text: Many annelids are capable of regeneration. For example, Chaetopterus variopedatus and Branchiomma nigromaculata can regenerate both anterior and posterior body parts after latitudinal bisection. The relationship between somatic and germline stem cell regeneration has been studied at the molecular level in the annelid Capitella teleta.  Leeches, members of the Annelid subclass Hirudinid, are incapable of segmental regeneration. Furthermore, their close relatives, the branchiobdellids, are also incapable of segmental regeneration. However, certain individuals, like the lumbriculids, can regenerate from only a few segments. Segmental regeneration in these animals is epimorphic and occurs through blastema formation. Segmental regeneration has been gained and lost during annelid evolution, as seen in oligochaetes, where head regeneration has been lost three separate times.

text: Many

entity_name: Annelid

text: annelid

text: s are capable of regeneration. For example, Chaetopterus variopedatus and Branchiomma nigromaculata can regenerate both anterior and posterior body parts after latitudinal bisection. The relationship between somatic and germline stem cell regeneration has been studied at the molecular level in the annelid Capitella teleta.  Leeches, members of the Annelid subclass Hirudinid, are incapable of segmental regeneration. Furthermore, their close relatives, the branchiobdellids, are also incapable of segmental regeneration. However, certain individuals, like the lumbriculids, can regenerate from only a few segments. Segmental regeneration in these animals is epimorphic and occurs through blastema formation. Segmental regeneration has been gained and lost during annelid evolution, as seen in oligochaetes, where head regeneration has been lost three separate times.

method: UNH-qee

text: Her research focused on marine mollusks in the Indo-Pacific region, and she regularly offered a graduate course in taxonomy and systematics, and another in biogeography, emphasizing in particular the ecology and distribution of island mollusks. Her dissertation was on cowrie shells and Cypraea alisonae was named for her.

text: Her research focused on

entity_name: Marine biology

text: marine

entity_name: Mollusca

text: mollusks

text: in the

entity_name: Indo-Pacific

text: Indo-Pacific

text: region, and she regularly offered a graduate course in

entity_name: Taxonomy (biology)

text: taxonomy

text: and

entity_name: Systematics

text: systematics

text: , and another in

entity_name: Biogeography

text: biogeography

text: , emphasizing in particular the

entity_name: Ecology

text: ecology

text: and distribution of island mollusks. Her dissertation was on

entity_name: Cowry

text: cowrie shell

text: s and

entity_name: Cypraea

text: Cypraea

text: alisonae was named for her.

text: Inanidrilus renaudae is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus renaudae is a

entity_name: Species

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: In biology, "worm" refers to an obsolete taxon, vermes, used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, now seen to be paraphyletic. The name stems from the Old English word wyrm. Most animals called "worms" are invertebrates, but the term is also used for the amphibian caecilians and the slow worm Anguis, a legless burrowing lizard. Invertebrate animals commonly called "worms" include annelids (earthworms and marine polychaete or bristle worms), nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminthes (flatworms), marine nemertean worms ("bootlace worms"), marine Chaetognatha (arrow worms), priapulid worms, and insect larvae such as grubs and maggots.

text: In biology, "worm" refers to an obsolete

entity_name: Taxon

text: taxon

entity_name: Vermes

text: vermes

text: , used by

entity_name: Carl Linnaeus

text: Carolus Linnaeus

text: and

entity_name: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

text: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

text: for all non-

entity_name: Arthropod

text: arthropod

entity_name: Invertebrate

text: invertebrate

entity_name: Animal

text: animal

text: s, now seen to be

entity_name: Paraphyly

text: paraphyletic

text: . The name stems from the

entity_name: Old English

text: Old English

text: word

text: wyrm

text: . Most animals called "worms" are

text: invertebrate

text: s, but the term is also used for the

entity_name: Amphibian

text: amphibian

entity_name: Caecilian

text: caecilian

text: s and the

entity_name: Anguis fragilis

text: slow worm

entity_name: Anguis

text: Anguis

text: , a legless burrowing

entity_name: Lizard

text: lizard

text: . Invertebrate animals commonly called "worms" include

text: annelid

text: s (

entity_name: Earthworm

text: earthworm

text: s and marine

entity_name: Polychaete

text: polychaete

text: or bristle worms),

entity_name: Nematode

text: nematode

text: s (

text: roundworm

text: s),

entity_name: Flatworm

text: platyhelminthes

text: flatworm

text: s), marine

entity_name: Nemertea

text: nemertea

text: n worms ("

entity_name: Lineus longissimus

text: bootlace worm

text: s"), marine

entity_name: Chaetognatha

text: Chaetognatha

text: arrow worm

text: s),

entity_name: Priapulida

text: priapulid worms

text: , and

entity_name: Insect

text: insect

entity_name: Larva

text: larva

text: e such as grubs and

entity_name: Maggot

text: maggot

text: s.

method: UNH-ecn

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: Studies in the late 1980's and 1990's focused on identifying multiple organic biomarkers commonly produced by marine life. Both epibrassicasterol and brassicasterol were found to be present in algae and mollusks. However, because many mollusks eat algae and mollusks often produce extra alkyl side chains on organic molecules that they create, it is believed that epibrassicasterol and brassicasterol originally come only from algae. The occurrence of both of these isomers simultaneously can indicate a high algal presence in the local environment.

text: Spiralia (commonly synonymous with lophotrochozoa) represent a diverse clade of animals whose species comprise the bulk of the bilaterian animals present today.  Examples include mollusks, annelid worms, and the entoprocta.  Although much is known at the cellular and molecular level about the other bilateralian clades (ecdysozoa and deuterostomia), research into the processes that govern spiralian development is comparatively lacking.  However, one unifying feature shared among spiralia is the pattern of cleavage in the early embryo known as spiral cleavage.

entity_name: Spiralia

text: Spiralia

text: (commonly synonymous with

entity_name: Lophotrochozoa

text: lophotrochozoa

text: ) represent a diverse clade of animals whose species comprise the bulk of the bilaterian animals present today.  Examples include

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: annelid worm

text: s, and the

entity_name: Entoprocta

text: entoprocta

text: .  Although much is known at the cellular and molecular level about the other bilateralian clades (

entity_name: Ecdysozoa

text: ecdysozoa

text: and

entity_name: Deuterostome

text: deuterostomia

text: ), research into the processes that govern spiralian development is comparatively lacking.  However, one unifying feature shared among spiralia is the pattern of cleavage in the early embryo known as

entity_name: Cleavage (embryo)

text: spiral cleavage

text: Land snails have a strong muscular foot; they use mucus to enable them to crawl over rough surfaces, and in order to keep their soft bodies from drying out. Like other mollusks, land snails have a mantle, and they have one or two pairs of tentacles on their head. Their internal anatomy includes a radula and a primitive brain.In terms of reproduction, the majority of land snails are hermaphrodite (have a full set of organs of both sexes) and most lay clutches of eggs in the soil. Tiny snails hatch out of the egg with a small shell in place, and the shell grows spirally as the soft parts gradually increase in size. Most land snails have shells that are right-handed in their coiling.

text: Land snails have a strong muscular foot; they use

entity_name: Mucus

text: mucus

text: to enable them to crawl over rough surfaces, and in order to keep their soft bodies from drying out. Like other mollusks, land snails have a

entity_name: Mantle (mollusc)

text: mantle

text: , and they have one or two pairs of tentacles on their head. Their internal anatomy includes a

entity_name: Radula

text: radula

text: and a primitive brain.In terms of reproduction, the majority of land snails are

entity_name: Hermaphrodite

text: hermaphrodite

text: (have a full set of organs of both sexes) and most lay clutches of eggs in the soil. Tiny snails hatch out of the egg with a small shell in place, and the shell grows spirally as the soft parts gradually increase in size. Most land snails have shells that are right-handed in their coiling.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features.  Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

text: No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other

text: invertebrate

text: phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features.  Their bodies are long, with

entity_name: Segmentation (biology)

text: segments

text: that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called

text: annuli

text: and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of

entity_name: Organ (anatomy)

text: organ

text: s, although sharing a common

entity_name: Gastrointestinal tract

text: gut

entity_name: Circulatory system

text: circulatory system

text: and

entity_name: Nervous system

text: nervous system

text: makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a

entity_name: Cuticle

text: cuticle

text: (outer covering) that does not contain

entity_name: Cell (biology)

text: cells

text: but is

entity_name: Secretion

text: secreted

text: by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible

entity_name: Collagen

text: collagen

text: and does not

entity_name: Moulting

text: molt

text: – on the other hand

text: arthropod

text: s' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-

entity_name: Chitin

text: chitin

text: , and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via

entity_name: Blood vessel

text: blood vessel

text: s.

text: Annelid worms are essential to the effective operation of trickling filters  helping to remove excess bio-mass and enhancing natural sloughing of the bio-film. Supernumerary worms are very commonly found in the drainage troughs around trickling filters and in the final settlement sludge. Annelids also play a key role in lagoon treatment systems and in the effective working or engineered wet-lands. In this environment worms are a principal force in mixing in the upper few centimetres of the sediment layer exposing organic material to both oxidative and anoxic environments aiding the complete breakdown of most organics. They are also a key ingredient in the food-chain transferring energy upwards to fish and aquatic birds.

text: Annelid

text: worms are essential to the effective operation of trickling filters  helping to remove excess bio-mass and enhancing natural sloughing of the bio-film. Supernumerary worms are very commonly found in the drainage troughs around trickling filters and in the final settlement sludge. Annelids also play a key role in lagoon treatment systems and in the effective working or engineered wet-lands. In this environment worms are a principal force in mixing in the upper few centimetres of the sediment layer exposing organic material to both oxidative and anoxic environments aiding the complete breakdown of most organics. They are also a key ingredient in the food-chain transferring energy upwards to fish and aquatic birds.

text: Nephridiopore is part of the nephridia, an excretory organ found in many organisms, such as flatworms or annelids. Polychaetes typically release their gametes into the water column using nephridiopores.

text: Nephridiopore is part of the

entity_name: Nephridium

text: nephridia

text: , an

entity_name: Excretion

text: excretory

text: organ

text: found in many

entity_name: Organism

text: organism

text: s, such as

text: flatworm

text: s or

text: annelid

text: s.

text: Polychaetes

text: typically release their gametes into the water column using nephridiopores.

text: Ummayya Al Badawiyya was the leader of a robbery gang before joining the troop of Shaheed Badhusha. He led a gang in the forest between Madinah and Jeddah, stayed there and robbed from the travellers who pass by that forests. One day, Umayyah was asleep beneath a tree and was staring at the top of the tree where He saw a child bird feeding its mother chewing the food. Imran went atop and found that bird to be blind and realised how Allah feeds all HIS creature.

text: Ummayya Al Badawiyya was the leader of a robbery gang before joining the troop of Shaheed Badhusha. He led a gang in the forest between

entity_name: Medina

text: Madinah

text: and

entity_name: Jeddah

text: Jeddah

text: , stayed there and robbed from the travellers who pass by that forests. One day, Umayyah was asleep beneath a tree and was staring at the top of the tree where He saw a child bird feeding its mother chewing the food. Imran went atop and found that bird to be blind and realised how

entity_name: Allah

text: Allah

text: feeds all HIS creature.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: One-toed amphiumas are active mostly at night, when they forage for invertebrate prey. Their habits are similar to that of the other members of its genus, preferring slow moving or stagnant, shallow water with either muddy bottoms or areas with weedy vegetation.  They have a special affinity for the semi-fluid mud deposits that accumulate in the swampy floodplains of rivers and streams or along the edges of coastal spring-fed rivers.  Like all amphiumas, one-toed amphiumas eat small, aquatic invertebrates such as crayfish, annelid worms, insect larvae, and occasionally fish or amphibian larvae. Its breeding habits are largely unknown, but females brooding eggs have been found beneath logs and mats of sphagnum moss in muddy situations.

text: One-toed amphiumas are active mostly at night, when they forage for invertebrate prey. Their habits are similar to that of the other members of its genus, preferring slow moving or stagnant, shallow water with either muddy bottoms or areas with weedy vegetation.  They have a special affinity for the semi-fluid mud deposits that accumulate in the swampy floodplains of rivers and streams or along the edges of coastal spring-fed rivers.  Like all amphiumas, one-toed amphiumas eat small, aquatic invertebrates such as

entity_name: Crayfish

text: crayfish

text: annelid worms

text: , insect

text: larva

text: e, and occasionally

entity_name: Fish

text: fish

text: or amphibian

text: larva

text: e. Its breeding habits are largely unknown, but females brooding eggs have been found beneath logs and mats of sphagnum moss in muddy situations.

text: According to those in favour of presumed-consent, an opt-out system increases the number of organs available for transplant. However, according to those in favour of an opt-in system, no evidence exists to show an increase following such a change to the organ donation system.

text: Each female can produce between 20 and 120 embryos. The snail produces approximately 230 young per year. Reproduction occurs in spring and summer, and the life cycle is annual. The rapid reproduction rate of the snail has caused the numbers of individuals to increase rapidly in new environments. The highest concentration of New Zealand mudsnails ever reported was in Lake Zurich, Switzerland, where the species colonized the entire lake within seven years to a density of 800,000 per m².

text: Each female can produce between 20 and 120

text: embryo

text: s. The snail produces approximately 230 young per year. Reproduction occurs in spring and summer, and the life cycle is annual. The rapid reproduction rate of the snail has caused the numbers of individuals to increase rapidly in new environments. The highest concentration of New Zealand mudsnails ever reported was in

text: Lake Zurich

text: Switzerland

text: , where the species colonized the entire lake within seven years to a density of 800,000 per m².

text: Bullia digitalis, the Finger Plough Shell or Plough Snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.

text: Bullia digitalis, the Finger Plough Shell or Plough Snail, is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Nassariidae

text: , the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.

text: Other segments<br> These segments are fairly new or do not appear as frequently as the above. Segments will often gain temporary popularity with the staff and fans, resulting in recurring airings for a short period, followed by a period where the once-popular segment does not air at all.

text: A native of Monroe, Michigan, Ingersoll studied for a time at Oberlin College and afterward at Harvard University, where he was a pupil of Louis Agassiz. Agassiz died in 1873, and Ingersoll made his journalistic debut with an article for the New York Tribune in January 1874 on Agassiz' work, for which he received $40 and the request for more scientific articles. In 1874, he went West as zoologist in the Hayden survey of 1874. In 1875, Ingersoll published a scientific paper describing what he had collected, mostly mollusks. On the expedition he made friends with photographer William Henry Jackson. They were the first scientists to investigate and describe the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Ingersoll sent dispatches to the Tribune, and the result was an offer to join its staff that year, which he accepted.  While working as a reporter, he also wrote articles for an antecedent of Field and Stream and other magazines.

text: A native of

text: Monroe, Michigan

text: , Ingersoll studied for a time at

text: Oberlin College

text: and afterward at

text: Harvard University

text: , where he was a pupil of

text: Louis Agassiz

text: . Agassiz died in 1873, and Ingersoll made his journalistic debut with an article for the

text: New York Tribune

text: in January 1874 on Agassiz' work, for which he received $40 and the request for more scientific articles. In 1874, he went

text: West

text: as zoologist in the

text: Hayden

text: survey of 1874. In 1875, Ingersoll published a scientific paper describing what he had collected, mostly

text: mollusks

text: . On the expedition he made friends with photographer

text: William Henry Jackson

text: . They were the first scientists to investigate and describe the

text: Mesa Verde

text: cliff dwellings. Ingersoll sent dispatches to the Tribune, and the result was an offer to join its staff that year, which he accepted.  While working as a reporter, he also wrote articles for an antecedent of

text: Field and Stream

text: and other magazines.

text: engrailed (en) encodes the homeodomain-containing transcription factor protein Engrailed. Homologous Engrailed proteins are found in a diversity of organisms.When expressed in the ectoderm, engrailed is involved in the production of skeletal material. engrailed, or genes with very similar sequences, are found in all bilaterian animals. engrailed plays a number of crucial roles in brain development across many species, including the determination of the hindbrain/midbrain border and aiding in neuronal axon guidance.  This has led to the suggestion that the gene originally served a neurogenetic function in the ancestral bilaterian.It has been observed to express in the repeated units of arthropods, molluscs, onychophora, annelids, echinoderms and amphioxus.

text: engrailed (en) encodes the

text: homeodomain

text: -containing transcription factor protein Engrailed. Homologous Engrailed proteins are found in a diversity of organisms.When expressed in the ectoderm, engrailed is involved in the production of skeletal material. engrailed, or genes with very similar sequences, are found in all bilaterian animals. engrailed plays a number of crucial roles in brain development across many species, including the determination of the hindbrain/midbrain border and aiding in neuronal axon guidance.  This has led to the suggestion that the gene originally served a neurogenetic function in the ancestral bilaterian.It has been observed to express in the repeated units of arthropods, molluscs, onychophora, annelids, echinoderms and amphioxus.

text: P. gigas regularly visits and feeds from the flowers of Puya genus in Chile with which it enjoys a symbiotic relationship with trading pollination for food. Due to the extremely high metabolic requirements of such a large hovering bird at high altitudes, Patagona is aided by its wide range of flowers it will feed from, allowing for more efficient energy collection. It is known to feed from multiple columnar cacti species including Oreocereus celsianus, Echinopsis Atacamensis Subsp. Pasacana and Salvia haenkei. There is limited primary literature for exactly how wide the scope of P. gigas diet is, due probably to the challenge of its vast distribution. But drawing inference from the large amount of nectar required to be routinely ingested by such a large hummingbird it is safe to say it is quite the generalist out of necessity.

text: P. gigas regularly visits and feeds from the flowers of

text: Puya

text: genus in Chile with which it enjoys a symbiotic relationship with trading pollination for food. Due to the extremely high metabolic requirements of such a large hovering bird at high altitudes, Patagona is aided by its wide range of flowers it will feed from, allowing for more efficient energy collection. It is known to feed from multiple columnar cacti species including

text: Oreocereus celsianus

text: Echinopsis Atacamensis

text: Subsp. Pasacana and

text: Salvia haenkei

text: . There is limited primary literature for exactly how wide the scope of P. gigas diet is, due probably to the challenge of its vast distribution. But drawing inference from the large amount of nectar required to be routinely ingested by such a large hummingbird it is safe to say it is quite the generalist out of necessity.

text: Metoptomatidae is an extinct family of fossil mollusks from the Paleozoic era. These mollusks are either (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora).

text: Metoptomatidae is an extinct

text: family

text: of fossil

text: mollusk

text: s from the

text: Paleozoic

text: era. These mollusks are either (

text: Gastropoda

text: or

text: Monoplacophora

text: Ariopsis felis consumes a wide range of food.  Hardhead catfish are opportunistic consumers that use mud and sand flats as hunting grounds. They are also mainly secondary consumers, ingesting primarily detritus, meio-, and macrobenthic fauna and fish.  Their diet primarily consists of algae, seagrasses, cnidarians, sea cucumbers, gastropods, polychaetes, shrimps, and crabs. They can occasionally be tertiary consumers.  Their diet depends on their size and location.  Younger hardhead catfish tend to eat small crustaceans, like amphipods, shrimp, blue crabs, mollusks, and annelids.  Juveniles that are still under the protection of the male mouthbrooder will feed predominately on planktonic crustaceans close by to the mouth of the parent.  The adults primarily consume larger fish.

text: Ariopsis felis consumes a wide range of food.  Hardhead catfish are

text: opportunistic consumers

text: that use mud and sand flats as hunting grounds. They are also mainly

text: secondary consumers

text: , ingesting primarily detritus, meio-, and

text: macrobenthic

text: fauna

text: and fish.  Their diet primarily consists of

text: algae

text: , seagrasses,

text: cnidarians

text: sea cucumbers

text: gastropods

text: polychaetes

text: , shrimps, and crabs. They can occasionally be

text: tertiary consumers

text: .  Their diet depends on their size and location.  Younger hardhead catfish tend to eat small

text: crustaceans

text: , like

text: amphipods

text: , shrimp, blue crabs,

text: mollusks

text: , and

text: annelids

text: .  Juveniles that are still under the protection of the male

text: mouthbrooder

text: will feed predominately on planktonic crustaceans close by to the mouth of the parent.  The adults primarily consume larger fish.

text: The nautically themed album The Mollusk followed in 1997. The album was another eclectic set showing Ween's penchant for satire, deconstruction, and pastiche, including 1960's Brit-pop, sea shanties, Broadway show tunes, and especially progressive rock. Months prior to its release, Freeman would describe the album as "our dark, acid rock record". In 2007, Melchiondo himself named The Mollusk his favorite among Ween's oeuvre. The Mollusk was the album to finally feature studio recordings of "Buckingham Green" and "The Blarney Stone", both of which had been performed regularly in concert for years. Although they did not play on the album, bassist Dave Dreiwitz and keyboardist Glenn McClelland joined the band in April 1997; their debut was a performance of the Mollusk track "The Golden Eel" on an episode of the Comedy Central show Viva Variety. The lineup of Freeman-Melchiondo-McClelland-Dreiwitz-Coleman would remain the same until Ween's breakup in 2012.

text: The nautically themed album

text: The Mollusk

text: followed in 1997. The album was another eclectic set showing Ween's penchant for satire, deconstruction, and

text: pastiche

text: , including 1960's Brit-pop,

text: sea shanties

text: Broadway

text: show tunes

text: , and especially

text: progressive rock

text: . Months prior to its release, Freeman would describe the album as "our dark, acid rock record". In 2007, Melchiondo himself named The Mollusk his favorite among Ween's oeuvre. The Mollusk was the album to finally feature studio recordings of "Buckingham Green" and "The Blarney Stone", both of which had been performed regularly in concert for years. Although they did not play on the album, bassist

text: Dave Dreiwitz

text: and keyboardist

text: Glenn McClelland

text: joined the band in April 1997; their debut was a performance of the Mollusk track "The Golden Eel" on an episode of the

text: Comedy Central

text: show

text: Viva Variety

text: . The lineup of Freeman-Melchiondo-McClelland-Dreiwitz-Coleman would remain the same until Ween's breakup in 2012.

text: Indeed, the ancients knew this "fingernail" spice (Gr. "onycha") to be the fragrant operculum of certain mollusks (marine gastropods), which had the appearance of a claw. The same object had the function in life of closing the aperture of the mollusk's shell. This fragrant operculum has also been described in Ulysis Aldrovandus' "Natural History" (De Testaceis), and was called in Latin by the name of Byzantos or Blatta Byzantia. All are said to give forth a good scent when submitted to hot coals resembling somewhat the odor of castoreum. The operculum can be found in those species of mollusks with the following taxonomic names: Strombus fusus, Strombus murex and Strombus lentiginosus.

text: Indeed, the ancients knew this "fingernail" spice (Gr. "onycha") to be the fragrant

text: operculum

text: of certain

text: mollusk

text: s (marine

text: gastropod

text: s), which had the appearance of a claw. The same object had the function in life of closing the aperture of the mollusk's shell. This fragrant operculum has also been described in

text: Ulysis Aldrovandus

text: ' "Natural History" (De Testaceis), and was called in Latin by the name of Byzantos or Blatta Byzantia. All are said to give forth a good scent when submitted to hot coals resembling somewhat the odor of

text: castoreum

text: . The operculum can be found in those species of mollusks with the following taxonomic names: Strombus fusus, Strombus murex and

text: Strombus lentiginosus

text: Meanwhile, warriors of the Scorpion tribe plan to invade Mollusk Island. Warned by Peter, Fighting Prawn prepares for war. Eventually, however, he is forced to surrender to the overwhelming force of the invaders and the Mollusks are enslaved.

text: According to the specification of Versata’s patent, the patent is based on the preexisting WHO/WHAT hierarchal paradigm for structuring pricing data. Versata’s system organizes various pricing tables and price adjustment tables, and various products and purchasing organizations, based on “who” (i.e. which purchasing organization) is purchasing “what” (i.e. which product). The system organizes various purchasing organizations and products into hierarchical tables containing organizational groups and product groups.

text: According to the

text: specification

text: of Versata’s patent, the patent is based on the preexisting WHO/WHAT hierarchal paradigm for structuring pricing data. Versata’s system organizes various pricing tables and price adjustment tables, and various products and purchasing organizations, based on “who” (i.e. which purchasing organization) is purchasing “what” (i.e. which product). The system organizes various purchasing organizations and products into hierarchical tables containing organizational groups and product groups.

text: The Bellerophontida is a taxonomic order of extinct marine mollusks that are found in the fossil record from the Lower Cambrian to the Lower Triassic. They are considered by some experts to be primitive sea snails with primarily symmetrically coiled shells, marine gastropod mollusks.

text: The Bellerophontida is a

text: taxonomic

text: order of extinct marine mollusks that are found in the

text: fossil record

text: from the

text: Lower Cambrian

text: to the

text: Lower Triassic

text: . They are considered by some experts to be primitive

text: sea snail

text: s with primarily symmetrically coiled

text: shells

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as cephalopods, an advanced class of mollusks which also includes ammonoids, belemnites and modern coleoids such as octopus and squid. Other mollusks include gastropods, scaphopods and pelecypods.

text: Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as

text: cephalopods

text: , an advanced class of

text: mollusks

text: which also includes

text: ammonoids

text: belemnites

text: and modern

text: coleoids

text: such as octopus and squid. Other mollusks include

text: gastropods

text: scaphopods

text: and

text: pelecypods

text: Like other wagtails, this species is insectivorous. Nestlings were mainly fed orthopterans, caterpillars and spiders. Stayphylinid beetles and pentatomid bugs have also been recorded in their diet. In captivity they have been recorded feeding on annelids. They have adapted to urban environments where water may be found mainly on rooftops as overflow from storage tanks.

text: Like other wagtails, this species is insectivorous. Nestlings were mainly fed

text: orthoptera

text: ns,

text: caterpillar

text: s and

text: spider

text: s.

text: Stayphylinid

text: beetles and

text: pentatomid

text: bugs have also been recorded in their diet. In captivity they have been recorded feeding on annelids. They have adapted to urban environments where water may be found mainly on rooftops as overflow from storage tanks.

text: Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes) and they therefore prevent biofouling (i.e.,  the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive.

text: Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture because they are antimicrobial (i.e., they destroy

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: fungi

text: algae

text: , and other

text: microbes

text: ) and they therefore prevent

text: biofouling

text: (i.e.,  the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tubeworms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms). By inhibiting microbial growth, copper alloy aquaculture cages avoid costly net changes that are necessary with other materials. The resistance of organism growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and healthier environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive.

text: Inanidrilus speroi is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus speroi is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm

text: Nerillida is an order of annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. It contains Mesonerilla prospera, a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List.

text: Nerillida is an

text: order

text: of

text: annelid worms

text: in the class

text: Polychaeta

text: . It contains

text: Mesonerilla prospera

text: , a

text: critically endangered

text: species on the

text: IUCN Red List

text: Invsive species of annelids include:

text: Invsive species of

text: annelid

text: s include:

text: Their first segment has a strong rim, which is fine across the front and raised on the sides. The lateral margin is smooth and has setae in front of its posterior angle, surfacing strongly with transverse convex. Fur is present on metazonites segments 5–15 and sometimes 16. Segments 1–5 have a posterior margin which is triarcuate between angles, and therefore is almost straight. Segments 5–16 have a transverse sulcus, which is common among males. The sulcus is rarely present in females.

text: Their first segment has a strong rim, which is fine across the front and raised on the sides. The lateral margin is smooth and has

text: seta

text: e in front of its posterior angle, surfacing strongly with transverse convex. Fur is present on

text: metazonite

text: s segments 5–15 and sometimes 16. Segments 1–5 have a posterior margin which is triarcuate between angles, and therefore is almost straight. Segments 5–16 have a transverse sulcus, which is common among males. The sulcus is rarely present in females.

text: In the course of the renovations, the organ firm Seifert (Kevelaer) are constructing a new cathedral organ system from the existing organ, consisting of a main organ and a choir organ. The system should be complete for the diocese's 1200th jubilee in 2015. The main organ was dismantled in February 2010 to make way for this new organ.

text: In the course of the renovations, the organ firm

text: Seifert

text: (Kevelaer) are constructing a new cathedral organ system from the existing organ, consisting of a main organ and a choir organ. The system should be complete for the diocese's 1200th jubilee in 2015. The main organ was dismantled in February 2010 to make way for this new organ.

text: Rapana venosa is dioecious, which means  each individual organism belonging to this species is distinctly male or female. In this species' native range, mating occurs for extended periods of time, mainly during the winter and spring. It reproduces by internal fertilization, after which it lays clusters of egg cases that resemble small mats of white to yellow shag carpet, mainly during spring and summer. One adult female can lay multiple egg cases throughout the season. Each cluster contains 50-500 egg cases, and each egg case may contain 200-1000 eggs. The pelagic veliger larvae (a larval form common to various marine and fresh-water gastropod and bivalve mollusks) then hatch, persisting in the water column for 14 to 80 days and feeding primarily on plankton. They eventually settle on the ocean floor where they develop into hard-shelled snails. Growth is rapid over the first year of life, and reproduction occurs from the second year onwards. Large specimens may be over ten years old.

text: Rapana venosa is

text: dioecious

text: , which means  each individual organism belonging to this species is distinctly male or female. In this species' native range, mating occurs for extended periods of time, mainly during the winter and spring. It reproduces by

text: internal fertilization

text: , after which it lays clusters of egg cases that resemble small mats of white to yellow

text: shag carpet

text: , mainly during spring and summer. One adult female can lay multiple egg cases throughout the season. Each cluster contains 50-500 egg cases, and each egg case may contain 200-1000 eggs. The pelagic

text: veliger

text: larvae (a larval form common to various marine and fresh-water gastropod and

text: bivalve

text: mollusks) then hatch, persisting in the water column for 14 to 80 days and feeding primarily on

text: plankton

text: . They eventually settle on the ocean floor where they develop into hard-shelled snails. Growth is rapid over the first year of life, and reproduction occurs from the second year onwards. Large specimens may be over ten years old.

text: Theta is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

text: Theta is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Raphitomidae

text: In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.

text: In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of

text: segmentation

text: in the classification of

text: invertebrate

text: s. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.

text: This list of systems sciences organizations gives an overview of global and local organizations in the field of systems science. This list shows all kinds of organizations and institutes listed thematically.

text: This list of systems sciences organizations gives an overview of global and local

text: organization

text: s in the field of

text: systems science

text: . This list shows all kinds of organizations and institutes listed thematically.

text: The "traditional" view before the 1990s was that Platyhelminthes formed the sister group to all the other bilaterians, which include, for example, arthropods, molluscs, annelids and chordates. Since then molecular phylogenetics, which aims to work out evolutionary "family trees" by comparing different organisms' biochemicals such as DNA, RNA and proteins, has radically changed scientists' view of evolutionary relationships between animals. Detailed morphological analyses of anatomical features in the mid-1980s and molecular phylogenetics analyses since 2000 using different sections of DNA agree that Acoelomorpha, consisting of Acoela (traditionally regarded as very simple "turbellarians") and Nemertodermatida (another small group previously classified as "turbellarians") are the sister group to all other bilaterians, including the rest of the Platyhelminthes. However, a 2007 study concluded that Acoela and Nemertodermatida were two distinct groups of bilaterians, although it agreed that both are more closely related to cnidarians (jellyfish, etc.) than other bilaterians are.

text: The "traditional" view before the 1990s was that Platyhelminthes formed the

text: sister group

text: to all the other bilaterians, which include, for example,

text: arthropod

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s and

text: chordate

text: s. Since then

text: molecular phylogenetics

text: , which aims to work out evolutionary "family trees" by comparing different organisms'

text: biochemicals

text: such as

text: DNA

text: RNA

text: and

text: protein

text: s, has radically changed scientists' view of evolutionary relationships between animals. Detailed

text: morphological

text: analyses of anatomical features in the mid-1980s and molecular phylogenetics analyses since 2000 using different sections of DNA agree that

text: Acoelomorpha

text: , consisting of

text: Acoela

text: (traditionally regarded as very simple "

text: turbellaria

text: ns") and

text: Nemertodermatida

text: (another small group previously classified as "turbellarians") are the sister group to all other bilaterians, including the rest of the Platyhelminthes. However, a 2007 study concluded that Acoela and Nemertodermatida were two distinct groups of bilaterians, although it agreed that both are more closely related to

text: cnidaria

text: ns (jellyfish, etc.) than other bilaterians are.

text: The head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It projects forward over the mouth, which therefore lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although some species are blind. These are typically fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing only light and dark, although some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of more sophisticated vision.

text: The head, or

text: prostomium

text: , is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It projects forward over the mouth, which therefore lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although some species are blind. These are typically fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing only light and dark, although some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of more sophisticated vision.

text: In Rio Grande do Sul, 201 species and subspecies of non-marine mollusks were recorded: 156 gastropods (83 land snails + 18 slugs + 55 freshwater snails) and 45 bivalves.

text: In

text: Rio Grande do Sul

text: , 201 species and subspecies of non-marine mollusks were recorded: 156 gastropods (83 land snails + 18 slugs + 55 freshwater snails) and 45 bivalves.

text: Although some species lack a blood vascular system, where it is present, it resembles that of other annelids. The blood is essentially colourless, although some haemoglobin-containing cells are present in the coelomic fluid of the main body cavity. There can be anything from one to over a hundred metanephridia for excreting nitrogenous waste, which typically open near the anterior end of the animal.

text: Although some species lack a blood vascular system, where it is present, it resembles that of other annelids. The blood is essentially colourless, although some

text: haemoglobin

text: -containing cells are present in the

text: coelomic fluid

text: of the main body cavity. There can be anything from one to over a hundred

text: metanephridia

text: for excreting nitrogenous waste, which typically open near the anterior end of the animal.

text: In the Martinique's anole, quantitative trait variation in dewlap and dorsum color, color pattern, body proportions and scalation demonstrated nascent parapatric speciation between adjacent sets of populations. Large quantitative trait divergences were observed with association differences in habitat rather than geographic allopatry.

text: In the

text: Martinique's anole

text: , quantitative trait variation in

text: dewlap

text: and

text: dorsum

text: color, color pattern, body proportions and scalation demonstrated nascent parapatric speciation between adjacent sets of populations. Large quantitative trait divergences were observed with association differences in habitat rather than geographic allopatry.

text: The closer the mean value is to zero, the lower the levels of FA, indicating more symmetrical features. By taking many measurements of multiple traits per individual, this increases the accuracy in determining that individual's developmental stability. However, these traits must be chosen carefully, as different traits are affected by different selection pressures.

text: From 1911-1923 Clapp was curator of the MCZ's mollusk collection. In the later year he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he conducted research on the Teredinidae. He also later established his own laboratory in Duxbury, Massachusetts to try to develop methods to control these mollusks which often are destructive to ships.

text: From 1911-1923 Clapp was curator of the MCZ's mollusk collection. In the later year he went to the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: where he conducted research on the

text: Teredinidae

text: . He also later established his own laboratory in

text: Duxbury, Massachusetts

text: to try to develop methods to control these mollusks which often are destructive to ships.

text: Inanidrilus ernesti is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus ernesti is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: "Primitive" and "advanced" are relative terms. When a trait is called primitive, the determination is based on the perspective from which the trait is viewed. Any trait can be both primitive (ancestral) and advanced (derived) depending on the context.

text: Annelid worms such as leeches all have an anterior (oral) sucker formed from the first six segments of their body, which is used to connect to a host for feeding. It also releases an anaesthetic to prevent the host from feeling pain while it sucks blood. They use a combination of mucus and suction (caused by concentric muscles in those six segments) to stay attached and secrete an anti-clotting enzyme, hirudin, into the host's blood stream. The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) has two suckers, one at each end, called the anterior and posterior sucker. The posterior is mainly used for leverage while the anterior sucker, consisting of the jaw and teeth, is where the feeding takes place. During locomotion directional movement of the body is done by successive attachment and detachment of the oral sucker and the acetabulum.

text: Annelid worms such as

text: leech

text: es all have an anterior (oral) sucker formed from the first six segments of their body, which is used to connect to a host for feeding. It also releases an

text: anaesthetic

text: to prevent the host from feeling pain while it sucks blood. They use a combination of mucus and suction (caused by concentric muscles in those six segments) to stay attached and secrete an anti-clotting enzyme, hirudin, into the host's blood stream. The medicinal leech (

text: Hirudo medicinalis

text: ) has two suckers, one at each end, called the

text: anterior

text: and

text: posterior

text: sucker. The posterior is mainly used for

text: leverage

text: while the anterior sucker, consisting of the

text: jaw

text: and

text: teeth

text: , is where the feeding takes place. During locomotion directional movement of the body is done by successive attachment and detachment of the oral sucker and the acetabulum.

text: The television show was first broadcast on November 22, 2010 as part of a makeover for the CNN en Español network. The show was one of three full-hour format news magazines added to the prime-time news schedule of the network, hosted by Juan Carlos Lopez. As of 2013 the show also featured a weekly segment entitled Directo a la Tecnología, co-hosted by Silvina Moschini. Other segments on the show include the "Immigration" segment that focuses on immigration issues, the "Census" segment that focuses on economic and other social issues that affect viewers, the "Latinos in America" segment that focuses on the Latino identity in America, and the "Success" segment that focuses on how Hispanics are positively impacting the US.

text: The television show was first broadcast on November 22, 2010 as part of a makeover for the CNN en Español network. The show was one of three full-hour format news magazines added to the prime-time news schedule of the network, hosted by Juan Carlos Lopez. As of 2013 the show also featured a weekly segment entitled Directo a la Tecnología, co-hosted by

text: Silvina Moschini

text: . Other segments on the show include the "Immigration" segment that focuses on immigration issues, the "Census" segment that focuses on economic and other social issues that affect viewers, the "Latinos in America" segment that focuses on the Latino identity in America, and the "Success" segment that focuses on how Hispanics are positively impacting the US.

text: The Archiannelida, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine sediment, were treated as a separate class because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes. Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:

text: The

text: Archiannelida

text: , minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine

text: sediment

text: , were treated as a separate

text: class

text: because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes. Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:

text: The Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP), is one of India's  national parks, is located in Kullu region in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The park was established in 1984 and is spread over an area of 1,171 km   at an altitude of between 1500 and 6000 m. The Great Himalayan National Park is a habitat to numerous flora and more than 375 fauna species, including approximately 31 mammals, 181 birds, 3 reptiles, 9 amphibians, 11 annelids, 17 mollusks and 127 insects. They are protected under the strict guidelines of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972; hence any sort of hunting is not permitted.

text: The Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP), is one of

text: India

text: 's

text: national park

text: s, is located in

text: Kullu

text: region in the state of

text: Himachal Pradesh

text: . The park was established in 1984 and is spread over an area of 1,171 km   at an altitude of between 1500 and 6000 m. The Great Himalayan National Park is a

text: habitat

text: to numerous flora and more than 375

text: fauna

text: species, including approximately 31 mammals, 181 birds, 3 reptiles, 9 amphibians, 11 annelids, 17 mollusks and 127 insects. They are protected under the strict guidelines of the

text: Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

text: ; hence any sort of hunting is not permitted.

text: Apart from mollusk shells, other shells that can be found on beaches are those of barnacles, horseshoe crabs and brachiopods. Marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae create shells which are tubes made of calcium carbonate that are cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of sea urchins are called tests, and the moulted shells of crabs and lobsters are called exuviae. While most seashells are external, some cephalopods have internal shells.

text: Apart from

text: mollusk shell

text: s, other shells that can be found on beaches are those of

text: barnacle

text: s,

text: horseshoe crab

text: s and

text: brachiopod

text: s. Marine

text: annelid

text: worms in the family

text: Serpulidae

text: create shells which are tubes made of

text: calcium carbonate

text: that are cemented onto other surfaces. The shells of

text: sea urchin

text: s are called tests, and the moulted shells of

text: crab

text: s and

text: lobster

text: s are called

text: exuviae

text: . While most seashells are external, some

text: cephalopods

text: have internal shells.

text: A young couple disappear after swimming. U.S. Navy divers investigate and discover a giant egg and the body of one of the victims. The divers are attacked by a giant mollusk, which kills one of the divers. The mollusk attacks the boat but Twill stabs it in the eye with a grappling hook. The egg is taken to the U.S. Navy lab for study and kept under temperature control to prevent it from hatching.

text: A young couple disappear after swimming. U.S. Navy divers investigate and discover a giant egg and the body of one of the victims. The divers are attacked by a giant mollusk, which kills one of the divers. The mollusk attacks the boat but Twill stabs it in the eye with a

text: grappling hook

text: . The egg is taken to the U.S. Navy lab for study and kept under

text: temperature control

text: to prevent it from hatching.

text: The first digit of the bottom row is the control segment, which starts at 1 at the county line or route's terminus. Control segments usually increment at each crossing of a city line, returning to 1 at the next county line. If a city has a high- and low-tax boundary, or otherwise annexes additional land, the control segments will in practice increment at the high tax (inner) boundary, or at the former boundary, rather than be re-numbered by NYSDOT if city boundaries change. If there are more than nine control segments in a county (such as on the Hutchinson River Parkway in Westchester County), the county counter will increment by one and the control segments reset to one. However, an entire county may be a single control segment; NY 10 enters no cities and all control segments are numbered "1," despite its length.

text: The first digit of the bottom row is the control segment, which starts at 1 at the county line or route's terminus. Control segments usually increment at each crossing of a city line, returning to 1 at the next county line. If a city has a high- and low-tax boundary, or otherwise annexes additional land, the control segments will in practice increment at the high tax (inner) boundary, or at the former boundary, rather than be re-numbered by NYSDOT if city boundaries change. If there are more than nine control segments in a county (such as on the

text: Hutchinson River Parkway

text: in

text: Westchester County

text: ), the county counter will increment by one and the control segments reset to one. However, an entire county may be a single control segment;

text: NY 10

text: enters no cities and all control segments are numbered "1," despite its length.

text: Fragmentation, also known as splitting, as a method of reproduction is seen in many organisms such as filamentous cyanobacteria, molds, lichens, many plants, and animals such as sponges, acoel flatworms, some annelid worms and sea stars.

text: Fragmentation, also known as splitting, as a method of reproduction is seen in many organisms such as filamentous

text: cyanobacteria

text: mold

text: s,

text: lichen

text: s, many plants, and animals such as

text: sponge

text: s,

text: acoel flatworms

text: , some

text: annelid

text: worms

text: and

text: sea star

text: s.

text: The nervous system consists of a single or double ventral nerve cord running the length of the body, with ganglia and a series of small nerves in each segment. The brain is relatively large, compared with that of other annelids, and lies in the upper part of the head. An endocrine gland is attached to the ventral posterior surface of the brain, and appears to be involved in reproductive activity. In addition to the sensory organs on the head, photosensitive eye spots, statocysts, and numerous additional sensory nerve endings, most likely in involved with the sense of touch, also occur on the body.

text: The nervous system consists of a single or double ventral nerve cord running the length of the body, with

text: ganglia

text: and a series of small nerves in each segment. The brain is relatively large, compared with that of other annelids, and lies in the upper part of the head. An

text: endocrine

text: gland is attached to the ventral posterior surface of the brain, and appears to be involved in reproductive activity. In addition to the sensory organs on the head, photosensitive eye spots,

text: statocyst

text: s, and numerous additional sensory nerve endings, most likely in involved with the sense of touch, also occur on the body.

text: Each of the species of Camposipterus has its own unique derived traits, autapomorphies, and a unique combination of traits.

text: Each of the species of Camposipterus has its own unique derived traits,

text: autapomorphies

text: , and a unique combination of traits.

text: However, annelids (segmented worms) use a set of unique phosphagens; for example, earthworms use the compound lombricine.

text: However,

text: annelids

text: (segmented worms) use a set of unique phosphagens; for example, earthworms use the compound

text: lombricine

text: In this figure, segments PU and VT are of equal length, and RV is perpendicular to TU. These properties can be used as part of an equivalent alternative definition for the Philo line for a point P and angle edges d and e: it is a line segment connecting d to e through P such that the distance along the segment from P to d is equal to the distance along the segment from V to e, where V is the closest point on the segment to the corner point of the angle.

text: The school's management system is divided into 20 small organizations, such as the administrative institution, party organization, trade union organization, the moral education leading group, the legal system education leadership team and teams who are responsible for the graduating classes, and testing papers.

text: The species in this order infect annelids.

text: The species in this order infect

text: annelid

text: s.

text: In the 1990s, molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences produced a coherent scheme showing arthropods as members of a superphylum labelled Ecdysozoa ("animals that moult"), which contained nematodes, priapulids and tardigrades but excluded annelids. This was backed up by studies of the anatomy and development of these animals, which showed that many of the features that supported the Articulata hypothesis showed significant differences between annelids and the earliest Panarthropods in their details, and some were hardly present at all in arthropods. This hypothesis groups annelids with molluscs and brachiopods in another superphylum, Lophotrochozoa.

text: In the 1990s,

text: molecular phylogenetic

text: analyses of

text: DNA

text: sequences produced a coherent scheme showing arthropods as members of a

text: superphylum

text: labelled

text: Ecdysozoa

text: ("animals that moult"), which contained nematodes, priapulids and tardigrades but excluded annelids. This was backed up by studies of the anatomy and development of these animals, which showed that many of the features that supported the Articulata hypothesis showed significant differences between annelids and the earliest Panarthropods in their details, and some were hardly present at all in arthropods. This hypothesis groups annelids with

text: mollusc

text: s and

text: brachiopod

text: s in another superphylum,

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: Painted-snipes are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates and seeds. Animal prey taken includes annelid worms, snails, aquatic and marsh insects, and crustaceans. The seeds of grasses such as millet and rice are also consumed, and may form a major part of the diet of some populations.

text: Painted-snipes are

text: omnivorous

text: , feeding on

text: invertebrate

text: s and seeds. Animal prey taken includes

text: annelid

text: worms, snails, aquatic and marsh

text: insect

text: s, and crustaceans. The seeds of grasses such as millet and rice are also consumed, and may form a major part of the diet of some populations.

text: Hyposmocoma is a large and diverse genus of moths with 320-350 known species that have adapted to nearly every ecological niche on the Hawaiian Islands. Most species have plant-based diets. In four species of Hyposmocoma (one is Hyposmocoma molluscivora) caterpillars spin silk that they use to capture snails, on which they prey. These are the first caterpillars known to eat snails (or mollusks of any kind). Some species are amphibious. This trait has evolved at least 3 times within this genus.

text: Hyposmocoma is a large and diverse

text: genus

text: of

text: moths

text: with 320-350 known species that have adapted to nearly every ecological niche on the

text: Hawaiian Islands

text: . Most species have plant-based diets. In four species of Hyposmocoma (one is

text: Hyposmocoma molluscivora

text: ) caterpillars spin

text: silk

text: that they use to capture

text: snails

text: , on which they prey. These are the first caterpillars known to eat snails (or

text: mollusks

text: of any kind). Some species are

text: amphibious

text: . This trait has evolved at least 3 times within this genus.

text: Inanidrilus is a genus of marine annelid worms.

text: Inanidrilus is a

text: genus

text: of marine

text: annelid

text: worms.

text: A major theme throughout the collection blatantly expressed in "The Mollusk" is that of the transience of life, which parallels the vanitas motif in still-life painting. Running through other poems like "La Bougie" ("The Candle") and "La Cigarette" ("The Cigarette") as well, death is viewed as an all-powerful entity, against which any struggle is futile, as both the candle and the cigarette are consumed by their own flames, and as Ponge echoes in "The Mollusk", "There's no way to get it [the mollusk's secretion] out alive".

text: A major theme throughout the collection blatantly expressed in "The Mollusk" is that of the transience of life, which parallels the

text: vanitas

text: motif in still-life painting. Running through other poems like "La Bougie" ("The Candle") and "La Cigarette" ("The Cigarette") as well, death is viewed as an all-powerful entity, against which any struggle is futile, as both the candle and the cigarette are consumed by their own flames, and as Ponge echoes in "The Mollusk", "There's no way to get it [the mollusk's secretion] out alive".

text: The waters of the bay contain several species of annelids and 29 species of diatoms. The dominant mollusks are dwarf surf clams and Capitella capitata. The serpulid worm reefs are inhabited by crustaceans, polychaetes and mollusks. Invertebrates are represented by the endemic fiddler crab species Uca subcylindrica, which reside on dry soil, more than 20 meters from bay waters. The bay is a popular destination for recreational angling and is famous for its trophy spotted seatrout. Other species include cowfish, threadfin shad (in low salinity periods), pompano, black drum and burrowing goby, etc.

text: The waters of the bay contain several species of

text: annelid

text: s and 29 species of

text: diatom

text: s. The dominant mollusks are dwarf

text: surf clam

text: s and

text: Capitella capitata

text: . The serpulid worm reefs are inhabited by crustaceans,

text: polychaete

text: s and mollusks. Invertebrates are represented by the endemic

text: fiddler crab

text: species Uca subcylindrica, which reside on dry soil, more than 20 meters from bay waters. The bay is a popular destination for recreational angling and is famous for its trophy

text: spotted seatrout

text: . Other species include

text: cowfish

text: threadfin shad

text: (in low salinity periods),

text: pompano

text: black drum

text: and burrowing goby, etc.

text: B's (i.e. Quinn's) thinking here should not be confused with the ideas of Thomas Malthus, who made the prediction that population would outrun food supply. In B's own words, "Malthus's warning was about the inevitable failure of totalitarian agriculture. My warning is about its continued success." Quinn characterizes the Malthusian problem as "How are we going to FEED all these people?" and contrasts this with his own: "How are we going to stop PRODUCING all these people?"

text: B's (i.e. Quinn's) thinking here should not be confused with the ideas of

text: Thomas Malthus

text: , who made the prediction that population would outrun food supply. In B's own words, "Malthus's warning was about the inevitable failure of totalitarian agriculture. My warning is about its continued success." Quinn characterizes the Malthusian problem as "How are we going to FEED all these people?" and contrasts this with his own: "How are we going to stop PRODUCING all these people?"

text: Customers of Measurex systems reported that the dedication and expertise of the service organization was a considerable factor in creating the customer confidence that resulted in sales growth, especially the repeat sales that fueled the remarkable growth during the 25 years leading up to the acquisition by Honeywell.  As founder Dave Bossen often told service personnel: "Our results are far greater with a superior field service organization working with average systems, compared to manufacturing superior systems, but installed and maintained by an average field service organization".  Of course, he was also quite emphatic about having manufacturing produce superior systems as well, resulting in their standing as a lead supplier of quality and control systems for the paper industry.

text: J-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as the segment of the sport utility cars (including off-road vehicles). It is increasing in volume year by year in Europe; in early 2015, it became the second most popular segment (behind the C-segment and overtaking the B-segment) with 21.6% market share.

text: J-segment is a

text: car classification

text: defined by

text: European Commission

text: as the segment of the

text: sport utility cars

text: (including

text: off-road vehicle

text: s). It is increasing in volume year by year in Europe; in early 2015, it became the second most popular segment (behind the

text: C-segment

text: and overtaking the

text: B-segment

text: ) with 21.6% market share.

text: Their diet comprises mainly small, freshwater fish of about 60-100mm length  and maximally 150g, which they swallow whole. They also feed on crustaceans, worms, aquatic insects, frogs and occasionally small mammals and birds.

text: Their diet comprises mainly small, freshwater

text: fish

text: of about 60-100mm length  and maximally 150g, which they swallow whole. They also feed on

text: crustaceans

text: worm

text: s,

text: aquatic insects

text: frogs

text: and occasionally small

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

text: Mollusks (silicified) in casts and molds.

text: Mollusk

text: s (silicified) in casts and molds.

text: :For the earthworm genus, see Simsia (annelid).

text: :For the

text: earthworm

text: genus, see

text: Simsia (annelid)

text: Most fossils of Wiwaxia are just a jumble of armor plates and spines, but after examining dozens of them Conway Morris reconstructed them as slug-like animals covered in rows of overlapping armor plates, with two rows of longer spines projecting upwards. Since 1990 there has been an intense debate about whether Wiwaxia was more closely related to molluscs or to polychaete annelids. Supporters of a close relationship with molluscs maintained that a pair of bars, running across the mouth and armed with backward-pointing teeth, were a rudimentary form of the radula, the toothed tongue that molluscs use to scrape up food and convey it back to the throat. Nicholas Butterfield, the one academic who has so far published articles placing Wiwaxia closer to polychaetes, stated that Wiwaxia′s two-row feeding apparatus could not have performed the sophisticated functions of the multi-row, conveyor-belt radula, suggesting instead that Wiwaxia′s apparatus was like the side-by-side pair of toothed bars found in some polychaetes. Later he found some fragmentary fossils, 5 to 10 million years before the Burgess Shale, that he regarded as a much more convincing early radula. Butterfield has also described Wiwaxia′s armor plates and spines as similar in internal structure to the chetae ("hairs") of polychaetes. Supporters of the link with molluscs have stated that Wiwaxia shows no signs of segmentation, appendages in front of the mouth, or "legs—–all of which are typical polychaete features. One writer adopted a neutral position, saying he saw no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto-annelid or a proto-mollusc, although he thought the objections against classification as a proto-annelid were the stronger.

text: Most fossils of

text: Wiwaxia

text: are just a jumble of armor plates and spines, but after examining dozens of them Conway Morris reconstructed them as

text: slug

text: -like animals covered in rows of overlapping armor plates, with two rows of longer spines projecting upwards. Since 1990 there has been an intense debate about whether

text: Wiwaxia

text: was more closely related to

text: mollusc

text: s or to

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: s. Supporters of a close relationship with molluscs maintained that a pair of bars, running across the mouth and armed with backward-pointing teeth, were a rudimentary form of the

text: radula

text: , the toothed tongue that molluscs use to scrape up food and convey it back to the throat. Nicholas Butterfield, the one academic who has so far published articles placing Wiwaxia closer to polychaetes, stated that Wiwaxia′s two-row feeding apparatus could not have performed the sophisticated functions of the multi-row, conveyor-belt radula, suggesting instead that Wiwaxia′s apparatus was like the side-by-side pair of toothed bars found in some polychaetes. Later he found some fragmentary fossils, 5 to 10 million years before the Burgess Shale, that he regarded as a much more convincing early radula. Butterfield has also described Wiwaxia′s armor plates and spines as similar in internal structure to the

text: chetae

text: ("hairs") of polychaetes. Supporters of the link with molluscs have stated that

text: Wiwaxia

text: shows no signs of segmentation, appendages in front of the mouth, or "legs—–all of which are typical polychaete features. One writer adopted a neutral position, saying he saw no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto-annelid or a proto-mollusc, although he thought the objections against classification as a proto-annelid were the stronger.

text: The primary foods of sturgeon while in freshwater areas include soft-bodied annelids, arthropods, aquatic insects, and globular mollusks. Adults that have emigrated from estuaries and into the sea will usually feed on epibenthic and hyperbenthic amphipods, grass shrimp, isopods, and worms. Most adult sturgeon will also feed on detritus and biofilm.<ref name=Mason1>{{cite journal|last=Mason Jr.|first=William T.|author2=James P. Clugston|title=Foods of the Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida|journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society|year=1993|volume=122|issue=3|pages=378–385|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122%3C0378%3AFOTGSI%3E2.3.CO%3B2#preview|accessdate=24 October 2013|doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122

text: The primary foods of sturgeon while in freshwater areas include soft-bodied

text: annelids

text: arthropods

text: aquatic insects

text: , and globular

text: mollusks

text: . Adults that have emigrated from estuaries and into the sea will usually feed on

text: epibenthic

text: and

text: hyperbenthic

text: amphipods

text: , grass shrimp,

text: isopods

text: , and worms. Most adult sturgeon will also feed on

text: detritus

text: and

text: biofilm

text: .<ref name=Mason1>{{cite journal|last=Mason Jr.|first=William T.|author2=James P. Clugston|title=Foods of the Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida|journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society|year=1993|volume=122|issue=3|pages=378–385|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122%3C0378%3AFOTGSI%3E2.3.CO%3B2#preview|accessdate=24 October 2013|doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122

text: It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head);  a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

text: It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate

text: sex

text: es, which released

text: ova

text: and

text: sperm

text: into the water via their

text: nephridia

text: . The fertilized eggs develop into

text: trochophore

text: larva

text: e, which live as

text: plankton

text: . Later they sink to the sea-floor and

text: metamorphose

text: into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the

text: apical tuft

text: and the

text: prototroch

text: becomes the prostomium (head);  a small area round the trochophore's

text: anus

text: becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

text: The colouration of Planes minutus is very variable, and camouflages the crab against the Sargassum weed it often lives on. The base colour is typically brown, sometimes tending towards yellow or red. This is often supplemented with large patches of white, apparently imitating the calcareous tubes attached by annelid worms to Sargassum. Although the colour pattern tends to match that of the substrate on which the crab is found, the colouration is only able to change slowly after a change of substrate.

text: The colouration of Planes minutus is very variable, and

text: camouflage

text: s the crab against the Sargassum weed it often lives on. The base colour is typically brown, sometimes tending towards yellow or red. This is often supplemented with large patches of white, apparently imitating the calcareous tubes attached by

text: annelid worms

text: to Sargassum. Although the colour pattern tends to match that of the substrate on which the crab is found, the colouration is only able to change slowly after a change of substrate.

text: Bivalve mollusks generally have either one or two adductor muscles. The muscles are strong enough to close the valves of the shell when they contract, and they are what enable the animal to close its valves tightly when necessary, such as when the bivalve is exposed to the air by low water levels, or when it is attacked by a predator. Most bivalve species have two adductor muscles, which are located on the anterior and posterior sides of the body.  Some families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle, or rarely even three adductor muscles.

text: Bivalve mollusks generally have either one or two adductor muscles. The muscles are strong enough to close the valves of the shell when they contract, and they are what enable the animal to close its valves tightly when necessary, such as when the bivalve is exposed to the air by low water levels, or when it is attacked by a

text: predator

text: . Most bivalve species have two adductor muscles, which are located on the anterior and posterior sides of the body.  Some families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle, or rarely even three adductor muscles.

text: The most notable feature of Canadia is the many notosetae (rigid setae extending from dorsal branches of notopodia) along the back of the animal that are characteristic of polychaete worms. It has been suggested that these notosetae may have been iridescent when the organism was alive due to evidence of diffraction gratings found on the surface of some fossils. Tentacles extended from the prostomium  and may have served as sensory organs. The gut of Canadia was straight and had the ability to extend out of the body in the form of a proboscis, suggesting that the animal was carnivorous. This is further evidenced by the lack of sediments found in the gut that would be present in a benthic detritivore. Canadia is thought to have swum above the seafloor as a primary means of locomotion by beating its numerous notosetae. It would also have had the ability to creep along the seafloor using the ventral counterpart of the notopodia, which are termed neuropodia (in reference to the proximity to the paired, ventral nerve cords characteristic of annelids). Canadia grew to 2-8 inches (5-20 centimeters) long.

text: The most notable feature of Canadia is the many

text: notosetae

text: (rigid

text: seta

text: e extending from dorsal branches of

text: notopodia

text: ) along the back of the animal that are characteristic of

text: polychaete

text: worms. It has been suggested that these notosetae may have been iridescent when the organism was alive due to evidence of

text: diffraction grating

text: s found on the surface of some fossils.

text: Tentacle

text: s extended from the

text: prostomium

text: and may have served as sensory organs. The gut of Canadia was straight and had the ability to extend out of the body in the form of a

text: proboscis

text: , suggesting that the animal was carnivorous. This is further evidenced by the lack of sediments found in the gut that would be present in a benthic

text: detritivore

text: . Canadia is thought to have swum above the seafloor as a primary means of locomotion by beating its numerous notosetae. It would also have had the ability to creep along the seafloor using the ventral counterpart of the notopodia, which are termed

text: neuropodia

text: (in reference to the proximity to the paired,

text: ventral nerve cord

text: s characteristic of annelids). Canadia grew to 2-8 inches (5-20 centimeters) long.

text: Between 1868–70 he was professor of comparative anatomy and entomology in the University of Wisconsin.  From 1860 Verrill investigated the invertebrate fauna of the Atlantic coast, with special reference to the corals, annelids, echinoderms, and mollusks, and became the chief authority on the living cephalopods, especially the colossal squids of the North Atlantic.

text: Between 1868–70 he was

text: professor

text: of

text: comparative anatomy

text: and

text: entomology

text: in the

text: University of Wisconsin

text: .  From 1860 Verrill investigated the

text: invertebrate

text: fauna

text: of the

text: Atlantic

text: coast, with special reference to the

text: coral

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: echinoderm

text: s, and

text: mollusk

text: s, and became the chief authority on the living

text: cephalopod

text: s, especially the colossal

text: squid

text: s of the North Atlantic.

text: Gymnobela is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

text: Gymnobela is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Raphitomidae

text: It is not known how the organism feeds or reproduces. However, it has been shown to have high concentrations of lipids within its cytosol, which suggests that it may feed on bacteria from the sediment that makes up the "sand tubes."

text: The 1worldspace system had three major components: the space segment, the ground segment, and the user segment. The space segment referred to the company-owned satellites that broadcast the signals over a large percentage  of the eastern hemisphere.  The ground segment referred to the operating and broadcasting centers.  The user segment referred to the user-owned devices in which the signal was received.  In addition, the company planned to implement terrestrial repeater networks in order to facilitate access to new markets in Europe and the Middle-East.

text: Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this "blood" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen.

text: Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. Some animals, such as

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: mollusk

text: s, use

text: hemocyanin

text: to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin.

text: Insect

text: s and some mollusks use a fluid called

text: hemolymph

text: instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed

text: circulatory system

text: . In most insects, this "blood" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their

text: tracheal system

text: to suffice for supplying oxygen.

text: While analyses by molecular phylogeny are confident that members of Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. The Lophotrochozoa are generally divided into: Lophophorata (animals that have lophophores), including Phoronida and Brachiopoda; Trochozoa (animals many of which have trochophore larvae), including molluscs, annelids, echiurans, sipunculans and nemerteans; and some other phyla (such as Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera).

text: While analyses by molecular phylogeny are confident that members of Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. The

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: are generally divided into:

text: Lophophorata

text: (animals that have lophophores), including Phoronida and Brachiopoda;

text: Trochozoa

text: (animals many of which have

text: trochophore

text: larvae), including molluscs,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: echiura

text: ns,

text: sipuncula

text: ns and

text: nemertea

text: ns; and some other phyla (such as

text: Platyhelminthes

text: Gastrotricha

text: Gnathostomulida

text: Micrognathozoa

text: , and

text: Rotifera

text: They dive for food from the surface, swimming underwater and being among the deepest divers of all birds, using their stubby wings to routinely dive to more than 100 meters, and feeding on fish and crustaceans, also some molluscs, insects and plant material.

text: They dive for food from the surface, swimming underwater and being among the deepest divers of all birds, using their stubby wings to routinely dive to more than 100 meters, and feeding on

text: fish

text: and

text: crustacea

text: ns, also some

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: insect

text: s and plant material.

text: When the adductor muscles relax, the valves of the shell are automatically pulled open to some extent by a ligament, which joins the valves together and which is usually located on the hinge line between the umbos of the shell.  The resiliency of the ligament is what causes the valves of the bivalve mollusk to open when the adductor muscles relax.

text: When the adductor muscles relax, the valves of the shell are automatically pulled open to some extent by a

text: ligament

text: , which joins the valves together and which is usually located on the

text: hinge line

text: between the

text: umbos

text: of the shell.  The resiliency of the ligament is what causes the valves of the bivalve mollusk to open when the adductor muscles relax.

text: Commonly known as jawed land leeches, these annelids are known from subtropical and tropical regions around the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Well-known Haemadipsa are for example the Indian Leech (Haemadipsa sylvestris) and the yamabiru or Japanese Mountain Leech (Haemadipsa zeylanica). Members of the genus feed on blood.

text: Sexual reproduction is thought to be triggered by excessive population density. As a result, the animals absorb liquid, begin to swell, and separate from the substrate so that they float freely in the water. In the protected interior space, the ventral cells form an ovum surrounded by a special envelope, the fertilisation membrane; the ovum is supplied with nutrients by the surrounding syncytium, allowing energy-rich yolk to accumulate in its interior. Once maturation of the ovum is complete, the rest of the animal degenerates, liberating the ovum itself. Small unciliated cells that form at the same time are interpreted to be spermatozoa. It has not yet been possible to observe fertilisation itself; the existence of the fertilisation membrane is currently taken to be evidence, however, that it has taken place.Putative eggs have been observed, but they degrade typically at the 32–64 cell stage. Neither embryonic development nor sperm have been observed. Despite lack of observation of sexual reproduction in lab, the genetic structure of the populations in wild is compatible with the sexual reproduction mode, at least for species of the analysed genotype H5.

text: Crassopleura is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

text: Crassopleura is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Drilliidae

text: As eusocial animals, only the breeding pair within a colony is capable of reproduction. Non-reproductive individuals are not truly sterile, however, and become capable of reproduction if they establish a colony of their own. The reproductive systems of non-reproductive females are underdeveloped, with small, unvascularised uteri and tiny ovaries that contain undeveloped germ cells, but which are incapable of ovulation. Non-reproductive males have smaller testes than their reproductive counterparts and produce little, if any, viable sperm. The non-reproductive status of other adults is maintained by the presence of the breeding female. While her removal causes previously non-reproductive females to become fully fertile, they will only mate with unrelated males, thus avoiding incest within the colony.

text: As eusocial animals, only the breeding pair within a colony is capable of reproduction. Non-reproductive individuals are not truly sterile, however, and become capable of reproduction if they establish a colony of their own. The reproductive systems of non-reproductive females are underdeveloped, with small, unvascularised

text: uteri

text: and tiny ovaries that contain undeveloped

text: germ cell

text: s, but which are incapable of

text: ovulation

text: . Non-reproductive males have smaller

text: testes

text: than their reproductive counterparts and produce little, if any, viable sperm. The non-reproductive status of other adults is maintained by the presence of the breeding female. While her removal causes previously non-reproductive females to become fully fertile, they will only mate with unrelated males, thus avoiding incest within the colony.

text: The evolutionary relationships of the halkieriids are a complex topic which is still being debated. Most of this debate is about their relationship to Wiwaxia and to the three major lophotrochozoan phyla — molluscs, annelids and brachiopods. The question of their relationship to an apparently much more primitive Cambrian group, the chancelloriids is also significant and may raise some difficult questions.

text: The evolutionary relationships of the halkieriids are a complex topic which is still being debated. Most of this debate is about their relationship to

text: Wiwaxia

text: and to the three major

text: lophotrochozoa

text: n

text: phyla

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s and

text: brachiopod

text: s. The question of their relationship to an apparently much more primitive

text: Cambrian

text: group, the

text: chancelloriid

text: s is also significant and may raise some difficult questions.

text: As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.

text: As in

text: arthropod

text: s, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one

text: neuron

text: , and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons.

text: Vertebrate

text: s have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant

text: axon

text: s (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.

text: The Columbellidae, the dove snails or dove shells, are a family of minute to small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.

text: The Columbellidae, the dove snails or dove shells, are a

text: family

text: of minute to small sea

text: snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the clade

text: Neogastropoda

text: There could be as much as 64KB of memory in a code segment, but calling a routine was based on segment number and routine number within a segment, so a program could theoretically have about 32,385 routines. This was compared to most 16 bit computers that had 64KB of address space for everything. The bigger limitation was the data segment and stack segment, which were also 64KB. Shared library routines did not permit cross-process global data since each process had its own data segment. Some procedures worked around this by requiring the caller to pass in an array from their own stack or data segment to hold all state information, similar to modern object oriented languages where methods are applied to objects passed in allocated by the caller.

text: Besides choosing who to eliminate from the game, viewers were given several options that affected the game. A pre-season poll allowed voters to choose where contestants sleep, their food for the first night, and how the first competition was split up. A "favorite player" poll was posted on the website, in which viewers could select as many contestants as they want and choose them as their favorite. During the live feeds, viewers asked several questions which they will answer live. On the first live feed episode contestants had to guess how the majority of viewers answered the questions, but the following day the public were allowed to choose what the contestants did during the live feed. In a similar fashion, the viewers also chose what rooms the contestants slept in and could even influence their every day life such as forcing them to talk with a British accent for 24 hours or walking backwards for 24 hours.

text: Owner Milton Parker, who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli, providing the history of the family's ownership. The book is sold at the cashier's station.

text: Owner

text: Milton Parker

text: , who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli, providing the history of the family's ownership. The book is sold at the cashier's station.

text: Reproduction can be by sexual or asexual means. In sexual reproduction, eggs and sperm are ejected through the mouth and liberated into the sea. The fertilised egg develops into a planula, which settles after fifteen to twenty days and grows into a new individual. In asexual reproduction, fragments of the column are capable of regenerating into new individuals.

text: Reproduction can be by sexual or asexual means. In sexual reproduction, eggs and sperm are ejected through the mouth and liberated into the sea. The fertilised egg develops into a

text: planula

text: , which settles after fifteen to twenty days and grows into a new individual. In

text: asexual reproduction

text: , fragments of the column are capable of regenerating into new individuals.

text: Simple algorithms examine each pair of segments. However, if a large number of possibly intersecting segments are to be checked, this becomes increasingly inefficient since most pairs of segments are not close to one another in a typical input sequence.  The most common, more efficient way to solve this problem for a high number of segments is to use a sweep line algorithm, where we imagine a line sliding across the line segments and we track which line segments it intersects at each point in time using a dynamic data structure based on binary search trees. The Shamos–Hoey algorithm applies this principle to solve the line segment intersection detection problem, as stated above, of determining whether or not a set of line segments has an intersection; the Bentley–Ottmann algorithm works by the same principle to list all intersections in logarithmic time per intersection.

text: Simple algorithms examine each pair of segments. However, if a large number of possibly intersecting segments are to be checked, this becomes increasingly inefficient since most pairs of segments are not close to one another in a typical input sequence.  The most common, more efficient way to solve this problem for a high number of segments is to use a

text: sweep line algorithm

text: , where we imagine a line sliding across the line segments and we track which line segments it intersects at each point in time using a dynamic data structure based on

text: binary search tree

text: s. The

text: Shamos–Hoey algorithm

text: applies this principle to solve the line segment intersection detection problem, as stated above, of determining whether or not a set of line segments has an intersection; the

text: Bentley–Ottmann algorithm

text: works by the same principle to list all intersections in logarithmic time per intersection.

text: The MZUSP has one of the largest natural-history collections in Latin America, with over 8.5 million preserved specimens of vertebrates (amphibians, mammals, birds, fish and reptiles) and invertebrates (cnidarians, insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods, annelids, mollusks and other marine groups). Each collection is curated independently, and organized according to specific needs. Other facilities in the museum include a library specializing in zoology and laboratories dedicated to research in chronobiology, electron microscopy, molecular biology, histology and CT scans. MZUSP also operates the Boracéia Biological Station in the forest near Salesópolis for field research.

text: The MZUSP has one of the largest natural-history collections in Latin America, with over 8.5 million preserved specimens of

text: vertebrate

text: s (

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: mammal

text: s, birds, fish and reptiles) and

text: invertebrate

text: s (

text: cnidarian

text: s, insects,

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: arachnid

text: s,

text: myriapod

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s and other marine groups). Each collection is curated independently, and organized according to specific needs. Other facilities in the museum include a library specializing in

text: zoology

text: and laboratories dedicated to research in

text: chronobiology

text: electron microscopy

text: molecular biology

text: histology

text: and

text: CT scans

text: . MZUSP also operates the Boracéia Biological Station in the forest near

text: Salesópolis

text: for

text: field research

text: Suberites are a global genus. One species, Suberites zeteki, is found in Hawaii. S. zeteki associates with many fungi. Another, S. japonicas, is native to the waters around Japan. S. aurantiacus is found in the Caribbean sea. S.carnosus lives in the India Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea and can also be found in Irish waters. S. diversicolor can be found in Indonesia. Due to Suberites’ ability to efficiently filter water, many microbes, especially fungal species, are filtered through. If these microbes escape digestion, they can deposit on the sponge and reside there indefinitely. Symbiotic bacteria produce toxins, such as okadaic acid, which defend them from colonization by parasitic annelids. Expression of various enzymes by Suberites influences the growth of their symbiotic bacteria. Suberites often live on the shells on the mollusk Hexaplex trunculus. Suberites have mechanisms of defense against predation, such as the toxic chemicals found below.

text: Suberites are a global genus. One species, Suberites zeteki, is found in Hawaii. S. zeteki associates with many fungi. Another, S. japonicas, is native to the waters around Japan. S. aurantiacus is found in the Caribbean sea. S.carnosus lives in the India Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea and can also be found in Irish waters. S. diversicolor can be found in Indonesia. Due to Suberites’ ability to efficiently filter water, many microbes, especially fungal species, are filtered through. If these microbes escape digestion, they can deposit on the sponge and reside there indefinitely. Symbiotic bacteria produce toxins, such as okadaic acid, which defend them from colonization by parasitic annelids. Expression of various enzymes by Suberites influences the growth of their symbiotic bacteria. Suberites often live on the shells on the mollusk

text: Hexaplex trunculus

text: . Suberites have mechanisms of defense against predation, such as the toxic chemicals found below.

text: After a successful period of time, a number of divinities led by Obatala were sent to accomplish the task of helping earth develop its crust. On one of their visits to the realm, the arch-divinity Obatala took to the stage equipped with a mollusk that concealed some form of soil; winged beasts and some cloth like material. The contents were emptied onto what soon became a large mound on the surface of the water and soon after, the winged-beasts began to scatter this around until the point where it gradually made into a large patch of dry land; the various indentations they created eventually becoming hills and valleys.

text: After a successful period of time, a number of divinities led by

text: Obatala

text: were sent to accomplish the task of helping earth develop its crust. On one of their visits to the realm, the arch-divinity Obatala took to the stage equipped with a

text: mollusk

text: that concealed some form of

text: soil

text: ; winged beasts and some cloth like material. The contents were emptied onto what soon became a large mound on the surface of the water and soon after, the winged-beasts began to scatter this around until the point where it gradually made into a large patch of dry land; the various indentations they created eventually becoming hills and valleys.

text: With the help of Meredith’s patient teaching and Dr. Parker’s secret feedings of blood Edgar learns speech, etiquette and how to dress and obtains a high-school equivalency diploma (“Show You A Thing or Two”).

text: When excluding internal parasites, free living species in terrestrial environments are represented by the following ten phyla:  Flatworms (Planarians), Nemertea (ribbon worms), Nematoda (roundworms), Rotifers, Tardigrada (water bears), Onychophora (velvet worms), Arthropods, mollusks (gastropods: land snails and slugs), Annelida and Chordata (tetrapods). Roundworms, tardigrades, and rotifers are microscopic animals that require a film of water to live in, and are not considered truly terrestrial. Flatworms, ribbon worms, velvet worms and annelids all depend on more or less moist habitats, as do the Arthropods centipedes and millipedes. The three remaining phyla, Arthropods, Mollusks and Chordates, all contain species that have adapted totally to dry terrestrial environments, and contain species that have no aquatic phase in their life cycles.

text: When excluding internal

text: parasite

text: s, free living species in terrestrial environments are represented by the following ten phyla:

text: Flatworm

text: s (

text: Planarian

text: s),

text: Nemertea

text: (ribbon worms),

text: Nematoda

text: (roundworms),

text: Rotifer

text: s,

text: Tardigrada

text: (water bears), Onychophora (

text: velvet worms

text: Arthropod

text: s,

text: mollusks

text: gastropods

text: land snail

text: s and

text: slug

text: s),

text: Annelida

text: and

text: Chordata

text: tetrapods

text: ). Roundworms, tardigrades, and rotifers are microscopic animals that require a film of water to live in, and are not considered truly terrestrial. Flatworms, ribbon worms, velvet worms and annelids all depend on more or less moist habitats, as do the Arthropods

text: centipede

text: s and

text: millipede

text: s. The three remaining phyla, Arthropods, Mollusks and Chordates, all contain species that have adapted totally to dry terrestrial environments, and contain species that have no aquatic phase in their life cycles.

text: Commutator segments are connected to the coils of the armature, with the number of coils (and commutator segments) depending on the speed and voltage of the machine. Large motors may have hundreds of segments.Each conducting segment of the commutator is insulated from adjacent segments. Mica was used on early machines and is still used on large machines. Many other insulating materials are used to insulate smaller machines; plastics allow quick manufacture of an insulator, for example. The segments are held onto the shaft using a dovetail shape on the edges or underside of each segment. Insulating wedges around the perimeter of each segment are pressed so that the commutator maintains its mechanical stability throughout its normal operating range.

text: Commutator segments are connected to the coils of the armature, with the number of coils (and commutator segments) depending on the speed and voltage of the machine. Large motors may have hundreds of segments.Each conducting segment of the commutator is insulated from adjacent segments.

text: Mica

text: was used on early machines and is still used on large machines. Many other insulating materials are used to insulate smaller machines; plastics allow quick manufacture of an insulator, for example. The segments are held onto the shaft using a

text: dovetail

text: shape on the edges or underside of each segment. Insulating wedges around the perimeter of each segment are pressed so that the commutator maintains its mechanical stability throughout its normal operating range.

text: The first section of pipeline runs from Arish in Egypt to Aqaba in Jordan. It has three segments. The first  long overland segment links Al-Arish to Taba on the Red Sea. It also consists of a compressor station in Arish and a metering station in Taba. The second segment is a  long subsea segment from Taba to Aqaba. The third segment, which includes also a metering station, is a  long onshore connection to the Aqaba Thermal Power Station.

text: The first section of pipeline runs from

text: Arish

text: in Egypt to

text: Aqaba

text: in Jordan. It has three segments. The first  long overland segment links Al-Arish to

text: Taba

text: on the

text: Red Sea

text: . It also consists of a compressor station in Arish and a metering station in Taba. The second segment is a  long subsea segment from Taba to Aqaba. The third segment, which includes also a metering station, is a  long onshore connection to the

text: Aqaba Thermal Power Station

text: In live sound mixing, gain before feedback (GBF) is a practical measure of how much a microphone can be amplified in a sound reinforcement system before causing audio feedback. In audiology, GBF is a measure of hearing aid performance. In both fields the amount of gain is measured in decibels at or just below the point at which the sound from the speaker driver re-enters the microphone and the system begins to ring or feed back. Potential acoustic gain (PAG) is a calculated figure representing gain that a system can support without feeding back.

text: In

text: live sound mixing

text: , gain before feedback (GBF) is a practical measure of how much a

text: microphone

text: can be amplified in a

text: sound reinforcement system

text: before causing

text: audio feedback

text: . In

text: audiology

text: , GBF is a measure of

text: hearing aid

text: performance. In both fields the amount of

text: gain

text: is measured in

text: decibel

text: s at or just below the point at which the sound from the

text: speaker driver

text: re-enters the microphone and the system begins to ring or feed back. Potential acoustic gain (PAG) is a calculated figure representing gain that a system can support without feeding back.

text: Lumbriculus kareliensis, an Annelid worm, was described by Popchenko in 1976 from material collected in Karelia. It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the position and shape of the atrium, which is large and kidney-shaped, reaching form the male pore in segment X into segment XI. Unlike all other Lumbriculus species, the ovary is located two segments posterior to the atrium. The spermathecae are oval, and positioned dorsally.

text: Lumbriculus kareliensis, an

text: Annelid worm

text: , was described by Popchenko in 1976 from material collected in

text: Karelia

text: . It is distinguished from other species in the genus by the position and shape of the atrium, which is large and kidney-shaped, reaching form the male pore in segment X into segment XI. Unlike all other

text: Lumbriculus

text: species, the ovary is located two segments posterior to the atrium. The spermathecae are oval, and positioned dorsally.

text: Many temperate fish have specific local diet requirements, while others, will eat just about any crustacean or frozen foods. Some fish should not be kept with fish small enough to fit into its mouth, crabs or mollusks. Similarly some crabs can not be kept with some mollusks, while other fish, crabs, mollusks and echinoderms may be compatible with each other. It takes experience before one can successfully gauge the compatibility of the fish and invertebrates in one's area. Due to it being such a localized hobby in the United States, not many people go the route of local tanks which are far more popular in Europe.

text: Once speciation is initiated, it can be further reinforced by a variety of factors other than simple adaptation to a specific ecological niche. In the example of G. cotidianus mentioned above, different spawning seasons severely limit interbreeding between populations and so genetically isolate the populations from one another, increasing speciation through genetic drift. Any such trait that encourages non-random mating that reinforces speciation is known as a “magic trait”.

text: The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

text: The annelids are

text: bilaterally symmetrical

text: triploblastic

text: coelom

text: ate, invertebrate organisms. They also have

text: parapodia

text: for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into

text: polychaete

text: s (almost all marine),

text: oligochaete

text: s (which include earthworms) and

text: leech

text: -like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the

text: Pogonophora

text: Echiura

text: and

text: Sipuncula

text: , previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , a "super-phylum" of

text: protostome

text: s that also includes

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: brachiopod

text: s,

text: flatworm

text: s and

text: nemertean

text: s.

text: Diurodrilus is a genus of tiny marine animals that has traditionally been assigned to the annelid worms, although this affinity is not certain. With a maximum length of 0.45 mm, it has an unusual morphology with many traits not found in other annelids, including a ventral creeping foot. Analyses of DNA have both refuted and supported placement within the annelids, with the unusual morphology perhaps due to evolutionary progenesis, in which organisms develop sexual maturity while retaining the larval traits of their ancestors.

text: Diurodrilus is a genus of tiny marine animals that has traditionally been assigned to the

text: annelid worms

text: , although this

text: affinity

text: is not certain. With a maximum length of 0.45 mm, it has an unusual morphology with many traits not found in other annelids, including a ventral creeping foot. Analyses of DNA have both refuted and supported placement within the annelids, with the unusual morphology perhaps due to evolutionary

text: progenesis

text: , in which organisms develop sexual maturity while retaining the larval traits of their ancestors.

text: Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in corals, sponges and sea anemones. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. In addition, a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies. This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive.

text: Several groups of animals have formed

text: symbiotic

text: relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in

text: coral

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s and

text: sea anemone

text: s. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple

text: body plan

text: s and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. In addition, a few marine

text: mollusk

text: s

text: Elysia viridis

text: and

text: Elysia chlorotica

text: also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies. This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the genes from the plant

text: cell nucleus

text: have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive.

text: The small-scale whiting (Sillago parvisquamis) (also known as the blue whiting), is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The small-scale whiting is very similar in body shape and colour to other species in the genus Sillago, but is distinguished by having 12 or 13 spines in the first dorsal fin compared to 11 in all other species. The species is distributed through parts of the west Pacific Ocean including Japan, Taiwan, Korea and India, inhabiting the tidal flats of major estuaries. It is a benthic predator taking crustaceans, molluscs and annelids. Spawning in the species takes place from May to September, with peaks identified in June and July. The eggs and larvae have been extensively studied in order to distinguish them from the more abundant Sillago sihama. Minor fisheries exist for the small-scale whiting, although it is thought be endangered by habitat loss and pollution, but has not been recognised as such by the IUCN.

text: The small-scale whiting (Sillago parvisquamis) (also known as the blue whiting), is a species of

text: inshore

text: marine

text: fish

text: of the smelt-whiting family

text: Sillaginidae

text: . The small-scale whiting is very similar in body shape and colour to other species in the genus

text: Sillago

text: , but is distinguished by having 12 or 13 spines in the first

text: dorsal fin

text: compared to 11 in all other species. The species is distributed through parts of the west

text: Pacific Ocean

text: including

text: Japan

text: Taiwan

text: Korea

text: and

text: India

text: , inhabiting the

text: tidal flat

text: s of major

text: estuaries

text: . It is a benthic predator taking

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s and

text: annelid

text: s.

text: Spawning

text: in the species takes place from May to September, with peaks identified in June and July. The eggs and larvae have been extensively studied in order to distinguish them from the more abundant

text: Sillago sihama

text: . Minor

text: fisheries

text: exist for the small-scale whiting, although it is thought be

text: endangered

text: by habitat loss and pollution, but has not been recognised as such by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: The main parasite to enter the digestive tract or genitals are protozoans. Crustaceans, nematodes, trematodes, and polychaete annelids also serve as parasites.  Algal parasites such as Coccomyxa ophiurae cause spinal malformation.  Unlike in sea stars and sea urchins, annelids are not typical parasites.

text: The main parasite to enter the digestive tract or genitals are protozoans. Crustaceans, nematodes, trematodes, and polychaete annelids also serve as parasites.  Algal parasites such as

text: Coccomyxa ophiurae

text: cause spinal malformation.  Unlike in sea stars and sea urchins, annelids are not typical parasites.

text: Species in this family are found in marine annelids.

text: Species in this family are found in marine

text: annelid

text: s.

text: Some biologists have proposed that the Hemichordates (specifically the Enteropneusta) may represent an intermediate body plan in the evolution of the "inverted" state of the chordates. Though they are considered deuterostomes, the dorsoventral axis of hemichordates retains features of both protostomes and chordates. For example, enteropneusts have an ectodermally-derived dorsal nerve cord in the collar region which has been proposed to be homologous to the chordate neural tube. However, they also have a ventral nerve cord and a dorsal contractile vessel similar to protostomes. Furthermore, the relative positions other "intermediate" structures in hemichordates, such as the hepatic organs and ventral pygochord, which has been proposed to be homologous to the chordate-defining notochord, are retained but inverted. Nübler-Jung and Arendt argue that the principal innovation in the chordate lineage was the obliteration of the mouth on the neural side (as in hemichordates, arthropods, and annelids) and the development of a new mouth on the non-neural ventral side.

text: Some biologists have proposed that the

text: Hemichordates

text: (specifically the

text: Enteropneusta

text: ) may represent an intermediate body plan in the evolution of the "inverted" state of the chordates. Though they are considered deuterostomes, the dorsoventral axis of hemichordates retains features of both protostomes and chordates. For example, enteropneusts have an

text: ectoderm

text: ally-derived dorsal nerve cord in the collar region which has been proposed to be homologous to the chordate neural tube. However, they also have a ventral nerve cord and a dorsal contractile vessel similar to protostomes. Furthermore, the relative positions other "intermediate" structures in hemichordates, such as the hepatic organs and ventral pygochord, which has been proposed to be homologous to the chordate-defining

text: notochord

text: , are retained but inverted. Nübler-Jung and Arendt argue that the principal innovation in the chordate lineage was the obliteration of the mouth on the neural side (as in hemichordates, arthropods, and annelids) and the development of a new mouth on the non-neural ventral side.

text: Hoffman also wrote over 70 papers on the natural history and conservation of reptiles and amphibians. The valley and ridge salamander (Plethodon hoffmani) is named in his honor. Hoffman also studied insects, mollusks, crustaceans, arachnids, and other invertebrates, and co-founded The Insects of Virginia, a series of occasional publications which ran from 1969 to 2006. Nine insects, three crustaceans, a nematode, an annelid, and a genus of mites have been named after him.

text: Hoffman also wrote over 70 papers on the natural history and conservation of reptiles and amphibians. The

text: valley and ridge salamander

text: Plethodon hoffmani

text: ) is named in his honor. Hoffman also studied insects,

text: mollusks

text: crustaceans

text: arachnids

text: , and other invertebrates, and co-founded The Insects of Virginia, a series of occasional publications which ran from 1969 to 2006. Nine insects, three crustaceans, a

text: nematode

text: , an

text: annelid

text: , and a genus of mites have been named after him.

text: Livestock (Al-An'am) and how God created them is mentioned in the Quran in  Surat Al-An'am (136), and  Surat An-Nahl (5).Flocks and feeding the poor are mentioned in  Surat Al-Hajj (28).

text: Livestock

text: (Al-An'am) and how God created them is mentioned in the

text: Quran

text: in

text: Surat

text: Al-An'am

text: (136), and

text: Surat

text: An-Nahl

text: (5).Flocks and feeding the poor are mentioned in

text: Surat

text: Al-Hajj

text: They feed on aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and marine worms. During breeding season, they also eat insects. While wading, they forage actively, making jerky bobbing movements.Feeding behaviors can include repeated returns to the same location over short periods of time.  They can be seen flying low over a rocky coastline or along a jetty.

text: They feed on aquatic invertebrates such as

text: crustaceans

text: and

text: marine worm

text: s. During breeding season, they also eat insects. While wading, they

text: forage

text: actively, making jerky bobbing movements.Feeding behaviors can include repeated returns to the same location over short periods of time.  They can be seen flying low over a rocky coastline or along a jetty.

text: Like other stargazers, it is an ambush predator which lies buried under sand with only its eyes showing. It has a large mouth, with a small strip of skin protruding from its lower jaw, which it moves in and out rapidly to act as a lure for prey. When a prey item comes near, the fish lunges toward the prey using a specially adapted vertebral column to generate the force by bending 60°, which takes less than 30 milliseconds to engulf the prey. It feeds primarily on fish larvae and smaller fishes, such as gobies, picarels, and small crustaceans, but has also been known to eat molluscs, echinoderms, annelids, algae and plant material.

text: Like other stargazers, it is an ambush predator which lies buried under sand with only its eyes showing. It has a large mouth, with a small strip of skin protruding from its lower jaw, which it moves in and out rapidly to act as a lure for prey. When a prey item comes near, the fish lunges toward the prey using a specially adapted

text: vertebral column

text: to generate the force by bending 60°, which takes less than 30

text: milliseconds

text: to engulf the prey. It feeds primarily on fish larvae and smaller fishes, such as

text: gobies

text: picarels

text: , and small

text: crustacean

text: s, but has also been known to eat

text: molluscs

text: echinoderms

text: annelids

text: algae

text: and plant material.

text: Clench received his undergraduate education at Michigan State College (now Michigan State University), graduating in 1921. He spent the summer studying mollusks on Sanibel Island and then began study at Harvard under William Morton Wheeler. He received his master's degree in entomology in 1923. He then went on to pursue his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, in mollusk study, with a Hinsdale Fellowship. In 1924 Clench married Julia Helmich, a resident of East Lansing, Michigan whom he had met while attending Michigan Agricultural College. Their eldest son, Harry Kendon Clench (1925–1979), would become a well-known lepidopterist at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh.

text: Clench received his undergraduate education at Michigan State College (now

text: Michigan State University

text: ), graduating in 1921. He spent the summer studying mollusks on

text: Sanibel Island

text: and then began study at Harvard under

text: William Morton Wheeler

text: . He received his master's degree in

text: entomology

text: in 1923. He then went on to pursue his Ph.D. at the

text: University of Michigan

text: , in Ann Arbor, in mollusk study, with a Hinsdale Fellowship. In 1924 Clench married Julia Helmich, a resident of

text: East Lansing, Michigan

text: whom he had met while attending Michigan Agricultural College. Their eldest son,

text: Harry Kendon Clench

text: (1925–1979), would become a well-known

text: lepidopterist

text: at the

text: Carnegie Museum of Natural History

text: in

text: Pittsburgh

text: An important part of sound system culture is the sound clash, an organized battle between two systems. The Guinness Sounds of Greatness is one of many such clashes. In 2009, the Guinness clash was organized into three parts: a 'juggling' round, where each system gets 15 minutes to get the crowd doing; a 'tune fe tune' exchange of "commercial releases"; and a 'dub-fe-dub', when the systems alternate "specials done specifically for the sound system playing the recording".

text: An important part of sound system culture is the

text: sound clash

text: , an organized battle between two systems. The Guinness Sounds of Greatness is one of many such clashes. In 2009, the Guinness clash was organized into three parts: a 'juggling' round, where each system gets 15 minutes to get the crowd doing; a 'tune fe tune' exchange of "commercial releases"; and a 'dub-fe-dub', when the systems alternate "specials done specifically for the sound system playing the recording".

text: The All-Star Race was scheduled to begin at 9:20 p.m. on Saturday but was pushed back by almost half an hour. In segments one, two and three, all laps were counted, with teams having the option to pit during the breaks. In segment four, all laps were counted, with the running order at the completion of the segment being repositioned, based on the average finish of the first four segments. Running order ties were broken by the finish of the fourth segment. Pit road was open for a mandatory four-tire pit stop, with the order of cars returning to the track determining the starting order of the fifth and final segment. Only green flag laps counted in the final segment.

text: 1) The dorsal nerve cord and gill-slits are not present in annelids.2) The metamerically arranged nephridia of annelids are not present in Balanoglossus.3) The cleavage of egg of annelids is spiral and determinate while that of Balanoglossus is radial and indeterminate.4) The gastrulation in annelids occurs by epiboly and in Balanoglossus by emboly.5) The coelom of annelid is schizocoelic while that of Balanoglossus is enterocoelic.6) The blastopore becomes mouth in annelid larvae, and anus in development of Balanoglossus.7) A pair of primitive kidneys of trochophore are absent in tornaria.8) The pre-oral coelom of tornaria is absent in trochophore. These differences between the two groups suggest no definite relationship between them. These two groups of animals might have originated from a remote ancestral stock. The annelidan aflffmities of Balanoglossus have, therefore, been given up.

text: Annelids such as Serpulites are common fossils in some horizons. Among the mollusca, the bivalves continue to increase in numbers and importance. Typical genera include Aviculopecten, Posidonomya, Nucula, Carbonicola, Edmondia, and Modiola Gastropods are also numerous, including the genera Murchisonia, Euomphalus, Naticopsis. Nautiloid cephalopods are represented by tightly coiled nautilids, with straight-shelled and curved-shelled forms becoming increasingly rare. Goniatite ammonoids are common.

text: Annelid

text: s such as Serpulites are common fossils in some horizons. Among the mollusca, the

text: bivalve

text: s continue to increase in numbers and importance. Typical genera include

text: Aviculopecten

text: Posidonomya

text: Nucula

text: Carbonicola

text: , Edmondia, and Modiola

text: Gastropod

text: s are also numerous, including the genera Murchisonia,

text: Euomphalus

text: , Naticopsis.

text: Nautiloid

text: cephalopod

text: s are represented by tightly coiled

text: nautilids

text: , with straight-shelled and curved-shelled forms becoming increasingly rare.

text: Goniatite

text: ammonoids

text: are common.

text: A micromollusk is a shelled mollusk which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to marine mollusks, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater mollusks also reach adult size at very small dimensions.

text: A micromollusk is a

text: shelled

text: mollusk

text: which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied to

text: marine

text: mollusks, although in addition, numerous species of land snails and freshwater mollusks also reach adult size at very small dimensions.

text: The test of the Chitinozoa was fixed - there was no scope for any parts of it to move or rotate. This makes it seem likely that the tests were containers, to protect whatever was inside - whether that was a "hibernating" or encysted organism, or a clutch of hatching eggs.There are several arguments behind an association of the chitinozoans with annelids or gastropods, and it is not impossible that the chitinozoans are a convergent phenomenon laid by both groups. In fact, the spirally coiled nature of chitinozoan chains has been used to suggest that they were laid by a spirally coiled organism, such as the gastropods; were this inference true, uncoiled chains could be to be attributed to the (straight) annelid worms or other organisms.

text: The test of the Chitinozoa was fixed - there was no scope for any parts of it to move or rotate. This makes it seem likely that the tests were containers, to protect whatever was inside - whether that was a "hibernating" or encysted organism, or a clutch of hatching eggs.There are several arguments behind an association of the chitinozoans with

text: annelid

text: s or

text: gastropod

text: s, and it is not impossible that the chitinozoans are a convergent phenomenon laid by both groups. In fact, the spirally coiled nature of chitinozoan chains has been used to suggest that they were laid by a spirally coiled organism, such as the gastropods; were this inference true, uncoiled chains could be to be attributed to the (straight) annelid worms or other organisms.

text: The organisms found in the Ediacaran Hills in Southern Australia displayed either radially symmetric body plans or, one organism, Spriggina, displayed the first bilateral symmetry. The Ediacaran Hills are thought to have once had a shallow reef where more light could penetrate the bottom of the ocean floor. This allowed for more diversity of organisms. The organisms found here resemble relatives of the cnidarians, mollusks or annelids.

text: The organisms found in the Ediacaran Hills in Southern Australia displayed either radially symmetric body plans or, one organism, Spriggina, displayed the first bilateral symmetry. The Ediacaran Hills are thought to have once had a shallow

text: reef

text: where more light could penetrate the bottom of the ocean floor. This allowed for more

text: diversity

text: of organisms. The organisms found here resemble relatives of the

text: cnidarians

text: mollusks

text: or

text: annelids

text: The peristomium is the second body segment in an annelid worm's body in the anterior end. It is directly behind the prostomium and contains the mouth, tentacular cirri, and sometimes feeding palps, which may instead occur on the prostomium. If an eversible pharynx is present, it is contained in this segment as well, and can fill up to 20 segments when inverted, depending on the species.

text: The peristomium is the second body segment in an

text: annelid

text: worm's body in the anterior end. It is directly behind the

text: prostomium

text: and contains the mouth,

text: tentacular cirri

text: , and sometimes feeding palps, which may instead occur on the

text: prostomium

text: . If an eversible pharynx is present, it is contained in this segment as well, and can fill up to 20 segments when inverted, depending on the species.

text: Indoplanorbis is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snail. Its only member species is Indoplanorbis exustus, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. The species is widely distributed across the tropics. It serves as an important intermediate host for several trematode parasites. The invasive nature and ecological tolerance of Indoplanorbis exustus add to its importance in veterinary and medical science.

text: Indoplanorbis is a

text: genus

text: of air-breathing

text: freshwater snail

text: . Its

text: only member

text: species is Indoplanorbis exustus, an

text: aquatic

text: pulmonate

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Planorbidae

text: , the

text: ram

text: 's horn snails. The species is widely distributed across the tropics. It serves as an important

text: intermediate host

text: for several

text: trematode

text: parasites. The

text: invasive

text: nature and ecological tolerance of Indoplanorbis exustus add to its importance in veterinary and medical science.

text: The phylogenetic placement of this phylum in the past has proved troublesome. Originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters, the phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly on the basis of developmental and larval characters. Currently these two phyla have been included in a larger group, the Lophotrochozoa, that also includes the annelids, the ribbon worms and several other phyla. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the mitochondrion's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Myzostomida and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults.

text: The

text: phylogenetic

text: placement of this phylum in the past has proved troublesome. Originally classified as

text: annelid

text: s, despite the complete lack of segmentation,

text: bristle

text: s and other annelid characters, the phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the

text: Mollusca

text: , mostly on the basis of

text: development

text: al and

text: larva

text: l characters. Currently these two phyla have been included in a larger group, the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , that also includes the

text: annelid

text: s, the

text: ribbon worms

text: and several other phyla. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the

text: mitochondrion

text: 's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the

text: Myzostomida

text: and Annelida (including

text: echiura

text: ns and

text: pogonophorans

text: ). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults.

text: The Peripatoides indigo can grow up to 9 cm long, and it has a deep blue/purple coloured velvety appearance - hence the common name of this group. This is due to the many tiny papillae present on their skin surface, which also have fine bristles. Its head bears two large antennae, and also a set of small oral papillae which secrete jets of a paralytic slime used in stalking and hunting prey. It has 16 pairs of short legs, which have a hook-shaped claw at the end. This genus also all have a hydrostatic skeleton, a muscular body filled with fluid similar to annelids, but also a chitinous exoskeleton, like the arthropods. Therefore as the P. indigo continually grows, it must undergo ecydysis (moulting) every few weeks to enable this. The many legs walking in co-ordination together can over a distance of 200mm in about a minute, slow in comparison to species elsewhere The velvet worms have simple eyes, however it is primarily just for detecting light rather than detailed sight - this is mainly used to determine whether it is night or day, enabling it to come out at night to avoid desiccation P. indigo breathes through small pores in the side, called spiracles. These spiracles are usually able to be opened and closed in response to the environment both inside and outside the organism, but in the P. indigo this is not the case. The spiracles are permanently open, therefore desiccation (drying out) is an issue – hence the P. indigo chooses damp, humid habitats underneath rocks and rotting logs.

text: The reproductive system of gastropods (slugs and snails) varies greatly from one group to another within this very large and diverse taxonomic class of animals. Their reproductive strategies also vary greatly, see Mating of gastropods.

text: The

text: reproductive system

text: of

text: gastropod

text: s (

text: slug

text: s and

text: snail

text: s) varies greatly from one group to another within this very large and diverse taxonomic class of animals. Their

text: reproductive

text: strategies also vary greatly, see

text: Mating of gastropods

text: The Great Himalayan National Park is home to more than 375 faunal species. So far species of 31 mammals, 181 birds, 3 reptiles, 9 amphibians, 11 annelids, 17 mollusks and 127 insects belonging to six orders have been identified and documented. Most of the Himalayan fauna has been given protection under the high priority protection category of Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The state government of Himachal Pradesh has banned hunting in the state for more than ten years.  A trek of 35 to 45 km in any of the park's valleys brings one into the high altitude habitat (3,500 m and above) of animals such as blue sheep, snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan tahr, and musk deer. Best sightings can be made in autumn (September–November) as animals start their seasonal migration to lower altitudes.

text: The Great Himalayan National Park is home to more than 375 faunal species. So far species of 31 mammals, 181 birds, 3 reptiles, 9 amphibians, 11 annelids, 17 mollusks and 127 insects belonging to six orders have been identified and documented. Most of the Himalayan fauna has been given protection under the high priority protection category of Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The state government of Himachal Pradesh has banned hunting in the state for more than ten years.  A trek of 35 to 45 km in any of the park's valleys brings one into the high altitude habitat (3,500 m and above) of animals such as

text: blue sheep

text: snow leopard

text: Himalayan brown bear

text: Himalayan tahr

text: , and

text: musk deer

text: . Best sightings can be made in autumn (September–November) as animals start their seasonal migration to lower altitudes.

text: In "The Mollusk", or "Notes pour un coquillage", the scientific term "protoplasm" is ingeniously juxtaposed with "glob of spit", again exemplifying Ponge's preferred technique of poetic, or real life, dictionary definitions. It has been said of Ponge's recasting of ideas in Le Parti pris des choses that it is not merely meant to be another way of thinking about and viewing objects or concepts, but an attempt to redefine how language is used, as human speech is wittily compared to the secretions of a mollusk.

text: In "The Mollusk", or "Notes pour un coquillage", the scientific term "

text: protoplasm

text: " is ingeniously juxtaposed with "glob of spit", again exemplifying Ponge's preferred technique of poetic, or real life, dictionary definitions. It has been said of Ponge's recasting of ideas in Le Parti pris des choses that it is not merely meant to be another way of thinking about and viewing objects or concepts, but an attempt to redefine how language is used, as human speech is wittily compared to the secretions of a mollusk.

text: A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to sea snails and freshwater snails. Land snail is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as slugs). However, it is not always easy to say which species are terrestrial, because some are more or less amphibious between land and freshwater, and others are relatively amphibious between land and saltwater.

text: A land snail is any of the numerous species of

text: snail

text: that live on land, as opposed to

text: sea snail

text: s and

text: freshwater snail

text: s. Land snail is the

text: common name

text: for

text: terrestrial

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s that have

text: shells

text: (those without shells are known as

text: slug

text: s). However, it is not always easy to say which species are terrestrial, because some are more or less

text: amphibious

text: between land and freshwater, and others are relatively amphibious between land and saltwater.

text: It feeds mainly on crustaceans, sea urchins, hard-shelled invertebrates, and mollusks.

text: It feeds mainly on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: sea urchin

text: s, hard-shelled

text: invertebrates

text: , and

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: 10 F#@king Years is a segment that was featured on the show throughout 2006, to celebrate the show's tenth anniversary. The segment usually features host Jon Stewart offering a nostalgic look back at the show's past segments (normally spanning Stewart's run as host), usually focusing on a specific theme. The segment debuted on July 17, 2006 around the time of the show's actual anniversary. The segment continued on until the end of 2006, when the anniversary was over.

text: Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia  to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

text: Many annelids move by

text: peristalsis

text: (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using

text: parapodia

text: to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-

text: sessile

text: or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of

text: cilia

text: (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

text: According to more recent analyses, in the development of nemertean embryos, ectomesoderm (outer part of the mesoderm, which is the layer in which most of the internal organs are built) is derived from cells labelled 3a and 3b, and endomesoderm (inner part of the mesoderm) is derived from the 4d cell. Some of the ectomesoderm in annelids, echiurans and molluscs is derived from cells 3a and 3b, while the ectomesoderm of polyclad flatworms is derived from the 2b cell and acoel flatworms produce no ectomesoderm. In nemerteans the space between the epidermis and the gut is mainly primarily by well-developed muscles embedded in noncellular connective tissue. This structure is similar to that found in larger flatworms such as polyclads and triclads, but a similar structure of body-wall muscles embedded in noncellular connective tissue is widespread among the Spiralia (animals in which the early cell divisions make a spiral pattern) such as sipunculans, echiurans and many annelids.

text: According to more recent analyses, in the development of nemertean embryos, ectomesoderm (outer part of the mesoderm, which is the layer in which most of the internal organs are built) is derived from cells labelled 3a and 3b, and endomesoderm (inner part of the mesoderm) is derived from the 4d cell. Some of the ectomesoderm in

text: annelids

text: echiuran

text: s and

text: mollusc

text: s is derived from cells 3a and 3b, while the ectomesoderm of

text: polyclad

text: flatworm

text: s is derived from the 2b cell and

text: acoel

text: flatworms produce no ectomesoderm. In nemerteans the space between the epidermis and the gut is mainly primarily by well-developed muscles embedded in noncellular

text: connective tissue

text: . This structure is similar to that found in larger flatworms such as

text: polyclad

text: s and

text: triclad

text: s, but a similar structure of body-wall muscles embedded in noncellular connective tissue is widespread among the

text: Spiralia

text: (animals in which the early cell divisions make a spiral pattern) such as

text: sipuncula

text: ns,

text: echiura

text: ns and many annelids.

text: Annelids only possess one nuchal organ, although the nature of the grooving may make it appear to be a pair of organs.

text: Annelids only possess one

text: nuchal

text: organ, although the nature of the grooving may make it appear to be a pair of organs.

text: Organized complexity, in Weaver's view, resides in nothing else than the non-random, or correlated, interaction between the parts. These correlated relationships create a differentiated structure that can, as a system, interact with other systems. The coordinated system manifests properties not carried or dictated by individual parts. The organized aspect of this form of complexity vis-a-vis to other systems than the subject system can be said to "emerge," without any "guiding hand".

text: When the shipwreck led them to a  mysterious island, known as Mollusk Island, Molly is kidnapped by Slank and Peter saves her from him, along with the help of James, Thomas, Prentiss, and Tubby Ted who all go by the gang name, The Lost Boys.  The book ends with Molly and Peter saying goodbye to each other and with Peter promising to visit her in England. Molly and her father, Leonard Aster, return to the real world, while Peter and the Lost Boys remain on Mollusk Island, which they rename Neverland, the name of the ship that was shipwrecked.

text: When the shipwreck led them to a  mysterious island, known as Mollusk Island, Molly is kidnapped by Slank and Peter saves her from him, along with the help of James, Thomas, Prentiss, and Tubby Ted who all go by the gang name,

text: The Lost Boys

text: .  The book ends with Molly and Peter saying goodbye to each other and with Peter promising to visit her in England. Molly and her father, Leonard Aster, return to the real world, while Peter and the Lost Boys remain on Mollusk Island, which they rename Neverland, the name of the ship that was shipwrecked.

text: Scaphandridae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily ???.

text: Scaphandridae is a

text: family

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the superfamily ???.

text: These snails are extremely unusual in that their shells consist of two separate hinged pieces or valves. The valves are joined by a ligament, and look nothing like a normal snail shell; instead the valves look almost exactly like the two hinged valves of a clam, a bivalve mollusk, a related but very different class of mollusks.

text: These snails are extremely unusual in that their shells consist of two separate hinged pieces or

text: valves

text: . The valves are joined by a ligament, and look nothing like a normal

text: snail shell

text: ; instead the valves look almost exactly like the two hinged valves of a

text: clam

text: , a

text: bivalve

text: mollusk, a related but very different class of mollusks.

text: Arthropods, molluscs, annelids and seeds.

text: Arthropod

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s and seeds.

text: Ithycythara is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Ithycythara is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: Among the most diverse invertebrate groups are the amphipod crustaceans, freshwater snails, annelid worms, and  turbellarian worms:

text: Among the most diverse invertebrate groups are the

text: amphipod

text: crustaceans,

text: freshwater snail

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms, and

text: turbellaria

text: n worms:

text: The fry frequent shallow areas with rocky and sandy substrates, where they feed on insects and worms such as annelids and polychaetes. Young flatheads are also cannibalistic, which has largely precluded their presence in aquaculture.

text: The fry frequent shallow areas with rocky and sandy substrates, where they feed on insects and worms such as

text: annelid

text: s and

text: polychaete

text: s. Young flatheads are also

text: cannibalistic

text: , which has largely precluded their presence in

text: aquaculture

text: Endemic annelids number less than a dozen known species but include the Kinabalu giant red leech that preys on various earthworms, including the Kinabalu giant earthworm.

text: Endemic annelids number less than a dozen known species but include the

text: Kinabalu giant red leech

text: that preys on various earthworms, including the

text: Kinabalu giant earthworm

text: Taxonomically, this genus is interesting. The name Davidina was proposed by Brignoli in 1985 as a replacement for the original name Davidia, proposed by Schenkel in 1963. This was necessary according to ICZN rules, because Davidia had already been established by Hicks in 1873 as the name of a genus of Cycloconchidae, fossil mollusks. However, Brignoli overlooked that in 1879, Oberthür had already named a genus of Satyrini thus. Possibly, Brignioli believed the mollusk genus to be a nomen dubium; it is certainly weakly defined (Carter 1971 fide Sánchez 1999) but it is still generally accepted as valid. In any case, the lepidopteran genus is well-defined and valid. Thus, another replacement name for the spider became necessary.

text: Taxonomical

text: ly, this genus is interesting. The name Davidina was proposed by Brignoli in 1985 as a replacement for the original name Davidia, proposed by Schenkel in 1963. This was necessary according to

entity_name: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

text: ICZN

text: rules, because

text: Davidia

text: had already been established by Hicks in 1873 as the name of a genus of

text: Cycloconchidae

text: fossil

text: mollusk

text: s. However, Brignoli overlooked that in 1879,

text: Oberthür

text: had already named a genus of

text: Satyrini

text: thus

text: . Possibly, Brignioli believed the mollusk genus to be a

text: nomen dubium

text: ; it is certainly weakly defined (Carter 1971 fide Sánchez 1999) but it is still generally accepted as valid. In any case, the

text: lepidoptera

text: n genus is well-defined and valid. Thus, another replacement name for the spider became necessary.

text: Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it.  The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.

text: Most annelids have a pair of

text: coelom

text: ata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by

text: septa

text: and from each other by vertical

text: mesenteries

text: . Each septum forms a sandwich with

text: connective tissue

text: in the middle and

text: mesothelium

text: membrane

text: that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it.  The mesothelium is made of modified

text: epitheliomuscular

text: cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form

text: muscle

text: fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form

text: chloragogen cell

text: s that perform similar functions to the

text: liver

text: s of vertebrates: producing and storing

text: glycogen

text: and

text: fat

text: ; producing the

text: oxygen

text: -carrier

text: hemoglobin

text: ; breaking down

text: protein

text: s; and turning

text: nitrogen

text: ous waste products into

text: ammonia

text: and

text: urea

text: to be

text: excreted

text: These species feed on small aquatic animals such as mollusks, brine shrimp and other crustaceans, larval insects, segmented worms, tadpoles, and small fish.

text: These species feed on small aquatic animals such as

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: brine shrimp

text: and other

text: crustacean

text: s, larval

text: insect

text: s,

text: segmented worm

text: s,

text: tadpole

text: s, and small

text: fish

text: There has been some debate as to the placement of Canadia within the Annelida phylum. Although it is commonly accepted to be within Annelida, it is uncertain how it relates to modern annelids. Most paleontologists agree that it belongs to the class Polychaeta due in part to the presence of Parapodium. It has been proposed to be a member of the order Phyllodocida along with Wiwaxia, another organism from the Burgess Shale. Both were placed in a new superfamily called Canadiacea, and were thought to be of closer relationship to each other than to modern annelids. However, Wiwaxia is no longer believed to have been an annelid and there is currently dispute as to whether or not Canadia should be classified as belonging to anything more derived than Polychaeta.

text: There has been some debate as to the placement of Canadia within the

text: Annelida

text: phylum. Although it is commonly accepted to be within Annelida, it is uncertain how it relates to modern annelids. Most paleontologists agree that it belongs to the class Polychaeta due in part to the presence of

text: Parapodium

text: . It has been proposed to be a member of the order

text: Phyllodocida

text: along with

text: Wiwaxia

text: , another organism from the Burgess Shale. Both were placed in a new superfamily called Canadiacea, and were thought to be of closer relationship to each other than to modern annelids. However,

text: Wiwaxia

text: is no longer believed to have been an annelid and there is currently dispute as to whether or not Canadia should be classified as belonging to anything more derived than Polychaeta.

text: The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.

text: The

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the

text: Mollusca

text: and

text: Annelida

text: . The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as

text: snail

text: s,

text: clam

text: s, and

text: squid

text: s, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as

text: earthworm

text: s and

text: leech

text: es. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of

text: trochophore

text: larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered

text: convergent evolution

text: , owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the

text: Nemertea

text: or ribbon worms, the

text: Sipuncula

text: , and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a

text: lophophore

text: . These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be

text: paraphyletic

text: , with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the

text: Brachiopoda

text: or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the

text: Entoprocta

text: , the

text: Phoronida

text: , and possibly the

text: Bryozoa

text: or moss animals.

text: Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms. Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians, many annelid worms including polychaetes and some oligochaetes, turbellarians and sea stars. Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation, such as gemma in liverworts. Most lichens, which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria, reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont. These fragments can take the form of soredia, dust-like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells.

text: Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown individual. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms. Animals that reproduce asexually include

text: planarian

text: s, many

text: annelid

text: worms including

text: polychaete

text: s and some

text: oligochaete

text: s,

text: turbellarians

text: and

text: sea stars

text: . Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually. Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation, such as

text: gemma

text: in

text: liverworts

text: . Most

text: lichen

text: s, which are a

text: symbiotic

text: union of a fungus and

text: photosynthetic

text: algae or bacteria, reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont. These fragments can take the form of soredia, dust-like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells.

text: In vertebrates, opiates modulate nociception and opioid receptor antagonists, e.g. naloxone and CTOP, reverse this effect. So, if opiates have similar effects in invertebrates as vertebrates, they should delay or reduce any protective response and the opioid antagonist should counteract this. It has been found that molluscs and insects have opioid binding sites or opioid general sensitivity. Certainly there are many examples of neuropeptides involved in vertebrate pain responses being found in invertebrates; for example, endorphins have been found in platyhelminthes, molluscs, annelids, crustaceans and insects. It should be noted, however, that apart from analgesia, there are other effects of exogenous opiates specifically being involved in feeding behaviour and activation of immunocytes. These latter functions might explain the presence of opioids and opioid receptors in extremely simple invertebrates and unicellular animals.

text: In vertebrates,

text: opiates

text: modulate nociception and

text: opioid receptor

text: antagonists, e.g.

text: naloxone

text: and CTOP, reverse this effect. So, if opiates have similar effects in invertebrates as vertebrates, they should delay or reduce any protective response and the opioid antagonist should counteract this. It has been found that molluscs and insects have opioid binding sites or opioid general sensitivity. Certainly there are many examples of

text: neuropeptides

text: involved in vertebrate pain responses being found in invertebrates; for example,

text: endorphins

text: have been found in platyhelminthes, molluscs, annelids, crustaceans and insects. It should be noted, however, that apart from analgesia, there are other effects of exogenous opiates specifically being involved in feeding behaviour and activation of immunocytes. These latter functions might explain the presence of opioids and opioid receptors in extremely simple invertebrates and unicellular animals.

text: In annelids such as earthworms and leeches, circular and longitudinal muscles cells form the body wall of these animals and are responsible for their movement. In an earthworm that is moving through a soil, for example, contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles occur reciprocally while the coelomic fluid serves as a hydroskeleton by maintaining turgidity of the earthworm. When the circular muscles in the anterior segments contract, the anterior portion of animal's body begins to constrict radially, which pushes the incompressible coelomic fluid forward and increasing the length of the animal. As a result, the front end of the animal moves forward. As the front end of the earthworm becomes anchored and the circular muscles in the anterior segments become relaxed, a wave of longitudinal muscle contractions passes backwards, which pulls the rest of animal's trailing body forward. These alternating waves of circular and longitudinal contractions is called peristalsis, which underlies the creeping movement of earthworms.

text: In

text: annelids

text: such as

text: earthworms

text: and

text: leeches

text: , circular and longitudinal muscles cells form the body wall of these animals and are responsible for their movement. In an earthworm that is moving through a soil, for example, contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles occur reciprocally while the

text: coelomic fluid

text: serves as a

text: hydroskeleton

text: by maintaining turgidity of the earthworm. When the circular muscles in the anterior segments contract, the anterior portion of animal's body begins to constrict radially, which pushes the incompressible coelomic fluid forward and increasing the length of the animal. As a result, the front end of the animal moves forward. As the front end of the earthworm becomes anchored and the circular muscles in the anterior segments become relaxed, a wave of longitudinal muscle contractions passes backwards, which pulls the rest of animal's trailing body forward. These alternating waves of circular and longitudinal contractions is called

text: peristalsis

text: , which underlies the creeping movement of earthworms.

text: Inanidrilus bulbosus is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus bulbosus is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The Acadian redfish feeds on a variety of crustaceans, mollusks, and smaller fish. In addition, the Acadian redfish mates in the fall to late winter through means of "ovoviviparous reproduction" with around "15,000 [to] 20,000 extruded larvae produced per female" per season. Due to its slow growth rate, low fecundity, harmless nature, tendency to "hit almost any bait," and being considered a great food fish, the redfish has become endangered. Due to conservation efforts, the redfish population has rebounded and the species has been declared fully rebuilt as of June, 2012. The Acadian redfish is preyed on by the halibut, the Atlantic cod, swordfishes and harbor seals.

text: The Acadian redfish feeds on a variety of crustaceans, mollusks, and smaller fish. In addition, the Acadian redfish mates in the fall to late winter through means of "ovoviviparous reproduction" with around "15,000 [to] 20,000 extruded larvae produced per female" per season. Due to its slow growth rate, low fecundity, harmless nature, tendency to "hit almost any bait," and being considered a great food fish, the redfish has become endangered. Due to conservation efforts, the redfish population has rebounded and the species has been declared fully rebuilt as of June, 2012. The Acadian redfish is

text: preyed

text: on by the

text: halibut

text: , the

text: Atlantic cod

text: swordfish

text: es and

text: harbor seal

text: s.

text: This species is monoecious, meaning it has both male and female reproductive organs, which are found within each individual trematode, consisting of a single ovary and testes. It reproduces in the definitive host and then passes unembryonated eggs in the feces. A key reproductive feature is that they are oviparous which means the female releases the eggs and the development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. There is no parental investment from the trematode beyond the release of its eggs.

text: The dog feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimps, and yabbies (freshwater crayfish) that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses its cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface for eating.

text: The

text: dog

text: feeds on

text: annelid

text: worms,

text: insect larvae

text: , freshwater

text: shrimp

text: s, and

text: yabbies

text: (freshwater crayfish) that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses its cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface for eating.

text: Inanidrilus extremus is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus extremus is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: Growth is slow, and the veligers are carried by the ocean currents for up to 14 weeks. As the veligers mature, they develop their first shell (the smooth protoconch) and turn into very small juvenile snails, at which point they sink to the ocean floor. As is the case in all shelled mollusks, the mantle is what secretes the shell; shell growth begins at what will later become the apex of the shell, and typically rotates clockwise. As the animal gradually matures, the mantle continues to secrete shell material. Scotch bonnets complete maturation in one to six years. However, some have lived more than six years.

text: Growth is slow, and the veligers are carried by the ocean currents for up to 14 weeks. As the veligers mature, they develop their first shell (the smooth

text: protoconch

text: ) and turn into very small juvenile snails, at which point they sink to the ocean floor. As is the case in all shelled mollusks, the

text: mantle

text: is what secretes the shell; shell growth begins at what will later become the apex of the shell, and typically rotates clockwise. As the animal gradually matures, the mantle continues to secrete shell material. Scotch bonnets complete maturation in one to six years. However, some have lived more than six years.

text: A curious pattern of reproduction has been found in Polycheira rufescens, where specimens change their sex from male to female and from female to male in a reproductive season

text: A curious pattern of reproduction has been found in

text: Polycheira rufescens

text: , where specimens change their sex from male to female and from female to male in a reproductive season

text: Conus litoglyphus, common name the lithograph cone,  is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, more popularly known as a cone snail, cone shell or cone.

text: Conus litoglyphus, common name the lithograph cone,  is a

text: species

text: of

text: predatory

text: sea

text: snail

text: , a

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: , more popularly known as a

text: cone snail

text: , cone shell or cone.

text: Inanidrilus leukodermatus is a species of Annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus leukodermatus is a

text: species

text: of

text: Annelid

text: worm.

text: Spengel (1893) suggested affinities of Balanoglossus with annelids.

text: When a segment is filled, LFS goes on to fill the next free or clean segment.  Segments are said to be dirty if they contain live blocks, or blocks for which no newer copies exist further ahead in the log.   The LFS garbage collector turns dirty segments into clean ones by copying live blocks from the dirty segment into the current segment and skipping the rest.  The summary block in each segment contains a map to track live blocks.

text: When a segment is filled, LFS goes on to fill the next free or clean segment.  Segments are said to be dirty if they contain live blocks, or blocks for which no newer copies exist further ahead in the log.   The LFS

text: garbage collector

text: turns dirty segments into clean ones by copying live blocks from the dirty segment into the current segment and skipping the rest.  The summary block in each segment contains a map to track live blocks.

text: Pilsbry (frequently misspelled Pilsbury) spent his childhood and youth in Iowa. He was called "Harry" Pilsbry then, and developed an early fascination with the limited variety of mollusks he was able to find. He attended the University of Iowa, and received the Bachelor of Science degree there in 1882, but did not immediately find employment in his field of interest. Instead, Henry Pilsbry worked for publishing firms and newspapers for the next several years, but devoted most of his spare time to the study of mollusks.

text: Pilsbry (frequently misspelled Pilsbury) spent his childhood and youth in Iowa. He was called "Harry" Pilsbry then, and developed an early fascination with the limited variety of mollusks he was able to find. He attended the

text: University of Iowa

text: , and received the Bachelor of Science degree there in 1882, but did not immediately find employment in his field of interest. Instead, Henry Pilsbry worked for publishing firms and newspapers for the next several years, but devoted most of his spare time to the study of mollusks.

text: Reproduction is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the cellular and molecular biology of reproduction, including the development of gametes and early embryos in all species; developmental processes such as cell differentiation, morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models, assisted reproductive technologies in model systems and in a clinical environment, and reproductive endocrinology, immunology and physiology.

text: Reproduction is a monthly

text: peer-reviewed

text: medical journal

text: covering the

text: cellular

text: and

text: molecular biology

text: of

text: reproduction

text: , including the development of

text: gametes

text: and early

text: embryos

text: in all

text: species

text: ; developmental processes such as

text: cell differentiation

text: morphogenesis

text: and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and

text: disease

text: models,

text: assisted reproductive technologies

text: in

text: model systems

text: and in a clinical environment, and

text: reproductive endocrinology

text: immunology

text: and

text: physiology

text: The lesser sand plover's feeds on insects, crustaceans and annelid worms, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. This species takes fewer steps and shorter pauses than the greater sand plover when feeding.

text: The lesser sand plover's feeds on

text: insect

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: annelid

text: worms, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. This species takes fewer steps and shorter pauses than the greater sand plover when feeding.

text: Peter wants to get off the island, and begins gathering materials for a raft. Molly reminds him of the trunk and the mission. Out in the sea, the boys and Molly notice a flashing light. It is Lord Aster, contacting Molly using Norse Code (a system akin to Morse Code used by ancient Vikings.) Lord Aster instructs Molly to bring the trunk to the beach. The boys and Molly race to the top of the mountain to retrieve the trunk, with the Mollusks in hot pursuit. To give Molly room to reach the mountain, Peter draws the Mollusks' attention to himself.

text: Given a permutation σ, one may also determine a set of line segments s with endpoints (i,0) and (σ,1). The endpoints of these segments lie on the two parallel lines y = 0 and y = 1, and two segments have a non-empty intersection if and only if they correspond to an inversion in the permutation. Thus, the permutation graph of σ coincides with the intersection graph of the segments. For every two parallel lines, and every finite set of line segments with endpoints on both lines, the intersection graph of the segments is a permutation graph; in the case that the segment endpoints are all distinct, a permutation for which it is the permutation graph may be given by numbering the segments on one of the two lines in consecutive order, and reading off these numbers in the order that the segment endpoints appear on the other line.

text: Given a permutation σ, one may also determine a set of

text: line segment

text: s s with endpoints (i,0) and (σ,1). The endpoints of these segments lie on the two parallel lines y = 0 and y = 1, and two segments have a non-empty intersection if and only if they correspond to an inversion in the permutation. Thus, the permutation graph of σ coincides with the

text: intersection graph

text: of the segments. For every two parallel lines, and every finite set of line segments with endpoints on both lines, the intersection graph of the segments is a permutation graph; in the case that the segment endpoints are all distinct, a permutation for which it is the permutation graph may be given by numbering the segments on one of the two lines in consecutive order, and reading off these numbers in the order that the segment endpoints appear on the other line.

text: Swima is a genus of polychaete worm that lives in the deep ocean. This deep ocean pelagic (free-swimming) annelid has modified bioluminescent gills that can be cast off from an individual. These discarded gills somewhat resemble green "bombs" that remain illuminated for several seconds after they have been discarded. It is thought that this is a defensive mechanism rather than reproductive, as it is seen in both mature and juvenile individuals. Animals of the Swima genus are closely related to the recently discovered Teuthidodrilus genus, another pelagic cirratuliform of the bathyal zone.

text: Swima is a

text: genus

text: of

text: polychaete

text: worm

text: that lives in the deep ocean. This

text: deep ocean

text: pelagic

text: (free-swimming)

text: annelid

text: has modified

text: bioluminescent

text: gill

text: s that can be cast off from an individual. These discarded gills somewhat resemble green "bombs" that remain illuminated for several seconds after they have been discarded. It is thought that this is a defensive mechanism rather than reproductive, as it is seen in both mature and juvenile individuals. Animals of the Swima genus are closely related to the recently discovered

text: Teuthidodrilus

text: genus, another pelagic

text: cirratuliform

text: of the

text: bathyal zone

text: Erpobdella triannulata is an annelid in the Erpobdellidae family.

text: Erpobdella triannulata is an

text: annelid

text: in the

text: Erpobdellidae

text: family.

text: Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place within them. The evolution of  photosynthesis, around 3.5 Ga, eventually led to a buildup of its waste product, oxygen, in the atmosphere, leading to the great oxygenation event, beginning around 2.4 Ga. The earliest evidence of eukaryotes (complex cells with organelles) dates from 1.85 Ga, and while they may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their metabolism. Later, around 1.7 Ga, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions. Sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (gametes) to create a zygote in a process called fertilization is, in contrast to asexual reproduction, the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all eukaryotes (which includes animals and plants). However the origin and evolution of sexual reproduction remain a puzzle for biologists though it did evolve from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species.<ref name="Letunic I and Bork P">

text: Microbial mats of coexisting

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: were the dominant form of life in the early

text: Archean

text: and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place within them. The evolution of

text: photosynthesis

text: , around 3.5 Ga, eventually led to a buildup of its waste product,

text: oxygen

text: , in the atmosphere, leading to the

text: great oxygenation event

text: , beginning around 2.4 Ga. The earliest evidence of

text: eukaryote

text: s (complex

text: cell

text: s with

text: organelle

text: s) dates from 1.85 Ga, and while they may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their

text: metabolism

text: . Later, around 1.7 Ga,

text: multicellular organism

text: s began to appear, with

text: differentiated cell

text: s performing specialised functions.

text: Sexual reproduction

text: , which involves the fusion of male and female reproductive cells (

text: gamete

text: s) to create a

text: zygote

text: in a process called

text: fertilization

text: is, in contrast to

text: asexual reproduction

text: , the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all

text: eukaryotes

text: (which includes

text: animal

text: s and

text: plant

text: s). However the origin and

text: evolution of sexual reproduction

text: remain a puzzle for biologists though it did evolve from a

text: common ancestor

text: that was a single celled eukaryotic species.<ref name="Letunic I and Bork P">

text: The periproct is the final body segment in annelid worms.  The anus is located on this segment.  The term also refers to the small region surrounding the anus of the sea urchin.

text: The periproct is the final body segment in

text: annelid

text: worms.  The

text: anus

text: is located on this segment.  The term also refers to the small region surrounding the anus of the

text: sea urchin

text: Inanidrilus carterensis is a species of marine annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus carterensis is a

text: species

text: of marine

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The snipe feed on a variety of small invertebrates, including annelids, amphipods, spiders and insects, obtained by probing with their long bills in the soil and leaf litter.

text: The snipe feed on a variety of small invertebrates, including

text: annelid

text: s,

text: amphipod

text: s,

text: spider

text: s and

text: insect

text: s, obtained by probing with their long bills in the soil and leaf litter.

text: The crab feeds on mollusks, annelid worms, other benthic invertebrates, and bits of fish. Lacking jaws, it grinds up the food with bristles on its legs and a gizzard that contains sand and gravel.

text: The crab feeds on

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms, other benthic

text: invertebrate

text: s, and bits of fish. Lacking jaws, it grinds up the food with bristles on its legs and a

text: gizzard

text: that contains sand and gravel.

text: Geodakyan Evolutionary Theory of Sex theory (ETS) (ETS) was proposed by Vigen Geodakyan in 1960-80s. This theory has many components related to systemic effects in sex ratios, shapes of phenotypic distributions in male and female phenotypes, sex dimorphism, mutation rates in genotypes, sex differences in birth ratios, mortality rates, and in susceptibility to new diseases.Geodakyan started working on the theory in 1965. Two main hypotheses of this theory that complement each other are: the principle of conjugated subsystems and the theory of asynchronous evolution. These hypotheses relate to the paradox of sexual reproduction  and suggest an explanation of why sexual reproduction became the most common way of reproduction among three types of reproduction known in biology: asexual, hermaphrodite reproduction and sexual reproduction. The paradox of sexual reproduction (discussed more on the page evolution of sexual reproduction) notes that Hermaphrodite reproduction gives the highest diversity of configurations and an easier mating process than bi-sexual reproduction (such as in humans, when half of the members (males) can’t reproduce and can only diversify the genes). Since in bi-sexual reproduction members of species can mate only with the opposite sex, there are fewer opportunities for mating and a lower diversity of outcome of their gene recombinations, in comparison to hermaphrodites. Meanwhile bisexual species still have to share food and other resources with members who don’t reproduce (males). In spite of these disadvantages of bi-sexual reproduction, paradoxically, most plants and animals shifted from hermaphroditism and gonochorism to sexual dimorphism. Why? (Figure 1). (for comparison of types of reproduction see the review: In 2001, Vladimir Iskrin began refining and expanding on Geodakyan's theory.

text: Geodakyan Evolutionary Theory of Sex theory (ETS) (ETS) was proposed by Vigen Geodakyan in 1960-80s. This theory has many components related to systemic effects in

text: sex ratio

text: s, shapes of phenotypic distributions in male and female phenotypes,

text: sex dimorphism

text: mutation rate

text: s in genotypes, sex differences in

text: birth ratio

text: s,

text: mortality rates

text: , and in susceptibility to new diseases.Geodakyan started working on the theory in 1965. Two main hypotheses of this theory that complement each other are: the principle of conjugated subsystems and the theory of asynchronous evolution. These hypotheses relate to the paradox of

text: sexual reproduction

text: and suggest an explanation of why sexual reproduction became the most common way of reproduction among three types of reproduction known in biology:

text: asexual

text: hermaphrodite

text: reproduction and

text: sexual reproduction

text: . The paradox of sexual reproduction (discussed more on the page

text: evolution of sexual reproduction

text: ) notes that

text: Hermaphrodite

text: reproduction gives the highest diversity of configurations and an easier mating process than bi-sexual reproduction (such as in humans, when half of the members (males) can’t reproduce and can only diversify the genes). Since in bi-sexual reproduction members of species can mate only with the opposite sex, there are fewer opportunities for mating and a lower diversity of outcome of their gene recombinations, in comparison to hermaphrodites. Meanwhile bisexual species still have to share food and other resources with members who don’t reproduce (males). In spite of these disadvantages of bi-sexual reproduction, paradoxically, most plants and animals shifted from

text: hermaphroditism

text: and

text: gonochorism

text: to

text: sexual dimorphism

text: . Why? (Figure 1). (for comparison of types of reproduction see the review: In 2001, Vladimir Iskrin began refining and expanding on Geodakyan's theory.

text: The clitellum is part of the reproductive system of clitellates, a subgroup of annelids which contains oligochaetes (earthworms) and hirudineans (leeches).  The clitellum is a thick, saddle-like ring found in the epidermis (skin) of the worm, usually with a light-colored pigment.  To form a cocoon for its eggs, the clitellum secretes a viscous fluid.  This organ is used in sexual reproduction of some annelids.  The clitellum becomes apparent in mature annelids, but may be hard to locate visually in younger annelids. In leeches, it appears seasonally.  Its color is usually slightly lighter than that of the body of the annelid. Occasionally, living segments of the worm will be shed with the clitellum.

text: The clitellum is part of the reproductive system of clitellates, a subgroup of annelids which contains oligochaetes (earthworms) and hirudineans (leeches).  The clitellum is a thick, saddle-like ring found in the epidermis (skin) of the worm, usually with a light-colored pigment.  To form a cocoon for its eggs, the clitellum secretes a

text: viscous

text: fluid.  This organ is used in sexual reproduction of some annelids.  The clitellum becomes apparent in mature annelids, but may be hard to locate visually in younger annelids. In leeches, it appears seasonally.  Its color is usually slightly lighter than that of the body of the annelid. Occasionally, living segments of the worm will be shed with the clitellum.

text: The brachiopods, or lamp shells, superficially resemble clams, but the phylum is completely unrelated to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, and their ecological niche was filled by bivalves. A few of the remaining species of brachiopods occur in the low intertidal zone and thus can be found live by beachcombers.

text: The

text: brachiopod

text: s, or lamp shells, superficially resemble clams, but the phylum is completely unrelated to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during the

text: Permian-Triassic extinction event

text: , and their ecological niche was filled by bivalves. A few of the remaining species of brachiopods occur in the low

text: intertidal zone

text: and thus can be found live by beachcombers.

text: Often, the mantles of different EcM pairs display characteristic traits such as color, extent of branching, and degree of complexity. While fruiting bodies may provide a useful diagnostic in mycobiont identification, such structures and their connection to the zone of contact are not always available. With the advent of more precise genetic techniques, these traits of the mantle are often used in tandem with molecular analyses to more easily determine the identity of the mycorrhizal association.

text: Often, the mantles of different EcM pairs display characteristic

text: traits

text: such as color, extent of branching, and degree of complexity. While

text: fruiting bodies

text: may provide a useful diagnostic in mycobiont

text: identification

text: , such structures and their connection to the zone of contact are not always available. With the advent of more precise genetic techniques, these traits of the mantle are often used in tandem with molecular analyses to more easily determine the identity of the mycorrhizal association.

text: In addition to finding the incomplete and partially articulated skeletal remains from Mammuthus imperator, and several Clovis-style projectile points (discussed below), other notable discoveries are addressed in the stratigraphy or geological formation. Ecological evidence such as fresh water mollusks and faunal remains are also discussed in the three following sections.

text: In addition to finding the incomplete and partially articulated skeletal remains from

text: Mammuthus imperator

text: , and several

text: Clovis

text: -style projectile points (discussed

text: below

text: ), other notable discoveries are addressed in the

text: stratigraphy

text: or geological formation. Ecological evidence such as fresh water

text: mollusk

text: s and faunal remains are also discussed in the three following sections.

text: Granoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Granoturris is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: The third trait that evolved in S. mutans is its ability to not only survive, but also thrive in acidic conditions. This trait gives S. mutans a selective advantage over other members of the oral microbiota. As a result, S. mutans could outcompete other species, and occupy additional regions of the mouth, such as advanced dental plaques, which can be as acidic as pH 4.0. Natural selection is most likely the primary evolutionary mechanisms responsible for this trait.

text: The third trait that evolved in S. mutans is its ability to not only survive, but also thrive in acidic conditions. This trait gives S. mutans a selective advantage over other members of the oral microbiota. As a result, S. mutans could outcompete other species, and occupy additional regions of the mouth, such as advanced

text: dental plaque

text: s, which can be as acidic as pH 4.0.

text: Natural selection

text: is most likely the primary evolutionary mechanisms responsible for this trait.

text: Physa fontinalis, common name the common bladder snail, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Physidae. The shells of species in the genus Physa are left-handed or sinistral.

text: Physa fontinalis,

text: common name

text: the common bladder snail, is a

text: species

text: of air-breathing

text: freshwater snail

text: , an

text: aquatic

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the family

text: Physidae

text: . The shells of species in the genus Physa are left-handed or

text: sinistral

text: Commonly known as jawed land leeches, these annelids are known from subtropical and tropical regions around the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Well-known Haemadipsidae are for example the Indian Leech (Haemadipsa sylvestris) and the yamabiru or Japanese Mountain Leech (Haemadipsa zeylanica). Members of the family feed on blood, except Idiobdella which has adapted to eat small snails.

text: Commonly known as jawed land leeches, these

text: annelid

text: s are known from

text: subtropical

text: and

text: tropical

text: regions around the

text: Indian

text: and

text: Pacific Ocean

text: . Well-known Haemadipsidae are for example the

text: Indian Leech

text: Haemadipsa sylvestris

text: ) and the yamabiru or

text: Japanese Mountain Leech

text: Haemadipsa zeylanica

text: ). Members of the family feed on

text: blood

text: , except

text: Idiobdella

text: which has adapted to eat small

text: snail

text: s.

text: Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known  fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about  in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about . Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about , are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began .

text: Since annelids are

text: soft-bodied

text: , their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the

text: mineralized

text: tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late

text: Ediacaran

text: fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known  fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about  in the early

text: Cambrian

text: period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the

text: Carboniferous

text: , about . Palaeontologists disagree about whether some

text: body fossil

text: s from the mid

text: Ordovician

text: , about , are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the

text: Tertiary

text: period, which began .

text: A teloblast is a large cell in the embryos of clitellate annelids which asymmetrically divide to form many smaller cells known as blast cells.  These blast cells further proliferate and differentiate to form the segmental tissues of the annelid.  Teloblasts are well studied in leeches, though they are also present in the other major class of clitellates: the oligochaetes.

text: A teloblast is a large cell in the embryos of

text: clitellate

text: annelid

text: s which asymmetrically divide to form many smaller cells known as

text: blast cells

text: .  These blast cells further proliferate and differentiate to form the

text: segmental

text: tissues of the annelid.  Teloblasts are well studied in

text: leeches

text: , though they are also present in the other major class of clitellates: the

text: oligochaetes

text: Yelovichnus is an "enigmatic" genus known from fossils of the Ediacaran period. Yelovichnus was originally believed to be an ichnotaxon: its fossils, because of their "meandering nature", were initially thought to be feeding trails left by other life forms, such as annelids or mollusks. Better-preserved specimens later demonstrated that the fossils were not true feeding trails, as there was no evidence of turning by the life form that supposedly left them. The fossils are now recognized as belonging to an organism taking the form of "collapsed, segmented tubes", possibly an alga or a protist. It has also been argued that Yelovichnus and similar organisms are xenophyophores, large but single-cellular organisms that exist today in the abyssal zone.  Due to similar structures found in their fossils, it is theorized that Yelovichnus may be related to Palaeopascichnus, as well as Aspidella and Neonereites. The main difference between Yelovichnus and Palaeopasicichnus is the shape of their segments: the segments of Yelovichnus took the shape of "closed, ovate-shaped loops", whereas the segments of Palaeopascichnus were quite varied in shape.

text: Yelovichnus is an "enigmatic"

text: genus

text: known from

text: fossil

text: s of the

text: Ediacaran

text: period. Yelovichnus was originally believed to be an

text: ichnotaxon

text: : its fossils, because of their "meandering nature", were initially thought to be feeding trails left by other life forms, such as

text: annelid

text: s or

text: mollusks

text: . Better-preserved specimens later demonstrated that the fossils were not true feeding trails, as there was no evidence of turning by the life form that supposedly left them. The fossils are now recognized as belonging to an organism taking the form of "collapsed, segmented tubes", possibly an

text: alga

text: or a

text: protist

text: . It has also been argued that Yelovichnus and similar organisms are

text: xenophyophore

text: s, large but single-cellular organisms that exist today in the

text: abyssal zone

text: .  Due to similar structures found in their fossils, it is theorized that Yelovichnus may be related to

text: Palaeopascichnus

text: , as well as

text: Aspidella

text: and

text: Neonereites

text: . The main difference between Yelovichnus and Palaeopasicichnus is the shape of their segments: the segments of Yelovichnus took the shape of "closed, ovate-shaped loops", whereas the segments of Palaeopascichnus were quite varied in shape.

text: Heterocithara is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Heterocithara is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: Moreover, a single phenotypic trait is usually determined by many genes. Consequently, many QTLs are associated with a single trait.

text: Moreover, a single

text: phenotypic

text: trait is usually determined by many genes. Consequently, many QTLs are associated with a single trait.

text: So, these traits managed to fix, not because they were adaptive but because conditions allowed for a maladaptive trait to not be selected against. Yet other compensatory mechanisms do appear to have fixed, suggesting the presence of some evolutionary pressure. This creates somewhat of a paradox.

text: An atrium on the lateral margin of each proglottid contains the openings to both the male and female genital ducts. Follicular testes produce sperm, which are carried by a system of ducts to the cirrus, an eversible copulatory organ that usually has a hypodermic system of spines and a holdfast system of hooks. The main specialized female reproductive organs are an ovary that produces eggs and a vitellarium that produces yolk cells. Yolk cells travel in a duct system to the oviduct, where, in a modified region, the ovum is enclosed in a shell with yolk cells. After the gonads and their ducts have finished maturing, the female reproductive organs begin to mature. The oviduct develops a vagina and enlarges into the uterus, where fertilization and embryonic development occur.

text: An atrium on the lateral margin of each proglottid contains the openings to both the male and female genital ducts. Follicular testes produce sperm, which are carried by a system of ducts to the

text: cirrus

text: , an eversible copulatory organ that usually has a hypodermic system of spines and a holdfast system of hooks. The main specialized female reproductive organs are an ovary that produces eggs and a vitellarium that produces

text: yolk

text: cells. Yolk cells travel in a duct system to the oviduct, where, in a modified region, the ovum is enclosed in a shell with yolk cells. After the gonads and their ducts have finished maturing, the female reproductive organs begin to mature. The oviduct develops a vagina and enlarges into the uterus, where fertilization and embryonic development occur.

text: The non-marine mollusks of Hong Kong are a part of the molluscan fauna of Hong Kong. A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Hong Kong.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: Hong Kong

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of Hong Kong

text: . A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Hong Kong.

text: In zoology, an annulus is an external circular ring. Annuli are commonly found in segmented animals such as earthworms and leeches. The bodies of these annelids are externally marked by annuli that are arranged in series with each other.

text: In zoology, an annulus is an external circular ring. Annuli are commonly found in segmented animals such as

text: earthworms

text: and

text: leeches

text: . The bodies of these

text: annelids

text: are externally marked by annuli that are arranged in series with each other.

text: The culturing process of a Tahitian pearl involves an expert grafter, who inserts a bead made from a mollusk shell into the gonad, or reproductive organ, of the mature Pinctada margaritifera mollusk. It takes two years for an oyster to mature enough to begin producing pearls. Inserted with the bead is a piece of mantle tissue from a donor mollusk, which influences the color of the pearl being produced and provides epithelial cells to ensure that the oyster produces nacre around the nucleus. The materials used in the process are organic, to decrease the probability of the oyster rejecting the nucleus. The shell is sanded and rounded to form the bead, so the pearls produced have a rounder shape. The whole process takes place quickly, because oysters cannot survive very long out of water.

text: The

text: culturing process

text: of a Tahitian pearl involves an expert grafter, who inserts a bead made from a

text: mollusk shell

text: into the gonad, or reproductive organ, of the mature

text: Pinctada margaritifera

text: mollusk. It takes two years for an oyster to mature enough to begin producing pearls. Inserted with the bead is a piece of mantle tissue from a donor mollusk, which influences the color of the pearl being produced and provides

text: epithelial

text: cells to ensure that the oyster produces

text: nacre

text: around the

text: nucleus

text: . The materials used in the process are

text: organic

text: , to decrease the probability of the oyster rejecting the nucleus. The shell is sanded and rounded to form the bead, so the pearls produced have a rounder shape. The whole process takes place quickly, because oysters cannot survive very long out of water.

text: Preferring soft, acidic waters, these midwater shoaling fishes feed predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, worms, and zooplankton.  When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

text: Preferring soft, acidic waters, these midwater shoaling fishes feed predominantly on small

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: insect

text: s,

text: worm

text: s, and

text: zooplankton

text: .  When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

text: While the two biologists had disagreed on animal structure subtly through their publications, talks with other scientists at Academy meetings, and in private, a paper on mollusks written by two relatively unknown scientists drew Geoffroy and Cuvier at arms. The paper, written by Meyranx and Laurencet, was assigned to Geoffroy and Pierre André Latreille to review and report to the Academy. Meyranx and Laurencet's conclusions grabbed Geoffroy's attention by suggesting a link between vertebrate and mollusk internal anatomy. With thousands of drawings of mollusks and multiple essays, the authors argued that the organ arrangement of a mollusk resembled vertebrate organ arrangement, if the vertebrate bent backwards so that the neck was connected to the backside. Geoffroy found support for his unity of composition which would unite the vertebrates and mollusks -two of Cuvier's published embranchments of animals- on one common plan.

text: While the two biologists had disagreed on animal structure subtly through their publications, talks with other scientists at Academy meetings, and in private, a paper on mollusks written by two relatively unknown scientists drew Geoffroy and Cuvier at arms. The paper, written by Meyranx and Laurencet, was assigned to Geoffroy and

text: Pierre André Latreille

text: to review and report to the Academy. Meyranx and Laurencet's conclusions grabbed Geoffroy's attention by suggesting a link between vertebrate and mollusk internal anatomy. With thousands of drawings of mollusks and multiple essays, the authors argued that the organ arrangement of a mollusk resembled vertebrate organ arrangement, if the vertebrate bent backwards so that the neck was connected to the backside. Geoffroy found support for his unity of composition which would unite the vertebrates and mollusks -two of Cuvier's published embranchments of animals- on one common plan.

text: In high schools, the DEA is involved with the youth political organization School Students Against the System, as well as in the University Students Against the System organization.

text: Hedgehog is also involved in segmentation in the annelid worms; because parallel evolution seems unlikely, this suggests a common origin of segmentation between the two phyla.  Whilst Hh does not induce the formation of segments, it seems to act to stabilize the segmented fields once they have appeared.

text: Hedgehog is also involved in segmentation in the annelid worms; because

text: parallel evolution

text: seems unlikely, this suggests a common origin of segmentation between the two phyla.  Whilst Hh does not induce the formation of segments, it seems to act to stabilize the segmented fields once they have appeared.

text: Each layer consists of five segments, and the rests separating the segments in the upper layer correspond to the lengths of the sounding segments in the lower one. Measured in sixteenth-notes (and therefore on average a quarter the lengths of the upper-layer segments), these are: 4, 7, 2, 11, and 0 (= grace note) (; ). The segment statements are separated by a middle-register semitone trill (A to B in the clarinet version), which first emerges from a gradual acceleration of the last interval of the fifth segment in the introduction (; ).

text: The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest. This pattern is called teloblastic growth. Some groups of annelids, including all leeches, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives.

text: The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest. This pattern is called

text: teloblastic growth

text: . Some groups of annelids, including all

text: leech

text: es, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives.

text: Chloragogen cells are cells in annelids that function similarly to the liver in vertebrates.

text: Chloragogen cells are cells in

text: annelids

text: that function similarly to the

text: liver

text: in vertebrates.

text: State Route 28 (SR 28) is a  state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. It exists in two distinct segments separated by the northern segment of South Carolina Highway 28 (SC 28), which connects the two segments. The northern segment is located in the northeastern corner of the Chattooga River District of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The southern segment is entirely within the Augusta metropolitan area. SR 28 consists of Georgia's segments of a multi-state Route 28 that includes one segment of North Carolina Highway 28 (NC 28) and two segments of South Carolina Highway 28. The northern segment of SR 28 is unnamed, but the southern segment is known as Furys Ferry Road from its western terminus to the intersection with SR 104 Connector in Augusta. It is known as Washington Road in the northern part of Augusta. It is known as John C. Calhoun Expressway, Greene Street, 5th Street, and Broad Street in downtown Augusta. It is known as Sand Bar Ferry Road in the northeastern part of Augusta.

text: State Route 28 (SR 28) is a

text: state highway

text: in the U.S. state of

text: Georgia

text: . It exists in two distinct segments separated by the northern segment of

text: South Carolina Highway 28

text: (SC 28), which connects the two segments. The northern segment is located in the northeastern corner of the

text: Chattooga River District

text: of the

text: Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest

text: . The southern segment is entirely within the

text: Augusta metropolitan area

text: . SR 28 consists of Georgia's segments of a multi-state Route 28 that includes one segment of

text: North Carolina Highway 28

text: (NC 28) and two segments of South Carolina Highway 28. The northern segment of SR 28 is unnamed, but the southern segment is known as Furys Ferry Road from its western terminus to the intersection with

text: SR 104 Connector

text: in

text: Augusta

text: . It is known as Washington Road in the northern part of Augusta. It is known as John C. Calhoun Expressway, Greene Street, 5th Street, and Broad Street in downtown Augusta. It is known as Sand Bar Ferry Road in the northeastern part of Augusta.

text: In addition to the two orders accepted today, there is a more basal lineage. These, the Americobdellidae, are not assigned order rank but treated as a family to signify their phylogenetic position near the base of the Arhynchobdellida. They are massive annelids, measuring 30 cm long in some cases, and are anatomically primitive. These animals hunt earthworms, which they suck in one piece through their toothless mouth.

text: In addition to the two orders accepted today, there is a more

text: basal

text: lineage. These, the

text: Americobdellidae

text: , are not assigned order rank but treated as a family to signify their

text: phylogenetic

text: position near the base of the Arhynchobdellida. They are massive annelids, measuring 30 cm long in some cases, and are anatomically primitive. These animals hunt

text: earthworm

text: s, which they suck in one piece through their toothless mouth.

text: All members of the family are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans, aquatic insects, mollusks, annelids, amphibians, small fish, and sometimes carrion.

text: All members of the family are

text: carnivorous

text: , feeding on

text: crustacean

text: s, aquatic

text: insect

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: amphibian

text: s, small

text: fish

text: , and sometimes

text: carrion

text: Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) is a freshwater clam that first entered North America in the early 1900s, reaching the mid-Atlantic states in the 1970s and 1980s. The animal obtains a size of approximately one-half inch as an adult. The Asiatic clam has been identified in the lower reach of the Connecticut River. It is of great concern because it has an extremely high reproduction rate, an average of 70,000 offspring per adult per year. It is of great economic concern because of its ability to clog industrial water intake pipes. It is a serious environmental threat to the ecosystem because it will displace native mollusk species. It has the potential to greatly disrupt native fish and other aquatic animal and plant species both because of the physical presence of the clams, which achieve a high density  (10,000 to 20,000 individuals per square yard), and its effect on the food web.

text: Asiatic clam (

text: Corbicula fluminea

text: ) is a freshwater clam that first entered North America in the early 1900s, reaching the mid-Atlantic states in the 1970s and 1980s. The animal obtains a size of approximately one-half inch as an adult. The Asiatic clam has been identified in the lower reach of the Connecticut River. It is of great concern because it has an extremely high reproduction rate, an average of 70,000 offspring per adult per year. It is of great economic concern because of its ability to clog industrial water intake pipes. It is a serious environmental threat to the ecosystem because it will displace native

text: mollusk

text: species. It has the potential to greatly disrupt native fish and other aquatic animal and plant species both because of the physical presence of the clams, which achieve a high density  (10,000 to 20,000 individuals per square yard), and its effect on the food web.

text: Reproduction is sexual, the gametes of both sexes being expelled into the water, then the free larvae attach themselves to rocks. These clams filter the sea water in order to feed on bacteria, diatoms and larvae of invertebrates. In some years, the reproductive cycle fails completely.

text: The stepped feed rails plus a modified feed ramp, achieve smooth feeding of flat nosed solid bullets in this rifle.  Any of these routes can result in a very functional and very accurate dangerous game rifle. Frankly speaking, there are not a lot of gunsmiths who know how to get a big bore to feed properly, making the CZ550 conversion very attractive because there is so little to do.

text: Elmira is a genus of prehistoric snails, gastropod mollusks.

text: Elmira is a

text: genus

text: of prehistoric

text: snail

text: s,

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: Spotted eagle ray preys mainly upon bivalves, crabs, whelks, benthic infauna they also feed on mollusks, crustaceans, particularly malacostracans. and also upon hermit crabs, shrimp, octopi, and some small fish.

text: Spotted eagle ray preys mainly upon

text: bivalves

text: , crabs,

text: whelk

text: s,

text: benthic

text: infauna

text: they also feed on

text: mollusk

text: s, crustaceans, particularly

text: malacostraca

text: ns. and also upon hermit crabs, shrimp, octopi, and some small fish.

text: Kurtzia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Kurtzia is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: The front of the first segment is margined and have a row of irregularly shaped and raised tubercles. The second segment is further expanded and have a rounded posterior corner and lobe, which is flaring. Their basal surface is expanded broadly and deeply with a concave in front of the middle. Some of the tubercles can be seen in a row on segment 4, but the difference is minimal until segment 14, with the 4 others after segment 14 are bigger in both size and height. Tubricles don't change as fast as the segments, so there might be the same tubricle on a various segment. Segments from 3-5 are belobed on outer margin, and trilobed later in a process. Segment 19 have a posterior corner which is less than a square in size.

text: The front of the first segment is margined and have a row of irregularly shaped and raised

text: tubercle

text: s. The second segment is further expanded and have a rounded posterior corner and lobe, which is flaring. Their basal surface is expanded broadly and deeply with a concave in front of the middle. Some of the tubercles can be seen in a row on segment 4, but the difference is minimal until segment 14, with the 4 others after segment 14 are bigger in both size and height. Tubricles don't change as fast as the segments, so there might be the same tubricle on a various segment. Segments from 3-5 are belobed on outer margin, and trilobed later in a process. Segment 19 have a posterior corner which is less than a square in size.

text: The diet of the golden lined whiting varies along its range, however it takes similar food and shows the same transition in prey items during its lifetime throughout its distribution. Juvenile fish tend to take a mixture of polychaetes which they 'plough' from the sand, small bivalves, including Mesodesma eltanae and Glauconome virens as well as amphipods while at lengths less than 80 mm. Adult fish tend to take larger prey,  predominantly larger bivalves with small quantities of penaeids and brachyuran crabs, which corresponds to a dentitional change to molariform crushing plates.Studies by Brewer et al. (1992) have shown that the Golden lined whiting is an opportunistic nocturnal hunter, taking the most vulnerable, easily accessible prey. This may because they are relatively abundant, poorly shelled or unable to escape quickly. The most commonly caught prey at night were crustaceans, while buried annelids were ignored and molluscs were left alone except for taking the unprotected siphon tips of a species of bivalve; Glauconome virens. A study on the diet of young S. analis from a mangrove tidal flat in Deception Bay in Queensland has shown that the siphon tips of this mollusc comprise the majority of most fish's diet, with very few other molluscs taken whole. Adult fish greater than 200 mm had no siphons in their diet however, electing to take larger molluscs, annelids or crustaceans.

text: The diet of the golden lined whiting varies along its range, however it takes similar food and shows the same transition in

text: prey

text: items during its lifetime throughout its distribution. Juvenile fish tend to take a mixture of

text: polychaete

text: s which they 'plough' from the

text: sand

text: , small

text: bivalve

text: s, including

text: Mesodesma eltanae

text: and

text: Glauconome virens

text: as well as

text: amphipod

text: s while at lengths less than 80 mm. Adult fish tend to take larger prey,  predominantly larger bivalves with small quantities of

text: penaeid

text: s and

text: brachyuran crab

text: s, which corresponds to a

text: dentition

text: al change to molariform crushing plates.Studies by Brewer et al. (1992) have shown that the Golden lined whiting is an opportunistic

text: nocturnal

text: hunter, taking the most vulnerable, easily accessible prey. This may because they are relatively abundant, poorly

text: shell

text: ed or unable to escape quickly. The most commonly caught prey at night were

text: crustaceans

text: , while buried

text: annelid

text: s were ignored and

text: mollusc

text: s were left alone except for taking the unprotected

text: siphon

text: tips of a species of bivalve; Glauconome virens. A study on the diet of young S. analis from a

text: mangrove

text: tidal flat

text: in

text: Deception Bay

text: in Queensland has shown that the siphon tips of this mollusc comprise the majority of most fish's diet, with very few other molluscs taken whole. Adult fish greater than 200 mm had no siphons in their diet however, electing to take larger molluscs, annelids or crustaceans.

text: Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or iridescence. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable, such that they usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a malacologist would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible mussels, edible oysters, escargot snails, and so on.  The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.

text: Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or

text: iridescence

text: . The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable, such that they usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a

text: malacologist

text: would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible

text: mussel

text: s, edible

text: oyster

text: s,

text: escargot

text: snails, and so on.  The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.

text: Psilaster andromeda is a carnivore, detritivore and omnivore. It mainly feeds on molluscs such as Abra. Nucula, Rissoa and Tellina, echinoderms, foraminifera, and sometimes crustaceans and annelids.

text: Psilaster andromeda is a

text: carnivore

text: detritivore

text: and

text: omnivore

text: . It mainly feeds on molluscs such as

text: Abra

text: Nucula

text: Rissoa

text: and

text: Tellina

text: echinoderm

text: s,

text: foraminifera

text: , and sometimes

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: annelid

text: s.

text: The Mollusks and Crustaceans Invertebrate Collection house freshwater mollusks collected in Minnesota, and represent an important Upper Midwest Collection. The invertebrate collection holds the old Minneapolis Library collection of Indo-Pacific mollusks.

text: Miniopterus griveaudi is known from  altitude on Grande Comore and  on Anjouan. In the Comoros, it roosts in caves, both lava tubes and shallower structures; it was found to share one cave on Grande Comore with another bat, Rousettus obliviosus. Individuals of M. griveaudi have been found to leave a Grande Comore cave at sunset. Flying M. griveaudi have mostly been recorded in forests, but this may reflect a lack of survey effort in open areas. In caves, individuals either group in large groups of more than 50 bats without reproductive activity or in smaller groups of at most five reproductively active bats. Limited data on reproduction show some notable variation between individuals and islands. In two caves surveyed on Grande Comore in November 2006, all females were pregnant with single embryos with crown-rump lengths of , but none of the males were reproductively active. In another cave, none of the bats examined at the same time—all males—were reproductively active. None of the bats captured in one of the caves in April 2007 showed signs of reproductive activity. On Anjouan, no bats were reproductively active in two caves surveyed in late November 2006.

text: Miniopterus griveaudi is known from  altitude on Grande Comore and  on Anjouan. In the Comoros, it roosts in caves, both

text: lava tube

text: s and shallower structures; it was found to share one cave on Grande Comore with another bat,

text: Rousettus obliviosus

text: . Individuals of M. griveaudi have been found to leave a Grande Comore cave at sunset. Flying M. griveaudi have mostly been recorded in forests, but this may reflect a lack of survey effort in open areas. In caves, individuals either group in large groups of more than 50 bats without reproductive activity or in smaller groups of at most five reproductively active bats. Limited data on reproduction show some notable variation between individuals and islands. In two caves surveyed on Grande Comore in November 2006, all females were pregnant with single embryos with crown-rump lengths of , but none of the males were reproductively active. In another cave, none of the bats examined at the same time—all males—were reproductively active. None of the bats captured in one of the caves in April 2007 showed signs of reproductive activity. On Anjouan, no bats were reproductively active in two caves surveyed in late November 2006.

text: Segmentation refers to dividing a computer's memory into segments.  A reference to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset within that segment.

text: Segmentation

text: refers to dividing a computer's memory into segments.  A reference to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset within that segment.

text: Pyrgocythara is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Pyrgocythara is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: The prostomium (sometimes also called the acron) is the first body segment in an annelid worm's body in the anterior end.  It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth.

text: The prostomium (sometimes also called the acron) is the first body segment in an

text: annelid

text: worm's body in the anterior end.  It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth.

text: The Nautilus is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in malacology. Hence its scope includes all aspects of the biology, ecology, and systematics of mollusks.

text: The Nautilus is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: covering research in

text: malacology

text: . Hence its scope includes all aspects of the biology,

text: ecology

text: , and

text: systematics of mollusks

text: A pearl is formed when the mantle tissue is injured by a parasite, an attack of a fish or another event that damages the external fragile rim of the shell of a mollusk shell bivalve or gastropod. In response, the mantle tissue of the mollusk secretes nacre into the pearl sac, a cyst that forms during the healing process. Chemically speaking, this is calcium carbonate and a fibrous protein called conchiolin. As the nacre builds up in layers of minute aragonite tablets, it fills the growing pearl sac and eventually forms a pearl.

text: A

text: pearl

text: is formed when the mantle tissue is injured by a parasite, an attack of a fish or another event that damages the external fragile rim of the shell of a mollusk shell

text: bivalve

text: or

text: gastropod

text: . In response, the mantle tissue of the mollusk secretes

text: nacre

text: into the pearl sac, a cyst that forms during the healing process. Chemically speaking, this is

text: calcium carbonate

text: and a fibrous protein called

text: conchiolin

text: . As the

text: nacre

text: builds up in layers of minute aragonite tablets, it fills the growing pearl sac and eventually forms a pearl.

text: Siboglinidae, also known as the beard worms, is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora (the giant tube worms) and Vestimentifera. They are composed of about 100 species of vermiform creatures and live in thin tubes buried in sediments at ocean depths from 100 to 10,000 m. They can also be found in association with hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, with sunken plant material or whale carcasses.

text: Siboglinidae, also known as the beard worms, is a

text: family

text: of

text: polychaete

text: annelid worms

text: whose members made up the former

text: phyla

text: Pogonophora (the

text: giant tube worm

text: s) and Vestimentifera. They are composed of about 100 species of vermiform creatures and live in thin tubes buried in sediments at ocean depths from 100 to 10,000 m. They can also be found in association with

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s,

text: methane seep

text: s, with sunken plant material or

text: whale carcasses

text: During the Cambrian, most of the main groupings of animals recognised today were beginning to diverge. Consequently, many lineages (that would later become extinct) appear intermediate to two or more modern groups, or lack features common to all modern members of a group, and hence fall into the "stem group" of a modern taxon. Debate is ongoing as to whether Wiwaxia can be placed within a modern crown group and, if it cannot, in which group's stem it falls. When Walcott first described Wiwaxia, he regarded it as a polychaete annelid worm, and its sclerites as similar to the elytra ("scales") of annelids. More recently the debate has been intense, and proposed classifications include: a member of an extinct phylum distantly related to the molluscs; a crown-group polychaete; a stem-group annelid; a problematic bilaterian; a stem- or possibly primitive crown-group mollusc.

text: During the Cambrian, most of the

text: main groupings of animals

text: recognised today were beginning to diverge. Consequently, many lineages (that would later become extinct) appear intermediate to two or more modern groups, or lack features common to all modern members of a group, and hence fall into the "

text: stem group

text: " of a modern

text: taxon

text: . Debate is ongoing as to whether Wiwaxia can be placed within a modern crown group and, if it cannot, in which group's stem it falls. When Walcott first described Wiwaxia, he regarded it as a

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: worm, and its

text: sclerite

text: s as similar to the

text: elytra

text: ("scales") of annelids. More recently the debate has been intense, and proposed classifications include: a member of an extinct

text: phylum

text: distantly related to the molluscs; a crown-group polychaete; a stem-group annelid; a problematic bilaterian; a stem- or possibly primitive crown-group mollusc.

text: Originally it was known from only one specimen, but 189 new finds in the years immediately preceding 2006 made a detailed description possible. () As a result, Odontogriphus has become prominent in the debate that has gone on since 1990 about the evolutionary origins of molluscs, annelid worms and brachiopods. A group of scientists think that Odontogriphus’s feeding apparatus, which is "nearly identical" to Wiwaxia’s, is an early version of the molluscan radula, a chitinous "tongue" that bears multiple rows of rasping teeth. Hence they classify Odontogriphus and Wiwaxia as close to the ancestors of the first true molluscs. One scientist has presented a different analysis, arguing since 1990 that Wiwaxia is not closely related to molluscs but is much more like a polychaete worm. He argues that the supposed "radula" is nothing of the sort; he classifies Odontogriphus as a basal lophotrochozoan, in other words close to the last common ancestor of molluscs, annelid worms and brachiopods.

text: Originally it was known from only one specimen, but 189 new finds in the years immediately preceding 2006 made a detailed description possible. () As a result, Odontogriphus has become prominent in the debate that has gone on since 1990 about the evolutionary origins of

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms and

text: brachiopod

text: s. A group of scientists think that Odontogriphus’s feeding apparatus, which is "nearly identical" to

text: Wiwaxia

text: ’s, is an early version of the molluscan

text: radula

text: , a

text: chitin

text: ous "tongue" that bears multiple rows of

text: rasp

text: ing teeth. Hence they classify Odontogriphus and Wiwaxia as close to the ancestors of the first true molluscs. One scientist has presented a different analysis, arguing since 1990 that Wiwaxia is not closely related to molluscs but is much more like a

text: polychaete

text: worm. He argues that the supposed "radula" is nothing of the sort; he classifies Odontogriphus as a basal

text: lophotrochozoa

text: n, in other words close to the last common ancestor of molluscs, annelid worms and brachiopods.

text: The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of insects, other arthropods and some annelids notably the ragworm. They are also known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons.

text: The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the

text: brain

text: of

text: insect

text: s, other

text: arthropod

text: s and some

text: annelids

text: notably the

text: ragworm

text: . They are also known to play a role in

text: olfactory learning and memory

text: . In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the

text: lateral horn

text: are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the

text: antennal lobe

text: via projection neurons.

text: Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They help, for example, earthworms to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding during peristaltic motion. These hairs are what make it difficult to pull a worm straight from the ground. Setae in oligochaetes (a group including earthworms) are largely composed of chitin.  They are classified according to the limb to which they are attached; for instance, notosetae are attached to notopodia; neurosetae to neuropodia.

text: Annelid

text: setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They help, for example,

text: earthworm

text: s to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding during

text: peristaltic

text: motion. These hairs are what make it difficult to pull a worm straight from the ground. Setae in

text: oligochaetes

text: (a group including earthworms) are largely composed of

text: chitin

text: .  They are classified according to the limb to which they are attached; for instance, notosetae are attached to

text: notopodia

text: ; neurosetae to

text: neuropodia

text: The non-marine mollusks of the Philippines are a part of the molluscan fauna of the Philippines (the wildlife of the Philippines). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in the Philippines.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of the

text: Philippines

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of the Philippines

text: (the

text: wildlife of the Philippines

text: ). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in the Philippines.

text: s (PAH), which are low molecular hydrocarbons found in some creosote-based preservatives. In a study conducted from Pensacola, Florida, a group of native mollusks were kept in a controlled environment, and a different group of native mollusks were kept in an environment contaminated with creosote preservatives. The mollusks in the contaminated environment were shown to have a bioaccumulation of up to ten times the concentration of PAH than the control species. The intake of organisms is dependent on whether the compound is in an ionized or an un-ionized form. To determine whether the compound is ionized or un-ionized, the pH of the surrounding environment must be compared to the pKa or acidity constant of the compound. If the pH of the environment is lower than the pKa, then the compound is un-ionized which means that the compound will behave as if it is non-polar. Bioaccumulation for un-ionized compounds comes from partitioning equilibrium between the aqueous phase and the lipids in the organism. If the pH is higher than the pKa, then the compound is considered to be in the ionized form. The un-ionized form is favored because the bioaccumulation is easier for the organism to intake through partitioning equilibrium. The table below shows a list of pKas from compounds found in creosote preservatives and compares them to the average pH of seawater (reported to be 8.1).

text: Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conchiolin. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare.

text: Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and

text: conchiolin

text: . It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare.

text: Enslave the Mollusk (ETM) is a garage band featured in Big Nate. It features Nate as backing vocalist and drummer, with best friends Francis on electric guitar and Teddy on keyboard, as well as Arthur as lead vocalist. Enslave the Mollusk had a big role in Big Nate the Musical. They performed twice: once during the In The Zone novel when P.S 38 was starting a fitness zone, and also performed at one of the school dances.

text: Enslave the Mollusk (ETM) is a

text: garage band

text: featured in Big Nate. It features Nate as backing vocalist and

text: drummer

text: , with best friends Francis on electric

text: guitar

text: and Teddy on

text: keyboard

text: , as well as Arthur as lead vocalist. Enslave the Mollusk had a big role in Big Nate the Musical. They performed twice: once during the In The Zone novel when P.S 38 was starting a fitness zone, and also performed at one of the school dances.

text: From 1924 Stelfox and his assistant Eugene O'Mahony were solely responsible for the Museum's zoological collections. As a result, he was often called upon to identify remains uncovered from prehistoric sites across Ireland and undertook a serious amount of work that informed scientists of the ecology in Ireland over 1000 years prior. During this time Stelfox also continued to make significant contributions to the scientific knowledge on Irish flora and fauna by describing many new species. In his free time he continued to undertake field trips adding to his significant personal collections of mollusks and insects.

text: From 1924 Stelfox and his assistant

text: Eugene O'Mahony

text: were solely responsible for the Museum's zoological collections. As a result, he was often called upon to identify remains uncovered from prehistoric sites across Ireland and undertook a serious amount of work that informed scientists of the ecology in Ireland over 1000 years prior. During this time Stelfox also continued to make significant contributions to the scientific knowledge on Irish flora and fauna by describing many new species. In his free time he continued to undertake field trips adding to his significant personal collections of mollusks and insects.

text: The gregarines are generally parasites of annelids, arthropods, and mollusks. They are often found in the guts of their hosts, but may invade the other tissues. In the typical gregarine lifecycle, a trophozoite develops within a host cell into a schizont. This then divides into a number of merozoites by schizogony. The merozoites are released by lysing the host cell, which in turn invade other cells. At some point in the apicomplexan lifecycle, gametocytes are formed. These are released by lysis of the host cells, which group together. Each gametocyte forms multiple gametes. The gametes fuse with another to form oocysts. The oocysts leave the host to be taken up by a new host.

text: The gregarines are generally parasites of

text: annelid

text: s,

text: arthropod

text: s, and mollusks. They are often found in the

text: gut

text: s of their hosts, but may invade the other tissues. In the typical gregarine lifecycle, a

text: trophozoite

text: develops within a host cell into a schizont. This then divides into a number of

text: merozoite

text: s by

text: schizogony

text: . The

text: merozoite

text: s are released by lysing the host cell, which in turn invade other cells. At some point in the apicomplexan lifecycle,

text: gametocytes

text: are formed. These are released by lysis of the host cells, which group together. Each gametocyte forms multiple

text: gamete

text: s. The gametes fuse with another to form

text: oocyst

text: s. The oocysts leave the host to be taken up by a new host.

text: Pragoscutulidae is an extinct taxonomic family of marine gastropod mollusks.

text: Pragoscutulidae is an extinct

text: taxonomic

text: family

text: of

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: After falling from the cliff, Bimbo plunges into the sea below. Under the water, he finds a house, and sees what at first looks like a siren dancing inside. Finding the resident pretty, Bimbo knocks on the door to greet her. The door opens but it appears the siren is actually a fearsome octopus, much to Bimbo's panic. As the frightened dog runs, the octopus chases him. It also appears the octopus is the intended recipient of the hooded monsters' message as the mollusk picks up the small envelopes that come falling down.

text: After falling from the cliff, Bimbo plunges into the sea below. Under the water, he finds a house, and sees what at first looks like a

text: siren

text: dancing inside. Finding the resident pretty, Bimbo knocks on the door to greet her. The door opens but it appears the siren is actually a fearsome octopus, much to Bimbo's panic. As the frightened dog runs, the octopus chases him. It also appears the octopus is the intended recipient of the hooded monsters' message as the mollusk picks up the small envelopes that come falling down.

text: The fissure for the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) also separates the medial and lateral segments.  The medial segment is also called the quadrate lobe. In the widely used Couinaud (or "French") system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein.  The caudate lobe is a separate structure which receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches. The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment there is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins. The division of the liver into independent units means that segments can be resected without damaging the remaining segments. To preserve the viability of the liver following surgery, resections follow the vessels defining the peripheries of each segment. This means that resection lines parallel the hepatic veins, leaving the portal veins, bile ducts, and hepatic arteries intact.

text: The fissure for the

text: round ligament of the liver

text: (ligamentum teres) also separates the medial and lateral segments.  The medial segment is also called the

text: quadrate lobe

text: . In the widely used

text: Couinaud

text: (or "French") system, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein.  The

text: caudate lobe

text: is a separate structure which receives blood flow from both the right- and left-sided vascular branches. The Couinaud classification of liver anatomy divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments. Each segment has its own vascular inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. In the centre of each segment there is a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. In the periphery of each segment there is vascular outflow through the hepatic veins. The division of the liver into independent units means that segments can be resected without damaging the remaining segments. To preserve the viability of the liver following surgery, resections follow the vessels defining the peripheries of each segment. This means that resection lines parallel the hepatic veins, leaving the portal veins, bile ducts, and hepatic arteries intact.

text: Stem-group polychaete fossils are known from the Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, a rich, sedimentary deposit in Greenland tentatively dated to the late Atdabanian (early Cambrian).  Many of the more famous Burgess Shale organisms, such as Canadia, may also have polychaete affinities. Wiwaxia, long interpreted as an annelid, is now considered to represent a mollusc.  An even older fossil, Cloudina, dates to the terminal Ediacaran period; this has been interpreted as an early polychaete, although consensus is absent.

text: Stem-group polychaete fossils are known from the

text: Sirius Passet

text: Lagerstätte

text: , a rich, sedimentary deposit in Greenland tentatively dated to the late

text: Atdabanian

text: (early

text: Cambrian

text: ).  Many of the more famous

text: Burgess Shale

text: organisms, such as

text: Canadia

text: , may also have polychaete affinities.

text: Wiwaxia

text: , long interpreted as an annelid, is now considered to represent a mollusc.  An even older fossil,

text: Cloudina

text: , dates to the terminal

text: Ediacaran

text: period; this has been interpreted as an early polychaete, although consensus is absent.

text: During the period 1899-1918, a large portion of the marine and terrestrial mollusks of Japan were described by researchers in the United States and Europe, based on material sent overseas by Hirase via Kuroda. Chief among the specialists in Japanese mollusks at the time were Henry Augustus Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and William Healey Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, who between them described more than a thousand marine and terrestrial species from Japan.

text: During the period 1899-1918, a large portion of the marine and terrestrial mollusks of Japan were described by researchers in the United States and Europe, based on material sent overseas by Hirase via Kuroda. Chief among the specialists in Japanese mollusks at the time were

text: Henry Augustus Pilsbry

text: of the

entity_name: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

text: Academy of Natural Sciences

text: in Philadelphia, and

text: William Healey Dall

text: of the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: , who between them described more than a thousand marine and terrestrial species from Japan.

text: Tilsner currently writes a blog, in which she writes about her complete lack of know-how in the kitchen, and how her attempts to feed her friends, family and children like other mothers often backfire.

text: The young hatch after a few weeks, and typically have only three pairs of legs, followed by up to four legless segments. As they grow, they continually moult, adding further segments and legs as they do so. Some species moult within specially prepared chambers of soil or silk, and may also shelter in these during wet weather, and most species eat the discarded exoskeleton after moulting. The adult stage, when individuals become reproductively mature, is generally reached in the final moult stage, which varies between species and orders, although some species continue to moult after adulthood. Furthermore, some species alternate between reproductive and non-reproductive stages after maturity, a phenomenon known as periodomorphosis, in which the reproductive structures regress during non-reproductive stages. Millipedes may live from one to ten years, depending on species.

text: The young hatch after a few weeks, and typically have only three pairs of legs, followed by up to four legless segments. As they grow, they continually

text: moult

text: , adding further segments and legs as they do so. Some species moult within specially prepared chambers of soil or silk, and may also shelter in these during wet weather, and most species eat the discarded exoskeleton after moulting. The adult stage, when individuals become reproductively mature, is generally reached in the final moult stage, which varies between species and orders, although some species continue to moult after adulthood. Furthermore, some species alternate between reproductive and non-reproductive stages after maturity, a phenomenon known as periodomorphosis, in which the reproductive structures regress during non-reproductive stages. Millipedes may live from one to ten years, depending on species.

text: B. kewense have rarely been observed using egg capsules as a primary method of reproduction. Asexual fragmentation is its main reproductive strategy in temperate regions and most individuals never develop sexual organs. Juveniles of this species, unlike B. adventitium, do not appear the same coloration as parents in their early days.

text: More heritable phenotypic variation means more evolvability. While mutation is the ultimate source of heritable variation, its permutations and combinations also make a big difference. Sexual reproduction generates more variation (and thereby evolvability) relative to asexual reproduction (see evolution of sexual reproduction). Evolvability is further increased by generating more variation when an organism is stressed, and thus likely to be less well adapted, but less variation when an organism is doing well. The amount of variation generated can be adjusted in many different ways, for example via the mutation rate, via the probability of sexual vs. asexual reproduction, via the probability of outcrossing vs. inbreeding, via dispersal, and via access to previously cryptic variants through the switching of an evolutionary capacitor. A large population size increases the influx of novel mutations each generation.

text: More heritable phenotypic variation means more evolvability. While mutation is the ultimate source of heritable variation, its permutations and combinations also make a big difference. Sexual reproduction generates more variation (and thereby evolvability) relative to asexual reproduction (see

text: evolution of sexual reproduction

text: ). Evolvability is further increased by generating more variation when an organism is stressed, and thus likely to be less well adapted, but less variation when an organism is doing well. The amount of variation generated can be adjusted in many different ways, for example via the

text: mutation rate

text: , via the probability of

text: sexual

text: vs.

text: asexual reproduction

text: , via the probability of

text: outcrossing

text: vs.

text: inbreeding

text: , via

text: dispersal

text: , and via access to previously cryptic variants through the switching of an

text: evolutionary capacitor

text: . A large population size increases the influx of novel mutations each generation.

text: Although all living opossums are essentially opportunistic omnivores, different species vary in the amount of meat and vegetation they include in their diet. Members of the Caluromyinae are essentially frugivorous; whereas the lutrine opossum and Patagonian opossum primarily feed on other animals. The yapok (Chironectes minimus) is particularly unusual, as it is the only living semi-aquatic marsupial, using its webbed hindlimbs to dive in search of freshwater mollusks and crayfish. Most opossums are scansorial, well-adapted to life in the trees or on the ground, but members of the Caluromyinae and Glironiinae are primarily arboreal, whereas species of Metachirus, Monodelphis, and to a lesser degree Didelphis show adaptations for life on the ground.

text: Although all living opossums are essentially opportunistic

text: omnivores

text: , different species vary in the amount of meat and vegetation they include in their diet. Members of the

text: Caluromyinae

text: are essentially

text: frugivorous

text: ; whereas the

text: lutrine opossum

text: and

text: Patagonian opossum

text: primarily feed on other animals. The

text: yapok

text: (Chironectes minimus) is particularly unusual, as it is the only living semi-aquatic marsupial, using its webbed hindlimbs to dive in search of freshwater mollusks and crayfish. Most opossums are

text: scansorial

text: , well-adapted to life in the trees or on the ground, but members of the

text: Caluromyinae

text: and

text: Glironiinae

text: are primarily arboreal, whereas species of

text: Metachirus

text: Monodelphis

text: , and to a lesser degree

text: Didelphis

text: show adaptations for life on the ground.

text: Whatever system a specific condition may seem restricted to, it may be reasonable to review all the other systems in a comprehensive history. Different sources describe slightly different systems of organizing the organ systems. However, the following are examples of what can be included:

text: Whatever

text: system

text: a specific condition may seem restricted to, it may be reasonable to review all the other systems in a comprehensive history. Different sources describe slightly different systems of organizing the organ systems. However, the following are examples of what can be included:

text: For example, Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa)  are an amphibious fresh water mollusk. They have a single gill and lung, and live on stalks of sawgrass in water depths no more than . They are the primary food of the endangered Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) and limpkin (Aramus guarauna) as well as the raccoon, otter, and young alligator. Apple snails lay their eggs on sawgrass stalks about  above the water line, and they are intolerant of being submerged for long periods of time. When the eggs hatch, young snails must enter the water quickly or face death. When water levels are too low or rise too quickly while snail eggs are developing, apple snails do not flourish, affecting the many reptiles, mammals, and birds that feed on them. With regard to the ecology of trophic dynamics, or food chains, the 174 species of invertebrates play a vital role in the Everglades. Crayfish, insects, scorpions, and other invertebrates also support a web of animals.

text: For example, Florida apple snails (

text: Pomacea paludosa

text: )  are an amphibious fresh water mollusk. They have a single gill and lung, and live on stalks of sawgrass in water depths no more than . They are the primary food of the endangered Everglades snail kite (

text: Rostrhamus sociabilis

text: ) and limpkin (

text: Aramus guarauna

text: ) as well as the raccoon, otter, and young alligator. Apple snails lay their eggs on sawgrass stalks about  above the water line, and they are intolerant of being submerged for long periods of time. When the eggs hatch, young snails must enter the water quickly or face death. When water levels are too low or rise too quickly while snail eggs are developing, apple snails do not flourish, affecting the many reptiles, mammals, and birds that feed on them. With regard to the ecology of

text: trophic dynamics

text: , or food chains, the 174 species of invertebrates play a vital role in the Everglades.

text: Crayfish

text: , insects, scorpions, and other invertebrates also support a web of animals.

text: As stream flow decreases in dry weather, visible flow above the stream bed may not be readily evident, especially in streams with coarse substrate (gravel and rocks), where water is flowing beneath and between these particles (hyporheic flow). From a biological perspective, a stream may be considered flowing if sufficient water is available to support flow-dependent aquatic life, including fish and gill-breathing amphibians, benthic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks, many of which survive in shallow hyporheic flow beneath rocks or logs.  This extreme low flow may not be detectable on typical USGS stream-flow gauges, but is vital to stream ecology.

text: As

text: stream flow

text: decreases in dry weather, visible flow above the stream bed may not be readily evident, especially in streams with coarse substrate (

text: gravel

text: and

text: rocks

text: ), where water is flowing beneath and between these particles (

text: hyporheic flow

text: ). From a biological perspective, a stream may be considered flowing if sufficient water is available to support flow-dependent

text: aquatic

text: life, including fish and gill-breathing amphibians, benthic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks, many of which survive in shallow hyporheic flow beneath rocks or logs.  This extreme low flow may not be detectable on typical USGS stream-flow gauges, but is vital to

text: stream ecology

text: The non-marine mollusks of Malaysia are a part of the molluscan wildlife of Malaysia. A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Malaysia.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: Malaysia

text: are a part of the molluscan wildlife of Malaysia. A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Malaysia.

text: The non-marine mollusks of China are a part of the molluscan fauna of China (wildlife of China). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in China.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: China

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of China

text: wildlife of China

text: ). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in China.

text: Members of the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and nemerteans have all been shown to exhibit spiral cleavage in its classical form. Other Lophotrochozoan phyla (rotifers, brachiopods, phoronids, gastrotrichs, and bryozoans) are also said to display a derived form of spiral cleavage in at least a portion of their constituent species, although evidence for this is sparse.

text: Members of the

text: molluscs

text: annelids

text: platyhelminths

text: and

text: nemertean

text: s have all been shown to exhibit spiral cleavage in its classical form. Other Lophotrochozoan phyla (

text: rotifers

text: brachiopods

text: phoronids

text: gastrotrichs

text: , and

text: bryozoans

text: ) are also said to display a derived form of

text: spiral cleavage

text: in at least a portion of their constituent species, although evidence for this is sparse.

text: Erpobdella lahontana is an annelid in the Erpobdellidae family.

text: Erpobdella lahontana is an

text: annelid

text: in the

text: Erpobdellidae

text: family.

text: The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth.

text: The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater

text: mussel

text: shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth.

text: Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage. Two polychaete genera, Chaetopterus and Dodecaceria, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed. Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage. On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate.

text: Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage. Two polychaete

text: genera

text: Chaetopterus

text: and

text: Dodecaceria

text: , can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed. Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage. On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate.

text: Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis.

text: Fields within malacological research include

text: taxonomy

text: ecology

text: and

text: evolution

text: . Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in

text: schistosomiasis

text: The Pyramidellidae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans.A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as Otopleura mitralis,  are symbiotic with sea anemones, such as Neoaiptasia morbilla

text: The Pyramidellidae are

text: ectoparasite

text: s, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid

text: worm

text: s, but some are known to feed on

text: peanut worms

text: and

text: crustacean

text: s.A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as

text: Otopleura mitralis

text: ,  are

text: symbiotic

text: with

text: sea anemone

text: s, such as

text: Neoaiptasia morbilla

text: Mathematical models related to the Prisoner's Dilemma suggest that when female reproductive costs are higher than male reproductive costs, males cooperate with females even when they do not reciprocate. In this view, paternal care is an evolutionary achievement that compensates for the higher energy demands that reproduction typically involves for mothers.

text: Mathematical models related to the

text: Prisoner's Dilemma

text: suggest that when female reproductive costs are higher than male reproductive costs, males cooperate with females even when they do not reciprocate. In this view, paternal care is an evolutionary achievement that compensates for the higher energy demands that reproduction typically involves for mothers.

text: Mudpuppies use their two rows of teeth to eat their prey.  At both sides of their mouths their lips interlock which allows them to use suction feeding. They are carnivorous creatures and will eat almost anything they can get in their mouths. Typically they prey upon animals such as insects, mollusks, annelids, small fish, amphibians, earthworms, and spiders. The mudpuppy has few predators but may include fish, crayfish, turtles, and water snakes. Because fishermen frequently catch and discard them, humans are considered to be one of their main predators.

text: Mudpuppies use their two rows of teeth to eat their prey.  At both sides of their mouths their lips interlock which allows them to use suction feeding. They are carnivorous creatures and will eat almost anything they can get in their mouths. Typically they prey upon animals such as insects, mollusks, annelids, small fish, amphibians, earthworms, and

text: spider

text: s. The mudpuppy has few predators but may include fish,

text: crayfish

text: turtle

text: s, and

text: water snakes

text: . Because fishermen frequently catch and discard them, humans are considered to be one of their main predators.

text: A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3. are concerned with the 'here and now' of the organization's operations, System 4 is concerned with the 'there and then' – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization. System 5 is concerned with balancing the 'here and now' and the 'there and then' to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity.

text: The spotted eagle ray's specialized chevron-shaped tooth structure helps it to crush the mollusks' hard shells. The jaws of these rays have developed calcified struts to help them break through the shells of mollusks, by supporting the jaws and preventing dents from hard prey. These rays have the unique behavior of digging with their snouts in the sand of the ocean.  While doing this, a cloud of sand surrounds the ray and sand spews from its gills. One study has shown that there are no differences in the feeding habits of males and females or in rays from different regions of Australia and Taiwan.

text: The spotted eagle ray's specialized

text: chevron-shaped

text: tooth structure helps it to crush the mollusks' hard shells. The jaws of these rays have developed

text: calcified

text: struts to help them break through the shells of mollusks, by supporting the jaws and preventing dents from hard prey. These rays have the unique behavior of digging with their snouts in the sand of the ocean.  While doing this, a cloud of sand surrounds the ray and sand spews from its gills. One study has shown that there are no differences in the feeding habits of males and females or in rays from different regions of Australia and Taiwan.

text: Throughout the game, the player can procure various weapons, including melee weapons, pistols, shotguns, and alien weapons. Non-melee weapons degrade with use and will break if they are not regularly repaired with maintenance tools. There are a variety of ammunition types, each of which is most damaging to a specific enemy. For example, organic enemies are vulnerable to anti-personnel rounds, while mechanical foes are weak against armor-piercing rounds. Similarly, energy weapons cause the most damage against robots and cyborgs, and the annelid-made exotic weaponry is particularly harmful to organic targets. Because ammunition is scarce, to be effective the player must use it sparingly and carefully search rooms for supplies.

text: Throughout the game, the player can procure various weapons, including melee weapons, pistols, shotguns, and alien weapons. Non-melee weapons degrade with use and will break if they are not regularly repaired with maintenance tools. There are a variety of ammunition types, each of which is most damaging to a specific enemy. For example, organic enemies are vulnerable to

text: anti-personnel rounds

text: , while mechanical foes are weak against

text: armor-piercing rounds

text: . Similarly, energy weapons cause the most damage against robots and cyborgs, and the annelid-made exotic weaponry is particularly harmful to organic targets. Because ammunition is scarce, to be effective the player must use it sparingly and carefully search rooms for supplies.

text: The describers of this fossil animal, Simon Conway Morris and Jean-Bernard Caron, say Orthrozanclus may have formed a link between the halkieriid and the wiwaxiid families, uniting them tentatively in a group called "Halwaxiida", characterized by a similar type of body armor; these organisms might have been stem group molluscs, or fall as a stem group to the larger lophotrochozoan clade (containing molluscs, annelids and brachiopods).  However, the status of the Halwaxiid grouping is not universally accepted.

text: The describers of this fossil animal,

text: Simon Conway Morris

text: and

text: Jean-Bernard Caron

text: , say Orthrozanclus may have formed a link between the

text: halkieriid

text: and the

text: wiwaxiid

text: families, uniting them tentatively in a group called "

text: Halwaxiida

text: ", characterized by a similar type of body armor; these organisms might have been stem group

text: mollusc

text: s, or fall as a stem group to the larger

text: lophotrochozoan

text: clade (containing molluscs,

text: annelid

text: s and

text: brachiopod

text: s).  However, the status of the Halwaxiid grouping is not universally accepted.

text: The black slug (also known as black arion, European black slug, or large black slug) Arion ater L. is a large terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Arionidae—the round back slugs. Land slugs lack shells like other terrestrial mollusks (such as snails). Without such shells, slugs produce unappetizing mucus—that may also contain toxins—to deter predators. Additionally, terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying. Such mollusks are hermaphroditic preferring to find mates. Slugs most often function as decomposers but are also often omnivores. Arion ater is one such slug, decomposing organic matter, preying on other organisms, and consuming vegetative matter—including agricultural crops. Native to Europe, the black slug is an invasive species in Australia, Canada (British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec), and the United States—Pacific Northwest.

text: The black slug (also known as black arion, European black slug, or large black slug) Arion ater L. is a large

text: terrestrial

text: gastropod

text: mollusk in the

text: family

text: Arionidae

text: —the round back slugs. Land slugs lack shells like other terrestrial mollusks (such as

text: snail

text: s). Without such shells, slugs produce unappetizing

text: mucus

text: —that may also contain toxins—to deter predators. Additionally, terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying. Such mollusks are hermaphroditic preferring to find mates. Slugs most often function as

text: decomposer

text: s but are also often

text: omnivore

text: s. Arion ater is one such slug, decomposing organic matter, preying on other organisms, and consuming vegetative matter—including agricultural crops. Native to Europe, the black slug is an invasive species in Australia, Canada (British Columbia, Newfoundland, Quebec), and the United States—Pacific Northwest.

text: Most are carnivores, feeding on annelids, clams and crustaceans, and may kill annelids of about their own size. They sometimes take fish, both living and dead. Insects and myriapods are the only known prey of the two terrestrial species of Argonemertes.A few nemerteans are scavengers, and these generally have good distance chemoreception ("smell") and are not selective about their prey. A few species live commensally inside the mantle cavity of molluscs and feed on micro-organisms filtered out by the host.

text: Most are

text: carnivore

text: s, feeding on

text: annelid

text: s,

text: clam

text: s and

text: crustacean

text: s, and may kill annelids of about their own size. They sometimes take fish, both living and dead. Insects and

text: myriapod

text: s are the only known prey of the two terrestrial species of Argonemertes.A few nemerteans are

text: scavenger

text: s, and these generally have good distance

text: chemoreception

text: ("smell") and are not selective about their prey. A few species live

text: commensal

text: ly inside the

text: mantle

text: cavity of molluscs and feed on micro-organisms filtered out by the host.

text: A scolecodont is the jaw of a polychaete annelid, a common type of fossil-producing segmented worm useful in invertebrate paleontology. Scolecodonts are common and diverse microfossils, which range from the Cambrian period (around half a billion years ago at the start of the Paleozoic era) to the present. They diversified profusely in the Ordovician, and are most common in the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian marine deposits of the Paleozoic era.

text: A scolecodont is the jaw of a

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: , a common type of

text: fossil

text: -producing

text: segmented worm

text: useful in

text: invertebrate paleontology

text: . Scolecodonts are common and diverse

text: microfossil

text: s, which range from the

text: Cambrian

text: period (around half a billion years ago at the start of the

text: Paleozoic

text: era) to the

text: present

text: . They diversified profusely in the Ordovician, and are most common in the

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Devonian

text: marine

text: deposits of the

text: Paleozoic

text: era.

text: While not as well studied as in Drosophila and zebrafish, segmentation in the leech has been described as “budding” segmentation.  Early divisions within the leech embryo result in teloblast cells, which are stem cells that divide asymmetrically to create bandlets of blast cells.  Furthermore, there are five different teloblast lineages (N, M, O, P, and Q), with one set for each side of the midline.  The N and Q lineages contribute two blast cells for each segment, while the M, O, and P lineages only contribute one cell per segment.  Finally, the number of segments within the embryo is defined by the number of divisions and blast cells. Segmentation appears to be regulated by the gene Hedgehog, suggesting its common evolutionary origin in the ancestor of arthropods and annelids.

text: While not as well studied as in

text: Drosophila

text: and

text: zebrafish

text: , segmentation in the

text: leech

text: has been described as “budding” segmentation.  Early divisions within the leech embryo result in teloblast cells, which are stem cells that divide asymmetrically to create bandlets of blast cells.  Furthermore, there are five different teloblast lineages (N, M, O, P, and Q), with one set for each side of the midline.  The N and Q lineages contribute two blast cells for each segment, while the M, O, and P lineages only contribute one cell per segment.  Finally, the number of segments within the embryo is defined by the number of divisions and blast cells. Segmentation appears to be regulated by the gene

text: Hedgehog

text: , suggesting its common evolutionary origin in the ancestor of arthropods and annelids.

text: Parasesarma leptosoma occurs in mangrove estuaries along the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. In order to escape low tide predators, this species twice daily climbs mangrove stems to the canopy and feeds on fresh leaves, and is commonly found on Rhizophora mucronata, but studies suggest that it prefers the foliage of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Its diet also includes algae, mollusks, insects and annelids. Its aversion to Avicennia marina may be due to its secreting salt from its leaves, while both R. mucronata and B. gymnorrhiza are salt excluders. Distinguishing characters are its propodus being three times the length of its dactylus, and the carapace width only some 2 cm. Females carry the eggs, which remain attached to the swimming legs or pleopods until hatching.

text: Parasesarma leptosoma occurs in mangrove estuaries along the coasts of

text: Kenya

text: Tanzania

text: Mozambique

text: and

text: South Africa

text: . In order to escape low tide predators, this species twice daily climbs mangrove stems to the canopy and feeds on fresh leaves, and is commonly found on Rhizophora mucronata, but studies suggest that it prefers the foliage of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Its diet also includes algae, mollusks, insects and annelids. Its aversion to Avicennia marina may be due to its secreting salt from its leaves, while both R. mucronata and B. gymnorrhiza are salt excluders. Distinguishing characters are its propodus being three times the length of its dactylus, and the carapace width only some 2 cm. Females carry the eggs, which remain attached to the swimming legs or

text: pleopod

text: s until hatching.

text: Orthrozanclus′ sclerites are very similar to those of its Burgess Shale contemporary Wiwaxia. Its shell is very similar to: one of the two Burgess Shale shell types labelled Oikozetetes; the forward shell of Halkieriids, most of which are dated to the Early Cambrian; and those of other Early Cambrian fossils such as Ocruranus and Eohalobia. These similarities suggest that Orthrozanclus was an intermediate form between Wiwaxia and the Halkieriids and that all three of these taxa formed a monophyletic clade, in other words a group that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. However this draws Orthrozanclus into a complex debate that has gone on since 1990 about whether Wiwaxia is more closely related to molluscs or to polychaete worms, and therefore about the entire "family tree" of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" that is thought to contain modern molluscs, annelids and brachiopods as well as some extinct groups. The main opponent of this view, Nicholas Butterfield, proposes that Wiwaxia is more closely related to annelids while Halkieriids are very close to molluscs.

text: Orthrozanclus′ sclerites are very similar to those of its

text: Burgess Shale

text: contemporary

text: Wiwaxia

text: . Its shell is very similar to: one of the two Burgess Shale shell types labelled

text: Oikozetetes

text: ; the forward shell of

text: Halkieriids

text: , most of which are dated to the Early

text: Cambrian

text: ; and those of other Early

text: Cambrian

text: fossils such as

text: Ocruranus

text: and

text: Eohalobia

text: . These similarities suggest that Orthrozanclus was an intermediate form between Wiwaxia and the Halkieriids and that all three of these

text: taxa

text: formed a

text: monophyletic

text: clade

text: , in other words a group that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. However this draws Orthrozanclus into a complex debate that has gone on since 1990 about whether Wiwaxia is more closely related to

text: mollusc

text: s or to

text: polychaete

text: worms, and therefore about the entire "family tree" of the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , a "super-

text: phylum

text: " that is thought to contain modern molluscs, annelids and

text: brachiopod

text: s as well as some extinct groups. The main opponent of this view, Nicholas Butterfield, proposes that Wiwaxia is more closely related to annelids while Halkieriids are very close to molluscs.

text: Segmentation in animals typically falls into three types characteristic of different arthropods, vertebrates, and annelids. The arthropod fruit fly forms segments from a field of equivalent cells based on transcription factor gradients. The vertebrate zebrafish uses oscillating gene expression to define segments known as somites. The annelid leech uses smaller blast cells budded off from large teloblast cells to define segments.

text: Segmentation in animals typically falls into three types characteristic of different

text: arthropods

text: vertebrates

text: , and

text: annelids

text: . The arthropod

text: fruit fly

text: forms segments from a field of equivalent cells based on

text: transcription factor

text: gradients. The vertebrate

text: zebrafish

text: uses oscillating

text: gene expression

text: to define segments known as

text: somites

text: . The annelid

text: leech

text: uses smaller

text: blast cell

text: s budded off from large

text: teloblast

text: cells to define segments.

text: Since animals are far less plastic than plants, ecophenotypic variation is noteworthy. When encountered, it can cause confusion in identification if it is not anticipated. The most obvious examples are again common observations, as the dwarfing of aquarium fish living in a restricted environment. In asexual reproduction, the parent passes on the entire genome to the next generation. Mutations to the genes are the only source of genetic variation. In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes half of his or her genome to the offspring; thus the offspring contain a mixture of genetic material. Adaptations are traits that increase fitness, the driving force for natural selection. The level of fitness associated with an allele can only be ascertained by comparison with alternate alleles. Traits that increase the survival rate of a species contribute to an animal's fitness, but selection will only favor such traits insofar as survival improves the reproductive success of the organism. More interesting are examples where causation is less clear. Among mollusks, examples include the muricid snail species Nucella lamellosa, which in rough, shallow waters is generally less spiny than in deeper, quiet waters. In unionid freshwater bivalves, there are lake, small river, and large river forms of several species. In vertebrates, experiments on mice show reduced length of ears and tails in response to being reared in a lower temperature, a phenomenon known as Allen's rule.

text: mollusks

text: , examples include the

text: muricid

text: snail species

text: Nucella lamellosa

text: , which in rough, shallow waters is generally less spiny than in deeper, quiet waters. In

text: unionid

text: freshwater bivalves

text: , there are lake, small river, and large river forms of several species. In

text: vertebrate

text: s, experiments on mice show reduced length of ears and tails in response to being reared in a lower temperature, a phenomenon known as

text: Allen's rule

text: Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. Mollusks shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. The Calusa wove nets from palm-fiber cord. Cord was also made from Cabbage Palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord.<ref>MacMahon and Marquardt:69–71

text: Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. Mollusks shells and shark teeth were used for grating, cutting, carving and engraving. The Calusa wove nets from palm-fiber cord. Cord was also made from

text: Cabbage Palm

text: leaves,

text: saw palmetto

text: trunks,

text: Spanish moss

text: , false sisal (

text: Agave

text: decipiens) and the bark of

text: cypress

text: and

text: willow

text: trees. The Calusa also made

text: fish trap

text: s,

text: weirs

text: , and fish

text: corrals

text: from wood and cord.<ref>MacMahon and Marquardt:69–71

text: This list of molluscan genera represented in the fossil record is a list which is composed primarily of many mollusk genera which occur as fossils. Some of these genera are extant, some are extinct.Some genera listed here are organisms other than mollusks.

text: This list of molluscan genera represented in the fossil record is a list which is composed primarily of many

text: mollusk

text: genera which occur as

text: fossil

text: s. Some of these genera are

text: extant

text: , some are

text: extinct

text: .Some genera listed here are organisms other than mollusks.

text: Being very opportunistic predators, the Cheilinus undulatus prey primarily on invertebrates such as mollusks (particularly gastropods and pelecypods), echinoids, crustaceans, annelids) and vertebrates, in the form of fish. Half of echinoids and most pelecypods hide under the sand, leaving scientists to believe one of two options: the humphead wrasses rely on fish excavators like stingrays, or they themselves excavate by ejecting water and nosing around to look for prey. Often, these wrasse, alone with many other Red Sea wrasses, crack sea urchins (echinoids) by carrying them to a rock in their mouths and striking them against a rock by moving their heads in sideways, brisk movements.

text: Being very opportunistic

text: predators

text: , the Cheilinus undulatus prey primarily on invertebrates such as

text: mollusk

text: s (particularly

text: gastropods

text: and

text: pelecypods

text: echinoids

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s) and

text: vertebrate

text: s, in the form of

text: fish

text: . Half of echinoids and most pelecypods hide under the sand, leaving scientists to believe one of two options: the humphead wrasses rely on fish excavators like

text: stingrays

text: , or they themselves excavate by ejecting water and nosing around to look for prey. Often, these wrasse, alone with many other Red Sea wrasses, crack sea urchins (echinoids) by carrying them to a rock in their mouths and striking them against a rock by moving their heads in sideways, brisk movements.

text: The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments, where the first segment matches the original vowel and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be /u/ (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (e.g., velar or pharyngeal), and the second segment may be /i/ (a front vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is front (e.g., palatal). Thus, vowel breaking in this restricted sense can be viewed as an example of assimilation of a vowel to a following vowel or consonant.

text: The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments, where the first segment matches the original vowel and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be /u/ (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (e.g.,

text: velar

text: or

text: pharyngeal

text: ), and the second segment may be /i/ (a front vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is front (e.g.,

text: palatal

text: ). Thus, vowel breaking in this restricted sense can be viewed as an example of

text: assimilation

text: of a vowel to a following vowel or consonant.

text: Soil formation would have been very slow until the appearance of burrowing animals, which mix the mineral and organic components of soil and whose feces are a major source of the organic components. Burrows have been found in Ordovician sediments, and are attributed to annelids ("worms") or arthropods.

text: Soil formation would have been very slow until the appearance of burrowing animals, which mix the mineral and organic components of soil and whose

text: feces

text: are a major source of the organic components. Burrows have been found in Ordovician sediments, and are attributed to

text: annelid

text: s ("worms") or arthropods.

text: The site, located at an elevation of , has been discovered in 2004 and the preliminary research began in 2005 with the help of German paleobiologists from Freiburg. In the Upper Triassic, 230 to 200 million years ago, the area was a shallow, ending part of the large tropical sea, the Tethys Ocean. The mud and sediments petrified in the form of plates which are rich in remains of mollusk shells (which have been found on the slopes of the Stara Planina at over ), sea worms, snails and other marine animals (sea crocodiles, sharks, giant mollusks) with indications that fossils of the dinosaurs can be found also. In some sections, Triassic sediments are over  deep.<ref name></ref>

text: The site, located at an elevation of , has been discovered in 2004 and the preliminary research began in 2005 with the help of German

text: paleobiologists

text: from

text: Freiburg

text: . In the

text: Upper Triassic

text: , 230 to 200 million years ago, the area was a shallow, ending part of the large tropical sea, the

text: Tethys Ocean

text: . The mud and sediments petrified in the form of plates which are rich in remains of

text: mollusk shell

text: s (which have been found on the slopes of the Stara Planina at over ), sea worms, snails and other marine animals (sea crocodiles, sharks, giant mollusks) with indications that fossils of the dinosaurs can be found also. In some sections, Triassic sediments are over  deep.<ref name></ref>

text: The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the swarf formed.

text: The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the

text: swarf

text: formed.

text: Inanidrilus falcifer is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus falcifer is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: Apart from the Mollusca (molluscs), Linnaeus included a very diverse and rather mismatched assemblage of animals in the categories. The Intestina group encompassed various parasitic animals, among them the hagfish, which Linnaeus would have found in dead fish.  Shelled molluscs were placed in the Testacea, together with barnacles and tube worms. Cnidarians (jellyfish and corals), echinoderms and polychaetes were spread across the other orders. After Linnaeus, and especially with the advent of Darwinism, it became apparent that a lot of the Vermes-animals are not at all closely related. Historically, systematic works on phylum-level taxa since Linnaeus have largely been about splitting up Vermes and sorting the animals into natural systematic units. The first major revision was done by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in his 1801 Système des Animaux sans Vertebres. In this work, he categorized echinoderms, arachnids, crustaceans and annelids, which he separated from Vermes. The work Lamarck started still goes on today.

text: Apart from the

text: Mollusc

text: a (molluscs), Linnaeus included a very diverse and rather mismatched assemblage of animals in the categories. The Intestina group encompassed various parasitic animals, among them the

text: hagfish

text: , which Linnaeus would have found in dead fish.  Shelled molluscs were placed in the Testacea, together with

text: barnacle

text: s and

text: tube worms

text: Cnidaria

text: ns (jellyfish and corals),

text: echinoderms

text: and

text: polychaetes

text: were spread across the other orders. After Linnaeus, and especially with the advent of Darwinism, it became apparent that a lot of the Vermes-animals are not at all closely related. Historically, systematic works on

text: phylum

text: -level taxa since Linnaeus have largely been about splitting up Vermes and sorting the animals into natural systematic units. The first major revision was done by

text: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

text: in his 1801 Système des Animaux sans Vertebres. In this work, he categorized

text: echinoderm

text: s,

text: arachnid

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: annelid

text: s, which he separated from Vermes. The work Lamarck started still goes on today.

text: Lethrinus rubrioperculatus eats mostly crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and other fishes.

text: Lethrinus rubrioperculatus eats mostly

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: echinoderm

text: s, and other fishes.

text: The non-marine mollusks of Cambodia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Cambodia (the wildlife of Cambodia). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Cambodia.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: Cambodia

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of Cambodia

text: (the

text: wildlife of Cambodia

text: ). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Cambodia.

text: Butterfield also contended that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus, instead of being mounted in the middle of its "head", was just as likely to be mounted in two parts on the sides of the "head", an arrangement that is common in polychaetes. He went so far as to classify Wiwaxia as a member of a modern order, Phyllodocida, and pointed out that Wiwaxia’s lack of obvious segmentation is no barrier to this, as some modern polychaetes also show no segmentation except during development. He later noted that Wiwaxia lack some polychaete features which he would expect to be easily preserved in fossils, and therefore a stem-group annelid, in other words an evolutionary "aunt" of modern annelids.

text: Butterfield also contended that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus, instead of being mounted in the middle of its "head", was just as likely to be mounted in two parts on the sides of the "head", an arrangement that is common in polychaetes. He went so far as to classify Wiwaxia as a member of a modern

text: order

text: Phyllodocida

text: , and pointed out that Wiwaxia’s lack of obvious

text: segmentation

text: is no barrier to this, as some modern polychaetes also show no segmentation except during development. He later noted that Wiwaxia lack some polychaete features which he would expect to be easily preserved in fossils, and therefore a stem-group

text: annelid

text: , in other words an evolutionary "aunt" of modern annelids.

text: The group has historically been assigned to variously the echinoderms, barnacles, annelids and mollusks.  Relationships to other Cambrian forms (such as the Halkieriids) have been proposed and discounted. In 2008, the discovery of a fossil preserving soft tissue (including chaetae and parapodia) established an annelid affinity.  Machaeridians represent the only instance of this group developing calcitic armour (notwithstanding certain polychaetes that integrate calcite into their chaetae). The exact position with annelids remains unresolved, though some characters indicate a relationship to Aphroditacean annelids (Vinther et al. 2008). In an accompanying commentary, Jean-Bernard Caron suggested that machaeridians must be a stem group based on number of specialised features. However, one cannot assess crown group/stem group affinities based on autapomorphies, but on shared morphological traits or the lack thereof. He also suggested that machaeridians might be polyphyletic, but machaerdians are a well defined group with a number of shared characters and morphological gradations between all three families.

text: Trochophores exist as a larval form within the trochozoan clade, which include the entoprocts, molluscs, annelids, echiurans, sipunculans and nemerteans.  Together, these phyla make up part of the Lophotrochozoa; it is possible that trochophore larvae were present in the life cycle of the group's common ancestor.

text: Trochophores exist as a larval form within the

text: trochozoa

text: n clade, which include the

text: entoprocts

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: echiura

text: ns,

text: sipuncula

text: ns and

text: nemertea

text: ns.  Together, these phyla make up part of the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: ; it is possible that trochophore larvae were present in the life cycle of the group's common ancestor.

text: A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination, that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals. DNA segments that are IBD are IBS per definition, but segments that are not IBD can still be IBS due to the same mutations in different individuals or recombinations that do not alter the segment.

text: A

text: DNA

text: segment is

text: identical by state

text: (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical

text: nucleotide sequences

text: in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without

text: recombination

text: , that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals. DNA segments that are IBD are IBS per definition, but segments that are not IBD can still be IBS due to the same

text: mutation

text: s in different individuals or recombinations that do not alter the segment.

text: The prehistoric site was named "Bukit Kerang", meaning "hill of mollusk shells". The most significant part of it is a large shell mound, formed from a mass of mollusk shells. Prehistoric man of the Mesolithic era (dating from 5000–7000 years ago) lived by the shore of eastern Sumatra and mollusks were the easiest foodstuff that could be found. A pile of waste mollusk shells built up over time. There were also skulls, brainpans and bones which have been found inside the site. One of the skulls had teeth made of hematite.

text: The prehistoric site was named "Bukit Kerang", meaning "hill of mollusk shells". The most significant part of it is a large

text: shell mound

text: , formed from a mass of mollusk shells.

text: Prehistoric man

text: of the Mesolithic era (dating from 5000–7000 years ago) lived by the shore of eastern Sumatra and mollusks were the easiest foodstuff that could be found. A pile of waste mollusk shells built up over time. There were also skulls, brainpans and bones which have been found inside the site. One of the skulls had teeth made of

text: hematite

text: Tenaturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Tenaturris is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk. Research also suggests that draining the breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production. Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is able to transfer milk from the breast. Low supply can often be traced to:

text: Sprigginas affinity is currently unknown; it has been classified as an annelid worm, a rangeomorph-like frond, a variant of Charniodiscus, a proarticulatan, or an arthropod perhaps related to the trilobites, or even an extinct phylum. Lack of known segmented legs or limbs, and glide reflection instead of symmetric segments, suggest an arthropod classification is premature despite some superficial resemblance.

text: Sprigginas affinity is currently unknown; it has been classified as an

text: annelid

text: worm, a

text: rangeomorph

text: -like frond, a variant of

text: Charniodiscus

text: , a

text: proarticulata

text: n, or an

text: arthropod

text: perhaps related to the

text: trilobite

text: s, or even an extinct

text: phylum

text: . Lack of known segmented legs or limbs, and

text: glide reflection

text: instead of symmetric segments, suggest an arthropod classification is premature despite some superficial resemblance.

text: Fertilized eggs hatch into free-swimming trochophore larvae. In some species, the larva briefly develops a segmented body before transforming into the adult body plan, supporting the theory that echiurans evolved from segmented ancestors resembling more typical annelids.

text: Fertilized eggs hatch into free-swimming

text: trochophore

text: larvae. In some species, the larva briefly develops a segmented body before transforming into the adult body plan, supporting the theory that echiurans evolved from segmented ancestors resembling more typical annelids.

text: Because of the way the segment address and offset are added, a single linear address can be mapped to up to 4096 distinct segment:offset pairs. For example, the linear address 08124h can have the segmented addresses 06EFh:1234h, 0812h:0004h, 0000h:8124h, etc. This could be confusing to programmers accustomed to unique addressing schemes, but it can also be used to advantage, for example when addressing multiple nested data structures.  While real mode segments are always 64 KB long, the practical effect is only that no segment can be longer than 64 KB, rather than that every segment must be 64 KB long.  Because there is no protection or privilege limitation in real mode, even if a segment could be defined to be smaller than 64 KB, it would still be entirely up to the programs to coordinate and keep within the bounds of their segments, as any program can always access any memory (since it can arbitrarily set segment selectors to change segment addresses with absolutely no supervision).  Therefore, real mode can just as well be imagined as having a variable length for each segment, in the range 1 to 65536 bytes, that is just not enforced by the CPU.

text: Because of the way the segment address and offset are added, a single linear address can be mapped to up to 4096 distinct segment:offset pairs. For example, the linear address 08124h can have the segmented addresses 06EFh:1234h, 0812h:0004h, 0000h:8124h, etc. This could be confusing to programmers accustomed to unique addressing schemes, but it can also be used to advantage, for example when addressing multiple nested data structures.  While real mode segments are always 64

text: KB

text: long, the practical effect is only that no segment can be longer than 64 KB, rather than that every segment must be 64 KB long.  Because there is no protection or privilege limitation in real mode, even if a segment could be defined to be smaller than 64 KB, it would still be entirely up to the programs to coordinate and keep within the bounds of their segments, as any program can always access any memory (since it can arbitrarily set segment selectors to change segment addresses with absolutely no supervision).  Therefore, real mode can just as well be imagined as having a variable length for each segment, in the range 1 to 65536 bytes, that is just not enforced by the CPU.

text: The reproductive systems develop progressively along the differentiated proglottids of the strobila region, with each proglottid developing one or two sets of sexual organs that differentiate at different times in a species-specific pattern, usually male-first. Thus, moving in the posterior direction of the continuously maturing proglottid chain, there are proglottids with mature male reproductive organs, then proglottids with mature female reproductive organs, and then proglottids with fertilized eggs in the uterus, a condition commonly referred to as "gravid."

text: It has been found that because of female choice (see sexual selection), morphology of sperm in many species occurs in many variations to accommodate or combat (see sexual conflict) the morphology and physiology of the female reproductive tract.  However, it is difficult to understand the interplay between female and male reproductive shape and structure that occurs within the female reproductive tract after mating that allows for the competition of sperm. Polyandrous females mate with many male partners.  Females of many species of arthropod, mollusk and other phyla have a specialized sperm-storage organ called the spermatheca in which the sperm of different males sometimes compete for increased reproductive success. Species of crickets, specifically Gryllus bimaculatus, are known to exhibit polyandrous sexual selection. Males will invest more in ejaculation when competitors are in the immediate environment of the female.

text: It has been found that because of female choice (see

text: sexual selection

text: morphology

text: of sperm in many species occurs in many variations to accommodate or combat (see

text: sexual conflict

text: ) the morphology and

text: physiology

text: of the female

text: reproductive tract

text: .  However, it is difficult to understand the interplay between female and male reproductive shape and structure that occurs within the female reproductive tract after mating that allows for the competition of sperm.

text: Polyandrous

text: females mate with many male partners.  Females of many species of

text: arthropod

text: mollusk

text: and other

text: phyla

text: have a specialized sperm-storage organ called the

text: spermatheca

text: in which the sperm of different males sometimes compete for increased reproductive success. Species of crickets, specifically

text: Gryllus bimaculatus

text: , are known to exhibit polyandrous sexual selection. Males will invest more in ejaculation when competitors are in the immediate environment of the female.

text: Just as in many wasp species, Metapolybia cingulata has one sole reproductive female for the entire colony. In most colonies where there is a queen present, the worker is more related to the queen than to the offspring. Instead of being polygynous, the workers enforce monogamy within each other. Thus, worker persecution keeps the job of reproduction only for the queen. This limitation of reproduction to one individual per colony has also shown to increase the overall productivity and efficiency of the colony. This suppression of reproduction is also enforced by the queen. She gives birth to very few queens in her lifetime because these reproductively active females have the possibility of overtaking her.  Thus, it is very unlikely to observe a colony with many reproductively active females within it. When too many reproductively active females (queens) are present in a colony, it is usually an indication that there is a lack of dominance within the colony. This is especially common in large colonies because there are too many individuals present to truly establish castes and a hierarchy.

text: castes

text: and a

text: hierarchy

text: In order to ensure that this concept is successfully practiced and understood in an organization, a well-organized value system must be established throughout the organization by the top management. If an organization functions on the base of value systems common to both the top management and the employees, mutual respect between them will be present. A sound and healthy value system can make way for ethical communication.

text: On April 25, 2011, Red started shooting for the music video "Feed the Machine". Fans were asked to come as extras for a scene in the video. The second music video, "Lie to Me" was shot the following day. Both videos were produced by Dan Atchison and directed by The Erwin Brothers. "Feed the Machine" was released on June 6, 2011. RED posted clips from the "Feed the Machine" video on their Facebook and YouTube pages before it was released. The music video for "Lie to Me (Denial)" was premiered on July 7, 2011, on Noisecreep. Red announced that they would be making a music video for "Not Alone" using fan submissions of how the song has impacted their life or a life of someone they know.

text: On April 25, 2011, Red started shooting for the music video "Feed the Machine". Fans were asked to come as

text: extras

text: for a scene in the video. The second music video, "Lie to Me" was shot the following day. Both videos were produced by Dan Atchison and directed by The Erwin Brothers. "Feed the Machine" was released on June 6, 2011. RED posted clips from the "Feed the Machine" video on their Facebook and YouTube pages before it was released. The music video for "Lie to Me (Denial)" was premiered on July 7, 2011, on Noisecreep. Red announced that they would be making a music video for "Not Alone" using fan submissions of how the song has impacted their life or a life of someone they know.

text: The various studies have increased progress towards understanding mineralized tissues. However, it is still unclear which micro/nanostructural features are essential to the material performance of these tissues. Also constitutive laws along various loading paths of the materials are currently unavailable. For nacre, the role of some nanograins and mineral bridges requires further studies to be fully defined. Successful biomimicking of mollusk shells will depend will on gaining further knowledge of all these factors, especially the selection of influential materials in the performance of mineralized tissues. Also the final technique used for artificial reproduction must be both cost effective and scalable industrially.

text: The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 17,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies - some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.

text: The annelids (Annelida, from

text: Latin

text: anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large

text: phylum

text: , with over 17,000

text: extant

text: species

text: including

text: ragworm

text: s,

text: earthworm

text: s, and

text: leech

text: es. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies - some in marine environments as distinct as

text: tidal zone

text: s and

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.

text: The adult stage consists of a scolex with four suckers and an armed rostellum, a short neck region, a series of immature proglottids with undeveloped reproductive organs, a series of mature proglottids with fully developed male and female reproductive organs, and a series of gravid proglottids with an expanded uterus filled with eggs.

text: The adult stage consists of a

text: scolex

text: with four suckers and an armed rostellum, a short neck region, a series of immature

text: proglottids

text: with undeveloped reproductive organs, a series of mature proglottids with fully developed male and female reproductive organs, and a series of gravid proglottids with an expanded uterus filled with eggs.

text: Once the larvae reach their maximum size, metamorphosis occurs. Sexual maturity is reached in this species at three to four years old. The adults and juveniles tend to be restricted to the stream edges, hiding under rocks and other debris during the day. Seasonal migration does occur, but not all individuals undertake them. Research done in Quebec suggests a postbreeding migration into the forest occurs in June. These adult salamanders may move over 100 m from the stream. The second migration is that of the newly metamorphosed juveniles leaving the stream, but they tend to remain closer to it. About 75% of individuals dispersing over 100 m into the forest did not return, and they were believed to have been consumed by predators. The majority of above-ground movements are made after dark and in wet weather. The diets of the adults are more wide-ranging than the larvae because of the amount of habitat that can be exploited, both terrestrial and aquatic. The movements of juveniles and adults usually occurs in the first hour after dark, when they emerge from under their retreats and forage along the stream bank or forest floor. Food items recorded include wood roaches, arachnids, worms, isopods, millipedes, beetles, snails, springtails, flies, hymenopterans, sowbugs, mayflies, annelids, stonefly nymphs, and thrips and rarely trout fry. Adult population densities are variable by habitat quality. Adults are also territorial, so if resources are scarce, the population is less dense. In some populations, densities are as low as 0.02-0.04 animals/m. In other areas, localized densities can be as high as 11 individuals /m. Adults overwinter up to 80 cm deep into the soil of the stream bank in cold climates, but may remain somewhat active in southern regions, and may continue feeding during this period.

text: A typical digenean trematode life cycle is as follows.  Eggs leave the vertebrate host in faeces and use various strategies to infect the first intermediate host, in which sexual reproduction does not occur. Digeneans may infect the first intermediate host (usually a snail) by either passive or active means. The eggs of some digeneans, for example, are (passively) eaten by snails (or, rarely, by an annelid worm), in which they proceed to hatch. Alternatively, eggs may hatch in water to release an actively swimming, ciliated larva, the miracidium, which must locate and penetrate the body wall of the snail host.

text: A typical digenean trematode life cycle is as follows.  Eggs leave the

text: vertebrate

text: host in

text: faeces

text: and use various strategies to infect the first

text: intermediate host

text: , in which sexual reproduction does not occur. Digeneans may infect the first intermediate host (usually a

text: snail

text: ) by either passive or active means. The eggs of some digeneans, for example, are (passively) eaten by snails (or, rarely, by an

text: annelid

text: worm), in which they proceed to hatch. Alternatively, eggs may hatch in water to release an actively swimming, ciliated larva, the

text: miracidium

text: , which must locate and penetrate the body wall of the snail host.

text: The snipe have been recorded as feeding on a variety of invertebrates, including annelids, amphipods, isopods, arachnids and insects.

text: The snipe have been recorded as feeding on a variety of invertebrates, including

text: annelid

text: s,

text: amphipod

text: s,

text: isopod

text: s,

text: arachnid

text: s and

text: insect

text: s.

text: Since annelids  are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from , has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about  in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla.  Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about , and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about .  It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about , fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than .

text: Since annelids  are

text: soft-bodied

text: , their fossils are rare.

text: Polychaete

text: s' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the

text: mineral

text: ized tubes that some secreted. Some

text: Ediacaran

text: fossils such as

text: Dickinsonia

text: in some ways resemble

text: polychaete

text: s, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The

text: small shelly fossil

text: Cloudina

text: , from , has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a

text: cnidarian

text: (i.e. in the phylum to which

text: jellyfish

text: and

text: sea anemone

text: s belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes

text: Canadia

text: and

text: Burgessochaeta

text: , both from Canada's

text: Burgess Shale

text: , formed about  in the early

text: Cambrian

text: Myoscolex

text: , found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla.  Then

text: Simon Conway Morris

text: and John Peel reported

text: Phragmochaeta

text: from

text: Sirius Passet

text: , about , and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil

text: Wiwaxia

text: was a

text: mollusc

text: or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early

text: Ordovician

text: , about .  It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the

text: Carboniferous

text: , about , fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern

text: sessile

text: polychaetes , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the

text: Jurassic

text: , less than .

text: It has been reported that the construction of Ithai Barrage has altered the Loktak Lake and its ecosystem. Siltation has reduced the water holding capacity and has consequently had a negative impact on the power generation capacity at the Loktak Hydro Electric Power Project. Thinning of the phumdi in the Keibul Lamjao area has affected the habitat of the sangai, and other aquafauna, avifauna and flora are on the decline; the 35 species (5 mammals, 3 birds, 9 reptiles, 3 amphibians, 12 fishes, 2 molluscs and 1 annelid) are reported to be disappearing gradually.

text: It has been reported that the construction of Ithai Barrage has altered the Loktak Lake and its ecosystem. Siltation has reduced the water holding capacity and has consequently had a negative impact on the power generation capacity at the Loktak Hydro Electric Power Project. Thinning of the phumdi in the Keibul Lamjao area has affected the habitat of the sangai, and other aquafauna, avifauna and flora are on the decline; the 35 species (5 mammals, 3 birds, 9 reptiles, 3 amphibians, 12 fishes, 2

text: molluscs

text: and 1

text: annelid

text: ) are reported to be disappearing gradually.

text: The first is dubbed "accentuated gonads", in which they will sometimes increase the visibility of their gonads while reducing the rest of their body colouration. This makes their reproductive organs appear bright white through the transparent mantle. It may indicate the reproductive condition of the signalling squid.

text: The first is dubbed "accentuated gonads", in which they will sometimes increase the visibility of their

text: gonad

text: s while reducing the rest of their body colouration. This makes their reproductive organs appear bright white through the transparent mantle. It may indicate the reproductive condition of the signalling squid.

text: The platypus is a carnivore: it feeds on annelid worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp, and freshwater yabby that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten. The platypus needs to eat about 20% of its own weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food.

text: The platypus is a

text: carnivore

text: : it feeds on

text: annelid

text: worms,

text: insect larvae

text: , freshwater

text: shrimp

text: , and

text: freshwater yabby

text: that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten. The platypus needs to eat about 20% of its own weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food.

text: Dr. Sadler authored How to Feed the Baby, and co-authored a number of books, notably, How to Reduce and How to Gain, and The Mother and Her Child. She contributed numerous health articles to the leading magazines.

text: Blackeye gobies are diurnal, being primarily active during daytime. They feed almost exclusively on small crustaceans and mollusks. The most common prey include amphipods, copepods, isopods, decapods (particularly hermit crabs), snails, and clams. Other less important prey include annelids and other invertebrates. Parts of echinoderms (mostly sea urchins) and bryozoans are also found in the contents of the stomachs of blackeye gobies, though this is likely the result of incidental ingestion rather than true predation. The preferred prey can vary by season depending on their abundance. Blackeye gobies have also been observed feeding directly on chemosynthetic bacterial mats. It is of particular significance if substantiated, as it would be the first known instance of a fish deriving nutrition directly from chemosynthetic bacteria. Blackeye gobies feed mostly by simply picking off the prey directly from the substrate. Occasionally they may feed by taking a mouthful of substrate, spitting it out, then picking off edible prey as it drifts to the bottom.

text: Blackeye gobies are

text: diurnal

text: , being primarily active during daytime. They feed almost exclusively on small

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: mollusk

text: s. The most common prey include

text: amphipod

text: s,

text: copepod

text: s,

text: isopod

text: s,

text: decapod

text: s (particularly

text: hermit crab

text: s),

text: snail

text: s, and

text: clam

text: s. Other less important prey include

text: annelid

text: s and other

text: invertebrate

text: s. Parts of

text: echinoderm

text: s (mostly

text: sea urchin

text: s) and

text: bryozoan

text: s are also found in the contents of the stomachs of blackeye gobies, though this is likely the result of incidental ingestion rather than true predation. The preferred prey can vary by season depending on their abundance. Blackeye gobies have also been observed feeding directly on

text: chemosynthetic

text: bacterial mat

text: s. It is of particular significance if substantiated, as it would be the first known instance of a fish deriving nutrition directly from chemosynthetic bacteria. Blackeye gobies feed mostly by simply picking off the prey directly from the substrate. Occasionally they may feed by taking a mouthful of substrate, spitting it out, then picking off edible prey as it drifts to the bottom.

text: Pragoserpulinidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic gastropod mollusks.

text: Pragoserpulinidae is an extinct

text: family

text: of

text: Paleozoic

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: The court distinguished "sound recordings" from "phonorecords," which are the "material objects in which sounds . . . are fixed by any method now known or later developed" (emphasis in original). The court reasoned that the reproduction right "is the exclusive right to embody, and to prevent others from embodying, the copyrighted work (or sound recording) in a new material object[.]" Because it is physically impossible to transfer the original material object over the internet, "the embodiment of a digital music file on a new hard disk is a reproduction within the meaning of the Copyright Act." The court held that reproduction occurs regardless even if the sound recording is being simultaneously deleted from the original material object, because the dictionary definition of "reproduction" includes "to cause to exist . . . anew," not just to cause another existence. The court explained that, "the fact that a file has moved from one material object [the user's computer] to another [the ReDigi server] means that a reproduction has occurred."

text: The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.

text: The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a

text: respiratory pigment

text: – red

text: hemoglobin

text: in some species, green

text: chlorocruorin

text: in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the

text: blood plasma

text: . Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of

text: capillaries

text: in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many

text: earthworm

text: s some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.

text: Notoficula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Eratoidae, the true whelks.

text: Notoficula is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s, marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Eratoidae

text: , the true whelks.

text: The overall marketing theme is that parents can feed their children "fun" processed foods that are based on real fruit.  Studies of American mothers have shown that the mothers are surprised at how sweet Fruit Roll-Ups are and how little fruit is present in them.  For example, the strawberry flavor contains no strawberries, and the only ingredient derived from fruit is the sugar present in concentrated pear juice.

text: The overall marketing theme is that parents can feed their children "fun" processed foods that are based on real

text: fruit

text: .  Studies of American mothers have shown that the mothers are surprised at how sweet Fruit Roll-Ups are and how little fruit is present in them.  For example, the strawberry flavor contains no strawberries, and the only ingredient derived from fruit is the sugar present in concentrated pear juice.

text: The reproductive phase lasts from the emergence of the first reproductives until the colony begins to decline and new reproductives disperse to form their own nests.  During this time, each foundress mates with a different male and lays her eggs, with the dominant foundress laying the majority of the eggs.

text: The reproductive phase lasts from the emergence of the first reproductives until the colony begins to decline and new reproductives disperse to form their own nests.  During this time males wait on perches near nests in order to have the opportunity to mate with a virgin foundress. In some cases males will defend their perch in order to ensure the continuation of their genes. In the reproductive phase workers provide larva with food. This causes hierarchies among workers to emerge as more dominant individual workers forage significantly less than subordinates.

text: Pseudofeces or pseudofaeces are a specialized method of expulsion that filter-feeding bivalve mollusks (and filter-feeding gastropod mollusks) use in order to get rid of suspended particles such as particles of grit which cannot be used as food, and which have been rejected by the animal. The rejected particles are wrapped in mucus, and are then expelled without having passed through the digestive tract. Thus, although they may closely resemble the mollusk's real feces, they are not actually feces, hence the name pseudofeces, meaning false feces.

text: Pseudofeces or pseudofaeces are a specialized method of expulsion that

text: filter-feeding

text: bivalve

text: mollusk

text: s (and filter-feeding

text: gastropod

text: mollusks) use in order to get rid of suspended particles such as particles of grit which cannot be used as food, and which have been rejected by the animal. The rejected particles are wrapped in

text: mucus

text: , and are then expelled without having passed through the

text: digestive tract

text: . Thus, although they may closely resemble the mollusk's real feces, they are not actually feces, hence the name pseudofeces, meaning false feces.

text: Inanidrilus vacivus is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus vacivus is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: A 2009 review of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife published by the Royal Society with a focus on aquatic and terrestrial annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians concluded that BPA affects reproduction in all studied animal groups, impairs development in crustaceans and amphibians and induces genetic aberrations.

text: A 2009 review of the biological impacts of

text: plasticizer

text: s on wildlife published by the

text: Royal Society

text: with a focus on aquatic and terrestrial

text: annelids

text: molluscs

text: crustaceans

text: , insects, fish and

text: amphibian

text: s concluded that BPA affects reproduction in all studied animal groups, impairs development in crustaceans and amphibians and induces genetic aberrations.

text: There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922), which can both grow up to  long. Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the  traditional classification into the following sub-groups:

text: There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian

text: giant Gippsland earthworm

text: and Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922), which can both grow up to  long. Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the  traditional classification into the following sub-groups:

text: The marine invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 61 sponges, 171 cnidarians, 8 nemerteans, 1,176 mollusks, 129 annelids (polychaetes), 342 crustaceans, 165 echinoderms, 131 bryozoans, 117 hard corals, 99 soft corals and gorgonians, 13 corallimorphs, and 8 hydrocorals. Coral species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Commonly occurring corals include boulder star coral (Montrastaea annularis), finger coral (Porites porites), and elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata).

text: The marine invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 61

text: sponges

text: , 171

text: cnidarian

text: s, 8

text: nemertean

text: s, 1,176

text: mollusk

text: s, 129

text: annelid

text: s (polychaetes), 342

text: crustacean

text: s, 165

text: echinoderm

text: s, 131

text: bryozoan

text: s, 117

text: hard coral

text: s, 99

text: soft coral

text: s and

text: gorgonian

text: s, 13

text: corallimorphs

text: , and 8

text: hydrocoral

text: s. Coral species found in Puerto Rican reefs are representative of the general Caribbean fauna. Commonly occurring corals include boulder star coral (Montrastaea annularis), finger coral (Porites porites), and

text: elkhorn coral

text: (Acropora palmata).

text: Inanidrilus fijiensis is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus fijiensis is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The boy Achilles Paoloni employed by Soubrette, a small publishing house of the knight Pasquale Belafronte, wrote a science fiction novel that he hopes in vain to publish with the help of the hostile knight.U.S. scientists in the meantime are aware of the fact that Achilles has a substance in the blood suitable for spaceflight, the glumonio, inheritance of the unusual breast milk-based monkey when he was newborn. When two FBI are sent to the office to propose a space mission to Achilles, they think that they are representatives came to publishing his novel published overseas. The cavalier Pasquale, aware of it, goes back on years of insults and hostility to the poor Achilles and does everything to publish the novel at his own expense, even agreeing to the marriage between the young man and his daughter Lydia. Soon, however, he realizes that it was a mistake: the U.S. does not want to launch the rocket in space at all (the title of the novel by Achilles), but the young man himself, however, also disputed by a mysterious foreign power guided by the interplanetary scientist German Von Braut and the beautiful spy Tatiana.The planes of the two rival powers are hampered by strange aliens (the Annelids) that send down two "cosoni", identical copies of Pasquale and Achilles in order for them to be shipped on the moon (a parody of Invasion of the Body Snatchers), this is to prevent the conquest of space most humans affect the peaceful balance between peoples aliens. Comic situations and various misunderstandings cause the true Paschal and "cosone" Achilles are found together on the moon. Pasquale will adapt to living in space only when extraterrestrials will transform the clone of Achilles into a beautiful girl.

text: Invasion of the Body Snatchers

text: ), this is to prevent the conquest of space most humans affect the peaceful balance between peoples aliens. Comic situations and various misunderstandings cause the true Paschal and "cosone" Achilles are found together on the moon. Pasquale will adapt to living in space only when extraterrestrials will transform the clone of Achilles into a beautiful girl.

text: Kozowyk explained the album title: "It's from the Discovery Channel show How It's Made. They were talking about this machine they feed zippers through, but we just thought the name was creepy."

text: Kozowyk explained the album title: "It's from the

text: Discovery Channel

text: show

text: How It's Made

text: . They were talking about this machine they feed zippers through, but we just thought the name was creepy."

text: The grove snail, Cepaea nemoralis, is famous for the rich polymorphism of its shell. The system is controlled by a series of multiple alleles. The shell colour series is brown (genetically the top dominant trait), dark pink, light pink, very pale pink, dark yellow and light yellow (the bottom or universal recessive trait). Bands may be present or absent; and if present from one to five in number. Unbanded is the top dominant trait, and the forms of banding are controlled by modifier genes (see epistasis).

text: The grove snail,

text: Cepaea nemoralis

text: , is famous for the rich polymorphism of its shell. The system is controlled by a series of

text: multiple alleles

text: . The shell colour series is brown (genetically the top

text: dominant

text: trait), dark pink, light pink, very pale pink, dark yellow and light yellow (the bottom or universal

text: recessive

text: trait). Bands may be present or absent; and if present from one to five in number. Unbanded is the top dominant trait, and the forms of banding are controlled by modifier genes (see

text: epistasis

text: Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.

text: Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external

text: chaeta

text: e (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the

text: prostomium

text: (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the

text: pygidium

text: (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or

text: periproct

text: contains the

text: anus

text: , generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the

text: peristomium

text: (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some

text: polychaete

text: s the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.

text: Next, the 27th byte of each page specifies the number of segments it contains, ranging from 0 to 255.  This is also the size of the following segment table in bytes.  Each byte of the segment table provides the length of a segment.

text: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed during exposure to high temperatures and is a characteristic held by most organisms. In some species of nototheniids, this trait is not expressed. The trait is not expressed because of the extreme cold of the Southern Oceans leading to upregulation of Hsp70. HSP expression indicates that regulation of Hsp70 occurred once during speciation, showing that it is a trait of most, if not all Antarctic notothenioids possess.

text: Heat shock protein

text: s (HSPs) are expressed during exposure to high temperatures and is a characteristic held by most organisms. In some species of nototheniids, this

text: trait

text: is not expressed. The trait is not expressed because of the extreme cold of the Southern Oceans leading to

text: upregulation

text: of

text: . HSP expression indicates that regulation of Hsp70 occurred once during speciation, showing that it is a trait of most, if not all Antarctic notothenioids possess.

text: Vermiculture at the STORC encompasses a seven steps program to convert campus food and landscape waste into high quality compost. Pre-consumer food waste and landscape collected on campus is broken down into smaller material allowing a faster decomposition rate as breaking down the material lessens surface area. Waste is combined into a pile and heated to 130-140 degrees Fahrenheit. The process takes five days allowing microbes to break down weed seeds and pathogens. The microbes begin to break the material down. After the first five days the pile is mixed and heated once again to 130-140 degrees Fahrenheit. The pathogens are now gone and the compost is ready to be utilized by the annelids in the system. The material is then added to the annelid bin where the material will be processes multiple times. The worms eat and reproduce, while this is happening material passes through the tract of the annelids and increases microbial content.  When managed and harvested correctly the worm supply is sustainable. After the material passes several times through the annelids tract the material and annelids are separated. Annelids are added to a new compost pile or fed to fish in the aquaponics projects.

text: Vermiculture at the STORC encompasses a seven steps program to convert campus food and landscape waste into high quality compost. Pre-consumer food waste and landscape collected on campus is broken down into smaller material allowing a faster decomposition rate as breaking down the material lessens surface area. Waste is combined into a pile and heated to 130-140 degrees Fahrenheit. The process takes five days allowing microbes to break down weed seeds and pathogens. The microbes begin to break the material down. After the first five days the pile is mixed and heated once again to 130-140 degrees Fahrenheit. The pathogens are now gone and the compost is ready to be utilized by the

text: annelid

text: s in the system. The material is then added to the annelid bin where the material will be processes multiple times. The worms eat and reproduce, while this is happening material passes through the tract of the annelids and increases microbial content.  When managed and harvested correctly the worm supply is sustainable. After the material passes several times through the annelids tract the material and annelids are separated. Annelids are added to a new compost pile or fed to fish in the aquaponics projects.

text: Daphnella margaretae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text: Daphnella margaretae is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Raphitomidae

text: It has been suggested that the sclerites of the Cambrian Wiwaxia are homologous with the bristles of annelid worms.At least one modern gastropod mollusc living near deep sea hydrothermal vents has structures made of iron sulfides similar to some Cambrian sclerites.

text: It has been suggested that the sclerites of the Cambrian Wiwaxia are homologous with the bristles of

text: annelid worms

text: .At least one modern

text: gastropod

text: mollusc living near deep sea hydrothermal vents has structures made of iron sulfides similar to some Cambrian sclerites.

text: Calliostoma belauense is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae.

text: Calliostoma belauense is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Calliostomatidae

text: Preferring cool and warm mountain streams and reservoirs with rocky bottoms, the spotted bass feeds on insects, crustaceans, frogs, annelid worms, and smaller fish.

text: Preferring cool and warm mountain streams and reservoirs with rocky bottoms, the spotted bass feeds on

text: insect

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: frog

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms, and smaller fish.

text: LFS divides the disk into segments, only one of which is active at any one time.  Each segment has a header called a summary block.  Each summary block contains a pointer to the next summary block, linking segments into one long chain that LFS treats as a linear log.  The segments do not necessarily have to be adjacent to each other on disk;  for this reason, larger segment sizes (between 384KB and 1MB) are recommended because they amortize the cost of seeking between segments.

text: At the next meeting of the Academy on February 22, Cuvier came fully prepared with detailed, labeled, colorful drawings, in particular one of an octopus and another of a duck bent backwards, and a new memoir called "Considerations on the Mollusks and in Particular on the Cephalopods". He attacked Geoffroy's argument carefully and strategically. First, he argued for clear definitions in science and no ambiguity in language. Cuvier then proposed that composition was defined as the arrangement of parts. By this definition, to imagine that all organisms consisted of the same organs arranged in the same manner was illogical and false. Cuvier called Geoffroy's unity of composition more of a vague analogy for the composition of animals than true science. He emphasized how analogies did not belong in real science. Next Cuvier gave his own report on Meyranx and Laurencet's paper, showing example after example of how vertebrate and mollusk organ arrangement differed, whether by physical location or orientation in the body. By overwhelming the audience with his plethora of knowledge on cephalopod anatomy, he undercut Geoffroy's credibility and made a convincing argument of his own. After this point the debate became less about the mollusk data and more an argument between two differing scientific philosophies.

text: Pseudorhaphitoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Pseudorhaphitoma is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: The result of this process is that ice (in its most common form) floats on liquid water, which is an important feature in Earth's biosphere. It has been argued that without this property, natural bodies of water would freeze, in some cases permanently, from the bottom up, resulting in a loss of bottom-dependent animal and plant life in fresh and sea water. Sufficiently thin ice sheets allow light to pass through while protecting the underside from short-term weather extremes such as wind chill. This creates a sheltered environment for bacterial and algal colonies. When sea water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids, which in turn provide food for animals such as krill and specialised fish like the bald notothen, fed upon in turn by larger animals such as emperor penguins and minke whales.

text: The result of this process is that ice (in its most common form) floats on liquid water, which is an important feature in Earth's

text: biosphere

text: . It has been argued that without this property, natural bodies of water would freeze, in some cases permanently, from the bottom up, resulting in a loss of bottom-dependent animal and plant life in fresh and sea water. Sufficiently thin

text: ice sheet

text: s allow light to pass through while protecting the underside from short-term weather extremes such as

text: wind chill

text: . This creates a sheltered environment for bacterial and algal colonies. When sea water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain

text: sympagic organisms

text: such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids, which in turn provide food for animals such as krill and specialised fish like the

text: bald notothen

text: , fed upon in turn by larger animals such as

text: emperor penguins

text: and

text: minke whales

text: It is not clear how all peptides that influence hypothalamic activity gain the necessary access. In the case of prolactin and leptin, there is evidence of active uptake at the choroid plexus from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some pituitary hormones have a negative feedback influence upon hypothalamic secretion; for example, growth hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus, but how it enters the brain is not clear. There is also evidence for central actions of prolactin.

text: It is not clear how all peptides that influence hypothalamic activity gain the necessary access. In the case of

text: prolactin

text: and

text: leptin

text: , there is evidence of active uptake at the

text: choroid plexus

text: from the blood into the

text: cerebrospinal fluid

text: (CSF). Some pituitary hormones have a negative feedback influence upon hypothalamic secretion; for example,

text: growth hormone

text: feeds back on the hypothalamus, but how it enters the brain is not clear. There is also evidence for central actions of

text: prolactin

text: Cephalization is intrinsically connected with a change in symmetry. It accompanied the move to bilateral symmetry made in flatworms, with ocelli and pinnae placed in the head region.   In addition to a concentration of sense organs, all animals from annelids on also place the mouth in the head region. This process is also tied to the development of an anterior brain in the chordates from the notochord.  A notable exception to the trend of cephalization throughout evolutionary advancement is phylum Echinodermata, which, although having a bilateral ancestor, as evidenced by their embryology, develop into a pentaradial animal with no concentrated neural ganglia or sensory head region.  However, some echinoderms have developed bilateral symmetry secondarily.

text: Cephalization is intrinsically connected with a change in

text: symmetry

text: . It accompanied the move to bilateral symmetry made in

text: flatworm

text: s, with

text: ocelli

text: and

text: pinnae

text: placed in the head region.   In addition to a concentration of sense organs, all animals from

text: annelid

text: s on also place the mouth in the head region. This process is also tied to the development of an anterior

text: brain

text: in the

text: chordates

text: from the

text: notochord

text: .  A notable exception to the trend of cephalization throughout evolutionary advancement is

text: phylum

text: Echinoderm

text: ata, which, although having a bilateral ancestor, as evidenced by their

text: embryology

text: , develop into a pentaradial animal with no concentrated neural ganglia or sensory head region.  However, some echinoderms have developed bilateral symmetry secondarily.

text: In 1990, a professional society for systems engineering, the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE), was founded by representatives from a number of U.S. corporations and organizations. NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in systems engineering practices and education. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U.S., the name of the organization was changed to the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) in 1995. Schools in several countries offer graduate programs in systems engineering, and continuing education options are also available for practicing engineers.

text: In 1990, a professional society for systems engineering, the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE), was founded by representatives from a number of U.S. corporations and organizations. NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in systems engineering practices and education. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U.S., the name of the organization was changed to the

entity_name: International Council on Systems Engineering

text: International Council on Systems Engineering

text: (INCOSE) in 1995. Schools in several countries offer graduate programs in systems engineering, and

text: continuing education

text: options are also available for practicing engineers.

text: Mollusk Territory

text: Mollusk Territory

text: The show originally consisted of two segments with a break in between but was changed to three segments.  After the shift to the three-segment format, it became a running joke to refer to the last segment as "the third half" of the program.

text: Strategic human resource management is "critical importance of human resources to strategy, organizational capability to adapt to change and the goals of the organization". In other words this is a strategy that intends to adapt the goals of an organization and is built off of other theories such as the contingency theory as well as institutional theory which fit under the umbrella of organizational theory. These theories look at the  universalistic, contingency and configurational  perspectives to see the effect of human resource practices in organizations. The universalistic perspective says that there are better human resource practices than others and those should be adopted within organization while contingency says that human resource practices need to align with other organization practices or the organizations mission, and configurational perspective is based on how to combine multiple aspects of human resource practices with effectiveness or performance. This can also be viewed as how human resource practices fit vertically or horizontally in an organization. This theory also involves looking at the value of human capital as well as social capitol both in and outside of organizations and how this affects human resource practices. Human capitol being knowledge and skills of individuals working for the organization and social capitol is based on the character and value of relationships in and out of the organization. "Colbert suggests that SHRM should focus on the interactions and processes of the organization's social system—the intentions, choices and actions of people in the system  and  on  HR  systems  as  a  coherent  whole."

text: Strategic human resource management is "critical importance of human resources to strategy, organizational capability to adapt to change and the goals of the organization". In other words this is a strategy that intends to adapt the goals of an organization and is built off of other theories such as the

text: contingency theory

text: as well as

text: institutional theory

text: which fit under the umbrella of

text: organizational theory

text: The different species of oystercatcher show little variation in shape or appearance. They range from  in length and  in wingspan. The Eurasian oystercatcher is the lightest on average, at , while the sooty oystercatcher is the heaviest, at . The plumage of all species is either all-black, or black (or dark brown) on top and white underneath. The variable oystercatcher is slightly exceptional in being either all-black or pied. They are large, obvious, and noisy plover-like birds, with massive long orange or red bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs. The bill shape varies between species, according to the diet. Those birds with blade-like bill tips pry open or smash mollusc shells, and those with pointed bill tips tend to probe for annelid worms. They show sexual dimorphism, with females being longer-billed and heavier than males.

text: The different species of oystercatcher show little variation in shape or appearance. They range from  in length and  in wingspan. The

text: Eurasian oystercatcher

text: is the lightest on average, at , while the

text: sooty oystercatcher

text: is the heaviest, at . The

text: plumage

text: of all species is either all-black, or black (or dark brown) on top and white underneath. The

text: variable oystercatcher

text: is slightly exceptional in being either all-black or pied. They are large, obvious, and noisy

text: plover

text: -like

text: bird

text: s, with massive long orange or red bills used for smashing or prying open

text: mollusc

text: s. The bill shape varies between species, according to the diet. Those birds with blade-like bill tips pry open or smash mollusc shells, and those with pointed bill tips tend to probe for

text: annelid

text: worms. They show

text: sexual dimorphism

text: , with females being longer-billed and heavier than males.

text: Dendropoma corrodens is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells.

text: Dendropoma corrodens is a

text: species

text: of small

text: sea snail

text: , a

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Vermetidae

text: , the worm snails or worm shells.

text: The nuchal organ is a ciliated pit or groove present at the posterior end of the prostomium of annelid worms, some cephalopods, and other invertebrates.

text: The nuchal organ is a

text: ciliated

text: pit or groove present at the posterior end of the

text: prostomium

text: of

text: annelid

text: worms, some

text: cephalopod

text: s, and other

text: invertebrates

text: The congoli feeds on insects, fish, crustaceans, worms, mollusks, and other invertebrates.

text: Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the Archaea and bacteria. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well.

text: Asexual reproduction is a type of

text: reproduction

text: by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of

text: gamete

text: s, and almost never changes the number of

text: chromosome

text: s. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for

text: single-celled organism

text: s such as the

text: Archaea

text: and

text: bacteria

text: . Many

text: plant

text: s and

text: fungi

text: reproduce asexually as well.

text: Plant reproduction is the production of new individuals or offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur. In seed plants, the offspring can be packaged in a protective seed, which is used as an agent of dispersal.

text: Plant reproduction is the production of new individuals or

text: offspring

text: in

text: plant

text: s, which can be accomplished by sexual or

text: asexual

text: reproduction.

text: Sexual reproduction

text: produces offspring by the fusion of

text: gamete

text: s, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when

text: mutations

text: occur. In

text: seed plant

text: s, the offspring can be packaged in a protective

text: seed

text: , which is used as an agent of dispersal.

text: As the snails can reproduce both sexually and asexually, the snail has been used as a model organism for studying the costs and benefits of sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction allows all members of a population to produce offspring and avoids the costs involved in finding mates. However, asexual offspring are clonal, so lack variation. This makes them susceptible to parasites, as the entire clonal population has the same resistance mechanisms. Once a strain of parasite has overcome these mechanisms, it is able to infect any member of the population. Sexual reproduction mixes up resistance genes through crossing over and the random assortment of gametes in meiosis, meaning the members of a sexual population will all have subtly different combinations of resistance genes. This variation in resistance genes means no one parasite strain is able to sweep through the whole population. New Zealand mudsnails are commonly infected with trematode parasites, which are particularly abundant in shallow water, but scarce in deeper water. As predicted, sexual reproduction dominates in shallow water, due to its advantages in parasite resistance. Asexual reproduction is dominant in the deeper water of lakes, as the scarcity of parasites means that the advantages of resistance are outweighed by the costs of sexual reproduction.

text: As the snails can reproduce both sexually and asexually, the snail has been used as a model organism for studying the costs and benefits of sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction allows all members of a population to produce offspring and avoids the costs involved in finding mates. However, asexual offspring are

text: clonal

text: , so lack variation. This makes them susceptible to parasites, as the entire clonal population has the same resistance mechanisms. Once a strain of parasite has overcome these mechanisms, it is able to infect any member of the population. Sexual reproduction mixes up resistance genes through

text: crossing over

text: and the random assortment of gametes in

text: meiosis

text: , meaning the members of a sexual population will all have subtly different combinations of resistance genes. This variation in resistance genes means no one parasite strain is able to sweep through the whole population. New Zealand mudsnails are commonly infected with

text: trematode

text: parasites, which are particularly abundant in shallow water, but scarce in deeper water. As predicted, sexual reproduction dominates in shallow water, due to its advantages in parasite resistance. Asexual reproduction is dominant in the deeper water of lakes, as the scarcity of parasites means that the advantages of resistance are outweighed by the costs of sexual reproduction.

text: A FASTBUS system consists of one or more segments. Each segment may be a "crate segment" or a "cable segment". Segments are connected together using a segment interconnect (SI). A crate segment typically consists of a backplane with slots to hold up to 25 modules, mounted in a 19-inch rack. Each module is typically a printed circuit board with a front panel, similar to a Blade PC. Modules are physically about 14 inches by 15 inches, and may occupy one or more adjacent slots.

text: A FASTBUS system consists of one or more segments. Each segment may be a "crate segment" or a "cable segment". Segments are connected together using a segment interconnect (SI). A crate segment typically consists of a backplane with slots to hold up to 25 modules, mounted in a

text: 19-inch rack

text: . Each module is typically a printed circuit board with a front panel, similar to a

text: Blade PC

text: . Modules are physically about 14 inches by 15 inches, and may occupy one or more adjacent slots.

text: Diatomite is used as an insecticide, due to its abrasive and physico-sorptive properties. The fine powder absorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of insects' exoskeletons, causing them to dehydrate. Arthropods die as a result of the water pressure deficiency, based on Fick's law of diffusion. This also works against gastropods and is commonly employed in gardening to defeat slugs. However, since slugs inhabit humid environments, efficacy is very low. It is sometimes mixed with an attractant or other additives to increase its effectiveness. The shape of the diatoms contained in a deposit has not been proven to affect their functionality when it comes to the absorption of liquids; however, certain applications, such as that for slugs and snails, do work best when a particular shaped diatom is used. For example, in the case of slugs and snails large, spiny diatoms work best to lacerate the epithelium of the mollusk. Diatom shells will work to some degree on the vast majority of animals that undergo ecdysis in shedding cuticle, such as arthropods or nematodes. It may have some effect also on lophotrochozoans, such as mollusks or annelids.

text: Diatomite is used as an

text: insecticide

text: , due to its abrasive and physico-

text: sorptive

text: properties. The fine powder absorbs

text: lipids

text: from the waxy outer layer of insects'

text: exoskeleton

text: s, causing them to dehydrate.

text: Arthropod

text: s die as a result of the water pressure deficiency, based on

text: Fick's law of diffusion

text: . This also works against

text: gastropod

text: s and is commonly employed in gardening to defeat

text: slug

text: s. However, since slugs inhabit humid environments, efficacy is very low. It is sometimes mixed with an attractant or other additives to increase its effectiveness. The shape of the diatoms contained in a deposit has not been proven to affect their functionality when it comes to the absorption of liquids; however, certain applications, such as that for slugs and snails, do work best when a particular shaped diatom is used. For example, in the case of slugs and snails large, spiny diatoms work best to lacerate the epithelium of the mollusk. Diatom shells will work to some degree on the vast majority of animals that undergo

text: ecdysis

text: in shedding

text: cuticle

text: , such as

text: arthropod

text: s or

text: nematodes

text: . It may have some effect also on

text: lophotrochozoan

text: s, such as

text: mollusk

text: s or

text: annelid

text: s.

text: Canalipalpata, also known as bristle-footed annelids or fan-head worms, is an infraclass of polychaete worms, with 31 families in it including the Sabellida (tubeworms, fanworms, and feather duster worms) and the Alvinellidae, a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vents.

text: Canalipalpata, also known as bristle-footed

text: annelid

text: s or fan-head worms, is an infraclass of

text: polychaete

text: worm

text: s, with 31 families in it including the

text: Sabellida

text: tubeworms

text: fanworms

text: , and feather duster worms) and the

text: Alvinellidae

text: , a family of deep-sea worms associated with

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s.

text: In addition to video game systems, the organization also actively collects games for systems and batteries.  As of mid-2010, the organization has distributed more than $100,000 in goods.

text: Also included are two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.

text: Also included are two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as

text: snail

text: s,

text: clam

text: s, and

text: squid

text: earthworm

text: s and

text: leech

text: trochophore

text: convergent evolution

text: , owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla.

text: Microplastics often become embedded in animals' tissue through ingestion or respiration. Various annelid species, such as deposit-feeding lugworms (Arenicola marina), have been shown to have microplastics embedded in their gastrointestinal tracts. Many crustaceans, like the shore crab Carcinus maenas have been seen to integrate microplastics into both their respiratory and digestive tracts.

text: Microplastics often become embedded in animals' tissue through ingestion or respiration. Various annelid species, such as deposit-feeding lugworms (

text: Arenicola marina

text: ), have been shown to have microplastics embedded in their

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: s. Many crustaceans, like the shore crab

text: Carcinus maenas

text: have been seen to integrate microplastics into both their respiratory and digestive tracts.

text: The bodies of spoon worms are generally cylindrical with two wider regions separated by a narrower region. There is a large extendible, scoop-shaped proboscis in front of the mouth which gives the animals their common name. This proboscis resembles that of peanut worms but it cannot be retracted into the body. It houses a brain and may be homologous to the prostomium of other annelids. The proboscis is used for feeding and has rolled-in margins and a groove on the ventral surface. The distal end is sometimes forked. The proboscis can be very long; in the case of the Japanese species Ikeda taenioides, the proboscis can be  long while the body is only . Even smaller species like Bonellia can have a proboscis a metre (yard) long. Respiration also takes place through the proboscis although some larger species also use cloacal irrigation. In this process, water is pumped into and out of the rear end of the gut through the anus. The proboscis additionally has a sensory function.

text: The bodies of spoon worms are generally cylindrical with two wider regions separated by a narrower region. There is a large extendible, scoop-shaped

text: proboscis

text: in front of the mouth which gives the animals their common name. This proboscis resembles that of

text: peanut worms

text: but it cannot be retracted into the body. It houses a brain and may be

text: homologous

text: to the

text: prostomium

text: of other annelids. The proboscis is used for feeding and has rolled-in margins and a groove on the ventral surface. The distal end is sometimes forked. The proboscis can be very long; in the case of the Japanese species

text: Ikeda taenioides

text: , the proboscis can be  long while the body is only . Even smaller species like

text: Bonellia

text: can have a proboscis a metre (yard) long. Respiration also takes place through the proboscis although some larger species also use

text: cloaca

text: l irrigation. In this process, water is pumped into and out of the rear end of the gut through the anus. The proboscis additionally has a sensory function.

text: Monocystids are aseptate eugregarines that infect the reproductive vesicles of terrestrial annelids. These latter species tend to branch closely with neogregarines and may need to be reclassified.  Generally, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.

text: Monocystids are aseptate eugregarines that infect the reproductive vesicles of terrestrial

text: annelid

text: s. These latter species tend to branch closely with

text: neogregarines

text: and may need to be reclassified.  Generally, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.

text: Flatheads prefer live prey. They are voracious carnivores and feed primarily on other fish, insects, annelid worms, and crustaceans.

text: Flatheads prefer live prey. They are voracious carnivores and feed primarily on other

text: fish

text: insect

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms, and

text: crustacea

text: ns.

text: This is not the same as the mechanisms provided by calls such as mmap and Win32's MapViewOfFile, because inter-file pointers do not work when mapping files into semi-arbitrary places. In Multics, a file (or a segment from a multi-segment file) is mapped into a segment in the address space, so files are always mapped at a segment boundary. A file's linkage section can contain pointers for which an attempt to load the pointer into a register or make an indirect reference through it causes a trap. The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space, puts the segment number into the pointer, changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap, and returns to the code where the trap occurred, re-executing the instruction that caused the trap. This eliminates the need for a linker completely and works when different processes map the same file into different places in their private address spaces.

text: This is not the same as the mechanisms provided by calls such as

text: mmap

text: and

text: 's MapViewOfFile, because inter-file pointers do not work when mapping files into semi-arbitrary places. In Multics, a file (or a segment from a multi-segment file) is mapped into a segment in the address space, so files are always mapped at a segment boundary. A file's linkage section can contain pointers for which an attempt to load the pointer into a register or make an indirect reference through it causes a trap. The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space, puts the segment number into the pointer, changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap, and returns to the code where the trap occurred, re-executing the instruction that caused the trap. This eliminates the need for a

text: linker

text: completely and works when different processes map the same file into different places in their private address spaces.

text: The arthropod head problem has until recently been predicated on the Articulata theory, i.e. that the arthropods and annelids are close relatives. Although arthropods are essentially direct developers that do not possess a trochophore-like larva, the annelids do. During annelid metamorphosis, segments are added close to the posterior of the body, behind the mouth; whereas the brain is derived from the episphere or region in front of the mouth. Recognition of this led to the concept of a primary, non-segmental component of the body in annelids known as the acron being developed, from which the brain is ultimately derived. Because the arthropod and annelid heads, in the light of the Articulata theory, were assumed to be structurally homologous in some way, the arthropod head was also often considered to incorporate a non-segmental acronal component. Taking the homology between annelid and arthropod heads at face value, Swedish workers such as Hanström and Holmgren assumed that a large part of the arthropod head must correspond to the acron, a view followed later by several prominent American insect workers such as Butt and Snodgrass. They proposed that all pre-oral structures in insects were non-segmental, although such a view is at odds with the preoral position of apparently bona fide appendages such as the antennae. A less extreme set of theories propose that only the protocerebrum and associated structures should be considered to be acronal.

text: The arthropod head problem has until recently been predicated on the

text: Articulata

text: theory, i.e. that the arthropods and

text: annelids

text: are close relatives. Although arthropods are essentially direct developers that do not possess a

text: trochophore

text: -like

text: larva

text: , the annelids do. During annelid

text: metamorphosis

text: , segments are added close to the posterior of the body, behind the mouth; whereas the brain is derived from the

text: episphere

text: or region in front of the mouth. Recognition of this led to the concept of a primary, non-segmental component of the body in annelids known as the

text: acron

text: being developed, from which the brain is ultimately derived. Because the arthropod and annelid heads, in the light of the Articulata theory, were assumed to be structurally homologous in some way, the arthropod head was also often considered to incorporate a non-segmental acronal component. Taking the homology between annelid and arthropod heads at face value, Swedish workers such as Hanström and Holmgren assumed that a large part of the arthropod head must correspond to the acron, a view followed later by several prominent American insect workers such as Butt and Snodgrass. They proposed that all pre-oral structures in insects were non-segmental, although such a view is at odds with the preoral position of apparently bona fide appendages such as the antennae. A less extreme set of theories propose that only the protocerebrum and associated structures should be considered to be acronal.

text: In other taxa, there is some evidence of segmentation in some organs, but this segmentation is not pervasive to the full list of organs mentioned above for arthropods and annelids.  One might think of the serially repeated units in many Cycloneuralia, or the segmented body armature of the chitons (which is not accompanied by a segmented coelom).

text: In other taxa, there is some evidence of segmentation in some organs, but this segmentation is not pervasive to the full list of organs mentioned above for arthropods and annelids.  One might think of the serially repeated units in many

text: Cycloneuralia

text: , or the segmented body armature of the chitons (which is not accompanied by a segmented coelom).

text: In early 2008, Simon Conway Morris published another paper describing a polychaete annelid from the Sirius Passet. As SCM et al. note in their discussion, "the phyletic position of Phragmochaeta is very poorly constrained, but it may be fairly basal", which is what makes these early Cambrian Lagerstätte so fascinating. Polychaete annelids are a significant component of the Burgess Shale fauna, but are otherwise unknown from the other early Cambrian Lagerstätte, so this single species from a single locality appreciably extends the depth of understanding of this group. Unfortunately, the material so far described from Sirius Passet is sparse in morphological characters.

text: In early 2008,

text: Simon Conway Morris

text: published another paper describing a

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: from the Sirius Passet. As SCM et al. note in their discussion, "the phyletic position of Phragmochaeta is very poorly constrained, but it may be fairly basal", which is what makes these early

text: Cambrian

text: Lagerstätte

text: so fascinating. Polychaete annelids are a significant component of the

text: Burgess Shale

text: fauna, but are otherwise unknown from the other early

text: Cambrian

text: Lagerstätte

text: , so this single species from a single locality appreciably extends the depth of understanding of this group. Unfortunately, the material so far described from Sirius Passet is sparse in morphological characters.

text: One entomologist visiting Gillies Hill stated, “It would take five entomologists a lifetime to inventory all the insects on this hill.”  Nevertheless, 88 invertebrate species have been documented on Gillies Hill so far; mollusks, arachnids,  annelids and insects which include bumblebees, wasps, ants and sawflies, damselflies, dragonflies, caddisflies, grasshoppers, stoneflies, backswimmers, butterflies, moths, house flies, ants, knapweed bugs, water striders, aphids, and a myriad of beetles.

text: Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata  ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa.  Bryozoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

text: Annelids are members of the

text: protostomes

text: , one of the two major

text: superphyla

text: of

text: bilaterian

text: animals – the other is the

text: deuterostomes

text: , which includes

text: vertebrate

text: s. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with

text: arthropod

text: s under the super-group Articulata  ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies

text: independently

text: as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: brachiopod

text: s and several other phyla that have

text: lophophore

text: s (fan-like feeding structures) and/or

text: trochophore

text: larvae as members of

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: Bryozoa

text: may be the most

text: basal

text: phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the

text: Ecdysozoa

text: ("animals that

text: molt

text: "), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

text: Segmentation can be seen as originating in two ways. To caricature, the 'amplification' pathway would involve a single-segment ancestral organism becoming segmented by repeating itself.  This seems implausible, and the 'parcellization' framework is generally preferred – where existing organization of organ systems is 'formalized' from loosely defined packets into more rigid segments.  As such, organisms with a loosely defined metamerism, whether internal (as some molluscs) or external (as onychophora), can be seen as 'precursors' to eusegmented organisms such as annelids or arthropods.

text: In the context of development the difference between pleiotropy and epistasis is not so clear but at the genetic level the distinction is more clear. With these traits as being by-products of others it can ultimately be said that these traits evolved but not that they necessarily represent adaptations.

text: Low oxygen levels recorded along the Gulf Coast of North America have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs, low egg counts and lack of spawning.

text: Low oxygen levels recorded along the

text: Gulf Coast

text: of

text: North America

text: have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs, low egg counts and lack of spawning.

text: The collection is especially strong in regional taxa. Malacology has one of the largest collections of terrestrial and freshwater mollusks from the southeastern US. Overall marine mollusks comprise 38% of cataloged holdings; freshwater species make up 18% and terrestrial taxa 44%. Gastropods comprise 83%, bivalves 16%, while all other mollusk classes combined <1% of the collection. Three quarters of the collection is from the western hemisphere, while 18% is from tropical Australasia and surrounding Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. The mollusk collection has unique strengths in land, freshwater and marine mollusks. The museum has the largest land snail collection in the world from Hispaniola, Mexico-Central America, Pakistan and Thailand, and also has especially large holdings from the southeastern United States, West Indies, Andean South America, Madagascar, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Freshwater mollusk collections are strong for the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, Andean South America, and the Philippines. Large subtropical and tropical West Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific holdings characterize the marine collection, and tropical marine collections are undergoing rapid growth. These strengths reflect a former regional focus of the museum and research focus of the curators: on terrestrial and freshwater mollusks of Middle America and Southeast Asia, and on tropical marine mollusks, respectively.

text: The collection is especially strong in regional taxa. Malacology has one of the largest collections of terrestrial and freshwater mollusks from the southeastern US. Overall marine mollusks comprise 38% of cataloged holdings; freshwater species make up 18% and terrestrial taxa 44%.

text: Gastropod

text: s comprise 83%, bivalves 16%, while all other mollusk classes combined <1% of the collection. Three quarters of the collection is from the western hemisphere, while 18% is from tropical Australasia and surrounding Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. The mollusk collection has unique strengths in land, freshwater and marine mollusks. The museum has the largest land snail collection in the world from Hispaniola, Mexico-Central America,

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: Thailand

text: , and also has especially large holdings from the southeastern

text: United States

text: West Indies

text: Andean

text: South America

text: Madagascar

text: Southeast Asia

text: , and

text: Oceania

text: . Freshwater mollusk collections are strong for the southeastern United States,

text: Mexico

text: , Central America, Andean South America, and the Philippines. Large subtropical and tropical West Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific holdings characterize the marine collection, and tropical marine collections are undergoing rapid growth. These strengths reflect a former regional focus of the museum and research focus of the curators: on terrestrial and freshwater mollusks of Middle America and Southeast Asia, and on tropical marine mollusks, respectively.

text: The Illinois Natural History Survey (abbreviated as INHS), located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign, Illinois, is an active research institution with over 200 staff members, and it maintains one of the largest State-operated museums in the United States, with collections totaling over 9.5 million specimens of amphibians, annelids, birds, crustaceans, fish, fungi, insects, mammals, mollusks, plants, and reptiles from around the world.

text: The Illinois Natural History Survey (abbreviated as INHS), located on the campus of the

text: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

text: in

text: Champaign, Illinois

text: , is an active research institution with over 200 staff members, and it maintains one of the largest State-operated

text: museum

text: s in the

text: United States

text: , with collections totaling over 9.5 million specimens of

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: bird

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: fish

text: fungi

text: insect

text: s,

text: mammal

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: plant

text: s, and

text: reptile

text: s from around the world.

text: The delayed sexual maturation of offspring in the presence of parents is another mechanism by which individuals avoid inbreeding. Delayed maturation scenarios can involve the removal of the original, opposite-sex parent, as is the case in female lions that exhibit estrus earlier following the replacement of their fathers with new males. Another form of delayed maturation involves parental presence that inhibits reproductive activity, such as in mature marmosets offspring that are reproductively suppressed in the presence of opposite sex parents and siblings in their social groups. Reproductive suppression occurs when sexually mature individuals in a group are prevented from reproducing due to behavioral or chemical stimuli from other group members that suppress breeding behavior. Social cues from the surrounding environment often dictate when reproductive activity is suppressed and involves interactions between same-sex adults. If the current conditions for reproduction are unfavorable, such as when presented with only inbreeding as a means to reproduce, individuals may increase their lifetime reproductive success by timing their reproductive attempts to occur during more favorable conditions. This can be achieved by individuals suppressing their reproductive activity in poor reproduction conditions.

text: The delayed

text: sexual maturation

text: of offspring in the presence of parents is another mechanism by which individuals avoid inbreeding. Delayed maturation scenarios can involve the removal of the original, opposite-sex parent, as is the case in female lions that exhibit

text: estrus

text: earlier following the replacement of their fathers with new males. Another form of delayed maturation involves parental presence that inhibits reproductive activity, such as in mature

text: marmoset

text: s offspring that are reproductively suppressed in the presence of opposite sex parents and siblings in their social groups. Reproductive suppression occurs when sexually mature individuals in a group are prevented from reproducing due to behavioral or chemical stimuli from other group members that suppress breeding behavior.

text: Social cue

text: s from the surrounding environment often dictate when reproductive activity is suppressed and involves interactions between same-sex adults. If the current conditions for reproduction are unfavorable, such as when presented with only inbreeding as a means to reproduce, individuals may increase their lifetime

text: reproductive success

text: by timing their reproductive attempts to occur during more favorable conditions. This can be achieved by individuals suppressing their reproductive activity in poor reproduction conditions.

text: The chitinous jaws of annelids (such as the marine scolecodonts) are sometimes preserved as fossils; while many arthropods and inarticulate brachiopods have easily fossilized hard parts of calcite, chitin, or keratin.  The most common and often-found macrofossils are the very hard calcareous shells of articulate brachiopods (that is, the everyday "lampshells") and of mollusks (such as the omnipresent clams, snails, mussels and oysters). On the other hand, non-shelly slugs and non-tubiferous worms (for instance, earthworms) have only occasionally been preserved due to their lack of hard parts.

text: The

text: chitinous

text: jaws of

text: annelid

text: s (such as the marine

text: scolecodonts

text: ) are sometimes preserved as fossils; while many

text: arthropod

text: s and

text: inarticulate

text: brachiopod

text: s have easily fossilized hard parts of

text: calcite

text: chitin

text: , or

text: keratin

text: .  The most common and often-found macrofossils are the very hard

text: calcareous

text: shells of

text: articulate

text: brachiopod

text: s (that is, the everyday "

text: lampshell

text: s") and of

text: mollusk

text: s (such as the omnipresent

text: clam

text: s,

text: snail

text: s,

text: mussels

text: and

text: oyster

text: s). On the other hand, non-shelly

text: slug

text: s and non-tubiferous

text: worm

text: s (for instance,

text: earthworm

text: s) have only occasionally been preserved due to their lack of hard parts.

text: C. figueiredoi can measure up to , counting with 9 or 10 dorsal soft rays and 9 anal soft rays. This particular spcecies differs from other Atlantic Canthigaster species by the long extension of the horizontal dark stripe on its flank (originating on the ventral caudal fin's margin). The latter reaches the pectoral fin. Compared to C. jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal-fin margin; the absence of bars on the caudal fin; its possession of less stripes and spots on its dorsum; and by the absence of a small black spot on its anal fin. It is often found in pairs, and feeds on vegetation, sponges, crustaceans, and mollusks.

text: C. figueiredoi can measure up to , counting with 9 or 10

text: dorsal

text: soft rays

text: and 9 anal soft rays. This particular spcecies differs from other Atlantic Canthigaster species by the long extension of the horizontal dark stripe on its flank (originating on the

text: ventral caudal fin

text: 's margin). The latter reaches the pectoral fin. Compared to

text: C. jamestyleri

text: by the presence of a dark caudal-fin margin; the absence of bars on the caudal fin; its possession of less stripes and spots on its dorsum; and by the absence of a small black spot on its anal fin. It is often found in pairs, and feeds on vegetation,

text: sponge

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s, and

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: In the wild, the species has been found in the basins of the Nile River and Shabeele River, and Turkana Lake, Albert Lake, Edward Lake, and Kyoga Lake.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The fish feeds on algae, macrophytes, detritus, crustaceans, insects and mollusks.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

text: Mollusks

text: Mollusk

text: s

text: Benjamin discusses the concept of authenticity, particularly in application to reproduction. 'Even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be.' He argues that the "sphere of authenticity is outside the technical" so that the original artwork is independent of the copy, yet through the act of reproduction something is taken from the original by changing its context. He thus introduces the idea of the "aura" of a work and its absence in a reproduction, a concept borrowed from earlier ideas developed by Ludwig Klages.

text: Benjamin discusses the concept of authenticity, particularly in application to reproduction. 'Even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be.' He argues that the "sphere of authenticity is outside the technical" so that the original artwork is independent of the copy, yet through the act of reproduction something is taken from the original by changing its context. He thus introduces the idea of the "aura" of a work and its absence in a reproduction, a concept borrowed from earlier ideas developed by

text: Ludwig Klages

text: The transverse articulation (division) of the Proarticulata body into isomers is distinct from the transverse articulation segments in annelids and arthropods, as their individual isomers occupy only half the width of their bodies, and are organized in an alternating pattern along the longitudinal axis of their bodies. In other words, one side is not the direct mirror image of its opposite (chirality). Opposite isomers of left and right side are located with displacement of half of their width. This phenomenon is described as the symmetry of gliding reflection.

text: The transverse articulation (division) of the Proarticulata body into

text: isomers

text: is distinct from the transverse articulation

text: segments

text: in annelids and arthropods, as their individual isomers occupy only half the width of their bodies, and are organized in an alternating pattern along the longitudinal axis of their bodies. In other words, one side is not the direct mirror image of its opposite (

text: chirality

text: ). Opposite isomers of left and right side are located with displacement of half of their width. This phenomenon is described as the symmetry of

text: gliding reflection

text: The cause is unknown, but it may be partly a genetic trait. Aging and environmental factors may also contribute to the appearance.

text: Within the annelids, as with the arthropods, the body wall, nervous system, kidneys, muscles and body cavity are generally segmented.  However, this is not true for all of the traits all of the time: many lack segmentation in the body wall, coelom and musculature.

text: Additional support comes from work on the development of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, another protostome. Even more so than Drosophila, its pattern of central-nervous-system development is strikingly similar to that of vertebrates, but inverted. There is also evidence from left-right asymmetry. Vertebrates have a highly conserved Nodal signaling pathway that acts on the left side of the body, determining left-right asymmetries of internal organs. Sea urchins have the same signaling pathway, but it acts on the right side of the body. It was even shown that an opposing right-sided signal for regulating left-right asymmetry in vertebrates, i.e. BMP signaling pathway, is activated on the left side of the sea urchin larva, suggesting an axial inversion during evolution from basal deuterostome to chordate such like amphioxus. Because in amphioxus, Nodal signaling pathway is on the left side of the embryo, which is the same situation as vertebrates.  Sea urchins, like other echinoderms, have radially-symmetric adults, but bilaterally-symmetric larvae. Since sea urchins are deuterostomes, this suggests that the ancestral deuterostome shared its orientation with protostomes, and that dorsoventral inversion originated in some ancestral chordate.

text: Additional support comes from work on the development of the

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: Platynereis dumerilii

text: , another protostome. Even more so than Drosophila, its pattern of central-nervous-system development is strikingly similar to that of vertebrates, but inverted. There is also evidence from left-right asymmetry. Vertebrates have a highly conserved Nodal signaling pathway that acts on the left side of the body, determining left-right asymmetries of internal organs.

text: Sea urchin

text: s have the same signaling pathway, but it acts on the right side of the body. It was even shown that an opposing right-sided signal for regulating left-right asymmetry in vertebrates, i.e. BMP signaling pathway, is activated on the left side of the sea urchin larva, suggesting an axial inversion during evolution from basal deuterostome to chordate such like amphioxus. Because in amphioxus, Nodal signaling pathway is on the left side of the embryo, which is the same situation as vertebrates.  Sea urchins, like other echinoderms, have radially-symmetric adults, but bilaterally-symmetric larvae. Since sea urchins are deuterostomes, this suggests that the ancestral deuterostome shared its orientation with protostomes, and that dorsoventral inversion originated in some ancestral chordate.

text: Mollusk Shell Facts

text: Mollusk Shell Facts

text: While the supply of POM, or marine snow, is relatively limited and inhibits species abundance, it sustains a complex yet understudied microbial loop that can maintain both meiofaunal and macrofaunal populations. In a study by Will Ritzrau (1996), it was determined that microbial activities were up to a factor of 7.5 higher in the BBL than in adjacent waters. While this study was completed between 100-400m depth, it could have implications for the deep-BBL. Presently, it is known that deep-BBL bacterial populations are able to support protozoan bacterivores like foraminifera and some metazoan zooplankton, which in turn can support larger organisms. Meiofauna and macrofauna found in the deep-BBL include: copepods, annelids, nematodes, bivalves, ostracods, isopods, amphipods, arthropods, and gastropods, to name a few. These organisms ultimately play a vital role in the remineralization of matter and aid in breaking down POM that may eventually become permanent sediment.

text: While the supply of POM, or

text: marine snow

text: , is relatively limited and inhibits species abundance, it sustains a complex yet understudied microbial loop that can maintain both

text: meiofaunal

text: and

text: macrofaunal

text: populations. In a study by Will Ritzrau (1996), it was determined that microbial activities were up to a factor of 7.5 higher in the BBL than in adjacent waters. While this study was completed between 100-400m depth, it could have implications for the deep-BBL. Presently, it is known that deep-BBL bacterial populations are able to support protozoan bacterivores like foraminifera and some metazoan zooplankton, which in turn can support larger organisms. Meiofauna and macrofauna found in the deep-BBL include:

text: copepods

text: annelids

text: nematodes

text: bivalves

text: ostracods

text: isopods

text: amphipods

text: arthropods

text: , and

text: gastropods

text: , to name a few. These organisms ultimately play a vital role in the remineralization of matter and aid in breaking down POM that may eventually become permanent sediment.

text: As an annelid, S. giganteus possesses a complete digestive system and has a well-developed closed circulatory system. Like other annelids, these worms possess well-developed nervous systems with a central brain and many supporting ganglia, including pedal ganglia, unique to the Polychaeta. Like other polychaetes, S. giganteus excrete with fully developed nephridia. When they reproduce, they simply shed their gametes straight into the water where the eggs (and spermatozoa) become part of the zooplankton to be carried by the currents.

text: As an

text: annelid

text: , S. giganteus possesses a complete digestive system and has a well-developed closed circulatory system. Like other annelids, these worms possess well-developed nervous systems with a central brain and many supporting

text: ganglia

text: , including

text: pedal ganglia

text: , unique to the

text: Polychaeta

text: . Like other polychaetes, S. giganteus excrete with fully developed

text: nephridia

text: . When they reproduce, they simply shed their gametes straight into the water where the eggs (and spermatozoa) become part of the

text: zooplankton

text: to be carried by the currents.

text: Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, limpets (mollusks), and chitons (mollusks), feed on coralline algae. Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater. Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.

text: Coralline algae are

text: red alga

text: e in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a

text: thallus

text: that is hard because of

text: calcareous

text: deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these

text: algae

text: are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the

text: ecology

text: of

text: coral reef

text: s.

text: Sea urchins

text: parrot fish

text: limpets

text: (mollusks), and

text: chitons

text: (mollusks), feed on coralline algae. Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater. Unattached specimens (

text: maerl

text: rhodolith

text: s) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.

text: Odontogriphus has become prominent in the debate that has gone on since 1990 about the evolutionary origins of molluscs, annelid worms and brachiopods. Caron, Scheltema et al. (2006) interpreted Odontogriphus’s feeding apparatus as a forerunner of the molluscan radula, on the grounds that: the occasional and less distinct third tooth-row looked like evidence that the animals grew replacement tooth-rows at the rear of their mouths and shed worn-out ones from the front, as happens with molluscan radulae; the isolated pairs of tooth-rows they found, not associated with body fossils but in the same relative positions as in the more complete fossils, suggested they were mounted on a fairly tough surface, like the chitinous "belt" of a modern radula; they even found signs that discarded tooth-rows were sometimes eaten by the animals. Hence they classified both Odontogriphus, and Wiwaxia with its "nearly identical" feeding apparatus, as primitive relatives of molluscs.

text: Odontogriphus has become prominent in the debate that has gone on since 1990 about the evolutionary origins of

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms and

text: brachiopod

text: s. Caron, Scheltema et al. (2006) interpreted Odontogriphus’s feeding apparatus as a forerunner of the molluscan

text: radula

text: , on the grounds that: the occasional and less distinct third tooth-row looked like evidence that the animals grew replacement tooth-rows at the rear of their mouths and shed worn-out ones from the front, as happens with molluscan radulae; the isolated pairs of tooth-rows they found, not associated with body fossils but in the same relative positions as in the more complete fossils, suggested they were mounted on a fairly tough surface, like the

text: chitin

text: ous "belt" of a modern radula; they even found signs that discarded tooth-rows were sometimes eaten by the animals. Hence they classified both Odontogriphus, and

text: Wiwaxia

text: with its "nearly identical" feeding apparatus, as primitive relatives of molluscs.

text: The term poecilogony was coined by Alfred Mathieu Giard to describe a polymorphism in larval development in marine invertebrates. To date, this life history trait is only known in a small number of polychaete taxa, as well as some sacoglossan mollusks. In some cases, the variation in larval type is a 'plastic' trait in that it is environmentally mediated. In other cases, the larval type is genetically determined - a good example is the polychaete Streblospio benedicti, where some mothers release small planktotrophic eggs and other mothers release large lecithotrophic eggs. In either case, the variation in larval type generally involves the production of larvae that differ in feeding mode and/or developmental time.

text: The term poecilogony was coined by

text: Alfred Mathieu Giard

text: to describe a

text: polymorphism

text: in larval development in marine invertebrates. To date, this life history trait is only known in a small number of

text: polychaete

text: taxa, as well as some

text: sacoglossan

text: mollusks. In some cases, the variation in larval type is a '

text: plastic

text: ' trait in that it is environmentally mediated. In other cases, the larval type is genetically determined - a good example is the polychaete Streblospio benedicti, where some mothers release small planktotrophic eggs and other mothers release large lecithotrophic eggs. In either case, the variation in larval type generally involves the production of larvae that differ in feeding mode and/or developmental time.

text: Like other annelids, these worms possess well-developed nervous systems. The nervous system consists of a central brain in the upper part of the head, which is relatively large compared with that of other annelids. Extending from the brain is a large ventral nerve cord running the length of the body. There are many supporting ganglia along the length of this cord (including pleural, pedal and cerebral ganglia), and a series of small nerves in each body segment. Signals transmitted through the pedal ganglia allow the worms to retract rapidly into their tube if threatened.

text: Like other annelids, these worms possess well-developed nervous systems. The nervous system consists of a central brain in the upper part of the head, which is relatively large compared with that of other annelids. Extending from the brain is a large ventral nerve cord running the length of the body. There are many supporting

text: ganglia

text: along the length of this cord (including pleural, pedal and cerebral ganglia), and a series of small nerves in each body segment. Signals transmitted through the pedal ganglia allow the worms to retract rapidly into their tube if threatened.

text: List of annelid families describes the taxa relationships in the phylum Annelida, which contains more than 17,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

text: List of annelid families describes the taxa relationships in the phylum

text: Annelid

text: a, which contains more than 17,000

text: extant

text: species

text: including

text: ragworm

text: s,

text: earthworm

text: s, and

text: leech

text: es.

text: Genetic analysis performed since the 1990s has extended the understanding of the relationship between different organisms. It is now clear the brachiopods do not belong to the Deuterostomata (such as echinoderms and chordates) as was hypothesized earlier, but should be included in the Protostomia (with mollusks and annelid worms), in a subgroup now called Lophotrochozoa. Although their adult morphology seems rather different, the nucleotid sequence of the 18S rRNA indicates that the horseshoe worms are the closest relatives of the inarticulate brachiopods rather than articulate brachiopods. For now, the weight of evidence is inconclusive as to the exact relations within the inarticulates. Consequently, it has been suggested to included horseshoe worms in the Brachiopoda as a class named Phoronata

text: Genetic analysis performed since the 1990s has extended the understanding of the relationship between different organisms. It is now clear the brachiopods do not belong to the

text: Deuterostomata

text: (such as

text: echinoderms

text: and

text: chordate

text: s) as was hypothesized earlier, but should be included in the

text: Protostomia

text: (with

text: mollusk

text: s and

text: annelid

text: worms), in a subgroup now called

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: . Although their adult morphology seems rather different, the

text: nucleotid sequence

text: of the

text: 18S rRNA

text: indicates that the

text: horseshoe worm

text: s are the closest relatives of the inarticulate brachiopods rather than articulate brachiopods. For now, the weight of evidence is inconclusive as to the exact relations within the inarticulates. Consequently, it has been suggested to included horseshoe worms in the Brachiopoda as a class named

text: Phoronata

text: Familiar examples include annual bandings in reef coral skeletons or annual, fortnightly, daily and ultradian growth increments in mollusk shells as well as annual bandings in the ear bones of fish, called otoliths. Sclerochronology is analogous to dendrochronology, the study of annual rings in trees, and equally seeks to deduce organismal life history traits as well as to reconstruct records of environmental and climatic change through space and time.

text: Familiar examples include annual bandings in

text: reef coral

text: skeleton

text: s or annual, fortnightly, daily and ultradian growth increments in

text: mollusk

text: shells as well as annual bandings in the ear bones of fish, called

text: otolith

text: s. Sclerochronology is analogous to

text: dendrochronology

text: , the study of

text: annual rings in trees

text: , and equally seeks to deduce organismal

text: life history

text: traits as well as to reconstruct records of environmental and climatic change through space and time.

text: Inanidrilus mexicanus is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus mexicanus is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The island’s natives, the Mollusks, capture the boys. The chief, Fighting Prawn, sentences them to death, a fate he reserves for all English trespassers because he was sold into slavery by the English. They are to be sacrificed and fed to Mr. Grin, the island’s hungriest crocodile. The boys offer the gift of a bedtime story to the Mollusks in hopes that they will fall asleep, allowing the boys to escape.  Fighting Prawn accepts the offering, timing them with a kitchen timer he wears as a relic of his slavery as a kitchen boy. The boys perform Sleeping Beauty for the tribe, but because they all fell asleep during Molly's rendition of the story, none of them can really remember how it goes. Molly approaches and watches from behind some trees. At the climax, Molly blurts out that the boys have ruined the story. The Mollusks are amused (especially because Molly's name means "Squid Poop" in their language), but decide that the English invaders must die anyway, and toss them into Mr. Grin's cage.

text: }}}}}}}}Danish zoologist Danny Eibye-Jacobsen (2004) regarded bristles as a feature shared by molluscs, annelids and brachiopods. Hence even if Wiwaxia’s sclerites closely resembled bristles, which he doubted, this would not prove that Wiwaxia’s closest relative were annelids. He also pointed out that the very different numbers of sclerites in the various zones of Wiwaxia’s body do not correspond to any reasonable pattern of segmentation. Since in his opinion Wiwaxia lacked other clearly polychaete features, he regarded this as an argument against classifying Wiwaxia as a polychaete. In his opinion there were no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto-annelid or a proto-mollusc.

text: John Bayard Burch (born 1929) is an American zoologist, a biology professor at the University of Michigan, and the Curator of Mollusks at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. His research interests are broad, and have encompassed not only the anatomy, systematics, and genetics of mollusks, but also various aspects of zoogeography and parasitology. He has engaged in extensive fieldwork around the world, usually collecting mollusks, especially freshwater and terrestrial species. Some sample taken in Tahiti in 1970 have proven to be of importance in efforts to conserve vanishing kinds of the land snail Partula.

text: John Bayard Burch (born 1929) is an

text: American

text: zoologist

text: , a biology professor at the

text: University of Michigan

text: , and the Curator of Mollusks at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. His research interests are broad, and have encompassed not only the

text: anatomy

text: systematics

text: , and

text: genetics

text: of

text: mollusks

text: , but also various aspects of

text: zoogeography

text: and

text: parasitology

text: . He has engaged in extensive fieldwork around the world, usually collecting mollusks, especially freshwater and terrestrial species. Some sample taken in Tahiti in 1970 have proven to be of importance in efforts to conserve vanishing kinds of the land snail

text: Partula

text: The non-marine mollusks of Thailand are a part of the molluscan fauna of Thailand (the wildlife of Thailand). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Thailand.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: Thailand

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of Thailand

text: (the

text: wildlife of Thailand

text: ). A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Thailand.

text: Silver perch are omnivorous, feeding on insect larvae, molluscs, annelid worms and algae. The importance of vegetative matter in the diet of silver perch is still debated. Silver perch appear primarily to be a low-order predator of small aquatic invertebrate prey, with occasional intakes of small fish and vegetative matter. In aquaria, silver perch are reported to take blood worms readily.

text: Not all mollusks are marine. There are numerous land and freshwater mollusks, see for example snail and freshwater bivalves. In addition, not all mollusks have an external shell: some mollusks such as some cephalopods (squid and octopuses) have an internal shell, and many mollusks have no shell, see for example slug and nudibranch.

text: Not all mollusks are marine. There are numerous land and freshwater mollusks, see for example

text: snail

text: and

text: freshwater bivalves

text: . In addition, not all mollusks have an external shell: some mollusks such as some cephalopods (squid and octopuses) have an internal shell, and many mollusks have no shell, see for example

text: slug

text: and

text: nudibranch

text: For many years Odontogriphus ("toothed riddle") was known from only one specimen, an almost featureless oval smear on a slab, with hints of tiny conical teeth. However, 189 new finds in the years immediately preceding 2006 made a detailed description possible. It had a pair of slightly V-shaped tooth-rows just ahead of the mouth, very like Wiwaxia′s. This pitched Odontogriphus into the middle of the debate about whether Wiwaxia was closer to the mollusc or the annelid lineage, resulting in a frank exchange of views.

text: For many years

text: Odontogriphus

text: ("toothed riddle") was known from only one specimen, an almost featureless oval smear on a slab, with hints of tiny conical teeth. However, 189 new finds in the years immediately preceding 2006 made a detailed description possible. It had a pair of slightly V-shaped tooth-rows just ahead of the mouth, very like Wiwaxia′s. This pitched Odontogriphus into the middle of the debate about whether Wiwaxia was closer to the mollusc or the annelid lineage, resulting in a frank exchange of views.

text: Apart from sponges and placozoans, almost all animals have an internal gut cavity which is lined with gastrodermal cells. In less advanced invertebrates such as the sea anemone, the mouth also acts as an anus. Circular muscles around the mouth are able to relax or contract in order to open or close it. A fringe of tentacles thrusts food into the cavity and it can gape widely enough to accommodate large prey items. Food passes first into a pharynx and digestion occurs extracellularly in the gastrovascular cavity. Annelids have simple tube-like gets and the possession of an anus allows them to separate the digestion of their foodstuffs from the absorption of the nutrients.Many molluscs have a radula which is used to scrape microscopic particles off surfaces. In invertebrates with hard exoskeletons, various mouthparts may be involved in feeding behaviour. Insects have a range of mouthparts suited to their mode of feeding. These include mandibles, maxillae and labium and can be modified into suitable appendages for chewing, cutting, piercing, sponging and sucking. Decapods have six pairs of mouth appendages, one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and three of maxillipeds. Sea urchins have a set of five sharp calcareous plates which are used as jaws and are known as Aristotle's lantern.

text: Apart from sponges and

text: placozoa

text: ns, almost all animals have an internal gut cavity which is lined with gastrodermal cells. In less advanced invertebrates such as the

text: sea anemone

text: , the mouth also acts as an anus. Circular muscles around the mouth are able to relax or contract in order to open or close it. A fringe of tentacles thrusts food into the cavity and it can gape widely enough to accommodate large prey items. Food passes first into a

text: pharynx

text: and digestion occurs extracellularly in the

text: gastrovascular cavity

text: . Annelids have simple tube-like gets and the possession of an anus allows them to separate the digestion of their foodstuffs from the absorption of the nutrients.Many molluscs have a

text: radula

text: which is used to scrape microscopic particles off surfaces. In invertebrates with hard exoskeletons, various mouthparts may be involved in feeding behaviour. Insects have a range of mouthparts suited to their mode of feeding. These include mandibles, maxillae and labium and can be modified into suitable appendages for chewing, cutting, piercing, sponging and sucking.

text: Decapods

text: have six pairs of mouth appendages, one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and three of

text: maxilliped

text: s. Sea urchins have a set of five sharp calcareous plates which are used as jaws and are known as Aristotle's lantern.

text: Auchenoglanis species mainly feed on insect aquatic larvae and eventually on small mollusks, alevin, and swimming insects. These feeding habits should also enable them to stand a relatively wide range of ecological conditions.

text: Auchenoglanis species mainly feed on

text: insect

text: aquatic

text: larva

text: e and eventually on small

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: alevin

text: , and swimming insects. These feeding habits should also enable them to stand a relatively wide range of ecological conditions.

text: U.S. Geological Survey researchers have found invertebrate fossils representing 184 taxa from 158 localities in the “San Pedro” Formation in the Coyote Hills, including various species of annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoids; the fossils suggest a late Pliocene to early Pleistocene age for outcrops of the formation. The occurrence of the bivalve Solamen columbianum in the area marks its first occurrence as a fossil. The oldest fossil occurrence of the gastropods Tegula pulligo (Gmelin), questionably Haliotis cracherodii, and the crustacean Randallia ornata occur in the “San Pedro” Formation in the Coyote Hills.

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: researchers have found invertebrate fossils representing 184

text: taxa

text: from 158 localities in the “San Pedro” Formation in the Coyote Hills, including various species of

text: annelid

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: arthropod

text: s, and

text: echinoid

text: s; the fossils suggest a late

text: Pliocene

text: to early

text: Pleistocene

text: age for outcrops of the formation. The occurrence of the

text: bivalve

text: Solamen columbianum in the area marks its first occurrence as a fossil. The oldest fossil occurrence of the

text: gastropod

text: s Tegula pulligo (Gmelin), questionably Haliotis cracherodii, and the

text: crustacean

text: Randallia ornata occur in the “San Pedro” Formation in the Coyote Hills.

text: The mollusk collection was initiated through the efforts of T. van Hyning, the first director of the museum, and was small and composed mostly of local taxa until 1965.  In 1973, the mollusk collection consisted of 22,174 cataloged lots and ranked 19th in the US. The collection has grown rapidly since, through numerous field surveys and acquisition of relinquished collections. Since 2000, Malacology has also hosted a growing collection of non-molluscan marine invertebrates. About 100,000 species of mollusks are known, and the collection holds over 30,000 species among 400,000 lots of specimens. Over 300,000 lots are now databased and accessible online. The collection is among the five largest in the US, and one of the most rapidly growing. It is second largest mollusk collection in the world in online accessibility.

text: The

text: mollusk

text: collection was initiated through the efforts of T. van Hyning, the first director of the museum, and was small and composed mostly of local taxa until 1965.  In 1973, the mollusk collection consisted of 22,174 cataloged lots and ranked 19th in the US. The collection has grown rapidly since, through numerous field surveys and acquisition of relinquished collections. Since 2000,

text: Malacology

text: has also hosted a growing collection of non-molluscan marine invertebrates. About 100,000 species of mollusks are known, and the collection holds over 30,000 species among 400,000 lots of specimens. Over 300,000 lots are now databased and accessible online. The collection is among the five largest in the US, and one of the most rapidly growing. It is second largest mollusk collection in the world in online accessibility.

text: Inanidrilus aduncosetis is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus aduncosetis is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: Liometopum apiculatum are opportunistic carnivores and granivores, and have also been observed foraging on dead insects, larger colonies being more predaceous. L. apiculatum also feeds on crustaceans, annelids, mollusks, dead vertebrates, animal droppings, and extrafloral nectar. These ants also obtain nectar or pollen from bear grass and substances from the outside of the ovaries of the flowers of century plants (Agave scabra and Agave chisosensis) and Spanish dagger (Yucca spp.). Workers have been attracted to various foods used as baits including apple sauce, sausage, vegetable soup, sugar water, and cookies. L. apiculatum have also been observed soliciting honeydew from insects including membracids (Vanduzea segmentata), aphids, and other ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus, Camponotus sayi and Solenopsis xyloni). In some habitats the honeydew produced by hemipterans, Cinara spp., Dysmicoccus brevipes and Saissetia oleae, are the main energy sources. In other words, hemipteran exudates make up the bulk of the diet of L. apiculatum. Their role in disrupting biological control has not been determined.

text: Liometopum apiculatum are opportunistic carnivores and

text: granivores

text: , and have also been observed foraging on dead insects, larger colonies being more predaceous. L. apiculatum also feeds on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s, dead

text: vertebrate

text: s, animal droppings, and extrafloral nectar. These ants also obtain nectar or pollen from bear grass and substances from the outside of the ovaries of the flowers of century plants (

text: Agave scabra

text: and

text: Agave chisosensis

text: ) and Spanish dagger (

text: Yucca

text: spp.). Workers have been attracted to various foods used as baits including apple sauce, sausage, vegetable soup, sugar water, and cookies. L. apiculatum have also been observed soliciting honeydew from insects including membracids (

text: Vanduzea segmentata

text: ), aphids, and other ants (

text: Pogonomyrmex barbatus

text: Camponotus sayi

text: and

text: Solenopsis xyloni

text: ). In some habitats the honeydew produced by

text: hemipteran

text: s,

text: Cinara

text: spp.,

text: Dysmicoccus brevipes

text: and

text: Saissetia oleae

text: , are the main energy sources. In other words, hemipteran exudates make up the bulk of the diet of L. apiculatum. Their role in disrupting biological control has not been determined.

text: The body whorl is part of the morphology of the shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk.

text: The body whorl is part of the

text: morphology

text: of the

text: shell

text: in those

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a

text: cephalopod

text: mollusk.

text: Acetabulum  (plural acetabula) in invertebrate zoology is a saucer-shaped organ of attachment in some annelid worms (like leech) and flatworms. It is a specialised sucker for parasitic adaptation in trematodes by which the worms are able to attach on the host. In annelids, it is basically a locomotory organ for attaching to a substratum. The name also applies to the suction appendage on the arms of cephalopod molluscs such as squid, octopus, cuttlefish, Nautilus, etc.

text: Acetabulum  (

text: plural

text: acetabula) in

text: invertebrate zoology

text: is a

text: saucer

text: -shaped organ of attachment in some

text: annelid worms

text: (like

text: leech

text: ) and

text: flatworms

text: . It is a

text: specialised sucker

text: for

text: parasitic

text: adaptation

text: in trematodes by which the worms are able to attach on the

text: host

text: . In annelids, it is basically a locomotory organ for attaching to a substratum. The name also applies to the suction

text: appendage

text: on the arms of

text: cephalopod molluscs

text: such as

text: squid

text: octopus

text: cuttlefish

text: Nautilus

text: , etc.

text: This word is used in entomology, the study of insects, and in malacology, the study of mollusks. In malacology the word is used to describe the back of the body of the taxonomic group of marine, shell-less gastropods that are known as nudibranchs.

text: This word is used in

text: entomology

text: , the study of insects, and in

text: malacology

text: , the study of mollusks. In malacology the word is used to describe the back of the body of the

text: taxonomic

text: group of marine, shell-less gastropods that are known as

text: nudibranchs

text: Notocytharella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Notocytharella is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: Synodontis species are omnivorous generalists, feeding on a wide spectrum of different foods and are largely unspecialized. Insects, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, seeds, and algae have been found in the stomachs of different species of Synodontis. They are bottom-feeders and may be detritivores, some species may also be able to adapt to filter feeding. This allows them to cope with seasonal and habitat changes and gives them a better ability to colonize different habitats. The different Synodontis species have somewhat different growth rates but most of them are fairly similar. In regards to the Synodontis genus for the different sexes, females are generally larger than the males. There is a great increase in growth the first year in both male and female and then the growth slows down as they become older. The form and structure of these fish are very different compared to other fish. The size and shape of the mouth are distinct because of its ventral mouth and these fish usually are triangular or cylindrical when looking at it from the side. Not much is known about the reproduction in these fish. It has been determined that July to October is when they spawn and that they swim in pairs during this spawning time. Species of Synodontis have been noted to reproduce with the flooding period of the rainy season.

text: Synodontis species are

text: omnivorous

text: generalists, feeding on a wide spectrum of different foods and are largely unspecialized. Insects,

text: crustacean

text: s, mollusks,

text: annelid

text: s, seeds, and algae have been found in the stomachs of different species of Synodontis. They are bottom-feeders and may be

text: detritivore

text: s, some species may also be able to adapt to

text: filter feeding

text: . This allows them to cope with seasonal and habitat changes and gives them a better ability to colonize different habitats. The different Synodontis species have somewhat different growth rates but most of them are fairly similar. In regards to the Synodontis genus for the different sexes, females are generally larger than the males. There is a great increase in growth the first year in both male and female and then the growth slows down as they become older. The form and structure of these fish are very different compared to other fish. The size and shape of the mouth are distinct because of its

text: ventral

text: mouth and these fish usually are triangular or

text: cylindrical

text: when looking at it from the side. Not much is known about the

text: reproduction

text: in these fish. It has been determined that July to October is when they

text: spawn

text: and that they swim in pairs during this spawning time. Species of Synodontis have been noted to reproduce with the flooding period of the

text: rainy season

text: Erpobdella punctata is an annelid in the Erpobdellidae family.

text: Erpobdella punctata is an

text: annelid

text: in the

text: Erpobdellidae

text: family.

text: At the heart of yield management decision-making process is the trade-off of marginal yields from segments that are competing for the same inventory. In capacity-constrained cases, there is a bird-in-the-hand decision that forces the seller to reject lower revenue generating customers in the hopes that the inventory can be sold in a higher valued segment. The tradeoff is sometimes mistakenly identified as occurring at the intersection of the marginal revenue curves for the competing segments. While this is accurate when it supports marketing decisions where access to both segments is equivalent, it is wrong for inventory control decisions. In these cases the intersection of the marginal revenue curve of the higher valued segment with the actual value of the lower segment is the point of interest.

text: At the heart of yield management decision-making process is the

text: trade-off

text: of marginal yields from segments that are competing for the same inventory. In capacity-constrained cases, there is a bird-in-the-hand decision that forces the seller to reject lower revenue generating customers in the hopes that the inventory can be sold in a higher valued segment. The tradeoff is sometimes mistakenly identified as occurring at the intersection of the marginal revenue curves for the competing segments. While this is accurate when it supports marketing decisions where access to both segments is equivalent, it is wrong for

text: inventory control

text: decisions. In these cases the intersection of the

text: marginal revenue

text: curve of the higher valued segment with the actual value of the lower segment is the point of interest.

text: The choice of segment is normally defaulted by the processor according to the function being executed.  Instructions are always fetched from the code segment.  Any stack push or pop or any data reference referring to the stack uses the stack segment.  All other references to data use the data segment.  The extra segment is the default destination for string operations (for example MOVS or CMPS).  FS and GS have no hardware-assigned uses. The instruction format allows an optional segment prefix byte which can be used to override the default segment for selected instructions if desired.

text: Vinn has described majority of annelid skeletal ultrastructures.Oriented tube structures are present in many serpulid species and cannotbe explained by the standard carbonate slurry model. Vinnand his co-authors have hypothesized that oriented structures in serpulid tubes have beensecreted in the same way as in mollusc shells, based on their ultrastructural similarity.Vinn and his co-authors proposed alternative ways to explain the calcified secretorygranules described by Neff  in the lumen of the calcium-secreting glands inserpulids. They proposed that worm actually produces calcium-saturated mucus in the glands. The mucusis then deposited on the tube aperture, where crystallization of the structure iscontrolled by an organic matrix, as in molluscs.The calcified granules in the glands may onlybe an artifact of fixation and formed after the death of the worm.

text: Vinn has described majority of

text: annelid

text: skeletal ultrastructures.Oriented tube structures are present in many

text: serpulid

text: species and cannotbe explained by the standard carbonate slurry model. Vinnand his co-authors have hypothesized that oriented structures in serpulid tubes have beensecreted in the same way as in mollusc shells, based on their ultrastructural similarity.Vinn and his co-authors proposed alternative ways to explain the calcified secretorygranules described by Neff  in the lumen of the calcium-secreting glands inserpulids. They proposed that worm actually produces calcium-saturated mucus in the glands. The mucusis then deposited on the tube aperture, where crystallization of the structure iscontrolled by an organic matrix, as in molluscs.The calcified granules in the glands may onlybe an artifact of fixation and formed after the death of the worm.

text: Another reviewer described how marketers "force feed" people into buying things which are wasteful.

text: The non-marine mollusks of Montana — a part of the molluscan fauna of the state in the Northwestern United States. The non-marine mollusks of Montana consist of land snails and slugs as well as freshwater snails, freshwater mussels and freshwater clams.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusk

text: s of

text: Montana

text: — a part of the molluscan fauna of the state in the

text: Northwestern United States

text: . The non-marine mollusks of Montana consist of land snails and slugs as well as freshwater snails, freshwater mussels and freshwater clams.

text: They are dependent on plankton, as well as crustaceans, mollusks and insects. Their bill is well designed for straining minute organisms, with pliable mandibular flaps that channel water in a manner that allow the ducks to filter algae and other plankton efficiently. They also feed by vortexing, in which two ducks spin about a central point with the head of one opposite the tail of the other, concentrating food in a gyrating water column.

text: They are dependent on

text: plankton

text: , as well as

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s and

text: insect

text: s. Their bill is well designed for straining minute organisms, with pliable

text: mandibular

text: flaps that channel water in a manner that allow the ducks to filter algae and other plankton efficiently. They also feed by vortexing, in which two ducks spin about a central point with the head of one opposite the tail of the other, concentrating food in a gyrating water column.

text: Segmental duplications found in primate genomes fall under one of three classifications. These are the pericentromeric, subtelomeric, and interstitial regions. Segmental duplications in pericentromeric regions are unique in that around 30% of their sequence can be traced to duplications occurring from other chromosomes. In addition, pericentromeric regions can either have no segmental duplication or an extreme amount. Specifically, twenty-nine of the forty-three pericentromeric regions have some form of segmental duplication totaling 47.6Mb, which is almost a third of all segmental duplications found in the human genome. Segmental duplication in subtelomeric regions are similar to those pericentromeric in that they are enriched in interchromosomal segmental duplications. Furthermore, thirty of the forty-two subtelomeric regions contain segmental duplications. However, these segmental duplications total only 2.6Mb. It is not known whether the duplications of the subtelomeric regions arise from other chromosomes like it is for the pericentromeric regions. On the other hand, interstitial region segmental duplications are distributed on the euchromatin between the pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions. In addition, they account for the most of the interchromosomal duplications. Finally, interstitial duplications make up most of the largest and highest-identity human segmental duplications as compared to interchromosomal duplications.

text: In the Caryophyllidean life cycle, adults live in fish, who pass the tapeworm eggs in their feces.  Annelids eat the eggs, where they hatch into oncosphere larvae that move through intestinal wall and become procercoid larvae in the body cavity.   When the annelid is eaten by a fish, the tapeworm matures.

text: In the Caryophyllidean

text: life cycle

text: , adults live in fish, who pass the tapeworm eggs in their feces.  Annelids eat the eggs, where they hatch into

text: oncosphere

text: larva

text: e that move through intestinal wall and become

text: procercoid

text: larvae in the body cavity.   When the annelid is eaten by a fish, the tapeworm matures.

text: Marita is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Marita is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: Vermetus semisurrectus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells.

text: Vermetus semisurrectus is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Vermetidae

text: , the worm snails or worm shells.

text: The empty calcareous tubes of certain marine annelid tube worms, for example the Serpulidae, can sometimes be casually misidentified as empty vermetid shells, and vice versa. The difference is that vermetid shells are shiny inside and have three shell layers, whereas the annelid worm tubes are dull inside and have only two shell layers.

text: The empty calcareous tubes of certain marine

text: annelid

text: tube worms, for example the

text: Serpulidae

text: , can sometimes be casually misidentified as empty vermetid shells, and vice versa. The difference is that vermetid shells are shiny inside and have three shell layers, whereas the annelid worm tubes are dull inside and have only two shell layers.

text: Trapped inside Mr. Grin’s cage, Molly and the boys bicker about what to do. Molly formulates a plan, impulsively kissing Peter as she thinks, to his shock. Peter gets Mr. Grin to open his mouth, and Molly tosses her amulet in.  Mr. Grin grows to an enormous size, bursting out of the cage and floating away as Molly and the boys flee. The Mollusks are furious and pursue them.

text: The example below illustrates how a ReM can represent the arXiv e-print at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0601007 using an Atom feed. Metadata such as the digital object identifier, title, and authors for the e-print are included first in the Atom feed. The e-print is a compound digital object composed of five aggregated resources which are listed next: OAI-PMH metadata about the e-print, a splash page, a PostScript version of the e-print, a PDF version, and a gzipped tar file containing multiple versions of the e-print.

text: The example below illustrates how a ReM can represent the

text: arXiv

text: e-print

text: at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0601007 using an Atom feed. Metadata such as the

text: digital object identifier

text: , title, and authors for the e-print are included first in the Atom feed. The e-print is a compound digital object composed of five aggregated resources which are listed next:

text: OAI-PMH

text: metadata

text: about the e-print, a splash page, a PostScript version of the e-print, a PDF version, and a gzipped tar file containing multiple versions of the e-print.

text: Conway Morris and Peel (1995) largely accepted Butterfield's arguments and treated Wiwaxia as an ancestor or "aunt" of the polychaetes. However they maintained that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was much more like a molluscan radula. They also argued that Wiwaxia was fairly closely related to and in fact descended from the halkieriids, as the sclerites are divided into similar groups, although those of halkieriids were much smaller, more numerous and hollow. They wrote that in 1994 Butterfield had found Wiwaxia sclerites that were clearly hollow. The cladogram they presented showed the halkieriids split into three groups: one as "aunts" of brachiopods, animals whose modern forms have bivalve shells but differ from molluscs in having muscular stalks and a distinctive feeding apparatus, the lophophore; the second group of halkieriids as "aunts" of both Wiwaxia and annelid worms; and the earliest halkieriids as "great aunts" of all of these.

text: Conway Morris and Peel (1995) largely accepted Butterfield's arguments and treated Wiwaxia as an ancestor or "aunt" of the polychaetes. However they maintained that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was much more like a molluscan radula. They also argued that Wiwaxia was fairly closely related to and in fact descended from the halkieriids, as the sclerites are divided into similar groups, although those of halkieriids were much smaller, more numerous and hollow. They wrote that in 1994 Butterfield had found Wiwaxia sclerites that were clearly hollow. The cladogram they presented showed the halkieriids split into three groups: one as "aunts" of

text: brachiopod

text: s, animals whose modern forms have bivalve shells but differ from molluscs in having muscular stalks and a distinctive feeding apparatus, the

text: lophophore

text: ; the second group of halkieriids as "aunts" of both Wiwaxia and

text: annelid

text: worms; and the earliest halkieriids as "great aunts" of all of these.

text: The Turbonillinae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms.

text: The Turbonillinae are

text: ectoparasite

text: worm

text: s.

text: Diplomystids are generalized carnivores that consume annelids, mollusks, and arthropods. Specimens of D. nahuelbutaensis from fast-flowing, moderate-elevation (370–520 m) tributaries of the Río Bío Bío had eaten aquatic insect larvae, especially chironomids, and the relatively large decapod crustacean Aegla.

text: Diplomystids are generalized carnivores that consume

text: annelid

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s, and

text: arthropod

text: s. Specimens of D. nahuelbutaensis from fast-flowing, moderate-elevation (370–520 m) tributaries of the Río Bío Bío had eaten aquatic insect

text: larva

text: e, especially

text: chironomid

text: s, and the relatively large

text: decapod

text: crustacean

text: Aegla

text: As with seven and fourteen-segment displays, a decimal point and/or comma may be present as an additional segment, or pair of segments; the comma (used for triple-digit groupings or as a decimal separator in many regions) is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely 'attached' leftwards-descending arc-shaped segment. This way, a point or comma may be displayed between character positions instead of occupying a whole position by itself, which would be the case if employing the bottom middle vertical segment as a point and the bottom left diagonal segment as a comma. Such displays were very common on pinball machines for displaying the score and other information, before the widespread use of dot-matrix display panels.

text: As with seven and fourteen-segment displays, a

text: decimal point

text: and/or

text: comma

text: may be present as an additional segment, or pair of segments; the comma (used for triple-digit groupings or as a

text: decimal separator

text: in many regions) is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely 'attached' leftwards-descending arc-shaped segment. This way, a point or comma may be displayed between character positions instead of occupying a whole position by itself, which would be the case if employing the bottom middle vertical segment as a point and the bottom left diagonal segment as a comma. Such displays were very common on pinball machines for displaying the score and other information, before the widespread use of dot-matrix display panels.

text: Modern taxonomy does not study criteria such as "higher" and "lower" states of development or distinctions between "main" and "side" branches—only family relationships indicated by cladistic methods are considered relevant. From this point of view, several common characteristics still support the Articulata hypothesis — segmented body; paired appendages on each segment; pairwise arrangement of waste-elimination organs in each segment; and above all, a rope-ladder-like nervous system based on a double nerve strand lying along the belly. An alternative concept, most widely accepted today, is the so-called Ecdysozoa hypothesis. This places the annelids and Panarthropoda in two very different groups: the former in the Lophotrochozoa and the latter in the Ecdysozoa. Mitochondrial gene sequences also provide support for this hypothesis. Proponents of this hypothesis assume that the aforementioned similarities between annelids and velvet worms either developed convergently or were primitive characteristics passed unchanged from a common ancestor to both the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. For example, in the first case, the rope-ladder nervous system would have developed in the two groups independently, while in the second case, it is a very old characteristic, which does not imply a particularly close relationship between the annelids and Panarthropoda. The Ecdysozoa concept divides the taxon into two, the Panarthropoda into which the velvet worms are placed, and the sister group Cycloneuralia, containing the threadworms (Nematoda), horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) and three rather obscure groups: the mud dragons (Kinorhyncha); penis worms (Priapulida); and brush-heads (Loricifera).

text: Modern taxonomy does not study criteria such as "higher" and "lower" states of development or distinctions between "main" and "side" branches—only family relationships indicated by

text: cladistic

text: methods are considered relevant. From this point of view, several common characteristics still support the Articulata hypothesis — segmented body; paired appendages on each segment; pairwise arrangement of waste-elimination organs in each segment; and above all, a rope-ladder-like nervous system based on a double nerve strand lying along the belly. An alternative concept, most widely accepted today, is the so-called

text: Ecdysozoa

text: hypothesis

text: . This places the annelids and Panarthropoda in two very different groups: the former in the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: and the latter in the Ecdysozoa. Mitochondrial gene sequences also provide support for this hypothesis. Proponents of this hypothesis assume that the aforementioned similarities between annelids and velvet worms either developed convergently or were primitive characteristics passed unchanged from a common ancestor to both the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. For example, in the first case, the rope-ladder nervous system would have developed in the two groups independently, while in the second case, it is a very old characteristic, which does not imply a particularly close relationship between the annelids and Panarthropoda. The Ecdysozoa concept divides the taxon into two, the Panarthropoda into which the velvet worms are placed, and the sister group

text: Cycloneuralia

text: , containing the threadworms (

text: Nematoda

text: ), horsehair worms (

text: Nematomorpha

text: ) and three rather obscure groups: the mud dragons (

text: Kinorhyncha

text: ); penis worms (

text: Priapulida

text: ); and brush-heads (

text: Loricifera

text: The most important biomineralizing polychaetes are serpulids, sabellids and cirratulids. They secrete tubes of calcium carbonate. Serpulids have most advanced biomineralization system among the annelids. Serpulids possess very diverse tube ultrastructures. Serpulid tubes are composed of aragonite, calcite or mixture of both polymorphs. In addition to the tubes, some serpulid species secrete calcareous opercula. Some sabellids and cirratulids can secrete aragonitic tubes. Sabellid and cirratulid tubes have a spherulitic prismatic ultrastructure. There are thin organic sheets in serpulid tube mineral structures. These sheets have evolved as an adaptation to strengthen the mechanical properties of the tubes.

text: The most important biomineralizing polychaetes are

text: serpulids

text: sabellids

text: and

text: cirratulids

text: . They secrete tubes of

text: calcium carbonate

text: . Serpulids have most advanced biomineralization system among the

text: annelid

text: s. Serpulids possess very diverse tube ultrastructures. Serpulid tubes are composed of

text: aragonite

text: calcite

text: or mixture of both polymorphs. In addition to the tubes, some serpulid species secrete calcareous opercula. Some sabellids and cirratulids can secrete aragonitic tubes. Sabellid and cirratulid tubes have a spherulitic prismatic ultrastructure. There are thin organic sheets in serpulid tube mineral structures. These sheets have evolved as an adaptation to strengthen the mechanical properties of the tubes.

text: Apposition eyes are the most common form of eyes, and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eyes. They are found in all arthropod groups, although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum. Some annelids and bivalves also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by Limulus, the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point. (Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.)

text: Apposition eyes are the most common form of eyes, and are presumably the ancestral form of compound eyes. They are found in all

text: arthropod

text: groups, although they may have evolved more than once within this phylum. Some

text: annelids

text: and

text: bivalves

text: also have apposition eyes. They are also possessed by

text: Limulus

text: , the horseshoe crab, and there are suggestions that other chelicerates developed their simple eyes by reduction from a compound starting point. (Some caterpillars appear to have evolved compound eyes from simple eyes in the opposite fashion.)

text: Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. The intertidal zone is also home to many several species from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods, etc. Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations. The action of waves can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun, the temperature range can be anything from very hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. Adaptation in the littoral zone allows the use of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. Edges of habitats, in this case land and sea, are themselves often significant ecologies, and the littoral zone is a prime example of a sea and more things

text: Organism

text: s in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. The intertidal zone is also home to many several species from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods, etc.

text: Water

text: is available regularly with the

text: tide

text: s but varies from fresh with

text: rain

text: to highly

text: saline

text: and dry

text: salt

text: with drying between tidal inundations. The action of

text: waves

text: can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun, the

text: temperature

text: range can be anything from very hot with full

text: sun

text: to near freezing in colder climates. Some

text: microclimate

text: s in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as

text: mangrove

text: s.

text: Adaptation

text: in the littoral zone allows the use of

text: nutrient

text: s supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the

text: sea

text: , which is actively moved to the zone by tides. Edges of habitats, in this case land and sea, are themselves often significant

text: ecologies

text: , and the littoral zone is a prime example of a sea and more things

text: Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

text: Annelids with blood vessels use

text: metanephridia

text: to remove soluble waste products, while those without use

text: protonephridia

text: . Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as

text: urine

text: . The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

text: There are two main superphyla (main lineages) of Bilateria. The deuterostomes include the echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates, and a few smaller phyla. The protostomes include most of the rest, such as arthropods, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, and so forth. There are a number of differences, most notably in how the embryo develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many taxonomists now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes, Ecdysozoa (molting animals) and Lophotrochozoa (also referred to as Spiralia). Within the latter, some researchers also recognize another superphylum, Platyzoa, while others reject the Platyzoa monophyly. The arrow worms (Chaetognatha) have proven particularly difficult to classify, with some taxonomists placing them among the deuterostomes and others placing them among the protostomes. The two most recent studies to address the question of chaetognath origins support protostome affinities.

text: There are two main

text: superphyla

text: (main lineages) of Bilateria. The

text: deuterostome

text: s include the

text: echinoderm

text: s,

text: hemichordate

text: s,

text: chordate

text: s, and a few smaller phyla. The

text: protostome

text: s include most of the rest, such as

text: arthropod

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: flatworm

text: s, and so forth. There are a number of differences, most notably in how the

text: embryo

text: develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many

text: taxonomists

text: now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes,

text: Ecdysozoa

text: (molting animals) and

text: Lophotrochozoa (also referred to as Spiralia)

text: . Within the latter, some researchers also recognize another superphylum,

text: Platyzoa

text: , while others reject the Platyzoa monophyly. The arrow worms (

text: Chaetognatha

text: ) have proven particularly difficult to classify, with some taxonomists placing them among the deuterostomes and others placing them among the protostomes. The two most recent studies to address the question of chaetognath origins support protostome affinities.

text: The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still conducted in the gulf. Also collected in large numbers are Shankha mollusks (Xancus pyrum) whose shells are used as a ritual and religious object. Other mollusks of the sea are either too scarce or not popular in the Indian society and therefore have no commercial value.

text: The Gulf of Mannar is known for its

text: pearl

text: banks of

text: Pinctada radiata

text: and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years.

text: Pliny the Elder

text: (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still conducted in the gulf. Also collected in large numbers are

text: Shankha

text: mollusks (Xancus pyrum) whose shells are used as a

text: ritual

text: and religious object. Other mollusks of the sea are either too scarce or not popular in the Indian society and therefore have no commercial value.

text: For a given angle  BAE ( ≤ 90°) construct a square ABCD over its leg . The other leg of the angle intersects the quadratrix of the square in a point G and the parallel line to the leg  through G intersects the side  of the square in F. Now the segment  corresponds to the angle BAE and due to the definition of the quadratrix any division of the segment  in n equidistant parts yields a corresponding division of the angle BAE into n parts of equal size. To divide the segment  into n equidistant parts proceed as follows. Draw a ray a with origin in A and then draw n equidistant segments (of arbitrary length) on it. Connect the endpoint O of the last segment with F and draw lines parallel to  through all the endpoints of the remaining n − 1 segments on , these parallel lines divide the segment  on  into n equidistant segments. Now draw parallel lines to  through the endpoints of those segments on , these parallel lines will intersects the trisectrix. Connecting those points of intersection with A yields a partition of angle BAE  into n parts of equal size.

text: Lesser electric rays feed mainly on polychaete annelids. They also eat juvenile snake eels, sea anemones, small bony fish and various crustaceans.

text: Lesser electric rays feed mainly on

text: polychaete annelids

text: . They also eat juvenile

text: snake eel

text: s,

text: sea anemone

text: s, small bony fish and various

text: crustacean

text: s.

text: M-segment is a car classification defined by European Commission as multi purpose cars. In the recent past, the M-segment segment was increasing in volume year over year in Europe; in 2015, it is consolidated as the fourth most popular segment (11,5% of the overall market after C-segment, J-segment and B-segment).

text: M-segment is a

text: car classification

text: defined by

text: European Commission

text: as multi purpose cars. In the recent past, the M-segment segment was increasing in volume year over year in Europe; in 2015, it is consolidated as the fourth most popular segment (11,5% of the overall market after

text: C-segment

text: J-segment

text: and

text: B-segment

text: Apart from fish and shrimp, some aquaculture undertakings, such as seaweed and filter-feeding bivalve mollusks like oysters, clams, mussels and scallops, are relatively benign and even environmentally restorative. Filter-feeders filter pollutants as well as nutrients from the water, improving water quality. Seaweeds extract nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus directly from the water, and filter-feeding mollusks can extract nutrients as they feed on particulates, such as phytoplankton and detritus.

text: Apart from fish and shrimp, some aquaculture undertakings, such as seaweed and filter-feeding bivalve mollusks like

text: oyster

text: s,

text: clam

text: s,

text: mussel

text: s and

text: scallop

text: s, are relatively benign and even environmentally restorative. Filter-feeders filter pollutants as well as nutrients from the water, improving water quality.

text: Seaweeds

text: extract nutrients such as inorganic nitrogen and

text: phosphorus

text: directly from the water, and filter-feeding

text: mollusk

text: s can extract nutrients as they feed on particulates, such as

text: phytoplankton

text: and

text: detritus

text: The nervous system consists of a brain near the base of the proboscis, and a ventral nerve cord running the length of the body. Aside from the absence of segmentation, this is a similar arrangement to that of other annelids. Echiurans do not have any eyes or other distinct sense organs.

text: In the wild, the species is known from Senegal to Sudan.  The species is harvested for human consumption. It naturally occurs in the deep water of streams, close to the shore.  In the wild, it swims upside down with its belly facing upward, which explains its darker colors on the underside and lighter colors on the dorsal side.   In captivity, however, the fish sometimes stops swimming upside down and its color pattern reverses, so that it is dark on the back and light on the underside.   In the wild, it feeds on plankton, detritus, insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

text: :For the earthworm genus, see Anisochaeta (annelid).

text: :For the

text: earthworm

text: genus, see

text: Anisochaeta (annelid)

text: Taranis  is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.

text: Taranis  is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Raphitomidae

text: Inanidrilus belizensis is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus belizensis is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squids, octopuses and relatives) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system.

text: The circulatory systems of all

text: vertebrate

text: s, as well as of

text: annelid

text: s (for example,

text: earthworm

text: s) and

text: cephalopod

text: s (

text: squid

text: s,

text: octopus

text: es and relatives) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of

text: fish

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: bird

text: s show various stages of the

text: evolution

text: of the circulatory system.

text: Inanidrilus wasseri is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus wasseri is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: Inanidrilus gustavsoni is a species of Annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus gustavsoni is a

text: species

text: of

text: Annelid

text: worm.

text: A typhlosole is an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall.  Typhlosoles occur in bivalve mollusks, lampreys and some annelids and echinoderms.

text: A typhlosole is an internal fold of the

text: intestine

text: or intestine inner wall.  Typhlosoles occur in

text: bivalve

text: mollusks,

text: lamprey

text: s and some

text: annelid

text: s and

text: echinoderm

text: s.

text: C. floridanum produce eggs that divide clonally to produce larger broods. The polyembryonic wasp caste system consists of two separate groups: some of the embryos in a clone mature into reproductive larvae that ultimately develop into adults, while the other group consists of sterile soldier larvae that protect siblings from competitors. At this ecological level, the soldiers’ reproductive altruism is tied to clone-level allocation to defense; thus, in order to maximize the reproductive success of the siblings, soldiers risk their own chances of reproductive success (with no conflict between the soldiers themselves)  In his study, Giron argues that soldier aggression in this wasp species is inversely related to competitors’ genetic relatedness, without respect to levels of resource competition. In a later study, Giron sought to differentiate between the aggression of female and male soldiers, finding that the latter group is non-aggressive toward all competitors.

text: C. floridanum produce eggs that divide clonally to produce larger broods. The polyembryonic wasp caste system consists of two separate groups: some of the embryos in a clone mature into reproductive

text: larvae

text: that ultimately develop into adults, while the other group consists of sterile soldier larvae that protect siblings from competitors. At this ecological level, the soldiers’ reproductive altruism is tied to clone-level allocation to defense; thus, in order to maximize the reproductive success of the siblings, soldiers risk their own chances of reproductive success (with no conflict between the soldiers themselves)  In his study, Giron argues that soldier aggression in this wasp species is inversely related to competitors’ genetic

text: relatedness

text: , without respect to levels of resource competition. In a later study, Giron sought to differentiate between the aggression of female and male soldiers, finding that the latter group is non-aggressive toward all competitors.

text: Like other annelids, the leech is a segmented animal. But unlike other annelids, there is no correspondence between the external segmentation of a leech's body surface and the segmentation of its internal organs. The body surface of the animal can be divided into 102 annuli, whereas its internal structures are divided into 32 segments. Of the 32 segments within the body, the first four anterior segments are designated head segments, which include an anterior brain and sucker. These are followed by 21 midbody segments, which include 21 neuronal ganglia, two reproductive organs, and 9 pairs of testes. Finally, the last seven segments are fused to form the animal's tail sucker, as well as its posterior brain.

text: Like other annelids, the leech is a segmented animal. But unlike other annelids, there is no correspondence between the external segmentation of a leech's body surface and the

text: segmentation

text: of its internal organs. The body surface of the animal can be divided into 102

text: annuli

text: , whereas its internal structures are divided into 32 segments. Of the 32 segments within the body, the first four anterior segments are designated head segments, which include an anterior brain and sucker. These are followed by 21 midbody segments, which include 21 neuronal ganglia, two reproductive organs, and 9 pairs of testes. Finally, the last seven segments are fused to form the animal's tail sucker, as well as its posterior brain.

text: They went on to classify the halkieriids as nearly modern molluscs, since in their opinion halkieriids' "chain mail" coats of mineralized sclerites were an advance on the unmineralized sclerites of Wiwaxia and also resembled the armor of some living shell-less aplacophoran molluscs, the Neomeniomorpha. As a result, they concluded that the whole Kimberella-Odontogriphus-Wiwaxia-mollusc lineage must have diverged from that of the annelid worms some time before the appearance of Kimberella in the Ediacaran period.This brought Odontogriphus into the center of a debate that had been going on since 1990, when Butterfield denied that Wiwaxia was a forerunner of molluscs and argued that it was an evolutionary "aunt" of annelids. In particular he had argued that: Wiwaxia’s sclerites were internally much more like the bristles of polychaete annelids such as Canadia than like any forerunner of molluscan shell plates; and in his opinion Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was more similar to that of some polychaetes than to a molluscan radula. Caron, Scheltema, et al. (2006) thought Wiwaxia bore little resemblance to polychaetes as it showed no signs of segmentation, appendages in front of the mouth, or "legs" – all of which are typical polychaete features.

text: They went on to classify the

text: halkieriid

text: s as nearly modern molluscs, since in their opinion halkieriids' "chain mail" coats of

text: mineralized

text: sclerite

text: s were an advance on the unmineralized sclerites of

text: Wiwaxia

text: and also resembled the armor of some living shell-less

text: aplacophora

text: n molluscs, the

text: Neomeniomorpha

text: . As a result, they concluded that the whole Kimberella-Odontogriphus-Wiwaxia-mollusc lineage must have diverged from that of the

text: annelid

text: worms some time before the appearance of Kimberella in the Ediacaran period.This brought Odontogriphus into the center of a debate that had been going on since 1990, when Butterfield denied that Wiwaxia was a forerunner of molluscs and argued that it was an evolutionary "aunt" of annelids. In particular he had argued that: Wiwaxia’s sclerites were internally much more like the bristles of

text: polychaete

text: annelids such as

text: Canadia

text: than like any forerunner of molluscan shell plates; and in his opinion Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was more similar to that of some polychaetes than to a molluscan radula. Caron, Scheltema, et al. (2006) thought Wiwaxia bore little resemblance to polychaetes as it showed no signs of

text: segmentation

text: appendage

text: s in front of the mouth, or "

text: legs

text: " – all of which are typical polychaete features.

text: Glyphoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Glyphoturris is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: There are numerous popular books and field guides on the subject of shell-collecting. Although there are a number of books about land and freshwater mollusks, the majority of popular books emphasize, or focus exclusively on, the shells of marine mollusks. Both the science of studying mollusk shells and the hobby of collecting and classifying them are known as conchology. The line between professionals and amateur enthusiasts is often not well defined in this subject, because many amateurs have contributed to, and continue to contribute to, conchology and the larger science of malacology. Many shell collectors belong to "shell clubs" where they can meet others who share their interests. A large number of amateurs collect the shells of marine mollusks, and this is partly because many shells wash up empty on beaches, or live in the intertidal or sub-tidal zones, and are therefore easily found and preserved without much in the way of specialized equipment or expensive supplies. Some shell collectors find their own material and keep careful records, or buy only "specimen shells", which means shells which have full collecting data: information including how, when, where, in what habitat, and by whom, the shells were collected. On the other hand, some collectors buy the more widely available commercially imported exotic shells, the majority of which have very little data, or none at all. To museum scientists, having full collecting data (when, where, and by whom it was collected) with a specimen is far more important than having the shell correctly identified. Some owners of shell collections hope to be able to donate their collection to a major natural history or zoology museum at some point, however, shells with little or no collecting data are usually of no value to science, and are likely not to be accepted by a major museum. Apart from any damage to the shell that may have happened before it was collected, shells can also suffer damage when they are stored or displayed. For an example of one rather serious kind of damage see Byne's disease.

text: There are numerous popular books and

text: field guide

text: s on the subject of shell-collecting. Although there are a number of books about land and freshwater mollusks, the majority of popular books emphasize, or focus exclusively on, the shells of marine mollusks. Both the science of studying mollusk shells and the hobby of collecting and classifying them are known as

text: conchology

text: . The line between professionals and amateur enthusiasts is often not well defined in this subject, because many amateurs have contributed to, and continue to contribute to, conchology and the larger science of

text: malacology

text: . Many shell collectors belong to "shell clubs" where they can meet others who share their interests. A large number of amateurs collect the shells of marine mollusks, and this is partly because many shells wash up empty on beaches, or live in the

text: intertidal

text: or sub-tidal zones, and are therefore easily found and preserved without much in the way of specialized equipment or expensive supplies. Some shell collectors find their own material and keep careful records, or buy only "specimen shells", which means shells which have full collecting

text: data

text: : information including how, when, where, in what habitat, and by whom, the shells were collected. On the other hand, some collectors buy the more widely available commercially imported exotic shells, the majority of which have very little data, or none at all. To

text: museum

text: scientists, having full collecting data (when, where, and by whom it was collected) with a specimen is far more important than having the shell correctly identified. Some owners of shell collections hope to be able to donate their collection to a major natural history or zoology museum at some point, however, shells with little or no collecting data are usually of no value to science, and are likely not to be accepted by a major museum. Apart from any damage to the shell that may have happened before it was collected, shells can also suffer damage when they are stored or displayed. For an example of one rather serious kind of damage see

text: Byne's disease

text: The following mollusks were named in honor of Baldwin.

text: Ficus ficus or the paper fig shell is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ficidae, the fig shells.

text: Ficus ficus or the paper fig shell is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Ficidae

text: , the fig shells.

text: Ideological−Political Organization or Bureau of NAJA (; Aghidati-Siasi) is one of three virtually independent hierarchical systems inside Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran, alongside its Command system (led by the Chief Police Commander) and the Intelligence Protection Organization. Director of the organization is directly appointed by the Supreme Leader of Iran. The Ideological−Political organizations of Iranian armed forces are taught to indoctrinate the personnel with Islamic and political training aligned with the Supreme Leader's guidelines. The organization is supervised by clerics.

text: Ideological−Political Organization or Bureau of

entity_name: Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran

text: NAJA

text: (; Aghidati-Siasi) is one of three virtually independent hierarchical systems inside

text: Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran

text: , alongside its Command system (led by the Chief Police Commander) and the

text: Intelligence Protection Organization

text: . Director of the organization is directly appointed by the

text: Supreme Leader of Iran

text: . The Ideological−Political organizations of Iranian armed forces are taught to

text: indoctrinate

text: the personnel with

text: Islamic

text: and political training aligned with the Supreme Leader's guidelines. The organization is supervised by

text: clerics

text: Juvenile sharptail molas are known to feed on benthic annelids and sponges. Adults likely feed on medusae, siphonophores, ctenophores, and salps, as well as some fishes, crustaceans, and molluscs. Sharptail molas sometimes have remoras attached to the surface of their bodies or inside their buccal cavities. In 1949, a sharptail mola off North Carolina was found with a common remora (Remora remora) wedged inside the gill arches on its right side. This evidently impaired the respiration of the mola, such that it foundered on the beach and was collected by fishermen.

text: Juvenile sharptail molas are known to feed on

text: benthic

text: annelid

text: s and

text: sponge

text: s. Adults likely feed on

text: medusa

text: e,

text: siphonophore

text: s,

text: ctenophore

text: s, and

text: salp

text: s, as well as some

text: fish

text: es,

text: crustacean

text: s, and

text: mollusc

text: s. Sharptail molas sometimes have

text: remora

text: s attached to the surface of their bodies or inside their

text: buccal cavities

text: . In 1949, a sharptail mola off

text: North Carolina

text: was found with a

text: common remora

text: (Remora remora) wedged inside the

text: gill arch

text: es on its right side. This evidently impaired the

text: respiration

text: of the mola, such that it foundered on the beach and was collected by fishermen.

text: Benthomangelia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Benthomangelia is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: In their present forms, the velvet worms are probably very closely related to the arthropods, a very extensive taxon that incorporates, for instance, the crustaceans, insects, and arachnids. They share, among other things, an exoskeleton consisting of  α-chitin and non-collagenous proteins; gonads and waste-elimination organs enclosed in true coelom tissue; an open blood system with a tubular heart situated at the rear; an abdominal cavity divided into pericardial and perivisceral cavities; respiration via tracheae; and similar embryonic development. Segmentation, with two body appendages per segment, is also shared. However, antennae, mandibles, and oral papillae are probably not homologous to the corresponding features in arthropods, i.e., they probably developed independently. Another closely related group are the comparatively obscure water bears (Tardigrada); however, due to their very small size, these lack some characteristics of the velvet worms and arthropods, such as blood circulation and separate respiratory structures. Together, the velvet worms, arthropods, and water bears form a monophyletic taxon, the Panarthropoda, i.e., the three groups collectively cover all descendants of their last common ancestor. Due to certain similarities of form, the velvet worms were usually grouped with the water bears to form the taxon Protoarthropoda. This designation would imply that both velvet worms and water bears are not yet as highly developed as the arthropods. Modern systematic theories reject such conceptions of "primitive" and "highly developed" organisms and instead consider exclusively the historical relationships among the taxa. These relationships are not as yet fully understood, but it is considered probable that the velvet worms' sister groups form a taxon designated Tactopoda, thus:For a long time, velvet worms were also considered related to the annelids. They share, among other things, a worm-like body; a thin and flexible outer skin; a layered musculature; paired waste-elimination organs; as well as a simply constructed brain and simple eyes. Decisive, however, was the existence of segmentation in both groups, with the segments showing only minor specialisation. The parapodia appendages found in annelids therefore correspond to the stump feet of the velvet worms. Within the Articulata hypothesis developed by Georges Cuvier, the velvet worms therefore formed an evolutionary link between the annelids and the arthropods: worm-like precursors first developed parapodia, which then developed further into stub feet as an intermediate link in the ultimate development of the arthropods' appendages. Due to their structural conservatism, the velvet worms were thus considered "living fossils". This perspective was expressed paradigmatically in the statement by the French zoologist A. Vandel:

text: In their present forms, the velvet worms are probably very closely related to the arthropods, a very extensive taxon that incorporates, for instance, the crustaceans, insects, and arachnids. They share, among other things, an exoskeleton consisting of  α-chitin and non-collagenous proteins; gonads and waste-elimination organs enclosed in true coelom tissue; an open blood system with a tubular heart situated at the rear; an abdominal cavity divided into pericardial and perivisceral cavities; respiration via tracheae; and similar embryonic development. Segmentation, with two body appendages per segment, is also shared. However, antennae, mandibles, and oral papillae are probably not homologous to the corresponding features in arthropods, i.e., they probably developed independently. Another closely related group are the comparatively obscure water bears (

text: Tardigrada

text: ); however, due to their very small size, these lack some characteristics of the velvet worms and arthropods, such as blood circulation and separate respiratory structures. Together, the velvet worms, arthropods, and water bears form a

text: monophyletic

text: taxon, the

text: Panarthropoda

text: , i.e., the three groups collectively cover all descendants of their last common ancestor. Due to certain similarities of form, the velvet worms were usually grouped with the water bears to form the taxon Protoarthropoda. This designation would imply that both velvet worms and water bears are not yet as highly developed as the arthropods. Modern systematic theories reject such conceptions of "primitive" and "highly developed" organisms and instead consider exclusively the historical relationships among the taxa. These relationships are not as yet fully understood, but it is considered probable that the velvet worms' sister groups form a taxon designated

text: Tactopoda

text: , thus:For a long time, velvet worms were also considered related to the

text: annelid

text: s. They share, among other things, a worm-like body; a thin and flexible outer skin; a layered musculature; paired waste-elimination organs; as well as a simply constructed brain and simple eyes. Decisive, however, was the existence of segmentation in both groups, with the segments showing only minor specialisation. The parapodia appendages found in annelids therefore correspond to the stump feet of the velvet worms. Within the

text: Articulata hypothesis

text: developed by

text: Georges Cuvier

text: , the velvet worms therefore formed an evolutionary link between the annelids and the arthropods: worm-like precursors first developed parapodia, which then developed further into stub feet as an intermediate link in the ultimate development of the arthropods' appendages. Due to their structural conservatism, the velvet worms were thus considered "living fossils". This perspective was expressed paradigmatically in the statement by the French zoologist A. Vandel:

text: Under production contracts, growers raise animals owned by integrators. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The contract dictates how to construct the facilities, how to feed, house, and medicate the animals, and how to handle manure and dispose of carcasses. Generally, the contract also shields the integrator from liability. Jim Hightower, in his book, Eat Your Heart Out, discusses this liability role enacted by large food companies. He finds that in many cases of agricultural vertical integration, the integrator (food company) denies the farmer the right of entrepreneurship. This means that the farmer can only sell under and to the integrator. These restrictions on specified growth, Hightower argues, strips the selling and producing power of the farmer. The producer is ultimately limited by the established standards of the integrator. Yet, at the same time, the integrator still keeps the responsibility connected to the farmer. Hightower sees this as ownership without reliability.

text: Under production contracts, growers raise animals owned by integrators. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The contract dictates how to construct the facilities, how to feed, house, and medicate the animals, and how to handle manure and dispose of carcasses. Generally, the contract also shields the integrator from liability.

text: Jim Hightower

text: , in his book, Eat Your Heart Out, discusses this liability role enacted by large food companies. He finds that in many cases of agricultural vertical integration, the integrator (

text: food company

text: ) denies the farmer the right of entrepreneurship. This means that the farmer can only sell under and to the integrator. These restrictions on specified growth,

text: Hightower

text: argues, strips the selling and producing power of the farmer. The producer is ultimately limited by the established standards of the integrator. Yet, at the same time, the integrator still keeps the responsibility connected to the farmer.

text: Hightower

text: sees this as ownership without reliability.

text: The Latin word Cranopsis has been used to name animal genera of frogs, mollusks and crustaceans. Cranopsis (Cope 1875), was used for an anuran, and is a junior homonym of Cranopsis (Adams 1860), for a mollusk; and Cranopsis (Dall 1871), for a branchiopod. Cranopsis currently describes a mollusk in the family Fissurellidae

text: The Latin word Cranopsis has been used to name animal

text: genera

text: of frogs, mollusks and crustaceans. Cranopsis (Cope 1875), was used for an

text: anuran

text: , and is a

text: junior homonym

text: of Cranopsis (Adams 1860), for a

text: mollusk

text: ; and Cranopsis (Dall 1871), for a

text: branchiopod

text: Cranopsis

text: currently describes a mollusk in the family

text: Fissurellidae

text: Lumbriculus is a genus of Annelid oligochaetes.

text: Lumbriculus is a genus of

text: Annelid

text: oligochaete

text: s.

text: The term parapodium (Gr. para, beyond or beside + podia, feet) refers to two different organs.  In annelids, parapodia are paired, un-jointed lateral outgrowths that bear the chaetae.  In several groups of sea snails and sea slugs, 'parapodium' refers to lateral fleshy protrusions.

text: The term parapodium (

text: Gr.

text: para, beyond or beside + podia, feet) refers to two different organs.  In annelids, parapodia are paired, un-jointed

text: lateral

text: outgrowths that bear the

text: chaeta

text: e.  In several groups of sea

text: snail

text: s and sea

text: slug

text: s, 'parapodium' refers to lateral fleshy protrusions.

text: The Air Force Satellite Control Facility (AFSCF) was originally activated at Los Angeles AFS, California on 18 Jun 1965. It was first assigned to the Space Systems Division of Air Force Systems Command, with later moves under the Space and Missile Systems Organization, and Space Division organizations.

text: The Air Force Satellite Control Facility (AFSCF) was originally activated at

text: Los Angeles AFS

text: , California on 18 Jun 1965. It was first assigned to the Space Systems Division of

text: Air Force Systems Command

text: , with later moves under the Space and Missile Systems Organization, and Space Division organizations.

text: It has the unusual property that it either tastes very bitter or is virtually tasteless, depending on the genetic makeup of the taster. The ability to taste PTC is often treated as a dominant genetic trait, although inheritance and expression of this trait are somewhat more complex.

text: It has the unusual property that it either

text: taste

text: s very bitter or is virtually tasteless, depending on the

text: genetic

text: makeup of the taster. The ability to taste PTC is often treated as a

text: dominant

text: genetic trait, although inheritance and expression of this trait are somewhat more complex.

text: The Dormouse is referenced in popular culture by two American rock bands: Firstly by Jefferson Airplane in the song "White Rabbit", in which the last line of the song, repeated twice and building through a crescendo is "Remember what the dormouse said: feed your head, feed your head". From this lyric, John Markoff derived the title of his 2005 book, What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. Secondly by the progressive metal band Queensrÿche in the song "Right Side of My Mind": "Re-engineer your head is really what the dormouse said". The vocal part of the original song by Jefferson Airplane has also been used in German Techno DJ Paul Kalkbrenner's Feed Your Head.

text: The Dormouse is referenced in popular culture by two American rock bands: Firstly by

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: in the song "

text: White Rabbit

text: ", in which the last line of the song, repeated twice and building through a crescendo is "Remember what the dormouse said: feed your head, feed your head". From this lyric,

text: John Markoff

text: derived the title of his 2005 book,

text: What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry

text: . Secondly by the progressive metal band

text: Queensrÿche

text: in the song "Right Side of My Mind": "Re-engineer your head is really what the dormouse said". The vocal part of the original song by

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: has also been used in German Techno DJ

text: Paul Kalkbrenner

text: 's Feed Your Head.

text: The Odostomiinae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans.

text: The Odostomiinae are

text: ectoparasite

text: worm

text: s, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and

text: crustacean

text: s.

text: It feeds on small fish, crustaceans, and annelids.

text: It feeds on small

text: fish

text: crustacean

text: s, and

text: annelid

text: s.

text: ""I was just trying to throw the ball up there on the hill and let it feed down there and hopefully have a makeable putt. All of a sudden, it looked really good, and it looked like how could it not go in, and how did it not go in, and all of a sudden it went in." - Tiger Woods on his remarkable chip on 16.

text: Only Phoronis ovalis naturally builds colonies by budding or by splitting into top and bottom sections which then grow into full bodies. In experiments, other species have split successfully, but only when both parts have enough gonadal (reproductive) tissue. All phoronids breed sexually from spring to autumn. Some species are hermaphroditic (have both male and female reproductive organs) but cross-fertilize (fertilize the eggs of other members), while others are dioecious (have separate sexes). The gametes (sperms and ova) are produced in the swollen gonads, around the stomach. The gametes swim through the metacoelom to the metanephridia. Sperm exit by the nephridiopores and some are captured by the lophophores of individuals of the same species. Species that lay small fertilized eggs release them into the water as plankton, while species with larger eggs brood them either in the body's tube or stuck in the center of the lophophore by adhesive. The brooded eggs are released to feed on plankton when they develop into larvae.

text: Only

text: Phoronis ovalis

text: naturally builds colonies by

text: budding

text: or by splitting into top and bottom sections which then grow into full bodies. In experiments, other species have split successfully, but only when both parts have enough

text: gonad

text: al (reproductive) tissue. All phoronids

text: breed sexually

text: from spring to autumn. Some species are

text: hermaphroditic

text: (have both male and female reproductive organs) but

text: cross-fertilize

text: (fertilize the eggs of other members), while others are

text: dioecious

text: (have separate sexes). The

text: gamete

text: s (

text: sperm

text: s and

text: ova

text: ) are produced in the swollen gonads, around the stomach. The gametes swim through the metacoelom to the metanephridia. Sperm exit by the nephridiopores and some are captured by the lophophores of individuals of the same species. Species that lay small fertilized eggs release them into the water as plankton, while species with larger eggs brood them either in the body's tube or stuck in the center of the lophophore by adhesive. The brooded eggs are released to feed on plankton when they develop into larvae.

text: There is a complex hermaphroditic reproductive system in pulmonate snails (those snails that have a lung rather than a gill or gills.) Their reproductive system is completely internal, except for the active protrusion (eversion) of the penis for copulation. The outer opening of the reproductive system is called the "genital pore"; it is positioned on the right hand side, very close to the head of the animal. This opening is virtually invisible however, unless it is actively in use.

text: There is a complex hermaphroditic

text: reproductive system

text: in

text: pulmonate

text: snails (those snails that have a lung rather than a gill or gills.) Their reproductive system is completely internal, except for the active protrusion (eversion) of the penis for copulation. The outer opening of the reproductive system is called the "genital pore"; it is positioned on the right hand side, very close to the head of the animal. This opening is virtually invisible however, unless it is actively in use.

text: Acetabulum is essentially an organ of attachment. In annelids, it is used for adherence to the substratum during a looping locomotion. Annelid worms such as leeches move by repeated alternating extensions and shortenings of the body. This in turn is done by successive attachment and detachment of the oral sucker and the acetabulum. In flukes it is used for penetrating the mucosal wall of the gastrointestinal tract for maintaining its parasitic habitat. It is sensory in nature consisting of type 2 sensory receptor, which is a smooth bulb-like non-ciliated papilla.

text: Acetabulum is essentially an organ of attachment. In annelids, it is used for adherence to the substratum during a looping locomotion. Annelid worms such as leeches move by repeated alternating extensions and shortenings of the body. This in turn is done by successive attachment and detachment of the oral sucker and the acetabulum. In flukes it is used for penetrating the mucosal wall of the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: for maintaining its parasitic habitat. It is sensory in nature consisting of type 2

text: sensory receptor

text: , which is a smooth bulb-like non-ciliated papilla.

text: The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

text: The basic annelid form consists of multiple

text: segments

text: . Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of

text: parapodia

text: that many species use for

text: locomotion

text: Septa

text: separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and

text: Echiura

text: and

text: Sipuncula

text: show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within

text: blood vessel

text: s, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by

text: peristalsis

text: ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by

text: undulation

text: s that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their

text: pharynges

text: inside out to drag themselves through the

text: sediment

text: dentition clearly indicate that it was carnivorous.  Walrus cranial morphology is different, but they are aquatic and use specialized buccal and facial muscles to feed on mollusks, fossils of which are abundant in the Domanda Formation, and they probably provide the best ecological model among living mammals.  More complete fossils must be recovered before Makaracetus can be adequately described.

text: In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout the day, as they do in nature when grazing on pasture. Although this is not always possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses twice a day, it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities.

text: In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout the day, as they do in nature when

text: grazing

text: on

text: pasture

text: . Although this is not always possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses twice a day, it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities.

text: In the wild, the species has been found in the White Nile river from Khartoum into the Baḥr al-Jabal River and Bahr el Ghazal River systems, and the Baro River in Ethiopia.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The fish feeds on algae, macrophytes, detritus, crustaceans, insects and mollusks.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

text: In the wild, the species has been found in the White Nile river from

text: Khartoum

text: into the

text: Baḥr al-Jabal River

text: and

text: Bahr el Ghazal River

text: systems, and the

text: Baro River

text: in Ethiopia.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The fish feeds on algae, macrophytes, detritus, crustaceans, insects and mollusks.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

text: The Polychaeta  or polychaetes are a paraphyletic class of annelid worms, generally marine.  Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. Indeed, polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. More than 10,000 species are described in this class.  Common representatives include the lugworm (Arenicola marina) and the sandworm or clam worm Alitta.

text: The Polychaeta  or polychaetes are a

text: paraphyletic

text: class of

text: annelid

text: worms, generally marine.  Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called

text: parapodia

text: that bear many bristles, called

text: chaeta

text: e, which are made of

text: chitin

text: . Indeed, polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. More than 10,000 species are described in this class.  Common representatives include the

text: lugworm

text: (Arenicola marina) and the

text: sandworm

text: or

text: clam worm

text: Alitta.

text: Hyalopecten is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks.

text: Hyalopecten is a

text: genus

text: of

text: marine

text: bivalve

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: A new species of siboglinid annelid worm, Osedax mucofloris, was discovered on the carcass of a 5.3 m (17.4 ft) female minke whale experimentally placed at a depth of 125 m (410 ft) in the North Sea. This genus of worm uses endosymbiotic bacteria to feed on the bones of whales that fall to the seafloor.

text: A new species of

text: siboglinid

text: annelid

text: worm,

text: Osedax mucofloris

text: , was discovered on the carcass of a 5.3 m (17.4 ft) female minke whale experimentally placed at a depth of 125 m (410 ft) in the

text: North Sea

text: . This genus of worm uses

text: endosymbiotic

text: bacteria

text: to feed on the bones of whales that fall to the seafloor.

text: The general classification winner was not always determined by a time system. In the inaugural Giro d'Italia the organizers chose to have a points system over a system based around elapsed time after the scandal that engulfed the 1904 Tour de France. In addition to that, the organizers chose the point system since it would be cheaper to count the placings of the riders rather than clocking the riders during each stage. The race leader was calculated by adding up each rider's placings in each stage and the rider with the lowest total was the leader; if a rider placed second in the first stage and third in the second stage, he would have five points total. The system was modified a year later to give the riders who placed 51st or higher in a stage 51 points and keep the point distribution system the same for the riders who placed 1st through 50th in a stage. The calculation remained unmodified until 1912 where the organizers chose to have the race be centered around teams, while still keeping the point system. The next year race organizers chose to revert to the system used in 1911. In 1914, the organizers shifted to the system used nowadays, where riders would have their finishing times for each stage totaled together to determine the overall leader.

text: The general classification winner was not always determined by a time system. In the

text: inaugural Giro d'Italia

text: the organizers chose to have a points system over a system based around elapsed time after the scandal that engulfed the

text: 1904 Tour de France

text: . In addition to that, the organizers chose the point system since it would be cheaper to count the placings of the riders rather than clocking the riders during each stage. The race leader was calculated by adding up each rider's placings in each stage and the rider with the lowest total was the leader; if a rider placed second in the first stage and third in the second stage, he would have five points total. The system was modified

text: a year later

text: to give the riders who placed 51st or higher in a stage 51 points and keep the point distribution system the same for the riders who placed 1st through 50th in a stage. The calculation remained unmodified until

text: where the organizers chose to have the race be centered around teams, while still keeping the point system. The

text: next year

text: race organizers chose to revert to the system used in 1911. In

text: , the organizers shifted to the system used nowadays, where riders would have their finishing times for each stage totaled together to determine the overall leader.

text: The data segment is read-write, since the values of variables can be altered at run time. This is in contrast to the read-only data segment ( segment or .rodata), which contains static constants rather than variables; it also contrasts to the code segment, also known as the text segment, which is read-only on many architectures. Uninitialized data, both variables and constants, is instead in the BSS segment.

text: The data segment is read-write, since the values of variables can be altered at run time. This is in contrast to the read-only data segment ( segment or .rodata), which contains static constants rather than variables; it also contrasts to the

text: code segment

text: , also known as the text segment, which is read-only on many architectures. Uninitialized data, both variables and constants, is instead in the

text: BSS segment

text: An organization implementing moves management should have a system of policies, procedures, and practices that direct the actions of the organization towards bringing in donors, forging relationships, and generating major gifts. These systems should be focused on donors, rather than donations. They should also emphasize documenting the relationship between the donor and the organization.

text: Proctolin may also be present in molluscs, annelids, decapod crustaceans, and possibly even some mammals.

text: Proctolin may also be present in

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s, decapod

text: crustacean

text: s, and possibly even some

text: mammal

text: s.

text: Mollusks:

text: Mollusks:

text: Cruziturricula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

text: Cruziturricula is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Drilliidae

text: Although freshwater invertebrates inhabiting and comprising algae and periphyton make the foundation of food webs in the middle and lower basin, zooplankton and phytoplankton take that role in the estuarine habitat. Mollusks gather at the St. Johns estuary in large numbers, feeding on the bottom of the river and ocean floors. The abundance and importance of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) is apparent in the many middens left by the Timucua in mounds many feet high. Oysters and other mollusks serve as the primary food source of shorebirds. The large trees that line the river from its source to south of Jacksonville begin to transition into salt marshes east of the city. Mayport is home to approximately 20 shrimping vessels that use the mouth of the St. Johns to access the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Although freshwater invertebrates inhabiting and comprising algae and periphyton make the foundation of food webs in the middle and lower basin,

text: zooplankton

text: and

text: phytoplankton

text: take that role in the estuarine habitat.

text: Mollusks

text: gather at the St. Johns estuary in large numbers, feeding on the bottom of the river and ocean floors. The abundance and importance of oysters (

text: Crassostrea virginica

text: ) is apparent in the many

text: midden

text: s left by the Timucua in mounds many feet high. Oysters and other mollusks serve as the primary food source of shorebirds. The large trees that line the river from its source to south of Jacksonville begin to transition into salt marshes east of the city.

text: Mayport

text: is home to approximately 20 shrimping vessels that use the mouth of the St. Johns to access the Atlantic Ocean.

text: The mollusk has one narrow foot, which renders its motion interrupted as the foot must raise the shell a tiny bit in each single movement, simultaneously pushing it forward. The motion must be repeated again and again for the mollusk to travel.

text: Not being a true phylogenetic group, soft-bodied organism vary enormously in anatomy. Cnidarians and flatworms have a single opening to the gut and a diffuse nerve system. The roundworms, annelids, molluscs, the various lophoporate phyla and non-vertebrate chordates have a tubular gut open at both ends. While the majority of the soft-bodied animals typically don't have any kind of skeleton, some do, mainly in the form of stiff cuticulas (roundworms, water bears) or hydrostatic skeletons (annelids).

text: Not being a true

text: phylogenetic

text: group, soft-bodied organism vary enormously in anatomy.

text: Cnidarian

text: s and

text: flatworms

text: have a single opening to the gut and a diffuse

text: nerve system

text: . The

text: roundworms

text: annelids

text: molluscs

text: , the various

text: lophoporate

text: phyla

text: and non-vertebrate

text: chordates

text: have a tubular gut open at both ends. While the majority of the soft-bodied animals typically don't have any kind of skeleton, some do, mainly in the form of stiff

text: cuticula

text: s (roundworms,

text: water bears

text: ) or

text: hydrostatic skeleton

text: s (annelids).

text: Members of North Carolina's Cretaceous flora have also been preserved as fossils. Some of the local Cretaceous trees were preserved as petrified wood. One petrified log from the Cretaceous period preserved in a small Cumberland County creek weighs hundreds to thousands of pounds. The log is still partially concealed by rock but several feet of the two diameter log juts out across the creek. Mollusks were abundant in Cretaceous North Carolina. Cretaceous mollusks are known in a variety of locations across the state. The Late Cretaceous Peedee beds are known for their belemnites and other mollusks.

text: Members of North Carolina's Cretaceous

text: flora

text: have also been preserved as fossils. Some of the local Cretaceous trees were preserved as

text: petrified wood

text: . One petrified log from the Cretaceous period preserved in a small

text: Cumberland County

text: creek weighs hundreds to thousands of pounds. The log is still partially concealed by rock but several feet of the two diameter log juts out across the creek.

text: Mollusks

text: were abundant in Cretaceous North Carolina. Cretaceous mollusks are known in a variety of locations across the state. The Late Cretaceous Peedee beds are known for their

text: belemnites

text: and other mollusks.

text: Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière (8 July 1854, Avignon – 13 January 1942, Marseille) was a French scientist, a biologist, specifically a malacologist and entomologist, i.e. someone who studies mollusks, and insects. Within the Mollusca, Vayssière specialized in sea slugs and bubble snails, i.e. marine opisthobranch gastropods. He made significant contributions towards a better understanding of the general biology, phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and ecological distribution of the group.

text: Albert Jean Baptiste Marie Vayssière (8 July 1854,

text: Avignon

text: – 13 January 1942,

text: Marseille

text: ) was a French scientist, a biologist, specifically a

text: malacologist

text: and

text: entomologist

text: , i.e. someone who studies mollusks, and insects. Within the Mollusca, Vayssière specialized in

text: sea slug

text: s and bubble snails, i.e.

text: marine

text: opisthobranch

text: gastropods

text: . He made significant contributions towards a better understanding of the general biology,

text: phylogenetic relationships

text: biogeography

text: and ecological distribution of the group.

text: Erpobdella octoculata is an annelid in the Erpobdellidae family.

text: Erpobdella octoculata is an

text: annelid

text: in the

text: Erpobdellidae

text: family.

text: Cryoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae.

text: Cryoturris is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Mangeliidae

text: In a 2010 update the WHO stated that significant programmatic experience and research evidence regarding HIV and infant feeding had accumulated since WHO's recommendations on infant feeding in the context of HIV were last revised in 2006. In particular, evidence has been reported that antiretroviral (ARV) interventions to either the HIV-infected mother or HIV-exposed infant can significantly reduce the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. This evidence has major implications for how women living with HIV might feed their infants, and how health workers should counsel these mothers. Together, breastfeeding and ARV intervention have the potential to significantly improve infants' chances of surviving while remaining HIV uninfected.

text: In a 2010 update the WHO stated that significant programmatic experience and research evidence regarding HIV and infant feeding had accumulated since WHO's recommendations on infant feeding in the context of HIV were last revised in 2006. In particular, evidence has been reported that

text: antiretroviral

text: (ARV) interventions to either the HIV-infected mother or HIV-exposed infant can significantly reduce the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. This evidence has major implications for how women living with HIV might feed their infants, and how health workers should counsel these mothers. Together, breastfeeding and ARV intervention have the potential to significantly improve infants' chances of surviving while remaining HIV uninfected.

text: The Chrysallidinae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms.

text: The Chrysallidinae are

text: ectoparasite

text: worm

text: s.

text: Vestigial traits can still be considered adaptations. This is because an adaptation is often defined as a trait that has been favored by natural selection. Adaptations, therefore, need not be adaptive, as long as they were at some point.

text: Vestigial traits can still be considered

text: adaptation

text: s. This is because an adaptation is often defined as a trait that has been favored by natural selection. Adaptations, therefore, need not be adaptive, as long as they were at some point.

text: Reproduction in this species is by an alternation of generations between an asexual polygastric animal (bearing both asexual and reproductive elements) and the sexual eudoxid stage which becomes detached from the nectophore. The generation time is short and under favourable conditions, numbers can build up rapidly.

text: Conway Morris and Peel (1995) largely accepted Butterfield's arguments and treated Wiwaxia as an ancestor or "aunt" of the polychaetes. However they also argued that Wiwaxia was fairly closely related to and in fact descended from the halkieriids, as the sclerites are divided into similar groups, although those of halkieriids were much smaller, more numerous and hollow. They wrote that in 1994 Butterfield had found Wiwaxia sclerites that were clearly hollow.  They noted that one specimen of Wiwaxia showed traces of a small shell, possibly a vestige left over from an earlier stage in the animal's evolution, and noted that one group of modern polychaetes also has what may be a vestigial shell. However they maintained that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was much more like a molluscan radula. The cladogram they presented showed the halkieriids split into three groups: one as "aunts" of brachiopods, animals whose modern forms have bivalve shells but differ from molluscs in having muscular stalks and a distinctive feeding apparatus, the lophophore; the second group of halkieriids as "aunts" of both Wiwaxia and annelid worms; and the earliest halkieriids as "great aunts" of all of these.

text: Conway Morris and Peel (1995) largely accepted Butterfield's arguments and treated Wiwaxia as an ancestor or "aunt" of the polychaetes. However they also argued that Wiwaxia was fairly closely related to and in fact descended from the halkieriids, as the sclerites are divided into similar groups, although those of halkieriids were much smaller, more numerous and hollow. They wrote that in 1994 Butterfield had found Wiwaxia sclerites that were clearly hollow.  They noted that one specimen of Wiwaxia showed traces of a small shell, possibly a vestige left over from an earlier stage in the animal's evolution, and noted that one group of modern polychaetes also has what may be a vestigial shell. However they maintained that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus was much more like a molluscan radula. The cladogram they presented showed the halkieriids split into three groups: one as "aunts" of

text: brachiopod

text: lophophore

text: annelid

text: It feeds on worms, benthic crustaceans, insects, and plant matter.  It lays eggs in dense vegetation and adults do not guard the eggs.

text: It feeds on

text: worm

text: s,

text: benthic

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: insect

text: s, and

text: plant

text: matter.  It lays eggs in dense vegetation and adults do not guard the eggs.

text: In order to reference a segment, a program must use its index inside the GDT or the LDT. Such an index is called a segment selector or selector in short. The selector must generally be loaded into a segment register to be used. Apart from the machine instructions which allow one to set/get the position of the GDT (and of the Interrupt Descriptor Table) in memory, every machine instruction referencing memory has an implicit Segment Register, occasionally two. Most of the time this Segment Register can be overridden by adding a Segment Prefix before the instruction.

text: In order to reference a segment, a program must use its index inside the GDT or the LDT. Such an index is called a segment selector or selector in short. The selector must generally be loaded into a segment register to be used. Apart from the machine instructions which allow one to set/get the position of the GDT (and of the

text: Interrupt Descriptor Table

text: ) in memory, every machine instruction referencing memory has an implicit Segment Register, occasionally two. Most of the time this Segment Register can be overridden by adding a Segment Prefix before the instruction.

text: A structure of the same type exists in several fossil groups of mollusks, including all the fossil families of slit shells, as well as three superfamilies of what may have been gastropods, but may possibly have been monoplacophorans or paragastropods instead.

text: A structure of the same type exists in several fossil groups of mollusks, including all the fossil families of slit shells, as well as three superfamilies of what may have been gastropods, but may possibly have been

text: monoplacophora

text: ns or

text: paragastropods

text: instead.

text: Chlorocruorin (as the larger carrier erythrocruorin) is an oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the blood plasma of many annelids, particularly certain marine polychaetes.

text: Chlorocruorin

text: (as the larger carrier

text: erythrocruorin

text: ) is an oxygen-binding hemeprotein present in the

text: blood plasma

text: of many

text: annelid

text: s, particularly certain marine

text: polychaete

text: s.

text: Vibrio diabolicus is a polysaccharide-secreting bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaete annelid, Alvinella pompejana. It is facultatively anaerobic, heterotrophic, and mesophilic.

text: Vibrio diabolicus is a

text: polysaccharide

text: -secreting bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: Alvinella pompejana

text: . It is facultatively anaerobic,

text: heterotrophic

text: , and

text: mesophilic

text: It occurs in standing water, especially in impoundments, and it breeds prolifically during the rainy season. The species feeds on crustaceans, annelid worms, and other invertebrates. It is, in turn, prey for larger fish, including snakeheads (family Channidae).

text: It occurs in standing water, especially in impoundments, and it breeds prolifically during the rainy season. The species feeds on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms, and other

text: invertebrate

text: s. It is, in turn, prey for larger fish, including

text: snakeheads

text: (family

text: Channidae

text: In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by polychaetes (annelid marine worms) oligochaetes (microdrile worms), and gastropod mollusks (sea slugs). Xenophyophores have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have hydrothermal vent communities, for example Suiyo and Loihi seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.

text: In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by

text: polychaete

text: s (

text: annelid

text: marine worm

text: s)

text: oligochaete

text: s (

text: microdrile

text: worms), and

text: gastropod mollusks

text: sea slug

text: s).

text: Xenophyophore

text: s have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have

text: hydrothermal vent

text: communities, for example

text: Suiyo

text: and

text: Loihi

text: seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.

text: Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856–1940) was an American conchologist and Curator of Geology at Stanford University for over 20 years, who curated what was for a time the second largest collection of mollusk shells in the world. Oldroyd and her husband, Tom Shaw Oldroyd, amassed one of the largest private shell collections in California. Ida was recognized as an active and early pioneer of conchology in the western United States. She was a charter member of the American Malacological Union, which she served as vice-president in 1934 and as honorary president from 1935 to 1940.

text: Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856–1940) was an American

text: conchologist

text: and Curator of Geology at

text: Stanford University

text: for over 20 years, who curated what was for a time the second largest collection of

text: mollusk shell

text: s in the world. Oldroyd and her husband, Tom Shaw Oldroyd, amassed one of the largest private shell collections in California. Ida was recognized as an active and early pioneer of conchology in the western United States. She was a charter member of the American Malacological Union, which she served as vice-president in 1934 and as honorary president from 1935 to 1940.

text: Benthos species reside mostly at the sea bottom and include worms, crustaceans, bottom protists, coelenterata and mollusks. Mollusks account for 60–98% of the invertebrate biomass at the Sea of Azov bottom.

text: Benthos

text: species reside mostly at the sea bottom and include worms,

text: crustacean

text: s, bottom

text: protist

text: s,

text: coelenterata

text: and

text: mollusks

text: . Mollusks account for 60–98% of the invertebrate biomass at the Sea of Azov bottom.

text: Thylacodes colubrinus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells. This species was previously known as Serpulorbis colubrinus.

text: Thylacodes colubrinus is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Vermetidae

text: , the worm snails or worm shells. This species was previously known as Serpulorbis colubrinus.

text: The Clitellata are a class of annelid worms, characterized by having a clitellum - the 'collar' that forms a reproductive cocoon during part of their life cycles. The clitellates comprise around 8,000 species.  Unlike the class of Polychaeta, they do not have parapodia and their heads are less developed.

text: The Clitellata are a

text: class

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm

text: s, characterized by having a

text: clitellum

text: - the 'collar' that forms a reproductive cocoon during part of their life cycles. The clitellates comprise around 8,000

text: species

text: .  Unlike the class of

text: Polychaeta

text: , they do not have

text: parapodia

text: and their heads are less developed.

text: Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae of order Characiformes. These species are among the fishes known as tetras. The genus is distributed from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina. Many of these species are native to the Neotropic ecozone in South America; about half a dozen species are from Central America and a single species, H. compressus is from southern Mexico. All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 2–7 cm (0.75–2.75 in). There is great anatomical diversity in this genus. They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

text: Hyphessobrycon is a

text: genus

text: of

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: in the

text: family

text: Characidae

text: of

text: order

text: Characiformes

text: . These

text: species

text: are among the fishes known as

text: tetra

text: s. The genus is distributed from southern

text: Mexico

text: to

text: Río de la Plata

text: in

text: Argentina

text: . Many of these species are native to the

text: Neotropic ecozone

text: in

text: South America

text: ; about half a dozen species are from

text: Central America

text: and a single species, H. compressus is from southern

text: Mexico

text: . All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 2–7 cm (0.75–2.75 in). There is great anatomical diversity in this genus. They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally

text: omnivorous

text: , feeding predominantly on small

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: insect

text: s,

text: annelid

text: worms and

text: zooplankton

text: . When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

text: Omphalotropis rubens is a species of minute, salt marsh snail with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk, or micromollusk, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Assimineidae.

text: Omphalotropis rubens is a

text: species

text: of minute,

text: salt marsh

text: snail

text: with an

text: operculum

text: aquatic

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: , or

text: micromollusk

text: , a

text: terrestrial

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the family

text: Assimineidae

text: They are easily visible to the naked eye with the lower range of body size at 0.5 mm but usually larger than 3 mm. In the coastal water ecosystem, they include several species of organisms from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods etc.

text: In computing, a code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of an object file or the corresponding section of the program's virtual address space that contains executable instructions. The term "segment" comes from the memory segment, which is a historical approach to memory management that has been succeeded by paging. When a program is stored in an object file, the code segment is a part of this file; when the loader places a program into memory so that it may be executed, various memory regions are allocated (in particular, as pages), corresponding to both the segments in the object files and to segments only needed at run time. For example, the code segment of an object file is loaded into a corresponding code segment in memory.

text: In

text: computing

text: , a code segment, also known as a text segment or simply as text, is a portion of an

text: object file

text: or the corresponding section of the program's

text: virtual address space

text: that contains

text: executable

text: instruction

text: s. The term "segment" comes from the

text: memory segment

text: , which is a historical approach to

text: memory management

text: that has been succeeded by

text: paging

text: . When a program is stored in an object file, the code segment is a part of this file; when the

text: loader

text: places a program into

text: memory

text: so that it may be executed, various memory regions are allocated (in particular, as pages), corresponding to both the segments in the object files and to segments only needed at run time. For example, the code segment of an object file is loaded into a corresponding code segment in memory.

text: The term seashell is also applied loosely to mollusk shells that are not of marine origin, for example by people walking the shores of lakes and rivers using the term for the freshwater mollusk shells they encounter.  Seashells purchased from tourist shops or dealers may include various freshwater and terrestrial shells as well.  Non-marine items offered may include large and colorful tropical land snail shells, freshwater apple snail shells, and pearly freshwater unionid mussel shells.  This can be confusing to collectors, as non-marine shells are often not included in their reference books.

text: The term seashell is also applied loosely to mollusk shells that are not of marine origin, for example by people walking the shores of lakes and rivers using the term for the

text: freshwater mollusk

text: shells they encounter.  Seashells purchased from tourist shops or dealers may include various freshwater and terrestrial shells as well.  Non-marine items offered may include large and colorful tropical

text: land snail

text: shells, freshwater

text: apple snail

text: shells, and pearly freshwater

text: unionid mussel

text: shells.  This can be confusing to collectors, as non-marine shells are often not included in their reference books.

text: Crahan has been credited with several things that Slipknot is known for, such as their masks. Crahan began wearing a clown mask to rehearsals when the band was still fairly unknown, spawning the mask theme that the band is known for today. He is also credited with coining the term "maggots" to describe Slipknot's fans, stating that as maggots feed off of Slipknot, similar to how a maggot feeds off of a dead animal.

text: Invertebrates such as annelids, mollusks, and nematodes, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles. In bivalves, the obliquely striated muscles can maintain tension over long periods without using too much energy. Bivalves use these muscles to keep their shells closed.

text: Invertebrates such as annelids,

text: mollusks

text: , and

text: nematode

text: s, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles. In

text: bivalves

text: , the obliquely striated muscles can maintain tension over long periods without using too much energy. Bivalves use these muscles to keep their shells closed.

text: In 1888 he began work as an assistant at the zoological laboratory at the Faculté des Sciences in Lille. In 1895 he defended his doctorate with a highly regarded thesis on the annelid family Syllidae, titled Recherches sur les Syllidiens. Morphologie. Anatomie Reproduction. Développement.

text: In 1888 he began work as an assistant at the zoological laboratory at the Faculté des Sciences in

text: Lille

text: . In 1895 he defended his doctorate with a highly regarded thesis on the annelid family

text: Syllidae

text: , titled Recherches sur les Syllidiens. Morphologie. Anatomie Reproduction. Développement.

text: Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips,  whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.

text: Annelids' cuticles are made of

text: collagen

text: fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and

text: mucus

text: -secreting

text: gland

text: s in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the

text: dermis

text: , which is made of

text: connective tissue

text: , in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the

text: coelom

text: (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips,  whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.

text: It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. It often functions like a kind of overlip when the animal is feeding. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics.

text: It sometimes bears

text: antennae

text: and

text: eye

text: s. It often functions like a kind of overlip when the animal is feeding. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics.

text: The first segment bore a ventral pair of large limbs, known as the antennule, which are about half to two-thirds as long as the body. They consisted of a cylindrical stem and about 15 segments. The segments had a flat outer side and two widely spaced spines.

text: The most intense part of the debate centers round Wiwaxia. Conway Morris (1985) originally dismissed the earliest classification of Wiwaxia as a polychaete worm, because he thought there was little structural similarity between a polychaete's scale-like elytra and Wiwaxia’s sclerites, and because the arrangement of the sclerites, with quite different numbers in each band, showed no sign of the regular segmentation that is a feature of polychaetes. Instead he thought Wiwaxia was very similar to shell-less aplacophoran molluscs, that it must have moved on a mollusc-like muscular foot, and that its feeding apparatus looked like a primitive form of the molluscan radula, a tooth-bearing chitinous "tongue". Hence he classified it as a "sister" of the molluscs. When he briefly described the first articulated specimens of Halkieria in 1990, Conway Morris wrote of "the halkieriid-wiwaxiid body plan" and that the halkieriids might be close relatives of molluscs. aragonite}} flesh}}}}Shortly after this in 1990 Butterfield published his first paper on Wiwaxia. He argued that, since Wiwaxia’s sclerites appeared  to be solid, they were not similar to the hollow sclerites of halkieriids. In fact he thought they were more similar to the chitinous bristles (setae) that project from the bodies of modern annelids and in some genera form leaf-like scales that cover the back like roof tiles - in composition, in detailed structure, in how they were attached to the body via follicle-like pockets in the skin, and in overall appearance. He also contended that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus, instead of being mounted in the middle of its "head", was just as likely to be mounted in two parts on the sides of the "head", an arrangement that is common in polychaetes. He therefore classified Wiwaxia as a polychaete.

text: The most intense part of the debate centers round

text: Wiwaxia

text: . Conway Morris (1985) originally dismissed the earliest classification of

text: Wiwaxia

text: as a

text: polychaete

text: worm, because he thought there was little structural similarity between a polychaete's scale-like

text: elytra

text: and Wiwaxia’s

text: sclerite

text: s, and because the arrangement of the sclerites, with quite different numbers in each band, showed no sign of the regular

text: segmentation

text: that is a feature of polychaetes. Instead he thought Wiwaxia was very similar to shell-less

text: aplacophora

text: n

text: mollusc

text: s, that it must have moved on a mollusc-like muscular foot, and that its feeding apparatus looked like a primitive form of the molluscan

text: radula

text: , a tooth-bearing

text: chitin

text: ous "tongue". Hence he classified it as a "

text: sister

text: " of the molluscs. When he briefly described the first articulated specimens of

text: Halkieria

text: in 1990, Conway Morris wrote of "the halkieriid-wiwaxiid body plan" and that the halkieriids might be close relatives of molluscs.

text: aragonite

text: }} flesh}}}}Shortly after this in 1990 Butterfield published his first paper on Wiwaxia. He argued that, since Wiwaxia’s sclerites appeared  to be solid, they were not similar to the hollow sclerites of halkieriids. In fact he thought they were more similar to the chitinous bristles (

text: setae

text: ) that project from the bodies of modern annelids and in some

text: genera

text: form leaf-like scales that cover the back like roof tiles - in composition, in detailed structure, in how they were attached to the body via follicle-like pockets in the skin, and in overall appearance. He also contended that Wiwaxia’s feeding apparatus, instead of being mounted in the middle of its "head", was just as likely to be mounted in two parts on the sides of the "head", an arrangement that is common in polychaetes. He therefore classified Wiwaxia as a polychaete.

text: Inanidrilus manae is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus manae is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: But not all species-typical reproductive behaviors are about specific reproductive activity between two animals.

text: Some polychaetes, marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, secrete a hard tube made of calcium carbonate, adhering to stones or other shells. This tube resembles, and can be confused with, the shell of marine gastropod mollusks in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails.

text: Some

text: polychaetes

text: , marine annelid worms in the family

text: Serpulidae

text: , secrete a hard tube made of calcium carbonate, adhering to stones or other shells. This tube resembles, and can be confused with, the shell of marine gastropod mollusks in the family

text: Vermetidae

text: , the worm snails.

text: A radiole is a heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle found in highly organized clusters on the crowns of Canalipalpata. Canalipalpata is an order of sessile marine polychaete worms consisting of 31 families (including the Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Terebellidae, and Alvinellidae, a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vents). These benthic annelid tube worms employ radioles primarily for alimentation. While their primary role is to function as an organ for filter feeding, radioles also serve as respiratory organs. Because of their role in gas exchange, radioles are often referred to as "gills".

text: A radiole is a heavily ciliated feather-like

text: tentacle

text: found in highly organized clusters on the crowns of

text: Canalipalpata

text: . Canalipalpata is an order of

text: sessile

text: marine

text: polychaete

text: worms consisting of 31 families (including the

text: Sabellidae

text: Serpulidae

text: Terebellidae

text: , and

text: Alvinellidae

text: , a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vents). These

text: benthic

text: annelid

text: tube worm

text: s employ radioles primarily for

text: alimentation

text: . While their primary role is to function as an organ for

text: filter feeding

text: , radioles also serve as

text: respiratory

text: organs. Because of their role in gas exchange, radioles are often referred to as "

text: gill

text: s".

text: The segments provide a way to group segments into packets, which are meaningful units of data for the decoder. When the segment's length is indicated to be 255, this indicates that the following segment is to be concatenated to this one and is part of the same packet. When the segment's length is 0–254, this indicates that this segment is the final segment in this packet. Where a packet's length is a multiple of 255, the final segment is length 0.

text: The FMV genome consists of segmented (multipartite) negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. The genome has long been thought to have four segments, but recent findings have supported the existence of six RNA genome segments. Each segment has one open reading frame (ORF). The first segment, FMV vcRNA 1 (7093 nt), is common to all viruses of genus Emaravirus and codes for the virus’s 264 kDa RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which has endonuclease activity near the N terminus. The second segment, vcRNA2, (2252 nt) encodes a 73 kDa putative glycoprotein. FMV vcRNA3 (1490 nt) encodes a 35 kDa nucleocapsid (N) protein. FMV vcRNA4 (1472 nt) encodes a 40.5 kDa protein with function still unknown. The two most recently discovered segments, RNA5 and RNA6, unlike the other four segments, are not highly conserved within the genus. Perhaps this is because they are truncated or defective, but the functions of the proteins they encode is still undetermined.

text: While each advance in modern molecular biology has shaken the phylogenetic tree of Bilateria, advances in molecular biology techniques led to further data supporting the articulata hypothesis but also led to the development of conflicting theories. Advances in confocal microscopy technology led to the discovery of  embryonic cleavage patterns, which differs between the annelids and arthropods. Annelids show spiral cleavage, meaning that each embryonic cleavage occurs at progressive 90-degree angles with respect to the animal–vegetal axis. Arthropods, on the other hand, display a heterogeneous mix of embryonic cleavage patterns including spiral-like cleavage and radial cleavage patterns. This led researchers to two theories: The first was that the arthropods lineage must have lost the ability to spiral cleave since differentiating from the last common ancestor between annelids and arthropods. The second is that this showed similarities between annelids and mollusks who also spirally cleaves but lacks that the segmented body plan. This was not the only interpretation of this data but other hypotheses were seen to have less data or merit. Other studies such as those looking a neural patterns within the articulata clade showed mixed patterns and thus mixed results.

text: While each advance in modern molecular biology has shaken the

text: phylogenetic

text: tree of

text: Bilateria

text: , advances in

text: molecular biology

text: techniques led to further data supporting the articulata hypothesis but also led to the development of conflicting theories. Advances in

text: confocal microscopy

text: technology led to the discovery of

text: embryo

text: nic

text: cleavage

text: patterns, which differs between the annelids and arthropods. Annelids show spiral cleavage, meaning that each embryonic cleavage occurs at progressive 90-degree angles with respect to the animal–vegetal axis. Arthropods, on the other hand, display a heterogeneous mix of embryonic cleavage patterns including spiral-like cleavage and radial cleavage patterns. This led researchers to two theories: The first was that the arthropods lineage must have lost the ability to spiral cleave since differentiating from the last common ancestor between annelids and arthropods. The second is that this showed similarities between annelids and

text: mollusks

text: who also spirally cleaves but lacks that the segmented body plan. This was not the only interpretation of this data but other hypotheses were seen to have less data or merit. Other studies such as those looking a neural patterns within the articulata

text: clade

text: showed mixed patterns and thus mixed results.

text: Little is known about monoplacophorans. They have a single, flat, rounded bilateral shell that is often thin and fragile; it ranges in size from 3 to 30 millimetres (in recent species). The apex of the shell is at the anterior end. The fossil shells exhibit a series of muscular attachment scars on the inner side, suggesting metamerism; indeed, with living Monoplacophora to study, it can be seen that their body segments exhibit a serial repetition of kidneys, gills and reproductive structure. This used to be interpreted as a true segmentation, which suggested a "missing link" between mollusks and annelids. More recent studies have shown that the repetition of these organs is secondary.

text: Little is known about monoplacophorans. They have a single, flat, rounded bilateral shell that is often thin and fragile; it ranges in size from 3 to 30 millimetres (in recent species). The

text: apex

text: of the shell is at the anterior end. The fossil shells exhibit a series of muscular attachment scars on the inner side, suggesting

text: metamerism

text: ; indeed, with living Monoplacophora to study, it can be seen that their body segments exhibit a serial repetition of kidneys, gills and reproductive structure. This used to be interpreted as a true

text: segmentation

text: , which suggested a "

text: missing link

text: " between

text: mollusks

text: and

text: annelids

text: . More recent studies have shown that the repetition of these organs is secondary.

text: Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

text: Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the

text: polychaete

text: s and

text: clitellate

text: s. In turn the clitellates were divided into

text: oligochaete

text: s, which include

text: earthworm

text: s, and

text: hirudinomorphs

text: , whose best-known members are

text: leech

text: es. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete

text: families

text: into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

text: The reproductive biology of this species was studied by Silva et al. (2008): These hermaphroditic snails are mating and cross-fertilization normally occurs. When snails are isolated then self-fertilization can occur, but with the lower reproductive success. Eggs are laid in clutches from one to 252 eggs (in captivity). Snails are hatched after about 20 days.

text: The

text: reproductive biology

text: of this species was studied by Silva et al. (2008): These

text: hermaphroditic

text: snails are mating and

text: cross-fertilization

text: normally occurs. When snails are isolated then

text: self-fertilization

text: can occur, but with the lower reproductive success. Eggs are laid in clutches from one to 252 eggs (in captivity). Snails are hatched after about 20 days.

text: Climate of the Piacenzian would have started as a somewhat wet and warm period in North America occurring just after a brief cooling period of the Zanclean. Deposition of sediments and mollusks of the Piacenzian correspond with the rise in sea level creating the Tamiami Subsea and Jackson Subsea of Florida, Duplin Subsea generally of South Carolina, and Yorktown Subsea of the Outer Banks and inland North Carolina. Dates have been established on the basis of the genera and species of mollusks found.

text: Climate of the Piacenzian would have started as a somewhat wet and warm period in North America occurring just after a brief cooling period of the Zanclean. Deposition of sediments and mollusks of the Piacenzian correspond with the rise in sea level creating the Tamiami Subsea and Jackson Subsea of Florida, Duplin Subsea generally of

text: South Carolina

text: , and Yorktown Subsea of the

text: Outer Banks

text: and inland

text: North Carolina

text: . Dates have been established on the basis of the genera and species of mollusks found.

text: The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

text: The

text: seta

text: e ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide

text: traction

text: and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The

text: parapodia

text: ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-

text: chitin

text: and are formed by

text: follicle

text: s, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming

text: microvilli

text: , fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the

text: seta

text: e ("bristles") of

text: arthropod

text: s, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

text: On very rare occasions, the second segment will be a bonus "game segment" (i.e. Oddsmakers, Toss Up, etc.), and the third segment will be a game segment as usual.

text: Ostracods are believed to have fed on algae on the bottom of the lake. Most of the fossil examples of ostracod come from the preserved carapaces, or feeding appendages. Only one species of ostracods has been described so far. Several freshwater mollusks have been identified, including freshwater and terrestrial. The most abundant mollusk that has been identified at Florissant is gastropods (snails).

text: Ostracods are believed to have fed on algae on the bottom of the lake. Most of the fossil examples of ostracod come from the preserved carapaces, or feeding appendages. Only one species of ostracods has been described so far. Several freshwater mollusks have been identified, including freshwater and terrestrial. The most abundant mollusk that has been identified at Florissant is

text: gastropod

text: s (snails).

text: Each of the species of Lonchodraco has its own unique derived traits, autapomorphies, and sometimes a unique combination of traits.

text: Each of the species of Lonchodraco has its own unique derived traits,

text: autapomorphies

text: , and sometimes a unique combination of traits.

text: In 1973 a group of young scientists from Wroclaw University of Technology led by Professor Zdzislaw Bubnicki invited scientists from around the world in order to exchange ideas of modern problems of systems science and engineering. The first International Conference "Systems Science" was held in the European city of Wroclaw, Poland (with some sessions organized in nearby town Szklarska Poręba). The event was a big success and the organizers decided to continue with the conference every year. First six editions of Systems Science (till 1979) were organized by Wroclaw University of Technology - attracting scientist from the USA, Japan, India and almost all European countries. After six years of existence, the conference was already well known as a forum for presentation of original papers on a good professional level and for discussions integrating different subjects of systems science and engineering and specialists from universities, research centres, and industry.During the conference in 1979, Professor Zdzislaw Bubnicki decided to organize future conferences in Wroclaw every two years, and Professor Glyn James and his colleagues from the Coventry University in England suggested that they join a team from Wroclaw to organize the conferences in alternate years in Coventry. Consequently, the next edition in 1980 took place in Coventry. In 1983, Professor William Wells from the University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA and his colleagues joined the teams from Poland and England, and the next meeting in 1984 was organized in Las Vegas, USA. Then it was decided, that to call conferences in Poland as "Systems Science" and in England and USA as "Systems Engineering".

text: In 1973 a group of young scientists from Wroclaw University of Technology led by Professor

text: Zdzislaw Bubnicki

text: invited scientists from around the world in order to exchange ideas of modern problems of

text: systems science

text: and

text: engineering

text: . The first International Conference "Systems Science" was held in the European city of Wroclaw, Poland (with some sessions organized in nearby town

text: Szklarska Poręba

text: ). The event was a big success and the organizers decided to continue with the conference every year. First six editions of Systems Science (till 1979) were organized by Wroclaw University of Technology - attracting scientist from the USA, Japan, India and almost all European countries. After six years of existence, the conference was already well known as a forum for presentation of original papers on a good professional level and for discussions integrating different subjects of systems science and engineering and specialists from universities, research centres, and industry.During the conference in 1979, Professor

text: Zdzislaw Bubnicki

text: decided to organize future conferences in Wroclaw every two years, and Professor Glyn James and his colleagues from the Coventry University in England suggested that they join a team from Wroclaw to organize the conferences in alternate years in

text: Coventry

text: . Consequently, the next edition in 1980 took place in Coventry. In 1983, Professor William Wells from the University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA and his colleagues joined the teams from Poland and England, and the next meeting in 1984 was organized in

text: Las Vegas

text: , USA. Then it was decided, that to call conferences in Poland as "Systems Science" and in England and USA as "Systems Engineering".

text: The common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a species of salamander in the genus Necturus. They live an entirely aquatic lifestyle in the eastern part of North America in lakes, rivers, and ponds. They go through paedomorphosis and retain their external gills, thus resembling axolotls. Because skin and lung respiration alone is not sufficient for gas exchange, mudpuppies must rely on external gills as their primary means of gas exchange. They are usually a rusty brown color and can grow to an average length of . Mudpuppies are nocturnal creatures, and only come out during the day if the water in which they live is murky.  Their diets consist of almost anything they can get in their mouths, including insects, earthworms, mollusks, and annelids.  Once a female mudpuppy reaches sexual maturity, at six years of age, she can lay an average of 60 eggs. In the wild, the average lifespan of a mudpuppy is 11 years. Because of their prevalence and larger size than other salamanders, mudpuppies are good organisms for dissections.

text: The common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a

text: species

text: of salamander in the genus

text: Necturus

text: . They live an entirely aquatic lifestyle in the eastern part of North America in lakes, rivers, and ponds. They go through

text: paedomorphosis

text: and retain their

text: external gills

text: , thus resembling

text: axolotl

text: s. Because skin and lung respiration alone is not sufficient for gas exchange, mudpuppies must rely on external gills as their primary means of gas exchange. They are usually a rusty brown color and can grow to an average length of . Mudpuppies are

text: nocturnal

text: creatures, and only come out during the day if the water in which they live is murky.  Their diets consist of almost anything they can get in their mouths, including

text: insects

text: earthworms

text: mollusks

text: , and

text: annelids

text: .  Once a female mudpuppy reaches

text: sexual maturity

text: , at six years of age, she can lay an average of 60 eggs. In the wild, the average lifespan of a mudpuppy is 11 years. Because of their prevalence and larger size than other salamanders, mudpuppies are good organisms for dissections.

text: The word seashell is often used to mean only the shell of a marine mollusk. Marine mollusk shells that are familiar to beachcombers and thus most likely to be called "seashells" are the shells of marine species of bivalves (or clams), gastropods (or snails), scaphopods (or tusk shells), polyplacophorans (or chitons), and cephalopods (such as nautilus and spirula). These shells are very often the most commonly encountered, both in the wild, and for sale as decorative objects.

text: The word seashell is often used to mean only the shell of a

text: marine

text: mollusk

text: . Marine mollusk shells that are familiar to beachcombers and thus most likely to be called "seashells" are the shells of marine species of

text: bivalves

text: (or

text: clam

text: s),

text: gastropod

text: s (or

text: snail

text: s),

text: scaphopod

text: s (or

text: tusk shell

text: s),

text: polyplacophora

text: ns (or

text: chiton

text: s), and

text: cephalopod

text: s (such as

text: nautilus

text: and

text: spirula

text: ). These shells are very often the most commonly encountered, both in the wild, and for sale as decorative objects.

text: The reproductive phase of the colony begins when the first female reproductives (the gynes) emerge from their brood cells. These reproductives differ from their worker sisters by having increased levels of fat stores and cryoprotectant carbohydrate compounds (allowing them to survive the overwintering period). These reproductives contribute genes directly to the next generation, while their worker sisters normally pass along their genes indirectly.

text: The reproductive phase of the colony begins when the first female reproductives (the

text: gyne

text: s) emerge from their brood cells. These reproductives differ from their worker sisters by having increased levels of fat stores and

text: cryoprotectant

text: carbohydrate compounds (allowing them to survive the overwintering period). These reproductives contribute genes directly to the next generation, while their worker sisters normally pass along their genes indirectly.

text: Most species feed on crustaceans, mollusks, and fishes. Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. P. nkunga feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates, using its barbels to feel around in the mud for crab and small fish.

text: Most species feed on

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s, and fishes. Adult P. lineatus search and stir the sand incessantly for crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sometimes fish. P. nkunga feeds mainly on

text: benthic

text: invertebrate

text: s, using its barbels to feel around in the mud for crab and small fish.

text: He also conducted biological and geographic research, such as on local (British Columbia) mollusks and paleontology. In 1913, he led a Commission studying the effect of sea lions on the salmon industry. In 1914, he prepared a report on the circumnavigation of Vancouver Island. Much of his work, including collection of plants, mollusks, fossils, aboriginal artifacts and information, was done with the help of his youngest surviving son, William Henry Arnold Newcombe (1884-1960).

text: He also conducted biological and geographic research, such as on local (

text: British Columbia

text: mollusks

text: and

text: paleontology

text: . In 1913, he led a Commission studying the effect of

text: sea lion

text: s on the

text: salmon

text: industry. In 1914, he prepared a report on the circumnavigation of Vancouver Island. Much of his work, including collection of

text: plants

text: , mollusks,

text: fossils

text: , aboriginal artifacts and information, was done with the help of his youngest surviving son, William Henry Arnold Newcombe (1884-1960).

text: With the advent of PCR and increased ease of sequencing rDNA in the 1990s, Lake focused on the bilateral animals, and recognised that there were questions over the placement of the lophophorate animals, such as bryozoans, phoronids, and brachiopods.  Lake provided clear DNA-based evidence  indicating that the lophophorates were not deuterostomes as had been widely believed.  In fact, they were most closely related to the mollusc – annelid clade.  The result of this research was the creation of a new super-phylum, the Lophotrochozoa containing molluscs, annelids, lophophorates, and other animals. Lake recognised that long branch attraction was a severe problem for the mostly rapidly evolving nematodes and was able to provide rDNA sequences from a number of slowly evolving nematodes in order to bypass this difficulty.  This sampling showed that the moulting animals form a clade, called the Ecdysozoa, a second protostomian superphylum sister to the Lophotrochozoa.

text: With the advent of

text: PCR

text: and increased ease of sequencing rDNA in the 1990s, Lake focused on the

text: bilateral animals

text: , and recognised that there were questions over the placement of the

text: lophophorate

text: animals, such as

text: bryozoans

text: phoronids

text: , and

text: brachiopods

text: .  Lake provided clear DNA-based evidence  indicating that the

text: lophophorates

text: were not

text: deuterostomes

text: as had been widely believed.  In fact, they were most closely related to the

text: mollusc

text: annelid

text: clade.  The result of this research was the creation of a new super-phylum, the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: containing molluscs, annelids, lophophorates, and other animals. Lake recognised that long branch attraction was a severe problem for the mostly rapidly evolving nematodes and was able to provide rDNA sequences from a number of slowly evolving nematodes in order to bypass this difficulty.  This sampling showed that the moulting animals form a clade, called the

text: Ecdysozoa

text: , a second protostomian superphylum sister to the Lophotrochozoa.

text: Chionoecetes opilio eat other invertebrates that reside in the benthic shelf, such as crustaceans, bivalves, brittle stars, polychaetes, and even phytobenthos and foraminiferans. Snow crabs are also scavenger eaters, and aside from preying on other benthic shelf invertebrates, they also prey on annelid worms and mollusks. Males typically prove to be better predators than mature females, and prey type depends upon predator size, with the smallest crabs feeding mainly on amphipods and ophiuroids, while the largest crabs feed mainly on annelids, crustacean decapods and fish. Cannibalism is also practised at times among snow crabs, most frequently by intermediate-sized females.

text: Chionoecetes opilio eat other invertebrates that reside in the benthic shelf, such as

text: crustacean

text: s,

text: bivalve

text: s,

text: brittle star

text: s,

text: polychaete

text: s, and even phyto

text: benthos

text: and

text: foraminiferan

text: s. Snow crabs are also scavenger eaters, and aside from preying on other benthic shelf invertebrates, they also prey on annelid worms and mollusks. Males typically prove to be better predators than mature females, and prey type depends upon predator size, with the smallest crabs feeding mainly on amphipods and ophiuroids, while the largest crabs feed mainly on annelids, crustacean decapods and fish.

text: Cannibalism

text: is also practised at times among snow crabs, most frequently by intermediate-sized females.

text: Following amputation, most annelids are capable of sealing their body via rapid muscular contraction. Constriction of body muscle can lead to infection prevention. In certain species, like Limnodrilus, autolysis can be seen within hours after amputation in the ectoderm and mesoderm. Amputation is also thought to cause a large migration of cells to the injury site, and these form a wound plug.

text: Feeding is how the ball boys and girls give the balls to the players. At different tournaments, they use different techniques for feeding. At some tournaments, bases have both arms in the air, then feed the balls with one arm; at others, they have one arm in the air which they feed the balls with and the other arm behind their back. When feeding the ball, they must also be aware of a player's preference. Most players accept the standard, which is for the ball boy or girl to gently toss the ball (from the position with their arms extended upwards) such that it bounces one time then to the proper height for the player to catch the ball easily.

text: William Healey Dall  (August 21, 1845 – March 27, 1927) was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska. He described many mollusks of the Pacific Northwest of America, and was for many years America's preeminent authority on living and fossil mollusks.

text: William Healey Dall  (August 21, 1845 – March 27, 1927) was an

text: American

text: naturalist

text: , a prominent

text: malacologist

text: , and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska. He described many

text: mollusk

text: s of the

text: Pacific Northwest

text: of America, and was for many years America's preeminent authority on living and

text: fossil

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell, or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue. The mollusk creates a pearl sac to seal off the irritation. Pearls are thus the result of an immune response analogous in the human body to the capture of an antigen by a phagocyte (phagocytosis).

text: Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell, or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue. The mollusk creates a pearl sac to seal off the irritation. Pearls are thus the result of an

text: immune response

text: analogous in the human body to the capture of an

text: antigen

text: by a

text: phagocyte

text: (phagocytosis).

text: Almost all trematodes infect mollusks as the first host in the life cycle, and most have a complex life cycle involving other hosts. Most trematodes are monoecious and alternately reproduce sexually and asexually. The two main exceptions to this are the Aspidogastrea, which have no asexual reproduction, and the schistosomes, which are dioecious.

text: Almost all trematodes infect

text: mollusks

text: as the first host in the

text: life cycle

text: , and most have a complex

text: life cycle

text: involving other

text: hosts

text: . Most trematodes are

text: monoecious

text: and alternately reproduce sexually and asexually. The two main exceptions to this are the

text: Aspidogastrea

text: , which have no

text: asexual reproduction

text: , and the

text: schistosomes

text: , which are

text: dioecious

text: The non-marine mollusks of Taiwan are a part of the molluscan fauna of Taiwan. A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Taiwan.

text: The non-marine

text: mollusks

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: are a part of the molluscan

text: fauna of Taiwan

text: . A number of species of non-marine mollusks are found in the wild in Taiwan.

text: Inanidrilus triangulatus is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus triangulatus is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: The Tasmanian Seamounts are an important feature of the south Tasmanian marine environment. While oceans generally contain few nutrients, the presence of seamounts increases the flowing speed of the water current. This effect, created by the topography of the seafloor mountain, clears rocks in the area of sediments and provides food for filter feeders. The swept rocks serve as substrate for sponges and corals to attach to. Among them are some of the longest–living organisms on Earth, reaching an age of "hundreds and possibly thousands of years". The Tasmanian Seamounts in particular are dominated by the stony coral Solenosmilia variabeles; these corals provide a roost and living space for benthic mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans like stone crabs (Parclamis sp.), squat lobsters (Munidopsis treis), and top snails (Trochidae sp.), thus solidifying the seamounts' ecology. Although many of these species are also found on the continental shelf, they are never found as concentrated or lush as they are on the seamounts.

text: The Tasmanian Seamounts are an important feature of the south Tasmanian marine environment. While oceans generally contain few nutrients, the presence of seamounts increases the flowing speed of the water current. This effect, created by the topography of the seafloor mountain, clears rocks in the area of sediments and provides food for

text: filter feeder

text: s. The swept rocks serve as substrate for

text: sponge

text: s and

text: coral

text: s to attach to. Among them are some of the longest–living organisms on Earth, reaching an age of "hundreds and possibly thousands of years". The Tasmanian Seamounts in particular are dominated by the

text: stony coral

text: Solenosmilia variabeles

text: ; these corals provide a roost and living space for

text: benthic

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: echinoderm

text: s and

text: crustaceans

text: like stone crabs (Parclamis sp.), squat lobsters (

text: Munidopsis treis

text: ), and top snails (

text: Trochidae sp.

text: ), thus solidifying the seamounts' ecology. Although many of these species are also found on the

text: continental shelf

text: , they are never found as concentrated or lush as they are on the seamounts.

text: They feed mainly on molluscs, worms, and crustaceans.

text: They feed mainly on

text: mollusc

text: s,

text: worm

text: s, and

text: crustacean

text: s.

text: Homola barbata inhabits shelly, sandy, and muddy seabeds at depths of . They feed on algae, small mollusks and also scavenge for food. Reproduction is sexual, and through copulation.

text: Homola barbata inhabits shelly, sandy, and muddy seabeds at depths of . They feed on

text: algae

text: , small

text: mollusks

text: and also

text: scavenge

text: for food. Reproduction is sexual, and through copulation.

text: The final or definitive  mammalian hosts include Rattus muelleri and R. tiomanicus. R. muelleri has been found in lowland secondary, and disturbed primary forests in wet conditions in Western Malaysia. R. muelleri is often found near river banks due to the species prioritization of crustaceans and mollusks over other food sources, such as insects. The predation of mollusks by R. muelleri allows S. malayensis a route into its definitive host. It is possible infected rodents defecate in bodies of water they hunt for prey in, maintaining a constant contamination with S. malayensis eggs and continuing the life cycle.

text: Mollusk is an unincorporated community in Lancaster County in the U. S. state of Virginia.

text: Mollusk is an

text: unincorporated community

text: in

text: Lancaster County

text: in the

text: U. S. state

text: of

text: Virginia

text: Haemulon plumierii, the white grunt or common grunt, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Haemulidae native to the western Atlantic Ocean. It grows to a length of about  and is a silvery-cream color, with narrow yellow and blue longitudinal stripes, but can modify its color somewhat to match its surroundings. It is closely related to the blue striped grunt and the French grunt and often schools with these species. It feeds on shrimp, other crustaceans, annelids and mollusks, and is preyed on by larger piscivores such as barracuda and shark. It is sometimes caught by anglers as a game fish and its white flesh can be eaten. It is also a popular aquarium fish.

text: Haemulon plumierii, the white grunt or common grunt, is a

text: species

text: of

text: ray-finned fish

text: in the family

text: Haemulidae

text: native to the western

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . It grows to a length of about  and is a silvery-cream color, with narrow yellow and blue longitudinal stripes, but can modify its color somewhat to match its surroundings. It is closely related to the

text: blue striped grunt

text: and the

text: French grunt

text: and often schools with these species. It feeds on shrimp, other crustaceans, annelids and mollusks, and is preyed on by larger

text: piscivore

text: s such as

text: barracuda

text: and

text: shark

text: . It is sometimes caught by anglers as a game fish and its white flesh can be eaten. It is also a popular aquarium fish.

text: In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin. However, many polychaetes and some clitellates (the group to which earthworms belong) have gills associated with most segments, often as extensions of the parapodia in polychaetes. The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow.

text: In some annelids, including

text: earthworm

text: s, all

text: respiration

text: is via the skin. However, many

text: polychaete

text: s and some

text: clitellate

text: s (the group to which earthworms belong) have

text: gill

text: s associated with most segments, often as extensions of the

text: parapodia

text: in polychaetes. The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow.

text: Prolific breeders, pulmonate land snails inseminate each other in pairs to internally fertilize their ova via a reproductive opening on one side of the body, near the front, through which the outer reproductive organs are extruded so that exchange of sperm can take place. Fertilization then occurs and the eggs develop. Each brood may consist of up to 100 eggs.

text: Prolific breeders, pulmonate land snails

text: inseminate

text: each other in pairs to

text: internally fertilize

text: their ova via a reproductive opening on one side of the body, near the front, through which the outer reproductive organs are extruded so that exchange of sperm can take place. Fertilization then occurs and the eggs develop. Each brood may consist of up to 100

text: eggs

text: Animals like sponges and coral colonies naturally fragment and reproduce. Many species of annelids  and flat worms reproduce by this method.

text: Animals like

text: sponges

text: and

text: coral

text: colonies naturally fragment and reproduce. Many species of

text: annelids

text: and flat worms reproduce by this method.

text: They are found in marine annelids.

text: They are found in marine

text: annelid

text: s.

text: It is an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Physidae.

text: It is an

text: aquatic

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the family

text: Physidae

text: Conopleura is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

text: Conopleura is a

text: genus

text: of

text: sea snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the

text: family

text: Drilliidae

text: Little is known of the snail's feeding habits, but they are believed to feed on other mollusks, ascidians ("sea squirts"), and more rarely, sea urchins.The species also holds the record for longest larval development period of any marine invertebrate, able to delay metamorphosis for over 4 years until presented with appropriate habitat. Under laboratory conditions, the larvae showed no signs of senescence at that point. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the Pacific Ocean.

text: Little is known of the snail's feeding habits, but they are believed to feed on other

text: mollusks

text: ascidians

text: ("sea squirts"), and more rarely,

text: sea urchin

text: s.The species also holds the record for longest larval development period of any marine invertebrate, able to delay metamorphosis for over 4 years until presented with appropriate habitat. Under laboratory conditions, the larvae showed no signs of

text: senescence

text: at that point. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Courtship is a part of the behaviour of mating gastropods. In some families of pulmonate land snails, one unusual feature of the reproductive system and reproductive behavior is the creation and utilization of love darts, the throwing of which have been identified as a form of sexual selection.

text: Courtship

text: is a part of the behaviour of

text: mating gastropods

text: . In some families of

text: pulmonate

text: land snails, one unusual feature of the reproductive system and reproductive behavior is the creation and utilization of

text: love dart

text: s, the throwing of which have been identified as a form of

text: sexual selection

text: This finding was further studied by comparing the behaviors and reproductive success of males exposed to a dynamic flock, consisting of changing individuals, with males exposed to a static group of individuals. The individuals that stayed with the same group (i.e., static flock) had a stable, predictable relationship between social behavior and reproductive success; the males that sang high amounts to females experienced the greatest reproductive success. The adult males that were exposed to a rotating roster of new individuals (i.e., dynamic flock) had an unpredictable relationship between social variables and reproductive success; these males were able to copulate using a much greater variety of social strategies. The males who lived in static flocks had high levels of consistency in their behaviors and reproductive success across multiple years, whereas the males in dynamic flocks experienced varying levels of dominance with other males, differing levels of singing to females, and differing levels of reproductive success.

text: Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

text: Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial

text: food chain

text: s both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of

text: soil

text: . The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of

text: ecosystem

text: s by enabling water and

text: oxygen

text: to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving

text: soil fertility

text: , annelids serve humans as food and as

text: bait

text: . Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although

text: blood-letting

text: is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

text: During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see Tiktaalik). In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first ammonite mollusks appeared. Trilobites, the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common.

text: During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all

text: tetrapod

text: s began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see

text: Tiktaalik

text: ). In the oceans, primitive

text: shark

text: s became more numerous than in the

text: Silurian

text: and the

text: late Ordovician

text: . The first

text: ammonite

text: mollusk

text: s appeared.

text: Trilobite

text: s, the mollusk-like

text: brachiopod

text: s and the great

text: coral reef

text: s, were still common.

text: See Nacre for material produced by mollusks.

text: See

text: Nacre

text: for material produced by mollusks.

text: The walrus has a diverse and opportunistic diet, feeding on more than 60 genera of marine organisms, including shrimp, crabs, tube worms, soft corals, tunicates, sea cucumbers, various mollusks, and even parts of other pinnipeds. However, it prefers benthic bivalve mollusks, especially clams, for which it forages by grazing along the sea bottom, searching and identifying prey with its sensitive vibrissae and clearing the murky bottoms with jets of water and active flipper movements. The walrus sucks the meat out by sealing its powerful lips to the organism and withdrawing its piston-like tongue rapidly into its mouth, creating a vacuum. The walrus palate is uniquely vaulted, enabling effective suction.

text: The walrus has a diverse and opportunistic diet, feeding on more than 60 genera of marine organisms, including

text: shrimp

text: , crabs,

text: tube worms

text: , soft

text: coral

text: s,

text: tunicate

text: s,

text: sea cucumber

text: s, various

text: mollusk

text: s, and even parts of other pinnipeds. However, it prefers benthic bivalve mollusks, especially

text: clam

text: s, for which it forages by grazing along the sea bottom, searching and identifying prey with its sensitive

text: vibrissae

text: and clearing the murky bottoms with jets of water and active flipper movements. The walrus sucks the meat out by sealing its powerful lips to the organism and withdrawing its piston-like tongue rapidly into its mouth, creating a vacuum. The walrus palate is uniquely vaulted, enabling effective suction.

text: Other rules regard the scrum-halves and how they throw in the ball. The scrum must be stable, stationary and parallel to the goal-lines when they feed the ball; otherwise a free kick is awarded to the non-offending team. If the scrum is acceptable then the scrum-half must feed the ball into the scrum without delay. The referee will often warn a team and if the warning is not heeded the opposition is awarded a free kick. The ball must be fed into the middle of the tunnel with its major axis parallel to the ground and touchline. The ball must be thrown in quickly and in a single movement — this means that a feed cannot be faked. Once the ball has left the hands of the scrum-half the scrum has begun.

text: Ostrea conchaphila is a species of oyster, a marine bivalve mollusk which lives on the Pacific coast of Mexico south of Baja California. Until recently there was some confusion as to whether this more southern oyster species might in fact be the same species as Ostrea lurida, the well-known but more northerly "Olympia oyster", which it resembles in shell size and color. Because of this confusion, the name O. conchaphila was sometimes applied to various populations of what is now known to be O. lurida.

text: Ostrea conchaphila is a

text: species

text: of

text: oyster

text: , a marine

text: bivalve

text: mollusk

text: which lives on the

text: Pacific

text: coast of Mexico south of Baja California. Until recently there was some confusion as to whether this more southern oyster species might in fact be the same species as Ostrea lurida, the well-known but more northerly "Olympia oyster", which it resembles in shell size and color. Because of this confusion, the name O. conchaphila was sometimes applied to various populations of what is now known to be O. lurida.

text: Prior to the 1998 FIFA World Cup, when he was asked if he was feeling the pressure, he replied: "Pressure? This is just a football match. When you do not know how to feed your children, that is pressure."

text: Prior to the

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup

text: , when he was asked if he was feeling the pressure, he replied: "Pressure? This is just a football match. When you do not know how to feed your children, that is pressure."

text: Cancellariidae, common name the nutmeg snails or nutmeg shells, are a family of small to medium-large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.  Some of the shells of the species in this family resemble a nutmeg seed.

text: Cancellariidae,

text: common name

text: the nutmeg snails or nutmeg shells, are a

text: family

text: of small to medium-large sea

text: snail

text: s,

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s in the clade

text: Neogastropoda

text: .  Some of the shells of the species in this family resemble a

text: nutmeg seed

text: Kinosternidae is a family of mostly small turtles, native to the Americas. They inhabit slow-moving bodies of water, often with soft, muddy bottoms and abundant vegetation. All members of the family are carnivorous, feeding on crustaceans, aquatic insects, mollusks, annelids, amphibians, small fish, and sometimes carrion. The family Kinosternidae currently contains 25 species within 4 genera.

text: Kinosternidae is a

text: family

text: of mostly small

text: turtle

text: s, native to the Americas. They inhabit slow-moving bodies of water, often with soft, muddy bottoms and abundant vegetation. All members of the family are

text: carnivorous

text: , feeding on

text: crustacean

text: s, aquatic

text: insect

text: s,

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s,

text: amphibian

text: s, small

text: fish

text: , and sometimes

text: carrion

text: . The family Kinosternidae currently contains 25

text: species

text: within 4

text: genera

text: Species in this superfamily infect the intestines of arthropods, annelids and tunicates.

text: Species in this superfamily infect the intestines of

text: arthropod

text: s,

text: annelid

text: s and

text: tunicate

text: s.

text: This species is known to eat plankton, mollusks, crustaceans, and other fishes It may be solitary or found in schools.

text: This species is known to eat

text: plankton

text: mollusk

text: s,

text: crustacean

text: s, and other fishes It may be solitary or found in schools.

text: Inanidrilus bonomii is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus bonomii is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: Microascus brevicaulis is a common mold. When cultured at a temperature of 25 °C on potato dextrose agar it forms white colonies which become powdery and/or granular as they mature. Under such conditions the fungus can grow rapidly, expanding as much as 4.5 - 5.5 cm within one week. The hyphae of M. brevicaulis are hyaline (transparent) and septate (separated into segments by cross-walls). The anamorph has conidia that are flattened on the base and tapered at the apex, resembling a boat keel in cross-section or a pontifical mitre. The conidia are produced in chains from cells known as annelides, phialide-like cells that elongate with each successive conidium produced. These, in turn, range from solitary to arranged in complex broom-like clusters on fertile hyphae known as conidiophores. The fungus is a typical perithecial member of Phylum Ascomycota, producing minute, enclosed fruiting bodies containing sexual spores (ascospores) in sacs known as asci. The ascospores of M. brevicaulis are kidney-shaped and reddish-brown in colour.

text: Microascus brevicaulis is a common

text: mold

text: . When cultured at a temperature of 25 °C on potato dextrose agar it forms white colonies which become powdery and/or granular as they mature. Under such conditions the fungus can grow rapidly, expanding as much as 4.5 - 5.5 cm within one week. The hyphae of M. brevicaulis are hyaline (transparent) and septate (separated into segments by cross-walls). The anamorph has conidia that are flattened on the base and tapered at the apex, resembling a boat

text: keel

text: in cross-section or a pontifical

text: mitre

text: . The conidia are produced in chains from cells known as annelides,

text: phialide

text: -like cells that elongate with each successive conidium produced. These, in turn, range from solitary to arranged in complex broom-like clusters on fertile hyphae known as

text: conidiophore

text: s. The fungus is a typical

text: perithecia

text: l member of Phylum

text: Ascomycota

text: , producing minute, enclosed fruiting bodies containing sexual spores (

text: ascospore

text: s) in sacs known as

text: asci

text: . The ascospores of M. brevicaulis are kidney-shaped and reddish-brown in colour.

text: All clitellata are hermaphrodites. During reproduction, the clitellum secretes a coat which hardens. The worm then creeps out backward from the coat and deposits either  fertilized zygotes or both ovae and sperm  into the coat, which is then packed into a cocoon. The zygotes then develop directly in the cocoon without passing through a larval stage (as opposed to other annelids, e.g. Polychaeta.) This mechanism is considered to be apomorphic (a newly derived characteristic rather than an evolutionarily ancestral one).

text: All clitellata are

text: hermaphrodite

text: s. During reproduction, the clitellum secretes a coat which hardens. The worm then creeps out backward from the coat and deposits either  fertilized

text: zygote

text: s or both

text: ovae

text: and sperm  into the coat, which is then packed into a cocoon. The zygotes then develop directly in the cocoon without passing through a larval stage (as opposed to other annelids, e.g. Polychaeta.) This mechanism is considered to be apomorphic (a newly derived characteristic rather than an evolutionarily ancestral one).

text: The evolution of sexual reproduction as well as its maintenance, is another mystery in biology. The purpose of sexual reproduction is unclear, as in many organisms it has a 50% cost (ﬁtness disadvantage) in relation to asexual reproduction. Mating types (types of gametes, according to their compatibility) may have arisen as a result of anisogamy (gamete dimorphism), or the male and female genders may have evolved before anisogamy. It is also unknown why most sexual organisms use a binary mating system, and why some organisms have gamete dimorphism. Charles Darwin was the first to suggest that sexual selection drives speciation (the formation of species); without sexual reproduction it is unlikely that complex life would have evolved.

text: The

text: evolution of sexual reproduction

text: as well as its maintenance, is another mystery in biology. The purpose of

text: sexual reproduction

text: is unclear, as in many organisms it has a 50% cost (ﬁtness disadvantage) in relation to

text: asexual reproduction

text: Mating type

text: s (types of

text: gamete

text: s, according to their compatibility) may have arisen as a result of

text: anisogamy

text: (gamete dimorphism), or the male and female genders may have evolved before anisogamy. It is also unknown why most sexual organisms use a binary

text: mating system

text: , and why some organisms have gamete dimorphism.

text: Charles Darwin

text: was the first to suggest that

text: sexual selection

text: drives

text: speciation

text: (the formation of

text: species

text: ); without sexual reproduction it is unlikely that complex life would have evolved.

text: The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of animals, including within their number of molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa. The Spiralian clade of animals are more commonly referred to as the Lophotrochozoa, although whether these two terms are equivalent is debated, as noted further below. More uncontroversially, the term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiralian cleavage.

text: The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of animals, including within their number of

text: molluscs

text: annelids

text: platyhelminths

text: and other taxa. The Spiralian clade of animals are more commonly referred to as the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: , although whether these two terms are equivalent is debated, as noted further below. More uncontroversially, the term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiralian cleavage.

text: Compared with other annelids, echiurans have relatively few setae. In most species, there are just two, located on the underside of the body just behind the proboscis. In others, such as Echiurus, there are also further setae near the posterior end of the animal. Unlike other annelids, adult echiurans have no trace of segmentation.

text: Compared with other annelids, echiurans have relatively few

text: seta

text: e. In most species, there are just two, located on the underside of the body just behind the proboscis. In others, such as Echiurus, there are also further setae near the posterior end of the animal. Unlike other annelids, adult echiurans have no trace of segmentation.

text: For the list of mollusk species - snails, slugs, clams and mussels - please see List of non-marine mollusks of the Indiana Dunes.

text: For the list of mollusk species -

text: snail

text: s,

text: slug

text: s,

text: clam

text: s and

text: mussel

text: s - please see

entity_name: List of non-marine mollusks of the Indiana Dunes

text: List of non-marine mollusks of the Indiana Dunes

text: Danish zoologist Danny Eibye-Jacobsen argued in 2004 that Wiwaxia lacks any characters that would firmly place it as a polychaete or annelid. Eibye-Jacobsen regarded bristles as a feature shared by molluscs, annelids and brachiopods. Hence even if Wiwaxia’s sclerites closely resembled bristles, which he doubted, this would not prove that Wiwaxia’s closest relative were annelids. He also pointed out that the very different numbers of sclerites in the various zones of Wiwaxia’s body do not correspond to any reasonable pattern of segmentation; while Eibye-Jacobsen did not think that this alone would prevent classification of Wiwaxia as a polychaete, he thought it was a serious objection given the lack of other clearly polychaete features. In his opinion there were no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto-annelid or a proto-mollusc, although he thought the objections against classification as a proto-annelid  were the stronger.

text: Danish zoologist Danny Eibye-Jacobsen argued in 2004 that Wiwaxia lacks any characters that would firmly place it as a

text: polychaete

text: or

text: annelid

text: . Eibye-Jacobsen regarded bristles as a feature shared by molluscs, annelids and brachiopods. Hence even if Wiwaxia’s sclerites closely resembled bristles, which he doubted, this would not prove that Wiwaxia’s closest relative were annelids. He also pointed out that the very different numbers of sclerites in the various zones of Wiwaxia’s body do not correspond to any reasonable pattern of segmentation; while Eibye-Jacobsen did not think that this alone would prevent classification of Wiwaxia as a polychaete, he thought it was a serious objection given the lack of other clearly polychaete features. In his opinion there were no strong grounds for classifying Wiwaxia as a proto-annelid or a proto-mollusc, although he thought the objections against classification as a proto-annelid  were the stronger.

text: Snail slime is a kind of mucus, an external bodily secretion which is produced by snails, gastropod mollusks. Land snails  and slugs produce mucus, but so does every other kind of gastropod, from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The reproductive system of gastropods also produces mucus internally from special glands.

text: Snail slime is a kind of

text: mucus

text: , an external bodily

text: secretion

text: which is produced by

text: snails

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s.

text: Land snail

text: s  and

text: slug

text: s produce mucus, but so does every other kind of gastropod, from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The

text: reproductive system of gastropods

text: also produces mucus internally from special glands.

text: Malacologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of malacology, the study of mollusks. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan systematics, ecology, population ecology, genetics, molecular genetics, evolution, and phylogenetics.

text: Malacologia is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: in the field of

text: malacology

text: , the study of

text: mollusk

text: s. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan

text: systematics

text: ecology

text: population ecology

text: genetics

text: molecular genetics

text: evolution

text: , and

text: phylogenetic

text: s.

text: Pacific staghorn sculpin are another demersal species occupying a high trophic level, feeding on other fish and benthic invertebrates like crabs and mollusks. Their eggs are laid on muddy, sandy, or rocky substrates, allowing reproductive impairment studies to be performed on site. Restricted movement and a life span of up to 10 years makes bioaccumulation of toxicants in sculpin indicative of spatial patterns of contamination. The WDFW website does not indicate that Pacific staghorn sculpin are currently monitored however.

text: Pacific staghorn

text: sculpin

text: are another demersal species occupying a high trophic level, feeding on other fish and benthic invertebrates like crabs and mollusks. Their eggs are laid on muddy, sandy, or rocky substrates, allowing reproductive impairment studies to be performed on site. Restricted movement and a life span of up to 10 years makes bioaccumulation of toxicants in sculpin indicative of spatial patterns of contamination. The WDFW website does not indicate that Pacific staghorn sculpin are currently monitored however.

text: The mollusks escape into the irrigation canal system, attacking livestock, a lock keeper, a trysting couple and others. Navy divers locate the group of mollusks in the canal system, and use explosives to destroy them.

text: The mollusks escape into the irrigation canal system, attacking livestock, a

text: lock keeper

text: , a trysting couple and others. Navy divers locate the group of mollusks in the canal system, and use explosives to destroy them.

text: Eating cycles are broken down into two phases, the feeding phase and the fasting (or under-eating) phase. These phases are influenced by the biology of the human autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Under normal conditions the human body's sympathetic nervous system kicks in during the day and puts the body in an energy spending activity mode while the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in at night and puts your body in an energy replenishing, relaxed and sleepy mode. Following the science of how these 2 systems ideally work, the Warrior diet aims to keep these systems operating that way by requiring an 18-hour under-feeding phase, ideally during the day, and a 4-6 hour over-feeding phase, ideally at night.

text: Eating cycles are broken down into two phases, the feeding phase and the fasting (or under-eating) phase. These phases are influenced by the biology of the human

text: autonomic nervous system

text: , particularly the

text: sympathetic

text: and

text: parasympathetic nervous systems

text: . Under normal conditions the human body's sympathetic nervous system kicks in during the day and puts the body in an energy spending activity mode while the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in at night and puts your body in an energy replenishing, relaxed and sleepy mode. Following the science of how these 2 systems ideally work, the Warrior diet aims to keep these systems operating that way by requiring an 18-hour under-feeding phase, ideally during the day, and a 4-6 hour over-feeding phase, ideally at night.

text: In 1887, he found employment in New York City as a proofreader, but soon met George Washington Tryon, the resident expert on mollusks at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and architect and author of the ongoing multi-volume Manual of Concology. This meeting led, within a few months, to Tryon's hiring Pilsbry as an assistant. He was, no doubt, impressed by the young man's talents as a proofreader, considerable expertise in technical illustration, and especially by his undeniable enthusiasm for the study of mollusks and substantial knowledge of the subject.

text: In 1887, he found employment in

text: New York City

text: as a proofreader, but soon met

text: George Washington Tryon

text: , the resident expert on mollusks at the

text: Academy of Natural Sciences

text: of Philadelphia, and architect and author of the ongoing multi-volume Manual of Concology. This meeting led, within a few months, to Tryon's hiring Pilsbry as an assistant. He was, no doubt, impressed by the young man's talents as a proofreader, considerable expertise in technical illustration, and especially by his undeniable enthusiasm for the study of mollusks and substantial knowledge of the subject.

text: Inanidrilus scalprum is a species of annelid worm.

text: Inanidrilus scalprum is a

text: species

text: of

text: annelid

text: worm.

text: These tiny mollusks or their tiny shells are easy to overlook, as many of them are not very noticeable to the naked eye, and thus many people are not aware that they even exist. Nonetheless there are large numbers of families and vast numbers of mollusk species, in particular marine gastropods or sea snails, which are minute enough to be considered micromollusks.

text: These tiny mollusks or their tiny

text: shell

text: s are easy to overlook, as many of them are not very noticeable to the naked eye, and thus many people are not aware that they even exist. Nonetheless there are large numbers of

text: families

text: and vast numbers of mollusk

text: species

text: , in particular

text: marine

text: gastropods

text: or sea

text: snails

text: , which are minute enough to be considered micromollusks.

text: One-term incumbent Larry Hogan is eligible for re-election.

text: One-term incumbent

text: Larry Hogan

text: is eligible for re-election.

text: GNIS places the location of Stutts at , approximately 2 miles northeast of Reeds Spring.

text: Cong. Lobregat has always been a defender of the City's interest in the ARRM, Cabatangan and plebiscite issues, starting from his active participation in the No SPCPD Campaign in 1996 up to the present.

text: Ranjan was born in Rewa, Madhra Pradesh brought up in Jammu, studied in Punjab and settled in Delhi. Further, her ancestors were Kashmiri Pandit turned Sikhs.

text: Ranjan was born in

text: Rewa

text: Madhra Pradesh

text: brought up in

text: Jammu

text: , studied in

text: Punjab

text: and settled in

text: Delhi

text: . Further, her ancestors were

text: Kashmiri Pandit

text: turned

text: Sikhs

text: Wise was a ruckman and joined Melbourne for the 1963 season. He played in their 1964 premiership side and finished his career with 40 senior games.

text: Each segment has a length and set of permissions (for example, read, write, execute) associated with it. A process is only allowed to make a reference into a segment if the type of reference is allowed by the permissions, and if the offset within the segment is within the range specified by the length of the segment. Otherwise, a hardware exception such as a segmentation fault is raised.

text: Each segment has a length and set of permissions (for example, read, write, execute) associated with it. A

text: process

text: is only allowed to make a reference into a segment if the type of reference is allowed by the permissions, and if the offset within the segment is within the range specified by the length of the segment. Otherwise, a

text: hardware exception

text: such as a

text: segmentation fault

text: is raised.

text: Irai is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

text: Irai is a

text: commune

text: in the

text: Orne

text: department

text: in north-western

text: France

text: The love dart, also known as a "gypsobelum", is often made of calcium carbonate which is secreted by a specialized organ within the reproductive system of several families of air-breathing snails and slugs, mainly in terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the clade Stylommatophora.

text: The love dart, also known as a "gypsobelum", is often made of

text: calcium carbonate

text: which is secreted by a specialized organ within the reproductive system of several families of air-breathing snails and slugs, mainly in terrestrial

text: pulmonate

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: s within the

text: clade

text: Stylommatophora

text: Girl Guides in Victoria are taking the pledge to Stand Against Poverty, and meet and exceed the Millennium Development Goals.

text: Girl Guides in Victoria are taking the pledge to

text: Stand Against Poverty

text: , and meet and exceed the

text: Millennium Development Goals

text: NCUBE, Edson, Deputy Secretary, Dept of Administration,

text: This is a list of malacologists i.e. a list notable scientists, biologists, zoologists or naturalists, who are or were interested in malacology, which is the scientific study of the Mollusca, i.e. snails, clams, octopus, etc. People who specialize in studying only or primarily the shells of mollusks are sometimes called conchologists instead of malacologists. Many of these malacologists are notable for having named species and other taxa of mollusks.

text: This is a list of malacologists i.e. a list notable scientists,

text: biologist

text: s,

text: zoologists

text: or

text: naturalist

text: s, who are or were interested in

text: malacology

text: , which is the scientific study of the

text: Mollusca

text: , i.e. snails, clams, octopus, etc. People who specialize in studying only or primarily the

text: shells of mollusks

text: are sometimes called

text: conchologists

text: instead of malacologists. Many of these malacologists are notable for having

text: named species

text: and other

text: taxa

text: of mollusks.

text:
Chris Boardman 55.152 km/h Lille - Euralille (7.2 km) 1994
Chris Boardman 54.193 km/h Dublin (5.6 km) 1998
Fabian Cancellara 53.660 km/h Londres (7.9 km) 2007

text:
Chris Boardman 55.152 km/h Lille - Euralille (7.2 km) 1994
Chris Boardman 54.193 km/h Dublin (5.6 km) 1998

text: Fabian Cancellara

text: 53.660 km/h Londres (7.9 km) 2007

text: Johnson died in Los Angeles, California at the age of 78.

text: His second wife, Carol Rogge Angell, to whom he was married for 48 years, died on April 10, 2012, of metastatic breast cancer at the age of 73.

text: His second wife, Carol Rogge Angell, to whom he was married for 48 years, died on April 10, 2012, of

text: metastatic breast cancer

text: at the age of 73.

text: Robert Evans (born 1930) is an American film producer.

text: Robert Evans

text: (born 1930) is an American film producer.

text: Idora Park rides cost 5 cents. Many of the rides were advertised as being the "largest" or the "first."

text: The song was also used during the opening credits of the film Adventures in Babysitting, as Elisabeth Shue dances and lip-syncs the song. It is also heard at the end of the film during the last scene and over part of the end credits.

text: The song was also used during the opening credits of the film

text: Adventures in Babysitting

text: , as

text: Elisabeth Shue

text: dances and lip-syncs the song. It is also heard at the end of the film during the last scene and over part of the end credits.

text: Maggie Lee, The Hollywood Reporter

text: Maggie Lee, The Hollywood Reporter

text: In May 2009, Brother duo Golf & Mike released their first-ever Chinese album in Malaysia entitled "Get Ready 2", including 2 Chinese tracks, 同班同學 (meaning Classmate) and Inspiration.

text: Dolphins (Nature Watch)  (1999)

text: Dolphins (Nature Watch)  (1999)

text: David Pye may refer to:

text: David Pye may refer to:

text: The foreground of the composition shows the prodigal son during his days of high living in the company of prostitutes, music, wine and gambling.  In the background through the open window one can discern a scene of the prodigal son living among the swine after he has fallen on hard times and the scene of his reunion with his father who forgives him.  The composition clearly carries a moral lesson by showing that one needs to see beyond the earthly pleasures depicted in the foreground to find the path of redemption, which is shown in the background.

text: Larval Winter flounder are known to feed on nauplii, harpacticoids, calanoids, polychaetes, invertebrate eggs, and phytoplankton. As they grow, copepods, amphipods, and polychaetes all become more important elements of their diet. Adult winter flounder are opportunistic sight-feeders that target annelids, crustaceans, bivalves, and fish depending upon prey availability.

text: Sexes are separate. Like other annelids, the coelom stores and provides nutrients for gametes. When they reproduce, they simply shed their gametes straight into the water where the ova and spermatozoa become part of the zooplankton and are carried by the currents to new sites, where the juvenile worms settle into the substrate. Length of the planktonic stage is unknown but comparison with other serpulids suggests it may be between six days and two months, although in other species the period has been shown to vary with season, salinity or food availability, and delayed settling may cause reduced discrimination of substrata during settling (see ten Hove, 1979 for additional references).

text: Sexes are separate. Like other annelids, the

text: coelom

text: stores and provides nutrients for gametes. When they reproduce, they simply shed their gametes straight into the water where the ova and spermatozoa become part of the

text: zooplankton

text: and are carried by the currents to new sites, where the juvenile worms settle into the substrate. Length of the planktonic stage is unknown but comparison with other serpulids suggests it may be between six days and two months, although in other species the period has been shown to vary with season, salinity or food availability, and delayed settling may cause reduced discrimination of substrata during settling (see ten Hove, 1979 for additional references).

text: "Omoi" is the debut single of Japanese singer and voice actress Nana Mizuki. It was released on December 6, 2000 by King Records.

text: "Omoi" is the debut single of Japanese singer and

text: voice actress

text: Nana Mizuki

text: . It was released on December 6, 2000 by

text: King Records

text: Burma–Thailand

text: Burma–Thailand

text: The following is the Italian roster in the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship.

text: Solariella quadricincta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.

text: Solariella quadricincta is a

text: species

text: of

text: sea snail

text: , a

text: marine

text: gastropod

text: mollusk

text: in the

text: family

text: Solariellidae

text: Osmek was born in Glencoe, Minnesota. He attended St. Cloud State University, graduating with a B.E.S.

text: Osmek was born in

text: Glencoe, Minnesota

text: . He attended

text: St. Cloud State University

text: , graduating with a B.E.S.

text: The term is sometimes used inaccurately to describe reproduction modes in hermaphroditic species that can reproduce by themselves because they contain reproductive organs of both sexes in a single individual's body. However, these species still use fertilization.

text: The term is sometimes used inaccurately to describe reproduction modes in

text: hermaphroditic

text: species that can reproduce by themselves because they contain reproductive organs of both sexes in a single individual's body. However, these species still use fertilization.

text: Freshwater jawless leeches are remarkable for their parental care, the most highly developed one among the known annelids. They produce a membranaceous bag to hold the eggs, which is carried on the underside. The young attach to the parent's belly after hatching and are thus ferried to their first meal.

text: Freshwater jawless leeches are remarkable for their

text: parental care

text: , the most highly developed one among the known

text: annelid

text: s. They produce a membranaceous bag to hold the eggs, which is carried on the underside. The young attach to the parent's belly after hatching and are thus ferried to their first meal.

text: There are two villages in the Kambagi gram panchayat: Kambagi, Hanamasagar and Madagunaki.

text: There are two villages in the Kambagi

text: gram panchayat

text: : Kambagi,

text: Hanamasagar

text: and Madagunaki.

text: The problems for the farmers were growing, because they did not know how to protect their cattle from contamination and did not know how to feed their cattle. The farmers said that the buy-back plan needed to be implemented immediately.

text: She got her fil.lic. degree in archaeology in 1955, and in 1992, she received an honorary doctorate from the Chalmers University of Technology. In 1951, she started working at the Swedish National Heritage Board and the Swedish History Museum, where she was Head Antiquarian in 1972-87, and in 1987 she became Sweden's first female National Antiquarian, a position she held until 1993.

text: She got her

text: fil.lic.

text: degree

text: in archaeology in 1955, and in 1992, she received an

text: honorary doctorate

text: from the

text: Chalmers University of Technology

text: . In 1951, she started working at the

text: Swedish National Heritage Board

text: and the

text: Swedish History Museum

text: , where she was Head Antiquarian in 1972-87, and in 1987 she became Sweden's first female National Antiquarian, a position she held until 1993.

text: At club level Brolan won numerous county championship medals with Thurles Sarsfield's.

text: At club level Brolan won numerous

text: county championship

text: medals with

text: Thurles Sarsfield's

text: A bivalve shell is part of the body, the exoskeleton or shell, of a bivalve mollusk. In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two hinged parts or valves. Bivalves are very common in essentially all aquatic locales, including saltwater, brackish water, and freshwater. The shells of bivalves commonly wash up on beaches (often as separate valves) and along the edges of lakes, rivers, and streams.

text: A bivalve shell is part of the body, the

text: exoskeleton

text: or shell, of a

text: bivalve

text: mollusk

text: . In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two hinged parts or

text: valves

text: . Bivalves are very common in essentially all aquatic locales, including saltwater,

text: brackish

text: water, and freshwater. The shells of bivalves commonly wash up on beaches (often as separate valves) and along the edges of lakes, rivers, and streams.

text: To create a new character, players must choose between one of the eight factions. Players may choose from several sets of starting clothing as well as between male and female in addition to choosing their faction. Characters from each faction can communicate with others nearby or use the in-game mail, but players in the same faction can use a faction only chat to communicate with each other from anywhere. Each faction also has its own perks and play a different role in the game, such as EuroCore getting discounts on production of items and serving the role of one of the game's three corporations.

text: This motherboard supports most quad-core Haswell CPUs:

text: For vector spaces over an algebraically closed field F, semi-simplicity of a matrix is equivalent to diagonalizability. This is because such an operator always has an eigenvector; if it is, in addition, semi-simple, then it has a complementary invariant hyperplane, which itself has an eigenvector, and thus by induction is diagonalizable. Conversely, diagonalizable operators are easily seen to be semi-simple, as invariant subspaces are direct sums of eigenspaces, and any basis for this space can be extended to an eigenbasis.

text: For vector spaces over an

text: algebraically closed

text: field F, semi-simplicity of a matrix is equivalent to

text: diagonalizability

text: . This is because such an operator always has an eigenvector; if it is, in addition, semi-simple, then it has a complementary invariant

text: hyperplane

text: , which itself has an eigenvector, and thus by induction is diagonalizable. Conversely, diagonalizable operators are easily seen to be semi-simple, as invariant subspaces are direct sums of eigenspaces, and any basis for this space can be extended to an eigenbasis.

text: Jennifer Schlecht - Senior Program Officer, Reproductive Health Program

text: According to Washington, no matter their specialty, all nurses must be able to build trusting relationships with their patients. When the nurses develop strong relationships between their patients they are able to obtain important information about them that may be helpful to diagnosing them. Also, family members that become involved in this relationship make it easier for the nurses to build these trusting relationships with the patients because the family members could ease any stress that could lead the patient to be timid. When a patient has a long-term illness, the good relationships built between the nurse and patient can improve the patient's quality of life.

text: This turtle is omnivorous as an adult, but primarily carnivorous as a juvenile. The adults eat algae, fish, tadpoles, crayfish, seeds, plants, aquatic vegetation, insects, worms, and mollusks. This species, like all aquatic turtles, can only swallow food when in the water.

text: This turtle is omnivorous as an adult, but primarily carnivorous as a juvenile. The adults eat algae, fish, tadpoles,

text: crayfish

text: , seeds, plants, aquatic vegetation, insects, worms, and mollusks. This species, like all aquatic turtles, can only swallow food when in the water.

text: Michigan Veteran Health System was formed in October 2015 under CEO Leslie Shanlian to integrate the two Home for Veterans facilities that the agency operates into one organization. The system's management team was named by Shanlian in early February 2016.

text: The advancements in DNA sequencing techniques and the development of phylogenetic analysis algorithms led to the splitting of the articulata clade. Original phylogenetic studies on the sequences of 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequence lead to the suggestions that the annelids and arthropods had evolutionarily diverged much earlier than was previously thought but such limited genetic studies lead to limited and often mixed results. As more genes were added to the studies, it became apparent that arthropods were genetically closer to nematodes and other molting organisms whereas the annelids were closer evolutionary to mollusk. This Ecdysozoa hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best supported evolutionary hypothesis for annelids and arthropods.

text: The advancements in DNA sequencing techniques and the development of phylogenetic analysis algorithms led to the splitting of the articulata clade. Original phylogenetic studies on the sequences of 18S and 28S

text: ribosomal DNA

text: sequence lead to the suggestions that the annelids and arthropods had evolutionarily diverged much earlier than was previously thought but such limited genetic studies lead to limited and often mixed results. As more genes were added to the studies, it became apparent that arthropods were genetically closer to

text: nematode

text: s and other molting organisms whereas the annelids were closer evolutionary to mollusk. This

text: Ecdysozoa

text: hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best supported evolutionary hypothesis for annelids and arthropods.