text: Violet Club (and to a lesser degree Yellow Sun Mk.1) was not considered a satisfactory design and suffered from numerous design defects.  An implosion design, the fissile core of the weapon was a hollow sphere of highly enriched uranium (HEU) which was surrounded by a High Explosive supercharge and 72-lens implosion system.  The HEU core was greater than one uncompressed critical mass and to maintain it in a sub-critical condition AWRE fashioned it into a hollow thin-walled sphere.  The HEU sphere was collapsed inwards by the supercharge and 72 explosive lenses.  However, a fire in the bomb store or a traffic collision on the airfield could easily lead to a partial crushing or collapse of the unremovable uranium shell, and in turn a spontaneous nuclear chain reaction.  AWRE responded by inserting (though a hole in the shell) a rubber bag, rather akin to an outsize female condom, and filled this with 20,000 steel ball bearings of , weighing around .  Subsequently, the number of these steel balls was increased to 133,000, with a reduction in size to approx  diameter.  The balls were retained in the device by sealing the hole with a plastic bung.

text: Violet Club (and to a lesser degree Yellow Sun Mk.1) was not considered a satisfactory design and suffered from numerous design defects.  An

entity_name: Nuclear weapon design

entity_section: Implosion-type weapon

text: implosion design

text: , the fissile core of the weapon was a hollow sphere of highly enriched uranium (

entity_name: Enriched uranium

text: HEU

text: ) which was surrounded by a

entity_name: Explosive material

entity_section: High explosives

text: High Explosive

text: supercharge and 72-lens implosion system.  The HEU core was greater than one uncompressed critical mass and to maintain it in a sub-critical condition AWRE fashioned it into a hollow thin-walled sphere.  The HEU sphere was collapsed inwards by the supercharge and 72

entity_name: Explosive lens

text: explosive lens

text: es.  However, a fire in the bomb store or a traffic collision on the airfield could easily lead to a partial crushing or collapse of the unremovable uranium shell, and in turn a spontaneous nuclear chain reaction.  AWRE responded by inserting (though a hole in the shell) a rubber bag, rather akin to an outsize

entity_name: Female condom

text: female condom

text: , and filled this with 20,000 steel

entity_name: Ball bearing

text: ball bearings

text: of , weighing around .  Subsequently, the number of these steel balls was increased to 133,000, with a reduction in size to approx  diameter.  The balls were retained in the device by sealing the hole with a plastic

entity_name: Bung

text: bung

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

text: The robotic radio observatory OSRA will record radio emissions of the Sun's corona with four different four antennas in the frequency bands 40–100 MHz, 100–170 MHz, 200–400 MHz and 400–800 MHz. The antennas follow the Sun automatically.

text:
On January 4, 2008, a reversed-polarity sunspot appeared, and this signaled the start of Solar Cycle 24. It was high latitude (30° N) and magnetically reversed. NOAA named the spot AR10981, or sunspot 981 for short.
Sunspot 1007 produced the first solar flare above the B-class on November 2, 2008.
Sunspot 1009 produced the first solar flare above the C-class, a C1.4, on December 11, 2008.Only a few sunspots were observed in the surface of the Sun throughout 2008.

text: On January 4, 2008, a reversed-polarity sunspot appeared, and this signaled the start of Solar Cycle 24. It was high latitude (30° N) and magnetically reversed.

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: NOAA

text:
named the spot AR10981, or sunspot 981 for short.
Sunspot 1007 produced the first solar flare above the B-class on November 2, 2008.
Sunspot 1009 produced the first solar flare above the C-class, a C1.4, on December 11, 2008.Only a few sunspots were observed in the surface of the Sun throughout 2008.

text: This group, named after the Ivuna meteorite (Tanzania), have chemical compositions that are close to that measured in the solar photosphere (aside from gaseous elements, and elements such as lithium which are underrepresented in the Sun's photosphere by comparison to their abundance in CI chondrites). In this sense, they are chemically the most primitive known meteorites.

text: This group, named after the

text: Ivuna meteorite

text: (Tanzania), have chemical compositions that are close to that measured in the solar photosphere (aside from gaseous elements,

entity_name: Standard solar model

entity_section: Lithium depletion at the solar surface

text: and elements such as lithium which are underrepresented in the Sun's photosphere

text: by comparison to their abundance in CI chondrites). In this sense, they are chemically the most primitive known meteorites.

text: The UC San Diego School of Medicine is ranked tied for 18th for research and tied for 21st for primary care in the 2017 U.S. News & World Report rankings. The Rady School of Management at UC San Diego is ranked 17th in the world for faculty research and 8th for alumni entrepreneurship in the 2014 Financial Times’ Global MBA. In 2014 Rady School ranked 1st in the nation in intellectual capital by Bloomberg Businessweek, which measured faculty research published in the top 20 business journals from 2009-2013. UC San Diego was named 8th in the nation among doctoral institutions for the number of students who study abroad for a full academic year, according to the Institute of International Education Open Doors report. Three doctoral programs at UC San Diego—biological sciences, bioengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography—are 1st in the nation in the National Research Council’s Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs report.

text: The UC San Diego School of Medicine is ranked tied for 18th for research and tied for 21st for primary care in the 2017 U.S. News & World Report rankings. The Rady School of Management at UC San Diego is ranked 17th in the world for faculty research and 8th for alumni entrepreneurship in the 2014

entity_name: Financial Times

text: Financial Times

text: ’ Global MBA. In 2014 Rady School ranked 1st in the nation in intellectual capital by

entity_name: Bloomberg Businessweek

text: Bloomberg Businessweek

text: , which measured faculty research published in the top 20 business journals from 2009-2013. UC San Diego was named 8th in the nation among doctoral institutions for the number of students who study abroad for a full academic year, according to the

entity_name: Institute of International Education

text: Institute of International Education

text: Open Doors report. Three doctoral programs at UC San Diego—biological sciences, bioengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography—are 1st in the nation in the

entity_name: National Research Council (United States)

text: National Research Council

text: ’s Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs report.

text: The photo (left) shows a diffraction ring around the rising sun. A veil of aerosol caused this phenomenon, and the effect dramatically disappeared, when the sun rose high enough so that the pattern was not presented to the observer at the Earth's surface.  This phenomena is sometimes called the corona effect, not to be confused with the solar corona.

text: The photo (left) shows a diffraction ring around the rising sun. A veil of aerosol caused this phenomenon, and the effect dramatically disappeared, when the sun rose high enough so that the pattern was not presented to the observer at the Earth's surface.  This phenomena is sometimes called the

entity_name: Corona (optical phenomenon)

text: corona effect

text: , not to be confused with the

entity_name: Corona

text: solar corona

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: Space weather degrades GPS operation in two ways, direct interference by solar radio burst noise in the same frequency band or by scattering of the GPS radio signal in ionospheric irregularities referred to as scintillation. Both forms of degradation follow the 11 year solar cycle and are a maximum at sunspot maximum although they can occur at any time. Solar radio bursts are associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their impact can affect reception over the half of the Earth facing the sun. Scintillation occurs most frequently at tropical latitudes where it is a night time phenomenon. It occurs less frequently at high latitudes or mid-latitudes where magnetic storms can lead to scintillation. In addition to producing scintillation, magnetic storms can produce strong ionospheric gradients that degrade the accuracy of SBAS systems.

entity_name: Space weather

text: Space weather

text: degrades GPS operation in two ways, direct interference by solar radio burst noise in the same frequency band or by scattering of the GPS radio signal in ionospheric irregularities referred to as scintillation. Both forms of degradation follow the 11 year

entity_name: Solar cycle

text: solar cycle

text: and are a maximum at sunspot maximum although they can occur at any time. Solar radio bursts are associated with

entity_name: Solar flare

text: solar flares

text: and

entity_name: Coronal mass ejection

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs) and their impact can affect reception over the half of the Earth facing the sun. Scintillation occurs most frequently at tropical latitudes where it is a night time phenomenon. It occurs less frequently at high latitudes or mid-latitudes where magnetic storms can lead to scintillation. In addition to producing scintillation, magnetic storms can produce strong ionospheric gradients that degrade the accuracy of SBAS systems.

method: UNH-ecn

text: The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the Carrington heliographic coordinate system, where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the College where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

text: The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the

entity_name: Prime meridian

entity_section: Other planetary bodies

text: Carrington heliographic coordinate system

text: , where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the

entity_name: Stonyhurst College

text: College

text: where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

text: From August 28, 1859 until September 2, numerous sunspots and solar flares were observed on the sun. Just before noon on September 1, the British astronomer Richard Carrington observed the largest flare,

text: From August 28, 1859 until September 2, numerous

entity_name: Sunspot

text: sunspots

text: and

text: solar flare

text: s were observed on the sun. Just before noon on September 1, the British astronomer

entity_name: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: Richard Carrington

text: observed the

entity_name: Solar storm of 1859

text: largest flare

text: In 1932 a  reflector telescope was added to the observatory as well as a spectroheliokinematograph {spectro-helio-kine-mato-graph}. This instrument was designed to take motion pictures of the Sun. The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is primarily known for the motion pictures that the McMaths made of various celestial phenomena, including the first movies of solar prominences in motion. Later work involved solar spectroscopy in the near infrared and participation in a solar flare patrol program in the 1950s.

text: In 1932 a  reflector telescope was added to the observatory as well as a

text: spectroheliokinematograph

text: {spectro-helio-kine-mato-graph}. This instrument was designed to take motion pictures of the Sun. The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is primarily known for the motion pictures that the McMaths made of various celestial phenomena, including the first movies of

entity_name: Solar prominence

text: solar prominence

text: s in motion. Later work involved solar

entity_name: Spectroscopy

text: spectroscopy

text: in the

entity_name: Infrared

entity_section: Regions within the infrared

text: near infrared

text: and participation in a

text: solar flare

text: patrol program in the 1950s.

text: If circumstances of depth and water clarity allow the position of the sun to produce sufficient variation in brightness, this may indicate the direction of the sun, and be used as a cue to orientation. The effect is greater if the sun is relatively low in the sky, the water is clean, the depth fairly shallow and the surface fairly smooth.

text: Based upon the features of its spectrum, Beta Librae has a stellar classification of B8 V, making it a B-type main sequence star. It is about 130 times more luminous than the Sun and has a surface temperature of , double that of the Sun. This high temperature produces light with a simple spectrum, making it ideal for examining the interstellar gas and dust between Earth and the star. Like many stars of its kind, it is spinning rapidly, over 100 times faster than the Sun with a projected rotational velocity of . The measured angular diameter of the primary star is 0.801 mas. At the estimated distance of this system, this yields a physical size of about 4.9 times the radius of the Sun. This type of massive, hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white, and is usually stated to be white or bluish by modern observers, but earlier observers often described Beta Librae as the only greenish star visible to the naked eye. There seems to be no generally accepted explanation for why some observers see it as green.

text: Based upon the features of its

entity_name: Spectrum

text: spectrum

text: , Beta Librae has a

entity_name: Stellar classification

text: stellar classification

text: of B8 V, making it a

entity_name: B-type main-sequence star

text: B-type main sequence star

text: . It is about 130 times more luminous than the Sun and has a surface temperature of , double that of the Sun. This high temperature produces light with a simple spectrum, making it ideal for examining the interstellar gas and dust between Earth and the star. Like many stars of its kind, it is spinning rapidly, over 100 times faster than the Sun with a

entity_name: Stellar rotation

entity_section: Measurement

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of . The measured

entity_name: Angular diameter

text: angular diameter

text: of the primary star is 0.801

entity_name: Minute and second of arc

entity_section: Symbols and abbreviations

text: mas

text: . At the estimated distance of this system, this yields a physical size of about 4.9 times the

entity_name: Solar radius

text: radius of the Sun

text: . This type of massive, hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white, and is usually stated to be white or bluish by modern observers, but earlier observers often described Beta Librae as the only

entity_name: Green star (astronomy)

text: greenish star

text: visible to the naked eye. There seems to be no generally accepted explanation for why some observers see it as green.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: In Aztec mythology, Tonatiuh (Nahuatl: Ōllin Tōnatiuh  "Movement of the Sun") was the sun god.  The Aztec people considered him the leader of Tollan, heaven. He was also known as the fifth sun, because the Aztecs believed that he was the sun that took over when the fourth sun was expelled from the sky.

text: In

entity_name: Aztec mythology

text: Aztec mythology

text: , Tonatiuh (

entity_name: Nahuatl

text: Nahuatl

text: : Ōllin Tōnatiuh  "Movement of the Sun") was the

entity_name: Solar deity

text: sun god

text: .  The

entity_name: Aztec

text: Aztec

text: people considered him the leader of

entity_name: Tollan

text: Tollan

entity_name: Heaven

text: heaven

text: . He was also known as the fifth sun, because the Aztecs believed that he was the sun that took over when the fourth sun was expelled from the sky.

text: The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence stage, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun's core, producing neutrinos and solar radiation. At this rate, the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy, about 0.03% of the total mass of the Sun. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main-sequence star. The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused. The core is therefore shrinking, allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force, according to the inverse-square law. This stronger force increases the pressure on the core, which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs. This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser. It is estimated that the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years. At present, it is increasing in brightness by about 1% every 100 million years.

text: The Sun is about halfway through its

entity_name: Main sequence

text: main-sequence

text: stage, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium. Each second, more than four million

entity_name: Tonne

text: tonne

text: s of matter are converted into energy within the Sun's core, producing

entity_name: Neutrino

text: neutrino

text: s and

entity_name: Solar irradiance

text: solar radiation

text: . At this rate, the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy, about 0.03% of the total mass of the Sun. The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10

text: billion

text: years as a main-sequence star. The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the

entity_name: Hydrogen atom

text: hydrogen atom

text: s that were fused. The core is therefore shrinking, allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force, according to the

entity_name: Inverse-square law

text: inverse-square law

text: . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core, which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs. This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser. It is estimated that the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years. At present, it is increasing in brightness by about 1% every 100 million years.

method: UNH-qee

text: A completely different etymology, making elf cognate with the Rbhus, semi-divine craftsmen in Indian mythology, was also suggested by Kuhn, in 1855. In this case, *ɑlβi-z connotes the meaning, ‘skillful, inventive, clever’, and is cognate with Latin labor, in the sense of ‘creative work’. While often mentioned, this etymology is not widely accepted. Notable is the association of both Old Norse Alfr and Sanskrit Rbhu with the solar corona and sun rays.

text: A completely different etymology, making elf cognate with the

entity_name: Ribhus

text: Rbhus

text: , semi-divine craftsmen in Indian mythology, was also suggested by

entity_name: Franz Felix Adalbert Kuhn

text: Kuhn

text: , in 1855. In this case, *ɑlβi-z connotes the meaning, ‘skillful, inventive, clever’, and is cognate with Latin labor, in the sense of ‘creative work’. While often mentioned, this etymology is not widely accepted. Notable is the association of both Old Norse Alfr and Sanskrit Rbhu with the solar corona and sun rays.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: Every equilibrium is stable and self-justified.  The model itself provides no information about which equilibrium will actually happen, depending on investors’ expectations. Economists often use a sunspot variable, which is irrelevant to the economic fundamentals but influences investors’ expectations about the future. In this case, it’s impossible to tell whether a crisis will happen or the probability of a crisis in the future.

text: Every equilibrium is stable and self-justified.  The model itself provides no information about which equilibrium will actually happen, depending on investors’ expectations. Economists often use a

text: sunspot

text: variable, which is irrelevant to the economic fundamentals but influences investors’ expectations about the future. In this case, it’s impossible to tell whether a crisis will happen or the probability of a crisis in the future.

text: Atmospheric optics deals with how the unique optical properties of the Earth's atmosphere cause a wide range of spectacular optical phenomena. The blue color of the sky is a direct result of Rayleigh scattering which redirects higher frequency (blue) sunlight back into the field of view of the observer. Because blue light is scattered more easily than red light, the sun takes on a reddish hue when it is observed through a thick atmosphere, as during a sunrise or sunset.  Additional particulate matter in the sky can scatter different colors at different angles creating colorful glowing skies at dusk and dawn. Scattering off of ice crystals and other particles in the atmosphere are responsible for halos, afterglows, coronas, rays of sunlight, and sun dogs. The variation in these kinds of phenomena is due to different particle sizes and geometries.<ref name ></ref>

text: Atmospheric optics deals with how the unique optical properties of the

entity_name: Atmosphere of Earth

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: cause a wide range of spectacular

entity_name: Optical phenomena

text: optical phenomena

text: . The blue color of the

entity_name: Sky

text: sky

text: is a direct result of

entity_name: Rayleigh scattering

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: which redirects higher

entity_name: Frequency

text: frequency

entity_name: Blue

text: blue

entity_name: Sunlight

text: sunlight

text: back into the field of view of the

entity_name: Observation

text: observer

text: . Because blue light is

entity_name: Scattering

text: scattered

text: more easily than red light, the

entity_name: Sun

text: sun

text: takes on a reddish hue when it is observed through a thick atmosphere, as during a

entity_name: Sunrise

text: sunrise

text: or

entity_name: Sunset

text: sunset

text: .  Additional particulate matter in the sky can scatter different

entity_name: Color

text: color

text: s at different angles creating colorful glowing skies at dusk and dawn. Scattering off of

entity_name: Ice crystals

text: ice crystal

text: s and other particles in the atmosphere are responsible for

entity_name: Halo (optical phenomenon)

text: halos

entity_name: Afterglow

text: afterglow

text: s,

text: coronas

entity_name: Crepuscular rays

text: rays of sunlight

text: , and

entity_name: Sun dogs

text: sun dog

text: s. The variation in these kinds of phenomena is due to different particle sizes and geometries.<ref name ></ref>

text: Like many Native American languages, Mikmaq uses a classifying system of animate versus inanimate words. However, while the animacy system in general is common, the specifics of Mikmaq’s system differ from even closely related Algic languages: for instance, in Wampanoag, the word for "sun", cone, is inanimate, while the word for "earth", ahkee, is animate, a fact used by some scholars to claim that the Wampanoag people were aware of the earth's rotation around an unmoving sun; however, in Mikmaq, both the word for "sun", na’gu’set, and the word for "earth", ugs'tqamu, are animate, and parallel cultural knowledge regarding astronomy cannot be gleaned through the language. Much like grammatical gender, the core concept of animacy is shared across similar languages while the exact connotations animacy has within Mi'kmaq are unique.

text: Like many Native American languages, Mikmaq uses a classifying system of

entity_name: Animacy

text: animate versus inanimate words

text: . However, while the animacy system in general is common, the specifics of Mikmaq’s system differ from even closely related Algic languages: for instance, in Wampanoag, the word for "sun", cone, is inanimate, while the word for "earth", ahkee, is animate, a fact used by some scholars to claim that the Wampanoag people were aware of the earth's rotation around an unmoving sun; however, in Mikmaq, both the word for "sun", na’gu’set, and the word for "earth", ugs'tqamu, are animate, and parallel cultural knowledge regarding astronomy cannot be gleaned through the language. Much like

entity_name: Grammatical gender

text: grammatical gender

text: , the core concept of animacy is shared across similar languages while the exact connotations animacy has within Mi'kmaq are unique.

text: Sun Tai's son, Sun Xiu (孫秀), served as the "General of the Vanguard" (前將軍) and "Area Commander of Xiakou" (夏口督) during the reign of the fourth and last Wu emperor, Sun Hao (a grandson of Sun Quan). Sun Hao considered Sun Xiu a threat to him because the latter was a member of the imperial clan and wielded military power. In 270, Sun Hao sent an officer, He Ding (何定), to lead 5,000 troops to Xiakou for a hunting expedition. Sun Xiu suspected that Sun Hao had sent He Ding to Xiakou to kill him, so he brought along his family and bodyguards, numbering a few hundred people in total, and defected to Wu's rival state, the Jin dynasty. The Jin emperor Sima Yan received Sun Xiu warmly and appointed the latter as a "General of Agile Cavalry" (驃騎將軍) and granted him the title "Duke of Kuaiji" (會稽公). Sun Hao was furious with Sun Xiu's betrayal so he banished him from the Sun clan and announced that Sun Xiu had changed his family name to "Li" (厲). In 280, Sun Hao surrendered to invading forces from Jin, bringing an end to the Wu regime. Many Jin officials went to congratulate Sima Yan, but Sun Xiu claimed that he was ill and remained at home. He faced his native land in the south and lamented the fall of Wu. The Jin imperial court praised him for that. After the fall of Wu, Sun Xiu was demoted from "General of Agile Cavalry" to "General Who Calms Waves" (伏波將軍) but was still allowed to have his own administrative office. He died sometime in the Yongning era (301–303) of the reign of Emperor Hui (Sima Yan's son and successor). Sun Xiu's son, Sun Jian (孫儉), continued serving in the Jin government as a jishizhong (給事中).

text: Sun Tai's son, Sun Xiu (孫秀), served as the "General of the Vanguard" (前將軍) and "Area Commander of Xiakou" (夏口督) during the reign of the fourth and last Wu emperor,

entity_name: Sun Hao

text: Sun Hao

text: (a grandson of Sun Quan). Sun Hao considered Sun Xiu a threat to him because the latter was a member of the imperial clan and wielded military power. In 270, Sun Hao sent an officer, He Ding (何定), to lead 5,000 troops to Xiakou for a hunting expedition. Sun Xiu suspected that Sun Hao had sent He Ding to Xiakou to kill him, so he brought along his family and bodyguards, numbering a few hundred people in total, and defected to Wu's rival state, the

entity_name: Jin dynasty (265–420)

text: Jin dynasty

text: . The Jin emperor

entity_name: Emperor Wu of Jin

text: Sima Yan

text: received Sun Xiu warmly and appointed the latter as a "General of Agile Cavalry" (驃騎將軍) and granted him the title "Duke of Kuaiji" (會稽公). Sun Hao was furious with Sun Xiu's betrayal so he banished him from the Sun clan and announced that Sun Xiu had changed his family name to "Li" (厲). In 280, Sun Hao surrendered to invading forces from Jin, bringing

entity_name: Conquest of Wu by Jin

text: an end to the Wu regime

text: . Many Jin officials went to congratulate Sima Yan, but Sun Xiu claimed that he was ill and remained at home. He faced his native land in the south and lamented the fall of Wu. The Jin imperial court praised him for that. After the fall of Wu, Sun Xiu was demoted from "General of Agile Cavalry" to "General Who Calms Waves" (伏波將軍) but was still allowed to have his own administrative office. He died sometime in the Yongning era (301–303) of the reign of

entity_name: Emperor Hui of Jin

text: Emperor Hui

text: (Sima Yan's son and successor). Sun Xiu's son, Sun Jian (孫儉), continued serving in the Jin government as a jishizhong (給事中).

text: QZ Carinae A1 is a blue supergiant of spectral type O9.7I with around 40 times the Sun's mass that has expanded to 22.5 times the Sun's radius. With a surface temperature of 32,000 K, it is around 500,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Its partner A2 is a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B2V with around 10 times the Sun's mass and 6 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 20,000 K, it is around 5,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

text: QZ Carinae A1 is a

entity_name: Blue supergiant

text: blue supergiant

text: of spectral type

text: I with around 40 times the Sun's mass that has expanded to 22.5 times the Sun's radius. With a surface temperature of 32,000 K, it is around 500,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Its partner A2 is a

text: blue-white main sequence star

text: of spectral type

text: V with around 10 times the Sun's mass and 6 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 20,000 K, it is around 5,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

text: In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to topography generated by the motion of zones of differing degrees of buoyancy (convection) in the Earth's mantle. It is also seen as the residual topography obtained by removing the isostatic contribution from the observed topography (i.e., the topography that cannot be explained by an isostatic equilibrium of the crust or the lithosphere resting on a fluid mantle) and all observed topography due to post-glacial rebound. Elevation differences due to dynamic topography are frequently on the order of a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers. Large scale surface features due to dynamic topography are mid-ocean ridges and oceanic trenches. Other prominent examples include areas overlying mantle plumes such as the African superswell.

text: In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to

text: topography

text: generated by the motion of zones of differing degrees of

text: buoyancy

text: (convection) in the Earth's mantle. It is also seen as the residual topography obtained by removing the

text: isostatic

text: contribution from the observed topography (i.e., the topography that cannot be explained by an isostatic equilibrium of the crust or the lithosphere resting on a fluid mantle) and all observed topography due to

text: post-glacial rebound

text: . Elevation differences due to dynamic topography are frequently on the order of a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers. Large scale surface features due to dynamic topography are

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: s and

text: oceanic trench

text: es. Other prominent examples include areas overlying

text: mantle plume

text: s such as the

text: African superswell

text: It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain space weather events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a geomagnetic storm of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or coronal mass ejections, were known to be commonly associated with solar flares. The United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) was thus assigned the task of developing and validating a network of ground-based solar observatories. AFRL established a world-wide network of sweep frequency recorders from which estimates of the shock speed in the corona could be made. The prototype was assembled and operated at Sagamore Hill during the early 1960s. The observatory began operating solar patrols in 1966.

text: It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain

text: space weather

text: events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a

text: geomagnetic storm

text: of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or

text: coronal mass ejections

text: , were known to be commonly associated with

text: solar flares

text: . The

text: United States Air Force Research Laboratory

text: (AFRL) was thus assigned the task of developing and validating a network of ground-based solar observatories. AFRL established a world-wide network of sweep frequency recorders from which estimates of the shock speed in the corona could be made. The prototype was assembled and operated at Sagamore Hill during the early 1960s. The observatory began operating solar patrols in 1966.

text: The Sun is roughly middle-aged: it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years. After hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped, the Sun will undergo severe changes and become a red giant. It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth.

text: The Sun is roughly middle-aged: it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years. After

text: hydrogen fusion

text: in its core has stopped, the Sun will undergo severe changes and become a

text: red giant

text: . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: , and possibly Earth.

text: The track listing is similar to that of Roxy & Elsewhere (1974), as are the core band personnel. The performance includes a double-speed version of "Village of the Sun", sandwiched between a later  version of "RDNZL", the first being recorded in 1972, and "Echidna's Arf (Of You)", and "Montana (Whipping Floss)", in which Zappa alters the lyrics of "Montana" in response to a bizarre request from an audience member for the Allman Brothers song "Whipping Post". (Zappa would later add "Whipping Post" to his band's repertoire in response to this request.) The guitar solo in the One Size Fits All (1974) version of "Inca Roads" is an edited extract of the solo presented here.

text: The track listing is similar to that of

text: Roxy & Elsewhere

text: (1974), as are the core band personnel. The performance includes a double-speed version of "Village of the Sun", sandwiched between a later  version of "RDNZL", the first being recorded in 1972, and "Echidna's Arf (Of You)", and "Montana (Whipping Floss)", in which Zappa alters the lyrics of "

text: Montana

text: " in response to a bizarre request from an audience member for the Allman Brothers song "

text: Whipping Post

text: ". (Zappa would later add "Whipping Post" to his band's repertoire in response to this request.) The guitar solo in the

text: One Size Fits All

text: (1974) version of "

text: Inca Roads

text: " is an edited extract of the solo presented here.

text: An original composer, he eschewed the excesses of post war modernism, believing sound and emotional communication to be of fundamental importance; his style is nevertheless marked by a degree of rhythmic and metric complexity and a non-ideological use of serial technique that remains open to aspects of tonality. Another important feature of his music is the degree of improvisation required of soloists, generally in response to a pre-recorded tape. The extramusical stimuli were often cosmological, ranging from generally solar or lunar themes to the more specifically astronomical: "Alpha Centauri", "Omega Centauri", "Chromosphere" etc. or inspired by the wisdom, culture and artefacts of the ancient and medieval world, especially his Pictish forebears, but also drawing on Lucretius, Taoism, Carmichael's Carmina Gadelica and the Bible.

text: Corona was a brand of carbonated beverage available in the United Kingdom produced by Thomas & Evans Ltd. The firm was created by grocers William Thomas and William Evans when they saw a market for soft drinks caused by the growing influence of the temperance movement in South Wales. The company's first factory was based in Porth, Rhondda, eventually expanding to 87 depots and factories throughout Britain. Corona was sold to The Beecham Group in the 1950s and subsequently to Britvic Soft Drinks, but stopped trading as a brand in the late 1990s.

text: Corona was a brand of

text: carbonated beverage

text: available in the

text: United Kingdom

text: produced by Thomas & Evans Ltd. The firm was created by grocers William Thomas and William Evans when they saw a market for soft drinks caused by the growing influence of the

text: temperance movement

text: in

text: South Wales

text: . The company's first factory was based in

text: Porth

text: Rhondda

text: , eventually expanding to 87 depots and factories throughout Britain. Corona was sold to

text: The Beecham Group

text: in the 1950s and subsequently to

text: Britvic Soft Drinks

text: , but stopped trading as a brand in the late 1990s.

text: Azariadis contributed to clarifying the concept of sunspot equilibrium developed by David Cass and Karl Shell. He generalized it in the name of "Self-fulfilling prophecies" which consist of a belief system consistent with the rational expectations equilibrium. By doing that, he could demonstrate fluctuations can emerge endogenously in a neoclassical model of equilibrium in which prices are flexible and expectations are rational.

text: Azariadis contributed to clarifying the concept of

text: sunspot equilibrium

text: developed by

text: David Cass

text: and

text: Karl Shell

text: . He generalized it in the name of "Self-fulfilling prophecies" which consist of a belief system consistent with the rational expectations equilibrium. By doing that, he could demonstrate fluctuations can emerge endogenously in a neoclassical model of equilibrium in which prices are flexible and expectations are rational.

text: Click here to see the Photosphere of interior.

text: The relationship between man and sun in sonnet 7 is metaphysical.  The sun is the center of our being, but is also an object of desire.  We want the sun's immortality.  But man and the sun rely on one another to coexist.  Man needs sun to survive on earth, and the sun would be of no significance without man.  Man will cycle ad nauseam in this world yet the sun stays the same.  The sun is reliable and unchanging.  To the sun, one man is the same to another is the same to another.

text: The relationship between man and sun in sonnet 7 is metaphysical.  The sun is the center of our being, but is also an object of desire.  We want the sun's immortality.  But man and the sun rely on one another to coexist.  Man needs sun to survive on earth, and the sun would be of no significance without man.  Man will cycle

text: ad nauseam

text: in this world yet the sun stays the same.  The sun is reliable and unchanging.  To the sun, one man is the same to another is the same to another.

text: Flare sprays are a type of eruption associated with solar flares. They involve faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences, and reach velocities of 20 to 2000 kilometers per second.

text: Coronal hole size and population correspond with the solar cycle. As the sun heads toward solar maximum the coronal holes move closer and closer to the sun's poles. During solar maximum, the number of coronal holes decreases until the magnetic fields on the sun reverse. Afterwards new coronal holes appear near the new poles. The coronal holes then increase in size and number, extending further from the poles as the sun moves toward solar minimum again. There are permanent coronal holes on the north and south poles of the Sun.

text: Coronal hole size and population correspond with the

text: solar cycle

text: . As the sun heads toward solar maximum the coronal holes move closer and closer to the sun's poles. During solar maximum, the number of coronal holes decreases until the magnetic fields on the sun reverse. Afterwards new coronal holes appear near the new poles. The coronal holes then increase in size and number, extending further from the poles as the sun moves toward solar minimum again. There are permanent coronal holes on the north and south poles of the Sun.

text: Different CubeSat components possess different acceptable temperature ranges, beyond which they may become temporarily or permanently inoperable. Satellites in orbit are heated by radiative heat emitted from the Sun, Earth, sunlight reflected off Earth, as well as heat generated by the craft's components. CubeSats must also cool by radiating heat either into space or into the cooler Earth's surface, if it is cooler than the spacecraft. All of these radiative heat sources and sinks are rather constant and very predictable, so long as the CubeSat's orbit and eclipse time are known.

text: Different CubeSat components possess different acceptable temperature ranges, beyond which they may become temporarily or permanently inoperable. Satellites in orbit are heated by

text: radiative heat

text: emitted from the

text: Sun

text: Earth

text: , sunlight reflected off Earth, as well as heat generated by the craft's components. CubeSats must also

text: cool by radiating heat

text: either into space or into the cooler Earth's surface, if it is cooler than the spacecraft. All of these radiative heat sources and sinks are rather constant and very predictable, so long as the CubeSat's orbit and eclipse time are known.

text: A fixed parabolic mirror creates a variously shaped image of the sun as it moves across the sky. Only when the mirror is pointed directly at the sun does the light focus on one point. That is why parabolic dish systems track the sun. A fixed spherical mirror focuses the light in the same place independent of the sun's position. The light, however, is not directed to one point but is distributed on a line from the surface of the mirror to one half radius (along a line that runs through the sphere center and the sun).

text: A fixed parabolic mirror creates a variously shaped image of the sun as it moves across the sky. Only when the mirror is pointed directly at the sun does the light focus on one point. That is why parabolic dish systems track the sun. A fixed

text: spherical mirror

text: focuses the light in the same place independent of the sun's position. The light, however, is not directed to one point but is distributed on a line from the surface of the mirror to one half radius (along a line that runs through the sphere center and the sun).

text: Considerable attention has been given to the Core by both the scholarly and non-academic media, with the Core featured in The New York Times, the Vancouver Sun, on the Canwest Global Newshour, and in the journal Science, amongst others. As an effort to engage the public in neuroethics discussion, the Core has recently started an online blog.

text: Considerable attention has been given to the Core by both the scholarly and non-academic media, with the Core featured in

text: The New York Times

text: , the

text: Vancouver Sun

text: , on the

text: Canwest

text: Global Newshour, and in the journal

text: Science

text: , amongst others. As an effort to engage the public in neuroethics discussion, the Core has recently started an online blog.

text: G-type stars, including the Sun have prominent H and K lines of Ca II, which are most pronounced at G2. They have even weaker hydrogen lines than F, but along with the ionized metals, they have neutral metals. There is a prominent spike in the G band of CH molecules. Class G main-sequence stars make up about 7.5%, nearly one in thirteen, of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood.

text: G-type stars, including the

text: Sun

text: have prominent H and K lines of

text: Ca

text: II, which are most pronounced at G2. They have even weaker hydrogen lines than F, but along with the ionized metals, they have neutral metals. There is a prominent spike in the G band of CH molecules. Class G main-sequence stars make up about 7.5%, nearly one in thirteen, of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood.

text: Helen Dodson Prince (December 31, 1905 – February 4, 2002) was an astronomer who pioneered work in solar flares at the University of Michigan.

text: Helen Dodson Prince (December 31, 1905 – February 4, 2002) was an astronomer who pioneered work in

text: solar flare

text: s at the

text: University of Michigan

text: Eta Ceti may have slightly more mass than the Sun and its outer envelope has expanded to 15 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 74 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,356 K. This heat gives the star the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: Eta Ceti may have slightly more mass than the Sun and its outer envelope has expanded to 15 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 74 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,356 K. This heat gives the star the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: As a star ages it slows its rotation and diminishes the amount of magnetic activity in its chromosphere. Hence the measured emission from the chromosphere can be used to estimate the age of a star, particularly for F and G-type dwarf stars with an age of less than two billion years. However, this technique becomes less accurate for ages beyond about 5.6 billion years. Based upon the chromosphere emission of HD 12661, it is older than the Sun with an estimated age of roughly seven billion years. It has a low projected rotational velocity of 1.20 km/s, consistent with it being an older star. The age of a star can also be estimated by the abundance of lithium, as this element is destroyed through thermonuclear fusion at the core. However, this is less accurate technique. For HD 12661, the lithium abundance gives an age estimate of 4.4 billion years.

text: As a star ages it slows its

text: rotation

text: and diminishes the amount of

text: magnetic activity

text: in its

text: chromosphere

text: . Hence the measured emission from the chromosphere can be used to estimate the age of a star, particularly for F and G-type dwarf stars with an age of less than two billion years. However, this technique becomes less accurate for ages beyond about 5.6 billion years. Based upon the chromosphere emission of HD 12661, it is older than the Sun with an estimated age of roughly seven billion years. It has a low

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 1.20 km/s, consistent with it being an older star. The age of a star can also be estimated by the abundance of lithium, as this element is destroyed through

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: at the core. However, this is less accurate technique. For HD 12661, the lithium abundance gives an age estimate of 4.4 billion years.

text: Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen.  When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

text: Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres.

text: Titan

text: , a moon of Saturn, and

text: Triton

text: , a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of

text: nitrogen

text: .  When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun,

text: Pluto

text: has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

text: Following Planck (1914), a radiative field is often described in terms of specific radiative intensity, which is a function of each geometrical point in a space region, at an instant of time. This is slightly different from Prevost’s mode of definition, which was for regions of space. It is also slightly conceptually different from Prevost’s definition: Prevost thought in terms of bound and free heat while today we think in terms of heat in kinetic and other dynamic energy of molecules, that is to say heat in matter, and the thermal photon gas. A detailed definition is given by Goody and Yung (1989). They think of the interconversion between thermal radiation and heat in matter. From the specific radiative intensity they derive

text: Following Planck (1914), a radiative field is often described in terms of

text: specific radiative intensity

text: , which is a function of each geometrical point in a space region, at an instant of time. This is slightly different from Prevost’s mode of definition, which was for regions of space. It is also slightly conceptually different from Prevost’s definition: Prevost thought in terms of bound and free heat while today we think in terms of heat in kinetic and other dynamic energy of molecules, that is to say heat in matter, and the thermal

text: photon gas

text: . A detailed definition is given by Goody and Yung (1989). They think of the interconversion between thermal radiation and heat in matter. From the specific radiative intensity they derive

text: This is a supergiant star with a stellar classification of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20 times the Sun's radius. The outer atmosphere of this star has an effective temperature of 17,231 K; much hotter than the surface of the Sun. At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star.

text: This is a

text: supergiant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of B2 Ib. It has nearly nine times the mass of the Sun and is over 20 times the Sun's radius. The

text: outer atmosphere

text: of this star has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 17,231 K; much hotter than the surface of the

text: Sun

text: . At this heat, the star shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a

text: B-type star

text: Author Douglas Reeman featured XE craft in two of his novels, the 1961 Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring published in 1976.

text: Author

text: Douglas Reeman

text: featured XE craft in two of his novels, the 1961 Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring published in 1976.

text: Sun Quan died in 252 and was succeeded by Sun Liang, with Zhuge Ke and Sun Jun serving as regents. In 253, Zhuge Ke was assassinated in a coup launched by Sun Jun, and the state power of Wu fell into Sun Jun's hands and was passed on to his cousin, Sun Chen, after his death. During Sun Liang's reign, two rebellions broke out in the Wei commandery of Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui) in 255 and 257–258. Sun Jun and Sun Chen led Wu forces to support the rebels in the first and second rebellions respectively in the hope of making some territorial gains in Wei, but both revolts were suppressed and the Wu forces retreated after suffering many losses.

text: Sun Quan died in 252 and was succeeded by Sun Liang, with

text: Zhuge Ke

text: and

text: Sun Jun

text: serving as regents. In 253, Zhuge Ke was assassinated in a coup launched by Sun Jun, and the state power of Wu fell into Sun Jun's hands and was passed on to his cousin,

text: Sun Chen

text: , after his death. During Sun Liang's reign,

text: two rebellions

text: broke out in the Wei

text: commandery

text: of Shouchun (around present-day

text: Shou County

text: Anhui

text: ) in 255 and 257–258. Sun Jun and Sun Chen led Wu forces to support the rebels in the first and second rebellions respectively in the hope of making some territorial gains in Wei, but both revolts were suppressed and the Wu forces retreated after suffering many losses.

text: Kepler-90 is a G-type star that is approximately 120% the mass and radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 6080 K, and an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-90 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately 120% the mass and radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 6080

text: K

text: , and an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The magnitude difference between the two components is estimated to be 0.51. Based upon this, the primary has a mass around 138% of the Sun, 155% of the Sun's radius, and shines with three times the Sun's luminosity. The smaller secondary component is also larger than the Sun, with 124% of the Sun's mass, 131% of the radius of the Sun, and has 186% of the Sun's luminosity. The stellar classification of the primary is F9 V, which suggests it is an F-type main sequence star. The pair have an estimated age of just over a billion years.

text: The magnitude difference between the two components is estimated to be 0.51. Based upon this, the primary has a mass around 138% of the Sun, 155% of the Sun's radius, and shines with three times the Sun's luminosity. The smaller secondary component is also larger than the Sun, with 124% of the Sun's mass, 131% of the radius of the Sun, and has 186% of the Sun's luminosity. The stellar classification of the primary is F9 V, which suggests it is an

text: F-type main sequence star

text: . The pair have an estimated age of just over a billion years.

text: τ Sagittarii is a red clump giant, a star with similar mass to the sun which has exhausted its core hydrogen, passed through the red giant branch, and started helium fusion in its core.

text: τ Sagittarii is a

text: red clump

text: giant, a star with similar mass to the sun which has exhausted its core hydrogen, passed through the

text: red giant branch

text: , and started helium fusion in its core.

text: Flares take place in active regions and are characterized by a sudden increase of the radiative flux emitted from small regions of the corona. They are very complex phenomena, visible at different wavelengths; they involve several zones of the solar atmosphere and many physical effects, thermal and not thermal, and sometimes wide reconnections of the magnetic field lines with material expulsion.

text: The nature of the sky and the location of the Duat are uncertain. Egyptian texts variously describe the nighttime sun as traveling beneath the earth and within the body of Nut. The Egyptologist James P. Allen believes that these explanations of the sun's movements are dissimilar but coexisting ideas. In Allen's view, Nut represents the visible surface of the waters of Nun, with the stars floating on this surface. The sun, therefore, sails across the water in a circle, each night passing beyond the horizon to reach the skies that arch beneath the inverted land of the Duat. Leonard H. Lesko, however, believes that the Egyptians saw the sky as a solid canopy and described the sun as traveling through the Duat above the surface of the sky, from west to east, during the night. Joanne Conman, modifying Lesko's model, argues that this solid sky is a moving, concave dome overarching a deeply convex earth. The sun and the stars move along with this dome, and their passage below the horizon is simply their movement over areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. These regions would then be the Duat.

text: The nature of the sky and the location of the Duat are uncertain. Egyptian texts variously describe the nighttime sun as traveling beneath the earth and within the body of Nut. The Egyptologist

text: James P. Allen

text: believes that these explanations of the sun's movements are dissimilar but coexisting ideas. In Allen's view, Nut represents the visible surface of the waters of Nun, with the stars floating on this surface. The sun, therefore, sails across the water in a circle, each night passing beyond the horizon to reach the skies that arch beneath the inverted land of the Duat.

text: Leonard H. Lesko

text: , however, believes that the Egyptians saw the sky as a solid canopy and described the sun as traveling through the Duat above the surface of the sky, from west to east, during the night. Joanne Conman, modifying Lesko's model, argues that this solid sky is a moving, concave dome overarching a deeply convex earth. The sun and the stars move along with this dome, and their passage below the horizon is simply their movement over areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. These regions would then be the Duat.

text: Local boat facilities operating below and under the falls in a misty atmosphere provide views of the falls under an early morning sun in reflected sun light and in a blue hue. On the banks of the pond below the falls, many small Shiva Lingas (aniconic symbols of the god Shiva) are found in several niches, as are iron trishuls (the trident weapon of Shiva), mostly in a rusted state. On the left bank, there is a rock ledge and climbing down this cliff leads to a naturally formed niche which houses stone slabs carved with deities. In addition, there is a small hut made of straw where Shiva images and rusted images of his son, the god Ganesha are seen. Local people are involved in fishing in the area.

text: Local boat facilities operating below and under the falls in a misty atmosphere provide views of the falls under an early morning sun in reflected sun light and in a blue hue. On the banks of the pond below the falls, many small

text: Shiva Lingas

text: (aniconic symbols of the god Shiva) are found in several niches, as are iron

text: trishuls

text: (the trident weapon of Shiva), mostly in a rusted state. On the left bank, there is a rock ledge and climbing down this cliff leads to a naturally formed niche which houses stone slabs carved with deities. In addition, there is a small hut made of straw where Shiva images and rusted images of his son, the god

text: Ganesha

text: are seen. Local people are involved in fishing in the area.

text: Some of the more prominent double stars include Gamma Coronae Australis—a pair of yellowish white stars 58 light years away from Earth, which orbit each other every 122 years. Widening since 1990, the two stars can be seen as separate with a 100 mm aperture telescope; they are separated by 1.3 arcseconds at an angle of 61 degrees. They have a combined visual magnitude of 4.2; each component is an F8V dwarf star with a magnitude of 5.01. Epsilon Coronae Australis is an eclipsing binary belonging to a class of stars known as W Ursae Majoris variables. These star systems are known as contact binaries as the component stars are so close together they touch. Varying by a quarter of a magnitude around an average apparent magnitude of 4.83 every seven hours, the star system lies 98 light years away. Its spectral type is F4VFe-0.8+. At the southern end of the crown asterism are the stars Eta¹ and Eta² Coronae Australis, which form an optical double. Of magnitude 5.1 and 5.5, they are separable with the naked eye and are both white. Kappa Coronae Australis is an easily resolved optical double—the components are of apparent magnitudes 6.3 and 5.7 and are 1700 and 490 light years away respectively. They appear at an angle of 359 degrees, separated by 21.6 arcseconds. Kappa² is actually the brighter of the pair and is more bluish white, with a spectral type of B9V, while Kappa¹ is of spectral type A0III. Lying 202 light years away, Lambda Coronae Australis is a double splittable in small telescopes. The primary is a white star of spectral type A2Vn and magnitude of 5.1, while the companion star has a magnitude of 9.7. The two components are separated by 29.2 arcseconds at an angle of 214 degrees.

text: Some of the more prominent double stars include

text: Gamma Coronae Australis

text: —a pair of yellowish white stars 58 light years away from Earth, which orbit each other every 122 years. Widening since 1990, the two stars can be seen as separate with a 100 mm aperture telescope; they are separated by 1.3 arcseconds at an angle of 61 degrees. They have a combined visual magnitude of 4.2; each component is an F8V

text: dwarf star

text: with a magnitude of 5.01.

text: Epsilon Coronae Australis

text: is an

text: eclipsing binary

text: belonging to a class of stars known as

text: W Ursae Majoris variable

text: s. These star systems are known as

text: contact binaries

text: as the component stars are so close together they touch. Varying by a quarter of a magnitude around an average apparent magnitude of 4.83 every seven hours, the star system lies 98 light years away. Its spectral type is F4VFe-0.8+. At the southern end of the crown asterism are the stars

text: and

text: Eta² Coronae Australis

text: , which form an

text: optical double

text: . Of magnitude 5.1 and 5.5, they are separable with the naked eye and are both white.

text: Kappa Coronae Australis

text: is an easily resolved optical double—the components are of apparent magnitudes 6.3 and 5.7 and are 1700 and 490 light years away respectively. They appear at an angle of 359 degrees, separated by 21.6 arcseconds.

text: is actually the brighter of the pair and is more bluish white, with a spectral type of B9V, while

text: is of spectral type A0III. Lying 202 light years away,

text: Lambda Coronae Australis

text: is a double splittable in small telescopes. The primary is a white star of spectral type A2Vn and magnitude of 5.1, while the companion star has a magnitude of 9.7. The two components are separated by 29.2 arcseconds at an angle of 214 degrees.

text: Another occurrence took place later that year on November 1, 2014.  This flare was defined as a C-Class flare and happened between 0400 and 0600 UTC.  Scientists noted that some material was sent back into the sun, which then caused several flashes of x-rays wherever they hit the surface of the sun.  The remaining material flew out into space that formed a large core of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and gravitated away from the sun.  It was not projected to hit Earth.  Unlike the flare of June 2014, solar activity was high after the event even when no sunspots were detected.

text: Another occurrence took place later that year on November 1, 2014.  This flare was defined as a C-Class flare and happened between 0400 and 0600 UTC.  Scientists noted that some material was sent back into the sun, which then caused several flashes of

text: x-rays

text: wherever they hit the surface of the sun.  The remaining material flew out into space that formed a large core of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and gravitated away from the sun.  It was not projected to hit

text: Earth

text: .  Unlike the flare of June 2014, solar activity was high after the event even when no

text: sunspots

text: were detected.

text: Daylight is present at a particular location, to some degree, whenever the sun is above the horizon at that location. (This is true for slightly more than 50% of the Earth at any given time. For an explanation of why it is not exactly half, see here).  However, the outdoor illuminance can vary from 120,000 lux for direct sunlight at noon, which may cause eye pain, to less than 5 lux for thick storm clouds with the sun at the horizon (even <1 lux for the most extreme case), which may make shadows from distant street lights visible. It may be darker under unusual circumstances such as a solar eclipse or very high levels of atmospheric smoke (See New England's Dark Day), dust, or volcanic ash.

text: Daylight is present at a particular location, to some degree, whenever the

text: sun

text: is above the horizon at that location. (This is true for slightly more than 50% of the

text: Earth

text: at any given time. For an explanation of why it is not exactly half, see

text: here

text: ).  However, the outdoor

text: illuminance

text: can vary from 120,000

text: lux

text: for direct sunlight at

text: noon

text: , which may cause eye

text: pain

text: , to less than 5

text: lux

text: for thick storm clouds with the sun at the horizon (even <1 lux for the most extreme case), which may make shadows from distant

text: street light

text: s visible. It may be darker under unusual circumstances such as a

text: solar eclipse

text: or very high levels of atmospheric smoke (See

text: New England's Dark Day

text: ), dust, or volcanic ash.

text: When the plan is implemented, seven of the heroes and villains manage to weaken the Sun-Eater, but fail to completely destroy any of the sections. Even Superboy fails when the Sun-Eater blasts him with red solar radiation. Ferro Lad tries to reach and destroy the cloud's core, but is rebuffed by an energy blast and does no damage to the cloud at all. The Sun-Eater reforms, prompting Tharok to construct an Absorbatron bomb, which can destroy the cloud if it is detonated at the core. Since Tharok had no time to build a propulsion device, one of them must carry the bomb to the core and detonate it manually — an act which would result in that person's death. Superboy is about to take the bomb, citing he has the best chance to survive, but he is still weak from the red sun rays. Ferro Lad punches Superboy, grabs the bomb and speeds toward the cloud. Reaching the core, Ferro Lad detonates the bomb, destroying both the Sun-Eater and himself.

text: Sun Jun had two sons: Sun Jian and Sun Shen. Sun Jian was elder than Sun Shen. Sun Shen's son was Sun Cheng.

text: This star is approximately a quarter the mass of the Sun and has 35% of the Sun's radius. Luyten's Star is at the maximum mass at which a red dwarf can be fully convective, which means that most if not all of the star forms an extended convection zone. It has a stellar classification of M3.5V, with the V luminosity class indicating this is a main-sequence star that is generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. The projected rotation rate of this star is too low to be measured, but is no greater than 1 km/s. Measurements of periodic variation in surface activity suggest a leisurely rotation period of roughly 116 days. The effective temperature of the star's outer envelope is a relatively cool 3,150 K, giving the star the characteristic red-orange hue of an M-type star.

text: This star is approximately a quarter the mass of the

text: Sun

text: and has 35% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: . Luyten's Star is at the maximum mass at which a red dwarf can be fully convective, which means that most if not all of the star forms an extended

text: convection zone

text: . It has a

text: stellar classification

text: of M3.5V, with the V

text: luminosity class

text: indicating this is a

text: main-sequence

text: star that is generating energy through the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. The projected

text: rotation rate of this star

text: is too low to be measured, but is no greater than 1 km/s. Measurements of periodic variation in surface activity suggest a leisurely rotation period of roughly 116 days. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's outer envelope is a relatively cool 3,150 K, giving the star the characteristic red-orange hue of an

text: M-type star

text: Oxegen 2010 was held between 9–11 July in Punchestown Racecourse, Naas, Ireland. Eminem, Muse, Arcade Fire, Jay-Z, The Black Eyed Peas, Kasabian, The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, Florence and the Machine, Paolo Nutini, Faithless, Editors, Bell X1, Stereophonics, David Guetta, Dizzee Rascal, Doves, Julian Casablancas, The Stranglers, Earth, Wind & Fire, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Cribs, The Overview, Hot Chip, Calvin Harris, Republic of Loose, Newton Faulkner, The Temper Trap, Empire of the Sun, Goldfrapp, Gossip, La Roux, Rise Against, Ocean Colour Scene, The Coral, The Coronas, The Courteeners, Broken Social Scene, Vampire Weekend, Mumford and Sons, Ellie Goulding, Laura Marling, Two Door Cinema Club, Scouting for Girls, The Middle East, Armand Van Helden, Steve Angello, Simian Mobile Disco, Erol Alkan, Jamie T, Steve Aoki, A-Trak and Aeroplane are among the acts set to perform.

text: Oxegen 2010 was held between 9–11 July in Punchestown Racecourse, Naas, Ireland.

text: Eminem

text: Muse

text: Arcade Fire

text: Jay-Z

text: The Black Eyed Peas

text: Kasabian

text: The Prodigy

text: Fatboy Slim

text: Florence and the Machine

text: Paolo Nutini

text: Faithless

text: Editors

text: Bell X1

text: Stereophonics

text: David Guetta

text: Dizzee Rascal

text: Doves

text: Julian Casablancas

text: The Stranglers

text: Earth, Wind & Fire

text: Echo & the Bunnymen

text: The Cribs

text: The Overview

text: Hot Chip

text: Calvin Harris

text: Republic of Loose

text: Newton Faulkner

text: The Temper Trap

text: Empire of the Sun

text: Goldfrapp

text: Gossip

text: La Roux

text: Rise Against

text: Ocean Colour Scene

text: The Coral

text: The Coronas

text: The Courteeners

text: Broken Social Scene

text: Vampire Weekend

text: Mumford and Sons

text: Ellie Goulding

text: Laura Marling

text: Two Door Cinema Club

text: Scouting for Girls

text: The Middle East

text: Armand Van Helden

text: Steve Angello

text: Simian Mobile Disco

text: Erol Alkan

text: Jamie T

text: Steve Aoki

text: A-Trak

text: and

text: Aeroplane

text: are among the acts set to perform.

text: Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times its current size. At the tip of the red giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2600 K) than now and its luminosity much higher—up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red giant life, the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that Saturn's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.

text: Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a

text: red giant

text: . Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times its current size. At the tip of the

text: red giant branch

text: , as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2600 K) than now and its

text: luminosity

text: much higher—up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red giant life, the Sun will have a strong

text: stellar wind

text: that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.

text: The Sun Fire T2000 server (code named Ontario) is a system engineered by Sun Microsystems for applications including Web 2.0 and databasing. Part of the Sun Fire line, the T2000 was among the first servers to leverage Sun's CoolThreads processing technology, which improves the energy-efficiency of systems.

text: The Sun Fire T2000 server (code named Ontario) is a system engineered by

text: Sun Microsystems

text: for applications including Web 2.0 and databasing. Part of the

text: Sun Fire

text: line, the T2000 was among the first servers to leverage Sun's CoolThreads processing technology, which improves the energy-efficiency of systems.

text: As of July 31 there had been 18 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: Sunspots were rarely recorded during the second part of 17th century. Later analysis revealed the problem to a reduced number of sunspots, rather than observational lapses. Building upon Gustav Spörer's work, Edward Maunder suggested that the Sun had changed from a period in which sunspots all but disappeared to a renewal of sunspot cycles starting in about 1700. Adding to this understanding of the absence of solar cycles were observations of aurorae, which were absent at the same time. The lack of a solar corona during solar eclipses was also noted prior to 1715. The period of low sunspot activity from 1645 to 1717 later became known as the "Maunder Minimum". Observers such as Johannes Hevelius, Jean Picard and Jean Dominique Cassini confirmed this change.

text: Sunspots were rarely recorded during the second part of 17th century. Later analysis revealed the problem to a reduced number of sunspots, rather than observational lapses. Building upon

text: Gustav Spörer

text: 's work,

text: Edward Maunder

text: suggested that the Sun had changed from a period in which sunspots all but disappeared to a renewal of sunspot cycles starting in about 1700. Adding to this understanding of the absence of solar cycles were observations of

text: aurorae

text: , which were absent at the same time. The lack of a solar

text: corona

text: during

text: solar eclipse

text: s was also noted prior to 1715. The period of low sunspot activity from 1645 to 1717 later became known as the "

text: Maunder Minimum

text: ". Observers such as

text: Johannes Hevelius

text: Jean Picard

text: and

text: Jean Dominique Cassini

text: confirmed this change.

text: 513 Centesima is a 50 km Main-belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. It is one of the core members of the Eos family of asteroids. Relatively little is known about this tiny asteroid. It is not known to possess any natural satellites, so its mass is unknown, and therefore can only be estimated.  However, it has a rather rapid rotation period of just over 5 hours. This fact can be utilized to determine that the asteroid must be excepionally dense in order for it to not fall apart. This enables a density estimate. It was discovered August 24, 1903 by late 19th and early 20th century astronomer Max Wolf. It was his 100th asteroid discovery, hence the name, which in Latin, means "hundredth".

text: 513 Centesima is a 50 km

text: Main-belt asteroid

text: orbiting the

text: Sun

text: . It is one of the core members of the

text: Eos family of asteroids

text: . Relatively little is known about this tiny asteroid. It is not known to possess any

text: natural satellite

text: s, so its mass is unknown, and therefore can only be estimated.  However, it has a rather rapid rotation period of just over 5 hours. This fact can be utilized to determine that the asteroid must be excepionally dense in order for it to not fall apart. This enables a density estimate. It was discovered August 24, 1903 by late 19th and early 20th century astronomer

text: Max Wolf

text: . It was his 100th asteroid discovery, hence the name, which in Latin, means "hundredth".

text: Solar flares strongly influence the local space weather in the vicinity of the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere (see main article at geomagnetic storm), and present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts. Additionally, massive solar flares are sometimes accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which can trigger geomagnetic storms that have been known to disable satellites and knock out terrestrial electric power grids for extended periods of time.

text: Solar flares strongly influence the local

text: space weather

text: in the vicinity of the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the

text: solar wind

text: , known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: (see main article at

text: geomagnetic storm

text: ), and present

text: radiation

text: hazards to spacecraft and astronauts. Additionally, massive solar flares are sometimes accompanied by

text: coronal mass ejections

text: (CMEs) which can trigger

text: geomagnetic storms

text: that

text: have been known

text: to disable satellites and knock out terrestrial electric power grids for extended periods of time.

text: Flares may also occur from solar panels, but they are not as bright (up to −3.5 magnitude). Such flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas (MMA), because the so-called "mirror angle" for the solar panels is twice that for the MMAs. There are also rare cases of flares from MMAs and solar panels, or two MMAs (front and either right or left) of one satellite in a single pass.

text: Flares may also occur from solar panels, but they are not as bright (up to −3.5 magnitude). Such flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas (MMA), because the so-called "mirror angle" for the solar panels is twice that for the MMAs. There are also rare cases of flares from MMAs and solar panels, or two MMAs (front and either right or left) of one satellite in a single

text: pass

text: It is on the Map of Mars that the party finds the Ringworld control room, located in a vast maze of rooms contained in the hollow space under the map. In order to create the rarefied atmosphere on Mars, the Map of Mars was built to an altitude  above the main Ringworld surface, creating a  cavity. The Control Room contains living space for thousands of Pak Protectors, as well as space to grow the "Tree-of-Life" plants to support this many Protectors. Other rooms in the cavity support such features as the "Meteor Defense System", which uses the superconductor grid embedded in the scrith foundation material to manipulate the magnetic field of the Ringworld's sun to create a solar flare; it uses this to generate a powerful gas laser, which is capable of destroying everything in its path. (The first expedition to the Ringworld, detailed in the first novel, crashed into it after being hit by this laser.)

text: It is on the Map of Mars that the party finds the Ringworld control room, located in a vast maze of rooms contained in the hollow space under the map. In order to create the rarefied atmosphere on Mars, the Map of Mars was built to an altitude  above the main Ringworld surface, creating a  cavity. The Control Room contains living space for thousands of

text: Pak Protector

text: s, as well as space to grow the "Tree-of-Life" plants to support this many Protectors. Other rooms in the cavity support such features as the "Meteor Defense System", which uses the superconductor grid embedded in the

text: scrith

text: foundation material to manipulate the magnetic field of the Ringworld's sun to create a solar flare; it uses this to generate a powerful

text: gas laser

text: , which is capable of destroying everything in its path. (The first expedition to the Ringworld, detailed in the first novel, crashed into it after being hit by this laser.)

text: Prior to the age of space exploration, interplanetary space was considered to be a vacuum.  The coincidence of the Carrington super flare and the super geomagnetic event of 1859 was evidence that plasma was ejected from the Sun during a flare event.  Chapman and Ferraro  proposed that a plasma was emitted by the Sun in a burst as part of a flare event which disturbed the planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm.  The collision frequency of particles in the plasma in the interplanetary medium is very low and the electrical conductivity is so high that it could be approximated to an infinite conductor.  A magnetic field in a vacuum cannot penetrate a volume with infinite conductivity.  Chapman and Bartels (1940) illustrated this concept by postulating a plate with infinite conductivity placed on the dayside of a planet’s dipole as shown in the schematic.  The field lines on the dayside are bent.  At low latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed inward.  At high latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed backwards and over the polar regions.  The boundary between the region dominated by the planet’s magnetic field (i.e., the magnetosphere) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause.  The configuration equivalent to a flat, infinitely conductive plate is achieved by placing an image dipole (green arrow at left of schematic) at twice the distance from the planet’s dipole to the magnetopause along the planet-Sun line.  Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward, the magnetopause above, below and to the sides of the planet are swept backward into the geomagnetic tail as shown in the artist’s concept.  The region (shown in pink in the schematic) which separates field lines from the planet which are pushed inward from those which are pushed backward over the poles is an area of weak magnetic field or day-side cusp.  Solar wind particles can enter the planet’s magnetosphere through the cusp region.  Because the solar wind exists at all times and not just times of solar flares, the magnetopause is a permanent feature of the space near any planet with a magnetic field.

text: Prior to the age of space exploration, interplanetary space was considered to be a vacuum.  The coincidence of the

text: Carrington super flare

text: and the

text: super geomagnetic event of 1859

text: was evidence that plasma was ejected from the Sun during a flare event.  Chapman and Ferraro  proposed that a plasma was emitted by the Sun in a burst as part of a flare event which disturbed the planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm.  The collision frequency of particles in the plasma in the interplanetary medium is very low and the electrical conductivity is so high that it could be approximated to an infinite conductor.  A magnetic field in a vacuum cannot penetrate a volume with infinite conductivity.  Chapman and Bartels (1940) illustrated this concept by postulating a plate with infinite conductivity placed on the dayside of a planet’s dipole as shown in the schematic.  The field lines on the dayside are bent.  At low latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed inward.  At high latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed backwards and over the polar regions.  The boundary between the region dominated by the planet’s magnetic field (i.e., the

text: magnetosphere

text: ) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause.  The configuration equivalent to a flat, infinitely conductive plate is achieved by placing an image dipole (green arrow at left of schematic) at twice the distance from the planet’s dipole to the magnetopause along the planet-Sun line.  Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward, the magnetopause above, below and to the sides of the planet are swept backward into the geomagnetic tail as shown in the artist’s concept.  The region (shown in pink in the schematic) which separates field lines from the planet which are pushed inward from those which are pushed backward over the poles is an area of weak magnetic field or day-side cusp.  Solar wind particles can enter the planet’s magnetosphere through the cusp region.  Because the solar wind exists at all times and not just times of solar flares, the magnetopause is a permanent feature of the space near any planet with a magnetic field.

text: That Evening Sun has received mostly positive reviews from critics. The film holds a 75 on Metacritic, indicating Generally favorable reviews. Joe Leydon of Variety called the film a; "Deliberately paced, richly atmospheric drama (that) also boasts first-rate work by a splendid supporting cast and impressive production values." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, and called the film "...a drama set on a Tennessee farm that begins by looking like your standard old codger story and turns out, as Clint Eastwood's Gran Torino did, to be a lot more."

text: That Evening Sun has received mostly positive reviews from critics. The film holds a 75 on Metacritic, indicating Generally favorable reviews. Joe Leydon of Variety called the film a; "Deliberately paced, richly atmospheric drama (that) also boasts first-rate work by a splendid supporting cast and impressive production values."

text: Roger Ebert

text: of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four, and called the film "...a drama set on a Tennessee farm that begins by looking like your standard old codger story and turns out, as Clint Eastwood's

text: Gran Torino

text: did, to be a lot more."

text: In crystalline silicon, even if there are no crystalline defects, there is still Auger recombination, which occurs much more often than radiative recombination. By taking this into account, the theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells was calculated to be 29.4%.

text: In crystalline silicon, even if there are no crystalline defects, there is still

text: Auger recombination

text: , which occurs much more often than radiative recombination. By taking this into account, the theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells was calculated to be 29.4%.

text: The density of the chromosphere decreases with distance from the center of the Sun.  This decreases logarithmically from 10 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately  to under  at the outer boundary.  The temperature decreases from the inner boundary at about 6,000 K to a minimum of approximately 3,800 K, before increasing to upwards of 35,000 K at the outer boundary with the transition layer of the corona.

text: The density of the chromosphere decreases with distance from the center of the Sun.  This decreases logarithmically from 10 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately  to under  at the outer boundary.  The temperature decreases from the inner boundary at about 6,000 K to a minimum of approximately 3,800 K, before increasing to upwards of 35,000 K at the outer boundary with the

text: transition layer

text: of the

text: corona

text: The main rule in Puyo Puyo Sun. When a player offsets, Sun Puyo will drop on their playfields. Sun Puyo give more points that increases the amount of Nuisance Puyo sent.

text: The main rule in

text: Puyo Puyo Sun

text: . When a player offsets, Sun Puyo will drop on their playfields. Sun Puyo give more points that increases the amount of Nuisance Puyo sent.

text: OpenDJ began after the acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle. At that time, Oracle announced that Sun OpenDS Standard Edition was not seen as a strategic product, although the investment on the OpenDS source code would continue. Sun had supported commercial versions of Sun OpenDS Standard Edition since version 1.0 in 2008.

text: The band formed in the summer of 2005 under the name Sunspots but underwent an early name-change for legal reasons. Original members included Andrew Wood, Keith Sigel, Peter Mucek and Jon Crockett. Their self-titled debut EP was released on their label CityBird records in September 2006 and received praise from a variety of sources, earning the tag "band to watch."

text: According to Mitra, the so-called astrophysical black holes are ultra-magnetized and ultra-hot balls of plasma, nicknamed Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects which are something like extremely general relativistic versions of Sun. He claims, accordingly, MECOs can give rise to flares like Solar flares and Coronal mass ejections like the Sun. And on October 25, 2015, NASA reported that its NuStar telescope has detected a massive X-ray flare from a supermassive black hole in a certain quasar, and this flare appears to be triggered by emission of corona from very close to the black hole. In an interview to Nature India, Mitra claimed that, emission of such a corona from the so-called black hole suggests that it is actually a MECO and not a true mathematical black hole. In an international workshop entitled "Jet Triggering Mechanisms in Black Hole Sources", organized by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India (January 20–23, 2016), Mitra elaborated on this point in the presence of large number of astrophysicists.

text: According to Mitra, the so-called astrophysical black holes are ultra-magnetized and ultra-hot balls of plasma, nicknamed

entity_name: Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object

text: Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects

text: which are something like extremely general relativistic versions of Sun. He claims, accordingly, MECOs can give rise to flares like

text: Solar flares

text: and

text: Coronal mass ejection

text: s like the Sun. And on October 25, 2015, NASA reported that its NuStar telescope has detected a massive X-ray flare from a supermassive black hole in a certain quasar, and this flare appears to be triggered by emission of corona from very close to the black hole. In an interview to

text: Nature India

text: , Mitra claimed that, emission of such a corona from the so-called black hole suggests that it is actually a MECO and not a true mathematical black hole. In an international workshop entitled "Jet Triggering Mechanisms in Black Hole Sources", organized by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India (January 20–23, 2016), Mitra elaborated on this point in the presence of large number of astrophysicists.

text: This system has a relatively high proper motion, moving over a second of arc across the sky each year. The space velocity components of this system are  = . The stars in this system show low chromospheric activity, and have a net space velocity of 52 km/s relative to the Sun. This, in combination with their low metallicity, shows that the pair belongs to the old disk population.

text: This system has a relatively high proper motion, moving over a second of arc across the sky each year. The

text: space velocity

text: components of this system are  = . The stars in this system show low

text: chromospheric

text: activity, and have a net space velocity of 52 km/s relative to the Sun. This, in combination with their low

text: metallicity

text: , shows that the pair belongs to the

text: old disk population

text: The age of the sun can be inferred with helioseismic studies. This is because the propagation of acoustic waves deep within the sun depends on the composition of the sun, in particular the relative abundance of helium and hydrogen in the core. Since the sun has been fusing hydrogen into helium throughout its lifetime, the present day abundance of helium in the core can be used to infer the age of the sun, using numerical models of stellar evolution applied to the Sun (standard solar model).This method provides verification of the age of the solar system gathered from the radiometric dating of meteorites.

text: The age of the sun can be inferred with helioseismic studies. This is because the propagation of acoustic waves deep within the sun depends on the composition of the sun, in particular the relative abundance of helium and hydrogen in the core. Since the sun has been fusing hydrogen into helium throughout its lifetime, the present day abundance of helium in the core can be used to infer the age of the sun, using

text: numerical models of stellar evolution

text: applied to the Sun (

text: standard solar model

text: ).This method provides verification of the age of the solar system gathered from the radiometric dating of meteorites.

text: Fényi Gyula was noted for his observations of the Sun, including spectroscopic studies of solar prominences, as well as sun spots. He was the first person to demonstrate a correlation between the number of solar prominences and the number of sun spots. Between 1880 until 1919 he assembled over 6,000 drawings of the Sun, all using the same instrument. (These drawings are archived at the Heliophysical Observatory, in Debrecen, Hungary.) He published over 200 scientific papers in several languages. In 1916 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

text: Fényi Gyula was noted for his observations of the Sun, including

text: spectroscopic

text: studies of solar

text: prominence

text: s, as well as

text: sun spot

text: s. He was the first person to demonstrate a correlation between the number of solar prominences and the number of sun spots. Between 1880 until 1919 he assembled over 6,000 drawings of the Sun, all using the same instrument. (These drawings are archived at the Heliophysical Observatory, in

text: Debrecen

text: , Hungary.) He published over 200 scientific papers in several languages. In 1916 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

text: Coronal loops are very important to our understanding of the current coronal heating problem. Coronal loops are highly radiating sources of plasma and are therefore easy to observe by instruments such as TRACE. An explanation of the coronal heating problem remains as these structures are being observed remotely, where many ambiguities are present (i.e. radiation contributions along the LOS). In-situ measurements are required before a definitive answer can be had, but due to the high plasma temperatures in the corona, in-situ measurements are, at present, impossible. The next mission of the NASA Solar Probe Plus will approach the Sun very closely allowing more direct observations.

text: Coronal loops are very important to our understanding of the current coronal heating problem. Coronal loops are highly radiating sources of plasma and are therefore easy to observe by instruments such as

text: TRACE

text: . An explanation of the coronal heating problem remains as these structures are being observed remotely, where many ambiguities are present (i.e. radiation contributions along the

text: LOS

text: In-situ

text: measurements are required before a definitive answer can be had, but due to the high plasma temperatures in the corona, in-situ measurements are, at present, impossible. The next mission of the NASA

text: Solar Probe Plus

text: will approach the Sun very closely allowing more direct observations.

text: Using spectropolarimetry, a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of . This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun. Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun. In 2015, star spots were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal A-type star, and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0.68 days.

text: Using

text: spectropolarimetry

text: , a

text: magnetic field

text: has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the

text: Observatoire du Pic du Midi

text: . This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an

text: Ap

text: chemically peculiar star

text: . The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of . This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun. Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun. In 2015,

text: star spot

text: s were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal A-type star, and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0.68 days.

text: Mariner 10 was a probe whose primary objective was to observe the atmosphere, surface, and physical characteristics of Mercury and Venus. It was a low-cost mission completed for under $98 million. Mariner 10 was launched at 12:45 am EST on November 3, 1973, from Cape Kennedy. Since Mercury is so close to the Sun it was too difficult to incorporate an orbit around Mercury in the route so Mariner 10 orbited the Sun. In order to reach its destination, the satellite was accelerated with the gravity field of Venus. It then passed close to Mercury on March 29, 1974, as it flew towards the Sun. This was the first observation made of Mercury at close range. After the encounter Mariner 10 was in an orbit around the Sun such that for every one of its orbits Mercury made two, and the spacecraft and the planet would be able to meet again. This allowed the probe to pass by Mercury two additional times before completing the mission; these encounters were made on September 21, 1974, and March 16, 1975. However, since the same side of Mercury was illuminated during each of the flybys, at the conclusion of the mission Mariner 10 had only photographed 45% of its surface. The mission ended when the probe's attitude control gas ran out on March 24, 1975. As the spacecraft was no longer controllable without its nitrogen gas thrusters, a command was sent to the probe to shut down its transmitter.

text: Mariner 10

text: was a

text: probe

text: whose primary objective was to observe the atmosphere, surface, and physical characteristics of Mercury and

text: Venus

text: . It was a low-cost mission completed for under

text: 98 million. Mariner 10 was launched at 12:45 am

text: EST

text: on November 3, 1973, from

text: Cape Kennedy

text: . Since Mercury is so close to the Sun it was too difficult to incorporate an orbit around Mercury in the route so Mariner 10 orbited the Sun. In order to reach its destination, the satellite was

text: accelerated

text: with the

text: gravity field

text: of Venus. It then passed close to Mercury on March 29, 1974, as it flew towards the Sun. This was the first observation made of Mercury at close range. After the encounter Mariner 10 was in an orbit around the Sun such that for every one of its orbits Mercury made two, and the spacecraft and the planet would be able to meet again. This allowed the probe to pass by Mercury two additional times before completing the mission; these encounters were made on September 21, 1974, and March 16, 1975. However, since the same side of Mercury was illuminated during each of the flybys, at the conclusion of the mission Mariner 10 had only photographed 45% of its surface. The mission ended when the probe's

text: attitude control

text: gas ran out on March 24, 1975. As the spacecraft was no longer controllable without its nitrogen gas thrusters, a command was sent to the probe to shut down its transmitter.

text: As an example, in the "Sun in Time" article, the method was used to show that the number of sunspots  on the sun, after accounting for the known cycles such as the daily and 11-year cycles, is very likely not random noise, but rather chaotic noise, with a low-dimensional fractal attractor.

text: As an example, in the "Sun in Time" article, the method was used to show that the number of

text: sunspot

text: s  on the

text: sun

text: , after accounting for the known cycles such as the daily and 11-year cycles, is very likely not random noise, but rather chaotic noise, with a low-dimensional fractal attractor.

text: Significantly, the SMM's ACRIM instrument package showed that contrary to expectations, the Sun is actually brighter during the sunspot cycle maximum (when the greatest number of dark 'sunspots' appear). This is because sunspots are surrounded by bright features called faculae, which more than cancel the darkening effect of the sunspot.

text: Significantly, the SMM's ACRIM instrument package showed that contrary to expectations, the Sun is actually brighter during the

text: sunspot

text: cycle maximum (when the greatest number of dark 'sunspots' appear). This is because sunspots are surrounded by bright features called

text: faculae

text: , which more than cancel the darkening effect of the sunspot.

text: The Records of the Three Kingdoms mentioned that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Wu (better known as Sun Tzu), a militarist in the Spring and Autumn period and the author of The Art of War. According to later tradition, Sun Quan was born on Sunzhou ("Sun Island", later Wangzhou - "King's Island"), an islet at the intersection of the Fuchun River and one of its tributaries. Local folklore relates a story about how Sun Quan's grandfather, Sun Zhong, was originally a melon farmer on the islet.

text: The

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: mentioned that Sun Jian was a descendant of Sun Wu (better known as

text: Sun Tzu

text: ), a militarist in the

text: Spring and Autumn period

text: and the author of

text: The Art of War

text: . According to later tradition, Sun Quan was born on Sunzhou ("Sun Island", later Wangzhou - "King's Island"), an islet at the intersection of the

text: Fuchun River

text: and one of its tributaries. Local folklore relates a story about how Sun Quan's grandfather, Sun Zhong, was originally a melon farmer on the islet.

text: Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (photosphere, chromosphere, and corona), when the plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of Kelvin, while the cosmic-ray-like electrons, protons, and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light. They produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays, although most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and for this reason the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares occur in active regions around sunspots, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior.Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not well established.

text: Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (

text: photosphere

text: chromosphere

text: , and

text: corona

text: ), when the

text: plasma

text: medium is heated to tens of millions of

text: Kelvin

text: , while the

text: cosmic-ray

text: -like

text: electron

text: s,

text: proton

text: s, and heavier

text: ion

text: s are accelerated to near the

text: speed of light

text: . They produce

text: radiation

text: across the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: at all

text: wavelength

text: s, from

text: radio waves

text: to

text: gamma ray

text: s, although most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and for this reason the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares occur in active regions around

text: sunspot

text: s, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the

text: photosphere

text: to link the

text: corona

text: to the solar interior.Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce

text: coronal mass ejections

text: (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not well established.

text: In main sequence stars of less than about 10 solar masses, the outer envelope of the star contains a region where partial ionization of hydrogen and helium raises the heat capacity.  The relatively low temperature in this region simultaneously causes the opacity due to heavier elements to be high enough to produce a steep temperature gradient. This combination of circumstances produces an outer convection zone, the top of which is visible in the Sun as solar granulation. Low mass main sequences of stars, such as red dwarfs below 0.35 solar masses, as well as pre-main sequence stars on the Hayashi track, are convective throughout and do not contain a radiation zone.

text: In main sequence stars of less than about 10 solar masses, the outer envelope of the star contains a region where partial

text: ionization

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: raises the heat capacity.  The relatively low temperature in this region simultaneously causes the

text: opacity

text: due to heavier elements to be high enough to produce a steep temperature gradient. This combination of circumstances produces an outer convection zone, the top of which is visible in the Sun as

text: solar granulation.

text: Low mass main sequences of stars, such as

text: red dwarf

text: s below 0.35

text: solar mass

text: es, as well as pre-main sequence stars on the

text: Hayashi track

text: , are convective throughout and do not contain a radiation zone.

text: Lady Sun was the only daughter of Sun Jian and Lady Wu. She had four brothers who were also born to Lady Wu – Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Sun Yi and Sun Kuang. Her personal name was not recorded in history.

text: Lady Sun was the only daughter of

text: Sun Jian

text: and

text: Lady Wu

text: . She had four brothers who were also born to Lady Wu –

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Yi

text: and

text: Sun Kuang

text: . Her personal name was not recorded in history.

text: Solar-type stars show highly correlated behavior between their rotation rates and their chromospheric activity (e.g. Calcium H & K line emission) and coronal activity (e.g. X-ray emission) Because solar-type stars spin down during their main-sequence lifetimes due to magnetic braking, these correlations allow rough ages to be derived. Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008) have estimated the ages for the 108 solar-type (F8V–K2V) main-sequence stars within 52 light-years (16 parsecs) of the Sun based on their chromospheric activity (as measured via Ca, H, and K emission lines).

text: Solar-type stars show highly correlated behavior between their rotation rates and their chromospheric activity (e.g. Calcium H & K line emission) and coronal activity (e.g. X-ray emission) Because solar-type stars spin down during their main-sequence lifetimes due to

text: magnetic braking

text: , these correlations allow rough ages to be derived. Mamajek & Hillenbrand (2008) have estimated the ages for the 108 solar-type (F8V–K2V) main-sequence stars within 52 light-years (16 parsecs) of the Sun based on their chromospheric activity (as measured via Ca, H, and K emission lines).

text: The first one of August 18, 1868 created the subject of solar physics, for at this eclipse the spectroscope was used for the first time to discover the gaseous nature of the prominences. The hydrogen emission lines seen in the prominence were so strong that the French astronomer Jansen reasoned they could be seen without the eclipse. The next day at the eclipse site the speculation was proved to be correct, making it possible for daily surveys of prominences thereafter, without the need of a total eclipse.

text: The relationship between cores and threads is a common source of confusion. The PPE core is dual threaded and manifests in software as two independent threads of execution while each active SPE manifests as a single thread. In the PlayStation 3 configuration as described by Sony, the Cell processor provides nine independent threads of execution.

text: The relationship between

text: cores

text: and

text: threads

text: is a common source of confusion. The PPE core is

text: dual threaded

text: and manifests in software as two independent threads of execution while each active SPE manifests as a single thread. In the PlayStation 3 configuration as described by Sony, the Cell processor provides nine independent threads of execution.

text: When a solar flare occurs on the Sun a blast of intense ultraviolet and x-ray radiation hits the dayside of the Earth after a propagation time of about 8 minutes. This high energy radiation is absorbed by atmospheric particles, raising them to excited states and knocking electrons free in the process of photoionization. The low altitude ionospheric layers (D region and E region) immediately increase in density over the entire dayside. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. Scientists on the ground can use this enhancement to detect solar flares; by monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate when solar flares have taken place.

text: When a solar flare occurs on the

text: Sun

text: a blast of intense

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: x-ray

text: radiation hits the dayside of the Earth after a propagation time of about 8 minutes. This high energy

text: radiation

text: is absorbed by atmospheric particles, raising them to excited states and knocking

text: electron

text: s free in the process of

text: photoionization

text: . The low altitude ionospheric layers (

text: D region

text: and

text: E region

text: ) immediately increase in density over the entire dayside. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. Scientists on the ground can use this enhancement to detect solar flares; by monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate when solar flares have taken place.

text: The seven stars that make up the constellation's distinctive crown-shaped pattern are all 4th-magnitude stars except for the brightest of them, Alpha Coronae Borealis. The other six stars are Theta, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Iota Coronae Borealis. The German cartographer Johann Bayer gave twenty stars in Corona Borealis Bayer designations from Alpha to Upsilon in his 1603 star atlas Uranometria. Zeta Coronae Borealis was noted to be a double star by later astronomers and its components designated Zeta and Zeta. John Flamsteed did likewise with Nu Coronae Borealis; classed by Bayer as a single star, it was noted to be two close stars by Flamsteed. He named them 20 and 21 Coronae Borealis in his catalogue, alongside the designations Nu and Nu respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding Pi and Rho Coronae Borealis. Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.

text: The seven stars that make up the constellation's distinctive crown-shaped pattern are all 4th-magnitude stars except for the brightest of them,

text: Alpha Coronae Borealis

text: . The other six stars are

text: Theta

text: Beta

text: Gamma

text: Delta

text: Epsilon

text: and

text: Iota Coronae Borealis

text: . The German cartographer

text: Johann Bayer

text: gave twenty stars in Corona Borealis

text: Bayer designation

text: s from Alpha to Upsilon in his 1603

text: star atlas

text: Uranometria

text: . Zeta Coronae Borealis was noted to be a double star by later astronomers and its components designated

text: Zeta

text: and

text: Zeta

text: John Flamsteed

text: did likewise with Nu Coronae Borealis; classed by Bayer as a single star, it was noted to be two close stars by Flamsteed. He named them 20 and 21 Coronae Borealis in

text: his catalogue

text: , alongside the designations

text: Nu

text: and

text: Nu

text: respectively. Chinese astronomers deemed nine stars to make up the asterism, adding

text: Pi

text: and

text: Rho Coronae Borealis

text: . Within the constellation's borders, there are 37 stars brighter than or equal to

text: apparent magnitude

text: Using this model the effective temperature of stars is estimated, defined as the temperature of a black body that yields the same surface flux of energy as the star. If a star were a black body, the same effective temperature would result from any region of the spectrum. For example, comparisons in the B (blue) or V (visible) range lead to the so-called B-V color index, which increases the redder the star, with the Sun having an index of +0.648 ± 0.006. Combining the U (ultraviolet) and the B indices leads to the U-B index, which becomes more negative the hotter the star and the more the UV radiation. Assuming the Sun is a type G2 V star, its U-B index is +0.12. The two indices for two types of stars are compared in the figure with the effective surface temperature of the stars assuming they are black bodies. It can be seen that there is only a rough correlation. For example, for a given B-V index from the blue-visible region of the spectrum., the curves for both types of star lie below the corresponding black-body U-B index that includes the ultraviolet spectrum, showing that both types of star emit less ultraviolet light than a black body with the same B-V index. It is perhaps surprising that they fit a black body curve as well as they do, considering that stars have greatly different temperatures at different depths. For example, the Sun has an effective temperature of 5780 K, which can be compared to the temperature of the photosphere of the Sun (the region generating the light), which ranges from about 5000 K at its outer boundary with the chromosphere to about 9500 K at its inner boundary with the convection zone approximately  deep.

text: Using this model the

text: effective temperature

text: of stars is estimated, defined as the temperature of a black body that yields the same surface flux of energy as the star. If a star were a black body, the same effective temperature would result from any region of the spectrum. For example, comparisons in the B (blue) or V (visible) range lead to the so-called B-V

text: color index

text: , which increases the redder the star, with the Sun having an index of +0.648 ± 0.006. Combining the U (ultraviolet) and the B indices leads to the U-B index, which becomes more negative the hotter the star and the more the UV radiation. Assuming the Sun is a type G2 V star, its U-B index is +0.12. The two indices for two types of stars are compared in the figure with the effective surface temperature of the stars assuming they are black bodies. It can be seen that there is only a rough correlation. For example, for a given B-V index from the blue-visible region of the spectrum., the curves for both types of star lie below the corresponding black-body U-B index that includes the ultraviolet spectrum, showing that both types of star emit less ultraviolet light than a black body with the same B-V index. It is perhaps surprising that they fit a black body curve as well as they do, considering that stars have greatly different temperatures at different depths. For example, the Sun has an effective temperature of 5780 K, which can be compared to the temperature of the

text: photosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: (the region generating the light), which ranges from about 5000 K at its outer boundary with the

text: chromosphere

text: to about 9500 K at its inner boundary with the

text: convection zone

text: approximately  deep.

text: Corona was a 40-gun  frigate of the Italian Navy. The French built her in Venice in 1807 for the Venetian Navy. The British captured Corona at the Battle of Lissa and took her into the Royal Navy as HMS Daedalus. She grounded and sank off Ceylon in 1813 while escorting a convoy.

text: Corona was a 40-gun

text: frigate

text: of the

text: Italian Navy

text: . The French built her in

text: Venice

text: in 1807 for the

text: Venetian Navy

text: . The British captured Corona at the

text: Battle of Lissa

text: and took her into the

text: Royal Navy

text: as HMS Daedalus. She grounded and sank off

text: Ceylon

text: in 1813 while escorting a convoy.

text: Sun Jing had five sons: Sun Hao, Sun Yu, Sun Jiao, Sun Huan and Sun Qian.

text: Sun Jing

text: had five sons: Sun Hao,

text: Sun Yu

text: Sun Jiao

text: Sun Huan

text: and Sun Qian.

text: Proxima Centauri's chromosphere is active, and its spectrum displays a strong emission line of singly ionized magnesium at a wavelength of 280 nm. About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the solar cycle. Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the corona temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona. However, Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs, which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 years, since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its stellar rotation rate decreases. The activity level also appears to vary with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.

text: Proxima Centauri's

text: chromosphere

text: is active, and its

text: spectrum

text: displays a strong

text: emission line

text: of singly ionized

text: magnesium

text: at a wavelength of 280

text: nm

text: . About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the

text: solar cycle

text: . Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the

text: corona

text: temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona. However, Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs, which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 years, since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its

text: stellar rotation

text: rate decreases. The activity level also appears to vary with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.

text: Sun's Open Storage products are a combination of their server technologies and customized software.  Many of the features of these products reside within the core Solaris. Additional storage specific features have been added to create a complete integrated product.  Core features provided by Solaris include the operating environment, the ZFS file-system, an analytics tool based on Dtrace, the Network File System (NFS) and SMB protocol interfaces and other core features.

text: Sun's Open Storage products are a combination of their server technologies and customized software.  Many of the features of these products reside within the core

text: Solaris

text: . Additional storage specific features have been added to create a complete integrated product.  Core features provided by Solaris include the operating environment, the

text: ZFS

text: file-system, an analytics tool based on

text: Dtrace

text: , the

text: Network File System

text: (NFS) and

text: SMB

text: protocol interfaces and other core features.

text: The stellar classification of the primary star is F7 V, which means it is a main sequence star like the Sun. It is some 2.8 billion years old and shines with 3.66 times the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 6,455 K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star.

text: The

text: stellar classification

text: of the primary star is F7 V, which means it is a

text: main sequence star

text: like the Sun. It is some 2.8 billion years old and shines with 3.66 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: is 6,455 K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an

text: F-type star

text: The surface magnetic activity on this star is similar to what is observed on the Sun. Magnetic features on the surface have been detected using asteroseismology that appear to be starspots (the stellar equivalent to sunspots on the Sun).

text: The

text: surface magnetic activity

text: on this star is similar to what is observed on the Sun. Magnetic features on the surface have been detected using

text: asteroseismology

text: that appear to be

text: starspot

text: s (the stellar equivalent to

text: sunspot

text: s on the Sun).

text: Other large solar flares also occurred on April 2, 2001 (X20), October 28, 2003 (X17.2 and 10), September 7, 2005 (X17), February 17, 2011 (X2), August 9, 2011 (X6.9), March 7, 2012 (X5.4), July 6, 2012 (X1.1). On July 6, 2012, a solar storm hit just after midnight UK time, when an X1.1 solar flare fired out of the AR1515 sunspot. Another X1.4 solar flare from AR 1520 region of the Sun, second in the week, reached the Earth on July 15, 2012 with a geomagnetic storm of G1–G2 level. A X1.8-class flare was recorded on October 24, 2012. There has been major solar flare activity in early 2013, notably within a 48-hour period starting on May 12, 2013, a total of four X-class solar flares were emitted ranging from an X1.2 and upwards of an X3.2, the latter of which was one of the largest year 2013 flares. Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046 erupted on April 25, 2014 at 0032 UT, producing a strong X1.3-class solar flare and an HF communications blackout on the dayside of Earth. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a flash of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the explosion.

text: Other large solar flares also occurred on April 2, 2001 (X20), October 28, 2003 (X17.2 and 10), September 7, 2005 (X17), February 17, 2011 (X2), August 9, 2011 (X6.9), March 7, 2012 (X5.4), July 6, 2012 (X1.1). On July 6, 2012, a solar storm hit just after midnight UK time, when an X1.1 solar flare fired out of the AR1515 sunspot. Another X1.4 solar flare from AR 1520 region of the Sun, second in the week, reached the Earth on July 15, 2012 with a

text: geomagnetic storm

text: of G1–G2 level. A X1.8-class flare was recorded on October 24, 2012. There has been major solar flare activity in early 2013, notably within a 48-hour period starting on May 12, 2013, a total of four X-class solar flares were emitted ranging from an X1.2 and upwards of an X3.2, the latter of which was one of the largest year 2013 flares. Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046 erupted on April 25, 2014 at 0032 UT, producing a strong X1.3-class solar flare and an HF communications blackout on the dayside of Earth. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a flash of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the explosion.

text: This is consistent with the Second Law, which requires that the total disorder of a system and its surroundings must increase with time. Order can be created in a system by an even greater decrease in order of the systems surroundings. In the hurricane example, hurricanes are formed from unequal heating within the atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is then far from thermal equilibrium. The order of the Earth's atmosphere increases, but at the expense of the order of the sun. The sun is becoming more disorderly as it ages and throws off light and material to the rest of the universe. The total disorder of the sun and the earth increases despite the fact that orderly hurricanes are generated on earth.

text: This is consistent with the Second Law, which requires that the total disorder of a system and its surroundings must increase with time. Order can be created in a system by an even greater decrease in order of the systems surroundings. In the hurricane example, hurricanes are formed from unequal heating within the atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is then far from

text: thermal equilibrium

text: . The order of the Earth's atmosphere increases, but at the expense of the order of the sun. The sun is becoming more disorderly as it ages and throws off light and material to the rest of the universe. The total disorder of the sun and the earth increases despite the fact that orderly hurricanes are generated on earth.

text: The flame flower is not considered easy to grow. In some places it thrives and in others it fails completely. It does particularly well in Scotland and has been called the "Scottish flame flower" and the "glory of the Highlands". It will grow in full sun or partial sun but likes a cool moist root run and is suited to acid or neutral soils. It can be propagated from seed or by division. The plant cannot tolerate lengthy periods of snow cover but is hardy down to a temperature of about . It is in USDA Hardiness Zone 8.  It must be considered as such because during dormancy it generally retreats to a small underground tuber, where frost often does not penetrate.

text: The flame flower is not considered easy to grow. In some places it thrives and in others it fails completely. It does particularly well in

text: Scotland

text: and has been called the "Scottish flame flower" and the "glory of the Highlands". It will grow in full sun or partial sun but likes a cool moist root run and is suited to acid or neutral soils. It can be

text: propagated

text: from seed or by division. The plant cannot tolerate lengthy periods of snow cover but is hardy down to a temperature of about . It is in

text: USDA Hardiness Zone

text: 8.  It must be considered as such because during dormancy it generally retreats to a small underground tuber, where frost often does not penetrate.

text: Unfortunately for Sun Jian, one of his soldiers went and told Yuan Shao about it, and was heavily rewarded. During a meeting on the following day, Sun Jian cited health problems as an excuse to return to Changsha, to which Yuan Shao remarked sarcastically, "I know you're ill because of the Imperial Seal", causing Sun to be stunned. After rounds of accusations and denials, Yuan Shao and Sun Jian's men drew swords in preparation for a fight, but the conflict was defused by the rest of the coalition members. Sun Jian then quickly fled from Luoyang with his men. In anger, Yuan Shao sent a letter to Liu Biao of Jing Province, asking Liu Biao to intercept Sun on the way and take him into custody. This gave rise to the conflict between Sun Jian and Liu Biao, which eventually culminated in the death of Sun at the Battle of Xiangyang.

text: Unfortunately for Sun Jian, one of his soldiers went and told Yuan Shao about it, and was heavily rewarded. During a meeting on the following day, Sun Jian cited health problems as an excuse to return to Changsha, to which Yuan Shao remarked sarcastically, "I know you're ill because of the Imperial Seal", causing Sun to be stunned. After rounds of accusations and denials, Yuan Shao and Sun Jian's men drew swords in preparation for a fight, but the conflict was defused by the rest of the coalition members. Sun Jian then quickly fled from Luoyang with his men. In anger, Yuan Shao sent a letter to

text: Liu Biao

text: of Jing Province, asking Liu Biao to intercept Sun on the way and take him into custody. This gave rise to the conflict between Sun Jian and Liu Biao, which eventually culminated in the death of Sun at the

text: Battle of Xiangyang

text: Sun Qiang had two sons: Sun Ben and Sun Fu. Sun Ben was elder than Sun Fu.

text: Sun Qiang

text: had two sons:

text: Sun Ben

text: and

text: Sun Fu

text: . Sun Ben was elder than Sun Fu.

text: Helioseismology can also be used to image the far side of the Sun from the Earth, including sunspots. In simple terms, sunspots absorb helioseismic waves. This sunspot absorption causes a seismic deficit that can be imaged at the antipode of the sunspot. To facilitate spaceweather forecasting, seismic images of the central portion of the solar far side have been produced nearly continuously since late 2000 by analysing data from the SOHO spacecraft, and since 2001 the entire far side has been imaged with this data.

text: Helioseismology can also be used to image the far side of the Sun from the Earth, including

text: sunspot

text: s. In simple terms, sunspots absorb helioseismic waves. This sunspot absorption causes a seismic deficit that can be imaged at the

text: antipode

text: of the sunspot. To facilitate spaceweather forecasting, seismic images of the central portion of the solar far side have been produced nearly continuously since late 2000 by analysing data from the

text: SOHO spacecraft

text: , and since 2001 the entire far side has been imaged with this data.

text: The core produces almost all of the Sun's heat via fusion: the rest of the star is heated by the outward transfer of heat from the core. The energy produced by fusion in the core, except a small part carried out by neutrinos, must travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or kinetic energy of particles. The energy conversion per unit time (power) of fusion in the core varies with distance from the solar center. At the center of the Sun, fusion power is estimated by models to be about 276.5 watts/m. Despite its intense temperature, the peak power generating density of the core overall is similar to an active compost heap, and is lower than the power density produced by the metabolism of an adult human. The Sun is much hotter than a compost heap due to the Sun's enormous volume.

text: The core produces almost all of the Sun's

text: heat

text: via

text: fusion

text: : the rest of the star is heated by the outward transfer of heat from the core. The energy produced by fusion in the core, except a small part carried out by

text: neutrinos

text: , must travel through many successive layers to the

text: solar photosphere

text: before it escapes into space as

text: sunlight

text: or

text: kinetic energy

text: of particles. The energy conversion per unit time (power) of fusion in the core varies with distance from the solar center. At the center of the Sun, fusion power is estimated by models to be about 276.5 watts/m. Despite its intense temperature, the peak power generating density of the core overall is similar to an active

text: compost heap

text: , and is lower than the power density produced by the metabolism of an adult human. The Sun is much hotter than a compost heap due to the Sun's enormous volume.

text: It is a subgiant of spectral type G8 IV, meaning it is about to stop fusing hydrogen in its core and is starting the process of becoming a red giant. Because of that, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the Sun even though the effective temperature of its outer atmosphere is lower, at 5,604 K. It has 99.1% of the Sun's mass and 122% of the Sun's radius. The surface convection zone extends downward to about 43.1% of the star's radius, but only contains 4.8% of the star's mass.

text: It is a

text: subgiant

text: of

text: spectral type

text: G8 IV, meaning it is about to stop

text: fusing

text: hydrogen

text: in its core and is starting the process of becoming a

text: red giant

text: . Because of that, Delta Pavonis is 22% brighter than the Sun even though the

text: effective temperature

text: of its

text: outer atmosphere

text: is lower, at 5,604 K. It has 99.1% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 122% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: . The surface

text: convection zone

text: extends downward to about 43.1% of the star's radius, but only contains 4.8% of the star's mass.

text: The most rapid part of the Sun's expansion into a red giant will occur during the final stages, when the Sun will be about 12 billion years old. It is likely to expand to swallow both Mercury and Venus, reaching a maximum radius of . The Earth will interact tidally with the Sun's outer atmosphere, which would serve to decrease Earth's orbital radius. Drag from the chromosphere of the Sun would also reduce the Earth's orbit. These effects will act to counterbalance the effect of mass loss by the Sun, and the Earth will probably be engulfed by the Sun.

text: The most rapid part of the Sun's expansion into a red giant will occur during the final stages, when the Sun will be about 12 billion years old. It is likely to expand to swallow both

text: Mercury

text: and Venus, reaching a maximum radius of . The Earth will interact tidally with the Sun's outer atmosphere, which would serve to decrease Earth's orbital radius. Drag from the

text: chromosphere

text: of the Sun would also reduce

text: the Earth's orbit

text: . These effects will act to counterbalance the effect of mass loss by the Sun, and the Earth will probably be engulfed by the Sun.

text: WASP-13 has a mass that is 1.03 times the mass of the Sun and a radius that is 1.34 times the Sun's radius. Measurements of its lithium content suggest that the star has used up all of its helium and is now fusing lithium in the shell around its core. With this, its estimated age is 8.5 billion years, over twice the age of the Sun, but this age may vary to any point between 4.4 and 14 billion years in age because of the high uncertainty surrounding this aspect of the star's age.

text: WASP-13 has a mass that is 1.03

text: times

text: the mass of the Sun and a radius that is 1.34

text: times

text: the Sun's radius. Measurements of its

text: lithium

text: content suggest that the star has used up all of its helium and is now fusing lithium in the shell around its core. With this, its estimated age is 8.5 billion years, over twice the age of the Sun, but this age may vary to any point between 4.4 and 14 billion years in age because of the high uncertainty surrounding this aspect of the star's age.

text: Back in the Sun, David is kicking Solid Light sculptures into a plasma fountain. The Ranger crashes through the wall into David, followed by some imaginary creatures called Gell-Mann ghosts. The Ranger is trying to get to Saturn (other side of the Sun), to deliverer a message to the Cassini Space Core Commander. The Gell-Mann ghosts (nasty creatures) surround them. The only way to escape is to give the message scroll to David, and ask him to deliver it while the Ranger holds the ghosts at bay. David sails through the sun and encounters a "surfer dude" Solar Proton, Jammer (voiced by Hayden Christensen), who surfs the solar winds.

text: Back in the Sun, David is kicking

text: Solid Light

text: sculptures

text: into a

text: plasma fountain

text: . The Ranger crashes through the wall into David, followed by some imaginary creatures called Gell-Mann

text: ghosts

text: . The Ranger is trying to get to

text: Saturn

text: (other side of the Sun), to deliverer a message to the Cassini Space Core Commander. The Gell-Mann ghosts (nasty creatures) surround them. The only way to escape is to give the message scroll to David, and ask him to deliver it while the Ranger holds the ghosts at bay. David sails through the sun and encounters a "surfer dude" Solar Proton, Jammer (voiced by

text: Hayden Christensen

text: ), who surfs the solar winds.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed over the Sun's surface or the solar limb, which is interpreted as an energy release of up to 6 × 10 joules of energy (about a sixth of the total Sun's energy output each second or 160 billion megatons of TNT equivalent, over 25,000 times more energy than released from the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter). They may be followed by a coronal mass ejection. The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions and atoms through the corona into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event. Similar phenomena in other stars are known as stellar flares.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed over the Sun's surface or the

text: solar limb

text: , which is interpreted as an energy release of up to 6 × 10

text: joule

text: s of

text: energy

text: (about a sixth of the

text: total Sun's energy output each second

text: or 160 billion megatons of

text: TNT

text: equivalent, over 25,000 times more energy than released from the impact of

text: Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

text: with Jupiter). They may be followed by a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions and atoms through the corona into space. These clouds typically reach

text: Earth

text: a day or two after the event. Similar phenomena in other stars are known as stellar flares.

text: Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about  to around .  When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "metals" (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.

text: Red giants are evolved from

text: main-sequence

text: stars with masses in the range from about  to around .  When a star initially

text: forms

text: from a collapsing

text: molecular cloud

text: in the

text: interstellar medium

text: , it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "

text: metals

text: " (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e.

text: atomic number

text: greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin

text: fusing hydrogen

text: (a few million kelvin) and establishes

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the

text: Sun

text: , the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.

text: After the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left, but much happens. First, the core, full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash, where it is estimated that 6% of the core, itself 40% of the Sun's mass, will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple-alpha process. The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity, with a temperature a little lower than today. It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch, but a star of the Sun's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch. Instead, it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core.

text: After the red-giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left, but much happens. First, the core, full of

text: degenerate

text: helium ignites violently in the

text: helium flash

text: , where it is estimated that 6% of the core, itself 40% of the Sun's mass, will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the

text: triple-alpha process

text: . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity, with a temperature a little lower than today. It will then have reached the

text: red clump

text: or

text: horizontal branch

text: , but a star of the Sun's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch. Instead, it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core.

text: This is an F-type bright giant star with a stellar classification of F6 II. It has an estimated radius 24 times that of the Sun, and shines with more than a thousand times the Sun's luminosity. The outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 5,386 K.

text: This is an

text: F-type

text: bright giant

text: star with a

text: stellar classification

text: of F6 II. It has an estimated radius 24 times that of the Sun, and shines with more than a thousand times the Sun's luminosity. The

text: outer atmosphere

text: has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5,386 K.

text: Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at a northern latitude, when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky. This results in warmer average temperatures, as additional solar radiation reaches the surface. When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun, the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle, an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year. This is called a polar night. This variation in the weather (because of the direction of the Earth's axial tilt) results in the seasons.

text: Because of Earth's

text: axial tilt

text: (often known as the obliquity of the

text: ecliptic

text: ), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at a northern latitude, when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky. This results in warmer average temperatures, as additional solar radiation reaches the surface. When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun, the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler. Above the

text: Arctic Circle

text: and below the

text: Antarctic Circle

text: , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year. This is called a

text: polar night

text: . This variation in the weather (because of the direction of the Earth's axial tilt) results in the

text: season

text: s.

text: Corona is the closest habitation to a purported UFO crash in 1947 about 30 miles (48 km) to the southeast. (See Roswell UFO incident) The rancher who found the crash first came to Corona to report it to a few residents before going to Roswell to tell officials there.

text: Corona is the closest habitation to a purported

text: UFO

text: crash in 1947 about 30 miles (48 km) to the southeast. (See

text: Roswell UFO incident

text: ) The rancher who found the crash first came to Corona to report it to a few residents before going to

text: Roswell

text: to tell officials there.

text: In 1917, James Hopwood Jeans argued that only a very close approach of a second star was necessary to eject material, instead of requiring solar prominences.  In 1939, Lyman Spitzer showed that a column of material drawn out from the sun would dissipate rather than condense. By this time the theory had mostly fallen out of favor, and in the 1940s, the work of Henry Norris Russell showed that if the solar material had been pulled away from the sun with the force necessary to account for the angular momentum of Jupiter, the material would have continued out of the solar system entirely.

text: In 1917,

text: James Hopwood Jeans

text: argued that only a very close approach of a second star was necessary to eject material, instead of requiring solar prominences.  In 1939,

text: Lyman Spitzer

text: showed that a column of material drawn out from the sun would dissipate rather than condense. By this time the theory had mostly fallen out of favor, and in the 1940s, the work of

text: Henry Norris Russell

text: showed that if the solar material had been pulled away from the sun with the force necessary to account for the angular momentum of Jupiter, the material would have continued out of the solar system entirely.

text: Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation. Outgoing energy is an important effect in the Earth's energy budget. In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. Convective transport of heat and evaporative transport of latent heat both remove heat from the surface and redistribute it in the atmosphere.

text: Radiative cooling

text: is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation.

text: Outgoing

text: energy is an important effect in the

text: Earth's energy budget

text: . In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. Convective transport of heat and evaporative transport of latent heat both remove heat from the surface and redistribute it in the atmosphere.

text: His son Ar-Radi took over only to experience a cascade of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the tool of the de facto ruling Minister, Ibn Raik (amir al-umara; 'Amir of the Amirs'). Ibn Raik held the reins of government and his name was joined with the Caliph's in public prayers. Around this period, the Hanbalis, supported by popular sentiment, set up in fact a kind of 'Sunni inquisition'. Ar-Radi is commonly regarded as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies, to commune with philosophers, to discuss the questions of the day, to take counsel on the affairs of State;  to distribute alms, or to temper the severity of cruel officers. Thus ended the Early Baghdad Abbasids.

text: His son

text: Ar-Radi

text: took over only to experience a cascade of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the tool of the de facto ruling Minister,

text: Ibn Raik

text: amir al-umara

text: ; 'Amir of the Amirs'). Ibn Raik held the reins of government and his name was joined with the Caliph's in public prayers. Around this period, the

text: Hanbali

text: s, supported by popular sentiment, set up in fact a kind of 'Sunni inquisition'. Ar-Radi is commonly regarded as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies, to commune with philosophers, to discuss the questions of the day, to take counsel on the affairs of State;  to distribute

text: alms

text: , or to temper the severity of cruel officers. Thus ended the Early Baghdad Abbasids.

text: A vertical scan of the atmosphere was obtained by tracking the sun during occultation. The scan will measure the amount of solar energy absorbed by gases in the atmosphere.

text: The head which is produced by the solar furnace is considered to be very clean, without and pollutants. There are different ways of using this energy, such as hydrogen fuel production, foundry applications and high temperature testing. “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” (which is sometimes called as the sun institute of Uzbekistan) can deal up with all the facilities which are listed above, and can save a lot of recourses, when it is used for melting the metal. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan is a complex optical and mechanical construction, which is supplied with the automatically controlled systems, and it consists of 63 various flat mirrors which track the sun in unison and redirect the solar thermal energy towards the crucible. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan was first opened in the year of 1981 on May, and it is located 1100 meters above the sea level. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan covers huge area on the mountains, and consists of 4 complex subdivisions, which are: the main building of “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan”, heliostatic field, concentrator and manufacturing tower. The “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” was ready for consumption in 6 years, which means it was built between the years of 1981 and 1987. The place for the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” is chosen carefully, because the sun shines there for 270 days a year. The small solar furnace at the complex has the diameter of 2 meters. The heliostatic field of the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” currently consists of about 62 heliostats which are installed in a staggered order. The field uses 12090 mirrors in total, and Is the largest concentrator in the world with the area of 1849 square meters. The concentrator at the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” uses 10700 mirrors, and the southern part of the concentrator is covered with special sunscreens. The whole “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” is controlled by the employees from the laboratory which is located on the 6th floor, and the observation ground is located on the highest spot.

text: The head which is produced by the solar furnace is considered to be very clean, without and pollutants. There are different ways of using this energy, such as hydrogen fuel production, foundry applications and high temperature testing. “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” (which is sometimes called as the sun institute of Uzbekistan) can deal up with all the facilities which are listed above, and can save a lot of recourses, when it is used for melting the metal. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan is a complex optical and mechanical construction, which is supplied with the automatically controlled systems, and it consists of 63 various flat mirrors which track the

text: sun

text: in unison and redirect the solar thermal energy towards the crucible. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan was first opened in the year of 1981 on May, and it is located 1100 meters above the sea level. Solar furnace of Uzbekistan covers huge area on the mountains, and consists of 4 complex subdivisions, which are: the main building of “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan”, heliostatic field, concentrator and manufacturing tower. The “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” was ready for consumption in 6 years, which means it was built between the years of 1981 and 1987. The place for the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” is chosen carefully, because the sun shines there for 270 days a year. The small solar furnace at the complex has the diameter of 2 meters. The heliostatic field of the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” currently consists of about 62 heliostats which are installed in a staggered order. The field uses 12090 mirrors in total, and Is the largest concentrator in the world with the area of 1849 square meters. The concentrator at the “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” uses 10700 mirrors, and the southern part of the concentrator is covered with special sunscreens. The whole “Solar furnace of Uzbekistan” is controlled by the employees from the laboratory which is located on the 6th floor, and the observation ground is located on the highest spot.

text: The 1975–76 Phoenix Suns season was the eighth season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. The season included an improbable run to the NBA Finals by a team that had never won a playoff series and made the playoffs only one other season in the franchise's existence. With a regular season record of 42–40, the Suns had finished third in the Pacific division standings and improved upon last season's win total by 10 games. The ensuing playoff run took plenty by surprise, including a seven-game series win against the Western Conference's top seed Golden State Warriors, a team that had finished 17 games ahead of the Suns in the divisional standings. The franchise's first Finals appearance pitted them against a 12-time champion in the Boston Celtics, whose roster featured three players from that season's All-Star Game. The 1976 NBA Finals would feature a memorable Game 5 triple-overtime thriller filled with controversies in which the Suns narrowly lost. Returning home for Game 6, the demoralized Suns would lose Game 6 and the series but not before endearing a generation of fans to the Suns franchise and showcasing a basketball from the desert southwest. The team's "Cinderella" season earned them the nickname Sunderella Suns. John MacLeod was head coach and the Suns played their home games at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1975–76 Phoenix Suns season was the eighth season for the Phoenix Suns of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . The season included an improbable run to the

text: NBA Finals

text: by a team that had never won a playoff series and made the playoffs only one other season in the franchise's existence. With a regular season record of 42–40, the Suns had finished third in the

text: Pacific

text: division standings and improved upon

text: last season's

text: win total by 10 games. The ensuing playoff run took plenty by surprise, including a seven-game series win against the

text: Western Conference

text: 's top seed

text: Golden State Warriors

text: , a team that had finished 17 games ahead of the Suns in the divisional standings. The franchise's first Finals appearance pitted them against a 12-time champion in the

text: Boston Celtics

text: , whose roster featured three players from that season's

text: All-Star Game

text: . The

text: 1976 NBA Finals

text: would feature a memorable Game 5 triple-overtime thriller filled with controversies in which the Suns narrowly lost. Returning home for Game 6, the demoralized Suns would lose Game 6 and the series but not before endearing a generation of fans to the Suns franchise and showcasing a basketball from the

text: desert southwest

text: . The team's

text: "Cinderella"

text: season earned them the nickname Sunderella Suns.

text: John MacLeod

text: was

text: head coach

text: and the Suns played their home games at

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: The Sun Devils took over possession at their own thirty-one, beginning with an incomplete pass from Kelley to Grice. ASU followed the play with a hand-off to Grice, who took the ball eighteen yards for a first down. Grice ran the ball on the following play, picking up five yards and moving the Sun Devils into Navy territory. T. J. Foster was injured on the next play due to a head-to-head collision while trying to catch a pass from Kelley, and Arizona State accepted a fifteen-yard penalty for the helmet-to-helmet collision. However, Foster suffered a concussion on the play, and had to leave for the rest of the game. Following the penalty, Kelley kept the ball and ran for an eleven-yard pickup, again getting his team into the red zone. ASU's following two plays both resulted in gains of two yards, one on a run from Grice and the other on a pass from Kelley to Coyle. Facing a third and long, Kelley threw to Grice, who picked up 14 yards and the first down. Now two yards from the end zone, Grice was stopped immediately on a run, managing only to fall forward for a yard's gain. Kelley picked up the remaining yard on a keep on the next play, scoring the Sun Devils' third touchdown of the quarter. Garoutte made the extra point and kicked off to Greene, who only managed to return it to his own sixteen. Navy ended the quarter with a two-yard loss on a run by Reynolds.

text: The Sun Devils took over possession at their own thirty-one, beginning with an incomplete pass from Kelley to Grice. ASU followed the play with a hand-off to Grice, who took the ball eighteen yards for a first down. Grice ran the ball on the following play, picking up five yards and moving the Sun Devils into Navy territory. T. J. Foster was injured on the next play due to a head-to-head collision while trying to catch a pass from Kelley, and Arizona State accepted a fifteen-yard

text: penalty

text: for the

text: helmet-to-helmet collision

text: . However, Foster suffered a concussion on the play, and had to leave for the rest of the game. Following the penalty, Kelley kept the ball and ran for an eleven-yard pickup, again getting his team into the red zone. ASU's following two plays both resulted in gains of two yards, one on a run from Grice and the other on a pass from Kelley to Coyle. Facing a third and long, Kelley threw to Grice, who picked up 14 yards and the first down. Now two yards from the end zone, Grice was stopped immediately on a run, managing only to fall forward for a yard's gain. Kelley picked up the remaining yard on a keep on the next play, scoring the Sun Devils' third touchdown of the quarter. Garoutte made the extra point and kicked off to Greene, who only managed to return it to his own sixteen. Navy ended the quarter with a two-yard loss on a run by Reynolds.

text: The forbidden zone is the region on the HR diagram to the right of the Hayashi track where no star in hydrostatic equilibrium, even those that are partially or fully radiative, can be.  Newborn protostars start out in this zone, but are not in hydrostatic equilibrium and will rapidly move towards the Hayashi track.

text: The forbidden zone is the region on the HR diagram to the right of the Hayashi track where no star in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , even those that are partially or fully radiative, can be.  Newborn

text: protostar

text: s start out in this zone, but are not in hydrostatic equilibrium and will rapidly move towards the Hayashi track.

text: Coronal loops form the basic structure of the lower corona and transition region of the Sun. These highly structured and elegant loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar magnetic flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the solar cycle, it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with sunspots at their footpoints. Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) observed X-rays in the 0.25-4.0 keV range, resolving solar features to 2.5 arc seconds with a temporal resolution of 0.5–2 seconds. SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2-4 MK temperature range, making it an ideal observational platform to compare with data collected from TRACE coronal loops radiating in the EUV wavelengths.

text: Coronal loop

text: s form the basic structure of the lower

text: corona

text: and

text: transition region

text: of the Sun. These highly structured and elegant loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar

text: magnetic

text: flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the

text: solar cycle

text: , it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with

text: sunspots

text: at their footpoints. Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. The

text: Yohkoh

text: Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) observed X-rays in the 0.25-4.0

text: keV

text: range, resolving solar features to 2.5 arc seconds with a temporal resolution of 0.5–2 seconds. SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2-4 MK temperature range, making it an ideal observational platform to compare with data collected from

text: TRACE

text: coronal loops radiating in the EUV wavelengths.

text: Galileo made naked-eye and telescopic studies of sunspots. Their existence raised another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as posited in orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics. An apparent annual variation in their trajectories, observed by  Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612–1613, also provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe. A dispute over claimed priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner.  In the middle was Mark Welser, to whom Scheiner had announced his discovery, and who asked Galileo for his opinion. In fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes.

text: Galileo made naked-eye and telescopic studies of

text: sunspot

text: s. Their existence raised another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as posited in orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics. An apparent annual variation in their trajectories, observed by

text: Francesco Sizzi

text: and others in 1612–1613, also provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of

text: Tycho Brahe

text: . A dispute over claimed priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the

text: Jesuit

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: .  In the middle was

text: Mark Welser

text: , to whom Scheiner had announced his discovery, and who asked Galileo for his opinion. In fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by

text: David Fabricius

text: and his son

text: Johannes

text: The chromosphere (literally, "sphere of color") is the second of the three main layers in the Sun's atmosphere and is roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers deep. The chromosphere's rosy red color is only apparent during eclipses. The Chromosphere sits just above the photosphere and below the solar transition region. The layer of the chromosphere atop the photosphere is homogeneous. A forest of hairy appearing spicules rise from the homogeneous layer some of which extend 10,000 km into the corona above.

text: The chromosphere (literally, "sphere of color") is the second of the three main layers in the

text: Sun

text: 's atmosphere and is roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers deep. The chromosphere's rosy red color is only apparent during eclipses. The Chromosphere sits just above the

text: photosphere

text: and below the

text: solar transition region

text: . The layer of the chromosphere atop the photosphere is homogeneous. A forest of hairy appearing spicules rise from the homogeneous layer some of which extend 10,000 km into the corona above.

text: where G is direct irradiation from the sun, G is diffuse irradiation from nearby surroundings being heated up by the sun, and G is the reflected irradiation from other nearby surfaces… If all that is to be considered is the flat surface of Earth, then the equation turns into the following equation:

text: A partial solar eclipse took place on Monday, 19 April 2004. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.It was largely visible over the south Atlantic Ocean and north shores of Antarctica, most prominently the Antarctic Peninsula. The eclipse was deep enough to be seen from a large portion of southern Africa, with over 50% totality at Cape Town, South Africa approximately 4:10 PM. However, the eclipse remained visible to cities such as Harare, Maseru, Durban, and Bloemfontein, although to a much lesser extent.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: took place on Monday, 19 April 2004. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.It was largely visible over the south

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and north shores of

text: Antarctica

text: , most prominently the

text: Antarctic Peninsula

text: . The eclipse was deep enough to be seen from a large portion of southern

text: Africa

text: , with over 50% totality at

text: Cape Town

text: South Africa

text: approximately 4:10 PM. However, the eclipse remained visible to cities such as

text: Harare

text: Maseru

text: Durban

text: , and

text: Bloemfontein

text: , although to a much lesser extent.

text: The location of the intertropical convergence zone varies over time.  Over land, it moves back and forth across the equator  following the sun's zenith point.  Over the oceans, where the convergence zone is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures. Sometimes, a double ITCZ forms, with one located north and another south of the equator.  When this occurs, a narrow ridge of high pressure forms between the two convergence zones, one of which is usually stronger than the other.

text: The location of the intertropical convergence zone varies over time.  Over land, it moves back and forth across the equator  following the sun's

text: zenith

text: point.  Over the oceans, where the convergence zone is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures. Sometimes, a double ITCZ forms, with one located north and another south of the equator.  When this occurs, a narrow ridge of high pressure forms between the two convergence zones, one of which is usually stronger than the other.

text: The Towson United Methodist Church announced plans in 2008 to sell  of undeveloped, wooded property it owns on Hampton Lane to a developer, who plans to construct a senior housing complex there. A zoning change application has been submitted to Baltimore County officials to allow 16 residential units per acre (current zoning limits density to two residential units per acre). The president of the Hampton Improvement Association, representing neighborhood residents, said his group is "focused on the zoning issues and what that could do to the character of Hampton", saying they "oppose zoning changes that would allow higher density residential development and require trees to be knocked down". A spokesman for The Shelter Group, the developer, said they are cognizant of the neighbors' concerns and "look forward to coming up with a resolution that will work for everyone". The church's senior pastor, Rev. David Cooney, told the Baltimore Sun, "We entered into this with Shelter, believing this is a good use for the land — that this is a good company and a needed service". The County Council will rule on the zoning change, after planning staff evaluation and public hearings, in September 2008.

text: The

text: Towson United Methodist Church

text: announced plans in 2008 to sell  of undeveloped, wooded property it owns on Hampton Lane to a developer, who plans to construct a senior housing complex there. A zoning change application has been submitted to Baltimore County officials to allow 16 residential units per acre (current zoning limits density to two residential units per acre). The president of the Hampton Improvement Association, representing neighborhood residents, said his group is "focused on the zoning issues and what that could do to the character of Hampton", saying they "oppose zoning changes that would allow higher density residential development and require trees to be knocked down". A spokesman for The Shelter Group, the developer, said they are cognizant of the neighbors' concerns and "look forward to coming up with a resolution that will work for everyone". The church's senior pastor, Rev. David Cooney, told the

text: Baltimore Sun

text: , "We entered into this with Shelter, believing this is a good use for the land — that this is a good company and a needed service". The County Council will rule on the zoning change, after planning staff evaluation and public hearings, in September 2008.

text: Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling plasma voids that are sometimes observed in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona, during solar flares. In solar physics, an “arcade” refers to a bundle of coronal loops, and the prefix “supra” indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first described in 1999 using the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the Yohkoh satellite. SADs are byproducts of the magnetic reconnection process that drives solar flares, but their precise cause remains unknown.

text: Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling

text: plasma

text: voids that are sometimes observed in the

text: Sun’s

text: outer

text: atmosphere

text: , or

text: corona

text: , during

text: solar flare

text: s. In

text: solar physics

text: , an “arcade” refers to a bundle of

text: coronal loop

text: s, and the prefix “

text: supra

text: ” indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first described in 1999 using the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the

text: Yohkoh

text: satellite. SADs are byproducts of the

text: magnetic reconnection

text: process that drives

text: solar flare

text: s, but their precise cause remains unknown.

text: are about nanoseconds, and these short radiative lifetimes favor the radiative recombination of excitons over the non-radiative one. When quantum yield of radiative emission is high, the process can be considered as resonance fluorescence.

text: are about nanoseconds, and these short radiative lifetimes favor the radiative recombination of excitons over the non-radiative one. When

text: quantum yield

text: of radiative emission is high, the process can be considered as

text: resonance fluorescence

text: Solar activity decreased significantly this month. For first time in two years (since December 2010), no X or M-class flares were emitted by the Sun's Earth-facing side (the strongest flare was merely a C4.1). The observed sunspots were 40.8 and the 10.7 cm radio flux values (sfu) were 108.4, the lowest in ten months.

text: Food is grown by the Sun through photosynthesis, which means putting together with light. Ninety-nine percent of all food and fuel is created by the Sun through photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the molecule responsible for photosynthesis though science isn't exactly sire how it works. They believe chlorophyll uses sunlight to combine carbon dioxide molecules with water molecules, along with salts, to create sugars and release oxygen. These sugars form the bulk of a plant including its fruit. Most of these plants are grown in the sea as phytoplankton, which is the food source of zooplankton, which are eaten by fish. All animals survive on food created by the Sun through photosynthesis; either directly by eating plants, or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. The Sun provided the energy for photosynthesis through its light, which was created at the Sun's core. It takes this light 2000 years to make it from the core to the Sun's surface and another eight minutes from the Sun's surface to the earth.

text: Food is grown by the Sun through

text: photosynthesis

text: , which means putting together with light. Ninety-nine percent of all food and fuel is created by the Sun through photosynthesis.

text: Chlorophyll

text: is the

text: molecule

text: responsible for photosynthesis though science isn't exactly sire how it works. They believe chlorophyll uses sunlight to combine

text: carbon dioxide

text: molecules with

text: water

text: molecules, along with salts, to create sugars and release oxygen. These sugars form the bulk of a plant including its fruit. Most of these plants are grown in the sea as

text: phytoplankton

text: , which is the food source of

text: zooplankton

text: , which are eaten by fish. All animals survive on food created by the Sun through photosynthesis; either directly by eating plants, or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. The Sun provided the energy for photosynthesis through its light, which was created at the Sun's core. It takes this light 2000 years to make it from the core to the Sun's surface and another eight minutes from the Sun's surface to the earth.

text: In 2011, The Farm joined forces with others to create the Don't Buy The Sun Gig, at the Olympia in Liverpool, which was part of the continuing protest on Merseyside against The Sun newspaper for its controversial reporting of the Hillsborough disaster 22 years before. This comprised Mick Jones from The Clash, Pete Wylie from The Mighty Wah, John Power and others. This then formed the core of The Justice Tonight Band which toured from 2011 to 2012, including four performances supporting The Stone Roses in their comeback tour in 2012. The Justice Tonight Band headlined the Strummerville festival in 2012 and went on to form The Justice Collective who had the Christmas number 1 with their version of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", a charity single in aid of the families of the victims of the Hillsborough disaster.

text: In 2011, The Farm joined forces with others to create the Don't Buy The Sun Gig, at the Olympia in Liverpool, which was part of the continuing protest on Merseyside against

text: The Sun

text: newspaper for its controversial reporting of the Hillsborough disaster 22 years before. This comprised

text: Mick Jones

text: from

text: The Clash

text: Pete Wylie

text: from The Mighty Wah,

text: John Power

text: and others. This then formed the core of The Justice Tonight Band which toured from 2011 to 2012, including four performances supporting The Stone Roses in their comeback tour in 2012. The Justice Tonight Band headlined the Strummerville festival in 2012 and went on to form

text: The Justice Collective

text: who had the Christmas number 1 with their version of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", a charity single in aid of the families of the victims of the Hillsborough disaster.

text: Both stars are almost certainly true giants, meaning that they have stopped fusing hydrogen to helium in their cores and have expanded to great proportions. Although there has been too little observation of their orbit to calculate their masses, comparison with evolutionary calculations suggests that each are about double the mass of the Sun. Originating from the same interstellar cloud some two billion years ago, the stars have iron contents about a third that of the Sun. It is hard to tell how far along they might be in their life cycle. They both may be fusing helium in their cores, or they could be giants in development, with quiet helium cores that are waiting to fire up. The chemical composition at the surface, which is influenced by age, suggests the former.

text: Both stars are almost certainly true giants, meaning that they have stopped

text: fusing

text: hydrogen

text: to

text: helium

text: in their cores and have expanded to great proportions. Although there has been too little observation of their

text: orbit

text: to calculate their masses, comparison with evolutionary calculations suggests that each are about double the mass of the Sun. Originating from the same interstellar cloud some two billion years ago, the stars have

text: iron

text: contents about a third that of the Sun. It is hard to tell how far along they might be in their life cycle. They both may be fusing helium in their cores, or they could be giants in development, with quiet helium cores that are waiting to fire up. The chemical composition at the surface, which is influenced by age, suggests the former.

text: However the Sun gradually becomes hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core are heavier than the hydrogen atoms they were fused from. This increases the gravitational pressure on the core which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs. This process speeds up over time as the core gradually becomes heavier. It is estimated that the sun has become 30% brighter in the last four and a half billion years and will continue to increase in brightness by 1% every 100 million years.

text: The same term is also used when discussing the interactions of the solar wind with various magnetic fields. For example, beta in the corona of the Sun is about 0.01.

text: The same term is also used when discussing the interactions of the

text: solar wind

text: with various magnetic fields. For example, beta in the corona of the Sun is about 0.01.

text: In the unperturbed solar Atmosphere, the shorter the wavelength the deeper the observation.  Frequencies near the submillimeter range are produced in the lower Chromosphere or even the Photosphere. Therefore, LLAMA observations will bring new information about the structure of the lower Solar Atmosphere, the active and quiescent filaments and the dynamics of the Chromosphere and its Magnetic Field. The possibility to observe Solar Flares at high frequencies with a high sensitive instrument will give clues about the acceleration of the high energetic particles in the Sun, complementing results obtained with the Solar Submillimeter Telescope. In particular the still unexplained spectral inversion above ≈ 100 GHz. A very challenging experiment would be to make VLBI solar observations. For example, in a joint observation between LLAMA and some of the ALMA antennas, a spatial resolution of 0.001" will be achieved for λ ≈ 1 mm, i.e. 700 m over the solar surface, never attained before at any wavelength.

text: In the unperturbed solar Atmosphere, the shorter the wavelength the deeper the observation.  Frequencies near the submillimeter range are produced in the lower

text: Chromosphere

text: or even the

text: Photosphere

text: . Therefore, LLAMA observations will bring new information about the structure of the lower Solar Atmosphere, the

text: active and quiescent filaments

text: and the dynamics of the

text: Chromosphere

text: and its

text: Magnetic Field

text: . The possibility to observe

text: Solar Flares

text: at high frequencies with a high sensitive instrument will give clues about the acceleration of the high energetic particles in the Sun, complementing results obtained with the

text: Solar Submillimeter Telescope

text: . In particular the still unexplained spectral inversion above ≈ 100 GHz. A very challenging experiment would be to make

text: VLBI

text: solar observations. For example, in a joint observation between LLAMA and some of the

text: ALMA

text: antennas, a spatial resolution of 0.001" will be achieved for λ ≈ 1 mm, i.e. 700 m over the solar surface, never attained before at any wavelength.

text: V Coronae Borealis is too far from earth for its parallax to be measured effectively; Guandalini and Cristallo calculated the luminosity of Mira variables based on their periods. Using a period of 357 days, they calculated the absolute magnitude of V Coronae Borealis to be -4.62. It was estimated to around 8810 light-years distant in a 2012 paper, shining with a luminosity approximately 102831 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 2877 K.

text: V Coronae Borealis is too far from earth for its parallax to be measured effectively; Guandalini and Cristallo calculated the luminosity of Mira variables based on their periods. Using a period of 357 days, they calculated the

text: absolute magnitude

text: of V Coronae Borealis to be -4.62. It was estimated to around 8810 light-years distant in a 2012 paper, shining with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 102831 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 2877 K.

text: He was also famous for the "Cass criterion" for overlapping generations models and in the neoclassical growth model, and his work, together with Karl Shell, on the influence of extrinsic uncertainty on economic equilibria, also known as the concept of sunspot equilibria or the theory of sunspots. Together with Joseph Stiglitz he proved conditions under which it is possible for an investor to achieve an optimal portfolio under the restriction of being able to buy only two mutual funds. They also showed that generally the demand for money can not be derived from portfolio theory. Cass was also a major contributor to the theory of incomplete markets, the turnpike theory and theory of economies with markets that repeatedly open over time.

text: He was also famous for the "

text: Cass criterion

text: " for

text: overlapping generations model

text: s and in the neoclassical growth model, and his work, together with

text: Karl Shell

text: , on the influence of extrinsic uncertainty on economic equilibria, also known as the concept of

text: sunspot equilibria

text: or the theory of

text: sunspots

text: . Together with

text: Joseph Stiglitz

text: he proved conditions under which it is possible for an investor to achieve an optimal portfolio under the restriction of being able to buy only two mutual funds. They also showed that generally the

text: demand for money

text: can not be derived from

text: portfolio theory

text: . Cass was also a major contributor to the theory of incomplete markets, the

text: turnpike theory

text: and theory of economies with markets that repeatedly open over time.

text: A tessellation of the plane is a partition of the plane into smaller regions called tiles.  The zeroth corona of a tile is defined as the tile itself, and for k > 0 the kth corona is the set of tiles sharing a boundary point with the (k − 1)th corona. The Heesch number of a figure S is the maximum value k such that there exists a tiling of the plane, and tile t within that tiling, for which that all tiles in the zeroth through kth coronas of t are congruent to S. In some work on this problem this definition is modified to additionally require that the union of the zeroth through kth coronas of t is a simply connected region.

text: A

text: tessellation

text: of the plane is a partition of the plane into smaller regions called tiles.  The zeroth corona of a tile is defined as the tile itself, and for k > 0 the kth corona is the set of tiles sharing a boundary point with the (k − 1)th corona. The Heesch number of a figure S is the maximum value k such that there exists a tiling of the plane, and tile t within that tiling, for which that all tiles in the zeroth through kth coronas of t are congruent to S. In some work on this problem this definition is modified to additionally require that the union of the zeroth through kth coronas of t is a

text: simply connected

text: region.

text: This star has the stellar classification of a K2 dwarf, with approximately 77% of the mass of the Sun and about 72% of the Sun's diameter. While they are on the main sequence, lower mass stars like this generate energy much more slowly than the Sun. As a result, this star is radiating only 23% of the Sun's bolometric luminosity. HD 156668 is emitting this energy from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of around 4850 K, giving it the cool orange glow of a K-type star. It is slightly more enriched in iron compared to the Sun and is rotating at a leisurely rate of once every 51.5 days. Although much older than the Sun, this star is only middle-aged at about 8.6 billion years.

text: This star has the

text: stellar classification

text: of a

text: K2 dwarf

text: , with approximately 77% of the mass of the Sun and about 72% of the Sun's diameter. While they are on the

text: main sequence

text: , lower mass stars like this generate energy much more slowly than the Sun. As a result, this star is radiating only 23% of the Sun's bolometric luminosity. HD 156668 is emitting this energy from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of around 4850 K, giving it the cool orange glow of a

text: K-type star

text: . It is slightly more enriched in

text: iron

text: compared to the Sun and is rotating at a leisurely rate of once every 51.5 days. Although much older than the Sun, this star is only middle-aged at about 8.6 billion years.

text: In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the living space temperature. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (radiation) and from the surrounding air (convection) before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material.

text: In addition to being an inexpensive material with a small resource cost, adobe can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe mediates the high and low temperatures of the day, moderating the living space temperature. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (

text: radiation

text: ) and from the surrounding air (

text: convection

text: ) before they warm through to the interior. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time-lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material.

text: The Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów), or KPRM, is the executive office for the Prime Minister of Poland. Created under the administrative reorganization reforms by the government of Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz in 1996 and implemented in the following year, the Chancellery assumed many responsibilities of the previous Office of the Council of Ministers (Urząd Rady Ministrów). In addition to serving as the premier's office, the Chancellery oversees the technical, legislative, legal and organizational support for the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. The current Chief of the Chancellery is Beata Kempa.

text: The Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland (

text: Polish

text: : Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów), or KPRM, is the executive office for the

text: Prime Minister of Poland

text: . Created under the administrative reorganization reforms by the government of

text: Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz

text: in 1996 and implemented in the following year, the Chancellery assumed many responsibilities of the previous Office of the Council of Ministers (Urząd Rady Ministrów). In addition to serving as the premier's office, the Chancellery oversees the technical, legislative, legal and organizational support for the Prime Minister,

entity_name: Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland

text: Deputy Prime Minister

text: and the

text: Council of Ministers

text: . The current Chief of the Chancellery is

text: Beata Kempa

text: The planet orbits an (M-type) pre-main-sequence star named K2-33. The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 1.05 . It has a surface temperature of 3540 K and is 9.3 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun.

text: The planet orbits an (

text: M-type

text: pre-main-sequence star

text: named

text: . The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 1.05 . It has a surface temperature of 3540

text: K

text: and is 9.3 million years old. In comparison, the

text: Sun

text: is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a

text: metallicity

text: ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun.

text: Another example of convective overshoot is at the base of the convection zone in the solar interior.  The heat of the Sun's thermonuclear fusion is carried outward by radiation in the deep interior radiation zone and by convective circulation in the outer convection zone, but cool sinking material from the surface penetrates farther into the radiative zone than theory would suggest.  This affects the heat transfer rate and the temperature of the solar interior which can be indirectly measured by helioseismology. The layer between the Sun's convective and radiative zone is called the tachocline.

text: Another example of convective overshoot is at the base of the

text: convection zone

text: in the

text: solar interior

text: .  The heat of the

text: Sun

text: 's thermonuclear fusion is carried outward by

text: radiation

text: in the deep interior

text: radiation zone

text: and by convective circulation in the outer

text: convection zone

text: , but cool sinking material from the surface penetrates farther into the radiative zone than theory would suggest.  This affects the heat transfer rate and the temperature of the solar interior which can be indirectly measured by

text: helioseismology

text: . The layer between the Sun's convective and radiative zone is called the

text: tachocline

text: The position of the Sun in the sky is a function of both time and the geographic coordinates of the observer on the surface of the Earth.  As the Earth moves around the Sun during the course of the year, the Sun appears to move with respect to the fixed stars on the celestial sphere, along a path called the "ecliptic".  The Earth's rotation about its axis causes the fixed stars to move in the sky in a way that depends on the observer's geographic latitude.  The time when a given fixed star crosses the observer's meridian depends on the geographic longitude.  To find the Sun's position for a given observer at a given time, one may therefore proceed in three steps:

text: The position of the

text: Sun

text: in the sky is a function of both time and the

text: geographic coordinates

text: of the observer on the surface of the

text: Earth

text: .  As the Earth moves around the Sun during the course of the

text: year

text: , the Sun appears to move with respect to the

text: fixed stars

text: on the

text: celestial sphere

text: , along a path called the "

text: ecliptic

text: ".  The

text: Earth's rotation

text: about its axis causes the fixed stars to move in the sky in a way that depends on the observer's geographic

text: latitude

text: .  The time when a given fixed star crosses the observer's

text: meridian

text: depends on the geographic

text: longitude

text: .  To find the Sun's position for a given observer at a given time, one may therefore proceed in three steps:

text: .) When the convection is not adiabatic, the true temperature gradient is not given by this equation. For example, in the Sun the convection at the base of the convection zone, near the core, is adiabatic but that near the surface is not. The mixing length theory contains two free parameters which must be set to make the model fit observations, so it is a phenomelogical theory rather than a rigorous mathematical formulation.

text: .) When the convection is not adiabatic, the true temperature gradient is not given by this equation. For example, in the Sun the convection at the base of the convection zone, near the core, is adiabatic but that near the surface is not. The mixing length theory contains two free parameters which must be set to make the model fit observations, so it is a

text: phenomelogical

text: theory rather than a rigorous mathematical formulation.

text: At about 0.45 stellar radii (~2–3 AU) above the photosphere there may lie a molecular layer known as the MOLsphere or  molecular environment. Studies show it to be composed of water vapor and carbon monoxide with an effective temperature of about . Water vapor had been originally detected in the supergiant's spectrum in the 1960s with the two Stratoscope projects but had been ignored for decades. The MOLsphere may also contain SiO and AlO—molecules which could explain the formation of dust particles.

text: At about 0.45 stellar radii (~2–3 AU) above the photosphere there may lie a molecular layer known as the MOLsphere or  molecular environment. Studies show it to be composed of water vapor and carbon monoxide with an effective temperature of about . Water vapor had been originally detected in the supergiant's spectrum in the 1960s with the two Stratoscope projects but had been ignored for decades. The MOLsphere may also contain

text: SiO

text: and

text: AlO

text: —molecules which could explain the formation of dust particles.

text: On the horizon refraction is slightly greater than the apparent diameter of the Sun, so when the bottom of the sun's disc appears to touch the horizon, the sun's true altitude is negative. If the atmosphere suddenly vanished, the sun would too. By convention, sunrise and sunset refer to times at which the Sun’s upper limb appears on or disappears from the horizon and the standard value for the Sun’s true altitude is −50′: −34′ for the refraction and −16′ for the Sun’s semi-diameter. The altitude of a celestial body is normally given for the center of the body’s disc. In the case of the Moon, additional corrections are needed for the Moon’s horizontal parallax and its apparent semi-diameter; both vary with the Earth–Moon distance.

text: On the horizon refraction is slightly greater than the apparent diameter of the Sun, so when the bottom of the sun's disc appears to touch the horizon, the sun's true altitude is negative. If the atmosphere suddenly vanished, the sun would too. By convention,

text: sunrise

text: and

text: sunset

text: refer to times at which the Sun’s upper limb appears on or disappears from the horizon and the standard value for the Sun’s true altitude is −50′: −34′ for the refraction and −16′ for the Sun’s

text: semi-diameter

text: . The altitude of a celestial body is normally given for the center of the body’s disc. In the case of the

text: Moon

text: , additional corrections are needed for the Moon’s

text: horizontal parallax

text: and its apparent semi-diameter; both vary with the Earth–Moon distance.

text: Today, nuclear fusion in the Sun's core has modified the composition by converting hydrogen into helium, so the innermost portion of the Sun is now roughly 60% helium, with the abundance of heavier elements unchanged. Because heat is transferred from the Sun's core by radiation rather than by convection (see Radiative zone below), none of the fusion products from the core have risen to the photosphere.

text: Today, nuclear fusion in the Sun's core has modified the composition by converting hydrogen into helium, so the innermost portion of the Sun is now roughly 60% helium, with the abundance of heavier elements unchanged. Because heat is transferred from the Sun's core by radiation rather than by convection (see

text: Radiative zone

text: below), none of the fusion products from the core have risen to the photosphere.

text: The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible sun.

text: The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of

text: sunspot

text: s, and its

text: field lines (lines of force)

text: are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible sun.

text: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures. During the period 1645–1715, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, there was a period of low solar activity known as the Maunder Minimum. The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550. Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of the isotopes carbon-14 and beryllium-10.

text: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low

text: sunspot

text: activity and cooling temperatures. During the period 1645–1715, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, there was a period of low solar activity known as the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: . The

text: Spörer Minimum

text: has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550. Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of the isotopes

text: and

text: Sun Deng (209–241), courtesy name Zigao, was a crown prince of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the eldest son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu. It is known that Sun Deng was both wise and virtuous, having all the makings of a great man. He studied the Classic of Changes, and was a poet and a musician. However, Sun Deng was destined never to succeed his father because he died from illness at a relatively young age of 31. Sun Deng married Zhou Yu's daughter and they had three children: Sun Fan, Sun Ying, and Sun Xi. He was posthumously honoured as "Crown Prince Xuan".

text: Sun Deng (209–241),

text: courtesy name

text: Zigao, was a

text: crown prince

text: of the state of

text: Eastern Wu

text: during the

text: Three Kingdoms

text: period. He was the eldest son of

text: Sun Quan

text: , the founding emperor of Wu. It is known that Sun Deng was both wise and virtuous, having all the makings of a great man. He studied the

text: Classic of Changes

text: , and was a poet and a musician. However, Sun Deng was destined never to succeed his father because he died from illness at a relatively young age of 31. Sun Deng married

text: Zhou Yu

text: 's daughter and they had three children: Sun Fan, Sun Ying, and Sun Xi. He was

text: posthumously honoured

text: as "Crown Prince Xuan".

text: Lady Bu was from Huaiyin County (淮陰縣), Linhuai Commandery (臨淮郡), which is in present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu. She was born sometime in the late Eastern Han dynasty. She was a relative of Bu Zhi. When she was young, her mother brought her from Huaiyin to Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; around present-day Anqing, Anhui). In 199, Lujiang was conquered by the warlord Sun Ce, who controlled the territories in the Jiangdong region (also called "Wu", covering present-day southeastern China), after which Lady Bu moved from Lujiang to Jiangdong. In Jiangdong, Lady Bu was noticed by Sun Ce's younger brother, Sun Quan, for her beauty and she became Sun Quan's concubine. Sun Quan favoured her the most among all his wives. She bore Sun Quan two daughters: Sun Luban (孫魯班) and Sun Luyu (孫魯育).

text: Lady Bu was from Huaiyin County (淮陰縣), Linhuai

text: Commandery

text: (臨淮郡), which is in present-day

text: Huai'an

text: Jiangsu

text: . She was born sometime in the late

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: . She was a relative of

text: Bu Zhi

text: . When she was young, her mother brought her from Huaiyin to Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; around present-day

text: Anqing

text: Anhui

text: ). In 199, Lujiang was

text: conquered

text: by the warlord

text: Sun Ce

text: , who controlled the territories in the

text: Jiangdong

text: region (also called "

text: Wu

text: ", covering present-day southeastern China), after which Lady Bu moved from Lujiang to Jiangdong. In Jiangdong, Lady Bu was noticed by Sun Ce's younger brother,

text: Sun Quan

text: , for her beauty and she became Sun Quan's concubine. Sun Quan favoured her the most among all his wives. She bore Sun Quan two daughters: Sun Luban (孫魯班) and Sun Luyu (孫魯育).

text: Dr. Bernard Lyot developed the first coronagraph to study the Sun's corona. Improved coronagraphs are used at the High Altitude Observatory by Dr. Walter Roberts and at the Evans Solar Facility by Dr. J. W. Evans. Dr. Donald H. Menzel was the first to use the coronagraph in America. These coronagraphs are used to film structures on the Sun called prominences and spicules which show matter flowing on the surface in structures many times the size of the earth. Often matter appears from nowhere to flow down into a sunspot which is sometimes referred to as Coronal Rain. The largest recorded prominence was captured at the High Altitude Observatory in Colorado on June 4, 1946 as it left the Sun at 400,000 miles per hour.

text: Dr. Bernard Lyot

text: developed the first

text: coronagraph

text: to study the Sun's corona. Improved coronagraphs are used at the

text: High Altitude Observatory

text: by

text: Dr. Walter Roberts

text: and at the

text: Evans Solar Facility

text: by

text: Dr. J. W. Evans

text: Dr. Donald H. Menzel

text: was the first to use the coronagraph in America. These coronagraphs are used to film structures on the Sun called

text: prominences

text: and

text: spicules

text: which show matter flowing on the surface in structures many times the size of the earth. Often matter appears from nowhere to flow down into a sunspot which is sometimes referred to as

text: Coronal Rain

text: . The largest recorded prominence was captured at the High Altitude Observatory in Colorado on June 4, 1946 as it left the Sun at 400,000 miles per hour.

text: The sun deity can be shown as a king (ajaw) seated high on a throne cushion (as on the famous, narrative 'Rabbit Vase' from Naranjo), or as a ruler carrying the bicephalic 'ceremonial bar'. Inversely, the Maya king is repeatedly assimilated to the sun deity. The emblematic double-bird of the early Copan king, Yax K'uk' Mo' 'Great Quetzal-Parrot', shows the head of the sun deity within its beaks. Ancestral Maya kings assimilated to the sun deity were sometimes depicted while vertically descending from the zenith (as on Takalik Abaj stela 2 and Tikal stela 31). Particularly in Yaxchilan, the ancestral king is seated within a solar cartouche, his wife in a lunar crescent. The solar aspect of a king often seems to imply apotheosis and life after death.

text: The sun deity can be shown as a king (ajaw) seated high on a throne cushion (as on the famous, narrative 'Rabbit Vase' from

text: Naranjo

text: ), or as a ruler carrying the bicephalic 'ceremonial bar'. Inversely, the Maya king is repeatedly assimilated to the sun deity. The emblematic double-bird of the early Copan king,

text: Yax K'uk' Mo'

text: 'Great Quetzal-Parrot', shows the head of the sun deity within its beaks. Ancestral Maya kings assimilated to the sun deity were sometimes depicted while vertically descending from the zenith (as on Takalik Abaj stela 2 and Tikal stela 31). Particularly in Yaxchilan, the ancestral king is seated within a solar cartouche, his wife in a lunar crescent. The solar aspect of a king often seems to imply

text: apotheosis

text: and life after death.

text: Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA. Each "core" can be considered a "semiconductor intellectual property core" as well as a CPU core.

text: Some systems use many

text: soft microprocessor

text: cores placed on a single

text: FPGA

text: . Each "core" can be considered a "

entity_name: Semiconductor intellectual property core

text: semiconductor intellectual property core

text: " as well as a CPU core.

text: The Number of the Beast is 666. The number is of prominent significance in the system of Thelema. It is the sum of the numbers inside the 6-by-6 magic square, which is associated with the sun by some Kabbalists, astrologists, and numerologists, who still use it today. According to Crowley, it is a solar number. The Stele of Revealing bore the catalogue number 666 at the time when Crowley discovered it, which was one of the events that lead to the writing of the Book of the Law.

text: The

text: Number of the Beast

text: is 666. The number is of prominent significance in the system of Thelema. It is the sum of the numbers inside the 6-by-6

text: magic square

text: , which is associated with the

text: sun

text: by some

text: Kabbalists

text: astrologists

text: , and

text: numerologists

text: , who still use it today. According to Crowley, it is a solar number. The

text: Stele of Revealing

text: bore the catalogue number 666 at the time when Crowley discovered it, which was one of the events that lead to the writing of the Book of the Law.

text: The question of what content Memory Alpha should cover has plagued the project since its creation. On the project's home page, it describes itself as "a collaborative project to create the most definitive, accurate, and accessible encyclopedia and reference for everything related to Star Trek", but fans often have different interpretations of what "everything" means. Sometimes, one or more users may add content about a subject – such as a website, fan club or parody – that does not fit existing pages, necessitating a community decision about whether to keep the content and, if so, what to do with it. Such incidents led to the creation of an article on Star Trek parodies after several questions were raised about where to put information related to, but not a part of, the Star Trek franchise. An example of the reverse case is "The Sunspots", a musical group consisting of Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, LeVar Burton and Michael Dorn. Although the actors involved were all prominent parts of Star Trek: The Next Generation, several articles on the group have been deleted because the community deemed the topic not directly related to the franchise. , information about The Sunspots can be found on the different actors' pages rather than a single, separate article.

text: The question of what content Memory Alpha should cover has plagued the project since its creation. On the project's home page, it describes itself as "a collaborative project to create the most definitive, accurate, and accessible encyclopedia and reference for everything related to Star Trek", but fans often have different interpretations of what "everything" means. Sometimes, one or more users may add content about a subject – such as a website, fan club or parody – that does not fit existing pages, necessitating a community decision about whether to keep the content and, if so, what to do with it. Such incidents led to the creation of an article on Star Trek parodies after several questions were raised about where to put information related to, but not a part of, the Star Trek franchise. An example of the reverse case is "The Sunspots", a musical group consisting of

text: Patrick Stewart

text: Jonathan Frakes

text: LeVar Burton

text: and

text: Michael Dorn

text: . Although the actors involved were all prominent parts of

text: Star Trek: The Next Generation

text: , several articles on the group have been deleted because the community deemed the topic not directly related to the franchise. , information about The Sunspots can be found on the different actors' pages rather than a single, separate article.

text: The mass surrounding the radiative zone is still rich in deuterium, and deuterium fusion proceeds in an increasingly thin shell that gradually moves outwards as the radiative core of the star grows. The generation of nuclear energy in these low-density outer regions causes the protostar to swell, delaying the gravitational contraction of the object and postponing its arrival on the main sequence. The total energy available by deuterium fusion is comparable to that released by gravitational contraction.

text: The mass surrounding the radiative zone is still rich in deuterium, and deuterium fusion proceeds in an increasingly thin shell that gradually moves outwards as the radiative core of the star grows. The generation of nuclear energy in these low-

text: density

text: outer regions causes the protostar to swell, delaying the gravitational contraction of the object and postponing its arrival on the main sequence. The total energy available by deuterium fusion is comparable to that released by gravitational contraction.

text: Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure with a flat top. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven. It is assumed that they had shrines at the top, but there is no archaeological evidence for this and the only textual evidence is from Herodotus. Access to the shrine would have been by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit.

text: Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure with a flat top. Sun-baked

text: brick

text: s made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had

text: astrological

text: significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven. It is assumed that they had shrines at the top, but there is no archaeological evidence for this and the only textual evidence is from

text: Herodotus

text: . Access to the shrine would have been by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit.

text: The solar wind is quite different from a terrestrial wind, in that its origin is the sun, and it is composed of charged particles that have escaped the sun's atmosphere. Similar to the solar wind, the planetary wind is composed of light gases that escape planetary atmospheres. Over long periods of time, the planetary wind can radically change the composition of planetary atmospheres.

text: The solar wind is quite different from a terrestrial wind, in that its origin is the sun, and it is composed of charged particles that have escaped the sun's atmosphere. Similar to the solar wind, the

text: planetary wind

text: is composed of light gases that escape planetary atmospheres. Over long periods of time, the planetary wind can radically change the composition of planetary atmospheres.

text: The 2010–11 Phoenix Suns season  is the 43rd season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the first time in eight seasons, the Suns will be without the play of power forward Amar'e Stoudemire, a 5-time All-Star and former Rookie of the Year who joined the New York Knicks in the summer. The Suns traded Jason Richardson  on December 18, 2010 as part of a trade that brought Vince Carter to the Suns. On February 24, 2011, the Suns traded Goran Dragić and the draft pick they got earlier from Orlando in exchange for Aaron Brooks. Alvin Gentry was head coach and the Suns played their home games at US Airways Center.

text: The 2010–11 Phoenix Suns season  is the 43rd season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: (NBA). For the first time in eight seasons, the Suns will be without the play of

text: power forward

text: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: , a 5-time

text: All-Star

text: and former

text: Rookie of the Year

text: who joined the

text: New York Knicks

text: in the summer. The Suns traded

text: Jason Richardson

text: on December 18, 2010 as part of a trade that brought

text: Vince Carter

text: to the Suns. On February 24, 2011, the Suns traded

text: Goran Dragić

text: and the draft pick they got earlier from Orlando in exchange for

text: Aaron Brooks

text: Alvin Gentry

text: was head coach and the Suns played their home games at

text: US Airways Center

text: On October 17, 2014 the breaking news in the soccer world broke with indications that US international Joe Corona left Estadio Caliente on crutches after the game, as Club Tijuana came from behind to defeat Ronaldinho’s Querétaro 2-1. Corona and Greg Garza both came off the bench – with Xolos behind – after an hour, but the former was forced off 13 minutes later with what looked liked a serious injury to his right foot. Garza and Corona had just returned to their respective club after playing for the US Men's National Team in two friendly matches. Early reports in the media the following day indicated that Corona had fractured the fifth metatarsal bone of his right foot. Corona was placed on the Xolo's disable list and underwent surgery to repair the fracture on October 28, 2014. He returned to practice with his team Club Xolos in January, under strict supervision in preparation for the Clausura Torneo ( Tournament) 2015. As for the USA Men's National team he continues to be a top contender for which he was already brewing to become, as a regular starter prior to his foot injury.

text: 'Sun Flare' is a floribunda rose cultivar that was bred in the United States in 1981 by William A. Warriner. Its scientific name is 'JACjem', after the company which introduced the rose commercially, Jackson & Perkins Co., but is known to most by its common name,  'Sun Flare' or  'Sunflare'.

text: 'Sun Flare' is a

text: floribunda

text: rose

text: cultivar

text: that was bred in the United States in 1981 by William A. Warriner. Its scientific name is 'JACjem', after the company which introduced the rose commercially,

text: Jackson & Perkins Co.

text: , but is known to most by its common name,  'Sun Flare' or  'Sunflare'.

text: In 1760 Alexander Wilson was installed as professor of practical astronomy. His interest in sun spots made Macfarlane Observatory an early contributor to solar physics as Wilson described the surface of the Sun. Observing the variation in width of the penumbra of a sunspot near the limb, he concluded the sunspots were depressions in the generally spherical photosphere. The phenomenon is called the Wilson effect to acknowledge his early observations.

text: In 1760

text: Alexander Wilson

text: was installed as professor of practical astronomy. His interest in

text: sun spot

text: s made Macfarlane Observatory an early contributor to

text: solar physics

text: as Wilson described the surface of the Sun. Observing the variation in width of the

text: penumbra

text: of a sunspot near the limb, he concluded the sunspots were depressions in the generally spherical

text: photosphere

text: . The phenomenon is called the

text: Wilson effect

text: to acknowledge his early observations.

text: SUSIM measured ultraviolet (UV) emissions from the sun. The observations are made both through vacuum and through occultations of the sun through the atmosphere. This allowed a comparison of the amount of UV light that reaches the earth and the amount absorbed by the upper atmosphere.

text: SUSIM measured

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) emissions from the sun. The observations are made both through vacuum and through occultations of the sun through the atmosphere. This allowed a comparison of the amount of UV light that reaches the earth and the amount absorbed by the upper atmosphere.

text: The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere. Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere. This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona.

text: The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the

text: photosphere

text: . Above this layer is a thin region known as the

text: chromosphere

text: . This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated

text: corona

text: When the universe was non-existent and darkness prevailed everywhere, Maa Kushmanda produced the Cosmic egg with her smile, bringing light to the universe. Kushmanda has the power and strength to live in the core of Sun. Her luminosity gives the Sun its brightness. She is said to give direction to the Sun God, Surya.

text: When the universe was non-existent and darkness prevailed everywhere, Maa Kushmanda produced the

text: Cosmic egg

text: with her smile, bringing light to the universe. Kushmanda has the power and strength to live in the core of Sun. Her luminosity gives the Sun its brightness. She is said to give direction to the Sun God,

text: Surya

text: where m is a geometrical factor accounting for the slant path through the atmosphere, known as the airmass factor.For a plane-parallel atmosphere, the airmass factor is simple to determine if one knows the solar zenith angle θ: m = 1/cos(θ).  As time passes, the Sun moves across the sky, and therefore θ and m vary according to known astronomical laws.

text: where m is a geometrical factor accounting for the slant path through the atmosphere, known as the

text: airmass factor

text: .For a plane-parallel atmosphere, the airmass factor is simple to determine if one knows the solar

text: zenith angle

text: θ: m = 1/cos(θ).  As time passes, the Sun moves across the sky, and therefore θ and m vary according to known

text: astronomical

text: laws.

text: Epsilon Eridani has an estimated 82% of the Sun's mass and 74% of the Sun's radius, but only 34% of its luminosity. The estimated surface temperature is 5,084 K. With a stellar classification of K2 V, it is the second-nearest K-type main-sequence star after Alpha Centauri B. Indeed, since 1943, the spectrum of Epsilon Eridani has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Its metallicity, or enrichment in elements heavier than helium, is slightly lower than the Sun's. In Epsilon Eridani's chromosphere, a region of the outer atmosphere just above the light emitting photosphere, the proportion of iron is estimated at 74% of the Sun's abundance. The abundance of lithium in the atmosphere is five times less than that in the Sun.

text: Epsilon Eridani has an estimated 82% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 74% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: , but only 34% of its

text: luminosity

text: . The estimated surface temperature is 5,084 K. With a stellar classification of K2 V, it is the second-nearest

text: K-type main-sequence star

text: after

text: Alpha Centauri B

text: . Indeed, since 1943, the

text: spectrum

text: of Epsilon Eridani has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. Its

text: metallicity

text: , or enrichment in elements heavier than

text: helium

text: , is slightly lower than the Sun's. In Epsilon Eridani's

text: chromosphere

text: , a region of the outer atmosphere just above the light emitting photosphere, the proportion of iron is estimated at 74% of the Sun's abundance. The abundance of

text: lithium

text: in the atmosphere is five times less than that in the Sun.

text: Photosphere, Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

text: However, without the ability to effectively track weak laser signals, collection of atmospheric data would be relegated to times of day where the sun's electromagnetic emissions did not drown out the laser's signal. The addition of an atomic line filter to the LIDAR equipment effectively filters interference to the laser's signal to the point where LIDAR data can be collected at any time of the day. For the past decade, Faraday filters have been used to do this. Consequently, scientists know significantly more today about the Earth's middle atmosphere than they did before the advent of the FADOF.

text: Lalande 21185 is a typical type-M main-sequence star (red dwarf) with about 46% of the mass of the Sun and is much cooler than the Sun at 3,828 K. It is intrinsically dim with an absolute magnitude of 10.48, emitting most of its energy in the infrared. Lalande 21185 is a high-proper-motion star moving at about 5 arc seconds a year in an orbit perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way. The proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium is estimated based on the ratio of iron to hydrogen in the star when compared to the Sun. The logarithm of this ratio is –0.20, indicating that the proportion of iron is about 10, or 63% of the Sun. The surface gravity of this relatively compact star is approximately 65 times greater than the gravity at Earth's surface (log g = 4.8 cgs), which is more than twice the surface gravity of our Sun.

text: Lalande 21185 is a typical

text: type-M

text: main-sequence

text: star (

text: red dwarf

text: ) with about 46% of the mass of the Sun and is much cooler than the Sun at 3,828 K. It is intrinsically dim with an

text: absolute magnitude

text: of 10.48, emitting most of its energy in the

text: infrared

text: . Lalande 21185 is a high-

text: proper-motion

text: star moving at about 5 arc seconds a year in an orbit perpendicular to the plane of the

text: Milky Way

text: . The proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium is estimated based on the ratio of iron to hydrogen in the star when compared to the Sun. The logarithm of this ratio is –0.20, indicating that the proportion of iron is about 10, or 63% of the Sun. The surface gravity of this relatively compact star is approximately 65 times greater than the gravity at Earth's surface (log g = 4.8 cgs), which is more than twice the surface gravity of our Sun.

text: Aloysius Cortie specialised in observing the Sun. He studied sunspots, making daily observations over many years from Stonyhurst whenever weather permitted. He studied the correlation between magnetic storms on the Earth and sunspots, eventually arguing that effects produced by the Sun, and associated with sunspots, extended outwards from the Sun in various directions and sometimes caused terrestrial magnetic storms.

text: Iron hydride is one of the few molecules found in the Sun. Lines for FeH in the blue-green part of the solar spectrum were reported in 1972, including many absorption lines in 1972.  Also sunspot umbras show up the Wing-Ford band prominently.

text: Iron hydride is one of the few molecules found in the Sun. Lines for FeH in the blue-green part of the solar spectrum were reported in 1972, including many absorption lines in 1972.  Also

text: sunspot

text: umbras show up the Wing-Ford band prominently.

text: Richard Carrington, an amateur astronomer, moved to Redhill in 1852, and built a house and observatory. Dome Way, where Redhill's only tower block stands, is named after it. The site suited an isolated observatory, being on a spur of high ground surrounded by lower fields and marsh. Here in 1859 he made astronomical observations that first corroborated the existence of solar flares as well as their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae. In 1863 he published records of sunspot observations that first demonstrated differential rotation in the Sun. In 1865 ill health prompted him to sell his house and move to Churt, Surrey.

text: Richard Carrington

text: , an

text: amateur astronomer

text: , moved to Redhill in 1852, and built a house and observatory. Dome Way, where Redhill's only tower block stands, is named after it. The site suited an isolated observatory, being on a spur of high ground surrounded by lower fields and marsh. Here in 1859 he made

text: astronomical observation

text: s that first corroborated the existence of

text: solar flare

text: s as well as their

text: electrical influence upon the Earth

text: and its

text: aurorae

text: . In 1863 he published records of

text: sunspot

text: observations that first demonstrated

text: differential rotation

text: in the

text: Sun

text: . In 1865 ill health prompted him to sell his house and move to

text: Churt, Surrey

text: The laser output of the device works when the quantum well in the base region captures electrons that would normally be sent out through the electrical output. These electrons then undergo a process of radiative recombination, during which electrons and positively charged "holes" recombine in the base.<ref name="Photonics">Troy, Charles T. "Transistor Laser Breaks the Law." Photonics Spectra. Laurin Publishing, Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2012

text: The laser output of the device works when the quantum well in the base region captures electrons that would normally be sent out through the electrical output. These electrons then undergo a process of

text: radiative recombination

text: , during which electrons and positively charged "holes" recombine in the base.<ref name="Photonics">Troy, Charles T. "Transistor Laser Breaks the Law." Photonics Spectra. Laurin Publishing, Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2012

text: Direct insolation is the solar insolation measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the solar irradiance above the atmosphere minus the atmospheric losses due to absorption and scattering. While the solar irradiance above the atmosphere varies with the Earth-Sun distance and solar cycles, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the Solar elevation angle), cloud cover, moisture content, and other impurities.

text: Direct insolation is the solar

text: insolation

text: measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the

text: solar irradiance

text: above the atmosphere minus the atmospheric losses due to

text: absorption

text: and

text: scattering

text: . While the solar irradiance above the atmosphere varies with the

text: Earth-Sun distance

text: and

text: solar cycle

text: s, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the

text: Solar elevation angle

text: cloud cover

text: moisture

text: content, and other

text: impurities

text: Stray light is a major issue in the design of a coronagraph, used for observing the Sun's corona.

text: Stray light is a major issue in the design of a

text: coronagraph

text: , used for observing the

text: Sun's

text: corona.

text: The next solar car is expected to race in the 2016 American Solar Challenge and Formula Sun Grand Prix.

text: The corona is the next layer of the Sun. The low corona, near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000–2,000,000 K; however, in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000–20,000,000 K. Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona, at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection.The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun, which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun's photosphere. A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind.

text: The

text: corona

text: is the next layer of the Sun. The low corona, near the surface of the Sun, has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000–2,000,000 K; however, in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000–20,000,000 K. Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona, at least some of its heat is known to be from

text: magnetic reconnection

text: .The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun, which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun's photosphere. A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the

text: solar wind

text: Sakizaya people - Sakuma Samata - san zhi xiao zhu - Sanmao (author) - Sansiantai - Santikhiri - Sanzhi UFO houses - Sayon's Bell - Scouting in the Republic of China - Second Taiwan Strait Crisis - Senkaku Islands - Seven Seas Residence - Shadow play - Therese Shaheen - Sharp Daily - James Shen - Sheng Shicai - Shifen waterfall - Shihsanhang Museum of Archaeology - Shi Lang - Shilin Official Residence - Shimen Dam - Shim-pua marriage - Shin Kong Life Tower - Shinchiku Prefecture - Gotō Shinpei - Shinto in Taiwan - Shoushan - Shr-Hwa International Tower - Shuangsi Tropical Viviparous Forest - Sinckan Manuscripts - Singapore Airlines Flight 006 - Sinking of the Chian-der 3 - Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty - Sinocentrism - Sinophone - Six Codes - Sixth Chen-Chiang summit - Sizihwan - Shuangxi Park and Chinese Garden - Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines - Siege of Fort Zeelandia - Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty - Sisy Chen - Six assurances - Sky Bow - Cordwainer Smith - Robert W. Smith (historian) - Smoking in Taiwan - Snake wine - Sockgate - Sogo - James Soong - Soong Mei-ling - Southern Chinese wedding - Spanish Formosa - Sport in Taiwan - Sports Affairs Council - Spring Scream - SS Bokhara - St. John's University (Taiwan) - Standard Form of National Characters - William Stanton (diplomat) - The Strait Story - Strait Talk - Straits Exchange Foundation - Strawberry generation - Stinky tofu - Su-ao Cold Spring - Su Beng - Su Tseng-chang - Suncake - Sun Fo - Sun Li-jen - Nora Sun - Sun Tianqin - Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Taipei) - Sun Yat-sen stamps - Sun Yuanliang - Sun Yun-suan - Sun Moon Lake - Suling Wang - Sun Yee On - Sz'Kwa

text: Sakizaya people

text: Sakuma Samata

text: san zhi xiao zhu

text: Sanmao (author)

text: Sansiantai

text: Santikhiri

text: Sanzhi UFO houses

text: Sayon's Bell

text: Scouting in the Republic of China

text: Second Taiwan Strait Crisis

text: Senkaku Islands

text: Seven Seas Residence

text: Shadow play

text: Therese Shaheen

text: Sharp Daily

text: James Shen

text: Sheng Shicai

text: Shifen waterfall

text: Shihsanhang Museum of Archaeology

text: Shi Lang

text: Shilin Official Residence

text: Shimen Dam

text: Shim-pua marriage

text: Shin Kong Life Tower

text: Shinchiku Prefecture

text: Gotō Shinpei

text: Shinto in Taiwan

text: Shoushan

text: Shr-Hwa International Tower

text: Shuangsi Tropical Viviparous Forest

text: Sinckan Manuscripts

text: Singapore Airlines Flight 006

text: Sinking of the Chian-der 3

text: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: Sinocentrism

text: Sinophone

text: Six Codes

text: Sixth Chen-Chiang summit

text: Sizihwan

text: Shuangxi Park and Chinese Garden

text: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines

text: Siege of Fort Zeelandia

text: Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty

text: Sisy Chen

text: Six assurances

text: Sky Bow

text: Cordwainer Smith

text: Robert W. Smith (historian)

text: Smoking in Taiwan

text: Snake wine

text: Sockgate

text: Sogo

text: James Soong

text: Soong Mei-ling

text: Southern Chinese wedding

text: Spanish Formosa

text: Sport in Taiwan

text: Sports Affairs Council

text: Spring Scream

text: SS Bokhara

text: St. John's University (Taiwan)

text: Standard Form of National Characters

text: William Stanton (diplomat)

text: The Strait Story

text: Strait Talk

text: Straits Exchange Foundation

text: Strawberry generation

text: Stinky tofu

text: Su-ao Cold Spring

text: Su Beng

text: Su Tseng-chang

text: Suncake

text: Sun Fo

text: Sun Li-jen

text: Nora Sun

text: Sun Tianqin

text: Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall (Taipei)

text: Sun Yat-sen stamps

text: Sun Yuanliang

text: Sun Yun-suan

text: Sun Moon Lake

text: Suling Wang

text: Sun Yee On

text: Sz'Kwa

text: HD 205739 is an F-type star with a mass that is 1.22 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1.33 times the radius of the Sun. In other words, it is slightly more massive and slightly larger than the Sun is. With an effective temperature of 6176 K, HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is younger, at an estimated age of 2.84 billion years. The star is rich in iron; its measured metallicity is [Fe/H] = 0.19, or 1.55 times the iron detected in the Sun. After analysis of HD 205739's spectrum, it can be concluded that HD 205739's chromosphere (its outermost layer) is not active. HD 205739 cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye because the star has an apparent magnitude (V) of 8.56.

text: HD 205739 is an

text: F-type

text: star with a

text: mass

text: that is 1.22 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1.33 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . In other words, it is slightly more massive and slightly larger than the Sun is. With an

text: effective temperature

text: of 6176

text: K

text: , HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is younger, at an estimated age of 2.84 billion years. The star is rich in iron; its measured

text: metallicity

text: is [Fe/H] = 0.19, or 1.55 times the iron detected in the Sun. After analysis of HD 205739's spectrum, it can be concluded that HD 205739's

text: chromosphere

text: (its outermost layer) is not active. HD 205739 cannot be seen from Earth with the

text: naked eye

text: because the star has an

text: apparent magnitude

text: (V) of 8.56.

text: Flares occur when sped up charged particles, mainly electrons, interact with the plasma medium.Scientific research suggests that the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection leads to this copious acceleration of charged particles.On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades – a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration. The unconnected magnetic helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection. This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

text: Flares occur when sped up charged particles, mainly electrons, interact with the

text: plasma

text: medium.Scientific research suggests that the phenomenon of

text: magnetic reconnection

text: leads to this copious acceleration of charged particles.On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades – a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration. The unconnected magnetic helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection. This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

text: The Phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. It presents a full image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a quarter phase when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its new phase when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at full (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (inferior conjunction). Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).

text: The Phases of Venus result from the planet's

text: orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: inside the

text: Earth

text: 's orbit giving the

text: telescopic

text: observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the

text: moon's phases

text: . It presents a

text: full

text: image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a

text: quarter phase

text: when it is at its maximum

text: elongation

text: from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its

text: new phase

text: when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9

text: arc seconds

text: at full (

text: superior conjunction

text: ) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (

text: inferior conjunction

text: ). Venus reaches its greatest

text: magnitude

text: of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).

text: |-| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|27 Wins (22 knockouts, 5 decisions), 5 Losses (5 knockouts, 0 decisions), 1 Draw |-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes|- align=center|Win|--|align=left|Benjamin Manyube|TKO|2|15 June 1997|align=left| DLI Hall, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|8–5–1|align=left| Samson Mahlangu|TKO|6|26 June 1993|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Loss|10–0|align=left| Corrie Sanders|KO|1|27 July 1991|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left|'''South Africa Heavyweight Title'''.|-|Win|30–6–2|align=left| Philipp Brown|UD|8|16 March 1991|align=left| Palazzo Dello Sport, Saint-Vincent, Aosta Valley, Italy|align=left|80–74, 80–74, 80–72.|-|Win|26–6|align=left| Tim "Doughboy" Tomashek|TKO|5|8 November 1990|align=left| Biloxi, Mississippi, United States|align=left||-|Loss|31–2|align=left| Pierre Coetzer|TKO|2|4 August 1990|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|27–2|align=left| Lee Roy Murphy|PTS|10|9 June 1990|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Loss|23–0|align=left| Francesco Damiani|KO|3|6 May 1989|align=left| Syracuse, Sicily, Italy|align=left|'''WBO World Heavyweight Title'''.|-|Win|11–1–1|align=left| Mike "Big House" Rouse|PTS|10|25 February 1989|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|17–5–1|align=left| Everett Martin|KO|7|18 December 1988|align=left| Orlando, Florida, United States|align=left|Martin knocked out at 1:59 of the seventh round.|-|Win|18–2–2|align=left| James Pritchard|TKO|10|22 October 1988|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Loss|30–7–1|align=left| Renaldo Snipes|TKO|7|12 August 1988|align=left| Eagles Club, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States|align=left||-|Draw|18–2–1|align=left| James Pritchard|PTS|10|2 July 1988|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|31–13–1|align=left| Mike "Hercules" Weaver|KO|2|30 April 1988|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|21–5|align=left| James Broad|KO|4|27 February 1988|align=left| Portuguese Hall, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Loss|30–13–1|align=left| Mike "Hercules" Weaver|TKO|7|28 November 1987|align=left| Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|20–5|align=left| Ricky Parkey|KO|10|31 October 1987|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|25–2|align=left| Bennie Knoetze|KO|1|12 September 1987|align=left| Kwa Thema Civic Centre, Springs, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|11–6–2|align=left| Tyrone Booze|KO|2|27 July 1987|align=left| Ellis Park Indoor Arena, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|36–12–1|align=left| James Tillis|TKO|10|23 June 1987|align=left| Ellis Park Indoor Arena, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|15–5|align=left| David Bey|KO|9|27 April 1987|align=left| Ellis Park Indoor Arena, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|13–2–1|align=left| K.P. Porter|KO|6|7 February 1987|align=left| Superbowl, Sun City, Bophuthatswana|align=left||-|Win|19–9|align=left| David Jaco|KO|2|22 November 1986|align=left| Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|25–10|align=left| Steve Zouski|KO|4|30 October 1986|align=left| Hartford Civic Center, Hartford, Connecticut, United States|align=left|Zouski knocked out at 2:56 of the fourth round.|-|Win|28–6–1|align=left| Eddie "Young Joe Louis" Taylor|TKO|4|6 October 1986|align=left| Durban, Natal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|14–11|align=left| Mike Jameson|PTS|10|1 September 1986|align=left| West Ridge Park, Durban, Natal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|9–9–1|align=left| Stanley "Steamer" Ross|PTS|8|14 May 1986|align=left| Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|14–4–1|align=left| Ron "Doc" Ellis|TKO|2|2 April 1986|align=left| West Ridge Park, Durban, Natal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|9–0|align=left| Linus Willette|TKO|1|19 February 1986|align=left| Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|7–5–3|align=left| Hannes van den Berg|KO|3|18 December 1985|align=left| Good Hope Centre, Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|2–1|align=left| Howard Mpepesi|TKO|5|7 September 1985|align=left| Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|4–2–1|align=left| Blessing Sibusiso Mbuyazi|TKO|1|10 July 1985|align=left| West Ridge Park, Durban, Natal, South Africa|align=left||-|Win|1–5–2|align=left| Sophonia Naile|TKO|1|27 April 1985|align=left| Portuguese Hall, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa|align=left||}

text: |-| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|27 Wins (22 knockouts, 5 decisions), 5 Losses (5 knockouts, 0 decisions), 1 Draw |-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes|- align=center|Win|--|align=left|Benjamin Manyube|TKO|2|15 June 1997|align=left| DLI Hall,

text: Durban

text: KwaZulu-Natal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|8–5–1|align=left| Samson Mahlangu|TKO|6|26 June 1993|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: Corrie Sanders

text: |KO|1|27 July 1991|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: |align=left|'''South Africa Heavyweight Title'''.|-|Win|30–6–2|align=left| Philipp Brown|UD|8|16 March 1991|align=left| Palazzo Dello Sport,

text: Saint-Vincent, Aosta Valley

text: , Italy|align=left|80–74, 80–74, 80–72.|-|Win|26–6|align=left| Tim "Doughboy" Tomashek|TKO|5|8 November 1990|align=left|

text: Biloxi, Mississippi

text: , United States|align=left||-|Loss|31–2|align=left|

text: Pierre Coetzer

text: |TKO|2|4 August 1990|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: Lee Roy Murphy

text: |PTS|10|9 June 1990|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: Francesco Damiani

text: |KO|3|6 May 1989|align=left|

text: Syracuse, Sicily

text: , Italy|align=left|'''

text: WBO

text: World Heavyweight Title'''.|-|Win|11–1–1|align=left| Mike "Big House" Rouse|PTS|10|25 February 1989|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: |align=left||-|Win|17–5–1|align=left| Everett Martin|KO|7|18 December 1988|align=left|

text: Orlando, Florida

text: , United States|align=left|Martin knocked out at 1:59 of the seventh round.|-|Win|18–2–2|align=left|

text: James Pritchard

text: |TKO|10|22 October 1988|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: Renaldo Snipes

text: |TKO|7|12 August 1988|align=left|

text: Eagles Club

text: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text: , United States|align=left||-|Draw|18–2–1|align=left|

text: James Pritchard

text: |PTS|10|2 July 1988|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: Mike "Hercules" Weaver

text: |KO|2|30 April 1988|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: James Broad

text: |KO|4|27 February 1988|align=left| Portuguese Hall,

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Loss|30–13–1|align=left|

text: Mike "Hercules" Weaver

text: |TKO|7|28 November 1987|align=left|

text: Rand Stadium

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|20–5|align=left|

text: Ricky Parkey

text: |KO|10|31 October 1987|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: |align=left||-|Win|25–2|align=left| Bennie Knoetze|KO|1|12 September 1987|align=left| Kwa Thema Civic Centre,

text: Springs

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|11–6–2|align=left|

text: Tyrone Booze

text: |KO|2|27 July 1987|align=left|

text: Ellis Park Indoor Arena

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|36–12–1|align=left|

text: James Tillis

text: |TKO|10|23 June 1987|align=left|

text: Ellis Park Indoor Arena

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|15–5|align=left|

text: David Bey

text: |KO|9|27 April 1987|align=left|

text: Ellis Park Indoor Arena

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|13–2–1|align=left| K.P. Porter|KO|6|7 February 1987|align=left| Superbowl,

text: Sun City

text: Bophuthatswana

text: David Jaco

text: |KO|2|22 November 1986|align=left|

text: Rand Stadium

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|25–10|align=left| Steve Zouski|KO|4|30 October 1986|align=left|

text: Hartford Civic Center

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: , United States|align=left|Zouski knocked out at 2:56 of the fourth round.|-|Win|28–6–1|align=left| Eddie "Young Joe Louis" Taylor|TKO|4|6 October 1986|align=left|

text: Durban

text: Natal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|14–11|align=left| Mike Jameson|PTS|10|1 September 1986|align=left| West Ridge Park,

text: Durban

text: Natal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|9–9–1|align=left| Stanley "Steamer" Ross|PTS|8|14 May 1986|align=left|

text: Rand Stadium

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|14–4–1|align=left| Ron "Doc" Ellis|TKO|2|2 April 1986|align=left| West Ridge Park,

text: Durban

text: Natal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|9–0|align=left| Linus Willette|TKO|1|19 February 1986|align=left|

text: Rand Stadium

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|7–5–3|align=left| Hannes van den Berg|KO|3|18 December 1985|align=left|

text: Good Hope Centre

text: Cape Town

text: Cape Province

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|2–1|align=left| Howard Mpepesi|TKO|5|7 September 1985|align=left|

text: Ellis Park Stadium

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|4–2–1|align=left| Blessing Sibusiso Mbuyazi|TKO|1|10 July 1985|align=left| West Ridge Park,

text: Durban

text: Natal

text: , South Africa|align=left||-|Win|1–5–2|align=left| Sophonia Naile|TKO|1|27 April 1985|align=left| Portuguese Hall,

text: Johannesburg

text: Transvaal

text: , South Africa|align=left||}

text: The physical properties of this star are similar to the Sun, including the stellar classification G2V, making this a solar analog. The mass of this star is about 109% of the solar mass () and it has about 99% the radius of the Sun (). It is a young star with an age between 80 and 200 Myr. The axis of rotation is estimated at  degrees to the line of sight and it completes a rotation in a relatively brief 3.5 days.

text: The physical properties of this star are similar to the Sun, including the

text: stellar classification

text: G2V, making this a

text: solar analog

text: . The mass of this star is about 109% of the

text: solar mass

text: () and it has about 99% the

text: radius of the Sun

text: (). It is a young star with an age between 80 and 200

text: Myr

text: . The axis of rotation is estimated at  degrees to the line of sight and it completes a rotation in a relatively brief 3.5 days.

text: The brightest star is the magnitude 2.2 Alpha Coronae Borealis. The yellow supergiant R Coronae Borealis is the prototype of a rare class of giant stars—the R Coronae Borealis variables—that are extremely hydrogen deficient, and thought to result from the merger of two white dwarfs. T Coronae Borealis, also known as the Blaze Star, is another unusual type of variable star known as a recurrent nova. Normally of magnitude 10, it last flared up to magnitude 2 in 1946. ADS 9731 and Sigma Coronae Borealis are multiple star systems with six and five components respectively. Five star systems have been found to have Jupiter-sized exoplanets. Abell 2065 is a highly concentrated galaxy cluster one billion light-years from the Solar System containing more than 400 members, and is itself part of the larger Corona Borealis Supercluster.

text: The brightest star is the

text: magnitude

text: Alpha Coronae Borealis

text: . The yellow supergiant

text: R Coronae Borealis

text: is the prototype of a rare class of giant stars—the

text: R Coronae Borealis variable

text: s—that are extremely hydrogen deficient, and thought to result from the merger of two white dwarfs.

text: T Coronae Borealis

text: , also known as the Blaze Star, is another unusual type of variable star known as a

text: recurrent nova

text: . Normally of magnitude 10, it last flared up to magnitude 2 in 1946.

text: ADS 9731

text: and

text: Sigma Coronae Borealis

text: are multiple star systems with six and five components respectively. Five star systems have been found to have

text: Jupiter

text: -sized

text: exoplanet

text: s.

text: Abell 2065

text: is a highly concentrated

text: galaxy cluster

text: one billion light-years from the Solar System containing more than 400 members, and is itself part of the larger

text: Corona Borealis Supercluster

text: Solar sails rely on the fact that light reflected from a surface exerts pressure on the surface. The radiation pressure is small and decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun, but unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small, it continues as long as the Sun shines and the sail is deployed.

text: Solar sails rely on the fact that light reflected from a surface exerts pressure on the surface. The

text: radiation pressure

text: is small and decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun, but unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small, it continues as long as the Sun shines and the sail is deployed.

text: As an early M-type supergiant, Betelgeuse is one of the largest, most luminous and yet one of the most ethereal stars known. A radius of 5.5 AU is roughly  times the radius of the Sun—able to contain over 2 quadrillion Earths (2.15 × 10) or more than 1.6 billion (1.65 × 10) Suns. That is the equivalent of Betelgeuse being a football stadium like Wembley Stadium in London with the Earth a tiny pearl, 1 millimeter in diameter, orbiting a Sun the size of a mango. Moreover, observations from 2009 of Betelgeuse exhibiting a 15% contraction in angular diameter would equate to a reduction of the star's radius from about 5.5 to 4.6 AU, assuming that the photosphere is a perfect sphere. A reduction of this magnitude would correspond to a diminution in photospheric volume of about 41%.Not only is the photosphere enormous, but the star is surrounded by a complex circumstellar environment where light could take over three years to escape. In the outer reaches of the photosphere the density is extremely low, yet the total mass of the star is believed to be no more than . Consequently, the average density is less than twelve parts per billion () that of the Sun. Such star matter is so tenuous that Betelgeuse has often been called a "red-hot vacuum".

text: As an early M-type supergiant, Betelgeuse is one of the largest,

text: most luminous

text: and yet one of the most ethereal stars known. A radius of 5.5 AU is roughly  times the radius of the Sun—able to contain over 2 quadrillion Earths (2.15 × 10) or more than 1.6 billion (1.65 × 10) Suns. That is the equivalent of Betelgeuse being a football stadium like

text: Wembley Stadium

text: in London with the Earth a tiny

text: pearl

text: , 1 millimeter in diameter, orbiting a Sun the size of a

text: mango

text: . Moreover, observations from 2009 of Betelgeuse exhibiting a 15% contraction in angular diameter would equate to a reduction of the star's radius from about 5.5 to 4.6 AU, assuming that the photosphere is a perfect sphere. A reduction of this magnitude would correspond to a diminution in photospheric volume of about 41%.Not only is the photosphere enormous, but the star is surrounded by a complex circumstellar environment where light could take over three years to escape. In the outer reaches of the photosphere the density is extremely low, yet the total mass of the star is believed to be no more than . Consequently, the average density is less than twelve

text: parts per billion

text: () that of the Sun. Such star matter is so tenuous that Betelgeuse has often been called a "red-hot vacuum".

text: The collecting market for Clarice Cliff pottery is complex; it is still possible to find examples of Crocus, Cliff's longest produced pattern (1928–1964) for as little as £30–50. But rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by Christie's, South Kensington, London, who sold an  'charger' (wall plaque) in the May Avenue pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an  vase in Sunspots for £20,000.

text: The collecting market for Clarice Cliff pottery is complex; it is still possible to find examples of Crocus, Cliff's longest produced pattern (1928–1964) for as little as £30–50. But rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by

text: Christie's

text: , South Kensington, London, who sold an  'charger' (wall plaque) in the May Avenue pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an  vase in Sunspots for £20,000.

text: Since stars apparently identical to the Sun can produce superflares it is natural to ask if the Sun itself can do so, and to try to find evidence that it has done in the past. Large flares are invariably accompanied by energetic particles, and these particles produce effects if they reach the earth. The Carrington event of 1859, the largest flare of which we have direct observation, produced global auroral displays extending close to the equator. Energetic particles can produce chemical changes in the atmosphere, which can be permanently recorded in the polar ice. Fast protons generate distinctive isotopes, particularly carbon-14, which can be taken up and preserved by living creatures.

text: Since stars apparently identical to the Sun can produce superflares it is natural to ask if the Sun itself can do so, and to try to find evidence that it has done in the past. Large flares are invariably accompanied by energetic particles, and these particles produce effects if they reach the earth. The

text: Carrington event

text: of 1859, the largest flare of which we have direct observation, produced global

text: auroral displays

text: extending close to the equator. Energetic particles can produce chemical changes in the atmosphere, which can be permanently recorded in the polar ice. Fast protons generate distinctive isotopes, particularly carbon-14, which can be taken up and preserved by living creatures.

text: Special cases of the sun-synchronous orbit are the noon/midnight orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around noon or midnight, and the dawn/dusk orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the terminator between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements, as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth.  The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing scientific satellites such as Yohkoh, TRACE, Hinode and PROBA2, affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.

text: Special cases of the sun-synchronous orbit are the noon/midnight orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around noon or midnight, and the dawn/dusk orbit, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial longitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the terminator between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements, as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth.  The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar observing

entity_section: Scientific Research Satellite (commercial and noncommercial)

text: scientific satellites

text: such as

text: Yohkoh

text: TRACE

text: Hinode

text: and

text: , affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.

text: An eight core, eight thread per core chip built in a 40 nm process and running at 2.5 GHz was described in Sun Microsystems' processor roadmap of 2009. It was codenamed "Yosemite Falls" and given an expected release date of late 2011. The processor was expected to introduce a new microarchitecture, codenamed "VT Core". The online technology website The Register speculated that this chip would be named "T4", being the successor to the SPARC T3. The Yosemite Falls CPU product remained on Oracle Corporation's processor roadmap after the company took over Sun in early 2010. In December 2010 the T4 processor was confirmed by Oracle's VP of hardware development to be designed for improved per-thread performance, with eight cores, and with an expected release within one year.

text: An eight core, eight thread per core chip built in a 40 nm process and running at 2.5 GHz was described in Sun Microsystems' processor roadmap of 2009. It was codenamed "Yosemite Falls" and given an expected release date of late 2011. The processor was expected to introduce a new microarchitecture, codenamed "VT Core". The online technology website

text: The Register

text: speculated that this chip would be named "T4", being the successor to the

text: SPARC T3

text: . The Yosemite Falls CPU product remained on Oracle Corporation's processor roadmap after the company took over Sun in early 2010. In December 2010 the T4 processor was confirmed by Oracle's VP of hardware development to be designed for improved per-thread performance, with eight cores, and with an expected release within one year.

text: The observatory's 4-inch Sun Gun Telescope is used for viewing the photosphere of the sun in the visible spectrum. There are also other instruments for viewing the hydrogen-alpha (red) and calcium-K (purple) light emitted by the chromosphere.

text: The observatory's 4-inch Sun Gun Telescope is used for viewing the

text: photosphere

text: of the sun in the visible spectrum. There are also other instruments for viewing the

text: hydrogen-alpha

text: (red) and calcium-K (purple) light emitted by the

text: chromosphere

text: The Solar Sentinels was a proposed space mission to Sun. Solar Sentinels was proposed in 2006 in conjunction with other Sun missions, and a Solar Sentinels lite was proposed in 2008.

text: The Solar Sentinels was a proposed

text: space mission

text: to Sun. Solar Sentinels was proposed in 2006 in conjunction with other Sun missions, and a Solar Sentinels lite was proposed in 2008.

text: Sun Chen knew that the people and the young emperor were both angry at him, and chose not to return to Jianye, but instead sent his confidants to be in charge of the capital's defenses.  Sun Liang became angrier, and plotted with Princess Dahu, the general Liu Cheng (劉丞), his father-in-law Quan Shang (全尚), and his brother-in-law Quan Ji (全記), to have Sun Chen overthrown.  However, Quan Shang did not keep the plot secret from his wife, who was Sun Chen's cousin, and she told Sun Chen. Sun Chen quickly captured Quan Shang and killed Liu, and then surrounded the palace and forced the other officials to agree to depose Sun Liang—falsely declaring to the people that Sun Liang had suffered psychosis.  Sun Liang was demoted to the title of the Prince of Kuaiji.

text: Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. Active regions on the solar surface take up small areas but produce the majority of activity and are often the source of flares and Coronal Mass Ejections due to the intense magnetic field present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy. Coronal holes are open field lines located predominantly in the polar regions of the Sun and are known to be the source of the fast solar wind. The quiet Sun makes up the rest of the solar surface. The quiet Sun, although less active than active regions, is awash with dynamic processes and transient events (bright points, nanoflares and jets). As a general rule, the quiet Sun exists in regions of closed magnetic structures, and active regions are highly dynamic sources of explosive events. It is important to note that observations suggest the whole corona is massively populated by open and closed magnetic fieldlines.

text: Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. Active regions on the solar surface take up small areas but produce the majority of activity and are often the source of flares and

text: Coronal Mass Ejection

text: s due to the

text: intense magnetic field

text: present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy. Coronal holes are open field lines located predominantly in the

text: polar

text: regions of the Sun and are known to be the source of the fast

text: solar wind

text: . The quiet Sun makes up the rest of the solar surface. The quiet Sun, although less active than active regions, is awash with

text: dynamic

text: processes and

text: transient

text: events (bright points,

text: nanoflares

text: and jets). As a general rule, the quiet Sun exists in regions of closed magnetic structures, and active regions are highly dynamic sources of explosive events. It is important to note that observations suggest the whole corona is massively populated by open and closed magnetic fieldlines.

text: Along with the Sun, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's orbital plane than the Sun's equatorial plane (Mercury is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System's history.

text: Along with the Sun, the

text: gravitational

text: influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. The orbits of most of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's

text: orbital plane

text: than the Sun's

text: equatorial plane

text: Mercury

text: is the only planet that is closer to the Sun's equator in orbital tilt), the

text: Kirkwood gap

text: s in the

text: asteroid belt

text: are mostly caused by Jupiter, and the planet may have been responsible for the

text: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: of the inner Solar System's history.

text: This star is classified as spectral type F7V, meaning the color of the photosphere of this star is yellow-white. It takes 9.5 days for the star to rotate once around its axis. This star is 40% more massive and 84% larger than our Sun. Combining the mass and radius makes the surface gravity only 41% that of our Sun.

text: This star is classified as

text: spectral type

text: F7V, meaning the color of the

text: photosphere

text: of this star is yellow-white. It takes 9.5 days for the star to rotate once around its axis. This star is 40% more massive and 84% larger than our

text: Sun

text: . Combining the mass and radius makes the

text: surface gravity

text: only 41% that of our Sun.

text: Despite being in an area with favorable conditions, lack of inner core organization proved difficult for rapid deepening to occur, and initially, model guidance did not forecast any significant strengthening. Contrary to expectations, satellite imagery showed a gradual increase in organization later that evening. Bands of convection deepened in the southern quadrant, indicating that the storm was steadily strengthening. Located just to the south of a large mid-level ridge over Mexico, the system was steered toward the west-northwest, proceeding within a favorable environment. Based on the improved appearance on satellite imagery, it is estimated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Odile at 0600 UTC on October 9 about 330 mi (530 km) southeast of Puerto Ángel, Mexico. Shortly after attaining tropical storm status, Odile began to develop a small area of central dense overcast, and upper-level cirrus outflow became well-defined within the western semicircle of the storm. Convective banding organized to the south and southwest of the circulation, leading Dvorak T-numbers to estimate an intensity of at least . Based on this estimate, the NHC noted a high chance of further intensification into a minimal hurricane. Odile maintained its intensity, as upper-level outflow of the circulation was reduced to the northeast. Although wind shear initially dislocated the circulation from the main convection, a large burst of convection allowed Odile to intensify slightly further to peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) at around 0600 UTC on October 10.

text: Despite being in an area with favorable conditions, lack of inner core organization proved difficult for

text: rapid deepening

text: to occur, and initially,

text: model guidance

text: did not forecast any significant strengthening. Contrary to expectations,

text: satellite imagery

text: showed a gradual increase in organization later that evening.

text: Bands of convection

text: deepened in the southern

text: quadrant

text: , indicating that the storm was steadily strengthening. Located just to the south of a large mid-level

text: ridge

text: over

text: Mexico

text: , the system was steered toward the west-northwest, proceeding within a favorable environment. Based on the improved appearance on

text: satellite imagery

text: , it is estimated the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Odile at 0600 UTC on October 9 about 330 mi (530 km) southeast of

text: Puerto Ángel

text: , Mexico. Shortly after attaining tropical storm status, Odile began to develop a small area of

text: central dense overcast

text: , and upper-level

text: cirrus

text: outflow became well-defined within the western semicircle of the storm. Convective banding organized to the south and southwest of the circulation, leading

text: Dvorak T-numbers

text: to estimate an intensity of at least . Based on this estimate, the NHC noted a high chance of further intensification into a minimal hurricane. Odile maintained its intensity, as upper-level outflow of the circulation was reduced to the northeast. Although wind shear initially dislocated the circulation from the main convection, a large burst of convection allowed Odile to intensify slightly further to peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) at around 0600 UTC on October 10.

text: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation into space above the Sun's surface, either near the corona (sometimes called a solar prominence), or farther into the planetary system, or beyond (interplanetary CME). The ejected material is a plasma consisting primarily of electrons and protons. While solar flares are very fast, CMEs are relatively slow.

text: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation into space above the Sun's surface, either near the corona (sometimes called a

text: solar prominence

text: ), or farther into the planetary system, or beyond (interplanetary CME). The ejected material is a

text: plasma

text: consisting primarily of

text: electron

text: s and

text: proton

text: s. While solar flares are very fast, CMEs are relatively slow.

text: Scheiner wrote three of his books in Rome: Rosa Ursina sive Sol (Bracciano, 1626–1630), on sunspots, which served as a standard work for research work on the sunspots for a long time. Rosa Ursina sive Sol contains four books. In the first part, Scheiner discusses the question of priority of discovery in regard to sunspots. The second part not only describes telescopes, different kinds of projection and the helioscope but also compares the optics of the telescope to the physiological optics of the eye. In the third book, Scheiner presents a comprehensive collection of the data from his observation of sunspots. Book 4 consists of two parts: the first part deals once again with solar phenomena like sunspots and sun flares, the sun’s rotation period of 27 days and the inclination of its axis of rotation. In the second part, Scheiner mentions numerous passages and quotations from the Bible, the writings of the Church Fathers and philosophers to prove that his geocentric view is in accordance with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Scheiner published Pantographice, about the pantograph which he had invented as early as 1603, and finally in 1632/1633, Scheiner published his last work Prodromus, a pamphlet against the heliocentric theory which was published posthumously in 1651.

text: Scheiner wrote three of his books in Rome: Rosa Ursina sive Sol (Bracciano, 1626–1630), on sunspots, which served as a standard work for research work on the sunspots for a long time. Rosa Ursina sive Sol contains four books. In the first part, Scheiner discusses the question of priority of discovery in regard to sunspots. The second part not only describes telescopes, different kinds of projection and the

text: helioscope

text: but also compares the optics of the telescope to the physiological optics of the eye. In the third book, Scheiner presents a comprehensive collection of the data from his observation of sunspots. Book 4 consists of two parts: the first part deals once again with solar phenomena like sunspots and sun flares, the sun’s rotation period of 27 days and the inclination of its axis of rotation. In the second part, Scheiner mentions numerous passages and quotations from the Bible, the writings of the Church Fathers and philosophers to prove that his geocentric view is in accordance with the teachings of the

text: Catholic Church

text: . Scheiner published Pantographice, about the pantograph which he had invented as early as 1603, and finally in 1632/1633, Scheiner published his last work Prodromus, a pamphlet against the

text: heliocentric theory

text: which was published posthumously in 1651.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 9, 2043. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.It will be unusual in that while it is a total solar eclipse, it is not a central solar eclipse.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 9, 2043. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.It will be unusual in that while it is a total solar eclipse, it is not a central solar eclipse.

text: At the beginning of the simulation, the sun's rays are weak and Daisyworld is too cold to support any life. Its surface is barren, and gray. As the luminosity of the sun's rays increases, germination of black daisies becomes possible. Because black daisies absorb more of the sun's radiant energy, they are able to increase their individual temperatures to healthy levels on the still cool surface of Daisyworld. As a result, they thrive and the population soon grows large enough to increase the average surface temperature of Daisyworld.

text: At the beginning of the simulation, the sun's rays are weak and Daisyworld is too cold to support any life. Its surface is barren, and gray. As the

text: luminosity

text: of the sun's rays increases,

text: germination

text: of black daisies becomes possible. Because black daisies absorb more of the sun's

text: radiant energy

text: , they are able to increase their individual temperatures to healthy levels on the still cool surface of Daisyworld. As a result, they thrive and the population soon grows large enough to increase the average surface temperature of Daisyworld.

text: Sun Huan had three sons: Sun Cheng, Sun Yi and Sun Feng. Sun Yi was born to Sun Huan's concubine and was younger than Sun Cheng. Sun Feng was younger than Sun Yi. Sun Huan also had two daughters who were younger than Sun Yi. One of the daughters married Teng Yin while the other married Lü Ju.

text: Sun Huan

text: had three sons: Sun Cheng, Sun Yi and Sun Feng. Sun Yi was born to Sun Huan's concubine and was younger than Sun Cheng. Sun Feng was younger than Sun Yi. Sun Huan also had two daughters who were younger than Sun Yi. One of the daughters married

text: Teng Yin

text: while the other married

text: Lü Ju

text: Astronomers term "metals" those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium. The metallicity of Vega's photosphere is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere. (Compare this, for example, to a three-fold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about Z = 0.0172 ± 0.002. Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium.

text: Astronomers term "metals" those elements with higher

text: atomic number

text: s than helium. The

text: metallicity

text: of Vega's

text: photosphere

text: is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere. (Compare this, for example, to a three-fold metallicity abundance in the similar star

text: Sirius

text: as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about Z = 0.0172 ± 0.002. Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium.

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the satellites of Mars and the inner satellites of the giant planets.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's Moon and the outer satellites of the giant planets.  Some satellites, such as Saturn's Iapetus, are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

text: In most cases, the Laplace plane is very close to the equatorial plane of its primary planet (if the satellite is very close to its planet) or to the plane of the primary planet's orbit around the Sun (if the satellite is far away from its planet).  This is because the strength of the planet's perturbation on the satellite's orbit is much stronger for orbits close to the planet, but drops below the strength of the Sun's perturbation for orbits farther away.  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's equatorial plane include the

text: satellites of Mars

text: and the

text: inner satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Examples of satellites whose Laplace plane is close to their planet's orbital plane include Earth's

text: Moon

text: and the

text: outer satellites of the giant planets

text: .  Some satellites, such as Saturn's

text: Iapetus

text: , are situated in the transitional zone and have Laplace planes that are midway between their planet's equatorial plane and the plane of its solar orbit.

text: Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect. The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the Moon by electrostatic levitation. This manifests itself almost like an "atmosphere of dust", visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set. This was first photographed by the Surveyor program probes in the 1960s. It is thought that the smallest particles are repelled up to kilometers high, and that the particles move in "fountains" as they charge and discharge.

text: Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect. The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the

text: Moon

text: by

text: electrostatic levitation

text: . This manifests itself almost like an "atmosphere of dust", visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set. This was first photographed by the

text: Surveyor program

text: probes in the 1960s. It is thought that the smallest particles are repelled up to kilometers high, and that the particles move in "fountains" as they charge and discharge.

text: The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun. Its polar field is , whereas the field is typically  in features on the Sun called sunspots and  in solar prominences.

text: The Sun has a

text: magnetic field

text: that varies across the surface of the Sun. Its polar field is , whereas the field is typically  in features on the Sun called

text: sunspot

text: s and  in

text: solar prominence

text: s.

text: The basic spectrohelioscope is a complex machine that uses a spectroscope to scan the surface of the sun.  The image from the objective lens is focused on a narrow slit revealing only a thin portion of the suns surface.  The light is then passed through a prism or diffraction grating to spread the light into a spectrum. The spectrum is then focused on another slit that allows only a narrow part of the spectrum (the desired wavelength of light for viewing) to pass.  The light is finally focused on an eyepiece so the surface of the Sun can be seen.  The view, however, would be only a narrow strip of the Sun's surface.  The slits are moved in unison to scan across the whole surface of the sun giving a full image. Independently nodding mirrors can be used instead of moving slits to produce the same scan: the first mirror selects a slice of the sun, the second selects the desired wavelength.

text: The basic spectrohelioscope is a complex machine that uses a

text: spectroscope

text: to scan the surface of the sun.  The image from the

text: objective lens

text: is focused on a narrow slit revealing only a thin portion of the suns surface.  The light is then passed through a

text: prism

text: or

text: diffraction grating

text: to spread the light into a spectrum. The spectrum is then focused on another slit that allows only a narrow part of the spectrum (the desired wavelength of light for viewing) to pass.  The light is finally focused on an eyepiece so the surface of the Sun can be seen.  The view, however, would be only a narrow strip of the Sun's surface.  The slits are moved in unison to scan across the whole surface of the sun giving a full image. Independently nodding mirrors can be used instead of moving slits to produce the same scan: the first mirror selects a slice of the sun, the second selects the desired wavelength.

text: Beta is also sometimes used when discussing the interaction of plasma in space with different magnetic fields. A common example is the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetic fields of the Sun or Earth. In this case, the betas of these natural phenomena are generally much smaller than those seen in reactor designs; the Sun's corona has a beta around 1%. Active regions have much higher beta, over 1 in some cases, which makes the area unstable.

text: Beta is also sometimes used when discussing the interaction of plasma in space with different magnetic fields. A common example is the interaction of the

text: solar wind

text: with the magnetic fields of the

text: Sun

text: or

text: Earth

text: . In this case, the betas of these natural phenomena are generally much smaller than those seen in reactor designs; the Sun's

text: corona

text: has a beta around 1%. Active regions have much higher beta, over 1 in some cases, which makes the area unstable.

text: The characters go on yet another mission into the sun, this time with a laser to communicate with the sun-ghosts. They make brief contact with one of the ghosts, but an anthropomorphic ghost appears and warns them against further exploration of the sun. While they are leaving, they discover that one of Culla's dietary supplements is a dye used in tunable lasers. Combining this with an earlier conversation about Culla's eyesight, Demwa concludes that Culla can project laser light from his eyes: he has been faking the anthropomorphic ghosts. When Culla realizes he has been discovered he retreats to the instrument side of the ship and begins disabling the equipment that propels the sunship so that it will fall into the photosphere, taking all evidence of his deception with it. The sun-ghosts use toroids to arrest the ship's fall, but eventually they give out, and the ship plummets. While Demwa and one of the crew attempt to disable Culla, Helene discovers that only the galactic technology has been sabotaged, and uses the refrigerator laser as a thruster to move the ship out of the sun. Culla is killed, and the ship eventually escapes the sun, though all but Fagin temporarily "die" of hypothermia and frostbite from the refrigerator laser. The ship's records are recovered, showing that Culla used his laser sight to discredit Bubbacub, as part of a campaign to free his species from its client status, and then to sabotage the ship when he was discovered to prevent the Pila from finding out.

text: The characters go on yet another mission into the sun, this time with a laser to communicate with the sun-ghosts. They make brief contact with one of the ghosts, but an anthropomorphic ghost appears and warns them against further exploration of the sun. While they are leaving, they discover that one of Culla's dietary supplements is a dye used in tunable lasers. Combining this with an earlier conversation about Culla's eyesight, Demwa concludes that Culla can project laser light from his eyes: he has been faking the anthropomorphic ghosts. When Culla realizes he has been discovered he retreats to the instrument side of the ship and begins disabling the equipment that propels the sunship so that it will fall into the photosphere, taking all evidence of his deception with it. The sun-ghosts use toroids to arrest the ship's fall, but eventually they give out, and the ship plummets. While Demwa and one of the crew attempt to disable Culla, Helene discovers that only the galactic technology has been sabotaged, and uses the refrigerator laser as a thruster to move the ship out of the sun. Culla is killed, and the ship eventually escapes the sun, though all but Fagin temporarily "die" of

text: hypothermia

text: and

text: frostbite

text: from the refrigerator laser. The ship's records are recovered, showing that Culla used his laser sight to discredit Bubbacub, as part of a campaign to free his species from its client status, and then to sabotage the ship when he was discovered to prevent the Pila from finding out.

text: The solar magnetic field structures the corona, giving it its characteristic shape visible at times of solar eclipses. Complex coronal magnetic field structures evolve in response to fluid motions at the solar surface, and emergence of magnetic flux produced by dynamo action in the solar interior. For reasons not yet understood in detail, sometimes these structures lose stability, leading to coronal mass ejections into interplanetary space, or flares, caused by sudden localized release of magnetic energy driving emission of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation as well as energetic particles. These eruptive phenomena can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere and space environment, and are the primary drivers of what is now called space weather.

text: The solar magnetic field structures the corona, giving it its characteristic shape visible at times of solar eclipses. Complex coronal magnetic field structures evolve in response to fluid motions at the solar surface, and emergence of

text: magnetic flux

text: produced by

text: dynamo

text: action in the solar interior. For reasons not yet understood in detail, sometimes these structures lose stability, leading to

text: coronal mass ejections

text: into interplanetary space, or

text: flares

text: , caused by sudden localized release of magnetic energy driving emission of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation as well as energetic particles. These eruptive phenomena can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere and space environment, and are the primary drivers of what is now called

text: space weather

text: The declination calculations described above do not include the effects of the refraction of light in the atmosphere, which causes the apparent angle of elevation of the Sun as seen by an observer to be higher than the actual angle of elevation, especially at low Sun elevations.  For example, when the Sun is at an elevation of 10°, it appears to be at 10.1°. The Sun's declination can be used, along with its right ascension, to calculate its azimuth and also its true elevation, which can then be corrected for refraction to give its apparent position.

text: The declination calculations described above do not include the effects of the

text: refraction

text: of light in the atmosphere, which causes the apparent angle of elevation of the Sun as seen by an observer to be higher than the actual angle of elevation, especially at low Sun elevations.  For example, when the Sun is at an elevation of 10°, it appears to be at 10.1°. The Sun's declination can be used, along with its

text: right ascension

text: , to calculate its azimuth and also its true elevation, which can then be corrected for refraction to give its apparent position.

text: This generation of the Corona was also known as the Tiara, when exported by Toyota Motor Corporation. It was introduced at a critical time for the company in North America. Their first flagship car, the Toyopet Crown, was unsuccessful in the US market, and the Corona was added to offer a choice along with the Land Cruiser. At the time, there was little market for an off-road vehicle like the Land Cruiser. The front mask of the T20 Corona is reminiscent of the 1955–1957 Ford Thunderbird, and shares its appearance with the entry-level offering, called the Toyota Publica.

text: This generation of the Corona was also known as the Tiara, when exported by

text: Toyota Motor Corporation

text: . It was introduced at a critical time for the company in North America. Their first flagship car, the

text: Toyopet Crown

text: , was unsuccessful in the US market, and the Corona was added to offer a choice along with the

text: Land Cruiser

text: . At the time, there was little market for an off-road vehicle like the Land Cruiser. The front mask of the T20 Corona is reminiscent of the 1955–1957

text: Ford Thunderbird

text: , and shares its appearance with the entry-level offering, called the

text: Toyota Publica

text: When Reignfire made his presence known, it was noticed how remarkably similar he was to Sunspot, not only in appearance but in powers as well. Since, at this time, Sunspot was missing in action (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by Cable. His suspicions were revealed when, in the middle of a battle, Reignfire removes his mask to show that he is indeed Roberto.

text: When Reignfire made his presence known, it was noticed how remarkably similar he was to Sunspot, not only in appearance but in powers as well. Since, at this time, Sunspot was

text: missing in action

text: (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by

text: Cable

text: . His suspicions were revealed when, in the middle of a battle, Reignfire removes his mask to show that he is indeed Roberto.

text: Corona discharge usually forms at highly curved regions on electrodes, such as sharp corners, projecting points, edges of metal surfaces, or small diameter wires. The high curvature causes a high potential gradient at these locations, so that the air breaks down and forms plasma there first.  In order to suppress corona formation, terminals on high voltage equipment are frequently designed with smooth large diameter rounded shapes like balls or toruses, and corona rings are often added to insulators of high voltage transmission lines.

text: Corona discharge usually forms at highly curved regions on electrodes, such as sharp corners, projecting points, edges of metal surfaces, or small diameter wires. The high curvature causes a high

text: potential gradient

text: at these locations, so that the air breaks down and forms

text: plasma

text: there first.  In order to suppress corona formation, terminals on high voltage equipment are frequently designed with smooth large diameter rounded shapes like balls or toruses, and

text: corona ring

text: s are often added to insulators of high voltage transmission lines.

text: After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation, the SunSPOT platform was supported but its forum was shut down in 2012.

text: After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems by

text: Oracle Corporation

text: , the SunSPOT platform was supported but its forum was shut down in 2012.

text: The energy released due to recombination can be either thermal, thereby heating up the semiconductor (thermal recombination or non-radiative recombination, one of the sources of waste heat in semiconductors), or released as photons (optical recombination, used in LEDs and semiconductor lasers).

text: The energy released due to

text: recombination

text: can be either thermal, thereby heating up the semiconductor (thermal recombination or

text: non-radiative recombination

text: , one of the sources of

text: waste heat

text: in

text: semiconductor

text: s), or released as

text: photon

text: s (optical recombination, used in

text: LEDs

text: and

text: semiconductor laser

text: s).

text: The optical depth at the photosphere turns out to be

text: In Chinese, 鱉 (Biē), meaning River Turtle, refers to an asterism consisting of α Coronae Australis, α Telescopii, ηCoronae Australis, ζ Coronae Australis, δ Coronae Australis, β Coronae Australis, γ Coronae Australis, ε Coronae Australis, HD 175362, κ Coronae Australis and θ Coronae Australis. Consequently, α Coronae Australis itself is known as 鱉六 (Biēliù, .).

text: In

text: Chinese

text: , 鱉 (Biē), meaning

text: River Turtle

text: , refers to an asterism consisting of α Coronae Australis,

text: α Telescopii

text: ηCoronae Australis

text: ζ Coronae Australis

text: δ Coronae Australis

text: β Coronae Australis

text: γ Coronae Australis

text: ε Coronae Australis

text: HD 175362

text: κ Coronae Australis

text: and

text: θ Coronae Australis

text: . Consequently, α Coronae Australis itself is known as 鱉六 (Biēliù, .).

text: The Beta Bootids is a weak shower that begins on January 5, peaks on January 16, and ends on January 18. Its meteors travel at 43 kilometers/second. The January Bootids is a short, young meteor shower that begins on January 9, peaks from January 16 to January 18, and ends on January 18. The Phi Bootids is another weak shower radiating from Boötes. It begins on April 16, peaks on April 30 and May 1, and ends on May 12. Its meteors are slow-moving, with a velocity of 15.1 km/s. They were discovered in 2006.  The shower's peak hourly rate can be as high as 6 meteors per hour. Though named for a star in Boötes, the Phi Bootid radiant has moved into Hercules. The meteor stream is associated with three different asteroids: 1620 Geographos, 2062 Aten, and 1978 CA. The Lambda Bootids, part of the Bootid-Coronae Borealid Complex, are a weak annual shower with moderately fast meteors; 41.75 km/s. The complex includes the Lambda Bootids, as well as the Theta Coronae Borealids and Xi Coronae Borealids. All of the Bootid-Coronae Borealid showers are Jupiter family comet showers; the streams in the complex have highly inclined orbits.

text: The

text: Beta Bootids

text: is a weak shower that begins on January 5, peaks on January 16, and ends on January 18. Its meteors travel at 43 kilometers/second. The

text: January Bootids

text: is a short, young meteor shower that begins on January 9, peaks from January 16 to January 18, and ends on January 18. The

text: Phi Bootids

text: is another weak shower radiating from Boötes. It begins on April 16, peaks on April 30 and May 1, and ends on May 12. Its meteors are slow-moving, with a velocity of 15.1 km/s. They were discovered in 2006.  The shower's peak hourly rate can be as high as 6 meteors per hour. Though named for a star in Boötes, the Phi Bootid radiant has moved into

text: Hercules

text: . The meteor stream is associated with three different asteroids:

text: 1620 Geographos

text: 2062 Aten

text: , and

text: 1978 CA

text: . The

text: Lambda Bootids

text: , part of the

text: Bootid-Coronae Borealid Complex

text: , are a weak annual shower with moderately fast meteors; 41.75 km/s. The complex includes the Lambda Bootids, as well as the

text: Theta Coronae Borealids

text: and

text: Xi Coronae Borealids

text: . All of the Bootid-Coronae Borealid showers are

text: Jupiter family comet

text: showers; the streams in the complex have highly inclined orbits.

text: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the Sun is made difficult by the diffuse nature of matter which constitutes the Sun at distances far from the stellar core. An often used definition for the surface of a star is based on the path that photons take. Inside a star, photons travel by random walk, constantly interacting with matter, and the surface of the star is defined as the point at which photons encounter little resistance from the matter in the stellar atmosphere, or in other words, when photons stream freely.

text: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the

text: Sun

text: is made difficult by the

text: diffuse

text: nature of

text: matter

text: which constitutes the Sun at distances far from the stellar core. An often used definition for the surface of a

text: star

text: is based on the path that photons take. Inside a star, photons travel by

text: random walk

text: , constantly interacting with matter, and the surface of the star is defined as the point at which photons encounter little resistance from the matter in the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: , or in other words, when photons stream freely.

text: Halo (from Greek ἅλως, halōs) is the name for a family of optical phenomena produced by light interacting with ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Many of these are near the Sun or Moon, but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky. Among the best known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the 22° halo), light pillars and sun dogs, but there are many more; some of them fairly common, others (extremely) rare.

text: Halo (from

text: Greek

text: ἅλως, halōs) is the name for a family of

text: optical phenomena

text: produced by light interacting with

text: ice crystal

text: s suspended in the atmosphere. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Many of these are near the Sun or Moon, but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky. Among the best known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the

text: 22° halo

text: light pillar

text: s and

text: sun dogs

text: , but there are many more; some of them fairly common, others (extremely) rare.

text: Delta Coronae Australis (δ CrA), is a star located in the constellation Corona Australis.  Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun.

text: Delta Coronae Australis (δ CrA), is a

text: star

text: located in the

text: constellation

text: Corona Australis

text: .  Located around 179 light-years distant, it shines with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 53 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4801 K. It is an orange giant of spectral type K1III that is around 1.64 times as massive as the Sun.

text: "This astronomer  in 1714 went to Marseille to observe the eclipse as it had been set by Pythéas  approximately 2000 years before ; he found in less than 20 minutes , it is to say in 2000 years, the eclipse, according to him it was approaching the equator by 3 degrees ( its assumed).  Besides the movements he knew the sun would have another movement where it would turn on itself from one pole to another. This finding showed that in 23000 years the sun will be directed towards the equator and that in 2 million years all the climates around the world under the torrid zones and under the glacier zones will change” (Voltaire)

text: The Connecticut Sun currently play in the Mohegan Sun Arena. Mohegan Sun, owned by the Mohegan tribe, is one of the largest, most distinctive entertainment, gaming, shopping and hotel destinations in the United States. The arena is located at Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut. Compared to other arenas in which teams of the WNBA utilize, Mohegan Sun Arena is considerably small, with the maximum capacity (lower and upper levels) for a basketball game being 9,323. The Sun is one of few WNBA teams that plays in a venue truly suited to its product, and is often cited for boasting the most honest attendance figures in the league. The Sun is the only top-level professional franchise located in the state of Connecticut.

text: The Connecticut Sun currently play in the

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: Mohegan Sun

text: , owned by the

text: Mohegan

text: tribe

text: , is one of the largest, most distinctive entertainment, gaming, shopping and hotel destinations in the

text: United States

text: . The arena is located at Mohegan Sun Casino in

text: Uncasville, Connecticut

text: . Compared to other arenas in which teams of the

text: WNBA

text: utilize, Mohegan Sun Arena is considerably small, with the maximum capacity (lower and upper levels) for a basketball game being 9,323. The Sun is one of few WNBA teams that plays in a venue truly suited to its product, and is often cited for boasting the most honest attendance figures in the league. The Sun is the only top-level professional franchise located in the state of Connecticut.

text: WASP-44 is a G-type star (the same class of star as the Sun) that is located in the Cetus constellation. WASP-44 has a mass that is 0.951 times that of the Sun. In terms of size, WASP-44 has a radius that is 0.927 times that of the Sun.  WASP-44 has an effective temperature of 5410 K, cooler than the Sun. However, the star is metal-rich with relation to the Sun. Its measured metallicity is [Fe/H] = 0.06, or 1.148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun. WASP-44's chromosphere (outermost layer) is not active. The star also does not rotate at a high velocity.

text: WASP-44 is a

text: G-type star

text: (the same class of star as the

text: Sun

text: ) that is located in the

text: Cetus

text: constellation. WASP-44 has a

text: mass

text: that is 0.951 times that of the Sun. In terms of size, WASP-44 has a

text: radius

text: that is 0.927 times that of the Sun.  WASP-44 has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5410

text: K

text: , cooler than the Sun. However, the star is metal-rich with relation to the Sun. Its measured

text: metallicity

text: is [Fe/H] = 0.06, or 1.148 times that the amount of iron found in the Sun. WASP-44's

text: chromosphere

text: (outermost layer) is not active. The star also does not rotate at a high velocity.

text: Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system, the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit, but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly Jupiter, amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.)  Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

text: Even if the discussion is limited to the

text: solar system

text: , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit, but rather approximately at one

text: focus

text: of the

text: elliptical

text: orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly

text: Jupiter

text: , amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.)  Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an

text: extrasolar planet

text: would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

text: He completed Bu-ye bārān laṭif ast (The smell of the rain is mild) in 1997, and Āmiz Qalamdun in 1998. Melodi-e šahr-e bārāni (The melody of the rainy city), and a series of articles called Ensān-e riḵteh  (The broken man), as well as Ḵānumeh o mahtābi, one of the plays most admired by Radi himself, were published from 2000 to 2003. Radi has earned the praise of critics as “a distinguished playwright” (Šarifi, P. 673-74) and a writer whose incorporation of colloquial Persian in his works has contributed to the preservation of the dialects of the northern provinces (Ghanoonparvar, p. 531).

text: The "Sun Watcher using Active Pixel System Detector and Image Processing" (SWAP) telescope is a compact EUV imager on board the PROBA2 mission that will observe the Sun in extreme ultraviolet (EUV). SWAP will provide images of the solar corona at a temperature of roughly 1 million degrees. This instrument was built upon the heritage of the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope  (EIT) which monitors the solar corona since 1996.

text: The "Sun Watcher using Active Pixel System Detector and Image Processing" (SWAP) telescope is a compact EUV imager on board the

text: mission that will observe the Sun in extreme ultraviolet (EUV). SWAP will provide images of the solar corona at a temperature of roughly 1 million degrees. This instrument was built upon the heritage of the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope  (

text: EIT

text: ) which monitors the solar corona since 1996.

text: Afterwards, measurements of the spectral emission lines emitted in the ultraviolet wavelengths have shown a systematic red-shift. The Evershed effect is common to every spectral line formed at a temperature below 10 K; this fact would imply a constant downflow from the transition region towards the chromosphere. The observed velocity is about 5 km/s. Of course, this is impossible, since if it were true, the corona would disappear in a short time instead of being suspended over the Sun at temperatures of million degrees over distances much larger than a solar radius.

text: Afterwards, measurements of the spectral

text: emission lines

text: emitted in the

text: ultraviolet

text: wavelengths have shown a systematic red-shift. The Evershed effect is common to every spectral line formed at a temperature below 10 K; this fact would imply a constant downflow from the

text: transition region

text: towards the

text: chromosphere

text: . The observed velocity is about 5 km/s. Of course, this is impossible, since if it were true, the

text: corona

text: would disappear in a short time instead of being suspended over the

text: Sun

text: at temperatures of million degrees over distances much larger than a solar radius.

text: The year 2012 ended up with 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

text: A core world and fourth planet orbiting the White Sun.

text: During the solar cycle, as shown in the sequence of images of the Sun in X-rays, the Sun is almost X-ray dark, almost an X-ray variable. Betelgeuse, on the other hand, appears to be always X-ray dark. The X-ray flux from the entire stellar surface corresponds to a surface flux limit that ranges from 30-7000 ergs s cm at T=1 MK, to ~1 erg s cm at higher temperatures, five orders of magnitude below the quiet Sun X-ray surface flux.

text: During the solar cycle, as shown in the sequence of images of the

text: Sun in X-rays

text: , the Sun is almost X-ray dark, almost an X-ray variable.

text: Betelgeuse

text: , on the other hand, appears to be always X-ray dark. The X-ray flux from the entire stellar surface corresponds to a surface flux limit that ranges from 30-7000 ergs s cm at T=1 MK, to ~1 erg s cm at higher temperatures, five orders of magnitude below the quiet Sun X-ray surface flux.

text: This G-type giant star has a stellar classification of G8- IIIa and currently resides on the red giant branch. It has about 390% of the Sun's mass. The star is much younger than the Sun, with an age of around 190 million years. As an evolved giant, it has expanded to about 25 times the Sun's radius and radiates 330 time the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the outer atmosphere is 4,910 K.

text: This

text: G-type

text: giant star

text: has a

text: stellar classification

text: of G8- IIIa and currently resides on the

text: red giant branch

text: . It has about 390% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: . The star is much younger than the Sun, with an age of around 190 million years. As an

text: evolved

text: giant, it has expanded to about 25 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: and radiates 330 time the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: outer atmosphere

text: is 4,910 K.

text: The secondary component is a yellow main sequence star with an estimated stellar class of G5, 0.92 times the Sun's mass and 0.90 times the Sun's radius. The X-ray luminosity of this star is , which is 30 times greater than the peak activity level of the Sun. This higher activity level is expected for a young star of this class. The corona has a temperature of about 5 MK, which is much hotter than the Sun's corona. The upper limit of 14 km/s for the equatorial rotation velocity is equivalent to a rotation period of 3 days. More likely, the rotation period is 7–9 days.

text: The secondary component is a yellow main sequence star with an estimated stellar class of G5, 0.92 times the Sun's mass and 0.90 times the Sun's radius. The

text: X-ray

text: luminosity of this star is , which is 30 times greater than the peak activity level of the Sun. This higher activity level is expected for a young star of this class. The

text: corona

text: has a temperature of about 5 MK, which is much hotter than the Sun's corona. The upper limit of 14 km/s for the equatorial rotation velocity is equivalent to a rotation period of 3 days. More likely, the rotation period is 7–9 days.

text: The next day, Abby shows John that she has coloured in the sun on the Ezekiel's "Chariot vision" engraving and John has a sudden realisation that this could be how the world ends. He rushes them to the MIT observatory, where he discovers that a massive solar flare will soon reach Earth, making it uninhabitable. John and Diana argue over what is best to do to prepare for the incoming solar flare. After the argument, Diana leaves with both children. As Diana stops for gas, an emergency broadcast is transmitted to alert the world of the solar flare. While Diana is on the phone with John, the strangers take the children. Diana chases after them but her car is hit by a truck. John, rushing to catch up with them, arrives just as Diana dies at exactly midnight of October 19 and finds the smooth, black stone in Diana's hand. He goes back to Lucinda's mobile home, finding the children and the strangers waiting in a dry river bed covered with the similar black stones. A space ship descends from the sky. John is refused entry and the ship departs with the children. A distant shot shows many similar space ships leaving Earth.

text: The next day, Abby shows John that she has coloured in the sun on the Ezekiel's "Chariot vision" engraving and John has a sudden realisation that this could be how the world ends. He rushes them to the

text: MIT observatory

text: , where he discovers that a

text: massive solar flare

text: will soon reach

text: Earth

text: , making it

text: uninhabitable

text: . John and Diana argue over what is best to do to prepare for the incoming solar flare. After the argument, Diana leaves with both children. As Diana stops for gas, an emergency broadcast is transmitted to alert the world of the solar flare. While Diana is on the phone with John, the strangers take the children. Diana chases after them but her car is hit by a truck. John, rushing to catch up with them, arrives just as Diana dies at exactly midnight of October 19 and finds the smooth, black stone in Diana's hand. He goes back to Lucinda's mobile home, finding the children and the strangers waiting in a dry river bed covered with the similar black stones. A space ship descends from the sky. John is refused entry and the ship departs with the children. A distant shot shows many similar space ships leaving Earth.

text: Within a  radius of the core, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term the metallicity—is about half the abundance in the Sun. Outside this radius, the abundance of metals steadily decreases with increasing distance from the core. Although this is classified as an elliptical galaxy and therefore lacks the dust lanes of a spiral galaxy, optical filaments have been observed in M87. These filaments have an estimated mass of about 10,000 times the mass of the Sun. Surrounding the galaxy is an extended corona with hot, low density gas.

text: Within a  radius of the core, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term the

text: metallicity

text: —is about half the abundance in the

text: Sun

text: . Outside this radius, the abundance of metals steadily decreases with increasing distance from the core. Although this is classified as an elliptical galaxy and therefore lacks the dust lanes of a

text: spiral galaxy

text: , optical filaments have been observed in M87. These filaments have an estimated mass of about 10,000 times the mass of the Sun. Surrounding the galaxy is an extended corona with hot, low density gas.

text: Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense magnetic fields. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, with effective temperatures of about 4000°C (about 7000°F). Sunspot occurrence follows an approximately 11-year period known as the solar cycle, discovered by Heinrich Schwabe in the 19th century.

text: Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense

text: magnetic field

text: s. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, with effective temperatures of about 4000°C (about 7000°F). Sunspot occurrence follows an approximately 11-year period known as the

text: solar cycle

text: , discovered by

text: Heinrich Schwabe

text: in the 19th century.

text: Knowing the approximate area covered by starspots from the size of the variations, and the field strength estimated from the chromospheric activity, allows an estimate of the total energy stored in the magnetic field; in all cases there was enough energy stored in the field to account for even the largest superflares. Both the photometric and the spectroscopic observations are consistent with the theory that superflares are different only in scale from solar flares, and can be accounted for by the release of magnetic energy in active regions very much larger than those on the Sun. Nevertheless, these regions can appear on stars with masses, temperatures, compositions, rotation speeds and ages similar to the Sun.

text: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface, which repackaged the Computing Surface into VMEbus boards (designated the MK200 series) suitable for installation in larger Sun-3 or Sun-4 systems. The Sun acted as "front-end" host system for managing the transputers, running development tools and providing mass storage. A version of M²VCS running as a SunOS daemon called SVCS (Sun Virtual Computing Surfaces) provided access between the transputer network and the Sun host.

text: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface, which repackaged the Computing Surface into

text: VMEbus

text: boards (designated the MK200 series) suitable for installation in larger

text: or

text: systems. The Sun acted as "front-end" host system for managing the transputers, running development tools and providing mass storage. A version of M²VCS running as a

text: SunOS

text: daemon

text: called SVCS (Sun Virtual Computing Surfaces) provided access between the transputer network and the Sun host.

text: The term "core" comes from conventional transformers whose windings surround a magnetic core. In core memory, the wires pass once through any given core—they are single-turn devices. The properties of materials used for memory cores are dramatically different from those used in power transformers. The magnetic material for a core memory requires a high degree of magnetic remanence, the ability to stay highly magnetized, and a low coercitivity so that less energy is required to change the magnetization direction. The core can take two states, encoding one bit, which can be read when "selected" by a "sense wire". The core memory contents are retained even when the memory system is powered down (non-volatile memory). However, when the core is read, it is reset to a "zero" value. Circuits in the computer memory system then restore the information in an immediate re-write cycle.

text: The term "core" comes from conventional

text: transformer

text: s whose windings surround a

text: magnetic core

text: . In core memory, the wires pass once through any given core—they are single-turn devices. The properties of materials used for memory cores are dramatically different from those used in power transformers. The magnetic material for a core memory requires a high degree of magnetic

text: remanence

text: , the ability to stay highly magnetized, and a low coercitivity so that less energy is required to change the magnetization direction. The core can take two states, encoding one bit, which can be read when "selected" by a "sense wire". The core memory contents are retained even when the memory system is powered down (

text: non-volatile memory

text: ). However, when the core is read, it is reset to a "zero" value. Circuits in the computer memory system then restore the information in an immediate re-write cycle.

text: Suns TV is a television program hosted by Jessica Skarratt that is carried by the Seven Network and is shown thirty minutes prior to Gold Coast Suns games in Queensland. The program features highlights as well as interviews with players and coaches in the lead up to the match being played that week.

text: Suns TV is a television program hosted by

text: Jessica Skarratt

text: that is carried by the

text: Seven Network

text: and is shown thirty minutes prior to Gold Coast Suns games in Queensland. The program features highlights as well as interviews with players and coaches in the lead up to the match being played that week.

text: The fraction of the solar surface covered by bright points varies with the solar cycle. They are associated with small bipolar regions of the magnetic field. Their average temperature ranges from 1.1x10 K to 3.4x10 K. The variations in temperature are often correlated with changes in the X-ray emission.

text: The fraction of the solar surface covered by bright points varies with the

text: solar cycle

text: . They are associated with small bipolar regions of the magnetic field. Their average temperature ranges from 1.1x10 K to 3.4x10 K. The variations in temperature are often correlated with changes in the X-ray emission.

text: The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity. Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups. Slowly changing high-speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface. Both coronal-mass ejections and high-speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System. The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power. Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System.

text: The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called

text: solar activity

text: Solar flares

text: and

text: coronal-mass ejections

text: tend to occur at sunspot groups. Slowly changing high-speed streams of

text: solar wind

text: are emitted from

text: coronal holes

text: at the photospheric surface. Both coronal-mass ejections and high-speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: outward into the Solar System. The effects of solar activity on Earth include

text: auroras

text: at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and

text: electric power

text: . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the

text: formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: The Sun's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years (so the period is about 22 years), resulting in a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time. During this dormancy, the sunspots activity is at maximum (because of the lack of magnetic braking on plasma) and, as a result, massive ejection of high energy plasma into the solar corona and interplanetary space takes place. Collisions of neighboring sunspots with oppositely directed magnetic fields result in the generation of strong electric fields near rapidly disappearing magnetic field regions. This electric field accelerates electrons and protons to high energies (kiloelectronvolts) which results in jets of extremely hot plasma leaving the Sun's surface and heating coronal plasma to high temperatures (millions of kelvin).

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years (so the period is about 22 years), resulting in a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time. During this dormancy, the

text: sunspot

text: s activity is at maximum (because of the lack of

text: magnetic braking

text: on plasma) and, as a result, massive ejection of high energy plasma into the

text: solar corona

text: and interplanetary space takes place. Collisions of neighboring sunspots with oppositely directed magnetic fields result in the generation of strong electric fields near rapidly disappearing magnetic field regions. This electric field accelerates electrons and protons to high energies (kiloelectronvolts) which results in jets of extremely hot plasma leaving the Sun's surface and heating coronal plasma to high temperatures (millions of

text: kelvin

text: In the latter form, the mass is expressed in solar masses ( and the distances in Gigaparsec (Gpc). The Einstein radius is most prominent for a lens typically halfway between the source and the observer.

text: In the latter form, the mass is expressed in

text: solar mass

text: es ( and the distances in Giga

text: parsec

text: (Gpc). The Einstein radius is most prominent for a lens typically halfway between the source and the observer.

text: In 2007, the first commercially operated solar tower power plant, the PS10 solar power tower, was commissioned. It has a capacity of eleven megawatt and it is located near Sevilla, in Sanlúcar la Mayor (Spain). DLR is prominently involved in developing the technology for this type of power plant. In solar tower power plants, sun-tracking mirrors (heliostats) redirect the solar radiation onto a central heat exchanger (receiver) on top of a tower. This generates high-temperature process heat, which can then be used in gas or steam turbine power plants to generate electrical power for the public electricity grid. In the future, solar thermal tower plant technology could also be used to generate solar fuels, such as hydrogen, without  emissions.

text: In 2007, the first commercially operated

text: solar tower power plant

text: , the

text: PS10 solar power tower

text: , was commissioned. It has a capacity of eleven megawatt and it is located near Sevilla, in

text: Sanlúcar la Mayor

text: (Spain). DLR is prominently involved in developing the technology for this type of power plant. In solar tower power plants, sun-tracking mirrors (heliostats) redirect the solar radiation onto a central heat exchanger (receiver) on top of a tower. This generates high-temperature process heat, which can then be used in gas or steam turbine power plants to generate electrical power for the public electricity grid. In the future, solar thermal tower plant technology could also be used to generate solar fuels, such as hydrogen, without  emissions.

text: The Rady School offers undergraduate minors in business and accounting, currently the most popular undergraduate minors at UC San Diego. In 2015, an undergraduate minor in Entrepreneurship & Innovation was launched by the school.

text: The next day, September 7, an X1.8-class solar flare erupted from sunspot 1283, producing a S1 solar radiation storm. A fourth flare, an M6-class, was ejected by the same sunspot on September 8.

text: The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between  (with an effective temperature of ) and a density of about 2 kg/m; other stars may have hotter or cooler photospheres. The Sun's photosphere is composed of convection cells called granules—cells of plasma each approximately 1000 kilometers in diameter with hot rising plasma in the center and cooler plasma falling in the narrow spaces between them. Each granule has a lifespan of only about eight minutes, resulting in a continually shifting "boiling" pattern. Grouping the typical granules are super granules up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours. These details are too fine to see on other stars.

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's photosphere has a temperature between  (with an effective temperature of ) and a

text: density

text: of about

text: kg

text: m

text: ; other stars may have hotter or cooler photospheres. The Sun's photosphere is composed of

text: convection cell

text: s called

text: granules

text: —cells of

text: plasma

text: each approximately 1000

text: kilometer

text: s in diameter with hot rising plasma in the center and cooler plasma falling in the narrow spaces between them. Each granule has a lifespan of only about eight minutes, resulting in a continually shifting "boiling" pattern. Grouping the typical granules are super granules up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours. These details are too fine to see on other stars.

text: This star has about 12% of the Sun's mass and 16% of the Sun's radius, but only 0.2% of the Sun's luminosity. It has a stellar classification of M6 V, which indicates it is a type of main sequence star known as a red dwarf. This is a flare star that occasionally increases in luminosity. With high probability there appears to be a long-term cycle of variability with a period of 4.20 years. This variability causes the star to range in visual magnitude from 12.23 to 12.34. In 1950, this became the first star to have a small variation in magnitude attributed to spots on its photosphere.

text: This star has about 12% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 16% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: , but only 0.2% of the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: . It has a

text: stellar classification

text: of M6 V, which indicates it is a type of

text: main sequence star

text: known as a

text: red dwarf

text: . This is a

text: flare star

text: that occasionally increases in luminosity. With high probability there appears to be a long-term cycle of variability with a period of 4.20 years. This variability causes the star to range in visual magnitude from 12.23 to 12.34. In 1950, this became the first star to have a small variation in magnitude attributed to spots on its

text: photosphere

text: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals with Jubilee, Strong Guy, and Gambit. Like Robin Hood, they take money of Apocalypse and give to the poor. Magneto assigns them to travel to the Shi'ar Galaxy to steal the powerful M'Kraan Crystal.

text: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals with

text: Jubilee

text: Strong Guy

text: , and

text: Gambit

text: . Like

text: Robin Hood

text: , they take money of

text: Apocalypse

text: and give to the poor.

text: Magneto

text: assigns them to travel to the

text: Shi'ar

text: Galaxy to steal the powerful

text: M'Kraan Crystal

text: Night flushing (also known as night ventilation, night cooling, night purging, or nocturnal convective cooling) is a passive or semi-passive cooling strategy that requires increased air movement at night to cool the structural elements of a building. Unlike free cooling, which assists in chilling water, night flushing cools down the thermal mass. To execute night flushing, the building envelope typically stays closed during the day, causing excess heat gains to be stored in the building's thermal mass. The building structure acts as a sink through the day and absorbs heat gains from occupants, equipment, solar radiation, and conduction through walls, roofs, and ceilings. At night, when the outside air is cooler and not too humid, the envelope is opened, allowing cooler air to pass through the building so the stored heat can be dissipated by convection. This process reduces the temperature of the indoor air and of the building's thermal mass, allowing convective, conductive, and radiant cooling to take place during the day when the building is occupied. Night flushing is most effective in climates with a large diurnal swing, i.e. a large difference between the daily maximum and minimum outdoor temperature. For optimal performance, the nighttime outdoor air temperature should fall below the daytime comfort zone limits of  and 60% relative humidity. For the night flushing strategy to be effective at reducing indoor temperature and energy usage, the thermal mass must be sized sufficiently and distributed over a wide enough surface area to absorb the space's daily heat gains. Also, the total air change rate must be high enough to remove the internal heat gains from the space at night.There are three ways night flushing can be achieved in a building:

text: Night flushing (also known as night ventilation, night cooling, night purging, or nocturnal convective cooling) is a passive or semi-passive cooling strategy that requires increased air movement at night to cool the structural elements of a building. Unlike

text: free cooling

text: , which assists in chilling water, night flushing cools down the

text: thermal mass

text: . To execute night flushing, the building envelope typically stays closed during the day, causing excess heat gains to be stored in the building's thermal mass. The building structure acts as a sink through the day and absorbs heat gains from occupants, equipment, solar radiation, and conduction through walls, roofs, and ceilings. At night, when the outside air is cooler and not too humid, the envelope is opened, allowing cooler air to pass through the building so the stored heat can be dissipated by convection. This process reduces the temperature of the indoor air and of the building's thermal mass, allowing convective, conductive, and

text: radiant cooling

text: to take place during the day when the building is occupied. Night flushing is most effective in climates with a large diurnal swing, i.e. a large difference between the daily maximum and minimum outdoor temperature. For optimal performance, the nighttime outdoor air temperature should fall below the daytime comfort zone limits of  and 60% relative humidity. For the night flushing strategy to be effective at reducing indoor temperature and energy usage, the thermal mass must be sized sufficiently and distributed over a wide enough surface area to absorb the space's daily heat gains. Also, the total air change rate must be high enough to remove the internal heat gains from the space at night.There are three ways night flushing can be achieved in a building:

text: In a radiative zone, the temperature gradient—the change in temperature (T) as a function of radius (r)—is given by:

text: Sun Jun was a great-grandson of Sun Jing, an uncle of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan. Late in Sun Quan's reign, he became a trusted personal assistant of Sun Quan's, and he was said to have been, in conjunction with Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luban, involved in falsely accusing the crown prince Sun He, leading to Sun He's deposal in 250. At his and Sun Luban's recommendation, Sun Quan created his youngest son Sun Liang as his successor. Again at Sun Jun's recommendation, Sun Quan named Zhuge Ke regent for Sun Liang in 251, and after his death in 252, Sun Jun became a key assistant to Zhuge.

text: Sun Jun was a great-grandson of

text: Sun Jing

text: , an uncle of Wu's founding emperor

text: Sun Quan

text: . Late in Sun Quan's reign, he became a trusted personal assistant of Sun Quan's, and he was said to have been, in conjunction with Sun Quan's daughter

text: Sun Luban

text: , involved in falsely accusing the

text: crown prince

text: Sun He

text: , leading to Sun He's deposal in 250. At his and Sun Luban's recommendation, Sun Quan created his youngest son

text: Sun Liang

text: as his successor. Again at Sun Jun's recommendation, Sun Quan named

text: Zhuge Ke

text: regent for Sun Liang in 251, and after his death in 252, Sun Jun became a key assistant to Zhuge.

text: Coronagraph instruments are extreme examples of stray light rejection and precise photometry because the total brightness from the solar corona is less than one millionth (10) the brightness of the Sun. The apparent surface brightness is even fainter because, in addition to delivering less total light, the corona has a much greater apparent size than the Sun itself.

text: Coronagraph instruments are extreme examples of

text: stray light

text: rejection and precise

text: photometry

text: because the total brightness from the solar corona is less than one millionth (10) the brightness of the Sun. The apparent surface brightness is even fainter because, in addition to delivering less total light, the corona has a much greater apparent size than the Sun itself.

text: The Vunivalu when installed, also takes the title of Tui Levuka, as he is the traditional leader of the Levuka people of Lakeba, Lau.  The wife of the Vunivalu is titled Radi Levuka.

text: The Vunivalu when installed, also takes the title of Tui Levuka, as he is the traditional leader of the Levuka people of

text: Lakeba

text: Lau

text: .  The wife of the Vunivalu is titled

text: Radi Levuka

text: The Sun India Engineering Centre, the first in Asia was set up in Bangalore in 1998, is part of the Global Engineering Organization at Sun, providing core competency in support of Sun's engineering operations and supports over 1200 engineers.

text: At the upper boundary, Neumann boundary conditions are imposed for the horizontal velocity components and the potential temperature. To ensure non-reflectivity, a radiative condition is used for the hydrostatic part of the mesoscale pressure perturbation

text: Magnetogravity waves are found in the corona of the Sun.

text: Magnetogravity waves are found in the

text: corona

text: of the Sun.

text: In Ultimate X-Men, the Academy of Tomorrow (previously called New Mutants) is founded by Emma Frost. It is loosely linked to the X-Men via Emma Frost's professional relationship with her former lover and teacher Charles Xavier. This Academy accepts any talented students, regardless of their genetic status.The team is headed by a non-telepathic and more pacifistic version of Emma Frost and headed by field leader Havok. During Ultimatum, the Academy of Tomorrow is destroyed in a terrorist attack by Multiple Man. Former members include Angel, Beast, Cannonball, Cypher, Dazzler, Karma, Northstar, Polaris, and Sunspot.

text: In

text: Ultimate X-Men

text: , the Academy of Tomorrow (previously called New Mutants) is founded by

text: Emma Frost

text: . It is loosely linked to the X-Men via Emma Frost's professional relationship with her former lover and teacher

text: Charles Xavier

text: . This Academy accepts any talented students, regardless of their genetic status.The team is headed by a non-telepathic and more pacifistic version of

text: Emma Frost

text: and headed by field leader

text: Havok

text: . During

text: Ultimatum

text: , the Academy of Tomorrow is destroyed in a terrorist attack by

text: Multiple Man

text: . Former members include

text: Angel

text: Beast

text: Cannonball

text: Cypher

text: Dazzler

text: Karma

text: Northstar

text: Polaris

text: , and

text: Sunspot

text: However, a lone Core Commander survives, hidden away in a distant system. The Core Commander, the heart of the Core's Contingency plan in case the Core would ever be defeated, is charged with a single mission: to search for a powerful and ancient alien artifact hidden in the region. With modifications, the beacon could supposedly be converted into an Implosion Device—a single, phenomenally powerful superweapon which, when activated, would cause the entire galaxy to implode into itself,  with the Core's pure intention to permanently extinguish the Arm. The Core Commander would stay inside the gigantic machine as it causes the galaxy to virtually self-destruct, then step out unscathed and rebuild the entire Core race.

text: However, a lone Core Commander survives, hidden away in a distant system. The Core Commander, the heart of the Core's Contingency plan in case the Core would ever be defeated, is charged with a single mission: to search for a powerful and ancient alien artifact hidden in the region. With modifications, the beacon could supposedly be converted into an Implosion Device—a single, phenomenally powerful

text: superweapon

text: which, when activated, would cause the entire galaxy to implode into itself,  with the Core's pure intention to permanently extinguish the Arm. The Core Commander would stay inside the gigantic machine as it causes the galaxy to virtually self-destruct, then step out unscathed and rebuild the entire Core race.

text: BD+14°4559 is a K-type star that is approximately 86% the mass of and 95% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5008 K and is likely about 3 billion years old based on its characteristics. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: BD+14°4559 is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 86% the mass of and 95% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 5008

text: K

text: and is likely about 3 billion years old based on its characteristics. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Xu Zhen and Sun Jian's younger sister had a son, Xu Kun. Xu Kun's daughter married Sun Jian's son Sun Quan.

text: Xu Zhen and Sun Jian's younger sister had a son,

text: Xu Kun

text: . Xu Kun's daughter married Sun Jian's son

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Fire is a series of server computers introduced in 2001 by Sun Microsystems (since 2010, part of Oracle Corporation). The Sun Fire branding coincided with the introduction of the UltraSPARC III processor, superseding the UltraSPARC II-based Sun Enterprise series. In 2003, Sun broadened the Sun Fire brand, introducing Sun Fire servers using the Intel Xeon processor. In 2004, these early Intel Xeon models were superseded by models powered by AMD Opteron processors. Also in 2004, Sun introduced Sun Fire servers powered by the UltraSPARC IV dual-core processor. In 2007, Sun again introduced Intel Xeon Sun Fire servers, while continuing to offer the AMD Opteron versions as well.

text: Sun Fire is a series of

text: server

text: computers introduced in 2001 by

text: Sun Microsystems

text: (since 2010, part of

text: Oracle Corporation

text: ). The Sun Fire branding coincided with the introduction of the

text: UltraSPARC III

text: processor, superseding the

text: UltraSPARC II

text: -based

text: Sun Enterprise

text: series. In 2003, Sun broadened the Sun Fire brand, introducing Sun Fire servers using the Intel

text: Xeon

text: processor. In 2004, these early Intel Xeon models were superseded by models powered by AMD

text: Opteron

text: processors. Also in 2004, Sun introduced Sun Fire servers powered by the

text: UltraSPARC IV

text: dual-core processor. In 2007, Sun again introduced Intel Xeon Sun Fire servers, while continuing to offer the AMD Opteron versions as well.

text: Between 1913 and 1937 he produced 49 research papers published at Kodaikanal Observatory. Others, such as the one proving the presence of oxygen in the sun's chromosphere, appeared in scientific journals, such as Nature.

text: The music video for "Black Out the Sun" premiered on Hayes' official YouTube channel on 21 August 2011, at a total length of four minutes and fifteen seconds. The video features Hayes on a deserted beach surrounded by cloaked figures. It was shot at a sound stage at Village Roadshow studios in Queensland, using vintage anamorphic lenses from the '70s. Arjanwrites said of the video, The new video for "Black Out the Sun" is a perfect match for the atmospheric quality of the pop ballad. Standing on a deserted beach and surrounded by grim reapers, Hayes seems isolated, lost and confused. The dark and lifeless wasteland pictured in the video is the perfect backdrop for Hayes' state of mind in the song.

text: The music video for "Black Out the Sun" premiered on Hayes' official

text: YouTube

text: channel on 21 August 2011, at a total length of four minutes and fifteen seconds. The video features Hayes on a deserted beach surrounded by cloaked figures. It was shot at a sound stage at Village Roadshow studios in

text: Queensland

text: , using vintage anamorphic lenses from the '70s. Arjanwrites said of the video, The new video for "Black Out the Sun" is a perfect match for the atmospheric quality of the pop ballad. Standing on a deserted beach and surrounded by grim reapers, Hayes seems isolated, lost and confused. The dark and lifeless wasteland pictured in the video is the perfect backdrop for Hayes' state of mind in the song.

text: In 1932, Robert extended the functionality of the spectroheliograph so that it could record motion pictures of the sun. This machine is known as a spectroheliokinematograph; with it, he took astonishing moving pictures of solar storms, showing features on the sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

text: In 1932, Robert extended the functionality of the

text: spectroheliograph

text: so that it could record

text: motion picture

text: s of the sun. This machine is known as a spectroheliokinematograph; with it, he took astonishing moving pictures of

text: solar storms

text: , showing features on the sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

text: Due to a normal atmospheric refraction, sunrise occurs shortly before the Sun crosses above the horizon. Light from the Sun is bent, or refracted, as it enters earth's atmosphere. This effect causes the apparent sunrise to be earlier than the actual sunrise. Similarly, apparent sunset occurs slightly later than actual sunset.

text: Due to a normal

text: atmospheric refraction

text: , sunrise occurs shortly before the Sun crosses above the horizon. Light from the Sun is bent, or refracted, as it enters earth's atmosphere. This effect causes the apparent sunrise to be earlier than the actual sunrise. Similarly, apparent sunset occurs slightly later than actual sunset.

text: Selena Forever was received very positively by critics. Deborah Martin of the San Antonio Express stated that the show "will appeal to hard-core Selena fans and musical theatre fans who are looking for something new." Ramiro Burr of Billboard magazine commented on the show's musical numbers that they "deliver the hardest punches.". Linda Emmerick of the Chicago Sun-Times noted the performance of the cast. Veronica Vasquez and Margo Reymundo, who played Selena's mother, both were given critical acclaim for their roles. Mario Tarradell of the Dallas Morning News was less positive. He felt that the "legend is lost" in the production and despised the show's musical numbers and that Selena and Broadway don't mix. However he praised the cast's performances.

text: Beneath the sun's photosphere lies the convection zone. The rotation of the sun, as well as varying pressure gradients beneath the surface, produces the periodic electromagnetism in the convection zone which can be observed on the sun's surface. This random motion of the surface gives rise to Alfvén waves.  The waves travel through the chromosphere and transition zone and interact with much of the ionized plasma. The wave itself carries energy as well as some of the electrically charged plasma.  De Pontieu  and Haerendel  suggested in the early 1990s that Alfven waves may also be associated with the plasma jets known as spicules. It was theorized these brief spurts of superheated gas were carried by the combined energy and momentum of their own upward velocity, as well as the oscillating transverse motion of the Alfven waves. In 2007, Alfven waves were reportedly observed for the first time traveling towards the corona by Tomcyzk et al., but their predictions could not conclude that the energy carried by the Alfven waves were sufficient to heat the corona to its enormous temperatures, for the observed amplitudes of the waves were not high enough. However, in 2011, McIntosh et al. reported the observation of highly energetic Alfven waves combined with energetic spicules which could sustain heating the corona to its million Kelvin temperature.  These observed amplitudes (20.0 km/s against 2007's observed 0.5 km/s) contained over one hundred times more energy than the ones observed in 2007. The short period of the waves also allowed more energy transfer into the coronal atmosphere. The 50,000 km long spicules may also play a part in accelerating the solar wind past the corona.

text: Beneath the sun's photosphere lies the convection zone. The rotation of the sun, as well as varying pressure gradients beneath the surface, produces the periodic electromagnetism in the convection zone which can be observed on the sun's surface. This random motion of the surface gives rise to Alfvén waves.  The waves travel through the chromosphere and transition zone and interact with much of the ionized plasma. The wave itself carries energy as well as some of the electrically charged plasma.  De Pontieu  and Haerendel  suggested in the early 1990s that Alfven waves may also be associated with the plasma jets known as

text: spicule

text: s. It was theorized these brief spurts of superheated gas were carried by the combined energy and momentum of their own upward velocity, as well as the oscillating transverse motion of the Alfven waves. In 2007, Alfven waves were reportedly observed for the first time traveling towards the corona by Tomcyzk et al., but their predictions could not conclude that the energy carried by the Alfven waves were sufficient to heat the corona to its enormous temperatures, for the observed amplitudes of the waves were not high enough. However, in 2011, McIntosh et al. reported the observation of highly energetic Alfven waves combined with energetic spicules which could sustain heating the corona to its million Kelvin temperature.  These observed amplitudes (20.0 km/s against 2007's observed 0.5 km/s) contained over one hundred times more energy than the ones observed in 2007. The short period of the waves also allowed more energy transfer into the coronal atmosphere. The 50,000 km long spicules may also play a part in accelerating the solar wind past the corona.

text: Mercury Holidays was founded in 1990 and is part of Sunspot Tours, a parent company. Sunspot Tours Ltd was established by Martin Bugeja, Nick Bugeja and Andy Holland in 1980, selling travel packages through travel agents. It began specialising in holidays to Malta and from 1983 included holidays to Cyprus. This later expanded to include holidays to Madeira, Australia, Sri Lanka and Mauritius.

text: Mercury Holidays was founded in 1990 and is part of Sunspot Tours, a parent company. Sunspot Tours Ltd was established by Martin Bugeja, Nick Bugeja and Andy Holland in 1980, selling travel packages through travel agents. It began specialising in holidays to

text: Malta

text: and from 1983 included holidays to

text: Cyprus

text: . This later expanded to include holidays to

text: Madeira

text: Australia

text: Sri Lanka

text: and

text: Mauritius

text: Sun Jian's death effectively ended the battle, although Liu's forces suffered far more casualties. Huan Jie, an official under Sun Jian, successfully negotiated for his lord's corpse to be returned, and Sun Jian's army temporarily came under the control of Sun Jian's nephew, Sun Ben. Sun Ben then went to join Yuan Shu with most of Sun Jian's followers. Sun Ce, Sun Jian's oldest son, was given Sun Jian's marquisate, but chose to pass the position down to his youngest brother, Sun Kuang, who was still young then.

text: Sun Jian's death effectively ended the battle, although Liu's forces suffered far more casualties.

text: Huan Jie

text: , an official under Sun Jian, successfully negotiated for his lord's corpse to be returned, and Sun Jian's army temporarily came under the control of Sun Jian's nephew,

text: Sun Ben

text: . Sun Ben then went to join Yuan Shu with most of Sun Jian's followers.

text: Sun Ce

text: , Sun Jian's oldest son, was given Sun Jian's marquisate, but chose to pass the position down to his youngest brother,

text: Sun Kuang

text: , who was still young then.

text: In the Sun, the region between the solar core at 0.2 of the Sun's radius and the outer convection zone at 0.71 of the Sun's radius is referred to as the radiation zone, although the core is also a radiative region. The convection zone and the radiation zone are divided by the tachocline, another part of the Sun.

text: In the Sun, the region between the

text: solar core

text: at 0.2 of the Sun's radius and the outer

text: convection zone

text: at 0.71 of the Sun's radius is referred to as the radiation zone, although the core is also a radiative region. The

text: convection zone

text: and the radiation zone are divided by the

text: tachocline

text: , another part of the

text: Sun

text: The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number and size of sunspots, flares, and other manifestations).

text: The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the

text: Sun

text: 's activity (including changes in the levels of

text: solar radiation

text: and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number and size of

text: sunspot

text: s,

text: flares

text: , and other manifestations).

text: The Core brand of Intel's 32-bit single- and dual-core mobile microprocessor is based on the P6 microarchitecture. Intel Core branched off as Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core).

text: The Core brand of

text: Intel

text: 's 32-bit single- and dual-core mobile

text: microprocessor

text: is based on the

text: P6 microarchitecture

text: . Intel Core branched off as Duo (

text: dual-core

text: ) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core).

text: The blinking in nanocrystals was first reported in 1996. The discovery was unexpected. The consensus is that blinking happens because illuminated nanocrystals can be charged (or ionized), and then neutralized. Under normal conditions when nanocrystal is neutral, a photon excites an electron-hole pair, which then recombines, emitting another photon and leading to photoluminescence. This process is called radiative recombination. If however, the nanocrystal is charged, the extra carrier triggers a process called non-radiative Auger recombination, where exciton energy is transferred to an extra electron or hole. Auger recombination occurs orders of magnitude faster than the radiative recombination. So photoluminescence is almost entirely suppressed in charged nanocrystals. Scientists still do not fully understand the origin of the charging and neutralization process. One of the photoexcited carriers (the electron or the hole) must be ejected from the nanocrystal. At some later time, the ejected charge returns to the nanocrystal (restoring charge neutrality and therefore radiative recombination). The details of how these processes occur still are not understood.

text: The blinking in nanocrystals was first reported in 1996. The discovery was unexpected. The consensus is that blinking happens because illuminated nanocrystals can be charged (or

text: ionize

text: d), and then neutralized. Under normal conditions when nanocrystal is neutral, a

text: photon

text: excites an

text: electron-hole pair

text: , which then recombines, emitting another photon and leading to photoluminescence. This process is called

text: radiative recombination

text: . If however, the nanocrystal is charged, the extra carrier triggers a process called non-radiative

text: Auger recombination

text: , where exciton energy is transferred to an extra electron or hole. Auger recombination occurs orders of magnitude faster than the radiative recombination. So photoluminescence is almost entirely suppressed in charged nanocrystals. Scientists still do not fully understand the origin of the charging and neutralization process. One of the photoexcited carriers (the electron or the hole) must be ejected from the nanocrystal. At some later time, the ejected charge returns to the nanocrystal (restoring charge neutrality and therefore radiative recombination). The details of how these processes occur still are not understood.

text: According to the current physical models of stars, a yellow hypergiant should possess a convective core surrounded by a radiative zone, as opposed to a sun-sized star, which consists of a radiative core surrounded by a convective zone.  Because of their extreme luminosity and internal structure, yellow hypergiants suffer high rates of mass loss and are generally surrounded by envelopes of expelled material.  A photogenic example of the nebulae that can result is IRAS 17163-3907, known as the Fried Egg, which has expelled several solar masses of material in just a few hundred years.

text: According to the current physical models of stars, a yellow hypergiant should possess a

text: convective

text: core surrounded by a

text: radiative

text: zone, as opposed to a sun-sized star, which consists of a radiative core surrounded by a

text: convective zone

text: .  Because of their extreme luminosity and internal structure, yellow hypergiants suffer high rates of mass loss and are generally surrounded by envelopes of expelled material.  A photogenic example of the nebulae that can result is

text: IRAS 17163-3907

text: , known as the Fried Egg, which has expelled several solar masses of material in just a few hundred years.

text: This is a red giant star with an estimated mass of about 2.4 times that of the Sun and a surface temperature of approximately 3,480 K, just over half the surface temperature of the Sun. This low temperature accounts for the dull red color of an M-type star. The total luminosity is about 2,500 times that of the Sun, and it has estimated 180 times the Sun's radius.

text: This is a

text: red giant

text: star with an estimated mass of about 2.4 times that of the

text: Sun

text: and a surface temperature of approximately 3,480

text: K

text: , just over half the surface temperature of the Sun. This low temperature accounts for the dull red color of an M-type star. The total luminosity is about 2,500 times that of the Sun, and it has estimated 180 times the Sun's radius.

text: In effect, this means that the "tropical year" on the moon is only 347 days long. This is called the draconic year or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously the effect of these seasons is very minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the poles, there are not days and nights of about 15 earth days, but rather the sun will be "up" for 173 days at a time. "Up" here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon. The sunrise and sunset at the poles each take about 18 days. These polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016, the moon was near its descending node, and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic. When the sun reached that point, the centre of the sun set at the north pole and rose at the south pole.

text: In effect, this means that the "

text: tropical year

text: " on the moon is only 347 days long. This is called the

text: draconic year

text: or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously the effect of these seasons is very minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the poles, there are not days and nights of about 15 earth days, but rather the sun will be "up" for 173 days at a time. "Up" here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon. The sunrise and sunset at the poles each take about 18 days. These polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the

text: Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016

text: , the moon was near its descending node, and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic. When the sun reached that point, the centre of the sun set at the north pole and rose at the south pole.

text: This novel is a sequel to Matthew Reilly's previous novel, Seven Ancient Wonders, which ended with the Golden Capstone reassembled atop the Great Pyramid at Giza, and the ritual of power performed to grant one nation a thousand years of unchallenged power - invincibility, as shown by the end of the book, which is won, unknowingly, by Australia. The Six Sacred Stones picks up eighteen months later - 20 August 2007 - on Easter Island, the geographical opposite of the Great Pyramid, when seven men use a second Capstone to nullify the power of the Tartarus sunspot and remove Australia's invincibility.

text: This novel is a sequel to Matthew Reilly's previous novel,

text: Seven Ancient Wonders

text: , which ended with the Golden Capstone reassembled atop the Great Pyramid at Giza, and the ritual of power performed to grant one nation a thousand years of unchallenged power - invincibility, as shown by the end of the book, which is won, unknowingly, by Australia. The Six Sacred Stones picks up eighteen months later - 20 August 2007 - on

text: Easter Island

text: , the geographical opposite of the

text: Great Pyramid

text: , when seven men use a second Capstone to nullify the power of the Tartarus sunspot and remove Australia's invincibility.

text: The Sun's photosphere is observed continuously for activity that can be the precursors to solar flares and CMEs. The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project monitors both the surface and the interior of the Sun by using helioseismology, the study of sound waves propagating through the Sun and observed as ripples on the solar surface. GONG can detect sunspot groups on the far side of the Sun. This ability has recently been verified by visual observations from the STEREO spacecraft.

text: The Sun's photosphere is observed continuously for activity that can be the precursors to solar flares and CMEs. The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project monitors both the surface and the interior of the Sun by using

text: helioseismology

text: , the study of sound waves propagating through the Sun and observed as ripples on the solar surface. GONG can detect sunspot groups on the far side of the Sun. This ability has recently been verified by visual observations from the

text: STEREO

text: spacecraft.

text: It represents the Sun in the Sweden Solar System, the world's largest scale model of the Solar System.

text: It represents the

text: Sun

text: in the

text: Sweden Solar System

text: , the world's largest scale model of the Solar System.

text: When a prominence is viewed against the Sun instead of space, it appears darker than the background. This formation is called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they eject matter at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for days or months.

text: In a vacuum or in outer space, there is no convective heat transfer, thus in these environments, radiation is the only factor governing heat flow between the heat sink and the environment. For a satellite in space, a 100 °C (373 Kelvin) surface facing the sun will absorb a lot of radiant heat, because the sun's surface temperature is nearly 6000 Kelvin, whereas the same surface facing deep-space will radiate a lot of heat, since deep-space has an effective temperature of only a few Kelvin.

text: In a

text: vacuum

text: or in

text: outer space

text: , there is no convective heat transfer, thus in these environments, radiation is the only factor governing heat flow between the heat sink and the environment. For a satellite in space, a 100 °C (373 Kelvin) surface facing the

text: sun

text: will absorb a lot of radiant heat, because the

text: sun

text: 's surface temperature is nearly 6000 Kelvin, whereas the same surface facing deep-space will radiate a lot of heat, since deep-space has an effective temperature of only a few Kelvin.

text: V1429 Aql has a peculiar spectrum dominated by emission lines of hydrogen and many ionised metals, with Fe being particularly strong and numerous.  There are also comparatively weak forbidden lines, primarily [Fe], but also [N].  Some absorption lines are present, but are either very weak or hidden by the emission.  Many lines have variable profiles, particularly the hydrogen and helium series which vary during the orbit from emission to P Cygni profiles.  The absorption lines are considered to be formed in the photosphere of the primary star, although some Fe absorption appears to be from gas between the stars.  No lines of the secondary can be detected.  The emission lines are formed in circumstellar material between and around the two stars  Overall, the spectral type is given as B3 Ibe.

text: V1429 Aql has a peculiar spectrum dominated by

text: emission line

text: s of hydrogen and many ionised metals, with Fe being particularly strong and numerous.  There are also comparatively weak forbidden lines, primarily [Fe], but also [N].  Some absorption lines are present, but are either very weak or hidden by the emission.  Many lines have variable profiles, particularly the hydrogen and helium series which vary during the orbit from emission to

text: P Cygni profile

text: s.  The absorption lines are considered to be formed in the photosphere of the primary star, although some Fe absorption appears to be from gas between the stars.  No lines of the secondary can be detected.  The emission lines are formed in circumstellar material between and around the two stars  Overall, the spectral type is given as B3 Ibe.

text: The Corona brand is one of the top-selling beers worldwide. Outside Mexico, Corona is commonly served with a wedge of lime or lemon in the neck of the bottle to add tartness and flavor.

text: The Corona brand is one of the top-selling beers worldwide. Outside Mexico, Corona is commonly served with a wedge of

text: lime

text: or

text: lemon

text: in the neck of the bottle to add tartness and flavor.

text: Quick Eye IV is a twin engine UAV in twin boom layout with tricycle landing gear developed by RADI. Quick Eye IV share the identical airframe of five other Chinese twin engine UAVs: Iflyer Hunter, RADI IRSA IV, Oriental Titan Titan III, UAV Sci-Tech Telemetry IV and ZWYX YX-3, so that all six Chinese UAVs have identical appearance. What differs them from each other is that their respective flight control systems (FCS) are completely different from each other, being separately developed their respective developers independently. Quick Eye IV has a pair of two-blade driven propeller engines respectively mounted at the nose and rearend of the fuselage. Specification:

text: Quick Eye IV is a twin engine UAV in twin boom layout with tricycle landing gear developed by RADI. Quick Eye IV share the identical airframe of five other Chinese twin engine UAVs:

text: Iflyer Hunter

text: RADI IRSA IV

text: Oriental Titan Titan III

text: UAV Sci-Tech Telemetry IV

text: and

text: ZWYX YX-3

text: , so that all six Chinese UAVs have identical appearance. What differs them from each other is that their respective flight control systems (FCS) are completely different from each other, being separately developed their respective developers independently. Quick Eye IV has a pair of two-blade driven propeller engines respectively mounted at the nose and rearend of the fuselage. Specification:

text: The Dalton Minimum was a period of low sunspot count, representing low solar activity, named after the English meteorologist John Dalton, lasting from about 1790 to 1830 or 1796 to 1820, corresponding to the period solar cycle 4 to solar cycle 7.

text: The Dalton Minimum was a period of low

text: sunspot

text: count, representing low

text: solar activity

text: , named after the English meteorologist

text: John Dalton

text: , lasting from about 1790 to 1830 or 1796 to 1820, corresponding to the period

text: solar cycle 4

text: to

text: solar cycle 7

text: Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the Sun's radiating 'surface' (photosphere) where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the Photosphere. Faculae are slightly brighter areas that form around sunspot groups as the flow of energy to the photosphere is re-established and both the normal flow and the sunspot-blocked energy elevate the radiating 'surface' temperature. Scientists began speculating on possible relationships between sunspots and solar luminosity in the 17th century. Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

text: Sunspot

text: s are relatively dark areas on the Sun's radiating 'surface' (

text: photosphere

text: ) where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the

text: Photosphere

text: Faculae

text: are slightly brighter areas that form around sunspot groups as the flow of energy to the photosphere is re-established and both the normal flow and the sunspot-blocked energy elevate the radiating 'surface' temperature. Scientists began speculating on possible relationships between sunspots and solar luminosity in the 17th century. Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

text: Zeta Coronae Borealis is a double star with two blue-white components 6.3 arcseconds apart that can be readily separated at 100x magnification. The primary is of magnitude 5.1 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0. Nu Coronae Borealis is an optical double, whose components are a similar distance from Earth but have different radial velocities, hence are assumed to be unrelated. The primary, Nu Coronae Borealis, is a red giant of spectral type M2III and magnitude 5.2, lying 640±30 light-years distant, and the secondary, Nu Coronae Borealis, is an orange-hued giant star of spectral type K5III and magnitude 5.4, estimated to be 590±30 light-years away. Sigma Coronae Borealis, on the other hand, is a true multiple star system divisible by small amateur telescopes. It is actually a complex system composed of two stars around as massive as the Sun that orbit each other every 1.14 days, orbited by a third Sun-like star every 726 years. The fourth and fifth components are a binary red dwarf system that is 14,000 AU distant from the other three stars. ADS 9731 is an even rarer multiple system in the constellation, composed of six stars, two of which are spectroscopic binaries.

text: Zeta Coronae Borealis

text: is a double star with two blue-white components 6.3

text: arcseconds

text: apart that can be readily separated at 100x

entity_section: Calculating the magnification of optical systems

text: magnification

text: . The primary is of magnitude 5.1 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.0.

text: Nu Coronae Borealis

text: is an

text: optical double

text: , whose components are a similar distance from Earth but have different

text: radial velocities

text: , hence are assumed to be unrelated. The primary,

text: Nu Coronae Borealis

text: , is a

text: red giant

text: of spectral type M2III and magnitude 5.2, lying 640±30 light-years distant, and the secondary,

text: Nu Coronae Borealis

text: , is an orange-hued giant star of spectral type K5III and magnitude 5.4, estimated to be 590±30 light-years away.

text: Sigma Coronae Borealis

text: , on the other hand, is a true multiple star system divisible by small amateur telescopes. It is actually a complex system composed of two stars around as massive as the Sun that orbit each other every 1.14 days, orbited by a third Sun-like star every 726 years. The fourth and fifth components are a binary

text: red dwarf

text: system that is 14,000 AU distant from the other three stars.

text: ADS 9731

text: is an even rarer multiple system in the constellation, composed of six stars, two of which are spectroscopic binaries.

text: HD 9446 is a star located about 172.8 light-years away in the constellation of Triangulum. It is a G-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of G5V. The physical properties this star appear similar to the Sun, making it a candidate as a solar analog. However, the measured abundance of elements with more mass than helium is above the accepted range. The amount of activity measured in the chromosphere corresponds to a star with a rotation period of about 10 days.

text: HD 9446 is a

text: star

text: located about 172.8 light-years away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Triangulum

text: . It is a

text: G-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of G5V. The physical properties this star appear similar to the

text: Sun

text: , making it a candidate as a

text: solar analog

text: . However, the measured abundance of elements with more mass than helium is above the accepted range. The amount of activity measured in the

text: chromosphere

text: corresponds to a star with a rotation period of about 10 days.

text: Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the Sun () upwards, and luminosities from about 1,000 to over a million times the Sun (). They vary greatly in radius, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000 solar radii (). They are massive enough to begin core helium burning gently before the core becomes degenerate, without a flash, and without the strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience. They go on to successively ignite heavier elements, usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high masses they are destined to explode as supernovae.

text: Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the

text: Sun

text: () upwards, and

text: luminosities

text: from about 1,000 to over a million times the Sun (). They vary greatly in

text: radius

text: , usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess of 1,000

text: solar radii

text: (). They are massive enough to begin core helium burning gently before the core becomes degenerate, without a flash, and without the strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience. They go on to successively ignite heavier elements, usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high masses they are destined to explode as

text: supernova

text: e.

text: The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated. The term itself is derived from Ancient Greek roots, φῶς, φωτός/phos, photos meaning "light" and σφαῖρα/sphaira meaning "sphere", in reference to the fact that it is a spherical surface that is perceived to emit light. It extends into a star's surface until the plasma becomes opaque, equivalent to an optical depth of approximately 2/3. In other words, a photosphere is the deepest region of a luminous object, usually a star, that is transparent to photons of certain wavelengths.

text: The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated. The term itself is derived from

text: Ancient Greek

text: roots, φῶς, φωτός/phos, photos meaning "light" and σφαῖρα/sphaira meaning "sphere", in reference to the fact that it is a spherical surface that is perceived to emit light. It extends into a star's surface until the

text: plasma

text: becomes opaque, equivalent to an

text: optical depth

text: of approximately 2/3. In other words, a photosphere is the deepest region of a luminous object, usually a star, that is transparent to photons of certain wavelengths.

text: Also in 1848, Joseph Henry projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

text: Also in 1848,

text: Joseph Henry

text: projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

text: As the end of their mission drew closer, Gibson continued his watch of the solar surface.On January 21, 1974, an active region on the Sun's surface formed a bright spot which intensified and grew. Gibson quickly began filming the sequence as the bright spot erupted. This film was the first recording from space of the birth of a solar flare.

text: As the end of their mission drew closer, Gibson continued his watch of the solar surface.On January 21, 1974, an active region on the Sun's surface formed a bright spot which intensified and grew. Gibson quickly began filming the sequence as the bright spot erupted. This film was the first recording from space of the birth of a

text: solar flare

text: UltraSPARC T1 can be partitioned in a similar way to high-end Sun SMP systems. Thus, several cores can be partitioned for running a single or group of processes and/or threads, while the other cores deal with the rest of the processes on the system.

text: UltraSPARC T1 can be partitioned in a similar way to high-end Sun

text: SMP

text: systems. Thus, several cores can be partitioned for running a single or group of processes and/or threads, while the other cores deal with the rest of the processes on the system.

text: A typical prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers; the largest on record was estimated at over  long – roughly the solar radius.

text: Light from the corona comes from three primary sources, from the same volume of space. The K-corona (K for kontinuierlich, "continuous" in German) is created by sunlight scattering off free electrons; Doppler broadening of the reflected photospheric absorption lines spreads them so greatly as to completely obscure them, giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines. The F-corona (F for Fraunhofer) is created by sunlight bouncing off dust particles, and is observable because its light contains the Fraunhofer absorption lines that are seen in raw sunlight; the F-corona extends to very high elongation angles from the Sun, where it is called the zodiacal light. The E-corona (E for emission) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma; it may be observed in broad or forbidden or hot spectral emission lines and is the main source of information about the corona's composition.

text: Light from the corona comes from three primary sources, from the same volume of space. The K-corona (K for kontinuierlich, "continuous" in German) is created by sunlight scattering off free

text: electron

text: s;

text: Doppler broadening

text: of the reflected photospheric absorption lines spreads them so greatly as to completely obscure them, giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines. The F-corona (F for

text: Fraunhofer

text: ) is created by sunlight bouncing off dust particles, and is observable because its light contains the Fraunhofer absorption lines that are seen in raw sunlight; the F-corona extends to very high

text: elongation

text: angles from the Sun, where it is called the

text: zodiacal light

text: . The E-corona (E for emission) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma; it may be observed in broad or

text: forbidden

text: or hot

text: spectral emission lines

text: and is the main source of information about the corona's composition.

text: When solar flares erupt from sunspots they emit ultraviolet radiation, which reach the earth in 8 minutes, and electrified fragments of atoms which take around 30 hours. These fragments of atoms are diverted by the earth's magnetic field, towards the North and South poles which causes the Aurora. Dr. C. W. Gartlein of Cornell University took some of the first motion pictures of the Aurora Borealis. These solar flares cause disruption in electricity and radio communications because of disturbances of the ionosphere. Because of this, the Sun is monitored from 22 stations around the world which send data to the Radio Storm Warning Service of the National Bureau of Standards to determine when a solar storm will reach the Earth.

text: When

text: solar flares

text: erupt from sunspots they emit

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: , which reach the earth in 8 minutes, and

text: electrified fragments of atoms

text: which take around 30 hours. These fragments of atoms are diverted by the

text: earth's magnetic field

text: , towards the North and South poles which causes the

text: Aurora

text: Dr. C. W. Gartlein

text: of Cornell University took some of the first motion pictures of the Aurora Borealis. These solar flares cause disruption in

text: electricity

text: and radio communications because of disturbances of the

text: ionosphere

text: . Because of this, the Sun is monitored from 22 stations around the world which send data to the

text: Radio Storm Warning Service

text: of the

entity_name: National Institute of Standards and Technology

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: to determine when a

text: solar storm

text: will reach the Earth.

text: Sun Yat-sen is in exile again after his ninth uprising in China fails in 1910. The Qing government in China has put a price of 700,000 taels of silver on his head. Forced to leave Japan, he goes to British colonial port of Penang to continue his fundraising. He seeks support from opium cartel boss Xu Boheng. Xu's daughter Xu Dan Rong, is engaged to schoolteacher Luo Zhaoling. A covert Qing agent, Luo has been ordered to assassinate Sun, but his rebellious fiancee Xu Dan Rong becomes attracted to Sun's cause. Meanwhile, Sun's long-time companion Chen Cuifen joins him in Penang. Sun learns that his mother has died in China, but cannot pay for her funeral. Sun's friends and followers come to his assistance. Mr. Grant, a British colonial officer pressures Xu to smuggle opium to China and arrange a marriage between Xu Dan Rong and his son Master Grant. Sun intervenes to save Xu and his daughter, and out of gratitude Xu arranges for Sun to speak to prominent members of Penang community. Sun now convenes a secret meeting among the Southeast Asian Tongmenghui members to plan the Second Guangzhou Uprising.

text: Sun Yat-sen

text: is in exile again after his ninth uprising in

text: China

text: fails in 1910. The

text: Qing

text: government in China has put a price of 700,000 taels of silver on his head. Forced to leave Japan, he goes to British colonial port of

text: Penang

text: to continue his fundraising. He seeks support from opium cartel boss Xu Boheng. Xu's daughter Xu Dan Rong, is engaged to schoolteacher Luo Zhaoling. A covert Qing agent, Luo has been ordered to assassinate Sun, but his rebellious fiancee Xu Dan Rong becomes attracted to Sun's cause. Meanwhile, Sun's long-time companion Chen Cuifen joins him in Penang. Sun learns that his mother has died in China, but cannot pay for her funeral. Sun's friends and followers come to his assistance. Mr. Grant, a British colonial officer pressures Xu to smuggle opium to China and arrange a marriage between Xu Dan Rong and his son Master Grant. Sun intervenes to save Xu and his daughter, and out of gratitude Xu arranges for Sun to speak to prominent members of Penang community. Sun now convenes a secret meeting among the Southeast Asian

text: Tongmenghui

text: members to plan the

text: Second Guangzhou Uprising

text: Polar climates are cold, windy and dry. Because of the lack of precipitation and low temperatures the Arctic and Antarctic are considered the world's largest deserts or Polar deserts. Much of the radiation from the sun that is received is reflected off the snow making the polar regions cold. When the radiation is reflected, the heat is also reflected. The polar regions reflect 89-90% of the sun radiation that the earth receives. And because Antarctica is closer to the sun at perihelion, it receives 7% more radiation than the Arctic. Also in the polar region, the atmosphere is thin. Because of this the UV radiation that gets to the atmosphere can cause fast sun tanning and snow blindness.

text: Polar climate

text: s are cold, windy and dry. Because of the lack of

text: precipitation

text: and low temperatures the Arctic and Antarctic are considered the world's largest

text: desert

text: s or

text: Polar desert

text: s. Much of the

text: radiation

text: from the sun that is received is reflected off the snow making the polar regions cold. When the radiation is reflected, the heat is also reflected. The polar regions reflect 89-90% of the sun radiation that the earth receives. And because Antarctica is closer to the sun at

text: perihelion

text: , it receives 7% more radiation than the Arctic. Also in the polar region, the atmosphere is thin. Because of this the

text: UV radiation

text: that gets to the atmosphere can cause fast

text: sun tanning

text: and

text: snow blindness

text: In 1868 a prominent yellow line was observed in a spectrum taken near the edge of the Sun. With a wavelength of about 588 nm, slightly less than the so-called "D" lines of sodium. the line could not be explained as due to any material known at the time, and so it was suggested by Lockyer, after he had observed it from London, that the yellow line was caused by an unknown solar element. He named this element helium after the Greek word 'Helios' meaning 'sun'. An observation of the new yellow line had been made earlier by Janssen at the 18 August 1868 solar eclipse, and because their papers reached the French academy on the same day, he and Lockyer usually are awarded joint credit for helium's discovery. Terrestrial helium was found about 27 years later by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay.  In his work on the identification of helium, Lockyer collaborated with the noted chemist Edward Frankland.

text: In 1868 a prominent yellow line was observed in a spectrum taken near the edge of the Sun. With a wavelength of about 588 nm, slightly less than the so-called "D" lines of sodium. the line could not be explained as due to any material known at the time, and so it was suggested by Lockyer, after he had observed it from London, that the yellow line was caused by an unknown solar element. He named this element

text: helium

text: after the Greek word 'Helios' meaning 'sun'. An observation of the new yellow line had been made earlier by Janssen at the

text: 18 August 1868 solar eclipse

text: , and because their papers reached the French academy on the same day, he and Lockyer usually are awarded joint credit for helium's discovery. Terrestrial helium was found about 27 years later by the Scottish chemist

text: William Ramsay

text: .  In his work on the identification of helium, Lockyer collaborated with the noted chemist

text: Edward Frankland

text: Sunrise or sun up is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears over the horizon in the morning. The term can also refer to the entire process of the Sun crossing the horizon and its accompanying atmospheric effects.The Sun will rise exactly due east at the spring and fall equinoxes, which each occur only once a year.

text: Sunrise or sun up is the instant at which the upper edge of the

text: Sun

text: appears over the

text: horizon

text: in the

text: morning

text: . The term can also refer to the entire process of the Sun crossing the horizon and its accompanying atmospheric effects.The Sun will rise exactly due east at the spring and fall

text: equinox

text: es, which each occur only once a year.

text: Therefore, Nebra's Horus name is problematic regarding its translation and meaning. The typical translation of Nebra's name as "Ra is my lord", which would be read "Raneb", is questionable, as this would assume that the Sun was already being worshiped as an independent deity. Consequently, Egyptologists have proposed the translation "Lord of the sun (of Horus)" which is read "Nebra" and implies the pharaoh's rule over the Sun (as a celestial body), which was indeed also under Horus' or Seth's control. Any solar religion or solar symbolism were not yet established in any useful form and it is now thought that king Nebra might actually have been the first king who adopted extended religious thought about the sun and the sky.

text: A nanoflare is a very small solar flare which happens in the corona, the external atmosphere of the Sun.

text: A nanoflare is a very small

text: solar flare

text: which happens in the

text: corona

text: , the external

text: atmosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: All the stars showed the quasi-periodic brightness variations, ranging from 0.1% to nearly 10%, interpreted as the rotation of large starspots. When large spots exist on a star, the activity level of the chromosphere becomes high; in particular, large chromospheric plages form around sunspot groups. The intensities of certain solar and stellar lines generated in the chromosphere, particularly the lines of ionised calcium (Ca II) and the Hα line of hydrogen, are known to be indicators of magnetic activity. Observations of the Ca lines in stars of similar age to the Sun even show cyclic variations reminiscent of the 11 year solar cycle. By observing certain infrared lines of Ca II for the 34 superflare stars it was possible to estimate their chromospheric activity. Measurements of the same lines at points within an active region on the Sun, together with simultaneous measurements of the local magnetic field, show that there is a general relation between field and activity.

text: All the stars showed the quasi-periodic brightness variations, ranging from 0.1% to nearly 10%, interpreted as the rotation of large starspots. When large spots exist on a star, the activity level of the

text: chromosphere

text: becomes high; in particular, large chromospheric

text: plages

text: form around sunspot groups. The intensities of certain solar and stellar lines generated in the chromosphere, particularly the lines of ionised calcium (Ca II) and the Hα line of hydrogen, are known to be indicators of magnetic activity. Observations of the Ca lines in stars of similar age to the Sun even show cyclic variations reminiscent of the 11 year solar cycle. By observing certain infrared lines of Ca II for the 34 superflare stars it was possible to estimate their chromospheric activity. Measurements of the same lines at points within an active region on the Sun, together with simultaneous measurements of the local magnetic field, show that there is a general relation between field and activity.

text: SADs are widely accepted to be byproducts of magnetic reconnection, the physical process that drives solar flares by releasing energy stored in the Sun’s magnetic field. Reconnection reconfigures the local magnetic field surrounding the flare site from a higher-energy (non-potential, stressed) state to a lower-energy (potential) state. This process is facilitated by the development of a current sheet, often preceded by or in tandem with a coronal mass ejection. As the field is being reconfigured, newly formed magnetic field lines are swept away from the reconnection site, producing outflows both toward and away from the solar surface, respectively referred to as downflows and upflows. SADs are believed to be related to reconnection downflows that perturb the hot, dense plasma that collects above flare arcades, but precisely how SADs form is uncertain and is an area of active research.

text: SADs are widely accepted to be byproducts of

text: magnetic reconnection

text: , the physical process that drives

text: solar flare

text: s by releasing energy stored in the

text: Sun’s magnetic field

text: Reconnection

text: reconfigures the local

text: magnetic field

text: surrounding the

text: flare

text: site from a higher-energy (non-potential,

text: stressed

text: ) state to a lower-energy (

text: potential

text: ) state. This process is facilitated by the development of a

text: current sheet

text: , often preceded by or in tandem with a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . As the field is being reconfigured, newly formed

text: magnetic field lines

text: are swept away from the

text: reconnection

text: site, producing outflows both toward and away from the

text: solar surface

text: , respectively referred to as downflows and upflows. SADs are believed to be related to

text: reconnection

text: downflows that perturb the hot, dense

text: plasma

text: that collects above

text: flare

text: arcades, but precisely how SADs form is uncertain and is an area of active research.

text: The Sun, in this respect as in many others, is relatively benign: the variation between its maximum and minimum energy output is roughly 0.1% over its 11-year solar cycle. There is strong (though not undisputed) evidence that even minor changes in the Sun's luminosity have had significant effects on the Earth's climate well within the historical era: the Little Ice Age of the mid-second millennium, for instance, may have been caused by a relatively long-term decline in the Sun's luminosity. Thus, a star does not have to be a true variable for differences in luminosity to affect habitability. Of known solar analogs, one that closely resembles the Sun is considered to be 18 Scorpii; unfortunately for the prospects of life existing in its proximity, the only significant difference between the two bodies is the amplitude of the solar cycle, which appears to be much greater for 18 Scorpii.

text: The Sun, in this respect as in many others, is relatively benign: the variation between its maximum and minimum energy output is roughly 0.1% over its 11-year

text: solar cycle

text: . There is strong (though not undisputed)

text: evidence

text: that even minor changes in the Sun's luminosity have had significant effects on the Earth's climate well within the historical era: the

text: Little Ice Age

text: of the mid-second millennium, for instance, may have been caused by a relatively long-term decline in the Sun's luminosity. Thus, a star does not have to be a true variable for differences in luminosity to affect habitability. Of known

text: solar analog

text: s, one that closely resembles the Sun is considered to be

text: 18 Scorpii

text: ; unfortunately for the prospects of life existing in its proximity, the only significant difference between the two bodies is the amplitude of the solar cycle, which appears to be much greater for 18 Scorpii.

text: In September 2007, Southern Sun Times changed its name to Lethbridge Sun Times.

text: During 2008-2009 NASA scientists noted that the Sun is undergoing a "deep solar minimum," stating: "There were no sunspots observed on 266 of [2008's] 366 days (73%). Prompted by these numbers, some observers suggested that the solar cycle had hit bottom in 2008. Sunspot counts for 2009 dropped even lower. As of September 14, 2009 there were no sunspots on 206 of the year's 257 days (80%). It adds up to one inescapable conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum," says solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center. "This is the quietest sun we've seen in almost a century," agrees sunspot expert David Hathaway of the National Space Science and Technology Center NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. It's a natural part of the sunspot cycle, discovered by German astronomer Heinrich Schwabe in the mid-19th century. A "clockwork pattern" that has held true for more than 200 years.

text: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

text: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than

text: Alhazen

text: or

text: Al-Biruni

text: . One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the

text: star

text: s receiving their light from the

text: Sun

text: , stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the

text: planet

text: s are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed

text: Venus as a spot on the Sun

text: . This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing

text: geocentric

text: model.

text: Karl Shell is also co-inventor (with David Cass) of the concept of sunspot equilibrium (and sunspots).

text: Karl Shell is also co-inventor (with

text: David Cass

text: ) of the concept of

text: sunspot equilibrium

text: (and

text: sunspots

text: Sun Jian heard of her beauty and character and desired to marry her. However, Lady Wu's relatives disliked Sun Jian, whom they perceived as an idler and a rascal, so they wanted to reject his proposal. Sun Jian was embarrassed and angry at their decision. Lady Wu told her relatives, "Why bring disaster upon yourselves just because of your love for me? If this turns out to be a bad marriage, I'll accept it as my fate." Lady Wu's relatives then agreed to her marriage to Sun Jian. She bore Sun Jian four sons and a daughter. She probably married Sun Jian in 175 or earlier because their first child, Sun Ce, was born that year.

text: Sun Jian

text: heard of her beauty and character and desired to marry her. However, Lady Wu's relatives disliked Sun Jian, whom they perceived as an idler and a rascal, so they wanted to reject his proposal. Sun Jian was embarrassed and angry at their decision. Lady Wu told her relatives, "Why bring disaster upon yourselves just because of your love for me? If this turns out to be a bad marriage, I'll accept it as my fate." Lady Wu's relatives then agreed to her marriage to Sun Jian. She bore Sun Jian four sons and a daughter. She probably married Sun Jian in 175 or earlier because their first child,

text: Sun Ce

text: , was born that year.

text: In mathematics, the corona or corona set of a topological space X is the complement βX\X of the space in its Stone–Čech compactification βX.

text: In

text: mathematics

text: , the corona or corona set of a

text: topological space

text: X is the

text: complement

text: βX\X of the space in its

text: Stone–Čech compactification

text: βX.

text: Sun Gong's son was Sun Jun. Sun Jun's elder sister married Quan Shang. Sun Jun's younger sister married Zhu Ju's son Zhu Sun.

text: Sun Gong's son was

text: Sun Jun

text: . Sun Jun's elder sister married

text: Quan Shang

text: . Sun Jun's younger sister married

text: Zhu Ju

text: 's son Zhu Sun.

text: Humans are also influenced by aspects of social time: the hours when other people are awake, the hours when work is required, the time on the clock, etc. Time zones, standard times used to unify the timing for people in the same area, correspond only approximately to the natural rising and setting of the sun. The approximate nature of the timezone can be shown with China, a country which used to span five time zones and now uses only one (UTC +8).

text: Humans are also influenced by aspects of social time: the hours when other people are awake, the hours when work is required, the time on the clock, etc.

text: Time zones

text: , standard times used to unify the timing for people in the same area, correspond only approximately to the natural rising and setting of the sun. The approximate nature of the timezone can be shown with China, a country which used to span five time zones and now

text: uses only one

text: (UTC +8).

text: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as:

text: The

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: (IPCC)

text: report defines radiative forcings as:

text: This is an evolved A-type giant star with a stellar classification of A0 III. It has around three times the mass of the Sun and 4.5 times the Sun's radius. The abundance of elements is similar to that in the Sun. It radiates 120 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,984 K. Alpha Sextantis is around 295 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 21 km/s.

text: This is an

text: evolved

text: A-type

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of A0 III. It has around three times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: and 4.5 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . The abundance of elements is similar to that in the Sun. It radiates 120 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 9,984 K. Alpha Sextantis is around 295 million years old with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 21 km/s.

text: A solar envelope can be generated for any land parcel during any time interval using the following methods: the heliodon (sun-simulating machine), descriptive geometry, or computers software (e.g Autodesk Revit and DIVA for Grasshopper in Rhino). Given a site, and its location and orientation, a heliodon can be used to determine the Solar azimuth angle and altitude angle for any given time. Four critical time points are typically used to determine the solar envelope: morning and afternoon cut-off time during the winter and summer solstice. If the information in regards to solar positions and site geometry are known, the solar envelope can be directly calculated using trigonometry. The current computer software can be the easiest and fastest way for calculating the solar envelope using the same principle that is being used in the heliodon method.

text: A solar envelope can be generated for any

text: land parcel

text: during any time interval using the following methods: the

text: heliodon

text: (sun-simulating machine), descriptive geometry, or computers software (e.g

text: Autodesk Revit

text: and DIVA for

text: Grasshopper

text: in

text: Rhino

text: ). Given a site, and its location and orientation, a

text: heliodon

text: can be used to determine the

text: Solar azimuth angle

text: and

text: altitude angle

text: for any given time. Four critical time points are typically used to determine the solar envelope: morning and afternoon cut-off time during the

text: winter

text: and

text: summer solstice

text: . If the information in regards to

text: solar positions

text: and site geometry are known, the solar envelope can be directly calculated using

text: trigonometry

text: . The current computer software can be the easiest and fastest way for calculating the solar envelope using the same principle that is being used in the

text: heliodon

text: method.

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder was a pioneer in astronomical photography, especially of sunspots. A mathematics graduate of Girton College, Cambridge, she was first hired (in 1890) to be an assistant to Edward Walter Maunder, discoverer of the Maunder Minimum, the head of the solar department at Greenwich Observatory. They worked together to observe sunspots and to refine the techniques of solar photography. They married in 1895. Annie's mathematical skills made it possible to analyse the years of sunspot data that Maunder had been collecting at Greenwich. She also designed a small, portable wide-angle camera with a  lens. In 1898, the Maunders traveled to India, where Annie took the first photographs of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse. By analysing the Cambridge records for both sunspots and geomagnetic storm, they were able to show that specific regions of the sun's surface were the source of geomagnetic storms and that the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space, as William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin had declared.

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder

text: was a pioneer in astronomical photography, especially of

text: sunspot

text: s. A mathematics graduate of Girton College, Cambridge, she was first hired (in 1890) to be an assistant to

text: Edward Walter Maunder

text: , discoverer of the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: , the head of the solar department at

text: Greenwich Observatory

text: . They worked together to observe sunspots and to refine the techniques of solar photography. They married in 1895. Annie's mathematical skills made it possible to analyse the years of sunspot data that Maunder had been collecting at Greenwich. She also designed a small, portable wide-angle camera with a  lens. In 1898, the Maunders traveled to India, where Annie took the first photographs of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse. By analysing the Cambridge records for both sunspots and

text: geomagnetic storm

text: , they were able to show that specific regions of the sun's surface were the source of geomagnetic storms and that the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space, as

text: William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

text: had declared.

text: It has an activity cycle that is much more pronounced than the solar sunspot cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years. (An earlier estimate gave a period of 7.3 years.) The combination of starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.

text: It has an

text: activity cycle

text: that is much more pronounced than the solar

text: sunspot

text: cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7 years. (An earlier estimate gave a period of 7.3 years.) The combination of starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.

text: SORCE measures the Sun's output with the use of state-of-the-art radiometers, spectrometers, photodiodes, detectors, and bolometers engineered into instruments mounted on a satellite observatory. The SORCE satellite orbits around the Earth accumulating solar data. Spectral measurements identify the irradiance of the Sun by characterizing the Sun's energy and emissions in the form of color that can then be translated into quantities and elements of matter. Data obtained by the SORCE experiment can be used to model the Sun's output and to explain and predict the effect of the Sun's radiation on the Earth's atmosphere and climate.

text: SORCE measures the

text: Sun

text: 's output with the use of state-of-the-art

text: radiometers

text: spectrometers

text: photodiodes

text: , detectors, and

text: bolometers

text: engineered into instruments mounted on a

text: satellite

text: observatory. The SORCE satellite orbits around the Earth accumulating solar data. Spectral measurements identify the

text: irradiance

text: of the Sun by characterizing the Sun's energy and emissions in the form of color that can then be translated into quantities and elements of matter. Data obtained by the SORCE experiment can be used to model the Sun's output and to explain and predict the effect of the Sun's radiation on the Earth's atmosphere and climate.

text: The most prominent time variation of the solar magnetic field is related to the quasi-periodic 11-year solar cycle, characterized by an increasing and decreasing number and size of sunspots. Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field. At a typical solar minimum, few or no sunspots are visible. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum, sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, following Spörer's law.

text: The most prominent time variation of the solar magnetic field is related to the quasi-periodic 11-year

text: solar cycle

text: , characterized by an increasing and decreasing number and size of

text: sunspot

text: s. Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field. At a typical

text: solar minimum

text: , few or no sunspots are visible. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its

text: maximum

text: , sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, following

text: Spörer's law

text: Helioseismology is the study of the wave oscillations in the Sun. Changes in the propagation of these waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun. In particular, the location of the convection zone in the outer layers of the Sun can be measured, and information about the core of the Sun provides a method, using the SSM, to calculate the age of the Sun, independently of the method of inferring the age of the Sun from that of the oldest meteorites. This is another example of how the SSM can be refined.

text: The composition is the same as the one in the Sun's interior, mainly hydrogen, but completely ionized, thence protons and electrons, and a small fraction of the other atoms in the same percentages as they are present in the photosphere.Even heavier metals, such as iron, are partially ionized and have lost most of the external electrons. The ionization state of a chemical element depends strictly on the temperature and is regulated by the Saha equation. Historically, the presence of the spectral lines emitted from highly ionized states of iron allowed determination of the high temperature of the coronal plasma, revealing that the corona is much hotter than the internal layers of the chromosphere.

text: The composition is the same as the one in the Sun's interior, mainly hydrogen, but completely ionized, thence protons and electrons, and a small fraction of the other atoms in the same percentages as they are present in the photosphere.Even heavier metals, such as iron, are partially ionized and have lost most of the external electrons. The ionization state of a chemical element depends strictly on the temperature and is regulated by the

text: Saha equation

text: . Historically, the presence of the spectral lines emitted from highly ionized states of iron allowed determination of the high temperature of the coronal plasma, revealing that the corona is much hotter than the internal layers of the chromosphere.

text: The coronal heating problem is a longstanding question in heliophysics. It is unknown why the sun's corona lives in a temperature range higher than one million degrees while the sun's surface (photosphere) is only a few thousand degrees in temperature. Natural intuition would predict a decrease in temperature while getting farther away from a heat source, but it is theorized that the photosphere, influenced by the sun's magnetic fields, emits certain waves which carry energy (i.e. heat) to the corona and solar wind. It is important to note that because the density of the corona is quite a bit smaller than the photosphere, the heat and energy level of the photosphere is much higher than the corona. Temperature depends only on the average speed of a species, and less energy is required to heat fewer particles to higher temperatures in the coronal atmosphere. Alfvén first proposed the existence of an electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave in 1942 in Nature. He claimed the sun had all necessary criteria to support these waves and that they may in turn be responsible for sun spots. From his paper:

text: The

text: coronal heating problem

text: is a longstanding question in heliophysics. It is unknown why the sun's corona lives in a temperature range higher than one million degrees while the sun's surface (photosphere) is only a few thousand degrees in temperature. Natural intuition would predict a decrease in temperature while getting farther away from a heat source, but it is theorized that the photosphere, influenced by the sun's magnetic fields, emits certain waves which carry energy (i.e. heat) to the corona and solar wind. It is important to note that because the density of the corona is quite a bit smaller than the photosphere, the heat and energy level of the photosphere is much higher than the corona. Temperature depends only on the average speed of a species, and less energy is required to heat fewer particles to higher temperatures in the coronal atmosphere. Alfvén first proposed the existence of an electromagnetic-hydrodynamic wave in 1942 in Nature. He claimed the sun had all necessary criteria to support these waves and that they may in turn be responsible for sun spots. From his paper:

text: To calculate the actual motion of the Sun, you would need to sum all the influences from all the planets, comets, asteroids, etc. of the Solar System (see n-body problem). If all the planets were aligned on the same side of the Sun, the combined center of mass would lie about 500,000 km above the Sun's surface.

text: To calculate the actual motion of the Sun, you would need to sum all the influences from all the

text: planet

text: s,

text: comet

text: s,

text: asteroid

text: s, etc. of the

text: Solar System

text: (see

text: n-body problem

text: ). If all the planets were aligned on the same side of the Sun, the combined center of mass would lie about 500,000 km above the Sun's surface.

text: List of solar-powered boats is a list of boats powered by Sun, typically solar panels providing electrical power to motors.

text: List of solar-powered boats is a list of boats powered by Sun, typically

text: solar panels

text: providing electrical power to motors.

text: where A, B and C are the non-radiative, radiative and Auger recombination coefficients and

text: As used in astrophysics, a flux tube generally has a larger magnetic field and other properties that differ from the surrounding space. They are commonly found around stars, including the Sun, which has many flux tubes of around 300 km diameter. Sunspots are also associated with larger flux tubes of 2500 km diameter. Some planets also have flux tubes. A well-known example is the flux tube between Jupiter and its moon Io.

text: As used in

text: astrophysics

text: , a flux tube generally has a larger magnetic field and other properties that differ from the surrounding space. They are commonly found around

text: star

text: s, including the

text: Sun

text: , which has many

text: flux

text: tubes of around 300 km diameter.

text: Sunspot

text: s are also associated with larger flux tubes of 2500 km diameter. Some

text: planet

text: s also have flux tubes. A well-known example is the flux tube between

text: Jupiter

text: and its moon

text: Io

text: The measured properties of this star are very similar to those of the Sun, making it a candidate older solar twin. The abundances of 21 elements overall are more similar to the Sun than any other known solar twin. Additionally, the effective temperature, surface gravity, and microturbulence are nearly identical to the Sun's. However, it is significantly older than the Sun, being approximately 3.6 billion years older than the Sun, at 8.2 Billion years old. The fact that the abundances are so similar to the Sun's suggests that it is a potential candidate for hosting terrestrial type planets.

text: The measured properties of this star are very similar to those of the Sun, making it a candidate older

text: solar twin

text: . The abundances of 21

text: element

text: s overall are more similar to the Sun than any other known solar twin. Additionally, the

text: effective temperature

text: surface gravity

text: , and

text: microturbulence

text: are nearly identical to the Sun's. However, it is significantly older than the Sun, being approximately 3.6 billion years older than the Sun, at 8.2 Billion years old. The fact that the abundances are so similar to the Sun's suggests that it is a potential candidate for hosting terrestrial type planets.

text: Johnson’s book-length poem RADI OS (Sand Dollar Press, 1977) is an early and influential example of erasure poetry. He wrote it by blacking out words in a copy of John Milton’s Paradise Lost. Johnson rewrote the first four books of Milton’s poem in this way, producing a new text in which the few remaining words float in the white page space left by the absent words.  Although Johnson apparently considered RADI OS to be a section of his long poem ARK, it was not included in any edition of that poem. Flood Editions reprinted it in 2005.

text: Johnson’s book-length poem RADI OS (Sand Dollar Press, 1977) is an early and influential example of

text: erasure poetry

text: . He wrote it by blacking out words in a copy of

text: John Milton

text: ’s

text: Paradise Lost

text: . Johnson rewrote the first four books of Milton’s poem in this way, producing a new text in which the few remaining words float in the white page space left by the absent words.  Although Johnson apparently considered RADI OS to be a section of his long poem ARK, it was not included in any edition of that poem. Flood Editions reprinted it in 2005.

text:
Planetary exploration missions have often turned to Radio-Isotope devices, whether RHUs or RTGs, to support thermal control and power generation in what are often extreme temperature and energy poor environments. However, for Europe, where these technologies are currently unavailable, employing such devices have important technical and programmatic impacts. While activities investigating the development of RHUs and ultimately RTGs are proceeding within Europe, it is not expected that European devices would be available in the 2018 timeframe of the Lunar Lander mission.
Instead, the Lunar Lander is powered by solar arrays which are wrapped around the body tube. Once landed, the vehicles axis of symmetry will be almost perpendicular to the direction of the Sun ensuring continuously good illumination of the solar cells as the lander rotates with respect to the Sun (due to the rotation of the Moon).
Batteries are used to bridge short periods without solar power. Solar power is unavailable in LLO when the lander goes into lunar eclipse and on the ground, when mountain peaks at the horizon cover the Sun. Landing operations will also be conducted relying solely on battery power.

text: Planetary exploration missions have often turned to Radio-Isotope devices, whether RHUs or RTGs, to support thermal control and power generation in what are often extreme temperature and energy poor environments. However, for Europe, where these technologies are currently unavailable, employing such devices have important technical and programmatic impacts. While activities investigating the development of RHUs and ultimately RTGs are proceeding within Europe, it is not expected that European devices would be available in the 2018 timeframe of the Lunar Lander mission.<br>Instead, the Lunar Lander is powered by solar arrays which are wrapped around the body tube. Once landed, the vehicles axis of symmetry will be almost perpendicular to the direction of the

text: Sun

text: ensuring continuously good illumination of the solar cells as the lander rotates with respect to the Sun (due to the rotation of the Moon). <br>Batteries are used to bridge short periods without solar power. Solar power is unavailable in LLO when the lander goes into lunar

text: eclipse

text: and on the ground, when mountain peaks at the horizon cover the Sun. Landing operations will also be conducted relying solely on battery power.

text: In November 2005 Sun launched the UltraSPARC T1, notable for its ability to concurrently run 32 threads of execution on 8 processor cores. Its intent was to drive more efficient use of CPU resources, which is of particular importance in data centers, where there is an increasing need to reduce power and air conditioning demands, much of which comes from the heat generated by CPUs. The T1 was followed in 2007 by the UltraSPARC T2, which extended the number of threads per core from 4 to 8. Sun has open sourced the design specifications of both the T1 and T2 processors via the OpenSPARC project.

text: In November 2005 Sun launched the

text: UltraSPARC T1

text: , notable for its ability to concurrently run 32 threads of execution on 8 processor cores. Its intent was to drive more efficient use of CPU resources, which is of particular importance in

text: data center

text: s, where there is an increasing need to reduce power and air conditioning demands, much of which comes from the heat generated by CPUs. The T1 was followed in 2007 by the

text: UltraSPARC T2

text: , which extended the number of threads per core from 4 to 8. Sun has open sourced the design specifications of both the T1 and T2 processors via the

text: OpenSPARC

text: project.

text: On July 26, a tropical disturbance developed within a near-equatorial trough. The next day, convection began to develop around the low while located about  east of Diego Garcia. Moderate wind shear temporarily caused the convection to become displaced from the center on July 27. However, later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed the chances of the low developing into a tropical cyclone as "fair". By July 29 the low was designated as Tropical Disturbance 01 while located near the edge of Météo-Frances area of responsibility. With developing banding features, increasing convection and very warm sea-surface temperatures (exceeding 28 °C; 82.4 °F), the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the low as they assessed the chances of development of a tropical cyclone within 48 hours as "good".

text: On July 26, a tropical disturbance developed within a near-equatorial

text: trough

text: . The next day,

text: convection

text: began to develop around the low while located about  east of

text: Diego Garcia

text: . Moderate

text: wind shear

text: temporarily caused the convection to become displaced from the center on July 27. However, later that day, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) assessed the chances of the low developing into a tropical cyclone as "fair". By July 29 the low was designated as Tropical Disturbance 01 while located near the edge of

text: Météo-France

text: s area of responsibility. With developing

text: banding features

text: , increasing convection and very warm sea-surface temperatures (exceeding 28 °C; 82.4 °F), the JTWC issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: for the low as they assessed the chances of development of a tropical cyclone within 48 hours as "good".

text: Venus is similar to Earth in size and density, and so probably also in bulk composition, but it does not have a significant magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field is produced by what is known as the core dynamo, consisting of an electrically conducting liquid, the nickel-iron outer core that rotates and is convecting. Venus is expected to have an electrically conductive core of similar composition, and although its rotation period is very long (243.7 Earth days), simulations show that this is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that Venus lacks convection in its outer core. Convection occurs when there is a large difference in temperature between the inner and outer part of the core, but since Venus has no plate tectonics to let off heat from the mantle, it is possible that outer core convection is being suppressed by a warm mantle. It's also possible that Venus may lack a solid inner core for the same reason, if the core is either too hot or is not under enough pressure to allow molten nickel-iron to freeze there.

text: Venus is similar to Earth in size and density, and so probably also in bulk composition, but it does not have a significant

text: magnetic field

text: . Earth's magnetic field is produced by what is known as the

text: core dynamo

text: , consisting of an electrically conducting liquid, the nickel-iron outer core that rotates and is

text: convecting

text: . Venus is expected to have an electrically conductive core of similar composition, and although its rotation period is very long (243.7 Earth days), simulations show that this is adequate to produce a dynamo. This implies that Venus lacks convection in its outer core. Convection occurs when there is a large difference in temperature between the inner and outer part of the core, but since Venus has no plate tectonics to let off heat from the mantle, it is possible that outer core convection is being suppressed by a warm mantle. It's also possible that Venus may lack a solid inner core for the same reason, if the core is either too hot or is not under enough pressure to allow molten nickel-iron to freeze there.

text: In the second half of the nineteenth century Richard Carrington and Spörer independently noted the migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator as the cycle progresses. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram, first constructed by Walter and Annie Scott Dill Maunder in the early twentieth century (see graph). Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce a time-series diagram.

text: In the second half of the nineteenth century

text: Richard Carrington

text: and Spörer independently noted the migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator as the cycle progresses. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram, first constructed by Walter and

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder

text: in the early twentieth century (see graph). Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce a time-series diagram.

text: If a star is placed in the forbidden zone, with a temperature gradient much greater than 0.4, it will experience rapid convection that brings the gradient down.  Since this convection will drastically change the star's pressure and temperature distribution, the star is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and will contract until it is.

text: If a star is placed in the forbidden zone, with a temperature gradient much greater than 0.4, it will experience rapid convection that brings the gradient down.  Since this convection will drastically change the star's pressure and temperature distribution, the star is not in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: , and will contract until it is.

text: Recently, Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere  and also in the quiet Sun, in coronal holes and in active regions using observations with AIA on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory.These Alfvénic oscillations have significant power, and seem to be connected to the chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations previously reported with the Hinode spacecraft.

text: Recently, Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere  and also in the quiet Sun, in coronal holes and in active regions using observations with AIA on board the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: .These Alfvénic oscillations have significant power, and seem to be connected to the chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations previously reported with the

text: Hinode

text: spacecraft.

text: The primary has 1.28 times the mass of the Sun, but has expanded to 10.1 times the Sun's radius. It shines with 39 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4571 K. It is roughly 5 billion years old.

text: The primary has 1.28 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , but has expanded to 10.1 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . It shines with 39 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4571 K. It is roughly 5 billion years old.

text: Shaviv’s solar hypothesis has been disputed by Mike Lockwood and Claus Froehlich in an analysis of the sun’s output over the last 25 years. They argue that the sun’s activity has been decreasing since 1985 while global temperatures have continued to rise. Shaviv argues that Lockwood and Froehlich's analysis is flawed for a number of reasons. Firstly, while sunspot activity declined after 1985, cosmic ray flux reached a minimum in 1992 and contributed to warming during the 1990s. Secondly, Shaviv argues that short term variations in radiative forcing are damped by the oceans, leading to a lag between changes in solar output and the effect on global temperatures.  While the 2001 maximum was weaker than the 1990 maximum, increasing solar activity during previous decades was still having a warming effect, not unlike the lag between noon and the hottest hour of the day. The recent lack of warming is consistent with the decreased solar activity.

text: Shaviv’s solar hypothesis has been disputed by

text: Mike Lockwood

text: and Claus Froehlich in an analysis of the sun’s output over the last 25 years. They argue that the sun’s activity has been decreasing since 1985 while global temperatures have continued to rise. Shaviv argues that Lockwood and Froehlich's analysis is flawed for a number of reasons. Firstly, while sunspot activity declined after 1985, cosmic ray flux reached a minimum in 1992 and contributed to warming during the 1990s. Secondly, Shaviv argues that short term variations in radiative forcing are damped by the oceans, leading to a lag between changes in solar output and the effect on global temperatures.  While the 2001 maximum was weaker than the 1990 maximum, increasing solar activity during previous decades was still having a warming effect, not unlike the lag between noon and the hottest hour of the day. The recent

text: lack of warming

text: is consistent with the decreased solar activity.

text: The Sun's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (200,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

text: The Sun's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (200,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into

text: thermal cells

text: that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

text: Compared to the Sun, Tau Scorpii is a massive OB star with 15 times the Sun's mass and more than six times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating about 18,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 31,440 K. This gives it the blue-white hue characteristic of B-type stars. As yet there is no evidence of a companion in orbit around τ Sco. It is a magnetic star whose surface magnetic field was mapped by means of Zeeman–Doppler imaging. Tau Scorpii is rotating relatively slowly with a period of 41 days.

text: Compared to the

text: Sun

text: , Tau Scorpii is a massive

text: OB star

text: with 15 times the

text: Sun's mass

text: and more than six times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . It is radiating about 18,000 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: from its outer envelope at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 31,440 K. This gives it the blue-white hue characteristic of

text: B-type stars

text: . As yet there is no evidence of a companion in orbit around τ Sco. It is a

text: magnetic

text: star whose surface magnetic field was mapped by means of

text: Zeeman–Doppler imaging

text: . Tau Scorpii is rotating relatively slowly with a period of 41 days.

text: This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump giant on the horizontal branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, indicating that is it now generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core. The star has more than twice the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10 times the Sun's radius. As such, it is radiating nearly 47 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,710 K.

text: This is an

text: evolved

text: K-type

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K0 III. It is a

text: red clump

text: giant on the

text: horizontal branch

text: of the

text: Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

text: , indicating that is it now generating energy through the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of helium at its core. The star has more than twice the

text: mass of the Sun

text: and has expanded to 10 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . As such, it is radiating nearly 47 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,710 K.

text: The High Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) is a sub-orbital telescope designed to take high-resolution images of the Sun's corona. It was launched on July 11, 2012 aboard a Black Brant sounding rocket  from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. The images taken were the highest resolution photos ever of the Sun's corona.

text: The High Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) is a sub-orbital telescope designed to take high-resolution images of the Sun's

text: corona

text: . It was launched on July 11, 2012 aboard a

text: Black Brant

text: sounding rocket

text: from

text: White Sands Missile Range

text: New Mexico

text: . The images taken were the highest resolution photos ever of the Sun's corona.

text: "Charybdis" concerns the fate of a doomed astronaut whose spacecraft is irreversibly heading towards the surface of the Sun.

text: In Chinese, 貫索 (Guàn Suǒ), meaning Coiled Thong, refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Coronae Borealis, Pi Coronae Borealis, Theta Coronae Borealis, Alpha Coronae Borealis, Gamma Coronae Borealis, Delta Coronae Borealis, Epsilon Coronae Borealis, Iota Coronae Borealis and Rho Coronae Borealis. Consequently, Beta Coronae Borealis itself is known as 貫索三 (Guàn Suǒ sān, .).

text: In

text: Chinese

text: , 貫索 (Guàn Suǒ), meaning

text: Coiled Thong

text: , refers to an

text: asterism

text: consisting of Beta Coronae Borealis,

text: Pi Coronae Borealis

text: Theta Coronae Borealis

text: Alpha Coronae Borealis

text: Gamma Coronae Borealis

text: Delta Coronae Borealis

text: Epsilon Coronae Borealis

text: Iota Coronae Borealis

text: and

text: Rho Coronae Borealis

text: . Consequently, Beta Coronae Borealis itself is known as 貫索三 (Guàn Suǒ sān, .).

text: In 1978, Rude and Heck came to the assistance of the burning research vessel Midnight Sun, rescuing Midnight Suns crew and scientists and saving the vessel from total loss. Rudes crew took aboard all 20 of Midnight Suns crew members and scientists, who were afloat in life rafts near Midnight Sun, administered first aid to them, and transported them to shore.  Hecks crew, meanwhile, fought the fire aboard Midnight Sun for 20 consecutive hours and saved Midnight Sun from sinking. For their efforts in saving Midnight Sun and her crew, the crews of Rude and Heck received the Department of Commerce Silver Medal in 1978.

text: In 1978, Rude and Heck came to the assistance of the burning

text: research vessel

text: Midnight Sun, rescuing Midnight Suns crew and

text: scientist

text: s and saving the vessel from total loss. Rudes crew took aboard all 20 of Midnight Suns crew members and scientists, who were afloat in

text: life raft

text: s near Midnight Sun, administered

text: first aid

text: to them, and transported them to shore.  Hecks crew, meanwhile, fought the fire aboard Midnight Sun for 20 consecutive hours and saved Midnight Sun from sinking. For their efforts in saving Midnight Sun and her crew, the crews of Rude and Heck received the

text: Department of Commerce Silver Medal

text: in 1978.

text: In October 2006, Sun disclosed that Niagara 3 will be built with a 45 nm process. The Register, reported in June 2008 that the microprocessor will have 16 cores, incorrectly suggesting each core would have 16 threads. During the Hot Chips 21 conference Sun revealed the chip has a total of 16 cores and 128 threads. According to the ISSCC 2010 presentation:

text: In October 2006, Sun disclosed that Niagara 3 will be built with a 45 nm process.

text: The Register

text: , reported in June 2008 that the microprocessor will have 16 cores, incorrectly suggesting each core would have 16 threads. During the Hot Chips 21 conference Sun revealed the chip has a total of 16 cores and 128 threads. According to the

entity_name: International Solid-State Circuits Conference

text: ISSCC

text: 2010 presentation:

text: The Sun's electromagnetic radiation which is received at the Earth's surface is predominantly light that falls within the range of wavelengths to which the visual systems of the animals that inhabit Earth's surface are sensitive. The Sun may therefore be said to illuminate, which is a measure of the light within a specific sensitivity range. Many animals (including humans) have a sensitivity range of approximately 400–700 nm, and given optimal conditions the absorption and scattering by Earth's atmosphere produces illumination that approximates an equal-energy illuminant for most of this range. The useful range for color vision in humans, for example, is approximately 450–650 nm. Aside from effects that arise at sunset and sunrise, the spectral composition changes primarily in respect to how directly sunlight is able to illuminate. When illumination is indirect, Rayleigh scattering in the upper atmosphere will lead blue wavelengths to dominate. Water vapour in the lower atmosphere produces further scattering and ozone, dust and water particles will also absorb selective wavelengths.

text: The Sun's electromagnetic radiation which is received at the Earth's surface is predominantly light that falls within the range of wavelengths to which the visual systems of the animals that inhabit Earth's surface are sensitive. The Sun may therefore be said to

text: illuminate

text: , which is a measure of the light within a specific sensitivity range. Many animals (including humans) have a sensitivity range of approximately 400–700 nm, and given optimal conditions the absorption and scattering by Earth's atmosphere produces illumination that approximates an

text: equal-energy illuminant

text: for most of this range. The useful range for color vision in humans, for example, is approximately 450–650 nm. Aside from effects that arise at sunset and sunrise, the spectral composition changes primarily in respect to how directly sunlight is able to illuminate. When illumination is indirect,

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: in the upper atmosphere will lead blue wavelengths to dominate. Water vapour in the lower atmosphere produces further scattering and ozone, dust and water particles will also absorb selective wavelengths.

text: This star has a stellar classification of K2 III, with the luminosity class 'III' indicating that this is a giant star that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has a mass about double that of the Sun and has expanded to 23 times the Sun's radius, giving it a luminosity of 182 times the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's outer envelope is about 4,395 K, which gives the star the orange hue typical of K-type stars. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is slightly higher than in the Sun.

text: This star has a

text: stellar classification

text: of K2 III, with the

text: luminosity class

text: 'III' indicating that this is a

text: giant star

text: that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the

text: main sequence

text: . It has a mass about double that of the Sun and has expanded to 23 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: , giving it a luminosity of 182 times the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's outer envelope is about 4,395 K, which gives the star the orange hue typical of K-type stars. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's

text: metallicity

text: , is slightly higher than in the Sun.

text: Sun He had four sons – Sun Jun, Sun Hao, Sun De and Sun Qian – and one daughter, whose name is unknown. Sun Hao was born to Lady He, Sun Jun and the daughter were born to Consort Zhang, while the identities of the mothers of Sun De and Sun Qian are unknown. Sun He's daughter married Lu Jing, the son of Lu Xun's son Lu Kang.

text: Sun He had four sons – Sun Jun,

text: Sun Hao

text: , Sun De and Sun Qian – and one daughter, whose name is unknown. Sun Hao was born to Lady He, Sun Jun and the daughter were born to Consort Zhang, while the identities of the mothers of Sun De and Sun Qian are unknown. Sun He's daughter married

text: Lu Jing

text: , the son of

text: Lu Xun

text: 's son

text: Lu Kang

text: The following is a non-exhaustive list of surface materials that occur on more than one planetary surface along with their locations in order of distance from the Sun.  Some have been detected by spectroscopy or direct imaging from orbit or flyby.

text: A star or planet often is modeled as a black body, and electromagnetic radiation emitted from these bodies as black-body radiation. The figure shows a highly schematic cross-section to illustrate the idea. The photosphere of the star, where the emitted light is generated, is idealized as a layer within which the photons of light interact with the material in the photosphere and achieve a common temperature T that is maintained over a long period of time. Some photons escape and are emitted into space, but the energy they carry away is replaced by energy from within the star, so that the temperature of the photosphere is nearly steady. Changes in the core lead to changes in the supply of energy to the photosphere, but such changes are slow on the time scale of interest here. Assuming these circumstances can be realized, the outer layer of the star is somewhat analogous to the example of an enclosure with a small hole in it, with the hole replaced by the limited transmission into space at the outside of the photosphere. With all these assumptions in place, the star emits black-body radiation at the temperature of the photosphere.

text: A star or planet often is modeled as a black body, and electromagnetic radiation emitted from these bodies as

text: black-body radiation

text: . The figure shows a highly schematic cross-section to illustrate the idea. The

text: photosphere

text: of the star, where the emitted light is generated, is idealized as a layer within which the photons of light interact with the material in the photosphere and achieve a common temperature T that is maintained over a long period of time. Some photons escape and are emitted into space, but the energy they carry away is replaced by energy from within the star, so that the temperature of the photosphere is nearly steady. Changes in the core lead to changes in the supply of energy to the photosphere, but such changes are slow on the time scale of interest here. Assuming these circumstances can be realized, the outer layer of the star is somewhat analogous to the example of an enclosure with a small hole in it, with the hole replaced by the limited transmission into space at the outside of the photosphere. With all these assumptions in place, the star emits black-body radiation at the temperature of the photosphere.

text: Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in so dialects, there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. Although older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n)  ('suns') versus zone  ('zone') versus zonen  ('sons'), or kroes  ('mug') versus cruise  ('cruise').

text: Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of

text: tenseness

text: . However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in so dialects, there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. Although older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n)  ('suns') versus zone  ('zone') versus zonen  ('sons'), or kroes  ('mug') versus cruise  ('cruise').

text: Prior to his return to Pakistan in 1976, the secretive development program on nuclear deterrence was near completion and Hoodbhoy was aware  of the program. Hoodbhoy maintains his close ties with Pakistan's vibrant nuclear society, and had collaborated with many of country's leading theoretical physicists throughout his career, mainly with Ishfaq Ahmad. On several occasions, Hoodbhoy staunchly countered Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's "father-of" claims, and roundly criticized his academic research on nuclear physics. In the 1980s, he famously debated with Bashiruddin Mahmood on the topics of sunspots, life-after-death, and philosophy.

text: Prior to his return to Pakistan in 1976, the secretive development program on

entity_name: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

text: nuclear deterrence

text: was near completion and Hoodbhoy was aware  of the program. Hoodbhoy maintains his close ties with Pakistan's vibrant

text: nuclear society

text: , and had collaborated with many of country's leading theoretical physicists throughout his career, mainly with

text: Ishfaq Ahmad

text: . On several occasions, Hoodbhoy staunchly countered Dr.

text: Abdul Qadeer Khan

text: 's "father-of" claims, and roundly criticized his academic research on

text: nuclear physics

text: . In the 1980s, he famously debated with

text: Bashiruddin Mahmood

text: on the topics of

text: sunspots

text: life-after-death

text: , and philosophy.

text: For the present purposes, the light from a star can be treated as a practically collimated beam, but apart from this, a collimated beam is rarely if ever found in nature, though artificially produced beams can be very nearly collimated. For some purposes the rays of the sun can be considered as practically collimated, because the sun subtends an angle of only 32′ of arc. The specific (radiative) intensity is suitable for the description of an uncollimated radiative field. The integrals of specific (radiative) intensity with respect to solid angle, used for the definition of spectral flux density, are singular for exactly collimated beams, or may be viewed as Dirac delta functions. Therefore the specific (radiative) intensity is unsuitable for the description of a collimated beam, while spectral flux density is suitable for that purpose.

text: For the present purposes, the light from a star can be treated as a practically

text: collimated beam

text: , but apart from this, a collimated beam is rarely if ever found in nature, though artificially produced beams can be very nearly collimated. For some purposes the rays of the sun can be considered as practically collimated, because the sun subtends an angle of only 32′ of arc. The specific (radiative) intensity is suitable for the description of an uncollimated radiative field. The integrals of specific (radiative) intensity with respect to solid angle, used for the definition of

text: spectral flux density

text: , are singular for exactly collimated beams, or may be viewed as

text: Dirac delta function

text: s. Therefore the specific (radiative) intensity is unsuitable for the description of a collimated beam, while

text: spectral flux density

text: is suitable for that purpose.

text: After the execution of King Joram, King Radi became the leader of the Beta Israel kingdom. King Radi also fought against the Ethiopian Empire which at that period of time was ruled by Emperor Menas. The forces of the Jewish kingdom managed to conquer the area south of the kingdom and strengthened their defenses in the Semien Mountains. The battles against the forces of emperor Menas were successful as the Ethiopian empire forces were eventually defeated.

text: After the execution of King Joram, King Radi became the leader of the Beta Israel kingdom. King Radi also fought against the Ethiopian Empire which at that period of time was ruled by

text: Emperor Menas

text: . The forces of the Jewish kingdom managed to conquer the area south of the kingdom and strengthened their defenses in the Semien Mountains. The battles against the forces of emperor Menas were successful as the Ethiopian empire forces were eventually defeated.

text: Theta Apodis is a cool red giant of spectral type M7 III located  370 ± 20 light years distant. It shines with a luminosity approximately 3879 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3151 K. A semiregular variable, it varies by 0.56 magnitudes with a period of 119 days—or approximately 4 months, It is losing mass at the rate of  times the mass of the Sun per year through its stellar wind. Dusty material ejected from this star is interacting with the surrounding interstellar medium, forming a bow shock as the star moves through the galaxy. NO Apodis is a red giant of spectral type M3III that varies between magnitudes 5.71 and 5.95. Located around 883 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 2059 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3568 K. S Apodis is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable, an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. It has a baseline magnitude of 9.7. R Apodis is a star that was given a variable star designation, yet has turned out not to be variable. Of magnitude 5.3, it is another orange giant.

text: Theta Apodis

text: is a cool red giant of spectral type M7 III located  370 ± 20 light years distant. It shines with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 3879 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3151 K. A semiregular variable, it varies by 0.56 magnitudes with a period of 119 days—or approximately 4 months, It is losing mass at the rate of  times the mass of the Sun per year through its

text: stellar wind

text: . Dusty material ejected from this star is interacting with the surrounding

text: interstellar medium

text: , forming a

text: bow shock

text: as the star moves through the galaxy.

text: NO Apodis

text: is a red giant of spectral type M3III that varies between magnitudes 5.71 and 5.95. Located around 883 light-years distant, it shines with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 2059 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3568 K.

text: S Apodis

text: is a rare

text: R Coronae Borealis variable

text: , an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. It has a baseline magnitude of 9.7.

text: R Apodis

text: is a star that was given a

text: variable star designation

text: , yet has turned out not to be variable. Of magnitude 5.3, it is another orange giant.

text: Micro solar flares named after Ferdinand Ellerman   who studied this particular Solar Blasts in the early 20th century. If first described them in an article in 1917. They appear as randomly moving filaments as two oppositely charged ions flow meets in the sun photosphere.

text: Micro

text: solar flares

text: named after

text: Ferdinand Ellerman

text: who studied this particular Solar Blasts in the early 20th century. If first described them in an article in 1917. They appear as randomly moving

text: filaments

text: as two oppositely charged

text: ions

text: flow meets in the sun

text: photosphere

text: Selected plays of Akbar Radi.

text: Selected plays of Akbar Radi.

text: If parts of clouds have small droplets or crystals of similar size, their cumulative effect is seen as colors. The cloud must be optically thin, so that most rays encounter only a single droplet. Iridescence is therefore mostly seen at cloud edges or in semi-transparent clouds, and newly forming clouds produce the brightest and most colorful iridescence. When a thin cloud has droplets of similar size over a large extent, the iridescence takes on the structured form of a corona, a central bright disk around the sun or moon surrounded by one or more colored rings. In one instance a lunar corona was observed, with the iridescent cirrus cloud  above the mean sea level at a temperature of . The pure corona was  above the mean sea level, at a temperature of .

text: If parts of clouds have small droplets or crystals of similar size, their cumulative effect is seen as colors. The cloud must be optically thin, so that most rays encounter only a single droplet. Iridescence is therefore mostly seen at cloud edges or in semi-transparent clouds, and newly forming clouds produce the brightest and most colorful iridescence. When a thin cloud has droplets of similar size over a large extent, the iridescence takes on the structured form of a

text: corona

text: , a central bright disk around the sun or moon surrounded by one or more colored rings. In one instance a lunar corona was observed, with the iridescent cirrus cloud  above the mean sea level at a temperature of . The pure corona was  above the mean sea level, at a temperature of .

text: Stellar models of the Sun's evolution predict the solar surface chemical abundance pretty well except for lithium (Li).The surface abundance of Li on the Sun is 140 times less than the protosolar value (i.e. the primordial abundance at the Sun's birth), yet the temperature at the base of the surface convective zone is not hot enough to burn – and hence deplete – Li. This is known as the solar lithium problem. A large range of Li abundances is observed in solar-type stars of the same age, mass, and metallicity as the Sun. Observations of an unbiased sample of stars of this type with or without observed planets (exoplanets) showed that the known planet-bearing stars have less than one per cent of the primordial Li abundance, and of the remainder half had ten times as much Li. It is hypothesised that the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing and deepen the convective zone to such an extent that the Li can be burned. A possible mechanism for this is the idea that the planets affect the angular momentum evolution of the star, thus changing the rotation of the star relative to similar stars without planets; in the case of the Sun slowing its rotation. More research is needed to discover where and when the fault in the modelling lies. Given the precision of helioseismic probes of the interior of the modern-day Sun, it is likely that the modelling of the protostellar Sun needs to be adjusted.

text: Stellar model

text: s of the Sun's evolution predict the solar surface chemical abundance pretty well except for

text: lithium

text: (Li).The surface abundance of Li on the Sun is 140 times less than the

text: protosolar

text: value (i.e. the primordial abundance at the Sun's birth), yet the temperature at the base of the surface convective zone is not hot enough to burn – and hence deplete – Li. This is known as the solar lithium problem. A large range of Li abundances is observed in solar-type stars of the same age, mass, and metallicity as the Sun. Observations of an unbiased sample of stars of this type with or without observed planets (

text: exoplanets

text: ) showed that the known planet-bearing stars have less than one per cent of the primordial Li abundance, and of the remainder half had ten times as much Li. It is hypothesised that the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing and deepen the convective zone to such an extent that the Li can be burned. A possible mechanism for this is the idea that the planets affect the angular momentum evolution of the star, thus changing the rotation of the star relative to similar stars without planets; in the case of the Sun slowing its rotation. More research is needed to discover where and when the fault in the modelling lies. Given the precision of

text: helioseismic

text: probes of the interior of the modern-day Sun, it is likely that the modelling of the protostellar Sun needs to be adjusted.

text: At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur. Above the core is the radiation zone, where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation. Above that is the convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas known as convection. It is believed that the movement of mass within the convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots.

text: At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for

text: nuclear fusion

text: to occur. Above the core is the

text: radiation zone

text: , where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation. Above that is the

text: convection zone

text: where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas known as convection. It is believed that the movement of mass within the convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots.

text: The Vergina Sun - () (also known as the Star of Vergina, Macedonian Star, or Argead Star) is a rayed solar symbol appearing in ancient Greek art from the 6th to 2nd centuries BC. It came to prominence following archaeological excavations in and around the small town of Vergina, in northern Greece, during the late 1970s. There it was depicted on a golden larnax found in a 4th-century BC royal tomb belonging to either Philip II or Philip III of Macedon, the father and half-brother of Alexander the Great, respectively.

text: The Vergina Sun - () (also known as the Star of Vergina, Macedonian Star, or Argead Star) is a

text: rayed solar symbol

text: appearing in

text: ancient Greek art

text: from the 6th to 2nd centuries BC. It came to prominence following archaeological excavations in and around the small town of

text: Vergina

text: , in northern Greece, during the late 1970s. There it was depicted on a golden

text: larnax

text: found in a 4th-century BC royal tomb belonging to either

text: Philip II

text: or

text: Philip III

text: of Macedon, the father and half-brother of

text: Alexander the Great

text: , respectively.

text: In ordinary atmospheric conditions, the setting or rising Sun appears to be about half a degree above its geometric position. But sometimes, very unusual atmospheric circumstances can make it to be visible when it is really between two and five degrees below the horizon. This is called the Novaya Zemlya effect, because it was first observed in Novaya Zemlya, where the Sun was seen when, according to astronomical calculations, it should have been two degrees below the horizon.

text: In ordinary atmospheric conditions, the setting or rising Sun appears to be about half a degree above its geometric position. But sometimes, very unusual atmospheric circumstances can make it to be visible when it is really between two and five degrees below the horizon. This is called the

text: Novaya Zemlya effect

text: , because it was first observed in

text: Novaya Zemlya

text: , where the Sun was seen when, according to astronomical calculations, it should have been two degrees below the horizon.

text: Noise that originates from the Sun is called solar noise. Under normal conditions there is constant radiation from the Sun due to its high temperature. Electrical disturbances such as corona discharges, as well as sunspots can produce additional noise.

text: Noise that originates from the

text: Sun

text: is called solar noise. Under normal conditions there is constant

text: radiation

text: from the Sun due to its high temperature. Electrical disturbances such as

text: corona discharge

text: s, as well as

text: sunspot

text: s can produce additional noise.

text: The Parker spiral shape of the solar wind changes the shape of the Sun's magnetic field in the outer solar system: beyond about 10-20 astronomical units from the Sun, the magnetic field is nearly toroidal (pointed around the equator of the Sun) rather than poloidal (pointed from the North to the South pole, as in a bar magnet) or radial (pointed outward or inward, as might be expected from the flow of the solar wind if the Sun were not rotating).  The spiral shape also greatly amplifies the strength of the solar magnetic field in the outer solar system.

text: The Parker spiral shape of the solar wind changes the shape of the Sun's magnetic field in the outer solar system: beyond about 10-20

text: astronomical units

text: from the Sun, the magnetic field is nearly

text: toroid

text: al (pointed around the equator of the Sun) rather than

text: poloidal

text: (pointed from the North to the South pole, as in a bar magnet) or

text: radial

text: (pointed outward or inward, as might be expected from the flow of the solar wind if the Sun were not rotating).  The spiral shape also greatly amplifies the strength of the solar magnetic field in the outer solar system.

text: The Earth's magnetic field varies over a wide range of timescales. The longer-term variations, typically occurring over decades to millennia, are predominantly the result of dynamo action in the Earth's core. Geomagnetic variations on timescales of seconds to years also occur, due to dynamic processes in the ionosphere, magnetosphere and heliosphere. These changes are ultimately tied to variations associated with the solar activity (or sunspot) cycle and are manifestations of space weather.

text: The Earth's magnetic field varies over a wide range of timescales. The longer-term variations, typically occurring over decades to millennia, are predominantly the result of dynamo action in the Earth's core. Geomagnetic variations on timescales of seconds to years also occur, due to dynamic processes in the

text: ionosphere

text: magnetosphere

text: and

text: heliosphere

text: . These changes are ultimately tied to variations associated with the

text: solar activity (or sunspot) cycle

text: and are manifestations of space weather.

text: Recent results suggest the possibility that decay rates might have a weak dependence on environmental factors. It has been suggested that measurements of decay rates of silicon-32, manganese-54, and radium-226 exhibit small seasonal variations (of the order of 0.1%), while the decay of radon-222 exhibits large 4% peak-to-peak seasonal variations, proposed to be related to either solar flare activity or distance from the Sun. However, such measurements are highly susceptible to systematic errors, and a subsequent paper has found no evidence for such correlations in seven other isotopes (Na, Ti, Ag, Sn, Ba, Am, Pu), and sets upper limits on the size of any such effects.

text: Recent results suggest the possibility that decay rates might have a weak dependence on environmental factors. It has been suggested that measurements of decay rates of

text: , and

text: exhibit small seasonal variations (of the order of 0.1%), while the decay of

text: exhibits large 4% peak-to-peak seasonal variations, proposed to be related to either

text: solar flare

text: activity or distance from the Sun. However, such measurements are highly susceptible to systematic errors, and a subsequent paper has found no evidence for such correlations in seven other isotopes (Na, Ti, Ag, Sn, Ba, Am, Pu), and sets upper limits on the size of any such effects.

text: The magnetic field at the surface of the Sun is about 10 teslas. If the form of the field were a magnetic dipole, the strength would decrease with the cube of the distance, resulting in about 10 teslas at the Earth's orbit. The heliospheric current sheet results in higher order multipole components so that the actual magnetic field at the Earth due to the Sun is 100 times greater.

text: The magnetic field at the surface of the Sun is about 10

text: teslas

text: . If the form of the field were a

text: magnetic dipole

text: , the strength would decrease with the cube of the distance, resulting in about 10 teslas at the Earth's orbit. The heliospheric current sheet results in higher order multipole components so that the actual magnetic field at the Earth due to the Sun is 100 times greater.

text: R Coronae Australis is an irregular variable star ranging from magnitudes 9.7 to 13.9. Blue-white, it is of spectral type B5IIIpe. A very young star, it is still accumulating interstellar material. It is obscured by, and illuminates, the surrounding nebula, NGC 6729, which brightens and darkens with it. The nebula is often compared to a comet for its appearance in a telescope, as its length is five times its width. S Coronae Australis is a G-class dwarf in the same field as R and is a T Tauri star. Nearby, another young variable star, TY Coronae Australis, illuminates another nebula: reflection nebula NGC 6726–7. TY Coronae Australis ranges irregularly between magnitudes 8.7 and 12.4,and the brightness of the nebula varies with it. Blue-white, it is of spectral type B8e. The largest young stars in the region, R, S, T, TY and VV Coronae Australis, are all ejecting jets of material which cause surrounding dust and gas to coalesce and form Herbig–Haro objects, many of which have been identified nearby. Lying adjacent to the nebulosity is the globular cluster known as NGC 6723, which is actually in the neighbouring constellation of Sagittarius and is much much further away.

text: R Coronae Australis

text: is an irregular variable star ranging from magnitudes 9.7 to 13.9. Blue-white, it is of spectral type B5IIIpe. A very young star, it is still accumulating interstellar material. It is obscured by, and illuminates, the surrounding nebula, NGC 6729, which brightens and darkens with it. The nebula is often compared to a

text: comet

text: for its appearance in a telescope, as its length is five times its width.

text: S Coronae Australis

text: is a G-class dwarf in the same field as R and is a

text: T Tauri star

text: . Nearby, another young variable star,

text: TY Coronae Australis

text: , illuminates another nebula: reflection nebula NGC 6726–7. TY Coronae Australis ranges irregularly between magnitudes 8.7 and 12.4,and the brightness of the nebula varies with it. Blue-white, it is of spectral type B8e. The largest young stars in the region, R, S,

text: T

text: , TY and

text: VV Coronae Australis

text: , are all ejecting jets of material which cause surrounding dust and gas to coalesce and form Herbig–Haro objects, many of which have been identified nearby. Lying adjacent to the nebulosity is the

text: globular cluster

text: known as

text: NGC 6723

text: , which is actually in the neighbouring constellation of Sagittarius and is much much further away.

text: In total, the Sun produced four X flares and 31 M flares in September 2011, one of the most active months of Solar Cycle 24 so far.

text: Toward the beginning of January, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) remained active across much of the basin, with low pressure and widespread thunderstorms. One such area persisted southeast of Diego Garcia and organized sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance on January 3. That day, the JTWC issued the first of three tropical cyclone formation alerts, noting the increase in convection. The system moved to the northeast along the southeastern edge of a ridge near the equator, but turned back to the southwest on January 5. That day, convection increased over the center, after having previously been dislocated due to wind shear. Late on January 5, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S, and on the next day, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Babiola. The storm accelerated to the southwest and continued to intensity. An irregular eye formed on January 8, prompting the MFR to upgrade Babiola to tropical cyclone status. The outflow and the eye became more pronounced after further strengthening, and the cyclone attained peak 10‑minute winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) on January 9. The JTWC, by contrast, estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165 km/h (105 mph).

text: Toward the beginning of January, the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ) remained active across much of the basin, with

text: low pressure

text: and widespread thunderstorms. One such area persisted southeast of Diego Garcia and organized sufficiently to be classified as a tropical disturbance on January 3. That day, the JTWC issued the first of three

text: tropical cyclone formation alert

text: s, noting the increase in convection. The system moved to the northeast along the southeastern edge of a ridge near the equator, but turned back to the southwest on January 5. That day, convection increased over the center, after having previously been dislocated due to wind shear. Late on January 5, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 02S, and on the next day, the MFR upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Babiola. The storm accelerated to the southwest and continued to intensity. An irregular eye formed on January 8, prompting the MFR to upgrade Babiola to tropical cyclone status. The outflow and the eye became more pronounced after further strengthening, and the cyclone attained peak 10‑minute winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) on January 9. The JTWC, by contrast, estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 165 km/h (105 mph).

text: The 1979–80 Phoenix Suns season was the 12th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association and at 55–27, the team's best regular season record since the franchise's inception. The Suns defeated Western Conference foe Kansas City in the opening round of the playoffs, marking the first time the Suns had won a playoff series in back-to-back seasons. In the Western Conference Semifinals, the Suns would lose to the Pacific-winning Los Angeles Lakers, who later went on to win the season's championship. The Suns were led by head coach John MacLeod, his seventh season with the team, and played all home games in Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1979–80 Phoenix Suns season was the 12th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: and at 55–27, the team's best regular season record since the franchise's inception. The Suns defeated

text: Western Conference

text: foe

text: Kansas City

text: in the opening round of the

text: playoffs

text: , marking the first time the Suns had won a playoff series in back-to-back seasons. In the Western Conference Semifinals, the Suns would lose to the

text: Pacific-winning

text: Los Angeles Lakers

text: , who later went on to win the season's championship. The Suns were led by

text: head coach

text: John MacLeod

text: , his seventh season with the team, and played all home games in

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: The Earth's atmosphere acts as a GRIN lens, allowing observers to see the sun for a few minutes after it is actually below the horizon, and observers can also view stars that are below the horizon (Tsiboulia, 2003).  This effect also allows for observation of electromagnetic signals from satellites after they have descended below the horizon, as in radio occultation measurements.

text: The Earth's atmosphere acts as a GRIN lens, allowing observers to see the sun for a few minutes after it is actually below the horizon, and observers can also view stars that are below the horizon (Tsiboulia, 2003).  This effect also allows for observation of electromagnetic signals from satellites after they have descended below the horizon, as in

text: radio occultation

text: measurements.

text: Space weather is monitored at ground level by observing changes in the Earth's magnetic field over periods of seconds to days, by observing the surface of the Sun and by observing radio noise created in the Sun's atmosphere.

text: Flares are impulsive phenomena, of average duration of 15 minutes, and the most energetic events can last several hours. Flares produce a high and rapid increase of the density and temperature.

text: On Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said, ".. both [concerts] arrived during the two-year gap separating 1996's Billy Breathes and 1998's The Story of the Ghost — two years where the band's popularity was on the rise and it certainly seemed like a crossover was perhaps within their sites [sic]. That crossover never happened and these two shows indicate the band never seriously thought about moving into the mainstream, preferring to ride a sweet, hazy, sun-soaked vibe that fits Southern California in the late summer. A few covers surface... and soundcheck jams round out the third disc of each show, but the appeal of Ventura is, as always, how Phish tackle their core catalog..."

text: On

text: Allmusic

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine

text: said, ".. both [concerts] arrived during the two-year gap separating 1996's

text: Billy Breathes

text: and 1998's

text: The Story of the Ghost

text: — two years where the band's popularity was on the rise and it certainly seemed like a crossover was perhaps within their sites [sic]. That crossover never happened and these two shows indicate the band never seriously thought about moving into the mainstream, preferring to ride a sweet, hazy, sun-soaked vibe that fits Southern California in the late summer. A few covers surface... and soundcheck jams round out the third disc of each show, but the appeal of Ventura is, as always, how Phish tackle their core catalog..."

text: A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other stars. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. The word "corona" is a Latin word meaning "crown", from the Ancient Greek κορώνη (korōnè, “garland, wreath”).

text: A corona (Latin, '

text: crown

text: ') is an aura of

text: plasma

text: that surrounds the

text: sun

text: and other

text: star

text: s. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total

text: solar eclipse

text: , but it is also observable with a

text: coronagraph

text: . The word "corona" is a

text: Latin

text: word meaning "crown", from the

text: Ancient Greek

text: κορώνη (korōnè, “garland, wreath”).

text: NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission was launched in 2010 and is currently studying solar activity and how it causes space weather. Space weather affects not only our lives on Earth, but Earth itself, and everything outside its atmosphere (astronauts and satellites out in space and even the other planets). SDO is helping us understand where the sun's energy comes from, how the inside of the sun works, and how energy is stored and released in the sun's atmosphere. By better understanding the sun and how it works, we will be able to better predict and better forecast space weather events.

text: NASA’s

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO) mission was launched in 2010 and is currently studying solar activity and how it causes

text: space weather

text: . Space weather affects not only our lives on Earth, but Earth itself, and everything outside its atmosphere (

text: astronaut

text: s and

text: satellite

text: s out in space and even the other

text: planet

text: s). SDO is helping us understand where the sun's energy comes from, how the inside of the sun works, and how energy is stored and released in the sun's atmosphere. By better understanding the sun and how it works, we will be able to better predict and better forecast space weather events.

text: On Mars, the Sun appears only about two-thirds of the size that it appears in a sunset seen from Earth, because Mars is farther from the Sun than the Earth is. Although Mars lacks oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere, it is covered in red dust frequently hoisted into the atmosphere by fast but thin winds. At least some Martian days are capped by a sunset significantly longer and redder than typical on Earth. One study reported that for up to two hours after twilight, sunlight continued to reflect off Martian dust high in the atmosphere, casting a diffuse glow.

text: On

text: Mars

text: , the Sun appears only about two-thirds of the size that it appears in a sunset seen from

text: Earth

text: , because Mars is farther from the Sun than the Earth is. Although Mars lacks

text: oxygen

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: , it is covered in red dust frequently hoisted into the atmosphere by fast but thin winds. At least some Martian days are capped by a sunset significantly longer and redder than typical on Earth. One study reported that for up to two hours after twilight, sunlight continued to reflect off Martian dust high in the atmosphere, casting a diffuse glow.

text: By 2.8 billion years from now, the surface temperature of the Earth will have reached , even at the poles. At this point, any remaining life will be extinguished due to the extreme conditions. If the Earth loses its surface water by this point, the planet will stay in the same conditions until the Sun becomes a red giant. If this scenario doesn't happen, then in about 3–4 billion years the amount of water vapour in the lower atmosphere will rise to 40% and a moist greenhouse effect will commence once the luminosity from the Sun reaches 35–40% more than its present-day value. A "runaway greenhouse" effect will ensue, causing the atmosphere to heat up and raising the surface temperature to around . This is sufficient to melt the surface of the planet. However, most of the atmosphere will be retained until the Sun has entered the red giant stage.

text: Around the 1930s, scientists had determined that the temperature of the solar corona must be a million degrees Celsius because of the way it stood out into space (as seen during total eclipses). Later spectroscopic work confirmed this extraordinary temperature. In the mid-1950s Sydney Chapman calculated the properties of a gas at such a temperature and determined it was such a superb conductor of heat that it must extend way out into space, beyond the orbit of Earth. Also in the 1950s, Ludwig Biermann became interested in the fact that no matter whether a comet is headed towards or away from the Sun, its tail always points away from the Sun. Biermann postulated that this happens because the Sun emits a steady stream of particles that pushes the comet's tail away. Wilfried Schröder claimed that Paul Ahnert was the first to relate solar wind to comet tail direction based on observations of the comet Whipple-Fedke (1942g).

text: Around the 1930s, scientists had determined that the temperature of the solar

text: corona

text: must be a million degrees

text: Celsius

text: because of the way it stood out into space (as seen during total eclipses). Later spectroscopic work confirmed this extraordinary temperature. In the mid-1950s

text: Sydney Chapman

text: calculated the properties of a gas at such a temperature and determined it was such a superb conductor of heat that it must extend way out into space, beyond the orbit of Earth. Also in the 1950s,

text: Ludwig Biermann

text: became interested in the fact that no matter whether a

text: comet

text: is headed towards or away from the Sun, its tail always points away from the Sun. Biermann postulated that this happens because the Sun emits a steady stream of particles that pushes the comet's tail away. Wilfried Schröder claimed that

text: Paul Ahnert

text: was the first to relate solar wind to comet tail direction based on observations of the comet Whipple-Fedke (1942g).

text: Eunice Newton Foote studied the warming effect of the sun, including how this warming was increased by the presence of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide), and suggested that the surface of an Earth whose atmosphere was rich in this gas would have a higher temperature. Her work was presented by Prof. Joseph Henry at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in August 1856.

text: Eunice Newton Foote

text: studied the warming effect of the sun, including how this warming was increased by the presence of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide), and suggested that the surface of an Earth whose atmosphere was rich in this gas would have a higher temperature. Her work was presented by Prof.

text: Joseph Henry

text: at the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: meeting in August 1856.

text: A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,500 kilometers and lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating. At any one time, the Sun's surface is covered by about 4 million granules. Below the photosphere is a layer of "supergranules" up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours.

text: A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,500 kilometers and lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating. At any one time, the

text: Sun

text: 's surface is covered by about 4 million granules. Below the photosphere is a layer of "

text: supergranules

text: " up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours.

text: In order to determine whether superflares can occur on the Sun, it is important to narrow the definition of Sun-like stars. When the temperature range is divided into stars with T  above and below 5600K (early and late G-type stars), stars of lower temperature are about twice as likely to show superflare activity as those in the solar range and those that do so have more flares: the occurrence frequency of flares (number per star per year) is about five times as great in the late-type stars. It is well known that both the rotation rate and the magnetic activity of a star decrease with age in G-type stars. When flare stars are divided into fast and slow rotators, using the rotation period estimated from brightness variations, there is a general tendency for the fastest-rotating (and presumably youngest) stars to show a greater probability of activity: in particular, stars rotating in less than 10 days are 20-30 times more likely to have activity. Nevertheless, 44 superflares were found on 19 stars with similar temperatures to the Sun and periods greater than 10 days (out of 14000 such stars examined); four superflares with energies in the range 1-5 × 10 ergs were detected on stars rotating more slowly than the Sun (of about 5000 in the sample). The distribution of flares with energy has the same shape for all classes of star: although Sun-like stars are less likely to flare, they have the same proportion of very energetic flares as younger and cooler stars.

text: The Flare was sold to Golden West Free Press in 1993 and was sold to Sun Publishing of Lake Charles Louisiana in December 1996. It was closed in December 1997. Sun Publishing also owns the Hobbs News Sun.

text: Despite the fact that there might be a layer in the atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE, if the parcel does not reach or begin rising to that level, the most significant convection that occurs in the FCL will not be realized. This can occur for numerous reasons. Primarily, it is the result of a cap, or convective inhibition (CIN/CINH). Processes that can erode this inhibition are heating of the Earth's surface and forcing. Such forcing mechanisms encourage upward verticalvelocity, characterized by a speed that is relatively low to what you find in a thunderstorm updraft. Because of this, it is not the actual air being pushed to its LFC that "breaks through" the inhibition, but rather the forcing cools the inhibition adiabatically. This would counter, or "erode" the increase of temperature with height that is present during a capping inversion.

text: Despite the fact that there might be a layer in the atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE, if the parcel does not reach or begin rising to that level, the most significant convection that occurs in the FCL will not be realized. This can occur for numerous reasons. Primarily, it is the result of a cap, or

text: convective inhibition (CIN/CINH)

text: . Processes that can erode this inhibition are heating of the Earth's surface and forcing. Such forcing mechanisms encourage upward verticalvelocity, characterized by a speed that is relatively low to what you find in a thunderstorm updraft. Because of this, it is not the actual air being pushed to its LFC that "breaks through" the inhibition, but rather the forcing cools the inhibition adiabatically. This would counter, or "erode" the increase of temperature with height that is present during a capping inversion.

text: The mass of the Sun has decreased since the time it formed. This has occurred through two processes in nearly equal amounts. First, in the Sun's core, hydrogen is converted into helium through nuclear fusion, in particular the p–p chain, and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of gamma ray photons. Most of this energy eventually radiates away from the Sun. Second, high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as a solar wind.

text: The mass of the Sun has decreased since the time it formed. This has occurred through two processes in nearly equal amounts. First, in the

text: Sun's core

text: , hydrogen is converted into helium through

text: nuclear fusion

text: , in particular the

text: p–p chain

text: , and this reaction converts some mass into energy in the form of

text: gamma ray

text: photons. Most of this energy eventually

text: radiates away

text: from the Sun. Second, high-energy protons and electrons in the atmosphere of the Sun are ejected directly into outer space as a

text: solar wind

text: In solar mass stars (0.3–1.5 solar masses ()), including the Sun, hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via proton-proton chains, which do not establish a steep temperature gradient. Thus, radiation dominates in the inner portion of solar mass stars. The outer portion of solar mass stars is cool enough that hydrogen is neutral and thus transparent to ultraviolet photons, so convection dominates. Therefore, solar mass stars have radiative cores with convective envelopes in the outer portion of the star.

text: In solar mass stars (0.3–1.5

text: solar mass

text: es ()), including the

text: Sun

text: , hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via

text: proton-proton chain

text: s, which do not establish a steep temperature gradient. Thus, radiation dominates in the inner portion of solar mass stars. The outer portion of solar mass stars is cool enough that hydrogen is neutral and thus transparent to ultraviolet photons, so convection dominates. Therefore, solar mass stars have radiative cores with convective envelopes in the outer portion of the star.

text: Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten to the Egyptian people as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar religious context. Aten is the name given to the solar disc, whereas the full title of Akhenaten's god was Ra-Horus, who rejoices in the horizon in his name of the light which is in the sun disc. (This is the title of the god as it appears on the numerous stelae which were placed to mark the boundaries of Akhenaten's new capital at Akhetaten.)

text: Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten to the Egyptian people as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of

text: Amun

text: , resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god

text: Ra

text: ), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar religious context. Aten is the name given to the solar disc, whereas the full title of Akhenaten's god was Ra-

text: Horus

text: , who rejoices in the horizon in his name of the light which is in the sun disc. (This is the title of the god as it appears on the numerous stelae which were placed to mark the boundaries of Akhenaten's new capital at Akhetaten.)

text: The corona discharge cooler developed by Kronos works in the following manner: A high electric field is created at the tip of the cathode, which is placed on one side of the CPU. The high energy potential causes the oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the air to become ionized (positively charged) and create a corona (a halo of charged particles). Placing a grounded anode at the opposite end of the CPU causes the charged ions in the corona to accelerate towards the anode, colliding with neutral air molecules on the way. During these collisions, momentum is transferred from the ionized gas to the neutral air molecules, resulting in movement of gas towards the anode.

text: Sun Red Sun was an American heavy metal supergroup active from 1992–1993. It featured former Rondinelli bandmates Ray Gillen and Bobby Rondinelli.

text: Sun Red Sun was an American

text: heavy metal

text: supergroup

text: active from 1992–1993. It featured former Rondinelli bandmates

text: Ray Gillen

text: and

text: Bobby Rondinelli

text: Core uses tiny magnetic toroids (rings), the cores, through which wires are threaded to write and read information. Each core represents one bit of information. The cores can be magnetized in two different ways (clockwise or counterclockwise) and the bit stored in a core is zero or one depending on that core's magnetization direction. The wires are arranged to allow for an individual core to be set to either a one or a zero and for its magnetization to be changed by sending appropriate electric current pulses through selected wires. The process of reading the core causes the core to be reset to a zero, thus erasing it. This is called destructive readout. When not being read or written, the cores maintain the last value they had, even when power is turned off. This makes them nonvolatile.

text: Core uses tiny magnetic

text: toroid

text: s (rings), the cores, through which wires are threaded to write and read information. Each core represents one

text: bit

text: of information. The cores can be magnetized in two different ways (clockwise or counterclockwise) and the bit stored in a core is zero or one depending on that core's magnetization direction. The wires are arranged to allow for an individual core to be set to either a one or a zero and for its magnetization to be changed by sending appropriate

text: electric current

text: pulses through selected wires. The process of reading the core causes the core to be reset to a zero, thus erasing it. This is called destructive readout. When not being read or written, the cores maintain the last value they had, even when power is turned off. This makes them nonvolatile.

text: Husain al-Radi was born into a Shia Muslim family of sayyids in southern Iraq in 1924. His father was a junior clerk in a flour mill. Al-Radi trained as a teacher at the Elementary Teachers' College in Baghdad, where he first came into contact with the Communist Party in 1943. After graduating, he was appointed to a school in Diwaniya but was dismissed in 1946 on account of his political activities. He then moved to Baghdad, where he made a living selling grilled meat on the streets.

text: Husain al-Radi was born into a

text: Shia

text: Muslim

text: family of

text: sayyid

text: s in southern Iraq in 1924. His father was a junior clerk in a flour mill. Al-Radi trained as a teacher at the Elementary Teachers' College in Baghdad, where he first came into contact with the Communist Party in 1943. After graduating, he was appointed to a school in

text: Diwaniya

text: but was dismissed in 1946 on account of his political activities. He then moved to

text: Baghdad

text: , where he made a living selling grilled meat on the streets.

text: Mercury, a hermaphroditic and very adaptable planet, possesses no inherent sect.  Mercury changes its sect orientation depending upon whether it is oriental of the Sun (that is, positioned so that it rises before the Sun rises and sets before the Sun sets), in which case it is diurnal in sect; or occidental (that is, rising after the Sun rises and setting after the Sun sets), in which case it is of nocturnal sect.

text: Mercury

text: , a hermaphroditic and very adaptable planet, possesses no inherent sect.  Mercury changes its sect orientation depending upon whether it is

text: oriental

text: of the Sun (that is, positioned so that it rises before the Sun rises and sets before the Sun sets), in which case it is diurnal in sect; or

text: occidental

text: (that is, rising after the Sun rises and setting after the Sun sets), in which case it is of nocturnal sect.

text: B. A. Finlayson first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 40:753-767) how an external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying magnetic susceptibility, e.g., due to a temperature gradient, results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to thermomagnetic convection.  This form of heat transfer can be useful for cases where conventional convection fails to provide adequate heat transfer, e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

text: B. A. Finlayson

text: first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids",

text: Journal of Fluid Mechanics

text: , 40:753-767) how an external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying

text: magnetic susceptibility

text: , e.g., due to a temperature gradient, results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to thermomagnetic convection.  This form of heat transfer can be useful for cases where conventional

text: convection

text: fails to provide adequate heat transfer, e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

text: Gough began his career working mainly on the problem of convection in stars and how it interacts with their pulsations.  His best known works from this period include the a criterion for the inhibition of convection by magnetic fields in stars, the application of the anelastic approximation to stellar atmospheres, and a model of convection that is the foundation of methods still used today to model the interaction of convection and pulsations in the Sun.  In 1976, he and his then-PhD student Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard suggested that the global oscillation frequencies of the Sun could be used to infer its deep structure.  This is regarded as the beginning of what became known as helioseismology and, by extension, the asteroseismology of solar-like oscillators; Gough and Christensen-Dalsgaard are regarded as the "fathers" of the field.  Gough and his students subsequently published extensively on the internal structure of the Sun and the calculation thereof, including determining features like the interior rotation of the Sun and the depth of the solar convection zone.

text: Gough began his career working mainly on the problem of convection in stars and how it interacts with their pulsations.  His best known works from this period include the a criterion for the inhibition of convection by magnetic fields in stars, the application of the anelastic approximation to stellar atmospheres, and a model of convection that is the foundation of methods still used today to model the interaction of convection and pulsations in the Sun.  In 1976, he and his then-PhD student

text: Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard

text: suggested that the global oscillation frequencies of the Sun could be used to infer its deep structure.  This is regarded as the beginning of what became known as

text: helioseismology

text: and, by extension, the

text: asteroseismology

text: of

text: solar-like oscillator

text: s; Gough and Christensen-Dalsgaard are regarded as the "fathers" of the field.  Gough and his students subsequently published extensively on the internal structure of the Sun and the calculation thereof, including determining features like the interior rotation of the Sun and the depth of the solar convection zone.

text: Starspots are stellar phenomena. On the Sun, they are called sunspots. Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect on other stars because they are too small to cause detectable fluctuations in brightness. Observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the Sun: up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.

text: Starspots are stellar

text: phenomena

text: . On the Sun, they are called

text: sunspot

text: s. Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect on other stars because they are too small to cause detectable fluctuations in brightness. Observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the

text: Sun

text: : up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.

text: Corona is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. It is bordered by Flushing to the east, Jackson Heights to the west, Forest Hills and Rego Park to the south, Elmhurst to the southwest, and East Elmhurst to the north.  Corona has a multicultural population with a Latino majority, and is the site of historic African American and Italian American communities. After World War II, the majority of the neighborhood's residents were mostly Italian, German, Irish and of other European ancestries. Corona also has a significant Chinese population.

text: Corona is a

text: neighborhood

text: in the

text: borough

text: of

text: Queens

text: in

text: New York City

text: . It is bordered by

text: Flushing

text: to the east,

text: Jackson Heights

text: to the west,

text: Forest Hills

text: and

text: Rego Park

text: to the south,

text: Elmhurst

text: to the southwest, and

text: East Elmhurst

text: to the north.  Corona has a

text: multicultural

text: population with a

text: Latino

text: majority, and is the site of historic

text: African American

text: and

text: Italian American

text: communities. After World War II, the majority of the neighborhood's residents were mostly

text: Italian

text: German

text: Irish

text: and of other European ancestries. Corona also has a significant

text: Chinese

text: population.

text: Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

text: Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and

text: solar thermal

text: collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

text: naturally circulate air

text: The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks (although some small form factor and all-in-one desktops, like the iMac and the Mac Mini, also used Core processors).

text: The successor to Core is the mobile version of the

text: Intel Core 2

text: line of processors using cores based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marks the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks, unlike the first Intel Core CPUs that were targeted only for notebooks (although some small form factor and all-in-one desktops, like the

text: iMac

text: and the

text: Mac Mini

text: , also used Core processors).

text: When the US military and Rola Corp. pool their resources it is discovered that not only is the diamond-type material reactive to the sun, but the time of the energy pulses under the ice in Antarctica, match the timing of flare activity from the Sun.

text: The sunspot activity was then concentrated in the southern hemisphere of the Sun, except for the last cycle when the sunspots appeared in the northern hemisphere, too.

text: Intel Core is Intel's brand name for various mid-range to high-end home and business microprocessors. These processors displaced the existing mid-to-high end Pentium processors of the time, moving the Pentium to the entry level, and bumping the Celeron series of processors to low end. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets.

text: Intel Core is

text: Intel

text: 's brand name for various mid-range to high-end home and business

text: microprocessors

text: . These processors displaced the existing mid-to-high end

text: Pentium

text: processors of the time, moving the Pentium to the entry level, and bumping the

text: Celeron

text: series of processors to low end. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as

text: Xeon

text: processors for the server and workstation markets.

text: Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.

text: Java is a general-purpose

text: computer programming language

text: that is

text: concurrent

text: class-based

text: object-oriented

text: , and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "

text: write once, run anywhere

text: " (WORA), meaning that

text: compiled

text: Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to

text: bytecode

text: that can run on any

text: Java virtual machine

text: (JVM) regardless of

text: computer architecture

text: . As of 2016, Java is one of the most

entity_name: Measuring programming language popularity

text: popular programming languages in use

text: , particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by

text: James Gosling

text: at

text: Sun Microsystems

text: (which has since been

text: acquired by Oracle Corporation

text: ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems'

text: Java platform

text: . The language derives much of its

text: syntax

text: from

text: C

text: and

text: C++

text: , but it has fewer

text: low-level

text: facilities than either of them.

text: A column published in the Baltimore Sun in March, 2000 referred to the murder, without mentioning Wasilewski by name. It provoked a column, also in the Sun, by Frederick N. Rasmussen in which he describes the discovery of the body and investigation in some detail, along with the crowds that gathered for the funeral, and quotes a Baltimore homicide detective who said that interest in the half-century-old murder was still surfacing, "We still get calls generally around the anniversary of the murder."

text: A column published in the

text: Baltimore Sun

text: in March, 2000 referred to the murder, without mentioning Wasilewski by name. It provoked a column, also in the Sun, by Frederick N. Rasmussen in which he describes the discovery of the body and investigation in some detail, along with the crowds that gathered for the funeral, and quotes a Baltimore homicide detective who said that interest in the half-century-old murder was still surfacing, "We still get calls generally around the anniversary of the murder."

text: The Schwarzschild criterion expresses the conditions under which a region of a star is unstable to convection. A parcel of gas that rises slightly will find itself in an environment of lower pressure than the one it came from. As a result, the parcel will expand and cool. If the rising parcel cools to a lower temperature than its new surroundings, so that it has a higher density than the surrounding gas, then its lack of buoyancy will cause it to sink back to where it came from. However, if the temperature gradient is steep enough (i. e. the temperature changes rapidly with distance from the center of the star), or if the gas has a very high heat capacity (i. e. its temperature changes relatively slowly as it expands) then the rising parcel of gas will remain warmer and less dense than its new surroundings even after expanding and cooling. Its buoyancy will then cause it to continue to rise. The region of the star in which this happens is the convection zone.

text: The

text: Schwarzschild criterion

text: expresses the conditions under which a region of a star is unstable to convection. A parcel of gas that rises slightly will find itself in an environment of lower pressure than the one it came from. As a result, the parcel will expand and cool. If the rising parcel cools to a lower temperature than its new surroundings, so that it has a higher density than the surrounding gas, then its lack of buoyancy will cause it to sink back to where it came from. However, if the

text: temperature

text: gradient

text: is steep enough (i. e. the temperature changes rapidly with distance from the center of the star), or if the gas has a very high

text: heat capacity

text: (i. e. its temperature changes relatively slowly as it expands) then the rising parcel of gas will remain warmer and less dense than its new surroundings even after expanding and cooling. Its buoyancy will then cause it to continue to rise. The region of the star in which this happens is the convection zone.

text: This star is similar in physical properties to the Sun, with around 95% of the Sun's mass, 98% of the radius, and 85% of the Luminosity. The abundance of elements is also similar to the Sun, with the star having an estimated 95% of the Sun's proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium. It is older than the Sun at around 6.1–6.6 billion years of age, and is spinning with a leisurely projected rotational velocity of 4 km/s at the equator. On average, there is only a low level of activity in the stellar chromosphere and it is a candidate for being in a Maunder minimum state. But the star was suspected as variable in 1988, and a burst of activity was observed between Julian days [24]54800 (29 November 2008) and 55220 (23 January 2010).

text: This star is similar in physical properties to the Sun, with around 95% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: , 98% of the

text: radius

text: , and 85% of the

text: Luminosity

text: . The abundance of elements is also similar to the Sun, with the star having an estimated 95% of the Sun's proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium. It is older than the Sun at around 6.1–6.6 billion years of age, and is spinning with a leisurely

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 4 km/s at the equator. On average, there is only a low level of activity in the stellar

text: chromosphere

text: and it is a candidate for being in a

text: Maunder minimum

text: state. But the star was suspected as variable in 1988, and a burst of activity was observed between

text: Julian day

text: s [24]54800 (29 November 2008) and 55220 (23 January 2010).

text: A public demonstration of the new Corona's performance was done on the Meishin Expressway, where the new model was tested to , and was able to sustain speeds of . The Corona was released one year after the debut of the Corona's traditional competitor, the Nissan Bluebird. Toyota introduced a smaller vehicle to address the market that needed a more fuel efficient vehicle, called the Toyota Corolla in March 1968. This allowed the Corona to increase in size and offer more passenger and cargo room over previous generations.  time was 15.1 seconds.

text: A public demonstration of the new Corona's performance was done on the

text: Meishin Expressway

text: , where the new model was tested to , and was able to sustain speeds of . The Corona was released one year after the debut of the Corona's traditional competitor, the

text: Nissan Bluebird

text: . Toyota introduced a smaller vehicle to address the market that needed a more fuel efficient vehicle, called the

text: Toyota Corolla

text: in March 1968. This allowed the Corona to increase in size and offer more passenger and cargo room over previous generations.  time was 15.1 seconds.

text: Along this boundary, mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) or mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) tend to form and propagate eastward, giving a series of heavy downpours.

text: Along this boundary,

text: mesoscale convective complex

text: es (MCCs) or

text: mesoscale convective system

text: s (MCSs) tend to form and propagate eastward, giving a series of heavy downpours.

text: The larger, primary star is designated component A, while the secondary, smaller star is labeled component B. Component A has about 27% of the Sun's mass and 35% of the Sun's radius. Component B has about 18% of the Sun's mass and 24% of the Sun's radius. Component B is a flare star and has been given the variable star designation "DO Cephei". It is an irregular flare that typically doubles in brightness and then returns to normal over an 8-minute period.

text: The larger, primary star is designated component A, while the secondary, smaller star is labeled component B. Component A has about 27% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 35% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: . Component B has about 18% of the Sun's mass and 24% of the Sun's radius. Component B is a

text: flare star

text: and has been given the

text: variable star

text: designation "DO Cephei". It is an irregular flare that typically doubles in brightness and then returns to normal over an 8-minute period.

text: Solar activity has a cycle of approximately 11 years. During this period, sunspot activity rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level. When sunspot activity increases, the reflecting capabilities of the F1 layer surrounding earth enable high frequency short-wave communications. The highest-reflecting layer, the F2 layer, which is approximately 200 miles (320 km) above earth, receives ultraviolet radiation from the sun, causing ionisation of the gases within this layer. During the daytime when sunspot activity is at a maximum, the F2 layer can become intensely ionized due to radiation from the sun. When solar activity is sufficiently high, the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) rises, hence the ionisation density is sufficient to reflect signals well into the 30 – 50 MHz VHF spectrum. Since the MUF progressively increases, F2 reception on lower frequencies can indicate potential low band 45-55 MHz VHF TV as well as VHF amateur radio paths. A rising MUF will initially affect the 27 MHz CB band, and the amateur 28 MHz 10 meters band before reaching 45-55 MHz TV and the 6 Meter amateur band. The F2 MUF generally increases at a slower rate compared to the Es MUF.

text: Solar activity has a

text: cycle

text: of approximately 11 years. During this period, sunspot activity rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level. When

text: sunspot

text: activity increases, the reflecting capabilities of the F1 layer surrounding earth enable high frequency short-wave communications. The highest-reflecting layer, the F2 layer, which is approximately 200 miles (320 km) above earth, receives

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the

text: sun

text: , causing

text: ionisation

text: of the gases within this layer. During the daytime when sunspot activity is at a maximum, the F2 layer can become intensely ionized due to radiation from the

text: sun

text: . When solar activity is sufficiently high, the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) rises, hence the ionisation density is sufficient to reflect signals well into the 30 – 50 MHz VHF spectrum. Since the MUF progressively increases, F2 reception on lower frequencies can indicate potential low band 45-55 MHz VHF TV as well as VHF amateur radio paths. A rising MUF will initially affect the 27 MHz

text: CB

text: band, and the amateur 28 MHz

text: 10 meters

text: band before reaching 45-55 MHz TV and the

text: 6 Meter

text: amateur band. The F2 MUF generally increases at a slower rate compared to the Es MUF.

text: The Sun unleashed eight M-class flares this month, being the strongest the M3.9 event, followed by an Earth-directed CME, produced by sunspot 1305 on October 2. Just in the eve, sunspots 1302 and 1305 had emitted flares almost at the same time; the first event was a C-class and the second one reached a M1.2 category. This double eruption, which hurled a double CME as well, were particularly interesting as coincided with the arrival of a comet, discovered by amateur astronomers the previous day, that disintegrated in spectacular fashion when it plunged into the Sun. A very similar scenario happened on May 10–11, 2011.

text: It is a BY Draconis variable with a surface magnetic field strength of 750 G. The chromosphere is relatively inactive and possesses star spots comparable to Sun spots. However, like the star UV Ceti, it has been observed to undergo increases in luminosity as a flare star. It has a greater luminosity than most flare stars, which are typically red dwarfs, but is less active. The level of activity suggests that this is a somewhat youthful star.

text: It is a

text: BY Draconis variable

text: with a surface

text: magnetic field

text: strength of 750 G. The

text: chromosphere

text: is relatively inactive and possesses star spots comparable to

text: Sun spot

text: s. However, like the star

text: UV Ceti

text: , it has been observed to undergo increases in luminosity as a

text: flare star

text: . It has a greater luminosity than most flare stars, which are typically red dwarfs, but is less active. The level of activity suggests that this is a somewhat youthful star.

text: Recent estimates suggest that Kepler-22b has more than a 95% probability of being located in the empirical habitable zone defined by the recent Venus and early Mars limits (based on estimates of when these planets may have supported habitable conditions), but less than a 5% chance of being located in the conservative habitable zone within the Circumstellar habitable zone, (estimated from a 1D cloud-free radiative-convective model).

text: Recent estimates suggest that Kepler-22b has more than a 95% probability of being located in the empirical habitable zone defined by the recent Venus and early

text: Mars

text: limits (based on estimates of when these planets may have supported habitable conditions), but less than a 5% chance of being located in the conservative habitable zone within the

text: Circumstellar habitable zone

text: , (estimated from a 1D cloud-free radiative-convective model).

text: Bednár joined the Koliba film studios, Bratislava, in 1960. His first screenplay was The Sun in a Net. He based it on his three short stories "Fajolo’s Contribution" (Fajolov príspevok), "Pontoon Day" (Pontónový deň), and "Golden Gate" (Zlatá brána). A highly likely source of the central theme was the 95% solar eclipse that occurred in Central Europe on Feb. 15, 1961. Additional inspiration for the symbolic construction of the storyline may have come from ancient solar myths that have been available in Europe in increasingly numerous publications since at least 1865. A specific myth of the Sun in a net was brought from Polynesia, more general myths of catching the Sun have been attributed to the pre-Columbian Americas, some of the published solar myths may date back to Indo-European prehistory. Associations with Sol Invictus and other solar myths are possible.

text: Bednár joined the Koliba film studios,

text: Bratislava

text: , in 1960. His first screenplay was The Sun in a Net. He based it on his three short stories "Fajolo’s Contribution" (Fajolov príspevok), "Pontoon Day" (Pontónový deň), and "Golden Gate" (Zlatá brána). A highly likely source of the central theme was the 95% solar eclipse that occurred in

text: Central Europe

text: on Feb. 15, 1961. Additional inspiration for the symbolic construction of the storyline may have come from ancient solar myths that have been available in Europe in increasingly numerous publications since at least 1865. A specific myth of the Sun in a net was brought from

text: Polynesia

text: , more general myths of catching the Sun have been attributed to the

text: pre-Columbian Americas

text: , some of the published solar myths may date back to

text: Indo-European

text: prehistory. Associations with

text: Sol Invictus

text: and other

text: solar myths

text: are possible.

text: The most simple way to make dry-sand cores is in a dump core box, in which sand is packed into the box and scraped level with the top. A wood or metal plate is then placed over the box, and then the two are flipped over and the core segment falls out of the core box. The core segment is then baked or hardened. Multiple core segments are then hot glued together or attached by some other means. Any rough spots are filed or sanded down. Finally, the core is lightly coated with graphite, silica, or mica to give a smoother surface finish and greater resistance to heat.Single-piece cores do not need to be assembled because they are made in a split core box. A split core box, like it sounds, is made of two halves and has at least one hole for sand to be introduced. For simple cores that have constant cross-sections they can be created on special core-producing extruders. The extrusions are then just cut to the proper length and hardened. More complex single-piece cores can be made in a manner similar to injection moldings and die castings.Types of core

text: The most simple way to make dry-sand cores is in a dump core box, in which sand is packed into the box and scraped level with the top. A wood or metal plate is then placed over the box, and then the two are flipped over and the core segment falls out of the core box. The core segment is then baked or hardened. Multiple core segments are then

text: hot glue

text: d together or attached by some other means. Any rough spots are

text: filed

text: or

text: sanded

text: down. Finally, the core is lightly coated with

text: graphite

text: silica

text: , or

text: mica

text: to give a smoother

text: surface finish

text: and greater resistance to heat.Single-piece cores do not need to be assembled because they are made in a split core box. A split core box, like it sounds, is made of two halves and has at least one hole for sand to be introduced. For simple cores that have constant cross-sections they can be created on special core-producing

text: extruders

text: . The extrusions are then just cut to the proper length and hardened. More complex single-piece cores can be made in a manner similar to

text: injection molding

text: s and

text: die casting

text: s.Types of core

text: The most powerful flare ever observed was the first one to be observed, on September 1, 1859, and was reported by British astronomer Richard Carrington and independently by an observer named Richard Hodgson. The event is named the Solar storm of 1859, or the "Carrington event". The flare was visible to a naked eye (in white light), and produced stunning auroras down to tropical latitudes such as Cuba or Hawaii, and set telegraph systems on fire.  The flare left a trace in Greenland ice in the form of nitrates and beryllium-10, which allow its strength to be measured today. Cliver and Svalgaard reconstructed the effects of this flare and compared with other events of the last 150 years. In their words: While the 1859 event has close rivals or superiors in each of the above categories of space weather activity, it is the only documented event of the last ∼150 years that appears at or near the top of all of the lists.

text: The most powerful flare ever observed was the first one to be observed, on September 1, 1859, and was reported by British astronomer Richard Carrington and independently by an observer named Richard Hodgson. The event is named the

text: Solar storm of 1859

text: , or the "Carrington event". The flare was visible to a naked eye (in white light), and produced stunning auroras down to tropical latitudes such as Cuba or Hawaii, and set telegraph systems on fire.  The flare left a trace in

text: Greenland

text: ice in the form of

text: nitrate

text: s and

text: , which allow its strength to be measured today. Cliver and Svalgaard reconstructed the effects of this flare and compared with other events of the last 150 years. In their words: While the 1859 event has close rivals or superiors in each of the above categories of space weather activity, it is the only documented event of the last ∼150 years that appears at or near the top of all of the lists.

text: Sunspots is a Canadian travel television series which aired on CBC Television in 1974 and 1975.

text: Sunspots is a

text: Canadian

text: travel television series which aired on

text: CBC Television

text: in 1974 and 1975.

text: CAPE may also exist below the LFC, but if a layer of CIN (subsidence) is present, it is unavailable to deep, moist convection until CIN is exhausted.  When there is mechanical lift to saturation, cloud base begins at the lifted condensation level (LCL); absent forcing, cloud base begins at the convective condensation level (CCL) where heating from below causes spontaneous buoyant lifting to the point of condensation when the convective temperature is reached.  When CIN is absent or is overcome, saturated parcels at the LCL or CCL, which had been small cumulus clouds, will rise to the LFC, and then spontaneously rise until hitting the stable layer of the equilibrium level.  The result is deep, moist convection (DMC), or simply, a thunderstorm.

text: CAPE may also exist below the LFC, but if a layer of CIN (

text: subsidence

text: ) is present, it is unavailable to deep, moist convection until CIN is exhausted.  When there is mechanical lift to

text: saturation

text: cloud base

text: begins at the

text: lifted condensation level

text: (LCL); absent forcing,

text: cloud base

text: begins at the

text: convective condensation level

text: (CCL) where heating from below causes spontaneous buoyant lifting to the point of

text: condensation

text: when the

text: convective temperature

text: is reached.  When CIN is absent or is overcome, saturated parcels at the LCL or CCL, which had been small

text: cumulus cloud

text: s, will rise to the LFC, and then spontaneously rise until hitting the stable layer of the equilibrium level.  The result is deep, moist convection (DMC), or simply, a thunderstorm.

text: Embassy Court was the first building in England to feature penthouse suites. Other pioneering features included open-fronted balconies, lock-up garages and what the original managing agents Dudley Samuel and Harrison described as "sun-admitting Vista-Glass sun parlours". Many of the "sun rooms" have been integrated into the flats to create extra living space. Another unique feature was a mural by Edward McKnight Kauffer in the foyer.  It was created by a new method in which a series of black-and-white photographs were printed on a light-sensitive cellulose surface. The flats had built-in steel-framed tubular furniture (manufactured by Pel Ltd) and woodwork by D. Burkle & Son.

text: Embassy Court was the first building in England to feature

text: penthouse suites

text: . Other pioneering features included open-fronted balconies, lock-up garages and what the original managing agents Dudley Samuel and Harrison described as "sun-admitting Vista-Glass sun parlours". Many of the "sun rooms" have been integrated into the flats to create extra living space. Another unique feature was a mural by

text: Edward McKnight Kauffer

text: in the foyer.  It was created by a new method in which a series of black-and-white photographs were printed on a light-sensitive

text: cellulose

text: surface. The flats had built-in steel-framed tubular furniture (manufactured by Pel Ltd) and woodwork by D. Burkle & Son.

text: At a certain point, the helium at the core of the star will reach a pressure and temperature where it can begin to undergo nuclear fusion through the triple-alpha process. For a star with less than 1.8 times the mass of the Sun, this will occur in a process called the helium flash. The evolutionary track of the star will then carry it toward the left of the HR diagram as the surface temperature increases under the new equilibrium. The result is a sharp discontinuity in the evolutionary track of the star on the HR diagram. This discontinuity is called the tip of the red-giant branch.

text: At a certain point, the helium at the core of the star will reach a pressure and temperature where it can begin to undergo nuclear fusion through the

text: triple-alpha process

text: . For a star with less than 1.8 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , this will occur in a process called the

text: helium flash

text: . The

text: evolutionary track

text: of the star will then carry it toward the left of the HR diagram as the surface temperature increases under the new equilibrium. The result is a sharp discontinuity in the evolutionary track of the star on the HR diagram. This discontinuity is called the tip of the red-giant branch.

text: Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, for example, an object would need to be about  across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.

text: Artificial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an eclipse. At the altitude of the

text: International Space Station

text: , for example, an object would need to be about  across to blot the Sun out entirely. These transits are difficult to watch because the zone of visibility is very small. The satellite passes over the face of the Sun in about a second, typically. As with a transit of a planet, it will not get dark.

text: This is an RS Canum Venaticorum variable and its brightness varies by 0.225 magnitudes, reaching a maximum of 3.70, with a period of 54.2 days. Such variability is theorized to occur because of tidal friction, which results in chromospheric activity. However, the orbit of this system is nearly circular, so the cause of this system's variability remains uncertain. The X-ray luminosity of this star, as measured by the ROSAT satellite, is .

text: This is an

text: RS Canum Venaticorum variable

text: and its brightness varies by 0.225 magnitudes, reaching a maximum of 3.70, with a period of 54.2 days. Such variability is theorized to occur because of tidal friction, which results in

text: chromospheric

text: activity

text: . However, the orbit of this system is nearly circular, so the cause of this system's variability remains uncertain. The X-ray luminosity of this star, as measured by the

text: ROSAT

text: satellite, is .

text: Lady Quan was the daughter of Quan Shang (全尚). Her granduncle Quan Cong (Quan Shang's uncle) was married to Sun Luban (孫魯班), a daughter of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan. When she was young, she often visited her grandaunt and was deeply favoured by the latter. When a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons Sun He and Sun Ba was ongoing, Sun Luban, who had a feud with Sun He's mother, urged her father to arrange a marriage between Lady Quan and Sun Liang (another of Sun Quan's sons born to Lady Pan) because Sun Liang and his mother were becoming increasingly favoured by Sun Quan. Around 250, the succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba concluded when Sun Quan deposed Sun He from his position as crown prince and forced Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Liang was designated as the new heir apparent to the Wu throne.

text: Lady Quan was the daughter of

text: Quan Shang

text: (全尚). Her granduncle

text: Quan Cong

text: (Quan Shang's uncle) was married to Sun Luban (孫魯班), a daughter of Wu's founding emperor

text: Sun Quan

text: . When she was young, she often visited her grandaunt and was deeply favoured by the latter. When a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons

text: Sun He

text: and

text: Sun Ba

text: was ongoing, Sun Luban, who had a feud with Sun He's mother, urged her father to arrange a marriage between Lady Quan and

text: Sun Liang

text: (another of Sun Quan's sons born to

text: Lady Pan

text: ) because Sun Liang and his mother were becoming increasingly favoured by Sun Quan. Around 250, the succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba concluded when Sun Quan deposed Sun He from his position as crown prince and forced Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Liang was designated as the new heir apparent to the Wu throne.

text: The origins of Beryl were from a trough that developed over the Yucatán Peninsula on May 16. It drifted eastward into the northwestern Caribbean Sea, spawning a low pressure area on May 18. For the next three days, it remained nearly stationary without development, until the system became better defined on May 22 when it began moving to the northeast. On May 23, the elongated low had an area of disorganized convection. While passing over the Cuban Island of Isla de la Juventud, an exposed center of circulation and transient convection was noted due to the effects of high wind shear across the region. The next day, the system moved through the Florida Keys, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted the potential for increasingly favorable conditions over the next two days. The low became better defined as its cloud pattern consolidated. It moved further into the western Atlantic over the next 24 hours, and a band of convection extended across the Bahamas and Cuba to wrap around the southwestern edge of the circulation. On May 25, the system interacted with a mid- to upper-level low, causing the center to reform further to the northeast. After the system attained gale-force winds near the center and sufficiently organized convection, the NHC initiated advisories on Subtropical Storm Beryl at 0300 UTC on May 26, while the cyclone was 305 mi (490 km) east of Charleston, South Carolina. Post-season analysis indicated that Beryl developed three hours prior.

text: The origins of Beryl were from a

text: trough

text: that developed over the

text: Yucatán Peninsula

text: on May 16. It drifted eastward into the northwestern

text: Caribbean Sea

text: , spawning a

text: low pressure area

text: on May 18. For the next three days, it remained nearly stationary without development, until the system became better defined on May 22 when it began moving to the northeast. On May 23, the elongated low had an area of disorganized

text: convection

text: . While passing over the Cuban Island of

text: Isla de la Juventud

text: , an exposed center of circulation and transient convection was noted due to the effects of high

text: wind shear

text: across the region. The next day, the system moved through the

text: Florida Keys

text: , and the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) noted the potential for increasingly favorable conditions over the next two days. The low became better defined as its cloud pattern consolidated. It moved further into the western Atlantic over the next 24 hours, and a

text: band

text: of

text: convection

text: extended across the Bahamas and Cuba to wrap around the southwestern edge of the circulation. On May 25, the system interacted with a

text: mid- to upper-level low

text: , causing the center to reform further to the northeast. After the system attained

text: gale

text: -force winds near the center and sufficiently organized convection, the NHC initiated advisories on Subtropical Storm Beryl at 0300 UTC on May 26, while the cyclone was 305 mi (490 km) east of

text: Charleston, South Carolina

text: . Post-season analysis indicated that Beryl developed three hours prior.

text: The host star, Kepler-452, is a G-type star that is about the same mass of the Sun, only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757 K, nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.6 billion years older than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old.  From the surface of Kepler-452b, its star would look almost identical to the Sun as viewed from the Earth.

text: The host star,

text: , is a

text: G-type

text: star that is about the same mass of the

text: Sun

text: , only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757

text: K

text: , nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.6 billion years older than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old.  From the surface of Kepler-452b, its star would look almost identical to the

text: Sun

text: as viewed from the Earth.

text: As each cycle begins, sunspots appear at mid-latitudes, and then closer and closer to the equator until solar minimum is reached. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram. Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce this time-series diagram.

text: Sun Chuo had five sons: Sun Chen, Sun Ju, Sun En, Sun Gan and Sun Kai. Sun Chen was the eldest of the five sons.

text: Sun Chuo had five sons:

text: Sun Chen

text: , Sun Ju, Sun En, Sun Gan and Sun Kai. Sun Chen was the eldest of the five sons.

text: Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the Sun's convective zone that get "wound up" by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

text: Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of

text: magnetic flux tube

text: s in the Sun's

text: convective zone

text: that get "wound up" by

text: differential rotation

text: . If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

text: They are used for observation, photography, and for viewing the sun as a yellow-orange disk. With a telescope, these filters can view the details of the sun directly and safely, especially the sunspots and granulation of the surface. The Herschel Wedge is a prism based device used in conjunction with a neutral density filter that directs most of the heat and ultra violet light out of the telescope, generally giving better results than most filters. Another filter used for solar observing is the hydrogen-alpha filter, which transmits the H-alpha spectral line. These filters can view the solar flares and prominences that are not visible in the normal solar filters.

text: They are used for observation, photography, and for viewing the

text: sun

text: as a yellow-orange disk. With a telescope, these filters can view the details of the sun directly and safely, especially the

text: sunspots

text: and

text: granulation of the surface

text: . The

text: Herschel Wedge

text: is a prism based device used in conjunction with a neutral density filter that directs most of the heat and ultra violet light out of the telescope, generally giving better results than most filters. Another filter used for solar observing is the hydrogen-alpha filter, which transmits the

text: H-alpha

text: spectral line

text: . These filters can view the

text: solar flares

text: and

text: prominences

text: that are not visible in the normal solar filters.

text: Our Mr. Sun examines the Sun and how it works, the Sun's profound influence on life on earth, and the possibilities for harnessing sunlight for solar electricity; solar cells had been demonstrated at Bell Laboratories in 1954 during the development of the film. For the screenplay, Capra first contracted for treatments by two prominent authors, Aldous Huxley and Willy Ley. Ultimately, Capra wrote the screenplay himself, subject to approval by a scientific advisory board put together by N. W. Ayer. The principal scientific source used for the screenplay was the book Our Sun (1949) by Donald Menzel, who also consulted with Capra about the screenplay. Menzel opposed most of the religious elements of Capra's screenplay, but many were included in the version that was produced.

text: Our Mr. Sun

text: examines the Sun and how it works, the Sun's profound influence on life on earth, and the possibilities for harnessing sunlight for solar electricity; solar cells had been demonstrated at Bell Laboratories in 1954 during the development of the film. For the screenplay, Capra first contracted for treatments by two prominent authors,

text: Aldous Huxley

text: and

text: Willy Ley

text: . Ultimately, Capra wrote the screenplay himself, subject to approval by a scientific advisory board put together by N. W. Ayer. The principal scientific source used for the screenplay was the book Our Sun (1949) by

text: Donald Menzel

text: , who also consulted with Capra about the screenplay. Menzel opposed most of the religious elements of Capra's screenplay, but many were included in the version that was produced.

text: A prominence eruption producing a CME shot off the east limb (left side) of the Sun on April 16, 2012.  Such eruptions are often associated with solar flares, and in this case an M1.7 class (medium-sized) flare occurred at the same time, peaking at 1:45 PM EDT and 17.45 UTC. The CME was not aimed toward Earth. Nevertheless, this month was very quiet in comparison to the previous one, as only two M-class flares were recorded.

text: Due to refraction of light rays in the Earth's atmosphere the Sun, whether  rising or setting, will, in part, show above the horizon even when its disc is completely below the limb of Earth's horizon. Also, viewed from the Earth, the Sun presents as an extended object (a disc) source of light rather than a point source of light, and its upper disk is visible even when the center of the Sun is below Earth's horizon. Thus, sunrise produces daylight  several minutes before  the Sun's geometric center crosses from below the horizon; a converse sequence occurs at dusk, and sunset produces daylight several minutes after the setting of the center of the Sun to below Earth's horizon. These conditions produce differentials of actual durations of light and darkness at various locations on Earth during an equinox; see lengths of equinoctial day and night.

text: Due to

text: refraction

text: of light rays in the Earth's atmosphere the Sun, whether  rising or setting, will, in part, show above the horizon even when its disc is completely below the limb of Earth's horizon. Also, viewed from the Earth, the Sun presents as an extended object (a disc) source of light rather than a point source of light, and its upper disk is visible even when the center of the Sun is below Earth's horizon. Thus, sunrise produces daylight  several minutes before  the Sun's geometric center crosses from below the horizon; a converse sequence occurs at dusk, and sunset produces daylight several minutes after the setting of the center of the Sun to below Earth's horizon. These conditions produce differentials of actual durations of light and darkness at various locations on Earth during an equinox; see

text: lengths of equinoctial day and night

text: During the solar cycle's declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

text: During the solar cycle's declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At

text: solar-cycle minimum

text: , the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

text: Sun Ben had four sons: Sun Lin, Sun An, Sun Xi and Sun Ji. Sun Lin was the eldest of the four. Sun Ben also had a daughter, who was married to Cao Cao's son Cao Zhang.

text: Sun Ben

text: had four sons: Sun Lin, Sun An, Sun Xi and Sun Ji. Sun Lin was the eldest of the four. Sun Ben also had a daughter, who was married to

text: Cao Cao

text: 's son

text: Cao Zhang

text: The orange and brown coloration in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change color when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be phosphorus, sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons. These colorful compounds, known as chromophores, mix with the warmer, lower deck of clouds. The zones are formed when rising convection cells form crystallizing ammonia that masks out these lower clouds from view.

text: The orange and brown coloration in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change color when they are exposed to

text: ultraviolet

text: light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be phosphorus, sulfur or possibly

text: hydrocarbon

text: s. These colorful compounds, known as

text: chromophore

text: s, mix with the warmer, lower deck of clouds. The zones are formed when rising

text: convection cell

text: s form crystallizing ammonia that masks out these lower clouds from view.

text: A portion of the beam of light coming from the sun scatters off molecules of gas and other small particles in the atmosphere. Here, Rayleigh scattering primarily occurs through sunlight's interaction with randomly located air molecules. It is this scattered light that gives the surrounding sky its brightness and its color. As previously stated, Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength, so that shorter wavelength violet and blue light will scatter more than the longer wavelengths (yellow and especially red light). However, the Sun, like any star, has its own spectrum and so I in the scattering formula above is not constant but falls away in the violet. In addition the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere absorbs wavelengths at the edge of the ultra-violet region of the spectrum.  The resulting color, which appears like a pale blue, actually is a mixture of all the scattered colors, mainly blue and green.  Conversely, glancing toward the sun, the colors that were not scattered away — the longer wavelengths such as red and yellow light — are directly visible, giving the sun itself a slightly yellowish hue. Viewed from space, however, the sky is black and the sun is white.

text: A portion of the beam of light coming from the sun scatters off molecules of gas and other small particles in the atmosphere. Here, Rayleigh scattering primarily occurs through

text: sunlight

text: 's interaction with randomly located air molecules. It is this scattered light that gives the surrounding sky its brightness and its color. As previously stated, Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength, so that shorter wavelength violet and blue light will scatter more than the longer wavelengths (yellow and especially red light). However, the Sun, like any star, has its own spectrum and so I in the scattering formula above is not constant but falls away in the violet. In addition the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere absorbs wavelengths at the edge of the ultra-violet region of the spectrum.  The resulting color, which appears like a pale blue, actually is a mixture of all the scattered colors, mainly blue and green.  Conversely, glancing toward the sun, the colors that were not scattered away — the longer wavelengths such as red and yellow light — are directly visible, giving the sun itself a slightly yellowish hue. Viewed from space, however, the sky is black and the sun is white.

text: The Solar X-ray Imager aboard the GOES 12, GOES 13, GOES 14, and GOES 15 NOAA weather satellites is used for early detection of solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and space phenomena that impact human spaceflight and military and commercial satellite communications. The Solar X-ray Imager was the first X-ray telescope to take a "full-disk" image of the Sun, providing forecasters with the ability to detect solar storms and real-time solar forecasting by the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).

text: The Solar X-ray Imager aboard the

text: GOES 12

text: GOES 13

text: GOES 14

text: , and

text: GOES 15

text: NOAA

text: weather satellites

text: is used for early detection of

text: solar flares

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs), and space phenomena that impact

text: human spaceflight

text: and military and commercial

text: satellite communications

text: . The Solar X-ray Imager was the first

text: X-ray telescope

text: to take a "full-disk" image of the Sun, providing forecasters with the ability to detect solar storms and real-time solar forecasting by the

text: Space Weather Prediction Center

text: (SWPC).

text: The Sun's corona passes in front of the Crab Nebula every June. Variations in the radio waves received from the Crab Nebula at this time can be used to infer details about the corona's density and structure. Early observations established that the corona extended out to much greater distances than had previously been thought; later observations found that the corona contained substantial density variations.

text: The Sun's

text: corona

text: passes in front of the Crab Nebula every June. Variations in the radio waves received from the Crab Nebula at this time can be used to infer details about the corona's density and structure. Early observations established that the corona extended out to much greater distances than had previously been thought; later observations found that the corona contained substantial density variations.

text: In September 2004 Sun made available systems with UltraSPARC IV which was the first multi-core SPARC processor. It was followed by UltraSPARC IV+ in September 2005 and its revisions with higher clock speeds in 2007. These CPUs were used in the most powerful, enterprise class high-end CC-NUMA servers developed by Sun, such as Sun Fire E25K.

text: In September 2004 Sun made available systems with

text: UltraSPARC IV

text: which was the first multi-core SPARC processor. It was followed by UltraSPARC IV+ in September 2005 and its revisions with higher clock speeds in 2007. These CPUs were used in the most powerful, enterprise class high-end

text: CC-NUMA

text: servers developed by Sun, such as

text: Sun Fire E25K

text: In about 5 to 6 billion years, the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand. At its largest, its surface (photosphere) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth. It will then lose its atmosphere completely; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf. The evolution of the Sun into and through the red-giant phase has been extensively modelled, but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit. The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen, it loses mass causing Earth (and all planets) to orbit farther away. There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5–6.5 billion years, so the fate of Earth is not well understood. At its brightest, the red-giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature. In its red giant phase, the Sun will be so bright that any water on Earth will boil away into space, leaving it unable to support life.

text: In about 5 to 6 billion years, the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand. At its largest, its surface (

text: photosphere

text: ) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth. It will then lose its atmosphere completely; its outer layers forming a

text: planetary nebula

text: and the core a

text: white dwarf

text: . The evolution of the Sun into and through the red-giant phase has been extensively modelled, but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit. The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen, it loses mass causing Earth (and all planets) to orbit farther away. There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5–6.5 billion years, so the fate of Earth is not well understood. At its brightest, the red-giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature. In its red giant phase, the Sun will be so bright that any water on Earth will boil away into space, leaving it unable to support life.

text: A transit of Phobos across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when Phobos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Phobos can be seen from Mars as a large black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun. At the same time, the shadow (antumbra) of Phobos moves across the Martian surface.

text: A transit of Phobos across the

text: Sun

text: as seen from

text: Mars

text: takes place when

text: Phobos

text: passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a

text: transit

text: , Phobos can be seen from Mars as a large black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun. At the same time, the shadow (

text: antumbra

text: ) of Phobos moves across the Martian surface.

text: Green's research focuses primarily on the atmospheric activities of the Sun, particularly coronal mass ejections and the changes in the Sun's magnetic field which triggers them.

text: Green's research focuses primarily on the atmospheric activities of the

text: Sun

text: , particularly

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s and the changes in the Sun's magnetic field which triggers them.

text: Cooler than the sun, surface temperature is estimated at 4557°K  and some flare activity has been observed.

text: Cooler than the

text: sun

text: surface temperature

text: is estimated at 4557°

text: K

text: and some

text: flare

text: activity has been observed.

text: The Sun god of Heaven (Hittite: nepišaš Ištanu) was a Hittite solar deity. He was the second-most worshipped solar deity of the Hittites, after the Sun goddess of Arinna. The Sun god of Heaven was identified with the Hurrian solar deity, .

text: The Sun god of Heaven (

text: Hittite

text: : nepišaš Ištanu) was a

text: Hittite

text: solar deity

text: . He was the second-most worshipped solar deity of the Hittites, after the

text: Sun goddess of Arinna

text: . The Sun god of Heaven was identified with the

text: Hurrian

text: solar deity, .

text: A solar powered Stirling engine is a heat engine powered by a temperature gradient generated by the sun. It was patented by Roelf J. Meijer in 1987.His invention relates a heat engine, such as a Stirling cycle engine, with a solar dish collector in order to produce electricity. This apparatus consists of a large dish aimed at the sun to reflect the rays into the focus point, which is located at the center of the dish. Solar energy is then collected in the form of heat to fuel a Stirling cycle engine,   which operates by letting heat flow from a hot source to a cold sink in order to do work. The work output of the Stirling cycle is then used to drive a generator and create electric power. Moreover, in Meijer’s solar-powered engine, it is important that the dish always be pointed directly at the sun so that no shadows would be present in the solar dish collector, hence optimizing heat collection. This is where he ran into some issues because, in order for the apparatus to have a complete range of motion, lubrication and rotational systems would be necessary and may compromise structural stability.

text: A solar powered Stirling engine is a heat engine powered by a temperature gradient generated by the sun. It was patented by Roelf J. Meijer in 1987.His invention relates a heat engine, such as a

text: Stirling cycle engine

text: , with a solar dish collector in order to produce electricity. This apparatus consists of a large dish aimed at the sun to reflect the rays into the focus point, which is located at the center of the dish. Solar energy is then collected in the form of heat to fuel a Stirling cycle engine,   which operates by letting heat flow from a hot source to a cold sink in order to do work. The work output of the Stirling cycle is then used to drive a generator and create electric power. Moreover, in Meijer’s solar-powered engine, it is important that the dish always be pointed directly at the sun so that no shadows would be present in the solar dish collector, hence optimizing heat collection. This is where he ran into some issues because, in order for the apparatus to have a complete range of motion, lubrication and rotational systems would be necessary and may compromise structural stability.

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in

text: climate change

text: on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that

text: general circulation model (GCM)

text: simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

text: Upsilon Andromedae A is a yellow-white dwarf of spectral type F8V, similar to the Sun, but younger, more massive, and more luminous. According to its entry in the Geneva–Copenhagen survey, the star is around 3.1 billion years old, and has a similar proportion of iron relative to hydrogen to the Sun. At around 1.3 solar masses, it will have a shorter lifetime than the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet radiation received by any planets in the star's habitable zone would be similar to the ultraviolet flux the Earth receives from the Sun.

text: Upsilon Andromedae A is a yellow-white dwarf of

text: spectral type

text: F8V, similar to the Sun, but younger, more massive, and more

text: luminous

text: . According to its entry in the Geneva–Copenhagen survey, the star is around

text: billion years

text: old, and has a similar proportion of

text: iron

text: relative to

text: hydrogen

text: to the Sun. At around 1.3

text: solar mass

text: es, it will have a shorter lifetime than the Sun. The amount of

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation received by any planets in the star's

text: habitable zone

text: would be similar to the ultraviolet

text: flux

text: the Earth receives from the Sun.

text: The primary component has a stellar classification of G0 V, suggesting that it is a G-type main sequence star similar to ι Per. It has a mass of about 1.2 times the mass of the Sun, and 2.6 times the Sun's radius. The magnitude difference between the two components is estimated to be . The estimated properties of the secondary indicate that it is most likely a K-type main sequence star. The system displays no indication of chromospheric activity.

text: The primary component has a

text: stellar classification

text: of G0 V, suggesting that it is a

text: G-type main sequence star

text: similar to

text: ι Per

text: . It has a mass of about 1.2 times the mass of the Sun, and 2.6 times the Sun's radius. The magnitude difference between the two components is estimated to be . The estimated properties of the secondary indicate that it is most likely a

text: K-type main sequence star

text: . The system displays no indication of

text: chromospheric activity

text: A star is considered to be at zero age (protostellar) when it is assumed to have a homogeneous composition and to be just beginning to derive most of its luminosity from nuclear reactions (so neglecting the period of contraction from a cloud of gas and dust). To obtain the SSM, a one solar mass () stellar model at zero age is evolved numerically to the age of the Sun. The abundance of elements in the zero age solar model is estimated from primordial meteorites. Along with this abundance information, a reasonable guess at the zero-age luminosity (such as the present-day Sun's luminosity) is then converted by an iterative procedure into the correct value for the model, and the temperature, pressure and density throughout the model calculated by solving the equations of stellar structure numerically assuming the star to be in a steady state. The model is then evolved numerically up to the age of the Sun. Any discrepancy from the measured values of the Sun's luminosity, surface abundances, etc. can then be used to refine the model. For example, since the Sun formed, the helium and heavy elements have settled out of the photosphere by diffusion. As a result, the Solar photosphere now contains about 87% as much helium and heavy elements as the protostellar photosphere had; the protostellar Solar photosphere was 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% metals. A measure of heavy-element settling by diffusion is required for a more accurate model.

text: A star is considered to be at zero age (protostellar) when it is assumed to have a homogeneous composition and to be just beginning to derive most of its luminosity from nuclear reactions (so neglecting the period of contraction from a cloud of gas and dust). To obtain the SSM, a one

text: solar mass

text: () stellar model at zero age is

text: evolved

text: numerically to the age of the Sun. The abundance of elements in the zero age solar model is estimated from primordial meteorites. Along with this abundance information, a reasonable guess at the zero-age luminosity (such as the present-day Sun's luminosity) is then converted by an iterative procedure into the correct value for the model, and the temperature, pressure and density throughout the model calculated by solving the equations of stellar structure numerically assuming the star to be in a

text: steady state

text: . The model is then evolved numerically up to the age of the Sun. Any discrepancy from the measured values of the Sun's luminosity, surface abundances, etc. can then be used to refine the model. For example, since the Sun formed, the helium and heavy elements have settled out of the photosphere by diffusion. As a result, the Solar photosphere now contains about 87% as much helium and heavy elements as the protostellar photosphere had; the protostellar Solar photosphere was 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% metals. A measure of heavy-element settling by diffusion is required for a more accurate model.

text: "Sure to Fall (In Love with You)" is a 1955 song written by Carl Perkins, Bill Cantrell, and Quinton Claunch. It was recorded by Carl Perkins in December 1955 and was planned for release as the follow-up to "Blue Suede Shoes". Carl and Jay Perkins were on vocals. The song was not issued, however, as a single on the Sun Records label at that time. A test pressing was made. Sam Phillips circulated dubs or acetates to local radio stations of the proposed single. The Sun catalogue number was 235 backed with Perkins' song "Tennessee" on the b-side. The Sun master numbers assigned to the two sides were U 177 and U 178. Liner notes for the Rhino Records release of Carl Perkins' Original Sun Greatest Hits, however, listed the single as being issued at the time as 235DJ, available to disc jockeys only. The songs were released, however, on the 1957 Sun LP Dance Album of Carl Perkins, 1225, re-released as Teen Beat; The Best of Carl Perkins in 1961. This album was also released in the UK on London as HA-S 2202 and is where The Beatles heard the songs. The song also appeared on Sun EP 115 released in 1961. Sun Records under Shelby Singleton did release a "Sure To Fall"/"Tennessee" single, Sun Golden Treasure Series, Sun 5, but it was in the late 1970s when the Carl Perkins 45s were re-released.

text: "Sure to Fall (In Love with You)" is a 1955 song written by

text: Carl Perkins

text: , Bill Cantrell, and

text: Quinton Claunch

text: . It was recorded by Carl Perkins in December 1955 and was planned for release as the follow-up to "

text: Blue Suede Shoes

text: ". Carl and Jay Perkins were on vocals. The song was not issued, however, as a

text: single

text: on the

text: Sun Records

text: label at that time. A test pressing was made. Sam Phillips circulated dubs or acetates to local radio stations of the proposed single. The Sun catalogue number was 235 backed with Perkins' song "Tennessee" on the b-side. The Sun master numbers assigned to the two sides were U 177 and U 178. Liner notes for the Rhino Records release of Carl Perkins' Original Sun Greatest Hits, however, listed the single as being issued at the time as 235DJ, available to disc jockeys only. The songs were released, however, on the 1957 Sun LP Dance Album of Carl Perkins, 1225, re-released as Teen Beat; The Best of Carl Perkins in 1961. This album was also released in the UK on London as HA-S 2202 and is where The Beatles heard the songs. The song also appeared on Sun EP 115 released in 1961. Sun Records under

text: Shelby Singleton

text: did release a "Sure To Fall"/"Tennessee" single, Sun Golden Treasure Series, Sun 5, but it was in the late 1970s when the Carl Perkins 45s were re-released.

text: When the sun's rays contact the bottom of a shallow pool, they heat the water adjacent to the bottom. When water at the bottom of the pool is heated, it becomes less dense than the cooler water above it, and convection begins. Solar ponds heat water by impeding this convection. Salt is added to the water until the lower layers of water become completely saturated. High-salinity water at the bottom of the pond does not mix readily with the low-salinity water above it, so when the bottom layer of water is heated, convection occurs separately in the bottom and top layers, with only mild mixing between the two. This greatly reduces heat loss, and allows for the high-salinity water to get up to 90 °C while maintaining 30 °C low-salinity water. This hot, salty water can then be pumped away for use in electricity generation, through a turbine or as a source of thermal energy.

text: When the sun's rays contact the bottom of a shallow pool, they heat the water adjacent to the bottom. When water at the bottom of the pool is heated, it becomes less dense than the cooler water above it, and

text: convection

text: begins. Solar ponds heat water by impeding this convection. Salt is added to the water until the lower layers of water become completely

text: saturated

text: . High-salinity water at the bottom of the pond does not mix readily with the low-salinity water above it, so when the bottom layer of water is heated, convection occurs separately in the bottom and top layers, with only mild mixing between the two. This greatly reduces heat loss, and allows for the high-salinity water to get up to 90 °C while maintaining 30 °C low-salinity water. This hot, salty water can then be pumped away for use in electricity generation, through a

text: turbine

text: or as a source of thermal energy.

text: • Research work regarding the role of meridional flows in the Sun's interior in setting the period of the sunspot cycle.

text: As large scavengers, griffon vultures have not been observed to seek shelter for thermoregulation. Vultures use their bald heads as a means to thermoregulate in both extreme cold and hot temperatures. Changes in posture can increase bare skin exposure from 7% to 32%. This change allows for the more than doubling of convective heat loss in still air. Griffon vultures have also been found to tolerate increased body temperatures as a response to high ambient temperatures. By allowing their internal body temperature to change independently of their metabolic rate, griffon vultures minimize their loss of water and energy in thermoregulating. One study in particular (Bahat 1995) found that these adaptations have allowed the Griffon vulture to have one of the widest thermal neutral zones of any bird.

text: For fruit the most important part of avoiding sun scald is to be aware of where the fruit has been during its growth. If the fruit grew in the shade then exposing it to the sun will be likely to yield damage to the produce. Because of the importance of keeping shaded fruits out of the sun, leaves of fruit plants should be monitored for wilting and disease. If the leaves that shade a fruit die, the fruit will be exposed and in danger of sun scald. Another measure that can be taken to avoid damage is covering the fruits with straw or screen to block the sun.

text: In the United States, another impetus for Euclidean zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear of buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, particularly in New York City. Zoning regulations, first put into place in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, not only called for limits on building heights, but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to keep people from living next to polluted industrial areas. This separation, however, was extended to commercial uses as well, setting the stage for the suburban style of life that is common in America today. This type of zoning was widely adopted by municipal zoning codes.

text: In the United States, another impetus for Euclidean zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear of buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, particularly in

text: New York City

text: . Zoning regulations, first put into place in the

text: 1916 Zoning Resolution

text: , not only called for limits on building heights, but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to keep people from living next to polluted industrial areas. This separation, however, was extended to commercial uses as well, setting the stage for the

text: suburb

text: an style of life that is common in America today. This type of zoning was widely adopted by municipal zoning codes.

text: The Corona program was a series of American strategic reconnaissance satellites produced and operated by the Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology with substantial assistance from the U.S. Air Force. The Corona satellites were used for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union (USSR), the People's Republic of China, and other areas beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972. The name of this program is sometimes seen as "CORONA", but its actual name "Corona" was a codeword, not an acronym.

text: The Corona program was a series of

text: American

text: strategic

text: reconnaissance satellite

text: s produced and operated by the

entity_name: Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology

text: Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology

text: with substantial assistance from the

text: U.S. Air Force

text: . The Corona satellites were used for photographic surveillance of the

text: Soviet Union

text: (USSR), the

text: People's Republic of China

text: , and other areas beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972. The name of this program is sometimes seen as "CORONA", but its actual name "Corona" was a

text: codeword

text: , not an

text: acronym

text: There is also a risk that an antenna equipped with auto-tracking will begin following the sun's movements instead of the satellite once they are no longer inline with each other. This is because the Sun acts as a large electromagnetic noise generator which creates a signal much stronger than the satellite's tracking signal.A recent example of limitations caused by the solar conjunction occurred when the NASA-JPL team put the Curiosity rover on Mars' surface in autonomous operation mode for 25 days during the conjunction. In autonomous mode Curiosity suspends all movements and active science operations but retain communication-independent experiments (e.g. record atmospheric and radiation data).

text: There is also a risk that an antenna equipped with auto-tracking will begin following the sun's movements instead of the satellite once they are no longer inline with each other. This is because the Sun acts as a large electromagnetic noise generator which creates a signal much stronger than the satellite's tracking signal.A recent example of limitations caused by the solar conjunction occurred when the

text: NASA

text: JPL

text: team put the

text: Curiosity rover

text: on

text: Mars'

text: surface in

text: autonomous

text: operation mode for 25 days during the conjunction. In autonomous mode

text: Curiosity

text: suspends all movements and active science operations but retain communication-independent experiments (e.g. record atmospheric and radiation data).

text: In meteorology, a corona (plural coronae) is an optical phenomenon produced by the diffraction of light from the Sun or the Moon (or, occasionally, bright stars or planets) by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny ice crystals of a cloud or on a foggy glass surface. In its full form, a corona consists of several concentric, pastel-colored rings around the celestial object and a central bright area called aureole. The aureole is often (especially in case of the Moon) the only visible part of the corona and has the appearance of a bluish-white disk which fades to reddish-brown towards the edge. The angular size of a corona depends on the diameters of the water droplets involved: Smaller droplets produce larger coronae. For the same reason, the corona is the most pronounced when the size of the droplets is most uniform. Coronae differ from halos in that the latter are formed by refraction (rather than diffraction) from comparatively large rather than small ice crystals.

text: In

text: meteorology

text: , a corona (plural coronae) is an optical phenomenon produced by the

text: diffraction

text: of light from the

text: Sun

text: or the

text: Moon

text: (or, occasionally, bright stars or planets) by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny

text: ice crystal

text: s of a cloud or on a foggy glass surface. In its full form, a corona consists of several concentric, pastel-colored rings around the celestial object and a central bright area called

text: aureole

text: . The aureole is often (especially in case of the Moon) the only visible part of the corona and has the appearance of a bluish-white disk which fades to reddish-brown towards the edge. The angular size of a corona depends on the diameters of the water droplets involved: Smaller droplets produce larger coronae. For the same reason, the corona is the most pronounced when the size of the droplets is most uniform. Coronae differ from

text: halo

text: s in that the latter are formed by

text: refraction

text: (rather than diffraction) from comparatively large rather than small ice crystals.

text: The story is divided into two parts. Corona must first take time to discover his world and unlock the various levels that make it up. He can then access them at his leisure. During this half of the game, Corona will not have the ability to speak to humans, but only to animals and plants. Only after beating a huge dragon will the second half of the game begin: Corona has recovered the ability to talk to humans and he will travel through time to build a better world and understand why the monsters are at war with humanity. Is it really the monsters who are the barbarians of the world?

text: Until the advent of helioseismology, the study of wave oscillations in the Sun, very little was known about the internal rotation of the Sun. The differential profile of the surface was thought to extend into the solar interior as rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum. Through helioseismology this is now known not to be the case and the rotation profile of the Sun has been found. On the surface the Sun rotates slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator. This profile extends on roughly radial lines through the solar convection zone to the interior. At the tachocline the rotation abruptly changes to solid-body rotation in the solar radiation zone.

text: Until the advent of

text: helioseismology

text: , the study of wave oscillations in the Sun, very little was known about the internal rotation of the Sun. The differential profile of the surface was thought to extend into the solar interior as rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum. Through helioseismology this is now known not to be the case and the rotation profile of the Sun has been found. On the surface the Sun rotates slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator. This profile extends on roughly radial lines through the

text: solar convection zone

text: to the interior. At the

text: tachocline

text: the rotation abruptly changes to solid-body rotation in the

text: solar radiation zone

text: When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the sun instead of against space, it appears darker than the surrounding background. This formation is instead called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for a few days or even for a few months.

text: Convection cells can form in any fluid, including the Earth's atmosphere (where they are called Hadley cells), boiling water, soup (where the cells can be identified by the particles they transport, such as grains of rice), the ocean, or the surface of the sun. The size of convection cells is largely determined by the fluid's properties. Convection cells can even occur when the heating of a fluid is uniform.

text: Convection cells can form in any fluid, including the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: (where they are called

text: Hadley cell

text: s), boiling water, soup (where the cells can be identified by the particles they transport, such as grains of rice), the ocean, or the surface of the

text: sun

text: . The size of convection cells is largely determined by the fluid's properties. Convection cells can even occur when the heating of a fluid is uniform.

text: Based upon parallax measurements of this star, it is located at a distance of  from the Sun. The spectrum shows this to have a stellar classification of A1 V, making it a fairly typical main sequence star that is generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. The effective temperature of the outer envelope is about 9,225 K, giving it a white-hued glow that is typical for A-type stars. It is larger than the Sun, with about 2.7 times the mass and 2.84 times the Solar radius. If they were viewed from the same distance, Beta Ursae Majoris would appear much brighter than the Sun, as it is radiating 68 times the Sun's luminosity.

text: Based upon

text: parallax

text: measurements of this star, it is located at a distance of  from the

text: Sun

text: . The

text: spectrum

text: shows this to have a

text: stellar classification

text: of A1 V, making it a fairly typical

text: main sequence

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the outer envelope is about 9,225 K, giving it a white-hued glow that is typical for

text: A-type star

text: s. It is larger than the Sun, with about 2.7 times the

text: mass

text: and 2.84 times the

text: Solar radius

text: . If they were viewed from the same distance, Beta Ursae Majoris would appear much brighter than the Sun, as it is radiating 68 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: Stephanie C. Cinereski; Gainesville, Florida; “Solar Flare and Sunspot Research”

text: Sunspots expand and contract as they move about and can travel at a few hundred meters per second when they first appear.

text: Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such  as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. These regions have closed magnetic field lines, in which the magnetic field strength is large enough to contain the plasma. These field lines must be broken or weakened for the ejection to escape from the Sun. However, CMEs may also be initiated in quiet surface regions, although in many cases the quiet region was recently active. During solar minimum, CMEs form primarily in the coronal streamer belt near the solar magnetic equator. During solar maximum, they originate from active regions whose latitudinal distribution is more homogeneous.

text: Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such  as groupings of

text: sunspot

text: s associated with frequent flares. These regions have closed magnetic field lines, in which the magnetic field strength is large enough to contain the plasma. These field lines must be broken or weakened for the ejection to escape from the Sun. However, CMEs may also be initiated in quiet surface regions, although in many cases the quiet region was recently active. During

text: solar minimum

text: , CMEs form primarily in the coronal streamer belt near the solar magnetic equator. During

text: solar maximum

text: , they originate from active regions whose latitudinal distribution is more homogeneous.

text: Based on the star's chromospheric activity, HD 28185 is estimated to have an age of around 2,900 million years. On the other hand, evolutionary models give an age of around 7,500 million years and a mass 0.99 times that of our Sun. The higher luminosity and longer rotation period favour an older age for the star.

text: Based on the star's

text: chromospheric activity

text: , HD 28185 is estimated to have an age of around 2,900 million years. On the other hand,

text: evolutionary models

text: give an age of around 7,500 million years and a mass 0.99 times that of our Sun. The higher luminosity and longer rotation period favour an older age for the star.

text: The planet orbits its host star or brown dwarf with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than Pluto. However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by radioactive decay would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

text: The planet orbits its host star or

text: brown dwarf

text: with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than

text: Pluto

text: . However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by

text: radioactive decay

text: would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

text: The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere. A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition. A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index, B − V, which measures the star's magnitude in blue (B) and green-yellow (V) light by means of filters. This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star's temperature.

text: The temperature of a star determines its

text: spectral type

text: via its effect on the physical properties of

text: plasma

text: in its

text: photosphere

text: . A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition. A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the

text: color index

text: , B − V, which measures the star's

text: magnitude

text: in blue (B) and green-yellow (V) light by means of filters. This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star's temperature.

text: Reading  "The sun also rises, and the sun goes down," Rabbi Abba taught that since we of course know that the sun rises and sets,  means that before God causes the sun of one righteous person to set, God causes the sun of another righteous person to rise. Thus before God caused the sun of Moses to set, God caused Joshua's sun to rise, as  reports, "And the Lord said to Moses: ‘Take Joshua the son of Nun . . . and lay your hand upon him.'"

text: Solar activity increased rapidly in mid-May 2013 with four consecutive strong flares in two days. These powerful bursts all surged from the just-numbered sunspot AR1748, located in the eastern limb of Sun and barely rotating around the front of the solar disk. AR1748 emitted the first flare, an X1.7-class, on May 13, peaking at 02:17 UTC. This event was quickly followed the same day at 16:09 UTC by a X2.8-class flare. On May 14 at 01:17 UTC the same sunspot emitted a X3.2-class flare, the third strongest of current solar cycle so far. This was followed by an X1.2-class flare at 01:52 UTC on May 15. The four X-ray bursts generated a R3 (strong) radio blackout in upper atmosphere.

text: Helmet streamers are bright loop-like structures which develop over active regions on the sun. They are closed magnetic loops which connect regions of opposite magnetic polarity. Electrons are captured in these loops, and cause them to glow very brightly. The solar wind elongates these loops to pointy tips. They far extend above most prominences into the corona, and can be readily observed during a solar eclipse. Helmet streamers are usually confined to the "streamer belt" in the mid latitudes, and their distribution follows the movement of active regions during the solar cycle. Small blobs of plasma, or "plasmoids" are sometimes released from the tips of helmet streamers, and this is one source of the slow component of the solar wind. In contrast, formations with open magnetic field lines are called coronal holes, and these are darker and are a source of the fast solar wind. Helmet streamers can also create coronal mass ejections if a large volume of plasma becomes disconnected near the tip of the streamer.

text: Helmet streamers are bright loop-like structures which develop over active regions on the

text: sun

text: . They are closed magnetic loops which connect regions of opposite magnetic polarity. Electrons are captured in these loops, and cause them to glow very brightly. The solar wind elongates these loops to pointy tips. They far extend above most prominences into the

text: corona

text: , and can be readily observed during a solar eclipse. Helmet streamers are usually confined to the "streamer belt" in the mid latitudes, and their distribution follows the movement of active regions during the

text: solar cycle

text: . Small blobs of plasma, or "plasmoids" are sometimes released from the tips of helmet streamers, and this is one source of the slow component of the

text: solar wind

text: . In contrast, formations with open magnetic field lines are called

text: coronal holes

text: , and these are darker and are a source of the fast solar wind. Helmet streamers can also create

text: coronal mass ejections

text: if a large volume of plasma becomes disconnected near the tip of the streamer.

text: HD 154672 is a sunlike G-type star that has a mass of 1.06 times that of the Sun and a radius that is 1.27 times that of the Sun. Thus, it is slightly larger than the Sun, although it has a similar mass. The star has an effective temperature of 5714 K, slightly cooler than the Sun; however, it is far richer in iron, with a measured metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.26. This means that the star has 1.82 times more iron than the Sun does. HD 154672 is far older than the Sun, as its estimated gyrochronological age is estimated at 9.28 billion years. HD 154672's spectrum suggests that the star's chromosphere (its outer layer) is not active.

text: HD 154672 is a sunlike

text: G-type

text: star that has a

text: mass

text: of 1.06 times that of the Sun and a

text: radius

text: that is 1.27 times that of the Sun. Thus, it is slightly larger than the Sun, although it has a similar mass. The star has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5714

text: K

text: , slightly cooler than the Sun; however, it is far richer in iron, with a measured

text: metallicity

text: of [Fe/H] = 0.26. This means that the star has 1.82 times more iron than the Sun does. HD 154672 is far older than the Sun, as its estimated

text: gyrochronological age

text: is estimated at 9.28 billion years. HD 154672's spectrum suggests that the star's

text: chromosphere

text: (its outer layer) is not active.

text: This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump giant on the horizontal branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, indicating that is it now generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core. The star has 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9 times the Sun's radius. As such, it is radiating nearly 46 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,864 K.

text: This is an

text: evolved

text: K-type

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K0 III. It is a

text: red clump

text: giant on the

text: horizontal branch

text: of the

text: Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of helium at its core. The star has 2.5 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: and has expanded to 9 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . As such, it is radiating nearly 46 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,864 K.

text: The Sun can sometimes appear as a green spot for a second or two as it is rising or setting: this is known as green flash. Roughly speaking, the red light from the Sun is blocked by Earth, the blue light is scattered by the atmosphere, and the green light is refracted by the atmosphere to the observer. A similar effect can occasionally be seen with other astronomical objects such as the moon and bright planets.

text: The

text: Sun

text: can sometimes appear as a green spot for a second or two as it is rising or setting: this is known as

text: green flash

text: . Roughly speaking, the red light from the Sun is blocked by Earth, the blue light is scattered by the atmosphere, and the green light is refracted by the atmosphere to the observer. A similar effect can occasionally be seen with other astronomical objects such as the moon and bright planets.

text: A sun temple (or solar temple) is a building used for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, dedicated to the sun or a solar deity. Such temples were built by a number different cultures and are distributed across the world including in India, China, Egypt, Japan and Peru. Some of the temples are in ruins, undergoing excavation, preservation or restoration and a few are listed as World Heritage Sites individually or as part of a larger site, such as Konark.

text: A sun temple (or solar temple) is a building used for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, dedicated to the

text: sun

text: or a

text: solar deity

text: . Such temples were built by a number different cultures and are distributed across the world including in

text: India

text: China

text: Egypt

text: Japan

text: and

text: Peru

text: . Some of the temples are in ruins, undergoing

text: excavation

text: preservation

text: or

text: restoration

text: and a few are listed as

text: World Heritage Site

text: s individually or as part of a larger site, such as Konark.

text: By analysing the spectrum of the chromosphere, it was found that the temperature of this layer of the solar atmosphere increases with increasing height in the chromosphere itself. The temperature at the top of photosphere is only about 4,400 K, while at the top of chromosphere, some 2,000 km higher, it reaches 25,000 K. This is however the opposite of what we find in the photosphere, where the temperature drops with increasing height.It is not yet fully understood what phenomenon causes the temperature of the chromosphere to paradoxically increase further from the Sun's interior. However, it seems likely to be explained, partially or totally, by magnetic reconnection.

text: By analysing the

text: spectrum

text: of the chromosphere, it was found that the

text: temperature

text: of this layer of the

text: solar

text: atmosphere increases with increasing height in the chromosphere itself. The temperature at the top of

text: photosphere

text: is only about 4,400 K, while at the top of chromosphere, some 2,000 km higher, it reaches 25,000 K. This is however the opposite of what we find in the

text: photosphere

text: , where the

text: temperature

text: drops with increasing height.It is not yet fully understood what phenomenon causes the

text: temperature

text: of the chromosphere to paradoxically increase further from the

text: Sun

text: 's interior. However, it seems likely to be explained, partially or totally, by

text: magnetic reconnection

text: The energy generation of the Sun is based upon thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. This occurs in the core region of the star using the proton–proton chain reaction process. Because there is no convection in the solar core, the helium concentration builds up in that region without being distributed throughout the star. The temperature at the core of the Sun is too low for nuclear fusion of helium atoms through the triple-alpha process, so these atoms do not contribute to the net energy generation that is needed to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium of the Sun.

text: The energy generation of the

text: Sun

text: is based upon thermonuclear fusion of

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: helium

text: . This occurs in the core region of the star using the

text: proton–proton chain reaction

text: process. Because there is no

text: convection

text: in the

text: solar core

text: , the helium concentration builds up in that region without being distributed throughout the star. The temperature at the core of the Sun is too low for nuclear fusion of helium atoms through the

text: triple-alpha process

text: , so these atoms do not contribute to the net energy generation that is needed to maintain

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: of the Sun.

text: Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling.  In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.

text: Passive solar building design

text: allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any

text: active solar

text: mechanisms such as

text: photovoltaic cell

text: s or

text: solar hot water panels

text: . Typically

text: passive solar

text: building designs incorporate materials with high

text: thermal mass

text: that retain heat effectively and strong

text: insulation

text: that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling.  In addition,

text: low energy building

text: s typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as

text: American

text: colonial

text: saltbox

text: designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.

text: In the Philippines, the Corona was only available with the 2.0-litre 3S-FE engine throughout its production from 1993 to 1998. Early examples of the Corona T190 (ST191) looks similar to the 1992 Japanese spec model. It only has the 2.0 EX Saloon variant, with a choice of a 5-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic transmission. The 1995 model has the facelifted exterior, having the front and rear bumpers with the black trim, and the standard three-piece rear spoiler. The Exsior was introduced in 1996, this time with extended bumpers and red/amber tail lights and garnish. Another variant of the Corona Exsior was the LE, which had genuine leather seats, faux dash wood panel, and electronic air purifier/ionizer as standard equipment. It was eventually replaced in 1998 with the Toyota Camry XV20.

text: In the Philippines, the Corona was only available with the 2.0-litre 3S-FE engine throughout its production from 1993 to 1998. Early examples of the Corona T190 (ST191) looks similar to the 1992 Japanese spec model. It only has the 2.0 EX Saloon variant, with a choice of a 5-speed

text: manual

text: or a 4-speed

text: automatic transmission

text: . The 1995 model has the facelifted exterior, having the front and rear bumpers with the black trim, and the standard three-piece rear spoiler. The Exsior was introduced in 1996, this time with extended bumpers and red/amber tail lights and garnish. Another variant of the Corona Exsior was the LE, which had genuine leather seats, faux dash wood panel, and electronic air purifier/ionizer as standard equipment. It was eventually replaced in 1998 with the Toyota Camry XV20.

text: Online IT publication The Register incorrectly reported in June 2008 that the microprocessor would have 16 cores, each with 16 threads.  In September 2009 they published a roadmap that instead showed 8 threads per core. During the Hot Chips 21 conference Sun revealed the chip has a total of 16 cores and 128 threads. According to the ISSCC 2010 presentation:

text: Online IT publication

text: The Register

text: incorrectly reported in June 2008 that the microprocessor would have 16 cores, each with 16 threads.  In September 2009 they published a roadmap that instead showed 8 threads per core. During the Hot Chips 21 conference Sun revealed the chip has a total of 16 cores and 128 threads. According to the

text: ISSCC

text: 2010 presentation:

text: Perhaps the most important result of these early years was the discovery by Evershed at Kodaikanal in 1909, of radial motion in sunspots. In the next few years numerous studies of this phenomenon now known as the Evershed effect, were made both at Kodaikanal and at a temporary field station in Kashmir. These early studies have been so comprehensive that little has been added to our information on it in the subsequent half century. In 1922 Evershed also discovered under conditions of good seeing, innumerable small displacements of lines equivalent of velocities of the order of few tenths of a kilometer per second. Nearly fifty years later, with better spectrographic and image resolution, extension of this early discovery have added much information on wave phenomena in the solar photosphere and chromosphere.

text: TY Coronae Australis (TY CrA), is a young star system around 3 million years old in the constellation Corona Australis. It is composed of a blue-white B-class star around triple the Sun's mass and a cooler smaller companion around half its mass (or 1.6 times that of the Sun). The system is an eclipsing binary with a period of 2.8 days.

text: TY Coronae Australis (TY CrA), is a young

text: star

text: system around 3 million years old in the

text: constellation

text: Corona Australis

text: . It is composed of a blue-white B-class star around triple the Sun's mass and a cooler smaller companion around half its mass (or 1.6 times that of the Sun). The system is an eclipsing binary with a period of 2.8 days.

text: From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii, thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection. Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons, which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to only 0.2 g/cm) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii, the top of the radiative zone.

text: From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii,

text: thermal radiation

text: is the primary means of energy transfer. The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core. This

text: temperature gradient

text: is less than the value of the

text: adiabatic lapse rate

text: and hence cannot drive convection, which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by

text: radiation

text: instead of thermal

text: convection

text: Ions

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: emit

text: photons

text: , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions. The density drops a hundredfold (from 20 g/cm to only 0.2 g/cm) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii, the top of the radiative zone.

text: The low power outputs occurring inside the fusion core of the Sun may also be surprising, considering the large power which might be predicted by a simple application of the Stefan–Boltzmann law for temperatures of 10 to 15 million kelvin. However, layers of the Sun are radiating to outer layers only slightly lower in temperature, and it is this difference in radiation powers between layers which determines net power generation and transfer in the solar core.

text: The low power outputs occurring inside the fusion core of the Sun may also be surprising, considering the large power which might be predicted by a simple application of the

text: Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: for temperatures of 10 to 15 million kelvin. However, layers of the Sun are radiating to outer layers only slightly lower in temperature, and it is this difference in radiation powers between layers which determines net power generation and transfer in the solar core.

text: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

text: It is an important source of

text: renewable energy

text: and its technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into

text: solar power

text: . Active solar techniques include the use of

text: photovoltaic system

text: s,

text: concentrated solar power

text: and

text: solar water heating

text: to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

text: naturally circulate air

text: In the summer of 2007 Corona got invited by Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes (an annual festival of sound, light and water at Château de Versailles in France) to compose a 6 speaker composition for the grand evening fountain display in the Jardin du Roi. The Versaille Sessions is an aural document of that installation. GetSound, who commissioned the project, hired a Parisian group of musicians specialized in baroque music. Murcof and the musicians resided in the GetSound studio in Paris for two days to record the musicians’ interpretations of compositions from the baroque time, from for example Jean-Baptiste Lully, Henry Purcell and François Couperin. The pieces were played traditionally as well as with note and instrument experimentation. They experimented with modifying the score, tempo, pitch and by inserting random pauses. Texturally they explored the instruments by throwing all sorts of material inside the harpsichord and pounding on the viola da gamba’s body, capturing a wide range of timbres, giving Corona lots of composing options. Corona stated it was a great learning experience for him thanks to the musicians’ open mindedness and fun approach. Corona described the composition process as partially different from the usual Murcof composition method. He was processing previously recorded acoustic material as usual, but this time the source material was very specific 17th century baroque and the experiments in the studio were already a part of the composing process. Two weeks before the opening Corona went to the site wanting to get an impression of the sound, but couldn’t make the necessary tests due to pouring rain. He did realize though that he was going in the wrong musical direction. He thought the big space demanded a different sound: more openness, more time for the sounds to develop and resonate. So in the remaining two weeks he reworked the whole commission into The Versailles Sessions.

text: In the summer of 2007 Corona got invited by Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes (an annual festival of sound, light and water at Château de Versailles in France) to compose a 6 speaker composition for the grand evening fountain display in the Jardin du Roi. The Versaille Sessions is an aural document of that installation. GetSound, who commissioned the project, hired a Parisian group of musicians specialized in baroque music. Murcof and the musicians resided in the GetSound studio in Paris for two days to record the musicians’ interpretations of compositions from the baroque time, from for example

text: Jean-Baptiste Lully

text: Henry Purcell

text: and

text: François Couperin

text: . The pieces were played traditionally as well as with note and instrument experimentation. They experimented with modifying the score, tempo, pitch and by inserting random pauses. Texturally they explored the instruments by throwing all sorts of material inside the harpsichord and pounding on the viola da gamba’s body, capturing a wide range of timbres, giving Corona lots of composing options. Corona stated it was a great learning experience for him thanks to the musicians’ open mindedness and fun approach. Corona described the composition process as partially different from the usual Murcof composition method. He was processing previously recorded acoustic material as usual, but this time the source material was very specific 17th century baroque and the experiments in the studio were already a part of the composing process. Two weeks before the opening Corona went to the site wanting to get an impression of the sound, but couldn’t make the necessary tests due to pouring rain. He did realize though that he was going in the wrong musical direction. He thought the big space demanded a different sound: more openness, more time for the sounds to develop and resonate. So in the remaining two weeks he reworked the whole commission into The Versailles Sessions.

text: The tropical depression originated from an area of low pressure in the South China Sea on September 1. Scattered convection was associated with the system, with the center devoid of showers and thunderstorms, as the low slowly tracked westward in a weak steering environment. Weak outflow had formed along the northern edge of the system; however, intensification was not anticipated. The following day, convection began to form around the center of circulation and weak diffluence was noted around the system due to an anticyclone to the north. With low wind shear, convective banding features began to develop and the possibility of the system becoming a tropical cyclone increased. Early on September 3, the JMA began issuing advisories on the cyclone, classifying it as a tropical depression, the twentieth depression to be monitored by the JMA during the season.

text: The tropical depression originated from an

text: area of low pressure

text: in the

text: South China Sea

text: on September 1. Scattered

text: convection

text: was associated with the system, with the center devoid of showers and thunderstorms, as the low slowly tracked westward in a weak steering environment. Weak

text: outflow

text: had formed along the northern edge of the system; however, intensification was not anticipated. The following day, convection began to form around the

text: center of circulation

text: and weak

text: diffluence

text: was noted around the system due to an

text: anticyclone

text: to the north. With low

text: wind shear

text: , convective

text: banding features

text: began to develop and the possibility of the system becoming a tropical cyclone increased. Early on September 3, the JMA began issuing advisories on the cyclone, classifying it as a tropical depression, the twentieth depression to be monitored by the JMA during the season.

text: In addition to the HZE ions from cosmic sources, HZE ions are produced by the Sun. During solar flares and other solar storms, HZE ions are sometimes produced in small amounts along with the more typical protons, but their energy level is substantially smaller than HZE ions from cosmic rays.

text: In addition to the HZE ions from cosmic sources, HZE ions are produced by the

text: Sun

text: . During

text: solar flare

text: s and other solar storms, HZE ions are sometimes produced in small amounts along with the more typical protons, but their energy level is substantially smaller than HZE ions from

text: cosmic ray

text: s.

text: Corona is a serif typeface, designed by Chauncey H. Griffith, and presented by Mergenthaler Linotype in 1941. It is one of five typefaces in Griffith's 'Legibility Group' which contains typefaces especially well-suited to newsprint. Corona is based on forms of the Ionic type and designed to meet the rigorous requirements of high-speed printing. The font is relatively small, but its narrow widths and large x-height gives an impression of strength and modernity, thus making it a typeface ideal for datasheets and newsletters.

text: Corona is a

text: serif

text: typeface

text: , designed by

text: Chauncey H. Griffith

text: , and presented by

text: Mergenthaler Linotype

text: in 1941. It is one of five typefaces in Griffith's 'Legibility Group' which contains typefaces especially well-suited to newsprint. Corona is based on forms of the Ionic type and designed to meet the rigorous requirements of high-speed printing. The font is relatively small, but its narrow widths and large x-height gives an impression of strength and modernity, thus making it a typeface ideal for datasheets and newsletters.

text: The series, revealing details in non-chronological order, tells how the world was devastated by a series of massive solar flares and coronal mass ejections.  The scorched planet can no longer cultivate enough food for the survivors, so authorities engineer a virus (the Flare) as a form of population control, believing it kills quickly and will stop spreading after a while.  When the Flare escalates beyond control, killing many but turning others into mindless Cranks capable of further spreading the Flare, the remaining authorities create WICKED to try and find a cure. WICKED soon realizes that some children and newborns are Immunes, performing a "Swipe" of their memories and experimenting on them to find a cure. WICKED eventually understands that there is no cure and the world will crumble, focusing their final efforts on giving a settlement of Immunes their memories and all remaining resources to rebuild society and restore the human race.

text: The series, revealing details in non-chronological order, tells how the world was devastated by a series of massive

text: solar flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejections

text: .  The scorched planet can no longer cultivate enough food for the survivors, so authorities engineer a virus (the Flare) as a form of population control, believing it kills quickly and will stop spreading after a while.  When the Flare escalates beyond control, killing many but turning others into mindless Cranks capable of further spreading the Flare, the remaining authorities create WICKED to try and find a cure. WICKED soon realizes that some children and newborns are Immunes, performing a "Swipe" of their memories and experimenting on them to find a cure. WICKED eventually understands that there is no cure and the world will crumble, focusing their final efforts on giving a settlement of Immunes their memories and all remaining resources to rebuild society and restore the human race.

text: Because Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun, the apparent position of the Sun also takes the same length of time to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic. With slightly more than 365 days in one year, the Sun moves a little less than 1° eastward every day. This small difference in the Sun's position against the stars causes any particular spot on Earth's surface to catch up with (and stand directly north or south of) the Sun about four minutes later each day than it would if Earth would not orbit; a day on Earth is therefore 24 hours long rather than the approximately 23-hour 56-minute sidereal day. Again, this is a simplification, based on a hypothetical Earth that orbits at uniform speed around the Sun. The actual speed with which Earth orbits the Sun varies slightly during the year, so the speed with which the Sun seems to move along the ecliptic also varies. For example, the Sun is north of the celestial equator for about 185 days of each year, and south of it for about 180 days. The variation of orbital speed accounts for part of the equation of time.

text: Because Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun, the apparent position of the Sun also takes the same length of time to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic. With slightly more than 365 days in one year, the Sun moves a little less than 1° eastward every day. This small difference in the Sun's position against the stars causes any particular spot on Earth's surface to catch up with (and stand directly north or south of) the Sun about four minutes later each day than it would if Earth would not orbit; a day on Earth is therefore 24 hours long rather than the approximately 23-hour 56-minute

text: sidereal day

text: . Again, this is a simplification, based on a hypothetical Earth that orbits at uniform speed around the Sun. The actual speed with which Earth orbits the Sun varies slightly during the year, so the speed with which the Sun seems to move along the ecliptic also varies. For example, the Sun is north of the celestial equator for about 185 days of each year, and south of it for about 180 days. The variation of orbital speed accounts for part of the

text: equation of time

text: Finally, the LCL can also be considered in relation to the level of free convection (LFC). A smaller difference between the LCL and LFC (LCL-LFC) is conducive to the rapid formation of thunderstorms.  One reason for this is that a parcel requires less work and time to pass through the layer of convective inhibition (CIN) to reach its level of free convection (LFC), after which deep, moist convection ensues and air parcels buoyantly rise in the positive area of a sounding, accumulating convective available potential energy (CAPE) until reaching the equilibrium level (EL).

text: Finally, the LCL can also be considered in relation to the

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC). A smaller difference between the LCL and LFC (LCL-LFC) is conducive to the rapid formation of thunderstorms.  One reason for this is that a parcel requires less

text: work

text: and time to pass through the layer of

text: convective inhibition

text: (CIN) to reach its

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC), after which

text: deep, moist convection

text: ensues and air parcels

text: buoyantly

text: rise in the

text: positive area

text: of a sounding, accumulating

text: convective available potential energy

text: (CAPE) until reaching the

text: equilibrium level

text: (EL).

text: John A. Eddy had earlier tried to relate the rarity of sunspots during the Maunder Minimum to Lamb's estimates of past climate, but had insufficient information to produce a quantitative assessment. The problem was reexamined by Bradley in collaboration with solar physicists Judith Lean and Juerg Beer, using the findings of . The  paper confirmed that the drop in solar output appeared to have caused a temperature drop of almost 0.5 °C during the Little Ice Age, and increased solar output might explain the rise in early 20th century temperatures. A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by   reached similar conclusions, but both these studies came up against the limitations of the climate reconstructions at that time which only resolved temperature fluctuations on a decadal basis rather than showing individual years, and produced a single time series so did not show a spatial pattern of relative temperatures for different regions.

text: John A. Eddy

text: had earlier tried to relate the rarity of

text: sunspot

text: s during the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: to Lamb's estimates of past climate, but had insufficient information to produce a quantitative assessment. The problem was reexamined by Bradley in collaboration with solar physicists

text: Judith Lean

text: and

text: Juerg Beer

text: , using the findings of . The  paper confirmed that the drop in solar output appeared to have caused a temperature drop of almost 0.5 °C during the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , and increased solar output might explain the rise in early 20th century temperatures. A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by   reached similar conclusions, but both these studies came up against the limitations of the climate reconstructions at that time which only resolved temperature fluctuations on a decadal basis rather than showing individual years, and produced a single time series so did not show a spatial pattern of relative temperatures for different regions.

text: Zhu Ju had two sons, Zhu Xiong (朱熊) and Zhu Sun (朱損), who were commissioned as military officers during the reign of Sun Liang. Sun Luban (Sun Luyu's sister) slandered them in front of Sun Liang during the political turmoil involving Sun Chen, resulting in both Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun being killed. Zhu Sun married a younger sister of Sun Jun (Sun Chen's cousin).

text: Zhu Ju had two sons, Zhu Xiong (朱熊) and Zhu Sun (朱損), who were commissioned as military officers during the reign of

text: Sun Liang

text: Sun Luban

text: (Sun Luyu's sister) slandered them in front of Sun Liang during the political turmoil involving

text: Sun Chen

text: , resulting in both Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun being killed. Zhu Sun married a younger sister of

text: Sun Jun

text: (Sun Chen's cousin).

text: This star has 2.55 times the mass of the Sun and 2.8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 63 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 9,772 K.

text: This star has 2.55 times the mass of the Sun and 2.8 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 63 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 9,772 K.

text: Electric transmission lines are built to limit corona as it causes electrical losses. Transmission lines that traverse large distances are built at very high voltages to limit the current flow and its associated IR loss. Additional conductors are added which provides a larger Geometric Mean Radius which limits corona. Presently there are ultra-high voltage electrical lines built for 1,200 kV. It is not much higher that the corona losses become greater than the savings in IR losses for the Geometric Mean Radius is approaching a flat plate. At that point, there is no reason to build any higher of a voltage line as it will have more electrical losses than a lower voltage transmission line.

text: This is an ordinary A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A2 V, indicating that it is generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core region. It is around 450 million years old and has a relatively high rate of rotation with a projected rotational velocity of 194 km/s. The star has about 2.3 times the mass of the Sun, 2.2 times the Sun's radius, and radiates 27.6 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 8,400 K.

text: This is an ordinary

text: A-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of A2 V, indicating that it is generating energy through the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen into helium in its

text: core region

text: . It is around 450 million years old and has a relatively high rate of rotation with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 194 km/s. The star has about 2.3 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , 2.2 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: , and radiates 27.6 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 8,400 K.

text: Many applications call for calculation of longwave radiation quantities: the balance of global incoming shortwave to outgoing longwave radiative flux determines the Energy budget of Earth’s climate;  local radiative cooling by outgoing longwave radiation (and heating by shortwave radiation) drive the temperature and dynamics of different parts of the atmosphere; from the radiance from a particular direction measured by an instrument, atmospheric properties (like temperature or humidity can be retrieved, etc.Calculations of these quantities solve the radiative transfer equations that describe radiation in the atmosphere. Usually the solution is done numerically by an  Atmospheric radiative transfer code adapted to the specific problem.

text: Many applications call for calculation of longwave radiation quantities: the balance of global incoming shortwave to outgoing longwave

text: radiative flux

text: determines the

text: Energy budget of Earth’s climate

text: ;  local

text: radiative cooling

text: by outgoing longwave radiation (and heating by shortwave radiation) drive the temperature and dynamics of different parts of the atmosphere; from the

text: radiance

text: from a particular direction measured by an instrument, atmospheric properties (like

text: temperature

text: or

text: humidity

text: can be

text: retrieved

text: , etc.Calculations of these quantities solve the

text: radiative transfer equations

text: that describe radiation in the atmosphere. Usually the solution is done numerically by an

text: Atmospheric radiative transfer code

text: adapted to the specific problem.

text: The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0.030 ± 0.005, which is about 40% lower than the Sun. This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium convection zone near the surface. Energy transfer is instead performed by the radiative process, which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion.

text: The observed helium to hydrogen ratio in Vega is 0.030 ± 0.005, which is about 40% lower than the Sun. This may be caused by the disappearance of a helium

text: convection zone

text: near the surface. Energy transfer is instead performed by the

text: radiative process

text: , which may be causing an abundance anomaly through diffusion.

text: Air and other gases are generally good insulators, in the absence of convection.  Therefore, many insulating materials function simply by having a large number of gas-filled pockets which prevent large-scale convection.  Examples of these include expanded and extruded polystyrene (popularly referred to as "styrofoam") and silica aerogel, as well as warm clothes.  Natural, biological insulators such as fur and feathers achieve similar effects by dramatically inhibiting convection of air or water near an animal's skin.

text: Air and other gases are generally good insulators, in the absence of convection.  Therefore, many insulating materials function simply by having a large number of gas-filled pockets which prevent large-scale convection.  Examples of these include expanded and extruded

text: polystyrene

text: (popularly referred to as "styrofoam") and silica

text: aerogel

text: , as well as warm clothes.  Natural, biological insulators such as fur and

text: feathers

text: achieve similar effects by dramatically inhibiting convection of air or water near an animal's skin.

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in the shape of a loop. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere and extend outwards into the corona. While the corona consists of high temperature plasma, which do not emit much visible light, prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the chromosphere.

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the

text: Sun

text: 's surface, often in the shape of a

text: loop

text: . Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere and extend outwards into the corona. While the corona consists of high temperature

text: plasma

text: , which do not emit much

text: visible light

text: , prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the

text: chromosphere

text: Dynamos, which accelerate electrons to create magnetic forces, operate when the interior of a star rotates faster than its surface. Recent studies of the Sun indicate its convection zone rotates at nearly the same rate at all depths. This means the solar dynamo must operate in the more rapidly rotating radiative core just below the convective zone.

text: Dynamo

text: s, which accelerate

text: electrons

text: to create magnetic forces, operate when the interior of a star rotates faster than its surface. Recent studies of the

text: Sun

text: indicate its convection zone rotates at nearly the same rate at all depths. This means the solar dynamo must operate in the more rapidly rotating radiative core just below the

text: convective

text: zone.

text: When the sun's altitude is < -6° 99% of the atmosphere in zenith is in the Earth's shadow and second order scattering takes over. At the horizon, however, 35% of the atmosphere along the line of sight is still directly illuminated, and continues to be until the sun reaches -12°. From -12° to -18° only the uppermost parts of the atmosphere along the horizon, directly above the spot where the sun is, is still illuminated. After that, all direct illumination ceases and astronomical darkness sets in.

text: When the sun's altitude is < -6° 99% of the atmosphere in

text: zenith

text: is in the Earth's shadow and second order scattering takes over. At the horizon, however, 35% of the atmosphere along the line of sight is still directly illuminated, and continues to be until the sun reaches -12°. From -12° to -18° only the uppermost parts of the atmosphere along the horizon, directly above the spot where the sun is, is still illuminated. After that, all direct illumination ceases and astronomical darkness sets in.

text: Mantle convection, the process that drives plate tectonics today, is a result of heat flow from the Earth's interior to the Earth's surface. It involves the creation of rigid tectonic plates at mid-oceanic ridges. These plates are destroyed by subduction into the mantle at subduction zones. During the early Archean (about 3.0 Ga) the mantle was much hotter than today, probably around , so convection in the mantle was faster. Although a process similar to present-day plate tectonics did occur, this would have gone faster too. It is likely that during the Hadean and Archean, subduction zones were more common, and therefore tectonic plates were smaller.

text: Mantle convection

text: , the process that drives plate tectonics today, is a result of heat flow from the Earth's interior to the Earth's surface. It involves the creation of rigid

text: tectonic plate

text: s at

text: mid-oceanic ridge

text: s. These plates are destroyed by

text: subduction

text: into the mantle at

text: subduction zone

text: s. During the early Archean (about 3.0 Ga) the mantle was much hotter than today, probably around , so convection in the mantle was faster. Although a process similar to present-day plate tectonics did occur, this would have gone faster too. It is likely that during the Hadean and Archean, subduction zones were more common, and therefore tectonic plates were smaller.

text: On September 2, 1948, the Thunderbird Hotel was the fourth resort to open on the Las Vegas Strip. The resort was built by developer Marion Hicks and owned by Lieutenant Governor of Nevada Clifford A. Jones. The resort had a Native American theme and featured portraits, a Navajo-based restaurant, the only bowling alley ever on the Strip, and a showroom. In 1955, articles surfaced in the Las Vegas Sun saying that Meyer Lansky and other underworld figures held hidden shares in the hotel.

text: On September 2, 1948, the Thunderbird Hotel was the fourth resort to open on the Las Vegas Strip. The resort was built by developer Marion Hicks and owned by

text: Lieutenant Governor of Nevada

text: Clifford A. Jones

text: . The resort had a

text: Native American

text: theme and featured portraits, a

text: Navajo

text: -based restaurant, the only bowling alley ever on the Strip, and a showroom. In 1955, articles surfaced in the

text: Las Vegas Sun

text: saying that

text: Meyer Lansky

text: and other underworld figures held hidden shares in the hotel.

text: In 1964, further modernization and growth led to the construction of, and move to, a new facility in neighboring Kingsburg, which was voted one of America’s top new plants by Factory magazine that year. The 640,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art facility sits on more than 100 acres, 20 miles south of Fresno. To this day, the Kingsburg plant serves as the international headquarters of Sun-Maid Growers of California. People from all over the world enjoy visiting the Sun-Maid Headquarters, featuring the world’s largest box of raisins, a larger-than-life image of the Sun-Maid Girl and The Sun-Maid Market, a grower’s store filled with a variety of Sun-Maid products.

text: Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH)<ref name="colby1984">{{cite journal| author=Colby, Jr., Frank P.| title=Convective Inhibition as a Predictor of Convection during AVE-SESAME II| journal=Mon. Wea. Rev.| year=1984| volume=112| issue=11| pages=2239–2252| doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112

text: The Austrian coins were minted in Vienna. Denominated coins for Austria: 1, 2, 10 and 20 Heller; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 100 Corona (the Latin form of the name was used on coins). The Austrian 100 corona is still being minted, with a 1915 mint mark to enable Austrians to take advantage of a grandfather clause in the law regarding private ownership of gold bullion. It is a popular gold bullion coin similar to the Krugerrand.

text: The Austrian coins were minted in

text: Vienna

text: . Denominated coins for Austria: 1, 2, 10 and 20

text: Heller

text: ; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 100 Corona (the

text: Latin

text: form of the name was used on coins). The Austrian 100 corona is still being minted, with a 1915 mint mark to enable Austrians to take advantage of a grandfather clause in the law regarding private ownership of gold bullion. It is a popular gold bullion coin similar to the Krugerrand.

text: Two years later, his son Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615) returned from university in the Netherlands with telescopes that they turned on the Sun. Despite the difficulties of observing the sun directly, they noted the existence of sunspots, the first confirmed instance of their observation (though unclear statements in East Asian annals suggest that Chinese astronomers may have discovered them with the naked eye previously, and Fabricius may have noticed them himself without a telescope a few years before). The pair soon invented camera obscura telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk, and observed that the spots moved. They would appear on the eastern edge of the disk, steadily move to the western edge, disappear, then reappear at the east again after the passage of the same amount of time that it had taken for it to cross the disk in the first place. This suggested that the Sun rotated on its axis, which had been postulated before but never backed up with evidence. Johannes published Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") in June 1611. Unfortunately, after Johannes Fabricius' early death at the age of 29, the book remained obscure and was eclipsed (so to speak) by the independent discoveries of and publications about sunspots by Christoph Scheiner in January 1612 and Galileo Galilei in March 1612.

text: Two years later, his son

text: Johannes Fabricius

text: (1587–1615) returned from university in the

text: Netherlands

text: with telescopes that they turned on the

text: Sun

text: . Despite the difficulties of observing the sun directly, they noted the existence of

text: sunspot

text: s, the first confirmed instance of their observation (though unclear statements in

text: East Asian

text: annals suggest that

text: Chinese

text: astronomers may have discovered them with the naked eye previously, and Fabricius may have noticed them himself without a telescope a few years before). The pair soon invented

text: camera obscura

text: telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk, and observed that the spots moved. They would appear on the eastern edge of the disk, steadily move to the western edge, disappear, then reappear at the east again after the passage of the same amount of time that it had taken for it to cross the disk in the first place. This suggested that the Sun

text: rotated

text: on its

text: axis

text: , which had been postulated before but never backed up with evidence. Johannes published Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") in June 1611. Unfortunately, after Johannes Fabricius' early death at the age of 29, the book remained obscure and was eclipsed (so to speak) by the independent discoveries of and publications about sunspots by

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: in January 1612 and

text: Galileo Galilei

text: in March 1612.

text: The apparent sun is the true sun as seen by an observer on Earth. Apparent solar time or true solar time is based on the apparent motion of the actual Sun. It is based on the apparent solar day, the interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the local meridian. Solar time can be crudely measured by a sundial. The equivalent on other planets is termed local true solar time (LTST).

text: The apparent sun is the true sun as seen by an observer on Earth. Apparent solar time or true solar time is based on the apparent motion of the actual

text: Sun

text: . It is based on the apparent solar day, the interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the local

text: meridian

text: . Solar time can be crudely measured by a

text: sundial

text: . The equivalent on other planets is termed local true solar time (LTST).

text: Theoretical models of the Sun's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the Archean period, the Sun was only about 75% as bright as it is today. Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth's surface, and thus life should not have been able to develop. However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. The consensus among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and/or ammonia) than are present today, which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it.

text: Theoretical models of the Sun's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, during the

text: Archean period

text: , the Sun was only about 75% as bright as it is today. Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth's surface, and thus life should not have been able to develop. However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. The consensus among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es (such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: methane

text: and/or

text: ammonia

text: ) than are present today, which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of

text: solar energy

text: reaching it.

text: First generation stars are expected to self-regulate their growth by radiative feedback in the formation process, and to achieve masses typically tens of times that of the Sun. A fraction of stars might have become very-massive objects, with M > .

text: By 205, Hè Qi had re-established the control of the counties, conscripted 10,000 men, and suggested Sun Quan, who succeeded Sun Ce, to split Shangrao (上饒) to form Jianping county (建平縣). Sun Quan agreed and granted Hè Qi the title of Colonel Pacifying the East.

text: By 205, Hè Qi had re-established the control of the counties, conscripted 10,000 men, and suggested

text: Sun Quan

text: , who succeeded Sun Ce, to split Shangrao (上饒) to form Jianping county (建平縣). Sun Quan agreed and granted Hè Qi the title of Colonel Pacifying the East.

text: One explanation is the exposure of whiter subsurface layers by impacts; another is that the scattered objects' greater distance from the Sun creates a composition gradient, analogous to the composition gradient of the terrestrial and gas giant planets. Mike Brown, discoverer of the scattered object Eris, suggests that its paler colour could be because, at its current distance from the Sun, its atmosphere of methane is frozen over its entire surface, creating an inches-thick layer of bright white ice. Pluto, conversely, being closer to the Sun, would be warm enough that methane would freeze only onto cooler, high-albedo regions, leaving low-albedo tholin-covered regions bare of ice.

text: One explanation is the exposure of whiter subsurface layers by impacts; another is that the scattered objects' greater distance from the Sun creates a composition gradient, analogous to the composition gradient of the terrestrial and gas giant planets.

text: Mike Brown

text: , discoverer of the scattered object Eris, suggests that its paler colour could be because, at its current distance from the Sun, its atmosphere of methane is frozen over its entire surface, creating an inches-thick layer of bright white ice. Pluto, conversely, being closer to the Sun, would be warm enough that methane would freeze only onto cooler, high-

text: albedo

text: regions, leaving low-albedo

text: tholin

text: -covered regions bare of ice.

text: The company later commissioned a watercolor portrait of Collett from San Francisco artist Fanny Scafford to use as the basis for the "Sun Maid" corporate mascot devised by advertising executive E.A. Berg. Her likeness was trademarked and began appearing on raisin packaging in 1916. Use of Collett's image was so successful in promoting its products that by 1920 the company adopted "Sun-Maid Raisin Growers' Association" as its new name. Backed by an aggressive marketing push throughout the 20s, Sun-Maid managed to triple American consumption of raisins by the end of the decade. A revised version of her likeness continued to be featured on all Sun-Maid packaging through 1960. In 1974, Collett was presented with a commemorative plaque by Sun-Maid's president at a ceremony where she presented Scafford's original portrait and the red bonnet to the company in exchange for $1700. Sun-Maid executives donated Collett's bonnet to the Smithsonian Institution in 1987 on the occasion of the company's 75th anniversary.

text: The company later commissioned a watercolor portrait of Collett from San Francisco artist Fanny Scafford to use as the basis for the "Sun Maid" corporate mascot devised by advertising executive E.A. Berg. Her likeness was trademarked and began appearing on raisin packaging in 1916. Use of Collett's image was so successful in promoting its products that by 1920 the company adopted "Sun-Maid Raisin Growers' Association" as its new name. Backed by an aggressive marketing push throughout the 20s, Sun-Maid managed to triple American consumption of raisins by the end of the decade. A revised version of her likeness continued to be featured on all Sun-Maid packaging through 1960. In 1974, Collett was presented with a commemorative plaque by Sun-Maid's president at a ceremony where she presented Scafford's original portrait and the red bonnet to the company in exchange for $1700. Sun-Maid executives donated Collett's bonnet to the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: in 1987 on the occasion of the company's 75th anniversary.

text: Non-radiative life time is the average time before an electron in the conduction band of a semiconductor recombines with a hole non-radiatively. It is an important parameter in optoelectronics where radiative recombination is required to produce a photon; if the non-radiative life time is shorter than the radiative, then a carrier is more likely to recombine non-radiatively. This results in low internal quantum efficiency.

text: Non-radiative life time is the average time before an

text: electron

text: in the

text: conduction band

text: of a

text: semiconductor

text: recombines

text: with a

text: hole

text: non-radiatively. It is an important parameter in

text: optoelectronics

text: where

text: radiative recombination

text: is required to produce a

text: photon

text: ; if the non-radiative life time is shorter than the radiative, then a carrier is more likely to

text: recombine non-radiatively

text: . This results in low internal

text: quantum efficiency

text: This star displays flaring activity that results in random outbursts that increase the luminosity of the star over intervals lasting several days. This is a much longer duration than for comparable solar flare activity on the Sun, which typically last for periods measured in hours. In 2005, a relatively high rate of X-ray emission was detected with the XMM-Newton space observatory. It is emitting about 2,000 times the X-ray luminosity of the Sun, allowing the star to be imaged with the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

text: This star displays flaring activity that results in random outbursts that increase the luminosity of the star over intervals lasting several days. This is a much longer duration than for comparable solar flare activity on the Sun, which typically last for periods measured in hours. In 2005, a relatively high rate of X-ray emission was detected with the

text: XMM-Newton

text: space observatory. It is emitting about 2,000 times the X-ray luminosity of the Sun, allowing the star to be imaged with the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

text: Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

text: The area of the radiant section just before flue gas enters the shield section and into the convection section called the bridgezone. A crossover is the tube that connects from the convection section outlet to the radiant section inlet. The crossover piping is normally located outside so that the temperature can be monitored and the efficiency of the convection section can be calculated. The sightglass at the top allows personnel to see the flame shape and pattern from above and visually inspect if flame impingement is occurring. Flame impingement happens when the flame touches the tubes and causes small isolated spots of very high temperature.

text: The solar heavy-element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures. These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements. The two methods generally agree well.

text: The solar heavy-element abundances described above are typically measured both using

text: spectroscopy

text: of the Sun's photosphere and by measuring abundances in

text: meteorites

text: that have never been heated to melting temperatures. These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements. The two methods generally agree well.

text: As described in the Sun article, the Sun has a radiative core and a convective outer envelope. In the core, the luminosity due to nuclear reactions is transmitted to outer layers principally by radiation. However, in the outer layers the temperature gradient is so great that radiation cannot transport enough energy. As a result, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the Sun. Once the material cools off at the surface, it plunges back downward to the base of the convection zone, to receive more heat from the top of the radiative zone.

text: As described in the

text: Sun

text: article, the Sun has a radiative core and a convective outer envelope. In the core, the luminosity due to nuclear reactions is transmitted to outer layers principally by radiation. However, in the outer layers the temperature gradient is so great that radiation cannot transport enough energy. As a result, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the Sun. Once the material cools off at the surface, it plunges back downward to the base of the convection zone, to receive more heat from the top of the radiative zone.

text: Astronomers in the 1970s saw some major advances in astronomical imaging technology beginning with Antoine Labeyrie's invention of speckle interferometry, a process that significantly reduced the blurring effect caused by astronomical seeing. It increased the optical resolution of ground-based telescopes, allowing for more precise measurements of Betelgeuse's photosphere. With improvements in infrared telescopy atop Mount Wilson, Mount Locke and Mauna Kea in Hawaii, astrophysicists began peering into the complex circumstellar shells surrounding the supergiant, causing them to suspect the presence of huge gas bubbles resulting from convection.  But it was not until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when Betelgeuse became a regular target for aperture masking interferometry, that breakthroughs occurred in visible-light and infrared imaging. Pioneered by John E. Baldwin and colleagues of the Cavendish Astrophysics Group, the new technique employed a small mask with several holes in the telescope pupil plane, converting the aperture into an ad-hoc interferometric array.  The technique contributed some of the most accurate measurements of Betelgeuse while revealing bright spots on the star's photosphere. These were the first optical and infrared images of a stellar disk other than the Sun, taken first from ground-based interferometers and later from higher-resolution observations of the COAST telescope. The "bright patches" or "hotspots" observed with these instruments appeared to corroborate a theory put forth by Schwarzschild decades earlier of massive convection cells dominating the stellar surface.

text: Astronomers in the 1970s saw some major advances in astronomical imaging technology beginning with

text: Antoine Labeyrie

text: 's invention of

text: speckle interferometry

text: , a process that significantly reduced the blurring effect caused by

text: astronomical seeing

text: . It increased the

text: optical resolution

text: of ground-based

text: telescope

text: s, allowing for more precise measurements of Betelgeuse's photosphere. With improvements in

text: infrared telescopy

text: atop

text: Mount Wilson

text: Mount Locke

text: and

text: Mauna Kea

text: in Hawaii, astrophysicists began peering into the complex circumstellar shells surrounding the supergiant, causing them to suspect the presence of huge gas bubbles resulting from convection.  But it was not until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when Betelgeuse became a regular target for

text: aperture masking interferometry

text: , that breakthroughs occurred in visible-light and

text: infrared imaging

text: . Pioneered by

text: John E. Baldwin

text: and colleagues of the

text: Cavendish Astrophysics Group

text: , the new technique employed a small mask with several holes in the telescope pupil plane, converting the

text: aperture

text: into an ad-hoc interferometric array.  The technique contributed some of the most accurate measurements of Betelgeuse while revealing bright spots on the star's photosphere. These were the first optical and infrared images of a stellar disk other than the

text: Sun

text: , taken first from ground-based interferometers and later from higher-resolution observations of the

entity_name: Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope

text: COAST telescope

text: . The "bright patches" or "hotspots" observed with these instruments appeared to corroborate a theory put forth by Schwarzschild decades earlier of massive

text: convection

text: cells dominating the stellar surface.

text: The high accuracy, the large number of stars observed and the long period of observation make Kepler ideal for detecting superflares. Studies published in 2012 and 2013 involved 83,000 stars over a period of 500 days (much of the data analysis was carried out with the help of five first-year undergraduates). The stars were selected from the Kepler Input Catalog to have T, the effective temperature, between 5100 and 6000K (the solar value is 5750K) to find stars of similar spectral class to the Sun, and the surface gravity log g > 4.0 to eliminate sub-giants and giants. The spectral classes range from F8 to G8.  The integration time was 30 min in the original study.  1547 superflares were found on 279 solar-type stars.The most intense events increased the brightness of the stars  by 30% and had an energy of 10 ergs. White-light flares on the Sun change the brightness by about 0.01%, and the strongest flares have a visible-light energy of about 10  ergs. (All energies quoted are in the optical  bandpass and so are lower limits since some energy is emitted at other wavelengths.) Most events were much less energetic than this: flare amplitudes below 0.1% of the stellar value and energies of 2 × 10 ergs were detectable with the 30 minute integration. The flares had a rapid rise followed by an exponential decay on a time scale of 1–3 hours. The most powerful events corresponded to energies ten thousand greater than the largest flares observed on the Sun. Some stars flared very frequently: one star showed 57 events in 500 days, a rate of one every nine days. For the statistics of flares, the number of flares decreased with energy E roughly as E, a similar behaviour to solar flares. The duration of the flare increased with its energy, again in accordance with the solar behaviour.

text: At an apparent magnitude of 1.94, this is the brightest star in Pavo. Based upon parallax measurements, this star is about  distant from the Earth. It has an estimated six times the Sun's mass and 5–6 times the Sun's radius, but 2,200 times the luminosity of the Sun. However, Tetzlaff  et al. (2011) suggest a much higher mass of 9 times the mass of the Sun. The effective temperature of the photosphere is 18,000 K, which gives the star a blue-white hue. A stellar classification of B2 IV suggests it is a subgiant star that has begun to evolve from the main sequence with the exhaustion of the hydrogen at its core.

text: At an apparent magnitude of 1.94, this is the brightest star in Pavo. Based upon

text: parallax

text: measurements, this star is about  distant from the

text: Earth

text: . It has an estimated six times the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 5–6 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: , but 2,200 times the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . However, Tetzlaff  et al. (2011) suggest a much higher mass of 9 times the mass of the Sun. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: photosphere

text: is 18,000 K, which gives the star a blue-white hue. A

text: stellar classification

text: of B2 IV suggests it is a

text: subgiant star

text: that has begun to evolve from the

text: main sequence

text: with the exhaustion of the hydrogen at its core.

text: Kepler-11 is a G-type star that is approximately  96% the mass of and 107% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of about 5663 K and is estimated to have an age of around 8.5 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-11 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately  96% the mass of and 107% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of about 5663

text: K

text: and is estimated to have an age of around 8.5 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Camilla Corona is a rubber chicken (similar to a children's toy), and is the mission mascot for NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). It is part of the Education and public outreach team and assists with various functions to help educate the public, mainly children, about the SDO mission, facts about the Sun and space weather. Camilla also assists in cross-informing the public about other NASA missions and space related projects. Camilla Corona SDO uses social media to interact with fans.

text: Camilla Corona is a rubber chicken (similar to a children's toy), and is the mission mascot for

text: NASA

text: 's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). It is part of the

text: Education and public outreach

text: team and assists with various functions to help educate the public, mainly children, about the SDO mission, facts about the Sun and

text: space weather

text: . Camilla also assists in cross-informing the public about other NASA missions and space related projects. Camilla Corona SDO uses

text: social media

text: to interact with fans.

text: Non-radiative recombination is a process in phosphors and semiconductors, whereby charge carriers recombine without releasing photons. A phonon is released instead.

text: Non-radiative recombination is a process in

text: phosphor

text: s and

text: semiconductor

text: s, whereby

text: charge carrier

text: s

text: recombine

text: without releasing

text: photon

text: s. A

text: phonon

text: is released instead.

text: A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies sinusoidally through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

text: A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies

text: sinusoidal

text: ly through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

text: Al-Radi's moderate approach was similar to that of Khalid Bakdash, secretary of the Syrian Communist Party and elder statesman of Arab communism. During the period 1955-1959, the Iraqi party was closer to Bakdash than at any other point. Al-Radi himself was not by inclination a theoretician, preferring to concentrate on party organisation and action; until 1961, he would be content to leave ideological questions primarily to Amir Abdallah, who was the party's dominant intellectual figure during this period and rather more cautious than al-Radi in his political approach.

text: Al-Radi's moderate approach was similar to that of

text: Khalid Bakdash

text: , secretary of the

text: Syrian Communist Party

text: and elder statesman of Arab communism. During the period 1955-1959, the Iraqi party was closer to Bakdash than at any other point. Al-Radi himself was not by inclination a theoretician, preferring to concentrate on party organisation and action; until 1961, he would be content to leave ideological questions primarily to

text: Amir Abdallah

text: , who was the party's dominant intellectual figure during this period and rather more cautious than al-Radi in his political approach.

text: Electrons precipitating into the polar regions of the Sun form the source of the strahl. When the magnetic lines of force are connected with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the appropriate direction, the strahl electrons are transported from the solar corona with energies of up to several hundred eV. When the Sun's magnetic field lines are not connected with the IMF, the strahl effect is blocked at that pole.

text: Electrons precipitating into the polar regions of the Sun form the source of the strahl. When the magnetic lines of force are connected with the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the appropriate direction, the strahl electrons are transported from the solar corona with energies of up to several hundred

text: eV

text: . When the Sun's magnetic field lines are not connected with the IMF, the strahl effect is blocked at that pole.

text: In 252, Sun He's status was elevated from commoner status, as Sun Quan, just before his death that year, instated him as the Prince of Nanyang, with his fief at Changsha. Indeed, there were rumours, even after Sun He's younger brother Sun Liang took the throne after Sun Quan's death, that the regent Zhuge Ke, an uncle of Sun He's wife Princess Zhang, was interested in restoring Sun He and making him emperor instead. After Zhuge Ke's assassination and replacement by Sun Jun in 253, however, Sun He fell into danger, as Sun Jun had been instrumental in having him deposed in the first place and wanted to eliminate any chance of a comeback. He used the rumours as excuse to have Sun He demoted back to commoner status and exiled to Xindu (新都; in present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and then sent messengers to force Sun He to commit suicide. Princess Zhang also committed suicide, but when offered the chance to, Consort He refused, stating that if she died as well, no one would be left to care for Sun He's sons, so she raised Sun Hao and his three brothers by other consorts — Sun De (孫德), Sun Qian (孫謙), and Sun Jun (孫俊, not the same person as the regent). Sun Hao was 11 years old when his father died.

text: In 252, Sun He's status was elevated from commoner status, as Sun Quan, just before his death that year, instated him as the Prince of Nanyang, with his fief at

text: Changsha

text: . Indeed, there were rumours, even after Sun He's younger brother

text: Sun Liang

text: took the throne after Sun Quan's death, that the regent

text: Zhuge Ke

text: , an uncle of Sun He's wife Princess Zhang, was interested in restoring Sun He and making him emperor instead. After Zhuge Ke's assassination and replacement by

text: Sun Jun

text: in 253, however, Sun He fell into danger, as Sun Jun had been instrumental in having him deposed in the first place and wanted to eliminate any chance of a comeback. He used the rumours as excuse to have Sun He demoted back to commoner status and exiled to Xindu (新都; in present-day

text: Hangzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: ), and then sent messengers to force Sun He to commit suicide. Princess Zhang also committed suicide, but when offered the chance to, Consort He refused, stating that if she died as well, no one would be left to care for Sun He's sons, so she raised Sun Hao and his three brothers by other consorts — Sun De (孫德), Sun Qian (孫謙), and Sun Jun (孫俊, not the same person as the regent). Sun Hao was 11 years old when his father died.

text: Weather is not limited to planetary bodies.  Like all stars, the sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System.  The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.  Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather.  Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn.  The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces.  The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae, and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals.

text: Weather is not limited to planetary bodies.  Like all stars, the sun's

text: corona

text: is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin

text: atmosphere

text: throughout the

text: Solar System

text: .  The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the

text: solar wind

text: .  Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as

text: space weather

text: .  Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the

text: solar system

text: as

text: Saturn

text: .  The activity of this system can affect planetary

text: atmospheres

text: and occasionally surfaces.  The interaction of the

text: solar wind

text: with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular

text: aurorae

text: , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as

text: electricity grids

text: and radio signals.

text: If the base of a surface convection zone is sharp and the convective timescales slower than the pulsation timescales, the convective flows react too slowly perturbations that can build up into large, coherent pulsations.  This mechanism is known as convective blockingand is believed to drive pulsations in the

text: The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer, the tachocline. This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two—a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another. Presently, it is hypothesized (see Solar dynamo) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun's magnetic field.

text: The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer, the

text: tachocline

text: . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large

text: shear

text: between the two—a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another. Presently, it is hypothesized (see

text: Solar dynamo

text: ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun's

text: magnetic field

text: There is no plot, but what evolves is a portrait of lost, young souls adrift in failed consumer society. Affluent America is all around them, shiny and sun-drenched like a beautiful California orange, but there is something rotten at the core of this fruit. Vietnam rages on, the Watts riots were still smoldering in people's minds to the South as the big, shiny convertibles rolled majestically down the endless freeways. Many neo-realist films indict society for failing to provide for its citizens economically; Dusty and Sweets McGee seems to point a finger at spiritual deficit.

text: There is no plot, but what evolves is a portrait of lost, young souls adrift in failed

text: consumer society

text: . Affluent America is all around them, shiny and sun-drenched like a beautiful California orange, but there is something rotten at the core of this fruit.

text: Vietnam

text: rages on, the

text: Watts riots

text: were still smoldering in people's minds to the South as the big, shiny convertibles rolled majestically down the endless freeways. Many

text: neo-realist

text: films indict society for failing to provide for its citizens economically; Dusty and Sweets McGee seems to point a finger at spiritual deficit.

text: As it moves around its orbit, Venus displays phases like those of the Moon in a telescopic view. The planet presents a small "full" image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a larger "quarter phase" when it is at its maximum elongations from the Sun, and is at its brightest in the night sky, and presents a much larger "thin crescent" in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus is at its largest and presents its "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun. Its atmosphere can be seen in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around it.

text: As it moves around its orbit,

text: Venus displays phases

text: like those of the

text: Moon

text: in a

text: telescopic

text: view. The planet presents a small "full" image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a larger "quarter phase" when it is at its maximum elongations from the Sun, and is at its brightest in the night sky, and presents a much larger "thin crescent" in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between Earth and the Sun. Venus is at its largest and presents its "new phase" when it is between Earth and the Sun. Its atmosphere can be seen in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around it.

text: Many interesting phenomena can be observed in the chromosphere, which is very complex and dynamic:

text: The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun is not distinguishable in the daytime sky, and the stars are not visible at night. Color images taken by the Soviet Venera probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next (a solar day) would be 116.75 Earth days. Because of Venus's retrograde rotation, the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.

text: The atmosphere of

text: Venus

text: is so thick that the Sun is not distinguishable in the daytime sky, and the

text: star

text: s are not visible at night. Color images taken by the Soviet

text: Venera

text: probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next (a

text: solar day

text: ) would be 116.75 Earth days. Because of Venus's

text: retrograde rotation

text: , the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed near the Sun's surface.It involves a very broad spectrum of emissions, an energy release of typically 1 × 10 joules of energy for a well-observed event.A major event can emit up to 1 × 10 joules (the latter is roughly the equivalent of 1 billion megatons of TNT, or over 400 times more energy than released from the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter).Flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection. The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the sun into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event. The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term stellar flare applies.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed near the

text: Sun

text: 's surface.It involves a very broad spectrum of emissions, an energy release of typically 1 × 10

text: joule

text: s of

text: energy

text: for a well-observed event.A major event can emit up to 1 × 10 joules (the latter is roughly the equivalent of 1 billion

text: megatons of TNT

text: , or over 400 times more energy than released from the impact of

text: Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

text: with Jupiter).Flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the sun into space. These clouds typically reach

text: Earth

text: a day or two after the event. The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term

text: stellar flare

text: applies.

text: where T is the temperature of the Sun, R the radius of the Sun, and a is the distance between the Earth and the Sun. This gives an effective temperature of 6 °C on the surface of the Earth, assuming that it perfectly absorbs all emission falling on it and has no atmosphere.

text: Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 1366 W/m. The radiation is distributed across the electromagnetic spectrum. About half is infrared light. The Sun's rays are attenuated as they pass through the atmosphere, leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W /m at sea level on a clear day. When 1367 W/m is arriving above the atmosphere (as when the earth is one astronomical unit from the sun), direct sun is about 1050 W/m, and global radiation on a horizontal surface at ground level is about 1120 W/m.The latter figure includes radiation scattered or reemitted by atmosphere and surroundings. The actual figure varies with the Sun's angle and atmospheric circumstances. Ignoring clouds, the daily average insolation for the Earth is approximately 6 kWh/m = 21.6 MJ/m.

text: Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 1366 W/m. The radiation is distributed across the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: . About half is

text: infrared light

text: . The Sun's rays are

text: attenuated

text: as they pass through the

text: atmosphere

text: , leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W /m at

text: sea level

text: on a clear day. When 1367 W/m is arriving above the atmosphere (as when the earth is one

text: astronomical unit

text: from the sun), direct sun is about 1050 W/m, and global radiation on a horizontal surface at ground level is about 1120 W/m.The latter figure includes radiation scattered or reemitted by atmosphere and surroundings. The actual figure varies with the Sun's angle and atmospheric circumstances. Ignoring clouds, the daily average insolation for the Earth is approximately 6 kWh/m = 21.6 MJ/m.

text: Early estimates of the Sun's rotation period varied between 25 and 28 days. The cause was determined independently in 1858 by Richard C. Carrington and Spörer. They discovered that the latitude with the most sunspots decreases from 40° to 5° during each cycle, and that at higher latitudes sunspots rotate more slowly. The sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude and that its outer layer must be fluid. In 1871 Hermann Vogel, and shortly thereafter by Charles Young confirmed this spectroscopically. Nils Dúner's spectroscopic observation in the 1880s showed a 30% difference between the sun's faster equatorial regions and its slower polar regions.

text: Early estimates of the Sun's rotation period varied between 25 and 28 days. The cause was determined independently in 1858 by Richard C. Carrington and

text: Spörer

text: . They discovered that the latitude with the most sunspots decreases from 40° to 5° during each cycle, and that at higher latitudes sunspots rotate more slowly. The sun's rotation was thus shown to vary by latitude and that its outer layer must be fluid. In 1871

text: Hermann Vogel

text: , and shortly thereafter by

text: Charles Young

text: confirmed this spectroscopically.

text: Nils Dúner

text: 's spectroscopic observation in the 1880s showed a 30% difference between the sun's faster equatorial regions and its slower polar regions.

text: The subsolar point on a planet is where its sun is perceived to be directly overhead (in zenith); that is where the sun's rays are hitting the planet exactly perpendicular to its surface. It can also mean the point closest to the sun on an object in space, even though the sun might not be visible.

text: The subsolar point on a

text: planet

text: is where its sun is perceived to be directly overhead (in

text: zenith

text: ); that is where the sun's

text: rays

text: are hitting the planet exactly

text: perpendicular

text: to its surface. It can also mean the point closest to the sun on an object in space, even though the sun might not be visible.

text: The primary star of the system (catalogued as Gliese 777A) is a yellow subgiant, a Sun-like star that is ceasing fusing hydrogen in its core. The star is much older than the Sun, about 6.7 billion years old. It is 4% less massive than the Sun. It is also rather metal-rich, having about 70% more "metals" (elements heavier than helium) than the Sun, which is typical for stars with extrasolar planets.

text: The primary star of the system (catalogued as Gliese 777A) is a

text: yellow subgiant

text: , a

text: Sun

text: -like star that is ceasing

text: fusing

text: hydrogen

text: in its core. The star is much older than the Sun, about 6.7 billion years old. It is 4% less massive than the Sun. It is also rather

text: metal

text: -rich, having about 70% more "metals" (elements heavier than

text: helium

text: ) than the Sun, which is typical for stars with extrasolar planets.

text: The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately  (watts per square meter) at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light. The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths. Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting ionosphere.

text: The

text: solar constant

text: is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately  (watts per square meter) at a distance of one

text: astronomical unit

text: (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight on the surface of Earth is

text: attenuated

text: by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the

text: zenith

text: . Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light. The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths. Solar

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting

text: ionosphere

text: Hinotori, also known as ASTRO-A before launch, was Japan's first X-ray astronomy satellite. It was developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). Its primary mission was to study of solar flares emanating from the Sun during the solar maximum. It was launched successfully on February 21, 1981 using a M-3S rocket as the vehicle from Uchinoura Space Center (known at the time as Kagoshima). After the start of normal operation, it observed a large solar flare and, a month later, succeeded in observing 41 flares of many sizes from the Sun. It reentered the atmosphere on July 11, 1991.

text: Hinotori, also known as ASTRO-A before launch, was

text: Japan

text: 's first

text: X-ray astronomy

text: satellite. It was developed by the

entity_name: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

text: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

text: (ISAS). Its primary mission was to study of solar flares emanating from the Sun during the solar maximum. It was launched successfully on February 21, 1981 using a

text: rocket as the vehicle from

text: Uchinoura Space Center

text: (known at the time as Kagoshima). After the start of normal operation, it observed a large solar flare and, a month later, succeeded in observing 41 flares of many sizes from the Sun. It reentered the atmosphere on July 11, 1991.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on December 25, 1935. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.This was the 5th solar eclipse in 1935, the maximum possible. The next time this will occur is 2206.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on December 25, 1935. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an

text: annulus

text: (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.This was the 5th solar eclipse in 1935, the maximum possible. The next time this will occur is 2206.

text: As a result of stellar evolution, changes in the internal structure of stars manifest themselves in the photosphere.

text: The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun. The reason is not well understood, but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona.

text: The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun. The reason is not well understood, but evidence suggests that

text: Alfvén wave

text: s may have enough energy to heat the corona.

text: Active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field, which occur at different heights above the Sun's surface: sunspots and faculae, occur in the photosphere, spicules, Hα filaments and plages in the chromosphere, prominences in the chromosphere and transition region, and flares and coronal mass ejections happen in the corona and chromosphere. If flares are very violent, they can also perturb the photosphere and generate a Moreton wave. On the contrary, quiescent prominences are large, cool dense structures which are observed as dark, "snake-like" Hα ribbons (appearing like filaments) on the solar disc. Their temperature is about 5000–8000 K, and so they are usually considered as chromospheric features.

text: Active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field, which occur at different heights above the Sun's surface:

text: sunspot

text: s and

text: facula

text: e, occur in the photosphere,

text: spicules

text: Hα

text: filaments

text: and

text: plages

text: in the chromosphere,

text: prominences

text: in the chromosphere and transition region, and

text: flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s happen in the corona and chromosphere. If flares are very violent, they can also perturb the photosphere and generate a

text: Moreton wave

text: . On the contrary, quiescent prominences are large, cool dense structures which are observed as dark, "snake-like" Hα ribbons (appearing like filaments) on the solar disc. Their temperature is about 5000–8000 K, and so they are usually considered as chromospheric features.

text: Climate sensitivity is the equilibrium temperature change in response to changes of the radiative forcing.  Therefore, climate sensitivity depends on the initial climate state, but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data. Slow climate feedbacks, especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO, amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered.

text: Climate sensitivity is the

text: equilibrium

text: temperature change in response to changes of the

text: radiative forcing

text: .  Therefore, climate sensitivity depends on the initial

text: climate state

text: , but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise

text: palaeoclimate data

text: . Slow

text: climate feedbacks

text: , especially changes of ice sheet size and atmospheric CO, amplify the total Earth system sensitivity by an amount that depends on the time scale considered.

text: In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed.

text: In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as

text: Greenwich Mean Time

text: , or the time zone of the country from which they departed.

text: This star has about 104% of the mass of the Sun and 181% of the Sun's radius, with more than three times the Sun's luminosity. The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of G2 IV, with the luminosity class of 'IV' indicating this is a subgiant star. As such, it is a slightly more evolved star than the Sun, with the supply at its core becoming exhausted. It is one of the oldest stars in the solar neighborhood. This star bears some resemblance to what the Sun may look like in the far distant future, making it an object of interest to astronomers.

text: This star has about 104% of the mass of the Sun and 181% of the Sun's radius, with more than three times the Sun's luminosity. The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of G2 IV, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of 'IV' indicating this is a

text: subgiant star

text: . As such, it is a slightly more

text: evolved

text: star than the Sun, with the supply at its core becoming exhausted. It is one of the oldest stars in the solar neighborhood. This star bears some resemblance to what the Sun may look like in the far distant future, making it an object of interest to astronomers.

text: Sun He (224–253), courtesy name Zixiao, was a prince of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. He was a son of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu. In 241, he became the crown prince after the death of his eldest brother, Sun Deng, the first heir apparent to Sun Quan. In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between Sun He and his younger brother, Sun Ba (the Prince of Lu), with both of them fighting for the succession to their father's throne. The conflict ended in 250 when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, deposed Sun He from his position as the crown prince and replaced him with Sun Liang (Sun Quan's youngest son). Three years after his downfall, Sun He was demoted from the status of a prince to a commoner and was forced to commit suicide. In 264, Sun He's eldest son, Sun Hao, became the Wu emperor and he granted his father the posthumous title "Emperor Wen".

text: Sun He (224–253),

text: courtesy name

text: Zixiao, was a prince of the state of

text: Eastern Wu

text: in the

text: Three Kingdoms

text: period. He was a son of

text: Sun Quan

text: , the founding emperor of Wu. In 241, he became the

text: crown prince

text: after the death of his eldest brother,

text: Sun Deng

text: , the first heir apparent to Sun Quan. In the 240s, a power struggle broke out between Sun He and his younger brother,

text: Sun Ba

text: (the Prince of Lu), with both of them fighting for the succession to their father's throne. The conflict ended in 250 when Sun Quan forced Sun Ba to commit suicide, deposed Sun He from his position as the crown prince and replaced him with

text: Sun Liang

text: (Sun Quan's youngest son). Three years after his downfall, Sun He was demoted from the status of a prince to a commoner and was forced to commit suicide. In 264, Sun He's eldest son,

text: Sun Hao

text: , became the Wu emperor and he granted his father the

text: posthumous title

text: "Emperor Wen".

text: The Corona was the first Toyota assembled in New Zealand, from February 1967 at Steel Brothers' Motor Assemblies in Christchurch. It was also built by Shinjin Motor in South Korea from 1966 until 1972. Shinjin Motor was a predecessor to Daewoo and soon switched to assembling General Motors products. The Corona was also assembled by Australian Motor Industries in Melbourne, with the 12R engine.

text: The Corona was the first Toyota assembled in New Zealand, from February 1967 at

text: Steel Brothers' Motor Assemblies

text: in Christchurch. It was also built by

text: Shinjin Motor

text: in South Korea from 1966 until 1972. Shinjin Motor was a predecessor to

text: Daewoo

text: and soon switched to assembling General Motors products. The Corona was also assembled by

text: Australian Motor Industries

text: in Melbourne, with the

text: 12R engine

text: John Allen "Jack" Eddy (March 25, 1931 – June 10, 2009) was an American astronomer who published professionally under the name John A. Eddy but much of the content referencing him can be found under his nickname Jack which he preferred to use. In 1976 Dr. Eddy published a landmark paper in Science titled "The Maunder Minimum" where, using the Nineteenth Century works of Edward W. Maunder and Gustav Spörer, he identified a 70-year period from 1645 to 1715 as a time when solar activity all but stopped. In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of Galileo and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries; from historical reports of the aurora borealis observed in past centuries in Europe and the New World; from visual observations of sunspots seen with the unaided eye at sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun; and from measurements of carbon-14 in dated tree-rings. In the last of these, which can be used as a proxy indicator of solar activity, he found evidence of other similar periods of solar quiescence in the distant past, the most recent an even longer 90-year span, from about 1460 until 1550, which he named the Spörer Minimum. Both the Maunder and Spörer minima fell during the coldest parts of the Little Ice Age, which suggested a meaningful connection between the longer term behavior of the Sun and of the Earth’s mean surface temperature. In advancing the theory that the Sun is a variable star Eddy observed: "It has long been thought that the Sun is a constant star of regular and repeatable behavior. Measurements of the radiative output, or solar constant, seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in sunspot numbers is taken as evidence of the second. Both records, however, sample only the most recent history of the Sun."

text: John Allen "Jack" Eddy (March 25, 1931 – June 10, 2009) was an American

text: astronomer

text: who published professionally under the name John A. Eddy but much of the content referencing him can be found under his nickname Jack which he preferred to use. In 1976 Dr. Eddy published a landmark paper in

text: Science

text: titled "

text: The Maunder Minimum

text: " where, using the Nineteenth Century works of

text: Edward W. Maunder

text: and

text: Gustav Spörer

text: , he identified a 70-year period from 1645 to 1715 as a time when solar activity all but stopped. In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of

text: Galileo

text: and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries; from historical reports of the

text: aurora borealis

text: observed in past centuries in

text: Europe

text: and the

text: New World

text: ; from visual observations of

text: sunspots

text: seen with the unaided eye at

text: sunrise

text: and

text: sunset

text: in dynastic records from the

text: Orient

text: ; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun; and from measurements of

text: in dated

text: tree-rings

text: . In the last of these, which can be used as a proxy indicator of solar activity, he found evidence of other similar periods of solar quiescence in the distant past, the most recent an even longer 90-year span, from about 1460 until 1550, which he named the

text: Spörer Minimum

text: . Both the Maunder and Spörer minima fell during the coldest parts of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , which suggested a meaningful connection between the longer term behavior of the Sun and of the Earth’s mean surface temperature. In advancing the theory that the Sun is a variable star Eddy observed: "It has long been thought that the Sun is a constant star of regular and repeatable behavior. Measurements of the radiative output, or

text: solar constant

text: , seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in

text: sunspot number

text: s is taken as evidence of the second. Both records, however, sample only the most recent history of the Sun."

text: The Great Defender (Dwight Howard) is from another planet, like Skylar. His suit is indestructible and his powers consist of ice ball projection, superhuman strength, and spinning things at high speed on his fingertips like a basketball. Despite being six feet and 11 inches, he is the shortest person on his planet. He appeared in "Pranks for Nothing", where Oliver played a prank on him by super-gluing a coin to his hand. He later tricked Kaz and Oliver into thinking he spun the Earth on his finger and pretended that his powers weren't working. He then had Solar Flare heat up the hospital to make them think the Earth was hurling towards the sun and had Horace make them think they had to sacrifice themselves to save the Earth.

text: The Great Defender (

text: Dwight Howard

text: ) is from another planet, like Skylar. His suit is indestructible and his powers consist of ice ball projection, superhuman strength, and spinning things at high speed on his fingertips like a basketball. Despite being six feet and 11 inches, he is the shortest person on his planet. He appeared in "Pranks for Nothing", where Oliver played a prank on him by super-gluing a coin to his hand. He later tricked Kaz and Oliver into thinking he spun the Earth on his finger and pretended that his powers weren't working. He then had Solar Flare heat up the hospital to make them think the Earth was hurling towards the sun and had Horace make them think they had to sacrifice themselves to save the Earth.

text: ) to be equal to exactly 695,700 km. The nominal values were adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun's radius, even when future observations will likely refine the Sun's actual photospheric radius (which is currently only known to about the +-100-200 km accuracy).

text: Four solar flares occurred within 5 days from sunspot AR 12192, which is both the largest sunspot of solar cycle 24 and the largest since 1990. On October 19 there was a major X1.1-class solar flare. October 22 an M8.7-class flare was followed the same day by an X1.6 event. The October 24 X3.1-class solar flare was strong enough to trigger a radio blackout. Larger than the planet Jupiter, the AR 12192 sunspot was visible during a partial solar eclipse seen in North America.

text: Four solar flares occurred within 5 days from sunspot AR 12192, which is both the largest sunspot of solar cycle 24 and the largest since 1990. On October 19 there was a major X1.1-class solar flare. October 22 an M8.7-class flare was followed the same day by an X1.6 event. The October 24 X3.1-class solar flare was strong enough to trigger a radio blackout. Larger than the planet

text: Jupiter

text: , the AR 12192 sunspot was visible during a partial solar eclipse seen in North America.

text: In red giant stars, and particularly during the asymptotic giant branch phase, the surface convection zone varies in depth during the phases of shell burning.  This causes dredge-up events, short-lived very deep convection zones that transport fusion products to the surface of the star.

text: In

text: red giant star

text: s, and particularly during the

text: asymptotic giant branch

text: phase, the surface convection zone varies in depth during the phases of shell burning.  This causes

text: dredge-up

text: events, short-lived very deep convection zones that transport fusion products to the surface of the star.

text: The season was a disappointment for an organization looking to build a new core of talent. For the first time since the 1987–88 season, the All-Star Game did not feature a Suns player. To complete the season on a low note, a franchise-record of 13 straight playoff appearances was snapped when the Suns failed to qualify for postseason play. Following the season, Dan Majerle retired after making his second stint with the Suns.

text: The season was a disappointment for an organization looking to build a new core of talent. For the first time since the

text: 1987–88 season

text: , the

text: All-Star Game

text: did not feature a Suns player. To complete the season on a low note, a franchise-record of 13 straight

text: playoff

text: appearances was snapped when the Suns failed to qualify for postseason play. Following the season,

text: Dan Majerle

text: retired after making his second stint with the Suns.

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming meteorites and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of sun activity, including sunspots, solar flares, solar wind, and massive solar radiation, can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and geomagnetic activity. Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming

text: meteorites

text: and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of

text: sun activity

text: , including

text: sunspots

text: solar flares

text: solar wind

text: , and massive

text: solar radiation

text: , can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and

text: geomagnetic activity

text: . Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

text: The convection then moves east and toward the equator into the warm sector, parallel to low-level thickness lines.  When the convection is strong linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.  This feature is commonly depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses, as they lie within sharp surface troughs.

text: The convection then moves east and toward the

text: equator

text: into the warm sector, parallel to low-level thickness lines.  When the convection is strong linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.  This feature is commonly depicted in the warm season across the

text: United States

text: on surface analyses, as they lie within sharp surface troughs.

text: A general review of auroral activity from AD 731 to 825 using reports from Europe and the Near, Middle and Far East showed a number of plausible accounts, in particular for AD 772 and 773. However low-latitude aurorae, which would be expected to accompany a violent geomagnetic storm, were not seen from any date closer than AD 762. The aurora mentioned by Zhou  (with a date corrected to 12/13 January 776) is rejected;  the position in the sky is wrong for an aurora, and the description does not match the auroral descriptions commonly given in Chinese records. In general, there is no evidence for strong auroral activity around 774/5. A review of naked-eye sunspots showed not a single sighting in the 7th and 8th centuries; the first since AD 580 was in 807 (when it was mis-reported as a transit of Mercury), followed by several more in further decades. Although all pre-telescopic sunspot observations are  necessarily unsystematic, this would argue against any period of vigorous solar activity in the 8th century. In general, the absence of any global low-latitude auroral activity in AD 774/5 makes an interpretation of the cosmogenic isotopes in terms of a solar flare more problematic.

text: Sunspots are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes. These telescopes use filtration and projection techniques for direct observation, in addition to various types of filtered cameras. Specialized tools such as spectroscopes and spectrohelioscopes are used to examine sunspots and sunspot areas. Artificial eclipses allow viewing of the circumference of the Sun as sunspots rotate through the horizon.

text: Sunspots are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting

text: solar telescope

text: s. These telescopes use filtration and projection techniques for direct observation, in addition to various types of filtered cameras. Specialized tools such as

text: spectroscope

text: s and

text: spectrohelioscope

text: s are used to examine sunspots and sunspot areas. Artificial eclipses allow viewing of the circumference of the Sun as sunspots rotate through the horizon.

text: The planet orbits a (M-type) red dwarf star named Kepler-438. The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 0.52 , both lower than those of the Sun by almost half. It has a surface temperature of 3748 K and is estimated to be about 4.4 billion years old, only 200 million years younger than the Sun. and the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits a (

text: M-type

text: red dwarf

text: star named

text: . The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 0.52 , both lower than those of the

text: Sun

text: by almost half. It has a surface temperature of 3748

text: K

text: and is estimated to be about 4.4 billion years old, only 200 million years younger than the Sun. and the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The result of this process has been a steady increase in the energy output of the Sun. When the Sun first became a main sequence star, it radiated only 70% of the current luminosity. The luminosity has increased in a nearly linear fashion to the present, rising by 1% every 110 million years. Likewise, in three billion years the Sun is expected to be 33% more luminous. The hydrogen fuel at the core will finally be exhausted in five billion years, when the Sun will be 67% more luminous than at present. Thereafter the Sun will continue to burn hydrogen in a shell surrounding its core, until the increase in luminosity reaches 121% of the present value. This marks the end of the Sun's main sequence lifetime, and thereafter it will pass through the subgiant stage and evolve into a red giant.

text: The result of this process has been a steady increase in the energy output of the Sun. When the Sun first became a

text: main sequence

text: star, it radiated only 70% of the current luminosity. The luminosity has increased in a nearly linear fashion to the present, rising by 1% every 110 million years. Likewise, in three billion years the Sun is expected to be 33% more luminous. The hydrogen fuel at the core will finally be exhausted in five billion years, when the Sun will be 67% more luminous than at present. Thereafter the Sun will continue to burn hydrogen in a shell surrounding its core, until the increase in luminosity reaches 121% of the present value. This marks the end of the Sun's main sequence lifetime, and thereafter it will pass through the

text: subgiant

text: stage and

text: evolve

text: into a

text: red giant

text: Soon after, Shaw is injured in battle by Donald Pierce. His injuries make him incapable of overseeing the Hellfire Club. Roberto takes over as Lord Imperial. At his side is  Sage who leaves the X-Men to make sure Roberto is not corrupted by the power he wields. After the events of M-Day, Cyclops calls for the shutting down of all branches of the X-Corporation to better pool the resources of the X-Men. In Endangered Species, Sebastian Shaw seems to be thinking of reclaiming his place and to be quite mad at Sunspot.

text: Soon after, Shaw is injured in battle by

text: Donald Pierce

text: . His injuries make him incapable of overseeing the Hellfire Club. Roberto takes over as Lord Imperial. At his side is

text: Sage

text: who leaves the X-Men to make sure Roberto is not corrupted by the power he wields. After the events of

text: M-Day

text: Cyclops

text: calls for the shutting down of all branches of the X-Corporation to better pool the resources of the X-Men. In

text: Endangered Species

text: , Sebastian Shaw seems to be thinking of reclaiming his place and to be quite mad at Sunspot.

text: Raw data frequently contain hidden frequencies. Combinations of a few fixed frequency waves can complicate the recognition of the mixture of signals, but still remain predictable over time. Publications  show that atmospheric pressure contains hidden periodicities resulting from the gravitational force of the moon and the daily period of the sun. The reconstruction of these periodic signals of atmospheric tidal waves allows for an explanation and prediction of many anomalies present in extreme weather. Similar tidal waves must exist on the sun resulting from the gravitational force of planets. The rotation of the sun around its axes will cause a current, similar to the equatorial current on the earth. Perturbations or eddies around the current will cause anomalies on the surface of the sun. Horizontal rotational eddies in highly magnetic plasma will create a vertical explosion which will transport deeper, hotter plasma to above the surface of the sun. Each planet creates a tidal wave with a specific frequency on the sun. At times any two of the waves will occur in phase and other times will be out of phase. The resulting amplitude will oscillate with a difference frequency. The estimation of the spectra of sunspot data using the DZ algorithm provides two sharp frequency lines with periodicities close to 9.9 and 11.7 years. These frequency lines can be considered as difference frequencies caused by Jupiter and Saturn (9.9) and Venus and Earth (11.7). The difference frequency between 9.9 and 11.7 yields a frequency with a 64-year period. All of these periods are identifiable in sunspot data. The 64-year period component is currently in a declining mode. This decline may cause a cooling effect on the earth in the near future. An examination of the joint effect of multiple planets may reveal some long periods in sun activity and help explain climate fluctuations on earth.

text: The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph mission is a partnership with the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory to understand the processes at the boundary between the Sun's chromosphere and corona.  This mission is sponsored by the NASA Small Explorer program.

text: The

text: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

text: mission is a partnership with the

text: Lockheed Martin

text: Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory to understand the processes at the boundary between the Sun's

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: .  This mission is sponsored by the NASA

text: Small Explorer program

text: Most east Pacific hurricanes originate from a tropical wave that drifts westward across the intertropical convergence zone,  and across northern parts of South America. Once it reaches the Pacific, a surface low begins to develop, however, with only little or no convection. After reaching the Pacific, it starts to move north-westward and eventually west. By that time, it develops convection and thunderstorm activity from the warm ocean temperatures but remains disorganized. Once the tropical wave becomes organized, it becomes a tropical depression. Formation usually occurs from south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec to south of Baja California with a more westerly location earlier in the season. In the eastern Pacific, development is more centered than anywhere else. If wind shear is low, a tropical cyclone can undergo rapid intensification as a result of very warm oceans, becoming a major hurricane. Tropical cyclones weaken once they reach unfavorable areas for a tropical cyclone formation. Their remnants sometimes reach Hawaii and cause showers there.

text: Most east Pacific hurricanes originate from a tropical wave that drifts westward across the intertropical convergence zone,  and across northern parts of South America. Once it reaches the Pacific, a surface low begins to develop, however, with only little or no convection. After reaching the Pacific, it starts to move north-westward and eventually west. By that time, it develops convection and thunderstorm activity from the warm ocean temperatures but remains disorganized. Once the tropical wave becomes organized, it becomes a tropical depression. Formation usually occurs from south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec to south of Baja California with a more westerly location earlier in the season. In the eastern Pacific, development is more centered than anywhere else. If wind shear is low, a tropical cyclone can undergo

text: rapid intensification

text: as a result of very warm oceans, becoming a major hurricane. Tropical cyclones weaken once they reach unfavorable areas for a tropical cyclone formation. Their remnants sometimes reach Hawaii and cause showers there.

text: The host star, Kepler-22, is a G-type star that is 3% less massive than the Sun and 2% smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature of  compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of . The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old.

text: The host star,

text: , is a

text: G-type

text: star that is 3% less massive than the

text: Sun

text: and 2% smaller in volume. It has a

text: surface temperature

text: of  compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of . The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old.

text: A transit of Deimos across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when Deimos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a small part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Deimos can be seen from Mars as a small black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun.

text: A transit of Deimos across the Sun as seen from

text: Mars

text: takes place when

text: Deimos

text: passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a small part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a

text: transit

text: , Deimos can be seen from Mars as a small black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun.

text: The MyFaces Core subproject is an open-source implementation of the JavaServer Faces specification. Each major release of MyFaces Core is certified against the Sun Technology Compatibility Kit to ensure compliance.

text: The MyFaces Core subproject is an

text: open-source

text: implementation of the

text: JavaServer Faces

text: specification. Each major release of MyFaces Core is certified against the Sun

text: Technology Compatibility Kit

text: to ensure compliance.

text: The corona extends much further than a solar radius from the photosphere and looks very complex and inhomogeneous in the X-rays images taken by satellites (see the figure on the right taken by the XRT on board Hinode).The structure and dynamics of the corona are dominated by the solar magnetic field. There are strong evidences that even the heating mechanism, responsible for its high temperature of million degrees, is linked to the magnetic field of the Sun.

text: The

text: corona

text: extends much further than a solar radius from the

text: photosphere

text: and looks very complex and inhomogeneous in the

text: X-rays

text: images taken by satellites (see the figure on the right taken by the XRT on board

text: Hinode

text: ).The structure and dynamics of the

text: corona

text: are dominated by the

text: solar magnetic field

text: . There are strong evidences that even the heating mechanism, responsible for its high temperature of million degrees, is linked to the magnetic field of the

text: Sun

text: It is most generally accepted that the streaks represent avalanches of dust.   The streaks appear in areas covered with dust.  When a thin layer of dust is removed, the underlying surface is dark.  Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust.  Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere.  At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the sun.  The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical then the Earth's.  That is the difference between the farthest point from the sun and the closest point to the sun is very great for Mars, but only slight for the Earth.  Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in a global dust storm.  When NASA's Mariner 9 craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm. Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.  Dark streaks can be seen in the image below taken with HiRISE of the central mound in Nicholson Crater.  At least one streak in the image splits into two when encountering an obstacle.

text: It is most generally accepted that the streaks represent avalanches of dust.   The streaks appear in areas covered with dust.  When a thin layer of dust is removed, the underlying surface is dark.  Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust.  Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere.  At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the sun.  The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical then the Earth's.  That is the difference between the farthest point from the sun and the closest point to the sun is very great for Mars, but only slight for the Earth.  Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in a global dust storm.  When NASA's

text: Mariner 9

text: craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm. Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.  Dark streaks can be seen in the image below taken with HiRISE of the central mound in

text: Nicholson Crater

text: .  At least one streak in the image splits into two when encountering an obstacle.

text: Listening to Jupiter with the shortwave receiver needed for 21 cm, it is also possible to remove the UEK21 converter and use only the shortwave receiver connected to a simple dipole. If the frequency selected is above 18 MHz, it is possible when conditions are right to listen through the ionosphere. At lower frequencies, the ionosphere is opaque. Here, two targets are possible: the Sun with its solar flares or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon Io, which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter. When Jupiter, Io and the Earth are aligned, it is possible to hear this radio source very clearly.

text: Listening to

text: Jupiter

text: with the shortwave receiver needed for 21 cm, it is also possible to remove the UEK21 converter and use only the shortwave receiver connected to a simple

text: dipole

text: . If the frequency selected is above 18 MHz, it is possible when conditions are right to listen through the

text: ionosphere

text: . At lower frequencies, the ionosphere is opaque. Here, two targets are possible: the Sun with its

text: solar flare

text: s or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon

text: Io

text: , which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter. When Jupiter, Io and the

text: Earth

text: are aligned, it is possible to hear this radio source very clearly.

text: Convection begins at the level of free convection (LFC), where it begins its ascent through the free convective layer (FCL), and then stops at the equilibrium level (EL). The rising parcel, if having enough momentum, will continue to rise to the maximum parcel level (MPL) until negative buoyancy decelerates the parcel to a stop.

text: Convection begins at the

text: level of free convection (LFC)

text: , where it begins its ascent through the

text: free convective layer (FCL)

text: , and then stops at the

text: equilibrium level (EL)

text: . The rising parcel, if having enough momentum, will continue to rise to the

text: maximum parcel level (MPL)

text: until negative buoyancy decelerates the parcel to a stop.

text: On 25 April 2008, NASA's Swift satellite picked up a record-setting flare from EV Lacertae. This flare was thousands of times more powerful than the largest observed solar flare. Because EV Lacertae is much farther from Earth than the Sun, the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare. The flare would have been visible to the naked eye if the star had been in an observable part of the night sky at the time. It was the brightest flare ever seen from a star other than the Sun.

text: On 25 April 2008,

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Swift

text: satellite picked up a record-setting

text: flare

text: from EV Lacertae. This flare was thousands of times more powerful than the largest observed solar flare. Because EV Lacertae is much farther from

text: Earth

text: than the

text: Sun

text: , the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare. The flare would have been visible to the naked eye if the star had been in an observable part of the night sky at the time. It was the brightest flare ever seen from a star other than the Sun.

text: There are about 300,000 active spicules at any one time on the Sun's chromosphere, amounting to about 1% of the Sun's surface. An individual spicule typically reaches 3,000-10,000 km altitude above the photosphere.

text: There are about 300,000 active spicules at any one time on the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: chromosphere

text: , amounting to about 1% of the

text: Sun

text: 's surface. An individual spicule typically reaches 3,000-10,000 km altitude above the photosphere.

text: The flux of boron-8 neutrinos is highly sensitive to the temperature of the core of the Sun,

text: Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "syzygy"). Solar eclipses occur at new moon, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur at full moon, when Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both total (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and annular (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses. In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. Because the distance between the Moon and Earth is very slowly increasing over time, the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. Also, as it evolves toward becoming a red giant, the size of the Sun, and its apparent diameter in the sky, are slowly increasing. The combination of these two changes means that hundreds of millions of years ago, the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, hundreds of millions of years in the future, the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and total solar eclipses will not occur.

text: Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "

text: syzygy

text: Solar eclipse

text: s occur at

text: new moon

text: , when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast,

text: lunar eclipse

text: s occur at

text: full moon

text: , when Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both

text: total

text: (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and

text: annular

text: (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses. In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar

text: corona

text: becomes visible to the

text: naked eye

text: . Because the distance between the Moon and Earth is very slowly increasing over time, the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. Also, as it evolves toward becoming a

text: red giant

text: , the size of the Sun, and its apparent diameter in the sky, are slowly increasing. The combination of these two changes means that hundreds of millions of years ago, the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, hundreds of millions of years in the future, the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and total solar eclipses will not occur.

text: In a process termed “solar modulation” the Sun and solar wind alter the intensity and energy spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that enter the solar system. When the Sun is active, fewer Galactic cosmic rays reach Earth than during times when the Sun is quiet. For this reason, Galactic cosmic rays follow an 11-year cycle like the Sun, but in the opposite direction: High solar activity corresponds to low cosmic rays, and vice versa.

text: In a process termed “solar modulation” the Sun and

text: solar wind

text: alter the intensity and energy spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that enter the

text: solar system

text: . When the Sun is active, fewer Galactic cosmic rays reach Earth than during times when the Sun is quiet. For this reason, Galactic cosmic rays follow an 11-year cycle like the Sun, but in the opposite direction: High solar activity corresponds to low cosmic rays, and vice versa.

text: In 1919, Larmor proposed sunspots are self-regenerative dynamo action on the Sun's surface.

text: In 1919, Larmor proposed

text: sunspot

text: s are

text: self-regenerative

text: dynamo

text: action on the

text: Sun

text: 's surface.

text: Skylab orbited Earth 2,476 times during the 171 days and 13 hours of its occupation during the three manned Skylab expeditions.  Each of these extended the human record of 23 days for amount of time spent in space set by the Soviet Soyuz 11 crew aboard the space station Salyut 1 on June 30, 1971. Skylab 2 lasted 28 days, Skylab 3 56 days, and Skylab 4 84 days. Astronauts performed ten spacewalks, totaling 42 hours and 16 minutes. Skylab logged about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments, 127,000 frames of film of the Sun and 46,000 of Earth. Solar experiments included photographs of eight solar flares, and produced valuable results that scientists stated would have been impossible to obtain with unmanned spacecraft. The existence of the Sun's coronal holes were confirmed because of these efforts. Many of the experiments conducted investigated the astronauts' adaptation to extended periods of microgravity.

text: Skylab orbited Earth 2,476 times during the 171 days and 13 hours of its occupation during the three manned Skylab expeditions.  Each of these extended the human record of 23 days for amount of time spent in space set by the Soviet

text: Soyuz 11

text: crew aboard the space station

text: Salyut 1

text: on June 30, 1971.

text: Skylab 2

text: lasted 28 days,

text: Skylab 3

text: 56 days, and

text: Skylab 4

text: 84 days. Astronauts performed ten spacewalks, totaling 42 hours and 16 minutes. Skylab logged about 2,000 hours of scientific and medical experiments, 127,000 frames of film of the Sun and 46,000 of Earth. Solar experiments included photographs of eight

text: solar flare

text: s, and produced valuable results that scientists stated would have been impossible to obtain with unmanned spacecraft. The existence of the Sun's

text: coronal holes

text: were confirmed because of these efforts. Many of the experiments conducted investigated the astronauts' adaptation to extended periods of

text: microgravity

text: In January 2009, Sun open sourced core components of Sun Java System Web Server 7.0 under the BSD license as Open Web Server.  The open source version was kept in sync with commercial releases until January 2010 (7.0 update 8).  Since Oracle's acquisition of Sun, there have been no further open source releases.

text: In January 2009, Sun open sourced core components of Sun Java System Web Server 7.0 under the

text: BSD license

text: as Open Web Server.  The open source version was kept in sync with commercial releases until January 2010 (7.0 update 8).  Since Oracle's acquisition of Sun, there have been no further open source releases.

text: Intermediate-mass stars such as Sirius may transport energy primarily by radiation, with a small core convection region. Medium-sized, low-mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection, with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers. This results in a steady buildup of a helium-rich core, surrounded by a hydrogen-rich outer region. By contrast, cool, very low-mass stars (below 0.4 ) are convective throughout. Thus the helium produced at the core is distributed across the star, producing a relatively uniform atmosphere and a proportionately longer main sequence lifespan.

text: Intermediate-mass stars such as

text: Sirius

text: may transport energy primarily by radiation, with a small core convection region. Medium-sized, low-mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection, with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers. This results in a steady buildup of a helium-rich core, surrounded by a hydrogen-rich outer region. By contrast, cool, very low-mass stars (below 0.4 ) are convective throughout. Thus the helium produced at the core is distributed across the star, producing a relatively uniform atmosphere and a proportionately longer main sequence lifespan.

text: Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable. Other planets and moons in the Solar System and other planetary systems are being examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI are trying to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. Other locations within the Solar System that may host microbial life include the subsurface of Mars, the upper atmosphere of Venus, and subsurface oceans on some of the moons of the giant planets.Beyond the Solar System, the region around another main-sequence star that could support Earth-like life on an Earth-like planet is known as the habitable zone. The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small red dwarfs have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of tidal locking from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop. The location of the star within a galaxy may also affect the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially habitat-damaging supernova events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life. The variables of the Drake equation are used to discuss the conditions in planetary systems where civilization is most likely to exist. Use of the equation to predict the amount of extraterrestrial life, however, is difficult; because many of the variables are unknown, the equation functions as more of a mirror to what its user already thinks. As a result, the number of civilizations in the galaxy can be estimated as low as 9.1 x 10^-11 or as high as 156 million; for the calculations, see Drake equation.

text: Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that

text: extraterrestrial life

text: is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable. Other planets and

text: moons

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: and other

text: planetary system

text: s are being examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as

entity_name: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

text: SETI

text: are trying to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. Other locations within the

text: Solar System

text: that may host

text: microbial

text: life include the subsurface of

text: Mars

text: , the upper atmosphere of

text: Venus

text: , and subsurface oceans on some of the

text: moons

text: of the

text: giant planet

text: s.Beyond the Solar System, the region around another

text: main-sequence star

text: that could support Earth-like life on an Earth-like planet is known as the

text: habitable zone

text: . The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small

text: red dwarf

text: s have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of

text: tidal locking

text: from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop. The location of the star within a galaxy may also affect the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially

text: habitat

text: -damaging

text: supernova

text: events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life. The variables of the

text: Drake equation

text: are used to discuss the conditions in planetary systems where civilization is most likely to exist. Use of the equation to predict the amount of extraterrestrial life, however, is difficult; because many of the variables are unknown, the equation functions as more of a mirror to what its user already thinks. As a result, the number of civilizations in the galaxy can be estimated as low as 9.1 x 10^-11 or as high as 156 million; for the calculations, see

text: Drake equation

text: Both stars are considered unusual because they have a lower luminosity than is normal for main sequence stars of their age and surface temperature. That is, they lie below the main sequence curve on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for newly formed stars. Most stars will evolve above this curve as they age. ζ has an intermediate level of magnetic activity in its chromosphere. Although the kinematics of this system suggest that they belong to a population of older stars, the properties of their stellar chromospheres suggests that they are only about 2 billion years old.

text: Both stars are considered unusual because they have a lower

text: luminosity

text: than is normal for

text: main sequence

text: stars of their age and surface temperature. That is, they lie below the main sequence curve on the

text: Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

text: for newly formed stars. Most stars will evolve above this curve as they age. ζ has an intermediate level of magnetic activity in its

text: chromosphere

text: . Although the kinematics of this system suggest that they belong to a population of older stars, the properties of their stellar

text: chromosphere

text: s suggests that they are only about 2 billion years old.

text: Epsilon Geminorum is radiating around 8,500 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,662 K. It is this temperature that gives it the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star. A surface magnetic field with a strength of  has been detected on this star. This topologically complex field is most likely generated by a dynamo formed from the deep convection zone in the star's outer envelope.

text: Epsilon Geminorum is radiating around 8,500 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,662 K. It is this temperature that gives it the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star. A surface

text: magnetic field

text: with a strength of  has been detected on this star. This topologically complex field is most likely generated by a dynamo formed from the deep

text: convection zone

text: in the star's outer envelope.

text: The smaller the solar parallax, the greater the distance between the Sun and Earth: a solar parallax of 15" is equivalent to an Earth–Sun distance of  Earth radii.

text: The Sunspot Number (SSN) is the number of sunspots on the Sun's photosphere in visible light on the side of the Sun visible to an Earth observer. The number and total area of sunspots are related to the brightness of the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray portions of the solar spectrum and to solar activity such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

text: The

text: Sunspot Number

text: (SSN) is the number of

text: sunspot

text: s on the Sun's photosphere in visible light on the side of the Sun visible to an Earth observer. The number and total area of sunspots are related to the brightness of the Sun in the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (EUV) and X-ray portions of the

text: solar spectrum

text: and to solar activity such as

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs).

text: Coronal holes are areas where the Sun's corona is colder, hence darker, and has lower-density plasma than average because there is lower energy and gas levels. Coronal holes are part of the Sun's corona and are constantly changing and reshaping because the corona is not uniform. The Sun contains magnetic fields that arch away from areas in the corona that are very thin due to the lower levels of energy and gas, which cause coronal holes to appear when they do not fall back. Thus, solar particles escape at a rate great enough to create a lower density and lower temperature in that area.

text: Coronal holes are areas where the Sun's

text: corona

text: is colder, hence darker, and has lower-density

text: plasma

text: than average because there is lower energy and gas levels. Coronal holes are part of the Sun's corona and are constantly changing and reshaping because the corona is not uniform. The Sun contains

text: magnetic fields

text: that arch away from areas in the corona that are very thin due to the lower levels of energy and gas, which cause coronal holes to appear when they do not fall back. Thus, solar particles escape at a rate great enough to create a lower density and lower temperature in that area.

text: The debate about differences between measurements in the mid-infrared, which suggest a possible expansion and contraction of the star, and the near-infrared, which advocates a relatively constant photospheric diameter, remains to be resolved. In a paper published in 2012, the Berkeley team reported that their measurements were "dominated by the behavior of cool, optically thick material above the stellar photosphere," indicating that the apparent expansion and contraction may be due to activity in the star's outer shells and not the photosphere itself. This conclusion, if further corroborated, would suggest an average angular diameter for Betelgeuse closer to Perrin's estimate at 43.33 arcseconds, hence a stellar radius of about 3.4 AU (730 R) assuming the shorter Hipparcos distance of 498 ± 73 ly in lieu of Harper's estimate at 643 ± 146 ly. The Gaia spacecraft may clarify assumptions presently used in calculating the size of Betelgeuse's stellar disk.

text: The debate about differences between measurements in the mid-infrared, which suggest a possible expansion and contraction of the star, and the near-infrared, which advocates a relatively constant photospheric diameter, remains to be resolved. In a paper published in 2012, the Berkeley team reported that their measurements were "dominated by the behavior of cool, optically thick material above the stellar photosphere," indicating that the apparent expansion and contraction may be due to activity in the star's outer shells and not the photosphere itself. This conclusion, if further corroborated, would suggest an average angular diameter for Betelgeuse closer to Perrin's estimate at 43.33 arcseconds, hence a stellar radius of about 3.4 AU (730 R) assuming the shorter Hipparcos distance of 498 ± 73 ly in lieu of Harper's estimate at 643 ± 146 ly. The

text: Gaia spacecraft

text: may clarify assumptions presently used in calculating the size of Betelgeuse's stellar disk.

text: Sun-free photovoltaics is a photovoltaics technology which does not require sunlight to produce electricity. This technique was developed by research team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity most efficiently at specific wavelengths. The surface featured of Sun-free photovoltaics is engineered such that it converts heat energy into the specific wavelengths. This increases the efficiency of existing thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems.

text: Sun-free photovoltaics is a photovoltaics technology which does not require sunlight to produce electricity. This technique was developed by research team at

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Photovoltaic cells convert light to electricity most efficiently at specific wavelengths. The surface featured of Sun-free photovoltaics is engineered such that it converts heat energy into the specific wavelengths. This increases the efficiency of existing

text: thermophotovoltaic

text: (TPV) systems.

text: A false sunrise is any of several atmospheric optical phenomena where the sun appears to have risen, whereas in reality it is still some distance below the horizon. A number of different atmospheric conditions can be responsible for this effect, all of which have in common that they divert the sunlight in such a way as to allow it to reach the observer's eye, thereby giving the impression that the light comes directly from the sun itself. The spread of light can sometimes be deceivingly similar to a real sun.

text: A false sunrise is any of several

text: atmospheric optical

text: phenomena where the sun appears to have risen, whereas in reality it is still some distance below the horizon. A number of different atmospheric conditions can be responsible for this effect, all of which have in common that they divert the sunlight in such a way as to allow it to reach the observer's eye, thereby giving the impression that the light comes directly from the sun itself. The spread of light can sometimes be deceivingly similar to a real sun.

text: The derivative chosen for this expression depends on convention.  The upper-convected time derivative, lower-convected time derivative, and Jaumann derivative are often used.

text: The derivative chosen for this expression depends on convention.  The

text: upper-convected time derivative

text: lower-convected time derivative

text: , and

text: Jaumann derivative

text: are often used.

text: As a red dwarf, Gliese 876 is much less massive than the Sun: estimates suggest it has only 32% of the mass of the Sun. The surface temperature of Gliese 876 is cooler than the Sun and the star has a smaller radius. These factors combine to make the star only 1.24% as luminous as the Sun, and most of this is at infrared wavelengths.

text: As a red dwarf, Gliese 876 is much less massive than the Sun: estimates suggest it has only 32% of the mass of the Sun. The surface

text: temperature

text: of Gliese 876 is cooler than the Sun and the star has a smaller radius. These factors combine to make the star only 1.24% as

text: luminous

text: as the Sun, and most of this is at

text: infrared

text: wavelength

text: s.

text: A stellar classification of K1 III reveals that this is a giant star, having expanded to an estimated 12 times the Sun's radius. This means it has exhausted the hydrogen in its core and evolved away from the main sequence. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium in this star, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is lower than in the Sun. Gamma² Sagittarii has an effective temperature of 4,760 K, compared to 5,778 K for the Sun. It is this lower temperature that gives Gamma² Sagittarii the orange hue that is a characteristic of K-type stars.

text: A

text: stellar classification

text: of K1 III reveals that this is a

text: giant star

text: , having expanded to an estimated 12 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . This means it has exhausted the hydrogen in its core and

text: evolved

text: away from the

text: main sequence

text: . The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium in this star, what astronomers term the star's

text: metallicity

text: , is lower than in the

text: Sun

text: . Gamma² Sagittarii has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,760 K, compared to 5,778 K for the Sun. It is this lower temperature that gives Gamma² Sagittarii the orange hue that is a characteristic of

text: K-type star

text: s.

text: The spectrum of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of stellar evolution, indicates that it is in the giant star stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured angular diameter of this star is . At the estimated distance of this star, this yields a physical size of about 11 times the radius of the Sun. The expanded outer atmosphere of Beta Apodis has an effective temperature of about 4,900 K. This heat is causing it to glow with the characteristic orange hue of a K-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches the characteristics of a K0 III, which, according to models of

text: stellar evolution

text: , indicates that it is in the

text: giant star

text: stage, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. The measured

text: angular diameter

text: of this star is . At the estimated distance of this star, this yields a physical size of about 11 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . The expanded

text: outer atmosphere

text: of Beta Apodis has an

text: effective temperature

text: of about 4,900 K. This heat is causing it to glow with the characteristic orange hue of a

text: K-type star

text: Each concentrator uses two pounds of plastic, and measures 10 feet in diameter and  four feet in depth. The front face of the concentrator is clear to allow the light to pass through: the back half of the concentrator is reflective (coated in a very thin film of aluminum) to form a giant parabolic mirror that concentrates light about 300 to 400 times, while using up to 400 times less solar cell material than traditional flat-panel PV systems. The concentrators, like a magnifying glass, must point directly at the sun to work. The curved reflector serves to concentrate the light from a very large surface area onto a small focal point inside the plastic shell where a solar receiver sits (solar cells). All of the light that is striking the concentrator across the full circular area is reflected to the same spot, as long as the concentrator is pointed at the sun. The wide hemisphere faces the sun. The concentrators are mounted on poles in rigid rigs (ten feet above the ground); the rigs allow a computer system to move the concentrators as they track the sun on a dual axis.

text: Each concentrator uses two pounds of plastic, and measures 10 feet in diameter and  four feet in depth. The front face of the concentrator is clear to allow the light to pass through: the back half of the concentrator is reflective (coated in a very thin film of aluminum) to form a giant parabolic mirror that concentrates light about 300 to 400 times, while using up to 400 times less solar cell material than traditional flat-panel PV systems. The concentrators, like a

text: magnifying glass

text: , must point directly at the sun to work. The curved reflector serves to concentrate the light from a very large surface area onto a small focal point inside the plastic shell where a solar receiver sits (solar cells). All of the light that is striking the concentrator across the full circular area is reflected to the same spot, as long as the concentrator is pointed at the sun. The wide hemisphere faces the sun. The concentrators are mounted on poles in rigid rigs (ten feet above the ground); the rigs allow a computer system to move the concentrators as they track the sun on a dual axis.

text: If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, the air is conditionally unstable — an unsaturated parcel of air does not have sufficient buoyancy to rise to the LCL or CCL, and it is stable to weak vertical displacements in either direction. If the parcel is saturated it is unstable and will rise to the LCL or CCL, and either be halted due to an inversion layer of convective inhibition, or if lifting continues, deep, moist convection (DMC) may ensue, as a parcel rises to the level of free convection (LFC), after which it enters the free convective layer (FCL) and usually rises to the equilibrium level (EL).

text: If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, the air is conditionally unstable — an unsaturated parcel of air does not have sufficient buoyancy to rise to the LCL or CCL, and it is stable to weak vertical displacements in either direction. If the parcel is saturated it is unstable and will rise to the LCL or CCL, and either be halted due to an

text: inversion layer

text: of

text: convective inhibition

text: , or if lifting continues, deep, moist convection (DMC) may ensue, as a parcel rises to the

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC), after which it enters the

text: free convective layer

text: (FCL) and usually rises to the

text: equilibrium level

text: (EL).

text: , and sunspot number,

text: , and

text: sunspot

text: number,

text: eons, leading to what is known as the faint young Sun paradox. Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the energy output of the Sun increased and atmospheric composition changed. The Great Oxygenation Event – oxygenation of the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago – was the most notable alteration. Over the next five billion years, the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a red giant and then a white dwarf will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase possibly ending any life on Earth that survives until that time.

text: eons, leading to what is known as the

text: faint young Sun paradox

text: . Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the energy output of the Sun increased and atmospheric composition changed. The

text: Great Oxygenation Event

text: – oxygenation of the atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago – was the most notable alteration. Over the next five billion years, the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a

text: red giant

text: and then a

text: white dwarf

text: will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase possibly ending any life on Earth that survives until that time.

text: A solar flare from the sun sends a serpentine alien composed of fire to Earth where it begins to wreak havoc throughout a small community. During its search for more fuel to consume it stumbles upon a large military oil reserve. It soon becomes clear that an old man may hold the key to destroying it in the form of a Halogen Gun which may be used as a makeshift fire extinguisher of sorts. A small group of citizens decides to use this technology to make a stand against the creature only to face additional resistance from the beast, as well as a government employer who voluntarily helps the snake because he believes it is spirit of a god.

text: A

text: solar flare

text: from the sun sends a serpentine alien composed of fire to Earth where it begins to wreak havoc throughout a small community. During its search for more fuel to consume it stumbles upon a large military oil reserve. It soon becomes clear that an old man may hold the key to destroying it in the form of a Halogen Gun which may be used as a makeshift fire extinguisher of sorts. A small group of citizens decides to use this technology to make a stand against the creature only to face additional resistance from the beast, as well as a government employer who voluntarily helps the snake because he believes it is spirit of a god.

text: The Moon's orbit around the Earth is an ellipse, as is the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon therefore vary. The magnitude of an eclipse is the ratio of the apparent size of the Moon to the apparent size of the Sun during an eclipse. An eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its closest distance to Earth (i.e., near its perigee) can be a total eclipse because the Moon will appear to be large enough to completely cover the Sun's bright disk or photosphere; a total eclipse has a magnitude greater than 1. Conversely, an eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its farthest distance from Earth (i.e., near its apogee) can only be an annular eclipse because the Moon will appear to be slightly smaller than the Sun; the magnitude of an annular eclipse is less than 1. Slightly more solar eclipses are annular than total because, on average, the Moon lies too far from Earth to cover the Sun completely. A hybrid eclipse occurs when the magnitude of an eclipse changes during the event from less to greater than one, so the eclipse appears to be total at some locations on Earth and annular at other locations.

text: The Moon's orbit around the Earth is an

text: ellipse

text: , as is the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon therefore vary. The

text: magnitude of an eclipse

text: is the ratio of the apparent size of the Moon to the apparent size of the Sun during an eclipse. An eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its closest distance to Earth (i.e., near its

text: perigee

text: ) can be a total eclipse because the Moon will appear to be large enough to completely cover the Sun's bright disk or

text: photosphere

text: ; a total eclipse has a magnitude greater than 1. Conversely, an eclipse that occurs when the Moon is near its farthest distance from Earth (i.e., near its

text: apogee

text: ) can only be an annular eclipse because the Moon will appear to be slightly smaller than the Sun; the magnitude of an annular eclipse is less than 1. Slightly more solar eclipses are annular than total because, on average, the Moon lies too far from Earth to cover the Sun completely. A hybrid eclipse occurs when the magnitude of an eclipse changes during the event from less to greater than one, so the eclipse appears to be total at some locations on Earth and annular at other locations.

text: Since superflares can occur on stars apparently equivalent in every way to the Sun, it is natural to ask if they can occur on the Sun itself. An estimate based on the original Kepler photometric studies suggested a frequency on solar-type stars (early G-type and rotation period more than 10 days) of once every 800 years for an energy of 10 erg and every 5000 years at  10 erg. One-minute sampling provided statistics for less energetic flares and gave a frequency of one flare of energy 10 erg every 5–600 years for a star rotating as slowly as the Sun; this would be rated as X100 on the solar flare scale. This is based on a straightforward comparison of the number of stars studied with the number of flares observed. An extrapolation of the empirical statistics for solar flares to an energy of 10 erg suggests a frequency of one in 10,000 years.

text: The coronal heating problem in solar physics relates to the question of why the temperature of the Sun's corona is millions of kelvin higher than that of the surface. The high temperatures require energy to be carried from the solar interior to the corona by non-thermal processes, because the second law of thermodynamics prevents heat from flowing directly from the solar photosphere (surface), which is at about 5800 K, to the much hotter corona at about 1 to 3 MK (parts of the corona can even reach 10 MK).

text: The coronal heating problem in

text: solar physics

text: relates to the question of why the temperature of the Sun's corona is millions of kelvin higher than that of the surface. The high temperatures require energy to be carried from the solar interior to the corona by non-thermal processes, because the

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: prevents heat from flowing directly from the solar photosphere (surface), which is at about 5800 K, to the much hotter corona at about 1 to 3

text: MK

text: (parts of the corona can even reach 10 MK).

text: The solar constant includes all wavelengths of solar electromagnetic radiation, not just the visible light (see Electromagnetic spectrum). It is positively correlated with the apparent magnitude of the Sun which is −26.8.  The solar constant and the magnitude of the Sun are two methods of describing the apparent brightness of the Sun, though the magnitude is based on the Sun's visual output only.

text: The solar constant includes all wavelengths of solar electromagnetic radiation, not just the

text: visible light

text: (see

text: Electromagnetic spectrum

text: ). It is positively correlated with the

text: apparent magnitude

text: of the Sun which is −26.8.  The solar constant and the magnitude of the Sun are two methods of describing the apparent brightness of the Sun, though the magnitude is based on the Sun's visual output only.

text: The further evolution of Callisto after accretion was determined by the balance of the radioactive heating, cooling through thermal conduction near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus convection in the interior. Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all icy moons. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point, due to the temperature dependence of ice viscosity. Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales. It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime. For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid lithosphere with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the endogenic activity on the Callistoan surface. The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there, water ice exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the ice I on the surface to ice VII in the center. The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting differentiation that would have otherwise formed a large rocky core and icy mantle. Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.

text: The further evolution of Callisto after

text: accretion

text: was determined by the balance of the

text: radioactive

text: heating, cooling through

text: thermal conduction

text: near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus

text: convection

text: in the interior. Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all

text: icy moon

text: s. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the

text: melting point

text: , due to the temperature dependence of ice

text: viscosity

text: . Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales. It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime. For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid

text: lithosphere

text: with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the

text: endogenic

text: activity on the Callistoan surface. The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there,

text: water ice

text: exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the

text: ice I

text: on the surface to

text: ice VII

text: in the center. The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting

text: differentiation

text: that would have otherwise formed a large rocky

text: core

text: and icy

text: mantle

text: . Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.

text: The need to control and measure all the sources of systematic errors required a rigorous and integrated design. COBE would have to operate for a minimum of 6 months, and constrain the amount of radio interference from the ground, COBE and other satellites as well as radiative interference from the Earth, Sun and Moon. The instruments required temperature stability and to maintain gain, and a high level of cleanliness to reduce entry of stray light and thermal emission from particulates.

text: The need to control and measure all the sources of systematic errors required a rigorous and integrated design. COBE would have to operate for a minimum of 6 months, and constrain the amount of radio interference from the ground, COBE and other satellites as well as radiative interference from the

text: Earth

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: . The instruments required temperature stability and to maintain gain, and a high level of cleanliness to reduce entry of stray light and thermal emission from particulates.

text: The 1995–96 Phoenix Suns season was the 28th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. In the offseason, the Suns acquired Hot Rod Williams from the Cleveland Cavaliers. Head coach Paul Westphal, who had led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals, went 14–19 before being replaced by Cotton Fitzsimmons, who would come on to coach in his third stint with the Suns. They finished fourth in the Pacific Division, and seventh in the Western Conference with a 41–41 record. The Suns were eliminated from the playoffs by the San Antonio Spurs, three games to one, in the Western Conference first round. All home games were played at America West Arena. They were one of the nine teams to defeat the 72–10 Chicago Bulls.

text: The 1995–96 Phoenix Suns season was the 28th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . In the offseason, the Suns acquired

text: Hot Rod Williams

text: from the

text: Cleveland Cavaliers

text: Head coach

text: Paul Westphal

text: , who had led the Suns to the

text: 1993 NBA Finals

text: , went 14–19 before being replaced by

text: Cotton Fitzsimmons

text: , who would come on to coach in his third stint with the Suns. They finished fourth in the Pacific Division, and seventh in the Western Conference with a 41–41 record. The Suns were eliminated from the

text: playoffs

text: by the

text: San Antonio Spurs

text: , three games to one, in the

text: Western Conference

text: first round. All home games were played at

text: America West Arena

text: . They were one of the nine teams to defeat the 72–10

text: Chicago Bulls

text: Current ProgramsHot Sun Foundation has three core programs:

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 27, 2093. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on January 27, 2093. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 14, 1934. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on February 14, 1934. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: This type of low-mass star has consumed the hydrogen at its core, evolved away from the main sequence, and passed through the red giant stage. Energy is now being produced by the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core, and the star has entered an evolutionary stage called the horizontal branch (HB). The effective temperature of an HB star's outer envelope will gradually increase over time. When its resulting stellar classification enters a range known as the instability strip—typically at stellar class A—the outer envelope can begin to pulsate. RR Lyrae shows just such a regular pattern of pulsation, which is causing its apparent magnitude to vary between 7.06–8.12 over a short cycle lasting 0.56686776 days (13 hours, 36 minutes). Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun's radius.

text: This type of low-mass star has consumed the hydrogen at its core,

text: evolved

text: away from the

text: main sequence

text: , and passed through the

text: red giant

text: stage. Energy is now being produced by the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of helium at its core, and the star has entered an evolutionary stage called the

text: horizontal branch

text: (HB). The

text: effective temperature

text: of an HB star's outer envelope will gradually increase over time. When its resulting

text: stellar classification

text: enters a range known as the

text: instability strip

text: —typically at

text: stellar class A

text: —the outer envelope can begin to pulsate. RR Lyrae shows just such a regular pattern of pulsation, which is causing its

text: apparent magnitude

text: to vary between 7.06–8.12 over a short cycle lasting 0.56686776 days (13 hours, 36 minutes). Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: Sun News was distributed by most major cable and satellite providers across Canada but was included in channel tiers subscribed by only 40% of all Canadian households (5.1 million homes with a pay television subscription). Quebecor had sought wider distribution for Sun News since its launch, most notably making an unsuccessful request for mandatory carriage on basic cable and satellite tiers in 2013. Sun News was simulcast on CKXT-DT (channel 51), a general entertainment independent television station based in Toronto (with repeaters in Southern and Eastern Ontario) that was branded as "Sun TV" before it began simulcasting Sun News from the network's launch until Quebecor surrendered the CKXT licence in the fall of 2011. The existence of Sun TV prior to Sun News (and the fact a similar on-screen logo was used for the CKXT venture) has resulted in Sun News sometimes being erroneously referred to as "Sun TV".

text: Sun News was distributed by most major cable and satellite providers across Canada but was included in channel tiers subscribed by only 40% of all Canadian households (5.1 million homes with a pay television subscription). Quebecor had sought wider distribution for Sun News since its launch, most notably making an unsuccessful request for mandatory carriage on basic cable and satellite tiers in 2013. Sun News was simulcast on

text: CKXT-DT

text: (channel 51), a general entertainment

text: independent

text: television station

text: based in

text: Toronto

text: (with repeaters in Southern and Eastern Ontario) that was branded as "Sun TV" before it began simulcasting Sun News from the network's launch until Quebecor surrendered the CKXT licence in the fall of 2011. The existence of Sun TV prior to Sun News (and the fact a similar on-screen logo was used for the CKXT venture) has resulted in Sun News sometimes being erroneously referred to as "Sun TV".

text: Most often, stratocumulus produce no precipitation, and when they do, it is generally only light rain or snow. However, these clouds are often seen at either the front or tail end of worse weather, so they may indicate storms to come, in the form of thunderheads or gusty winds. They are also often seen underneath the cirrostratus and altostratus sheets that often precede a warm front, as these higher clouds decrease the sun's heat and therefore convection, causing any cumulus clouds to spread out into stratocumulus clouds.

text: Most often, stratocumulus produce no precipitation, and when they do, it is generally only light

text: rain

text: or

text: snow

text: . However, these clouds are often seen at either the front or tail end of worse weather, so they may indicate storms to come, in the form of

text: thunderheads

text: or

text: gusty winds

text: . They are also often seen underneath the cirrostratus and altostratus sheets that often precede a warm front, as these higher clouds decrease the sun's heat and therefore convection, causing any cumulus clouds to spread out into stratocumulus clouds.

text: At a solar minimum, there are fewer sunspots and solar flares subside. Sometimes, days or weeks go by without a spot. It is a safer time to travel through space, but a less interesting time to watch polar skies.

text: At a solar minimum, there are fewer

text: sunspots

text: and

text: solar flares

text: subside. Sometimes, days or weeks go by without a spot. It is a safer time to travel through space, but a less interesting time to watch polar skies.

text: In 1939 he demonstrated that the major source of optical opacity in the Sun's atmosphere is the H ion, and thus the main source of visible light for the Sun and stars.

text: In 1939 he demonstrated that the major source of optical opacity in the Sun's atmosphere is the

text: H

text: ion, and thus the main source of visible light for the Sun and stars.

text: Corona, in comics, may refer to:

text: Corona, in comics, may refer to:

text: A "solar barge" (also "solar bark", "solar barque", "solar boat" and "sun boat") is a mythological representation of the sun riding in a boat. The "Khufu ship", a 43.6-meter-long vessel that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque. This boat was rediscovered in May 1954 when archeologist Kamal el-Mallakh and inspector Zaki Nur found two ditches sealed off by about 40 blocks weighing 17 to 20 tonnes each. This boat was disassembled into 1,224 pieces and took over 10 years to reassemble. A nearby museum was built to house this boat.

text: A "solar barge" (also "solar bark", "solar barque", "solar boat" and "sun boat") is a mythological representation of the sun riding in a

text: boat

text: . The "

text: Khufu ship

text: ", a 43.6-meter-long vessel that was sealed into a pit in the

text: Giza pyramid complex

text: at the foot of the

text: Great Pyramid of Giza

text: around 2500 BC, is a full-size surviving example which may have fulfilled the symbolic function of a solar barque. This boat was rediscovered in May 1954 when archeologist Kamal el-Mallakh and inspector Zaki Nur found two ditches sealed off by about 40 blocks weighing 17 to 20 tonnes each. This boat was disassembled into 1,224 pieces and took over 10 years to reassemble. A nearby museum was built to house this boat.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 2, 2035. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 2, 2035. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: NGC 6811 lies far away from the galactic plane, a feature it shares with many other old open clusters. It is 1107 ± 90 parsecs distant, 14–20 light years across, and has a total luminosity of 2100 suns. Approximately 1.00 ± 0.17 billion years old, it probably contained some 6000 stars at birth,  but gravitational interactions and stellar evolution have since reduced the number to 1000. The spectral types of most of its stars range from mid-F to early-K, with surface temperatures relatively similar to the Sun's; the rest include A2-types, several O-types, and more than 100 B-types. Sixteen stars have been observed to vary in brightness, twelve of which are Delta Scuti variables. Its Trumpler classification is III 1r—it is "a rich cluster with equally bright stars with no noticeable central concentration". The stars do, however, have an unusual (if not concentrated) distribution, with an apparent corona surrounding the core, leaving the impression of a hole.

text: NGC 6811 lies far away from the

text: galactic plane

text: , a feature it shares with many other old open clusters. It is 1107 ± 90

text: parsecs

text: distant, 14–20

text: light year

text: s across, and has a total

text: luminosity

text: of 2100 suns. Approximately 1.00 ± 0.17 billion years old, it probably contained some 6000 stars at birth,  but gravitational interactions and

text: stellar evolution

text: have since reduced the number to 1000. The

text: spectral type

text: s of most of its stars range from mid-F to early-K, with surface temperatures relatively similar to the Sun's; the rest include A2-types, several O-types, and more than 100 B-types. Sixteen stars have been observed to

text: vary in brightness

text: , twelve of which are

text: Delta Scuti variable

text: s. Its

text: Trumpler classification

text: is III 1r—it is "a rich cluster with equally bright stars with no noticeable central concentration". The stars do, however, have an unusual (if not concentrated) distribution, with an apparent

text: corona

text: surrounding the core, leaving the impression of a hole.

text: , which is somewhat higher than the Sun's. The space velocity is 30 km/s relative to the solar system. The high rotation period and active chromosphere are indicative of a relatively young star.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on April 7, 1940. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on April 7, 1940. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: If there was no deuterium fusion, there would be no stars with masses more than about two or three times the mass of the Sun in the pre-main-sequence phase as the more intense hydrogen fusion would occur and prevent the object from accreting matter. Deuterium fusion allows further accretion of mass by acting as a thermostat that temporarily stops the central temperature from rising above about one million degrees, a temperature not hot enough for hydrogen fusion, but allowing time for the accumulation of more mass. When the energy transport mechanism switches from convective to radiative, energy transport slows, allowing the temperature to rise and hydrogen fusion take over in a stable and sustained way. Hydrogen fusion will begin at .

text: If there was no deuterium fusion, there would be no stars with masses more than about two or three times the mass of the

text: Sun

text: in the pre-

text: main-sequence

text: phase as the more intense

text: hydrogen fusion

text: would occur and prevent the object from accreting matter. Deuterium fusion allows further accretion of mass by acting as a thermostat that temporarily stops the central temperature from rising above about one million degrees, a temperature not hot enough for hydrogen fusion, but allowing time for the accumulation of more mass. When the energy transport mechanism switches from convective to radiative, energy transport slows, allowing the temperature to rise and hydrogen fusion take over in a stable and sustained way. Hydrogen fusion will begin at .

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on May 22, 2077. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on May 22, 2077. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Solar storms are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often coronal clouds associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produced by solar flares emanating from active sunspot regions, or, less often, from coronal holes.

text: Solar storm

text: s are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often

text: coronal cloud

text: s associated with

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs) produced by

text: solar flare

text: s emanating from active

text: sunspot

text: regions, or, less often, from

text: coronal hole

text: s.

text: A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun, casting a shadow on Earth that temporarily obscures part or all of the sun's disc.  Eclipses can occur only when all three bodies are properly aligned.  Partial eclipses, in which only a portion of the sun's surface is obscured, are relatively common due to the width of the moon's outer shadow, or penumbra, which may be several hundred miles wide.  Total eclipses occur when the moon's inner shadow, or umbra, reaches the surface of the earth, completely obscuring the sun over a much narrower portion of the ground.  If the moon is too far away at the time of an eclipse, its umbra may not reach the Earth's surface, and only a partial eclipse will be visible.

text: A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: moon

text: passes between the

text: Earth

text: and the

text: sun

text: , casting a shadow on Earth that temporarily obscures part or all of the sun's disc.  Eclipses can occur only when all three bodies are properly aligned.  Partial eclipses, in which only a portion of the sun's surface is obscured, are relatively common due to the width of the moon's outer shadow, or penumbra, which may be several hundred miles wide.  Total eclipses occur when the moon's inner shadow, or umbra, reaches the surface of the earth, completely obscuring the sun over a much narrower portion of the ground.  If the moon is too far away at the time of an eclipse, its umbra may not reach the Earth's surface, and only a partial eclipse will be visible.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 23, 1957. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 23, 1957. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Almost immediately after he became the crown prince, however, trouble began to brew for him. Sun Quan also favoured his other son by Consort Wang, Sun Ba (孫霸), and he initially had these two sons live together and share staffs, which was considered improper based on tradition. In 245, Sun Quan separated their staffs and their residences, which, however, further strained their relations, and Sun Ba began to have ambitious of taking over as crown prince. He befriended a number of officials, and quickly the government became divided between a Sun He faction and a Sun Ba faction. Due to Sun Ba's false accusations, a number of officials who supported Sun He were executed or deposed; even the senior general Lu Xun died in anger after being repeatedly rebuked by Sun Quan over his defence of Sun He. Sun He's position became even more tenuous after his mother Consort Wang died in fear after Sun Quan blamed her for the discord between her sons.

text: Almost immediately after he became the crown prince, however, trouble began to brew for him. Sun Quan also favoured his other son by Consort Wang,

text: Sun Ba

text: (孫霸), and he initially had these two sons live together and share staffs, which was considered improper based on tradition. In 245, Sun Quan separated their staffs and their residences, which, however, further strained their relations, and Sun Ba began to have ambitious of taking over as crown prince. He befriended a number of officials, and quickly the government became divided between a Sun He faction and a Sun Ba faction. Due to Sun Ba's false accusations, a number of officials who supported Sun He were executed or deposed; even the senior general

text: Lu Xun

text: died in anger after being repeatedly rebuked by Sun Quan over his defence of Sun He. Sun He's position became even more tenuous after his mother Consort Wang died in fear after Sun Quan blamed her for the discord between her sons.

text: Contrails, by affecting the Earth's radiation balance, act as a radiative forcing. Studies have found that contrails trap outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) at a greater rate than they reflect incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). NASA conducted a great deal of detailed research on atmospheric and climatological effects of contrails, including effects on ozone, ice crystal formation, and particle composition, during the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP).  Global radiative forcing has been calculated from the reanalysis data, climatological models and radiative transfer codes. It is estimated to amount to 0.012 W/m (watts per square meter) for 2005, with an uncertainty range of 0.005 to 0.026 W/m, and with a low level of scientific understanding. Therefore, the overall net effect of contrails is positive, i.e. a warming effect. However, the effect varies daily and annually, and overall the magnitude of the forcing is not well known: globally (for 1992 air traffic conditions), values range from 3.5 mW/m to 17 mW/m. Other studies have determined that night flights are mostly responsible for the warming effect: while accounting for only 25% of daily air traffic, they contribute 60 to 80% of contrail radiative forcing. Similarly, winter flights account for only 22% of annual air traffic, but contribute half of the annual mean radiative forcing.

text: Contrails, by affecting the

text: Earth's radiation balance

text: , act as a

text: radiative forcing

text: . Studies have found that contrails trap

text: outgoing longwave radiation

text: emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) at a greater rate than they reflect incoming

text: solar radiation

text: (negative radiative forcing).

text: NASA

text: conducted a great deal of detailed research on atmospheric and climatological effects of contrails, including effects on ozone, ice crystal formation, and particle composition, during the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP).  Global radiative forcing has been calculated from the reanalysis data, climatological models and radiative transfer codes. It is estimated to amount to 0.012 W/m (watts per square meter) for 2005, with an uncertainty range of 0.005 to 0.026 W/m, and with a low level of scientific understanding. Therefore, the overall net effect of contrails is positive, i.e. a warming effect. However, the effect varies daily and annually, and overall the magnitude of the forcing is not well known: globally (for 1992 air traffic conditions), values range from 3.5 mW/m to 17 mW/m. Other studies have determined that night flights are mostly responsible for the warming effect: while accounting for only 25% of daily air traffic, they contribute 60 to 80% of contrail radiative forcing. Similarly, winter flights account for only 22% of annual air traffic, but contribute half of the annual mean radiative forcing.

text: Customers can choose to license only a subset of the processor cores in the Oracle Database Appliance.  This is done by disabling unnecessary processor cores in the BIOS, using a special interface.  Cores can be enabled at a later time, allowing customers to increase the capacity of the appliance if required.

text: At the end of 2012, MT WARNING wrote the song "Sinking Sun" for Corona's "From Where You'd Rather Be" advertising campaign, that was directed by Taylor Steele, Corona's Australian Creative Director.

text: At the end of 2012, MT WARNING wrote the song "Sinking Sun" for

text: Corona

text: 's "From Where You'd Rather Be" advertising campaign, that was directed by Taylor Steele, Corona's Australian Creative Director.

text: Coronal loops are the basic structures of the magnetic solar corona. These loops are the closed-magnetic flux cousins of the open-magnetic flux that can be found in coronal hole (polar) regions and the solar wind. Loops of magnetic flux well-up from the solar body and fill with hot solar plasma. Due to the heightened magnetic activity in these coronal loop regions, coronal loops can often be the precursor to solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

text: Coronal loop

text: s are the basic structures of the magnetic solar corona. These loops are the closed-magnetic flux cousins of the open-magnetic flux that can be found in

text: coronal hole

text: (polar) regions and the

text: solar wind

text: . Loops of magnetic flux well-up from the solar body and fill with hot solar plasma. Due to the heightened magnetic activity in these coronal loop regions, coronal loops can often be the precursor to

text: solar flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs).

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere,

text: photon

text: s interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an

text: overcast

text: day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why

text: sunset

text: s are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on July 31, 1962. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on July 31, 1962. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: As he speaks, we transition to the Sun, and watching a Sun Spot spin into view, we dive into and pass through the chromosphere, and head toward the center. The mentor lays down the basis of our story as we travel through the Sun. He explains that the "man in the sun is called the Core (voiced by William Shatner)" and spins a story how he is good and that his children "photons" are sent out to chase away the darkness, and bring life, warmth, and knowledge to Earth. He adds that the only being who does not like the Core is a creature called the "Void" (voiced by Mark Hamill) who is an ancient, malevolent, being who existed before the Big Bang, and who sits at the edge of the solar system, scheming to stop the Core.

text: As he speaks, we

text: transition

text: to the Sun, and watching a Sun Spot spin into view, we dive into and pass through the

text: chromosphere

text: , and head toward the

text: center

text: . The mentor lays down the basis of our story as we travel through the Sun. He explains that the "man in the sun is called the Core (voiced by

text: William Shatner

text: )" and spins a story how he is good and that his children "

text: photons

text: " are sent out to chase away the darkness, and bring life, warmth, and knowledge to Earth. He adds that the only being who does not like the Core is a creature called the "Void" (voiced by

text: Mark Hamill

text: ) who is an ancient, malevolent, being who existed before the

text: Big Bang

text: , and who sits at the edge of the

text: solar system

text: , scheming to stop the Core.

text: The tachocline is the transition region of the Sun between the radiative interior and the differentially rotating outer convective zone. It is in the outer third of the Sun (by radius). This causes the region to have a very large shear as the rotation rate changes very rapidly. The convective exterior rotates as a normal fluid with differential rotation with the poles rotating slowly and the equator rotating quickly. The radiative interior exhibits solid-body rotation, possibly due to a fossil field. The rotation rate through the interior is roughly equal to the rotation rate at mid-latitudes, i.e. in-between the rate at the slow poles and the fast equator. Recent results from helioseismology indicate that the tachocline is located at a radius of at most 0.70 times the Solar radius (measured from the core, i.e., the surface is at 1 solar radius), with a thickness of 0.04 times the solar radius. This would mean the area has a very large shear profile that is one way that large scale magnetic fields can be formed. The geometry and width of the tachocline plays an important role in models of the solar dynamo by winding up weaker poloidal field to create a much stronger toroidal field. The term tachocline was coined in a paper by Edward Spiegel and Jean-Paul Zahn in 1992 by analogy to the oceanic thermocline.

text: The tachocline is the transition region of the

text: Sun

text: between the

text: radiative interior

text: and the

text: differentially rotating

text: outer

text: convective zone

text: . It is in the outer third of the Sun (by radius). This causes the region to have a very large

text: shear

text: as the rotation rate changes very rapidly. The convective exterior rotates as a normal fluid with differential rotation with the poles rotating slowly and the equator rotating quickly. The radiative interior exhibits solid-body rotation, possibly due to a

text: fossil field

text: . The rotation rate through the interior is roughly equal to the rotation rate at mid-latitudes, i.e. in-between the rate at the slow poles and the fast equator. Recent results from

text: helioseismology

text: indicate that the tachocline is located at a radius of at most 0.70 times the Solar radius (measured from the core, i.e., the surface is at 1 solar radius), with a thickness of 0.04 times the solar radius. This would mean the area has a very large shear profile that is one way that large scale magnetic fields can be formed. The geometry and width of the tachocline plays an important role in models of the

text: solar dynamo

text: by winding up weaker

text: poloidal

text: field to create a much stronger

text: toroidal

text: field. The term tachocline was coined in a paper by

text: Edward Spiegel

text: and

text: Jean-Paul Zahn

text: in 1992 by analogy to the oceanic

text: thermocline

text: Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies. Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium. Vega is also a variable star that varies slightly in brightness. It is rotating rapidly with a velocity of 274 km/s at the equator. This is causing the equator to bulge outward because of centrifugal effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's photosphere that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is being observed from the direction of one of these poles.

text: Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun, but since it is 2.1 times as massive its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies. Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher

text: atomic number

text: than that of

text: helium

text: . Vega is also a

text: variable star

text: that varies slightly in brightness. It is

text: rotating

text: rapidly with a velocity of 274 km/s at the equator. This is causing the equator to bulge outward because of

text: centrifugal

text: effects, and, as a result, there is a variation of temperature across the star's

text: photosphere

text: that reaches a maximum at the poles. From Earth, Vega is being observed from the direction of one of these poles.

text: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature of the Sun's surface, which he calculated to be . This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun.

text: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature of the

text: Sun's surface

text: , which he calculated to be . This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun.

text: The relative sunspot number

text: The relative sunspot number

text: The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and  reported seeing a bump or bulge of light ("Lomonosov's arc") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit.  In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on  5–6 June 2012. They observed the "Lomonosov's arc" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.

text: The existence of an

text: atmosphere on Venus

text: was concluded by

text: Mikhail Lomonosov

text: on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the

text: Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg

text: . He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and  reported seeing a bump or bulge of light ("Lomonosov's arc") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit.  In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on  5–6 June 2012. They observed the "Lomonosov's arc" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.

text: Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood. A solar wind sample return mission, Genesis, was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material.

text: Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from

text: spectroscopic

text: studies, but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood. A

text: solar wind

text: sample return mission,

text: Genesis

text: , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1868. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 18, 1868. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on March 20, 2053. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on March 20, 2053. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 21, 1560. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 21, 1560. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Jiong Qiu (邱炯) is a Chinese-American astrophysicist who won the Karen Harvey Prize for her work in solar flares.

text: Jiong Qiu (邱炯) is a Chinese-American astrophysicist who won the

text: Karen Harvey Prize

text: for her work in solar flares.

text: A powerful solar flare or solar superstorm, which is a drastic and unusual decrease or increase in the Sun's power output, could have severe consequences for life on Earth.

text: A powerful

text: solar flare

text: or solar superstorm, which is a drastic and unusual decrease or increase in the Sun's power output, could have severe consequences for life on Earth.

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's corona.  While the corona consists of extremely hot ionized gases, known as plasma, which do not emit much visible light, prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the chromosphere. The prominence plasma is typically a hundred times cooler and denser than the coronal plasma.A prominence forms over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Some prominences break apart and may then give rise to coronal mass ejections. Scientists are currently researching how and why prominences are formed.

text: Sun

text: 's surface, often in a

text: loop

text: shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the

text: photosphere

text: , and extend outwards into the Sun's

text: corona

text: .  While the corona consists of extremely hot

text: ionized

text: gas

text: es, known as

text: plasma

text: , which do not emit much

text: visible light

text: chromosphere

text: . The prominence plasma is typically a hundred times cooler and denser than the coronal plasma.A prominence forms over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Some prominences break apart and may then give rise to

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s. Scientists are currently researching how and why prominences are formed.

text: The heliosphere, the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with the solar wind plasma. This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves, at approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU).Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere cannot affect the shape of the solar corona within, because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere, forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape, until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun. In December 2004, the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind, which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium.

text: The

text: heliosphere

text: , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun, is filled with the solar wind plasma. This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the

text: solar wind

text: becomes superalfvénic—that is, where the flow becomes faster than the speed of

text: Alfvén wave

text: s, at approximately 20 solar radii (0.1 AU).Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere cannot affect the shape of the solar corona within, because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves. The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere, forming the solar magnetic field into a

text: spiral

text: shape, until it impacts the

text: heliopause

text: more than 50

text: AU

text: from the Sun. In December 2004, the

text: Voyager 1

text: probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in

text: cosmic ray

text: collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind, which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the

text: interstellar medium

text: Al-Radi was recalled by the Central Committee in June 1955, after it removed Uthman from the secretariat. His more moderate line, focused on an alliance with all potential progressive and national forces, seemed more likely to yield results; in any case, the series of confrontations with the police which Uthman had incited had greatly weakened the organisation and were clearly not sustainable. Al-Radi reorganised the Central Committee, and the following year succeeded in reuniting the party, bringing two dissident groups back into the fold.

text: Schwabe was born at Dessau. At first an apothecary, he turned his attention to astronomy, and in 1826 commenced his observations on sunspots. Schwabe was trying to discover a new planet inside the orbit of Mercury which was tentatively called Vulcan. Because of the proximity to the Sun, it would have been very difficult to observe Vulcan, and Schwabe believed one possibility to detect the planet might be to see it as a dark spot when passing in front of the Sun. For 17 years, from 1826 to 1843, on every clear day, Schwabe would scan the sun and record its spots trying to detect Vulcan among them. He did not find the planet but noticed the regular variation in the number of sunspots and published his findings in a short article entitled "Solar Observations during 1843". In it he made the suggestion of a probable ten-year period (i.e. that at every tenth year the number of spots reached a maximum). This paper at first attracted little attention, but Rudolf Wolf who was at that time the director of Bern observatory, was impressed so he began regular observations of sunspots. Schwabe's observations were afterwards utilized in 1851 by Alexander von Humboldt in the third volume of his Kosmos. The periodicity of sunspots is now fully recognized; and to Schwabe is thus due the credit of one of the most important discoveries in astronomy.

text: Schwabe was born at

text: Dessau

text: . At first an

text: apothecary

text: , he turned his attention to

text: astronomy

text: , and in 1826 commenced his observations on

text: sunspot

text: s. Schwabe was trying to discover a new

text: planet

text: inside the

text: orbit

text: of

text: Mercury

text: which was tentatively called

text: Vulcan

text: . Because of the proximity to the

text: Sun

text: , it would have been very difficult to observe Vulcan, and Schwabe believed one possibility to detect the planet might be to see it as a dark spot when passing in front of the Sun. For 17 years, from 1826 to 1843, on every clear day, Schwabe would scan the sun and record its spots trying to detect Vulcan among them. He did not find the planet but noticed the

text: regular variation in the number of sunspots

text: and published his findings in a short article entitled "Solar Observations during 1843". In it he made the suggestion of a probable ten-year

text: period

text: (i.e. that at every tenth year the number of spots reached a maximum). This paper at first attracted little attention, but

text: Rudolf Wolf

text: who was at that time the director of

text: Bern

text: observatory, was impressed so he began regular observations of sunspots. Schwabe's observations were afterwards utilized in 1851 by

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: in the third volume of his

text: Kosmos

text: . The periodicity of sunspots is now fully recognized; and to Schwabe is thus due the credit of one of the most important discoveries in astronomy.

text: Return of Django is an album by The Upsetters, released in 1969. The title is a reference to the spaghetti western Django, released in 1966. The title song featured in the video game, Grand Theft Auto: London 1969, which is set in 1969, and as a cover, in the film The Beach. The album was re-released on the 20 February 2012 on 180g vinyl through Sunspot Records.

text: Return of Django is an album by

text: The Upsetters

text: , released in 1969. The title is a reference to the

text: spaghetti western

text: Django

text: , released in 1966. The title song featured in the video game,

text: Grand Theft Auto: London 1969

text: , which is set in 1969, and as a cover, in the film

text: The Beach

text: . The album was re-released on the 20 February 2012 on 180g vinyl through Sunspot Records.

text: The amount of power required to heat the solar corona can easily be calculated as the difference between coronal radiative losses and heating by thermal conduction toward the chromosphere through the transition region. It is about 1 kilowatt for every square meter of surface area on the Sun's chromosphere, or 1/40000 of the amount of light energy that escapes the Sun.

text: The amount of power required to heat the solar corona can easily be calculated as the difference between

text: coronal radiative losses

text: and heating by thermal conduction toward the

text: chromosphere

text: through the transition region. It is about 1 kilowatt for every square meter of surface area on the Sun's chromosphere, or 1/40000 of the amount of light energy that escapes the Sun.

text: where the  are the neutrino magnetic moments,  are the neutrino masses, and  is the Bohr magneton. New physics above the electroweak scale could, however, lead to significantly higher neutrino magnetic moments. It can be shown in a model independent way that neutrino magnetic moments larger than about 10  are unnatural, because they would also lead to large radiative contributions to the neutrino mass. Since the neutrino masses cannot exceed about 1 eV, these radiative corrections must then be assumed to be fine tuned to cancel out to a large degree.

text: where the  are the neutrino magnetic moments,  are the neutrino masses, and  is the

text: Bohr magneton

text: . New physics above the electroweak scale could, however, lead to significantly higher neutrino magnetic moments. It can be shown in a model independent way that neutrino magnetic moments larger than about 10  are unnatural, because they would also lead to large radiative contributions to the neutrino mass. Since the neutrino masses cannot exceed about 1 eV, these radiative corrections must then be assumed to be fine tuned to cancel out to a large degree.

text: 'Sunspots' have been included in economic models as a way of capturing these 'extrinsic' fluctuations, in fields like asset pricing, financial crises, business cycles, economic growth, and monetary policy. Experimental economics researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.

text: 'Sunspots' have been included in

text: economic models

text: as a way of capturing these 'extrinsic' fluctuations, in fields like

text: asset pricing

text: financial crises

text: business cycle

text: s,

text: economic growth

text: , and

text: monetary policy

text: Experimental economics

text: researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.

text: The chromosphere of Tau Ceti—the portion of a star's atmosphere just above the light-emitting photosphere—currently displays little or no magnetic activity, indicating a stable star. One nine-year study of temperature, granulation, and the chromosphere showed no systematic variations; Ca II emissions around the H and K infrared bands show a possible 11-year cycle, but this is weak relative to the Sun. Alternatively it has been suggested that the star could be in a low-activity state analogous to a Maunder minimum—a historical period, associated with the Little Ice Age in Europe, when sunspots became exceedingly rare on the Sun's surface. Spectral line profiles of Tau Ceti are extremely narrow, indicating low turbulence and observed rotation. The amplitude of the star's oscillations are about half those of the Sun, and have a lower mode lifetime.

text: The

text: chromosphere

text: of Tau Ceti—the portion of a star's atmosphere just above the light-emitting

text: photosphere

text: —currently displays little or no magnetic activity, indicating a stable star. One nine-year study of temperature,

text: granulation

text: , and the chromosphere showed no systematic variations; Ca II emissions around the H and K

text: infrared bands

text: show a possible 11-year cycle, but this is weak relative to the Sun. Alternatively it has been suggested that the star could be in a low-activity state analogous to a

text: Maunder minimum

text: —a historical period, associated with the

text: Little Ice Age

text: in Europe, when

text: sunspot

text: s became exceedingly rare on the Sun's surface.

text: Spectral line

text: profiles of Tau Ceti are extremely narrow, indicating low turbulence and observed rotation. The amplitude of the star's oscillations are about half those of the Sun, and have a lower mode lifetime.

text: In late 1611, the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner, a mathematics teacher at Ingolstadt, using the pseudonym Apelles latens post tabulam (Apelles hiding behind the painting), wrote three letters to Welser, claiming the discovery of sunspots.  These, Scheiner held, could not be an alteration of the Sun, which according to Aristotelian doctrine was an incorruptible celestial body, but instead were stars interposed between Earth and the Sun, which by an optical illusion appeared to be on the solar surface.  Welser, a patron of academics and strongly connected with the Jesuits, caused Scheiner's observations to be published, and asked Galileo for an opinion.  Galileo responded to Welser, criticizing  him for diffusing an erroneous theory, which Galileo identified as having Jesuit origin, of three satellites orbiting the Sun.  Scheiner responded, this time openly sustaining his theory with the book De maculis solaribus [...] accuratior disquisitio.  Galileo replied in December 1612 with a third letter to Welser in which he claimed that he, prior to Scheiner, had discovered sunspots. In 1613, under the auspices of the Accademia dei Lincei, Galileo published Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti ("History and demonstration regarding sunspots and their behavior"),  confirming that sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the Sun, which with reasonable probability drew them along with its rotation.

text: In late 1611, the Jesuit

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: , a mathematics teacher at

text: Ingolstadt

text: , using the pseudonym Apelles latens post tabulam (

text: Apelles

text: hiding behind the painting), wrote three letters to Welser, claiming the discovery of

text: sunspot

text: s.  These, Scheiner held, could not be an alteration of the Sun, which according to

text: Aristotelian

text: doctrine was an incorruptible celestial body, but instead were stars interposed between Earth and the Sun, which by an

text: optical illusion

text: appeared to be on the solar surface.  Welser, a patron of academics and strongly connected with the Jesuits, caused Scheiner's observations to be published, and asked

text: Galileo

text: for an opinion.  Galileo responded to Welser, criticizing  him for diffusing an erroneous theory, which Galileo identified as having Jesuit origin, of three satellites orbiting the Sun.  Scheiner responded, this time openly sustaining his theory with the book De maculis solaribus [...] accuratior disquisitio.  Galileo replied in December 1612 with a third letter to Welser in which he claimed that he, prior to Scheiner, had discovered sunspots. In 1613, under the auspices of the Accademia dei Lincei, Galileo published Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti ("History and demonstration regarding sunspots and their behavior"),  confirming that sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the Sun, which with reasonable probability drew them along with its rotation.

text: At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old. The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle. This is an 11-year oscillation in sunspot number. Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

text: At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the

text: Sun

text: , a typical main-sequence

text: dwarf star

text: of

text: stellar class

text: G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old. The Sun is not considered a

text: variable star

text: , but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the

text: sunspot cycle

text: . This is an 11-year oscillation in

text: sunspot number

text: . Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

text: The journal covers topics related to the emission of light (luminescence):exciton and polariton dynamics, dynamics of localized excited states, energy transport in ordered and disordered systems, radiative and non-radiative recombination, relaxation processes, vibronic interactions in electronic excited states, photochemistry in condensed systems, excited state resonance, double resonance, selective excitation spectroscopy, coherent processes in excited states, e.g. coherent optical transients, photon echos, transient gratings, multiphoton processes such as optical bistability, hole burning, photochromism, multiphoton spectroscopy, new techniques for the study of excited states, etcetera.The Journal of Luminescence is published by Elsevier.

text: The journal covers topics related to the emission of light (

text: luminescence

text: exciton

text: and

text: polariton

text: dynamics, dynamics of localized

text: excited state

text: s, energy transport in ordered and disordered systems, radiative and non-radiative

text: recombination

text: relaxation process

text: es, vibronic interactions in electronic excited states,

text: photochemistry

text: in

text: condensed system

text: s, excited state

text: resonance

text: , double resonance, selective excitation spectroscopy,

text: coherent processes

text: in excited states, e.g. coherent optical transients,

text: photon echo

text: s, transient gratings,

text: multiphoton processes

text: such as

text: optical bistability

text: hole burning

text: , photochromism,

text: multiphoton spectroscopy

text: , new techniques for the study of

text: excited state

text: s, etcetera.The Journal of Luminescence is published by Elsevier.

text: One example would be Black Sun. It could be interpreted as a concept album about a space exploration mission. A team of astronauts visits a new, never before seen, planet ('Black Sun'). With them, they have a crew member who can see the future ('Magic Eye'), and they end up blowing up in the process of reentry into Earth's atmosphere ('Armageddon'). The person (or thing) they (the crew) are speaking to in 'Armageddon' is widely considered by fans of the band to be the birds of prey on the covers of their albums. Though some may interpret the songs on Black Sun to have contained the previously mentioned themes (as seen in 'Fear'; a song about the relationship between politics and war), there is no way to be truly sure, as none of the writers have really spoken about the true meanings of the lyrics, and because of this, there is much controversy within the band's fan base on the issue of lyrical themes and meanings.

text: Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode. For negative corona, instead, the dominant process generating secondary electrons is the photoelectric effect, from the surface of the electrode itself. The work function of the electrons (the energy required to liberate the electrons from the surface) is considerably lower than the ionization energy of air at standard temperatures and pressures, making it a more liberal source of secondary electrons under these conditions. Again, the source of energy for the electron-liberation is a high-energy photon from an atom within the plasma body relaxing after excitation from an earlier collision. The use of ionized neutral gas as a source of ionization is further diminished in a negative corona by the high-concentration of positive ions clustering around the curved electrode.

text: Electrons ionized from the neutral gas are not useful in sustaining the negative corona process by generating secondary electrons for further avalanches, as the general movement of electrons in a negative corona is outward from the curved electrode. For negative corona, instead, the dominant process generating secondary electrons is the

text: photoelectric effect

text: , from the surface of the electrode itself. The

text: work function

text: of the electrons (the energy required to liberate the electrons from the surface) is considerably lower than the

text: ionization energy

text: of air at standard temperatures and pressures, making it a more liberal source of secondary electrons under these conditions. Again, the source of energy for the electron-liberation is a high-energy photon from an atom within the plasma body relaxing after excitation from an earlier collision. The use of ionized neutral gas as a source of ionization is further diminished in a negative corona by the high-concentration of positive ions clustering around the curved electrode.

text: However, at ground level sunlight is 44% visible light, 3% ultraviolet (with the Sun at its zenith), and the remainder infrared. Thus, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of the Sun's UV, almost entirely in the shorter UV wavelengths, when the Sun is highest in the sky (zenith). Of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, more than 95% is the longer wavelengths of UVA, with the small remainder UVB. There is essentially no UVC. The fraction of UVB which remains in UV radiation after passing through the atmosphere is heavily dependent on cloud cover and atmospheric conditions. Thick clouds block UVB effectively; but in "partly cloudy" days, patches of blue sky showing between clouds are also sources of (scattered) UVA and UVB, which are produced by Rayleigh scattering in the same way as the visible blue light from those parts of the sky.

text: However, at ground level sunlight is 44% visible light, 3% ultraviolet (with the Sun at its zenith), and the remainder infrared. Thus, the atmosphere blocks about 77% of the Sun's UV, almost entirely in the shorter UV wavelengths, when the Sun is highest in the sky (zenith). Of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface, more than 95% is the longer wavelengths of UVA, with the small remainder UVB. There is essentially no UVC. The fraction of UVB which remains in UV radiation after passing through the atmosphere is heavily dependent on cloud cover and atmospheric conditions. Thick clouds block UVB effectively; but in "partly cloudy" days, patches of blue sky showing between clouds are also sources of (scattered) UVA and UVB, which are produced by

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: in the same way as the visible blue light from those parts of the sky.

text: This is an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F2 V, where the luminosity class V indicates that it is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. It is slightly larger than the Sun, with 108% of the Sun's mass and 139% of the Sun's radius. HD 49933 emits 3.47 times as much energy as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at a higher effective temperature of about 6,598 K, giving it the yellow-white hue of an F-type star. It is estimated to be 2.4 billion years old.

text: This is an

text: F-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of F2 V, where the

text: luminosity class

text: V indicates that it is generating energy through the

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. It is slightly larger than the Sun, with 108% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 139% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: . HD 49933 emits 3.47 times as much

text: energy

text: as the Sun from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at a higher

text: effective temperature

text: of about 6,598 K, giving it the yellow-white hue of an

text: F-type star

text: . It is estimated to be 2.4 billion years old.

text: During a total solar eclipse, the photosphere of the Sun is obscured, revealing its atmosphere's other layers. Observed during eclipse, the sun's chromosphere appears (briefly) as a thin pinkish arc, and its corona is seen as a tufted halo. The same phenomenon in eclipsing binaries can make the chromosphere of giant stars visible.

text: During a total

text: solar eclipse

text: , the photosphere of the Sun is

text: obscured

text: , revealing its atmosphere's other layers. Observed during eclipse, the sun's chromosphere appears (briefly) as a thin pinkish

text: arc

text: , and its corona is seen as a tufted

text: halo

text: . The same phenomenon in

text: eclipsing binaries

text: can make the chromosphere of giant stars visible.

text: Large solar flares often occur during a maximum. For example, the solar storm of 1859 struck the Earth with such intensity that the northern lights were visible as far from the poles as Cuba and Hawaii.

text: Large

text: solar flare

text: s often occur during a maximum. For example, the

text: solar storm of 1859

text: struck the Earth with such intensity that the

text: northern lights

text: were visible as far from the poles as

text: Cuba

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on July 10, 1907. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on July 10, 1907. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: The emitting plasma is almost completely ionized and very light, its density is about 10 - 10 g/cm. Particles are so isolated that almost all the photons can leave the Sun's surface without interacting with the matter above the photosphere: in other words, the corona is transparent to the radiation and the emission of the plasma is optically-thin. The Sun's atmosphere is not the unique example of X-ray source, since hot plasmas are present wherever in the Universe: from stellar coronae to thin galactic halos. These stellar environments are the subject of the X-ray astronomy.

text: The emitting plasma is almost completely ionized and very light, its density is about 10 - 10 g/cm. Particles are so isolated that almost all the

text: photons

text: can leave the

text: Sun

text: 's surface without interacting with the matter above the

text: photosphere

text: : in other words, the corona is transparent to the radiation and the emission of the

text: plasma

text: is optically-thin. The Sun's atmosphere is not the unique example of

text: X-ray source

text: , since hot plasmas are present wherever in the Universe: from stellar coronae to thin

text: galactic halo

text: s. These stellar environments are the subject of the

text: X-ray astronomy

text: This chart compares the sun to Rho Coronae Borealis

text: A stellar classification of M3.5V makes this a red dwarf star that is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. It has an estimated 17% of the Sun's mass and 24% of the Sun's radius, but it is radiating only 0.38% of the luminosity of the Sun. In contrast to the Sun where convection only occurs in the outer layers, a red dwarf with a mass this low will be entirely convective. Based on the relatively high projected rotation, this is probably a young star with an estimated age of less than a billion years. The abundance of elements heavier than helium is about half that in the Sun.

text: A

text: stellar classification

text: of M3.5V makes this a

text: red dwarf

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. It has an estimated 17% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and 24% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: , but it is radiating only 0.38% of the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . In contrast to the Sun where convection only occurs in the outer layers, a red dwarf with a mass this low will be entirely

text: convective

text: . Based on the relatively high

text: projected rotation

text: , this is probably a young star with an estimated age of less than a billion years. The abundance of elements heavier than helium is about half that in the Sun.

text: Sunspot 7: Groove 7" (1000 pressed)

text: Sunspot 7: Groove 7" (1000 pressed)

text: The sun visor's flap or core is typically made from pressboard with a piece of metal for its attachment onto a mounting bracket. Some are made of molded substrates or polypropylene. The mounting bracket is often a metal rod with a slight bend in the middle and a bracket that attaches it with screws to the sheet metal above the headliner. The bend in the rod serves to hold the visor flap in the desired position. The visor flap is covered with a material, most often to complement the interior of the vehicle. Padding on the sun visors became popular for the extra protection afforded to passengers. Such safety improvements included Ford's 1956 Lifeguard package and the seat belts, as well as padded dash and visors that were offered by 1957 on Rambler cars.

text: The sun visor's flap or core is typically made from

text: pressboard

text: with a piece of metal for its attachment onto a mounting bracket. Some are made of molded substrates or

text: polypropylene

text: . The mounting bracket is often a metal rod with a slight bend in the middle and a bracket that attaches it with screws to the sheet metal above the

text: headliner

text: . The bend in the rod serves to hold the visor flap in the desired position. The visor flap is covered with a material, most often to complement the interior of the vehicle. Padding on the sun visors became popular for the extra protection afforded to passengers. Such safety improvements included Ford's 1956

text: Lifeguard

text: package and the

text: seat belt

text: s, as well as padded dash and visors that were offered by 1957 on

text: Rambler cars

text: Matter in a radiation zone is so dense that photons can travel only a short distance before they are absorbed or scattered by another particle, gradually shifting to longer wavelength as they do so. For this reason, it takes an average of 171,000 years for gamma rays from the core of the Sun to leave the radiation zone. Over this range, the temperature of the plasma drops from 15 million K near the core down to 1.5 million K at the base of the convection zone.

text: Matter in a radiation zone is so dense that photons can travel only a short distance before they are absorbed or scattered by another particle, gradually shifting to longer wavelength as they do so. For this reason, it takes an average of 171,000 years for

text: gamma ray

text: s from the core of the Sun to leave the radiation zone. Over this range, the temperature of the plasma drops from 15 million K near the core down to 1.5 million K at the base of the convection zone.

text: A radiation zone, radiative zone or radiative region is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of radiative diffusion and thermal conduction, rather than by convection. Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of electromagnetic radiation as photons.

text: A radiation zone, radiative zone or radiative region is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of

text: radiative diffusion

text: and

text: thermal conduction

text: , rather than by

text: convection

text: . Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: as

text: photon

text: s.

text: Asteroseismic studies, chromospheric activity, and stellar rotation (gyrochronology), are all consistent with the α Cen system being similar in age to, or slightly older than, the Sun, with typical ages quoted between 4.5 and 7 billion years (Gyr). Asteroseismic analyses that incorporate the tight observational constraints on the stellar parameters for α Cen A and/or B have yielded age estimates of 4.85 ± 0.5 Gyr, 5.0 ± 0.5 Gyr, 5.2–7.1 Gyr, 6.4 Gyr, and 6.52 ± 0.3 Gyr. Age estimates for stars A and B based on chromospheric activity (Calcium H & K emission) yield 4.4–6.5 Gyr, whereas gyrochronology yields 5.0 ± 0.3 Gyr.

text: Asteroseismic

text: studies,

text: chromospheric activity

text: , and stellar rotation (

text: gyrochronology

text: ), are all consistent with the α Cen system being similar in age to, or slightly older than, the Sun, with typical ages quoted between 4.5 and 7 billion years (

text: Gyr

text: ). Asteroseismic analyses that incorporate the tight observational constraints on the stellar parameters for α Cen A and/or B have yielded age estimates of 4.85 ± 0.5 Gyr, 5.0 ± 0.5 Gyr, 5.2–7.1 Gyr, 6.4 Gyr, and 6.52 ± 0.3 Gyr. Age estimates for stars A and B based on chromospheric activity (Calcium H & K emission) yield 4.4–6.5 Gyr, whereas gyrochronology yields 5.0 ± 0.3 Gyr.

text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for Mercury and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for

text: Mercury

text: and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

text: Astronomers use stellar flux and the inverse-square law to extrapolate circumstellar habitable zone models created for the Solar System to other stars. For example, although the Solar System has a circumstellar habitable zone centered at 1.34 AU from the Sun, a star with 0.25 times the luminosity of the Sun would have a habitable zone centered at

text: Astronomers use stellar flux and the

text: inverse-square law

text: to extrapolate circumstellar habitable zone models created for the Solar System to other stars. For example, although the Solar System has a circumstellar habitable zone centered at 1.34 AU from the Sun, a star with 0.25 times the luminosity of the Sun would have a habitable zone centered at

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids. The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid inner core, with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid outer core. The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about , to the core-mantle boundary, which is about . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically

text: conducting

text: fluids. The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid

text: inner core

text: , with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid

text: outer core

text: . The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about , to the

text: core-mantle boundary

text: , which is about . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.

text: HD 218566 is a smaller star than the Sun, with about 81% of the Sun's mass and 86% of the radius of the Sun. It is a K-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of K3 V that is generating energy by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. HD 218556 is radiating around 35% of the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,849 K. This heat gives the star the characteristic orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: HD 218566 is a smaller star than the Sun, with about 81% of the Sun's mass and 86% of the radius of the Sun. It is a

text: K-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K3 V that is generating energy by the

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. HD 218556 is radiating around 35% of the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,849 K. This heat gives the star the characteristic orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: In 1928, exceptional observation conditions enabled him to photograph a higher prominence on the sun's surface than ever seen before. He also photographed the brightest and largest solar hydrogen eruption up to that date.

text: Around the year 1610, Galileo Galilei observed sunspots and calculated the rotation of the Sun. In 1630, Christoph Scheiner reported that the Sun had different rotational periods at the poles and at the equator, in good agreement with modern values.

text: Around the year 1610,

text: Galileo Galilei

text: observed

text: sunspots

text: and calculated the

text: rotation of the Sun

text: . In 1630,

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: reported that the Sun had different rotational periods at the poles and at the equator, in good agreement with modern values.

text: The Sun's solar corona was first successfully imaged during the Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851. Dr. August Ludwig Busch, the Director of the Königsberg Observatory gave instructions for a local daguerreotypist named Berkowski (his first name is not known) to image the eclipse. Busch himself was not present at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), but preferred to observe the eclipse from nearby Rixhoft. The telescope used by Berkowski was attached to the 6 ½-inch Königsberg Heliometer and had an aperture of only 2.4 inches (6.1 cm), and a focal length of 32 inches (81.2 cm). Commencing immediately after the beginning of totality, Berkowski exposed a daguerreotype plate for 84 seconds in the focus of the telescope, and on development an image of the corona was obtained. He also exposed a second plate for about 40 to 45 seconds but was spoiled when the sun broke out from behind the moon. More detailed photographic studies of the Sun were made by the British astronomer Warren De la Rue starting in 1861.

text: The Sun's solar corona was first successfully imaged during the

text: Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851

text: . Dr. August Ludwig Busch, the Director of the Königsberg Observatory gave instructions for a local daguerreotypist named Berkowski (his first name is not known) to image the eclipse. Busch himself was not present at

text: Königsberg

text: (now

text: Kaliningrad

text: , Russia), but preferred to observe the eclipse from nearby Rixhoft. The telescope used by Berkowski was attached to the 6 ½-inch Königsberg Heliometer and had an aperture of only 2.4 inches (6.1 cm), and a focal length of 32 inches (81.2 cm). Commencing immediately after the beginning of totality, Berkowski exposed a daguerreotype plate for 84 seconds in the focus of the telescope, and on development an image of the corona was obtained. He also exposed a second plate for about 40 to 45 seconds but was spoiled when the sun broke out from behind the moon. More detailed photographic studies of the Sun were made by the British astronomer

text: Warren De la Rue

text: starting in 1861.

text: Sun Fu had four sons: Sun Xing, Sun Zhao, Sun Wei and Sun Xin. He also had a daughter, who was married to Luo Tong.

text: Sun Fu

text: had four sons: Sun Xing, Sun Zhao, Sun Wei and Sun Xin. He also had a daughter, who was married to

text: Luo Tong

text: Engaging in solar and heliospheric science, the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission is intended to study of the solar atmosphere,  and in particular, of the interface between the photosphere and corona.  The IRIS mission will accomplish this by tracing the flow of energy and plasma through the chromosphere and transition region into the corona using spectrometry and imaging. IRIS is designed to provide significant new information to increase the understanding of energy transport into the corona and solar wind and provide an archetype for all stellar atmospheres. The unique instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in our knowledge of this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the sun to Earth. The IRIS mission launched June 27, 2013.

text: Engaging in solar and heliospheric science, the

text: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

text: (IRIS) mission is intended to study of the

text: solar atmosphere

text: ,  and in particular, of the interface between the

text: photosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: .  The IRIS mission will accomplish this by tracing the flow of energy and

text: plasma

text: through the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: transition region

text: into the

text: corona

text: using

text: spectrometry

text: and imaging. IRIS is designed to provide significant new information to increase the understanding of

text: energy transport

text: into the corona and

text: solar wind

text: and provide an archetype for all stellar

text: atmosphere

text: s. The unique instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in our knowledge of this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the sun to Earth. The IRIS mission launched June 27, 2013.

text: Five brave, skilled, and adventurous young people are chosen to search for several magical jewels that were long ago taken from the Corona Aurora (literally "Crown of the Dawn"), so as to prevent them from coming into the possession of Moltor and Flurious, who are brothers connected to ice and fire banished long ago by the Coronas guardian for having attempted to steal it. When the billionaire explorer Andrew Hartford discovered the Corona Aurora, they escaped their exile and rallied their allies. In response, Andrew Hartford selected the talented youths and modified their DNA so as to grant them exceptional physical powers by which to combat the evil. Although Moltor and Flurious initially attempted to work together, they soon became rivals. The Corona Aurora fell into Moltor's hands; yet without its jewels, it could not grant the owner universal power. Later, the evil warriors Kamdor and Miratrix began hunting for the jewels, as did the extraterrestrial 'Fearcats'. Now the Rangers, joined by a Mercurian named Tyzonn who joined their ranks as the Mercury Ranger, are forced to fight multiple villains and travel worldwide in the effort to capture the jewels before their enemies can.

text: Five brave, skilled, and adventurous young people are chosen to search for several magical

text: jewels

text: that were long ago taken from the Corona Aurora (literally "

text: Crown

text: of the Dawn"), so as to prevent them from coming into the possession of Moltor and Flurious, who are brothers connected to ice and fire banished long ago by the Coronas guardian for having attempted to steal it. When the billionaire explorer Andrew Hartford discovered the Corona Aurora, they escaped their exile and rallied their allies. In response, Andrew Hartford selected the talented youths and modified their DNA so as to grant them exceptional physical powers by which to combat the evil. Although Moltor and Flurious initially attempted to work together, they soon became rivals. The Corona Aurora fell into Moltor's hands; yet without its jewels, it could not grant the owner universal power. Later, the evil warriors Kamdor and Miratrix began hunting for the jewels, as did the extraterrestrial 'Fearcats'. Now the Rangers, joined by a Mercurian named Tyzonn who joined their ranks as the Mercury Ranger, are forced to fight multiple villains and travel worldwide in the effort to capture the jewels before their enemies can.

text: The seven years' reign of ar-Radi, son of caliph al-Muqtadir, was but a succession of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the mere tool of the chief minister of the day. The authority of the Caliph extended hardly beyond the region of the capital city. After one Vazir had been imprisoned by his enemies, and another had defected in disgrace, ar-Radi, being without resources, fell into the hands of an able but cruel, de facto ruling Minister, Ibn Raik, for whom he created the post of amir al-umara 'Amir of the Amirs', who held so absolutely the reins of government that his name was conjoined with the Caliph's in the public prayers.

text: The seven years' reign of ar-Radi, son of caliph

text: al-Muqtadir

text: , was but a succession of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the mere tool of the chief minister of the day. The authority of the Caliph extended hardly beyond the region of the capital city. After one

text: Vazir

text: had been imprisoned by his enemies, and another had defected in disgrace, ar-Radi, being without resources, fell into the hands of an able but cruel, de facto ruling Minister,

text: Ibn Raik

text: , for whom he created the post of

text: amir al-umara

text: Amir of the Amirs

text: ', who held so absolutely the reins of government that his name was conjoined with the Caliph's in the public prayers.

text: Since 1 July 2015 a revised and updated list of the sunspot numbers has been made available.  The biggest difference is an overall increase by a factor of 1.6 to the entire series.  Traditionally, a scaling of 0.6 was applied to all sunspot counts after 1893, to compensate for Alfred Wolfer's better equipment, after taking over from Wolf.  This scaling has been dropped from the revised series, making modern counts closer to their raw values.  Also, counts were reduced slightly after 1947 to compensate for bias introduced by a new counting method adopted that year, in which sunspots are weighted according to their size.

text: MWC 349 may be a runaway star ejected from the nearby, massive Cygnus OB2 association. The mass of the main component of the system, MWC 349A, is assumed to have been when the star was born 40 times the mass of the Sun, but stellar evolution left it with just 20-25 solar masses, destabilizing the system and causing MWC 349B to puff out its chromosphere.

text: MWC 349 may be a

text: runaway star

text: ejected from the nearby, massive

text: Cygnus OB2

text: association

text: . The mass of the main component of the system, MWC 349A, is assumed to have been when the star was born 40 times the mass of the Sun, but

text: stellar evolution

text: left it with just 20-25

text: solar mass

text: es, destabilizing the system and causing MWC 349B to puff out its chromosphere.

text: Rady Children's has nearly 700 physicians and more than 1,000 nurses on staff, nearly 3,000 employees, 450 active volunteers, and more than 1,200 Auxiliary members.

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels." Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

text: Solar energy, radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: sun

text: , has been harnessed by humans since

text: ancient times

text: using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include

text: solar heating

text: solar photovoltaics

text: concentrated solar power

text: and

text: solar architecture

text: , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The

text: International Energy Agency

text: projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels." Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of

text: photovoltaic system

text: s and

text: solar thermal collector

text: s to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: naturally circulate air

text: The photosphere denotes those solar or stellar surface layers from which optical radiation escapes.  These stellar outer layers can be modeled by different computer programs. Often, calculated models are used, together with other programs, to calculate synthetic spectra for stars.  For example, in varying the assumed abundance of a chemical element, and comparing the synthetic spectra to observed ones, the abundance of that element in that particular star can be determined.As computers have evolved, the complexity of the models has deepened, becoming more realistic in including more physical data and excluding more of the simplifying assumptions. This evolution of the models has also made them applicable to different kinds of stars.

text: The

text: photosphere

text: denotes those solar or stellar surface layers from which optical radiation escapes.  These stellar outer layers can be modeled by different computer programs. Often, calculated models are used, together with other programs, to calculate synthetic

text: spectra

text: for

text: star

text: s.  For example, in varying the assumed abundance of a chemical element, and comparing the synthetic spectra to observed ones, the abundance of that element in that particular star can be determined.As computers have evolved, the complexity of the models has deepened, becoming more realistic in including more physical data and excluding more of the simplifying assumptions. This evolution of the models has also made them applicable to different kinds of stars.

text: The term 'visual presentation' is used to refer to the actual presentation of information through a visible medium such as text or images. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically-oriented usability. Graphic designers also use methods of visual communication in their professional practice. Visual communication on the World Wide Web is perhaps the most important form of communication that takes place while users are surfing the Internet. When experiencing the web, one uses the eyes as the primary sense, and therefore the visual presentation of a website is very important for users to understand the message or of the communication taking place.The Eye of Horus is often referred to as the symbol of visual communication. It is said to be a representation of an eclipse, as the corona around the pupil is like the corona around the sun during a solar eclipse.

text: The term 'visual presentation' is used to refer to the actual presentation of information through a visible medium such as text or images. Recent research in the field has focused on

text: web design

text: and graphically-oriented usability.

text: Graphic designers

text: also use methods of visual communication in their professional practice. Visual communication on the

text: World Wide Web

text: is perhaps the most important form of communication that takes place while users are surfing the Internet. When experiencing the web, one uses the eyes as the primary sense, and therefore the visual presentation of a website is very important for users to understand the message or of the communication taking place.The

text: Eye of Horus

text: is often referred to as the symbol of visual communication. It is said to be a representation of an eclipse, as the corona around the pupil is like the corona around the sun during a solar eclipse.

text: The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.  Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane), known as the Parker spiral. The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection. As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.

text: The Earth is constantly immersed in the

text: solar wind

text: , a rarefied flow of hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the

text: corona

text: . The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During

text: magnetic storms

text: , in particular, flows can be several times faster; the

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.  Her work resulted from data collected by the

text: Explorer 33

text: spacecraft.The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of

text: plasma

text: (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since

text: Michael Faraday

text: 's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion.

text: Dynamo

text: s make use of this basic process ("the

text: dynamo effect

text: "), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the

text: sunspot

text: s, and its

text: field lines (lines of force)

text: are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane), known as the

text: Parker spiral

text: . The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as

text: magnetic reconnection

text: . As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the

text: north magnetic pole

text: and

text: south magnetic pole

text: The core inside 0.20 of the solar radius, contains 34% of the Sun's mass, but only 0.8% of the Sun's volume. Inside 0.24 solar radius, the core generates 99% of the fusion power of the Sun. There are two distinct reactions in which four hydrogen nuclei may eventually result in one helium nucleus: the proton-proton chain reaction – which is responsible for most of the Sun's released energy – and the CNO cycle.

text: The core inside 0.20 of the

text: solar radius

text: , contains 34% of the Sun's mass, but only 0.8% of the Sun's volume. Inside 0.24 solar radius, the core generates 99% of the

text: fusion power

text: of the Sun. There are two distinct reactions in which four hydrogen nuclei may eventually result in one helium nucleus: the

text: proton-proton chain reaction

text: – which is responsible for most of the Sun's released energy – and the

text: CNO cycle

text: On November 3, 2011, active region 1339, one of the largest sunspots in years -40,000 km wide and at least twice that in length-, unleashed an X1.9-class solar flare. Waves of ionization in the upper atmosphere created a R3 (strong) radio blackout. The related CME was not headed for Earth. 13 bursts of M category were registered this month. November 2011 may be considered the most active month of the current Cycle 24 so far, as monthly sunspot count was nearly 100 (96.7) and the same went for the F 10.7 Solar Flux (the radio emission from the Sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm), that racked up a value of 153.1. However, these numbers are well below those of Cycle 23 at its peak. Cycle 23 peak sunspot count was 170 and its F10.7 was about 235.

text: Solar storms are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often coronal clouds associated with solar flare CMEs emanating from active sunspot regions, or less often from coronal holes. The Sun can produce intense geomagnetic and proton storms capable of causing power outages, disruption or communications blackouts (including GPS systems) and temporary/permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Solar storms may be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to human spaceflight. Geomagnetic storms cause aurorae.

text: Solar storms are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often

text: coronal cloud

text: s associated with

text: solar flare

text: CMEs emanating from active sunspot regions, or less often from

text: coronal hole

text: s. The Sun can produce intense

text: geomagnetic

text: and proton storms capable of causing

text: power outage

text: s, disruption or

text: communications blackouts

text: (including

text: GPS

text: systems) and temporary/permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Solar storms may be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to

text: human spaceflight

text: . Geomagnetic storms cause aurorae.

text: A Moreton wave is the chromospheric signature of a large-scale solar coronal shock wave. Described as a kind of solar "tsunami", they are generated by solar flares. They are named for American astronomer Gail Moreton, an observer at the Lockheed Solar Observatory in Burbank who spotted them in 1959. He discovered them in time-lapse photography of the chromosphere in the light of the Balmer alpha transition.

text: A Moreton wave is the

text: chromospheric

text: signature of a large-scale solar

text: corona

text: l

text: shock wave

text: . Described as a kind of

text: solar

text: tsunami

text: ", they are generated by

text: solar flares

text: . They are named for

text: American

text: astronomer

text: Gail Moreton

text: , an observer at the

entity_name: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory

text: Lockheed Solar Observatory

text: in

text: Burbank

text: who spotted them in 1959. He discovered them in

text: time-lapse photography

text: of the chromosphere in the light of the

text: Balmer alpha transition

text: On the morning of January 16, the first day the Senate was set to receive the prosecution and defense teams, Corona stated in a speech that "there is no turning back" on the impeachment trial. Corona stated that he did nothing wrong to the president or to the people, that he did not steal from anyone, and that the 45 properties included double entries, properties belonging to his wife and in-laws, and denied the accusation that the World Bank loan was not his responsibility. Corona added that there are people acting in a conspiracy to remove him from office: those who want to prevent the distribution of Hacienda Luisita, a hacienda owned by the family of President Aquino, to its farmer-beneficiaries, a vice presidential candidate who lost the 2010 vice presidential election, and an Associate Justice who wants to succeed him as Chief Justice.

text: On the morning of January 16, the first day the Senate was set to receive the prosecution and defense teams, Corona stated in a speech that "there is no turning back" on the impeachment trial. Corona stated that he did nothing wrong to the president or to the people, that he did not steal from anyone, and that the 45 properties included double entries, properties belonging to his wife and in-laws, and denied the accusation that the

text: World Bank

text: loan was not his responsibility. Corona added that there are people acting in a conspiracy to remove him from office: those who want to prevent the distribution of

text: Hacienda Luisita

text: , a

text: hacienda

text: owned by the family of President Aquino, to its farmer-beneficiaries, a vice presidential candidate who lost the

text: 2010 vice presidential election

text: , and an Associate Justice who wants to succeed him as Chief Justice.

text: In the first stanza the scene and atmosphere is set, "we stood by a pond that winter day". No harsh sounds are present and the sentence epitomizes the tranquility yet disheartening nature of the poem. In the second line we get even more of these very "neutral" monosyllabic words "the sun was white, as though chidden of God" in this sentence the poet's attempt to stay within his own themes are very explicit by the use of the adjective "white" to describe the sun, the sun normally represented by the color yellow and a symbol for happiness and life. The very dismal atmosphere is reinforced by the use of the alliteration of "L" creating a lazy yet unsatisfying tone. The further sibilance of "starving sod" creates a harsh sound, adding a further layer of hopelessness. The metaphor of the "few leaves" symbolizes the end of an era, hinting towards the dying of life. Yet, it is not life that died, but love.

text: Kepler-419 is an F-type star that is approximately 139% the mass of and 175% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-419 is an

text: F-type

text: star that is approximately 139% the mass of and 175% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 6430

text: K

text: and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Gliese 687 has about 40% of the Sun's mass and nearly 50% of the Sun's radius. Compared to the Sun, it has a slightly higher proportion of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium. It appears to have a rotation of 60 days and to be somewhat chromospherically active.

text: Gliese 687 has about 40% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and nearly 50% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: . Compared to the

text: Sun

text: , it has a slightly higher proportion of elements with higher atomic numbers than

text: helium

text: . It appears to have a rotation of 60 days and to be somewhat chromospherically active.

text: The solar transition region is a region of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and corona.It is visible from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet.  It is important because it is the site of several unrelated but important transitions in the physics of the solar atmosphere:

text: The solar transition region is a region of the

text: Sun

text: 's atmosphere, between the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: .It is visible from

text: space

text: using telescopes that can sense

text: ultraviolet

text: .  It is important because it is the site of several unrelated but important transitions in the physics of the solar atmosphere:

text: Due to the Sun's gravitational pull, a spacecraft moving farther from the Sun will slow down, while a spacecraft moving closer will speed up. Also, since any two planets are at different distances from the Sun, the planet from which the spacecraft starts is moving around the Sun at a different speed than the planet to which the spacecraft is travelling (in accordance with Kepler's Third Law). Because of these facts, a spacecraft desiring to transfer to a planet closer to the Sun must decrease its speed with respect to the Sun by a large amount in order to intercept it, while a spacecraft traveling to a planet farther out from the Sun must increase its speed substantially. Then, if additionally the spacecraft wishes to enter into orbit around the destination planet (instead of just flying by it), it must match the planet's orbital speed around the Sun, usually requiring another large velocity change.

text: Due to the Sun's gravitational pull, a spacecraft moving farther from the Sun will slow down, while a spacecraft moving closer will speed up. Also, since any two planets are at different distances from the Sun, the planet from which the spacecraft starts is moving around the Sun at a different speed than the planet to which the spacecraft is travelling (in accordance with

text: Kepler's Third Law

text: ). Because of these facts, a spacecraft desiring to transfer to a planet closer to the Sun must decrease its speed with respect to the Sun by a large amount in order to intercept it, while a spacecraft traveling to a planet farther out from the Sun must increase its speed substantially. Then, if additionally the spacecraft wishes to enter into orbit around the destination planet (instead of just flying by it), it must match the planet's orbital speed around the Sun, usually requiring another large velocity change.

text: Deep, moist convection is essentially a thunderstorm, it is cumulus congestus clouds or cumulonimbus clouds. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (mixed layer or boundary layer) must work through the stable layer of convective inhibition (CIN) when present. This work comes from increasing instability in the low levels by raising the temperature or dew point, or by mechanical lift. Without the aid of mechanical forcing, a parcel must reach its convective temperature (T) before moist convection (cloud) begins near the convective condensation level (CCL}, whereas with dynamic lift, cloud base begins near the lifted condensation level (LCL). This will remain as shallow, moist convection (small cumulus clouds) until breaking through the convective inhibition layer, after which DMC ensues as a parcel hits the LFC and enters the FCL, if thermal or mechanical forcing continues. At the level of neutral buoyancy (the EL), a parcel is cooler than the environment and is stable, so it slow down, eventually ceasing at the maximum parcel level (MPL).

text: Deep, moist convection is essentially a

text: thunderstorm

text: , it is

text: cumulus congestus cloud

text: s or

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: s. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (

text: mixed layer

text: or

text: boundary layer

text: ) must

text: work

text: through the stable layer of

text: convective inhibition

text: (CIN) when present. This work comes from increasing instability in the low levels by raising the

text: temperature

text: or

text: dew point

text: , or by mechanical lift. Without the aid of mechanical forcing, a parcel must reach its

text: convective temperature

text: (T) before moist convection (

text: cloud

text: ) begins near the

text: convective condensation level

text: (CCL}, whereas with dynamic lift,

text: cloud base

text: begins near the

text: lifted condensation level

text: (LCL). This will remain as shallow, moist convection (small

text: cumulus cloud

text: s) until breaking through the convective inhibition layer, after which DMC ensues as a parcel hits the LFC and enters the FCL, if thermal or mechanical forcing continues. At the level of neutral buoyancy (the EL), a parcel is cooler than the environment and is stable, so it slow down, eventually ceasing at the

text: maximum parcel level

text: (MPL).

text: HD 212301 is a yellow-white main sequence star located approximately 172 light years (53 parsecs) away in the south circumpolar constellation Octans. The magnitudes are m=7.77 and M=4.16. It has spectral type of F8V. The temperature of the photosphere is 5998 kelvins and have mass 5% more than our Sun. Its age is older than our local star by 1.3 billion years or by the factor of 1.3 times. It is a metal-rich star with 50% more metals than the Sun has. This star is also called HIP 110852.

text: HD 212301 is a yellow-white

text: main sequence

text: star

text: located approximately 172

text: light year

text: s (53

text: parsec

text: s) away in the south circumpolar

text: constellation

text: Octans

text: . The

text: magnitudes

text: are

text: m

text: =7.77 and

text: M

text: =4.16. It has

text: spectral type

text: of F8V. The

text: temperature

text: of the

text: photosphere

text: is 5998

text: kelvin

text: s and have

text: mass

text: 5% more than our

text: Sun

text: . Its age is older than our local star by 1.3 billion years or by the factor of 1.3 times. It is a metal-rich star with 50% more

text: metals

text: than the Sun has. This star is also called HIP 110852.

text: The 2004 Vitalis Sun Bowl featured the Arizona State Sun Devils, and the Purdue Boilermakers.

text: The 2004

text: Vitalis Sun Bowl

text: featured the

entity_name: 2004 Arizona State Sun Devils football team

text: Arizona State Sun Devils

text: , and the

text: Purdue Boilermakers

text: Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time, turning into what is known as an asymptotic giant. Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a planetary nebula. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars.

text: Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into

text: carbon

text: will begin, leading to a

text: helium flash

text: ; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a

text: horizontal giant

text: , burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time, turning into what is known as an

text: asymptotic giant

text: . Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a

text: planetary nebula

text: . The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars.

text: Cass's last published paper was "Compatible beliefs and equilibrium" (2008, J. Math. Econ. 44, 625-640)  Cass describes this paper as a concept paper, in which he goes back to the primitives of economic theory and asks what beliefs economic agents must hold in order to justify the conventional assumption of competitive equilibrium.  Cass's last paper, "Utility-based utility" was under revision at the time of his death.  This paper is also conceptual in nature in showing that sunspot equilibria could exist under weaker specifications of preferences than the standard von Neumann-Morgenstern specification.

text: The interaction with the medium (e.g. body capacitance) can cause energy to deflect back to the source, as occurs in the reactive near field. Or the interaction with the medium can fail to return energy back to the source, but cause a distortion in the electromagnetic wave that deviates significantly from that found in a hard vacuum, and this indicates the radiative near-field region, which is somewhat further away. Another intermediate region, called the transition zone, is defined on a somewhat different basis, namely antenna geometry and excitation wavelength.

text: Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near solar minima, there is about one CME every five days.

text: Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of

text: sunspot

text: s associated with frequent flares. Near

text: solar maxima

text: , the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near

text: solar minima

text: , there is about one CME every five days.

text: Green is also involved in the development of the 'Solar Orbiter', a Sun-observing Satellite under development by the ESA. The aim of the mission is to perform close-up, high-resolution studies of the Sun for a  better understanding of the sun's behaviour, heliosphere, solar winds and coronal magnetic field.

text: Green is also involved in the development of the 'Solar Orbiter', a

text: Sun

text: -observing

text: Satellite

text: under development by the

text: ESA

text: . The aim of the mission is to perform close-up, high-resolution studies of the Sun for a  better understanding of the sun's behaviour, heliosphere, solar winds and coronal magnetic field.

text: Llamas had an impact in the Phoenix community, partly because of the large amount of Hispanics who live there. Soon after he began playing with the Suns, he was featured on the cover of the Suns' magazine, Fastbreak. Hoping to keep on bringing Hispanic fans to their home games, the Suns acquired Puerto Rico's Daniel Santiago soon after Llamas was released.

text: Llamas had an impact in the

text: Phoenix

text: community, partly because of the large amount of

text: Hispanic

text: s who live there. Soon after he began playing with the Suns, he was featured on the cover of the Suns'

text: magazine

text: Fastbreak

text: . Hoping to keep on bringing Hispanic fans to their home games, the Suns acquired

text: Puerto Rico

text: 's

text: Daniel Santiago

text: soon after Llamas was released.

text: The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself. The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun's magnetic field into space, forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field. In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics, plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines. As a result, the outward-flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward, forcing it into a roughly radial structure. For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field, with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator, a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind. At great distances, the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral. The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field. The Sun's dipole magnetic field of 50–400 μT (at the photosphere) reduces with the inverse-cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth. However, according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth's location is around 5 nT, about a hundred times greater. The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun.

text: The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself. The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun's magnetic field into space, forming what is called the

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: . In an approximation known as ideal

text: magnetohydrodynamics

text: , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines. As a result, the outward-flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward, forcing it into a roughly radial structure. For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field, with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator, a thin

text: current sheet

text: is formed in the solar wind. At great distances, the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an

text: Archimedean spiral

text: structure called the

text: Parker spiral

text: . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field. The Sun's dipole magnetic field of 50–400

text: μT

text: (at the photosphere) reduces with the inverse-cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth. However, according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth's location is around 5 nT, about a hundred times greater. The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on October 25, 2041. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on October 25, 2041. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial solar nebula. Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. Helium is also depleted to about 80% of the Sun's helium composition. This depletion is a result of precipitation of these elements into the interior of the planet.

text: The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial

text: solar nebula

text: . Neon in the upper atmosphere only consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun. Helium is also depleted to about 80% of the Sun's helium composition. This depletion is a result of

text: precipitation

text: of these elements into the interior of the planet.

text: 51 Pegasi has a stellar classification of G5V, indicating that it is a main-sequence star that is generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. The effective temperature of the chromosphere is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the Sun, with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium compared to the Sun; a quantity astronomers term a star's metallicity. Stars with higher metallicity such as this are more likely to host planets. In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon measured a rotational period of 37 days for 51 Pegasi.

text: 51 Pegasi has a

text: stellar classification

text: of G5V, indicating that it is a

text: main-sequence

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: chromosphere

text: is about 5571 K, giving 51 Pegasi the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. It is estimated to be 6.1–8.1 billion years old, somewhat older than the

text: Sun

text: , with a radius 24% larger and 11% more massive. The star has a higher proportion of elements other than hydrogen/helium compared to the Sun; a quantity astronomers term a star's

text: metallicity

text: . Stars with higher metallicity such as this are more likely to host planets. In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon measured a rotational period of 37 days for 51 Pegasi.

text: HD 28185 is similar to our Sun in terms of mass, radius, and luminosity. The star is on the main sequence and is generating energy by fusing hydrogen in its core. The spectral type of G5V implies HD 28185 is cooler than the Sun. Like the majority of extrasolar planet host stars, HD 28185 is metal-rich relative to the Sun, containing around 173% of the solar abundance of iron. The star rotates slower than the Sun, with a period of around 30 days, compared to 25.4 days for the Sun.

text: HD 28185 is similar to our Sun in terms of

text: mass

text: radius

text: , and

text: luminosity

text: . The star is on the

text: main sequence

text: and is generating

text: energy

text: by

text: fusing

text: hydrogen

text: in its core. The

text: spectral type

text: of G5V implies HD 28185 is cooler than the Sun. Like the majority of extrasolar planet host stars, HD 28185 is

text: metal-rich

text: relative to the Sun, containing around 173% of the solar abundance of

text: iron

text: . The star rotates slower than the Sun, with a period of around 30 days, compared to 25.4 days for the Sun.

text: The 1986–87 Phoenix Suns season was the 18th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. The Suns started their 14th season under head coach John MacLeod, going 22–34. Suns management decided to replace the longstanding MacLeod with Dick Van Arsdale, a former Suns player from the Finals team coached then by MacLeod. With Van Arsdale, the Suns would finish the season going 14–12 in their last 26 games of the regular season. All Suns home games were played at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1986–87 Phoenix Suns season was the 18th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . The Suns started their 14th season under

text: head coach

text: John MacLeod

text: , going 22–34. Suns management decided to replace the longstanding MacLeod with

text: Dick Van Arsdale

text: , a former Suns player from the

text: Finals team

text: coached then by MacLeod. With Van Arsdale, the Suns would finish the season going 14–12 in their last 26 games of the regular season. All Suns home games were played at

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: For his observations of solar eclipses, in particular a detailed study of the spectrum of the chromosphere which has contributed notably to our knowledge of the sun's atmosphere.

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly acoustic pressure waves, in the Sun. Unlike seismic waves on Earth, solar waves have practically no shear component (s-waves). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the convection zone near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the Doppler shift of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly

text: acoustic

text: pressure wave

text: s, in the

text: Sun

text: . Unlike

text: seismic waves on Earth

text: , solar waves have practically no shear component (

text: s-waves

text: ). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the

text: convection zone

text: near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the

text: Doppler shift

text: of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow

text: astrophysicist

text: s to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

text: Sun path refers to the apparent significant seasonal-and-hourly positional changes of the sun (and length of daylight) as the Earth rotates, and orbits around the sun. The relative position of the sun is a major factor in the heat gain of buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems. Accurate location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation, landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of solar trackers.

text: Sun path refers to the apparent significant seasonal-and-hourly positional changes of the sun (and length of daylight) as the

text: Earth

text: rotates, and orbits around the

text: sun

text: . The relative position of the sun is a major factor in the

text: heat gain

text: of buildings and in the performance of

text: solar energy

text: systems. Accurate location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is essential for economic decisions about

text: solar collector

text: area, orientation, landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of

text: solar tracker

text: s.

text: Insolation onto a surface is largest when the surface directly faces (is normal to) the sun. As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's Cosine; see Effect of sun angle on climate.

text: Insolation onto a surface is largest when the surface directly faces (is normal to) the sun. As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's

text: Cosine

text: ; see

text: Effect of sun angle on climate

text: In astronomy, the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original derivation is for the Sun) matches the observed total energy emitted.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , the

text: photosphere

text: of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. This means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. At the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original derivation is for the Sun) matches the observed total energy emitted.

text: When a sun-photometer is placed somewhere within the  earth's atmosphere, the measuredradiance is not equal to the radiance emitted by the sun (i.e. the solar extraterrestrial radiance),because the solar flux is reduced by atmospheric  absorptionand scattering.Therefore, the measured radiant flux is due to a combination of what is emitted by the sun and theeffect of the atmosphere; the link between these quantities is given by Beer's law.

text: When a sun-photometer is placed somewhere within the

text: earth's atmosphere

text: , the measuredradiance is not equal to the radiance emitted by the sun (i.e. the solar extraterrestrial radiance),because the solar flux is reduced by atmospheric

text: absorption

text: and

text: scattering

text: .Therefore, the measured radiant flux is due to a combination of what is emitted by the sun and theeffect of the atmosphere; the link between these quantities is given by

text: Beer's law

text: Sundial construction is based on understanding the geometry of the solar system, and particularly how the sun will cast a shadow onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its latitude. The dial is designed to tell local apparent time so the longitude is not significant. By this we mean that noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich, so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. The other point to consider when telling the time is that as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length varies slightly giving a cumulative difference from the average, of up to 16 minutes in November and February, this, with another correction, is known as the equation of time and was really irrelevant until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks, which must either ignore the consequences or be re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle. They measure average time or local mean time. Railways timetabling demanded a fixed noon and fixed day leading to the adoption of Greenwich Mean Time. The local Midland Railway had adopted Greenwich Mean Time by January 1848.

text: Sundial construction is based on understanding the

text: geometry

text: of the

text: solar system

text: , and particularly how the

text: sun

text: will cast a

text: shadow

text: onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its

text: latitude

text: . The dial is designed to tell

text: local apparent time

text: so the

text: longitude

text: is not significant. By this we mean that noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the

text: Royal Observatory at Greenwich

text: . Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich, so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. The other point to consider when telling the time is that as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length varies slightly giving a cumulative difference from the average, of up to 16 minutes in November and February, this, with another correction, is known as the

text: equation of time

text: and was really irrelevant until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks, which must either ignore the consequences or be re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle. They measure average time or

text: local mean time

text: . Railways timetabling demanded a fixed noon and fixed day leading to the adoption of

text: Greenwich Mean Time

text: . The local

text: Midland Railway

text: had adopted Greenwich Mean Time by January 1848.

text: Kepler-5 is a subgiant in the Cygnus constellation that is expected to soon deplete its hydrogen stores in the core and begin fusing hydrogen in the shell region surrounding the core. The star is 1.374 times the mass of the Sun (another model suggests that Kepler-5 as a mass of 1.21 times that of the Sun), although it is more diffuse at 1.793 times the Sun's radius. The star's metallicity is measured to be at [Fe/H] = 0.04, which means that Kepler-5 has 1.10 times the levels of iron as the Sun does.

text: Kepler-5 is a

text: subgiant

text: in the

text: Cygnus

text: constellation that is expected to soon deplete its hydrogen stores in the core and begin fusing hydrogen in the shell region surrounding the core. The star is 1.374 times the

text: mass

text: of the Sun (another model suggests that Kepler-5 as a mass of 1.21 times that of the Sun), although it is more diffuse at 1.793 times the Sun's

text: radius

text: . The star's

text: metallicity

text: is measured to be at [Fe/H] = 0.04, which means that Kepler-5 has 1.10 times the levels of

text: iron

text: as the Sun does.

text: Zhu Ju married Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luyu (孫魯育). She remarried Liu Zuan (劉纂) after Zhu Ju's death.

text: There is another type of melter which uses convection heating similar to an oven but these are generally more expensive than normal heaters, even though they are very inefficient and take a long time to heat simply because they rely on air to heat. Since wax is flammable, another concern with using convection melters is that the flash point of wax will be triggered and there will be an explosion. Convection melters are dangerous when heating flammable substances and should not be used.

text: There is another type of melter which uses convection heating similar to an

text: oven

text: but these are generally more expensive than normal heaters, even though they are very inefficient and take a long time to heat simply because they rely on air to heat. Since wax is

text: flammable

text: , another concern with using convection melters is that the flash point of wax will be triggered and there will be an

text: explosion

text: . Convection melters are dangerous when heating flammable substances and should not be used.

text: Until the 1930s, little progress was made on understanding the Sun's corona, as it could only be viewed during infrequent total solar eclipses. Bernard Lyot's 1931 invention of the Coronagraph – a telescope with an attachment to block out the direct light of the solar disk – allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

text: Until the 1930s, little progress was made on understanding the Sun's corona, as it could only be viewed during infrequent total solar eclipses. Bernard Lyot's 1931 invention of the

text: Coronagraph

text: – a telescope with an attachment to block out the direct light of the solar disk – allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

text: S1 Core (codename Sirocco) is an open source hardware microprocessor design developed by Simply RISC. Based on Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC T1, the S1 Core is licensed under the GNU General Public License, which is the license Sun chose for the OpenSPARC project.

text: S1 Core (codename Sirocco) is an

text: open source

text: hardware

text: microprocessor

text: design developed by Simply RISC. Based on

text: Sun Microsystems

text: UltraSPARC T1

text: , the S1 Core is licensed under the

text: GNU General Public License

text: , which is the license Sun chose for the

text: OpenSPARC

text: project.

text: In this reality, Sunspot is shown as the leader of the Gene Nation.

text: In this reality, Sunspot is shown as the leader of the

text: Gene Nation

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on November 5, 2059. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on November 5, 2059. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Sun He had no blood relations with Sun Jian's clan and his original family name was Yu (俞). He was favoured by Sun Ce, who granted him a new family name, "Sun" (孫), and officially admitted him into the Sun clan. Sun He had four sons: Sun Zhu, Sun Yi, Sun Huan and Sun Jun (ranked in order of seniority from left to right).

text: Sun He

text: had no blood relations with Sun Jian's clan and his original family name was Yu (俞). He was favoured by

text: Sun Ce

text: , who granted him a new family name, "Sun" (孫), and officially admitted him into the Sun clan. Sun He had four sons: Sun Zhu, Sun Yi,

text: Sun Huan

text: and Sun Jun (ranked in order of seniority from left to right).

text: The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light. Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions, which absorb visible light easily. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions.The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as limb darkening. The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black-body radiating at about 6,000 K, interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of ~10 m (about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of Earth's atmosphere at sea level). The photosphere is not fully ionized—the extent of ionization is about 3%, leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form.

text: The visible surface of the Sun, the photosphere, is the layer below which the Sun becomes

text: opaque

text: to visible light. Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space, and its energy escapes the Sun entirely. The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of

text: H ions

text: , which absorb visible light easily. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with

text: hydrogen

text: atoms to produce H ions.The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as

text: limb darkening

text: . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a

text: black-body

text: radiating at about 6,000

text: K

text: , interspersed with atomic

text: absorption line

text: s from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of ~10 m (about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: at sea level). The photosphere is not fully ionized—the extent of ionization is about 3%, leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form.

text: A plage is a bright region in the chromosphere of the Sun, typically found in regions of the chromosphere near sunspots. The term itself is poetically taken from the French word for "beach". The plage regions map closely to the bright spots (faculae) in the photosphere below, but the latter have much smaller spatial scales. Accordingly, plage occurs most visibly near a sunspot region. Faculae have a strong influence on thesolar constant, and the more readily detectable (because chromospheric) plage areas traditionally are used to monitor this influence. In this context "active network" consists of plage-like brightenings extending away from active regions as their magnetism appears to diffuse into the quiet Sun, but constrained to follow the network boundaries.

text: A plage is a bright region in the

text: chromosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: , typically found in regions of the chromosphere near

text: sunspots

text: . The term itself is poetically taken from the French word for "beach". The plage regions map closely to the bright spots (

text: faculae

text: ) in the photosphere below, but the latter have much smaller spatial scales. Accordingly, plage occurs most visibly near a sunspot region. Faculae have a strong influence on the

text: solar constant

text: , and the more readily detectable (because chromospheric) plage areas traditionally are used to monitor this influence. In this context "active network" consists of plage-like brightenings extending away from active regions as their magnetism appears to diffuse into the quiet Sun, but constrained to follow the network boundaries.

text: The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion; 99% of the power is generated within 24% of the Sun's radius, and by 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped nearly entirely. The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers, finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles.

text: The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of

text: thermal energy

text: through fusion; 99% of the power is generated within 24% of the Sun's radius, and by 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped nearly entirely. The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers, finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the

text: kinetic energy

text: of particles.

text: Covington became convinced that the effect was due to sunspots, as the flux appeared to vary with the number of visible spots. The resolution of the device, about seven degrees, made it impossible to "pick out" a spot on the sun's surface for study, making a demonstration of the claim difficult. An opportunity to directly measure this possibility presented itself on November 23, 1946 when a partial solar eclipse passed over the Ottawa area, and Covington was able to conclusively demonstrate that the microwave emissions dropped off precipitously when the Moon covered a particularly large sunspot. This also demonstrated that magnetic fields were instrumental in sunspot activity.

text: Covington became convinced that the effect was due to sunspots, as the flux appeared to vary with the number of visible spots. The resolution of the device, about seven degrees, made it impossible to "pick out" a spot on the sun's surface for study, making a demonstration of the claim difficult. An opportunity to directly measure this possibility presented itself on November 23, 1946 when a partial

text: solar eclipse

text: passed over the Ottawa area, and Covington was able to conclusively demonstrate that the microwave emissions dropped off precipitously when the Moon covered a particularly large sunspot. This also demonstrated that magnetic fields were instrumental in sunspot activity.

text: Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axes) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using numerical models.

text: Kepler's laws of planetary motion

text: describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an

text: ellipse

text: with the Sun at one

text: focus

text: . Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller

text: semi-major axes

text: ) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its

text: perihelion

text: , whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its

text: aphelion

text: . The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using

text: numerical models

text: For stars in this mass range neon-burning occurs in a convective envelope rather than at the core of the star. For the particular example of a 9.5 solar mass star, the neon-burning process takes place in an envelope of approximately 0.252 solar masses (~1560 kilometers) off center. From the ignition flash, the neon convective zone extends further out to 1.1 solar masses with a peak power around 10 erg/s.  After only a month, the power declines to about 10 erg/s and stays at this rate for about 10 years.  After this phase, the neon in the shell is depleted, resulting in greater inward pressure on the star.  This raises the shell’s temperature to 1.65 billion Kelvin.  This results in a neon-burning, convectively-bound flame front that moves toward the core.  The motion of the flame is what eventually leads to oxygen-burning.  In approximately 3 years, the flame’s temperature reaches about 1.83 billion Kelvin, enabling the oxygen-burning process to commence. This occurs around 9.5 years before the iron core develops. Similarly to the beginning of neon-burning, off-center oxygen-burning commences with another flash.  The convectively-burning flame then results from both neon and oxygen burning as it advances towards the core, while the oxygen-burning shell continuously shrinks in mass.

text: For stars in this mass range neon-burning occurs in a

text: convective

text: envelope rather than at the core of the star. For the particular example of a 9.5 solar mass star, the neon-burning process takes place in an envelope of approximately 0.252 solar masses (~1560 kilometers) off center. From the ignition flash, the neon convective zone extends further out to 1.1 solar masses with a peak

text: power

text: around 10

text: erg

text: /s.  After only a month, the power declines to about 10 erg/s and stays at this rate for about 10 years.  After this phase, the neon in the shell is depleted, resulting in greater inward pressure on the star.  This raises the shell’s temperature to 1.65 billion Kelvin.  This results in a neon-burning, convectively-bound flame front that moves toward the core.  The motion of the flame is what eventually leads to oxygen-burning.  In approximately 3 years, the flame’s temperature reaches about 1.83 billion Kelvin, enabling the oxygen-burning process to commence. This occurs around 9.5 years before the iron core develops. Similarly to the beginning of neon-burning, off-center oxygen-burning commences with another flash.  The convectively-burning flame then results from both neon and oxygen burning as it advances towards the core, while the oxygen-burning shell continuously shrinks in mass.

text: The energy flux irradiated from the corona changes in active regions, in the quiet Sun and in coronal holes; actually,  part of the energy is irradiated outwards, but approximately the same amount of the energy flux is conducted back towards the chromosphere, through the steep transition region. In active regions the energy flux is about 10 erg cmsec, in the quiet Sun it is roughly 8 10 – 10 erg cmsec, and in coronal holes 5 10 - 8 10 erg cmsec, including the losses due to the solar wind.The required power is a small fraction of the total flux irradiated from the Sun, but this energy is enough to maintain the plasma at the temperature of million degrees, since the density is very low and the processes of radiation are different from those occurring in the photosphere,  as it is shown in detail in the next section.

text: The

text: energy flux

text: irradiated from the corona changes in

text: active regions

text: , in the quiet Sun and in

text: coronal holes

text: ; actually,  part of the energy is irradiated outwards, but approximately the same amount of the energy flux is conducted back towards the

text: chromosphere

text: , through the steep

text: transition region

text: . In active regions the energy flux is about 10 erg cmsec, in the quiet Sun it is roughly 8 10 – 10 erg cmsec, and in coronal holes 5 10 - 8 10 erg cmsec, including the losses due to the solar wind.The required power is a small fraction of the total flux irradiated from the Sun, but this energy is enough to maintain the plasma at the temperature of million degrees, since the density is very low and the processes of radiation are different from those occurring in the photosphere,  as it is shown in detail in the next section.

text: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

text: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

text: A half dynamo cycle corresponds to a single sunspot solar cycle. At solar maximum, the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to sunspots.

text: A half dynamo cycle corresponds to a single sunspot

text: solar cycle

text: . At

text: solar maximum

text: , the external

text: poloidal

text: dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal

text: toroidal

text: quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the

text: convective zone

text: forces emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the

text: photosphere

text: , giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to

text: sunspots

text: Sun dogs are a member of a large family of halos, created by light interacting with ice crystals in the atmosphere. Sun dogs typically appear as two subtly colored patches of light to the left and right of the Sun, approximately 22° distant and at the same elevation above the horizon as the Sun. They can be seen anywhere in the world during any season, but they are not always obvious or bright. Sun dogs are best seen and are most conspicuous when the Sun is close to the horizon.

text: Sun dogs are a member of a large family of

text: halos

text: , created by light interacting with

text: ice crystals

text: in the atmosphere. Sun dogs typically appear as two subtly colored patches of light to the left and right of the Sun, approximately 22° distant and at the same elevation above the horizon as the Sun. They can be seen anywhere in the world during any season, but they are not always obvious or bright. Sun dogs are best seen and are most conspicuous when the Sun is close to the horizon.

text: In the above discussion, we have assumed that the whole surface of the earth is at one temperature. Another interesting question is to ask what the temperature of a blackbody surface on the earth would be assuming that it reaches equilibrium with the sunlight falling on it. This of course depends on the angle of the sun on the surface and on how much air the sunlight has gone through. When the sun is at the zenith and the surface is horizontal, the irradiance can be as high as 1120 W/m. The Stefan–Boltzmann law then gives a temperature of

text: The Sun's photosphere is composed of convection cells called granules, which are rising columns of superheated (5,800 °C) plasma averaging about 1,000 kilometres in diameter. The plasma cools as it rises and descends in the narrow spaces between the granules.

text: The Sun's

text: photosphere

text: is composed of convection cells called

text: granule

text: s, which are rising columns of superheated (5,800 °C)

text: plasma

text: averaging about 1,000 kilometres in diameter. The plasma cools as it rises and descends in the narrow spaces between the granules.

text: On February 24, 2014 the sun erupted with a X4.9-class solar flare, the strongest of that year.

text: When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the moon is "new", and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, gibbous moon, and full moon. The moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon and back to new moon. The terms "old moon" and "new moon" are not interchangeable. The "old moon" is a waning sliver (which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye) until the moment it aligns with the sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again. Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term 'quarter' refers to the extent of the moon's cycle around the Earth, not its shape.

text: When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the moon is "new", and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon,

text: gibbous

text: moon, and full moon. The moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon and back to new moon. The terms "old moon" and "new moon" are not interchangeable. The "old moon" is a waning sliver (which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye) until the moment it aligns with the sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again. Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term 'quarter' refers to the extent of the moon's cycle around the Earth, not its shape.

text: The Sun's visible atmosphere has other layers above the photosphere: the 2,000 kilometer-deep chromosphere (typically observed by filtered light, for example H-alpha) lies just between the photosphere and the much hotter but more tenuous corona. Other "surface features" on the photosphere are solar flares and sunspots.

text: The Sun's visible atmosphere has other layers above the photosphere: the 2,000 kilometer-deep

text: chromosphere

text: (typically observed by filtered light, for example

text: H-alpha

text: ) lies just between the photosphere and the much hotter but more tenuous

text: corona

text: . Other "surface features" on the photosphere are

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: sunspot

text: s.

text: Later in 241, the crown prince Sun Deng died — an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he appointed his son Sun He, born to Consort Wang, crown prince. However, he also favored another son by Consort Wang, Sun Ba (孫霸) the Prince of Lu, and permitted Sun Ba to have the same staffing level as the crown prince — a move that was objected to by a number of officials as encouraging Sun Ba to compete with Sun He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Sun He and Sun Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship detriorated further, and Sun Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Sun He. Fanned by gossip from his daughter Sun Dahu (孫大虎), Sun Quan blamed the princes' mother Consort Wang for this — and she died in fear. He also cut off Sun He and Sun Ba's access to the officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favors, but this could not stop Sun Ba's machinations. Indeed, when Lu Xun tried to intervene to protect Sun He, Sun Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu, causing Lu to die in anger.

text: Later in 241, the crown prince

text: Sun Deng

text: died — an event that left open the issue of succession and appeared to mark the start of a precipitous decline in Sun Quan's mental health. In 242, he appointed his son

text: Sun He

text: , born to Consort Wang,

text: crown prince

text: . However, he also favored another son by Consort Wang,

text: Sun Ba

text: (孫霸) the Prince of Lu, and permitted Sun Ba to have the same staffing level as the crown prince — a move that was objected to by a number of officials as encouraging Sun Ba to compete with Sun He, but Sun Quan did not listen to them. After 245, when Sun He and Sun Ba began to have separate residences, their relationship detriorated further, and Sun Ba began to scheme at how to seize heir status from Sun He. Fanned by gossip from his daughter Sun Dahu (孫大虎), Sun Quan blamed the princes' mother Consort Wang for this — and she died in fear. He also cut off Sun He and Sun Ba's access to the officials who supported them in hopes of receiving future favors, but this could not stop Sun Ba's machinations. Indeed, when

text: Lu Xun

text: tried to intervene to protect Sun He, Sun Ba falsely accused him of many crimes, and Sun Quan became provoked so much that he repeatedly rebuked Lu, causing Lu to die in anger.

text: K2-72 is a M-type star that is approximately 21% the mass of and 23% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 3497 K and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: K2-72 is a

text: M-type

text: star that is approximately 21% the mass of and 23% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 3497

text: K

text: and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: In 1966 he was the first to demonstrate and describe the process of 'flux expulsion' by which a conducting fluid undergoing rotating motion acts to expel the magnetic flux from the region of motion, a process now known to occur in the photosphere of the Sun and other stars.

text: In 1966 he was the first to demonstrate and describe the process of 'flux expulsion' by which a conducting fluid undergoing rotating motion acts to expel the magnetic flux from the region of motion, a process now known to occur in the

text: photosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: and other stars.

text: Convective available potential energy (CAPE) is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere. The higher the CAPE, the more likely there will be convection. If areas of high CAPE exist in the β-skirt, the deep convection that forms would act as a source of vorticity and turbulence kinetic energy. This small-scale energy will upscale into a jet around the storm. The low-level jet focuses the stochastic energy a nearly axisymmetric ring around the eye. Once this low-level jet forms, a positive feedback cycle such as WISHE can amplify the initial perturbations into a secondary eyewall.

text: Convective available potential energy

text: (CAPE) is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere. The higher the CAPE, the more likely there will be convection. If areas of high CAPE exist in the β-skirt, the deep convection that forms would act as a source of vorticity and

text: turbulence kinetic energy

text: . This small-scale energy will upscale into a jet around the storm. The low-level jet focuses the stochastic energy a nearly axisymmetric ring around the eye. Once this low-level jet forms, a positive feedback cycle such as

text: WISHE

text: can amplify the initial perturbations into a secondary eyewall.

text: The outer layers of the Sun, extending to thousands of km above the disc (photosphere) is termed as the corona.  It has a temperature of more than a million degree Kelvin which is much higher than the solar disc temperature of around 6000K. How the corona gets heated to such high temperatures is still an unanswered question in solar physics with far reaching implications for the heating of stellar atmospheres and magnetic reconnection or wave induced plasma phenomena across the Universe. Aditya-L1 with additional experiments can now provide observations of Sun's Photosphere, Chromosphere and corona.  In addition, particle payloads will study the particle flux emanating from the Sun and reaching the L1 orbit, and the magnetometer payload will measure the variation in magnetic field strength at the halo orbit around L1.   These payloads have to be placed at a location with minimal influence from the Earth’s magnetic field which could not have been achieved at the low earth orbit.

text: A joint ESA/NASA mission, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, studies the sun, from deep inside its core to the outer corona and solar wind. SOHO has been capturing images of the dynamic flares and coronal mass ejections on the sun since 1996. The mission has provided an unprecedented breadth and depth of information about the sun, with a unique combination of instruments that study its interior through the hot and dynamic atmosphere to the solar wind and its interaction with the interstellar medium. Its coronagraphs – images that observe the sun's atmosphere by blocking out the bright sun in the middle – remain a key component for forecasting the speed, direction and strength of coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun. In addition to watching the sun, SOHO has become the most prolific discoverer of comets in astronomical history: as of 2012, over 2000 comets have been found by SOHO.

text: A joint ESA/NASA mission, the

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: , or SOHO, studies the sun, from deep inside its core to the outer corona and solar wind. SOHO has been capturing images of the dynamic flares and coronal mass ejections on the sun since 1996. The mission has provided an unprecedented breadth and depth of information about the sun, with a unique combination of instruments that study its interior through the hot and dynamic atmosphere to the solar wind and its interaction with the interstellar medium. Its coronagraphs – images that observe the sun's atmosphere by blocking out the bright sun in the middle – remain a key component for forecasting the speed, direction and strength of coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun. In addition to watching the sun, SOHO has become the most prolific discoverer of comets in astronomical history: as of 2012, over 2000 comets have been found by SOHO.

text: The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is affected by the characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 72 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20-year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller, in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime. On the other hand, in addition to its direct radiative impact, methane has a large, indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation. Shindell et al. (2005) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect.

text: Gliese 682 or GJ 682 is a red dwarf. It is listed as the 49th-nearest known star to the Sun, being about 16 light years away from the Earth. Even though it is close by, it is dim with an magnitude of 10.95 and thus requires a relatively powerful telescope to be seen.  It is located in the constellation of Scorpius, near the bright star Theta Scorpii.It has two candidate planets, one of which is in the habitable zone.

text: Gliese 682 or

text: GJ

text: 682 is a

text: red dwarf

text: . It is listed as the 49th-nearest known star to the

text: Sun

text: , being about 16

text: light year

text: s away from the Earth. Even though it is close by, it is dim with an

text: magnitude

text: of 10.95 and thus requires a relatively powerful

text: telescope

text: to be seen.  It is located in the constellation of

text: Scorpius

text: , near the bright star

text: Theta Scorpii

text: .It has two candidate planets, one of which is in the

text: habitable zone

text: The Egyptians used to have a whole list of Gods who were worshipped during this period of time. These Gods were always represented in the form of humans or animals or as animal-headed humans. Some of these gods were specific to certain places or cities for example while others were more general and were worshipped on a larger scale. From early periods of the Egyptian kingdom solar gods such as Re had played a very important role in Egyptian state religion. This is mainly because the idea of the sun as a distant yet universal power was close enough to the prevailing ideas of the supreme power of the king both inside Egypt and beyond its borders. In the New Kingdom, the prominence and power of solar gods increased again. One of the most popular ones was the Aten, the visible sun-disk which can be seen traversing the sky each day.  Akhenaten raised the Aten to the position of 'sole god',  and it was represented as a disk with rays of light terminating in hands which reach out to the royal family, it was usually perceived as if it was offering the hieroglyphic sign for life. Akhenaten and his family are usually displayed while worshipping the Aten or even indulging in everyday activities beneath the disk that represents Aten. Art and test during this period always stressed on the idea of the tie between the king and the God. The king represents the link between the god and ordinary people. As a result, ordinary people had to focus on worshipping Akhenaten and the royal family instead of the Aten. And with worshipping the king they are getting closer to Aten (the God).  It is highly probable that Akhenaten's religion is not monotheistic. Even though the Aten is actually the only God worshipped and provided with temples during this period, other gods still existed and are sometimes mentioned in inscriptions.  However, these solar gods are personifications of abstract concepts. This might be well-understood as sometimes even the names of the Aten, which are written in cartouches like king's names, consist of a statement describing the Aten in terms of other gods. The idea of traditional gods was not highly tolerated by the majority of ordinary people however, teams of workmen were sent around the temples of Egypt where they called out the names and images of these gods wherever they occurred. A number of hymns to the Aten were composed during Akhenaten's reign in order to praise the Aten. These hymns provide an overview of what James Allen has described as the 'natural philosophy' of Akhenaten's religion. The wonders of the natural world are described to praise the universal power of the sun. All creatures celebrate when the sun rises and the nature becomes beautiful. While nasty things happen = at night when the sun is not present. Akhenaten decided that the worship of the Aten required a new location which is uncontaminated by the cults of traditional gods. That's why; he chose a site in Middle Egypt for a new capital city which he called Akhetaten, 'Horizon of the Aten'. It is a faraway site in the desert surrounded on three sides by cliffs and to the west by the Nile and is known today as el-Amarna. In the cliffs surrounding the city the king left a series of monumental inscriptions in which he explained his reasons for the move to this new site and his architectural intentions for the city in the form of lists of buildings that he either built or intended to build.

text: James Allen

text: has described as the 'natural philosophy' of Akhenaten's religion. The wonders of the natural world are described to praise the universal power of the sun. All creatures celebrate when the sun rises and the nature becomes beautiful. While nasty things happen = at night when the sun is not present. Akhenaten decided that the worship of the Aten required a new location which is uncontaminated by the cults of traditional gods. That's why; he chose a site in Middle Egypt for a new capital city which he called Akhetaten, 'Horizon of the Aten'. It is a faraway site in the desert surrounded on three sides by cliffs and to the west by the Nile and is known today as el-Amarna. In the cliffs surrounding the city the king left a series of monumental inscriptions in which he explained his reasons for the move to this new site and his architectural intentions for the city in the form of lists of buildings that he either built or intended to build.

text: Sun Huan was the third son of Sun He (孫河), whose original family name was "Yu" (俞). Sun He was a distant nephew of the warlord Sun Jian, who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was given a new family name, Sun, by Sun Jian. Sun Huan was known for his good looks, sociable personality, and for being well read and skilled in debating. He was held in high regard by Sun Quan, Sun Jian's second son and the founding emperor of Eastern Wu. Sun Quan appointed Sun Huan as a "Commandant of Military Guards" (武衞都尉). In 219, Sun Huan participated in an invasion of the territories of Liu Bei (Sun Quan's former ally) in Jing Province, which were defended by Liu's general Guan Yu. Sun Quan's forces emerged victorious in the campaign. Sun Huan successfully induced about 5,000 of Guan Yu's soldiers into surrendering to him, and obtained much of the enemy's equipment and livestock.

text: Sun Huan was the third son of

text: Sun He

text: (孫河), whose original family name was "Yu" (俞). Sun He was a distant nephew of the warlord

text: Sun Jian

text: , who lived in the late

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: . He was given a new family name,

text: Sun

text: , by Sun Jian. Sun Huan was known for his good looks, sociable personality, and for being well read and skilled in debating. He was held in high regard by

text: Sun Quan

text: , Sun Jian's second son and the founding emperor of

text: Eastern Wu

text: . Sun Quan appointed Sun Huan as a "Commandant of Military Guards" (武衞都尉). In 219, Sun Huan participated in

text: an invasion

text: of the territories of

text: Liu Bei

text: (Sun Quan's former ally) in

text: Jing Province

text: , which were defended by Liu's general

text: Guan Yu

text: . Sun Quan's forces emerged victorious in the campaign. Sun Huan successfully induced about 5,000 of Guan Yu's soldiers into surrendering to him, and obtained much of the enemy's equipment and livestock.

text: In an inductor wound on a straight rod-shaped core, the magnetic field lines emerging from one end of the core must pass through the air to re-enter the core at the other end. This reduces the field, because much of the magnetic field path is in air rather than the higher permeability core material. A higher magnetic field and inductance can be achieved by forming the core in a closed magnetic circuit. The magnetic field lines form closed loops within the core without leaving the core material. The shape often used is a toroidal or doughnut-shaped ferrite core. Because of their symmetry, toroidal cores allow a minimum of the magnetic flux to escape outside the core (called leakage flux), so they radiate less electromagnetic interference than other shapes. Toroidal core coils are manufactured of various materials, primarily ferrite, powdered iron and laminated cores.

text: In an inductor wound on a straight rod-shaped core, the

text: magnetic field lines

text: emerging from one end of the core must pass through the air to re-enter the core at the other end. This reduces the field, because much of the magnetic field path is in air rather than the higher

text: permeability

text: core material. A higher magnetic field and inductance can be achieved by forming the core in a closed

text: magnetic circuit

text: . The magnetic field lines form closed loops within the core without leaving the core material. The shape often used is a

text: toroid

text: al or doughnut-shaped ferrite core. Because of their symmetry, toroidal cores allow a minimum of the magnetic flux to escape outside the core (called

text: leakage flux

text: ), so they radiate less

text: electromagnetic interference

text: than other shapes. Toroidal core coils are manufactured of various materials, primarily ferrite, powdered iron and laminated cores.

text: The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is composed primarily of the chemical elements

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: ; they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively. All heavier elements, called

text: metals

text: in astronomy, account for less than 2% of the mass, with oxygen (roughly 1% of the Sun's mass), carbon (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the most abundant.

text: In solar physics, a spicule is a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the chromosphere of the Sun.  It moves upwards at about 20 km/s from the  photosphere. They were discovered in 1877 by Father Angelo Secchi of the Vatican Observatory in Rome.

text: In

text: solar physics

text: , a spicule is a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the

text: chromosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: .  It moves upwards at about 20 km/s from the

text: photosphere

text: . They were discovered in 1877 by Father

text: Angelo Secchi

text: of the

text: Vatican Observatory

text: in Rome.

text: A positive corona has much lower density of free electrons compared to a negative corona;  perhaps a thousandth of the electron density, and a hundredth of the total number of electrons.However, the electrons in a positive corona are concentrated close to the surface of the curved conductor, in a region of high potential gradient (and therefore the electrons have a high energy), whereas in a negative corona many of the electrons are in the outer, lower-field areas. Therefore, if electrons are to be used in an application which requires a high activation energy, positive coronas may support a greater reaction constants than corresponding negative coronas; though the total number of electrons may be lower, the number of very high energy electrons may be higher.

text: The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium; they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively.<ref name=lodders>

text: The Sun is composed primarily of the

text: chemical element

text: s

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: ; they account for 74.9% and 23.8% of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere, respectively.<ref name=lodders>

text: The fact that radiative recombination is slow in indirect band gap materials also means that, under most circumstances, radiative recombinations will be a small proportion of total recombinations, with most recombinations being non-radiative, taking place at point defects or at grain boundaries. However, if the excited electrons are prevented from reaching these recombination places, they have no choice but to eventually fall back into the valence band by radiative recombination. This can be done by creating a dislocation loop in the material. At the edge of the loop, the planes above and beneath the "dislocation disk" are pulled apart, creating a negative pressure, which raises the energy of the conduction band substantially, with the result that the electrons cannot pass this edge. Provided that the area directly above the dislocation loop is defect-free (no non-radiative recombination possible), the electrons will fall back into the valence shell by radiative recombination, thus emitting light. This is the principle on which "DELEDs" (Dislocation Engineered LEDs) are based.

text: The fact that radiative recombination is slow in indirect band gap materials also means that, under most circumstances, radiative recombinations will be a small proportion of total recombinations, with most recombinations being non-radiative, taking place at point defects or at grain boundaries. However, if the excited electrons are prevented from reaching these recombination places, they have no choice but to eventually fall back into the valence band by radiative recombination. This can be done by creating a

text: dislocation

text: loop in the material. At the edge of the loop, the planes above and beneath the "dislocation disk" are pulled apart, creating a negative pressure, which raises the energy of the conduction band substantially, with the result that the electrons cannot pass this edge. Provided that the area directly above the dislocation loop is defect-free (no non-radiative recombination possible), the electrons will fall back into the valence shell by radiative recombination, thus emitting light. This is the principle on which "DELEDs" (Dislocation Engineered LEDs) are based.

text: Because there is a temperature difference between the core and the surface, or photosphere, energy is transported outward. The two modes for transporting this energy are radiation and convection. A radiation zone, where energy is transported by radiation, is stable against convection and there is very little mixing of the plasma. By contrast, in a convection zone the energy is transported by bulk movement of plasma, with hotter material rising and cooler material descending. Convection is a more efficient mode for carrying energy than radiation, but it will only occur under conditions that create a steep temperature gradient.

text: Because there is a temperature difference between the core and the surface, or

text: photosphere

text: , energy is transported outward. The two modes for transporting this energy are

text: radiation

text: and

text: convection

text: . A

text: radiation zone

text: , where energy is transported by radiation, is stable against convection and there is very little mixing of the plasma. By contrast, in a

text: convection zone

text: the energy is transported by bulk movement of plasma, with hotter material rising and cooler material descending. Convection is a more efficient mode for carrying energy than radiation, but it will only occur under conditions that create a steep temperature gradient.

text: The primary star has a stellar classification of G7 IIIa, indicating that it is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has a mass nearly three times the mass of the Sun, and has expanded to 17 times the Sun's radius. The effective temperature of the star's outer envelope is about 4,887 K, which gives it the yellow hue of a G-type star. The secondary star has a mass only 90% that of the Sun.

text: The primary star has a

text: stellar classification

text: of G7 IIIa, indicating that it is a

text: giant star

text: that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the

text: main sequence

text: . It has a mass nearly three times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , and has expanded to 17 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's outer envelope is about 4,887 K, which gives it the yellow hue of a G-type star. The secondary star has a mass only 90% that of the Sun.

text: The Japanese edition contains a bonus disc featuring the two tracks that constitute the Sun Down / Sun Rise EP.

text: The Japanese edition contains a bonus disc featuring the two tracks that constitute the

text: Sun Down / Sun Rise

text: EP

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth. The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a Carrington rotation: a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the North Pole, sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the

text: sidereal

text: rotation period, and should not be confused with the

text: synodic

text: rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from

text: Earth

text: . The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a

text: Carrington rotation

text: : a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the

text: North Pole

text: , sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

text: The trigger for the lift of the initial cumulus cloud can be insolation heating the ground producing thermals, areas where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water due to the cooler temperatures at high altitude, which appears as cumulus clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air. The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This creates a low-pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm, otherwise known as a cumulonimbus cloud. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×10 kg of water vapor is lifted into the Earth's atmosphere.  As they form in areas of minimal vertical wind shear, the thunderstorm's rainfall creates a moist and relatively cool outflow boundary with undercuts the storm's low level inflow, and quickly causes dissipation.  Waterspouts, small hail, and strong wind gusts can occur in association with these thunderstorms.

text: The trigger for the lift of the initial cumulus cloud can be

text: insolation

text: heating the ground producing

text: thermals

text: , areas where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water due to the cooler temperatures at high altitude, which appears as

text: cumulus

text: clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid,

text: latent heat

text: is released which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air. The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of

text: convection

text: (hence the term

text: convective precipitation

text: ). This creates a

text: low-pressure zone

text: beneath the forming thunderstorm, otherwise known as a

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: . In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×10

text: kg

text: of water vapor is lifted into the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: .  As they form in areas of minimal vertical

text: wind shear

text: , the thunderstorm's rainfall creates a moist and relatively cool outflow boundary with undercuts the storm's low level inflow, and quickly causes dissipation.

text: Waterspout

text: s, small hail, and strong wind gusts can occur in association with these thunderstorms.

text: This star has about 1.77 times the mass of the Sun and 2.13 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 15.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 7,860 K. Eta Apodis is a young star with an age of about 250 million years.

text: This star has about 1.77 times the mass of the Sun and 2.13 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 15.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 7,860 K. Eta Apodis is a young star with an age of about 250 million years.

text: The trend in processor development has been towards an ever increasing number of cores, as processors with hundreds or even thousands of cores become theoretically possible. In addition, multi-core chips mixed with simultaneous multithreading, memory-on-chip, and special-purpose "heterogeneous" (or asymmetric) cores promise further performance and efficiency gains, especially in processing multimedia, recognition and networking applications. For example, a big.LITTLE core includes a high-performance core (called 'big') and a low-power core (called 'LITTLE'). There is also a trend towards improving energy-efficiency by focusing on performance-per-watt with advanced fine-grain or ultra fine-grain power management and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (i.e. laptop computers and portable media players).

text: The trend in processor development has been towards an ever increasing number of cores, as processors with hundreds or even thousands of cores become theoretically possible. In addition, multi-core chips mixed with

text: simultaneous multithreading

text: , memory-on-chip, and special-purpose

text: "heterogeneous"

text: (or asymmetric) cores promise further performance and efficiency gains, especially in processing multimedia, recognition and networking applications. For example, a

text: big.LITTLE

text: core includes a high-performance core (called 'big') and a low-power core (called 'LITTLE'). There is also a trend towards improving energy-efficiency by focusing on performance-per-watt with advanced fine-grain or ultra fine-grain

text: power management

text: and dynamic

text: voltage

text: and

text: frequency scaling

text: (i.e.

text: laptop

text: computers and

text: portable media player

text: s).

text: The distance from Earth to the Sun is , or AU. For comparison, the radius of the Sun is . Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (10 %) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly one millionth (10) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is  from the Sun and has a radius of , whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is  from the Sun.

text: Nuclear fusion powers a star for most of its life. Initially the energy is generated by the fusion of hydrogen atoms at the core of the main-sequence star. Later, as the preponderance of atoms at the core becomes helium, stars like the Sun begin to fuse hydrogen along a spherical shell surrounding the core. This process causes the star to gradually grow in size, passing through the subgiant stage until it reaches the red giant phase. Stars with at least half the mass of the Sun can also begin to generate energy through the fusion of helium at their core, whereas more-massive stars can fuse heavier elements along a series of concentric shells. Once a star like the Sun has exhausted its nuclear fuel, its core collapses into a dense white dwarf and the outer layers are expelled as a planetary nebula. Stars with around ten or more times the mass of the Sun can explode in a supernova as their inert iron cores collapse into an extremely dense neutron star or black hole. Although the universe is not old enough for any of the smallest red dwarfs to have reached the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs.

text: Nuclear fusion

text: powers a star for most of its life. Initially the energy is generated by the fusion of

text: hydrogen atoms

text: at the core of the main-sequence star. Later, as the preponderance of atoms at the core becomes

text: helium

text: , stars like the

text: Sun

text: begin to fuse hydrogen along a spherical shell surrounding the core. This process causes the star to gradually grow in size, passing through the

text: subgiant

text: stage until it reaches the

text: red giant

text: phase. Stars with at least half the mass of the

text: Sun

text: can also begin to generate energy through the fusion of helium at their core, whereas more-massive stars can fuse heavier elements along a series of concentric shells. Once a star like the Sun has exhausted its nuclear fuel, its core collapses into a dense

text: white dwarf

text: and the outer layers are expelled as a

text: planetary nebula

text: . Stars with around ten or more times the mass of the Sun can explode in a

text: supernova

text: as their inert iron cores collapse into an extremely dense

text: neutron star

text: or

text: black hole

text: . Although the

text: universe

text: is not old enough for any of the smallest

text: red dwarf

text: s to have reached the end of their lives, stellar models suggest they will slowly become brighter and hotter before running out of hydrogen fuel and becoming low-mass white dwarfs.

text:
Solo Exhibitions
2014 "Liu Bolin: Fade in Italy," Boxart, Verona, Italy
2013 "Liu Bolin", Galerie Paris-Beijing, Paris, France
2012 "Liu Bolin. A Secret Tour", Museo H.C. Andersen, Rome, Italy
2012 "Liu Bolin: Hide in the City," Multimedia Art Museum Moscow
2011 "Hiding in the City", Galerie Paris-Beijing, Beijing, China
2011 "The Invisible Man," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2011 "The Invisible Man," Vänermuseet, Lidköping, Sweden
2011 "The Invisible Man," Fotografiska Stockholm, Sweden
2011 "Hiding in Italy," Forma Centro Internazionale Di Fotografia, Milano, Italy
2010 "Hiding in the City," Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, Venezuela
2010 Sunshine International Art Museum, Songzhuang, Beijing, China
2010 "On Fire," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2008 "Hide and Seek," Boxart, Verona, Italy
2008 "China Report 2007," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2007 "Sculpture," Dashanzi Art Zone, Beijing, China
2007 "Distortion," Dashanzi Art Zone, Beijing, China
1998 Haiyang Works Exhibition, Yantai, China

text:
Solo Exhibitions
2014 "Liu Bolin: Fade in Italy," Boxart, Verona, Italy
2013 "Liu Bolin", Galerie Paris-Beijing, Paris, France
2012 "Liu Bolin. A Secret Tour", Museo H.C. Andersen, Rome, Italy
2012 "Liu Bolin: Hide in the City," Multimedia Art Museum Moscow
2011 "Hiding in the City", Galerie Paris-Beijing, Beijing, China
2011 "The Invisible Man," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2011 "The Invisible Man," Vänermuseet, Lidköping, Sweden
2011 "The Invisible Man,"

text: Fotografiska

text:
Stockholm, Sweden
2011 "Hiding in Italy," Forma Centro Internazionale Di Fotografia, Milano, Italy
2010 "Hiding in the City," Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, Venezuela
2010 Sunshine International Art Museum, Songzhuang, Beijing, China
2010 "On Fire," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2008 "Hide and Seek," Boxart, Verona, Italy
2008 "China Report 2007," Klein Sun Gallery, New York, NY
2007 "Sculpture," Dashanzi Art Zone, Beijing, China
2007 "Distortion," Dashanzi Art Zone, Beijing, China
1998 Haiyang Works Exhibition, Yantai, China

text: The energy of Sun comes from the nuclear fusion in its core where a helium atom and an electron neutrino are generated by 4 protons. These neutrinos emitted from this reaction are called solar neutrinos. Photons, created by the nuclear fusion in the center of the Sun, take millions of years to reach the surface; on the other hand, solar neutrinos arrive at the earth in eight minutes due to their lack of interactions with matter. Hence, solar neutrinos make it possible for us to observe the inner Sun in "real-time" that takes millions of years for visible light.

text: The surface of the star is not uniformly bright, but has darker and brighter areas (like the sun's solar spots). The star's chromosphere too may vary in brightness. As the star rotates we observe brightness variations of a few tenths of magnitudes.

text: The surface of the star is not uniformly bright, but has darker and brighter areas (like the sun's

text: solar spots

text: ). The star's

text: chromosphere

text: too may vary in brightness. As the star rotates we observe brightness variations of a few tenths of magnitudes.

text: Among the largest known explosions in the universe are supernovae, which result when a star explodes from the sudden starting or stopping of nuclear fusion, and gamma ray bursts, whose nature is still in some dispute. Solar flares are an example of explosion common on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a very large meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object, such as a planet.

text: Among the largest known explosions in the

text: universe

text: are

text: supernova

text: e, which result when a

text: star

text: explodes from the sudden starting or stopping of

text: nuclear fusion

text: , and

text: gamma ray burst

text: s, whose nature is still in some dispute.

text: Solar flare

text: s are an example of explosion common on the

text: Sun

text: , and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of

text: magnetic field

text: lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive

text: plasma

text: . Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a very large meteoroid or an

text: asteroid

text: impacts the surface of another object, such as a

text: planet

text: Near the base of the Sun's convection zone, the convection is adiabatic, but near the surface of the Sun, convection is not adiabatic.

text: The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the interstellar medium out of which it formed. The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and the heavier elements were produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in generations of stars that completed their stellar evolution and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun. The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System. However, since the Sun formed, some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere. Therefore, in today's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced, and the metallicity is only 84% of what it was in the protostellar phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). The protostellar Sun's composition is believed to have been 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements.

text: The Sun inherited its chemical composition from the

text: interstellar medium

text: out of which it formed. The hydrogen and helium in the Sun were produced by

text: Big Bang nucleosynthesis

text: , and the heavier elements were produced by

text: stellar nucleosynthesis

text: in generations of stars that completed their

text: stellar evolution

text: and returned their material to the interstellar medium before the formation of the Sun. The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System. However, since the Sun formed, some of the helium and heavy elements have gravitationally settled from the photosphere. Therefore, in today's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced, and the

text: metallicity

text: is only 84% of what it was in the

text: protostellar

text: phase (before nuclear fusion in the core started). The protostellar Sun's composition is believed to have been 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements.

text: Stars with an initial mass up to about 90 times the sun, or a little less at high metallicity, are expected to result in a type II-P supernova which is the most commonly observed type.  At moderate to high metallicity, stars near the upper end of that mass range will have lost most of their hydrogen when core collapse occurs and the result will be a Type II-L supernova.  At very low metallicity, stars of around  will reach core collapse by pair instability while they still have a hydrogen atmosphere and an oxygen core and the result will be a supernova with Type II characteristics but a very large mass of ejected Ni and high luminosity.

text: Sunspot populations rise quickly and fall more slowly on an irregular cycle of 11 years.  Their numbers also change on over long periods. For example, from 1900 to the 1960s, the solar maxima trend of sunspot count was upwards; for the following decades it diminished. However, the Sun was last as active as this period over 8,000 years ago.

text: Sunspot populations rise quickly and fall more slowly on an irregular

text: cycle of 11 years

text: .  Their numbers also change on over long periods. For example, from 1900 to the 1960s, the

text: solar maxima

text: trend of sunspot count was upwards; for the following decades it diminished. However, the Sun was last as active as this period over 8,000 years ago.

text: Daffodils may be self-coloured—i.e., both perianth and corona identical in colour and shade—or the colours between the perianth and corona may differ widely. Some perianths and some coronas may also contain more than one colour or shade. Prevalent colours are all shades and tones of yellow, white, orange, pink, red and green. Pinks vary from apricot to rose in shades from pale to deep, and some more recent cultivars have hints of lavender or lilac. Reds vary from orange-red to salmon red to near scarlet. Pink, red, orange and green tones are mainly confined to the corona. However, breeders are currently working against the genus' natural pigmentation and genetic barriers to create cultivars in which pink, rose, red, orange and green tones suffuse or "bleed" from the more highly coloured coronas onto the perianth segments of white or yellow. There is an increasing number of commercially available varieties which display this enhanced colouration.

text: When he arrived at Arizona State, Sutton was expected to serve as a backup to returning Freshman All-American Lawrence Guy. As a true freshman for the 2009 Sun Devils, Sutton played 12 games, including 2 starts, at a playing weight of .  That season, against Washington State on October 10, 2009, both of his tackles were for a loss resulting in a quarterback sack and a forced fumble as part of a 27–14 victory. The following season, he dropped , but he was ruled academically ineligible. By 2010, Arizona had six Centennial players on the roster (linebackers Burfict, Brandon Magee and Shelly Lyons, defensive linemen Will Sutton and Lee Adams and wide receiver Angelo Magee), who were dubbed the Corona Six-Pack, a reference to the municipality and Corona Beer. For the 2011 season, he cut down to .

text: When he arrived at Arizona State, Sutton was expected to serve as a backup to returning Freshman All-American

text: Lawrence Guy

text: . As a true freshman for the

entity_name: 2009 Arizona State Sun Devils football team

text: 2009 Sun Devils

text: , Sutton played 12 games, including 2 starts, at a playing weight of .  That season, against

entity_name: 2009 Washington State Cougars football team

text: Washington State

text: on October 10, 2009, both of his tackles were for a loss resulting in a quarterback sack and a forced

text: fumble

text: as part of a 27–14 victory. The following season, he dropped , but he was ruled academically ineligible. By 2010, Arizona had six Centennial players on the roster (

text: linebacker

text: s Burfict, Brandon Magee and Shelly Lyons, defensive linemen Will Sutton and Lee Adams and

text: wide receiver

text: Angelo Magee), who were dubbed the Corona Six-Pack, a reference to the municipality and

text: Corona Beer

text: . For the

entity_name: 2011 Arizona State Sun Devils football team

text: 2011 season

text: , he cut down to .

text: In the process of heat transfer from core to photosphere, each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted during scattering into several million visible light photons before escaping into space. Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they very rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were much lower than theories predicted, a problem which was recently resolved through a better understanding of neutrino oscillation.

text: In the process of heat transfer from core to photosphere, each gamma ray in the Sun's core is converted during scattering into several million visible light photons before escaping into space.

text: Neutrino

text: s are also released by the fusion reactions in the core, but unlike photons they very rarely interact with matter, so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were

text: much lower than theories predicted

text: , a problem which was recently resolved through a better understanding of

text: neutrino oscillation

text: Recent discoveries have uncovered planets that are thought to be similar in size or mass to  Earth. While there is no universal definition of "Earth-sized", ranges are typically defined by mass. The lower range used in many definitions of the super-Earth class is 1.9 Earth masses, likewise, sub-Earths range up to the size of Venus (~0.815 Earth masses). An upper limit of 1.5 Earth radii is also considered, given that above  the average planet density rapidly decreases with increasing radius, indicating that these planets have a large fraction of volatiles by volume overlying a rocky core. Solar analogs and solar twins are stars that resemble the Sun. To date no solar twin with an exact match as that of the Sun has been found, however, there are some stars that are nearly identical to the Sun, and are such considered solar twins. An exact solar twin would be a G2V star with a 5,778 K temperature, be 4.6 billion years old, with the correct metallicity and a 0.1% solar luminosity variation. Stars with an age of 4.6 billion years are at the most stable state. Proper metallicity and size are also very important to low luminosity variation.

text: Recent discoveries have uncovered planets that are thought to be similar in size or mass to  Earth. While there is no universal definition of "Earth-sized", ranges are typically defined by mass. The lower range used in many definitions of the super-Earth class is 1.9 Earth masses, likewise, sub-Earths range up to the size of Venus (~0.815 Earth masses). An upper limit of 1.5 Earth radii is also considered, given that above  the average planet density rapidly decreases with increasing radius, indicating that these planets have a large fraction of volatiles by volume overlying a rocky core.

text: Solar analog

text: s and

text: solar twins

text: are stars that resemble the Sun. To date no solar twin with an exact match as that of the Sun has been found, however, there are some stars that are nearly identical to the Sun, and are such considered solar twins. An exact solar twin would be a G2V star with a 5,778 K temperature, be 4.6 billion years old, with the correct metallicity and a 0.1%

text: solar luminosity

text: variation. Stars with an age of 4.6 billion years are at the most stable state. Proper metallicity and size are also very important to low luminosity variation.

text: The density of the chromosphere is only 10 times that of the photosphere, the layer beneath, and 10 times that of the atmosphere of Earth at sea level. This makes the chromosphere normally invisible and it can be seen only during a total eclipse, where its reddish color is revealed. The color hues are anywhere between pink and red.However, without special equipment, the chromosphere cannot normally be seen due to the overwhelming brightness of the photosphere beneath.

text: The density of the chromosphere is only 10 times that of the

text: photosphere

text: , the layer beneath, and 10 times that of the

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: Earth

text: at sea level. This makes the chromosphere normally invisible and it can be seen only during a

text: total eclipse

text: , where its reddish color is revealed. The color hues are anywhere between pink and red.However, without special equipment, the chromosphere cannot normally be seen due to the overwhelming brightness of the photosphere beneath.

text: This is an Ap star; meaning it has a peculiar spectrum that shows an overabundance of certain elements. It has more than three times the mass of the Sun and is 2.5 times the Sun's radius. 108 Aquarii is radiating 132 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 12,274 K. At this heat, the star has the white hue of an A-type star.

text: This is an

text: Ap star

text: ; meaning it has a peculiar spectrum that shows an overabundance of certain elements. It has more than three times the mass of the Sun and is 2.5 times the Sun's radius. 108 Aquarii is radiating 132 times the luminosity of the Sun from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 12,274 K. At this heat, the star has the white hue of an

text: A-type star

text: Helioseismic observations reveal the inner uniformly rotating zone and the differentially rotating envelope of the Sun, roughly corresponding to the radiation and convection zones, respectively. See the diagram on the right. The transition layer is called the tachocline.

text: Helioseismic observations reveal the inner uniformly rotating zone and the

text: differentially rotating

text: envelope of the Sun, roughly corresponding to the

text: radiation

text: and

text: convection

text: zones, respectively. See the diagram on the right. The transition layer is called the

text: tachocline

text: Further complication comes from the existence of rough (three-dimensional) structure. The classical analysis of stellar limb darkening, as described below, assumes the existence of a smooth hydrostatic equilibrium, and at some level of precision this assumption must fail (most obviously in sunspots and faculae, but generally everywhere). Instead, the boundary between the chromosphere and the corona consists of a very complicated transition region, best observed at ultraviolet wavelengths only detectable from space.

text: Further complication comes from the existence of rough (three-dimensional) structure. The classical analysis of stellar limb darkening, as described below, assumes the existence of a smooth hydrostatic equilibrium, and at some level of precision this assumption must fail (most obviously in

text: sunspots

text: and

text: faculae

text: , but generally everywhere). Instead, the boundary between the

text: chromosphere

text: and the

text: corona

text: consists of a very complicated

text: transition region

text: , best observed at ultraviolet wavelengths only detectable from

text: space

text: The court prohibited all parties to release documents that were merely "marked" as evidence, and cautioned the discussion of the contents of documents. This comes as the income tax returns of the Coronas were brandished on television and on the internet. Senator Escudero asked the court to only cover Corona's acts as chief justice since documents are dated even prior to him becoming one. Enrile replied that the Senate will decide on this on a caucus.

text: The hurricane strengthened slightly further to a peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) by 00:00 UTC on September 2. At around 05:30 UTC (1:30 a.m. EDT) that day, Hermine made landfall just east of St. Marks, Florida at peak intensity, with a minimum pressure of 982 mbar (hPa; 29.00 inHg). Hermine became the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Wilma on October 24, 2005. Within four hours of landfall, the winds dropped below hurricane force as the appearance on radar imagery degraded. The convection diminished while Hermine crossed into Georgia, with the strongest winds near the Atlantic coast. The center elongated as it continued quickly northeastward ahead of the trough. With the convection far ahead of the circulation, Hermine transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone on September 3 as it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Dry air wrapped into the eastward-moving center, while convection pulsed north of the former hurricane, possibly due to the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. By September 5, the system devolved into several rotating circulations as the overall system slowed and turned to the northwest, steered by a ridge to the north. The convection began waning on the next day, as the storm turned due westward. At 18:00 UTC on September 6, the NHC ceased issuing advisories on the post-tropical cyclone as Hermine continued to weaken, due to cooler waters and convective instability.

text: The hurricane strengthened slightly further to a peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) by 00:00 UTC on September 2. At around 05:30 UTC (1:30 a.m. EDT) that day, Hermine made landfall just east of

text: St. Marks, Florida

text: at peak intensity, with a minimum pressure of 982 mbar (hPa; 29.00 inHg). Hermine became the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since

text: Wilma

text: on October 24, 2005. Within four hours of landfall, the winds dropped below hurricane force as the appearance on radar imagery degraded. The convection diminished while Hermine crossed into

text: Georgia

text: , with the strongest winds near the Atlantic coast. The center elongated as it continued quickly northeastward ahead of the trough. With the convection far ahead of the circulation, Hermine transitioned into a

text: post-tropical cyclone

text: on September 3 as it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the

text: Outer Banks

text: of North Carolina. Dry air wrapped into the eastward-moving center, while convection pulsed north of the former hurricane, possibly due to the warmer waters of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: . By September 5, the system devolved into several rotating circulations as the overall system slowed and turned to the northwest, steered by a ridge to the north. The convection began waning on the next day, as the storm turned due westward. At 18:00 UTC on September 6, the NHC ceased issuing advisories on the post-tropical cyclone as Hermine continued to weaken, due to cooler waters and convective instability.

text: HD 10180 is a G1V-type star, and thus generates energy at its core through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen. The mass of this star is estimated as 6% greater than the Sun's mass, it has a radius of 120% that of the Sun, and is radiating 149% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the star's chromosphere is 5,911 K, giving it a yellow-hued glow like the Sun. HD 10180 has a 20% higher abundance of elements other than hydrogen/helium compared to the Sun. With an estimated age of 7.3 billion years, it is a stable star with no significant magnetic activity. The estimated period of rotation is about 24 days.

text: HD 10180 is a

text: -type star, and thus generates energy at its core through the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen. The mass of this star is estimated as 6% greater than the

text: Sun's mass

text: , it has a radius of 120% that of the

text: Sun

text: , and is radiating 149% of the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's

text: chromosphere

text: is 5,911 K, giving it a yellow-hued glow like the Sun. HD 10180 has a 20% higher abundance of elements other than hydrogen/helium compared to the Sun. With an estimated age of 7.3 billion years, it is a stable star with no significant

text: magnetic activity

text: . The estimated period of rotation is about 24 days.

text: The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.

text: The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct

text: heat conduction

text: from the photosphere.

text: Indirectly scattered sunlight comes from two directions. From the atmosphere itself, and from outer space. In the first case, the sun has just set but still illuminates the upper atmosphere directly. Because the amount of scattered sunlight is proportional to the number of scatterers (i.e. air molecules) in the line of sight, the intensity of this light decreases rapidly as the sun drops further below the horizon and illuminates less of the atmosphere.

text: Starspots are regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star. (On the Sun they are termed sunspots.) These form a visible component of magnetic flux tubes that are formed within a star's convection zone. Due to the differential rotation of the star, the tube becomes curled up and stretched, inhibiting convection and producing zones of lower than normal temperature. Coronal loops often form above starspots, forming from magnetic field lines that stretch out into the corona. These in turn serve to heat the corona to temperatures over a million kelvins.

text: Starspot

text: s are regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star. (On the

text: Sun

text: they are termed

text: sunspot

text: s.) These form a visible component of magnetic

text: flux tube

text: s that are formed within a star's

text: convection zone

text: . Due to the differential rotation of the star, the tube becomes curled up and stretched, inhibiting convection and producing zones of lower than normal temperature.

text: Coronal loop

text: s often form above starspots, forming from magnetic field lines that stretch out into the

text: corona

text: . These in turn serve to heat the corona to temperatures over a million

text: kelvin

text: s.

text: On the Sun, the study of oscillations revealed that rotation is roughly constant within the whole radiative interior and variable with radius and latitude within the convective envelope. The Sun has an equatorial rotation speed of ~2 km/s; its differential rotation implies that the angular velocity decreases with increased latitude.  The poles make one rotation every 34.3 days and the equator every 25.05 days, as measured relative to distant stars (sidereal rotation).

text: During a total solar eclipse, when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon, parts of the Sun's surrounding atmosphere can be seen. It is composed of four distinct parts: the chromosphere, the transition region, the corona and the heliosphere.

text: During a total

text: solar eclipse

text: , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon, parts of the Sun's surrounding atmosphere can be seen. It is composed of four distinct parts: the

text: chromosphere

text: , the

text: transition region

text: , the

text: corona

text: and the

text: heliosphere

text: Rather than air, the solar wind is a stream of charged particles—a plasma—ejected from the upper atmosphere of the sun at a rate of . It consists mostly of electrons and protons with energies of about 1 keV. The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time. These particles are able to escape the sun's gravity, in part because of the high temperature of the corona, but also because of high kinetic energy that particles gain through a process that is not well-understood. The solar wind creates the Heliosphere, a vast bubble in the interstellar medium surrounding the Solar System. Planets require large magnetic fields in order to reduce the ionization of their upper atmosphere by the solar wind. Other phenomena caused by the solar wind include geomagnetic storms that can knock out power grids on Earth, the aurorae such as the Northern Lights, and the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the sun.

text: Rather than air, the solar wind is a

text: stream of charged particles

text: —a

text: plasma

text: —ejected from the

text: upper atmosphere

text: of the sun at a rate of . It consists mostly of

text: electrons

text: and

text: proton

text: s with energies of about 1

text: keV

text: . The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time. These particles are able to escape the sun's

text: gravity

text: , in part because of the high

text: temperature

text: of the

text: corona

text: , but also because of high

text: kinetic energy

text: that particles gain through a process that is not well-understood. The solar wind creates the

text: Heliosphere

text: , a vast bubble in the

text: interstellar medium

text: surrounding the Solar System. Planets require large magnetic fields in order to reduce the ionization of their upper atmosphere by the solar wind. Other phenomena caused by the solar wind include

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s that can knock out power grids on Earth, the

text: aurorae

text: such as the

text: Northern Lights

text: , and the plasma tails of

text: comet

text: s that always point away from the sun.

text: A somewhat common misconception among the general public is to refer to any member of the ice halo family as a "sun dog" (especially the 22° halo, being one of the most common varieties). However, sun dogs represent just one of many different types of halos. Moreover, the term "sun dog" (singular) specifically refers to either of the two bright spots to the left and right of the Sun: each of them is a separate sun dog. Since they typically appear in pairs, it would be more accurate, therefore, to use the plural "sun dogs". For referring to the atmospheric phenomenon in general, the term "(ice crystal) halo(s)" is more appropriate. In German the word Nebensonnen is used for this phenomenon. One of the Lieder in Schubert’s Winterreise (1827) is dedicated to the phenomenon.

text: A somewhat common misconception among the general public is to refer to any member of the

text: ice halo

text: family as a "sun dog" (especially the

text: 22° halo

text: , being one of the most common varieties). However, sun dogs represent just one of many different types of

text: halos

text: . Moreover, the term "sun dog" (singular) specifically refers to either of the two bright spots to the left and right of the Sun: each of them is a separate sun dog. Since they typically appear in pairs, it would be more accurate, therefore, to use the plural "sun dogs". For referring to the atmospheric phenomenon in general, the term "

text: (ice crystal) halo(s)

text: " is more appropriate. In German the word Nebensonnen is used for this phenomenon. One of the Lieder in Schubert’s Winterreise (1827) is dedicated to the phenomenon.

text: Sun dogs (or sundogs), mock suns or phantom suns, meteorological name parhelia (singular parhelion), are an atmospheric phenomenon that consists of a pair of bright spots on either horizontal side on the Sun, often co-occurring with a luminous ring known as a 22° halo.

text: Sun dogs (or sundogs), mock suns or phantom suns, meteorological name parhelia (singular parhelion), are an

text: atmospheric phenomenon

text: that consists of a pair of bright spots on either horizontal side on the

text: Sun

text: , often co-occurring with a luminous ring known as a

text: 22° halo

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere, the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the

text: photosphere

text: , the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an

text: oblateness

text: estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its

text: equator

text: than at its

text: poles

text: . This

text: differential rotation

text: is caused by

text: convective motion

text: due to heat transport and the

text: Coriolis force

text: due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

text: Sun Lin had six sons: Sun Miao, Sun Lü, Sun Shu, Sun Zhen, Sun Xie and Sun Xin.

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, concentrated solar power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Active solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using solar collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).

text: Solar energy

text: , radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: sun

text: , is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as

text: solar heating

text: photovoltaics

text: concentrated solar power

text: (CSP),

text: concentrator photovoltaics

text: (CPV),

text: solar architecture

text: and

text: artificial photosynthesis

text: . Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: naturally circulate air

text: . Active solar technologies encompass

text: solar thermal energy

text: , using

text: solar collectors

text: for heating, and

text: solar power

text: , converting

text: sunlight

text: into

text: electricity

text: either directly using

text: photovoltaics

text: (PV), or indirectly using

text: concentrated solar power

text: (CSP).

text: The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance  called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Sun. The Sun's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms.

text: The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance  called the

text: solar granulation

text: at the smallest scale and

text: supergranulation

text: at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Sun. The Sun's thermal columns are

text: Bénard cells

text: and take the shape of hexagonal prisms.

text: With a temperature of 5870 K, the photosphere emits a proportion of radiation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and above. However, hotter upper layers of the Sun's atmosphere (chromosphere and corona) emit more short-wavelength radiation. Since the upper atmosphere is not homogeneous and contains significant magnetic structure, the solar ultraviolet (UV), EUV and X-ray flux varies markedly over the cycle.

text: With a temperature of 5870 K, the

text: photosphere

text: emits a proportion of radiation in the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (EUV) and above. However, hotter upper layers of the Sun's atmosphere (

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: ) emit more short-wavelength radiation. Since the upper atmosphere is not homogeneous and contains significant magnetic structure, the solar ultraviolet (UV),

text: EUV

text: and X-ray flux varies markedly over the cycle.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on June 28, 1889. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on June 28, 1889. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: For the surface of the Sun, these parameters are measured to have the following values:

text: For the surface of the

text: Sun

text: , these parameters are measured to have the following values:

text: During the day the sun has different positions. For low concentration systems (and low temperatures) tracking can be avoided (or limited to a few positions per year) if nonimaging optics are used. For higher concentrations, however, if the mirrors or lenses do not move, then the focus of the mirrors or lenses changes (but also in these cases nonimaging optics provides the widest acceptance angles for a given concentration). Therefore, it seems unavoidable that there needs to be a tracking system that follows the position of the sun (for solar photovoltaic a solar tracker is only optional). The tracking system increases the cost and complexity. With this in mind, different designs can be distinguished in how they concentrate the light and track the position of the sun.

text: During the day the sun has different positions. For low concentration systems (and low temperatures) tracking can be avoided (or limited to a few positions per year) if

text: nonimaging optics

text: are used. For higher concentrations, however, if the mirrors or lenses do not move, then the focus of the mirrors or lenses changes (but also in these cases

text: nonimaging optics

text: provides the widest

text: acceptance angles

text: for a given concentration). Therefore, it seems unavoidable that there needs to be a tracking system that follows the position of the sun (for solar

text: photovoltaic

text: a

text: solar tracker

text: is only optional). The tracking system increases the cost and complexity. With this in mind, different designs can be distinguished in how they concentrate the light and track the position of the sun.

text: where κ(r) is the opacity, ρ(r) is the matter density, L(r) is the luminosity, and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. Hence the opacity (κ) and radiation flux (L) within a given layer of a star are important factors in determining how effective radiative diffusion is at transporting energy. A high opacity or high luminosity can cause a high temperature gradient, which results from a slow flow of energy. Those layers where convection is more effective than radiative diffusion at transporting energy, thereby creating a lower temperature gradient, will become convection zones.

text: where κ(r) is the

text: opacity

text: , ρ(r) is the matter density, L(r) is the luminosity, and σ is the

text: Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: . Hence the opacity (κ) and radiation flux (L) within a given layer of a star are important factors in determining how effective radiative diffusion is at transporting energy. A high opacity or high luminosity can cause a high temperature gradient, which results from a slow flow of energy. Those layers where convection is more effective than radiative diffusion at transporting energy, thereby creating a lower temperature gradient, will become

text: convection zone

text: s.

text: The high temperature of the Sun's corona gives it unusual spectral features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, "coronium". Instead, these spectral features have since been explained by highly ionized iron (Fe-XIV).  Bengt Edlén, following the work of Grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal spectral lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green Fe-XIV line at 5303 Å, but also the red line Fe-X at 6374 Å).  These high stages of ionisation indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin, much hotter than the surface of the sun.

text: The high temperature of the Sun's corona gives it unusual

text: spectral

text: features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, "

text: coronium

text: ". Instead, these spectral features have since been explained by

text: highly ionized

text: iron

text: (Fe-XIV).

text: Bengt Edlén

text: , following the work of Grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal spectral lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green Fe-XIV line at 5303 Å, but also the red line Fe-X at 6374 Å).  These high stages of

text: ionisation

text: indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000

text: kelvin

text: , much hotter than the surface of the sun.

text: There is a difference between conductive heat transfer and radiative heat transfer. Radiative heat transfer can be filtered to pass only a definite band of radiative frequencies.

text: Konstantin Korotkov developed a technique similar to Kirlian photography called "gas discharge visualization" (GDV). Korotkov's GDV camera system consists of hardware and software to directly record, process and interpret GDV images with a computer. The web site of Korotkov promotes his device and research in a medical context. Izabela Ciesielska at the Institute of Architecture of Textiles in Poland used Korotkov's GDV camera to evaluate the effects of human contact with various textiles on biological factors such as heart rate and blood pressure, as well as corona discharge images. The experiments captured corona discharge images of subjects fingertips while the subjects wore sleeves of various natural and synthetic materials on their forearms. The results failed to establish a relationship between human contact with the textiles and the corona discharge images and were considered inconclusive.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 2, 1959. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 2, 1959. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground. This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). Major additions included reflection, a collections framework, Java IDL (an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the Swing graphical API into the core classes. A Java Plug-in was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time.

text: J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground. This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (

text: Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition

text: ) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (

text: Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition

text: ) and J2ME (

text: Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition

text: ). Major additions included

text: reflection

text: , a

text: collections

text: framework,

text: Java IDL

text: (an

text: interface description language

text: implementation for

entity_name: Common Object Request Broker Architecture

text: CORBA

text: interoperability), and the integration of the

text: Swing

text: graphical API into the core classes. A

text: Java Plug-in

text: was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a

text: JIT compiler

text: for the first time.

text: When the Sun is active, strong solar flares can occur that will hit the sunlit side of Earth with hard X-rays. The X-rays will penetrate to the D-region, releasing electrons that will rapidly increase absorption, causing a high frequency (3–30 MHz) radio blackout. During this time very low frequency (3–30 kHz) signals will be reflected by the D layer instead of the E layer, where the increased atmospheric density will usually increase the absorption of the wave and thus dampen it. As soon as the X-rays end, the sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) or radio black-out ends as the electrons in the D-region recombine rapidly and signal strengths return to normal.

text: When the Sun is active, strong

text: solar flare

text: s can occur that will hit the sunlit side of Earth with hard X-rays. The X-rays will penetrate to the D-region, releasing electrons that will rapidly increase absorption, causing a high frequency (3–30 MHz) radio blackout. During this time very low frequency (3–30 kHz) signals will be reflected by the D layer instead of the E layer, where the increased atmospheric density will usually increase the absorption of the wave and thus dampen it. As soon as the X-rays end, the

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: (SID) or radio black-out ends as the electrons in the D-region recombine rapidly and signal strengths return to normal.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on November 30, 1853. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on November 30, 1853. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on October 4, 2070.  A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on October 4, 2070.  A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Schumann resonance -sector boundary -selective fading -Shadow loss -shortwave relay station -side lobe -Signal-to-Interference Ratio -single event upset (SEU) -Single Vegetative Obstruction Model -SINPO code-skip (radio) -skip zone -sky wave -skywave -Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) -Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) -Software-defined radio -solar activity -solar constant -solar cycle -solar flare -solar flux -solar flux unit -solar maximum -solar minimum -solar radiation storm level -solar rotation rate -solar transition region -solar wind -solstice -Solar Observing Optical Network (SOON) -South Atlantic anomaly -Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment -Space weather -spicule (solar physics) -SPLAT!-Sporadic E propagation -spray (solar physics) -Spread spectrum -stratosphere -substorm -sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) -sunspot -sunspot cycle -sunspot number -super high frequency (SHF) -supergranulation -Surface wave -Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) -synodic -synoptic chart -

text: Schumann resonance

text: sector boundary

text: selective fading

text: Shadow loss

text: shortwave relay station

text: side lobe

text: Signal-to-Interference Ratio

text: single event upset

text: (SEU) -

text: Single Vegetative Obstruction Model

text: SINPO code

text: skip (radio)

text: skip zone

text: sky wave

text: skywave

text: Solar Maximum Mission

text: (SMM) -

text: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite

text: (SMS) -

text: Software-defined radio

text: solar activity

text: solar constant

text: solar cycle

text: solar flare

text: solar flux

text: solar flux unit

text: solar maximum

text: solar minimum

text: solar radiation storm level

text: solar rotation rate

text: solar transition region

text: solar wind

text: solstice

text: Solar Observing Optical Network

text: (SOON) -

text: South Atlantic anomaly

entity_name: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Space weather

text: spicule (solar physics)

text: SPLAT!

text: Sporadic E propagation

text: spray (solar physics)

text: Spread spectrum

text: stratosphere

text: substorm

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: (SID) -

text: sunspot

text: sunspot cycle

text: sunspot number

text: super high frequency

text: (SHF) -

text: supergranulation

text: Surface wave

text: Solar X-ray Imager

text: (SXI) -

text: synodic

text: synoptic chart

text: The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history. Humanity's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky, whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity. Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians, the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico. In religions such as Hinduism, the Sun is still considered a god. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice (some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa, Egypt; Mnajdra, Malta and at Stonehenge, England); Newgrange, a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes.

text: The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history. Humanity's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the

text: sky

text: , whose presence above the

text: horizon

text: creates day and whose absence causes night. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was thought to be a

text: solar deity

text: or other

text: supernatural

text: entity.

text: Worship of the Sun

text: was central to civilizations such as the

text: ancient Egypt

text: ians, the

text: Inca

text: of South America and the

text: Aztec

text: s of what is now

text: Mexico

text: . In religions such as

text: Hinduism

text: , the Sun is still considered a god. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone

text: megalith

text: s accurately mark the summer or winter

text: solstice

text: (some of the most prominent megaliths are located in

text: Nabta Playa

text: Egypt

text: Mnajdra

text: , Malta and at

text: Stonehenge

text: , England);

text: Newgrange

text: , a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of

text: El Castillo

text: at

text: Chichén Itzá

text: in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the

text: pyramid

text: at the vernal and autumnal

text: equinox

text: es.

text: Francis Baily observed the total solar eclipse from Italy, focusing his attention on the solar corona and prominences and identified them as part of the Sun's atmosphere. The solar eclipse effect now called Baily's beads named in honor of him after his correct explanation of the phenomenon in 1836.

text: Francis Baily

text: observed the total solar eclipse from

text: Italy

text: , focusing his attention on the

text: solar corona

text: and

text: prominences

text: and identified them as part of the Sun's atmosphere. The solar eclipse effect now called

text: Baily's beads

text: named in honor of him after his correct explanation of the phenomenon in 1836.

text: Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had astrological significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven, with a shrine or temple at the summit. Access to the shrine was provided by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit. It has been suggested that ziggurats were built to resemble mountains, but there is little textual or archaeological evidence to support that hypothesis.

text: Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a

text: pyramid

text: al structure. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and may have had

text: astrological

text: significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The number of tiers ranged from two to seven, with a shrine or temple at the summit. Access to the shrine was provided by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit. It has been suggested that ziggurats were built to resemble mountains, but there is little textual or archaeological evidence to support that hypothesis.

text: The primary component of this system, Epsilon Persei A, is a massive star with 12–16 times the Sun's mass and near eight times the radius of the Sun. It has a stellar classification of B0.5 V, making it a B-type main sequence star that is generating energy at its core through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen. Component A is radiating over 28,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 26,500 K. This gives the star the blue-white hue that is typical of B-type stars.

text: The primary component of this system, Epsilon Persei A, is a massive star with 12–16 times the

text: Sun's mass

text: and near eight times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . It has a stellar classification of B0.5 V, making it a

text: B-type main sequence star

text: that is generating energy at its core through the

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen. Component A is radiating over 28,000 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: from its outer envelope at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 26,500 K. This gives the star the blue-white hue that is typical of B-type stars.

text: The latent heat release from condensation is the determinate between significant convection and almost no convection at all. The fact that air is generally cooler during winter months, and therefore can not hold as much water vapor and associated latent heat, is why significant convection (thunderstorms) are infrequent in cooler areas during that period. Thundersnow is one situation where forcing mechanisms provide support for very steep environmental lapse rates, which as mentioned before is an archetype for favored convection. The small amount of latent heat released from air rising and condensing moisture in a thundersnow also serves to increase this convective potential, although minimally.There are also three types of thunderstorms which are orographic,air mass, and frontal.

text: The latent heat release from condensation is the determinate between significant convection and almost no convection at all. The fact that air is generally cooler during winter months, and therefore can not hold as much water vapor and associated latent heat, is why significant convection (thunderstorms) are infrequent in cooler areas during that period.

text: Thundersnow

text: is one situation where forcing mechanisms provide support for very steep environmental lapse rates, which as mentioned before is an archetype for favored convection. The small amount of latent heat released from air rising and condensing moisture in a thundersnow also serves to increase this convective potential, although minimally.There are also three types of thunderstorms which are orographic,air mass, and frontal.

text: As well as targeting the Sun, the GO also sought to target its advertisers and employees to discredit them or, in the case of the advertisers, to convince them to stop buying space in the paper. Operation China Shop included a plan to get the Sun's largest advertiser, the Maas Brothers department store, to pull its adverts by claiming that a Sun reporter "is looking into their back-grounds to print something sordid on them." A GO staff member reported: "I understand that Maas Brothers is the largest account in the Clearwater Sun and that they put about $400,000 into the Sun annually. If they were to pull out, the Sun may have to fold."

text: Once the shuttle is in orbit, the player is tasked to assemble the components they brought up (or to fire off any satellites they have contracts for) in the Extra-Vehicular Activity, or EVA phase. Here the player directly controls an Orbital Construction Pod, a small ship with mechanical arms that an astronaut can use to move large equipment. Being careless here could have consequences as the pod or equipment may become damaged, and it may run out of fuel and become stranded until another pod can rescue it.  Consequences were not limited to equipment damage: Stranded astronauts in pods could die when oxygen ran out.  Other crew hazards included solar flares, which could kill astronauts on the station or shuttle if precautions (using an emergency module in station design) were not taken.  Crew died in reverse alphabetical order from solar flares.

text: According to extended habitable zone theory, planetary mass objects with atmospheres capable of inducing sufficient radiative forcing could possess liquid water farther out from the Sun. Such objects could include those whose atmospheres contain a high component of greenhouse gas and terrestrial planets much more massive than Earth (super-Earth class planets), that have retained atmospheres with surface pressures of up to 100 kbar. There are no examples of such objects in the Solar System to study; not enough is known about the nature of atmospheres of these kinds of extrasolar objects, and the net temperature effect of such atmospheres including induced albedo, anti-greenhouse or other possible heat sources cannot be determined by their position in the habitable zone.

text: According to extended habitable zone theory, planetary mass objects with atmospheres capable of inducing sufficient radiative forcing could possess liquid water farther out from the Sun. Such objects could include those whose atmospheres contain a high component of greenhouse gas and terrestrial planets much more massive than Earth (

text: super-Earth

text: class planets), that have retained atmospheres with surface pressures of up to 100 kbar. There are no examples of such objects in the Solar System to study; not enough is known about the nature of atmospheres of these kinds of extrasolar objects, and the net temperature effect of such atmospheres including induced albedo, anti-greenhouse or other possible heat sources cannot be determined by their position in the habitable zone.

text: Sun Shao was a son of Sun He's younger brother. He had five sons: Sun Kai, Sun Yue, Sun Yi, Sun Yi and Sun Hui. Sun Kai was elder than Sun Yue. The other three were all younger than Sun Kai but it is unknown whether they were elder than Sun Yue or not.

text: Sun Shao

text: was a son of Sun He's younger brother. He had five sons: Sun Kai, Sun Yue, Sun Yi, Sun Yi and Sun Hui. Sun Kai was elder than Sun Yue. The other three were all younger than Sun Kai but it is unknown whether they were elder than Sun Yue or not.

text: The original Core brand refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs, which derived from the Pentium M branded processors. The processor family used a enhanced version of the Intel P6 microarchitecture. It emerged in parallel with the NetBurst microarchitecture (Intel P68) of the Pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

text: The original Core brand refers to

text: Intel

text: 's

text: mobile

text: dual-core

text: CPU

text: s, which derived from the

text: Pentium M

text: branded processors. The processor family used a enhanced version of the Intel

text: P6 microarchitecture

text: . It emerged in parallel with the

text: NetBurst microarchitecture

text: (Intel P68) of the

text: Pentium 4

text: brand, and was a precursor of the 64-bit

text: Core microarchitecture

text: of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

text: Sunrise occurs before the Sun actually reaches the horizon because the Sun's image is refracted by the Earth's atmosphere. At the horizon, the average amount of refraction is 34 arcminutes, though this amount varies based on atmospheric conditions.

text: Sunrise occurs before the Sun actually reaches the horizon because the Sun's image is

text: refracted

text: by the Earth's atmosphere. At the horizon, the average amount of refraction is 34

text: arcminute

text: s, though this amount varies based on atmospheric conditions.

text: Imaging optics can concentrate sunlight to, at most, the same flux found at the surface of the sun.Nonimaging optics have been demonstrated to concentrate sunlight to 84,000 times the ambient intensity of sunlight, exceeding the flux found at the surface of the sun, and approaching the theoretical (2nd law of thermodynamics) limit of heating objects up to the temperature of the sun's surface.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on December 25, 1954. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on December 25, 1954. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Water-related sediments have been found dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen was the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life forms have been dated to as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The fact that it is not perfectly in line with the 30% lower solar radiance (compared to today) of the early Sun has been described as the "faint young Sun paradox".

text: Water-related sediments have been found dating from as early as 3.8 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen was the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life forms have been dated to as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The fact that it is not perfectly in line with the 30% lower solar radiance (compared to today) of the early Sun has been described as the "

text: faint young Sun paradox

text: The effective temperature of our Sun is around 5780 kelvin (K).Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. The "core temperature" of the sun—the temperature at the centre of the sun where nuclear reactions take place—is estimated to be 15,000,000 K.

text: The effective temperature of our Sun is around 5780

text: kelvin

text: (K).Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. The "core temperature" of the sun—the temperature at the centre of the sun where nuclear reactions take place—is estimated to be 15,000,000 K.

text: The surface of a star is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the Stefan–Boltzmann law. Stars, excepting neutron stars, have no solid surface. Therefore, the photosphere is typically used to describe the Sun's or another star's visual surface.

text: The surface of a star is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the

text: Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: . Stars, excepting

text: neutron star

text: s, have no solid surface. Therefore, the photosphere is typically used to describe the

text: Sun

text: 's or another

text: star

text: 's visual surface.

text: Active stars produce disturbances in space weather with the field of heliophysics the science that studies such phenomena; itself primarily an interdisciplinary combination of stellar astronomy and planetary science. In the Solar System, the Sun can produce intense geomagnetic and proton storms capable of causing severe damage to technology including but not limited to large scale power outages, disruption or blackouts of radio communications (including GPS), and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to human spaceflight. Geomagnetic storms are the cause of auroras. The most significant known solar storm occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event". The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization, although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards. Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun suggest that it may be capable of producing so called superflares, those which are much larger than any flares in the historical record (as much as 1000x stronger every 5000 years).

text: Active stars produce disturbances in

text: space weather

text: with the field of

text: heliophysics

text: the science that studies such phenomena; itself primarily an interdisciplinary combination of

text: stellar astronomy

text: and

text: planetary science

text: . In the

text: Solar System

text: , the

text: Sun

text: can produce intense

text: geomagnetic

text: and

text: proton

text: storms capable of causing severe damage to technology including but not limited to large scale

text: power outage

text: s, disruption or

text: blackouts

text: of radio communications (including

text: GPS

text: ), and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to

text: human spaceflight

text: . Geomagnetic storms are the cause of

text: aurora

text: s. The most significant known solar storm occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event". The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization, although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards. Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun suggest that it may be capable of producing so called

text: superflare

text: s, those which are much larger than any flares in the historical record (as much as 1000x stronger every 5000 years).

text: Superflares are very strong explosions observed on stars with energies up to ten thousand times that of typical solar flares. The stars in this class satisfy conditions which should make them solar analogues, and would be expected to be stable over very long time scales.The original nine candidates were detected by a variety of methods. No systematic study was possible until the launch of the Kepler satellite, which monitored a very large number of solar-type stars with very high accuracy for an extended period. This showed that a small proportion of stars had violent outbursts, up to 10,000 times as powerful as the strongest flares known on the Sun. In many cases there were multiple events on the same star. Younger stars were more likely to flare than old ones, but strong events were seen on stars as old as the Sun.

text: Superflares are very strong explosions observed on

text: stars

text: with energies up to ten thousand times that of typical

text: solar flare

text: s. The stars in this class satisfy conditions which should make them solar analogues, and would be expected to be stable over very long time scales.The original nine candidates were detected by a variety of methods. No systematic study was possible until the launch of the

text: Kepler satellite

text: , which monitored a very large number of solar-type stars with very high accuracy for an extended period. This showed that a small proportion of stars had violent outbursts, up to 10,000 times as powerful as the strongest flares known on the Sun. In many cases there were multiple events on the same star. Younger stars were more likely to flare than old ones, but strong events were seen on stars as old as the Sun.

text: The concept of a habitable zone has been used by planetary scientists and astrobiologists to define an orbital region around a star in which a planet (or moon) can sustain liquid water. Under this definition, the inner edge of the habitable zone (i.e., the closest point to a star that a planet can be until it can no longer sustain liquid water) is determined by the point in which the runaway greenhouse process occurs. For sun-like stars, this inner edge is estimated to reside at roughly 84% the distance from the Earth to the sun although feedback such as cloud-induced albedo increase could modify this estimate somewhat.

text: The concept of a

text: habitable zone

text: has been used by planetary scientists and astrobiologists to define an orbital region around a star in which a planet (or moon) can sustain liquid water. Under this definition, the inner edge of the habitable zone (i.e., the closest point to a star that a planet can be until it can no longer sustain liquid water) is determined by the point in which the runaway greenhouse process occurs. For sun-like stars, this inner edge is estimated to reside at roughly 84% the distance from the Earth to the sun although feedback such as cloud-induced albedo increase could modify this estimate somewhat.

text: Attitude control of the horizontal flying Agena was provided by an inertial reference package with three gyroscopes, two horizon sensors, and micro-jets using a nitrogen-freon mixture of cold gas. Pitch and roll were sensed by two hermetic integrating gyro units. A rate gyro unit determined yaw error by sensing orbital rate. Pitch and roll gyro errors were corrected from the horizon sensors, which were later supplemented by Sun and star trackers. This enabled the Agena to accommodate the higher pointing stability required for better ground resolution imaging with the improved Corona cameras.

text: Attitude control of the horizontal flying Agena was provided by an inertial reference package with three

text: gyroscope

text: s, two

text: horizon sensors

text: , and micro-jets using a nitrogen-freon mixture of cold gas.

text: Pitch and roll

text: were sensed by two hermetic integrating gyro units. A rate gyro unit determined yaw error by sensing orbital rate. Pitch and roll gyro errors were corrected from the horizon sensors, which were later supplemented by

text: Sun

text: and

text: star tracker

text: s. This enabled the Agena to accommodate the higher pointing stability required for better ground resolution imaging with the improved Corona cameras.

text: Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-69 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168

text: K

text: . In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. The intertidal zone is also home to many several species from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods, etc. Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations. The action of waves can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun, the temperature range can be anything from very hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. Adaptation in the littoral zone allows the use of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. Edges of habitats, in this case land and sea, are themselves often significant ecologies, and the littoral zone is a prime example of a sea and more things

text: Organism

text: s in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. The intertidal zone is also home to many several species from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods, etc.

text: Water

text: is available regularly with the

text: tide

text: s but varies from fresh with

text: rain

text: to highly

text: saline

text: and dry

text: salt

text: with drying between tidal inundations. The action of

text: waves

text: can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun, the

text: temperature

text: range can be anything from very hot with full

text: sun

text: to near freezing in colder climates. Some

text: microclimate

text: s in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as

text: mangrove

text: s.

text: Adaptation

text: in the littoral zone allows the use of

text: nutrient

text: s supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the

text: sea

text: , which is actively moved to the zone by tides. Edges of habitats, in this case land and sea, are themselves often significant

text: ecologies

text: , and the littoral zone is a prime example of a sea and more things

text: Solar flares strongly influence space weather near the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere in the form of a geomagnetic storm and present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts.

text: Solar flares strongly influence space weather near the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a

text: solar proton event

text: . These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere in the form of a

text: geomagnetic storm

text: and present

text: radiation

text: hazards to spacecraft and astronauts.

text: The nonlinearity is due to convective acceleration, which is an acceleration associated with the change in velocity over position. Hence, any convective flow, whether turbulent or not, will involve nonlinearity. An example of convective but laminar (nonturbulent) flow would be the passage of a viscous fluid (for example, oil) through a small converging nozzle. Such flows, whether exactly solvable or not, can often be thoroughly studied and understood.

text: The nonlinearity is due to

text: convective

text: acceleration, which is an acceleration associated with the change in velocity over position. Hence, any convective flow, whether turbulent or not, will involve nonlinearity. An example of convective but

text: laminar

text: (nonturbulent) flow would be the passage of a viscous fluid (for example, oil) through a small converging

text: nozzle

text: . Such flows, whether exactly solvable or not, can often be thoroughly studied and understood.

text: The term heliophysics  means "physics of the Sun"  (the prefix "helio" (Attic Greek: helios) means Sun), and appears to have been used only in that sense until quite recently. For example, the Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and provides solar data and images of the solar surface obtained in Hungary since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early times, heliophysics was concerned principally with the superficial layers of the star, and was synonymous with what is now more commonly called "solar physics".  Usage was extended explicitly 1981 to its literal meaning, denoting the physics of the entire Sun: from center to corona. As such it was a direct translation from the French héliophysique, which had been introduced to provide a distinction from physique solaire (solar physics).  It thus became a subdiscipline of heliology. Early in the 21st century the meaning of the term was extended by Dr George Siscoe of Boston University to include the physics of the heliosphere (the space around the Sun beyond the corona, in principle out to the shock where the solar wind encounters the interstellar medium, but excluding the planets and other condensed bodies), although Siscoe's view of the discipline appears not to contain most of the true realm of endeavour.  The term was adopted in Siscoe's restricted sense by the NASA Science Mission Directorate to denote the study of the heliosphere and the objects that interact with it—most notably planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres, the solar corona, and the interstellar medium.  Heliophysics combines several other disciplines, including  solar physics, and stellar physics in general, and also several branches of nuclear physics,  plasma physics and space physics.  The recent extension of heliophysics is closely tied to the study of space weather and the phenomena that affect it, and consequently to climatology.  To quote Siscoe from a recent conference presentation:

text: The term heliophysics  means "physics of the Sun"  (the prefix "helio" (Attic Greek: helios) means Sun), and appears to have been used only in that sense until quite recently. For example, the

text: Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory

text: is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and provides solar data and images of the solar surface obtained in Hungary since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early times, heliophysics was concerned principally with the superficial layers of the star, and was synonymous with what is now more commonly called "solar physics".  Usage was extended explicitly 1981 to its literal meaning, denoting the physics of the entire

text: Sun

text: : from center to

text: corona

text: . As such it was a direct translation from the French héliophysique, which had been introduced to provide a distinction from physique solaire (

text: solar physics

text: ).  It thus became a subdiscipline of

text: heliology

text: . Early in the 21st century the meaning of the term was extended by Dr George Siscoe of Boston University to include the physics of the

text: heliosphere

text: (the space around the Sun beyond the corona, in principle out to the shock where the solar wind encounters the interstellar medium, but excluding the planets and other condensed bodies), although Siscoe's view of the discipline appears not to contain most of the true realm of endeavour.  The term was adopted in Siscoe's restricted sense by the

text: NASA

text: Science Mission Directorate to denote the study of the heliosphere and the objects that interact with it—most notably planetary

text: atmosphere

text: s and

text: magnetosphere

text: s, the

text: solar corona

text: , and the

text: interstellar medium

text: .  Heliophysics combines several other disciplines, including

text: solar physics

text: , and

text: stellar physics

text: in general, and also several branches of

text: nuclear physics

text: plasma physics

text: and

text: space physics

text: .  The recent extension of heliophysics is closely tied to the study of

text: space weather

text: and the phenomena that affect it, and consequently to

text: climatology

text: .  To quote Siscoe from a recent conference presentation:

text: There are several atmospheric conditions which may cause the effect, most commonly a type of halo, caused by the reflection and refraction of sunlight by small ice crystals in the atmosphere, often in the form of cirrus or cirrostratus clouds. Depending on which variety of "false sunset" is meant, the halo has to appear either above the sun (which itself is hidden below the horizon) or below it (in which case the real sun is obstructed from view, e.g. by clouds or other objects), making the upper and lower tangent arc, upper and lower sun pillars and the subsun the most likely candidates.

text: There are several atmospheric conditions which may cause the effect, most commonly a type of

text: halo

text: , caused by the

text: reflection

text: and

text: refraction

text: of

text: sunlight

text: by small

text: ice crystals

text: in the atmosphere, often in the form of

text: cirrus

text: or

text: cirrostratus cloud

text: s. Depending on which variety of "false sunset" is meant, the

text: halo

text: has to appear either above the sun (which itself is hidden below the horizon) or below it (in which case the real sun is obstructed from view, e.g. by clouds or other objects), making the

text: upper

text: and

text: lower tangent arc

text: , upper and lower

text: sun pillars

text: and the

text: subsun

text: the most likely candidates.

text: It appears that the white matter sheet of the corona radiata is one of the first cells to formulate in embryos, making this region more capable of functional motor recovery following damage. An intact corona radiata has been correlated with higher rates of fertility and increased math scores as well. The internal capsule is more closely associated with the brainstem and the central nervous system indicating that you would see less functional recovery from damage in that region when compared to the corona radiata, a region further from the brain stem more closely associated with complex cerebral activity deeper in the brain and more capable of restitution or cerebral reorganization.

text: It appears that the

text: white matter

text: sheet of the corona radiata is one of the first cells to formulate in embryos, making this region more capable of functional motor recovery following damage. An intact corona radiata has been correlated with higher rates of fertility and increased math scores as well. The

text: internal capsule

text: is more closely associated with the

text: brainstem

text: and the

text: central nervous system

text: indicating that you would see less functional recovery from damage in that region when compared to the corona radiata, a region further from the brain stem more closely associated with complex cerebral activity deeper in the brain and more capable of restitution or cerebral reorganization.

text: The airline was established in 2002 and planned to offer charter services. It was hoping to begin services with two premium-configured Boeing 757 aircraft, offering full service flights from Edmonton, Calgary and Vancouver to European and sunspot destinations. The start of the Iraq War, the steep rise in oil prices, the SARS epidemic and the poor investment climate for airline projects all contributed to a decision to revamp the original Canada West business model.  The founders continued to pursue the start-up venture and secured funding to continue the project in 2006.

text: The airline was established in 2002 and planned to offer charter services. It was hoping to begin services with two premium-configured

text: Boeing 757

text: aircraft, offering full service flights from

text: Edmonton

text: Calgary

text: and

text: Vancouver

text: to European and sunspot destinations. The start of the Iraq War, the steep rise in oil prices, the SARS epidemic and the poor investment climate for airline projects all contributed to a decision to revamp the original Canada West business model.  The founders continued to pursue the start-up venture and secured funding to continue the project in 2006.

text: The radiation risks posed by solar flares are a major concern in discussions of a manned mission to Mars, the Moon, or other planets. Energetic protons can pass through the human body, causing biochemical damage, presenting a hazard to astronauts during interplanetary travel. Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts. Most proton storms take at least two hours from the time of visual detection to reach Earth's orbit. A solar flare on January 20, 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured, giving astronauts as little as 15 minutes to reach shelter.

text: The radiation risks posed by solar flares are a major concern in discussions of a

text: manned mission to Mars

text: , the Moon, or other planets. Energetic protons can pass through the human body, causing

text: biochemical damage

text: , presenting a hazard to astronauts during interplanetary travel. Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts. Most proton storms take at least two hours from the time of visual detection to reach Earth's orbit. A solar flare on January 20, 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured, giving astronauts as little as 15 minutes to reach shelter.

text: Listening to endless reports of destruction, and with only half-trained cadets and unarmed training craft at his disposal, Seafort was initially tempted to commit suicide before he arrived at the solution to the crisis- a solution that horrified him, but to which there was no alternative. Taking forty-four cadets, seven Midshipmen and Tolliver, he launched seven training craft and their command ship, UNS Trafalgar, to counter the threat. The aliens were irresistibly attracted to operating space drives ( "fusing" ), so Seafort ordered the training craft one by one into the B'n Auba Zone around the sun, so close that it would be impossible to escape. In doing this Seafort was knowingly ordering the cadets to certain death. The training craft drew the Fish after them, trapping them too close to the sun to escape or survive. One by one the training crafts' structures failed and the cadets died, along with their alien enemies, until only Trafalgar, commanded by Seafort and Tolliver was left. But Seafort's intention to take the command ship itself into the Sun was thwarted- there were no aliens left to attract.

text: New Horizons has been called "the fastest spacecraft ever launched" because it left Earth at , faster than any other spacecraft to date. It is also the first spacecraft launched directly into a solar escape trajectory, which requires an approximate speed while near Earth of , and additional delta-v to cover air and gravity drag, all to be provided by the launcher, but it is not the fastest spacecraft to leave the Solar System. , this record is held by Voyager 1, traveling at  relative to the Sun. Voyager 1 attained greater hyperbolic excess velocity from Jupiter and Saturn gravitational slingshots than New Horizons. Other spacecraft, such as the Helios probes, can also be measured as the fastest objects, because of their orbital speed relative to the Sun at perihelion. Because they remain in solar orbit, their specific orbital energy relative to the Sun is lower than New Horizons and other artificial objects escaping the Solar System.

text: New Horizons has been called "the fastest spacecraft ever launched" because it left Earth at , faster than any other spacecraft to date. It is also the first spacecraft launched directly into a solar escape trajectory, which requires an approximate speed while near Earth of , and additional

text: delta-v

text: to cover

text: air

text: and

text: gravity drag

text: , all to be provided by the launcher, but it is not the fastest spacecraft to leave the Solar System. , this record is held by Voyager 1, traveling at  relative to the Sun. Voyager 1 attained greater

text: hyperbolic excess velocity

text: from Jupiter and Saturn

text: gravitational slingshot

text: s than New Horizons. Other spacecraft, such as the

text: Helios probes

text: , can also be measured as the fastest objects, because of their orbital speed relative to the Sun at

text: perihelion

text: . Because they remain in solar orbit, their

text: specific orbital energy

text: relative to the Sun is lower than New Horizons and other

entity_name: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System

text: artificial objects escaping the Solar System

text: B. australis grows best in lime-free, well-drained stony soil in full sun to part shade. It grows to about  tall in height with a similar spread. Like other members of the genus, it has a very deep taproot, which makes it quite difficult to move once planted. It thrives in full sun and requires water only in times of low rainfall. One slightly negative feature it that the leaves tend to drop early in the fall, but this may be avoided by cutting the dead stems as they die back. It is hardy in USDA zones 3 through 8. It is commonly employed as a border plant in gardens.

text: B. australis grows best in

text: lime-free

text: , well-drained stony soil in full sun to part shade. It grows to about  tall in height with a similar spread. Like other members of the genus, it has a very deep taproot, which makes it quite difficult to move once planted. It thrives in full sun and requires water only in times of low rainfall. One slightly negative feature it that the leaves tend to drop early in the fall, but this may be avoided by cutting the dead stems as they die back. It is hardy in

text: USDA zones

text: 3 through 8. It is commonly employed as a border plant in gardens.

text: The first video at the top on the left (in grey) shows the magnetograms as they vary in time. At the top on the right (in yellow) the photosphere can be seen in white light as taken by the MDI.

text: Carrier multiplication facilitates multiple electron-hole pair generation for each photon absorbed. Efficiency limits for photovoltaic cells can be theoretically higher considering thermodynamic effects. For a solar cell powered by the Sun's unconcentrated black body radiation, the theoretical maximum efficiency is 43% whereas for a solar cell powered by the Sun's full concentrated radiation, the efficiency limit is up to 85%. These high values of efficiencies are possible only when the solar cells use radiative recombination and carrier multiplication.

text: Carrier multiplication

text: facilitates multiple

text: electron-hole pair

text: generation for each photon absorbed. Efficiency limits for photovoltaic cells can be theoretically higher considering thermodynamic effects. For a solar cell powered by the Sun's unconcentrated

text: black body radiation

text: , the theoretical maximum efficiency is 43% whereas for a solar cell powered by the Sun's full concentrated radiation, the efficiency limit is up to 85%. These high values of efficiencies are possible only when the solar cells use

text: radiative recombination

text: and carrier multiplication.

text: Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the Spörer Minimum (1450–1540), and less markedly the Dalton Minimum (1790–1820).  In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments.  In total there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

text: Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the

text: Spörer Minimum

text: (1450–1540), and less markedly the

text: Dalton Minimum

text: (1790–1820).  In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments.  In total there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

text: A few years prior, Osterbrock proposed deep convection zones with efficient convection, analyzing them using the opacity of H- ions (the dominant opacity source in cool atmospheres) in temperatures below 5000K.  However, the earliest numerical models of Sun-like stars did not follow up on this work and continued to assume radiative equilibrium.

text: The theory was based on the idea that a star passed close enough to the sun early in its life to cause tidal bulges to form on its surface, which along with the internal process that leads to solar prominences, caused material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun. Due to the gravitational effects of the passing star, two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun, and while most of the material would have fallen back, part of it would remain in orbit. This orbiting material would cool and condense into numerous small bodies that they termed planetesimals and a few larger protoplanets. Their theory proposed that as these objects collided over time, the planets and their moons were built up, with comets and asteroids being the leftover debris. The "spiral nebulae" photographed at Lick Observatory were thought to possibly be views of other suns undergoing this process. These nebulae are now known to be galaxies rather than developing solar systems.

text: The theory was based on the idea that a star passed close enough to the sun early in its life to cause tidal bulges to form on its surface, which along with the internal process that leads to

text: solar prominence

text: s, caused material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun. Due to the gravitational effects of the passing star, two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun, and while most of the material would have fallen back, part of it would remain in orbit. This orbiting material would cool and condense into numerous small bodies that they termed

text: planetesimal

text: s and a few larger

text: protoplanet

text: s. Their theory proposed that as these objects collided over time, the planets and their moons were built up, with

text: comet

text: s and

text: asteroid

text: s being the leftover debris. The "spiral nebulae" photographed at

text: Lick Observatory

text: were thought to possibly be views of other suns undergoing this process. These nebulae are now known to be

text: galaxies

text: rather than developing solar systems.

text: In the context of the magnetic field of the Sun, the term magnetogram refers to a pictorial representation of the spatial variations in strength of the solar magnetic field.  Magnetograms are often produced by exploiting the Zeeman effect (or, in some cases, the Hanle effect), which George Ellery Hale employed in the first demonstration that sunspots were magnetic in origin, in 1908.  Solar  magnetograms are produced by suitably instrumented telescopes referred to as magnetographs.  Some magnetographs can only measure the component of the magnetic field along the line of sight from the observer to the source (the field's "longitudinal" component).  One example of such a "line-of-sight" or "longitudinal" magnetograph is the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), a scientific instrument that takes magnetograms of the Sun in order to measure velocity and magnetic fields in the Sun's photosphere to learn about the convection zone and about the magnetic fields which control the structure of the solar corona.  A vector magnetograph also measures the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight (the field's "transverse" component), from which all three components of the magnetic field vector can be deduced. Two examples include the National Solar Observatory's SOLIS instrument and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite.

text: In the context of the

text: magnetic field

text: of the

text: Sun

text: , the term magnetogram refers to a pictorial representation of the spatial variations in strength of the solar magnetic field.  Magnetograms are often produced by exploiting the

text: Zeeman effect

text: (or, in some cases, the

text: Hanle effect

text: ), which

text: George Ellery Hale

text: employed in the first demonstration that

text: sunspot

text: s were magnetic in origin, in 1908.  Solar  magnetograms are produced by suitably instrumented

text: telescope

text: s referred to as

text: magnetograph

text: s.  Some magnetographs can only measure the component of the

text: magnetic field

text: along the line of sight from the observer to the source (the field's "longitudinal" component).  One example of such a "line-of-sight" or "longitudinal" magnetograph is the

text: Michelson Doppler Imager

text: (MDI), a scientific instrument that takes magnetograms of the

text: Sun

text: in order to measure velocity and magnetic fields in the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: to learn about the

text: convection zone

text: and about the

text: magnetic fields

text: which control the structure of the solar

text: corona

text: .  A

text: vector magnetograph

text: also measures the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight (the field's "transverse" component), from which all three components of the

text: magnetic field

text: vector can be deduced. Two examples include the

text: National Solar Observatory's

text: SOLIS instrument and the

text: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager

text: aboard NASA's

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: satellite.

text: Flare is particularly caused by very bright light sources. Most commonly, this occurs when shooting into the sun (when the sun is in frame or the lens is pointed in the direction of the sun), and is reduced by using a lens hood or other shade.  For good-quality optical systems, and for most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, although it does reduce contrast.

text: Flare is particularly caused by very bright light sources. Most commonly, this occurs when shooting into the sun (when the sun is in frame or the lens is pointed in the direction of the sun), and is reduced by using a

text: lens hood

text: or other shade.  For good-quality optical systems, and for most images (which do not have a bright light shining into the lens), flare is a secondary effect that is widely distributed across the image and thus not visible, although it does reduce contrast.

text: In 1769, during solar cycle 2, a Scottish astronomer named Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to the solar rotation. These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the penumbra and umbra vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of the photosphere. The magnitude of the depression is difficult to determine but may be as large as 1,000 km.

text: In 1769, during

text: solar cycle 2

text: , a Scottish astronomer named

text: Alexander Wilson

text: , working at the

text: Macfarlane Observatory

text: , noticed that the shape of

text: sunspot

text: s noticeably flattened as they approached the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: limb

text: due to the

text: solar rotation

text: . These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the

text: penumbra

text: and

text: umbra

text: vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of the

text: photosphere

text: . The magnitude of the depression is difficult to determine but may be as large as 1,000 km.

text: Although its staff of reporters has shrunken considerably in recent years, the Sun still has the largest newsroom in Vancouver. The Sun is a broadsheet newspaper and was not originally related to the Sun Media chain and its tabloid Sun papers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. However, Sun Media was acquired by Postmedia in 2015, making the Vancouver Sun and the tabloid Sun papers part of the same company.

text: Although its staff of reporters has shrunken considerably in recent years, the Sun still has the largest newsroom in Vancouver. The Sun is a

text: broadsheet

text: newspaper and was not originally related to the

text: Sun Media

text: chain and its tabloid Sun papers in

text: Toronto

text: Ottawa

text: Winnipeg

text: Calgary

text: and

text: Edmonton

text: . However, Sun Media was acquired by Postmedia in 2015, making the Vancouver Sun and the tabloid Sun papers part of the same company.

text: After the 2010 WNBA season, news surfaced that the Connecticut Sun was the first franchise in WNBA history to turn a profit.

text: After the

text: 2010 WNBA season

text: , news surfaced that the Connecticut Sun was the first franchise in

text: WNBA

text: history to turn a profit.

text: The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth's orbit, somewhat brighter than it does from the Earth's surface, and colored pure white, due to the lack of atmospheric scattering and absorption.

text: A convection zone, convective zone or convective region of a star is a layer which is unstable to convection. Energy is primarily or partially transported by convection in such a region. In a radiation zone, energy is transported by radiation and conduction.

text: A convection zone, convective zone or convective region of a

text: star

text: is a layer which is unstable to convection. Energy is primarily or partially transported by

text: convection

text: in such a region. In a

text: radiation zone

text: , energy is transported by radiation and conduction.

text: Many scales of coronal loops exist, neighbouring open flux tubes that give way to the solar wind and reach far into the corona and heliosphere. Anchored in the photosphere (a rigid, line-tied, anchor is assumed where the high-β, external plasma holds the loop footpoints in place), coronal loops project through the chromosphere and transition region, extending high into the corona.

text: Many scales of coronal loops exist, neighbouring open flux tubes that give way to the

text: solar wind

text: and reach far into the corona and heliosphere. Anchored in the photosphere (a rigid,

text: line-tied

text: , anchor is assumed where the high-β, external plasma holds the loop footpoints in place), coronal loops project through the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: transition region

text: , extending high into the

text: corona

text: Three to four billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power. Under those atmospheric composition, liquid water could not have existed. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the Sun's energy output increased and atmospheric composition changed. The Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration. Over the next five billion years the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a red giant and then a white dwarf will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase likely ending any life on Earth.

text: Three to four billion years ago

text: the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power. Under those atmospheric composition, liquid water could not have existed. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the Sun's energy output increased and atmospheric composition changed. The

text: Great Oxygenation Event

text: around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration. Over the next five billion years the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a red giant and then a

text: white dwarf

text: will have large effects on climate, with the red giant phase likely ending any life on Earth.

text: Superman and Cythonna held a final battle in the sun, resulting in Superman's victory due to the power boost he received from fighting so close to his own power source, imprisoning Cythonna in the sun's core, due to its gravity.

text: The Sun's radiation is that arriving at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). As can be read from the table, radiation below 400 nm, or ultraviolet, is about 12%, while that above 700 nm, or infrared, starts at about the 49% point and so accounts for 51% of the total. Hence only 37% of the TOA insolation is visible to the human eye. The atmosphere shifts these percentages substantially in favor of visible light as it absorbs most of the ultraviolet and significant amounts of infrared.

text: The Sun's radiation is that arriving at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). As can be read from the table, radiation below 400 nm, or

text: ultraviolet

text: , is about 12%, while that above 700 nm, or

text: infrared

text: , starts at about the 49% point and so accounts for 51% of the total. Hence only 37% of the TOA insolation is visible to the human eye. The atmosphere shifts these percentages substantially in favor of visible light as it absorbs most of the ultraviolet and significant amounts of infrared.

text: Sunspots usually appear as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Detailed observations reveal patterns, in yearly minima and maxima and in relative location. As each cycle proceeds, the latitude of spots declines, from 30-45° to around 7° after the solar maximum. This latitudinal change follows Spörer's law.

text: Sunspots usually appear as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Detailed observations reveal patterns, in yearly minima and maxima and in relative location. As each cycle proceeds, the latitude of spots declines, from 30-45° to around 7° after the

text: solar maximum

text: . This latitudinal change follows

text: Spörer's law

text: Prior to 1983, it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere. In 1983, it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic-composition relationship between the planetary and solar-wind-implanted noble gases.

text: Prior to 1983, it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere. In 1983, it was claimed that it was

text: fractionation

text: in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic-composition relationship between the planetary and solar-wind-implanted noble gases.

text: The Carrington rotation is a system for comparing locations on the Sun over a period of time, allowing the following of sunspot groups or reappearance of eruptions at a later time.

text: The Carrington rotation is a system for comparing locations on the Sun over a period of time, allowing the following of

text: sunspot

text: groups or reappearance of eruptions at a later time.

text: The operating environment is not simply black space, but one with solar radiation and diffuse radiation reflected and emitted from the sun (stars), earth, other objects, and or the ship's own antimatter propulsion. It is possible to "orient" the droplet sheet edge towards an external heat source but the sheet area would still be subject to radiation from other sources. Most of the presented solutions of the equation of radiative transfer are practical simplifications by introducing assumptions.

text: (2) Radiative band-to-band (monomolecular) recombination mechanism is the only one existing. Nonradiative recombination, such as Auger recombination, trap (defect) assisted recombination, etc., are ignorable.  Different from silicon with an indirect bandgap, perovskite material has a direct band gap. Therefore, Auger recombination is sufficiently suppressed, which has been verified in recent experimental results. Moreover, light emission from perovskite solar cells is dominated by a sharp band-to-band transition that has a radiative efficiency much higher than that of organic solar cells.

text: (2) Radiative band-to-band (monomolecular) recombination mechanism is the only one existing. Nonradiative recombination, such as

text: Auger recombination

text: , trap (defect) assisted recombination, etc., are ignorable.  Different from silicon with an indirect bandgap, perovskite material has a direct band gap. Therefore, Auger recombination is sufficiently suppressed, which has been verified in recent experimental results. Moreover, light emission from perovskite solar cells is dominated by a sharp band-to-band transition that has a radiative efficiency much higher than that of organic solar cells.

text: The Core series is also the first Intel processor used as the main CPU in an Apple Macintosh computer.  The Core Duo was the CPU for the first generation MacBook Pro, while the Core Solo appeared in Apple's Mac Mini line. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.

text: The Core series is also the first Intel processor used as the main CPU in an

text: Apple Macintosh

text: computer.  The Core Duo was the CPU for the first generation

text: MacBook Pro

text: , while the Core Solo appeared in Apple's

text: Mac Mini

text: line. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.

text: Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about  thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses. The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude, ranging up to around  near the top. In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized.

text: Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about  thick, dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma, meaning color, because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total

text: solar eclipse

text: s. The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude, ranging up to around  near the top. In the upper part of the chromosphere

text: helium

text: becomes partially

text: ionized

text: Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) is a telescope that observes the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range. SUVI will observe and characterize complex, active regions of the Sun, solar flares and the eruptions of solar filaments that may give rise to coronal mass ejections. Depending on the size and the trajectory of solar eruptions, the possible effects to the Earth’s environment, referred to as space weather, include the disruption of power utilities, communication and navigation systems and possible damage to orbiting satellites and the International Space Station. SUVI observations of flares and solar eruptions will provide an early warning of possible impacts to the Earth environment and enable better forecasting of potentially disruptive events.

text: Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) is a telescope that observes the Sun in the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (EUV) wavelength range. SUVI will observe and characterize complex, active regions of the Sun,

text: solar flare

text: s and the eruptions of solar filaments that may give rise to

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s. Depending on the size and the trajectory of solar eruptions, the possible effects to the Earth’s environment, referred to as space weather, include the disruption of power utilities, communication and navigation systems and possible damage to orbiting satellites and the

text: International Space Station

text: . SUVI observations of flares and solar eruptions will provide an early warning of possible impacts to the Earth environment and enable better forecasting of potentially disruptive events.

text: The Baltimore Sun is featured in season 5 of The Wire, which was created by former Sun reporter David Simon.

text: The Baltimore Sun is featured in

text: season 5

text: of

text: The Wire

text: , which was created by former Sun reporter

text: David Simon

text: The Sun emits that power equally in all directions. Because of this, the planet is hit with only a tiny fraction of it. The power from the Sun that strikes the planet (at the top of the atmosphere) is:

text: S.U.S.A.R. is the first full-length album by the band Indukti. The album was originally released by OFF Music on September 20, 2004, and was re-released by The Laser's Edge on September 6, 2005. On November 17, 2013, Sunspot Records released S.U.S.A.R for the first time on 180g vinyl. The LP was cut at half-speed by Stan Ricker.  The title abbreviation comes from medicine and means Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse ReactionThe album is partly inspired by the film Metropolis by Fritz Lang.

text: S.U.S.A.R. is the first full-length album by the band

text: Indukti

text: . The album was originally released by

text: OFF Music

text: on September 20, 2004, and was re-released by

text: The Laser's Edge

text: on September 6, 2005. On November 17, 2013, Sunspot Records released S.U.S.A.R for the first time on 180g vinyl. The LP was cut at half-speed by Stan Ricker.  The title abbreviation comes from medicine and means Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse ReactionThe album is partly inspired by the film

text: Metropolis

text: by

text: Fritz Lang

text: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed B+ or simply B; the opposite of convective inhibition (CIN), which is expressed as B-, and can be thought of as "negative CAPE".  As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m/s, as the values are equivalent.  In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as positive buoyant energy (PBE).  This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection.  When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that convective boundary layer parcels may reach their level of free convection (LFC).

text: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed B+ or simply B; the opposite of

text: convective inhibition (CIN)

text: , which is expressed as B-, and can be thought of as "negative CAPE".  As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m/s, as the values are equivalent.  In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as positive buoyant energy (PBE).  This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection.  When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that

text: convective boundary layer

text: parcels may reach their

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC).

text: DART model simulates, simultaneously in several wavelengths of the optical domain (e.g., visible and thermal infrared), the radiative budget and remotely sensed images of any Earth scene (natural / urban with /without relief), for any sun direction, any atmosphere, any view direction and any sensor FTM. It was designed to be precise, easy to use and adapted for operational use. For that, it simulates:

text: The novel begins with the main character, Jacob Demwa, working at the center for uplift on Earth, while he recovers from a tragedy at the Vanilla Space Needle where he saved the space elevator from destruction but lost his love in the process. An alien friend of Demwa's, Fagin (a Kanten), contacts Demwa and offers him a job. Initially reluctant to return to his previous life as a scientific investigator, Demwa agrees to attend a secret meeting. He learns that there are "ghosts" appearing in the Sun's chromosphere. The ghosts are without precedent in the galactic library.

text: The novel begins with the main character, Jacob Demwa, working at the center for uplift on Earth, while he recovers from a tragedy at the

text: Vanilla Space Needle

text: where he saved the space elevator from destruction but lost his love in the process. An

text: alien

text: friend of Demwa's, Fagin (a

text: Kanten

text: ), contacts Demwa and offers him a job. Initially reluctant to return to his previous life as a scientific investigator, Demwa agrees to attend a secret meeting. He learns that there are "

text: ghosts

text: " appearing in the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: chromosphere

text: . The ghosts are without precedent in the galactic library.

text: The Sun emits energy across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Solar energy strikes the surface of objects. Some of that energy is absorbed and stored as heat (thermal energy). After sunset, this thermal energy remains and is emitted in the form of IR radiation.

text: The Sun emits energy across the entire

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: . Solar energy strikes the surface of objects. Some of that energy is absorbed and stored as heat (

text: thermal energy

text: ). After sunset, this thermal energy remains and is emitted in the form of IR radiation.

text: On October 18, 2011, Sun Dong-yeol and Lee Sun-cheol returned to the Tigers. Sun Dong-yeol was named the new manager and Lee Sun-choel was named the new head coach of the KIA Tigers.

text: On October 18, 2011,

text: Sun Dong-yeol

text: and

text: Lee Sun-cheol

text: returned to the Tigers. Sun Dong-yeol was named the new manager and Lee Sun-choel was named the new head coach of the KIA Tigers.

text: |metric first=yes|single line=  yes|location=     Leuchars (1981-2010 averages)|Jan high C= 6.6|Feb high C= 7.2|Mar high C= 9.4|Apr high C= 11.4|May high C= 14.1|Jun high C= 17.0|Jul high C= 19.2|Aug high C= 19.1|Sep high C= 16.6|Oct high C= 13.0|Nov high C= 9.3|Dec high C= 6.7|year high C= 12.5|Jan low C= 0.5|Feb low C= 0.7|Mar low C= 2.0|Apr low C= 3.6|May low C= 5.9|Jun low C= 8.8|Jul low C= 10.8|Aug low C= 10.5|Sep low C= 8.7|Oct low C= 5.9|Nov low C= 2.8|Dec low C= 0.6|year low C= 5.1|Jan precipitation mm = 66.6|Feb precipitation mm = 42.1|Mar precipitation mm = 50.6|Apr precipitation mm = 44.8|May precipitation mm = 48.7|Jun precipitation mm = 57.2|Jul precipitation mm = 54.6|Aug precipitation mm = 58.0|Sep precipitation mm = 64.0|Oct precipitation mm = 77.5|Nov precipitation mm = 65.2|Dec precipitation mm = 61.6|year precipitation mm = 690.8|Jan sun= 62.3|Feb sun= 85.1|Mar sun= 126.0|Apr sun= 158.6|May sun= 203.8|Jun sun= 187.4|Jul sun= 188.3|Aug sun= 174.9|Sep sun= 138.3|Oct sun= 107.4|Nov sun= 79.4|Dec sun= 52.4|year sun= 1564.3|source 1=Met Office}}

text: |metric first=yes|single line=  yes|location=     Leuchars (1981-2010 averages)|Jan high C= 6.6|Feb high C= 7.2|Mar high C= 9.4|Apr high C= 11.4|May high C= 14.1|Jun high C= 17.0|Jul high C= 19.2|Aug high C= 19.1|Sep high C= 16.6|Oct high C= 13.0|Nov high C= 9.3|Dec high C= 6.7|year high C= 12.5|Jan low C= 0.5|Feb low C= 0.7|Mar low C= 2.0|Apr low C= 3.6|May low C= 5.9|Jun low C= 8.8|Jul low C= 10.8|Aug low C= 10.5|Sep low C= 8.7|Oct low C= 5.9|Nov low C= 2.8|Dec low C= 0.6|year low C= 5.1|Jan precipitation mm = 66.6|Feb precipitation mm = 42.1|Mar precipitation mm = 50.6|Apr precipitation mm = 44.8|May precipitation mm = 48.7|Jun precipitation mm = 57.2|Jul precipitation mm = 54.6|Aug precipitation mm = 58.0|Sep precipitation mm = 64.0|Oct precipitation mm = 77.5|Nov precipitation mm = 65.2|Dec precipitation mm = 61.6|year precipitation mm = 690.8|Jan sun= 62.3|Feb sun= 85.1|Mar sun= 126.0|Apr sun= 158.6|May sun= 203.8|Jun sun= 187.4|Jul sun= 188.3|Aug sun= 174.9|Sep sun= 138.3|Oct sun= 107.4|Nov sun= 79.4|Dec sun= 52.4|year sun= 1564.3|source 1=

text: Met Office

text: The spectrum matches a stellar classification of G8 III, with the luminosity class of III indicating it has evolved into a giant star after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core. The interferometry-measured uniform disk angular diameter of this star is , which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of roughly 13 times the radius of the Sun. It has nearly three times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 115 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,019 K. This heat gives it the yellow glow of a K-type star. Despite having reached an advanced stage in its evolution, it is considerably younger than the Sun with an age of around 372 million years. This is because higher mass stars consume their nuclear fuel at a more rapid rate.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of G8 III, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of III indicating it has

text: evolved

text: into a

text: giant star

text: after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core. The

text: interferometry

text: -measured uniform disk

text: angular diameter

text: of this star is , which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of roughly 13 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . It has nearly three times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: and is radiating 115 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5,019 K. This heat gives it the yellow glow of a

text: K-type star

text: . Despite having reached an advanced stage in its evolution, it is considerably younger than the Sun with an age of around 372 million years. This is because higher mass stars consume their nuclear fuel at a more rapid rate.

text: Stars far more massive than the sun evolve in more complex ways. In the core of the star, hydrogen is fused into helium, releasing thermal energy that heats the sun's core and provides outward pressure that supports the sun's layers against collapse in a process known as stellar or hydrostatic equilibrium. The helium produced in the core accumulates there since temperatures in the core are not yet high enough to cause it to fuse. Eventually, as the hydrogen at the core is exhausted, fusion starts to slow down, and gravity causes the core to contract. This contraction raises the temperature high enough to initiate a shorter phase of helium fusion, which accounts for less than 10% of the star's total lifetime. In stars with fewer than eight solar masses, the carbon produced by helium fusion does not fuse, and the star gradually cools to become a white dwarf. White dwarf stars, if they have a near companion, may then become Type Ia supernovae.

text: Stars far more massive than the sun evolve in more complex ways. In the core of the star, hydrogen is

text: fused

text: into helium, releasing

text: thermal energy

text: that heats the sun's core and provides outward

text: pressure

text: that supports the sun's layers against collapse in a process known as stellar or

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . The helium produced in the core accumulates there since temperatures in the core are not yet high enough to cause it to fuse. Eventually, as the hydrogen at the core is exhausted, fusion starts to slow down, and

text: gravity

text: causes the core to contract. This contraction raises the temperature high enough to initiate a shorter phase of helium fusion, which accounts for less than 10% of the star's total lifetime. In stars with fewer than eight solar masses, the

text: carbon

text: produced by helium fusion does not fuse, and the star gradually cools to become a

text: white dwarf

text: . White dwarf stars, if they have a near companion, may then become

text: Type Ia supernova

text: e.

text: The 16 cores in Rock are arranged in four core clusters. The cores in a cluster share a 32 KB instruction cache, two 32 KB data caches, and two floating point units. Sun designed the chip this way because server workloads usually have high re-utilization in data and instruction across processes and threads but low number of floating-point operations in general. Thus sharing hardware resources among the four cores in a cluster leads to significant savings in area and power but low impact to performance.

text: The 16 cores in Rock are arranged in four core clusters. The cores in a cluster share a 32 KB instruction cache, two 32 KB data caches, and two

text: floating point unit

text: s. Sun designed the chip this way because server workloads usually have high re-utilization in data and instruction across processes and threads but low number of floating-point operations in general. Thus sharing hardware resources among the four cores in a cluster leads to significant savings in area and power but low impact to performance.

text: Aldebaran is a K-type star that is approximately 1.5 times the mass and 44 times the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 3,910 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Aldebaran is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 1.5 times the mass and 44 times the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 3,910

text: K

text: The Sun's corona, or extended outer layer, is a region of plasma that is heated to over a million kelvin. As a result of thermal collisions, the particles within the inner corona have a range and distribution of speeds described by a Maxwellian distribution. The mean velocity of these particles is about 145 km/s, which is well below the solar escape velocity of 618 km/s. However, a few of the particles achieve energies sufficient to reach the terminal velocity of 400 km/s, which allows them to feed the solar wind. At the same temperature, electrons, due to their much smaller mass, reach escape velocity and build up an electric field that further accelerates ions away from the Sun.

text: The Sun's

text: corona

text: , or extended outer layer, is a region of plasma that is heated to over a million

text: kelvin

text: . As a result of thermal collisions, the particles within the inner corona have a range and distribution of speeds described by a

text: Maxwellian distribution

text: . The mean velocity of these particles is about 145 km/s, which is well below the solar

text: escape velocity

text: of 618 km/s. However, a few of the particles achieve energies sufficient to reach the terminal velocity of 400 km/s, which allows them to feed the solar wind. At the same temperature, electrons, due to their much smaller mass, reach escape velocity and build up an electric field that further accelerates ions away from the Sun.

text: Chromospheres have been observed also in stars other than the Sun.

text: In 258, Sun Liang was deposed from the throne by Sun Chen, a distant relative of the Wu imperial family who rose to power in the 250s and became the regent of Wu. Sun Liang became known as the "Prince of Kuaiji" after his dethronement while Empress Quan also lost her place as the empress. In 260, Sun Liang's elder half-brother and successor, Sun Xiu (who eliminated Sun Chen after ascending the throne in 258) further demoted Sun Liang to "Marquis of Houguan" and sent Sun Liang to his marquisate in Houguan County (侯官縣; around present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). Lady Quan accompanied Sun Liang to Houguan County and settled there. She returned to the Wu capital Jianye (建業; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) after Wu was vanquished in 280 by forces of the Jin Dynasty. She died sometime in the Yongning era (301–303) of the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin.

text: In 258, Sun Liang was deposed from the throne by

text: Sun Chen

text: , a distant relative of the Wu imperial family who rose to power in the 250s and became the regent of Wu. Sun Liang became known as the "

text: Prince of Kuaiji

text: " after his dethronement while Empress Quan also lost her place as the empress. In 260, Sun Liang's elder half-brother and successor,

text: Sun Xiu

text: (who eliminated Sun Chen after ascending the throne in 258) further demoted Sun Liang to "Marquis of Houguan" and sent Sun Liang to his marquisate in Houguan County (侯官縣; around present-day

text: Fuzhou

text: Fujian

text: ). Lady Quan accompanied Sun Liang to Houguan County and settled there. She returned to the Wu capital Jianye (建業; present-day

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: ) after Wu was

text: vanquished in 280

text: by forces of the

text: Jin Dynasty

text: . She died sometime in the Yongning era (301–303) of the reign of

text: Emperor Hui of Jin

text: The Sun's color is white, with a CIE color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky. When measuring all the photons emitted, the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other. When the Sun is low in the sky, atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta. Despite its typical whiteness, most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow; the reasons for this are the subject of debate.The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star. The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre, but as viewed through Earth's atmosphere, this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd/m. However, the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun (limb darkening).

text: The Sun's color is white, with a

text: CIE

text: color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky. When measuring all the photons emitted, the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other. When the Sun is low in the sky,

text: atmospheric scattering

text: renders the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta. Despite its typical whiteness, most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow; the reasons for this are the subject of debate.The Sun is a

text: star, with G2 indicating its

text: surface temperature

text: of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a

text: main-sequence

text: star. The average

text: luminance

text: of the Sun is about 1.88

text: giga

text: candela per square metre

text: , but as viewed through Earth's atmosphere, this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd/m. However, the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun (

text: limb darkening

text: The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At this time, the core of the Sun will collapse, and the energy output will be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant. Because of its vastly increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and Venus and render Earth uninhabitable as the habitable zone moves out to the orbit of Mars. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into space, leaving a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The ejected outer layers will form what is known as a planetary nebula, returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but now enriched with heavier elements like carbon—to the interstellar medium.

text: The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At this time, the core of the Sun will collapse, and the energy output will be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a

text: red giant

text: . Because of its vastly increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and Venus and render Earth uninhabitable as the

text: habitable zone

text: moves out to the orbit of Mars. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into space, leaving a

text: white dwarf

text: , an extraordinarily dense object, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The ejected outer layers will form what is known as a

text: planetary nebula

text: , returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but now enriched with

text: heavier elements

text: like carbon—to the interstellar medium.

text: Sun Jiao was the third son of Sun Jing, a younger brother of Sun Quan's father Sun Jian. Along with the rest of his family, Sun Jiao first served as a military general under Sun Ce (Sun Jian's eldest son and successor) and then under Sun Quan (Sun Ce's younger brother and successor). After the Battle of Ruxu in 213, his leadership skills were highly praised by all with whom he served.

text: Sun Jiao was the third son of

text: Sun Jing

text: , a younger brother of Sun Quan's father

text: Sun Jian

text: . Along with the rest of his family, Sun Jiao first served as a military general under

text: Sun Ce

text: (Sun Jian's eldest son and successor) and then under Sun Quan (Sun Ce's younger brother and successor). After the

text: Battle of Ruxu

text: in 213, his leadership skills were highly praised by all with whom he served.

text: On October 8 and 9, the arrival of a CME unrelated to solar flares and emitted on October 5 caused disturbances in the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The planetary Kp-index reached level 6, so a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm was reported. The Sun released a M9.0 flare on October 20. This was followed three days after on October 23, by a very impulsive flare, peaking as an X1.8 class event at 3:17 a.m. UTC. Both flares came from active region 1598 located on the left side (east) of the sun, which had previously been the source of a number of weaker flares. The M9.0 burst occurred when the sunspot was not yet rotated onto the Earth-facing side of the solar disk. The NOAA categorized the radio blackout associated with the X1.8 event as an R3, on a scale from R1 to R5. This was the 7th and last X-class flare in 2012. There was no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

text: On October 8 and 9, the arrival of a CME unrelated to solar flares and emitted on October 5 caused disturbances in the horizontal component of the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . The planetary

text: Kp-index

text: reached level 6, so a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm was reported. The Sun released a M9.0 flare on October 20. This was followed three days after on October 23, by a very impulsive flare, peaking as an X1.8 class event at 3:17 a.m. UTC. Both flares came from active region 1598 located on the left side (east) of the sun, which had previously been the source of a number of weaker flares. The M9.0 burst occurred when the sunspot was not yet rotated onto the Earth-facing side of the solar disk. The

text: NOAA

text: categorized the radio blackout associated with the X1.8 event as an R3, on a scale from R1 to R5. This was the 7th and last X-class flare in 2012. There was no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

text: Since the mid-eighties Jones produced short digital art films on computer that he called "Fluxus-Home-Movies". He also devised larger orchestra-like installations with his music machines called "solar orchestras"  that would be performed from when the sun comes up to the sun goes down by  solar power.

text: Since the mid-eighties Jones produced short

text: digital art

text: films on computer that he called "Fluxus-Home-Movies". He also devised larger

text: orchestra

text: -like installations with his music machines called "solar orchestras"  that would be performed from when the sun comes up to the sun goes down by

text: solar power

text: The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near-vacuum known as the interplanetary medium. Along with light, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) known as the solar wind. This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour, creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see ). Activity on the Sun's surface, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, disturb the heliosphere, creating space weather and causing geomagnetic storms. The largest structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet, a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.

text: The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near-

text: vacuum

text: known as the

text: interplanetary medium

text: . Along with

text: light

text: , the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a

text: plasma

text: ) known as the

text: solar wind

text: . This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour, creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see ). Activity on the Sun's surface, such as

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s, disturb the heliosphere, creating

text: space weather

text: and causing

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s. The largest structure within the heliosphere is the

text: heliospheric current sheet

text: , a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.

text: Solar activity increased again in late-December, with the Sun unleashing eight M-flares. The most intense flare, produced by sunspot 1385, was an M4.0 event on December 25. The year 2011 ended up with 111 M-class and 8 X-class solar flares.

text: Convection in fluids is driven by density variations within them. These density variations may be caused by gradients in the composition of the fluid, or by differences in temperature (through thermal expansion). Thermal and compositional gradients can often diffuse with time, reducing their ability to drive the convection, and requiring that gradients in other regions of the flow exist in order for convection to continue. A common example of double diffusive convection is in oceanography, where heat and salt concentrations exist with different gradients and diffuse at differing rates. An effect that affects both of these variables is the input of cold freshwater from an iceberg.

text: Convection in fluids is driven by density variations within them. These density variations may be caused by gradients in the composition of the fluid, or by differences in temperature (through

text: thermal expansion

text: ). Thermal and compositional gradients can often

text: diffuse

text: with time, reducing their ability to drive the convection, and requiring that gradients in other regions of the flow exist in order for convection to continue. A common example of double diffusive convection is in

text: oceanography

text: , where heat and

text: salt

text: concentrations exist with different gradients and diffuse at differing rates. An effect that affects both of these variables is the input of cold freshwater from an iceberg.

text: Sun Kuang married the daughter of Cao Cao's younger brother. They had a son, Sun Tai. Sun Tai's son was Sun Xiu. Sun Xiu's son was Sun Jian.

text: Sun Kuang

text: married the daughter of Cao Cao's younger brother. They had a son, Sun Tai. Sun Tai's son was

text: Sun Xiu

text: . Sun Xiu's son was

text: Sun Jian

text: High-energy gamma-ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone, usually after traveling only a few millimeters. Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy. With this sequence of emissions and absorptions, it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun's surface. Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years. In contrast, it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos, which account for about 2% of the total energy production of the Sun, to reach the surface. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state, if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed.

text: High-energy

text: gamma-ray

text: photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone, usually after traveling only a few millimeters. Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy. With this sequence of emissions and absorptions, it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun's surface. Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years. In contrast, it takes only 2.3 seconds for the

text: neutrino

text: s, which account for about 2% of the total energy production of the Sun, to reach the surface. Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state, if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed.

text: At the base of the Sun's convection zone the Magnetic Prandtl number is approximately 10, and in the interiors of planets and in liquid-metal laboratory dynamos is approximately 10.

text: At the base of the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: convection zone

text: the Magnetic Prandtl number is approximately 10, and in the interiors of planets and in liquid-metal laboratory dynamos is approximately 10.

text: In the area of solar X-ray astronomy, there is the coronal heating problem. The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of 5,570 K yet its corona has an average temperature of 1–2 × 10 K. However, the hottest regions are 8–20 × 10 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.

text: In the area of solar X-ray astronomy, there is the

text: coronal heating problem

text: . The

text: photosphere

text: of the Sun has an effective temperature of 5,570 K yet its corona has an average temperature of 1–2 × 10 K. However, the hottest regions are 8–20 × 10 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat

text: conduction

text: from the photosphere.

text: The line asymmetries have been attributed to downward moving material, specifically a series of flare-triggered downward moving chromospheric condensations, or chromospheric downward condensations (CDC)s as on the Sun.

text: The line asymmetries have been attributed to downward moving material, specifically a series of flare-triggered downward moving chromospheric condensations, or chromospheric downward condensations (CDC)s as on the

text: Sun

text: According to recent hypotheses, unusually intense stellar flares from a solar twin star could be caused by the interaction of the magnetic field of a giant planet in tight orbit with that star's own magnetic field. Some Sun-like stars of spectral class F8 to G8 have been found to undergo enormous magnetic outbursts to produce so-called superflares (coronal mass ejections) that release between 100 and 10 million times more energy than the largest flares ever observed on the sun, making them brighten briefly by up to 20 times. In 1998, nine Solar twin stars (including Kappa Ceti) were observed to have produced superflares, on average, about once per century.  None of these stars rotate particularly fast, have close binary companions, or are very young. Previously, such large flares had not been observed in solar-type main sequence stars, although they are common in a group of dim main-sequence, reddish M dwarfs known as flare stars.

text: According to recent hypotheses, unusually intense stellar flares from a

text: solar twin

text: star could be caused by the interaction of the magnetic field of a giant planet in tight orbit with that star's own magnetic field. Some Sun-like stars of

text: spectral class

text: F8 to G8 have been found to undergo enormous magnetic outbursts to produce so-called superflares (

text: coronal mass ejections

text: ) that release between 100 and 10 million times more energy than the largest flares ever observed on the sun, making them brighten briefly by up to 20 times. In 1998, nine

text: Solar twin

text: stars (including Kappa Ceti) were observed to have produced superflares, on average, about once per century.  None of these stars rotate particularly fast, have close binary companions, or are very young. Previously, such large flares had not been observed in solar-type main sequence stars, although they are common in a group of dim main-sequence,

text: reddish M dwarfs

text: known as

text: flare star

text: s.

text: In main sequence stars similar to the Sun, which have a radiative core and convective envelope,  the transition region between the convection zone and the radiation zone is called the tachocline.

text: In main sequence stars similar to the Sun, which have a radiative core and convective envelope,  the transition region between the convection zone and the

text: radiation zone

text: is called the

text: tachocline

text: Launched in 1991, Japan's Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.

text: Launched in 1991, Japan's

text: Yohkoh

text: (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an

text: annular eclipse

text: in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.

text: The Babcock Model describes a mechanism which can explain magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun.

text: The Babcock Model describes a mechanism which can explain magnetic and

text: sunspot

text: patterns observed on the

text: Sun

text: The stellar classification of A2 V indicates that it is an A-type main sequence star that is generating energy through thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium at its core. Nu Horologii is larger and hotter than the Sun, with 190% of the Sun's mass, 188% of the radius of the Sun, and it shines with 16.7 times the solar luminosity. This is a young star with an estimated age of 540 million years, and it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 144 km/s along the equator. The effective temperature of the photosphere is 8,308 K, giving it the white-hued glow of an A-type star.

text: The

text: stellar classification

text: of A2 V indicates that it is an

text: A-type main sequence star

text: that is generating energy through

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen into helium at its core. Nu Horologii is larger and hotter than the Sun, with 190% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: , 188% of the

text: radius of the Sun

text: , and it shines with 16.7 times the

text: solar luminosity

text: . This is a young star with an estimated age of 540 million years, and it is spinning rapidly with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 144 km/s along the equator. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: photosphere

text: is 8,308 K, giving it the white-hued glow of an

text: A-type star

text: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate. Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth's surface, causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere. As explained above, some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, and therefore can affect Earth's energy balance over a long time period. Factors that influence Earth's energy balance can be quantified in terms of "radiative climate forcing." Positive radiative forcing indicates warming (for example, by increasing incoming energy or decreasing the amount of energy that escapes to space), whereas negative forcing is associated with cooling.

text: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate. Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth's surface, causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere. As

text: explained above

text: , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, and therefore can affect Earth's energy balance over a long time period. Factors that influence Earth's energy balance can be quantified in terms of "

text: radiative climate forcing

text: ." Positive radiative forcing indicates warming (for example, by increasing incoming energy or decreasing the amount of energy that escapes to space), whereas negative forcing is associated with cooling.

text: To run a prediction, the solar flux index is also needed. This number is found on radio broadcasts of National Institute of Standards and Technology radio station WWV at eighteen minutes past the hour, every hour. There is a relationship between the Sun's solar flare activity and the reflective properties of the Earth's atmosphere at HF frequencies. This number describes that relationship.

text: To run a prediction, the solar flux index is also needed. This number is found on radio broadcasts of National Institute of Standards and Technology radio station

text: WWV

text: at eighteen minutes past the hour, every hour. There is a relationship between the Sun's solar flare activity and the reflective properties of the Earth's atmosphere at HF frequencies. This number describes that relationship.

text: The Wilson effect implies that sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface. Observations using the Zeeman effect show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. From cycle to cycle, the polarities of leading and trailing (with respect to the solar rotation) sunspots change from north/south to south/north and back. Sunspots usually appear in groups.

text: The

text: Wilson effect

text: implies that sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface. Observations using the

text: Zeeman effect

text: show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. From cycle to cycle, the polarities of leading and trailing (with respect to the solar rotation) sunspots change from north/south to south/north and back. Sunspots usually appear in groups.

text: As sunrise and sunset are calculated from the leading and trailing edges of the Sun, respectively, and not the center, the duration of a daytime is slightly longer than nighttime (by about 10 minutes, as seen from temperate latitudes). Further, because the light from the Sun is refracted as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the Sun is still visible after it is geometrically below the horizon. Refraction also affects the apparent shape of the Sun when it is very close to the horizon. It makes things appear higher in the sky than they really are. Light from the bottom edge of the Sun's disk is refracted more than light from the top, since refraction increases as the angle of elevation decreases. This raises the apparent position of the bottom edge more than the top, reducing the apparent height of the solar disk. Its width is unaltered, so the disk appears wider than it is high. (In reality, the Sun is almost exactly spherical.) The Sun also appears larger on the horizon, an optical illusion, similar to the moon illusion.

text: As sunrise and sunset are calculated from the leading and trailing edges of the Sun, respectively, and not the center, the duration of a daytime is slightly longer than nighttime (by about 10 minutes, as seen from temperate latitudes). Further, because the light from the Sun is refracted as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the Sun is still visible after it is geometrically below the horizon. Refraction also affects the apparent shape of the Sun when it is very close to the horizon. It makes things appear higher in the sky than they really are. Light from the bottom edge of the Sun's disk is refracted more than light from the top, since refraction increases as the angle of elevation decreases. This raises the apparent position of the bottom edge more than the top, reducing the apparent height of the solar disk. Its width is unaltered, so the disk appears wider than it is high. (In reality, the Sun is almost exactly spherical.) The Sun also appears larger on the horizon, an optical illusion, similar to the

text: moon illusion

text: Corona was one of the ships that Dubourdieu lost at Lissa on 13 March 1811 during the battle that resulted in his death. Coronas captain was also wounded and taken prisoner in the battle: in all she lost some 200 men killed and wounded. Following her capture by , a fire destroyed much of Coronas upper works and killed members of her crew and five members of the British prize crew before they could extinguish it. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Lissa" to the still living survivors of the battle.

text: Corona was one of the ships that Dubourdieu lost at

text: Lissa

text: on 13 March 1811 during the battle that resulted in his death. Coronas captain was also wounded and taken prisoner in the battle: in all she lost some 200 men killed and wounded. Following her capture by , a fire destroyed much of Coronas upper works and killed members of her crew and five members of the British prize crew before they could extinguish it. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the

text: Naval General Service Medal

text: with clasp "Lissa" to the still living survivors of the battle.

text: Liu ordered the immediate preparation of an imperial enthronement ceremony.  He also threw Wang Tong and Shi, as well as the emissaries that the other circuits sent to attend the ceremony, into jail, but then had them released.  His staff members had misgivings about his assuming the throne, so he publicly displayed a large axe, stating, "Anyone who dares to speak against it will be beheaded!"  When Sun nevertheless did so, he had Sun bound and flayed, and ordered his soldiers to eat Sun's flesh.  When Sun continued to protest while being flayed, he stuffed Sun's mouth with dirt and then beheaded Sun.  He then assumed the title of Emperor of Yan.

text: The brighter member has a stellar classification of K0 II-III, which means it is a fairly late-stage star well into its stellar evolution, having already exhausted its supply of hydrogen fuel at the core. With more than four times the mass of the Sun, it has expanded to about 33 times the Sun's radius and is emitting 501 times the luminosity of the Sun. This energy is being radiated from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,550 K, giving it the orange hue of a K-type star.

text: The brighter member has a

text: stellar classification

text: of K0 II-III, which means it is a fairly late-stage star well into its

text: stellar evolution

text: , having already exhausted its supply of

text: hydrogen

text: fuel at the core. With more than four times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , it has expanded to about 33 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: and is emitting 501 times the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . This energy is being radiated from its outer envelope at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,550 K, giving it the orange hue of a K-type star.

text: Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation. It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called snow line and consist mainly of ice—the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form  cores at the distance of Jupiter (5 AU) within 10 million years. The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk—a tenfold increase would suffice; protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals; and finally accretion enhancement due to gas drag in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos. Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20–30 AU from the central star. One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 time faster than by the accretion of planesimals.

text: Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation. It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. An additional difference is the composition of the

text: planetesimal

text: s, which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so-called

text: snow line

text: and consist mainly of ice—the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1. This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form  cores at the distance of Jupiter (5 AU) within 10 million years. The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk—a tenfold increase would suffice; protoplanet migration, which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals; and finally accretion enhancement due to

text: gas drag

text: in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos. Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as

text: Jupiter

text: and perhaps even

text: Saturn

text: . The formation of planets like

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20–30 AU from the central star. One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via

text: pebble accretion

text: . In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted. Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 time faster than by the accretion of planesimals.

text: That same year, following the arrest of party secretary Baha al-Din Nuri, Abd al-Karim Ahmad al-Daud became party secretary and began to promote a far-left line as well as a considerable level of confrontational activity. Al-Radi opposed this line and in September the party agreed a more moderate policy, but on 16 June 1954 hardliner Hamid Uthman escaped from Kut jail and succeeded in reimposing the far-left line. He was elected party secretary in place of Al-Daud. Uthman accused al-Radi of rightist deviationism and had him expelled from the Central Committee. The latter then moved to the mid-Euphrates region.

text: That same year, following the arrest of party secretary

text: Baha al-Din Nuri

text: Abd al-Karim Ahmad al-Daud

text: became party secretary and began to promote a far-left line as well as a considerable level of confrontational activity. Al-Radi opposed this line and in September the party agreed a more moderate policy, but on 16 June 1954 hardliner

text: Hamid Uthman

text: escaped from

text: Kut

text: jail and succeeded in reimposing the far-left line. He was elected party secretary in place of Al-Daud. Uthman accused al-Radi of rightist deviationism and had him expelled from the Central Committee. The latter then moved to the mid-Euphrates region.

text: Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including blindness. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring.

text: Looking directly at the

text: photosphere

text: of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent

text: damage

text: to the

text: retina

text: of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including

text: blindness

text: . The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring.

text: With a stellar classification of B2 IV-V, this star appears to be in the process of evolving away from the main sequence of stars like the Sun and turning a subgiant star, as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. It is larger than the Sun, with nearly nine times the mass and almost five times the radius. This star is radiating around 4,000 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 21,400 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star.

text: With a

text: stellar classification

text: of B2 IV-V, this star appears to be in the process of

text: evolving

text: away from the

text: main sequence

text: of stars like the Sun and turning a

text: subgiant star

text: , as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted. It is larger than the Sun, with nearly nine times the mass and almost five times the radius. This star is radiating around 4,000 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 21,400 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a

text: B-type star

text: José Joaquín de Ferrer observed from Kinderhook, New York and gave the name corona to the glow of the faintouter atmosphere of the Sun seen during a total eclipse; he proposes that the corona must belong to the Sun, not the Moon, because of its great size. Ferrer also states, that during the total eclipse of 1806, the irregulations of the moon's surface were plainly discernible.

text: José Joaquín de Ferrer

text: observed from

text: Kinderhook, New York

text: and gave the name

text: corona

text: to the glow of the faintouter atmosphere of the Sun seen during a total eclipse; he proposes that the corona must belong to the Sun, not the Moon, because of its great size. Ferrer also states, that during the total eclipse of 1806, the irregulations of the moon's surface were plainly discernible.

text: The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as weather fronts. If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from convective clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as cumulonimbus (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.

text: The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as

text: weather fronts

text: . If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from

text: convective

text: clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as

text: cumulonimbus

text: (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow

text: rainbands

text: . In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where

text: upslope flow

text: is maximized within

text: windward

text: sides of the

text: terrain

text: at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the

text: air mass

text: . The movement of the

text: monsoon trough

text: , or

text: intertropical convergence zone

text: , brings

text: rainy seasons

text: to

text: savannah

text: clime

text: s.

text: The weakness of the neutrino's interactions with other particles means that most neutrinos produced in the core of the Sun can pass all the way through the Sun without being absorbed. It is possible, therefore, to observe the core of the Sun directly by detecting these neutrinos.

text: The weakness of the neutrino's interactions with other particles means that most neutrinos produced in the core of the Sun can

text: pass all the way through the Sun without being absorbed

text: . It is possible, therefore, to observe the core of the Sun directly by detecting these neutrinos.

text: Radiative forcing (measured in Watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For solar irradiance (i.e., "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. Since the Earth's cross-sectional area exposed to the Sun (πr) is equal to 1/4 of the surface area of the Earth (4πr), the solar input per unit area is one quarter the change in solar intensity. This must be multiplied by the fraction of incident sunlight that is absorbed, F=(1-R), where R is the reflectivity (albedo), of the Earth. The albedo is approximately 0.3, so F is approximately equal to 0.7. Thus, the solar forcing is the change in the solar intensity divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7.

text: Radiative forcing (measured in Watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. For solar irradiance (i.e., "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. Since the Earth's cross-sectional area exposed to the Sun (πr) is equal to 1/4 of the surface area of the Earth (4πr), the solar input per unit area is one quarter the change in solar intensity. This must be multiplied by the fraction of incident sunlight that is absorbed, F=(1-R), where R is the reflectivity (

text: albedo

text: ), of the Earth. The albedo is approximately 0.3, so F is approximately equal to 0.7. Thus, the solar forcing is the change in the solar intensity divided by 4 and multiplied by 0.7.

text: The optical depth of the atmosphere can be divided into several components, ascribed to Rayleigh scattering, aerosols, and gaseous absorption. The optical depth of the atmosphere can be measured with a sun photometer.

text: The optical depth of the atmosphere can be divided into several components, ascribed to

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: aerosols

text: , and gaseous

text: absorption

text: . The optical depth of the atmosphere can be measured with a

text: sun photometer

text: She was born into a distinguished Iraqi family which included Mahmoud Shawkat, the last Prime Minister of the Ottoman Empire. In 1919, her father Mohammed Selim al-Radi was one of the first Iraqis to be educated in the United States when he studied agriculture in Texas. He married Suad Abbas, became an Iraqi diplomat and was appointed ambassador to Iran in 1947 and then to India from 1949 to 1958, where Nuha al-Radi grew up. She was educated at private English-speaking schools in Delhi and Simla, except for a brief spell in 1956 when she attended a boarding school in Alexandria to improve her Arabic, but this was interrupted by the Suez Crisis.

text: She was born into a distinguished Iraqi family which included

text: Mahmoud Shawkat

text: , the last Prime Minister of the

text: Ottoman Empire

text: . In 1919, her father

text: Mohammed Selim al-Radi

text: was one of the first Iraqis to be educated in the United States when he studied agriculture in

text: Texas

text: . He married

text: Suad Abbas

text: , became an Iraqi

text: diplomat

text: and was appointed ambassador to

text: Iran

text: in 1947 and then to India from 1949 to 1958, where Nuha al-Radi grew up. She was educated at private

text: English-speaking

text: schools in

text: Delhi

text: and

text: Simla

text: , except for a brief spell in 1956 when she attended a boarding school in

text: Alexandria

text: to improve her

text: Arabic

text: , but this was interrupted by the

text: Suez Crisis

text: In the late 1930s, the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species. The Sun has been known to be surrounded by a hot tenuous corona. In the mid-1940s radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun.

text: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity, most notably solar flares, but no causal relationship has been established. Most weak flares do not have CMEs; most powerful ones do. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as sunspot groupings associated with frequent flares. Other forms of solar activity frequently associcated with coronal mass ejections are eruptive prominences, coronal dimming, coronal waves and Moreton waves, also called solar tsunami.

text: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity, most notably

text: solar flare

text: s, but no causal relationship has been established. Most weak flares do not have CMEs; most powerful ones do. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as sunspot groupings associated with frequent flares. Other forms of solar activity frequently associcated with coronal mass ejections are eruptive prominences, coronal dimming, coronal waves and

text: Moreton waves

text: , also called solar tsunami.

text: A solar observatory is an observatory that specializes in monitoring the Sun. As such, they usually have one or more solar telescopes.

text: A solar observatory is an

text: observatory

text: that specializes in monitoring the

text: Sun

text: . As such, they usually have one or more

text: solar telescope

text: s.

text: Sun Jian was buried in the Gao Mausoleum in Qu'e (曲阿; in present-day Danyang, Jiangsu). He was survived by five sons: Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Sun Yi, Sun Kuang and Sun Lang and one daughter, commonly named Sun Shangxiang though her real name was not recorded in official history. His legacy was first inherited by the first-born Sun Ce, who died early at twenty-six. Sun Ce was then succeeded by his younger brother Sun Quan, who eventually established Eastern Wu as a sovereign state in 222 and declared himself its first emperor in 229. Sun Jian was then given the posthumous title of Emperor Wulie (武烈皇帝).

text: Sun Jian was buried in the

text: Gao Mausoleum

text: in Qu'e (曲阿; in present-day

text: Danyang

text: Jiangsu

text: ). He was survived by five sons:

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Yi

text: Sun Kuang

text: and

text: Sun Lang

text: and one daughter, commonly named

text: Sun Shangxiang

text: though her real name was not recorded in official history. His legacy was first inherited by the first-born Sun Ce, who died early at twenty-six. Sun Ce was then succeeded by his younger brother Sun Quan, who eventually established Eastern Wu as a sovereign state in 222 and declared himself its first emperor in 229. Sun Jian was then given the posthumous title of Emperor Wulie (武烈皇帝).

text: K-type main-sequence stars may be candidates for supporting extraterrestrial life. They remain stable in the main phase longer than the Sun, allowing more time for life to form on a planet around a K-type main-sequence star. These stars are known as "Goldilocks stars" and they emit enough radiation in the non-UV ray spectrum to provide a temperature that allows liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet orbiting around a K-type main-sequence star in the habitable zone.  The planet's habitable zone,  ranging from 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–1.3 astronomical units (AU), depending on the size of the star, is often far enough from the star so as not to be tidally locked to the star, and to have a sufficiently low solar flare activity not to be lethal to life. In comparison, red dwarf stars have too much solar activity and quickly tidally lock the planets in their habitable zones, making them less suitable for life. The odds of intelligent life arising may be better on planets around K-type main-sequence stars than around Sun-like stars, given the extra time available for it to evolve. Few planets thus far have been found around K-type main-sequence stars, but those that have are potential candidates for extraterrestrial life.

text: K-type main-sequence star

text: s may be candidates for supporting

text: extraterrestrial life

text: . They remain stable in the main phase longer than the Sun, allowing more time for

text: life to form

text: on a planet around a K-type main-sequence star. These stars are known as "Goldilocks stars" and they emit enough

text: radiation

text: in the non-

text: UV ray spectrum

text: to provide a temperature that allows liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet orbiting around a K-type main-sequence star in the habitable zone.  The planet's habitable zone,  ranging from 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–1.3

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU), depending on the size of the star, is often far enough from the star so as not to be tidally locked to the star, and to have a sufficiently low solar flare activity not to be lethal to life. In comparison, red dwarf stars have too much solar activity and quickly tidally lock the planets in their habitable zones, making them less suitable for life. The odds of intelligent life arising may be better on planets around K-type main-sequence stars than around Sun-like stars, given the extra time available for it to evolve. Few planets thus far have been found around K-type main-sequence stars, but those that have are potential candidates for extraterrestrial life.

text: The corona is visible to the SOHO/LASCO coronagraph instruments, which block the bright disk of the Sun so the significantly fainter corona can be seen. In this movie, the inner coronagraph (designated C2) is combined with the outer coronagraph (C3).

text: The mission of the solar observatories of the RSTN is to monitor solar flares, noise storms and other releases of energy from the sun, and when necessary, notify military and civilian personnel concerned with space, weather, power and communications in countries throughout the world.

text: The mission of the solar observatories of the RSTN is to monitor

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: noise storm

text: s and other releases of energy from the sun, and when necessary, notify military and civilian personnel concerned with space, weather, power and communications in countries throughout the world.

text: Sun Chen and his predecessor Sun Jun were cousins; both were great-grandsons of the founding emperor Sun Quan's uncle Sun Jing. Very little is known about his career up to Sun Jun's sudden illness in 256, when the latter chose to transfer his power to Sun Chen. Sun Jun died soon thereafter, and Sun Chen became regent. The general Lü Ju was angry at the development (as Sun Jun was already resented for his dictatorial style and lack of accomplishments), and, in conjunction with the minister Teng Yin, he attempted to overthrow Sun Chen. Sun Chen struck back militarily, and his forces defeated Teng Yin and Lü Ju. Teng Yin and his clan were executed while Lü Ju committed suicide. In the light of his defeat of Teng Yin and Lü Ju, Sun Chen began to become extremely arrogant.

text: Sun Chen and his predecessor

text: Sun Jun

text: were cousins; both were great-grandsons of the founding emperor

text: Sun Quan

text: 's uncle

text: Sun Jing

text: . Very little is known about his career up to Sun Jun's sudden illness in 256, when the latter chose to transfer his power to Sun Chen. Sun Jun died soon thereafter, and Sun Chen became regent. The general

text: Lü Ju

text: was angry at the development (as Sun Jun was already resented for his dictatorial style and lack of accomplishments), and, in conjunction with the minister

text: Teng Yin

text: , he attempted to overthrow Sun Chen. Sun Chen struck back militarily, and his forces defeated Teng Yin and Lü Ju. Teng Yin and his clan were executed while Lü Ju committed suicide. In the light of his defeat of Teng Yin and Lü Ju, Sun Chen began to become extremely arrogant.

text: Four of Sun Jian's sons – Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Sun Yi and Sun Kuang – and one of his daughters (Lady Sun) were born to his wife Lady Wu, who was Wu Jing's elder sister. Lady Sun married Liu Bei.

text: Four of

text: Sun Jian

text: 's sons –

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Yi

text: and

text: Sun Kuang

text: – and one of his daughters (

text: Lady Sun

text: ) were born to his wife

text: Lady Wu

text: , who was

text: Wu Jing

text: 's elder sister. Lady Sun married

text: Liu Bei

text: Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are caused by convection currents (thermal columns, Bénard cells) of plasma within the Sun's convective zone. The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation.

text: Granules on the

text: photosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: are caused by

text: convection current

text: s (

text: thermal column

text: s,

text: Bénard cells

text: ) of

text: plasma

text: within the Sun's convective zone. The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation.

text: Based on Kepler findings, astronomer Seth Shostak estimated in 2011 that "within a thousand light-years of Earth", there are "at least 30,000" habitable planets. Also based on the findings, the Kepler team has estimated that there are "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way", of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone. In March 2011, astronomers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) reported that about "1.4 to 2.7 percent" of all Sun-like stars are expected to have Earth-size planets "within the habitable zones of their stars". This means there are "two billion" of these "Earth analogs" in the Milky Way alone. The JPL astronomers also noted that there are "50 billion other galaxies", potentially yielding more than one sextillion "Earth analog" planets if all galaxies have similar numbers of planets to the Milky Way.

text: Based on Kepler findings, astronomer

text: Seth Shostak

text: estimated in 2011 that "within a thousand light-years of Earth", there are "at least 30,000" habitable planets. Also based on the findings, the Kepler team has estimated that there are "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way", of which "at least 500 million" are in the

text: habitable zone

text: . In March 2011, astronomers at NASA's

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: (JPL) reported that about "1.4 to 2.7 percent" of all Sun-like stars are expected to have Earth-size planets "within the

text: habitable zone

text: s of their stars". This means there are "two billion" of these "Earth analogs" in the Milky Way alone. The JPL astronomers also noted that there are "50 billion other galaxies", potentially yielding more than one

text: sextillion

text: "Earth analog" planets if all galaxies have similar numbers of planets to the Milky Way.

text: Specifically, MFLCPR represents how close the leading fuel bundle is to "dry-out" (or "departure from nucleate boiling" for a PWR). Transition boiling is the unstable transient region where nucleate boiling tends toward film boiling. A water drop dancing on a hot frying pan is an example of film boiling. During film boiling a volume of insulating vapor separates the heated surface from the cooling fluid; this causes the temperature of the heated surface to increase drastically to once again reach equilibrium heat transfer with the cooling fluid. In other words, steam semi-insulates the heated surface and surface temperature rises to allow heat to get to the cooling fluid (through convection and radiative heat transfer).

text: Specifically, MFLCPR represents how close the leading fuel bundle is to "dry-out" (or "departure from nucleate boiling" for a PWR).

text: Transition boiling

text: is the unstable transient region where nucleate boiling tends toward

text: film boiling

text: . A water drop dancing on a hot frying pan is an example of film boiling. During film boiling a volume of insulating vapor separates the heated surface from the cooling fluid; this causes the temperature of the heated surface to increase drastically to once again reach equilibrium heat transfer with the cooling fluid. In other words, steam semi-insulates the heated surface and surface temperature rises to allow heat to get to the cooling fluid (through convection and radiative heat transfer).

text: The ceremonial center consists of a main platform and a lower plaza. Stone lined channels carried ceremonial water, or chicha to shrines and baths throughout the site. The main platform, unique in its size and prominence, limited ceremonial activity to royalty and the ministerial class. This seems as such due to evidence showing that the only entrance to the platform was through a double-jam doorway, which functioned to control access to the sacred space. Other features of the ceremonial center include structures that mark the direction of certain solar events, such as when the June and December solstice sun rises and sets.

text: Zu Mao was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Jian during the late Han Dynasty period in China. He was one of the first four generals (with Cheng Pu, Huang Gai and Han Dang) of Sun Jian and set out with Sun Jian to fight Dong Zhuo.

text: Zu Mao was a military general serving under the warlord

text: Sun Jian

text: during the late

text: Han Dynasty

text: period in

text: China

text: . He was one of the first four generals (with

text: Cheng Pu

text: Huang Gai

text: and

text: Han Dang

text: ) of Sun Jian and set out with Sun Jian to fight

text: Dong Zhuo

text: While magnetic field changes are concentrated at sunspots, the entire sun undergoes analogous changes, albeit of smaller magnitude.

text: Not much is known about her other than that she worked alongside her father, Robert, for Department H. She along with her team went to investigate a crater site, but while her team died Michaud was changed and gained the powers of flight and energy blasts. Her father killed himself due to a secret that she told him involving Department H. She briefly lead the team Omega Flight, before deciding to join the Avengers to be alongside Sunspot.

text: Not much is known about her other than that she worked alongside her father, Robert, for

text: Department H

text: . She along with her team went to investigate a crater site, but while her team died Michaud was changed and gained the powers of flight and energy blasts. Her father killed himself due to a secret that she told him involving Department H. She briefly lead the team

text: Omega Flight

text: , before deciding to join the

text: Avengers

text: to be alongside

text: Sunspot

text: G-type stars like the Earth's Sun have a wind driven by their hot, magnetized corona. The Sun's wind is called the solar wind.  These winds consist mostly of high-energy electrons and protons (about 1 keV) that are able to escape the star's gravity because of the high temperature of the corona.

text: G-type stars

text: like the

text: Earth's

text: Sun

text: have a wind driven by their hot, magnetized

text: corona

text: . The Sun's wind is called the

text: solar wind

text: .  These winds consist mostly of high-energy

text: electrons

text: and

text: proton

text: s (about 1

text: keV

text: ) that are able to escape the star's

text: gravity

text: because of the high

text: temperature

text: of the

text: corona

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on February 17, 2026. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on February 17, 2026. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: T Coronae Australis (T CrA), is a young star in the constellation Corona Australis. Slightly less luminous than our Sun, it has a spectral type of F0 and is surrounded by a circumstellar disk.

text: T Coronae Australis (T CrA), is a young

text: star

text: in the

text: constellation

text: Corona Australis

text: . Slightly less luminous than our Sun, it has a spectral type of F0 and is surrounded by a

text: circumstellar disk

text: Blandings (Laurie Main) is a mysterious figure who appears to the Marshalls as a pudgy, balding man in his late 40s with a British accent. He claims to be a "repairman" for the sun (although probably just the Sun pylon) and carries an umbrella and a valise with him. Although apparently human, Blandings displays considerable—nearly clairvoyant—knowledge about both the Marshalls and the Land of the Lost and the implements he carries with him are anything but ordinary. His umbrella acts something like an air conditioner keeping himself and Uncle Jack cool during the sweltering heat of increasing solar flare activity. Much like the pylons, his valise appears extradimensional in nature and from it Blandings can produce anything he wants. He also carries an amulet which produces a forcefield which he uses to repel the Sleestak. Although a formidable being, Blandings offers hints that he was sent by and actually serves a higher power.

text: Blandings (

text: Laurie Main

text: ) is a mysterious figure who appears to the Marshalls as a pudgy, balding man in his late 40s with a British accent. He claims to be a "repairman" for the sun (although probably just the Sun pylon) and carries an umbrella and a valise with him. Although apparently human, Blandings displays considerable—nearly clairvoyant—knowledge about both the Marshalls and the Land of the Lost and the implements he carries with him are anything but ordinary. His umbrella acts something like an air conditioner keeping himself and Uncle Jack cool during the sweltering heat of increasing solar flare activity. Much like the pylons, his valise appears extradimensional in nature and from it Blandings can produce anything he wants. He also carries an amulet which produces a forcefield which he uses to repel the Sleestak. Although a formidable being, Blandings offers hints that he was sent by and actually serves a higher power.

text: The magneto-ionic theory also allowed Appleton to explain the origin of the mysterious fadings heard on the radio around sunset. During the day, the light from the sun causes the molecules in the air to become ionised even at fairly low altitudes. At these low altitudes, the density of the air is great and thus the electron density of ionised air is very large. Due to this heavy ionisation, there is strong absorption of electromagnetic waves caused by ‘electron friction’. Thus in transmissions over any distance, there will be no reflections as any waves apart from the one at ground level will be absorbed rather than reflected. However, when the sun sets, the molecules slowly start to recombine with their electrons and the free electron density levels drop. This means absorption rates diminish and waves can be reflected with sufficient strengths to be noticed, leading to the interference phenomena we have mentioned. For these interference patterns to occur though, there must not simply be the presence of a reflected wave but a change in the reflected wave.  Otherwise the interference is constant and fadings would not be heard. The received signal would simply be louder or softer than during the day. This suggests the height at which reflection happens must slowly change as the sun sets. Appleton found in fact that it increased as the sun set and then decreased as the sun rose until the reflected wave was too weak to record. This variation is compatible with the theory that ionisation is due to the sun’s influence. At sunset, the intensity of the sun’s radiation will be much less at the surface of the earth than it is high up in the atmosphere. This means ionic recombination will progress slowly from lower altitudes to higher ones and therefore the height at which waves are reflected slowly increases as the sun sets.

text: Solar minima and maxima are the two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle. At a maximum, the sun is peppered with sunspots, solar flares erupt, and the sun hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas into space. It's a good time for sky watchers who enjoy auroras, but not so good for astronauts who have to be wary of radiation storms. Power outages, satellite malfunction and communication disruptions, and GPS receiver malfunctions are just a few of the things that can happen during a solar maximum.

text: Solar minima and maxima are the two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle. At a maximum, the sun is peppered with

text: sunspots

text: solar flares

text: erupt, and the sun hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas into space. It's a good time for sky watchers who enjoy auroras, but not so good for astronauts who have to be wary of radiation storms. Power outages, satellite malfunction and communication disruptions, and GPS receiver malfunctions are just a few of the things that can happen during a solar maximum.

text: A team of television superheroes that Chiro idolizes. Super Quasar, the leader of the group, can emit solar energy from his visor. Aurora Six the stunning and single female member wields the Sun Gun. Johnny Sunspot. They once worked under the Skeleton King, but eventually turned to the Hyperforce's side. Super Quasar was voiced by Keone Young Aurora Six voiced by Meredith Salenger and Johnny Sunspot was voiced by Tom Kenny.

text: A team of television superheroes that Chiro idolizes. Super Quasar, the leader of the group, can emit solar energy from his

text: visor

text: . Aurora Six the stunning and single female member wields the Sun Gun. Johnny Sunspot. They once worked under the Skeleton King, but eventually turned to the Hyperforce's side. Super Quasar was voiced by

text: Keone Young

text: Aurora Six voiced by

text: Meredith Salenger

text: and Johnny Sunspot was voiced by

text: Tom Kenny

text: Japanese language teacher Mori arrives in Seoul to track down Kwon, a South Korean woman he fell for several years ago. Mori arrives in Bukchon, a neighborhood in the center of the city which has a tranquil atmosphere and historical background. Hoping for a chance to see her, he stays at a guesthouse near Kwon's old home, and he's befriended by the elderly owner, Gu-ok, and her broke but sociable nephew Sang-won. Mori begins to frequent Jiyugaoka ("Hill of Freedom"), a local coffee shop owned by Young-sun, where he writes letters to Kwon. Then even though Young-sun already has a boyfriend, she and Mori become lovers.

text: Japanese language teacher Mori arrives in

text: Seoul

text: to track down Kwon, a South Korean woman he fell for several years ago. Mori arrives in

text: Bukchon

text: , a neighborhood in the center of the city which has a tranquil atmosphere and historical background. Hoping for a chance to see her, he stays at a guesthouse near Kwon's old home, and he's befriended by the elderly owner, Gu-ok, and her broke but sociable nephew Sang-won. Mori begins to frequent Jiyugaoka ("Hill of Freedom"), a local coffee shop owned by Young-sun, where he writes letters to Kwon. Then even though Young-sun already has a boyfriend, she and Mori become lovers.

text: This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III that has expanded to 40 times the Sun's radius. It is about 1.72 billion years old and has 1.70 times the mass of the Sun, with a luminosity 372 times as great. The outer atmosphere is cooler than the Sun's with an effective temperature of 4,131 K, giving it the orange hue of a K-type star. In terms of its composition, this star shows a similar abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium to the Sun.

text: This is an

text: evolved

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K4 III that has expanded to 40 times the Sun's radius. It is about 1.72 billion years old and has 1.70 times the mass of the Sun, with a luminosity 372 times as great. The outer atmosphere is cooler than the Sun's with an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,131 K, giving it the orange hue of a

text: K-type star

text: . In terms of its composition, this star shows a similar abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium to the Sun.

text: The sun is not the only object that may appear less blue in the atmosphere. Far away clouds or snowy mountaintops may appear yellowish. The effect is not very obvious on clear days but is very pronounced when clouds cover the line of sight, reducing the blue hue from scattered sunlight. At higher altitudes, the sky tends toward darker colors since scattering is reduced due to lower air density; an extreme example is the moon, where there is no atmosphere and no scattering, making the sky on the moon black even when the sun is visible.

text: In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In one billion years' time, as the Sun's radiation output increases, its circumstellar habitable zone will move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life on land will become extinct. Evaporation of water, a potent greenhouse gas, from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as Mars's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.

text: In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In one billion years' time, as the Sun's radiation output increases, its

text: circumstellar habitable zone

text: will move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life on land will become extinct. Evaporation of water, a potent

text: greenhouse gas

text: , from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as

text: Mars

text: 's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface

text: regolith

text: will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.

text: The 2000–01 Phoenix Suns season was the 33rd season for the Phoenix Suns, members of Pacific division in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Suns signed free agents Mario Elie and Tony Delk. The Suns were coached by Scott Skiles, who enjoyed his first full season as head coach as the Suns finished the regular season with a 51–31 record. For a franchise-record 13th season in a row, the Suns earned a trip to the playoffs but would later lose in the first round. America West Arena was the home court venue for the Suns.

text: The 2000–01 Phoenix Suns season was the 33rd season for the Phoenix Suns, members of

text: Pacific

text: division in the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . During the offseason, the Suns signed free agents

text: Mario Elie

text: and

text: Tony Delk

text: . The Suns were coached by

text: Scott Skiles

text: , who enjoyed his first full season as

text: head coach

text: as the Suns finished the regular season with a 51–31 record. For a franchise-record 13th season in a row, the Suns earned a trip to the

text: playoffs

text: but would later lose in the first round.

text: America West Arena

text: was the home court venue for the Suns.

text: Some versions of the Phenom II X2 and X3 have one or two cores "deactivated" to enable AMD to target the lower end of its market. However, from outside, a user can never determine whether the disabling of the core(s) was merely due to marketing reasons (with the disabled cores being fully functional in reality) or whether they are actually defective hardware-wise. So even though with the correct motherboard and BIOS, it is possible to unlock the deactivated core(s) of the processor, success is never guaranteed, because the user might catch the awkward case where one or more core(s) were deactivated due to faulty silicon. Hardware enthusiast websites have collected and summarized anecdotal reports that, overall, indicate about a 70% success rate, but these reports likely have self-reporting bias, and more importantly, it is impossible to know whether an unlocked core is truly bug-free.

text: Some versions of the Phenom II X2 and X3 have one or two cores "deactivated" to enable AMD to target the lower end of its market. However, from outside, a user can never determine whether the disabling of the core(s) was merely due to marketing reasons (with the disabled cores being fully functional in reality) or whether they are actually defective hardware-wise. So even though with the correct motherboard and BIOS, it is possible to unlock the deactivated core(s) of the processor, success is never guaranteed, because the user might catch the awkward case where one or more core(s) were deactivated due to faulty silicon. Hardware enthusiast websites have collected and summarized anecdotal reports that, overall, indicate about a 70% success rate, but these reports likely have

text: self-reporting bias

text: , and more importantly, it is impossible to know whether an unlocked core is truly bug-free.

text: In traditional designs there are a variety of different types of units, integer, floating point, etc., allowing more parallelism than the four-wide schedulers would otherwise allow. However, in order to keep all of the units active the instruction stream has to include all of these different types of instruction. As this is often not the case in practice, traditional CPUs often have lots of idle functional units. In TRIPS, the individual units are general purpose, allowing any instruction to run on any core. Not only does this avoid the need to carefully balance the number of different kinds of cores, but it also means that a TRIPS design can be built with any number of cores needed to reach a particular performance requirement. A single-core TRIPS CPU, with a simplified (or eliminated) scheduler will run a set of hyperblocks exactly like one with hundreds of cores, only slower.

text: Bishop reveals that the inhabitants of Centauri III were being "changed" by the solar flares of their sun. They were developing psychic and telekinetic powers; "the next step in human evolution." This is why they were killed, not because of their political beliefs. Asta leaves him alive, telling him of her plans to expose the truth with the videos they downloaded from the compound’s computers.

text: Morris Pert was born and raised in Arbroath Scotland where he played in percussion, folk and rock bands and began to compose. He gained a Trinity College diploma in piano performance in 1967 and a Bachelor of Music degree from Edinburgh University in 1969.  He then studied in London on a scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music with Alan Bush and James Blades. He was a prize-winning student, notably the 1970 Royal Philharmonic Society Award for his orchestral work Xumbu-Ata, which was broadcast by the BBC. Pert's other orchestral compositions include Missa Festiva for choir and orchestra, Omega Centauri for chamber orchestra and tape, Sun Dragon for large orchestra and tape, Sonores for solo piano, Andromeda Link for solo violin and tape, Eoastrion Op.30 for E-flat clarinet, piano and tape, The Rising of the Moon for large orchestra, The Beltane Rites for orchestra(a BBC commission), The Ancient Kindred for orchestra, Ancient Rites for choir and orchestra, Chromosphere for five players and tape, The Ultimate Decay for tape, The Book of Love for percussion and tape, and incidental music for the Young Vic Theatre's production of Macbeth, Peter Pan and The Tempest.

text: Morris Pert was born and raised in

text: Arbroath

text: Scotland

text: where he played in percussion, folk and rock bands and began to compose. He gained a

text: Trinity College

text: diploma in piano performance in 1967 and a

text: Bachelor of Music

text: degree from

text: Edinburgh University

text: in 1969.  He then studied in London on a scholarship at the

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: with

text: Alan Bush

text: and

text: James Blades

text: . He was a prize-winning student, notably the 1970

text: Royal Philharmonic Society

text: Award for his orchestral work Xumbu-Ata, which was broadcast by the

text: BBC

text: . Pert's other orchestral compositions include Missa Festiva for choir and orchestra, Omega Centauri for chamber orchestra and tape, Sun Dragon for large orchestra and tape, Sonores for solo piano, Andromeda Link for solo violin and tape, Eoastrion Op.30 for E-flat clarinet, piano and tape, The Rising of the Moon for large orchestra, The Beltane Rites for orchestra(a BBC commission), The Ancient Kindred for orchestra, Ancient Rites for choir and orchestra, Chromosphere for five players and tape, The Ultimate Decay for tape, The Book of Love for percussion and tape, and incidental music for the

text: Young Vic

text: Theatre's production of

text: Macbeth

text: Peter Pan

text: and

text: The Tempest

text: The basic tenets of nuclear astrophysics are that only isotopes of hydrogen and helium (and traces of lithium, beryllium, and boron) can be formed in a homogeneous big bang model (see big bang nucleosynthesis), and all other elements are formed in stars.   The conversion of nuclear mass to radiative energy (by merit of Einstein's famous mass-energy relation in relativity) is the source of energy which allows stars to shine for up to billions of years.   Many notable physicists of the 19th century, such as Mayer, Waterson, von Helmholtz, and Lord Kelvin, postulated that the Sun radiates thermal energy based on converting gravitational potential energy into heat.  The lifetime of the Sun under such a model can be calculated relatively easily using the virial theorem, yielding around 19 million years, an age that was not consistent with the interpretation of geological records or the then recently proposed theory of biological evolution.  A back-of-the-envelope calculation indicates that if the Sun consisted entirely of a fossil fuel like coal, a source of energy familiar to many people, considering the rate of thermal energy emission, then the Sun would have a lifetime of merely four or five thousand years, which is not even consistent with records of human civilization.  The now discredited hypothesis that gravitational contraction is the Sun's primary source of energy was, however, reasonable before the advent of modern physics; radioactivity itself was not discovered by Becquerel until 1895  Besides the prerequisite knowledge of the atomic nucleus, a proper understanding of stellar energy is not possible without the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.

text: The basic tenets of nuclear astrophysics are that only isotopes of

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: (and traces of lithium,

text: beryllium

text: , and

text: boron

text: ) can be formed in a homogeneous

text: big bang

text: model (see

text: big bang nucleosynthesis

text: ), and all other elements are formed in stars.   The conversion of nuclear mass to radiative energy (by merit of

text: Einstein's

text: famous

text: mass-energy relation

text: in

text: relativity

text: ) is the source of energy which allows stars to shine for up to billions of years.   Many notable physicists of the 19th century, such as

text: Mayer

text: , Waterson,

text: von Helmholtz

text: , and

text: Lord Kelvin

text: , postulated that the

text: Sun

text: radiates thermal energy based on converting

text: gravitational potential energy

text: into

text: heat

text: .  The lifetime of the Sun under such a model can be calculated relatively easily using the

text: virial theorem

text: , yielding around 19 million years, an age that was not consistent with the interpretation of

text: geological records

text: or the then recently proposed theory of

text: biological evolution

text: .  A

text: back-of-the-envelope

text: calculation indicates that if the Sun consisted entirely of a

text: fossil fuel

text: like

text: coal

text: , a source of energy familiar to many people, considering the rate of thermal energy emission, then the Sun would have a lifetime of merely four or five thousand years, which is not even consistent with records of

text: human civilization

text: .  The now discredited hypothesis that gravitational contraction is the Sun's primary source of energy was, however, reasonable before the advent of

text: modern physics

text: ; radioactivity itself was not discovered by

text: Becquerel

text: until 1895  Besides the prerequisite knowledge of the

text: atomic nucleus

text: , a proper understanding of stellar energy is not possible without the theories of relativity and

text: quantum mechanics

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of K0 III, with the luminosity class of III indicating that this is a giant star that has evolved away from the main sequence after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core. It belongs to a population known as clump giants and hence is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of helium at the core. The outer envelope has expanded to 11 times the radius of the Sun and it is radiating 54 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the stellar atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,721 K, causing it to glow with the orange hue of a K-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of K0 III, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of III indicating that this is a

text: giant star

text: that has

text: evolved

text: away from the

text: main sequence

text: after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core. It belongs to a population known as

text: clump giants

text: and hence is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of helium at the core. The outer envelope has expanded to 11 times the radius of the Sun and it is radiating 54 times the Sun's luminosity. This energy is being emitted from the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,721 K, causing it to glow with the orange hue of a

text: K-type star

text: The planet orbits an (A-type) star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75  and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. It's luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun.

text: The planet orbits an (

text: A-type

text: star

text: named

text: Beta Pictoris

text: . The star has a mass of 1.75  and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056

text: K

text: and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a

text: metallicity

text: ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. It's luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun.

text: During this period, Takemitsu wrote four compositions with graphic scores, some of them in collaboration with Japanese artist Kōhei Sugiura. These compositions are Ring, for Flute, Guitar and Lute (1961), Corona, for pianist (1962), Corona II, for a string orchestra (1962), and Arc, for Strings (1963). Even though Takemitsu used traditional notation in Ring, no traditional notation is found on Corona. This composition has received a catalogue number W32 by James Siddons.The composition was first published by Éditions Salabert in the early 70s, but is now under obscurity. Its original publisher has withdrawn it, saying that its nature makes it impossible to reproduce. As conservative publishers tend to refuse to publish compositions that do not adhere to the traditional notation system and Corona can only rarely be found in libraries, it is also rarely released as a recording, as versions of the work vary very much from one version to another.

text: During this period, Takemitsu wrote four compositions with graphic scores, some of them in collaboration with Japanese artist

text: Kōhei Sugiura

text: . These compositions are Ring, for Flute, Guitar and Lute (1961), Corona, for pianist (1962), Corona II, for a string orchestra (1962), and Arc, for Strings (1963). Even though Takemitsu used traditional notation in Ring, no traditional notation is found on Corona. This composition has received a catalogue number W32 by

text: James Siddons

text: .The composition was first published by

text: Éditions Salabert

text: in the early 70s, but is now under obscurity. Its original publisher has withdrawn it, saying that its nature makes it impossible to reproduce. As conservative publishers tend to refuse to publish compositions that do not adhere to the traditional notation system and Corona can only rarely be found in libraries, it is also rarely released as a recording, as versions of the work vary very much from one version to another.

text: The eclipse is mentioned in the 14th-century Laurentian Chronicle with the first detailed description of solar prominences. They were described as flame-like tongues of live embers:

text: The eclipse is mentioned in the 14th-century

text: Laurentian Chronicle

text: with the first detailed description of

text: solar prominence

text: s. They were described as flame-like tongues of live embers:

text: In space, solarnauts Harris, Asher and Camp fire a smaller probe through a prominence and succeed in capturing fragments of matter. However, by the time that the probe docks with the main module, the ever-intensifying solar radiation has caused Sun Probe

text: In space, solarnauts Harris, Asher and Camp fire a smaller probe through a

text: prominence

text: and succeed in capturing fragments of matter. However, by the time that the probe docks with the main module, the ever-intensifying solar radiation has caused Sun Probe

text: Kepler-1520 is a K-type star that is approximately 76% the mass of and 71% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 4677 K and is about 4.47 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-1520 is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 76% the mass of and 71% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 4677

text: K

text: and is about 4.47 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Nuclear particle tracks subsequently found many uses in extraterrestrial materials, thanks both to the exposure of those materials to radiation in space, and to their sometimes ancient origins.  These applications included (i) determining the exposure of mineral surfaces to solar flare particles from the Sun, (ii) determining the spectrum of solar flare particle energies from the early Sun, and (iii) the discovery of fission tracks from extinct isotopes of Plutonium 244 in primitive meteorites.

text: Nuclear particle tracks subsequently found many uses in extraterrestrial materials, thanks both to the exposure of those materials to radiation in space, and to their sometimes ancient origins.  These applications included (i) determining the exposure of mineral surfaces to

text: solar flare

text: particles from the Sun, (ii) determining the spectrum of solar flare particle energies from the early Sun, and (iii) the discovery of fission tracks from extinct isotopes of

text: Plutonium 244

text: in primitive meteorites.

text: The center of mass is the average position of all the objects weighed by mass. The Sun is so massive that the Solar System's center of mass is very close to the center of the Sun. However, the gas giants are far enough from the sun that the center of mass of the Solar System can be outside the Sun, despite the Sun having most of the mass of the Solar System.

text: Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.A solar flare is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength, radio waves, to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.

text: Nuclear

text: gamma ray

text: s were observed from the

text: solar flare

text: s of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.A

text: solar flare

text: is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength,

text: radio waves

text: , to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.

text: Dr. George Ellery Hale and Dr. Henri Deslandres both developed the spectroheliograph—independently—to study the Sun in different wavelengths of light related to specific atoms. Dr. Robert R. McMath of the McMath–Hulbert Observatory used a spectroheliograph to make time-lapse films of the prominences on the Sun. Using pictures from the Mount Wilson Observatory, and others, scientists have learned about sunspots first described by Galileo. Sunspots often appear in pairs and are about 7,000 degrees rather than the normal 10,000 degrees. The spots increase and decrease in a cycle of about 11.2 years. Studying sunspots has shown the equator rotates faster than the poles at around 25 and 1/3 days per rotation. Halfway between the equator and the poles takes about 27 and 1/2 days per rotation though nobody understands why.

text: Dr. George Ellery Hale

text: and

text: Dr. Henri Deslandres

text: both developed the

text: spectroheliograph

text: —independently—to study the Sun in different

text: wavelength

text: s of

text: light

text: related to specific

text: atom

text: s.

text: Dr. Robert R. McMath

text: of the

text: McMath–Hulbert Observatory

text: used a spectroheliograph to make

text: time-lapse films

text: of the

text: prominences

text: on the Sun. Using pictures from the

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: , and others, scientists have learned about

text: sunspots

text: first described by

text: Galileo

text: . Sunspots often appear in pairs and are about 7,000 degrees rather than the normal 10,000 degrees. The spots increase and decrease in a cycle of about 11.2 years. Studying sunspots has shown the equator rotates faster than the poles at around 25 and 1/3 days per rotation. Halfway between the equator and the poles takes about 27 and 1/2 days per rotation though nobody understands why.

text: A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the solar cycle, the corona may appear small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. It is very hard to predict this in advance.

text: A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the

text: corona

text: (the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the

text: photosphere

text: is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the

text: solar cycle

text: , the corona may appear small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. It is very hard to predict this in advance.

text: With Ching-ling beside him, Sun delivers one of his final speeches: "I'll hold fast to my principles and forge forward. I will do all I can.  Even death will not deter me", he declares as the people revere Sun as their great leader and "Father of the Revolution".The triumphal atmosphere is tempered by Sun's reiterated reminder that "success and failure are always with us." As the opera ends, a large statue of Sun Yat-Sen is revealed and Ching-ling's wedding dress re-appears, carried by the dancer.

text: In 1868 Janssen discovered how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. While observing the solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, at Guntur, Madras State (now in Andhra Pradesh), British India, he noticed bright lines in the spectrum of the chromosphere, showing that the chromosphere is gaseous.  Present in the spectrum of the Sun, though not immediately noticed or commented upon, was a bright yellow line later measured to have a wavelength of 587.49 nm. This was the first observation of this particular spectral line, and one possible source for it was an element not yet discovered on the earth.  From the brightness of the spectral lines, Janssen realized that the chromospheric spectrum could be observed even without an eclipse, and he proceeded to do so.

text: In 1868 Janssen discovered how to observe

text: solar prominence

text: s without an

text: eclipse

text: . While observing the

text: solar eclipse of August 18, 1868

text: , at

text: Guntur

text: Madras State

text: (now in

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: ), British India, he noticed bright lines in the spectrum of the chromosphere, showing that the chromosphere is gaseous.  Present in the

text: spectrum

text: of the Sun, though not immediately noticed or commented upon, was a bright yellow line later measured to have a

text: wavelength

text: of 587.49 nm. This was the first observation of this particular spectral line, and one possible source for it was an element not yet discovered on the earth.  From the brightness of the spectral lines, Janssen realized that the chromospheric spectrum could be observed even without an eclipse, and he proceeded to do so.

text: Writing to Caliph al-Radi (r. 934–940) in 936, Muhammad ibn Tughj could present a commendable record: the Fatimid invasion was defeated and first measures for improving the financial situation in the province had been undertaken. The Caliph confirmed him in his post and sent robes of honour. As Hugh N. Kennedy writes, "in some ways the Fatimid threat actually helped Ibn Tughj" since, as long as he supported the Abbasids, "the caliphs were prepared to give their approval to his rule in return". His standing in the Abbasid court was sufficient for him to ask in 938 for the honorific title (laqab) of al-Ikhshid, originally held by the kings of his ancestral homeland Farghana. Caliph al-Radi granted the request, although formal approval was delayed until July 939. After receiving official confirmation, Ibn Tughj required that he be henceforth addressed solely by his new title.

text: Writing to Caliph

text: al-Radi

text: (r. 934–940) in 936, Muhammad ibn Tughj could present a commendable record: the Fatimid invasion was defeated and first measures for improving the financial situation in the province had been undertaken. The Caliph confirmed him in his post and sent robes of honour. As

text: Hugh N. Kennedy

text: writes, "in some ways the Fatimid threat actually helped Ibn Tughj" since, as long as he supported the Abbasids, "the caliphs were prepared to give their approval to his rule in return". His standing in the Abbasid court was sufficient for him to ask in 938 for the honorific title (

text: laqab

text: ) of al-

text: Ikhshid

text: , originally held by the kings of his ancestral homeland Farghana. Caliph al-Radi granted the request, although formal approval was delayed until July 939. After receiving official confirmation, Ibn Tughj required that he be henceforth addressed solely by his new title.

text: In the middle of November 1995, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) spawned an area of convection to the southwest of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Located within the Australian region in an area of low wind shear, a tropical low developed west of Sumatra on November 16. It gradually intensified while moving southward, before turning sharply westward on November 18 due to a ridge to the south. That day, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) office in Perth upgraded the low to Tropical Cyclone Daryl, or to minimal tropical storm status. Designated Tropical Cyclone 01S by the JTWC, Daryl continued to intensify, and the BoM upgraded it to winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). The system crossed into the basin on November 19, and was renamed Daryl as Agnielle at that time.

text: In the middle of November 1995, the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ) spawned an area of convection to the southwest of the

text: Indonesia

text: n island of

text: Sumatra

text: . Located within the Australian region in an area of low wind shear, a tropical low developed west of Sumatra on November 16. It gradually intensified while moving southward, before turning sharply westward on November 18 due to a ridge to the south. That day, the

text: Bureau of Meteorology

text: (BoM) office in

text: Perth

text: upgraded the low to Tropical Cyclone Daryl, or to minimal tropical storm status. Designated Tropical Cyclone 01S by the JTWC, Daryl continued to intensify, and the BoM upgraded it to winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). The system crossed into the basin on November 19, and was renamed Daryl as Agnielle at that time.

text: Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books were sold in 1957 following the death of Marshall Field III. Parade was sold the following year. Field Enterprises was dissolved in April 1984 after the sale of the Sun-Times, the last of their valuable assets, to Rupert Murdoch the previous year. Murdoch & News Corporation sold the Sun-Times to Hollinger International (now the Sun-Times Media Group) in 1986. Hollinger was formerly controlled, indirectly, by Canadian-born businessman Conrad Black. Field Newspaper Syndicate was sold the same year to Hearst's syndication division, King Features Syndicate.

text: Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books were sold in 1957 following the death of Marshall Field III. Parade was sold the following year. Field Enterprises was dissolved in April 1984 after the sale of the Sun-Times, the last of their valuable assets, to

text: Rupert Murdoch

text: the previous year. Murdoch & News Corporation sold the Sun-Times to

text: Hollinger International

text: (now the

text: Sun-Times Media Group

text: ) in 1986. Hollinger was formerly controlled, indirectly, by Canadian-born businessman

text: Conrad Black

text: . Field Newspaper Syndicate was sold the same year to

text: Hearst

text: 's syndication division,

text: King Features Syndicate

text: Soon after the invention of telescopes, in the early 1600s, astronomers began observing the sun. Thomas Harriot was the first to observe sunspots, in 1610. Observers confirmed the less-frequent sunspots and aurorae during the Maunder minimum.

text: Soon after the invention of telescopes, in the early 1600s, astronomers began observing the sun.

text: Thomas Harriot

text: was the first to observe sunspots, in 1610. Observers confirmed the less-frequent sunspots and aurorae during the Maunder minimum.

text: Solar flares are classified as A, B, C, M or X according to the peak flux (in watts per square metre, W/m) of 100 to 800 picometre X-rays near Earth, as measured on the GOES spacecraft.

text: Solar flares are classified as A, B, C, M or X according to the peak flux (in watts per square metre, W/m) of 100 to 800

text: picometre

text: X-ray

text: s near Earth, as measured on the

entity_name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

text: GOES

text: spacecraft.

text: The climate forcing is the difference of radiant energy (sunlight) received by the Earth and the outgoing longwave radiation back to space. The radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the tropopause, in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface. Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down. Earth radiative balance originates from changes in solar insolation and the concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

text: The

text: climate forcing

text: is the difference of radiant energy (

text: sunlight

text: ) received by the Earth and the outgoing

text: longwave radiation

text: back to space. The radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the

text: tropopause

text: , in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface. Dependent on the

text: radiative balance

text: of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down. Earth radiative balance originates from changes in solar

text: insolation

text: and the concentrations of

text: greenhouse gases

text: and

text: aerosols

text: . Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

text: The sun was photographed for the first time, on 2 April 1845, by French physicists Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault. Sunspots, as well as the limb darkening effect, are visible in their daguerrotypes. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Charles A. Young first captured a prominence in 1870. Solar eclipses were also photographed, with the most useful early images taken in1851 by Berkowski in 1860 by De la Rue's team in Spain.

text: The sun was photographed for the first time, on 2 April 1845, by French physicists

text: Louis Fizeau

text: and

text: Léon Foucault

text: . Sunspots, as well as the

text: limb darkening

text: effect, are visible in their

text: daguerrotypes

text: . Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences,

text: granulation

text: and spectroscopy. Charles A. Young first captured a prominence in 1870. Solar eclipses were also photographed, with the most useful early images taken in1851 by Berkowski in 1860 by De la Rue's team in Spain.

text: The total sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation. The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun's gravitational field is referred to as space weather. A major weather component is the solar wind, a stream of plasma released from the Sun's upper atmosphere. It is responsible for the aurora, natural light displays in the sky in the Arctic and Antarctic. Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms on Earth, disrupting communications, as well as geomagnetic storms in Earth's magnetosphere and sudden ionospheric disturbances in the ionosphere. Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth's climate. These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the Great Oxygenation Event, while the Sun's future expansion into a red giant will likely end life on Earth.

text: The total sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation. The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun's gravitational field is referred to as

text: space weather

text: . A major weather component is the

text: solar wind

text: , a stream of

text: plasma

text: released from the Sun's upper atmosphere. It is responsible for the

text: aurora

text: , natural light displays in the sky in the

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: . Space weather disturbances can cause

text: solar storms

text: on Earth, disrupting communications, as well as

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s in Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: and

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: s in the

text: ionosphere

text: . Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth's climate. These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the

text: Great Oxygenation Event

text: , while the Sun's future expansion into a

text: red giant

text: will likely end life on Earth.

text: In January 2009, Kate & Kacey joined Little Big Town on tour as the group's opening act and hosted The Corona Sun City Tailgate Experience at several dates of Kenny Chesney's Sun City tour over the summer. The girls also made their Grand Ole Opry debut on May 8, 2009.

text: In January 2009, Kate & Kacey joined

text: Little Big Town

text: on tour as the group's opening act and hosted The Corona Sun City Tailgate Experience at several dates of

text: Kenny Chesney

text: 's Sun City tour over the summer. The girls also made their

text: Grand Ole Opry

text: debut on May 8, 2009.

text: Used for the observation of the structure and interesting phenomena of Sun's chromosphere supported with a monochromator (H-alpha Lyot filter)and  a camera (Canon F-1) placed on the focal plane.

text: Used for the observation of the structure and interesting phenomena of Sun's chromosphere supported with a

text: monochromator

text: H-alpha

text: Lyot filter

text: )and  a camera (

text: Canon F-1

text: ) placed on the focal plane.

text: Due to their high photoluminesence quantum efficiencies, perovskites may be good candidates for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the propensity for radiative recombination has mostly been observed at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

text: Due to their high photoluminesence

text: quantum efficiencies

text: , perovskites may be good candidates for use in

text: light-emitting diode

text: s (LEDs). However, the propensity for

text: radiative recombination

text: has mostly been observed at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

text: The processor implements the CISC z/Architecture with a superscalar, out-of-order pipeline and some new instructions mainly related to transactional execution. The cores have numerous other enhancements such as better branch prediction, out of order execution and one dedicated co-processor for compression and cryptography. The instruction pipeline has 15 to 17 stages; the instruction queue can hold 40 instructions; and up to 90 instructions can be "in flight". It has six cores, each with a private 64 KB L1 instruction cache, a private 96 KB L1 data cache, a private 1 MB L2 cache instruction cache, and a private 1 MiB L2 data cache. In addition, there is a 48 MB shared L3 cache implemented in eDRAM and controlled by two on-chip L3 cache controllers. There's also an additional shared L1 cache used for compression and cryptography operations.

text: The processor implements the

text: CISC

text: z/Architecture

text: with a

text: superscalar

text: out-of-order

text: pipeline

text: and some new

text: instructions

text: mainly related to

text: transactional execution

text: . The cores have numerous other enhancements such as better branch prediction, out of order execution and one dedicated co-processor for compression and cryptography. The instruction pipeline has 15 to 17 stages; the instruction queue can hold 40 instructions; and up to 90 instructions can be "in flight". It has six

text: cores

text: , each with a private 64

text: KB

text: L1 instruction cache

text: , a private 96 KB L1 data cache, a private 1

text: MB

text: L2 cache

text: instruction cache, and a private 1 MiB L2 data cache. In addition, there is a 48 MB shared L3 cache implemented in

text: eDRAM

text: and controlled by two on-chip L3 cache controllers. There's also an additional shared L1 cache used for compression and cryptography operations.

text: The Toyota Corona () is an automobile manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota between 1957 and 2002. Traditionally, the competitor from Nissan was the Nissan Bluebird. The word "corona" is Latin for "crown", a reference to an earlier vehicle Toyota offered called the Toyota Crown. It was exclusive to Toyopet Store dealership channels in Japan, while the larger Crown was available only at Toyota Store locations.

text: The Toyota Corona () is an

text: automobile

text: manufactured by the Japanese automaker

text: Toyota

text: between 1957 and 2002. Traditionally, the competitor from Nissan was the

text: Nissan Bluebird

text: . The word "

text: corona

text: " is

text: Latin

text: for "crown", a reference to an earlier vehicle Toyota offered called the

text: Toyota Crown

text: . It was exclusive to

text: Toyopet Store

text: dealership channels in Japan, while the larger Crown was available only at Toyota Store locations.

text: The atmosphere is assumed to be thin, with average opacity k.  Opacity isdefined to be optical depth divided by density. Thus, by definition, theoptical depth of the stellar surface, also called the photosphere, is:

text: The atmosphere is assumed to be thin, with average

text: opacity

text: k.  Opacity isdefined to be optical depth divided by density. Thus, by definition, theoptical depth of the stellar surface, also called the

text: photosphere

text: , is:

text: The year 2010 ended up with 21 M-class solar flares.

text: Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (CNO cycle), a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K, which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's proton-proton chain reaction fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in radiative equilibrium. This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a radiation zone centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.

text: Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (

text: CNO cycle

text: ), a

text: nuclear fusion

text: process that combines

text: proton

text: s to form

text: helium

text: nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K, which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's

text: proton-proton chain reaction

text: fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a

text: convection zone

text: about the core that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in

text: radiative equilibrium

text: . This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a

text: radiation zone

text: centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.

text: Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are the visible tops of convection cells in the photosphere, caused by convection of plasma in the photosphere. The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter. The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma. A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,000 kilometers and each lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating. Below the photosphere is a layer of much larger "supergranules" up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter, with lifespans of up to 24 hours.

text: Granules on the

text: photosphere

text: of the Sun are the visible tops of convection cells in the photosphere, caused by convection of

text: plasma

text: in the photosphere. The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter. The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma. A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,000 kilometers and each lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating. Below the photosphere is a layer of much larger "supergranules" up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter, with lifespans of up to 24 hours.

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of

text: ultraviolet

text: visible

text: , and

text: near-infrared

text: radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at

text: wavelengths that are much longer

text: than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

text: In radiative transfer theory, one-way radiation is considered. For investigation of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation the notions of absorptivity and emissivity are necessary, and they rest on the idea of one-way radiation. These things are important for the study of the Einstein coefficients, which relies partly on the notion of thermodynamic equilibrium.

text: In radiative transfer theory, one-way radiation is considered. For investigation of

text: Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation

text: the notions of

text: absorptivity

text: and

text: emissivity

text: are necessary, and they rest on the idea of one-way radiation. These things are important for the study of the

text: Einstein coefficients

text: , which relies partly on the notion of

text: thermodynamic equilibrium

text: The star has a low effective temperature (roughly 2700 K) but a large and bloated radius of 370 solar radii and a high luminosity, 7,000 times higher than the Sun. If the Sun were replaced with U Orionis, its radius would extend beyond Mars's orbital zone (about 1.7 astronomical units), and, to be habitable with water at liquid state and a comfortable temperature, a planet would have to be located within 85 AU, within the Kuiper belt's orbital zone.

text: The star has a low effective temperature (roughly 2700 K) but a large and bloated radius of 370

text: solar radii

text: and a high luminosity, 7,000 times higher than the Sun. If the Sun were replaced with U Orionis, its radius would extend beyond

text: Mars

text: 's orbital zone (about 1.7

text: astronomical units

text: ), and, to be habitable with water at liquid state and a comfortable temperature, a planet would have to be located within 85

text: AU

text: , within the

text: Kuiper belt

text: 's orbital zone.

text: Much information about the Godwheel is detailed in the Godwheel limited series #1. It is disc-shaped, with an inner core  wide. Inside this core, shielded mostly by immensely high cliffs, are two binary suns which provide a measure of heat and light to the wheel.

text: Much information about the Godwheel is detailed in the Godwheel limited series #1. It is disc-shaped, with an inner core  wide. Inside this core, shielded mostly by immensely high cliffs, are two

text: binary suns

text: which provide a measure of heat and light to the wheel.

text: Connor eventually encounters his father, but Kenway offers a cease fire, as he is also after Benjamin Church for usurping his authority. During their investigation, Kenway warns Connor that the Patriots, worried of the allegiance of the various tribes to the British, are seeking to remove Connor's people from their lands. Connor eventually hunts Lee down and kills him, taking the medallion and ending the Templar threat. He is despondent to find his tribe's village abandoned save for the Piece of Eden; through it, Juno tells him to hide the amulet. As December 21 approaches and signs of the solar flare begin to ensue, Desmond and his allies find the buried medallion, and use it at the inner Temple door, behind which is a control sphere. Juno appears and encourages Desmond to touch it, but Minerva appears and warns him to stop it, warning that this will release Juno as an entity that may protect against the solar flare but will be a threat to mankind in the future. Juno counters, explaining that Minerva would rather have most of humanity wiped out, with Desmond safe in the Temple to emerge as a religious figure to lead the survivors but ultimately leading into conflict. Desmond opts to release Juno, believing humanity will have a better chance fighting Juno. As his body is wracked by energy from the control sphere, an aurora surrounds the Earth and protects it from the solar flare. Juno tells the now fallen Desmond that his work is now done, and now it is time for her to do her work.

text: The 1997 Norwest Sun Bowl featured the Iowa Hawkeyes and the Arizona State Sun Devils.

text: The 1997

text: Norwest

text: Sun Bowl

text: featured the

text: Iowa Hawkeyes

text: and the

entity_name: 1997 Arizona State Sun Devils football team

text: Arizona State Sun Devils

text: Night= Radi

text: Night= Radi

text: Given a surface temperature of 7,740 Kelvin, stellar models yield a total luminosity for the star of about 17 times the luminosity of the Sun. Alderamin has a radius of 2.3 times the Sun's radius and boasting a mass that is 1.74 that of the Sun. Like other stars in its class, it is slightly variable with a range in brightness of 0.06 magnitude, and is listed as a Delta Scuti variable.

text: Given a surface temperature of 7,740 Kelvin, stellar models yield a total luminosity for the star of about 17 times the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . Alderamin has a radius of 2.3 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: and boasting a mass that is 1.74 that of the

text: Sun

text: . Like other stars in its class, it is slightly variable with a range in brightness of 0.06 magnitude, and is listed as a

text: Delta Scuti variable

text: Whilst the photosphere has an absorption line spectrum, the chromosphere's spectrum is dominated by emission lines. In particular, one of its strongest lines is the H at a wavelength of 656.3 nm; this line is emitted by a hydrogen atom whenever its electron makes a transition from the n=3 to the n=2 energy level. A wavelength of 656.3 nm is in the red part of the spectrum, which causes the chromosphere to have its characteristic reddish colour.

text: Whilst the

text: photosphere

text: has an

text: absorption line

text: spectrum, the chromosphere's

text: spectrum

text: is dominated by

text: emission lines

text: . In particular, one of its strongest

text: lines

text: is the H at a

text: wavelength

text: of 656.3 nm; this line is emitted by a

text: hydrogen atom

text: whenever its

text: electron

text: makes a transition from the n=3 to the n=2

text: energy level

text: . A

text: wavelength

text: of 656.3 nm is in the red part of the

text: spectrum

text: , which causes the chromosphere to have its characteristic reddish colour.

text: The Sun's output of energetic extreme ultraviolet photons is primarily what heats the Earth's upper atmosphere and creates the ionosphere. Solar EUV radiation output undergoes constant changes, both moment to moment and over the Sun's 11-year solar cycle, and these changes are important to understand because they have a significant impact on atmospheric heating, satellite drag, and communications system degradation, including disruption of the Global Positioning System.

text: The Sun's output of energetic extreme ultraviolet photons is primarily what heats the

text: Earth

text: 's upper atmosphere and creates the

text: ionosphere

text: . Solar EUV radiation output undergoes constant changes, both moment to moment and over the Sun's 11-year

text: solar cycle

text: , and these changes are important to understand because they have a significant impact on

text: atmospheric heating

text: satellite drag

text: , and communications system degradation, including disruption of the

text: Global Positioning System

text: When the helium is exhausted, the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted, except that this time it all happens faster, and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous. This is the asymptotic-giant-branch phase, and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell. After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch, the Sun becomes increasingly unstable, with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so. The thermal pulses become larger each time, with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU. According to a 2008 model, Earth's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces (and, eventually, drag from the lower chromosphere), so that it is engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase, 3.8 and 1 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate. Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss. Models that have higher mass loss on the red-giant branch produce smaller, less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch, perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius. For the Sun, four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula. By the end of that phase – lasting approximately 500,000 years – the Sun will only have about half of its current mass.

text: When the helium is exhausted, the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted, except that this time it all happens faster, and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous. This is the

text: asymptotic-giant-branch

text: phase, and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell. After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch, the Sun becomes increasingly unstable, with rapid mass loss and

text: thermal pulse

text: s that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so. The thermal pulses become larger each time, with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU. According to a 2008 model, Earth's orbit is shrinking due to

text: tidal forces

text: (and, eventually, drag from the lower

text: chromosphere

text: ), so that it is engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase, 3.8 and 1 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate. Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss. Models that have higher mass loss on the red-giant branch produce smaller, less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch, perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius. For the Sun, four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a

text: planetary nebula

text: . By the end of that phase – lasting approximately 500,000 years – the Sun will only have about half of its current mass.

text: This illustrates not only that the observable temperature and actual temperature at a certain physical depth of a star vary, but that the optical depth plays a crucial role in understanding the stellar structure.  It also serves to demonstrate that the depth of the photosphere of a star is highly dependent upon the absorptivity of its environment.  The photosphere extends down to a point where

text: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by specular reflection. A rippled but locally smooth surface such as water with waves will reflect the sun at different angles at each point on the surface of the waves. As a result, a viewer in the right position will see many small images of the sun, formed by portions of waves that are oriented correctly to reflect the sun's light to the viewer's eyes. The exact pattern seen depends on the viewer's precise location. The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun. The lower the sun, the longer and more reddish the glitter is. When the sun is really low above the horizon, the glitter breaks because of the waves, which could sometimes obstruct the sun and cast a shadow on the glitter.

text: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by

text: specular reflection

text: . A rippled but locally smooth surface such as water with waves will reflect the

text: sun

text: at different angles at each point on the surface of the waves. As a result, a viewer in the right position will see many small images of the sun, formed by portions of waves that are oriented correctly to reflect the sun's light to the viewer's eyes. The exact pattern seen depends on the viewer's precise location. The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun. The lower the sun, the longer and more reddish the glitter is. When the sun is really low above the horizon, the glitter breaks because of the waves, which could sometimes obstruct the sun and cast a shadow on the glitter.

text: The 1983–84 Phoenix Suns season was the 16th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. The Suns were in the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season, extending a then-franchise record. The Suns eliminated their first round opponent, Portland, three games to two before defeating the Utah Jazz and NBA leading scorer, Adrian Dantley, four games to two. In the Western Conference Finals, the Suns would lose to the Los Angeles Lakers in six games. The team was led by head coach John MacLeod, in his 11th year with the Suns, and played all home games in Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1983–84 Phoenix Suns season was the 16th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . The Suns were in the

text: playoffs

text: for the seventh consecutive season, extending a then-franchise record. The Suns eliminated their first round opponent,

text: Portland

text: , three games to two before defeating the

text: Utah Jazz

text: and NBA leading scorer,

text: Adrian Dantley

text: , four games to two. In the

text: Western Conference

text: Finals, the Suns would lose to the

text: Los Angeles Lakers

text: in six games. The team was led by

text: head coach

text: John MacLeod

text: , in his 11th year with the Suns, and played all home games in

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection. Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity. Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle.

text: Sunspots are temporary

text: phenomena

text: on the

text: photosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: that appear as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of

text: magnetic field flux

text: that inhibit

text: convection

text: . Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic

text: polarity

text: . Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year

text: solar cycle

text: The Wolf number (also known as the International sunspot number, relative sunspot number, or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of sunspots and groups of sunspots present on the surface of the sun.

text: The Wolf number (also known as the International sunspot number, relative sunspot number, or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of

text: sunspots

text: and groups of sunspots present on the surface of the sun.

text: Early on September 11, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection roughly 1,100 km (700 mi) east of Guam. A broad, low-level circulation center had formed within the system and became increasingly organized, showing signs of developing convective banding. A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was released later that day as convection was rapidly consolidating around the low, which was embedded within the eastern end of the monsoonal trough. It was then declared as a tropical depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC with the latter designating it as Tropical Depression 15W The tropical depression was tracking westward along the southern edge of the subtropical ridge situated east of the international dateline.

text: Early on September 11, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) began monitoring an area of

text: convection

text: roughly 1,100 km (700 mi) east of

text: Guam

text: . A broad,

text: low-level circulation center

text: had formed within the system and became increasingly organized, showing signs of developing

text: convective banding

text: . A

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: was released later that day as convection was rapidly consolidating around the low, which was embedded within the eastern end of the

text: monsoon

text: al

text: trough

text: . It was then declared as a tropical depression by the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: (JMA) and the JTWC with the latter designating it as Tropical Depression 15W The tropical depression was tracking westward along the southern edge of the

text: subtropical

text: ridge

text: situated east of the

text: international dateline

text: Sunspot 4: Fly 7" ep (1000 pressed)

text: Sunspot 4: Fly 7" ep (1000 pressed)

text: The Sun at the photosphere is about 73-74% by mass hydrogen, which is the same composition as the atmosphere of Jupiter, and the primordial composition of hydrogen and helium at the earliest star formation after the Big Bang. However, as depth into the Sun increases, fusion decreases the fraction of hydrogen. Traveling inward, hydrogen mass fraction starts to decrease rapidly after the core radius has been reached (it is still about 70% at a radius 25% of the Sun's radius) and inside this, the hydrogen fraction drops rapidly as the core is traversed, until it reaches a low of about 33% hydrogen, at the Sun's center (radius zero). All but 2% of the remaining plasma mass (i.e., 65%) is helium, at the center of the Sun.

text: The Sun at the photosphere is about 73-74% by mass hydrogen, which is the same composition as the atmosphere of Jupiter, and the primordial composition of hydrogen and helium at the earliest star formation after the

text: Big Bang

text: . However, as depth into the Sun increases, fusion decreases the fraction of hydrogen. Traveling inward, hydrogen mass fraction starts to decrease rapidly after the core radius has been reached (it is still about 70% at a radius 25% of the Sun's radius) and inside this, the hydrogen fraction drops rapidly as the core is traversed, until it reaches a low of about 33% hydrogen, at the Sun's center (radius zero). All but 2% of the remaining plasma mass (i.e., 65%) is helium, at the center of the Sun.

text: Some flowers exhibit heliotropism, changing orientation to follow the sun. Others grow toward the position of the sun at noon. As the flower faces the sun it provides a resting spot for a variety of insects, being slightly warmer than surrounding surfaces.

text: Some flowers exhibit

text: heliotropism

text: , changing orientation to follow the sun. Others grow toward the position of the sun at noon. As the flower faces the sun it provides a resting spot for a variety of insects, being slightly warmer than surrounding surfaces.

text: The two Frigid Zones, or polar regions, experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter  when the Sun is invisible, and one day at the summer solstice when the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours, while in the center of the zone (the pole), the day is literally one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth, and is generally covered with ice and snow.

text: The two Frigid Zones, or

text: polar region

text: s, experience the

text: midnight sun

text: and the

text: polar night

text: for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter  when the Sun is invisible, and one day at the summer solstice when the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours, while in the center of the zone (the

text: pole

text: ), the day is literally one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth, and is generally covered with ice and snow.

text: This star is lower in mass than the Sun at around 75%, and has just 85% of the Sun's radius. The spectrum matches a spectral class G9V, indicating that this is a G-type main sequence star that is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. The star is rotating slowly with a period of around 40 days. Surface magnetic activity has been detected with a periodic cycle of  days. HR 3384 has been examined for evidence of a circumstellar debris disk or planets, but, as of 2012, none have been discovered.

text: This star is lower in mass than the Sun at around 75%, and has just 85% of the Sun's radius. The spectrum matches a

text: spectral class

text: G9V, indicating that this is a

text: G-type main sequence star

text: that is generating energy through the

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at its core. The star is rotating slowly with a period of around 40 days. Surface magnetic activity has been detected with a periodic cycle of  days. HR 3384 has been examined for evidence of a circumstellar

text: debris disk

text: or planets, but, as of 2012, none have been discovered.

text: Announced by Sun Microsystems in July 2005, OpenSSO was based on Sun Java System Access Manager, and was the core of Sun's commercial access management and federation product, OpenSSO Enterprise (formerly Sun Access Manager and Sun Federation Manager).

text: Announced by

text: Sun Microsystems

text: in July 2005, OpenSSO was based on

text: Sun Java System Access Manager

text: , and was the core of Sun's commercial access management and federation product, OpenSSO Enterprise (formerly Sun Access Manager and Sun Federation Manager).

text: The corona wire is so called because of its tendency to emit a purple corona-like glow while in use. This is simply a side effect of ionization. Excessive corona is to be avoided, as too much means the electrodes are dangerously close and may arc at any moment, not to mention the associated health hazards due to excess inhalation of ozone and NOx produced by the corona.

text: The corona wire is so called because of its tendency to emit a purple

text: corona

text: -like glow while in use. This is simply a side effect of ionization. Excessive corona is to be avoided, as too much means the electrodes are dangerously close and may arc at any moment, not to mention the associated health hazards due to excess inhalation of

text: ozone

text: and

text: NOx

text: produced by the corona.

text: Since 1978, solar irradiance has been measured by satellites. These measurements indicate that the Sun's radiative output has not increased during that time, so the warming during the past 40 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.

text: Since 1978,

text: solar irradiance

text: has been measured by

text: satellite

text: s. These measurements indicate that the Sun's radiative output has not increased during that time, so the warming during the past 40 years cannot be attributed to an increase in solar energy reaching the Earth.

text: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun. During periods of quiet, the corona is more or less confined to the equatorial regions, with coronal holes covering the polar regions. However, during the Sun's active periods, the corona is evenly distributed over the equatorial and polar regions, though it is most prominent in areas with sunspot activity. The solar cycle spans approximately 11 years, from solar minimum to the following minimum. Since the solar magnetic field is continually wound up due to the faster rotation of mass at the sun's equator (differential rotation), sunspot activity will be more pronounced at solar maximum where the magnetic field is more twisted. Associated with sunspots are coronal loops, loops of magnetic flux, upwelling from the solar interior. The magnetic flux pushes the hotter photosphere aside, exposing the cooler plasma below, thus creating the relatively dark sun spots.

text: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun. During periods of quiet, the corona is more or less confined to the

text: equator

text: ial regions, with

text: coronal hole

text: s covering the

text: polar

text: regions. However, during the Sun's active periods, the corona is evenly distributed over the equatorial and polar regions, though it is most prominent in areas with

text: sunspot

text: activity. The

text: solar cycle

text: spans approximately 11 years, from

text: solar minimum

text: to the following minimum. Since the solar magnetic field is continually wound up due to the faster rotation of mass at the sun's equator (

text: differential rotation

text: ), sunspot activity will be more pronounced at

text: solar maximum

text: where the

text: magnetic field

text: is more twisted. Associated with sunspots are

text: coronal loop

text: s, loops of

text: magnetic flux

text: , upwelling from the solar interior. The magnetic flux pushes the hotter

text: photosphere

text: aside, exposing the cooler plasma below, thus creating the relatively dark sun spots.

text: To conceptualize the range of magnitudes in our own galaxy, the smallest star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion.

text: To conceptualize the range of magnitudes in our own

text: galaxy

text: , the smallest star to be identified has about 8% of the Sun’s mass and glows feebly at absolute magnitude +19. Compared to the Sun, which has an absolute of +4.8, this faint star is 14 magnitudes or 400,000 times dimmer than our Sun. Our galaxy's most massive stars begin their lives with masses of roughly 100 times solar, radiating at upwards of absolute magnitude –8, over 160,000 times the solar luminosity. The total range of stellar luminosities, then, occupies a range of 27 magnitudes, or a factor of 60 billion.

text: D.M. Rust and A. Kumar were particularly active in using magnetic helicity and relaxation to study solar prominences. Similar work was carried out at Caltech by Bellan and Hansen at Caltech, and the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) project at Swarthmore College.

text: D.M. Rust and A. Kumar were particularly active in using magnetic helicity and relaxation to study solar prominences. Similar work was carried out at Caltech by Bellan and Hansen at

text: Caltech

text: , and the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) project at

text: Swarthmore College

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on January 15–16, 1991. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.It was visible over Australia as a partial solar eclipse at sunrise on January 16.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on January 15–16, 1991. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.It was visible over

text: Australia

text: as a partial solar eclipse at sunrise on January 16.

text: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle. CORONAS-F was launched on July 31, 2001 to coincide with the 23rd solar cycle maximum.The solar flare of October 29, 2003 apparently showed a significant degree of linear polarization (> 70% in channels E2 = 40-60 keV and E3 = 60-100 keV, but only about 50% in E1 = 20-40 keV) in hard X-rays, but other observations have generally only set upper limits.

text: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle.

text: CORONAS-F

text: was launched on July 31, 2001 to coincide with the 23rd solar cycle maximum.The solar flare of October 29, 2003 apparently showed a significant degree of linear polarization (> 70% in channels E2 = 40-60 keV and E3 = 60-100 keV, but only about 50% in E1 = 20-40 keV) in hard X-rays, but other observations have generally only set upper limits.

text: The EIT wavelengths are of great interest to solar physicists because they are emitted by the very hot solar corona but not by the relatively cooler photosphere of the Sun; this reveals structures in the corona that would otherwise be obscured by the brightness of the Sun itself.  EIT was originally conceived as a viewfinder instrument to help select observing targets for the other instruments on board SOHO, but EIT is credited with a good fraction of the original science to come from SOHO, including the first observations of traveling wave phenomena in the corona, characterization of coronal mass ejection onset, and determination of the structure of coronal holes. Before mid-2010, EIT obtained an Fe XII (19.5 nm wavelength) image of the Sun about four times an hour, around the clock; these were immediately uplinked as time-lapse movies to the SOHO web site for immediate viewing by anyone who is interested.  (Since the summer of 2010, when Thorpe commissioning of the Solar Dynamics Observatory was completed, its Atmospheric Imaging Assembly has been able to take much higher resolution solar images much more frequently. The white-light coronagraphs on SOHO are thus able to take images more frequently: they share a CPU and telemetry bandwidth with EIT. The images are used for long-duration studies of the Sun, for detailed structural analyses of solar features, and for real-time space weather prediction by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center.

text: The EIT wavelengths are of great interest to solar physicists because they are emitted by the very hot

text: solar corona

text: but not by the relatively cooler

text: photosphere

text: of the Sun; this reveals structures in the corona that would otherwise be obscured by the brightness of the Sun itself.  EIT was originally conceived as a

text: viewfinder

text: instrument to help select observing targets for the other instruments on board SOHO, but EIT is credited with a good fraction of the original science to come from SOHO, including the first observations of traveling wave phenomena in the corona, characterization of

text: coronal mass ejection

text: onset, and determination of the structure of

text: coronal hole

text: s. Before mid-2010, EIT obtained an Fe XII (19.5 nm wavelength) image of the Sun about four times an hour, around the clock; these were immediately uplinked as time-lapse movies to the SOHO web site for immediate viewing by anyone who is interested.  (Since the summer of 2010, when Thorpe commissioning of the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: was completed, its

text: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly

text: has been able to take much higher resolution solar images much more frequently. The white-light coronagraphs on

text: SOHO

text: are thus able to take images more frequently: they share a CPU and telemetry bandwidth with EIT. The images are used for long-duration studies of the Sun, for detailed structural analyses of solar features, and for real-time

text: space weather

text: prediction by the

text: NOAA

text: Space Weather Prediction Center

text: The luminescent properties of quantum dots arise from exciton decay (recombination of electron hole pairs) which can proceed through a radiative or nonradiative pathway.  The radiative pathway involves electrons relaxing from the conduction band to the valence band by emitting photons with wavelengths corresponding to the semiconductor's bandgap. Nonradiative recombination can occur through energy release via phonon emission or Auger recombination. In this size regime, quantum confinement effects lead to a size dependent increasing bandgap with observable, quantized energy levels.  The quantized energy levels observed in quantum dots lead to electronic structures that are intermediate between single molecules which have a single HOMO-LUMO gap and bulk semiconductors which have continuous energy levels within bands

text: The luminescent properties of quantum dots arise from

text: exciton

text: decay (recombination of electron hole pairs) which can proceed through a radiative or nonradiative pathway.  The radiative pathway involves electrons relaxing from the conduction band to the valence band by emitting photons with wavelengths corresponding to the semiconductor's bandgap. Nonradiative recombination can occur through energy release via phonon emission or

text: Auger recombination

text: . In this size regime, quantum confinement effects lead to a size dependent increasing

text: bandgap

text: with observable, quantized energy levels.  The quantized energy levels observed in quantum dots lead to electronic structures that are intermediate between single molecules which have a single

text: HOMO

text: LUMO

text: gap and bulk semiconductors which have continuous energy levels within bands

text: Sunspot will be one of the main characters in U.S.Avengers.

text: Sunspot will be one of the main characters in

text: U.S.Avengers

text: From August 28 to September 2, 1859, many sunspots appeared on the Sun. On August 29, southern auroras were observed as far north as Queensland, Australia. Just before noon on September 1, the English amateur astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently made the first observations of a solar flare. The flare was associated with a major coronal mass ejection (CME) that travelled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150 million kilometre (93 million mile) journey. It is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME (typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth) was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on August 29, that "cleared the way" of ambient solar wind plasma for the Carrington event.

text: From August 28 to September 2, 1859, many

text: sunspots

text: appeared on the

text: Sun

text: . On August 29, southern

text: auroras

text: were observed as far north as

text: Queensland

text: , Australia. Just before noon on September 1, the English amateur astronomers

text: Richard Carrington

text: and

text: Richard Hodgson

text: independently made the first observations of a

text: solar flare

text: . The flare was associated with a major

text: coronal mass ejection

text: (CME) that travelled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150 million kilometre (93 million mile) journey. It is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME (typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth) was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on August 29, that "cleared the way" of ambient

text: solar wind

text: plasma

text: for the Carrington event.

text: The planet's orbital distance of 0.084 AU (assuming mild eccentricity) lies at the inner edge of its star's habitable zone, which extends from approximately 0.073 to 0.190 AU (for comparison, the habitable zone of the Sun is approximated at 0.5 to 3.0 AU for its different energy emission). Its host star is a red dwarf, with about a quarter as much mass as the Sun. As a result, stars like Wolf 1061 have the ability to burn up to 400–500 billion years, 40–50 times longer than the Sun will.

text: The planet's orbital distance of 0.084

text: AU

text: (assuming mild

text: eccentricity

text: ) lies at the inner edge of its star's

text: habitable zone

text: , which extends from approximately 0.073 to 0.190 AU (for comparison, the habitable zone of the

text: Sun

text: is approximated at 0.5 to 3.0 AU for its different energy emission). Its host star is a

text: red dwarf

text: , with about a quarter as much mass as the Sun. As a result, stars like Wolf 1061 have the ability to burn up to 400–500 billion years, 40–50 times longer than the Sun will.

text: The host star, V830 Tau, is a T Tauri star that is the same mass of the Sun, but twice the radius. It has a surface temperature of 4250 ± 50 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 2 million years old, which makes it a very young star. For comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. The star has not yet fully contracted to become a main sequence star, which ties in with its bloated radius but similar mass to the Sun. Given its mass, it will likely be on the main sequence portion of its lifetime for about 10 billion years, much like the Sun.

text: The host star, V830 Tau, is a

text: T Tauri

text: star that is the same mass of the Sun, but twice the radius. It has a surface temperature of 4250 ± 50 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 2 million years old, which makes it a very young star. For comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old. The star has not yet fully contracted to become a

text: main sequence

text: star, which ties in with its bloated radius but similar mass to the Sun. Given its mass, it will likely be on the main sequence portion of its lifetime for about 10 billion years, much like the Sun.

text: GEWEX Radiation panel (GRP) is a collaborative organization with a goal of reviewing theoretical and experimental knowledge of radiative processes within the climate system. Sixty percent of the energy that comes to Earth from the Sun is transformed by the earth. The goals of this collaboration is to determine how energy is transformed as it inevitably is radiated back into space.

text: An X1.1-class flare erupted from sunspot 1515 on July 6, generating a R3 (strong) radio blackout and a S1 (minor) solar storm; its related CME caused a G1 (minor) geomagnetic storm. Six days after, sunspot 1520, the largest active region of Solar Cycle 24 to the moment, unleashed an X1.4-class flare, peaking at 12:52 PM EDT. This huge group of sunspots, which rotated into view on July 6, was located in the center of the Sun at the time of this event. The related CME caused a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm, following a R3 radio blackout and a S1 solar storm. The Sun emitted a moderate solar flare on July 19, 2012, beginning at 1:13 AM EDT and peaking at 1:58 AM. The flare was classified as an M7.7 flare. It was emitted from sunspot 1520 too. Other M-class flares registered this month was a M6.9 (July 8, sunspot 1515), a M6.1 (July 5, sunspot 1515), a M6.1 (July 28, sunspot 1532), M5.6 (July 2, sunspot 1515) and a M5.3 (July 4, sunspot 1515). The month ended up with 45 M-class flare and 2 X-class flare, which is the highest record of this kind of events within the current solar cycle to the moment. Nevertheless, July 2012 was not the most active month in solar radio flux (the radio emission from the Sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm) and number of sunspots.

text: Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops (prominences) and reconnection events. Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the sun are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured.

text: Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as

text: coronal loop

text: s (prominences) and

text: reconnection

text: events. Most

text: solar flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejections

text: originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on

text: star

text: s other than the sun are commonly called

text: starspot

text: s and both light and dark spots have been measured.

text: In addition to these two gameplay types, Sonic Unleashed also features hubworlds, in which the player may reveal, as well as advance, the story of the game. Hubworlds operate differently depending on the version of the game being played; the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions feature fully interactive, explorable 3D hubworlds, similar to those in Sonic 2006 and Sonic Adventure, in which townspeople may be interacted with and side quests may be undertaken, in order to gain experience or unlock items, such as artwork, videos and music tracks. In contrast, the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions feature menu-based map systems, in which players simply click on areas to talk to townspeople and find information. Within both day and nighttime levels are medals that Sonic may collect, two types of which exist: Sun and Moon. In the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, collecting these medals allows the player to level up Sonic's Sun and Moon stats, and these must be increased to reach new stages in the game, with a certain number of Sun medals for Hedgehog levels, and a certain number of Moon medals for Werehog levels. Because only the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions feature playable hubworlds, these are also the only versions in which Sun and Moon medals may be found by exploring the towns, talking to the citizens, and completing side quests. In the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions, Sun and Moon medals are earned after completing stages and clearing their objectives. The medals are used to open up doors in Gaia gates, which can earn bonus content.

text: In addition to these two gameplay types, Sonic Unleashed also features hubworlds, in which the player may reveal, as well as advance, the story of the game. Hubworlds operate differently depending on the version of the game being played; the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions feature fully interactive, explorable 3D hubworlds, similar to those in

text: Sonic 2006

text: and Sonic Adventure, in which townspeople may be interacted with and side quests may be undertaken, in order to gain experience or unlock items, such as artwork, videos and music tracks. In contrast, the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions feature menu-based map systems, in which players simply click on areas to talk to townspeople and find information. Within both day and nighttime levels are medals that Sonic may collect, two types of which exist: Sun and Moon. In the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, collecting these medals allows the player to level up Sonic's Sun and Moon stats, and these must be increased to reach new stages in the game, with a certain number of Sun medals for Hedgehog levels, and a certain number of Moon medals for Werehog levels. Because only the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions feature playable hubworlds, these are also the only versions in which Sun and Moon medals may be found by exploring the towns, talking to the citizens, and completing side quests. In the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions, Sun and Moon medals are earned after completing stages and clearing their objectives. The medals are used to open up doors in Gaia gates, which can earn bonus content.

text: Sun Xiu had four sons: Sun Wan, Sun Gong, Sun Mang and Sun Bao. It is not stated whether Sun Xiu's four sons were born to Empress Zhu or not.

text: Nuclear reactions in the core of the Sun change its composition, by converting hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei by the proton-proton chain and (to a lesser extent in the Sun than in more massive stars) the CNO cycle. This increases the mean molecular weight in the core of the Sun, which should lead to a decrease in pressure. This does not happen as instead the core contracts. By the Virial Theorem half of the gravitational potential energy released by this contraction goes towards raising the temperature of the core, and the other half is radiated away. By the ideal gas law this increase in temperature also increases the pressure and restores the balance of hydrostatic equilibrium. The luminosity of the Sun is increased by the temperature rise, increasing the rate of nuclear reactions. The outer layers expand to compensate for the increased temperature and pressure gradients, so the radius also increases.

text: Nuclear reactions in the core of the Sun change its composition, by converting

text: hydrogen

text: nuclei into

text: helium

text: nuclei by the

text: proton-proton chain

text: and (to a lesser extent in the Sun than in more massive stars) the

text: CNO cycle

text: . This increases the mean molecular weight in the core of the Sun, which should lead to a decrease in pressure. This does not happen as instead the core contracts. By the

text: Virial Theorem

text: half of the gravitational

text: potential energy

text: released by this contraction goes towards raising the temperature of the core, and the other half is radiated away. By the

text: ideal gas law

text: this increase in temperature also increases the pressure and restores the balance of

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . The luminosity of the Sun is increased by the temperature rise, increasing the rate of nuclear reactions. The outer layers expand to compensate for the increased temperature and pressure gradients, so the radius also increases.

text: Core of Soul (formerly Core of Sun) is a Japanese pop/downtempo band. The group formed when Song met Nakamura and Iizuka at a school in Osaka. They disbanded March 24, 2006 after completing their Asian tour in Osaka.

text: Core of Soul (formerly Core of Sun) is a Japanese

text: pop

text: downtempo

text: band. The group formed when Song met Nakamura and Iizuka at a school in

text: Osaka

text: . They disbanded March 24, 2006 after completing their Asian tour in Osaka.

text: On August 19, 1957, an unmanned Skyhook balloon lifted the first Project Stratoscope telescope. Project Stratoscope I was a program developed to research the Sun. Instruments included a 12-inch (30-centimeter) telescope with a special light-sensitive pointing system and a closed circuit television camera that was guided by the scientists on the ground. This was the first balloon-borne telescope. The telescope took more than 400 photographs of sunspots. These were the sharpest photographs taken of the Sun up to that time. The photographs increased scientists' understanding of the motions observed in the strong magnetic fields of the sunspots.

text: On August 19, 1957, an unmanned Skyhook balloon lifted the first

text: Project Stratoscope

text: telescope. Project Stratoscope I was a program developed to research the

text: Sun

text: . Instruments included a 12-inch (30-centimeter)

text: telescope

text: with a special light-sensitive pointing system and a

text: closed circuit television

text: camera that was guided by the scientists on the ground. This was the first balloon-borne telescope. The telescope took more than 400 photographs of

text: sunspots

text: . These were the sharpest photographs taken of the Sun up to that time. The photographs increased scientists' understanding of the motions observed in the strong magnetic fields of the sunspots.

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of M3 III, which places it among the category of evolved stars called red giants. Indeed, the outer atmosphere of this star has expanded to around 48 times the radius of the Sun. Even though it has just 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, this wide envelope gives it a luminosity of roughly 468 times the Sun's. This energy is being radiated from a relatively cool outer atmosphere that has an effective temperature of nearly 4,000 K. It is this cool temperature that gives it the orange-red glow of an M-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of M3 III, which places it among the category of

text: evolved

text: stars called

text: red giant

text: s. Indeed, the outer atmosphere of this star has expanded to around 48 times the radius of the Sun. Even though it has just 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, this wide envelope gives it a luminosity of roughly 468 times the Sun's. This energy is being radiated from a relatively cool outer atmosphere that has an

text: effective temperature

text: of nearly 4,000 K. It is this cool temperature that gives it the orange-red glow of an M-type star.

text: In main sequence stars more than 1.3 times the mass of the Sun, the high core temperature causes nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium to occur predominantly via the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle instead of the less temperature-sensitive proton-proton chain.  The high temperature gradient in the core region forms a convection zone that slowly mixes the hydrogen fuel with the helium product. The core convection zone of these stars is overlaid by a radiation zone that is in thermal equilibrium and undergoes little or no mixing.  In the most massive stars, the convection zone may reach all the way from the core to the surface.

text: In

text: main sequence stars

text: more than 1.3 times the mass of the Sun, the high core temperature causes

text: nuclear fusion

text: of

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: helium

text: to occur predominantly via the

text: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle

text: instead of the less temperature-sensitive

text: proton-proton chain

text: .  The high temperature gradient in the core region forms a convection zone that slowly mixes the hydrogen fuel with the helium product. The core convection zone of these stars is overlaid by a

text: radiation zone

text: that is in thermal equilibrium and undergoes little or no mixing.  In the most massive stars, the convection zone may reach all the way from the core to the surface.

text: Sunspot 1: Ordeal 7" ep (500 pressed)

text: Sunspot 1: Ordeal 7" ep (500 pressed)

text: In an attempt to close the gap of the huge losses that the club incurred in 2011, the Suns offered zone pick Dayne Zorko in a three-way trade that resulted in key defender Matthew Warnock joining the Gold Coast. The Gold Coast also used their no.4 pick in the 2011 AFL Draft to acquire the first selection in mini-draft. The mini-draft allowed teams to pre-list 17-year-old players for the 2013 season and the Suns used their selection to sign West Australian Jaeger O'Meara. The team then travelled to Arizona in November to complete a two-week high altitude training camp. Coach Guy McKenna labelled the trip a growing experience for the youthful squad. The benefits of the trip were seen almost immediately as majority of the playing group recorded personal bests in January.

text: In an attempt to close the gap of the huge losses that the club incurred in 2011, the Suns offered zone pick

text: Dayne Zorko

text: in a three-way trade that resulted in key defender

text: Matthew Warnock

text: joining the Gold Coast. The Gold Coast also used their no.4 pick in the

text: 2011 AFL Draft

text: to acquire the first selection in mini-draft. The mini-draft allowed teams to pre-list 17-year-old players for the 2013 season and the Suns used their selection to sign West Australian

text: Jaeger O'Meara

text: . The team then travelled to

text: Arizona

text: in November to complete a two-week high altitude training camp. Coach Guy McKenna labelled the trip a growing experience for the youthful squad. The benefits of the trip were seen almost immediately as majority of the playing group recorded personal bests in January.

text: As of June 29 there had been 10 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: CPU migration via the in-kernel switcher (IKS) involves pairing up a 'Big' core with a 'Little' core, with possibly many identical pairs in one chip. Each pair operates as one virtual core, and only one real core is (fully) powered up and running at a time. The 'Big' core is used when the demand is high and the 'Little' core is employed when demand is low. When demand on the virtual core changes (between high and low), the incoming core is powered up, running state is transferred, the outgoing is shut down, and processing continues on the new core. Switching is done via the cpufreq framework. A complete Big.Little IKS implementation was added in Linux 3.11. Big.Little IKS is an improvement of Cluster Migration, the main difference is that each pair is visible to the scheduler.

text: Izumi Yasunari, also known as Rising Sun, is a prominent Japanese solar physicist, and a veteran member of the Global Guardians. A drunken, unshaven and overweight Rising Sun appears in Final Crisis Aftermath: Dance #1.

text: Izumi Yasunari, also known as Rising Sun, is a prominent Japanese

text: solar physicist

text: , and a veteran member of the

text: Global Guardians

text: . A drunken, unshaven and overweight Rising Sun appears in Final Crisis Aftermath: Dance #1.

text: The Victoria and Albert Museum's national collection "Theatre Costume" includes a "Painted satin and gold cord" stage costume made by Malcolm Hall for Jimmy Page, the flamboyant guitarist of rock group Led Zeppelin (and donated by Page to the museum); the costume, a suit in ivory-coloured satin, is "known as the 'Egyptian' costume because of the symbols prominent on the back of the satin jacket" - the "Eye of Thoth", "Nut (noot), Goddess of the sky"; a winged disk which "some believe ... is based on the appearance of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse." The museum concludes "the ivory satin costume itself would have been highly eye-catching; Page's wild performance style was reflected in his stage outfits."

text: The

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: 's national collection "Theatre Costume" includes a "Painted satin and gold cord" stage costume made by Malcolm Hall for

text: Jimmy Page

text: , the flamboyant guitarist of rock group

text: Led Zeppelin

text: (and donated by Page to the museum); the costume, a suit in ivory-coloured satin, is "known as the 'Egyptian' costume because of the symbols prominent on the back of the satin jacket" - the "Eye of Thoth", "Nut (noot), Goddess of the sky"; a winged disk which "some believe ... is based on the appearance of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse." The museum concludes "the ivory satin costume itself would have been highly eye-catching; Page's wild performance style was reflected in his stage outfits."

text: As of August 31 there had been 20 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: Using a generic heliocentric (two-body) solution calculated near the time of perihelion (closest approach to the Sun), it is estimated to have an aphelion (Q) (furthest distance from the Sun) of 154,202 AU (more than 2 Light-years). But the orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the center of mass of the solar system. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion orbital period is estimated to be about 78,000 years with aphelion around 3,650 AU. In 2007 it became more than 30 AU from the Sun.

text: Using a generic heliocentric (

text: two-body

text: ) solution calculated near the time of

text: perihelion

text: (closest approach to the Sun), it is estimated to have an

text: aphelion

text: (Q) (furthest distance from the Sun) of 154,202

text: AU

text: (more than 2

text: Light-year

text: s). But the orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the

text: osculating orbit

text: is computed at an

text: epoch

text: after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the

text: center of mass of the solar system

text: . After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, the post-perihelion

text: orbital period

text: is estimated to be about 78,000

text: years

text: with aphelion around 3,650 AU. In 2007 it became more than 30 AU from the Sun.

text: Sun Jiao had five sons: Sun Yin, Sun Xi, Sun Zi, Sun Mi and Sun Yi. Sun Xi was younger than Sun Yin. The other three were all younger than Sun Xi.

text: Sun Jiao

text: had five sons: Sun Yin, Sun Xi, Sun Zi, Sun Mi and Sun Yi. Sun Xi was younger than Sun Yin. The other three were all younger than Sun Xi.

text: An annual solar eclipse occurred on November 1, 1929. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annual

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on November 1, 1929. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: It was utilized  in order to solve the so-called Hierarchy Problem of the standard model, that is, to explain why particles not protected by any symmetry (like the Higgs boson) do not receive radiative corrections to their mass, driving it to the larger scales such as that of GUTs, or the Planck mass of gravity. The way supersymmetry protects  scale hierarchies is the following: since for every particle there is a superpartner with the same mass but different statistics,  any loop in a radiative correction is cancelled by the loop corresponding to its superpartner, rendering the theory more UV finite.

text: It was utilized  in order to solve the so-called

text: Hierarchy Problem

text: of the standard model, that is, to explain why particles not protected by any symmetry (like the

text: Higgs boson

text: ) do not receive radiative corrections to their mass, driving it to the larger scales such as that of GUTs, or the Planck mass of gravity. The way supersymmetry protects  scale hierarchies is the following: since for every particle there is a superpartner with the same mass but different statistics,  any loop in a radiative correction is cancelled by the loop corresponding to its superpartner, rendering the theory more UV finite.

text: The Zodiacal Light Observatory currently consists of two instruments.  The Scatter-free Observatory for Limb Active Regions and Coronae (SOLARC or SOLAR-C) telescope is a  off-axis reflecting coronagraph that is used to study the Sun's corona. The Day-Night Seeing Monitor Telescope System (DNSM) makes telescope-independent observations of perturbations in the atmosphere above Haleakala.

text: The Zodiacal Light Observatory currently consists of two instruments.  The Scatter-free Observatory for Limb Active Regions and Coronae (SOLARC or SOLAR-C) telescope is a  off-axis reflecting

text: coronagraph

text: that is used to study the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: corona

text: . The Day-Night Seeing Monitor Telescope System (DNSM) makes telescope-independent observations of perturbations in the atmosphere above Haleakala.

text: In the mid-1970s Whitehead was a member of the second incarnation of Sun Treader with Morris Pert and Peter Robinson.  They recorded "Chromosphere" which appeared on The Music of Morris Pert (1975).

text: In the mid-1970s Whitehead was a member of the second incarnation of Sun Treader with

text: Morris Pert

text: and

text: Peter Robinson

text: .  They recorded "Chromosphere" which appeared on The Music of Morris Pert (1975).

text: The UltraSPARC T1 was designed from scratch as a multi-threaded, special-purpose processor, and thus introduces a whole new architecture for obtaining high performance. Rather than try to make each core as intelligent and optimized as they can, Sun's goal was to run as many concurrent threads as possible, and maximize utilization of each core's pipeline. The T1's cores are less complex than those of current high end processors in order to allow 8 cores to fit on the same die. The cores do not feature out-of-order execution, or a sizable amount of cache.

text: The UltraSPARC T1 was designed from scratch as a multi-threaded, special-purpose processor, and thus introduces a whole new architecture for obtaining high performance. Rather than try to make each core as intelligent and optimized as they can, Sun's goal was to run as many concurrent threads as possible, and maximize utilization of each core's pipeline. The T1's cores are less complex than those of current high end processors in order to allow 8 cores to fit on the same die. The cores do not feature

text: out-of-order execution

text: , or a sizable amount of

text: cache

text: Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun. These phenomena take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, energy bursts such as solar flares, coronal mass ejection or solar eruptions, coronal heating and sunspots.

text: Solar phenomena are the

text: natural phenomena

text: occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the

text: Sun

text: . These phenomena take many forms, including

text: solar wind

text: , radio wave flux, energy bursts such as

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: coronal mass ejection

text: or

text: solar eruption

text: s, coronal heating and

text: sunspots

text: The history of the region begins prior to the formation of any presently visible surface, when Mercury’s internal evolution played a key role in determining subsequent landform development. Because it is the planet nearest the Sun, Mercury represents one extreme in possible cosmochemical models of planet formation. Even before the Mariner 10 mission, Mercury’s high density and photometric properties suggested a large core, presumably iron, and a lithosphere of silicate materials. Evidence for an intrinsic dipolar magnetic field (Ness and others, 1974) reinforces interpretations favoring a large core. This core, which formed partly as a result of radiogenic heating, produced additional heating, leading to global expansion and the formation of extensional fractures in the lithosphere (Solomon, 1976, 1977). These fractures may have provided egress for the eruption of the oldest plains material during the period of heavy bombardment. Also about this time other structural lineaments developed, possibly as a result of stresses induced by tidal spin-down from a more rapid rotation rate (Burns, 1976; Melosh, 1977; Melosh and Dzurisin, 1978). The major east-west lineament trend in this polar region (noted in previous section) conforms to a prediction of Melosh (1977) for the orientation of normal faults. However, no unambiguous evidence for tensional faults occurs in the Bach quadrangle.

text: The history of the region begins prior to the formation of any presently visible surface, when Mercury’s internal evolution played a key role in determining subsequent landform development. Because it is the planet nearest the Sun, Mercury represents one extreme in possible cosmochemical models of planet formation. Even before the Mariner 10 mission, Mercury’s high density and photometric properties suggested a large core, presumably iron, and a lithosphere of

text: silicate

text: materials. Evidence for an intrinsic dipolar magnetic field (Ness and others, 1974) reinforces interpretations favoring a large core. This core, which formed partly as a result of radiogenic heating, produced additional heating, leading to global expansion and the formation of extensional fractures in the lithosphere (Solomon, 1976, 1977). These fractures may have provided egress for the eruption of the oldest plains material during the period of heavy bombardment. Also about this time other structural lineaments developed, possibly as a result of stresses induced by

text: tidal spin-down

text: from a more rapid rotation rate (Burns, 1976; Melosh, 1977; Melosh and Dzurisin, 1978). The major east-west lineament trend in this polar region (noted in previous section) conforms to a prediction of Melosh (1977) for the orientation of normal faults. However, no unambiguous evidence for

text: tensional fault

text: s occurs in the Bach quadrangle.

text: Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.

text: Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (

text: solar granules

text: ), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of

text: red supergiant

text: s, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the

text: variations of brightness

text: so common on both types of stars.

text: SPECint tests are carried out on a wide range of hardware, with results typically published for the full range of system-level implementations employing the latest CPUs. For SPECint2006, the CPUs include Intel and AMD x86 & x86-64 processors, Sun SPARC CPUs, IBM POWER CPUs, and IA-64 CPUs.  This range of capabilities, specifically in this case the number of CPUs, means that the SPECint benchmark is usually run on only a single CPU, even if the system has many CPUs.  If a single CPU has multiple cores, only a single core is used; hyper-threading is also typically disabled,

text: SPECint tests are carried out on a wide range of hardware, with results typically published for the full range of system-level implementations employing the latest CPUs. For SPECint2006, the CPUs include

text: Intel

text: and

text: AMD

text: processors,

text: Sun

text: SPARC

text: CPUs,

text: IBM

text: POWER

text: CPUs, and

text: CPUs.  This range of capabilities, specifically in this case the number of CPUs, means that the SPECint benchmark is usually run on only a single CPU, even if the system has many CPUs.  If a single CPU has

text: multiple cores

text: , only a single core is used;

text: hyper-threading

text: is also typically disabled,

text: The Sun is represented by the Ericsson Globe (Globen), Stockholm, which is the largest hemispherical building in the world, 110 m in diameter. To respect the scale, the globe represents the Sun including its corona.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is represented by the

text: Ericsson Globe

text: (Globen),

text: Stockholm

text: , which is the largest hemispherical building in the world, 110 m in diameter. To respect the scale, the globe represents the Sun including its

text: corona

text: He is best known for his wave heating theory involving the Coronal heating problem of the Sun's atmosphere.

text: He is best known for his wave heating theory involving the

text: Coronal heating problem

text: of the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: For radiative isolation, the walls should be perfectly conductive, so as to perfectly reflect the radiation within the cavity, as for example imagined by Planck.

text: For radiative isolation, the walls should be perfectly conductive, so as to perfectly reflect the radiation within the cavity, as for example imagined by

text: Planck

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on July 1, 2057. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on July 1, 2057. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: In Chinese, 貫索 (Guàn Suǒ), meaning Coiled Thong, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Coronae Borealis, Pi Coronae Borealis, Theta Coronae Borealis, Beta Coronae Borealis, Gamma Coronae Borealis, Delta Coronae Borealis, Epsilon Coronae Borealis, Iota Coronae Borealis and Rho Coronae Borealis. Consequently, Alpha Coronae Borealis itself is known as 貫索四 (Guàn Suǒ sì, .).

text: In Chinese, 貫索 (Guàn Suǒ), meaning

text: Coiled Thong

text: , refers to an

text: asterism

text: consisting of Alpha Coronae Borealis,

text: Pi Coronae Borealis

text: Theta Coronae Borealis

text: Beta Coronae Borealis

text: Gamma Coronae Borealis

text: Delta Coronae Borealis

text: Epsilon Coronae Borealis

text: Iota Coronae Borealis

text: and

text: Rho Coronae Borealis

text: . Consequently, Alpha Coronae Borealis itself is known as 貫索四 (Guàn Suǒ sì, .).

text: The maximum parcel level (MPL) is the highest level in the atmosphere that a moist convectively rising air parcel will reach after ascending from the level of free convection (LFC) through the free convective layer (FCL) and reaching the equilibrium level (EL), near the tropopause.  As the parcel rises through the FCL it expands adiabatically causing its temperature to drop, often below the temperature of its surroundings, and eventually lose buoyancy.  Because of this, the EL is approximately the region where the distinct flat tops (called anvils) often observed on cumulonimbus clouds form.  If the air parcel ascended quickly enough then it retains momentum after it has cooled and continues rising past the EL, ceasing at the MPL (visually represented by the overshooting top, above the anvil).

text: The maximum parcel level (MPL) is the highest level in the

text: atmosphere

text: that a moist

text: convectively

text: rising

text: air parcel

text: will reach after ascending from the

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC) through the

text: free convective layer

text: (FCL) and reaching the

text: equilibrium level

text: (EL), near the

text: tropopause

text: .  As the parcel rises through the FCL it expands

text: adiabatically

text: causing its temperature to drop, often below the temperature of its surroundings, and eventually lose

text: buoyancy

text: .  Because of this, the EL is approximately the region where the distinct flat tops (called

text: anvil

text: s) often observed on

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: s form.  If the air parcel ascended quickly enough then it retains

text: momentum

text: after it has cooled and continues rising past the EL, ceasing at the MPL (visually represented by the

text: overshooting top

text: , above the anvil).

text: Sun Ce appointed himself Administrator of Kuaiji, reinstated Yu Fan as an Officer of Merit and treated him like a friend. By 197, Sun Ce had already established a strong foothold in Jiangdong, so he broke ties with his former ally Yuan Shu, and planned to expand his territory. In 198, Sun Ce was promoted by the imperial court to the rank of "General Who Attacks Rebels" (討逆將軍) and received the title of "Marquis of Wu" (吳侯). In addition, Sun Ce's younger brother Sun Kuang married Cao Cao's niece while Cao Cao's son Cao Zhang married the daughter of Sun Ben (Sun Ce's cousin).

text: Sun Ce appointed himself Administrator of

text: Kuaiji

text: , reinstated Yu Fan as an Officer of Merit and treated him like a friend. By 197, Sun Ce had already established a strong foothold in Jiangdong, so he broke ties with his former ally Yuan Shu, and planned to expand his territory. In 198, Sun Ce was promoted by the imperial court to the rank of "General Who Attacks Rebels" (討逆將軍) and received the title of "Marquis of Wu" (吳侯). In addition, Sun Ce's younger brother

text: Sun Kuang

text: married

text: Cao Cao

text: 's niece while Cao Cao's son

text: Cao Zhang

text: married the daughter of

text: Sun Ben

text: (Sun Ce's cousin).

text: Sun Yu had five sons: Sun Mi, Sun Xi, Sun Yao, Sun Man and Sun Hong.

text: Sun Yu

text: had five sons: Sun Mi, Sun Xi, Sun Yao, Sun Man and Sun Hong.

text: The 1985–86 Phoenix Suns season was the 18th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. The Suns finished the regular season tied with their third-worst record to that point, going just 32–50. Coupled with every team in the Western Conference's Midwest division finishing with a better record than all but two teams from the Pacific division, and the Suns were out of the playoffs for the first time in eight seasons, ending a then-franchise record streak for consecutive playoff berths. The Suns were led by head coach John MacLeod, in his 13th year with the Suns, and played all home games in Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1985–86 Phoenix Suns season was the 18th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . The Suns finished the regular season tied with their third-worst record to that point, going just 32–50. Coupled with every team in the

text: Western Conference

text: 's

text: Midwest division

text: finishing with a better record than all but two teams from the

text: Pacific division

text: , and the Suns were out of the playoffs for the first time in eight seasons, ending a then-franchise record streak for consecutive playoff berths. The Suns were led by

text: head coach

text: John MacLeod

text: , in his 13th year with the Suns, and played all home games in

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: At the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, Alison Willmore of IFC described it as a "sad, unusual love story." John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter called Catfish "jaw-dropping" and "crowd-pleasing" but said that it "will require clever marketing in order to preserve the surprises at its core." Kyle Buchanan of Movieline asked if "easily the most buzzed-about documentary" at Sundance had "a truth problem", and reported that an audience member questioned whether it was a documentary at all. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times referred to these questions as a "severe cross-examination" and states that "everyone in the film is exactly as the film portrays them."

text: At the

text: 2010 Sundance Film Festival

text: , Alison Willmore of

text: IFC

text: described it as a "sad, unusual love story." John DeFore of

text: The Hollywood Reporter

text: called Catfish "jaw-dropping" and "crowd-pleasing" but said that it "will require clever marketing in order to preserve the surprises at its core." Kyle Buchanan of

text: Movieline

text: asked if "easily the most buzzed-about documentary" at Sundance had "a truth problem", and reported that an audience member questioned whether it was a documentary at all.

text: Roger Ebert

text: of the

text: Chicago Sun-Times

text: referred to these questions as a "severe cross-examination" and states that "everyone in the film is exactly as the film portrays them."

text: The core of the system is formed by a close spectroscopic binary with an angular separation of 3.892 mas and an orbital period of 19.379 days. The larger member of this pair has 114% of the mass of the Sun, while its companion has 88% of the Sun's mass. Orbiting the pair at an angular separation of 1.422 arcseconds over a period of 164 years, the tertiary component has 52% of the Sun's mass.

text: The core of the system is formed by a close

text: spectroscopic binary

text: with an

text: angular separation

text: of 3.892 mas and an

text: orbital period

text: of 19.379 days. The larger member of this pair has 114% of the mass of the Sun, while its companion has 88% of the Sun's mass. Orbiting the pair at an angular separation of 1.422

text: arcsecond

text: s over a period of 164 years, the tertiary component has 52% of the Sun's mass.

text: Since the beginnings of global helioseismology in the late 1970s, the detection of g modes has been the quest for the Grail.  The detection of g modes would be key to the understanding of the internal structure and dynamics of the solar core, as much as the p modes are key to that of the structure of the radiative and convective zones. The impact of g-mode detection would be so large that we could expect a wealth of information to be returned.  The structure and dynamics of the energy-generating core will be seen, analyzed and understood. The hydrostatic structure of the core, in particular its deepest lying layers, will be uncovered to a far higher level of accuracy and precision; while it will be possible to infer the rotational characteristics of the core, characteristics that at present we are unable to uncover, to a satisfactory level of precision, with the current p-mode data.

text: Since the beginnings of global

text: helioseismology

text: in the late 1970s, the detection of g modes has been the quest for the Grail.  The detection of g modes would be key to the understanding of the internal structure and dynamics of the solar core, as much as the p modes are key to that of the structure of the radiative and convective zones. The impact of g-mode detection would be so large that we could expect a wealth of information to be returned.  The structure and dynamics of the energy-generating core will be seen, analyzed and understood. The hydrostatic structure of the core, in particular its deepest lying layers, will be uncovered to a far higher level of accuracy and precision; while it will be possible to infer the rotational characteristics of the core, characteristics that at present we are unable to uncover, to a satisfactory level of precision, with the current p-mode data.

text: Other references to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall in Singapore. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him.  The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street.

text: Other references to Sun include the

text: Sun Yat-sen University

text: in Guangzhou and

text: National Sun Yat-sen University

text: in

text: Kaohsiung

text: . Other structures include

text: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum

entity_name: Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Station (Guangzhou)

text: Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall subway station

text: Sun Yat-sen house

text: in Nanjing,

text: Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum

text: in Hong Kong,

text: Chung-Shan Building

text: Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall

text: in

text: Taipei

text: and

text: Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall

text: in

text: Singapore

text: Zhongshan Memorial Middle School

text: has also been a name used by many schools.

text: Zhongshan Park

text: is also a common name used for a number of places named after him.  The first highway in Taiwan is called the

text: Sun Yat-sen expressway

text: . Two ships are also named after him, the

text: Chinese gunboat Chung Shan

text: and

text: Chinese cruiser Yat Sen

text: . The old Chinatown in

text: Calcutta

text: (now known as

text: Kolkata

text: India

text: has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street.

text: The rotation constants have been measured by measuring the motion of various features ("tracers") on the solar surface. The first and most widely used tracers are sunspots. Though sunspots had been observed since ancient times, it was only when the telescope came into use that they were observed to turn with the Sun, and thus the period of the solar rotation could be defined. The English scholar Thomas Harriot was probably the first to observe sunspots telescopically as evidenced by a drawing in his notebook dated December 8, 1610, and the first published observations (June 1611) entitled “De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio” ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") were by Johannes Fabricius who had been systematically observing the spots for a few months and had noted also their movement across the solar disc. This can be considered the first observational evidence of the solar rotation. Christopher Scheiner (“Rosa Ursine sive solis”, book 4, part 2, 1630) was the first to measure the equatorial rotation rate of the Sun and noticed that the rotation at higher latitudes is slower, so he can be considered the discoverer of solar differential rotation.

text: The rotation constants have been measured by measuring the motion of various features ("tracers") on the solar surface. The first and most widely used tracers are

text: sunspot

text: s. Though sunspots had been observed since ancient times, it was only when the telescope came into use that they were observed to turn with the Sun, and thus the period of the solar rotation could be defined. The English scholar

text: Thomas Harriot

text: was probably the first to observe sunspots telescopically as evidenced by a drawing in his notebook dated December 8, 1610, and the first published observations (June 1611) entitled “De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio” ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") were by

text: Johannes Fabricius

text: who had been systematically observing the spots for a few months and had noted also their movement across the solar disc. This can be considered the first observational evidence of the solar rotation.

text: Christopher Scheiner

text: (“Rosa Ursine sive solis”, book 4, part 2, 1630) was the first to measure the equatorial rotation rate of the Sun and noticed that the rotation at higher latitudes is slower, so he can be considered the discoverer of solar differential rotation.

text: Before the Hubble Space Telescope observation of Gliese 752 system, astronomers thought magnetic fields in stars required the same dynamo process that creates magnetic fields on the Sun. In the classic solar model heat generated by nuclear fusion reactions at the star's center escapes through a radiative zone just outside the core. The heat travels from the radiative core to the star's surface through a convection zone. In this region, heat bubbles to the surface by motions similar to boiling in a pot of water.

text: Before the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: observation of Gliese 752 system, astronomers thought

text: magnetic field

text: s in stars required the same dynamo process that creates magnetic fields on the

text: Sun

text: . In the classic solar model heat generated by

text: nuclear fusion

text: reactions at the star's center escapes through a radiative zone just outside the core. The heat travels from the radiative core to the star's surface through a convection zone. In this region, heat bubbles to the surface by motions similar to boiling in a pot of water.

text: Spörer's law predicts the variation of sunspot latitudes during a solar cycle. It was discovered by the English astronomer Richard Christopher Carrington around 1861. Carrington's work was refined by the German astronomer Gustav Spörer.

text: Spörer's law predicts the variation of

text: sunspot

text: latitudes during a

text: solar cycle

text: . It was discovered by the English astronomer

text: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: around 1861. Carrington's work was refined by the German astronomer

text: Gustav Spörer

text: Lady Pan was from Juzhang County (句章縣; within present-day Ningbo) in Kuaiji Commandery. Her father, who served as a low-ranking official, was executed for committing an offence whose details are not recorded. Both Lady Pan and her elder sister ended up as workers in a textile factory. Once, Sun Quan encountered her and felt that she was extraordinary so he took her as his concubine. In 243, while she was pregnant, she dreamt of receiving a dragon head and gave birth to Sun Liang later. In 250, in the aftermath of a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons Sun He and Sun Ba, Sun Liang was designated as the crown prince by his father. In the same year, Lady Pan requested Sun Quan to arrange a marriage for her elder sister and he agreed. In 251, Sun Quan instated Lady Pan as the empress. Empress Pan was known for being jealous and malicious as she never ceased slandering and harming Sun Quan's other wives until her death.

text: Lady Pan was from Juzhang County (句章縣; within present-day

text: Ningbo

text: ) in

text: Kuaiji Commandery

text: . Her father, who served as a low-ranking official, was executed for committing an offence whose details are not recorded. Both Lady Pan and her elder sister ended up as workers in a textile factory. Once,

text: Sun Quan

text: encountered her and felt that she was extraordinary so he took her as his concubine. In 243, while she was pregnant, she dreamt of receiving a dragon head and gave birth to

text: Sun Liang

text: later. In 250, in the aftermath of a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons

text: Sun He

text: and

text: Sun Ba

text: , Sun Liang was designated as the

text: crown prince

text: by his father. In the same year, Lady Pan requested Sun Quan to arrange a marriage for her elder sister and he agreed. In 251, Sun Quan instated Lady Pan as the empress. Empress Pan was known for being jealous and malicious as she never ceased slandering and harming Sun Quan's other wives until her death.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on July 24, 2074. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on July 24, 2074. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: The primary component of this system has a stellar classification of K1 III. A luminosity class 'III' indicates this has expanded into a giant star after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolving away from the main sequence of stars like the Sun. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is , which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 27 times the radius of the Sun. It appears to be rotating slowly, with a projected rotational velocity of . This gives a lower bound on the azimuthal velocity of rotation along the star's equator. Tau Puppis is radiating energy from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of around 4,500, giving it the orange hue of a cool, K-type star.

text: The primary component of this system has a

text: stellar classification

text: of K1 III. A

text: luminosity class

text: 'III' indicates this has expanded into a

text: giant star

text: after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and

text: evolving

text: away from the

text: main sequence

text: of stars like the Sun. The

text: interferometry

text: -measured

text: angular diameter

text: of this star, after correcting for

text: limb darkening

text: , is , which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 27 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . It appears to be rotating slowly, with a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of . This gives a lower bound on the

text: azimuth

text: al velocity of rotation along the star's equator. Tau Puppis is radiating energy from its outer envelope at an

text: effective temperature

text: of around 4,500, giving it the orange hue of a cool, K-type star.

text: Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun's radiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation, and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of, for example, aerosol optical thickness or ozone. It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon, as the Sun moves across the sky. It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley.

text: Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun's

text: radiance

text: at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation, and is often used to remove the effect of the

text: atmosphere

text: from measurements of, for example,

text: aerosol

text: optical thickness

text: or

text: ozone

text: . It is based on repeated measurements with a

text: sun photometer

text: operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon, as the

text: Sun

text: moves across the

text: sky

text: . It is named for American astronomer and physicist

text: Samuel Pierpont Langley

text: Along with 80 cores, the chip also contains 80 routers. Each core has a dedicated router which is responsible for the communication of that core with all other cores and components of the processor. The router uses a five port system with 1 port going to each of the surrounding cores and one going to the DRAM (the processors local memory). The chip is laid out in an 8 core by 10 core format. Each of the 8 cores in any of the 10 rows, called nodes, has the ability to communicate directly with other cores within the same node. Communication between nodes and to other processor components is directed through a routing system. The on-die interconnect fabric which the cores use to communicate with each other is currently being researched. One option being considered is the ring topology, which consists of various sized ring networks being integrated within each other to connect the cores. A more flexible and likely solution is the mesh topology in which the cores will be connected on a grid layout.

text: Along with 80 cores, the chip also contains 80

text: router

text: s. Each core has a dedicated router which is responsible for the communication of that core with all other cores and components of the processor. The router uses a five port system with 1 port going to each of the surrounding cores and one going to the

text: DRAM

text: (the processors local memory). The chip is laid out in an 8 core by 10 core format. Each of the 8 cores in any of the 10 rows, called

text: nodes

text: , has the ability to communicate directly with other cores within the same node. Communication between nodes and to other processor components is directed through a routing system. The on-

text: die

text: interconnect fabric which the cores use to communicate with each other is currently being researched. One option being considered is the ring topology, which consists of various sized ring networks being integrated within each other to connect the cores. A more flexible and likely solution is the mesh topology in which the cores will be connected on a grid layout.

text: Coronas may be positive or negative. This is determined by the polarity of the voltage on the highly curved electrode. If the curved electrode is positive with respect to the flat electrode, it has a positive corona, if it is negative, it has a negative corona. (See below for more details.) The physics of positive and negative coronas are strikingly different. This asymmetry is a result of the great difference in mass between electrons and positively charged ions, with only the electron having the ability to undergo a significant degree of ionising inelastic collision at common temperatures and pressures.

text: Coronas may be positive or negative. This is determined by the polarity of the voltage on the highly curved electrode. If the curved electrode is positive with respect to the flat electrode, it has a

text: positive corona

text: , if it is negative, it has a

text: negative corona

text: . (See below for more details.) The physics of positive and negative coronas are strikingly different. This asymmetry is a result of the great difference in mass between electrons and positively charged

text: ion

text: s, with only the

text: electron

text: having the ability to undergo a significant degree of ionising

text: inelastic collision

text: at common temperatures and pressures.

text: Neptune's atmosphere consists of hydrogen, helium, and methane. The methane in Neptune's upper atmosphere absorbs the red light from the Sun, but it reflects the blue light from the Sun back into space. This is why Neptune looks blue.

text: In addition to thermal mass, Earthships use passive solar heating and cooling. Large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or Steve Baer's "Track Rack" solar trackers are used for heat regulation. Earthships are positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure. To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-oriented wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night.

text: In addition to thermal mass, Earthships use

text: passive solar heating and cooling

text: . Large front windows with integrated

text: shades

text: trombe wall

text: s and other technologies such as

text: skylights

text: or

text: Steve Baer

text: 's "Track Rack" solar trackers are used for heat regulation. Earthships are positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure. To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-oriented wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night.

text: of the Sun's light, and reflects the rest. The power absorbed by the planet and its atmosphere is then:

text: David attended Stages I and II at Canterbury College, then moved to Wellington where he graduated BSc and MSc from the Victoria College of the University of New Zealand.  After graduation David was employed doing sunspot research at the Carter Observatory in Kelburn, Wellington, from where he published his first scientific paper.

text: David attended Stages I and II at

text: Canterbury College

text: , then moved to

text: Wellington

text: where he graduated

text: BSc

text: and

text: MSc

text: from the

text: Victoria College of the University of New Zealand

text: .  After graduation David was employed doing

text: sunspot

text: research at the

text: Carter Observatory

text: in

text: Kelburn

text: Wellington

text: , from where he published his first scientific paper.

text: Clouds are classified according to the height at which they are found, and their shape or appearance.  There are five forms based on physical structure and process of formation. Cirriform clouds are high, thin and wispy, and are seen most extensively along the leading edges of organized weather disturbances. Stratiform clouds are non-convective and appear as extensive sheet-like layers, ranging from thin to very thick with considerable vertical development. They are mostly the product of large-scale lifting of stable air. Unstable free-convective cumuliform clouds are formed mostly into localized heaps. Stratocumuliform clouds of limited convection show a mix of cumuliform and stratiform characteristics which appear in the form of rolls or ripples.  Highly convective cumulonimbiform clouds have complex structures often including cirriform tops and stratocumuliform accessory clouds.

text: In order for a solar map to be made, two main types of data must be collected. Those two types of data include Meteorological Data and Topographical Data. The Meteorological data is used in calculations pertaining to Solar Energy. Such measurements of this type of data include the measurements of the position of the sun, overall atmospheric conditions, latitude, and shading. Topographical data on the other hand, is used in illustrating the amount of area exposed to a certain degree of radiation from the sun or in calculations that present how much area of a physical object is experiencing direct contact with the sun's rays. In some cases, Financial Data may also be collected to be presented on a solar map. When this happens, that means that the solar map would appear online for a certain city. The reasons why financial data is collected and presented on these solar maps is to encourage a certain productive behavior among citizens.

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on March 18, 1969. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An

text: annular solar eclipse

text: occurred on March 18, 1969. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: A modified Corona was shown at the 1970 Tokyo Motor Show as the Electronics Car. Based on the Corona Hardtop 1700SL, it was a cutaway model showing EFI, Electric Skid Control, Electronic Automatic Transmission, air bags, monitor display and cruise control.

text: A modified Corona was shown at the 1970

text: Tokyo Motor Show

text: as the Electronics Car. Based on the

text: Corona

text: Hardtop 1700SL, it was a cutaway model showing

text: EFI

text: Electric Skid Control

text: , Electronic

text: Automatic Transmission

text: air bags

text: , monitor display and

text: cruise control

text: All the instruments registered the storm which is considered as one of the largest solar activity events observed by SOHO and maybe since the advent of space-based solar observations. The storm involved all the plasma of the solar atmosphere from the chromosphere to the corona, as can be seen from the movies, which are ordered from left to right, from top to bottom, in the outward direction of the increasing temperature on the Sun: photosphere (yellow), chromosphere-transition region (orange), low corona (green) and extended corona (blue).

text: Gamma Draconis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It has 72% more mass than the Sun and it has expanded to around 48 times the Sun's girth. It is radiating about 471 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 3,930 K. This is cooler than the Sun, giving this star the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: Gamma Draconis is an

text: evolved

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K5 III. Since 1943, the

text: spectrum

text: of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It has 72% more mass than the Sun and it has expanded to around 48 times the Sun's girth. It is radiating about 471 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 3,930 K. This is cooler than the Sun, giving this star the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: Sunspots have two parts: the central umbra, which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (normal to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding penumbra, which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined.

text: Sunspots have two parts: the central

text: umbra

text: , which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (

text: normal

text: to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding

text: penumbra

text: , which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined.

text: The level of beryllium-7 in the air is related to the sun spot cycle, as radiation from the sun forms this radioisotope in the atmosphere.  The rate at which it is transferred from the air to the ground is controlled in part by the weather.

text: The level of

text: beryllium

text: -7 in the air is related to the

text: sun spot

text: cycle, as radiation from the sun forms this

text: radioisotope

text: in the atmosphere.  The rate at which it is transferred from the air to the ground is controlled in part by the weather.

text: Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements made in the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s suggested that sunspot activity may again be disappearing, possibly leading to a new minimum. From 2007 to 2009, sunspot levels were far below average. In 2008, the Sun was spot-free 73 percent of the time, extreme even for a solar minimum. Only 1913 was more pronounced, with no sunspots for 85 percent of that year. The Sun continued to languish through mid-December 2009, when the largest group of sunspots to emerge for several years appeared. Even then, sunspot levels remained well below those of recent cycles.

text: Each core has a 64 KB, four-way set-associative instruction cache and a 64 KB data cache of an eight-way set-associative design with a two-stage pipeline supporting two independent 32-bit reads or one 64-bit write per cycle. Each core has semi-private 4 MiB unified L2 cache, where the cache is assigned a specific core, but the other has a fast access to it. The two cores share a 32 MiB L3 cache which is off die, using an 80 GB/s bus.	POWER6 can connect to up to 31 other processors using two inter node links (50 GB/s), and supports up to 10 logical partitions per core (up to a limit of 254 per system). There is an interface to a service processor that monitors and adjusts performance and power according to set parameters.

text: Each core has a 64 KB, four-way set-associative instruction cache and a 64 KB data cache of an eight-way set-associative design with a two-stage pipeline supporting two independent 32-bit reads or one 64-bit write per cycle. Each core has semi-private 4

text: MiB

text: unified

text: L2 cache

text: , where the cache is assigned a specific core, but the other has a fast access to it. The two cores share a 32 MiB

text: L3 cache

text: which is off die, using an 80 GB/s bus.	POWER6 can connect to up to 31 other processors using two inter node links (50 GB/s), and supports up to 10 logical partitions per core (up to a limit of 254 per system). There is an interface to a service processor that monitors and adjusts performance and power according to set parameters.

text: A large variety of multicomponent fluoride glasses have been fabricated but few can be drawn into optical fiber. The fiber fabrication is similar to any glass-fiber drawing technology. All methods involve fabrication from the melt, which createsinherent problems such as the formation of bubbles, core-clad interface irregularities, and small preform sizes. The process occurs at 310 °C in a controlled atmosphere (to minimize contamination by moisture or oxygen impurities which significantlyweaken the fiber) using a narrow heat zone compared to silica. Drawing is complicated by a small difference (only 124 °C) between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature. As a result, ZBLAN fibers often contain undesired crystallites. The concentration of crystallites was shown in 1998 to be reduced by growing ZBLAN in zero gravity (see figure) which reduces convection processes.

text: A large variety of multicomponent fluoride glasses have been fabricated but few can be drawn into optical fiber. The fiber fabrication is similar to any glass-fiber drawing technology. All methods involve fabrication from the melt, which createsinherent problems such as the formation of bubbles, core-clad interface irregularities, and small preform sizes. The process occurs at 310 °C in a controlled atmosphere (to minimize contamination by moisture or oxygen impurities which significantlyweaken the fiber) using a narrow heat zone compared to silica. Drawing is complicated by a small difference (only 124 °C) between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature. As a result, ZBLAN fibers often contain undesired crystallites. The concentration of crystallites was shown in 1998 to be reduced by growing ZBLAN in

text: zero gravity

text: (see figure) which reduces convection processes.

text: It is unlikely that Venus was formed with its present slow retrograde rotation which takes 243 days to rotate. Venus probably began with a fast prograde rotation with a period of several hours much like most of the planets in the solar system. Venus is close enough to the Sun to experience significant gravitational tidal dissipation, and also has a thick enough atmosphere to create thermally driven atmospheric tides which create a retrograde torque. Venus' present slow retrograde rotation is in equilibrium balance between gravitational tides trying to tidally lock Venus to the Sun and atmospheric tides trying to spin Venus in a retrograde direction. In addition to maintaining this present day equilibrium, tides are also sufficient to account for evolution of Venus's rotation from a primordial fast prograde direction to its present-day slow retrograde rotation. In the past various other alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain Venus' retrograde rotation, such as collisions or it having originally formed that way. Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus but Mercury is not tidally locked because it has entered a spin-orbit resonance due to the eccentricity of its orbit. The rotation of Earth and Mars is also affected by tidal forces with the Sun but they haven't reached an equilibrium state like Mercury and Venus because they are further out from the Sun where tidal forces are weaker. The gas giants of the solar system are too massive and too far from the Sun for tidal forces to slow down their rotations.

text: It is unlikely that Venus was formed with its present slow retrograde rotation which takes 243 days to rotate. Venus probably began with a fast prograde rotation with a period of several hours much like most of the planets in the solar system. Venus is close enough to the Sun to experience significant gravitational

text: tidal dissipation

text: , and also has a thick enough atmosphere to create thermally driven atmospheric tides which create a retrograde

text: torque

text: . Venus' present slow retrograde rotation is in

text: equilibrium

text: balance between gravitational tides trying to

text: tidally lock

text: Venus to the Sun and atmospheric tides trying to spin Venus in a retrograde direction. In addition to maintaining this present day equilibrium, tides are also sufficient to account for evolution of Venus's rotation from a primordial fast prograde direction to its present-day slow retrograde rotation. In the past various other alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain Venus' retrograde rotation, such as collisions or it having originally formed that way. Mercury is closer to the Sun than Venus but Mercury is not tidally locked because it has entered a

text: spin-orbit resonance

text: due to the

text: eccentricity

text: of its orbit. The rotation of Earth and Mars is also affected by tidal forces with the Sun but they haven't reached an equilibrium state like Mercury and Venus because they are further out from the Sun where tidal forces are weaker. The

text: gas giant

text: s of the solar system are too massive and too far from the Sun for tidal forces to slow down their rotations.

text: Mirrors have been identified with the sun in Mesoamerica since the Preclassic period, when the Olmecs associated the two. The Maya maintained the same association throughout the Classic period, and the relationship between mirrors and the sun has persisted into modern times, with the Sierra Totonac of Mexico referring to the sun as Espejo Sol, "Mirror Sun". In the Postclassic period, the turquoise mirrors of the Toltecs and Aztecs represented the sun.

text: Mirrors have been identified with the sun in Mesoamerica since the Preclassic period, when the Olmecs associated the two. The Maya maintained the same association throughout the Classic period, and the relationship between mirrors and the sun has persisted into modern times, with the

text: Sierra Totonac

text: of Mexico referring to the sun as Espejo Sol, "Mirror Sun". In the Postclassic period, the turquoise mirrors of the Toltecs and Aztecs represented the sun.

text: Data collected in the Sargasso Sea region in the western part of the North Atlantic Gyre has led to analytical evidence that the variability of this gyre is linked to wintertime convective mixing. According to Bates (2001), a seasonal variation of 8-10 °C in surface temperature occurs alongside a fluctuation in the mixed layer depth between the Northern Hemisphere winter and summer seasons. The depth rises from 200 meters in winter to about 10 meters in summer. Nutrients remain below the euphotic zone for most of the year, resulting in low primary production. Yet during winter convective mixing, nutrients penetrate the euphotic zone, causing a short-lived phytoplankton bloom in the spring. This then lifts the mixed-layer depth to 10 meters.

text: Data collected in the

text: Sargasso Sea

text: region in the western part of the North Atlantic Gyre has led to analytical evidence that the variability of this gyre is linked to wintertime

text: convective mixing

text: . According to Bates (2001), a seasonal variation of 8-10

text: °C

text: in

text: surface temperature

text: occurs alongside a fluctuation in the

text: mixed layer

text: depth between the Northern Hemisphere winter and summer seasons. The depth rises from 200 meters in winter to about 10 meters in summer. Nutrients remain below the

text: euphotic zone

text: for most of the year, resulting in low

text: primary production

text: . Yet during winter convective mixing, nutrients penetrate the euphotic zone, causing a short-lived

text: phytoplankton

text: bloom in the spring. This then lifts the mixed-layer depth to 10 meters.

text: Each of the three main area of the game has four levels, three of them contain pieces of that area's Fairy Spirit Stone, and the fourth a Castle where that area's king is imprisoned. Each king has the power to put their areas stone back together. In order to reach the Devil all three stones must be repaired. The game for most levels is a standard platform game with jumping and shooting. There are four other levels that are played in different ways. (1) Meet and ride in the pouch of a Kangaroo-like Dinosaur. (2) Race a car in an under water course. (3) Ride on the back of a bird-like dragon that can shoot balls of fire, as enemies fall from the top of the screen. (4) Fly using a hat that has a spinning propeller on its top. The main character that is being used to play can be switched by pausing the game and selecting another character, each has their own unique abilities, a sixth character the princess Corona, whose name also means sun's outer layer Corona, can also be unlocked as a playable character once the game has been beaten. Small voice clips from the cartoon actors can be heard when starting any of the levels or when the character is defeated. Many of the boss enemies come from other cultures such as a Minotaur, Harpy, Centaur, and an evil version of Santa Claus. As the demo story plays a Pentagram is seen as the Devil is released form is barrier. The text of the game is entirely in Japanese and appears in a window bar at the bottom of the screen along with an image of the person that it speaking, the image changes when the person is happy sad or another person is talking.

text: Each of the three main area of the game has four levels, three of them contain pieces of that area's Fairy Spirit Stone, and the fourth a Castle where that area's king is imprisoned. Each king has the power to put their areas stone back together. In order to reach the Devil all three stones must be repaired. The game for most levels is a standard

text: platform game

text: with jumping and shooting. There are four other levels that are played in different ways. (1) Meet and ride in the pouch of a

text: Kangaroo

text: -like

text: Dinosaur

text: . (2) Race a car in an under water course. (3) Ride on the back of a bird-like dragon that can shoot balls of fire, as enemies fall from the top of the screen. (4) Fly using a hat that has a spinning propeller on its top. The main character that is being used to play can be switched by pausing the game and selecting another character, each has their own unique abilities, a sixth character the princess Corona, whose name also means sun's outer layer

text: Corona

text: , can also be unlocked as a playable character once the game has been beaten. Small voice clips from the cartoon actors can be heard when starting any of the levels or when the character is defeated. Many of the boss enemies come from other cultures such as a

text: Minotaur

text: Harpy

text: Centaur

text: , and an evil version of

text: Santa Claus

text: . As the demo story plays a

text: Pentagram

text: is seen as the Devil is released form is barrier. The text of the game is entirely in Japanese and appears in a window bar at the bottom of the screen along with an image of the person that it speaking, the image changes when the person is happy sad or another person is talking.

text: The Kreutz sungrazers (, pronounced kroits) are a family of sungrazing comets, characterized by orbits taking them extremely close to the Sun at perihelion. They are believed to be fragments of one large comet that broke up several centuries ago and are named for German astronomer Heinrich Kreutz, who first demonstrated that they were related. A Kreutz sungrazers's aphelion is about 170 AU from the Sun; these sungrazers make their way from the distant outer Solar System from a patch in the sky in Canis Major, to the inner Solar System, to their perihelion point near the Sun, and then leave the inner Solar System in their return trip to their aphelion.

text: The Kreutz sungrazers (, pronounced kroits) are a family of

text: sungrazing comet

text: s, characterized by

text: orbit

text: s taking them extremely close to the

text: Sun

text: at

text: perihelion

text: . They are believed to be fragments of one large

text: comet

text: that broke up several centuries ago and are named for German

text: astronomer

text: Heinrich Kreutz

text: , who first demonstrated that they were related. A Kreutz sungrazers's

text: aphelion

text: is about 170

text: AU

text: from the Sun; these sungrazers make their way from the distant outer Solar System from a patch in the sky in

text: Canis Major

text: , to the inner Solar System, to their perihelion point near the Sun, and then leave the inner Solar System in their return trip to their aphelion.

text: The aurora australis, commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole created by the plasma-full solar winds that pass by the Earth. Another unique spectacle is diamond dust, a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A sun dog, a frequent atmospheric optical phenomenon, is a bright "spot" beside the true sun.

text: The

text: aurora australis

text: , commonly known as the southern lights, is a glow observed in the night sky near the South Pole created by the plasma-full

text: solar wind

text: s that pass by the Earth. Another unique spectacle is

text: diamond dust

text: , a ground-level cloud composed of tiny ice crystals. It generally forms under otherwise clear or nearly clear skies, so people sometimes also refer to it as clear-sky precipitation. A

text: sun dog

text: , a frequent atmospheric

text: optical phenomenon

text: , is a bright "spot" beside the true

text: sun

text: Using the measurements from the Toronto and Hobart sites, Sabine noticed both short-term fluctuations in magnetic declination over a period of hours, and longer-term variations over months.  He quickly concluded that the short term variations were due to the day/night cycle, while the longer term ones were due to the number of visible sunspots. He published two introductory papers on the topic in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.  The first, in 1851, was a collection of early measurements; the second in 1852 correlated with Heinrich Schwabe's sunspot measurements, which had been made widely available in Alexander von Humboldt's Cosmos, also published in 1851.  With further data collected from the Toronto site, Sabine was able to demonstrate conclusively that the eleven-year sunspot cycle caused a similarly periodic variation in the Earth's magnetic field. He presented a third and conclusive paper on the topic in 1856, "On Periodical Laws Discoverable in the Mean Effects of the Larger Magnetic Disturbances", in which he singled out the Toronto site for particular praise.

text: Using the measurements from the Toronto and Hobart sites, Sabine noticed both short-term fluctuations in magnetic declination over a period of hours, and longer-term variations over months.  He quickly concluded that the short term variations were due to the day/night cycle, while the longer term ones were due to the number of visible sunspots. He published two introductory papers on the topic in the

entity_name: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

text: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

text: .  The first, in 1851, was a collection of early measurements; the second in 1852 correlated with

text: Heinrich Schwabe

text: 's sunspot measurements, which had been made widely available in Alexander von Humboldt's Cosmos, also published in 1851.  With further data collected from the Toronto site, Sabine was able to demonstrate conclusively that the eleven-year

text: sunspot cycle

text: caused a similarly periodic variation in the Earth's magnetic field. He presented a third and conclusive paper on the topic in 1856, "On Periodical Laws Discoverable in the Mean Effects of the Larger Magnetic Disturbances", in which he singled out the Toronto site for particular praise.

text: In many countries, the Corona was one of Toyota's first international exports, and was shortly joined by the smaller Toyota Corolla, providing buyers with a choice of a larger car, with similar operating expenses to the smaller Corolla. The Corona was Toyota's second sedan in their hierarchy of products, just below the Crown, until 1968 when the Corona name was used on a larger, all new platform called the Toyota Corona Mark II, which gave buyers more interior space while still offering dependable, affordable performance.

text: In many countries, the Corona was one of Toyota's first international exports, and was shortly joined by the smaller

text: Toyota Corolla

text: , providing buyers with a choice of a larger car, with similar operating expenses to the smaller Corolla. The Corona was Toyota's second sedan in their hierarchy of products, just below the Crown, until 1968 when the Corona name was used on a larger, all new platform called the

text: Toyota Corona Mark II

text: , which gave buyers more interior space while still offering dependable, affordable performance.

text: The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle, though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

text: The

text: core

text: of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million

text: kelvin

text: s (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of

text: SOHO

text: mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by

text: nuclear fusion

text: in the core region through a series of steps called the

text: p–p (proton–proton) chain

text: ; this process converts

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: helium

text: . Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the

text: CNO cycle

text: , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

text: In 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers: the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices.

text: In 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers: the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the

text: Pittsburgh Press

text: and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices.

text: Epsilon Indi A is a main-sequence star of spectral type K4.5V. The star has only about three-fourths the mass of the Sun. Its surface gravity is slightly higher than the Sun's. The metallicity of a star is the proportion of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium, being typically represented by the ratio of iron to hydrogen compared to the same ratio for the Sun; Epsilon Indi A is found to have about 87% of the Sun's proportion of iron in its photosphere.

text: Epsilon Indi A is a

text: main-sequence

text: star of

text: spectral type

text: K4.5V. The star has only about three-fourths the mass of the Sun. Its surface gravity is slightly higher than the Sun's. The

text: metallicity

text: of a star is the proportion of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium, being typically represented by the ratio of iron to hydrogen compared to the same ratio for the Sun; Epsilon Indi A is found to have about 87% of the Sun's proportion of iron in its

text: photosphere

text: A tropical wave, or elongated low-pressure area, exited the western coast of Africa on October 24. It moved hastily westward across the tropical Atlantic at a comparatively low latitude, becoming embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. During this time the wave's structure retained a vigorous appearance; the western portion contained scattered convection, with strong thunderstorms, as well as a broad area of rotating winds. On October 27, when the system was about 1,200 miles (1,940 km) east-southeast of the Windward Islands, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted favorable atmospheric conditions for tropical cyclogenesis, namely light wind shear. The wave and its expansive convection amplified over the next two days, featuring hints of spiraling rainbands. A Hurricane Hunters aircraft investigating the disturbance on October 29 observed a developing circulation with storm-force winds at sea level. In light of those features, the NHC estimated that the system became a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC that day, about 460 mi (740 km) southeast of Barbados, and further upgraded it to Tropical Storm Tomas six hours later.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: , or elongated

text: low-pressure area

text: , exited the western coast of Africa on October 24. It moved hastily westward across the

text: tropical Atlantic

text: at a comparatively low latitude, becoming embedded within the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: . During this time the wave's structure retained a vigorous appearance; the western portion contained scattered

text: convection

text: , with strong thunderstorms, as well as a broad area of rotating winds. On October 27, when the system was about 1,200 miles (1,940 km) east-southeast of the

text: Windward Islands

text: , the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) noted favorable atmospheric conditions for

text: tropical cyclogenesis

text: , namely light

text: wind shear

text: . The wave and its expansive convection amplified over the next two days, featuring hints of spiraling

text: rainband

text: s. A

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: aircraft investigating the disturbance on October 29 observed a developing circulation with storm-force winds at sea level. In light of those features, the NHC estimated that the system became a

text: tropical depression

text: by 06:00

text: UTC

text: that day, about 460 mi (740 km) southeast of

text: Barbados

text: , and further upgraded it to Tropical Storm Tomas six hours later.

text: Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field.

text: Ionization depends primarily on the

text: Sun

text: and its

text: activity

text: . The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a

text: diurnal

text: (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter

text: hemisphere

text: is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the

text: sunspot cycle

text: , with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar,

text: auroral

text: zones,

text: mid-latitudes

text: , and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as

text: solar flare

text: s and the associated release of charged particles into the

text: solar wind

text: which reaches the Earth and interacts with its

text: geomagnetic

text: field.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on June 1, 2030. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on June 1, 2030. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Early attempts to explain the discrepancy proposed that the models of the Sun were wrong, i.e. the temperature and pressure in the interior of the Sun were substantially different from what was believed. For example, since neutrinos measure the amount of current nuclear fusion, it was suggested that the nuclear processes in the core of the Sun might have temporarily shut down. Since it takes thousands of years for heat energy to move from the core to the surface of the Sun, this would not immediately be apparent.

text: Early attempts to explain the discrepancy proposed that the models of the Sun were wrong, i.e. the

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: in the interior of the Sun were substantially different from what was believed. For example, since neutrinos measure the amount of current nuclear fusion, it was suggested that the nuclear processes in the core of the Sun might have temporarily shut down. Since it takes thousands of years for heat energy to move from the core to the surface of the Sun, this would not immediately be apparent.

text: Cumulus clouds are a genus of free-convective low-étage cloud along with the related limited-convective cumuliform or stratocumuliform cloud stratocumulus. These clouds form from ground level to  at all latitudes. Stratus clouds are also low-étage. In the middle étage are the alto clouds, which consist of the limiited-convective cumuliform or stratocumuliform cloud altocumulus and the stratiform cloud altostratus. Middle-étage clouds form from  to  in polar areas,  in temperate areas, and  in tropical areas. The high-étage clouds are all cirriform, one of which, cirrocumulus, is also cumuliform of limited convection or stratocumuliform. The other clouds in this étage are cirrus and cirrostratus. High-étage clouds form  in high latitudes,  in temperate latitudes, and  in low, tropical latitudes. Cumulonimbus clouds, like cumulus congestus, extend vertically rather than remaining confined to one étage.

text: At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface. As the cycle progresses, sunspots appear at lower and lower latitudes, until they average 15° at solar maximum. The average latitude of sunspots then continues to drift lower, down to about 7° and then while the old sunspot cycle fades, sunspots of the new cycle start appearing at high latitudes.

text: At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the

text: Sun

text: 's surface. As the cycle progresses, sunspots appear at lower and lower latitudes, until they average 15° at

text: solar maximum

text: . The average latitude of sunspots then continues to drift lower, down to about 7° and then while the old sunspot cycle fades, sunspots of the new cycle start appearing at high latitudes.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on February 5, 2046. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on February 5, 2046. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (Ciechanowiec in Polish) in Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Poland).  His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in Kaluga. As a youth he met Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a noted space scientist, who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered World War I as a Russian, fighting on the Galician front and earning a Cross of Saint George. There he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of solar flares and geomagnetic storms during the concurrent height of solar cycle 15.

text: Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (

text: Ciechanowiec

text: in Polish) in

text: Grodno Governorate

text: of the

text: Russian Empire

text: (now

text: Poland

text: ).  His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in

text: Kaluga

text: . As a youth he met

text: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

text: , a noted

text: space scientist

text: , who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered

text: World War I

text: as a Russian, fighting on the

text: Galician

text: front and earning a

text: Cross of Saint George

text: . There he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of

text: solar flares

text: and

text: geomagnetic storms

text: during the concurrent height of

text: solar cycle 15

text: Given that the Earth's own axis of rotation is inclined by about 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular (as compared to its orbital plane), the length of the daytime period varies with seasons on the planet's surface, depending on the observer's latitude. Areas experiencing summer are tilted toward the sun. Their tilt toward the sun leads to over half of the day being in daylight and warmer temperatures due to the increased directness of the sun's rays, the longer day period itself and less absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. While increased daylight can have some effect on the increased temperature in the summer, most of the increase in temperature is due to the directness of the sun, not the increased daylight. The high (near 90 degrees) angles of the sun is what causes the tropics to be warm while low (barely above the horizon) angles at the poles is what causes them to be cold. Hours of daylight having little effect on temperature can be seen with the poles still being cold in their respective summers despite 24 hours of daylight, while the equator is warm with only 12 hours of daylight.

text: Given that the Earth's own axis of rotation is inclined by about 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular (as compared to its orbital plane), the length of the daytime period varies with

text: season

text: s on the planet's surface, depending on the observer's latitude. Areas experiencing summer are tilted toward the sun. Their tilt toward the sun leads to over half of the day being in daylight and warmer temperatures due to the increased directness of the sun's rays, the longer day period itself and less absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. While increased daylight can have some effect on the increased temperature in the summer, most of the increase in temperature is due to the directness of the sun, not the increased daylight. The high (near 90 degrees)

text: angles

text: of the sun is what causes the tropics to be warm while low (barely above the horizon) angles at the poles is what causes them to be cold. Hours of daylight having little effect on temperature can be seen with the poles still being cold in their respective summers despite 24 hours of daylight, while the equator is warm with only 12 hours of daylight.

text: Ignoring Ibn Ra'iq's orders to retake Khuzistan, Bajkam remained at Wasit, and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra'iq himself. To this end, Bajkam began seeking allies: he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis, and through the former vizier Ibn Muqla, who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property, gained the covert support of Caliph al-Radi himself. In September 938, Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad. Ibn Ra'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the Nahrawan Canal and flooding the plain, but Bajkam's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition, and al-Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra'iq's title of amir al-umara to Bajkam.

text: Ignoring Ibn Ra'iq's orders to retake Khuzistan, Bajkam remained at Wasit, and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra'iq himself. To this end, Bajkam began seeking allies: he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis, and through the former

text: vizier

text: Ibn Muqla

text: , who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property, gained the covert support of Caliph al-Radi himself. In September 938, Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad. Ibn Ra'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the

text: Nahrawan Canal

text: and flooding the plain, but Bajkam's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition, and al-Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra'iq's title of amir al-umara to Bajkam.

text: Helioseismology was able to rule out the possibility that the solar neutrino problem was due to incorrect models of the interior of the Sun. Features revealed by helioseismology include that the outer convective zone and the inner radiative zone rotate at different speeds, which is thought to generate the main magnetic field of the Sun by a dynamo effect, and that the convective zone has "jet streams" of plasma (more precisely, torsional oscillations) thousands of kilometers below the surface. These jet streams form broad fronts at the equator, breaking into smaller cyclonic storms at high latitudes. Torsional oscillations are the time variation in solar differential rotation. They are alternating bands of faster and slower rotation. So far there is no generally accepted theoretical explanation for them, even though a close relation to the solar cycle is evident, as they have a period of eleven years, as was known since they were first observed in 1980.

text: Helioseismology was able to rule out the possibility that the

text: solar neutrino problem

text: was due to incorrect models of the interior of the Sun. Features revealed by helioseismology include that the outer convective zone and the inner radiative zone rotate at different speeds, which is thought to generate the main magnetic field of the Sun by a

text: dynamo effect

text: , and that the convective zone has "

text: jet stream

text: s" of plasma (more precisely, torsional oscillations) thousands of kilometers below the surface. These jet streams form broad fronts at the equator, breaking into smaller cyclonic storms at high latitudes. Torsional oscillations are the time variation in solar

text: differential rotation

text: . They are alternating bands of faster and slower rotation. So far there is no generally accepted theoretical explanation for them, even though a close relation to the

text: solar cycle

text: is evident, as they have a period of eleven years, as was known since they were first observed in 1980.

text: Accompanying solar flares or large solar prominences, "coronal transients" (also called coronal mass ejections) are sometimes released. These are enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun at over a million kilometers per hour, containing roughly 10 times the energy of the solar flare or prominence that accompanies them. Some larger ejections can propel hundreds of millions of tons of material into space at roughly 1.5 million kilometers an hour.

text: Accompanying

text: solar flare

text: s or large

text: solar prominence

text: s, "coronal transients" (also called

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s) are sometimes released. These are enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun at over a million kilometers per hour, containing roughly 10 times the energy of the solar flare or prominence that accompanies them. Some larger ejections can propel hundreds of millions of tons of material into

text: space

text: at roughly 1.5 million kilometers an hour.

text: Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) by Chinese astronomers, who maintained records of these observations for centuries. Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century. The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot, Galileo Galilei and other astronomers. Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

text: Observations of sunspots were recorded during the

text: Han Dynasty

text: (206 BC–AD 220) by

text: Chinese astronomers

text: , who maintained records of these observations for centuries.

text: Averroes

text: also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century. The invention of the

text: telescope

text: in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of

text: sunspot

text: s by

text: Thomas Harriot

text: Galileo Galilei

text: and other astronomers. Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

text: Late on December 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located within the South Pacific convergence zone to the northwest of Apia, Samoa. Located beneath an anticyclone, the system maintained deep convection near its elongated but well-defined circulation center. Early the next day, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji, (RSMC Nadi), started to monitor the area of disturbed weather as Tropical Depression 04F. Over the next two days, the depression moved towards the west, conditions surrounding the depression barely changed and as a result the depression steadily intensified. Early on December 5, the system had convective bands spiraling into and wrapping tightly around the low level circulation center. As a result of this, the JTWC started advisories on Tropical Cyclone 05P, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. At 0200 UTC, RSMC Nadi reported that the tropical depression had intensified into a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it as Daman. During that day Daman passed over Rotuma island while gradually intensifying further.

text: Late on December 2, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located within the

text: South Pacific convergence zone

text: to the northwest of

text: Apia, Samoa

text: . Located beneath an anticyclone, the system maintained deep convection near its elongated but well-defined circulation center. Early the next day, the

entity_name: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: in

text: Nadi, Fiji

text: , (RSMC Nadi), started to monitor the area of disturbed weather as Tropical Depression 04F. Over the next two days, the depression moved towards the west, conditions surrounding the depression barely changed and as a result the depression steadily intensified. Early on December 5, the system had convective bands spiraling into and wrapping tightly around the low level circulation center. As a result of this, the JTWC started advisories on Tropical Cyclone 05P, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. At 0200 UTC, RSMC Nadi reported that the tropical depression had intensified into a

text: category one tropical cyclone

text: on the

text: Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale

text: and named it as Daman. During that day Daman passed over Rotuma island while gradually intensifying further.

text: Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 arc minutes. Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the autumnal (autumn/fall) and vernal (spring) equinoxes, the moments when the sun passes over the equator. In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the poles. The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in high latitude locations than in low latitude locations. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark has shorter nights in June than India. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica has longer nights in June than Chile. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

text: Nights are shorter than days on average due to two factors. Firstly, the sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32

text: arc minute

text: s. Secondly, the atmosphere

text: refracts

text: sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the sun is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the sun is below the horizon by about 50 arc minutes. Without these effects, day and night would be the same length at the

text: autumnal

text: (autumn/fall) and

text: vernal

text: (spring)

text: equinox

text: es, the moments when the sun passes over the

text: equator

text: . In reality, around the equinoxes the day is almost 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator, and even more towards the

text: pole

text: s. The summer and winter

text: solstice

text: s mark the shortest and the longest night, respectively. The closer a location is to either the

text: North Pole

text: or the

text: South Pole

text: , the larger the range of variation in the night's length. Although equinoxes occur with a day and night close to equal length, before and after an equinox the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly in

text: high latitude

text: locations than in

text: low latitude

text: locations. In the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: Denmark

text: has shorter nights in June than

text: India

text: . In the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: Antarctica

text: has longer nights in June than

text: Chile

text: . The Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the world experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).

text: Contributions to climate change, whether they cool or warm the Earth, are often described in terms of the radiative forcing or imbalance they introduce to the planet's energy budget. Now and in the future, anthropogenic carbon dioxide is believed to be the major component of this forcing, and the contribution of other components is often quantified in terms of "parts-per-million CO-equivalent" (ppm COe), or the increment/decrement in carbon dioxide concentrations which would create a radiative forcing of the same magnitude.

text: Contributions to climate change, whether they cool or warm the

text: Earth

text: , are often described in terms of the

text: radiative forcing

text: or imbalance they introduce to the planet's

text: energy budget

text: . Now and in the future,

text: anthropogenic

text: carbon dioxide is believed to be the major component of this forcing, and the contribution of other components is often quantified in terms of "parts-per-million CO-equivalent" (

text: ppm

text: COe

text: ), or the increment/decrement in carbon dioxide concentrations which would create a radiative forcing of the same magnitude.

text: Dr. Research explains that the Sun is 93 million miles away and its light takes 8 minutes to reach the earth. Light from the next closest star, Alpha Centauri, takes more than 4 years to get to us at a speed greater  than 186,000 miles per second. The sun weighs the same as 330,000 earths and is 95% hydrogen and helium gas and not solid. The Sun is compressed by gravity so tightly that the gas at the center is more than 100 times heavier than water with a pressure of one billion tons per square inch while the surface is about one pound per square inch. The center is 30 million degrees Fahrenheit while the surface is only 10,000 degrees, but the corona is 1 million degrees Fahrenheit though nobody knows why, so scientists study the corona during each solar eclipse.

text: Dr. Research explains that the

text: Sun

text: is 93 million miles away and its light takes 8 minutes to reach the earth. Light from the next closest star,

text: Alpha Centauri

text: , takes more than 4 years to get to us at a speed greater  than 186,000 miles per second. The sun weighs the same as 330,000 earths and is 95%

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: gas and not solid. The Sun is compressed by

text: gravity

text: so tightly that the gas at the center is more than 100 times heavier than water with a pressure of one billion tons per square inch while the surface is about one pound per square inch. The center is 30 million degrees Fahrenheit while the surface is only 10,000 degrees, but the

text: corona

text: is 1 million degrees Fahrenheit though

text: nobody knows why

text: , so scientists study the corona during each

text: solar eclipse

text: Using neutrinos as a probe was first proposed in the mid-20th century as a way to detect conditions at the core of the Sun. The solar core cannot be imaged directly because electromagnetic radiation (such as light) is diffused by the great amount and density of matter surrounding the core. On the other hand, neutrinos pass through the Sun with few interactions. Whereas photons emitted from the solar core may require 40,000 years to diffuse to the outer layers of the Sun, neutrinos generated in stellar fusion reactions at the core cross this distance practically unimpeded at nearly the speed of light.

text: The spacecraft will make a close approach to the Sun every five months. Around closest approach Solar Orbiter will be positioned for several days over roughly the same region of the solar atmosphere like geostationary satellites are stationed over particular spots on the Earth's surface, so the spacecraft will seem to 'hover' for a while over the Sun. Solar Orbiter will therefore be able to watch magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful solar flare or eruptions.

text: The spacecraft will make a close approach to the

text: Sun

text: every five months. Around closest approach Solar Orbiter will be positioned for several days over roughly the same region of the solar atmosphere like geostationary satellites are stationed over particular spots on the Earth's surface, so the spacecraft will seem to 'hover' for a while over the Sun. Solar Orbiter will therefore be able to watch magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful

text: solar flare

text: or eruptions.

text: This star has a stellar classification of G5IV/V, suggesting that, at an age of 4.8 billion years, it has reached an intermediate evolutionary stage between a main sequence star and a subgiant. It has but 93% of the mass of the Sun, while its outer atmosphere has begun to expand, reaching about 2.3 times the Sun's radius. HD 48265 is radiating 62% of the Sun's luminosity from its atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,508 K, giving it the cool orange glow of a K-type star. Measurement of the chemical abundances of this star indicate that, compared to the Sun, it has a 95% greater proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term the star's metallicity.

text: This star has a

text: stellar classification

text: of G5IV/V, suggesting that, at an age of 4.8 billion years, it has reached an intermediate

text: evolutionary

text: stage between a

text: main sequence

text: star and a

text: subgiant

text: . It has but 93% of the mass of the Sun, while its

text: outer atmosphere

text: has begun to expand, reaching about 2.3 times the Sun's radius. HD 48265 is radiating 62% of the Sun's luminosity from its atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5,508 K, giving it the cool orange glow of a

text: K-type star

text: . Measurement of the chemical abundances of this star indicate that, compared to the Sun, it has a 95% greater proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term the star's

text: metallicity

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on February 6, 2027. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on February 6, 2027. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Above the chromosphere, in a thin (about 200 km) transition region, the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K. The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region, which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma. The transition region does not occur at a well-defined altitude. Rather, it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments, and is in constant, chaotic motion. The transition region is not easily visible from Earth's surface, but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.

text: Above the chromosphere, in a thin (about 200 km)

text: transition region

text: , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000

text: K

text: in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000

text: K

text: . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region, which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma. The transition region does not occur at a well-defined altitude. Rather, it forms a kind of

text: nimbus

text: around chromospheric features such as

text: spicules

text: and

text: filaments

text: , and is in constant, chaotic motion. The transition region is not easily visible from Earth's surface, but is readily observable from

text: space

text: by instruments sensitive to the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: portion of the

text: spectrum

text: Observations from LAMOST have been used to measure chromospheric activity of 5,648 solar-like stars in the Kepler field, including 48 superflare stars. These observations show that superflare stars are generally characterized by larger chromospheric emissions than other stars, including the Sun. However, superflare stars with activity levels lower than, or comparable to, the Sun do exist, suggesting that solar flares and superflares most likely share the same origin. The very large ensemble of solar-like stars included in this study enables detailed and robust estimates of the relation between chromospheric activity and the occurrence of superflares.

text: Observations from

text: LAMOST

text: have been used to measure chromospheric activity of 5,648 solar-like stars in the Kepler field, including 48 superflare stars. These observations show that superflare stars are generally characterized by larger chromospheric emissions than other stars, including the Sun. However, superflare stars with activity levels lower than, or comparable to, the Sun do exist, suggesting that solar flares and superflares most likely share the same origin. The very large ensemble of solar-like stars included in this study enables detailed and robust estimates of the relation between chromospheric activity and the occurrence of superflares.

text:
|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 1 		 | May 25		 |  NY Liberty		 | 		 | Kara Lawson (23)		 | Tina Charles (13)		 | Kara Lawson (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
7672		 | 1–0|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 2 		 | May 31		 | @ Chicago		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (20)		 | Tina Charles (15)		 | Kara Lawson (4)		 | Allstate Arena
6607		 | 1–1|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 3 		 | June 1		 | @ Minnesota		 | 		 | Charles & Lawson (22)		 | Tina Charles (10)		 | Hightower & Lawson (4)		 | Target Center
9223		 | 1–2|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 4 		 | June 7		 |  Washington		 | 		 | Tina Charles (21)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Allison Hightower (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
6150		 | 1–3|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 5 		 | June 12		 | @ Indiana		 | 		 | Tina Charles (30)		 | Tina Charles (10)		 | Kalana Greene (5)		 | Bankers Life Fieldhouse
6283		 | 2–3|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 6 		 | June 14		 | @ NY Liberty		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (17)		 | Griffin & Bass (8)		 | Kara Lawson (6)		 | Prudential Center
5845		 | 2–4|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 7 		 | June 16		 |  Seattle		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (17)		 | Griffin & Charles (6)		 | Hightower, Lawson, Bass, & Castro Marques (2)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
6550		 | 2–5|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 8 		 | June 23		 |  Atlanta		 | 		 | Tina Charles (19)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Allison Hightower (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
7557		 | 2–6|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 9 		 | June 29		 |  Phoenix		 | 		 | Tina Charles (25)		 | Tina Charles (13)		 | Greene & Carter (2)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
9110		 | 2–7|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 10 		 | July 2		 |  Tulsa		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (18)		 | Tina Charles (13)		 | Sydney Carter (8)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
5701		 | 3–7|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 11 		 | July 6		 | @ Indiana		 | 		 | Griffin & Hightower (17)		 | Kelsey Griffin (8)		 | Iziane Castro Marques (3)		 | Bankers Life Fieldhouse
6383		 | 3–8|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 12 		 | July 12		 |  Chicago		 | 		 | Tina Charles (29)		 | Greene & Castro Marques (7)		 | Kara Lawson (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
6285		 | 3–9|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 13 		 | July 14		 |  San Antonio		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (23)		 | Tina Charles (10)		 | Kara Lawson (6)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
6335		 | 4–9|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 14 		 | July 19		 | @ Tulsa		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (14)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Tan White (3)		 | BOK Center
5294		 | 4–10|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 15 		 | July 20		 | @ San Antonio		 | 		 | Tina Charles (18)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Tan White (3)		 | AT&T Center
8375		 | 4–11|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 16 		 | July 24		 | @ Atlanta		 | 		 | Greene & Charles (14)		 | Tina Charles (16)		 | Mistie Bass (3)		 | Philips Arena
4434		 | 4–12|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 17 		 | August 1		 |  Indiana		 | 		 | Tina Charles (22)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Renee Montgomery (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
4971		 | 5–12|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 18 		 | August 3		 | @ NY Liberty		 | 		 | Tina Charles (21)		 | Tina Charles (14)		 | Allison Hightower (8)		 | Prudential Center
6245		 | 6–12|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 19 		 | August 6		 |  Los Angeles		 | 		 | Tina Charles (25)		 | Tina Charles (13)		 | Allison Hightower (4)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
5792		 | 6–13|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 20 		 | August 9		 |  Chicago		 | 		 | Allison Hightower (13)		 | Tina Charles (10)		 | Griffin, Hightower, & Montgomery (2)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
6086		 | 6–14|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 21 		 | August 11		 | @ Washington		 | 		 | Tina Charles (18)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Allison Hightower (5)		 | Verizon Center
7725		 | 6–15|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 22 		 | August 14		 |  Atlanta		 | 		 | Tina Charles (25)		 | Kelly Faris (7)		 | Renee Montgomery (4)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
5206		 | 7–15|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 23 		 | August 16		 | @ Atlanta		 | 		 | Iziane Castro Marques (18)		 | Kayla Pedersen (8)		 | Kelsey Griffin (2)		 | Philips Arena
4435		 | 7–16|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 24 		 | August 18		 | @ Chicago		 | 		 | Tan White (16)		 | Kelly Faris (7)		 | Montgomery & Greene (4)		 | Allstate Arena
5074		 | 7–17|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 25 		 | August 22		 |  Minnesota		 | 		 | Tina Charles (22)		 | Tina Charles (12)		 | Renee Montgomery (5)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
7088		 | 7–18|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 26 		 | August 25		 |  NY Liberty		 | 		 | Kelsey Griffin (22)		 | Kelsey Griffin (10)		 | Renee Montgomery (6)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
7004		 | 7–19|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 27 		 | August 27		 | @ Los Angeles		 | 		 | Iziane Castro Marques (19)		 | Tina Charles (9)		 | Montgomery, Castro Marques, & Carter (3)		 | Staples Center
11401		 | 7–20|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 28 		 | August 29		 | @ Seattle		 | 		 | Tina Charles (18)		 | Mistie Bass (6)		 | Montgomery, White, & Bass (2)		 | Key Arena
5567		 | 7–21|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 29 		 | August 31		 | @ Phoenix		 | 		 | Tina Charles (16)		 | Tina Charles (13)		 | Renee Montgomery (5)		 | US Airways Center
8119		 | 7–22|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 30 		 | September 6		 |  Washington		 | 		 | Tan White (26)		 | Mistie Bass (10)		 | Tan White (6)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
5611		 | 8–22|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 31 		 | September 7		 | @ Indiana		 | 		 | Kelsey Griffin (14)		 | Mistie Bass (11)		 | White, Montgomery, & Pedersen (2)		 | Bankers Life Fieldhouse
9826		 | 8–23|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 32 		 | September 11		 |  Atlanta		 | 		 | Mistie Bass (15)		 | Bass & Pedersen (6)		 | Renee Montgomery (7)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
5724		 | 9–23|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 33 		 | September 13		 | @ Washington		 | 		 | Mistie Bass (13)		 | Kayla Pedersen (7)		 | Mistie Bass (3)		 | Verizon Center
7779		 | 9–24|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 34 		 | September 15		 |  Indiana		 | 		 | Iziane Castro Marques (19)		 | Mistie Bass (12)		 | Renee Montgomery (8)		 | Mohegan Sun Arena
8478		 | 10–24

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 1 		 | May 25		 |

text: NY Liberty

text: Kara Lawson

text: (23)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (13)		 |

text: Kara Lawson

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>7672		 | 1–0|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 2 		 | May 31		 | @

text: Chicago

text: Allison Hightower

text: (20)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (15)		 |

text: Kara Lawson

text: (4)		 |

text: Allstate Arena

text: <br>6607		 | 1–1|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 3 		 | June 1		 | @

text: Minnesota

text: Charles

text: Lawson

text: (22)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (10)		 |

text: Hightower

text: Lawson

text: (4)		 |

text: Target Center

text: <br>9223		 | 1–2|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 4 		 | June 7		 |

text: Washington

text: Tina Charles

text: (21)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Allison Hightower

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>6150		 | 1–3|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 5 		 | June 12		 | @

text: Indiana

text: Tina Charles

text: (30)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (10)		 |

text: Kalana Greene

text: (5)		 |

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>6283		 | 2–3|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 6 		 | June 14		 | @

text: NY Liberty

text: Allison Hightower

text: (17)		 |

text: Griffin

text: Bass

text: (8)		 |

text: Kara Lawson

text: (6)		 |

text: Prudential Center

text: <br>5845		 | 2–4|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 7 		 | June 16		 |

text: Seattle

text: Allison Hightower

text: (17)		 |

text: Griffin

text: Charles

text: (6)		 |

text: Hightower

text: Lawson

text: Bass

text: Castro Marques

text: (2)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>6550		 | 2–5|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 8 		 | June 23		 |

text: Atlanta

text: Tina Charles

text: (19)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Allison Hightower

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>7557		 | 2–6|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 9 		 | June 29		 |

text: Phoenix

text: Tina Charles

text: (25)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (13)		 |

text: Greene

text: Carter

text: (2)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>9110		 | 2–7|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 10 		 | July 2		 |

text: Tulsa

text: Allison Hightower

text: (18)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (13)		 |

text: Sydney Carter

text: (8)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>5701		 | 3–7|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 11 		 | July 6		 | @

text: Indiana

text: Griffin

text: Hightower

text: (17)		 |

text: Kelsey Griffin

text: (8)		 |

text: Iziane Castro Marques

text: (3)		 |

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>6383		 | 3–8|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 12 		 | July 12		 |

text: Chicago

text: Tina Charles

text: (29)		 |

text: Greene

text: Castro Marques

text: (7)		 |

text: Kara Lawson

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>6285		 | 3–9|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 13 		 | July 14		 |

text: San Antonio

text: Allison Hightower

text: (23)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (10)		 |

text: Kara Lawson

text: (6)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>6335		 | 4–9|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 14 		 | July 19		 | @

text: Tulsa

text: Allison Hightower

text: (14)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Tan White

text: (3)		 |

text: BOK Center

text: <br>5294		 | 4–10|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 15 		 | July 20		 | @

text: San Antonio

text: Tina Charles

text: (18)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Tan White

text: (3)		 |

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>8375		 | 4–11|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 16 		 | July 24		 | @

text: Atlanta

text: Greene

text: Charles

text: (14)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (16)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (3)		 |

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>4434		 | 4–12|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 17 		 | August 1		 |

text: Indiana

text: Tina Charles

text: (22)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>4971		 | 5–12|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 18 		 | August 3		 | @

text: NY Liberty

text: Tina Charles

text: (21)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (14)		 |

text: Allison Hightower

text: (8)		 |

text: Prudential Center

text: <br>6245		 | 6–12|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 19 		 | August 6		 |

text: Los Angeles

text: Tina Charles

text: (25)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (13)		 |

text: Allison Hightower

text: (4)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>5792		 | 6–13|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 20 		 | August 9		 |

text: Chicago

text: Allison Hightower

text: (13)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (10)		 |

text: Griffin

text: Hightower

text: Montgomery

text: (2)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>6086		 | 6–14|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 21 		 | August 11		 | @

text: Washington

text: Tina Charles

text: (18)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Allison Hightower

text: (5)		 |

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>7725		 | 6–15|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 22 		 | August 14		 |

text: Atlanta

text: Tina Charles

text: (25)		 |

text: Kelly Faris

text: (7)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (4)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>5206		 | 7–15|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 23 		 | August 16		 | @

text: Atlanta

text: Iziane Castro Marques

text: (18)		 |

text: Kayla Pedersen

text: (8)		 |

text: Kelsey Griffin

text: (2)		 |

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>4435		 | 7–16|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 24 		 | August 18		 | @

text: Chicago

text: Tan White

text: (16)		 |

text: Kelly Faris

text: (7)		 |

text: Montgomery

text: Greene

text: (4)		 |

text: Allstate Arena

text: <br>5074		 | 7–17|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 25 		 | August 22		 |

text: Minnesota

text: Tina Charles

text: (22)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (12)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (5)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>7088		 | 7–18|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 26 		 | August 25		 |

text: NY Liberty

text: Kelsey Griffin

text: (22)		 |

text: Kelsey Griffin

text: (10)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (6)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>7004		 | 7–19|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 27 		 | August 27		 | @

text: Los Angeles

text: Iziane Castro Marques

text: (19)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (9)		 |

text: Montgomery

text: Castro Marques

text: Carter

text: (3)		 |

text: Staples Center

text: <br>11401		 | 7–20|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 28 		 | August 29		 | @

text: Seattle

text: Tina Charles

text: (18)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (6)		 |

text: Montgomery

text: White

text: Bass

text: (2)		 |

text: Key Arena

text: <br>5567		 | 7–21|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 29 		 | August 31		 | @

text: Phoenix

text: Tina Charles

text: (16)		 |

text: Tina Charles

text: (13)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (5)		 |

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>8119		 | 7–22|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 30 		 | September 6		 |

text: Washington

text: Tan White

text: (26)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (10)		 |

text: Tan White

text: (6)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>5611		 | 8–22|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 31 		 | September 7		 | @

text: Indiana

text: Kelsey Griffin

text: (14)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (11)		 |

text: White

text: Montgomery

text: Pedersen

text: (2)		 |

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>9826		 | 8–23|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 32 		 | September 11		 |

text: Atlanta

text: Mistie Bass

text: (15)		 |

text: Bass

text: Pedersen

text: (6)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (7)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>5724		 | 9–23|- style="background:#fcc;"		 | 33 		 | September 13		 | @

text: Washington

text: Mistie Bass

text: (13)		 |

text: Kayla Pedersen

text: (7)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (3)		 |

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>7779		 | 9–24|- style="background:#cfc;"		 | 34 		 | September 15		 |

text: Indiana

text: Iziane Castro Marques

text: (19)		 |

text: Mistie Bass

text: (12)		 |

text: Renee Montgomery

text: (8)		 |

text: Mohegan Sun Arena

text: <br>8478		 | 10–24

text: The moon is the sun’s younger brother. It brightens the world when the sun is sleeping.

text: In planetary geology, a corona (plural: coronae) is an oval-shaped feature. Coronae appear on both the planet Venus and Uranus's moon Miranda and may be formed by upwellings of warm material below the surface.

text: In

text: planetary geology

text: , a corona (plural: coronae) is an

text: oval

text: -shaped feature. Coronae appear on both the planet

text: Venus

text: and

text: Uranus

text: 's moon

text: Miranda

text: and may be formed by upwellings of warm material below the surface.

text: Some spectral images contain only a few image planes of a spectral data cube, while others are better thought of as full spectra at every location in the image.  For example, solar physicists use the spectroheliograph to make images of the Sun built up by scanning the slit of a spectrograph, to study the behavior of surface features on the Sun; such a spectroheliogram may have a spectral resolution of over 100,000 (

text: Some spectral images contain only a few

text: image plane

text: s of a spectral

text: data cube

text: , while others are better thought of as full spectra at every location in the image.  For example,

text: solar physicist

text: s use the

text: spectroheliograph

text: to make images of the

text: Sun

text: built up by scanning the slit of a spectrograph, to study the behavior of surface features on the Sun; such a spectroheliogram may have a spectral resolution of over 100,000 (

text: A convection heat storage unit (CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection. CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors, and the storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly. The main benefit of a CHS systems over an ICS system is that heat loss is largely avoided since (1) the storage tank can be better insulated, and (2) since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss in the panels will not cause convection, as the cold water will prefer to stay at the lowest part of the system.

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times enjoyed the film, giving it 3-and-a-half stars out of 4 and said of Murray's performance: "Murray, who has a wider range than we sometimes realize, finds the human core of this FDR and presents it tenderly." Richard Brody of The New Yorker also praises film, saying although the movie is not great, it "has a particular kind of merit... It conveys something of a transparent experience, suggesting that the power of the subject escapes the attempt to contain it in a film and makes its way directly—albeit incidentally or even accidentally—to the viewer."

text: Roger Ebert

text: of the

text: Chicago Sun-Times

text: enjoyed the film, giving it 3-and-a-half stars out of 4 and said of Murray's performance: "Murray, who has a wider range than we sometimes realize, finds the human core of this FDR and presents it tenderly." Richard Brody of

text: The New Yorker

text: also praises film, saying although the movie is not great, it "has a particular kind of merit... It conveys something of a transparent experience, suggesting that the power of the subject escapes the attempt to contain it in a film and makes its way directly—albeit incidentally or even accidentally—to the viewer."

text: When astronomical bodies, such as the Sun, are studied using light, only the surface of the object can be directly observed. Any light produced in the core of a star will interact with gas particles in the outer layers of the star, taking hundreds of thousands of years to make it to the surface, making it impossible to observe the core directly. Since neutrinos are also created in the cores of stars (as a result of stellar fusion), the core can be observed using neutrino astronomy. Other sources of neutrinos- such as neutrinos released by supernovae- have been detected.There are currently goals to detect neutrinos from other sources, such as Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), as well as Gamma-ray bursts and Starburst galaxies. Neutrino astronomy may also indirectly detect dark matter.

text: When astronomical bodies, such as the

text: Sun

text: , are studied using light, only the surface of the object can be directly observed. Any light produced in the core of a star will interact with gas particles in the outer layers of the star, taking hundreds of thousands of years to make it to the surface, making it impossible to observe the core directly. Since neutrinos are also created in the cores of stars (as a result of

text: stellar fusion

text: ), the core can be observed using neutrino astronomy. Other sources of neutrinos- such as neutrinos released by supernovae- have been detected.There are currently goals to detect neutrinos from other sources, such as

text: Active Galactic Nuclei

text: (AGN), as well as

text: Gamma-ray burst

text: s and

text: Starburst galaxies

text: . Neutrino astronomy may also indirectly detect dark matter.

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's

text: axial tilt

text: and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

text: Megha-Tropiques provides instruments that allow simultaneously observation of 3 interrelated components of the atmospheric engine: water vapor, condensed water (clouds and precipitations), and radiative fluxes, facilitating the repetitive sampling of the inter-tropical zone over long periods of time. Its microwave radiometer, Multi-frequency Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MADRAS), complements the radiometers of the other elements of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission.

text: Megha-Tropiques provides instruments that allow simultaneously observation of 3 interrelated components of the atmospheric engine: water vapor, condensed water (clouds and precipitations), and radiative fluxes, facilitating the repetitive sampling of the inter-tropical zone over long periods of time. Its microwave radiometer, Multi-frequency Microwave Scanning Radiometer (

text: MADRAS

text: ), complements the radiometers of the other elements of the

text: Global Precipitation Measurement mission

text: During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth. In 1868, Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium, after the Greek Sun god Helios. Twenty-five years later, helium was isolated on Earth.

text: During early studies of the

text: optical spectrum

text: of the photosphere, some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any

text: chemical element

text: s then known on Earth. In 1868,

text: Norman Lockyer

text: hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed

text: helium

text: , after the Greek Sun god

text: Helios

text: . Twenty-five years later, helium was isolated on Earth.

text: The sun's corona is much hotter (by a factor from 150 to 450) than the visible surface of the Sun: the photosphere's average temperature is 5800 kelvin compared to the corona's one to three million kelvin. The corona is 10 times as dense as the photosphere, and so produces about one-millionth as much visible light. The corona is separated from the photosphere by the relatively shallow chromosphere. The exact mechanism by which the corona is heated is still the subject of some debate, but likely possibilities include induction by the Sun's magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamic waves from below. The outer edges of the Sun's corona are constantly being transported away due to open magnetic flux and hence generating the solar wind.

text: The sun's corona is much hotter (by a factor from 150 to 450) than the visible surface of the Sun: the

text: photosphere

text: 's average

text: temperature

text: is 5800

text: kelvin

text: compared to the corona's one to three million kelvin. The corona is 10 times as dense as the photosphere, and so produces about one-millionth as much visible light. The corona is separated from the photosphere by the relatively shallow

text: chromosphere

text: . The exact mechanism by which the corona is heated is still the subject of some debate, but likely possibilities include induction by the Sun's

text: magnetic field

text: and

text: magnetohydrodynamic waves

text: from below. The outer edges of the Sun's corona are constantly being transported away due to open magnetic flux and hence generating the

text: solar wind

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on July 13, 2075. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on July 13, 2075. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from  to  in diameter. The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. They may travel at relative speeds, or proper motions of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.

text: Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from  to  in diameter. The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a

text: telescope

text: . They may travel at

text: relative speed

text: s, or

text: proper motions

text: of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.

text: In ruined Berlin, several bands of abandoned children roam the streets, engaging in petty crimes. When a circus arrives nearby, the boys are charmed by one Trapeze performer called Corona. They are upset when the circus' manager insults her, and plan a revenge by setting a trap on the ring. But their scheme fails and it is Corona that is injured. Being unable to work, she is dismissed.  The boys tend to her, and as time passes, she teaches them her art, and they form a little circus of their own. A manager of another circus offers Corona a job. She is reluctant to leave the children. Eventually, the manager takes them all in into his circus.

text: The chromosphere was directly imaged by the Faint Object Camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope in ultraviolet wavelengths. The images also revealed a bright area in the southwest quadrant of the disk. The average radius of the chromosphere in 1996 was about 2.2 times the optical disk (~10 AU) and was reported to have a temperature no higher than . However, in 2004 observations with the STIS, Hubble's high-precision spectrometer, pointed to the existence of warm chromospheric plasma at least one arcsecond away from the star. At a distance of 197 pc, the size of the chromosphere could be up to 200 AU. The observations have conclusively demonstrated that the warm chromospheric plasma spatially overlaps and coexists with cool gas in Betelgeuse's gaseous envelope as well as with the dust in its circumstellar dust shells (see below).

text: The

text: chromosphere

text: was directly imaged by the Faint Object Camera on board the Hubble Space Telescope in ultraviolet wavelengths. The images also revealed a bright area in the southwest quadrant of the disk. The average radius of the chromosphere in 1996 was about 2.2 times the optical disk (~10 AU) and was reported to have a temperature no higher than . However, in 2004 observations with the STIS, Hubble's high-precision spectrometer, pointed to the existence of warm chromospheric plasma at least one arcsecond away from the star. At a distance of 197 pc, the size of the chromosphere could be up to 200 AU. The observations have conclusively demonstrated that the warm chromospheric plasma spatially overlaps and coexists with cool gas in Betelgeuse's gaseous envelope as well as with the dust in its circumstellar dust shells (see below).

text: Solar Flare II (Carly Hollas) is a female superhero with pyrokinesis and pyrogenisis. Although the most recurring of the superheroes, Solar Flare has yet to have a speaking role. She is actually the second Solar Flare since there was a Solar Flare that was around back in the 1950s.

text: The X-ray luminosity of Epsilon Eridani is about  (). It is brighter in X-ray emission than the Sun at peak activity. The source for this strong X-ray emission is Epsilon Eridani's hot corona. Epsilon Eridani's corona appears larger and hotter than the Sun's, with a temperature of  as measured from observation of the corona's ultraviolet and X-ray emission.

text: The

text: X-ray

text: luminosity of Epsilon Eridani is about  (). It is brighter in X-ray emission than the Sun at

text: peak activity

text: . The source for this strong X-ray emission is Epsilon Eridani's hot corona. Epsilon Eridani's corona appears larger and hotter than the Sun's, with a temperature of  as measured from observation of the corona's ultraviolet and X-ray emission.

text: A more realistic description of the uppermost part of the convection zone is possible through detailed three-dimensional and time-dependent hydrodynamical simulations, taking into account radiative transfer in the atmosphere. Such simulations successfully reproduce the observed surface structure of solar granulation, as well as detailed profiles of lines in the solar radiative spectrum, without the use of parametrized models of turbulence. The simulations only cover a very small fraction of the solar radius, and are evidently far too time-consuming to be included in general solar modeling. Extrapolation of an averaged simulation through the adiabatic part of the convection zone by means of a model based on the mixing-length description, demonstrated that the adiabat predicted by the simulation was essentially consistent with the depth of the solar convection zone as determined from helioseismology. An extension of mixing-length theory, including effects of turbulent pressure and kinetic energy, based on numerical simulations of near-surface convection, has been developed.

text: A more realistic description of the uppermost part of the convection zone is possible through detailed three-dimensional and time-dependent

text: hydrodynamical

text: simulations, taking into account

text: radiative transfer

text: in the atmosphere. Such simulations successfully reproduce the observed surface structure of

text: solar granulation

text: , as well as detailed profiles of lines in the solar radiative spectrum, without the use of parametrized models of

text: turbulence

text: . The simulations only cover a very small fraction of the solar radius, and are evidently far too time-consuming to be included in general solar modeling. Extrapolation of an averaged simulation through the

text: adiabatic

text: part of the convection zone by means of a model based on the mixing-length description, demonstrated that the

text: adiabat

text: predicted by the simulation was essentially consistent with the depth of the solar convection zone as determined from

text: helioseismology

text: . An extension of mixing-length theory, including effects of turbulent pressure and

text: kinetic energy

text: , based on numerical simulations of near-surface convection, has been developed.

text: Fox Sports Sun maintains separate feeds for individual regions of the state, with feeds for Miami (covering South Florida), Tampa (covering western Florida) and Orlando (covering northern and central Florida). The separation of broadcast zones for the channel is mostly due to the defined broadcast territories set by the National Basketball Association for the Orlando Magic and Miami Heat, and by the National Hockey League for the Tampa Bay Lightning. Programming seen in each broadcasting zone is common in most areas, and includes a mix of programs supplied by Fox Sports Networks and some original programming exclusive to Fox Sports Sun and Fox Sports Florida.

text: Fox Sports Sun maintains separate feeds for individual regions of the state, with feeds for Miami (covering

text: South Florida

text: ), Tampa (covering western Florida) and Orlando (covering northern and

text: central Florida

text: ). The separation of broadcast zones for the channel is mostly due to the defined broadcast territories set by the National Basketball Association for the Orlando Magic and Miami Heat, and by the National Hockey League for the Tampa Bay Lightning. Programming seen in each broadcasting zone is common in most areas, and includes a mix of programs supplied by Fox Sports Networks and some original programming exclusive to Fox Sports Sun and Fox Sports Florida.

text: Delta Antliae A, the brighter member of this system, has an estimated 3.4 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating around 200 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 11,117 K. At this heat, it shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a B-type star.

text: Delta Antliae A, the brighter member of this system, has an estimated 3.4 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating around 200 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 11,117 K. At this heat, it shines with the characteristic blue-white hue of a

text: B-type star

text: Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. A photon starting at the centre of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface.

text: Once the core tube is removed from the hole, the core sample is then removed from the core tube and catalogued. The Driller's assistant unscrews the backend off the core tube using tube wrenches, then each part of the tube is taken and the core is shaken out into core trays. The core is washed, measured and broken into smaller pieces using a hammer or sawn through to make it fit into the sample trays. Once catalogued, the core trays are retrieved by geologists who then analyse the core and determine if the drill site is a good location to expand future mining operations.

text: Solar-type star, solar analogs (also analogues), and solar twins are stars that are particularly similar to the Sun.  The stellar classification is a hierarchy with solar twin being most like the Sun followed by solar analog and then solar-type. Observations of these stars are important for understanding better the properties of the Sun in relation to other stars and the habitability of planets.

text: Solar-type star, solar analogs (also analogues), and solar twins are stars that are particularly similar to the

text: Sun

text: .  The

text: stellar classification

text: is a hierarchy with solar twin being most like the Sun followed by solar analog and then solar-type. Observations of these stars are important for understanding better the properties of the Sun in relation to other stars and the habitability of planets.

text: (Super Quasar voiced by Keone Young, Aurora Six voiced by Meredith Salenger, Johnny Sunspot voiced by Tom Kenny)A fictional superhero team with three members: Super Quasar, the leader of the Sun Riders who performs Solar Helmet Hot Shot, an attack which he shoots a consecrated beam of solar energy from his helmet's visors. Aurora Six is the ravishing female of the group that uses the Sun Gun, a weapon that shoots sun beams that stuns her enemies in a main attack called Sun Gun Dazzle Stun. And Johnny Sunspot is the kid sidekick genius (who builds all of the team's weapons) that wields special gloves that create dark energy orbs in an attack called Black Hole Blackout (later Black Hole Barrage in his second appearance). When they join hands, the Sun Riders perform Super Solar Strike, a destructive team attack that's similar to a solar flare. The Sun Riders are known to ride on their Sun Cycles, and their own robot is called the Nebutron, an orblike Super Robot that is heavily armed. They have their television series, of which Chiro is an avid fan. However, they wanted to stop pretending, and in exchange for real power, joined the Skeleton King in the promise of destroying Chiro and the Monkey Team. They later return in Season 2, in the episode "The Sun Riders Return", apparently reformed and with a more powerful Nebutron ship - which they later sacrifice for the good of others. Aurora Six appeared as an aspect of the Dreamlands in a later episode, "In the Grip of Evil", and in the last scene of "Soul of Evil." The Sun Riders ware last seen on screen as three the allies that will aid the Hyperforce in the last battle against the resurrected Skeleton King and his army of the undead.

text: (Super Quasar voiced by

text: Keone Young

text: , Aurora Six voiced by

text: Meredith Salenger

text: , Johnny Sunspot voiced by

text: Tom Kenny

text: )A fictional superhero team with three members: Super Quasar, the leader of the Sun Riders who performs Solar Helmet Hot Shot, an attack which he shoots a consecrated beam of

text: solar energy

text: from his helmet's visors. Aurora Six is the ravishing female of the group that uses the Sun Gun, a weapon that shoots sun beams that stuns her enemies in a main attack called Sun Gun Dazzle Stun. And Johnny Sunspot is the kid sidekick genius (who builds all of the team's weapons) that wields special gloves that create

text: dark energy

text: orbs

text: in an attack called Black Hole Blackout (later Black Hole Barrage in his second appearance). When they join hands, the Sun Riders perform Super Solar Strike, a destructive team attack that's similar to a

text: solar flare

text: . The Sun Riders are known to ride on their Sun Cycles, and their own robot is called the Nebutron, an orblike Super Robot that is heavily armed. They have their television series, of which Chiro is an avid fan. However, they wanted to stop pretending, and in exchange for real power, joined the Skeleton King in the promise of destroying Chiro and the Monkey Team. They later return in Season 2, in the episode "The Sun Riders Return", apparently reformed and with a more powerful Nebutron ship - which they later sacrifice for the good of others. Aurora Six appeared as an aspect of the

text: Dreamlands

text: in a later episode, "In the Grip of Evil", and in the last scene of "Soul of Evil." The Sun Riders ware last seen on screen as three the allies that will aid the Hyperforce in the last battle against the resurrected Skeleton King and his army of the

text: undead

text: On 2 April 1845, Fizeau and Foucault first photographed the Sun. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation, spectroscopy and solar eclipses.

text: On 2 April 1845,

text: Fizeau

text: and

text: Foucault

text: first photographed the Sun. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences,

text: granulation

text: , spectroscopy and solar eclipses.

text: The solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 was an annular eclipse of the Sun with a magnitude of 0.9190. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.It was the longest annular solar eclipse of the millennium, and the longest until December 23, 3043, with a maximum length of 11 minutes, 7.8 seconds. This is about 4 minutes longer than total solar eclipses could ever get. (The solar eclipse of January 4, 1992, was longer, at 11 minutes, 41 seconds, occurring in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.)

text: The solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 was an

text: annular eclipse

text: of the

text: Sun

text: with a

text: magnitude

text: of 0.9190. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.It was the longest annular

text: solar eclipse

text: of the millennium, and the longest until December 23, 3043, with a maximum length of 11 minutes, 7.8 seconds. This is about 4 minutes longer than total solar eclipses could ever get. (The

text: solar eclipse of January 4, 1992

text: , was longer, at 11 minutes, 41 seconds, occurring in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.)

text: The following contains a list of coronal mass ejections. A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares.

text: The following contains a list of coronal mass ejections. A

text: coronal mass ejection

text: (CME) is a massive burst of

text: solar wind

text: and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares.

text: In astronomy and in astrophysics, for radiative losses of the solar corona, it is meant the energy flux irradiated from the external atmosphere of the Sun (traditionally divided into chromosphere, transition region and corona), and, in particular, the processes of production of the radiation coming from the solar corona and transition region, where the plasma is optically-thin. On the contrary, in the chromosphere, where the temperature decreases from the photospheric value of 6000 K to the minimum of 4400 K, the optical depth is about 1, and the radiation is thermal.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: and in

text: astrophysics

text: , for radiative losses of the solar corona, it is meant the

text: energy flux

text: irradiated from the external

text: atmosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: (traditionally divided into

text: chromosphere

text: transition region

text: and

text: corona

text: ), and, in particular, the processes of production of the

text: radiation

text: coming from the solar corona and transition region, where the plasma is optically-thin. On the contrary, in the chromosphere, where the temperature decreases from the photospheric value of 6000 K to the minimum of 4400 K, the

text: optical depth

text: is about 1, and the radiation is thermal.

text: In 258, the Wu regent Sun Chen deposed the emperor Sun Liang and replaced him with Sun Xiu, the Prince of Langya (琅邪王). Before Sun Xiu arrived at the palace for the coronation, Sun Chen wanted enter the palace first and behaved in a manner as if he was going to usurp the throne. He then summoned the court officials for a meeting. All of them looked fearful except for Yu Si, who appeared calm and composed. Yu Si told Sun Chen, "My lord, you hold an important position in the state just like Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou in the past. You also wield the authority to depose and enthrone emperors. You'll be bringing peace to the spirits of the past rulers and bringing benefits to the people. Everyone is very excited about this. It's as if Yi Yin and Huo Guang have returned from the dead. However, now, you wish to enter the palace before the Prince's arrival. This will cause instability and make everyone feel suspicious of you. This is not the way for you to establish a good reputation as a loyal and filial subject." Sun Chen felt unhappy after hearing Yu Si's words, but he nonetheless honoured Sun Xiu as the new emperor.

text: In 258, the Wu regent

text: Sun Chen

text: deposed the emperor

text: Sun Liang

text: and replaced him with

text: Sun Xiu

text: , the Prince of Langya (琅邪王). Before Sun Xiu arrived at the palace for the coronation, Sun Chen wanted enter the palace first and behaved in a manner as if he was going to usurp the throne. He then summoned the court officials for a meeting. All of them looked fearful except for Yu Si, who appeared calm and composed. Yu Si told Sun Chen, "My lord, you hold an important position in the state just like

text: Yi Yin

text: and the

text: Duke of Zhou

text: in the past. You also wield the authority to depose and enthrone emperors. You'll be bringing peace to the spirits of the past rulers and bringing benefits to the people. Everyone is very excited about this. It's as if Yi Yin and

text: Huo Guang

text: have returned from the dead. However, now, you wish to enter the palace before the Prince's arrival. This will cause instability and make everyone feel suspicious of you. This is not the way for you to establish a good reputation as a loyal and filial subject." Sun Chen felt unhappy after hearing Yu Si's words, but he nonetheless honoured Sun Xiu as the new emperor.

text: The objective of this experiment was to measure the X-ray emission from the sun and its effects on the Earth's atmosphere. The detectors were two identical ionization chambers sensitive to X-ray wavelengths produced in solar flares (2 to 8 Å, or 200 to 800 pm). The ionization chambers were located 120 deg apart in the equatorial plane of the satellite and received a maximum signal when an ion chamber tube "looked" toward the sun. The instrumentation measured the 2 to 8 Å (200 to 800 pm) X-ray flux, and recorded the peak solar flare intensity by means of a peak-reading memory device, during the daylight portion of each orbit.

text: Electroluminescence is the result of radiative recombination of electrons and holes in a material, usually a semiconductor. The excited electrons release their energy as photons - light. Prior to recombination, electrons and holes may be separated either by doping the material to form a p-n junction (in semiconductor electroluminescent devices such as light-emitting diodes) or through excitation by impact of high-energy electrons accelerated by a strong electric field (as with the phosphors in electroluminescent displays).

text: Electroluminescence is the result of

text: radiative recombination

text: of

text: electron

text: s and

text: hole

text: s in a material, usually a

text: semiconductor

text: . The excited electrons release their energy as

text: photon

text: s - light. Prior to recombination, electrons and holes may be separated either by

text: doping

text: the material to form a

text: p-n junction

text: (in semiconductor electroluminescent devices such as

text: light-emitting diode

text: s) or through excitation by impact of high-energy electrons accelerated by a strong electric field (as with the

text: phosphor

text: s in

text: electroluminescent display

text: s).

text: Flares are more common in stars with short periods. However, the energy of the largest flares is not related to the period of rotation. Stars with larger variations also have much more frequent flares; there is as well a tendency for them to have more energetic flares. Large variations can be found on even the most slowly rotating stars: one star had a rotation period of 22.7 days and variations implying spot coverage of 2.5% of the surface, over ten times greater than the maximum solar value. By estimating the size of the starspots from the amplitude variation, and assuming solar values for the magnetic fields in the spots (1000 G),  it is possible to estimate the energy available: in all cases there is enough energy in the field to power even the largest flares observed. This suggests that superflares and solar flares have essentially the same mechanism.

text: In the corona of the sun, the ratio of the gas pressure to the magnetic pressure is ~0.004, and so there the  magnetic field is force-free.

text: In the

text: corona

text: of the

text: sun

text: , the ratio of the gas pressure to the magnetic pressure is ~0.004, and so there the  magnetic field is force-free.

text: HD 153950 is an F-type star with a mass that is 1.13 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1.34 times the radius of the Sun. In other words, it is slightly more massive and slightly larger than the Sun is. With an effective temperature of 6076 K, HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is younger, at an estimated age of 4.3 billion years, 250–300 million years younger than the Sun. The star is almost the same as the Sun in terms of metal; its measured metallicity is [Fe/H] = -0.01. HD 153950 cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye because the star has an apparent magnitude (V) of 7.39.

text: HD 153950 is an

text: F-type

text: star with a

text: mass

text: that is 1.13 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1.34 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: effective temperature

text: of 6076

text: K

text: , HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is younger, at an estimated age of 4.3 billion years, 250–300 million years younger than the Sun. The star is almost the same as the Sun in terms of metal; its measured

text: metallicity

text: is [Fe/H] = -0.01. HD 153950 cannot be seen from Earth with the

text: naked eye

text: because the star has an

text: apparent magnitude

text: (V) of 7.39.

text: The living room was considered the social and recreational hub of the house; it was the largest room and faced north to catch the most possible sun. The kitchen faced east to catch the morning sun, while bedrooms faced either east, north or west to catch sun for part of the day. Where possible, the private zones of the bedrooms, bathroom and laundry were on a different side of the house from the public zones of the kitchen and living room. Often the kitchen, laundry, bathroom and toilet were grouped together to reduce plumbing costs. The first state houses had the dining area in the living room; after initial feedback from tenants, the dining area was moved to the kitchen. Although the original plans included space for a garage, this was not included in the houses that were built, but a tool shed was provided to encourage tenants to grow a vegetable garden. On sloping sites, the tool shed and the laundry were typically placed underneath the house.

text: Sun Liang was born in 243, to Sun Quan and one of his favorite consorts, Consort Pan.  As Sun Quan's youngest son, he was well-cared for by his father, who was very happy to have a son in his old age (61 at the time of Sun Liang's birth).  He was also born into a palace atmosphere where officials were aligning themselves with either of his two older brothers who were fighting for supremacy -- Sun He the crown prince and Sun Ba (孫霸) the Prince of Lu, who had designs on the position.  In 250, fed up with Prince Ba's constant attacks against Crown Prince He, Sun Quan inexplicably ordered Prince Ba to commit suicide and deposed Crown Prince He.  At the urging of his daughter Sun Dahu (孫大虎), who had been involved with falsely accusing Crown Prince He and his mother Consort Wang of crimes and therefore wanted to see Crown Prince He removed, he created Prince Liang as the new crown prince.  Princess Dahu then had Crown Prince Liang married to a grand niece of her husband Quan Cong (全琮).  In 251, Sun Quan created Crown Prince Liang's mother Consort Pan empress.

text: Sun Liang was born in 243, to

text: Sun Quan

text: and one of his favorite consorts,

text: Consort Pan

text: .  As Sun Quan's youngest son, he was well-cared for by his father, who was very happy to have a son in his old age (61 at the time of Sun Liang's birth).  He was also born into a palace atmosphere where officials were aligning themselves with either of his two older brothers who were fighting for supremacy --

text: Sun He

text: the

text: crown prince

text: and Sun Ba (孫霸) the Prince of Lu, who had designs on the position.  In 250, fed up with Prince Ba's constant attacks against Crown Prince He, Sun Quan inexplicably ordered Prince Ba to commit suicide and deposed Crown Prince He.  At the urging of his daughter Sun Dahu (孫大虎), who had been involved with falsely accusing Crown Prince He and his mother Consort Wang of crimes and therefore wanted to see Crown Prince He removed, he created Prince Liang as the new crown prince.  Princess Dahu then had Crown Prince Liang married to a grand niece of her husband Quan Cong (全琮).  In 251, Sun Quan created Crown Prince Liang's mother Consort Pan

text: empress

text: The first known telescopic observation of a total solar eclipse was made in France in 1706. Nine years later, English astronomer Edmund Halley accurately predicted and observed the solar eclipse of May 3, 1715. By the mid-19th century, scientific understanding of the Sun was improving through observations of the Sun's corona during solar eclipses. The corona was identified as part of the Sun's atmosphere in 1842, and the first photograph (or daguerreotype) of a total eclipse was taken of the solar eclipse of July 28, 1851. Spectroscope observations were made of the solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, which helped to determine the chemical composition of the Sun.

text: The first known telescopic observation of a total solar eclipse was made in France in 1706. Nine years later, English astronomer

text: Edmund Halley

text: accurately predicted and observed the

text: solar eclipse of May 3, 1715

text: . By the mid-19th century, scientific understanding of the Sun was improving through observations of the Sun's corona during solar eclipses. The corona was identified as part of the Sun's atmosphere in

text: , and the first photograph (or

text: daguerreotype

text: ) of a total eclipse was taken of the

text: solar eclipse of July 28, 1851

text: Spectroscope

text: observations were made of the

text: solar eclipse of August 18, 1868

text: , which helped to determine the chemical composition of the Sun.

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of G8 III. The luminosity class of 'III' means that it has exhausted the hydrogen fuel at its core and evolved into a giant star. It is slightly more massive than the Sun, but has expanded to nearly ten times the Sun's radius. (Mishenina et al. (2006) list it with an estimated 2.7 times the mass of the Sun.) The effective temperature of the outer atmosphere is about 4,950 K, which is cooler than the Sun and gives it the yellow hue of a G-type star. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, is similar to the abundance in the  Sun.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of G8 III. The

text: luminosity class

text: of 'III' means that it has exhausted the hydrogen fuel at its core and

text: evolved

text: into a

text: giant star

text: . It is slightly more massive than the Sun, but has expanded to nearly ten times the Sun's radius. (Mishenina et al. (2006) list it with an estimated 2.7 times the mass of the Sun.) The

text: effective temperature

text: of the outer atmosphere is about 4,950 K, which is cooler than the Sun and gives it the yellow hue of a G-type star. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the

text: metallicity

text: , is similar to the abundance in the  Sun.

text: The POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS) is a solar patrol system composed of two radio telescopes with superheterodyne circular polarization receivers at 45 and 90 GHz. Since their half power beam width is around 1.4°, they observe the full sun. The acquisition system allows to gather 100 values per second at both frequencies and polarizations, with a sensitivity of around 20 solar flux units (SFU) (1 SFU ≡ 10 Jy). The telescope saw first light in November 2011, and showed excellent performance during two years, when it observed many flares. Since November 2013 is stopped for repairing. The main interest of POEMAS is the observation of solar flares in a frequency range where there are very few detectors and fill the gap between microwaves observed with the Radio Solar Telescope Network (1 to 15.4 GHz) and submillimeter observations of the Solar Submillimeter Telescope (212 and 405 GHz). Moreover, POEMAS is the only current telescope capable of carrying on circular polarization solar flare observations at 90 GHz. (Although, in principle, ALMA band 3 may also observe at 90 GHz with circular polarization).

text: The POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS) is a solar patrol system composed of two radio telescopes with

text: superheterodyne

text: circular polarization

text: receivers at 45 and 90 GHz. Since their

text: half power beam width

text: is around 1.4°, they observe the full sun. The acquisition system allows to gather 100 values per second at both frequencies and polarizations, with a sensitivity of around 20

text: solar flux units (SFU)

text: (1 SFU ≡ 10

text: Jy

text: ). The telescope saw

text: first light

text: in November 2011, and showed excellent performance during two years, when it observed many

text: flares

text: . Since November 2013 is stopped for repairing. The main interest of POEMAS is the observation of

text: solar flare

text: s in a frequency range where there are very few detectors and fill the gap between

text: microwave

text: s observed with the

text: Radio Solar Telescope Network

text: (1 to 15.4 GHz) and submillimeter observations of the

text: Solar Submillimeter Telescope

text: (212 and 405 GHz). Moreover, POEMAS is the only current telescope capable of carrying on circular polarization

text: solar flare

text: observations at 90 GHz. (Although, in principle,

text: ALMA

text: band 3 may also observe at 90 GHz with circular polarization).

text: In 258, Sun Chen deposed the second Wu emperor Sun Liang and replaced the latter with Sun Xiu. Sun Xiu was unhappy that Sun Chen monopolised state power so he plotted with the minister Zhang Bu to eliminate Sun Chen. Zhang Bu told the emperor, "Ding Feng may not be proficient in administrating civil affairs, but he is an outstanding strategist and is capable of making important decisions." Sun Xiu then summoned Ding Feng for a meeting and said to the latter, "Sun Chen usurps state power and is plotting treason. I want you to help me eliminate him." Ding Feng replied, "The Chancellor (Sun Chen) and his brothers have many supporters. Not everyone in the imperial court is on our side. We cannot confront them directly. I suggest that Your Majesty order your soldiers to kill him during the Laba Festival." Sun Xiu followed Ding Feng's plan and pretended to invite Sun Chen to the palace to celebrate the Laba Festival. When Sun Chen stepped inside, Ding Feng and Zhang Bu signalled to the imperial guards to kill him. For his contributions, Ding Feng was promoted to the position of "General-in-Chief" (大將軍) and received the additional appointments of Left and Right Protectors of the Capital (左右都護).

text: In 258,

text: Sun Chen

text: deposed the second Wu emperor

text: Sun Liang

text: and replaced the latter with

text: Sun Xiu

text: . Sun Xiu was unhappy that Sun Chen monopolised state power so he plotted with the minister

text: Zhang Bu

text: to eliminate Sun Chen. Zhang Bu told the emperor, "Ding Feng may not be proficient in administrating civil affairs, but he is an outstanding strategist and is capable of making important decisions." Sun Xiu then summoned Ding Feng for a meeting and said to the latter, "Sun Chen usurps state power and is plotting treason. I want you to help me eliminate him." Ding Feng replied, "The

text: Chancellor

text: (Sun Chen) and his brothers have many supporters. Not everyone in the imperial court is on our side. We cannot confront them directly. I suggest that Your Majesty order your soldiers to kill him during the

text: Laba Festival

text: ." Sun Xiu followed Ding Feng's plan and pretended to invite Sun Chen to the palace to celebrate the Laba Festival. When Sun Chen stepped inside, Ding Feng and Zhang Bu signalled to the imperial guards to kill him. For his contributions, Ding Feng was promoted to the position of "General-in-Chief" (大將軍) and received the additional appointments of Left and Right Protectors of the Capital (左右都護).

text: The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 to 0.25 of solar radius. It is the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System. It has a density of 150 g/cm³ (150 times the density of liquid water) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million degrees Celsius. The core is made of hot, dense gas in the plasmic state (ions and electrons), at a pressure estimated at 265 billion bar (3.84 trillion psi or 26.5 petapascals (PPa)) at the center. Due to fusion, the composition of the solar plasma drops from 68-70% hydrogen by mass at the outer core, to 33% hydrogen at the core/Sun center.

text: The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 to 0.25 of

text: solar radius

text: . It is the hottest part of the

text: Sun

text: and of the

text: Solar System

text: . It has a density of 150 g/cm³ (150 times the density of liquid

text: water

text: ) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million degrees Celsius. The core is made of

text: hot, dense gas in the plasmic state

text: (ions and electrons), at a pressure estimated at 265 billion

text: bar

text: (3.84 trillion

text: psi

text: or 26.5

text: peta

text: pascal

text: s (PPa)) at the center. Due to fusion, the composition of the solar plasma drops from 68-70% hydrogen by mass at the outer core, to 33% hydrogen at the core/Sun center.

text: The corona appears above the last note of the piece (or section). It is similar to the fermata in modern notation. It typically appears above the last note at each part of a piece to indicate the note should be held longer that its value indicates. If it does not appear at the end of a piece, typically a short pause is expected before proceeding with the notes after the note with the corona.

text: The corona appears above the last note of the piece (or section). It is similar to the

text: fermata

text: in modern notation. It typically appears above the last note at each part of a piece to indicate the note should be held longer that its value indicates. If it does not appear at the end of a piece, typically a short pause is expected before proceeding with the notes after the note with the corona.

text: Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy. The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2/3:

text: Solar radius is a unit of

text: distance

text: used to express the size of

text: star

text: s in

text: astronomy

text: . The solar

text: radius

text: is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: photosphere

text: where the

text: optical depth

text: equals 2/3:

text: Lady Wu (died 202), personal name unknown, was the wife of the warlord Sun Jian, who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. She bore Sun Jian four sons and a daughter – Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Sun Yi, Sun Kuang and Lady Sun. She was posthumously honoured as "Empress Wulie" in 229 by her second son Sun Quan, who became the founding emperor of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period.

text: Lady Wu (died 202), personal name unknown, was the wife of the warlord

text: Sun Jian

text: , who lived in the late

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: . She bore Sun Jian four sons and a daughter –

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Yi

text: Sun Kuang

text: and

text: Lady Sun

text: . She was posthumously honoured as "Empress Wulie" in 229 by her second son Sun Quan, who became the founding emperor of the state of

text: Eastern Wu

text: in the

text: Three Kingdoms

text: period.

text: Gliese 436 is older than the Sun by several billion years and it has an abundance of heavy elements (with masses greater than helium-4) equal to 48% that of the Sun. The projected rotation velocity is 1.0 km/s, and the chromosphere has a low level of magnetic activity. Gliese 436 is a member of the "old-disk population" with velocity components in the galactic coordinate system of U=+44, V=−20 and W=+20 km/s.

text: Gliese 436 is older than the Sun by several billion years and it has an abundance of

text: heavy elements

text: (with masses greater than helium-4) equal to 48% that of the Sun. The projected rotation velocity is 1.0 km/s, and the

text: chromosphere

text: has a low level of

text: magnetic activity

text: . Gliese 436 is a member of the "

text: old-disk population

text: " with velocity components in the

text: galactic coordinate system

text: of U=+44, V=−20 and W=+20 km/s.

text: Before the advent of modern science, solar eclipses were often viewed with superstitious dread.  However, eclipses are also of interest to science due to the various phenomena that can be observed when they occur.  The sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, is normally invisible due to the brightness of the solar disc, but becomes visible from earth during a total eclipse.  Until the twentieth century, solar eclipses provided the only opportunity for scientists to observe and study the sun's corona.  With the development of photography during the first half of the nineteenth century, it became theoretically possible to record a still image of the sun during a total eclipse.  A variety of processes were used for early photographs, of which the most successful was the Daguerreotype.

text: Before the advent of modern science, solar eclipses were often viewed with superstitious dread.  However, eclipses are also of interest to science due to the various phenomena that can be observed when they occur.  The sun's outer atmosphere, or

text: corona

text: , is normally invisible due to the brightness of the solar disc, but becomes visible from earth during a total eclipse.  Until the twentieth century, solar eclipses provided the only opportunity for scientists to observe and study the sun's corona.  With the development of photography during the first half of the nineteenth century, it became theoretically possible to record a still image of the sun during a total eclipse.  A variety of processes were used for early photographs, of which the most successful was the

text: Daguerreotype

text: The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. Stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun (or 1.5 solar masses ()) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the proton–proton chain. Above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. Main-sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions, which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur. Below this mass, stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass, the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases, whereas main-sequence stars below 0.4  undergo convection throughout their mass. When core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen.

text: The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. Stars below about 1.5 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: (or 1.5 solar masses ()) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the

text: proton–proton chain

text: . Above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: as intermediaries in the

text: CNO cycle

text: that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. Main-sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions, which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur. Below this mass, stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass, the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases, whereas main-sequence stars below 0.4  undergo convection throughout their mass. When core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on January 14, 1926. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on January 14, 1926. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: On September 1, 2008, in a corporate move by Tribune to de-emphasize references to The CW in the branding of its CW-affiliated stations, channel 39 was rebranded as "SFL" and it debuted a logo featuring the stylistic capital "S" in the Sun-Sentinel nameplate logo. Around the same time, WSFL moved its operations into the Fort Lauderdale offices of the Sun-Sentinel newspaper. By February 2012, the station rebranded as "SFL-TV" to de-emphasize its connection to the Sun-Sentinel, as WSFL no longer offers full-scale local newscasts.

text: On September 1, 2008, in a corporate move by Tribune to de-emphasize references to The CW in the branding of its CW-affiliated stations, channel 39 was rebranded as "SFL" and it debuted a logo featuring the stylistic capital "S" in the

text: Sun-Sentinel

text: nameplate

text: logo. Around the same time, WSFL moved its operations into the Fort Lauderdale offices of the Sun-Sentinel newspaper. By February 2012, the station rebranded as "SFL-TV" to de-emphasize its connection to the Sun-Sentinel, as WSFL no longer offers full-scale local newscasts.

text: During the late 20th century, there was significant debate within the geophysics community as to whether convection is likely to be 'layered' or 'whole'. Although elements of this debate still continue, results from seismic tomography, numerical simulations of mantle convection and examination of Earth's gravitational field are all beginning to suggest the existence of 'whole' mantle convection, at least at the present time. In this model, cold, subducting oceanic lithosphere descends all the way from the surface to the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and hot plumes rise from the CMB all the way to the surface. This picture is strongly based on the results of global seismic tomography models, which typically show slab and plume-like anomalies crossing the mantle transition zone.

text: The Doctor mulls over this and regrettably believes that the Earth is doomed from the solar flare, and offers to take Clara, Danny, and the students safely away. Clara and Danny agree to stay on Earth with the students, and Clara tells the Doctor he should escape on his own given how many times he has saved the planet in the past. As the Doctor watches from orbit, he is stuck by inspiration and returns to Earth. He tells Clara the creatures were referring to the Tunguska Event and the Curuçá impact, events that should have been catastrophic for life on Earth. The Doctor believes that the trees were created to buffer the effects of the solar flare as they had for these events. Danny reports that the world governments, unable to burn down the trees due to their ability to control oxygen near them, are planning on using defoliating agents on the trees, which would render them unable to stop the solar flare. The Doctor hacks into the global cellular network and Maebh reads off a message prepared by the other students to warn the governments off this plan, and to request Annabel return to her. The governments stop their plan in time. As Clara and Danny escort the children home, Danny tells Clara he knows she lied to him about her travels with the Doctor, but forgives her and allows their relationship to grow.

text: The Doctor mulls over this and regrettably believes that the Earth is doomed from the solar flare, and offers to take Clara, Danny, and the students safely away. Clara and Danny agree to stay on Earth with the students, and Clara tells the Doctor he should escape on his own given how many times he has saved the planet in the past. As the Doctor watches from orbit, he is stuck by inspiration and returns to Earth. He tells Clara the creatures were referring to the

text: Tunguska Event

text: and the

text: Curuçá impact

text: , events that should have been catastrophic for life on Earth. The Doctor believes that the trees were created to buffer the effects of the solar flare as they had for these events. Danny reports that the world governments, unable to burn down the trees due to their ability to control oxygen near them, are planning on using

text: defoliating agents

text: on the trees, which would render them unable to stop the solar flare. The Doctor hacks into the global cellular network and Maebh reads off a message prepared by the other students to warn the governments off this plan, and to request Annabel return to her. The governments stop their plan in time. As Clara and Danny escort the children home, Danny tells Clara he knows she lied to him about her travels with the Doctor, but forgives her and allows their relationship to grow.

text: Hamal is radiating about 91 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,480 K. This is cooler than the surface of the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is suspected to be slightly variable, with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is only around half that in the Sun.

text: Hamal is radiating about 91 times the Sun's luminosity from its

text: outer envelope

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,480 K. This is cooler than the surface of the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: . It is suspected to be slightly

text: variable

text: , with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's

text: metallicity

text: , is only around half that in the Sun.

text: Sun Media, and Sun News in particular, was involved in two separate news stories during the final week of the 2011 federal election that centred on two of the federal party leaders. The first centred on a photo that appeared to show Liberal Party leader Michael Ignatieff posing with U.S. military forces in Kuwait in late 2002, months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The source of the photo was Conservative Party operative Patrick Muttart, who had been providing pro bono advice to Sun News regarding its on-air presentation and offered the photo to Sun Media, which ran a story alleging Ignatieff's involvement with the U.S. plans to invade Iraq. Sun Media did not run the photo, however, as the image was illegible and did not conclusively prove of Ignatieff's presence with the U.S. troops. Sun Media head Pierre Karl Péladeau, in an editorial for the Sun papers, claimed the photo was an attempt to not only damage the Ignatieff campaign but the integrity of Sun Media and Sun News as well. The incident led to Muttart's removal from the campaign of Conservative leader and incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

text: Sun Media, and Sun News in particular, was involved in two separate news stories during the final week of the 2011 federal election that centred on two of the federal party leaders. The first centred on a photo that appeared to show

text: Liberal Party

text: leader

text: Michael Ignatieff

text: posing with U.S. military forces in

text: Kuwait

text: in late 2002, months before

text: the 2003 invasion of Iraq

text: . The source of the photo was Conservative Party operative Patrick Muttart, who had been providing pro bono advice to Sun News regarding its on-air presentation and offered the photo to Sun Media, which ran a story alleging Ignatieff's involvement with the U.S. plans to invade Iraq. Sun Media did not run the photo, however, as the image was illegible and did not conclusively prove of Ignatieff's presence with the U.S. troops. Sun Media head

text: Pierre Karl Péladeau

text: , in an editorial for the Sun papers, claimed the photo was an attempt to not only damage the Ignatieff campaign but the integrity of Sun Media and Sun News as well. The incident led to Muttart's removal from the campaign of Conservative leader and incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

text: Kepler-20 is a star 950 light-years from Earth in the constellation Lyra with a system of five known planets. The apparent magnitude of this star is 12.51, so it cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Viewing it requires a telescope with an aperture of  or more. It is slightly smaller than the Sun, with 94% of the Sun's radius and about 91% of the Sun's mass. The effective temperature of the photosphere is slightly cooler than that of the Sun at , giving it the characteristic yellow hue of a stellar class G8 star. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, is approximately the same as in the Sun. It may be older than the Sun, although the margin of error here is relatively large.

text: Kepler-20 is a star 950 light-years from Earth in the constellation

text: Lyra

text: with a system of five known planets. The apparent magnitude of this star is 12.51, so it cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Viewing it requires a telescope with an

text: aperture

text: of  or more. It is slightly smaller than the Sun, with 94% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: and about 91% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: photosphere

text: is slightly cooler than that of the Sun at , giving it the characteristic yellow hue of a

text: stellar class

text: G8 star. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen or helium, what astronomers term the

text: metallicity

text: , is approximately the same as in the Sun. It may be older than the Sun, although the margin of error here is relatively large.

text: The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the magnetic field, which plays a decisive role in these processes. It is generated by gas currents in the interior of the Sun and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft SOHO and Ulysses have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on board SOHO played a decisive role in recognising the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and Ulysses measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time.Another important research topic at the "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun’s variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project STEREO, in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events.The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope Sunrise, built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun’s surface as small as 100 kilometers.Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun’s variations. The ambitious Solar Orbiter Mission, based on a suggestion from the Institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.

text: The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the

text: magnetic field

text: , which plays a decisive role in these processes. It is generated by gas currents in the interior of the

text: Sun

text: and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft

text: SOHO

text: and

text: Ulysses

text: have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer

text: SUMER

text: on board

text: SOHO

text: played a decisive role in recognising the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and

text: Ulysses

text: measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time.Another important research topic at the "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun’s variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project

text: STEREO

text: , in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events.The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope

text: Sunrise

text: , built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun’s surface as small as 100 kilometers.Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun’s variations. The ambitious

text: Solar Orbiter

text: Mission, based on a suggestion from the Institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.

text: The Bird-of-Prey's travel through time was one of the most difficult effects sequences of the film. While ILM was experienced in creating the streaking warp effect they used for previous films, the sequence required the camera to trail a sustained warp effect as the Bird-of-Prey rounded the sun. Matching the effect to the model was accomplished through trial-and-error guesswork. The team did not have the time to wait for the animation department to create the sun for this shot. Assistant cameraman Pete Kozachic devised a way of creating the sun on-stage. He placed two sheets of textured plexiglass next to each other and backlit them with a powerful yellow light. The rig was rotated on a circular track and the sheet in front created a moire pattern as its position shifted. Animator John Knoll added solar flare effects to complete the look; Dow recalled that the effect came close to matching footage of the sun taken by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

text: The Bird-of-Prey's travel through time was one of the most difficult effects sequences of the film. While ILM was experienced in creating the streaking warp effect they used for previous films, the sequence required the camera to trail a sustained warp effect as the Bird-of-Prey rounded the sun. Matching the effect to the model was accomplished through trial-and-error guesswork. The team did not have the time to wait for the animation department to create the sun for this shot. Assistant cameraman Pete Kozachic devised a way of creating the sun on-stage. He placed two sheets of textured plexiglass next to each other and backlit them with a powerful yellow light. The rig was rotated on a circular track and the sheet in front created a

text: moire pattern

text: as its position shifted. Animator

text: John Knoll

text: added solar flare effects to complete the look; Dow recalled that the effect came close to matching footage of the sun taken by the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: Hank Henshaw was an astronaut at NASA until a solar flare hit his space shuttle during an experiment in space, damaging the ship and the crew. Henshaw and the crew found that their bodies had begun to mutate and, after returning to Earth, Henshaw's entire crew (including his wife) eventually committed suicide. After learning that Superman had thrown the Eradicator into the sun in a battle during the space shuttle experiment, Henshaw blamed Superman for the solar flare and the accident. Before his body completely disintegrated due to the radiation exposure, Henshaw was able to save his consciousness. Using NASA communications equipment, Henshaw beams his mind into the birthing matrix which had carried Superman from Krypton to Earth as an infant. He creates a small exploration craft from the birthing matrix and departs into outer space alone. Becoming increasingly mentally unstable, Henshaw used Superman's birthing matrix to create a body identical to Superman's, albeit with cybernetic parts. He returned to Earth to kill Superman, only to discover that Superman had already died during Henshaw's absence. Following Superman's eventual resurrection, Henshaw would not only become a recurring adversary of Superman but of Green Lantern as well. Hank Henshaw became a member of the Sinestro Corps during the Blackest Night.

text: Hank Henshaw was an astronaut at

text: NASA

text: until a solar flare hit his space shuttle during an experiment in space, damaging the ship and the crew. Henshaw and the crew found that their bodies had begun to mutate and, after returning to Earth, Henshaw's entire crew (including his wife) eventually committed suicide. After learning that

text: Superman

text: had thrown

text: the Eradicator

text: into the sun in a battle during the space shuttle experiment, Henshaw blamed Superman for the solar flare and the accident. Before his body completely disintegrated due to the radiation exposure, Henshaw was able to save his consciousness. Using NASA communications equipment, Henshaw beams his mind into the birthing matrix which had carried Superman from

text: Krypton

text: to Earth as an infant. He creates a small exploration craft from the birthing matrix and departs into outer space alone. Becoming increasingly mentally unstable, Henshaw used Superman's birthing matrix to create a body identical to Superman's, albeit with cybernetic parts. He returned to Earth to kill Superman, only to discover that

text: Superman had already died

text: during Henshaw's absence. Following Superman's eventual resurrection, Henshaw would not only become a recurring adversary of Superman but of

text: Green Lantern

text: as well. Hank Henshaw became a member of the

text: Sinestro Corps

text: during the

text: Blackest Night

text: Because the Earth's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical, the Earth's distance from the Sun similarly varies throughout the year. This affects the apparent size of the Sun in the same way, but not as much as does the Moon's varying distance from Earth. When Earth approaches its farthest distance from the Sun in July, a total eclipse is somewhat more likely, whereas conditions favour an annular eclipse when Earth approaches its closest distance to the Sun in January.

text: Because the Earth's orbit around the Sun is also elliptical, the Earth's distance from the Sun similarly varies throughout the year. This affects the apparent size of the Sun in the same way, but not as much as does the Moon's varying distance from Earth. When Earth approaches its

text: farthest distance from the Sun

text: in July, a total eclipse is somewhat more likely, whereas conditions favour an annular eclipse when Earth approaches its

text: closest distance to the Sun

text: in January.

text: The convection zone of a star is the range of radii in which energy is transported primarily by convection.

text: This distance is far beyond the progress and equipment capabilities of space probes such as Voyager 1, and beyond the known planets and dwarf planets, though over thousands of years 90377 Sedna will move further away on its highly elliptical orbit.  The high gain for potentially detecting signals through this lens, such as microwaves at the 21-cm hydrogen line, led to the suggestion by Frank Drake in the early days of SETI that a probe could be sent to this distance.  A multipurpose probe SETISAIL and later FOCAL was proposed to the ESA in 1993, but is expected to be a difficult task.  If a probe does pass 542 AU, magnification capabilities of the lens will continue to act at further distances, as the rays that come to a focus at larger distances pass further away from the distortions of the Sun's corona.

text: This distance is far beyond the progress and equipment capabilities of space probes such as

text: Voyager 1

text: , and beyond the known planets and dwarf planets, though over thousands of years

text: 90377 Sedna

text: will move further away on its highly elliptical orbit.  The high gain for potentially detecting signals through this lens, such as microwaves at the 21-cm

text: hydrogen line

text: , led to the suggestion by

text: Frank Drake

text: in the early days of

text: SETI

text: that a probe could be sent to this distance.  A multipurpose probe SETISAIL and later

text: FOCAL

text: was proposed to the ESA in 1993, but is expected to be a difficult task.  If a probe does pass 542 AU, magnification capabilities of the lens will continue to act at further distances, as the rays that come to a focus at larger distances pass further away from the distortions of the Sun's corona.

text: From 1620 to 1628 he studied philosophy and theology at the College of Parma. Parma Jesuits had developed a strong program of experimentation, such as with falling bodies. One of the most famous Italian Jesuits of the time, Giuseppe Biancani (1565–1624), was teaching at Parma when Riccioli arrived there. Biancani accepted new astronomical ideas such as the existence of lunar mountains and the fluid nature of the heavens, and collaborated with the Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner (1573–1650) on sunspot observations. Riccioli mentions him with gratitude and admiration.

text: From 1620 to 1628 he studied philosophy and theology at the College of

text: Parma

text: . Parma Jesuits had developed a strong program of experimentation, such as with falling bodies. One of the most famous Italian Jesuits of the time,

text: Giuseppe Biancani

text: (1565–1624), was teaching at Parma when Riccioli arrived there. Biancani accepted new astronomical ideas such as the existence of lunar mountains and the fluid nature of the heavens, and collaborated with the Jesuit astronomer

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: (1573–1650) on sunspot observations. Riccioli mentions him with gratitude and admiration.

text: In the late 1930s, the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species. In the mid-1940s radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun. After detecting X-ray photons from the Sun in the course of a rocket flight, T. Burnight wrote, "The sun is assumed to be the source of this radiation although radiation of wavelength shorter than 4 Å would not be expected from theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona." And, of course, people have seen the solar corona in scattered visible light during solar eclipses.

text: The Sun closely approximates a black-body radiator. The effective temperature, defined by the total radiative power per square unit, is about 5780 K. The color temperature of sunlight above the atmosphere is about 5900 K.

text: The

text: Sun

text: closely approximates a black-body radiator. The effective temperature, defined by the total radiative power per square unit, is about 5780 K. The color temperature of sunlight above the atmosphere is about 5900 K.

text: Zhang Xiu was a son of Zhang Zhao, a statesman who served Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan and Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor Sun Ce. After his father's death, he inherited the former's marquis title, "Marquis of Lou" (婁侯), because his elder brother, Zhang Cheng, had already received another marquis title.

text: Zhang Xiu was a son of

text: Zhang Zhao

text: , a statesman who served Wu's founding emperor

text: Sun Quan

text: and Sun Quan's elder brother and predecessor

text: Sun Ce

text: . After his father's death, he inherited the former's marquis title, "Marquis of Lou" (婁侯), because his elder brother,

text: Zhang Cheng

text: , had already received another marquis title.

text: There are also less-prominent systems in Aquarius. WASP-6, a type G8 star of magnitude 12.4, is host to one exoplanet, WASP-6 b. The star is 307 parsecs from Earth and has a mass of 0.888 solar masses and a radius of 0.87 solar radii. WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 by the transit method. It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at a distance of 0.042 astronomical units (AU). It is 0.503 Jupiter masses but has a proportionally larger radius of 1.224 Jupiter radii. HD 206610, a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth, is host to one planet, HD 206610 b. The host star is larger than the Sun; more massive at 1.56 solar masses and larger at 6.1 solar radii. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method n 2010 and has a mass of 2.2 Jupiter masses. It orbits every 610 days at a distance of 1.68 AU. Much closer to its sun is WASP-47 b, which orbits every 4.15 days only 0.052 AU from its sun, yellow dwarf (G9V) WASP-47. WASP-47 is close in size to the Sun, having a radius of 1.15 solar radii and a mass even closer at 1.08 solar masses. WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 by the transit method, like WASP-6 b. It is slightly larger than Jupiter with a mass of 1.14 Jupiter masses and a radius of 1.15 Jupiter masses.

text: There are also less-prominent systems in Aquarius.

text: , a type G8 star of magnitude 12.4, is host to one exoplanet,

text: WASP-6 b

text: . The star is 307

text: parsec

text: s from Earth and has a mass of 0.888

text: solar mass

text: es and a radius of 0.87

text: solar radii

text: . WASP-6 b was discovered in 2008 by the

text: transit method

text: . It orbits its parent star every 3.36 days at a distance of 0.042

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU). It is 0.503

text: Jupiter mass

text: es but has a proportionally larger radius of 1.224

text: Jupiter radii

text: HD 206610

text: , a K0 star located 194 parsecs from Earth, is host to one planet,

text: HD 206610 b

text: . The host star is larger than the Sun; more massive at 1.56 solar masses and larger at 6.1 solar radii. The planet was discovered by the radial velocity method n 2010 and has a mass of 2.2 Jupiter masses. It orbits every 610 days at a distance of 1.68 AU. Much closer to its sun is

text: WASP-47 b

text: , which orbits every 4.15 days only 0.052 AU from its sun, yellow dwarf (G9V)

text: . WASP-47 is close in size to the Sun, having a radius of 1.15 solar radii and a mass even closer at 1.08 solar masses. WASP-47 b was discovered in 2011 by the transit method, like WASP-6 b. It is slightly larger than Jupiter with a mass of 1.14 Jupiter masses and a radius of 1.15 Jupiter masses.

text: PROBA2 contains five scientific instruments. Two of them are designated to observe the Sun: "The Sun Watcher using APS and Image Processing" (SWAP, an EUV imager) and the "Large Yield Radiometer" (LYRA), a radiometer made of diamond photodiodes. The Principal investigator teams of both instruments are hosted at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. This institute will also host the PROBA2 Science Center  from which the SWAP and LYRA instruments will be operated and their data distributed. There are three other instruments to measure basic space plasma properties: the Dual segmented Langmuir probe (DSLP) (developed by the Astronomical Institute and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), the Thermal Plasma Measurement Unit (TPMU), and the Science Grade Vector Magnetometer (SGVM) developed by the Technical University of Denmark.

text: PROBA2 contains five scientific instruments. Two of them are designated to observe the

text: Sun

text: : "The Sun Watcher using APS and Image Processing" (

text: SWAP

text: , an EUV imager) and the "Large Yield Radiometer" (

text: LYRA

text: ), a radiometer made of diamond photodiodes. The Principal investigator teams of both instruments are hosted at the

text: Royal Observatory of Belgium

text: . This institute will also host the PROBA2 Science Center  from which the

text: SWAP

text: and

text: LYRA

text: instruments will be operated and their data distributed. There are three other instruments to measure basic space plasma properties: the

text: Dual segmented Langmuir probe

text: (DSLP) (developed by the

entity_name: Astronomical Institute of Czech Academy of Sciences

text: Astronomical Institute

text: and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), the Thermal Plasma Measurement Unit (TPMU), and the Science Grade Vector Magnetometer (SGVM) developed by the

text: Technical University of Denmark

text: Sunspot 6: Fine Day 7" (1000 pressed)

text: Sunspot 6: Fine Day 7" (1000 pressed)

text: The Canaanite letters are famous for various forms of a prostration formula, following a 'letter Introduction'. The introduction often states accolades such as: "...(of) My-God(s), My Sun-God,....", or continuing, "My Sun, from, Heaven"-(heaven),sa-me. (Akkadian language: UTU-ia UTU-Sa-Me, English: God-Sun-mine, Heaven-Sun-"Sa-Me", for Akkadian heaven, "šamû".) "Sun" is here used as UTU. Numerous Canaanite letters use this; other letters, for example Amarna letter EA 147 titled: A Hymn to the Pharaoh, addresses the Pharaoh as being honored "daily", referring to Sun God Ra's daily appearance–as "the sun" itself; Akkadian language 'daily', is "ūmussu", and EA 147 uses UD (day, daily), ud-mi.

text: The Canaanite letters are famous for various forms of a

text: prostration formula

text: , following a 'letter Introduction'. The introduction often states accolades such as: "...(of) My-God(s), My Sun-God,....", or continuing, "My Sun, from, Heaven"-(heaven),sa-me. (

text: Akkadian language

text: UTU

text: ia

text: UTU

text: -Sa-

text: Me

text: , English: God-Sun-mine, Heaven-Sun-"Sa-Me", for Akkadian heaven, "šamû".) "Sun" is here used as UTU. Numerous Canaanite letters use this; other letters, for example Amarna letter EA 147 titled: A Hymn to the Pharaoh, addresses the Pharaoh as being honored "daily", referring to Sun God

text: Ra

text: 's daily appearance–as "the sun" itself;

text: Akkadian language

text: 'daily', is "ūmussu", and EA 147 uses UD (day, daily), ud-mi.

text: A practical method for investigating neutrino oscillations was first suggested by Bruno Pontecorvo in 1957 using an analogy with kaon oscillations; over the subsequent 10 years he developed the mathematical formalism and the modern formulation of vacuum oscillations. In 1985 Stanislav Mikheyev and Alexei Smirnov (expanding on 1978 work by Lincoln Wolfenstein) noted that flavor oscillations can be modified when neutrinos propagate through matter. This so-called Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (MSW effect) is important to understand because many neutrinos emitted by fusion in the Sun pass through the dense matter in the solar core (where essentially all solar fusion takes place) on their way to detectors on Earth.

text: A practical method for investigating neutrino oscillations was first suggested by

text: Bruno Pontecorvo

text: in 1957 using an analogy with

text: kaon

text: oscillations

text: ; over the subsequent 10 years he developed the mathematical formalism and the modern formulation of vacuum oscillations. In 1985

text: Stanislav Mikheyev

text: and

text: Alexei Smirnov

text: (expanding on 1978 work by

text: Lincoln Wolfenstein

text: ) noted that flavor oscillations can be modified when neutrinos propagate through matter. This so-called

text: Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect

text: (MSW effect) is important to understand because many neutrinos emitted by fusion in the Sun pass through the dense matter in the

text: solar core

text: (where essentially all solar fusion takes place) on their way to detectors on Earth.

text: Moravveji and colleagues calculate a luminosity for Rigel A of 120,000 times that of the Sun. Its surface temperature is around 12,100 K. The interferometer-measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is . At its estimated distance, this yields a size of about 79 times the radius of the Sun.  Norbert Przybilla and colleagues used atmospheric modelling in 2006 to come up with a distance of . They calculated it to be around 218,000 times as luminous as the Sun, and have around 21±3 solar masses and 109±12 times its radius. The CMFGEN code is an atmosphere code used to determine the properties of massive stars from analysing their spectrum and atmosphere. Analysis of Rigel using this method yields a luminosity 279,000 times that of the Sun, a radius 115 times that of the Sun and stellar wind velocity of 671,080 miles per hour.

text: Moravveji and colleagues calculate a luminosity for Rigel A of 120,000 times that of the Sun. Its surface temperature is around 12,100 K. The

text: interferometer

text: -measured

text: angular diameter

text: of this star, after correction for

text: limb darkening

text: , is . At its estimated distance, this yields a size of about 79 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: .  Norbert Przybilla and colleagues used atmospheric modelling in 2006 to come up with a distance of . They calculated it to be around 218,000 times as luminous as the Sun, and have around 21±3

text: solar mass

text: es and 109±12 times its radius. The CMFGEN code is an atmosphere code used to determine the properties of massive stars from analysing their spectrum and atmosphere. Analysis of Rigel using this method yields a luminosity 279,000 times that of the Sun, a radius 115 times that of the Sun and

text: stellar wind

text: velocity of 671,080 miles per hour.

text: Sobek first acquired a role as a solar deity through his connection to Horus, but this was further strengthened in later periods with the emergence of Sobek-Ra, a fusion of Sobek and Egypt's primary sun god, Ra. Sobek-Horus persisted as a figure in the New Kingdom (1550–1069 BCE), but it was not until the last dynasties of Egypt that Sobek-Ra gained prominence. This understanding of the god was maintained after the fall of Egypt's last native dynasty in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (c. 332 BCE – 390 CE). The prestige of both Sobek and Sobek-Ra endured in this time period and tributes to him attained greater prominence – both through the expansion of his dedicated cultic sites and a concerted scholarly effort to make him the subject of religious doctrine.

text: Sobek first acquired a role as a

text: solar deity

text: through his connection to Horus, but this was further strengthened in later periods with the emergence of Sobek-Ra, a fusion of Sobek and Egypt's primary sun god,

text: Ra

text: . Sobek-Horus persisted as a figure in the

text: New Kingdom

text: (1550–1069 BCE), but it was not until the last dynasties of Egypt that Sobek-Ra gained prominence. This understanding of the god was maintained after the fall of Egypt's last native dynasty in

text: Ptolemaic

text: and

text: Roman Egypt

text: (c. 332 BCE – 390 CE). The prestige of both Sobek and Sobek-Ra endured in this time period and tributes to him attained greater prominence – both through the expansion of his dedicated cultic sites and a concerted scholarly effort to make him the subject of religious doctrine.

text: The primary has around 2.9 times the mass of the Sun, 3.5 times the Sun's radius, and is emitting 190 the luminosity of the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's photosphere is 12,600 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star.

text: The primary has around 2.9 times the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , 3.5 times the

text: Sun's radius

text: , and is emitting 190 the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's

text: photosphere

text: is 12,600 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star.

text: This star has a stellar classification of K3 V, which indicates that it is an ordinary K-type main sequence star. Based upon observation of regular variations in chromospheric activity, it has a rotation period of  days. Stellar models give an estimated mass of around 76% of the Sun. It has a slightly lower metallicity than the Sun, and thus has a lower abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is about 4,803 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of an ordinary K-type star.

text: This star has a

text: stellar classification

text: of K3 V, which indicates that it is an ordinary

text: K-type main sequence star

text: . Based upon observation of regular variations in

text: chromospheric activity

text: , it has a rotation period of  days. Stellar models give an estimated mass of around 76% of the Sun. It has a slightly lower

text: metallicity

text: than the Sun, and thus has a lower abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: is about 4,803 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of an ordinary

text: K-type star

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 30, 1984. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An

text: annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on May 30, 1984. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Although the physical aspects of sunspots were not identified until the 20th century, observations continued. Study was hampered during the 17th century due to the low number of sunspots during what is now recognized as an extended period of low solar activity, known as the Maunder Minimum. By the 19th century, then-sufficient sunspot records allowed researchers to infer periodic cycles in sunspot activity. In 1845, Henry and Alexander observed the Sun with a thermopile and determined that sunspots emitted less radiation than surrounding areas. The emission of higher than average amounts of radiation later were observed from the solar faculae.Sunspots had some importance in the debate over the nature of the Solar System. They showed that the Sun rotated, and their comings and goings showed that the Sun changed, contrary to Aristotle, who had taught that all celestial bodies were perfect, unchanging spheres.

text: Although the physical aspects of sunspots were not identified until the 20th century, observations continued. Study was hampered during the 17th century due to the low number of sunspots during what is now recognized as an extended period of low solar activity, known as the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: . By the 19th century, then-sufficient sunspot records allowed researchers to infer periodic cycles in sunspot activity. In 1845,

text: Henry

text: and

text: Alexander

text: observed the Sun with a

text: thermopile

text: and determined that sunspots emitted less radiation than surrounding areas. The emission of higher than average amounts of radiation later were observed from the solar

text: facula

text: e.Sunspots had some importance in the debate over the nature of the

text: Solar System

text: . They showed that the Sun rotated, and their comings and goings showed that the Sun changed, contrary to Aristotle, who had taught that all celestial bodies were perfect, unchanging spheres.

text: The Lakers then faced the Phoenix Suns in the Western Conference Finals. In game 1, the Lakers blew out the Suns 128-107 led by Bryant's 40 points including 23 in the third quarter. Odom came off the bench to tally 19 points, 19 rebounds, and three assists. In game 2 Bryant played the role of facilitator, putting up 13 assists, while Gasol recorded 29 points, 9 rebounds, and five assists. The teams were tied at 90-90 heading into the fourth quarter, but Bryant and Gasol led the fourth quarter rally and the Lakers won the game 124-112. Game 3 was played in Phoenix, where the Suns used their big men and physical play to win the game. Amar'e Stoudemire scored 42 points and grabbed 11 rebounds while Robin Lopez 20 points. Odom and Bynum, however, both picked up fouls early and were ineffective for the Lakers for most of the game. The Lakers only scored 15 points in the second quarter and were down 86-84 in after three quarters. The Lakers were able to take the lead 90-89 with 8:47 to play, but the Suns rallied back to win 118-109. After battling each other in game 4 and slugging out a 23-23 first quarter, the Suns erupted for a 41 points in the second quarter, shooting 74%. Early in the 4th quarter the Lakers led 87-85. However, the Suns reserve players (who outscored the Lakers reserves 54-20) produced and 18-3 run in the 4th which the Lakers never recovered from despite Bryant's 38 points and 10 assists. In game 5, the Lakers surged to a 16-point lead in the first half including a 21-4 run and led by 18 points by half time. Steve Nash, who had 29 points and 11 assists in the game, led the Suns to a 16-4 rally in the third quarter to trim the lead to six by the end of the period and one with 2:52 left in the game. Jason Richardson made a three pointer with 3.5 seconds left in the game to tie the score 101-101. On the next possession, Bryant, who had 30 points and 11 assists in the game, air-balled a three, but Artest offensively rebounded and made a game winning layup as time expired. In game 6 in Phoenix, the Lakers had the lead for most of the game. Los Angeles outscored the Suns 23-10 over the last eight minutes of the second quarter to lead 65-53 at the break and were up by 17 entering the fourth. However the Suns went on a 16-4 run and cut the Lakers lead to 95-90 with 6:09 remaining in the game. Artest scored 25 in the game and Bryant had a 37-point performance including nine points in the final two minutes to win the game 111-103 and clinch the series 4-2.

text: The Lakers then faced the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: in the Western Conference Finals. In game 1, the Lakers blew out the Suns 128-107 led by Bryant's 40 points including 23 in the third quarter. Odom came off the bench to tally 19 points, 19 rebounds, and three assists. In game 2 Bryant played the role of facilitator, putting up 13 assists, while Gasol recorded 29 points, 9 rebounds, and five assists. The teams were tied at 90-90 heading into the fourth quarter, but Bryant and Gasol led the fourth quarter rally and the Lakers won the game 124-112. Game 3 was played in Phoenix, where the Suns used their big men and physical play to win the game.

text: Amar'e Stoudemire

text: scored 42 points and grabbed 11 rebounds while

text: Robin Lopez

text: 20 points. Odom and Bynum, however, both picked up fouls early and were ineffective for the Lakers for most of the game. The Lakers only scored 15 points in the second quarter and were down 86-84 in after three quarters. The Lakers were able to take the lead 90-89 with 8:47 to play, but the Suns rallied back to win 118-109. After battling each other in game 4 and slugging out a 23-23 first quarter, the Suns erupted for a 41 points in the second quarter, shooting 74%. Early in the 4th quarter the Lakers led 87-85. However, the Suns reserve players (who outscored the Lakers reserves 54-20) produced and 18-3 run in the 4th which the Lakers never recovered from despite Bryant's 38 points and 10 assists. In game 5, the Lakers surged to a 16-point lead in the first half including a 21-4 run and led by 18 points by half time. Steve Nash, who had 29 points and 11 assists in the game, led the Suns to a 16-4 rally in the third quarter to trim the lead to six by the end of the period and one with 2:52 left in the game.

text: Jason Richardson

text: made a three pointer with 3.5 seconds left in the game to tie the score 101-101. On the next possession, Bryant, who had 30 points and 11 assists in the game, air-balled a three, but Artest offensively rebounded and made a game winning layup as time expired. In game 6 in Phoenix, the Lakers had the lead for most of the game. Los Angeles outscored the Suns 23-10 over the last eight minutes of the second quarter to lead 65-53 at the break and were up by 17 entering the fourth. However the Suns went on a 16-4 run and cut the Lakers lead to 95-90 with 6:09 remaining in the game. Artest scored 25 in the game and Bryant had a 37-point performance including nine points in the final two minutes to win the game 111-103 and clinch the series 4-2.

text: An environmental holocaust, which happened because the sun created an onslaught of solar flares made up of red-hot, radiation ridden plasma that nearly destroyed Earth. This left the atmosphere ridden with solar radiation and increased the global temperature greatly. Because of this catastrophe, it leaves almost every human on earth dead, devastates the environment, and collapses all of society and the global economy. Crime rates have drastically increased, and the few human beings left have decided to fend for themselves, therefore, much of the world, including America, have become totalitarian governments. The people in control are gangs of rampaging marauders. In post-apocalyptic America, the once sovereign society has become a corrupt, crime ridden totalitarian wasteland. The few remaining citizens are either hiding in devastated urban areas or are in control of by a series of gangs that now rule the cities with an iron fist. John Travis (Ron Marchini), an undercover cop and three fellow policemen are out on patrol when they come upon a female sex slave auction. The four slip unnoticed into the encampment, taking positions surrounding the auction site. A chaotic gunfight ensues in which the three cops are ruthlessly gunned down, leaving Travis alone to fend off the attackers. Travis is outgunned and outmanned, and forced to withdraw from the action. As Travis makes his escape, a solar flare is observed erupting. Travis tries to return to base, but is told by a fellow cop named Prescott (Adam West) that he cannot be allowed to do this, as he went through the solar flare's radiation, and to return would risk contamination of others. When a solar flare occurs, those left outside become infected, while those in shelter do not. Some of the infected become psychotic killers. Travis returns to the city, where he chances to meet three young women, who rely on him for protection. Travis tries to help them escape from the city. The head thug from the auction who killed the cops is looking for Travis, but at the same time, Travis is looking for revenge. While trying to get the women to the safety of police headquarters, the station is attacked by the solar flare infected killers. The station is overrun, and Travis blows it up as he escapes, narrowly avoiding the explosions and fireballs.

text: An environmental holocaust, which happened because the

text: sun

text: created an onslaught of solar flares made up of red-hot, radiation ridden plasma that nearly destroyed Earth. This left the atmosphere ridden with solar radiation and increased the global temperature greatly. Because of this catastrophe, it leaves almost every human on earth dead, devastates the environment, and collapses all of society and the global economy. Crime rates have drastically increased, and the few human beings left have decided to fend for themselves, therefore, much of the world, including America, have become

text: totalitarian governments

text: . The people in control are gangs of rampaging marauders. In post-apocalyptic America, the once sovereign society has become a corrupt, crime ridden totalitarian wasteland. The few remaining citizens are either hiding in devastated urban areas or are in control of by a series of gangs that now rule the cities with an iron fist. John Travis (

text: Ron Marchini

text: ), an undercover cop and three fellow policemen are out on patrol when they come upon a female sex slave auction. The four slip unnoticed into the encampment, taking positions surrounding the auction site. A chaotic gunfight ensues in which the three cops are ruthlessly gunned down, leaving Travis alone to fend off the attackers. Travis is outgunned and outmanned, and forced to withdraw from the action. As Travis makes his escape, a solar flare is observed erupting. Travis tries to return to base, but is told by a fellow cop named Prescott (

text: Adam West

text: ) that he cannot be allowed to do this, as he went through the solar flare's radiation, and to return would risk contamination of others. When a solar flare occurs, those left outside become infected, while those in shelter do not. Some of the infected become psychotic killers. Travis returns to the city, where he chances to meet three young women, who rely on him for protection. Travis tries to help them escape from the city. The head thug from the auction who killed the cops is looking for Travis, but at the same time, Travis is looking for revenge. While trying to get the women to the safety of police headquarters, the station is attacked by the solar flare infected killers. The station is overrun, and Travis blows it up as he escapes, narrowly avoiding the explosions and fireballs.

text: In the following year the visual description of music was still on Thompson's mind. A solo exhibition titled Concatenation at Agnes Scott College contained a wooden sculpture titled Mass whose six parts were titled Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Gloria Dei. But other influences, including astronomy, spiritualism and metaphysics were starting to appear in her work.  Included in Concatenations was a series of prints titled Five Mysteries. Their abstract compositions, printed in black ink on white paper, were schematic representations of earth, atmosphere and sun, the latter a flat disc set in a sky filled with energetic marks and scratches. Thompson's series of watercolors, titled Lemurian Wanderings, were described by critic Lorena Gay-Griffin as “…the time at the dawn of the world before the first ray of sun shone through the atmosphere.” A series of colored pencil drawings, “The Phases of Cynthia”, was reported by the same writer to refer to Galileo’s study of the phases of the moon. The drawings featured “…the same sun/moon image as the prints. The circles are layered with other geometric shapes and surrounded by fragments and rays emitting from the center.” In 1990 Thompson told Essence magazine that “My work has to do with the cosmos and how it affects us.” Such references continued in her printmaking. In 1993, as an artist-in-residence at Littleton Studios in North Carolina, Thompson created prints in vitreography titled Helio Centric, Particles and Wave Function.

text: In the following year the visual description of music was still on Thompson's mind. A solo exhibition titled Concatenation at

text: Agnes Scott College

text: contained a wooden sculpture titled Mass whose six parts were titled Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Gloria Dei. But other influences, including

text: astronomy

text: spiritualism

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: were starting to appear in her work.  Included in Concatenations was a series of prints titled Five Mysteries. Their abstract compositions, printed in black ink on white paper, were schematic representations of earth, atmosphere and sun, the latter a flat disc set in a sky filled with energetic marks and scratches. Thompson's series of watercolors, titled Lemurian Wanderings, were described by critic Lorena Gay-Griffin as “…the time at the dawn of the world before the first ray of sun shone through the atmosphere.” A series of colored pencil drawings, “The Phases of Cynthia”, was reported by the same writer to refer to

text: Galileo

text: ’s study of the phases of the moon. The drawings featured “…the same sun/moon image as the prints. The circles are layered with other geometric shapes and surrounded by fragments and rays emitting from the center.” In 1990 Thompson told

text: Essence

text: magazine that “My work has to do with the cosmos and how it affects us.” Such references continued in her printmaking. In 1993, as an artist-in-residence at Littleton Studios in North Carolina, Thompson created prints in

text: vitreography

text: titled Helio Centric, Particles and Wave Function.

text: In 1896, Mr. Alfred Rosling Bennett published the first patent describing a "Convection Mill" . Even if in the title of the Patent and in the claims the word "Toy" clearly appears and even if in the overall description made inside the Patent it is evident that the idea was to produce small devices, in page 3 at lines 49-54 Bennett envisions much larger devices for bigger scale applications. A model of this "convection mill", built in 1919 by Albert H. Holmes & Son (London) to demonstrate the phenomenon of convection currents, is on display in the Science Museum, London.

text: In 1896, Mr. Alfred Rosling Bennett published the first patent describing a "Convection Mill" . Even if in the title of the Patent and in the claims the word "Toy" clearly appears and even if in the overall description made inside the Patent it is evident that the idea was to produce small devices, in page 3 at lines 49-54 Bennett envisions much larger devices for bigger scale applications. A model of this "convection mill", built in 1919 by Albert H. Holmes & Son (London) to demonstrate the phenomenon of convection currents, is on display in the

text: Science Museum, London

text: This star is 21% more massive than the Sun and has a radius 2.5 times the Sun's. It is radiating 8.7 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 6,290 K. This temperature is what gives it the yellow-white hue of an F-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of F9 V.

text: This star is 21% more massive than the Sun and has a radius 2.5 times the Sun's. It is radiating 8.7 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 6,290 K. This temperature is what gives it the yellow-white hue of an

text: F-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of F9 V.

text: By 1964 Lindsay had returned the company to profitability. By this time the CORONA program had overcome its initial failures and had become a success. Itek would eventually deliver about 200 panoramic cameras for the CORONA program. A further success involved the E-5 cameras originally built for the SAMOS project. In 1961 CORONA delivered low-resolution imagery of a new installation that became known as the "Tallinn line". A debate broke out over their significance; some suggested that it was an antiballistic missile installation using the SA-5 Gammon missile, while others pointed out that the resolution was too low to say anything of the sort. A rush effort started at Lockheed to adapt the E-5 camera to the existing CORONA airframe, resulting in the LANYARD project, today known as the KH-6. The project was, generally, a failure. Three satellites were launched, one returning no film and one only blank frames.

text: By 1964 Lindsay had returned the company to profitability. By this time the CORONA program had overcome its initial failures and had become a success. Itek would eventually deliver about 200 panoramic cameras for the CORONA program. A further success involved the E-5 cameras originally built for the SAMOS project. In 1961 CORONA delivered low-resolution imagery of a new installation that became known as the "Tallinn line". A debate broke out over their significance; some suggested that it was an

text: antiballistic missile

text: installation using the

text: SA-5 Gammon

text: missile, while others pointed out that the resolution was too low to say anything of the sort. A rush effort started at Lockheed to adapt the E-5 camera to the existing CORONA airframe, resulting in the LANYARD project, today known as the

text: . The project was, generally, a failure. Three satellites were launched, one returning no film and one only blank frames.

text: Attempts to isolate the physical source of the Sun's energy, and thus determine when and how it might ultimately run out, began in the 19th century. At that time, the prevailing scientific view on the source of the Sun's heat was that it was generated by gravitational contraction. In the 1840s, astronomers J. R. Mayer and J. J. Waterson first proposed that the Sun's massive weight causes it to collapse in on itself, generating heat, an idea expounded upon in 1854 by both Hermann von Helmholtz and Lord Kelvin, who further elaborated on the idea by suggesting that heat may also be produced by the impact of meteors onto the Sun's surface. However, the Sun only has enough gravitational potential energy to power its luminosity by this mechanism for about 30 million years—far less than the age of the Earth. (This collapse time is known as the Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale.)

text: Attempts to isolate the physical source of the Sun's energy, and thus determine when and how it might ultimately run out, began in the 19th century. At that time, the prevailing scientific view on the source of the Sun's heat was that it was generated by

text: gravitational contraction

text: . In the 1840s, astronomers J. R. Mayer and J. J. Waterson first proposed that the Sun's massive weight causes it to collapse in on itself, generating heat, an idea expounded upon in 1854 by both

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: and

text: Lord Kelvin

text: , who further elaborated on the idea by suggesting that heat may also be produced by the impact of meteors onto the Sun's surface. However, the Sun only has enough

text: gravitational potential energy

text: to power its

text: luminosity

text: by this mechanism for about 30 million years—far less than the age of the Earth. (This collapse time is known as the

text: Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale

text: One unusual feature of the planet’s surface is the numerous compression folds which crisscross the plains. It is thought that as the planet’s interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform. The folds can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smoother plains, indicating that they are more recent. Mercury’s surface is also flexed by significant tidal bulges raised by the Sun—the Sun’s tides on Mercury are about 17% stronger than the Moon’s on Earth.

text: One unusual feature of the planet’s surface is the numerous compression folds which crisscross the plains. It is thought that as the planet’s interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform. The folds can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smoother plains, indicating that they are more recent. Mercury’s surface is also flexed by significant

text: tidal bulge

text: s raised by the

text: Sun

text: —the Sun’s tides on Mercury are about 17% stronger than the Moon’s on Earth.

text: The corona treatment was invented by the Danish engineer Verner Eisby in 1951. Verner had been asked by one of his customers if he could find a solution which would make it possible to print on plastic. Verner found that there were already a couple of ways to accomplish this. One was a gas flame method and the other was a spark generating method, both of which were crude and uncontrollable and did not produce a homogeneous product. Verner came up with the theory that a high frequency corona discharge would provide both a more efficient and controllable method to treat the surface. Exhaustive experiments proved him to be correct. Verner's company, Vetaphone, obtained patent rights for the new corona treatment system.

text: Corona was a  cargo ship that was built in 1922 by Lübecker Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft, Lübeck, Germany as Ingrid Horn for German owners. She was sold in 1926 to Danish owners and renamed Nelly. In 1936, she was sold to Finnish owners and renamed Corona.

text: Corona was a

text: cargo ship

text: that was built in 1922 by Lübecker Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft,

text: Lübeck

text: Germany

text: as Ingrid Horn for

text: German

text: owners. She was sold in 1926 to

text: Danish

text: owners and renamed Nelly. In 1936, she was sold to

text: Finnish

text: owners and renamed Corona.

text: Demwa goes to the sun, and observes the sun-ghosts. There are apparently three forms: the "toroids" which appear to be similar to cattle and live off of the magnetic fields in the chromosphere, a relatively fluid, apparently intelligent variety, and a threatening, anthropomorphic figure that avoids the side of the sunship where the instruments are located. When a neo-chimpanzee scientist, Dr. Jeffrey, is killed on a solo mission to the sun, it seems to confirm the sun-ghosts' hostile intent.  An investigation seems to implicate the reporter, LaRoque. LaRoque is then tested to determine if he is capable of murder. The test results indicate LaRoque has violent tendencies and he is incarcerated.

text: Demwa goes to the sun, and observes the sun-ghosts. There are apparently three forms: the "toroids" which appear to be similar to cattle and live off of the magnetic fields in the chromosphere, a relatively fluid, apparently intelligent variety, and a threatening, anthropomorphic figure that avoids the side of the sunship where the instruments are located. When a

text: neo-chimpanzee

text: scientist, Dr. Jeffrey, is killed on a solo mission to the sun, it seems to confirm the sun-ghosts' hostile intent.  An investigation seems to implicate the reporter, LaRoque. LaRoque is then tested to determine if he is capable of murder. The test results indicate LaRoque has violent tendencies and he is incarcerated.

text: The short-pipeline, in-order, three-issue cores implement a VLIW instruction set.  Each core has a register file and three functional units: two integer arithmetic logic units and a load-store unit. Each of the cores ("tile") has its own L1 and L2 caches plus an overall virtual L3 cache which is an aggregate of all the L2 caches. A core is able to run a full operating system on its own or multiple cores can be used to run a symmetrical multi-processing operating system.

text: The short-

text: pipeline

text: , in-order, three-issue cores implement a

text: VLIW

text: instruction set

text: .  Each core has a

text: register

text: file and three functional units: two integer

text: arithmetic logic unit

text: s and a

text: load-store

text: unit. Each of the cores ("tile") has its own L1 and L2 caches plus an overall virtual L3 cache which is an aggregate of all the L2 caches. A core is able to run a full operating system on its own or multiple cores can be used to run a symmetrical multi-processing operating system.

text: Sun Quan had ten wives: Lady Xie; Lady Yuan; Lady Zhao; Lady Xu; Empress Dayi, née Wang; Consort Xie; Consort Zhong; Empress Jinghuai, née Wang; Empress Pan; Bu Lianshi. Lady Yuan was Yuan Shu's daughter; Lady Zhao was Zhao Yuan's sister; Lady Xie was Xie Jiong's daughter; Lady Xu was Xu Kun's daughter; Empress Dayi was Wang Lujiu's daughter. Sun Quan had seven sons: Sun Deng, Sun He, Sun Ba, Sun Fen, Sun Xiu, Sun Liang and Sun Lü. Sun Quan had three daughters: Sun Luban, Sun Luyu, and a third one whose name is unknown.

text: Sun Quan

text: had ten wives:

text: Lady Xie

text: ; Lady Yuan; Lady Zhao;

text: Lady Xu

text: Empress Dayi

text: , née Wang; Consort Xie; Consort Zhong;

text: Empress Jinghuai

text: , née Wang;

text: Empress Pan

text: Bu Lianshi

text: . Lady Yuan was

text: Yuan Shu

text: 's daughter; Lady Zhao was Zhao Yuan's sister; Lady Xie was Xie Jiong's daughter; Lady Xu was Xu Kun's daughter; Empress Dayi was Wang Lujiu's daughter. Sun Quan had seven sons:

text: Sun Deng

text: Sun He

text: Sun Ba

text: Sun Fen

text: Sun Xiu

text: Sun Liang

text: and

text: Sun Lü

text: . Sun Quan had three daughters:

text: Sun Luban

text: Sun Luyu

text: , and a third one whose name is unknown.

text: Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE. Babylonians inscribed and possibly predicted solar eclipses, while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes, . The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968, while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod. The invention of the telescope allowed major advances in understanding, allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s. Solar spectroscopy began in the 1800s, from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined, while the creation of daguerreotypy led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics surged in America. A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world. The 1931 invention of the coronagraph allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

text: Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE.

text: Babylonians

text: inscribed and possibly predicted

text: solar eclipses

text: , while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese

text: Book of Changes

text: , . The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968, while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the

text: Russian Chronicle of Novgorod

text: . The invention of the

text: telescope

text: allowed major advances in understanding, allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s. Solar

text: spectroscopy

text: began in the 1800s, from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined, while the creation of

text: daguerreotypy

text: led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Early in the 20th century, interest in

text: astrophysics

text: surged in America. A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world. The 1931 invention of the

text: coronagraph

text: allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

text: The sun emitted a mid-level solar flare, an M7.9-class, peaking at 4:16 a.m. EDT on June 25, 2015.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on March 31, 2071. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on March 31, 2071. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: The first record to be recorded by a pared-down Arkestra after Sun Ra and the core of his group left Chicago and relocated to New York City. According to Sun Ra's biographer John Szwed:

text: The first record to be recorded by a pared-down Arkestra after Sun Ra and the core of his group left

text: Chicago

text: and relocated to

text: New York City

text: . According to Sun Ra's biographer John Szwed:

text: In 2050, a huge solar flare is predicted to irradiate the Earth. Astronauts aboard the spaceship Helios must go to the Sun to drop a bomb equipped with an Artificial Intelligence (Freddy) and a Japanese pilot (as a backup if the Artificial Intelligence fails) at the right time so the flare will point somewhere else. Giant IXL Corp CEO Teague thinks the flare will not happen and wants the mission to fail so he can buy the planet cheaply while the scare lasts. Employee Haas prepares a surprise for the astronauts. While Steve Kelso commands the space ship where temperature rises, Steve's father Admiral 'Skeet' Kelso is searching the desert for Steve's son Mike who has gone AWOL to say goodbye to his dad but who inadvertently crossed the path of the guys from IXL after meeting desert-dweller Travis.

text: In 2050, a huge

text: solar flare

text: is predicted to irradiate the Earth. Astronauts aboard the spaceship Helios must go to the Sun to drop a bomb equipped with an

text: Artificial Intelligence

text: (Freddy) and a Japanese pilot (as a backup if the Artificial Intelligence fails) at the right time so the flare will point somewhere else. Giant IXL Corp CEO Teague thinks the flare will not happen and wants the mission to fail so he can buy the planet cheaply while the scare lasts. Employee Haas prepares a surprise for the astronauts. While Steve Kelso commands the space ship where temperature rises, Steve's father Admiral 'Skeet' Kelso is searching the desert for Steve's son Mike who has gone

text: AWOL

text: to say goodbye to his dad but who inadvertently crossed the path of the guys from IXL after meeting desert-dweller Travis.

text: This is a giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. It is 130 times more luminous than the Sun. Kochab has reached a state in its evolution where the outer envelope has expanded to 42 times the girth of the Sun. This enlarged atmosphere is radiating 390 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,030 K. This heat gives the star the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: This is a

text: giant star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K4 III. It is 130 times more luminous than the

text: Sun

text: . Kochab has reached a state in its

text: evolution

text: where the outer envelope has expanded to 42 times the girth of the Sun. This enlarged atmosphere is radiating 390 times as much luminosity as the Sun from its

text: outer atmosphere

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,030 K. This heat gives the star the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: Epsilon Eridani has a higher level of magnetic activity than the Sun, and hence demonstrates increased activity in the outer parts of its atmosphere: the chromosphere and corona. The average magnetic-field strength of Epsilon Eridani across the entire surface is , which is more than forty times greater than the  magnetic-field strength in the Sun's photosphere. The magnetic properties can be modeled by assuming that regions with a magnetic flux of about 0.14 T randomly cover approximately 9% of the photosphere, whereas the remainder of the surface is free of magnetic fields. The overall magnetic activity of Epsilon Eridani shows co-existing  and  year activity cycles. Assuming that its radius does not change over these intervals, the long-term variation in activity level appears to produce a temperature variation of 15 K, which corresponds to a variation in visual magnitude (V) of 0.014.

text: Epsilon Eridani has a higher level of

text: magnetic activity

text: than the Sun, and hence demonstrates increased activity in the outer parts of its atmosphere: the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: . The average magnetic-field strength of Epsilon Eridani across the entire surface is , which is more than forty times greater than the  magnetic-field strength in the Sun's photosphere. The magnetic properties can be modeled by assuming that regions with a

text: magnetic flux

text: of about 0.14 T randomly cover approximately 9% of the photosphere, whereas the remainder of the surface is free of magnetic fields. The overall magnetic activity of Epsilon Eridani shows co-existing  and  year activity cycles. Assuming that its radius does not change over these intervals, the long-term variation in activity level appears to produce a temperature variation of 15 K, which corresponds to a variation in

text: visual magnitude

text: (V) of 0.014.

text: Alpha Coronae Borealis (α Coronae Borealis, abbreviated Alpha CrB, α CrB), also named Alphecca, is a binary star in the constellation of Corona Borealis. It is located about 75 light years from the Sun.

text: Alpha Coronae Borealis (α Coronae Borealis, abbreviated Alpha CrB, α CrB), also named Alphecca, is a

text: binary star

text: in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Corona Borealis

text: . It is located about 75

text: light year

text: s from the

text: Sun

text: The high-energy photons (gamma rays) released in fusion reactions take indirect paths to the Sun's surface. According to current models, random scattering from free electrons in the solar radiative zone (the zone within 75% of the solar radius, where heat transfer is by radiation) sets the photon diffusion time scale (or "photon travel time") from the core to the outer edge of the radiative zone at about 170,000 years. From there they cross into the convective zone (the remaining 25% of distance from the Sun's center), where the dominant transfer process changes to convection, and the speed at which heat moves outward becomes considerably faster.

text: The high-energy

text: photon

text: s (

text: gamma ray

text: s) released in fusion reactions take indirect paths to the Sun's surface. According to current models, random scattering from free electrons in the solar radiative zone (the zone within 75% of the solar radius, where heat transfer is by radiation) sets the photon diffusion time scale (or "photon travel time") from the core to the outer edge of the radiative zone at about 170,000 years. From there they cross into the convective zone (the remaining 25% of distance from the Sun's center), where the dominant transfer process changes to convection, and the speed at which heat moves outward becomes considerably faster.

text: The solar convection can supply the required heating, but in a way not yet known in detail. Actually, it is still unclear how this energy is transmitted from the chromosphere(where it could be absorbed or reflected), and then dissipated into the corona instead of dispersing into the solar wind.Furthermore, where does it occur exactly ? : in the low corona or mainly in the higher corona, where the magnetic field lines open into the space heliosphere, driving the solar wind into the solar system.

text: The solar convection can supply the required heating, but in a way not yet known in detail. Actually, it is still unclear how this energy is transmitted from the chromosphere(where it could be absorbed or reflected), and then dissipated into the corona instead of dispersing into the solar wind.Furthermore, where does it occur exactly ? : in the low

text: corona

text: or mainly in the higher corona, where the magnetic field lines open into the space

text: heliosphere

text: , driving the

text: solar wind

text: into the

text: solar system

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of , with the luminosity class of III indicating that it is an evolved giant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is now on the red giant branch. The 'Ca-1' portion of the classification indicates that it shows weaker than normal lines of calcium in its spectrum. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is estimated to have about 50% more mass than the Sun, while interferometric measurements show it to be 15 times larger in diameter. Despite its enlarged girth, this star is still spinning with a slightly faster equatorial azimuthal velocity than the Sun, having a projected rotational velocity of 3.44 km s.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of , with the

text: luminosity class

text: of III indicating that it is an

text: evolved

text: giant star

text: that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is now on the

text: red giant branch

text: . The 'Ca-1' portion of the classification indicates that it shows weaker than normal

text: lines

text: of

text: calcium

text: in its

text: spectrum

text: . Since 1943, the

text: spectrum

text: of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is estimated to have about 50% more mass than the Sun, while

text: interferometric

text: measurements show it to be 15 times larger in diameter. Despite its enlarged girth, this star is still spinning with a slightly faster equatorial

text: azimuth

text: al velocity than the Sun, having a

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of 3.44 km s.

text: K hot solar corona is superimposed by intense radio bursts that are associated with phenomena of the solar activity, like flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar radio radiation in the LOFAR frequency range is emitted in the middle and upper corona. So LOFAR is an ideal instrument for studies of the launch of CMEs heading towards interplanetary space. LOFAR's imaging capabilities will yield information on whether such a CMEs might hit the Earth. This makes LOFAR is a valuable instrument for space weather studies.

text: K hot

text: solar corona

text: is superimposed by intense radio bursts that are associated with phenomena of the solar activity, like

text: flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs). Solar radio radiation in the LOFAR frequency range is emitted in the middle and upper corona. So LOFAR is an ideal instrument for studies of the launch of CMEs heading towards interplanetary space. LOFAR's imaging capabilities will yield information on whether such a CMEs might hit the Earth. This makes LOFAR is a valuable instrument for

text: space weather

text: studies.

text: At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot (ground-hog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The bird was hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface.

text: X-ray flares from II Pegasi A were observed with the Ariel 5 satellite in the 1970s and with later x-ray observatories. In December 2005 a superflare was detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission. It was the largest stellar flare ever seen and was a hundred million times more energetic than The Sun's typical solar flare.

text: X-ray

text: flares from II Pegasi A were observed with the

text: Ariel 5

text: satellite in the 1970s and with later

text: x-ray observatories

text: . In December 2005 a superflare was detected by the

text: Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission

text: . It was the largest stellar flare ever seen and was a hundred million times more energetic than The Sun's typical

text: solar flare

text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of solar luminosity revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to faculae associated with large sunspot groups.

text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of

text: solar luminosity

text: revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to

text: faculae

text: associated with large sunspot groups.

text: For main sequence stars—those stars that are generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at the core, the presence and location of radiative regions depends on the star's mass. Main sequence stars below about 0.3 solar masses are entirely convective, meaning they do not have a radiative zone. From 0.3 to 1.2 solar masses, the region around the stellar core is a radiation zone, separated from the overlying convection zone by the tachocline. The radius of the radiative zone increases monotonically with mass, with stars around 1.2 solar masses being almost entirely radiative. Above 1.2 solar masses, the core region becomes a convection zone and the overlying region is a radiation zone, with the amount of mass within the convective zone increasing with the mass of the star.

text: For

text: main sequence

text: stars—those stars that are generating energy through the

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen at the core, the presence and location of radiative regions depends on the star's mass. Main sequence stars below about 0.3

text: solar mass

text: es are entirely convective, meaning they do not have a radiative zone. From 0.3 to 1.2 solar masses, the region around the stellar core is a radiation zone, separated from the overlying convection zone by the

text: tachocline

text: . The radius of the radiative zone increases

text: monotonically

text: with mass, with stars around 1.2 solar masses being almost entirely radiative. Above 1.2 solar masses, the core region becomes a convection zone and the overlying region is a radiation zone, with the amount of mass within the convective zone increasing with the mass of the star.

text: The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is an estimated 6,530 K, giving Procyon A a white hue. It is 1.5 times the solar mass (), twice the solar radius (), and has 6.9 times the Sun's luminosity (). Both the core and the envelope of this star are convective; the two regions being separated by a wide radiation zone.

text: The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: is an estimated 6,530 K, giving Procyon A a white hue. It is 1.5 times the

text: solar mass

text: (), twice the

text: solar radius

text: (), and has 6.9 times the

text: Sun's luminosity

text: (). Both the core and the envelope of this star are

text: convective

text: ; the two regions being separated by a wide

text: radiation zone

text: Struve continued his father's work in several directions. In particular, they compiled famous Pulkovo catalogues of stellar coordinates, including several thousands double stars observed with a 15-inch refractor. Between 1816 and 1852, the observatory completed the famous survey triangulation measurements of the angular arc (named Struve Geodetic Arc). The measurements extended through over 2,820 km, from Hammerfest in Norway to the Staraya Nekrasovka village by the Black Sea, and aimed to establish the exact size and shape of the Earth. In 1851, while observing a solar eclipse, he came to a conclusion that solar corona and protuberances are physically connected with the Sun and are not an optical effect, as most of astronomers believed. Later in 1860 he suggested a close connection between solar protuberances and flares. Struve also observed satellites of Uranus (Ariel and Umbriel, in 1851) and of Neptune. He also measured the rings of Saturn and discovered (in parallel with other researchers) the dark inner ring of Saturn. In 1861, in his report to the Academy of Sciences, he had supported and developed the ideas of William Herschel that stars are formed  from the diffuse matter. In 1872, Struve organized assistance with equipment to the newly opened observatory in Tashkent – a southern location offering clear skies for observations. In 1874, he prepared several expeditions to monitor the transit of Venus across the solar disk in eastern Asia, Caucasus, Persia and Egypt. In 1887, he sent several groups within Russia to observe the solar eclipse.  In some of those expeditions, he took part personally. In 1885, a 30-inch refracting telescope was installed at Pulkovo, at the time the largest in the world (see great refractor).

text: Struve continued his father's work in several directions. In particular, they compiled famous Pulkovo

text: catalogues of stellar coordinates

text: , including several thousands

text: double star

text: s observed with a 15-inch refractor. Between 1816 and 1852, the observatory completed the famous survey triangulation measurements of the

text: angular arc

text: (named

text: Struve Geodetic Arc

text: ). The measurements extended through over 2,820 km, from

text: Hammerfest

text: in

text: Norway

text: to the Staraya Nekrasovka village by the

text: Black Sea

text: , and aimed to establish the

text: exact size and shape

text: of the

text: Earth

text: . In 1851, while observing a solar eclipse, he came to a conclusion that solar corona and protuberances are physically connected with the Sun and are not an optical effect, as most of astronomers believed. Later in 1860 he suggested a close connection between solar protuberances and flares. Struve also observed

text: satellite

text: s of

text: Uranus

text: Ariel

text: and

text: Umbriel

text: , in 1851) and of

text: Neptune

text: . He also measured the rings of

text: Saturn

text: and discovered (in parallel with other researchers) the dark inner

text: ring of Saturn

text: . In 1861, in his report to the Academy of Sciences, he had supported and developed the ideas of

text: William Herschel

text: that stars are formed  from the

text: diffuse matter

text: . In 1872, Struve organized assistance with equipment to the newly opened observatory in

text: Tashkent

text: – a southern location offering clear skies for observations. In 1874, he prepared several expeditions to monitor the transit of

text: Venus

text: across the solar disk in eastern Asia, Caucasus, Persia and Egypt. In 1887, he sent several groups within Russia to observe the solar eclipse.  In some of those expeditions, he took part personally. In 1885, a 30-inch

text: refracting telescope

text: was installed at Pulkovo, at the time the largest in the world (see

text: great refractor

text: As a nearby Sun-like star, the last decade has seen HD 1237 A being studied carefully for the first time, especially after its substellar companion was discovered. It is currently believed that it is 800 million years old, though age estimates range from 150 million to 8.8 billion years old depending on the method used for the determination. The star is more enriched with iron than the Sun, is chromospherically active, and rotates around its axis more quickly than the Sun.

text: As a nearby Sun-like star, the last decade has seen HD 1237 A being studied carefully for the first time, especially after its substellar companion was discovered. It is currently believed that it is 800 million years old, though age estimates range from 150 million to 8.8 billion years old depending on the method used for the determination. The star is more enriched with

text: iron

text: than the Sun, is chromospherically active, and rotates around its axis more quickly than the Sun.

text: Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by carbon dioxide (CO), it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature (ΔT) following a unit change in radiative forcing (RF), and thus is expressed in units of °C/(W/m). For this to be useful, the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing (e.g. from greenhouse gases or solar variation); to first order this is indeed found to be so.

text: Although climate sensitivity is usually used in the context of radiative forcing by

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO), it is thought of as a general property of the climate system: the change in surface air temperature (ΔT) following a unit change in

text: radiative forcing

text: (RF), and thus is expressed in units of °C/(W/m). For this to be useful, the measure must be independent of the nature of the forcing (e.g. from

text: greenhouse gases

text: or

text: solar variation

text: ); to first order this is indeed found to be so.

text: 1919					2-1-1		4-Nov	Tue	New Boston Tigers	9-0	W		11-Nov	Tue	Ashland Playhouse	0-7	L		18-Nov	Tue	Ashland Playhouse	0-0	T		25-Nov	Tue	Portsmouth N & W	12-0	W							1920			5 Wins - 1 Loss - 1 Tie				10-Oct	Sun	Morris Harvey	0-14	L		24-Oct	Sun	Smoke House	6-6	T		6-Nov	Sat	Marshall	13-0	W		8-Nov	Mon	New Boston Tigers	77-0	W		15-Nov	Mon	Nitro	13-0	W		26-Nov	Fri	Lombards	26-0	W	Day After Thanksgiving	29-Nov	Mon	Portsmouth Smoke House	14-0	W							1921			7 Wins - 2 Ties				2-Oct	Sun	Jackson Bearcats	6-0	W		16-Oct	Sun	Charleston Westside	34-0	W		23-Oct	Sun	Ashland Tigers	7-0	W		30-Oct	Sun	Portsmouth Smoke House	0-0	T		13-Nov	Sun	Lombards	21-7	W		20-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Smoke House	14-0	W		27-Nov	Sun	Wellston Eagles	0-0	T		4-Dec	Sun	Morris Harvey	19-14	W		11-Dec	Sun	Wellston Eagles	7-6	W							1922			9 Wins - 1 Tie				1-Oct	Sun	Columbus Olympians	13-6	W		8-Oct	Sun	Athens	19-0	W		15-Oct	Sun	Huntington Boosters	18-7	W		22-Oct	Sun	Williamson	76-0	W		29-Oct	Sun	Jackson Bearcats	40-0	W		5-Nov	Sun	Huntington Boosters	7-7	T		12-Nov	Sun	Lancaster	38-0	W		26-Nov	Sun	Washington Ct. House	45-0	W		30-Nov	Thurs	Huntington Boosters	12-10	W	First Thanksgiving Day Game						1923			10 Wins - 1 Loss				30-Sep	Sun	Ironton Eagles	46-0	W		7-Oct	Sun	Columbus Seagraves	18-0	W		14-Oct	Sun	Columbus Westside	7-6	W		21-Oct	Sun	Smoke House	40-0	W		28-Oct	Mon	Huntington Boosters	7-0	W		4-Nov	Tue	Logan Wildcats	7-0	W		11-Nov	Wed	Huntington Boosters	6-12	L		18-Nov	Thu	Cincinnati Saints	31-0	W		25-Nov	Fri	Portsmouth Smoke House	21-6	W		29-Nov	Thurs	Cincinnati Harrisons	20-0	W	2nd Thanksgiving Day Game	9-Dec	Sun	Huntington Boosters	26-0	W							1924			11 Wins - 1 Tie				21-Sep	Sun	Ironton Panthers	38-0	W		28-Sep	Mon	Columbus JungleImps	25-6	W		5-Oct	Tue	Murray City Tigers	7-0	W		12-Oct	Wed	Louisville Brecks	31-0	W		19-Oct	Thu	Cincinnati Potters	14-3	W		26-Oct	Fri	Akron Silents	19-0	W		2-Nov	Sat	Huntington Boosters	6-0	W		9-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Smoke House	44-0	W		16-Nov	Mon	Cincinnati Potters	7-3	W		23-Nov	Tue	Covington C.A.C.	12-0	W		27-Nov	Thurs	Huntington Boosters	21-0	W	3rd Thanksgiving Day Game	29-Nov	Sat	Portsmouth Smoke House	0-0	T							1925			9 Wins - 1 Loss - 2 Ties				27-Sep	Sun	Chillicothe	29-0	W		4-Oct	Mon	Columbus Bobbs	35-0	W		11-Oct	Tue	Cincinnati Potters	15-6	W		18-Oct	Wed	Ashland Armcos	21-6	W		25-Oct	Thu	Huntington Boosters	12-0	W		1-Nov	Fri	Columbus Wagner-Pirates	19-5	W		8-Nov	Sat	Ashland Armcos	9-0	W		15-Nov	Sun	Huntington Boosters	0-0	T		22-Nov	Sun	Dayton Koors	7-7	T		26-Nov	Thurs	Canton Bulldogs	0-12	L	4th Thanksgiving Day Game	29-Nov	Sun	Cincinnati Potters	9-0	W		14-Dec	Mon	Dayton Koors	24-6	W							1926			11 Wins - 1 Loss - 1 Tie				19-Sep	Sun	Columbus All Stars	27-0	W		26-Sep	Sun	Middletown Armcos	27-0	W		3-Oct	Sun	Columbus Wagner Pirates	39-0	W		10-Oct	Sun	Dayton Koors	23-0	W		17-Oct	Sun	Cleveland Indians	47-0	W		24-Oct	Sun	Ashland Armcos	2-0	W		31-Oct	Sun	Akron Silents	27-0	W		7-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Presidents	9-0	W		14-Nov	Sun	Kokomo American Legion	15-0	W		21-Nov	Sun	Ashland Armcos	7-0	W		25-Nov	Thurs	Kansas City Cowboys	0-0	T	5th Thanksgiving Day Game Beechwood stadium Opens	28-Nov	Sun	Cincinnati Potters	0-28	L		5-Dec	Sun	Portsmouth Presidents	33-0	W							1927			6 Wins - 3 Losses - 2 Ties				18-Sep	Sun	Columbus Bobbs	7-0	W		25-Sep	Sun	Middletown Armcos	0-7	L		2-Oct	Sun	Toledo Boosters	25-7	W		16-Oct	Sun	Shelby Blues	14-0	W		23-Oct	Sun	Ashland Armcos	0-0	T		30-Oct	Sun	Akron Indians	27-0	W		6-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Shoe Steels	18-0	W		13-Nov	Sun	Ashland Armcos	7-7	T		20-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Shoe Steels	0-7	L		24-Nov	Thurs	Middletown Armcos	0-8	L	6th Thanksgiving Day Game	27-Nov	Sun	Logan Wildcats	14-0	W							1928			7 Wins - 1 Loss - 3 Ties				30-Sep	Sun	Columbus Bobbs	52-0	W		7-Oct	Sun	Cleveland Panthers	47-0	W		14-Oct	Sun	Akron Awnings	0-0	T		21-Oct	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	0-0	T		28-Oct	Sun	Ashland Armcos	6-7	L		4-Nov	Sun	Cincinnati Guards	7-0	W		11-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	0-0	T		18-Nov	Sun	Middletown Armcos	13-0	W		25-Nov	Sun	Ashland Armcos	3-0	W		29-Nov	Thurs	Akron Awnings	19-0	W	7th Thanksgiving Day Game	9-Dec	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	14-0	W							1929			5 Wins - 6 Losses				22-Sep	Sun	Columbus Medel Tailers	39-0	W		29-Sep	Sun	Chillicothe Eagles	6-0	W		6-Oct	Sun	Toledo Boosters	78-0	W		13-Oct	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	3-0	W		20-Oct	Sun	Ashland Armcos	2-7	L		27-Oct	Sun	Akron Awnings	7-5	W		3-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	0-20	L		10-Nov	Sun	Cincinnati Guards	0-5	L		17-Nov	Sun	Ashland Armcos	0-7	L		24-Nov	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	0-38	L		28-Nov	Thurs	Akron Awnings	3-7	L	8th Thanksgiving Day Game						1930			7 Wins - 3 Losses				28-Sep	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	6-7	L		5-Oct	Sun	Chillicothe Eagles	14-0	W		12-Oct	Sun	Akron Awnings	3-0	W		15-Oct	Sun	Portsmouth Spartans	16-15	W		26-Oct	Sun	Polish-American Athletic Club of Washington 70-0	W		2-Nov	Sun	Memphis Tigers	0-7	L		11-Nov	Sun	New York Giants	13-12	W	Giants place 2nd in NFL with 13-4 record	16-Nov	Sun	Akron Awnings	13-0	W		23-Nov	Sun	Chicago Bears	26-13	W	Bears place 3rd in NFL with 9-4-1 record	27-Nov	Thurs	Portsmouth Spartans	0-12	L	9th Thanksgiving Day Game						Last game of the Ironton Tanks

text: Woodford's early research topics included sunspot equilibria, and imperfect competition. Thereafter he began to work on macroeconomic models with sticky prices; together with Julio Rotemberg he developed one of the first  microfounded New Keynesian macroeconomic models. Since then he has used this framework to study many topics related to monetary policy, including the fiscal theory of the price level, the effectiveness of monetary policy as consumers use more credit and less cash, and inflation targeting rules. Michael Woodford has especially praised Knut Wicksell's advocacy of using the interest rate to maintain price stability, noting that this was a remarkable insight at a time when most monetary policy was based on the gold standard (Woodford, 2003, p. 32). Woodford calls his own framework 'neo-Wicksellian', and he titled his textbook on monetary policy in homage to Wicksell's work.

text: Woodford's early research topics included

text: sunspot equilibria

text: , and

text: imperfect competition

text: . Thereafter he began to work on macroeconomic models with

text: sticky prices

text: ; together with

text: Julio Rotemberg

text: he developed one of the first

text: microfounded

text: New Keynesian

text: macroeconomic model

text: s. Since then he has used this framework to study many topics related to

text: monetary policy

text: , including the

text: fiscal theory of the price level

text: , the effectiveness of monetary policy as consumers use more credit and less cash, and inflation targeting rules. Michael Woodford has especially praised

text: Knut Wicksell

text: 's advocacy of using the interest rate to maintain price stability, noting that this was a remarkable insight at a time when most monetary policy was based on the gold standard (Woodford, 2003, p. 32). Woodford calls his own framework 'neo-Wicksellian', and he titled his textbook on monetary policy in homage to Wicksell's work.

text: The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies, from several per day when the Sun is particularly "active" to less than one every week when the Sun is "quiet", following the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

text: The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies, from several per day when the Sun is particularly "active" to less than one every week when the Sun is "quiet", following the 11-year cycle (the

text: solar cycle

text: ). Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

text: Defining a star as "Sun-like" is very difficult, because to be Sun-like the star should have a mass, radius, age, temperature metallicity, and spectral type that is similar to the Sun's. Measuring most of these factors is difficult, and determining the age of a star is extremely difficult, so astronomers tend to ignore it when deciding if a star is Sun-like or not. However, this is not ideal, because the Sun, and all stars change over time. If a star's rotation period is less than 25 days, the star can be determined as being younger than the Sun, if the rotation rate is longer, the star can be determined as being older than the Sun.

text: The Aerospace Observatory of LAPAN are located at Pontianak-West Kalimantan, Pontianak-North Sulawesi, Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara and Watukosek-East Java, has a function for the observations in the field of Climatology, Atmosphere, Sun and Geomagnet.

text: The Aerospace Observatory of LAPAN are located at

text: Pontianak-West Kalimantan

text: Pontianak-North Sulawesi

text: Kupang-East Nusa Tenggara

text: and

text: Watukosek-East Java

text: , has a function for the observations in the field of Climatology, Atmosphere, Sun and Geomagnet.

text: Solar flares were first observed on the Sun by Richard Christopher Carrington and independently by Richard Hodgson in 1859 as localized visible brightenings of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares can be inferred by looking at the lightcurves produced from the telescope or satellite data of variety of other stars.

text: Solar flares were first observed on the Sun by

text: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: and independently by Richard Hodgson in 1859 as localized visible brightenings of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares can be inferred by looking at the lightcurves produced from the telescope or satellite data of variety of other stars.

text: Auroras are a product of the sun's activity; therefore the beautiful colorful lights seen at night are often caused by activities by the sun 150 kilometers away. The sun sends out a constant flow of charged particles known as solar wind, when these winds or eruptions are pointed or directed at the Earth, they can spark up sun-induced auroras. The greater the activity of the sun, the brighter the auroras we see.The colors of the aurora are determined by four elements which are; the density of the atmosphere, the composition of gases in the Earth's atmosphere, the altitude where aurora occurs and the level energy involved. The most common color seem is green, which is caused when the charged particles collide with oxygen at lower altitudes between 100-300kilometers. Occasionally, the ends or tips of the aurora have a pink or crimson fringe, this is caused by the presence of nitrogen molecules. In the upper atmosphere between 300-400kilometers, red instead of green is caused by the collision with atomic oxygen. It takes longer for the lights to be produced at higher altitudes because the atmosphere is less dense so it takes more energy and more time for the red lights to be produced. Blue and purple lights are also produced by the collision with hydrogen and helium but they are difficult for the eyes to see against the night sky.

text: J Centauri is a spectral class B3V main sequence star with a mean apparent magnitude of 4.5 and a luminosity 500 times that of the Sun. The temperature of the star's photosphere is nearly 24,000 K. The rotation velocity at the equator is at least 223 km/s. It is believed to be a binary star system.

text: J Centauri is a

text: spectral class

text: main sequence

text: star with a mean

text: apparent magnitude

text: of 4.5 and a

text: luminosity

text: 500 times that of the Sun. The temperature of the star's

text: photosphere

text: is nearly 24,000 K. The

text: rotation velocity

text: at the equator is at least 223 km/s. It is believed to be a binary star system.

text: "Sunspots" is a song by the English singer-songwriter Julian Cope. It is the only single released in support of his second album Fried.

text: "Sunspots" is a song by the English singer-songwriter

text: Julian Cope

text: . It is the only

text: single

text: released in support of his second album

text: Fried

text: Sunspot is part of a murderous team of 'Marauders', which consists of Jubilee, Wolfsbane, Cannonball, and Husk.

text: Sunspot is part of a murderous team of '

text: Marauders

text: ', which consists of

text: Jubilee

text: Wolfsbane

text: Cannonball

text: , and

text: Husk

text: Chromospheric activity is signaled by the presence of emission cores in the Ca II H and K resonance lines. Balmer emission, or Hα, is also associated with active chromospheres. X-ray emission is known as a tracer for active coronal regions, and ultraviolet (UV) emission and flaring are, by solar analogy, known to be associated with stellar active and transition regions. These areas on the Sun are associated with intense magnetic fields, and sunspot activity is enhanced in and around these magnetically active regions.

text: Verbal Abuse was established in 1981 by 17-year-old singer and songwriter Nicki Sicki, formerly of the bands Sick Pleasure and Legionnaire's Disease.  Radi Kilowatt handled the bass duties, his brother General Electric (aka G.E.) was the original guitarist, and John Glenn played drums.  The band members lived together in a church, where Radi was working.  G.E. left the band after claiming to have found religion and declaring that Nicki Sicki was evil.  He was replaced by guitarist Joie Mastrokalos.  During this early period, drummer Jason Riquelmy from the band Skate Death occasionally assumed drum duties when John Glenn was not available.

text: The city enjoys the midnight sun during the summer months, from 22 May to 18 July. There is also a period from early May to early August with twilight for a few hours each night as the sun just dips below the horizon, so there is no darkness. The polar night, when the sun is always below the horizon, lasts from 30 November to 12 January. At this time, there are 3–4 hours of dawn and dusk around noon, sometimes with colourful skies towards the south. From late January, the period of daylight rapidly increases, reaching 12 hours by March and 18 hours in April. Harstad is located in the midst of the aurora borealis (a.k.a. the northern lights) zone, and the aurora can often be seen on clear nights, but not in summer due to the continuous daylight.

text: The city enjoys the

text: midnight sun

text: during the summer months, from 22 May to 18 July. There is also a period from early May to early August with twilight for a few hours each night as the sun just dips below the horizon, so there is no darkness. The

text: polar night

text: , when the sun is always below the horizon, lasts from 30 November to 12 January. At this time, there are 3–4 hours of dawn and dusk around noon, sometimes with colourful skies towards the south. From late January, the period of daylight rapidly increases, reaching 12 hours by March and 18 hours in April. Harstad is located in the midst of the

text: aurora borealis

text: (a.k.a. the northern lights) zone, and the aurora can often be seen on clear nights, but not in summer due to the continuous daylight.

text: As one of the nearest Sun-like stars, Epsilon Eridani has been the target of many attempts to search for planetary companions. However, its chromospheric activity and variability means that finding planets with the radial velocity method is difficult, because the stellar activity may create signals that mimic the presence of planets. Attempts at direct imaging of potential exoplanets have proven unsuccessful to date.

text: As one of the nearest Sun-like stars, Epsilon Eridani has been the target of many attempts to search for planetary companions. However, its chromospheric activity and variability means that finding planets with the

text: radial velocity method

text: is difficult, because the stellar activity may create signals that mimic the presence of planets. Attempts at direct imaging of potential exoplanets have proven unsuccessful to date.

text: It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year), so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately  or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at . At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).  The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.

text: It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a

text: galactic year

text: ), so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the

text: origin of humans

text: . The

text: orbital speed

text: of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately  or 0.073% of the

text: speed of light

text: . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at . At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (

text: astronomical unit

text: ).  The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.

text: On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades—a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops, leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy during this process causes the solar flare and ejects the CME. The helical magnetic field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a CME. This also explains why CMEs and solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of F2IV, with the luminosity class of IV indicating that this star has reached the subgiant stage and is in the process of evolving into a giant star. It has 47% more mass than the Sun, but eight times the Sun's luminosity and about half the Sun's age. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium is lower in this star compared to the Sun. The effective temperature of the star's outer atmosphere is 6,857 K, giving it the white-hued glow of an F-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of F2IV, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of IV indicating that this star has reached the

text: subgiant

text: stage and is in the process of evolving into a

text: giant star

text: . It has 47% more mass than the Sun, but eight times the Sun's luminosity and about half the Sun's age. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium is lower in this star compared to the Sun. The

text: effective temperature

text: of the star's

text: outer atmosphere

text: is 6,857 K, giving it the white-hued glow of an F-type star.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on September 12, 2034. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 12, 2034. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Although the Sun is a star, its photosphere has a low temperature of 6,000 kelvin and therefore molecules can form. According to Roald Hoffmann, molecules are abundant in stellar ejecta. In 1995, L. Wallace and others published an article in Science showing evidence of water on the Sun, and a 2013 paper in Astrophysical Journal Letters by S. Xu, M. Jura, D. Koster, B. Klein, and B. Zuckerman gives evidence of H in white dwarf stellar atmospheres.

text: Although the

text: Sun

text: is a star, its

text: photosphere

text: has a low temperature of 6,000

text: kelvin

text: and therefore molecules can form. According to

text: Roald Hoffmann

text: , molecules are abundant in

text: stellar ejecta

text: . In 1995, L. Wallace and others published an article in

text: Science

text: showing evidence of

text: water

text: on the Sun, and a 2013 paper in

text: Astrophysical Journal Letters

text: by S. Xu, M. Jura, D. Koster, B. Klein, and B. Zuckerman gives evidence of

text: H

text: in

text: white dwarf

text: stellar atmospheres.

text: Somewhat frequent events are noctilucent clouds near the pinnacle of summer, which can only be seen outside of the city. These are ice clouds which are situated much above normal cloud layers at 80 km or so. They have a neon-blue like, beautiful appearance. Another astronomical phenomenon is the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights). These in fact occur every year on a few days, but rarely are spectacular. Once in every 10–12 years, the auroral oval can be pushed even south of the city and a corona can be seen. The cloudy climate prevents sightings on many occasions, so spectacular displays as said are pretty year and tend to focus near sunspot maxima on the sun.

text: By the next day, the convection had decreased, although barometric pressures in the area remained low, a trademark of development. Convection gradually increased as the day went on, while the system slowed and became nearly stationary over the western Caribbean. By 1500 UTC on October 22, surface observations and satellite imagery, which indicated the system had developed enough organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen. At the time of the upgrade, the system was situated about 320 mi (515 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica The environment around the newly formed depression was characterized by an area of weak steering currents south of a ridge extending eastward from the Gulf of Mexico. Low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures were conducive for strengthening, and perhaps rapid deepening. Late on October 22, a Hurricane Hunters flight observed winds of  in a rainband well removed from the center of circulation, prompting the NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy. Outflow increased, while moist air helped the convection organize further. The NHC noted that "remaining nearly stationary over the warm waters of southwestern Caribbean Sea is never a good sign for this time of year." Still, the cloud pattern initially remained largely unchanged. Early on October 24, an eye began developing, as observed on microwave imagery, and Sandy was moving steadily northward, drawn by a trough approaching from the northwest. At 1500 UTC on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status after the Hurricane Hunters observed flight-level winds of . At the time, Sandy was located roughly  south of Kingston, Jamaica.

text: By the next day, the

text: convection

text: had decreased, although

text: barometric pressures

text: in the area remained low, a trademark of development. Convection gradually increased as the day went on, while the system slowed and became nearly stationary over the western

text: Caribbean

text: . By 1500 UTC on October 22, surface observations and

text: satellite imagery

text: , which indicated the system had developed enough organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen. At the time of the upgrade, the system was situated about 320 mi (515 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica The environment around the newly formed depression was characterized by an area of weak steering currents south of a

text: ridge

text: extending eastward from the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Low

text: wind shear

text: and warm

text: sea surface temperature

text: s were conducive for strengthening, and perhaps

text: rapid deepening

text: . Late on October 22, a

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: flight observed winds of  in a

text: rainband

text: well removed from the center of circulation, prompting the NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy.

text: Outflow

text: increased, while moist air helped the convection organize further. The NHC noted that "remaining nearly stationary over the warm waters of southwestern Caribbean Sea is never a good sign for this time of year." Still, the cloud pattern initially remained largely unchanged. Early on October 24, an

text: eye

text: began developing, as observed on microwave imagery, and Sandy was moving steadily northward, drawn by a

text: trough

text: approaching from the northwest. At 1500 UTC on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status after the Hurricane Hunters observed flight-level winds of . At the time, Sandy was located roughly  south of Kingston, Jamaica.

text: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: desert planets (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

text: The

text: habitable zone

text: around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:

text: desert planet

text: s (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

text: According to a report in New Scientist many researchers are in consensus that Rossby waves are acting against the jet stream’s usual pattern and holding it in place. Upper atmospheric studies using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data indicates that during July 2010 these upper air stream patterns were most frequently observed in the Northern Hemisphere. Examination of the climatology data over the same period of time indicates that these wild planetary wave meanderings are not a normal aspect of our regional climate patterns. Meanwhile, ongoing research studies at the University of Reading show that unusual patterns in the polar jet stream are more common during a period of low activity in the solar cycle when the observed sun spot activity and their associated solar flares are at their minimum. The link between low solar activity and enhanced blocking patterns is associated with an increase in the prevalence of cold weather patterns during the European Winter. Another possible explanation for the observed increase in blocking patterns is natural variability, through the chaotic character of the large-scale Ocean currents that flow across the surface of the tropical Pacific.

text: According to a report in New Scientist many researchers are in consensus that

text: Rossby waves

text: are acting against the jet stream’s usual pattern and holding it in place. Upper atmospheric studies using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (

text: NOAA

text: ) data indicates that during July 2010 these upper air stream patterns were most frequently observed in the Northern Hemisphere. Examination of the climatology data over the same period of time indicates that these wild

text: planetary wave

text: meanderings are not a normal aspect of our regional climate patterns. Meanwhile, ongoing research studies at the University of Reading show that unusual patterns in the polar jet stream are more common during a period of low activity in the

text: solar cycle

text: when the observed

text: sun spot

text: activity and their associated

text: solar flares

text: are at their minimum. The link between low solar activity and enhanced blocking patterns is associated with an increase in the prevalence of cold weather patterns during the European Winter. Another possible explanation for the observed increase in blocking patterns is natural variability, through the chaotic character of the large-scale Ocean currents that flow across the surface of the tropical Pacific.

text: The NBA has played three pre-season exhibition games at Indian Wells, with all these events involving the Phoenix Suns. The first game featured the Suns against the Denver Nuggets on October 11, 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972. On October 10, 2009 the Suns played the Golden State Warriors and on October 9, 2010 the game featured the Suns and the Dallas Mavericks.

text: The

text: NBA

text: has played three pre-season exhibition games at Indian Wells, with all these events involving the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: . The first game featured the Suns against the

text: Denver Nuggets

text: on October 11, 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972. On October 10, 2009 the Suns played the

text: Golden State Warriors

text: and on October 9, 2010 the game featured the Suns and the

text: Dallas Mavericks

text: Some Kepler data is taken at one minute sampling, though inevitably with lower accuracy. Using this data, on a smaller sample of stars, reveals flares that are too brief for reliable detection with 30-min integrations, allowing detection of events as low as 10 ergs, comparable with the brightest flares on the Sun. The occurrence frequency as a function of energy remains a power law E when extended to lower energies, with n around 1.5. At this time resolution some superflares show multiple peaks with separations of 100 to 1000 seconds, again comparable to the pulsations in solar flares. The star KIC 9655129  showed two periods, of 78 and 32 minutes, suggesting magnetohydrodynamic oscillations in the flaring region. These observations suggest that superflares are different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

text: Some Kepler data is taken at one minute sampling, though inevitably with lower accuracy. Using this data, on a smaller sample of stars, reveals flares that are too brief for reliable detection with 30-min integrations, allowing detection of events as low as 10 ergs, comparable with the brightest flares on the Sun. The occurrence frequency as a function of energy remains a power law E when extended to lower energies, with n around 1.5. At this time resolution some superflares show multiple peaks with separations of 100 to 1000 seconds, again comparable to the pulsations in solar flares. The star KIC 9655129  showed two periods, of 78 and 32 minutes, suggesting

text: magnetohydrodynamic

text: oscillations in the flaring region. These observations suggest that superflares are different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

text: , is called the environmental lapse rate (ELR). The ELR is nothing more than the difference in temperature between the surface and the tropopause divided by the height. The ELR assumes that the air is perfectly still, i.e. that there is no mixing of the layers of air from vertical convection, nor winds that would create turbulence and hence mixing of the layers of air. The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact. Meanwhile, the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere.

text: The cyclogenesis of Tropical Storm Emily was complicated, extending over several days from late July into early August. An easterly tropical wave—an equatorward trough of low pressure—exited the west African coast in the fourth week of July, at which point it became largely embedded within the monsoon trough. Located to the south of a ride of high pressure, the wave moved west-northwestward across the open Atlantic; it retained a broad circulation with little to no precipitation for a day or two. Over time, clusters of convection increased around the broad system, and it developed two distinct centers of circulation on July 30. During the morning of July 31, the large low markedly gained in organization, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted it was close to becoming a tropical depression. Later that day, however, the main circulation became increasingly elongated; its westernmost component soon detached to form a separate tropical wave. This new disturbance featured widely scattered convection and rainbands, which briefly affected the Lesser Antilles. The next day, a new area of deep convection with a dominant center formed as the circulation became better defined. It passed through the Leeward Islands with some improvement in its structure, and the surface winds rose to near tropical storm force. A reconnaissance flight into the system revealed the circulation center had become well defined near the deep convection. The system was upgraded to tropical storm status and given the name Emily at 0000 UTC on August 2, when it was located to the south of Dominica. During the initial stages of its existence, the storm accelerated toward the west-northwest in response to the strong high pressure to its north.

text: The

text: cyclogenesis

text: of Tropical Storm Emily was complicated, extending over several days from late July into early August. An easterly

text: tropical wave

text: —an

text: equator

text: ward

text: trough of low pressure

text: —exited the west African coast in the fourth week of July, at which point it became largely embedded within the

text: monsoon trough

text: . Located to the south of a

text: ride of high pressure

text: , the wave moved west-northwestward across the open

text: Atlantic

text: ; it retained a broad circulation with little to no

text: precipitation

text: for a day or two. Over time, clusters of

text: convection

text: increased around the broad system, and it developed two distinct centers of circulation on July 30. During the morning of July 31, the large low markedly gained in organization, and the

text: National Hurricane Center (NHC)

text: noted it was close to becoming a

text: tropical depression

text: . Later that day, however, the main circulation became increasingly elongated; its westernmost component soon detached to form a separate tropical wave. This new disturbance featured widely scattered convection and

text: rainband

text: s, which briefly affected the

text: Lesser Antilles

text: . The next day, a new area of deep convection with a dominant center formed as the circulation became better defined. It passed through the

text: Leeward Islands

text: with some improvement in its structure, and the

text: surface winds

text: rose to near tropical storm force. A

text: reconnaissance flight

text: into the system revealed the circulation center had become well defined near the deep convection. The system was upgraded to

text: tropical storm

text: status and given the name Emily at 0000

text: UTC

text: on August 2, when it was located to the south of

text: Dominica

text: . During the initial stages of its existence, the storm accelerated toward the west-northwest in response to the strong high pressure to its north.

text: In particle physics, a nonoblique correction, also called a direct correction, refers to a particular type of radiative correction to the electroweak sector of the Standard Model.  Nonoblique corrections are defined in four-fermion scattering processes ( +  →  +  ) at the CERN LEP collider.  There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes: vacuum polarization corrections, vertex corrections, and box corrections.  The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are referred to as the non-oblique corrections.(The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as oblique corrections, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states.) An example of a vertex correction is the nonuniversality (flavor dependence) of the couplings of the quarks and leptons to the charged and neutral weak currents. Another example is the anomalous magnetic dipole moment.

text: In

text: particle physics

text: , a nonoblique correction, also called a direct correction, refers to a particular type of

text: radiative correction

text: to the

text: electroweak

text: sector of the Standard Model.  Nonoblique corrections are defined in four-

text: fermion

text: scattering processes ( +  →  +  ) at the

text: CERN

text: LEP

text: collider.  There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes:

text: vacuum polarization

text: corrections,

text: vertex corrections

text: , and box corrections.  The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are referred to as the non-oblique corrections.(The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as

text: oblique correction

text: s, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states.) An example of a vertex correction is the nonuniversality (flavor dependence) of the couplings of the quarks and leptons to the charged and neutral weak currents. Another example is the

text: anomalous magnetic dipole moment

text: The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly , which is about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level). A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.

text: The Sun will

text: evolve

text: to become a

text: red giant

text: in about . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly , which is about 250 times its present radius. Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level). A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to

text: tidal effects

text: and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.

text: A Deepness in the Sky takes place in the Slow Zone, though Vinge does not explain the connections, and the characters in the story remain unaware of the zones' existence. The sun's inexplicably strange behavior, the unusual planetary system (with only a solitary planet and several asteroid-sized diamonds), and the discovery of "cavorite" on the planet may indicate the system originated in the Transcend, though it is currently moving outward from the Unthinking Depths. Vinge's characters speculate that the Spiders descend from an ancient star-faring civilization, and that the anti-gravity material and other strange artifacts have connections with that civilization. Unfortunately, they guess the structure of the Zones (though not the actual properties) backwards, coming to the conclusion that the bright center of the galaxy is the most likely location for advanced civilization. This leads Pham on his path inwards to the Unthinking Depths, and his eventual resurrection.

text: A Deepness in the Sky takes place in the Slow Zone, though Vinge does not explain the connections, and the characters in the story remain unaware of the zones' existence. The sun's inexplicably strange behavior, the unusual

text: planetary system

text: (with only a solitary planet and several

text: asteroid

text: -sized

text: diamond

text: s), and the discovery of "

entity_name: List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles

text: cavorite

text: " on the planet may indicate the system originated in the Transcend, though it is currently moving outward from the Unthinking Depths. Vinge's characters speculate that the Spiders descend from an ancient star-faring civilization, and that the

text: anti-gravity

text: material and other strange artifacts have connections with that civilization. Unfortunately, they guess the structure of the Zones (though not the actual properties) backwards, coming to the conclusion that the bright center of the galaxy is the most likely location for advanced civilization. This leads Pham on his path inwards to the Unthinking Depths, and his eventual resurrection.

text: Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.  Earth's radiation balance depends on the incoming and the outgoing thermal radiation, Earth's energy budget. Anthropogenic perturbations in the climate system are responsible for a positive radiative forcing which reduces the net longwave radiation loss to space.

text: Thermal radiation

text: occurs through a

text: vacuum

text: or any

text: transparent

text: medium

text: solid

text: or

text: fluid

text: ). It is the transfer of energy by means of

text: photons

text: in

text: electromagnetic waves

text: governed by the same laws.

text: Earth's radiation balance

text: depends on the incoming and the outgoing thermal radiation,

text: Earth's energy budget

text: Anthropogenic

text: perturbations in the climate system are responsible for a positive

text: radiative forcing

text: which reduces the net longwave radiation loss to

text: space

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on December 12, 1871. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on December 12, 1871. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: For the present purposes, the light from a star, and for some particular purposes, the light of the sun, can be treated as a practically collimated beam, but apart from this, a collimated beam is rarely if ever found in nature, though artificially produced beams can be very nearly collimated. The spectral radiance (or specific intensity) is suitable for the description of an uncollimated radiative field. The integrals of spectral radiance (or specific intensity) with respect to solid angle, used above, are singular for exactly collimated beams, or may be viewed as Dirac delta functions. Therefore, the specific radiative intenstity is unsuitable for the description of a collimated beam, while spectral flux density is suitable for that purpose. At a point within a collimated beam, the spectral flux density vector has a value equal to the Poynting vector, a quantity defined in the classical Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation.

text: For the present purposes, the light from a star, and for some particular purposes, the light of the sun, can be treated as a practically

text: collimated beam

text: , but apart from this, a collimated beam is rarely if ever found in nature, though artificially produced beams can be very nearly collimated. The

text: spectral radiance

text: (or specific intensity) is suitable for the description of an uncollimated radiative field. The integrals of spectral radiance (or specific intensity) with respect to solid angle, used above, are singular for exactly collimated beams, or may be viewed as

text: Dirac delta function

text: s. Therefore, the specific radiative intenstity is unsuitable for the description of a collimated beam, while spectral flux density is suitable for that purpose. At a point within a collimated beam, the spectral flux density vector has a value equal to the

text: Poynting vector

text: , a quantity defined in the classical Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation.

text: The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century Laurentian Codex, describing the Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185. They were described as "flame-like tongues of live embers."

text: The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century

text: Laurentian Codex

text: , describing the

text: Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185

text: . They were described as "flame-like tongues of live embers."

text: Sun Ba married the daughter of Liu Yao's son Liu Ji. Sun Ba had two sons: Sun Ji and Sun Yi. It is not stated whether his sons were born to Lady Liu or not.

text: Sun Ba

text: married the daughter of

text: Liu Yao

text: 's son

text: Liu Ji

text: . Sun Ba had two sons: Sun Ji and Sun Yi. It is not stated whether his sons were born to Lady Liu or not.

text: There are several other variables of reasonable brightness for amateur astronomer to observe, including three Mira-type long period variables: S Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 5.8 and 14.1 over a period of 360 days. Located around 1946 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity 16,643 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3033 K. One of the reddest stars in the sky, V Coronae Borealis is a cool star with a surface temperature of 2877 K that shines with a luminosity 102,831 times that of the Sun and is a remote 8810 light-years distant from Earth. Varying between magnitudes 6.9 and 12.6 over a period of 357 days, it is located near the junction of the border of Corona Borealis with Hercules and Bootes. Located 1.5° northeast of Tau Coronae Borealis, W Coronae Borealis ranges between magnitudes 7.8 and 14.3 over a period of 238 days. Another red giant, RR Coronae Borealis is a M3-type semiregular variable star that varies between magnitudes 7.3 and 8.2 over 60.8 days. RS Coronae Borealis is yet another semiregular variable red giant, which ranges between magnitudes 8.7 to 11.6  over 332 days.  It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion (greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year). Meanwhile, U Coronae Borealis is an Algol-type eclipsing binary star system whose magnitude varies between 7.66 and 8.79 over a period of 3.45 days

text: There are several other variables of reasonable brightness for amateur astronomer to observe, including three

text: Mira-type

text: long period variables:

text: S Coronae Borealis

text: ranges between magnitudes 5.8 and 14.1 over a period of 360 days. Located around 1946 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity 16,643 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3033 K. One of the reddest stars in the sky,

text: V Coronae Borealis

text: is a cool star with a surface temperature of 2877 K that shines with a luminosity 102,831 times that of the Sun and is a remote 8810 light-years distant from Earth. Varying between magnitudes 6.9 and 12.6 over a period of 357 days, it is located near the junction of the border of Corona Borealis with Hercules and Bootes. Located 1.5° northeast of

text: Tau Coronae Borealis

text: W Coronae Borealis

text: ranges between magnitudes 7.8 and 14.3 over a period of 238 days. Another red giant,

text: RR Coronae Borealis

text: is a

text: semiregular variable star

text: that varies between magnitudes 7.3 and 8.2 over 60.8 days.

text: RS Coronae Borealis

text: is yet another semiregular variable red giant, which ranges between magnitudes 8.7 to 11.6  over 332 days.  It is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion (greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year). Meanwhile,

text: U Coronae Borealis

text: is an Algol-type eclipsing binary star system whose magnitude varies between 7.66 and 8.79 over a period of 3.45 days

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on March 28, 1922. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on March 28, 1922. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series  with a wavelength of 656.28 nm; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the sun's atmosphere including solar prominences.

text: H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible

text: spectral line

text: in the

text: Balmer series

text: with a wavelength of 656.28

text: nm

text: ; it occurs when a

text: hydrogen

text: electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is important to

text: astronomers

text: as it is emitted by many

text: emission nebula

text: e and can be used to observe features in the sun's atmosphere including

text: solar prominence

text: s.

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of A2 III, with the luminosity class of 'III' indicating this is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence of stars like the Sun. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is 19% more massive than the Sun, but the outer envelope has expanded to around 11 times the Sun's radius. With its enlarged size, it is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,529 K. This is cooler than the Sun's surface and gives Kappa Ophiuchi the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of A2 III, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of 'III' indicating this is a

text: giant star

text: that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and

text: evolved away

text: from the

text: main sequence

text: of stars like the Sun. Since 1943, the

text: spectrum

text: of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is 19% more massive than the Sun, but the outer envelope has expanded to around 11 times the Sun's radius. With its enlarged size, it is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,529 K. This is cooler than the Sun's surface and gives Kappa Ophiuchi the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely the corona is a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary. Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of N. serotinus (see Table I) or the rudimentary structure in N. cavanillesii to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I).

text: The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely the corona is a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary. Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of

text: N. serotinus

text: (see

text: Table I

text: ) or the rudimentary structure in

text: N. cavanillesii

text: to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I).

text: The temperature of the vacuum is measured in terms of the kinetic activity of the gas, as it is on Earth. However, the radiation that fills the vacuum has a different temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas, meaning that the gas and radiation are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. All of the observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang, which is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). (There is quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos called the cosmic neutrino background.) The current black body temperature of the background radiation is about . The gas temperatures in outer space are always at least the temperature of the CMB but can be much higher. For example, the corona of the Sun has temperatures which range over 1.2–2.6 million K.

text: The temperature of the vacuum is measured in terms of the

text: kinetic

text: activity of the gas, as it is on Earth. However, the radiation that fills the vacuum has a different temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas, meaning that the gas and radiation are not in

text: thermodynamic equilibrium

text: . All of the observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the

text: Big Bang

text: , which is known as the

text: cosmic microwave background radiation

text: (CMB). (There is quite likely a correspondingly large number of

text: neutrino

text: s called the

text: cosmic neutrino background

text: .) The current

text: black body

text: temperature of the background radiation is about . The gas temperatures in outer space are always at least the temperature of the CMB but can be much higher. For example, the

text: corona

text: of the Sun has temperatures which range over 1.2–2.6 million K.

text: 27 April: Severe solar flare activity interrupted OTC's radiotelegraph services.

text: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. As a result, sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere, and, so, they appear dark. At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum, sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as Spörer's law. The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.

text: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the

text: convective transport

text: of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. As a result, sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere, and, so, they appear dark. At a typical

text: solar minimum

text: , few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its

text: maximum

text: , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as

text: Spörer's law

text: . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.

text: BO Microscopii (BO Mic) is a star in the constellation Microscopium located about 170 light years from the Sun. It has been dubbed "Speedy Mic" because of the ultra-rapid rotation rate. The projected rotational velocity at the equator of this star is about 135 km/s, which, with an estimated inclination of 70° to the line of sight from the Earth, means it completes a rotation every  (9 hours 7 minutes). The photosphere of this star shows a high level of magnetic activity, with multiple star spots and prominences observed at the same time. As many as 25 prominences have been observed simultaneously, extending outward as far as 3.6 times the radius of the star. BO Mic is a flare star that undergoes sudden increases in X-ray and ultraviolet emissions. These events can emit a hundred times more energy than large solar flares. Speedy Mic is one of the most active stars in the vicinity of the Sun.

text: BO Microscopii (BO Mic) is a star in the

text: constellation

text: Microscopium

text: located about 170

text: light year

text: s from the Sun. It has been dubbed "Speedy Mic" because of the ultra-rapid rotation rate. The

text: projected rotational velocity

text: at the equator of this star is about 135 km/s, which, with an estimated inclination of 70° to the line of sight from the Earth, means it completes a rotation every  (9 hours 7 minutes). The photosphere of this star shows a high level of magnetic activity, with multiple star spots and prominences observed at the same time. As many as 25 prominences have been observed simultaneously, extending outward as far as 3.6 times the radius of the star. BO Mic is a

text: flare star

text: that undergoes sudden increases in X-ray and ultraviolet emissions. These events can emit a hundred times more energy than large solar flares. Speedy Mic is one of the most active stars in the vicinity of the Sun.

text: Another early observation was of solar prominences, described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod.

text: Another early observation was of solar prominences, described in 1185 in the

text: Russian Chronicle of Novgorod

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 15, 2091. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on August 15, 2091. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Groombridge 1618 has a stellar classification of K8 V, which means it is a K-type main sequence star that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen at its core. It has 67% of the mass of the Sun, 61% of the Sun's radius, but radiates only 15% of the Sun's energy and only 4.6% of the Sun's energy in the visible light spectrum. The effective surface temperature of the star's photosphere is about 4,000 K, giving it an orange hue.

text: Groombridge 1618 has a

text: stellar classification

text: of K8 V, which means it is a

text: K-type main sequence star

text: that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen at its core. It has 67% of the

text: mass of the Sun

text: , 61% of the

text: Sun's radius

text: , but radiates only 15% of the

text: Sun's energy

text: and only 4.6% of the Sun's energy in the

text: visible light spectrum

text: . The effective surface temperature of the star's

text: photosphere

text: is about 4,000 K, giving it an orange hue.

text: ATLAS-3 instruments, mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the cargo bay, included Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS), which collected more data on trace gases in the atmosphere than on all three of its previous flights combined; Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SSBUV), which took ozone measurements to calibrate ozone monitor on aging NOAA-9 satellite as well as cooperative measurements with other ATLAS-3 instruments; Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM), which took extremely precise measurements of the sun's total radiation for 30 orbits as calibration reference for sister instrument on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) launched in 1991; Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON), provided by Belgium, which also measured solar radiation but as reference point to track changes over years; Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC), French instrument, measured sun's radiation as function of wavelength; and Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM), which collected its highest precision solar ultraviolet radiation measurements in its 15-year lifetime. Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), collected nine hours of observations, measuring distribution of water vapor, chlorine monoxide and ozone at altitudes between 12 and 60 miles  (20 to ), before computer malfunction halted instrument operations.

text: ATLAS-3 instruments, mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the cargo bay, included Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS), which collected more data on trace gases in the atmosphere than on all three of its previous flights combined; Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SSBUV), which took ozone measurements to calibrate ozone monitor on aging NOAA-9 satellite as well as cooperative measurements with other ATLAS-3 instruments; Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM), which took extremely precise measurements of the sun's total radiation for 30 orbits as calibration reference for sister instrument on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) launched in 1991; Measurement of the Solar Constant (SOLCON), provided by Belgium, which also measured solar radiation but as reference point to track changes over years; Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC), French instrument, measured sun's radiation as function of wavelength; and

text: Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor

text: (SUSIM), which collected its highest precision solar ultraviolet radiation measurements in its 15-year lifetime.

text: Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder

text: (MAS), collected nine hours of observations, measuring distribution of water vapor, chlorine monoxide and ozone at altitudes between 12 and 60 miles  (20 to ), before computer malfunction halted instrument operations.

text: Among large populated cities in the United States, Houston is unique as the largest city in the country with no zoning ordinances. Houston voters have rejected efforts to implement zoning in 1948, 1962, and 1993. It is commonly believed that "Houston is Houston" because of the lack of zoning laws. Houston is similar, however, to other large cities throughout the Sun Belt, who all experienced the bulk of their population growth during the Age of the Automobile. The largest of these cities, such as Los Angeles, Atlanta, Miami, Tampa, Dallas, Phoenix, and Kansas City, have all experienced urban sprawl such as experienced by Houston despite having zoning systems.

text: Among large populated cities in the United States,

text: Houston

text: is unique as the largest city in the country with no zoning

text: ordinances

text: . Houston voters have rejected efforts to implement zoning in 1948, 1962, and 1993. It is commonly believed that "Houston is Houston" because of the lack of zoning laws. Houston is similar, however, to other large cities throughout the

text: Sun Belt

text: , who all experienced the bulk of their population growth during the

text: Age of the Automobile

text: . The largest of these cities, such as

text: Los Angeles

text: Atlanta

text: Miami

text: Tampa

text: Dallas

text: Phoenix

text: , and

text: Kansas City

text: , have all experienced

text: urban sprawl

text: such as experienced by Houston despite having zoning systems.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on July 20, 1963. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on July 20, 1963. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 30, 2041. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 30, 2041. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Surya is the personification of the Sun, but Savitr, Vivasvant, the Ashvins and the Rbhus, semi-divine craftsmen, also have aspects of solar deities. Other natural phenomena deified include Vayu, (the wind), Dyaus and Prithivi (Heaven and Earth), Dyaus continuing Dyeus, the chief god of the Proto-Indo-European religion, and Ushas (the dawn), the most prominent goddess of the Rigveda, and Apas (the waters).

text: Surya

text: is the personification of the

text: Sun

text: , but

text: Savitr

text: , Vivasvant, the

text: Ashvin

text: s and the

text: Rbhus

text: , semi-divine craftsmen, also have aspects of

text: solar deities

text: . Other natural phenomena deified include

text: Vayu

text: , (the wind),

text: Dyaus

text: and

text: Prithivi

text: (Heaven and Earth), Dyaus continuing

text: Dyeus

text: , the chief god of the

text: Proto-Indo-European religion

text: , and

text: Ushas

text: (the dawn), the most prominent

text: goddess

text: of the Rigveda, and

text: Apas

text: (the waters).

text: In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an extrinsic random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as endowments, preferences, or technology). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic uncertainty, that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic   fundamentals. David Cass and Karl Shell coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".

text: In

text: economics

text: , the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an extrinsic

text: random variable

text: , that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as

text: endowments

text: preferences

text: , or

text: technology

text: ). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic

text: uncertainty

text: , that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic   fundamentals.

text: David Cass

text: and

text: Karl Shell

text: coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".

text: The first-generation Corona, introduced in May 1957, was designed with parts from the previous-generation Crown and Master following a major restyle and enlargement of the Crown. Many of the body panels were cut down from the Master which had ceased production. Aside from the four-door sedan, the ST16/PT16 van versions were also available. Originally, the ST10/16 Corona was fitted with the old sidevalve "S" engine, with . In April 1958 the Corona underwent a light facelift, with a new hood ornament and door handles. The tail light design of this generation is reminiscent of the 1949 Ford sedan.

text: The first-generation Corona, introduced in May 1957, was designed with parts from the previous-generation Crown and

text: Master

text: following a major restyle and enlargement of the Crown. Many of the body panels were cut down from the Master which had ceased production. Aside from the four-door sedan, the ST16/PT16 van versions were also available. Originally, the ST10/16 Corona was fitted with the old sidevalve "S" engine, with . In April 1958 the Corona underwent a light facelift, with a new hood ornament and door handles. The tail light design of this generation is reminiscent of the

text: 1949 Ford

text: sedan.

text: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

text: The common features of

text: passive solar

text: architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and

text: thermal mass

text: . When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range.

text: Socrates

text: ' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together

text: solar lighting

text: heating

text: and

text: ventilation

text: systems in an integrated

text: solar design

text: package.

text: Active solar

text: equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

text: Solar observatories study phenomena associated with the Sun. The Sun, being the closest star to earth, allows a unique chance to study stellar physics with high-resolution. It was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. General topics that interest a solar astronomer are its 11-year periodicity (i.e., the Solar Cycle), sunspots, magnetic field activity (see solar dynamo), solar flares, coronal mass ejections, differential rotation, and plasma physics.

text: Solar observatories study phenomena associated with the Sun. The Sun, being the closest star to earth, allows a unique chance to study stellar physics with high-resolution. It was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. General topics that interest a solar astronomer are its 11-year periodicity (i.e., the

text: Solar Cycle

text: sunspot

text: s,

text: magnetic field

text: activity (see

text: solar dynamo

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s,

text: differential rotation

text: , and

text: plasma physics

text: Charn's Sun is described as red, large, and cold.  When Digory asks Jadis about the sun's appearance, she asks him about our world's Sun. When informed that our sun is yellow, brighter, smaller, and "gives off a good deal more heat," she remarks with sudden interest, "Ah, so yours is a younger world."

text: Charn's Sun is described as

text: red, large, and cold

text: .  When Digory asks Jadis about the sun's appearance, she asks him about our world's Sun. When informed that our sun is yellow, brighter, smaller, and "gives off a good deal more heat," she remarks with sudden interest, "Ah, so yours is a younger world."

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 9, 1766. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on February 9, 1766. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: In other words, given the assumptions made, the temperature of a planet depends only on the surface temperature of the Sun, the radius of the Sun, the distance between the planet and the Sun, the albedo and the IR emissivity of the planet.

text: The video to the right represents the polarization angle mapped onto the celestial sphere. It begins with the sun located in a similar fashion. The angle is zero along the line from the sun to the zenith and increases clockwise toward the East as the observed point moves clockwise toward the East.  Once the sun rises in the East the angle acts in a similar fashion until the sun begins to move across the sky.  As the sun moves across the sky the angle is both zero and high along the line defined by the sun, the zenith, and the anti-sun.  It is lower South of this line and higher North of this line. When the sun is at the zenith, the angle is either fully positive or 0.  These two values rotate toward the west. The video then repeats a similar fashion when the sun sets in the West.

text: After Sun Liang was deposed by Sun Jun's cousin and successor Sun Chen in 258, another uncle of Sun Hao's, Sun Xiu, became emperor, and that year, Sun Xiu created Sun Hao and his brothers Sun De and Sun Qian marquises. Sun Hao's title was the Marquis of Wucheng, and he was sent to his fief in present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang. At some point, he befriended a magistrate of Wucheng County, Wan Yu, who appraised him as intelligent and studious.

text: After Sun Liang was deposed by Sun Jun's cousin and successor

text: Sun Chen

text: in 258, another uncle of Sun Hao's,

text: Sun Xiu

text: , became emperor, and that year, Sun Xiu created Sun Hao and his brothers Sun De and Sun Qian marquises. Sun Hao's title was the Marquis of Wucheng, and he was sent to his fief in present-day

text: Huzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: . At some point, he befriended a magistrate of Wucheng County,

text: Wan Yu

text: , who appraised him as intelligent and studious.

text: Wild's team then built and from 1967 operated a three-kilometre diameter radio-heliograph at Culgoora, near Narrabri in northern New South Wales.  It was to become a ground-breaking instrument producing real-time images of solar activity across a range of altitudes from the Sun's surface. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the team led the world in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.

text: Wild's team then built and from 1967 operated a three-kilometre diameter radio-heliograph at Culgoora, near

text: Narrabri

text: in northern New South Wales.  It was to become a ground-breaking instrument producing real-time images of solar activity across a range of altitudes from the Sun's surface. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the team led the world in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.

text: A stellar classification of G0 V indicates this is a main sequence star that is generating energy by fusing hydrogen into helium at its core. It has about 110% of the Sun's mass and shines with 3.72 times the luminosity of the Sun. The stellar atmosphere has an effective temperature of 5,846 K, giving it the yellow hue of a G-type star. It appears to be older than the Sun, with an estimated age of 6.45 billion years.

text: A

text: stellar classification

text: of G0 V indicates this is a

text: main sequence star

text: that is generating energy by

text: fusing

text: hydrogen into helium at its core. It has about 110% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and shines with 3.72 times the luminosity of the Sun. The

text: stellar atmosphere

text: has an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5,846 K, giving it the yellow hue of a

text: G-type star

text: . It appears to be older than the Sun, with an estimated age of 6.45 billion years.

text: The ecliptic is the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere, and is the basis for the ecliptic coordinate system. It also refers to the plane of this path, which is coplanar with the orbit of Earth around the Sun (and hence the apparent orbit of the Sun around Earth).The path of the Sun is not normally noticeable from Earth's surface because Earth rotates, carrying the observer through the cycles of sunrise and sunset, obscuring the apparent motion of the Sun with respect to the stars.

text: The ecliptic is the

text: apparent path

text: of the

text: Sun

text: on the

text: celestial sphere

text: , and is the basis for the

text: ecliptic coordinate system

text: . It also refers to the

text: plane

text: of this path, which is

text: coplanar

text: with the

text: orbit

text: of

text: Earth

text: around the Sun (and hence the apparent orbit of the Sun around Earth).The path of the Sun is not normally noticeable from Earth's surface because

text: Earth rotates

text: , carrying the observer through the cycles of

text: sunrise

text: and

text: sunset

text: , obscuring the apparent motion of the Sun with respect to the stars.

text: In higher-mass stars, the dominant energy production process is the CNO cycle, which is a catalytic cycle that uses nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries and in the end produces a helium nucleus as with the proton-proton chain. During a complete CNO cycle, 25.0 MeV of energy is released. The difference in energy production of this cycle, compared to the proton–proton chain reaction, is accounted for by the energy lost through neutrino emission. The CNO cycle is very temperature sensitive, a 10% rise of temperature would produce a 350% rise in energy production. About 90% of the CNO cycle energy generation occurs within the inner 15% of the star's mass, hence it is strongly concentrated at the core. This results in such an intense outward energy flux that convective energy transfer become more important than does radiative transfer. As a result, the core region becomes a convection zone, which stirs the hydrogen fusion region and keeps it well mixed with the surrounding proton-rich region. This core convection occurs in stars where the CNO cycle contributes more than 20% of the total energy. As the star ages and the core temperature increases, the region occupied by the convection zone slowly shrinks from 20% of the mass down to the inner 8% of the mass. Our Sun produces 10% of its energy from the CNO cycle.

text: In higher-mass stars, the dominant energy production process is the

text: CNO cycle

text: , which is a

text: catalytic cycle

text: that uses nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries and in the end produces a helium nucleus as with the proton-proton chain. During a complete CNO cycle, 25.0 MeV of energy is released. The difference in energy production of this cycle, compared to the proton–proton chain reaction, is accounted for by the energy lost through

text: neutrino

text: emission. The CNO cycle is very temperature sensitive, a 10% rise of temperature would produce a 350% rise in energy production. About 90% of the CNO cycle energy generation occurs within the inner 15% of the star's mass, hence it is strongly concentrated at the core. This results in such an intense outward energy flux that

text: convective

text: energy transfer become more important than does

text: radiative transfer

text: . As a result, the core region becomes a

text: convection zone

text: , which stirs the hydrogen fusion region and keeps it well mixed with the surrounding proton-rich region. This core convection occurs in stars where the CNO cycle contributes more than 20% of the total energy. As the star ages and the core temperature increases, the region occupied by the convection zone slowly shrinks from 20% of the mass down to the inner 8% of the mass. Our Sun produces 10% of its energy from the CNO cycle.

text: Because of the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle. Hot material upwells, while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward. Downward motion of material occurs at convergent plate boundaries called subduction zones. Locations on the surface that lie over plumes are predicted to have high elevation (because of the buoyancy of the hotter, less-dense plume beneath) and to exhibit hot spot volcanism. The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface (the "Plate" hypothesis).

text: Because of the temperature difference between the Earth's surface and outer core and the ability of the crystalline rocks at high pressure and temperature to undergo slow, creeping, viscous-like deformation over millions of years, there is a

text: convective

text: material circulation in the mantle. Hot material

text: upwells

text: , while cooler (and heavier) material sinks downward. Downward motion of material occurs at

text: convergent plate boundaries

text: called

text: subduction zones

text: . Locations on the surface that lie over plumes are predicted to have

text: high elevation

text: (because of the buoyancy of the hotter, less-dense plume beneath) and to exhibit

text: hot spot

text: volcanism

text: . The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface (the "Plate" hypothesis).

text: Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to Earth, its angular diameter can be measured directly. It is about one-seventh the diameter of the Sun. It has a mass about an eighth of the Sun's mass (), and its average density is about 40 times that of the Sun. Although it has a very low average luminosity, Proxima is a flare star that undergoes random dramatic increases in brightness because of magnetic activity. The star's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The mixing of the fuel at Proxima Centauri's core through convection and its relatively low energy-production rate mean that it will be a main-sequence star for another four trillion years, or nearly 300 times the current age of the universe.

text: Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to

text: Earth

text: , its

text: angular diameter

text: can be measured directly. It is about one-seventh the diameter of the Sun. It has a mass about an eighth of the Sun's mass (), and its average

text: density

text: is about 40 times that of the Sun. Although it has a very low average

text: luminosity

text: , Proxima is a

text: flare star

text: that undergoes random dramatic increases in brightness because of

text: magnetic activity

text: . The star's

text: magnetic field

text: is created by

text: convection

text: throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total

text: X-ray

text: emission similar to that produced by the Sun. The mixing of the fuel at Proxima Centauri's core through convection and its relatively low energy-production rate mean that it will be a

text: main-sequence star

text: for another four trillion years, or nearly 300 times the current

text: age of the universe

text: Only the top layer of water needs to cool to the freezing point. Convection of the surface layer involves the top 100 – 150 m, down to the pycnocline of increased density.

text: Only the top layer of water needs to cool to the freezing point. Convection of the surface layer involves the top 100 – 150 m, down to the

text: pycnocline

text: of increased density.

text: To increase the specific power, typical solar panels on spacecraft use close-packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100% of the sun-visible area of the solar panels,rather than the solar wafer circles which, even though close-packed, cover about 90% of the sun-visible area of typical solar panels on earth. However, some solar panels on spacecraft have solar cells that cover only 30% of the sun-visible area.

text: To increase the specific power, typical solar panels on spacecraft use close-packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100% of the sun-visible area of the solar panels,rather than the

text: solar wafer

text: circles which, even though close-packed,

text: cover about 90%

text: of the sun-visible area of typical solar panels on earth. However, some solar panels on spacecraft have solar cells that cover only 30% of the sun-visible area.

text: At launch, Fengyun 2-07 had a mass of , however by the time it reaches its operational orbit, this will have decreased to , partly through jettisoning the FG-36. The spacecraft is cylindrical, with a diameter of , and a length of  fully deployed. It is spin-stabilised at a rate of 100 rpm, and carries a five-channel Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer, or S-VISSR, capable of producing visible light and infrared images of the Earth. The S-VISSR will return visible-light images with a resolution of , and infrared images with a resolution of . It will produce a full-disc image every thirty minutes, as well as imaging smaller areas of interest. In addition to S-VISSR, Fengyun 2-07 also carries an x-ray detector to monitor the Sun, and detect solar flares.

text: At launch, Fengyun 2-07 had a mass of , however by the time it reaches its operational orbit, this will have decreased to , partly through jettisoning the FG-36. The spacecraft is cylindrical, with a diameter of , and a length of  fully deployed. It is spin-stabilised at a rate of 100 rpm, and carries a five-channel

text: Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer

text: , or S-VISSR, capable of producing visible light and infrared images of the Earth. The S-VISSR will return visible-light images with a resolution of , and infrared images with a resolution of . It will produce a full-disc image every thirty minutes, as well as imaging smaller areas of interest. In addition to S-VISSR, Fengyun 2-07 also carries an x-ray detector to monitor the

text: Sun

text: , and detect

text: solar flare

text: s.

text: There is a traditional method by which an analog watch can be used to locate north and south. The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24-hour period while the hour hand of a 12-hour clock face takes twelve hours to complete one rotation. In the northern hemisphere, if the watch is rotated so that the hour hand points toward the Sun, the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate south. For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north. During daylight saving time, the same method can be employed using 1 o'clock instead of 12. The difference between local time and zone time, the equation of time, and (near the tropics) the non-uniform change of the Sun's azimuth at different times of day limit the accuracy of this method.

text: There is a traditional method by which an

text: analog watch

text: can be used to locate north and south. The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24-hour period while the hour hand of a 12-hour

text: clock face

text: takes twelve hours to complete one rotation. In the northern hemisphere, if the watch is rotated so that the hour hand points toward the Sun, the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate south. For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north. During

text: daylight saving time

text: , the same method can be employed using 1 o'clock instead of 12. The difference between

text: local time

text: and zone time, the

text: equation of time

text: , and (near the tropics) the non-uniform change of the Sun's azimuth at different times of day limit the accuracy of this method.

text: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about  above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.

text: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about  above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as

text: carbon monoxide

text: and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.

text: In 253, after Zhuge Ke had suffered a major military defeat to Wu's rival state, Cao Wei, and subsequently refused to admit fault but instead tried to wipe out all dissent, Sun Jun assassinated him and took over as regent. There was initial anticipation that he might be willing to share power with other key officials, but he instead consolidated power into his own hands. He was not known for his accomplishments during his regency, and he was severe in his punishments. As a result, there were several conspiracies against his life during his regency, including one in 254 led by Sun Ying (孫英), the Marquis of Wu, the son of Sun Quan's eldest son Sun Deng, and one in 255, which Sun Luban (with whom Sun Jun might have had an affair) falsely accused her sister Sun Luyu of being the leader of, and Sun Jun had Sun Luyu executed.

text: In 253, after Zhuge Ke had suffered a major military defeat to Wu's rival state,

text: Cao Wei

text: , and subsequently refused to admit fault but instead tried to wipe out all dissent, Sun Jun assassinated him and took over as regent. There was initial anticipation that he might be willing to share power with other key officials, but he instead consolidated power into his own hands. He was not known for his accomplishments during his regency, and he was severe in his punishments. As a result, there were several conspiracies against his life during his regency, including one in 254 led by Sun Ying (孫英), the Marquis of Wu, the son of Sun Quan's eldest son

text: Sun Deng

text: , and one in 255, which Sun Luban (with whom Sun Jun might have had an affair) falsely accused her sister

text: Sun Luyu

text: of being the leader of, and Sun Jun had Sun Luyu executed.

text: The League Championship Cup dates back to the year 1917 but in 1919, Mr John Martin, a town centre hairdresser, presented the “Martin Cup” to the league. This Cup competition became immediately very popular especially in the 1930-1940 period when crowd numbers reached 3000-4000.

text: The League Championship Cup dates back to the year 1917 but in 1919, Mr John Martin, a

text: town centre

text: hairdresser

text: , presented the “Martin Cup” to the league. This Cup competition became immediately very popular especially in the 1930-1940 period when crowd numbers reached 3000-4000.

text: Tales of Sword and Sorcery Featuring Dagar the Invincible is a comic book series created by writer Donald F. Glut and artist Jesse Santos for Western Publishing's Gold Key Comics line.

text: Tales of Sword and Sorcery Featuring Dagar the Invincible is a

text: comic book

text: series created by writer

text: Donald F. Glut

text: and artist

text: Jesse Santos

text: for

text: Western Publishing

text: 's

text: Gold Key Comics

text: line.

text: Subduction zones are sites of convective downwelling of Earth's lithosphere (the crust plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle). Subduction zones exist at convergent plate boundaries where one plate of oceanic lithosphere converges with another plate. The descending slab, the subducting plate, is over-ridden by the leading edge of the other plate. The slab sinks at an angle of approximately twenty-five to forty-five degrees to Earth's surface. This sinking is driven by the temperature difference between the subducting oceanic lithosphere and the surrounding mantle asthenosphere, as the colder oceanic lithosphere is, on average, denser. At a depth of approximately 80–120 kilometers, the basalt of the oceanic crust is converted to a metamorphic rock called eclogite. At that point, the density of the oceanic crust increases and provides additional negative buoyancy (downwards force). It is at subduction zones that Earth's lithosphere, oceanic crust, sedimentary layers and some trapped water are recycled into the deep mantle.

text: Subduction zones are sites of convective

text: downwelling

text: of Earth's

text: lithosphere

text: (the

text: crust

text: plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle). Subduction zones exist at convergent plate boundaries where one plate of

text: oceanic lithosphere

text: converges with another plate. The descending

text: slab

text: , the subducting plate, is over-ridden by the leading edge of the other plate. The slab sinks at an angle of approximately twenty-five to forty-five degrees to Earth's surface. This sinking is driven by the temperature difference between the subducting oceanic lithosphere and the surrounding mantle

text: asthenosphere

text: , as the colder oceanic lithosphere is, on average, denser. At a depth of approximately 80–120 kilometers, the

text: basalt

text: of the oceanic crust is converted to a metamorphic rock called

text: eclogite

text: . At that point, the density of the oceanic crust increases and provides additional negative

text: buoyancy

text: (downwards force). It is at subduction zones that Earth's lithosphere,

text: oceanic crust

text: sedimentary

text: layers and some trapped water are

text: recycled

text: into the deep mantle.

text: 11,887| 3–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 8| October 26| Golden State| W 111–107 (OT)| Nick Collison (19)| Nick Collison (12)| Luke Ridnour (12)| Spokane Arena

text: 11,887| 3–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 8| October 26|

text: Golden State

text: | W 111–107 (OT)|

text: Nick Collison

text: Nick Collison

text: Luke Ridnour

text: Spokane Arena

text: Central currently operates two sub-regions:

text: The 2012 Woking Council election is scheduled to take place on 3 May 2012 to elect members of Woking Council in England. This will be on the same day as other United Kingdom local elections, 2012.

text: The 2012 Woking Council election is scheduled to take place on 3 May 2012 to elect members of Woking Council in England. This will be on the same day as other

text: United Kingdom local elections, 2012

text: When the plasma rises from the foot points towards the loop top, as always occurs during the initial phase of a compact flare, it is defined as chromospheric evaporation. When the plasma rapidly cools and falls toward the photosphere, it is called chromospheric condensation. There may also be symmetric flow from both loop foot points, causing a build-up of mass in the loop structure. The plasma may cool rapidly in this region (for a thermal instability), its dark filaments obvious against the solar disk or prominences off the Sun's limb.

text: When the plasma rises from the foot points towards the loop top, as always occurs during the initial phase of a compact flare, it is defined as chromospheric

text: evaporation

text: . When the plasma rapidly cools and falls toward the photosphere, it is called chromospheric

text: condensation

text: . There may also be

text: symmetric

text: flow from both loop foot points, causing a build-up of mass in the loop structure. The plasma may cool rapidly in this region (for a thermal instability), its dark

text: filaments

text: obvious against the solar disk or

text: prominences

text: off the

text: Sun's limb

text: Ogończyk is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

text: Ogończyk is a

text: Polish coat of arms

text: . It was used by several

text: szlachta

text: families in the times of the

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: and the

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Ambivalence Avenue is a studio album by English folk/electronica musician Bibio, released in 2009. It is his first album on Warp.

text: Ambivalence Avenue is a studio album by English folk/electronica musician

text: Bibio

text: , released in 2009. It is his first album on

text: Warp

text: Along with Linda McMahon, Marella was considered as a possible replacement for Vince McMahon as the owner of the WWF if McMahon had been found guilty during his 1993 legal trial for illegal steroid use in the company.

text: Along with

text: Linda McMahon

text: , Marella was considered as a possible replacement for

text: Vince McMahon

text: as the owner of the WWF if McMahon had been found guilty during his 1993 legal trial for illegal steroid use in the company.

text: The film was presented and produced by N. Veeraswamy under his home production "Eshwari Productions". The film featured original score and soundtrack composed and written by Hamsalekha.

text: The film was presented and produced by N. Veeraswamy under his home production "Eshwari Productions". The film featured original score and soundtrack composed and written by

text: Hamsalekha

text: According to a 2010 Warrior Dash Participant Survey administered by Red Frog Events, Warrior Dash on average draws participants from 47 states and three countries. According to the National Association of Sports Commissions (NASC), direct spending on average by Warrior Dash attendees from one event is $4.5 million. Of this total, the average revenue generated is $1.3 million from hotel sales, $1.3 million from restaurant sales, $849,000 from local store sales and $823,000 from attendee gas sales.

text: This is a K-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of K2+ V. HR 7722 has about 78% of the Sun's mass and, depending on the estimation method, 79% to 85% of the radius of the Sun. The effective temperature of the photosphere is about 5069 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is older than the Sun, with age estimates in the range 7.5–8.9 billion years. The proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium, known as the metallicity, is similar to that of the Sun. It is spinning slowly, completing a rotation roughly every 48 days.

text: This is a

text: K-type main sequence star

text: with a

text: stellar classification

text: of K2+ V. HR 7722 has about 78% of the

text: Sun's mass

text: and, depending on the estimation method, 79% to 85% of the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . The

text: effective temperature

text: of the

text: photosphere

text: is about 5069 K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is older than the Sun, with age estimates in the range 7.5–8.9 billion years. The proportion of elements other than

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: helium

text: , known as the

text: metallicity

text: , is similar to that of the Sun. It is spinning slowly, completing a rotation roughly every 48 days.

text: (TDCAA champion played in the Western Bowl)

text: , then the DDH assumption would not hold in

text: In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used, measuring fifteen degrees between points.

text: Santa Cruz is a Pre-Romanesque Roman Catholic church located in Cangas de Onís, in Asturias, Spain.

text: Santa Cruz is a

text: Pre-Romanesque

text: Roman Catholic

text: church located in Cangas de Onís, in

text: Asturias

text: Spain

text: The Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology, created in 1997 by Jean-Loup Huret (with bioinformatics by Philippe Dessen) is a collection of resources on genes, chromosomes anomalies, leukemias, solid tumours, and cancer-prone diseases. The project is accessible through Internet and is made of encyclopedic-style files, as well as traditional overviews, links towards websites and databases devoted to cancer and/or genetics, case reports in haematology. It also encompasses teaching items in various languages.

text: The Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology, created in 1997 by

text: Jean-Loup Huret

text: (with bioinformatics by Philippe Dessen) is a collection of resources on

text: gene

text: s,

text: chromosomes anomalies

text: leukemia

text: s,

text: solid tumour

text: s, and

text: cancer

text: -prone diseases. The project is accessible through Internet and is made of encyclopedic-style files, as well as traditional overviews, links towards websites and databases devoted to cancer and/or genetics, case reports in

text: haematology

text: . It also encompasses teaching items in various languages.

text: The agency is known for producing independent visual reports that stimulate positive social change, and impact views on human rights and other issues of global concern.

text: is the minor planet with the largest known heliocentric semi-major axis and aphelion. Additionally its perihelion lies within the orbit of Jupiter, which means it also has the largest orbital eccentricity of any known minor planet.  has a barycentric semi-major axis of ~1026 AU.

text: is the

text: minor planet

text: with the largest known heliocentric

text: semi-major axis

text: and

text: aphelion

text: . Additionally its

text: perihelion

text: lies within the orbit of

text: Jupiter

text: , which means it also has the largest orbital

text: eccentricity

text: of any known minor planet.  has a

text: barycentric

text: semi-major axis of ~1026

text: AU

text: Mike Gersher was formerly an artist on the Blondie comic strip.  He started being credited as the head artist in late December 1981, after the death of the long serving Jim Raymond.  Gersher had assisted Raymond for about seventeen years, originally as a trainee assistant but later becoming responsible for complete artwork.  They met in 1963 after Gersher won a national cartooning contest.  Raymond's health began to fail around 1979, and it is almost certain that Gersher was handling the majority of the strip from about April 1981.  He began signing the strip in late December of that year.

text: Mike Gersher was formerly an artist on the

text: Blondie

text: comic strip.  He started being credited as the head artist in late December 1981, after the death of the long serving

text: Jim Raymond

text: .  Gersher had assisted Raymond for about seventeen years, originally as a trainee assistant but later becoming responsible for complete artwork.  They met in 1963 after Gersher won a national cartooning contest.  Raymond's health began to fail around 1979, and it is almost certain that Gersher was handling the majority of the strip from about April 1981.  He began signing the strip in late December of that year.

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on November 28, 2095. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on November 28, 2095. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: Beginning in 2001, a series of shorts featuring Bitchy Bitch called Bitchy Bits was shown on the  Oxygen Network  animated series X-Chromosome.

text: Beginning in 2001, a series of shorts featuring Bitchy Bitch called Bitchy Bits was shown on the

text: Oxygen Network

text: animated series X-Chromosome.

text: Even with the changes, the road would end up being cheaper than planned because of narrower shoulders and bridges, and more bridges over wetlands.

text: Even with the changes, the road would end up being cheaper than planned because of narrower shoulders and bridges, and more bridges over

text: wetland

text: s.

text: A surface area of one square meter on Earth receives typically about one kilowatt of sunlight from the sun (the solar irradiance) (on a clear day at mid day, close to the equator).

text: A surface area of one square meter on Earth receives typically about one kilowatt of

text: sunlight

text: from the sun (the

text: solar irradiance

text: ) (on a clear day at mid day, close to the equator).

text: After Roderick died, the trust sold several items from inside the house including a George III sycamore tea caddy and ivory and horn-veneered miniature chess table.

text: After Roderick died, the trust sold several items from inside the house including a George III sycamore

text: tea caddy

text: and ivory and horn-veneered miniature chess table.

text: Ben refereed 2 internationals in 2005.

text: Ben refereed 2 internationals in 2005.

text: 53rd Reserve Division (Hans von Watzdorf)

text: 53rd Reserve Division

text: (Hans von Watzdorf)

text: Eccopsis deprinsi is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family that is endemic to Kenya.

text: Eccopsis deprinsi is a species of

text: moth

text: of the

text: Tortricidae

text: family that is endemic to

text: Kenya

text: Autopsy (original Italian title Macchie solari, also known as The Victim and Corpse) is a 1975 Italian giallo-horror film directed by Armando Crispino. It achieved a cult status for its truculent morgue scenes.  The Italian title translates as Sunspots.

text: Autopsy (original Italian title Macchie solari, also known as The Victim and Corpse) is a

text: Italian

text: giallo

text: horror film

text: directed by

text: Armando Crispino

text: . It achieved a

text: cult

text: status for its truculent morgue scenes.  The Italian title translates as Sunspots.

text: It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality. During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint corona will be visible, and the chromosphere, solar prominences, and possibly even a solar flare may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon.

text: It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality. During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint

text: corona

text: will be visible, and the

text: chromosphere

text: solar prominence

text: s, and possibly even a

text: solar flare

text: may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon.

text: Source: King Records

text: Source: King Records

text: Hilltop is an unincorporated community in Grayson County, Kentucky, United States. Hilltop is located on Kentucky Route 1214,  east-southeast of Leitchfield.

text: Hilltop is an

text: unincorporated community

text: in

text: Grayson County

text: Kentucky

text: United States

text: . Hilltop is located on

text: Kentucky Route 1214

text: ,  east-southeast of

text: Leitchfield

text: Jordan developed new insights by developing new techniques to use the ionisation balance of elements, the mechanisms of level population in ions, and combining this with observational results from the Sun and stars. As a result of her work on the Skylab ultraviolet spectra the understanding of He-like ions was further developed. This had implications for the development of applications, like X-ray lasers.  The electron density diagnostics, and temperature density diagnostics, when combined with the emission measure analysis developed by her yielded new insights in the chromospheres of cool stars, T Tauri Stars, and the Sun, to name a few.  Following the launch of the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite in 1978, she turned her attention to stellar coronal and chromospheric activity.  Her knowledge of solar activity enabled her to help develop this new branch of astrophysics. Since about 1980, she has been a key member of nearly every team, in the UK, Europe and the US, concerned with the development and use of instruments for the studies of ultra-violet and x-ray spectra of the sun and of the stars.

text: Jordan developed new insights by developing new techniques to use the ionisation balance of elements, the mechanisms of level population in ions, and combining this with observational results from the Sun and stars. As a result of her work on the Skylab ultraviolet spectra the understanding of He-like ions was further developed. This had implications for the development of applications, like X-ray lasers.  The electron density diagnostics, and temperature density diagnostics, when combined with the emission measure analysis developed by her yielded new insights in the chromospheres of cool stars, T Tauri Stars, and the Sun, to name a few.  Following the launch of the

text: International Ultraviolet Explorer

text: satellite in 1978, she turned her attention to stellar

text: corona

text: l and

text: chromospheric

text: activity.  Her knowledge of solar activity enabled her to help develop this new branch of astrophysics. Since about 1980, she has been a key member of nearly every team, in the UK, Europe and the US, concerned with the development and use of instruments for the studies of

text: ultra-violet

text: and

text: x-ray

text: spectra

text: of the sun and of the stars.

text: Another type of analog clock is the sundial, which tracks the sun continuously, registering the time by the shadow position of its gnomon. Because the sun does not adjust to daylight savings times, users must add an hour during that time. Corrections must also be made for the equation of time, and for the difference between the longitudes of the sundial and of the central meridian of the time zone that is being used (i.e. 15 degrees east of the prime meridian for each hour that the time zone is ahead of GMT). Sundials use some or part of the 24 hour analog dial. There also exist clocks which use a digital display despite having an analog mechanism—these are commonly referred to as flip clocks.

text: Another type of analog clock is the

text: sundial

text: , which tracks the sun continuously, registering the time by the shadow position of its

text: gnomon

text: . Because the sun does not adjust to daylight savings times, users must add an hour during that time. Corrections must also be made for the

text: equation of time

text: , and for the difference between the longitudes of the sundial and of the central meridian of the

text: time zone

text: that is being used (i.e. 15 degrees east of the

text: prime meridian

text: for each hour that the time zone is ahead of

text: GMT

text: ). Sundials use some or part of the 24 hour analog dial. There also exist clocks which use a digital display despite having an analog mechanism—these are commonly referred to as

text: flip clock

text: s.

text: Desmond Miles (1987–2012), central protagonist of the Assassin's Creed series, a member of the Assassin Order in the 21st century and a descendant of numerous familial lines that had sworn an allegiance to the Assassins; including individuals such as Aquilus, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore de Firenze, Edward Kenway and Connor/Ratonhnhaké:ton. He ended his own life for the sake of the planet in 2012. He is voiced by actor Nolan North.He chose death to protect humankind from a solar flare or billions would die. He released Juno in the process (Assassin's Creed III).

text: Desmond Miles (1987–2012), central protagonist of the Assassin's Creed series, a member of the Assassin Order in the 21st century and a descendant of numerous familial lines that had sworn an allegiance to the Assassins; including individuals such as Aquilus, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore de Firenze, Edward Kenway and Connor/Ratonhnhaké:ton. He ended his own life for the sake of the planet in 2012. He is voiced by actor

text: Nolan North

text: .He chose death to protect humankind from a solar flare or billions would die. He released Juno in the process (

text: Assassin's Creed III

text: Cover photography by Gary Gladstone 1972

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 10, 1912. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 10, 1912. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey is diurnal and its diet consists of a range of leaves, fruits, flowers and seeds. It moves about the canopy in small groups.

text: In August 2003, Hawash surprised his supporters by pleading guilty to one charge in exchange for a reduced sentence.

text: A special edition is available with a DVD containing 24 music videos.

text: According to the epitaph on the Louw Wepener Monument he was born in 1812. The monument is erected at his burial site on his farm (Constantia) between Aliwal-North in the Eastern Cape and Bethulie in the Free State.

text: KU:PALM (Photek Productions (2012))

text: KU:PALM

text: (Photek Productions (2012))

text: James' artistic work features the Falklands War reflecting the suffering of individual soldiers particularly the Argentine conscripts. Whilst exhibiting in Buenos Aires he met and befriended Miguel Savage, an Argentine Veteran of the Falklands War.  Savage also fought in the Battle of Mount Longdon and travelled to the islands meeting and staying with Terry Peck before his death from cancer in 2006.

text: James' artistic work features the

text: Falklands War

text: reflecting the suffering of individual soldiers particularly the Argentine conscripts. Whilst exhibiting in

text: Buenos Aires

text: he met and befriended Miguel Savage, an Argentine Veteran of the

text: Falklands War

text: .  Savage also fought in the Battle of Mount Longdon and travelled to the islands meeting and staying with Terry Peck before his death from cancer in 2006.

text: All sequences shot at the zoo were filmed at the Santa Ana Zoo in California. One line that was cut was Xander saying "Welcome to the jungle." The scenes of Willow watching hyenas on the computer in the library contains very little hyena footage; most of clips are of African wild dogs.

text: All sequences shot at the zoo were filmed at the

text: Santa Ana Zoo

text: in

text: California

text: . One line that was cut was Xander saying "Welcome to the jungle." The scenes of Willow watching hyenas on the computer in the library contains very little hyena footage; most of clips are of African wild dogs.

text: Mama (Odenigbo's mother) – A village woman from Abba. She is opposed to the relationship between Odenigbo and Olanna because they are not officially married (no bride price paid yet) plus Olanna is an unnatural woman.

text: The town of Corfu got its Western name from the twin peaks of the fortress ("Coryphe" in Greek).

text: An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 9, 1948. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on May 9, 1948. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 30, 1905. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 30, 1905. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: In January 2016, Amtrak revealed a P32AC-DM was repainted into Phase III, similar to that of the heritage units  145 and 822, but featured modern logos and "Empire Service" emblems on the sides. All P32AC-DMs will be repainted into this scheme. The costs were shared between Amtrak and New York.

text: In January 2016, Amtrak revealed a P32AC-DM was repainted into Phase III, similar to that of the heritage units  145 and 822, but featured modern logos and "

text: Empire Service

text: " emblems on the sides. All P32AC-DMs will be repainted into this scheme. The costs were shared between Amtrak and New York.

text: Harlem River Blues received generally good reviews from critics.

text: The composer comments:

text: The composer comments:

text: Frederick Goodwin may refer to:

text: Frederick Goodwin may refer to:

text: The Solar Physics Laboratory works to understand the Sun as a star and as the primary driver of activity throughout the solar system. Their research expands knowledge of the Earth-Sun system and helps to enable robotic and human exploration.

text: "Heartbreak Hotel" was the second song Presley recorded at RCA Victor, following "I Got a Woman", during his debut session at 1525 McGavock Street in Nashville on January 10, 1956. Presley arrived at the studio with the song ready to record without seeking RCA's approval, and although producer Steve Sholes was not sure that it would be a success, he recorded "Heartbreak Hotel" believing that Presley knew what he was doing. Recording at RCA Victor was a different experience for Presley and his band, who were used to a more relaxed atmosphere at Sun Studio. Guitar player Scotty Moore later commented, "It was a larger studio than Sun's and more regimented - they called everything by a tape number. We would sit around at Sun, eat hamburgers and then somebody would say, 'Let's try something.'"

text: "Heartbreak Hotel" was the second song Presley recorded at

text: RCA Victor

text: , following "

text: I Got a Woman

text: ", during his debut session at 1525 McGavock Street in Nashville on January 10, 1956. Presley arrived at the studio with the song ready to record without seeking RCA's approval, and although

text: producer

text: Steve Sholes

text: was not sure that it would be a success, he recorded "Heartbreak Hotel" believing that Presley knew what he was doing. Recording at RCA Victor was a different experience for Presley and his band, who were used to a more relaxed atmosphere at

text: Sun Studio

text: . Guitar player

text: Scotty Moore

text: later commented, "It was a larger studio than Sun's and more regimented - they called everything by a tape number. We would sit around at Sun, eat hamburgers and then somebody would say, 'Let's try something.'"

text: The school was paid $10,000 for each of the nine episodes in season one and twelve in season two. The show attracted international attention for the school and interest from prospective students around the world; applications for admission increased by 60 percent in 2009.

text: The seat of government and capital of the Crow Indian Reservation is Crow Agency, Montana.

text: The seat of government and capital of the

text: Crow Indian

text: Reservation is Crow Agency,

text: Montana

text: An annular solar eclipse will occur on May 21, 2031. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.

text: An annular

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on May 21, 2031. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: annulus

text: There are more FIBA-recognized teams than FIFA-recognized teams (211).

text: There are more FIBA-recognized teams than

text: FIFA

text: -recognized teams (211).

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on January 5, 2057. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: apparent diameter

text: Since Primera and Segunda División would be expanded to 20 teams, no teams were relegated to Segunda División B.

text: Since

text: Primera

text: and

text: Segunda División

text: would be expanded to 20 teams, no teams were relegated to

text: Segunda División B

text: Its Web page at http://www.kso.ac.at/ usually posts current images of the sun, especially in the hydrogen-alpha line that is the strongest visible-light line of hydrogen and that reveals the solar chromosphere.

text: is any curve let

text: is any curve let

text: Types of land use in dunams in the village in 1945:

text: Types of land use in

text: dunam

text: s in the village in 1945:

text: June 16 – Joseph Schooling, swimmer

text: June 16

text: Joseph Schooling

text: , swimmer

text: At all NZDF facilities, civilian staff are used to augment physical security manpower, particularly for relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols.

text: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause disaster was seen during the 1859 Carrington event, which disrupted the telegraph network, and the March 1989 geomagnetic storm which blacked out Quebec. Some major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989, and a similar flare on April 2, 2001. The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November 4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).

text: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of

text: solar radiation

text: , much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause disaster was seen during the 1859

text: Carrington event

text: , which disrupted the telegraph network, and the

text: March 1989 geomagnetic storm

text: which

text: blacked out

text: Quebec. Some major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989, and a similar flare on April 2, 2001. The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November 4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).

text: The neighbourhood is surrounded by banks and trees as it was originally a forest. Briargreen Public School is situated in the heart of the community and a park to the west of the school. Pinecrest Cemetery is nearby.

text: The WGA had been pushing for jurisdiction of reality and animation, but have recently dropped these issues as the WGA and AMPTP have entered into informal negotiations.

text: The catholic parish church of St. Agatha in Unterbaldingen was erected in 1898.  It was built in the New Gothic and Art Nouveau styles, and was designed by architect Karl Moser, who also designed the Paulus church in Basel.

text: The catholic parish church of St. Agatha in Unterbaldingen was erected in 1898.  It was built in the New Gothic and Art Nouveau styles, and was designed by architect

text: Karl Moser

text: , who also designed the Paulus church in

text: Basel

text: PREMIER LEAGUE OF VOLLEYBALL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2004/2005 - OK Kakanj finished in 1st place and won the 2004/2005 Championship

text: Acton is currently a Research Professor of Physics in the Solar Physics Group at Montana State University, where he oversees the solar physics group, which carries on an active research program under NASA support. The group is actively involved in day-to-day operation and scientific utilization of the Japan/US/UK Yohkoh mission for studies of high-energy solar physics. This satellite carries a solar X-ray telescope, prepared under the leadership of Acton, for the study of high-energy processes, such as solar flares, on the sun. The primary emission of the extremely hot outer atmosphere of the sun, the solar corona, is at X-ray wavelengths and the extended duration, high resolution X-ray imagery from Yohkoh are being analyzed in an effort to learn why the sun has a corona at all and why it varies in intensity so strongly in response to the 11-year sunspot cycle.

text: Acton is currently a Research Professor of Physics in the Solar Physics Group at

text: Montana State University

text: , where he oversees the solar physics group, which carries on an active research program under NASA support. The group is actively involved in day-to-day operation and scientific utilization of the Japan/US/UK

text: Yohkoh mission

text: for studies of high-energy solar physics. This satellite carries a solar X-ray telescope, prepared under the leadership of Acton, for the study of high-energy processes, such as solar flares, on the sun. The primary emission of the extremely hot outer atmosphere of the sun, the solar corona, is at X-ray wavelengths and the extended duration, high resolution X-ray imagery from Yohkoh are being analyzed in an effort to learn why the sun has a corona at all and why it varies in intensity so strongly in response to the 11-year sunspot cycle.

text: Squires currently works as a scout for the Cincinnati Reds.

text: Squires currently works as a

text: scout

text: for the

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: The Jets were not nearly as successful as the Braves had been. They played in Jacksonville for only one year before Samuel Wolfson returned with a new Triple-A team, the Jacksonville Suns.

text: The Jets were not nearly as successful as the Braves had been. They played in Jacksonville for only one year before Samuel Wolfson returned with a new

text: Triple-A

text: team, the

text: Jacksonville Suns

text: Crespi has worked as the director of international scouting for NBA clubs like the Boston Celtics and the Phoenix Suns.

text: Crespi has worked as the director of international scouting for

text: NBA

text: clubs like the

text: Boston Celtics

text: and the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: Her famous works include “History of Baku: Mediaeval period” and “Shirvanshah State”. She has postulated that the origin of the name of "Baku" has its origins from Zoroastrianism, taken from the word “baga” which means “the Sun” or  “the God” in several ancient middle-eastern languages.

text: Her famous works include “History of Baku: Mediaeval period” and “Shirvanshah State”. She has postulated that the origin of the name of "Baku" has its origins from

text: Zoroastrianism

text: , taken from the word “baga” which means “the Sun” or  “the God” in several ancient middle-eastern languages.

text: The ecliptic latitude of the Sun is nearly:

text: The

text: ecliptic latitude

text: of the Sun is nearly:

text: The closest possible exoplanet to Earth, if discovered, would orbit the Alpha Centauri star system, which contains two Sun-like stars (Alpha Centauri A and B) and a red dwarf (Proxima Centauri, slightly closer to Earth than its binary siblings at 4.25 light years). Alpha Centauri's close proximity, approximately 4.37 years from Earth, is a rarity; the next nearest Sun-like star (FGK), Epsilon Eridani, is more than two times farther away, at 10.5 light years. Current estimates place the probability of finding Earth Proxima around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%, although this number remains uncertain. Surveying the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A and B have been the target of several conceptual missions, including NASA's Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), which was canceled in 2010 due to financial issues.

text: The closest possible exoplanet to Earth, if discovered, would orbit the Alpha Centauri star system, which contains two Sun-like stars (Alpha Centauri A and B) and a

text: red dwarf

text: Proxima Centauri

text: , slightly closer to Earth than its binary siblings at 4.25 light years). Alpha Centauri's close proximity, approximately 4.37 years from Earth, is a rarity; the next nearest Sun-like star (FGK),

text: Epsilon Eridani

text: , is more than two times farther away, at 10.5 light years. Current estimates place the probability of finding Earth Proxima around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%, although this number remains uncertain. Surveying the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A and B have been the target of several conceptual missions, including NASA's

text: Space Interferometry Mission

text: (SIM), which was canceled in 2010 due to financial issues.

text: The Arizona State Reptile is the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi willardi)

text: The Arizona State Reptile is the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake (

text: Crotalus willardi willardi

text: .The core

text: .The core

text: Atmospheric scattering plays a role in removing higher frequencies from direct sunlight and scattering it about the sky.This is why the sky appears blue and the sun yellow — more of the higher-frequency blue light arrives at the observer via indirect scattered paths; and less blue light follows the direct path, giving the sun a yellow tinge.The greater the distance in the atmosphere through which the sunlight travels, the greater this effect, which is why the sun looks orange or red at dawn and sundown when the sunlight is travelling very obliquely through the atmosphere — progressively more of the blues and greens are removed from the direct rays, giving an orange or red appearance to the sun; and the sky appears pink — because the blues and greens are scattered over such long paths that they are highly attenuated before arriving at the observer, resulting in characteristic pink skies at dawn and sunset.

text: On April 12, 2014 the Mavs handed the Suns one of three straight losses to keep them out of the playoffs, 101-98. The other losses from rival San Antonio and the Memphis Grizzlies.

text: On April 9, 2008, Sun announced the UltraSPARC T2 Plus.

text: Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Teams

text: Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Teams

text: The Sun Pyramids: –10% construction time

text: The Ospreys won the Atlantic Sun regular season championship for the first time in the 2014–15 season and won their second in a row the following season.

text: The 1982–83 Phoenix Suns season was the 15th season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. The Suns were in the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season, extending a then-franchise record. The Suns were eliminated in the first round two games to one by the Denver Nuggets, a team they had beaten by the same margin a year earlier. The Suns were led by head coach John MacLeod and played all home games in Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

text: The 1982–83 Phoenix Suns season was the 15th season for the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: of the

text: National Basketball Association

text: . The Suns were in the

text: playoffs

text: for the sixth consecutive season, extending a then-franchise record. The Suns were eliminated in the first round two games to one by the

text: Denver Nuggets

text: , a team they had beaten by the same margin a year earlier. The Suns were led by

text: head coach

text: John MacLeod

text: and played all home games in

text: Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum

text: Sun Country Vacation packages are offered to a wide range of destinations including Cancun, Cozumel, Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa, Cabo San Lucas, St. Thomas, St. Maarten, San Juan, Orlando, New York, Palm Springs, Phoenix, San Diego, West Palm Beach, Seattle, Las Vegas, Tampa, Fort Myers, Harlingen, Miami, Punta Cana, Montego Bay and soon to include, Anchorage, Washington D.C. and Boston. Plans to expand the program in the future include Hertz car rentals, sightseeing packages and attraction packages.

text: Sun Country Vacation packages are offered to a wide range of destinations including Cancun, Cozumel, Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa, Cabo San Lucas, St. Thomas, St. Maarten, San Juan, Orlando, New York, Palm Springs, Phoenix, San Diego, West Palm Beach, Seattle, Las Vegas, Tampa, Fort Myers, Harlingen, Miami, Punta Cana, Montego Bay and soon to include, Anchorage, Washington D.C. and Boston. Plans to expand the program in the future include

text: Hertz car rentals

text: , sightseeing packages and attraction packages.