes type II migration, moving slowly toward the Sun with the gas disk. If uninterrupted, this migration would have left Jupiter in a close orbit around the sun like recently discovered hot-Jupiters in other planetary systems. Saturn also migrates toward the Sun, but being smaller, undergoes either type I migration or runaway migration. Saturn converges on Jupiter and is captured in a 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter during this migration. An overlapping gap in the gas disk then forms around Jupiter and Saturn, altering the balance of forces on these planets which are now migrating together. If the gap was completely cleared, the larger mass of Jupiter would cause their positions to shift outward relative to the gap until the torques from the inner and outer disks were balanced and the Type II migration of two planets toward the Sun would continue. The interaction between the planets, however, prevents Saturn from completely clearing its part of the disk. This gas is able to stream across the gap from the outer disk to the inner disk and exchanges angular momentum with the planets during its passage. This process allows the planets to migrate relative to the disk and is assumed to reverse their migration when Jupiter is at 1.5 AU. Their outward migration continues until the gas disk dissipates and it is supposed to end with Jupiter near its current orbit.

text: In the grand tack model Jupiter undergoes a two-phase migration after its formation, migrating inward to 1.5 AU before reversing course and migrating outward. Jupiter's formation takes place near the

text: ice line

text: , at roughly 3.5 AU. After clearing a gap in the gas disk Jupiter undergoes

text: type II migration

text: , moving slowly toward the Sun with the gas disk. If uninterrupted, this migration would have left Jupiter in a close orbit around the sun like recently discovered hot-Jupiters in other planetary systems. Saturn also migrates toward the Sun, but being smaller, undergoes either

text: type I migration

text: or runaway migration. Saturn converges on Jupiter and is captured in a 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter during this migration. An overlapping gap in the gas disk then forms around Jupiter and Saturn, altering the balance of forces on these planets which are now migrating together. If the gap was completely cleared, the larger mass of Jupiter would cause their positions to shift outward relative to the gap until the torques from the inner and outer disks were balanced and the Type II migration of two planets toward the Sun would continue. The interaction between the planets, however, prevents Saturn from completely clearing its part of the disk. This gas is able to stream across the gap from the outer disk to the inner disk and exchanges angular momentum with the planets during its passage. This process allows the planets to migrate relative to the disk and is assumed to reverse their migration when Jupiter is at 1.5 AU. Their outward migration continues until the gas disk dissipates and it is supposed to end with Jupiter near its current orbit.

text: Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth. Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere and the magnetosphere. The Van Allen radiation belt lies within the geospace. The outer boundary of geospace is the magnetopause, which forms an interface between the planet's magnetosphere and the solar wind. The inner boundary is the ionosphere. As the physical properties and behavior of near Earth space is affected by the behavior of the Sun and space weather, the field of geospace is interlinked with heliophysics; the study of the Sun and its impact on the Solar System planets.

text: Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth. Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere and the

text: magnetosphere

text: . The Van Allen radiation belt lies within the geospace. The outer boundary of geospace is the

text: magnetopause

text: , which forms an interface between the planet's magnetosphere and the solar wind. The inner boundary is the

text: ionosphere

text: . As the physical properties and behavior of near Earth space is affected by the behavior of the Sun and space weather, the field of

text: geospace

text: is interlinked with

text: heliophysics

text: ; the study of the Sun and its impact on the Solar System planets.

text: In 1943, in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Kenneth Edgeworth hypothesized that, in the region beyond Neptune, the material within the primordial solar nebula was too widely spaced to condense into planets, and so rather condensed into a myriad of smaller bodies. From this he concluded that "the outer region of the solar system, beyond the orbits of the planets, is occupied by a very large number of comparatively small bodies" and that, from time to time, one of their number "wanders from its own sphere and appears as an occasional visitor to the inner solar system", becoming a comet.

text: In 1943, in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association,

text: Kenneth Edgeworth

text: hypothesized that, in the region beyond

text: Neptune

text: , the material within the

text: primordial

text: solar nebula

text: was too widely spaced to condense into planets, and so rather condensed into a myriad of smaller bodies. From this he concluded that "the outer region of the solar system, beyond the orbits of the planets, is occupied by a very large number of comparatively small bodies" and that, from time to time, one of their number "wanders from its own sphere and appears as an occasional visitor to the inner solar system", becoming a

text: comet

text: Chhaya is usually described as the mother of Shani, the god of the planet Saturn and a feared graha; goddess Tapti, the personification of river Tapti and a son Savarni Manu, who is destined to be the next and eighth Manu (progenitor of mankind) - the ruler of the next Manvantara period.

text: Chhaya is usually described as the mother of

text: Shani

text: , the god of the planet Saturn and a feared

text: graha

text: ; goddess Tapti, the personification of river

text: Tapti

text: and a son Savarni Manu, who is destined to be the next and eighth

text: Manu

text: (progenitor of mankind) - the ruler of the next

text: Manvantara

text: period.

text: The rings of Neptune are made of extremely dark material, likely organic compounds processed by radiation, similar to that found in the rings of Uranus. The proportion of dust in the rings (between 20% and 70%) is high, while their optical depth is low to moderate, at less than 0.1. Uniquely, the Adams ring includes five distinct arcs, named Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The arcs occupy a narrow range of orbital longitudes and are remarkably stable, having changed only slightly since their initial detection in 1980. How the arcs are stabilized is still under debate. However, their stability is probably related to the resonant interaction between the Adams ring and its inner shepherd moon, Galatea.

text: The rings of Neptune are made of extremely dark material, likely

text: organic

text: compounds processed by

text: radiation

text: , similar to that found in the

text: rings of Uranus

text: . The proportion of dust in the rings (between 20% and 70%) is high, while their

text: optical depth

text: is low to moderate, at less than 0.1. Uniquely, the Adams ring includes five distinct arcs, named Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The arcs occupy a narrow range of

text: orbital longitude

text: s and are remarkably stable, having changed only slightly since their initial detection in 1980. How the arcs are stabilized is still under debate. However, their stability is probably related to the

text: resonant

text: interaction between the Adams ring and its inner

text: shepherd moon

text: , Galatea.

text: The main objective of the VIM is to extend the exploration of the Solar System beyond the outer planets to the outer limit and if possible even beyond. The Voyagers continue to search for the heliopause boundary which is the outer limit of the Sun's magnetic field. Passing through the heliopause boundary will allow the spacecraft to make measurements of the interstellar fields, particles and waves unaffected by the solar wind.

text: The main objective of the VIM is to extend the exploration of the Solar System beyond the outer planets to the outer limit and if possible even beyond. The Voyagers continue to search for the heliopause boundary which is the outer limit of the Sun's

text: magnetic field

text: . Passing through the heliopause boundary will allow the spacecraft to make measurements of the interstellar fields, particles and waves unaffected by the

text: solar wind

text: The project studied other space colonization projects as well, including colonies on outer planet moons.

text: The project studied other

text: space colonization

text: projects as well, including

text: colonies on outer planet moons

text: The original Nice model begins with the giant planets in a compact configuration with nearly circular orbits. Initially, interactions with planetesimals originating in an outer disk drive a slow divergent migration of the giant planets. This planetesimal-driven migration continues until Jupiter and Saturn cross their mutual 2:1 resonance. The resonance crossing excites the eccentricities of Jupiter and Saturn. The increased eccentricities create perturbations on Uranus and Neptune, increasing their eccentricities until the system becomes chaotic and orbits begin to intersect. Gravitational encounters between the planets then scatter Uranus and Neptune outward into the planetesimal disk. The disk is disrupted, scattering many of the planetesimals onto planet-crossing orbits. A rapid phase of divergent migration of the giant planets is initiated and continues until the disk is depleted. Dynamical friction during this phase dampens the eccentricities of Uranus and Neptune stabilizing the system. In numerical simulations of the original Nice model the final orbits of the giant planets are similar to the current Solar System.

text: The original

text: Nice model

text: begins with the

text: giant planet

text: s in a compact configuration with nearly circular orbits. Initially, interactions with

text: planetesimal

text: s originating in an outer disk drive a slow divergent migration of the giant planets. This

text: planetesimal-driven migration

text: continues until

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: cross their mutual 2:1

text: resonance

text: . The resonance crossing excites the

text: eccentricities

text: of Jupiter and Saturn. The increased eccentricities create perturbations on

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , increasing their eccentricities until the system becomes chaotic and orbits begin to intersect. Gravitational encounters between the planets then scatter Uranus and Neptune outward into the planetesimal disk. The disk is disrupted, scattering many of the planetesimals onto planet-crossing orbits. A rapid phase of divergent migration of the giant planets is initiated and continues until the disk is depleted.

text: Dynamical friction

text: during this phase dampens the eccentricities of Uranus and Neptune stabilizing the system. In numerical simulations of the original Nice model the final orbits of the giant planets are similar to the current

text: Solar System

text: There were not have been enough interactions with Jupiter to explain Jupiter's retinue of irregulars in the initial Nice model simulations that reproduced other aspects of the outer Solar System. This suggests either that a second mechanism was at work for that planet, or that the early simulations did not reproduce the evolution of the giant planets orbits.

text: There were not have been enough interactions with

text: Jupiter

text: to explain Jupiter's retinue of irregulars in the initial Nice model simulations that reproduced other aspects of the outer Solar System. This suggests either that a second mechanism was at work for that planet, or that the early simulations did not reproduce the evolution of the giant planets orbits.

text: At this time Mingus was working regularly with a piano-less quartet featuring Eric Dolphy, Ted Curson and Dannie Richmond, as heard on the Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus album also recorded in November 1960. The Mingus album features one track, "Stormy Weather", recorded by the same quartet, plus two tracks recorded by a larger group featuring piano and additional horns.

text: At this time Mingus was working regularly with a piano-less quartet featuring

text: Eric Dolphy

text: Ted Curson

text: and

text: Dannie Richmond

text: , as heard on the

text: Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus

text: album also recorded in November 1960. The Mingus album features one track, "Stormy Weather", recorded by the same quartet, plus two tracks recorded by a larger group featuring piano and additional horns.

text: 113 irregular satellites have been discovered, orbiting all four of the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). The largest of each planet are Himalia of Jupiter, Phoebe of Saturn, Sycorax of Uranus, and Triton of Neptune. In 1997, the first two Uranian irregulars were discovered, Caliban and Sycorax. It is currently thought that the irregular satellites were captured from heliocentric orbits near their current locations, shortly after the formation of their parent planet. An alternative theory, that they originated further out in the Kuiper belt, is not supported by current observations.

text: 113 irregular satellites have been discovered, orbiting all four of the

text: giant planet

text: s (

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ). The largest of each planet are

text: Himalia

text: of Jupiter,

text: Phoebe

text: of Saturn,

text: Sycorax

text: of Uranus, and

text: Triton

text: of Neptune. In 1997, the first two Uranian irregulars were discovered,

text: Caliban

text: and Sycorax. It is currently thought that the irregular satellites were captured from

text: heliocentric orbit

text: s near their current locations, shortly after the formation of their parent planet. An alternative theory, that they originated further out in the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , is not supported by current observations.

text: A sarira is a container for the relics or remains of famous priests or royalty. It is said that this sarira contained the remains of eight priests or a queen. The three main features of the piece are the foundation stone, the main body, and the ornamental top. The foundation is an octagonal stone decorated with carvings. Atop this foundation is a circular stone incised with lotus motifs. The pillar supports of the main body are carved with a cloud motif while the main body is cylindrical and has four bas-reliefs of Buddha and bodhisattvas and are accompanied by flower motifs. The top of the pagoda has twelve sides which meet into a hexagonal shape.

text: A sarira is a container for the relics or remains of famous priests or royalty. It is said that this sarira contained the remains of eight priests or a queen. The three main features of the piece are the foundation stone, the main body, and the ornamental top. The foundation is an octagonal stone decorated with carvings. Atop this foundation is a circular stone incised with lotus motifs. The pillar supports of the main body are carved with a cloud motif while the main body is cylindrical and has four

text: bas-relief

text: s of Buddha and bodhisattvas and are accompanied by flower motifs. The top of the pagoda has twelve sides which meet into a hexagonal shape.

text: The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter. On the other hand, as liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called fluids. Although liquid water is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars.

text: The

text: density

text: of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed

text: condensed matter

text: . On the other hand, as liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called

text: fluid

text: s. Although liquid water is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars.

text: Vaidyanatha Dikshita in his Jataka Parijata (Ch.III Sloka 48-55) tells us that if the Moon is in a sign owned by a benefic planet or is in vargas owned by Jupiter a legitimate child is born but not when -  a) the 12th house is aspected by the Sun or b) if the Sun and the Moon are in a varga of the Sun or the Moon or  c) if Jupiter does not aspect the lagna or the Moon or d) Jupiter neither occupies  the lagna nor conjoins with the Moon or e) if the lagna or the Moon is not in Jupiter’s vargas which are actually words advising exercise of caution in handling  yogas indicating birth of an  illegitimate child. In his notes to Sloka V.6 of Brihat Jataka, the commentator, N. Chidambaram Iyer, has also cited Yavaneswara who states that if the lagna-navamsa or the navamsa occupied by the Moon is owned by Jupiter the child will not be illegitimate. And, that according to Garga the child will not be illegitimate if a) the Moon is in Sagittarius or Pisces or b) if the Moon is in conjunction with Jupiter in any other sign or c) if the Moon is in a drekkena or navamsa of Jupiter. If a Parajāta yoga is found to occur and at the same time any one of the condition mentioned by Garga, Yavaneswara and Vaidyanatha indicating legitimate birth is also met then that particular birth will not be of an illegitimate child.

text: Vaidyanatha Dikshita

text: in his

text: Jataka Parijata

text: (Ch.III Sloka 48-55) tells us that if the Moon is in a sign owned by a benefic planet or is in vargas owned by Jupiter a legitimate child is born but not when -  a) the 12th house is aspected by the Sun or b) if the Sun and the Moon are in a varga of the Sun or the Moon or  c) if Jupiter does not aspect the lagna or the Moon or d) Jupiter neither occupies  the lagna nor conjoins with the Moon or e) if the lagna or the Moon is not in Jupiter’s

text: vargas

text: which are actually words advising exercise of caution in handling  yogas indicating birth of an  illegitimate child. In his notes to Sloka V.6 of Brihat Jataka, the commentator, N. Chidambaram Iyer, has also cited

text: Yavaneswara

text: who states that if the lagna-navamsa or the

text: navamsa

text: occupied by the Moon is owned by Jupiter the child will not be illegitimate. And, that according to

text: Garga

text: the child will not be illegitimate if a) the Moon is in

text: Sagittarius

text: or

text: Pisces

text: or b) if the Moon is in conjunction with Jupiter in any other sign or c) if the Moon is in a drekkena or navamsa of Jupiter. If a Parajāta yoga is found to occur and at the same time any one of the condition mentioned by Garga, Yavaneswara and Vaidyanatha indicating legitimate birth is also met then that particular birth will not be of an illegitimate child.

text: Saturn's rings could give a further hint to identifying the Solar System. Rings around the planets Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune were unknown when the plaque was designed; however, unlike Saturn the ring systems on these planets are not as easily visible and apparent as Saturn's. Pluto was considered to be a planet when the plaque was designed; in 2006 the IAU reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet and then in 2008 as a plutoid. Other large bodies classed as dwarf planets, such as Eris, are not depicted, as they were unknown at the time the plaque was made.

text: Saturn's rings could give a further hint to identifying the Solar System.

text: Rings

text: around the planets Jupiter,

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: were unknown when the plaque was designed; however, unlike Saturn the ring systems on these planets are not as easily visible and apparent as Saturn's.

text: Pluto

text: was considered to be a planet when the plaque was designed; in 2006 the

text: IAU

text: reclassified Pluto as a

text: dwarf planet

text: and then in 2008 as a

text: plutoid

text: . Other large bodies classed as dwarf planets, such as

text: Eris

text: , are not depicted, as they were unknown at the time the plaque was made.

text: The highest cliff in the solar system may be Verona Rupes, an approximately  high fault scarp on Miranda, a moon of Uranus.

text: The highest cliff in the

text: solar system

text: may be

text: Verona Rupes

text: , an approximately  high

text: fault scarp

text: on

text: Miranda

text: , a moon of

text: Uranus

text: Closer investigation using a simpler model with one planet and a planetesimal disk indicated that the energy transfer was due to a coupling between the eccentricity of the planetesimals in the outer belt and the semi-major axis of the planet. As a result of this coupling an increase in the average eccentricity of the planetesimal belt driven via the gravitational stirring by Pluto-sized objects yields a decrease in the semi-major axis of the planet. The coupling was found to be proportional to the eccentricity of the planet and in a multiple planet system would have its greatest effect on the most eccentric planet.

text: Closer investigation using a simpler model with one planet and a planetesimal disk indicated that the energy transfer was due to a coupling between the eccentricity of the planetesimals in the outer belt and the semi-major axis of the planet. As a result of this coupling an increase in the average eccentricity of the planetesimal belt driven via the gravitational stirring by Pluto-sized objects yields a decrease in the

text: semi-major axis

text: of the planet. The coupling was found to be proportional to the eccentricity of the planet and in a multiple planet system would have its greatest effect on the most eccentric planet.

text: A number of solar system objects that are mostly to completely invisible to the human eye are reasonably detectable with medium-size binoculars, including larger craters on the Moon; the dim outer planets Uranus and Neptune; the inner "minor planets" Ceres, Vesta and Pallas; Saturn's largest moon Titan; and the Galilean moons of Jupiter. Although visible unaided in pollution-free skies, Uranus and Vesta require binoculars for easy detection. 10×50 binoculars are limited to an apparent magnitude of +9.5 to +11 depending on sky conditions and observer experience. Asteroids like Interamnia, Davida, Europa and, unless under exceptional conditions Hygiea, are too faint to be seen with commonly sold binoculars. Likewise too faint to be seen with most binoculars are the planetary moons except the Galileans and Titan, and the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. Other difficult binocular targets include the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. Only binoculars with very high magnification, 20x or higher, are capable of discerning Saturn's rings to a recognizable extent.  High-power binoculars can sometimes show one or two cloud belts on the disk of Jupiter if optics and observing conditions are sufficiently good.

text: A number of solar system objects that are mostly to completely invisible to the human eye are reasonably detectable with medium-size binoculars, including larger craters on the

text: Moon

text: ; the dim outer planets

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ; the inner "minor planets"

text: Ceres

text: Vesta

text: and

text: Pallas

text: ; Saturn's largest moon

text: Titan

text: ; and the

text: Galilean moons

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: . Although visible unaided in

text: pollution

text: -free skies, Uranus and Vesta require binoculars for easy detection. 10×50 binoculars are limited to an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of +9.5 to +11 depending on sky conditions and observer experience. Asteroids like

text: Interamnia

text: Davida

text: Europa

text: and, unless under exceptional conditions

text: Hygiea

text: , are too faint to be seen with commonly sold binoculars. Likewise too faint to be seen with most binoculars are the planetary moons except the Galileans and Titan, and the

text: dwarf planet

text: s

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Eris

text: . Other difficult binocular targets include the phases of

text: Venus

text: and the rings of

text: Saturn

text: . Only binoculars with very high magnification, 20x or higher, are capable of discerning Saturn's rings to a recognizable extent.  High-power binoculars can sometimes show one or two cloud belts on the disk of Jupiter if optics and observing conditions are sufficiently good.

text: Tom Thompson at Angus & Robertson published Buttrose's first book of travel writing, The King Neptune Day & Night Club in 1992, and the critically acclaimed best-seller Cafe Royale followed in 1997. Lonely Planet Journeys published it internationally in 1999, retitled as The Blue Man.

text: Tom Thompson at

text: Angus & Robertson

text: published Buttrose's first book of travel writing, The King Neptune Day & Night Club in 1992, and the critically acclaimed best-seller Cafe Royale followed in 1997.

text: Lonely Planet

text: Journeys published it internationally in 1999, retitled as The Blue Man.

text: The IAU has recognized five bodies as dwarf planets since 2008: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake. Ceres and Pluto are known to be dwarf planets through direct observation. Eris is recognized as a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto (measurements by New Horizons  indicate that Pluto's diameter is larger than that of Eris), whereas Haumea and Makemake qualify based on their absolute magnitudes. In relative distance from the Sun, the five are:

text: Auspicious i.e. signs owned by the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter such as Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Virgo, Libra, Sagittarius and Pisces, should preferably form the trikonasthanas, they should then be occupied or aspected by either their own strong lord or a strong friendly benefic planet. An exalted planet occupying any one of these bhavas indicates exceptional good fortune; the Moon becomes exalted in Taurus, Jupiter in Cancer, Mercury in Virgo, Saturn in Libra and Venus in Pisces sign. Natural malefics situated herein tend to destroy the good signified by these bhavas. Mars situated in the 5th house generally gives a miserable domestic life, misfortunes through children and ill-health, whereas Saturn gives an evil mind, stupidity, illness, poverty, sorrow through children, variable fortune etc. Rahu though equally unfavourable makes one hard-hearted and unconventional, and Ketu, while proving bad in effects, gives one inclination towards spirituality. Mars situated in the 9th house makes one wield power and authority, be generous, become renowned for good qualities, affluent and happy but does not make one a dutiful son; Saturn makes one lead a lonely life and probably no marriage; Rahu makes one impolite and miserly, gives fame and wealth but a nagging and domineering wife, and Ketu makes one eloquent but short-tempered, haughty and bad in conduct. The Sun occupying the 5th house makes one impatient and intelligent but devoid of domestic peace and happiness, poor and short-lived, and when occupying the 9th house it gives enmity with spouse and much unhappiness.

text: Auspicious i.e. signs owned by the

text: Moon

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: such as Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Virgo, Libra, Sagittarius and Pisces, should preferably form the trikonasthanas, they should then be occupied or aspected by either their own strong lord or a strong friendly benefic planet. An exalted planet occupying any one of these bhavas indicates exceptional good fortune; the Moon becomes exalted in Taurus, Jupiter in Cancer, Mercury in Virgo,

text: Saturn

text: in Libra and Venus in Pisces sign. Natural malefics situated herein tend to destroy the good signified by these bhavas.

text: Mars

text: situated in the 5th house generally gives a miserable domestic life, misfortunes through children and ill-health, whereas Saturn gives an evil mind, stupidity, illness, poverty, sorrow through children, variable fortune etc.

text: Rahu

text: though equally unfavourable makes one hard-hearted and unconventional, and

text: Ketu

text: , while proving bad in effects, gives one inclination towards spirituality. Mars situated in the 9th house makes one wield power and authority, be generous, become renowned for good qualities, affluent and happy but does not make one a dutiful son; Saturn makes one lead a lonely life and probably no marriage; Rahu makes one impolite and miserly, gives fame and wealth but a nagging and domineering wife, and Ketu makes one eloquent but short-tempered, haughty and bad in conduct. The Sun occupying the 5th house makes one impatient and intelligent but devoid of domestic peace and happiness, poor and short-lived, and when occupying the 9th house it gives enmity with spouse and much unhappiness.

text: KELT-4Ab is an extrasolar planet that orbits the star KELT-4A, in the star system KELT-4. The planet is approximately  away in the constellation of Leo. The planet was discovered by the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT).

text: KELT-4Ab is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: that orbits the star KELT-4A, in the star system KELT-4. The

text: planet

text: is approximately  away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Leo

text: . The planet was discovered by the

text: Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope

text: (KELT).

text: The Krakatoa eruption injected an unusually large amount of sulfur dioxide (SO) gas high into the stratosphere, which was subsequently transported by high-level winds all over the planet. This led to a global increase in sulfuric acid (HSO) concentration in high-level cirrus clouds. The resulting increase in cloud reflectivity (or albedo) would reflect more incoming light from the sun than usual, and cool the entire planet until the suspended sulfur fell to the ground as acid precipitation.

text: The Krakatoa eruption injected an unusually large amount of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO) gas high into the

text: stratosphere

text: , which was subsequently transported by high-level winds all over the planet. This led to a global increase in

text: sulfuric acid

text: (HSO) concentration in high-level

text: cirrus cloud

text: s. The resulting increase in cloud

text: reflectivity

text: (or

text: albedo

text: ) would reflect more incoming light from the sun than usual, and cool the entire planet until the suspended

text: sulfur

text: fell to the ground as

text: acid precipitation

text: Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered, when it was first observed by the Voyager 1 probe in 1979, and was observed more thoroughly by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s. Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the "halo"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint "gossamer rings". The system consists mostly of dust.

text: , provisionally known as 2001 KU76, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that has a 6:11 resonance with Neptune. This is the same resonance that dwarf planet Makemake is either near or in.

text: provisionally known

text: as 2001 KU76, is a

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: (TNO) that has a

text: 6:11 resonance

text: with

text: Neptune

text: . This is the same resonance that

text: dwarf planet

text: Makemake

text: is either near or in.

text: This is not expected, as hot Jupiter-type planets are expected to lose large moons within geologically short timescales.

text: Cadwal has three major continents: Deucas, Ecce and Throy. The remainder of the planet is covered in oceans with only a few small islands. Deucas is temperate and most suited to human settlement. Ecce is dominated by jungles and swamps and is baking hot. Throy is cold, with strong arctic winds and a forbidding landscape of mountains and cliffs.

text: As more planets are discovered, the field of exoplanetology continues to grow into a deeper study of extrasolar worlds, and will ultimately tackle the prospect of life on planets beyond the Solar System. At cosmic distances, lifecan only be detected if it is developed at a planetary scale and strongly modified the planetaryenvironment, in such a way that the modifications cannot be explained by classical physico-chemical processes (out of equilibrium processes). For example, molecular oxygen () in the atmosphere of Earth is a result of photosynthesis by living plants and many kinds of microorganisms, so it can be used as an indication of life on exoplanets, although small amounts of oxygen could also be produced by non-biological means.  Furthermore, a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable star at a distance within which planetary-mass objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at their surfaces.

text: As more planets are discovered, the field of exoplanetology continues to grow into a deeper study of extrasolar worlds, and will ultimately tackle the prospect of

text: life on planets

text: beyond the

text: Solar System

text: . At cosmic distances,

text: life

text: can only be detected if it is developed at a planetary scale and strongly modified the planetaryenvironment, in such a way that the modifications cannot be explained by classical physico-chemical processes (out of equilibrium processes). For example, molecular

text: oxygen

text: () in the

text: atmosphere of Earth

text: is a result of

text: photosynthesis

text: by living plants and many kinds of microorganisms, so it can be used as an

text: indication of life

text: on exoplanets, although small amounts of oxygen could also be produced by non-biological means.  Furthermore, a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable

text: star

text: at a distance within which

text: planetary-mass object

text: s with sufficient

text: atmospheric pressure

text: can support

text: liquid water

text: at their surfaces.

text: When natural satellites are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "S/2010 J 2" (the 2nd new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2010) or "S/2003 S 1" (the 1st new satellite of Saturn discovered in 2003). The initial "S/" stands for "satellite", and distinguishes from such prefixes as "D/", "C/", and "P/", used for comets. The designation "R/" is used for planetary rings. These designations are sometimes written like "S/2003 S1", dropping the second space. The letter following the category and year identifies the planet (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; although no occurrence of the other planets is expected, Mars and Mercury are disambiguated through the use of Hermes for the latter). Pluto was designated by P prior to its recategorization as a dwarf planet. When the object is found around a minor planet, the identifier used is the latter's number in parentheses. Thus, Dactyl, the moon of 243 Ida, was at first designated "S/1993 (243) 1". Once confirmed and named, it became (243) Ida I Dactyl. Similarly, the fourth satellite of Pluto, Kerberos, discovered after Pluto was categorized as a dwarf planet and assigned a minor planet number, was designated S/2011 (134340) 1 rather than S/2011 P 1, though the New Horizons team, who disagreed with the dwarf planet classification, used the latter.

text: When

text: natural satellite

text: s are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "

text: S/2010 J 2

text: " (the 2nd new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2010) or "

text: S/2003 S 1

text: " (the 1st new satellite of Saturn discovered in 2003). The initial "S/" stands for "satellite", and distinguishes from such prefixes as "D/", "C/", and "P/", used for

text: comet

text: s. The designation "R/" is used for planetary rings. These designations are sometimes written like "S/2003 S1", dropping the second space. The letter following the category and year identifies the planet (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; although no occurrence of the other planets is expected, Mars and Mercury are disambiguated through the use of Hermes for the latter).

text: Pluto

text: was designated by P prior to its recategorization as a

text: dwarf planet

text: . When the object is found around a minor planet, the identifier used is the latter's number in parentheses. Thus,

text: Dactyl

text: , the moon of

text: 243 Ida

text: , was at first designated "

text: S/1993 (243) 1

text: ". Once confirmed and named, it became

text: (243) Ida I Dactyl

text: . Similarly, the fourth satellite of Pluto,

text: Kerberos

text: , discovered after Pluto was categorized as a dwarf planet and assigned a minor planet number, was designated

text: S/2011 (134340) 1

text: rather than S/2011 P 1, though the

text: New Horizons

text: team, who disagreed with the dwarf planet classification, used the latter.

text: Clathrates are suspected to occur in large quantities on some outer planets, moons and trans-Neptunian objects, binding gas at fairly high temperatures.

text: Clathrates are suspected to occur in large quantities on some outer

text: planet

text: s,

text: moons

text: and

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s, binding gas at fairly high temperatures.

text: Elephant seals are shielded from extreme cold by their blubber, more so than by fur. The animals' hair and outer layers of skin molt in large patches. The skin has to be regrown by blood vessels reaching through the blubber. When molting occurs, the seal is susceptible to the cold, and must rest on land, in a safe place called a "haul out". Northern males and young adults haul out during June to July to molt; northern females and immature seals during April to May.

text: Elephant seals are shielded from extreme cold by their

text: blubber

text: , more so than by fur. The animals' hair and outer layers of skin

text: molt

text: in large patches. The skin has to be regrown by blood vessels reaching through the blubber. When molting occurs, the seal is susceptible to the cold, and must rest on land, in a safe place called a "

text: haul out

text: ". Northern males and young adults haul out during June to July to molt; northern females and immature seals during April to May.

text: Based on Voyager observations, the total mass of the rings was estimated to be about 3 x 10 kg. This is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn (about 50 ppb) and is just a little less than the moon Mimas. More-recent observations and computer modeling based on Cassini observations show that this may be an underestimate due to clumping in the rings and the mass may be three times this figure. Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap, can be seen from Earth, both Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan, many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites (similar to Prometheus and Pandora's maintenance of the F ring). Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out; Mimas maintains the Cassini Division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances.

text: Based on Voyager observations, the total mass of the rings was estimated to be about 3 x 10 kg. This is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn (about 50

text: ppb

text: ) and is just a little less than the moon

text: Mimas

text: . More-recent observations and computer modeling based on Cassini observations show that this may be an underestimate due to clumping in the rings and the mass may be three times this figure. Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and

text: Encke Gap

text: , can be seen from Earth, both

text: Voyager

text: spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as

text: Pan

text: , many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small

text: shepherd satellite

text: s (similar to

text: Prometheus

text: and

text: Pandora

text: 's maintenance of the F ring). Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out;

text: Mimas

text: maintains the Cassini Division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances.

text: |}Barring Uranus and Earth, the planets in our Solar System are named after Roman deities.

text: |}Barring

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Earth

text: , the planets in our

text: Solar System

text: are named after Roman deities.

text: The outer Adams ring, with an orbital radius of about 63,930 km, is the best studied of Neptune's rings. It is named after John Couch Adams, who predicted the position of Neptune independently of Le Verrier. This ring is narrow, slightly eccentric and inclined, with total width of about 35 km (15–50 km), and its normal optical depth is around 0.011 ± 0.003 outside the arcs, which corresponds to the equivalent depth of about 0.4 km. The fraction of dust in this ring is from 20% to 40%—lower than in other narrow rings. Neptune's small moon Galatea, which orbits just inside of the Adams ring at 61,953 km, acts like a shepherd, keeping ring particles inside a narrow range of orbital radii through a 42:43 outer Lindblad resonance. Galatea's gravitational influence creates 42 radial wiggles in the Adams ring with an amplitude of about 30 km, which have been used to infer Galatea's mass.

text: The outer Adams ring, with an orbital radius of about 63,930 km, is the best studied of Neptune's rings. It is named after

text: John Couch Adams

text: , who predicted the position of Neptune independently of Le Verrier. This ring is narrow, slightly eccentric and inclined, with total width of about 35 km (15–50 km), and its normal optical depth is around 0.011 ± 0.003 outside the arcs, which corresponds to the equivalent depth of about 0.4 km. The fraction of dust in this ring is from 20% to 40%—lower than in other narrow rings. Neptune's small moon

text: Galatea

text: , which orbits just inside of the Adams ring at 61,953 km, acts like a shepherd, keeping ring particles inside a narrow range of orbital radii through a 42:43 outer

text: Lindblad resonance

text: . Galatea's gravitational influence creates 42 radial wiggles in the Adams ring with an amplitude of about 30 km, which have been used to infer Galatea's

text: mass

text: His plan to become a god is based upon his belief that he can merge with the Planet's Lifestream, taking control of it, and thus the Planet itself. In order to do so, he must summon Meteor, a destructive meteorite entity from outer space that can catastrophically damage the Planet. At this point, the Lifestream will flow to attempt to heal the injury, thus allowing Sephiroth to merge with the exposed Lifestream. Despite appearing multiple times throughout the game, it is revealed that Sephiroth's physical body is actually sealed in the Northern Crater, and that the manifestations seen by Cloud and his allies were people  imbued with Jenova cells taking his form, controlled by the wounded Sephiroth in the Planet core. In the game's last battle, Sephiroth takes two forms;  and . After his defeat, Sephiroth reappears in Cloud's mind, but is once again defeated.

text: His plan to become a god is based upon his belief that he can merge with the Planet's

text: Lifestream

text: , taking control of it, and thus the Planet itself. In order to do so, he must summon Meteor, a destructive meteorite entity from outer space that can catastrophically damage the Planet. At this point, the Lifestream will flow to attempt to heal the injury, thus allowing Sephiroth to merge with the exposed Lifestream. Despite appearing multiple times throughout the game, it is revealed that Sephiroth's physical body is actually sealed in the Northern Crater, and that the manifestations seen by Cloud and his allies were people  imbued with Jenova cells taking his form, controlled by the wounded Sephiroth in the Planet core. In the game's last battle, Sephiroth takes two forms;  and . After his defeat, Sephiroth reappears in Cloud's mind, but is once again defeated.

text: Stormy Atmosphere is a progressive metal band from Israel.

text: Stormy Atmosphere is a

text: progressive metal

text: band from

text: Israel

text: Similarly, while the orbital speed of an outer planet is less than that of the Earth, a spacecraft leaving the Earth at the minimum speed needed to travel to some outer planet is slowed by the Sun's gravity to a speed far less than the orbital speed of that outer planet. Thus, there must be some way to accelerate the spacecraft when it reaches that outer planet if it is to enter orbit about it. However, if the spacecraft is accelerated to more than the minimum required, less total propellant will be needed to enter orbit about the target planet. In addition, accelerating the spacecraft early in the flight will reduce the travel time.

text: One common form of the hexafoil has a ring of six tangent circles circumscribed by a larger circle. It may be constructed by compass and straightedge, by drawing six circles at the centers of a regular hexagon, with diameter equal to the side of the hexagon. The inner circles of the hexafoil have radius 1/3 that of the outer circle containing them, from which it is possible to derive the area and perimeter of the figure as a mathematical exercise.

text: One common form of the hexafoil has a ring of six

text: tangent circles

text: circumscribed by a larger circle. It may be constructed by compass and straightedge, by drawing six circles at the centers of a

text: regular hexagon

text: , with diameter equal to the side of the hexagon. The inner circles of the hexafoil have radius 1/3 that of the outer circle containing them, from which it is possible to derive the area and perimeter of the figure as a mathematical exercise.

text: The planet orbits its host star or brown dwarf with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than Pluto. However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by radioactive decay would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

text: The planet orbits its host star or

text: brown dwarf

text: with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than

text: Pluto

text: . However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by

text: radioactive decay

text: would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

text: The Venus Express spacecraft formerly in orbit around the planet probed deeper into the atmosphere using infrared imaging spectroscopy in the 1–5 µm spectral range. The JAXA probe Akatsuki, launched in May 2010, was intended to study the planet for a period of two years, including the structure and activity of the atmosphere, but it failed to enter Venus orbit in December 2010. A second attempt to achieve orbit succeeded 7 December 2015. One of its five cameras known as the "IR2" will be able to measure the atmosphere of the planet underneath its thick clouds, in addition to its movement and distribution of trace components. With a varied orbit from 300 to 60,000 km, it will be able to take close-up photographs of the planet, and should also confirm the presence of both active volcanoes as well as lightning.

text: The

text: Venus Express

text: spacecraft formerly in orbit around the planet probed deeper into the atmosphere using

text: infrared

text: imaging spectroscopy

text: in the 1–5

text: µm

text: spectral range. The

text: JAXA

text: probe

text: Akatsuki

text: , launched in May 2010, was intended to study the planet for a period of two years, including the structure and activity of the atmosphere, but it failed to enter Venus orbit in December 2010. A second attempt to achieve orbit succeeded 7 December 2015. One of its five cameras known as the "IR2" will be able to measure the atmosphere of the planet underneath its thick clouds, in addition to its movement and distribution of trace components. With a varied orbit from 300 to 60,000 km, it will be able to take close-up photographs of the planet, and should also confirm the presence of both active volcanoes as well as lightning.

text: The largest moon of the planet Neptune has been given the name Triton, as Neptune is the Roman equivalent of Poseidon.

text: The largest moon of the planet

text: Neptune

text: has been given the name

text: Triton

text: , as Neptune is the Roman equivalent of Poseidon.

text: Even today this part of the vast mountain is almost always avoided, too great are its difficulties that range from the Pinnacles themselves to the weather, the extreme cold, the winds and the altitude as well as the arduous terrain.

text: Beginning in the late 1970s, Peter Goldreich, Frank Shu, and others applied density wave theory to the rings of Saturn.  Saturn's rings (particularly the A Ring) contain a great many spiral density waves and spiral bending waves excited by Lindblad resonances and vertical resonances (respectively) with Saturn's moons.  The physics are largely the same as with galaxies, though spiral waves in Saturn's rings are much more tightly wound (extending a few hundred kilometers at most) due to the very large central mass (Saturn itself) compared to the mass of the disk.  The Cassini mission has revealed very small density waves excited by the ring-moons Pan and Atlas and by high-order resonances with the larger moons, as well as waves whose form changes with time due to the varying orbits of Janus and Epimetheus.

text: Beginning in the late 1970s,

text: Peter Goldreich

text: Frank Shu

text: , and others applied density wave theory to the

text: rings of Saturn

text: .  Saturn's rings (particularly the

text: A Ring

text: ) contain a great many spiral density waves and spiral bending waves excited by

text: Lindblad resonances

text: and vertical resonances (respectively) with

text: Saturn's moons

text: .  The physics are largely the same as with galaxies, though spiral waves in Saturn's rings are much more tightly wound (extending a few hundred kilometers at most) due to the very large central mass (Saturn itself) compared to the mass of the disk.  The

text: Cassini mission

text: has revealed very small density waves excited by the ring-moons

text: Pan

text: and

text: Atlas

text: and by high-order resonances with the larger moons, as well as waves whose form changes with time due to the varying orbits of

text: Janus

text: and

text: Epimetheus

text: Thus, despite the popular analogy to planets revolving around the Sun, electrons cannot be described simply as solid particles. In addition, atomic orbitals do not closely resemble a planet's elliptical path in ordinary atoms. A more accurate analogy might be that of a large and often oddly shaped "atmosphere" (the electron), distributed around a relatively tiny planet (the atomic nucleus). Atomic orbitals exactly describe the shape of this "atmosphere" only when a single electron is present in an atom. When more electrons are added to a single atom, the additional electrons tend to more evenly fill in a volume of space around the nucleus so that the resulting collection (sometimes termed the atom’s “electron cloud”) tends toward a generally spherical zone of probability describing where the atom’s electrons will be found. The is due to the uncertainty principle.

text: Liquids and gases are typically mixed w mass transfer to occur. For instance, in the case of air stripping, gas is used to remove volatiles from a liquid. Typically, a packed column is used for this purpose, with the packing acting as a motionless mixer and the air pump providing the driving force. When a tank and impeller are used, the objective is typically to ensure that the gas bubbles remain in contact with the liquid for as long as possible. This is especially important if the gas is expensive, such as pure oxygen, or diffuses slowly into the liquid. Mixing in a tank is also useful when a (relatively) slow chemical reaction is occurring in the liquid phase, and so the concentration difference in the thin layer near the bubble is close to that of the bulk. This reduces the driving force for mass transfer. If there is a (relatively) fast chemical reaction in the liquid phase, it is sometimes advantageous to disperse but not recirculate the gas bubbles, ensuring that they are in plug flow and can transfer mass more efficiently.

text: Liquids and gases are typically mixed w

text: mass transfer

text: to occur. For instance, in the case of

text: air stripping

text: , gas is used to remove volatiles from a liquid. Typically, a

text: packed column

text: is used for this purpose, with the packing acting as a motionless mixer and the air pump providing the driving force. When a tank and impeller are used, the objective is typically to ensure that the gas bubbles remain in contact with the liquid for as long as possible. This is especially important if the gas is expensive, such as pure

text: oxygen

text: , or diffuses slowly into the liquid. Mixing in a tank is also useful when a (relatively) slow chemical reaction is occurring in the liquid phase, and so the concentration difference in the thin layer near the bubble is close to that of the bulk. This reduces the driving force for mass transfer. If there is a (relatively) fast chemical reaction in the liquid phase, it is sometimes advantageous to disperse but not recirculate the gas bubbles, ensuring that they are in

text: plug flow

text: and can transfer mass more efficiently.

text: Fictional planets in our Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune have been employed many times as settings or references in science fiction. Following the general reception of Pluto as the ninth planet of the Solar System in 1930, a hypothetical additional planet was sometimes called a "tenth planet".  Since 1992, a very large number of objects have been found beyond Neptune; all the objects in the following list, however, are purely fictional. Common names for trans-Neptunian planets in fiction include Planet X, after a planet once believed to lie beyond Neptune, and Persephone (or Proserpina), after the wife of Pluto.

text: Fictional planets

text: in our

text: Solar System

text: beyond the orbit of Neptune

text: have been employed many times as settings or references in

text: science fiction

text: . Following the general reception of Pluto as the ninth planet of the Solar System in 1930, a hypothetical additional planet was sometimes called a "tenth planet".  Since 1992, a very large number of objects have been found beyond Neptune; all the objects in the following list, however, are purely fictional. Common names for trans-Neptunian planets in fiction include Planet X, after a planet once believed to lie beyond Neptune, and Persephone (or Proserpina), after the wife of Pluto.

text: This table summarizes the properties of the planetary ring system of Uranus.

text: This table summarizes the properties of the

text: planetary ring

text: system of

text: Uranus

text: As a Death God, Pluto has a pact with Death that allows him to claim the souls of any worshipper of the Greco-Roman Gods, and order those under his command. He is capable of draining the energy and life-force from those that he touches, even other gods. The various Death Gods can either act as allies or competitors depending on the situation.  Pluto is more powerful within Hades than in other realms, due to his ability to commune with and manipulate the energies of the Underworld. On Earth, he can command armies of undead.

text: As a Death God, Pluto has a pact with

text: Death

text: that allows him to claim the souls of any worshipper of the

text: Greco-Roman Gods

text: , and order those under his command. He is capable of draining the energy and life-force from those that he touches, even other gods. The various Death Gods can either act as allies or competitors depending on the situation.  Pluto is more powerful within Hades than in other realms, due to his ability to commune with and manipulate the energies of the Underworld. On Earth, he can command armies of undead.

text: She was involved in one the most important decisions of recent years while she was a member of the IAU in Prague where, in 2006, it was decided that Pluto would not be a planet anymore.

text: She was involved in one the most important decisions of recent years while she was a member of the

text: IAU

text: in

text: Prague

text: where, in 2006, it was decided that

text: Pluto

text: would not be a planet anymore.

text: A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft, usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors.  In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them.

text: A robotic spacecraft is an

text: uncrewed spacecraft

text: , usually under

text: telerobotic

text: control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a

text: space probe

text: . Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than

text: crewed

text: operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors.  In addition, some planetary destinations such as

text: Venus

text: or the vicinity of

text: Jupiter

text: are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them.

text: A cornice extends out over the false porticos and their pillar from the bottom of the outer dome. A balustrade, runs along the top of the cornice which like the porticos below it would appear as a hexagon if viewed from above. Eagle statues are perched wherever two sides of six-sided balustrade meet. The outer dome rise in from the cornice, which if viewed from above would appear as a circle inside a hexagon. The north, south, east, and west side of the outer dome are interrupted by clock faces, which maintain a vertical position even as the outer dome curves backwards. A false belfry, reminiscent of the lantern on top of the United States Capitol building, is located on top of the outer dome. On the top of the belfry is a  statue of Lady Justitia, which has the typical features of any Lady Justice: a blindfold, scales, and raised sword; as well as the rather atypical feature of a set of wings.

text: A

text: cornice

text: extends out over the false porticos and their pillar from the bottom of the outer dome. A balustrade, runs along the top of the cornice which like the porticos below it would appear as a hexagon if viewed from above. Eagle statues are perched wherever two sides of six-sided balustrade meet. The outer dome rise in from the cornice, which if viewed from above would appear as a circle inside a hexagon. The north, south, east, and west side of the outer dome are interrupted by

text: clock face

text: s, which maintain a vertical position even as the outer dome curves backwards. A false

text: belfry

text: , reminiscent of the lantern on top of the

text: United States Capitol

text: building, is located on top of the outer dome. On the top of the belfry is a  statue of Lady Justitia, which has the typical features of any Lady Justice: a

text: blindfold

text: scales

text: , and raised sword; as well as the rather atypical feature of a set of wings.

text: Titan is one of the moons of the planet Saturn. In the 30th and 31st centuries of the  the moon is inhabited by a colony of telepaths.

text: Titan

text: is one of the moons of the planet

text: Saturn

text: . In the 30th and 31st centuries of the  the moon is inhabited by a colony of

text: telepaths

text: Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter telescope to resolve and thus were not known to exist until Galileo first saw them in 1610. He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides. It was not until Christiaan Huygens used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan; Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys and Dione. In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the Cassini Division.

text: Saturn's rings require at least a 15-mm-diameter

text: telescope

text: to resolve and thus were not known to exist until

text: Galileo

text: first saw them in 1610. He thought of them as two moons on Saturn's sides. It was not until

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: used greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted. Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan;

text: Giovanni Domenico Cassini

text: later discovered four other moons:

text: Iapetus

text: Rhea

text: Tethys

text: and

text: Dione

text: . In 1675, Cassini discovered the gap now known as the

text: Cassini Division

text: The outer planets are those planets in the Solar System beyond the asteroid belt, and hence refers to the gas giants, which are in order of their distance from the Sun:

text: The outer planets are those planets in the

text: Solar System

text: beyond the

text: asteroid belt

text: , and hence refers to the

text: gas giant

text: s, which are in order of their distance from the Sun:

text: Beginning at the top appear Aquarius at the zenith, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, containing the moon and the point which was rising, Gemini, Cancer, Leo at the nadir, Virgo, Libra, containing the sun and Mars, Scorpio, containing Mercury, Venus, and the point which was setting, Sagittarius, containing Saturn and Jupiter, and Capricorn.  There is some error in the astronomical calculations recorded, because the position of the planets indicated could not have occurred during the span of time in which the horoscope was made.

text: Beginning at the top appear

text: Aquarius

text: at the zenith,

text: Pisces

text: Aries

text: Taurus

text: , containing the moon and the point which was rising,

text: Gemini

text: Cancer

text: Leo

text: at the nadir,

text: Virgo

text: Libra

text: , containing the sun and Mars,

text: Scorpio

text: , containing Mercury, Venus, and the point which was setting,

text: Sagittarius

text: , containing Saturn and Jupiter, and

text: Capricorn

text: .  There is some error in the astronomical calculations recorded, because the position of the planets indicated could not have occurred during the span of time in which the horoscope was made.

text: In 1970, HMS Jupiter (Commander Ken Maun) deployed to the West Indies, a common duty for the RN, and which continues to the present day. In 1971, she joined Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), a multi-national squadron of NATO. In 1972, Jupiter was again present in the West Indies again as part of STANAVFORLANT taking over the duty of HMS Naiad which had suffered a disabling breakdown. The following year, Jupiter took part in the Second Cod War. Jupiter then visited Africa on her way to the Far East and Pacific, and when she reached the Far East, Jupiter did a variety of duties, including performing fly-the-flag visits to numerous ports. Jupiter also visited Christchurch, New Zealand during the 1974 Commonwealth Games. She also visited the American naval base at Pearl Harbor where some propulsion problems were sorted out. Charles, Prince of Wales joined Jupiter as Ship's Communications Officer, in January 1974, and remained in Jupiter until her return to the UK later that year.

text: In 1970, HMS Jupiter (Commander Ken Maun) deployed to the

text: West Indies

text: , a common duty for the RN, and which continues to the present day. In 1971, she joined

text: Standing Naval Force Atlantic

text: (STANAVFORLANT), a multi-national squadron of

text: NATO

text: . In 1972, Jupiter was again present in the West Indies again as part of STANAVFORLANT taking over the duty of HMS Naiad which had suffered a disabling breakdown. The following year, Jupiter took part in the

text: Second Cod War

text: . Jupiter then visited Africa on her way to the

text: Far East

text: and Pacific, and when she reached the Far East, Jupiter did a variety of duties, including performing fly-the-flag visits to numerous ports. Jupiter also visited

text: Christchurch

text: , New Zealand during the

text: 1974 Commonwealth Games

text: . She also visited the American naval base at

text: Pearl Harbor

text: where some propulsion problems were sorted out.

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: joined Jupiter as Ship's Communications Officer, in January 1974, and remained in Jupiter until her return to the UK later that year.

text: A total of nine spacecraft have been launched on missions that involve visits to the outer planets; all nine missions involve encounters with Jupiter, with four spacecraft also visiting Saturn. One spacecraft, Voyager 2, also visited Uranus and Neptune. The nine missions include two; Ulysses and New Horizons, whose primary objectives are not related to the outer planets, but which flew past Jupiter to gain gravity assists  en route to a polar orbit around the Sun, and Pluto - at the time of its launch considered an outer planet - respectively. Cassini–Huygens also flew past Jupiter for a gravity assist on its mission to explore Saturn.

text: A total of nine spacecraft have been launched on missions that involve visits to the outer planets; all nine missions involve encounters with

text: Jupiter

text: , with four spacecraft also visiting

text: Saturn

text: . One spacecraft,

text: Voyager 2

text: , also visited

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . The nine missions include two;

text: Ulysses

text: and

text: New Horizons

text: , whose primary objectives are not related to the outer planets, but which flew past Jupiter to gain

text: gravity assist

text: s  en route to a polar orbit around the Sun, and

text: Pluto

text: - at the time of its launch considered an outer planet - respectively.

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: also flew past Jupiter for a gravity assist on its mission to explore Saturn.

text: After he causes Scratlantis to be sucked down the plughole, Scrat wanders through the landscape with a new acorn in hand. Inadvertently, he falls through into a cave and spots a place to stick his acorn in. Upon placing it, the whole cave melts, revealing that he is inside a spaceship (resembling the one inside the ice cave's walls in the first film). Scrat pulls the leaver that the acorn is on only for the ship to suddenly take off, the ship zooms into space and crashes into the Moon, causing it to hit several other planets causing them to bounce around and bump into each other as if they were billiard balls (the Moon is the cue ball) which ends up forming the Solar System which incidentally gives two planets new appearances (Jupiter's Great Red Spot is formed when Mars bumps into it, leaving a red splotch-like bruise on its surface; while Saturn is bumped into its rings as if it were a billiard ball falling into a pocket), as well as causing a green planet to be shot off into space and toward some constellations and two more extra planets to collide with each other, shattering both worlds and forming the Asteroid Belt.

text: Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn's rings. The main ring is probably made of material ejected from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Material that would normally fall back to the moon is pulled into Jupiter because of its strong gravitational influence. The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts. In a similar way, the moons Thebe and Amalthea probably produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring.There is also evidence of a rocky ring strung along Amalthea's orbit which may consist of collisional debris from that moon.

text: Jupiter has a faint

text: planetary ring

text: system composed of three main segments: an inner

text: torus

text: of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn's rings. The main ring is probably made of material ejected from the satellites

text: Adrastea

text: and

text: Metis

text: . Material that would normally fall back to the moon is pulled into Jupiter because of its strong gravitational influence. The orbit of the material veers towards Jupiter and new material is added by additional impacts. In a similar way, the moons

text: Thebe

text: and

text: Amalthea

text: probably produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring.There is also evidence of a rocky ring strung along Amalthea's orbit which may consist of collisional debris from that moon.

text: Sailor Saturn is one of the Sailor soldiers. Part of the outer soldier team, she possess immense power of destruction and is the soldier of"death and revolution". She appears when evil has consumed the planet and the situation is beyond hope. By swinging down her scythe, she destroys everything- evil and the planet itself, completing the cycle of death and rebirth

text: The planet Uranus has a system of rings intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10, 1977, by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Douglas J. Mink. More than 200 years ago, William Herschel also reported observing rings, but modern astronomers are skeptical that he could actually have noticed them, as they are very dark and faint.

text: The planet

text: Uranus

text: has a system of rings intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around

text: Saturn

text: and the simpler systems around

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10, 1977, by

text: James L. Elliot

text: , Edward W. Dunham, and

text: Douglas J. Mink

text: . More than 200 years ago,

text: William Herschel

text: also reported observing rings, but modern astronomers are skeptical that he could actually have noticed them, as they are very dark and faint.

text: Pluto's orbit lay within this band and thus its planetary status was thrown into question.  Many scientists concluded that tiny Pluto should be reclassified as a minor planet, just as Ceres had been a century earlier. Mike Brown of the California Institute of Technology suggested that a "planet" should be redefined as "any body in the Solar System that is more massive than the total mass of all of the other bodies in a similar orbit." Those objects under that mass limit would become minor planets. In 1999, Brian G. Marsden of Harvard University's Minor Planet Center suggested that Pluto be given the minor planet number 10000 while still retaining its official position as a planet. The prospect of Pluto's "demotion" created a public outcry, and in response the International Astronomical Union clarified that it was not at that time proposing to remove Pluto from the planet list.

text: Pluto's orbit lay within this band and thus its planetary status was thrown into question.  Many scientists concluded that tiny Pluto should be reclassified as a minor planet, just as Ceres had been a century earlier.

text: Mike Brown

text: of the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: suggested that a "planet" should be redefined as "any body in the Solar System that is more massive than the total mass of all of the other bodies in a similar orbit." Those objects under that mass limit would become minor planets. In 1999,

text: Brian G. Marsden

text: of

text: Harvard University

text: 's

text: Minor Planet Center

text: suggested that Pluto be given the

text: minor planet number

text: 10000 while still retaining its official position as a planet. The prospect of Pluto's "demotion" created a public outcry, and in response the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: clarified that it was not at that time proposing to remove Pluto from the planet list.

text: Planets can drive spiral density waves in the surrounding gas or planetesimal disk, via their perturbing gravitational potential. In the Type I regime, the disk response to this perturbation is linear. An imbalance occurs in the strength of the interaction with the spirals inside and outside the planet's orbit. In most cases, the outer wave exerts a somewhat greater torque on the planet than does the interior wave. This causes the planet to lose orbital angular momentum and the planet then migrates inwards on timescales that are initially short relative to the million-year lifetime of the disk.  Torques are also exerted by gas co-rotating with the planet, which shares the same orbit as (or a proximate orbit to) the planet. Co-rotation torques typically raise the angular momentum of the planet, pushing it away from the star. However, in locally isothermal disks and far from steep density gradients, co-rotation torques are generally overpowered by wave, or Lindblad, torques. Outward migration in isothermal disks is also possible, but it requires the presence of steep gradients of surface density and/or temperature.  Type I migration was shown to be compatible with the formation of some of the observed Kepler planets.

text: Planets can drive spiral density waves in the surrounding gas or planetesimal disk, via their perturbing gravitational potential. In the Type I regime, the disk response to this perturbation is linear. An imbalance occurs in the strength of the interaction with the spirals inside and outside the planet's orbit. In most cases, the outer wave exerts a somewhat greater torque on the planet than does the interior wave. This causes the planet to lose orbital angular momentum and the planet then migrates inwards on timescales that are initially short relative to the million-year lifetime of the disk.  Torques are also exerted by gas co-rotating with the planet, which shares the same orbit as (or a proximate orbit to) the planet. Co-rotation torques typically raise the angular momentum of the planet, pushing it away from the star. However, in locally isothermal disks and far from steep density gradients, co-rotation torques are generally overpowered by wave, or

text: Lindblad

text: , torques. Outward migration in isothermal disks is also possible, but it requires the presence of steep gradients of surface density and/or temperature.  Type I migration was shown to be compatible with the formation of some of the observed

text: Kepler

text: planets.

text: A sizeable quantity of water would have been in the material that formed the Earth. Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually escape (even to the present day) due to atmospheric escape.Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact that created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large areas.  Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy  atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of  because at an atmospheric pressure of above 27 atmospheres, caused by the heavy  atmosphere, water is still liquid. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most  from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.

text: A sizeable quantity of

text: water

text: would have been in the material that formed the Earth. Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually escape (even to the present day) due to

text: atmospheric escape

text: .Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the

text: impact that created the Moon

text: , which should have caused melting of one or two large areas.  Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy  atmosphere with

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: water vapor

text: . Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of  because at an atmospheric pressure of above 27 atmospheres, caused by the heavy  atmosphere, water is still liquid. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most  from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.

text: Pluto has five known moons: Charon (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of Pluto), Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a binary system because the barycenter of their orbits does not lie within either body. The IAU has not formalized a definition for binary dwarf planets, and Charon is officially classified as a moon of Pluto. In September 2016, astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of tholins, organic macromolecules that may be ingredients for the emergence of life, and produced from methane, nitrogen and related gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred over about  distance to the orbiting moon.

text: Pluto has

text: five known moons

text: Charon

text: (the largest, with a diameter just over half that of Pluto),

text: Styx

text: Nix

text: Kerberos

text: , and

text: Hydra

text: . Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a

text: binary system

text: because the

text: barycenter

text: of their orbits does not lie within either body. The IAU has not formalized a definition for binary dwarf planets, and Charon is officially classified as a

text: moon

text: of Pluto. In September 2016, astronomers announced that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon is composed of

text: tholin

text: s,

text: organic

text: macromolecule

text: s that may be ingredients for the

text: emergence of life

text: , and produced from

text: methane

text: nitrogen

text: and related gases released from the

text: atmosphere of Pluto

text: and transferred over about  distance to the orbiting moon.

text: The Roman numbering scheme of Uranus' moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time. Sir William Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons and maybe even a ring. For nearly fifty years, Herschel's instrument was the only one the moons had been seen with. In the 1840s, better instruments and a more favourable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon. Publications hesitated between William Herschel's designations (where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV) and William Lassell's (where they are sometimes I and II). With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel, Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward, and this finally stuck.

text: The Roman numbering scheme of

text: Uranus

text: ' moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time. Sir William Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons and maybe even a ring. For nearly fifty years, Herschel's instrument was the only one the moons had been seen with. In the 1840s, better instruments and a more favourable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon. Publications hesitated between William Herschel's designations (where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV) and William Lassell's (where they are sometimes I and II). With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel, Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward, and this finally stuck.

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is probably an azure or sky blue, similar to Uranus'. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of

text: Neptune

text: is probably an

text: azure or sky blue

text: , similar to

text: Uranus

text: '. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.

text: Notice that rulerships follow a repeating pattern, the so-called "Chaldaean" order of the planets:    Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon.This planetary order, in which the Sun stands at the center of the continuum, with the planets between the Sun and the Earth on one side and the outer planets on the other side, reflected the perception of the speed of each planet's motion as seen from the Earth.

text: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are composed of crystals of ice, Neptune's cirrus clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while cirrus clouds usually form and then disperse within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

text: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the

text: tropopause

text: layer similar to high-altitude

text: cirrus clouds

text: found on

text: Earth

text: . Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are composed of crystals of ice, Neptune's cirrus clouds are made up of crystals of frozen

text: methane

text: . And while cirrus clouds usually form and then disperse within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

text: The bulk of Jupiter's magnetic field, like Earth's, is generated by an internal dynamo supported by the circulation of a conducting fluid in its outer core. But whereas Earth's core is made of molten iron and nickel, Jupiter's is composed of metallic hydrogen. As with Earth's, Jupiter's magnetic field is mostly a dipole, with north and south magnetic poles at the ends of a single magnetic axis. However, on Jupiter the north pole of the dipole is located in the planet's northern hemisphere and the south pole of the dipole lies in its southern hemisphere, opposite to the Earth, whose north pole lies in the southern hemisphere and south pole lies in the northern hemisphere. Jupiter's field also has quadrupole, octupole and higher components, though they are less than one tenth as strong as the dipole component.

text: The bulk of Jupiter's magnetic field, like

text: Earth

text: 's, is generated by an internal

text: dynamo

text: supported by the circulation of a conducting fluid in its

text: outer core

text: . But whereas Earth's core is made of molten

text: iron

text: and

text: nickel

text: , Jupiter's is composed of

text: metallic hydrogen

text: . As with Earth's, Jupiter's magnetic field is mostly a

text: dipole

text: , with north and south magnetic poles at the ends of a single magnetic axis. However, on Jupiter the north pole of the dipole is located in the planet's northern hemisphere and the south pole of the dipole lies in its southern hemisphere, opposite to the Earth, whose north pole lies in the southern hemisphere and south pole lies in the northern hemisphere. Jupiter's field also has

text: quadrupole

text: octupole

text: and higher components, though they are less than one tenth as strong as the dipole component.

text: Saturn's polar hexagon discovery was made by the Voyager mission in 1981–82,and it was revisited since 2006 by the Cassini mission.Cassini was only able to take thermal infrared images of the hexagon, until it passed into sunlight in January 2009.Cassini was also able to take a video of the hexagonal weather pattern while traveling at the same speed as the planet, therefore recording only the movement of the hexagon. After its discovery, and after it came back into the sunlight, amateur astronomers managed to get images showing the hexagon from Earth.

text: Saturn's polar hexagon discovery was made by the

text: Voyager mission

text: in 1981–82,and it was revisited since 2006 by the

text: Cassini mission

text: .Cassini was only able to take

text: thermal infrared

text: images of the hexagon, until it passed into sunlight in January 2009.Cassini was also able to take a video of the hexagonal weather pattern while traveling at the same speed as the planet, therefore recording only the movement of the hexagon. After its discovery, and after it came back into the sunlight, amateur astronomers managed to get images showing the hexagon from Earth.

text: Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The magnetic field was found to be highly tilted and largely offset from the planet's centre. The  probe discovered auroras, but much weaker than those on Earth or other planets. The radio instruments on board found that Neptune's day lasts 16 hours and 6.7 minutes. Neptune's rings had been observed from Earth many years prior to Voyager 2s visit, but the close inspection revealed that the ring systems were full circle and intact, and a total of four rings were counted.

text: Neptune's

text: magnetosphere

text: was also studied by Voyager 2. The magnetic field was found to be highly tilted and largely offset from the planet's centre. The  probe discovered

text: auroras

text: , but much weaker than those on Earth or other planets. The radio instruments on board found that Neptune's day lasts 16 hours and 6.7 minutes. Neptune's rings had been observed from Earth many years prior to Voyager 2s visit, but the close inspection revealed that the ring systems were full circle and intact, and a total of four rings were counted.

text: Neptune has 14 moons (one of which is unnamed); the largest, Triton, accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but, uniquely for a large moon, has a retrograde orbit, suggesting it was captured. Neptune also has six known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

text: Neptune

text: has 14 moons (one of which is unnamed); the largest,

text: Triton

text: , accounts for more than 99.5 percent of all the mass orbiting the planet. Triton is large enough to have achieved

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , but, uniquely for a large moon, has a

text: retrograde

text: orbit, suggesting it was captured. Neptune also has six known inner regular satellites, and six outer irregular satellites.

text: The seven largest natural satellites in the Solar System (those bigger than 2,500 km across) are Jupiter's Galilean moons (Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa), Saturn's moon Titan, Earth's moon, and Neptune's captured natural satellite Triton. Triton, the smallest of these, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. Similarly in the next size group of nine natural satellites, between 1,000 km and 1,600 km across, Titania, Oberon, Rhea, Iapetus, Charon, Ariel, Umbriel, Dione, and Tethys, the smallest, Tethys, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. As well as the natural satellites of the various planets, there are also over 80 known natural satellites of the dwarf planets, minor planets and other small Solar System bodies. Some studies estimate that up to 15% of all trans-Neptunian objects could have satellites.

text: The seven largest

text: natural satellites

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: (those bigger than 2,500 km across) are

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: Galilean moon

text: s (

text: Ganymede

text: Callisto

text: Io

text: , and

text: Europa

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: , Earth's

text: moon

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: 's captured natural satellite

text: Triton

text: . Triton, the smallest of these, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. Similarly in the next size group of nine natural satellites, between 1,000 km and 1,600 km across,

text: Titania

text: Oberon

text: Rhea

text: Iapetus

text: Charon

text: Ariel

text: Umbriel

text: Dione

text: , and

text: Tethys

text: , the smallest, Tethys, has more mass than all smaller natural satellites together. As well as the natural satellites of the various planets, there are also over 80 known natural satellites of the

text: dwarf planet

text: s,

text: minor planet

text: s and other

text: small Solar System bodies

text: . Some studies estimate that up to 15% of all

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s could have satellites.

text: Discovered moons of Jupiter (full list):

text: Discovered

text: moons of Jupiter

text: full list

text: Tethys Nunataks () is a minor group of about five snow-free nunataks, lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Stephenson Nunatak in the southeast corner of Alexander Island, Antarctica. Presumably first seen by Ronne and Eklund of the United States Antarctic Service who sledged through George VI Sound in 1940-41. Surveyed in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee for association with nearby Saturn Glacier, Tethys being one of the satellites of the planet Saturn, the sixth planet of the Solar System.

text: Tethys Nunataks () is a minor group of about five snow-free

text: nunatak

text: s, lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of

text: Stephenson Nunatak

text: in the southeast corner of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: . Presumably first seen by Ronne and Eklund of the

text: United States Antarctic Service

text: who sledged through

text: George VI Sound

text: in 1940-41. Surveyed in 1949 by the

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: and named by the

text: United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee

text: for association with nearby

text: Saturn Glacier

text: Tethys

text: being one of the

text: satellite

text: s of the planet

text: Saturn

text: , the sixth planet of the

text: Solar System

text: The Canadian Maritimes, specifically Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, are often affected by such snow squalls when an Arctic winter airmass moves over unfrozen waters. In PEI, sea-effect snow is often generated when a cold north wind blows over the unfrozen Gulf of St. Lawrence, dumping heavy snow on the north shore. In Nova Scotia, a cold north-west wind can produce sea-effect snow over the Cape Breton Highlands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Annapolis Valley from the Bay of Fundy; in the latter case, the sea-effect snow season can continue all winter as the Bay of Fundy remains open owing to its extreme tidal currents.

text: The Canadian

text: Maritimes

text: , specifically

text: Nova Scotia

text: and

text: Prince Edward Island

text: , are often affected by such snow squalls when an Arctic winter airmass moves over unfrozen waters. In PEI, sea-effect snow is often generated when a cold north wind blows over the unfrozen

text: Gulf of St. Lawrence

text: , dumping heavy snow on the north shore. In Nova Scotia, a cold north-west wind can produce sea-effect snow over the

text: Cape Breton Highlands

text: from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the

text: Annapolis Valley

text: from the

text: Bay of Fundy

text: ; in the latter case, the sea-effect snow season can continue all winter as the Bay of Fundy remains open owing to its extreme tidal currents.

text: The chief assumption about habitable planets is that they are terrestrial. Such planets, roughly within one order of magnitude of Earth mass, are primarily composed of silicate rocks, and have not accreted the gaseous outer layers of hydrogen and helium found on gas giants. Although the possibility that life could evolve in the cloud tops of giant planets has not been decisively ruled out, though it is considered unlikely, as they have no surface and their gravity is enormous. The natural satellites of giant planets, meanwhile, remain valid candidates for hosting life.

text: The chief assumption about habitable planets is that they are

text: terrestrial

text: . Such planets, roughly within one

text: order of magnitude

text: of Earth mass, are primarily composed of

text: silicate

text: rocks, and have not accreted the gaseous outer layers of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: found on

text: gas giants

text: . Although the possibility that life could evolve in the cloud tops of giant planets has not been decisively ruled out, though it is considered unlikely, as they have no surface and their gravity is enormous. The natural satellites of giant planets, meanwhile, remain valid candidates for hosting life.

text: Six years later, the Voyager missions vastly improved the understanding of the Galilean moons and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere.

text: Six years later, the

text: Voyager

text: missions vastly improved the understanding of the

text: Galilean moon

text: s and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Red Spot had changed hue since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, and volcanoes were found on the moon's surface, some in the process of erupting. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the night side atmosphere.

text: Callisto  (Jupiter IV) is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede. It is the third-largest moon in the Solar System and the largest object in the Solar System not to be properly  differentiated. Callisto was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. At  in diameter, Callisto has about 99% the diameter of the planet Mercury but only about a third of its mass. It is the fourth Galilean moon of Jupiter by distance, with an orbital radius of about . It is not in an orbital resonance like the three other Galilean satellites—Io, Europa, and Ganymede—and is thus not appreciably tidally heated. Callisto's rotation is tidally locked to its orbit around Jupiter, so that the same hemisphere always faces inward; Jupiter appears to stand nearly still in Callisto's sky. It is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt.

text: Callisto  (Jupiter IV) is the second-largest

text: moon of Jupiter

text: , after

text: Ganymede

text: . It is the

text: third-largest moon

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: and the largest object in the Solar System not to be properly

text: differentiated

text: . Callisto was discovered in 1610 by

text: Galileo Galilei

text: . At  in diameter, Callisto has about 99% the diameter of the planet

text: Mercury

text: but only about a third of its mass. It is the fourth

text: Galilean moon

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: by distance, with an orbital radius of about . It is not in an

text: orbital resonance

text: like the three other Galilean satellites—

text: Io

text: Europa

text: , and

text: Ganymede

text: —and is thus not appreciably

text: tidally heated

text: . Callisto's rotation is

text: tidally locked

text: to its orbit around Jupiter, so that the same hemisphere always faces inward; Jupiter appears to stand nearly still in Callisto's sky. It is less affected by Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: than the other

text: inner satellite

text: s because of its more remote orbit, located just outside Jupiter's main radiation belt.

text: Observations by the orbiting Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope initially limited the planet's albedo (or reflectivity) below 0.3, making it a surprisingly dark object. (The geometric albedo has since been measured to be 0.038 ± 0.045.) In comparison, Jupiter has a much higher albedo of 0.52. This would suggest that HD 209458 b's upper cloud deck is either made of less reflective material than is Jupiter's, or else has no clouds and Rayleigh-scatters incoming radiation like Earth's dark ocean. Models since then have shown that between the top of its atmosphere and the hot, high pressure gas surrounding the mantle, there exists a stratosphere of cooler gas.  This implies an outer shell of dark, opaque, hot cloud; usually thought to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides like red dwarfs ("pM planets"), but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out yet. The Rayleigh-scattering heated hydrogen rests at the top of the stratosphere; the absorptive portion of the cloud deck floats above it at 25 millibars.

text: Observations by the orbiting

text: Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope

text: initially limited the planet's

text: albedo

text: (or reflectivity) below 0.3, making it a surprisingly dark object. (The geometric albedo has since been measured to be 0.038 ± 0.045.) In comparison, Jupiter has a much higher albedo of 0.52. This would suggest that HD 209458 b's upper cloud deck is either made of less reflective material than is Jupiter's, or else has no clouds and Rayleigh-scatters incoming radiation like Earth's dark ocean. Models since then have shown that between the top of its atmosphere and the hot, high pressure gas surrounding the mantle, there exists a

text: stratosphere

text: of cooler gas.  This implies an outer shell of dark, opaque, hot cloud; usually thought to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides like red dwarfs ("pM planets"), but other compounds like

text: tholin

text: s cannot be ruled out yet. The Rayleigh-scattering heated hydrogen rests at the top of the stratosphere; the absorptive portion of the cloud deck floats above it at 25 millibars.

text: To the observatory's disappointment and surprise, Pluto showed no visible disc; it appeared as a point, no different from a star, and, at only 15th magnitude, was six times dimmer than Lowell had predicted, which meant it was either very small, or very dark. Because Lowell astronomers thought Pluto was massive enough to perturb planets, they assumed that it should have an albedo of 0.07 (meaning that it reflected only 7% of the light that hit it); about as dark as asphalt and similar to that of Mercury, the least reflective planet known. This would give Pluto an assumed diameter of about 8,000 km, or about 60% that of Earth. Observations also revealed that Pluto's orbit was very elliptical, far more than that of any other planet.

text: To the observatory's disappointment and surprise, Pluto showed no visible disc; it appeared as a point, no different from a star, and, at only 15th magnitude, was six times dimmer than Lowell had predicted, which meant it was either very small, or very dark. Because Lowell astronomers thought Pluto was massive enough to

text: perturb

text: planets, they assumed that it should have an

text: albedo

text: of 0.07 (meaning that it reflected only 7% of the light that hit it); about as dark as asphalt and similar to that of

text: Mercury

text: , the least reflective planet known. This would give Pluto an assumed diameter of about 8,000 km, or about 60% that of Earth. Observations also revealed that Pluto's orbit was very elliptical, far more than that of any other planet.

text: The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is probably blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. Observations from spacecraft show that seasonal smog develops in Saturn's southern hemisphere at its perihelion due to its axial tilt. This could cause the sky to become yellowish at times. As the northern hemisphere is pointed towards the sun only at aphelion, the sky there would likely remain blue. The rings of Saturn are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere.

text: The sky in the upper reaches of

text: Saturn

text: 's atmosphere is probably blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. Observations from spacecraft show that seasonal smog develops in Saturn's southern hemisphere at its perihelion due to its axial tilt. This could cause the sky to become yellowish at times. As the northern hemisphere is pointed towards the sun only at aphelion, the sky there would likely remain blue. The

text: rings of Saturn

text: are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere.

text: According to Nelson & Angel (1998), Eta Cephei would show two significant periodicities of 164 days and 10 years respectively, hinting at the possible presence of one or more jovian planets in orbit around the subgiant. The authors have set an upper limit of 0.64 Jupiter masses for the putative inner planet and 1.2 Jupiter masses for the putative outer one. Also Campbell et al. (1988) inferred the existence of planetary objects or even brown dwarfs less massive than 16.3 Jupiter masses.

text: According to Nelson & Angel (1998), Eta Cephei would show two significant periodicities of 164 days and 10 years respectively, hinting at the possible presence of one or more jovian planets in orbit around the subgiant. The authors have set an upper limit of 0.64

text: Jupiter masses

text: for the putative inner planet and 1.2

text: Jupiter masses

text: for the putative outer one. Also Campbell et al. (1988) inferred the existence of planetary objects or even

text: brown dwarfs

text: less massive than 16.3

text: Jupiter masses

text: Dawn is a space probe launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known  protoplanets of the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres. It is currently in orbit about its second target, the dwarf planet Ceres. Dawn is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to visit either Vesta or Ceres, and also the first to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres in March 2015, a few months before New Horizons flew by Pluto in July 2015.

text: Dawn is a

text: space probe

text: launched by

text: NASA

text: in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known

text: protoplanet

text: s of the

text: asteroid belt

text: Vesta

text: and

text: Ceres

text: . It is currently in orbit about its second target, the

text: dwarf planet

text: Ceres. Dawn is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to visit either Vesta or Ceres, and also the first to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres in March 2015, a few months before

text: New Horizons

text: flew by

text: Pluto

text: in July 2015.

text: The seven double letters produced the seven planets, the "seven days," and the seven apertures in man (two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, and one mouth). Again, as the seven double letters vary, being pronounced either hard or soft, so the seven planets are in continuous movement, approaching or receding from the earth. The "seven days," in like manner, were created by the seven double letters because they change in time according to their relation to the planets. The seven apertures in man connect him with the outer world as the seven planets join heaven and earth. Hence these organs are subject to the influence of the planets, the right eye being under Saturn, the left eye under Jupiter, and the like.

text: He is a collaborator, backed by NASA grants, with a group of scientists from Williams College and MIT observing the atmospheres of outer planets and their moons, including Pluto, its moon Charon, Neptune’s moon Triton, and other objects in the outer solar system. He also makes radio astronomy observations of the interstellar medium, concentrating on deuterium and its cosmological implications.

text: He is a collaborator, backed by NASA grants, with a group of scientists from Williams College and

text: MIT

text: observing the atmospheres of outer

text: planet

text: s and their

text: moon

text: s, including

text: Pluto

text: , its moon

text: Charon

text: Neptune

text: ’s moon

text: Triton

text: , and other objects in the outer

text: solar system

text: . He also makes

text: radio astronomy

text: observations of the interstellar medium, concentrating on

text: deuterium

text: and its cosmological implications.

text: Most gases are sold in gas cylinders and some sold as liquid in appropriate containers (e.g. Dewars) or as bulk liquid delivered by truck. The industry originally supplied gases in cylinders to avoid the need for local gas generation; but for large customers such as steelworks or oil refineries, a large gas production plant may be built nearby (typically called an "on-site" facility) to avoid using large numbers of cylinders manifolded together. Alternatively, an industrial gas company may supply the plant and equipment to produce the gas rather than the gas itself. An industrial gas company may also offer to act as plant operator under an operations and maintenance contract for a gases facility for a customer, since it usually has the experience of running such facilities for the production or handling of gases for itself.

text: Most gases are sold in

text: gas cylinder

text: s and some sold as liquid in appropriate containers (e.g.

text: Dewars

text: ) or as

text: bulk liquid

text: delivered by truck. The industry originally supplied gases in cylinders to avoid the need for local gas generation; but for large customers such as

text: steelworks

text: or

text: oil refineries

text: , a large gas production plant may be built nearby (typically called an "on-site" facility) to avoid using large numbers of cylinders

text: manifolded together

text: . Alternatively, an industrial gas company may supply the

text: plant and equipment

text: to produce the gas rather than the gas itself. An industrial gas company may also offer to act as

text: plant operator

text: under an

text: operations and maintenance

text: contract for a gases facility for a customer, since it usually has the experience of running such facilities for the production or handling of gases for itself.

text: Just because the moons are large enough to fully eclipse the Sun does not necessarily mean that they will do so. Eclipses of the Sun from Neptune are very rare due to the planet's long orbital period and large axial tilt of 28 degrees. In addition, the largest moon, Triton, has an orbital inclination of about 25 degrees to Neptune's equator. This makes eclipses of the Sun by Triton very rare. Even when such an eclipse does occur, it passes rather quickly, as Triton moves in the opposite direction of Neptune's spin.

text: Approximately one year later in June 2012, Liquid Robotics Oil & Gas, a joint venture between Schlumberger and Liquid Robotics, was created to provide Wave Glider services to oil & gas customers worldwide. The same year, a Wave Glider named Papa Mau, became the first autonomous ocean robot to cross the Pacific Ocean. A few months later in February 2013, another PacX Wave Glider named Benjamin, arrived in Bundaberg, Australia setting the Guinness World Record for “the longest journey by an unmanned autonomous surface vehicle on the planet.”

text: At the time of the discovery of the then-planet Pluto in 1930 Lovecraft himself very casually suggested, in a letter to a friend, that Yuggoth might "probably" be the same as Pluto . Other writers have since claimed that it is actually an enormous trans-Neptunian world that orbits perpendicular to the ecliptic of the solar system.  The Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani has suggested that any planet discovered beyond Pluto might be named Yuggoth.

text: At the time of the discovery of the then-planet

text: Pluto

text: in 1930 Lovecraft himself very casually suggested, in a letter to a friend, that Yuggoth might "probably" be the same as Pluto . Other writers have since claimed that it is actually an enormous

text: trans-Neptunian world

text: that orbits perpendicular to the

text: ecliptic

text: of the

text: solar system

text: .  The Italian astronomer Albino Carbognani has suggested that any planet discovered beyond Pluto might be named Yuggoth.

text: The mantle of a planet with plate tectonics has driving forces that exceed the yield strength of the brittle lithosphere, causing the lithosphere to fracture into plates that move relative to each other. A critical element of the plate tectonic system is these lithospheric plates become negatively buoyant at some point in their evolution, sinking into the mantle. The surface mass deficit is balanced by new plate being formed elsewhere through upwelling mantle plumes. Plate tectonics is an efficient method of heat transfer from the interior of the planet to the surface. Earth is the only planet plate tectonics is known to occur on, although evidence has been presented for Jupiter's moon Europa undergoing a form of plate tectonics analogous to Earth's.

text: The mantle of a planet with plate tectonics has driving forces that exceed the

text: yield strength

text: of the brittle lithosphere, causing the lithosphere to fracture into plates that move relative to each other. A critical element of the plate tectonic system is these lithospheric plates become negatively buoyant at some point in their evolution, sinking into the mantle. The surface mass deficit is balanced by new plate being formed elsewhere through upwelling

text: mantle plumes

text: . Plate tectonics is an efficient method of heat transfer from the interior of the planet to the surface. Earth is the only planet plate tectonics is known to occur on, although evidence has been presented for

text: Jupiter's

text: moon

text: Europa

text: undergoing a form of plate tectonics analogous to Earth's.

text: Galileo observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.

text: Galileo observed the planet

text: Saturn

text: , and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.

text: This minor planet is named for the Titan in Greek mythology, Epimetheus, who opened Pandora's box, which contained all the illnesses and ailments of mankind (also see 55 Pandora). Epimetheus is also a moon of Saturn, which was discovered by Voyager 1 in 1980. Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus after whom the minor planet 1809 Prometheus was named. Naming citation was published before November 1977 (M.P.C. 3935).

text: This minor planet is named for the

text: Titan

text: in Greek mythology,

text: Epimetheus

text: , who opened

text: Pandora's box

text: , which contained all the illnesses and ailments of mankind (also see

text: 55 Pandora

text: Epimetheus

text: is also a

text: moon of Saturn

text: , which was discovered by

text: Voyager 1

text: in 1980. Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus after whom the minor planet

text: 1809 Prometheus

text: was named. Naming citation was published before November 1977 (

text: M.P.C.

text: Gliese 581 g has attracted attention because it would be near the middle of the habitable zone of its parent star. That means it could sustain liquid water on its surface and could potentially host life similar to that on Earth (the planet is predicted to have temperatures around −37 to −11 °C). If it is a rocky planet, favorable atmospheric conditions could permit the presence of liquid water, a necessity for all known life, on its surface. With an estimated mass of 2.2 times Earth's, Gliese 581 g would be considered a Super‐Earth and would be the planet closest in mass to Earth known in a habitable zone. This would make it one of the most Earth-like Goldilocks planets found outside the Solar System and one of the exoplanets with the greatest recognized potential for harboring life.

text: Gliese 581 g has attracted attention because it would be near the middle of the

text: habitable zone

text: of its parent star. That means it could sustain liquid water on its surface and could potentially host life similar to that on Earth (the planet is predicted to have temperatures around −37 to −11 °C). If it is a

text: rocky planet

text: , favorable atmospheric conditions could permit the presence of

text: liquid water

text: , a necessity for all known life, on its surface. With an estimated mass of 2.2 times Earth's, Gliese 581 g would be considered a

text: Super‐Earth

text: and would be the planet closest in mass to Earth known in a habitable zone. This would make it one of the most

text: Earth-like

text: Goldilocks planet

text: s found outside the

text: Solar System

text: and one of the exoplanets with the greatest recognized potential for harboring life.

text: There are certain planetary situations or yogas which can arise and cause Rajayogabhanga so as to nullify the auspicious effects of any one or all Raja yogas that may be present at the time of one's birth. For instance, there will be Rajayogabhanga if there be along with Raja yoga-formation the simultaneous  presence of a planet/planets (other than those involved in the Raja yoga-formation) in debilitation signs or debilitation navamsas, or of planets defeated in planetary war (Grahayuddha) or occupying inimical signs or in bhava-sandhi or planets that are weak, combust or retrograde, or if any one of those planets happens to be in conjunction with Rahu or with the lord of the 6th or the 8th or the 12th, or with the lord of a kendra, a functional malefic.(Source: Uttara Kalamrita) Also, if the Lagna (Ascendant) is neither in vargottama nor aspected by a benefic, and if Trishanku Nakshatra is rising and Saturn is in lagna then too Raja yogas will get nullified.(Source: Saravali) In any Raja yoga formation if the lord of the 10th house happens to occupy the 6th house counted from the 10th the impact of that yoga wiil be slight or for a short period only, there will be no permanent yoga.

text: There are certain planetary situations or yogas which can arise and cause Rajayogabhanga so as to nullify the auspicious effects of any one or all Raja yogas that may be present at the time of one's birth. For instance, there will be Rajayogabhanga if there be along with Raja yoga-formation the simultaneous  presence of a planet/planets (other than those involved in the Raja yoga-formation) in debilitation signs or debilitation

text: navamsa

text: s, or of planets defeated in planetary war (Grahayuddha) or occupying inimical signs or in bhava-sandhi or planets that are weak, combust or retrograde, or if any one of those planets happens to be in conjunction with Rahu or with the lord of the 6th or the 8th or the 12th, or with the lord of a kendra, a functional malefic.(Source:

text: Uttara Kalamrita

text: ) Also, if the Lagna (Ascendant) is neither in vargottama nor aspected by a benefic, and if Trishanku Nakshatra is rising and Saturn is in lagna then too Raja yogas will get nullified.(Source:

text: Saravali

text: ) In any Raja yoga formation if the lord of the 10th house happens to occupy the 6th house counted from the 10th the impact of that yoga wiil be slight or for a short period only, there will be no permanent yoga.

text: Neptune's origins trace to a 1994 sculpture project by Boston artist/musician Jason Sanford, who created the band's guitars and drums from scrap steel and found objects. In 2007, they released their album Gong Lake on the Table of the Elements label, home to art heroes Tony Conrad, Rhys Chatham and Faust. Neptune has performed with artists including The Ex, Mission of Burma, Ut, Oneida, Lightning Bolt, The Flaming Lips, Blonde Redhead, Melt-Banana, Charles Hayward, Liars, Black Dice, James Chance & the Contortions, Gang Gang Dance, The Dresden Dolls, Six Finger Satellite, and Wolf Eyes. As of 2011, the lineup includes Sanford and longtime Neptune collaborator Mark Pearson as well as musicians/instrument inventors Kevin Micka and Farhad Ebrahimi.

text: Neptune's origins trace to a 1994 sculpture project by Boston artist/musician Jason Sanford, who created the band's guitars and drums from scrap steel and found objects. In 2007, they released their album Gong Lake on the

text: Table of the Elements

text: label, home to art heroes

text: Tony Conrad

text: Rhys Chatham

text: and

text: Faust

text: . Neptune has performed with artists including

text: The Ex

text: Mission of Burma

text: Ut

text: Oneida

text: Lightning Bolt

text: The Flaming Lips

text: Blonde Redhead

text: Melt-Banana

text: Charles Hayward

text: Liars

text: Black Dice

text: James Chance & the Contortions

text: Gang Gang Dance

text: The Dresden Dolls

text: Six Finger Satellite

text: , and

text: Wolf Eyes

text: . As of 2011, the lineup includes Sanford and longtime Neptune collaborator Mark Pearson as well as musicians/instrument inventors Kevin Micka and Farhad Ebrahimi.

text: Pluto's size was finally determined conclusively in 1978, when American astronomer James W. Christy discovered its moon Charon. This enabled him, together with Robert Sutton Harrington of the U.S. Naval Observatory, to measure the mass of the Pluto–Charon system directly by observing the moon's orbital motion around Pluto. They determined Pluto's mass to be 1.31×10 kg; roughly one five-hundredth that of Earth or one-sixth that of the Moon, and far too small to account for the observed discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets. Lowell's "prediction" had been a coincidence: If there was a Planet X, it was not Pluto.

text: Pluto's size was finally determined conclusively in 1978, when American astronomer

text: James W. Christy

text: discovered its moon

text: Charon

text: . This enabled him, together with

text: Robert Sutton Harrington

text: of the U.S. Naval Observatory, to measure the mass of the Pluto–Charon system directly by observing the moon's orbital motion around Pluto. They determined Pluto's mass to be 1.31×10 kg; roughly one five-hundredth that of Earth or one-sixth that of the Moon, and far too small to account for the observed discrepancies in the orbits of the outer planets. Lowell's "prediction" had been a coincidence: If there was a Planet X, it was not Pluto.

text: Supercritical fluids, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles. The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of supercritical hydrogen. The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide, which is a supercritical fluid at its surface.

text: Supercritical fluids, although not liquids, do share various properties with liquids. Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles. The gaseous outer layers of

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: transition smoothly into oceans of

text: supercritical

text: hydrogen

text: . The

text: atmosphere of Venus

text: is 96.5%

text: carbon dioxide

text: , which is a supercritical fluid at its surface.

text: A Neptune-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Neptune.  The dwarf planet Pluto is the most massive example of this class of object.  The known numbered Neptune-crossers (as of 2005) are:

text: A Neptune-crosser is a

text: minor planet

text: whose

text: orbit

text: crosses that of

text: Neptune

text: .  The

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: is the most massive example of

text: this class of object

text: .  The known numbered Neptune-crossers (as of 2005) are:

text: As important as fabrication of the filter membranes with proper diameters, characterizations and measurements of these materials are of the same paramount. Until now, a few of methods have been developed, which can be classified into the following categories according to the physical mechanisms they exploited: imaging methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM); fluid transport such as bubble point and gas transport; fluid adsorptions such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BEH), mercury porosimetry, liquid-vapor equilibrium (BJH), gas-liquid equilibrium (permoporometry) and liquid-solid equilibrium (thermoporometry); electronic conductance; ultrasonic spectroscopy; and molecular transport.

text: As important as fabrication of the filter membranes with proper diameters, characterizations and measurements of these materials are of the same paramount. Until now, a few of methods have been developed, which can be classified into the following categories according to the physical mechanisms they exploited: imaging methods such as

text: scanning electron microscopy

text: (SEM),

text: transmission electron microscopy

text: (TEM),

text: atomic force microscopy

text: (AFM); fluid transport such as bubble point and gas transport; fluid adsorptions such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BEH), mercury porosimetry, liquid-vapor equilibrium (BJH), gas-liquid equilibrium (permoporometry) and liquid-solid equilibrium (thermoporometry); electronic conductance; ultrasonic spectroscopy; and molecular transport.

text: Planetary objects that form in the outer Solar System begin as a comet-like mixture of roughly half water and half rock by mass. Simulations of Solar System formation and of extra-solar system formation have shown that planets are likely to migrate inward (i.e., toward the star) as they form.  Outward migration may also occur under particular conditions.  Inward migration presents the possibility that icy planets could move to orbits where their ice melts into liquid form, turning them into ocean planets.  This possibility was first discussed in the professional astronomical literature by Marc Kuchner and Alain Léger in 2003.

text: Planetary objects that form in the outer

text: Solar System

text: begin as a

text: comet

text: -like mixture of roughly half water and half rock by mass. Simulations of

text: Solar System formation

text: and of

text: extra-solar system formation

text: have shown that planets are likely to

text: migrate

text: inward (i.e., toward the star) as they form.  Outward migration may also occur under particular conditions.  Inward migration presents the possibility that

text: icy planet

text: s could move to orbits where their ice melts into liquid form, turning them into ocean planets.  This possibility was first discussed in the professional astronomical literature by

text: Marc Kuchner

text: and

text: Alain Léger

text: in 2003.

text: Although most astronomers accept that Lowell's Planet X does not exist, a number have revived the idea that a large unseen planet could create observable gravitational effects in the outer Solar System. These hypothetical objects are often referred to as "Planet X", although the conception of these objects may differ considerably from that proposed by Lowell.

text: / Mission:Love sniper" is an image song single for the Little Busters! visual novel, and was first released on December 28, 2007 at Comiket 73 in Japan by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog number KSLA-0038, and was re-released on August 15, 2008. The single is for the main heroine Rin Natsume in the game, and contains one disc with four tracks sung by Tomoe Tamiya, the voice actress of Rin. The song "Mission:Love sniper" uses the same tune as Rin's theme song from the game, "Ring Ring Ring!". The single is composed, arranged, and produced by Jun Maeda, Arm of IOSYS, and members of MintJam. Track three was originally composed by Gustav Holst under the title "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity" from his orchestral suite The Planets. The track is called "Jupinyā" on the single as a portmanteau of "Jupiter" and the Japanese onomatopoeia for the sound of a cat meowing, "nya".

text: / Mission:Love sniper" is an

text: image song

text: single

text: for the Little Busters! visual novel, and was first released on December 28, 2007 at

text: Comiket 73

text: in Japan by

text: Key Sounds Label

text: bearing the catalog number KSLA-0038, and was re-released on August 15, 2008. The single is for the main heroine

text: Rin Natsume

text: in the game, and contains one disc with four tracks sung by

text: Tomoe Tamiya

text: , the

text: voice actress

text: of Rin. The song "Mission:Love sniper" uses the same tune as Rin's theme song from the game, "Ring Ring Ring!". The single is

text: composed

text: arranged

text: , and produced by

text: Jun Maeda

text: , Arm of

text: IOSYS

text: , and members of MintJam. Track three was originally composed by

text: Gustav Holst

text: under the title "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity" from his orchestral suite

text: The Planets

text: . The track is called "Jupinyā" on the single as a

text: portmanteau

text: of "Jupiter" and the

text: Japanese

text: onomatopoeia

text: for the sound of a cat meowing, "nya".

text: On August 28, 2006, scientists with the Mars Express mission announced that they found clouds of carbon dioxide crystals over Mars that extended up to  above the surface of the planet. They are the highest clouds discovered over the surface of a planet. Like noctilucent clouds on Earth, they can be observed only when the Sun is below the horizon.

text: On August 28, 2006, scientists with the

text: Mars Express

text: mission announced that they found clouds of

text: carbon dioxide

text: crystals over

text: Mars

text: that extended up to  above the surface of the planet. They are the highest clouds discovered over the surface of a planet. Like noctilucent clouds on Earth, they can be observed only when the Sun is below the horizon.

text: The name "ring road" is used for the majority of metropolitan circumferential routes in the European Union, such as the Berliner Ring, the Brussels Ring, the Amsterdam Ring, the Boulevard Périphérique around Paris and the Leeds Inner and Outer ring roads. Australia and India also use the term ring road, as in Melbourne's Western Ring Road and Hyderabad's Outer Ring Road. In Canada the term is the most commonly used, with "orbital" also used to a much lesser extent.

text: The name "ring road" is used for the majority of metropolitan circumferential routes in the

text: European Union

text: , such as the

text: Berliner Ring

text: , the

text: Brussels Ring

text: , the

text: Amsterdam Ring

text: , the

text: Boulevard Périphérique

text: around

text: Paris

text: and the

text: Leeds

text: Inner

text: and

text: Outer

text: ring roads.

text: Australia

text: and

text: India

text: also use the term ring road, as in

text: Melbourne

text: 's

text: Western Ring Road

text: and

text: Hyderabad

text: 's

text: Outer Ring Road

text: . In

text: Canada

text: the term is the most commonly used, with "orbital" also used to a much lesser extent.

text: Kepler-22b's size is roughly twice that of Earth. Its mass and surface composition are unknown. An Earth-like composition for the planet has been ruled out. It is likely to have a volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about , and its inclination, which is approximately 90°. Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the absence of an atmosphere, its equilibrium temperature (assuming an Earth-like albedo) would be approximately .

text: Kepler-22b's size is roughly twice that of Earth. Its

text: mass

text: and surface composition are unknown. An

text: Earth-like composition

text: for the planet has been ruled out. It is likely to have a

text: volatile-rich composition

text: with a liquid or gaseous outer shell. The only parameters of the planet's

text: orbit

text: that are currently available are its

text: orbital period

text: , which is about , and its

text: inclination

text: , which is approximately 90°. Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme

text: greenhouse heating

text: . In the absence of an atmosphere, its

text: equilibrium temperature

text: (assuming an Earth-like

text: albedo

text: ) would be approximately .

text: A giant planet is any massive planet. They are usually primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials (gases or ices), rather than rock or other solid matter, but massive solid planets can also exist. There are four known giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars.

text: A giant planet is any massive

text: planet

text: . They are usually primarily composed of low-boiling-point materials (

text: gas

text: es or ices), rather than

text: rock

text: or other

text: solid

text: matter, but

text: massive solid planet

text: s can also exist. There are four known giant planets in the

text: Solar System

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . Many

text: extrasolar

text: giant planets have been identified orbiting other

text: star

text: s.

text: The song has since been performed by artists as diverse as Frank Sinatra, Etta James, Dinah Washington, Clodagh Rodgers, and Reigning Sound and most famously by Lena Horne and Billie Holiday. Leo Reisman's orchestra version had the biggest hit on records (with Arlen himself as vocalist), although Ethel Waters's recorded version also sold well.  "Stormy Weather" was featured in the 1943 movie of the same name.

text: The song has since been performed by artists as diverse as

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Etta James

text: Dinah Washington

text: Clodagh Rodgers

text: , and

text: Reigning Sound

text: and most famously by

text: Lena Horne

text: and

text: Billie Holiday

text: Leo Reisman

text: 's orchestra version had the biggest hit on records (with Arlen himself as vocalist), although

text: Ethel Waters

text: 's recorded version also sold well.  "Stormy Weather" was featured in the

text: 1943 movie of the same name

text: Feldmark, also spelt fjaeldmark (), is a plant community characteristic of sites where plant growth is severely restricted by extremes of cold and by exposure to wind, typical of alpine tundra and subantarctic environments.

text: Feldmark, also spelt fjaeldmark (), is a

text: plant community

text: characteristic of sites where plant growth is severely restricted by extremes of cold and by exposure to wind, typical of

text: alpine tundra

text: and

text: subantarctic

text: environments.

text: Gliese 876 b currently lies beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone but because Gliese 876 is a slowly evolving main-sequence red dwarf its habitable zone is very slowly moving outwards and will continue to do so for trillions of years. Therefore, Gliese 876 b will, in trillions of years time, lie inside Gliese 876's habitable zone, as defined by the ability of an Earth-mass planet to retain liquid water at its surface, and remain there for at least 4.6 billion years. While the prospects for life on a gas giant are unknown, large moons may be able to support a habitable environment. Models of tidal interactions between a hypothetical moon, the planet and the star suggest that large moons should be able to survive in orbit around Gliese 876 b for the lifetime of the system. On the other hand, it is unclear whether such moons could form in the first place. However, the large mass of the gas giant may make it more likely for larger moons to form.

text: Gliese 876 b currently lies beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone but because Gliese 876 is a slowly evolving main-sequence red dwarf its habitable zone is very slowly moving outwards and will continue to do so for trillions of years. Therefore, Gliese 876 b will, in trillions of years time, lie inside Gliese 876's habitable zone, as defined by the ability of an

text: Earth

text: -mass planet to retain

text: liquid

text: water at its surface, and remain there for at least 4.6 billion years. While the prospects for

text: life

text: on a gas giant are unknown, large

text: moons

text: may be able to support a

text: habitable

text: environment. Models of

text: tidal

text: interactions between a hypothetical moon, the planet and the star suggest that large moons should be able to survive in orbit around Gliese 876 b for the lifetime of the system. On the other hand, it is unclear whether such moons could form in the first place. However, the large mass of the gas giant may make it more likely for larger moons to form.

text: Of the many exoplanets discovered, most exoplanets have a higher orbital eccentricity than our solar system.  Exoplanets found with low orbital eccentricity, near circular orbits, are very close to its star and are tidal locked to the star, like planet Mercury. All eight planets in the Solar System have near-circular orbits.  The exoplanets discovered show that the solar system, with its unusually low eccentricity, is rare and unique. One theory attributes this low eccentricity to the high number of planets in the Solar System; another suggests it arose because of its unique asteroid belts. A few other multiplanetary systems have been found, but none resemble the solar system. The solar system has unique planetesimal systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include the asteroid belt, Hilda family, Kuiper belt, Hills cloud, and the Oort cloud. The exoplanet solar systems discovered have either no planetesimal systems or one very large planetesimal system. Low eccentricity is needed for habitability, especially advanced life. High multiplicity planet systems are much more likely to have habitable exoplanets.  The Grand tack hypothesis of the solar system also helps understand the near-circular orbits of the solar system and the other unique features of the solar system.

text: Of the many

text: exoplanet

text: s discovered, most exoplanets have a higher orbital eccentricity than our solar system.  Exoplanets found with low orbital eccentricity, near circular orbits, are very close to its star and are

text: tidal locked

text: to the star, like

text: planet Mercury

text: . All eight planets in the Solar System have near-circular orbits.  The exoplanets discovered show that the solar system, with its unusually low eccentricity, is rare and unique. One theory attributes this low eccentricity to the high number of planets in the Solar System; another suggests it arose because of its unique asteroid belts. A few other

text: multiplanetary systems

text: have been found, but none resemble the solar system. The solar system has unique

text: planetesimal

text: systems, which led the planets to have near-circular orbits. Solar planetesimal systems include the

text: asteroid belt

text: Hilda family

text: Kuiper belt

text: Hills cloud

text: , and the

text: Oort cloud

text: . The exoplanet solar systems discovered have either no planetesimal systems or one very large planetesimal system. Low eccentricity is needed for habitability, especially advanced life. High multiplicity planet systems are much more likely to have habitable exoplanets.  The

text: Grand tack hypothesis

text: of the solar system also helps understand the near-circular orbits of the solar system and the other unique features of the solar system.

text: A very powerful cold front tracked across the central US on January 29, with extremely cold weather behind the front. A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for parts of the lower Ohio Valley. Five tornadoes were reported across the region, although most of the damage was due to straight-line winds from a serial derecho which caused significant and widespread damage across the Ohio Valley region with winds of up to  .

text: A very powerful

text: cold front

text: tracked across the central US on January 29, with extremely cold weather behind the front. A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for parts of the lower

text: Ohio Valley

text: . Five tornadoes were reported across the region, although most of the damage was due to

text: straight-line winds

text: from a serial

text: derecho

text: which caused significant and widespread damage across the Ohio Valley region with winds of up to  .

text: MUSE (Mission to Uranus for Science and Exploration) is a European proposal for a dedicated mission to the planet Uranus to study its atmosphere, interior, moons, rings, and magnetosphere.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'></ref> It is proposed to be launched with an Ariane 5 in 2026, travel for 16.5 years to reach Uranus in 2044, and would operate until 2050.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'/>

text: MUSE (Mission to Uranus for Science and Exploration) is a European proposal for a dedicated mission to the planet

text: Uranus

text: to study its

text: atmosphere

text: , interior,

text: moons

text: rings

text: , and

text: magnetosphere

text: .<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'></ref> It is proposed to be launched with an

text: Ariane 5

text: in 2026, travel for 16.5 years to reach Uranus in 2044, and would operate until 2050.<ref name='Bocanegra 2015'/>

text: Although Jupiter is very massive, it is also very far away. When at its closest distance to Earth of about 600 million kilometers, Jupiter has a gravitational pull of 0.00013 newtons on a person with a mass of 100 kg, according to Newton's law of gravity. About 7.5 million times weaker than the Earth's gravity, this is roughly equivalent to the gravitational attraction of a compact car from half a meter away. Similarly, the gravitational pull of the dwarf planet Pluto on a person on Earth is roughly equal to that of a marble 100 meters away. Thus, the gravitational impact of the planets is far too small to be able to cause a person to weigh noticeably less, or stay in the air noticeably longer when jumping.

text: Although Jupiter is very massive, it is also very far away. When at its closest distance to Earth of about 600 million kilometers, Jupiter has a gravitational pull of 0.00013

text: newtons

text: on a person with a mass of 100 kg, according to

text: Newton's law of gravity.

text: About 7.5 million times weaker than the Earth's gravity, this is roughly equivalent to the gravitational attraction of a compact car from half a meter away. Similarly, the gravitational pull of the dwarf planet Pluto on a person on Earth is roughly equal to that of a marble 100 meters away. Thus, the gravitational impact of the planets is far too small to be able to cause a person to weigh noticeably less, or stay in the air noticeably longer when jumping.

text: In the fictional Marvel Universe, Saturn's moon Titan is a location appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is depicted as the home of the Titanian Eternals. It first appeared in Iron Man #55 (Feb 1973) and was created by Jim Starlin and Mike Friedrich. The Titanians, also known as Titans, were later retconned as being an offshoot of the Eternals, which had been created separately by Jack Kirby.

text: In the fictional

text: Marvel Universe

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: is a location appearing in

text: American comic book

text: s published by

text: Marvel Comics

text: . It is depicted as the home of the Titanian

text: Eternals

text: . It first appeared in

text: Iron Man

text: #55 (Feb 1973) and was created by

text: Jim Starlin

text: and

text: Mike Friedrich

text: . The Titanians, also known as Titans, were later

text: retcon

text: ned as being an offshoot of the

text: Eternals

text: , which had been created separately by

text: Jack Kirby

text: Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, though some fuel gases are liquefied for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to the risk of a gas explosion. For this reason, odorizers are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is natural gas.

text: Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are

text: gas

text: eous. Many fuel gases are composed of

text: hydrocarbons

text: (such as

text: methane

text: or

text: propane

text: hydrogen

text: carbon monoxide

text: , or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential

text: heat energy

text: or

text: light energy

text: that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with

text: liquid fuels

text: and from

text: solid fuel

text: s, though some fuel gases are

text: liquefied

text: for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to the risk of a

text: gas explosion

text: . For this reason,

text: odorizer

text: s are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is

text: natural gas

text: Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four, based on commonality of their orbital elements. Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others.

text: Before the discoveries of the Voyager missions, Jupiter's moons were arranged neatly into four groups of four, based on commonality of their

text: orbital elements

text: . Since then, the large number of new small outer moons has complicated this picture. There are now thought to be six main groups, although some are more distinct than others.

text: In Switzerland, the Bise is a cold, dry wind from northeast which blows through the Swiss Midland. It is caused by canalisation of the air-current along the northern edge of the Alps, during high-pressure conditions in northern or eastern Europe respectively. Towards western Midland, the Bise is pressed between the Jura mountains and Pre-Alps whereby it strengthens and mostly climaxes on the western shore of Lake Geneva. In summer, Bise wind causes rather dry and sunny weather whereas in winter, it frequently forms low stratus clouds over the Midland by strengthening the inversion layer. Many foreign travellers to this Swiss city have commented upon it.

text: In

text: Switzerland

text: , the Bise is a cold, dry wind from northeast which blows through the Swiss Midland. It is caused by canalisation of the air-current along the northern edge of the Alps, during high-pressure conditions in northern or eastern Europe respectively. Towards western Midland, the Bise is pressed between the

text: Jura mountains

text: and Pre-Alps whereby it strengthens and mostly climaxes on the western shore of Lake

text: Geneva

text: . In summer, Bise wind causes rather dry and sunny weather whereas in winter, it frequently forms low stratus clouds over the Midland by strengthening the inversion layer. Many foreign travellers to this Swiss city have commented upon it.

text: Saturn has relatively weak radiation belts, because energetic particles are absorbed by the moons and particulate material orbiting the planet. The densest (main) radiation belt lies between the inner edge of the Enceladus gas torus at 3.5 R and the outer edge of the A Ring at 2.3 R. It contains protons and relativistic electrons with energies from hundreds kiloelectronvolts (keV) to as high as tens Megaelectronvolts (MeV) and possibly other ions. Beyond 3.5 R the energetic particles are absorbed by the neutral gas and their numbers drop, although less energetic particles with energies in the range of hundreds keV appear again beyond 6 R—these are the same particles that contribute to the ring current. The electrons in the main belt probably originate in the outer magnetosphere or Solar wind, from which they are transported by the diffusion and then adiabatically heated. However, the energetic protons consist of two populations of particles. The first population with energies of less than about 10 MeV has the same origin as electrons, while the second one with the maximum flux near 20 MeV results from the interaction of cosmic rays with solid material present in the saturnian system (so called cosmic ray albedo neutron decay process—CRAND). The main radiation belt of Saturn is strongly influenced by interplanetary Solar wind disturbances.

text: Saturn has relatively weak radiation belts, because energetic particles are absorbed by the moons and particulate material orbiting the planet. The densest (main) radiation belt lies between the inner edge of the Enceladus gas torus at 3.5 R and the outer edge of the

text: A Ring

text: at 2.3 R. It contains protons and

text: relativistic electron

text: s with energies from hundreds

text: kiloelectronvolt

text: s (keV) to as high as tens

text: Megaelectronvolt

text: s (MeV) and possibly other ions. Beyond 3.5 R the energetic particles are absorbed by the neutral gas and their numbers drop, although less energetic particles with energies in the range of hundreds keV appear again beyond 6 R—these are the same particles that contribute to the ring current. The electrons in the main belt probably originate in the outer magnetosphere or Solar wind, from which they are transported by the diffusion and then adiabatically heated. However, the energetic protons consist of two populations of particles. The first population with energies of less than about 10 MeV has the same origin as electrons, while the second one with the maximum flux near 20 MeV results from the interaction of cosmic rays with solid material present in the saturnian system (so called

text: cosmic ray albedo neutron decay process

text: —CRAND). The main radiation belt of Saturn is strongly influenced by interplanetary Solar wind disturbances.

text: Uranus, the seventh planet of the Solar System, has 27 known moons, all of which are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. Uranus's moons are divided into three groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons, and nine irregular moons. The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with Uranus's rings. The five major moons are massive enough to have reached hydrostatic equilibrium, and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces. The largest of these five, Titania, is 1,578 km in diameter and the eighth-largest moon in the Solar System, and about one-twentieth the mass of the Moon. The orbits of the regular moons are nearly coplanar with Uranus's equator, which is tilted 97.77° to its orbit. Uranus's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined (mostly retrograde) orbits at large distances from the planet.

text: Uranus

text: , the seventh planet of the

text: Solar System

text: , has 27 known

text: moons

text: , all of which are named after characters from the works of

text: William Shakespeare

text: and

text: Alexander Pope

text: . Uranus's moons are divided into three groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons, and nine irregular moons. The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with

text: Uranus's rings

text: . The five major moons are massive enough to have reached

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces. The largest of these five, Titania, is 1,578 km in diameter and the

text: eighth-largest

text: moon in the Solar System, and about one-twentieth the mass of the

text: Moon

text: . The orbits of the regular moons are nearly

text: coplanar

text: with Uranus's equator, which is tilted 97.77° to its orbit. Uranus's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined (mostly

text: retrograde

text: ) orbits at large distances from the planet.

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5, 2011, to critical and commercial success. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver, winning Best Science Fiction Film, Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects. Serkis' performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed, earning him many nominations from many associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting. A sequel to the film, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, was released on July 11, 2014, and a third film to follow, titled War for the Planet of the Apes, is planned for a July 14, 2017 release.

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5, 2011, to critical and commercial success. The film was nominated for an

text: Academy Award

text: for

text: Best Visual Effects

text: . It was also nominated for five

text: Saturn Awards

text: including

text: Best Director

text: for Wyatt and

text: Best Writing

text: for Jaffa and Silver, winning

entity_name: Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film

text: Best Science Fiction Film

text: Best Supporting Actor

text: for Serkis and

text: Best Special Effects

text: . Serkis' performance as

text: Caesar

text: was widely acclaimed, earning him many nominations from many associations which do not usually recognize

text: performance capture

text: as traditional acting. A sequel to the film,

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: , was released on July 11, 2014, and a third film to follow, titled

text: War for the Planet of the Apes

text: , is planned for a July 14, 2017 release.

text: Solubility of gases in liquids is influenced by the nature of the solvent liquid and the solute, the temperature, pressure, and the presence of other solutes in the solvent. Diffusion is faster in smaller, lighter molecules of which helium is the extreme example. Diffusivity of helium is 2.65 times faster than nitrogen. The concentration gradient, can be used as a model for the driving mechanism of diffusion. In this context, inert gas refers to a gas which is not metabolically active. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) is the most common example, and helium (He) is the other inert gas commonly used in breathing mixtures for divers. Atmospheric nitrogen has a partial pressure of approximately 0.78 bar at sea level. Air in the alveoli of the lungs is diluted by saturated water vapour (HO) and carbon dioxide (CO), a metabolic product given off by the blood, and contains less oxygen (O) than atmospheric air as some of it is taken up by the blood for metabolic use. The resulting partial pressure of nitrogen is about 0,758 bar.

text: Solubility

text: of gases in liquids is influenced by the nature of the solvent liquid and the solute, the

text: temperature

text: pressure

text: , and the presence of other solutes in the solvent.

text: Diffusion

text: is faster in smaller, lighter molecules of which helium is the extreme example. Diffusivity of helium is 2.65 times faster than nitrogen. The

text: concentration gradient

text: , can be used as a model for the driving mechanism of diffusion. In this context, inert gas refers to a gas which is not

text: metabolically active

text: . Atmospheric

text: nitrogen

text: (N) is the most common example, and

text: helium

text: (He) is the other inert gas commonly used in

text: breathing mixtures for divers

text: . Atmospheric nitrogen has a partial pressure of approximately 0.78 bar at sea level. Air in the

text: alveoli

text: of the lungs is diluted by saturated

text: water vapour

text: (HO) and

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO), a

text: metabolic product

text: given off by the blood, and contains less

text: oxygen

text: (O) than atmospheric air as some of it is taken up by the blood for metabolic use. The resulting partial pressure of nitrogen is about 0,758 bar.

text: HD 169830 b is an extrasolar planet three times the mass of Jupiter. Due to its high mass, it is most likely a gas giant planet, akin to Jupiter and Saturn in the Solar System. This planet at 0.8 AU is slightly farther out than Venus is in the Solar System, orbiting around its star every 262 days.

text: HD 169830 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: three times the

text: mass

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: . Due to its high mass, it is most likely a

text: gas giant

text: planet, akin to Jupiter and

text: Saturn

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: . This planet at 0.8 AU is slightly farther out than

text: Venus

text: is in the

text: Solar System

text: , orbiting around its star every 262 days.

text: Ragnar is the second largest planet in all of the Twelve Colonies' star systems and is a gas giant that orbits both the Helios Gamma and Helios Delta star systems, having been dislodged from its former orbit in the Helios Gamma system by the planet Ophion. During the "Miniseries", then-Commander Adama takes the Galactica there for supplies and weapons from the Ragnar Anchorage, which was in low orbit around the planet. Ragnar's natural radiation was discovered to be damaging to the Cylons, who avoided the planet and allowed the refugee fleet to hide here temporarily before fleeing the system. Ragnar's atmosphere is mined for its plentiful hydrocarbons that are used at the weapons depot that orbits it.

text: Ragnar

text: is the second largest planet in all of the

text: Twelve Colonies

text: ' star systems and is a gas giant that orbits both the Helios Gamma and Helios Delta star systems, having been dislodged from its former orbit in the Helios Gamma system by the planet Ophion. During the "

text: Miniseries

text: then-Commander Adama

text: takes the Galactica there for supplies and weapons from the Ragnar Anchorage, which was in low orbit around the planet. Ragnar's natural radiation was discovered to be damaging to the Cylons, who avoided the planet and allowed the refugee fleet to hide here temporarily before fleeing the system. Ragnar's atmosphere is mined for its plentiful hydrocarbons that are used at the weapons depot that orbits it.

text: Although The Quiet War and Gardens of the Sun can be read as standalone novels, taken together they form the two halves of the story of the "Quiet War" of the title. The primary conflict is between the radical environmentalism of the inner system, led by the new superpowers governments (such as Greater Brazil) and the posthumanism of the Outers. Having narrowly avoided the destruction of Earth's ecosystems, the feudal Greater Brazil attempted to return most of the planet to a "natural" state, to the extent that most of Earth's population inhabits a few megacities. The Outers, by contrast, survive by terraforming the moons of Jupiter and the other outer planets and practicing genetic engineering, which caused ideological tension with Greater Brazil, ultimately flaring into a full-scale conflict called the "Quiet War".

text: Although The Quiet War and Gardens of the Sun can be read as standalone novels, taken together they form the two halves of the story of the "Quiet War" of the title. The primary conflict is between the radical environmentalism of the inner system, led by the new superpowers governments (such as Greater Brazil) and the posthumanism of the Outers. Having narrowly avoided the destruction of Earth's ecosystems, the feudal Greater Brazil attempted to return most of the planet to a "natural" state, to the extent that most of Earth's population inhabits a few megacities. The Outers, by contrast, survive by terraforming the moons of

text: Jupiter

text: and the other outer planets and practicing genetic engineering, which caused ideological tension with Greater Brazil, ultimately flaring into a full-scale conflict called the "Quiet War".

text: Jupiter survives the collapsing structures, only to land at the feet of Balem who tries to kill her; but she fights him off, and is rescued by Caine while Balem falls to his death. As the refinery is in its final stages of collapse, Tsing opens a portal to Earth and prepares to evacuate, potentially leaving Caine and Jupiter behind. However, she is relieved to find that they have survived and crossed the portal along with Tsing's ship. Jupiter's family is returned home with no memory of their disappearance, but with a new appreciation for Jupiter, while Jupiter secretly retains ownership of the Earth. Caine's rank with the Aegis is restored, and he and Jupiter begin a relationship.

text: The Gallic group are four prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distance from the planet (207–302 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclination (35–40°) and their color that they can be considered a group. They are Albiorix, Bebhionn, Erriapus, and Tarvos. Tarvos, as of 2009, is the most distant of Saturn's moons with a prograde orbit. The largest among these moons is Albiorix with an estimated size of about 32 km.

text: The Gallic group are four prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distance from the planet (207–302 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclination (35–40°) and their color that they can be considered a group. They are

text: Albiorix

text: Bebhionn

text: Erriapus

text: , and

text: Tarvos

text: . Tarvos, as of 2009, is the most distant of Saturn's moons with a prograde orbit. The largest among these moons is Albiorix with an estimated size of about 32 km.

text: Kepler-16b (formally Kepler-16 (AB)-b) is an extrasolar planet. It is a Saturn-mass planet consisting of half gas and half rock and ice, and it orbits a binary star, Kepler-16, with a period of 229 days. "[It] is the first confirmed, unambiguous example of a circumbinary planet – a planet orbiting not one, but two stars," said Josh Carter of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, one of the discovery team.

text: Kepler-16b (formally Kepler-16 (AB)-b) is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: . It is a

text: Saturn

text: -mass planet consisting of half gas and half rock and ice, and it orbits a

text: binary star

text: , with a period of 229 days. "[It] is the first confirmed, unambiguous example of a

text: circumbinary planet

text: – a planet orbiting not one, but two stars," said Josh Carter of the

entity_name: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: , one of the discovery team.

text: On August 4, 2009, a real-world planitia (plain) on Saturn's moon Titan was named Chusuk Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: On August 4, 2009, a real-world

text: planitia

text: (plain) on

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: was named Chusuk Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: Centaurs are a large population of icy bodies in transition between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls Hylonome's perihelion and Neptune its aphelion.

text: Centaurs are a large population of

text: icy

text: bodies in transition between

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s (TNOs) and

text: Jupiter-family comet

text: s (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to

text: perturbations

text: by the

text: giant planet

text: s. Currently,

text: Uranus

text: controls Hylonome's

text: perihelion

text: and

text: Neptune

text: its aphelion.

text: Old John Neptune (Penobscot, a member of the Passamaquoddy "Neptune" (also spelled as "Nepton" or "Neptun") family, also (recte) known in his own original Penobscot as Bungawarrawit; July 22, 1762 – May 8, 1865) was a leader of the Penobscot Nation in Maine for fifty years. Neptune was known as a shaman (m'teoulino, in the Penobscot language).

text: Old John Neptune (

text: Penobscot

text: , a member of the

text: Passamaquoddy

text: "Neptune" (also spelled as "Nepton" or "Neptun") family, also (recte) known in his own original

text: Penobscot

text: as Bungawarrawit; July 22, 1762 – May 8, 1865) was a leader of the

text: Penobscot Nation

text: in Maine for fifty years. Neptune was known as a

text: shaman

text: (m'teoulino, in the Penobscot language).

text: In the Solar System, the inner planets are terrestrial, and the outer ones are gas giants, but discoveries of extrasolar planets suggest that this arrangement may not be at all common: numerous Jupiter-sized bodies have been found in close orbit about their primary, disrupting potential HZs. However, present data for extrasolar planets is likely to be skewed towards that type (large planets in close orbits) because they are far easier to identify; thus it remains to be seen which type of planetary system is the norm, or indeed if there is one.

text: In the Solar System, the inner planets are

text: terrestrial

text: , and the outer ones are

text: gas giant

text: s, but discoveries of

text: extrasolar planet

text: s suggest that this arrangement may not be at all common: numerous Jupiter-sized bodies have been found in close orbit about their primary, disrupting potential HZs. However, present data for extrasolar planets is likely to be skewed towards that type (large planets in close orbits) because they are far easier to identify; thus it remains to be seen which type of planetary system is the norm, or indeed if there is one.

text: Jupiter's atmospheric composition and ammonia clouds were recorded, the clouds possibly created by outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere. Io's volcanism and plasma interactions with Jupiter's atmosphere were also recorded. The data Galileo collected supported the theory of a liquid ocean under the icy surface of Europa, and there were indications of similar liquid-saltwater layers under the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto. Ganymede was shown to possess a magnetic field and the spacecraft found new evidence for exospheres around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Galileo also discovered that Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's magnetosphere was also mapped.

text: Jupiter's atmospheric composition and

text: ammonia

text: clouds were recorded, the clouds possibly created by outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere.

text: Io

text: 's

text: volcanism

text: and

text: plasma

text: interactions with Jupiter's atmosphere were also recorded. The data Galileo collected supported

text: the theory of a liquid ocean

text: under the icy surface of

text: Europa

text: , and there were indications of similar liquid-

text: saltwater

text: layers under the surfaces of

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Callisto

text: . Ganymede was shown to possess a

text: magnetic field

text: and the spacecraft found new evidence for

text: exosphere

text: s around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Galileo also discovered that Jupiter's faint

text: ring system

text: consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: was also mapped.

text: Shape and gravity field measurements by Dawn confirm Ceres is a  body in hydrostatic equilibrium with partial differentiation and isostatic compensation, with a mean moment of inertia of 0.37 (which is similar to that of Callisto at ~0.36). The densities of the core and outer layer are estimated to be 2.46–2.90 and 1.68–1.95 g/cm, with the latter being about 70–190 km thick. Only partial dehydration of the core is expected. The high density of the outer layer (relative to water ice) reflects its enrichment in silicates and salts. Ceres is the smallest object confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, being 600 km smaller and less than half the mass of Saturn's moon Rhea, the next smallest such object. Modeling has suggested Ceres could have a small metallic core from partial differentiation of its rocky fraction.

text: Shape and gravity field measurements by Dawn confirm Ceres is a  body in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: with partial

text: differentiation

text: and

text: isostatic compensation

text: , with a mean

text: moment of inertia

text: of 0.37 (which is similar to that of

text: Callisto

text: at ~0.36). The densities of the core and outer layer are estimated to be 2.46–2.90 and 1.68–1.95 g/cm, with the latter being about 70–190 km thick. Only partial dehydration of the core is expected. The high density of the outer layer (relative to water ice) reflects its enrichment in silicates and salts. Ceres is the smallest object confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, being 600 km smaller and less than half the mass of Saturn's moon

text: Rhea

text: , the next smallest such object. Modeling has suggested Ceres could have a small metallic core from partial differentiation of its rocky fraction.

text: The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The four inner moons are much smaller, the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde.

text: The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have

text: collapsed

text: into a

text: spheroid

text: are highlighted in bold. These are the four

text: Galilean moons

text: , which are comparable in size to the

text: Moon

text: . The four

text: inner moon

text: s are much smaller, the fourth most massive being more than 7000 times more massive than the fifth-most. The

text: irregular

text: captured moons are shaded light gray when

text: prograde

text: and dark gray when

text: retrograde

text: As of 2015, Uranus is known to have 13 inner moons. Their orbits lie inside that of Miranda. All inner moons are intimately connected to the rings of Uranus, which probably resulted from the fragmentation of one or several small inner moons. The two innermost moons (Cordelia and Ophelia) are as shepherds of Uranus's ε ring, whereas the small moon Mab is a source of Uranus's outermost μ ring. There may be two additional small (2–7 km in radius) undiscovered shepherd moons located about 100 km exterior to alpha and beta rings.

text: As of 2015, Uranus is known to have 13 inner moons. Their orbits lie inside that of

text: Miranda

text: . All inner moons are intimately connected to the

text: rings of Uranus

text: , which probably resulted from the fragmentation of one or several small inner moons. The two innermost moons (

text: Cordelia

text: and

text: Ophelia

text: ) are as shepherds of Uranus's ε ring, whereas the small moon

text: Mab

text: is a source of Uranus's outermost μ ring. There may be two additional small (2–7 km in radius) undiscovered shepherd moons located about 100 km exterior to

text: alpha and beta rings

text: The essential building blocks of life (amino acids and key sugars-ribose and deoxyribose) can exist in one of two forms-L or D. However life has evolved such that the vast majority of amino acids are L and the sugars are D. If the amino acids and sugars present in life were racemic (consisting of both L and D), then proteins, DNA, and RNA would not adopt a well defined conformation, resulting in a loss of function. The question of how this preference first occurred has puzzled scientists for years-and while several theories have been proposed; there is still no clear answer. There is growing evidence that the chiral preference came from outer space as scientists discovered α-methyl amino acids inside the Murchison meteorite that have a slight enantiomeric excess (ee) for the L conformation. These α-methyl amino acids are believed to be from outer space as a result of their high abundance of 13C and deuterium. Furthermore, α-methyl amino acids are generally not present in terrestrial chemistry. A common critique is that these amino acids would not be able to tolerate the high temperatures upon entering earth’s atmosphere as the meteorite crashed into the planet. However, the amino acids have been found inside the meteorite, with the meteorite acting as an insulator. Unlike regular amino acids, α-methyl amino acids are not capable of racemizing by enolization on an evolutionary time scale, shown below.

text: Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.

text: Extraterrestrial oceans

text: may be composed of water or other

text: element

text: s and

text: compounds

text: . The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface

text: liquids

text: are the

text: lakes of Titan

text: , although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the

text: Solar System

text: . Early in their geologic histories,

text: Mars

text: and

text: Venus

text: are theorized to have had large water oceans. The

text: Mars ocean hypothesis

text: suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as

text: salts

text: and

text: ammonia

text: dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting

text: ice

text: . Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many

text: dwarf planets

text: and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of

text: Europa

text: is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's

text: giant planet

text: s are also thought to have liquid

text: atmospheric

text: layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on

text: exoplanet

text: s and

text: exomoon

text: s, including surface oceans of liquid water within a

text: circumstellar habitable zone

text: Ocean planet

text: s are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.

text: The Shadow Death Cloud is their version of a Planet Killer. Instead of being a ship per se, it is seen as a massive black cloud in space. The "cloud" is actually countless nanites that surround a massive interconnected lattice-work. These lattices contain the command & control functions, weapons, etc., of the Death Cloud, as well as missile launchers. When the Death Cloud attacks a planet, the missiles fire at the planet, then burrow down below the surface, causing significant tectonic upheaval upon detonation on the order of tens of thousands of megatons apiece, resulting in the death of all life on the planet. The nanites then descend on the planet, consuming all the resources necessary for maintaining, repairing, and recharging the Death Cloud's resources, rendering the surface of the planet little more than an inert, sterile husk. The nanites also have the effect of absorbing all efforts to scan inside the cloud, akin to a form of stealth technology, and also cooling down the local area of space to nearly absolute zero. Any technology caught inside begins shutting down due to the extreme cold.

text: In November 2013, Japan's JAXA scientists stated that ″it is difficult for JAXA to launch the outer planet mission by itself to meet the time constraint for cooperative observation with JUICE. Therefore, direct collaboration with European groups/team should be necessary for Japanese scientists to participate in this attractive Jupitersystem mission.″ The outcome was the selection of four Japanese instrument development teams for 4 of the 10 Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE)  mission instruments.

text: In November 2013, Japan's JAXA scientists stated that ″it is difficult for JAXA to launch the outer planet mission by itself to meet the time constraint for cooperative observation with JUICE. Therefore, direct collaboration with European groups/team should be necessary for Japanese scientists to participate in this attractive Jupitersystem mission.″ The outcome was the selection of four Japanese instrument development teams for 4 of the 10

text: Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer

text: (JUICE)  mission instruments.

text: On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around HD 200964. The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm).

text: On July 26, 2010 the

text: California and Carnegie Planet Search

text: team announced the discovery of two planets around 24 Sextantis along with two planets around

text: HD 200964

text: . The inner planet is twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 453 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.33 AU (199 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 883 days to orbit eccentrically around the star at the average distance of 2.08 AU (312 Gm).

text: Neptune has 14 known moons, which are named for minor water deities in Greek mythology. By far the largest of them is Triton, discovered by William Lassell on October 10, 1846, just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself; over a century passed before the discovery of the second natural satellite, Nereid. The moon orbiting farthest from its planet in the Solar System is Neptune's Neso, which has an orbital period of about 26 Julian years.

text: Neptune

text: has 14 known

text: moons

text: , which are named for minor

text: water deities

text: in

text: Greek mythology

text: . By far the largest of them is

text: Triton

text: , discovered by

text: William Lassell

text: on October 10, 1846, just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself; over a century passed before the discovery of the second natural satellite,

text: Nereid

text: . The moon orbiting farthest from its planet in the

text: Solar System

text: is Neptune's

text: Neso

text: , which has an orbital period of about 26

text: Julian years

text: Some astrologers have hypothesized about the existence of unseen or undiscovered planets. In 1918, astrologer Sepharial proposed the existence of Earth's "Dark Moon" Lilith, and since then, some astrologers have been using it in their charts; though the same name is also (and now, more commonly) used in astrology to refer to the axis of the actual Moon's orbit. The 20th-century German school of astrology known as Uranian astrology also claimed that many undiscovered planets existed beyond the orbit of Neptune, giving them names such as Cupido, Hades, Zeus, Kronos, Apollon, Admetos, Vulcanus, and Poseidon, and charting their supposed orbits. These orbits have not coincided, however, with more recent discoveries by astronomers of objects beyond Neptune.

text: Some astrologers have hypothesized about the existence of unseen or undiscovered planets. In 1918, astrologer

text: Sepharial

text: proposed the existence of Earth's "Dark Moon"

entity_name: Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience

text: Lilith

text: , and since then, some astrologers have been using it in their charts; though the same name is also (and now, more commonly) used in astrology to refer to the axis of the actual Moon's orbit. The 20th-century German school of astrology known as Uranian astrology also claimed that many undiscovered planets existed beyond the orbit of Neptune, giving them names such as Cupido, Hades, Zeus, Kronos, Apollon, Admetos, Vulcanus, and Poseidon, and charting their supposed orbits. These orbits have not coincided, however, with more recent discoveries by astronomers of objects beyond Neptune.

text: He calculated the orbits of  the moons of Uranus and Saturn, obtaining the first value for Uranus' mass. By chance he observed Neptune in 1845 and twice in 1846, but did not recognize the object as being a new planet.

text: He calculated the

text: orbit

text: s of  the moons of

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Saturn

text: , obtaining the first value for Uranus' mass. By chance he observed

text: Neptune

text: in 1845 and twice in 1846, but did not recognize the object as being a new

text: planet

text: In the partial lists, numbered minor planets (MPs) are categorized into one of 8 distinct orbital groups. These are the near-Earth asteroids, the Mars-crossing asteroids, the inner-, middle- and outer main-belt asteroids (MBA), the Jupiter trojans, the centaurs and the trans-Neptunian objects. A minor planet's orbital group is represented by the background color of the table row . This classification is exclusively based on the body's relevant orbital elements, that is, its semi-major axis (a) and eccentricity (e). From these elements its perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) can be derived.

text: In the partial lists, numbered minor planets (MPs) are categorized into one of 8 distinct orbital groups. These are the

text: near-Earth

text: asteroids, the

text: Mars-crossing

text: asteroids, the inner-, middle- and outer

text: main-belt

text: asteroids (MBA), the

text: Jupiter trojan

text: s, the

text: centaurs

text: and the

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s. A minor planet's orbital group is represented by the background color of the table row . This classification is exclusively based on the body's relevant orbital elements, that is, its

text: semi-major axis

text: (a) and

text: eccentricity

text: (e). From these elements its

text: perihelion

text: (q) and

text: aphelion

text: (Q) can be derived.

text: Maraka means the one that causes death at the end of a life-span or causes ill-health. The maraka for Aries lagna is Venus for it owns both marakasthanas; Mars, Moon, Venus and Jupiter are the marakas for Taurus lagna; the Moon for Gemini lagna; Saturn for Cancer and Leo lagnas; Venus for Virgo lagna; Mars for Libra lagna; Venus for Scorpio lagna; Venus and Saturn for Sagittarius lagna; Mars, Moon and Jupiter for Capricorn lagna; the Sun, Mars and Jupiter for Aquarius lagna, and for Pisces lagna, Mercury and Saturn are the designated marakas. The marakas and the planets associated with the marakas, and all malefic planets can cause illness and death during the operation of their dashas but if longevity is over but the dasa of maraka is not operating then the lord of the 12th house acts as the maraka and its dasha or the dasha of a malefic can cause death. Saturn and Rahu are the Mrityu-karakas or significators of death. A Maraka does not kill in its own antra-dasha in the dasa of a benefic planet but it does so in its antra-dasha the dasha of a malefic. Saturn associated with a maraka kills, and death generally occurs during the course of the antra-dasha of the lords of the trikabhavas in the dasha of a maraka. The lords of the 2nd and the 12th bhavas counted from the sign and bhava occupied by the Moon behave as marakas if they are natural malefic. Moreover, death can occur in the antra-dasha or dasha of the lord of the 3rd nakshatra from Janam nakshatra (asterism occupied by the Moon at birth) for a person of Alpayu (short-life), in that of the 5th nakshatra for a person of Madhyayu (Middle-life) and in that of the 7th nakshatra for a person blessed with Poornayu (long-life).

text: Maraka means the one that causes death at the end of a life-span or causes ill-health. The maraka for

text: Aries

text: lagna is

text: Venus

text: for it owns both marakasthanas;

text: Mars

text: Moon

text: , Venus and

text: Jupiter

text: are the marakas for

text: Taurus

text: lagna; the Moon for

text: Gemini

text: lagna;

text: Saturn

text: for

text: Cancer

text: and

text: Leo

text: lagnas; Venus for

text: Virgo

text: lagna; Mars for

text: Libra

text: lagna; Venus for

text: Scorpio

text: lagna; Venus and Saturn for

text: Sagittarius

text: lagna; Mars, Moon and Jupiter for

text: Capricorn

text: lagna; the

text: Sun

text: , Mars and Jupiter for

text: Aquarius

text: lagna, and for

text: Pisces

text: lagna,

text: Mercury

text: and Saturn are the designated marakas. The marakas and the planets associated with the marakas, and all malefic planets can cause illness and death during the operation of their

text: dashas

text: but if longevity is over but the dasa of maraka is not operating then the lord of the 12th house acts as the maraka and its dasha or the dasha of a malefic can cause death. Saturn and Rahu are the Mrityu-karakas or significators of death. A Maraka does not kill in its own antra-dasha in the dasa of a benefic planet but it does so in its antra-dasha the dasha of a malefic. Saturn associated with a maraka kills, and death generally occurs during the course of the antra-dasha of the lords of the trikabhavas in the dasha of a maraka. The lords of the 2nd and the 12th bhavas counted from the sign and bhava occupied by the Moon behave as marakas if they are natural malefic. Moreover, death can occur in the antra-dasha or dasha of the lord of the 3rd

text: nakshatra

text: from Janam nakshatra (asterism occupied by the Moon at birth) for a person of Alpayu (short-life), in that of the 5th nakshatra for a person of Madhyayu (Middle-life) and in that of the 7th nakshatra for a person blessed with Poornayu (long-life).

text: "UFO  / Rings Around Saturn" (Photek Productions (1995))

text: In the course of the ongoing mission, Porco and her team have discovered seven moons of Saturn: Methone and Pallene, Polydeuces, Daphnis, Anthe, Aegaeon, and a small moonlet in the outer B ring. They also found several new rings, such as rings coincident with the orbits of Atlas, Janus and Epimetheus (the Saturnian 'co-orbitals') and Pallene; a diffuse ring between Atlas and the F ring; and new rings within several of the gaps in Saturn's rings.

text: In the course of the ongoing mission, Porco and her team have discovered seven moons of Saturn:

text: Methone

text: and

text: Pallene

text: Polydeuces

text: Daphnis

text: Anthe

text: Aegaeon

text: , and a small moonlet in the outer B ring. They also found several new rings, such as rings coincident with the orbits of

text: Atlas

text: Janus

text: and

text: Epimetheus

text: (the Saturnian 'co-orbitals') and Pallene; a diffuse ring between Atlas and the

text: F ring

text: ; and new rings within several of the gaps in Saturn's rings.

text: is the inclination of the orbit (the angle between the line-of-sight and the normal to the planet's orbital plane), a quantity that is generally unknown. However, for Gliese 436 b, the transits enable the determination of the inclination, as they show that the planet's orbital plane is very nearly in the line of sight (i.e. that the inclination is close to 90 degrees). Hence the mass quoted is the actual mass. The planet is thought to be largely composed of hot ices with an outer envelope of hydrogen and helium, and is termed a "hot Neptune".

text: is the inclination of the orbit (the angle between the line-of-sight and the

text: normal

text: to the planet's orbital plane), a quantity that is generally unknown. However, for Gliese 436 b, the transits enable the determination of the inclination, as they show that the planet's orbital plane is very nearly in the line of sight (i.e. that the inclination is close to 90

text: degrees

text: ). Hence the mass quoted is the actual mass. The planet is thought to be largely composed of hot

text: ices

text: with an outer envelope of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: , and is termed a "hot Neptune".

text: The design specification for a wind-turbine will contain a power curve and guaranteed availability. With the data from the wind resource assessment it is possible to calculate commercial viability.The typical operating temperature range is . In areas with extreme climate (like Inner Mongolia or Rajasthan) specific cold and hot weather versions are required.

text: The

text: design specification

text: for a wind-turbine will contain a power curve and guaranteed

text: availability

text: . With the data from the

text: wind resource assessment

text: it is possible to calculate commercial viability.The typical

text: operating temperature

text: range is . In areas with extreme climate (like

text: Inner Mongolia

text: or

text: Rajasthan

text: ) specific cold and hot weather versions are required.

text: 2006: Pluto (demoted planet)

text: Pluto

text: (demoted planet)

text: Chthonian planets (, sometimes 'cthonian') are a hypothetical class of celestial objects resulting from the stripping away of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere and outer layers, which is called hydrodynamic escape. Such atmospheric stripping is a likely result of proximity to a star. The remaining rocky or metallic core would resemble a terrestrial planet in many respects.

text: Chthonian planets (, sometimes 'cthonian') are a hypothetical class of celestial objects resulting from the stripping away of a

text: gas giant

text: 's

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: atmosphere

text: and outer layers, which is called

text: hydrodynamic escape

text: . Such atmospheric stripping is a likely result of proximity to a

text: star

text: . The remaining

text: rocky

text: or

text: metal

text: lic

text: core

text: would resemble a

text: terrestrial planet

text: in many respects.

text: Afternoons with maximum temperatures ranging between  are common even during the fall and early spring. During the winter, there have been several recent records of cold afternoons, as on July 24, 2013 in which the maximum temperature was  and the wind chill hit  during the afternoon.

text: Afternoons with maximum temperatures ranging between  are common even during the fall and early spring. During the winter, there have been several recent records of cold afternoons, as on July 24, 2013 in which the maximum temperature was  and the

text: wind chill

text: hit  during the afternoon.

text: Although Paul Clifford is rarely read among the general reading public today, it contains one of the most widely known incipits in English literary history: "It was a dark and stormy night." It is frequently invoked for its atmospheric and neo-Gothic description, often in the mystery, detective, horror, and thriller genres. Because of its Romantic qualities, it has likewise become a textbook example of purple prose.

text: Although Paul Clifford is rarely read among the general reading public today, it contains one of the most widely known

text: incipit

text: s in English literary history: "

text: It was a dark and stormy night

text: ." It is frequently invoked for its atmospheric and neo-Gothic description, often in the mystery, detective, horror, and thriller genres. Because of its Romantic qualities, it has likewise become a textbook example of

text: purple prose

text: The manner in which Genestealers carry out their reproductive process is of exceptional danger to the Imperium, as whole planets can fall to the Genestealer threat; the affected humans look and act no different from normal, and the hosts are extremely secretive about the insidious curse they bear. Indeed, the first an external agency may know about the presence of Genestealers is once a whole planet has been affected by the curse, requiring total cleansing and repopulation. Imperial authorities are thus extremely keen to terminate the Genestealer menace at source, before it has a chance to affect any nearby planet.

text: Greene has been one of the most consistently popular astrologers of the 20th century. Almost all of her many books remain in print. Greene became quickly famous with the publication, by Weiser, of Saturn:  A New Look at an Old Devil, in 1976, in which she applied Jungian psychology to revise the image of Saturn as a planet of misfortune, recasting it in a more Jungian image that has continued to be very popular into the 21st century.

text: Greene has been one of the most consistently popular astrologers of the 20th century. Almost all of her many books remain in print. Greene became quickly famous with the publication, by

text: Weiser

text: , of Saturn:  A New Look at an Old Devil, in 1976, in which she applied Jungian psychology to revise the image of

text: Saturn

text: as a planet of misfortune, recasting it in a more Jungian image that has continued to be very popular into the 21st century.

text: The lagna (ascendant) and the Chandra-lagna (natal Moon-sign) gain strength by being aspected by a planet, preferably by their own lords; when their respective lords are strongly placed forming auspicious yogas then good results are to be anticipated failing which all auspicious yogas become defunct. If at the time of birth the lagna or the Moon is not aspected by any planet the results of Raja yogas do not fructify. Malefic planets should certainly not afflict the lagna, the Moon, the yoga-causing planets and the bhavas involved; whichever bhava as is associated with or aspected by either their respective lords or by benefic planets gains vitality, the good effects are destroyed if malefic planets aspect or join them. The effect of an aspect is equal to that of conjunction and in practice found to be more effective. The Sun and Jupiter are the karakas (significators) of the 10th house, any kind of sambandha (mutual association) established by these two makes one adept and shine in his/her chosen field of creative/scientific/religious/philosophical activity, become a high-ranking official or advisor and famous. Jupiter situated in the Karakamsa i.e. in conjunction with the Atmakaraka in the Navamsa-chart makes one master the Vedas or become a philosopher or a religious leader; Venus likewise situated makes one a great political figure.

text: Mount Lassell () is a snow-covered peak,  high, overlooking the head of Neptune Glacier in the southeast part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The peak appears to have been first sighted from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935, and roughly mapped from photos obtained on that flight by W.L.G. Joerg. It was remapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. The peak was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for William Lassell, an English astronomer who discovered Umbriel and Ariel, satellites of the planet Uranus, and the satellite Triton, orbiting the planet Neptune.

text: Mount Lassell () is a snow-covered

text: peak

text: ,  high, overlooking the head of

text: Neptune Glacier

text: in the southeast part of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: . The peak appears to have been first sighted from the air by

text: Lincoln Ellsworth

text: on November 23, 1935, and roughly mapped from photos obtained on that flight by

text: W.L.G. Joerg

text: . It was remapped from air photos taken by the

text: Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

text: , 1947–48, by

text: D. Searle

text: of the

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: in 1960. The peak was named by the

text: UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee

text: for

text: William Lassell

text: , an English

text: astronomer

text: who discovered

text: Umbriel

text: and

text: Ariel

text: satellites

text: of the planet

text: Uranus

text: , and the satellite

text: Triton

text: , orbiting the planet

text: Neptune

text: Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

text: Neptune is the eighth and farthest known

text: planet

text: from the

text: Sun

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: . In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest

text: giant planet

text: . Neptune is 17 times the mass of

text: Earth

text: and is slightly more massive than its near-twin

text: Uranus

text: , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8

text: years

text: at an average distance of . It is named after the

text: Roman god of the sea

text: and has the

text: astronomical symbol

text: ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's

text: trident

text: Panspermia hypothesis does not attempt to explain how life first originated, but merely shifts it to another planet or a comet. The advantage of an extraterrestrial origin of primitive life is that life is not required to have formed on each planet it occurs on, but rather in a single location, and then spread about the galaxy to other star systems via cometary and/or meteorite impact. Evidence to support the hypothesis is scant, but it finds support in studies of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes' survival in outer space tests. (See also: List of microorganisms tested in outer space.)

text: Panspermia hypothesis does not attempt to explain how life first originated, but merely shifts it to another planet or a comet. The advantage of an extraterrestrial origin of primitive life is that life is not required to have formed on each planet it occurs on, but rather in a single location, and then spread about the

text: galaxy

text: to other star systems via cometary and/or meteorite impact. Evidence to support the hypothesis is scant, but it finds support in studies of

text: Martian meteorite

text: s found in

text: Antarctica

text: and in studies of

text: extremophile

text: microbes' survival in outer space tests. (See also:

entity_name: List of microorganisms tested in outer space

text: List of microorganisms tested in outer space

text: Varying degrees of criticism exist regarding international space law. Some critics accept the Outer Space Treaty, but reject the Moon Agreement. Therefore, it is important to note that even the Moon Agreement with its common heritage of mankind clause, allows space mining, extraction, private property rights and exclusive ownership rights over natural outer space resources, if removed from their natural place. The Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement allow private property rights for outer space natural resources once removed from the surface, subsurface or subsoil of the moon and other celestial bodies in outer space. Thus, international space law is capable of managing newly emerging space mining activities, private space transportation, commercial spaceports and commercial space stations/habitats/settlements. Space mining involving the extraction and removal of natural resources from their natural location is without question allowable under the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement. Once removed, those natural resources can be reduced to possession, sold, traded and explored or used for scientific purposes. International space law allows space mining, specifically the extraction of natural resources. It is generally understood within the space law authorities that extracting space resources is allowable, even by private companies for profit. However, international space law prohibits property rights over territories and outer space land.

text: The Oort cloud ( or , named after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort), sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is a theoretical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals believed to surround the Sun to as far as somewhere between . It is divided into two regions: a disc-shaped inner Oort cloud (or Hills cloud) and a spherical outer Oort cloud. Both regions lie beyond the heliosphere and in interstellar space. The Kuiper belt and the scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth as far from the Sun as the Oort cloud.

text: The Oort cloud ( or , named after the Dutch astronomer

text: Jan Oort

text: ), sometimes called the Öpik–Oort cloud, is a

text: theoretical

text: cloud of predominantly

text: icy

text: planetesimal

text: s believed to surround the

text: Sun

text: to as far as somewhere between . It is divided into two regions: a

text: disc-shaped

text: inner Oort cloud (or

text: Hills cloud

text: ) and a

text: spherical

text: outer Oort cloud. Both regions lie beyond the

text: heliosphere

text: and in

text: interstellar space

text: . The

text: Kuiper belt

text: and the

text: scattered disc

text: , the other two reservoirs of

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s, are less than one thousandth as far from the Sun as the Oort cloud.

text: Close to the terminator a constant wind from the night side of Venus brings the temperature below 80 degrees Fahrenheit, too cold for the spores and most of the other Hotlands life.  This is the Cool Country, where most of the planet's human settlers live.  At the terminator itself, the lower wind from the night side meets a hot upper wind from the day side, resulting in a permanent violent thunderstorm.  The precipitation from that storm falls as snow on the night side of the terminator, forming a vast ice barrier which slumps under its own weight into the dayside, then melts into rivers that flow away from the terminator until they evaporate in the growing heat.

text: Close to the

text: terminator

text: a constant wind from the night side of Venus brings the temperature below 80 degrees

text: Fahrenheit

text: , too cold for the spores and most of the other Hotlands life.  This is the Cool Country, where most of the planet's human settlers live.  At the terminator itself, the lower wind from the night side meets a hot upper wind from the day side, resulting in a permanent violent thunderstorm.  The

text: precipitation

text: from that storm falls as snow on the night side of the terminator, forming a vast ice barrier which slumps under its own weight into the dayside, then melts into rivers that flow away from the terminator until they evaporate in the growing heat.

text: In the intermediate range, from  to  in temperate regions, are the mid-étage clouds. They comprise two or three genera depending on the system of height classification being used: altostratus, altocumulus, and, according to WMO classification, nimbostratus. These clouds are formed from ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, or liquid water droplets.

text: In the intermediate range, from  to  in temperate regions, are the mid-étage clouds. They comprise two or three genera depending on the system of height classification being used:

text: altostratus

text: altocumulus

text: , and, according to

text: WMO

text: classification,

text: nimbostratus

text: . These clouds are formed from ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, or liquid water droplets.

text: Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium, though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter has at least 67 moons, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.

text: Jupiter is primarily composed of

text: hydrogen

text: with a quarter of its mass being

text: helium

text: , though helium comprises only about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape is that of an

text: oblate spheroid

text: (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the

text: Great Red Spot

text: , a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by

text: telescope

text: . Surrounding Jupiter is a faint

text: planetary ring

text: system and a powerful

text: magnetosphere

text: . Jupiter has at least

text: 67 moons

text: , including the four large

text: Galilean moons

text: discovered by

text: Galileo Galilei

text: in 1610.

text: Ganymede

text: , the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet

text: Mercury

text: The ε ring is known to have interior and exterior shepherd moons—Cordelia and Ophelia, respectively. The inner edge of the ring is in 24:25 resonance with Cordelia, and the outer edge is in 14:13 resonance with Ophelia. The masses of the moons need to be at least three times the mass of the ring to confine it effectively. The mass of the ε ring is estimated to be about 10 kg.

text: The ε ring is known to have interior and exterior

text: shepherd moon

text: s—

text: Cordelia

text: and

text: Ophelia

text: , respectively. The inner edge of the ring is in 24:25 resonance with Cordelia, and the outer edge is in 14:13

text: resonance

text: with Ophelia. The masses of the moons need to be at least three times the mass of the ring to confine it effectively. The mass of the ε ring is estimated to be about 10 kg.

text: The original draft of The Empire Strikes Back, written by Leigh Brackett, depicted an opening scene with Luke Skywalker on the ridge of an ice planet, though the name "Hoth" was given to the cloud planet at the time. (The cloud planet was ultimately called Bespin.) The draft also depicted Hoth's wampas attacking the rebel base.

text: The original draft of The Empire Strikes Back, written by

text: Leigh Brackett

text: , depicted an opening scene with Luke Skywalker on the ridge of an ice planet, though the name "Hoth" was given to the cloud planet at the time. (The cloud planet was ultimately called

text: Bespin

text: .) The draft also depicted Hoth's wampas attacking the rebel base.

text: As of April 8 2014, Environment Canada replaced the Wind Chill Warning with an Extreme Cold Warning. The warning is still issued based on a region's normal climate. In the older system a wind chill warning for Southern Ontario and Atlantic Canada was issued when the wind chill dropped to -35. This meant that if the temperature was  with no wind a warning was not issued. Under the new system the extreme cold warning is issued based on either the temperature or the wind chill being a certain value for at least two hours. The values range from  in the south to  in parts of the Arctic.

text: As of April 8 2014, Environment Canada replaced the Wind Chill Warning with an

text: Extreme Cold Warning

text: . The warning is still issued based on a region's normal climate. In the older system a wind chill warning for

text: Southern Ontario

text: and

text: Atlantic Canada

text: was issued when the wind chill dropped to -35. This meant that if the temperature was  with no wind a warning was not issued. Under the new system the extreme cold warning is issued based on either the temperature or the wind chill being a certain value for at least two hours. The values range from  in the south to  in parts of the

text: Arctic

text: Images of Uranus proved to have a very uniform appearance, with no evidence of the dramatic storms or atmospheric banding evident on Jupiter and Saturn. Great effort was required to even identify a few clouds in the images of the planet. The magnetosphere of Uranus, however, proved to be completely unique and proved to be profoundly affected by the planet's unusual axial tilt. In contrast to the bland appearance of Uranus itself, striking images were obtained of the Moons of Uranus, including evidence that Miranda had been unusually geologically active.

text: Images of Uranus proved to have a very uniform appearance, with no evidence of the dramatic storms or atmospheric banding evident on Jupiter and Saturn. Great effort was required to even identify a few clouds in the images of the planet. The magnetosphere of Uranus, however, proved to be completely unique and proved to be profoundly affected by the planet's unusual axial tilt. In contrast to the bland appearance of Uranus itself, striking images were obtained of the Moons of Uranus, including evidence that

text: Miranda

text: had been unusually geologically active.

text: Since completing the Astronomia nova, Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook.  In 1615, he completed the first of three volumes of Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy); the first volume (books I–III) was printed in 1617, the second (book IV) in 1620, and the third (books V–VII) in 1621. Despite the title, which referred simply to heliocentrism, Kepler's textbook culminated in his own ellipse-based system. The Epitome became Kepler's most influential work. It contained all three laws of planetary motion and attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes.  Though it explicitly extended the first two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in Astronomia nova) to all the planets as well as the Moon and the Medicean satellites of Jupiter,<ref>By 1621 or earlier, Kepler recognized that Jupiter's moons obey his third law.

text: Since completing the Astronomia nova, Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook.  In 1615, he completed the first of three volumes of Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy); the first volume (books I–III) was printed in 1617, the second (book IV) in 1620, and the third (books V–VII) in 1621. Despite the title, which referred simply to heliocentrism, Kepler's textbook culminated in his own ellipse-based system. The Epitome became Kepler's most influential work. It contained all three laws of planetary motion and attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes.  Though it explicitly extended the first two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in Astronomia nova) to all the planets as well as the Moon and the

text: Medicean satellites of Jupiter

text: ,<ref>By 1621 or earlier, Kepler recognized that Jupiter's moons obey his third law.

text: Spring is extremely variable and windy: there may be long stretches of cool, dry weather and cold nights followed by intense heat waves up to , followed by the most severe thunderstorms with hail and high winds. It is not unusual to see temperatures drop  from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat. Drought is most common in this season, when the normal summer rainfall arrives later than expected.By October, days are warm at  but nights remain cold at , by late November, the weather resembles summer weather with cooler nights.

text: As currently understood, the ring system of Uranus comprises thirteen distinct rings. In order of increasing distance from the planet they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν, μ rings. They can be divided into three groups: nine narrow main rings (6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, ε), two dusty rings (1986U2R/ζ, λ) and two outer rings (μ, ν). The rings of Uranus   consist mainly of macroscopic particles and  little dust, although dust is known to be present in 1986U2R/ζ, η, δ, λ, ν and μ rings. In addition to these well-known rings, there may be numerous optically thin dust bands and faint rings between them. These faint rings and dust bands may exist only temporarily or consist of a number of separate arcs, which are sometimes detected during occultations. Some of them became visible during a series of ring plane-crossing events in 2007. A number of dust bands between the rings were observed in forward-scattering geometry by Voyager 2.  All rings of Uranus show azimuthal brightness variations.

text: As currently understood, the ring system of Uranus comprises thirteen distinct rings. In order of increasing distance from the planet they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν, μ rings. They can be divided into three groups: nine narrow main rings (6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, ε), two dusty rings (1986U2R/ζ, λ) and two outer rings (μ, ν). The rings of Uranus   consist mainly of macroscopic particles and  little

text: dust

text: , although dust is known to be present in 1986U2R/ζ, η, δ, λ, ν and μ rings. In addition to these well-known rings, there may be numerous optically thin dust bands and faint rings between them. These faint rings and dust bands may exist only temporarily or consist of a number of separate arcs, which are sometimes detected during

text: occultation

text: s. Some of them became visible during a series of ring plane-crossing events in 2007. A number of dust bands between the rings were observed in forward-scattering geometry by

text: Voyager 2

text: .  All rings of Uranus show

text: azimuth

text: al brightness variations.

text: Winds blowing off the elevated glaciated plateaus of Greenland and Antarctica experience the most extreme form of katabatic wind, of which the Santa Ana is a type, for the most part.  The winds start at a high elevation and flow outward and downslope, attaining hurricane gusts in valleys, along the shore, and even out to sea.  Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.

text: Winds blowing off the elevated glaciated plateaus of

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Antarctica

text: experience the most extreme form of

text: katabatic wind

text: , of which the Santa Ana is a type, for the most part.  The winds start at a high elevation and flow outward and downslope, attaining hurricane gusts in valleys, along the shore, and even out to sea.  Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.

text: Modelling the formation of the terrestrial and gas giants is relatively straightforward and uncontroversial. The terrestrial planets of the Solar System are widely understood to have formed through collisional accumulation of planetesimals within the protoplanetary disc. The gas giants—Jupiter, Saturn, and their extrasolar counterpart planets—are thought to have formed after solid cores around 10 Earth masses () formed through the same process, while accreting gaseous envelopes from the surrounding solar nebula over the course of a few to several million years (Ma), although alternative models of core formation based on pebble accretion have recently been proposed. Some extrasolar giant planets may instead have formed via gravitational disk instabilities.

text: Modelling the formation of the

text: terrestrial

text: and

text: gas giant

text: s is relatively straightforward and

text: uncontroversial

text: . The terrestrial planets of the

text: Solar System

text: are widely understood to have formed through collisional accumulation of

text: planetesimal

text: s within the

text: protoplanetary disc

text: . The

text: gas giant

text: s—

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , and their extrasolar counterpart planets—are thought to have formed after solid cores around 10 Earth masses () formed through the same process, while

text: accreting

text: gaseous envelopes from the surrounding

text: solar nebula

text: over the course of a few to several million years (

text: Ma

text: ), although alternative models of core formation based on

text: pebble accretion

text: have recently been proposed. Some extrasolar giant planets may instead have formed via gravitational disk instabilities.

text: A liquid, like a gas, displays the properties of a fluid. A liquid can flow, assume the shape of a container, and, if placed in a sealed container, will distribute applied pressure evenly to every surface in the container. If you place the liquid in a bag, you can squeeze it into any shape you want. Unlike a gas, a liquid may not always mix readily with another liquid, will not always fill every space in the container, forming its own surface, and will not compress significantly, except under extremely high pressures. These properties make a liquid suitable for applications such as hydraulics.

text: A liquid, like a gas, displays the properties of a fluid. A liquid can flow, assume the shape of a container, and, if placed in a sealed container, will distribute applied pressure evenly to every surface in the container. If you place the liquid in a bag, you can squeeze it into any shape you want. Unlike a gas, a liquid may not always mix readily with another liquid, will not always fill every space in the container, forming its own surface, and will not compress significantly, except under extremely high pressures. These properties make a liquid suitable for applications such as

text: hydraulics

text: appears as an insectlike old woman with lavender skin. Secondary to Queen Nehelenia, she controls the Amazoness Quartet and the Amazon Trio. Her name is derived from the mineral Zirconium dioxide, which is often called Zirconia. She first appears in Episode 128 of the anime and Act 34 of the manga, her connection to Nehelenia varying. In the English-language adaptation, Zirconia's gender was changed from female to male.	In the manga, Zirconia communicates with Nehelenia and delivers her orders to the Amazoness Quartet. When Sailor Saturn and Sailor Chibi Moon begin to break through Zirconia's influence on the Quartet, Zirconia captures all of them, imprisoning the Quartet inside four magic balls and Saturn and Chibi Moon within two shards of broken mirror. She sends the objects through the mirror to Nehelenia. When the Sailor Soldiers confront her, she rises into the sky and grows in size, but the Sailor Soldiers use Sailor Planet Attack to defeat her. Zirconia escapes into Nehelenia's mirror, but when Sailor Moon follows, she only finds Nehelenia. Following Nehelenia's apparent defeat in the mirror's world, Zirconia reappears in the mirror and claims that the Queen of the Dead Moon will not die yet and that the Dead Moon will triumph yet before disappearing, reviving Nehelenia in the process.	In the anime, Zirconia is an entity created by Nelehenia from her own being and serves as the queen's representative in directing their followers on missions to find Pegasus in the beautiful dreams of people in Tokyo. While the Amazon Trio feared her, Zirconia has trouble keeping the Amazoness Quartet in line. When the Quartet begins to develop sympathy for the Sailor Soldiers and destroy their balls, Zirconia escapes to Nehelenia's mirror, disappearing as her services for the freed queen are no longer needed.

text: appears as an insectlike old woman with lavender skin. Secondary to Queen Nehelenia, she controls the Amazoness Quartet and the Amazon Trio. Her name is derived from the mineral

text: Zirconium dioxide

text: , which is often called Zirconia. She first appears in Episode 128 of the anime and Act 34 of the manga, her connection to Nehelenia varying. In the English-language adaptation, Zirconia's gender was changed from female to male.	In the manga, Zirconia communicates with Nehelenia and delivers her orders to the Amazoness Quartet. When

text: Sailor Saturn

text: and

text: Sailor Chibi Moon

text: begin to break through Zirconia's influence on the Quartet, Zirconia captures all of them, imprisoning the Quartet inside four magic balls and Saturn and Chibi Moon within two shards of broken mirror. She sends the objects through the mirror to Nehelenia. When the Sailor Soldiers confront her, she rises into the sky and grows in size, but the Sailor Soldiers use Sailor Planet Attack to defeat her. Zirconia escapes into Nehelenia's mirror, but when Sailor Moon follows, she only finds Nehelenia. Following Nehelenia's apparent defeat in the mirror's world, Zirconia reappears in the mirror and claims that the Queen of the Dead Moon will not die yet and that the Dead Moon will triumph yet before disappearing, reviving Nehelenia in the process.	In the anime, Zirconia is an entity created by Nelehenia from her own being and serves as the queen's representative in directing their followers on missions to find Pegasus in the beautiful dreams of people in Tokyo. While the Amazon Trio feared her, Zirconia has trouble keeping the Amazoness Quartet in line. When the Quartet begins to develop sympathy for the Sailor Soldiers and destroy their balls, Zirconia escapes to Nehelenia's mirror, disappearing as her services for the freed queen are no longer needed.

text: It is theorized that the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune hold a layer of superionic water.

text: It is theorized that the

text: ice giant

text: planets

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: hold a layer of superionic water.

text: Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.

text: Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and

text: Korean

text: , the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In

text: Mongolian

text: , Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern

text: Greek

text: the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In

text: Hebrew

text: , "Rahab" (רהב), from

text: a Biblical sea monster

text: mentioned in the

text: Book of Psalms

text: , was selected in a vote managed by the

text: Academy of the Hebrew Language

text: in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In

text: Māori

text: , the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the

text: Māori god of the sea

text: . In

text: Nahuatl

text: , the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god

text: Tlāloc

text: Starstuff is an hour-long children's television program taped at WCAU-TV Studios on City Line Avenue in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.  It was shown in the Philadelphia television market only.  There was only one season of Starstuff with a total of 18 episodes airing on Saturday mornings.  While it was first shown in 1980, it was rerun repeatedly throughout the next several years.  The opening and closing music consisted of a melange of music from Gustav Holst's The Planets suite, movements four and six, Jupiter and Uranus.

text: Starstuff is an hour-long children's television program taped at

text: WCAU-TV

text: Studios on City Line Avenue in

text: Bala Cynwyd

text: Pennsylvania

text: .  It was shown in the

text: Philadelphia

text: television market only.  There was only one season of Starstuff with a total of 18 episodes airing on Saturday mornings.  While it was first shown in 1980, it was rerun repeatedly throughout the next several years.  The opening and closing music consisted of a melange of music from

text: Gustav Holst

text: 's

text: The Planets

text: suite, movements four and six, Jupiter and Uranus.

text: Possible habitable zone planets near eccentric Jupiters:

text: Possible

text: habitable zone

text: planets near eccentric Jupiters:

text: The building’s dome is its most distinctive feature and stands above a four-level rotunda. The rotunda is crowned by a coffered or false dome. Between the coffered dome and the outer dome are the workings of four-faced clock, that has been recently restored. Surrounding the coffered dome are six walls, which would resemble a hexagon if view from above, all of which support the outer dome. On the outside is a false portico aligned with each wall. Where the side of the hexagonal floor plan meet, a V-shaped brick pillar where two sides of the hexagon meet; thus each side of the V-shaped brick pillars span two porticos. In between the V-shaped brick pillars are three marble columns; one on each side of every window set into the walls supporting the outer dome. The windows are aligned to feed light through stained glass insets in the coffered dome hanging over the rotunda.

text: The building’s

text: dome

text: is its most distinctive feature and stands above a four-level

text: rotunda

text: . The rotunda is crowned by a

text: coffer

text: ed or false dome. Between the coffered dome and the outer dome are the workings of four-faced clock, that has been recently restored. Surrounding the coffered dome are six walls, which would resemble a

text: hexagon

text: if view from above, all of which support the outer dome. On the outside is a false

text: portico

text: aligned with each wall. Where the side of the hexagonal floor plan meet, a V-shaped brick pillar where two sides of the hexagon meet; thus each side of the V-shaped brick pillars span two porticos. In between the V-shaped brick pillars are three marble columns; one on each side of every window set into the walls supporting the outer dome. The windows are aligned to feed light through

text: stained glass

text: insets in the coffered dome hanging over the rotunda.

text: Janet looks through the Friz's things and finds Ms. Frizzle's lesson book, which documents the information she is supposed to tell the kids during the field trip (complete with "Arnold, are you listening?" written into it.) Janet reads through the book as they pass the outer planets and until they pass Pluto, leaving the solar system. Janet then flips through the book and finds the instructions for the autopilot, so they can fly back to the asteroid belt and rescue Ms. Frizzle.

text: Janet looks through the Friz's things and finds Ms. Frizzle's lesson book, which documents the information she is supposed to tell the kids during the field trip (complete with "Arnold, are you listening?" written into it.) Janet reads through the book as they pass the outer planets and until they pass

text: Pluto

text: , leaving the solar system. Janet then flips through the book and finds the instructions for the autopilot, so they can fly back to the asteroid belt and rescue Ms. Frizzle.

text: The exploration of Uranus has been entirely through the Voyager 2 spacecraft, with no other visits currently planned. Given its axial tilt of 97.77°, with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods, scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus. The closest approach to Uranus occurred on 24 January 1986. Voyager 2 studied the planet's unique atmosphere and magnetosphere. Voyager 2 also examined its ring system and the moons of Uranus including all five of the previously known moons, while discovering an additional ten previously unknown moons.

text: The exploration of

text: Uranus

text: has been entirely through the

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft, with no other visits currently planned. Given its

text: axial tilt

text: of 97.77°, with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods, scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus. The closest approach to Uranus occurred on 24 January 1986. Voyager 2 studied the planet's unique atmosphere and

text: magnetosphere

text: . Voyager 2 also examined its

text: ring system

text: and the

text: moons of Uranus

text: including all five of the previously known moons, while discovering an additional ten previously unknown moons.

text: Because Eris appeared to be larger than Pluto, NASA initially described it as the Solar System's tenth planet. This, along with the prospect of other objects of similar size being discovered in the future, motivated the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to define the term planet for the first time. Under the IAU definition approved on August 24, 2006, Eris is a "dwarf planet", along with objects such as Pluto, Ceres, Haumea and Makemake, thereby reducing the number of known planets in the Solar System to eight, the same as before Pluto's discovery in 1930. Observations of a stellar occultation by Eris in 2010 showed that its diameter was , not significantly different from that of Pluto. After New Horizons measured Pluto's diameter as  in July 2015, it was determined that Eris is slightly smaller in diameter than Pluto.

text: Because Eris appeared to be larger than Pluto,

text: NASA

text: initially described it as the Solar System's

text: tenth planet

text: . This, along with the prospect of other objects of similar size being discovered in the future, motivated the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) to

text: define the term planet

text: for the first time. Under the

text: IAU definition

text: approved on August 24, 2006, Eris is a "dwarf planet", along with objects such as Pluto,

text: Ceres

text: Haumea

text: and

text: Makemake

text: , thereby reducing the number of known planets in the Solar System to eight, the same as before Pluto's discovery in 1930. Observations of a stellar

text: occultation

text: by Eris in 2010 showed that its diameter was , not significantly different from that of Pluto. After

text: New Horizons

text: measured Pluto's diameter as  in July 2015, it was determined that Eris is slightly smaller in diameter than Pluto.

text: Sky mode is the main feature of the software. It allows users to view high quality images of outer space with images from many space and Earth-based telescopes. Each image is shown at its actual position in the sky. There are over 200 full-sky images in spectral bands ranging from radio to gamma-rays There are also thousands of individual study images of various astronomical objects from space telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope in infrared, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, COBE, WMAP, ROSAT, IRAS, GALEX as well as many other space and ground based telescopes. Sky mode also shows the Sun, Moon, planets, and their moons in their current positions.

text: Sky mode is the main feature of the software. It allows users to view high quality images of outer space with images from many space and Earth-based telescopes. Each image is shown at its actual position in the sky. There are over 200 full-sky images in spectral bands ranging from

text: radio

text: to

text: gamma-rays

text: There are also thousands of individual study images of various astronomical objects from space telescopes such as the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: , the

text: Spitzer Space Telescope

text: in

text: infrared

text: , the

text: Chandra X-ray Observatory

text: COBE

text: WMAP

text: ROSAT

text: IRAS

text: GALEX

text: as well as many other space and ground based telescopes. Sky mode also shows the Sun, Moon, planets, and their moons in their current positions.

text: The vehicle begins by orienting for a retrograde burn to reduce its orbital velocity, lowering its point of periapsis to near the surface of the body to be landed on.  If the craft is landing on a planet with an atmosphere such as Mars the deorbit burn will only lower periapsis into the upper layers of the atmosphere, rather than just above the surface as on an airless body.  After the deorbit burn is complete the vehicle can either coast until it is nearer to its landing site or continue firing its engine while maintaining zero angle of attack.  For a planet with an atmosphere the coast portion of the trip includes reentry through the atmosphere as well.

text: The vehicle begins by orienting for a retrograde burn to reduce its

text: orbital velocity

text: , lowering its point of

text: periapsis

text: to near the surface of the body to be landed on.  If the craft is landing on a planet with an atmosphere such as

text: Mars

text: the deorbit burn will only lower periapsis into the upper layers of the atmosphere, rather than just above the surface as on an airless body.  After the deorbit burn is complete the vehicle can either coast until it is nearer to its landing site or continue firing its engine while maintaining zero angle of attack.  For a planet with an atmosphere the coast portion of the trip includes

text: reentry through the atmosphere

text: as well.

text: In the original Star Trek series episode The Cloud Minders, the planet "Merak II" is said to be suffering from a botanical plague that can only be treated by the use of the mineral zenite.

text: In the original

text: Star Trek

text: series episode

text: The Cloud Minders

text: , the planet "Merak II" is said to be suffering from a botanical plague that can only be treated by the use of the mineral zenite.

text: A high-shear mixer disperses, or transports, one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid), with which it would normally be immiscible. A rotor or impeller, together with a stationary component known as a stator, or an array of rotors and stators, is used either in a tank containing the solution to be mixed, or in a pipe through which the solution passes, to create shear. A high-shear mixer can be used to create emulsions, suspensions, lyosols (gas dispersed in liquid), and granular products. It is used in the adhesives, chemical, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries for emulsification, homogenization, particle size reduction, and dispersion.

text: A high-shear mixer disperses, or transports, one phase or ingredient (liquid, solid, gas) into a main continuous phase (liquid), with which it would normally be

text: immiscible

text: . A rotor or impeller, together with a stationary component known as a stator, or an array of rotors and stators, is used either in a tank containing the solution to be mixed, or in a pipe through which the solution passes, to create

text: shear

text: . A high-shear mixer can be used to create

text: emulsion

text: s,

text: suspension

text: s,

text: lyosol

text: s (gas dispersed in liquid), and granular products. It is used in the adhesives, chemical, cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries for emulsification,

text: homogenization

text: , particle size reduction, and dispersion.

text: In an episode conceived in the form of an Italian Opera, an alternate, imaginary version of the surveyors' final days in America is relayed where they continue west past the Ohio River, cross the Mississippi, encounter a variety of carnivalesque inhabitants of the interior, and become the first to discover Uranus. Again Dixon wishes to remain, but Mason sees the "new" planet as a ticket to acceptance and a life of ease, so they return east, making all those they met and passed while going west uneasy. In the end Dixon imagines continuing east with the line, and drawing it straight across the Atlantic.

text: Although the inner most planet has a size similar to Mars, Kepler-138c and d both have a radius of 1.2 Earth radii. All of the planets are too close to their star to be considered within the habitable zone. Although Kepler-138c and d have the same size, their masses and densities vary greatly. Of these two, the inner planet is consistent with a rocky super-Earth, whereas the outer planet is thought to have a significant gas envelope and low density, resembling a miniaturized gas giant (a Gas dwarf). The striking differences between these two planets have been hypothesized to be due photoevaporation.

text: Although the inner most planet has a size similar to

text: Mars

text: , Kepler-138c and d both have a radius of 1.2

text: Earth radii

text: . All of the planets are too close to their star to be considered within the

text: habitable zone

text: . Although Kepler-138c and d have the same size, their masses and densities vary greatly. Of these two, the inner planet is consistent with a rocky

text: super-Earth

text: , whereas the outer planet is thought to have a significant gas envelope and low density, resembling a miniaturized

text: gas giant

text: (a

text: Gas dwarf

text: ). The striking differences between these two planets have been hypothesized to be due

text: photoevaporation

text: In astronomy, the natural satellites or "moons" of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example, Titan's designation is Saturn .

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , the

text: natural satellite

text: s or "moons" of the

text: planet

text: s are traditionally

text: designated

text: by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example,

text: Titan

text: 's designation is

text: Saturn

text: TrES-2b (or Kepler-1b) is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star GSC 03549-02811 located 750 light years away from the Solar System. The planet has been identified in 2011 as the darkest known exoplanet, reflecting less than 1% of any light that hits it. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant with a bulk composition similar to that of Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many planets detected around other stars, TrES-2b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as hot Jupiters. This system was within the field of view of the Kepler spacecraft.

text: TrES-2b (or

text: Kepler

text: -1b) is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: orbiting the

text: star

text: GSC 03549-02811

text: located 750

text: light year

text: s away from the

text: Solar System

text: . The planet has been identified in 2011 as the darkest known

text: exoplanet

text: , reflecting less than 1% of any light that hits it. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a

text: gas giant

text: with a bulk composition similar to that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many planets detected around other stars, TrES-2b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as

text: hot Jupiter

text: s. This system was within the

text: field of view

text: of the Kepler spacecraft.

text: In June 1962, Soviet scientists at the Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by Vladimir Kotelnikov, became the first to bounce a radar signal off Mercury and receive it, starting radar observations of the planet. Three years later, radar observations by Americans Gordon Pettengill and R. Dyce, using the 300-meter Arecibo Observatory radio telescope in Puerto Rico, showed conclusively that the planet's rotational period was about 59 days. The theory that Mercury's rotation was synchronous had become widely held, and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced. If Mercury were tidally locked, its dark face would be extremely cold, but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected. Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat-distributing winds to explain the observations.

text: In June 1962, Soviet scientists at the

entity_name: Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics

text: Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics

text: of the

text: USSR Academy of Sciences

text: , led by

text: Vladimir Kotelnikov

text: , became the first to bounce a

text: radar

text: signal off Mercury and receive it, starting radar observations of the planet. Three years later, radar observations by Americans

text: Gordon Pettengill

text: and R. Dyce, using the 300-meter

text: Arecibo Observatory

text: radio telescope

text: in

text: Puerto Rico

text: , showed conclusively that the planet's rotational period was about 59 days. The theory that Mercury's rotation was synchronous had become widely held, and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced. If Mercury were tidally locked, its dark face would be extremely cold, but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected. Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat-distributing winds to explain the observations.

text: Dichlorosilane was originally prepared in 1919 by the gas-phase reaction of monosilane, SiH, with hydrogen chloride, HCl, and then reported by Stock and Somieski. It was found that in the gas phase, dichlorosilane will react with water vapor to give a gaseous monomeric prosiloxane, HSiO. Prosiloxane polymerizes rapidly in the liquid phase and slowly in the gas phase, which results in liquid and solid polysiloxanes [HSiO]. The liquid portion of the product, which is collected via vacuum distillation, becomes viscous and gelled at room temperature. Hydrolysis was done on a solution of HSiCl in benzene by brief contact with water, and the molecular weight was determined to be consistent with an average composition of [HSiO]. Through analytical and molecular weight determinations, n was decided to be between 6 and 7. Then, through more experimentation with the product, it was determined that n increases as time increases. After being in contact with the aqueous hydrolysis medium for a longer period of time, a polymer, [HSi(OH)O], was produced. There was limited availability of dichlorosilane until the silicone industry grew.

text: Dichlorosilane was originally prepared in 1919 by the gas-phase reaction of

text: monosilane

text: , SiH, with

text: hydrogen chloride

text: , HCl, and then reported by Stock and Somieski. It was found that in the gas phase, dichlorosilane will react with water vapor to give a gaseous monomeric

text: prosiloxane

text: , HSiO. Prosiloxane polymerizes rapidly in the liquid phase and slowly in the gas phase, which results in liquid and solid polysiloxanes [HSiO]. The liquid portion of the product, which is collected via vacuum distillation, becomes viscous and gelled at room temperature. Hydrolysis was done on a solution of HSiCl in benzene by brief contact with water, and the molecular weight was determined to be consistent with an average composition of [HSiO]. Through analytical and molecular weight determinations, n was decided to be between 6 and 7. Then, through more experimentation with the product, it was determined that n increases as time increases. After being in contact with the aqueous hydrolysis medium for a longer period of time, a polymer, [HSi(OH)O], was produced. There was limited availability of dichlorosilane until the silicone industry grew.

text: The kanji of Michiru's surname translate as  and . Together, they constitute most of the name of the planet Neptune in Japanese, . Her given name is in hiragana  and so its meaning is not inherent, but the word itself means "to rise" . The packaging of Irwin dolls released in Canada in 1998 called Michiru by the name Nerissa.

text: The

text: kanji

text: of Michiru's surname translate as  and . Together, they constitute most of the name of the planet Neptune in Japanese, . Her given name is in

text: hiragana

text: and so its meaning is not inherent, but the word itself means "to rise" . The packaging of

text: Irwin

text: dolls released in

text: Canada

text: in 1998 called Michiru by the name Nerissa.

text: The planet is estimated to have 10 times the mass and two to four times the diameter of Earth. An object with the same diameter as Neptune has not been excluded by previous surveys. An infrared survey by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) in 2009 allowed for a Neptune-sized object beyond 700 AU. A similar study in 2014 focused on possible higher-mass bodies in the outer Solar System and ruled out Jupiter-mass objects out to 26,000 AU.

text: The planet is estimated to have 10 times the mass and two to four times the diameter of Earth. An object with the same diameter as Neptune has not been excluded by previous surveys. An infrared survey by the

text: Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

text: (WISE) in 2009 allowed for a Neptune-sized object beyond 700 AU. A similar study in 2014 focused on possible higher-mass bodies in the outer Solar System and ruled out Jupiter-mass objects out to 26,000 AU.

text: Jupiter is associated with Thursday, and in Romance languages, the name for Thursday often comes from Jupiter (e.g., joi in Romanian, jeudi in French, jueves in Spanish, and giovedì in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Jupiter with the liberal art of geometry. In Chinese astrology, Jupiter is ruled by the element wood, which is patient, hard-working, and reliable. In Indian astrology, Jupiter is known as Guru or Brihaspati and is known as the 'great teacher'.

text: Jupiter is associated with Thursday, and in Romance languages, the name for Thursday often comes from Jupiter (e.g., joi in Romanian, jeudi in French, jueves in Spanish, and giovedì in Italian). Dante Alighieri associated Jupiter with the liberal art of

text: geometry

text: . In Chinese astrology, Jupiter is ruled by the element

text: wood

text: , which is patient, hard-working, and reliable. In

text: Indian astrology

text: , Jupiter is known as

text: Guru

text: or

text: Brihaspati

text: and is known as the 'great teacher'.

text: From 1975 to 1980, the field was the largest producing field in the Federal outer continental shelf. Production peaked in 1977 by  of liquids (crude oil and gas liquids) and  per day.  Enhanced oil recovery operations started in August 1975. Water injection was used on blocks 331 and 314, and starting from December 1979 gas injection was used on block 330.

text: From 1975 to 1980, the field was the largest producing field in the Federal outer continental shelf. Production peaked in 1977 by  of liquids (crude oil and gas liquids) and  per day.

text: Enhanced oil recovery

text: operations started in August 1975. Water injection was used on blocks 331 and 314, and starting from December 1979 gas injection was used on block 330.

text: The Softwire is a series of four young adult science fiction novels by PJ Haarsma.  It is set in space, in an original fictional universe of Haarsma's creation. A group of around two hundred children are orphaned in outer space on their journey to the Rings of Orbis: giant, planet-like rings which surround a wormhole.  The children's parents are killed during an incident in the "seed-ship" in which they are traveling and the computer controlling the ship has raised the children—the eldest of whom are thirteen-years-old as the ship reaches Orbis.

text: The Softwire is a series of four

text: young adult

text: science fiction

text: novels by

text: PJ Haarsma

text: .  It is set in space, in an original fictional universe of Haarsma's creation. A group of around two hundred children are orphaned in outer space on their journey to the Rings of Orbis: giant, planet-like rings which surround a

text: wormhole

text: .  The children's parents are killed during an incident in the "seed-ship" in which they are traveling and the computer controlling the ship has raised the children—the eldest of whom are thirteen-years-old as the ship reaches Orbis.

text: The planet Jupiter has a system of rings known as the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system. It was the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter. It has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for the past 23 years. Ground-based observations of the rings require the largest available telescopes.

text: The planet

text: Jupiter

text: has a system of

text: ring

text: s known as the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system. It was the third ring system to be discovered in the

text: Solar System

text: , after those of

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Uranus

text: . It was first observed in 1979 by the

text: Voyager 1

text: space probe

text: and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the

text: Galileo

text: orbiter. It has also been observed by the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and from

text: Earth

text: for the past 23 years. Ground-based observations of the rings require the largest available

text: telescopes

text: Odd structures known as polar vortices lie within the cold polar collars. They are giant hurricane-like storms four times larger than their terrestrial analogs. Each vortex has two "eyes"—the centres of rotation, which are connected by distinct S-shaped cloud structures. Such double eyed structures are also called polar dipoles. Vortexes rotate with the period of about 3 days in the direction of general super-rotation of the atmosphere. The linear wind speeds are 35–50 m/s near their outer edges and zero at the poles. The temperature at the cloud-tops in the polar vortexes are much higher than in the nearby polar collars reaching 250 K (−23 °C). The conventional interpretation of the polar vortexes is that they are anticyclones with downwelling in the centre and upwelling in the cold polar collars. This type of circulation resembles the winter polar anticyclonic vortexes on Earth, especially the one found over Antarctica. The observations in the various infrared atmospheric windows indicate that the anticyclonic circulation observed near the poles may penetrate as deep as to 50 km altitude, i.e. to the base of the clouds. The polar upper troposphere and mesosphere are extremely dynamic; large bright clouds may appear and disappear over the space of a few hours. One such event was observed by Venus Express between 9 and 13 January 2007, when the south polar region became brighter by 30%. This event was probably caused by an injection of sulfur dioxide into the mesosphere, which then condensed forming a bright haze. The two eyes in the vortexes have yet to be explained.

text: Odd structures known as

text: polar vortices

text: lie within the cold polar collars. They are giant

text: hurricane

text: -like storms four times larger than their terrestrial analogs. Each vortex has two "eyes"—the centres of rotation, which are connected by distinct S-shaped cloud structures. Such double eyed structures are also called polar

text: dipole

text: s. Vortexes rotate with the period of about 3 days in the direction of general super-rotation of the atmosphere. The linear wind speeds are 35–50 m/s near their outer edges and zero at the poles. The temperature at the cloud-tops in the polar vortexes are much higher than in the nearby polar collars reaching 250 K (−23 °C). The conventional interpretation of the polar vortexes is that they are

text: anticyclone

text: s with downwelling in the centre and upwelling in the cold polar collars. This type of circulation resembles the winter polar anticyclonic vortexes on Earth, especially the one found over

text: Antarctica

text: . The observations in the various

text: infrared

text: atmospheric windows indicate that the

text: anticyclonic

text: circulation observed near the poles may penetrate as deep as to 50 km altitude, i.e. to the base of the clouds. The polar upper troposphere and mesosphere are extremely dynamic; large bright clouds may appear and disappear over the space of a few hours. One such event was observed by

text: Venus Express

text: between 9 and 13 January 2007, when the south polar region became brighter by 30%. This event was probably caused by an injection of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: into the mesosphere, which then condensed forming a bright haze. The two eyes in the vortexes have yet to be explained.

text: Many configurations of Jupiter were seen as possible, but the DIRECT version 3.0 proposal, released in May 2009, recommended two: the Jupiter-130 and Jupiter-246, with claimed lift capacities exceeding 70 and 110 tonnes, respectively, to low Earth orbit.

text: Many configurations of Jupiter were seen as possible, but the DIRECT version 3.0 proposal, released in May 2009, recommended two: the Jupiter-130 and Jupiter-246, with claimed lift capacities exceeding 70 and 110

text: tonne

text: s, respectively, to

text: low Earth orbit

text: Newton took his first astrophotograph when he was 13 years old of the planet Saturn. He invented "cold camera" astrophotography, allowing for substantially longer exposures on film.

text: Newton took his first astrophotograph when he was 13 years old of the

text: planet

text: Saturn

text: . He invented "cold camera" astrophotography, allowing for substantially longer exposures on film.

text: The planet Uranus has appeared in various forms of fiction:

text: The planet

text: Uranus

text: has appeared in various forms of fiction:

text: Moons in retrograde orbits cannot form in the same region of the solar nebula as the planets they orbit, so Triton must have been captured from elsewhere. It might therefore have originated in the Kuiper belt, a ring of small icy objects extending outwards from just inside the orbit of Neptune to about 50 AU from the Sun. Thought to be the point of origin for the majority of short-period comets observed from Earth, the belt is also home to several large, planet-like bodies including Pluto, which is now recognized as the largest in a population of Kuiper belt objects (the plutinos) locked in orbital step with Neptune. Triton is only slightly larger than Pluto and nearly identical in composition, which has led to the hypothesis that the two share a common origin.

text: Moons in retrograde orbits cannot form in the same region of the

text: solar nebula

text: as the planets they orbit, so Triton must have been captured from elsewhere. It might therefore have originated in the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , a ring of small icy objects extending outwards from just inside the orbit of Neptune to about 50

text: AU

text: from the Sun. Thought to be the point of origin for the majority of short-period

text: comet

text: s observed from Earth, the belt is also home to several large, planet-like bodies including

text: Pluto

text: , which is now recognized as the largest in a population of Kuiper belt objects (the

text: plutino

text: s)

text: locked in orbital step

text: with Neptune. Triton is only slightly larger than Pluto and nearly identical in composition, which has led to the hypothesis that the two share a common origin.

text: Asimov calculated tug-of-war values for several satellites of the planets. He showed that even the largest gas giant, Jupiter, had only a slightly better hold than the Sun on its outer captured satellites, some with tug-of-war values not much higher than one. In nearly every one of Asimov's calculations the tug-of-war value was found to be greater than one, so in those cases the Sun loses the tug-of-war with the planets. The one exception was Earth's Moon, where the Sun wins the tug-of-war with a value of 0.46, which means that Earth's hold on the Moon is less than half that of the Sun's. Asimov included this with his other arguments that Earth and the Moon should be considered a binary planet.

text: A Saturn-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Saturn. The known numbered Saturn-crossers (as of 2005) are listed below. There is only one inner-grazer (944 Hidalgo) and no outer-grazers or co-orbitals known; most if not all of the crossers are centaurs.  is a damocloid.

text: A Saturn-crosser is a

text: minor planet

text: whose

text: orbit

text: crosses that of

text: Saturn

text: . The known numbered Saturn-crossers (as of 2005) are listed below. There is only one inner-grazer (

text: 944 Hidalgo

text: ) and no outer-grazers or co-orbitals known; most if not all of the crossers are

text: centaurs

text: .  is a

text: damocloid

text: Fundamental to horary astrology is the concept of planetary dignity and reception. Dignity comes in two forms, essential and accidental. Essential refers to the quality of a planet at a particular degree of the zodiac and its ability to express its true/good nature. For instance, a horoscope is drawn and Mars is in Scorpio. Using traditional rulerships, Mars here is in its own sign, so it is considered essentially strong; a well-behaved Mars. Mars in Taurus, on the other hand, is in its detriment, so is essentially weak. In a horary question where Mars is a significator, Mars's essential dignity will indicate something of the quality of the quesited. Accidental dignity refers to how the planet "finds itself". That is, if the planet is in a traditionally bad house (6th, 8th, or 12th) in the chart, if it is retrograde, aspected by a malefic planet (Saturn or Mars), combust, etc., then it is considered an accidental debility.

text: Fundamental to horary astrology is the concept of planetary

text: dignity

text: and

text: reception

text: . Dignity comes in two forms,

text: essential

text: and

text: accidental

text: . Essential refers to the quality of a planet at a particular degree of the zodiac and its ability to express its true/good nature. For instance, a horoscope is drawn and

text: Mars

text: is in

text: Scorpio

text: . Using traditional rulerships, Mars here is in its own sign, so it is considered essentially strong; a well-behaved Mars. Mars in

text: Taurus

text: , on the other hand, is in its

text: detriment

text: , so is essentially weak. In a horary question where Mars is a significator, Mars's

text: essential dignity

text: will indicate something of the quality of the quesited.

text: Accidental dignity

text: refers to how the planet "finds itself". That is, if the

text: planet

text: is in a traditionally

text: bad house

text: (6th, 8th, or 12th) in the chart, if it is

text: retrograde

text: , aspected by a malefic planet (

text: Saturn

text: or

text: Mars

text: combust

text: , etc., then it is considered an accidental debility.

text: The planets rotate around invisible axes through their centres. A planet's rotation period is known as a stellar day. Most of the planets in the Solar System rotate in the same direction as they orbit the Sun, which is counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's north pole, the exceptions being Venus and Uranus, which rotate clockwise, though Uranus's extreme axial tilt means there are differing conventions on which of its poles is "north", and therefore whether it is rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise. Regardless of which convention is used, Uranus has a retrograde rotation relative to its orbit.

text: The planets rotate around invisible axes through their centres. A planet's

text: rotation period

text: is known as a

text: stellar day

text: . Most of the planets in the Solar System rotate in the same direction as they orbit the Sun, which is counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's

text: north pole

text: , the exceptions being Venus and Uranus, which rotate clockwise, though Uranus's extreme axial tilt means there are differing conventions on which of its poles is "north", and therefore whether it is rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise. Regardless of which convention is used, Uranus has a

text: retrograde rotation

text: relative to its orbit.

text: Phoebe's orbit is retrograde, i.e. it orbits Saturn opposite to Saturn's rotation. For more than 100 years, Phoebe was Saturn's outermost known moon, until the discovery of several smaller moons in 2000. Phoebe is almost 4 times more distant from Saturn than its nearest major neighbor (Iapetus), and is substantially larger than any of the other moons orbiting planets at comparable distances.

text: Phoebe's orbit is

text: retrograde

text: , i.e. it orbits Saturn opposite to Saturn's rotation. For more than 100 years, Phoebe was Saturn's outermost known moon, until the discovery of several smaller moons in 2000. Phoebe is almost 4 times more distant from Saturn than its nearest major neighbor (

text: Iapetus

text: ), and is substantially larger than any of the other moons orbiting planets at comparable distances.

text: Gradually through the summer the opinions of the Board members, and ultimately of Brunel, shifted against the atmospheric system. At a Board meeting on 28–29 August, Brunel suggests that Samuda (who still had contractual obligations to ensure effective operation of the system) might be unable to put matters right, and by the end of the second day the Board had decided to terminate the affair. The shareholders' meeting took place on 29 August 1848 and it now seemed that everyone was against the atmospheric, and a stormy meeting approved the suspension of the use of the system unanimously.

text: The innermost ring of Neptune is called the Galle ring after Johann Gottfried Galle, the first person to see Neptune through a telescope (1846). It is about 2,000 km wide and orbits 41,000–43,000 km from the planet. It is a faint ring with an average normal optical depth of around 10, and with an equivalent depth of 0.15 km. The fraction of dust in this ring is estimated from 40% to 70%.

text: The innermost ring of Neptune is called the Galle ring after

text: Johann Gottfried Galle

text: , the first person to see Neptune through a telescope (1846). It is about 2,000 km wide and orbits 41,000–43,000 km from the planet. It is a faint ring with an average normal optical depth of around 10, and with an equivalent depth of 0.15 km. The fraction of dust in this ring is estimated from 40% to 70%.

text: Simulations have shown that the migration of a Jupiter-sized planet through the inner protoplanetary disk (the region between 5 and 0.1 AU from the star) is not as destructive as one might assume. More than 60% of the solid disk materials in that region are scattered outward, including planetesimals and protoplanets, allowing the planet-forming disk to reform in the gas giant's wake. In the simulation, planets up to two Earth masses were able to form in the habitable zone after the hot Jupiter passed through and its orbit stabilized at 0.1 AU. Due to the mixing of inner-planetary-system material with outer-planetary-system material from beyond the frost line, simulations indicated that the terrestrial planets that formed after a hot Jupiter's passage would be particularly water-rich.

text: Simulations have shown that the migration of a Jupiter-sized planet through the inner protoplanetary disk (the region between 5 and 0.1 AU from the star) is not as destructive as one might assume. More than 60% of the solid disk materials in that region are scattered outward, including

text: planetesimal

text: s and

text: protoplanet

text: s, allowing the planet-forming disk to reform in the gas giant's wake. In the simulation, planets up to two Earth masses were able to form in the

text: habitable zone

text: after the hot Jupiter passed through and its orbit stabilized at 0.1 AU. Due to the mixing of inner-planetary-system material with outer-planetary-system material from beyond the frost line, simulations indicated that the terrestrial planets that formed after a hot Jupiter's passage would be particularly water-rich.

text: Inward of Triton are seven small regular satellites, all of which have prograde orbits in planes that lie close to Neptune's equatorial plane; some of these orbit among Neptune's rings. The largest of them is Proteus. They were re-accreted from the rubble disc generated after Triton's capture after the Tritonian orbit became circular. Neptune also has six more outer irregular satellites other than Triton, including Nereid, whose orbits are much farther from Neptune and at high inclination: three of these have prograde orbits, while the remainder have retrograde orbits. In particular, Nereid has an unusually close and eccentric orbit for an irregular satellite, suggesting that it may have once been a regular satellite that was significantly perturbed to its current position when Triton was captured. The two outermost Neptunian irregular satellites, Psamathe and Neso, have the largest orbits of any natural satellites discovered in the Solar System to date.

text: Inward of Triton are seven small

text: regular satellites

text: , all of which have

text: prograde orbits

text: in planes that lie close to Neptune's equatorial plane; some of these orbit among

text: Neptune's rings

text: . The largest of them is

text: Proteus

text: . They were re-accreted from the rubble disc generated after Triton's capture after the Tritonian orbit became circular. Neptune also has six more outer

text: irregular satellite

text: s other than Triton, including Nereid, whose orbits are much farther from Neptune and at high inclination: three of these have prograde orbits, while the remainder have retrograde orbits. In particular, Nereid has an unusually close and eccentric orbit for an irregular satellite, suggesting that it may have once been a regular satellite that was significantly perturbed to its current position when Triton was captured. The two outermost Neptunian irregular satellites,

text: Psamathe

text: and

text: Neso

text: , have the largest orbits of any natural satellites discovered in the Solar System to date.

text: The issue of whether COROT-3b is a planet or a brown dwarf depends on the definition chosen for these terms. According to one definition, a brown dwarf is an object capable of fusing deuterium, a process which occurs in objects more massive than 13 times Jupiter's mass. According to this definition, which is the one adopted by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets, COROT-3b is a brown dwarf. However, some models of planet formation predict that planets with masses up to 25–30 Jupiter masses can form via core accretion. If this formation-based distinction between brown dwarfs and planets is used, the status of COROT-3b becomes less clear as the method of formation for this object is not known. The issue is clouded further by the orbital properties of the object: brown dwarfs located close to their stars are rare (a phenomenon known as the brown-dwarf desert), while the majority of the known massive close-in planets (for example XO-3b, HAT-P-2b and WASP-14b) are in highly eccentric orbits, in contrast to the circular orbit of COROT-3b.

text: The issue of whether COROT-3b is a planet or a brown dwarf depends on the definition chosen for these terms. According to one definition, a brown dwarf is an object capable of

text: fusing deuterium

text: , a process which occurs in objects more massive than 13 times Jupiter's mass. According to this definition, which is the one adopted by the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets, COROT-3b is a brown dwarf. However, some models of planet formation predict that planets with masses up to 25–30 Jupiter masses can form via

text: core accretion

text: . If this formation-based distinction between brown dwarfs and planets is used, the status of COROT-3b becomes less clear as the method of formation for this object is not known. The issue is clouded further by the orbital properties of the object: brown dwarfs located close to their stars are rare (a phenomenon known as the

text: brown-dwarf desert

text: ), while the majority of the known massive close-in planets (for example

text: and

text: ) are in highly eccentric orbits, in contrast to the circular orbit of COROT-3b.

text: In the upper Midwest and northern Plains states, temperatures may rise or fall rapidly, and winds (from warm-season thunderstorms or larger-scale low-pressure systems) can be strong to extreme. Here, air-mass conflicts primarily involve warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, clashing with cool to cold, dry air from Canada, with only occasional intrusions of hot, dry air from the southwest. The conflicts between Canadian and Gulf air commonly produce severe thunderstorms (including hailstorms, especially on the western Plains) and tornadoes, particularly in May and June. In the northern Plains and North Central states generally, June is the year's wettest month on average, owing to maximum shower and thunderstorm activity. Also, June is the highest-risk month for severe weather throughout North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and northern Illinois.[citation needed]

text: The man-portable flamethrower consists of two elements: a backpack and the gun. The backpack element usually consists of two or three cylinders. In a two-cylinder system, one cylinder holds compressed, inert propellant gas (usually nitrogen), and the other holds flammable liquid—typically petrol with some form of fuel thickener added to it. A three-cylinder system often has two outer cylinders of flammable liquid and a central cylinder of propellant gas to maintain the balance of the soldier carrying it. The gas propels the liquid fuel out of the cylinder through a flexible pipe and then into the gun element of the flamethrower system. The gun consists of a small reservoir, a spring-loaded valve, and an ignition system; depressing a trigger opens the valve, allowing pressurized flammable liquid to flow and pass over the igniter and out of the gun nozzle. The igniter can be one of several ignition systems: A simple type is an electrically-heated wire coil; another used a small pilot flame, fueled with pressurized gas from the system.

text: The man-portable flamethrower consists of two elements: a backpack and the gun. The backpack element usually consists of two or three cylinders. In a two-cylinder system, one cylinder holds compressed, inert propellant gas (usually

text: nitrogen

text: ), and the other holds flammable liquid—typically

text: petrol

text: with some form of fuel thickener added to it. A three-cylinder system often has two outer cylinders of flammable liquid and a central cylinder of propellant gas to maintain the balance of the soldier carrying it. The gas propels the liquid fuel out of the cylinder through a flexible pipe and then into the gun element of the flamethrower system. The gun consists of a small reservoir, a spring-loaded valve, and an ignition system; depressing a trigger opens the valve, allowing pressurized flammable liquid to flow and pass over the

text: igniter

text: and out of the gun nozzle. The igniter can be one of several ignition systems: A simple type is an electrically-heated wire coil; another used a small

text: pilot flame

text: , fueled with pressurized gas from the system.

text: The association of the bhava-lord and the bhava-karaka is essential in any yoga-formation for the sake of bringing out the best results signified by that bhava, both should be vested with requisite strength and be unafflicted. The 2nd house counted from the lagna is the Dhanabhava, the house of wealth and Jupiter is the Dhanakaraka.  Affliction caused by cruel planets, by the designated or functional malefics and the Marakas (death inflicting planets) to the 2nd house and its lord and to Jupiter results in poverty of varying degree. Jatakalankara states that if the lord of the Dhanabhava is combined with Jupiter in the 2nd house or in a kendrasthana there will be acquisition of much wealth but if they conjoin in a trikathana then acute poverty and misfortune will result.

text: The association of the bhava-lord and the bhava-karaka is essential in any yoga-formation for the sake of bringing out the best results signified by that bhava, both should be vested with requisite strength and be unafflicted. The 2nd house counted from the lagna is the Dhanabhava, the house of wealth and Jupiter is the Dhanakaraka.  Affliction caused by cruel planets, by the designated or functional malefics and the Marakas (death inflicting planets) to the 2nd house and its lord and to Jupiter results in poverty of varying degree.

text: Jatakalankara

text: states that if the lord of the Dhanabhava is combined with Jupiter in the 2nd house or in a kendrasthana there will be acquisition of much wealth but if they conjoin in a trikathana then acute poverty and misfortune will result.

text: Later versions of the Nice model begin with the giant planets in a series of resonances. This change reflects some hydrodynamic models of the outer early Solar System. In these models, interactions between the giant planets and the gas disk result in the giant planets migrating toward the central star, in some cases becoming hot Jupiters. However, in a multiple-planet system, this inward migration may be halted or reversed if a more rapidly migrating smaller planet is captured in an outer orbital resonance. The Grand Tack hypothesis, which posits that Jupiter's migration is reversed at 1.5 AU following the capture of Saturn in a resonance, is an example of this type of orbital evolution. The resonance in which Saturn is captured, a 3:2 or a 2:1 resonance, and the extent of the outward migration (if any) are dependent on the physical properties of the gas disk and on whether or not the planets continue to gain mass via accretion of gas.  The capture of Uranus and Neptune into further resonances during or following this outward migration results in a quadruply resonant system, with several stable combinations having been identified. Following the dissipation of the gas disk, the quadruple resonance is eventually broken due to interactions with planetesimals from the outer disk. Evolution from this point resembles the original Nice model with an instability beginning either shortly after the quadruple resonance is broken or after a delay during which planetesimal-driven migration drives the planets across a different resonance. However, there is no slow approach to the 2:1 resonance as Jupiter and Saturn either begin in this resonance or cross it rapidly during the instability. Capture and outward migration of Jupiter and Saturn in the 2:1 mean-motion resonance can lead to substantial eccentricity growth during the disk-gas phase, that if preserved would leave fossil Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt.

text: Later versions of the Nice model begin with the giant planets in a series of resonances. This change reflects some hydrodynamic models of the outer

text: early Solar System

text: . In these models, interactions between the giant planets and the

text: gas disk

text: result in the giant planets migrating toward the central star, in some cases becoming

text: hot Jupiter

text: s. However, in a multiple-planet system, this inward migration may be halted or reversed if a more rapidly migrating smaller planet is captured in an outer

text: orbital resonance

text: . The

text: Grand Tack

text: hypothesis, which posits that Jupiter's migration is reversed at 1.5 AU following the capture of Saturn in a resonance, is an example of this type of orbital evolution. The resonance in which Saturn is captured, a 3:2 or a 2:1 resonance, and the extent of the outward migration (if any) are dependent on the physical properties of the gas disk and on whether or not the planets continue to gain mass via accretion of gas.  The capture of Uranus and Neptune into further resonances during or following this outward migration results in a quadruply resonant system, with several stable combinations having been identified. Following the dissipation of the gas disk, the quadruple resonance is eventually broken due to interactions with

text: planetesimal

text: s from the outer disk. Evolution from this point resembles the original Nice model with an instability beginning either shortly after the quadruple resonance is broken or after a delay during which planetesimal-driven migration drives the planets across a different resonance. However, there is no slow approach to the 2:1 resonance as Jupiter and Saturn either begin in this resonance or cross it rapidly during the instability. Capture and outward migration of Jupiter and Saturn in the 2:1 mean-motion resonance can lead to substantial eccentricity growth during the disk-gas phase, that if preserved would leave fossil Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt.

text: Early death occurs mainly when at the time of birth the Moon is weak, ill=placed and afflicted by malefic planets. Whereas the Moon situated in the 6th house from the Lagna (Ascendant) causes Balarishta, an affliction by either Mars or Saturn gives curious and incurable diseases and revengeful foes. However, when the Sun and the Moon are strong and free from affliction one enjoys good health even if the Lagna at the time of birth is unfavourably influenced through adverse planetary aspects and conjunctions. Mars in the 7th, Rahu in the 9th, Saturnin the Lagna, Jupiter in the 3rd and Venus in the 6th house are also taken as indicators of infant mortality; malefic planets situated in the 2nd, the 6th, the 8th or in the 12th house from the Lagna increase the chance of Balarishta.Parashara in his Brihat Parashara Hora Sastra Chapter IX has described six adverse situations indicating early death of the infant, Varahamihira in his Brihat Jataka Chapter VI has listed twelve and Janardan Harji in his Mansagari Chapter IV has listed eighty-four; all standard texts on Hindu predictive astrology have described various ava-yogas indicating early death. But, Balarishta ava-yogas if not resulting in early death indicate immense hardship during infancy or period of childhood. Even Lord Krishna suffered Balarishta till the age of 11 years in which age He had to face many a crisis mainly due to His maternal uncle, Kamsa.

text: Early death occurs mainly when at the time of birth the

text: Moon

text: is weak, ill=placed and afflicted by malefic planets. Whereas the Moon situated in the 6th house from the Lagna (Ascendant) causes Balarishta, an affliction by either

text: Mars

text: or

text: Saturn

text: gives curious and incurable diseases and revengeful foes. However, when the

text: Sun

text: and the Moon are strong and free from affliction one enjoys good health even if the Lagna at the time of birth is unfavourably influenced through adverse planetary aspects and conjunctions.

text: Mars

text: in the 7th,

text: Rahu

text: in the 9th,

text: Saturn

text: in the Lagna,

text: Jupiter

text: in the 3rd and

text: Venus

text: in the 6th house are also taken as indicators of infant mortality; malefic planets situated in the 2nd, the 6th, the 8th or in the 12th house from the Lagna increase the chance of Balarishta.

text: Parashara

text: in his Brihat Parashara Hora Sastra Chapter IX has described six adverse situations indicating early death of the infant,

text: Varahamihira

text: in his

text: Brihat Jataka

text: Chapter VI has listed twelve and Janardan Harji in his

text: Mansagari

text: Chapter IV has listed eighty-four; all standard texts on Hindu predictive astrology have described various ava-yogas indicating early death. But, Balarishta ava-yogas if not resulting in early death indicate immense hardship during infancy or period of childhood. Even Lord

text: Krishna

text: suffered Balarishta till the age of 11 years in which age He had to face many a crisis mainly due to His maternal uncle,

text: Kamsa

text: The original homeworld of the Great Race of Yith, according to the Eltdown Shards. It is described as a "black, aeon-dead orb in far space" ("The Shadow out of Time", Lovecraft). Its actual location is a mystery. Some scholars place it in the Solar System, just beyond Pluto; others say it is the fourth of the five planets which orbit a dim, dark star named Ogntlach. Yith is said to have a thin atmosphere and seas heated by geothermal energy.

text: The original homeworld of the

text: Great Race of Yith

text: , according to the

text: Eltdown Shards

text: . It is described as a "black, aeon-dead orb in far space" ("The Shadow out of Time", Lovecraft). Its actual location is a mystery. Some scholars place it in the

text: Solar System

text: , just beyond

text: Pluto

text: ; others say it is the fourth of the five planets which orbit a dim, dark star named Ogntlach. Yith is said to have a thin atmosphere and seas heated by

text: geothermal energy

text: The Hellas quadrangle contains part of the Hellas Basin, the largest known impact crater on the surface of Mars and the second largest in the solar system. The depth of the crater is 7152 m (23,000 ft) below the standard topographic datum of Mars. The basin is located in the southern highlands of Mars and is thought to have been formed about 3.9 billion years ago, during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Studies suggest that when an impact created the Hellas Basin, the entire surface of Mars was heated hundreds of degrees, 70 meters of molted rock fell on the planet, and an atmosphere of gaseous rock was formed.  This rock atmosphere was 10 times as thick as the Earth's atmosphere.  In a few days, the rock would have condensed out and covered the whole planet with an additional 10 m of molten rock.  In the Northwest portion of Hellas Planitia is a strange type of surface called complex banded terrain or taffy-pull terrain. Its process of formation is still largely unknown, although it appears to be due to erosion of hard and soft sediment along with ductile deformation. Ductile deformation results from layers undergoing strain.

text: The Hellas quadrangle contains part of the

text: Hellas Basin

text: , the largest known impact crater on the surface of Mars and the second largest in the solar system. The depth of the crater is 7152 m (23,000 ft) below the standard topographic

text: datum

text: of Mars. The basin is located in the southern highlands of Mars and is thought to have been formed about 3.9 billion years ago, during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Studies suggest that when an impact created the Hellas Basin, the entire surface of Mars was heated hundreds of degrees, 70 meters of molted rock fell on the planet, and an atmosphere of gaseous rock was formed.  This rock atmosphere was 10 times as thick as the Earth's atmosphere.  In a few days, the rock would have condensed out and covered the whole planet with an additional 10 m of molten rock.  In the Northwest portion of

text: Hellas Planitia

text: is a strange type of surface called complex banded terrain or taffy-pull terrain. Its process of formation is still largely unknown, although it appears to be due to erosion of hard and soft sediment along with ductile deformation. Ductile deformation results from layers undergoing strain.

text: In August and September, the two Voyager spacecraft to the outer planets were launched. Voyager 2, launched on 20 August, went on to fly past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 1, which was launched on 5 September, flew past Jupiter and Saturn, with a planned flyby of Pluto being cancelled in favour of a closer flyby of Titan.

text: In August and September, the two

text: Voyager

text: spacecraft to the

text: outer planets

text: were launched. Voyager 2, launched on 20 August, went on to fly past

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: Voyager 1

text: , which was launched on 5 September, flew past Jupiter and Saturn, with a planned flyby of

text: Pluto

text: being cancelled in favour of a closer flyby of

text: Titan

text: The area's climate is with marked alpine characteristics despite relatively low altitudes. Summers are known for being sunny and pleasant, with high temperatures usually between 18 °C (65 F) and 25 °C (77 F), but with cold nights between 2 °C (35 F) and 9 °C (48 F). Temperatures will reach 30 °C (86 F) only a couple of times every year, and night frost happens occasionally during the summer as well. There are often long stretches of sunny, windy weather; however, when the weather gets locked in a stormy pattern, it can remain so for several days or weeks: temperatures will stay cold (10 °C to 18 °C, or 50 F to 65 F) and summer sleet is not unprecedented. Rainfall in the summer averages 70 mm to 85 mm per month, with a very high variability from one year to another.March brings more frequent frost, but also nice stretches of sunny weather. The average high temperature is 19 °C, the low is 4 °C, occasionally 30 °C can be reached, and temperatures may fall to -5 °C. The most radical change occurs sometime during the month of April, when Villa La Angostura first gets in the path of a "train of Pacific storms": in the end, total precipitation for the month averages 168 mm. The average high is 14 °C (57 F), the low is 2 °C or 35 F(the nighttime change is small due to increased cloudiness)and by late April any cloudless night will be frosty.May is known for being extremely rainy, with an average amount of 434 mm (including sleet and snow). It is also often the month of the first significant snowfall. High temperatures are usually around 9 °C or 48 F, lows average 1 °C or 33 F, sometimes temperatures can reach -10 °C or 14 F. June, July and August are the core of the winter in Villa La Angostura, when the average high ranges from 5 °C to 8 °C (40 F to 46 F) and lows from 0 °C to -2 °C (32 F to 28 F). Storms are very frequent and usually bring a mixture of rain, snow and sleet; overall precipitation averages 200 mm to 300 mm monthly for the period, falling mostly as snow in the mountains around the city. Snowstorms can sometimes be heavy (over 20 cm or 8 inches), and extreme cold waves might bring temperatures down to -18 °C (0F) or lower; however, long stretches of intense frost are rare as Pacific storms always strike the area with milder, moist air.In September, the storminess diminishes slightly (172 mm in total), and high temperatures reach an average of 11 °C, although low temperatures only increase to -1 °C. By the end of the month, there might be stretches of pleasant weather and comfortable temperatures, but the month also marks the beginning of the windiest part of the year.October is extremely variable, going back and forth between periods of extremely windy, but sunny weather, and freak cold snaps that bring night temperatures below -5 °C (23 F) and mixtures of sleet and snow. Average highs are 14 °C (57 F), lows are 1 °C (33 F), and precipitation reaches 121 mm. November brings springlike weather, much lower precipitation (83 mm) but strong winds and wild variations in temperature. Averages are 17 °C in the afternoon and 3 °C at night, but it is not unusual to have a day of rain and sleet with a high below 5 °C (40 F), or a day with sunny weather and a high of 25 °C (77 F). Finally, December is a transition between spring and summer: winds are still very strong and freak variations occur, but the average high of 20 °C (68 F) and the low of 5 °C (40 F) are more typical of summer weather. Storminess might be a bit higher as in November, with an average of 90 mm of rain.On the whole, Villa La Angostura's climate is noted for being among the rainiest in Argentina (with 2,074 mm of rain over almost 300 days a year), for having no frost-free periods whatsoever, and for its clear, dry and extremely pleasant summer days. Areas west of the city are much rainier, with over 3,000 mm over Brazo Rincon.

text: Port Adelaide Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on the North Parade of Port Adelaide.  It was first lit in 1869 at the entrance to the Port River near Outer Harbor.  In 1901, it was moved to the Neptune Islands and relocated to the current location in 1986. It is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register since 1980.   It is lit on Saturdays.

text: Port Adelaide Lighthouse is a

text: lighthouse

text: located on the North Parade of

text: Port Adelaide

text: .  It was first lit in 1869 at the entrance to the Port River near

text: Outer Harbor

text: .  In 1901, it was moved to the

text: Neptune Islands

text: and relocated to the current location in 1986. It is listed on the

text: South Australian Heritage Register

text: since 1980.   It is lit on Saturdays.

text: Neptune possesses five distinct rings named, in order of increasing distance from the planet, Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago and Adams. In addition to these well-defined rings, Neptune may also possess an extremely faint sheet of material stretching inward from the Le Verrier to the Galle ring, and possibly farther in toward the planet. Three of the Neptunian rings are narrow, with widths of about 100 km or less; in contrast, the Galle and Lassell rings are broad—their widths are between 2,000 and 5,000 km. The Adams ring consists of five bright arcs embedded in a fainter continuous ring. Proceeding counterclockwise, the arcs are: Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The first three names come from "liberty, equality, fraternity", the motto of the French Revolution and Republic. The terminology was suggested by their original discoverers, who had found them during stellar occultations in 1984 and 1985. Four small Neptunian moons have orbits inside the ring system: Naiad and Thalassa orbit in the gap between the Galle and Le Verrier rings; Despina is just inward of the Le Verrier ring; and Galatea lies slightly inward of the Adams ring, embedded in an unnamed faint, narrow ringlet.

text: Neptune possesses five distinct rings named, in order of increasing distance from the planet, Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago and Adams. In addition to these well-defined rings, Neptune may also possess an extremely faint sheet of material stretching inward from the Le Verrier to the Galle ring, and possibly farther in toward the planet. Three of the Neptunian rings are narrow, with widths of about 100 km or less; in contrast, the Galle and Lassell rings are broad—their widths are between 2,000 and 5,000 km. The Adams ring consists of five bright arcs embedded in a fainter continuous ring. Proceeding counterclockwise, the arcs are: Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The first three names come from "

text: liberty, equality, fraternity

text: ", the motto of the

text: French Revolution

text: and

text: Republic

text: . The terminology was suggested by their original discoverers, who had found them during stellar occultations in 1984 and 1985. Four small Neptunian moons have orbits inside the ring system:

text: Naiad

text: and

text: Thalassa

text: orbit in the gap between the Galle and Le Verrier rings;

text: Despina

text: is just inward of the Le Verrier ring; and

text: Galatea

text: lies slightly inward of the Adams ring, embedded in an unnamed faint, narrow ringlet.

text: If the cloud begins hurtling into space, it usually becomes trapped in the planets' orbital gravity. By the time it gets to Earth, enough of the cloud has been absorbed by Mercury and Venus that the Earth's magnetosphere can deflect what's left into the outer solar system. Occasionally, though, an abnormally large and fast cloud can pass a portion of its mass into the upper atmosphere.

text: If the cloud begins hurtling into space, it usually becomes trapped in the planets' orbital gravity. By the time it gets to Earth, enough of the cloud has been absorbed by Mercury and Venus that the

text: Earth's magnetosphere

text: can deflect what's left into the outer

text: solar system

text: . Occasionally, though, an abnormally large and fast cloud can pass a portion of its mass into the upper atmosphere.

text: The debris disk around ζ shows a double-lobe feature that is asymmetric in both position relative to the host star and in brightness. This feature can be explained if the disk is elliptical in shape, with an eccentricity of greater than or approximately equal to 0.3, and is seen close to edge on. Alternatively, it may be the result of clumping within the disk. In either case, it suggests that something is reshaping the disk; possibly an undetected Jupiter-like planet orbiting outside the disk or a brown dwarf within 20 AU. It is unlikely that ζ is shaping the disk, due to the wide separation of the two stars. Simulations of the disk shape indicate that an outer perturbing planet can have a mass no greater than twice that of Jupiter and is orbiting with a periastron around 150−250 AU from the star, while an inner perturber must have at least 10% of Jupiter's mass.

text: The debris disk around ζ shows a double-lobe feature that is asymmetric in both position relative to the host star and in brightness. This feature can be explained if the disk is elliptical in shape, with an eccentricity of greater than or approximately equal to 0.3, and is seen close to edge on. Alternatively, it may be the result of clumping within the disk. In either case, it suggests that something is reshaping the disk; possibly an undetected Jupiter-like planet orbiting outside the disk or a

text: brown dwarf

text: within 20

text: AU

text: . It is unlikely that ζ is shaping the disk, due to the wide separation of the two stars. Simulations of the disk shape indicate that an outer perturbing planet can have a mass no greater than twice that of Jupiter and is orbiting with a

text: periastron

text: around 150−250 AU from the star, while an inner perturber must have at least 10% of Jupiter's mass.

text: It is in Earth's middle latitudes, between roughly 30° to 60° North and South, that a significant portion of "weather" can be said to happen, that is, where meteorological phenomena do not persist over the long term, and where it may be warm, sunny, and calm one day, and cold, overcast and stormy the next.

text: It is in

text: Earth

text: 's middle latitudes, between roughly 30° to 60° North and South, that a significant portion of "

text: weather

text: " can be said to happen, that is, where

text: meteorological phenomena

text: do not persist over the long term, and where it may be warm, sunny, and calm one day, and cold, overcast and stormy the next.

text: The planet has a mass at least slightly less than that of Jupiter. It orbits its parent star at the distance of 4.18 AU. Its orbital period is about 9.095 Earth years and its orbit is circular. There are no interior planets of minimum mass (m sini) greater than 0.3 Jupiter. Jupiter-like planets with these orbital and system characteristics are unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination. Since the star's inclination is known as around 50°, this would make the planet's most likely mass greater than Jupiter's mass but less than twice that mass.

text: The planet has a mass at least slightly less than that of

text: Jupiter

text: . It orbits its parent star at the distance of 4.18 AU. Its

text: orbital period

text: is about 9.095 Earth years and its orbit is circular. There are no interior planets of minimum mass (m sini) greater than 0.3 Jupiter. Jupiter-like planets with these orbital and system characteristics are unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination. Since the star's inclination is known as around 50°, this would make the planet's most likely mass greater than Jupiter's mass but less than twice that mass.

text: Impact craters provide evidence of past impacts on other planets in the Solar System, including possible interplanetary terrestrial impacts. Without carbon dating, other points of reference are used to estimate the timing of these impact events. Mars provides some significant evidence of possible interplanetary collisions. The North Polar Basin on Mars is speculated by some to be evidence for a planet-sized impact on the surface of Mars between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago, while Utopia Planitia is the largest confirmed impact and Hellas Planitia is the largest visible crater in the Solar System. The Moon provides similar evidence of massive impacts, with the South Pole–Aitken basin being the biggest. Mercury's Caloris Basin is another example of a crater formed by a massive impact event. Rheasilvia on Vesta is an example of a crater formed by an impact capable of, based on ratio of impact to size, severely deforming a planetary-mass object. Impact craters on the moons of Saturn such as Engelier and Gerin on Iapetus, Mamaldi on Rhea and Odysseus on Tethys and Herschel on Mimas form significant surface features.

text: Impact craters provide evidence of past impacts on other planets in the Solar System, including possible interplanetary terrestrial impacts. Without carbon dating, other points of reference are used to estimate the timing of these impact events. Mars provides some significant evidence of possible interplanetary collisions. The

text: North Polar Basin

text: on Mars is speculated by some to be evidence for a planet-sized impact on the surface of Mars between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago, while

text: Utopia Planitia

text: is the largest confirmed impact and

text: Hellas Planitia

text: is the largest visible crater in the Solar System. The Moon provides similar evidence of massive impacts, with the

text: South Pole–Aitken basin

text: being the biggest.

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: Caloris Basin

text: is another example of a crater formed by a massive impact event.

text: Rheasilvia

text: on

text: Vesta

text: is an example of a crater formed by an impact capable of, based on ratio of impact to size, severely deforming a planetary-mass object. Impact craters on the

text: moons of Saturn

text: such as Engelier and Gerin on

text: Iapetus

text: , Mamaldi on

text: Rhea

text: and

text: Odysseus

text: on

text: Tethys

text: and

text: Herschel

text: on

text: Mimas

text: form significant surface features.

text: In 2012 a multi-planet system consisting of a transiting hot Saturn in an eccentric orbit and a Jupiter like planet in an outer orbit. The transiting planet HAT-P-17b was detected by the HATNet Project using telescopes located in Hawaii, Arizona and at Wise Observatory in Israel. It was confirmed with radial velocity measurements taken at the Keck telescope which also lead to the discovery of the second planet on a much wider orbit.

text: In 2012 a multi-planet system consisting of a

text: transiting

text: hot Saturn in an eccentric orbit and a Jupiter like planet in an outer orbit. The transiting planet HAT-P-17b was detected by the

text: HATNet Project

text: using telescopes located in Hawaii, Arizona and at

text: Wise Observatory

text: in Israel. It was confirmed with

text: radial velocity

text: measurements taken at the

text: Keck telescope

text: which also lead to the discovery of the second planet on a much wider orbit.

text: To get to the sun, it is actually not necessary to use a Δv of 24 km/s. One can use 8.8 km/s to go very far away from the sun, then use a negligible Δv to bring the angular momentum to zero, and then fall into the sun. This can be considered a sequence of two Hohmann transfers, one up and one down. Also, the table does not give the values that would apply when using the moon for a gravity assist. There are also possibilities of using one planet, like Venus which is the easiest to get to, to assist getting to other planets or the sun. The Galileo spacecraft used Venus once and Earth twice in order to reach Jupiter.

text: To get to the sun, it is actually not necessary to use a Δv of 24 km/s. One can use 8.8 km/s to go very far away from the sun, then use a negligible Δv to bring the angular momentum to zero, and then fall into the sun. This can be considered a sequence of two Hohmann transfers, one up and one down. Also, the table does not give the values that would apply when using the moon for a

text: gravity assist

text: . There are also possibilities of using one planet, like Venus which is the easiest to get to, to assist getting to other planets or the sun. The

text: Galileo spacecraft

text: used Venus once and Earth twice in order to reach Jupiter.

text: The Beta Caeli system is similar to our real-life solar system, with a barren, rocky inner planet, terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of the inner system, followed by gas giants in the outer system that first increase and then decrease in size, and a tiny rock outermost.

text: The Beta Caeli system is similar to our real-life

text: solar system

text: , with a barren, rocky inner planet, terrestrial planets in the

text: habitable zone

text: of the inner system, followed by

text: gas giant

text: s in the outer system that first increase and then decrease in size, and a tiny rock outermost.

text: A Ravigneaux gearset is a like a simple planetary gear set, except that each planet gear is replaced by a set of three gears, all on the same carrier.  All three gears in a set are seen inside the carrier in the left photo.  The gear on the right side of this photo is in slightly farther toward the center of the carrier than the gear it meshes with on the left.  The left and right gears turn in the opposite direction.  Only the outer planet gears mesh with the ring gear.   The primary sun gear (the small sun) meshes with the inner planets, and the secondary sun gear (large sun) meshes with the gears that turn with the outer planets.

text: Governing planet: Jupiter

text: Governing planet: Jupiter

text: Rings of Saturn, Tate Modern, London

text: Rings of Saturn, Tate Modern, London

text: This permanent exhibit focuses on the planets within our solar system. Within this exhibit there are planetary models that are showcased in an array of sizes. Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune hang high above the second-floor, nearly 30 feet high. These four models are the largest in the country to be displayed inside a museum or science center. Jupiter, the largest of the models, weighs more than 750 pounds, has a diameter of 10 feet, and hangs approximately 22 feet in the air. Saturn is eight-and-a-half feet in diameter and weighs 450 pounds, with an additional 495 pounds of rings encircling the planet's body. Hanging more than 30 feet high, Saturn floats above Uranus and Neptune which each weigh around 65 pounds. The models are composed of heavy-duty Styrofoam which is painted to resemble each of the planets. The Solar System is completed with smaller models of Earth, Mars, Venus and Mercury mounted at the visitor's level. Created to be a scale model system, Earth is about the size as a soccer ball and Mercury measures up to a mere baseball.

text: This permanent exhibit focuses on the planets within our

text: solar system

text: . Within this exhibit there are planetary models that are showcased in an array of sizes.

text: Saturn

text: Jupiter

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: hang high above the second-floor, nearly 30 feet high. These four models are the largest in the country to be displayed inside a museum or science center.

text: Jupiter

text: , the largest of the models, weighs more than 750 pounds, has a diameter of 10 feet, and hangs approximately 22 feet in the air.

text: Saturn

text: is eight-and-a-half feet in diameter and weighs 450 pounds, with an additional 495 pounds of rings encircling the planet's body. Hanging more than 30 feet high,

text: Saturn

text: floats above

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: which each weigh around 65 pounds. The models are composed of heavy-duty Styrofoam which is painted to resemble each of the planets. The

text: Solar System

text: is completed with smaller models of

text: Earth

text: Mars

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mercury

text: mounted at the visitor's level. Created to be a scale model system,

text: Earth

text: is about the size as a soccer ball and

text: Mercury

text: measures up to a mere baseball.

text: In 1960, 1963, and 1978, W. H. McCrea proposed the protoplanet theory, in which the Sun and planets individually coalesced from matter within the same cloud, with the smaller planets later captured by the Sun's larger gravity. It includes fission in a protoplanetary nebula and there is no solar nebula. Agglomerations of floccules (which are presumed to compose the supersonic turbulence assumed to occur in the interstellar material from which stars are born) formed the Sun and protoplanets, the latter splitting to form planets. The 2 portions can not remain gravitationally bound to each other,  are at a mass ratio of at least 8 to 1, and for inner planets they go into independent orbits while for outer planets one of the portions exits the Solar System. The inner protoplanets were Venus-Mercury and Earth-Mars. The moons of the greater planets were formed from "droplets" in the neck connecting the 2 portions of the dividing protoplanet and these droplets could account for some of the asteroids. Terrestrial planets would have no major moons which does not account for Luna.  It predicts certain observations such as the similar angular velocity of Mars and Earth with similar rotation periods and axial tilts. In this scheme there are 6 principal planets: 2 terrestrial, Venus and Earth, 2 major, Jupiter and Saturn, and 2 outer, Uranus and Neptune; and 3 lesser planets: Mercury, Mars, and Pluto.

text: In 1960, 1963, and 1978,

text: W. H. McCrea

text: proposed the protoplanet theory, in which the Sun and planets individually coalesced from matter within the same cloud, with the smaller planets later captured by the Sun's larger gravity. It includes fission in a protoplanetary nebula and there is no solar nebula. Agglomerations of floccules (which are presumed to compose the supersonic turbulence assumed to occur in the interstellar material from which stars are born) formed the Sun and protoplanets, the latter splitting to form planets. The 2 portions can not remain gravitationally bound to each other,  are at a mass ratio of at least 8 to 1, and for inner planets they go into independent orbits while for outer planets one of the portions exits the Solar System. The inner protoplanets were Venus-Mercury and Earth-Mars. The moons of the greater planets were formed from "droplets" in the neck connecting the 2 portions of the dividing protoplanet and these droplets could account for some of the asteroids. Terrestrial planets would have no major moons which does not account for Luna.  It predicts certain observations such as the similar angular velocity of Mars and Earth with similar rotation periods and axial tilts. In this scheme there are 6 principal planets: 2 terrestrial, Venus and Earth, 2 major, Jupiter and Saturn, and 2 outer, Uranus and Neptune; and 3 lesser planets: Mercury, Mars, and Pluto.

text: Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the solar system, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time. Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655. The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think, but are more of a disk with varying density. They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of rock, and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters.

text: Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the solar system, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time.

text: Galileo Galilei

text: first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: did so in 1655. The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think, but are more of a disk with varying density. They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of

text: rock

text: , and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters.

text: Now with both of them tied up (labeled as "Two disgruntled Martians"), Bugs tries turning the ship back home. After a brief out-of-control spin, he starts to fly back, but throws out an anchor to steady the ship. The anchor then pulls on a crescent moon, which in turn pulls on Saturn's rings, a large planet (presumably Jupiter) and other assorted stars. Back on Earth, a small man in an observatory looks into his telescope, only to see the spaceship and the planets directly in front of him. The man then writes a note ("I resign! When I begin to see things like this, it's time to take up turkey farming." Signed, I. Frisby (a reference to Friz Freleng, whose caricature was indeed used for the character) and leaves. Outside, Bugs asks the man if he knows where he can sell a "slightly used flying saucer — it's only got 3 billion miles on it." The man then starts to have a mental breakdown in a goofy matter, causing Bugs with an annoyed look to ask the audience,: "Huh, what's biting him?"

text: Now with both of them tied up (labeled as "Two disgruntled Martians"), Bugs tries turning the ship back home. After a brief out-of-control spin, he starts to fly back, but throws out an

text: anchor

text: to steady the ship. The anchor then pulls on a crescent moon, which in turn pulls on

text: Saturn's rings

text: , a large planet (presumably Jupiter) and other assorted stars. Back on Earth, a small man in an observatory looks into his telescope, only to see the spaceship and the planets directly in front of him. The man then writes a note ("I resign! When I begin to see things like this, it's time to take up turkey farming." Signed, I. Frisby (a reference to

text: Friz Freleng

text: , whose caricature was indeed used for the character) and leaves. Outside, Bugs asks the man if he knows where he can sell a "slightly used flying saucer — it's only got 3 billion miles on it." The man then starts to have a mental breakdown in a goofy matter, causing Bugs with an annoyed look to ask the audience,: "Huh, what's biting him?"

text: In science fiction, a Jovian is an inhabitant of the planet Jupiter.

text: In

text: science fiction

text: , a Jovian is an inhabitant of the planet

text: Jupiter

text: A primary atmosphere is an atmosphere of a planet that forms by accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's sun. Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet.

text: A primary atmosphere is an

text: atmosphere

text: of a

text: planet

text: that forms by accretion of

text: gas

text: eous matter from the

text: accretion disc

text: of the planet's

text: sun

text: . Planets such as

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to

text: secondary atmosphere

text: s like the one found on

text: Earth

text: . The primary atmosphere was lost on the

text: terrestrial planets

text: due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the

text: atom

text: s and

text: escape velocity

text: of the planet.

text: The first two moons to be discovered were Titania and Oberon, which were spotted by Sir William Herschel on January 11, 1787, six years after he had discovered the planet itself. Later, Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons (see below) and perhaps even a ring. For nearly 50 years, Herschel's instrument was the only one with which the moons had been seen. In the 1840s, better instruments and a more favorable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon. Eventually, the next two moons, Ariel and Umbriel, were discovered by William Lassell in 1851. The Roman numbering scheme of Uranus's moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time, and publications hesitated between Herschel's designations (where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV) and William Lassell's (where they are sometimes I and II). With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel, Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward, and this finally stuck. In 1852, Herschel's son John Herschel gave the four then-known moons their names.

text: The first two moons to be discovered were

text: Titania

text: and

text: Oberon

text: , which were spotted by Sir

text: William Herschel

text: on January 11, 1787, six years after he had discovered the planet itself. Later, Herschel thought he had discovered up to six moons (see below) and perhaps even a ring. For nearly 50 years, Herschel's instrument was the only one with which the moons had been seen. In the 1840s, better instruments and a more favorable position of Uranus in the sky led to sporadic indications of satellites additional to Titania and Oberon. Eventually, the next two moons,

text: Ariel

text: and

text: Umbriel

text: , were discovered by

text: William Lassell

text: in 1851. The Roman numbering scheme of Uranus's moons was in a state of flux for a considerable time, and publications hesitated between Herschel's designations (where Titania and Oberon are Uranus II and IV) and William Lassell's (where they are sometimes I and II). With the confirmation of Ariel and Umbriel, Lassell numbered the moons I through IV from Uranus outward, and this finally stuck. In 1852, Herschel's son

text: John Herschel

text: gave the four then-known moons their names.

text: Fomalhaut b is orbiting its host star at a wide separation, where forming massive planets is difficult. To explain its current location, Fomalhaut b could have been dynamically scattered by a more massive, unseen body located at smaller separations. Several ground-based observations have searched for this hypothetical Fomalhaut "c" but have yet to find it. At very small, Solar-System-like scales any additional companions must have a mass less than thirteen times the mass of Jupiter. At slightly wider scales comparable to the locations of planets around HR 8799, any additional planets must have masses below about 2 to 7 Jupiter masses.  Fomalhaut b could have formed in situ if it coalesced from small pebble-sized objects that rapidly formed into a protoplanetary core which in turn accreted a gaseous envelope.

text: Fomalhaut b is orbiting its host star at a wide separation, where forming massive planets is difficult. To explain its current location, Fomalhaut b could have been dynamically scattered by a more massive, unseen body located at smaller separations. Several ground-based observations have searched for this hypothetical Fomalhaut "c" but have yet to find it. At very small, Solar-System-like scales any additional companions must have a mass less than thirteen times the mass of Jupiter. At slightly wider scales comparable to the locations of planets around

text: HR 8799

text: , any additional planets must have masses below about 2 to 7 Jupiter masses.  Fomalhaut b could have formed in situ if it coalesced from small pebble-sized objects that rapidly formed into a protoplanetary core which in turn accreted a gaseous envelope.

text: The Neptunes are estimated to have a net worth of $160 million and are considered one of the most successful producers in music history, noted by twenty-four Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hits during the late 1990s and 2000s. In 2009, Billboard ranked The Neptunes number one on their list of the top 10 producers of the decade. Readers of Vibe named The Neptunes as the third greatest hip-hop producers of all time behind Dr. Dre and DJ Premier.

text: The Neptunes are estimated to have a net worth of $160

text: million

text: and are considered one of the most successful producers in music history, noted by twenty-four

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: top 10 hits during the late 1990s and 2000s. In 2009,

text: Billboard

text: ranked The Neptunes number one on their list of the top 10 producers of the decade. Readers of

text: Vibe

text: named The Neptunes as the third greatest hip-hop producers of all time behind

text: Dr. Dre

text: and

text: DJ Premier

text: Some theories suggest that gravitational capture is the origin of Neptune's major moon Triton, the moons of Mars, and Saturn's moon Phoebe.  Some scientists have put forward extended atmospheres around young planets as a mechanism for slowing the movement of a passing objects to aid in capture.  The hypothesis has been put forward to explain the irregular satellite orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, for example. A tell-tale sign of capture is a retrograde orbit, which can results an object approaching the side of the planet that is rotating towards.  Capture has even been proposed as the origin of Earth's Moon. In the case of the latter, however, virtually identical isotope ratios found in samples of the Earth and Moon cannot be explained easily by this theory.

text: Some theories suggest that gravitational capture is the origin of Neptune's major moon Triton, the moons of Mars, and Saturn's moon

text: Phoebe

text: .  Some scientists have put forward extended atmospheres around young planets as a mechanism for slowing the movement of a passing objects to aid in capture.  The hypothesis has been put forward to explain the irregular satellite orbits of

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: , for example. A tell-tale sign of capture is a retrograde orbit, which can results an object approaching the side of the planet that is rotating towards.  Capture has even been proposed as the origin of Earth's Moon. In the case of the latter, however, virtually identical

text: isotope

text: ratios found in samples of the Earth and Moon cannot be explained easily by this theory.

text: The Atlantic cold fronts that move into and across the subcontinent, especially during the cooler months of the year, are frequently associated, the day before, by a coastal low that moves ahead of the front. Under these circumstances the southerly or south-westerly onshore wind of the coastal low gradually diminishes in intensity over the course of 12–20 hours, when it is replaced by a westerly wind (which may temporarily reach buster proportions) and a further drop in temperature accompanied by rain, indicative of the passage of the cold front. Thus, particularly in Cape Town, an obvious berg wind is generally regarded as a harbinger of cold, wet weather.

text: The Atlantic

text: cold fronts

text: that move into and across the subcontinent, especially during the cooler months of the year, are frequently associated, the day before, by a coastal low that moves ahead of the front. Under these circumstances the southerly or south-westerly onshore wind of the coastal low gradually diminishes in intensity over the course of 12–20 hours, when it is replaced by a westerly wind (which may temporarily reach buster proportions) and a further drop in temperature accompanied by rain, indicative of the passage of the cold front. Thus, particularly in

text: Cape Town

text: , an obvious berg wind is generally regarded as a harbinger of cold, wet weather.

text: Similarly to all inner satellites of Jupiter, Thebe rotates synchronously with its orbital motion, thus keeping one face always looking toward the planet. Its orientation is such that the long axis always points to Jupiter. At the surface points closest to and furthest from Jupiter, the surface is thought to be near the edge of the Roche lobe, where Thebe's gravity is only slightly larger than the centrifugal force. As a result, the escape velocity in these two points is very small, thus allowing dust to escape easily after meteorite impacts, and ejecting it into the Thebe gossamer ring.

text: Similarly to all inner satellites of Jupiter, Thebe

text: rotates synchronously

text: with its orbital motion, thus keeping one face always looking toward the planet. Its orientation is such that the long axis always points to Jupiter. At the surface points closest to and furthest from Jupiter, the surface is thought to be near the edge of the

text: Roche lobe

text: , where Thebe's gravity is only slightly larger than the

text: centrifugal force

text: . As a result, the

text: escape velocity

text: in these two points is very small, thus allowing dust to escape easily after meteorite impacts, and ejecting it into the Thebe gossamer ring.

text: Altostratus may be composed of ice crystals. In some ice crystal altostratus, very thin, rapidly disappearing horizontal sheets of water droplets appear at random. The sizes of the ice crystals in the cloud tended to increase as altitude decreased. However, close to the bottom of the cloud, the particles decreased in size again. During the sampling of one cloud, the scientists noted a halo while flying near the top of the cloud, which indicated that the ice crystals were hexagonal near the top. However, farther down, the ice crystals became more conglomerated.

text: Altostratus may be composed of ice crystals. In some ice crystal altostratus, very thin, rapidly disappearing horizontal sheets of water droplets appear at random. The sizes of the ice crystals in the cloud tended to increase as altitude decreased. However, close to the bottom of the cloud, the particles decreased in size again. During the sampling of one cloud, the scientists noted a

text: halo

text: while flying near the top of the cloud, which indicated that the ice crystals were hexagonal near the top. However, farther down, the ice crystals became more

text: conglomerated

text: Cirrus cloud ranges in thickness from  to , with an average thickness of . There are, on average, 30 ice crystals per liter (96 ice crystals per gallon), but this ranges from one ice crystal per 10,000 liters (3.7 ice crystals per 10,000 gallons) to 10,000 ice crystals per liter (37,000 ice crystals per gallon), a difference of eight orders of magnitude. The length of each of these ice crystals is usually 0.25 millimeters long, but they range from as short as 0.01 millimeters or as long as several millimeters. The ice crystals in contrails are much smaller than those in naturally occurring cirrus cloud, as they are around 0.001 millimeters to 0.1 millimeters in length. Cirrus can vary in temperature from  to .

text: Cirrus cloud ranges in thickness from  to , with an average thickness of . There are, on average, 30

text: ice crystals

text: per

text: liter

text: (96 ice crystals per

text: gallon

text: ), but this ranges from one ice crystal per 10,000 liters (3.7 ice crystals per 10,000 gallons) to 10,000 ice crystals per liter (37,000 ice crystals per gallon), a difference of eight

text: orders of magnitude

text: . The length of each of these ice crystals is usually 0.25 millimeters long, but they range from as short as 0.01 millimeters or as long as several millimeters. The ice crystals in

text: contrail

text: s are much smaller than those in naturally occurring cirrus cloud, as they are around 0.001 millimeters to 0.1 millimeters in length. Cirrus can vary in temperature from  to .

text: Decontamination of people exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas only requires removal of the outer clothing and the washing of their hair. Those exposed to liquids or powders generally require full decontamination.

text: Many configurations of Jupiter are possible, but the DIRECT version 3.0 proposal, released in May 2009, recommends two: the Jupiter-130 and Jupiter-246, with claimed lift capacities exceeding 60 and 90 tonnes (t), respectively, to low Earth orbit..

text: Many configurations of Jupiter are possible, but the DIRECT version 3.0 proposal, released in May 2009, recommends two: the Jupiter-130 and Jupiter-246, with claimed lift capacities exceeding 60 and 90

text: tonne

text: s (t), respectively, to

text: low Earth orbit

text: Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn.

text: Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in

text: synchronous rotation

text: , the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn.

text: In the 2015 film Jupiter Ascending, the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet.

text: In the 2015 film

text: Jupiter Ascending

text: , the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet.

text: Ganymede  (Jupiter III) is the largest moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System, and the only moon known to have a magnetic field. It is the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter and third of the Galilean moons, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet. Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io, respectively. Ganymede has a diameter of , 8 % larger than the planet Mercury, but its mass is only 45 % that of Mercury. Ganymede is 2 % larger than Saturn's Titan (second-largest moon of the Solar System). At 2.02 times the mass of the Moon, it is the most massive planetary satellite. It is the ninth-largest object in the Solar System, and the largest without a substantial atmosphere.

text: Ganymede  (Jupiter III) is the largest

text: moon of Jupiter

text: and

text: in the Solar System

text: , and the only

text: moon

text: known to have a

text: magnetic field

text: . It is the seventh satellite outward from

text: Jupiter

text: and third of the

text: Galilean moon

text: s, the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet. Ganymede

text: orbit

text: s Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1:2:4

text: orbital resonance

text: with the moons

text: Europa

text: and

text: Io

text: , respectively. Ganymede has a diameter of , 8 % larger than the planet

text: Mercury

text: , but its mass is only 45 % that of Mercury. Ganymede is 2 % larger than Saturn's

text: Titan

text: (second-largest moon of the Solar System). At 2.02 times the mass of the

text: Moon

text: , it is the most massive planetary satellite. It is the ninth-largest object in the Solar System, and the largest without a substantial atmosphere.

text: On November 17, 2010, the discovery of a second planet HD 177830 c was announced along with four other planets. The planet has 50% the mass of Saturn and takes 111 days to orbit the star in a very eccentric orbit. This planet is in  a near 4:1 resonance with the outer planet.

text: On November 17, 2010, the discovery of a second planet HD 177830 c was announced along with four other planets. The planet has 50% the mass of Saturn and takes 111 days to orbit the star in a very eccentric orbit. This planet is in  a near 4:1

text: resonance

text: with the outer planet.

text: When the numbers for the winning objects are compared to those of the losers, the contrast is striking; if Soter's concept that each planet occupies an "orbital zone" is accepted, then the least orbitally dominant planet, Mars, is larger than all other collected material in its orbital zone by a factor of 5100. Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt, only accounts for one third of the material in its orbit; Pluto's ratio is even lower, at around 7 percent. Mike Brown asserts that this massive difference in orbital dominance leaves "absolutely no room for doubt about which objects do and do not belong."

text: Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low thermal flux. Why Uranus's internal temperature is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun, but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere. Uranus's heat flux is only , which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m. The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.

text: Uranus's

text: internal heat

text: appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low

text: thermal flux

text: . Why Uranus's internal temperature is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun, but Uranus radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the

text: far infrared

text: (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its

text: atmosphere

text: . Uranus's heat flux is only , which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075

text: W/m

text: . The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's

text: tropopause

text: is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System.

text: The overview presentation on the Interplanetary Transport System given by Musk on 27 September 2016 included concept slides outlining missions to the Saturnian moon Enceladus, the Jovian moon Europa, Kuiper belt objects, a fuel depot on Pluto and even the uses to take payloads to the Oort Cloud."Musk said ... the system can open up the entire Solar System to people. If fuel depots based on this design were put on asteroids or other areas around the Solar System, people could go anywhere they wanted just by planet or moon hopping. 'The goal of SpaceX is to build the transport system ... Once that transport system is built, then there is a tremendous opportunity for anyone that wants to go to Mars to create something new or build a new planet."Outer planet trips would likely require propellant refills at Mars, and perhaps other locations in the outer Solar System.

text: The overview presentation on the Interplanetary Transport System given by Musk on 27 September 2016 included concept slides outlining missions to the

text: Saturnian

text: moon

text: Enceladus

text: , the

text: Jovian

text: moon

text: Europa

text: Kuiper belt

text: objects, a fuel depot on

text: Pluto

text: and even the uses to take payloads to the

text: Oort Cloud

text: ."Musk said ... the system can open up the entire Solar System to people. If fuel depots based on this design were put on asteroids or other areas around the Solar System, people could go anywhere they wanted just by planet or moon hopping. 'The goal of SpaceX is to build the transport system ... Once that transport system is built, then there is a tremendous opportunity for anyone that wants to go to Mars to create something new or build a new planet."Outer planet trips would likely require propellant refills at Mars, and perhaps other locations in the

text: outer Solar System

text: The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered (as "arcs") in 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet, Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory (ESO) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory, and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard. They were eventually imaged in 1989 by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. At their densest, they are comparable to the less dense portions of Saturn's main rings such as the C ring and the Cassini Division, but much of Neptune's ring system is quite tenuous, faint and dusty, more closely resembling the rings of Jupiter. Neptune's rings are named after astronomers who contributed important work on the planet: Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Adams. Neptune also has a faint unnamed ring coincident with the orbit of the moon Galatea. Three other moons orbit between the rings: Naiad, Thalassa and Despina.

text: The rings of

text: Neptune

text: consist primarily of five principal

text: rings

text: Patrice Bouchet

text: , Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at

text: La Silla Observatory

text: (ESO) during an observing program proposed by

text: André Brahic

text: and Bruno Sicardy from

text: Paris Observatory

text: , and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard. They were eventually imaged in 1989 by the

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft. At their densest, they are comparable to the less dense portions of

text: Saturn's main rings

text: such as the C ring and the Cassini Division, but much of Neptune's ring system is quite tenuous, faint and

text: dusty

text: , more closely resembling the

text: rings of Jupiter

text: Neptune

text: 's rings are named after astronomers who contributed important work on the planet:

text: Galle

text: Le Verrier

text: Lassell

text: Arago

text: , and

text: Adams

text: . Neptune also has a faint unnamed ring coincident with the orbit of the moon

text: Galatea

text: . Three other moons orbit between the rings:

text: Naiad

text: Thalassa

text: and

text: Despina

text: It is now widely accepted that the Solar System was initially more compact and that the outer planets migrated outward to their current positions. The planetesimal-driven migration of the outer planets was first described, in 1984, by Fernandez and Ip. This process is driven by the exchange of angular momentum between the planets and planetesimals originating from an outer disk.  Early dynamical models assumed that this migration was smooth. In addition to reproducing the current positions of the outer planets, these models offered explanations for: the  populations of resonant objects, the eccentricity of Pluto's orbit, the inclinations of the hot classical objects and the retention of a scattered disk, and the mass depletion of and the location of the outer edge of the Kuiper belt near the 2:1 resonance with Neptune. However, these models failed to reproduce the eccentricities of the outer planets, leaving them with very small eccentricities at the end of the migration.

text: It is now widely accepted that the Solar System was initially more compact and that the

text: outer planets

text: migrated outward to their current positions. The planetesimal-driven migration of the outer planets was first described, in 1984, by Fernandez and Ip. This process is driven by the exchange of

text: angular momentum

text: between the

text: planets

text: and

text: planetesimal

text: s originating from an outer disk.  Early dynamical models assumed that this migration was smooth. In addition to reproducing the current positions of the outer planets, these models offered explanations for: the  populations of

text: resonant objects

text: , the

text: eccentricity

text: of

text: Pluto

text: 's orbit, the

text: inclination

text: s of the

entity_section: Orbits: .27hot.27 and .27cold.27 populations

text: hot classical objects

text: and the retention of a

text: scattered disk

text: , and the mass depletion of and the location of the

text: outer edge

text: of the

text: Kuiper belt

text: near the 2:1 resonance with Neptune. However, these models failed to reproduce the eccentricities of the outer planets, leaving them with very small eccentricities at the end of the migration.

text: Some entries in Flamsteed's catalog are errors: for instance, Flamsteed observed Uranus in 1690 but did not recognize it as a planet and entered it into his catalog as a star called "34 Tauri".

text: Some entries in Flamsteed's catalog are errors: for instance, Flamsteed observed

text: Uranus

text: in 1690 but did not recognize it as a

text: planet

text: and entered it into his catalog as a star called "34 Tauri".

text: Umbriel orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the third farthest from the planet among its five major moons. Umbriel's orbit has a small eccentricity and is inclined very little relative to the equator of Uranus. Its orbital period is around 4.1 Earth days, coincident with its rotational period. In other words, Umbriel is a synchronous or tidally locked satellite, with one face always pointing toward its parent planet. Umbriel's orbit lies completely inside the Uranian magnetosphere. This is important, because the trailing hemispheres of airless satellites orbiting inside a magnetosphere (like Umbriel) are struck by magnetospheric plasma, which co-rotates with the planet. This bombardment may lead to the darkening of the trailing hemispheres, which is actually observed for all Uranian moons except Oberon (see below). Umbriel also serves as a sink of the magnetospheric charged particles, which creates a pronounced dip in energetic particle count near the moon's orbit as observed by Voyager 2 in 1986.

text: Umbriel orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the third farthest from the planet among its

text: five major moons

text: . Umbriel's orbit has a small

text: eccentricity

text: and is

text: inclined

text: very little relative to the

text: equator

text: of Uranus. Its

text: orbital period

text: is around 4.1 Earth days, coincident with its

text: rotational period

text: . In other words, Umbriel is a

text: synchronous

text: or

text: tidally locked

text: satellite, with one face always pointing toward its parent planet. Umbriel's orbit lies completely inside the

text: Uranian magnetosphere

text: . This is important, because the trailing

text: hemispheres

text: of airless satellites orbiting inside a magnetosphere (like Umbriel) are struck by magnetospheric

text: plasma

text: , which co-rotates with the planet. This bombardment may lead to the darkening of the trailing hemispheres, which is actually observed for all Uranian moons except Oberon (see below). Umbriel also serves as a sink of the magnetospheric charged particles, which creates a pronounced dip in energetic particle count near the moon's orbit as observed by Voyager 2 in 1986.

text: The exploration of Jupiter has consisted solely of a number of automated NASA spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973. A large majority of the missions have been "flybys", in which detailed observations are taken without the probe landing or entering orbit; such as in Pioneer and Voyager programs. The Galileo spacecraft is the only one to have orbited the planet. As Jupiter is believed to have only a relatively small rocky core and no real solid surface, a landing mission is nearly impossible.

text: The exploration of

text: Jupiter

text: has consisted solely of a number of automated NASA spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973. A large majority of the missions have been "flybys", in which detailed observations are taken without the probe landing or entering orbit; such as in

text: Pioneer

text: and

text: Voyager

text: programs. The

text: Galileo

text: spacecraft is the only one to have orbited the planet. As Jupiter is believed to have only a relatively small rocky core and no real solid surface, a landing mission is nearly impossible.

text: The planet is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet with a mass half that of Jupiter and orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.

text: The planet is a typical "

text: hot Jupiter

text: ", a planet with a mass half that of

text: Jupiter

text: and orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three

text: day

text: s to complete. The planet is slightly larger than

text: Jupiter

text: , probably due to the heat from the star.

text: The Phoebe ring is one of the rings of Saturn. This ring is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane (and the other rings). It extends from at least 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn; Phoebe orbits the planet at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii. The ring is about 20 times as thick as the diameter of the planet. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from micrometeoroid impacts on Phoebe, they should share its retrograde orbit, which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon, Iapetus. Inwardly migrating ring material would thus strike Iapetus's leading hemisphere, created its two-tone coloration. Although very large, the ring is virtually invisible—it was discovered using NASA's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope.

text: The Phoebe ring is one of the

text: rings of Saturn

text: . This ring is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane (and the other rings). It extends from at least 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn; Phoebe orbits the planet at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii. The ring is about 20 times as thick as the diameter of the planet. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from

text: micrometeoroid

text: impacts on Phoebe, they should share its

text: retrograde orbit

text: , which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon,

text: Iapetus

text: . Inwardly migrating ring material would thus strike Iapetus's leading hemisphere, created its

text: two-tone coloration

text: . Although very large, the ring is virtually invisible—it was discovered using

text: NASA

text: 's

text: infrared

text: Spitzer Space Telescope

text: His research has focused on studies of our solar system's Kuiper belt and Oort cloud, comets, the satellites of the outer planets, Pluto, and the search for evidence of solar systems around other stars. He has also worked on spacecraft rendezvous theory, terrestrial polar mesospheric clouds, galactic astrophysics, and studies of tenuous satellite atmospheres, including the atmosphere of the Moon.

text: His research has focused on studies of our solar system's

text: Kuiper belt

text: and

text: Oort cloud

text: comet

text: s, the

text: satellite

text: s of the

text: outer planet

text: s,

text: Pluto

text: , and the search for evidence of

text: solar systems around other stars

text: . He has also worked on

text: spacecraft rendezvous

text: theory, terrestrial polar

text: mesospheric

text: clouds, galactic astrophysics, and studies of tenuous satellite atmospheres, including

text: the atmosphere of the Moon

text: In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division. This division is a 4,800 km-wide region between the A Ring and B Ring.

text: In 1675,

text: Giovanni Domenico Cassini

text: determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the

text: Cassini Division

text: . This division is a 4,800 km-wide region between the

text: A Ring

text: and

text: B Ring

text: Those satellites which have an orbital period shorter than their planet's rotation period experience tidal deceleration, causing a very gradual spiraling in towards the planet. In the distant future these moons will impact the planet or penetrate deeply enough within their Roche limit to be tidally disrupted into fragments. The moons so affected are Metis and Adrastea at Jupiter, and the majority of the inner moons of Uranus and Neptune − out to and including Perdita and Larissa, respectively. However, none of Saturn's moons experience this effect because Saturn is a relatively very fast rotator.

text: Those satellites which have an orbital period shorter than their planet's rotation period experience

text: tidal deceleration

text: , causing a very gradual spiraling in towards the planet. In the distant future these moons will impact the planet or penetrate deeply enough within their Roche limit to be tidally disrupted into fragments. The moons so affected are

text: Metis

text: and

text: Adrastea

text: at Jupiter, and the majority of the inner moons of Uranus and Neptune − out to and including

text: Perdita

text: and

text: Larissa

text: , respectively. However, none of Saturn's moons experience this effect because Saturn is a relatively very fast rotator.

text: Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. It is still unclear where Earth's water came from, but, seen from space, our planet appears as a "blue marble" of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's  of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the British author Arthur C. Clarke once noted that "Earth" would have been better named "Ocean".

text: Earth

text: is the only known

text: planet

text: with seas of liquid

text: water

text: on its surface, although

text: Mars

text: possesses

text: ice caps

text: and

text: similar planets

text: in

text: other solar systems

text: may have oceans. It is still unclear

text: where Earth's water came from

text: , but, seen from

text: space

text: , our planet appears as a "

text: blue marble

text: " of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's  of sea contain

text: about 97.2 percent of its known water

text: and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , the ice cap covering

text: Antarctica

text: and its

text: adjacent seas

text: , and various

text: glacier

text: s and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form

text: underground reservoirs

text: or various stages of the

text: water cycle

text: , containing the

text: freshwater

text: encountered and used by most

text: terrestrial life

text: vapor

text: in the

text: air

text: , the

text: cloud

text: s it slowly forms, the

text: rain

text: falling from them, and the

text: lake

text: s and

text: river

text: s spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the British author

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: once noted that "Earth" would have been better named "Ocean".

text: The probe's primary mission objectives included flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's large moon, Titan. While the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon, which was known to have a substantial atmosphere, took priority. It studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons.

text: The probe's primary mission objectives included flybys of

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , and Saturn's large moon,

text: Titan

text: . While the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a

text: Pluto

text: encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon, which was known to have a substantial atmosphere, took priority. It studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their

text: moons

text: As a planet with a mass comparable to that of Jupiter in a close-orbit around its star, this planet falls into the category of hot Jupiters. Like other known transiting hot Jupiters such as HD 209458 b and TrES-1, the low density of XO-1b indicates that this planet is a gas giant composed mainly of hydrogen and helium.

text: As a planet with a mass comparable to that of

text: Jupiter

text: in a close-orbit around its star, this planet falls into the category of

text: hot Jupiter

text: s. Like other known transiting hot Jupiters such as

text: HD 209458 b

text: and

text: , the low density of XO-1b indicates that this planet is a

text: gas giant

text: composed mainly of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: In the diagram, the blue line marking the boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely, but terminates at a point called the critical point. As the temperature and pressure approach the critical point, the properties of the liquid and gas become progressively more similar. At the critical point, the liquid and gas become indistinguishable. Above the critical point, there are no longer separate liquid and gas phases: there is only a generic fluid phase referred to as a supercritical fluid. In water, the critical point occurs at around 647 K (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064 MPa.

text: In the diagram, the blue line marking the boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely, but terminates at a point called the

text: critical point

text: . As the temperature and pressure approach the critical point, the properties of the liquid and gas become progressively more similar. At the critical point, the liquid and gas become indistinguishable. Above the critical point, there are no longer separate liquid and gas phases: there is only a generic fluid phase referred to as a

text: supercritical fluid

text: . In water, the critical point occurs at around 647

text: K

text: (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064

text: MPa

text: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones revealed that there were battle droid factories on the planet Geonosis and other Outer Rim planets. As depicted in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, there are similar factories on the planets Mustafar and Mygeeto.

entity_name: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

text: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

text: revealed that there were battle droid factories on the planet

text: Geonosis

text: and other Outer Rim planets. As depicted in

text: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith

text: , there are similar factories on the planets

text: Mustafar

text: and

text: Mygeeto

text: Stormy is an album by American country music singer and songwriter Hank Williams, Jr. It was released on August 31, 1999 on the Curb Records label.

text: Stormy is an album by American

text: country music

text: singer

text: and

text: songwriter

text: Hank Williams, Jr.

text: It was released on August 31, 1999 on the Curb Records label.

text: In 2015, Lockheed Martin proposed the Jupiter space tug.  If built, Jupiter would operate in low-Earth orbit shuttling cargo carriers to and from the International Space Station, remaining on orbit indefinitely, and refueling itself from subsequent transport ships carrying later cargo carrier modules.

text: In 2015,

text: Lockheed Martin

text: proposed the

text: Jupiter

text: space tug

text: .  If built, Jupiter would operate in

text: low-Earth orbit

text: shuttling

text: cargo carriers

text: to and from the

text: International Space Station

text: , remaining on orbit indefinitely, and refueling itself from subsequent transport ships carrying later cargo carrier modules.

text: The sum of the first  centered hexagonal numbers is .  That is, centered hexagonal pyramidal numbers and cubes are the same numbers, but they represent different shapes.   Viewed from the opposite perspective, centered hexagonal numbers are differences of two consecutive cubes, so that the centered hexagonal numbers are the gnomon of the cubes.  (This can be seen geometrically from the diagram.)   In particular, prime centered hexagonal numbers are cuban primes.

text: The sum of the first  centered hexagonal numbers is

text: .  That is, centered hexagonal

text: pyramidal number

text: s and

text: cubes

text: are the same numbers, but they represent different shapes.   Viewed from the opposite perspective, centered hexagonal numbers are differences of two consecutive cubes, so that the centered hexagonal numbers are the

text: gnomon

text: of the cubes.  (This can be seen geometrically from the diagram.)   In particular,

text: prime

text: centered hexagonal numbers are

text: cuban prime

text: s.

text: When a planet had been engulfed, the Helatrobans would attack it with "little orange-colored bombs that would talk" and the clouds themselves would talk: "And here you'd have a gray cloud going by and it'd be saying, 'Hark! Hark! Hark!' you see? 'Watch out! Look out! Who's there? Who's that?'"

text: A green flash from the moon and bright planets at the horizon, including Venus and Jupiter, can also be observed.

text: A green flash from the moon and bright planets at the horizon, including

text: Venus

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: , can also be observed.

text: In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng" and "zhèng". The former is often translated as "disease entity", "disease category", "illness", or simply "diagnosis". The latter, and more important one, is usually translated as "pattern" (or sometimes also as "syndrome"). For example, the disease entity of a common cold might present with a pattern of wind-cold in one person, and with the pattern of wind-heat in another.

text: In TCM, a disease has two aspects: "bìng" and "zhèng". The former is often translated as "disease entity", "disease category", "illness", or simply "diagnosis". The latter, and more important one, is usually translated as "pattern" (or sometimes also as "syndrome"). For example, the disease entity of a common cold might present with a pattern of

text: wind-cold

text: in one person, and with the pattern of wind-heat in another.

text: The temple is one of the nine Navagraha sthalas(Temples of Nine planets) located in the Cauvery Delta region dedicated to planet Jupiter, called Dakshinamoorthy, the Guru.

text: The temple is one of the nine Navagraha sthalas(Temples of Nine planets) located in the Cauvery Delta region dedicated to planet

text: Jupiter

text: , called

text: Dakshinamoorthy

text: , the Guru.

text: , which is also the astronomical symbol for the planet Saturn.

text: , which is also the

text: astronomical symbol

text: for the planet

text: Saturn

text: Programs for characterizing planets outside of the solar system depend largely on spectroscopy to identify atmospheric constituents and states, especially those that point to the presence of life forms or which could support life. However, brightness can be measured for very distant Earth-sized objects that are too faint for spectroscopic analysis. A. Mallama has demonstrated that phase curve analysis may be a useful tool for identifying planets that are Earth-like. Additionally, J. Bailey has pointed out that phase curve anomalies such as the brightness excess of Venus could be useful indicators of atmospheric constituents such as water, which might be essential to life in the universe.

text: Programs for characterizing planets outside of the solar system depend largely on spectroscopy to identify atmospheric constituents and states, especially those that point to the presence of life forms or which could support life. However, brightness can be measured for very distant Earth-sized objects that are too faint for spectroscopic analysis. A. Mallama has demonstrated that phase curve analysis may be a useful tool for identifying planets that are Earth-like. Additionally, J. Bailey has pointed out that phase curve anomalies such as the

text: brightness excess of Venus

text: could be useful indicators of atmospheric constituents such as water, which might be essential to

text: life in the universe

text: Bodies that transit their star can be spectrographically mapped, for instance HD 189733 b. That planet has further been shown to be blue with an albedo greater (brighter) than 0.14. Most transiting planets are hot Jupiters.

text: Bodies that transit their star can be spectrographically mapped, for instance

text: HD 189733 b

text: . That planet has further been shown to be blue with an

text: albedo

text: greater (brighter) than 0.14. Most transiting planets are hot Jupiters.

text: Besides Epimetheus, instruments located another previously undiscovered small moon and an additional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found its planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the ring plane, the probe sent back pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings, which normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the Pioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as bright rings.

text: Besides Epimetheus, instruments located another previously undiscovered small moon and an additional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found its planet-size moon,

text: Titan

text: , to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the ring plane, the probe sent back pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings, which normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the Pioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as bright rings.

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids. The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid inner core, with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid outer core. The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about , to the core-mantle boundary, which is about . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically

text: conducting

text: fluids. The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid

text: inner core

text: , with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid

text: outer core

text: . The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about , to the

text: core-mantle boundary

text: , which is about . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of HIP 57274 d, the moon's orbit would have to be roughly 40 days to support a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of HIP 57274 d, the moon's orbit would have to be roughly 40 days to support a stable orbit.

text: Writer Rob Edwards stated that "it was extremely challenging" to take a classic novel and set it in outer space, and that they did away with some of the science fiction elements ("things like the metal space ships and the coldness") early on. Edwards goes on to say that they "did a lot of things to make the film more modern" and that the idea behind setting the film in outer space was to "make the story as exciting for kids now as the book was for kids then".

text: Writer

text: Rob Edwards

text: stated that "it was extremely challenging" to take a classic novel and set it in outer space, and that they did away with some of the science fiction elements ("things like the metal space ships and the coldness") early on. Edwards goes on to say that they "did a lot of things to make the film more modern" and that the idea behind setting the film in outer space was to "make the story as exciting for kids now as the book was for kids then".

text: The general perception is that the bhava occupied by a malefic becomes defective, and thus, a malefic situated in the 11th, the house of gains, causes Daridra yoga. But, Saravali states that all planets whether benefic or malefic endow one with wealth and fortunes. Therefore, a planet situated in the 11th house cancels the adversities indicated by Daridra yogas. The same result also applies to aspect on the 11th house but only a strong Moon, Mars or Saturn aspecting the 11th house gives wealth, if they are weak their aspect will result in poverty.

text: The general perception is that the bhava occupied by a malefic becomes defective, and thus, a malefic situated in the 11th, the house of gains, causes Daridra yoga. But,

text: Saravali

text: states that all planets whether benefic or malefic endow one with wealth and fortunes. Therefore, a planet situated in the 11th house cancels the adversities indicated by Daridra yogas. The same result also applies to aspect on the 11th house but only a strong Moon, Mars or Saturn aspecting the 11th house gives wealth, if they are weak their aspect will result in poverty.

text: The first season emphasized adventure and chronicled the daily adventures that a pioneer family might experience if marooned on an alien world. The first half of season 1 included dealing with the planet's unusual orbit, resulting in extremes of cold and heat, and the Robinson party trekking around the rocky terrain and stormy inland oceans of Priplanus in the Chariot to avoid those extremes, encountering dangerous native plants and animals, and a few reasonably plausible off-world visitors. However, midway through the first season, following the two-parter "The Keeper", the format changed to a "Monster of the week" style, and the stories slipped, almost un-noticeably, from straight adventure to stories based on fantasy and fairy tales, with Will even awakening a sleeping princess with a kiss in a second season entry. Excepting special effect shots (which were reused in later seasons), the first season was filmed in black and white, while the second and third seasons were filmed in color.

text: On October 8, 2014, a real-world planitia (plain) on Saturn's moon Titan was named Caladan Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: On October 8, 2014, a real-world

text: planitia

text: (plain) on

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: was named Caladan Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet.

text: In an anonymous footnote to his 1766 translation of Charles Bonnet's Contemplation de la Nature, the astronomer Johann Daniel Titius of Wittenberg noted an apparent pattern in the layout of the planets. If one began a numerical sequence at 0, then included 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, etc., doubling each time, and added four to each number and divided by 10, this produced a remarkably close approximation to the radii of the orbits of the known planets as measured in astronomical units. This pattern, now known as the Titius–Bode law, predicted the semi-major axes of the six planets of the time (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) provided one allowed for a "gap" between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In his footnote Titius declared, "But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty? Not at all." In 1768, the astronomer Johann Elert Bode made note of Titius's relationship in his Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels (English: Instruction for the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens) but did not credit Titius until later editions. It became known as "Bode's law". When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, the planet's orbit matched the law almost perfectly, leading astronomers to conclude that there had to be a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

text: In an anonymous footnote to his 1766 translation of

text: Charles Bonnet

text: 's Contemplation de la Nature, the astronomer

text: Johann Daniel Titius

text: of

text: Wittenberg

text: noted an apparent pattern in the layout of the planets. If one began a numerical sequence at 0, then included 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, etc., doubling each time, and added four to each number and divided by 10, this produced a remarkably close approximation to the radii of the orbits of the known planets as measured in

text: astronomical units

text: . This pattern, now known as the

text: Titius–Bode law

text: , predicted the

text: semi-major axes

text: of the six planets of the time (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) provided one allowed for a "gap" between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In his footnote Titius declared, "But should the Lord Architect have left that space empty? Not at all." In 1768, the astronomer

text: Johann Elert Bode

text: made note of Titius's relationship in his Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels (English: Instruction for the Knowledge of the Starry Heavens) but did not credit Titius until later editions. It became known as "Bode's law". When

text: William Herschel

text: discovered

text: Uranus

text: in 1781, the planet's orbit matched the law almost perfectly, leading astronomers to conclude that there had to be a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

text: The line was raised and placed on an embankment in 1938. The Berlin Outer Freight Ring (German: Güteraußenring, GAR) was built at the same time; this ran east-west to the north of the present station. A connecting curve ran between the south and the east and an additional curve was built in 1944 from the south to the west. With the building of a new parallel Berlin outer ring (Berliner Außenring, BAR) in 1951, the Outer Freight Ring lost its function and it was only used for local freight. It has since been closed and it was dismantled in the area north of Schichauweg station.

text: The line was raised and placed on an embankment in 1938. The

text: Berlin Outer Freight Ring

text: (German: Güteraußenring, GAR) was built at the same time; this ran east-west to the north of the present station. A connecting curve ran between the south and the east and an additional curve was built in 1944 from the south to the west. With the building of a new parallel

text: Berlin outer ring

text: (Berliner Außenring, BAR) in 1951, the Outer Freight Ring lost its function and it was only used for local freight. It has since been closed and it was dismantled in the area north of Schichauweg station.

text: Governing planet: Saturn

text: Governing planet: Saturn

text: When Copernicus placed Earth among the planets, he also placed the Moon in orbit around Earth, making the Moon the first natural satellite to be identified. When Galileo discovered his four satellites of Jupiter in 1610, they lent weight to Copernicus's argument, because if other planets could have satellites, then Earth could too. However, there remained some confusion as to whether these objects were "planets"; Galileo referred to them as "four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness." Similarly, Christiaan Huygens, upon discovering Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655, employed many terms to describe it, including "planeta" (planet), "stella" (star), "luna" (moon), and the more modern "satellite" (attendant). Giovanni Cassini, in announcing his discovery of Saturn's moons Iapetus and Rhea in 1671 and 1672, described them as Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne ("New planets around Saturn"). However, when the "Journal de Scavans" reported Cassini's discovery of two new Saturnian moons in 1686, it referred to them strictly as "satellites", though sometimes Saturn as the "primary planet". When William Herschel announced his discovery of two objects in orbit around Uranus in 1787, he referred to them as "satellites" and "secondary planets". All subsequent reports of natural satellite discoveries used the term "satellite" exclusively, though the 1868 book "Smith's Illustrated Astronomy" referred to satellites as "secondary planets".

text: When Copernicus placed Earth among the planets, he also placed the Moon in orbit around Earth, making the Moon the first

text: natural satellite

text: to be identified. When

text: Galileo

text: discovered his four

text: satellites

text: of Jupiter in 1610, they lent weight to Copernicus's argument, because if other planets could have satellites, then Earth could too. However, there remained some confusion as to whether these objects were "planets"; Galileo referred to them as "four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness." Similarly,

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: , upon discovering Saturn's largest moon

text: Titan

text: in 1655, employed many terms to describe it, including "planeta" (planet), "stella" (star), "luna" (moon), and the more modern "satellite" (attendant).

text: Giovanni Cassini

text: , in announcing his discovery of Saturn's moons

text: Iapetus

text: and

text: Rhea

text: in 1671 and 1672, described them as Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne ("New planets around Saturn"). However, when the "Journal de Scavans" reported Cassini's discovery of two new Saturnian moons in 1686, it referred to them strictly as "satellites", though sometimes Saturn as the "primary planet". When William Herschel announced his discovery of two objects in orbit around Uranus in 1787, he referred to them as "satellites" and "secondary planets". All subsequent reports of natural satellite discoveries used the term "satellite" exclusively, though the 1868 book "Smith's Illustrated Astronomy" referred to satellites as "secondary planets".

text: Triton is the seventh-largest moon and sixteenth-largest object in the Solar System, and is modestly larger than the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. It comprises more than 99.5% of all the mass known to orbit Neptune, including the planet's rings and thirteen other known moons, and is also more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined. It has a radius, density (2.061 g/cm), temperature and chemical composition similar to those of Pluto.

text: Triton is the seventh-largest moon and

text: sixteenth-largest object

text: in the Solar System, and is modestly larger than the

text: dwarf planet

text: s

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Eris

text: . It comprises more than 99.5% of all the mass known to orbit Neptune, including the planet's rings and thirteen other known moons, and is also more massive than all known moons in the Solar System smaller than itself combined. It has a radius, density (2.061 g/cm), temperature and chemical composition similar to those of

text: Pluto

text: Ophelia is also the name of a moon of Uranus.

text: Ophelia

text: is also the name of a

text: moon

text: of

text: Uranus

text: The story is initially set on the planet Nu-Earth, where a stalemated war between the Norts and Southers is being fought. There is some similarity to both the American Civil War and to World War 1, with the Norts resembling Germany, and the Southers the Allied forces. During the conflict, many forms of chemical and biological weapons have been used, poisoning the planet's atmosphere and oceans. As a result, what remains of the population of the planet, including the troops of both sides, live in enclosed - "domed" - military bases and habitats. They wear protective suits, helmets and respiration gear when outside their domes. These suits are known as "chemsuits". Any damage to the helmet or chemsuit is usually fatal to the wearer, due to the toxic atmosphere of the planet. In an attempt to bring an end to the stalemate, The Southern High Command, over a period of years, have produced the GI - "Genetic Infantryman". The GI is a  type of soldier genetically engineered to be immune to the poisonous atmosphere of Nu-Earth, and therefore be able to fight without the clumsy, inhibiting protective gear required by ordinary soldiers. The Southern High Command deploy the entire GI Regiment in a mass spaceborne capsule drop over an area of Nu Earth known as "The Quartz Zone", which resembles one of the Earth's Poles because the surface has an icy, glacier-like nature. The Quartz Zone assault was intended to be a surprise attack, but because a Traitor within the Southern High Command has passed details of it to the Norts, they are expecting the attack. The Norts employ Elite Infantry Regiments known as the Kashan and Kashar Legions to repulse the assault, and the entire GI Regiment - apart from Rogue - is wiped out, since they are virtually defenceless when dropping to the surface of the planet from space. This event is referred to as "The Quartz Zone Massacre".

text: The story is initially set on the planet

text: Nu-Earth

text: , where a stalemated war between the

text: Norts

text: and

text: Southers

text: is being fought. There is some similarity to both the American Civil War and to World War 1, with the Norts resembling Germany, and the Southers the Allied forces. During the conflict, many forms of chemical and biological weapons have been used, poisoning the planet's atmosphere and oceans. As a result, what remains of the population of the planet, including the troops of both sides, live in enclosed - "domed" - military bases and habitats. They wear protective suits, helmets and respiration gear when outside their domes. These suits are known as "

text: chemsuit

text: s". Any damage to the helmet or chemsuit is usually fatal to the wearer, due to the toxic atmosphere of the planet. In an attempt to bring an end to the stalemate, The Southern High Command, over a period of years, have produced the GI - "Genetic Infantryman". The GI is a  type of soldier genetically engineered to be immune to the poisonous atmosphere of Nu-Earth, and therefore be able to fight without the clumsy, inhibiting protective gear required by ordinary soldiers. The Southern High Command deploy the entire GI Regiment in a mass spaceborne capsule drop over an area of Nu Earth known as "The Quartz Zone", which resembles one of the Earth's Poles because the surface has an icy, glacier-like nature. The Quartz Zone assault was intended to be a surprise attack, but because a Traitor within the Southern High Command has passed details of it to the Norts, they are expecting the attack. The Norts employ Elite Infantry Regiments known as the Kashan and Kashar Legions to repulse the assault, and the entire GI Regiment - apart from Rogue - is wiped out, since they are virtually defenceless when dropping to the surface of the planet from space. This event is referred to as "The Quartz Zone Massacre".

text: The moons of Neptune can be divided into two groups: regular and irregular. The first group includes the seven inner moons, which follow circular prograde orbits lying in the equatorial plane of Neptune. The second group consists of all other moons including Triton. They generally follow inclined eccentric and often retrograde orbits far from Neptune; the only exception is Triton, which orbits close to the planet following a circular orbit, though retrograde and inclined.

text: The gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) have many moons and thus frequently display eclipses. The most striking involve Jupiter, which has four large moons and a low axial tilt, making eclipses more frequent as these bodies pass through the shadow of the larger planet. Transits occur with equal frequency. It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter's cloudtops.

text: The

text: gas giant

text: planets (

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ) have many moons and thus frequently display eclipses. The most striking involve

text: Jupiter

text: , which has four large moons and a low

text: axial tilt

text: , making eclipses more frequent as these bodies pass through the shadow of the larger planet. Transits occur with equal frequency. It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter's cloudtops.

text: Sasta or Ayyappan is associated with the graha (planet) Shani (Saturn). By pleasing the lord one can reduce the bad effects of Saturn called sanidosha.  Offering Neerajanam to Lord Ayyappa on Saturdays is believed to be good for removing hardships owing to sanidosha.

text: Sasta or Ayyappan is associated with the

text: graha

text: (planet)

text: Shani

text: (Saturn). By pleasing the lord one can reduce the bad effects of Saturn called sanidosha.  Offering Neerajanam to Lord Ayyappa on Saturdays is believed to be good for removing hardships owing to sanidosha.

text: DJ Neptune started his career as a professional Disc Jockey in 2001 andwas hired by Nigeria’s first private radio station Ray power 100.5 FMLagos where he worked as an in-house DJ from 2004 to 2010. As aprofessional Disc Jockey with wide sense and a high taste for goodmusic, Neptune was able to keep the listeners glued to their radio setand in a short period of time He became a household name in theNigeria entertainment industry. In 2008, Nigerian rapper Naeto Csigned DJ Neptune as his official Disc Jockey/ Hype man and togetherthe duo created a new face to Nigerian Hip-Hop/ Nigerian DJ’s in Africa.As part of plans to expand the brand and put a face to the name,Neptune released series of promotional Mix tapes online for freedownloads. He then went ahead to start production on his own DJAlbum and later released the audio and visuals for single like 123{Remix} featuring MI, Naeto C and the late Da Grin, This Gbedu featuringIce Prince, YQ and Shank, {audio/video}, Skoobi Doo featuring JesseJags, General Pype and Lynxxx, {audio/video}. My #1 featuring KaySwitch and May D {audio}, Twerk It featuring D’ Prince {audio/video} ,So Nice featuring David O and Del B {audio/video}, Baddest featuringOlamide, Stonebwoy and BOJ {audio/video}.

text: Atmospheric mining of outer planets has not yet begun.

text: Atmospheric mining of

text: outer planets

text: has not yet begun.

text: Ria is a planet that is home to the Stonemen of Saturn.

text: The Phoenician Sydyk was equated with Roman Jupiter, and hence it has been suggested that Sydyk was connected to the worship of the planet Jupiter as the manifestation of justice or righteousness.

text: The Phoenician Sydyk was equated with Roman

text: Jupiter

text: , and hence it has been suggested that Sydyk was connected to the worship of the planet Jupiter as the manifestation of justice or righteousness.

text: Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt.It is sometimes assumed that Ceres has been reclassified as a dwarf planet, and that it is therefore no longer considered an asteroid. For example, a news update at Space.com spoke of "Pallas, the largest asteroid, and Ceres, the dwarf planet formerly classified as an asteroid", whereas an IAU question-and-answer posting states, "Ceres is (or now we can say it was) the largest asteroid", though it then speaks of "other asteroids" crossing Ceres' path and otherwise implies that Ceres is still considered an asteroid. The Minor Planet Center notes that such bodies may have dual designations. The 2006 IAU decision that classified Ceres as a dwarf planet never addressed whether it is or is not an asteroid. Indeed, the IAU has never defined the word 'asteroid' at all, having preferred the term 'minor planet' until 2006, and preferring the terms 'small Solar System body' and 'dwarf planet' after 2006. Lang (2011) comments "the [IAU has] added a new designation to Ceres, classifying it as a dwarf planet. ... By [its] definition, Eris, Haumea, Makemake and Pluto, as well as the largest asteroid, 1 Ceres, are all dwarf planets", and describes it elsewhere as "the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks.

text: Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt.It is sometimes assumed that Ceres has been reclassified as a dwarf planet, and that it is therefore no longer considered an asteroid. For example, a news update at Space.com spoke of "Pallas, the largest asteroid, and Ceres, the dwarf planet formerly classified as an asteroid", whereas an IAU question-and-answer posting states, "Ceres is (or now we can say it was) the largest asteroid", though it then speaks of "other asteroids" crossing Ceres' path and otherwise implies that Ceres is still considered an asteroid. The

text: Minor Planet Center

text: notes that such bodies may have dual designations. The 2006 IAU decision that classified Ceres as a dwarf planet never addressed whether it is or is not an asteroid. Indeed, the IAU has never defined the word 'asteroid' at all, having preferred the term '

text: minor planet

text: ' until 2006, and preferring the terms '

text: small Solar System body

text: ' and 'dwarf planet' after 2006. Lang (2011) comments "the [IAU has] added a new designation to Ceres, classifying it as a dwarf planet. ... By [its] definition,

text: Eris

text: Haumea

text: Makemake

text: and Pluto, as well as the largest asteroid, 1 Ceres, are all dwarf planets", and describes it elsewhere as "the dwarf planet–asteroid 1 Ceres". NASA continues to refer to Ceres as an asteroid, as do various academic textbooks.

text: Argon can be purchased for use with the ICP-MS in either a refrigerated liquid or a gas form.  However it is important to note that whichever form of argon purchased, it should have a guaranteed purity of 99.9% Argon at a minimum.  It is important to determine which type of argon will be best suited for the specific situation.  Liquid argon is typically cheaper and can be stored in a greater quantity as opposed to the gas form, which is more expensive and takes up more tank space.  If the instrument is in an environment where it gets infrequent use, then buying argon in the gas state will be most appropriate as it will be more than enough to suit smaller run times and gas in the cylinder will remain stable for longer periods of time, whereas liquid argon will suffer loss to the environment due to venting of the tank when stored over extended time frames.  However, if the ICP-MS is to be used routinely and is on and running for eight or more hours each day for several days a week, then going with liquid argon will be the most suitable.  If there are to be multiple ICP-MS instruments running for long periods of time, then it will most likely be beneficial for the laboratory to install a bulk or micro bulk argon tank which will be maintained by a gas supply company, thus eliminating the need to change out tanks frequently as well as minimizing loss of argon that is left over in each used tank as well as down time for tank changeover.

text: Recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above , sometimes rising by 20 °F (11 °C) or more within only a few minutes. More extreme events have also been documented, where temperatures have been reported to exceed , although such extreme events have never been officially verified. Heat bursts are also characterised by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong, even damaging, winds.

text: Recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above , sometimes rising by 20 °F (11 °C) or more within only a few minutes. More extreme events have also been documented, where temperatures have been reported to exceed , although such extreme events have never been officially verified. Heat bursts are also characterised by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong, even damaging,

text: wind

text: s.

text: The two planets are in a 2:1 resonance, meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two jovian planets are dancing around each other gravitationally.

text: The two planets are in a 2:1

text: resonance

text: , meaning that the outer planet orbits the star once every time when the inner planet orbits the star twice. These two

text: jovian planet

text: s are dancing around each other gravitationally.

text: HD 154672 b is a closely orbiting planet that is larger than Jupiter. Its mass was estimated as 5.02 that of Jupiter. HD 154672 b also orbits its host star at a distance of 0.6 AU every 163.91 days. Earth, in comparison, orbits the Sun at a distance of 1 AU every 365.25 days. However, HD 154672 b has an orbital eccentricity of 0.61, which indicates a very elliptical orbit. Because HD 154672 b has such an eccentric orbit, the equilibrium temperature of the planet varies between 300 K and 600 K, which is significantly higher than that of Jupiter (124 K). If liquid water is present in the atmosphere of HD 154672 b, it could possibly convert between gaseous and liquid phases as the planet moves along its orbit.

text: HD 154672 b is a closely orbiting planet that is larger than Jupiter. Its mass was estimated as 5.02 that of Jupiter. HD 154672 b also orbits its host star at a distance of 0.6

text: AU

text: every 163.91 days. Earth, in comparison, orbits the Sun at a distance of 1 AU every 365.25 days. However, HD 154672 b has an

text: orbital eccentricity

text: of 0.61, which indicates a very elliptical orbit. Because HD 154672 b has such an eccentric orbit, the

text: equilibrium temperature

text: of the planet varies between 300 K and 600 K, which is significantly higher than that of Jupiter (124 K). If liquid water is present in the atmosphere of HD 154672 b, it could possibly convert between gaseous and liquid phases as the planet moves along its orbit.

text: The transits of the outer planets are considered to be the most important by astrologers, as their effects can last for up to several years. The following are their main characteristics

text: The rings are composed of extremely dark particles, which vary in size from micrometres to a fraction of a metre. Thirteen distinct rings are presently known, the brightest being the ε ring. All except two rings of Uranus are extremely narrow – they are usually a few kilometres wide. The rings are probably quite young; the dynamics considerations indicate that they did not form with Uranus. The matter in the rings may once have been part of a moon (or moons) that was shattered by high-speed impacts. From numerous pieces of debris that formed as a result of those impacts, only a few particles survived, in stable zones corresponding to the locations of the present rings.

text: In the meantime, a group of spies have abducted Matsuda and are attempting to steal his formula to the nuclear device the disguised Pairan warned him about. Matsuda does not comply and is eventually tied to a chair in a remote building. As the Earth's atmosphere heats up due to the approaching world, Ginko again arrives to learn why Planet R is not yet destroyed. They locate Matsuda through Pairan technology and gather the formula for the device. The scientists then all watch as the nuclear device is shot from the space station and destroys Planet R, cooling the atmosphere and removing the threat. Ginko then changes back to her original form aboard the space station.

text: In the meantime, a group of spies have abducted Matsuda and are attempting to steal his formula to the nuclear device the disguised Pairan warned him about. Matsuda does not comply and is eventually tied to a chair in a remote building. As the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: heats up due to the approaching world, Ginko again arrives to learn why Planet R is not yet destroyed. They locate Matsuda through Pairan technology and gather the formula for the device. The scientists then all watch as the nuclear device is shot from the space station and destroys Planet R, cooling the atmosphere and removing the threat. Ginko then changes back to her original form aboard the space station.

text: The outer planets' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales, with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2–230 million years.In all cases this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty (so, for example, the timing of winter and summer become uncertain), but in some cases the orbits themselves may change dramatically. Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity, with some planets' orbits becoming significantly more—or less—elliptical.

text: The outer planets' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales, with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2–230 million years.In all cases this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty (so, for example, the timing of winter and summer become uncertain), but in some cases the orbits themselves may change dramatically. Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in

text: eccentricity

text: , with some planets' orbits becoming significantly more—or less—

text: elliptical

text: Bearings with a flange on the outer ring simplify axial location. The housing for such bearings can consist of a through-hole of uniform diameter, but the entry face of the housing (which may be either the outer or inner face) must be machined truly normal to the hole axis. However such flanges are very expensive to manufacture.A more cost effective arrangement of the bearing outer ring, with similar benefits, is a snap ring groove at either or both ends of the outside diameter. The snap ring assumes the function of a flange.

text: Moreover, planets b, c, and d are presumed to have migrated in from outer orbits; and planet b is predicted a sub-Neptune. It is likely that this planet f formed even further out. Whether it is a sub-Neptune or super-Venus is, perhaps, a moot point.

text: Atmospheric pressure, sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. Low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high-pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Likewise, as elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. On average, a column of air  in cross-section, measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere, has a mass of about  and weight of about . That force (across one square centimeter) is a pressure of 10.1 N/cm or 101,000 N/m. A column  in cross-section would have a weight of about  or about 65.4 N.

text: Atmospheric pressure, sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure exerted by the weight of air in the

text: atmosphere of Earth

text: (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the

text: hydrostatic pressure

text: caused by the

text: weight

text: of

text: air

text: above the measurement point. Low-pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location, whereas high-pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location. Likewise, as

text: elevation

text: increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. On average, a column of air  in cross-section, measured from

text: sea level

text: to the top of the atmosphere, has a

text: mass

text: of about  and weight of about . That force (across one square centimeter) is a pressure of 10.1 N/cm or 101,000 N/m. A column  in cross-section would have a weight of about  or about 65.4 N.

text: Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch astrograph to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a blink comparator to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month. The name "Pluto" was suggested by Venetia Burney, then an 11-year-old English schoolgirl, who died in April 2009, having lived to see the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet. It won out over numerous other suggestions because it was the name of the Roman god of the underworld, who was able to render himself invisible, and because Percival Lowell's initials PL formed the first 2 letters. The name Pluto was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.

text: Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch

text: astrograph

text: to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used a

text: blink comparator

text: to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that of Neptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month. The name "Pluto" was suggested by

text: Venetia Burney

text: , then an 11-year-old

text: English

text: schoolgirl, who died in April 2009, having lived to see the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet. It won out over numerous other suggestions because it was the name of the

text: Roman

text: god of the underworld

text: , who was able to render himself invisible, and because

text: Percival Lowell

text: 's initials PL formed the first 2 letters. The name Pluto was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.

text: The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of only five 'wandering stars' (, planētai): Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Following the discovery of a sixth planet in the 18th century, there was some early disagreement regarding what to name it.  Its discoverer, William Herschel, named it "The Georgian Star", the name preferred by English astronomers.  Others preferred to name it "Herschel".  Finally, the name Uranus was chosen as the logical addition to the series: for Mars (Ares in Greek) was the son of Jupiter, Jupiter (Zeus in Greek) the son of Saturn, and Saturn (Cronus in Greek) the son of Uranus. What is anomalous is that, while the others take Roman names, Uranus is a name derived from Greek in contrast to the Roman Caelus.

text: The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of only five 'wandering stars' (, planētai):

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: . Following the discovery of a sixth planet in the 18th century, there was some early disagreement regarding what to name it.  Its discoverer, William Herschel, named it "The Georgian Star", the name preferred by English astronomers.  Others preferred to name it "Herschel".  Finally, the name

text: Uranus

text: was chosen as the logical addition to the series: for Mars (Ares in Greek) was the son of Jupiter, Jupiter (Zeus in Greek) the son of Saturn, and Saturn (

text: Cronus

text: in Greek) the son of Uranus. What is anomalous is that, while the others take Roman names, Uranus is a name derived from Greek in contrast to the Roman

text: Caelus

text: Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a planetoid with the Earth. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

text: Earth was initially molten due to extreme

text: volcanism

text: and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid

text: crust

text: when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The

text: Moon

text: formed soon afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a planetoid with the Earth.

text: Outgassing

text: and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing

text: water vapor

text: , augmented by ice delivered from

text: comet

text: s,

text: produced the oceans

text: For both Jupiter and Saturn, transport of plasma from the inner to the outer parts of the magnetosphere is thought to be related to interchange instability. In the case of Saturn, magnetic flux tubes loaded with cold, water–rich plasma interchange with flux tubes filled with hot plasma arriving from the outer magnetosphere. The instability is driven by centrifugal force exerted by the plasma on the magnetic field. The cold plasma is eventually removed from the magnetosphere by plasmoids formed when the magnetic field reconnects in the magnetotail. The plasmoids move down the tail and escape from the magnetosphere. The reconnection or substorm process is thought to be under the control of the solar wind and Saturn's largest moon Titan, which orbits near the outer boundary of the magnetosphere.

text: For both Jupiter and Saturn, transport of plasma from the inner to the outer parts of the magnetosphere is thought to be related to interchange instability. In the case of Saturn,

text: magnetic flux tube

text: s loaded with cold, water–rich plasma interchange with flux tubes filled with hot plasma arriving from the outer magnetosphere. The instability is driven by

text: centrifugal force

text: exerted by the plasma on the magnetic field. The cold plasma is eventually removed from the magnetosphere by

text: plasmoid

text: s formed when the magnetic field

text: reconnects

text: in the magnetotail. The plasmoids move down the tail and escape from the magnetosphere. The reconnection or substorm process is thought to be under the control of the solar wind and Saturn's largest moon Titan, which orbits near the outer boundary of the magnetosphere.

text: Pluto is a planet within the sun. Martinex was born on Pluto in the 21st century.

text: Pluto

text: is a planet within the sun.

text: Martinex

text: was born on Pluto in the 21st century.

text: Saturn achieved its ISO9002 certification in 1985. In 1998, Saturn became the 5th PCB Circuit Board manufacturer in the country to achieve QS9000 certification. In 2000, Saturn was certified for high-reliability, safety, and under-hood applications. Saturn was the first PCB Manufacturer in North America to achieve TS19649 Certification and was one of the first PCB fabricators in North America to attain AS9100 Certification, the aerospace industry’s quality management system. In April 2009, Saturn became a registered ITAR PCB Manufacturer.

text: Saturn achieved its ISO9002 certification in 1985. In 1998, Saturn became the 5th PCB

text: Circuit Board

text: manufacturer in the country to achieve

text: certification. In 2000, Saturn was certified for high-reliability, safety, and under-hood applications. Saturn was the first PCB Manufacturer in North America to achieve

text: Certification and was one of the first PCB fabricators in North America to attain

text: Certification, the aerospace industry’s

text: quality management system

text: . In April 2009, Saturn became a registered

entity_name: International Traffic in Arms Regulations

text: ITAR

text: PCB Manufacturer.

text: Japan's planetary missions have so far been limited to the inner Solar System, and emphasis has been put on magnetospheric and atmospheric research. The Mars explorer Nozomi (PLANET-B), which ISAS launched prior to the merger of the three aerospace institutes, became one of the earliest difficulties the newly formed JAXA faced. Nozomi ultimately passed 1,000 km from the surface of Mars. On 20 May 2010, the Venus Climate Orbiter Akatsuki (PLANET-C) and IKAROS solar sail demonstrator was launched by a H-2A launch vehicle. On 7 December 2010, Akatsuki was unable to complete its Venus orbit insertion maneuver. Akatsuki finally entered Venus orbit in 7 December 2015, making it the first Japanese spacecraft to orbit another planet, sixteen years after the originally planned orbital insertion of Nozomi. One of Akatsuki's main goal is to uncover the mechanism behind Venus atmosphere's super-rotation, a phenomenon in which the cloud top winds in the toposphere circulates around the planet faster than the speed that Venus itself rotates. A thorough explanation for this phenomenon has yet been found.

text: Japan's planetary missions have so far been limited to the

text: inner Solar System

text: , and emphasis has been put on magnetospheric and atmospheric research. The

text: Mars

text: explorer

text: Nozomi

text: (PLANET-B), which ISAS launched prior to the merger of the three aerospace institutes, became one of the earliest difficulties the newly formed JAXA faced. Nozomi ultimately passed 1,000 km from the surface of Mars. On 20 May 2010, the

text: Venus

text: Climate Orbiter

text: Akatsuki

text: (PLANET-C) and

text: IKAROS

text: solar sail demonstrator was launched by a

text: launch vehicle. On 7 December 2010, Akatsuki was unable to complete its Venus orbit insertion maneuver. Akatsuki finally entered Venus orbit in 7 December 2015, making it the first Japanese spacecraft to orbit another planet, sixteen years after the originally planned orbital insertion of Nozomi. One of Akatsuki's main goal is to uncover the mechanism behind Venus atmosphere's

text: super-rotation

text: , a phenomenon in which the cloud top winds in the toposphere circulates around the planet faster than the speed that Venus itself rotates. A thorough explanation for this phenomenon has yet been found.

text: He was born in 1958 in England, and is a 1979 graduate of University College, London (UCL). Jewitt received an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in astronomy at the California Institute of Technology in 1980 and 1983, respectively. His research interests cover all aspects of the solar system, including the trans-Neptunian Solar System, Solar System formation, ice in the asteroids and the physical properties of comets. Along with Jane Luu, he discovered the first Kuiper belt object (other than Pluto and its largest moon Charon) in 1992 and subsequently identified dozens of additional belt members in a series of pioneering wide field surveys. From these, he discovered that the belt is dynamically divided into regions – the classical Kuiper belt (circular, uninclined orbits, exemplified by ), the scattered disc (also called the "scattered Kuiper belt", which bodies have large elliptical orbits with perihelion near Neptune, discovered in 1997) and the Resonant Kuiper belt objects, whose periods are related simply to Neptune's. Those resonant objects in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance he called plutinos as a reminder that Pluto is one such object. These resonant objects can only be explained if Neptune migrated outwards, opening the door to new models of the Solar System in which unsuspected planet-disk and planet-planet interactions can be important.

text: He was born in 1958 in

text: England

text: , and is a 1979 graduate of

text: University College, London

text: (UCL). Jewitt received an M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in astronomy at the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: in 1980 and 1983, respectively. His research interests cover all aspects of the solar system, including the

text: trans-Neptunian Solar System

text: Solar System

text: formation, ice in the asteroids and the physical properties of

text: comet

text: s. Along with

text: Jane Luu

text: , he discovered the first

text: Kuiper belt object

text: (other than

text: Pluto

text: and its largest moon

text: Charon

text: ) in 1992 and subsequently identified dozens of additional belt members in a series of pioneering wide field surveys. From these, he discovered that the belt is dynamically divided into regions – the

text: classical Kuiper belt

text: (circular, uninclined orbits, exemplified by ), the

text: scattered disc

text: (also called the "scattered Kuiper belt", which bodies have large elliptical orbits with perihelion near Neptune, discovered in 1997) and the

text: Resonant Kuiper belt object

text: s, whose periods are related simply to Neptune's. Those resonant objects in the

entity_section: Mean-motion resonances in the Solar System

text: mean-motion

text: resonance

text: he called

text: plutino

text: s as a reminder that Pluto is one such object. These resonant objects can only be explained if Neptune migrated outwards, opening the door to new models of the Solar System in which unsuspected planet-disk and planet-planet interactions can be important.

text: Musgrave defended Al Purdy's collection of poetry Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems, 1962–1996 in Canada Reads 2006, a nationally broadcast radio "battle of the books" competition.

text: Musgrave defended

text: Al Purdy

text: 's collection of poetry Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems, 1962–1996 in

text: Canada Reads 2006

text: , a nationally broadcast radio "battle of the books" competition.

text: The first announcement of a planet around the star was Gliese 581 b discovered by astronomers at the Observatory of Geneva in Switzerland and Grenoble University in France. Detected in August 2005 and using extensive data from the ESO HARPS spectrometer it was the fifth planet to be discovered around a red dwarf. Further observations by the same group resulted in the detection of two more planets, Gliese 581 c and Gliese 581 d. The orbital period of Gliese 581 d was originally thought to be 83 days but was later revised to a lower value of 67 days. The revised orbital distance would place it at the outer limits of the habitable zone, the distance at which it is believed possible for liquid water to exist on the surface of a planetary body, given favourable atmospheric conditions. Gliese 581 d was estimated to receive about 30% of the intensity of light the Earth receives from the Sun. By comparison, sunlight on Mars has about 40% of the intensity of that on Earth, though if high levels of carbon dioxide are present in the planetary atmosphere, the greenhouse effect could keep temperatures above freezing.

text: The first announcement of a planet around the star was

text: Gliese 581 b

text: discovered by astronomers at the

text: Observatory of Geneva

text: in Switzerland and

text: Grenoble University

text: in France. Detected in August 2005 and using extensive data from the ESO

entity_name: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: HARPS

text: spectrometer it was the fifth planet to be discovered around a red dwarf. Further observations by the same group resulted in the detection of two more planets,

text: Gliese 581 c

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: . The orbital period of Gliese 581 d was originally thought to be 83 days but was later revised to a lower value of 67 days. The revised orbital distance would place it at the outer limits of the habitable zone, the distance at which it is believed possible for

text: liquid water

text: to exist on the surface of a planetary body, given favourable atmospheric conditions. Gliese 581 d was estimated to receive about 30% of the intensity of light the Earth receives from the Sun. By comparison, sunlight on Mars has about 40% of the intensity of that on Earth, though if high levels of

text: carbon dioxide

text: are present in the planetary atmosphere, the greenhouse effect could keep temperatures above freezing.

text: If the formation of pebbles is slow, pebble accretion leads to the formation of a few gas giants in the outer Solar System. The formation of the gas giants is a long-standing problem in planetary science. The accretion of the cores of giant planets via the collision and mergers of planetesimals is slow and may be difficult to complete before the gas disk dissipates. (Although formation via planetesimal collisions can be accomplished within the typical lifetime of a protoplanetary disc.)  The largest planetesimals can grow much faster via pebble accretion, but if the formation or delivery of pebbles is rapid numerous Earth-mass planets form instead of a few giant planet cores. As the largest objects approach Earth-mass the radius from which pebbles are accreted is limited by the Hill radius. This slows their growth relative to their neighbors (growth becomes oligarchic) and allows many objects to accrete similar masses of pebbles. However, if the formation or the delivery of pebbles is slow growth timescales becomes longer than the time required for gravitationally stirring. The largest planetesimals then excite the inclinations and eccentricities of the smaller planetesimals. Their inclined orbits keep small planetesimals outside of the narrow disk of pebbles during most of their orbits, limiting their growth. The period of runaway growth is then extended and the largest objects are able to accrete a sizable fraction of the pebbles and grow into giant planet cores. As the cores grow larger some reach masses sufficient to create partial gaps in the gas disk, altering its pressure gradient and blocking the inward drift of pebbles. Accretion of pebbles is then halted and the gas envelope surrounding the core cools and collapses allowing for the rapid accretion of gas and the formation of a gas giant. Cores that do not grow massive enough to clear gaps in the pebble disk are only able to accrete small gas envelopes and instead become ice giants. The rapid growth via pebble accretion allows the cores to grow large enough to accrete massive gas envelopes forming gas giants while avoiding migrating very close to the star. In simulations cold gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn can form via pebble accretion if their initial embryos began growing beyond 20 AU. This distant formation offers a potential explanation for Jupiter's enrichment in noble gases. However, dedicated formation models indicate that it is difficult to reconcile growth via pebble accretion with the final mass and composition of the solar system ice giants Uranus and Neptune.

text: If the formation of pebbles is slow, pebble accretion leads to the formation of a few

text: gas giant

text: s in the

text: outer Solar System

text: . The

text: formation

text: of the gas giants is a long-standing problem in

text: planetary science

text: . The

text: accretion

text: of the cores of

text: giant planets

text: via the collision and mergers of planetesimals is slow and may be difficult to complete before the gas disk dissipates. (Although formation via planetesimal collisions can be accomplished within the typical lifetime of a

text: protoplanetary disc

text: .)  The largest planetesimals can grow much faster via pebble accretion, but if the formation or delivery of pebbles is rapid numerous

text: Earth-mass

text: planets form instead of a few giant planet cores. As the largest objects approach Earth-mass the radius from which pebbles are accreted is limited by the

text: Hill radius

text: . This slows their growth relative to their neighbors (growth becomes oligarchic) and allows many objects to accrete similar masses of pebbles. However, if the formation or the delivery of pebbles is slow growth timescales becomes longer than the time required for gravitationally stirring. The largest planetesimals then excite the

text: inclination

text: s and eccentricities of the smaller planetesimals. Their inclined orbits keep small planetesimals outside of the narrow disk of pebbles during most of their orbits, limiting their growth. The period of runaway growth is then extended and the largest objects are able to accrete a sizable fraction of the pebbles and grow into giant planet cores. As the cores grow larger some reach masses sufficient to create partial gaps in the gas disk, altering its pressure gradient and blocking the inward drift of pebbles. Accretion of pebbles is then halted and the gas envelope surrounding the core cools and collapses allowing for the rapid accretion of gas and the formation of a gas giant. Cores that do not grow massive enough to clear gaps in the pebble disk are only able to accrete small gas envelopes and instead become

text: ice giant

text: s. The rapid growth via pebble accretion allows the cores to grow large enough to accrete massive gas envelopes forming gas giants while avoiding migrating very close to the star. In simulations cold gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn can form via pebble accretion if their initial embryos began growing beyond 20 AU. This distant formation offers a potential explanation for Jupiter's enrichment in noble gases. However, dedicated formation models indicate that it is difficult to reconcile growth via pebble accretion with the final mass and composition of the solar system ice giants

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: The climate in the Arthur Range is extremely unstable – weather predictions are virtually useless here, as it is very common to have sun, heavy rain, cloud, strong winds, even snow all in the same day. The top of the range is classed as Sub-Alpine or Alpine. During winter these mountains are snow-capped. Snow has been experienced every season, with regular snowfalls during summer, though many of these snowfalls don't settle. The climate is mostly decided by the wind. The temperature can change very quick with warm air from Northern Tasmania, or very cold from the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.

text: Cirrus clouds, like cirrostratus clouds, can produce several optical effects, such as halos around the sun and moon. Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky. Common halo varieties are the 22° halo, sun dogs, the circumzenithal arc and the circumhorizontal arc. Halos produced by cirrus clouds tend to be more pronounced and colorful than those caused by cirrostratus.

text: Cirrus clouds, like

text: cirrostratus clouds

text: , can produce several optical effects, such as

text: halos

text: around the sun and moon. Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds, which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky. Common

text: halo

text: varieties are the

text: 22° halo

text: sun dogs

text: , the

text: circumzenithal arc

text: and the

text: circumhorizontal arc

text: . Halos produced by cirrus clouds tend to be more pronounced and colorful than those caused by

text: cirrostratus

text: Ilda cracks another case when, jealous of Star's attention to a stunning blonde, accidentally discovers an interplanetary spy ring, although her 'Intuition Tubes' were wrong for once - the blonde was not one of the gang but an undercover agent for the government who had infiltrated them. Shortly afterwards Ilda gets a massive electric shock which scrambles her circuits into thinking she's the criminal 'The Slinker From Saturn'. They come up against one group of space terrorists, the 'League of Five Planets', more than once; thwarting a plan to steal security codes and attack Earth's outer planetary bases and then defeating them again in their last ever case more than fifteen years later.

text: DJ Neptune who hails from Edo State in Nigeria was born and bred inLagos State, where he got exposed to music in the late 90’s. ImohosienPatrick popularly known as DJ Neptune started entertaining friends andneighbors at the age of 10. DJ Neptune developed interest in becoming aDisc Jockey while He was in school and after watching several online DJtutorials and practice; He became a Disc Jockey and started living hisdreams, spinning at school parties, fast food eateries, nightclubs, andhouse parties.

text: DJ Neptune who hails from

text: Edo State

text: in Nigeria was born and bred in

text: Lagos State

text: , where he got exposed to music in the late 90’s. ImohosienPatrick popularly known as DJ Neptune started entertaining friends andneighbors at the age of 10. DJ Neptune developed interest in becoming aDisc Jockey while He was in school and after watching several online DJtutorials and practice; He became a Disc Jockey and started living hisdreams, spinning at school parties, fast food eateries, nightclubs, andhouse parties.

text: Miranda or Uranus V is the smallest and innermost of Uranus's five round satellites. Like the other large moons of Uranus, Miranda orbits close to its planet's equatorial plane. Because Uranus orbits the Sun on its side, Miranda's orbit is perpendicular to the ecliptic and shares Uranus's extreme seasonal cycle. At just 470 km in diameter, Miranda is one of the smallest objects in the Solar System known to be spherical under its own gravity. Of the bodies that are known to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, only Saturn's moon Mimas is smaller.

text: Miranda or Uranus V is the smallest and innermost of

text: Uranus

text: 's five round

text: satellite

text: s. Like the other large

text: moons of Uranus

text: , Miranda orbits close to its planet's equatorial plane. Because Uranus orbits the Sun on its side, Miranda's orbit is perpendicular to the

text: ecliptic

text: and shares Uranus's extreme seasonal cycle. At just 470 km in diameter, Miranda is one of the smallest objects in the

text: Solar System

text: known to be

text: spherical under its own gravity

text: . Of the bodies that are known to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, only

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Mimas

text: is smaller.

text: The outer wall of Rhaeticus is heavily disintegrated, with rifts and notches in the northeast. The wall is most intact along the eastern face, while in the northwest it is little more than a low rise in the surface. There is also a low cut in the south-southeast wall. The overall shape of the rim is that of a rough hexagon that is slightly elongated in the north-south direction. The interior has been resurfaced by lava, and only a few low rises remain in the surface. Beginning at the crest of the eastern wall is a chain of craterlets that continue to the east-northeast for about a crater diameter.

text: The outer wall of Rhaeticus is heavily disintegrated, with rifts and notches in the northeast. The wall is most intact along the eastern face, while in the northwest it is little more than a low rise in the surface. There is also a low cut in the south-southeast wall. The overall shape of the rim is that of a rough

text: hexagon

text: that is slightly elongated in the north-south direction. The interior has been resurfaced by

text: lava

text: , and only a few low rises remain in the surface. Beginning at the crest of the eastern wall is a chain of craterlets that continue to the east-northeast for about a crater diameter.

text: Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing (), liquid water is unstable over much of the planet, as the atmospheric pressure is below water's triple point and water ice sublimes into water vapor. Exceptions to this are the low-lying areas of the planet, most notably in the Hellas Planitia impact basin, the largest such crater on Mars. It is so deep that the atmospheric pressure at the bottom reaches 1155 Pa, which is above the triple point, so if the temperature exceeded 0 °C liquid water could exist there.

text: Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing (), liquid water is unstable over much of the planet, as the atmospheric pressure is below water's

text: triple point

text: and water ice

text: sublimes

text: into water vapor. Exceptions to this are the low-lying areas of the planet, most notably in the

text: Hellas Planitia

text: impact basin, the largest such crater on Mars. It is so deep that the atmospheric pressure at the bottom reaches 1155 Pa, which is above the triple point, so if the temperature exceeded 0 °C liquid water could exist there.

text: According to the so-called Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets, causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the ancient Kuiper belt. The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards, while themselves moving outwards. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter, whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System. This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud; those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc. This scenario explains the Kuiper belt's and scattered disc's present low mass. Some of the scattered objects, including Pluto, became gravitationally tied to Neptune's orbit, forcing them into mean-motion resonances. Eventually, friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again.

text: According to the so-called

text: Nice model

text: , after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. After 500–600 million years (about 4 billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets, causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the ancient Kuiper belt. The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards, while themselves moving outwards. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter, whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System. This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward. Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud; those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc. This scenario explains the Kuiper belt's and scattered disc's present low mass. Some of the scattered objects, including

text: Pluto

text: , became gravitationally tied to Neptune's orbit, forcing them into

text: mean-motion resonance

text: s. Eventually, friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again.

text: The three configurations of separators are available for two-phase operation and three-phase operation. In the two-phase units, gas is separated from the liquid with the gas and liquid being discharged separately. Oil and gas separators are mechanically designed such that the liquid and gas components are separated from the hydrocarbon steam at specific temperature and pressure according to Arnold et al (2008). In three-phase separators, well fluid is separated into gas, oil, and water with the three fluids being discharged separately. The gas-liquid separation section of the separator is determined by the maximum removal droplet size using the Souders–Brown equation with an appropriate K factor. The oil-water separation section is held for a retention time that is provided by laboratory test data, pilot plant operating procedure, or operating experience. In the case where the retention time is not available, the recommended retention time for three-phase separator in API 12J is used. The sizing methods by K factor and retention time give proper separator sizes. According to Song et al (2010), engineers sometimes need further information for the design conditions of downstream equipment, i.e., liquid loading for the mist extractor, water content for the crude dehydrator/desalter or oil content for the water treatment.

text: The three configurations of separators are available for two-phase operation and three-phase operation. In the two-phase units,

text: gas

text: is separated from the

text: liquid

text: with the gas and liquid being discharged separately. Oil and gas separators are mechanically designed such that the liquid and gas components are separated from the hydrocarbon steam at specific temperature and pressure according to Arnold et al (2008). In three-phase separators, well

text: fluid

text: is separated into gas, oil, and

text: water

text: with the three fluids being discharged separately. The gas-liquid separation section of the separator is determined by the maximum removal droplet size using the

text: Souders–Brown equation

text: with an appropriate K factor. The oil-water separation section is held for a retention time that is provided by laboratory test data, pilot plant operating procedure, or operating experience. In the case where the retention time is not available, the recommended retention time for three-phase separator in API 12J is used. The sizing methods by K factor and retention time give proper separator sizes. According to Song et al (2010), engineers sometimes need further information for the design conditions of downstream equipment, i.e., liquid loading for the mist extractor, water content for the crude dehydrator/desalter or oil content for the water treatment.

text: Eons ago, Kzanol's spaceship had suffered a catastrophic failure; its reactive drive system failed and the navigation computer automatically jettisoned it. Faced with insufficient power to use hyperspace, Kzanol aimed his ship at the nearest uninhabited Thrint planet used to grow yeast for food (Earth), and turned his spacesuit's emergency stasis field on to survive the long journey and impact.  He also arranged for his ship to change course for the system's eighth planet (Neptune) after he was in stasis, with his amplifier helmet and other valuables stashed inside his spare suit (in order to hide these valuables from any rescuers).

text: According to the nebular hypothesis, the outer two planets are in the "wrong place". Uranus and Neptune (known as the "ice giants") exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation highly implausible. The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn, where more material was available, and to have migrated outward to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years.

text: According to the nebular hypothesis, the outer two planets are in the "wrong place".

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: (known as the "

text: ice giant

text: s") exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation highly implausible. The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn, where more material was available, and to have

text: migrated outward

text: to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years.

text: Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer gears, or planet gears, revolving about a naseral, or sun gear. Typically, the naser gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified as simple or compound planetary gears. Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring, one carrier, and one planet set. Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection between two planets in each planettrain), and multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets). Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears have the advantages of larger reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more ﬂexible conﬁgurations.

text: Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a

text: gear

text: system consisting of one or more outer gears, or planet gears, revolving about a naseral, or sun gear. Typically, the naser gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified as simple or compound planetary gears. Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring, one carrier, and one planet set. Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection between two planets in each planettrain), and multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets). Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears have the advantages of larger reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more ﬂexible conﬁgurations.

text: Lockheed Martin's proposal to the US government uses the Jupiter in conjunction with the Exoliner cargo capsule. The first launch will include the Jupiter spacecraft launching along with a filled Exoliner cargo capsule. Once in orbit, Jupiter would be designed to perform maneuvers to approach the International Space Station. The Jupiter and Exoliner then will deliver cargo to, and carry trash from, the on-orbit facility. The combined unit will disconnect from the station and move away.

text: Lockheed Martin's proposal to the US government uses the Jupiter in conjunction with the Exoliner cargo capsule. The first launch will include the Jupiter spacecraft launching along with a filled Exoliner cargo capsule. Once in orbit, Jupiter would be designed to perform maneuvers to approach the

text: International Space Station

text: . The Jupiter and Exoliner then will deliver cargo to, and carry trash from, the on-orbit facility. The combined unit will disconnect from the station and move away.

text: In many binary stars, the orbital motion usually causes radial velocity variations of several kilometers per second (km/s). As the spectra of these stars vary due to the Doppler effect, they are called spectroscopic binaries. Radial velocity can be used to estimate the ratio of the masses of the stars, and some orbital elements, such as eccentricity and semimajor axis. The same method has also been used to detect planets around stars, in the way that the movement's measurement determines the planet's orbital period, while the resulting radial-velocity amplitude allows the calculation of the lower bound on a planet's mass using the binary mass function.  Radial velocity methods alone may only reveal a lower bound, since a large planet orbiting at a very high angle to the line of sight will perturb its star radially as much as a much smaller planet with an orbital plane on the line of sight. It has been suggested that planets with high eccentricities calculated by this method may in fact be two-planet systems of circular or near-circular resonant orbit.

text: In many

text: binary star

text: s, the

text: orbit

text: al motion usually causes radial velocity variations of several kilometers per second (km/s). As the spectra of these stars vary due to the Doppler effect, they are called

text: spectroscopic binaries

text: . Radial velocity can be used to estimate the ratio of the masses of the stars, and some

text: orbital element

text: s, such as

text: eccentricity

text: and

text: semimajor axis

text: . The same method has also been used to detect

text: planet

text: s around stars, in the way that the movement's measurement determines the planet's orbital period, while the resulting radial-velocity

text: amplitude

text: allows the calculation of the lower bound on a planet's

text: mass

text: using the

text: binary mass function

text: .  Radial velocity methods alone may only reveal a lower bound, since a large planet orbiting at a very high angle to the line of sight will perturb its star radially as much as a much smaller planet with an orbital plane on the line of sight. It has been suggested that planets with high eccentricities calculated by this method may in fact be two-planet systems of circular or near-circular resonant orbit.

text: Occurring in its purest form, and with the yoga-causing planets remaining unafflicted and vested with maximum Shadbala,  Akhanda Samrajya yoga gives the results of a very powerful Raja yoga; planets vested with moderate strength and causing this yoga will only make one wealthy,  prosperous, hold a high rank or position or be politically powerful. Sita, Lord Rama’s wife, was born in a strong Akhanda Samrajya yoga. This yoga occurring with the participating planets weak and afflicted does not confer its ascribed favourable results.   A person born in Aquarius Ascendant with the Moon posited therein, Rahu in 4th, Saturn in 6th, Venus, Jupiter and Ketu combining in the 10th and the Sun, Mercury and Mars in the 12th house, was blessed with the favourable Gajakesari yoga, the Amla yoga and the Akhanda Samrajya yoga but the assigned benefic results of these yogas were not at all experienced by this native. The Natal Moon participating in the formation of these three yogas was not strong and was heavily afflicted owing to the adverse mutual exchange of signs between the lord of the Ascendant and the lord of the 6th house with neither a benefic planet nor the lord of the Ascendant aspecting the Ascendant occupied by the Moon. The evil Dainya yoga caused by mutual exchange of signs by Saturn and the Moon destroyed all good yogas.

text: Occurring in its purest form, and with the yoga-causing planets remaining unafflicted and vested with maximum Shadbala,  Akhanda Samrajya yoga gives the results of a very powerful Raja yoga; planets vested with moderate strength and causing this yoga will only make one wealthy,  prosperous, hold a high rank or position or be politically powerful.

text: Sita

text: , Lord

text: Rama

text: ’s wife, was born in a strong Akhanda Samrajya yoga. This yoga occurring with the participating planets weak and afflicted does not confer its ascribed favourable results.   A person born in Aquarius Ascendant with the Moon posited therein, Rahu in 4th, Saturn in 6th, Venus, Jupiter and Ketu combining in the 10th and the Sun, Mercury and Mars in the 12th house, was blessed with the favourable Gajakesari yoga, the Amla yoga and the Akhanda Samrajya yoga but the assigned benefic results of these yogas were not at all experienced by this native. The Natal Moon participating in the formation of these three yogas was not strong and was heavily afflicted owing to the adverse mutual exchange of signs between the lord of the Ascendant and the lord of the 6th house with neither a benefic planet nor the lord of the Ascendant aspecting the Ascendant occupied by the Moon. The evil

text: Dainya yoga

text: caused by mutual exchange of signs by Saturn and the Moon destroyed all good yogas.

text: Discovered moons of Uranus (full list):

text: Discovered

text: moons of Uranus

text: full list

text: Pharaoh 90's goal is to merge itself with the planet Earth in a process referred to as "the utilization". To do this, it requires Mistress 9 to open the gateway between the Tau System and Earth. It communicates regularly with Professor Tomoe and Kaolinite through a reflecting pool concealed at the top of the Infinity Academy. When it first appears, it is dependent on the Taioron  Crystal, the life source of the Tau System. The Crystal is losing its power, presumably due to Pharaoh 90's presence, but it identifies a replacement in the Silver Crystal. Mistress 9 is able to open the gateway and Pharaoh 90 begins to cover the Earth; Sailor Moon describes its form as that of "black lava reeking of death". It is energized by the attacks the individual Soldiers use on it and in a last-ditch attempt, Sailor Moon throws herself into its mass with the Legendary Holy Grail and the Silver Crystal with the intent of unleashing the full power of both while inside of it. Her maneuver seems to cause a reaction in the three Talismans of the Outer Soldiers and they summon Sailor Saturn. Saturn's "Death Reborn Revolution" drains Pharaoh 90's energy and it attempts to escape back to the Tau System, along with Mistress 9. Sailor Pluto then uses "Dark Dome Close" to seal the gateway, permanently locking Pharaoh 90 away from Earth. Like all of the head villains in the manga, Pharaoh 90 is later revealed to be an incarnation of Chaos, the ultimate enemy of the series.

text: Pharaoh 90's goal is to merge itself with the planet Earth in a process referred to as "the utilization". To do this, it requires Mistress 9 to open the gateway between the Tau System and Earth. It communicates regularly with Professor Tomoe and Kaolinite through a reflecting pool concealed at the top of the Infinity Academy. When it first appears, it is dependent on the Taioron  Crystal, the life source of the Tau System. The Crystal is losing its power, presumably due to Pharaoh 90's presence, but it identifies a replacement in the Silver Crystal. Mistress 9 is able to open the gateway and Pharaoh 90 begins to cover the Earth; Sailor Moon describes its form as that of "black lava reeking of death". It is energized by the attacks the individual Soldiers use on it and in a last-ditch attempt, Sailor Moon throws herself into its mass with the Legendary Holy Grail and the

text: Silver Crystal

text: with the intent of unleashing the full power of both while inside of it. Her maneuver seems to cause a reaction in the three Talismans of the Outer Soldiers and they summon Sailor Saturn. Saturn's "Death Reborn Revolution" drains Pharaoh 90's energy and it attempts to escape back to the Tau System, along with Mistress 9. Sailor Pluto then uses "Dark Dome Close" to seal the gateway, permanently locking Pharaoh 90 away from Earth. Like all of the head villains in the manga, Pharaoh 90 is later revealed to be an incarnation of

text: Chaos

text: , the ultimate enemy of the series.

text: Exalted planets if they are combust or retrograde or in neecha or inimical navamsa can even produce evil results. The planet which is in its exaltation sign in the rasi-chart but in its neecha-navamsa produces its bad results very soon; a planet situated in its debilitation sign in the rasi-chart but in its uccha-nvamsa proves to be auspicious but the occupation of one’s own navamsa is superior to the occupation of the uccha-navamsa. Exalted planets confer better results if they are situated alone in their respective signs of exaltation, they become constrained in the presence of other planets that are not their 'dispositors'. The kendras and the trikonas not occupied by a Tara-graha indicate a turbulent life. If benefic planets and malefic planets occupy the kendras, and the Moon is either conjoined with Saturn or is in a navamsa owned by Saturn or if all three natural benefics along with the Moon, even if occupying own, friendly or exaltation signs, occupy inimical or neecha navamsas and Saturn is in the lagna cause yoga which makes one lead a very miserable life.

text: Exalted planets if they are combust or retrograde or in neecha or inimical navamsa can even produce evil results. The planet which is in its exaltation sign in the rasi-chart but in its neecha-navamsa produces its bad results very soon; a planet situated in its debilitation sign in the rasi-chart but in its uccha-nvamsa proves to be auspicious but the occupation of one’s own navamsa is superior to the occupation of the uccha-navamsa. Exalted planets confer better results if they are situated alone in their respective signs of exaltation, they become constrained in the presence of other planets that are not their '

text: dispositors

text: '. The kendras and the trikonas not occupied by a Tara-graha indicate a turbulent life. If benefic planets and malefic planets occupy the kendras, and the Moon is either conjoined with Saturn or is in a navamsa owned by Saturn or if all three natural benefics along with the Moon, even if occupying own, friendly or exaltation signs, occupy inimical or neecha navamsas and Saturn is in the lagna cause

text: yoga

text: which makes one lead a very miserable life.

text: Among non-living things, snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry: each flake's structure forming a record of the varying conditions during its crystallisation, with nearly the same pattern of growth on each of its six arms. Crystals in general have a variety of symmetries and crystal habits; they can be cubic or octahedral, but true crystals cannot have fivefold symmetry (unlike quasicrystals). Rotational symmetry is found at different scales among non-living things including the crown-shaped splash pattern formed when a drop falls into a pond, and both the spheroidal shape and rings of a planet like Saturn.

text: Among non-living things,

text: snowflake

text: s have striking

text: sixfold symmetry

text: : each flake's structure forming a record of the varying conditions during its crystallisation, with nearly the same pattern of growth on each of its six arms.

text: Crystal

text: s in general have a variety of symmetries and

text: crystal habit

text: s; they can be cubic or octahedral, but true crystals cannot have fivefold symmetry (unlike

text: quasicrystals

text: ). Rotational symmetry is found at different scales among non-living things including the crown-shaped

text: splash

text: pattern formed when a drop falls into a pond, and both the

text: spheroidal

text: shape and rings of a

text: planet

text: like

text: Saturn

text: Founded as a school rock-band in 1999 by Edi Krakov (keyboards, composing) and Teddy Shvets (vocals, lyrics), Stormy Atmosphere stepped into the progressive genre in 2002. Since then it has been self-promoted by the band members, setting shows and festivals with other local bands and several booking agencies. In 2012, Stormy Atmosphere made it to the finals of the Israeli "Metal Battle" contest; the winning band went on to represent Israel that year at the annual Wacken Open Air festival. Later the same year, the band took part in the ProgStage festival in Israel, featuring Pain of Salvation and The Flower Kings, among other progressive bands. In December 2014, Stormy Atmosphere went on tour across Slovakia and Poland, with Mike Terrana and his band as the headliners. The concerts were in Nitra, Warsaw, Domecko and Krosno. In April 2015, the band was invited to Georgia, to perform at Tbilisi Jam!Fest 2015, where they performed alongside Slot, Diary of Dreams, Vader, and many other bands. Stormy Atmosphere members were also asked to be a jury for the local "Metal Battle 2015" contest.In May 2015, Stormy Atmosphere signed up with Metal Scrap Records. The band's second album Pent Letters was released worldwide under the label on September 14, 2015.As a part of a promotion of the new album, Stormy Atmosphere made a tour across Ukraine between 30.09.2015 and 04.10.2015. The concerts occurred in five cities: Kiev, Kharkiv, Odessa, Kirovograd and Kryvyi Rih. During the tour Stormy Atmosphere was supported by several local bands and a Greek band "Sunlight".In October 2015 Stormy Atmosphere participated in an international festival "Melodic Alliance" in Israel, with Elvenking and "Airborn" from Italy, Winter's Verge from Cyprus and three local bands.

text: Founded as a school rock-band in 1999 by Edi Krakov (keyboards, composing) and Teddy Shvets (vocals, lyrics), Stormy Atmosphere stepped into the progressive genre in 2002. Since then it has been self-promoted by the band members, setting shows and festivals with other local bands and several booking agencies. In 2012, Stormy Atmosphere made it to the finals of the Israeli "Metal Battle" contest; the winning band went on to represent Israel that year at the annual

text: Wacken Open Air

text: festival. Later the same year, the band took part in the ProgStage festival in Israel, featuring

text: Pain of Salvation

text: and

text: The Flower Kings

text: , among other progressive bands. In December 2014, Stormy Atmosphere went on tour across

text: Slovakia

text: and

text: Poland

text: , with

text: Mike Terrana

text: and his band as the headliners. The concerts were in

text: Nitra

text: Warsaw

text: Domecko

text: and

text: Krosno

text: . In April 2015, the band was invited to

text: Georgia

text: , to perform at Tbilisi Jam!Fest 2015, where they performed alongside

text: Slot

text: Diary of Dreams

text: Vader

text: , and many other bands. Stormy Atmosphere members were also asked to be a jury for the local "Metal Battle 2015" contest.In May 2015, Stormy Atmosphere signed up with Metal Scrap Records. The band's second album Pent Letters was released worldwide under the label on September 14, 2015.As a part of a promotion of the new album, Stormy Atmosphere made a tour across

text: Ukraine

text: between 30.09.2015 and 04.10.2015. The concerts occurred in five cities:

text: Kiev

text: Kharkiv

text: Odessa

text: Kirovograd

text: and

text: Kryvyi Rih

text: . During the tour Stormy Atmosphere was supported by several local bands and a Greek band "Sunlight".In October 2015 Stormy Atmosphere participated in an international festival "Melodic Alliance" in Israel, with

text: Elvenking

text: and "Airborn" from Italy,

text: Winter's Verge

text: from Cyprus and three local bands.

text: Cosmic dust was once solely an annoyance to astronomers, as it obscures objects they wish to observe. When infrared astronomy began, those dust particles were observed to be significant and vital components of astrophysical processes. Their analysis can reveal information about phenomena like the formation of the Solar System.  For example, cosmic dust can drive the mass loss when a star is nearing the end of its life, play a part in the early stages of star formation, and form planets. In the Solar System, dust plays a major role in the zodiacal light, Saturn's B Ring spokes, the outer diffuse planetary rings at Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and comets.

text: Cosmic dust was once solely an annoyance to astronomers, as it obscures objects they wish to observe. When

text: infrared astronomy

text: began, those dust particles were observed to be significant and vital components of astrophysical processes. Their analysis can reveal information about phenomena like the formation of the Solar System.  For example, cosmic dust can drive the mass loss when a

text: star

text: is

text: nearing the end of its life

text: , play a part in the early stages of

text: star formation

text: , and form

text: planet

text: s. In the

text: Solar System

text: , dust plays a major role in the

text: zodiacal light

text: Saturn

text: 's

text: B Ring

text: spokes

text: , the outer diffuse

text: planetary ring

text: s at

text: Jupiter

text: , Saturn,

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , and

text: comet

text: s.

text: After the Second World War, passenger services on the Lehrte railway to West Berlin was first partially and later completely stopped. Both the Lehrte railway and the Jüterbog–Nauen railway were reduced to only one track to provide material for war reparations. A section of the Berlin outer ring, which was built as a ring around West Berlin, was built on a viaduct over the Lehrte Railway near the station in 1953 and the two lines were connected via connecting curves. Wustermark became a point for transferring between the passenger trains on the outer ring and the Lehrte railway. In 1983, the Berlin outer ring and the two branches from the ring to Wustermark station and the Wustermark marshalling yard were electrified. Subsequently electric and diesel locomotives were exchanged at Wustermark station on express trains between Berlin and Stendal.

text: After the Second World War, passenger services on the Lehrte railway to

text: West Berlin

text: was first partially and later completely stopped. Both the Lehrte railway and the Jüterbog–Nauen railway were reduced to only one track to provide material for

text: war reparations

text: . A section of the Berlin outer ring, which was built as a ring around West Berlin, was built on a viaduct over the Lehrte Railway near the station in 1953 and the two lines were connected via connecting curves. Wustermark became a point for transferring between the passenger trains on the outer ring and the Lehrte railway. In 1983, the Berlin outer ring and the two branches from the ring to Wustermark station and the Wustermark marshalling yard were electrified. Subsequently electric and diesel locomotives were exchanged at Wustermark station on express trains between Berlin and

text: Stendal

text: The interaction between Earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind results in the formation of a collisionless bow shock 60,000–100,000 km upstream of our planet, as long as the solar wind fast magnetosonic Mach number exceeds unity. A recent paper published in Nature Communications by Dr. Lugaz and co-authors (University of New Hampshire, USA) presents one of those extremely rare instances, when the solar wind Mach number reached steady values below 1 for several hours on 17 January 2013. Simultaneous measurements by more than ten spacecraft, including Cluster, in the near-Earth environment reveal the evanescence of the bow shock, the sunward motion of the magnetopause and the extremely rapid and intense loss of electrons in the outer radiation belt. This study allows to directly observe the state of the inner magnetosphere, including the radiation belts during a type of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling which is unusual for planets in our solar system but may be common for close-in extrasolar planets.

text: Some studies indicate that there is a natural limit, set at 1.6R, below which nearly all planets are terrestrial, composed primarily of rock-iron-water mixtures. Generally, objects with a mass below 6 M are very likely to be of similar composition as Earth. Above this limit, the density of the planets decreases with increasing size, the planet will become a "water world" and finally a gas giant. In addition, most super-Earths' high mass may cause them to lack plate tectonics.  Thus, it is expected that any exoplanet similar to Earth's density and with a radius under 1.6 R may be suitable for life. However, other studies indicate that water worlds represent a transitional stage between mini-Neptunes and the terrestrial planets, especially if they belong to red dwarfs or K dwarfs. Although water planets may be habitable, the average depth of the water and the absence of land area would not make them superhabitable as defied by Heller and Armstrong. From a geological perspective, the optimal mass of a planet is about 2 M, so it must have a radius that keeps the density of the Earth among 1.2 and 1.3R.

text: Some studies indicate that there is a natural limit, set at 1.6R, below which nearly all planets are

text: terrestrial

text: , composed primarily of rock-iron-water mixtures. Generally, objects with a mass below 6

text: M

text: are very likely to be of similar composition as Earth. Above this limit, the density of the planets decreases with increasing size, the planet will become a

text: "water world"

text: and finally a

text: gas giant

text: . In addition, most

text: super-Earth

text: s' high mass may cause them to lack

text: plate tectonics

text: .  Thus, it is expected that any exoplanet similar to Earth's density and with a radius under 1.6 R may be suitable for life. However, other studies indicate that water worlds represent a transitional stage between

text: mini-Neptune

text: s and the terrestrial planets, especially if they belong to

text: red dwarf

text: s or

text: K dwarfs

text: . Although water planets may be habitable, the average depth of the water and the absence of land area would not make them superhabitable as defied by Heller and Armstrong. From a geological perspective, the optimal mass of a planet is about 2 M, so it must have a

text: radius

text: that keeps the density of the

text: Earth

text: among 1.2 and 1.3R.

text: |-id=891| 92891 Bless ||  || Robert C. Bless, American astronomer, and Ph.D. advisor to the discoverer |-id=893| 92893 Michaelperson ||  || 92893 Michaelperson Discovered 2000 Aug. 27 by S. D. Kern at Cerro Tololo. Michael J. Person (b. 1970) is currently a planetary scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He specializes in occultation studies of small bodies in the outer solar system, especially Neptune I (Triton), (134340) Pluto and (134340) Pluto I (Charon).|}

text: 92891 Bless

text: Robert C. Bless

text: , American astronomer, and Ph.D. advisor to the discoverer |-id=893|

text: 92893 Michaelperson

text: ||  || 92893 Michaelperson Discovered 2000 Aug. 27 by S. D. Kern at Cerro Tololo. Michael J. Person (b. 1970) is currently a planetary scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He specializes in occultation studies of small bodies in the outer solar system, especially Neptune I (Triton), (134340) Pluto and (134340) Pluto I (Charon).|}

text: is a minor planet with the third highest orbital eccentricity of any known minor planet, after  and . It also has the sixth-largest heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of Jupiter when at perihelion.

text: is a

text: minor planet

text: with the third highest

text: orbital eccentricity

text: of any known minor planet, after  and . It also has the sixth-largest heliocentric

text: semi-major axis

text: and

text: aphelion

text: of all known minor planets, while its extreme eccentricity brings it well within the orbit of

text: Jupiter

text: when at

text: perihelion

text: Development of the Saturn began in 1992, the same year Sega's groundbreaking 3D Model 1 arcade hardware debuted. Designed around a new CPU from Japanese electronics company Hitachi, another video display processor was incorporated into the system's design in early 1994 to better compete with Sony's forthcoming PlayStation. The Saturn was initially successful in Japan, but failed to sell in large numbers in the United States after its surprise May 1995 launch, four months before its scheduled release date. After the debut of the Nintendo 64 in late 1996, the Saturn rapidly lost market share in the U.S., where it was discontinued in 1998. Having sold 9.26 million units worldwide, the Saturn is considered a commercial failure. The failure of Sega's development teams to release a game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series, known in development as Sonic X-treme, has been considered a factor in the console's poor performance.

text: Development of the Saturn began in 1992, the same year Sega's groundbreaking

text: Model 1

text: arcade hardware

text: debuted. Designed around a new CPU from Japanese electronics company

text: Hitachi

text: , another video display processor was incorporated into the system's design in early 1994 to better compete with

text: Sony

text: 's forthcoming

text: PlayStation

text: . The Saturn was initially successful in Japan, but failed to sell in large numbers in the United States after its surprise May 1995 launch, four months before its scheduled release date. After the debut of the

text: Nintendo 64

text: in late 1996, the Saturn rapidly lost market share in the U.S., where it was discontinued in 1998. Having sold 9.26 million units worldwide, the Saturn is considered a

entity_name: List of commercial failures in video gaming

text: commercial failure

text: . The failure of Sega's development teams to release a game in the

text: Sonic the Hedgehog

text: series, known in development as

text: Sonic X-treme

text: , has been considered a factor in the console's poor performance.

text: She has also voiced characters in radio advertisements and in the animated movie The Problem with Pluto/Planet X.

text: ).  The well was dug by a survey crew from the National Mapping Council in August 1961, and was named after the planet Jupiter when a member of the survey party noticed a reflection of the planet in the still waters of the well at night.

text: The migrations of the giant planets have many impact throughout the Solar System. The planetesimals scattered inward by Neptune enter planet-crossing orbits, initiating the Late Heavy Bombardment. Some of these planetesimals are jump-captured as Jupiter trojans during encounters between Jupiter and the ejected ice giant as Jupiter's semi-major axis changes.Others are captured as irregular satellites of the giant planets via three-body interactions during encounters between the ejected ice giant and the other planets. These encounters can also disturb the orbits of the regular satellites and may be responsible for the inclination of Iapetus's orbit. Saturn's rotational axis is tilted when it slowly crosses a spin-orbit resonance with Neptune. While Neptune migrates outward several AU, the hot classical Kuiper disk is formed as some planetesimals scattered outward by Neptune are captured in resonances, undergo an exchange of eccentricity vs inclination via the Kozai mechanism, and are released onto higher perihelion, stable orbits. Planetesimals captured in Neptune's 2:1 resonance during this early migration are released when an encounter with the ice giant causes its semi-major axis to jump outward, leaving behind a group of low-inclination, low-eccentricity objects with semi-major axes near 44 AU.  As Neptune slowly approaches its current orbit objects are left in fossilized high-perihelion orbits in the scattered disk. In the inner Solar System, the rapid separation of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn reduces the excitation of the eccentricities of the inner planets due to resonance sweeping. Modest changes in the asteroids orbits also occur, shifting the distribution of eccentricities from that of the Grand Tack model toward the current distribution. Asteroid collisional families can be dispersed as the ice giant crosses the asteroid belt, and planetesimals from the outer belt are embedded in the asteroid belt as P-  and D-type asteroids. When the planets reach their present position the innermost part of the asteroid belt is disrupted leading to an extended Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner planets by rocky objects.

text: The migrations of the giant planets have many impact throughout the Solar System. The planetesimals scattered inward by Neptune enter planet-crossing orbits, initiating the Late Heavy Bombardment. Some of these planetesimals are

text: jump-captured

text: as Jupiter trojans during encounters between Jupiter and the ejected ice giant as Jupiter's semi-major axis changes.Others are captured as irregular satellites of the giant planets via

text: three-body interactions

text: during encounters between the ejected ice giant and the other planets. These encounters can also

text: disturb

text: the orbits of the regular satellites and may be responsible for the inclination of Iapetus's orbit. Saturn's rotational axis is

text: tilted

text: when it slowly crosses a spin-orbit resonance with Neptune. While Neptune migrates outward several AU, the hot classical Kuiper disk is

text: formed

text: as some planetesimals scattered outward by Neptune are captured in resonances, undergo an exchange of eccentricity vs inclination via the Kozai mechanism, and are released onto higher perihelion, stable orbits. Planetesimals captured in Neptune's 2:1 resonance during this early migration are released when an encounter with the ice giant causes its semi-major axis to jump outward,

text: leaving behind

text: a group of low-inclination, low-eccentricity objects with semi-major axes near 44 AU.  As Neptune slowly

text: approaches

text: its current orbit objects are left in fossilized high-perihelion orbits in the scattered disk. In the inner Solar System, the rapid separation of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn

text: reduces

text: the excitation of the eccentricities of the inner planets due to resonance sweeping. Modest

text: changes

text: in the asteroids orbits also occur, shifting the distribution of eccentricities from that of the Grand Tack model toward the current distribution. Asteroid collisional families can be dispersed as the ice giant crosses the asteroid belt, and planetesimals from the outer belt are

text: embedded

text: in the asteroid belt as

text: P-

text: and

text: D-type asteroid

text: s. When the planets reach their present position the innermost part of the asteroid belt is

text: disrupted

text: leading to an extended Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner planets by rocky objects.

text: Oyuki is the princess of Neptune, which in the series is a frozen, snowy planet populated entirely by women, as most of the men have to go off-planet to find work. As a child she used to hang out with Lum, Ran, and Benten when they were all in elementary school. Of the four of them she is the only one who wasn't ever in trouble (likely to her cool level-headedness, even at a young age, she would stay just out of being part of the trouble).

text: Oyuki is the princess of

text: Neptune

text: , which in the series is a frozen, snowy planet populated entirely by women, as most of the men have to go off-planet to find work. As a child she used to hang out with Lum, Ran, and Benten when they were all in elementary school. Of the four of them she is the only one who wasn't ever in trouble (likely to her cool level-headedness, even at a young age, she would stay just out of being part of the trouble).

text: Complex fluids are binary mixtures that have a coexistence between two  phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied  stress or  strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes.  The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations.  Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.

text: Complex fluids are binary

text: mixture

text: s that have a coexistence between two

text: phase

text: s: solid–liquid (

text: suspension

text: s or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (

text: granular

text: ), liquid–gas (

text: foam

text: s) or liquid–liquid (

text: emulsion

text: s). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied

text: stress

text: or

text: strain

text: due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes.  The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations.  Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.

text: One explanation for the suite's structure, presented by Holst scholar Raymond Head, is the ruling of astrological signs of the zodiac by the planets: if the signs are listed along with their ruling planets in the traditional order starting with Aries, ignoring duplication and the luminaries (the Sun and Moon), the order of the movements corresponds.  Critic David Hurwitz offers an alternative explanation for the piece's structure: that "Jupiter" is the centrepoint of the suite and that the movements on either side are in mirror images. Thus "Mars" involves motion and "Neptune" is static; "Venus" is sublime while "Uranus" is vulgar, and "Mercury" is light and scherzando while "Saturn" is heavy and plodding. This hypothesis is lent credence by the fact that the two outer movements, "Mars" and "Neptune", are both written in rather unusual quintuple meter.

text: One explanation for the suite's structure, presented by Holst scholar Raymond Head, is the ruling of astrological signs of the

text: zodiac

text: by the planets: if the signs are listed along with their

text: ruling planet

text: s in the traditional order starting with

text: Aries

text: , ignoring duplication and the luminaries (the Sun and Moon), the order of the movements corresponds.  Critic

text: David Hurwitz

text: offers an alternative explanation for the piece's structure: that "Jupiter" is the centrepoint of the suite and that the movements on either side are in mirror images. Thus "Mars" involves motion and "Neptune" is static; "Venus" is sublime while "Uranus" is vulgar, and "Mercury" is light and

text: scherzando

text: while "Saturn" is heavy and plodding. This hypothesis is lent credence by the fact that the two outer movements, "Mars" and "Neptune", are both written in rather unusual

text: quintuple meter

text: Announced in June 2008, two extrasolar planets were discovered to be orbiting the star.  Both planets are less massive than Jupiter. The inner planet HD 47186 b orbits close to the star and is termed a “hot Neptune”. The outer planet HD 47186 c orbits in a similar distance from the star as the asteroid Vesta, at around 2.4 AU. The inner planet orbits in a circular path while the outer planet orbits in an eccentric path.

text: Announced in June 2008, two

text: extrasolar planet

text: Jupiter

text: . The inner planet

text: HD 47186 b

text: orbits close to the star and is termed a “

text: hot Neptune

text: ”. The

text: outer planet

text: HD 47186 c

text: orbits in a similar distance from the star as the

text: asteroid

text: Vesta

text: , at around 2.4 AU. The inner planet orbits in a circular path while the outer planet orbits in an eccentric path.

text: Ole Christensen Rømer used an astronomical measurement to make the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light. When measured from Earth, the periods of moons orbiting a distant planet are shorter when the Earth is approaching the planet than when the Earth is receding from it. The distance travelled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The observed change in the moon's orbital period is caused by the difference in the time it takes light to traverse the shorter or longer distance. Rømer observed this effect for Jupiter's innermost moon Io and deduced that light takes 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth's orbit.

text: Ole Christensen Rømer

text: used an astronomical measurement to make

text: the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light

text: . When measured from Earth, the periods of moons orbiting a distant planet are shorter when the Earth is approaching the planet than when the Earth is receding from it. The distance travelled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the

text: diameter

text: of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The observed change in the moon's orbital period is caused by the difference in the time it takes light to traverse the shorter or longer distance. Rømer observed this effect for

text: Jupiter

text: 's innermost moon

text: Io

text: and deduced that light takes 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth's orbit.

text: One scenario, in which there is absolutely no wind (air movement), corresponds to a field of zero-vectors. This scenario is uninteresting from the point of view of this theorem, and physically unrealistic (there will always be wind). In the case where there is at least some wind, the Hairy Ball Theorem dictates that at all times there must be at least one point on a planet with no wind at all and therefore a tuft. This corresponds to the above statement that there will always be p such that f(p) = 0.

text: Discovered moons of Neptune (full list):

text: Discovered

text: moons of Neptune

text: full list

text: Ghroth (the Harbinger) resembles a small, rust-colored planet or moon with a single, gigantic red eye which it can close to avoid detection. Ghroth drifts throughout the universe singing its siren song, the Music of the Spheres. As it swings by a planet, any Great Old One or Outer God sleeping there is awakened by the song. This usually results in the extinction of all life on the planet or perhaps even the utter destruction of the planet itself.

text: Ghroth (the Harbinger) resembles a small, rust-colored

text: planet

text: or

text: moon

text: with a single, gigantic red eye which it can close to avoid detection. Ghroth drifts throughout the universe singing its

text: siren song

text: , the Music of the Spheres. As it swings by a planet, any

text: Great Old One

text: or Outer God sleeping there is awakened by the song. This usually results in the extinction of all life on the planet or perhaps even the utter destruction of the planet itself.

text: Neptune was a 644-ton merchant ship built at Calcutta, British India in 1815. Neptune was chartered for one voyage with the British East India Company (EIC). Later, she made two voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia.

text: Neptune was a 644-ton merchant ship built at

text: Calcutta

text: , British India in 1815. Neptune was chartered for one voyage with the British

text: East India Company

text: (EIC). Later, she made two voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia.

text: When a galaxy or a planetary system forms, its material takes the shape of a disk. Most of the material orbits and rotates in one direction. This uniformity of motion is due to the collapse of a gas cloud. The nature of the collapse is explained by the principle called conservation of angular momentum. In 2010 the discovery of several hot Jupiters with backward orbits called into question the theories about the formation of planetary systems. This can be explained by noting that stars and their planets do not form in isolation but in star clusters which contain molecular clouds. When a protoplanetary disk collides with or steals material from a cloud this can result in retrograde motion of a disk and the resulting planets.

text: When a

text: galaxy

text: or a

text: planetary system

text: forms

text: , its material takes the shape of a disk. Most of the material orbits and rotates in one direction. This uniformity of motion is due to the collapse of a gas cloud. The nature of the collapse is explained by the principle called

text: conservation of angular momentum

text: . In 2010 the discovery of several

text: hot Jupiter

text: s with backward orbits called into question the theories about the formation of planetary systems. This can be explained by noting that stars and their planets do not form in isolation but in

text: star cluster

text: s which contain

text: molecular cloud

text: s. When a

text: protoplanetary disk

text: collides with or steals material from a cloud this can result in retrograde motion of a disk and the resulting planets.

text: In the revived Doctor Who series, Skaro is referenced by the introduction of the Cult of Skaro in "Doomsday" (2006) and "Daleks in Manhattan" (2007), where the character Dalek Caan states that the planet is "gone... destroyed in a great war". Later, in the episode "Asylum of the Daleks" (2012), the Eleventh Doctor is lured to Skaro briefly. The planet is depicted as having been abandoned once again and is shown with a stormy, rain-swept red sky, the landscape filled with derelict structures and skyscrapers. This is consistent with the appearance of post-Time War Skaro as seen in the downloadable computer game City of the Daleks and an article written by Russell T Davies in the Doctor Who Annual 2006, which states that Skaro was devastated at the end of the Time War.

text: In the revived Doctor Who series, Skaro is referenced by the introduction of the

text: Cult of Skaro

text: in "

text: Doomsday

text: " (2006) and "

text: Daleks in Manhattan

text: " (2007), where the character

text: Dalek Caan

text: states that the planet is "gone... destroyed in a great war". Later, in the episode "

text: Asylum of the Daleks

text: " (2012), the

text: Eleventh Doctor

text: is lured to Skaro briefly. The planet is depicted as having been abandoned once again and is shown with a stormy, rain-swept red sky, the landscape filled with derelict structures and skyscrapers. This is consistent with the appearance of post-Time War Skaro as seen in the downloadable computer game

text: City of the Daleks

text: and an article written by

text: Russell T Davies

text: in the Doctor Who Annual 2006, which states that Skaro was devastated at the end of the Time War.

text: Shamash was historically associated with the planet Saturn. Morris Jastrow, Jr. identifies Shamash with the planet Saturn.

text: Shamash was historically associated with the planet

text: Saturn

text: Morris Jastrow, Jr.

text: identifies Shamash with the planet

text: Saturn

text: The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of Poynting–Robertson drag and electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere. Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 1000 km—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by New Horizons spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from HST and Cassini observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring. The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near Jupiter.

text: The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of

text: Poynting–Robertson drag

text: and electromagnetic forces from the

text: Jovian magnetosphere

text: . Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 1000 km—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by

text: New Horizons

text: spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from

text: HST

text: and

text: Cassini

text: observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of

text: Jupiter

text: forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring. The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near

text: Jupiter

text: Other discoveries made with Hubble data include proto-planetary disks (proplyds) in the Orion Nebula; evidence for the presence of extrasolar planets around Sun-like stars; and the optical counterparts of the still-mysterious gamma ray bursts. HST has also been used to study objects in the outer reaches of the Solar System, including the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris.

text: Other discoveries made with Hubble data include proto-planetary disks (

text: proplyd

text: s) in the

text: Orion Nebula

text: ; evidence for the presence of

text: extrasolar planet

text: s around Sun-like stars; and the optical counterparts of the still-mysterious

text: gamma ray burst

text: s. HST has also been used to study objects in the outer reaches of the Solar System, including the dwarf planets

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Eris

text: According to the manga, on Silver Millennium, Sailor Saturn was also the princess of her home planet. She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System's Outer Rim. As Princess Saturn, she dwelt in Titan Castle and wore a purple gown—she appears in this form in the original manga and in supplementary art. Unlike the other Sailor Soldiers, it is stated that Saturn did not awaken on Silver Millennium until after it was destroyed so Princess Saturn's exact status during that time is unclear.

text: According to the

text: manga

text: , on Silver Millennium, Sailor Saturn was also the princess of her

text: home planet

text: . She was among those given the duty of protecting the Solar System's Outer Rim. As Princess Saturn, she dwelt in Titan Castle and wore a purple gown—she appears in this form in the original manga and in supplementary art. Unlike the other Sailor Soldiers, it is stated that Saturn did not awaken on Silver Millennium until after it was destroyed so Princess Saturn's exact status during that time is unclear.

text: The book starts in the Solar System with Mars and the Viking landers. The Vikings dashed hopes that Mars might be habitable but they opened up the modern age of exploration of the red planet. Nearly three decades later, the Mars Exploration Rovers were embraced by the public as they traversed Mars and gathered evidence for a warmer and wetter planet in the distant past. Next come two spacecraft that made a Grand Tour of the outer Solar System during the 1970s. The Voyagers painted detailed portraits of the four gas giant planets and their moons. More recently, Cassini has explored Saturn and its fascinating moon system. Together, these missions have recast our understanding of the frigid realm beyond the asteroid belt.

text: The book starts in the

text: Solar System

text: with

text: Mars

text: and the

text: Viking landers

text: . The Vikings dashed hopes that Mars might be

text: habitable

text: but they opened up the modern age of exploration of the red planet. Nearly three decades later, the

text: Mars Exploration Rovers

text: were embraced by the public as they traversed Mars and gathered evidence for a warmer and wetter planet in the distant past. Next come two spacecraft that made a

text: Grand Tour

text: of the outer Solar System during the 1970s. The

text: Voyagers

text: painted detailed portraits of the four

text: gas giant planets

text: and their moons. More recently,

text: Cassini

text: has explored

text: Saturn

text: and its fascinating moon system. Together, these missions have recast our understanding of the frigid realm beyond the

text: asteroid belt

text: The terrestrial planets may be much smaller than the giant planets due to the sublimation of water ice as pebbles crossed the ice line. The radial drift of pebbles causes them to cross the ice line where water ice sublimates releasing silicate grains. The silicate grains are less sticky than icy grains resulting in bouncing, or fragmentation during collisions and the formation of smaller pebbles. These smaller pebbles are dispersed into a thicker disk by the turbulence in the gas disk. The mass flow of solids drifting through the terrestrial region is also reduced by half by the loss of water ice. In combination these two factors significantly reduce the rate at which mass is accreted by planetesimals in the inner Solar System relative to the outer Solar System. As a result, lunar mass planetary embryos in the inner Solar System are able to grow only to around Mars-mass, whereas in the outer Solar System they are able to grow to more than 10x Earth-mass forming the cores of giant planets. Beginning instead with planetesimals formed via streaming instabilities yields similar results in the inner Solar System. In the asteroid belt the largest planetesimals grow into Mars-massed embryos. These embryos stir the smaller planetesimals, increasing their inclinations, causing them to leave the pebble disk. The growth of these smaller planetesimals is stalled at this point, freezing their size distribution near that of the current asteroid belt. The variation of accretion efficiency with pebble size during this process results in the size sorting of the chondrules observed in the primitive meteorites. In the terrestrial zone pebble accretion plays a smaller role. Here growth is due to a mix of pebble and planetesimal accretion until an oligarchical configuration of isolate lunar-massed embryos forms. Continued growth due to the accretion of inward drifting chondrules increases the mass of these embryos until their orbits are destabilized, leading to giant impacts between the embryos and the formation of Mars-sized embryos. The cutoff of the inward drift of icy pebbles by the formation of Jupiter before the ice line moved into the terrestrial region would limit the water fraction of the planets formed from these embryos.

text: The terrestrial planets may be much smaller than the giant planets due to the sublimation of water ice as pebbles crossed the ice line. The radial drift of pebbles causes them to cross the ice line where water ice

text: sublimates

text: releasing

text: silicate

text: grains. The silicate grains are less sticky than icy grains resulting in bouncing, or fragmentation during collisions and the formation of smaller pebbles. These smaller pebbles are dispersed into a thicker disk by the turbulence in the gas disk. The mass flow of solids drifting through the

text: terrestrial region

text: is also reduced by half by the loss of water ice. In combination these two factors significantly reduce the rate at which mass is accreted by planetesimals in the inner Solar System relative to the outer Solar System. As a result, lunar mass planetary embryos in the inner Solar System are able to grow only to around Mars-mass, whereas in the outer Solar System they are able to grow to more than 10x Earth-mass forming the cores of giant planets. Beginning instead with planetesimals formed via

text: streaming instabilities

text: yields similar results in the inner Solar System. In the asteroid belt the largest planetesimals grow into Mars-massed embryos. These embryos stir the smaller planetesimals, increasing their inclinations, causing them to leave the pebble disk. The growth of these smaller planetesimals is stalled at this point, freezing their size distribution near that of the current asteroid belt. The variation of accretion efficiency with pebble size during this process results in the size sorting of the chondrules observed in the primitive meteorites. In the terrestrial zone pebble accretion plays a smaller role. Here growth is due to a mix of pebble and planetesimal accretion until an oligarchical configuration of isolate lunar-massed embryos forms. Continued growth due to the accretion of inward drifting chondrules increases the mass of these embryos until their orbits are destabilized, leading to giant impacts between the embryos and the formation of Mars-sized embryos. The cutoff of the inward drift of icy pebbles by the formation of Jupiter before the ice line moved into the terrestrial region would limit the water fraction of the planets formed from these embryos.

text: Peeragarhi is the major intersection (Under Peeragarhi Flyover) between the Rohtak Road and Outer Ring Road. It is also accessible from the Peeragarhi Metro Station. Interstate Buses bound for Bahadurgarh, Ghevra, Hisar, Jhajjar and Rohtak are easily available from here.Paschim Vihar other bus stops like the Nangloi Bus Depot, Sultanpuri Bus Depot, Mangolpuri Bus Depot, and Keshopur Bus Depot, which are within a close reach. Most of the bus routes passing through the area run on either Rohtak Road or Outer Ring Road. Others run on both, these are mainly those running on Outer Ring Road but with terminals at Mangolpuri or Sultanpuri or those running on Rohtak Road have terminals at Nangloi or Mundka.

text: Limitless received the award for Best Thriller at the 2011 Scream Awards and was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film at the 2012 Saturn Awards, but lost to Rise of the Planet of the Apes.

text: Limitless received the award for Best Thriller at the

text: 2011 Scream Awards

text: and was nominated for

text: Best Science Fiction Film

text: at the

text: 2012 Saturn Awards

text: , but lost to

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century (such as Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta) were very different from the traditional ones. These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter (the asteroid belt), and had a much smaller mass; as a result they were reclassified as "asteroids". In the absence of any formal definition, a "planet" came to be understood as any "large" body that orbited the Sun. Because there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets, and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846, there was no apparent need to have a formal definition.

text: In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century (such as

text: Ceres

text: Pallas

text: , and

text: Vesta

text: ) were very different from the traditional ones. These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter (the

text: asteroid belt

text: ), and had a much smaller mass; as a result they were reclassified as "

text: asteroid

text: s". In the absence of any formal definition, a "planet" came to be understood as any "large" body that orbited the Sun. Because there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets, and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846, there was no apparent need to have a formal definition.

text: HD 69830 is a ice giant, with a mass and radius near that of the planets Uranus and Neptune, but smaller than that of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. Its temperature is , close to that of Earth. The radius is not known, however given its mass of 17 , which is around that of the planet Neptune, it likely has a radius of around 4 . In other terms, it is basically a warmer version of Neptune.

text: HD 69830 is a

text: ice giant

text: , with a mass and radius near that of the planets

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , but smaller than that of the gas giants

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: . Its temperature is , close to that of Earth. The radius is not known, however given its mass of 17 , which is around that of the planet Neptune, it likely has a radius of around 4 . In other terms, it is basically a warmer version of Neptune.

text: [[File:Strange Adventures 142.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Strange Adventures #142, artist Murphy Anderson]]The Faceless Hunters first come to public attention in 1961 after one of them, Klee Pan, is intercepted trying to steal major world sculptures such as the Mount Rushmore heads and the Easter Island statues. Oregon Highway Patrolmen Bob Colby and Jim Boone are assigned to Mount Rushmore, and confront Klee Pan, who explains that he  'comes from Klaramar - a world revolving within an atom on the planet Saturn'  and he is looking for a stone face left on Earth millennia ago which can help prevent Saturn exploding. He reveals that an evil Faceless Hunter, Chun Yull, has planted an 'ultimate energy time-bomb' and threatened to detonate it unless he is made supreme ruler, but died giving no clues as to where the face, which can defuse the bomb, was hidden. Boone deduces that the face is on The Moon, and Klee Pan takes Colby and Boone there and then to Saturn - after cutting the face from the Moon's surface. When the face is destroyed by a trap set by Chun Yull, the patrolmen help reconstruct it (using an astronomy book Boone happens to have had in the patrol car), disarm the bomb and save the planet. The Faceless Hunters replace the face on the Moon in gratitude, and Klee Pan gives both men telepathic abilities.

text: [[File:Strange Adventures 142.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Strange Adventures #142, artist

text: Murphy Anderson

text: ]]The Faceless Hunters first come to public attention in 1961 after one of them, Klee Pan, is intercepted trying to steal major world sculptures such as the

text: Mount Rushmore

text: heads and the

text: Easter Island

text: statues.

text: Oregon

text: Highway Patrolmen

text: Bob Colby and Jim Boone are assigned to Mount Rushmore, and confront Klee Pan, who explains that he  'comes from Klaramar - a world revolving within an atom on the planet

text: Saturn

text: '  and he is looking for a stone face left on Earth millennia ago which can help prevent Saturn exploding. He reveals that an evil Faceless Hunter, Chun Yull, has planted an 'ultimate energy time-bomb' and threatened to detonate it unless he is made supreme ruler, but died giving no clues as to where the face, which can defuse the bomb, was hidden. Boone deduces that the face is on

text: The Moon

text: , and Klee Pan takes Colby and Boone there and then to Saturn - after cutting the face from the Moon's surface. When the face is destroyed by a trap set by Chun Yull, the patrolmen help reconstruct it (using an

text: astronomy

text: book Boone happens to have had in the patrol car), disarm the bomb and save the planet. The Faceless Hunters replace the face on the Moon in gratitude, and Klee Pan gives both men telepathic abilities.

text: The scoring areas on an American Darts are also laid out differently from an English board.  The center bullseye (or cork) on an American board is one section; there is no "inner" and "outer" bullseye.  Additionally, unlike the English board, the triple ring is not halfway between the outer edge and the bullseye; rather triple is itself on the outer edge, and the double ring is directly adjacent to it, just inside the triple ring.  The remainder of the board is the single scoring area.  The bullseye is colored red, the single area is uncolored, the double ring is red, and the outermost triple ring is uncolored.  The entire scoring area is bounded by a large out-of-bounds blue ring.

text: HD 147018 b is a gas giant extrasolar planet which orbits the G-type main sequence star HD 147018, located approximately 140 light years away in the constellation Triangulum Australe. This planet has minimum mass more than twice that of Jupiter but this planet orbits a lot closer to the star than Jupiter to the Sun by a factor of 22. Meanwhile, it has an eccentric orbit. The planet can get as close to the star as 0.13 AU or can get as far as 0.35 AU. Further out, there is another superjovian planet HD 147018 c, which was discovered on the same date as this planet, on August 11, 2009.

text: HD 147018 b is a

text: gas giant

text: extrasolar planet

text: which orbits the

text: G-type

text: main sequence

text: star

text: HD 147018

text: , located approximately 140

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: Triangulum Australe

text: . This planet has

text: minimum mass

text: more than twice that of

text: Jupiter

text: but this planet orbits a lot closer to the star than

text: Jupiter

text: to the Sun by a factor of 22. Meanwhile, it has an eccentric orbit. The planet can get as close to the star as 0.13 AU or can get as far as 0.35 AU. Further out, there is another superjovian planet

text: HD 147018 c

text: , which was discovered on the same date as this planet, on August 11, 2009.

text: Military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that features the use of science fiction technology, mainly weapons, for military purposes and usually principal characters that are members of a military organization involved in military activity; occurring sometimes in outer space or on a different planet or planets. It exists in literature, comics, film and video games.

text: Military science fiction is a

text: subgenre

text: of

text: science fiction

text: that features the use of

text: science fiction technology

text: , mainly

text: weapons

text: , for military purposes and usually principal characters that are members of a military organization involved in military activity; occurring sometimes in outer space or on a different planet or planets. It exists in literature, comics, film and video games.

text: The distance from Earth to the Sun is , or AU. For comparison, the radius of the Sun is . Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (10 %) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly one millionth (10) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is  from the Sun and has a radius of , whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is  from the Sun.

text: S/2009 S 1 is a 'propeller moonlet' of Saturn orbiting at a distance of approximately , in the outer part of Saturn's B Ring, and with an approximate diameter of . It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Team on 26 July 2009. The moonlet was noticed during the 2009 equinox event by an approximately 36-kilometer-long shadow that it cast on Saturn's B ring. S/2009 S 1 protrudes approximately  above the ring. The image was taken approximately  from Saturn.

text: S/2009 S 1 is a '

text: propeller moonlet

text: ' of

text: Saturn

text: orbiting at a distance of approximately , in the outer part of Saturn's

text: B Ring

text: , and with an approximate

text: diameter

text: of . It was discovered by the

text: Cassini Imaging Team

text: on 26 July 2009. The moonlet was noticed during the 2009

text: equinox

text: event by an approximately 36-kilometer-long shadow that it cast on Saturn's B ring. S/2009 S 1 protrudes approximately  above the ring. The image was taken approximately  from Saturn.

text: Dennis K. Chesney is an American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets born in Clovis, New Mexico, and credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 38 numbered minor planets during 1998–2000. As of 2016, his only named discovery is the outer main-belt asteroid 12583 Buckjean, which he named after his parents. It was they who gave him a pair of binoculars on christmas, that ultimately lead to his many asteroid discoveries. Naming citation was published on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39658).

text: Dennis K. Chesney is an American

text: astronomer

text: and

text: discoverer of minor planets

text: born in

text: Clovis

text: , New Mexico, and credited by the

text: Minor Planet Center

text: with the discovery of 38 numbered

text: minor planets

text: during 1998–2000. As of 2016, his only named discovery is the outer main-belt asteroid

text: 12583 Buckjean

text: , which he named after his parents. It was they who gave him a pair of binoculars on christmas, that ultimately lead to his many asteroid discoveries. Naming citation was published on 20 March 2000 (

text: M.P.C.

text: Uranus also has shepherd moons on its ε ring, Cordelia and Ophelia. They are interior and exterior shepherds, respectively. Both moons are well within Uranus's synchronous orbit radius, and their orbits are therefore slowly decaying due to tidal deceleration.

text: Uranus

text: also has shepherd moons on its

text: ε ring

text: Cordelia

text: and

text: Ophelia

text: . They are interior and exterior shepherds, respectively. Both moons are well within Uranus's synchronous orbit radius, and their orbits are therefore slowly decaying due to

text: tidal deceleration

text: The surface of Alphonsus is broken and irregular along its boundary with Ptolemaeus. The outer walls are slightly distorted and possess a somewhat hexagonal form.

text: In December 2015, astronomers at the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) detected a brief series of 350 GHz pulses that they concluded must either be a series of independent sources, or a single, fast moving source. Deciding that the latter was the most likely, they calculated based on its speed that, were it bound to the Sun, the object, which they named "Gna" after a fast-moving messenger goddess in Norse mythology, would be about 12–25 AU distant and have a dwarf planet-sized diameter of 220 to 880 km. However, if it were a rogue planet not gravitationally bound to the Sun, and as far away as 4000 AU, it could be much larger. The paper was never formally accepted, and has been withdrawn until the detection is confirmed. Scientists' reactions to the notice were largely sceptical; Mike Brown commented that, "If it is true that ALMA accidentally discovered a massive outer solar system object in its tiny, tiny, tiny, field of view, that would suggest that there are something like 200,000 Earth-sized planets in the outer solar system ... Even better, I just realized that this many Earth-sized planets existing would destabilize the entire solar system and we would all die."

text: In December 2015, astronomers at the

text: Atacama Large Millimeter Array

text: (ALMA) detected a brief series of 350 GHz pulses that they concluded must either be a series of independent sources, or a single, fast moving source. Deciding that the latter was the most likely, they calculated based on its speed that, were it bound to the Sun, the object, which they named "Gna" after a

text: fast-moving messenger goddess

text: in Norse mythology, would be about 12–25 AU distant and have a

text: dwarf planet

text: -sized diameter of 220 to 880 km. However, if it were a

text: rogue planet

text: not gravitationally bound to the Sun, and as far away as 4000 AU, it could be much larger. The paper was never formally accepted, and has been withdrawn until the detection is confirmed. Scientists' reactions to the notice were largely sceptical; Mike Brown commented that, "If it is true that ALMA accidentally discovered a massive outer solar system object in its tiny, tiny, tiny, field of view, that would suggest that there are something like 200,000 Earth-sized planets in the outer solar system ... Even better, I just realized that this many Earth-sized planets existing would destabilize the entire solar system and we would all die."

text: After graduating from the Ecole nationale d’administration, he started at the Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs as a scribe for the Legal affairs Department, in charge of issues such as nuclear energy (Euratom Treaty), outer-space affairs (UN committee for a pacific use of the outer-atmosphere space, bilateral agreements, services for outer-space launch…), the Channel tunnel and other trans-boundaries issues (Lyon-Turin railroad connection, bridge on the Rhin river…).

text: After graduating from the Ecole nationale d’administration, he started at the Ministry of European and Foreign Affairs as a scribe for the Legal affairs Department, in charge of issues such as nuclear energy (

text: Euratom Treaty

text: ), outer-space affairs (UN committee for a pacific use of the outer-atmosphere space, bilateral agreements, services for outer-space launch…), the

text: Channel tunnel

text: and other trans-boundaries issues (

text: Lyon-Turin railroad connection

text: , bridge on the Rhin river…).

text: Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.

text: Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density

text: giant planet

text: s, and smaller rocky

text: terrestrials

text: . Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the

text: Sun

text: , they are the four terrestrials,

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: , Earth, and

text: Mars

text: , then the four giant planets,

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more

text: natural satellite

text: s.

text: The G Ring (see last image in gallery) is a very thin, faint ring about halfway between the F Ring and the beginning of the E Ring, with its inner edge about 15,000 km inside the orbit of Mimas. It contains a single distinctly brighter arc near its inner edge (similar to the arcs in the rings of Neptune) that extends about one sixth of its circumference, centered on the half-kilometre diameter moonlet Aegaeon, which is held in place by a 7:6 orbital resonance with Mimas. The arc is believed to be composed of icy particles up to a few metres in diameter, with the rest of the G Ring consisting of dust released from within the arc. The radial width of the arc is about 250 km, compared to a width of 9,000 km for the G Ring as a whole. The arc is thought to contain matter equivalent to a small icy moonlet about a hundred metres in diameter. Dust released from Aegaeon and other source bodies within the arc by micrometeoroid impacts drifts outward from the arc because of interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere (whose plasma corotates with Saturn's magnetic field, which rotates much more rapidly than the orbital motion of the G Ring). These tiny particles are steadily eroded away by further impacts and dispersed by plasma drag. Over the course of thousands of years the ring gradually loses mass, which is replenished by further impacts on Aegaeon.

text: The G Ring (see last image in

text: gallery

text: ) is a very thin, faint ring about halfway between the

text: F Ring

text: and the beginning of the

text: E Ring

text: , with its inner edge about 15,000 km inside the orbit of

text: Mimas

text: . It contains a single distinctly brighter arc near its inner edge (similar to the arcs in the

text: rings of Neptune

text: ) that extends about one sixth of its circumference, centered on the half-kilometre diameter moonlet

text: Aegaeon

text: , which is held in place by a 7:6 orbital resonance with Mimas. The arc is believed to be composed of icy particles up to a few metres in diameter, with the rest of the G Ring consisting of dust released from within the arc. The radial width of the arc is about 250 km, compared to a width of 9,000 km for the G Ring as a whole. The arc is thought to contain matter equivalent to a small icy moonlet about a hundred metres in diameter. Dust released from Aegaeon and other source bodies within the arc by

text: micrometeoroid

text: impacts drifts outward from the arc because of interaction with

text: Saturn's

text: magnetosphere

text: (whose

text: plasma

text: corotates with Saturn's

text: magnetic field

text: , which rotates much more rapidly than the orbital motion of the G Ring). These tiny particles are steadily eroded away by further impacts and dispersed by plasma drag. Over the course of thousands of years the ring gradually loses mass, which is replenished by further impacts on Aegaeon.

text: A potentially habitable planet implies a terrestrial planet within the circumstellar habitable zone and with conditions roughly comparable to those of Earth (i.e. an Earth analog) and thus potentially favourable to Earth-like life. However, the question of what makes a planet habitable is much more complex than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface: various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, the radiation, and the host stars plasma environment can influence the evolution of planets and life, if it originated.

text: A potentially habitable planet implies a

text: terrestrial planet

text: within the circumstellar habitable zone and with conditions roughly comparable to those of Earth (i.e. an

text: Earth analog

text: ) and thus potentially favourable to Earth-like life. However, the question of what makes a planet habitable is much more complex than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface: various

text: geophysical

text: and

text: geodynamical

text: aspects, the radiation, and the host stars

text: plasma

text: environment can influence the evolution of planets and life, if it originated.

text: Maul tracks his quarry to a cantina on a planet in the Outer Rim. The disturbance is in the form of a Drovian brute called Silus, who is extremely strong in the dark side of the Force. Silus is a champion competitor in a fighting sport that involves use of the Force, and the winning of credits.

text: It is possible that diamonds exist on Saturn and Jupiter on the basis of a different prior theory by Reginald B. Little. In 2000-03, Little previously proposed (2000) and demonstrated (2003). that a strong magnetic field can organize diamonds at lower temperatures and pressures relative to the higher pressure and temperatures formations from amorphous carbon and/or graphite.  In 2005, Little realized that lightning could also provide such a magnetic field to directly transform graphite and elemental carbon to diamond and Reginald Little experimentally observed Nanodiamonds form from terrestrial lightning bolts upon solid carbon in 2009.  Therefore, on the basis of his prior work, Reginald Little reasoned in 2013 that diamond particles can form and exist in the lightning storms and clouds on Saturn and Jupiter but by the direct cloud transformation of carbon to small diamond particles by lightning strikes in such clouds.  As Baines and Delitsky report here in 2013, the lightning striking methane generates elemental carbon in clouds on Saturn and Jupiter, but Little asserts that the diamonds form not from the carbon sinking into the core of these planets but by subsequent lightning strikes on the generated carbon in the clouds.  Therefore, Little suggests that the lightning directly transforms the elemental carbon to small diamond particles in the clouds with such diamonds in the clouds sticking together and falling as diamond hail.  As the diamond hail falls it is chemically etched by the hydrogen in these planets under higher pressure and temperatures to reform methane gas.  The resulting methane gas rises back to reform clouds to create a cycle of hydrogen-methane cloud forming diamond hail at higher elevations (by lightning) and the resulting diamond hail reforming hydrogen methane as it (the diamond) falls to lower elevations by temperatures for a diamond-hydrogen to methane cycle on these planets of similarity and analog to water-steam-ice cycle in thunderstorms on Earth.  Such a cycle is important on these planets of Saturn and Jupiter to explain the prevailing presence of methane in their atmospheres.  If the methane as by Baines and Delitsky is irreversibly converted to elemental carbon and to graphite at lower elevation and irreversibly to diamond at even lower elevations in Saturn and Jupiter then the atmospheres would be completely stripped of methane which is inconsistent with the persisting hydrogen, methane ammonia clouds of these planets.  But unlike Baines and Delitsky prior theory of diamond forming toward the interior of these planets as the carbon falls (2013), Reginald Little asserts that the diamond forms in the clouds directly from frequent lightning striking the elemental carbon in the clouds.  Reginald Little in 2005 also proposed that lightning striking Kimberlites on earth may explain diamond in certain Kimberlitic rocks relative to non producing Kimberlitic rock on Earth.  Reginald Little correlated the most producing Kimberlitic rock with regions on the Earth with the highest yearly frequency cloud to ground lightning central to southern Africa.  Prior to the birth of science, over thousands of years ago some ancient people in India believed that diamonds form by lightning striking rock but this belief was non scientific as there was no elemental basis for diamond and they believed granite would form diamond as well as slates, phyllites, mylonite, jade, marble, soapstone, and serpentine.  The true theory and prediction came with Reginald Little in 2000. As only Carbonaceous rock perhaps with some iron only form diamond when struck by lightning. Extending this theory to other planets of Saturn and Jupiter as inspired by Baines and Delitsky, rather naturally and beautifully reasons direct transformation of elemental carbon to diamond by lightning at high elevation in the clouds of Saturn and Jupiter is not subject to thermodynamics of chemically etching of diamond and mixing in the interior of the planets. As at higher elevations in the clouds of these planets the temperature is very low so such thermodynamic mixing is infeasible but the thermal quenching of the lightning transformed diamond is feasible.  This model and mechanism of Reginald Little is also not subject to the low methane concentration argument. as the carbon is concentrated in from initial low methane concentrations by prior lightning strikes.  So very frequent lightning strikes and severe lightning storms in these planets tend to support. Reginald Little diamond cloud theory in Saturn and Jupiter.!

text: It is possible that diamonds exist on

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: on the basis of a different prior theory by Reginald B. Little. In 2000-03, Little previously proposed (2000) and demonstrated (2003). that a strong magnetic field can organize diamonds at lower temperatures and pressures relative to the higher

text: pressure and temperatures

text: formations from

text: amorphous carbon

text: and/or

text: graphite

text: .  In 2005, Little realized that

text: lightning

text: could also provide such a

text: magnetic

text: field to directly transform

text: graphite

text: and elemental carbon to diamond and Reginald Little experimentally observed

text: Nanodiamonds

text: form from

text: terrestrial lightning bolts

text: upon solid

text: carbon

text: in 2009.  Therefore, on the basis of his prior work, Reginald Little reasoned in 2013 that diamond particles can form and exist in the

text: lightning storms and clouds

text: on

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: but by the direct cloud transformation of

text: carbon

text: to small diamond particles by lightning strikes in such clouds.  As Baines and Delitsky report here in 2013, the

text: lightning striking

text: methane

text: generates elemental carbon in clouds on

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: , but Little asserts that the diamonds form not from the carbon sinking into the core of these planets but by subsequent lightning strikes on the generated carbon in the clouds.  Therefore, Little suggests that the lightning directly transforms the elemental carbon to small diamond particles in the clouds with such diamonds in the clouds sticking together and falling as diamond hail.  As the diamond hail falls it is chemically etched by the

text: hydrogen

text: in these planets under higher

text: pressure and temperatures

text: to reform methane gas.  The resulting

text: methane gas

text: rises back to reform clouds to create a cycle of

text: hydrogen-methane

text: cloud forming diamond hail at higher elevations (by lightning) and the resulting diamond hail reforming

text: hydrogen

text: methane

text: as it (the diamond) falls to lower elevations by

text: temperatures

text: for a diamond-hydrogen to

text: methane

text: cycle on these planets of similarity and analog to water-steam-ice cycle in thunderstorms on Earth.  Such a cycle is important on these planets of

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: to explain the prevailing presence of

text: methane

text: in their atmospheres.  If the methane as by Baines and Delitsky is irreversibly converted to elemental carbon and to

text: graphite

text: at lower elevation and irreversibly to diamond at even lower elevations in

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: then the

text: atmospheres

text: would be completely stripped of

text: methane

text: which is inconsistent with the persisting

text: hydrogen

text: , methane

text: ammonia clouds

text: of these planets.  But unlike Baines and Delitsky prior theory of diamond forming toward the interior of these planets as the carbon falls (2013), Reginald Little asserts that the diamond forms in the clouds directly from frequent lightning striking the elemental carbon in the clouds.  Reginald Little in 2005 also proposed that lightning striking

text: Kimberlite

text: s on

text: earth

text: may explain diamond in certain

text: Kimberlitic

text: rocks relative to non producing

text: Kimberlitic

text: rock on Earth.  Reginald Little correlated the most producing

text: Kimberlitic

text: rock with regions on the Earth with the highest yearly frequency cloud to ground lightning central to

text: southern Africa

text: .  Prior to the birth of science, over thousands of years ago some ancient people in India believed that diamonds form by lightning striking rock but this belief was non scientific as there was no elemental basis for diamond and they believed granite would form diamond as well as

text: slate

text: s,

text: phyllite

text: s,

text: mylonite

text: jade

text: marble

text: soapstone

text: , and

text: serpentine

text: .  The true theory and prediction came with Reginald Little in 2000. As only Carbonaceous rock perhaps with some iron only form diamond when struck by lightning. Extending this theory to other planets of

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: as inspired by Baines and Delitsky, rather naturally and beautifully reasons direct transformation of elemental carbon to diamond by lightning at high elevation in the clouds of

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: is not subject to

text: thermodynamics

text: of chemically etching of diamond and mixing in the interior of the planets. As at higher elevations in the clouds of these planets the temperature is very low so such

text: thermodynamic

text: mixing is infeasible but the thermal quenching of the lightning transformed diamond is feasible.  This model and mechanism of Reginald Little is also not subject to the low methane concentration argument. as the

text: carbon

text: is concentrated in from initial low

text: methane

text: concentrations by prior lightning strikes.  So very frequent lightning strikes and severe lightning storms in these planets tend to support. Reginald Little diamond cloud theory in

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership, and the rulers of Pisces, or those associated with Pisceans, are Jupiter, Neptune, and the moon. In esoteric astrology, Venus was considered the ruler of Pisces, and prior to the discovery of Neptune in 1846, Jupiter was said to rule Pisces primarily. Neptune is mostly considered the secondary ruling planet of Pisces today because of the association with the Roman god of water and the sea, Neptune. The detriment, or the sign "opposite" to that which is deemed the ruling planet, is Mercury. Venus is exalted in Pisces, while Mercury also falled into Pisces.

text: A planet's

text: domicile

text: is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership, and the rulers of Pisces, or those associated with Pisceans, are

text: Jupiter

text: Neptune

text: , and the moon. In

text: esoteric

text: astrology,

text: Venus

text: was considered the ruler of Pisces, and prior to the discovery of Neptune in 1846, Jupiter was said to rule Pisces primarily. Neptune is mostly considered the secondary ruling planet of Pisces today because of the association with the Roman god of water and the sea,

text: Neptune

text: . The detriment, or the sign "opposite" to that which is deemed the ruling planet, is

text: Mercury

text: . Venus is exalted in Pisces, while Mercury also falled into Pisces.

text: The idea built on earlier work such as Carl Pulfrich's blink comparator used to help identify the former planet Pluto, and Hinman's work analysing aerial photographs during World War II.

text: The idea built on earlier work such as

text: Carl Pulfrich's

text: blink comparator

text: used to help identify the former planet

text: Pluto

text: , and Hinman's work analysing aerial photographs during

text: World War II

text: A strange object begins to approach the planets from outer space.

text: Since the rings of Uranus appear to be young, they must be continuously renewed by the collisional fragmentation of larger bodies. The estimates show that the lifetime against collisional disruption of a moon with the size like that of Puck is a few billion years. The lifetime of a smaller satellite is much shorter. Therefore, all current inner moons and rings can be products of disruption of several Puck-sized satellites during the last four and half billion years. Every such disruption would have started a collisional cascade that quickly ground almost all large bodies into much smaller particles, including dust. Eventually the majority of mass was lost, and particles survived only in positions that were stabilized by mutual resonances and shepherding. The end product of such a disruptive evolution would be a system of narrow rings. However, a few moonlets must still be embedded within the rings at present. The maximum size of such moonlets is probably around 10 km.

text: Since the rings of Uranus appear to be young, they must be continuously renewed by the collisional fragmentation of larger bodies. The estimates show that the lifetime against collisional disruption of a moon with the size like that of

text: Puck

text: is a few billion years. The lifetime of a smaller satellite is much shorter. Therefore, all current inner moons and rings can be products of disruption of several Puck-sized satellites during the last four and half billion years. Every such disruption would have started a collisional cascade that quickly ground almost all large bodies into much smaller particles, including dust. Eventually the majority of mass was lost, and particles survived only in positions that were stabilized by mutual resonances and shepherding. The end product of such a disruptive evolution would be a system of narrow rings. However, a few

text: moonlet

text: s must still be embedded within the rings at present. The maximum size of such moonlets is probably around 10 km.

text: Lockheed Martin's goal is to launch a single Jupiter, which will be reused for each on-orbit delivery, and the ostensibly less expensive cargo units would be expended through atmospheric reentry. Jupiter is projected to maintain fuel over its lifespan due to the fuel transfer during each Jupiter-Exoliner rendezvous.

text: Saturn went on to feud with Eddie Guerrero and Ernest Miller before beginning a rivalry with Chris Jericho. After Jericho cost Saturn a number of matches with the help of crooked referee Scott Dickinson, he mocked Saturn's complaints and accused him of crying "like a schoolgirl." This led to Jericho challenging Saturn to a "loser wears a dress for ninety days" match at Souled Out on January 17, 1999, which he won after some suspect officiating from Dickinson. Taking on a bizarre, goth transvestite gimmick, Saturn began wearing a variety of dresses to the ring and using a variation of Marilyn Manson's "The Beautiful People" as his entrance music. He appeared to begin enjoying wearing dresses and even wore cosmetics to complement them. Saturn finally stopped wearing them after defeating Jericho in a dog collar match at WCW Uncensored on March 14, 1999.

text: Saturn went on to feud with

text: Eddie Guerrero

text: and

text: Ernest Miller

text: before beginning a rivalry with

text: Chris Jericho

text: . After Jericho cost Saturn a number of matches with the help of crooked referee

text: Scott Dickinson

text: , he mocked Saturn's complaints and accused him of crying "like a schoolgirl." This led to Jericho challenging Saturn to a "loser wears a dress for ninety days" match at

text: Souled Out

text: on January 17, 1999, which he won after some suspect officiating from Dickinson. Taking on a bizarre,

text: goth

text: transvestite

text: gimmick

text: , Saturn began wearing a variety of dresses to the ring and using a variation of

text: Marilyn Manson's

text: The Beautiful People

text: " as his entrance music. He appeared to begin enjoying wearing dresses and even wore

text: cosmetics

text: to complement them. Saturn finally stopped wearing them after defeating Jericho in a

text: dog collar match

text: at

text: WCW Uncensored

text: on March 14, 1999.

text: Neptune formed part of the weather column in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October, and was the third ship from the lead, situated between her sister HMS Temeraire, and the 74-gun . Fremantle had been promised a position second to Nelson aboard , and by 10 o'clock was sailing fast enough to threaten to overtake her. Fremantle hoped to pass her, and lead the line into battle, but Nelson ordered Neptune, take in your studding-sails and drop astern. I shall break the line myself.' Neptune went into action with her band playing, and everyone except the officers and the band lying down on the deck to protect them from enemy fire. Ahead of her Fremantle saw Eliab Harvey's Temeraire turn to pass astern of the French Redoutable, but resolved to follow Nelson and HMS Victory to pass astern of the French flagship Bucentaure. As she passed under Bucentaures stern, Neptune discharged a double-shotted broadside from her larboard (port) guns, with devastating consequences on Villeneuve's already disabled flagship. Fremantle then had the helm swung hard to starboard, bringing his ship abeam of the Bucentaure. He fired two more triple-shotted broadsides from nearly 50 guns at a range of less than 100 yards into the beleaguered French ship.

text: Neptune formed part of the weather column in the

text: Battle of Trafalgar

text: on 21 October, and was the third ship from the lead, situated between her sister HMS Temeraire, and the 74-gun . Fremantle had been promised a position second to Nelson aboard , and by 10 o'clock was sailing fast enough to threaten to overtake her. Fremantle hoped to pass her, and lead the line into battle, but Nelson ordered Neptune, take in your studding-sails and drop astern. I shall break the line myself.' Neptune went into action with her band playing, and everyone except the officers and the band lying down on the deck to protect them from enemy fire. Ahead of her Fremantle saw

text: Eliab Harvey

text: 's Temeraire turn to pass astern of the French

text: Redoutable

text: , but resolved to follow Nelson and HMS Victory to pass astern of the French flagship

text: Bucentaure

text: . As she passed under Bucentaures stern, Neptune discharged a double-shotted broadside from her larboard (port) guns, with devastating consequences on Villeneuve's already disabled flagship. Fremantle then had the helm swung hard to starboard, bringing his ship abeam of the Bucentaure. He fired two more triple-shotted broadsides from nearly 50 guns at a range of less than 100 yards into the beleaguered French ship.

text: The bonding between the two nearest neighbors is covalent; hence Ga dimers are seen as the fundamental building blocks of the crystal. This explains the low melting point relative to the neighbor elements, aluminium and indium. This structure is strikingly similar to that of iodine and forms because of interactions between the single 4p electrons of gallium atoms, further away from the nucleus than the 4s electrons and the [Ar]3d core. This phenomenon recurs with mercury with its "pseudo-noble-gas" [Xe]4f5d6s electron configuration, which is liquid at room temperature. The 3d electrons do not shield the outer electrons very well from the nucleus and hence the first ionisation energy of gallium is greater than that of aluminium.

text: The bonding between the two nearest neighbors is

text: covalent

text: ; hence Ga

text: dimers

text: are seen as the fundamental building blocks of the crystal. This explains the low melting point relative to the neighbor elements, aluminium and indium. This structure is strikingly similar to that of

text: iodine

text: and forms because of interactions between the single 4p electrons of gallium atoms, further away from the nucleus than the 4s electrons and the [Ar]3d core. This phenomenon recurs with

text: mercury

text: with its "pseudo-noble-gas" [Xe]4f5d6s electron configuration, which is liquid at room temperature. The 3d electrons do not shield the outer electrons very well from the nucleus and hence the first ionisation energy of gallium is greater than that of aluminium.

text: Separation of liquid and gas can be effected with either a sudden increase or decrease in gas velocity. Both conditions use the difference in inertia of gas and liquid. With a decrease in velocity, the higher inertia of the liquid mist carries it forward and away from the gas.<ref>changent, 2008. Production Separator Principles – sample[video online] Available at:

text: Separation of

text: liquid

text: and

text: gas

text: can be effected with either a sudden increase or decrease in gas velocity. Both conditions use the difference in inertia of gas and liquid. With a decrease in velocity, the higher inertia of the liquid mist carries it forward and away from the gas.<ref>changent, 2008. Production Separator Principles – sample[video online] Available at:

text: An astronomical body's Hill sphere is the region in which it dominates the attraction of satellites. The outer shell of that region constitutes a zero-velocity surface. To be retained by a planet, a moon must have an orbit that lies within the planet's Hill sphere. That moon would, in turn, have a Hill sphere of its own. Any object within that distance would tend to become a satellite of the moon, rather than of the planet itself. One simple view of the extent of the Solar System is the Hill sphere of the Sun with respect to local stars and the galactic nucleus.

text: An

text: astronomical body

text: 's Hill sphere is the region in which it dominates the attraction of

text: satellites

text: . The outer shell of that region constitutes a

text: zero-velocity surface

text: . To be retained by a

text: planet

text: , a

text: moon

text: must have an

text: orbit

text: that lies within the planet's Hill sphere. That moon would, in turn, have a Hill sphere of its own. Any object within that distance would tend to become a satellite of the moon, rather than of the planet itself. One simple view of the extent of the

text: Solar System

text: is the Hill sphere of the

text: Sun

text: with respect to local stars and the galactic nucleus.

text: Matese, Whitmire and their colleague Patrick Whitman first proposed the existence of this planet in 1999, based on observations of the orbits of long-period comets. Most astronomers agree that long-period comets (those with orbits of thousands to millions of years) have a roughly isotropic distribution; that is, they arrive at random from every point in the sky. Because comets are volatile and dissipate over time, astronomers suspect that they must be held in a spherical cloud tens of thousands of AU distant (known as the Oort cloud) for most of their existence. However, Matese and Whitmire claimed that rather than arriving from random points across the sky as is commonly thought, comet orbits were in fact clustered in a band inclined to the orbital plane of the planets. Such clustering could be explained if they were disturbed by an unseen object at least as large as Jupiter, possibly a brown dwarf, located in the outer part of the Oort cloud. They also suggested that such an object might explain the trans-Neptunian object Sedna's peculiar orbit. However, the sample size of Oort comets was small and the results were inconclusive.

text: Matese, Whitmire and their colleague Patrick Whitman first proposed the existence of this planet in 1999, based on observations of the orbits of long-period comets. Most astronomers agree that long-period comets (those with orbits of thousands to millions of years) have a roughly isotropic distribution; that is, they arrive at random from every point in the sky. Because comets are

text: volatile

text: and dissipate over time, astronomers suspect that they must be held in a spherical cloud tens of thousands of AU distant (known as the

text: Oort cloud

text: ) for most of their existence. However, Matese and Whitmire claimed that rather than arriving from random points across the sky as is commonly thought, comet orbits were in fact clustered in a band inclined to the

text: orbital plane of the planets

text: . Such clustering could be explained if they were disturbed by an unseen object at least as large as

text: Jupiter

text: , possibly a

text: brown dwarf

text: , located in the outer part of the

text: Oort cloud

text: . They also suggested that such an object might explain the

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: Sedna

text: 's peculiar orbit. However, the sample size of Oort comets was small and the results were inconclusive.

text: All nine previously known rings were studied by the spacecraft and showed the Uranian rings to be distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The ring system may be relatively young and did not form at the same time as Uranus. Particles that make up the rings may be remnants of a moon that was broken by a high-velocity impact or torn up by gravitational effects. Voyager 2 also discovered two new rings.

text: All nine previously known rings were studied by the spacecraft and showed the Uranian rings to be distinctly different from those at

text: Jupiter

text: and Saturn. The ring system may be relatively young and did not form at the same time as Uranus. Particles that make up the rings may be remnants of a moon that was broken by a high-velocity impact or

text: torn up by gravitational effects

text: . Voyager 2 also discovered two new rings.

text: Gliese 876 b is in a 1:2:4 Laplace resonance with the inner planet Gliese 876 c and the outer planet Gliese 876 e: in the time it takes planet e to complete one orbit, planet b completes two and planet c completes four. This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance, the first being Jupiter's moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. As a result, the orbital elements of the planets change fairly rapidly as they dynamically interact with one another. The planet's orbit has a low eccentricity, similar to the planets in the Solar System. The semimajor axis of the orbit is only 0.208 AU, less than that of Mercury in the Solar System. However Gliese 876 is such a faint star that this puts it in the outer part of the habitable zone.

text: Gliese 876 b is in a 1:2:4

text: Laplace resonance

text: with the inner planet

text: Gliese 876 c

text: and the outer planet

text: Gliese 876 e

text: : in the time it takes planet e to complete one orbit, planet b completes two and planet c completes four. This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance, the first being

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: moons

text: Io

text: Europa

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: . As a result, the

text: orbital elements

text: of the planets change fairly rapidly as they dynamically interact with one another. The planet's orbit has a low

text: eccentricity

text: , similar to the planets in the

text: Solar System

text: . The

text: semimajor axis

text: of the orbit is only 0.208

text: AU

text: , less than that of

text: Mercury

text: in the Solar System. However Gliese 876 is such a faint star that this puts it in the outer part of the

text: habitable zone

text: In 1835 he hypothesized that irregularities in Comet Halley's orbit could be explained by an unknown planet beyond Uranus — at the time, Neptune was not yet discovered.

text: In 1835 he hypothesized that irregularities in

text: Comet Halley

text: 's orbit could be explained by an unknown planet beyond

text: Uranus

text: — at the time,

text: Neptune

text: was not yet discovered.

text: The behavior of the gases and liquid in a flowing pipe will exhibit various flow characteristics depending on the gas pressure, gas velocity and liquid content, as well as orientation of the piping (horizontal, sloping or vertical). The liquid may be in the form of tiny droplets or the pipe may be filled completely with liquid. Despite the complexity of gas and liquid interaction, attempts have been made to categorize this behavior.  These gas and liquid interactions are commonly referred to as flow regimes or flow patterns.

text: Most of the Jupiter trojans are jump-captured shortly after a gravitational encounters between Jupiter and an ice giant. During these encounters Jupiter's semi-major axis can jump by as much as 0.2 AU, displacing the L4 and L5 points radially, and releasing many existing Jupiter trojans. New Jupiter trojans are captured from the population of planetesimals with semi-major axes similar to Jupiter's new semi-major axis. The captured trojans have a wide range of inclinations and eccentricities, the result of their being scattered by the giant planets as they migrated from their original location in the outer disk. Some additional trojans are captured, and others lost, during weak-resonance crossings as the co-orbital regions becomes temporarily chaotic. Following its final encounters with Jupiter the ice giant may pass through one of Jupiter's trojan swarms, scattering many, and reducing its population. In simulations, the orbital distribution of Jupiter trojans captured and the asymmetry between the L4 and L5 populations is similar to that of the current Solar System and is largely independent of Jupiter's encounter history. The capture efficiency is sufficient for the current population to be captured from a planetesimal disk with a mass that reproduces other aspects of the outer Solar System.

text: Most of the

text: Jupiter trojans

text: are jump-captured shortly after a gravitational encounters between Jupiter and an ice giant. During these encounters Jupiter's

text: semi-major axis

text: can jump by as much as 0.2

text: AU

text: , displacing the

text: L4 and L5 points

text: radially, and releasing many existing Jupiter trojans. New Jupiter trojans are captured from the population of planetesimals with semi-major axes similar to Jupiter's new semi-major axis. The captured trojans have a wide range of inclinations and eccentricities, the result of their being scattered by the giant planets as they migrated from their original location in the outer disk. Some additional trojans are captured, and others lost, during weak-resonance crossings as the

text: co-orbital

text: regions becomes temporarily

text: chaotic

text: . Following its final encounters with Jupiter the ice giant may pass through one of Jupiter's trojan swarms, scattering many, and reducing its population. In simulations, the orbital distribution of Jupiter trojans captured and the asymmetry between the L4 and L5 populations is similar to that of the current Solar System and is largely independent of Jupiter's encounter history. The capture efficiency is sufficient for the current population to be captured from a planetesimal disk with a mass that reproduces other aspects of the outer Solar System.

text: In 1847 the seven then known moons of Saturn were named by John Herschel. Herschel named Saturn's two innermost moons (Mimas and Enceladus) after the mythological Greek Giants, and the outer five after the Titans (Titan, Iapetus) and Titanesses (Tethys, Dione, Rhea) of the same mythology. Until then, Titan was known as the "Huygenian (or Huyghenian) satellite of Saturn" and the other moons had Roman numeral designations in order of their distance from Saturn. Subsequent discoverers of Saturnian moons followed Herschel's scheme: Hyperion was discovered soon after in 1848, and the ninth moon, Phoebe, was named by its discoverer in 1899 soon after its discovery; they were named for a Titan and a Titaness respectively. The name of Janus was suggested by its discoverer, Audouin Dollfus.

text: In 1847 the seven then known moons of

text: Saturn

text: were named by

text: John Herschel

text: . Herschel named Saturn's two innermost moons (Mimas and Enceladus) after the mythological Greek

text: Giants

text: , and the outer five after the

text: Titan

text: s (Titan, Iapetus) and Titanesses (Tethys, Dione, Rhea) of the same mythology. Until then,

text: Titan

text: was known as the "Huygenian (or Huyghenian) satellite of Saturn" and the other moons had Roman numeral designations in order of their distance from Saturn. Subsequent discoverers of Saturnian moons followed Herschel's scheme:

text: Hyperion

text: was discovered soon after in 1848, and the ninth moon,

text: Phoebe

text: , was named by its discoverer in 1899 soon after its discovery; they were named for a Titan and a Titaness respectively. The name of

text: Janus

text: was suggested by its discoverer,

text: Audouin Dollfus

text: The term gas giant was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer James Blish and was originally used to refer to all giant planets. Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because throughout most of the volume of all giant planets the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than solids in the core and the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is above the critical point, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. The term has nevertheless caught on because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of what phase the matter may appear in. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rock". Because Uranus and Neptune are primarily composed of, in this terminology, ices, not gas, they are increasingly referred to as ice giants and separated from the gas giants.

text: The term gas giant was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer

text: James Blish

text: and was originally used to refer to all

text: giant planet

text: s. Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because throughout most of the volume of all giant planets the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form. Other than solids in the core and the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is above the

entity_section: Pure substances: vapor–liquid critical point

text: critical point

text: , where there is no distinction between liquids and gases. The term has nevertheless caught on because planetary scientists typically use "rock", "gas", and "ice" as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds commonly found as planetary constituents, irrespective of what

text: phase

text: the matter may appear in. In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as "gases"; water, methane, and ammonia as "ices"; and silicates and metals as "rock". Because Uranus and Neptune are primarily composed of, in this terminology, ices, not gas, they are increasingly referred to as

text: ice giant

text: s and separated from the gas giants.

text: Because of Mercury's extremely small axial tilt, there is a suggestion that Mercury's polar regions could be colonized using the same technology, approach, and equipment that is used in colonizing the Moon. Polar colonies on Mercury would avoid the extreme daytime temperatures elsewhere on the planet—the temperatures on the poles are consistently below .Moreover, "Mercury’s very low axial tilt (0.034°) means that its polar regions are permanently shaded and cold enough to contain water ice."

text: Because of Mercury's extremely small

text: axial tilt

text: , there is a suggestion that Mercury's polar regions could be colonized using the same technology, approach, and equipment that is used in colonizing the Moon. Polar colonies on Mercury would avoid the extreme daytime temperatures elsewhere on the planet—the temperatures on the poles are consistently below .Moreover, "Mercury’s very low axial tilt (0.034°) means that its polar regions are permanently shaded and cold enough to contain

text: water ice

text: The amorphous form is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, lampblack (soot) and activated carbon. At normal pressures, carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused hexagonal rings, just like those in aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak van der Waals forces. This gives graphite its softness and its cleaving properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a π-cloud, graphite conducts electricity, but only in the plane of each covalently bonded sheet. This results in a lower bulk electrical conductivity for carbon than for most metals. The delocalization also accounts for the energetic stability of graphite over diamond at room temperature.

text: The

text: amorphous

text: form is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as

text: charcoal

text: lampblack

text: soot

text: ) and

text: activated carbon

text: . At normal pressures, carbon takes the form of

text: graphite

text: , in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused

text: hexagon

text: al rings, just like those in

text: aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s. The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak

text: van der Waals force

text: s. This gives graphite its softness and its

text: cleaving

text: properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a

text: π-cloud

text: , graphite conducts

text: electricity

text: , but only in the plane of each

text: covalently bonded

text: sheet. This results in a lower bulk

text: electrical conductivity

text: for carbon than for most

text: metals

text: . The delocalization also accounts for the energetic stability of graphite over diamond at room temperature.

text: The discovery since 1992 of extrasolar planets, or planet-sized objects around other stars ( such planets in  planetary systems including  multiple planetary systems as of ), has widened the debate on the nature of planethood in unexpected ways. Many of these planets are of considerable size, approaching the mass of small stars, while many newly discovered brown dwarfs are, conversely, small enough to be considered planets.  The material difference between a low-mass star and a large gas giant is not clearcut; apart from size and relative temperature, there is little to separate a gas giant like Jupiter from its host star. Both have similar overall compositions: hydrogen and helium, with trace levels of heavier elements in their atmospheres. The generally accepted difference is one of formation; stars are said to have formed from the "top down," out of the gases in a nebula as they underwent gravitational collapse, and thus would be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, while planets are said to have formed from the "bottom up," from the accretion of dust and gas in orbit around the young star, and thus should have cores of silicates or ices. As yet it is uncertain whether gas giants possess such cores, though the Juno mission to Jupiter could resolve the issue. If it is indeed possible that a gas giant could form as a star does, then it raises the question of whether such an object should be considered an orbiting low-mass star rather than a planet.

text: The discovery since 1992 of

text: extrasolar planet

text: s, or planet-sized objects around other stars ( such planets in

text: planetary system

text: s including

text: multiple planetary systems

text: as of ), has widened the debate on the nature of planethood in unexpected ways. Many of these planets are of considerable size, approaching the mass of small stars, while many newly discovered brown dwarfs are, conversely, small enough to be considered planets.  The material difference between a low-mass star and a large

text: gas giant

text: is not clearcut; apart from size and relative temperature, there is little to separate a gas giant like Jupiter from its host star. Both have similar overall compositions: hydrogen and

text: helium

text: , with trace levels of heavier

text: elements

text: in their

text: atmosphere

text: s. The generally accepted difference is one of formation; stars are said to have formed from the "top down," out of the gases in a nebula as they underwent gravitational collapse, and thus would be composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, while planets are said to have formed from the "bottom up," from the accretion of dust and gas in orbit around the young star, and thus should have cores of

text: silicate

text: s or ices. As yet it is uncertain whether gas giants possess such cores, though the

text: Juno mission

text: to Jupiter could resolve the issue. If it is indeed possible that a gas giant could form as a star does, then it raises the question of whether such an object should be considered an orbiting low-mass star rather than a planet.

text: Uranus had been observed on many occasions before its recognition as a planet, but it was generally mistaken for a star. Possibly the earliest known observation was by Hipparchos, who in 128 BC may have recorded it as a star for his star catalogue that was later incorporated into Ptolemy's Almagest. The earliest definite sighting was in 1690 when John Flamsteed observed it at least six times, cataloguing it as 34 Tauri. The French astronomer Pierre Lemonnier observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769, including on four consecutive nights.

text: Uranus had been observed on many occasions before its recognition as a planet, but it was generally mistaken for a star. Possibly the earliest known observation was by

text: Hipparchos

text: , who in 128 BC may have recorded it as a star for his

text: star catalogue

text: that was later incorporated into

text: Ptolemy

text: 's

text: Almagest

text: . The earliest definite sighting was in 1690 when

text: John Flamsteed

text: observed it at least six times, cataloguing it as 34

text: Tauri

text: . The French astronomer

text: Pierre Lemonnier

text: observed Uranus at least twelve times between 1750 and 1769, including on four consecutive nights.

text: Nereid, a moon of the planet Neptune, is named after the Nereids.

text: Nereid

text: , a moon of the planet

text: Neptune

text: , is named after the Nereids.

text: Because the centaurs are not protected by orbital resonances, their orbits are unstable within a timescale of 10–10 years. For example, 55576 Amycus is in an unstable orbit near the 3:4 resonance of Uranus. Dynamical studies of their orbits indicate that being a centaur is probably an intermediate orbital state of objects transitioning from the Kuiper belt to the Jupiter family of short-period comets. Objects may be perturbed from the Kuiper belt, whereupon they become Neptune-crossing and interact gravitationally with that planet (see theories of origin). They then become classed as centaurs, but their orbits are chaotic, evolving relatively rapidly as the centaur makes repeated close approaches to one or more of the outer planets. Some centaurs will evolve into Jupiter-crossing orbits whereupon their perihelia may become reduced into the inner Solar System and they may be reclassified as active comets in the Jupiter family if they display cometary activity. Centaurs will thus ultimately collide with the Sun or a planet or else they may be ejected into interstellar space after a close approach to one of the planets, particularly Jupiter.

text: Because the centaurs are not protected by

text: orbital resonance

text: s, their orbits are unstable within a timescale of 10–10 years. For example,

text: 55576 Amycus

text: is in an unstable orbit near the 3:4 resonance of Uranus. Dynamical studies of their orbits indicate that being a centaur is probably an intermediate orbital state of objects transitioning from the

text: Kuiper belt

text: to the

text: Jupiter family

text: of short-period

text: comet

text: s. Objects may be

text: perturbed

text: from the Kuiper belt, whereupon they become

text: Neptune

text: -crossing and interact gravitationally with that planet (see

text: theories of origin

text: ). They then become classed as centaurs, but their orbits are chaotic, evolving relatively rapidly as the centaur makes repeated close approaches to one or more of the outer planets. Some centaurs will evolve into Jupiter-crossing orbits whereupon their perihelia may become reduced into the inner Solar System and they may be reclassified as active

text: comet

text: s in the Jupiter family if they display cometary activity. Centaurs will thus ultimately

text: collide

text: with the Sun or a planet or else they may be ejected into interstellar space after a close approach to one of the planets, particularly

text: Jupiter

text: During World War II, a special variation of epicyclic gearing was developed for portable radar gear, where a very high reduction ratio in a small package was needed. This had two outer ring gears, each half the thickness of the other gears.  One of these two ring gears was held fixed and had one tooth fewer than did the other.  Therefore, several turns of the "sun" gear made the "planet" gears complete a single revolution, which in turn made the rotating ring gear rotate by a single tooth.

text: During

text: World War II

text: , a special variation of epicyclic gearing was developed for portable

text: radar

text: gear, where a very high reduction ratio in a small package was needed. This had two outer ring gears, each half the thickness of the other gears.  One of these two ring gears was held fixed and had one tooth fewer than did the other.  Therefore, several turns of the "sun" gear made the "planet" gears complete a single revolution, which in turn made the rotating ring gear rotate by a single tooth.

text: ) is the ruling planet of Aquarius. Because Uranus is cyan and Uranus is associated with electricity, the colour electric blue, which is close to cyan, is associated with the sign Aquarius (see Uranus in astrology).

text: ) is the ruling planet of

text: Aquarius

text: . Because Uranus is

text: cyan

text: and Uranus is associated with electricity, the colour

text: electric blue

text: , which is close to cyan, is associated with the sign Aquarius (see

text: Uranus in astrology

text: Finally, the minor, slightly bluish dots, flanking the anthelion, may be perfectly depicted 120° parhelia. These halos are produced by the same horizontally oriented ice crystals that produce sun dogs and the parhelic circle.  They result from multiple interior reflections of sun rays entering the hexagonal top face and leaving through the bottom face.

text: Finally, the minor, slightly bluish dots, flanking the anthelion, may be perfectly depicted

text: 120° parhelia

text: . These halos are produced by the same horizontally oriented ice crystals that produce sun dogs and the parhelic circle.  They result from multiple interior reflections of sun rays entering the hexagonal top face and leaving through the bottom face.

text: Saturn returned to wrestling in 2011, wrestling his first match in over seven years on  October 15, 2011 at the AWE Night of the Legends pay-per-view show from Fishersville, Virginia facing CW Anderson. Saturn won the match.Saturn won his first championship in over a decade as he defeated Arik Cannon & Sir Bradley Charles in a Triple Threat match for the 3XW Pure Wrestling championship on April 27 in Des Moines, Iowa. In March 2013, Saturn wrestled at Jerry Lynn's retirement show for Heavy On Wrestling in Minneapolis, MN. He competed in the opening six-man tag match, where his team came out victorious. Saturn entered the Extreme Rising World Championship tournament which was eventually won by Stevie Richards, he was defeated in the first round by Luke Hawx.

text: Saturn returned to wrestling in 2011, wrestling his first match in over seven years on  October 15, 2011 at the AWE Night of the Legends

text: pay-per-view

text: show from

text: Fishersville, Virginia

text: facing

text: CW Anderson

text: . Saturn won the match.Saturn won his first championship in over a decade as he defeated

text: Arik Cannon

text: & Sir Bradley Charles in a Triple Threat match for the 3XW Pure Wrestling championship on April 27 in

text: Des Moines, Iowa

text: . In March 2013, Saturn wrestled at

text: Jerry Lynn

text: 's retirement show for Heavy On Wrestling in

text: Minneapolis, MN

text: . He competed in the opening six-man tag match, where his team came out victorious. Saturn entered the

text: Extreme Rising World Championship

text: tournament which was eventually won by

text: Stevie Richards

text: , he was defeated in the first round by

text: Luke Hawx

text: Planet Nine is hypothesized to follow a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun, with an orbital period of 10,000–20,000 years. The period with which it goes around the sun is a rational multiple of the periods of all the furthest Kuiper Belt objects. The planet's orbit would have a semi-major axis of approximately , or about 20 times the distance from Neptune to the Sun, although it might come as close as  (30 billion km, 19 billion mi), and its inclination estimated to be roughly . The high eccentricity of Planet Nine's orbit could take it as far away as  at its aphelion.

text: Planet Nine is hypothesized to follow a highly

text: elliptical orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: , with an

text: orbital period

text: of 10,000–20,000 years. The period with which it goes around the sun is a rational multiple of the periods of all the furthest Kuiper Belt objects. The planet's orbit would have a

text: semi-major axis

text: of approximately , or about 20 times the distance from

text: Neptune

text: to the Sun, although it might come as close as  (30 billion km, 19 billion mi), and its

text: inclination

text: estimated to be roughly . The high

text: eccentricity

text: of Planet Nine's orbit could take it as far away as  at its

text: aphelion

text: McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team independently proposed the same name, based on the same reasoning as the Berkeley team. Seaborg originally considered the name "plutium", but later thought that it did not sound as good as "plutonium". He chose the letters "Pu" as a joke, which passed without notice into the periodic table. Alternative names considered by Seaborg and others were "ultimium" or "extremium" because of the erroneous belief that they had found the last possible element on the periodic table.

text: McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet

text: Neptune

text: , and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet,

text: Pluto

text: Nicholas Kemmer

text: of the Cambridge team independently proposed the same name, based on the same reasoning as the Berkeley team. Seaborg originally considered the name "plutium", but later thought that it did not sound as good as "plutonium". He chose the letters "Pu" as a joke, which passed without notice into the periodic table. Alternative names considered by Seaborg and others were "ultimium" or "extremium" because of the erroneous belief that they had found the last possible

text: element

text: on the

text: periodic table

text: Birch's proposal involves using a solar shade to cool Venus down sufficiently to permit liquefaction, from a temperature less than  and partial pressures of CO down to 73.8 bar (carbon dioxide's critical point) and then down to 5.185 bar and  (carbon dioxide's triple point). Below that temperature, freezing of atmospheric carbon dioxide into dry ice will cause it to deposit onto the surface, after which the frozen CO would be buried and maintained in that condition by pressure, or shipped off-world (perhaps to provide greenhouse gas needed for terraforming of Mars or the moons of Jupiter). After this process was complete, the shades could be removed or solettas added, allowing the planet to partially warm again to temperatures comfortable for Earth life. A source of hydrogen or water would still be needed, and some of the remaining 3.5 bar of atmospheric nitrogen would need to be fixed into the soil. Birch suggests disrupting an icy moon of Saturn and bombarding Venus with its fragments to provide perhaps an average depth of 100 meters of water over the whole planet.

text: Birch's proposal involves using a solar shade to cool Venus down sufficiently to permit

text: liquefaction

text: , from a temperature less than  and partial pressures of CO down to 73.8 bar (

text: carbon dioxide

text: 's

text: critical point

text: ) and then down to 5.185 bar and  (carbon dioxide's

text: triple point

text: ). Below that temperature, freezing of atmospheric carbon dioxide into

text: dry ice

text: will cause it to

text: deposit

text: onto the surface, after which the frozen CO would be buried and maintained in that condition by pressure, or shipped off-world (perhaps to provide greenhouse gas needed for

text: terraforming

text: of

text: Mars

text: or the moons of

text: Jupiter

text: ). After this process was complete, the shades could be removed or

text: solettas

text: added, allowing the planet to partially warm again to temperatures comfortable for Earth life. A source of

text: hydrogen

text: or

text: water

text: would still be needed, and some of the remaining 3.5 bar of atmospheric

text: nitrogen

text: would need to be fixed into the soil. Birch suggests disrupting an icy moon of Saturn and bombarding Venus with its fragments to provide perhaps an average depth of 100 meters of water over the whole planet.

text: Planetesimals within the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly perturbed by Jupiter's gravity to form a planet. Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before, occasionally colliding. In regions where the average velocity of the collisions was too high, the shattering of planetesimals tended to dominate over accretion, preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies. Orbital resonances occurred where the orbital period of an object in the belt formed an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter, perturbing the object into a different orbit; the region lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter contains many such orbital resonances. As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation, these resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt, dynamically exciting the region's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other.

text: Planetesimals within the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly

text: perturbed

text: by Jupiter's gravity to form a planet. Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before, occasionally colliding. In regions where the average velocity of the collisions was too high, the shattering of planetesimals tended to dominate over accretion, preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies.

text: Orbital resonance

text: s occurred where the orbital period of an object in the belt formed an integer fraction of the orbital period of Jupiter, perturbing the object into a different orbit; the region lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter contains many such orbital resonances. As

text: Jupiter migrated inward

text: following its formation, these resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt, dynamically exciting the region's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other.

text: A very wide range of possible masses can be calculated by combining the radius with densities derived from the possible types of matter from which planets can be made. For example, it could be a rocky terrestrial planet or a lower density ocean planet with a thick atmosphere. A massive hydrogen/helium (H/He) atmosphere is thought, however, to be unlikely in a planet with a radius below 1.5 . Planets with radii of more than 1.5 times that of Earth tend to accumulate the thick atmospheres that would make them less likely to be habitable. Red dwarfs emit a much stronger extreme ultraviolet (XUV) flux when young than later in life. The planet's primordial atmosphere would have been subjected to elevated photoevaporation during that period, which would probably have largely removed any H/He-rich envelope through hydrodynamic mass loss.

text: A very wide range of possible

text: mass

text: es can be calculated by combining the

text: radius

text: with

text: densities

text: derived from the possible types of

text: matter

text: from which planets can be made. For example, it could be a rocky

text: terrestrial planet

text: or a lower density

text: ocean planet

text: with a thick atmosphere. A massive

text: hydrogen

text: helium

text: (H/He) atmosphere is thought, however, to be unlikely in a planet with a radius below 1.5 . Planets with radii of more than 1.5 times that of Earth tend to accumulate the thick atmospheres that would make them less likely to be habitable. Red dwarfs emit a much stronger

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (XUV) flux when young than later in life. The planet's primordial atmosphere would have been subjected to elevated

text: photoevaporation

text: during that period, which would probably have largely removed any H/He-rich envelope through

text: hydrodynamic mass loss

text: Verona Rupes is a cliff on Miranda, a moon of Uranus. The cliff face has been estimated to be from  high, which makes it the tallest known cliff in the Solar System.

text: Verona Rupes is a cliff on

text: Miranda

text: , a moon of

text: Uranus

text: . The cliff face has been estimated to be from  high, which makes it the tallest known cliff in the

text: Solar System

text: The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions. Beyond Neptune, the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc, and the Oort cloud, three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU, and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU. Originally, however, the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun, with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.

text: The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions.

text: Beyond Neptune

text: , the Solar System continues into the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , the

text: scattered disc

text: , and the

text: Oort cloud

text: comet

text: s. At their distance from the Sun, accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed, and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet. The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU, and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU. Originally, however, the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun, with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 AU), and in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.

text: The Inuit group includes five prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distances from the planet (186–297 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclinations (45–50°) and their colors that they can be considered a group. The moons are Ijiraq, Kiviuq, Paaliaq, Siarnaq, and Tarqeq. The largest among them is Siarnaq with an estimated size of about 40 km.

text: The Inuit group includes five

text: prograde

text: outer moons that are similar enough in their distances from the planet (186–297 radii of Saturn), their orbital inclinations (45–50°) and their colors that they can be considered a group. The moons are

text: Ijiraq

text: Kiviuq

text: Paaliaq

text: Siarnaq

text: , and

text: Tarqeq

text: . The largest among them is Siarnaq with an estimated size of about 40 km.

text: Zhenchenglou (振成樓), nicknamed "the prince of tulou", belongs to Hongkeng Tulou cluster. It is located in Hongkeng village, Hukeng township of Yongding County. Inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage 1113-002 It was built in 1912 by the descendents of a rich tobacco merchant. Zhenchenglou is a double ring tulou, its outer ring is four storeys high, total 184 rooms, the inner ring is two storeys with 32 rooms. The outer ring was partitioned into four segments according to Bagua concept of Chinese Fengshui.

text: Zhenchenglou (振成樓), nicknamed "the prince of tulou", belongs to Hongkeng Tulou cluster. It is located in Hongkeng village, Hukeng township of Yongding County. Inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage 1113-002 It was built in 1912 by the descendents of a rich tobacco merchant. Zhenchenglou is a double ring tulou, its outer ring is four storeys high, total 184 rooms, the inner ring is two storeys with 32 rooms. The outer ring was partitioned into four segments according to

text: Bagua concept

text: of Chinese

text: Fengshui

text: Harrington died in January 1993, without having found Planet X. Six months before, E. Myles Standish had used data from Voyager 2's 1989 flyby of Neptune, which had revised the planet's total mass downward by 0.5%—an amount comparable to the mass of Mars—to recalculate its gravitational effect on Uranus. When Neptune's newly determined mass was used in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Developmental Ephemeris (JPL DE), the supposed discrepancies in the Uranian orbit, and with them the need for a Planet X, vanished. There are no discrepancies in the trajectories of any space probes such as Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System. Today, most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist.

text: Harrington died in January 1993, without having found Planet X. Six months before,

text: E. Myles Standish

text: Pioneer 10

text: Pioneer 11

text: Voyager 1

text: , and

text: Voyager 2

text: that can be attributed to the gravitational pull of a large undiscovered object in the outer Solar System. Today, most astronomers agree that Planet X, as Lowell defined it, does not exist.

text: Neptune's migration into the planetesimal disk before planetary encounters begin allows allows Jupiter to retain a significant eccentricity and limits migration after the ejection of the fifth ice giant. Jupiter's eccentricity is excited by resonance crossings and gravitational encounters with the ice giant and is damped due to dynamical friction with the planetesimals it encounters. If gravitational encounters begin shortly after the planets leave their multi-resonant configuration, a significant mass of planetesimals remain after a fifth giant planet is ejected, leaving Jupiter with a small eccentricity after it is removed. If instead Neptune migrates into the planetesimal disk until the planetary encounters are triggered by a resonance crossing, the disk is first disrupted reducing its mass. The smaller mass limits the dampening of Jupiter's eccentricity allowing the current value to be maintained. The divergent migration of Jupiter and Saturn following the ejection of the fifth planet is also limited. This can allow Jupiter's and Saturn's period ratio to jump beyond 2.3 during the planetary encounters without exceeding the current value once the planetesimal disk is removed. Although this evolution of the outer planet's orbits can reproduce the current Solar System is not the typical result in simulations that begin with a significant distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk as in the Nice 2 model.

text: Atmospheric entry is the movement of human-made or natural objects as they enter the atmosphere of a celestial body from outer space—in the case of Earth from an altitude above the Kármán Line, (100 km).  This topic is heavily concerned with the process of controlled reentry of vehicles which are intended to reach the planetary surface intact, but the topic also includes uncontrolled (or minimally controlled) cases, such as the intentionally or circumstantially occurring, destructive deorbiting of satellites and the falling back to the planet of "space junk" due to orbital decay.

text: Atmospheric entry is the movement of human-made or natural objects as they enter the

text: atmosphere

text: of a

text: celestial body

text: from

text: outer space

text: —in the case of

text: Earth

text: from an

text: altitude

text: above the

text: Kármán Line

text: , (100 km).  This topic is heavily concerned with the process of controlled reentry of

text: vehicles

text: which are intended to reach the planetary surface intact, but the topic also includes uncontrolled (or minimally controlled) cases, such as the intentionally or circumstantially occurring, destructive deorbiting of

text: satellites

text: and the falling back to the planet of "

text: space junk

text: " due to

text: orbital decay

text: | Utilized the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields,  densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in the Saturn rings and the ring dimensions. '''More'''

text: The song's title comes from the astrological concepts of Pluto, the sign ruler of Scorpio. Pluto is sometimes called "the Great Renewer": it is the planet of rebirth and transformation that comes from experiences of destruction. A Scorpio herself, Björk has said: "having a lot in the planet Pluto, which I do, means you want to cut the crap, throw all the rubbish away. No extra baggage. It's death and birth."

text: The song's title comes from the

text: astrological

text: concepts of

text: Pluto

text: , the

text: sign ruler

text: of

text: Scorpio

text: . Pluto is sometimes called "the Great Renewer": it is the planet of rebirth and transformation that comes from experiences of destruction. A Scorpio herself, Björk has said: "having a lot in the planet Pluto, which I do, means you want to cut the crap, throw all the rubbish away. No extra baggage. It's death and birth."

text: Ophelia acts as the outer shepherd satellite for Uranus' Epsilon ring. The orbit of Ophelia is within the synchronous orbit radius of Uranus, and therefore the moon is slowly decaying due to tidal forces.

text: Ophelia acts as the outer

text: shepherd satellite

text: for Uranus'

text: Epsilon ring

text: . The orbit of Ophelia is within the synchronous orbit radius of Uranus, and therefore the moon is slowly decaying due to

text: tidal force

text: s.

text: The Space Odyssey series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a metaphysical tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the "continuity" of the series represents happenings in a set of parallel universes. One notable example is that in the 2001 novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special effects for Saturn's rings would be too expensive, so the voyage in the film is to Jupiter instead. The second book, 2010, retcons the storyline of the first book to make the destination Jupiter as seen in the film.

text: The Space Odyssey series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a

text: metaphysical

text: tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the "continuity" of the series represents happenings in a set of

text: parallel universes

text: . One notable example is that in the 2001 novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special effects for Saturn's rings would be too expensive, so the voyage in the film is to Jupiter instead. The second book, 2010,

text: retcons

text: the storyline of the first book to make the destination Jupiter as seen in the film.

text: Paul Wittich (c.1546 – 9 January 1586) was a German  mathematician and astronomer whose Capellan geoheliocentric model, in which the inner planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun but the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Earth, may have directly inspired Tycho Brahe's more radically heliocentric geoheliocentric model in which all the 5 known primary planets orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the stationary Earth.

text: Paul Wittich (c.1546 – 9 January 1586) was a German

text: mathematician

text: and

text: astronomer

text: whose

text: Capellan

text: geoheliocentric model, in which the inner planets Mercury and Venus orbit the sun but the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Earth, may have directly inspired

text: Tycho Brahe

text: 's more radically heliocentric geoheliocentric model in which all the 5 known primary planets orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the stationary Earth.

text: According to NASA, the cost of a Flagship-class mission is over $1 billion. These missions will be crucial in allowing humans to reach and explore high-priority targets. These critically important targets could help establish the limits of planetary habitability, not just for the Solar System, but for planetary systems in general. In particular, they potentially provide an opportunity to identify prebiotic organic molecules or even extant life beyond Earth, should it exist, in the Solar System. The targets of Flagship missions may include complex missions to the atmosphere and surface of Venus, the lower atmosphere and surface of Titan, the surface and subsurface of Europa, the stormy atmosphere of Jupiter, the dusty surface of Mars, the ring systems of Saturn, the deep atmospheres of the ice giants Neptune and Uranus, the surface of the moon Triton, the plumes of Enceladus, the surface and magnetosphere of Mercury, and the surface of a comet nucleus in the form of cryogenically preserved samples.

text: According to NASA, the cost of a Flagship-class mission is over $1 billion. These missions will be crucial in allowing humans to reach and explore high-priority targets. These critically important targets could help establish the limits of

text: planetary habitability

text: , not just for the

text: Solar System

text: , but for

text: planetary system

text: s in general. In particular, they potentially provide an opportunity to identify prebiotic organic molecules or even extant

text: life beyond Earth

text: , should it exist, in the Solar System. The targets of Flagship missions may include complex missions to the atmosphere and surface of

text: Venus

text: , the lower atmosphere and surface of

text: Titan

text: , the surface and subsurface of

text: Europa

text: , the stormy atmosphere of

text: Jupiter

text: , the dusty surface of

text: Mars

text: , the ring systems of

text: Saturn

text: , the deep atmospheres of the ice giants

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Uranus

text: , the surface of the moon

text: Triton

text: , the plumes of

text: Enceladus

text: , the surface and magnetosphere of

text: Mercury

text: , and the surface of a

text: comet nucleus

text: in the form of cryogenically preserved samples.

text: No further moons were found until Voyager 2 flew by Neptune in 1989. Voyager 2 rediscovered Larissa and discovered five inner moons: Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea and Proteus. In 2001 two surveys using large ground-based telescopes found five additional outer moons, bringing the total to thirteen. Follow-up surveys by two teams in 2002 and 2003 respectively re-observed all five of these moons, which are Halimede, Sao, Psamathe, Laomedeia, and Neso. A sixth candidate moon was also found in the 2002 survey and was lost thereafter: it may have been a centaur instead of a satellite, although its small amount of motion relative to Neptune over a month suggests that it was indeed a satellite. It was estimated to have diameter 33 km and to have been about 25.1 million km (0.168 AU) from Neptune when it was found.

text: No further moons were found until

text: Voyager 2

text: flew by Neptune in 1989. Voyager 2 rediscovered Larissa and discovered five inner moons:

text: Naiad

text: Thalassa

text: Despina

text: Galatea

text: and

text: Proteus

text: . In 2001 two surveys using large ground-based telescopes found five additional outer moons, bringing the total to thirteen. Follow-up surveys by two teams in 2002 and 2003 respectively re-observed all five of these moons, which are

text: Halimede

text: Sao

text: Psamathe

text: Laomedeia

text: , and

text: Neso

text: . A sixth candidate moon was also found in the 2002 survey and was lost thereafter: it may have been a

text: centaur

text: instead of a satellite, although its small amount of motion relative to Neptune over a month suggests that it was indeed a satellite. It was estimated to have diameter 33 km and to have been about 25.1 million km (0.168

text: AU

text: ) from Neptune when it was found.

text: Phoebe is a retrograde orbiting moon in the outer Saturn system. It is the largest of the Saturnian irregular moons.

text: Phoebe

text: is a retrograde orbiting moon in the outer Saturn system. It is the largest of the Saturnian

text: irregular moon

text: s.

text: Mars' dust storms can kick up fine particles in the atmosphere around which clouds can form. These clouds can form very high up, up to  above the planet. The clouds are very faint and can only be seen reflecting sunlight against the darkness of the night sky. In that respect, they look similar to the mesospheric clouds, also known as noctilucent clouds on Earth, which occur about  above our planet.

text: Mars' dust storms can kick up fine particles in the atmosphere around which clouds can form. These clouds can form very high up, up to  above the planet. The clouds are very faint and can only be seen reflecting sunlight against the darkness of the night sky. In that respect, they look similar to the mesospheric clouds, also known as

text: noctilucent clouds

text: on Earth, which occur about  above our planet.

text: If (at the time of one’s birth) benefic planets occupy the upachayasthanas (the 3rd, the 6th, the 10th and the 11th bhavas ) either from the Lagna or the Moon then Vasumathi yoga arises whose results are that the person will not be a dependent but will always command plenty of wealth; this yoga is more effective with reference to the Lagna because counted from the Moon only three upachaysthanas can be occupied by benefic planets Mercury, Venus and Jupiter. Planets occupying their exaltation signs will make this yoga more powerful but by occupying their debilitation signs, weak. A pure Vasumathi yoga is a rare occurrence.

text: The dashas of marakas are important in determining the time of death but they should not always be taken to mean actual death. The dasha of a maraka not meant to cause death or the dasha of a malefic for a particular lagna not death-inflicting affects the health of a person. During the course of those dashas one may experience certain obstacles, death of someone close, change of place or of way of life and the like. The 7th house also indicates residence and long travels. The 22nd Drekkena is generally examined to ascertain the nature of death even though Varahamihira relates this drekkena with the disposal of the dead which falls on the 8th house, and is treated as an evil one. Any planet can acquire death-inflicting powers but the aspect of a strong Jupiter on the Moon, the Sun, Mars or Saturn neutralises their power to cause an early death. Jatakalankara states that if at birth the lagna-lord associated with a malefic is in a trikabhava or if the trika-lords occupy their own respective bhavas or if a malefic planet is in the lagna and the lagna-lord is weak, one suffers from acute mental and physical pressures and ailments. Sarvartha Chintamani states that the Moon in Cancer lagna aspected by Mars from the 10th and by Jupiter from the 7th while giving yoga gives a life span of sixty years only, whereas Jupiter exalted in the lagna and aspecting the two trikonas occupied by benefics makes one live for eighty years. Three or more planets situated in the 8th house not in their own or friendly or exaltation sign curtail term of life.

text: The dashas of marakas are important in determining the time of death but they should not always be taken to mean actual death. The dasha of a maraka not meant to cause death or the dasha of a malefic for a particular lagna not death-inflicting affects the health of a person. During the course of those dashas one may experience certain obstacles, death of someone close, change of place or of way of life and the like. The 7th house also indicates residence and long travels. The 22nd Drekkena is generally examined to ascertain the nature of death even though

text: Varahamihira

text: relates this drekkena with the disposal of the dead which falls on the 8th house, and is treated as an evil one. Any planet can acquire death-inflicting powers but the aspect of a strong Jupiter on the Moon, the Sun, Mars or Saturn neutralises their power to cause an early death.

text: Jatakalankara

text: states that if at birth the lagna-lord associated with a malefic is in a

text: trikabhava

text: or if the trika-lords occupy their own respective bhavas or if a malefic planet is in the lagna and the lagna-lord is weak, one suffers from acute mental and physical pressures and ailments.

text: Sarvartha Chintamani

text: states that the Moon in Cancer lagna aspected by Mars from the 10th and by Jupiter from the 7th while giving yoga gives a life span of sixty years only, whereas Jupiter exalted in the lagna and aspecting the two trikonas occupied by benefics makes one live for eighty years. Three or more planets situated in the 8th house not in their own or friendly or exaltation sign curtail term of life.

text: The planet was the first to be sighted optically rather than through infrared. Unlike other "hot Jupiters," this occurrence seems to imply that the heat transfer between the hemisphere of the planet facing the star and the hemisphere facing away is not significant.

text: The planet was the first to be sighted optically rather than through

text: infrared

text: . Unlike other "hot Jupiters," this occurrence seems to imply that the heat transfer between the hemisphere of the planet facing the star and the hemisphere facing away is not significant.

text: The game was set to be played at Wrigley Field, the Bears' home stadium, but due to severe blizzards followed by extremely cold temperatures and wind chill, the game was moved indoors to Chicago Stadium.

text: The game was set to be played at

text: Wrigley Field

text: , the Bears' home stadium, but due to severe

text: blizzard

text: s followed by extremely cold temperatures and

text: wind chill

text: , the game was moved indoors to Chicago Stadium.

text: The novel included some notable early descriptions of proto-science and fictional technology, among them Bester's portrayal of psionics, including the phenomenon of "jaunting", named after the scientist (Charles Fort Jaunte) who discovered it. Jaunting is the instantaneous teleportation of one's body (and anything one is wearing or carrying). One is able to move up to a thousand miles by just thinking. This suddenly revealed and near-universal ability totally disrupts the economic balance between the Inner Planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, and the Moon) and the Outer Satellites (various moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune), eventually leading to a war between the two. Jaunting has other effects on the social fabric of the novel's world, and these are examined in true science-fictional fashion. Women of the upper classes are locked away in jaunte-proof rooms "for their protection", the treatment of criminals of necessity goes back to the Victorian "separate system", and freaks and monsters abound.

text: The novel included some notable early descriptions of proto-science and fictional technology, among them Bester's portrayal of

text: psionics

text: , including the phenomenon of "jaunting", named after the scientist (Charles Fort Jaunte) who discovered it. Jaunting is the instantaneous

text: teleportation

text: of one's body (and anything one is wearing or carrying). One is able to move up to a thousand miles by just thinking. This suddenly revealed and near-universal ability totally disrupts the economic balance between the Inner Planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, and the Moon) and the Outer Satellites (various moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune), eventually leading to a war between the two. Jaunting has other effects on the social fabric of the novel's world, and these are examined in true science-fictional fashion. Women of the upper classes are locked away in jaunte-proof rooms "for their protection", the treatment of criminals of necessity goes back to the Victorian "

text: separate system

text: ", and freaks and monsters abound.

text: For solid objects, such as rocky planets and asteroids, the rotation period is a single value. For gaseous/fluid bodies, such as stars and gas giants, the period of rotation varies from the equator to the poles due to a phenomenon called differential rotation. Typically, the stated rotation period for a gas giant (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) is its internal rotation period, as determined from the rotation of the planet's magnetic field. For objects that are not spherically symmetrical, the rotation period is, in general, not fixed, even in the absence of gravitational or tidal forces. This is because, although the rotation axis is fixed in space (by the conservation of angular momentum), it is not necessarily fixed in the body of the object itself. As a result of this, the moment of inertia of the object around the rotation axis can vary, and hence the rate of rotation can vary (because the product of the moment of inertia and the rate of rotation is equal to the angular momentum, which is fixed).  Hyperion, a satellite of Saturn, exhibits this behaviour, and its rotation period is described as chaotic.

text: For solid objects, such as rocky

text: planets

text: and

text: asteroids

text: , the rotation period is a single value. For gaseous/fluid bodies, such as

text: star

text: s and

text: gas giant

text: s, the period of rotation varies from the equator to the poles due to a phenomenon called

text: differential rotation

text: . Typically, the stated rotation period for a gas giant (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) is its internal rotation period, as determined from the rotation of the planet's

text: magnetic field

text: . For objects that are not

text: spherically

text: symmetrical

text: , the rotation period is, in general, not fixed, even in the absence of

text: gravitational

text: or

text: tidal

text: forces. This is because, although the rotation axis is fixed in space (by the

text: conservation of angular momentum

text: ), it is not necessarily fixed in the body of the object itself. As a result of this, the

text: moment of inertia

text: of the object around the rotation axis can vary, and hence the rate of rotation can vary (because the product of the moment of inertia and the rate of rotation is equal to the angular momentum, which is fixed).

text: Hyperion

text: , a satellite of

text: Saturn

text: , exhibits this behaviour, and its rotation period is described as

text: chaotic

text: In December 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope detected a pair of previously unknown rings. The largest is located twice as far from Uranus as the previously known rings. These new rings are so far from Uranus that they are called the "outer" ring system. Hubble also spotted two small satellites, one of which, Mab, shares its orbit with the outermost newly discovered ring. The new rings bring the total number of Uranian rings to 13. In April 2006, images of the new rings from the Keck Observatory yielded the colours of the outer rings: the outermost is blue and the other one red.One hypothesis concerning the outer ring's blue colour is that it is composed of minute particles of water ice from the surface of Mab that are small enough to scatter blue light. In contrast, Uranus's inner rings appear grey.

text: In December 2005, the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: detected a pair of previously unknown rings. The largest is located twice as far from Uranus as the previously known rings. These new rings are so far from Uranus that they are called the "outer" ring system. Hubble also spotted two small satellites, one of which,

text: Mab

text: , shares its orbit with the outermost newly discovered ring. The new rings bring the total number of Uranian rings to 13. In April 2006, images of the new rings from the

text: Keck Observatory

text: yielded the colours of the outer rings: the outermost is blue and the other one red.One hypothesis concerning the outer ring's blue colour is that it is composed of minute particles of water ice from the surface of Mab that are small enough to scatter blue light. In contrast, Uranus's inner rings appear grey.

text: The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry offshore winds that characteristically sweep across Southern California and northern Baja California during late fall into winter season. They range from hot to cold, depending on the prevailing temperatures in the source region, the Great Basin and upper Mojave Desert. Nevertheless, the winds are notorious for causing hot, dry weather due to compressional heating of the lower atmosphere.

text: The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry offshore

text: wind

text: s that characteristically sweep across

text: Southern California

text: and northern

text: Baja California

text: during late fall into winter season. They range from hot to cold, depending on the prevailing temperatures in the source region, the

text: Great Basin

text: and upper

text: Mojave Desert

text: . Nevertheless, the winds are notorious for causing hot, dry weather due to compressional heating of the lower atmosphere.

text: Neptune Glacier () is a glacier on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica, 12 nautical miles (22 km) long and 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, flowing east into George VI Sound and the George VI Ice Shelf to the south of Triton Point. Although Neptune Glacier is not located within the mountain range Planet Heights, the glaciers name derives from the mountain range along with many other nearby glaciers named after planets of the Solar System. There are also other nearby landforms named in association with these glaciers. The glacier was first sighted from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935, and roughly mapped from photos obtained on that flight by W.L.G. Joerg. The mouth of the glacier was positioned in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE). Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for the planet Neptune following a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) survey in 1949. The head of the glacier was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, by Searle of the FIDS in 1960.

text: Neptune Glacier () is a

text: glacier

text: on the east coast of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: , 12 nautical miles (22 km) long and 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide, flowing east into

text: George VI Sound

text: and the

text: George VI Ice Shelf

text: to the south of

text: Triton Point

text: . Although Neptune Glacier is not located within the mountain range

text: Planet Heights

text: , the glaciers name derives from the mountain range along with many other nearby glaciers named after planets of the

text: Solar System

text: . There are also other nearby landforms named in association with these glaciers. The glacier was first sighted from the air by

text: Lincoln Ellsworth

text: W.L.G. Joerg

text: . The mouth of the glacier was positioned in 1936 by the

text: British Graham Land Expedition

text: (BGLE). Named by the

text: (UK-APC) for the planet

text: Neptune

text: following a

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: (FIDS) survey in 1949. The head of the glacier was mapped from air photos taken by the

text: Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

text: (RARE), 1947–48, by Searle of the FIDS in 1960.

text: Both gas and liquid flow can be measured in volumetric or mass flow rates, such as liters per second or kilograms per second, respectively. These measurements are related by the material's density. The density of a liquid is almost independent of conditions. This is not the case for gases, the densities of which depend greatly upon pressure, temperature and to a lesser extent, composition.

text: Both gas and liquid flow can be measured in

text: volumetric

text: or

text: mass flow rate

text: s, such as liters per second or kilograms per second, respectively. These measurements are related by the material's

text: density

text: . The density of a liquid is almost independent of conditions. This is not the case for gases, the densities of which depend greatly upon pressure, temperature and to a lesser extent, composition.

text: Uranus was discovered by amateur astronomer William Herschel on 13 March 1781. Uranus exhibits the ideals of the 18th century, where people such as Benjamin Franklin endeavoured to use their inventive mind to move man into a more enlightened era.  It has an orbit of 84 years, staying in each sign of the zodiac for approximately 7 years.  Uranus is considered to be a higher octave of Mercury, which means that as people develop within their selves, their character and means of communication will exhibit more influences of the sign and house of Uranus.  In essence, Uranus can be seen as a person's higher self.  Because it takes Uranus 84 years to travel through the zodiac, transiting Uranus just might conjoin the natal Uranus within a person's lifetime.

text: Uranus was discovered by amateur astronomer

text: William Herschel

text: on 13 March 1781. Uranus exhibits the ideals of the 18th century, where people such as

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: endeavoured to use their inventive mind to move man into a more enlightened era.  It has an orbit of 84 years, staying in each sign of the

text: zodiac

text: for approximately 7 years.  Uranus is considered to be a higher octave of

text: Mercury

text: , which means that as people develop within their selves, their character and means of communication will exhibit more influences of the sign and house of Uranus.  In essence, Uranus can be seen as a person's

text: higher self

text: .  Because it takes Uranus 84 years to travel through the zodiac, transiting Uranus just might conjoin the natal Uranus within a person's lifetime.

text: Because all giant planets of the Solar System have rings, the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible. Although particles of ice, the material that is predominant in the rings of Saturn, can only exist around planets beyond the frost line, within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the transit method by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of January 2015, no such observations are known.

text: Because all

text: giant planet

text: s of the Solar System have rings, the existence of

text: exoplanet

text: s with rings is plausible. Although particles of

text: ice

text: , the material that is predominant in the

text: rings of Saturn

text: , can only exist around planets beyond the

text: frost line

text: , within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the

text: transit method

text: by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of January 2015, no such observations are known.

text: Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active object in the solar system because of tidal interaction with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt sulfur, sulfur dioxide and silicate rock, and as a result, Io is constantly being resurfaced. Its lavas are the hottest known anywhere in the solar system, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500 °C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the solar system occurred on Io. Europa, the smallest of Jupiter's Galilean moons, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which freezes into ice on the frigid surface. This process is known as cryovolcanism, and is apparently most common on the moons of the outer planets of the solar system.

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: moon

text: Io

text: is the most volcanically active object in the solar system because of

text: tidal

text: interaction with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt

text: sulfur

text: sulfur dioxide

text: and

text: silicate

text: rock, and as a result,

text: Io

text: is constantly being resurfaced. Its lavas are the hottest known anywhere in the solar system, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500 °C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the solar system occurred on Io.

text: Europa

text: , the smallest of Jupiter's

text: Galilean moon

text: s, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which freezes into ice on the frigid surface. This process is known as

text: cryovolcanism

text: , and is apparently most common on the moons of the outer planets of the

text: solar system

text: After the discovery of the three outer planets--Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto—modern astrologers speculated on possible domicile and exaltation rulerships for these planets.  It was suggested, for example, that Neptune was the "true" domicile ruler of Pisces (usurping one of Jupiter's two domicile rulerships). The ancient system was complex and symmetrical, making no allowance for additional, unseen planets, and it is difficult to include them in traditional techniques. Most modern astrologers have therefore abandoned attempts to assign exaltations to these newer planets.

text: After the discovery of the three

text: outer planet

text: s--

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: , and

text: Pluto

text: —modern astrologers speculated on possible domicile and exaltation rulerships for these planets.  It was suggested, for example, that Neptune was the "true" domicile ruler of

text: Pisces

text: (usurping one of Jupiter's two domicile rulerships). The ancient system was complex and symmetrical, making no allowance for additional, unseen planets, and it is difficult to include them in traditional techniques. Most modern astrologers have therefore abandoned attempts to assign exaltations to these newer planets.

text: As a young Voyager scientist, she was the first person to describe the behavior of the eccentric ringlets and the "spokes" discovered by Voyager within the rings of Saturn; to elucidate the mechanism by which the outer Uranian rings were being shepherded by the Voyager-discovered moons Cordelia and Ophelia; and to provide an explanation for the shepherding of the rings arcs of Neptune by the moon Galatea, also discovered by Voyager. She was a co-originator of the idea to take a 'portrait of the planets' with the Voyager spacecraft, and participated in the planning, design, and execution of those images in 1990, including the famous Pale Blue Dot image of Earth.

text: As a young Voyager scientist, she was the first person to describe the behavior of the eccentric ringlets and the "spokes" discovered by Voyager within the rings of Saturn; to elucidate the mechanism by which the outer Uranian rings were being shepherded by the Voyager-discovered moons

text: Cordelia

text: and

text: Ophelia

text: ; and to provide an explanation for the shepherding of the rings arcs of Neptune by the moon

text: Galatea

text: , also discovered by Voyager. She was a co-originator of the idea to take a 'portrait of the planets' with the Voyager spacecraft, and participated in the planning, design, and execution of those images in 1990, including the famous

text: Pale Blue Dot

text: image of Earth.

text: A planetary surface is where the solid (or liquid) material of the outer crust on certain types of astronomical objects contacts the atmosphere or outer space; planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of planetary mass (PMO)s, including terrestrial planets, dwarf planets, natural satellites, planetesimals and many other Small Solar System bodies (SSSB)s. The study of planetary surfaces is a field of planetary geology known as surface geology but also a focus of a number of fields including planetary cartography, topography, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences and astronomy.  Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term "landing" is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached.

text: A planetary surface is where the solid (or liquid) material of the outer

text: crust

text: on certain types of

text: astronomical object

text: s contacts the

text: atmosphere

text: or

text: outer space

text: ; planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of

text: planetary mass

text: (PMO)s, including

text: terrestrial planet

text: s,

text: dwarf planet

text: s,

text: natural satellite

text: s,

text: planetesimal

text: s and many other

text: Small Solar System bodies

text: (SSSB)s. The study of planetary surfaces is a field of

text: planetary geology

text: known as surface geology but also a focus of a number of fields including

text: planetary cartography

text: topography

text: geomorphology

text: atmospheric sciences

text: and

text: astronomy

text: .  Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term "

text: landing

text: " is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached.

text: Diamond dust is often associated with halos, such as sun dogs, light pillars, etc. Like the ice crystals in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds, diamond dust crystals form directly as simple hexagonal ice crystals — as opposed to freezing drops — and generally form slowly. This combination results in crystals with well defined shapes - usually either hexagonal plates or columns - which, like a prism, can reflect and/or refract light in specific directions.

text: Diamond dust is often associated with

text: halo

text: s, such as

text: sun dogs

text: light pillar

text: s, etc. Like the ice crystals in

text: cirrus

text: or

text: cirrostratus cloud

text: s, diamond dust crystals form directly as simple hexagonal ice crystals — as opposed to freezing drops — and generally form slowly. This combination results in crystals with well defined shapes - usually either hexagonal plates or columns - which, like a prism, can

text: reflect

text: and/or

text: refract

text: light in specific directions.

text: The concept of a habitable zone has been used by planetary scientists and astrobiologists to define an orbital region around a star in which a planet (or moon) can sustain liquid water. Under this definition, the inner edge of the habitable zone (i.e., the closest point to a star that a planet can be until it can no longer sustain liquid water) is determined by the point in which the runaway greenhouse process occurs. For sun-like stars, this inner edge is estimated to reside at roughly 84% the distance from the Earth to the sun although feedback such as cloud-induced albedo increase could modify this estimate somewhat.

text: The concept of a

text: habitable zone

text: has been used by planetary scientists and astrobiologists to define an orbital region around a star in which a planet (or moon) can sustain liquid water. Under this definition, the inner edge of the habitable zone (i.e., the closest point to a star that a planet can be until it can no longer sustain liquid water) is determined by the point in which the runaway greenhouse process occurs. For sun-like stars, this inner edge is estimated to reside at roughly 84% the distance from the Earth to the sun although feedback such as cloud-induced albedo increase could modify this estimate somewhat.

text: All of the Solar System's planets have atmospheres.  This is because their gravity is strong enough to keep gaseous particles close to the surface.  Larger gas giants are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases hydrogen and helium close by, while the smaller planets lose these gases into space. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular oxygen. Much of Mercury's atmosphere has been blasted away by the solar wind. The only moon that has retained a dense atmosphere is Titan. There is a thin atmosphere on Triton, and a trace of an atmosphere on the Moon.

text: All of the Solar System's planets have atmospheres.  This is because their gravity is strong enough to keep gaseous particles close to the surface.  Larger gas giants are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: close by, while the smaller planets lose these gases into

text: space

text: . The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular

text: oxygen

text: . Much of Mercury's atmosphere has been blasted away by the

text: solar wind

text: . The only moon that has retained a dense atmosphere is

text: Titan

text: . There is a thin atmosphere on

text: Triton

text: , and a trace of an atmosphere on the

text: Moon

text: Another distinguishing feature of Saturn's magnetosphere is high abundance of neutral gas around the planet. As revealed by ultraviolet observation of Cassini, the planet is enshrouded in a large cloud of hydrogen, water vapor and their dissociative products like hydroxyl, extending as far as 45 R from Saturn. In the inner magnetosphere the ratio of neutrals to ions is around 60 and it increases in the outer magnetosphere, which means that the entire magnetospheric volume is filled with relatively dense weakly ionized gas. This is different, for instance, from Jupiter or Earth, where ions dominate over neutral gas, and has consequences for the magnetospheric dynamics.

text: Another distinguishing feature of Saturn's magnetosphere is high abundance of neutral gas around the planet. As revealed by

text: ultraviolet

text: observation of Cassini, the planet is enshrouded in a large cloud of

text: hydrogen

text: , water vapor and their dissociative products like

text: hydroxyl

text: , extending as far as 45 R from Saturn. In the inner magnetosphere the ratio of neutrals to ions is around 60 and it increases in the outer magnetosphere, which means that the entire magnetospheric volume is filled with relatively dense weakly ionized gas. This is different, for instance, from Jupiter or Earth, where ions dominate over neutral gas, and has consequences for the magnetospheric dynamics.

text: Detached objects are a dynamical class of minor planets in the outer reaches of the Solar System and belong to the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). These objects have orbits whose points of closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) are sufficiently distant from the gravitational influence of Neptune that they are only moderately affected by Neptune and the other known planets: this makes them appear to be "detached" from the Solar System.

text: Detached objects are a

text: dynamical

text: class of

text: minor planet

text: s in the outer reaches of the

text: Solar System

text: and belong to the broader family of

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s (TNOs). These objects have orbits whose points of closest approach to the Sun (

text: perihelion

text: ) are sufficiently distant from the

text: gravitational influence

text: of

text: Neptune

text: that they are only moderately affected by Neptune and the other known planets: this makes them appear to be "detached" from the Solar System.

text: Even when this inner planet, with a mass at least 78% times that of Jupiter was accounted for, the star still showed a drift in its radial velocity. This eventually led to the discovery of the outer planet 55 Cancri d in 2002.

text: Even when this inner planet, with a

text: mass

text: at least 78% times that of

text: Jupiter

text: was accounted for, the star still showed a drift in its radial velocity. This eventually led to the discovery of the outer planet

text: 55 Cancri d

text: in 2002.

text: In the meantime, the Red Army strengthened its outer encirclement with the intention of destroying the encircled German units. Soviet armies would attack German units to the east and the south, aiming to split German units into smaller groups. These orders became effective on 24 November, and were to be executed without a major regrouping or movement of reserves. The outer encirclement ran for an estimated , although only three-quarters of that distance was actually covered by Soviet troops; the distance between the outer and inner encirclements was around . The Soviet high command also began planning for Operation Saturn, which was aimed at destroying the Italian Eighth Army and cutting off German forces in the Caucasus. The Soviet Stavka planned Saturn to start on about 10 December.

text: In the meantime, the Red Army strengthened its outer encirclement with the intention of destroying the encircled German units. Soviet armies would attack German units to the east and the south, aiming to split German units into smaller groups. These orders became effective on 24 November, and were to be executed without a major regrouping or movement of reserves. The outer encirclement ran for an estimated , although only three-quarters of that distance was actually covered by Soviet troops; the distance between the outer and inner encirclements was around . The Soviet high command also began planning for

text: Operation Saturn

text: , which was aimed at destroying the Italian Eighth Army and cutting off German forces in the

text: Caucasus

text: . The Soviet Stavka planned Saturn to start on about 10 December.

text: The city locations were generally inspired by the cities of New York and Hong Kong. The atmospheres of the planets and the ethnic groups in Cowboy Bebop mostly originated from Watanabe's ideas, with some collaboration from set designers Isamu Imakake, Shoji Kawamori, and Dai Satō. The animation staff established the particular planet atmospheres early in the production of the series before working on the ethnic groups. It was Watanabe who wanted to have several groups of ethnic diversity appear in the series. Mars was the planet most often used in Cowboy Bebops storylines, with Satoshi Toba, the cultural and setting producer, explaining that the other planets "were unexpectedly difficult to use." He stated that each planet in the series had unique features, and the producers had to take into account the characteristics of each planet in the story. For the final episode, Toba explained that it was not possible for the staff to have the dramatic rooftop scene occur on Venus, so the staff "ended up normally falling back to Mars." In creating the backstory, Watanabe envisioned a world of "statelessness rather than multinationalism". In spite of certain American influences in the series, he stipulated that the country had been destroyed decades prior to the story, later saying the notion of the United States as the center of the world repelled him.

text: The city locations were generally inspired by the cities of

text: New York

text: and

text: Hong Kong

text: . The atmospheres of the planets and the ethnic groups in Cowboy Bebop mostly originated from Watanabe's ideas, with some collaboration from set designers

text: Isamu Imakake

text: Shoji Kawamori

text: , and

text: Dai Satō

text: . The animation staff established the particular planet atmospheres early in the production of the series before working on the ethnic groups. It was Watanabe who wanted to have several groups of ethnic diversity appear in the series.

text: Mars

text: was the planet most often used in Cowboy Bebops storylines, with Satoshi Toba, the cultural and setting producer, explaining that the other planets "were unexpectedly difficult to use." He stated that each planet in the series had unique features, and the producers had to take into account the characteristics of each planet in the story. For the final episode, Toba explained that it was not possible for the staff to have the dramatic rooftop scene occur on

text: Venus

text: , so the staff "ended up normally falling back to Mars." In creating the backstory, Watanabe envisioned a world of "statelessness rather than multinationalism". In spite of certain American influences in the series, he stipulated that the country had been destroyed decades prior to the story, later saying the notion of the United States as the center of the world repelled him.

text: In outer space, hexagonal crystalline ice (the predominant form found on Earth) is extremely rare. Amorphous ice is more common; however, hexagonal crystalline ice can be formed by volcanic action.

text: NASA performed a study called HOPE (Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration) regarding the future exploration of the Solar System. The target chosen was Callisto due to its distance from Jupiter, and thus the planet's harmful radiation. It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System.

text: NASA performed a study called HOPE (Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration) regarding the future exploration of the Solar System. The target chosen was

text: Callisto

text: due to its distance from Jupiter, and thus the planet's harmful radiation. It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System.

text: The orbital distance places it at the outer limits of the habitable zone, the distance at which it is believed possible for water to exist on the surface of a planetary body. At the time of its discovery, the planet's orbit was originally thought to be farther out. However, in late April 2009 the original discovery team revised its original estimate of the planet's orbital parameters, finding that it orbits closer to its star than originally determined with an orbital period of 66.87 days. They concluded that the planet is within the habitable zone where liquid water could exist, thus confirming previous studies. Moreover, the data  also suggested that the proposed exoplanet  could have at least one or more large oceans.

text: This is a list of named geological features, of various kinds, on Triton, the planet Neptune's largest moon.

text: This is a list of named

text: geological

text: features, of various kinds, on

text: Triton

text: , the

text: planet

text: Neptune

text: 's largest

text: moon

text: Phase one of the outer ring road is a single carriageway road about 1 km in length. The remainder of the road is dual carriageway,  in length. This gives a total length of about  for the R710 Outer Ring Road between the Ardkeen and Cork road roundabouts. The term Outer Ring Road has been occasionally used specifically for the more recent project, with the NDP and Waterford City Council referring to the project (for this section) merely as the Waterford Outer Ring Road. The 7-year gap between the completion of 'phase one' and the main section, along with the fact that the main section is dual carriageway while the phase one road is single lane perhaps lends an artificial distinction between the two route sections.

text: No real attempt had been made to cross the ring of mountains enclosing Nanda Devi until 1883. In that year William Graham, who was the first climber to visit Himalaya purely for sporting purposes, attempted to reach the basin inside the protecting ring, the so-called Nanda Devi Sanctuary. The Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary though an extremely deep gorge and he attempted to ascend along this route. He found the lowest part of the gorge impassable. Then, after almost reaching the summit of Dunagiri, and guided by local inhabitants, he took a route slightly north of the river and he was able to reach the gorge part way up. To the west of Nanda Devi the encircling ring becomes double with an inner ring enclosing the inner part of the Sanctuary and an outer part of the Sanctuary lying between the two ridges of the ring. By crossing the outer ring and avoiding the lower part of the gorge Graham had reached the outer part of the Sanctuary but he could not get any further.

text: No real attempt had been made to cross the ring of mountains enclosing Nanda Devi until 1883. In that year

text: William Graham

text: , who was the first climber to visit Himalaya purely for sporting purposes, attempted to reach the basin inside the protecting ring, the so-called

text: Nanda Devi Sanctuary

text: . The Rishi Ganga river drains the Sanctuary though an extremely deep gorge and he attempted to ascend along this route. He found the lowest part of the gorge impassable. Then, after almost reaching the summit of

text: Dunagiri

text: , and guided by local inhabitants, he took a route slightly north of the river and he was able to reach the gorge part way up. To the west of Nanda Devi the encircling ring becomes double with an inner ring enclosing the inner part of the Sanctuary and an outer part of the Sanctuary lying between the two ridges of the ring. By crossing the outer ring and avoiding the lower part of the gorge Graham had reached the outer part of the Sanctuary but he could not get any further.

text: The Shiseikan (Administrator) series is summarized as follows: In the distant future, the humans of Earth constitute the Terrestrial Federation; the Terrestrial humans have spread far across outer space and colonized numerous planets and solar systems. The Federation established local governments on those planets to establish law and order among the human settlers, and to mediate between Terrestrials and the sapient aliens who had been originally born, evolved and lived on certain of these planets before the settlers arrived. In the early period, the planets had been ruled by Federation-aligned military juntas; however, the Federation has begun to recall the military administrations and send civilian administrators to govern on their behalf. The troubles faced by these administrators constitute the stories of Shiseikan.

text: The planetary return in astrology is when the transiting planet returns to the precise position it was in at the moment of a person's birth. Symbolically this means that the planet is beginning a new cycle in a person's life. Returns apply also to the sun and moon - an astrologer would say that a person's birthday is technically their 'solar return'; for it marks the day when the sun returns to the same position in the zodiac as on a person's original birthday. The most important returns are those of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Half-returns (when the planet reaches the halfway point in its journey) are also important, especially in the case of Uranus, as many people may not live long enough to see or get the full benefit of its full return of 84 years.

text: The planetary return in

text: astrology

text: is when the transiting

text: planet

text: returns to the precise position it was in at the moment of a person's birth. Symbolically this means that the planet is beginning a new cycle in a person's life. Returns apply also to the sun and moon - an astrologer would say that a person's birthday is technically their 'solar return'; for it marks the day when the sun returns to the same position in the

text: zodiac

text: as on a person's original birthday. The most important returns are those of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. Half-returns (when the planet reaches the halfway point in its journey) are also important, especially in the case of Uranus, as many people may not live long enough to see or get the full benefit of its full return of 84 years.

text: Jupiter has 67 known moons with confirmed orbits. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized Galilean moons and the far smaller Amalthea group. They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Its 59 known irregular moons are organized into two categories: prograde and retrograde. The prograde satellites consist of the Himalia group and two others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the Carme, Ananke and Pasiphae groups, as well as some isolated moons.

text: Jupiter

text: has 67 known moons with confirmed orbits. Its eight regular moons are grouped into the planet-sized

text: Galilean moons

text: and the far smaller

text: Amalthea group

text: . They are named after lovers of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Its 59 known irregular moons are organized into two categories:

text: prograde

text: and

text: retrograde

text: . The prograde satellites consist of the

text: Himalia group

text: and two others in groups of one. The retrograde moons are grouped into the

text: Carme

text: Ananke

text: and

text: Pasiphae

text: groups, as well as some isolated moons.

text: Note that this definition of double planet depends on the pair's distance from the Sun. If the Earth–Moon system happened to orbit farther away from the Sun than it does now, then Earth would win the tug of war.  For example, at the orbit of Mars, the Moon's tug-of-war value would be 1.05. Also, several tiny moons discovered since Asimov's proposal would qualify as double planets by this argument. Neptune's small outer moons Neso and Psamathe, for example, have tug-of-war values of 0.42 and 0.44, less than that of Earth's Moon. Yet their masses are tiny compared to Neptune's, with an estimated ratio of 1.5 () and 0.4 ().

text: Note that this definition of double planet depends on the pair's distance from the Sun. If the Earth–Moon system happened to orbit farther away from the Sun than it does now, then Earth would win the tug of war.  For example, at the orbit of Mars, the Moon's tug-of-war value would be 1.05. Also, several tiny moons discovered since Asimov's proposal would qualify as double planets by this argument. Neptune's small outer moons

text: Neso

text: and

text: Psamathe

text: , for example, have tug-of-war values of 0.42 and 0.44, less than that of Earth's Moon. Yet their masses are tiny compared to Neptune's, with an estimated ratio of 1.5 () and 0.4 ().

text: occulted a relatively bright apparent magnitude 13.1 star in the constellation of Andromeda on October 9, 2009. This event was visible from Australia, possibly New Zealand, and the southern United States and Mexico. The RA and declination for this event was about 00 37 13.64 +28 22 23.2.: detailed information for observers was made available. The occultation produced a diameter of , suggesting an albedo of about 0.88. Somewhere between a size of  and , an icy body becomes rounded by its own gravity. With the exception of Neptune's moon Proteus, and possibly Eris's moon Dysnomia (whose shape is unknown), all icy moons with diameters 400 km or more are known to be spherical. Mike Brown lists it as a possible dwarf planet.

text: occult

text: ed a relatively bright

text: apparent magnitude

text: 13.1 star in the constellation of

text: Andromeda

text: on October 9, 2009. This event was visible from Australia, possibly New Zealand, and the southern United States and Mexico. The

text: RA

text: and

text: declination

text: for this event was about 00 37 13.64 +28 22 23.2.: detailed information for observers was made available. The occultation produced a diameter of , suggesting an albedo of about 0.88. Somewhere between a size of  and , an icy body becomes rounded by its own gravity. With the exception of Neptune's moon

text: Proteus

text: , and possibly Eris's moon

text: Dysnomia

text: (whose shape is unknown), all

text: icy moons

text: with diameters 400 km or more are known to be spherical. Mike Brown lists it as a possible dwarf planet.

text: A powerful downdraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause in the sinking of the Pride of Baltimore on May 14, 1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from  to . A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant squall line of wind and water." A similar event occurred to the Concordia in 2010 off the coast of Brazil.  Scientists are currently investigating whether "hexagonal" clouds may be the source of these up-to-170 mph "air bombs".

text: A powerful

text: downdraft of cold air

text: was suspected to be a cause in the sinking of the

text: Pride of Baltimore

text: on May 14, 1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from  to . A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant squall line of wind and water." A similar event occurred to the

text: Concordia

text: in 2010 off the coast of Brazil.  Scientists are currently investigating whether "

text: hexagon

text: al" clouds may be the source of these up-to-170 mph "air bombs".

text: Sailor Uranus fights alongside her partner and lover Sailor Neptune. She possesses powers associated with the wind and sky, precognition, as well as sword combat.

text: Sailor Uranus fights alongside her partner and lover

text: Sailor Neptune

text: . She possesses powers associated with the wind and sky,

text: precognition

text: , as well as sword combat.

text: To unveil the processes of outer planet formation and Solar System evolution, detailed studies of the composition, structure, and dynamics of giant planet interiors and atmospheres would be necessary. To constrain the internal structure of gas giants, a combination of both in-situ entry-probe missions and remote-sensing studies of the giant planets would be needed. The Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe mission would consist of a carrier-relay spacecraft and a probe. The carrier-relay spacecraft would release the probe into Saturn, a gas giant, and provide data relay from the probe to Earth. The carrier-relay spacecraft would be on a flyby trajectory, so, unlike the Galileo spacecraft, it would need no orbit-insertion maneuver, continuing on a Solar System escape trajectory for spacecraft disposal. The probe would determine the structure of the atmosphere as well as noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

text: To unveil the processes of outer planet formation and

text: Solar System

text: evolution, detailed studies of the composition, structure, and dynamics of giant planet interiors and atmospheres would be necessary. To constrain the internal structure of

text: gas giant

text: s, a combination of both

text: in-situ

text: entry-probe missions and remote-sensing studies of the giant planets would be needed. The Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe mission would consist of a carrier-relay spacecraft and a probe. The carrier-relay spacecraft would release the probe into Saturn, a gas giant, and provide data relay from the probe to Earth. The carrier-relay spacecraft would be on a flyby trajectory, so, unlike the

text: Galileo spacecraft

text: , it would need no orbit-insertion maneuver, continuing on a Solar System escape trajectory for spacecraft disposal. The probe would determine the structure of the atmosphere as well as

text: noble gas

text: abundances and

text: isotopic

text: ratios of

text: hydrogen

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: , and

text: oxygen

text: The outer shell of dark, opaque, hot clouds are usually thought to be vanadium and titanium oxides ("pM planets"), but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out as yet.

text: The Judges themselves are not exempt from the law; they are expected to obey it more strictly than any other. A violation that would earn a citizen a few months in an Iso-Cube would get a Judge a twenty-year sentence, served as hard labor on Saturn's moon, Titan, after surgical modification to enable the convict to survive outside there without needing an expensive space suit. (Titan is a moon of Saturn in reality, but was located over Jupiter in an early Dredd strip.)

text: The Judges themselves are not exempt from the law; they are expected to obey it more strictly than any other. A violation that would earn a citizen a few months in an Iso-Cube would get a Judge a twenty-year sentence, served as hard labor on

text: Saturn

text: 's moon,

text: Titan

text: , after surgical modification to enable the convict to survive outside there without needing an expensive

text: space suit

text: . (Titan is a moon of

text: Saturn

text: in reality, but was located over

text: Jupiter

text: in an early Dredd strip.)

text: In this way, detached objects differ substantially from most other known TNOs, which form a loosely defined set of populations that have been perturbed to varying degrees onto their current orbit by gravitational encounters with the giant planets, predominantly Neptune. Detached objects have larger perihelia than these other TNO populations, including the objects in orbital resonance with Neptune, such as Pluto, the classical Kuiper belt objects in non-resonant orbits such as Makemake, and the scattered disk objects like Eris.

text: In this way, detached objects differ substantially from most other known TNOs, which form a loosely defined set of populations that have been

text: perturbed

text: to varying degrees onto their current orbit by gravitational encounters with the

text: giant planets

text: , predominantly Neptune. Detached objects have larger perihelia than these other TNO populations, including the objects in

text: orbital resonance

text: with Neptune, such as

text: Pluto

text: , the

text: classical Kuiper belt object

text: s in non-resonant orbits such as

text: Makemake

text: , and the

text: scattered disk object

text: s like

text: Eris

text: Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (Mini-Neptunes); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (Ocean planets), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (Gas dwarf or sub-Neptune). A super-Earth of high density is believed to be rocky and/or metallic, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. A super-Earth's interior could be undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or completely differentiated into layers of different composition. Researchers at Harvard Astronomy Department have developed user-friendly online tools to characterize the bulk composition of the super-Earths. A study on Gliese 876 d by a team around Diana Valencia revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the transit method of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition of a relevant super-Earth is. For Gliese 876 d, calculations range from 9,200 km (1.4 Earth radii) for a rocky planet and very large iron core to 12,500 km (2.0 Earth radii) for a watery and icy planet. Within this range of radii the super-Earth Gliese 876 d would have a surface gravity between 1.9g and 3.3g (19 and 32 m/s). However, this planet is not known to transit its host star.

text: Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (

text: Mini-Neptune

text: s); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (

text: Ocean planet

text: s), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (

text: Gas dwarf

text: or sub-Neptune). A super-Earth of high density is believed to be rocky and/or metallic, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. A super-Earth's interior could be undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or completely differentiated into layers of different composition. Researchers at Harvard Astronomy Department have developed user-friendly online tools to characterize the bulk composition of the super-Earths. A study on Gliese 876 d by a team around

text: Diana Valencia

text: revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the

text: transit method

text: of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition of a relevant super-Earth is. For

text: Gliese 876 d

text: , calculations range from 9,200 km (1.4 Earth radii) for a rocky planet and very large iron core to 12,500 km (2.0 Earth radii) for a watery and icy planet. Within this range of radii the super-Earth Gliese 876 d would have a surface

text: gravity

text: between 1.9

text: g

text: and 3.3g (19 and 32 m/s). However, this planet is not known to transit its host star.

text: Saturn’s largest moon Titan is one of several candidates for possible future colonization of the outer Solar System.

text: Saturn

text: ’s largest moon

text: Titan

text: is one of several candidates for possible future

text: colonization of the outer Solar System

text: In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their mass, and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments are cited in definitions of super-Earths. While sources generally agree on an upper bound of 10 Earth masses, (~69% of the mass of Uranus, which is the Solar System gas giant with the least mass), the lower bound varies from 1 or 1.9 to 5, with various other definitions appearing in the popular media. The term "super-Earth" is also used by astronomers to refer to planets bigger than Earth-like planets (from 0.8 to 1.25 Earth-radii), but smaller than mini-Neptunes (from 2 to 4 Earth-radii). This definition was made by the Kepler Mission. Some authors further suggest that the term be limited to planets without a significant atmosphere, or planets that have not just atmospheres but also solid surfaces or oceans with a sharp boundary between liquid and atmosphere, which the four giant planets in the Solar System do not have. Planets above 10 Earth masses are termed massive solid planets/mega-Earths or gas giant planets depending on whether they are mostly rock and ice or mostly gas.

text: In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their

text: mass

text: , and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments are cited in definitions of super-Earths. While sources generally agree on an upper bound of 10

text: Earth mass

text: es, (~69% of the mass of

text: Uranus

text: , which is the Solar System gas giant with the least mass), the lower bound varies from 1 or 1.9 to 5, with various other definitions appearing in the popular media. The term "super-Earth" is also used by astronomers to refer to planets bigger than Earth-like planets (from 0.8 to 1.25 Earth-radii), but smaller than

text: mini-Neptune

text: s (from 2 to 4 Earth-radii). This definition was made by the Kepler Mission. Some authors further suggest that the term be limited to planets without a significant atmosphere, or planets that have not just atmospheres but also solid surfaces or oceans with a sharp boundary between liquid and atmosphere, which the four giant planets in the Solar System do not have. Planets above 10 Earth masses are termed

text: massive solid planet

text: s/

text: mega-Earth

text: s or

text: gas giant planet

text: s depending on whether they are mostly rock and ice or mostly gas.

text: The visible planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, Saturn, the Outer Planets, Visibility of Planets 2005-2018.

text: The visible planets:

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: Asteroid Belt

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , the Outer Planets, Visibility of Planets 2005-2018.

text: The concept that decreasing atmospheric pressure predicts stormy weather, postulated by Lucien Vidi, provides the theoretical basis for a weather prediction device called a "weather glass" or a "Goethe barometer" (named for Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe, the renowned German writer and polymath who developed a simple but effective weather ball barometer using the principles developed by Torricelli).  The French name, le baromètre Liègeois, is used by some English speakers.  This name reflects the origins of many early weather glasses - the glass blowers of Liège, Belgium.

text: The concept that decreasing atmospheric pressure predicts stormy weather, postulated by

text: Lucien Vidi

text: , provides the theoretical basis for a weather prediction device called a "weather glass" or a "Goethe barometer" (named for

text: Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

text: , the renowned German writer and

text: polymath

text: who developed a simple but effective weather ball barometer using the principles developed by

text: Torricelli

text: ).  The

text: French

text: name, le baromètre Liègeois, is used by some English speakers.  This name reflects the origins of many early weather glasses - the glass blowers of

text: Liège

text: Belgium

text: The planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low. To the Babylonians, this object represented their god Marduk. They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac.

text: The planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low. To the

text: Babylon

text: ians, this object represented their god

text: Marduk

text: . They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the

text: ecliptic

text: to define the

text: constellation

text: s of their

text: zodiac

text: On May 30, two days before the outbreak, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) noted the possibility of a severe weather event in the Northeastern United States in their outlook. A storm system was forecast to draw warm, moist air (with dew points over ) from the south, ahead of a driving cold front. In light of this, the SPC issued a slight risk for severe thunderstorms the area. As an upper-level trough moved over the Great Lakes, further moisture and warmth increased atmospheric instability in the area, raising the threat of a squall line or supercell thunderstorms. By June 1, the storm system moved over Ontario and Quebec, with a cold front trailing behind it over northern New England. CAPE values exceeded 4,000 J/kg, indicating an extreme amount of instability in the atmosphere, conducive to strong thunderstorms. Additionally, a strong upper-level jet stream brought significant wind shear, which, in combination with the atmospheric instability, indicated a significant severe weather threat, with the main effects expected to result from downburst winds and large hail, but with tornadoes possible. An EML, which emerged over Arizona on May 28, was also present and created abnormally steep mid-level lapse rates, further increasing instability.

text: On May 30, two days before the outbreak, the

text: Storm Prediction Center

text: (SPC) noted the possibility of a severe weather event in the

text: Northeastern United States

text: in their outlook. A storm system was forecast to draw warm, moist air (with

text: dew point

text: s over ) from the south, ahead of a driving

text: cold front

text: . In light of this, the SPC issued a slight risk for severe thunderstorms the area. As an

text: upper-level trough

text: moved over the

text: Great Lakes

text: , further moisture and warmth increased

text: atmospheric instability

text: in the area, raising the threat of a

text: squall line

text: or

text: supercell thunderstorm

text: s. By June 1, the storm system moved over

text: Ontario

text: and

text: Quebec

text: , with a cold front trailing behind it over northern

text: New England

text: CAPE

text: values exceeded 4,000

text: J

text: /kg, indicating an extreme amount of instability in the atmosphere, conducive to strong thunderstorms. Additionally, a strong upper-level

text: jet stream

text: brought significant

text: wind shear

text: , which, in combination with the atmospheric instability, indicated a significant

text: severe weather

text: threat, with the main effects expected to result from

text: downburst

text: winds and large

text: hail

text: , but with

text: tornado

text: es possible. An

text: EML

text: , which emerged over Arizona on May 28, was also present and created abnormally steep

text: mid-level lapse rates

text: , further increasing instability.

text: The key patents having to do with natural gas liquefaction were in 1915 and the mid-1930s. In 1915 Godfrey Cabot patented a method for storing liquid gases at very low temperatures. It consisted of a Thermos bottle type design which included a cold inner tank within an outer tank; the tanks being separated by insulation. In 1937 Lee Twomey received patents for a process for large scale liquefaction of natural gas. The intention was to store natural gas as a liquid so it could be used for shaving peak energy loads during cold snaps. Because of large volumes it is not practical to store natural gas, as a gas, near atmospheric pressure. However, if it can be liquefied it can be stored in a volume 600 times smaller. This is a practical way to store it but the gas must be stored at −260 °F (−162 °C).

text: Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986, coming within  of the planet's cloud tops. This was the probe's first solo planetary flyby, since Voyager 1 ended its tour of the outer planets at Saturn's moon Titan.

text: Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986, coming within  of the planet's cloud tops. This was the probe's first solo planetary flyby, since

text: Voyager 1

text: ended its tour of the outer planets at

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: As the Planet Walk was conceived and built prior to Pluto losing its planetary status in 2006, the model includes an obelisk for Pluto as well as the eight official planets. Pluto's obelisk is located just outside the Sciencenter on First street.

text: Pluto is more than twice the diameter and a dozen times the mass of the dwarf planet Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt. It is less massive than the dwarf planet Eris, a trans-Neptunian object discovered in 2005, though Pluto has a larger diameter of 2374 km compared to Eris's approximate diameter of 2326 km.

text: Pluto is more than twice the diameter and a dozen times the mass of the

text: dwarf planet

text: Ceres

text: , the largest object in the

text: asteroid belt

text: . It is less massive than the dwarf planet

text: Eris

text: , a

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: discovered in 2005, though Pluto has a larger diameter of 2374 km compared to Eris's approximate diameter of 2326 km.

text: The steam fog tends to form irregular hexagonal cells in the horizontal plane which are elongated in the direction of the wind.  In this honeycomb arrangement, three cells meet at a junction, and it is in these places that the steam devils form.  This effect of vortex formation at the vertices of hexagonal cells is an example of vertex vortices.

text: The steam fog tends to form irregular hexagonal

text: cell

text: s in the horizontal plane which are elongated in the direction of the wind.  In this

text: honeycomb

text: arrangement, three cells meet at a junction, and it is in these places that the steam devils form.  This effect of vortex formation at the vertices of hexagonal cells is an example of

text: vertex vortices

text: Unlike trojan minor planets that share the orbit with a planet, a trojan moon is a moon orbiting near the trojan point of another, larger moon. All known trojan moons are part of the Saturn system. Telesto and Calypso are trojans of Tethys, and Helene and Polydeuces of Dione. There is also a theoretical concept of a trojan planet, a planet that orbits at the trojan point of another, larger planet. Such a pair of co-orbital exoplanets was already thought to exist in another star system, but this claim was later retracted.

text: Unlike trojan minor planets that share the orbit with a planet, a

text: trojan moon

text: is a moon orbiting near the trojan point of another, larger moon. All known trojan moons are part of the

text: Saturn system

text: Telesto

text: and

text: Calypso

text: are trojans of

text: Tethys

text: , and

text: Helene

text: and

text: Polydeuces

text: of

text: Dione

text: . There is also a theoretical concept of a

text: trojan planet

text: , a planet that orbits at the trojan point of another, larger planet. Such a pair of co-orbital exoplanets was already thought to exist in another

text: star system

text: , but this claim was later retracted.

text: Like the five classical planets, Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but it was never recognised as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery on 13 March 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in history and making Uranus the first planet discovered with a telescope.

text: Like the five

text: classical planet

text: s, Uranus is visible to the naked eye, but it was never recognised as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. Sir

text: William Herschel

text: announced its discovery on 13 March 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the

text: Solar System

text: for the first time in history and making Uranus the first planet discovered with a

text: telescope

text: All nine of the previously known Uranian rings were studied by the instruments of Voyager 2. These measurements showed that the Uranian rings are distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The Uranian ring system might be relatively young, and it did not form at the same time that Uranus did. The particles that make up the rings might be the remnants of a moon that was broken up by either a high-velocity impact or torn up by tidal effects.

text: All nine of the previously known Uranian rings were studied by the instruments of Voyager 2. These measurements showed that the Uranian rings are distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The Uranian ring system might be relatively young, and it did not form at the same time that Uranus did. The particles that make up the rings might be the remnants of a moon that was broken up by either a high-velocity impact or

text: torn up by tidal effects

text: The Enterprise is en route to the planet "Parliament" with delegates from two warring planets in the Beta Renner system, the reptilian Selay and the canine Antican, when the ship encounters a strange energy cloud. Unseen by the crew, Lt. Worf (Michael Dorn) is hit with a strange energy discharge as the ship passes the cloud, causing him to become violent. Doctor Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) sedates Worf and brings him to the sickbay, but is also infused with the energy as she examines his body. Crusher begins to act oddly to those around her and goes to the bridge, asking questions about the ship's navigational functions. When she questions Lt. Cdr. Data (Brent Spiner) at one of the science stations, the energy sparks between her and the console, leaving her confused as to why she is on the bridge.

text: The Enterprise is en route to the planet "Parliament" with delegates from two warring planets in the Beta Renner system, the reptilian Selay and the canine Antican, when the ship encounters a strange energy cloud. Unseen by the crew, Lt.

text: Worf

text: Michael Dorn

text: ) is hit with a strange energy discharge as the ship passes the cloud, causing him to become violent. Doctor

text: Beverly Crusher

text: Gates McFadden

text: ) sedates Worf and brings him to the

text: sickbay

text: , but is also infused with the energy as she examines his body. Crusher begins to act oddly to those around her and goes to the bridge, asking questions about the ship's navigational functions. When she questions Lt. Cdr.

text: Data

text: Brent Spiner

text: ) at one of the science stations, the energy sparks between her and the console, leaving her confused as to why she is on the bridge.

text: HMS Neptune was a Leander class light cruiser which served with the Royal Navy during World War II. Early in 1941 the New Zealand Government responded to an Admiralty request for sailors to man an additional cruiser. Neptune was selected and was expected to leave the United Kingdom for New Zealand in May. However, because of the loss of cruisers during the Crete campaign Neptune was instead attached to Admiral Cunningham's Force K, based on Malta. On 19 December 1941 she was sunk by mines. Only one crewman survived.

text: HMS Neptune

text: was a

text: Leander class

text: light

text: cruiser

text: which served with the

text: Royal Navy

text: during

text: World War II

text: . Early in 1941 the New Zealand Government responded to an

text: Admiralty

text: request for sailors to man an additional cruiser. Neptune was selected and was expected to leave the

text: United Kingdom

text: for New Zealand in May. However, because of the loss of cruisers during the

text: Crete campaign

text: Neptune was instead attached to Admiral Cunningham's Force K, based on

text: Malta

text: . On 19 December 1941 she was sunk by mines. Only one crewman survived.

text: 90377 Sedna is a large minor planet in the outer reaches of the Solar System that was, , at a distance of about 86 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, about three times as far as Neptune. Spectroscopy has revealed that Sedna's surface composition is similar to that of some other trans-Neptunian objects, being largely a mixture of water, methane, and nitrogen ices with tholins. Its surface is one of the reddest among Solar System objects. It is most likely a dwarf planet.

text: 90377 Sedna is a large

text: minor planet

text: in the

text: outer reaches of the Solar System

text: that was, , at a distance of about 86

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU) from the

text: Sun

text: , about three times as far as

text: Neptune

text: Spectroscopy

text: has revealed that Sedna's surface composition is similar to that of some other

text: trans-Neptunian objects

text: , being largely a mixture of water,

text: methane

text: , and

text: nitrogen

text: ices

text: with

text: tholin

text: s. Its surface is one of the

text: reddest

text: among Solar System objects. It is most

text: likely a dwarf planet

text: MCC is a form of the Bénard cell where the fluid will rise or fall in hexagonal cells creating hexagonal cloud structure. The capping inversion of the planetary boundary layer acts as a lid for the convection creating a horizontal plane for the hexagonal cloud structures. Satellite observations have been imperative for understanding the horizontal scale and the vertical scale of these cloud formations. MCC is generally too small for synoptic scale measurements, but too large for single point measurements. However, satellite observations are able to monitor the development of the cloud patterns because of their large field of view.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Agee |first=Ernest |date=1973 |title=A Review of Mesoscale Cellular Convection |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=54 |pages=1004–1012 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054

text: MCC is a form of the

text: Bénard

text: cell where the fluid will rise or fall in hexagonal cells creating hexagonal cloud structure. The capping inversion of the planetary boundary layer acts as a lid for the convection creating a horizontal plane for the hexagonal cloud structures. Satellite observations have been imperative for understanding the horizontal scale and the vertical scale of these cloud formations. MCC is generally too small for synoptic scale measurements, but too large for single point measurements. However, satellite observations are able to monitor the development of the cloud patterns because of their large field of view.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Agee |first=Ernest |date=1973 |title=A Review of Mesoscale Cellular Convection |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=54 |pages=1004–1012 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054

text: Buenos Aires is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa). Due to the maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean, its climate is temperate with extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) being rare. Thus, cold air coming directly from the south are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and warmer than winds from the southwest (which are not moderated by it).

text: Buenos Aires is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (

text: Köppen climate classification

text: : Cfa). Due to the maritime influences from the adjoining

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , its climate is temperate with extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) being rare. Thus, cold air coming directly from the south are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and warmer than winds from the southwest (which are not moderated by it).

text: In 1988, A. A. Jackson and R. M. Killen studied the stability of Pluto's resonance with Neptune by placing test "Planet X-es" with various masses and at various distances from Pluto. Pluto and Neptune's orbits  are in a 3:2 resonance, which prevents their collision or even any close approaches, regardless of their separation in the z axis. It was found that the hypothetical object's mass had to exceed 5 Earth masses to break the resonance, and the parameter space is quite large and a large variety of objects could have existed beyond Pluto without disturbing the resonance. Four test orbits of a trans-Plutonian planet have been integrated forward for four million years in order to determine the effects of such a body on the stability of the Neptune–Pluto 3:2 resonance. Planets beyond Pluto with masses of 0.1 and 1.0 Earth masses in orbits at 48.3 and 75.5 AU, respectively, do not disturb the 3:2 resonance. Test planets of 5 Earth masses with semi-major axes of 52.5 and 62.5 AU disrupt the four-million-year libration of Pluto's argument of perihelion.

text: In 1988, A. A. Jackson and R. M. Killen studied the stability of Pluto's resonance with Neptune by placing test "Planet X-es" with various masses and at various distances from Pluto. Pluto and Neptune's orbits  are in a 3:2 resonance, which prevents their collision or even any close approaches, regardless of their separation in the

text: z axis

text: . It was found that the hypothetical object's mass had to exceed 5 Earth masses to break the resonance, and the parameter space is quite large and a large variety of objects could have existed beyond Pluto without disturbing the resonance. Four test orbits of a trans-Plutonian planet have been integrated forward for four million years in order to determine the effects of such a body on the stability of the Neptune–Pluto 3:2 resonance. Planets beyond Pluto with masses of 0.1 and 1.0 Earth masses in orbits at 48.3 and 75.5 AU, respectively, do not disturb the 3:2 resonance. Test planets of 5 Earth masses with semi-major axes of 52.5 and 62.5 AU disrupt the four-million-year libration of Pluto's argument of perihelion.

text: The theories regarding the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere can be broadly divided into two classes: shallow and deep. The former hold that the observed circulation is largely confined to a thin outer (weather) layer of the planet, which overlays the stable interior. The latter hypothesis postulates that the observed atmospheric flows are only a surface manifestation of deeply rooted circulation in the outer molecular envelope of Jupiter. As both theories have their own successes and failures, many planetary scientists think that the true theory will include elements of both models.

text: The Andean and Fuegan mountains intercept moisture-laden westerly winds, creating temperate rain forest conditions, while the cold oceanic Humboldt Current, which runs up the west coast of South America, and the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which runs from west to east through the Southern Ocean, keep the Magellanic ecoregion cool and wet, and the strong oceanic influence moderates seasonal temperature extremes. Average annual temperatures vary from  in the north to  in the south and annual rainfall from  in the west to  in the east. Snowfalls can occur even in summer. Fog is very frequent. Very strong winds whip the region and these compel trees to grow in twisted and bent shapes fighting against the wind; and people call them "flag trees".

text: The Andean and Fuegan mountains intercept moisture-laden westerly winds, creating

text: temperate rain forest

text: conditions, while the cold oceanic

text: Humboldt Current

text: , which runs up the west coast of South America, and the cold

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: , which runs from west to east through the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , keep the Magellanic ecoregion cool and wet, and the strong oceanic influence moderates seasonal temperature extremes. Average annual temperatures vary from  in the north to  in the south and annual rainfall from  in the west to  in the east. Snowfalls can occur even in summer. Fog is very frequent. Very strong winds whip the region and these compel trees to grow in twisted and bent shapes fighting against the wind; and people call them "

text: flag tree

text: s".

text: Cirrostratus clouds can appear as a milky sheen in the sky or as a striated sheet. They are sometimes similar to altostratus and are distinguishable from the latter because the sun or moon is always clearly visible through transparent cirrostratus, in contrast to altostratus which tends to be opaque or translucent. Cirrostratus come in two species, fibratus and nebulosus. The ice crystals in these clouds vary depending upon the height in the cloud. Towards the bottom, at temperatures of around  to , the crystals tend to be long, solid, hexagonal columns. Towards the top of the cloud, at temperatures of around  to , the predominant crystal types are thick, hexagonal plates and short, solid, hexagonal columns. These clouds commonly produce halos, and sometimes the halo is the only indication that such clouds are present. They are formed by warm, moist air being lifted slowly to a very high altitude. When a warm front approaches, cirrostratus clouds become thicker and descend forming altostratus clouds, and rain usually begins 12 to 24 hours later.

text: The first root race was "ethereal", i.e. they were composed of etheric matter.  They reproduced by dividing like an amoeba.  Earth was still cooling at that time. The first mountain to arise out of the stormy primeval ocean was Mount Meru.

text: The first root race was "

text: ethereal

text: ", i.e. they were composed of etheric matter.  They reproduced by dividing like an

text: amoeba

text: .  Earth was still cooling at that time. The first mountain to arise out of the stormy primeval ocean was

text: Mount Meru

text: , four extrasolar planets (designated Upsilon Andromedae b, c, d and e; the first three named Saffar, Samh and Majriti, respectively) are believed to orbit υ Andromedae A. All four are likely to be jovian planets that are comparable in size to Jupiter. This was both the first multiple-planet system to be discovered around a main-sequence star, and the first multiple-planet system known in a multiple star system.

text: , four

text: extrasolar planet

text: s (designated

text: Upsilon Andromedae b

text: c

text: d

text: and

text: e

text: ; the first three named Saffar, Samh and Majriti, respectively) are believed to orbit υ Andromedae A. All four are likely to be

text: jovian planet

text: s that are comparable in size to

text: Jupiter

text: . This was both the first multiple-

text: planet system

text: to be discovered around a

text: main-sequence

text: star, and the first multiple-planet system known in a

text: multiple star

text: system.

text: The Sun emits that power equally in all directions. Because of this, the planet is hit with only a tiny fraction of it. The power from the Sun that strikes the planet (at the top of the atmosphere) is:

text: Callisto is presented as having an Earthlike, even tropical environment, capable of supporting human and other life. An unexplained illusion makes the moon appear an airless, lifeless orb to outside observers. The moon is tidally locked to Jupiter, always presenting the same face to its mother planet. Callisto's known civilized area is limited to this side of the moon. The unknown outer hemisphere, partially explored in some of the later books, holds the stronghold of the hostile Mind Wizards.

text: Callisto is presented as having an

text: Earth

text: like, even tropical environment, capable of supporting

text: human

text: and other life. An unexplained illusion makes the moon appear an airless, lifeless orb to outside observers. The moon is tidally locked to Jupiter, always presenting the same face to its mother planet. Callisto's known civilized area is limited to this side of the moon. The unknown outer hemisphere, partially explored in some of the later books, holds the stronghold of the hostile Mind Wizards.

text: It is also likely that the Hills cloud is the largest concentration of comets across the Solar System. The Hills cloud is much denser than the outer Oort cloud; it is somewhere between 5,000 and 20,000 AU in size. In contrast, the Oort cloud is between  in size.

text: Uranus is a French novel written by Marcel Aymé and published in 1948. It is the third book in a trilogy which cover the pre-war, the war and the post-war periods in France. The first is Travelingue (1948) set in the time of the Front Populaire. The second is called Le Chemin des écoliers (1946) set during the occupation and the third book - Uranus – focuses on post war France and the ‘purge’ – social cleansing which sought to discipline collaborators. People were shaved, humiliated, beaten and often killed without a fair trial.

text: Uranus is a French novel written by

text: Marcel Aymé

text: and published in 1948. It is the third book in a trilogy which cover the pre-war, the war and the post-war periods in France. The first is Travelingue (1948) set in the time of the

text: Front Populaire

text: . The second is called Le Chemin des écoliers (1946) set during the occupation and the third book - Uranus – focuses on post war France and the ‘purge’ – social cleansing which sought to discipline collaborators. People were shaved, humiliated, beaten and often killed without a fair trial.

text: The absorption of gases in liquids depends on the solubility of the specific gas in the specific liquid, the concentration of gas, customarily measured by partial pressure, and temperature. In the study of decompression theory the behaviour of gases dissolved in the tissues is investigated and modeled for variations of pressure over time. Once dissolved, distribution of the dissolved gas may be by diffusion, where there is no bulk flow of the solvent, or by perfusion where the solvent (blood) is circulated around the diver's body, where gas can diffuse to local regions of lower concentration. Given sufficient time at a specific partial pressure in the breathing gas, the concentration in the tissues will stabilise, or saturate, at a rate depending on the solubility, diffusion rate and perfusion. If the concentration of the inert gas in the breathing gas is reduced below that of any of the tissues, there will be a tendency for gas to return from the tissues to the breathing gas. This is known as outgassing, and occurs during decompression, when the reduction in ambient pressure or a change of breathing gas reduces the partial pressure of the inert gas in the lungs.

text: The absorption of gases in liquids depends on the

text: solubility

text: of the specific gas in the specific liquid, the concentration of gas, customarily measured by partial pressure, and temperature. In the study of decompression theory the behaviour of gases dissolved in the tissues is investigated and modeled for variations of pressure over time. Once dissolved, distribution of the dissolved gas may be by

text: diffusion

text: , where there is no bulk flow of the

text: solvent

text: , or by

text: perfusion

text: where the solvent (blood) is circulated around the diver's body, where gas can diffuse to local regions of lower

text: concentration

text: . Given sufficient time at a specific partial pressure in the breathing gas, the concentration in the tissues will stabilise, or saturate, at a rate depending on the solubility, diffusion rate and perfusion. If the concentration of the inert gas in the breathing gas is reduced below that of any of the tissues, there will be a tendency for gas to return from the tissues to the breathing gas. This is known as outgassing, and occurs during decompression, when the reduction in ambient pressure or a change of breathing gas reduces the partial pressure of the inert gas in the lungs.

text: Known or suspected collisional families include numerous asteroid families, most of the irregular moons of the outer planets, the Earth and the Moon, and the dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, and Haumea and their moons.

text: Known or suspected collisional families include numerous

text: asteroid families

text: , most of the

text: irregular moon

text: s of the outer planets, the Earth and the

text: Moon

text: , and the dwarf planets

text: Pluto

text: Eris

text: , and

text: Haumea

text: and their moons.

text: Neptune, a wooden steamer, was purchased by the Union Navy at New York City 17 July 1863 from William P. Williamson, of the Neptune Steamship Co. She was delivered to the government at the New York Navy Yard 3 September, and commissioned there 19 December.

text: Neptune, a wooden steamer, was purchased by the Union Navy at

text: New York City

text: 17 July 1863 from William P. Williamson, of the Neptune Steamship Co. She was delivered to the government at the

text: New York Navy Yard

text: 3 September, and commissioned there 19 December.

text: In situ exploration by spacecraft includes Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Ulysses, Galileo, Cassini–Huygens, and New Horizons. Planned missions include Juno Jupiter Orbiter and possibly the Outer Planet Flagship Missions; there are various proposals too, such as Uranus orbiter and probe. Ongoing missions for the outer planets as of 2011 include Cassini probe,  orbiting Saturn, New Horizons, headed for Pluto, and Juno, headed for Jupiter. Cassini and New Horizons also visited Jupiter with a flyby.

text: In situ

text: exploration by spacecraft includes

text: Pioneer 10

text: Pioneer 11

text: Voyager 1

text: Voyager 2

text: Ulysses

text: Galileo

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: , and

text: New Horizons

text: . Planned missions include

text: Juno Jupiter Orbiter

text: and possibly the

text: Outer Planet Flagship Mission

text: s; there are various proposals too, such as

text: Uranus orbiter and probe

text: . Ongoing missions for the outer planets as of 2011 include Cassini probe,  orbiting Saturn, New Horizons, headed for Pluto, and Juno, headed for Jupiter. Cassini and New Horizons also visited Jupiter with a flyby.

text: The Saturn line is constructed of maple and walnut (the oldest lines were made of basswood instead of walnut). The kit is constructed of 6 plies of wood for a shell thickness of 5.1 millimeters.  It shares a number of options with both the Mars and Orion line, but is not available with birdseye maple plies. Saturn kits come in a variety of lacquer and wrap finishes (including bursts, sparkles and fades) and come with the option of black or chrome hardware. The Saturn has become very popular, as the thinner hybrid shells provide a lower/warmer/darker fundamental tone than similar all-maple shells. Although they are priced as midrange drums, they are considered a fully professional kit and used by recording artists such as Chris Adler from Lamb of God, who recently switched over to the new Black Panther line of drums. During 2011 and 2012 Mapex also offered the Saturn LE (Limited Edition) and Saturn SE (Special Edition) Birch/Walnut kits. Mapex built 100 Limited Edition kits only, and a limited number of the SE kits as well. According to the Mapex site as of March 2013, the Special Edition Saturn Birch/Walnut was an extension and addition to the distinctive Saturn sound. Mapex had taken the rich sonic characteristics of walnut and combined them with the bright and articulate punch of birch. The result is a drum shell that projects the perfect fusion of depth and clarity. The five-piece shell pack was available in Ocean Wave Fade, Moss Green, Wine Burst, or Walnut Fade over Figured Maple and is appointed with smoky black hardware. The relative rarity of the LE and SE kits is increasing their value and they are some of the finest Saturn kits ever made.

text: The Saturn line is constructed of

text: maple

text: and

text: walnut

text: (the oldest lines were made of

text: basswood

text: instead of walnut). The kit is constructed of 6 plies of wood for a shell thickness of 5.1 millimeters.  It shares a number of options with both the Mars and Orion line, but is not available with birdseye maple plies. Saturn kits come in a variety of lacquer and wrap finishes (including bursts, sparkles and fades) and come with the option of black or chrome hardware. The Saturn has become very popular, as the thinner hybrid shells provide a lower/warmer/darker fundamental tone than similar all-maple shells. Although they are priced as midrange drums, they are considered a fully professional kit and used by recording artists such as

text: Chris Adler

text: from

text: Lamb of God

text: , who recently switched over to the new Black Panther line of drums. During 2011 and 2012 Mapex also offered the Saturn LE (Limited Edition) and Saturn SE (Special Edition) Birch/Walnut kits. Mapex built 100 Limited Edition kits only, and a limited number of the SE kits as well. According to the Mapex site as of March 2013, the Special Edition Saturn Birch/Walnut was an extension and addition to the distinctive Saturn sound. Mapex had taken the rich sonic characteristics of walnut and combined them with the bright and articulate punch of birch. The result is a drum shell that projects the perfect fusion of depth and clarity. The five-piece shell pack was available in Ocean Wave Fade, Moss Green, Wine Burst, or Walnut Fade over Figured Maple and is appointed with smoky black hardware. The relative rarity of the LE and SE kits is increasing their value and they are some of the finest Saturn kits ever made.

text: In contrast to the outer planets, the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System, because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts.

text: The blueness of the planet may be the result of Rayleigh scattering. In mid January 2008, spectral observation during the planet's transit using that model found that if molecular hydrogen exists, it would have an atmospheric pressure of 410 ± 30 mbar of 0.1564 solar radii. The Mie approximation model also found that there is a possible condensate in its atmosphere, magnesium silicate (MgSiO) with a particle size of approximately 10 to 10 μm. Using both models, the planet's temperature would be between 1340 and 1540 K. The Rayleigh effect is confirmed in other models, and by the apparent lack of a cooler, shaded stratosphere below its outer atmosphere.

text: The blueness of the planet may be the result of

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: . In mid January 2008, spectral observation during the planet's transit using that model found that if molecular

text: hydrogen

text: exists, it would have an

text: atmospheric pressure

text: of 410 ± 30

text: mbar

text: of 0.1564 solar radii. The Mie approximation model also found that there is a possible condensate in its atmosphere,

text: magnesium silicate

text: (MgSiO) with a

text: particle size

text: of approximately 10 to 10 μm. Using both models, the planet's temperature would be between 1340 and 1540 K. The Rayleigh effect is confirmed in other models, and by the apparent lack of a cooler, shaded

text: stratosphere

text: below its outer atmosphere.

text: Makemake (minor-planet designation 136472 Makemake) is a dwarf planet and perhaps the largest Kuiper belt object (KBO) in the classical population, with a diameter approximately two thirds that of Pluto. Makemake has one known satellite, S/2015 (136472) 1. Makemake’s extremely low average temperature, about , means its surface is covered with methane, ethane, and possibly nitrogen ices.

text: Makemake (

text: minor-planet designation

text: 136472 Makemake) is a

text: dwarf planet

text: and perhaps the largest

text: Kuiper belt

text: object (KBO) in the

text: classical population

text: , with a diameter approximately two thirds that of

text: Pluto

text: . Makemake has one known satellite,

text: S/2015 (136472) 1

text: . Makemake’s extremely low average temperature, about , means its surface is covered with

text: methane

text: ethane

text: , and possibly

text: nitrogen ices

text: Galileo became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet and to penetrate the atmosphere of an outer planet. Also, the spacecraft was scheduled to make the first extended observations of the Jovian system and first direct sampling of Jupiter's atmosphere, as well as the first asteroid flybys.

text: Galileo became the first spacecraft to orbit an

text: outer planet

text: and to penetrate the atmosphere of an outer planet. Also, the spacecraft was scheduled to make the first extended observations of the Jovian system and first direct sampling of Jupiter's atmosphere, as well as the first

text: asteroid

text: flybys.

text: Villarrobledo has a climate that registers extreme temperatures: very low in winter (there have been produced values below −20°) and very high in summer (over 40°). The dominant winds are Solano (from the east) in summer, Cierzo (cold wind from the northwest) in winter and Ábrego (from the southwest) throughout the year. Regardless of these contrasts, the winter cold and the summer heat are dry. Spring and autumn are agreeable.

text: Villarrobledo has a

text: climate

text: that registers extreme temperatures: very low in winter (there have been produced values below −20°) and very high in summer (over 40°). The dominant winds are

text: Solano

text: (from the east) in summer,

text: Cierzo

text: (cold wind from the northwest) in winter and

text: Ábrego

text: (from the southwest) throughout the year. Regardless of these contrasts, the winter cold and the summer heat are dry. Spring and autumn are agreeable.

text: Master of the Void (Vlastelin Pustoty) was first published in 1997. The plot involves the transition of a nation, in peaceful harmony with the nature on a distant planet, to a phase of industrial dictatorship created to defend against outer aggression.

text: In Final Fantasy VII, Cloud is a mercenary claiming to be formerly of SOLDIER, a group of elite supersoldiers employed by the Shinra Electric Power Company, a megacorporation responsible for draining the life from the planet. Fighting against Shinra in the resistance group AVALANCHE, and driven by a feud with the primary antagonist, Sephiroth, Cloud learns to accept his troubled past and adapts to his role as a leader. Cloud reappears as the protagonist in the computer-animated film, Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, which serves as a sequel to the original game. He acts in a supporting role in other Compilation of Final Fantasy VII titles, and is featured in several other games outside the Final Fantasy VII continuity, such as Ehrgeiz, Final Fantasy Tactics, Itadaki Street Special, Dissidia Final Fantasy, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, and the Kingdom Hearts series.

text: In Final Fantasy VII, Cloud is a

text: mercenary

text: claiming to be formerly of SOLDIER, a group of elite

text: supersoldier

text: s employed by the

text: Shinra Electric Power Company

text: , a

text: megacorporation

text: responsible for draining the life from the planet. Fighting against Shinra in the resistance group

entity_name: Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series

text: AVALANCHE

text: , and driven by a feud with the primary antagonist,

text: Sephiroth

text: , Cloud learns to accept his troubled past and adapts to his role as a leader. Cloud reappears as the protagonist in the

text: computer-animated

text: film,

text: Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children

text: , which serves as a sequel to the original game. He acts in a supporting role in other Compilation of Final Fantasy VII titles, and is featured in several other games outside the Final Fantasy VII continuity, such as

text: Ehrgeiz

text: Final Fantasy Tactics

entity_section: Dragon Quest & Final Fantasy in Itadaki Street Special

text: Itadaki Street Special

text: Dissidia Final Fantasy

entity_name: Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U

text: Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U

text: , and the

text: Kingdom Hearts

text: series.

text: Mimas Peak () is a sharp conspicuous peak, rising to about  west of the head of Saturn Glacier and  west of the Dione Nunataks in the southeast part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was first seen and photographed from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935, and mapped from these photos by W.L.G. Joerg. The peak was sighted from a distance in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and roughly positioned. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for its association with nearby Saturn Glacier, Mimas being one of the satellites of the planet Saturn. The peak and surrounding area were first mapped in detail from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition 1947–48, by D. Searle of the FIDS in 1960.

text: Mimas Peak () is a sharp conspicuous

text: peak

text: , rising to about  west of the head of

text: Saturn Glacier

text: and  west of the

text: Dione Nunataks

text: in the southeast part of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: . It was first seen and photographed from the air by

text: Lincoln Ellsworth

text: on November 23, 1935, and mapped from these photos by

text: W.L.G. Joerg

text: . The peak was sighted from a distance in 1949 by the

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: (FIDS) and roughly positioned. It was named by the

text: UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee

text: for its association with nearby Saturn Glacier,

text: Mimas

text: being one of the

text: satellites

text: of the planet

text: Saturn

text: . The peak and surrounding area were first mapped in detail from air photos taken by the

text: Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

text: 1947–48, by

text: D. Searle

text: of the FIDS in 1960.

text: Halifax is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, and evidence of the early settlement is sketchy.  By the 12th century the township had become the religious centre of the vast parish of Halifax, which extended from Brighouse in the east to Heptonstall in the west.  Halifax Minster, parts of which date from the 12th century is dedicated to St John the Baptist. The minster's first organist, in 1766, was William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus. The coat of arms of Halifax include the chequers from the original coat of arms of the Earls Warenne, who held the town during Norman times.

text: Halifax is not mentioned in the

text: Domesday Book

text: , and evidence of the early settlement is sketchy.  By the 12th century the township had become the religious centre of the vast parish of Halifax, which extended from

text: Brighouse

text: in the east to

text: Heptonstall

text: in the west.

text: Halifax Minster

text: , parts of which date from the 12th century is dedicated to St John the Baptist. The minster's first organist, in 1766, was

text: William Herschel

text: , who discovered the planet

text: Uranus

text: . The coat of arms of Halifax include the chequers from the original coat of arms of the Earls Warenne, who held the town during

text: Norman

text: times.

text: The frequent ejection of the ice giant encountering Jupiter has led David Nesvorný to hypothesize an early Solar System with five giant planets, one of which was ejected during the instability. In recent work this version of the Nice model begins with a 20 Earth-mass planetesimals disk orbiting beyond the five giant planets that are in a resonant chain. Following the breaking of the resonant chain Neptune first migrates outward into the planetesimal disk reaching 28 AU before encounters between planets begin. This initial migration reduces the mass of the outer disk enabling Jupiter's eccentricity to be preserved and produces a Kuiper belt with an inclination distribution that matches observations. The lower mass planetesimal belt in combination with the excitation of inclinations and eccentricities by the Pluto-massed objects also significantly reduce the loss of ice by Saturn's inner moons. A study published in 2015 based on a large ensemble of n-body simulations suggests that the ejection of a hypothetical fifth giant planet is statistically unlikely to produce the observed orbits of the terrestrial planets. The study concluded that, if there was a giant-planet instability leading to the ejection of one or more additional ice giants, it had to occur prior to the formation of the terrestrial planets and that such an instability could not be the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment.

text: The frequent ejection of the ice giant encountering Jupiter has led David Nesvorný to hypothesize an early Solar System with five giant planets, one of which was ejected during the instability. In recent work this version of the Nice model begins with a 20 Earth-mass planetesimals disk orbiting beyond the five giant planets that are in a resonant chain. Following the breaking of the resonant chain Neptune first migrates outward into the planetesimal disk reaching 28 AU before encounters between planets begin. This initial migration reduces the mass of the outer disk enabling Jupiter's eccentricity to be preserved and produces a Kuiper belt with an inclination distribution that matches observations. The lower mass planetesimal belt in combination with the excitation of inclinations and eccentricities by the Pluto-massed objects also significantly reduce the loss of ice by Saturn's inner moons. A study published in 2015 based on a large ensemble of

text: n-body

text: simulations suggests that the ejection of a

text: hypothetical fifth giant planet

text: is statistically unlikely to produce the observed orbits of the terrestrial planets. The study concluded that, if there was a giant-planet instability leading to the ejection of one or more additional

text: ice giant

text: s, it had to occur prior to the formation of the terrestrial planets and that such an instability could not be the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment.

text: Since the gas and liquid volumes are functions of p and T only, this equation is then solved numerically to obtain p as a function of temperature (and number of particles N), which may then be used to determine the gas and liquid volumes.

text: The player begins the game "2 WARPS TO NEPTUNE". After completing each level, the player is one warp closer to a planet.  Each time a planet is reached, the player's ship is seen flying towards it and then a short bonus round is played, where the player can shoot enemy ships for bonus points without worrying about being destroyed by them.  After reaching Neptune, the player is then three warps from Uranus, and progresses through Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and finally Earth, taking three warps to reach each planet.  Stage one and every 10th stage thereafter the enemies do not fire on the player when entering the screen.

text: The player begins the game "2 WARPS TO

text: NEPTUNE

text: ". After completing each level, the player is one warp closer to a planet.  Each time a planet is reached, the player's ship is seen flying towards it and then a short

text: bonus round

text: is played, where the player can shoot enemy ships for bonus points without worrying about being destroyed by them.  After reaching Neptune, the player is then three warps from

text: Uranus

text: , and progresses through

text: Saturn

text: Jupiter

text: Mars

text: , and finally

text: Earth

text: , taking three warps to reach each planet.  Stage one and every 10th stage thereafter the enemies do not fire on the player when entering the screen.

text: Nicholson received his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1979. Nicholson's research centers on two main areas: Orbital dynamics in planetary ring systems and infrared observational studies of planets, their satellites, and their rings. His work has included studies of the ring systems of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune via Voyager observations and ground-based stellar occultations; Earth-based observations with the 5-meter Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory of several small moons of Jupiter and Saturn discovered by the Voyager spacecraft; dynamical investigations of the planetary system around the pulsar PSR 1257 + 12, and of the rotational evolution of natural satellites; and studies of the zodiacal dust bands discovered by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite in 1983. Together with colleagues in Canada and at Harvard, he has been involved in the discovery of numerous outer satellites of Uranus, Saturn and Neptune. Nicholson is a member of the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer science team on the NASA/ESA Cassini–Huygens mission to Saturn, and was the leader of a team of Cornell and Caltech astronomers studying the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter in July 1994 using the Hale Telescope. He has served on the Committees on Planetary and Lunar Exploration and on Astronomy and Astrophysics of the National Research Council, time assignment committees for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope, and scientific advisory committees for Arecibo and IPAC. He has coauthored review articles on planetary ring dynamics and on the Uranian and Neptunian ring systems.

text: Nicholson received his Ph.D. from

text: Caltech

text: in 1979. Nicholson's research centers on two main areas: Orbital dynamics in planetary ring systems and

text: infrared observational

text: studies of planets, their satellites, and their rings. His work has included studies of the

text: ring systems

text: of Saturn, Uranus, and

text: Neptune

text: via

text: Voyager

text: observations and ground-based stellar occultations; Earth-based observations with the 5-meter

text: Hale telescope

text: at

text: Palomar Observatory

text: of several small moons of

text: Jupiter

text: and Saturn discovered by the Voyager spacecraft; dynamical investigations of the planetary system around the pulsar

text: PSR 1257 + 12

text: , and of the rotational evolution of natural satellites; and studies of the

text: zodiacal dust

text: bands discovered by the

text: Infrared Astronomical Satellite

text: in 1983. Together with colleagues in Canada and at Harvard, he has been involved in the discovery of numerous outer satellites of

text: Uranus

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Neptune

text: . Nicholson is a member of the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer science team on the NASA/ESA

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: mission to Saturn, and was the leader of a team of Cornell and Caltech astronomers studying the impact of

text: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

text: into Jupiter in July 1994 using the Hale Telescope. He has served on the Committees on Planetary and Lunar Exploration and on Astronomy and Astrophysics of the

entity_name: National Research Council (United States)

text: National Research Council

text: , time assignment committees for the

text: Kuiper Airborne Observatory

text: and

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: , and scientific advisory committees for

text: Arecibo

text: and

text: IPAC

text: . He has coauthored review articles on planetary ring dynamics and on the Uranian and Neptunian ring systems.

text: The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas.  This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind. Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.

text: Hydrogen

text: to move up to the

text: exobase

text: , the lower limit of the

text: exosphere

text: , where the gases can then reach

text: escape velocity

text: , entering

text: outer space

text: without impacting other particles of gas.  This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as

text: planetary wind

text: . Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.

text: Largely because of its altitude and constant winds, Vom has a remarkably cool climate.  In December and January, the nights may be extremely cold.  The wet season extends from late April to middle October.

text: This dance was devised as part of their first World Tour, and formed their number in the Planet Suite, with various members of the Company performing the other planet pieces and the whole company performing Jupiter.

text: Planets in this class have appearances dominated by ammonia clouds. These planets are found in the outer regions of a planetary system. They exist at temperatures less than about . The predicted Bond albedo of a class I planet around a star like the Sun is 0.57, compared with a value of 0.343 for Jupiter and 0.342 for Saturn. The discrepancy can be partially accounted for by taking into account non-equilibrium condensates such as tholin or phosphorus, which are responsible for the coloured clouds in the Jovian atmosphere, and are not modelled in the calculations.

text: Planets in this class have appearances dominated by

text: ammonia

text: clouds. These planets are found in the outer regions of a

text: planetary system

text: . They exist at temperatures less than about . The predicted Bond

text: albedo

text: of a class I planet around a

text: star

text: like the

text: Sun

text: is 0.57, compared with a value of 0.343 for Jupiter and 0.342 for Saturn. The discrepancy can be partially accounted for by taking into account non-equilibrium condensates such as

text: tholin

text: or

text: phosphorus

text: , which are responsible for the coloured clouds in the Jovian atmosphere, and are not modelled in the calculations.

text: Jupiter's magnetic fields were previously observed as far back as the 1970s with Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, and Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. (see also List of missions to the outer planets)

text: Jupiter's magnetic fields were previously observed as far back as the 1970s with

text: Pioneer 10

text: and

text: Pioneer 11

text: , and

text: Voyager 1

text: and

text: Voyager 2

text: . (see also

text: List of missions to the outer planets

text: Various related terms are used for other celestial objects. The '-gee', '-helion' and '-astron' and '-galacticon' forms are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars and the Galactic Center respectively.  The suffix '-jove' is occasionally used for Jupiter, while '-saturnium' has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The '-gee' form is commonly used as a generic 'closest approach to planet' term instead of specifically applying to the Earth. During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion (referencing Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess Artemis) were used when referring to the Moon. Regarding black holes, the term peri/apomelasma (from a Greek root) was used by physicist Geoffrey A. Landis in 1998 before peri/aponigricon (from a Latin) appeared in the scientific literature in 2002.

text: Various related terms are used for other

text: celestial objects

text: . The '-gee', '-helion' and '-astron' and '-galacticon' forms are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars and the Galactic Center respectively.  The suffix '-jove' is occasionally used for Jupiter, while '-saturnium' has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The '-gee' form is commonly used as a generic 'closest approach to planet' term instead of specifically applying to the Earth. During the

text: Apollo program

text: , the terms pericynthion and apocynthion (referencing Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess

text: Artemis

text: ) were used when referring to the

text: Moon

text: . Regarding black holes, the term peri/apomelasma (from a Greek root) was used by physicist

text: Geoffrey A. Landis

text: in 1998 before peri/aponigricon (from a Latin) appeared in the scientific literature in 2002.

text: Kepler-11f's low density, characteristic of the outer planets of the system, suggests that a hydrogen–helium atmosphere is present on these planets, classifying it as "gas dwarf" due to its small size and mass. The gaseous content of the planet is calculated at a few percent of its total mass, but the envelope accounts for 70-80% of the planet's total volume.Kepler-11f's low density is not shared by the planets Kepler-11b and Kepler-11c because the solar wind has reduced their atmospheres to a thin layer. The planets accreted such atmospheres because they formed within the first few million years of the system's existence, when a protoplanetary disk was still present.

text: Kepler-11f's low density, characteristic of the outer planets of the system, suggests that a hydrogen–helium atmosphere is present on these planets, classifying it as "

text: gas dwarf

text: " due to its small size and mass. The gaseous content of the planet is calculated at a few percent of its total mass, but the envelope accounts for 70-80% of the planet's total volume.Kepler-11f's low density is not shared by the planets

text: and

text: because the

text: solar wind

text: has reduced their atmospheres to a thin layer. The planets accreted such atmospheres because they formed within the first few million years of the system's existence, when a

text: protoplanetary disk

text: was still present.

text: The planet is estimated to be about five times Earth's mass (5.5 ). Some astronomers have speculated that it may have a rocky core like Earth, with a thin atmosphere. Its distance from the star, and the star's relatively low temperature, means that the planet's likely surface temperature is around , making it one of the coldest known. If it is a rocky world, this temperature would make it likely that the surface would be made of frozen volatiles, substances which would be liquids or gases on Earth: water, ammonia, methane and nitrogen would all be frozen solid. If it is not a rocky planet, it would more closely resemble an icy gas planet like Uranus, although much smaller.

text: The planet is estimated to be about five times Earth's mass (5.5 ). Some astronomers have speculated that it may have a rocky

text: core

text: like Earth, with a thin

text: atmosphere

text: . Its distance from the star, and the star's relatively low temperature, means that the planet's likely surface temperature is around , making it one of the coldest known. If it is a rocky world, this temperature would make it likely that the surface would be made of frozen

text: volatiles

text: , substances which would be liquids or gases on Earth: water,

text: ammonia

text: methane

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: would all be frozen solid. If it is not a rocky planet, it would more closely resemble an icy gas planet like

text: Uranus

text: , although much smaller.

text: The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order of discovery or determination of orbit is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was initially classified as a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that excluded it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation (134340) Pluto.

text: The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order of discovery or determination of orbit is the case of

text: Pluto

text: . Since Pluto was initially classified as a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that excluded it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation

text: (134340) Pluto

text: The stirring of the outer disk by massive planetesimals can trigger a late instability in a multi-resonant planetary system. As the eccentricities of the planetesimals are excited by gravitational encounters with Pluto-mass objects, an inward migration of the giant planets occurs. The migration, which occurs even if there are no encounters between planetesimals and planets, is driven by a coupling between the average eccentricity of the planetesimal disk and the semi-major axes of the outer planets. Because the planets are locked in resonance, the migration also results in an increase in the eccentricity of the inner ice giant. The increased eccentricity changes the precession frequency of the inner ice giant, leading to the crossing of secular resonances. The quadruple resonance of the outer planets can be broken during one of these secular-resonance crossings. Gravitational encounters begin shortly afterward due to the close proximity of the planets in the previously resonant configuration. The timing of the instability caused by this mechanism, typically occurring several hundred million years after the dispersal of the gas disk, is fairly independent of the distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk. In combination with the updated initial conditions, this alternative mechanism for triggering a late instability has been called the Nice 2 model.

text: The stirring of the outer disk by massive planetesimals can trigger a late instability in a multi-resonant planetary system. As the eccentricities of the planetesimals are excited by gravitational encounters with

text: Pluto-mass

text: objects, an inward migration of the giant planets occurs. The migration, which occurs even if there are no encounters between planetesimals and planets, is driven by a coupling between the average

text: eccentricity

text: of the planetesimal disk and the

text: semi-major axes

text: of the outer planets. Because the planets are locked in

text: resonance

text: , the migration also results in an increase in the eccentricity of the inner

text: ice giant

text: . The increased eccentricity changes the

text: precession

text: frequency of the inner ice giant, leading to the crossing of

text: secular resonance

text: s. The quadruple resonance of the outer planets can be broken during one of these secular-resonance crossings. Gravitational encounters begin shortly afterward due to the close proximity of the planets in the previously resonant configuration. The timing of the instability caused by this mechanism, typically occurring several hundred million years after the dispersal of the gas disk, is fairly independent of the distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk. In combination with the updated initial conditions, this alternative mechanism for triggering a late instability has been called the

text: Nice 2 model

text: The most massive exoplanets are typically described in terms of Jupiter masses as this provides a convenient scale for comparison. A Jupiter-mass planet at an orbital distance of 1 AU from a Sun-like star causes an amplitude shift of 28 m/s, which is detectable with current technology. The most readily detectable planets through radial velocity measurements have high mass and close orbits. This produces a selection effect for planets of Jupiter mass. Likewise, Jupiter mass or higher planets are more likely to be detected through other means, such as transits or microlensing.

text: The most massive exoplanets are typically described in terms of Jupiter masses as this provides a convenient scale for comparison. A Jupiter-mass planet at an orbital distance of 1 AU from a

text: Sun

text: -like

text: star

text: causes an

text: amplitude shift

text: of 28 m/s, which is detectable with current technology. The most readily detectable planets through radial velocity measurements have high mass and close orbits. This produces a

text: selection effect

text: for planets of Jupiter mass. Likewise, Jupiter mass or higher planets are more likely to be detected through other means, such as transits or microlensing.

text: Puck ( ) is an inner moon of Uranus. It was discovered in December 1985 by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. The name Puck follows the convention of naming Uranus's moons after characters from Shakespeare. The orbit of Puck lies between the rings of Uranus and the first of Uranus's large moons, Miranda. Puck is approximately spherical in shape and has diameter of about 162 km. It has a dark, heavily cratered surface, which shows spectral signs of water ice.

text: Puck ( ) is an

text: inner moon

text: of

text: Uranus

text: . It was discovered in December 1985 by the

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft. The name Puck follows the convention of naming Uranus's moons after characters from

text: Shakespeare

text: . The orbit of Puck lies between the

text: rings of Uranus

text: and the first of Uranus's large moons,

text: Miranda

text: . Puck is approximately spherical in shape and has diameter of about 162 km. It has a dark, heavily cratered surface, which shows spectral signs of water ice.

text: Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune. It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered. It is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the Sun. It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than Eris, a dwarf planet in the scattered disc. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small—about one-sixth the mass of the Moon and one-third its volume. It has a moderately eccentric and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49 astronomical units or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than Neptune, but a stable orbital resonance with Neptune prevents them from colliding.  Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU).

text: Pluto (

text: minor-planet designation

text: : 134340 Pluto) is a

text: dwarf planet

text: in the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , a ring of

text: bodies beyond Neptune

text: . It was the first Kuiper belt object to be discovered. It is the largest and second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the

text: Solar System

text: and the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object directly orbiting the

text: Sun

text: . It is the largest known trans-Neptunian object by volume but is less massive than

text: Eris

text: , a dwarf planet in the

text: scattered disc

text: . Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is primarily made of ice and rock and is relatively small—about one-sixth the mass of the

text: Moon

text: and one-third its volume. It has a moderately

text: eccentric

text: and inclined orbit during which it ranges from 30 to 49

text: astronomical unit

text: s or AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This means that Pluto periodically comes closer to the Sun than

text: Neptune

text: , but a stable

text: orbital resonance

text: with Neptune prevents them from colliding.  Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach Pluto at its average distance (39.5 AU).

text: The outer planets all have ring systems, although all but Saturn's are faint when viewed from Earth.

text: Filene's Basement, one of the malls former anchors, filed for bankruptcy protection on May 4, 2009.  New York’s Crown Acquisitions, made a bid to buy Filene's Basement including their famous Downtown Crossing location which closed in 2007. All Filene's Basement stores closed in December 2011. A model of the planet Uranus is located in the food court, as part of the Boston Museum of Science's scale solar system model.

text: Filene's Basement

text: , one of the malls former anchors, filed for bankruptcy protection on May 4, 2009.  New York’s Crown Acquisitions, made a bid to buy Filene's Basement including their famous Downtown Crossing location which closed in 2007. All Filene's Basement stores closed in December 2011. A model of the planet

text: Uranus

text: is located in the food court, as part of the

text: Boston Museum of Science

text: 's scale

text: solar system model

text: A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates, or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet's rotation. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. In the latter case, the angular momentum of the rotation and revolution have opposite signs, so transfer leads to decreases in the magnitude of each (that cancel each other out). In both cases, tidal deceleration causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses, potentially creating a planetary ring system, or crashes into the planet's surface or atmosphere. Such a fate awaits the moons Phobos of Mars (within 30 to 50 million years), Triton of Neptune (in 3.6 billion years), Metis and Adrastea of Jupiter, and at least 16 small satellites of Uranus and Neptune. Uranus's Desdemona may even collide with one of its neighboring moons.

text: A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates, or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet's rotation. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. In the latter case, the angular momentum of the rotation and revolution have opposite signs, so transfer leads to decreases in the magnitude of each (that cancel each other out). In both cases,

text: tidal deceleration

text: causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses, potentially creating a

text: planetary ring

text: system, or crashes into the planet's surface or atmosphere. Such a fate awaits the moons

text: Phobos

text: of Mars (within 30 to 50 million years),

text: Triton

text: of Neptune (in 3.6 billion years),

text: Metis

text: and

text: Adrastea

text: of Jupiter, and at least

text: 16 small satellites

text: of Uranus and Neptune. Uranus's

text: Desdemona

text: may even collide with one of its neighboring moons.

text: Saturn is a progressive rock band from Islamabad, Pakistan, formed in 2003. The group was founded by lead guitarist and songwriter Salman Zaidi and vocalist & lyricist Shahbaz Zaidi, who were later joined by bassist Aashir, drummer Shahbaz Asad, and rhythm guitarist Usman Ahmad Khan.The band is well known for being one of the pioneering progressive rock groups in Pakistan. Saturn became famous after releasing their debut track "Raakh" which is Urdu for "Ashes". They later gained more popularity for their energetic performances and stage presence. Saturn is known as one of the loudest bands of Pakistan. Their debut album "Naya Din" was released on April 7, 2013.

text: Saturn is a

text: progressive rock

text: band from

text: Islamabad

text: , Pakistan, formed in 2003. The group was founded by lead guitarist and songwriter Salman Zaidi and vocalist & lyricist Shahbaz Zaidi, who were later joined by bassist Aashir, drummer Shahbaz Asad, and rhythm guitarist Usman Ahmad Khan.The band is well known for being one of the pioneering progressive rock groups in Pakistan. Saturn became famous after releasing their debut track "Raakh" which is

text: Urdu

text: for "Ashes". They later gained more popularity for their energetic performances and stage presence. Saturn is known as one of the loudest bands of Pakistan. Their debut album "Naya Din" was released on April 7, 2013.

text: At 416 meters above sea level, it is warm and tropical most of the year. Winters are short and last only 2–3 months but can get very cold very suddenly. "Surazos" (southerly winds that blow in from Argentina) can drop the temperature by as much as 30 degrees overnight. This extreme cold lasts only a few days at a time and the beautiful, sub-tropical Santa Cruz is pleasant throughout most of the year. Here the climate varies by geographical zone: temperate to cold in the western sierras and warm to hot and humid as one descends into the extensive plains.

text: is a planetoid in the outer reaches of the Solar System.  It is the object with the farthest known perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) in the Solar System, farther than Sedna's. Its discovery was announced on 26 March 2014. It has an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.0, which makes it likely to be a dwarf planet, and it is accepted as a dwarf planet by some.  It is expected to be about half the size of Sedna and similar in size to Huya.  The similarity of 2012 VP113's orbit to the orbits of other known extreme trans-Neptunian objects led Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo to suggest that an undiscovered super-Earth in the outer Solar System is shepherding these distant objects into similar type orbits.

text: is a

text: planetoid

text: in the

text: outer reaches of the Solar System

text: .  It is the object with the farthest known

text: perihelion

text: (closest approach to the Sun) in the Solar System, farther than

text: Sedna

text: 's. Its discovery was announced on 26 March 2014. It has an

text: absolute magnitude (H)

text: of 4.0, which makes it

text: likely to be a dwarf planet

text: , and it is accepted as a dwarf planet by some.  It is expected to be about half the size of

text: Sedna

text: and similar in size to

text: Huya

text: .  The similarity of 2012 VP113's orbit to the orbits of other known extreme trans-Neptunian objects led

text: Scott Sheppard

text: and

text: Chad Trujillo

text: to suggest that an undiscovered super-Earth in the outer Solar System is shepherding these distant objects into similar type orbits.

text: Sani Baghwan (planet Saturn) graces in the temple facing south with His consorts Mandha and Jeshta in wedding form.

text: A Jupiter-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Jupiter. Jupiter trojans can be inner grazers (105), outer grazers (52), co-orbitals (183), and crossers (537). Discounting them, there is one numbered, 7 non-numbered, and 19 cometary outer-grazers. For the Jupiter trojans, see List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp) and List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp).

text: A Jupiter-crosser is a

text: minor planet

text: whose

text: orbit

text: crosses that of

text: Jupiter

text: Jupiter trojan

text: s can be inner grazers (105), outer grazers (52), co-orbitals (183), and crossers (537). Discounting them, there is one numbered, 7 non-numbered, and 19 cometary outer-grazers. For the Jupiter trojans, see

text: List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)

text: and

text: List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)

text: Another aspect common to the gas giants is their many natural satellites (moons), two of which are larger than the planet Mercury (Jupiter's Ganymede and Saturn's Titan). That pair and Io, Callisto, Europa, and Triton, are larger than Pluto and Eris.

text: Another aspect common to the gas giants is their many natural satellites (moons), two of which are larger than the planet Mercury (Jupiter's

text: Ganymede

text: and Saturn's

text: Titan

text: ). That pair and

text: Io

text: Callisto

text: Europa

text: , and

text: Triton

text: , are larger than Pluto and

text: Eris

text: The idea for Cosmos and Psyche began when Tarnas realized that the climax of the 1960s cultural revolution took place precisely during the only Uranus-Pluto conjunction in the 20th century. For Tarnas, the characteristics of the astrological entity Uranus match with those of the Greek mythical figure Prometheus better than with those of the conservative mythological figure Uranus. Tarnas associates the astrological planet Uranus with freedom and change, while Pluto is associated with evolution, instinct, and eros. Thus in Tarnas's theory, the apparent relationships (conjunctions, oppositions, and squares) of Uranus and Pluto have momentous potential for human history. (Tarnas's research has not found significant correlation between the zodiac signs and human events.) Tarnas further observed that a Uranus-Pluto opposition occurred during the French Revolution. Like the 1960s, the French Revolution featured the characteristics of Uranus-Pluto alignment: revolution through the manifestation of the suppressed. These historical-astrological coincidences or synchronicities led Tarnas to further explore the relationship of pivotal moments in Western cultural history to the conjunctions, oppositions, and squares of the outer planets. The historical events analyzed include the Reformation, the Renaissance, Romanticism, the Scientific Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, Modernism, Postmodernism, etc.

text: The idea for Cosmos and Psyche began when Tarnas realized that the climax of the

text: 1960s cultural revolution

text: took place precisely during the only Uranus-Pluto conjunction in the 20th century. For Tarnas, the characteristics of the astrological entity

text: Uranus

text: match with those of the Greek mythical figure

text: Prometheus

text: better than with those of the conservative mythological figure

text: Uranus

text: . Tarnas associates the astrological planet Uranus with freedom and change, while

text: Pluto

text: is associated with evolution, instinct, and

text: eros

text: . Thus in Tarnas's theory, the apparent relationships (

text: conjunctions

text: oppositions

text: , and

text: squares

text: ) of Uranus and Pluto have momentous potential for human history. (Tarnas's research has not found significant correlation between the zodiac signs and human events.) Tarnas further observed that a Uranus-Pluto opposition occurred during the

text: French Revolution

text: . Like the 1960s, the French Revolution featured the characteristics of Uranus-Pluto alignment: revolution through the manifestation of the suppressed. These historical-astrological coincidences or

text: synchronicities

text: led Tarnas to further explore the relationship of pivotal moments in Western cultural history to the conjunctions, oppositions, and squares of the outer planets. The historical events analyzed include the

text: Reformation

text: , the

text: Renaissance

text: Romanticism

text: , the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: , the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: Modernism

text: Postmodernism

text: , etc.

text: Plūtō (; genitive Plūtōnis) is the Latinized form of the Greek Plouton. Pluto's Roman equivalent is Dis Pater, whose name is most often taken to mean "Rich Father" and is perhaps a direct translation of Plouton. Pluto was also identified with the obscure Roman Orcus, like Hades the name of both a god of the underworld and the underworld as a place. The borrowed Greek name Pluto is sometimes used for the ruler of the dead in Latin literature, leading some mythology handbooks to assert misleadingly that Pluto was the Roman counterpart of Hades. Pluto (Pluton in French and German, Plutone in Italian) becomes the most common name for the classical ruler of the underworld in subsequent Western literature and other art forms.

text: Plūtō (;

text: genitive

text: Plūtōnis) is the

text: Latinized

text: form of the Greek Plouton. Pluto's

text: Roman equivalent

text: is

text: Dis Pater

text: , whose name is most often taken to mean "Rich Father" and is perhaps a direct translation of Plouton. Pluto was also identified with the obscure Roman

text: Orcus

text: , like Hades the name of both a god of the underworld and the underworld as a place. The borrowed Greek name Pluto is sometimes used for the ruler of the dead in

text: Latin literature

text: , leading some mythology handbooks to assert misleadingly that Pluto was the Roman counterpart of Hades. Pluto (Pluton in French and German, Plutone in Italian) becomes the most common name for the

text: classical

text: ruler of the underworld in subsequent

text: Western literature and other art forms

text: Argo was a 2009 spacecraft mission concept by NASA to the outer planets and beyond.<ref name='EPSC 2009'></ref> The concept includes flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object. A focus on Neptune and its largest moon Triton would help answer some of the questions generated by Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, and would provide clues to ice giant formation and evolution.<ref name='EPSC 2009'/>

text: Argo was a 2009 spacecraft mission concept by

text: NASA

text: to the

text: outer planets

text: and beyond.<ref name='EPSC 2009'></ref> The concept includes flybys of

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , Neptune, and a

text: Kuiper belt object

text: . A focus on

text: Neptune

text: and its largest moon

text: Triton

text: would help answer some of the questions generated by

text: Voyager 2

text: flyby in 1989, and would provide clues to

text: ice giant

text: formation and evolution.<ref name='EPSC 2009'/>

text: In the colonial period, a Gaelic speaking settlement named New Inverness was established in McIntosh County, Georgia, by settlers from in and around Inverness. The name was also given by expatriates to settlements in Quebec, Nova Scotia, Montana, Florida, Illinois, and California.  The name Inverness is also given to a feature on Miranda, a moon of the planet Uranus, as well as a 2637 m tall mountain in British Columbia, Canada. Inverness is also known by its nicknames Inversnecky or The Sneck, with its inhabitants traditionally known as "Clann Na Cloiche" ("Children of the Stone" in Gaelic) owing to the importance of the Clach Na Cudainn stone to the city's history.

text: In the colonial period, a Gaelic speaking settlement named

text: New Inverness

text: was established in

text: McIntosh County

text: , Georgia, by settlers from in and around Inverness. The name was also given by expatriates to settlements in

text: Quebec

text: Nova Scotia

text: Montana

text: Florida

text: Illinois

text: , and

text: California

text: .  The name Inverness is also given to a feature on Miranda, a moon of the planet Uranus, as well as a 2637 m tall mountain in

text: British Columbia

text: , Canada. Inverness is also known by its nicknames Inversnecky or The Sneck, with its inhabitants traditionally known as "Clann Na Cloiche" ("Children of the Stone" in Gaelic) owing to the importance of the Clach Na Cudainn stone to the city's history.

text: Direct imaging of an exoplanet is extremely challenging due to the large difference in brightness between the star and exoplanet as well as the small size and irradiance of the planet. These problems are greater for exomoons in most cases. However, it has been theorized that tidally heated exomoons could shine as brightly as some exoplanets. Tidal forces can heat up an exomoon because energy is dissipated by differential forces on it. Io, a tidally heated moon orbiting Jupiter, has volcanoes powered by tidal forces. If a tidally heated exomoon is sufficiently tidally heated and is distant enough from its star for the moon's light not to be drowned out, it would be possible for future telescopes (such as the James Webb Space Telescope) to image it.

text: Direct imaging of an exoplanet is extremely challenging due to the large difference in brightness between the star and exoplanet as well as the small size and irradiance of the planet. These problems are greater for exomoons in most cases. However, it has been theorized that tidally heated exomoons could shine as brightly as some exoplanets.

text: Tidal force

text: s can heat up an exomoon because energy is dissipated by differential forces on it.

text: Io

text: , a tidally heated moon orbiting

text: Jupiter

text: , has volcanoes powered by tidal forces. If a tidally heated exomoon is sufficiently tidally heated and is distant enough from its star for the moon's light not to be drowned out, it would be possible for future telescopes (such as the

text: James Webb Space Telescope

text: ) to image it.

text: Mary Rowe of MIT coined the terms micro-inequities and micro-affirmations in 1973. She was building on original research by Chester Pierce about micro-aggressions, which originally focused on racism and behavior that could easily be seen to be hostile.  She wrote samizdat papers virtually every year stressing the importance of micro-behavior, much of which might be unintentional or unconscious. Originally the papers were named the "Saturn's rings phenomenon"; because, the planet Saturn is surrounded by rings made just of tiny bits of ice and sand that can still partially obscure the planet. Some of these papers were published in whole or in part in 1974 and thereafter (see References below). A relatively complete version came out in 1990: "Barriers to Equality: the Power of Subtle Discrimination", Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, June, 1990, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153–163. Rowe published a longer article "Micro-affirmations and Micro-inequities" in the Journal of the International Ombudsman Association, which includes more of her hypotheses about the importance of micro-affirmations. Works done earlier in the same genre include that of Jean Paul Sartre who wrote about small acts of anti-Semitism, and Chester Pierce who wrote about "micro-aggressions" as acts of racism, and "childism" as acts against children.

text: Mary Rowe

text: of

text: MIT

text: coined the terms micro-inequities and micro-affirmations in 1973. She was building on original research by Chester Pierce about micro-aggressions, which originally focused on

text: racism

text: and behavior that could easily be seen to be

text: hostile

text: .  She wrote

text: samizdat

text: papers virtually every year stressing the importance of micro-behavior, much of which might be unintentional or unconscious. Originally the papers were named the "

text: Saturn's rings phenomenon

text: "; because, the planet

text: Saturn

text: is surrounded by rings made just of tiny bits of ice and sand that can still partially obscure the planet. Some of these papers were published in whole or in part in 1974 and thereafter (see References below). A relatively complete version came out in 1990: "

text: Barriers to Equality: the Power of Subtle Discrimination

text: Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal

text: , June, 1990, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153–163. Rowe published a longer article "Micro-affirmations and Micro-inequities" in the

text: Journal of the International Ombudsman Association

text: , which includes more of her hypotheses about the importance of micro-affirmations. Works done earlier in the same genre include that of

text: Jean Paul Sartre

text: who wrote about small acts of

text: anti-Semitism

text: , and

text: Chester Pierce

text: who wrote about "micro-aggressions" as acts of racism, and "childism" as acts against children.

text: Cold Northcott wind farm is a wind farm situated near the hamlet either side of the A395. It consists of 22 twin-bladed turbines (similar to Great Eppleton) with a nameplate electrical capacity of 6.6 megawatts and estimated annual output of 16 GWh. The turbines began operation in April 1993 and are manufactured by Cumbrian Wind Farms. Cold Northcott wind farm is operated by a three-man crew of engineers who perform routine maintenance on the wind turbines. The turbines are manufactured by WEG. In early 2016 the current 22, twin-bladed, wind turbines were out of use due to health and safety regulations. After being out of use for nearly six months, from June 2016, 20 turbines returned to use. Two turbines are still currently out of use due to one being struck by lightning. The other turbine, that is out of use, had a faulty gearbox. This then caused the blades to blow off during a storm, this then resulted in the whole wind farm closing for nearly six months due to health and safety regulations. During the six months the crew of engineers carried out maintenance on the current operational turbines.

text: Cold Northcott wind farm is a

text: wind farm

text: situated near the hamlet either side of the A395. It consists of 22 twin-bladed turbines (similar to

text: Great Eppleton

text: ) with a nameplate electrical capacity of 6.6 megawatts and estimated annual output of 16

text: GWh

text: . The turbines began operation in April 1993 and are manufactured by Cumbrian Wind Farms. Cold Northcott wind farm is operated by a three-man crew of engineers who perform routine maintenance on the wind turbines. The turbines are manufactured by WEG. In early 2016 the current 22, twin-bladed, wind turbines were out of use due to health and safety regulations. After being out of use for nearly six months, from June 2016, 20 turbines returned to use. Two turbines are still currently out of use due to one being struck by lightning. The other turbine, that is out of use, had a faulty gearbox. This then caused the blades to blow off during a storm, this then resulted in the whole wind farm closing for nearly six months due to health and safety regulations. During the six months the crew of engineers carried out maintenance on the current operational turbines.

text: Clouds are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.

text: Cloud

text: s are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.

text: Astronomers have a number of observational tools that they can use to make measurements of the heavens. For objects that are relatively close to the Sun and Earth, direct and very precise position measurements can be made against a more distant (and thereby nearly stationary) background. Early observations of this nature were used to develop very precise orbital models of the various planets, and to determine their respective masses and gravitational perturbations. Such measurements led to the discovery of the planets Uranus, Neptune, and (indirectly) Pluto. They also resulted in an erroneous assumption of a fictional planet Vulcan within the orbit of Mercury (but the explanation of the precession of Mercury's orbit by Einstein is considered one of the triumphs of his general relativity theory).

text: Astronomers have a number of observational tools that they can use to make measurements of the heavens. For objects that are relatively close to the Sun and Earth, direct and very precise

text: position measurements

text: can be made against a more distant (and thereby nearly stationary) background. Early observations of this nature were used to develop very precise orbital models of the various planets, and to determine their respective masses and gravitational

text: perturbation

text: s. Such measurements led to the discovery of the planets

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: , and (indirectly)

text: Pluto

text: . They also resulted in an erroneous assumption of a fictional planet

text: Vulcan

text: within the orbit of

text: Mercury

text: (but the explanation of the

text: precession

text: of Mercury's orbit by

text: Einstein

text: is considered one of the triumphs of his

text: general relativity

text: theory).

text: Despite a stormy introduction in dotted rhythm, the largo is serene, almost nocturne-like; an immensely beautiful melody is introduced, followed by a mellow and expansive middle section, again characterised by quaver figuration in the background of an intensely harmonic line, separating the more cantabile outer sections in B major.  It is the most musically profound of the movements (Kraemer, 1991), in terms of a sustained melody and innovative harmonic progression; it rivals the extensive first movement in length alone.

text: Despite a stormy introduction in dotted rhythm, the largo is serene, almost

text: nocturne

text: -like; an immensely beautiful melody is introduced, followed by a mellow and expansive middle section, again characterised by quaver figuration in the background of an intensely harmonic line, separating the more cantabile outer sections in B major.  It is the most musically profound of the movements (Kraemer, 1991), in terms of a sustained melody and innovative harmonic progression; it rivals the extensive first movement in length alone.

text: Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.

text: Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a

text: protoplanetary disk

text: . They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.

text: It is not certain how these ridges formed, or whether there is any connection between them. Because Atlas and Pan orbit within the rings of Saturn, a likely explanation for their ridges is that they sweep up ring particles as they orbit, which build up around their equators. This theory is less applicable to Iapetus, which orbits far beyond the rings. One scientist has suggested that Iapetus swept up a ring before being somehow expelled to its current, distant orbit. Others think it was stationary and it is the rings that have been pulled away from it, falling into Saturn's gravity field. Perhaps more likely is the theory that because Iapetus has an unusually large Hill sphere compared to other moons in the Solar System, it could once have had its own ring, or even a moonlet that was slowly pulled in closer, torn up into a ring, and then gradually accreted onto Iapetus' equator. But most scientists prefer to assume that Iapetus's ridge was produced by some kind of internal source and is unrelated to the ridges on Atlas and Pan.

text: It is not certain how these ridges formed, or whether there is any connection between them. Because Atlas and Pan orbit within the

text: rings of Saturn

text: , a likely explanation for their ridges is that they sweep up ring particles as they orbit, which build up around their equators. This theory is less applicable to Iapetus, which orbits far beyond the rings. One scientist has suggested that Iapetus swept up a ring before being somehow expelled to its current, distant orbit. Others think it was stationary and it is the rings that have been pulled away from it, falling into Saturn's gravity field. Perhaps more likely is the theory that because Iapetus has an unusually large

text: Hill sphere

text: compared to other moons in the

text: Solar System

text: , it could once have had its own ring, or even a moonlet that was slowly pulled in closer, torn up into a ring, and then gradually accreted onto Iapetus' equator. But most scientists prefer to assume that Iapetus's ridge was produced by some kind of internal source and is unrelated to the ridges on Atlas and Pan.

text: At the end, the three founders stood on Legion HQ as Saturn Girl called the Daxamites there, just in time for Element Lad and Brainiac 5 to send them to a planet where they would be powerless, ending the threat.

text: At the end, the three founders stood on Legion HQ as Saturn Girl called the Daxamites there, just in time for

text: Element Lad

text: and

text: Brainiac 5

text: to send them to a planet where they would be powerless, ending the threat.

text: The Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring, GAR), which crossed the main line on a bridge structure, was built immediately west of the S-Bahn station in 1940. After the war, the S-Bahn tracks were dismantled, but one track was rebuilt two years later. From July 1948 diesel railcars were used to operate suburban services running from Kaulsdorf over the so-called VnK Railway and the Berlin outer ring to Grunau. A station was established at the crossing with the Berlin-Frankfurt (Oder) line for transfers, but no direct route was built between the two platforms. Since the service passed through an almost uninhabited area, the service was discontinued after just one year. The platform on the outer ring was later demolished. In 1951, the Outer freight ring was replaced by the Berlin outer ring, which takes a similar, in places identical, route in this area.

text: The Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring, GAR), which crossed the main line on a bridge structure, was built immediately west of the S-Bahn station in 1940. After the war, the S-Bahn tracks were dismantled, but one track was rebuilt two years later. From July 1948 diesel railcars were used to operate suburban services running from

text: Kaulsdorf

text: over the so-called

text: VnK Railway

text: and the Berlin outer ring to

text: Grunau

text: . A station was established at the crossing with the Berlin-Frankfurt (Oder) line for transfers, but no direct route was built between the two platforms. Since the service passed through an almost uninhabited area, the service was discontinued after just one year. The platform on the outer ring was later demolished. In 1951, the Outer freight ring was replaced by the Berlin outer ring, which takes a similar, in places identical, route in this area.

text: Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of astronomical objects, space debris or bolides; and controlled entry (or reentry) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry, descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively abbreviated as EDL.

text: Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from

text: outer space

text: into and through the gases of an

text: atmosphere

text: of a

text: planet

text: dwarf planet

text: or

text: natural satellite

text: . There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of

text: astronomical object

text: s,

text: space debris

text: or

text: bolide

text: s; and controlled entry (or reentry) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry, descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively abbreviated as EDL.

text: Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation. It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called snow line and consist mainly of ice—the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form  cores at the distance of Jupiter (5 AU) within 10 million years. The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk—a tenfold increase would suffice; protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals; and finally accretion enhancement due to gas drag in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos. Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20–30 AU from the central star. One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 time faster than by the accretion of planesimals.

text: Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation. It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. An additional difference is the composition of the

text: planetesimal

text: s, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called

text: snow line

text: and consist mainly of ice—the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form  cores at the distance of Jupiter (5 AU) within 10 million years. The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk—a tenfold increase would suffice; protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals; and finally accretion enhancement due to

text: gas drag

text: in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos. Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as

text: Jupiter

text: and perhaps even

text: Saturn

text: . The formation of planets like

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20–30 AU from the central star. One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via

text: pebble accretion

text: . In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 time faster than by the accretion of planesimals.

text: After 1978, a number of astronomers kept up the search for Lowell's Planet X, convinced that, because Pluto was no longer a viable candidate, an unseen tenth planet must have been perturbing the outer planets.

text: Notes: ‡ outer-grazer† 134340 Pluto was known at this time but not numbered

text: Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon, and only grows as bright as −7. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's moons due to its great distance and low albedo; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter, at magnitudes −7.8, −7.9, −8.8, −8, and −7.8, respectively. Here are the approximate angular diameters of the main moons (for comparison, Earth's moon has an average angular diameter of 31′): Mimas: 7–11′, Enceladus: 7–9′, Tethys: 12–15′, Dione: 10–12′, Rhea: 8–11′, Titan: 14–15′, Iapetus: 1′. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, starlike points (with the exception of Janus, which would appear 7 arcseconds across at its zenith), although most would shine brighter than any star; for example, Janus and Epimetheus would both shine as bright as magnitude −6. Meanwhile, none of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe, which nears the naked eye limit (6.2–6.6) even at full phase.

text: Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even

text: Titan

text: , the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon, and only grows as bright as −7. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's moons due to its great distance and low albedo; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter, at magnitudes −7.8, −7.9, −8.8, −8, and −7.8, respectively. Here are the approximate

text: angular diameter

text: s of the main moons (for comparison, Earth's moon has an average angular diameter of 31′): Mimas: 7–11′, Enceladus: 7–9′, Tethys: 12–15′, Dione: 10–12′, Rhea: 8–11′, Titan: 14–15′, Iapetus: 1′. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, starlike points (with the exception of

text: Janus

text: , which would appear 7 arcseconds across at its zenith), although most would shine brighter than any star; for example, Janus and Epimetheus would both shine as bright as magnitude −6. Meanwhile, none of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe, which nears the naked eye limit (6.2–6.6) even at full phase.

text: Once a planet reaches sufficient mass, the materials of different densities segregate within, during planetary differentiation. This process can form a stony or metallic core, surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust. The core may include solid and liquid regions, and some planetary cores generate their own magnetic field, which can protect their atmospheres from solar wind stripping.

text: Once a planet reaches sufficient mass, the materials of different densities segregate within, during

text: planetary differentiation

text: . This process can form a stony or metallic core, surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust. The core may include solid and liquid regions, and some planetary cores generate their own

text: magnetic field

text: , which can protect their atmospheres from solar wind stripping.

text: In Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus is the offspring of Gaia, the earth goddess. Alcman and Callimachus elaborate that Uranus was fathered by Aether, the god of heavenly light and the upper air. Under the influence of the philosophers, Cicero, in De Natura Deorum ("Concerning the Nature of the Gods"), claims that he was the offspring of the ancient gods Aether and Hemera, Air and Day. According to the Orphic Hymns, Uranus was the son of Nyx, the personification of night.  Uranus was the brother of Pontus, the God of the sea.

text: In Hesiod's

text: Theogony

text: , Uranus is the offspring of Gaia, the earth goddess.

text: Alcman

text: and

text: Callimachus

text: elaborate that Uranus was fathered by

text: Aether

text: , the god of heavenly light and the upper air. Under the influence of the philosophers,

text: Cicero

text: , in De Natura Deorum ("Concerning the Nature of the Gods"), claims that he was the offspring of the ancient gods

text: Aether

text: and

text: Hemera

text: , Air and Day. According to the

text: Orphic Hymns

text: , Uranus was the son of

text: Nyx

text: , the personification of night.  Uranus was the brother of Pontus, the God of the sea.

text: The defenses of Jinan were organized in two lines: an outer ring around the outskirts of the city and inner line following the historical city wall. The outer ring was fortified by a four-ply line of pillboxes, barbed wire, and a newly dug 3-meter wide moat. The inner ring consisted of the ancient brick wall of the city that had been strengthened with sand bags. The most valuable strategic assets of the city, the main airfield, the railroad station, and the commercial district, were located to the west of the historical city center and outside of the inner ring. Hence, they were protected only by the outer ring of defenses.

text: In astronomy, the Hills cloud (also called the inner Oort cloud and inner cloud) is a vast theoretical circumstellar disc, interior to the Oort cloud, whose outer border would be located at around 20,000 to 30,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, and whose inner border, less well defined, is hypothetically located at , well beyond planet and Kuiper-belt object orbits, but distances might be much greater. If it exists, the Hills cloud contains roughly 5 times as many comets as the Oort cloud.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , the Hills cloud (also called the inner Oort cloud and inner cloud) is a vast theoretical

text: circumstellar disc

text: , interior to the

text: Oort cloud

text: , whose outer border would be located at around 20,000 to 30,000

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU) from the

text: Sun

text: , and whose inner border, less well defined, is hypothetically located at , well beyond planet and Kuiper-belt object orbits, but distances might be much greater. If it exists, the Hills cloud contains roughly 5 times as many

text: comet

text: s as the Oort cloud.

text: Even when this planet was taken into account, there still remained significant residuals in the radial velocity measurements, and it was suggested there might be a second planet in orbit. In 1999, astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three-planet model best fit the data. The two outer planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d in order of increasing distance from the star. Both of these planets are in more eccentric orbits than any of the planets in the Solar System (including Pluto). Upsilon Andromedae d resides in the system's habitable zone.

text: Even when this planet was taken into account, there still remained significant residuals in the radial velocity measurements, and it was suggested there might be a second planet in orbit. In 1999, astronomers at both

text: San Francisco State University

text: and the

text: independently concluded that a three-planet model best fit the data. The two outer planets were designated

text: Upsilon Andromedae c

text: and

text: Upsilon Andromedae d

text: in order of increasing distance from the star. Both of these planets are in more

text: eccentric

text: orbits than any of the planets in the Solar System (including

text: Pluto

text: ). Upsilon Andromedae d resides in the system's

text: habitable zone

text: At the closest approach, the velocity of the spacecraft reached 132,000 km/h, and it came within  of the outer atmosphere of Jupiter. Close-up images of the Great Red Spot and the terminator were obtained. Communication with the spacecraft then ceased as it passed behind the planet. The radio occultation data allowed the temperature structure of the outer atmosphere to be measured, showing a temperature inversion between the altitudes with 10 and 100 mbar pressures. Temperatures at the 10 mbar level ranged from , while temperatures at the 100 mbar level were . The spacecraft generated an infrared map of the planet, which confirmed the idea that the planet radiated more heat than it received from the Sun.

text: At the closest approach, the velocity of the spacecraft reached 132,000 km/h, and it came within  of the outer atmosphere of Jupiter. Close-up images of the Great Red Spot and the terminator were obtained. Communication with the spacecraft then ceased as it passed behind the planet. The

text: radio occultation

text: data allowed the temperature structure of the outer atmosphere to be measured, showing a temperature inversion between the altitudes with 10 and 100 mbar pressures. Temperatures at the 10 mbar level ranged from , while temperatures at the 100 mbar level were . The spacecraft generated an infrared map of the planet, which confirmed the idea that the planet radiated more heat than it received from the Sun.

text: Due to the high temperatures on the illuminated side of the planet, and the likelihood that all surface volatiles have been depleted, silicate rock vaporization may have produced a tenuous atmosphere (with a pressure approaching 1 Pa or 10 bar at 2500 K) consisting predominantly of sodium, O, O and silicon monoxide, as well as smaller amounts of potassium and other metals. Magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe) may rain out from such an atmosphere on the planet's daylight side in the form of particles of minerals, such as enstatite, corundum and spinel, wollastonite, silica, and iron (II) oxide, that would condense at altitudes below 10 km. Titanium (Ti) may be depleted (and possibly iron similarly) by being transported towards the night side before condensing as perovskite and geikelite. Sodium (and to a lesser extent, potassium), being more volatile, would be less subject to condensation into clouds, and would dominate the outer layers of the atmosphere. Observations carried out with the UVES spectrograph on COROT-7b in and out of transit, searching for emission and absorption lines originating in the exosphere of the planet, failed to detect any significative feature. Spectral lines of calcium (Ca I, Ca II) and sodium (Na), expected for a Mercury-like planet, are either absent or below detection limits, and even emission lines expected from volcanic activity, due to tidal forces exerted by the gravity of the nearby star, were not found. The lack of detections is in agreement with the previously cited theoretical work, which points to a cloudless atmosphere made of rocky vapours with a very low pressure. From the data available, scientists can only infer that COROT-7b does not resemble any of the rocky planets of the Solar System.

text: Due to the high temperatures on the illuminated side of the planet, and the likelihood that all surface volatiles have been depleted, silicate rock vaporization may have produced a tenuous atmosphere (with a pressure approaching 1 Pa or 10 bar at 2500 K) consisting predominantly of

text: sodium

text: O

text: O

text: and

text: silicon monoxide

text: , as well as smaller amounts of

text: potassium

text: and other metals.

text: Magnesium

text: (Mg),

text: aluminium

text: (Al),

text: calcium

text: (Ca),

text: silicon

text: (Si), and

text: iron

text: (Fe) may rain out from such an atmosphere on the planet's daylight side in the form of particles of minerals, such as

text: enstatite

text: corundum

text: and

text: spinel

text: wollastonite

text: silica

text: , and

text: iron (II) oxide

text: , that would

text: condense

text: at altitudes below 10 km.

text: Titanium

text: (Ti) may be depleted (and possibly iron similarly) by being transported towards the night side before condensing as

text: perovskite

text: and

text: geikelite

text: . Sodium (and to a lesser extent, potassium), being more volatile, would be less subject to condensation into clouds, and would dominate the outer layers of the atmosphere. Observations carried out with the

text: UVES spectrograph

text: on COROT-7b in and out of transit, searching for emission and absorption lines originating in the

text: exosphere

text: of the planet, failed to detect any significative feature. Spectral lines of calcium (Ca I, Ca II) and sodium (Na), expected for a

text: Mercury

text: -like planet, are either absent or below detection limits, and even emission lines expected from volcanic activity, due to

text: tidal forces

text: exerted by the gravity of the nearby star, were not found. The lack of detections is in agreement with the previously cited theoretical work, which points to a cloudless atmosphere made of rocky vapours with a very low pressure. From the data available, scientists can only infer that COROT-7b does not resemble any of the rocky planets of the

text: Solar System

text: The minor planet was named in honor of Italian-born French astronomer Giovanni Cassini (1625–1712), who was the first director of the Paris Observatory from 1671 until his death. He discovered the four moons of Saturn – Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys and Dione – the major gap in its rings, known as Cassini Division, and was the first to write down observations of the zodiacal light. The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft is named after him and Christiaan Huygens. The lunar and Martian craters Cassini are also named in his honor. Naming citation was published on 21 September 2002 (M.P.C. 46684).

text: The minor planet was named in honor of Italian-born French astronomer

text: Giovanni Cassini

text: (1625–1712), who was the first director of the

text: Paris Observatory

text: from 1671 until his death. He discovered the four

text: moons of Saturn

text: Iapetus

text: Rhea

text: Tethys

text: and

text: Dione

text: – the major gap in its rings, known as

text: Cassini Division

text: , and was the first to write down observations of the

text: zodiacal light

text: . The

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: spacecraft is named after him and

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: . The

text: lunar

text: and

text: Martian

text: craters Cassini are also named in his honor. Naming citation was published on 21 September 2002 (

text: M.P.C.

text: The rings were thoroughly investigated during the Voyager 2 spacecraft's flyby of Uranus in January 1986. Two new faint rings—λ and 1986U2R—were discovered bringing the total number then known to eleven. Rings were studied by analysing results of radio, ultraviolet and optical occultations. Voyager 2 observed the rings in different geometries relative to the sun, producing images with back-scattered, forward-scattered and side-scattered light. Analysis of these images allowed derivation of the complete phase function, geometrical and Bond albedo of ring particles. Two rings—ε and η—were resolved in the images revealing a complicated fine structure. Analysis of Voyager's images also led to discovery of 10 inner moons of Uranus, including the two shepherd moons of the ε ring—Cordelia and Ophelia.

text: The rings were thoroughly investigated during the

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft's flyby of Uranus in January 1986. Two new faint rings—λ and 1986U2R—were discovered bringing the total number then known to eleven. Rings were studied by analysing results of radio, ultraviolet and optical occultations. Voyager 2 observed the rings in different geometries relative to the sun, producing images with back-scattered, forward-scattered and side-scattered light. Analysis of these images allowed derivation of the complete phase function, geometrical and Bond albedo of ring particles. Two rings—ε and η—were resolved in the images revealing a complicated fine structure. Analysis of Voyager's images also led to discovery of 10 inner

text: moons of Uranus

text: , including the two shepherd moons of the ε ring—Cordelia and Ophelia.

text: From the shadows appears a figure before the fighting Zoanthropes. She is the strongest Zoanthrope, the Chimera, created by Tylon when they converted Uriko. Uranus was cloned from Uriko and became a perfected form of both her Chimera and her synthetic body. She is known to be the perfect zoanthrope, but cannot hold her chimera form very long, so she tends to go without transforming. Uranus has the fate to be both the wife of the God of the Sky and the mother of the God of Time, Cronos.

text: From the shadows appears a figure before the fighting Zoanthropes. She is the strongest Zoanthrope, the

text: Chimera

text: , created by Tylon when they converted Uriko. Uranus was cloned from Uriko and became a perfected form of both her Chimera and her synthetic body. She is known to be the perfect zoanthrope, but cannot hold her chimera form very long, so she tends to go without transforming. Uranus has the fate to be both the wife of the God of the Sky and the mother of the God of Time, Cronos.

text: In 2007, a Neptune-mass planet was found orbiting the star by Melo. According to the author, assuming an Earth-like rocky composition, the planet could yield a radius 2.2 times that of Earth. This could be furtherly proved if transit were observed, though, as authors state, it is a difficult task.At this point, it was suggested that a best fit orbital solution hints the presence of an additional planetary companion (so far unconfirmed) with 70% of Jupiter's mass, likely orbital separation of 0.68 Astronomical units and eccentric orbit (e=0.3). However, in 2016, further analysis or radial velocity data confirmed the presence of an outer planet larger and more eccentric than was originally believed. With high eccentricity and a high mass ratio between the two planets, the system is quite unique. The planet c is also a potential target for GAIA astrometry or atmospheric characterization using direct imaging or high-resolution spectroscopy.

text: In 2007, a

text: Neptune-mass

text: planet

text: was found orbiting the star by Melo. According to the author, assuming an Earth-like rocky composition, the planet could yield a radius 2.2 times that of

text: Earth

text: . This could be furtherly proved if transit were observed, though, as authors state, it is a difficult task.At this point, it was suggested that a best fit orbital solution hints the presence of an additional planetary companion (so far unconfirmed) with 70% of

text: Jupiter

text: 's mass, likely orbital separation of 0.68

text: Astronomical unit

text: s and eccentric orbit (e=0.3). However, in 2016, further analysis or radial velocity data confirmed the presence of an outer planet larger and more eccentric than was originally believed. With high eccentricity and a high mass ratio between the two planets, the system is quite unique. The planet c is also a potential target for

text: GAIA

text: astrometry or atmospheric characterization using direct imaging or high-resolution spectroscopy.

text: Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, opposition, the configuration of a planet when it is at an elongation of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. However, both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the other.  Also, Saturn appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible.  For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to a favorable orientation of its rings relative to the Earth, even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.

text: Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near,

text: opposition

text: , the configuration of a planet when it is at an

text: elongation

text: of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky. A Saturnian opposition occurs every year—approximately every 378 days—and results in the planet appearing at its brightest. However, both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the other.  Also, Saturn appears brighter when the rings are angled such that they are more visible.  For example, during the opposition of 17 December 2002, Saturn appeared at its brightest due to a favorable

text: orientation of its rings

text: relative to the Earth, even though Saturn was closer to the Earth and Sun in late 2003.

text: Uranus' ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn's vast system and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. They were discovered in 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink. In the time between then and 2005, observations by Voyager 2 and the Hubble Space Telescope led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified, most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation-processed organics. The relative lack of dust is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended exosphere-corona of Uranus.

text: Uranus' ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn's vast system and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. They were discovered in 1977 by

text: James L. Elliot

text: , Edward W. Dunham, and

text: Jessica Mink

text: . In the time between then and 2005, observations by

text: Voyager 2

text: and the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified, most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation-processed

text: organics

text: . The relative lack of dust is due to

text: aerodynamic drag

text: from the extended

text: exosphere

text: corona

text: of Uranus.

text: The Weizsäcker model was modified in 1948 by Dutch theoretical physicist Dirk Ter Haar, in that regular eddies were discarded and replaced by random turbulence which would lead to a very thick nebula where gravitational instability would not occur. He concluded the planets must have formed by accretion and explained the compositional difference (solid and liquid planets) as due to the temperature difference between the inner and outer regions, the former being hotter and the latter being cooler, so only refractories (non-volatiles) condensed in the inner region. A major difficulty is that in this supposition turbulent dissipation takes place in a time scale of only about a millennium which does not give enough time for planets to form.

text: The chaos cloud is a hoax that originated in a Weekly World News article in September 2005. It was published online at Yahoo! Entertainment News. According to the article, the chaos cloud is a massive object in outer space that "dissolves everything in its path, including comets, asteroids, planets and entire stars", and is due to reach Earth in 2014.

text: The chaos cloud is a hoax that originated in a

text: Weekly World News

text: article in September 2005. It was published online at

text: Yahoo!

text: Entertainment News. According to the article, the chaos cloud is a massive object in outer space that "dissolves everything in its path, including comets, asteroids, planets and entire stars", and is due to reach Earth in 2014.

text: Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics (AO).The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it. Both Hubble and the adaptive-optics telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet, among others. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.

text: Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth, its

text: angular diameter

text: only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4

text: arcsecond

text: s, the smallest of the Solar System planets. Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually. Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and large ground-based telescopes with

text: adaptive optics

text: (AO).The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground-based telescopes using adaptive optics, was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii. Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up, with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence. Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it. Both Hubble and the adaptive-optics telescopes on Earth has made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet, among others. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.

text: In 1911, Indian astronomer Venkatesh P. Ketakar suggested the existence of two trans-Neptunian planets, which he named Brahma and Vishnu, by reworking the patterns observed by Pierre-Simon Laplace in the planetary satellites of Jupiter and applying them to the outer planets. The three inner Galilean moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa and Ganymede, are locked in a complicated 1:2:4 resonance called a Laplace resonance. Ketakar suggested that Uranus, Neptune and his hypothetical trans-Neptunian planets were locked in Laplace-like resonances. His calculations predicted a mean distance for Brahma of 38.95 AU and an orbital period of 242.28 Earth years (3:4 resonance with Neptune). When Pluto was discovered 19 years later, its mean distance of 39.48 AU and orbital period of 248 Earth years were close to Ketakar's prediction (Pluto in fact has a 2:3 resonance with Neptune). Ketakar made no predictions for the orbital elements other than mean distance and period. It is not clear how Ketakar arrived at these figures, and his second planet, Vishnu, was never located.

text: In 1911, Indian astronomer Venkatesh P. Ketakar suggested the existence of two trans-Neptunian planets, which he named

text: Brahma

text: and

text: Vishnu

text: , by reworking the patterns observed by

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: in the planetary satellites of

text: Jupiter

text: and applying them to the outer planets. The three inner

text: Galilean moons

text: of Jupiter,

text: Io

text: Europa

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: , are locked in a complicated 1:2:4 resonance called a

text: Laplace resonance

text: . Ketakar suggested that Uranus, Neptune and his hypothetical trans-Neptunian planets were locked in Laplace-like resonances. His calculations predicted a mean distance for Brahma of 38.95 AU and an orbital period of 242.28 Earth years (3:4 resonance with Neptune). When Pluto was discovered 19 years later, its mean distance of 39.48 AU and orbital period of 248 Earth years were close to Ketakar's prediction (Pluto in fact has a 2:3 resonance with Neptune). Ketakar made no predictions for the orbital elements other than mean distance and period. It is not clear how Ketakar arrived at these figures, and his second planet, Vishnu, was never located.

text: The planet has a mass about half that of Jupiter and orbits at a distance of 0.921 AU from the star with a period of 310.55 days. The planet may be located at a distance close enough to the star to receive a comparable amount of ultraviolet radiation as the Earth does from the Sun.  However, it is too close to the star to be able to support liquid water at its surface. Furthermore, given its mass, the planet is likely to be a gas giant with no solid surface.

text: The planet has a mass about half that of

text: Jupiter

text: and orbits at a

text: distance

text: of 0.921

text: AU

text: from the star with a period of 310.55 days. The planet may be located at a distance close enough to the star to receive a comparable amount of

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation as the

text: Earth

text: does from the

text: Sun

text: .  However, it is too close to the star to be able to support

text: liquid

text: water

text: at its surface. Furthermore, given its mass, the planet is likely to be a

text: gas giant

text: with no

text: solid

text: surface.

text: For example, in addition to the discovery of Neptune at the end of 1846, between 1845 and the end of the decade 6 more "planets" were discovered. This included Astraea

text: For example, in addition to the discovery of Neptune at the end of 1846, between 1845 and the end of the decade 6 more "planets" were discovered. This included

text: Astraea

text: The Kepler-90 system is the only seven-planet candidate system from Kepler. Additionally, The inner five planets range in size from that of Earth to smaller than Neptune and the outer two planets are the size of gas giants. All seven known planet candidates orbit within 1 AU from Kepler-90. A Hill stability test and an orbital integration of the system shows that it is stable.According to the German news website The Local, the astrophysicists at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) said on 28 October 2013, that they have discovered "the most extensive planetary system to date".

text: The Kepler-90 system is the only seven-planet candidate system from Kepler. Additionally, The inner five planets range in size from that of Earth to smaller than Neptune and the outer two planets are the size of gas giants. All seven known planet candidates orbit within 1 AU from Kepler-90. A Hill stability test and an orbital integration of the system shows that it is stable.According to the German news website

text: The Local

text: , the astrophysicists at the

text: German Aerospace Centre

text: (DLR) said on 28 October 2013, that they have discovered "the most extensive

text: planetary system

text: to date".

text: Discovered moons of Saturn (full list):

text: Discovered

text: moons of Saturn

text: full list

text: Zombie Bums from Uranus is a novel by Australian children's author Andy Griffiths, and is the second part of Griffiths' Bum trilogy. The book was released in 2003 worldwide, however, the United States version was titled Zombie Butts from Uranus as opposed to Zombie Bums from Uranus.

text: Zombie Bums from Uranus is a novel by

text: Australia

text: n children's author

text: Andy Griffiths

text: , and is the second part of Griffiths'

text: Bum trilogy

text: . The book was released in 2003 worldwide, however, the

text: United States

text: version was titled Zombie Butts from Uranus as opposed to Zombie Bums from Uranus.

text: Sagan and Khare note the presence of tholins through multiple locations: "as a constituent of the Earth’s primitive oceans and therefore as relevant to the origin of life; as a component of red aerosols in the atmospheres of the outer planets and Titan; as present in comets, carbonaceous chondrites, and pre-planetary solar nebulae; and as a major constituent of the interstellar medium." The surfaces of comets, centaurs, and many icy moons and Kuiper-belt objects in the outer solar system are rich in deposits of tholins.

text: Sagan and Khare note the presence of tholins through multiple locations: "as a constituent of the Earth’s primitive oceans and therefore as relevant to the origin of life; as a component of red aerosols in the atmospheres of the outer planets and Titan; as present in comets, carbonaceous chondrites, and pre-planetary solar nebulae; and as a major constituent of the interstellar medium." The surfaces of

text: comet

text: s,

text: centaur

text: s, and many icy moons and

text: Kuiper-belt

text: objects in the outer solar system are rich in deposits of tholins.

text: Epimetheus's orbit is co-orbital with that of Janus. Janus's mean orbital radius from Saturn is, as of 2006 (as shown by green color in the adjacent picture), only 50 km less than that of Epimetheus, a distance smaller than either moon's mean radius. In accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the closer orbit is completed more quickly. Because of the small difference it is completed in only about 30 seconds less. Each day, the inner moon is an additional 0.25° farther around Saturn than the outer moon. As the inner moon catches up to the outer moon, their mutual gravitational attraction increases the inner moon's momentum and decreases that of the outer moon. This added momentum means that the inner moon's distance from Saturn and orbital period are increased, and the outer moon's are decreased. The timing and magnitude of the momentum exchange is such that the moons effectively swap orbits, never approaching closer than about 10,000 km. At each encounter Janus's orbital radius changes by ~20 km and Epimetheus's by ~80 km: Janus's orbit is less affected because it is four times more massive than Epimetheus. The exchange takes place close to every four years; the last close approaches occurred in January 2006, 2010 and 2014, and the next in 2018. This is the only such orbital configuration known in the Solar System.

text: Epimetheus's orbit is

text: co-orbital

text: with that of

text: Janus

text: . Janus's

text: mean orbital radius

text: from Saturn is, as of 2006 (as shown by green color in the adjacent picture), only 50 km less than that of Epimetheus, a distance smaller than either moon's mean radius. In accordance with

text: Kepler's laws of planetary motion

text: , the closer

text: orbit

text: is completed more quickly. Because of the small difference it is completed in only about 30 seconds less. Each day, the inner moon is an additional 0.25° farther around Saturn than the outer moon. As the inner moon catches up to the outer moon, their mutual gravitational attraction increases the inner moon's momentum and decreases that of the outer moon. This added momentum means that the inner moon's distance from Saturn and

text: orbital period

text: are increased, and the outer moon's are decreased. The timing and magnitude of the

text: momentum exchange

text: is such that the moons effectively swap orbits, never approaching closer than about 10,000 km. At each encounter Janus's orbital radius changes by ~20 km and Epimetheus's by ~80 km: Janus's orbit is less affected because it is four times more massive than Epimetheus. The exchange takes place close to every four years; the last close approaches occurred in January 2006, 2010 and 2014, and the next in 2018. This is the only such orbital configuration known in the

text: Solar System

text: The map on the southern panel could well reflect a specific conjunction of planets in 1534 BCE around the longitude of Sirius. The four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury and Venus are relatively easily recognizable. The planet Mars is not included in the actual grouping and at first sight seems to be missing in the map. However, one explanation is that Mars is represented in the Senenmut map as an empty boat in the west. This may refer to the fact that Mars was retrograde and was not with the other planets (indeed, being in the west in the 1534 BCE conjunction). The reason for the boat being empty is perhaps in this backward movement (a well known phenomenon to the Egyptians) the position of Mars was not considered to be ”concrete”.

text: Homogeneous reactions are chemical reactions in which the reactants and products are in the same phase, while heterogeneous reactions have reactants in two or more phases. Reactions that take place on the surface of a catalyst of a different phase are also heterogeneous. A reaction between two gases or two miscible liquids is homogeneous. A reaction between a gas and a liquid, a gas and a solid or a liquid and a solid is heterogeneous.

text: Homogeneous reactions are

text: chemical reaction

text: s in which the reactants and products are in the same

text: phase

text: , while heterogeneous reactions have

text: reactant

text: s in two or more phases. Reactions that take place on the surface of a catalyst of a different phase are also heterogeneous. A reaction between two gases or two miscible liquids is homogeneous. A reaction between a gas and a liquid, a gas and a solid or a liquid and a solid is heterogeneous.

text: The Gael of old regarded stormy weather towards the end of January as prognostic of a fruitful season to follow, or vice versa, as shown in various proverbs.

text: The

text: Gael

text: of old regarded stormy weather towards the end of January as prognostic of a fruitful season to follow, or vice versa, as shown in various

text: proverb

text: s.

text: The rim of this crater resembles a rounded hexagon in outline. There is a small, cup-shaped crater near the outer edge of the southern rim. The eastern ramparts of this crater merge with the edge of the Mare Moscoviense. The rim edge is worn, but only tiny craterlets pit the surface of the edge and the crater interior.

text: The rim of this crater resembles a rounded

text: hexagon

text: in outline. There is a small, cup-shaped crater near the outer edge of the southern rim. The eastern ramparts of this crater merge with the edge of the Mare Moscoviense. The rim edge is worn, but only tiny craterlets pit the surface of the edge and the crater interior.

text: The Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC), built by students at the University of Colorado Boulder, is operating continuously to make dust measurements. It consists of a detector panel, about , mounted on the anti-solar face of the spacecraft (the ram direction), and an electronics box within the spacecraft. The detector contains fourteen polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) panels, twelve science and two reference, which generate voltage when impacted. Effective collecting area is . No dust counter has operated past the orbit of Uranus; models of dust in the outer Solar System, especially the Kuiper belt, are speculative. The VBSDC is always turned on measuring the masses of the interplanetary and interstellar dust particles (in the range of nano- and picograms) as they collide with the PVDF panels mounted on the New Horizons spacecraft. The measured data is expected to greatly contribute to the understanding of the dust spectra of the Solar System. The dust spectra can then be compared with those from observations of other stars, giving new clues as to where Earth-like planets can be found in the universe. The dust counter is named for Venetia Burney, who first suggested the name "Pluto" at the age of 11. A thirteen-minute short film about the VBSDC garnered an Emmy Award for student achievement in 2006.

text: The Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC), built by students at the University of Colorado Boulder, is operating continuously to make

text: dust

text: measurements. It consists of a detector panel, about , mounted on the anti-solar face of the spacecraft (the ram direction), and an electronics box within the spacecraft. The detector contains fourteen

text: polyvinylidene difluoride

text: (PVDF) panels, twelve science and two reference, which generate voltage when impacted. Effective collecting area is . No dust counter has operated past the orbit of

text: Uranus

text: ; models of dust in the outer Solar System, especially the Kuiper belt, are speculative. The VBSDC is always turned on measuring the masses of the interplanetary and interstellar dust particles (in the range of nano- and picograms) as they collide with the PVDF panels mounted on the New Horizons spacecraft. The measured data is expected to greatly contribute to the understanding of the dust spectra of the Solar System. The dust spectra can then be compared with those from observations of other stars, giving new clues as to where Earth-like planets can be found in the universe. The dust counter is named for

text: Venetia Burney

text: , who first suggested the name "Pluto" at the age of 11. A thirteen-minute short film about the VBSDC garnered an Emmy Award for student achievement in 2006.

text: Jupiter mass ( or M), is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter, . Jupiter mass is used to describe masses of the gas giants, such as the outer planets and extrasolar planets. It is also used in describing brown dwarfs and Neptune-mass planets.

text: Jupiter mass ( or M), is the unit of

text: mass

text: equal to the total mass of the planet

text: Jupiter

text: , . Jupiter mass is used to describe masses of the

text: gas giant

text: s, such as the

text: outer planet

text: s and

text: extrasolar planet

text: s. It is also used in describing

text: brown dwarfs

text: and Neptune-mass planets.

text: Considered a detached object,  is particularly unusual for two reasons. With an inclination of 47 degrees, it is the largest possible dwarf planet that has an inclination larger than 45 degrees, traveling further "up and down" than "left to right" around the Sun when viewed edge-on along the ecliptic. Second, it has an unusually circular orbit for a scattered-disc object (SDO). Although it is thought that traditional scattered-disc objects have been ejected into their current orbits by gravitational interactions with Neptune, the low eccentricity of its orbit and the distance of its perihelion (SDOs generally have highly eccentric orbits and perihelia less than 38 AU) seems hard to reconcile with such celestial mechanics. This has led to some uncertainty as to the current theoretical understanding of the outer Solar System. The theories include close stellar passages, rogue planets/planetary embryos in the early Kuiper belt, and resonance interaction with an outward-migrating Neptune. The Kozai mechanism is capable of transferring orbital eccentricity to a higher inclination.

text: Considered a

text: detached object

text: ,  is particularly unusual for two reasons. With an

text: inclination

text: of 47 degrees, it is the largest

text: possible dwarf planet

text: that has an inclination larger than 45 degrees, traveling further "up and down" than "left to right" around the

text: Sun

text: when viewed edge-on along the

text: ecliptic

text: . Second, it has an unusually circular orbit for a

text: scattered-disc object

text: (SDO). Although it is thought that traditional scattered-disc objects have been ejected into their current orbits by gravitational interactions with

text: Neptune

text: , the low eccentricity of its orbit and the distance of its perihelion (SDOs generally have highly eccentric orbits and perihelia less than 38 AU) seems hard to reconcile with such celestial mechanics. This has led to some uncertainty as to the current theoretical understanding of the outer

text: Solar System

text: . The theories include close stellar passages,

text: rogue planet

text: s/

text: planetary embryo

text: s in the early

text: Kuiper belt

text: , and

text: resonance

text: interaction with an

text: outward

text: migrating Neptune

text: . The

text: Kozai mechanism

text: is capable of transferring orbital eccentricity to a higher inclination.

text: Planetary observations are helpful to study changes in the surfaces and study of satellites of planets like Jupiter, Saturn and its rings, Lunar surface and as well as transits and oppositions of planets. These observations are visual and photographic.

text: Planetary observations are helpful to study changes in the surfaces and study of satellites of

text: planet

text: s like

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: and

text: its rings

text: Lunar

text: surface and as well as

text: transits

text: and

text: oppositions

text: of planets. These observations are

text: visual

text: and

text: photographic

text: The demotion of Pluto to a dwarf planet brought the number of planets in our solar system to eight.

text: The demotion of

text: Pluto

text: to a

text: dwarf planet

text: brought the number of planets in our

text: solar system

text: to eight.

text: Third planet of Kalidasa where Mal, Zoe and Jayne try a bank heist while Shepherd Book delivers a sermon to act as cover. Seen in the comic book series Serenity: Those Left Behind. It may be named after a proposed name for Pluto.

text: Third planet of Kalidasa where Mal, Zoe and Jayne try a bank heist while Shepherd Book delivers a sermon to act as cover. Seen in the comic book series

text: Serenity: Those Left Behind

text: . It may be named after a proposed name for

text: Pluto

text: Thing a Week Four is the fourth and final Thing a Week album, and the seventh studio album by Jonathan Coulton. It has some more of his popular songs, including "Creepy Doll", a song where a man buys an abandoned house and finds a living, creepy doll upstairs, and later is killed by the doll in a fire. (This song inspired a Magic: The Gathering card of the same name]). "Mr. Fancy Pants", a song where a man is obsessed with his pants, urging another man to buy the world's best pants to best 'Mr. Fancy Pants' in a contest of whose pants are better. "You Ruined Everything", seemingly a parody of typical love songs by taking the tone of a love song with lyrics reflecting anger, sadness, or regret towards somebody. It is actually about Coulton's daughter, as he was inspired to write it because of her. "I'm Your Moon", a song about the moon, Charon, of Pluto. Charon criticizes Earth scientists for renaming Pluto from a planet to a dwarf planet, and Coulton has been known to introduce the song by casually damning the scientists who made that decision. It also features covers of two Queen songs, "We Will Rock You", and "We Are The Champions".

text: Thing a Week Four is the fourth and final Thing a Week album, and the seventh studio album by

text: Jonathan Coulton

text: . It has some more of his popular songs, including "Creepy Doll", a song where a man buys an abandoned house and finds a living, creepy doll upstairs, and later is killed by the doll in a fire. (This song inspired a Magic: The Gathering card of the same name]). "Mr. Fancy Pants", a song where a man is obsessed with his pants, urging another man to buy the world's best pants to best 'Mr. Fancy Pants' in a contest of whose pants are better. "You Ruined Everything", seemingly a parody of typical love songs by taking the tone of a love song with lyrics reflecting anger, sadness, or regret towards somebody. It is actually about Coulton's daughter, as he was inspired to write it because of her. "I'm Your Moon", a song about the moon,

text: Charon

text: , of

text: Pluto

text: . Charon criticizes

text: Earth

text: scientists for renaming Pluto from a planet to a

text: dwarf planet

text: , and Coulton has been known to introduce the song by casually damning the scientists who made that decision. It also features covers of two

text: Queen

text: songs, "

text: We Will Rock You

text: ", and "

text: We Are The Champions

text: Saturn's hexagon is a persisting hexagonal cloud pattern around the north pole of Saturn, located at about 78°N.The sides of the hexagon are about  long, which is more than the diameter of Earth (about ).It rotates with a period of , the same period as Saturn's radio emissions from its interior.The hexagon does not shift in longitude like other clouds in the visible atmosphere.

text: Saturn's hexagon is a persisting

text: hexagon

text: al cloud pattern around the north pole of

text: Saturn

text: , located at about 78°N.The sides of the hexagon are about  long, which is more than the diameter of

text: Earth

text: (about ).It rotates with a period of , the same period as Saturn's

text: radio emission

text: s from its interior.The hexagon does not shift in longitude like other clouds in the visible atmosphere.

text: The game universe was relatively large, with 4,000 planets in total, so exploration could be extremely time consuming, and the coordinate system could require something of a learning curve. And despite being on a five-year mission, the game clock would wind quickly during warp travel, drastically reducing the actual amount of time available to solve the game. Later versions of the game helped the user by providing a list of planets and the items they contained.

text: The first mention of a Uranian ring system comes from William Herschel's notes detailing his observations of Uranus in the 18th century, which include the following passage: "February 22, 1789: A ring was suspected". Herschel drew a small diagram of the ring and noted that it was "a little inclined to the red". The Keck Telescope in Hawaii has since confirmed this to be the case, at least for the ν ring. Herschel's notes were published in a Royal Society journal in 1797. However, in the two centuries between 1797 and 1977 the rings are rarely mentioned, if at all. This casts serious doubt on whether Herschel could have seen anything of the sort while hundreds of other astronomers saw nothing. Still, it has been claimed by some that Herschel gave accurate descriptions of the ν ring's size relative to Uranus, its changes as Uranus travelled around the Sun, and its color.

text: The first mention of a Uranian ring system comes from William Herschel's notes detailing his observations of Uranus in the 18th century, which include the following passage: "February 22, 1789: A ring was suspected". Herschel drew a small diagram of the ring and noted that it was "a little inclined to the red". The

text: Keck Telescope

text: in Hawaii has since confirmed this to be the case, at least for the ν ring. Herschel's notes were published in a

text: Royal Society

text: journal in 1797. However, in the two centuries between 1797 and 1977 the rings are rarely mentioned, if at all. This casts serious doubt on whether Herschel could have seen anything of the sort while hundreds of other astronomers saw nothing. Still, it has been claimed by some that Herschel gave accurate descriptions of the ν ring's size relative to Uranus, its changes as Uranus travelled around the Sun, and its color.

text: The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring. It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet, the Maxwell Ringlet. In many respects this ringlet is similar to the ε ring of Uranus. There are wave-like structures in the middle of both rings. While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon Cordelia, no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008.

text: The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring. It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet, the Maxwell Ringlet. In many respects this ringlet is similar to the

text: ε ring of Uranus

text: . There are wave-like structures in the middle of both rings. While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon

text: Cordelia

text: , no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008.

text: Sometimes permeability to gases can be somewhat different that those for liquids in the same media. One difference is attributable to "slippage" of gas at the interface with the solid when the gas mean free path is comparable to the pore size (about 0.01 to 0.1 μm at standard temperature and pressure). See also Knudsen diffusion and constrictivity. For example, measurement of permeability through sandstones and shales yielded values from 9.0x10 m to 2.4x10 m for water and between 1.7x10 m to 2.6x10 m for nitrogen gas. Gas permeability of reservoir rock and source rock is important in petroleum engineering, when considering the optimal extraction of shale gas, tight gas, or coalbed methane.

text: Sometimes permeability to gases can be somewhat different that those for liquids in the same media. One difference is attributable to "slippage" of gas at the interface with the solid when the gas

text: mean free path

text: is comparable to the pore size (about 0.01 to 0.1 μm at standard temperature and pressure). See also

text: Knudsen diffusion

text: and

text: constrictivity

text: . For example, measurement of permeability through sandstones and shales yielded values from 9.0x10 m to 2.4x10 m for water and between 1.7x10 m to 2.6x10 m for nitrogen gas. Gas permeability of

text: reservoir rock

text: and

text: source rock

text: is important in

text: petroleum engineering

text: , when considering the optimal extraction of

text: shale gas

text: tight gas

text: , or

text: coalbed methane

text: Janardan Harji in his Mansagari (Ch.IV Slokas 91,92,93,96) states that birth of an illegitimate child is indicated if a) the lagna is occupied by a malefic planet and no planet aspects the lagna or b) if the birth occurs at the fag-end of the tithi, day (i.e. near Sunset), lagna, in the last navamsa of a moveable sign or c) if the Moon hemmed between Mercury and Venus does not aspect the lagna occupied by Saturn and Mars is in the 7th house or d) if the lagna is not aspected by Jupiter or Venus, and Mars and the Moon do not aspect the Sun.

text: Janardan Harji in his

text: Mansagari

text: (Ch.IV Slokas 91,92,93,96) states that birth of an illegitimate child is indicated if a) the lagna is occupied by a malefic planet and no planet aspects the lagna or b) if the birth occurs at the fag-end of the

text: tithi

text: day

text: (i.e. near

text: Sunset

text: lagna

text: , in the last navamsa of a

text: moveable sign

text: or c) if the Moon hemmed between Mercury and Venus does not aspect the lagna occupied by Saturn and Mars is in the 7th house or d) if the lagna is not aspected by Jupiter or Venus, and Mars and the Moon do not aspect the Sun.

text: In Saturn's Rings strives to present an accurate representation of the view which would be seen by a person traveling through space, arriving at Saturn. The film's image processing requires complex mathematics and extremely high-resolution images. Over 30 individuals and groups contributed their efforts to acquiring and processing the images, including Gordan Ugarkovic (largest image donor: Cassini, Huygens, Messenger, LRO), Colin Legg (astrophotographer), Val Klavans (image donor and image processor), Bill Eberly (lead SDSS image processor), Jason Harwell (lead Hubble/ESO image processor), Judy Schmidt (Hubble/ESO image processor) and Ian Regan (lead image processor and donor: Titan/Saturn/Jupiter).

text: The MPA's 1999 circular includes a construction sheet with detailed dimensions for the manufacture of the flag. The sheet is in inches and centimetres. The overall dimensions of the flag are  by . The space between the top of the ensign to the top of the ring, and the bottom of the ring to the bottom of the ensign, is . The outer diameter of the ring is , and the ring itself is  in thickness. The outer curve of the crescent has a radius of . Each star fits within a circle with a diameter of , and the centres of the five stars are positioned 72° from each other along the circumference of an imaginary circle with a radius of . The centre of the imaginary circle is  from the lowest point of the inner curve of the crescent.

text: The MPA's 1999 circular includes a construction sheet with detailed dimensions for the manufacture of the flag. The sheet is in inches and centimetres. The overall dimensions of the flag are  by . The space between the top of the ensign to the top of the ring, and the bottom of the ring to the bottom of the ensign, is . The outer

text: diameter

text: of the ring is , and the ring itself is  in thickness. The outer curve of the crescent has a

text: radius

text: of . Each star fits within a circle with a diameter of , and the centres of the five stars are positioned 72

text: from each other along the

text: circumference

text: of an imaginary circle with a radius of . The centre of the imaginary circle is  from the lowest point of the inner curve of the crescent.

text: Venera 4 ( meaning Venus 4), also designated 1V (V-67) s/n 310 was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus. It was the first successful probe to perform in-place analysis of the environment of another planet. It may also have been the first probe to land on another planet, with the fate of its predecessor Venera 3 being unclear. Venera 4 provided the first chemical analysis of the Venusian atmosphere, showing it to be primarily carbon dioxide with a few percent of nitrogen and below one percent of oxygen and water vapors. The station detected a weak magnetic field and no radiation field. The outer atmospheric layer contained very little hydrogen and no atomic oxygen. The probe sent the first direct measurements proving that Venus was extremely hot, that its atmosphere was far denser than expected, and that it had lost most of its water long ago.

text: Venera 4 ( meaning Venus 4), also designated 1V (V-67) s/n 310 was a probe in the

text: Soviet

text: Venera program

text: for the exploration of

text: Venus

text: . It was the first successful probe to perform in-place analysis of the environment of another

text: planet

text: . It may also have been the first probe to land on another planet, with the fate of its predecessor

text: Venera 3

text: being unclear. Venera 4 provided the first chemical analysis of the Venusian atmosphere, showing it to be primarily

text: carbon dioxide

text: with a few percent of

text: nitrogen

text: and below one percent of

text: oxygen

text: and water vapors. The station detected a weak magnetic field and no radiation field. The outer atmospheric layer contained very little hydrogen and no atomic oxygen. The probe sent the first direct measurements proving that Venus was extremely hot, that its atmosphere was far denser than expected, and that it had lost most of its water long ago.

text: In the 1960s, a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s. Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager

text: In the 1960s, a

text: Grand Tour

text: to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s. Information gathered by the

text: Pioneer 10

text: spacecraft helped Voyager

text: Hot Jupiters, due to their extreme proximities to their host stars, have been shown to be losing their atmospheres into space due to stellar radiation, much like the tails of comets. These planets may have vast differences in temperature between their day and night sides that produce supersonic winds, although the day and night sides of HD 189733 b appear to have very similar temperatures, indicating that that planet's atmosphere effectively redistributes the star's energy around the planet.

text: These widely varying temperature extremes are due to three main factors: temperature inversions, daylight, and wind direction. In winter, Fairbanks' low-lying location at the bottom of the Tanana Valley causes cold air to accumulate in and around the city. Warmer air rises to the tops of the hills north of Fairbanks, while the city itself experiences one of the biggest temperature inversions on Earth. Heating through sunlight is limited because of Fairbanks's high-latitude location. At the winter solstice, the center of the sun's disk is less than two degrees over the horizon (1.7 degrees) at the local noon (not the time zone noon). Fairbanks experiences 3 hours and 41 minutes of sunlight on December 21 and 22. At the summer solstice, about 182 days later, on June 20 and 21, Fairbanks receives 21 hours and 49 minutes of sunlight. After sunset, twilight is bright enough to allow daytime activities without any artificial lights. During winter, the direction of the wind also causes large temperature swings in Fairbanks. When the wind blows from any direction but the south, average weather ensues. Wind from the south can carry warm, moist air from the Gulf of Alaska, greatly warming temperatures. When coupled with a chinook wind, temperatures well above freezing often result.

text: These widely varying temperature extremes are due to three main factors:

text: temperature inversions

text: , daylight, and wind direction. In winter, Fairbanks' low-lying location at the bottom of the Tanana Valley causes cold air to accumulate in and around the city. Warmer air rises to the tops of the hills north of Fairbanks, while the city itself experiences one of the biggest temperature inversions on Earth. Heating through sunlight is limited because of Fairbanks's high-latitude location. At the

text: winter solstice

text: , the center of the sun's disk is less than two degrees over the horizon (1.7 degrees) at the local noon (not the time zone noon). Fairbanks experiences 3 hours and 41 minutes of sunlight on December 21 and 22. At the summer solstice, about 182 days later, on June 20 and 21, Fairbanks receives 21 hours and 49 minutes of sunlight. After sunset, twilight is bright enough to allow daytime activities without any artificial lights. During winter, the direction of the wind also causes large temperature swings in Fairbanks. When the wind blows from any direction but the south, average weather ensues. Wind from the south can carry warm, moist air from the Gulf of Alaska, greatly warming temperatures. When coupled with a

text: chinook wind

text: , temperatures well above freezing often result.

text: spends most of its orbit located in the outer Solar System between Jupiter and Uranus, and like all centaurs, has an unstable orbit caused by the gravitational influence of the giant planets. Due to this, it must have originated from elsewhere, most likely outside Neptune.

text: spends most of its orbit located in the

text: outer Solar System

text: between

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Uranus

text: , and like all centaurs, has an unstable orbit caused by the gravitational influence of the giant planets. Due to this, it must have originated from elsewhere, most likely outside Neptune.

text: In 1889 he observed the moon Iapetus pass behind Saturn's rings. As he watched Iapetus pass through the space between Saturn's innermost rings and the planet itself, he saw a shadow pass over the moon. Although he did not realise it at the time, he had discovered proof of the "spokes" of Saturn, dark shadows running perpendicular to the circular paths of the rings. These spokes were doubted at first, but confirmed by the spacecraft Voyager 1.

text: In 1889 he observed the moon

text: Iapetus

text: pass behind Saturn's rings. As he watched Iapetus pass through the space between Saturn's innermost rings and the planet itself, he saw a shadow pass over the moon. Although he did not realise it at the time, he had discovered proof of the "

text: spokes

text: " of

text: Saturn

text: , dark shadows running perpendicular to the circular paths of the rings. These spokes were doubted at first, but confirmed by the spacecraft

text: Voyager 1

text: Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior.  One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by Richard Dixon Oldham in 1906 and definitively shown by Harold Jeffreys in 1926) was that the outer core of the earth is liquid.  Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed.  In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.

text: Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior.  One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by

text: Richard Dixon Oldham

text: in 1906 and definitively shown by

text: Harold Jeffreys

text: in 1926) was that the

text: outer core

text: of the earth is liquid.  Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed.  In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.

text: Storms do not only occur on Earth; other planetary bodies with a sufficient atmosphere (gas giants in particular) also undergo stormy weather. The Great Red Spot on Jupiter provides a well-known example. Though technically an anticyclone with greater than hurricane wind speeds, it is larger than the Earth and has persisted for at least 340 years, having first been observed by astronomer Galileo Galilei. Neptune also had its own lesser-known Great Dark Spot.

text: Storms do not only occur on

text: Earth

text: ; other planetary bodies with a sufficient atmosphere (

text: gas giant

text: s in particular) also undergo stormy weather. The

text: Great Red Spot

text: on

text: Jupiter

text: provides a well-known example. Though technically an anticyclone with greater than hurricane wind speeds, it is larger than the Earth and has persisted for at least 340 years, having first been observed by astronomer

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Neptune

text: also had its own lesser-known

text: Great Dark Spot

text: Uranus's irregular moons range in size from 120–200 km (Sycorax) to about 20 km (Trinculo). Unlike Jupiter's irregulars, Uranus's show no correlation of axis with inclination. Instead, the retrograde moons can be divided into two groups based on axis/orbital eccentricity. The inner group includes those satellites closer to Uranus (a < 0.15 r) and moderately eccentric (~0.2), namely Francisco, Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo. The outer group (a > 0.15 r) includes satellites with high eccentricity (~0.5): Sycorax, Prospero, Setebos, and Ferdinand.

text: Uranus's irregular moons range in size from 120–200 km (

text: Sycorax

text: ) to about 20 km (

text: Trinculo

text: ). Unlike Jupiter's irregulars, Uranus's show no correlation of axis with

text: inclination

text: . Instead, the retrograde moons can be divided into two groups based on axis/

text: orbital eccentricity

text: . The inner group includes those satellites closer to Uranus (a < 0.15 r) and moderately eccentric (~0.2), namely

text: Francisco

text: Caliban

text: Stephano

text: , and Trinculo. The outer group (a > 0.15 r) includes satellites with high eccentricity (~0.5): Sycorax,

text: Prospero

text: Setebos

text: , and

text: Ferdinand

text: Pluto – An ice and rock dwarf planet. The Enterprise-B's maiden voyage was to take a group of media reporters out to Pluto and back again.

text: Pluto

text: – An ice and rock

text: dwarf planet

text: . The Enterprise-B's maiden voyage was to take a group of media reporters out to Pluto and back again.

text: So the varying positions of the Laplace plane at varying distances from the primary planet can be pictured as putting together a warped or non-planar surface, which may be pictured as a series of concentric rings whose orientation in space is variable: the innermost rings are near the equatorial plane of rotation and oblateness of the planet, and the outermost rings near its solar orbital plane.  Also, in some cases, larger satellites of a planet (such as Neptune's Triton) can affect the Laplace planes of smaller satellites orbiting the same planet.

text: So the varying positions of the Laplace plane at varying distances from the primary planet can be pictured as putting together a warped or non-planar surface, which may be pictured as a series of concentric rings whose orientation in space is variable: the innermost rings are near the equatorial

text: plane of rotation

text: and oblateness of the planet, and the outermost rings near its solar orbital plane.  Also, in some cases, larger satellites of a planet (such as Neptune's

text: Triton

text: ) can affect the Laplace planes of smaller satellites orbiting the same planet.

text: During mid-May, a frontal boundary stalled near The Bahamas and slowly degenerated. On May 25, 2009, an area of low pressure developed along the tail-end of a decaying cold front near the northern Bahamas. Tracking northward, this low gradually developed as it moved within 85 mi (140 km) of North Carolina's Outer Banks. By May 28, deep convection developed across a small area over the low pressure system, leading to the National Hurricane Center classifying the system as Tropical Depression One. The depression moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream for the following 24 hours, allowing it to maintain its convection, before moving into a hostile environment characterized by strong wind shear and cooler waters. Late on May 29, the system degenerated into a remnant low. Several hours later, on May 30, about 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Tropical Depression One was absorbed by a warm front.

text: During mid-May, a

text: frontal boundary

text: stalled near

text: The Bahamas

text: and slowly degenerated. On May 25, 2009, an

text: area of low pressure

text: developed along the tail-end of a decaying

text: cold front

text: near the northern

text: Bahamas

text: . Tracking northward, this low gradually developed as it moved within 85 mi (140 km) of

text: North Carolina

text: 's

text: Outer Banks

text: . By May 28, deep

text: convection

text: developed across a small area over the low pressure system, leading to the National Hurricane Center classifying the system as Tropical Depression One. The depression moved over the warm waters of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: for the following 24 hours, allowing it to maintain its convection, before moving into a hostile environment characterized by strong

text: wind shear

text: and cooler waters. Late on May 29, the system degenerated into a remnant low. Several hours later, on May 30, about 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: , Tropical Depression One was absorbed by a

text: warm front

text: Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius about nine times that of Earth. Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle.

text: Saturn is the sixth

text: planet

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and the second-largest in the

text: Solar System

text: , after

text: Jupiter

text: . It is a

text: gas giant

text: with an average radius about nine times that of

text: Earth

text: . Although it has only one-eighth the average density of Earth, with its larger volume Saturn is just over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the

text: Roman

text: god of agriculture

text: ; its

text: astronomical symbol

text: (♄) represents the god's

text: sickle

text: The habitable zone of the Kepler-16 system extends from approximately 55 to 106 million kilometers away from the binary system. Kepler-16b, with an orbit of about 104 million kilometers, lies near the outer edge of this habitable zone. Although the chances of life on the gas giant itself are remote, simulations conducted by researchers at the University of Texas suggest that sometime in the system's history, perturbations from other bodies could have caused an Earth-sized planet from the center of the habitable zone to migrate out of its orbit, allowing Kepler-16b to capture it as its moon. Furthermore, the researchers also considered the possibility of a faraway habitable planet orbiting at about 140 million kilometers away, which could retain the thermal energy needed to keep water liquid through a thick mixture of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane.

text: The habitable zone of the Kepler-16 system extends from approximately 55 to 106 million kilometers away from the binary system. Kepler-16b, with an orbit of about 104 million kilometers, lies near the outer edge of this habitable zone. Although the chances of life on the gas giant itself are remote, simulations conducted by researchers at the

text: University of Texas

text: suggest that sometime in the system's history, perturbations from other bodies could have caused an Earth-sized planet from the center of the habitable zone to migrate out of its orbit, allowing Kepler-16b to capture it as its moon. Furthermore, the researchers also considered the possibility of a faraway habitable planet orbiting at about 140 million kilometers away, which could retain the thermal energy needed to keep water liquid through a thick mixture of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane.

text: Along with Triton landers, at least two atmospheric probes were proposed to descend through Neptune's atmosphere and study the climate and weather of the stormy planet. Similar to the Galileo probe that descended into Jupiter's atmosphere, the descent of a probe into the atmosphere of Neptune would take about 2–3 hours until the planet's atmospheric heat and pressure would destroy it – the data transmitted during the descent would allow a detailed analysis of Neptune's atmosphere.

text: Along with Triton landers, at least two atmospheric probes were proposed to descend through Neptune's atmosphere and study the climate and weather of the stormy planet. Similar to the

text: Galileo probe

text: that descended into Jupiter's atmosphere, the descent of a probe into the atmosphere of Neptune would take about 2–3 hours until the planet's atmospheric heat and pressure would destroy it – the data transmitted during the descent would allow a detailed analysis of Neptune's atmosphere.

text: Written and produced by Björk and Mark Bell, the four-on-the-floor "Pluto" has been described as the "most techno-sounding composition from the album" and "Homogenics most savage song." The track has also been described as "industrial-edged" by Billboard, and James Hunter of Spin wrote "only with [...] the industrial "Pluto" does she concentrate on genre." Dominique Leone of Pitchfork Media dubbed the song "experimental house." The track has also been identified as IDM. Björk sings in "primitive-sounding screams," accentuated by a sampled, digitized beat that creates the perception that her voice is "natural" and "is being manipulated by something completely technological." Although her voice and the beats give the song its hard techno sound, their methodical rhythm "also evoke chantlike characteristics." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly wrote she sings along drum and bass rhythms "trying to do with techno what vocalese singers did with bebop nearly 50 years ago." Musicologist Sheila Whiteley wrote that "the jagged electronic samples and frenetic 140bpm of 'Pluto' creates an uneasy feel."

text: Written and produced by Björk and Mark Bell, the

text: four-on-the-floor

text: "Pluto" has been described as the "most

text: techno

text: -sounding composition from the album" and "Homogenics most savage song." The track has also been described as "

text: industrial

text: -edged" by

text: Billboard

text: , and James Hunter of

text: Spin

text: wrote "only with [...] the industrial "Pluto" does she concentrate on genre." Dominique Leone of

text: Pitchfork Media

text: dubbed the song "experimental

text: house

text: ." The track has also been identified as

text: IDM

text: . Björk sings in "primitive-sounding screams," accentuated by a sampled, digitized beat that creates the perception that her voice is "natural" and "is being manipulated by something completely technological." Although her voice and the beats give the song its hard techno sound, their methodical rhythm "also evoke

text: chant

text: like characteristics."

text: David Browne

text: of

text: Entertainment Weekly

text: wrote she sings along

text: drum and bass

text: rhythms "trying to do with techno what vocalese singers did with

text: bebop

text: nearly 50 years ago." Musicologist Sheila Whiteley wrote that "the jagged electronic samples and frenetic 140

text: bpm

text: of 'Pluto' creates an uneasy feel."

text: Aušrinė was first mentioned by Jan Łasicki as Ausca and described as goddess of the rays of the sun that descend and rise above the horizon. According to folklore, each morning Aušrinė and her servant Tarnaitis (possibly Mercury) prepare the way for Saulė (the Sun). In the evening, Vakarinė prepares the bed for Saulė. The relationship between Saulė and Aušrinė is complex. Sometimes Saulė is described as mother of Aušrinė, Vakarinė and other planets – Indraja (Jupiter), Sėlija (Saturn), Žiezdrė (Mars), Vaivora (Mercury), and even Žemyna (Earth). A popular myth describes how Mėnulis (Moon) fell in love with beautiful Aušrinė, cheated on his wife Saulė, and received punishment from Perkūnas (thunder god). Different myths also depict rivalry between Saulė and Aušrinė as Saulė is jealous of Aušrinė's beauty and brightness (Venus is the third brightest object in the sky after Sun and Moon). Despite the adultery or rivalry, Aušrinė remains loyal and continues to serve Saulė in the mornings.

text: Aušrinė was first mentioned by

text: Jan Łasicki

text: as Ausca and described as goddess of the rays of the sun that descend and rise above the horizon. According to

text: folklore

text: , each morning Aušrinė and her servant Tarnaitis (possibly

text: Mercury

text: ) prepare the way for

text: Saulė

text: (the Sun). In the evening, Vakarinė prepares the bed for Saulė. The relationship between Saulė and Aušrinė is complex. Sometimes Saulė is described as mother of Aušrinė, Vakarinė and other planets – Indraja (Jupiter), Sėlija (Saturn), Žiezdrė (Mars), Vaivora (Mercury), and even

text: Žemyna

text: (Earth). A popular myth describes how Mėnulis (Moon) fell in love with beautiful Aušrinė, cheated on his wife Saulė, and received punishment from

text: Perkūnas

text: (thunder god). Different myths also depict rivalry between Saulė and Aušrinė as Saulė is jealous of Aušrinė's beauty and brightness (Venus is the third brightest object in the sky after Sun and Moon). Despite the adultery or rivalry, Aušrinė remains loyal and continues to serve Saulė in the mornings.

text: Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , the average minimum is , and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on May 18 and 19, 2016 which was .

text: Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate (

text: Köppen climate classification

text: BSh

text: ), with marginally less rain than required for a

text: tropical savanna climate

text: . There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , the average minimum is , and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on May 18 and 19, 2016 which was .

text: Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon character created in 1930 by Walt Disney Productions. He is a yellow-orange color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression, though he did speak for a short portion of his history. He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed dog, he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang. Together with Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, and Goofy, Pluto is one of the "Sensational Six"—the biggest stars in the Disney universe. Though all six are non-human animals, Pluto alone is not dressed as a human.

text: Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon character created in 1930 by

text: Walt Disney Productions

text: . He is a yellow-orange color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not

text: anthropomorphic

text: beyond some characteristics such as facial expression, though he did speak for a short portion of his history. He is

text: Mickey Mouse

text: 's pet. Officially a

text: mixed-breed dog

text: , he made his debut as a

text: bloodhound

text: in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang. Together with

text: Mickey Mouse

text: Minnie Mouse

text: Donald Duck

text: Daisy Duck

text: , and

text: Goofy

text: , Pluto is one of the "Sensational Six"—the biggest stars in the

text: Disney

text: universe. Though all six are non-human animals, Pluto alone is not dressed as a human.

text: On the initiation of the (HMDA), the two radial roads to be extended include the roads, as of January, 2012, from Shaikpet to Kokapet(outer ring road/ORR) and Radhika Theatre to Yadgarpally outer ring road via Thumkunta. The project is being assisted financially by the (JICA). Work on another three roads are already in progress. According to HMDA's survey, altogether 33 radial roads will be required to ensure smooth traffic flow from the inner to outer ring road.

text: On the initiation of the

entity_name: Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority

text: (HMDA)

text: , the two radial roads to be extended include the roads, as of January, 2012, from Shaikpet to

text: Kokapet

text: (outer ring road/ORR) and Radhika Theatre to

text: Yadgarpally

text: outer ring road via

text: Thumkunta

text: . The project is being assisted financially by the

text: (JICA)

text: . Work on another three roads are already in progress. According to HMDA's survey, altogether 33 radial roads will be required to ensure smooth traffic flow from the inner to outer ring road.

text: Between is characterized by extreme cold (far below zero yet not as cold as outer space) and induces near-total sensory deprivation in humans who travel through it on dragonback. There appears to be no breathable air between, and riders who make exceptionally long journeys suffer the effects of oxygen deprivation. In later books, an expedition on dragonback to the Red Star involved riders wearing spacesuits to alleviate this problem; dragons can hold their breath for much longer than humans without ill effects. Dragons and fire lizards deliberately go between to destroy any Thread which they come in contact with, as the extreme cold causes it to freeze almost instantly, whereupon it can be safely brushed off dragon or rider.

text: Between is characterized by extreme cold (far below zero yet not as cold as outer space) and induces near-total

text: sensory deprivation

text: in humans who travel through it on dragonback. There appears to be no breathable air between, and riders who make exceptionally long journeys suffer the effects of

text: oxygen deprivation

text: . In later books, an expedition on dragonback to the Red Star involved riders wearing spacesuits to alleviate this problem; dragons can hold their breath for much longer than humans without ill effects. Dragons and fire lizards deliberately go between to destroy any

text: Thread

text: which they come in contact with, as the extreme cold causes it to freeze almost instantly, whereupon it can be safely brushed off dragon or rider.

text: Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope, but was unable to identify them as such. He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that "[t]he planet Saturn is not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiac, and the middle one (Saturn itself) is about three times the size of the lateral ones [the edges of the rings]." He also described Saturn as having "ears". In 1612, the plane of the rings was oriented directly at the Earth and the rings appeared to vanish. Mystified, Galileo wondered, "has Saturn swallowed his children?", referencing the myth of Saturn's consumption of his children to prevent them from overthrowing him. They then reappeared in 1613, further confusing Galileo.

text: Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope, but was unable to identify them as such. He wrote to the

entity_name: Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

text: Duke of Tuscany

text: that "[t]he planet Saturn is not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the

text: zodiac

text: , and the middle one (Saturn itself) is about three times the size of the lateral ones [the edges of the rings]." He also described Saturn as having "ears". In 1612, the plane of the rings was oriented directly at the Earth and the rings appeared to vanish. Mystified, Galileo wondered, "has Saturn swallowed his children?", referencing the myth of

text: Saturn

text: 's consumption of his children to prevent them from overthrowing him. They then reappeared in 1613, further confusing Galileo.

text: In their initial paper Batygin and Brown proposed that Planet Nine formed closer to the Sun and was ejected onto a distant eccentric orbit following a close encounter with Jupiter or Saturn during the nebular epoch. Gravitational interactions with nearby stars in the Sun's birth cluster, or dynamical friction from the gaseous remnants of the solar nebula, then reduced the eccentricity of its orbit, raising its perihelion, leaving it on a very wide but stable orbit. Had it not been flung into the Solar System's farthest reaches, Planet Nine could have accreted more mass from the proto-planetary disk and developed into the core of a gas giant. Instead, its growth was halted early, leaving it with a lower mass of five times Earth's mass, similar to that of Uranus and Neptune. For Planet Nine to have been captured in a distant, stable orbit its ejection must have occurred early, between three million and ten million years after the formation of the Solar System. This timing suggests that Planet Nine is not the planet ejected in a five-planet version of the Nice model, unless that occurred too early to be the cause of the Late Heavy Bombardment, which would then require another explanation. These ejections, however, are likely to have been two events well separated in time.

text: In their initial paper Batygin and Brown proposed that Planet Nine formed closer to the Sun and was ejected onto a distant eccentric orbit following a close encounter with

text: Jupiter

text: or

text: Saturn

text: during the nebular

text: epoch

text: . Gravitational interactions with nearby stars in the Sun's

text: birth cluster

text: , or dynamical friction from the

text: gaseous remnants of the solar nebula

text: , then reduced the eccentricity of its orbit, raising its perihelion, leaving it on a very wide but stable orbit. Had it not been flung into the Solar System's farthest reaches, Planet Nine could have accreted more mass from the

text: proto-planetary disk

text: and developed into the core of a

text: gas giant

text: . Instead, its growth was halted early, leaving it with a lower mass of five times Earth's mass, similar to that of Uranus and Neptune. For Planet Nine to have been captured in a distant, stable orbit its ejection must have occurred early, between three million and ten million years after the formation of the Solar System. This timing suggests that Planet Nine is not the planet ejected in a five-planet version of the Nice model, unless that occurred too early to be the cause of the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: , which would then require another explanation. These ejections, however, are likely to have been two events well separated in time.

text: Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.The Zonda, a hot dry wind, affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the  descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to , fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and blizzard (viento blanco) conditions usually affect higher elevations.

text: Major wind currents include the cool

text: Pampero Winds

text: blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.The

text: Sudestada

text: usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.The

text: Zonda

text: , a

text: hot dry wind

text: , affects Cuyo and the central Pampas. Squeezed of all moisture during the  descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to , fueling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and

text: blizzard

text: (viento blanco) conditions usually affect higher elevations.

text: The Trisolaran world is a stellar system with three suns (namely, the alpha Centauri System), whose trajectories are entirely unpredictable (based on the famous physics question of three-body problem).  The gravitational forces between the suns and the planets are extremely chaotic, and have caused 11 of the original 12 planets to be consumed by the suns.  The living environment on the sole remaining planet, Trisolaris, is also extremely harsh: when the planet is within the orbit range of one sun, it enters a short era of stable day-night cycle, which the native Trisolarans term as Stable Era; when the planet is trapped between the orbits of multiple suns, its day-night cycle becomes distorted, and the days may become extremely hot should the planet be too close to any of the suns, or extremely cold if otherwise, and this period is termed as a Chaotic Era.

text: The Trisolaran world is a

text: stellar system

text: with three suns (namely, the

text: alpha Centauri

text: System), whose trajectories are entirely unpredictable (based on the famous physics question of

text: three-body problem

text: ).  The gravitational forces between the suns and the planets are extremely

text: chaotic

text: , and have caused 11 of the original 12 planets to be consumed by the suns.  The living environment on the sole remaining planet, Trisolaris, is also extremely harsh: when the planet is within the orbit range of one sun, it enters a short era of stable day-night cycle, which the native Trisolarans term as Stable Era; when the planet is trapped between the orbits of multiple suns, its day-night cycle becomes distorted, and the days may become extremely hot should the planet be too close to any of the suns, or extremely cold if otherwise, and this period is termed as a Chaotic Era.

text: Although the storm made landfall in Belize, the country suffered considerably less damage than in nearby Honduras. However, winds up to  were recorded. The combination of winds and torrential rains damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes in Belize. Waves along the coast reached  above normal. Although torrential rains exceeding  fell in nearby Honduras, only  fell in the country. The country's $800,000 banana crop was completely destroyed by the storm. Despite the severity of the damage, there were no reports of fatalities in Belize. In Guatemala, the weakened storm brought extreme rainfall that caused extensive flash flooding. Numerous bridges, roads and homes were washed away or destroyed. At least 200 people were killed, making Fifi the deadliest in the country in nearly 20 years. In El Salvador, the outer bands of Fifi produced flooding rains that killed at least ten people.

text: Although the storm made landfall in

text: Belize

text: , the country suffered considerably less damage than in nearby Honduras. However, winds up to  were recorded. The combination of winds and torrential rains damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes in Belize. Waves along the coast reached  above normal. Although torrential rains exceeding  fell in nearby Honduras, only  fell in the country. The country's $800,000 banana crop was completely destroyed by the storm. Despite the severity of the damage, there were no reports of fatalities in Belize. In

text: Guatemala

text: , the weakened storm brought extreme rainfall that caused extensive flash flooding. Numerous bridges, roads and homes were washed away or destroyed. At least 200 people were killed, making Fifi the deadliest in the country in nearly 20 years. In El Salvador, the outer bands of Fifi produced flooding rains that killed at least ten people.

text: The West German firm resumed making large planetaria in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetaria a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the California Academy of Sciences in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, which operated 1952-2003.  The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the Boston Museum of Science, which was unique in being the first (and for a very long time only) planetarium to project the planet Uranus. Most planetaria ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye.

text: The West German firm resumed making large planetaria in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetaria a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the

text: California Academy of Sciences

text: in

text: Golden Gate Park

text: San Francisco

text: , which operated 1952-2003.  The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the

text: Boston Museum of Science

text: , which was unique in being the first (and for a very long time only) planetarium to project the planet

text: Uranus

text: . Most planetaria ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye.

text: Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced. The two planets also have other subtle but important differences. Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than Neptune despite being less massive overall. Neptune is therefore denser and has much more internal heat and a more active atmosphere. The Nice model, in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the Sun than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.

text: Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced. The two planets also have other subtle but important differences. Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than Neptune despite being less massive overall. Neptune is therefore denser and has much more internal heat and a more active atmosphere. The

text: Nice model

text: , in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the

text: Sun

text: than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.

text: HIP 78530 b is an object that is either a planet or a brown dwarf in the orbit of the star HIP 78530. It was observed as early as 2000, but the object was not confirmed as one in orbit of the star HIP 78530 until a direct imaging project photographed the star in 2008. The image caught the attention of the project's science team, so the team followed up on its initial observations. HIP 78530 b orbits a young, hot, bright blue star in the Upper Scorpius association. The planet itself is over twenty-three times more massive than Jupiter, orbiting eighteen times further from its host star than Pluto does from the Sun by the estimates published in its discovery paper. In this predicted orbit, HIP 78530 b completes an orbit every twelve thousand years.

text: HIP 78530 b is an object that is either a planet or a

text: brown dwarf

text: in the orbit of the star

text: HIP 78530

text: . It was observed as early as 2000, but the object was not confirmed as one in orbit of the star HIP 78530 until a

text: direct imaging

text: project photographed the star in 2008. The image caught the attention of the project's science team, so the team followed up on its initial observations. HIP 78530 b orbits a young, hot, bright blue star in the

text: Upper Scorpius association

text: . The planet itself is over twenty-three times more massive than Jupiter, orbiting eighteen times further from its host star than Pluto does from the Sun by the estimates published in its discovery paper. In this predicted orbit, HIP 78530 b completes an orbit every twelve thousand years.

text: Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon Io was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the Solar System. It appears that activity on Io affects the entire Jovian system. Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere – the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet's strong magnetic field. Sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, apparently erupted by Io's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of high-energy particles, were detected at the outer edge of the magnetosphere of Jupiter.

text: Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon

text: Io

text: was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the

text: Solar System

text: . It appears that activity on Io affects the entire

text: Jovian system

text: . Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere – the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet's strong

text: magnetic field

text: Sulfur

text: oxygen

text: , and

text: sodium

text: , apparently erupted by Io's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of high-energy particles, were detected at the outer edge of the

text: magnetosphere of Jupiter

text: The moons of Saturn are typically thought to have formed through co-accretion, a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System. As the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. However, a proposed model on the formation of Titan suggests that Titan was instead formed in a series of giant impacts between pre-existing moons. Iapetus and Rhea are thought to have formed from part of the debris of these collisions. More-recent studies, however, suggest that all of Saturn's moons inward of Titan are no more than 100 million years old; thus, Iapetus is unlikely to have formed in the same series of collisions as Rhea and all the other moons inward of Titan, and—along with Titan—may be a primordial satellite.

text: The moons of Saturn are typically thought to have formed through

text: co-accretion

text: , a similar process to that believed to have formed the planets in the Solar System. As the young gas giants formed, they were surrounded by discs of material that gradually coalesced into moons. However, a proposed model on the formation of

text: Titan

text: suggests that Titan was instead formed in a series of

text: giant impact

text: s between pre-existing moons. Iapetus and Rhea are thought to have formed from part of the debris of these collisions. More-recent studies, however, suggest that all of Saturn's moons inward of Titan are no more than 100 million years old; thus, Iapetus is unlikely to have formed in the same series of collisions as Rhea and all the other moons inward of Titan, and—along with Titan—may be a primordial satellite.

text: Despite the trapping of Ar in many rocks, it can be released by melting, grinding, and diffusion. Almost all of the argon in the Earth's atmosphere is the product of potassium-40 decay, since 99.6% of Earth atmospheric argon is Ar, whereas in the Sun and presumably in primordial star-forming clouds, argon consists of < 15% Ar and mostly (85%) Ar.  Similarly, the ratio of the three isotopes Ar: Ar: Ar in the atmospheres of the outer planets is measured to be 8400: 1600: 1

text: is a possible dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt. 2015 RR is one of the few dwarf planets to survive after the formation of the solar system, along with Pluto and Eris. It was discovered in February 2016 by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS).

text: is a

text: possible

text: dwarf planet

text: in the

text: Kuiper belt

text: . 2015 RR is one of the few dwarf planets to survive after the

text: formation of the solar system

text: , along with

text: Pluto

text: and

text: Eris

text: . It was discovered in February 2016 by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS).

text: Moth has three notable features. First, a set of broken rings around the planet gives the globe a distinctive look from outer space, an appearance similar to that of a Terran moth. Second, its dominant weather pattern is almost continual rain, mostly because of the near constant cloud-cover. Third, Moth has a single 'moon', Flame, which is actually a dwarf planet sharing the same orbital path as Moth.

text: Poon made significant contributions towards mission success in NASA projects including Voyager Interstellar Mission to the outer planets and Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan. He was a Telecommunications manager on the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit & Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Global Surveyor, Ulysses Mission to the Sun and joint projects with the French and German Space Operations Center.

text: Poon made significant contributions towards mission success in NASA projects including

text: Voyager

text: Interstellar Mission to the outer planets and

text: Cassini-Huygens Mission

text: to

text: Saturn

text: and Titan. He was a

text: Telecommunications

text: manager on the

text: Mars Exploration Rovers

text: Spirit & Opportunity,

text: Mars Odyssey

text: Mars Global Surveyor

text: Ulysses

text: Mission to the Sun and joint projects with the French and German Space Operations Center.

text: These two groups are distinct (with 3σ confidence) in their distance from Uranus and in their eccentricity.However, these groupings are not directly supported by the observed colours: Caliban and Sycorax appear light red, whereas the smaller moons are grey.

text: Besides the inflated hot Jupiters, there is another type of low-density planet: occurring at around 0.6 times the size of Jupiter. The planets around Kepler-51 are far less dense (far more diffuse) than the inflated hot Jupiters as can be seen in the plots on the right where the three Kepler-51 planets stand out in the diffusity vs. radius plot. A more detailed study taking into account star spots may modify these results to produce less extreme values.

text: Besides the inflated

text: hot Jupiter

text: s, there is another type of low-density planet: occurring at around 0.6 times the size of Jupiter. The planets around Kepler-51 are far less dense (far more diffuse) than the inflated hot Jupiters as can be seen in the plots on the right where the three Kepler-51 planets stand out in the diffusity vs. radius plot. A more detailed study taking into account

text: star spot

text: s may modify these results to produce less extreme values.

text: This first production is followed the same year by the first studio album Painful Insanity recorded by Gilles Martin, cult producer of Coldwave (Minimal Compact, Tuxedomoon, Anna Domino, Colin Newman, Malaria, The Names,  ... and in other styles Deus , Miossec or Indochine). 1993 saw the release of Taste of Sorrow which remains for many their iconic album. Also produced by Martin it contains the title "Nasty Cloud" that became a classic gothic hit. "The songs are endearing and energetic, with the bass well forward, nerve guitars, original use of the violin, electronic stormy moods and sometimes lyrical, sometimes angry voices" as describes in the book "Carnets Noirs" in the chapter on the Dark-Wave international scene. In 1995 the band released Lost Children which developed more delicate atmospheres in ethereal wave style. The Group signed with  for the next album Sweet Party released in 1997. This marks a more pop and electronic turn. In 2000 Silver Drops was released with Martin behind the mixing desk again. The melancholic pop tinged with Trip hop orientation is confirmed. This album was the last one with Martin at production. Shortly after Mauroy left the band and Didier Czepczyk took over on guitars.

text: This first production is followed the same year by the first studio album Painful Insanity recorded by Gilles Martin, cult producer of Coldwave (

text: Minimal Compact

text: Tuxedomoon

text: Anna Domino

text: Colin Newman

text: Malaria

text: The Names

text: ,  ... and in other styles

text: Deus

text: Miossec

text: or

text: Indochine

text: ). 1993 saw the release of Taste of Sorrow which remains for many their iconic album. Also produced by Martin it contains the title "Nasty Cloud" that became a classic gothic hit. "The songs are endearing and energetic, with the bass well forward, nerve guitars, original use of the violin, electronic stormy moods and sometimes lyrical, sometimes angry voices" as describes in the book "Carnets Noirs" in the chapter on the Dark-Wave international scene. In 1995 the band released Lost Children which developed more delicate atmospheres in ethereal wave style. The Group signed with  for the next album Sweet Party released in 1997. This marks a more pop and electronic turn. In 2000 Silver Drops was released with Martin behind the mixing desk again. The melancholic pop tinged with Trip hop orientation is confirmed. This album was the last one with Martin at production. Shortly after Mauroy left the band and Didier Czepczyk took over on guitars.

text: Neptune Wellness Solutions is a nutrition products company focused on the business of customized unique nutrition solutions, specialty ingredients and consumer brands. The company develops turnkey solutions available in various unique delivery forms. Neptune also offers specialty ingredients, including premium Neptune Krill Oil (NKO) manufactured in its state-of-the art facility and a variety of other marine oils, seed oils and specialty ingredients. Neptune offers its premium krill oil under the OCEANO3® brand directly to consumers in Canada and the United States through web sales at www.oceano3.com. Oceano3 brand is also sold in bulk to unbranded distributors. The Company’s head office is located in Laval, Quebec.

text: Later, the Belweder and Wisła were joined by more modern models, the Wawel (named after the Wawel castle) and the "gems" family - Turkus (turquoise), Jantar (amber) and Szmaragd (emerald). Those models gradually superseded the older, and still unreliable, Wisła and Belweder, and in the 1960 the production of all types of TV sets at WZT reached 200,000. The "gems" were later superseded by the "planet" series, beginning with the popular Neptun (Neptune). With over 150,000 items sold in total, the Belweder can be credited with making television a popular medium in Poland for the first time.

text: Later, the Belweder and Wisła were joined by more modern models, the Wawel (named after the

text: Wawel castle

text: ) and the "gems" family - Turkus (

text: turquoise

text: ), Jantar (

text: amber

text: ) and Szmaragd (

text: emerald

text: ). Those models gradually superseded the older, and still unreliable, Wisła and Belweder, and in the 1960 the production of all types of TV sets at WZT reached 200,000. The "gems" were later superseded by the "planet" series, beginning with the popular Neptun (

text: Neptune

text: ). With over 150,000 items sold in total, the Belweder can be credited with making television a popular medium in Poland for the first time.

text: The minor planet was named for Canadian astronomer Brett J. Gladman (b. 1966), discoverer of minor planets and co-discoverer of 6 irregular moons of Uranus: Caliban, Sycorax, Prospero, Setebos, Stephano and Ferdinand. He participated in surveys of trans-Neptunian objects. He is also known for his research and modeling on the dynamical evolution and transport of near-Earth objects and meteorites, respectively. Naming citation was published on 28 July 1999 (M.P.C. 35486).

text: The minor planet was named for Canadian astronomer

text: Brett J. Gladman

text: (b. 1966),

text: discoverer of minor planets

text: and co-discoverer of 6 irregular

text: moons of Uranus

text: Caliban

text: Sycorax

text: Prospero

text: Setebos

text: Stephano

text: and

text: Ferdinand

text: . He participated in surveys of

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s. He is also known for his research and modeling on the dynamical evolution and transport of

text: near-Earth object

text: s and

text: meteorite

text: s, respectively. Naming citation was published on 28 July 1999 (

text: M.P.C.

text: Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe. It comprises four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named after the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe. The principal attributes of the known Jovian Rings are listed in the table.

text: Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered in the

text: Solar System

text: , after those of

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Uranus

text: . It was first observed in 1979 by the

text: Voyager 1

text: space probe

text: . It comprises four main components: a thick inner

text: torus

text: of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named after the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe. The principal attributes of the known Jovian Rings are listed in the table.

text: Planets mode currently allows users to view 3D models of eight celestial bodies: Venus, Mars, Jupiter, the Galilean moons of Jupiter, and our own planet's moon. It also allows users to view a Mandelbrot set.

text: Planets mode currently allows users to view 3D models of eight celestial bodies:

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: , the

text: Galilean moons

text: of Jupiter, and our own planet's

text: moon

text: . It also allows users to view a

text: Mandelbrot set

text: As the Manager-in-Training, Sayaka also has strong magical powers—though she does not possess the Managerial ring, she is able to create and transform objects to suit her mood. This has included remodeling a school, building parts of an amusement park, and creating a home for herself out of thin air. Sayaka is also able to use magic when not transformed into Cruje, including sealing away her powers for a limited time, and changing her appearance so that she can meet Tatsumi in secret. However, since she does not have the Manager's Ring, the limits to her power are much lower than for Agnes, and so she becomes tired when she uses too much magic power at once. Her wand ornaments take the form of a Saturn-like planet and a moon.

text: Another more intricate method uses ammonia as a powerful greenhouse gas. It is possible that large amounts of it exist in frozen form on minor planets orbiting in the outer Solar System. It may be possible to move these and send them into Mars's atmosphere.

text: Another more intricate method uses

text: ammonia

text: as a powerful

text: greenhouse gas

text: . It is possible that large amounts of it exist in frozen form on minor planets orbiting in the

text: outer Solar System

text: . It may be possible to move these and send them into Mars's atmosphere.

text: The near-infrared spectra of Neptune's rings and inner moons have been examined with the HST NICMOS instrument. Similar dark, reddish material, characteristic of small outer Solar System bodies, appears to be present on all their surfaces. The data is consistent with organic compounds containing C−H and/or C≡N bonds, but spectral resolution was inadequate to identify the molecules.  Water ice, abundant in the outer Solar System, is believed to be present, but its spectral signature could not be observed (unlike the case of small Uranian moons).

text: The

text: near-infrared spectra

text: of Neptune's rings and inner moons have been examined with the HST

entity_name: Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer

text: NICMOS

text: instrument. Similar

text: dark, reddish material

text: , characteristic of small outer Solar System bodies, appears to be present on all their surfaces. The data is consistent with organic compounds containing

text: C−H

text: and/or

text: C≡N

text: bonds, but spectral resolution was inadequate to identify the molecules.  Water ice, abundant in the outer Solar System, is believed to be present, but its spectral signature could not be observed (unlike the case of small Uranian moons).

text: In the early 1960s, it was realized that a coincidental alignment of the outer planets would occur in the late 1970s and enable a single probe to visit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune by taking advantage of the then-new technique of gravity assists. NASA began work on a Grand Tour, which evolved into a massive project involving two groups of two probes each, with one group visiting Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto and the other Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The spacecraft would be designed with redundant systems to ensure survival through the entire tour. By 1972 the mission was scaled back and replaced with two Mariner-derived spacecraft, the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. To keep apparent lifetime program costs low, the mission would include only flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, but keep the Grand Tour option open. As the program progressed, the name was changed to Voyager.

text: In the early 1960s, it was realized that a coincidental alignment of the outer planets would occur in the late 1970s and enable a single probe to visit

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: by taking advantage of the then-new technique of

text: gravity assist

text: s.

text: NASA

text: began work on a

text: Grand Tour

text: , which evolved into a massive project involving two groups of two probes each, with one group visiting Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto and the other Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The spacecraft would be designed with redundant systems to ensure survival through the entire tour. By 1972 the mission was scaled back and replaced with two Mariner-derived spacecraft, the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. To keep apparent lifetime program costs low, the mission would include only flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, but keep the Grand Tour option open. As the program progressed, the name was changed to Voyager.

text: In Japanese, the name for the planet Jupiter is , the first kanji meaning 'tree' and the second indicating a celestial object. Although the Roman planet-name is used, Sailor Jupiter's dominant element is wood due to this aspect of Japanese mythology. Unusually, most of her attacks are based on her secondary power, lightning, which is in reference to the Roman god Jupiter. She is by far the physically strongest of the Sailor Soldiers, able to lift a full-grown man above her head, even while ice skating or to stop a stone pillar from falling. In the early manga, she always has a short antenna coming from her tiara, which serves as a lightning rod; eventually this takes on the same role as in the anime, and extends upward only when she summons lightning. It does not appear in the live-action series.

text: In Japanese, the name for the planet Jupiter is , the first kanji meaning 'tree' and the second indicating a celestial object. Although the Roman planet-name is used, Sailor Jupiter's dominant element is wood due to this aspect of Japanese mythology. Unusually, most of her attacks are based on her secondary power,

text: lightning

text: , which is in reference to the Roman god

text: Jupiter

text: . She is by far the physically strongest of the Sailor Soldiers, able to lift a full-grown man above her head, even while ice skating or to stop a stone pillar from falling. In the early manga, she always has a short antenna coming from her tiara, which serves as a

text: lightning rod

text: ; eventually this takes on the same role as in the anime, and extends upward only when she summons lightning. It does not appear in the live-action series.

text: In 1958 he published The Planet Jupiter, a treatise on the giant planet based on visual observations of the planet by the Jupiter Section of the BAA. (A revised version of this book was published in 1981.)

text: In 1958 he published The Planet Jupiter, a treatise on the

text: giant planet

text: based on visual observations of the planet by the Jupiter Section of the BAA. (A revised version of this book was published in 1981.)

text: Most information regarding the State comes from A World Out of Time, including a brief overview of its formation in the aftermath of a "global brush war". The precise timeframe the State occupies is not defined. In A World Out of Time, the State exists as of 2190; Kendy notes that the State was established 455 years before Discipline reached the Smoke Ring (which itself was 512 years before The Integral Trees, 532 years before The Smoke Ring, and 580 years before "The Kiteman"). It rules over an extremely crowded world, in which privacy is no longer a concept. Religion (or at any rate Christianity) is apparently no longer in practice, as a corpsicle on the Discipline is noted as having to explain to others what a Christmas wreath is. A comment from Kendy in The Smoke Ring indicates that the State abolished capitalism when it was established. In The Smoke Ring Kendy also states that as of the time when Discipline left Earth, the State had colonized all ten planets of the solar system, thirty moons, and hundreds of asteroids, with twenty-eight extrasolar worlds in the process of terraforming. According to Niven, The Ghost Ships would have revealed that the State had split into two factions, the Inner State based in the Solar system and the Outer State based on the extrasolar colony worlds, which would have featured in the novel.  This is also implied by a graphic presentation in A World Out Of Time, which the protagonist interprets as showing a distinction between "people, like us" (the Inner State) and "not people, not like us" (the colonies).

text: Most information regarding the State comes from A World Out of Time, including a brief overview of its formation in the aftermath of a "global brush war". The precise timeframe the State occupies is not defined. In A World Out of Time, the State exists as of 2190; Kendy notes that the State was established 455 years before Discipline reached the Smoke Ring (which itself was 512 years before The Integral Trees, 532 years before The Smoke Ring, and 580 years before "The Kiteman"). It rules over an extremely crowded world, in which privacy is no longer a concept. Religion (or at any rate Christianity) is apparently no longer in practice, as a

text: corpsicle

text: on the Discipline is noted as having to explain to others what a

text: Christmas

text: wreath

text: is. A comment from Kendy in The Smoke Ring indicates that the State abolished capitalism when it was established. In The Smoke Ring Kendy also states that as of the time when Discipline left Earth, the State had colonized all ten planets of the solar system, thirty moons, and hundreds of asteroids, with twenty-eight extrasolar worlds in the process of

text: terraforming

text: . According to Niven, The Ghost Ships would have revealed that the State had split into two factions, the Inner State based in the

text: Solar system

text: and the Outer State based on the extrasolar colony worlds, which would have featured in the novel.  This is also implied by a graphic presentation in A World Out Of Time, which the protagonist interprets as showing a distinction between "people, like us" (the Inner State) and "not people, not like us" (the colonies).

text: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction calls the film absurd, but notes that it "qualifies as one of the most influential science fiction films ever made" as it influenced later films "in which astronauts discover decadent, all-female (or almost all-female) civilizations on other planets, including Fire Maidens from Outer Space (1956), Queen of Outer Space (1958), Nude on the Moon (1961), [and] Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1968)."

text: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

text: calls the film absurd, but notes that it "qualifies as one of the most influential science fiction films ever made" as it influenced later films "in which astronauts discover decadent, all-female (or almost all-female) civilizations on other planets, including

text: Fire Maidens from Outer Space

text: Queen of Outer Space

text: Nude on the Moon

text: (1961), [and]

entity_name: Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women

text: Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women

text: The Voyager Program was similar to the Planetary Grand Tour planned during the late 1960s and early 70s. The Grand Tour would take advantage of an alignment of the outer planets discovered by Gary Flandro, an aerospace engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This alignment, which occurs once every 175 years, would occur in the late 1970s and make it possible to use gravitational assists to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. The Planetary Grand Tour was to send several pairs of probes to fly by all the outer planets (including Pluto, then still considered a planet) along various trajectories, including Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto and Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune. Limited funding ended the Grand Tour program, but elements were incorporated into the Voyager Program, which fulfilled many of the flyby objectives of the Grand Tour except a visit to Pluto.

text: The Voyager Program was similar to the

text: Planetary Grand Tour

text: planned during the late 1960s and early 70s. The Grand Tour would take advantage of an alignment of the outer planets discovered by

text: Gary Flandro

text: , an

text: aerospace engineer

text: at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This alignment, which occurs once every 175 years, would occur in the late 1970s and make it possible to use

text: gravitational assist

text: s to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and

text: Pluto

text: . The Planetary Grand Tour was to send several pairs of probes to fly by all the outer planets (including Pluto, then still considered a planet) along various trajectories, including Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto and Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune. Limited funding ended the Grand Tour program, but elements were incorporated into the Voyager Program, which fulfilled many of the flyby objectives of the Grand Tour except a visit to Pluto.

text: Despite being larger than Neptune, Kepler-87c is only about 6.4 times more massive than Earth. This means that its density is only 0.152 g/cm. This is the first planet with a comparable mass to have such a low density. Its equilibrium temperature is 130 °C.

text: Despite being larger than

text: Neptune

text: , Kepler-87c is only about 6.4 times more massive than Earth. This means that its density is only 0.152 g/cm. This is the first planet with a comparable mass to have such a low density. Its equilibrium temperature is 130 °C.

text: Toronto, Canada was hit by both a cold front and two extreme cold weather warnings between December 3 and January 1. A strong arctic cold front moved through Alberta from the northwest, bringing from  to 1 foot (10 cm to 30 cm) of snowfall. Winds gusted to 50 mph (80 km/h), causing whiteout and blizzard conditions across most of Alberta. The southern half of the province got the worst of the storm. The winds blew the snow into massive drifts and snow banks up to 10 feet (3 m) in height. Numerous communities in Calgary were completely snowed in for three days, from December 5 to 7. Numerous cars and trucks were abandoned, with many of them buried up to their roofs in snow.

text: Toronto

text: , Canada was hit by both a cold front and two extreme cold weather warnings between December 3 and January 1. A strong arctic cold front moved through Alberta from the northwest, bringing from  to 1 foot (10 cm to 30 cm) of snowfall. Winds gusted to 50 mph (80 km/h), causing whiteout and blizzard conditions across most of Alberta. The southern half of the province got the worst of the storm. The winds blew the snow into massive drifts and snow banks up to 10 feet (3 m) in height. Numerous communities in

text: Calgary

text: were completely snowed in for three days, from December 5 to 7. Numerous cars and trucks were abandoned, with many of them buried up to their roofs in snow.

text: A gas dwarf is a gas planet with a rocky core that has accumulated a thick envelope of hydrogen, helium, and other volatiles, having as result a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth radii (). The term is used in a three-tier, metallicity-based classification regime for short-period exoplanets, which also includes the rocky, terrestrial-like planets with less than  and planets greater than , namely ice giants and gas giants. No gas dwarfs are known to exist in the Solar System, but they are common in other planetary systems.

text: A gas dwarf is a gas planet with a rocky core that has accumulated a thick envelope of hydrogen, helium, and other

text: volatiles

text: , having as result a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9

text: Earth radii

text: (). The term is used in a three-tier,

text: metallicity

text: -based classification regime for short-period

text: exoplanet

text: s, which also includes the rocky,

text: terrestrial-like planets

text: with less than  and planets greater than , namely

text: ice giant

text: s and

text: gas giant

text: s. No gas dwarfs are known to exist in the

text: Solar System

text: , but they are common in other

text: planetary system

text: s.

text: ) is the ruling planet of Aquarius and is exalted in Scorpio. In Greek mythology, Uranus is the personification of the heavens and the night sky. The planet Uranus is very unusual among the planets in that it rotates on its side, so that it presents each of its poles to the Sun in turn during its orbit; causing both hemispheres to alternate between being bathed in light and lying in total darkness over the course of the orbit.

text: ) is the ruling planet of

text: Aquarius

text: and is exalted in

text: Scorpio

text: . In Greek mythology, Uranus is the personification of the heavens and the night sky. The planet Uranus is very unusual among the planets in that it rotates on its side, so that it presents each of its poles to the Sun in turn during its orbit; causing both hemispheres to alternate between being bathed in light and lying in total darkness over the course of the orbit.

text: Cassini made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 30, 2000, and made many scientific measurements.  About 26,000 images of Jupiter, its faint rings, and its moons were taken during the six month flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of the planet yet (see image at right), in which the smallest visible features are approximately  across.

text: Cassini made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 30, 2000, and made many scientific measurements.  About 26,000 images of Jupiter, its

text: faint rings

text: , and its

text: moons

text: were taken during the six month flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of the planet yet (see image at right), in which the smallest visible features are approximately  across.

text: While not a decadal survey, the 1975 Report of Space Science included the exploration of the Outer planets.

text: Meteorological disasters are caused by extreme weather, e.g. rain, drought, snow, extreme heat or cold, ice, or wind. Violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment related to, produced by, or affecting the earth's atmosphere, especially the weather-forming processes.

text: Meteorological disasters are caused by extreme weather, e.g.

text: rain

text: drought

text: snow

text: , extreme heat or

text: cold

text: ice

text: , or

text: wind

text: . Violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment related to, produced by, or affecting the earth's atmosphere, especially the weather-forming processes.

text: From 1932 to 1952 he lectured in Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh University.In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Charles Galton Darwin, Charles Glover Barkla, Robert Schlapp, and Ernest Bowman Ludlam.In 1937 he was chosen by James Mann Wordie to act as official meteorologist on a trip of the Endurance to Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic. Working with H. Carmichael he developed methods for measuring cosmic ray intensity at a height of 12 miles (19 km) above the surface of the planet. During the Second World War he was posted to Kew Observatory to make studies of the outer atmosphere, and perfected the British Radiosonde.

text: From 1932 to 1952 he lectured in Natural Philosophy at

text: Edinburgh University

text: .In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: . His proposers were

text: Charles Galton Darwin

text: Charles Glover Barkla

text: Robert Schlapp

text: , and

text: Ernest Bowman Ludlam

text: .In 1937 he was chosen by

text: James Mann Wordie

text: to act as official meteorologist on a trip of the

text: Endurance

text: to

text: Baffin Bay

text: and the Canadian Arctic. Working with H. Carmichael he developed methods for measuring cosmic ray intensity at a height of 12 miles (19 km) above the surface of the planet. During the

text: Second World War

text: he was posted to

text: Kew Observatory

text: to make studies of the outer atmosphere, and perfected the British

text: Radiosonde

text: The four elements - earth, air, fire and water - were popular subjects with 17th century painters. In this painting, air is represented by a wide variety of creatures of flight, mythological figures and atmospheric conditions. A multitude of birds, including peacocks, turkeys, parrots, owls and an ostrich are shown in the painting. Several bats also appear in the painting, including one in the upper right that devours a bird while in flight. In the center of the painting, Apollo drives his chariot across the sky. Beneath him, Urania, the Muse of Astronomy, sits on a cloud, and in her left hand she holds an armillary sphere. Another of her attributes, the compass, appears on the ground next to her along with an astrolabe, a quadrant, and a cross staff, which are all instruments used for measuring the position of the planets and stars. All of this takes place in a landscape characterized by a dark, stormy sky on the left, complete with a bolt of lightning. On the right, the sky brightens over a vast expanse of trees and mountains.

text: The

text: four elements

text: - earth, air, fire and water - were popular subjects with 17th century painters. In this painting, air is represented by a wide variety of creatures of flight, mythological figures and atmospheric conditions. A multitude of birds, including peacocks, turkeys, parrots, owls and an ostrich are shown in the painting. Several bats also appear in the painting, including one in the upper right that devours a bird while in flight. In the center of the painting, Apollo drives his chariot across the sky. Beneath him,

text: Urania

text: , the Muse of Astronomy, sits on a cloud, and in her left hand she holds an

text: armillary sphere

text: . Another of her attributes, the compass, appears on the ground next to her along with an

text: astrolabe

text: , a

text: quadrant

text: , and a

text: cross staff

text: , which are all instruments used for measuring the position of the planets and stars. All of this takes place in a landscape characterized by a dark, stormy sky on the left, complete with a bolt of lightning. On the right, the sky brightens over a vast expanse of trees and mountains.

text: Jupiter Township was organized in 1883, and named after planet Jupiter.

text: Jupiter Township was organized in 1883, and named after planet

text: Jupiter

text: PH1b (standing for "Planet Hunters 1"), or by its NASA designation Kepler-64b, is an extrasolar planet found in a circumbinary orbit in the quadruple star system Kepler-64. The planet was discovered by two amateur astronomers from the Planet Hunters project of amateur astronomers using data from the Kepler space telescope with assistance of a Yale University team of international astronomers. The discovery was announced on 15 October 2012. It is the first known transiting planet in a quadruple star system, first known circumbinary planet in a quadruple star system, and the first planet in a quadruple star system found. It was the first confirmed planet discovered by PlanetHunters.org. An independent and nearly simultaneous detection was also reported from a revision of Kepler space telescope data using a transit detection algorithm.

text: PH1b (standing for "Planet Hunters 1"), or by its NASA designation Kepler-64b, is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: found in a

text: circumbinary orbit

text: in the

text: quadruple star system

text: Kepler-64. The planet was discovered by two amateur astronomers from the

text: Planet Hunters

text: project of

text: amateur astronomer

text: s using data from the

text: Kepler space telescope

text: with assistance of a

text: Yale University

text: team of international

text: astronomer

text: s. The discovery was announced on 15 October 2012. It is the first known

text: transiting planet

text: in a quadruple star system, first known circumbinary planet in a quadruple star system, and the first planet in a quadruple star system found. It was the first confirmed planet discovered by PlanetHunters.org. An independent and nearly simultaneous detection was also reported from a revision of Kepler space telescope data using a transit detection algorithm.

text: It was seen as Pink Floyd's first foray into space rock (along with "Interstellar Overdrive"), although band members would later disparage this term. The song opens with the voice of their manager at the time Peter Jenner reading the names of planets through a megaphone, sounding like an astronaut over an intercom. Guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett's Fender Esquire emerges and grows louder. At 0:19 a rapid beeping sound appears. At 0:26, Nick Mason's drum fills begin, and Barrett plays the enigmatic introductory figure which is discussed in the next section. Keyboardist Richard Wright's Farfisa organ is mixed into the background. Barrett's incantatory lyrics about space support the theme in the song, mentioning planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune as well as Uranian moons Oberon, Miranda, and Titania, and Saturn's moon Titan. Barrett and Wright provide lead vocals. Bassist Roger Waters' aggressive bass line, Wright's Farfisa organ, and Barrett's kinetic slide guitar then dominate, with Jenner's megaphone recitation re-emerging from the mix for a time.

text: It was seen as Pink Floyd's first foray into

text: space rock

text: (along with "

text: Interstellar Overdrive

text: "), although band members would later disparage this term. The song opens with the voice of their manager at the time

text: Peter Jenner

text: reading the names of planets through a megaphone, sounding like an

text: astronaut

text: over an

text: intercom

text: . Guitarist and vocalist

text: Syd Barrett

text: 's

text: Fender Esquire

text: emerges and grows louder. At 0:19 a rapid beeping sound appears. At 0:26,

text: Nick Mason

text: 's drum fills begin, and Barrett plays the enigmatic introductory figure which is discussed in the next section. Keyboardist

text: Richard Wright

text: 's

text: Farfisa organ

text: is mixed into the background. Barrett's incantatory lyrics about space support the theme in the song, mentioning planets

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: as well as

text: Uranian

text: moons

text: Oberon

text: Miranda

text: , and

text: Titania

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: . Barrett and Wright provide lead vocals. Bassist

text: Roger Waters

text: ' aggressive bass line, Wright's Farfisa organ, and Barrett's kinetic slide guitar then dominate, with Jenner's megaphone recitation re-emerging from the mix for a time.

text: Sent out both to gather information and as a show of force to reassure a vengeful Earth population, the force first goes through an extremely grueling training period on Earth and on the planet Cerberus (a fictitious planet beyond Pluto, not the satellite of Pluto which had not been discovered at the time the original novel was written). The exercises involve military and technical training under extreme circumstances and with live weapons, including the use of nuclear weapons and various other advanced armaments. They are designed to make Mandella and his compatriots into the most powerful infantry forces ever, to combat a foe whose physiology is still totally unknown. During a lecture to the soldiers, it is noted that they now know many different ways to kill humans - such as with a shovel blow to the kidneys - but are not even aware if Taurans possess kidneys.

text: Sent out both to gather information and as a

text: show of force

text: to reassure a

text: vengeful

text: Earth population, the force first goes through an extremely grueling training period on Earth and on the planet Cerberus (a fictitious planet beyond

text: Pluto

text: , not the

text: satellite of Pluto

text: which had not been discovered at the time the original novel was written). The exercises involve military and technical training under extreme circumstances and with

text: live weapons

text: , including the use of

text: nuclear weapon

text: s and various other advanced armaments. They are designed to make Mandella and his compatriots into the most powerful

text: infantry

text: forces ever, to combat a foe whose

text: physiology

text: is still totally unknown. During a lecture to the soldiers, it is noted that they now know many different ways to kill humans - such as with a shovel blow to the

text: kidney

text: s - but are not even aware if Taurans possess kidneys.

text: Ron-Karr appears in only one panel in his first appearance. He is a native of the planet Neptune, who has the ability to flatten his body. His application for Legion membership is rejected, as his power is considered "too unusual."  His name is spelled "Ronn Kar" for this appearance only.

text: Ron-Karr appears in only one panel in his first appearance. He is a native of the planet

text: Neptune

text: , who has the ability to flatten his body. His application for Legion membership is rejected, as his power is considered "too unusual."  His name is spelled "Ronn Kar" for this appearance only.

text: Although the term "fluid" includes both the liquid and gas phases, in common usage, "fluid" is often used as a synonym for "liquid", with no implication that gas could also be present. For example, "brake fluid" is hydraulic oil and will not perform its required incompressible function if there is gas in it. This colloquial usage of the term is also common in medicine and in nutrition ("take plenty of fluids").

text: Although the term "fluid" includes both the liquid and gas phases, in common usage, "fluid" is often used as a synonym for "liquid", with no implication that gas could also be present. For example, "

text: brake fluid

text: " is

text: hydraulic oil

text: and will not perform its required

text: incompressible

text: function if there is gas in it. This colloquial usage of the term is also common in medicine and in nutrition ("take plenty of fluids").

text: Saturn's satellite system is very lopsided: one moon, Titan, comprises more than 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet. The six other planemo (ellipsoidal) moons constitute roughly 4% of the mass, and the remaining 55 small moons, together with the rings, comprise only 0.04%.

text: Saturn's satellite system is very lopsided: one moon, Titan, comprises more than 96% of the mass in orbit around the planet. The six other

text: planemo

text: ellipsoid

text: al) moons constitute roughly 4% of the mass, and the remaining 55 small moons, together with the rings, comprise only 0.04%.

text: Planets in class II are too warm to form ammonia clouds: instead their clouds are made up of water vapor. These characteristics are expected for planets with temperatures below around 250 K. Water clouds are more reflective than ammonia clouds, and the predicted Bond albedo of a class II planet around a Sun-like star is 0.81. Even though the clouds on such a planet would be similar to those of Earth, the atmosphere would still consist mainly of hydrogen and hydrogen-rich molecules such as methane.

text: Planets in class II are too warm to form ammonia clouds: instead their clouds are made up of

text: water vapor

text: . These characteristics are expected for planets with temperatures below around 250 K. Water clouds are more reflective than ammonia clouds, and the predicted Bond albedo of a class II planet around a Sun-like star is 0.81. Even though the clouds on such a planet would be similar to those of

text: Earth

text: , the atmosphere would still consist mainly of

text: hydrogen

text: and hydrogen-rich molecules such as

text: methane

text: These objects are near the upper mass limit for classification as planets; if they exceeded 13 Jupiter masses, they would be capable of deuterium fusion in their interiors and thus qualify as brown dwarfs under the definition of these terms used by the IAU's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets. If the mass estimates are correct, the HR 8799 system is the first multiple-planet extrasolar system to be directly imaged. The orbital motion of the planets is in an anticlockwise direction and was confirmed via multiple observations dating back to 1998. The system is more likely to be stable if the planets "e", "d" and "c" are in a 4:2:1 resonance, which would imply that the orbit the planet d has an eccentricity exceeding 0.04 in order to match the observational constraints. Planetary systems with the best-fit masses from evolutionary models would be stable if the outer three planets are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance (similar to the Laplace resonance between Jupiter's inner three Galilean satellites: Io, Europa and Ganymede as well as three of the planets in the Gliese 876 system).  However, it is now believed that planet b is not in resonance with the other 3 planets.  If confirmed, the HR 8799 planetary system would be the second extrasolar system to be observed with multiple resonances. The 4 planets are still glowing red hot due to their young age and are larger than Jupiter and over time they will cool and shrink to the size of 0.8 to 1.0 Jupiter radii.

text: These objects are near the upper mass limit for classification as planets; if they exceeded 13

text: Jupiter mass

text: es, they would be capable of

text: deuterium

text: fusion

text: in their interiors and thus qualify as

text: brown dwarf

text: s under the definition of these terms used by the

text: IAU

text: 's Working Group on Extrasolar Planets. If the mass estimates are correct, the HR 8799 system is the first multiple-planet extrasolar system to be directly imaged. The orbital motion of the planets is in an anticlockwise direction and was confirmed via multiple observations dating back to 1998. The system is more likely to be stable if the planets "e", "d" and "c" are in a 4:2:1 resonance, which would imply that the orbit the planet d has an eccentricity exceeding 0.04 in order to match the observational constraints. Planetary systems with the best-fit masses from evolutionary models would be stable if the outer three planets are in a 1:2:4

text: orbital resonance

text: (similar to the

text: Laplace resonance

text: between Jupiter's inner three

text: Galilean satellites

text: Io

text: Europa

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: as well as three of the planets in the

text: Gliese 876

text: system).  However, it is now believed that planet b is not in resonance with the other 3 planets.  If confirmed, the HR 8799 planetary system would be the second extrasolar system to be observed with multiple resonances. The 4 planets are still glowing red hot due to their young age and are larger than Jupiter and over time they will cool and shrink to the size of 0.8 to 1.0 Jupiter radii.

text: In any system containing liquid and gaseous phases, there exists a special combination of pressure and temperature, known as the critical point, at which the transition between liquid and gas becomes a second-order transition. Near the critical point, the fluid is sufficiently hot and compressed that the distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases is almost non-existent. This is associated with the phenomenon of critical opalescence, a milky appearance of the liquid due to density fluctuations at all possible wavelengths (including those of visible light).

text: In any system containing liquid and gaseous phases, there exists a special combination of pressure and temperature, known as the

text: critical point

text: , at which the transition between liquid and gas becomes a second-order transition. Near the critical point, the fluid is sufficiently hot and compressed that the distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases is almost non-existent. This is associated with the phenomenon of

text: critical opalescence

text: , a milky appearance of the liquid due to density fluctuations at all possible wavelengths (including those of visible light).

text: Orbital inclination is the angle between a planet's orbital plane and another plane of reference. For exoplanets, the inclination is usually stated with respect to an observer on Earth: the angle used is that between the normal to the planet's orbital plane and the line of sight from Earth to the star. Therefore, most planets observed by the transit method are close to 90 degrees. Because the word 'inclination' is used in exoplanet studies for this line-of-sight inclination then the angle between the planet's orbit and the star's rotation must use a different word and is termed the spin–orbit angle or spin–orbit alignment. In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown. The Kepler spacecraft has found a few hundred multi-planet systems and in most of these systems the planets all orbit in nearly the same plane, much like the Solar System. However, a combination of astrometric and radial-velocity measurements has shown that some planetary systems contain planets whose orbital planes are significantly tilted relative to each other. More than half of hot Jupiters have orbital planes substantially misaligned with their parent star's rotation. A substantial fraction of hot-Jupiters even have retrograde orbits, meaning that they orbit in the opposite direction from the star's rotation. Rather than a planet's orbit having been disturbed, it may be that the star itself flipped early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.

text: Orbital inclination

text: is the angle between a planet's

text: orbital plane

text: and another plane of reference. For exoplanets, the inclination is usually stated with respect to an observer on Earth: the angle used is that between the

text: normal

text: to the planet's orbital plane and the line of sight from Earth to the star. Therefore, most planets observed by the

text: transit method

text: are close to 90 degrees. Because the word 'inclination' is used in exoplanet studies for this line-of-sight inclination then the angle between the planet's orbit and the star's rotation must use a different word and is termed the spin–orbit angle or spin–orbit alignment. In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown. The Kepler spacecraft has found a few hundred multi-planet systems and in most of these systems the planets all orbit in nearly the same plane, much like the Solar System. However, a combination of astrometric and radial-velocity measurements has shown that some planetary systems contain planets whose orbital planes are significantly tilted relative to each other. More than half of

text: hot Jupiter

text: s have orbital planes substantially misaligned with their parent star's rotation. A substantial fraction of hot-Jupiters even have

text: retrograde orbit

text: s, meaning that they orbit in the opposite direction from the star's rotation. Rather than a planet's orbit having been disturbed, it may be that the star itself flipped early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.

text: Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system.

text: Atmospheric sciences is an

text: umbrella term

text: for the study of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.

text: Meteorology

text: includes

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and

text: atmospheric physics

text: with a major focus on

text: weather forecasting

text: Climatology

text: is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic

text: climate variability

text: Aeronomy

text: is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where

text: dissociation

text: and

text: ionization

text: are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of

text: planetary science

text: and the study of the atmospheres of the

text: planet

text: s of the

text: solar system

text: Some works of fiction refer to several of Saturn's moons, or to no specific moon.

text: In August 2006 Amazon introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud.Microsoft Azure was announced as "Azure" in October 2008 and was released on 1 February 2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on 25 March 2014. For a time, Azure was on the TOP500 supercomputer list, before it dropped off it. In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet. Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical part. On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in development, this cloud offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.

text: In August 2006

text: Amazon

text: introduced its

text: Elastic Compute Cloud

text: Microsoft Azure

text: was announced as "Azure" in October 2008 and was released on 1 February 2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on 25 March 2014. For a time, Azure was on the

text: supercomputer list, before it dropped off it. In July 2010,

text: Rackspace Hosting

text: and

text: NASA

text: jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as

text: OpenStack

text: . The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offering cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's

text: Nebula platform

text: as well as from

text: Rackspace's Cloud Files

text: platform. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the

text: IBM SmartCloud

text: framework to support

text: Smarter Planet

text: . Among the various components of the

text: Smarter Computing

text: foundation, cloud computing is a critical part. On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the

text: Oracle Cloud

text: . While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in development, this cloud offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (

text: SaaS

text: ), Platform (

text: PaaS

text: ), and Infrastructure (

text: IaaS

text: ) layers.

text: The Kuiper belt  or , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a circumstellar disc in the Solar System beyond the planets, extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies, or remnants from the Solar System's formation. Although many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as methane, ammonia and water. The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets:  Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake. Some of the Solar System's moons, such as Neptune's Triton and Saturn's Phoebe, are also thought to have originated in the region.

text: The Kuiper belt  or , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a

text: circumstellar disc

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: beyond the

text: planet

text: s, extending from the

text: orbit

text: of

text: Neptune

text: (at 30

text: AU

text: ) to approximately 50 AU from the

text: Sun

text: . It is similar to the

text: asteroid belt

text: , but it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of

text: small bodies

text: , or remnants from the Solar System's formation. Although many asteroids are composed primarily of

text: rock

text: and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen

text: volatiles

text: (termed "ices"), such as

text: methane

text: ammonia

text: and

text: water

text: . The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized

text: dwarf planet

text: s:

text: Pluto

text: Haumea

text: , and

text: Makemake

text: . Some of the Solar System's

text: moons

text: , such as Neptune's

text: Triton

text: and

text: Saturn

text: 's

text: Phoebe

text: , are also thought to have originated in the region.

text: The verb to pluto (preterite and past participle: plutoed) was coined in the aftermath of the 2006 IAU decision. In January 2007, the American Dialect Society chose plutoed as its 2006 Word of the Year, defining to pluto as "to demote or devalue someone or something, as happened to the former planet Pluto when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet."

text: The verb to pluto (

text: preterite

text: and

text: past participle

text: : plutoed) was

text: coined

text: in the aftermath of the 2006 IAU decision. In January 2007, the

text: American Dialect Society

text: chose plutoed as its 2006

text: Word of the Year

text: , defining to pluto as "to demote or devalue someone or something, as happened to the former planet Pluto when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet."

text: Argenis N. Reyes Sanchez (born September 25, 1982) is a former Dominican professional baseball second baseman. Formerly a member or the New York Mets organization, he is not related to former teammate José Reyes, although the two were childhood friends in the Dominican Republic. He is also well-known for his unique first name among Mets fans, who note it's similarity to the name of the planet "Uranus."

text: Argenis N. Reyes Sanchez (born September 25, 1982) is a former

text: Dominican

text: professional

text: baseball

text: second baseman

text: . Formerly a member or the New York Mets organization, he is not related to former teammate

text: José Reyes

text: , although the two were childhood friends in the

text: Dominican Republic

text: . He is also well-known for his unique first name among Mets fans, who note it's similarity to the name of the planet "Uranus."

text: In 1974, Soter suggested that dust produced by meteoritic bombardment of Saturn's moon Phoebe might orbit the planet until colliding with Saturn's moon Iapetus and be responsible for the unique dark-bright dichotomy of the latter. Although not the unique cause, dust originating from Saturn's irregular satellites was later found in data from the Cassini spacecraft to indeed play a crucial role in the coloration of Iapetus. The discovery of Saturn's "Phoebe ring" in 2009 further strengthened the probability that this process first described by Soter plays a significant role in shaping Iapetus's appearance.

text: In 1974, Soter suggested that dust produced by meteoritic bombardment of Saturn's moon

text: Phoebe

text: might orbit the planet until colliding with Saturn's moon

text: Iapetus

text: and be responsible for the unique dark-bright dichotomy of the latter. Although not the unique cause, dust originating from

text: Saturn

text: 's

text: irregular satellites

text: was later found in data from the

text: Cassini spacecraft

text: to indeed play a crucial role in the coloration of

text: Iapetus

text: . The discovery of Saturn's "

text: Phoebe ring

text: " in 2009 further strengthened the probability that this process first described by Soter plays a significant role in shaping

text: Iapetus

text: 's appearance.

text: Pluto is generally a cheerful and adventurous dog, although he can be given to sheer panic when confronted with something unknown. Common themes in Pluto's stories involve him becoming jealous of Mickey getting another pet (Mickey's Elephant, Lend a Paw, Mickey and the Seal), Pluto accidentally and unwittingly swallowing something and panicking when he realizes it (Playful Pluto, Donald and Pluto), Pluto getting entangled with something inanimate, or Pluto being pestered by a smaller animal (Private Pluto, Squatter's Rights). In many of his appearances with Mickey, Pluto will get himself into trouble and cause Mickey to get angry at him. Mickey, however, often cheers up quickly; often telling Pluto "I can't be mad at ya."

text: Pluto is generally a cheerful and adventurous dog, although he can be given to sheer panic when confronted with something unknown. Common themes in Pluto's stories involve him becoming jealous of Mickey getting another pet (Mickey's Elephant,

text: Lend a Paw

text: Mickey and the Seal

text: ), Pluto accidentally and unwittingly swallowing something and panicking when he realizes it (

text: Playful Pluto

text: , Donald and Pluto), Pluto getting entangled with something inanimate, or Pluto being pestered by a smaller animal (Private Pluto,

text: Squatter's Rights

text: ). In many of his appearances with Mickey, Pluto will get himself into trouble and cause Mickey to get angry at him. Mickey, however, often cheers up quickly; often telling Pluto "I can't be mad at ya."

text: The interior atmospheres of the solar system's gas giant planets are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium at temperatures well above their critical points. The gaseous outer atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into the dense liquid interior, while the nature of the transition zones of Neptune and Uranus is unknown. Theoretical models of extrasolar planets 55 Cancri e and Gliese 876 d have posited an ocean of pressurized, supercritical fluid water with a sheet of solid high pressure water ice at the bottom.

text: The interior atmospheres of the solar system's

text: gas giant

text: planets are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium at temperatures well above their critical points. The gaseous outer atmospheres of

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: transition smoothly into the dense liquid interior, while the nature of the transition zones of

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Uranus

text: is unknown. Theoretical models of

text: extrasolar planet

text: s

text: 55 Cancri e

text: and

text: Gliese 876 d

text: have posited an ocean of pressurized, supercritical fluid water with a sheet of solid high pressure water ice at the bottom.

text: In the field of astrology, generational planets are planets that affect an entire generation of people.  The generational planets are the outer planets Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Sedna, and Quaoar.

text: In the field of

text: astrology

text: , generational planets are planets that affect an entire generation of people.  The generational planets are the outer planets

text: Uranus

text: Neptune

text: Pluto

text: Sedna

text: , and

text: Quaoar

text: The atmosphere of Uranus, like those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. At depth it is significantly enriched in volatiles (dubbed "ices") such as water, ammonia and methane. The opposite is true for the upper atmosphere, which contains very few gases heavier than hydrogen and helium due to its low temperature. Uranus's atmosphere is the coldest of all the planets, with its temperature reaching as low as 49 K.

text: The atmosphere of

text: Uranus

text: , like those of the larger

text: gas giants

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: , is composed primarily of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: . At depth it is significantly enriched in volatiles (dubbed "ices") such as

text: water

text: ammonia

text: and

text: methane

text: . The opposite is true for the upper atmosphere, which contains very few gases heavier than hydrogen and helium due to its low temperature. Uranus's atmosphere is the coldest of all the planets, with its temperature reaching as low as 49

text: K

text: A Uranus-crosser is a minor planet whose orbit crosses that of Uranus. The numbered Uranus-crossers (as of 2005) are listed below. Most, if not all, are centaurs.

text: A Uranus-crosser is a

text: minor planet

text: whose

text: orbit

text: crosses that of

text: Uranus

text: . The numbered Uranus-crossers (as of 2005) are listed below. Most, if not all, are

text: centaurs

text: Eta Ophiuchi is the northern pole star of the planet Uranus.

text: Eta Ophiuchi is the

text: northern pole star

text: of the planet

text: Uranus

text: The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610. However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on. The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.

text: The Galilean moons of Jupiter (

text: Io

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: , and

text: Callisto

text: ) were named by

text: Simon Marius

text: soon after their discovery in 1610. However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on. The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the 20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12). Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer

text: Camille Flammarion

text: He once proposed that Pluto should be cross-listed as both a planet and a minor planet and assigned the asteroid number 10000; however, this proposal was not accepted. A similar proposal was, however, finally accepted in 2006 when Pluto was designated minor planet 134340 and also declared a dwarf planet.

text: He once proposed that

text: Pluto

text: should be cross-listed as both a

text: planet

text: and a

text: minor planet

text: and assigned the asteroid number 10000; however, this proposal was not accepted. A similar proposal was, however, finally accepted in 2006 when Pluto was designated minor planet 134340 and also declared a

text: dwarf planet

text: The dwarf planet Pluto has five moons down to a detection limit of about 1 km in diameter. In order of distance from Pluto, they are Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Charon, the largest of the five moons, is mutually tidally locked with Pluto, and is massive enough that Pluto–Charon is sometimes considered a double dwarf planet.

text: The

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: has five

text: moons

text: down to a detection limit of about 1 km in diameter. In order of distance from Pluto, they are

text: Charon

text: Styx

text: Nix

text: Kerberos

text: , and

text: Hydra

text: . Charon, the largest of the five moons, is mutually

text: tidally locked

text: with Pluto, and is massive enough that Pluto–Charon is sometimes considered a

text: double dwarf planet

text: Expressing the amount of liquid used as a ratio enables systems of different sizes to be readily compared.For particulate removal, the liquid-to-gas ratio is a function of the mechanical design of the system; while for gas absorption this ratio gives an indication of the difficulty of removing a pollutant. Most wet scrubbers used for particulate control operate with liquid-to-gas ratios in the range of 4 to 20 gallons per 1,000 actual ft³ (0.5 to 3 liters per actual m³).

text: Expressing the amount of liquid used as a ratio enables systems of different sizes to be readily compared.For

text: particulate

text: removal, the liquid-to-gas ratio is a function of the mechanical design of the system; while for gas absorption this ratio gives an indication of the difficulty of removing a

text: pollutant

text: . Most wet scrubbers used for particulate control operate with liquid-to-gas ratios in the range of 4 to 20 gallons per 1,000 actual ft³ (0.5 to 3 liters per actual m³).

text: The name of God associated with Binah is Jehovah Elohim, the archangel that presides over it is Tzaphkiel, the order of angels that resides in it are the Aralim (the Thrones) and the planet associated with it is Saturn.

text: The name of God associated with Binah is

text: Jehovah

text: Elohim

text: , the

text: archangel

text: that presides over it is

text: Tzaphkiel

text: , the order of

text: angel

text: s that resides in it are the

text: Aralim

text: (the Thrones) and the planet associated with it is

text: Saturn

text: __NOTOC__Kepler-69b is the innermost planet of the Kepler-69 system. It is likely a hot super-Earth or mini-Neptune.

text: __NOTOC__Kepler-69b is the innermost planet of the

text: system. It is likely a hot

text: super-Earth

text: or

text: mini-Neptune

text: HST imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave. NASA reported in November 2006 that Cassini had observed a "hurricane-like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined eyewall. Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the Galileo spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter.

text: HST

text: imaging of the south polar region indicates the presence of a

text: jet stream

text: , but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave.

text: NASA

text: reported in November 2006 that Cassini had observed a "

text: hurricane

text: -like" storm locked to the south pole that had a clearly defined

text: eyewall

text: . Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth. For example, images from the

text: Galileo

text: spacecraft did not show an eyewall in the

text: Great Red Spot

text: of Jupiter.

text: The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure: their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be "full", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred noble gas compounds. The melting and boiling points for a given noble gas are close together, differing by less than ; that is, they are liquids over only a small temperature range.

text: The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of

text: atomic structure

text: : their

text: outer shell

text: of

text: valence electron

text: s is considered to be "full", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred

text: noble gas compound

text: s. The

text: melting

text: and

text: boiling point

text: s for a given noble gas are close together, differing by less than ; that is, they are liquids over only a small temperature range.

text: The core of 47 Tucanae was the subject of a major survey for planets, using the Hubble Space Telescope to look for partial eclipses of stars by their planets.  No planets were found, though 10-15 were expected based on the rate of planet discoveries around stars near the Sun.  This indicates that planets are relatively rare in globular clusters. A later ground-based survey in the uncrowded outer regions of the cluster also failed to detect planets when several were expected. This strongly indicates that the low metallicity of the environment, rather than the crowding, is responsible.

text: The core of 47 Tucanae was the subject of a major survey for

text: planet

text: s, using the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: to look for partial

text: eclipse

text: s of stars by their planets.  No planets were found, though 10-15 were expected based on the rate of planet discoveries around stars near the Sun.  This indicates that planets are relatively rare in globular clusters. A later ground-based survey in the uncrowded outer regions of the cluster also failed to detect planets when several were expected. This strongly indicates that the low

text: metallicity

text: of the environment, rather than the crowding, is responsible.

text: Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere envelops its ring system and the orbits of all four Galilean satellites. Orbiting near the magnetic equator, these bodies serve as sources and sinks of magnetospheric plasma, while energetic particles from the magnetosphere alter their surfaces. The particles sputter off material from the surfaces and create chemical changes via radiolysis. The plasma's co-rotation with the planet means that the plasma preferably interacts with the moons' trailing hemispheres, causing noticeable hemispheric asymmetries. In addition, the large internal magnetic fields of the moons contribute to the Jovian magnetic field.

text: Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere envelops its ring system and the orbits of all four

text: Galilean satellites

text: . Orbiting near the magnetic equator, these bodies serve as sources and sinks of magnetospheric plasma, while energetic particles from the magnetosphere alter their surfaces. The particles

text: sputter

text: off material from the surfaces and create chemical changes via

text: radiolysis

text: . The plasma's co-rotation with the planet means that the plasma preferably interacts with the moons' trailing hemispheres, causing noticeable hemispheric asymmetries. In addition, the large internal magnetic fields of the moons contribute to the Jovian magnetic field.

text: Neptune's rings are very unusual in that they first appeared to be composed of incomplete arcs in Earth-based observations, but Voyager 2's images showed them to be complete rings with bright clumps. It is thought that the gravitational influence of the shepherd moon Galatea and possibly other as-yet undiscovered shepherd moons are responsible for this clumpiness.

text: Neptune's rings are very unusual in that they first appeared to be composed of incomplete arcs in Earth-based observations, but

text: Voyager 2

text: 's images showed them to be complete rings with bright clumps. It is thought that the gravitational influence of the shepherd moon

text: Galatea

text: and possibly other as-yet undiscovered shepherd moons are responsible for this clumpiness.

text: The first super-Earths were discovered by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail around the pulsar PSR B1257+12 in 1992. The two outer planets of the system have masses approximately four times Earth—too small to be gas giants.

text: The first super-Earths were discovered by

text: Aleksander Wolszczan

text: and

text: Dale Frail

text: around the

text: pulsar

text: PSR B1257+12

text: in 1992. The two outer planets of the system have masses approximately four times Earth—too small to be gas giants.

text: Planetary science frequently makes use of the method of comparison to give greater understanding of the object of study. This can involve comparing the dense atmospheres of Earth and Saturn's moon Titan, the evolution of outer Solar System objects at different distances from the Sun, or the geomorphology of the surfaces of the terrestrial planets, to give only a few examples.

text: Planetary science frequently makes use of the method of comparison to give greater understanding of the object of study. This can involve comparing the dense atmospheres of Earth and Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: , the evolution of outer Solar System objects at different distances from the Sun, or the geomorphology of the surfaces of the terrestrial planets, to give only a few examples.

text: On their return to Perth the band recruited Martin Moon to play drums. Moon had played with Perth bands The Marigolds, The Neptunes and Dom Mariani's Orange. The new line-up made another rip to the eastern states in late 1993 and then travelled to Europe.

text: On their return to Perth the band recruited Martin Moon to play drums. Moon had played with Perth bands

text: The Marigolds

text: The Neptunes

text: and Dom Mariani's Orange. The new line-up made another rip to the eastern states in late 1993 and then travelled to Europe.

text: The planet Neptune has been used as a reference and setting in various films and works of fiction:

text: The planet

text: Neptune

text: has been used as a reference and setting in various films and works of fiction:

text: Coming from the extremely cold weather of the Himalayas, the Lhasa has a double coat:  an under coat to keep them warm and an outer coat consisting of guard hairs for protection and aiding to keep their coat flat and smooth. The outer coat consisting of the guard hair should be similar to human hair, you should be able to feel individual hair strands when touched.  While the under coat is softer and finer, it should lay flat and blend in with the outer coat.

text: Coming from the extremely cold weather of the

text: Himalayas

text: , the Lhasa has a

text: double coat

text: :  an under coat to keep them warm and an outer coat consisting of guard hairs for protection and aiding to keep their coat flat and smooth. The outer coat consisting of the

text: guard hair

text: should be similar to human hair, you should be able to feel individual hair strands when touched.  While the under coat is softer and finer, it should lay flat and blend in with the outer coat.

text: ) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. Bianchini's planisphere, produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols. The modern sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the Renaissance.

text: ) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. Bianchini's

text: planisphere

text: , produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a

text: caduceus

text: ; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a

text: circlet

text: with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of

text: Zeus

text: , Jupiter's counterpart in

text: Greek mythology

text: ), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols. The modern sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the Renaissance.

text: These terms are different from the terms inner planet and outer planet, which designate those planets which lie inside the asteroid belt and those that lie outside it, respectively. Inferior planet is also different from minor planet or dwarf planet. Superior planet is also different from gas giant.

text: These terms are different from the terms

text: inner planet

text: and

text: outer planet

text: , which designate those planets which lie inside the

text: asteroid belt

text: and those that lie outside it, respectively. Inferior planet is also different from

text: minor planet

text: or

text: dwarf planet

text: . Superior planet is also different from

text: gas giant

text: In the early 2000s, Jupiter Europa Orbiter led by NASA and the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter led by the ESA were proposed together as an Outer Planet Flagship Mission to Jupiter's icy moons, and called Europa Jupiter System Mission with a planned launch in 2020. In 2009 it was given priority over Titan Saturn System Mission. At that time, there was competition from other proposals. Japan proposed Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.

text: In the early 2000s,

text: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

text: led by NASA and the

text: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter

text: led by the ESA were proposed together as an

text: Outer Planet Flagship Mission

text: to Jupiter's icy moons, and called

text: Europa Jupiter System Mission

text: with a planned launch in 2020. In 2009 it was given priority over

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: . At that time, there was competition from other proposals.

text: Japan

text: proposed

text: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

text: His children's stories combine simple character sketches and exotic adventure with a non-obtrusive Christian morality. The The Lost Planet series was extremely popular in books, radio and TV versions (he was also an accomplished screenwriter and playwright). In these stories a pacifist theme came through strongly. There are six novels in "The Lost Planet" series: "The Lost Planet" (1953), "Return to the Lost Planet" (1954), "Secret of the Lost Planet" (1955), "Red Fire on the Lost Planet" (1959), "Peril on the Lost Planet" (1960) and "Space Agent from the Lost Planet (1961)".

text: His children's stories combine simple

text: character sketch

text: es and exotic

text: adventure

text: with a non-obtrusive

text: Christian

text: morality

text: . The The Lost Planet series was extremely popular in books, radio and TV versions (he was also an accomplished

text: screenwriter

text: and

text: playwright

text: ). In these stories a

text: pacifist

text: theme came through strongly. There are six novels in "The Lost Planet" series: "

text: The Lost Planet

text: " (1953), "

text: Return to the Lost Planet

text: " (1954), "Secret of the Lost Planet" (1955), "Red Fire on the Lost Planet" (1959), "Peril on the Lost Planet" (1960) and "Space Agent from the Lost Planet (1961)".

text: The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s. In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII, and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered. The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants. All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.

text: The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s. In 1975, the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII, and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered. The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god

text: Jupiter

text: Zeus

text: ) and, since 2004, also after their descendants. All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (

text: Euporie

text: ) are named after daughters of Jupiter or Zeus.

text: An audiobook version of Stormy Weather was released in 1997 by Recorded Books. The audiobook, read by George Wilson, is unabridged and runs 14 hours 8 minutes over 12 CDs.

text: An

text: audiobook

text: version of Stormy Weather was released in 1997 by

text: Recorded Books

text: . The audiobook, read by George Wilson, is unabridged and runs 14 hours 8 minutes over 12

text: CDs

text: Torque multipliers typically employ an epicyclic gear train having one or more stages. Each stage ofgearing multiplies the torque applied.  In epicyclic gear systems, torque is applied to the input gear or ‘sun’ gear. A number of planet gears are arranged around and engaged with this sun gear, and therefore rotate. The outside casing of the multiplier is also engaged with the planet gear teeth, but is prevented from rotating by means of a reaction arm, causing the planet gears to orbit around the sun gear. The planet gears are held in a ‘planet carrier' which also holds the output drive shaft. As the planet gears orbit around the sun gear, the carrier and the output shaft rotate together. Without the reaction arm to prevent rotation of the outer casing, the output shaft cannot apply torque.

text: Torque multipliers typically employ an

text: epicyclic

text: gear train having one or more stages. Each stage ofgearing multiplies the torque applied.  In

text: epicyclic gear systems

text: , torque is applied to the input gear or ‘sun’ gear. A number of planet gears are arranged around and engaged with this sun gear, and therefore rotate. The outside casing of the multiplier is also engaged with the planet gear teeth, but is prevented from rotating by means of a reaction arm, causing the planet gears to orbit around the sun gear. The planet gears are held in a ‘planet carrier' which also holds the output drive shaft. As the planet gears orbit around the sun gear, the carrier and the output shaft rotate together. Without the reaction arm to prevent rotation of the outer casing, the output shaft cannot apply torque.

text: Uranus ( or ; Ancient Greek Οὐρανός, Ouranos  meaning "sky" or "heaven") was the primal Greek god personifying the sky. His name in Roman mythology was Caelus. In Ancient Greek literature, Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia, Mother Earth. According to Hesiod's Theogony, Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite Aether as his father. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans, and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods, but no cult addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times, and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of Greek painted pottery. Elemental Earth, Sky and Styx might be joined, however, in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic.

text: Uranus ( or ;

text: Ancient Greek

text: Οὐρανός, Ouranos  meaning "

text: sky

text: " or "

text: heaven

text: ") was the primal

text: Greek

text: god personifying the sky. His name in

text: Roman mythology

text: was

text: Caelus

text: . In

text: Ancient Greek literature

text: , Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of

text: Gaia

text: , Mother Earth. According to

text: Hesiod

text: 's

text: Theogony

text: , Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone, but other sources cite

text: Aether

text: as his father. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of

text: Titan

text: s, and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods, but no

text: cult

text: addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times, and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of

text: Greek painted pottery

text: . Elemental Earth, Sky and

text: Styx

text: might be joined, however, in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic.

text: The first observed extrasolar planetary atmosphere was made in 2001. Sodium in the atmosphere of the planet HD 209458 b was detected during a set of four transits of the planet across its star. Later observations with the Hubble Space Telescope showed an enormous ellipsoidal envelope of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen around the planet. This envelope reaches temperatures of 10,000 K. The planet is estimated to be losing (1-5)×10 kg of hydrogen per second. This type of atmosphere loss may be common to all planets orbiting Sun-like stars closer than around 0.1 AU. In addition to hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, HD 209458 b is thought to have water vapor in its atmosphere. Water vapour has also been observed in the atmosphere of HD 189733 b, another hot gas giant planet.

text: The first observed extrasolar planetary atmosphere was made in 2001. Sodium in the atmosphere of the planet

text: HD 209458 b

text: was detected during a set of four transits of the planet across its star. Later observations with the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: showed an enormous

text: ellipsoid

text: al envelope of

text: hydrogen

text: carbon

text: and

text: oxygen

text: around the planet. This envelope reaches temperatures of 10,000 K. The planet is estimated to be losing (1-5)×10 kg of hydrogen per second. This type of atmosphere loss may be common to all planets orbiting Sun-like stars closer than around 0.1 AU. In addition to hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, HD 209458 b is thought to have

text: water vapor

text: in its atmosphere. Water vapour has also been observed in the atmosphere of

text: HD 189733 b

text: , another hot gas giant planet.

text: Hermes threatens to cut Bender's salary since Bender has no official duties at Planet Express. Inspired by the Neptunian TV chef Elzar, Bender decides to become the ship's cook. Professor Farnsworth then sends the crew, accompanied by Amy and Dr. Zoidberg, on a delivery to the planet Trisol. After the ship lands, Fry is assigned the task of making the delivery across the desert under the heat of the planet's three suns. When he arrives at the Trisolian palace, he finds it empty. After eating a slug and drinking salt water provided by Bender, he becomes thirsty and drinks from a bottle containing a clear liquid that is sitting on the throne. Armed Trisolians, who are revealed to be liquid-based organisms, storm the throne room, revealing that the bottle Fry drank actually contained their emperor.

text: Hermes

text: threatens to cut

text: Bender's

text: salary since Bender has no official duties at Planet Express. Inspired by the Neptunian TV chef

text: Elzar

text: , Bender decides to become the ship's cook.

text: Professor Farnsworth

text: then sends the crew, accompanied by

text: Amy

text: and

text: Dr. Zoidberg

text: , on a delivery to the planet Trisol. After the ship lands, Fry is assigned the task of making the delivery across the desert under the heat of the planet's three suns. When he arrives at the Trisolian palace, he finds it empty. After eating a slug and drinking salt water provided by Bender, he becomes thirsty and drinks from a bottle containing a clear liquid that is sitting on the throne. Armed Trisolians, who are revealed to be liquid-based organisms, storm the throne room, revealing that the bottle Fry drank actually contained their emperor.

text: Author and classical music critic David Hurwitz describes Joseph Haydn's choral and chamber orchestra piece, The Creation, composed in 1798, as space music, both in the sense of the sound of the music, ("a genuine piece of 'space music' featuring softly pulsating high violins and winds above low cellos and basses, with nothing at all in the middle ... The space music gradually drifts towards a return to the movement's opening gesture ...  "); and in the manner of its composition, relating that Haydn conceived The Creation after discussing music and astronomy with William Herschel, oboist and astronomer (discoverer of the planet Uranus).

text: Author and classical music critic

text: David Hurwitz

text: describes

text: Joseph Haydn

text: 's choral and chamber orchestra piece, The Creation, composed in 1798, as space music, both in the sense of the sound of the music, ("a genuine piece of 'space music' featuring softly pulsating high violins and winds above low cellos and basses, with nothing at all in the middle ... The space music gradually drifts towards a return to the movement's opening gesture ...  "); and in the manner of its composition, relating that Haydn conceived The Creation after discussing music and astronomy with

text: William Herschel

text: , oboist and astronomer (discoverer of the planet Uranus).

text: R. nobile is often called a glasshouse plant because of its outer curtain of translucent bracts which pass visible light, creating a greenhouse effect, while blocking ultraviolet radiation. These are important defenses against the increased UV-B exposure and extreme cold in its high altitude range.

text: R. nobile is often called a glasshouse plant because of its outer curtain of translucent

text: bract

text: s which pass visible light, creating a

text: greenhouse effect

text: , while blocking

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. These are important defenses against the increased UV-B exposure and extreme cold in its high altitude range.

text: The Mu Arae system consists of an inner Uranus-mass planet in a tight 9-day orbit and three massive planets, probably gas giants, on wide, near-circular orbits, which contrasts with the high-eccentricity orbits typically observed for long-period extrasolar planets. The Uranus-mass planet may be a chthonian planet, the core of a gas giant which has had its outer layers stripped away by stellar radiation. Alternatively it may have formed in the inner regions of the Mu Arae system as a rocky "super-Earth". The inner gas giants "d" and "b" are located close to the 2:1 orbital resonance which causes them to undergo strong interactions. The best-fit solution to the system is actually unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years, which is significantly shorter than the estimated age of the star system. More stable solutions, including ones in which the two planets are actually in the resonance (similar to the situation in the Gliese 876 system) can be found which give only a slightly worse fit to the data. Searches for circumstellar discs show no evidence for a debris disc similar to the Kuiper belt around Mu Arae. If Mu Arae does have a Kuiper belt, it is too faint to be detected with current instruments.

text: The Mu Arae system consists of an inner Uranus-mass planet in a tight 9-day orbit and three massive planets, probably gas giants, on wide, near-circular orbits, which contrasts with the high-eccentricity orbits typically observed for long-period extrasolar planets. The Uranus-mass planet may be a

text: chthonian planet

text: , the

text: core

text: of a gas giant which has had its outer layers stripped away by stellar radiation. Alternatively it may have formed in the inner regions of the Mu Arae system as a rocky "super-Earth". The inner gas giants "d" and "b" are located close to the 2:1

text: orbital resonance

text: which causes them to undergo strong interactions. The best-fit solution to the system is actually unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years, which is significantly shorter than the estimated age of the star system. More stable solutions, including ones in which the two planets are actually in the resonance (similar to the situation in the

text: Gliese 876

text: system) can be found which give only a slightly worse fit to the data. Searches for

text: circumstellar disc

text: s show no evidence for a debris disc similar to the

text: Kuiper belt

text: around Mu Arae. If Mu Arae does have a Kuiper belt, it is too faint to be detected with current instruments.

text: Plumes from Enceladus, which are similar in composition to comets, have been shown to be the source of the material in Saturn's E ring. The E ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous Phoebe ring). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material distributed between the orbits of Mimas and Titan.

text: Plumes from Enceladus, which are similar in composition to comets, have been shown to be the source of the material in Saturn's

text: E ring

text: . The E ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous

text: Phoebe ring

text: ). It is an extremely wide but diffuse disk of microscopic icy or dusty material distributed between the orbits of

text: Mimas

text: and

text: Titan

text: On November 13, 2008, astronomers announced an object, which they assumed to be an extrasolar planet, orbiting just inside the outer debris ring.  This was the first extrasolar orbiting object to be seen with visible light, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope.  A planet's existence had been previously suspected from the sharp, elliptical inner edge of that disk.  The mass of the planet, Fomalhaut b, was estimated to be no more than three times the mass of Jupiter but at least the mass of Neptune. There are indications that the orbit is not apsidally aligned with the dust disk, which may indicate that additional planets may be responsible for the dust disk's structure.

text: On November 13, 2008, astronomers announced an object, which they assumed to be an

text: extrasolar planet

text: , orbiting just inside the outer debris ring.  This was the first extrasolar orbiting object to be seen with visible light, captured by the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: .  A planet's existence had been previously suspected from the sharp, elliptical inner edge of that disk.  The mass of the planet,

text: Fomalhaut b

text: , was estimated to be no more than three times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: but at least the mass of

text: Neptune

text: . There are indications that the orbit is not

text: apsidally

text: aligned with the dust disk, which may indicate that additional planets may be responsible for the dust disk's structure.

text: In the Solar System, a planet is said to be inferior with respect to another planet if its orbit lies inside the other planet's orbit around the Sun. In this situation, the latter planet is said to be superior to the former. In the reference frame of the Earth, in which the terms were originally used, the inferior planets are Mercury and Venus, while the superior planets are Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Dwarf planets like Ceres or Pluto and most asteroids are 'superior' in the sense that they almost all orbit outside the orbit of Earth.

text: In the

text: Solar System

text: , a

text: planet

text: is said to be inferior with respect to another planet if its

text: orbit

text: lies inside the other planet's orbit around the

text: Sun

text: . In this situation, the latter planet is said to be superior to the former. In the reference frame of the

text: Earth

text: , in which the terms were originally used, the inferior planets are

text: Mercury

text: and

text: Venus

text: , while the superior planets are

text: Mars

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: Dwarf planet

text: s like

text: Ceres

text: or

text: Pluto

text: and most

text: asteroids

text: are 'superior' in the sense that they almost all orbit outside the orbit of Earth.

text: 2008: Rampaging Fuckers of Everything on the Crazy Shitting Planet of the Vomit Atmosphere – Mykle Hansen

text: The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered. The main rings are, working outward from the planet, C, B and A, with the Cassini Division, the largest gap, separating Rings B and A. Several fainter rings were discovered more recently. The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet. The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring. Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales, some related to perturbations by Saturn's moons, but much unexplained.

text: The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation—the solar nebular disk model (SNDM)—can be traced to the Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov. His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets, which was translated to English in 1972, had a long-lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets. In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved. Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill, who discovered runaway accretion. While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe; as of  astronomers have discovered  extrasolar planets in our galaxy.

text: The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation—the solar nebular disk model (SNDM)—can be traced to the Soviet astronomer

text: Victor Safronov

text: . His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets, which was translated to English in 1972, had a long-lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets. In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved. Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of

text: George Wetherill

text: , who discovered

text: runaway accretion

text: . While originally applied only to the

text: Solar System

text: , the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe; as of  astronomers have discovered

text: extrasolar planet

text: s in our

text: galaxy

text: Normally, gas giants are considered to not have a surface, although they might have a solid core of rock or various types of ice, or a liquid core of metallic hydrogen. However, the core, if it exists, does not include enough of the planet's mass to be actually considered a surface. Some scientists consider the point at which the atmospheric pressure is equal to 1 bar, equivalent to the atmospheric pressure at Earth’s surface, to be the surface of the planet.

text: Normally,

text: gas giant

text: s are considered to not have a surface, although they might have a solid core of rock or various types of ice, or a liquid core of

text: metallic hydrogen

text: . However, the core, if it exists, does not include enough of the planet's mass to be actually considered a surface. Some scientists consider the point at which the atmospheric pressure is equal to 1

text: bar

text: , equivalent to the atmospheric pressure at Earth’s surface, to be the surface of the planet.

text: The 13 Jupiter-mass cutoff represents an average mass rather than a precise threshold value. Large objects will fuse most of their deuterium and smaller ones will fuse only a little, and the 13  value is somewhere in between. In fact, calculations show that an object fuses 50% of its initial deuterium content when the total mass ranges between 12 and 14 . The amount of deuterium fused depends not only on mass but also on the composition of the object, on the amount of helium and deuterium present. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around 13  in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit." The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity."The NASA Exoplanet Archive includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses.

text: The 13 Jupiter-mass cutoff represents an average mass rather than a precise threshold value. Large objects will fuse most of their deuterium and smaller ones will fuse only a little, and the 13  value is somewhere in between. In fact, calculations show that an object fuses 50% of its initial deuterium content when the total mass ranges between 12 and 14 . The amount of deuterium fused depends not only on mass but also on the composition of the object, on the amount of

text: helium

text: and

text: deuterium

text: present. The

text: Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia

text: includes objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around 13  in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit." The

text: Exoplanet Data Explorer

text: includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity."The

text: NASA Exoplanet Archive

text: includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses.

text: The system around Neptune consists of five principal rings that, at their densest, are comparable to the low-density regions of Saturn's rings. However, they are faint and dusty, much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter. The very dark material that makes up the rings are likely organics processed by radiation, like in the rings of Uranus. 20 to 70 percent of the rings are dust, a relatively high proportion. Hints of the rings were seen for decades prior to their conclusive discovery by Voyager 2 in 1989.

text: The system around Neptune consists of five principal rings that, at their densest, are comparable to the low-density regions of Saturn's rings. However, they are faint and dusty, much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter. The very dark material that makes up the rings are likely organics processed by

text: radiation

text: , like in the rings of Uranus. 20 to 70 percent of the rings are

text: dust

text: , a relatively high proportion. Hints of the rings were seen

text: for decades

text: prior to their conclusive discovery by Voyager 2 in 1989.

text: In about one billion years, the solar luminosity will be 10% higher than at present. This will cause the atmosphere to become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans. As a likely consequence, plate tectonics will come to an end, and with them the entire carbon cycle. Following this event, in about 2−3 billion years, the planet's magnetic dynamo may cease, causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatiles from the outer atmosphere. Four billion years from now, the increase in the Earth's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect, heating the surface enough to melt it. By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct. The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years, after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet's current orbit.

text: In about one billion years, the solar luminosity will be 10% higher than at present. This will cause the atmosphere to become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a

text: runaway

text: evaporation of the oceans. As a likely consequence, plate tectonics will come to an end, and with them the entire

text: carbon cycle

text: . Following this event, in about 2−3 billion years, the planet's

text: magnetic dynamo

text: may cease, causing the

text: magnetosphere

text: to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of

text: volatiles

text: from the outer atmosphere. Four billion years from now, the increase in the Earth's surface temperature will cause a

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: , heating the surface enough to melt it. By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct. The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years, after the star has entered the

text: red giant

text: phase and expanded to cross the planet's current orbit.

text: The Neptune-mass planet Kepler-10c also has a density >5 g/cm and is thus very likely terrestrial.

text: The Neptune-mass planet

text: also has a density >5 g/cm and is thus very likely terrestrial.

text: OSN Saturn (ОСН Сатурн УФСИН России по г. Москве; Otdel Spetsialnogo Naznacheniya Saturn) is the Moscow department of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) special purpose unit. Saturn was formed in April 1992 as a part of the Moscow Department of Punishment Execution (UIN) under the Ministry of the Interior. In 2006, the UIN system (including all regional departments and special purpose units) was renamed the Federal Penitentiary Service, and was moved from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior to the Russian Ministry of Justice. The Saturn unit is also often called "Jail Spetsnaz".

text: OSN Saturn (ОСН Сатурн УФСИН России по г. Москве; Otdel Spetsialnogo Naznacheniya Saturn) is the Moscow department of the

text: Federal Penitentiary Service

text: (FSIN) special purpose unit. Saturn was formed in April 1992 as a part of the Moscow Department of Punishment Execution (UIN) under the Ministry of the Interior. In 2006, the UIN system (including all regional departments and special purpose units) was renamed the Federal Penitentiary Service, and was moved from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior to the

text: Russian Ministry of Justice

text: . The Saturn unit is also often called "Jail Spetsnaz".

text: After the coming to power of the Nazis, the government planned as part of the planning for the World Capital Germania, a great transformation of the railways in the Berlin area. Components of this project included a large marshalling yard at Großbeeren and new links for freight from there to the northeast (the Outer Freight Ring—Güteraußenring) and to the southeast to the Dresden railway near Zossen. These projects were delayed by the outbreak of war and only small parts of them were built. The marshalling yard was opened on a much reduced scale on 15 August 1941 as Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren; the Outer Freight Ring was also provisional opened on 16 December 1940 with a single track as the Vorläufiger Güteraußenring (interim outer freight ring). Only some preliminary construction of the planned line towards Zossen was completed in 1940. Other projects in the area of Großbeeren were a locomotive depot (Bahnbetriebswerk), a local freight yard and a line to the west as an extension of the Outer Freight Ring via Seehof and Stahnsdorf to Potsdam with access to Großbeeren marshalling yard.

text: After the coming to power of the Nazis, the government planned as part of the planning for the

text: World Capital Germania

text: , a great transformation of the railways in the Berlin area. Components of this project included a large marshalling yard at Großbeeren and new links for freight from there to the northeast (the

text: Outer Freight Ring

text: —Güteraußenring) and to the southeast to the

text: Dresden railway

text: near

text: Zossen

text: . These projects were delayed by the outbreak of war and only small parts of them were built. The marshalling yard was opened on a much reduced scale on 15 August 1941 as Hilfsrangierbahnhof (auxiliary marshalling yard) Großbeeren; the Outer Freight Ring was also provisional opened on 16 December 1940 with a single track as the Vorläufiger Güteraußenring (interim outer freight ring). Only some preliminary construction of the planned line towards Zossen was completed in 1940. Other projects in the area of Großbeeren were a locomotive depot (

text: Bahnbetriebswerk

text: ), a local freight yard and a line to the west as an extension of the Outer Freight Ring via Seehof and

text: Stahnsdorf

text: to

text: Potsdam

text: with access to Großbeeren marshalling yard.

text: The planet Uranus has a system of rings intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were discovered on March 10, 1977, by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink. More than 200 years ago, in 1789, William Herschel also reported observing rings; some modern astronomers are skeptical that he could have actually seen them, as they are very dark and faint – others are not.

text: The planet

text: Uranus

text: has a system of

text: ring

text: s intermediate in complexity between the more extensive set around

text: Saturn

text: and the simpler systems around

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Neptune

text: James L. Elliot

text: , Edward W. Dunham, and

text: Jessica Mink

text: . More than 200 years ago, in 1789,

text: William Herschel

text: also reported observing rings; some modern astronomers are skeptical that he could have actually seen them, as they are very dark and faint – others are not.

text: Other researchers claim that lab studies exhibit vortex streets, a series of spiraling vortices not observed in Saturn's hexagon. Simulations show that a shallow, slow, localized meandering jetstream in the same direction as Saturn's prevailing clouds is able to match the observed behaviors of Saturn's Hexagon with the same boundary stability.

text: Other researchers claim that lab studies exhibit

text: vortex streets

text: , a series of spiraling vortices not observed in Saturn's hexagon. Simulations show that a shallow, slow, localized meandering jetstream in the same direction as Saturn's prevailing clouds is able to match the observed behaviors of Saturn's Hexagon with the same boundary stability.

text: The closest approach to Uranus occurred on January 24, 1986, when Voyager 2 came within  of the planet's cloud tops. Voyager 2 also discovered the moons Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Perdita and Puck; studied the planet's unique atmosphere, caused by its axial tilt of 97.8°; and examined the Uranian ring system.

text: The closest approach to Uranus occurred on January 24, 1986, when Voyager 2 came within  of the planet's cloud tops. Voyager 2 also discovered the moons

text: Cordelia

text: Ophelia

text: Bianca

text: Cressida

text: Desdemona

text: Juliet

text: Portia

text: Rosalind

text: Belinda

text: Perdita

text: and

text: Puck

text: ; studied the planet's unique atmosphere, caused by its

text: axial tilt

text: of 97.8°; and examined the

text: Uranian ring system

text: The gas giant planet "b" is located in the liquid water habitable zone of Mu Arae. This would prevent an Earth-like planet from forming in the habitable zone, however large moons of the gas giant could potentially support liquid water. On the other hand, it is unclear whether such massive moons could actually form around a gas giant planet, thanks to an apparent scaling law between the mass of the planet and its satellite system. In addition, measurements of the star's ultraviolet flux suggest that any potentially habitable planets or moons may not receive enough ultraviolet to trigger the formation of biomolecules.  Planet "d" would receive a similar amount of ultraviolet to the Earth and thus lies in the ultraviolet habitable zone, however, it would be too hot for any moons to support surface liquid water.

text: The gas giant planet "b" is located in the liquid water habitable zone of Mu Arae. This would prevent an Earth-like planet from forming in the habitable zone, however large

text: moons

text: of the gas giant could potentially support liquid water. On the other hand, it is unclear whether such massive moons could actually form around a gas giant planet, thanks to an apparent scaling law between the mass of the planet and its satellite system. In addition, measurements of the star's

text: ultraviolet

text: flux

text: suggest that any potentially

text: habitable

text: planets or moons may not receive enough ultraviolet to trigger the formation of

text: biomolecule

text: s.  Planet "d" would receive a similar amount of ultraviolet to the Earth and thus lies in the

text: ultraviolet habitable zone

text: , however, it would be too hot for any moons to support surface liquid water.

text: As an aside, it is mentioned that during his sojourn in the outer solar system Brennan had engineered a genocide on Mars, sending a large ice asteroid to crash into the planet in order to raise the water content of its atmosphere. Water is lethal to the Martians' metabolism, thus this effectively wiped out the species. This incident serves to underscore the Pak Protectors' inherent xenophobia and utter ruthlessness in pursuing their ultimate goal of protecting their descendants.

text: As an aside, it is mentioned that during his sojourn in the outer solar system Brennan had engineered a

text: genocide

text: on Mars, sending a large ice asteroid to crash into the planet in order to raise the water content of its atmosphere. Water is lethal to the Martians' metabolism, thus this effectively wiped out the species. This incident serves to underscore the Pak Protectors' inherent xenophobia and utter ruthlessness in pursuing their ultimate goal of protecting their descendants.

text: The submarine's first patrol commenced with her departure from Kiel on 17 June 1941. She crossed the North Sea and negotiated the gap between the Faroe and Shetland Islands. She sank Pluto  north north-west of the Butt of Lewis (in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland). She then sailed to a point south-west of Ireland.

text: The submarine's first patrol commenced with her departure from Kiel on 17 June 1941. She crossed the

text: North Sea

text: and negotiated the

text: gap

text: between the

text: Faroe

text: and

text: Shetland Islands

text: . She sank Pluto  north north-west of the

text: Butt of Lewis

text: (in the

text: Outer Hebrides

text: , Scotland). She then sailed to a point south-west of Ireland.

text: Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the Egyptians, to whom it was unknown; and other origin theories based on the day of Saturn, or on the planets generally, have also been abandoned.

text: Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the

text: Egyptians

text: , to whom it was unknown; and other origin theories based on the day of

text: Saturn

text: , or on the

text: planets

text: generally, have also been abandoned.

text: Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur (minor planet) minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets.

text: Comets are distinguished from

text: asteroid

text: s by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However,

text: extinct comets

text: that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their

text: volatile

text: ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of

text: main-belt comet

text: s and active

text: centaur (minor planet)

text: minor planets has blurred the

text: distinction between asteroids and comets

text: Phoebe orbits the planet at a distance ranging from 180 to 250 radii. The ring has a thickness of about 40 radii. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from impacts (micrometeoroid and larger) on Phoebe, they should share its retrograde orbit, which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon, Iapetus. This ring lies in the plane of Saturn's orbit, or roughly the ecliptic, and thus is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane and the other rings. Phoebe is inclined by 5° with respect to Saturn's orbit plane (often written as 175°, due to Phoebe's retrograde orbital motion), and its resulting vertical excursions above and below the ring plane agree closely with the ring's observed thickness of 40 Saturn radii.

text: Phoebe orbits the planet at a distance ranging from 180 to 250 radii. The ring has a thickness of about 40 radii. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from impacts (

text: micrometeoroid

text: and larger) on Phoebe, they should share its

text: retrograde orbit

text: Iapetus

text: . This ring lies in the plane of Saturn's orbit, or roughly the

text: ecliptic

text: , and thus is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's

text: equatorial plane

text: and the other rings. Phoebe is

text: inclined

text: by 5° with respect to Saturn's orbit plane (often written as 175°, due to Phoebe's retrograde orbital motion), and its resulting vertical excursions above and below the ring plane agree closely with the ring's observed thickness of 40 Saturn radii.

text: Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System and it symbolizes The War in astrology. As we know, there is an extraordinary storm on Jupiter which started between 300 and 400 years ago. The storm creates huge volcanic explosions with its power, and winds that reach up to 8,000 kilometers per hour. In this part of the composition, the notes E and C# form the tonality of the piece; they are also the sounds of NASA’s frequencies. Storm in Jupiter has components like a wind machine to symbolize the storm, tremolo effects of percussive instruments, and the themes of the brass and wind instruments.

text: Jupiter is the biggest planet in the

text: Solar System

text: and it symbolizes The War in astrology. As we know, there is an extraordinary storm on Jupiter which started between 300 and 400 years ago. The storm creates huge volcanic explosions with its power, and winds that reach up to 8,000 kilometers per hour. In this part of the composition, the notes E and C# form the tonality of the piece; they are also the sounds of NASA’s frequencies. Storm in Jupiter has components like a wind machine to symbolize the storm, tremolo effects of percussive instruments, and the themes of the brass and wind instruments.

text: In 2006, the Hubble Space Telescope made Astrometric measurements and confirmed the existence of the planet. These observations indicated that the planet has a mass 1.5 times that of Jupiter and shares the same plane as the outer dust disk observed around the star. The derived orbit from these measurements is eccentric: either 0.25 or 0.7.

text: In 2006, the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: made

text: Astrometric measurements

text: and confirmed the existence of the planet. These observations indicated that the planet has a mass 1.5 times that of Jupiter and shares the same plane as the outer dust disk observed around the star. The derived orbit from these measurements is eccentric: either 0.25 or 0.7.

text: Based on the orbits of the planets and the luminosity and effective temperature of the host star, the equilibrium temperatures of the planets can be calculated. Assuming an extremely high albedo of 0.9 and absence of greenhouse effect, the outer planet Kepler-42 d would have an equilibrium temperature of about , similar to Earth's . Estimates for the known planets are in the tables below:

text: Based on the orbits of the planets and the luminosity and effective temperature of the host star, the

text: equilibrium temperatures

text: of the planets can be calculated. Assuming an extremely high

text: albedo

text: of 0.9 and absence of

text: greenhouse effect

text: , the outer planet

text: Kepler-42 d

text: would have an equilibrium temperature of about , similar to

text: Earth

text: 's . Estimates for the known planets are in the tables below:

text: Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner, because of its immense gravity well and location near the inner Solar System. It receives the most frequent comet impacts of the Solar System's planets. It was thought that the planet served to partially shield the inner system from cometary bombardment. However, recent computer simulations suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them. This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the Kuiper belt while others think that Jupiter protects Earth from the alleged Oort cloud. Jupiter experiences about 200 times more asteroid and comet impacts than Earth.

text: Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum cleaner, because of its immense

text: gravity well

text: and location near the inner Solar System. It receives the most frequent comet impacts of the Solar System's planets. It was thought that the planet served to partially shield the inner system from cometary bombardment. However, recent computer simulations suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it accretes or ejects them. This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the

text: Kuiper belt

text: while others think that Jupiter protects Earth from the alleged

text: Oort cloud

text: . Jupiter experiences about 200 times more

text: asteroid

text: and

text: comet

text: impacts than Earth.

text: PAHs have been detected in the upper atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn.

text: PAHs have been detected in the

text: upper atmosphere

text: of

text: Titan

text: , the largest

text: moon

text: of the

text: planet

text: Saturn

text: In 2004, an estimated one-third of all cloud forests on the planet were protected at that time.

text: This idea is further explored in Icke's Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From (2012), where he introduces the concept of the "Saturn–Moon Matrix". In this more recent conceptualization, the rings of Saturn (which Icke believes were artificially created by reptilian spacecraft) are the ultimate source of the signal, while the Moon is merely a sort of amplifier.

text: Pandora was thought to be an outer shepherd satellite of the F Ring. However, recent studies indicate that it does not play such a role, and that only Prometheus, the inner shepherd, contributes to the confinement of the narrow ring. It is more heavily cratered than nearby Prometheus, and has at least two large craters  in diameter. The majority of craters on Pandora are shallow as a result of being filled with debris. Ridges and grooves are also present on moon's surface.

text: Pandora was thought to be an outer

text: shepherd satellite

text: of the

text: F Ring

text: . However, recent studies indicate that it does not play such a role, and that only

text: Prometheus

text: , the inner shepherd, contributes to the confinement of the narrow ring. It is more heavily cratered than nearby Prometheus, and has at least two large craters  in diameter. The majority of craters on Pandora are shallow as a result of being filled with debris. Ridges and grooves are also present on moon's surface.

text: Only three of the missions to the outer planets have been orbiters: Galileo orbited Jupiter for eight years, while Cassini has been in orbit of Saturn since 2004 and Juno around Jupiter since 2016.

text: Only three of the missions to the outer planets have been orbiters:

text: Galileo

text: orbited Jupiter for eight years, while Cassini has been in orbit of Saturn since 2004 and

text: Juno

text: around Jupiter since 2016.

text: The atmosphere is an important transitional zone between the solid planetary surface and the higher rarefied ionizing and radiation belts. Not all planets have atmospheres: their existence depends on the mass of the planet, and the planet's distance from the Sun — too distant and frozen atmospheres occur. Besides the four gas giant planets, almost all of the terrestrial planets (Earth, Venus, and Mars) have significant atmospheres. Two moons have significant atmospheres: Saturn's moon Titan and Neptune's moon Triton. A tenuous atmosphere exists around Mercury.

text: The

text: atmosphere

text: is an important transitional zone between the solid planetary surface and the higher rarefied

text: ionizing

text: and radiation belts. Not all planets have atmospheres: their existence depends on the mass of the planet, and the planet's distance from the Sun — too distant and frozen atmospheres occur. Besides the four

text: gas giant

text: planets, almost all of the

text: terrestrial planets

text: Earth

text: Venus

text: , and

text: Mars

text: ) have significant atmospheres. Two moons have significant atmospheres:

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: and

text: Neptune

text: 's moon

text: Triton

text: . A tenuous atmosphere exists around

text: Mercury

text: And in 2011 two also-eccentric (but less so) Neptune-mass planets were announced around the HD 20781.

text: The Thebe gossamer ring is the faintest Jovian ring. It appears as a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the Thebean orbit at  () to about  (;). Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 8400 km near the orbit of Thebe and slightly decreases in the direction of the planet. The Thebe gossamer ring is brightest near its top and bottom edges and gradually becomes brighter towards Jupiter—much like the Amalthea ring. The outer boundary of the ring is not especially steep, stretching over . There is a barely visible continuation of the ring beyond the orbit of Thebe, extending up to  () and called the Thebe Extension. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 3 times fainter than the Amalthea gossamer ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the Keck telescope. Back-scattering images show a peak of brightness just inside the orbit of Thebe. In 2002–2003 the dust counter of the Galileo spacecraft detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm—similar to those in the Amalthea ring—and confirmed the results obtained from imaging.

text: The Thebe gossamer ring is the faintest Jovian ring. It appears as a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the Thebean orbit at  () to about  (;). Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 8400 km near the orbit of Thebe and slightly decreases in the direction of the planet. The Thebe gossamer ring is brightest near its top and bottom edges and gradually becomes brighter towards

text: Jupiter

text: —much like the Amalthea ring. The outer boundary of the ring is not especially steep, stretching over . There is a barely visible continuation of the ring beyond the orbit of Thebe, extending up to  () and called the Thebe Extension. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 3 times fainter than the Amalthea gossamer ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the

text: Keck

text: telescope. Back-scattering images show a peak of brightness just inside the orbit of Thebe. In 2002–2003 the dust counter of the Galileo spacecraft detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm—similar to those in the Amalthea ring—and confirmed the results obtained from imaging.

text: Neptune largely resembled Windows 2000, but some of the new features introduced, such as the firewall, were later integrated into Windows XP as the Windows Firewall. Neptune introduced a logon screen similar to that later used in Windows XP. Neptune also experimented with a new HTML and Win32-based user interface originally intended for Windows ME, called Activity Centers, for task-centered operations.

text: Neptune largely resembled Windows 2000, but some of the new features introduced, such as the

text: firewall

text: , were later integrated into Windows XP as the

text: Windows Firewall

text: . Neptune introduced a logon screen similar to that later used in Windows XP. Neptune also experimented with a new

text: HTML

text: and

text: -based user interface originally intended for

text: Windows ME

text: , called Activity Centers, for task-centered operations.

text: Gliese 876 c is in a 1:2:4 Laplace resonance with the outer planets Gliese 876 b and Gliese 876 e: for every orbit of planet e, planet b completes two orbits and planet c completes four. This leads to strong gravitational interactions between the planets, causing the orbital elements to change rapidly as the orbits precess. This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance, the first being Jupiter's moons Io, Europa and Ganymede.

text: Gliese 876 c is in a 1:2:4

text: Laplace resonance

text: with the outer planets Gliese 876 b and

text: Gliese 876 e

text: : for every orbit of planet e, planet b completes two orbits and planet c completes four. This leads to strong

text: gravitational

text: interactions between the planets, causing the

text: orbital elements

text: to change rapidly as the orbits

text: precess

text: . This is the second known example of a Laplace resonance, the first being

text: Jupiter

text: 's

text: moons

text: Io

text: Europa

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: Voyager 2's closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25, 1989. Because this was the last planet of the Solar System that Voyager 2 could visit, the Chief Project Scientist, his staff members, and the flight controllers decided to also perform a close fly-by of Triton, the larger of Neptune's two originally known moons, so as to gather as much information on Neptune and Triton as possible, regardless of Voyager 2's departure angle from the planet. This was just like the case of Voyager 1's encounters with Saturn and its massive moon Titan.

text: Voyager 2's closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25, 1989. Because this was the last planet of the Solar System that Voyager 2 could visit, the Chief Project Scientist, his staff members, and the flight controllers decided to also perform a close fly-by of

text: Triton

text: , the larger of Neptune's two originally known moons, so as to gather as much information on Neptune and Triton as possible, regardless of Voyager 2's departure angle from the planet. This was just like the case of Voyager 1's encounters with Saturn and its massive moon

text: Titan

text: Redstone's ties to the Earth proved to be more intimate than he realized for after leaving the planet and traveling into outer space with the Squadron to confront the Nth Man and prevent him from destroying the universe. Upon leaving Earth's atmosphere he became ill and lost much of his physical mass. His return to Earth did not prevent his demise; the adverse effects of separation from Earth's environment were irreversible, and Redstone perished.

text: Redstone's ties to the Earth proved to be more intimate than he realized for after leaving the planet and traveling into outer space with the Squadron to confront the

text: Nth Man

text: and prevent him from destroying the universe. Upon leaving Earth's atmosphere he became ill and lost much of his physical mass. His return to Earth did not prevent his demise; the adverse effects of separation from Earth's environment were irreversible, and Redstone perished.

text: Venus is a terrestrial planet and is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth, or roughly the pressure found  underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of , even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. The water has probably photodissociated, and the free hydrogen has been swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind because of the lack of a planetary magnetic field. Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by volcanism.

text: Venus is a

text: terrestrial planet

text: and is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" because of their similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun, and bulk composition. It is radically different from Earth in other respects. It has the densest

text: atmosphere

text: of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96%

text: carbon dioxide

text: . The

text: atmospheric pressure

text: at the planet's surface is 92 times that of Earth, or roughly the pressure found  underwater on Earth. Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of , even though

text: Mercury

text: is closer to the Sun. Venus is shrouded by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of

text: sulfuric acid

text: , preventing its surface from being seen from space in

text: visible light

text: . It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: . The water has probably

text: photodissociated

text: , and the free hydrogen has been

text: swept into interplanetary space

text: by the

text: solar wind

text: because of the lack of a

text: planetary magnetic field

text: . Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed with slab-like rocks and is periodically resurfaced by

text: volcanism

text: Following is a list of close fly-bys of Saturn's moons (at less than 5000 km). The closest approach for each moon is bolded.

text: There are at least 55 regular satellites of the eight planets: one at Earth, eight at Jupiter, 22 named regular moons at Saturn (not counting hundreds or thousands of moonlets), 18 known at Uranus, and 6 small regular moons at Neptune. (Large Triton appears to have been captured.) It is thought that Pluto's five moons and Haumea's two were formed in orbit about those dwarf planets out of debris created in giant collisions.

text: There are at least

text: 55 regular satellites of the eight planets

text: one at Earth

text: eight at Jupiter

text: 22 named regular moons at Saturn

text: (not counting hundreds or thousands of

text: moonlet

text: s),

text: 18 known at Uranus

text: , and

text: 6 small regular moons at Neptune

text: . (Large Triton appears to have been captured.) It is thought that

text: Pluto's five moons

text: and

text: Haumea's two

text: were formed in orbit about those

text: dwarf planet

text: s out of

text: debris created in giant collisions

text: Cartier-Bresson matured artistically in this stormy cultural and political atmosphere. But, although he knew the concepts, he couldn't express them; dissatisfied with his experiments, he destroyed most of his early paintings.

text: Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn along with Dione, Tethys, and Mimas. It orbits at 238,000 km from Saturn's center and 180,000 km from its cloud tops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys. It orbits Saturn every 32.9 hours, fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation. Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), which is known as a forced eccentricity. This non-zero eccentricity results in tidal deformation of Enceladus. The dissipated heat resulting from this deformation is the main heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity. Enceladus orbits within the densest part of Saturn's E ring, the outermost of its major rings, and is the main source of the ring's material composition.

text: Enceladus is one of the major inner satellites of Saturn along with

text: Dione

text: Tethys

text: , and

text: Mimas

text: . It orbits at 238,000 km from Saturn's center and 180,000 km from its cloud tops, between the orbits of Mimas and Tethys. It orbits Saturn every 32.9 hours, fast enough for its motion to be observed over a single night of observation. Enceladus is currently in a 2:1 mean-motion

text: orbital resonance

text: with Dione, completing two orbits around Saturn for every one orbit completed by Dione. This resonance maintains Enceladus's orbital eccentricity (0.0047), which is known as a forced eccentricity. This non-zero eccentricity results in tidal deformation of Enceladus. The dissipated heat resulting from this deformation is the main heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity. Enceladus orbits within the densest part of

text: Saturn's E ring

text: , the outermost of

text: its major rings

text: , and is the main source of the ring's material composition.

text: Because the dynamic motions of the planets are so well known, their nutations can be calculated to within arcseconds over periods of many decades. There is another disturbance of the Earth's rotation called polar motion that can be estimated for only a few months into the future because it is influenced by rapidly and unpredictably varying things such as ocean currents, wind systems, and hypothesised motions in the liquid nickel-iron outer core of the Earth.

text: Because the dynamic motions of the planets are so well known, their nutations can be calculated to within

text: arcsecond

text: s over periods of many decades. There is another disturbance of the Earth's rotation called

text: polar motion

text: that can be estimated for only a few months into the future because it is influenced by rapidly and unpredictably varying things such as

text: ocean current

text: s, wind systems, and hypothesised motions in the liquid

text: nickel-iron

text: outer core of the Earth

text: Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter. Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the Solar System with a major atmosphere, in which a complex organic chemistry occurs. It is the only satellite with hydrocarbon lakes.

text: Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter. Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after

text: Titans

text: of Greek mythology. Titan is the only satellite in the

text: Solar System

text: with a major

text: atmosphere

text: , in which a complex organic chemistry occurs. It is the only satellite with

text: hydrocarbon lakes

text: Cykranosh is the fictional name for the planet Saturn in the Cthulhu Mythos. Cykranosh is the creation of Clark Ashton Smith and is part of his Hyperborean cycle. It also the setting for his short story "The Door to Saturn" (1932).

text: Cykranosh is the fictional name for the

text: planet

text: Saturn

text: in the

text: Cthulhu Mythos

text: . Cykranosh is the creation of

text: Clark Ashton Smith

text: and is part of his

text: Hyperborean cycle

text: . It also the setting for his

text: short story

text: "The Door to Saturn" (

text: Four- and five-giant-planet systems were also investigated by Konstantin Batygin, Michael E. Brown, and Hayden Betts. They found four- or five-planets systems had a similar likelihood of reproducing the orbits of the outer planets, including the oscillations of Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities, while preserving a primordial cold classical belt. The low eccentricities of the classical belt were best preserved if the fifth giant planet was ejected in 10,000 years. Later research, however, reveals that these low eccentricities may be due to the later slow sweeping of mean-motion resonances that removed the higher-eccentricity objects.

text: Four- and five-giant-planet systems were also investigated by

text: Konstantin Batygin

text: Michael E. Brown

text: , and Hayden Betts. They found four- or five-planets systems had a similar likelihood of reproducing the orbits of the outer planets, including the oscillations of Jupiter's and Saturn's eccentricities, while preserving a primordial

text: cold classical belt

text: . The low eccentricities of the classical belt were best preserved if the fifth giant planet was ejected in 10,000 years. Later research, however, reveals that these low eccentricities may be due to the later slow sweeping of mean-motion resonances that removed the higher-eccentricity objects.

text: Amateur astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus, although he at first mistakes it for a comet. Uranus is the first planet to be discovered beyond Saturn, which was thought to be the most distant planet in ancient times.

text: Amateur astronomer

text: William Herschel

text: discovers the planet Uranus, although he at first mistakes it for a comet. Uranus is the first planet to be discovered beyond Saturn, which was thought to be the most distant planet in ancient times.

text: As important as fabrication of the filter membranes is the characterization and measurement of the pores in the membrane. Until now, a few of methods have been developed, which can be classified into the following categories according to the physical mechanisms they exploited: Imaging methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM); fluid transports such as bubble point and gas transport; fluid adsorptions such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BEH), mercury porosimetry, liquid–vapor equilibrium (BJH), gas–liquid equilibrium (permoporometry) and liquid–solid equilibrium (thermoporometry); electronic conductance; ultrasonic spectroscopy;19 Molecular Transport.

text: Planets also have varying degrees of axial tilt; they lie at an angle to the plane of their stars' equators. This causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year; when the northern hemisphere points away from its star, the southern hemisphere points towards it, and vice versa. Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year. The time at which each hemisphere points farthest or nearest from its star is known as its solstice. Each planet has two in the course of its orbit; when one hemisphere has its summer solstice, when its day is longest, the other has its winter solstice, when its day is shortest. The varying amount of light and heat received by each hemisphere creates annual changes in weather patterns for each half of the planet. Jupiter's axial tilt is very small, so its seasonal variation is minimal; Uranus, on the other hand, has an axial tilt so extreme it is virtually on its side, which means that its hemispheres are either perpetually in sunlight or perpetually in darkness around the time of its solstices. Among extrasolar planets, axial tilts are not known for certain, though most hot Jupiters are believed to have negligible to no axial tilt as a result of their proximity to their stars.

text: Planets also have varying degrees of axial tilt; they lie at an angle to the

text: plane

text: of their

text: stars' equators

text: . This causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year; when the northern hemisphere points away from its star, the southern hemisphere points towards it, and vice versa. Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year. The time at which each hemisphere points farthest or nearest from its star is known as its

text: solstice

text: . Each planet has two in the course of its orbit; when one hemisphere has its summer solstice, when its day is longest, the other has its winter solstice, when its day is shortest. The varying amount of light and heat received by each hemisphere creates annual changes in weather patterns for each half of the planet. Jupiter's axial tilt is very small, so its seasonal variation is minimal; Uranus, on the other hand, has an axial tilt so extreme it is virtually on its side, which means that its hemispheres are either perpetually in sunlight or perpetually in darkness around the time of its solstices. Among extrasolar planets, axial tilts are not known for certain, though most hot Jupiters are believed to have negligible to no axial tilt as a result of their proximity to their stars.

text: Oreo is an extinguished planet, were Deck was born and brought up. As Oreo was extremely advanced on technology, many Oreans managed to escape before the planet was destroyed.

text: Oreo is an extinguished planet, were

text: Deck

text: was born and brought up. As Oreo was extremely advanced on technology, many Oreans managed to escape before the planet was destroyed.

text: Assuming that the atmosphere was composed of these gases, during the 1940s and 1950s he constructed a model of the structure of these planets. He believed the core of the planets is solid and composed of a mixture of rock and metal, covered by a thick outer shell of ice, overlaid by a dense atmosphere. His model is still widely accepted.

text: The planet receives 19 times more stellar radiation than Earth.<ref name='Zachory 2015'/>  The temperature of the top of its atmosphere is estimated at .  The planet is estimated to be hotter than Venus, as higher temperatures may prevail near the surface.  (cf. Atmosphere of Venus, Colonization of Venus)  It is possible that one side of the planet is cooler, because it is presumed to be tidally locked due to its proximity to its star; however, under most circumstances where an atmosphere is thick, it would be able to transfer heat to the far side.

text: The planet receives 19 times more

text: stellar radiation

text: than

text: Earth

text: .<ref name='Zachory 2015'/>  The temperature of the top of its atmosphere is estimated at .  The planet is estimated to be hotter than Venus, as higher temperatures may prevail near the surface.  (cf.

text: Atmosphere of Venus

text: Colonization of Venus

text: )  It is possible that one side of the planet is cooler, because it is presumed to be

text: tidally locked

text: due to its proximity to its star; however, under most circumstances where an atmosphere is thick, it would be able to transfer heat to the far side.

text: Parasara states that the Moon in mutual aspect with Venus gives rise to Raja yoga; the person born with the Moon in Vargottma navamsa or in Goparamsa aspected by all strong planets will be a ruler even if lowly-born, three planets aspecting such Moon will make a person born in a royal family a king. A Raja yoga arises if the birth ascendant or hora-lagna or ghati-lagna is occupied by one or more planets occupying their exaltation, own or moola-trikona rasi, navamsa or drekkena; a person will certainly become a ruler if the concerned lagna equipped with unobstructed argala is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon (Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra XXXV.14-16, 37). If the lord of a kendrasthana and a trikonabhava combining having gained favourable vargas give rise to Raja yoga; having gained Uttamamsa they will make a person a very wealthy ruler, if in Gopuramsa that person will be honoured by other rulers and if in Simhasanamsa the person will be a great ever-victorious ruling a large kingdom (Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra XXXVI.18-20).

text: Parasara states that the Moon in mutual aspect with Venus gives rise to Raja yoga; the person born with the Moon in Vargottma navamsa or in Goparamsa aspected by all strong planets will be a ruler even if lowly-born, three planets aspecting such Moon will make a person born in a royal family a king. A

text: Raja yoga

text: arises if the birth ascendant or hora-lagna or ghati-lagna is occupied by one or more planets occupying their exaltation, own or moola-trikona rasi, navamsa or drekkena; a person will certainly become a ruler if the concerned lagna equipped with unobstructed argala is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon (Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra XXXV.14-16, 37). If the lord of a kendrasthana and a trikonabhava combining having gained favourable vargas give rise to Raja yoga; having gained Uttamamsa they will make a person a very wealthy ruler, if in Gopuramsa that person will be honoured by other rulers and if in Simhasanamsa the person will be a great ever-victorious ruling a large kingdom (Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra XXXVI.18-20).

text: Dune is a science fiction media franchise that originated with the 1965 novel Dune by Frank Herbert. Dune is frequently cited as the best-selling science fiction novel in history. It won the 1966 Hugo Award and the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel, and was later adapted into a 1984 film and a 2000 television miniseries. Herbert wrote five sequels, and the first two were presented as a miniseries in 2003. The Dune universe has also inspired some traditional games and a series of video games. Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan.

text: Dune is a

text: science fiction

text: media franchise

text: that originated with the 1965 novel

text: Dune

text: by

text: Frank Herbert

text: . Dune is frequently cited as the best-selling science fiction novel in history. It won the 1966

text: Hugo Award

text: and the inaugural

text: Nebula Award for Best Novel

text: , and was later adapted into a

text: 1984 film

text: and a

text: 2000 television miniseries

text: . Herbert wrote five

text: sequel

text: s, and the first two were presented as a

text: miniseries

text: in 2003. The Dune universe has also inspired some

text: traditional games

text: and a

text: series of video games

text: . Since 2009, the names of

text: planets

text: from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and so would be considered planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Sixteen irregular satellites have been discovered since 2003 and have not yet been named.

text: Of Jupiter's moons, eight are

text: regular satellites

text: with

text: prograde

text: and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly

text: inclined

text: with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their

text: planetary mass

text: , and so would be considered

text: planet

text: s if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are

text: irregular satellites

text: whose prograde and

text: retrograde orbit

text: s are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and

text: eccentricities

text: . These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Sixteen irregular satellites have been discovered since 2003 and have not yet been named.

text: The Laser Red booster deck is sold separately to the standard game and adds another 55 cards and another 3 sectors of the board as well as the planet Saturn.

text: The system has a Neptune-mass planet "b", discovered in 2010. A second planet "c" was found in this system in 2011 by the HARPS GTO program, along with HD 85512 b and the planets of 82 G. Eridani. The uncertainty in the mass of the second planet is much higher than for the first because of the lack of coverage around the full orbit. Both planets may be similar in composition to Neptune. They are orbiting along the inner and outer edges of the habitable zone for this star.

text: The system has a

text: Neptune

text: -mass planet "

text: b

text: ", discovered in 2010. A second planet "

text: c

text: " was found in this system in 2011 by the HARPS GTO program, along with

text: HD 85512 b

text: and the planets of

text: 82 G. Eridani

text: . The uncertainty in the mass of the second planet is much higher than for the first because of the lack of coverage around the full orbit. Both planets may be similar in composition to Neptune. They are orbiting along the inner and outer edges of the

text: habitable zone

text: for this star.

text: Both fauna and flora are affected by the cold temperatures and the extreme light conditions. Activity is at a stand-still during the polar night, which  lasts for many months. During the summer, months of midnight sun help accelerate the natural processes. The nature in the area is especially susceptible to global warming. Models show that the winter temperatures will increase more than the summer temperatures, resulting in more precipitation. Because the vegetation requires little rain and much wind, this may result in major changes.

text: Both fauna and flora are affected by the cold temperatures and the extreme light conditions. Activity is at a stand-still during the

text: polar night

text: , which  lasts for many months. During the summer, months of

text: midnight sun

text: help accelerate the natural processes. The nature in the area is especially susceptible to

text: global warming

text: . Models show that the winter temperatures will increase more than the summer temperatures, resulting in more precipitation. Because the vegetation requires little rain and much wind, this may result in major changes.

text: The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus. Neptune's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and Voyager 2 also showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system. Six new moons were discovered, and the planet was shown to have more than one ring.

text: The initial orbits of the giant planets in the Nice 2 model correspond to a predicted orbital structure of the outer Solar System at the end of the gas disk phase.  Models of giant planets orbiting in a gas disk predict that they would migrate toward the central star at a rate dependent on the mass of the planet and characteristics of the disk. In a system with multiple planets this migration can, though not necessarily does, result in the convergence of the planet’s orbits and their capture into mean-motion resonances. Investigations focusing on Jupiter and Saturn demonstrated that they can be captured in their mutual 3:2 resonance.However, capture in this resonance requires special conditions.  After the capture into the mutual 3:2 resonance, the gaps that Jupiter and Saturn formed in the disk's density distribution may overlap and their inward migration may be halted or reversed.  Yet, whether the two planets can migrate back toward their current orbits remains unclear.  When Uranus and Neptune are added in turn to the model they are captured into further resonances with the capture of the outer ice giant resulting in the inner ice giant having a higher eccentricity than the other planets.  The end result is a system in a quadruple resonance. A number of stable configurations have been identified with the particular final configuration depending on the starting locations of the planets.

text: Two types of approaches to the behavior of liquids are present in the literature. The most common one is due to van der Waals. It treats the liquids as dense structureless gases. Although this approach allows one to explain many principal features of fluids, in particular, the liquid-gas phase transition, it fails to explain other important issues such as, for example, the existence in liquids of transverse collective excitations such as phonons.

text: Two types of approaches to the behavior of liquids are present in the literature. The most common one is due to

text: van der Waals

text: . It treats the liquids as dense structureless gases. Although this approach allows one to explain many principal features of fluids, in particular, the liquid-gas

text: phase transition

text: , it fails to explain other important issues such as, for example, the existence in liquids of transverse collective excitations such as phonons.

text: , which is the emissivity and represents atmospheric effects. ε ranges from 1 to 0 with 1 meaning the planet is a perfect blackbody and emits all the incident power. The Stefan–Boltzmann law gives an expression for the power radiated by the planet:

text: , which is the

text: emissivity

text: and represents atmospheric effects. ε ranges from 1 to 0 with 1 meaning the planet is a perfect blackbody and emits all the incident power. The

text: Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: gives an expression for the power radiated by the planet:

text: Pluto has been featured in many instances of science fiction and popular culture. Initially classified as a planet upon its discovery in 1930, Pluto has also received considerable publicity following a 2006 definition of planet decree (which reclassified it as a dwarf planet) and from the flyby of the New Horizons space probe in July 2015.

text: Pluto

text: has been featured in many instances of science fiction and popular culture. Initially classified as a planet upon its discovery in 1930, Pluto has also received considerable publicity following a

text: 2006 definition of planet

text: decree (which reclassified it as a

text: dwarf planet

text: ) and from the flyby of the

text: New Horizons

text: space probe in July 2015.

text: Journey to the Seventh Planet is a 1962 science fiction film. It was directed by Sid Pink, written by Pink and Ib Melchior,  and shot in Denmark with a budget of only US$75,000. The seventh planet of the title is Uranus, and a crew is being dispatched there by the United Nations on a mission of space exploration. The film's ideas of astronauts exploring outer space only to confront their inner mindscapes and memories precede the similar-themed 1972 film Solaris by a full decade (although the novel Solaris precedes this film by a year).  The film is also reminiscent of Ray Bradbury's 1948 short story "Mars Is Heaven!" that appeared in the 1950 book The Martian Chronicles.

text: Journey to the Seventh Planet is a 1962

text: science fiction film

text: . It was directed by

text: Sid Pink

text: , written by Pink and

text: Ib Melchior

text: ,  and shot in

text: Denmark

text: with a budget of only US$75,000. The seventh planet of the title is

text: Uranus

text: , and a crew is being dispatched there by the United Nations on a mission of space exploration. The film's ideas of astronauts exploring outer space only to confront their inner mindscapes and memories precede the similar-themed 1972 film

text: Solaris

text: by a full decade (although the novel Solaris precedes this film by a year).  The film is also reminiscent of

text: Ray Bradbury

text: 's 1948 short story "

text: Mars Is Heaven!

text: " that appeared in the 1950 book

text: The Martian Chronicles

text: Twenty-nine extrasolar planets have been discovered so far by the HATNet project (note that the discovery of the planet WASP-11b/HAT-P-10b, WASP-40b/HAT-P-27b and WASP-51b/HAT-P-30b was simultaneously announced by the SuperWASP team). All have been discovered using the transit method. In addition, the radial velocity followup has detected an additional companion, either a massive planet or a small brown dwarf around the star HAT-P-13, making this the first known transiting planet in a system with an outer companion in a well-characterised orbit.

text: Twenty-nine

text: extrasolar planets

text: have been discovered so far by the HATNet project (note that the discovery of the planet

text: and

text: was simultaneously announced by the

text: SuperWASP

text: team). All have been discovered using the

text: transit method

text: . In addition, the radial velocity followup has detected an additional companion, either a massive planet or a small

text: brown dwarf

text: around the star HAT-P-13, making this the first known transiting planet in a system with an outer companion in a well-characterised orbit.

text: Oort noted that the number of returning comets was far less than his model predicted, and this issue, known as "cometary fading", has yet to be resolved. No known dynamical process can explain this undercount of observed comets. Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses, impact or heating; the loss of all volatiles, rendering some comets invisible, or the formation of a non-volatile crust on the surface. Dynamical studies of Oort cloud comets have shown that their occurrence in the outer-planet region is several times higher than in the inner-planet region. This discrepancy may be due to the gravitational attraction of Jupiter, which acts as a kind of barrier, trapping incoming comets and causing them to collide with it, just as it did with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994.

text: Oort noted that the number of returning comets was far less than his model predicted, and this issue, known as "cometary fading", has yet to be resolved. No known dynamical process can explain this undercount of observed comets. Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses, impact or heating; the loss of all

text: volatiles

text: , rendering some comets invisible, or the formation of a non-volatile crust on the surface. Dynamical studies of Oort cloud comets have shown that their occurrence in the

text: outer-planet

text: region is several times higher than in the inner-planet region. This discrepancy may be due to the gravitational attraction of

text: Jupiter

text: , which acts as a kind of barrier, trapping incoming comets and causing them to collide with it, just as it did with

text: Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

text: in 1994.

text: Sudarsky had, on the assumption that the planet is similar to Jupiter in composition and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium, predicted Upsilon Andromedae b to have reflective clouds of silicates and iron in its upper atmosphere. The cloud deck instead absorbs the sun's radiation; between that and the hot, high pressure gas surrounding the mantle, exists a stratosphere of cooler gas. The outer shell of dark, opaque, hot cloud is assumed to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides ("pM planets"), but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out yet.

text: Sudarsky had, on the assumption that the planet is similar to Jupiter in composition and that its environment is close to

text: chemical equilibrium

text: , predicted Upsilon Andromedae b to have reflective

text: cloud

text: s of

text: silicates

text: and

text: iron

text: in its upper

text: atmosphere

text: . The cloud deck instead absorbs the sun's radiation; between that and the hot, high pressure gas surrounding the mantle, exists a

text: stratosphere

text: of cooler gas. The outer shell of dark, opaque, hot cloud is assumed to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides ("pM planets"), but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out yet.

text: The theme music used for the movie had a generic "science fiction sound", with nothing suggesting a specific Superman theme. The title cards used were similarly generic, with low-grade animation of comets sailing by Saturn-like ringed planets.

text: The theme music used for the movie had a generic "science fiction sound", with nothing suggesting a specific Superman theme. The

text: title cards

text: used were similarly generic, with low-grade animation of comets sailing by

text: Saturn

text: -like ringed planets.

text: The Air Force Commendation Medal is a bronze hexagonal medallion. On the medallion is a shield surmounted by an eagle superimposed over clouds. On the shield bears a pair of flyer's wings and a vertical baton with an eagle's claw at either end; behind the shield are eight lightning bolts. The design on the shield is derived from the Seal of the Department of the Air Force. The ribbon of the Air Force Commendation Medal is golden yellow with blue edges. In the center are three bands of blue, the outer stripes are thin with the center stripe being wider.

text: Fire Maidens from Outer Space, a low-budget British space opera film (known in the US as Fire Maidens of Outer Space), is about a group of astronauts visiting an all-female society on a Jupiter moon. This film developed a negative reputation for its poor special effects (including a scene on the alien planet, where a modern car can be seen driving past). Leslie Halliwell described Fire Maidens from Outer Space as "a strong contender for the title of the worst movie ever made, with diaphanously clad English gals striking embarrassed poses against cardboard sets." British film historian I.Q. Hunter included it in his list of candidates for "the worst British film ever made." The DVD Talk website's review claimed it "may be among the worst-ever professionally produced science fiction films." In November 1992, the film was featured in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.

text: Fire Maidens from Outer Space

text: , a low-budget British

text: space opera

text: film (known in the US as Fire Maidens of Outer Space), is about a group of astronauts visiting an all-female society on a

text: Jupiter

text: moon. This film developed a negative reputation for its poor special effects (including a scene on the alien planet, where a modern car can be seen driving past). Leslie Halliwell described Fire Maidens from Outer Space as "a strong contender for the title of the worst movie ever made, with diaphanously clad English gals striking embarrassed poses against cardboard sets." British film historian I.Q. Hunter included it in his list of candidates for "the worst British film ever made." The

text: DVD Talk

text: website's review claimed it "may be among the worst-ever professionally produced science fiction films." In November 1992, the film was featured in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.

text: The spacecraft passed Venus on February 5, 1974, the closest approach being 5,768 km at 17:01 UT. It was the twelfth spacecraft to reach Venus and the eighth to return data from the planet, as well as the first mission to succeed in broadcasting images of Venus back to Earth. Mariner 10 built upon observations made by Mariner 5 six years earlier; most importantly, Mariner 10 had a camera whereas the prior mission lacked one. As Mariner 10 veered around Venus, from the planet's night side to daylight, the cameras snapped the probe's first image of Venus, showing an illuminated arc of clouds over the north pole emerging from darkness. Engineers initially feared that the star-tracker could mistake the much brighter Venus for Canopus, repeating the mishaps with flaking paint. Fortunately, the star-tracker did not malfunction. Earth occultation occurred between 17:07 UT and 17:11 UT, during which the spacecraft transmitted X-band radio waves through Venus' atmosphere, gathering data on cloud structure and temperature. Although Venus's cloud cover is nearly featureless in visible light, it was discovered that extensive cloud detail could be seen through Mariner's ultraviolet camera filters. Earth-based ultra-violet observation had shown some indistinct blotching even before Mariner 10, but the detail seen by Mariner was a surprise to most researchers. The probe continued photographing Venus until February 13. Among the encounter's 4,165 acquired photographs, one resulting series of images captured a thick and distinctly patterned atmosphere making a full revolution every four days, just as terrestrial observations had suggested.

text: The outer two planets of the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune, are believed to have migrated outward in this way from their formation in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn to their current positions, over hundreds of millions of years. Eventually, friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again.

text: The outer two planets of the Solar System,

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , are believed to have migrated outward in this way from their formation in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn to their current positions, over hundreds of millions of years. Eventually, friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again.

text: At least 15 ancient basins have been identified on Mercury. Tolstoj is a true multi-ring basin, displayingat least two, and possibly as many as four, concentric rings. It has a well-preserved ejecta blanket extendingoutward as much as  from its rim. The basin interior is flooded with plains that clearly postdate the ejectadeposits. Beethoven has only one, subdued massif-like rim  in diameter, but displays an impressive, well lineatedejecta blanket that extends as far as . As at Tolstoj, Beethoven ejecta is asymmetric. The Calorisbasin is defined by a ring of mountains  in diameter. Individual massifs are typically  to long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. Lineated terrain extends for about  outfrom the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to thesculpture surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about from the Caloris mountains. It consists of low, closely spaced to scattered hills about 0.3 to  across andfrom tens of meters to a few hundred meters high. The outer boundary of this unit is gradational with the (younger)smooth plains that occur in the same region. A hilly and furrowed terrain is found antipodal to the Caloris basin,probably created by antipodal convergence of intense seismic waves generated by the Caloris impact.

text: At least 15 ancient basins have been identified on Mercury. Tolstoj is a true multi-ring basin, displayingat least two, and possibly as many as four, concentric rings. It has a well-preserved ejecta blanket extendingoutward as much as  from its rim. The basin interior is flooded with plains that clearly postdate the ejectadeposits.

text: Beethoven

text: has only one, subdued massif-like rim  in diameter, but displays an impressive, well lineatedejecta blanket that extends as far as . As at Tolstoj, Beethoven ejecta is asymmetric. The Calorisbasin is defined by a ring of mountains  in diameter. Individual massifs are typically  to long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. Lineated terrain extends for about  outfrom the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to thesculpture surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about from the

text: Caloris

text: mountains. It consists of low, closely spaced to scattered hills about 0.3 to  across andfrom tens of meters to a few hundred meters high. The outer boundary of this unit is gradational with the (younger)smooth plains that occur in the same region. A hilly and furrowed terrain is found antipodal to the Caloris basin,probably created by antipodal convergence of intense seismic waves generated by the Caloris impact.

text: In the anime, Galaxia frees Queen Nehelenia from the seal and encourages her to take her revenge by unleashing a nightmare upon the "people of the White Moon". Galaxia provides her with the Black Mirror to aid her in her plans. It is not revealed until the final few episodes that Galaxia contracted Nehelenia into her service for the sole purpose of forcing Sailor Saturn to reawaken her Soldier powers, as at the time Hotaru was merely an infant. Also in the anime, Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune willingly join her so that they can "remain together forever". Shortly afterwards they kill Sailor Pluto and Sailor Saturn. While they initially lead Eternal Sailor Moon and the Starlights to believe that they are under Galaxia's control, their act is just a ruse to get close enough to Galaxia to kill her. When she orders them to take the Starseeds of Sailor Moon and the Starlights, they turn on her and attempt to take her starseed instead. However, because Galaxia no longer has her starseed, their sneak attack fails and she removes their bracelets. They die holding each other's hand moments later. This scene is replicated in various musicals featuring Galaxia and has the song Orleans no Sei Senshi~Uranus-Neptune no Uragiri (Holy Soldiers of Orleans~Uranus and Neptune's betrayal) appear in each version.

text: In the anime, Galaxia frees

text: Queen Nehelenia

text: from the seal and encourages her to take her revenge by unleashing a nightmare upon the "people of the White Moon". Galaxia provides her with the Black Mirror to aid her in her plans. It is not revealed until the final few episodes that Galaxia contracted Nehelenia into her service for the sole purpose of forcing

text: Sailor Saturn

text: to reawaken her Soldier powers, as at the time Hotaru was merely an infant. Also in the anime,

text: Sailor Uranus

text: and

text: Sailor Neptune

text: willingly join her so that they can "remain together forever". Shortly afterwards they kill

text: Sailor Pluto

text: and Sailor Saturn. While they initially lead Eternal Sailor Moon and the Starlights to believe that they are under Galaxia's control, their act is just a ruse to get close enough to Galaxia to kill her. When she orders them to take the Starseeds of Sailor Moon and the Starlights, they turn on her and attempt to take her starseed instead. However, because Galaxia no longer has her starseed, their sneak attack fails and she removes their bracelets. They die holding each other's hand moments later. This scene is replicated in various musicals featuring Galaxia and has the song Orleans no Sei Senshi~Uranus-Neptune no Uragiri (Holy Soldiers of Orleans~Uranus and Neptune's betrayal) appear in each version.

text: A year later, both Sho and Chaos, the latter having apparently survived his fight with Gaia, working for the Organization's leader, Lady Uranus, begin hunting down the fighters from the tournament, such as Fo Fai, Rungo Iron and Mondo. Eiji, along with his best friend Kayin Amoh, split up to warn the other competitors. Eiji meets up with Sofia, an amnesiac agent and personal friend of his, and explains the situation to her. That night, however, Uranus takes control of Sofia's mind and has her try to kill Eiji, but Eiji fights back and breaks Uranus's hold on her. Sho himself then appears and does battle with Eiji, quickly gaining the upper hand, but Eiji discovers that Sho is actually a machine and overpowers him. Uranus appears and destroys Sho, goading Eiji before taking her leave. Enraged, Eiji vows to take Uranus and the Organization down.

text: With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (asteroids and comets). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than Mercury, but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon Charon, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the asteroid belt, Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth's Moon. Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets.

text: With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (

text: asteroid

text: s and

text: comet

text: s). For almost 50 years Pluto was thought to be larger than

text: Mercury

text: , but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon

text: Charon

text: , it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates. It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the

text: asteroid belt

text: , Ceres, it had one-fifth the mass of Earth's

text: Moon

text: . Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large

text: orbital eccentricity

text: and a high

text: orbital inclination

text: , it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets.

text: One of the breakthroughs that made exploration of the outer planets much easier, was the concept of the planetary gravity assist. Discovered in the 1960s, a spacecraft approaches a planet like Jupiter in such a way as to be accelerated to a higher speed. This allows a much smaller rocket to be used for a given launch.

text: One of the breakthroughs that made exploration of the outer planets much easier, was the concept of the planetary

text: gravity assist

text: . Discovered in the 1960s, a spacecraft approaches a planet like Jupiter in such a way as to be accelerated to a higher speed. This allows a much smaller rocket to be used for a given launch.

text: Gas giants are split into five classes (numbered using Roman numerals) according to their modeled physical atmospheric properties. In the Solar System only Jupiter and Saturn are within the Sudarsky classification, and both are Class I.The appearance of planets that are not gas giants cannot be predicted by the Sudarsky system, for example terrestrial planets such as Earth, HD 85512 b (3.6 Earth masses) and OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb (5.5 Earth masses), or ice giants such as Uranus (14 Earth masses) and Neptune (17 Earth masses).

text: Gas giants are split into five classes (numbered using

text: Roman numerals

text: ) according to their modeled physical atmospheric properties. In the Solar System only

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: are within the Sudarsky classification, and both are Class I.The appearance of planets that are not gas giants cannot be predicted by the Sudarsky system, for example

text: terrestrial planet

text: s such as

text: Earth

text: HD 85512 b

text: Earth mass

text: es) and

text: (5.5 Earth masses), or

text: ice giant

text: s such as

text: Uranus

text: (14 Earth masses) and

text: Neptune

text: (17 Earth masses).

text: Binzel was on the Planet Definition Committee that developed the proposal to the International Astronomical Union's meeting in Prague in 2006 on whether Pluto should be considered a planet.  Their proposal was revised during the meeting and Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet. However, Dr. Binzel has strong feelings contrary to this collective decision and would prefer for Pluto to still be classified as having full planet status.

text: Binzel was on the

text: Planet Definition Committee

text: that developed the proposal to the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: 's meeting in

text: Prague

text: in 2006 on whether

text: Pluto

text: should be considered a

text: planet

text: .  Their proposal was revised during the meeting and

text: Pluto

text: is now considered a

text: dwarf planet

text: . However, Dr. Binzel has strong feelings contrary to this collective decision and would prefer for Pluto to still be classified as having full planet status.

text: Project LONGSTOP (Long-term Gravitational Study of the Outer Planets) was a 1982 international consortium of Solar System dynamicists led by Archie Roy. It involved creation of a model on a supercomputer, integrating the orbits of (only) the outer planets. Its results revealed several curious exchanges of energy between the outer planets, but no signs of gross instability.

text: Project LONGSTOP (Long-term Gravitational Study of the Outer Planets) was a 1982 international consortium of Solar System dynamicists led by

text: Archie Roy

text: . It involved creation of a model on a supercomputer, integrating the orbits of (only) the outer planets. Its results revealed several curious exchanges of energy between the outer planets, but no signs of gross instability.

text: Some of the Kepler transiting planets with radii in the range 1–4 Earth radii have had their masses measured by radial-velocity or transit-timing methods. The calculated densities show that up to 1.5 Earth radii, these planets are rocky and that density increases with increasing radius due to gravitational compression. However, between 1.5 and 4 Earth radii the density decreases with increasing radius. This indicates that above 1.5 Earth radii planets tend to have increasing amounts of volatiles and gas. Despite this general trend, there is a wide range of masses at a given radius, which could be because gas planets can have rocky cores of different masses or compositions and could also be due to photoevaporation of volatiles.Thermal evolutionary atmosphere models suggest a radius of 1.75 times that of Earth as a dividing line between rocky and gaseous planets.Excluding close-in planets that have lost their gas envelope due to stellar irradiation, studies of the metallicity of stars suggest a dividing line of 1.7 Earth radii between rocky planets and gas dwarfs; then another dividing line at 3.9 Earth radii between gas dwarfs and gas giants. These dividing lines are statistical trends and do not necessarily apply to specific planets because there are many other factors besides metallicity that affect planet formation, including distance from star – there may be larger rocky planets formed at larger distances.An independent reanalysis of the data suggests that there are no such dividing lines and that there is a continuum of planet formation between 1 and 4 Earth radii and no reason to expect that the amount of solid material in a protoplanetary disk determines whether super-Earths or mini-Neptunes form. Studies made in 2016 based on over 300 planets suggest that most objects over approximately two Earth masses collect significant hydrogen–helium envelopes, which would mean rocky super-Earths may be rare.

text: Some of the Kepler transiting planets with radii in the range 1–4 Earth radii have had their masses measured by radial-velocity or transit-timing methods. The calculated densities show that up to 1.5 Earth radii, these planets are rocky and that density increases with increasing radius due to gravitational compression. However, between 1.5 and 4 Earth radii the density decreases with increasing radius. This indicates that above 1.5 Earth radii planets tend to have increasing amounts of volatiles and gas. Despite this general trend, there is a wide range of masses at a given radius, which could be because gas planets can have rocky cores of different masses or compositions and could also be due to

text: photoevaporation

text: of volatiles.Thermal evolutionary atmosphere models suggest a radius of 1.75 times that of Earth as a dividing line between rocky and gaseous planets.Excluding close-in planets that have lost their gas envelope due to stellar irradiation, studies of the

text: metallicity

text: of stars suggest a dividing line of 1.7 Earth radii between rocky planets and gas dwarfs; then another dividing line at 3.9 Earth radii between gas dwarfs and gas giants. These dividing lines are statistical trends and do not necessarily apply to specific planets because there are many other factors besides metallicity that affect planet formation, including distance from star – there may be larger rocky planets formed at larger distances.An independent reanalysis of the data suggests that there are no such dividing lines and that there is a continuum of planet formation between 1 and 4 Earth radii and no reason to expect that the amount of solid material in a protoplanetary disk determines whether super-Earths or mini-Neptunes form. Studies made in 2016 based on over 300 planets suggest that most objects over approximately two Earth masses collect significant hydrogen–helium envelopes, which would mean rocky super-Earths may be rare.

text: The climate of the upper highlands is characterized by very cold winters and warm summers. Winters of the lower highlands vary from extremely cold in the northern districts to mild conditions closer to the Makran coast. Summers are hot and dry. The arid zones of Chaghi and Kharan districts are extremely hot in summer. The plain areas are also very hot in summer with temperatures rising as high as 120 degrees F (50 degrees C). Winters are mild on the plains with the temperature, never falling below the freezing point. The desert climate is characterized by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.The climate of the upper highlands is characterized by very cold winters and warm summers. Winters of the lower highlands vary from extremely cold in the northern districts to mild conditions closer to the Makran coast. Summers are hot and dry. The arid zones of Chaghi and Kharan districts are extremely hot in summer. The plain areas are also very hot in summer with temperatures rising as high as 120 degrees F (50 degrees C). Winters are mild on the plains with the temperature, never falling below the freezing point. The desert climate is characterized by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.

text: Following his visit to Red Dwarf, Ace extended his adventures through the multi-verse and meeting many alternative versions of himself. When he finally became unable to carry on ("Stoke Me a Clipper"-S7,E2), he passed his legacy on to another version of himself, who became a new Ace. In turn, when it was the new Ace's time, he passed the torch on.  As each Ace died, their light bees were sent in orbit in small yellow 'coffins' around an unknown planet, and by the time Red Dwarfs Rimmer took on the mantle in Stoke Me a Clipper, the billions of Ace Rimmers who came before him had formed a golden ring similar to Saturn's (and resembling the logo of the TV series).

text: Following his visit to Red Dwarf, Ace extended his adventures through the multi-verse and meeting many alternative versions of himself. When he finally became unable to carry on ("Stoke Me a Clipper"-S7,E2), he passed his legacy on to another version of himself, who became a new Ace. In turn, when it was the new Ace's time, he passed the torch on.  As each Ace died, their light bees were sent in orbit in small yellow 'coffins' around an unknown planet, and by the time Red Dwarfs Rimmer took on the mantle in

text: Stoke Me a Clipper

text: , the billions of Ace Rimmers who came before him had formed a golden ring similar to Saturn's (and resembling the logo of the TV series).

text: Hotaru's age fluctuates during the series; she is first introduced as a 12-year-old, is reborn as an infant, quickly develops into a young child around 4, 5, or 8 then reaches her proper chronological age after a metaphysical epiphany. As Sailor Saturn, Hotaru can destroy planets. Her powers awaken once the three Talisman of Sailor Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto gather and resonate. Saturn reveals in the Infinity arc of the manga that this power is necessary, because rebirth cannot happen without death. It was Saturn who destroyed the remnants of the war-torn Moon Kingdom, allowing a new world to be born. At first, knowledge of her powers caused the other Outer Soldiers to attempt to kill her unawakened form. However, Saturn's awakening ultimately saved the world by forcing Master Pharaoh 90 to escape to his former universe before being destroyed with Earth. Sailor Pluto then sealed the gateway to their dimension so that he could never return and Super Sailor Moon used her powers as Neo-Queen Serenity to resurrect all that had been destroyed.

text: Planetary migration occurs when a planet or other stellar satellite interacts with a disk of gas or planetesimals, resulting in the alteration of the satellite's orbital parameters, especially its semi-major axis.  Planetary migration is the most likely explanation for hot Jupiters, extrasolar planets with jovian masses, but orbits of only a few days.  The generally accepted theory of planet formation from a protoplanetary disk predicts such planets cannot form so close to their stars, as there is insufficient mass at such small radii and the temperature is too high to allow the formation of rocky or icy planetesimals.  It has also become clear that terrestrial-mass planets may be subject to rapid inward migration if they form while the gas disk is still present. This may affect the formation of the cores of the giant planets (which have masses of the order of 10 Earth masses), if those planets form via the core accretion mechanism.

text: Planetary migration occurs when a

text: planet

text: or other stellar satellite interacts with a disk of gas or

text: planetesimal

text: s, resulting in the alteration of the satellite's orbital parameters, especially its

text: semi-major axis

text: .  Planetary migration is the most likely explanation for

text: hot Jupiter

text: s,

text: extrasolar planets

text: with

text: jovian

text: masses, but orbits of only a few days.  The generally accepted

text: theory of planet formation

text: from a

text: protoplanetary disk

text: predicts such planets cannot form so close to their stars, as there is insufficient mass at such small radii and the temperature is too high to allow the formation of rocky or icy planetesimals.  It has also become clear that

text: terrestrial-mass planet

text: s may be subject to rapid inward migration if they form while the gas disk is still present. This may affect the formation of the cores of the giant planets (which have masses of the order of 10 Earth masses), if those planets form via the core accretion mechanism.

text: Both Sony Computer Entertainment and Media Molecule undertook a large-scale marketing campaign in the run-up to the game's release. In North America, SCEA partnered with several major online retailers to offer unique bonus gifts to customers pre-ordering the game from the selected retailers. These gifts include codes to access additional in-game costumes, a sticker book, a burlap pouch and an official game guide. In the UK, SCEE partnered with online retailers to offer downloadable costumes, such as the Nariko character from Heavenly Sword, to customers who pre-order the game. A temporary shop in the UK was set up in Manchester city centre, where people were able to play the game before its release. The shop moved to central London in October. In addition to a chance to play the game, it offered such activities as T-shirt making. To market the game to an online audience, a website campaign to "reclaim Pluto as the ninth planet", Proposition Pluto, was released as a marketing tool several weeks before the game's release.

text: Both Sony Computer Entertainment and Media Molecule undertook a large-scale marketing campaign in the run-up to the game's release. In North America, SCEA partnered with several major online retailers to offer unique bonus gifts to customers pre-ordering the game from the selected retailers. These gifts include codes to access additional in-game costumes, a sticker book, a burlap pouch and an official game guide. In the UK, SCEE partnered with online retailers to offer downloadable costumes, such as the Nariko character from

text: Heavenly Sword

text: , to customers who pre-order the game. A temporary shop in the UK was set up in

text: Manchester

text: city centre, where people were able to play the game before its release. The shop moved to central London in October. In addition to a chance to play the game, it offered such activities as T-shirt making. To market the game to an online audience, a website campaign to "reclaim Pluto as the ninth planet", Proposition Pluto, was released as a marketing tool several weeks before the game's release.

text: Prior to the 2004 arrival of the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft, the rings of Saturn were widely thought to be much younger than the Solar System and were not expected to survive beyond another 300 million years. Gravitational interactions with Saturn's moons were expected to gradually sweep the rings' outer edge toward the planet, with abrasion by meteorites and Saturn's gravity eventually taking the rest, leaving Saturn unadorned. However, data from the Cassini mission led scientists to revise that early view. Observations revealed 10 km-wide icy clumps of material that repeatedly break apart and reform, keeping the rings fresh. Saturn's rings are far more massive than the rings of the other giant planets. This large mass is thought to have preserved Saturn's rings since it first formed 4.5 billion years ago, and is likely to preserve them for billions of years to come.

text: Prior to the 2004 arrival of the

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: spacecraft, the

text: rings of Saturn

text: were widely thought to be much younger than the Solar System and were not expected to survive beyond another 300 million years. Gravitational interactions with Saturn's moons were expected to gradually sweep the rings' outer edge toward the planet, with abrasion by meteorites and Saturn's gravity eventually taking the rest, leaving Saturn unadorned. However, data from the Cassini mission led scientists to revise that early view. Observations revealed 10 km-wide icy clumps of material that repeatedly break apart and reform, keeping the rings fresh. Saturn's rings are far more massive than the rings of the other giant planets. This large mass is thought to have preserved Saturn's rings since it first formed 4.5 billion years ago, and is likely to preserve them for billions of years to come.

text: Several of Jupiter's small innermost moons, namely Metis and Adrastea, are within Jupiter's ring system and are also within Jupiter's Roche limit. It is possible that these rings are composed of material that is being pulled off these two bodies by Jupiter's tidal forces, possibly facilitated by impacts of ring material on their surfaces.

text: Several of

text: Jupiter

text: 's small innermost moons, namely

text: Metis

text: and

text: Adrastea

text: , are within Jupiter's

text: ring system

text: and are also within Jupiter's

text: Roche limit

text: . It is possible that these rings are composed of material that is being pulled off these two bodies by Jupiter's

text: tidal force

text: s, possibly facilitated by impacts of ring material on their surfaces.

text: Because Texas lies to the west of a major body of water and to the east of the Rocky Mountains in the zone of the westerlies during the winter, temperatures closely follow the sun, and temperatures that precede a Texas norther can, but very rarely, reach 85 °F in January and 90 °F under bright sunlight in nearly-calm conditions even as far north as Dallas before the cold front passes through. Winds turn sharply to a northerly direction and become very strong. Windchill due to a combination of cold temperatures and strong winds is dangerous to anyone who is caught unaware and unprepared for it. It exists only from November to early March in Texas.

text: Because Texas lies to the west of a major body of water and to the east of the Rocky Mountains in the zone of the westerlies during the winter, temperatures closely follow the sun, and temperatures that precede a Texas norther can, but very rarely, reach 85 °F in January and 90 °F under bright sunlight in nearly-calm conditions even as far north as Dallas before the cold front passes through. Winds turn sharply to a northerly direction and become very strong.

text: Windchill

text: due to a combination of cold temperatures and strong winds is dangerous to anyone who is caught unaware and unprepared for it. It exists only from November to early March in Texas.

text: Of Uranus's five round satellites, Miranda orbits closest to it, at roughly 129,000 km from the surface; about a quarter again as far as its most distant ring. Its orbital period is just 34 hours, and, like that of the Moon, is synchronous with its rotation period, which means it always shows the same face to Uranus, a condition known as tidal lock. Miranda's orbital inclination (4.34°) is unusually high for a body so close to its planet, and roughly ten times that of the other Uranian satellites. The reason for this is still uncertain; there are no mean-motion resonances between the moons that could explain it, leading to the hypothesis that the moons occasionally pass through secondary resonances, which at some point in the past led to Miranda being locked for a time into a 3:1 resonance with Umbriel, before chaotic behaviour induced by the secondary resonances moved it out of it again. In the Uranian system, due to the planet's lesser degree of oblateness, and the larger relative size of its satellites, escape from a mean-motion resonance is much easier than for satellites of Jupiter or Saturn.

text: Of Uranus's five round satellites, Miranda orbits closest to it, at roughly 129,000 km from the surface; about a quarter again as far as its most distant

text: ring

text: . Its

text: orbital period

text: is just 34 hours, and, like that of the

text: Moon

text: , is synchronous with its

text: rotation period

text: , which means it always shows the same face to Uranus, a condition known as

text: tidal lock

text: . Miranda's orbital

text: inclination

text: (4.34°) is unusually high for a body so close to its planet, and roughly ten times that of the other Uranian satellites. The reason for this is still uncertain; there are no

text: mean-motion resonance

text: s between the moons that could explain it, leading to the hypothesis that the moons occasionally pass through

text: secondary resonance

text: s, which at some point in the past led to Miranda being locked for a time into a 3:1 resonance with

text: Umbriel

text: , before chaotic behaviour induced by the secondary resonances moved it out of it again. In the Uranian system, due to the planet's lesser degree of

text: oblate

text: ness, and the larger relative size of its satellites, escape from a mean-motion resonance is much easier than for satellites of

text: Jupiter

text: or

text: Saturn

text: In Saturn's Rings is a large format movie about Saturn made exclusively from real photographs taken by spacecraft. Director Stephen van Vuuren used more than 7.5 million photographs and numerous film techniques to create the effect of flying through space around Saturn and among its rings. CGI and 3-D modeling were not used in any capacity to create the realistic feel van Vuuren wanted for the viewer's experience. Most of the photos were taken by various major space missions.

text: In Saturn's Rings is a large format movie about

text: Saturn

text: made exclusively from real photographs taken by spacecraft. Director Stephen van Vuuren used more than 7.5 million photographs and numerous film techniques to create the effect of flying through space around Saturn and among its rings.

text: CGI

text: and

text: 3-D modeling

text: were not used in any capacity to create the realistic feel van Vuuren wanted for the viewer's experience. Most of the photos were taken by various major space missions.

text: Concentric Nebulizers have a central capillary with the liquid and an outer capillary with the gas. The gas draws the liquid into the gas stream through induction, and the liquid is broken into a fine mist as it moves into the gas stream. In theory, the gas and liquid may be switched with the gas in the center and the liquid in the outer capillary, but generally they work better with the gas outside and the liquid inside. The first Canadian concentric patent was Canadian Patent #2405 of April 18, 1873. It was designed to deliver a better spray of oil into a burner. The design is larger but essentially the same as modern analytical nebulizers. The first one developed for spectrometers was a glass design developed by Dr. Meinhard of California in 1973. His design enabled early ICP users to have a consistent sample introduction nebulizer, but it plugged easily. Today many companies produce glass concentrics, and since 1997, Teflon concentrics have become available.

text: Neptune is the son of Cronus and Rhea, and was born in Mount Olympus. Zeus and Pluto are his brothers, and Hera and Vesta are his sisters. Neptune is responsible for the evolution of Homo mermanus, and is still honored by the Atlanteans, unlike many Olympians who have little or no worshippers on Earth.

text: Neptune is the son of Cronus and Rhea, and was born in

text: Mount Olympus

text: Zeus

text: and

text: Pluto

text: are his brothers, and

text: Hera

text: and

text: Vesta

text: are his sisters. Neptune is responsible for the evolution of

text: Homo mermanus

text: , and is still honored by the Atlanteans, unlike many Olympians who have little or no worshippers on Earth.

text: One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is hotter at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation. Uranus's south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager 2's flyby in 1986. The labelling of this pole as "south" uses the definition currently endorsed by the International Astronomical Union, namely that the north pole of a planet or satellite is the pole that points above the invariable plane of the Solar System, regardless of the direction the planet is spinning. A different convention is sometimes used, in which a body's north and south poles are defined according to the right-hand rule in relation to the direction of rotation.

text: One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions of Uranus receive a greater energy input from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is hotter at its equator than at its poles. The underlying mechanism that causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized

text: protoplanet

text: collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation. Uranus's south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun at the time of Voyager 2's flyby in 1986. The labelling of this pole as "south" uses the definition currently endorsed by the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: , namely that the north pole of a planet or satellite is the pole that points above the invariable plane of the Solar System, regardless of the direction the planet is spinning. A different convention is sometimes used, in which a body's north and south poles are defined according to the

text: right-hand rule

text: in relation to the direction of rotation.

text: Following are the marakas in their descending order of strength –a)	The malefic planet (as per Parasari qualification) in sambandha (association) with the lord of a marakasthana,b)	The malefic planet in sambandha with lord of the 7th situated in the 2nd or the 7th housec)	Lord of the 2nd housed)	Lord of the 7th housee)	Malefic planet in the 2nd housef)	Malefic planet in the 7th houseg)	Natural benefic planet owning two kendras associated and with a marakah)	Rahu or Ketu in the 2nd or the 7th house combining with a maraka or situated in the 7th from a marakai)	Lord of the 12th housej)	Malefic planet in sambandha with the lord of the 12th or situated in the 12th housek)	Lord of the 3rd or the 8th weak and afflictedl)	Lord of the 6th or the 11th housem)	Any malefic planet as per Parasari qualification.The lord of the 8th house associated with a malefic planet, combining with Saturn or with the lord of the 10th house becomes a maraka if it is not situated in the 8th house; but if it also happens to be the lagna-lord then it will not act as a maraka if it occupies the 8th or the lagna. If Saturn is a functional malefic and also associates with a maraka then it becomes a very strong maraka, it will then supersede all other marakas and cause death during its own period or adverse transit.Planets associated with the lord of the 6th, the 8th, the 12th or a marakasthana cause suffering, misery and financial strain. Planets associated with the lord of a trikabhava and also simultaneously with marakas bereft of influence of the lords of the 5th and 9th bhavas, or the lagna-lord occupying the 12th house and the lord of the 12th situated in the lagna influenced by marakas, or the lord of the lagna in the 6th house and the lord of the 6th in the lagna influenced by marakas, or the lagna or the Moon afflicted by marakas, or the lagna occupied by Ketu and the lord of the lagna situated in the 8th, or the lord of the 5th is in the 6th and the lord of the 9th is situated in the 12th house influenced by marakas, or malefic planets, other than the lords of the 9th and the 10th house, are in the lagna influenced by marakas, or the lord of the navamsa occupied by Moon or the lagna-lord is located in a trikabhava associated with a maraka, they produce poverty and intense misery, and indicate loss or destruction of wealth, and troublesome period during the course of their antra-dasha or dasha.

text: Upon becoming a tropical depression, the cyclone maintained outer rainbands and fair outflow. It tracked southeastward around the northeastern periphery of an anticyclone over Florida. By August 6, the convection had diminished as outflow became restricted due to northeasterly wind shear; with a relatively dry environment, most of the convection was confined to the southern semicircle of the depression. Despite the circulation becoming elongated in the southwesterly flow of a southward moving cold front, a Hurricane Hunters flight late on August 6 reported that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Cristobal about 315 miles (505 km) east of Jacksonville, Florida.

text: Upon becoming a tropical depression, the cyclone maintained outer

text: rainbands

text: and fair

text: outflow

text: . It tracked southeastward around the northeastern periphery of an

text: anticyclone

text: over

text: Florida

text: . By August 6, the convection had diminished as outflow became restricted due to northeasterly

text: wind shear

text: ; with a relatively dry environment, most of the convection was confined to the southern semicircle of the depression. Despite the circulation becoming elongated in the southwesterly flow of a southward moving

text: cold front

text: , a

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: flight late on August 6 reported that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Cristobal about 315 miles (505 km) east of

text: Jacksonville, Florida

text: Her most influential books include Saturn: A New Look at an Old Devil, and the philosophically-inclined The Astrology of Fate.  The Outer Planets & Their Cycles, The Luminaries (with H. Sasportas) and The Dark of the Soul are other examples of her work.

text: A simple physical model for the liquid–gas phase transformation was proposed in 2009 by Jozsef Garai. It is suggested that the energy required to free an atom from the liquid is equivalent to the energy needed to overcome the surface resistance of the liquid.  The model allows calculating the latent heat by multiplying the maximum surface area covering an atom (Fig. 1) with the surface tension and the number of atoms in the liquid.  The calculated latent heat of vaporization values for the investigated 45 elements agrees well with experiments. Another model which utilizes the data set from Jozsef Garai's model shows that the liquid–gas phase change can be explained in terms of kinetic theory by considering that the energy required for vaporization is extracted from all six of the vaporizing molecule's neighbours. This includes a required rethink of the probability of vaporization, and has consequences to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Moreover, it does resolve the issue of the latent heat of vaporization being significantly greater than the thermal energy exchanged between molecules, i.e. at boiling point the latent heat for water is approximately 13.2 times kT (Boltzmann's factor multiplied by boiling temperature.)

text: A simple physical model for the liquid–gas phase transformation was proposed in 2009 by Jozsef Garai. It is suggested that the energy required to free an atom from the liquid is equivalent to the energy needed to overcome the surface resistance of the liquid.  The model allows calculating the latent heat by multiplying the maximum surface area covering an atom (Fig. 1) with the surface tension and the number of atoms in the liquid.  The calculated latent heat of vaporization values for the investigated 45 elements agrees well with experiments. Another model which utilizes the data set from Jozsef Garai's model shows that the liquid–gas phase change can be explained in terms of kinetic theory by considering that the energy required for vaporization is extracted from all six of the vaporizing molecule's neighbours. This includes a required rethink of the probability of vaporization, and has consequences to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Moreover, it does resolve the issue of the latent heat of vaporization being significantly greater than the thermal energy exchanged between molecules, i.e. at boiling point the latent heat for water is approximately 13.2 times

text: kT

text: (Boltzmann's factor multiplied by boiling temperature.)

text: The outer housing is the part of the fireplace unit that is installed in the framing of the building.  Two of the main operational components are housed inside of it.  The first key component within the outer housing is the firebox, which is surrounded on three sides by the outer housing, and on one side by the glass panel that faces in towards the room.  This is the space in which the fire burns during operation.  Because of this, the gas burners (either natural gas or propane) are located inside of the firebox.  To provide a more realistic look, imitation logs and ember material are placed on top of the burners.  The ember material, which will not burn, is designed so that it will glow like real embers when heated.  The firebox is designed to be smaller than the outer housing so that there is an empty space between the outermost walls of outer housing and the outer walls of the firebox . The empty space in between the firebox and the outer housing is the second important operational component of the outer housing.  This space is filled with air from the interior of the room being heated and is used to add hot air to the room without the addition of exhaust gasses from combustion.

text: The outer housing is the part of the fireplace unit that is installed in the framing of the building.  Two of the main operational components are housed inside of it.  The first key component within the outer housing is the firebox, which is surrounded on three sides by the outer housing, and on one side by the glass panel that faces in towards the room.  This is the space in which the fire burns during operation.  Because of this, the

text: gas burner

text: s (either

text: natural gas

text: or

text: propane

text: ) are located inside of the firebox.  To provide a more realistic look, imitation logs and ember material are placed on top of the burners.  The ember material, which will not burn, is designed so that it will glow like real embers when heated.  The firebox is designed to be smaller than the outer housing so that there is an empty space between the outermost walls of outer housing and the outer walls of the firebox . The empty space in between the firebox and the outer housing is the second important operational component of the outer housing.  This space is filled with air from the interior of the room being heated and is used to add hot air to the room without the addition of

text: exhaust gas

text: ses from

text: combustion

text: Approximation is also used to analyze the motion of several planets orbiting a star. This is extremely difficult due to the complex interactions of the planets' gravitational effects on each other. An approximate solution is effected by performing iterations. In the first iteration, the planets' gravitational interactions are ignored, and the star is assumed to be fixed. If a more precise solution is desired, another iteration is then performed, using the positions and motions of the planets as identified in the first iteration, but adding a first-order gravity interaction from each planet on the others. This process may be repeated until a satisfactorily precise solution is obtained.

text: Approximation is also used to analyze the motion of several planets orbiting a star. This is extremely difficult due to the complex interactions of the planets' gravitational effects on each other. An approximate solution is effected by performing

text: iteration

text: s. In the first iteration, the planets' gravitational interactions are ignored, and the star is assumed to be fixed. If a more precise solution is desired, another iteration is then performed, using the positions and motions of the planets as identified in the first iteration, but adding a first-order gravity interaction from each planet on the others. This process may be repeated until a satisfactorily precise solution is obtained.

text: In February, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois Kentucky, and West Virginia saw their coldest February since record-keeping began. Severe cold still covered areas from the Northeast and Midwest. Schools began to close because of the extreme cold. Homeless people had a hard time finding shelter, causing some deaths. Snow and blowing wind created dangerous wind chills. Due to blowing snow, ice, and severe cold, semi trucks had their deliveries delayed. Some locations saw a record-long period of below  weather.

text: In February,

text: Ohio

text: Indiana

text: Illinois

text: Kentucky

text: , and

text: West Virginia

text: saw their coldest February since record-keeping began. Severe cold still covered areas from the Northeast and Midwest. Schools began to close because of the extreme cold. Homeless people had a hard time finding shelter, causing some deaths. Snow and blowing wind created dangerous

text: wind chill

text: s. Due to blowing snow, ice, and severe cold, semi trucks had their deliveries delayed. Some locations saw a record-long period of below  weather.

text: Kalyan Verma in his Saravali(Ch.IX. Slokas 32-33) states that the child will be illegitimate if a)the lagna or the Moon are not aspected by Jupiter, b) if the conjunction of the Sun and the Moon is not aspected by Jupiter, c) if the Sun and the Moon in conjunction with a malefic planet are not aspected by Jupiter, d) if Jupiter, the Moon and the Sun are in their debilitation signs and Saturn is in the lagna and no benefic planet aspects the lagna, the Moon or Venus.

text: Kalyan Verma in his

text: Saravali

text: (Ch.IX. Slokas 32-33) states that the child will be illegitimate if a)the lagna or the Moon are not aspected by Jupiter, b) if the conjunction of the Sun and the Moon is not aspected by Jupiter, c) if the Sun and the Moon in conjunction with a malefic planet are not aspected by Jupiter, d) if Jupiter, the Moon and the Sun are in their debilitation signs and

text: Saturn

text: is in the lagna and no benefic planet aspects the lagna, the Moon or

text: Venus

text: ), so that the sequence of planets repeats every seven hours. Therefore, the twenty-fifth hour, which is the first hour of the following day, is dominated by the Sun; the forty-ninth hour, which is the first hour of the next day, by the Moon. Thus, if a day is labelled by the planet which dominates its first hour, then Saturn's day is followed by the Sun's day, which is followed by the Moon's day, and so forth, as shown below.

text: PAHs are found everywhere in deep space and, in June 2013, PAHs were detected in the upper atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn.

text: PAHs are found everywhere in

text: deep space

text: and, in June 2013, PAHs were detected in the

text: upper atmosphere

text: of

text: Titan

text: , the largest

text: moon

text: of the

text: planet

text: Saturn

text: On July 26, 2010 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of two planets around HD 200964 along with two planets around 24 Sextantis. The inner planet is nearly twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 614 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.60 AU (240 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 825 days to orbit eccentrically around the star at the average distance of 1.95 AU (292 Gm).

text: On July 26, 2010 the

text: California and Carnegie Planet Search

text: team announced the discovery of two planets around HD 200964 along with two planets around

text: 24 Sextantis

text: . The inner planet is nearly twice as massive as Jupiter and takes 614 days to orbit the star in a circular orbit at the average distance of 1.60 AU (240 Gm). The outer planet is / the mass of Jupiter and takes 825 days to orbit eccentrically around the star at the average distance of 1.95 AU (292 Gm).

text: The Nice ()  model is a scenario for the dynamical evolution of the Solar System. It is named for the location of the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, where it was initially developed, in Nice, France. It proposes the migration of the giant planets from an initial compact configuration into their present positions, long after the dissipation of the initial protoplanetary gas disk. In this way, it differs from earlier models of the Solar System's formation. This planetary migration is used in dynamical simulations of the Solar System to explain historical events including the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System, the formation of the Oort cloud, and the existence of populations of small Solar System bodies including the Kuiper belt, the Neptune and Jupiter trojans, and the numerous resonant trans-Neptunian objects dominated by Neptune. Its success at reproducing many of the observed features of the Solar System means that it is widely accepted as the current most realistic model of the Solar System's early evolution, although it is not universally favoured among planetary scientists. One of its limitations that it does not reproduce the outer-system satellites and the Kuiper belt (see below).

text: The Nice ()  model is a scenario for the

text: dynamical evolution

text: of the

text: Solar System

text: . It is named for the location of the

text: Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur

text: , where it was initially developed, in

text: Nice

text: , France. It proposes the

text: migration

text: of the

text: giant planet

text: s from an initial compact configuration into their present positions, long after the dissipation of the initial

text: protoplanetary gas disk

text: . In this way, it differs from

entity_name: History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses

text: earlier models

text: of the Solar System's formation. This planetary migration is used in

text: dynamical simulation

text: s of the Solar System to explain historical events including the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: of the

text: inner Solar System

text: , the formation of the

text: Oort cloud

text: , and the existence of populations of

text: small Solar System bodies

text: including the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , the

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: trojan

text: s, and the numerous

text: resonant trans-Neptunian object

text: s dominated by Neptune. Its success at reproducing many of the observed features of the Solar System means that it is widely accepted as the current most realistic model of the Solar System's early evolution, although it is not universally favoured among

text: planetary scientists

text: . One of its limitations that it does not reproduce the outer-system satellites and the Kuiper belt (see below).

text: Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons, such as Io, Europa, Ganymede and Titan, which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun. This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet. These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture, while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely. The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have eccentric orbits with arbitrary inclinations. These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies. Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary. The largest irregular moon is Neptune's moon Triton, which is thought to be a captured Kuiper belt object.

text: Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons, such as

text: Io

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Titan

text: , which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun. This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet. These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture, while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely. The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have

text: eccentric

text: orbits with arbitrary inclinations. These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies. Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary. The largest irregular moon is Neptune's moon

text: Triton

text: , which is thought to be a captured

text: Kuiper belt object

text: In 1999 a planet HD 75289 b with half the mass of Jupiter was detected by radial velocity method. This planet is a typical hot Jupiter that takes only about 3.51 days to revolve at an orbital distance of 0.0482 AU.

text: In 1999 a

text: planet

text: HD 75289 b

text: with half the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: was detected by

text: radial velocity method

text: . This planet is a typical

text: hot Jupiter

text: that takes only about 3.51 days to revolve at an

text: orbital distance

text: of 0.0482

text: AU

text: At first sight, the Shadow Planet Killer appears to be a gigantic mobile cloud of dust and gas, capable of surrounding a planet (thus its other name, the Death Cloud). On closer inspection, this cloud is revealed as a cover which conceals a net-like matrix of tubes and beams. The Planet Killer expands this net around a planet, with the dust and gas cutting off any contact to the outside. The dust and gas are actually bio-nanobots.

text: Planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like object. Within the Solar System, planets are usually measured in the astronomical system of units, where the unit of mass is the solar mass (), the mass of the Sun. In the study of extrasolar planets, the unit of measure is typically the mass of Jupiter () for large gas giant planets, and the mass of Earth () for smaller rocky terrestrial planets.

text: Planetary mass is a measure of the

text: mass

text: of a

text: planet

text: -like object. Within the

text: Solar System

text: , planets are usually measured in the

text: astronomical system of units

text: , where the unit of mass is the

text: solar mass

text: (), the mass of the

text: Sun

text: . In the study of

text: extrasolar planet

text: s, the unit of measure is typically the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: () for large

text: gas giant

text: planets, and the mass of

text: Earth

text: () for smaller rocky

text: terrestrial planet

text: s.

text: Titan Nunatak () is a broad, rather flat-topped nunatak, rising to about 460 m, standing between Coal Nunatak and Tethys Nunataks in the southeast corner of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The nunatak was first sighted and photographed from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935, and mapped from photos obtained on that flight by W.L.G. Joerg. Observed from the northwest (the direction from which Ellsworth photographed this nunatak), only the summit protrudes above the coastal ice, and it was uncertain whether this was a Peak on Alexander Island or an island in George VI Sound. Its true nature was determined by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey who surveyed this nunatak in 1949. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee for its association with nearby Saturn Glacier, Titan being one of the satellites of the planet Saturn, the sixth planet of the Solar System.

text: Titan Nunatak () is a broad, rather flat-topped

text: nunatak

text: , rising to about 460 m, standing between

text: Coal Nunatak

text: and

text: Tethys Nunataks

text: in the southeast corner of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: . The nunatak was first sighted and photographed from the air by

text: Lincoln Ellsworth

text: on November 23, 1935, and mapped from photos obtained on that flight by

text: W.L.G. Joerg

text: . Observed from the northwest (the direction from which Ellsworth photographed this nunatak), only the summit protrudes above the coastal ice, and it was uncertain whether this was a Peak on Alexander Island or an

text: island

text: in

text: George VI Sound

text: . Its true nature was determined by the

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: who surveyed this nunatak in 1949. Named by the

text: for its association with nearby

text: Saturn Glacier

text: Titan

text: being one of the

text: satellite

text: s of the planet

text: Saturn

text: , the sixth planet of the

text: Solar System

text: In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the boiling point, or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.

text: In a gas, the molecules have enough

text: kinetic energy

text: so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an

text: ideal gas

text: ), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the

text: boiling point

text: , or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.

text: Some astronomers counter this opinion by saying that, far from not having cleared their orbits, the major planets completely control the orbits of the other bodies within their orbital zone. Although Jupiter does coexist with a large number of small bodies in its orbit (the Trojan asteroids), these bodies only exist in Jupiter's orbit because they are in the sway of the planet's huge gravity. Earth accretes or ejects near-Earth asteroids on million-year time scales, thereby clearing its orbit.  Similarly, Pluto may cross the orbit of Neptune, but Neptune long ago locked Pluto and its attendant Kuiper belt objects, called plutinos, into a 3:2 resonance (i.e., they orbit the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits). Since the orbits of these objects are entirely dictated by Neptune's gravity, Neptune is therefore gravitationally dominant.

text: Some astronomers counter this opinion by saying that, far from not having cleared their orbits, the major planets completely control the orbits of the other bodies within their orbital zone. Although Jupiter does coexist with a large number of small bodies in its orbit (the

text: Trojan asteroid

text: s), these bodies only exist in Jupiter's orbit because they are in the sway of the planet's huge gravity. Earth accretes or ejects near-Earth asteroids on million-year time scales, thereby clearing its orbit.  Similarly, Pluto may cross the orbit of Neptune, but Neptune long ago locked Pluto and its attendant Kuiper belt objects, called

text: plutino

text: s, into a 3:2 resonance (i.e., they orbit the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits). Since the orbits of these objects are entirely dictated by Neptune's gravity, Neptune is therefore gravitationally dominant.

text: A planet on the outer edge of the Galaxy mentioned in Forward the Foundation.

text: In Bermuda, the combination of Gabrielle and the cold front to its west dropped about  of precipitation in a four-day period. Wind gusts peaked at  in an outer rainband.

text: Molecules with high enough velocity, which escape into outer space, are ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. As the solar wind encounters the obstacle formed by the ions, it is slowed and diverted, possibly forming a shock wave upstream of Pluto. The ions are "picked up" by the solar wind and carried in its flow past the dwarf planet to form an ion or plasma tail. The Solar Wind around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft made the first measurements of this region of low-energy atmospheric ions shortly after its closest approach on 14 July 2015. Such measurements will enable the SWAP team to determine the rate at which Pluto loses its atmosphere and, in turn, will yield insight into the evolution of the Pluto’s atmosphere and surface.

text: Molecules with high enough velocity, which escape into outer space, are ionized by solar

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. As the solar wind encounters the obstacle formed by the ions, it is slowed and diverted, possibly forming a shock wave upstream of Pluto. The ions are "picked up" by the solar wind and carried in its flow past the dwarf planet to form an ion or plasma tail. The Solar Wind around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on the

text: New Horizons

text: spacecraft made the first measurements of this region of low-energy atmospheric ions shortly after its closest approach on 14 July 2015. Such measurements will enable the SWAP team to determine the rate at which Pluto loses its atmosphere and, in turn, will yield insight into the evolution of the Pluto’s atmosphere and surface.

text: The New York Botanical Gardens wrote that the diversity of epiphytes ("air plants" that grow on other plants) is higher in the cloud forests of Ecuador, Colombia and Peru than anywhere else on the planet.

text: The

text: New York Botanical Gardens

text: wrote that the diversity of

text: epiphytes

text: ("air plants" that grow on other plants) is higher in the cloud forests of Ecuador, Colombia and Peru than anywhere else on the planet.

text: As such HD 154345 b is presumed to be a gas giant "Jupiter twin". Depending on composition the two planets may be around the same size, or HD 154345 b may be larger. This planet may also harbor a system of moons and rings.

text: As such HD 154345 b is presumed to be a

text: gas giant

text: "Jupiter twin". Depending on composition the two planets may be around the same size, or HD 154345 b may be larger. This planet may also harbor a system of moons and rings.

text: In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon, within the A Ring, of the planet Saturn.

text: In April 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new

text: moon

text: , within the

text: A Ring

text: , of the

text: planet

text: Saturn.

text: Neptune's composition is similar to that of Uranus and unlike those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter's and Saturn's, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

text: Neptune's composition is similar to that of Uranus and unlike those of the larger

text: gas giant

text: s,

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: . Like Jupiter's and Saturn's, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: , along with traces of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and possibly

text: nitrogen

text: , but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water,

text: ammonia

text: , and

text: methane

text: . However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "

text: ice giant

text: s" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

text: There are also less-prominent systems in Aquarius. WASP-6, a type G8 star of magnitude 12.4, is host to one exoplanet, WASP-6 b. The star is 307 parsecs from Earth and has a mass of 0.888 solar masses and a radius of 0.87 solar radii. WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 by the transit method. It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at a distance of 0.042 astronomical units (AU). It is 0.503 Jupiter masses but has a proportionally larger radius of 1.224 Jupiter radii. HD 206610, a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth, is host to one planet, HD 206610 b. The host star is larger than the Sun; more massive at 1.56 solar masses and larger at 6.1 solar radii. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method n 2010 and has a mass of 2.2 Jupiter masses. It orbits every 610 days at a distance of 1.68 AU. Much closer to its sun is WASP-47 b, which orbits every 4.15 days only 0.052 AU from its sun, yellow dwarf (G9V) WASP-47. WASP-47 is close in size to the Sun, having a radius of 1.15 solar radii and a mass even closer at 1.08 solar masses. WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 by the transit method, like WASP-6 b. It is slightly larger than Jupiter with a mass of 1.14 Jupiter masses and a radius of 1.15 Jupiter masses.

text: There are also less-prominent systems in Aquarius.

text: , a type G8 star of magnitude 12.4, is host to one exoplanet,

text: WASP-6 b

text: . The star is 307

text: parsec

text: s from Earth and has a mass of 0.888

text: solar mass

text: es and a radius of 0.87

text: solar radii

text: . WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 by the

text: transit method

text: . It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at a distance of 0.042

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU). It is 0.503

text: Jupiter mass

text: es but has a proportionally larger radius of 1.224

text: Jupiter radii

text: HD 206610

text: , a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth, is host to one planet,

text: HD 206610 b

text: . The host star is larger than the Sun; more massive at 1.56 solar masses and larger at 6.1 solar radii. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method n 2010 and has a mass of 2.2 Jupiter masses. It orbits every 610 days at a distance of 1.68 AU. Much closer to its sun is

text: WASP-47 b

text: , which orbits every 4.15 days only 0.052 AU from its sun, yellow dwarf (G9V)

text: . WASP-47 is close in size to the Sun, having a radius of 1.15 solar radii and a mass even closer at 1.08 solar masses. WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 by the transit method, like WASP-6 b. It is slightly larger than Jupiter with a mass of 1.14 Jupiter masses and a radius of 1.15 Jupiter masses.

text: Trujillo works with computer software and has examined the orbits of the numerous trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), which is the outer area of the Solar System that he specialized in. In late August 2005, it was announced that Trujillo, along with Michael E. Brown and David L. Rabinowitz, had discovered Eris in 2003. As a result of the discovery of the satellite Dysnomia, Eris was the first TNO known to be more massive than Pluto.

text: Trujillo works with computer software and has examined the orbits of the numerous

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: s (TNOs), which is the outer area of the Solar System that he specialized in. In late August 2005, it was announced that Trujillo, along with

text: Michael E. Brown

text: and

text: David L. Rabinowitz

text: , had discovered

text: Eris

text: in 2003. As a result of the discovery of the satellite

text: Dysnomia

text: , Eris was the first TNO known to be more massive than

text: Pluto

text: In the 1990s, astronomers began finding other objects at least as far away as Pluto, now known as Kuiper Belt objects, or KBOs. Many of these shared some of Pluto's key orbital characteristics and are now called plutinos. Pluto came to be seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, and some astronomers stopped referring to Pluto as a planet. Pluto's eccentric and inclined orbit, while very unusual for a planet in the Solar System, fits in well with the other KBOs. New York City's newly renovated Hayden Planetarium did not include Pluto in its exhibit of the planets when it reopened as the Rose Center for Earth and Space in 2000.

text: In the 1990s, astronomers began finding other objects at least as far away as Pluto, now known as

text: Kuiper Belt object

text: s, or KBOs. Many of these shared some of Pluto's key orbital characteristics and are now called

text: plutinos

text: . Pluto came to be seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, and some astronomers stopped referring to Pluto as a planet. Pluto's eccentric and inclined orbit, while very unusual for a planet in the Solar System, fits in well with the other KBOs. New York City's newly renovated

text: Hayden Planetarium

text: did not include Pluto in its exhibit of the planets when it reopened as the

text: Rose Center for Earth and Space

text: in 2000.

text: is an elegant and talented violinist and painter with family money of an age with her partner and lover, Haruka Tenoh. She is able to transform into Sailor Neptune, Soldier of Ocean and Embrace. She worked alone for some time before finding her partner, Sailor Uranus. Neptune has ultimately given up her own dreams for the life of a Soldier. She is fully devoted to this duty and willing to make any sacrifice for it. Sailor Neptune's talisman is her Deep Aqua Mirror, which aids her with her intuition and revealing cloaked evil.

text: is an elegant and talented

text: violin

text: ist and painter with family money of an age with her partner and lover, Haruka Tenoh. She is able to transform into Sailor Neptune, Soldier of

text: Ocean

text: and

text: Embrace

text: . She worked alone for some time before finding her partner, Sailor Uranus. Neptune has ultimately given up her own dreams for the life of a Soldier. She is fully devoted to this duty and willing to make any sacrifice for it. Sailor Neptune's talisman is her Deep Aqua Mirror, which aids her with her intuition and revealing cloaked evil.

text: After peak intensity, Gloria weakened while turning to the north, moving around the western end of the ridge, toward a cold front. By September 26, the winds had decreased to 90 mph (150 km/h), just 30 hours after its peak intensity. Later that day, a buoy about 60 mi (100 km) east of the center recorded a wave height of 46.9 ft (14.3 m), which at the time was the highest buoy wave recording in an Atlantic hurricane. While accelerating toward North Carolina, Gloria re-intensified slightly to winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. At 0530 UTC on September 27, the hurricane struck southern Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks. After weakening further, Gloria passed just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and New Jersey and interacted with a cold front. Its strongest winds remained on the eastern edge of the circulation, and the storm was gradually losing tropical characteristics. At 1600 UTC on September 27, the hurricane made landfall with a broad and poorly defined center between John F. Kennedy International Airport and Islip, New York, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) on western Long Island. This was only about three days after Henri struck the same general area as a much weaker tropical storm.

text: After peak intensity, Gloria weakened while turning to the north, moving around the western end of the ridge, toward a

text: cold front

text: . By September 26, the winds had decreased to 90 mph (150 km/h), just 30 hours after its peak intensity. Later that day, a buoy about 60 mi (100 km) east of the center recorded a

text: wave height

text: of 46.9 ft (14.3 m), which at the time was the highest buoy wave recording in an Atlantic hurricane. While accelerating toward North Carolina, Gloria re-intensified slightly to winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. At 0530 UTC on September 27, the hurricane struck southern

text: Hatteras Island

text: in the Outer Banks. After weakening further, Gloria passed just east of the

text: Delmarva Peninsula

text: and

text: New Jersey

text: and interacted with a cold front. Its strongest winds remained on the eastern edge of the circulation, and the storm was gradually losing tropical characteristics. At 1600 UTC on September 27, the hurricane made

text: landfall

text: with a broad and poorly defined center between

text: John F. Kennedy International Airport

text: and

text: Islip, New York

text: , with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) on western Long Island. This was only about three days after Henri struck the same general area as a much weaker tropical storm.

text: In the diagram on the left, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the critical point. This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable, in what is known as a supercritical fluid. In water, the critical point occurs at around T = , p =  and ρ = 356 kg/m³.

text: In the diagram on the left, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the

text: critical point

text: . This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable, in what is known as a

text: supercritical fluid

text: . In water, the critical point occurs at around T = , p =  and ρ = 356 kg/m³.

text: The Papsthaus ("Pope House"), located in a wooded area about 2 km west of Radis, was where Johann Gottfried Galle (1812–1910) was born. With his startling discovery of the planet Neptune, among other things, he became one of Germany's most important astronomers.

text: The Papsthaus ("

text: Pope

text: House"), located in a wooded area about 2 km west of Radis, was where

text: Johann Gottfried Galle

text: (1812–1910) was born. With his startling discovery of the planet

text: Neptune

text: , among other things, he became one of Germany's most important astronomers.

text: Kepler-447b is a confirmed exoplanet. The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a gas giant with a bulk composition similar to that of Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many planets detected around other stars, Kepler-447b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as hot Jupiters. It has an extremely grazing transit, a property that could be used to detect further properties such as perturbations of the orbit due to other nearby objects or stellar pulsations.

text: Kepler-447b is a confirmed

text: exoplanet

text: . The planet's mass and radius indicate that it is a

text: gas giant

text: Jupiter

text: . Unlike Jupiter, but similar to many planets detected around other stars, Kepler-447b is located very close to its star, and belongs to the class of planets known as

text: hot Jupiter

text: s. It has an extremely grazing

text: transit

text: , a property that could be used to detect further properties such as perturbations of the orbit due to other nearby objects or stellar pulsations.

text: Satellites images from TIROS helped to highlight one of the main differences between laboratory convection cells and those that occur in the atmosphere. The ratio of the diameter of the hexagon compared to the depth of the cloud was much larger in the atmosphere compared to the same ratio calculated in controlled experiments. This difference showed that viscosity and heat conduction were important for the laboratory measurements, but eddy diffusion of heat and momentum dominated the atmospheric cells. Wind shear must be low to form MCC cells otherwise cloud streaks will form in the direction of the wind shear. The cloud formations that occur as part of MCC can be placed into two categories: open cells and closed cells.

text: The extremely water-ice-rich composition of Tethys remains unexplained. The conditions in the Saturnian sub-nebula likely favored conversion of the molecular nitrogen and carbon monoxide into ammonia and methane, respectively. This can partially explain why Saturnian moons including Tethys contain more water ice than outer Solar System bodies like Pluto or Triton as the oxygen freed from carbon monoxide would react with the hydrogen forming water. One of the most interesting explanations proposed is that the rings and inner moons accreted from the tidally stripped ice-rich crust of a Titan-like moon before it was swallowed by Saturn.

text: The extremely water-ice-rich composition of Tethys remains unexplained. The conditions in the Saturnian sub-nebula likely favored conversion of the molecular

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: carbon monoxide

text: into ammonia and

text: methane

text: , respectively. This can partially explain why Saturnian moons including Tethys contain more water ice than outer Solar System bodies like

text: Pluto

text: or

text: Triton

text: as the oxygen freed from carbon monoxide would react with the hydrogen forming water. One of the most interesting explanations proposed is that the rings and inner moons accreted from the tidally stripped ice-rich crust of a Titan-like moon before it was swallowed by Saturn.

text: On November 3, an extratropical cyclone formed over the Central United States along a cold front, which moved into the Atlantic Ocean during the following day. On November 6, the system became nearly stationary between Bermuda and the Bahamas after separating from the front. The circulation became better-defined while convection increased. By November 8, the system had developed gale-force winds near the center, and at 0600 UTC that day, the NHC classified it as Subtropical Storm Sean. While convection and the wind field had become more symmetric, the system remained a subtropical storm due to the associated upper-level low. Within 12 hours, Sean separated from the low and transitioned into a tropical cyclone, after developing a warm core. It developed outflow and intensified due to light wind shear, combined with sufficiently warm water temperaturess of at least . With a ridge to the northeast, the storm moved slowly to the west. On November 9, an eye feature developed in association with Sean, which later morphed into a ring of convection. The NHC predicted Sean would intensify into a hurricane, although the storm reached peak winds of  on November 10 as reported by the Hurricane Hunters. An approaching cold front subsequently induced higher wind shear on the cyclone as it tracked northeastward into cooler waters; this led to weakening. After passing roughly  west-northwest of Bermuda, Sean transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 11. Early on the next day, it was absorbed by the cold front.

text: On November 3, an

text: extratropical cyclone

text: formed over the Central United States along a cold front, which moved into the Atlantic Ocean during the following day. On November 6, the system became nearly stationary between Bermuda and the Bahamas after separating from the front. The circulation became better-defined while

text: convection

text: increased. By November 8, the system had developed

text: gale

text: -force winds near the center, and at 0600

text: UTC

text: that day, the NHC classified it as Subtropical Storm Sean. While convection and the wind field had become more symmetric, the system remained a

text: subtropical

text: storm due to the associated

text: upper-level low

text: . Within 12 hours, Sean separated from the low and transitioned into a

text: tropical cyclone

text: , after developing a

text: warm core

text: . It developed

text: outflow

text: and intensified due to light

text: wind shear

text: , combined with sufficiently warm

text: water temperatures

text: s of at least . With a

text: ridge

text: to the northeast, the storm moved slowly to the west. On November 9, an

text: eye feature

text: developed in association with Sean, which later morphed into a ring of convection. The NHC predicted Sean would intensify into a hurricane, although the storm reached peak winds of  on November 10 as reported by the

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: . An approaching cold front subsequently induced higher wind shear on the cyclone as it tracked northeastward into cooler waters; this led to weakening. After passing roughly  west-northwest of Bermuda, Sean transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 11. Early on the next day, it was absorbed by the cold front.

text: A giant planet is a massive planet and has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. They may have a dense molten core of rocky elements, or the core may have completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the planet if the planet is hot enough. In "traditional" giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn (the gas giants) hydrogen and helium constitute most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on Uranus and Neptune, which are instead mostly composed of water, ammonia, and methane and therefore increasingly referred to as "ice giants".

text: A giant planet is a massive

text: planet

text: and has a thick atmosphere of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: . They may have a dense molten core of rocky elements, or the core may have completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the planet if the planet is hot enough. In "traditional" giant planets such as

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: (the gas giants) hydrogen and helium constitute most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , which are instead mostly composed of

text: water

text: ammonia

text: , and

text: methane

text: and therefore increasingly referred to as "

text: ice giant

text: s".

text: Hot temperature extremes are enhanced by dry, compressed wind from the west slopes of the Cascades, while cold temperatures are generated mainly from the Fraser Valley in British Columbia.

text: Hot temperature extremes are enhanced by dry, compressed wind from the west slopes of the Cascades, while cold temperatures are generated mainly from the

text: Fraser Valley

text: in

text: British Columbia

text: The Venus zone is the region around a star where a terrestrial planet would have runaway greenhouse conditions like Venus, but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely evaporates. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of red dwarfs have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, rising to 45% for K-type and G-type stars. Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus.

text: The Venus zone is the region around a star where a

text: terrestrial planet

text: would have

text: runaway greenhouse

text: conditions like

text: Venus

text: , but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely evaporates. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of

text: red dwarf

text: s have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, rising to 45% for

text: K-type

text: and

text: G-type

text: stars. Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus.

text: The climate is a maritime climate (Cfb) with mild winters and cool summers. Rain falls throughout the year, reaching its height at the end of the summer and in the autumn; spring tends to be somewhat drier. The climate has warmed since 1988; winters are even milder than they used to be and are extremely mild for the high latitude (51,5 degrees). Winters are dark and days are short, with the sun only appearing above the horizon for seven to eight hours a day. Mild winters tend to be particularly gloomy, with barely any sun and lots of wind and rain. Cold winters tend to be snowy and freezing but also sunny, with people skating on the canals near the city.

text: Daphnis was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team on May 6, 2005. The discovery images were taken by the Cassini probe over 16 min on May 1, 2005, from a time-lapse sequence of 0.180 second narrow-angle-camera exposures of the outer edge of the A ring. The moon was subsequently found in 32 low-phase images taken of the F ring on April 13, 2005 (spanning 18 min) and again in two high-resolution (3.54 km/pixel) low-phase images taken on May 2, 2005, when its 7 km disk was resolved.

text: Daphnis was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team on May 6, 2005. The

text: discovery images

text: were taken by the

text: Cassini

text: probe

text: over 16 min on May 1, 2005, from a time-lapse sequence of 0.180 second narrow-angle-camera exposures of the outer edge of the A ring. The moon was subsequently found in 32 low-phase images taken of the

text: F ring

text: on April 13, 2005 (spanning 18 min) and again in two high-resolution (3.54 km/

text: pixel

text: ) low-phase images taken on May 2, 2005, when its 7 km disk was resolved.

text: The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process is a Gas-to-Liquid (GtL) process. When biomass is the source of the gas production the process is also referred to as Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL).A disadvantage of this process is the high energy investment for the FT synthesis and consequently, the process is not yet economic.

text: The

text: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process

text: is a Gas-to-Liquid (GtL) process. When biomass is the source of the gas production the process is also referred to as Biomass-To-Liquids (BTL).A disadvantage of this process is the high energy investment for the FT synthesis and consequently, the process is not yet economic.

text: 1977 Rings of Uranus

text: Rings of Uranus

text: When Dora and Boots are looking up at outer space, a flying saucer containing five aliens (“Flinky”, “Inky”, “Plinky”, “Dinky” and “Al”) from the purple planet, lands on Earth. However, the saucer falls apart and Dora and Boots have to get the aliens back to the Purple Planet. Isa has a rocket ship that Dora and Boots can borrow, which is located on top of the tall mountain. To get there, Dora and Boots first need to cross the Turtle River, then get past the Icky Sticky Sand, then swing over Crocodile Lake and finally climb up to the top of the tall mountain. When they reach the top of the mountain, Dora and Boots launch themselves into outer space. When Dora and Boots get to the purple planet, they receive a present from the aliens to fly back to Earth.

text: Bhat has a hot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , the average minimum is , and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual.

text: Bhat has a hot, semi-arid climate (

text: Köppen climate classification

text: BSh

text: tropical savanna climate

text: . There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , the average minimum is , and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual.

text: Earth-based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings are much more unstable than previously thought. Images taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2. In particular, it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century.

text: Earth-based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings are much more unstable than previously thought. Images taken from the

text: W. M. Keck Observatory

text: in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2. In particular, it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century.

text: A planet is defined according to the 2006 International Astronomical Union (IAU) definition; as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to have cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.  The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. By the IAU's definition, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99 percent of the mass of the Solar System.

text: A

text: planet

text: is defined according to the 2006

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) definition; as a body in orbit around the

text: Sun

text: that was large enough to have achieved

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: and to have

text: cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit

text: .  The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. By the IAU's definition, there are eight planets in the

text: Solar System

text: ; four

text: terrestrial planet

text: s (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and four

text: giant planet

text: s, which can be divided further into two

text: gas giant

text: s (Jupiter and Saturn) and two

text: ice giant

text: s (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99 percent of the mass of the Solar System.

text: The game combines elements of both Angry Birds and Angry Birds Space, featuring levels that take place on both standard terrain and in outer space. The game begins on Tatooine, Luke Skywalker's home planet, moves to the Death Star, travels to Hoth, then Dagobah, and ends up in Cloud City. With the exclusion of Blue Bird, all the Birds are given new powers not yet seen before in a canon Angry Birds title, some of these that are upgraded as the game progresses further. Players can re-play previously completed levels with the upgraded abilities.

text: The game combines elements of both Angry Birds and Angry Birds Space, featuring levels that take place on both standard terrain and in outer space. The game begins on

text: Tatooine

text: Luke Skywalker

text: 's home planet, moves to the

text: Death Star

text: , travels to

text: Hoth

text: , then

text: Dagobah

text: , and ends up in

text: Cloud City

text: . With the exclusion of Blue Bird, all the Birds are given new powers not yet seen before in a canon Angry Birds title, some of these that are upgraded as the game progresses further. Players can re-play previously completed levels with the upgraded abilities.

text: However planets b, c, and d are presumed to have migrated in from outer orbits; and planet b is predicted a sub-Neptune. It is likely that this planet formed even further out. Whether it is a sub-Neptune, a super-Venus or even a super-Mercury is unknown.

text: Themis Nunatak () is a very large, flat-topped nunatak lying 6 nautical miles (11 km) west-southwest of Mount Umbriel in the southern portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The nunatak was first mapped from trimetrogon air photography taken by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947–48, and from survey by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1948-50. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee in association with nearby Saturn Glacier, Themis being one of the satellites of the planet Saturn, the sixth planet of the Solar System.

text: Themis Nunatak () is a very large, flat-topped

text: nunatak

text: lying 6 nautical miles (11 km) west-southwest of

text: Mount Umbriel

text: in the southern portion of

text: Alexander Island

text: Antarctica

text: . The nunatak was first mapped from trimetrogon air photography taken by

text: Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition

text: in 1947–48, and from survey by

text: Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey

text: in 1948-50. Named by

text: in association with nearby

text: Saturn Glacier

text: Themis

text: being one of the

text: satellite

text: s of the planet

text: Saturn

text: , the sixth planet of the

text: Solar System

text: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star in an 8.5-hour orbit. It reflects 20% to 60% of the starlight it receives. Due to its extremely close solar orbit, about 40 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun, the planet's surface is estimated to be at a temperature of  to . This temperature is high enough to have stripped the planet of any stable atmosphere, but the liquid and solid portions of the planet should be stable. According to Francesco Pepe, one of the astronomers involved with the discovery, the planet may be Earth-sized but "it can be imagined like a lava planet rather than an Earth-like planet."

text: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star in an 8.5-hour orbit. It reflects 20% to 60% of the starlight it receives. Due to its extremely close solar orbit, about 40 times closer to its star than

text: Mercury

text: is to the Sun, the planet's surface is estimated to be at a temperature of  to . This temperature is high enough to have stripped the planet of any stable

text: atmosphere

text: , but the liquid and solid portions of the planet should be stable. According to Francesco Pepe, one of the astronomers involved with the discovery, the planet may be Earth-sized but "it can be imagined like a lava planet rather than an Earth-like planet."

text: Most giant planets (except Neptune) have retinues of moons, rings, ring shepherds, and moon Trojans analogous to mini-solar systems. These systems are postulated to have accreted from analogous gas clouds, and possibly with analogous migrations during their formation periods. The Cassini mission was defended on the grounds that Saturn system dynamics would contribute to studies of Solar System dynamics and formation.

text: Most giant planets (

text: except Neptune

text: ) have retinues of moons, rings, ring shepherds, and moon Trojans analogous to mini-solar systems. These systems are postulated to have accreted from analogous gas clouds, and possibly with analogous migrations during their formation periods. The Cassini mission was defended on the grounds that Saturn system dynamics would contribute to studies of Solar System dynamics and formation.

text: Possibilities of life in the Solar System are considered next, with emphasis on Mars, Titan, and outer moons harboring liquid water. Next is a summary of the rapidly changing state of play in the search for extrasolar planets or exoplanets. After centuries of speculation and decades of futile searching, planets around other stars were first discovered in 1995 and the number is now over 850, with several thousand more candidates from the Kepler mission. The book ends with the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) and the use of the Drake equation to frame discussions of cosmic companionship.

text: Possibilities of life in the

text: Solar System

text: are considered next, with emphasis on

text: Mars

text: Titan

text: , and outer

text: moons

text: harboring

text: liquid water

text: . Next is a summary of the rapidly changing state of play in the search for

text: extrasolar planets

text: or exoplanets. After centuries of speculation and decades of futile searching, planets around other stars were first discovered in 1995 and the number is now over 850, with several thousand more candidates from the

text: Kepler mission

text: . The book ends with the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (

text: SETI

text: ) and the use of the

text: Drake equation

text: to frame discussions of cosmic companionship.

text: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

text: Neptune has a

text: planetary ring

text: system, though one much less substantial than that of

text: Saturn

text: . The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

text: This Barotropic vorticity equation assumes the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height.  In other words, there is no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind.  It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours.  In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies.  Warm-core highs (such as the subtropical ridge and Bermuda-Azores high) and cold-core lows have strengthening winds with height, with the reverse true for cold-core highs (shallow arctic highs) and warm-core lows (such as tropical cyclones).

text: This Barotropic vorticity equation assumes the atmosphere is nearly

text: barotropic

text: geostrophic wind

text: are independent of height.  In other words, there is no vertical

text: wind shear

text: of the geostrophic wind.  It also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height contours.  In this type of atmosphere, high and low pressure areas are centers of warm and cold temperature anomalies.  Warm-core highs (such as the

text: subtropical ridge

text: and Bermuda-Azores high) and

text: cold-core low

text: tropical cyclone

text: s).

text: Saturn has 62 moons with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names, most of which are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, including Titan, the second largest moon in the Solar System. Twenty-four of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after Titans or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining thirty-eight, all small, are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The rings of Saturn are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "moonlets" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

text: Saturn

text: has 62

text: moons

text: with confirmed orbits, 53 of which have names, most of which are quite small. Seven moons are large enough to be in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , including

text: Titan

text: , the second largest moon in the Solar System. Twenty-four of Saturn's moons are regular, and traditionally named after

text: Titans

text: or other figures associated with the mythological

text: Saturn

text: . The remaining thirty-eight, all small, are irregular, and classified by their orbital characteristics into

text: Inuit

text: Norse

text: , and

text: Gallic

text: groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The

text: rings of Saturn

text: are made up of icy objects ranging in size from one centimetre to hundreds of metres, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 "

text: moonlet

text: s" embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects.

text: The actual mass and radius of this body remain known, but it has a minimum mass of nearly 10 times that of Jupiter and a radius of probably no more than 1.2 times Jupiter's. Most likely this is a brown dwarf rather than a planet. The reason why the object's true mass is unknown is due to the undetermined inclination of its orbital plane. Follow up observations via direct imaging may determine its radius and orbital inclination, thereby giving its density and surface gravity, which will allow a determination as to whether this object is a brown dwarf or a supermassive planet.

text: The actual mass and radius of this body remain known, but it has a

text: minimum mass

text: of nearly 10 times that of Jupiter and a radius of probably no more than 1.2 times Jupiter's. Most likely this is a

text: brown dwarf

text: rather than a planet. The reason why the object's

text: true mass

text: is unknown is due to the undetermined

text: inclination

text: of its orbital plane. Follow up observations via direct imaging may determine its radius and orbital inclination, thereby giving its density and surface gravity, which will allow a determination as to whether this object is a brown dwarf or a supermassive planet.

text: This spectacle approach, coupled with Cold War paranoia, a renewed interest in science from the atomic bomb, as well as increased interest in the mysteries of outer space and other forteana, lent itself well to what this film decade is best known for, science fiction. The science fiction genre began its golden age during this decade with such notable films as The Day the Earth Stood Still, The Thing from Another World, The War of the Worlds, It Came from Outer Space, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Them!, This Island Earth, Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, and Forbidden Planet (1956). There were also Earth-based subjects, such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954) and When Worlds Collide (1951).  Companies such as American International Pictures, Japan's Toho, and Britain's Hammer Film Productions were created to solely produce films of the fantastique genres.

text: This spectacle approach, coupled with

text: Cold War

text: paranoia, a renewed interest in science from the

text: atomic bomb

text: , as well as increased interest in the mysteries of outer space and other

text: forteana

text: , lent itself well to what this film decade is best known for,

text: science fiction

text: . The

text: science fiction

text: genre began its

text: golden age

text: during this decade with such notable films as

text: The Day the Earth Stood Still

text: The Thing from Another World

text: The War of the Worlds

text: It Came from Outer Space

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Them!

text: This Island Earth

text: Earth vs. the Flying Saucers

text: , and

text: Forbidden Planet

text: (1956). There were also Earth-based subjects, such as

entity_name: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)

text: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea

text: (1954) and

text: When Worlds Collide

text: (1951).  Companies such as

text: American International Pictures

text: , Japan's

text: Toho

text: , and Britain's

text: Hammer Film Productions

text: were created to solely produce films of the

text: fantastique

text: genres.

text: NPO Saturn is a Russian aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk and Lyul'ka-Saturn. Saturn's engines include Lyulka AL-31, Lyulka AL-41, NPO Saturn AL-55 and power many former Eastern Bloc aircraft, such as the Tupolev Tu-154. Saturn holds a 50% stake in the PowerJet joint venture with Snecma.

text: NPO Saturn

text: is a

text: Russia

text: n aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk and Lyul'ka-Saturn. Saturn's engines include

text: Lyulka AL-31

text: Lyulka AL-41

text: NPO Saturn AL-55

text: and power many former

text: Eastern Bloc

text: aircraft, such as the

text: Tupolev Tu-154

text: . Saturn holds a 50% stake in the

text: PowerJet

text: joint venture with

text: Snecma

text: The phase interface method involves trapping homogeneous nanoparticles at the interface of two immiscible phases. These methods typically involve the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid interfaces, but a gas–liquid interface method has been described.

text: In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the Kuiper belt), and some even farther away. Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, plutinos. This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including subplanet and planetoid, started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets. By 2005, three trans-Neptunian objects comparable in size to Pluto (Quaoar, Sedna, and Eris) had been reported. It became clear that either they would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified. Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain a planet.

text: In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the

text: Kuiper belt

text: ), and some even farther away. Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects,

text: plutino

text: s. This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including subplanet and planetoid, started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets. By 2005, three trans-Neptunian objects comparable in size to Pluto (

text: Quaoar

text: Sedna

text: , and

text: Eris

text: ) had been reported. It became clear that either they would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified. Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain a planet.

text: Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

text: Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by

text: empirical observation

text: . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led

text: Alexis Bouvard

text: to deduce that its orbit was subject to

text: gravitation

text: al

text: perturbation

text: by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by

text: Johann Galle

text: within a

text: degree

text: of the position predicted by

text: Urbain Le Verrier

text: . Its largest moon,

text: Triton

text: , was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14

text: moons

text: were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by

text: Voyager 2

text: , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and large

text: ground-based telescope

text: s with

text: adaptive optics

text: has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

text: The region of the Solar System beyond Neptune contains sparse populations of relatively small rocky and icy objects. These include the Kuiper belt, a group which includes the dwarf planet Pluto and other plutoids including Haumea and Makemake. Further out is the scattered disk, a group which includes Eris, a dwarf planet slightly smaller than Pluto, and even more distant detached objects such as Sedna.

text: The region of the

text: Solar System

text: beyond Neptune contains sparse populations of relatively small rocky and icy objects. These include the

text: Kuiper belt

text: , a group which includes the

text: dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: and other

text: plutoid

text: s including

text: Haumea

text: and

text: Makemake

text: . Further out is the

text: scattered disk

text: , a group which includes

text: Eris

text: , a

text: dwarf planet

text: slightly smaller than Pluto, and even more distant

text: detached object

text: s such as

text: Sedna

text: Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. Winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the "chinook wind," wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily. In contrast, summers can fluctuate from cool to hot and are generally wetter.

text: Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. Winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the "

text: chinook wind

text: ," wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily. In contrast, summers can fluctuate from cool to hot and are generally wetter.

text: In the 1840s, Urbain Le Verrier used Newtonian mechanics to predict the position of the then-undiscovered planet Neptune after analysing perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century led astronomers to speculate that Uranus's orbit was being disturbed by another planet besides Neptune.

text: In the 1840s,

text: Urbain Le Verrier

text: used

text: Newtonian mechanics

text: to predict the position of the then-undiscovered planet

text: Neptune

text: after analysing perturbations in the orbit of

text: Uranus

text: . Subsequent observations of Neptune in the late 19th century led astronomers to speculate that Uranus's orbit was being disturbed by another planet besides Neptune.

text: The layer of an ecosphere that exists as a gas. The atmosphere is the most distant component sphere of matter from the planet's Center of mass, beyond which is Outer space.

text: The layer of an ecosphere that exists as a gas. The

text: atmosphere

text: is the most distant component sphere of matter from the planet's

text: Center of mass

text: , beyond which is

text: Outer space

text: Chief Neptune was part of the negotiation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to separate a piece of land from the state for the Passamaquoddies. In 1794 the Passamaquoddy reservation, Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation, was established by the state. The reservation was originally 23,000 acres with additional acreage at other points in Maine for hunting and fishing. He lived on the reservation with his wife, Sabattis Neptune, until he died in 1824.  After the establishment of the reservation, Chief Neptune spoke in front of the Massachusetts government in Boston, Massachusetts saying that Passamaquoddies should be allowed to make decisions regarding their established land

text: Chief Neptune was part of the negotiation with the

text: Commonwealth of Massachusetts

text: to separate a piece of land from the state for the Passamaquoddies. In 1794 the Passamaquoddy reservation,

entity_name: Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation

text: Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation

text: , was established by the state. The reservation was originally 23,000 acres with additional acreage at other points in Maine for hunting and fishing. He lived on the reservation with his wife, Sabattis Neptune, until he died in 1824.  After the establishment of the reservation, Chief Neptune spoke in front of the Massachusetts government in

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: saying that Passamaquoddies should be allowed to make decisions regarding their established land

text: Study of Saturn's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation, primarily the introduction of digital charge-coupled devices which replaced photographic plates. For the entire 20th century, Phoebe stood alone among Saturn's known moons with its highly irregular orbit. Beginning in 2000, however, three dozen additional irregular moons have been discovered using ground-based telescopes. A survey starting in late 2000 and conducted using three medium-size telescopes found thirteen new moons orbiting Saturn at a great distance, in eccentric orbits, which are highly inclined to both the equator of Saturn and the ecliptic. They are probably fragments of larger bodies captured by Saturn's gravitational pull. In 2005, astronomers using the Mauna Kea Observatory announced the discovery of twelve more small outer moons, in 2006, astronomers using the Subaru 8.2 m telescope reported the discovery of nine more irregular moons, in , Tarqeq (S/2007 S 1) was announced and in May of the same year S/2007 S 2 and S/2007 S 3 were reported.

text: Study of Saturn's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation, primarily the introduction of digital

text: charge-coupled device

text: s which replaced photographic plates. For the entire 20th century, Phoebe stood alone among Saturn's known moons with its highly irregular orbit. Beginning in 2000, however, three dozen additional irregular moons have been discovered using ground-based telescopes. A survey starting in late 2000 and conducted using three medium-size telescopes found thirteen new moons orbiting Saturn at a great distance, in eccentric orbits, which are highly inclined to both the equator of Saturn and the

text: ecliptic

text: . They are probably fragments of larger bodies captured by Saturn's gravitational pull. In 2005, astronomers using the

text: Mauna Kea Observatory

text: announced the discovery of twelve more small outer moons, in 2006, astronomers using the

text: Subaru 8.2 m telescope

text: reported the discovery of nine more irregular moons, in ,

text: Tarqeq

text: (S/2007 S 1) was announced and in May of the same year

text: S/2007 S 2

text: and

text: S/2007 S 3

text: were reported.

text: Many parts of the outer Solar System have been considered for possible future colonization. Most of the larger moons of the outer planets contain water ice, liquid water, and organic compounds that might be useful for sustaining human life.

text: Many parts of the outer

text: Solar System

text: have been considered for possible future colonization. Most of the larger moons of the outer planets contain

text: water ice

text: liquid water

text: , and

text: organic compound

text: s that might be useful for sustaining human life.

text: Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos.The giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four Galilean moons, Saturn's Titan, and Neptune's Triton. Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and Uranus has five. It has been suggested that some satellites may potentially harbour life.

text: Of the inner planets,

text: Mercury

text: and

text: Venus

text: have no natural satellites; Earth has one large natural satellite, known as the Moon; and

text: Mars

text: has two tiny natural satellites,

text: Phobos

text: and

text: Deimos

text: .The

text: giant planet

text: s have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen comparable in size to Earth's Moon: the four

text: Galilean moon

text: s,

text: Saturn

text: 's

text: Titan

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: Triton

text: . Saturn has an additional six mid-sized natural satellites massive enough to have achieved

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , and

text: Uranus

text: has five. It has been suggested that some

text: satellites may potentially harbour life

text: The small moon Dia, 4 kilometres in diameter, had gone missing since its discovery in 2000. One theory is that it has crashed into the much larger moon Himalia, 170 kilometres in diameter, creating a faint ring. This possible ring appears as a faint streak near Himalia in images from NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto. This suggests that Jupiter sometimes gains and loses small moons through collisions. However, the recovery of Dia in 2010 and 2011 disproves the link between Dia and the Himalia ring, although it is still possible that a different moon may have been involved.

text: The small moon

text: Dia

text: , 4 kilometres in diameter, had gone missing since its discovery in 2000. One theory is that it has crashed into the much larger moon

text: Himalia

text: , 170 kilometres in diameter, creating a faint ring. This possible ring appears as a faint streak near Himalia in images from NASA's

text: New Horizons

text: mission to

text: Pluto

text: . This suggests that Jupiter sometimes gains and loses small moons through collisions. However, the recovery of Dia in 2010 and 2011 disproves the link between Dia and the Himalia ring, although it is still possible that a different moon may have been involved.

text: The inner moons are closely associated with Neptune's rings. The two innermost satellites, Naiad and Thalassa, orbit between the Galle and LeVerrier rings. Despina may be a shepherd moon of the LeVerrier ring, because its orbit lies just inside this ring. The next moon, Galatea, orbits just inside the most prominent of Neptune's rings, the Adams ring. This ring is very narrow, with a width not exceeding 50 km, and has five embedded bright arcs. The gravity of Galatea helps confine the ring particles within a limited region in the radial direction, maintaining the narrow ring. Various resonances between the ring particles and Galatea may also have a role in maintaining the arcs.

text: The inner moons are closely associated with

text: Neptune's rings

text: . The two innermost satellites, Naiad and Thalassa, orbit between the

text: Galle

text: and

text: LeVerrier rings

text: . Despina may be a

text: shepherd moon

text: of the LeVerrier ring, because its orbit lies just inside this ring. The next moon,

text: Galatea

text: , orbits just inside the most prominent of Neptune's rings, the

text: Adams ring

text: . This ring is very narrow, with a width not exceeding 50 km, and has five embedded bright

text: arcs

text: . The gravity of Galatea helps confine the ring particles within a limited region in the radial direction, maintaining the narrow ring. Various

text: resonances

text: between the ring particles and Galatea may also have a role in maintaining the arcs.

text: Objects scattered outward by Uranus and Neptune onto larger orbits (roughly 5,000 AU) can have their perihelion raised by the galactic tide detaching them from the influence of the planets forming the inner Oort cloud with moderate inclinations. Others than reach even larger orbits can perturbed by nearby stars forming the outer Oort cloud with isotropic inclinations. Objects scattered by Jupiter and Saturn are typically ejected from the Solar System Several percent of the initial planetesimal disc can be deposited in these reservoirs.

text: Objects scattered outward by Uranus and Neptune onto larger orbits (roughly 5,000 AU) can have their perihelion raised by the galactic tide detaching them from the influence of the planets forming the inner

text: Oort cloud

text: with moderate inclinations. Others than reach even larger orbits can perturbed by nearby stars forming the outer Oort cloud with isotropic inclinations. Objects scattered by Jupiter and Saturn are typically ejected from the Solar System Several percent of the initial planetesimal disc can be deposited in these reservoirs.

text: Three confirmed planets and two possible planets are possibly known to orbit Gliese 581, together with a debris disc. Most of the planets are located close to the star and have near-circular orbits. In order of distance from the star, the planets are designated Gliese 581 e, Gliese 581 b and Gliese 581 c and possibly Gliese 581 g and Gliese 581 d. The letters represent the discovery order, with b being the first planet to be discovered around the star (the letter d was used for a planet that was once no longer thought to be real and was an artifact caused by stellar activity, but reanalysis led to the conclusion that d might exist). The planets were all discovered with the radial velocity method which gives only lower limits on the planetary masses and no information about their radii. The minimum mass of the middle planet b is comparable to the solar system ice giants Uranus and Neptune, while the inner and outer planets have minimum masses a few times that of the Earth. The first three planets orbit closer to the star than the inner edge of the habitable zone, with the possibly reconfirmed planets Gliese 581 g and Gliese 581 d orbiting within the habitable zone.

text: Three confirmed planets and two possible planets are possibly known to orbit Gliese 581, together with a debris disc. Most of the planets are located close to the star and have near-circular orbits. In order of distance from the star, the planets are designated

text: Gliese 581 e

text: Gliese 581 b

text: and

text: Gliese 581 c

text: and possibly

text: Gliese 581 g

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: . The letters represent the discovery order, with b being the first planet to be discovered around the star (the letter d was used for a planet that was once no longer thought to be real and was an artifact caused by stellar activity, but reanalysis led to the conclusion that

text: d

text: might exist). The planets were all discovered with the radial velocity method which gives only lower limits on the planetary masses and no information about their radii. The minimum mass of the middle planet b is comparable to the solar system ice giants

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , while the inner and outer planets have minimum masses a few times that of the Earth. The first three planets orbit closer to the star than the inner edge of the habitable zone, with the possibly reconfirmed planets

text: Gliese 581 g

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: orbiting within the habitable zone.

text: The crater record on the Moon and on the terrestrial planets is part of the main evidence for the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): an intensification in the number of impactors, at about 600 million years after the Solar System's formation. In the initial Nice model icy planetesimals are scattered onto planet-crossing orbits when the outer disc is disrupted by Uranus and Neptune causing a sharp spike of impacts by icy objects. The migration of outer planets also causes mean-motion and secular resonances to sweep through the inner Solar System. In the asteroid belt these excite the eccentricities of the asteroids driving them onto orbits that intersect those of the terrestrial planets causing a more extended period of impacts by stony objects and removing roughly 90% of its mass.

text: The crater record on the

text: Moon

text: and on the terrestrial planets is part of the main evidence for the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): an intensification in the number of impactors, at about 600 million years after the Solar System's formation. In the initial Nice model icy planetesimals are scattered onto planet-crossing orbits when the outer disc is disrupted by Uranus and Neptune causing a sharp spike of impacts by icy objects. The migration of outer planets also causes mean-motion and secular resonances to sweep through the inner Solar System. In the asteroid belt these excite the eccentricities of the asteroids driving them onto orbits that intersect those of the terrestrial planets causing a more extended period of impacts by stony objects and removing roughly 90% of its mass.

text: Mike Brown and his team discovered a large body in the outer solar system. It was temporarily named as . Initially, it appeared larger than Pluto, and was called tenth planet.

text: Mike Brown

text: and his team discovered a large body in the outer solar system. It was temporarily named as . Initially, it appeared larger than Pluto, and was called tenth planet.

text: On July 25, 2012, Voyager 2 was traveling at 15.447 km/s relative to the Sun at about  from the Sun, at −55.29° declination and 19.888 h right ascension, and also at an ecliptic latitude of −34.0 degrees, placing it in the constellation Telescopium as observed from Earth. This location places it deep in the scattered disc, and traveling outward at roughly 3.264 AU per year. It is more than twice as far from the Sun as Pluto, and far beyond the perihelion of 90377 Sedna, but not yet beyond the outer limits of the orbit of the dwarf planet Eris.

text: On July 25, 2012, Voyager 2 was traveling at 15.447 km/s relative to the

text: Sun

text: at about  from the Sun, at −55.29°

text: declination

text: and 19.888 h

text: right ascension

text: , and also at an ecliptic latitude of −34.0 degrees, placing it in the constellation

text: Telescopium

text: as observed from Earth. This location places it deep in the

text: scattered disc

text: , and traveling outward at roughly 3.264 AU per year. It is more than twice as far from the Sun as

text: Pluto

text: , and far beyond the

text: perihelion

text: of

text: 90377 Sedna

text: , but not yet beyond the outer limits of the orbit of the

text: dwarf planet Eris

text: Particular targets are Europa, due to its potential for life, and Callisto, due to its relatively low radiation dose. In 2003, NASA proposed a program called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) that involved sending astronauts to explore the Galilean moons. NASA has projected a possible attempt some time in the 2040s. In the Vision for Space Exploration policy announced in January 2004, NASA discussed missions beyond Mars, mentioning that a "human research presence" may be desirable on Jupiter's moons. Before the JIMO mission was cancelled, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe stated that "human explorers will follow."

text: Particular targets are Europa, due to its potential for life, and Callisto, due to its relatively low radiation dose. In 2003, NASA proposed a program called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) that involved sending astronauts to explore the Galilean moons. NASA has projected a possible attempt some time in the 2040s. In the

text: Vision for Space Exploration

text: policy announced in January 2004, NASA discussed missions beyond Mars, mentioning that a "human research presence" may be desirable on Jupiter's moons. Before the JIMO mission was cancelled, NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe stated that "human explorers will follow."

text: In the Field of Arbol, the outer planets are older, the inner planets newer.

text: The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of up to a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long-period comets and to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (around 1 light-year (ly)), and possibly to as far as 100,000 AU (1.87 ly). It is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be perturbed by infrequent events, such as collisions, the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the galactic tide, the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way.

text: The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of up to a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long-period comets and to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (around 1

text: light-year

text: (ly)), and possibly to as far as 100,000 AU (1.87 ly). It is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be perturbed by infrequent events, such as collisions, the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the

text: galactic tide

text: , the

text: tidal force

text: exerted by the

text: Milky Way

text: In some ways this can be thought of as being similar to the reversible liquid–liquid extraction of an inert gas such as xenon or radon (or some other solute which does not undergo a chemical change during the extraction) from water to another phase. While a chemical change does occur during the extraction of the sulfur dioxide from the gas mixture, it is the case that the extraction equilibrium is shifted by changing the temperature rather than by the use of a chemical reagent.

text: In some ways this can be thought of as being similar to the reversible

text: liquid–liquid extraction

text: of an

text: inert gas

text: such as

text: xenon

text: or

text: radon

text: (or some other solute which does not undergo a chemical change during the extraction) from water to another phase. While a chemical change does occur during the extraction of the sulfur dioxide from the gas mixture, it is the case that the extraction equilibrium is shifted by changing the temperature rather than by the use of a chemical reagent.

text: The habitable zone is also very stable, lasting for most of the K-type main-sequence star's main sequence phase.The size of K-type's habitable zones also means that a planet, even if it's orbiting a late K-type main-sequence star so long as it lies towards the middle-outer edge, can lie far enough away in the star's habitable zone so as not be tidally locked to its host star. This is further beneficial to the emergence of life, as it means that the planet can possess rotation, which can help to average out heat distribution longitudinally around a planet with in addition axial tilt there is the possibility of seasons and greater sharing of heat across latitudes.

text: The habitable zone is also very stable, lasting for most of the K-type main-sequence star's

text: main sequence

text: phase.The size of K-type's habitable zones also means that a planet, even if it's orbiting a late K-type main-sequence star so long as it lies towards the middle-outer edge, can lie far enough away in the star's habitable zone so as not be tidally locked to its host star. This is further beneficial to the emergence of life, as it means that the planet can possess rotation, which can help to average out heat distribution longitudinally around a planet with in addition axial tilt there is the possibility of seasons and greater sharing of heat across latitudes.

text: War Wind takes place on the world of Yavaun, where four races have co-existed for millennia.  The Tha'Roon are the thinkers, leaders and overlords of the planet.  They have dominated the other races on the globe.  In particular, the Tha'Roon have enslaved the tree-like Eaggra, forcing them to act as their builders and engineers.  The Tha'Roon accomplish this through their bullying and domination of the Obblinox, slow-moving but extremely strong silicon lifeforms specialized in cyborgs.  Lastly are the reclusive Shama'Li, monk-like practitioners of magic, who desire to unify the four races.

text: War Wind takes place on the world of Yavaun, where four races have co-existed for millennia.  The Tha'Roon are the thinkers, leaders and overlords of the

text: planet

text: .  They have dominated the other races on the globe.  In particular, the Tha'Roon have enslaved the tree-like Eaggra, forcing them to act as their builders and engineers.  The Tha'Roon accomplish this through their bullying and domination of the Obblinox, slow-moving but extremely strong

text: silicon

text: lifeforms specialized in cyborgs.  Lastly are the reclusive Shama'Li,

text: monk

text: -like practitioners of

text: magic

text: , who desire to unify the four races.

text: The four outer planets of the Solar System are gas giants. They share some atmospheric commonalities. All have atmospheres that are mostly hydrogen and helium and that blend into the liquid interior at pressures greater than the critical pressure, so that there is no clear boundary between atmosphere and body.

text: The four outer planets of the Solar System are

text: gas giants

text: . They share some atmospheric commonalities. All have atmospheres that are mostly

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: and that blend into the liquid interior at pressures greater than the

text: critical pressure

text: , so that there is no clear boundary between atmosphere and body.

text: The stories are marked by attention to the detail of the alien ecosystems with which Weinbaum equips his planets.  Though only a few of the stories share protagonists, there is enough shared detail between the stories to show that they belong to a common fictional universe. The birdlike Martians of "A Martian Odyssey" and "Valley of Dreams", for instance, are mentioned in "Redemption Cairn", and "The Red Peri" and the Venusian trioptes of "Parasite Planet" and "The Lotus Eaters" are mentioned in "The Mad Moon".  In Weinbaum's Solar System, in accordance with the then-current near-collision hypothesis, the gas giants radiate heat, enough to warm their satellites to Earthlike temperatures, allowing for Earthlike environments on Io, Europa, Titan, and even Uranus.  Mars is also sufficiently Earthlike to allow humans to walk its surface (with training in thin-air chambers) unprotected.

text: The stories are marked by attention to the detail of the alien ecosystems with which Weinbaum equips his planets.  Though only a few of the stories share protagonists, there is enough shared detail between the stories to show that they belong to a common fictional universe. The birdlike

text: Martians

text: of "

text: A Martian Odyssey

text: " and "

text: Valley of Dreams

text: ", for instance, are mentioned in "

text: Redemption Cairn

text: ", and "

text: The Red Peri

text: " and the Venusian trioptes of "Parasite Planet" and "The Lotus Eaters" are mentioned in "

text: The Mad Moon

text: ".  In Weinbaum's Solar System, in accordance with the then-current near-collision hypothesis, the

text: gas giants

text: radiate heat, enough to warm their satellites to Earthlike temperatures, allowing for Earthlike environments on

text: Io

text: Europa

text: Titan

text: , and even

text: Uranus

text: .  Mars is also sufficiently Earthlike to allow humans to walk its surface (with training in thin-air chambers) unprotected.

text: The primary fabric has an integrated Nomex fleece inner surface to insulate the soldier against cold temperatures. The fabric is waterproof and windproof, but also breathable, to protect the soldier in inclement weather including wind, rain, sleet, and snow. The outer layer is printed in the Universal Camouflage Pattern. The inner Nomex fleece layer is foliage green.

text: The primary fabric has an integrated

text: Nomex

text: fleece inner surface to insulate the soldier against cold temperatures. The fabric is waterproof and windproof, but also breathable, to protect the soldier in inclement weather including wind, rain, sleet, and snow. The outer layer is printed in the

text: Universal Camouflage Pattern

text: . The inner Nomex fleece layer is foliage green.

text: In The Softwire, a group of human children are orphaned in outer space.  They are forced into indentured servitude on the Rings of Orbis, four planet-like rings around a wormhole. They must spend four years as slaves or knudniks before they are eligible to become Citizens. Each year they are the property of a new owner on a separate ring: Orbis 1, Orbis 2, Orbis 3, and Orbis 4. They are forced into labor to do whatever task their new owner requires.

text: In The Softwire, a group of human children are orphaned in outer space.  They are forced into

text: indentured servitude

text: on the Rings of Orbis, four planet-like rings around a

text: wormhole

text: . They must spend four years as slaves or knudniks before they are eligible to become Citizens. Each year they are the property of a new owner on a separate ring: Orbis 1, Orbis 2, Orbis 3, and Orbis 4. They are forced into labor to do whatever task their new owner requires.

text: Outer-grazer and inner-grazer are schemes of Sun Orbits. All six diagrams show the Sun in the middle (the orange dot) and a putative planet's orbital band (in yellow). The latter is a ring whose inner radius is the planet's perihelion and its outer radius the aphelion.

text: Outer-grazer and inner-grazer are schemes of

text: Sun

text: Orbit

text: s. All six diagrams show the Sun in the middle (the orange dot) and a putative

text: planet

text: 's orbital band (in yellow). The latter is a ring whose inner radius is the planet's

text: perihelion

text: and its outer radius the

text: aphelion

text: In 1969, NASA created the Outer Planets Working Group, which favored the concept of two missions that would visit three planets each (including Pluto, which was considered a planet at the time). These missions were referred to as the Grand Tour. One would launch in 1977 and visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other would launch in 1979 and visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. This would reduce total mission time compared to a single Grand Tour from over thirteen years to seven and a half years. The Working Group also called for the development of a new spacecraft to carry out the flyby missions. These probes, called Thermoelectric Outer Planets Spacecraft (TOPS), were being designed at JPL and featured an operational life of over ten years.

text: In 1969, NASA created the Outer Planets Working Group, which favored the concept of two missions that would visit three planets each (including

text: Pluto

text: , which was considered a planet at the time). These missions were referred to as the Grand Tour. One would launch in 1977 and visit Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto, while the other would launch in 1979 and visit Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. This would reduce total mission time compared to a single Grand Tour from over thirteen years to seven and a half years. The Working Group also called for the development of a new spacecraft to carry out the flyby missions. These probes, called Thermoelectric Outer Planets Spacecraft (TOPS), were being designed at JPL and featured an operational life of over ten years.

text: Additionally, the secondary eclipse (when the planet is blocked by its star) allows direct measurement of the planet's radiation and helps to constrain the planet's eccentricity without the presence of other planets. If the star's photometric intensity during the secondary eclipse is subtracted from its intensity before or after, only the signal caused by the planet remains.   It is then possible to measure the planet's temperature and even to detect possible signs of cloud formations on it. In March 2005, two groups of scientists carried out measurements using this technique with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The two teams, from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, led by David Charbonneau, and the Goddard Space Flight Center, led by L. D. Deming, studied the planets TrES-1 and HD 209458b respectively.  The measurements revealed the planets' temperatures: 1,060 K (790°C) for TrES-1 and about 1,130 K (860 °C) for HD 209458b. In addition the hot Neptune Gliese 436 b enters secondary eclipse. However some transiting planets orbit such that they do not enter secondary eclipse relative to Earth; HD 17156 b is over 90% likely to be one of the latter.

text: Additionally, the secondary eclipse (when the planet is blocked by its star) allows direct measurement of the planet's radiation and helps to constrain the planet's eccentricity without the presence of other planets. If the star's

text: photometric

text: intensity during the secondary eclipse is subtracted from its intensity before or after, only the signal caused by the planet remains.   It is then possible to measure the planet's temperature and even to detect possible signs of cloud formations on it. In March 2005, two groups of scientists carried out measurements using this technique with the

text: Spitzer Space Telescope

text: . The two teams, from the

text: , led by

text: David Charbonneau

text: , and the

text: Goddard Space Flight Center

text: , led by L. D. Deming, studied the planets

text: and

text: HD 209458b

text: respectively.  The measurements revealed the planets' temperatures: 1,060

text: K

text: C

text: ) for TrES-1 and about 1,130 K (860 °C) for HD 209458b. In addition the hot Neptune

text: Gliese 436 b

text: enters secondary eclipse. However some transiting planets orbit such that they do not enter secondary eclipse relative to Earth;

text: HD 17156 b

text: is over 90% likely to be one of the latter.

text: Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from Greek mythology, from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky Ouranos. Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its solar orbit. Its north and south poles, therefore, lie where most other planets have their equators. In 1986, images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light, without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets. Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007. Wind speeds can reach 250 metres per second (900 km/h, 560 mph).

text: Uranus is the only planet whose name is derived from a figure from

text: Greek mythology

text: , from the Latinised version of the Greek god of the sky

text: Ouranos

text: . Like the other

text: giant planet

text: s, Uranus has a

text: ring system

text: , a

text: magnetosphere

text: , and numerous

text: moons

text: . The Uranian system has a unique configuration among those of the planets because its

text: axis of rotation

text: is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its solar orbit. Its north and south poles, therefore, lie where most other planets have their

text: equator

text: s. In 1986, images from

text: Voyager 2

text: showed Uranus as an almost featureless planet in visible light, without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giant planets. Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its

text: equinox

text: in 2007. Wind speeds can reach 250 metres per second (900 km/h, 560 mph).

text: Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter. (Uranus and occasionally 4 Vesta are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light with an apparent magnitude of usually between +1 and 0. It takes approximately 29.5 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac. Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings, in which clear resolution is present.  Twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view, due to the way in which they are angled and because they are so thin. Such a "disappearance" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing observation to be possible.

text: Saturn is the most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, the other four being

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: and Jupiter. (Uranus and occasionally

text: 4 Vesta

text: are visible to the naked eye in dark skies.) Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light with an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of usually between +1 and 0. It takes approximately 29.5 years for the planet to complete an entire circuit of the

text: ecliptic

text: against the background constellations of the

text: zodiac

text: . Most people will require an optical aid (very large binoculars or a small telescope) that magnifies at least 30 times to achieve an image of Saturn's rings, in which clear resolution is present.  Twice every Saturnian year (roughly every 15 Earth years), the rings briefly disappear from view, due to the way in which they are angled and because they are so thin. Such a "disappearance" will next occur in 2025, but Saturn will be too close to the Sun for any ring-crossing observation to be possible.

text: Aside from the Sun, the most impressive object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon, because of its shorter period (5.8 days) compounded by its retrograde orbit. The smaller moon Proteus would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. Surprisingly, Neptune's small inner moons all cover, at some point in their orbits, more than 10′ in Neptune's sky. At some points, Despina's angular diameter rivals that of Ariel from Uranus and Ganymede from Jupiter. Here are the angular diameters for Neptune's moons (for comparison, Earth's moon measures on average 31′ for terrestrial observers): Naiad, 7–13′; Thalassa, 8–14′; Despina, 14–22′; Galatea, 13–18′; Larissa, 10–14′; Proteus, 12–16′; Triton, 26–28′. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite, Nereid, is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky, as its brightness at full phase varies from magnitude 2.2–6.4, depending on which point in its eccentric orbit it happens to be. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye, although a dedicated telescopic observer could potentially spot some at full phase.

text: Aside from the Sun, the most impressive object in Neptune's sky is its large moon

text: Triton

text: , which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon, because of its shorter period (5.8 days) compounded by its

text: retrograde orbit

text: . The smaller moon

text: Proteus

text: would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. Surprisingly, Neptune's small inner moons all cover, at some point in their orbits, more than 10′ in Neptune's sky. At some points, Despina's angular diameter rivals that of Ariel from Uranus and Ganymede from Jupiter. Here are the angular diameters for Neptune's moons (for comparison, Earth's moon measures on average 31′ for terrestrial observers): Naiad, 7–13′; Thalassa, 8–14′; Despina, 14–22′; Galatea, 13–18′; Larissa, 10–14′; Proteus, 12–16′; Triton, 26–28′. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite,

text: Nereid

text: , is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky, as its brightness at full phase varies from magnitude 2.2–6.4, depending on which point in its eccentric orbit it happens to be. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye, although a dedicated telescopic observer could potentially spot some at full phase.

text: A particularly important transit is the planetary return. This occurs when a transiting planet returns to the same point in the sky that it occupied at the moment of a person's birth. What this means is that the planet has completed a whole circuit of the sky, and signifies that a new cycle in the person's life is beginning. The most significant returns are those of the outer planets Jupiter and Saturn. The Jupiter return occurs approximately every 12 years and heralds a new phase of growth and development. The Saturn return occurs approximately every 30 years, and heralds a new phase in the aging process when new realities and responsibilities must be faced.

text: A particularly important transit is the planetary return. This occurs when a transiting planet returns to the same point in the sky that it occupied at the moment of a person's birth. What this means is that the planet has completed a whole circuit of the sky, and signifies that a new cycle in the person's life is beginning. The most significant returns are those of the outer planets Jupiter and Saturn. The Jupiter return occurs approximately every 12 years and heralds a new phase of growth and development. The

text: Saturn return

text: occurs approximately every 30 years, and heralds a new phase in the aging process when new realities and responsibilities must be faced.

text: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: desert planets (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

text: The

text: habitable zone

text: around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:

text: desert planet

text: s (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

text: is a mysterious woman who appears first as Sailor Pluto, Soldier of Spacetime and Change. She has the duty of guarding the Space-Time Door from unauthorized travelers. Only later does she appear on Earth, living as a college student. She has a distant personality and can be very stern, but can also be quite friendly and helps the Sailor Soldiers when she can. After so long guarding the Space-Time Door she carries a deep sense of loneliness, although she is close friends with Chibiusa. Sailor Pluto's talisman is her Garnet Rod, which aids her with her power to freeze time and attacks.

text: is a mysterious woman who appears first as Sailor Pluto, Soldier of

text: Spacetime

text: and

text: Change

text: . She has the duty of guarding the Space-Time Door from unauthorized travelers. Only later does she appear on Earth, living as a college student. She has a distant personality and can be very stern, but can also be quite friendly and helps the Sailor Soldiers when she can. After so long guarding the Space-Time Door she carries a deep sense of

text: loneliness

text: , although she is close friends with Chibiusa. Sailor Pluto's talisman is her Garnet Rod, which aids her with her power to freeze time and attacks.

text: Several terrestrial bodies have been subject of lander and/or impactor exploration: among them Earth's Moon, the planets Venus and Mars, the Saturn moon Titan, the asteroids and comets. Of the inner Solar System planets, Mercury is the only one that is yet to be visited by a lander.

text: Several

text: terrestrial bodies

text: have been subject of lander and/or impactor exploration: among them Earth's

text: Moon

text: , the planets

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mars

text: , the Saturn moon

text: Titan

text: , the

text: asteroid

text: s and

text: comet

text: s. Of the inner Solar System planets,

text: Mercury

text: is the only one that is yet to be visited by a lander.

text: Both the upper and lower tangent arc form when hexagonal rod-shaped ice crystals in cirrus clouds have their long axis oriented horizontally.  Each crystal can have its long axis oriented in a different horizontal direction, and can rotate around the long axis.  Such a crystal configuration also produces other halos, including 22° halos and sun dogs; a predominant horizontal orientation is required to produce a crisp upper tangent arc.  Like all colored halos, tangent arcs grade from red towards the Sun (i.e., downwards) to blue away from it, because red light is refracted less strongly than blue light.

text: Both the upper and lower tangent arc form when

text: hexagon

text: al rod-shaped

text: ice crystal

text: s in

text: cirrus cloud

text: s have their long axis oriented horizontally.  Each crystal can have its long axis oriented in a different horizontal direction, and can rotate around the long axis.  Such a crystal configuration also produces other halos, including

text: 22° halo

text: s and

text: sun dog

text: s; a predominant horizontal orientation is required to produce a crisp upper tangent arc.  Like all colored halos, tangent arcs grade from red towards the Sun (i.e., downwards) to blue away from it, because red light is

text: refracted

text: less strongly than blue light.

text: Largely unexplored, there is only one permanent human settlement, a British scientific outpost named Princess Christiana Station, with less than a hundred residents. While molten tin and lead on the hot side of the planet and frozen fields of ammonia and carbon dioxide on the cold side are potential commercial products, the extremes of heat and cold have made exploitation impractical to date.

text: Largely unexplored, there is only one permanent human settlement, a British scientific outpost named Princess Christiana Station, with less than a hundred residents. While molten tin and lead on the hot side of the planet and frozen fields of

text: ammonia

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: on the cold side are potential commercial products, the extremes of heat and cold have made exploitation impractical to date.

text: At the beginning of the story, Earth's residents are unaware that the human species on Earth and countless other planets were established by families of transhuman and alien royalty for the purpose of later "harvesting" the resulting organisms to produce a type of youth serum for the elites on still other planets. After the death of the matriarch of the House of Abrasax, the most powerful of the alien dynasties, her children, Balem (Eddie Redmayne), Kalique (Tuppence Middleton), and Titus (Douglas Booth), quarrel over the inheritance, with Balem inheriting an enormous refinery on Jupiter and Titus declaring his intention to dismantle the youth serum trade, of which Earth is the next intended source. Protagonist Jupiter Jones (Mila Kunis) narrates that her father, Maximilian Jones (James D'Arcy), met her mother, Aleksa (Maria Doyle Kennedy), in Saint Petersburg. After Maximilian is killed in a robbery, Aleksa names their daughter Jupiter, after his favorite planet, and they move to Chicago to live with Aleksa's family.

text: At the beginning of the story, Earth's residents are unaware that the human

text: species

text: on Earth and countless other planets were established by families of

text: transhuman

text: and

text: alien

text: royalty for the purpose of later "harvesting" the resulting

text: organism

text: s to produce a type of

text: youth serum

text: for the elites on still other planets. After the death of the

text: matriarch

text: of the House of Abrasax, the most powerful of the alien dynasties, her children, Balem (

text: Eddie Redmayne

text: ), Kalique (

text: Tuppence Middleton

text: ), and Titus (

text: Douglas Booth

text: ), quarrel over the inheritance, with Balem inheriting an enormous refinery on

text: Jupiter

text: and Titus declaring his intention to dismantle the youth serum trade, of which Earth is the next intended source. Protagonist Jupiter Jones (

text: Mila Kunis

text: ) narrates that her father, Maximilian Jones (

text: James D'Arcy

text: ), met her mother, Aleksa (

text: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: ), in

text: Saint Petersburg

text: . After Maximilian is killed in a robbery, Aleksa names their daughter Jupiter, after his favorite planet, and they move to Chicago to live with Aleksa's family.

text: Uranus is the third-largest planet in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of about 2.8 billion kilometers (1.7 billion miles) and completes one orbit every 84 years. The length of a day on Uranus as measured by Voyager 2 is 17 hours and 14 minutes. Uranus is distinguished by the fact that it is tipped on its side. Its unusual position is thought to be the result of a collision with a planet-sized body early in the Solar System's history. Given its odd orientation, with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods, scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus.

text: Uranus is the third-largest planet in the

text: Solar System

text: . It orbits the

text: Sun

text: at a distance of about 2.8 billion kilometers (1.7 billion miles) and completes one orbit every 84 years. The length of a

text: day

text: on Uranus as measured by Voyager 2 is 17 hours and 14 minutes. Uranus is distinguished by the fact that it is tipped on its side. Its unusual position is thought to be the result of a collision with a planet-sized body early in the Solar System's

text: history

text: . Given its odd orientation, with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods, scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus.

text: The definitive discovery of the Uranian Rings was made by astronomers James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink on March 10, 1977, using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, and was serendipitous. They planned to use the occultation of the star SAO 158687 by Uranus to study the planet's atmosphere. However, when their observations were analyzed, they found that the star disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it was eclipsed by the planet. They deduced that a system of narrow rings was present. The five occultation events they observed were denoted by the Greek letters α, β, γ, δ and ε in their papers. These designations have been used as the rings' names since then. Later they found four additional rings: one between the β and γ rings and three inside the α ring. The former was named the η ring. The latter were dubbed rings 4, 5 and 6—according to the numbering of the occultation events in one paper. Uranus's ring system was the second to be discovered in the Solar System, after that of Saturn.

text: The definitive discovery of the Uranian Rings was made by astronomers

text: James L. Elliot

text: , Edward W. Dunham, and

text: Jessica Mink

text: on March 10, 1977, using the

text: Kuiper Airborne Observatory

text: , and was

text: serendipitous

text: . They planned to use the

text: occultation

text: of the star SAO 158687 by Uranus to study the planet's

text: atmosphere

text: . However, when their observations were analyzed, they found that the star disappeared briefly from view five times both before and after it was eclipsed by the planet. They deduced that a system of narrow rings was present. The five occultation events they observed were denoted by the Greek letters α, β, γ, δ and ε in their papers. These designations have been used as the rings' names since then. Later they found four additional rings: one between the β and γ rings and three inside the α ring. The former was named the η ring. The latter were dubbed rings 4, 5 and 6—according to the numbering of the occultation events in one paper. Uranus's ring system was the second to be discovered in the Solar System, after that of

text: Saturn

text: Bestla is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,192,000 km in 1088 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.5145. Early observations from 2005 suggested that Bestla had a very high eccentricity of 0.77. Like many of the outer irregular moons of the giant planets, Bestla's eccentricity may vary as a result of the Kozai mechanism.

text: Bestla is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,192,000 km in 1088 days, at an

text: inclination

text: of 147° to the

text: ecliptic

text: (151° to Saturn's equator), in a

text: retrograde

text: direction and with an

text: eccentricity

text: of 0.5145. Early observations from 2005 suggested that Bestla had a very high eccentricity of 0.77. Like many of the outer

text: irregular moon

text: s of the

text: giant planet

text: s, Bestla's eccentricity may vary as a result of the

text: Kozai mechanism

text: • Descent into sparse outer atmosphere

text: • Descent into sparse outer atmosphere

text: Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter. Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.

text: Being close to the city of Zürich, the area is heavily visited. Felsenegg includes a restaurant located at the summit overlooking the Sihl Valley and Lake Zürich to the east, and Reppisch valley, Türlersee and the so-called Säuliamt (District of Affoltern) to the west. Well maintained hiking trails from Uetliberg and Uetlibergbahn mountain station to the north, and from the Albis Pass to the south are highly frequented. Türlersee (Lake Türlen) and Säuliamt are popular hiking destinations, too, as well as a mountain pass and a trail, built between 1908 and 1912, heading for Adliswil respectively Hausen am Albis. Among other touristic attractions is the Planet trail (German: Planetenweg) which starts near Uetliberg Kulm. The Planet trail represents the sun and each of the planets at a billionth (1:1,000,000,000) of their actual size and distance from each other, and each planet is represented at its scaled down distance from the sun by a billionth size metal sphere, either atop or embedded in a stone mound. Felsenegg coincides with the midpoint of Pluto's elliptical orbit, as represented by the Planet trail, and the "Pluto" mound can be found approximately 20m from the Restaurant Felsenegg (see photographs below).Another landmark is the Felsenegg-Girstel TV-tower located nearby the Felseneggbahn mountain station. It is owned by Swisscom and generally not accessible by the public. The tower was built in 1959 for broadcasting of radio and television programs.

text: Being close to the city of Zürich, the area is heavily visited. Felsenegg includes a restaurant located at the

text: summit

text: overlooking the

text: Sihl Valley

text: and

text: Lake Zürich

text: to the east, and

text: Reppisch

text: valley,

text: Türlersee

text: and the so-called

text: Säuliamt

text: (District of Affoltern) to the west. Well maintained

text: hiking

text: trails from

text: Uetliberg

text: and

text: Uetlibergbahn

text: mountain station to the north, and from the

text: Albis Pass

text: to the south are highly frequented.

text: Türlersee

text: (Lake Türlen) and Säuliamt are popular hiking destinations, too, as well as a

text: mountain pass

text: and a trail, built between 1908 and 1912, heading for

text: Adliswil

text: respectively

text: Hausen am Albis

text: . Among other touristic attractions is the

text: Planet trail

text: (German: Planetenweg) which starts near Uetliberg Kulm. The Planet trail represents the sun and each of the planets at a billionth (1:1,000,000,000) of their actual size and distance from each other, and each planet is represented at its scaled down distance from the sun by a billionth size metal sphere, either atop or embedded in a stone mound. Felsenegg coincides with the midpoint of Pluto's elliptical orbit, as represented by the Planet trail, and the "Pluto" mound can be found approximately 20m from the Restaurant Felsenegg (see photographs below).Another

text: landmark

text: is the

text: Felsenegg-Girstel TV-tower

text: located nearby the

text: Felseneggbahn

text: mountain station. It is owned by

text: Swisscom

text: and generally not accessible by the public. The tower was built in 1959 for broadcasting of radio and television programs.

text: The gas giants have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction. Jupiter, the most massive planet in the Solar System, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to be 36,000 K. For the outer planets of the Solar System, internal heating powers the weather and wind instead of sunlight that powers the weather for terrestrial planets. The internal heating within gas giant planets raise temperatures higher than effective temperatures, as in the case of Jupiter, this makes 40 K warmer than given effective temperature. A combination of external and internal heating (which may be a combination of tidal heating and electromagnetic heating) is thought to make giant planets that orbit very close to their stars (hot Jupiters) into "puffy planets" (external heating is not thought to be sufficient by itself).

text: The

text: gas giant

text: s have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction.

text: Jupiter

text: , the most massive planet in the Solar System, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to be 36,000 K. For the outer planets of the Solar System, internal heating powers the

text: weather

text: and

text: wind

text: instead of

text: sunlight

text: that powers the weather for terrestrial planets. The internal heating within gas giant planets raise temperatures higher than

text: effective temperature

text: s, as in the case of Jupiter, this makes 40 K warmer than given effective temperature. A combination of external and internal heating (which may be a combination of tidal heating and electromagnetic heating) is thought to make giant planets that orbit very close to their stars (

text: hot Jupiter

text: s) into "

text: puffy planet

text: s" (external heating is not thought to be sufficient by itself).

text: Kepler-4b orbits its host star in 3.213 days at a distance of 0.046 AU. This places it almost 10 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. Consequently, Kepler-4b is thought to be extremely hot, with an equilibrium temperature greater than 1700 Kelvin (2600 Fahrenheit). The planet is estimated to be 25 times more massive than the Earth with a radius that is 4 times greater than the Earth. This makes it similar to Neptune in terms of size and mass, but with a temperature that is not comparable to any planet in the Solar System (Venus, the hottest planet, is only 735 Kelvin). Kepler-4b's eccentricity was assumed to be 0, however an independent reanalysis of the discovery data found a value of 0.25 ± 0.12.

text: Kepler-4b orbits its host star in 3.213 days at a distance of 0.046

text: AU

text: . This places it almost 10 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. Consequently, Kepler-4b is thought to be extremely hot, with an

text: equilibrium temperature

text: greater than 1700

text: Kelvin

text: (2600 Fahrenheit). The planet is estimated to be 25 times more massive than the Earth with a radius that is 4 times greater than the Earth. This makes it similar to Neptune in terms of size and mass, but with a temperature that is not comparable to any planet in the Solar System (Venus, the hottest planet, is only 735 Kelvin). Kepler-4b's

text: eccentricity

text: was assumed to be 0, however an independent reanalysis of the discovery data found a value of 0.25 ± 0.12.

text: One memorable conceit in Creti's output is a series of small canvases depicting celestial bodies, disproportionately sized and illuminated, above nocturnal landscapes. The paintings, commissioned in 1711 by the Bolognese count Luigi Marsili and intended as a gift to Pope Clement XI, were meant to accentuate the need for the Papal States to sponsor an astronomical observatory. With the support of Clement XI, the first public astronomical observatory in Italy was opened in Bologna a short time later. The eight small canvases display the sun, moon, a comet, and the then-known five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. His Jupiter depicts the Great Red Spot (first reported in 1665) and at least two moons .

text: One memorable conceit in Creti's output is a series of small canvases depicting celestial bodies, disproportionately sized and illuminated, above nocturnal landscapes. The paintings, commissioned in 1711 by the Bolognese count

text: Luigi Marsili

text: and intended as a gift to

text: Pope Clement XI

text: , were meant to accentuate the need for the Papal States to sponsor an

text: astronomical observatory

text: . With the support of Clement XI, the first public astronomical observatory in Italy was opened in Bologna a short time later. The eight small canvases display the sun, moon, a comet, and the then-known five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. His Jupiter depicts the

text: Great Red Spot

text: (first reported in 1665) and at least two moons .

text: One moon of planet Saturn is named Loge after Logi.

text: One moon of planet

text: Saturn

text: is named

text: Loge

text: after Logi.

text: In February 2008, NASA and ESA began joint investigations into sending a probe to study the icy satellites of the outer Solar System under the title Outer Planet Flagship Mission.  Two primary candidate missions were considered under the study: EJSM and Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM), also known under the ESA designation TandEM.

text: In February 2008,

text: NASA

text: and

text: ESA

text: began joint investigations into sending a probe to study the icy satellites of the outer Solar System under the title

text: Outer Planet Flagship Mission

text: .  Two primary candidate missions were considered under the study: EJSM and

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: (TSSM), also known under the ESA designation TandEM.

text: The Shadow Death Cloud is a type of planet killer used by the Shadows. As opposed to the Vorlon's planet killer being a ship, which shoots a lightning-like beam weapon to destroy a planet, the Shadow Death Cloud instead is an interconnecting lattice-work surrounded by untold trillions of nanites that form a cloud around the lattices, which can envelop a planet. The lattices contain tens of thousands of thermonuclear missiles that it launches toward the planet. The missiles then bore under the planet's surface, detonating deep underground. The resulting explosions cause violent tectonic upheavals, killing all sentient life on the planet. The nanites then go to work until the planet is rendered completely sterile, unable to support even bacterial life, and stripped of any resources of value. These resources are then converted to support the Death Cloud, allowing it to recharge its power, and build any missiles or other resources used up in the attack on the planet. When the nanites surround the lattices, they have the effect of absorbing any and all attempts to scan inside the cloud, akin to a form of stealth technology. They also have the effect of cooling the surrounding space to near absolute zero, which renders any other technology caught within the "cloud", such as ships' engines and power systems, to slowly shut down because of the extreme cold. Towards the end of the last Shadow War, the Shadows used at least one Death Cloud to attack any planetary populations that had allied with the Vorlons. Instead of using any sort of jump technology, the Death Cloud works much like other Shadow Vessels in that it phases in and out of hyperspace to go from one planetary target to the next.

text: , is a variation of the astronomical symbol for the planet Uranus,

text: Notice that rulerships follow a repeating pattern, the so-called "Chaldean" order of the planets:    Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon.This planetary order, in which the Sun stands at the center of the continuum, with the planets between the Sun and the Earth on one side and the outer planets on the other side, reflected the perception of the speed of each planet's motion as seen from the Earth.

text: While very little is known about GJ 1214 b, that does not prevent wild speculation in the press.  On the basis of planetary models  it has been suggested that GJ 1214 b has a relatively thick gaseous envelope. It is possible to propose structures by assuming different compositions, guided by scenarios for the formation and evolution of the planet. GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an outgassed hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a mini-Neptune, or an ocean planet. If it is a water world, it could possibly be thought of as a bigger and hotter version of Jupiter's Galilean moons.  While no scientist has stated to believe GJ 1214 b is an ocean planet, if GJ 1214 b is assumed to be an ocean planet, i.e. the interior is assumed to be composed primarily of a water core surrounded by more water, proportions of the total mass consistent with the mass and radius are ~25% rock and ~75% water, covered by a thick envelope of gases such as hydrogen and helium (~0.05%). Water planets could result from inward planetary migration and originate as protoplanets that formed from volatile ice-rich material beyond the snow-line but that never attained masses sufficient to accrete large amounts of H/He nebular gas. Because of the varying pressure at depth, models of a water world include "steam, liquid, superfluid, high-pressure ices, and plasma phases" of water. Some of the solid-phase water could be in the form of ice VII.

text: While very little is known about GJ 1214 b, that does not prevent wild speculation in the press.  On the basis of planetary models  it has been suggested that GJ 1214 b has a relatively thick gaseous envelope. It is possible to propose structures by assuming different compositions, guided by scenarios for the formation and evolution of the planet. GJ 1214 b could be a rocky planet with an

text: outgassed

text: hydrogen-rich atmosphere, a

text: mini-Neptune

text: , or an

text: ocean planet

text: . If it is a water world, it could possibly be thought of as a bigger and hotter version of Jupiter's

text: Galilean moons

text: .  While no scientist has stated to believe GJ 1214 b is an ocean planet, if GJ 1214 b is assumed to be an ocean planet, i.e. the interior is assumed to be composed primarily of a water core surrounded by more

text: water

text: , proportions of the total mass consistent with the mass and radius are ~25% rock and ~75% water, covered by a thick envelope of gases such as

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: (~0.05%). Water planets could result from inward

text: planetary migration

text: and originate as

text: protoplanet

text: s that formed from

text: volatile

text: ice-rich material beyond the

text: snow-line

text: but that never attained masses sufficient to accrete large amounts of H/He

text: nebular gas

text: . Because of the varying

text: pressure

text: at depth, models of a water world include "steam, liquid, superfluid, high-pressure ices, and plasma phases" of water. Some of the solid-phase water could be in the form of

text: ice VII

text: The player's view is usually from that of a first-person perspective, but can also be switched to a third person view. There is a heads-up display which shows the player's ammunition count, armor, and equipped weapon, as well as a compass and squad commands. The player can carry two weapons at a time and there is a wide selection of weapons at one's disposal, everything from energy weapons like plasma cannons to your standard assault rifle and a few exotic alien weapons. There are also a range of vehicles such as an APC, jeep, and a space fighter which can be used at certain points in the game. Players can freely move around in some vehicles when they are in motion or load other vehicles into them. Friendly gun emplacements can be used, such as the guns on the drop ship. Enemy gun emplacements can also be captured and used to your advantage. The single player AI can be left to control emplacements to give you covering fire. In a few instances players can pilot an aircraft from outer space, head through the Earth's atmosphere, then continue their journey down to the planet's surface. Breed's 'gameplay kernel' allows various aspects of a mission to be played out simultaneously in space or on the planet itself.

text: The player's view is usually from that of a first-person perspective, but can also be switched to a third person view. There is a heads-up display which shows the player's ammunition count, armor, and equipped weapon, as well as a compass and squad commands. The player can carry two weapons at a time and there is a wide selection of weapons at one's disposal, everything from energy weapons like plasma cannons to your standard assault rifle and a few exotic

text: alien

text: weapons. There are also a range of vehicles such as an

text: APC

text: , jeep, and a space fighter which can be used at certain points in the game. Players can freely move around in some vehicles when they are in motion or load other vehicles into them. Friendly gun emplacements can be used, such as the guns on the drop ship. Enemy gun emplacements can also be captured and used to your advantage. The single player

text: AI

text: can be left to control emplacements to give you covering fire. In a few instances players can pilot an aircraft from outer

text: space

text: , head through the Earth's atmosphere, then continue their journey down to the

text: planet

text: 's surface. Breed's 'gameplay kernel' allows various aspects of a mission to be played out simultaneously in space or on the planet itself.

text: The man in black sends to Roland a vision of the universe (zooming out past a red planet covered in canals, a ring of rocks, a large stormy planet, a ringed planet and then to galaxies etc.), attempting to frighten Roland by showing him how truly insignificant he is in the grand scheme of things, and asks him to give up his quest. Roland refuses, and the man in black makes him fall asleep, telling him to go west. When Roland awakens ten years have passed, and there is a skeleton next to him — what he assumes to be the man in black. Roland takes the jawbone from the skeleton. Roland travels a short way to the edge of the Western Sea where he contemplates the three people he now is charged with bringing into All-World - the Prisoner, the Lady of Shadows, and the Pusher.

text: Covered by numerous impact craters reaching  in diameter, Umbriel is the second most heavily cratered satellite of Uranus after Oberon. The most prominent surface feature is a ring of bright material on the floor of Wunda crater. This moon, like all moons of Uranus, probably formed from an accretion disk that surrounded the planet just after its formation. The Uranian system has been studied up close only once, by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in January 1986. It took several images of Umbriel, which allowed mapping of about 40% of the moon’s surface.

text: Covered by numerous

text: impact crater

text: s reaching  in diameter, Umbriel is the second most heavily cratered satellite of Uranus after

text: Oberon

text: . The most prominent surface feature is a ring of bright material on the floor of

text: Wunda

text: crater. This moon, like all moons of Uranus, probably formed from an

text: accretion disk

text: that surrounded the planet just after its formation. The Uranian system has been studied up close only once, by the spacecraft

text: Voyager 2

text: in January 1986. It took several images of Umbriel, which allowed mapping of about 40% of the moon’s surface.

text: Among the identified dwarf planets, Ceres has no known natural satellites. Pluto has the relatively large natural satellite Charon and four smaller natural satellites; Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Haumea has two natural satellites, and Eris and Makemake have one. The Pluto–Charon system is unusual in that the center of mass lies in open space between the two, a characteristic sometimes associated with a double-planet system.

text: Among the identified dwarf planets,

text: Ceres

text: has no known natural satellites. Pluto has the relatively large natural satellite Charon and four smaller natural satellites;

text: Styx

text: Nix

text: Kerberos

text: , and

text: Hydra

text: Haumea

text: has two natural satellites, and Eris and

text: Makemake

text: have one. The Pluto–Charon system is unusual in that the

entity_section: Barycenter in astrophysics and astronomy

text: center of mass

text: lies in open space between the two, a characteristic sometimes associated with a

text: double-planet

text: system.

text: Gliese 674 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 15 light years away in the constellation of Ara. This planet orbits tightly around Gliese 674. It is a sub-Neptune-or-Uranus-mass planet either gaseous or rocky. It orbits as close as 0.039 AU from the star and takes only 4.6938 days to orbit. This planet has a similar eccentricity to Mercury (e=0.2). The discovery of the planet was announced on January 7, 2007 by using the HARPS spectrograph mounted on the ESO’s 3.6 meter telescope at La Silla, Chile.

text: Gliese 674 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: approximately 15

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Ara

text: . This planet orbits tightly around

text: Gliese 674

text: . It is a sub-

text: Neptune

text: -or-

text: Uranus

text: -mass planet either

text: gaseous

text: or

text: rocky

text: . It orbits as close as 0.039

text: AU

text: from the star and takes only 4.6938

text: day

text: s to orbit. This planet has a similar

text: eccentricity

text: to

text: Mercury

text: (e=0.2). The discovery of the planet was announced on January 7, 2007 by using the

text: HARPS

text: spectrograph

text: mounted on the

text: ESO

text: ’s 3.6 meter

text: telescope

text: at

text: La Silla

text: Chile

text: Kepler-88's inner planet is Neptune-sized but almost half as dense. The outer planet is about 60% as massive as Jupiter but its radius is not known due to not transiting the planet.

text: The spectacle approach to film-making, Cold War paranoia, public fascination with Outer Space, and a renewed interest in science sparked by the atom bomb lent itself well to science fiction films. Martians and other alien menaces were metaphors for Communism, foreign ideologies, and the misfits threatening democracy and the American way of life. Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Invaders from Mars, Them!, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, It Came from Outer Space, The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms, Creature from the Black Lagoon, The Thing from Another World, This Island Earth, Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, Destination Moon, and Forbidden Planet were popular. Queen of Outer Space (1958) with Zsa Zsa Gabor brought sex to the genre. There were also Earth-based subjects, such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954) and When Worlds Collide (1951). Companies such as American International Pictures, Japan's Toho, and Britain's Hammer Film Productions were created to solely produce films of the fantastique genres. Japanese films included Godzilla (1954), Godzilla Raids Again (1955), and Rodan (1956), The Mysterians (1957), Varan the Unbelievable (1958), and Battle in Outer Space (1959).

text: The spectacle approach to film-making,

text: Cold War

text: paranoia, public fascination with

text: Outer Space

text: , and a renewed interest in science sparked by the

text: atom bomb

text: lent itself well to

text: science fiction films

text: . Martians and other alien menaces were metaphors for Communism, foreign ideologies, and the misfits threatening democracy and the American way of life.

text: Invasion of the Body Snatchers

text: The Day the Earth Stood Still

text: Invaders from Mars

text: Them!

text: The War of the Worlds

text: The Time Machine

text: It Came from Outer Space

text: The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: The Thing from Another World

text: This Island Earth

text: Earth vs. the Flying Saucers

text: Destination Moon

text: , and

text: Forbidden Planet

text: were popular.

text: Queen of Outer Space

text: (1958) with

text: Zsa Zsa Gabor

text: brought sex to the genre. There were also Earth-based subjects, such as

text: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea

text: (1954) and

text: When Worlds Collide

text: (1951). Companies such as

text: American International Pictures

text: , Japan's

text: Toho

text: , and Britain's

text: Hammer Film Productions

text: were created to solely produce films of the fantastique genres. Japanese films included

text: Godzilla

text: Godzilla Raids Again

text: (1955), and

text: Rodan

text: The Mysterians

text: Varan the Unbelievable

text: (1958), and

text: Battle in Outer Space

text: Following the discovery, starting in the 1990s, of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto began to be seen not as a planet orbiting alone at 40 AU, but as the largest of a group of icy bodies in that region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body was more massive than Pluto, on August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) reclassified Pluto, grouping it with two similarly sized "dwarf planets" rather than with the eight "classical planets".

text: Following the discovery, starting in the 1990s, of other

text: Kuiper belt

text: objects, Pluto began to be seen not as a planet orbiting alone at 40

text: AU

text: , but as the largest of a group of icy bodies in that region of space. After it was shown that at least

text: one such body

text: was more massive than Pluto, on August 24, 2006 the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: (IAU) reclassified Pluto, grouping it with two similarly sized "

text: dwarf planet

text: s" rather than with the eight "

text: classical planets

text: The accretion disk was found to have parts rotating in opposite directions, the first time such a discovery has been made, and means that when planets form, the inner planets will orbit the opposite direction to the outer planets.

text: The

text: accretion disk

text: was found to have parts rotating in

text: opposite directions

text: , the first time such a discovery has been made, and means that when planets form, the inner planets will orbit the opposite direction to the outer planets.

text: The Nice model has undergone significant modification since its initial publication. The initial conditions of the model have been changed as a result of investigations of the behavior of planets orbiting in a gas disk to a quadruple resonant configuration with Jupiter and Saturn in their 3:2 resonance. The gravitational stirring of the outer planetesimal disk by Pluto-sized objects has been shown to result in breaking of the quadruple resonance via a mechanism that is not sensitive to the distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk. This mechanism for triggering the late instability of resonant planets similar to that in the original Nice model has been referred to as the Nice 2 model.

text: The Nice model has undergone significant modification since its initial publication. The initial conditions of the model have been changed as a result of investigations of the behavior of planets orbiting in a gas disk to a quadruple resonant configuration with Jupiter and Saturn in their 3:2

text: resonance

text: . The gravitational stirring of the outer planetesimal disk by Pluto-sized objects has been shown to result in breaking of the quadruple resonance via a mechanism that is not sensitive to the distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk. This mechanism for triggering the late instability of resonant planets similar to that in the original Nice model has been referred to as the

text: Nice 2 model

text: Data from the Cassini space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere, independent of that of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen gas (O) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject, among other things, O. According to models of this atmosphere, H is also present. The O and H atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, it would be about one atom thick. The rings also have a similarly sparse OH (hydroxide) atmosphere. Like the O, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon Enceladus. This atmosphere, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope.

text: Data from the Cassini space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere, independent of that of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular

text: oxygen

text: gas (O) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further

text: ultraviolet

text: stimulation create and eject, among other things, O. According to models of this atmosphere, H is also present. The O and H atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, it would be about one atom thick. The rings also have a similarly sparse OH (hydroxide) atmosphere. Like the O, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic

text: ion

text: s that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon

text: Enceladus

text: . This atmosphere, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope.

text: Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage, like the Saturn C-8, allowing a direct ascent flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a Centaur as an upper stage or adding strap-on boosters. These enhancements would have enabled the launch of large robotic spacecraft to the outer planets or send astronauts to Mars. Other Saturn-V derivatives analyzed included the Saturn MLV family of "Modified Launch Vehicles", which would have almost doubled the payload lift capability of the standard Saturn V and were intended for use in a proposed mission to Mars by 1980.

text: Wernher von Braun

text: and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage, like the

text: Saturn C-8

text: , allowing a

text: direct ascent

text: flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a

text: Centaur

text: as an upper stage or

text: adding strap-on boosters

text: . These enhancements would have enabled the launch of large robotic spacecraft to the outer

text: planet

text: s or send astronauts to

text: Mars

text: . Other Saturn-V derivatives analyzed included the

text: Saturn MLV

text: family of "Modified Launch Vehicles", which would have almost doubled the payload lift capability of the standard Saturn V and were intended for use in

text: a proposed mission to Mars by 1980

text: Afterwords, Carter reveals that Anubis did not actually escape, as she did manage to override the dialing process to send him to an alternate address. The planet she chose to send him to was extremely cold, so Vaselov's body froze, leaving Anubis unable to dial a new address.

text: Saturn was assigned to the Pacific Torpedo Flotilla on 1 December 1908. She cruised along the southern California and Mexican coast into 1911, returning to Puget Sound Navy Yard on 22 August 1911. Saturn was placed out of service there on 30 September and returned to the Reserve Force.

text: Saturn was assigned to the Pacific Torpedo Flotilla on 1 December 1908. She cruised along the southern

text: California

text: and Mexican coast into 1911, returning to

entity_name: Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility

text: Puget Sound Navy Yard

text: on 22 August 1911. Saturn was placed out of service there on 30 September and returned to the Reserve Force.

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their

text: atmosphere

text: s by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the

text: Kármán line

text: , which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to

text: radiation pressure

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: dynamic pressure

text: of the

text: solar wind

text: s, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The

text: thermosphere

text: in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to

text: space weather

text: . Astrophysicists prefer to use

text: number density

text: to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

text: Some pieces contain dynamic designations with more than three s or s. In Holst's The Planets,  occurs twice in Mars and once in Uranus often punctuated by organ and  occurs several times throughout the work. It also appears in Heitor Villa-Lobos' Bachianas Brasileiras No. 4 (Prelude), and in Liszt's Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam". The Norman Dello Joio Suite for Piano ends with a crescendo to a , and Tchaikovsky indicated a bassoon solo  (6 ) in his Pathétique Symphony and  in passages of his 1812 Overture and the 2nd movement of his Fifth Symphony.

text: Some pieces contain dynamic designations with more than three s or s. In

text: Holst

text: 's

text: The Planets

text: ,  occurs twice in Mars and once in Uranus often punctuated by organ and  occurs several times throughout the work. It also appears in

text: Heitor Villa-Lobos

text: Bachianas Brasileiras

text: No. 4 (Prelude), and in

text: Liszt

text: 's

entity_name: Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"

text: Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"

text: . The

text: Norman Dello Joio

text: Suite for Piano ends with a crescendo to a , and

text: Tchaikovsky

text: indicated a bassoon solo  (6 ) in his

text: Pathétique Symphony

text: and  in passages of his

text: 1812 Overture

text: and the 2nd movement of his

text: Fifth Symphony

text: The Solar System is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt, and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt, and finally the Oort Cloud, which may extend as far as a light-year.

text: The Solar System is subdivided into the inner planets, the

text: asteroid belt

text: , and the outer planets. The inner

text: terrestrial planet

text: s consist of

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: , and

text: Mars

text: . The outer

text: gas giant

text: planets are

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . Beyond Neptune lies the

text: Kuiper Belt

text: , and finally the

text: Oort Cloud

text: , which may extend as far as a light-year.

text: Pluto was considered to be an outer planet from its discovery in 1930 until its reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006 (see also: Kuiper belt).

text: Pluto

text: was considered to be an outer planet from its discovery in 1930 until its

text: reclassification

text: as a

text: dwarf planet

text: in 2006 (see also:

text: Kuiper belt

text: CoRoT should be assumed to detect a small percentage of planets within the observed star fields, due to the low percentage of exoplanets that would transit from the angle of observation of the Solar System. The chances of seeing a planet transiting its host star is inversely proportional to the diameter of the planet's orbit, thus close in planets detections will outnumber outer planets ones. The transit method is also biased toward large planets, since their very depth transits are more easily detected than the shallows eclipses induced by terrestrial planets.

text: CoRoT should be assumed to detect a small percentage of planets within the observed star fields, due to the low percentage of exoplanets that would transit from the angle of observation of the

text: Solar System

text: . The chances of seeing a planet transiting its host star is inversely proportional to the diameter of the planet's orbit, thus close in planets detections will outnumber outer planets ones. The

text: transit method

text: is also biased toward large planets, since their very depth transits are more easily detected than the shallows eclipses induced by terrestrial planets.

text: Some simulations show that the eccentricity of the system's planets may have arisen from a close encounter between the outer planet and a fourth planet, with the result that the fourth planet was ejected from the system or destroyed. If so, the rogue planet would have had to eject immediately; it is unclear how likely this situation might be. Other models are possible. However, a fourth planet (Upsilon Andromedae e) was discovered in 2010. This planet is in a 3:1 resonance with Upsilon Andromedae d.

text: Some simulations show that the eccentricity of the system's planets may have arisen from a close encounter between the outer planet and a fourth planet, with the result that the fourth planet was ejected from the system or destroyed. If so, the rogue planet would have had to eject immediately; it is unclear how likely this situation might be. Other models are possible. However, a fourth planet (

text: Upsilon Andromedae e

text: ) was discovered in 2010. This planet is in a 3:1 resonance with Upsilon Andromedae d.

text: Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Köppen climate classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between  in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above  averaging around . Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the  range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than  of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging  (making the area nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around , making the climate there semi-arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation,  or more, much of it as snow, sometimes  or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is  at Basin on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is  at Riverside on February 9, 1933.

text: Wyoming's climate is generally

text: semi-arid

text: and

text: continental

text: Köppen climate classification

text: BSk

text: ), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between  in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above  averaging around . Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the  range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with

text: Chinook winds

text: providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than  of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the

text: Big Horn Basin

text: averaging  (making the area nearly a true

text: desert

text: ). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around , making the climate there

text: semi-arid

text: . Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation,  or more, much of it as snow, sometimes  or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is  at

text: Basin

text: on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is  at

text: Riverside

text: on February 9, 1933.

text: Keill Randor is sent to a planet by the Overseers, to determine if their recent turn to aggression has its roots in the Warlord's influence. On the planet, he encounters a new leader, an albino called Quern. It transpires that Quern is an altered human, and strongly telepathic, though Glr is able to shield Keill's mind from Quern's probing. Quern has developed a planet-killing weapon, and has convinced the ruling council that this weapon justifies their new aggression. They are attacking from a position of absolute strength. The weapon turns out to be the very same weapon which killed Keill's planet; a form of radiation spore which multiplies rapidly in an oxygen atmosphere, killing every living thing.

text: Keill Randor is sent to a planet by the Overseers, to determine if their recent turn to aggression has its roots in the Warlord's influence. On the planet, he encounters a new leader, an

text: albino

text: called Quern. It transpires that Quern is an altered human, and strongly

text: telepathic

text: , though Glr is able to shield Keill's mind from Quern's probing. Quern has developed a planet-killing weapon, and has convinced the ruling council that this weapon justifies their new aggression. They are attacking from a position of absolute strength. The weapon turns out to be the very same weapon which killed Keill's planet; a form of radiation spore which multiplies rapidly in an oxygen atmosphere, killing every living thing.

text: If the Pioneer anomaly had been a gravitational effect due to some long-range modifications of the known laws of gravity, it did not affect the orbital motions of the major natural bodies in the same way (in particular those moving in the regions in which the Pioneer anomaly manifested itself in its presently known form). Hence a gravitational explanation would need toviolate the equivalence principle, which states that all objects are affected the same way by gravity. It was therefore argued that increasingly accurate measurements and modelling of the motions of the outer planets and their satellites undermined the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly is a phenomenon of gravitational origin. However, others believed that our knowledge of the motions of the outer planets and dwarf planet Pluto was still insufficient to disprove the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly. The same authors ruled out the existence of a gravitational Pioneer-type extra-acceleration in the outskirts of the Solar System by using a sample of Trans-Neptunian objects.

text: If the Pioneer anomaly had been a gravitational effect due to some long-range modifications of the known laws of gravity, it did not affect the orbital motions of the major natural bodies in the same way (in particular those moving in the regions in which the Pioneer anomaly manifested itself in its presently known form). Hence a gravitational explanation would need toviolate the

text: equivalence principle

text: , which states that all objects are affected the same way by gravity. It was therefore argued that increasingly accurate measurements and

text: modelling of the motions of the outer planets

text: and their satellites undermined the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly is a phenomenon of gravitational origin. However, others believed that our knowledge of the motions of the outer planets and dwarf planet

text: Pluto

text: was still insufficient to disprove the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly. The same authors ruled out the existence of a gravitational Pioneer-type extra-acceleration in the outskirts of the

text: Solar System

text: by using a sample of

text: Trans-Neptunian object

text: s.

text: Heavy snowfall or rainfall occurred on the leading edge of the weather pattern, which travelled all the way from the American Plains and Canadian prairie provinces to the East Coast. Strong winds prevailed throughout the freeze, making the temperature feel at least ten degrees Fahrenheit colder than it actually was, due to the wind chill factor. In addition to rainfall, snowfall, ice, and blizzard warnings, some places along the Great Lakes were also under wind warnings. Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.

text: Heavy snowfall or rainfall occurred on the leading edge of the weather pattern, which travelled all the way from the American Plains and Canadian prairie provinces to the East Coast. Strong winds prevailed throughout the freeze, making the temperature feel at least ten degrees Fahrenheit colder than it actually was, due to the

text: wind chill

text: factor. In addition to rainfall, snowfall, ice, and blizzard warnings, some places along the Great Lakes were also under wind warnings. Europe also saw the

entity_name: 2013–14 Atlantic winter storms in Europe

text: 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe

text: which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.

text: It is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately 60 bar (870 psi, 59 atm), allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. Aluminium capsules of CO are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for airguns, paintball markers, inflating bicycle tires, and for making carbonated water. Rapid vaporization of liquid carbon dioxide is used for blasting in coal mines. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests. Liquid carbon dioxide is used in supercritical drying of some food products and technological materials, in the preparation of specimens for scanning electron microscopy and in the decaffeination of coffee beans.

text: It is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately 60

text: bar

text: (870 psi, 59 atm), allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. Aluminium capsules of CO are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for

text: airguns

text: paintball

text: markers, inflating bicycle tires, and for making

text: carbonated water

text: . Rapid vaporization of liquid carbon dioxide is used for blasting in coal mines. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests. Liquid carbon dioxide is used in

text: supercritical drying

text: of some food products and technological materials, in the preparation of specimens for

text: scanning electron microscopy

text: and in the

text: decaffeination

text: of

text: coffee

text: beans.

text: All of Saturn's regular moons except Iapetus orbit very nearly in the plane of Saturn's equator. The outer irregular satellites follow moderately to highly eccentric orbits, and none is expected to rotate synchronously as all the inner moons of Saturn do (except for Hyperion). See Saturn's satellites' families.

text: All of Saturn's

text: regular moon

text: s except Iapetus

text: orbit

text: very nearly in the plane of Saturn's equator. The outer

text: irregular satellite

text: s follow moderately to highly

text: eccentric

text: orbits, and none is expected to rotate synchronously as all the inner moons of Saturn do (except for

text: Hyperion

text: ). See

text: Saturn's satellites' families

text: Spectrally Nereid appears neutral in colour and water ice has been detected on its surface. Its spectrum appears to be intermediate between Uranus's moons Titania and Umbriel, which suggests that Nereid's surface is composed of a mixture of water ice and some spectrally neutral material. The spectrum is markedly different from the outer-Solar-System minor planets, centaurs Pholus, Chiron and Chariklo, suggesting that Nereid formed around Neptune rather than being a captured body.

text: Spectrally

text: Nereid appears neutral in colour and

text: water ice

text: has been detected on its surface. Its spectrum appears to be intermediate between

text: Uranus

text: 's moons

text: Titania

text: and

text: Umbriel

text: , which suggests that Nereid's surface is composed of a mixture of water ice and some spectrally neutral material. The spectrum is markedly different from the outer-Solar-System

text: minor planet

text: s,

text: centaur

text: s

text: Pholus

text: Chiron

text: and

text: Chariklo

text: , suggesting that Nereid formed around Neptune rather than being a captured body.

text: In 1898, William Henry Pickering discovered Phoebe, which is now considered the ninth moon of Saturn.  Strangely, in 1905, Pickering believed that he had discovered another moon of Saturn, which, he reported, orbited the planet between Titan and Hyperion.  He called this new moon Themis.  Themis, like Chiron, was never sighted again.

text: In 1898,

text: William Henry Pickering

text: discovered

text: Phoebe

text: , which is now considered the ninth moon of Saturn.  Strangely, in 1905, Pickering believed that he had discovered another moon of Saturn, which, he reported, orbited the

text: planet

text: between Titan and Hyperion.  He called this new moon

text: Themis

text: .  Themis, like Chiron, was never sighted again.

text: Following its discovery, Mab was given the temporary designation S/2003 U 1. The moon is also designated Uranus XXVI.

text: For almost two centuries, from the discovery of Ceres in 1801 until the discovery of the first centaur, Chiron, in 1977, all known asteroids spent most of their time at or within the orbit of Jupiter, though a few such as Hidalgo ventured far beyond Jupiter for part of their orbit. When astronomers started finding more small bodies that permanently resided further out than Jupiter, now called centaurs, they numbered them among the traditional asteroids, though there was debate over whether they should be considered asteroids or as a new type of object. Then, when the first trans-Neptunian object (other than Pluto), , was discovered in 1992, and especially when large numbers of similar objects started turning up, new terms were invented to sidestep the issue: Kuiper-belt object, trans-Neptunian object, scattered-disc object, and so on. These inhabit the cold outer reaches of the Solar System where ices remain solid and comet-like bodies are not expected to exhibit much cometary activity; if centaurs or trans-Neptunian objects were to venture close to the Sun, their volatile ices would sublimate, and traditional approaches would classify them as comets and not asteroids.

text: For almost two centuries, from the discovery of

text: Ceres

text: in 1801 until the discovery of the first

text: centaur

text: Chiron

text: , in 1977, all known asteroids spent most of their time at or within the orbit of Jupiter, though a few such as

text: Hidalgo

text: ventured far beyond Jupiter for part of their orbit. When astronomers started finding more small bodies that permanently resided further out than Jupiter, now called

text: centaurs

text: , they numbered them among the traditional asteroids, though there was debate over whether they should be considered asteroids or as a new type of object. Then, when the first

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: (other than

text: Pluto

text: ), , was discovered in 1992, and especially when large numbers of similar objects started turning up, new terms were invented to sidestep the issue:

text: Kuiper-belt object

text: trans-Neptunian object

text: scattered-disc object

text: , and so on. These inhabit the cold outer reaches of the Solar System where ices remain solid and comet-like bodies are not expected to exhibit much cometary activity; if centaurs or trans-Neptunian objects were to venture close to the Sun, their volatile ices would sublimate, and traditional approaches would classify them as comets and not asteroids.

text: On January 8, 2013 astronomers using NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes probed the stormy atmosphere of a brown dwarf named 2MASS J22282889-431026, creating the most detailed "weather map" of a brown dwarf thus far. It shows wind-driven, planet-sized clouds. The new research is a stepping stone toward a better understanding not only brown dwarfs, but also of the atmospheres of planets beyond the Solar System.

text: On January 8, 2013 astronomers using NASA's

text: Hubble

text: and

text: Spitzer

text: space telescopes probed the stormy atmosphere of a brown dwarf named

text: 2MASS J22282889-431026

text: , creating the most detailed "weather map" of a brown dwarf thus far. It shows wind-driven, planet-sized clouds. The new research is a stepping stone toward a better understanding not only brown dwarfs, but also of the atmospheres of planets beyond the Solar System.

text: Triton is the largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune. It was discovered on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer William Lassell. It is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit, an orbit in the opposite direction to its planet's rotation. At  in diameter, it is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System. Because of its retrograde orbit and composition similar to Pluto's, Triton is thought to have been a dwarf planet captured from the Kuiper belt. Triton has a surface of mostly frozen nitrogen, a mostly water-ice crust, an icy mantle and a substantial core of rock and metal. The core makes up two-thirds of its total mass. Triton has a mean density of 2.061 g/cm and is composed of approximately 15–35% water ice.

text: Triton is the largest

text: natural satellite

text: of the

text: planet

text: Neptune

text: . It was discovered on October 10, 1846, by English astronomer

text: William Lassell

text: . It is the only large moon in the

text: Solar System

text: with a

text: retrograde orbit

text: , an orbit in the opposite direction to its planet's rotation. At  in diameter, it is the

text: seventh-largest moon

text: in the Solar System. Because of its retrograde orbit and composition similar to

text: Pluto

text: 's, Triton is thought to have been a

text: dwarf planet

text: captured from the

text: Kuiper belt

text: . Triton has a surface of mostly

text: frozen nitrogen

text: , a mostly

text: water-ice

text: crust, an icy

text: mantle

text: and a substantial

text: core

text: of rock and metal. The core makes up two-thirds of its total mass. Triton has a mean density of 2.061 g/cm and is composed of approximately 15–35% water ice.

text: According to contemporary models, the scattered disc formed when Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were "scattered" into eccentric and inclined orbits by gravitational interaction with Neptune and the other outer planets. The amount of time for this process to occur remains uncertain. One hypothesis estimates a period equal to the entire age of the Solar System; a second posits that the scattering took place relatively quickly, during Neptune's early migration epoch.

text: According to contemporary models, the scattered disc formed when

text: Kuiper belt

text: objects (KBOs) were "scattered" into

text: eccentric

text: and

text: inclined

text: orbits by gravitational interaction with

text: Neptune

text: and the other

text: outer planets

text: . The amount of time for this process to occur remains uncertain. One hypothesis estimates a period equal to the entire age of the Solar System; a second posits that the scattering took place relatively quickly, during Neptune's early

text: migration

text: epoch.

text: Jordanoleiopus ivorensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1968.

text: Jordanoleiopus ivorensis is a species of

text: beetle

text: in the family

text: Cerambycidae

text: . It was described by Breuning in 1968.

text: Lindström began her broadcasting career as a reporter at KGO-TV in San Francisco in 1966 and in 1971 went to WCBS-TV in New York City.

text: Lindström began her broadcasting career as a

text: reporter

text: at

text: KGO-TV

text: in

text: San Francisco

text: in 1966 and in 1971 went to

text: WCBS-TV

text: in

text: New York City

text: John Alfred "Johnny" Morrison (26 March 1911 – 1984) was a professional footballer who played for Bostall Heath, Callender's Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur and Northfleet United.

text: John Alfred "Johnny" Morrison (26 March 1911 – 1984) was a professional footballer who played for

text: Bostall Heath

text: Callender's Athletic

text: Tottenham Hotspur

text: and

text: Northfleet United

text: In June 1973, Sheinberg was elected President and Chief Operating Officer of MCA, Inc. / Universal Studios and served alongside Lew Wasserman.  Sheinberg is credited with discovering director Steven Spielberg and hiring him into the MCA/Universal Television division. Sheinberg served as President and COO of Universal Pictures (a division of MCA, Inc.) with the highest-grossing films of the last three decades of the 20th Century all being  Universal/Spielberg projects, beginning with 1975's Jaws, 1982's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and concluding with 1993's Jurassic Park. Having the benefit of being guided by Lew Wasserman, Sheinberg acknowledged that an essential part of being a mentor is having confidence in the people you're guiding and mentoring.  Other high-performing films credited to him are Schindler's List (1993) and Back to the Future (1985). Sheinberg famously wanted to change the name from "Back to the Future" to "Space Man From Pluto" despite the film having nothing to do with outer space, spacemen, or the dwarf planet Pluto. His battle with Terry Gilliam over the final cut of the movie Brazil was the subject of a book and documentary entitled The Battle of Brazil.

text: In June 1973, Sheinberg was elected President and Chief Operating Officer of MCA, Inc. / Universal Studios and served alongside

text: Lew Wasserman

text: .  Sheinberg is credited with discovering director

text: Steven Spielberg

text: and hiring him into the MCA/Universal Television division. Sheinberg served as President and COO of

text: Universal Pictures

text: (a division of MCA, Inc.) with the highest-grossing films of the last three decades of the 20th Century all being  Universal/Spielberg projects, beginning with 1975's

text: Jaws

text: , 1982's

text: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

text: and concluding with 1993's

text: Jurassic Park

text: . Having the benefit of being guided by

text: Lew Wasserman

text: , Sheinberg acknowledged that an essential part of being a mentor is having confidence in the people you're guiding and mentoring.  Other high-performing films credited to him are

text: Schindler's List

text: (1993) and

text: Back to the Future

text: (1985). Sheinberg famously wanted to change the name from "Back to the Future" to "Space Man From Pluto" despite the film having nothing to do with outer space, spacemen, or the dwarf planet Pluto. His battle with

text: Terry Gilliam

text: over the final cut of the movie

text: Brazil

text: was the subject of a book and documentary entitled The Battle of Brazil.

text: NPO Saturn, JSC (НПО Сатурн) is a Russian aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk motors JSC and Lyul'ka-Saturn JSC (after Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyulka) in 2001. Saturn's engines power many former Eastern Bloc aircraft, such as the Tupolev Tu-154. Saturn holds a 50% stake in the PowerJet joint venture with Snecma. The company, founded by Pavel Soloviev, has its headquarters in the town of Rybinsk.

text: NPO Saturn, JSC (НПО Сатурн) is a

text: Russia

text: n aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk motors JSC and Lyul'ka-Saturn JSC (after

text: Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyulka

text: ) in 2001. Saturn's engines power many former

text: Eastern Bloc

text: aircraft, such as the

text: Tupolev

text: . Saturn holds a 50% stake in the

text: PowerJet

text: joint venture with

text: Snecma

text: . The company, founded by

text: Pavel Soloviev

text: , has its headquarters in the town of

text: Rybinsk

text: Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) is a proposed design for a lander for Saturn's moon Titan. TiME is a relatively low-cost, outer-planet mission designed to measure the organic constituents on Titan and would have performed the first nautical exploration of an extraterrestrial sea, analyze its nature and, possibly, observe its shoreline. As a Discovery-class mission it was designed to be cost-capped at US$425 million, not counting launch vehicle funding.  It was proposed to NASA in 2009 by Proxemy Research as a scout-like pioneering mission, originally as part of NASA's Discovery Program. The TiME mission design reached the finalist stage during that Discovery mission selection, but was not selected, and despite attempts in the U.S. Senate failed to get earmark funding in 2013.

text: Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) is a proposed design for a

text: lander

text: for Saturn's moon

text: Titan

text: . TiME is a relatively low-cost, outer-planet mission designed to measure the

text: organic constituents

text: on Titan and would have performed the first

text: nautical

text: exploration of an extraterrestrial sea, analyze its nature and, possibly, observe its shoreline. As a Discovery-class mission it was designed to be cost-capped at US$425 million, not counting launch vehicle funding.  It was proposed to

text: NASA

text: in 2009 by Proxemy Research as a scout-like pioneering mission, originally as part of NASA's

text: Discovery Program

text: . The TiME mission design reached the finalist stage during that Discovery mission selection, but was not selected, and despite attempts in the U.S. Senate failed to get earmark funding in 2013.

text: Sailor Pluto is still considered a member of the Sailor Soldiers despite the reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet (as opposed to just a planet). Many fans joke that Sailor Moon will reinstate Pluto as a planet after becoming Queen. Others joke she was "fired" from the Sailor Soldiers.

text: Sailor Pluto is still considered a member of the Sailor Soldiers despite the reclassification of

text: Pluto

text: as a dwarf planet (as opposed to just a planet). Many fans joke that Sailor Moon will reinstate Pluto as a planet after becoming Queen. Others joke she was "fired" from the Sailor Soldiers.

text: St Gregory's by St Paul's was a parish church in the Castle Baynard ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and not replaced. It was built against the walls of St Paul's Cathedral.

text: St Gregory's by St Paul's was a parish church in the

text: Castle Baynard

text: ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the

text: Great Fire of London

text: in 1666 and not replaced. It was built against the walls of

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: John Ambrose "Jack" Moore (born 6 July 1911) was an English amateur footballer, referee and tennis player.

text: John Ambrose "Jack" Moore (born 6 July 1911) was an

text: English

text: amateur

text: footballer

text: referee

text: and

text: tennis

text: player.

text: It is generally thought that about 3.8 billion years ago, after a period known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, most of the planetesimals within the Solar System had either been ejected from the Solar System entirely, into distant eccentric orbits such as the Oort cloud, or had collided with larger objects due to the regular gravitational nudges from the giant planets (particularly Jupiter and Neptune). A few planetesimals may have been captured as moons, such as Phobos and Deimos (the moons of Mars) and many of the small high-inclination moons of the giant planets.

text: It is generally thought that about 3.8 billion years ago, after a period known as the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: , most of the planetesimals within the

text: Solar System

text: had either been ejected from the Solar System entirely, into distant eccentric orbits such as the

text: Oort cloud

text: , or had collided with larger objects due to the regular gravitational nudges from the

text: giant planet

text: s (particularly

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ). A few planetesimals may have been captured as moons, such as

text: Phobos

text: and

text: Deimos

text: (the moons of

text: Mars

text: ) and many of the small high-

text: inclination

text: moons of the giant planets.

text: MMEC provides transportation facility, in order to facilitate the students and staff to commute from inner areas of the Belgaum city to college.

text: MMEC provides transportation facility, in order to facilitate the students and staff to commute from inner areas of the

text: Belgaum

text: city to college.

text: Aerocapture is part of a unique family of "aeroassist" technologies being developed by NASA for science missions to any planetary body with an appreciable atmosphere. These destinations could include Mars, Venus and Saturn's moon Titan, along with the outer planets.

text: Aerocapture is part of a unique family of "

text: aeroassist

text: " technologies being developed by NASA for science missions to any planetary body with an appreciable atmosphere. These destinations could include Mars, Venus and Saturn's moon Titan, along with the outer planets.

text: As of November 30th 2016, Cassini will enter the final phase of the project. Cassini will dive through the outer ring of Saturn, 20 times, once every 7 days. The spacecraft will enter areas that have been untouched up until this point, getting the closest look ever at Saturn's outer rings.  The first pass of the rings took place on December 4, 2016.

text: Lofthouse suited up for the Capitals again on December 31, 2010 for an alumni game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The game was held on Heinz Field on the day before the NHL Winter Classic and Lofthouse scored in the first period, tying the game.

text: Lofthouse suited up for the Capitals again on December 31, 2010 for an alumni game against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The game was held on

text: Heinz Field

text: on the day before the

text: NHL Winter Classic

text: and Lofthouse scored in the first period, tying the game.

text: One distinctive feature of the Toulon climate is the wind, with 115 days a year of strong winds; usually either the cold and dry Mistral or the Tramontane from the north, the wet Marin; or the Sirocco sometimes bearing reddish sand from Africa; or the wet and stormy Levant from the east. (See Winds of Provence.)   The windiest month is January, with an average of 12.5 days of strong winds. The least windy month is September, with 7 days of strong winds. In winter, the Mistral can make the air feel extremely cold, even though the temperature is mild.

text: One distinctive feature of the Toulon climate is the wind, with 115 days a year of strong winds; usually either the cold and dry

text: Mistral

text: or the

text: Tramontane

text: from the north, the wet

text: Marin

text: ; or the

text: Sirocco

text: sometimes bearing reddish sand from Africa; or the wet and stormy

text: Levant

text: from the east. (See

text: Winds of Provence

text: .)   The windiest month is January, with an average of 12.5 days of strong winds. The least windy month is September, with 7 days of strong winds. In winter, the Mistral can make the air feel extremely cold, even though the temperature is mild.

text: Up at "Minton's" is the third and first live album by jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine recorded for the Blue Note label and performed by Turrentine with Grant Green, Horace Parlan, George Tucker, and Al Harewood. The album was originally released as two separate volumes on LP and later as a double CD set.

text: Up at "Minton's" is the third and first

text: live album

text: by

text: jazz

text: saxophonist

text: Stanley Turrentine

text: recorded for the

text: Blue Note

text: label and performed by Turrentine with

text: Grant Green

text: Horace Parlan

text: George Tucker

text: , and

text: Al Harewood

text: . The album was originally released as two separate volumes on LP and later as a double CD set.

text: The Franciscan monk Charles Plumier gave the name of Cæsalpinia to a plant genus and Linnaeus retained it in his system. At the present day this genus includes approximately 150 species and belongs family Fabaceae, subfamily Cæsalpinioideae, which contains a large number of useful plants. Linnaeus in his writings often quotes his great predecessor in the science of botany and praises Cesalpino in the following lines:

text: The Franciscan monk

text: Charles Plumier

text: gave the name of

text: Cæsalpinia

text: to a plant genus and Linnaeus retained it in his system. At the present day this genus includes approximately 150 species and belongs family

text: Fabaceae

text: , subfamily

text: Cæsalpinioideae

text: , which contains a large number of useful plants. Linnaeus in his writings often quotes his great predecessor in the science of botany and praises Cesalpino in the following lines:

text: The name PLUTO is inherited from the flight controller's original role, which was to maintain and coordinate changes to the U.S. segment of the electrical Plug-in Plan (PiP). The PiP is the tracking of portable electronic equipment, making sure equipment connected is compatible and does not violate constraints, and will not overdraw the power source. Along with this, PLUTO is responsible for maintaining the OPSLAN (Operations Local Area Network) and the JSL (Joint Station LAN). PLUTO has remote desktop administration and monitoring capability to the network from the ground. The PLUTO is also responsible for certain Station Developmental Test Objectives, or SDTOs during the mission. This includes programming the Wireless Instrumentation System (WIS) and also remote desktop commanding for ROBONAUT activities.

text: The rings of Saturn are the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System. They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from micrometres to metres, that orbit about Saturn. The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation; some features of the rings suggest a relatively recent origin, but theoretical models indicate they are likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history.

text: The rings of Saturn are the most extensive

text: planetary ring

text: system of any

text: planet

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: . They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from micrometres to metres, that

text: orbit

text: about

text: Saturn

text: . The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of

text: rocky material

text: . There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation; some features of the rings suggest a relatively recent origin, but theoretical models indicate they are likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history.

text: The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce in 2006 when it qualified for the World Cup and convinced Gbagbo to restart peace talks. It also helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.   In late 2006, the elections were again delayed, this time until October 2007.

text: The

text: Côte d'Ivoire national football team

text: helped secure a truce in 2006 when it qualified for the

text: World Cup

text: and convinced Gbagbo to restart peace talks. It also helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of

text: Bouaké

text: , an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.   In late 2006, the elections were again delayed, this time until October 2007.

text: Pluto was initially a minor character until 1934 when Disney animator Norm Ferguson gave the dog a key role in the cartoon Playful Pluto. Pluto becomes entangled with a sticky piece of flypaper, and Ferguson expanded the sequence significantly. The segment became a classic, demonstrating how Disney artists can take a simple circumstance and build humor through a character.

text: Pluto was initially a minor character until 1934 when Disney animator

text: Norm Ferguson

text: gave the dog a key role in the cartoon

text: Playful Pluto

text: . Pluto becomes entangled with a sticky piece of flypaper, and Ferguson expanded the sequence significantly. The segment became a classic, demonstrating how Disney artists can take a simple circumstance and build humor through a character.

text: PA 136 was established in September 1964 to replace the stretch of PA 31 from Greensburg to Washington while the section west of Washington was re-designated as PA 844.

text: PA 136 was established in September 1964 to replace the stretch of PA 31 from Greensburg to Washington while the section west of Washington was re-designated as

text: PA 844

text: The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.

text: The Solar System

text: formed 4.6 billion years ago

text: from the

text: gravitational collapse

text: of a giant interstellar

text: molecular cloud

text: . The vast majority of the system's

text: mass

text: is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in

text: Jupiter

text: . The four smaller inner planets,

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: and

text: Mars

text: , are

text: terrestrial planet

text: s, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are

text: giant planet

text: s, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and

text: Saturn

text: , are

text: gas giant

text: s, being composed mainly of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: ; the two outermost planets,

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , are

text: ice giant

text: s, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called

text: volatiles

text: , such as water,

text: ammonia

text: and

text: methane

text: . All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the

text: ecliptic

text: Andrzej Szczypkowski (born November 10, 1971) is a Polish footballer (midfielder) - the captain of Zagłębie Lubin. He is one of the oldest players of Orange Ekstraklasa in the season 2006/2007.

text: Andrzej Szczypkowski (born November 10, 1971) is a

text: Polish

text: footballer (

text: midfielder

text: ) - the captain of

text: Zagłębie Lubin

text: . He is one of the oldest players of

text: Orange Ekstraklasa

text: in the season 2006/2007.

text: Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet. Pioneer 11's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km. Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring. Voyager 1's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km. A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring. Voyager 2's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km. Voyager 2's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1, and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets. Cassini entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004. Cassini's images of the rings are the most detailed to-date, and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets.

text: Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet.

text: Pioneer 11

text: 's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km. Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring.

text: Voyager 1

text: 's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km. A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring.

text: Voyager 2

text: 's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km. Voyager 2's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1, and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets.

text: Cassini

text: entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004. Cassini's images of the rings are the most detailed to-date, and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets.

text: 2013 LA2 is a Centaur and most likely an extinct comet with the highest orbital inclination of any known asteroid, 175.189 degrees, which gives it a retrograde orbit, inclined 4.81 degrees to the ecliptic. The asteroid's orbit takes if from the outer main asteroid belt to between the orbit of Saturn and Uranus. However the asteroid's orbit is poorly determined, and contrary to the JPL, the minor planet center's orbit puts it with an aphelion near the orbit of Saturn. The asteroid was observed 43 times over a 25-day interval between June 1, 2013 and June 26, 2013.

text: 2013 LA2 is a

text: Centaur

text: and most likely an

text: extinct comet

text: with the highest orbital inclination of any known asteroid, 175.189 degrees, which gives it a retrograde orbit, inclined 4.81 degrees to the ecliptic. The asteroid's orbit takes if from the outer main asteroid belt to between the orbit of Saturn and Uranus. However the asteroid's orbit is poorly determined, and contrary to the JPL, the minor planet center's orbit puts it with an aphelion near the orbit of Saturn. The asteroid was observed 43 times over a 25-day interval between June 1, 2013 and June 26, 2013.

text: The most extreme cold of the year relative to the normals came in December. Although January 2010 had been slightly colder than what was recorded in the south of the country, December is normally a month that is above freezing during daytime in southern Sweden due to its seasonal lag that a maritime climate brings. Although the month started out quite mild, temperatures plummeted to extreme cold as winter solstice and Christmas neared. Most of the month was solidly below freezing in the entire country, with a few bursts of mild air affecting the deep south. The cold just before Christmas was unprecedented this time of the year in many southern locations. Kalmar saw a record cold  value, Kristianstad another record  value, with Örebro nearly beating its December all-time record cold with , the coldest value for 124 years. During Christmas, the most extreme cold had swept north, with several coastal cities of Norrland recording temperatures around . This, albeit highly unusual, did not break any December records. Temperatures throughout the months in the northern parts of the country were quite far below normals, resulting in the cold wave being felt in the entire country. In the south, the New Year's Eve brought milder air, bringing temperatures just above freezing for that night. This marked the end of the cold wave in the south, with January 2011 being a normal winter month. The cold returned to normal levels further north as well, although winter temperatures there are more extreme than a cold wave in the south regardless. The coldest temperature of the month and year was recorded in Nikkaluokta on December 20, with .

text: The most extreme cold of the year relative to the normals came in December. Although January 2010 had been slightly colder than what was recorded in the south of the country, December is normally a month that is above freezing during daytime in southern Sweden due to its

text: seasonal lag

text: that a maritime climate brings. Although the month started out quite mild, temperatures plummeted to extreme cold as

text: winter solstice

text: and Christmas neared. Most of the month was solidly below freezing in the entire country, with a few bursts of mild air affecting the deep south. The cold just before Christmas was unprecedented this time of the year in many southern locations.

text: Kalmar

text: saw a record cold  value,

text: Kristianstad

text: another record  value, with

text: Örebro

text: nearly beating its December all-time record cold with , the coldest value for 124 years. During Christmas, the most extreme cold had swept north, with several coastal cities of Norrland recording temperatures around . This, albeit highly unusual, did not break any December records. Temperatures throughout the months in the northern parts of the country were quite far below normals, resulting in the cold wave being felt in the entire country. In the south, the New Year's Eve brought milder air, bringing temperatures just above freezing for that night. This marked the end of the cold wave in the south, with January 2011 being a normal winter month. The cold returned to normal levels further north as well, although winter temperatures there are more extreme than a cold wave in the south regardless. The coldest temperature of the month and year was recorded in

text: Nikkaluokta

text: on December 20, with .

text: Modern computer simulations show the Kuiper belt to have been strongly influenced by Jupiter and Neptune, and also suggest that neither Uranus nor Neptune could have formed in their present positions, because too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass. Instead, these planets are estimated to have formed closer to Jupiter. Scattering of planetesimals early in the Solar System's history would have led to migration of the orbits of the giant planets: Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune drifted outwards, whereas Jupiter drifted inwards. Eventually, the orbits shifted to the point where Jupiter and Saturn reached an exact 2:1 resonance; Jupiter orbited the Sun twice for every one Saturn orbit. The gravitational repercussions of such a resonance ultimately destabilized the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, causing them to be scattered outward onto high-eccentricity orbits that crossed the primordial planetesimal disc. While Neptune's orbit was highly eccentric, its mean-motion resonances overlapped and the orbits of the planetesimals evolved chaotically, allowing planetesimals to wander outward as far as Neptune's 2:1 resonance to form a dynamically cold belt of low-inclination objects. Later, after its eccentricity decreased, Neptune's orbit expanded outward toward its current position. Many planetesimals were captured into and remain in resonances during this migration, others evolved onto higher-inclination and lower-eccentricity orbits and escaped from the resonances onto stable orbits. Many more planetesimals were scattered inward, with small fractions being captured as Jupiter trojans, as irregular satellites orbiting the giant planets, and as outer belt asteroids. The remainder were scattered outward again by Jupiter and in most cases ejected from the Solar System reducing the primordial Kuiper belt population by 99% or more.

text: Modern

text: computer simulations

text: show the Kuiper belt to have been strongly influenced by

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , and also suggest that neither

text: Uranus

text: nor Neptune could have formed in their present positions, because too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass. Instead, these planets are estimated to have formed closer to Jupiter. Scattering of planetesimals early in the Solar System's history would have led to

text: migration

text: of the orbits of the giant planets:

text: Saturn

text: , Uranus, and Neptune drifted outwards, whereas Jupiter drifted inwards. Eventually, the orbits shifted to the point where Jupiter and Saturn reached an exact 2:1 resonance; Jupiter orbited the Sun twice for every one Saturn orbit. The gravitational repercussions of such a resonance ultimately destabilized the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, causing them to be scattered outward onto high-eccentricity orbits that crossed the primordial planetesimal disc. While Neptune's orbit was highly eccentric, its mean-motion resonances overlapped and the orbits of the planetesimals evolved chaotically, allowing planetesimals to wander outward as far as Neptune's 2:1 resonance to form a dynamically cold belt of low-inclination objects. Later, after its eccentricity decreased, Neptune's orbit expanded outward toward its current position. Many planetesimals were captured into and remain in resonances during this migration, others evolved onto higher-inclination and lower-eccentricity orbits and escaped from the resonances onto stable orbits. Many more planetesimals were scattered inward, with small fractions being captured as Jupiter trojans, as irregular satellites orbiting the giant planets, and as outer belt asteroids. The remainder were scattered outward again by Jupiter and in most cases ejected from the Solar System reducing the primordial Kuiper belt population by 99% or more.

text: Pioneer 11 carried out the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at high phase angle (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan.

text: Pioneer 11

text: carried out the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km of the planet's cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin F-ring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at high

text: phase angle

text: (towards the Sun), meaning that they contain fine light-scattering material. In addition, Pioneer 11 measured the temperature of Titan.

text: In 1998, Aeroporti di Roma bought 20% of ACSA's shares for 819 million rands,. In 2005, Public Investment Corporation, a local SA company, bought the 20% shares back from the Italian group.

text: In 1998,

text: Aeroporti di Roma

text: bought 20% of ACSA's shares for 819 million rands,. In 2005, Public Investment Corporation, a local SA company, bought the 20% shares back from the Italian group.

text: She held an honorary fellowship at Clark University from 1919-1922, where she and her husband (also a fellow) became friends with Marjory Bates Pratt and Carroll C. Pratt.

text: She held an honorary fellowship at

text: Clark University

text: from 1919-1922, where she and her husband (also a fellow) became friends with

text: Marjory Bates Pratt

text: and

text: Carroll C. Pratt

text: "Uranus, the Magician" is a movement in Gustav Holst's The Planets, written between 1914 and 1916.

text: "Uranus, the

text: Magician

text: " is a movement in

text: Gustav Holst

text: 's

text: The Planets

text: , written between 1914 and 1916.

text: It has been suggested that interpretation of the transference "becomes effective through a sort of splitting of the ego into a reasonable, judging portion and an experiencing portion, the former recognizing the latter as not appropriate in the present and as coming from the past".  Clearly, "in this sense, splitting, so far from being a pathological phenomenon, is a manifestation of self-awareness". Nevertheless, "it remains to be investigated how this desirable 'splitting of the ego' and 'self-observation' are to be differentiated from the pathological cleavage ... directed at preserving isolations".

text: Uranus has 27 named moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium. There are another 13 inner moons that orbit within Uranus's ring system, and another nine outer irregular moons. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope's work The Rape of the Lock.

text: Uranus

text: has 27 named moons, five of which are massive enough to have achieved

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . There are another 13 inner moons that orbit within

text: Uranus's ring system

text: , and another nine outer

text: irregular moon

text: s. Unlike most planetary moons, which are named from antiquity, all the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of

text: Shakespeare

text: and

text: Alexander Pope

text: 's work

text: The Rape of the Lock

text: Maklu IV is a planet located in the Greater Magellanic Cloud (see also Kakaranathara). It is the home of the Makluans.

text: In addition, offerings of garlic are made to the Goddess of the Dark Moon, Hecate, during the festival. Hunting or killing of any beast is forbidden on Nemoralia.

text: In addition, offerings of garlic are made to the Goddess of the Dark Moon,

text: Hecate

text: , during the festival. Hunting or killing of any beast is forbidden on Nemoralia.

text: Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell's hypothesis, and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet. In 1978, Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets, resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet. The search was largely abandoned in the early 1990s, when a study of measurements made by the Voyager 2 spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune's mass. After 1992, the discovery of numerous small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and its neighbours should, like the asteroids, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets, leaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the Solar System.

text: Clyde Tombaugh

text: 's discovery of

text: Pluto

text: in 1930 appeared to validate Lowell's hypothesis, and Pluto was officially named the ninth planet. In 1978, Pluto was conclusively determined to be too small for its gravity to affect the giant planets, resulting in a brief search for a tenth planet. The search was largely abandoned in the early 1990s, when a study of measurements made by the

text: Voyager 2

text: spacecraft found that the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit were due to a slight overestimation of Neptune's mass. After 1992, the discovery of numerous small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and its neighbours should, like the

text: asteroid

text: s, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as

text: dwarf planet

text: s, leaving Neptune the farthest known planet in the Solar System.

text: Modern works of art depicting Skaði include Skadi und Niurd (illustration, 1883) by K. Ehrenberg and Skadi (1901) by E. Doepler d. J. Skaði also appears in A. Oehlenschläger's poem (1819) Skades Giftermaal. Art deco depictions of both the god Ullr (1928) and Skaði (1929) appear on covers of  the Swedish ski annual På Skidor, both skiing and wielding bows. E. John B. Allen notes that the deities are portrayed in a manner that "give[s] historical authority to this most important of Swedish ski journals, which began publication in 1893". A moon of the planet Saturn (Skathi) takes its name from that of the goddess.

text: Modern works of art depicting Skaði include Skadi und Niurd (illustration, 1883) by K. Ehrenberg and Skadi (1901) by E. Doepler d. J. Skaði also appears in A. Oehlenschläger's poem (1819) Skades Giftermaal.

text: Art deco

text: depictions of both the god

text: Ullr

text: (1928) and Skaði (1929) appear on covers of  the Swedish ski annual På Skidor, both skiing and wielding bows. E. John B. Allen notes that the deities are portrayed in a manner that "give[s] historical authority to this most important of Swedish ski journals, which began publication in 1893". A

text: moon of the planet Saturn

text: Skathi

text: ) takes its name from that of the goddess.

text: Dorcadion pluto is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1867. It is known from Turkey.

text: Dorcadion pluto is a species of

text: beetle

text: in the family

text: Cerambycidae

text: . It was described by Thomson in 1867. It is known from

text: Turkey

text: Rings of Saturn is an American deathcore band from the Bay Area, California. The band was formed in 2009 and was originally just a studio project, however, after gaining a wide popularity and signing to Unique Leader Records, the band formed a full line-up and became a full-time touring band. Rings of Saturn's music features a highly technical style, heavily influenced by themes of alien life and outer space. They have released three full-length albums, with their latest, Lugal Ki En, released in 2014 and peaking at 126 on the American Billboard 200 chart.

text: Rings of Saturn is an American

text: deathcore

text: band from the

text: Bay Area

text: California

text: . The band was formed in 2009 and was originally just a studio project, however, after gaining a wide popularity and signing to

text: Unique Leader Records

text: , the band formed a full line-up and became a full-time touring band. Rings of Saturn's music features a highly technical style, heavily influenced by themes of

text: alien life

text: and

text: outer space

text: . They have released three full-length albums, with their latest,

text: Lugal Ki En

text: , released in 2014 and peaking at 126 on the American

text: Billboard 200

text: chart.

text: Titania orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the second farthest from the planet among its five major moons. Titania's orbit has a small eccentricity and is inclined very little relative to the equator of Uranus. Its orbital period is around 8.7 days, coincident with its rotational period. In other words, Titania is a synchronous or tidally locked satellite, with one face always pointing toward the planet.

text: Titania orbits Uranus at the distance of about , being the second farthest from the planet among its five major moons. Titania's orbit has a small

text: eccentricity

text: and is

text: inclined

text: very little relative to the

text: equator

text: of Uranus. Its

text: orbital period

text: is around 8.7 days, coincident with its

text: rotational period

text: . In other words, Titania is a

text: synchronous

text: or

text: tidally locked

text: satellite, with one face always pointing toward the planet.

text: Four reliefs attributed to Godwin by Pevsner adorn Reed's early 1960s building on the corner of Half Moon Street and the A4, Picadilly in London. They depict an owl in a tree, Neptune, a Harlequin with guitar and Diana the huntress.

text: Four reliefs attributed to Godwin by

text: Pevsner

text: adorn

text: Reed

text: 's early 1960s building on the corner of Half Moon Street and the

entity_section: Westminster to Hammersmith via Kensington .284.6 miles.29

text: A4, Picadilly

text: in

text: London

text: . They depict an owl in a tree, Neptune, a

text: Harlequin

text: with guitar and

text: Diana the huntress

text: The trajectory of the spacecraft took it along the magnetic equator of Jupiter, where the ion radiation was concentrated. Peak flux for this electron radiation is 10,000 times stronger than the maximum radiation around the Earth. Starting on December 3, the radiation around Jupiter caused false commands to be generated. Most of these were corrected by contingency commands, but an image of Io and a few close ups of Jupiter were lost. Similar false commands would be generated on the way out from the planet. Nonetheless, Pioneer 10 did succeed in obtaining images of the moons Ganymede and Europa. The image of Ganymede showed low albedo features in the center and near the south pole, while the north pole appeared brighter. Europa was too far away to obtain a detailed image, although some albedo features were apparent.

text: The trajectory of the spacecraft took it along the magnetic equator of Jupiter, where the

text: ion radiation

text: was concentrated. Peak

text: flux

text: for this electron radiation is 10,000 times stronger than the maximum radiation around the Earth. Starting on December 3, the radiation around Jupiter caused false commands to be generated. Most of these were corrected by contingency commands, but an image of

text: Io

text: and a few close ups of Jupiter were lost. Similar false commands would be generated on the way out from the planet. Nonetheless, Pioneer 10 did succeed in obtaining images of the moons

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Europa

text: . The image of Ganymede showed low

text: albedo

text: features in the center and near the south pole, while the north pole appeared brighter. Europa was too far away to obtain a detailed image, although some albedo features were apparent.

text: Kaiser and Deutschland were reduced to harbor ships on 3 May 1904. Kaiser was renamed Uranus on 12 October 1905 and Deutschland became Jupiter on 22 November of that year. The ships were stricken from the naval register on 21 May 1906; Deutschland was used briefly as a target ship in 1907 while Kaiser was used as a barracks ship for  in Flensburg. The Kaiserliche Marine sold Deutschland in 1908 for 120,000 marks; she was broken up for scrap the following year in Hamburg-Moorburg. Kaiser was ultimately broken up in 1920 in Harburg.

text: Kaiser and Deutschland were reduced to harbor ships on 3 May 1904. Kaiser was renamed Uranus on 12 October 1905 and Deutschland became Jupiter on 22 November of that year. The ships were stricken from the

text: naval register

text: on 21 May 1906; Deutschland was used briefly as a target ship in 1907 while Kaiser was used as a barracks ship for  in

text: Flensburg

text: . The Kaiserliche Marine sold Deutschland in 1908 for 120,000 marks; she was broken up for scrap the following year in Hamburg-Moorburg. Kaiser was ultimately broken up in 1920 in

text: Harburg

text: 120 years ago, in preparation for the coming doom, mankind began anexodus to the manmade satellites in outer space.  But the "Day ofJudgment" arrived even before half the population had escaped tospace.  The shift in the tectonic plate caused the shape of thePacific Ocean to change and a new continent was created.

text: Krun is the westernmost of the "Brass Knuckles", a series of equatorial dark regions on Pluto. It is named after Krun, the greatest of the five Mandaean lords of the underworld.

text: Krun is the westernmost of the "

text: Brass Knuckles

text: ", a series of equatorial dark regions on

text: Pluto

text: . It is named after

text: Krun

text: , the greatest of the five

text: Mandaean

text: lords of the underworld.