text: Ukrainian Science Park - This exterior park is free for anyone to use and is located outside of the Science Centre. Featuring a variety of pulleys, tunnels, and other game-type science experiments for children of all ages to play with and learn from.

text: Ukrainian Science Park - This exterior park is free for anyone to use and is located outside of the Science Centre. Featuring a variety of

entity_name: Pulley

text: pulley

text: s,

entity_name: Tunnel

text: tunnel

text: s, and other game-type science experiments for children of all ages to play with and learn from.

text: Just as the diameters of gears (and, correspondingly, their number of teeth) determine a gear ratio and thus the speed increases or reductions and the mechanical advantage that they can deliver, the diameters of pulleys determine those same factors. Cone pulleys and step pulleys (which operate on the same principle, although the names tend to be applied to flat belt versions and V belt versions, respectively) are a way to provide multiple drive ratios in a belt-and-pulley system that can be shifted as needed, just as a transmission provides this function with a gear train that can be shifted. V belt step pulleys are the most common way that drill presses deliver a range of spindle speeds.

text: Just as the diameters of

entity_name: Gear

text: gear

text: s (and, correspondingly, their number of teeth) determine a

entity_name: Gear train

text: gear ratio

text: and thus the speed increases or reductions and the

entity_name: Mechanical advantage

text: mechanical advantage

text: that they can deliver, the diameters of pulleys determine those same factors.

text: Cone pulleys

text: and step pulleys (which operate on the same principle, although the names tend to be applied to flat belt versions and V belt versions, respectively) are a way to provide multiple drive ratios in a belt-and-pulley system that can be shifted as needed, just as a

entity_name: Transmission (mechanics)

text: transmission

text: provides this function with a

text: gear train

text: that can be shifted. V belt step pulleys are the most common way that

entity_name: Drill

entity_section: Drill press

text: drill presses

text: deliver a range of spindle speeds.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

text: Belt Pulley was a U.S.-based magazine dedicated to antique farm tractors of all brands and makes. It published successfully for over 2 decades and was one of the best known titles in the category. It was a family business run first by the Aumann family and then by the Elmore family. In 2009 it was sold, and the new owner eventually changed the name of the publication to Vintage Tractor Digest. This ended its publication under the Belt Pulley title.

text: Belt Pulley was a U.S.-based

entity_name: Magazine

text: magazine

text: dedicated to antique farm

entity_name: Tractor

text: tractor

text: s of all brands and makes. It published successfully for over 2 decades and was one of the best known titles in the category. It was a family business run first by the Aumann family and then by the Elmore family. In 2009 it was sold, and the new owner eventually changed the name of the publication to Vintage Tractor Digest. This ended its publication under the Belt Pulley title.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: To get the camera out over the centre of larger shafts, I.A.Recordings use either a scaffold pole with a pulley on the end, or for shafts that have run-in so the crater on the surface is several metres wide, they have developed a "Tyrolean traverse" or "Blondin" arrangement. A large diameter pulley (a Sinclair C5 wheel) is mounted on a trolley which is winched along a wire rope slung across the shaft and kept in tension. When the pulley is centred, the traverse rope is locked-off and the camera lowering rope can be released.

text: To get the camera out over the centre of larger shafts, I.A.Recordings use either a scaffold pole with a pulley on the end, or for shafts that have run-in so the crater on the surface is several metres wide, they have developed a "

entity_name: Tyrolean traverse

text: Tyrolean traverse

text: " or "

entity_name: Blondin (quarry equipment)

text: Blondin

text: " arrangement. A large diameter pulley (a

entity_name: Sinclair C5

text: Sinclair C5

text: wheel) is mounted on a trolley which is winched along a wire rope slung across the shaft and kept in tension. When the pulley is centred, the traverse rope is locked-off and the camera lowering rope can be released.

text: The Botafumeiro is suspended from a pulley mechanism in the dome on the roof of the church . The current pulley mechanism was installed in 1604.

text: The exact design varies slightly from one example to another but the basic arrangement remains constant. The spikes are supported from a frame attached to the table, which also serves to guide them as they are raised and dropped. There is generally some form of pulley or winch mechanism to raise the spikes, which are genuine and heavy. The table itself generally has an array of holes that match the layout of the spikes, so that the spikes protrude through the table when they drop. The performer lies on his or her back on the table and is restrained with a variety of chains, cuffs and manacles.

text: Roller doors ("Sheet Doors"-USA) are usually constructed of corrugated steel. They evolved from cover window and door coverings. Other materials can be used (e.g.; transparent corrugated fibreglass) where strong impact resistance is not required. Corrugations give the door strength against impacts. A typical single car garage roller door has a preloaded spring inside the rolling mechanism. The spring reduces the effort required to open the door. Larger roller doors in commercial premises are not sprung (except USA) and use a manual pulley and chain system or a geared motor to raise and lower (roll up and roll down) the door. Roller doors cannot be effectively insulated.

text: The first annular pulley (A1 pulley), near the head of the metacarpal bone, lies in the flexor groove in the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. As a general rule, the A1, A3, and A5 pulleys in the fingers are "joint pulleys" that originate from the volar plate on the volar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. The A2 and A4 pulleys arise from the periosteum on the proximal half of the proximal phalanx and the mid portion of the middle phalanx, respectively. The first annular pulley (A1 pulley), near the head of the metacarpal bone, lies in the flexor groove in the deep transverse metacarpal ligament.  In the thumb there are two annular pulleys and a single oblique pulley.

text: The first annular pulley (A1 pulley), near the head of the

entity_name: Metacarpal bones

text: metacarpal bone

text: , lies in the flexor groove in the

entity_name: Deep transverse metacarpal ligament

text: deep transverse metacarpal ligament

text: . As a general rule, the A1, A3, and A5 pulleys in the fingers are "joint pulleys" that originate from the

entity_name: Palmar plate

text: volar plate

text: on the volar aspect of the

entity_name: Metacarpophalangeal joint

text: metacarpophalangeal

text: , proximal

entity_name: Interphalangeal joints of the hand

text: interphalangeal

text: , and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. The A2 and A4 pulleys arise from the periosteum on the proximal half of the proximal phalanx and the mid portion of the middle phalanx, respectively. The first annular pulley (A1 pulley), near the head of the

text: metacarpal bone

text: , lies in the flexor groove in the

text: deep transverse metacarpal ligament

text: .  In the thumb there are two annular pulleys and a single oblique pulley.

text: To position the ball, both of the pulleys on the left side of the frame are moved by their whiffletree linkages, actuated by the selected drive shaft cams. When the rotate pulley is moved to the right or left, the rotate tape spins the type element to the appropriate location.  When the tilt pulley is moved, it tips the tilt ring to the appropriate location. When it moves, the tape rotates the spring-loaded pulley on the ball carrier independent of the carrier's location on the page.

text: | class="note" | | class="note" | |- class="vcard"| class="fn org" | Pulley| class="adr" |

text: | class="note" | | class="note" | |- class="vcard"| class="fn org" |

text: Pulley

text: | class="adr" |

text: There are other types of problems similar to the belt problem. The pulley problem, as shown, is similar to the belt problem; however, the belt does not cross itself. In the pulley problem the length of the belt is

text: There are other types of problems similar to the belt problem. The

text: pulley

text: problem, as shown, is similar to the belt problem; however, the

entity_name: Belt (mechanical)

text: belt

text: does not cross itself. In the pulley problem the length of the belt is

text: The second floor concerns itself with the Middle Ages (500-1500). Here is represented antique world systems and medicine, simple machines and the science of early Arabia. Included in the interactive exhibits are pulley-blocks, a water wheel, and a human-powered impeller for pumping liquids.

text: The second floor concerns itself with the

entity_name: Middle Ages

text: Middle Ages

text: (500-1500). Here is represented antique world systems and

entity_name: Medicine

text: medicine

entity_name: Simple machine

text: simple machine

text: s and the science of early Arabia. Included in the interactive exhibits are pulley-blocks, a water wheel, and a human-powered impeller for pumping liquids.

method: UNH-ecn

text: Although variations exist, as noted below, most rear derailleurs have several components in common. They have a cage that holds two pulleys that guide the chain in an S-shaped pattern. The pulleys are known as the jockey pulley or guide pulley (top) and the tension pulley (bottom). The cage rotates in its plane and is spring-loaded to take up chain slack. The cage is positioned under the desired sprocket by an arm that can swing back and forth under the sprockets. The arm is usually implemented with a parallelogram mechanism to keep the cage properly aligned with the chain as it swings back and forth. The other end of the arm mounts to a pivot point attached to the bicycle frame. The arm pivots about this point to maintain the cage at a nearly constant distance from the different sized sprockets. There may be one or more adjustment screws that control the amount of lateral travel allowed and the spring tension.

text: Although variations exist, as noted below, most rear derailleurs have several components in common. They have a cage that holds two

text: pulley

text: s that guide the chain in an

entity_name: S

text: S

text: -shaped pattern. The pulleys are known as the jockey pulley or guide pulley (top) and the tension pulley (bottom). The cage rotates in its plane and is spring-loaded to take up chain slack. The cage is positioned under the desired sprocket by an arm that can swing back and forth under the sprockets. The arm is usually implemented with a

entity_name: Parallelogram

text: parallelogram

text: mechanism to keep the cage properly aligned with the chain as it swings back and forth. The other end of the arm mounts to a pivot point attached to the bicycle frame. The arm pivots about this point to maintain the cage at a nearly constant distance from the different sized sprockets. There may be one or more adjustment screws that control the amount of lateral travel allowed and the spring tension.

text: Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37 (1984), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that there the Eighth Amendment does not require, as an invariable rule in every case, that a state appellate court, before it affirms a death sentence, compare the sentence in the case before it with the penalties imposed in similar cases if requested to do so by the prisoner.

text: Pulley v. Harris,

entity_name: Case citation

text: 465 U.S. 37

text: (1984), is a

entity_name: Supreme Court of the United States

text: United States Supreme Court

text: case in which the Court held that there the

entity_name: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Eighth Amendment

text: does not require, as an invariable rule in every case, that a state appellate court, before it affirms a death sentence, compare the sentence in the case before it with the penalties imposed in similar cases if requested to do so by the prisoner.

text: Marc Isambard Brunel established the world's first mass production line at Portsmouth Block Mills making pulley blocks for rigging on the navy's ships. The first machines were installed in January 1803 and the final set for large blocks in March 1805. In 1808, the mills produced 130,000 blocks. By the turn of the 19th century, the town had the largest industrial site in the world with a workforce of 8000 and an annual budget of £570,000.

entity_name: Marc Isambard Brunel

text: Marc Isambard Brunel

text: established the world's first mass production line at

entity_name: Portsmouth Block Mills

text: Portsmouth Block Mills

text: making

text: pulley

entity_name: Block (sailing)

text: blocks

text: for

entity_name: Rigging

text: rigging

text: on the navy's ships. The first machines were installed in January 1803 and the final set for large blocks in March 1805. In 1808, the mills produced 130,000 blocks. By the turn of the 19th century, the town had the largest industrial site in the world with a workforce of 8000 and an annual budget of £570,000.

text: A single movable pulley has an MA of 2 (assuming frictionless bearings in the pulley).  Consider a pulley attached to a weight being lifted. A rope passes around it, with one end attached to a fixed point above, e.g. a barn roof rafter, and a pulling force is applied upward to the other end with the two lengths parallel.  In this situation the distance the lifter must pull the rope becomes twice the distance the weight travels, allowing the force applied to be halved.  Note: if an additional pulley is used to change the direction of the rope, e.g. the person doing the work wants to stand on the ground instead of on a rafter, the mechanical advantage is not increased.

text: Surgical treatment should be considered when the patient has a trigger thumb bilaterally and when the patient has a severe trigger thumb. Severe is defined as when the thumb is locked so that the thumb cannot be flexed or extended either passively or actively. Surgical treatment should also be considered when observation and/or splint therapy hasn’t achieved sufficient results after 49 months. Unlike the surgical treatment given for adults, which is unambiguously a surgical release of the A1 pulley of the thumb, the optimum surgical treatment for infants has not yet been discerned. In case of infants, research has shown that only in 15% of the cases A1 pulley release alone is sufficient. In most of the cases there was an additional annular pulley structure distal to the A1 to be released resolving the triggering: the so-called Av pulley or variable pulley. Therefore infants and adults need to be treated differently as the main problem is different.

text: The idea that a machine can be broken down into simple movable elements led Archimedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines.  By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inclined plane.

text: The idea that a machine can be broken down into simple movable elements led

entity_name: Archimedes

text: Archimedes

text: to define the

entity_name: Lever

text: lever

text: pulley

text: and

entity_name: Screw

text: screw

text: as

text: simple machine

text: s.  By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the

entity_name: Wheel and axle

text: wheel and axle

entity_name: Wedge (mechanical device)

text: wedge

text: and

entity_name: Inclined plane

text: inclined plane

text: The process consists of two conductive pulleys (step pulleys), which the wire passes across after it is drawn.  The two pulleys have an electrical potential across them, which causes the wire to form a short circuit.  The Joule effect causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 °C.  This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys, the ambient temperature, and the voltage applied.  Where t is the temperature of the wire, K is a constant, V is the voltage applied, r is the number of rotations of the pulleys per minute, and t is the ambient temperature:

text: The process consists of two conductive

text: pulley

text: s (step pulleys), which the wire passes across after it is drawn.  The two pulleys have an

entity_name: Electric potential

text: electrical potential

text: across them, which causes the wire to form a short circuit.  The

entity_name: Joule heating

text: Joule effect

text: causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 °C.  This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys, the ambient temperature, and the voltage applied.  Where t is the temperature of the wire, K is a constant, V is the

entity_name: Voltage

text: voltage

text: applied, r is the number of rotations of the pulleys per minute, and t is the

entity_name: Room temperature

entity_section: Ambient versus room temperature

text: ambient temperature

text: There are a number of weight machines that are commonly found in neighborhood gyms. The Smith machine is a barbell that is constrained to vertical movement. The cable machine consists of two weight stacks separated by 2.5 metres, with cables running through adjustable pulleys (that can be fixed at any height) to various types of handles. There are also exercise-specific weight machines such as the leg press. A multigym includes a variety of exercise-specific mechanisms in one apparatus.

text: There are a number of weight machines that are commonly found in neighborhood gyms. The

text: Smith machine

text: is a barbell that is constrained to vertical movement. The

text: cable machine

text: consists of two weight stacks separated by 2.5 metres, with cables running through adjustable pulleys (that can be fixed at any height) to various types of handles. There are also exercise-specific

text: weight machine

text: s such as the

text: leg press

text: . A multigym includes a variety of exercise-specific mechanisms in one apparatus.

text: Engineers can use the Brinell hardness of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. A rolling element bearing's static load rating is defined to avoid this failure type. Increasing the number of elements can provide better distribution of the load, so bearings intended for a large load may have many balls, or use needles instead. This decreases the chances of brinelling, but increases friction and other factors. However, although roller and ball bearings work well for radial and thrust loading, they are often prone to brinelling when very high impact loading, lateral loading, or vibration are experienced. Babbitt bearings or bronze bushings are often used instead of roller bearings in applications where such loads exist, such as in automotive crankshafts or pulley sheaves, to decrease the possibility of brinelling by distributing the force over a very large surface area.

text: Engineers can use the

text: Brinell hardness

text: of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. A rolling element bearing's static load rating is defined to avoid this failure type. Increasing the number of elements can provide better distribution of the load, so bearings intended for a large load may have many balls, or use needles instead. This decreases the chances of brinelling, but increases friction and other factors. However, although roller and ball bearings work well for radial and thrust loading, they are often prone to brinelling when very high impact loading, lateral loading, or vibration are experienced.

text: Babbitt bearing

text: s or

text: bronze

text: bushing

text: s are often used instead of roller bearings in applications where such loads exist, such as in automotive

text: crankshaft

text: s or pulley

text: sheave

text: s, to decrease the possibility of brinelling by distributing the force over a very large surface area.

text: Some drill presses and milling machines contain a pulley-based CVT where the output shaft has a pair of manually adjustable conical pulley halves through which a wide drive belt from the motor loops. The pulley on the motor, however, is usually fixed in diameter, or may have a series of given-diameter steps to allow a selection of speed ranges. A handwheel on the drill press, marked with a scale corresponding to the desired machine speed, is mounted to a reduction gearing system for the operator to precisely control the width of the gap between the pulley halves. This gap width thus adjusts the gearing ratio between the motor's fixed pulley and the output shaft's variable pulley, changing speed of the chuck. A tensioner pulley is implemented in the belt transmission to take up or release the slack in the belt as the speed is altered. In most cases, the speed must be changed with the motor running.

text: Some

text: drill press

text: es and

text: milling machine

text: The cars can be attached to a second cable running through a pulley at the bottom of the incline in case the gravity force acting on the vehicles is too low to operate them on the slope. One of the pulleys must be designed as a tensioning wheel to avoid slack in the ropes. In this case, the winching can also be done at the lower end of the incline. This practice is used for funiculars with gradients below 6%, funiculars using sledges instead of cars, or any other case where it is not ensured that the descending car is always able to pull out the cable from the pulley in the station on the top of the incline.

text: The belt problem is used  in the design of aeroplanes, bicycle gearing, cars, and other items with pulleys or belts that cross each other. The pulley problem is also used in the design of conveyor belts found in airport luggage belts and automated factory lines.

text: The belt problem is used  in the design of

text: aeroplane

text: s,

text: bicycle gearing

text: car

text: s, and other items with

text: pulley

text: s or

text: belts

text: that cross each other. The pulley problem is also used in the design of

text: conveyor belt

text: s found in

text: airport

text: luggage

text: belts and

text: automated

text: factory

text: lines.

text: Pulleys were constructed of wood, iron, steel or a combination thereof. Varying sizes of pulleys were used in conjunction to change the speed of rotation. For example a 40" pulley at 100 rpm would turn a 20" pulley at 200 rpm. Pulleys solidly attached ("fast") to the shaft could be combined with adjacent pulleys that turned freely ("loose") on the shaft (idlers). In this configuration the belt could be maneuvered onto the idler to stop power transmission or onto the solid pulley to convey the power. This arrangement was often used near machines to provide a means of shutting the machine off when not in use. Usually at the last belt feeding power to a machine, a pair of stepped pulleys could be used to give a variety of speed settings for the machine.

text: The compound bow, not to be confused with a composite bow, is a modern bow that uses a levering system, usually of cables and pulleys, to bend the limbs.The limbs of a compound bow are much stiffer than those of a recurve bow or longbow. This limb stiffness makes the compound bow more energy-efficient than other bows, in conjunction with the pulley/cams. The typical compound bow has its string applied to pulleys (cams), and one or both of the pulleys have one or more cables attached to the opposite limb. When the string is drawn back, the string causes the pulleys to turn. When the draw commences, the archer has reduced mechanical advantage, but during the draw, as the pulley cams rotate, and the archer gains mechanical advantage over the bending limbs, more energy is stored, in comparison to other bows.

text: The movements of the extraocular muscles take place under the influence of a system of extraocular muscle pulleys, soft tissue pulleys in the orbit. The extraocular muscle pulley system is fundamental to the movement of the eye muscles, in particular also to ensure conformity to Listing's law. Certain diseases of the pulleys (heterotopy, instability, and hindrance of the pulleys) cause particular patterns of incomitant strabismus. Defective pulley functions can be improved by surgical interventions.

text: The movements of the extraocular muscles take place under the influence of a system of

text: extraocular muscle pulleys

text: , soft tissue

text: pulley

text: s in the orbit. The extraocular muscle pulley system is fundamental to the movement of the eye muscles, in particular also to ensure conformity to

text: Listing's law

text: . Certain diseases of the pulleys (heterotopy, instability, and hindrance of the pulleys) cause particular patterns of incomitant

text: strabismus

text: . Defective pulley functions can be improved by surgical interventions.

text: Rope rescue is a subset of technical rescue that involves the use of Rope, be it steel or cable rope, or more commonly used nylon, polyester, or other type of rope.  Kernmantle (kern = core and mantle = sheath) rope as it is called, is available in various types: Dynamic (stretches to absorb the shock of a falling lead climber or rescue professional) or Static (actually low stretch) which is most commonly used in rescue and industrial rope work.  Anchoring includes using specialty anchors, as well as things as simple as a length of chain, cable, rope, or webbing wrapped around a pillar, tree, boulder, or such.  They provide the security and a point from which a person or subject (The word "victim" has dropped, and changed to "subject," due to the negative implications of the term "victim") can be belayed.  Belaying is the act of protecting the climber, rescue professional, or subject in the event of a fall.   Various other devices used, including: friction rappel [lowering] devices, which acts as a braking device on the rope.  They are used for lowering a load, a subject or oneself (rappelling).  Pulleys can serve as a mechanical advantage, along with rope grabs, and other tools, to raise, or haul, a load up a vertical section, or across a gully or canyon.  Pulleys systems are used in conjunction with the rope, rope grabbing devices, i.e.: Prusiks, or mechanical grabs, to capture the progress made during the lift.  Since pulley systems are generally short in length, they are used in conjunction with a progress (raise) capturing technique, and a long rope; and a backup safety or belay.  This specialized equipment is used to reach the subject(s) and safely recover them.

text: Rope rescue is a subset of

text: technical rescue

text: rappel

text: [lowering] devices, which acts as a braking device on the rope.  They are used for lowering a load, a subject or oneself (rappelling).  Pulleys can serve as a mechanical advantage, along with rope grabs, and other tools, to raise, or haul, a load up a vertical section, or across a gully or canyon.  Pulleys systems are used in conjunction with the rope, rope grabbing devices, i.e.: Prusiks, or mechanical grabs, to capture the progress made during the lift.  Since pulley systems are generally short in length, they are used in conjunction with a progress (raise) capturing technique, and a long rope; and a backup safety or belay.  This specialized equipment is used to reach the subject(s) and safely recover them.

text: A system of pulleys, rollers, ropes, and mid-stream anchors were used to adjust the chain's tension to overcome the effects of river current and changing tide. Until 1783, the chain was removed each winter and reinstalled each spring to avoid destruction by ice. A log "boom" (resembling a ladder in construction) was built to span the river about  downstream (south of the chain) to absorb the impact of any ship attempting to penetrate the barrier.

text: A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable, rope or belt along its circumference.  Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting shell is referred to as a "block."

text: A pulley is a

text: wheel

text: on an

text: axle

text: or

text: shaft

text: that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable, rope or belt along its circumference.  Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting shell is referred to as a "block."

text: In the earliest applications power was transmitted between pulleys using loops of rope on grooved pulleys. This method is extremely rare today, dating mostly from the 18th century. Flat belts on flat pulleys or drums were the most common method during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The belts were generally tanned leather or cotton duck impregnated with rubber. Leather belts were fastened in loops with rawhide or wire lacing, lap joints and glue, or one of several types of steel fasteners. Cotton duck belts usually used metal fasteners or were melted together with heat. The leather belts were run with the hair side against the pulleys for best traction. The belts needed periodic cleaning and conditioning to keep them in good condition. Belts were often twisted 180 degrees per leg and reversed on the receiving pulley to cause the second shaft to rotate in the opposite direction.

text: In the earliest applications power was transmitted between pulleys using loops of rope on grooved pulleys. This method is extremely rare today, dating mostly from the 18th century. Flat

text: belts

text: on flat pulleys or drums were the most common method during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The belts were generally tanned leather or

text: cotton duck

text: impregnated with rubber. Leather belts were fastened in loops with rawhide or wire lacing, lap joints and glue, or one of several types of steel fasteners. Cotton duck belts usually used metal fasteners or were melted together with heat. The leather belts were run with the hair side against the pulleys for best traction. The belts needed periodic cleaning and conditioning to keep them in good condition. Belts were often twisted 180 degrees per leg and reversed on the receiving pulley to cause the second shaft to rotate in the opposite direction.

text: This automobile was manufactured by the Bourbeau et Devaux Co. of Paris from 1910 to 1925 to a design by Robert Bourbeau. Rather than scaling down existing motor-car designs, Bourbeau chose to adapt mainly motor-cycle practice for his design, giving rise to the cyclecar designation.  The low and light car carried its two passengers in tandem with the passenger seated at the front, while in the rear was the person doing the steering. Single-cylinder or 10 hp V-twin engines were used. Drive was to the rear wheels through a belt which could be moved between pulleys to give a two speed transmission. The front axle was centre pivotted with suspension by a single mid mounted coil spring and the steering was by a cable and bobbin. Elliptic leaf springs were used at the rear. The method of changing gear was unusual. The rear driver had to operate a lever which slackened the belt by moving the rear axle forwards and then the passenger had to move the belt between pulleys by means of a separate lever. How the car was driven without a passenger is not explained. On later cars the levers were moved so that the driver could steer the car for himself.   Before World War I, Bédélia cyclecars sold very well, even in Britain.

text: This

text: automobile

text: was manufactured by the Bourbeau et Devaux Co. of

text: Paris

text: Another type of electric assist motor, often referred to as the mid-drive system, is increasing in popularity. With this system, the electric motor is not built into the wheel but is usually mounted near (often under) the bottom bracket shell. In more typical configurations, a cog or wheel on the motor drives a belt or chain that engages with a pulley or sprocket fixed to one of the arms of the bicycle's crankset. Thus the propulsion is provided at the pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheel via the bicycle's standard drive train.

text: Another type of electric assist motor, often referred to as the

text: mid-drive

text: system, is increasing in popularity. With this system, the electric motor is not built into the wheel but is usually mounted near (often under) the

text: bottom bracket

text: shell. In more typical configurations, a cog or wheel on the motor drives a belt or chain that engages with a pulley or sprocket fixed to one of the arms of the bicycle's

text: crankset

text: . Thus the propulsion is provided at the pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheel via the bicycle's standard drive train.

text: A drum motor (or motorised pulley) is a geared motor drive enclosed within a steel shell providing a single component driving pulley for conveyor belts.

text: Pulleys are made up of several components including the shell, end disk, hub, shaft and locking assembly. The end disk and hub may be on piece. The locking assembly may also be replaced with a hub and bushing on lower tension pulleys. The shell is also referred to as the rim in some parts of the world.

text: Derrick executed more than 3,000 people in his career including his pardoner, the Earl of Essex, in 1601. Derrick devised a beam with a topping lift and pulleys for his hangings, instead of the old-fashioned rope over the beam method. Duly, the word derrick became an eponym for the frame from which the hangman's noose was supported and through that usage (by analogy) to modern day cranes.

text: Derrick executed more than 3,000 people in his career including his pardoner, the Earl of Essex, in 1601. Derrick devised a beam with a topping lift and pulleys for his hangings, instead of the old-fashioned rope over the beam method. Duly, the word

text: derrick

text: became an

text: eponym

text: for the frame from which the

text: hangman's noose

text: was supported and through that usage (by analogy) to modern day

text: cranes

text: Mechanisms consisting of two sprockets connected by a chain, or two pulleys connected by a belt are designed to provide a specific mechanical advantage in power transmission systems.

text: An underdrive pulley refers to a crankshaft or accessory pulley (a/c, alternator, power steering, water pump, etc.) designed to turn at a slower speed than stock. To Underdrive means to slow the rate of rotation in a system. Underdrive is achieved by either making the crank/main (drive) pulley smaller or the accessory (driven) pulley larger than the original diameter pulleys.

text: An underdrive pulley refers to a

text: crankshaft

text: or accessory

text: pulley

text: (a/c, alternator, power steering, water pump, etc.) designed to turn at a slower speed than stock. To

text: Underdrive

text: means to slow the rate of rotation in a system. Underdrive is achieved by either making the crank/main (drive) pulley smaller or the accessory (driven) pulley larger than the original diameter pulleys.

text: Modern pulleys are made of rolled shells with flexible end disks and locking assemblies.

text: Gerald P. Pulley (October 25, 1922 – March 31, 2011) was an American photographer noted for his work with the United States Navy.

text: Gerald P. Pulley (October 25, 1922 – March 31, 2011) was an American

text: photographer

text: noted for his work with the

text: United States Navy

text: There are several other K'NEX pieces, such as Wheels, Pulleys, Panels, Spacers, Gears, Bricks, Roller Coaster Pieces, (SS and Micro Pieces) and "Flexi-Rods" to name some. These give greater variety to what can be built when being creative with K’NEX. There are various Motors that can make the models move. New K’NEX bricks were added into the K’NEX matrix in 2008 as part of K’NEX's 15th Anniversary celebration.

text: Bridgeport manual milling machines have come in many types and sizes over the years, including (but not limited to) the C head (original), R head (heavy duty C head), M head, J head (and high speed, 5440 RPM version), 2J1 1/2 head (1.5 HP Vari-Speed), 2J2 (2HP Vari-speed), and Series II head (4HP Vari-speed). All of the heads offer variable speeds, the earlier ones via a step pulley (cone pulley) and the later ones via electrically or electronically modulated variable-speed drive. Typical table sizes are 9″ × 49″ (Y and X, respectively) and 10″ × 54″. Machine tapers for toolholding include Morse tapers (on early models) and the R8 taper (a widely used standard that Bridgeport created) on most models. Both Morse and R8 allow for both collets and solid holders; and a drill chuck can be held by either of the latter. Machine slides are of the dovetail type, and rotary bearings are mostly of the roller and ball types.

text: Bridgeport manual milling machines have come in many types and sizes over the years, including (but not limited to) the C head (original), R head (heavy duty C head), M head, J head (and high speed, 5440 RPM version), 2J1 1/2 head (1.5 HP Vari-Speed), 2J2 (2HP Vari-speed), and Series II head (4HP Vari-speed). All of the heads offer variable speeds, the earlier ones via a

text: step pulley

text: (cone pulley) and the later ones via electrically or electronically modulated

text: variable-speed drive

text: . Typical table sizes are 9″ × 49″ (Y and X, respectively) and 10″ × 54″.

text: Machine taper

text: s for toolholding include

text: Morse taper

text: s (on early models) and the

text: R8 taper

text: (a widely used standard that Bridgeport created) on most models. Both Morse and R8 allow for both

text: collet

text: s and solid holders; and a

text: drill chuck

text: can be held by either of the latter. Machine slides are of the dovetail type, and rotary bearings are mostly of the

text: roller

text: and

text: ball

text: types.

text: In addition to the basic principles of strength training, a further consideration added by weight training is the equipment used. Types of equipment include barbells, dumbbells, pulleys and stacks in the form of weight machines, and the body's own weight in the case of chin-ups and push-ups. Different types of weights will give different types of resistance, and often the same absolute weight can have different relative weights depending on the type of equipment used. For example, lifting 10 kilograms using a dumbbell sometimes requires more force than moving 10 kilograms on a weight stack if certain pulley arrangements are used. In other cases, the weight stack may require more force than the equivalent dumbbell weight due to additional torque or resistance in the machine. Additionally, although they may display the same weight stack, different machines may be heavier or lighter depending on the number of pulleys and their arrangements.

text: In addition to the basic principles of strength training, a further consideration added by weight training is the equipment used. Types of equipment include

text: barbell

text: s, dumbbells, pulleys and stacks in the form of

text: weight machine

text: s, and the body's own weight in the case of

text: chin-up

text: s and

text: push-ups

text: . Different types of weights will give different types of resistance, and often the same absolute weight can have different relative weights depending on the type of equipment used. For example, lifting 10 kilograms using a dumbbell sometimes requires more force than moving 10 kilograms on a weight stack if certain pulley arrangements are used. In other cases, the weight stack may require more force than the equivalent dumbbell weight due to additional torque or resistance in the machine. Additionally, although they may display the same weight stack, different machines may be heavier or lighter depending on the number of pulleys and their arrangements.

text: is the number of rotations of the pulleys per minute, and

text: The process consists of two conductive pulleys (step pulleys) which the wire passes across after it is drawn.  The two pulleys have an electrical potential across them, which causes the wire to form a short circuit.  The Joule effect causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 °C.  This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys, the ambient temperature, and the voltage applied.  Where

text: The process consists of two conductive

text: pulley

text: s (step pulleys) which the wire passes across after it is drawn.  The two pulleys have an

text: electrical potential

text: Joule effect

text: causes the temperature of the wire to rise to approximately 400 °C.  This temperature is affected by the rotational speed of the pulleys, the ambient temperature, and the voltage applied.  Where

text: Though the steam engine and transmission are now removed, the plan and construction of the mill reveal their former location. The boiler and engine sheds are extant, the latter containing the foundations of the steam engine. Power was transmitted to the saws and saw sharpening grinder from the steam engine via transmission shafts, belts and pulley wheels. The original transmission shafts and pulleys, though removed from the shed, remain on the site.

text: Pulley toys. Pulleys are very similar to gear wheels but two elements are connected by a metal chain or belt from elastic strong material (for example rubber.) Pulleys allow transferring power on distance much easier and with less losses that using number of gear wheels. Using pulleys in mechanical toys also allows to change the angle, the speed and the direction of the motion.

text: Power was delivered by the F4R730 engine, a 2.0-litre 16-valve Inline 4 engine with a Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system via a dephaser on the intake camshaft pulley. The engine was a modified version of the F4R used in models such as the Laguna and Espace and was modified by mecachrome to deliver a power output of . Power was delivered to the wheels via a JC5-089 five-speed manual gearbox.

text: Power transmission is a function of belt tension. However, also increasing with tension is stress (load) on the belt and bearings. The ideal belt is that of the lowest tension that does not slip in high loads.  Belt tensions should also be adjusted to belt type, size, speed, and pulley diameters. Belt tension is determined by measuring the force to deflect the belt a given distance per inch of pulley. Timing belts need only adequate tension to keep the belt in contact with the pulley.

text: A block and tackle is characterized by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load. Its mechanical advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. The mechanical advantage of a tackle dictates how much easier it is to haul or lift the load.

text: A block and tackle is characterized by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load. Its

text: mechanical advantage

text: is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. The mechanical advantage of a tackle dictates how much easier it is to haul or lift the load.

text: Pulley Manufactures in Germany (DDR) in 1962 included Zemag, Lauchhammer, and Köthen.

text: The mechanical analogy of a transformer is a simple machine such as a pulley or a lever.  The force applied to the load can be greater or less than the input force depending on whether the mechanical advantage of the machine is greater or less than unity respectively.  Mechanical advantage is analogous to the inverse of transformer turns ratio in the mobility analogy.  A mechanical advantage less than unity is analogous to a step-up transformer and greater than unity is analogous to a step-down transformer.

text: The mechanical analogy of a

text: transformer

text: is a

text: simple machine

text: such as a

text: pulley

text: or a

text: lever

text: .  The force applied to the load can be greater or less than the input force depending on whether the

text: mechanical advantage

text: of the machine is greater or less than unity respectively.  Mechanical advantage is analogous to the inverse of transformer turns ratio in the mobility analogy.  A mechanical advantage less than unity is analogous to a step-up transformer and greater than unity is analogous to a step-down transformer.

text: In addition, changing the original crankshaft pulley can have negative effects if the replacement pulley is not manufactured properly. A crankshaft or accessory pulley not machined or balanced properly can cause severe damage leading to thousands of dollars in repairs.

text: There is sometimes confusion about how much theoretical mechanical advantage is provided by the trucker's hitch.  If the trucker's hitch were to be used as in the pulley diagram at right, to lift a weight off the floor, the theoretical mechanical advantage would be only 2:1.  However in the common use of the trucker's hitch, a static hook, ring, or rail, serves as the lower pulley, and the rope across the top of the load is the portion being tensioned.   Thus, the standing part of the rope is represented by the top anchor point in the diagram, and the theoretical ratio is indeed 3:1 when the working end is tensioned.  That is, in a frictionless system, every unit of force exerted on the working end would produce 3 units in the standing part of the rope over the load.  In the typical use of the trucker's hitch, where it is used to tighten a rope over a load, when the end is secured to the loop of the Truckers hitch and let go, the tension in the two segments of rope around the ring will rise 50%, unless the rope slackens when it is being tied off, in which case the tension may drop to any value or even zero if enough slack is allowed. But when the trucker's hitch is used as in the diagram, after tying off, the load on the attachment point above the top pulley will drop to 400 lb and the tension in the two lines going to the lower pulley will not change.

text: The binary cam is a design for the pulley system of a compound bow.  Craig Yehle, director of research and development at Bowtech Archery, received a patent for the design on December 11, 2007.  Bowtech started equipping its bows with the new cam design in the 2005 model year.

text: The binary cam is a design for the

text: pulley

text: system of a

text: compound bow

text: .  Craig Yehle, director of research and development at Bowtech Archery, received a patent for the design on December 11, 2007.  Bowtech started equipping its bows with the new cam design in the 2005 model year.

text: Matters is the fifth full-length album by the punk rock band Pulley.

text: Matters is the fifth full-length album by the

text: punk rock

text: band

text: Pulley

text: This installment of the series introduces two new features: the pulley system and chain reactions. The pulley system consists of two groups of bubbles attached to either side of a pulley. Popping some on one side will cause that side to be "lighter" and therefore rise. The other side lowers in response. If a pulley is shaking and a bubble is attached, the resulting heavier side will lower. This requires added strategy to prevent one side moving too far and therefore losing the game. One possible strategy is to form a bubble cluster between two pulleys to prevent them from lowering or rising at all. Then the player can triangulate until acquiring the necessary bubbles to clear both anchor bubbles, while still keeping both ends of the pulley clustered together.

text: A Z-Drag or Z-Rig is an arrangement of lines and pulleys commonly used in rescue situations. The basic arrangement provides a theoretical mechanical advantage of three. The name comes from the fact that the arrangement of lines is roughly Z shaped. Besides the mechanical advantage to pulling, it also uses only part of the total length of the rope for the block and tackle arrangement.

text: A Z-Drag or Z-Rig is an arrangement of lines and pulleys commonly used in rescue situations. The basic arrangement provides a theoretical mechanical advantage of three. The name comes from the fact that the arrangement of lines is roughly Z shaped. Besides the mechanical advantage to pulling, it also uses only part of the total length of the rope for the

text: block and tackle

text: arrangement.

text: A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such as grain, salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.

text: A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of

text: conveyor systems

text: . A belt conveyor system consists of two or more

text: pulley

text: s (sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered

text: pulley

text: is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general

text: material handling

text: such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and

text: bulk material handling

text: such as those used to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such as

text: grain

text: salt

text: coal

text: ore

text: sand

text: overburden

text: and more.

text: Pascal (unit) –Physics –Pinion –Piston –Pitch drop experiment –Plasma processing –Plasticity –Pneumatics –Poisson's ratio –Position vector –Potential difference –Power –Power stroke –Pressure –Prime mover –Process control –Product Lifecycle Management –Professional Engineer –Project management –Pulley –Pump –

text: Pascal (unit)

text: Physics

text: Pinion

text: Piston

text: Pitch drop experiment

text: Plasma processing

text: Plasticity

text: Pneumatics

text: Poisson's ratio

text: Position vector

text: Potential difference

text: Power

text: Power stroke

text: Pressure

text: Prime mover

text: Process control

text: Product Lifecycle Management

text: Professional Engineer

text: Project management

text: Pulley

text: Pump

text: Simple machines can be regarded as the elementary "building blocks" of which all more complicated machines (sometimes called "compound machines") are composed.  For example, wheels, levers, and pulleys are all used in the mechanism of a bicycle.  The mechanical advantage of a compound machine is just the product of the mechanical advantages of the simple machines of which it is composed.

text: Simple machines can be regarded as the elementary "building blocks" of which all more complicated

text: machine

text: s (sometimes called "compound machines") are composed.  For example, wheels, levers, and pulleys are all used in the mechanism of a

text: bicycle

text: .  The mechanical advantage of a compound machine is just the product of the mechanical advantages of the simple machines of which it is composed.

text: After going unselected in the 2016 NFL Draft, Pulley signed with the San Diego Chargers.

text: After going unselected in the

text: 2016 NFL Draft

text: , Pulley signed with the

text: San Diego Chargers

text: The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384–322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.

text: The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to

text: Aristotle

text: (384–322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.

text: These are different types of pulley systems:

text: If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows.

text: If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its

text: mechanical advantage

text: is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows.

text: The meatpacking industry of Chicago is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or dis-assembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this slaughterhouse practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.

text: The

text: meatpacking

text: industry of

text: Chicago

text: is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or dis-assembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this

text: slaughterhouse

text: practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.

text: A traveling block is the freely moving section of a block and tackle that contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite (and under) the crown block (the stationary section).

text: A traveling block is the freely moving section of a

text: block and tackle

text: that contains a set of pulleys or

text: sheave

text: s through which the

text: drill line

text: (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite (and under) the

text: crown block

text: (the stationary section).

text: Purely in terms of the temperature of the copper wire, an increase in the speed of the wire through the pulley system has the same effect as an increase in resistance.  Therefore, the speed of the wire can be varied quadratically as the voltage is applied.

text: The idea of a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied the Archimedean simple machines: lever, pulley, and screw.  He discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.  Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.  Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses.  However the Greeks' understanding was limited to statics (the balance of forces) and did not include dynamics (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of work.

text: The idea of a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher

text: Archimedes

text: around the 3rd century BC, who studied the Archimedean simple machines: lever, pulley, and screw.  He discovered the principle of

text: mechanical advantage

text: in the lever.  Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the

text: inclined plane

text: ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.

text: Heron of Alexandria

text: (ca. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses.  However the Greeks' understanding was limited to

text: statics

text: (the balance of forces) and did not include

text: dynamics

text: (the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of

text: work

text: The final drive has two pulleys with moveable conical drums. The distance between the drums is controlled by the engine vacuum in the inlet manifold and engine RPM, through centrifugal weights inside the drums. Between the two pulleys runs a drive belt. As a result of change in the distance of the conical drums in both pulleys, the diameters and so also the reduction ratio changes continuously.

text: The final drive has two

text: pulley

text: s with moveable conical drums. The distance between the drums is controlled by the engine vacuum in the inlet

text: manifold

text: and engine

text: RPM

text: , through centrifugal weights inside the drums. Between the two pulleys runs a drive belt. As a result of change in the distance of the conical drums in both pulleys, the diameters and so also the

text: reduction ratio

text: changes continuously.

text: A further advantage of the polygroove belt that makes them popular is that they can run over pulleys on the ungrooved back of the belt. Though this is sometimes done with Vee belts with a single idler pulley for tensioning, a polygroove belt may be wrapped around a pulley on its back tightly enough to change its direction, or even to provide a light driving force.

text: Theoretical considerations aside, in real world use the mechanical advantage of the trucker's hitch is significantly less than the ideal case due to the effects of friction. Friction has been reported to reduce the mechanical advantage from 3 to 1, to well less than 2 to 1 in many cases. One advantage of the friction within the trucker's hitch, compared to a hypothetical pulley-based system, is that it allows the hitch to be held taut with less force while the working end is secured.

text: Theoretical considerations aside, in real world use the mechanical advantage of the trucker's hitch is significantly less than the ideal case due to the effects of

text: friction

text: . Friction has been reported to reduce the mechanical advantage from 3 to 1, to well less than 2 to 1 in many cases. One advantage of the friction within the trucker's hitch, compared to a hypothetical pulley-based system, is that it allows the hitch to be held taut with less force while the working end is secured.

text: The pulley/cam system grants the wielder a mechanical advantage, and so the limbs of a compound bow are much stiffer than those of a recurve bow or longbow. This rigidity makes the compound bow more energy-efficient than other bows, as less energy is dissipated in limb movement. The higher-rigidity, higher-technology construction also improves accuracy by reducing the bow's sensitivity to changes in temperature and humidity.

text: The pulley/cam system grants the wielder a mechanical advantage, and so the limbs of a compound bow are much stiffer than those of a

text: recurve bow

text: or

text: longbow

text: . This rigidity makes the compound bow more energy-efficient than other bows, as less energy is dissipated in limb movement. The higher-rigidity, higher-technology construction also improves accuracy by reducing the bow's sensitivity to changes in temperature and humidity.

text: is the angle, in radians, formed by the first and last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.

text: is the angle, in

text: radian

text: s, formed by the first and last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.

text: 2. Conveyor Soft, Pulley Design Program,

text: In practice, the theoretical tension acting on the belt or rope calculated by the belt friction equation can be compared to the maximum tension the belt can support. This helps a designer of such a rig to know how many times the belt or rope must be wrapped around the pulley to prevent it from slipping. Mountain climbers and sailing crews demonstrate a standard knowledge of belt friction when accomplishing basic tasks.

text: The difference in radii can be made very small, making the mechanical advantage of this pulley system very large.In the extreme case of zero difference in radii, MA becomes infinite, thus no force (besides friction) is needed to move the chain, but moving the chain will no longer lift the load.

text: The simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50 kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys (pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys (Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could readily lift 3,000 kg (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3,000 kg). If the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the maximum load could be doubled to 6,000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to the construction of the Egyptian Pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher (3,000 kg per person).

text: The simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a

text: winch

text: , a

text: rope

text: , and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a

text: mechanical advantage

text: Egyptian Pyramids

text: , where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher (3,000 kg per person).

text: The Ross by-election of 1918 was held on 4 May 1918.  The by-election was held due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Percy Clive, being killed in action  in the First World War.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Charles Pulley.

text: The

text: Ross

text: by-election of 1918 was held on 4 May 1918.  The by-election was held due to the incumbent

text: Conservative

text: MP,

text: Percy Clive

text: , being killed in action  in the

text: First World War

text: .  It was won by the

text: Conservative

text: candidate

text: Charles Pulley

text: A block and tackle is a system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them, usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.

text: A block and tackle is a system of two or more

text: pulley

text: s with a

text: rope

text: or

text: cable

text: threaded between them, usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.

text: Note that the gun tackle, double tackle and threefold purchase all have the same number of pulleys in both blocks (one, two and three, respectively) whereas the Luff tackle and Gyn tackle have mis-matched blocks with differing numbers of pulleys.

text: In 1952 Jaguar, worried by a report about the speed of the Mercedes-Benz 300SLs that would run at Le Mans, modified the C-Type’s aerodynamics to increase the top speed. However, the consequent rearrangement of the cooling system made the cars vulnerable to overheating, and all three retired from the race. The Peter Whitehead-Ian Stewart and Tony Rolt/Duncan Hamilton cars blew head gaskets, and the Stirling Moss-Peter Walker car, the only one not overheating having had a full-sized radiator hurriedly fitted, lost oil pressure after a mechanical breakage. Testing by Norman Dewis at MIRA after the race proved that the overheating was caused more by the revisions to the cooling system than by the altered aerodynamics: the water pump pulley was undersized, so it was spinning too fast and causing cavitation; also the header tank was in front of the passenger-side bulkhead, far from the radiator, and the tubing diameter was too small at 7/8 inch. With the pump pulley enlarged, and the tubing increased to 1 1/4 inch, the problem was eliminated. The main drawback of the new body shape was that it reduced downforce on the tail to the extent that it caused lift and directional instability at speeds over  on the Mulsanne Straight. These cars had chassis numbers XKC 001, 002 and 011. The first two were dismantled at the factory, and the third survives in normal C-type form.

text: In

text: Jaguar, worried by a report about the speed of the

text: Mercedes-Benz 300SL

text: s that would run at Le Mans, modified the C-Type’s aerodynamics to increase the top speed. However, the consequent rearrangement of the cooling system made the cars vulnerable to overheating, and all three retired from the race. The Peter Whitehead-

text: Ian Stewart

text: and

text: Tony Rolt

text: Duncan Hamilton

text: cars blew head gaskets, and the Stirling Moss-Peter Walker car, the only one not overheating having had a full-sized radiator hurriedly fitted, lost oil pressure after a mechanical breakage. Testing by

text: Norman Dewis

text: at

text: MIRA

text: after the race proved that the overheating was caused more by the revisions to the cooling system than by the altered aerodynamics: the water pump pulley was undersized, so it was spinning too fast and causing cavitation; also the header tank was in front of the passenger-side bulkhead, far from the radiator, and the tubing diameter was too small at 7/8 inch. With the pump pulley enlarged, and the tubing increased to 1 1/4 inch, the problem was eliminated. The main drawback of the new body shape was that it reduced downforce on the tail to the extent that it caused lift and directional instability at speeds over  on the

text: Mulsanne Straight

text: . These cars had chassis numbers XKC 001, 002 and 011. The first two were dismantled at the factory, and the third survives in normal C-type form.

text: For a short time near the end of the Fisher Price run, a version targeted at younger children was released called Basix Construx. It used bright primary colors and did not contain the more complex pieces such as axles and pulleys. This version as well as the other boxes released in the 1997 revival included several new pieces.

text: Ed Westen became a regular contributor of articles to the Belt Pulley magazine, such as an article on Pioneer Village in Minden, Nebraska, a two-part series of articles on the restoration of his own Huber Model HK tractor, and an article on the Minneapolis-Moline Model D "Universal" tractor.    In the May/June 1992 issue of Belt Pulley magazine, Ed Westen began the column called "The Good Ol' Days" with which Ed's name became most commonly identified.

text: Ed Westen became a regular contributor of articles to the Belt Pulley magazine, such as an article on Pioneer Village in

text: Minden, Nebraska

text: , a two-part series of articles on the restoration of his own Huber Model HK tractor, and an article on the

text: Minneapolis-Moline

text: Model D "Universal" tractor.    In the May/June 1992 issue of Belt Pulley magazine, Ed Westen began the column called "The Good Ol' Days" with which Ed's name became most commonly identified.

text: Guy derrick (also known as boom derrick) is a fixed guyed mast derrick that can be rotated and connected to a boom. The mast is in upright position with the base that can make the mast rotate, but not to be lean in any direction. The top of the mast is connected to many guy wires which are anchored to the ground to support the load. At the base, the mast is also connect to the bottom end of the boom. The boom extends outward and upward to the desired position. The top of the boom is a pulley system that is connected to the top of the mast to control how far the boom is to be from the mast. When the mast is rotated, the connected boom is swung from to the side. The control of the lifting location is done by the manipulation of the top pulley system and the rotation of the mast at the base. The load is lifted by another pulley system connected to the top of the boom. In a medium load lifting, another construction method can be used. In this case, the mast is fixed without being rotated, but the boom can be swung around the mast. This can be done by connecting the bottom of the boom with two boards on the opposite sides around the surface of the boom to form a fork. The fork and the bottom part of the boom is lashed to secure them together. Another lashing is between the fork area and the mast at a higher position to support the weight of the boom. The fork is put around the mast such that the bottom of the boom is rested on the mast without permanently fixed to it. The fork prevent the boom to come off the mast while swinging up to 180 degrees.

text: On the north side of the river was another powerhouse (completed in 1892), which contained seven more Victor turbines, capable of generating a total of 1.94 MW of power. Rock and debris carved from the river bottom was piled near the north bank to create a small island (Tailrace Island), and the powerhouse was built on this manmade shore. The island and the north bank of the Missouri River formed the tailrace (or channel for water leaving the powerhouse) of Black Eagle Dam. Tailrace Island was jointly owned by the power company and the Boston and Montana. A wooden pedestrian bridge was built to the island to connect the powerhouse with the smelter above. The north bank and a masonry wall offshore formed a long, concrete-lined forebay ( across at its widest part) for the northern powerhouse. The flow of water into this forebay was also controlled by gates. Three iron-enclosed penstocks were built to feed the northern powerhouse. The mechanical power generated by the turbines in the north powerhouse was not converted into electricity, however. Most of the power was transferred mechanically to the smelter's equipment via a system of ropes and pulleys.

text: Develop and maintain safe seamanship skills in power, sail, oar, and paddle craft, and learn the correct way to utilise ropes and pulleys.

text: The Bridgestone Picnica (Japanese: Burijisuton Pikunika: ブリヂストン 「ピクニカ」) line of collapsible bikes, some models featuring belt-drives, were introduced in the early 1980s and carried in the Bridgestone Cycle USA catalogs from 1985 through 1990. It weighs 29 pounds, and belt-drive models use a tooth-belt drive like auto timing belts and Harley-Davidson drive belts, along with a novel two-part chainring that increases belt tension with increasing load. In April 1987, Popular Mechanics described Bridgestone's Beltrex system as follows: "Unlike the belt-drive motorcycles, which can slide the rear wheel back to keep the belt taut, the Beltrex uses a floating pulley that's cogged to the drive gear. Tension on the pedal cranks drives the floating pulley forward, taking up belt slack and preventing tooth slippage."

text: The

text: Bridgestone

text: Picnica (Japanese: Burijisuton Pikunika: ブリヂストン 「ピクニカ」) line of collapsible bikes, some models featuring belt-drives, were introduced in the early 1980s and carried in the Bridgestone Cycle USA catalogs from 1985 through 1990. It weighs 29 pounds, and belt-drive models use a tooth-belt drive like auto

text: timing belts

text: and

text: Harley-Davidson

text: drive belts, along with a novel two-part

text: chainring

text: that increases belt tension with increasing load. In April 1987, Popular Mechanics described Bridgestone's Beltrex system as follows: "Unlike the belt-drive motorcycles, which can slide the rear wheel back to keep the belt taut, the Beltrex uses a floating pulley that's cogged to the drive gear. Tension on the pedal cranks drives the floating pulley forward, taking up belt slack and preventing tooth slippage."

text: A sheave can also refer to a pulley which has an adjustable operating diameter for use with a mechanical belt. This is accomplished by constructing the pulley out of several pieces. The two main "halves" of the pulley can be moved closer together or farther apart, thus altering the operational diameter. The usual construction is some sort of locking collar or set screws to secure the components, one half with a threaded central shaft and one half with a threaded center. By rotating the components one can "screw" the parts closer together or further apart, thus changing the distance between the two halves and allowing the belt to ride higher or lower in the groove. The adjustments are constrained to a specific range of size and are not limitless. One application of this is the Variomatic automatic transmission.

text: A sheave can also refer to a pulley which has an adjustable operating diameter for use with a

text: mechanical belt

text: . This is accomplished by constructing the pulley out of several pieces. The two main "halves" of the pulley can be moved closer together or farther apart, thus altering the operational diameter. The usual construction is some sort of locking collar or set screws to secure the components, one half with a threaded central shaft and one half with a threaded center. By rotating the components one can "screw" the parts closer together or further apart, thus changing the distance between the two halves and allowing the belt to ride higher or lower in the groove. The adjustments are constrained to a specific range of size and are not limitless. One application of this is the

text: Variomatic

text: automatic transmission.

text: Gordon Albert Pulley (born 18 September 1936) is an English former professional footballer.  His clubs included Millwall, Gillingham, where he made over 200 Football League appearances, and Peterborough United.

text: Gordon Albert Pulley (born 18 September 1936) is an English former professional

text: footballer

text: .  His clubs included

text: Millwall

text: Gillingham

text: , where he made over 200

text: Football League

text: appearances, and

text: Peterborough United

text: The lower part of the bow of the vessel, instead of being made solid as usual, is composed of two iron flaps, each hinged at the top, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. When closed, the outer surfaces of these flaps correspond to the general shape of the bow, and, when the torpedo machinery is not being worked, they are kept down in their places by means of chains attached to them near their lower edges, and passing in through a pair of hawsepipes situated between the flaps. Each chain, after entering its hawsepipe, is attached to an iron rod, these rods passing into the vessel through stuffing-boxes at the inner ends of the hawsepipes. From the inner ends of these rods chains are led, over guide pulleys, to the ends of a winch, situated as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, and by means of this winch, which is worked by hand, the flaps can be closed when required. The opening of the flaps is effected by the arrangements shown in Figs. 1 and 4, from which it will be seen that each flap has a chain attached to its outside, and that these chains, after being led up over guide pulleys supported by brackets placed at the level of the gunwale, are crossed and then led down through hawseholes in the deck to the winch below. The chains for opening, in fact, form continuations of those for closing the flaps, or vice versa.

text: The lower part of the bow of the vessel, instead of being made solid as usual, is composed of two iron flaps, each hinged at the top, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. When closed, the outer surfaces of these flaps correspond to the general shape of the bow, and, when the torpedo machinery is not being worked, they are kept down in their places by means of chains attached to them near their lower edges, and passing in through a pair of

text: hawsepipe

text: TRD also offered a supercharger which is a rebadged Vortech supercharger that is capable of putting out , although when installed by a dealership and under warranty it is set at . Starting in 2008, Scion began making the supercharger with tamper-proof pulleys. As of mid-2009, TRD has discontinued production of superchargers for the Scion tC.

text: TRD also offered a

entity_section: TRD supercharged engine list (model year)

text: supercharger

text: which is a rebadged Vortech supercharger that is capable of putting out , although when installed by a dealership and under warranty it is set at . Starting in 2008, Scion began making the supercharger with tamper-proof pulleys. As of mid-2009, TRD has discontinued production of superchargers for the Scion tC.

text: An Afternoon in Dub is an album by the New York ska band The Slackers. It was released in 2005. Several of the songs on the album have been released on previous albums, however the versions on this album are different. The song "Propaganda Dub" also appears on The Slackers/Pulley Split.

text: An Afternoon in Dub is an album by the

text: New York

text: ska

text: band

text: The Slackers

text: . It was released in 2005. Several of the songs on the album have been released on previous albums, however the versions on this album are different. The song "Propaganda Dub" also appears on

text: The Slackers/Pulley Split

text: Working Model is an engineering simulation software product by Design Simulation Technologies, Inc..  Virtual mechanical components, such as springs, ropes, and motors are combined with objects in a 2D working space. After the software is run, the program will simulate the interaction of the model's parts and can also graph the movement and force on any element in the project. It is useful for basic physics simulations, and can be quite a powerful dynamic geometric analytical tool, once you learn it. One drawback is the pulley simulation feature is limited to the 'string through a hole' type. WM has a sister program Called Interactive Physics the fundamental difference between the two seems to be WM will read .dxf files which can be converted to 'objects' inside WM.

text: Working Model is an

text: engineering simulation

text: software product by

text: Design Simulation Technologies, Inc.

text: Virtual

text: mechanical components, such as springs, ropes, and motors are combined with objects in a

text: working space. After the software is run, the program will simulate the interaction of the model's parts and can also graph the movement and force on any element in the project. It is useful for basic physics simulations, and can be quite a powerful dynamic geometric analytical tool, once you learn it. One drawback is the pulley simulation feature is limited to the 'string through a hole' type. WM has a sister program Called Interactive Physics the fundamental difference between the two seems to be WM will read .

text: dxf

text: files which can be converted to 'objects' inside WM.

text: Sa has taken over the painting of Sa, but is only making it worse. When Cha-Ka arrives, he convinces Ta (and Sa) to help on the condition that afterward he will complete the portrait. Will and Rick complete their pulley, but it falls apart on the first try. Ta and Sa leave, taking Cha-Ka with them. The Marshalls give up on Dopey but nonetheless camp out beside the apatosaur.

text: )  connected by an inextensible, massless string suspended on two frictionless pulleys of zero radius such that the pendulum can swing freely around its pulley without colliding with the counterweight.

text: )  connected by an

text: inextensible

text: , massless string suspended on two

text: frictionless

text: pulleys

text: of zero radius such that the pendulum can swing freely around its pulley without colliding with the counterweight.

text: The mechanical analogy of a transformer is a simple machine such as a pulley or a lever.  The force applied to the load can be greater or less than the input force depending on whether the mechanical advantage of the machine is greater or less than unity respectively.  Mechanical advantage is analogous to transformer turns ratio in the impedance analogy.  A mechanical advantage greater than unity is analogous to a step-up transformer and less than unity is analogous to a step-down transformer.

text: The mechanical analogy of a

text: transformer

text: is a

text: simple machine

text: such as a

text: pulley

text: or a

text: lever

text: mechanical advantage

text: of the machine is greater or less than unity respectively.  Mechanical advantage is analogous to transformer turns ratio in the impedance analogy.  A mechanical advantage greater than unity is analogous to a step-up transformer and less than unity is analogous to a step-down transformer.

text: The transmission ratio of an iCVT has to be changed one increment within less than one full rotation of its variator pulley. This means that the transmission diameter of the variator pulley, made generally from rubber, has to be changed from a diameter that has a circumferential length that is equal to an integer number of teeth to another diameter that has a circumferential length that is equal to an integer number of teeth; such as changing the transmission diameter of the variator pulley from a diameter that has a circumferential length of 7 teeth to a diameter that has a circumferential length of 8 teeth for example.  This is because if the transmission diameter of the variator pulley does not have a circumferential length that is equal to an integer number of teeth, such as a circumferential length of 7½ teeth for example, improper engagement between the teeth of the variator pulley and its chain will occur.  For example, imagine having a bicycle pulley with 7½ teeth; here improper engagement between the bicycle pulley and its chain will occur when the tooth behind the ½ tooth space is about to engage with its chain, since it is positioned a distance of ½ tooth too late relative to its chain.

text: Directly below each carrier and above the chain is an eyelet through which the curtain operating line passes, if present. The operating line runs through two pulleys that are located near the tops of the curtains, one on each side of the stage (the dead end and live end pulleys), and then down to the stage floor, where it runs through a tension pulley before returning to the other pulleys in the fly space.

text: Raising or lowering the load is accomplished with the use of a manual or electric lift winch.  One end of a steel cable is connected to the winch spool.  The other end if the cable is attached to the lift platen.  A series of pulleys provide a guided path and facilitate low friction travel for the cable.The auto-locking winch mechanism is an additional safety feature incorporated in the server lift. When using the manual winch cable travel is automatically locked upon release of the crank handle.  Electric versions apply a brake to the winch upon release of the up/ down button.

text: Roller chain and sprockets, toothed belts and pulleys, hose and cable carrier systems, shaft coupling/locking, reducer/variable speed drives, motion control/clutch, overload protectors, linear actuators, automotive timing belt systems, conveyance, sorting, and storage systems, bulk handling systems, metalworking chips handling and coolant processing systems.

text: Roller chain

text: and

text: sprocket

text: s,

text: toothed belt

text: s and

text: pulley

text: s, hose and

text: cable carrier

text: systems,

text: shaft coupling

text: /locking, reducer/

text: variable speed drives

text: motion control

text: clutch

text: , overload protectors,

text: linear actuator

text: s, automotive

text: timing belt

text: systems,

text: conveyance

text: , sorting, and storage systems,

text: bulk handling

text: systems, metalworking chips handling and coolant processing systems.

text: The pulleys are assembled together to form blocks and then blocks are paired so that one is fixed and one moves with the load.  The rope is threaded, or rove, through the pulleys to provide mechanical advantage that amplifies that force applied to the rope.

text: The pulleys are assembled together to form

text: blocks

text: and then blocks are paired so that one is fixed and one moves with the load.  The rope is threaded, or rove, through the pulleys to provide

text: mechanical advantage

text: that amplifies that force applied to the rope.

text: A compound crossbow is a modern crossbow and is similar to a compound bow. The limbs are usually much stiffer than those of a recurve crossbow. This limb stiffness makes the compound bow more energy efficient than other bows, but the limbs are too stiff to be drawn comfortably with a string attached directly to them. The compound bow has the string attached to the pulleys, one or both of which has one or more cables attached to the opposite limb. When the string is drawn back, the string causes the pulleys to turn. This causes the pulleys to pull the cables, which in turn causes the limbs to bend and thus store energy. Other types of compound bows use either (one or both) cam shaped or eccentrically mounted pulleys in order to provide a "let off", such that the archer is not holding against the maximum draw weight of the bow while trying to aim. But in a crossbow the string is held back mechanically, so there is no advantage in providing a let off. Therefore, compound crossbows generally use only pulleys that are both round and concentrically mounted, in order to capture the maximum available energy from the relatively short draw length.

text: A compound crossbow is a modern crossbow and is similar to a

text: compound bow

text: The accessory ligament and the proximal margin of the volar plate are flexible and fold back upon themselves during flexion. The flexor tendon sheaths are firmly attached to the proximal and middle phalanges by annular pulleys A2 and A4, while the A3 pulley and the proximal fibres of the C1 ligament attach the sheaths to the mobile volar ligament at the PIP joint. During flexion this arrangement produces a space at the neck of the proximal phalanx which is filled by the folding volar plate.

text: The grab has to be selected so that the combined weight of grab and contents does not exceed the grabbing safe working load of the crane.  The mass of the contents depends upon the properties of the product being handled; its density, flow characteristics, angle of repose, lump/grain size, purity (e.g. is it wet or dry) and, in some cases, degree of settlement (e.g. a ship's cargo has compacted due to vibration, rolling, pitching and yawing over a long voyage).  Most bulk-handling cranes are dedicated to a single product, but others will handle various materials and need a selection of grabs.  Some applications (e.g. manganese ore) may also require the use of teeth fitted to the grab jaws to enable penetration.  Other applications (e.g. rape seed) may require to be self-sealing and have offset lower jaws with serrated, angle cut side cutters to restrain easy-flow properties.When off-loading a ship, the grab may be more efficient if designed with a low-profile extended body which enables reaching under the ship's hatches, negating any need to centre the product with human and machinery access.The grab mechanism may be four rope, double rope, single rope ring discharge, single rope self-dumping, double chain, single chain self-dumping, single chain ring discharge, hydraulic or electro-hydraulic.Rope grabs have rope pulleys in both the upper and lower girders and close by drawing the closing rope(s) to shorten the gap between the two girders.  The minimum diameter of the pulley is restricted by the ratio of the pulley diameter to the rope diameter, the strands of the wire rope being subjected to fatigue bending stresses if the pulley is too small, giving premature failure.  The physical size of the pulleys then determines the size of the girders, then determining a break point between a four rope and a two rope design.  The closing force at the shell jaws, and, inversely, the speed of closure, are determined by the number of pulleys on each closing rope in the two girders.  The closing rope is fed into the grab mechanism through either a bellmouth or an arrangement of small rollers.  The weight of the grab is supported by the holding rope(s) and pinned to the upper girder allowing some angular freedom.  Holding and closing ropes require separate winding drums in the crane.The mechanism on chain grabs operates in the same way as on rope grabs.  The chains are connected to ropes on the crane by (e.g. bordeaux) couplings which allow rotation.  A linked chain requires a much small diameter pulley than the equivalent rope which makes a smaller, more compact, design of girder.  Chains used on chain pulleys are less easily inspected for wear and fatigue than ropes which show outer strand deformation well before failure.  Failure of a rope or chain is a very high severity (dangerous) hazard.

text: Poleas/Pulleys (Libros De Fisica Para Madrugadores)  (2005)

text: Micra's new-generation Xtronic CVT features a new structure combining a belt-operated CVT with an auxiliary two-speed transmission. The CVT raises the transmission ratio by more than 20% compared to other CVTs in its class, providing enhanced responsiveness on starting and acceleration and improved quietness during high-speed driving. With the auxiliary transmission, the size and weight of the CVT unit is significantly reduced. Friction is reduced by about 30% compared to other CVTs in its class, achieved by the increased transmission ratio, reduced pulley size and weight, and reduced oil agitating resistance – helping improve fuel economy. An electric oil pump is adopted in vehicles equipped with Idling Stop. Quicker oil pressure response improves startup performance and thus contributes to an improvement in fuel economy. While Idling Stop is in operation, pulley rotation is temporarily locked inside the CVT and is slowly unlocked when the engine starts again. This prevents reverse movement during a hill start and enables smooth startup.

text: A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle from a block. Two blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of pulleys form a block and tackle.

text: A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle from a block. Two blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of pulleys form a

text: block and tackle

text: The Stringbike is a bicycle that uses a rope and pulley drive system instead of a traditional bicycle chain and sprockets. It uses two Dyneema ropes attached to pulleys attached to swinging lever and cam mechanisms, one on each side of the bike. These mechanisms replace the round sprockets found on chain-driven bikes. Unlike some traditional 10-speed gears using a derailleur, there is no slippage when changing gear ratios. The Stringbike uses a 19 gear ratio system with no duplicates and a total gear range of 3.5 to 1. The transmission ratio can be changed with a shifting knob located on the right-side handle grip. Gear ratios can be changed even when the bicycle is almost stationary.

text: The Stringbike is a

text: bicycle

text: that uses a rope and

text: pulley

text: drive system

text: instead of a traditional

text: bicycle chain

text: and

text: sprocket

text: s. It uses two

text: Dyneema

text: ropes attached to pulleys attached to swinging lever and

text: cam

text: mechanisms, one on each side of the bike. These mechanisms replace the round

text: sprocket

text: s found on chain-driven bikes. Unlike some traditional

text: 10-speed gear

text: s using a

text: derailleur

text: , there is no slippage when changing gear ratios. The Stringbike uses a 19 gear ratio system with no duplicates and a total gear range of 3.5 to 1. The

text: transmission

text: ratio can be changed with a shifting knob located on the right-side handle grip. Gear ratios can be changed even when the bicycle is almost stationary.

text: Pulleys (Early Bird Physics)  (2001)

text: Pulleys (Early Bird Physics)  (2001)

text: For most drill presses—especially those meant for woodworking or home use—speed change is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement. Some drill presses add a third stepped pulley to increase the number of available speeds. Modern drill presses can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system.  Medium-duty drill presses such as those used in machine shop (tool room) applications are equipped with a continuously variable transmission.  This mechanism is based on variable-diameter pulleys driving a wide, heavy-duty belt.  This gives a wide speed range as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.  Heavy-duty drill presses used for metalworking are usually of the gear-head type described below.

text: For most drill presses—especially those meant for woodworking or home use—speed change is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped

text: pulley

text: arrangement. Some drill presses add a third stepped pulley to increase the number of available speeds. Modern drill presses can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system.  Medium-duty drill presses such as those used in machine shop (tool room) applications are equipped with a

text: continuously variable transmission

text: .  This mechanism is based on variable-diameter pulleys driving a wide, heavy-duty belt.  This gives a wide speed range as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.  Heavy-duty drill presses used for metalworking are usually of the gear-head type described below.

text: The printing machinery consisted of two Platen type presses, used for small printing jobs such as advertising, brochures, public notice, hand-outs etc. The weekly newspaper was printed on a flat bed press, manufactured by Preston Engineering Co. Originally driven from a pulley on a shaft (which drove all the presses), it was later driven by a 2 HP three-phase electric motor. A lot of experimenting was necessary to get the correct pulley size for the motor, as the range of standard size flat pulleys was limited. One size was too small, the next size too large to drive the press at the correct speed. The problem was overcome by using the smaller size pulley and winding some thin rope around it to build it up to the correct size.

text: The printing machinery consisted of two

text: Platen

text: type presses, used for small printing jobs such as advertising, brochures, public notice, hand-outs etc. The weekly newspaper was printed on a

text: flat bed press

text: , manufactured by Preston Engineering Co. Originally driven from a pulley on a shaft (which drove all the presses), it was later driven by a 2 HP

text: three-phase electric motor

text: . A lot of experimenting was necessary to get the correct pulley size for the motor, as the range of standard size flat pulleys was limited. One size was too small, the next size too large to drive the press at the correct speed. The problem was overcome by using the smaller size pulley and winding some thin rope around it to build it up to the correct size.

text: A draw-works is the primary hoisting machinery that is a component of a rotary drilling rig.  Its main function is to provide a means of raising and lowering the traveling blocks.  The wire-rope drilling line winds on the drawworks drum and extends to the crown block and traveling blocks, allowing the drill string to be moved up and down as the drum turns. The segment of drilling line from the draw-works to the crown block is called the "fast line".  The drilling line then enters the sheaves of the crown block and it makes several passes between the crown block and traveling block pulleys for mechanical advantage.  The line then exits the last sheave on the crown block and is fastened to a derrick leg on the other side of the rig floor.  This section of drilling line is called the "dead line".

text: A draw-works is the primary

text: hoisting machinery

text: that is a component of a rotary

text: drilling rig

text: .  Its main function is to provide a means of raising and lowering the

text: traveling block

text: s.  The wire-rope drilling line winds on the drawworks drum and extends to the

text: crown block

text: and traveling blocks, allowing the drill string to be moved up and down as the drum turns. The segment of drilling line from the draw-works to the crown block is called the "fast line".  The drilling line then enters the sheaves of the crown block and it makes several passes between the crown block and traveling block

text: pulley

text: s for

text: mechanical advantage

text: .  The line then exits the last sheave on the crown block and is fastened to a

text: derrick

text: leg on the other side of the

text: rig floor

text: .  This section of drilling line is called the "dead line".

text: A typical line shaft would be suspended from the ceiling of one area and would run the length of that area. One pulley on the shaft would receive the power from a parent line shaft elsewhere in the building. The other pulleys would supply power to pulleys on each individual machine or to subsequent line shafts. In manufacturing where there were a large number of machines performing the same tasks, the design of the system was fairly regular and repeated. In other applications such as machine and wood shops where there was a variety of machines with different orientations and power requirements, the system would appear erratic and inconsistent with many different shafting directions and pulley sizes. Shafts were usually horizontal and overhead but occasionally were vertical and could be underground. Shafts were usually rigid steel, made up of several parts bolted together at flanges. The shafts were suspended by hangers with bearings at certain intervals of length. The distance depended on the weight of the shaft and the number of pulleys. The shafts had to be kept aligned or the stress would overheat the bearings and could break the shaft. The bearings were usually friction type and had to be kept lubricated. Pulley lubricator employees were required in order to ensure that the bearings did not freeze or malfunction.

text: A typical line shaft would be suspended from the ceiling of one area and would run the length of that area. One

text: pulley

text: friction

text: type and had to be kept lubricated. Pulley lubricator employees were required in order to ensure that the bearings did not freeze or malfunction.

text: To get the bales up into the hayloft, a pulley system ran on a track along the peak of the barn's hayloft. This track also stuck a few feet out the end of the loft, with a large access door under the track. On the bottom of the pulley system was a bale spear, which is pointed on the end and has retractable retention spikes.

text: A dumb pulley can lift very large masses a short distance. It consists of two fixed pulleys of unequal radii that are attached to each other and rotate together, a single pulley bearing the load, and an endless rope looped around the pulleys. To avoid slippage, the rope is usually replaced by a chain, and the connected pulleys by sprockets.

text: A dumb pulley can lift very large

text: mass

text: es a short distance. It consists of two fixed

text: pulley

text: s of unequal radii that are attached to each other and rotate together, a single pulley bearing the load, and an endless rope looped around the pulleys. To avoid slippage, the rope is usually replaced by a chain, and the connected pulleys by

text: sprocket

text: s.

text: In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.

text: In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor speed into various

text: spindle speeds

text: . Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto

text: transmission

text: . Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.

text: The term comes from the days of sailing ships, when a rigger was a person who worked with rigging, that is, ropes for hoisting the sails. Sailors could put their rope skills to work in lifting and hauling. In an era before mechanical haulage and cranes, ropes, pulleys and muscle power were all that was available to move heavy objects. In time, rigging became a trade in itself, giving rise to modern usages, with its roots all but forgotten.

text: The term comes from the days of

text: sailing ship

text: s, when a rigger was a person who worked with

text: rigging

text: , that is, ropes for hoisting the sails. Sailors could put their rope skills to work in lifting and hauling. In an era before mechanical haulage and cranes, ropes, pulleys and muscle power were all that was available to move heavy objects. In time,

text: rigging

text: became a trade in itself, giving rise to modern usages, with its roots all but forgotten.

text: A bucket attached to a pulley system was used to dredge the cenote. Much of the beginning work consisted of clearing debris and fallen trees on the top of the water. Leon Cole, a colleague of Thompson, once recorded in his journal, “they made ten hauls in the morning and six or eight in the afternoon.” People would search through the buckets of water looking for artifacts and categorizing them accordingly. Unfortunately, there were several reports of stolen artifacts that could never be found.

text: A sheave () is a pulley with a grooved wheel for holding a belt, wire rope, or rope. The grooved wheel spins inside the frame of the sheave. This allows the wire or rope to move freely minimizing wear and abrasion on cable. Sheaves can be used to redirect a cable or rope, lift loads, and transmit power. The words sheave and pulley are sometimes used interchangeably.

text: A sheave () is a

text: pulley

text: with a

text: grooved

text: wheel for holding a

text: belt

text: wire rope

text: , or

text: rope

text: . The grooved wheel spins inside the frame of the sheave. This allows the wire or rope to move freely minimizing wear and abrasion on cable. Sheaves can be used to redirect a cable or rope, lift loads, and transmit power. The words sheave and pulley are sometimes used interchangeably.

text: @#!* is the third full-length album by the punk rock band Pulley.

text: @#!* is the third full-length album by the

text: punk rock

text: band

text: Pulley

text: The variator pulley of an iCVT is choked using two small choking pulleys.  Here one choking pulley is positioned on the tense side of the chain of the iCVT.  Hence there is a considerable load on that choking pulley, the magnitude of which is proportional to the tension in its chain.  Each choking pulley is pulled up by two chain segments, one chain segment to the left and one to the right of the choking pulley; here if the two chain segments are parallel to each other, then the load on the choking pulley is twice the tension in the chain.  But since the two chain segments are most likely not parallel to each other during operations of an iCVT, it is estimated that the load on a choking pulley is between 1 and 1.8 times of the tension of its chain.

text: In order to determine the mechanical advantage of a block and tackle system consider the simple case of a gun tackle, which has a single mounted, or fixed, pulley and a single movable pulley.  The rope is threaded around the fixed block and falls down to the moving block where it is threaded around the pulley and brought back up to be knotted to the fixed block.

text: The Block Mills have not been in use for many years, although a lot of the original pulley systems remain in situ, albeit in a poor state of repair.  The building is also in a poor state of repair and is a high priority for both English Heritage and the Ministry of Defence.  As of 2006 a project is underway to ensure the building and contents are preserved, if not restored.

text: The Block Mills have not been in use for many years, although a lot of the original pulley systems remain in situ, albeit in a poor state of repair.  The building is also in a poor state of repair and is a high priority for both

text: English Heritage

text: and the Ministry of Defence.  As of 2006 a project is underway to ensure the building and contents are preserved, if not restored.

text: at another point.  Although some machines only change the direction of the force, such as a stationary pulley, most machines multiply the magnitude of the force by a factor, the mechanical advantage

text: at another point.  Although some machines only change the direction of the force, such as a stationary pulley, most machines multiply the magnitude of the force by a factor, the

text: mechanical advantage

text: The next type was a carriage suspended on pulleys from a wire between sales desk, launched from a catapult.  The best-known types were "Rapid Wire" and "Air-Line."

text: Greek philosophers such as Hero of Alexandria first identified the wheel and axle as one of the simple machines used to lift weights.  This is thought to have been in the form of the windlass which consists of a crank or pulley connected to a cylindrical barrel that provides mechanical advantage to wind up a rope and lift a load such as a bucket from the well.

text: Greek philosophers such as

text: Hero of Alexandria

text: first identified the wheel and axle as one of the simple machines used to lift weights.  This is thought to have been in the form of the

text: windlass

text: which consists of a crank or pulley connected to a cylindrical barrel that provides mechanical advantage to wind up a rope and lift a load such as a bucket from the well.

text: A Prusik-Minding-Pulley is common in rope rescue.  The rope to be pulled is passed through a pulley, and a Prusik is tied on the loaded side.  When the rope is pulled, the Prusik rides against the pulley, and the rope slides through it; but when the rope is relaxed, the Prusik slides away from the pulley and grabs the rope.  Thus, the combination acts as a ratchet.

text: "Place Your Hands", released on 21 October 1996, was Reef’s most successful single to date, reaching number 6 in the UK singles chart. The song explains the grief that Stringer felt following the death of his grandfather, and easing the pain of death. The video for "Place Your Hands", directed by David Mould, features the band members on pulleys and wires to create an energetic aerial display.

text: Tilt and rotate movements are transferred to the ball carrier (the mechanism that supports the type element), which moves across the page, by two taut metal tapes, one for tilt and one for rotate. The tilt and rotate tapes are both anchored to the right side of the carrier.  They both wrap around separate pulleys at the right side of the frame; the tilt pulley is fixed, while the rotate pulley is attached to the shift arm, actuated by the Shift and Caps Lock keys.  The tapes extend across the machine behind the carrier, and then wrap around two separate pulleys at the left side of the frame.  The tilt tape is then anchored to a small, quarter-circle pulley which, through a link, tips the tilt ring (the device to which the type element is connected) to one of four possible locations.  The rotate tape is wrapped around a spring-loaded pulley located in the middle of the carrier.  The rotate pulley under the tilt ring is connected through a universal joint (called a "dog bone", which it resembles) to the center of the tilt ring.  The type element is spring-latched onto that central post.  The type element rotates counter-clockwise when the rotate tape is tightened.  The spiral "clock" spring underneath the rotate pulley rotates the element in the clockwise direction.  As the carrier moves across the page (such as when it returns), the tapes travel over their pulleys, but the spring-loaded pulleys on the ball carrier do not pivot or rotate.

text: Most processes have many sources of variation; most of them are minor and may be ignored. If the dominant sources of variation are identified, however, resources for change can be focused on them.If the dominant assignable sources of variation are detected, potentially they can be identified and removed. Once removed, the process is said to be "stable". When a process is stable, its variation should remain within a known set of limits. That is, at least, until another assignable source of variation occurs.For example, a breakfast cereal packaging line may be designed to fill each cereal box with 500 grams of cereal. Some boxes will have slightly more than 500 grams, and some will have slightly less. When the package weights are measured, the data will demonstrate a distribution of net weights.If the production process, its inputs, or its environment (for example, the machines on the line) change, the distribution of the data will change. For example, as the cams and pulleys of the machinery wear, the cereal filling machine may put more than the specified amount of cereal into each box. Although this might benefit the customer, from the manufacturer's point of view, this is wasteful and increases the cost of production. If the manufacturer finds the change and its source in a timely manner, the change can be corrected (for example, the cams and pulleys replaced).

text: distribution

text: of net weights.If the production process, its inputs, or its environment (for example, the machines on the line) change, the distribution of the data will change. For example, as the cams and pulleys of the machinery wear, the cereal filling machine may put more than the specified amount of cereal into each box. Although this might benefit the customer, from the manufacturer's point of view, this is wasteful and increases the cost of production. If the manufacturer finds the change and its

text: source

text: in a timely manner, the change can be corrected (for example, the cams and pulleys replaced).

text: A wrapping pair is a constraint that comprises belts, chains, and such other devices. A belt-driven pulley is an example of this pair.In this type of which is very similar to the higher pair(which is having point or line contact), but having multiple point contact.

text: A wrapping pair is a constraint that comprises

text: belts

text: chains

text: , and such other devices. A belt-driven

text: pulley

text: is an example of this pair.In this type of which is very similar to the higher pair(which is having point or line contact), but having multiple point contact.

text: Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a multimedia experience, starting with the actual architectural space. In fact, much of the technology used in current Broadway or commercial plays was invented and developed during this era. The stage could change from a romantic garden to the interior of a palace in a matter of seconds. The entire space became a framed selected area that only allows the users to see a specific action, hiding all the machinery and technology – mostly ropes and pulleys.

text: Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a

text: multimedia

text: experience, starting with the actual architectural space. In fact, much of the technology used in current Broadway or commercial plays was invented and developed during this era. The stage could change from a romantic garden to the interior of a palace in a matter of seconds. The entire space became a framed selected area that only allows the users to see a specific action, hiding all the machinery and technology – mostly ropes and pulleys.

text: Kakalios, who earned PhD from the University of Chicago in 1985, began his comic book collection as a graduate student as a way to relieve stress. At Minnesota, he taught a freshman seminar that focused on the physics of superheroes as a way to motivate students to think about physics. This course gained great popularity as an enticing alternative to the typical inclined planes and pulleys of physics.

text: Kakalios, who earned

text: PhD

text: from the

text: University of Chicago

text: in 1985, began his comic book collection as a

text: graduate student

text: as a way to relieve stress. At Minnesota, he taught a freshman seminar that focused on the physics of superheroes as a way to motivate students to think about physics. This course gained great popularity as an enticing alternative to the typical inclined planes and pulleys of physics.

text: Broken Records are a band from Edinburgh, Scotland, which formed in December 2006. The band are signed to 4AD and released their debut album, Until the Earth Begins to Part, in June 2009. Their second album Let Me Come Home was released in October 2010, and their third Weights and Pulleys in May 2014.

text: Broken Records are a band from

text: Edinburgh

text: Scotland

text: , which formed in December 2006. The band are signed to

text: and released their debut album,

text: Until the Earth Begins to Part

text: , in June 2009. Their second album Let Me Come Home was released in October 2010, and their third Weights and Pulleys in May 2014.

text: Physics –Plasticity –Plastic moment –Poisson's ratio –Position vector –Pressure –Product lifecycle management –Professional engineer –Project management –Pulley –Pump –Pile foundation –Plinth protection—Piers—Plum concrete—Pneumatic—Penetration--

text: Physics

text: Plasticity

text: Plastic moment

text: Poisson's ratio

text: Position vector

text: Pressure

text: Product lifecycle management

text: Professional engineer

text: Project management

text: Pulley

text: Pump

text: Pile foundation

text: Plinth protection

text: —Piers—Plum concrete—Pneumatic—Penetration--

text: the pulleys for the accessories (such as the alternator and water pump) are, and the rear of the engine is where the flywheel is, through which the engine connects to the transmission. The front of the engine may point towards the front, side or rear of the car.

text: the

text: pulley

text: s for the accessories (such as the

text: alternator

text: and

text: water pump

text: ) are, and the rear of the engine is where the

text: flywheel

text: is, through which the engine connects to the

text: transmission

text: . The front of the engine may point towards the front, side or rear of the car.

text: In April 1953, Simplex added a variable speed automatic transmission with centrifugal shoe-type clutch and belt-type automatic transmission.  The ratio was changed by expanding and contracting the drive pulley, with a low ratio of approximately 18:1 and a high ratio of approximately 7:1.  The transmission was belt-driven and drove the real wheel by belt, with automatic belt tensioning by jockey pulley.

text: Thread trigger finger release is an ultrasound guided minimally invasive procedure using a piece of dissecting thread to transect A1 pulley without incision.

text: Thread trigger finger release

text: is an ultrasound guided minimally invasive procedure using a piece of dissecting thread to transect A1 pulley without incision.

text: The Renault 16's engine's design was well-suited to Lotus's requirements. It used an aluminium block with cast-iron cylinder liners, which saved appreciable weight compared to the cast-iron blocks more common at the time. It's overhead-valve design had the camshaft located high-up in the block, resulting in a compact valve-train well suited for high-rpm operation. Most importantly, all the engine ancillaries (water pump, belt-drives, alternator) were driven off a v-belt pulley fixed to the transaxle end of the camshaft instead of being driven by the engine's crankshaft. When fitted to the Europa, this pulley location put all the engine's ancillaries at its rear face giving easy access for maintenance, rather than them being located hard against the vehicle's bulkhead as-for most conventional engines.

text: The Renault 16's engine's design was well-suited to Lotus's requirements. It used an aluminium

text: block

text: with cast-iron

text: cylinder liner

text: s, which saved appreciable weight compared to the cast-iron blocks more common at the time. It's

text: overhead-valve

text: design had the

text: camshaft

text: located high-up in the block, resulting in a compact

text: valve-train

text: well suited for high-rpm operation. Most importantly, all the engine ancillaries (water pump, belt-drives, alternator) were driven off a

text: v-belt pulley

text: fixed to the transaxle end of the camshaft instead of being driven by the engine's

text: crankshaft

text: . When fitted to the Europa, this pulley location put all the engine's ancillaries at its rear face giving easy access for maintenance, rather than them being located hard against the vehicle's bulkhead as-for most conventional engines.

text: The ratio of the load to the input tension force is the mechanical advantage MA of the pulley system,

text: Mechanical fans are most common in trucks and SUVs, and some RWD cars. This is easier to accomplish because the engine is mounted longitudinally, with the belt accessory components mounted facing the radiator. The fan is mounted on the crankshaft pulley or one of the accessory pulleys (e.g. the water pump pulley) and will spin in between the radiator and the engine, drawing air back through the radiator and blowing it over the engine.  Even though the air has been heated by passing through the radiator, it is still much less hot than the engine surface, so the airflow over the engine helps with cooling.

text: The Hereford by-election of 1921 was held on 11 January 1921.  The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP, Charles Thornton Pulley.  It was won by the Coalition Conservative candidate Samuel Roberts.

text: The

text: Hereford

text: by-election of 1921 was held on 11 January 1921.  The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Coalition Conservative MP,

text: Charles Thornton Pulley

text: .  It was won by the Coalition Conservative candidate

text: Samuel Roberts

text: With the flying fox, the pulley(s), attached to the car, are fixed to the cable.  The car itself can consist of anything from a simple hand grip, with the user hanging underneath, to a bucket for transporting small items, to a quite elaborate construction, perhaps including a seat or a safety strap. Children's versions are usually not set up with a steep incline, so the speeds are kept relatively low, negating the need for a means of stopping.

text: With the flying fox, the

text: pulley(s)

text: , attached to the car, are fixed to the cable.  The car itself can consist of anything from a simple hand grip, with the user hanging underneath, to a bucket for transporting small items, to a quite elaborate construction, perhaps including a seat or a safety strap. Children's versions are usually not set up with a steep incline, so the speeds are kept relatively low, negating the need for a means of stopping.

text: A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may have a groove or grooves between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove or grooves.

text: A pulley may also be called a

text: sheave

text: or drum and may have a

text: groove

text: or grooves between two

text: flange

text: s around its

text: circumference

text: . The drive element of a pulley system can be a

text: rope

text: cable

text: belt

text: , or

text: chain

text: that runs over the pulley inside the groove or grooves.

text: The architecture of the houses of Valbonne is as rigorous as the street layout (see History above). Originally, they were all identical. The ground floor was for deliveries (these are now found half-underground due to a rise in the level of the street). On the first floor was the living room, above, the bedrooms. Finally, the attic, where stores were hoisted up with the aid of a pulley (some examples of these can still be found).

text: Charles Thornton Pulley (24 July 1864 – 5 April 1947) was a British Conservative Party politician.

text: Charles Thornton Pulley (24 July 1864 – 5 April 1947) was a British

text: Conservative Party

text: politician.

text: The line shaft is the accessory that enables a steam engine to drive more than one tool. The line shaft first appeared back in 1936 when Geoffrey Malins took on the task of making a set of engines for Hobbies of Dereham, after Geoffrey Bowman-Jenkins left Bowman models. The early line shafts all featured flatbases and, before the war, came in two models: the C1 and the C2; the former having 4 pulleys and the latter having 7. Both types of line shaft carried the Meccano-type red pulleys as well as turned brass types. The pedestal supports, like those of the early tools, were made from cast iron and the baseplates were drilled to fit Meccano. Production of the line shaft and the tools continued right up to the beginning of Second World War, possibly into 1940, the line shaft by then being incorporated into the SC2, 3 and 4 engines. After the war (c1948) the line shaft gained brass pulleys as well as the hammer and punch. The flat base plate was retained but the C1 line shaft was dropped. By the mid-1980s the Mamod company was in trouble; the SP1, 3 and 5 were dropped along with the separate tools and line shaft but all five components continued to be made as part of the WS workshop.

text: The

text: line shaft

text: The longest serving and most prolific writer for the Belt Pulley magazine is Brian Wayne Wells, currently, of Winfield, West Virginia.  Starting with the March/April 1994 issue of Belt Pulley, he has contributed an article to every issue of the magazine since that time and has continued to do so down to the present time.  His first article carried in that March/April 1994 issue was actually a legal article on the Freedom of Information legislation of the states of Iowa and Wisconsin.  As a practising attorney with membership in the bars of Mississippi, Minnesota and West Virginia, Brian was asked by Editor in Chief, Kurt Aumann to write the article, called "Researcher's Rights" and outlines the proposition that the materials held by various publicly funded archives and libraries is actually the property of the public at large and, thus, the property of the individual researcher.  The article points out that restrictions of the use of the content and or copies of these public documents by librarians are not legal restrictions.

text: The longest serving and most prolific writer for the Belt Pulley magazine is Brian Wayne Wells, currently, of

text: Winfield, West Virginia

text: .  Starting with the March/April 1994 issue of Belt Pulley, he has contributed an article to every issue of the magazine since that time and has continued to do so down to the present time.  His first article carried in that March/April 1994 issue was actually a legal article on the

text: Freedom of Information legislation

text: of the states of Iowa and Wisconsin.  As a practising attorney with membership in the bars of Mississippi, Minnesota and West Virginia, Brian was asked by Editor in Chief, Kurt Aumann to write the article, called "Researcher's Rights" and outlines the proposition that the materials held by various publicly funded archives and libraries is actually the property of the public at large and, thus, the property of the individual researcher.  The article points out that restrictions of the use of the content and or copies of these public documents by librarians are not legal restrictions.

text: The basic idea of funicular operation is that two cars are always attached to each other by a cable, which runs through a pulley at the top of the slope. Counterbalancing of the two cars, with one going up and one going down, minimizes the energy needed to lift the car going up. Winching is normally done by an electric drive that turns the pulley. Sheave wheels guide the cable to and from the drive mechanism and the slope cars.

text: The basic idea of funicular operation is that two cars are always attached to each other by a cable, which runs through a

text: pulley

text: at the top of the slope. Counterbalancing of the two cars, with one going up and one going down, minimizes the energy needed to lift the car going up. Winching is normally done by an electric drive that turns the

text: pulley

text: . Sheave wheels guide the cable to and from the drive mechanism and the slope cars.

text: An unusual feature of this system is that it incorporates "floating" inlet cam drive pulleys that are not directly keyed to the shafts.  This means that special setting tools are required to establish the cam timing before the pulley fixings are tightened. This requirement is the result of the complexity of the cam drive train.  In addition to the length and thickness tolerance of the belts, the accuracy of the cam timing is also affected by the positional and diameter tolerance of each pulley and the thickness of each major engine casting.  The result is that the required degree of timing accuracy could not otherwise be maintained.

text: The shoulder fly (also known as a lateral raise) works the deltoid muscle of the shoulder. The movement starts with the arms straight, and the hands holding weights at the sides or in front of the body.  Arms are kept straight or slightly bent, and raised through an arc of movement in the coronal plane that terminates when the hands are at approximately shoulder height.  Weights are lowered to the starting position, completing one "rep". When using a cable machine the individual stands with the coronal plane in line with the pulley, which is at or near the ground.  The exercise can be completed one shoulder at a time (with the other hand used to stabilize the body against the weight moved), or with both hands simultaneously if two parallel pulleys are available.

text: The shoulder fly (also known as a lateral raise) works the

text: deltoid muscle

text: of the shoulder. The movement starts with the arms straight, and the hands holding

text: weights

text: at the sides or in front of the body.  Arms are kept straight or slightly bent, and raised through an arc of movement in the

text: coronal plane

text: that terminates when the hands are at approximately shoulder height.  Weights are lowered to the starting position, completing one "rep". When using a cable machine the individual stands with the coronal plane in line with the

text: pulley

text: , which is at or near the ground.  The exercise can be completed one shoulder at a time (with the other hand used to stabilize the body against the weight moved), or with both hands simultaneously if two parallel pulleys are available.

text: Weight machines use gravity as the primary source of resistance, and a combination of simple machines to convey that resistance, to the person using the machine. Each of the simple machines (pulley, lever, wheel, incline) changes the mechanical advantage of the overall machine relative to the weight.

text: Weight machines use gravity as the primary source of resistance, and a combination of

text: simple machine

text: s to convey that resistance, to the person using the machine. Each of the simple machines (pulley, lever, wheel, incline) changes the

text: mechanical advantage

text: of the overall machine relative to the weight.

text: Nearby are the small villages of Nobold and Pulley.

text: Nearby are the small villages of

text: Nobold

text: and

text: Pulley

text: At 11:30 on Monday, 25 May 1812 the first explosion occurred. For half a mile around the earth shook and the noise was heard up to four miles away.  Large clouds of dust and small coals were thrown up from both William Pit and John Pit.  As well as the small particles, the coal baskets and pieces of wood were blown out of the pits and landed nearby. The dust fell like a shower for up to a mile and a half downwind.  The pit-heads or shaft-frames carrying the pulleys at both pits were blown off, set on fire and the pulleys broken. At William Pit the up-cast fed to a horizontal flue on the surface which led to a stack.  Coal dust was distributed three inches thick within this flue which then burnt to a "light cinder".

text: Cable machines, also known as pulley machines, are large upright machines, either with a single pulley, or else a pulley attached to both sides.  They allow an athlete to recruit all major muscle groups while moving in multiple planes.  Cable machines also provide a smooth, continuous action which reduces the need for momentum to start repetitions, provide a constant tension on the muscle, peak-contraction is possible at the top of each rep, a safe means of performing negative repetitions, and a variety of attachments that allow great flexibility in the exercises performed and body parts targeted.

text: Cable machine

text: s, also known as pulley machines, are large upright machines, either with a single pulley, or else a pulley attached to both sides.  They allow an athlete to recruit all major muscle groups while moving in multiple planes.  Cable machines also provide a smooth, continuous action which reduces the need for momentum to start repetitions, provide a constant tension on the muscle, peak-contraction is possible at the top of each rep, a safe means of performing

text: negative repetitions

text: , and a variety of attachments that allow great flexibility in the exercises performed and body parts targeted.

text: Together, the A pulleys form a continuous tunnel and, because each A pulley's attachments on the bone is wider than its roof, its shape prevents the pulley from pinching its neighbours at extremes of flexion.  The short roof also minimises pressure on the tendon under tension, instead distributing pressure throughout the tunnel.

text: Also, a choking pulley is very small so that its moment arm is very small. A larger moment arm reduces the force needed to rotate a pulley.  For example, using a long wrench, which has a large moment arm, to open a nut requires less force than using a short wrench, which has a small moment arm.  Assuming that the diameter of a choking pulley is twice the diameter of its shaft, which is a generous estimate, then the frictional resistance force at the outer diameter of a choking pulley is half the frictional resistance force at the shaft of a choking pulley.

text: A simple machine, such as a lever, pulley, or gear train, is "ideal" if the power input is equal to the power output of the device, which means there are no losses.  In this case, the mechanical efficiency is 100%.

text: A

text: simple machine

text: , such as a lever, pulley, or gear train, is "ideal" if the power input is equal to the power output of the device, which means there are no losses.  In this case, the

text: mechanical efficiency

text: is 100%.

text: The pulley shaft is typically sized following CEMA  B105.1 in the Americas or AS 1403 in Australia.

text: 1. Pulley Maven, Software for Designing and Analyzing Conveyor Pulleys

text: The STS-3xx missions were developed in the aftermath of the loss of Columbia. However, NASA spent some effort researching rescue options even before the disaster. Before the ISS was launched, or in the event of the shuttle being unable to reach the station, shuttle crews would have had to transfer directly between shuttles. The orbiters would have been unable to dock, so while they used their RMS arms to grapple each other, the crew would have made an EVA between the shuttles. This would have been carried out using the two EVA-designated mission specialists wearing the Shuttle/ISS Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuits, while the remaining crew would have been sealed up in pressurized Personal Rescue Enclosure and carried over either by hand, or using a pulley system (akin to that of a clothesline pulley) like that employed in the Apollo program for lifting samples from the Moon's surface into the Lunar Module.

text: The STS-3xx missions were developed in the aftermath of the

text: loss of Columbia

text: . However, NASA spent some effort researching rescue options even before the disaster. Before the ISS was launched, or in the event of the shuttle being unable to reach the station, shuttle crews would have had to transfer directly between shuttles. The orbiters would have been unable to dock, so while they used their RMS arms to grapple each other, the crew would have made an

text: EVA

text: between the shuttles. This would have been carried out using the two EVA-designated mission specialists wearing the

text: Shuttle/ISS Extravehicular Mobility Unit

text: (EMU) spacesuits, while the remaining crew would have been sealed up in pressurized

text: Personal Rescue Enclosure

text: and carried over either by hand, or using a pulley system (akin to that of a clothesline pulley) like that employed in the

text: Apollo

text: program for lifting samples from the Moon's surface into the

text: Lunar Module

text: The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led Archimedes to define the lever, pulley and screw as simple machines.  By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the wheel and axle, wedge and inclined plane.  The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as joints.

text: The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led

text: Archimedes

text: to define the

text: lever

text: pulley

text: and

text: screw

text: as

text: simple machines

text: .  By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the

text: wheel and axle

text: wedge

text: and

text: inclined plane

text: .  The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as

text: joints

text: The mechanical advantage of a pulley system can be analyzed using free body diagrams which balance the tension force in the rope with the force of gravity on the load. In an ideal system, the massless and frictionless pulleys do not dissipate energy and allow for a change of direction of a rope that does not stretch or wear. In this case, a force balance on a free body that includes the load, W, and n supporting sections of a rope with tension T, yields:

text: The

text: mechanical advantage

text: of a pulley system can be analyzed using

text: free body diagram

text: s which balance the

text: tension force

text: in the rope with the

text: force of gravity

text: on the load. In an ideal system, the massless and frictionless pulleys do not dissipate energy and allow for a change of direction of a rope that does not stretch or wear. In this case, a force balance on a free body that includes the load, W, and n supporting sections of a rope with tension T, yields:

text: The tension on the pulling side of the belt and pulley has the ability to increase exponentially if the magnitude of the belt angle increases (e.g. it is wrapped around the pulley segment numerous times).

text: The tension on the pulling side of the belt and pulley has the ability to increase

text: exponentially

text: if the magnitude of the belt angle increases (e.g. it is wrapped around the pulley segment numerous times).

text: All common variations of the trucker's hitch use a loop in the standing part of the rope and the anchor point as makeshift pulleys in order to theoretically obtain a 3 to 1 mechanical advantage while pulling on the working end.

text: All common variations of the trucker's hitch use a loop in the standing part of the rope and the anchor point as makeshift

text: pulley

text: s in order to theoretically obtain a 3 to 1 mechanical advantage while pulling on the working end.

text: The two sections of chain carrying the single pulley exert opposing and unequal torques on the connected pulleys, such that only the difference of these torques has to be compensated manually by pulling the loose part of the chain.This leads to a mechanical advantage: the force needed to lift a load is only a fraction of the load's weight. At the same time, the distance the load is lifted is smaller than the length of chain pulled by the same factor. This factor (the mechanical advantage MA) depends on the relative difference of the radii r and R of the connected pulleys:

text: The two sections of chain carrying the single pulley exert opposing and unequal

text: torque

text: s on the connected pulleys, such that only the difference of these torques has to be compensated manually by pulling the loose part of the chain.This leads to a

text: mechanical advantage

text: : the force needed to lift a load is only a fraction of the load's

text: weight

text: . At the same time, the distance the load is lifted is smaller than the length of chain pulled by the same factor. This factor (the mechanical advantage MA) depends on the relative difference of the radii r and R of the connected pulleys:

text: An online demonstration is available to show the principle of operation of a 7-component version of a tide-predicting machine otherwise like Thomson's (Kelvin's) original design. The animation shows part of the operation of the machine:  the motions of several pulleys can be seen, each moving up and down to simulate one of the tidal frequencies;  and the animation also shows how these sinusoidal motions were generated by wheel rotations and how they were combined to form the resulting tidal curve.  Not shown in the animation is the way in which the individual motions were generated in the machine at the correct relative frequencies, by gearing in the correct ratios, or how the amplitudes and starting phase angles for each motion were set in an adjustable way. These amplitudes and starting phase angles represented the local tidal constants, separately reset, and different for each place for which predictions were to be made.  Also, in the real Thomson machines, to save on motion and wear of the other parts, the shaft and pulley with the largest expected motion (for the M2 tide component at twice per lunar day) was mounted nearest to the pen, and the shaft and pulley representing the smallest component was at the other end, nearest to the point of fixing of the flexible cord or chain, to minimize unnecessary motion in the most part of the flexible cord.

text: A  gin pole (derived from gyn, a three-legged lifting device) is a supported pole which uses a pulley or block and tackle on its upper end to lift loads.  The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted.  The pole (also known as a "mast", "boom", and "spar") is secured with three or more guys. These are manipulated to move the load laterally, with up and down controlled by the pulley or block.

text: A  gin pole (derived from

text: gyn

text: , a three-legged lifting device) is a supported pole which uses a

text: pulley

text: or

text: block and tackle

text: on its upper end to lift loads.  The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted.  The pole (also known as a "mast", "boom", and "spar") is secured with three or more

text: guys

text: . These are manipulated to move the load laterally, with up and down controlled by the pulley or block.

text: The idea of a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied the Archimedean simple machines: lever, pulley, and  screw.  He discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.  Archimedes' famous remark with regard to the lever: "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth." () expresses his realization that there was no limit to the amount of force amplification that could be achieved by using mechanical advantage.  Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.  For example, Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses.  However the Greeks' understanding was limited to the statics of simple machines; the balance of forces, and did not include dynamics; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work.

text: Archimedes

text: around the 3rd century BC, who studied the Archimedean simple machines: lever, pulley, and

text: screw

text: .  He discovered the principle of

text: mechanical advantage

text: in the lever.  Archimedes' famous remark with regard to the lever: "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth." () expresses his realization that there was no limit to the amount of force amplification that could be achieved by using mechanical advantage.  Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the

text: inclined plane

text: ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.  For example,

text: Heron of Alexandria

text: (ca. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion";

text: lever

text: windlass

text: pulley

text: wedge

text: , and

text: screw

text: , and describes their fabrication and uses.  However the Greeks' understanding was limited to the

text: statics

text: of simple machines; the balance of forces, and did not include

text: dynamics

text: ; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of

text: work

text: The fusee was a much longer lasting innovation.  This was a cone-shaped pulley that was turned by a chain wrapped around the mainspring barrel.  Its curving shape continuously changed the mechanical advantage of the linkage to even out the force of the mainspring as it ran down.  Fusees became the standard method of getting constant torque from a mainspring.  They were used in most spring driven clocks and watches from their first appearance until the 19th century when the going barrel took over, and in marine chronometers until the 1970s.

text: The

text: fusee

text: was a much longer lasting innovation.  This was a cone-shaped

text: pulley

text: that was turned by a chain wrapped around the mainspring barrel.  Its curving shape continuously changed the

text: mechanical advantage

text: of the linkage to even out the force of the mainspring as it ran down.  Fusees became the standard method of getting constant torque from a mainspring.  They were used in most spring driven clocks and watches from their first appearance until the 19th century when the going barrel took over, and in

text: marine chronometer

text: s until the 1970s.

text: A Chicago boom derrick is a derrick with a boom which is attached to an external structure. The external upright member of the structure serves as the mast, and the boom is stepped in a fixed socket clamped to the upright. The boom is connected to at least three pulley systems to control the position of the boom. For example, a pulley system is connected to the top of the boom and the higher area of the external structure and two pulley systems near the top of the boom connected on either side of the boom to the external structure. The position of the top of the boom can be controlled by manipulating these pulley systems. The load is lifted from a separate pulley system that is connected to the top of the boom.

text: Certain cars, however, do not come equipped with an external balancer on the crank pulley, and as such, can have the pulley replaced with a performance oriented product which counter-acts these resonance frequencies.

text: Certain cars, however, do not come equipped with an external balancer on the crank pulley, and as such, can have the pulley replaced with a performance oriented product which counter-acts these

text: resonance

text: frequencies.

text: For an ideal block and tackle system there is no friction in the pulleys and no deflection or wear in the rope, which means the power input by the applied force FV must equal the power out acting on the load FV, that is

text: At certain points in the game, the player will be joined by AI teammates that help Tapp. There are many points in the game where multiple paths are available that can be taken to avoid certain areas or uncover hidden items. Lighting plays a dynamic role in the game. While Tapp begins with a lighter, other light sources such as flashlights or camera flashes can be found later in the game. Minigames are a major part of the game. These include a searching game in which an X-ray view is used to avoid dangers like razors or syringes, and a game that involves grabbing a key before a "Pain meter" fills and wounds Tapp. Other puzzle minigames include powering fuse boxes, placing rotating gears in a box, and aligning steam valves. Doors rigged with shotguns attached to pulleys are in place all around the asylum. When the player encounters one of these doors, they must press a randomly assigned button before the pulley falls too far, or the gun will discharge. There are puzzles called "environmental traps", in which Tapp must use different elements in the environment, use the in-game camera, or go to certain locations to accomplish a task.

text: At certain points in the game, the player will be joined by

text: AI

text: teammates that help Tapp. There are many points in the game where multiple paths are available that can be taken to avoid certain areas or uncover hidden items. Lighting plays a dynamic role in the game. While Tapp begins with a lighter, other light sources such as flashlights or camera flashes can be found later in the game.

text: Minigame

text: s are a major part of the game. These include a searching game in which an

text: X-ray

text: view is used to avoid dangers like razors or syringes, and a game that involves grabbing a key before a "Pain meter" fills and wounds Tapp. Other puzzle minigames include powering fuse boxes, placing rotating gears in a box, and aligning steam valves. Doors rigged with shotguns attached to pulleys are in place all around the asylum. When the player encounters one of these doors, they must press a

text: randomly assigned button

text: before the pulley falls too far, or the gun will discharge. There are puzzles called "environmental traps", in which Tapp must use different elements in the environment, use the in-game camera, or go to certain locations to accomplish a task.

text: He also played briefly for the punk bands Pulley and 22 Jacks.

text: He also played briefly for the punk bands

text: Pulley

text: and

text: 22 Jacks

text: When it became necessary to go deeper than the lowest adit, it was essential to pump out the water. Large waterwheels were used for this and where the shaft was higher than a good water supply, the waterwheel was located lower down the hillside and the power transferred up to the shaft by a "flatrod" system. Evidence for these systems survive as double rows of stones with grooves on their tops – these held the pulleys that guided the metal rods. Such stone rows are still visible at Eylesbarrow and at Hexworthy.

text: When it became necessary to go deeper than the lowest adit, it was essential to pump out the water. Large waterwheels were used for this and where the shaft was higher than a good water supply, the waterwheel was located lower down the hillside and the power transferred up to the shaft by a "

text: flatrod

text: " system. Evidence for these systems survive as double rows of stones with grooves on their tops – these held the pulleys that guided the metal rods. Such stone rows are still visible at Eylesbarrow and at Hexworthy.

text: Sir Joseph Pulley, 1st Baronet (8 September 1822 – 5 August 1901) was an English Liberal politician.

text: Sir Joseph Pulley, 1st Baronet (8 September 1822 – 5 August 1901) was an English

text: Liberal

text: politician.

text: A pulley-block has four parts: the shell, the sheave, the pin for locating the latter in the shell and a metal bush, or coak, inserted into the sheave to save wear between it and the pin. Blocks can vary in size and in the number of sheaves.

text: A pulley-block has four parts: the shell, the sheave, the pin for locating the latter in the shell and a metal

text: bush

text: , or coak, inserted into the sheave to save wear between it and the pin. Blocks can vary in size and in the number of sheaves.

text: Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

text: Hero of Alexandria

text: identified the pulley as one of six

text: simple machines

text: used to lift weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a

text: block and tackle

text: in order to provide

text: mechanical advantage

text: to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of

text: belt

text: and

text: chain drive

text: s in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

text: 3. Now, the coyote hopes to flatten the bird with a 10,000-lb weight supported by a pair of pulleys. However, the weight doesn't drop when the coyote lets go of the rope, only falling on the coyote when he resumes the chase. Wile E. strolls into view postured like a walking barchair.

text: The simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and lines are weightless, and that there is no energy loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the lines do not stretch.

text: A differential pulley, also called "Weston differential pulley", sometimes "chain hoist" or colloquially "chain fall", is used to manually lift very heavy objects like car engines. It is operated by pulling upon the slack section of a continuous chain that wraps around pulleys. The relative size of two connected pulleys determines the maximum weight that can be lifted by hand. The load will remain in place (and not lower under the force of gravity) until the chain is pulled.

text: The Central Avenue factory has been preserved with all of its manufacturing equipment. The machinery in the factory is powered by a central transverse line shaft and leather belts coming down to pulleys on each machine. The line shaft itself was originally powered by a single cylinder engine but in the 1920s was converted to electricity.  After manufacturing more than 2000 windmills the company stopped making windmills in the 1940s, and the Kregels worked instead in pump repair and well maintenance until 1991 in the same location.

text: In addition, as the transmission diameter is increased, the chain has to be pushed up the inclined surfaces of the pulley halves of the variator pulley, while the tension in the chain tends to pull the chain towards the opposite direction. Hence a large force, which is larger than the tension in the chain, is required to change the transmission diameter.  Since the transmission ratio has to be changed within less than one full rotation of the variator pulley, a large force has to be applied on the pulley halves within a very short duration.  If for example the variator pulley rotates at 3600 rpm, which is equivalent to 60 revolutions per second, then the force required to change the transmission ratio has to be applied within 1/60 seconds.  This would be similar to hitting something with a hammer. Therefore, here significant shock loads are applied to the variator pulley during transmission ratio change that increases the transmission diameter. These shock loads may cause comfort problems for the driver of the vehicle using an iCVT. Also an iCVT has to be designed as to be able to resist these shock loads which would most likely increases the cost and weight of an iCVT.

text: The pulley/cam system also confers a benefit called "let-off". As the string is drawn back, the pulleys rotate. The pulleys are eccentric rather than round, and so their effective radius changes as they rotate. The pulleys feature two cam tracks.  An inner cam track which connects mechanically to the limbs or opposite cam and an outer cam track which the bowstring runs through.  As the bow is drawn the ratio of bowstring pay-out and bowstring take-up relative to limb-weight and leverage of the cams changes.  By manipulation of the shapes of these cam tracks, different draw-stroke profiles can be created.  A compound bow can be soft-drawing with a slow build-up to peak weight and a gradual let-off with a long "valley" at the end.  It can also be hard-drawing with a very fast build-up to peak draw-weight, a long plateau where weight is maintained, and a quick let-off with a short valley.  The let-off itself is the result of the cam profiles having passed center and approaching a condition very similar to a cam-lock.  In fact some compound bows, if the draw-stops or draw-length modules are removed, will self-lock at full draw and require professional equipment to unlock safely.

text: The pulley/cam system also confers a benefit called "let-off". As the string is drawn back, the pulleys rotate. The pulleys are

text: eccentric

text: Pascal –Penetration dynamics –Perturbation methods –Physics –Pinion – Piston –Plasticity –  Pneumatics –Poisson's ratio – Position vector – Potential difference –Power – Pressure –Prime mover – Probabilistic mechanics –Probabilistic methods –Process control – Professional engineer –Project management –Pulley –Pump –

text: Pascal

text: Penetration dynamics

text: Perturbation methods

text: Physics

text: Pinion

text: Piston

text: Plasticity

text: Pneumatics

text: Poisson's ratio

text: Position vector

text: Potential difference

text: Power

text: Pressure

text: Prime mover

text: Probabilistic mechanics

text: Probabilistic methods

text: Process control

text: Professional engineer

text: Project management

text: Pulley

text: Pump

text: Natasha Pulley (born 4 December 1988) is a British author.

text: The pulley is connected to an index which moves over a graduated scale (e). The instrument can be made more sensitive by removing oils from the hair, such as by first soaking the hair in diethyl ether.

text: The pulley is connected to an index which moves over a graduated scale (e). The instrument can be made more sensitive by removing oils from the hair, such as by first soaking the hair in

text: diethyl ether

text: The pulleys on the jackshafts of mills or power plants were frequently connected to the shaft with clutches.  For example, in the 1890s, the generating room of the Virginia Hotel in Chicago had two Corliss engines and five dynamos, linked through a jackshaft.  Clutches on the jackshaft pulleys allowed any or all of the dynamos to be driven by either or both of the engines.  With the advent of chain-drive vehicles, the term jackshaft was generally applied to the final intermediate shaft in the drive train, either a chain driven shaft driving pinions that directly engaged teeth on the inside of the rims of the drive wheels, or the output shaft of the transmission/differential that is linked by chain to the drive wheels.

text: The pulleys on the jackshafts of mills or power plants were frequently connected to the shaft with

text: clutch

text: es.  For example, in the 1890s, the generating room of the Virginia Hotel in Chicago had two

text: Corliss engine

text: s and five

text: dynamo

text: s, linked through a jackshaft.  Clutches on the jackshaft pulleys allowed any or all of the dynamos to be driven by either or both of the engines.  With the advent of

text: chain-drive vehicles

text: , the term jackshaft was generally applied to the final intermediate shaft in the drive train, either a chain driven shaft driving pinions that directly engaged teeth on the inside of the rims of the drive wheels, or the output shaft of the transmission/differential that is linked by chain to the drive wheels.

text: The pulleys were manufactured in collaboration with Richard and George Tangye. According to Richard Tangye's autobiography, the Weston differential pulley evolved from the Chinese windlass, with an endless chain replacing the finite length of rope. He claimed that many engineering firms conceded on the difficulty of efficiently disengaging the chain from the teeth as the pulleys turned, but his firm developed a "pitch" chain which solved the issue. Marketed as "Weston Differential Pulley Blocks with Patent Chain Guides", the pulley had good sales, namely, 3000 sets in 9 months. It was displayed in 5 sizes — from  to  — at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and received a medal for "original application, practical utility and success".

text: The pulleys were manufactured in collaboration with

text: Richard

text: and George Tangye. According to Richard Tangye's autobiography, the Weston differential pulley evolved from the

text: Chinese windlass

text: , with an endless chain replacing the finite length of rope. He claimed that many engineering firms conceded on the difficulty of efficiently disengaging the chain from the teeth as the pulleys turned, but his firm developed a "pitch" chain which solved the issue. Marketed as "Weston Differential Pulley Blocks with Patent Chain Guides", the pulley had good sales, namely, 3000 sets in 9 months. It was displayed in 5 sizes — from  to  — at the

text: 1862 International Exhibition

text: in London and received a medal for "original application, practical utility and success".

text: Andy is also a sponsored athlete by Five-Ten footwear and Gibbon Slacklines, and owns his own small business creating slackline specific pulleys named "Slackline Brothers."

text: There has been debate about whether Archaeopteryx could really fly. It appears that Archaeopteryx had the brain structures and inner-ear balance sensors that birds use to control their flight. Archaeopteryx also had a wing feather arrangement like that of modern birds and similarly asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail. But Archaeopteryx lacked the shoulder mechanism by which modern birds' wings produce swift, powerful upstrokes (see diagram above of supracoracoideus pulley); this may mean that it and other early birds were incapable of flapping flight and could only glide.

text: There has been debate about whether Archaeopteryx could really fly. It appears that Archaeopteryx had the brain structures and inner-ear balance sensors that birds use to control their flight. Archaeopteryx also had a wing feather arrangement like that of modern birds and similarly asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail. But Archaeopteryx lacked the

text: shoulder mechanism

text: by which modern birds' wings produce swift, powerful upstrokes (see diagram above of supracoracoideus pulley); this may mean that it and other early birds were incapable of flapping flight and could only glide.

text: depends on the diameter of the pulleys and the resistivity of the copper.

text: depends on the diameter of the pulleys and the

text: resistivity

text: of the copper.

text: Factors of power adjustment include speed ratio; shaft distance (long or short); type of drive unit (electric motor, internal combustion engine); service environment (oily, wet, dusty); driven unit loads (jerky, shock, reversed); and pulley-belt arrangement (open, crossed, turned).  These are found in engineering handbooks and manufacturer's literature. When corrected, the horsepower is compared to rated horsepowers of the standard belt cross sections at particular belt speeds to find a number of arrays that perform best. Now the pulley diameters are chosen. It is generally either large diameters or large cross section that are chosen, since, as stated earlier, larger belts transmit this same power at low belt speeds as smaller belts do at high speeds. To keep the driving part at its smallest, minimum-diameter pulleys are desired. Minimum pulley diameters are limited by the elongation of the belt's outer fibers as the belt wraps around the pulleys. Small pulleys increase this elongation, greatly reducing belt life. Minimum pulley diameters are often listed with each cross section and speed, or listed separately by belt cross section. After the cheapest diameters and belt section are chosen, the belt length is computed. If endless belts are used, the desired shaft spacing may need adjusting to accommodate standard length belts. It is often more economical to use two or more juxtaposed V-belts, rather than one larger belt.

text: Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that support this block.  If there are n of these parts of the rope supporting the load F, then a force balance on the moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be F/n.  This means the input force on the rope is F=F/n.  Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the factor n.

text: The open belt drive has parallel shafts rotating in the same direction, whereas the cross-belt drive also bears parallel shafts but rotate in opposite direction.  The former is far more common, and the latter not appropriate for timing and standard V-belts unless there is a twist between each pulley so that the pulleys only contact the same belt surface. Nonparallel shafts can be connected if the belt's center line is aligned with the center plane of the pulley.  Industrial belts are usually reinforced rubber but sometimes leather types, non-leather non-reinforced belts, can only be used in light applications.

text: Described by the media of his day as "Moving Pictures, representing Phenomena of Nature", the Eidophusikon can be considered an early form of movie making.  The effect was achieved by mirrors and pulleys.

text: Described by the media of his day as "Moving Pictures, representing Phenomena of Nature", the Eidophusikon can be considered an early form of

text: movie making

text: .  The effect was achieved by mirrors and pulleys.

text: After weeks of hand-dredging the river (Woods Creek) and a failed practice attempt using a jet ski for the getaway, he changed his approach and created a cable pulley system to quickly pull himself, and large bags of cash, upstream in the river using a connected canvas-wrapped inner tube.

text: After weeks of hand-dredging the river (

text: Woods Creek

text: ) and a failed practice attempt using a

text: jet ski

text: for the getaway, he changed his approach and created a cable pulley system to quickly pull himself, and large bags of cash, upstream in the river using a connected canvas-wrapped

text: inner tube

text: The band was formed upon vocalist Scott Radinsky's departure from Ten Foot Pole, brought about by that band's desire for a singer with a full-time focus on music (Radinsky was also a major-league relief pitcher and has played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, among others). Pulley's initial lineup included Strung Out drummer Jordan Burns, guitarist Jim Cherry ( former bassist of Strung Out and, later, Zero Down), guitarist Mike Harder, and former Face to Face bassist Matt Riddle. Pulley's debut album, Esteem Driven Engine, was released in 1996 by Epitaph Records. Riddle later joined No Use for a Name full-time and was replaced by Tyler Rebbe. Follow-ups included 60 Cycle Hum (1997), @ !* (1999), Together Again for the First Time (2001), and Matters (2004). On July 30, 2008, Pulley announced a follow up EP to Matters, entitled Time-Insensitive Material which was released on March 24, 2009 on the band's own label, X-Members.

text: The band was formed upon vocalist

text: Scott Radinsky

text: 's departure from

text: Ten Foot Pole

text: , brought about by that band's desire for a singer with a full-time focus on music (Radinsky was also a major-league relief pitcher and has played for the

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: , among others). Pulley's initial lineup included

text: Strung Out

text: drummer Jordan Burns, guitarist Jim Cherry ( former bassist of Strung Out and, later,

text: Zero Down

text: ), guitarist Mike Harder, and former

text: Face to Face

text: bassist

text: Matt Riddle

text: . Pulley's debut album,

text: Esteem Driven Engine

text: , was released in 1996 by

text: Epitaph Records

text: . Riddle later joined

text: No Use for a Name

text: full-time and was replaced by Tyler Rebbe. Follow-ups included

text: 60 Cycle Hum

text: Together Again for the First Time

text: (2001), and

text: Matters

text: (2004). On July 30, 2008, Pulley announced a follow up EP to Matters, entitled

text: Time-Insensitive Material

text: which was released on March 24, 2009 on the band's own label, X-Members.

text: The classification of simple machines to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by Franz Reuleaux, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines.  He recognized that the classical simple machines can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface.

text: The classification of

text: simple machine

text: s to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by Franz Reuleaux, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines.  He recognized that the classical

text: simple machine

text: s can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface.

text: A pulley clothes airer, sometimes described as "Victorian", "Edwardian", or "Lancashire", can be loaded and unloaded at a convenient height, and hoisted out of the way to ceiling height while the clothes dry. It comprises two iron frames positioned as far apart as desired to provide a suitable length, with wooden laths, typically four or six, passed through holes in them. The frames are suspended from the ceiling by a system of rope and pulleys. The result is a hoistable rack with several parallel bars on which clothes can be draped out of the way, or hung, extending further down, with clothes hangers. The racks are also used in kitchens, to hang utensils out of the way.

text: A

text: pulley

text: clothes airer, sometimes described as "Victorian", "Edwardian", or "Lancashire", can be loaded and unloaded at a convenient height, and hoisted out of the way to ceiling height while the clothes dry. It comprises two iron frames positioned as far apart as desired to provide a suitable length, with wooden laths, typically four or six, passed through holes in them. The frames are suspended from the ceiling by a system of rope and pulleys. The result is a hoistable rack with several parallel bars on which clothes can be draped out of the way, or hung, extending further down, with

text: clothes hanger

text: s. The racks are also used in kitchens, to hang utensils out of the way.

text: In sailing, a block is a single or multiple pulley.  One or a number of sheaves are enclosed in an assembly between cheeks or chocks.  In use, a block is fixed to the end of a line, to a spar, or to a surface. A line (rope) is reeved through the sheaves, and maybe through one or more matching blocks at some far end, to make up a tackle.

text: In

text: sailing

text: , a block is a single or multiple

text: pulley

text: .  One or a number of

text: sheave

text: s are enclosed in an assembly between cheeks or chocks.  In use, a block is fixed to the end of a line, to a

text: spar

text: , or to a surface. A line (rope) is reeved through the sheaves, and maybe through one or more matching blocks at some far end, to make up a

text: tackle

text: A belt and pulley system is characterised by two or more pulleys in common to a belt. This allows for mechanical power, torque, and speed to be transmitted across axles. If the pulleys are of differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realised.

text: A belt and pulley system is characterised by two or more pulleys in common to a

text: belt

text: . This allows for

text: mechanical power

text: torque

text: , and

text: speed

text: to be transmitted across axles. If the pulleys are of differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realised.

text: Purely in terms of the temperature of the copper wire, an increase in the speed with which the wire passes through the pulley system has the same effect as an increase in resistance.  Therefore, the speed with which the wire can be drawn through varies quadratically as the voltage applied.

text: While travellers have described the wines as white, there seem to be no ampelographic descriptions of the vines or grapes. Marco Polo made mention of the wine, and other classical accounts describe vines trained by pulleys and weights to grow up one side of a house and down another.

text: While travellers have described the wines as white, there seem to be no

text: ampelographic

text: descriptions of the vines or grapes.

text: Marco Polo

text: made mention of the wine, and other classical accounts describe vines trained by

text: pulley

text: s and weights to grow up one side of a house and down another.

text: A modern construction management study, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years.

text: A modern construction management study, in association with

text: Mark Lehner

text: and other Egyptologists, estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used

text: critical path analysis

text: methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years.

text: There are two major types of equipment available for strapping: hand tools and strapping machines. A dispenser is used with both types of equipment to dispense the strap. Some strapping machines have the dispenser built-in, others (typically those on large arch machines) have a separate powered dispenser, which can automatically load or thread new coils. Non-powered separated dispensers have a pulley which releases and activates a brake to stop the inertia of the coil to keep the strap from over-running onto the floor. Typically dispensers used on large arch strapping machines have multiple pulleys to act as a way to store strap in a way that can be quickly dispensed. Smaller arch machines such as table top machines will feed strap into a pool box/accumulator instead. In both cases this is required otherwise the strapping machine will draw the strap faster than the dispenser can pay off.

text: There are two major types of equipment available for strapping: hand tools and strapping machines. A dispenser is used with both types of equipment to dispense the strap. Some strapping machines have the dispenser built-in, others (typically those on large arch machines) have a separate powered dispenser, which can automatically load or thread new coils. Non-powered separated dispensers have a pulley which releases and activates a

text: brake

text: to stop the

text: inertia

text: of the coil to keep the strap from over-running onto the floor. Typically dispensers used on large arch strapping machines have multiple pulleys to act as a way to store strap in a way that can be quickly dispensed. Smaller arch machines such as table top machines will feed strap into a pool box/accumulator instead. In both cases this is required otherwise the strapping machine will draw the strap faster than the dispenser can pay off.

text: The Cable Car has two cars, which start from opposite ends of the line and pass in the middle. They are attached to each other by a 30 mm diameter cable, supported by 120 rollers, which runs round a pulley at the top of the hill. A 185 kW 550 V DC motor at the top of the hill drives the pulley. The Cable Car is a funicular rather than a true cable car: the cars are permanently attached to the cable, which stops and starts as required, while a cable car grips and releases a continuously-moving cable. Wheels on the south side of car 1 and the north side of car 2 have double flanges, while the opposite wheels on each car have no flanges, directing the cars to the correct side of the mid-way passing loop at Talavera.

text: The Cable Car has two cars, which start from opposite ends of the line and pass in the middle. They are attached to each other by a 30 mm diameter cable, supported by 120 rollers, which runs round a pulley at the top of the hill. A 185 kW 550 V DC motor at the top of the hill drives the pulley. The Cable Car is a

text: funicular

text: rather than a true

text: cable car

text: : the cars are permanently attached to the cable, which stops and starts as required, while a cable car grips and releases a continuously-moving cable. Wheels on the south side of car 1 and the north side of car 2 have double flanges, while the opposite wheels on each car have no flanges, directing the cars to the correct side of the mid-way passing loop at Talavera.

text: In the mid 19th century, British millwrights discovered that multi-grooved pulleys connected by ropes outperformed flat pulleys connected by leather belts.  Wire ropes were occasionally used, but cotton, hemp, manila hemp and flax rope saw the widest use.  Typically, the rope connecting two pulleys with multiple V-grooves was spliced into a single loop that traveled along a helical path before being returned to its starting position by an idler pulley that also served to maintain the tension on the rope.  Sometimes, a single rope was used to transfer power from one multiple groove drive pulley to several single or multiple groove driven pulleys in this way.

text: In the mid 19th century, British millwrights discovered that multi-grooved pulleys connected by

text: rope

text: s outperformed flat pulleys connected by leather belts.

text: Wire rope

text: s were occasionally used, but

text: cotton

text: hemp

text: manila hemp

text: and

text: flax

text: rope saw the widest use.  Typically, the rope connecting two pulleys with multiple V-grooves was spliced into a single loop that traveled along a

text: helical

text: path before being returned to its starting position by an

text: idler pulley

text: that also served to maintain the tension on the rope.  Sometimes, a single rope was used to transfer power from one multiple groove drive pulley to several single or multiple groove driven pulleys in this way.

text: By adding a pulley to the fixed block of a gun tackle the direction of the pulling force is reversed though the mechanical advantage remains the same, Diagram 3a.  This is an example of the Luff tackle.

text: The teeth of the variator pulley of an iCVT are formed by pins that extend from one pulley half to the other pulley half and slide in the grooves of the pulley halves of the variator pulley.  Here torque from the chain is transferred to the pins and then from the pins to the pulley halves.  Since the pins are round and the grooves are curved, line contact between the pins and the grooves are used to transfer force from the pins to the grooves. The amount of force that can be transmitted between two parts depend on the contact area of the two parts. Since the contact areas between the pins and their grooves are very small, the amount of force that can be transmitted between them, and hence also the torque capacity of an iCVT, is limited.

text: The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of elevator its name.

text: Limbs are made of composite materials and are capable of taking high tensile and compressive forces. The limbs store all the energy of the bow – no energy is stored in the pulleys and cables. A draw weight generally falls between 10 and 100 pounds enabling arrow speeds of 150 to 370 feet per second (46 to 113 m/s)

text: Limbs are made of

text: composite material

text: s and are capable of taking high tensile and compressive forces. The limbs store all the energy of the bow – no energy is stored in the pulleys and cables. A draw weight generally falls between 10 and 100 pounds enabling arrow speeds of 150 to 370 feet per second (46 to 113 m/s)

text: Pulley then attended Vanderbilt University where he majored in human and organizational development.

text: Pulley then attended

text: Vanderbilt University

text: where he

text: majored

text: in human and organizational development.

text: Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that support this block. If there are p of these parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force balance on the moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be W/p. This means the input force on the rope is T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the factor p.

text: Because flat belts tend to climb towards the higher side of the pulley, pulleys were made with a slightly convex or "crowned" surface (rather than flat) to allow the belt to self-center as it runs. Flat belts also tend to slip on the pulley face when heavy loads are applied, and many proprietary belt dressings were available that could be applied to the belts to increase friction, and so power transmission.

text: Because flat belts tend to climb towards the higher side of the pulley, pulleys were made with a slightly convex or "crowned" surface (rather than flat) to allow the belt to self-center as it runs. Flat belts also tend to slip on the pulley face when heavy loads are applied, and many proprietary

text: belt dressings

text: were available that could be applied to the belts to increase friction, and so power transmission.

text: By looping more ropes around more pulleys we can continue to increase the mechanical advantage. For example, if we have two pulleys attached to the rafter, two pulleys attached to the weight, one end attached to the rafter, and someone standing on the rafter pulling the rope, we have a mechanical advantage of four. Again note: if we add another pulley so that someone may stand on the ground and pull down, we still have a mechanical advantage of four.

text: Should bearing friction be negligible (but not the inertia of the pulley and not the traction of the string on the pulley rim), these equations simplify as the following results:

text: From the time of Archimedes through the Renaissance, mechanisms were considered to be constructed from simple machines, such as the lever, pulley, screw, wheel and axle, wedge and inclined plane.  It was Reuleaux who focussed on bodies, called links, and the connections between these bodies called kinematic pairs, or joints.

text: From the time of

text: Archimedes

text: through the Renaissance, mechanisms were considered to be constructed from

text: simple machines

text: , such as the

text: lever

text: pulley

text: screw

text: wheel and axle

text: wedge

text: and

text: inclined plane

text: .  It was Reuleaux who focussed on bodies, called links, and the connections between these bodies called

text: kinematic pair

text: s, or joints.

text: A crown block is the stationary section of a block and tackle that contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite and above the traveling block.

text: A crown block is the stationary section of a

text: block and tackle

text: that contains a set of pulleys or

text: sheave

text: s through which the

text: drill line

text: (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite and above the

text: traveling block

text: Other features include heavy duty rear shocks, heavy duty radiator with seven blade fan to keep it cool, deep groove pulleys, a high capacity oil pump, solid-lifter cam, and a roller timing chain to reduce stretch and provide more reliable performance. A transistorized duel points breaker distributor coupled with a Prestolite ignition and solid core wires was also used.

text: The weight drive used by Christiaan Huygens in his early clocks acts as a maintaining power. In this layout, the weight which drives the clock is carried on a pulley and the cord (or chain) supporting the weight is wrapped around another pulley which has spikes which allow the cord to turn the pulley without slipping. It is this pulley which turns the train of gears in the clock movement. The cord is kept in engagement with this pulley by a small tensioning weight which is also carried on its own pulley. The cord is endless and is looped over a fourth pulley before going back to the drive weight. The fourth pulley also has spikes to stop the cord slipping and has a ratchet that only allows it to turn in one direction. As the drive weight descends and turns the clock, the tensioning weight rises. When the drive weight needs to be re-wound, either the fourth pulley is turned directly to lift the weight or the cord supporting the tensioning weight is pulled down and draws the fourth pulley round with it.

text: The weight drive used by

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: Underdrive pulleys increase engine output by reducing the draw of the engine's accessories by slowing them down and reducing the HP they use. Horsepower gains from underdrive pulleys can vary by vehicle, engine, number of accessories and the amount of underdrive (Improvements of up to 5-15 HP at the wheels have been seen). Additional and significant performance improvements can be seen by reducing the weight of the pulley versus the original pulley. Gains can range from 3-6 HP per pound of weight reduced.

text: Underdrive pulleys increase engine output by reducing the draw of the engine's accessories by slowing them down and reducing the HP they use.

text: Horsepower

text: gains from underdrive pulleys can vary by vehicle, engine, number of accessories and the amount of underdrive (Improvements of up to 5-15 HP at the wheels have been seen). Additional and significant performance improvements can be seen by reducing the weight of the pulley versus the original pulley. Gains can range from 3-6 HP per pound of weight reduced.

text: In the case of a drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is slightly convex to keep the flat belt centred. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned pulley. Though once widely used on factory line shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving the rotating brush in upright vacuum cleaners, in belt sanders and bandsaws. Agricultural tractors built up to the early 1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt (which is what Belt Pulley magazine was named after). It has been replaced by other mechanisms with more flexibility in methods of use, such as power take-off and hydraulics.

text: In the case of a drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is slightly convex to keep the

text: flat belt

text: centred. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned pulley. Though once widely used on factory

text: line shaft

text: s, this type of pulley is still found driving the rotating brush in upright

text: vacuum cleaner

text: s, in

text: belt sander

text: s and

text: bandsaw

text: s. Agricultural

text: tractors

text: built up to the early 1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt (which is what

text: Belt Pulley

text: magazine was named after). It has been replaced by other mechanisms with more flexibility in methods of use, such as

text: power take-off

text: and

text: hydraulics

text: For very small mass differences between m and m, the rotational inertia I of the pulley of radius r cannot be neglected. The angular acceleration of the pulley is given by the no-slip condition:

text: For very small mass differences between m and m, the

text: rotational inertia

text: I of the pulley of radius r cannot be neglected. The angular acceleration of the pulley is given by the no-slip condition:

text: One solution to the problem has been spotted in a wild: tack-weld a second pulley onto the motor pulley, as shown in the picture.

text: In a bizarre accident, Bullock was killed by his own invention. On April 3, 1867 he was making adjustments to one of his new presses that was being installed for the Philadelphia Public Ledger newspaper. Bullock tried to kick a driving belt onto a pulley. His leg was crushed when it became caught in the machine. After a few days, he developed gangrene. On April 12, 1867, Bullock died during an operation to amputate the leg.  He is buried in Union Dale Cemetery on Pittsburgh's North Side.

text: In a bizarre accident, Bullock was

entity_name: List of inventors killed by their own inventions

text: killed by his own invention

text: . On April 3, 1867 he was making adjustments to one of his new presses that was being installed for the

text: Philadelphia Public Ledger

text: newspaper. Bullock tried to kick a driving belt onto a

text: pulley

text: . His leg was crushed when it became caught in the machine. After a few days, he developed

text: gangrene

text: . On April 12, 1867, Bullock

text: died

text: during an operation to

text: amputate

text: the leg.  He is buried in Union Dale Cemetery on Pittsburgh's North Side.

text: The troops used pulleys and ropes to raise supplies to the summit. To augment their uncertain food supply, the garrison had a small herd of goats and a flock of guinea hens and chickens that survived on the meager foliage. The British also established a hospital in a cave at the base of the rock that became a popular place to put sailors and marines recovering from fevers or injuries.

text: The troops used pulleys and ropes to raise supplies to the summit. To augment their uncertain food supply, the garrison had a small herd of goats and a flock of

text: guinea hen

text: s and chickens that survived on the meager foliage. The British also established a hospital in a cave at the base of the rock that became a popular place to put sailors and marines recovering from fevers or injuries.

text: Traveling across a Tyrolean traverse varies from purely using one's hands and legs to the use of prusiks, one way pulleys, or ascenders. In most modern situations the traverser is secured to the line through some combination of climbing harness, webbing, carabiner, and/or pulleys.

text: Traveling across a Tyrolean traverse varies from purely using one's hands and legs to the use of

text: prusik

text: s, one way pulleys, or

text: ascenders

text: . In most modern situations the traverser is secured to the line through some combination of

text: climbing harness

text: webbing

text: carabiner

text: , and/or pulleys.

text: where the input sprocket or pulley A meshes with the chain or belt along the pitch radius r and the output sprocket or pulley B meshes with this chain or belt along the pitch radius r,

text: The Centre has over 266 science exhibits spanning across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Most of the exhibits are interactive. The 5-acre RSCB campus includes a 3-acre Science Park, which contains over 60 exhibits such as pulley demonstrations, a windmill and solar-powered devices. The campus also houses a small Dinosaur Park and a zoo.

text: The Centre has over 266 science exhibits spanning across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Most of the exhibits are interactive. The 5-acre RSCB campus includes a 3-acre Science Park, which contains over 60 exhibits such as

text: pulley

text: demonstrations, a windmill and solar-powered devices. The campus also houses a small Dinosaur Park and a zoo.

text: The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of the pulley diameters, due to slip and stretch. However, this problem has been largely solved by the use of toothed belts. Temperatures ranges from  to .  Adjustment of center distance or addition of an idler pulley is crucial to compensate for wear and stretch.

text: A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points.

text: A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating

text: shafts

text: mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to

text: transmit power

text: efficiently, or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over

text: pulley

text: s and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a

text: conveyor belt

text: is one application where the belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points.

text: In the 20 chapters of the first book, traditional mechanical devices are discussed such as the balance, the lever, the wheel or pulley and the block and tackle, the wedge, and the screw. The powers acting on them are compared to those acting in the human body. The book deals with the phrase attributed to Archimedes saying that if he did but know where to stand and fasten his instrument, he could move the world and shows the effect of a series of gear transmissions one linked to the other. It shows the importance of various speeds and the theoretical possibility to increase speed beyond the speed of the earth at the equator. Finally, siege engines like catapults are compared with the cost and effect of then modern guns.

text: In the 20 chapters of the first book, traditional mechanical devices are discussed such as the

text: balance

text: , the

text: lever

text: , the

text: wheel

text: or

text: pulley

text: and the

text: block and tackle

text: , the

text: wedge

text: , and the

text: screw

text: . The powers acting on them are compared to those acting in the human body. The book deals with the phrase attributed to

text: Archimedes

text: saying that if he did but know where to stand and fasten his instrument, he could move the world and shows the effect of a series of gear transmissions one linked to the other. It shows the importance of various speeds and the theoretical possibility to increase speed beyond the speed of the earth at the

text: equator

text: . Finally,

text: siege engines

text: like

text: catapult

text: s are compared with the cost and effect of then modern guns.

text: Engine lathe is the name applied to a traditional late-19th-century or 20th-century lathe with automatic feed to the cutting tool, as opposed to early lathes which were used with hand-held tools, or lathes with manual feed only.  The usage of "engine" here is in the mechanical-device sense, not the prime-mover sense, as in the steam engines which were the standard industrial power source for many years. The works would have one large steam engine which would provide power to all the machines via a line shaft system of belts. Therefore, early engine lathes were generally 'cone heads', in that the spindle usually had attached to it a multi-step pulley called a cone pulley designed to accept a flat belt. Different spindle speeds could be obtained by moving the flat belt to different steps on the cone pulley. Cone-head lathes usually had a countershaft (layshaft) on the back side of the cone which could be engaged to provide a lower set of speeds than was obtainable by direct belt drive. These gears were called back gears. Larger lathes sometimes had two-speed back gears which could be shifted to provide a still lower set of speeds.

text: Engine lathe is the name applied to a traditional late-19th-century or 20th-century lathe with automatic feed to the cutting tool, as opposed to early lathes which were used with hand-held tools, or lathes with manual feed only.  The usage of "engine" here is in the mechanical-device sense, not the prime-mover sense, as in the

text: steam engine

text: s which were the standard industrial power source for many years. The works would have one large steam engine which would provide power to all the machines via a

text: line shaft

text: system of belts. Therefore, early engine lathes were generally 'cone heads', in that the spindle usually had attached to it a multi-step pulley called a cone pulley designed to accept a flat belt. Different spindle speeds could be obtained by moving the flat belt to different steps on the cone pulley. Cone-head lathes usually had a countershaft (

text: layshaft

text: ) on the back side of the cone which could be engaged to provide a lower set of speeds than was obtainable by direct belt drive. These gears were called back gears. Larger lathes sometimes had two-speed back gears which could be shifted to provide a still lower set of speeds.

text: File:Lubricated pulley.jpg|<center> Lubricated pulley

text: Mechanical advantage devices such as levers and pulleys are also being used as actuators, but it has not yet been proven that they can actually increase strength or reduce fatigue.

text: She married Warren Pulley in 2016, a workers' compensation attorney.

text: She married Warren Pulley in 2016, a

text: workers' compensation

text: attorney.

text: The "pulley" (in Spanish: poleá) is a typical recipe of Andalusian cuisine, particularly Seville, Huelva and Cadiz. It is a variant of porridge typical of those used to consume in poor years (It was a common dish during the Spanish Civil War).

text: The "pulley" (in

text: Spanish

text: : poleá) is a typical recipe of

text: Andalusian cuisine

text: , particularly Seville, Huelva and Cadiz. It is a variant of

text: porridge

text: typical of those used to consume in poor years (It was a common dish during the

text: Spanish Civil War

text: The internal and external tangent lines are useful in solving the belt problem, which is to calculate the length of a belt or rope needed to fit snugly over two pulleys.   If the belt is considered to be a mathematical line of negligible thickness, and if both pulleys are assumed to lie in exactly the same plane, the problem devolves to summing the lengths of the relevant tangent line segments with the lengths of circular arcs subtended by the belt.  If the belt is wrapped about the wheels so as to cross, the interior tangent line segments are relevant.  Conversely, if the belt is wrapped exteriorly around the pulleys, the exterior tangent line segments are relevant; this case is sometimes called the pulley problem.

text: The internal and external tangent lines are useful in solving the

text: belt problem

text: , which is to calculate the length of a belt or rope needed to fit snugly over two pulleys.   If the belt is considered to be a mathematical line of negligible thickness, and if both pulleys are assumed to lie in exactly the same plane, the problem devolves to summing the lengths of the relevant tangent line segments with the lengths of circular arcs subtended by the belt.  If the belt is wrapped about the wheels so as to cross, the interior tangent line segments are relevant.  Conversely, if the belt is wrapped exteriorly around the pulleys, the exterior tangent line segments are relevant; this case is sometimes called the pulley problem.

text: A rope and pulley system—that is, a block and tackle—is characterised by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load—the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.

text: A rope and pulley system—that is, a

text: block and tackle

text: —is characterised by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load—the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of

text: simple machine

text: s identified by Renaissance scientists.

text: Consider lifting a weight with rope and pulleys. A rope looped through a pulley attached to a fixed spot, e.g. a barn roof rafter, and attached to the weight is called a single pulley.  It has an mechanical advantage (MA) = 1 (assuming frictionless bearings in the pulley), moving no mechanical advantage (or disadvantage) however advantageous the change in direction may be.

text: Through the use of traction and pulleys, Lorenz developed a mechanism for treatment of scoliosis.

text: Through the use of

text: traction

text: and

text: pulley

text: s, Lorenz developed a mechanism for treatment of

text: scoliosis

text: The golf course was designed by Arnold Palmer, Ed Seay, and Algie Pulley, and opened in 1981.

text: The golf course was designed by

text: Arnold Palmer

text: , Ed Seay, and

text: Algie Pulley

text: , and opened in 1981.

text: Regarding the previous paragraph, the chain of an iCVT forms an open loop on its variator pulley that partially covers its variator pulley such that an open section, which is not covered by the chain, exist. This is similar to a sprocket of a bicycle where there is a section of the sprocket that is covered by its chain, and a section of the sprocket that is not covered by its chain.  During one complete rotation, the toothed section of the variator pulley of an iCVT passes by the open section and re-engages with the chain. Here if the transmission diameter of the variator pulley does not represent an integer number of teeth, improper re-engagement between the teeth of the variator pulley and its chain will occur. Also, the transmission diameter of the variator pulley cannot be changed while the toothed section of the variator pulley is covering the entire open section of its chain loop. Since this is similar to where a plate is glued across the open section of a chain loop, which does not allow expansion or contraction of the chain loop as required for transmission diameter change of the variator pulley.  Therefore, the transmission diameter of the variator pulley has to be changed one increment during an interval where the variator pulley rotates from an initial position where a portion of the toothed section of the variator pulley is positioned at the open section of the chain loop but not covering the entire open section, to the final position where the toothed section of the variator pulley passes by the open section of the chain loop and is about to re-engage with the chain.  Since it takes less than one full rotation to rotate the variator pulley from its initial position to its final position mentioned in the previous sentence, the transmission diameter of the variator pulley has to be changed one increment within less than one full rotation.

text: Any Vee belt's ability to drive pulleys depends on wrapping the belt around a sufficient angle of the pulley to provide grip. Where a single-Vee belt is limited to a simple convex shape, it can adequately wrap at most three or possibly four pulleys, so can drive at most three accessories. Where more must be driven, such as for modern cars with power steering and air conditioning, multiple belts are required. As the polygroove belt can be bent into concave paths by external idlers, it can wrap any number of driven pulleys, limited only by the power capacity of the belt.

text: The chair employed resembled that used by dentists.  It had a pulley with a camera going towards the pupils, with a black box located in front of it that displayed pictures. The pictures ranged from the mundane to sexually explicit photos of men and women. It had previously been determined that the pupils would dilate in relation to the amount of interest in the picture per the technique termed 'the pupillary response test'.

text: The chair employed resembled that used by

text: dentist

text: s.  It had a pulley with a camera going towards the pupils, with a black box located in front of it that displayed pictures. The pictures ranged from the mundane to sexually explicit photos of men and women. It had previously been determined that the pupils would dilate in relation to the amount of interest in the picture per the technique termed 'the pupillary response test'.

text: In this most common CVT system, there are two V-belt pulleys that are split perpendicular to their axes of rotation, with a V-belt running between them. The gear ratio is changed by moving the two sheaves of one pulley closer together and the two sheaves of the other pulley farther apart. The V-shaped cross section of the belt causes it to ride higher on one pulley and lower on the other. This changes the effective diameters of both pulleys, which changes the overall gear ratio. As the distance between the pulleys and the length of the belt does not change both pulleys must be adjusted (one bigger, the other smaller) simultaneously in order to maintain the proper amount of tension on the belt. Simple CVTs combining a centrifugal drive pulley with a spring loaded driven pulley often use belt tension to effect the conforming adjustments in the driven pulley. The V-belt needs to be very stiff in the pulley's axial direction in order to make only short radial movements while sliding in and out of the pulleys.

text: In this most common CVT system, there are two

text: V-belt

text: A block and tackle is an assembly of a rope and pulleys that is used to lift loads.  A number of pulleys are assembled together to form the blocks, one that is fixed and one that moves with the load.  The rope is threaded through the pulleys to provide mechanical advantage that amplifies that force applied to the rope.

text: A

text: block and tackle

text: is an assembly of a rope and pulleys that is used to lift loads.  A number of pulleys are assembled together to form the blocks, one that is fixed and one that moves with the load.  The rope is threaded through the pulleys to provide mechanical advantage that amplifies that force applied to the rope.

text: Variable pitch drives are pulley and belt drives in which the pitch diameter of one or both pulleys can be adjusted.

text: It is more efficient than the older multiple belt system and may consume less space in the engine compartment. By using a single, wider belt instead of multiple, thinner belts, the belt may be put under increased tension without stretching.  Higher tension reduces slip, which increases belt life and mechanical efficiency.  Reduced slip can allow the use of lower-ratio pulleys; this reduces the load on the engine, increasing fuel economy and available power. The tendency for V-belts to "flip over" in the pulley groove (at high RPM and/or when the belt stretches) is eliminated, and a serpentine belt is also much easier to maintain and replace, since there is no need to remove multiple belts in order to replace one of them, although newer adjustable-length V-belts ("link belts") can be put on without having to remove other belts, and their link design also allows a self-tensioning characteristic to reduce the risk of flipping over. Also since only one movable belt tensioner is required all of the peripheral components (alternator, A/C compressor, etc.) can simply be mounted to the engine without the need to swivel.

text: It is more efficient than the older multiple belt system and may consume less space in the engine compartment. By using a single, wider belt instead of multiple, thinner belts, the belt may be put under increased tension without stretching.  Higher tension reduces slip, which increases belt life and

text: mechanical efficiency

text: In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.  In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an ungeared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and belts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines.  After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines.

text: In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools.  In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies

text: machine

text: ry more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an ungeared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as

text: gear

text: s,

text: pulley

text: s or

text: sheaves

text: and belts,

text: shafts

text: cam

text: s and

text: cranks

text: , usually are considered machines.  After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines.

text: Pulley has since transferred to Florida A&M University.

text: Pulley has since transferred to

text: Florida A&M University

text: The video for "Place Your Hands", directed by David Mould, features the band members on pulleys and wires to create an energetic aerial display.

text: The springs used are large, stiff springs with a high modulus of elasticity, and they are highly tensioned.  A compound pulley system is then used so that the large force exerted by the spring can be divided by a factor of (say) five. The cable exiting the pulley system will have a moderate tension on it, but most importantly, when the cable is drawn in or out, and the extension of the spring changes by only a fifth of that distance, so that the tension force of the spring will not change much.  The result is that the spring-pulley system can produce a fairly constant tension in the cable over a large range of movement.

text: The springs used are large, stiff springs with a high

text: modulus of elasticity

text: , and they are highly tensioned.  A

text: compound pulley

text: system is then used so that the large force exerted by the spring can be divided by a factor of (say) five. The cable exiting the pulley system will have a moderate tension on it, but most importantly, when the cable is drawn in or out, and the extension of the spring changes by only a fifth of that distance, so that the tension force of the spring will not change much.  The result is that the spring-pulley system can produce a fairly constant tension in the cable over a large range of movement.