text: Halli (899) is a modified, enlarged Hylje-design, and acts as a combined pollution cleanup and vehicle transport ship. She is also operated by a civilian crew from the Ministry of Environment but is under navy control. The vessel can act as a landing ship and logistic support vessel. The  bow ramp can be used to load or unload vehicles up to 48 tons. As a cleanup vessel, she can sweep a  path at  with her MacGregor-Navire MacLORI pollution collection system. The vessel is equipped with a  waste-collection tank. The ship was built in 1986 and refitted in 2010.

text: Halli (899) is a modified, enlarged

entity_name: Finnish pollution control vessel Hylje

text: Hylje

text: -design, and acts as a combined pollution cleanup and vehicle transport ship. She is also operated by a civilian crew from the Ministry of Environment but is under navy control. The vessel can act as a landing ship and logistic support vessel. The  bow ramp can be used to load or unload vehicles up to 48 tons. As a cleanup vessel, she can sweep a  path at  with her MacGregor-Navire MacLORI pollution collection system. The vessel is equipped with a  waste-collection tank. The ship was built in 1986 and refitted in 2010.

text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the Arpechim Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like petrol, when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the

entity_name: Arpechim Refinery

text: Arpechim

text: Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like

entity_name: Gasoline

text: petrol

text: , when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

text: However, the water and much of the land along the banks of the Gowanus Canal have been severely polluted by combined sewer outflows (CSOs) along the canal designed to relieve sewage and storm water when the sewer treatment plant is overwhelmed, as well as by decades of industrial use and extensive coal gas manufacturing during the late 19th century. The Gowanus Canal was also an alleged Mafia dumping ground. Even so, in the early 1980s, alongside the canal, an old 19th-century munitions factory at 230 3rd Street in Gowanus became the site of the massive Gowanus Memorial Artyard, whose remains are still visible.

text: However, the water and much of the land along the banks of the Gowanus Canal have been severely polluted by combined sewer outflows (CSOs) along the canal designed to relieve sewage and storm water when the sewer treatment plant is overwhelmed, as well as by decades of industrial use and extensive coal gas manufacturing during the late 19th century. The Gowanus Canal was also an alleged Mafia dumping ground. Even so, in the early 1980s, alongside the canal, an old 19th-century munitions factory at 230 3rd Street in Gowanus became the site of the massive

entity_name: Gowanus Memorial Artyard

text: Gowanus Memorial Artyard

text: , whose remains are still visible.

text: The protests in Warren County, North Carolina in 1982, to prevent the siting of a polychlorinated biphenyls landfill in the county became the driving force to a 1983 US General Accounting Office study, "Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities". The study revealed that "three of the four commercial hazardous waste landfills in the Southeast United States were located in majority black communities." The General Accounting Office Study, or GAO study, solely studied off-site hazardous waste landfills in the Southeastern United States limiting the scope. In response to this limitation the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, or CRJ, directed a comprehensive national study on demographic patterns associated with the location of hazardous waste sites. The CRJ national study conducted two examinations of areas surrounding commercial hazardous waste facilities and the location of uncontrolled toxic waste sites. The first study examined the association between race and socio-economic status and the location of commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. After statistical analysis, the first study concluded that "the percentage of community residents that belonged to a racial or ethnic group was a stronger predictor of the level of commercial hazardous waste activity than was household income, the value of the homes, the number of uncontrolled waste sites, or the estimated amount of hazardous wastes generated by industry". The second study examined the presence of uncontrolled toxic waste sites in ethnic and racial minority communities, and found that 3 out of every 5 African and Hispanic Americans lived in communities with uncontrolled waste sites.

text: Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD.

text: In the Netherlands, DUS Architects is 3D printing a 3D Printed Canal House, together with an international team of partners. The 3D Print Canal House links science, design, construction and community at an open building site in the heart of Amsterdam. Their aim is to demonstrate how 3D printing could revolutionize construction by increasing efficiency and reducing pollution and waste, and offer new tailor made housing solutions worldwide. 3D printing could also play a significant role in the quick build of low-cost housing in impoverished areas and those affected by disasters. The 3D Print Canal House is currently under construction at a canal-side plot in Amsterdam – an open 'expo-site' that it is proving to be a popular visitor attraction for the public. At the heart of the site, is the Kamermaker, or Room Builder – which is essentially a scaled-up version of a table-top 3D printer. The Kamermaker prints building blocks from molten bio-plastic. This is currently a mix of 80% plant oil reinforced with microfibers, although this formula is still under development with the project's materials partner Henkel. For reinforcement, the blocks have an internal honeycombed centre that can be back-filled with Eco concrete. It also provides space for pipes, wiring and data cables to be installed internally.

text: Ιn 2012 Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste (195.4 kg/cap/yr). The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the Government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the bio-medical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.

text: Ιn 2012 Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of

entity_name: Municipal solid waste

text: Municipal Solid Waste

text: (195.4 kg/cap/yr). The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the Government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the bio-medical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.

text: The EPA, which regulates hazardous waste under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), considers a waste hazardous waste if it is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludges and can be discarded household, industrial, or commercial products such as oil, paints, certain electronics waste, cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of manufacturing processes.

text: The EPA, which regulates hazardous waste under Subtitle C of the

entity_name: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA), considers a waste

entity_name: Hazardous waste

text: hazardous waste

text: if it is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste can be liquids, solids, gases, or

entity_name: Sludge

text: sludge

text: s and can be discarded household, industrial, or commercial products such as oil,

entity_name: Paint

text: paint

text: s, certain electronics waste, cleaning fluids or

entity_name: Pesticide

text: pesticide

text: s, or the

entity_name: By-product

text: by-products

text: of

entity_name: Manufacturing

entity_section: Manufacturing processes

text: manufacturing process

text: es.

text: In 1976, two reporters for the Niagara Falls Gazette, David Pollak and David Russell, tested several sump pumps near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them. The matter went quiet for more than a year and was resurrected by reporter Michael Brown, who then investigated potential health effects by carrying forth an informal door-to-door survey in early 1978, finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet, heads, hands, and legs. He advised the local residents to create a protest group, which was led by resident Karen Schroeder, whose daughter had many (about a dozen) birth defects. The New York State Health Department followed suit and found an abnormal incidence of miscarriages.

text: In 1976, two reporters for the

entity_name: Niagara Gazette

text: Niagara Falls Gazette

text: , David Pollak and David Russell, tested several

entity_name: Sump pump

text: sump pump

text: s near Love Canal and found toxic chemicals in them. The matter went quiet for more than a year and was resurrected by reporter Michael Brown, who then investigated potential health effects by carrying forth an informal door-to-door survey in early 1978, finding birth defects and many anomalies such as enlarged feet, heads, hands, and legs. He advised the local residents to create a protest group, which was led by resident Karen Schroeder, whose daughter had many (about a dozen) birth defects. The New York State Health Department followed suit and found an abnormal incidence of miscarriages.

text: The Division initiates and pursues legal action to enforce federal pollution abatement laws and obtain compliance with environmental protection and conservation statutes.  ENRD also represents the United States in all matters concerning protection, use, and development of the nation’s natural resources and public lands.  The Division defends suits challenging all of the foregoing laws, and fulfills the federal government’s responsibility to litigate on behalf of Native American tribes and individual Native Americans.  The Division is also responsible for the acquisition of real property by eminent domain for the federal government, and brings and defends cases under wildlife protection laws.  ENRD’s legal successes have reduced harmful discharges into the air, water, and land, enabled clean-up of contaminated waste sites, and ensured proper disposal of solid and hazardous waste.

text: The Division initiates and pursues legal action to enforce federal

entity_name: Pollution

text: pollution

text: abatement laws and obtain compliance with environmental protection and conservation statutes.  ENRD also represents the United States in all matters concerning protection, use, and development of the nation’s

entity_name: Natural resource

text: natural resources

text: and

entity_name: Public land

text: public lands

text: .  The Division defends suits challenging all of the foregoing laws, and fulfills the federal government’s responsibility to litigate on behalf of

entity_name: Tribe (Native American)

text: Native American tribes

text: and individual

entity_name: Native Americans in the United States

text: Native Americans

text: .  The Division is also responsible for the acquisition of

entity_name: Real property

text: real property

text: by

entity_name: Eminent domain

text: eminent domain

text: for the

entity_name: Federal government of the United States

text: federal government

text: , and brings and defends cases under wildlife protection laws.  ENRD’s legal successes have reduced harmful discharges into the air, water, and land, enabled clean-up of contaminated waste sites, and ensured proper disposal of solid and hazardous waste.

text: Disaster medicine is the area of medical specialization serving the dual areas of providing health care to disaster survivors and providing medically related disaster preparation, disaster planning, disaster response and disaster recovery leadership throughout the disaster life cycle. Disaster medicine specialists provide insight, guidance and expertise on the principles and practice of medicine both in the disaster impact area and healthcare evacuation receiving facilities to emergency management professionals, hospitals, healthcare facilities, communities and governments. The disaster medicine specialist is the liaison between and partner to the medical contingency planner, the emergency management professional, the incident command system, government and policy makers.

text: Disaster medicine is the area of medical specialization serving the dual areas of providing

entity_name: Health care

text: health care

text: to

entity_name: Disaster

text: disaster

text: survivors and providing medically related

entity_name: Emergency management

text: disaster preparation

text: disaster planning

entity_name: Disaster response

text: disaster response

text: and

entity_name: Disaster recovery

text: disaster recovery

text: leadership throughout the

text: disaster life cycle

text: . Disaster medicine specialists provide insight, guidance and expertise on the principles and practice of medicine both in the disaster impact area and healthcare evacuation receiving facilities to

text: emergency management

text: professionals, hospitals, healthcare facilities, communities and governments. The disaster medicine specialist is the liaison between and partner to the

text: medical contingency planner

text: , the emergency management professional, the

entity_name: Incident Command System

text: incident command system

text: , government and policy makers.

method: UNH-ecn

text: By 1978, Love Canal had become a national media event with articles referring to the neighborhood as "a public health time bomb", and "one of the most appalling environmental tragedies in American history".  Brown, working for the local newspaper, the Niagara Gazette, is credited with not only breaking open the case, but establishing toxic chemical wastes as a nationwide issue as well.  Brown's book, Laying Waste, examined the Love Canal disaster and many other toxic waste catastrophes nationwide.

text: A good example comes from the metals industry, particularly the aluminum industry. Aluminum recycling is a beneficial activity for the environment, since it recovers resources from both manufacturing and consumer waste. Slag and scrap which were previously considered as waste, are now the raw material for some highly profitable new industries. There is added-value in materials made using an aluminum residue which is currently considered as a hazardous waste. Current research is investigating the use of this waste to manufacture glass, glass-ceramic, boehmite and calcium aluminate.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none

text: Environment - international agreements:<br>party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,

entity_name: Biodiversity

text: Biodiversity

text: , Climate Change, Climate Change-

entity_name: Kyoto Protocol

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: , Endangered Species,

entity_name: Environmental Modification Convention

text: Environmental Modification

text: , Hazardous Wastes,

entity_name: Law of the sea

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands<br>signed, but not ratified: none

text: People have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years, and first established agriculture in the Kura Valley over 4,500 years ago. Large, complex civilizations eventually grew up on the river, but by 1200 CE, most were reduced to ruin by natural disasters and foreign invaders. The increasing human use, and eventual damage, of the watershed’s forests and grasslands contributed to a rising intensity of floods through the 20th century. In the 1950s, the Soviet Union started building many dams and canals on the river. Previously navigable up to Tbilisi in Georgia, it is now much slower and shallower, as its power has been harnessed by hydroelectric power stations. The river is now moderately polluted by major industrial centers like Tbilisi and Rustavi in Georgia.

text: People have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years, and first established

entity_name: Agriculture

text: agriculture

text: in the Kura Valley over 4,500 years ago. Large, complex civilizations eventually grew up on the river, but by 1200 CE, most were reduced to ruin by natural disasters and foreign invaders. The increasing human use, and eventual damage, of the watershed’s forests and grasslands contributed to a rising intensity of

entity_name: Flood

text: flood

text: s through the 20th century. In the 1950s, the

entity_name: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

text: started building many dams and canals on the river. Previously navigable up to

entity_name: Tbilisi

text: Tbilisi

text: in Georgia, it is now much slower and shallower, as its power has been harnessed by

entity_name: Hydroelectricity

text: hydroelectric

entity_name: Power station

text: power station

text: s. The river is now moderately polluted by major industrial centers like Tbilisi and

entity_name: Rustavi

text: Rustavi

text: in Georgia.

text: Dust storms can many issues for agricultural industries as well. Soil erosion is one of the most common hazards and decreases arable lands. Dust and sand particles can cause severe weathering of buildings and rock formations. Nearby bodies of water may be polluted by settling dust and sand, killing aquatic organisms. Decrease in exposure to sunlight can affect plant growth, as well as decrease in infrared radiation may cause decreased temperatures.

text: Dust storms can many issues for agricultural industries as well. Soil erosion is one of the most common hazards and decreases

entity_name: Arable land

text: arable land

text: s. Dust and sand particles can cause severe weathering of buildings and rock formations. Nearby bodies of water may be polluted by settling dust and sand, killing aquatic organisms. Decrease in exposure to sunlight can affect plant growth, as well as decrease in infrared radiation may cause decreased temperatures.

text: In the verdict of the High Court of Justice.Supreme Court of Israel, the Ofra waste disposal plant, built with state funds, lies on Palestinian land. Prior to its construction, Ofra's sewage flowed into local rivers for three decades, polluting the Mountain Aquifer. The Palestinian landowners, through Yesh Din, have sought redress in Israel's Supreme Court. To legalize the plant, Israel would have to expropriate the Palestinians' property on which the treatment plant is built. But this measure would require that it service the waste disposal needs of the Palestinian villages nearby, which would exceed its capacity. Various proposals have been raised to resolve the problem. The State is considering linking the villagers of Ein Yabrud to the plant, since they lack adequate waste treatment, but they decline the idea. Michael Sfard, a lawyer acting on their behalf, the state would have to reach an agreement to lease the land from the Palestinian villagers, negotiate a deal with the Palestinian-Israeli Joint Water Committee, and secure the requisite planning permits to legalise the situation. He regards such an outcome as improbable.

text: In the verdict of the

entity_name: Supreme Court (Israel)

text: High Court of Justice

text: .Supreme Court of Israel, the Ofra waste disposal plant, built with state funds, lies on Palestinian land. Prior to its construction, Ofra's sewage flowed into local rivers for three decades, polluting the Mountain Aquifer. The Palestinian landowners, through

entity_name: Yesh Din

text: Yesh Din

text: , have sought redress in Israel's Supreme Court. To legalize the plant, Israel would have to expropriate the Palestinians' property on which the treatment plant is built. But this measure would require that it service the waste disposal needs of the Palestinian villages nearby, which would exceed its capacity. Various proposals have been raised to resolve the problem. The State is considering linking the villagers of Ein Yabrud to the plant, since they lack adequate waste treatment, but they decline the idea. Michael Sfard, a lawyer acting on their behalf, the state would have to reach an agreement to lease the land from the Palestinian villagers, negotiate a deal with the Palestinian-Israeli Joint Water Committee, and secure the requisite planning permits to legalise the situation. He regards such an outcome as improbable.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: According to Lukoil, their numbers in 2007 recorded a drop of 7.8% in the volume of pollutant effects and a drop of 3.8% in the area of contaminated lands compared to 2006. These numbers came after an appeal from EMERCON, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Natural Disaster Recovery, which proposed that Lukoil participate in the development of monitoring, prevention, and emergency recovery systems.

text: According to Lukoil, their numbers in 2007 recorded a drop of 7.8% in the volume of pollutant effects and a drop of 3.8% in the area of contaminated lands compared to 2006. These numbers came after an appeal from EMERCON, the

entity_name: Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)

text: Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Natural Disaster Recovery

text: , which proposed that Lukoil participate in the development of monitoring, prevention, and emergency recovery systems.

text: The Love Canal Landfill, one of the pinnacle environmental projects in US history, was an open trench that was filled with hazardous chlorinated organic wastes from a chemical plant in Niagara Falls, NY, during the 1940s and 1950s.  A residential area and elementary school were constructed immediately adjacent to the former three-block landfill in the 1960s, resulting in an environmental disaster that eventually prompted the initiation of the Superfund Legislation in the United States.

text: The

entity_name: Love Canal

text: Love Canal

text: Landfill, one of the pinnacle environmental projects in US history, was an open trench that was filled with hazardous chlorinated organic wastes from a chemical plant in

entity_name: Niagara Falls, New York

text: Niagara Falls

entity_name: New York

text: NY

text: , during the 1940s and 1950s.  A residential area and elementary school were constructed immediately adjacent to the former three-block landfill in the 1960s, resulting in an environmental disaster that eventually prompted the initiation of the

entity_name: Superfund

text: Superfund

text: Legislation in the

entity_name: United States

text: United States

text: Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

text: Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example,

entity_name: Tropical cyclone

text: hurricane

text: s often involve water contamination from sewage, and

entity_name: Petrochemical

text: petrochemical

text: spills from ruptured

entity_name: Boat

text: boat

text: s or

entity_name: Car

text: automobile

text: s. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal

entity_name: Oil platform

text: oil rigs

text: or

entity_name: Refinery

text: refineries

text: are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as

entity_name: Nuclear power

text: nuclear power

text: plants or

entity_name: Oil tanker

text: oil tanker

text: s, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

text: Apart from its administration with an Office of Outreach and Environmental Assistance the DEQ has six divisions: abandoned mine land, air quality, industrial siting which includes wind turbines, land quality for permitting/licensing of surface and underground mines, solid waste and hazardous waste, and water quality.The public can input through four advisory boards: a state land & investment board, an advisory board for air quality, one for water and waste, and one for land quality.

text: Apart from its administration with an Office of Outreach and Environmental Assistance the DEQ has six divisions: abandoned mine land, air quality, industrial siting which includes wind turbines, land quality for permitting/licensing of surface and underground mines,

text: solid waste

text: and

text: hazardous waste

text: , and

entity_name: Water quality

text: water quality

text: .The public can input through four

entity_name: Advisory board

text: advisory board

text: s: a state land & investment board, an advisory board for air quality, one for water and waste, and one for land quality.

text: CEPA 1999 also recognises the contribution of pollution prevention and the management and control of toxic substances and hazardous waste to reducing threats to Canada's ecosystems and biological diversity.

text: North Carolina is one of the more progressive states when it comes to addressing hurricane related land-use issues. This is probably because the state has received the second most direct hurricane strikes in the US. North Carolina pairs strong regional coastal management with intelligent hazard mitigation efforts to create an effective statewide emergency management program. It is important to initiate these actions during the recovery phase of a disaster in order to prevent repeat tragedies and wasted tax dollars. These mitigation efforts paired with restrictions on hard beach structures protect the natural ability of a coastal region to maintain itself, and protects future coastal developments. As a result of the federally mandated Coastal Zone Management Program, North Carolina passed CAMA, both of which produced a number of hurricane mitigation efforts in North Carolina. The Albemarle-Pamilico watershed is part of the National Estuary Program. CAMA requires a review and approval by an appropriate government body for areas designated as "Areas of Environment Concern" (AEC). These include estuarine areas and ocean hazard areas. Within the ocean hazard areas category of AECs are ocean erodible zones, high hazard flood areas, and inlet hazard areas. Each of these zones have general regulations that establish setbacks, erosion control projects, dune stabilization, and prevents all development in some areas. North Carolina requires a setback for all "major structures" of 60 times the annual erosion rate and prohibits construction of seawalls and other permanent protective structures.

entity_name: North Carolina

text: North Carolina

text: Today, the Buriganga river is afflicted by the noisome problem of pollution. The chemical waste of mills and factories, household waste, medical waste, sewage, dead animals, plastics, and oil are some of the Buriganga's pollutants. The city of Dhaka discharges about 4,500 tons of solid waste every day and most of it is released into the Buriganga. According to the Department of the Environment (DoE),  of toxic waste are released into the river by the tanneries every day. Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution: Tongi, Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Tarabo, Narayanganj, Savar, Gazipur, Dhaka Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal. Most of the industrial units of these areas have no sewage treatment or effluent treatment plants (ETPs) of their own.

text: Today, the Buriganga river is afflicted by the noisome problem of

text: pollution

text: . The chemical waste of mills and factories, household waste,

entity_name: Biomedical waste

text: medical waste

text: , sewage, dead animals, plastics, and oil are some of the Buriganga's pollutants. The city of Dhaka discharges about 4,500 tons of solid waste every day and most of it is released into the Buriganga. According to the Department of the Environment (DoE),  of toxic waste are released into the river by the tanneries every day. Experts identified nine industrial areas in and around the capital city as the primary sources of river pollution:

entity_name: Tongi

text: Tongi

entity_name: Tejgaon Thana

text: Tejgaon

entity_name: Hazaribagh Thana

text: Hazaribagh

text: , Tarabo,

entity_name: Narayanganj

text: Narayanganj

entity_name: Savar Upazila

text: Savar

entity_name: Gazipur City

text: Gazipur

text: , Dhaka Export Processing Zone and Ghorashal. Most of the industrial units of these areas have no sewage treatment or

entity_name: Industrial wastewater treatment

text: effluent treatment plant

text: s (ETPs) of their own.

text: As a white-rot fungus, Panellus stipticus contains enzymes that are able to break down lignin, a complex aromatic polymer in wood that is highly resistant to degradation by conventional enzyme systems. The major enzyme that initiates the cleavage of hydrocarbon rings is laccase, which catalyzes the addition of a hydroxyl group to phenolic compounds (polyphenols). The ring can then be opened between the two adjacent carbon atoms that bear the hydroxyl groups. White-rot fungi are being investigated scientifically for their potential use in the bioremediation of land contaminated by organic pollutants, and to convert industrial wastes rich in toxic polyphenols. Panellus stipticus has been shown to reduce the phenolic concentration of waste water produced by olive-processing plants—an environmental concern in many Mediterranean countries. In this study, a liquid culture of P. stipticus mycelia reduced the initial concentration of phenolic compounds by 42% after a 31-day incubation period. In a separate study, a P. stipticus culture was able to effectively degrade the environmental pollutant 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated dioxin.

text: As a white-rot fungus, Panellus stipticus contains enzymes that are able to break down

text: lignin

text: , a complex

text: aromatic

text: polymer in wood that is highly resistant to degradation by conventional enzyme systems. The major enzyme that initiates the cleavage of

text: hydrocarbon rings

text: is

text: laccase

text: , which

text: catalyzes

text: the addition of a

text: hydroxyl

text: group to

text: phenol

text: ic compounds (

text: polyphenol

text: s). The ring can then be opened between the two adjacent carbon atoms that bear the hydroxyl groups. White-rot fungi are being investigated scientifically for their potential use in the

text: bioremediation

text: of land contaminated by

text: organic pollutants

text: , and to convert

text: industrial waste

text: s rich in toxic polyphenols. Panellus stipticus has been shown to reduce the phenolic concentration of waste water produced by olive-processing plants—an environmental concern in many Mediterranean countries. In this study, a liquid culture of P. stipticus

text: mycelia

text: reduced the initial concentration of phenolic compounds by 42% after a 31-day incubation period. In a separate study, a P. stipticus culture was able to effectively degrade the environmental pollutant 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a

text: polychlorinated dioxin

text: In a tale startlingly similar to the Love Canal Disaster, the Kingston toxic waste story began in 1931 when cyanide and other toxins such as acid waste used in the Mount Taylor gold refining process were disposed of around the mine site.  When the mine closed in 1954, the Albert Shire Council started to allow used recycled oil processing wastes to be dumped into a sludge pit on the site; this practice continued until 1967. From 1968 to 1973 the main open-cut pit was used as a domestic and industrial waste tip.  In 1968 the council required the sludge pit to be filled as a condition of the land being divided for  a residential subdivision. Workers simply moved the displaced sludge and re-dumped it into the open-cut pit.

text: In a tale startlingly similar to the

text: Love Canal

text: Disaster, the Kingston toxic waste story began in 1931 when

text: cyanide

text: and other toxins such as acid waste used in the Mount Taylor gold refining process were disposed of around the mine site.  When the mine closed in 1954, the Albert Shire Council started to allow used recycled oil processing wastes to be dumped into a sludge pit on the site; this practice continued until 1967. From 1968 to 1973 the main open-cut pit was used as a domestic and industrial waste tip.  In 1968 the council required the sludge pit to be filled as a condition of the land being divided for  a residential subdivision. Workers simply moved the displaced sludge and re-dumped it into the open-cut pit.

text: Municipal solid waste consists mainly of household and commercial waste which is disposed of by or on behalf of a local authority. Landfills waste are categorized by either being hazardous, non-hazardous or inert waste. In order for a landfill design to be considered it must abide by the following requirements: final landforms profile, site capacity, settlement, waste density, materials requirements and drainage.

text: Municipal solid waste

text: consists mainly of household and commercial waste which is disposed of by or on behalf of a local authority. Landfills waste are categorized by either being hazardous, non-hazardous or inert waste. In order for a landfill design to be considered it must abide by the following requirements: final landforms profile, site capacity, settlement, waste density, materials requirements and drainage.

text: A large Soviet-era uranium mining operation left poorly constructed repositories of radioactive waste in northwestern Tajikistan. Other operations in Tajikistan extracted and processed gold, antimony, tungsten, mercury, and molybdenum, each of which is known to leave toxic waste. The Kofarnihon, Zarafshon, and Vakhsh rivers pass through heavily polluting industrial regions of the country, carrying pollutants into the Amu Darya and thence to the Aral Sea. The expansion of aluminium processing at Tursunzade, proposed in 2005, would increase industrial pollution in the Dushanbe region. Tajikistan's withdrawal of water for irrigation from the Syr Darya and tributaries of the Amu Darya also influences the quantity of water downstream. Therefore, Tajikistan’s water management policies are a regional concern. The resolution of these problems has been delayed by the overall poverty of the country and the civil war of 1992–97. Although the civil war reduced industrial and agricultural activity substantially, it also interrupted environmental monitoring and maintenance activities put in place by the Soviet Union's Committee on Nature Protection, leaving Tajikistan with a severely reduced infrastructure for both economic and environmental activity.

text: A large Soviet-era

text: uranium mining

text: operation left poorly constructed repositories of

text: radioactive waste

text: in northwestern

text: Tajikistan

text: . Other operations in Tajikistan extracted and processed gold, antimony, tungsten, mercury, and

text: molybdenum

text: , each of which is known to leave

text: toxic waste

text: . The

text: Kofarnihon

text: Zarafshon

text: , and

text: Vakhsh

text: rivers pass through heavily polluting industrial regions of the country, carrying pollutants into the

text: Amu Darya

text: and thence to the

text: Aral Sea

text: . The expansion of aluminium processing at Tursunzade, proposed in 2005, would increase industrial pollution in the

text: Dushanbe

text: region. Tajikistan's withdrawal of water for irrigation from the

text: Syr Darya

text: and tributaries of the Amu Darya also influences the quantity of water downstream. Therefore, Tajikistan’s water management policies are a regional concern. The resolution of these problems has been delayed by the overall poverty of the country and the civil war of 1992–97. Although the civil war reduced industrial and agricultural activity substantially, it also interrupted environmental monitoring and maintenance activities put in place by the Soviet Union's Committee on Nature Protection, leaving Tajikistan with a severely reduced infrastructure for both economic and environmental activity.

text: As said, the 2011 Japanese Fukushima nuclear disaster has led some European energy officials to re-think about nuclear power generation, above all in Germany and Switzerland. Switzerland has abandoned plans to replace its old nuclear reactors and will take the last one offline in 2034. Anti-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. In the following months the government decided to shut down eight reactors immediately (6 August 2011) and to have the other nine off the grid by the end of 2022. Renewable energy in Germany is believed to be able to compensate for much of the loss. In September 2011 Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the nuclear sector following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. Chief executive Peter Loescher has supported the German government's planned Energiewende, its transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible. Despite this, the phasing out of nuclear energy seems to be much more difficult and costly than expected. The transition is tending more towards polluting fossil fuel plants than clean renewable energies, sparking several critics. Actually, transition plans did not meet their short-term goals and will hardly meet their medium-term goals; fossil fuel prices and technology are still more efficient, cheaper and easier to implement than heavily state-subsidised solar and wind power generation.

text: As said, the 2011 Japanese

text: Fukushima nuclear disaster

text: has led some European energy officials to re-think about nuclear power generation, above all in Germany and Switzerland.

text: Switzerland

text: has abandoned plans to replace its old nuclear reactors and will take the last one offline in 2034.

text: Anti-nuclear opposition

text: intensified in Germany. In the following months

text: the government

text: decided to shut down eight reactors immediately (6 August 2011) and to have the other nine off the grid by the end of 2022.

text: Renewable energy in Germany

text: is believed to be able to compensate for much of the loss. In September 2011 Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the

text: nuclear sector

text: following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. Chief executive

text: Peter Loescher

text: has supported the German government's planned

text: Energiewende

text: , its transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible. Despite this, the phasing out of nuclear energy seems to be much more difficult and costly than expected. The transition is tending more towards polluting fossil fuel plants than clean renewable energies, sparking several critics. Actually, transition plans did not meet their short-term goals and will hardly meet their medium-term goals; fossil fuel prices and technology are still more efficient, cheaper and easier to implement than heavily state-subsidised solar and wind power generation.

text: Historically, some hazardous wastes were disposed of in regular landfills. This resulted in unfavorable amounts of hazardous materials seeping into the ground. These chemicals eventually entered to natural hydrologic systems. Many landfills now require countermeasures against groundwater contamination. For example, a barrier has to be installed along the foundation of the landfill to contain the hazardous substances that may remain in the disposed waste. Currently, hazardous wastes must often be stabilized and solidified in order to enter a landfill and must undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and dispose  them. Most flammable materials can be recycled into industrial fuel.  Some materials with hazardous constituents can be recycled, lead acid batteries.

text: Historically, some hazardous wastes were disposed of in regular

text: landfills

text: . This resulted in unfavorable amounts of hazardous materials seeping into the ground. These chemicals eventually entered to natural

text: hydrologic

text: systems. Many landfills now require countermeasures against groundwater contamination. For example, a barrier has to be installed along the foundation of the landfill to contain the hazardous substances that may remain in the disposed waste. Currently, hazardous wastes must often be stabilized and solidified in order to enter a landfill and must undergo different treatments in order to stabilize and dispose  them. Most flammable materials can be recycled into industrial fuel.  Some materials with hazardous constituents can be recycled, lead acid batteries.

text: The Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain.

text: The

text: Sava River

text: polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near

text: Koper

text: from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting

text: acid rain

text: Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is cement-based solidification and stabilization. Cement kilns are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. A hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by incinerating it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using pyrolysis in a high temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

text: Many hazardous wastes can be recycled into new products. Examples include lead-acid batteries or electronic circuit boards. Another commonly used treatment is

text: cement

text: -based

entity_name: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement

text: solidification and stabilization

text: Cement kiln

text: s are used because they can treat a range of hazardous wastes by improving physical characteristics and decreasing the toxicity and transmission of contaminants. A hazardous waste may also be "destroyed" by

text: incinerating

text: it at a high temperature; flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. Some hazardous waste types may be eliminated using

text: pyrolysis

text: in a high temperature electrical arc, in inert conditions to avoid combustion. This treatment method may be preferable to high temperature incineration in some circumstances such as in the destruction of concentrated organic waste types, including PCBs, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants. Dangerous chemicals can also be permanently stored in landfills as long as leaching is prevented.

text: Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Egypt using about 85% of available water.Drainage water from the agricultural fields contains pollutants such as pesticide residues, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, salts and treated and untreated domestic wastewater.  In the East - Delta drains - Faraskour, Serw and Hadous, samples of the water contained high levels of hookworms and other intestinal helminth eggs.In villages where the only available water is from irrigation canals, women use the water for domestic purposes and also dump the used water back into the drainages.In some areas, low water levels do not reach the waterways, so farmers build illegal waterwheels to get the water up the canals to irrigate their land.  Lack of drainage canals and the enforcement by officials to address these problems contribute to pollution of land and water. Villagers drinking polluted water have been affected with kidney and liver diseases.Animal manure, dredged sediments from drains and sludge for fertilizer are leached and the contaminants are a major source of pollution.  Agricultural drainage water reuse is used by farmers legally and illegally.  Improper irrigation and lack of education on effective irrigation methods and crop production contributes to crop failure and polluting of canals.  In areas where there is no formal operational structure for pumping water of individual diesel pumps, the tail-end users usually are not getting enough water to maintain crops.

text: Agriculture

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Environment - international agreements:<br>party to:

text: Antarctic Treaty

entity_name: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: Biodiversity

entity_name: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: Climate Change

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

text: Tropical Timber 83

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

text: Tropical Timber 94

text: Wetlands

text: Whaling

text: <br>signed, but not ratified:Climate Change-

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: Under Article 9(1)(d) of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, it is illegal for "any transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or other wastes: that results in deliberate disposal (e.g. dumping) of hazardous wastes or other wastes in contravention of this Convention and of general principles of international law".

text: Under Article 9(1)(d) of the

text: Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

text: , it is illegal for "any transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or other wastes: that results in deliberate disposal (e.g. dumping) of hazardous wastes or other wastes in contravention of this Convention and of general principles of international law".

text: There are two main pollutants of water in Pristina: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste in water and have common canalization system. Industrial pollutants are the largest industrial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery pollutants. There are 6 individual pollutants in Prishtevka River, and 1 collective pollutant. There are 15 collective pollutants in Llapi River, and 7 individual pollutants. Sitnica River has 24 collective pollutants and 7 individual pollutants, and Gracanka River has 3 collective pollutants, and 1 individual pollutant. The table below shows the individualpollutants in Pristina and their landfills.

text: Household Hazardous Waste (HHW), also referred to as domestic hazardous waste or home generated special materials, is a waste that is generated from residential households. HHW only applies to waste coming from the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for "home use".  Waste generated by a company or at an industrial setting is not HHW.

text: Due to its competition for resources and pressure to shift to industrial systems that will meet urban demand, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural inputs including pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus, and raw organic matter containing undesirable residues such as heavy metals, is a concern.The nature of the environment nearby to urban areas can be hazardous to agricultural production. There are physical, chemical, and fungal threats in the form of roadway exhaust and debris, dense urban populations, water and soil pollution by organic pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and antibiotics, and fungal and secondary metabolites.

text: Due to its competition for resources and pressure to shift to industrial systems that will meet urban demand, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural inputs including

text: pesticides

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: , and raw organic matter containing undesirable residues such as heavy metals, is a concern.The nature of the environment nearby to urban areas can be hazardous to agricultural production. There are physical, chemical, and

text: fungal

text: threats in the form of roadway exhaust and debris, dense urban populations, water and soil pollution by organic pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and

text: antibiotics

text: , and fungal and secondary metabolites.

text: Pulp and paper is the third largest industrial polluter to air, water, and land in both Canada and the United States, and releases well over 100 million kg of toxic pollution each year.

text: The land where the homes were being built was not part of the agreement between the school board and Hooker; thus, none of these residents knew the canal's history. There was no monitoring or evaluating of the chemical wastes stored under the ground. Additionally, the clay cover of the canal which was supposed to be impermeable began to crack. The subsequent construction of the LaSalle Expressway  restricted groundwater from flowing to the Niagara River. After the exceptionally wet winter and spring of 1962, the elevated expressway turned the breached canal into an overflowing pool. People reported having puddles of oil or colored liquid in yards or basements.

text: The land where the homes were being built was not part of the agreement between the school board and Hooker; thus, none of these residents knew the canal's history. There was no monitoring or evaluating of the chemical wastes stored under the ground. Additionally, the clay cover of the canal which was supposed to be impermeable began to crack. The subsequent construction of the

text: LaSalle Expressway

text: restricted

text: groundwater

text: from flowing to the Niagara River. After the exceptionally wet winter and spring of 1962, the elevated expressway turned the breached canal into an overflowing pool. People reported having puddles of oil or colored liquid in yards or basements.

text: Environment — current issues:Deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations

text: Environment — current issues:

text: Deforestation

text: ; land degradation;

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations

text: Traditionally solar-powered refrigerators and vaccine coolers use a combination of solar panels and lead batteries to store energy for cloudy days and at night in the absence of sunlight to keep their contents cool. These fridges are expensive and require heavy lead-acid batteries which tend to deteriorate, especially in hot climates, or are misused for other purposes. In addition, the batteries require maintenance, must be replaced approximately every three years, and must be disposed of as hazardous wastes possibly resulting in lead pollution. These problems and the resulting higher costs have been an obstacle for the use of solar powered refrigerators in developing areas.

text: The shorthead redhorse is widely abundant across its range and has one of the largest ranges for a sucker. This species is not endangered or threatened and is not currently at risk. There is no current management plan for the shorthead redhorse. It is not often a prized fish for anglers because it does not get very big. And while the shorthead redhorse is said to be one of the better tasting fish, there are so many little bones throughout the meat that if you did catch one big enough to eat, the meat would not be worth eating. The meat also spoils rapidly in warm temperatures making it hard to transport. Shorthead redhorse play a positive role in their ecosystems as prey for larger game fish. They can also be used for bait if caught small enough. Humans impact the population the most through chemical contamination of their habitat. Bioaccumulation of chemicals is common in fish that feed near the benthic zone, like the shorthead redhorse. Domestic pollutants have as much negative effect on shorthead redhorse as industrial pollutants do. Pollution can also enter waterways through runoff from agricultural fields or cattle farms. To prevent this, farmers should be required to maintain a larger buffer zone around streams, or they should not be allowed to use pesticides that are harmful to water ecosystem. All domestic and industrial waste should be put through waste treatment and possibly a heavier waste treatment procedure than what is in effect now. For example, we should come up with a treatment for domestic waste that will remove hormones added by oral contraceptives. Currently, there is no way to remove these chemicals.

text: The shorthead redhorse is widely abundant across its range and has one of the largest ranges for a sucker. This species is not endangered or threatened and is not currently at risk. There is no current management plan for the shorthead redhorse. It is not often a prized fish for anglers because it does not get very big. And while the shorthead redhorse is said to be one of the better tasting fish, there are so many little bones throughout the meat that if you did catch one big enough to eat, the meat would not be worth eating. The meat also

text: spoils

text: rapidly in warm temperatures making it hard to transport. Shorthead redhorse play a positive role in their ecosystems as prey for larger game fish. They can also be used for

text: bait

text: if caught small enough. Humans impact the population the most through chemical contamination of their habitat.

text: Bioaccumulation

text: of chemicals is common in fish that feed near the benthic zone, like the shorthead redhorse. Domestic pollutants have as much negative effect on shorthead redhorse as industrial pollutants do. Pollution can also enter waterways through

text: runoff

text: from agricultural fields or cattle farms. To prevent this, farmers should be required to maintain a larger buffer zone around streams, or they should not be allowed to use pesticides that are harmful to water ecosystem. All domestic and

text: industrial waste

text: should be put through

text: waste treatment

text: and possibly a heavier waste treatment procedure than what is in effect now. For example, we should come up with a treatment for domestic waste that will remove hormones added by oral contraceptives. Currently, there is no way to remove these chemicals.

text: Disposal standards govern the permissibility, method, and location of disposal of a particular waste. Such standards may be designed to protect human health and comfort, and environmental values. A variety of methods exist to control disposal.

text: The Planeteers are summoned by Gaia to defend the world from pollution, criminals, villains and natural disasters. The five teenagers, each originating from a different region of the world and who together represent several major ethnic groups, are each given a ring which allows them to temporarily control one of the four classical elements – Earth, Fire, Wind, and Water – as well as a fifth element, Heart, which represents love and communication and enables telepathy and empathy, as well as potential mind control. Pyle cites that the inspiration for the five Planeteers came from real people that she met during the show's pre-production in 1989.

text: The Planeteers are summoned by Gaia to defend the world from

text: pollution

text: , criminals, villains and

text: natural disaster

text: s. The five teenagers, each originating from a different region of the world and who together represent several major

text: ethnic group

text: s, are each given a ring which allows them to temporarily control one of the four

text: classical element

text: s – Earth, Fire, Wind, and Water – as well as a fifth element, Heart, which represents

text: love

text: and communication and enables

text: telepathy

text: and

text: empathy

text: , as well as potential

text: mind control

text: . Pyle cites that the inspiration for the five Planeteers came from real people that she met during the show's pre-production in 1989.

text: Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized into micro-, meso-, or macrodebris, based on size. The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans. However, it is slow to degrade. Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans. Living organisms, particularly marine animals, can also be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that cause interruptions in biological functions. Humans are also affected by plastic pollution, such as through the disruption of the thyroid hormone axis or hormone levels. In the UK alone, more than 5 million tonnes of plastic are consumed each year, of which an estimated mere 24% makes it into recycling systems. That leaves a remaining 3.8 million tonnes of waste, destined for landfills. Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and pollution and promote plastic recycling.

text: Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of

text: plastic

text: products in the

text: environment

text: that adversely affects

text: wildlife

text: wildlife habitat

text: , or humans. Plastics that act as

text: pollutant

text: s are categorized into micro-, meso-, or macrodebris, based on size. The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans. However, it is slow to degrade. Plastic pollution can unfavorably affect lands, waterways and oceans. Living organisms, particularly marine animals, can also be affected through entanglement, direct ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that cause interruptions in biological functions. Humans are also affected by plastic pollution, such as through the disruption of the

text: thyroid hormone

text: axis or

text: hormone

text: levels. In the UK alone, more than 5 million tonnes of plastic are consumed each year, of which an estimated mere 24% makes it into recycling systems. That leaves a remaining 3.8 million tonnes of waste, destined for landfills. Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and

text: pollution

text: and promote

text: plastic recycling

text: In 2007, Myrtle Beach property owners near the AVX plant filed suit, claiming trichloroethylene (TCE) used at the plant until the 1980s has polluted their neighborhood and lowered property values. Another lawsuit claimed the pollution had stopped a condominium development in the area. A consultant for one of the land owners, Horry Land Co., discovered the pollution in 2006 while doing environmental testing prior to development of a portion of the land. In 2009, AVX claimed Myrtle Beach Air Force Base caused at least part of the pollution, and the company added the air force to one of several lawsuits. A geologist for AVX claims the pollution could be cleaned up in five years and Horry Land is not entitled to compensation, while the consultant for Horry Land claims there is no way to tell how long cleanup will take, since AVX has been trying to clean up its own pollution for 28 years.

text: In 2007, Myrtle Beach property owners near the AVX plant filed suit, claiming

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) used at the plant until the 1980s has polluted their neighborhood and lowered property values. Another lawsuit claimed the pollution had stopped a

text: condominium

text: development in the area. A consultant for one of the land owners, Horry Land Co., discovered the pollution in 2006 while doing environmental testing prior to development of a portion of the land. In 2009, AVX claimed

text: Myrtle Beach Air Force Base

text: caused at least part of the pollution, and the company added the

text: air force

text: to one of several lawsuits. A geologist for AVX claims the pollution could be cleaned up in five years and Horry Land is not entitled to compensation, while the consultant for Horry Land claims there is no way to tell how long cleanup will take, since AVX has been trying to clean up its own pollution for 28 years.

text: When Eckhardt C. Beck (EPA Administrator for Region 2, 1977 – 1979) visited Love Canal in the late 1970s, he discerned the presence of toxic substances in the community:

text: In 1998, Dr. Elizabeth Whelan, founder of American Council on Science and Health, wrote an editorial about the Canal in which she stated that when the media started calling the Canal a "public health time bomb", an editorial that created minor hysteria. She declared that people were not falling ill because of exposure to chemical waste, but from stress caused by the media.  Besides double the rate of birth defects to children born while living on Love Canal, a follow-up study two decades after the incident "showed increased risks of low birth weight, congenital malformations and other adverse reproductive events".  However, the same report found a slight decrease in the incidence of cancer rates, and cautions, "It is important not to over emphasize any single finding but instead to search for interpretable, coherent patterns of findings, since these are more likely to indicate valid and meaningful associations."

text: In 1998,

text: Dr. Elizabeth Whelan

text: , founder of

text: American Council on Science and Health

text: , wrote an editorial about the Canal in which she stated that when the media started calling the Canal a "public health time bomb", an editorial that created minor hysteria. She declared that people were not falling ill because of exposure to chemical waste, but from stress caused by the media.  Besides double the rate of birth defects to children born while living on Love Canal, a follow-up study two decades after the incident "showed increased risks of low birth weight, congenital malformations and other adverse reproductive events".  However, the same report found a slight decrease in the incidence of cancer rates, and cautions, "It is important not to over emphasize any single finding but instead to search for interpretable, coherent patterns of findings, since these are more likely to indicate valid and meaningful associations."

text: The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) investigated the three properties in 1980.  Analysis of waste samples indicated that a variety of hazardous substances, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), had been disposed in trenches at the Abresch and Brockman sites.  Soil sampling at the Eberle site revealed a small amount of heavy metal contaminants.

text: The

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) investigated the three properties in 1980.  Analysis of waste samples indicated that a variety of

text: hazardous

text: substances, particularly

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOCs), had been disposed in trenches at the Abresch and Brockman sites.  Soil sampling at the Eberle site revealed a small amount of

text: heavy metal

text: contaminants

text: Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) (also referred to as domestic hazardous waste) is waste that is generated from residential households. HHW only applies to wastes that are the result of the use of materials that are labeled for and sold for "home use" and that are purchased by homeowners or tenants for use in a residential household.

text: Vermicomposting is a technology and a controlled treatment process – including the reduction in weight and volume - of the organic fraction of the waste streams, and using for the process different species of epigeal earthworms, making their pollutant and contaminant degree unfeasible, producing at the same time organic factors of production.In this biooxidative process, earthworms interact with microorganisms and decomposing fauna, affecting positive and significantly the waste treatment rates, largely due to changes in their chemical, physical and microbiological properties.Vermicompost is the most important by-product obtained, even if vermicompost leachate and vermicompost extracts are also important.

text: Agricultural runoff, together with mining and industrial waste water, is also having an impact on water quality. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal area, 16 are partly polluted by lead, manganese and iron. Excessive deforestation in upper river basins due to nomadic agricultural practices is causing erosion problems in the Sierra, where 55-60% of the land is affected, and is increasing the amount of soil transported downstream.

text: Agricultural runoff, together with mining and industrial waste water, is also having an impact on water quality. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal area, 16 are partly polluted by

text: lead

text: manganese

text: and

text: iron

text: . Excessive deforestation in upper river basins due to nomadic agricultural practices is causing erosion problems in the Sierra, where 55-60% of the land is affected, and is increasing the amount of soil transported downstream.

text: The total area of the ecological disaster zone is 7 million hectares, including the territory of the test site (1.8 million hectares) and the zones of emergency-level and maximum radiation risk (5.2 million hectares). Some 27.4 million hectares of agricultural land is registered in the impact zone of the Semipalatinsk testing ground (88.3% of the total area of the region).By the Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan №172 of February 7, 1996 the Semipalatinsk test site lands became reserve lands and measures were identified to improve the ecological situation in the districts located in the zones of emergency-level and maximum radiation risk. The difficulty of full economic land development on the test site is that a radiological diagnostic study has not been completed in the area and the norms of the maximum permissible pollution of the lands have not been established. Due to the transfer of part of the Semipalatinsk test site lands to economic use, the priority objective is to conduct detailed studies and develop measures on the safe implementation of economic activity in these areas. Due to lack of funding such measures have not yet materialized.The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Polygon (SNTP) was established on August 21, 1947. Covering three oblasts-Western Kazakhstan, Karaganda and Pavlodar, SNTP occupies an area of 18,500 km2 with a perimeter of 600 km. The Polygon occupies 10,000 km2 of the former Semipalatinsk oblast. Nuclear tests were performed over the period between 1949 and 1989, with around 470 systems, including 30 surface, 86 air and 340 subsurface devices detonated. The power of the explosions reached 17,400,000 tons of trinitrotoluene equivalent. Initially, nuclear tests were performed to test nuclear explosive systems and armament samples, and later for economic purposes.These tests resulted in the formation of the “atomic lake” Balapan, plus radioactive gas emissions in the air, environmental imbalance and negative health implications for people living in areas adjoining the SNTP site.Reports indicate gamma-radiation levels many times exceeding the norm - up to 1,250 mcr/hr in Semiplatinsk in 1960-1980, which exceed the background level approximately 100 times, and up to 60,000 mcr/hr in Sarapan village.  Pollution with radioactive isotopes of caesium and strontium exceeding the threshold was identified in Shagan and Aschisu rivers, Balapan Lake and other water sources within the SNTP site. At least 4,500 km2 of the Polygon area (land, rocks, water) are polluted with Cs-137 and Sr-90 in concentrations exceeding the threshold.The environmental and agricultural implications and consequences of activities carried out at the Polygon are remarkable. Nuclear tests affected not only the Polygon’s natural landscapes, existing ecosystems and agriculture, but also lands adjacent to the Polygon. Radionuclide pollution of milk and meat produced on farms located near the SNTP was sometimes registered at levels exceeding both the background level and safety requirements.Currently, there is a clear need for the following to be carried out at the SNTP:

text: The total area of the ecological disaster zone is 7 million hectares, including the territory of the test site (1.8 million hectares) and the zones of emergency-level and maximum radiation risk (5.2 million hectares). Some 27.4 million hectares of agricultural land is registered in the impact zone of the Semipalatinsk testing ground (88.3% of the total area of the region).By the Government Decree of the

text: Republic of Kazakhstan

text: №172 of February 7, 1996 the Semipalatinsk test site lands became reserve lands and measures were identified to improve the ecological situation in the districts located in the zones of emergency-level and maximum radiation risk. The difficulty of full economic land development on the test site is that a radiological diagnostic study has not been completed in the area and the norms of the maximum permissible pollution of the lands have not been established. Due to the transfer of part of the Semipalatinsk test site lands to economic use, the priority objective is to conduct detailed studies and develop measures on the safe implementation of economic activity in these areas. Due to lack of funding such measures have not yet materialized.The

text: Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Polygon (SNTP)

text: was established on August 21, 1947. Covering three oblasts-Western Kazakhstan, Karaganda and Pavlodar,

text: SNTP

text: occupies an area of 18,500 km2 with a perimeter of 600 km. The Polygon occupies 10,000 km2 of the former Semipalatinsk oblast. Nuclear tests were performed over the period between 1949 and 1989, with around 470 systems, including 30 surface, 86 air and 340 subsurface devices detonated. The power of the explosions reached 17,400,000 tons of trinitrotoluene equivalent. Initially, nuclear tests were performed to test nuclear explosive systems and armament samples, and later for economic purposes.These tests resulted in the formation of the “atomic lake” Balapan, plus radioactive gas emissions in the air, environmental imbalance and negative health implications for people living in areas adjoining the

text: SNTP

text: site.Reports indicate gamma-radiation levels many times exceeding the norm - up to 1,250 mcr/hr in Semiplatinsk in 1960-1980, which exceed the background level approximately 100 times, and up to 60,000 mcr/hr in Sarapan village.  Pollution with radioactive isotopes of caesium and strontium exceeding the threshold was identified in Shagan and Aschisu rivers, Balapan Lake and other water sources within the SNTP site. At least 4,500 km2 of the Polygon area (land, rocks, water) are polluted with Cs-137 and Sr-90 in concentrations exceeding the threshold.The environmental and agricultural implications and consequences of activities carried out at the Polygon are remarkable. Nuclear tests affected not only the Polygon’s natural landscapes, existing ecosystems and agriculture, but also lands adjacent to the Polygon. Radionuclide pollution of milk and meat produced on farms located near the SNTP was sometimes registered at levels exceeding both the background level and safety requirements.Currently, there is a clear need for the following to be carried out at the SNTP:

text: An HW may be "destroyed". For example, by incinerating it at a high temperature, flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. For example, many cement kilns burn HWs like used oils or solvents. Today, incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous waste, but also generate energy from the gases released in the process. It is known that this particular waste treatment releases toxic gases produced by the combustion of byproduct or other materials which can affect the environment. However, current technology has developed more efficient incinerator units that control these emissions to a point where this treatment is considered a more beneficial option.  There are different types of incinerators which vary depending on the characteristics of the waste. Starved air incineration is another method used to treat hazardous wastes. Just like in common incineration, burning occurs, however controlling the amount of oxygen allowed proves to be significant to reduce the amount of harmful byproducts produced. Starved air incineration is an improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of air pollution. Using this technology, it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste and therefore reduce the air pollutants produced in the process.

text: An HW may be "destroyed". For example, by

text: incinerating

text: it at a high temperature, flammable wastes can sometimes be burned as energy sources. For example, many

text: cement kiln

text: s burn HWs like used oils or solvents. Today, incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous waste, but also generate energy from the gases released in the process. It is known that this particular waste treatment releases toxic gases produced by the combustion of byproduct or other materials which can affect the environment. However, current technology has developed more efficient incinerator units that control these emissions to a point where this treatment is considered a more beneficial option.  There are different types of incinerators which vary depending on the characteristics of the waste. Starved air incineration is another method used to treat hazardous wastes. Just like in common incineration, burning occurs, however controlling the amount of oxygen allowed proves to be significant to reduce the amount of harmful byproducts produced. Starved air incineration is an improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of air pollution. Using this technology, it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste and therefore reduce the air pollutants produced in the process.

text: In the last chapters of the book, Becker recounts his experiences as a member of an expert committee evaluating the physiological hazards of various electromagnetic pollutions.  He presents research data which indicate that the deleterious effects are stronger than officially assumed.  His contention is that the experts choosing the pollution limits are strongly influenced by the polluting industry.

text: In the last chapters of the book, Becker recounts his experiences as a member of an expert committee evaluating the physiological hazards of various

text: electromagnetic pollution

text: s.  He presents research data which indicate that the deleterious effects are stronger than officially assumed.  His contention is that the experts choosing the

text: pollution limits

text: are strongly influenced by the polluting industry.

text: A simple circular flow of income diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of production. Once consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing "cumulative pollutants". Pollutants affect human health and the health of the climate.

text: A simple

text: circular flow of income

text: diagram is replaced in ecological economics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting the input of solar energy, which sustains natural inputs and environmental services which are then used as units of

text: production

text: . Once consumed, natural inputs pass out of the economy as pollution and waste. The potential of an environment to provide services and materials is referred to as an "environment's source function", and this function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources. The "sink function" describes an environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution: when waste output exceeds the limit of the sink function, long-term damage occurs. Some persistent pollutants, such as some organic pollutants and nuclear waste are absorbed very slowly or not at all; ecological economists emphasize minimizing "cumulative pollutants". Pollutants affect human health and the health of the climate.

text: Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

text: Motor vehicle emissions

text: are one of the leading causes of air pollution.

text: China

text: United States

text: Russia

text: India

text: Mexico

text: , and

text: Japan

text: are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include

text: chemical plant

text: s, coal-fired

text: power plants

text: oil refineries

text: petrochemical

text: plants,

text: nuclear waste

text: disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),

text: PVC

text: factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other

text: heavy industry

text: . Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

text: The Kiev Protocol is the first legally binding international instrument on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs). PRTRs are inventories of pollution from industrial sites and other sources such as agriculture and transport.  The objective of the Protocol is "to enhance public access to information through the establishment of coherent, nationwide pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs)." The Protocol places indirect obligations on private enterprises to report annually to their national governments on their releases and transfers of pollutants.

text: The Kiev Protocol is the first legally binding international instrument on

text: Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

text: s (PRTRs). PRTRs are inventories of pollution from industrial sites and other sources such as agriculture and transport.  The objective of the Protocol is "to enhance public access to information through the establishment of coherent, nationwide pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs)." The Protocol places indirect obligations on private enterprises to report annually to their national governments on their releases and transfers of pollutants.

text: Inappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which  can harbour gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers. Toxic waste materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes more problems for humans, other species, and ecosystems. Waste treatment and disposal produces significant green house gas (GHG) emissions, notably methane, which are contributing significantly to global warming.

text: Inappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which  can harbour gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous wastes, particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers.

text: Toxic waste

text: materials can contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which causes more problems for humans, other species, and ecosystems. Waste treatment and disposal produces significant green house gas (GHG) emissions, notably methane, which are contributing significantly to

text: global warming

text: Indian law specifically defines 64 industries as hazardous and it is a criminal offence to employ children in such hazardous industries. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24. UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour. International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy.

text: Indian law specifically defines 64 industries as hazardous and it is a criminal offence to employ children in such hazardous industries. In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job. Notably, Constitution of India prohibits child labour in hazardous industries (but not in non-hazardous industries) as a Fundamental Right under Article 24.

text: UNICEF

text: estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour.

text: International Labour Organisation

text: estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child labour in the world, while United Nation's

text: Food and Agriculture Organisation

text: estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities. Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all

text: informal sector

text: s of the Indian economy.

text: Opponents are concerned about air, water, and noise pollution; environmental degradation of nearby food crops such as soy beans, corn, and alfalfa; negative effects on the ethanol fuel market and competition with local ethanol-producing farmers; the displacement of thousands of local residents and negative population resettling; potential industrial disasters including explosions, leaks, and spills, reminiscent of the recent explosion at a similar-capacity Texas City Oil Refinery that caused the deaths of 15 workers and injured over 100; contamination and overuse of important water resources from the Missouri River; potential threats of terrorism; and concerns of the sheer size of the facility, which will be over twice the area of Elk Point.

text: Opponents are concerned about

text: air

text: water

text: , and

text: noise pollution

text: ; environmental degradation of nearby food crops such as

text: soy beans

text: corn

text: , and

text: alfalfa

text: ; negative effects on the

text: ethanol fuel market

text: and competition with local ethanol-producing farmers; the displacement of thousands of local residents and negative population resettling; potential

text: industrial disasters

text: including

text: explosion

text: s,

text: leak

text: s, and

text: spills

text: , reminiscent of the recent explosion at a similar-capacity

text: Texas City Oil Refinery

text: that caused the deaths of 15 workers and injured over 100;

text: contamination

text: and overuse of important water resources from the Missouri River; potential threats of

text: terrorism

text: ; and concerns of the sheer size of the facility, which will be over twice the area of Elk Point.

text: The oblast is dominated by relatively infertile podsol soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is more loam and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand. Chernozem is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly in Ramensky and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Noginsk, and Voskresensk.

text: The oblast is dominated by relatively infertile

text: podsol

text: soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is more

text: loam

text: and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand.

text: Chernozem

text: is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly in

text: Ramensky

text: and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow,

text: Orekhovo-Zuyevo

text: Noginsk

text: , and Voskresensk.

text: Love Canal is a neighborhood within Niagara Falls, New York. It is the site of a pollution disaster that extensively affected the health of hundreds of its residents, necessitating a Superfund cleanup operation.

text: Love Canal is a

text: neighborhood

text: within

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: . It is the site of a pollution disaster that extensively affected the health of hundreds of its residents, necessitating a

text: Superfund

text: cleanup operation.

text: Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

text: Environmental engineers

text: conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of

text: acid rain

text: , global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

text: New York State Health Department Commissioner David Axelrod calls the Love Canal incident a "national symbol of a failure to exercise a sense of concern for future generations".  The Love Canal incident was especially significant as a situation where the inhabitants "overflowed into the wastes instead of the other way around".

text: New York State Health Department

text: Commissioner David Axelrod calls the Love Canal incident a "national symbol of a failure to exercise a sense of concern for future generations".  The Love Canal incident was especially significant as a situation where the inhabitants "overflowed into the wastes instead of the other way around".

text: Thailand's Pollution Control Department reports divide the country into five main geographical regions: north, northeast, central, south, and east. Thailand has a total of 25 river basins in the country and Thailand's annual rainfall is around 1,700 mm. Despite the annual southwest monsoon, Thailand is subject to drought, particularly the northeastern region. As of 2002, Thailand had less water available per person than any other country in Asia, and nearly one-third of its water was "unsuitable for human consumption." Non-potable water was a result of increasing untreated domestic sewage, industrial waste water, and solid hazardous wastes. This is a critical environmental problem for Thailand. Like air pollution, water pollution is most serious in the populous central region, with high levels of industrial and domestic waste water.

text: Thailand's Pollution Control Department reports divide the country into five main geographical

text: regions

text: north

text: northeast

text: central

text: south

text: , and

text: east

text: . Thailand has a total of 25 river basins in the country and Thailand's annual rainfall is around 1,700 mm. Despite the annual southwest

text: monsoon

text: Thailand

text: is subject to drought, particularly the northeastern region. As of 2002, Thailand had less water available per person than any other country in Asia, and nearly one-third of its water was "unsuitable for human consumption." Non-potable water was a result of increasing untreated domestic sewage, industrial waste water, and solid hazardous wastes. This is a critical environmental problem for Thailand. Like air pollution, water pollution is most serious in the populous central region, with high levels of industrial and domestic waste water.

text: Brownfield is a term used in urban planning to describe land previously used for  industrial purposes or some commercial uses. Such land may have been contaminated with hazardous waste or pollution or is feared to be so. Once cleaned up, such an area can become a community park or host to a business development such as a retail park.  Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse.

text: Brownfield is a term used in

text: urban planning

text: to describe

text: land

text: previously used for

text: industrial

text: purposes or some commercial uses. Such land may have been

text: contaminated

text: with

text: hazardous waste

text: or

text: pollution

text: or is feared to be so. Once cleaned up, such an area can become a community park or host to a business development such as a

text: retail park

text: .  Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a

text: Superfund

text: site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse.

text: The United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It is empowered with legislative oversight of the Coast Guard and Merchant Marine, interstate commerce, communications, highways, aviation, rail, shipping, transportation security, oceans, fisheries, climate change, disasters, science, nonmilitary aeronautical and space sciences, sports, tourism, consumer issues, economic development, technology, competitiveness, product safety, insurance, and standards and measurement. The committee also has jurisdiction over coastal zone management, inland waterways (except construction), the Panama Canal and other interoceanic canals, and commerce aspects of Continental Shelf lands.

text: The United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is a

text: standing committee

text: of the

text: United States Senate

text: . It is empowered with

text: legislative oversight

text: of the

text: Coast Guard

text: and

text: Merchant Marine

text: interstate commerce

text: communications

text: , highways, aviation, rail, shipping, transportation security, oceans, fisheries,

text: climate change

text: , disasters,

text: science

text: , nonmilitary aeronautical and space sciences,

text: sports

text: , tourism, consumer issues, economic development, technology, competitiveness, product safety, insurance, and

text: standards

text: and

text: measurement

text: . The committee also has jurisdiction over

text: coastal zone

text: management,

text: inland waterways

text: (except construction), the

text: Panama Canal

text: and other interoceanic canals, and commerce aspects of

text: Continental Shelf

text: lands.

text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of

text: Best Available Techniques

text: ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

text: There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and biophysical wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. One of these issues is climate change, which will be responsible for an increase in desertification, natural disasters, and land degradation. Another is deforestation, which is expanding due to human recklessness, pests, disease, and fire. Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification, a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible land use. Additionally, more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction. And, especially in population centers, Mongolians deal with air and water pollution caused by human industrialization.

text: There are many pressing environmental issues in

text: Mongolia

text: that are detrimental to both human and biophysical wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. One of these issues is climate change, which will be responsible for an increase in desertification, natural disasters, and land degradation. Another is deforestation, which is expanding due to human recklessness, pests, disease, and fire. Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification, a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible land use. Additionally, more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction. And, especially in population centers, Mongolians deal with air and water pollution caused by human industrialization.

text: Much of the concern using nuclear entombment is the worry of nuclear leakage. Nuclear leakage occurs when there is a slight crack in the cementitious material or the clay for any radiation to seep through. Entombment does not solve the problem for every type of isotope of waste. Many different types of nuclides outlive the lifetime of the materials containing it by a thousand years or more. There are some disagreements among state governments on nuclear entombment, as it does not uphold the polluter pays principle. It is often not possible to make an exact estimate of total decommissioning costs, leaving a certain financial liability for a future generation. It is also difficult to guarantee that the necessary expertise for final decommissioning will be available in due time, or that the decommissioning fund has earned sufficient interest. The main concern for many of the infrastructures being used to entomb the waste, is that the facilities being used to entomb the radioactive waste were built for operations and not for disposal and burial of the waste. Some of the facilities may be too small for nuclear waste to be entombed because of the financial aspect going into all the materials needed to build safe housing for the hazardous material. The only other option in the case of the facility being too small is for the nuclear waste to be transferred to another disposing facility or the facility will have to be reinforced.  Many U.S. state governments chose to steer clear of entombment because of its potential hazards of not being properly contained. If any of the nuclear waste were to come in contact with any water source, it has the potential to spread through rivers and lakes into highly populated cities to radioactively contaminate it and anyone who drinks from it.

text: Much of the concern using nuclear entombment is the worry of nuclear leakage. Nuclear leakage occurs when there is a slight crack in the cementitious material or the clay for any radiation to seep through. Entombment does not solve the problem for every type of isotope of waste. Many different types of nuclides outlive the lifetime of the materials containing it by a thousand years or more. There are some disagreements among state governments on nuclear entombment, as it does not uphold the

text: polluter pays principle

text: . It is often not possible to make an exact estimate of total decommissioning costs, leaving a certain financial liability for a future generation. It is also difficult to guarantee that the necessary expertise for final decommissioning will be available in due time, or that the decommissioning fund has earned sufficient interest. The main concern for many of the infrastructures being used to entomb the waste, is that the facilities being used to entomb the radioactive waste were built for operations and not for disposal and burial of the waste. Some of the facilities may be too small for nuclear waste to be entombed because of the financial aspect going into all the materials needed to build safe housing for the hazardous material. The only other option in the case of the facility being too small is for the nuclear waste to be transferred to another disposing facility or the facility will have to be reinforced.  Many U.S. state governments chose to steer clear of entombment because of its potential hazards of not being properly contained. If any of the nuclear waste were to come in contact with any water source, it has the potential to spread through rivers and lakes into highly populated cities to

text: radioactively contaminate

text: it and anyone who drinks from it.

text: For its size, the San Joaquin River is one of the most polluted rivers in the United States, especially in its lower course. Years of pesticides and fertilizers being applied to the surrounding lands as well as municipal runoff have led to elevated levels of selenium, fluoride, nitrates and other substances in the river and its tributaries; pesticide pollution is now considered "ubiquitous" to the San Joaquin River system. The selenium is believed to originate from soils on the west side of the valley and in the Coast Ranges, which are rich with the element. Additionally, the San Joaquin is suffering chronic salinity problems due to high levels of minerals being washed off the land by irrigation practices. Abandoned mines contribute toxic acid mine drainage to some tributaries of the river. One of the worst environmental disasters was at Kesterson Reservoir, a disposal site for agricultural drain water which doubled as a wildlife refuge. Initially, animals and plants thrived in the artificial wetlands that were created here, but in 1983, it was found that birds had suffered severe deformities and deaths due to steadily increasing levels of chemicals and toxins. In the next few years, all the fish species died except for the mosquito fish, and algae blooms proliferated in the foul water. These have had not only an adverse impact on San Joaquin River ecology, but also cause pollution to the sources of most of the large aqueducts in the state – the California and Delta-Mendota Canals, for example.

text: For its size, the San Joaquin River is one of the most polluted rivers in the United States, especially in its lower course. Years of pesticides and fertilizers being applied to the surrounding lands as well as municipal runoff have led to elevated levels of

text: selenium

text: fluoride

text: nitrate

text: s and other substances in the river and its tributaries; pesticide pollution is now considered "ubiquitous" to the San Joaquin River system. The selenium is believed to originate from soils on the west side of the valley and in the Coast Ranges, which are rich with the element. Additionally, the San Joaquin is suffering chronic salinity problems due to high levels of minerals being washed off the land by irrigation practices. Abandoned mines contribute toxic

text: acid mine drainage

text: to some tributaries of the river. One of the worst environmental disasters was at

text: Kesterson Reservoir

text: , a disposal site for agricultural drain water which doubled as

text: a wildlife refuge

text: . Initially, animals and plants thrived in the artificial wetlands that were created here, but in 1983, it was found that birds had suffered severe deformities and deaths due to steadily increasing levels of chemicals and toxins. In the next few years, all the fish species died except for the

text: mosquito fish

text: , and

text: algae bloom

text: s proliferated in the foul water. These have had not only an adverse impact on San Joaquin River ecology, but also cause pollution to the sources of most of the large aqueducts in the state – the California and Delta-Mendota Canals, for example.

text: Environment - current issues:water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

text: Environment - current issues:water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/

text: hazardous waste

text: disposal

text: Advantages of land spreading are the low treatment cost and the possibility that the approach could improve soil characteristics. Land spreading is most effectively used for drilling wastes that have low levels of hydrocarbons and salts. Potential concerns include the need for large land areas; the relatively slow degradation process (the rate of biodegradation is controlled by the inherent biodegradation properties of the waste constituents, soil temperature, soil-water content, and contact between the microorganisms and the wastes); and the need for analyses, tests, and demonstrations. Also, high concentrations of soluble salts or metals can limit the use of land spreading.

text: Originally constituted on 11 August 1959, the Sea Pollution Act set out to prevent the pollution of the sea, gave effect to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and related matters. Also included was the maintenance of marine pollution, oil pollution, and waste water.

text: Originally constituted on 11 August 1959, the Sea Pollution Act set out to prevent the pollution of the sea, gave effect to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and related matters. Also included was the maintenance of

text: marine

text: pollution, oil pollution, and waste water.

text: In the 1920s, Xochimilco lost control of most of its water supply, taken by the city for its needs.  The urban sprawl of Mexico City reached Xochimilco in the mid 20th century and it still affects the borough today. In the 1970s, the federal government began to replace the lost supply to the canals with treated water from the nearby Cerro de la Estrella. This is most of the water that now flows in the canals. The treated water is clear, but not potable due to bacteria and heavy metals. However, it is used to irrigate crops grown on the chinampas, even though the canals are further polluted by untreated sewerage and garbage. The biggest threat to the canals and their ecosystem is uncontrolled sprawl, mostly due to illegal building on conservation land. These settlements are polluting canals with untreated garbage and waste, and filling in canals to make “new land.” There are thirty one illegal settlements in the historic center, with 2,700 constructions. Ten of these are in the chinampas of San Gregorio Atlapulco, San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Santa Cruz Acalpixca and Santa María Nativitas.  The borough and UNESCO are at odds over what to do about the 450 hectares of illegal settlements. UNESCO demands their eviction, but the borough says this would be too difficult and better to legalize the settlements, putting efforts into preventing more.

text: In the 1920s, Xochimilco lost control of most of its water supply, taken by the city for its needs.  The

text: urban sprawl

text: of Mexico City reached Xochimilco in the mid 20th century and it still affects the borough today. In the 1970s, the federal government began to replace the lost supply to the canals with treated water from the nearby

text: Cerro de la Estrella

text: . This is most of the water that now flows in the canals. The treated water is clear, but not potable due to bacteria and

text: heavy metals

text: . However, it is used to irrigate crops grown on the

text: chinampa

text: s, even though the canals are further polluted by untreated

text: sewerage

text: and garbage. The biggest threat to the canals and their ecosystem is uncontrolled sprawl, mostly due to illegal building on conservation land. These settlements are polluting canals with untreated garbage and waste, and filling in canals to make “new land.” There are thirty one illegal settlements in the historic center, with 2,700 constructions. Ten of these are in the chinampas of San Gregorio Atlapulco, San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Santa Cruz Acalpixca and Santa María Nativitas.  The borough and

text: UNESCO

text: are at odds over what to do about the 450 hectares of illegal settlements. UNESCO demands their eviction, but the borough says this would be too difficult and better to legalize the settlements, putting efforts into preventing more.

text: Some qualities that have contributed to the success of the cap-and-trade are the ease and accuracy of measuring pollutants and the fact that allowances are much less expensive to pay for than the fee for going over the allotted amount of pollution. Additionally, the cap-and-trade is significantly cheaper than other regulatory approaches. On the other hand, some challenges arise when it comes to fulfilling the cap-and-trade’s main goal of reducing environmental pollutants. Since there is no nationwide system, some states with less strict regulations will end up emitting more pollutants than states with stricter regulation and some people claim that in the end, the pollution will just be spread differently across the country. Some groups claim that this system isn’t very effective in reducing emissions, but it is supported because of the amount of revenue it generates for the state.

text: The pollutants the Environment Agency are concerned with for groundwater are:‘Hazardous substances’, which are substances or groups of substances that are toxic, persistent and liable to bioaccumulate, and other substances or groups of substances that give rise to an equivalent level of concern (EPR Schedule 22, paragraph 4). Any non-hazardous pollutants, which is ‘any pollutant other than a hazardous substance (EPR, Schedule 22, paragraph 5).

text: Besides lowering the amount of water available, mining and other industrial activities release a large amount of hazardous chemicals and heavy metals such as chrome, lead, copper, mercury, and nickel into rivers and municipal sewage systems.  These metals are known to cause cancers and other neurological diseases.  It is estimated that only between 5 and 15 percent of sewage is actually treated, while the remainder is pumped raw into streams and the ocean itself.  Solid industrial waste is often sent to landfills where it is exposed to precipitation and surface runoff.  This ultimately ends up in streams, or worse, the groundwater aquifer where drinking water is obtained.

text: Besides lowering the amount of water available, mining and other

text: industrial

text: activities release a large amount of

text: hazardous chemical

text: s and

text: heavy metals

text: such as

text: chrome

text: lead

text: copper

text: mercury

text: , and

text: nickel

text: into rivers and municipal

text: sewage system

text: s.  These metals are known to cause

text: cancer

text: s and other

text: neurological diseases

text: .  It is estimated that only between 5 and 15 percent of

text: sewage

text: is actually treated, while the remainder is pumped raw into streams and the ocean itself.  Solid

text: industrial waste

text: is often sent to

text: landfill

text: s where it is exposed to

text: precipitation

text: and

text: surface runoff

text: .  This ultimately ends up in streams, or worse, the

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: where

text: drinking water

text: is obtained.

text: In 1796, Bertrand Gravier helped enlarge the Faubourg by including Phillipa St., which is now referred to as Poydras Street. Years later, Gravier died and Jean Gravier, his brother, was appointed to be the new owner of this estate. He continued in his brother’s footsteps by further extending the Faubourg to Circus Street, which is currently known as Rampart Street. As Jean Gravier continued to expand the Faubourg, he allotted land near Poydras Street, approximately 40 feet in width, for a canal. This canal linked with an agency in Bayou St. John and flowed into an area called Hagan Avenue. The region which was the canal is now Jefferson Davis Parkway. In addition, Jean designated a tract for a turning basin which linked to Canal Street. At that time the basin was an uninhabited district of land which was allocated for the community. Unsurprisingly, he later called the basin “Place Gravier.”

text: In 1796, Bertrand Gravier helped enlarge the Faubourg by including Phillipa St., which is now referred to as

text: Poydras Street

text: . Years later, Gravier died and Jean Gravier, his brother, was appointed to be the new owner of this

text: estate

text: . He continued in his brother’s footsteps by further extending the Faubourg to Circus Street, which is currently known as

text: Rampart Street

text: . As Jean Gravier continued to expand the Faubourg, he allotted land near Poydras Street, approximately 40 feet in width, for a

text: canal

text: . This canal linked with an agency in

text: Bayou St. John

text: and flowed into an area called Hagan Avenue. The region which was the canal is now

text: Jefferson Davis Parkway

text: . In addition, Jean designated a tract for a

text: turning basin

text: which linked to

text: Canal Street

text: . At that time the basin was an uninhabited district of land which was allocated for the community. Unsurprisingly, he later called the basin “Place Gravier.”

text: Government encouragement in the form of subsidies and tax incentives for energy-conservation efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a smart grid infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely.Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable pollution, including toxic and greenhouse gases from fuel combustion, nuclear waste from the generation of nuclear power, and oil spillages as a result of  petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these externalities form an increasing part of doing business, and the trading of carbon credits and pollution credits on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.

text: Government encouragement in the form of

text: subsidies

text: and

text: tax

text: incentive

text: s for

text: energy-conservation

text: efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a

text: smart grid

text: infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely.Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable

text: pollution

text: , including toxic and

text: greenhouse gas

text: es from fuel combustion,

text: nuclear waste

text: from the generation of nuclear power, and

text: oil spillage

text: s as a result of  petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these

text: externalities

text: form an increasing part of doing

text: business

text: , and the trading of

text: carbon credit

text: s and

text: pollution credit

text: s on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.

text: The textile mill closed in 2001, but numerous containers of hazardous waste were stored without the necessary environmental permits on the premises. In 2002, the mill was sold to a New York corporation called Skyline Industries, Inc. According to the prosecution, the Rubashkin family had maintained an interest in the plant following its sale to Skyline Industries and during subsequent complex financial transactions, including a $4 million mortgage foreclosure awarded to a company called Supreme Realty of Brooklyn. In 2005, an order by the city was issued for the property to be sold at a sheriff’s auction because of unpaid school and county property taxes. Shortly before the planned sale, a fire broke out at the plant; that was followed by three more fires — one of which was attributed to arson. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) obtained a court order to enter the site. They found major fire hazards, including explosive aluminium powder and acids. The EPA initiated a clean-up of the property in October 2005, including disposal of numerous containers of hazardous wastes and substances. In November 2007, Rubashkin and his son, Sholom Rubashkin, formerly in charge of running the family’s real estate branch under the alias Sam Sternburg, were arrested and indicted on charges of illegal storage of hazardous waste without a permit and one count of making a materially false statement.

text: The textile mill closed in 2001, but numerous containers of hazardous waste were stored without the necessary environmental permits on the premises. In 2002, the mill was sold to a New York corporation called Skyline Industries, Inc. According to the prosecution, the Rubashkin family had maintained an interest in the plant following its sale to Skyline Industries and during subsequent complex financial transactions, including a $4 million mortgage foreclosure awarded to a company called Supreme Realty of Brooklyn. In 2005, an order by the city was issued for the property to be sold at a sheriff’s auction because of unpaid school and county property taxes. Shortly before the planned sale, a fire broke out at the plant; that was followed by three more fires — one of which was attributed to arson. The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) obtained a court order to enter the site. They found major fire hazards, including explosive aluminium powder and acids. The EPA initiated a clean-up of the property in October 2005, including disposal of numerous containers of hazardous wastes and substances. In November 2007, Rubashkin and his son, Sholom Rubashkin, formerly in charge of running the family’s real estate branch under the alias Sam Sternburg, were arrested and indicted on charges of illegal storage of hazardous waste without a permit and one count of making a materially false statement.

text: Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the United States EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”. Technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.

text: Bioremediation is a

text: waste management

text: technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize

text: pollutant

text: s from a

text: contaminated site

text: . According to the United States EPA, bioremediation is a “treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances”. Technologies can be generally classified as

text: in situ

text: or

text: ex situ

text: . In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are

text: phytoremediation

text: bioventing

text: bioleaching

text: landfarming

text: bioreactor

text: composting

text: bioaugmentation

text: rhizofiltration

text: , and

text: biostimulation

text: Dog droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution, Toxocara canis and Neospora caninum helminth parasite pollution. One gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells.  While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area can create serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies. The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creating health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.

text: Dog droppings are one of the leading sources of

text: E. coli

text: fecal coliforms

text: ) bacterial pollution,

text: Toxocara canis

text: and

text: Neospora caninum

text: helminth

text: parasite pollution. One gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells.  While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area can create serious problems due to contamination of soil and

text: water supplies

text: . The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creating health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.

text: During their inhabitation of the valley, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later become used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal, and the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct. The irrigation provided by these canals enabled the Hohokam culture to spread throughout the valley, and by 1300 AD, the Hohokam were the largest population in the prehistoric Southwest, and the largest native population north of Mexico City.  This was the largest single body of land irrigated in prehistoric times in North or South America, perhaps in the world.  The Hohokam also carried out extensive trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua, as well as with the more distant Mesoamerican civilizations like the Aztecs. It is believed that a Hohokam witness of the supernova that occurred in 1006 CE created a representation of the event in the form of a petroglyph that can be found in the White Tank Mountain Regional Park west of Phoenix. If confirmed, this is the only known Native American representation of the supernova.

text: During their inhabitation of the valley, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals, making the desert land

text: arable

text: . Paths of these canals would later become used for the modern

text: Arizona Canal

text: Central Arizona Project

text: Canal, and the

text: Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct

text: . The irrigation provided by these canals enabled the Hohokam culture to spread throughout the valley, and by 1300 AD, the Hohokam were the largest population in the prehistoric Southwest, and the largest native population north of Mexico City.  This was the largest single body of land irrigated in prehistoric times in North or South America, perhaps in the world.  The Hohokam also carried out extensive trade with the nearby

text: Anasazi

text: Mogollon

text: and

text: Sinagua

text: , as well as with the more distant

text: Mesoamerican

text: civilizations like the Aztecs. It is believed that a Hohokam witness of the

text: supernova that occurred in 1006 CE

text: created a representation of the event in the form of a petroglyph that can be found in the

text: White Tank Mountain Regional Park

text: west of Phoenix. If confirmed, this is the only known Native American representation of the supernova.

text: On March 16, 1967, Diamond Head left Norfolk, VA, for a nine-month deployment off Vietnam. She transited the Panama Canal on March 22, arriving at Pearl Harbor on April 5, 1967. She arrived in Subic Bay, Philippines on April 22. From May through October, the crew rearmed almost 200 ships, transferring almost  of ammunition. Diamond Head supplied the antiquated bombs that led to the disaster aboard the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal. The ship also visited Manila; Hong Kong; Sasebo, Japan; Pearl Harbor; San Diego; and Panama City for much appreciated Rest & Recreation. Diamond Head arrived in Norfolk on December 19, 1967, her crew reuniting with loved ones during the holiday season.

text: On March 16, 1967, Diamond Head left Norfolk, VA, for a nine-month deployment off

text: Vietnam

text: . She transited the

text: Panama Canal

text: on March 22, arriving at

text: Pearl Harbor

text: on April 5, 1967. She arrived in

text: Subic Bay

text: , Philippines on April 22. From May through October, the crew rearmed almost 200 ships, transferring almost  of ammunition. Diamond Head supplied the antiquated bombs that led to

text: the disaster

text: aboard the

text: aircraft carrier

text: USS Forrestal

text: . The ship also visited Manila; Hong Kong; Sasebo, Japan; Pearl Harbor; San Diego; and Panama City for much appreciated Rest & Recreation. Diamond Head arrived in Norfolk on December 19, 1967, her crew reuniting with loved ones during the holiday season.

text: Water resources are polluted by the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated industrial and domestic wastewater, leaching from septic tanks, agricultural non-point sources such as pesticides and nitrates, hospital waste and domestic solid waste, as well as the discharge of motor oil. The Ghadir river in the South of Beirut is probably the most polluted river in the country, while the Wazzani River in South Lebanon may be the least polluted river because of limited economic activity in its basin. The discharge of untreated municipal and industrial effluents, the drainage from agricultural lands, and the uncontrolled discharge of solid wastes have considerably degraded the water quality of the  Qaraoun Lake and the Litani River. Untreated industrial effluents are discharged into the lake and river from sugar-beet factories, paper factories, lead recovery plants, limestone crushers, agro-industries, poultry farms, tanneries and slaughterhouses. According to a 1998 study by the National Council of Scientific Research of Lebanon for UNICEF 60–70% percent of all natural sources were affected by bacterial contamination. An example is the Jeita spring, which has witnessed an increase in fecal coliform bacteria.

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated feedlots and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to air, water and soil pollution. Combined, the poultry, pork and beef industries produce six to ten times more waste than humans.  The Environmental Protection Agency also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals (including hormones and antibiotics) which runoff and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of gases and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated

text: feedlots

text: and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: soil pollution

text: . Combined, the

text: poultry

text: pork

text: and

text: beef

text: industries produce six to ten times more

text: waste

text: than humans.  The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains

text: phosphorus

text: nitrogen

text: pathogens

text: and veterinary

text: pharmaceuticals

text: (including

text: hormones

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: ) which

text: runoff

text: and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of

text: gases

text: and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

text: The ruling in the Corby toxic waste case, delivered in July 2009, found Corby Borough Council liable in negligence, public nuisance and a breach of statutory duty for its reclamation of a steel works and the resulting atmospheric contamination. The case against the council cited: "The Defendant's urban land reclamation programme and the presence of poisonous waste presented a significant risk to health. The poisonous waste was ultra hazardous and various sites contained substantial quantities of contaminated waste and toxic materials that were likely to cause personal injuries to persons in the surrounding area in the event of their escape." While recognising that there was insufficient epidemiological data to establish whether the victims' injuries arose from a "common cause", or from airborne contamination or from the reclamation works, the judge ruled that there was a "statistically significant cluster" of birth defects in Corby which needed "explanation other than chance": it was not the court's purpose to establish whether the victims were individually exposed to contaminants from the reclamation, rather to determine whether any relevant breach of duty had the ability to cause injuries of the type complained of. The judge also ruled that it was "reasonably foreseeable that the local population might be exposed to hazardous or contaminated substances" as a result of the council's clean-up programme.

text: The ruling in the

text: Corby toxic waste case

text: , delivered in July 2009, found Corby Borough Council

text: liable

text: in

text: negligence

text: public nuisance

text: and a

text: breach of statutory duty

text: for its reclamation of a steel works and the resulting atmospheric contamination. The case against the council cited: "The Defendant's urban land reclamation programme and the presence of poisonous waste presented a significant risk to health. The poisonous waste was ultra hazardous and various sites contained substantial quantities of contaminated waste and toxic materials that were likely to cause personal injuries to persons in the surrounding area in the event of their escape." While recognising that there was insufficient

text: epidemiological

text: data to establish whether the victims' injuries arose from a "common cause", or from airborne contamination or from the reclamation works, the judge ruled that there was a "statistically significant cluster" of birth defects in

text: Corby

text: which needed "explanation other than chance": it was not the court's purpose to establish whether the victims were individually exposed to contaminants from the reclamation, rather to determine whether any relevant breach of duty had the ability to cause injuries of the type complained of. The judge also ruled that it was "reasonably foreseeable that the local population might be exposed to hazardous or contaminated substances" as a result of the council's clean-up programme.

text: Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and remediation of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment, and hazardous waste management. Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions.

text: Environmental engineering deals with treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes, purification of water and air, and

text: remediation

text: of contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport,

text: water purification

text: waste water treatment

text: , air pollution,

text: solid waste treatment

text: , and

text: hazardous waste management

text: . Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green engineering, and

text: industrial ecology

text: . Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences of proposed actions.

text: An early event critical to the success of the colony was the digging of the Ohio and Erie Canal. The Zoarites had purchased  of land sight unseen and used loans to pay for it. The loans were to be paid off by 1830. The Society struggled for many years to determine what products and services they could produce in their village to pay off the loans. The state of Ohio required some of the Zoarite land to be used as a right of way and offered the Zoarites an opportunity to assist in digging the canals for money. The state gave them a choice of digging it themselves for pay or having the state pay others to dig the canal. The Zoarites then spent several years in the 1820s digging the canal and thus were able to pay off their loans on time with much money to spare.

text: An early event critical to the success of the colony was the digging of the

text: Ohio and Erie Canal

text: . The Zoarites had purchased  of land sight unseen and used loans to pay for it. The loans were to be paid off by 1830. The Society struggled for many years to determine what products and services they could produce in their village to pay off the loans. The state of Ohio required some of the Zoarite land to be used as a

text: right of way

text: and offered the Zoarites an opportunity to assist in digging the canals for money. The state gave them a choice of digging it themselves for pay or having the state pay others to dig the canal. The Zoarites then spent several years in the 1820s digging the canal and thus were able to pay off their loans on time with much money to spare.

text: The hazardous waste trade has serious damaging effects upon the health of humans. People living in developing countries may be more vulnerable to the dangerous effects of the hazardous waste trade, and are particularly at risk from developing health problems. The methods of disposal of these toxic wastes in developing countries expose the general population (including future generations) to the highly toxic chemicals. These toxic wastes are often disposed of in open landfills, burned in incinerators, or in other dangerous processes. Workers wear little to no protective gear when processing these toxic chemicals, and are exposed to these toxins through direct contact, inhalation, contact with soil and dust, as well as oral intake of contaminated locally produced food and drinking water. Health problems resulting from these hazardous wastes affect humans by causing cancers, diabetes, alterations in neurochemical balances, hormone disruptions from endocrine disruptors, skin alterations, neurotoxicity, kidney damage, liver damage, bone disease, emphysema, ovotoxicity, reproductive damage, and many other fatal diseases. The improper disposal of these hazardous wastes creates fatal health problems, and is a serious public health risk.

text: The hazardous waste trade has serious damaging effects upon the health of humans. People living in developing countries may be more vulnerable to the dangerous effects of the hazardous waste trade, and are particularly at risk from developing health problems. The methods of disposal of these toxic wastes in developing countries expose the general population (including future generations) to the highly toxic chemicals. These toxic wastes are often disposed of in open landfills, burned in incinerators, or in other dangerous processes. Workers wear little to no protective gear when processing these toxic chemicals, and are exposed to these toxins through direct contact, inhalation, contact with soil and dust, as well as oral intake of contaminated locally produced food and drinking water. Health problems resulting from these hazardous wastes affect humans by causing cancers, diabetes, alterations in neurochemical balances, hormone disruptions from

text: endocrine disruptor

text: s, skin alterations,

text: neurotoxicity

text: , kidney damage,

text: liver damage

text: bone disease

text: emphysema

text: ovotoxicity

text: reproductive damage

text: , and many other fatal diseases. The improper disposal of these hazardous wastes creates fatal health problems, and is a serious public health risk.

text: Beginning in 1999, Central Beef disposed of 130,000 US gallons (492,103 liters) of wastewater containing high levels of sodium and fecal material per day into neighboring fields.  Central Beef owner Marc Chernin offered to buy a neighboring rancher's land, but the rancher refused as he and his brother believed that the offer was too low.  The ranchers attempted to informally resolve the issue by discussing it with Central Beef management, but they sued the beef processing plant in May 2006.  Meanwhile, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) issued warning letters in 2001.   A 2003 consent order attempted to address the issue of contamination, but the company, citing insufficient funds to line the ponds around Central Beef, failed to stop the pollution.  In 2005, plant manager Dick Greene documented his concerns about the pollution. The DEP began an investigation in April 2006.  On August 24, 2006, the DEP arrested Chernin on charges of hazardous waste disposal and felony commercial littering.  Chernin pleaded no contest to the charges in July 2007, and he was sentenced to one year's probation.  The charge of hazardous waste disposal was eventually dropped. After the ranchers' and the DEP's lawsuits, Central Beef began transporting the wastewater off the premises.

text: Beginning in 1999, Central Beef disposed of 130,000 US gallons (492,103 liters) of wastewater containing high levels of sodium and fecal material per day into neighboring fields.  Central Beef owner Marc Chernin offered to buy a neighboring rancher's land, but the rancher refused as he and his brother believed that the offer was too low.  The ranchers attempted to informally resolve the issue by discussing it with Central Beef management, but they sued the beef processing plant in May 2006.  Meanwhile, the

entity_name: Florida Department of Environmental Protection

text: Florida Department of Environmental Protection

text: (DEP) issued warning letters in 2001.   A 2003 consent order attempted to address the issue of contamination, but the company, citing insufficient funds to line the ponds around Central Beef, failed to stop the pollution.  In 2005, plant manager Dick Greene documented his concerns about the pollution. The DEP began an investigation in April 2006.  On August 24, 2006, the DEP arrested Chernin on charges of hazardous waste disposal and felony commercial littering.  Chernin pleaded no contest to the charges in July 2007, and he was sentenced to one year's probation.  The charge of hazardous waste disposal was eventually dropped. After the ranchers' and the DEP's lawsuits, Central Beef began transporting the wastewater off the premises.

text: Illegally dumped hazardous waste may be a result of the costs of dropping materials at designated sites: some of these charge a fee for depositing hazardous material. Lack of access to nearby facilities that accept hazardous waste may deter use. Additionally, ignorance of the laws that regulate the proper disposal of hazardous waste may cause improper disposal.

text: The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), established in 1992, is the national Pollutant Release and Transfer Register of Canada. The publicly accessible inventory is used to track and catalogue the release of pollutants, their disposal, or their transfer to recycling and other facilities across the country. All pollutants released to air, water, or land are tracked and reported annually.

text: The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), established in 1992, is the national

text: Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

text: of

text: Canada

text: . The publicly accessible inventory is used to track and catalogue the release of

text: pollutants

text: , their disposal, or their transfer to

text: recycling

text: and other facilities across the country. All pollutants released to air, water, or land are tracked and reported annually.

text: Pursuant to Act 472 of 1949, as amended, ADEQ has the power to issue permits “to prevent, control or abate pollution.” Therefore, any waste-disposal system that does not discharge directly into the waters of the State must be operated under the terms and conditions of a no-discharge water permit. An example of a no-discharge permit is a UIC well permit. Other no-discharge permits are required for land application, land farming, and subsurface disposal of water-treatment-plant residuals, and industrial and animal wastes.

text: Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.  When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.  So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.

text: In the aftermath of the disaster, many relatives of the deceased demanded that their loved ones be raised from international waters and given a land burial. Demands were also made that the entire ship be raised so that the cause of the disaster could be discovered by detailed inspection.Citing the practical difficulties and the moral implications of raising decaying bodies from the sea floor (the majority of the bodies were never recovered), and fearing financial burden of lifting the entire hull to the surface and the salvage operation, the Swedish government suggested burying the whole ship in situ with a shell of concrete. As a preliminary step, thousands of tons of pebbles were dropped on the site. The Estonia Agreement 1995, a treaty among Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the United Kingdom, declared sanctity over the site, prohibiting their citizens from even approaching the wreck. The treaty is, however, only binding for citizens of the countries that are signatories. At least twice, the Swedish Navy has discovered illegal diving operations at the wreck. The wreck is monitored by radar by the Finnish Navy.

text: In the aftermath of the disaster, many relatives of the deceased demanded that their loved ones be raised from international waters and given a land burial. Demands were also made that the entire ship be raised so that the cause of the disaster could be discovered by detailed inspection.Citing the practical difficulties and the moral implications of raising decaying bodies from the sea floor (the majority of the bodies were never recovered), and fearing financial burden of lifting the entire hull to the surface and the salvage operation, the Swedish government suggested burying the whole ship

text: in situ

text: with a shell of concrete. As a preliminary step, thousands of tons of pebbles were dropped on the site. The Estonia Agreement 1995, a treaty among Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the United Kingdom, declared sanctity over the site, prohibiting their citizens from even approaching the wreck. The treaty is, however, only binding for citizens of the countries that are signatories. At least twice, the

text: Swedish Navy

text: has discovered illegal diving operations at the wreck. The wreck is monitored by

text: radar

text: by the

text: Finnish Navy

text: As electronic waste, CRTs are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and phosphors (not phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display. There are several companies in the United States that charge a small fee to collect CRTs, then subsidize their labor by selling the harvested copper, wire, and printed circuit boards. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of "hazardous household waste" but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage.

text: As

text: electronic waste

text: , CRTs are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. CRTs have relatively high concentration of lead and phosphors (not phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display. There are several companies in the United States that charge a small fee to collect CRTs, then subsidize their labor by selling the harvested copper, wire, and

text: printed circuit board

text: s. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of "hazardous household waste" but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage.

text: Government organizations are also necessary to protect habitat, as road construction and urban development is a major cause of habitat destruction.  Therefore, an adequate examination of the land should occur prior to zoning, construction and/or development.  Also, even if the land is safe from construction or development, it has to be protected from the effects of human population.  Garbage and waste disposal can pollute and destroy critical habitat, as well as over-use by grazing livestock.

text: Government or local authorities often make rules about how much waste should be sorted before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities. Some hazardous materials may not be moved, before the authorities have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been followed. Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of such toxic elements as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems.

text: Polluted groundwater

text: is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage

text: landfills

text: , excessive

text: fertilizer

text: s and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process

text: wastewater

text: from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines,

text: sewage sludge

text: and

text: septic systems

text: The environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil diversity, people, plants, and the food itself. Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are climate change, deforestation, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste.

text: The environmental impact of agriculture involves a variety of factors from the

text: soil

text: , to water, the air, animal and soil diversity, people, plants, and the food itself. Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are

text: climate change

text: deforestation

text: genetic engineering

text: irrigation

text: problems,

text: pollutants

text: soil degradation

text: , and

text: waste

text: Continuous generation and accumulation of waste, including hazardous waste (Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), medical waste, etc.).Almost one third of industrial waste in the country is accumulated in Karaganda region - more than 8.5 billion tons by the end of 2012.The main volume of emissions in Karaganda region accounts for metallurgical sphere and equals to 70%. This is the share of two major metallurgic companies - Arcelor Mittal Temirtau JSC and Kazakhmys Corporation. In the period from 2008 to 2012 Arcelor Mittal Temirtau has paid the penalty of more than one billion tenge for noncompliance of emission standards, Kazakhmys Corporation - more than 300 million tenge.According to the results of 2012 the expected decline in total emissions in Karaganda equals to 31% compared to 2008. This is mainly the merit of environmental protection program of a single enterprise - "BalkhashTsvetMet", a subsidiary of Kazakhmys Corporation. In 2008 "BalkhashTsvetMet" has commissioned production on the basis of sulfuric acid. This action has reduced the emissions of sulfur dioxide from 578,000 tons in 2008 to 254,000 tons in 2012.In Kazakhstan, as elsewhere in the world, liquid and gaseous types of industrial waste are a major concern for environmental organizations. Industrial discharges and gaseous emissions are priorities for state control and regulation of all enterprises in Kazakhstan. Methods of inspection, as well as ecological and economic standards have been developed in the country for all categories of liquid and gaseous waste products. At the same time, solid waste produced by the mining, concentrating, refining and power industries has accumulated all over the country without controls. This is largely caused by the following factors:

text: Continuous generation and accumulation of waste, including

text: hazardous waste

text: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

text: , medical waste, etc.).Almost one third of industrial waste in the country is accumulated in

text: Karaganda region

text: - more than 8.5 billion tons by the end of 2012.The main volume of emissions in

text: Karaganda region

text: accounts for metallurgical sphere and equals to 70%. This is the share of two major metallurgic companies -

text: Arcelor Mittal

text: Temirtau JSC and

text: Kazakhmys Corporation

text: . In the period from 2008 to 2012

text: Arcelor Mittal

text: Temirtau has paid the penalty of more than one billion tenge for noncompliance of emission standards,

text: Kazakhmys Corporation

text: - more than 300 million tenge.According to the results of 2012 the expected decline in total emissions in Karaganda equals to 31% compared to 2008. This is mainly the merit of environmental protection program of a single enterprise - "BalkhashTsvetMet", a subsidiary of

text: Kazakhmys Corporation

text: . In 2008 "BalkhashTsvetMet" has commissioned production on the basis of sulfuric acid. This action has reduced the emissions of sulfur dioxide from 578,000 tons in 2008 to 254,000 tons in 2012.In

text: Kazakhstan

text: , as elsewhere in the world, liquid and gaseous types of

text: industrial waste

text: are a major concern for environmental organizations. Industrial discharges and gaseous emissions are priorities for state control and regulation of all enterprises in

text: Kazakhstan

text: . Methods of inspection, as well as ecological and economic standards have been developed in the country for all categories of liquid and gaseous waste products. At the same time, solid waste produced by the mining, concentrating, refining and power industries has accumulated all over the country without controls. This is largely caused by the following factors:

text: Every engineering discipline is engaged in sustainable design, employing numerous initiatives, especially life cycle analysis (LCA), pollution prevention, design for the environment (DfE), design for disassembly (DfD), and  design for recycling (DfR).  These are replacing or at least changing pollution control paradigms. For example, concept of a "cap and trade" has been tested and works well for some pollutants. This is a system where companies are allowed to place a "bubble" over a whole manufacturing complex or trade pollution credits with other companies in their industry instead of a "stack-by-stack" and "pipe-by-pipe" approach, i.e. the so-called "command and control" approach. Such policy and regulatory innovations call for some improved technology based approaches as well as better quality-based approaches, such as leveling out the pollutant loadings and using less expensive technologies to remove the first large bulk of pollutants, followed by higher operation and maintenance (O&M) technologies for the more difficult to treat stacks and pipes. But, the net effect can be a greater reduction of pollutant emissions and effluents than treating each stack or pipe as an independent entity. This is a foundation for most sustainable design approaches, i.e. conducting a life-cycle analysis, prioritizing the most important problems, and matching the technologies and operations to address them. The problems will vary by size (e.g. pollutant loading), difficulty in treating, and feasibility. The most intractable problems are often those that are small but very expensive and difficult to treat, i.e. less feasible. Of course, as with all paradigm shifts, expectations must be managed from both a technical and an operational perspective.  	Historically, sustainability considerations have been approached by engineers as constraints on their designs. For example, hazardous substances generated by a manufacturing process were dealt with as a waste stream that must be contained and treated. The hazardous waste production had to be constrained by selecting certain manufacturing types, increasing waste handling facilities, and if these did not entirely do the job, limiting rates of production. Green engineering recognizes that these processes are often inefficient economically and environmentally, calling for a comprehensive, systematic life cycle approach.  Green engineering attempts to achieve four goals:

text: Every engineering discipline is engaged in sustainable design, employing numerous initiatives, especially

text: life cycle analysis

text: (LCA),

text: pollution prevention

text: Green engineering

text: recognizes that these processes are often inefficient economically and environmentally, calling for a comprehensive, systematic life cycle approach.  Green engineering attempts to achieve four goals:

text: After major advocacy campaigns by Riverkeeper and Brooklyn groups, the Gowanus Canal and Newtown Creek were listed by the EPA as “national priority” superfund sites in March and September 2010, respectively, guaranteeing long-overdue cleanups in each location. Riverkeeper is a founder of the Newtown Creek Alliance and a key member of the Gowanus Canal Community Advisory Group (CAG) and the CAG Water Quality and Technical Committees. Working with the community, Riverkeeper has called on the EPA to select a final remedy that targets not just the sediment in the Gowanus Canal, but commits to stopping toxic pollution from CSOs, leaching of pollution from contaminated sites, and restoring shoreline habitat.

text: When work first started on the site local farmers were worried that pollution from the smelter would ruin their crops and harm their livestock. To address their concerns Alcan decided to buy the land from them. Alcan now own over  of land in the local area and employ a farming director. The land is still used to grow crops and raise livestock.

text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called Thermal Pollution. Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called

text: Thermal Pollution

text: . Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of

text: Dissolved Oxygen

text: in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

text: There is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park.There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination,Mercury pollution There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups  are actively working to reduce some of these threats:

text: There is decreasing

text: biodiversity

text: deforestation

text: , grasslands destruction,

text: monoculture

text: tree plantations, and

text: invasive

text: exotic plant species

text: in the park.There is

text: sewage

text: pollution

text: solid waste

text: pollution and

text: mercury

text: contamination

text: Mercury pollution

text: There is also

text: sound pollution

text: visual pollution

text: , uncontrolled

text: tourism

text: overdevelopment

text: and lake

text: eutrophication

text: in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local

text: NGO

text: conservation

text: groups  are actively working to reduce some of these threats:

text: Nuclear power plant accidents include the Chernobyl disaster (1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

entity_name: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

text: Nuclear power plant accidents

text: include the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: (2011), and the

text: Three Mile Island accident

text: (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: and

text: hydropower

text: has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to

text: air pollution

text: and

text: energy accident

text: effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

text: Occidental entered the chemical business with the acquisition of Hooker Chemical Company in 1968, 26 years after the contamination at Love Canal. It added to its chemical industries portfolio in 1988 with the outright purchase for $2 billion of Cain Chemical.  On July 6, 1988, an explosion and subsequent inferno on the Piper Alpha platform, operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd in the Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster.

text: Occidental entered the chemical business with the acquisition of

text: Hooker Chemical Company

text: in 1968, 26 years after the contamination at

text: Love Canal

text: . It added to its chemical industries portfolio in 1988 with the outright purchase for $2 billion of Cain Chemical.  On July 6, 1988, an explosion and subsequent inferno on the

text: Piper Alpha

text: platform, operated by

text: Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd

text: in the Scottish North Sea, resulted in 167 fatalities in what remains the world's most deadly offshore disaster.

text: Currently It is highly polluted due to pollutants from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. The river is today also known as Kengeri Mori(Gutter of Kengeri).

text: Asbestos is listed as a category of controlled waste under Annex I of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal [1992]. Specifically, any waste streams having asbestos (dust and fibres) as constituents are controlled (Item Y36). In general terms, Parties to the Convention are required to prohibit and not permit the export of hazardous wastes to the Parties which have prohibited the import of such wastes via the notification procedure in Article 13 of the Convention.

text: The division is responsible towards teaching undergraduate courses such as Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology, Water Supply, Wastewater Engineering, Groundwater, Hydraulics Structures, and Coastal Engineering. Inputs from the panel of advisors and industries are strongly referred to, in the development of the undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Ideas from public policy and law, social sciences and humanities are often employed in conjunction with the engineering principles and the practical aspects, to develop a better understanding of the role of engineering in the solution of water and environmental problems. Among the courses offered in the master's degree program are Environmental Management, Water Resources Planning and Management, Flood Management and Mitigation, Advanced Water Supply, Solid Waste Management, Erosion and Sedimentation, Groundwater Engineering, Computational Fluid Dynamic, Hazadous and Industrial Waste, Risk and Hazard Assessment, Environmental Management of Coastal Areas, and Air Pollution.

text: As ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing. They are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals.

text: As ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as

text: pollution

text: and

text: overfishing

text: . They are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as

text: plastics

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: furan

text: s,

text: dioxins

text: phenol

text: s and

text: heavy metals

text: Admiral Boisot and the Prince of Orange had been misinformed as to the lie of the lands, and had assumed that the rupture of the Land-scheiding would flood the country inland all the way to Leiden. Instead, the rebel flotilla once again found their path blocked, this time by the Greenway dike, less than a mile inland of the Land-scheiding, which was still a foot above the water level. Again however the Spaniards had left the dike largely undefended, and the Dutch broke though it without much difficulty. Unfortunately, due to easterly winds driving the water back seawards, and the ever growing surface area of the land that the water covered, the flooding was by this time so shallow that the fleet was all but stranded. The only way that was deep enough for them to proceed was by a canal, leading to a large inland lake called the Zoetermeer (southern lake). This canal, and the bridge over it, were strongly defended by the Spaniards, and after a brief amphibious struggle, the Admiral gave up the venture. He dispatched a despondent message to the Prince, saying that unless the wind turned, and they could sail around the canal, they were lost.

text: Since the advent of nuclear power plants, nuclear pollution (the dispersal of radioactive materials) has become a serious problem for the environment. The amount of radiation in radioactive materials may not be safe for living organisms, so it is important for all nuclear pollution to be removed. Nuclear waste naturally remains hazardous for hundreds of years, but when processed with geomelting, radioactive materials are trapped in such a way that prevents radioactive emissions from being released, effectively neutralizing them.

text: Since the advent of nuclear power plants,

text: nuclear pollution

text: (the dispersal of radioactive materials) has become a serious problem for the environment. The amount of radiation in radioactive materials may not be safe for living organisms, so it is important for all nuclear pollution to be removed. Nuclear waste naturally remains hazardous for hundreds of years, but when processed with geomelting, radioactive materials are trapped in such a way that prevents radioactive emissions from being released, effectively neutralizing them.

text: Pyzh is subject to pollution with industrial waste of JSC "LUKOIL-Permnefteorgsintez".

text: HHW is not regulated by the EPA. Many states and local solid waste management departments have created and funded Household Hazardous Waste collection programs to offer safe disposal options. These programs may include home collection service, permanent facilities and one day collection events.

text: HHW is not regulated by the

text: EPA

text: . Many states and local solid waste management departments have created and funded Household Hazardous Waste collection programs to offer safe disposal options. These programs may include home collection service, permanent facilities and one day collection events.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:Law of the Sea

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

entity_name: London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

text: Marine Dumping

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: <br>signed, but not ratified:

text: Law of the Sea

text: The most overlooked toxic and hazardous wastes are the household products in everyday homes that are improperly disposed of such as old batteries, pesticides, paint, and car oil. Toxic waste can be reactive, ignitable, and corrosive.These types of waste are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

text: The most overlooked toxic and hazardous wastes are the

text: household

text: products in everyday homes that are improperly disposed of such as old batteries, pesticides, paint, and car oil. Toxic waste can be reactive, ignitable, and corrosive.These types of waste are regulated under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA)

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory- Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network- Paper shredder- Paper towel- Paperless office- Parametrization (climate)- Paraquat- Partial Test Ban Treaty- Partial zero-emissions vehicle- Particle radiation- Particulate- Passenger pigeon- Passive solar- Peak grain- Peak water- Pebble bed reactor- Percy Schmeiser- Periodicals- Permaculture- Permanent crop- Permeable paving- Persistent Organic Pollutant- Persistent organic pollutants- Pest (animal)- Pest control- Pesticide- Pesticide misuse- Pesticide poisoning- Pesticide side effects- Pesticide toxicity to bees- Pesticides- Phagy- Phytotreatment- Pigovian tax- Pioneer plant- Pioneer species- Planetary boundary layer- Planetary ecosynthesis- Planetary engineering- Planetary protection- Planned obsolescence- Plastic- Plastic bullet- Plastic goods- Plastic mulch- Plastic recycling- Plastic shopping bag- Plastic wrap- Poaching- Point of no return- Political ecology- Pollinator decline- Pollutant- Polluter Pays- Polluter pays principle- Pollution- Polychlorinated biphenyl- Polyculture- Polymer chemistry- Polymer clay- Polymer degradation- Polymer solar cells- Polystyrene- Polyvinyl chloride- POP Air Pollution Protocol- Population- Population control- Population decline- Population density- Population growth- Population growth rate- Population process- Population size- Population statistics- Population transfer- Population viability analysis- Post-industrial economy- Post-industrial society- Power station- Precautionary principle- Preservationist- Property and Environment Research Center- Protected area- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty- Pulpwood- Quality of life

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: Paper shredder

text: Paper towel

text: Paperless office

text: Parametrization (climate)

text: Paraquat

text: Partial Test Ban Treaty

text: Partial zero-emissions vehicle

text: Particle radiation

text: Particulate

text: Passenger pigeon

text: Passive solar

text: Peak grain

text: Peak water

text: Pebble bed reactor

text: Percy Schmeiser

text: Periodicals

text: Permaculture

text: Permanent crop

text: Permeable paving

text: Persistent Organic Pollutant

text: Persistent organic pollutants

text: Pest (animal)

text: Pest control

text: Pesticide

text: Pesticide misuse

text: Pesticide poisoning

text: Pesticide side effects

text: Pesticide toxicity to bees

text: Pesticides

text: Phagy

text: Phytotreatment

text: Pigovian tax

text: Pioneer plant

text: Pioneer species

text: Planetary boundary layer

text: Planetary ecosynthesis

text: Planetary engineering

text: Planetary protection

text: Planned obsolescence

text: Plastic

text: Plastic bullet

text: Plastic goods

text: Plastic mulch

text: Plastic recycling

text: Plastic shopping bag

text: Plastic wrap

text: Poaching

text: Point of no return

text: Political ecology

text: Pollinator decline

text: Pollutant

text: Polluter Pays

text: Polluter pays principle

text: Pollution

text: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Polyculture

text: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer clay

text: Polymer degradation

text: Polymer solar cells

text: Polystyrene

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: POP Air Pollution Protocol

text: Population

text: Population control

text: Population decline

text: Population density

text: Population growth

text: Population growth rate

text: Population process

text: Population size

text: Population statistics

text: Population transfer

text: Population viability analysis

text: Post-industrial economy

text: Post-industrial society

text: Power station

text: Precautionary principle

text: Preservationist

entity_name: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Protected area

text: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Pulpwood

text: Quality of life

text: Anaerobic digestion technologies improves the local environment and community health, and helps in disease control, through effective hazardous waste disposal; fertilizer production; disease destruction; pollution prevention; odor elimination; and landfill replacement.

text: Anaerobic digestion

text: technologies improves the local environment and community health, and helps in disease control, through effective hazardous waste disposal; fertilizer production; disease destruction; pollution prevention; odor elimination; and landfill replacement.

text: Pollution of breathable air is a central problem in the management of the global commons. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases and may be natural or man-made.  Although controversial and limited in scope by methods of enforcement, in several parts of the world the polluter pays principle, which makes the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment, is accepted. It has strong support in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Community (EC) countries. It is also known as extended producer responsibility (EPR).  EPR seeks to shift the responsibility dealing with waste from governments (and thus, taxpayers and society at large) to the entities producing it. In effect, it attempts to internalise the cost of waste disposal into the cost of the product, theoretically resulting in producers improving the waste profile of their products, decreasing waste and increasing possibilities for reuse and recycling.

text: Pollution of breathable

text: air

text: is a central problem in the management of the global commons. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases and may be natural or man-made.  Although controversial and limited in scope by methods of enforcement, in several parts of the world the

text: polluter pays principle

text: , which makes the

text: party

text: responsible for producing

text: pollution

text: responsible for paying for the damage done to the

text: natural environment

text: , is accepted. It has strong support in most

entity_name: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: (OECD) and

text: European Community

text: (EC) countries. It is also known as extended producer responsibility (EPR).  EPR seeks to shift the responsibility dealing with waste from

text: government

text: s (and thus,

text: taxpayer

text: s and society at large) to the entities producing it. In effect, it attempts to internalise the cost of waste disposal into the cost of the product, theoretically resulting in producers improving the

text: waste profile

text: of their products, decreasing waste and increasing possibilities for

text: reuse

text: and

text: recycling

text: Jackson had not grown up as an outdoors person, but became interested in environmental matters following the national and international coverage of the Love Canal Disaster.  She worked for a year and a half at Clean Sites, a nonprofit that tried to accelerate cleanup of toxic sites.

text: Jackson had not grown up as an outdoors person, but became interested in environmental matters following the national and international coverage of the

text: Love Canal Disaster

text: .  She worked for a year and a half at

text: Clean Sites

text: , a nonprofit that tried to accelerate cleanup of toxic sites.

text: After introducing Ouellet, the book moves on to a discussion of possible causes of frog deformities.  There are two main theories: parasites, and agricultural chemicals. The parasite theory, advocated by Stan Sessions stated that parasitic cysts from flatworms blocked limb buds, forcing the tadpoles to try to adjust their limb development around the invaders.  The pollutant theory, pushed by McKinnell, stated that there were pollutants that were having teratogenic effects on the frogs.  The unknown pollutant or pollutants were theorized to be mimics of retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is a hormone that signals limb development in metamorphosing frogs.  The pollutant theory stated that these pollutants were disrupting retinoic acid levels in tadpoles, leading to missing or misplaced limbs, in addition to internal developmental abnormalities.

text: After introducing Ouellet, the book moves on to a discussion of possible causes of frog deformities.  There are two main theories: parasites, and agricultural chemicals. The parasite theory, advocated by Stan Sessions stated that parasitic

text: cysts

text: from

text: flatworms

text: blocked

text: limb bud

text: s, forcing the

text: tadpoles

text: to try to adjust their limb development around the invaders.  The pollutant theory, pushed by McKinnell, stated that there were pollutants that were having

text: teratogenic

text: effects on the frogs.  The unknown pollutant or pollutants were theorized to be mimics of

text: retinoic acid

text: . Retinoic acid is a hormone that signals limb development in metamorphosing frogs.  The pollutant theory stated that these pollutants were disrupting retinoic acid levels in tadpoles, leading to missing or misplaced limbs, in addition to internal developmental abnormalities.

text: The former Operating Industries Inc. Landfill is a Superfund site located in Monterey Park, California at 900 N Potrero Grande Drive. From 1948 to 1984, the landfill accepted 30 million tons of solid municipal waste and  of liquid chemicals. Accumulating over time, the chemical waste polluted the air, leached into groundwater, and posed a fire hazard, spurring severely critical public health complaints. Recognizing OII Landfill's heavy pollution, EPA placed the financial responsibility of the dump's clean-up on the main waste-contributing companies, winning hundreds of millions of dollars in settlements for the protection of human health and the environment.

text: The former Operating Industries Inc. Landfill is a

text: Superfund

text: site located in

text: Monterey Park, California

text: at 900 N Potrero Grande Drive. From 1948 to 1984, the landfill accepted 30 million tons of solid municipal waste and  of liquid chemicals. Accumulating over time, the chemical waste polluted the air, leached into groundwater, and posed a fire hazard, spurring severely critical public health complaints. Recognizing OII Landfill's heavy pollution, EPA placed the financial responsibility of the dump's clean-up on the main waste-contributing companies, winning hundreds of millions of dollars in settlements for the protection of human health and the environment.

text: This position, which is mainly motivated by economics and financial profit in particular, demonstrates the main argument for global waste trade. The Cato Institute published an article supporting global waste trade suggesting that “there is little evidence that hazardous wastes, which are often chronic carcinogens, contribute to death rates in developing countries.” Elaborating on this point, the article argues that “people in developing countries would rationally accept increased exposure to hazardous pollutants in exchange for opportunities to increase their productivity—and, hence, their income.”

text: Other major threats include mortality associated with boat collisions, and incidental takes in fisheries. Trawling, gill nets, ghost nests, longline fishing, and pot fishing, have significantly affected olive ridley populations, as well as other species of marine turtles. Between 1993 and 2003, more than 100,000 olive ridley turtles were reported dead in Odisha, India from fishery-related practices. In addition, entanglement and ingestion of marine debris is listed as a major threat for this species. Coastal development, natural disasters, climate change, and other sources of beach erosion have also been cited as potential threats to nesting grounds. Additionally, coastal development also threatens newly hatched turtles through the effects of light pollution. Hatchlings which use light cues to orient themselves to the sea are now misled into moving towards land, and die from dehydration or exhaustion, or are killed on roads.

text: Other major threats include mortality associated with boat collisions, and incidental takes in fisheries.

text: Trawling

text: gill net

text: s, ghost nests,

text: longline fishing

text: , and pot fishing, have significantly affected olive ridley populations, as well as other species of marine turtles. Between 1993 and 2003, more than 100,000 olive ridley turtles were reported dead in

text: Odisha

text: , India from fishery-related practices. In addition, entanglement and ingestion of marine debris is listed as a major threat for this species. Coastal development, natural disasters,

text: climate change

text: , and other sources of

text: beach erosion

text: have also been cited as potential threats to nesting grounds. Additionally, coastal development also threatens newly hatched turtles through the effects of light pollution. Hatchlings which use light cues to orient themselves to the sea are now misled into moving towards land, and die from dehydration or exhaustion, or are killed on roads.

text: Because of land subsidence as a result of drainage, the primate lies higher than the surrounding land. When water levels drop in the summer, water is pumped from the Nederrijn to the Eem through the Vallei Canal. Because of agricultural pollution carried by the Eem towards the Eemmeer, the biological richness of this lake is less than that of the other lakes which surround Flevoland.

text: Because of land

text: subsidence

text: as a result of

text: drainage

text: , the primate lies higher than the surrounding land. When water levels drop in the summer, water is pumped from the

text: Nederrijn

text: to the Eem through the Vallei Canal. Because of agricultural pollution carried by the Eem towards the

text: Eemmeer

text: , the biological richness of this lake is less than that of the other lakes which surround

text: Flevoland

text: Two opposing camps have evolved in society with respect to nuclear power, one supporting and promoting nuclear power and another opposing it. At the heart of this divide sit different views of risk and individual beliefs regarding public involvement in making decisions about large-scale high technology. Questions which emerge include: is nuclear power safe for humans and the environment? Could another Chernobyl disaster or Fukushima disaster happen? Can we dispose of nuclear waste in a safe manner? Can nuclear power help to reduce climate change and air pollution in a timely way?

text: Two opposing camps have evolved in society with respect to nuclear power, one supporting and promoting nuclear power and another

text: opposing it

text: . At the heart of this divide sit different views of risk and individual beliefs regarding public involvement in making decisions about large-scale high technology. Questions which emerge include: is nuclear power safe for humans and the environment? Could another

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: or

text: Fukushima disaster

text: happen? Can we dispose of

text: nuclear waste

text: in a safe manner? Can nuclear power help to reduce

text: climate change

text: and

text: air pollution

text: in a timely way?

text: GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites.

text: GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of

text: toxic waste

text: . According to

text: EPA

text: documents, only the

text: United States Government

text: , Honeywell, and

text: Chevron Corporation

text: are responsible for producing more

text: Superfund

text: toxic waste sites.

text: Animal waste includes a number of potentially harmful pollutants. According to the EPA, pollutants associated with CAFO waste principally include:

text: Environmental degradation issues in Belize include deforestation, water pollution from sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and solid waste disposal.

text: Environmental degradation

text: issues in Belize include

text: deforestation

text: water pollution

text: from

text: sewage

text: , industrial

text: effluent

text: s,

text: agricultural runoff

text: , and

text: solid waste

text: disposal.

text: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: party to:

text: Air Pollution

text: , Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Law of the Sea

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: The waste material may consist of several pollutants including sulfates, heavy metals, and polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are toxic and carcinogenic.  To avoid contamination of the groundwater, the solid waste from the thermal treatment process is disposed in an open dump (landfill or "heaps"), not underground. As semi-coke consists of, in addition to minerals, up to 10% organics that may pose hazard to the environment owing  to leaching of toxic compounds as well as to the possibility of self-ignition.

text: The waste material may consist of several pollutants including

text: sulfate

text: s,

text: heavy metals

text: , and

text: polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

text: , some of which are

text: toxic

text: and

text: carcinogen

text: ic.  To avoid contamination of the groundwater, the solid waste from the thermal treatment process is disposed in an

text: open dump

text: landfill

text: or "heaps"), not underground. As semi-coke consists of, in addition to minerals, up to 10%

text: organics

text: that may pose hazard to the environment owing  to leaching of toxic compounds as well as to the possibility of self-ignition.

text: Furthermore, pollution and other forms of environmental harm are often felt more acutely by the poor, who cannot "buy their way out" of being receptors of air pollution, water pollution, etc. Such losses, although externalities, have real economic welfare impacts. Thus by reducing environmental harm, such instruments have a progressive effect.

text: Furthermore, pollution and other forms of environmental harm are often felt more acutely by the poor, who cannot "buy their way out" of being receptors of air pollution, water pollution, etc. Such losses, although

text: externalities

text: , have real economic welfare impacts. Thus by reducing environmental harm, such instruments have a progressive effect.

text: In AD 1175 to construct a bigger Church building, the Nazarene's of Thumpamon demolished the existing building. At this time, the authorizer of the Thumpamon Vadakkumnatha Temple which cannot desire antiquity prior toAD 950 opposed the reconstruction of the Church on the ground that the Velichappad of the temple had predicted that the construction of a Christian church there would pollute and de-santise the temple. The Raja was very much inclined to favour the Nazarene's as they were hardworking, peace-loving and model adhering to the lofty principles enshrined in Christianity. The Raja and his officers, therefore personally visited Thumpamon and surveyed the land which came with in his jurisdiction and permitted the construction of the church, notwithstanding the opposition of the land records residing nearly Thatta. The foundation for constructing a church building was laid on 15 August 1175 (15th Chingam 350 ME), the feast day of Virgin Mary.

text: In AD 1175 to construct a bigger Church building, the Nazarene's of Thumpamon demolished the existing building. At this time, the authorizer of the

text: Thumpamon Vadakkumnatha Temple

text: which cannot desire antiquity prior toAD 950 opposed the reconstruction of the Church on the ground that the Velichappad of the temple had predicted that the construction of a Christian church there would pollute and de-santise the temple. The Raja was very much inclined to favour the Nazarene's as they were hardworking, peace-loving and model adhering to the lofty principles enshrined in Christianity. The Raja and his officers, therefore personally visited Thumpamon and surveyed the land which came with in his jurisdiction and permitted the construction of the church, notwithstanding the opposition of the land records residing nearly Thatta. The foundation for constructing a church building was laid on 15 August 1175 (15th Chingam 350 ME), the feast day of Virgin Mary.

text: During that time, the manager of the hotel her mother was working in, suggested that she has a beautiful face with a vibrant smile and should start modelling and fixed a meeting with Marc Robinson. Though initially reluctant, she was persuaded and her first portfolio was created in January 2003, which she described as a "disaster". She began gaining notice through photo shoots and ramp shows and her second portfolio was set up the following year, which landed her three advertisements from Electrolux, Emami Talc and Fair and Lovely. The latter, in particular, which was directed by Rakesh Roshan, gave her exposure and brought in several offers for acting in feature films.

text: During that time, the manager of the hotel her mother was working in, suggested that she has a beautiful face with a vibrant smile and should start

text: modelling

text: and fixed a meeting with

text: Marc Robinson

text: . Though initially reluctant, she was persuaded and her first

text: portfolio

text: was created in January 2003, which she described as a "disaster". She began gaining notice through photo shoots and

text: ramp shows

text: and her second portfolio was set up the following year, which landed her three advertisements from

text: Electrolux

text: Emami Talc

text: and

text: Fair and Lovely

text: . The latter, in particular, which was directed by

text: Rakesh Roshan

text: , gave her exposure and brought in several offers for acting in feature films.

text: A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built upon the land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the  clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental Petroleum. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in the Love Canal region, including high rates of cancer and birth defects. This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president Jimmy Carter declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and Occidental paid $129 million in restitution.

text: A school was built on the site, and later a middle-class residential district was built upon the land adjacent to the site. The construction broke through the  clay seal containing the waste. In 1968, Hooker Chemical was purchased by Occidental Petroleum. In 1978, residents became concerned about unusual health issues in the Love Canal region, including high rates of

text: cancer

text: and

text: birth defects

text: . This subsequently became a national news story, and in 1980, president

text: Jimmy Carter

text: declared a federal emergency in the area. Residents were eventually relocated, and Occidental paid $129 million in restitution.

text: Veolia Environmental Services collects, recycles and treats waste. Its activities cover liquid waste, solid waste, hazardous or non-hazardous waste, and refuse collected from household and industrial sources.

text: In 1796,  Bertrand Gravier helped enlarge Faubourg by including Phillipa St., which is now called Poydress Street. Years later, in 1997, Gravier died and Jean Gravier, his brother, was appointed to be the new owner of this prosperous estate. He continued in his brother’s footsteps by further extending the Faubourg to Circus Street, which is currently regarded to as Rampart Street. As Jean Gravier continued to expand the Faubourg region, he included land that was located near Poydras St., and approximately 40 feet in width, for a Canal. This canal linked  with an agency in Bayou St. John, and flowed into an area which was called Hagan Avenue; although, this region between the canal is now noted as Jefferson Davis Parkway. In addition, to these expansions, Jean Gravier also designated a tract for a basin that linked to Canal St. During this time, the basin was an uninhabited district of land  which was allocated for the community. He later called this Basin “Place Gravier”.

text: Israel has a large number of environmental concerns ranging from natural hazards to man-made issues both resulting from ancient times to modern development. Natural hazards facing the country include sandstorms which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months, flash floods which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes,most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the Jordan Rift Valley. Current environmental concerns include the lack of arable land and natural fresh water resources. Whilst measures have been taken to irrigate and grow in the desert, the amount of water needed here poses issues. Desertification is also a risk possible on the desert fringe, whilst air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions and groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste are also issues facing the country. Furthermore, the effects of the use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides are issues facing the country.Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:

text: Israel has a large number of environmental concerns ranging from natural hazards to man-made issues both resulting from ancient times to modern development. Natural hazards facing the country include

text: sandstorms

text: which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months,

text: flash flood

text: s which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes,most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the

text: Jordan Rift Valley

text: . Current environmental concerns include the lack of

text: arable land

text: and natural fresh water resources. Whilst measures have been taken to irrigate and grow in the desert, the amount of water needed here poses issues.

text: Desertification

text: is also a risk possible on the desert fringe, whilst air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions and

text: groundwater pollution

text: from industrial and domestic waste are also issues facing the country. Furthermore, the effects of the use of

text: chemical fertilizers

text: , and

text: pesticide

text: s are issues facing the country.Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:

text: Earmarked as a dump in 1952, the site grew to be more than half a mile long and over 87 yards (80 meters) above sea level. The volume of waste was estimated at 16 million cubic meters. Calls to shut down the site mounted in the wake of the growing public awareness of environmental pollution, underground water contamination and the spread of noxious gases. Thousands of sea gulls and other birds attracted by the decomposing garbage created a hazard for commercial airliners taking off and landing at nearby Ben Gurion Airport.

text: According to its website the subcommittee dealt with the following; "Environmental protection in general, including the Safe Drinking Water Act and risk assessment matters; Solid waste, hazardous waste and toxic substances, including Superfund and RCRA; Mining, oil, gas, and coal combustion wastes; Noise pollution control; and, Homeland security-related aspects of the foregoing."

text: Air pollution risk is a function of the hazard of the pollutant and the exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be expressed for an individual, for certain groups (e.g. neighborhoods or children living in a country), or for entire populations. For example, one may want to calculate the exposure to a hazardous air pollutant for a geographic area, which includes the various microenvironments and age groups. This can be calculated as an inhalation exposure. This would account for daily exposure in various settings (e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations). The exposure needs to include different age and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women and other sensitive subpopulations. The exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with respect to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup for each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities (playing, cooking, reading, working, etc.). For example, a small child's inhalation rate will be less than that of an adult. A child engaged in vigorous exercise will have a higher respiration rate than the same child in a sedentary activity. The daily exposure, then, needs to reflect the time spent in each micro-environmental setting and the type of activities in these settings. The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity/microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure.

text: The canal water is said to be toxic and unhygienic. The samples of the canal water were examined at the Environment Department’s specialised laboratory in Lahore and showed “excessive limits of sulfide, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorine and sulphate; a disturbed pH balance and several other imbalances” because of the chemicals being thrown into the canal. The report found that all of the pollutants were in excess of the limit set by national environment quality standards.  Regrettably, lower-class citizens swim in that water and some even drink from it, oblivious to the fact that this polluted water can cause diseases like hepatitis and various skin diseases.

text: The canal water is said to be toxic and unhygienic. The samples of the canal water were examined at the Environment Department’s specialised laboratory in Lahore and showed “excessive limits of sulfide, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorine and sulphate; a disturbed pH balance and several other imbalances” because of the chemicals being thrown into the canal. The report found that all of the pollutants were in excess of the limit set by national environment quality standards.  Regrettably,

text: lower-class

text: citizens swim in that water and some even drink from it, oblivious to the fact that this polluted water can cause diseases like

text: hepatitis

text: and various skin diseases.

text: The dumpsite was declared an unprecedented state emergency on August 2, 1978. Brown, who wrote more than  a hundred articles on the dump, tested the groundwater and later found the dump was three times larger than originally thought, with possible ramifications beyond the original evacuation zone. He was also to discover that highly toxic dioxins were there. On August 2, 1978, Lois Gibbs, a local mother who called an election to head the Love Canal Homeowners' Association, began to rally homeowners. Her son, Michael Gibbs, began attending school in September 1977. He developed epilepsy in December, suffered from asthma and a urinary tract infection, and had a low white blood cell count, all associated with his exposure to the leaking chemical waste. Gibbs had learned from Brown that her neighborhood sat atop the buried chemical waste.

text: The dumpsite was declared an unprecedented state emergency on August 2, 1978. Brown, who wrote more than  a hundred articles on the dump, tested the groundwater and later found the dump was three times larger than originally thought, with possible ramifications beyond the original evacuation zone. He was also to discover that highly toxic

text: dioxins

text: were there. On August 2, 1978,

text: Lois Gibbs

text: , a local mother who called an election to head the Love Canal Homeowners' Association, began to rally homeowners. Her son, Michael Gibbs, began attending school in September 1977. He developed

text: epilepsy

text: in December, suffered from

text: asthma

text: and a

text: urinary tract infection

text: , and had a low

text: white blood cell

text: count, all associated with his exposure to the leaking chemical waste. Gibbs had learned from Brown that her neighborhood sat atop the buried chemical waste.

text: It is classified as a UNEP Persistent Organic Pollutant and WHO Toxicity Class, "Ia, Extremely Hazardous".

text: It is classified as a

text: UNEP

text: Persistent Organic Pollutant

text: and

text: WHO

text: Toxicity Class

text: , "Ia, Extremely Hazardous".

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant pollution due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a depression). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of Jiu river.

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant

text: pollution

text: due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a

text: depression

text: ). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of

text: Jiu river

text: Examples of land pollution include:

text: Examples of land pollution include:

text: Reducing the amount of waste produced is by far the most effective way to battle the flow of garbage into the landfill.  Reduce because what is not produced cannot pollute. Reducing consumption saves money and reduces pollution. There are many opportunities to reduce the amount of waste generated simply by changing individual habits and office procedures.

text: Reducing

text: the amount of waste produced is by far the most effective way to battle the flow of

text: garbage

text: into the

text: landfill

text: .  Reduce because what is not produced cannot pollute. Reducing consumption saves money and reduces pollution. There are many opportunities to reduce the amount of waste generated simply by changing individual habits and office procedures.

text: In 2005 the existence of a vast polluted area on the shores of the Flix Reservoir was disclosed. The environmental disaster involving large quantities of toxic waste was caused by the Ercros chemical factory, located by the shore of the artificial lake. Following this disclosure an ambitious plan to clean up the area has been drawn. This plan involves the building of containment barriers and the removal and treatment of the hazardous chemical waste.

text: In 2005 the existence of a vast

text: polluted

text: area on the shores of the Flix Reservoir was disclosed. The

text: environmental disaster

text: involving large quantities of

text: toxic waste

text: was caused by the

text: Ercros

text: chemical factory

text: , located by the shore of the artificial lake. Following this disclosure an ambitious plan to clean up the area has been drawn. This plan involves the building of containment barriers and the removal and treatment of the hazardous chemical waste.

text: In the following years, Gibbs led an effort to investigate community concerns about the health of its residents. She and other residents made repeated complaints of strange odors and "substances" that surfaced in their yards. In Gibbs' neighborhood, there was a high rate of unexplained illnesses, miscarriages, and intellectual disability. Basements were often covered with a thick, black substance, and vegetation was dying.  In many yards, the only vegetation that grew were shrubby grasses. Although city officials were asked to investigate the area, they did not act to solve the problem. Niagara Falls mayor Michael O'Laughlin infamously stated that there was "nothing wrong" in Love Canal.

text: LeBreton Flats was named after retired Royal Navy Captain John LeBreton (1779-1848), one of Nepean Township's first settlers (c. 1819) and a hero of the War of 1812 (as adjunct with the Canadian Voltigeurs in 1812). His acquisition of the flats generated a controversy that simmers to this day. The account, according his detractors, goes as follows. In 1820, LeBreton lived at the community of Britannia, Ottawa, and overheard Lord Dalhousie explain that the intended plan for the Rideau Canal was from Dow's Lake to the Chaudière Falls, directly crossing the flats. LeBreton bought for the land for £499, before Lord Dalhousie had a chance to purchase the territory. LeBreton then offered to sell the land to Dalhousie for £3000. Dalhousie recognized LeBreton's scam and was so infuriated he decided to move the canal to Entrance Bay, the current location where the canal enters into the Ottawa River. This significantly raised the cost of the canal, as it was a longer route and additional locks were now required. At the same time, Dalhousie purchased Barracks Hill as part of the agreement, which would become Parliament Hill. For his part, LeBreton vigously maintained that he had purchased the land fairly at a public auction and that he had been grievously wronged by Dalhousie and those in the community who took the Governor General's side. There is solid documentary evidence that LeBreton was one of the few to grasp the commercial value of the flats and that he had begun to make offers to acquire land there as early as 1818, well before the Canal was approved or any route revealed. LeBreton presented Dalhousie with a lengthy written defence against the allegations. These arguments Dalhousie somewhat peremptorily dismissed, entrenching the notion of LeBreton as a swindler in local legend.

text: LeBreton Flats was named after retired

text: Royal Navy

text: Captain

text: John LeBreton

text: (1779-1848), one of

text: Nepean Township

text: 's first settlers (c. 1819) and a hero of the

text: War of 1812

text: (as adjunct with the

text: Canadian Voltigeurs

text: in 1812). His acquisition of the flats generated a controversy that simmers to this day. The account, according his detractors, goes as follows. In 1820, LeBreton lived at the community of

text: Britannia, Ottawa

text: , and overheard

text: Lord Dalhousie

text: explain that the intended plan for the

text: Rideau Canal

text: was from

text: Dow's Lake

text: to the

text: Chaudière Falls

text: , directly crossing the flats. LeBreton bought for the land for £499, before Lord Dalhousie had a chance to purchase the territory. LeBreton then offered to sell the land to Dalhousie for £3000. Dalhousie recognized LeBreton's scam and was so infuriated he decided to move the canal to

text: Entrance Bay

text: , the current location where the canal enters into the

text: Ottawa River

text: . This significantly raised the cost of the canal, as it was a longer route and additional

text: locks

text: were now required. At the same time, Dalhousie purchased

text: Barracks Hil

text: l as part of the agreement, which would become

text: Parliament Hill

text: . For his part, LeBreton vigously maintained that he had purchased the land fairly at a public auction and that he had been grievously wronged by Dalhousie and those in the community who took the Governor General's side. There is solid documentary evidence that LeBreton was one of the few to grasp the commercial value of the flats and that he had begun to make offers to acquire land there as early as 1818, well before the Canal was approved or any route revealed. LeBreton presented Dalhousie with a lengthy written defence against the allegations. These arguments Dalhousie somewhat peremptorily dismissed, entrenching the notion of LeBreton as a swindler in local legend.

text: Because of the high solubility of most PPCPs, aquatic organisms are especially vulnerable to their effects.  Researchers have found that a class of antidepressants may be found in frogs and can significantly slow their development.  The increased presence of estrogen and other synthetic hormones in waste water due to birth control and hormonal therapies has been linked to increased feminization of exposed fish and other aquatic organisms. The chemicals within these PPCP products could either affect the feminization or masculinization of different fishes, therefore affecting their reproductive rates. In addition to being found only in waterways, the ingredients of some PPCPs can also be found in the soil. Since some of these substances take a long time or cannot be degraded biologically, they make their way up the food chain. Information pertaining to the transport and fate of these hormones and their metabolites in dairy waste disposal is still being investigated, yet research suggest that the land application of solid wastes is likely linked with more hormone contamination problems. Not only does the pollution from PPCPs affect marine ecosystems, but also those habitats that depend on this polluted water.

text: The population that lives along or near our coastlines are an extremely vulnerable population.  There are numerous issues facing our coastlines and there are two main categories that these hazards can be placed under, Natural disasters and Human disasters.  Both of these issues cause great damage to our coastlines and discussion is still ongoing regarding what standards or responses need to be met to help both the individuals who want to continue living along the coastline, while keeping them safe and not eroding more coastline away.  Natural disasters are disasters that are out of human control and are usually caused by the weather.  Disasters that include but are not limited to; storms, tsunamis, typhoons, flooding, tides, waterspouts, nor'easters, and storm surge.  Human disasters occur when humans are the main culprit behind why the disaster happened.  Some human disasters are but are not limited to; pollution, trawling, and human development. Natural and human disasters continue to harm the coastlines severely and they need to be researched in order to prepare/stop the hazards if possible.

text: The population that lives along or near our coastlines are an extremely vulnerable population.  There are numerous issues facing our coastlines and there are two main categories that these hazards can be placed under,

text: Natural disasters

text: and Human disasters.  Both of these issues cause great damage to our coastlines and discussion is still ongoing regarding what standards or responses need to be met to help both the individuals who want to continue living along the coastline, while keeping them safe and not eroding more coastline away.  Natural disasters are disasters that are out of human control and are usually caused by the weather.  Disasters that include but are not limited to;

text: storms

text: tsunamis

text: typhoons

text: flooding

text: tides

text: waterspouts

text: nor'easters

text: , and

text: storm surge

text: .  Human disasters occur when humans are the main culprit behind why the disaster happened.  Some human disasters are but are not limited to;

text: pollution

text: trawling

text: , and human development. Natural and human disasters continue to harm the coastlines severely and they need to be researched in order to prepare/stop the hazards if possible.

text: In 1978, Beaumont created a set of chromogenic prints entitled Love Canal USA.  Hooker Chemical Company had used the Love Canal, near Niagara Falls, New York, as a dumping site for several decades. The waste eventually seeped into and contaminated the neighborhood's soil and groundwater, leading to a host of health problems for residents. Her photographs of deserted and boarded houses surrounding Love Canal addressed the concepts of community identity, what "home" is to those dispossessed, and the reclamation of a history propelled by pollution and corporate neglect that sought for it to be erased.

text: In 1978, Beaumont created a set of chromogenic prints entitled Love Canal USA.

text: Hooker Chemical Company

text: had used the

text: Love Canal

text: , near

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: , as a dumping site for several decades. The waste eventually seeped into and contaminated the neighborhood's soil and groundwater, leading to a host of health problems for residents. Her photographs of deserted and boarded houses surrounding Love Canal addressed the concepts of community identity, what "home" is to those dispossessed, and the reclamation of a history propelled by pollution and corporate neglect that sought for it to be erased.

text: According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1979, residents exhibited a "disturbingly high rate of miscarriages ... Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics, ranging from industrial workers stricken by nervous disorders and cancers to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers." In one case, two out of four children in a single Love Canal family had birth defects; one girl was born deaf with a cleft palate, an extra row of teeth, and slight retardation, and a boy was born with an eye defect.

text: According to the

text: (EPA) in 1979, residents exhibited a "disturbingly high rate of

text: miscarriage

text: s ... Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics, ranging from industrial workers stricken by

text: nervous disorders

text: and

text: cancer

text: s to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers." In one case, two out of four children in a single Love Canal family had

text: birth defects

text: ; one girl was born

text: deaf

text: with a

text: cleft palate

text: , an extra row of teeth, and slight

text: retardation

text: , and a boy was born with an eye defect.

text: Irrigation agriculture has been one of the primary economic mainstays of the lower Kura valley since ancient times. Because of water taken out for irrigation use, up to 20% of the water that formerly flowed in the river no longer reaches the Caspian Sea. Over 70% of the water in the Iori (Gabirry) River, a major tributary of the Kura, is expended before it reaches Lake Mingachevir. Of the  of agricultural land in the lower Kura River watershed, , about 31%, are irrigated. Much of the water diverted from the river for irrigation goes to waste because of leakage from the canals, evaporation, poor maintenance, and other causes. Leaking water causes groundwater to rise, in some areas so high that about  of land are so waterlogged that they are no longer suitable for agriculture. About  of the irrigated lands have a dangerously high salt content because of mineral deposits from irrigation. Of this,  are extremely salinated. Irrigation return water, returned to the river by an extensive but outdated drainage system, contributes to severe pollution. Some of this degradation also comes from industrial and municipal wastewater discharge.

text: Obsolete computers and old electronics are valuable sources for secondary raw materials if recycled; otherwise, these devices are a source of toxins and carcinogens. Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of computers and other electronic components around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before applying a technical solution. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, estimates 30 to 40 million surplus PCs, classified as "hazardous household waste", would be ready for end-of-life management in the next few years. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now surplus electronics.

text: Obsolete computers and old electronics are valuable sources for secondary raw materials if recycled; otherwise, these devices are a source of

text: toxins

text: and

text: carcinogen

text: s. Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and

text: planned obsolescence

text: have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of computers and other electronic components around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before applying a technical solution. The

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: , estimates 30 to 40 million surplus

text: PCs

text: , classified as "hazardous household waste", would be ready for end-of-life management in the next few years. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now surplus electronics.

text: As ecosystems, this is one of the estuaries that is under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing. This is also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as plastics, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life. Industrial pollutants, such as phenols and heavy metals, can devastate fish stocks and damage the estuary soil. Estuaries tend to be naturally eutrophic because land run off discharges nutrients into estuaries. With human activities, land run-off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. Excess oxygen depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of dead zones. It can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

text: As

text: ecosystems

text: , this is one of the

text: estuaries

text: that is under threat from human activities such as pollution and

text: overfishing

text: . This is also threatened by

text: sewage

text: , coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as

text: pollutants

text: and

text: sediments

text: . Land run-off and

text: industrial

text: agricultural

text: , and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as plastics, pesticides,

text: furan

text: s, dioxins, phenols and heavy metals. Such

text: toxins

text: can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life. Industrial pollutants, such as

text: phenols

text: and heavy metals, can devastate fish stocks and damage the estuary soil. Estuaries tend to be naturally

text: eutrophic

text: because land run off discharges nutrients into estuaries. With human activities, land run-off also now includes the many chemicals used as

text: fertilizers

text: in agriculture as well as waste from

text: livestock

text: and humans. Excess

text: oxygen

text: depleting chemicals in the water can lead to

text: hypoxia

text: and the creation of dead zones. It can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations.

text: In 1998 Barkan factories generated each year an estimated 810,000 cubic meters of industrial wastewater, which flowed untreated from the 3 storage tanks, after a design defect, made them nonoperational when overloaded, into a nearby wadi into the agricultural lands of the Palestinian villages of Sarta, Kafr ad-Dik and Bruqin, and reportedly polluting the groundwater with heavy metals.  According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health roughly 70% of cancers among Palestinians in the contiguous Salfit Governorate occur among people living near the industrial park and exposed to the waste overflow.

text: In 1998 Barkan factories generated each year an estimated 810,000 cubic meters of industrial wastewater, which flowed untreated from the 3 storage tanks, after a design defect, made them nonoperational when overloaded, into a nearby

text: wadi

text: into the agricultural lands of the Palestinian villages of

text: Sarta

text: Kafr ad-Dik

text: and

text: Bruqin

text: , and reportedly polluting the groundwater with heavy metals.  According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health roughly 70% of cancers among Palestinians in the contiguous

text: Salfit Governorate

text: occur among people living near the industrial park and exposed to the waste overflow.

text: Steps to reduce Miracle's pollution and waste include:

text: Steps to reduce Miracle's

text: pollution

text: and

text: waste

text: include:

text: As a center for military air operations, Westover Air Reserve Base poses several hazards to local residents. These include air pollution, noise pollution, and water contamination hazards – all of which are shared with similar-sized commercial airports.  Westover's extended operations history has produced numerous hazardous waste sites.</blockquote>

text: After the Love Canal disaster, the city witnessed a reversal of fortunes, as labor in Niagara Falls was cheaper to outsource to other countries. Several factories closed, the population dropped by half, and workers fled the city in search of jobs elsewhere. Much like the nearby city of Buffalo, the city's economy plummeted downward when a failed urban renewal project took place resulting in the destruction of Falls Street and the tourist district.

text: After the Love Canal disaster, the city witnessed a reversal of fortunes, as labor in Niagara Falls was cheaper to outsource to other countries. Several factories closed, the population dropped by half, and workers fled the city in search of jobs elsewhere. Much like the nearby city of Buffalo, the city's economy plummeted downward when a failed

text: urban renewal

text: project took place resulting in the destruction of Falls Street and the tourist district.

text: The earliest known treatises dealing with environmentalism and environmental science, especially pollution, were Arabic medical treatises written by al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, and Ibn al-Nafis. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, municipal solid waste mishandling, and environmental impact assessments of certain localities. Cordoba, Al-Andalus also had the first waste containers and waste disposal facilities for litter collection.

text: The earliest known treatises dealing with environmentalism and

text: environmental science

text: , especially pollution, were

text: Arabic medical treatises

text: written by

text: al-Kindi

text: Qusta ibn Luqa

text: al-Razi

text: Ibn Al-Jazzar

text: al-Tamimi

text: al-Masihi

text: Avicenna

text: Ali ibn Ridwan

text: Ibn Jumay

text: Isaac Israeli ben Solomon

entity_name: Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)

text: Abd-el-latif

text: , Ibn al-Quff, and

text: Ibn al-Nafis

text: . Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollution such as air pollution,

text: water pollution

text: soil contamination

text: municipal solid waste

text: mishandling, and

text: environmental impact assessment

text: s of certain localities.

text: Cordoba

text: Al-Andalus

text: also had the first

text: waste container

text: s and

text: waste disposal

text: facilities for

text: litter

text: collection.

text: Other criticisms of Communist rule focus on environmental disasters. One example is the gradual disappearance of the Aral Sea and a similar diminishing of the Caspian Sea because of the diversion of the rivers that fed them. Another is the pollution of the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the unique freshwater environment of Lake Baikal. Many of the rivers were polluted; several, like the Vistula and Oder rivers in Poland, were virtually ecologically dead. Over 70 percent of the surface water in the Soviet Union was polluted. In 1988 only 30 percent of the sewage in the Soviet Union was treated properly. Established health standards for air pollution was exceeded by ten times or more in 103 cities in the Soviet Union in 1988. The air pollution problem was even more severe in Eastern Europe. It caused a rapid growth in lung cancer, forest die-back, and damage to buildings and cultural heritages. According to official sources, 58 percent of total agricultural land of the former Soviet Union was affected by salinization, erosion, acidity, or waterlogging. Nuclear waste was dumped in the Sea of Japan, the Arctic Ocean, and in locations in the Far East. It was revealed in 1992 that in the city of Moscow there were 636 radioactive toxic waste sites and 1,500 in Saint Petersburg. Besides, according to the US Department of Energy, socialist economies maintained a much higher level of energy intensity than either the Western nations or the Third World. This analysis is confirmed by the Institute of Economic Affairs: According to Mikhail Bernstam from the IEA, economies of the Eastern Bloc had an energy intensity between twice and three times higher as economies of the West.Some see the aforementioned examples of environmental degradation are similar to what had occurred in Western capitalist countries during the height of their drive to industrialize, in the 19th century. Others claim that Communist regimes did more damage than average, primarily due to the lack of any popular or political pressure to research environmentally friendly technologies.

text: Other criticisms of Communist rule focus on environmental disasters. One example is the gradual disappearance of the

text: Aral Sea

text: and a similar diminishing of the

text: Caspian Sea

text: because of the diversion of the rivers that fed them. Another is the pollution of the

text: Black Sea

text: , the

text: Baltic Sea

text: , and the unique freshwater environment of

text: Lake Baikal

text: . Many of the rivers were polluted; several, like the

text: Vistula

text: and

text: Oder

text: rivers in Poland, were virtually ecologically dead. Over 70 percent of the surface water in the Soviet Union was polluted. In 1988 only 30 percent of the

text: sewage

text: in the Soviet Union was treated properly. Established health standards for

text: air pollution

text: was exceeded by ten times or more in 103 cities in the Soviet Union in 1988. The air pollution problem was even more severe in Eastern Europe. It caused a rapid growth in

text: lung cancer

text: , forest die-back, and damage to buildings and cultural heritages. According to official sources, 58 percent of total agricultural land of the former Soviet Union was affected by

text: salinization

text: erosion

text: acidity

text: , or

text: waterlogging

text: . Nuclear waste was dumped in the

text: Sea of Japan

text: , the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , and in locations in the Far East. It was revealed in 1992 that in the city of

text: Moscow

text: there were 636 radioactive toxic waste sites and 1,500 in

text: Saint Petersburg

text: . Besides, according to the US Department of Energy, socialist economies maintained a much higher level of

text: energy intensity

text: than either the Western nations or the Third World. This analysis is confirmed by the

text: Institute of Economic Affairs

text: : According to

text: Mikhail Bernstam

text: from the IEA, economies of the

text: Eastern Bloc

text: had an energy intensity between twice and three times higher as economies of the West.Some see the aforementioned examples of environmental degradation are similar to what had occurred in Western capitalist countries during the height of their drive to industrialize, in the 19th century. Others claim that Communist regimes did more damage than average, primarily due to the lack of any popular or political pressure to research environmentally friendly technologies.

text: Permit procedures for liquid animal waste-management systems are described in APCEC Regulation 5 enacted in May 2012 (Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, 2012b). An objective of the regulation is to control nutrients from confined animal operations with such systems. Obtaining a permit requires, among other conditions, an approved waste-management plan that is prepared by Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, a Certified Nutrient Management Planner, a water-quality technician from ANRC, or a professional engineer. By limiting the amount of nutrients applied to those actually required by crops, excess amounts of nutrients can be controlled and surface water and groundwater protected.

text: Permit procedures for liquid animal waste-management systems are described in APCEC Regulation 5 enacted in May 2012 (Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, 2012b). An objective of the regulation is to control nutrients from confined animal operations with such systems. Obtaining a permit requires, among other conditions, an approved waste-management plan that is prepared by

text: Natural Resource Conservation Service

text: (NRCS), the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, a Certified Nutrient Management Planner, a water-quality technician from ANRC, or a professional engineer. By limiting the amount of nutrients applied to those actually required by crops, excess amounts of nutrients can be controlled and surface water and groundwater protected.

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit water pollution from diffuse or nonpoint effluent sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent. Nonpoint water pollution sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of water pollution in the United States, accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike point source pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit

text: water pollution

text: from diffuse or nonpoint

text: effluent

text: sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent.

text: Nonpoint water pollution

text: sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of

text: water pollution in the United States

text: , accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike

text: point source

text: pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

text: The city suffers from problems related to overpopulation, such as waste management, high levels of air pollution and significant noise pollution. Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern as the number of cars has increased. These are mostly 1990s and early 2000s diesel cars, while it is widely believed that the fuel used in Albania contains larger amounts of sulfur and lead than in the European Union. Another source of pollution are PM10 and PM2.5 inhaled particulate matter and NO2 gases resulting from rapid growth in the construction of new buildings and expanding road infrastructure. Untreated solid waste is present in the city and outskirts. Additionally, there have been complaints of excessive noise pollution. Despite the problems, the Big Park at the Tirana Artificial Lake has some effect on absorbing CO emissions, while over 2 000 trees have been planted around sidewalks. The work of four new parks began in the summer of 2015 located in: Kashar, Farke, Vaqarr, and Dajt. these parks are part of the new urban planning striving to increase the concentration of green spaces in the capital.

text: The city suffers from problems related to

text: overpopulation

text: , such as

text: waste management

text: , high levels of

text: air pollution

text: and significant

text: noise pollution

text: . Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern as the number of cars has increased. These are mostly 1990s and early 2000s

text: diesel

text: cars, while it is widely believed that the

text: fuel

text: used in Albania contains larger amounts of

text: sulfur

text: and

text: lead

text: than in the

text: European Union

text: . Another source of pollution are PM10 and PM2.5

text: inhaled particulate matter

text: and

text: gases resulting from rapid growth in the construction of new buildings and expanding road infrastructure. Untreated

text: solid waste

text: is present in the city and outskirts. Additionally, there have been complaints of excessive

text: noise pollution

text: . Despite the problems, the Big Park at the Tirana Artificial Lake has some effect on absorbing CO emissions, while over 2 000 trees have been planted around sidewalks. The work of four new parks began in the summer of 2015 located in: Kashar, Farke, Vaqarr, and Dajt. these parks are part of the new urban planning striving to increase the concentration of green spaces in the capital.

text: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011 severely affected this industry, as the village, located only 10 km away from the nuclear powerplants, was heavily polluted by radioactive material, and all craftsmen had to leave their workshops. A new workshop opened at Nihonmatsu, Fukushima.

text: The

text: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: in March 2011 severely affected this industry, as the village, located only 10 km away from the nuclear powerplants, was heavily polluted by radioactive material, and all craftsmen had to leave their workshops. A new workshop opened at

text: Nihonmatsu, Fukushima

text: One of the biggest problems with today's toxic material is how to dispose of it properly. Decades ago it was dumped into streams, rivers and oceans or buried underground with landfills.The United States created the regulatory agency called the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that was enacted in 1976 for the purpose of regulating toxic material. There are standards and laws developed to protect people and the environment from future harm due to improper handling of toxic waste. The agriculture industry uses over 800,000 tons of pesticides worldwide annually that contaminates the soils and eventually infiltrates into the groundwater causing drinking water to contain toxic chemicals. The oceans can be polluted from the stormdrain runoff of these chemicals as well. Toxic waste in the form of petrolium oil can either spill into the oceans from pipe leaks or large ships, but it can also enter the oceans from everyday citizens dumping car oil into the rainstorm sewer systems. Disposal is the placement of waste into or on the land. Disposal facilities are usually designed to permanently contain the waste and prevent the release of harmful pollutants to the environment. The most common hazardous waste disposal practice is placement in a land disposal unit such as a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, land treatment unit, or injection well.  Land disposal is subject to requirements under EPA’s Land Disposal Restrictions Program.<ref>.

text: Pollution, trawling, and human development are major human disasters that affect coastal regions.  There are two main categories related to pollution, point source pollution, and nonpoint source pollution.  Point source pollution is when there is an exact location such as a pipeline or a body of water that leads into the rivers and oceans.  Known dumping into the ocean is also another point source of pollution.  Nonpoint source pollution would pertain more to fertilizer runoff, and industrial waste.  Examples of pollution that affect the coastal regions are but are not limited to; fertilizer runoff, oil spills, and dumping of hazardous materials into the oceans.  More human acts that hurt the coastline are as follows; waste discharge, fishing, dredging, mining, and drilling.  Oil spills are one of the most hazardous dangers towards coastal communities.  They are hard to contain, difficult to clean up, and devastate everything.  The fish, animals such as birds, the water, and especially the coastline near the spill.  The most recent oil spill that had everybody concerned with oil spill was the BP oil spill.

text: Pollution, trawling, and human development are major human disasters that affect coastal regions.  There are two main categories related to pollution,

text: point source pollution

text: , and

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: .  Point source pollution is when there is an exact location such as a pipeline or a body of water that leads into the rivers and oceans.  Known dumping into the ocean is also another point source of pollution.  Nonpoint source pollution would pertain more to fertilizer runoff, and industrial waste.  Examples of pollution that affect the coastal regions are but are not limited to; fertilizer runoff, oil spills, and dumping of hazardous materials into the oceans.  More human acts that hurt the coastline are as follows; waste discharge, fishing, dredging, mining, and drilling.  Oil spills are one of the most hazardous dangers towards coastal communities.  They are hard to contain, difficult to clean up, and devastate everything.  The fish, animals such as birds, the water, and especially the coastline near the spill.  The most recent oil spill that had everybody concerned with oil spill was the

text: BP oil spill

text: Because of the expense associated with the disposal of HHW, it is still legal for most homeowners in the U.S. to dispose of most types of household hazardous wastes as municipal solid waste (MSW) and these wastes can be put in your trash.  Laws vary by state and municipality and they are changing every day.  Be sure to check with your local environmental regulatory agency, solid waste authority, or health department to find out how HHW is managed in your area.

text: Because of the expense associated with the disposal of HHW, it is still legal for most homeowners in the U.S. to dispose of most types of household hazardous wastes as

text: municipal solid waste

text: (MSW) and these wastes can be put in your trash.  Laws vary by state and municipality and they are changing every day.  Be sure to check with your local environmental regulatory agency, solid waste authority, or health department to find out how HHW is managed in your area.

text: Hazardous wastes cause harmful environmental effects. As a result, the EMAS Regulation is clear on the fact that hazardous waste has to be reported under a specific indicator.

text: The military expropriated the entire peninsula south of the runway. The location of the airport was at the time controversial mostly because of expropriation of agricultural land. Alternative locations were considered, such as at Straumøya and Fauskemyrene, but Bodø was preferred by civilian authorities because of its proximity to the town. Later, two other major concerns, which were not evident at the time, would arise. Firstly, the air station's occupation of the central location meant that Bodø would spread out west-wast, giving a less compact cityscape. Second, introduction of new aircraft would create significant noise pollution.

text: The military

text: expropriated

text: the entire peninsula south of the runway. The location of the airport was at the time controversial mostly because of expropriation of agricultural land. Alternative locations were considered, such as at

text: Straumøya

text: and Fauskemyrene, but Bodø was preferred by civilian authorities because of its proximity to the town. Later, two other major concerns, which were not evident at the time, would arise. Firstly, the air station's occupation of the central location meant that Bodø would

text: spread out

text: west-wast, giving a less compact cityscape. Second, introduction of new aircraft would create significant noise pollution.

text: The effect of waste and chemical clutter led to one of the most prominent environmental problems in Georgia. Environmental pollution caused by littering of hazardous wastes and landfill abuse puts the country into habitual danger. Moreover, accumulated litter and disorderly management of trash aggravate the current situation of their domain. There are 63 registered landfills, which occupy more than 300 ha of which 203 ha are active landfills (MENRP 2012). Most of these landfill sites operate without proper measure, supervision by the government, and proper integration of waste collection system. Currently, the standardized collection of household wastes is only executed in big cities and district centers, disregarding garbage collection in other places, which further impairs the waste management issue of their country. In some settlements, particularly in villages, residents tend to solve their waste problems by dumping wastes in nearby ravines, along the roads or onto riverbanks.

text: The major environmental issues in Argentina are pollution and the loss of agricultural lands. The soil is threatened by erosion, salinization, and deforestation. Air pollution is also a problem due to chemical agents from industrial sources. The water supply is threatened by uncontrolled dumping of pesticides, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. Argentina has a renewable water supply of 276 cubic km. In 2002, some 97% of all city dwellers and over 70% of rural dwellers had access to improved water sources. In 2000, about 12.7% of the land area contained forest and woodland.

text: The major environmental issues in Argentina are

text: pollution

text: and the loss of agricultural lands. The soil is threatened by

text: erosion

text: salinization

text: , and

text: deforestation

text: Air pollution

text: is also a problem due to chemical agents from industrial sources. The water supply is threatened by uncontrolled dumping of

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: hydrocarbon

text: s, and

text: heavy metal

text: s. Argentina has a renewable water supply of 276 cubic km. In 2002, some 97% of all city dwellers and over 70% of rural dwellers had access to improved water sources. In 2000, about 12.7% of the land area contained forest and woodland.

text: According to the Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network, "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include water shortages, contaminated remaining drinking water, uncontrolled discharge and untreated sewage flowing in the streets resulting in groundwater pollution, pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

text: According to the

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: , "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include

text: water shortages

text: , contaminated remaining

text: drinking water

text: , uncontrolled discharge and

text: untreated sewage

text: flowing in the streets resulting in

text: groundwater pollution

text: , pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

text: There are several large threats to this region. Many of California’s large population centers are located within it which causes stress on the surrounding environment because people have a desire to move to California so new homes and industry have to be established in order to accommodate all of the people moving into the region and this requires expansion. Research shows that this eco region is already 20% urban environments and 15% agricultural lands. The research also concluded that population density and urban area has increased by 13% between 1990 and 2000 while agricultural lands in the region have only expanded by 1%. The study conducted also showed direct relationships between the growth of the population and the number of species that were threatened in the area. Expansion will break up the contiguous landscape and move humans closer to the native flora and fauna which will over pressure species that need large open tracts of land to thrive and harm the species diversity of the region. Prevailing winds coming from the west off of the Pacific Ocean all of the pollution created gets carried up to these higher inland sites and causes the species there to suffer with the pollution generated.

text: On 17 November 1996, a special meeting of the Contracting Parties adopted the "1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972" which is to replace the 1972 Convention, subject to ratification. In line with UNCED's Agenda 21, the 1996 Protocol reflects the global trend towards precaution and prevention with the parties agreeing to move from controlled dispersal at sea of a variety of land-generated wastes towards integrated land-based solutions for most, and controlled sea disposal of few, remaining categories of wastes or other matter.

text: The Valley of the Drums is a 23-acre (9.3 hectare) toxic waste site in northern Bullitt County, Kentucky, near Louisville, named after the waste-containing drums strewn across the area. It is known as one of the primary motivations for the passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or Superfund Act of 1980. While the widely publicized Love Canal disaster is often credited as the reason the Superfund law was passed, Love Canal activist Lois Gibbs has said that Love Canal looked like a suburban community, while "Valley of the Drums became the visualization of the problem."

text: The Valley of the Drums is a 23-acre (9.3 hectare)

text: toxic waste

text: site in northern

text: Bullitt County, Kentucky

text: , near

text: Louisville

text: , named after the waste-containing

text: drum

text: s strewn across the area. It is known as one of the primary motivations for the passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or

text: Superfund

text: Act of 1980. While the widely publicized

text: Love Canal

text: disaster is often credited as the reason the Superfund law was passed, Love Canal activist

text: Lois Gibbs

text: has said that Love Canal looked like a suburban community, while "Valley of the Drums became the visualization of the problem."

text: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) was built in 1942 to manufacture chemical weapons. A portion of the site was leased to private industry in 1946 for petroleum production and agricultural and industrial chemical manufacturing. When the American chemical weapons program was shut down after the Vietnam War, the RMA served as a site for dismantling and disposing of these weapons. The Shell Oil Company also used a portion of the site in the 1980s to produce pesticides. The RMA was closed in 1985, and in 1987 environmental testing revealed that the site was extremely polluted. The RMA was listed on the National Priorities List, a list of hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed under the federal Superfund program run by the Environmental Protection Agency.

text: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) was built in 1942 to manufacture

text: chemical weapons

text: . A portion of the site was leased to private industry in 1946 for petroleum production and agricultural and industrial chemical manufacturing. When the American chemical weapons program was shut down after the

text: Vietnam War

text: , the RMA served as a site for dismantling and disposing of these weapons. The

text: Shell Oil Company

text: also used a portion of the site in the 1980s to produce pesticides. The RMA was closed in 1985, and in 1987 environmental testing revealed that the site was extremely polluted. The RMA was listed on the

text: National Priorities List

text: , a list of

text: hazardous waste

text: sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed under the federal

text: Superfund

text: program run by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: Solid waste pollution includes pollutants like agricultural waste, construction waste, electronic waste, hazardous waste, medical, and mining waste. The two prevailing strategies for solid waste management are prevention and treatment/disposal. Waste prevention is the preferable, both economically and environmentally, as it does not necessitate costly removal and storage. Many of the same ethical issues related above manifest themselves with the handling and storage of solid waste, as well as an additional social justice issue of exactly where the storage area for solid waste should be located.

text: Under United States environmental policy, hazardous waste is a waste (usually a solid waste) that has the potential to:

text: Under

entity_name: Environmental policy of the United States

text: United States environmental policy

text: hazardous waste

text: is a waste (usually a solid waste) that has the potential to:

text: Sociopolitical explanations argue that industry and government seek the path of least resistance when siting new hazardous waste facilities. In an effort to avoid controversy, sites are located in areas where communities are least capable of mounting an opposition. More plainly, facilities are located in areas where communities are not capable to politicize and oppose the new factory. Further, communities without a high degree of pre-existing social capital as well as low levels of voting behavior, home ownership, wealth, and disposable income are more vulnerable to high concentrations of polluting facilities than other communities.

text: Art 196. Pollution of Natural Environment: "Pollution or damage of land, water, or atmospheric air, resulted in mass disease incidence of people, death of animals, birds, or fish, or other grave consequences – shall be punished ..."

text: Environment - current issues:Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service industries after the country regained independence; the main environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality and sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, as well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010

text: The original hilltop, significantly higher than the present elevation, was dynamited for development in the 1950s. The rubble was used to fill marshlands, widening the point and connecting it to the mainland. A dump for industrial waste filled tidelands north of the original point, separated from it by a tidal channel draining Hoffmann Marsh. This area became known as "Battery Point" because of the large number of batteries buried there. Industrial uses from pesticide manufacturing to waste-oil recycling, as well as a pistol range, left the land north and east of Point Isabel among the most polluted brownfield sites along San Francisco Bay, although some of these have been remediated. Dumping also changed the south shore; for example, the area known as "Tepco Beach" is covered with pastel fragments of china from an El Cerrito manufacturer. In recent years, part of the original point, Hoffman Marsh to the east, and later Battery Point were acquired by the East Bay Regional Parks District for its Point Isabel Regional Shoreline, and also by the State of California for its Eastshore State Park.

text: The original hilltop, significantly higher than the present elevation, was dynamited for development in the 1950s. The rubble was used to fill marshlands, widening the point and connecting it to the mainland. A dump for industrial waste filled tidelands north of the original point, separated from it by a tidal channel draining Hoffmann Marsh. This area became known as "Battery Point" because of the large number of batteries buried there. Industrial uses from pesticide manufacturing to waste-oil recycling, as well as a pistol range, left the land north and east of Point Isabel among the most polluted brownfield sites along San Francisco Bay, although some of these have been remediated. Dumping also changed the south shore; for example, the area known as "Tepco Beach" is covered with pastel fragments of china from an El Cerrito manufacturer. In recent years, part of the original point, Hoffman Marsh to the east, and later Battery Point were acquired by the

text: East Bay Regional Parks District

text: for its

text: Point Isabel Regional Shoreline

text: , and also by the State of California for its

text: Eastshore State Park

text: Here colours become more vibrant, with the land itself working to remain as peaceful and alive as possible. Extended visits to Elysium causes one to lose interest in leaving, eventually becoming petitioners to the plane (similar to the effect that its evil counterpart, the Gray Waste, has on visitors).  Other hazards include angering the plane's natives, who are surprisingly formidable.

text: Here colours become more vibrant, with the land itself working to remain as peaceful and alive as possible. Extended visits to Elysium causes one to lose interest in leaving, eventually becoming

text: petitioners

text: to the plane (similar to the effect that its

text: evil

text: counterpart, the

text: Gray Waste

text: , has on visitors).  Other hazards include angering the plane's natives, who are surprisingly formidable.

text: Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of ground water.

text: Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from

text: materials recovery facilities

text: (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste,

text: compost

text: , or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination of

text: ground water

text: In 1978 in New York, mother and environmentalist Lois Gibbs led her community in protest after discovering that their entire neighborhood, Love Canal, was built on top of a toxic dump site. The toxins in the ground were causing illness among children and reproductive issues among women, as well as birth defects in babies born to pregnant women exposed to the toxins. The Love Canal movement eventually led to the evacuation and relocation of nearly 800 families by the federal government.

text: In 1978 in New York, mother and environmentalist

text: Lois Gibbs

text: led her community in protest after discovering that their entire neighborhood,

text: Love Canal

text: , was built on top of a toxic dump site. The toxins in the ground were causing illness among children and reproductive issues among women, as well as birth defects in babies born to pregnant women exposed to the toxins. The Love Canal movement eventually led to the evacuation and relocation of nearly 800 families by the federal government.

text: While most of the river’s water quality is within acceptable levels, there are several hot spots mostly found in the irrigation canals and drainages.  Sources of pollutants are from agricultural, industrial, and household waste.  There are 36 industries that discharge their pollution sources directly into the Nile, and 41 into irrigation canals.  These types of industries are:  chemical, electrical, engineering, fertilizers, food, metal, mining, oil and soap, pulp and paper, refractory, textile and wood. There are over 90 agricultural drains that discharge into the Nile that also include industrial wastewater. The water exceeds the European Community Standards of fecal contamination and there is a high salinization and saline intrusion in the delta. Salinization happens when there’s a buildup of salts in the soil.  The soil cannot retain water which prevents anything from growing.  Saline intrusion is when the ground is saturated with saltwater.  The northeast Nile Delta region has a high incident rate of pancreatic cancer that is believed to be from high levels of heavy metals and organchlorine pesticides found in the soil and water.  Exposure to cadmium is most commonly known through smoking, though it is believed that in this region, the exposure is from contact through the heavy metals and pesticides found in the soil and water.  Schistosomiasis (a disease caused by parasitic worms) has been found in irrigation canals along with benthic cyanobacteria  forming mats.

text: While most of the river’s water quality is within acceptable levels, there are several hot spots mostly found in the irrigation canals and drainages.  Sources of pollutants are from agricultural, industrial, and household waste.  There are 36 industries that discharge their pollution sources directly into the Nile, and 41 into irrigation canals.  These types of industries are:  chemical, electrical, engineering, fertilizers, food, metal, mining, oil and soap, pulp and paper, refractory, textile and wood. There are over 90 agricultural drains that discharge into the Nile that also include industrial wastewater. The water exceeds the European Community Standards of fecal contamination and there is a high salinization and saline intrusion in the delta.

text: Salinization

text: happens when there’s a buildup of salts in the soil.  The soil cannot retain water which prevents anything from growing.  Saline intrusion is when the ground is saturated with saltwater.  The northeast Nile Delta region has a high incident rate of

text: pancreatic cancer

text: that is believed to be from high levels of heavy metals and organchlorine

text: pesticides

text: found in the soil and water.  Exposure to

text: cadmium

text: is most commonly known through smoking, though it is believed that in this region, the exposure is from contact through the heavy metals and pesticides found in the soil and water.

text: Schistosomiasis

text: (a disease caused by parasitic worms) has been found in irrigation canals along with benthic

text: cyanobacteria

text: forming mats.

text: Worldwide, the United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP) estimated that more than 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are produced universally each year, mostly by industrialized countries (schmit, 1999). About 1 percent of this is shipped across international boundaries, with the majority of the transfers occurring between countries in the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) (Krueger, 1999). One of the reasons for industrialized countries to ship the hazardous waste to industrializing countries for disposal is the rising cost of disposing hazardous waste in the home country.

text: In 2007, Singer produced an online data visualization application, Superfund 365, that everyday highlighted a different toxic contamination site in the US. Each day for a year, the website visited one toxic area of land in the Superfund program overseen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), from New York City ending in Hawaii. The archive consists of 365 visualizations of some of the worst toxic sites in the country, roughly a quarter of the total number on the Superfund's National Priorities List, including Cornell Dubilier Electronics in South Plainfield and one part of McGuire Air Force Base in Wrightstown, New Jersey. It also features the demographics of each site, contaminants information, companies responsible for the toxins, links to their websites, links to the respective health information from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, cleanup costs, and EPA action. A central concern for Singer in the work was "how public is public data": Although the site is generated from publicly gleaned data, it took Singer three months to uncover all of the widely dispersed information from within the EPA. Superfund 365 also includes interviews with Lois Marie Gibbs, founder of the Love Canal Homeowners Association, Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York, being the disaster that led to the creation of Superfund. Singer has written that the main visual, a flower, to represent the toxin makeup of each site was her "react[ion] to the BP logo and rebranding efforts." An in positioning herself with NGOs and environmental activists, her work follows in the work by contemporary artists such as Mierle Ukeles and Mel Chin.

text: In 2007, Singer produced an online

text: data visualization

text: application

text: , Superfund 365, that everyday highlighted a different toxic contamination site in the US. Each day for a year, the website visited one toxic area of land in the

text: Superfund

text: program overseen by the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: , from New York City ending in Hawaii. The archive consists of 365 visualizations of some of the worst toxic sites in the country, roughly a quarter of the total number on the Superfund's National Priorities List, including

text: Cornell Dubilier Electronics

text: in

text: South Plainfield

text: and one part of

text: McGuire Air Force Base

text: in

text: Wrightstown, New Jersey

text: . It also features the demographics of each site, contaminants information, companies responsible for the toxins, links to their websites, links to the respective health information from the

entity_name: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: , cleanup costs, and EPA action. A central concern for Singer in the work was "how public is public data": Although the site is generated from publicly gleaned data, it took Singer three months to uncover all of the widely dispersed information from within the EPA. Superfund 365 also includes interviews with

text: Lois Marie Gibbs

text: , founder of the Love Canal Homeowners Association,

text: Love Canal

text: in

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: , being the disaster that led to the creation of Superfund. Singer has written that the main visual, a flower, to represent the toxin makeup of each site was her "react[ion] to the BP logo and rebranding efforts." An in positioning herself with NGOs and

text: environmental activist

text: s, her work follows in the work by contemporary artists such as

text: Mierle Ukeles

text: and

text: Mel Chin

text: Although there are many alarming health effects of toxic colonialism, these effects are often overshadowed by the economic interests of both the developing and developed nations. The number one socioeconomic aspect of toxic colonialism is money. Simply put, “developed countries want to save it, and developing countries want to earn it.” There is no regard for the health concerns developing countries subject their people to as long as there is a monetary or economical gain and the developed world takes full advantage of this in order to save money, “the wealth and income gaps between developing nations and developed nations have continually grown throughout the past century. As developing nations seek to boost economic growth, the enforcement of the few hazardous waste regulations in place often fall by the wayside. Many agencies in these developing countries do not have the resources to give approvals or enforce their regulations”. On the other hand “developed countries generally have increasingly stringent environmental regulations governing the domestic disposal of hazardous wastes. When compliance costs are coupled with an increased quantity of waste and local opposition to disposal, they generally produce drastically increased disposal costs for hazardous waste.” Therefore, it’s easy for developed countries to seek those less developed and offer them the idea of economic relief at a seemingly minor, but substantial environment cost. In some instances, monetary funds are not the only thing exchanged between developed and developing nations, “Somali warring parties used to accept hazardous and highly toxic wastes in exchange of army and ammunition”. This example is an indication of the separation between developed and developing nation and shows the lengths that not only developing nations are willing to extend to meet their needs, it also shows the desperation of developed nations to remove themselves from handling excessive toxic waste commitments.

text: After Panama gained independence from Colombia in 1903 with the assistance of the U.S., there was resentment amongst some Panamanians as a result of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which ceded control of the Panama Canal Zone to the U.S. "in perpetuity" in exchange for a 10 million dollar initial payment and yearly 250 thousand dollar payments thereafter.  In addition, the United States Government purchased title to all the lands in the Canal Zone from the private owners.  The Canal Zone, primarily consisting of the Panama Canal, was a strip of land running from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean and had its own police, schools, ports and post offices.  The Canal Zone became U.S. territory (de facto if not de jure).

text: After

text: Panama

text: gained independence from

text: Colombia

text: in 1903 with the assistance of the U.S., there was resentment amongst some Panamanians as a result of the

text: Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty

text: , which ceded control of the

text: Panama Canal Zone

text: to the U.S. "in perpetuity" in exchange for a 10 million dollar initial payment and yearly 250 thousand dollar payments thereafter.  In addition, the United States Government purchased title to all the lands in the Canal Zone from the private owners.  The Canal Zone, primarily consisting of the

text: Panama Canal

text: , was a strip of land running from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean and had its own police, schools, ports and post offices.  The Canal Zone became U.S. territory (

text: de facto

text: if not

text: de jure

text: While evidence from the previous case study does not indicate hazardous agricultural practices, a second study was conducted testing the toxicity of soil used in the farming of maize. This research focused on determining levels of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) arsenic, lead, chromium, and nickel. Samples were taken from 40 farms throughout the country and toxic levels of these elements were found in several samples from different farms. The likely causes of this increase in toxins are increased use of pesticides, mining, and improper waste disposal. Although very small quantities of PTEs are found in soil naturally, the increased levels found in Tanzania are the result of human actions. Intensive use of pesticides increases the prevalence of toxic chemicals as evidenced by previous case studies. However, this experiment drew conclusive evidence that agricultural practices do contribute to toxins in the soil – contradictory to previous evidence. Excessive mining also releases PTEs from rocks and into surrounding sediment and water systems. Finally, the improper disposal of chemical waste further increases PTE concentration. Crops that are high in lead and nickel are seen as unfit for human consumption. Therefore, after analyzing the results, researchers recommended that humans neither consume nor feed their animals the maize that was found to be high in PTEs. Not only were the crops contaminated, but the soil was as well. These tests indicated levels of PTEs above the recommended limits in the tissues of the maize grown as well as the soil. While it is true that PTEs pollute crops, they also inhibit the soil from taking up nutrients which further reduces the overall yield. The high concentrations of these chemicals pose a potential health risk among the Tanzanian people.

text: Landfills are created by land dumping. Land dumping methods vary, most commonly it involves the mass dumping of waste into a designated area, usually a hole or sidehill. After the waste is dumped, it is then compacted by large machines. When the dumping cell is full, it is then "sealed" with a plastic sheet and covered in several feet of dirt. This is the primary method of dumping in the United States because of the low cost and abundance of unused land in North America. Landfills pose the threat of pollution, and can intoxicate ground water. The signs of pollution are effectively masked by disposal companies and it is often hard to see any evidence. Usually landfills are surrounded by large walls or fences hiding the mounds of debris. Large amounts of chemical odor eliminating agent are sprayed in the air surrounding landfills to hide the evidence of the rotting waste inside the plant.

text: Government or local authorities often make rules about how much waste should be sorted before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities. Some hazardous materials may not be moved, or demolition begun, before the authorities have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been followed. Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of such toxic elements as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.

text: Waste disposal also may be restricted conditionally by requiring that a waste be treated in a specific fashion before it may be disposed of at a particular location. One such program is the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Land Disposal Restrictions under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste management program. These rules restrict the land disposal (placement in landfills, primarily) of hazardous waste without prior approved programs. The "disposal prohibition" mandates that hazardous waste cannot be disposed on land until it is treated to meet specified characteristics (acceptable ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity), or is treated by specified approved treatment methods. The "dilution prohbition" proscribes adding large amounts of water, soil, or non-hazardous waste in order to avoid specified treatment. The "storage prohibition" allows waste to be stored only for the purposes of accumulating for treatment, rather than simply stored indefinitely to avoid treatment.

text: Waste disposal also may be restricted conditionally by requiring that a waste be treated in a specific fashion before it may be disposed of at a particular location. One such program is the

text: 's Land Disposal Restrictions under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Subtitle C hazardous waste management program. These rules restrict the land disposal (placement in

text: landfills

text: , primarily) of hazardous waste without prior approved programs. The "disposal prohibition" mandates that hazardous waste cannot be disposed on land until it is treated to meet specified characteristics (acceptable ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity), or is treated by specified approved treatment methods. The "dilution prohbition" proscribes adding large amounts of water, soil, or non-hazardous waste in order to avoid specified treatment. The "storage prohibition" allows waste to be stored only for the purposes of accumulating for treatment, rather than simply stored indefinitely to avoid treatment.

text: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: party to:

text: Air Pollution

text: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats.

text: Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals,

text: particles

text: industrial

text: , agricultural and residential

text: waste

text: , noise, or the spread of

text: invasive organism

text: s. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be harmful to marine life and its habitats.

text: In July 2011, Greenpeace released its Dirty Laundry report accusing some of the world's top fashion and sportswear brands of releasing toxic waste into China's rivers. The report profiles the problem of water pollution resulting from the release of toxic chemicals associated with the country's textile industry. Investigations focused on wastewater discharges from two facilities in China; one belonging to the Youngor Group located on the Yangtze River Delta and the other to Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. located on a tributary of the Pearl River Delta. Scientific analysis of samples from both facilities revealed the presence of hazardous and persistent hormone disruptor chemicals, including alkylphenols, perfluorinated compounds and perfluorooctane sulfonate.

text: In July 2011, Greenpeace released its Dirty Laundry report accusing some of the world's top fashion and

text: sportswear

text: brands of releasing

text: toxic waste

text: into China's rivers. The report profiles the problem of

text: water pollution

text: resulting from the release of toxic chemicals associated with the country's

text: textile industry

text: . Investigations focused on

text: wastewater

text: discharges from two facilities in China; one belonging to the

text: Youngor Group

text: located on the

text: Yangtze River Delta

text: and the other to Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. located on a tributary of the

text: Pearl River Delta

text: . Scientific analysis of samples from both facilities revealed the presence of hazardous and persistent

text: hormone disruptor

text: chemicals, including

text: alkylphenol

text: s,

text: perfluorinated compound

text: s and

text: perfluorooctane sulfonate

text: Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls' City Council approved an ordinance that prohibits natural gas extraction in Niagara Falls, as well as the "storage, transfer, treatment or disposal of natural gas exploration and production wastes." Elected officials there said that they didn't want their citizens, who experienced the Love Canal toxic waste crisis firsthand, to be guinea pigs for hydraulic fracturing, the new technology used in gas drilling operations. City council member, Glenn Choolokian said, “We won’t let the temptation of millions of dollars in reward for out-of-town companies, corporations and individuals to be the driving force that puts the health and lives of our children and families at risk from the dangers of hydraulic fracturing and its toxic water. I will not take part in bringing another Love Canal to the City of Niagara Falls.”“Our once great city and all the families of Niagara Falls have been through so much over the years. With Love Canal alive in our memories we aren’t going to allow another environmental tragedy to happen in our city, not today, not ever,” said Glenn Choolokian. Council Chairman Sam Fruscione said he was against selling out future generations of children for corporate greed. Rita Yelda of Food and Water Watch, pointed out that pollutants don't only affect Niagara's citizens, but those in communities downstream as well.

text: Niagara Falls.

text: Niagara Falls

text: ' City Council approved an ordinance that prohibits natural gas extraction in

text: Niagara Falls

text: , as well as the "storage, transfer, treatment or disposal of natural gas exploration and production wastes." Elected officials there said that they didn't want their citizens, who experienced the

text: Love Canal

text: toxic waste crisis firsthand, to be guinea pigs for hydraulic fracturing, the new technology used in gas drilling operations. City council member, Glenn Choolokian said, “We won’t let the temptation of millions of dollars in reward for out-of-town companies, corporations and individuals to be the driving force that puts the health and lives of our children and families at risk from the dangers of hydraulic fracturing and its toxic water. I will not take part in bringing another Love Canal to the City of Niagara Falls.”“Our once great city and all the families of Niagara Falls have been through so much over the years. With Love Canal alive in our memories we aren’t going to allow another environmental tragedy to happen in our city, not today, not ever,” said Glenn Choolokian. Council Chairman Sam Fruscione said he was against selling out future generations of children for corporate greed. Rita Yelda of Food and Water Watch, pointed out that pollutants don't only affect Niagara's citizens, but those in communities downstream as well.

text: On the other hand, the continent experienced a tough agricultural crisis at the beginning of 2008. Food prices have increased a lot, due to a lack of arable land. One of the main reasons for the loss of agricultural land was the high value offered by the production of biofuels. However, second generation biofuel processes is slowly being implemented in order to  extend the amount of biofuel that can be produced sustainably by using biomass consisting of the residual non-food parts of current crops, such as stems, leaves and husks. Other crops that are not used for food purposes (non food crops), such as switchgrass, grass, jatropha, whole crop maize, and miscanthus could be used to produce biofuels without starving the population that are dependent on food products. Industry waste products (i.e., woodchips, skins and pulp) from fruit pressing would also replace the need to waste arable land for biofuels; possibly improving the South American economy. Food prices, rising since 2002, ascended from 2006, reaching a peak during the first quarter of 2008. In one year the average price of food rose by about 50%.

text: On the other hand, the continent experienced a tough

text: agricultural crisis

text: at the beginning of 2008. Food prices have increased a lot, due to a lack of arable land. One of the main reasons for the loss of agricultural land was the high value offered by the production of

text: biofuel

text: s. However, second generation biofuel processes is slowly being implemented in order to  extend the amount of biofuel that can be produced

text: sustainably

text: by using biomass consisting of the residual

text: non-food

text: parts of current crops, such as

text: stem

text: s,

text: leaves

text: and

text: husk

text: s. Other crops that are not used for food purposes (

text: non food crop

text: s), such as

text: switchgrass

text: grass

text: jatropha

text: , whole crop

text: maize

text: , and

text: miscanthus

text: could be used to produce biofuels without starving the population that are dependent on food products. Industry waste products (i.e.,

text: woodchips

text: skin

text: s and

text: pulp

text: ) from fruit pressing would also replace the need to waste arable land for biofuels; possibly improving the

text: South American economy

text: . Food prices, rising since 2002, ascended from 2006, reaching a peak during the first quarter of 2008. In one year the average price of food rose by about 50%.

text: While some social scientists see the siting of hazardous facilities in minority communities as a demonstration of intentional racism, whereby these communities are targeted for prejudicial reasons, belief in racial inferiority, or a desire to protect racial group privilege, others see the causes of environmental racism as structural and institutional. The traditional perspective views discrimination as more individualistic, sporadic, and episodic than the institutional perspective. Processes such as suburbanization, gentrification, and decentralization lead to patterns of environmental racism even absent intentionally discriminatory policies. For example, the process of suburbanization (or white flight) consists of non-minorities leaving industrial zones for safer, cleaner, and less expensive suburban locales. Meanwhile, minority communities are left in the inner cities and in close proximity to polluted industrial zones. In these areas, unemployment is high and businesses are less likely to invest in area improvement, creating poor economic conditions for residents and reinforcing a social formation that reproduces racial inequality. Furthermore, the poverty of property owners and residents in a municipality may be taken into consideration by hazardous waste facility developers since areas with depressed real estate values will cut expenses.

text: While some social scientists see the siting of hazardous facilities in minority communities as a demonstration of intentional racism, whereby these communities are targeted for prejudicial reasons, belief in racial inferiority, or a desire to protect racial group privilege, others see the causes of environmental racism as structural and institutional. The traditional perspective views discrimination as more individualistic, sporadic, and episodic than the institutional perspective. Processes such as

text: suburbanization

text: gentrification

text: , and decentralization lead to patterns of environmental racism even absent intentionally discriminatory policies. For example, the process of suburbanization (or

text: white flight

text: ) consists of non-minorities leaving industrial zones for safer, cleaner, and less expensive suburban locales. Meanwhile, minority communities are left in the inner cities and in close proximity to polluted industrial zones. In these areas, unemployment is high and businesses are less likely to invest in area improvement, creating poor economic conditions for residents and reinforcing a social formation that reproduces racial inequality. Furthermore, the poverty of property owners and residents in a municipality may be taken into consideration by hazardous waste facility developers since areas with depressed real estate values will cut expenses.

text: The USEPA regulates the following hazardous air pollutants via the MACT standards:

text: The regional importance of agriculture is reflected in the fact that cattle outnumber people in the area nearly 4 to 1. Farming's effect on natural resources in the watershed is described by the Wisconsin DNR: "Approximately 8.6 tons per acre per year of soil is lost from farm fields in the watershed. This watershed ranked second in the county as a 'priority area for erosion control.' DNR staff believe runoff from barnyards and feedlots, particularly in some headwaters areas, to be a severe problem in this watershed." According to a 2001 report, the main environmental issues are nonpoint source pollution in the forms of agricultural and urban runoff; soil erosion; mine waste; and a decline in the smallmouth bass population. The rivers empty into Pool 11 of the Mississippi River and are a major source of sediment. In 1997, the sedimentary discharge was estimated at 182 tons per square mile  per year. In addition, Grant County has many abandoned galena mines that are cited as sources of pollution.

text: The regional importance of agriculture is reflected in the fact that cattle outnumber people in the area nearly 4 to 1. Farming's effect on natural resources in the watershed is described by the

entity_name: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

text: Wisconsin DNR

text: : "Approximately 8.6 tons per acre per year of soil is lost from farm fields in the watershed. This watershed ranked second in the county as a 'priority area for erosion control.' DNR staff believe runoff from barnyards and feedlots, particularly in some headwaters areas, to be a severe problem in this watershed." According to a 2001 report, the main environmental issues are

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: in the forms of agricultural and urban runoff; soil erosion; mine waste; and a decline in the smallmouth bass population. The rivers empty into Pool 11 of the Mississippi River and are a major source of sediment. In 1997, the sedimentary discharge was estimated at 182 tons per square mile  per year. In addition, Grant County has many abandoned

text: galena

text: mines that are cited as sources of pollution.

text: Critics of global waste trade claim that lack of regulation and failed policies have allowed developing nations to become toxic dump yards for hazardous waste. The ever-increasing amounts of hazardous waste being shipped to developing countries increases the disproportionate risk that the people in these nations face. Critics of the effects of the global waste trade emphasize the enormous amount of hazardous wastes that people in poorer countries must deal with. They highlight the fact that most of the world’s hazardous wastes are produced by Western countries (the United States and Europe), yet the people who suffer negative health effects from these wastes are from poorer countries that did not produce the waste.

text: Critics of global waste trade claim that lack of regulation and failed policies have allowed developing nations to become toxic dump yards for hazardous waste. The ever-increasing amounts of hazardous waste being shipped to developing countries increases the disproportionate risk that the people in these nations face. Critics of the effects of the global waste trade emphasize the enormous amount of hazardous wastes that people in poorer countries must deal with. They highlight the fact that most of the world’s hazardous wastes are produced by Western countries (the United States and Europe), yet the people who suffer

text: negative health effects

text: from these wastes are from poorer countries that did not produce the waste.

text: Land restoration is the process of ecological restoration of a site to a natural landscape and habitat, safe for humans, wildlife, and plant communities.  Ecological destruction is usually the consequence of pollution, deforestation, salination or natural disasters. Land restoration is not the same as land reclamation, where existing ecosystems are altered or destroyed to give way for cultivation or construction. Land restoration can enhance the supply of valuable ecosystem services that benefit people.

text: Land restoration is the process of

text: ecological restoration

text: of a site to a

text: natural landscape

text: and

text: habitat

text: , safe for humans, wildlife, and

text: plant communities

text: .  Ecological destruction is usually the consequence of

text: pollution

text: deforestation

text: salination

text: or natural disasters. Land restoration is not the same as

text: land reclamation

text: , where existing

text: ecosystems

text: are altered or destroyed to give way for cultivation or construction. Land restoration can enhance the supply of valuable

text: ecosystem services

text: that benefit people.

text: He has been associated with the Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests as well as Ministry of Urban Development in framing of guidelines and design manuals for municipal solid waste landfills and hazardous waste landfills.

text: He has been associated with the Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests as well as Ministry of Urban Development in framing of guidelines and design manuals for

text: municipal solid waste

text: landfills and

text: hazardous waste

text: landfills.

text: Some waste companies also have disposal options, such as Waste Management http://www.wm.com/enterprise/municipalities/residential-solutions/household-hazardous-waste.jsp

text: Land use along the stream has been traditionally agricultural, though spreading urbanization has affected the stream with erosion problems. Though extremely scenic, the Conestoga River is drastically impaired from nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, mostly runoff from animal waste and excessive commercial fertilizer. Other pollution sources are sediments from intense cropping, development, and urban runoff. The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by Pennsylvania German farmers and along the eastern and southern outskirts of the city of Lancaster. Many covered bridges span its banks. Northeast of Lancaster city are many Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite farms; horse and carriage traffic frequents local roads. Many small dams impound its waters, most of them built long ago to power mills or generate electricity. Most dams are in disrepair and have been abandoned, though there is an active movement to remove as many as possible. Seven were removed between 1996 and 1999.

text: Land use along the stream has been traditionally agricultural, though spreading

text: urbanization

text: has affected the stream with

text: erosion

text: problems. Though extremely scenic, the Conestoga River is drastically impaired from nitrogen and

text: phosphorus pollution

text: , mostly runoff from animal waste and excessive commercial

text: fertilizer

text: . Other pollution sources are sediments from intense cropping, development, and

text: urban runoff

text: . The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by

text: Pennsylvania German

text: farmers and along the eastern and southern outskirts of the city of

text: Lancaster

text: . Many

text: covered bridge

text: s span its banks. Northeast of Lancaster city are many

text: Old Order Amish

text: and

text: Old Order Mennonite

text: farms; horse and carriage traffic frequents local roads. Many small dams impound its waters, most of them built long ago to power mills or generate electricity. Most dams are in disrepair and have been abandoned, though there is an active movement to remove as many as possible. Seven were removed between 1996 and 1999.

text: Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

text: Environment - current issues:

text: deforestation

text: soil erosion

text: ; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

text: Aside from tobacco smokers, people who live near hazardous waste sites or factories that release cadmium into the air have the potential for exposure to cadmium in air. However, numerous state and federal regulations in the United States control the amount of cadmium that can be released to the air from waste sites and incinerators so that properly regulated sites are not hazardous. The general population and people living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to cadmium in contaminated food, dust, or water from unregulated releases or accidental releases. Numerous regulations and use of pollution controls are enforced to prevent such releases.

text: Aside from tobacco smokers, people who live near

text: hazardous waste

text: sites or factories that release cadmium into the air have the potential for exposure to cadmium in air. However, numerous state and federal regulations in the

text: United States

text: control the amount of cadmium that can be released to the air from waste sites and

text: incinerator

text: s so that properly regulated sites are not hazardous. The general population and people living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to cadmium in contaminated food,

text: dust

text: , or water from unregulated releases or accidental releases. Numerous regulations and use of

text: pollution

text: controls are enforced to prevent such releases.

text: s, which reduces the oxygen content and has negative consequences on fish populations. The Kelani river is especially polluted because it flows through industrial areas. Industrial waste is often discharged into the river, treated or untreated. Moreover, dumps that are located close to rivers have negative influences on the water quality. Large amounts of pesticides used in the agricultural sector also get into the water of rivers and lakes. Groundwater and surface water are also polluted by the heavy use of fertilizer and pesticides and by storm run-offs. Coastal and marine waters are threatened by pesticides, fertilizer, industrial waste and run-offs from waste dumps. Rivers that flow out into the sea deteriorate the sea water. Oil spills, chemicals and waste also decrease the quality of Sri Lanka’s seawater.

text: s, which reduces the

text: oxygen

text: content and has negative consequences on fish populations. The

text: Kelani river

text: is especially polluted because it flows through industrial areas. Industrial waste is often discharged into the river, treated or untreated. Moreover, dumps that are located close to rivers have negative influences on the water quality. Large amounts of

text: pesticide

text: s used in the agricultural sector also get into the water of rivers and lakes.

text: Groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: are also polluted by the heavy use of

text: fertilizer

text: and pesticides and by storm run-offs. Coastal and

text: marine waters

text: are threatened by pesticides, fertilizer, industrial waste and run-offs from waste dumps. Rivers that flow out into the sea deteriorate the sea water.

text: Oil spill

text: s, chemicals and waste also decrease the quality of Sri Lanka’s seawater.

text: Environment – current issues:air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

text: Environment – current issues:air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to

text: acid rain

text: ; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

text: Pollution in California relates to the degree of pollution of air, water and land in the state of California. Studies show that some pollutants may be linked to increases in the rate of occurrence of cancers and birth complications. In 2008, Bakersfield, California recorded the highest level of airborne pollutants of any state in the United States.

text: Pollution in California relates to the degree of

text: pollution

text: of air, water and land in the state of

text: California

text: . Studies show that some

text: pollutant

text: s may be linked to increases in the rate of occurrence of

text: cancer

text: s and birth complications. In 2008,

text: Bakersfield

text: , California recorded the highest level of airborne pollutants of any state in the

text: United States

text: The money was used to complete the line to Nantwich, and to build a reservoir at Bunbury Heath. The work was completed in August 1779, and the company hoped to raise enough money to then build the line to Middlewich. They proposed building it with narrow locks, to reduce the cost, but the shareholders were not prepared to support them; instead they concentrated on trying to generate traffic on the line that had been built. They attempted to mine salt at Nantwich, but failed to find any, and tried running boats on the Trent and Mersey, from which goods were carried over land to Nantwich, for onward carriage to Liverpool. They also ran boats for cargo and passengers on the canal itself. By the end of 1781, the company had no money and was unable to meet interest payments on the loans. They decided to forfeit the canal to Egerton, the main mortgagee, but he did not respond to their offer. Angry landowners who had not been paid drained Bunbury reservoir in March 1782, but somehow the committee managed to keep the canal open, by selling boats and land. Disaster struck in November 1787, when Beeston Staircase Locks collapsed, and there was no money to fund repairs.

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe environmental remediation of contaminated land with cement. The cement solidifies the contaminated soil and prevents pollutants from moving, such as rain causing leaching of pollutants into the groundwater or being carried into streams by rain or snowmelt. Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial hazardous waste and contaminated material at brownfield sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with hazardous waste. S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for landfills.

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe

text: environmental remediation

text: of

text: contaminated

text: land with

text: cement

text: . The cement solidifies the contaminated

text: soil

text: and prevents

text: pollutant

text: s from moving, such as

text: rain

text: causing leaching of pollutants into the

text: groundwater

text: or being carried into

text: stream

text: s by rain or

text: snowmelt

text: . Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial

text: hazardous waste

text: and contaminated material at

text: brownfield

text: sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with

text: hazardous waste

text: . S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for

text: landfill

text: s.

text: Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (graywater); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution. The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially MARPOL) and U.S. domestic laws (including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the Great Lakes), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

text: Cruise ship

text: s carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage;

text: wastewater

text: from

text: sink

text: s,

text: shower

text: s, and

text: galley

text: s (

text: graywater

text: hazardous waste

text: s; solid waste; oily

text: bilge water

text: ballast water

text: ; and

text: air pollution

text: . The

text: waste stream

text: s generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially

text: MARPOL

text: ) and U.S. domestic laws (including the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and the

text: Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships

text: ), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the

text: Great Lakes

text: ), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

text: In 1953 the district purchased land in Love Canal from Hooker Chemical Company, fully aware that the land had been used as a toxic waste disposal site. This would eventually lead to the Love Canal disaster.

text: In 1953 the district purchased land in Love Canal from

text: Hooker Chemical Company

text: , fully aware that the land had been used as a toxic waste disposal site. This would eventually lead to the

text: Love Canal disaster

text: Cavite is predominantly an agriculture province. Cavite's economy is largely dependent to agriculture. Despite urbanization and industrialization, still, a significant number of Caviteños are engaged into agribusinesses. Data gathered from Office of the Provincial Agriculturist shows that though the province lies in the industrial belt, the agricultural land is about 49.38 percent or 70,466.53 hectares of the total land area of the Province. This is 1,176.5 hectares bigger than that of the declared agricultural lands in 2008 (69,290.03 hectares).

text: Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are: Severe degradation of the surrounding ecosystem; harm to human health, especially in the case of degraded drinking water supplies; harm to flora and fauna and their habitats; sedimentation of surface waters caused by stormwater runoff; chemical pollutants in drinking water caused by pesticide runoff; health problems caused by toxic fertilizers, toxic pesticides, improper use, handling, storage and disposal of pesticides; air and noise pollution caused by landscape equipment; invasion of wild lands by non-native weeds and insect pests; and over-use of limited natural resources.

text: Some of the effects of non-sustainable practices are: Severe degradation of the surrounding ecosystem; harm to human health, especially in the case of

text: degraded

text: drinking water

text: supplies; harm to flora and fauna and their habitats; sedimentation of surface waters caused by storm

text: water runoff

text: ; chemical pollutants in drinking water caused by pesticide runoff; health problems caused by toxic fertilizers, toxic

text: pesticide

text: s, improper use, handling, storage and disposal of pesticides;

text: air

text: and

text: noise pollution

text: caused by landscape equipment; invasion of wild lands by non-native weeds and insect pests; and over-use of

text: limited natural resources

text: Either way, the fact that many farmers are prosecuted by the Environment Agency for pollution or waste offences as they struggle to adhere to constantly tightening regulation, demonstrates that environmental legislation is crucial to the protection of the land where any such development is placed.  Following the withdrawal and refusal of Nocton Dairies' plans, one of the directors, Peter Willes, had to pay over £23,000 when he accepted responsibility for three environmental offences, two of which related to pollution of water courses.  Mr Willes' previous environmental offences were also outlined in a widely criticised Daily Mail article on mega dairies, which drew unrepresentative comparisons against US practices long banned in the UK and Europe.

text: The station and the surrounding commercial-industrial area was redeveloped from the Industri-Plex Superfund site.  The site is a former chemical and glue manufacturing facility.  Industri-Plex was used for manufacturing chemicals such as lead-arsenic insecticides, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid for local textile, leather, and paper manufacturing industries from 1853 to 1931.  Chemicals manufactured by other industries at the site include phenol, benzene, and toluene.  Industri-Plex was also used to manufacture glue from raw animal hide and chrome-tanned hide wastes from 1934 to 1969.  The by-products and residues from these industries caused the soils within the site to become contaminated with elevated levels of metals, such as arsenic, lead, and chrome.  During the 1970s, the site was redeveloped for industrial use.  Excavations uncovered and mixed industrial by-products and wastes accumulated over 130 years.  During this period, residues from animal hide wastes used in the manufacture of glue were relocated on-site from buried pits to piles near swampy areas on the property.  Many of the animal hide piles and lagoons on-site were leaching toxic metals into the environment.  In the 1980s, the site contained streams and ponds, a warehouse and office buildings, remnant manufacturing buildings, and hide waste deposits buried on the site.  The site was cleaned up using the capping technique, in which an impermeable layer seals the top of the hazardous waste site, preventing further pollution.

text: The station and the surrounding commercial-industrial area was redeveloped from the Industri-Plex

text: Superfund

text: In Europe, Directive 2003/2/EC restricts the marketing and use of arsenic, including CCA wood treatment. CCA treated wood is not permitted to be used in residential or domestic constructions. It is permitted for use in various industrial and public works, such as bridges, highway safety fencing, electric power transmission and telecommunications poles.In the United Kingdom waste timber treated with CCA was classified in July 2012 as hazardous waste by the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

text: The outflow of acidic liquids and other pollutants from mines is often catalysed by acid-loving microorganisms; these are the acidophiles in acid mine drainage.

text: The outflow of acidic liquids and other pollutants from mines is often

text: catalysed

text: by acid-loving

text: microorganisms

text: ; these are the acidophiles in acid mine drainage.

text: In this area, the freeway passes over the Gowanus Canal, an extremely polluted canal that was once used for shipping, and has been designated a Superfund Site by the Environmental Protection Agency.

text: In this area, the freeway passes over the

text: Gowanus Canal

text: , an extremely polluted canal that was once used for shipping, and has been designated a

text: Superfund Site

text: by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: Private financiers were awarded the contracts to construct and manage the canals.  The city of Paris agreed to purchase the land and surrender the tolls for 99 years in order that the firms build the canals. (The cost of construction was estimated at 6 million francs.) Work began in 1805 under Édouard de Villiers du Terrage. In May 1821, the canal opened, having expended less than its allotted budget.  At its creation, the canal had twelve locks with an overall change in level of .

text: Private financiers were awarded the contracts to construct and manage the canals.  The city of Paris agreed to purchase the land and surrender the tolls for 99 years in order that the firms build the canals. (The cost of construction was estimated at 6 million francs.) Work began in 1805 under

text: Édouard de Villiers du Terrage

text: . In May 1821, the canal opened, having expended less than its allotted budget.  At its creation, the canal had twelve locks with an overall change in level of .

text: In the late 1970s, Love Canal received national attention for the public health problem originating from the disposal of 22,000 barrels of toxic waste. Numerous families were displaced from their houses, which had been contaminated with chemicals and toxic waste. Many of the families suffered several health issues with common problems of high red blood cell counts and indications of leukemia. The entire neighborhood has since been demolished and a Superfund cleanup was only wrapped up in 2004.

text: In the late 1970s, Love Canal received national attention for the public health problem originating from the disposal of 22,000 barrels of

text: toxic waste

text: . Numerous families were displaced from their houses, which had been contaminated with chemicals and toxic waste. Many of the families suffered several health issues with common problems of

text: high red blood cell counts

text: and indications of

text: leukemia

text: . The entire neighborhood has since been demolished and a Superfund cleanup was only wrapped up in 2004.

text: Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the Lerma River. The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of water hyacinth. The water hyacinth further exacerbates the problem of a shrinking lake depth through its own consumption of the water.

text: Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the

text: Lerma River

text: . The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of

text: water hyacinth

text: . The water hyacinth further exacerbates the problem of a shrinking lake depth through its own consumption of the water.

text: With implementation of the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 in May 1994 Part I of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 was finally replaced by Part II of the EPA. The EPA seeks to build on a system put in place by Control of Pollution Act (COPA) with stricter licensing controls and other provisions aimed at ensuring waste handling, disposal and recovery operations do not harm the environment. Responsibility for waste rests with the person who produces it together with everyone who handles it, right through to final disposal or reclamation. Only “fit and proper” persons may run waste sites and responsibility for a closed landfill site will continue until all risks of pollution or harm to human health and safety are past.

text: With implementation of the

text: Waste Management Licensing Regulations

text: 1994 in May 1994 Part I of the

text: Control of Pollution Act 1974

text: was finally replaced by Part II of the EPA. The EPA seeks to build on a system put in place by

text: Control of Pollution Act

text: (COPA) with stricter licensing controls and other provisions aimed at ensuring waste handling, disposal and recovery operations do not harm the environment. Responsibility for waste rests with the person who produces it together with everyone who handles it, right through to final disposal or

text: reclamation

text: . Only “fit and proper” persons may run waste sites and responsibility for a closed landfill site will continue until all risks of pollution or harm to human health and safety are past.

text: Before industrial development, the river and surrounding areas were used mostly as agricultural land by the Iroquois and European colonists.  In the mid 19th century, the river was recognised for its hydroelectric potential and factories began to be built in the region.  The old Beauharnois Canal was created in 1849 and its power was harnessed by a saw mill, Valleyfield Mills, which was Canada's largest supplier of paper for newspapers at the time.  Thus, because of its hydroelectric potential, there is a long history of factory placement along the Saint Charles River and the old Beauharnois Canal.  During the period of heavy industrialization along its banks, the health of the river was largely neglected.  After the creation of the first Beauharnois Canal in 1849, the river was dammed at its mouth to regulate its flow.  Until the 1970s the flow of the river was kept very low as to allow the maximum flow possible through the other canals.  However, an accumulation of waste in the river from factories along its banks began to pollute the river.  For example, the factory Expro Inc., which produced (and still produces) chemical products such as nitroglycerine, has been accused of dumping toxic waste into the river.  Long after continuous dumping had started, an agreement was reached between Hydro Quebec and the City of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield to increase the flow of the river to 30m/s to dilute the unpleasant odours from the river.  Since the 1970s, the flow of water in the river has been kept constant at 30m/s, but there has been little effort to clean the river.  Several studies have shown that the water quality of the river is low, and much lower, in fact, than that of the Saint Lawrence in general.  The cumulative effects of industrialization near the river and of dumping wastes have given the river a negative view in the community, and it is sometimes referred to as the "rivière des étangs" which, roughly translated, means the river of feces.

text: The college in collaboration with Stree Mukti Sanghatana has started a Green initiative to REDUCE-REUSE-RECYCLE with RESPONSIBILITY. College has taken up an Organic Manure production program wherein the food waste from canteen and horticulture waste from College surrounding has now been converted to Organic manure. The program has been initiated from 15 August 2014, and by now the college has converted approximately 2 ½ ton of biodegradable waste and has reaped around 200 kg of wet organic manure. The dry weight accounting up to 120 kg organic manure amounting to Rs. 2500/-.Through this initiative the college has saved this huge quantity of waste from going to dumping ground. Hence it has saved Natural resource and National wealth. The same project has been replicated at Kawthewadi, the adopted village at Karjat, Maharashtra. College has also initiated e-waste collection and recycling in collaboration with Stree Mukti Sanghatana. This e-waste is one of the most toxic and hazardous waste also responsible for fires at dumping grounds releasing toxic gases. With the help of NSS program the students of the college have till date collected approximately 100 kg of e-waste. Through this initiative college has reached masses and saved toxic and hazardous waste reaching dumping grounds. By saving this e-waste going to dumping ground it has also reduced water and air pollution as these e-waste leaches in water and generates toxic waste.These are some of the innovative and eco-friendly initiatives that college has started and look forward for plenty more.In an effort to reduce the carbon footprint the college is going Green.

text: The EU and its member states operate a system via the European Waste Catalogue (EWC)- a European Council Directive, which is interpreted into "member state law". In the UK, this is in the form of the List of Wastes Directive.  However, the list (and EWC) gives broad definition (EWC Code 16 02 13*) of Hazardous Electronic wastes, requiring "waste operators" to employ the Hazardous Waste Regulations (Annex 1A, Annex 1B) for refined definition.  Constituent materials in the waste also require assessment via the combination of Annex II and Annex III, again allowing operators to further determine whether a waste is hazardous.

text: Palestinians are legally allowed to dispose of their waste at the site; however, Palestinian access to the site is restricted in other ways. Local councils are facing financial strains paying levies, which means they often cannot enter the site legally. Also, Israeli security concerns at times of conflict cause greater restrictions, prohibiting Palestinians from reaching the site. The result of the many restrictions is that Palestinian residents are unable to use the waste disposal site within their local area, while Israeli residents are capable of disposing their waste at the site.  The limited Palestinian access to the site leads Abu Dis residents to illegally dump their waste at the site by entering it from the back entrance, which has been causing much environmental damage. Most of the waste is electronic and household waste; these are considered health hazards for the Bedouin communities surrounding the site. Another risk that local residents are exposed to is the release of toxins in the air from the burning of the waste that is piled in communal areas for prolonged times.

text: Palestinians are legally allowed to dispose of their waste at the site; however, Palestinian access to the site is restricted in other ways. Local councils are facing financial strains paying levies, which means they often cannot enter the site legally. Also, Israeli security concerns at times of conflict cause greater restrictions, prohibiting Palestinians from reaching the site. The result of the many restrictions is that Palestinian residents are unable to use the waste disposal site within their local area, while Israeli residents are capable of disposing their waste at the site.  The limited Palestinian access to the site leads Abu Dis residents to illegally dump their waste at the site by entering it from the back entrance, which has been causing much environmental damage. Most of the waste is electronic and household waste; these are considered health hazards for the

text: Bedouin

text: communities surrounding the site. Another risk that local residents are exposed to is the release of toxins in the air from the burning of the waste that is piled in communal areas for prolonged times.

text: An industrial shredder is a machine used for reducing the size of all kinds of material. Industrial shredders come in many different design variations and many sizes. The main categories of designs used today are as follows: horizontal hammermills, vertical hammermills, slow speed shear type shredders of single, dual, triple and quad shaft design, single shaft grinders of single or dual shaft design, granulators, knife hogs, raspers, mawlers, flails, crackermills, and refining mills. Some examples of materials that are commonly shredded are: tires, metals, car wrecks, wood, plastics, and garbage. There is no common use of an industrial shredder as they can shred paper as well as wood, plastic, metal including a whole car depending on the size and design of the industrial shredder. The Industrial shredder is commonly used to process materials into different sizes for separation or to reduce the recycling cost of transport but a primary use is the upgrading of the material by shredding metals, plastics, aluminium, metal and cars and as well as waste materials such as municipal solid waste or nuclear waste, medical waste, hazardous waste including common garbage.

text: An industrial shredder is a machine used for reducing the size of all kinds of material. Industrial shredders come in many different design variations and many sizes. The main categories of designs used today are as follows: horizontal hammermills, vertical hammermills, slow speed shear type shredders of single, dual, triple and quad shaft design, single shaft grinders of single or dual shaft design, granulators, knife hogs, raspers, mawlers, flails, crackermills, and refining mills. Some examples of materials that are commonly shredded are:

text: tires

text: metals

text: car wrecks

text: wood

text: plastics

text: , and

text: garbage

text: . There is no common use of an industrial shredder as they can shred paper as well as wood, plastic, metal including a whole car depending on the size and design of the industrial shredder. The Industrial shredder is commonly used to process materials into different sizes for separation or to reduce the recycling cost of transport but a primary use is the upgrading of the material by shredding metals, plastics, aluminium, metal and cars and as well as waste materials such as

text: municipal solid waste

text: or nuclear waste, medical waste, hazardous waste including common garbage.

text: The legacy of the disaster spawned a fictionalized made-for-TV film entitled Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal (1982). An award-winning documentary by Lynn Corcoran entitled In Our Own Backyard was released in the U.S. in 1983. Modern Marvels retold the disaster in 2004. The film Tootsie has a character attempting to produce a play called "Return To Love Canal". Joyce Carol Oates has brought the story of Love Canal into her 2004 novel The Falls however setting the suspicions of harm to the 1960s. The latest history of Love Canal was published by Oxford University Press in 2016, titled "Love Canal: A Toxic History From Colonial Times To The Present", by Richard S. Newman.

text: The legacy of the disaster spawned a fictionalized made-for-TV film entitled Lois Gibbs and the Love Canal (1982). An award-winning documentary by Lynn Corcoran entitled In Our Own Backyard was released in the U.S. in 1983.

text: Modern Marvels

text: retold the disaster in 2004. The film

text: Tootsie

text: has a character attempting to produce a play called "Return To Love Canal".

text: Joyce Carol Oates

text: has brought the story of Love Canal into her 2004 novel

text: The Falls

text: however setting the suspicions of harm to the 1960s. The latest history of Love Canal was published by Oxford University Press in 2016, titled "Love Canal: A Toxic History From Colonial Times To The Present", by Richard S. Newman.

text: 1975: The firm SARP Industry is founded to treat hazardous waste.

text: The Environmental Protection Agency has other ways of regulating hazardous waste. These "rules" include:

text: Chemical waste is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly produced by large factories). Chemical waste may fall under regulations such as COSHH in the United Kingdom, or the Clean Water Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in the United States. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), as well as state and local regulations also regulate chemical use and disposal. Chemical waste may or may not be classed as hazardous waste. A chemical hazardous waste is a solid, liquid, or gaseous material that displays either a “Hazardous Characteristic” or is specifically “listed” by name as a hazardous waste. There are four characteristics chemical wastes may have to be considered as hazardous. These are Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and Toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must be categorized as to its identity, constituents, and hazards so that it may be safely handled and managed.  Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of materials. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), Product Data Sheet or Label for a list of constituents. These sources should state whether this chemical waste is a waste that needs special disposal.

text: Chemical waste is a

text: waste

text: that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly

text: produced by large factories

text: ). Chemical waste may fall under regulations such as

text: COSHH

text: in the

text: United Kingdom

text: , or the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: in the

text: United States

text: . In the U.S., the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and the

entity_name: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

text: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

text: , as well as state and local regulations also regulate chemical use and disposal. Chemical waste may or may not be classed as

text: hazardous waste

text: . A chemical hazardous waste is a solid,

text: liquid

text: , or

text: gas

text: eous material that displays either a “Hazardous Characteristic” or is specifically “listed” by name as a hazardous waste. There are four characteristics chemical wastes may have to be considered as hazardous. These are Ignitability,

text: Corrosivity

text: , Reactivity, and Toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must be categorized as to its identity, constituents, and hazards so that it may be safely handled and managed.  Chemical waste is a broad term and encompasses many types of materials. Consult the

text: Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

text: , Product Data Sheet or Label for a list of constituents. These sources should state whether this chemical waste is a waste that needs special disposal.

text: Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.  It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.  The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.

text: Soil contamination or soil

text: pollution

text: as part of

text: land degradation

text: is caused by the presence of

text: xenobiotic

text: (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.  It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of

text: waste

text: .  The most common chemicals involved are

text: petroleum

text: hydrocarbons

text: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

text: (such as naphthalene and

text: benzo(a)pyrene

text: solvents

text: , pesticides,

text: lead

text: , and other

text: heavy metals

text: . Contamination is correlated with the degree of

text: industrialization

text: and intensity of chemical usage.

text: Georgia participates in a number of international environmental agreements. It is a party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands.

text: Georgia participates in a number of international environmental agreements. It is a party to:

text: Air Pollution

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: , Climate Change-

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: , Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands.

text: Deforestation (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, deserttification, agricultural runoff

text: Deforestation

text: (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, deserttification, agricultural runoff

text: Toxic waste is any material in liquid, solid, or gas form that can cause harm by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Many of today’s household products such as televisions, computers and phones contain toxic chemicals that can pollute the air and contaminate soils and water. Disposing of such waste is a major public health issue.

text: Waste-to-energy plants are designed to reduce the emission of air pollutants in the flue gases exhausted to the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates, and to destroy pollutants already present in the waste, using pollution control measures such as baghouses, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. High temperature, efficient combustion, and effective scrubbing and controls can significantly reduce air pollution outputs.

text: Waste-to-energy plants are designed to reduce the emission of

text: air pollutant

text: s in the

text: flue gas

text: es exhausted to the atmosphere, such as

text: nitrogen oxides

text: sulfur oxides

text: and

text: particulates

text: , and to destroy pollutants already present in the waste, using pollution control measures such as

text: baghouse

text: s,

text: scrubber

text: s, and

text: electrostatic precipitator

text: s. High temperature, efficient combustion, and effective scrubbing and controls can significantly reduce

text: air pollution

text: outputs.

text: After World War II, massive population growth, infrastructure construction, and the dispersal of economic activities to Manila's suburbs left the river neglected. The banks of the river attracted informal settlers and the remaining factories dumped their wastes into the river, making it effectively a huge sewer system. Industrialization had already polluted the river.

text: After

text: World War II

text: , massive population growth, infrastructure construction, and the dispersal of economic activities to Manila's suburbs left the river neglected. The banks of the river attracted informal settlers and the remaining factories dumped their wastes into the river, making it effectively a huge sewer system. Industrialization had already polluted the river.

text: DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible remediation of many hazardous waste sites.

text: DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible

text: remediation

text: of many hazardous waste sites.

text: The Mumbles Railway was closed in 1960. By 1960, industry in the valley was in steep decline and the landscape was littered with abandoned metalworks and the waste from them. The Lower Swansea Valley Scheme was started: an attempt to reclaim the polluted land into something usable. The Enterprise Zone at Llansamlet is built on part of this land. Further down the river, the Tawe was diverted—again—and the Parc Tawe development sits on top of the old North Dock. The old South Dock area now holds the Leisure Centre and Marina.

text: The Mumbles Railway was closed in 1960. By 1960, industry in the valley was in steep decline and the landscape was littered with abandoned metalworks and the waste from them. The Lower Swansea Valley Scheme was started: an attempt to reclaim the polluted land into something usable. The Enterprise Zone at

text: Llansamlet

text: is built on part of this land. Further down the river, the Tawe was diverted—again—and the Parc Tawe development sits on top of the old North Dock. The old South Dock area now holds the

text: Leisure Centre

text: and

text: Marina

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water

text: pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The

entity_name: International Water Management Institute

text: International Water Management Institute

text: has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated  wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta, while in emerging nations, where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The World Health Organization, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), has developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006. These guidelines advocate a ‘multiple-barrier’ approach to wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.

text: There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated  wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta, while in emerging nations, where industrial development is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The

text: World Health Organization

text: , in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), has developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006. These guidelines advocate a ‘multiple-barrier’ approach to wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.

text: Although most U.S. states and federal regulations continue to permit homeowner disposal of some household hazardous waste into the solid waste stream, state agencies are becoming more stringent in enforcing existing hazardous waste regulations at the retail level.

text: Although most

text: U.S. states

text: and

text: federal

text: regulations continue to permit homeowner disposal of some household hazardous waste into the solid waste stream, state agencies are becoming more stringent in enforcing existing hazardous waste regulations at the retail level.

text: Hazardous wastes (HWs) are typically dealt with in five different ways:

text: Policy concerning the prevention and reduction of eutrophication can be broken down into four sectors: Technologies, public participation, economic instruments, and cooperation. The term technology is used loosely, referring to a more widespread use of existing methods rather than an appropriation of new technologies. As mentioned before, nonpoint sources of pollution are the primary contributors to eutrophication, and their effects can be easily minimized through common agricultural practices. Reducing the amount of pollutants that reach a watershed can be achieved through the protection of its forest cover, reducing the amount of erosion leeching into a watershed. Also, through the efficient, controlled use of land using sustainable agricultural practices to minimize land degradation, the amount of soil runoff and nitrogen-based fertilizers reaching a watershed can be reduced. Waste disposal technology constitutes another factor in eutrophication prevention. Because a major contributor to the nonpoint source nutrient loading of water bodies is untreated domestic sewage, it is necessary to provide treatment facilities to highly urbanized areas, particularly those in underdeveloped nations, in which treatment of domestic waste water is a scarcity. The technology to safely and efficiently reuse waste water, both from domestic and industrial sources, should be a primary concern for policy regarding eutrophication.

text: Beginning in the 1950s dams and thousands of kilometres of dykes were built for flood control, land reclamation, irrigation and for the control of diseases vectors such as blood flukes that caused Schistosomiasis. More than a hundred lakes were thus cut off from the main river. There were gates between the lakes that could be opened during floods. However, farmers and settlements encroached on the land next to the lakes although it was forbidden to settle there. When floods came, it proved impossible to open the gates since it would have caused substantial destruction. Thus the lakes partially or completely dried up. For example, Baidang Lake shrunk from  in the 1950s to  in 2005. Zhangdu Lake dwindled to one quarter of its original size. Natural fisheries output in the two lakes declined sharply. Only a few large lakes, such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, remained connected to the Yangtze. Cutting off the other lakes that had served as natural buffers for floods increased the damage done by floods further downstream. Furthermore, the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically. Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of carp who thrived in eutrophic water conditions and who feeds on algae, causing widespread pollution. The pollution was exacerbated by the discharge of waste from pig farms as well as of untreated industrial and municipal sewage. In September 2012, the Yangzte river near Chongqing turned red from pollution. The erection of the Three Gorges Dam has created an impassable "iron barrier" that has led to a great reduction in the biodiversity of the river. Yangtze sturgeon use seasonal changes in the flow of the river to signal when is it time to migrate. However, these seasonal changes will be greatly reduced by dams and diversions. Other animals facing immediate threat of extinction are the Baiji Dolphin, finless porpoise and the Yangtze Alligator. These animals numbers went into freefall from the combined effects of accidental catches during fishing, river traffic, habitat loss and pollution. In 2006 the baiji dolphin became extinct; the world lost an entire genus.

text: Beginning in the 1950s dams and thousands of kilometres of dykes were built for flood control, land reclamation, irrigation and for the control of diseases vectors such as

text: blood fluke

text: s that caused

text: Schistosomiasis

text: . More than a hundred lakes were thus cut off from the main river. There were gates between the lakes that could be opened during floods. However, farmers and settlements encroached on the land next to the lakes although it was forbidden to settle there. When floods came, it proved impossible to open the gates since it would have caused substantial destruction. Thus the lakes partially or completely dried up. For example,

text: Baidang Lake

text: shrunk from  in the 1950s to  in 2005.

text: Zhangdu Lake

text: dwindled to one quarter of its original size. Natural fisheries output in the two lakes declined sharply. Only a few large lakes, such as

text: Poyang Lake

text: and

text: Dongting Lake

text: , remained connected to the Yangtze. Cutting off the other lakes that had served as natural buffers for floods increased the damage done by floods further downstream. Furthermore, the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically. Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of

text: carp

text: who thrived in

text: eutrophic

text: water conditions and who feeds on algae, causing widespread pollution. The pollution was exacerbated by the discharge of waste from pig farms as well as of untreated industrial and municipal sewage. In September 2012, the Yangzte river near Chongqing turned red from pollution. The erection of the Three Gorges Dam has created an impassable "iron barrier" that has led to a great reduction in the biodiversity of the river. Yangtze sturgeon use seasonal changes in the flow of the river to signal when is it time to migrate. However, these seasonal changes will be greatly reduced by dams and diversions. Other animals facing immediate threat of extinction are the

text: Baiji Dolphin

text: finless porpoise

text: and the

text: Yangtze Alligator

text: . These animals numbers went into freefall from the combined effects of accidental catches during fishing, river traffic, habitat loss and pollution. In 2006 the baiji dolphin became extinct; the world lost an entire genus.

text: The long-range effects of the disaster include an increasing incidence of various kinds of cancer and birth defects; congenital defects in newborns are reported to be 40% higher than before the accident. Tainted water, livestock, farm produce, and land are widespread, and the extensive wetlands retain high concentrations of radiation. Cleanup of the disaster accounted for 14% of the state budget in 1995. Other environmental problems include widespread chemical pollution of the soil, which shows excessive pesticide levels, and the industrial pollution found in nearly all the large cities.

text: Production of primary aluminium metal with the Hall–Héroult process involves the electrolytic reduction of alumina in cells or pots. The electrolyte is made up of molten cryolite and other additives. The electrolyte is contained in a carbon and refractory lining in a steel potshell. The pots typically have a life of 2 to 6 years. Eventually the cell fails and the potlining (SPL) is removed and replaced. The SPL generated is listed by various environmental bodies as hazardous waste.  Due to the concentrations of ﬂuorides and cyanides in spent potliner, and the tendency to leach in contact with water, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed the materials on 13 September 1988 (53 Fed. Reg. 35412) as a hazardous waste (K088) under 40 C.F.R., Part 261, Subpart D. International shipment of SPL is subject to the protocols of the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. As the environmental regulation agencies in an increasing number of countries define SPL as a hazardous material, the disposal costs can easily run to more than $1000 per tonne SPL.World production of primary aluminium is in the order of 40 million tonnes. The world’s smelters also produce about one million tonnes of toxic SPL waste. Past industry practice has been to landfill this waste. This must change if the aluminium industry wants to claim a reasonable degree of sustainability and environmentally tolerable emissions. Landfill of unreacted SPL is considered a practice of the past.

text: Production of primary

text: aluminium

text: metal with the

text: Hall–Héroult process

text: involves the electrolytic reduction of

text: alumina

text: in cells or pots. The

text: electrolyte

text: is made up of molten

text: cryolite

text: and other additives. The electrolyte is contained in a carbon and refractory lining in a steel potshell. The pots typically have a life of 2 to 6 years. Eventually the cell fails and the potlining (SPL) is removed and replaced. The SPL generated is listed by various environmental bodies as hazardous waste.  Due to the concentrations of ﬂuorides and cyanides in spent potliner, and the tendency to leach in contact with water, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed the materials on 13 September 1988 (53 Fed. Reg. 35412) as a hazardous waste (K088) under 40 C.F.R., Part 261, Subpart D. International shipment of SPL is subject to the protocols of the

text: Basel Convention

text: on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. As the environmental regulation agencies in an increasing number of countries define SPL as a hazardous material, the disposal costs can easily run to more than $1000 per tonne SPL.World production of primary aluminium is in the order of 40 million tonnes. The world’s smelters also produce about one million tonnes of toxic SPL waste. Past industry practice has been to landfill this waste. This must change if the aluminium industry wants to claim a reasonable degree of sustainability and environmentally tolerable emissions. Landfill of unreacted SPL is considered a practice of the past.

text: The environmental policy of the United States is federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. This policy grew mainly out of the environmental movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically conservative interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser degree, control of hazardous waste. Due to increasing scientific consensus on global warming and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the United States energy policy and limits on greenhouse gas have been suggested.

text: The environmental policy of the United States is federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the

text: United States

text: . The goal of

text: environmental policy

text: is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. This policy grew mainly out of the

entity_name: Environmental movement in the United States

text: environmental movement in the United States

text: in the 1960s and 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically

text: conservative

text: interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser degree, control of

text: hazardous waste

text: . Due to increasing

text: scientific consensus on global warming

text: and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the

text: United States energy policy

text: and limits on

text: greenhouse gas

text: have been suggested.

text: With rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine waters is reduced especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic wastewater discharges, agricultural wastewater, and industrial wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and coliforms produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities. Agricultural wastewater, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contain pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to the water pollution. Industrial activities such as manufacturing of food, textile, paper, and slaughterhouses emit large amounts of organic waste.

text: An on-site Household Hazardous Waste depot collected paint, batteries, pesticides, cleaning agents and other hazardous waste in small (residential) quantities. A general recycling depot, to which residents and businesses could bring appliances (refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, etc.), corrugated cardboard, drywall, scrap metal and tires for recycling operated at the site, as did a tire recycling depot. The facility also had a yard waste drop-off area, from which the operators would transport material for composting in large outdoor windrows on a site north of the landfill, at the Avondale Composting Site. It also accepted waste brought by residents of households in York Region, but building contractors abused the privilege by bringing numerous small loads to the landfill, prompting the imposition of a tipping fee in 1990 for pickup trucks and small trailers. Commercial haulers were charged $18 per tonne in 1988, and $97 per tonne in 1990.

text: An on-site

text: Household Hazardous Waste

text: depot collected paint, batteries, pesticides, cleaning agents and other hazardous waste in small (residential) quantities. A general recycling depot, to which residents and businesses could bring appliances (refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, etc.), corrugated cardboard, drywall, scrap metal and tires for recycling operated at the site, as did a tire recycling depot. The facility also had a yard waste drop-off area, from which the operators would transport material for

text: composting

text: in large outdoor

text: windrow

text: s on a site north of the landfill, at the Avondale Composting Site. It also accepted waste brought by residents of households in York Region, but building contractors abused the privilege by bringing numerous small loads to the landfill, prompting the imposition of a

text: tipping fee

text: in 1990 for

text: pickup truck

text: s and small trailers. Commercial haulers were charged $18 per tonne in 1988, and $97 per tonne in 1990.

text: In the earlier days, agriculture was the primary activity with hygienic and sweet water available from the multitude of tanks also called " Kuttai" and " "Kulam". There were green pastures and one could see herds of goats, sheep and buffaloes grazing. This aided development of agro based industries like butter making and Uthukuli was known for its famed Butter. There were also many Rice and Paddy Hulling mills facilitating agro based trade. However  the rapid expansion of textile industries in Tiruppur led to installation of many dyeing units and soon, polluted effluents from the Textile city of Tiruppur converted the once fertile Noyyal river into a virtual drain. The polluted river and vanishing tanks had dealt a big, still unrecoverable blow to agriculture, dairy farming and Rice mills / Paddy Hulling  in these areas. Consequently the young and old  of this land are now forced to seek employment opportunities outside this once scenic spot. Apart from water pollution, scarcity of water and steep rise in labor costs in an unorganized labor sector has resulted in agriculture taking a back seat and the traditional hereditary farms called "Thottams" are fast vanishing.

text: In Call to Power, pollution is produced in meaningful quantities after the Industrial Revolution advance. Cities that produce a lot of pollution will start to produce "dead tiles" within their city radius. Such tiles produce no resources. If pollution is left unchecked, eventually the game will give a warning that global disasters will occur. Disasters include change in climate, ozone deterioration, and global warming. In the case of global warming, the game informs the player that "ice caps have melted" and sea levels have risen. Tiles affected are turned into either coast or shallow water, and cities on tiles that become shallow water or coast are destroyed.

text: In Call to Power, pollution is produced in meaningful quantities after the Industrial Revolution advance. Cities that produce a lot of pollution will start to produce "dead tiles" within their city radius. Such tiles produce no resources. If pollution is left unchecked, eventually the game will give a warning that global disasters will occur. Disasters include change in climate,

text: ozone

text: deterioration, and

text: global warming

text: . In the case of global warming, the game informs the player that "ice caps have melted" and sea levels have risen. Tiles affected are turned into either coast or shallow water, and cities on tiles that become shallow water or coast are destroyed.

text: Until 1988, the park land had been privately owned. However, the area had been severely degraded with lakes and canals going dry and the salinity and pollution of the remaining water making farming nearly impossible. The pollution was primarily coming from the Buenaventura River, with carried with it dirty water from other rivers in the south of the city. By the 1980s, these chinampa farmers had been prohibited from growing any edible plants on their lands.

text: Until 1988, the park land had been privately owned. However, the area had been severely degraded with lakes and canals going dry and the salinity and pollution of the remaining water making farming nearly impossible. The pollution was primarily coming from the

text: Buenaventura River

text: , with carried with it dirty water from other rivers in the south of the city. By the 1980s, these chinampa farmers had been prohibited from growing any edible plants on their lands.

text: The focus on hydrology as an important component of public space has driven Kim’s work since the mid-1990s. With the ChonGae Canal in Seoul, Korea, Mikyoung Kim won this major commission through an international competition. The city transformed this polluted historic riverway to a Class II rating and accommodates up to 22,000 tons of surficial and sub-surficial runoff from the city.

text: Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that occurs when runoff from streets, lawns, and other areas nearby a waterway carries toxins, chemicals, and silt into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing pollution and buildup of sediment. Nonpoint source pollution is said to be the most problematic and hardest to reverse of the types of pollution because it is so hard to regulate and pinpoint where it originates. Many experts agree that nonpoint source pollution is the biggest concern facing the Great Lakes. With the increase of urbanization, a toll has been taken on the lakes in these areas. Lakes that once had stable ecosystems with the appropriate amount of plant life are now full of massive amounts of plants and algae that have been fed by local lawns with their fertilizers, killing off many species of fish and other water life.

text: Nonpoint source pollution

text: is pollution that occurs when runoff from streets, lawns, and other areas nearby a waterway carries toxins, chemicals, and silt into lakes, rivers, and oceans causing pollution and buildup of sediment. Nonpoint source pollution is said to be the most problematic and hardest to reverse of the types of pollution because it is so hard to regulate and pinpoint where it originates. Many experts agree that nonpoint source pollution is the biggest concern facing the Great Lakes. With the increase of urbanization, a toll has been taken on the lakes in these areas. Lakes that once had stable ecosystems with the appropriate amount of plant life are now full of massive amounts of plants and algae that have been fed by local lawns with their fertilizers, killing off many species of fish and other water life.

text: Land treatment units are areas where hazardous waste is applied or incorporated into the soil surface. Land treatment units are typically units consisting of natural soils where natural biological and chemical degradation and attenuation processes immobilize, transform, or degrade hazardous constituents over time.<ref>Waste Analysis at Facilities that Generate, Treat, Store, and Dispose of Hazardous Waste, A Guidance Manual, U.S. EPA (OSWER 9938.4-03)

text: Land treatment units are areas where

text: hazardous waste

text: is applied or incorporated into the soil surface. Land treatment units are typically units consisting of natural soils where natural biological and chemical degradation and attenuation processes immobilize, transform, or degrade hazardous constituents over time.<ref>Waste Analysis at Facilities that Generate, Treat, Store, and Dispose of Hazardous Waste, A Guidance Manual, U.S. EPA (OSWER 9938.4-03)

text: The e-waste disposal occurring after processing for reuse, repair of equipment, and recovery of metals may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many kinds is transported overseas to developing countries for such processing. It is transported as if to be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-scrap becomes e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the net environmental cost must be compared to and include the mining, refining and extraction with its waste and pollution cost of new products manufactured to replace secondary products which are routinely destroyed in wealthier nations, and which cannot economically be repaired in older or obsolete products.  As an example of negative impacts of e-waste, pollution of groundwater has become so serious in areas surrounding China’s landfills that water must be shipped in from  away. However, mining of new metals can have even broader impacts on groundwater. Either thorough e-cycling processing, domestic processing or overseas repair, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. Such e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to disposing of e-waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential conflict minerals, like gold and wolframite, which requires less of those to be mined and lessens the potential money flow to militias and other exploitative actors in third-world that profit from mining them.

text: The e-waste disposal occurring after processing for reuse, repair of equipment, and recovery of metals may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many kinds is transported overseas to developing countries for such processing. It is transported as if to be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-scrap becomes e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the net environmental cost must be compared to and include the mining, refining and extraction with its waste and pollution cost of new products manufactured to replace secondary products which are routinely destroyed in wealthier nations, and which cannot economically be repaired in older or obsolete products.  As an example of negative impacts of e-waste, pollution of groundwater has become so serious in areas surrounding China’s landfills that water must be shipped in from  away. However, mining of new metals can have even broader impacts on groundwater. Either thorough e-cycling processing, domestic processing or overseas repair, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. Such e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to disposing of e-waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential

text: conflict minerals

text: , like

text: gold

text: and

text: wolframite

text: , which requires less of those to be mined and lessens the potential money flow to militias and other exploitative actors in third-world that profit from mining them.

text: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling, Air Pollution–Persistent Organic Pollutants (signed 2001, ratified 2002), Climate Change–Kyoto Protocol (signed May 1998, ratified together with 14 other EU countries May 31, 2002).

text: Chemical use and handling. Following enactment of the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976, and later the Water Quality Act of 1987, states and cities have become more vigilant in controlling the containment and storage of toxic chemicals, thus preventing releases and leakage. Methods commonly applied are: requirements for double containment of underground storage tanks, registration of hazardous materials usage, reduction in numbers of allowed pesticides and more stringent regulation of fertilizers and herbicides in landscape maintenance. In many industrial cases, pretreatment of wastes is required, to minimize escape of pollutants into sanitary or stormwater sewers.

text: Chemical

text: use and handling. Following enactment of the U.S.

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) in 1976, and later the

text: Water Quality Act of 1987

text: , states and cities have become more vigilant in controlling the containment and storage of toxic chemicals, thus preventing releases and leakage. Methods commonly applied are: requirements for double containment of

text: underground storage tank

text: s, registration of

text: hazardous materials

text: usage, reduction in numbers of allowed pesticides and more stringent regulation of fertilizers and herbicides in landscape maintenance. In many industrial cases, pretreatment of wastes is required, to minimize escape of pollutants into

text: sanitary

text: or

text: stormwater sewers

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, the canal became highly polluted by runoff from nearby industries, with the canal's sediment contaminated with heavy metals. In 1998, Sydney Water launched a A$4 million plan to clean and restore the condition of the canal's water, but this plan has since been abandoned. Five tributaries flow into the canal.

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, the canal became highly polluted by runoff from nearby industries, with the canal's sediment contaminated with heavy metals. In 1998,

text: Sydney Water

text: launched a A$4 million plan to clean and restore the condition of the canal's water, but this plan has since been abandoned. Five tributaries flow into the canal.

text: Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban sewerage and  industrial waste discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes.

text: Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban

text: sewerage

text: and

text: industrial waste

text: discharges, sometimes in the form of

text: hazardous

text: and

text: toxic waste

text: s.

text: Ginsberg served as the hearing officer for the New York state panel investigating the Love Canal pollution site in 1979.  He authored the state's report on the site.

text: Ginsberg served as the hearing officer for the New York state panel investigating the

text: Love Canal

text: pollution site in 1979.  He authored the state's report on the site.

text: The damage on properties and loss of lives caused by natural disaster are a typical impact of climate change. Because of this point, decreasing the natural disaster is one of main goals for many nations which tries to adjust in climate change. Increase in frequency of flooding, typhoon or hurricane intensity results in steady increase of number of large scale natural disaster, and damage for those. South Korea is not an exception. Especially, damage for flooding and typhoon is significant. Climate change in South Korea. Especially, damage for flooding and typhoon is significant. Despite of the increasing threat, the vulnerability to natural disaster, especially typhoon, has been decreased possibly due to multiple factors, such as, improved disaster prevention, changed building codes, industrial structures, and land use.

text: It was not long before Greka came to the attention of regulators in Santa Barbara County, where the majority of its operations are concentrated.  Between 1999 and 2008, the Santa Barbara County Fire Department responded to over 400 waste leaks and spills at Greka.  According to EPA Superfund Division employee Robert Wise, speaking to the Associated Press, "I've been in the hazardous materials business for 20 years and this is the worst oil company I've ever seen."  Fines, legal action, and EPA investigations have all resulted from the numerous releases at Greka facilities.  A Fish and Game official called Greka the current worst inland oil polluter in California.

text: Water pollution is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and Iran.Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage, nonpoint source pollution such as agricultural runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban stormwater runoff and chemical wastes dumped by industries and governments.

text: Water pollution

text: is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw

text: sewage

text: into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and

text: Iran

text: .Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage,

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: such as

text: agricultural

text: runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban

text: stormwater

text: runoff and

text: chemical waste

text: s dumped by industries and governments.

text: Semkenfahrt denotes three parts of the canal system: the Alte Semkenfahrt (= Old Semkenfahrt), the Semkenfahrtkanal (= Semkenfahrt canal), and the Neue Semkenfahrt (= New Semkenfahrt). The word Semkenfahrt originated from Semken, the surname of a family who gave the land to build the canal, and Fahrt which means a navigable channel in the nautical sense.

text: The extent and scale of the industrialisation that took place at a time when there almost no environmental controls in place created a legacy of chronic contamination of land and water by a great range of toxic and dangerous pollutants. The River Tawe was already being polluted by the coal mining industry and suffered badly. Even worse affected was the stream that meandered through the lower half of the valley, the Nant y Fendrod. Records about the history of this stream are sparse but it appears likely that for over 100 years most of the water was taken from this stream to be used in industry and its channel became the repository of much of the liquid waste from the various industries. In addition rainfall seeping through the growing waste tips added further burdens of by-products and waste materials.

text: The extent and scale of the industrialisation that took place at a time when there almost no environmental controls in place created a legacy of chronic contamination of land and water by a great range of toxic and dangerous

text: pollutant

text: s. The River Tawe was already being polluted by the coal mining industry and suffered badly. Even worse affected was the stream that meandered through the lower half of the valley, the Nant y Fendrod. Records about the history of this stream are sparse but it appears likely that for over 100 years most of the water was taken from this stream to be used in industry and its channel became the repository of much of the liquid waste from the various industries. In addition rainfall seeping through the growing waste tips added further burdens of by-products and waste materials.

text: Soil is mainly polluted by human activities, production activities in agriculture and manufacturing, the overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, mineral discharge from mining activities, heavy metals and noxious chemicals from industrial activities, waste reclamation, and the diffusion and falling of pollutants from the air. The efforts made by the government to manage soil and protect it from such pollution sources are as follows:

text: The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). It should be noted here however that in certain cases, with great economic inequality, there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards (water treatment, filtering, ...)....Also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier. If there were fewer people however, this multiplier would be lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well. As such, the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well. If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.

text: The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the

text: Environmental Kuznets Curve

text: (EKC). It should be noted here however that in certain cases, with great economic inequality, there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards (water treatment, filtering, ...)....Also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier. If there were fewer people however, this multiplier would be lower, and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well. As such, the current high level of

text: population

text: has a large impact on this as well. If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level (1/3 of current levels, so about 2 billion people), human inequality can be addressed/corrected, while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage.

text: The Thane – Belapur region is one of the largest industrial regions in India, and for a time in all of Asia. In 2006 it had 1136 industries generating industrial effluent. In 1994 it produced 100 tons of solid waste, 80 percent of it being either acidic or alkaline, with five tons of waste containing halogens making it difficult to treat. The bulk of this waste, along with municipal solid waste, polluted water bodies in the vicinity.  The industrial turnover for the year 2002-03 was Rs. 10000 crores, fifteen percent of this being exported. Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation established and industrial estate, to the north of Thane - Belapur Road in 1963. It has an area of 27 km and comprises about 2200 units. The region has chemical, textile, bulk-drug manufacturing plants and IT parks, James Heitzman considers it to be India's main petrochemical belt. In 1971 there were 44 industries were located in it employing 16000 personnel, who all commuted to work from outside the region. By the end of the last millennium, stagnation had set in these industries, following a trend that saw a shift from secondary to tertiary employment.

text: The Thane – Belapur region is one of the largest industrial regions in

text: India

text: , and for a time in all of Asia. In 2006 it had 1136 industries generating industrial effluent. In 1994 it produced 100 tons of solid waste, 80 percent of it being either acidic or alkaline, with five tons of waste containing halogens making it difficult to treat. The bulk of this waste, along with

text: municipal solid waste

text: , polluted water bodies in the vicinity.  The industrial turnover for the year 2002-03 was Rs. 10000 crores, fifteen percent of this being exported. Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation established and industrial estate, to the north of Thane - Belapur Road in 1963. It has an area of 27 km and comprises about 2200 units. The region has chemical, textile, bulk-drug manufacturing plants and IT parks, James Heitzman considers it to be India's main petrochemical belt. In 1971 there were 44 industries were located in it employing 16000 personnel, who all commuted to work from outside the region. By the end of the last millennium, stagnation had set in these industries, following a trend that saw a shift from secondary to tertiary employment.

text: Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

text: Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to

text: disease transmission

text: . Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and

text: wastewater

text: treatment,

text: industrial waste

text: treatment and noise and pollution control.

text: Many types of businesses in the United States generate hazardous waste. Some are small businesses that may be located in a community. For example, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, hospitals, exterminators, and photo processing centers all generate hazardous waste. Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies like chemical manufacturers, electroplating companies, and oil refineries. In the United States, hazardous wastes generated by commercial or industrial activities may be classified as "listed" hazardous wastes or "characteristic" hazardous wastes by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: Many types of businesses in the United States generate hazardous waste. Some are small businesses that may be located in a community. For example,

text: dry cleaners

text: automobile

text: repair shops, hospitals,

text: exterminators

text: , and photo processing centers all generate hazardous waste. Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies like chemical

text: manufacturer

text: s,

text: electroplating

text: companies, and

text: oil refineries

text: . In the United States, hazardous wastes generated by commercial or industrial activities may be classified as "listed" hazardous wastes or "characteristic" hazardous wastes by the

text: (EPA).

text: Gili Eco Trust's main project on land is improving waste management. Waste is a permanent issue for Gili islands, especially because of their tourism.The Gili Eco Trust works with the FMPL (the waste collection and treatment company on Gili Trawangan) which collects waste every day. The waste dump has been rebuilt and an elevated road has been built to reach it even during rainy season. Local people are used to burning their waste. This method is extremely polluting. The Gili Eco Trust tries to raise awareness about it and to change local habits and encourages recycling.General compost has been created, more than a thousand coloured bins have been installed, reusable bags are distributed... Tetra briks are sent to Eco Bali, a partner of the Gili Eco Trust. Glass, cardboard, cans and plastic are recycled in building materials.Finally the Gili Eco Trust organizes clean up days every first Friday of the month. Tourists can join children from the local school, volunteers from businesses, the Gili Eco Trust and the FMPL and get a free dive in exchange of their participation.

text: The treaty laid out a timetable for the transfer of the canal, leading to a complete handover of all lands and buildings in the canal area to Panama. The most immediate consequence of this treaty was that the Canal Zone, as an entity, ceased to exist on October 1, 1979. The final phase of the treaty was completed on December 31, 1999. On this date, the United States relinquished control of the Panama Canal and all areas in what had been the Panama Canal Zone.

text: The treaty laid out a timetable for the transfer of the canal, leading to a complete handover of all lands and buildings in the canal area to Panama. The most immediate consequence of this treaty was that the

text: Canal Zone

text: , as an entity, ceased to exist on October 1, 1979. The final phase of the treaty was completed on December 31, 1999. On this date, the United States relinquished control of the Panama Canal and all areas in what had been the Panama Canal Zone.

text: The Company has also been implicated in generating water pollution and toxic waste. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an order for U.S. Steel to clean up a site in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, where the soil had been contaminated with arsenic, lead, and other heavy metals, as well as naphthalene; groundwater at the site was found to be polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trichloroethylene (TCE). In 2005, the EPA, United States Department of Justice, and the State of Ohio reached a settlement requiring U.S. Steel to pay more than $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations in answer to allegations that the company illegally released pollutants into Ohio waters.  U.S. Steel's Gary, Indiana facility has been repeatedly charged with discharging polluted wastewater into Lake Michigan and the Grand Calumet River, and in 1998 agreed to a $30 million settlement to clean up contaminated sediments from a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the river.

text: The Company has also been implicated in generating

text: water pollution

text: and

text: toxic waste

text: . In 1993, the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued an order for U.S. Steel to clean up a site in

text: Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania

text: , on the

text: Delaware River

text: , where the soil had been contaminated with

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: , and other

text: heavy metals

text: , as well as

text: naphthalene

text: ; groundwater at the site was found to be polluted with

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s and

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE). In 2005, the EPA,

text: United States Department of Justice

text: , and the

text: State of Ohio

text: reached a

text: settlement

text: requiring U.S. Steel to pay more than $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations in answer to allegations that the company illegally released pollutants into Ohio waters.  U.S. Steel's

text: Gary, Indiana

text: facility has been repeatedly charged with discharging polluted wastewater into

text: Lake Michigan

text: and the

text: Grand Calumet River

text: , and in 1998 agreed to a $30 million settlement to clean up contaminated sediments from a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the river.

text: Objections raised then and subsequently included that lines would facilitate foreign interference withand invasions ofthe interior, that railways' straight lines promoted bad feng shui, that their presence would antagonize the official and peasant classes, and that their competition would destroy the livelihood of porters and ferrymen along the canals, leading them to banditry. Whereas canals assisted irrigation along their routes and could not be stolen, railways would inevitably occupy and pollute arable land and invite theft. Even supporters of railways insisted that it was essential to keep any lines Chinese-controlled and to oppose foreign ones.

text: Objections raised then and subsequently included that lines would facilitate foreign interference withand invasions ofthe interior, that railways' straight lines promoted bad

text: feng shui

text: , that their presence would antagonize the official and peasant classes, and that their competition would destroy the livelihood of porters and ferrymen along the canals, leading them to banditry. Whereas canals assisted irrigation along their routes and could not be stolen, railways would inevitably occupy and pollute arable land and invite theft. Even supporters of railways insisted that it was essential to keep any lines Chinese-controlled and to oppose foreign ones.

text: RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous waste and reduces the amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed.

text: The Urban Waste Water Directive marked a shift from legislation aimed at end-use standards to stricter legislation aimed at regulating water quality at the source. The directive applied both to domestic waste water and to waste water from industrial sectors, both of which account for much of the pollution. The Directive is an example of the detailed nature of European Union legislation and resulted in "significant costs in many member states".

text: Aquatic Biomonitoring is important in monitoring marine life and their ecosystems. Monitoring aquatic life can also be beneficial in understanding land ecosystems as well. Before there were tetrapods, there were fish. These fish then evolved into tetrapods that we see today. Because of this, aquatic life still has a major impact on life on land. Aquatic biomonitoring can represent the overall health and status of the environment, detect different environmental trends and how different stressors will affect those trends, and interpret the affect of different environmental activity will have on the overall health of the environment. Pollution and general stresses to aquatic life can have a huge impact on the environment in general. The main sources of pollution to oceans, rivers, and lakes are sewage, oil spills, land runoff, littering, ocean mining, and nuclear waste. These types of pollution cause a huge upset to marine life and can endanger any species in the water or that live close to the water. When aquatic species are affected, it causes a ripple effect. Many aquatic animals are a main food source for many land animals. For example: if a specific species of fish ingest toxins and become sick, the birds that ingest that species of fish will also become sick. Then the animal that ingest that bird will also become sick. This is a problem that can be avoided by monitoring all life and conditions in different bodies of water, including fresh and salt water.

text: Subsequent tests, carried out on the ground water displayed levels of uranium as high as 224 micrograms per litre (µg/l).  However, samples taken in the vicinity of the  around the coal-fired power plants were up to 15 times above the World Health Organisation's maximum safe limits.  It was found that the contamination included a large parts of the state of Punjab, home to 24 million people. In 2010, water samples taken from Buddha Nullah, a highly polluted water canal, which merges into the Sutlej River, showed heavy metal content as quite high and the presence of uranium 1½ times the reference range., and together with other forms of pollution, like ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticides, the rivulet, is now being termed as "Other Bhopal" in the making.

text: Subsequent tests, carried out on the

text: ground water

text: displayed levels of uranium as high as 224 micrograms per litre (µg/l).  However, samples taken in the vicinity of the  around the coal-fired power plants were up to 15 times above the

text: World Health Organisation

text: 's maximum safe limits.  It was found that the contamination included a large parts of the state of Punjab, home to 24 million people. In 2010, water samples taken from

text: Buddha Nullah

text: , a highly polluted water canal, which merges into the

text: Sutlej River

text: , showed heavy metal content as quite high and the presence of uranium 1½ times the reference range., and together with other forms of pollution, like ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and

text: chlorpyrifos

text: pesticides, the rivulet, is now being termed as "Other

text: Bhopal

text: " in the making.

text: As a result of efforts to control water resources in Florida and projects to drain the Everglades during the early and mid-20th century, water flow into Biscayne Bay has been altered by the construction of canals. These canals channel water from portions of the southeastern Everglades now used for agriculture into the bay. Prior to canal construction, most fresh water inflow came from rain and groundwater, but the canals are now altering the salinity profile of the bay, conveying sediment and pollutants and leading to saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne aquifer. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) was established in 2000 to mitigate the effects of human intervention into the natural water flow of the Everglades. Primarily aimed at the restoration of historical patterns of water flow into Everglades National Park, the project will also deal with issues arising from the diversion of water out of the southern Everglades into Biscayne Bay. The Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project (BBCW) is a CERP component specifically intended to redistribute water flow so that fresh water is introduced gradually through creeks and marshes rather than short, heavy discharges through drainage canals.

text: As a result of efforts to control water resources in Florida and projects to drain the

text: Everglades

text: during the early and mid-20th century, water flow into Biscayne Bay has been altered by the construction of canals. These canals channel water from portions of the southeastern Everglades now used for agriculture into the bay. Prior to canal construction, most fresh water inflow came from rain and groundwater, but the canals are now altering the salinity profile of the bay, conveying sediment and pollutants and leading to saltwater intrusion into the Biscayne aquifer. The

entity_name: Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan

text: Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan

text: (CERP) was established in 2000 to mitigate the effects of human intervention into the natural water flow of the Everglades. Primarily aimed at the

text: restoration of historical patterns of water flow

text: into Everglades National Park, the project will also deal with issues arising from the diversion of water out of the southern Everglades into Biscayne Bay. The Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project (BBCW) is a CERP component specifically intended to redistribute water flow so that fresh water is introduced gradually through creeks and marshes rather than short, heavy discharges through drainage canals.

text: Incinerator Ash is the ash produced when incinerators burn waste in order to dispose of it. Incineration has many polluting effects which include the release of various hazardous gases, heavy metals, and sulfur dioxide.

text: Incinerator Ash

text: is the

text: ash

text: produced when incinerators burn waste in order to dispose of it. Incineration has many

text: polluting

text: effects which include the release of various hazardous gases,

text: heavy metals

text: , and

text: sulfur dioxide

text: Industrial waste contains substances in various aggregate forms that remained for a long time in different facilities, warehouses, and industrial units.Over time, the usage of some of these substances has expired or degraded by changing their composition, making them as highly hazardous substances for people’s health.

text: The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands and Whaling.

text: The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-

text: Nitrogen Oxide

text: s, Air Pollution-

text: Sulphur

text: 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

entity_name: Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

text: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources

entity_name: Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

text: Antarctic Seals

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: , Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

text: Desertification

text: , Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

text: Wetlands

text: and

text: Whaling

text: Shortly after the canal's opening, the Paisley canal disaster took the lives of 84 people, 52 males and 32 females. Saturday 10 November 1810 was the Martinmas Fair. Many people, with the day off work, took the opportunity to travel the short distance of  by canal between Paisley and Johnstone. As The Countess of Eglinton docked at the Paisley wharf, there was a rush of people trying to get onto the boat. At the same time, people from Johnstone were attempting to disembark. Despite the attempts of the boat men to push off again, the weight of people pushing onto the boat caused it to suddenly overturn, throwing many passengers into the cold water of the wharf.

text: Shortly after the canal's opening, the Paisley canal disaster took the lives of 84 people, 52 males and 32 females. Saturday 10 November 1810 was the

text: Martinmas

text: Fair. Many people, with the day off work, took the opportunity to travel the short distance of  by canal between Paisley and Johnstone. As The Countess of Eglinton docked at the Paisley wharf, there was a rush of people trying to get onto the boat. At the same time, people from Johnstone were attempting to disembark. Despite the attempts of the boat men to push off again, the weight of people pushing onto the boat caused it to suddenly overturn, throwing many passengers into the cold water of the wharf.

text: The Kettleman Hills Hazardous Waste Facility is a  capacity, hazardous, and municipal solid waste disposal facility operated by Chemical Waste Inc., a subsidiary of Waste Management, Inc. The  site is situated ,  southwest of Kettleman City on State Route 41.

text: The

entity_name: Kettleman Hills Hazardous Waste Facility

text: Kettleman Hills Hazardous Waste Facility

text: is a  capacity,

text: hazardous

text: , and municipal

text: solid waste

text: disposal facility

text: operated by Chemical Waste Inc., a subsidiary of

text: Waste Management, Inc.

text: The  site is situated ,  southwest of Kettleman City on

text: State Route 41

text: From 1990 to 1999, he was the Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency (Bapedal). In 1995, Makarim created and launched the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) to collect and disseminate information about the environmental performance of leading private-sector polluters.

text: Certain items such as batteries and fluorescent lamps can be returned to retail stores for disposal.  The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) maintains a list of battery recycling locations and your local environmental organization should have list of fluorescent lamp recycling locations. The classification "household hazardous waste" has been used for decades and does not accurately reflect the larger group of materials that during the past several years have become known as "household hazardous wastes".  These include items such as latex paint, non-hazardous household products and other items that do not generally exhibit hazardous characteristics which are routinely included in "household hazardous waste" disposal programs.  The term "home generated special materials" more accurately identifies a broader range of items that public agencies are targeting as recyclable and/or should not be disposed of into a landfill.

text: Certain items such as batteries and fluorescent lamps can be returned to retail stores for disposal.  The

text: Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation

text: (RBRC) maintains a list of battery recycling locations and your local environmental organization should have list of fluorescent lamp recycling locations. The classification "household hazardous waste" has been used for decades and does not accurately reflect the larger group of materials that during the past several years have become known as "household hazardous wastes".  These include items such as latex paint, non-hazardous household products and other items that do not generally exhibit hazardous characteristics which are routinely included in "household hazardous waste" disposal programs.  The term "home generated special materials" more accurately identifies a broader range of items that public agencies are targeting as recyclable and/or should not be disposed of into a landfill.

text: Environmental pollutants that arise through the keeping and use of animals may include pollution of the air, land or water. It can arise through animal waste products as well as chemicals that may be used during production (e.g. insecticides, antibiotics, etc.).

text: Environmental pollutants

text: that arise through the keeping and use of animals may include

text: pollution

text: of the air, land or water. It can arise through

text: animal waste

text: products as well as

text: chemical

text: s that may be used during production (e.g.

text: insecticide

text: s,

text: antibiotic

text: s, etc.).

text: Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of water pollution may not be immediately visible because of a sewage system that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g. persistent organic pollutant), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the food chain: plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made (anthropogenic) hazards.

text: Human-made hazards while not immediately health-threatening may turn out detrimental to man's well-being eventually, because deterioration in the environment can produce secondary, unwanted negative effects on the human ecosphere. The effects of

text: water pollution

text: may not be immediately visible because of a

text: sewage system

text: that helps drain off toxic substances. If those substances turn out to be persistent (e.g.

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: ), however, they will literally be fed back to their producers via the

text: food chain

text: : plankton -> edible fish -> humans. In that respect, a considerable number of environmental hazards listed below are man-made

text: (anthropogenic) hazards

text: Louisiana is one of the top five U.S. states in oil production, oil that is piped through marshes in Louisiana to market and sometimes leaks into the marsh land polluting it. Field studies suggest that, although the application and burning of South Louisiana Crude oil on  Sagittaria l. plants in plots of fresh Louisiana  marsh land  had short term negative effects on the growth rate of Sagittaria l., over time plant recovery was just as rapid as in the plots where the plants were oiled but not burned. This suggests that allowing a polluted marsh to degrade and recover without burning is a viable option, while burning is a viable option when a rapid recovery is needed on sensitive lands.

text: Disposal of large quantities of CCA-treated wastes or spent timber at the end of its lifecycle has been traditionally through controlled landfill sites. Such sites are lined to make them impervious in order to prevent losses to the water table and they are covered to prevent rainfall washing out any contained potential toxicants. These controlled sites handle a range of waste materials potentially more noxious than that posed by CCA-treated timber, e.g. paint-stuffs, car batteries, etc. Today, landfill sites are becoming scarcer and disposal of waste materials is becoming economically unattractive. The wood preservation and timber industries are therefore researching better ways of dealing with waste treated timber, including CCA-treated material.

text: Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas. It has been thought that the more polluted an area is with various contaminants, the more likely it is to contain lead. However, this is not always the case, as there are several other reasons for lead contamination in soil. Lead content in soil may be caused by broken-down lead paint, residues from lead-containing gasoline, used engine oil, or pesticides used in the past, contaminated landfills, or from nearby industries such as foundries or smelters. Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have leaded gasoline, it remains prevalent, raising concerns about the safety of urban agriculture; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard.

text: Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas. It has been thought that the more polluted an area is with various contaminants, the more likely it is to contain lead. However, this is not always the case, as there are several other reasons for lead contamination in soil. Lead content in soil may be caused by broken-down lead paint, residues from lead-containing gasoline, used engine oil, or

text: pesticide

text: s used in the past, contaminated landfills, or from nearby industries such as

text: foundries

text: or smelters. Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have

text: leaded gasoline

text: , it remains prevalent, raising concerns about the safety of

text: urban agriculture

text: ; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard.

text: As stated in a New York Times opinion piece, "Foods that are minimally processed, in season and locally grown, like those available at farmers' markets and backyard gardens, are generally the most climate-friendly." They are the most climate friendly because the energy needed to store and transport the meat is removed from the equation. There is a decrease in greenhouse gases emitted because locally grown goods do not need to be transported across the country, or constantly cooled in large refrigerators. Another benefit of locally grown food is its lower concentration of pollution sources. According to the USDA, more than 335 million tons of manure are produced annually in American farms. In factory farms, this waste is extremely concentrated, and without proper regulation and disposal, the waste pollutes the surrounding areas. The Natural Resource Defense Council even remarks that factory farms have reached a point in which the farms threaten public health. Pollutants from the manure and urine of overcrowded factory farms lead to water and air pollution. Some of these pollutants, such as hydrogen sulfide and various nitrates, are dangerous even at low levels. Factory farms are also considered unsanitary because they place animals in overcrowded conditions in fully enclosed rooms that often become the perfect breeding grounds for diseases.  Locally grown foods support free-range or pasture-grazing farming methods, decreasing the need for large factory farms. With fewer factory farms, waste will not be so concentrated and will thus not have such profound effects on the immediate surrounding areas.

text: As stated in a New York Times opinion piece, "Foods that are minimally processed, in season and locally grown, like those available at

text: farmers' market

text: s and backyard

text: garden

text: s, are generally the most

text: climate-friendly

text: ." They are the most climate friendly because the energy needed to store and transport the meat is removed from the equation. There is a decrease in

text: greenhouse gas

text: es emitted because locally grown goods do not need to be transported across the country, or constantly cooled in large refrigerators. Another benefit of locally grown food is its lower concentration of pollution sources. According to the USDA, more than 335 million tons of

text: manure

text: are produced annually in American farms. In

text: factory farms

text: , this waste is extremely concentrated, and without proper regulation and disposal, the waste pollutes the surrounding areas. The Natural Resource Defense Council even remarks that factory farms have reached a point in which the farms threaten public health. Pollutants from the manure and urine of overcrowded factory farms lead to water and air pollution. Some of these pollutants, such as hydrogen sulfide and various nitrates, are dangerous even at low levels. Factory farms are also considered unsanitary because they place animals in overcrowded conditions in fully enclosed rooms that often become the perfect breeding grounds for diseases.  Locally grown foods support free-range or pasture-grazing farming methods, decreasing the need for large factory farms. With fewer factory farms, waste will not be so concentrated and will thus not have such profound effects on the immediate surrounding areas.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Environment - international agreements:<br>party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: , Biodiversity, Climate Change,

text: Desertification

text: , Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling<br>signed, but not ratified:Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster in India. Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by Dow Chemical Company), killed at least 3787 people and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000. An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.

text: The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984

text: Bhopal Disaster

text: in

text: India

text: . Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by

text: Dow Chemical Company

text: ), killed at least 3787 people and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4

text: Great Smog

text: of 1952 formed over

text: London

text: . In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000. An

text: accidental leak

text: of

text: anthrax

text: spores from a

text: biological warfare

text: laboratory in the former

text: USSR

text: in 1979 near

text: Sverdlovsk

text: is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in

text: Donora, Pennsylvania

text: in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.

text: When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in their tissues. This is because they ingest the chemicals as they feed but their enzyme systems are not capable of metabolising them and as a result, the levels build up. This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves, and is one for humans who eat them. It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in monitoring the presence and quantity of pollutants in their environment.

text: When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as

text: heavy metals

text: and

text: persistent organic pollutants

text: in their tissues. This is because they ingest the chemicals as they feed but their enzyme systems are not capable of metabolising them and as a result, the levels build up. This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves, and is one for humans who eat them. It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in

text: monitoring

text: the presence and quantity of pollutants in their environment.

text: It is mostly an industrial area, thus forced to pollute the environment and as it is comparatively more developed, the people take less precautionary measures to prevent most of the pollution. This leads to Land Constraint.

text: As part of conservation of its wildlife, Chile is signatory (but not ratified) to the international agreements/protocols/Conventions /Laws such as the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, and Whaling.

text: As part of conservation of its wildlife, Chile is signatory (but not ratified) to the international agreements/protocols/Conventions /Laws such as the

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources

text: Antarctic Seals

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Environmental Modification

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Law of the Sea

text: Marine Dumping

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: , and

text: Whaling

text: The contaminated Love Canal neighborhood gained national media attention in 1978 when toxins from a chemical waste landfill within the site forced United States President Jimmy Carter to declare the area a national disaster, with hundreds of residents relocating.

text: The contaminated

text: Love Canal

text: neighborhood gained national media attention in 1978 when toxins from a chemical waste landfill within the site forced United States President

text: Jimmy Carter

text: to declare the area a national disaster, with hundreds of residents relocating.

text: On 30 August 1971, Vishnudevananda flew from Boston to Northern Ireland in his Peace Plane, a twin-engine Piper Apache plane painted by artist Peter Max. His Vedantic message, "Man is free as a bird", challenged all man-made borders and mentally constructed boundaries. Upon landing, he was joined by actor Peter Sellers and they walked through the streets of Belfast chanting a song called "Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself." Later that same year, on 6 October, he took off with his co-pilot Bren Jacobson, who had been with him during the entire trip, from Tel Aviv to fly over the war-ridden Suez Canal and was buzzed by Israeli jets. The same thing happened with the Egyptian Air Force on the other side of the Canal. He continued eastward, "bombing" Pakistan and India with flowers and peace leaflets.

text: On 30 August 1971, Vishnudevananda flew from

text: Boston

text: to

text: Northern Ireland

text: in his Peace Plane, a twin-engine

text: Piper Apache

text: plane painted by artist

text: Peter Max

text: . His Vedantic message, "Man is free as a bird", challenged all man-made borders and mentally constructed boundaries. Upon landing, he was joined by actor

text: Peter Sellers

text: and they walked through the streets of

text: Belfast

text: chanting a song called "Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself." Later that same year, on 6 October, he took off with his co-pilot Bren Jacobson, who had been with him during the entire trip, from Tel Aviv to fly over the war-ridden

text: Suez Canal

text: and was buzzed by Israeli jets. The same thing happened with the Egyptian Air Force on the other side of the Canal. He continued eastward, "bombing"

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: India

text: with flowers and peace leaflets.

text: In 2000, Northrop Grumman was designated a Primary Responsible Party under federal Superfund laws at 13 hazardous waste sites and under state Superfund laws at eight sites.  The corporation has also been linked to 52 superfund toxic waste sites.  Based on 2008 data, Northrop Grumman was the 62nd-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, per the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Northrop Grumman facilities released more than 23,798 pounds of toxic chemicals into the air in that year.

text: In 2000, Northrop Grumman was designated a Primary Responsible Party under federal Superfund laws at 13 hazardous waste sites and under state Superfund laws at eight sites.  The corporation has also been linked to 52

text: superfund

text: toxic waste

text: sites.  Based on 2008 data, Northrop Grumman was the 62nd-largest corporate producer of

text: air pollution

text: in the

text: United States

text: , per the

text: Political Economy Research Institute

text: of the

text: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: . Northrop Grumman facilities released more than 23,798 pounds of toxic chemicals into the air in that year.

text: Society historically managed its industrial and municipal wastes by disposal or incineration. Chemical regulation occurs only after a product is identified as hazardous. This problem-specific approach has led to the release of thousands of potentially harmful chemicals in our environment.  Chemical regulation is a continuous game of catch up, in which banned chemicals are replaced with new chemicals that may be just as or more toxic. Many environmental laws are still based on the industrial production model of cradle-to-grave. The term “cradle-to-grave” is used to describe and assess the life-cycle of products, from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. This traditional approach to chemicals management has serious environmental drawbacks because it does not consider what happens to a product after it is disposed of. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, exemplifies a cradle-to-grave management approach of hazardous waste. RCRA has been largely ineffective because its emphasis is on dealing with waste after it has been created; meanwhile emphasis on waste reduction is minimal.   Waste does not disappear, it is simply transported elsewhere. Costly and burdensome hazardous waste disposal in the US has encouraged the exportation of hazardous waste to poor counties and developing nations willing to accept the waste for a fee.

text: Society historically managed its industrial and municipal wastes by disposal or

text: incineration

text: . Chemical regulation occurs only after a product is identified as hazardous. This problem-specific approach has led to the release of thousands of potentially harmful chemicals in our environment.  Chemical regulation is a continuous game of catch up, in which banned chemicals are replaced with new chemicals that may be just as or more toxic. Many environmental laws are still based on the industrial production model of cradle-to-grave. The term “cradle-to-grave” is used to describe and assess the life-cycle of products, from

text: raw material

text: extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. This traditional approach to chemicals management has serious environmental drawbacks because it does not consider what happens to a product after it is disposed of. The

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976, exemplifies a cradle-to-grave management approach of hazardous waste. RCRA has been largely ineffective because its emphasis is on dealing with waste after it has been created; meanwhile emphasis on

text: waste reduction

text: is minimal.   Waste does not disappear, it is simply transported elsewhere. Costly and burdensome

text: hazardous waste

text: disposal in the US has encouraged the exportation of hazardous waste to poor counties and developing nations willing to accept the waste for a fee.

text: Reefs in close proximity to human populations are subject to poor water quality from land- and marine-based sources. In 2006 studies suggested that approximately 80 percent of ocean pollution originates from activities on land. Pollution arrives from land via runoff, the wind and "injection" (deliberate introduction, e.g., drainpipes).Runoff brings with it sediment from erosion and land-clearing, nutrients and pesticides from agriculture, wastewater, industrial effluent and miscellaneous material such as petroleum residue and trash that storms wash away. Some pollutants consume oxygen and lead to eutrophication, killing coral and other reef inhabitants.

text: Reefs in close proximity to human populations are subject to poor water quality from land- and marine-based sources. In 2006 studies suggested that approximately 80 percent of ocean pollution originates from activities on land. Pollution arrives from land via

text: runoff

text: , the wind and "injection" (deliberate introduction, e.g., drainpipes).Runoff brings with it sediment from

text: erosion

text: and land-clearing, nutrients and pesticides from agriculture,

text: wastewater

text: , industrial

text: effluent

text: and miscellaneous material such as petroleum residue and trash that storms wash away. Some pollutants consume

text: oxygen

text: and lead to

text: eutrophication

text: , killing coral and other reef inhabitants.

text: An HW may be sequestered in an HW landfill  or permanent disposal facility. "In terms of hazardous waste, a landfill is defined as a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazardous waste is placed or on land and which is not a pile, a land treatment facility, a surface impoundment, an underground injection well, a salt dome formation, a salt bed formation, an underground mine, a cave, or a corrective action management unit (40 CFR 260.10)."

text: Federal guidelines have provided state, tribal, and some local governments regulatory responsibility for ensuring proper management of wastes generated from each source in their region but the programs might vary considerably in their guidelines and implementation. As of 2011, the EPA has authorized forty-eight states, except Alaska and Iowa (Hawaii was added in 2001), to implement the RCRA, meaning the states' regulations must meet at least the requirements set at the federal level and may be more stringent. Many states follow the federal rules for hazardous waste management and also have more stringent state requirements on hazardous and toxic wastes in particular. California, New York and Iowa are some states that have additional requirements. For example, the California Department of Toxic and Hazardous Substances distinguishes discarded mercury-containing products and waste oil as separate groups of hazardous waste. (See also: Types of Mercury Products, Standards for the Management of Used Oil)

text: Love Canal is a neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York that was heavily contaminated with toxic waste including PCBs.

text: Love Canal

text: is a neighborhood in

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: that was heavily contaminated with toxic waste including PCBs.

text: Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.

text: Examples include

text: municipal solid waste

text: (household trash/refuse),

text: hazardous waste

text: wastewater

text: (such as

text: sewage

text: , which contains bodily wastes (

text: feces

text: and

text: urine

text: ) and

text: surface runoff

text: radioactive waste

text: , and others.

text: From a health standpoint, hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S. the Environmental Protection Agency regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a hazardous air pollutant because it is a human carcinogen, a "priority pollutant" under the Clean Water Act, and a "hazardous constituent" under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution viscosity a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath.  Wet scrubbers are used to control these emissions. The discharge from the wet scrubbers is treated to precipitate the chromium from the solution because it cannot remain in the waste water.

text: From a health standpoint, hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S. the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a

entity_name: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: hazardous air pollutant

text: because it is a human

text: carcinogen

text: , a "priority pollutant" under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , and a "hazardous constituent" under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: . Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution

text: viscosity

text: a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath.

text: Wet scrubbers

text: are used to control these emissions. The discharge from the wet scrubbers is treated to

text: precipitate

text: the chromium from the solution because it cannot remain in the waste water.

text: In 2000 an assessment determined that a one-time investment of $1.4 million by the industrial firms would generate an annual savings of $1.9 million and a 32 percent reduction in pollution. The assessment showed that it is possible to reduce pollution and save money, if the companies are willing or if the government takes stronger action.  It is unlikely companies will take this action their own since the Chilean government is severely lacking in environmental regulation enforcement.  That it not to say that there are no incentives for companies to treat industrial wastewater, however.  The Santiago water and sewage utility – a private company – imposes charges based on the concentration of industrial effluent and places limits on the maximum amount of major pollutants.  It charges the companies a large amount if their waste levels are too high, a stronger incentive to reduce pollution.  This demonstrates that companies are receptive to incentives and penalties if they are implemented.  If enough social pressure is put on the government perhaps legislation can be enacted to reduce the environmental impact from major industries that have been given much leniency thus far.

text: In 2000 an assessment determined that a one-time

text: investment

text: of $1.4 million by the industrial firms would generate an annual savings of $1.9 million and a 32 percent reduction in

text: pollution

text: . The assessment showed that it is possible to reduce pollution and save money, if the companies are willing or if the government takes stronger action.  It is unlikely companies will take this action their own since the Chilean government is severely lacking in

text: environmental regulation

text: enforcement.  That it not to say that there are no incentives for companies to

text: treat industrial wastewater

text: , however.  The

text: Santiago

text: water and sewage utility – a private company – imposes charges based on the concentration of industrial

text: effluent

text: and places limits on the maximum amount of major

text: pollutant

text: s.  It charges the companies a large amount if their waste levels are too high, a stronger incentive to reduce pollution.  This demonstrates that companies are receptive to

text: incentive

text: s and

text: penalties

text: if they are implemented.  If enough

text: social pressure

text: is put on the government perhaps legislation can be enacted to reduce the

text: environmental impact

text: from major industries that have been given much leniency thus far.

text: The Protection of the Environment act of 14 July 2003, provided for the execution of Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996 and the Litter Pollution Act 1997. It mainly sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality.

text: The Protection of the Environment act of 14 July 2003, provided for the execution of

entity_name: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

text: Directive 96/61/EC

text: concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996 and the Litter Pollution Act 1997. It mainly sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality.

text: The town of Map Ta Phut is in the western part of Mueang Rayong District. It is the site of the Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand's largest petrochemical and heavy industry park. It contributes to Rayong Province's outstanding economic output, but has also become known for scandals involving hazardous waste, industrial accidents, and pollution.

text: The town of Map Ta Phut is in the western part of Mueang Rayong District. It is the site of the

text: Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate

text: , Thailand's largest petrochemical and heavy industry park. It contributes to Rayong Province's outstanding economic output, but has also become known for scandals involving hazardous waste, industrial accidents, and pollution.

text: Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or greywater) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tank

text: Sanitation is the

text: hygienic

text: means of

text: promoting health

text: through

text: prevention

text: of human contact with the

text: hazard

text: s of

text: waste

text: s as well as the treatment and proper disposal of

text: sewage

text: or

text: wastewater

text: . Hazards can be either physical,

text: microbiological

text: , biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or

text: greywater

text: ) industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g.,

text: sanitary sewer

text: s,

text: sewage treatment

text: surface runoff

text: management, solid waste management, excreta management), simple technologies (e.g.,

text: pit latrines

text: dry toilets

text: urine-diverting dry toilet

text: s,

text: septic tank

text: Because of the long-lasting pollution problem, the canal not only is too small for navigation, but is also dangerous to bathe in. The ministry of protection of environment of Serbia included it in the list of the country's «three black points». The pollution of the canal began in the second half of the 20th century with plumes of waste in its waters. According to a number of researchers, the canal is considered one of the most polluted reservoirs in Europe and poses a threat to human health among the people living in nearby settlements. At the bottom of the canal there is up to 400,000 tons of silt which contains heavy metals and oil waste which also reach the rivers connected by the channel — the Danube and the Tisa. In 2008 the minister of environmental protection signed the Memorandum of canal cleaning.

text: Some states allow collection of small business hazardous wastes at the same location as household hazardous wastes.  However, it is more common for public collection facilities to limit hazardous waste collection to households. In 1992 the US EPA issued a policy that allowed states the option to collect and mix household hazardous wastes with conditionally exempt hazardous wastes from small businesses. This has encouraged a trend of local collection programs evolving from household hazardous waste only to also include small business hazardous waste collection.

text: Spray towers can be used for gas absorption, but they are not as effective as packed or plate towers. Spray towers can be very effective in removing pollutants if the pollutants are highly soluble or if a chemical reagent is added to the liquid.

text: Spray towers can be used for gas

text: absorption

text: , but they are not as effective as

text: packed

text: or

text: plate

text: towers. Spray towers can be very effective in removing

text: pollutant

text: s if the pollutants are highly soluble or if a chemical reagent is added to the liquid.

text: Superfund sites are designated as being among the nation's worst areas with respect to toxic and hazardous waste. The Environmental Protection Agency is the federal agency that determines if a particular site is hazardous, prepares a course of action to reduce the hazard, and finds the parties responsible for the pollution. If a site is listed with the Superfund program, federal dollars are available for cleanup.

text: Superfund sites

text: are designated as being among the nation's worst areas with respect to toxic and

text: hazardous waste

text: . The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: is the federal agency that determines if a particular site is hazardous, prepares a course of action to reduce the hazard, and finds the parties responsible for the pollution. If a site is listed with the

text: Superfund

text: program, federal dollars are available for cleanup.

text: Turkey's waste financing system does not take into take into consider the polluter-pays principle sufficiently, so economical tools are weak to deter pollution and financial sources are inadequate for investments. Usage of natural areas (forests, seasides etc.) still causes a great threat to the environment. In addition, insufficient capacity for treatment and disposal of hazardous waste leads to illegal dumping to the nature. Furthermore, recycling rates are poor due to the lack of adequate facilities and incentives in the waste sector. Uncovered landfills remain to be potential sources of flammable biogases, carcirogen and toxic waste, as well as microbial diseases due to the inadequate changes on their status since 1990s. Along with poor funding and reporting, recycling sector in Turkey also suffers from poor environmental consciousness on both public and industrial level.

text: Turkey's waste financing system does not take into take into consider the

text: polluter-pays principle

text: sufficiently, so economical tools are weak to deter pollution and financial sources are inadequate for investments. Usage of natural areas (forests, seasides etc.) still causes a great threat to the environment. In addition, insufficient capacity for treatment and disposal of hazardous waste leads to illegal dumping to the nature. Furthermore, recycling rates are poor due to the lack of adequate facilities and incentives in the waste sector. Uncovered

text: landfill

text: s remain to be potential sources of flammable biogases, carcirogen and toxic waste, as well as microbial diseases due to the inadequate changes on their status since 1990s. Along with poor funding and reporting, recycling sector in Turkey also suffers from poor environmental consciousness on both public and industrial level.

text: After the Bhopal disaster, where a Union Carbide plant released forty tons of methyl isocyanate into the atmosphere in a village just south of Bhopal, India, the U.S. government passed the Emergency Planning and Right to Know Act of 1986.  Introduced by Henry Waxman, the act required all corporations to report their toxic chemical pollution annually, which was then gathered into a report known as the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). By collecting this data, the government was able to make sure that companies were no longer releasing excessive amounts of deadly toxins into populated areas, so to prevent another incident like that of the thousands of people killed and the tens of thousands of people injured in the Bhopal disaster.

text: After the

text: Bhopal disaster

text: , where a Union Carbide plant released forty tons of

text: methyl isocyanate

text: into the atmosphere in a village just south of Bhopal, India, the U.S. government passed the

text: Emergency Planning and Right to Know Act of 1986

text: .  Introduced by Henry Waxman, the act required all corporations to report their toxic chemical pollution annually, which was then gathered into a report known as the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). By collecting this data, the government was able to make sure that companies were no longer releasing excessive amounts of deadly toxins into populated areas, so to prevent another incident like that of the thousands of people killed and the tens of thousands of people injured in the Bhopal disaster.

text: Some environmental issues that affect Southern Africa are: water pollution, air pollution, land degradation, solid waste pollution, and deforestation. The environmental damage affects not only the population’s health, but also the species that live in the area, while also contributing to the worldwide issue of climate change.

text: Some environmental issues that affect Southern Africa are: water pollution, air pollution, land degradation, solid waste pollution, and deforestation. The environmental damage affects not only the population’s health, but also the species that live in the area, while also contributing to the worldwide issue of

text: climate change

text: On December 9, 2014, Akunis was appointed Deputy Minister of Environmental Protection. Akunis replaced Amir Peretz, who resigned from his post as Minister. The appointment, made by the Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office, comes a week after the massive crude oil spill in Israel's Arava region. Akunis said that "it is the Deputy Minister's intention to prioritize treatment of the ecological disaster in the south and to do all that is necessary to prevent the spread of the crude oil, and to prevent a health and environmental disaster." Akunis ordered crews to raise the side walls of the dams that have been built in the Arava to prevent flooding. Thanks to the infrastructure that has already been built in the area, the risk that the oil will reach the Gulf of Eilat has significantly dropped. Akunis has instructed that the reserve remain closed as long as high values of pollutants are still registered in air quality tests. In the end of December, The government approved a NIS 17 million Environment Ministry plan to rehabilitate. According to Akunis, the NIS 17 million program will serve to treat the soils contaminated by the spill as well as help restore the wildlife populations damaged over the course of the event. As part of the plan, a special team will be appointed to evaluate the environmental impact of various Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline Company activities on both dry land and beaches. The approved plan also involves opening a closed Eilat beach on EAPC-owned property to the city’s residents and visitors. In January 2015, Air quality tests found that there has been a 90% reduction of pollution in Evrona.

text: On December 9, 2014, Akunis was appointed Deputy Minister of Environmental Protection. Akunis replaced Amir Peretz, who resigned from his post as Minister. The appointment, made by the Prime Minister

text: Benjamin Netanyahu

text: 's office, comes a week after the massive crude

text: oil spill in Israel's Arava region

text: The pressures associated with diffuse pollution are important throughout the basin due to the high density of both agricultural lands and livestock farming occurring in certain areas in the basin. Livestock farming includes pig farms and poultry, with the dung spread directly to the land. Another main issue concerning diffuse pollution is the existence of several mines throughout the basin. Although some of them have direct discharges in water courses, the metals contained in the soils extracted can also reach surface waters through runoff. Finally, the disposal of solid wastes and wastes from agricultural activity in the river banks is another pressure that significantly contributes to the organic pollution of the water.

text: The most extensive overview of this topic including history, policy and technical issues is contained in the 2008 book Handbook on Household Hazardous Waste, Amy Cabaniss, Editor.  An additional HHW overview resource is in Chapter 10 of the Handbook of Solid Waste Management, George Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith, Editors.

text: Waste- Waste (law)- Waste management- Waste vegetable oil- Wastewater- Water conservation- Water contamination- Water dispute- Water Fluoridation controversy- Water pollution- Water privatization- Water purification- Water quality- Water resources- Waterborne disease- Waterway restoration- Water-wise gardening- Wave power- Websites- Weed control- Weedy species- Wetlands- Wetlands conservation- Wetlands International- Whaling- WILD Foundation- Wilderness- Wilderness area- Wildlife corridor- Wildlife garden- Wildlife refuge- Wildlife trade- Wind energy- Wind farm- Wind power- Wind turbine- Wise use- World Climate Change Conference- World Climate Conference- World Climate Programme- World Climate Report- World Day for Water- World population- World solar challenge- World Summit on Sustainable Development- World3- World's Most Livable Cities

text: Waste

text: Waste (law)

text: Waste management

text: Waste vegetable oil

text: Wastewater

text: Water conservation

text: Water contamination

text: Water dispute

text: Water Fluoridation controversy

text: Water pollution

text: Water privatization

text: Water purification

text: Water quality

text: Water resources

text: Waterborne disease

text: Waterway restoration

text: Water-wise gardening

text: Wave power

text: Websites

text: Weed control

text: Weedy species

text: Wetlands

text: Wetlands conservation

text: Wetlands International

text: Whaling

text: WILD Foundation

text: Wilderness

text: Wilderness area

text: Wildlife corridor

text: Wildlife garden

text: Wildlife refuge

text: Wildlife trade

text: Wind energy

text: Wind farm

text: Wind power

text: Wind turbine

text: Wise use

text: World Climate Change Conference

text: World Climate Conference

text: World Climate Programme

text: World Climate Report

text: World Day for Water

text: World population

text: World solar challenge

text: World Summit on Sustainable Development

text: World's Most Livable Cities

text: E-waste is a growing problem, accounting for 20-50 million metric tons of global waste per year according to the EPA. It is also the fastest growing waste stream in the EU. Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. After the cargo barge Khian Sea dumped 14,000 metric tons of toxic ash in Haiti, the Basel Convention was formed to stem the flow of hazardous substances into poorer countries. They created the e-Stewards certification to ensure that recyclers are held to the highest standards for environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify responsible recyclers. This works alongside other prominent legislation, such as the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive of the EU the United States National Computer Recycling Act, to prevent poisonous chemicals from entering waterways and the atmosphere.

text: E-waste

text: is a growing problem, accounting for 20-50 million metric tons of global waste per year according to the

text: EPA

text: . It is also the fastest growing waste stream in the EU. Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. After the cargo barge

text: Khian Sea

text: dumped 14,000 metric tons of toxic ash in

text: Haiti

text: , the

text: Basel Convention

text: was formed to stem the flow of hazardous substances into poorer countries. They created the

text: e-Stewards

text: certification to ensure that recyclers are held to the highest standards for environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify responsible recyclers. This works alongside other prominent legislation, such as the

entity_name: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

text: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

text: of the EU the

text: United States

text: National Computer Recycling Act, to prevent poisonous chemicals from entering waterways and the atmosphere.

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal Clean Water Act as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

text: Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major environmental issues India faces today.

text: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: Air Pollution

text: , Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

text: Biodiversity

text: , Climate Change, Climate Change-

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Environmental Modification

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Ozone Layer Protection,

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: The canal enabled Swindon businesses and farmers to transport goods over a wider area in a quicker time-scale. It also provided an influx of new residents, both from out of county and also from those navvies who settled after completion of the canal. With Ambrose Goddard, Lord of the Manor of Swindon at the time, also a major shareholder in the company. Goddard authorised a number of purchases on behalf of the canal company for land along its eventual route, land which he himself owned.

text: The canal enabled Swindon businesses and farmers to transport goods over a wider area in a quicker time-scale. It also provided an influx of new residents, both from out of county and also from those

text: navvies

text: who settled after completion of the canal. With Ambrose Goddard, Lord of the Manor of Swindon at the time, also a major shareholder in the company. Goddard authorised a number of purchases on behalf of the canal company for land along its eventual route, land which he himself owned.

text: Love Canal was an abandoned canal near Niagara Falls, New York which was used by the U.S. military and Occidental Petroleum as a chemical waste dumping ground.  Numerous cases of cancer and birth defects were found from the 1950s to the 1970s.  The primary VOC at Love Canal is toluene, which is found along with dioxins and other pollutants.

text: Love Canal

text: was an abandoned canal near

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: which was used by the

text: U.S. military

text: and

text: Occidental Petroleum

text: as a

text: chemical waste

text: dumping ground.  Numerous cases of cancer and birth defects were found from the 1950s to the 1970s.  The primary VOC at Love Canal is

text: toluene

text: , which is found along with

text: dioxin

text: s and other

text: pollutants

text: The waste can contain chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, dangerous pathogens, or other toxins. Even households generate hazardous waste from items such as batteries, used computer equipment, and leftover paints or pesticides. Toxic material can be either human-made and others are naturally occurring in the environment. Not all hazardous substances are considered toxic.

text: The waste can

text: contain chemicals

text: heavy metals

text: , radiation, dangerous pathogens, or other toxins. Even households generate hazardous waste from items such as batteries,

text: used computer equipment

text: , and leftover paints or pesticides. Toxic material can be either human-made and others are naturally occurring in the environment. Not all hazardous substances are considered toxic.

text: Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

text: Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain

text: hazardous waste

text: materials (such as biological

text: medical waste

text: ). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous

text: pollutants

text: Air pollution (sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal is a major issue, along with water pollution from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than Total Maximum Daily Load. There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy deforestation with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development is occurring with resulting desertification. China is a party to the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Climate Change treaty, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Endangered Species treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the Law of the Sea, the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty.

text: Air pollution

text: sulfur dioxide

text: particulates) from reliance on

text: coal

text: is a major issue, along with

text: water pollution

text: from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: . There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy

text: deforestation

text: with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to

text: soil erosion

text: and economic development is occurring with resulting

text: desertification

text: . China is a party to the

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: , the

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: , the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: , the

text: Climate Change

text: treaty, the

entity_name: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: , the

text: Endangered Species

text: treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the

text: Law of the Sea

text: , the International Tropical Timber Agreements of

text: and

text: , the

entity_name: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: , and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,

text: Ship Pollution

text: , and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: treaty.

text: In the middle part of the nineteenth century the economy of the Kortrijk region was dominated by the textile industry, with an emphasis on linen. This industry heavily polluted the Lys River. In order to divert the polluted water from the centre of Gent, it was decided to cut the Schipdonk Canal which transported the pollution more directly to the North Sea, avoiding Gent in the process. A further benefit from the canal involved protecting Gent against the periodic flooding to which it had been subject. The third significant benefit was that the canal provided a relatively direct route for water transport from the industrially active Kortrijk district to the North Sea.

text: In the middle part of the nineteenth century the economy of the

text: Kortrijk

text: region was dominated by the

text: textile

text: industry, with an emphasis on

text: linen

text: . This industry heavily polluted the

text: Lys River

text: . In order to divert the polluted water from the centre of

text: Gent

text: , it was decided to cut the Schipdonk Canal which transported the pollution more directly to the

text: North Sea

text: , avoiding Gent in the process. A further benefit from the canal involved protecting Gent against the periodic flooding to which it had been subject. The third significant benefit was that the canal provided a relatively direct route for water transport from the industrially active Kortrijk district to the North Sea.

text: The PIC Convention focuses on international trade of industrial chemicals and pesticides that have restrictions or bans imposed upon them by one or more individual nations. The Convention aims to promote exchange of information relating to these chemicals between countries and a cooperative approach to their importation and exportation.The Stockholm Convention applies to chemicals characterised by: resistance to degradation in the environment; wide geographical distribution; accumulation in fatty tissues; and toxicity to living organisms. It aims to establish; control measures that reduce or eradicate POPs releases, including by-product POPs; ‘good’ management practices of stockpiles and wastes containing POPs.Other treaties incorporate the Basel Convention and the Montreal Protocol. The former concentrates on control of transboundary hazardous waste movement whilst the latter on regulation of substances, which contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.

text: The PIC Convention focuses on international trade of industrial chemicals and pesticides that have restrictions or bans imposed upon them by one or more individual nations. The Convention aims to promote exchange of information relating to these chemicals between countries and a cooperative approach to their importation and exportation.The Stockholm Convention applies to chemicals characterised by: resistance to degradation in the environment; wide geographical distribution; accumulation in fatty tissues; and toxicity to living organisms. It aims to establish; control measures that reduce or eradicate POPs releases, including by-product POPs; ‘good’ management practices of stockpiles and wastes containing POPs.Other treaties incorporate the

text: Basel Convention

text: and the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: . The former concentrates on control of transboundary hazardous waste movement whilst the latter on regulation of substances, which contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer.

text: Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref name="pollu multi">

text: Hyderabad produces around 4,500

text: tonnes

text: of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in

text: Imlibun

text: Yousufguda

text: and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in

text: Jawaharnagar

text: . Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has also led to increased

text: industrial waste

text: air

text: noise

text: and

text: water pollution

text: , which is regulated by the

text: Telangana Pollution Control Board

text: (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from

text: atmospheric particulate matter

text: are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref name="pollu multi">

text: On August 7, 1978, United States President Jimmy Carter announced a federal health emergency, called for the allocation of federal funds and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site. This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster.  Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home sump pumps sealed off.

text: On August 7, 1978, United States President

text: Jimmy Carter

text: announced a federal health emergency, called for the allocation of federal funds and ordered the Federal Disaster Assistance Agency to assist the City of Niagara Falls to remedy the Love Canal site. This was the first time in American history that emergency funds were used for a situation other than a natural disaster.  Carter had trenches built that would transport the wastes to sewers and had home

text: sump pump

text: s sealed off.

text: party to:Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: While basic research in toxicology began in multiple countries in the 1800s, it was not until around the 1930s that the use of acute toxicity testing, especially on fish, was established. Over the next two decades, the effects of chemicals and wastes on non-human species became more of a public issue and the era of the pickle-jar bioassays began as efforts increased to standardize toxicity testing techniques. In the United States of America, the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1947 marked the first comprehensive legislation for the control of water pollution and was followed by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1956. In 1962, public and governmental interests were renewed, in large part due to the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, and three years later the Water Quality Act was passed which directed states to develop water quality standards. Public awareness, as well as scientific and governmental concern, continued to grow throughout the 1970s and by the end of the decade research had expanded to include hazard evaluation and risk analysis. In the subsequent decades, aquatic toxicology has continued to expand and internationalize so that there is now a strong application of toxicity testing for environmental protection.

text: While basic research in toxicology began in multiple countries in the 1800s, it was not until around the 1930s that the use of acute toxicity testing, especially on fish, was established. Over the next two decades, the effects of chemicals and wastes on non-human species became more of a public issue and the era of the pickle-jar bioassays began as efforts increased to standardize toxicity testing techniques. In the United States of America, the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1947 marked the first comprehensive legislation for the control of water pollution and was followed by the

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: in 1956. In 1962, public and governmental interests were renewed, in large part due to the publication of

text: Rachel Carson

text: ’s

text: Silent Spring

text: , and three years later the

text: Water Quality Act

text: was passed which directed states to develop water quality standards. Public awareness, as well as scientific and governmental concern, continued to grow throughout the 1970s and by the end of the decade research had expanded to include hazard evaluation and

text: risk analysis

text: . In the subsequent decades, aquatic toxicology has continued to expand and internationalize so that there is now a strong application of toxicity testing for

text: environmental protection

text: The city also suffers from a high level of land pollution. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not collected or managed. This once again is a huge health hazard and the Egyptian Government is looking for ways to combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect and recycle the waste; however, they also work with the Zabbaleen (or Zabaleen), a community that has been collecting and recycling Cairo's waste since the turn of the 20th century and live in an area known locally as Manshiyat naser. Both are working together to pick up as much waste as possible within the city limits, though it remains a pressing problem.

text: The city also suffers from a high level of

text: land pollution

text: . Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not

text: collected

text: or

text: managed

text: . This once again is a huge

text: health hazard

text: and the Egyptian Government is looking for ways to combat this. The Cairo Cleaning and Beautification Agency was founded to collect and recycle the waste; however, they also work with the

text: Zabbaleen

text: (or Zabaleen), a community that has been collecting and recycling Cairo's waste since the turn of the 20th century and live in an area known locally as

text: Manshiyat naser

text: . Both are working together to pick up as much waste as possible within the city limits, though it remains a pressing problem.

text: Pickling sludge is the waste product from pickling, and includes acidic rinse waters, iron chlorides, and metallic salts and waste acid. Spent pickle liquor is considered a hazardous waste by the EPA. Pickle sludge from steel processes is usually neutralized with lime and disposed of in a landfill since the EPA no longer deems it a hazardous waste after neutralization. The lime neutralization process raises the pH of the spent acid. The waste material is subject to a waste determination to ensure no characteristic or listed waste is present.  Since the 1960s, hydrochloric pickling sludge is often treated in a hydrochloric acid regeneration system, which recovers some of the hydrochloric acid and ferric oxide. The rest must still be neutralized and disposed of in land fills or managed as a hazardous waste based on the waste profile analysis.  The by-products of nitric acid pickling are marketable to other industries, such as fertilizer processors.

text: Pickling sludge is the waste product from pickling, and includes acidic rinse waters, iron chlorides, and metallic salts and waste acid. Spent pickle liquor is considered a

text: hazardous waste

text: by the

text: EPA

text: . Pickle sludge from steel processes is usually neutralized with

text: lime

text: and disposed of in a

text: landfill

text: since the EPA no longer deems it a hazardous waste after neutralization. The lime neutralization process raises the

text: pH

text: of the spent acid. The waste material is subject to a waste determination to ensure no characteristic or listed waste is present.  Since the 1960s, hydrochloric pickling sludge is often treated in a

text: hydrochloric acid regeneration

text: system, which recovers some of the hydrochloric acid and

text: ferric oxide

text: . The rest must still be neutralized and disposed of in land fills or managed as a hazardous waste based on the waste profile analysis.  The by-products of nitric acid pickling are marketable to other industries, such as

text: fertilizer

text: processors.

text: The drilling and production of oil and gas can pose a safety risk and a hazard to the environment from the ignition of the entrained gas causing dangerous fires and also from the risk of oil leakage polluting water, land and groundwater. For these reasons, redundant safety systems and highly trained personnel are required by law in all countries with significant production.

text: The drilling and production of oil and gas can pose a

text: safety

text: risk and a hazard to the

text: environment

text: from the ignition of the entrained gas causing dangerous fires and also from the risk of oil leakage polluting water, land and groundwater. For these reasons, redundant safety systems and highly trained personnel are required by law in all countries with significant production.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an industrial plant, pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of pharmacies in Clark County, Washington have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an

text: industrial plant

text: , pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of

text: pharmacies

text: in

text: Clark County, Washington

text: have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: CERCLA was enacted by Congress in 1980 in response to the threat of hazardous waste sites, typified by the Love Canal disaster in New York, and the Valley of the Drums in Kentucky. The initial trust fund to clean up a site where a polluter could not be identified, could not or would not pay (bankruptcy or refusal) consisted of about $1.6 billion.

text: CERCLA was enacted by

text: Congress

text: in 1980 in response to the threat of

text: hazardous waste

text: sites, typified by the

text: Love Canal

text: disaster in

text: New York

text: , and the

text: Valley of the Drums

text: in

text: Kentucky

text: . The initial

text: trust fund

text: to clean up a site where a polluter could not be identified, could not or would not pay (bankruptcy or refusal) consisted of about $1.6 billion.

text: In the context of pollution control, netting refers to a procedure whereby a company can create a new pollution source only if it makes equal reductions in pollution elsewhere in the company, i.e. it cannot acquire new permits from the outside.

text: In the context of

text: pollution

text: control, netting refers to a procedure whereby a company can create a new pollution source only if it makes equal reductions in pollution elsewhere in the company, i.e. it cannot acquire new permits from the outside.

text: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is the primary federal law that governs hazardous waste management through a “cradle-to-grave” program that controls hazardous waste from the point of generation until ultimate disposal. The act imposes management requirements on generators, transporters, and persons who treat or dispose of hazardous waste. Under this act, a waste is hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic, or appears on a list of about 100 industrial process waste streams and more than 500 discarded commercial products and chemicals. Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities are required to have permits and comply with operating standards and other EPA regulations.

text: The

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) is the primary federal law that governs hazardous waste management through a “

text: cradle-to-grave

text: ” program that controls

text: hazardous waste

text: from the point of generation until ultimate disposal. The act imposes management requirements on generators, transporters, and persons who treat or dispose of hazardous waste. Under this act, a waste is hazardous if it is

text: ignitable

text: corrosive

text: reactive

text: , or

text: toxic

text: , or appears on a list of about 100 industrial process waste streams and more than 500 discarded commercial products and

text: chemical

text: s. Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities are required to have permits and comply with operating standards and other EPA regulations.

text: The plan takes a three tiered approach to implement management measures for NPS pollution. The first tier considers "self-determined implementation of best management practices." This essentially considers voluntary programs, grants, and education. California has a number of educational programs designed to help alert local policymakers to the problems associated with NPS pollution, including the California Water and Land Use Partnership and the Model Urban Runoff Program. Incentive programs under this tier include measure like financial assistance for local watershed stewardship projects through grants from the CWA section 319 and environmental quality incentives programs for implementation cost-sharing. The first tier is less stringent than tiers two or three. The second tier of the plan is called the "regulatory-based encouragement of management practices." The second tier essentially works by allowing polluters to adopt certain managements measures that discourage NPS pollution rather than go through various permitting procedures. Regional water quality control boards may work with landowners and resource managers to waive the adoption of waste discharge requirements (WDRs), a type of effluent limitation, if a polluter adopts certain BMPs. The third tier is called "effluent limitations and enforcement." The effluent limitations may be set at a level where the only realistic manner of compliance is the adoption of BMPs. These limitations are command and control requirements for some activities, including for example WDRs for commercial nurseries, WDRs for selenium for the San Joaquin River, permitted storm water programs, erosion Control for Lake Tahoe, and WDRs for dairies.

text: The Secretariats of the Basel Convention, the Rotterdam Convention and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the three leading global chemicals and waste management instruments, provide the measures, new initiatives and solutions to deal with the growing problems of hazardous chemicals and wastes. Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions encompass the management of hazardous chemicals, especially the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are covered by all three treaties. The Conventions target chemical pollutants like dioxins and furans, hazardous pesticides and DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), PFOS, and the heavy metals: arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead.

text: The Secretariats of the

text: Basel Convention

text: , the

text: Rotterdam Convention

text: and the

entity_name: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: , the three leading global chemicals and waste management instruments, provide the measures, new initiatives and solutions to deal with the growing problems of hazardous chemicals and wastes. Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions encompass the management of hazardous chemicals, especially the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are covered by all three treaties. The Conventions target chemical pollutants like

text: dioxins

text: and

text: furans

text: , hazardous pesticides and DDT,

text: polychlorinated biphenyls

text: (PCBs),

text: polybrominated diphenyl ethers

text: (PBDEs), PFOS, and the heavy metals: arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead.

text: This is when a regional area develops from exploration to involvement and then into the development stage of the tourist area life cycle model. During the latter phase there can be both direct and indirect environmental impacts through the construction of superstructure such as hotels, restaurants, and shops, and infrastructure such as roads and power supply. As the destination develops, more tourists seek out the experience, consequently, their impacts increase accordingly. The requirement for water for washing, waste disposal, and drinking increases. Rivers can be altered, excessively extracted, and polluted by the demand placed by the facility. Noise pollution has the capacity to disturb wildlife and alter behavior, and light pollution can disrupt the feeding and reproductive behaviour of many creatures. When power is supplied by diesel or gasoline generators there is additional noise and pollution. General waste and garbage are also a result of the facilities. As more tourists arrive there is an increase in food and beverages consumed, which in turn creates waste plastic and non-biodegradable products.

text: This is when a regional area develops from exploration to involvement and then into the development stage of the tourist area life cycle model. During the latter phase there can be both direct and indirect environmental impacts through the construction of

text: superstructure

text: such as hotels, restaurants, and shops, and

text: infrastructure

text: such as roads and power supply. As the destination develops, more tourists seek out the experience, consequently, their impacts increase accordingly. The requirement for water for washing, waste disposal, and drinking increases. Rivers can be altered, excessively extracted, and polluted by the demand placed by the facility.

text: Noise pollution

text: has the capacity to disturb wildlife and alter behavior, and

text: light pollution

text: can disrupt the feeding and

text: reproductive behaviour

text: of many creatures. When power is supplied by diesel or gasoline generators there is additional noise and pollution. General waste and garbage are also a result of the facilities. As more tourists arrive there is an increase in food and beverages consumed, which in turn creates waste plastic and

text: non-biodegradable

text: products.

text: The British Composting Association  worked to establish an industry standard for composts, the BSI PAS 100 certified by the British Standards Institution. The specification covers the entire process; from raw materials and production methods, through quality control and lab testing ensuring certified composts are quality assured traceable safe and reliable. Description: Composting (waste), Biodegradability, Degradation, Waste disposal, Waste handling, Quality control, Biological hazards, Pathogens, Toxic materials, Toxins, Contaminants, Pollution control, Environmental management, Management operations, Performance, Marking, Labels, Fertilizers.

text: The

text: British

text: Composting Association

text: worked to establish an industry standard for

text: compost

text: s, the BSI PAS 100 certified by the

text: British Standards Institution

text: . The specification covers the entire process; from raw materials and production methods, through quality control and lab testing ensuring certified composts are quality assured traceable safe and reliable. Description: Composting (waste), Biodegradability, Degradation, Waste disposal, Waste handling, Quality control, Biological hazards,

text: Pathogens

text: , Toxic materials, Toxins, Contaminants, Pollution control, Environmental management, Management operations, Performance, Marking, Labels, Fertilizers.

text: Revitalizing old industrial buildings prevents demolition, minimizing construction waste and land pollution.

text: Revitalizing old industrial buildings prevents demolition, minimizing

text: construction waste

text: and

text: land pollution

text: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

text: party to:

text: Air Pollution

text: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides

text: Air Pollution-Sulphur 85

text: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94

text: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Environmental Modification

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Law of the Sea

text: Marine Dumping

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Tropical Timber 83

text: Tropical Timber 94

text: Wetlands

text: Whaling

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

text: Historically, Lake Liepāja was connected with Lake Tosmare by Vernen Creek, but in the 20th century the creek was filled in. Later in the 20th century the Fortress Canal (, ), which connects the lake to the Lake Tosmare and the sea, was dug. In the second half of the 20th century, the plant Liepājas Metalurgs built the Golodov Dam to separate the polluted part of the lake from the rest of the lake.

text: Historically, Lake Liepāja was connected with

text: Lake Tosmare

text: by Vernen Creek, but in the 20th century the creek was filled in. Later in the 20th century the Fortress Canal (, ), which connects the lake to the Lake Tosmare and the sea, was dug. In the second half of the 20th century, the plant

text: Liepājas Metalurgs

text: built the Golodov Dam to separate the polluted part of the lake from the rest of the lake.

text: The water, land, forest and beaches continue to remain free of pollution and industrial activity.

text: Bioremediation is a process in which pollutants or contaminants in the environment are removed through the use of biological organisms or their products.  The removal of these often hazardous pollutants is mostly carried out by naturally occurring or purposely introduced microorganisms that are capable of breaking down or absorbing the desired pollutant.  The types of pollutants that are often the targets of bioremediation strategies are petroleum products (including oil and solvents) and pesticides.  In addition to the microorganisms ability to digest and absorb the pollutants, their secreted exoenzymes play an important role in many bioremediation strategies.

text: Bioremediation

text: is a process in which

text: pollutants

text: or

text: contaminants

text: in the environment are removed through the use of

text: biological

text: organisms

text: or their products.  The removal of these often

text: hazardous

text: pollutants is mostly carried out by naturally occurring or purposely introduced

text: microorganisms

text: that are capable of

text: breaking down

text: or absorbing the desired pollutant.  The types of pollutants that are often the targets of bioremediation strategies are

text: petroleum

text: products (including oil and

text: solvents

text: ) and

text: pesticides

text: .  In addition to the microorganisms ability to digest and absorb the pollutants, their secreted exoenzymes play an important role in many bioremediation strategies.

text: Hazardous industrial waste disposal may happen in lawful landfills, too. In 2000, a Parliamentary Commission enquiry about waste discovered some 800,000 tonnes of mud in Pianura landfill, coming from ACNA of Cengioin Naples, and the Italian Procura della Repubblica found (through telephone wiretappings) some irregularities in the waste disposal into the landfill of Villaricca, managed by FIBA (a company of the Impregilo group).

text: Hazardous industrial waste disposal may happen in lawful landfills, too. In 2000, a Parliamentary Commission enquiry about waste discovered some 800,000 tonnes of mud in

text: Pianura landfill

text: , coming from

text: ACNA

text: of

text: Cengio

text: in Naples, and the

text: Italian Procura della Repubblica

text: found (through telephone wiretappings) some irregularities in the waste disposal into the landfill of

text: Villaricca

text: , managed by FIBA (a company of the

text: Impregilo

text: group).

text: Because groundwater and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

text: Because

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the

text: leaching

text: of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

text: A waste falls under the scope of the Convention if it is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of the Convention and it exhibits one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III. In other words, it must both be listed and possess a characteristic such as being explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive. The other way that a waste may fall under the scope of the Convention is if it is defined as or considered to be a hazardous waste under the laws of either the exporting country, the importing country, or any of the countries of transit.

text: A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established landfills and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river. These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu, just downriver from Hamilton, whose leachates include persistent organic pollutants such as dieldrin in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life. The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website. In 2002 dead eels were found in a tributary of the river when a container of pesticides and other chemicals was apparently illegally dumped. The chemicals were diluted when they entered the much bigger Waikato River. The harmful effect was temporary.

text: A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established

text: landfill

text: s and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river. These include an unlined waste dump at Horotiu, just downriver from Hamilton, whose

text: leachate

text: s include

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: s such as

text: dieldrin

text: in quantities toxic to freshwater marine life. The 2002 GHD report saw new regulations put in place to make industries comply with a new bylaw which stops hazardous substances entering the water system at all according to the HCC website. In 2002 dead

text: eel

text: s were found in a tributary of the river when a container of pesticides and other chemicals was apparently illegally dumped. The chemicals were diluted when they entered the much bigger Waikato River. The harmful effect was temporary.

text: Comparisons of per capita consumption and wastage of food, water and energy, between the European Union and developing countries quickly polarises the discourses on environment protection and climate change. Pollution control is a topic where citizens within emerging economies (India, China, Indonesia) are themselves demanding that their governments act decisively on issues of air, water & soil quality with stricter legislation for industrial waste management and improved norms to tackle hazardous pollutants.

text: The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

text: The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international

text: treaty

text: that was designed to reduce the movements of

text: hazardous waste

text: between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from

text: developed

text: to

text: less developed countries

text: (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and

text: toxicity

text: of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

text: The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s and earlier. One of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations was derived by Bosanquet and Pearson. Their equation did not assume Gaussian distribution nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume.  Sir Graham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 1947 which did include the assumption of Gaussian distribution for the vertical and crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection of the plume.  Under the stimulus provided by the advent of stringent environmental control regulations, there was an immense growth in the use of air pollutant plume dispersion calculations between the late 1960s and today. A great many computer programs for calculating the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed during that period of time and they were called "air dispersion models". The basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of Continuous, Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes  The Gaussian air pollutant dispersion equation requires the input of H which is the pollutant plume's centerline height above ground level—and H is the sum of H (the actual physical height of the pollutant plume's emission source point) plus ΔH (the plume rise due the plume's buoyancy).

text: The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s and earlier. One of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations was derived by Bosanquet and Pearson. Their equation did not assume

text: Gaussian distribution

text: nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume.  Sir Graham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 1947 which did include the assumption of Gaussian distribution for the vertical and crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection of the plume.  Under the stimulus provided by the advent of stringent

text: environmental control regulations

text: , there was an immense growth in the use of air pollutant plume dispersion calculations between the late 1960s and today. A great many computer programs for calculating the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed during that period of time and they were called "air dispersion models". The basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of

text: Continuous, Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes

text: The Gaussian air pollutant dispersion equation requires the input of H which is the pollutant plume's centerline height above ground level—and H is the sum of H (the actual physical height of the pollutant plume's emission source point) plus ΔH (the plume rise due the plume's buoyancy).

text: In 1990, Congress amended the Clean Air Act to create new regulations for over 180 different kinds of "hazardous air pollutants" emitted from stationary sources. One of the programs created by the 1990 amendments was the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, which regulated pollution from "major sources" of air pollution. At the same time, Congress developed a procedure to determine the applicability of the Hazardous Air Pollutants Program to power plants that generated electricity from fossil fuels. These procedures directed the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to study the effects of emissions of hazardous pollutants from these power plants on public health, and to regulate power plants if "regulation is appropriate and necessary after considering the results of the study." When regulating sources, the Clean Air Act states that the EPA must enforce minimum emissions regulations (known as "floor standards") and to consider costs, among other factors, when implementing more stringent emissions standards (known as "beyond-the-floor standards"). The EPA later interpreted the Clean Air Act to mean that "power plants become subject to regulation on the same terms as ordinary major and area sources"

text: In 1990,

text: Congress

text: amended the

text: Clean Air Act

text: to create new regulations for over 180 different kinds of "hazardous air pollutants" emitted from

text: stationary sources

text: . One of the programs created by the 1990 amendments was the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, which regulated pollution from "major sources" of air pollution. At the same time, Congress developed a procedure to determine the applicability of the Hazardous Air Pollutants Program to power plants that generated electricity from

text: fossil fuels

text: . These procedures directed the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to study the effects of emissions of hazardous pollutants from these power plants on public health, and to regulate power plants if "regulation is appropriate and necessary after considering the results of the study." When regulating sources, the Clean Air Act states that the EPA must enforce minimum emissions regulations (known as "floor standards") and to consider costs, among other factors, when implementing more stringent emissions standards (known as "beyond-the-floor standards"). The EPA later interpreted the Clean Air Act to mean that "power plants become subject to regulation on the same terms as ordinary major and area sources"

text: RTI scientists helped identify toxic chemicals in the Love Canal in the 1970s. In 1978, RTI researched the possibility of improving solar cells for the US Department of Energy and coal gasification for the Environmental Protection Agency in 1979. It trained Chinese government employees on using computer models to forecast pollution patterns before the 2007 Olympics in Beijing.

text: RTI scientists helped identify toxic chemicals in the

text: Love Canal

text: in the 1970s. In 1978, RTI researched the possibility of improving solar cells for the

text: US Department of Energy

text: and

text: coal gasification

text: for the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: in 1979. It trained Chinese government employees on using computer models to forecast pollution patterns before the 2007 Olympics in Beijing.

text: Arguably the most notable provisions of the RCRA statute are included in Subtitle C, which directs EPA to establish controls on the management of hazardous wastes from their point of generation, through their transportation and treatment, storage and/or disposal. Because RCRA requires controls on hazardous waste generators (i.e., sites that generate hazardous waste), transporters, and treatment, storage and disposal facilities (i.e., facilities that ultimately treat/dispose of or recycle the hazardous waste), the overall regulatory framework has become known as the "cradle to grave" system. The program imposes stringent recordkeeping and reporting requirements on generators, transporters, and operators of treatment, storage and disposal facilities handling hazardous waste.

text: Non-hazardous solid wastes include certain hazardous wastes which are exempted from the Subtitle C regulations, such as hazardous wastes from households and from conditionally exempt small quantity generators. Oil and gas exploration and production wastes, such as drill cuttings, produced water, and drilling fluids are categorized as "special wastes" and are also exempt from Subtitle C. Subtitle D also includes garbage (e.g., food containers, coffee grounds), non-recycled household appliances, residue from incinerated automobile tires, refuse such as metal scrap, construction materials, and sludge from industrial and municipal waste water facilities and drinking water treatment plants.

text: Non-hazardous solid wastes include certain hazardous wastes which are exempted from the Subtitle C regulations, such as hazardous wastes from households and from conditionally exempt small quantity generators. Oil and gas exploration and production wastes, such as drill cuttings, produced water, and drilling fluids are categorized as "special wastes" and are also exempt from Subtitle C. Subtitle D also includes garbage (e.g., food containers, coffee grounds), non-recycled household appliances, residue from incinerated automobile tires, refuse such as metal scrap, construction materials, and

text: sludge

text: from

text: industrial

text: and

text: municipal

text: waste water facilities and

text: drinking water treatment

text: plants.

text: According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), in the U.S., there is a correlation between the location of hazardous waste facilities and the ethnic background of an area's residents. In predominantly minority areas, voter registration and education are often lower than average, and citizens are less likely to challenge proposals or seek financial compensation for environmental and health damages. Implementing techniques to stop hazardous waste sites requires time, money, and political influence or backing. Resources such as meeting places, access to private and public records, and funding for technical assistance are also required for action. Minority groups may not have full access to these tools and resources creating challenges for the groups in fighting against the placement of toxic sites. Further, controversial projects are less likely to be sited in areas expected to pursue collective action. Some studies also suggest that the lack of protest could be due to fear of losing area jobs. Non-minority communities are more likely to succeed when opposing the siting of hazardous waste and sewage treatment facilities, incinerators, and freeways in their areas. Non-minority communities have better chance at accessing these tools and resources used to prevent placement of toxic sites and also negative impacts of environmental policy decisions.

text: According to the

text: U.S. Government Accountability Office

text: (GAO), in the U.S., there is a correlation between the location of

text: hazardous waste

text: facilities and the ethnic background of an area's residents. In predominantly minority areas, voter registration and education are often lower than average, and citizens are less likely to challenge proposals or seek financial compensation for environmental and health damages. Implementing techniques to stop hazardous waste sites requires time, money, and political influence or backing. Resources such as meeting places, access to private and public records, and funding for technical assistance are also required for action. Minority groups may not have full access to these tools and resources creating challenges for the groups in fighting against the placement of toxic sites. Further, controversial projects are less likely to be sited in areas expected to pursue

text: collective action

text: . Some studies also suggest that the lack of

text: protest

text: could be due to fear of losing area jobs. Non-minority communities are more likely to succeed when opposing the siting of hazardous waste and sewage treatment facilities, incinerators, and freeways in their areas. Non-minority communities have better chance at accessing these tools and resources used to prevent placement of toxic sites and also negative impacts of environmental policy decisions.

text: A new movement, bent on educating the people, was born after the Bhopal disaster, called the “right-to-know” movement. A series of laws and reports was created, all built to inform the people of the pollutants being dumped into our neighborhoods and atmosphere, and exactly how much of each chemical is being exposed and dumped. The theory behind “right-to-know” is that once people are informed on what is polluting their neighborhood, then they will begin to take action in both bringing down their own emissions, as well as begin to make the companies causing the most pollution, through means such as protests, to take into account their actions.

text: A new movement, bent on educating the people, was born after the

text: Bhopal disaster

text: , called the “

text: right-to-know

text: ” movement. A series of laws and reports was created, all built to inform the people of the

text: pollutant

text: s being dumped into our neighborhoods and atmosphere, and exactly how much of each chemical is being exposed and dumped. The theory behind “right-to-know” is that once people are informed on what is polluting their neighborhood, then they will begin to take action in both bringing down their own emissions, as well as begin to make the companies causing the most pollution, through means such as protests, to take into account their actions.

text: Guandu river is heavily polluted since it receives everything from raw sewage to industrial waste throughout its course.

text: Guandu river is heavily polluted since it receives everything from

text: raw sewage

text: to

text: industrial waste

text: throughout its course.

text: As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and increase is expected. Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide. Based from the said figure, 65% are classified as “pollutive” industries.

text: Many of the factories in Ramat Hovav use hazardous materials and evaporation ponds that pollute the air and leach cancer-causing chemicals into the soil and water. Initially, the toxic waste facility was privately run. According to Israeli environmentalist Alon Tal, the waste was not pretreated before transport to the site. Storage facilities were weak, barrels often rusted, toxic residues were unlabeled and reactive materials were stored near containers of cyanide. The facility was closed down repeatedly in the wake of accidents.

text: Many of the factories in Ramat Hovav use hazardous materials and

text: evaporation pond

text: s that pollute the air and leach cancer-causing chemicals into the soil and water. Initially, the toxic waste facility was privately run. According to Israeli environmentalist

text: Alon Tal

text: , the waste was not pretreated before transport to the site. Storage facilities were weak, barrels often rusted, toxic residues were unlabeled and reactive materials were stored near containers of cyanide. The facility was closed down repeatedly in the wake of accidents.

text: In developed economies, many hazardous materials are put in the domestic and commercial waste stream. In part this is because modern technological living uses many hazardous materials which, when they are in use, are safely encapsulated packaged to avoid any exposure route. In the waste stream, the packaging or encapsulation  breaks or degrades and there is an exposure route to hazardous materials for people working in the waste disposal industry, those living around sites used for waste disposal and the general environment surrounding such sites.

text: Pristina has 9155 hectares of agricultural land, from which 8508 hectares have the system of irrigation on them. Since Pristina has a much polluted air, then it tis thought that this emission of pollution be transferred from air to land. This happens through rainfall that dissolves air pollution and deposits it into the land. One of the most common ways of agricultural land degradation is the transformation of agricultural land into industrial land.  According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, in the period from 1998-2006 1 hectare of land in Pristina was transformed. However, the construction of Pristina started the last five years, with more people building apartments in each neighborhood of Pristina.  The problem of land degradation is that it happens in both ways: through the permition of the municipality of Pristina, but also without the permission of the municipality of Pristina. According to the director of the agricultural association in Kosovo, land degradation is happening each day more and more, and the most dangerous zones to remain without agricultural land are lands between Pristina and Skopje highway.

text: Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide emergency services, increases in land value, and agglomeration benefits. Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local air pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, safety hazards, community severance and congestion. The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.

text: Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide

text: emergency services

text: , increases in

text: land

text: value, and

text: agglomeration benefits

text: . Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local

text: air pollution

text: noise pollution

text: light pollution

text: safety hazards

text: community severance

text: and

text: congestion

text: . The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous

text: climate change

text: is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.

text: The incinerator was commissioned (began operations) in 1971, by the Greater London Council. The building is of metal sheet clad construction with a  reinforced concrete chimney. It was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as being, "on the edge of the marshes, in a setting that enhances its impressive scale. Vast box-like forms clad in corrugated metal sheeting, pale grey and dark grey, approached by two big ramps on tapering piers. Huge cylindrical concrete chimney containing two flues". The incinerator is currently Britain's largest and it handles unrecycled waste from seven London Boroughs: Barnet, Camden, Enfield, Islington, Hackney, Haringey, and Waltham Forest.  The waste is converted into electricity, bottom ash, air pollution control residue, and flue gases. 55 megawatts (MW) of electricity are generated, sufficient power to meet the needs of 24,000 households.

text: The incinerator was commissioned (began operations) in 1971, by the

text: Greater London Council

text: . The building is of metal sheet

text: clad

text: construction with a

text: reinforced concrete

text: chimney

text: . It was described by

text: Nikolaus Pevsner

text: as being, "on the edge of the marshes, in a setting that enhances its impressive scale. Vast box-like forms clad in corrugated metal sheeting, pale grey and dark grey, approached by two big ramps on tapering piers. Huge cylindrical concrete chimney containing two flues". The incinerator is currently

text: Britain's

text: largest and it handles unrecycled waste from seven

text: London Borough

text: s:

text: Barnet

text: Camden

text: Enfield

text: Islington

text: Hackney

text: Haringey

text: , and

text: Waltham Forest

text: .  The

text: waste

text: is converted into

text: electricity

text: bottom ash

text: , air pollution control residue, and flue gases. 55

text: megawatt

text: s (MW) of electricity are generated, sufficient power to meet the needs of 24,000 households.

text: The global waste trade has had negative effects for many people, particularly in poorer, developing nations. These countries often do not have safe recycling processes or facilities, and people process the toxic waste with their bare hands. Hazardous wastes are often not properly disposed of or treated, leading to poisoning of the surrounding environment and resulting in illness and death in people and animals. Many people have experienced illnesses or death due to the unsafe way these hazardous wastes are handled.

text: The 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, the world’s worst chemical disaster, is a prime example of a significant toxic hotspot. The toxic gas leaked from the understaffed Union Carbide plant killed up to 20,000 people and left 120,000 others chronically ill. Bhopal continues to face pollution problems from the abandoned factory today.

text: The 1984

text: Bhopal disaster

text: in India, the world’s worst chemical disaster, is a prime example of a significant toxic hotspot. The toxic gas leaked from the understaffed Union Carbide plant killed up to 20,000 people and left 120,000 others chronically ill. Bhopal continues to face pollution problems from the abandoned factory today.

text: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone layer Protection, Ship Pollution

text: party to:

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous waste

text: s,

text: Law of the Sea

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: Ozone layer

text: Protection, Ship Pollution

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

text: Environmental racism is a type of discrimination where people of low-income or minority communities are forced to live in close proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay. While there are competing views as to an exact definition, the interplay between environmental issues and social indicators are key to its understanding.

text: Environmental racism is a type of discrimination where people of

text: low-income

text: or minority communities are forced to live in close proximity of

text: environmentally hazardous

text: or

text: degraded

text: environments, such as

text: toxic waste

text: pollution

text: and

text: urban decay

text: . While there are competing views as to an exact definition, the interplay between environmental issues and social indicators are key to its understanding.

text: Following the 2011 Japanese Fukushima nuclear disaster, authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants, but it has been estimated that if Japan had never adopted nuclear power, accidents and pollution from coal or gas plants would have caused more lost years of life. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains highly radioactive, with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The difficult Fukushima disaster cleanup will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.

text: Following the 2011 Japanese

text: Fukushima nuclear disaster

text: , authorities shut down the nation's 54 nuclear power plants, but it has been estimated that if Japan had never adopted nuclear power, accidents and pollution from coal or gas plants would have caused more lost years of life. As of 2013, the Fukushima site remains

entity_name: Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: highly radioactive

text: , with some 160,000 evacuees still living in temporary housing, and some land will be unfarmable for centuries. The difficult

text: Fukushima disaster cleanup

text: will take 40 or more years, and cost tens of billions of dollars.

text: The Egyptians also attempted to land several heli-borne commando units in various areas in the Sinai to hamper the arrival of Israeli reserves. This attempt met with disaster as the Israelis shot down up to twenty helicopters, inflicting heavy casualties. Israeli Major General (res.) Chaim Herzog placed Egyptian helicopter losses at fourteen. Other sources claim that "several" helicopters were downed with "total loss of life" and that the few commandos that did filter through were ineffectual and presented nothing more than a "nuisance". Kenneth Pollack asserted that despite their heavy losses, the Egyptian commandos fought exceptionally hard and created considerable panic, prompting the Israelis to take precautions that hindered their ability to concentrate on stopping the assault across the canal.

text: The Egyptians also attempted to land several heli-borne commando units in various areas in the Sinai to hamper the arrival of Israeli reserves. This attempt met with disaster as the Israelis shot down up to twenty helicopters, inflicting heavy casualties. Israeli Major General (res.)

text: Chaim Herzog

text: placed Egyptian helicopter losses at fourteen. Other sources claim that "several" helicopters were downed with "total loss of life" and that the few commandos that did filter through were ineffectual and presented nothing more than a "nuisance". Kenneth Pollack asserted that despite their heavy losses, the Egyptian commandos fought exceptionally hard and created considerable panic, prompting the Israelis to take precautions that hindered their ability to concentrate on stopping the assault across the canal.

text: The ecology of the estuary is under threat from growing pollution from industry, farming and households, threatening both fish yields and human health.Sources of pollution include electroplating and oil refinery industries, pest control in cocoa, coffee and banana plantations, and waste organic oils from land transport, process industries and power generation.The bulk of human-generated sewage is also released into the estuary without treatment.The government infrastructure for controlling pollution is dispersed, weak and ineffective, and there is severe shortage of funding.

text: Early combined sewers used surface runoff to dilute waste from toilets and carry it away from urban areas into natural waterways.  Sewage treatment can remove some pollutants from toilet waste, but treatment of diluted flow from combined sewers produces larger volumes of treated sewage with similar pollutant concentrations.  Modern sanitary sewers are designed to transport domestic and industrial wastewater directly to treatment facilities without dilution.

text: Early

text: combined sewer

text: s used

text: surface runoff

text: to dilute waste from

text: toilet

text: s and carry it away from urban areas into natural waterways.

text: Sewage treatment

text: can remove some

text: pollutant

text: s from toilet waste, but treatment of diluted flow from combined sewers produces larger volumes of treated sewage with similar pollutant concentrations.  Modern sanitary sewers are designed to transport domestic and industrial

text: wastewater

text: directly to treatment facilities without dilution.

text: Since many abandoned and underutilized properties lie within economically distressed and disadvantaged communities, land recycling often benefits and stimulates re-investment in historically under-served areas. The real or perceived presence of xenobiotic hazardous substances from historical previous uses or in situ land pollution, causing soil contamination and groundwater pollution, may complicate the redevelopment of such properties. Such environmentally distressed properties, with site cleanup and mitigation considerations, are commonly referred to as brownfields.

text: Since many abandoned and underutilized properties lie within economically distressed and disadvantaged communities, land recycling often benefits and stimulates re-investment in historically under-served areas. The real or perceived presence of

text: xenobiotic

text: hazardous substance

text: s from historical previous uses or in situ

text: land pollution

text: , causing

text: soil contamination

text: and

text: groundwater pollution

text: , may complicate the redevelopment of such properties. Such environmentally distressed properties, with site cleanup and mitigation considerations, are commonly referred to as

text: brownfield

text: s.

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution, although cleanups following the Clean Water Act mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of

text: industrial pollution

text: , although cleanups following the

text: Clean Water Act

text: mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

text: In addition, minority neighborhoods have various health hazards that result from living close to highways and toxic waste factories or general dilapidated structures and streets. These environmental conditions create varying degrees of health risk from noise pollution, to carcinogenic toxic exposures from asbestos and radon that result in increase chronic disease, morbidity, and mortality. The quality of residential environment such as damaged housing has been shown to increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes, which is reflective of a communities health.  Housing conditions can create varying degrees of health risk that lead to complications of birth and long-term consequences in the aging population.  In addition, occupational hazards can add to the detrimental effects of poor housing conditions. It has been reported that a greater number of minorities work in jobs that have higher rates of exposure to toxic chemical, dust and fumes.

text: When natural disasters destroy housing or conflict forces families to flee their homes, Relief International provides for temporary and permanent shelter. Relief International also contributes to local infrastructure by building schools, irrigation canals, and community centers in impoverished communities. Relief International supports training for local residents so that they can participate in the construction process, creating livelihood opportunities for community members. Complementary programs help make homes safer and more comfortable by promoting products like high-efficiency cook stoves, which decrease indoor air pollution and reduce the need to gather fuel.

text: In 1979, Robert D. Bullard, a sociologist at Texas Southern University, completed a report describing the futile attempt of an affluent African-American community in Houston, Texas to block the siting of a hazardous waste landfill in their community.  This paper provided evidence that race, not just income status, was a probable factor in this local "uninvited" land-use decision.  In 1977, Sidney Howe, Director of the Human Environment Center, suggested that people positioned in the poor socioeconomic level of their respective communities were exposed to more pollution than others, and that those creating the most pollution live in the least polluted places. He used the term environmental justice to describe the corrective measures needed to address this disparity.

text: In 1979,

text: Robert D. Bullard

text: , a sociologist at

text: Texas Southern University

text: , completed a report describing the futile attempt of an affluent African-American community in Houston, Texas to block the siting of a hazardous waste landfill in their community.  This paper provided evidence that race, not just income status, was a probable factor in this local "uninvited" land-use decision.  In 1977,

text: Sidney Howe

text: , Director of the Human Environment Center, suggested that people positioned in the poor socioeconomic level of their respective communities were exposed to more pollution than others, and that those creating the most pollution live in the least polluted places. He used the term environmental justice to describe the corrective measures needed to address this disparity.

text: Among some of these problems is the depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting.  Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation  salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage. However, if the soil is under irrigated, it gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with consequent buildup of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either leaching to remove these salts and a method of drainage to carry the salts away. Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of alkaline soil.

text: Among some of these problems is the depletion of underground

text: aquifers

text: through

text: overdrafting

text: .  Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor

text: distribution uniformity

text: or

text: management

text: waste

text: s water, chemicals, and may lead to

text: water pollution

text: . Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation

text: salinity

text: requiring

text: watertable control

text: by some form of

text: subsurface land drainage

text: . However, if the soil is under irrigated, it gives poor

text: soil salinity control

text: which leads to increased

text: soil salinity

text: with consequent buildup of toxic

text: salt

text: s on soil surface in areas with high

text: evaporation

text: . This requires either

text: leaching

text: to remove these salts and a method of

text: drainage

text: to carry the salts away. Irrigation with

text: saline

text: or

text: high-sodium

text: water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of

text: alkaline soil

text: Guinea is party to the following international environmental agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling.

text: Guinea is party to the following international environmental agreements:

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Desertification

text: , Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Ozone Layer Protection,

text: Ship Pollution

text: , Wetlands, Whaling.

text: The incoming sewage ran through a catch pit, which removed large debris, and into the precipitation tanks. Liquid was removed from the top, and sludge from the bottom. The sludge was mixed with lime in three sludge pits, and then pressed into cakes. Initially, the works produced around 738 tons of pressed cake per week. Some 50 tons a day were sold as fertiliser, with the rest being carried by the railway to the old river bed for dumping. The liquid flowed along an open channel to  of land, which was used for land filtration, before the treated effluent was discharged into the Ship Canal. The process was inadequate for the volumes entering the works, and the canal became increasingly polluted. Consideration was given to discharging the effluent into the tidal River Mersey, by construction of a culvert to Randall's sluices, near Warrington, or treating it by the use of septic tanks and double-contact bacteria beds. The second option was chosen, as the first would have reduced the flow in the Ship Canal.

text: The incoming sewage ran through a catch pit, which removed large debris, and into the precipitation tanks. Liquid was removed from the top, and sludge from the bottom. The sludge was mixed with lime in three sludge pits, and then pressed into cakes. Initially, the works produced around 738 tons of pressed cake per week. Some 50 tons a day were sold as fertiliser, with the rest being carried by the railway to the old river bed for dumping. The liquid flowed along an open channel to  of land, which was used for land filtration, before the treated effluent was discharged into the Ship Canal. The process was inadequate for the volumes entering the works, and the canal became increasingly polluted. Consideration was given to discharging the effluent into the tidal

text: River Mersey

text: , by construction of a culvert to Randall's sluices, near

text: Warrington

text: , or treating it by the use of

text: septic tank

text: s and double-contact bacteria beds. The second option was chosen, as the first would have reduced the flow in the Ship Canal.

text: The major environmental issues in Tajikistan are concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts in the soil and groundwater, pockets of high air pollution caused by industry and motor vehicles, water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage, poor management of water resources, and soil erosion.

text: The major environmental issues in Tajikistan are concentrations of agricultural chemicals and salts in the soil and groundwater, pockets of high

text: air pollution

text: caused by industry and motor vehicles,

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural

text: runoff

text: and disposal of untreated

text: industrial waste

text: and sewage, poor management of water resources, and

text: soil erosion

text: Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrients, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Such chemicals are also liable to be broken down using strong oxidizing agents and these chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradable pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of oxidizable pollutants.

text: Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrients, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD). Such chemicals are also liable to be broken down using strong oxidizing agents and these chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the

text: chemical oxygen demand

text: (COD). Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of

text: pollution

text: effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of

text: biodegradable

text: pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of oxidizable pollutants.

text: In the United States, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 led to establishment of federal standards for the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. RCRA requires that industrial wastes and other wastes must be characterized following testing protocols published by EPA. TCLP is one of these tests.

text: In the United States, the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976 led to establishment of federal standards for the disposal of

text: solid waste

text: and

text: hazardous waste

text: . RCRA requires that

text: industrial waste

text: s and other wastes must be characterized following testing protocols published by EPA. TCLP is one of these tests.

text: Venturis can be used to collect both particulate and gaseous pollutants, but they are more effective in removing particles than gaseous pollutants.

text: Venturis can be used to collect both

text: particulate

text: and gaseous pollutants, but they are more effective in removing particles than gaseous pollutants.

text: Environmental issues in Vietnam number many, due to the effects of the Vietnam War, as well as the country's rapid industrialization following the economic reforms in 1986 knows as Doi Moi. According to the State of the Environment 2001 published by the government, the main issues are land degradation, forest degradation, loss of biodiversity, water pollution, air pollution and solid waste management. More recently, climate change was added as a major concern because Vietnam is considered to be one of the most seriously impacted by climate change according to a World Bank study in 2007.

text: Environmental issues in

text: Vietnam

text: number many, due to the effects of the

text: Vietnam War

text: , as well as the country's rapid industrialization following the economic reforms in 1986 knows as

text: Doi Moi

text: . According to the State of the Environment 2001 published by the government, the main issues are land degradation, forest degradation, loss of biodiversity, water pollution, air pollution and solid waste management. More recently, climate change was added as a major concern because Vietnam is considered to be one of the most seriously impacted by climate change according to a World Bank study in 2007.

text: Simon also listed numerous claims about alleged environmental damage and health dangers from pollution as "definitely disproved". These included claims about lead pollution & IQ, DDT, PCBs, malathion, Agent Orange, asbestos, and the chemical contamination at Love Canal.  He dismissed such concerns as a mere "value judgement."

text: Simon also listed numerous claims about alleged environmental damage and health dangers from pollution as "definitely disproved". These included claims about

text: lead pollution

text: & IQ,

text: DDT

text: PCBs

text: malathion

text: Agent Orange

text: asbestos

text: , and the chemical contamination at

text: Love Canal

text: .  He dismissed such concerns as a mere "value judgement."

text: The government held U.S. Steel to its responsibilities as a land tenant. The land occupied by the former plant and the surrounding area was polluted after almost 70 years of heavy industry. So polluted, that the Pollution Control Agency placed the site on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund list in 1984, requiring a plan and actions for hazard containment and environmental remediation. That year, buildings were inspected and harmful materials removed. In 1988, US Steel contracted for the razing and demolition of the once massive complex; the last of the buildings was brought down in 1997. Today the land of the former steel and cement plants sit primarily vacant, a brownfield available for development. The cement plant has been deemed as "cleaned" by U.S. Steel and the city of Duluth. The former steel plant site still has areas affected with pollution, which are areas of concern for area residents and prospective new tenants of the property. The MPCA, EPA and U.S. Steel continue to monitor and treat the  site and surrounding areas.

text: The government held U.S. Steel to its responsibilities as a land tenant. The land occupied by the former plant and the surrounding area was polluted after almost 70 years of heavy industry. So polluted, that the Pollution Control Agency placed the site on the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: 's

text: Superfund

text: list in 1984, requiring a plan and actions for hazard containment and environmental remediation. That year, buildings were inspected and harmful materials removed. In 1988, US Steel contracted for the razing and demolition of the once massive complex; the last of the buildings was brought down in 1997. Today the land of the former steel and cement plants sit primarily vacant, a

text: brownfield

text: available for development. The cement plant has been deemed as "cleaned" by U.S. Steel and the city of Duluth. The former steel plant site still has areas affected with pollution, which are areas of concern for area residents and prospective new tenants of the property. The MPCA, EPA and U.S. Steel continue to monitor and treat the  site and surrounding areas.

text: Under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, a facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit for doing so. Generators of and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through the RCRA, Congress directed the EPA to create regulations to manage hazardous waste. Under this mandate, the EPA developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management including the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements or requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations.

text: Under the 1976

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: , a facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit for doing so. Generators of and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through the RCRA, Congress directed the EPA to create regulations to manage hazardous waste. Under this mandate, the EPA developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management including the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements or requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations.

text: The pollution at Toroku dates back to 1690 according to A Table of Public Hazards of Japan

text: The pollution at Toroku dates back to 1690 according to

text: A Table of Public Hazards of Japan

text: Toxic waste, chemical waste, industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste are designations of industrial wastes. Sewage treatment plants can treat some industrial wastes, i.e. those consisting of conventional pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants require specialized treatment systems. (See Industrial wastewater treatment).

text: Toxic waste

text: chemical waste

text: , industrial solid waste and

text: municipal solid waste

text: are designations of industrial wastes.

text: Sewage treatment

text: plants can treat some industrial wastes, i.e. those consisting of

text: conventional pollutant

text: s such as

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD). Industrial wastes containing

text: toxic

text: pollutants require specialized treatment systems. (See

text: Industrial wastewater treatment

text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is acetone. Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is

text: acetone

text: . Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

text: Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

text: Engineering News-Record

text: (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.

text: The fifth section of the canal extends for a distance of  from Linqing to Tianjin along the course of the canalised Wei River. Though one of the northernmost sections, its name derives from its position relative to Tianjin. The Wei River at this point is heavily polluted while drought and industrial water extraction have left it too low to be navigable. The canal, now in Hebei province, passes through the cities of Dezhou and Cangzhou. Although to spectators the canal appears to be a deep waterway in these city centres, its depth is maintained by weirs and the canal is all but dry where it passes through the surrounding countryside. At its end the canal joins the Hai River in the centre of Tianjin City before turning north-west.

text: The fifth section of the canal extends for a distance of  from Linqing to Tianjin along the course of the canalised Wei River. Though one of the northernmost sections, its name derives from its position relative to Tianjin. The Wei River at this point is

text: heavily polluted

text: while drought and industrial water extraction have left it too low to be navigable. The canal, now in Hebei province, passes through the cities of

text: Dezhou

text: and

text: Cangzhou

text: . Although to spectators the canal appears to be a deep waterway in these city centres, its depth is maintained by

text: weirs

text: and the canal is all but dry where it passes through the surrounding countryside. At its end the canal joins the Hai River in the centre of Tianjin City before turning north-west.

text: Early in the afternoon of 10 August Greenpeace Russia stated that fires were raging in radioactive polluted areas near Bryansk, which is quite polluted due to the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. This area is still heavily contaminated and has no inhabitants. In the Moscow area a heavy thunderstorm broke over the city. NO rates decreased from 8 times normal to normal NO rates. Unfortunately expectations are not favorable with temperatures over 35 degrees Celsius. Experts stated that the polluted air would continue again within a few days. Environmental scientists stated that the brown cloud produced by the fires may cause soot to land on Arctic sea ice, causing faster melting. The release of industrial polychlorinated biphenyls from the fires and cryoconite causing melting on the Greenland Ice Sheet were also concerns.

text: Early in the afternoon of 10 August

text: Greenpeace Russia

text: stated that fires were raging in radioactive polluted areas near

text: Bryansk

text: , which is quite polluted due to the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: of 1986. This area is still heavily contaminated and has no inhabitants. In the Moscow area a heavy thunderstorm broke over the city. NO rates decreased from 8 times normal to normal NO rates. Unfortunately expectations are not favorable with temperatures over 35 degrees Celsius. Experts stated that the polluted air would continue again within a few days. Environmental scientists stated that the

text: brown cloud

text: produced by the fires may cause

text: soot

text: to land on

text: Arctic sea ice

text: , causing faster melting. The release of industrial

text: polychlorinated biphenyls

text: from the fires and

text: cryoconite

text: causing melting on the

text: Greenland Ice Sheet

text: were also concerns.

text: Many of these tensions arise with regards to the commerce clause of the constitution. Until recently, the commerce clause has given the federal government considerable authority in regulating states' decisions about water use. In 2000, the United States Supreme Court ruled on Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. US Army Corps of Engineers. This ruling struck down the Corps' ability to prevent the construction of a disposal site for non-hazardous waste in Illinois based on power derived from the commerce clause. The Corps cited the Migratory Bird Rule when they initially denied the section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. The migratory bird rule was meant to protect habitats used by migratory birds, which included the abandoned mining site that SWANCC had proposed to construct the waste disposal site. Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote: "Congress passes the CWA for the state purpose of 'restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.' In doing so,, Congress chose to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use... of land and water resources...". In reversing the Corps' decision to issue a permit, the court reversed a trend and placed a check on federal power over state land use and water rights. Tensions between federal and state agencies concerning interstate commerce and point source water pollution continue, and are a reality of the Clean Water Act.

text: Many of these tensions arise with regards to the

text: commerce clause

text: of the constitution. Until recently, the commerce clause has given the federal government considerable authority in regulating states' decisions about water use. In 2000, the

text: United States Supreme Court

text: ruled on

entity_name: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

text: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. US Army Corps of Engineers

text: . This ruling struck down the Corps' ability to prevent the construction of a disposal site for non-hazardous waste in Illinois based on power derived from the commerce clause. The Corps cited the

text: Migratory Bird Rule

text: when they initially denied the section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. The migratory bird rule was meant to protect habitats used by migratory birds, which included the abandoned mining site that SWANCC had proposed to construct the waste disposal site.

text: Chief Justice Rehnquist

text: wrote: "Congress passes the CWA for the state purpose of 'restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.' In doing so,, Congress chose to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use... of land and water resources...". In reversing the Corps' decision to issue a permit, the court reversed a trend and placed a check on federal power over state land use and water rights. Tensions between federal and state agencies concerning interstate commerce and point source water pollution continue, and are a reality of the Clean Water Act.

text: The name "Cape Cod", as it was first used in 1602, applied only to the very tip of the peninsula. It remained that way for 125 years, until the "Precinct of Cape Cod" was incorporated as the Town of Provincetown. No longer in "official" use over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all of the land east of the Manomet and Scusset rivers – essentially along the line that became the Cape Cod Canal. The creation of the canal separated the majority of the peninsula from the mainland, effectively turning it into an island. Indeed, most agencies, including the Cape Cod Commission and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), treat the Cape as an island with regard to disaster preparedness, groundwater management, and the like.  Most "Cape Codders" – residents of "The Cape" – refer to all land on the mainland side of the canal as "off-Cape." However, the legal delineation of Cape Cod, coincident to the boundaries of Barnstable County, extends to the northwest boundaries of the towns of Bourne and Sandwich – and small portions of each are located west of the canal.

text: The name "Cape Cod", as it was first used in 1602, applied only to the very tip of the peninsula. It remained that way for 125 years, until the "Precinct of Cape Cod" was incorporated as the Town of Provincetown. No longer in "official" use over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all of the land east of the Manomet and Scusset rivers – essentially along the line that became the Cape Cod Canal. The creation of the canal separated the majority of the peninsula from the mainland, effectively turning it into an island. Indeed, most agencies, including the

text: Cape Cod Commission

text: and the

text: Federal Emergency Management Agency

text: (FEMA), treat the Cape as an island with regard to disaster preparedness, groundwater management, and the like.  Most "Cape Codders" – residents of "The Cape" – refer to all land on the mainland side of the canal as "off-Cape." However, the legal delineation of Cape Cod, coincident to the boundaries of Barnstable County, extends to the northwest boundaries of the towns of Bourne and Sandwich – and small portions of each are located west of the canal.

text: In 1978, Carter declared a federal emergency in the neighborhood of Love Canal in the city of Niagara Falls, New York. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was built on top of a toxic waste landfill. The Superfund law was created in response to the situation. Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish the approximately 500 houses, the 99th Street School, and the 93rd Street School, which were built on top of the dump; and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area for the hazardous wastes. This was the first time that such a process had been undertaken. Carter acknowledged that several more "Love Canals" existed across the country, and that discovering such hazardous dumpsites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era".

text: In 1978, Carter declared a federal emergency in the neighborhood of

text: Love Canal

text: in the city of

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: . More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was built on top of a

text: toxic waste

text: landfill. The

text: Superfund

text: law was created in response to the situation. Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish the approximately 500 houses, the 99th Street School, and the 93rd Street School, which were built on top of the dump; and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area for the hazardous wastes. This was the first time that such a process had been undertaken. Carter acknowledged that several more "Love Canals" existed across the country, and that discovering such hazardous dumpsites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era".

text: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as "Superfund," was enacted in 1980 to address the problem of remediating abandoned hazardous waste sites, by establishing legal liability, as well as a trust fund for cleanup activities. In general CERCLA applies to contaminated sites, while RCRA's focus is on controlling the ongoing generation and management of particular waste streams. RCRA, like CERCLA, has provisions to require cleanup of contaminated sites that occurred in the past.

text: The

text: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

text: (CERCLA), also known as "Superfund," was enacted in 1980 to address the problem of remediating abandoned hazardous waste sites, by establishing

text: legal liability

text: , as well as a trust fund for cleanup activities. In general CERCLA applies to contaminated sites, while RCRA's focus is on controlling the ongoing generation and management of particular waste streams. RCRA, like CERCLA, has provisions to require cleanup of contaminated sites that occurred in the past.

text: Since industrialization and intensified agriculture, the river has been polluted by industrial wastes and agricultural runoff. While cleanup efforts have mitigated some of the pollution, difficult-to-remove PCBs continue to constitute a hazardous waste. An established Area of Concern covers only  of the watershed at the mouth of the river, much of which is industrial and harbor use, including the Ford Motor Company plant, Detroit Edison Monroe powerplant, and the Port of Monroe. Environmental authorities advise people not to eat some species of fish from the river, if taken below the outlet of the Monroe Dam.

text: Since industrialization and intensified agriculture, the river has been polluted by industrial wastes and agricultural runoff. While cleanup efforts have mitigated some of the

text: pollution

text: , difficult-to-remove

text: PCB

text: s continue to constitute a hazardous waste. An established Area of Concern covers only  of the watershed at the mouth of the river, much of which is industrial and harbor use, including the

text: Ford Motor Company

text: plant,

text: Detroit Edison

text: Monroe powerplant, and the Port of Monroe. Environmental authorities advise people not to eat some species of

text: fish

text: from the river, if taken below the outlet of the Monroe Dam.

text: Due to the increasing urbanization along the coastlines, planning and management are essential to protecting the ecosystems and environment from depleting. Coastal management is becoming implemented more because of the movement of people to the shore and the hazards that come with the territory. Some of the hazards include movement of barrier islands, sea level rise, hurricanes, nor'easters, earthquakes, flooding, erosion, pollution and human development along the coast. The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)  was created in 1972 because of the continued growth along the coast, this act introduced better management practices such as integrated coastal zone management, adaptive management and the use mitigation strategies when planning. According to the Coastal Zone Management Act, the objectives are to remain balanced to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation's coastal zone".The development of the land can strongly affect the sea, for example the engineering of structures versus non-structures and the effects of erosion along the shore.

text: Due to the increasing urbanization along the coastlines, planning and management are essential to protecting the ecosystems and environment from depleting.

text: Coastal management

text: is becoming implemented more because of the movement of people to the shore and the hazards that come with the territory. Some of the hazards include movement of

text: barrier island

text: s,

text: sea level rise

text: hurricane

text: s,

text: nor'easter

text: s,

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: flooding

text: erosion

text: pollution

text: and human development along the coast. The

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: (CZMA)  was created in 1972 because of the continued growth along the coast, this act introduced better management practices such as

text: integrated coastal zone management

text: adaptive management

text: and the use

text: mitigation

text: strategies when planning. According to the Coastal Zone Management Act, the objectives are to remain balanced to "preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation's coastal zone".The development of the land can strongly affect the sea, for example the engineering of structures versus non-structures and the effects of erosion along the shore.

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations outline specific classification and disposal requirements for products and wastes that contain mercury. In general, RCRA regulations are waste-specific, not source-specific, and thus may apply to any facility that generates mercury-containing wastes. RCRA regulations assign specific waste codes to five types of wastes that are either "characteristic" wastes or "listed" wastes. Mercury is both a characteristic and a listed waste under RCRA. RCRA regulations describe specific disposal requirements for individual waste codes. All mercury-bearing wastes (wastewaters and nonwastewaters) are subject to land disposal restrictions. RCRA regulations also influence product disposal and recycling options for mercury containing products  On February 23, 2011, following ten years of litigation, the EPA released scaled-back air emission rules for industrial boilers and solid waste incinerators. The recently released final rules address hazardous air pollutant (“HAP”) emission standards for industrial, commercial and institutional boilers and process heaters (the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Techcnology or "Boiler MACT" rule) and commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units (the “CISWI” rule). Industrial boilers and process heaters burn fuels such as natural gas, biomass, coal and oil to produce heat or electricity; CISWIs burn solid waste. The Boiler MACT rules create emission limits for mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide for all new coal-fired boilers with heat input greater than 10 million Btu per hour and particulate matter emission limits for new biomass and oil-fired boilers.

text: In November 2012, Quadrozzi proposed landfilling a portion of Gowanus Bay to expand the terminal to accommodate larger vessels and create more land to rent to industrial tenants. The material used from this $506 million EPA-supervised cleanup of the Gowanus Canal Superfund site, to be paid for by firms the agency would find responsible for the canal's pollution, would be the "lowest-level contaminants", which would then be mixed with a "'concrete-like…stabilizing material that could safely be deposited in open water as landfill". Both developments would provide as many as 200 jobs to local residents, according to Quadrozzi's spokesperson. In 2013, complaints from Red Hook residents including concerns regarding environmental damage, gentrification, and trust in Quadrozzi himself eventually scrapped this proposal.

text: In November 2012, Quadrozzi proposed

text: landfilling

text: a portion of Gowanus Bay to expand the terminal to accommodate larger vessels and create more land to rent to industrial tenants. The material used from this $506 million

text: EPA

text: -supervised cleanup of the Gowanus Canal

text: Superfund

text: site, to be paid for by firms the agency would find responsible for the canal's pollution, would be the "lowest-level contaminants", which would then be mixed with a "'concrete-like…stabilizing material that could safely be deposited in open water as landfill". Both developments would provide as many as 200 jobs to local residents, according to Quadrozzi's spokesperson. In 2013, complaints from Red Hook residents including concerns regarding environmental damage, gentrification, and trust in Quadrozzi himself eventually scrapped this proposal.

text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from point and non-point sources. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the Resource Management Act 1991, these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to dairy farming is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from

text: point

text: and

text: non-point source

text: s. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: , these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to

text: dairy farming

text: is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

text: Unlike burning fossil fuels, geothermal energy emits no greenhouse gases, pollution or hazardous wastes.

text: Unlike burning

text: fossil fuels

text: , geothermal energy emits no greenhouse gases, pollution or hazardous wastes.

text: Tightening environmental regulations resulted in increased costs of hazardous waste disposal in industrialised countries in the 1980s, causing ships to be exported to lower income nations, chiefly South Asia. This, in turn, created a far worse environmental problem, subsequently leading to the Basel Convention. In 2004 a Basel Convention decision officially classified old ships as “toxic waste”, preventing them from leaving a country without the permission of the importing state. This has led to a resurgence of recycling in environmentally-compliant locations in developed countries, especially in former ship building yards.

text: Congress passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976, which created a regulatory framework for both municipal solid waste and hazardous waste disposed on land. RCRA requires that all hazardous wastes be managed and tracked from generation of the waste, through transport and processing, to final disposal, by means of a nationwide permit system. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandated regulation of underground storage tanks containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals, and the phasing out of land disposal of hazardous waste. The Federal Facilities Compliance Act, passed in 1992, clarified RCRA coverage of federally owned properties such as military bases. Illegal disposal of waste is punishable by fines of up to $25,000 per occurrence.

text: Congress passed the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) in 1976, which created a regulatory framework for both

text: municipal solid waste

text: and

text: hazardous waste

text: disposed on land. RCRA requires that all hazardous wastes be managed and tracked from generation of the waste, through transport and processing, to final disposal, by means of a nationwide permit system. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandated regulation of

text: underground storage tank

text: s containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals, and the phasing out of land disposal of hazardous waste. The

text: Federal Facilities Compliance Act

text: , passed in 1992, clarified RCRA coverage of federally owned properties such as military bases. Illegal disposal of waste is punishable by fines of up to $25,000 per occurrence.

text: The findings of a 20-year field study of air, land, and water in Arizona, concluded that use of biosolids is sustainable and improves the soil and crops.  Other studies report that plants uptake large quantities of heavy metals and toxic pollutants that are retained by produce, which is then consumed by humans.

text: The findings of a 20-year field study of air, land, and water in Arizona, concluded that use of biosolids is sustainable and improves the soil and crops.  Other studies report that plants uptake large quantities of

text: heavy metals

text: and toxic pollutants that are retained by produce, which is then consumed by humans.

text: The river has been polluted by dumping of raw sewage, industrial waste and municipal waste into the river. Besides this, illegal activities like washing vessels, animals and oily drums, discharge of unauthorised hazardous waste are also carried out along the course of this river. Cattle sheds in some areas contribute animal waste. Barrel cleaners, scrap dealers and others dump sludge oil, effluent and garbage in the river. The organic waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced the carrying capacity of the river. The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste is a threat to marine life. The river bed is full of sludge, garbage and vegetation growth like water hyacinth in many parts.

text: The river has been polluted by dumping of raw

text: sewage

text: industrial waste

text: and

text: municipal waste

text: into the river. Besides this, illegal activities like washing vessels, animals and oily drums, discharge of unauthorised hazardous waste are also carried out along the course of this river. Cattle sheds in some areas contribute animal waste. Barrel cleaners, scrap dealers and others dump sludge oil, effluent and garbage in the river. The organic waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced the carrying capacity of the river. The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste is a threat to marine life. The river bed is full of sludge, garbage and vegetation growth like

text: water hyacinth

text: in many parts.

text: In the areas surrounding urban centres, agriculture must compete with industry and municipal users for safe water supplies, while traditional water sources are becoming polluted with urban runoff. As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to irrigate their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s wastewater treatment is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with rainwater runoff. This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of pathogens. Heavy metals may also be present, along with traces of antibiotics and endocrine disruptors, such as oestrogens.

text: In the areas surrounding urban centres,

text: agriculture

text: must compete with industry and municipal users for safe

text: water supplies

text: , while traditional water sources are becoming

text: polluted

text: with

text: urban runoff

text: . As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to

text: irrigate

text: their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s

text: wastewater treatment

text: is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with

text: rainwater runoff

text: . This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of

text: pathogen

text: s.

text: Heavy metal

text: s may also be present, along with traces of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: endocrine disruptor

text: s, such as oestrogens.

text: In January 2015 a Definitive Guide to The Circular Economy was published by Coara with the specific aim to raise awareness amongst the general population of the environmental problems already being caused by our "throwaway culture". Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE,) in particular, is contributing to excessive use of landfill sites across the globe in which society is both discarding valuable metals but also dumping toxic compounds that are polluting the surrounding land and water supplies. Mobile devices and computer hard drives typically contain valuable metals such as silver and copper but also hazardous chemicals such as lead, mercury and cadmium. Consumers are unaware of the environmental significance of upgrading their mobile phones, for instance, on such a frequent basis but could do much to encourage manufacturers to start to move away from the wasteful, polluting linear economy towards are sustainable circular economy.

text: In many areas of the DRC, land use changes are associated with degradation of drinking water sources. The main threat to drinking water sources poses the unregulated growth of urban and rural areas. The nonexistence of drinking water protection zones results in the exposure of vulnerable source areas to pollution and land degradation. Springs, river intake zones, wellheads, priority lake and reservoir segments as well as aquifer recharge areas comprise the most endangered water source areas, which typically lack any form of identifiable demarcation and protection. Modification of runoff patterns, increased erosion and environmental degradation are the consequences of unregulated expansion of inhabited and agricultural areas. Development of housing, poor road construction, pit latrines, septic tanks, mining operations, and tailings are important contributors to pollution of water sources. In urban areas, industry, fuel stations, garages, abattoirs and storm water runoff are further sources of contamination. Biological contamination from sewage and solid waste disposal and increased suspended sediment loads are the two main sources of pollution.

text: In many areas of the DRC, land use changes are associated with degradation of drinking water sources. The main threat to drinking water sources poses the unregulated growth of urban and rural areas. The nonexistence of drinking water protection zones results in the exposure of vulnerable source areas to

text: pollution

text: and

text: land degradation

text: . Springs, river intake zones,

text: wellhead

text: s, priority lake and reservoir segments as well as

text: aquifer recharge areas

text: comprise the most endangered water source areas, which typically lack any form of identifiable demarcation and protection. Modification of

text: runoff

text: patterns, increased

text: erosion

text: and

text: environmental degradation

text: are the consequences of unregulated expansion of inhabited and agricultural areas. Development of housing, poor

text: road construction

text: pit latrine

text: s,

text: septic tank

text: s,

text: mining

text: operations, and

text: tailings

text: are important contributors to pollution of water sources. In urban areas, industry,

text: fuel stations

text: , garages,

text: abattoirs

text: and storm water runoff are further sources of

text: contamination

text: Biological contamination

text: from

text: sewage

text: and solid waste disposal and increased

text: suspended sediment

text: loads are the two main sources of pollution.

text: The EPA announced new rules for coal-fired power plants on 22 December 2011.  Cement kilns that burn hazardous waste are held to a looser standard than are standard hazardous waste incinerators in the United States, and as a result are a disproportionate source of mercury pollution.

text: The EPA announced new rules for coal-fired power plants on 22 December 2011.  Cement kilns that burn hazardous waste are held to a looser standard than are standard

text: hazardous waste

text: incinerator

text: s in the United States, and as a result are a disproportionate source of mercury pollution.

text: The area was part of Ottawa's downtown for many years, the site of businesses related to the nearby Rideau Canal, such as Dey's Boat Works. The location was the site of The Arena from 1908 to 1927, where the original Ottawa Senators ice hockey team played. The land bordering the canal was cleared in 1927, including the demolition of the arena. The land was used to build "The Driveway" roadway along the canal, as a scenic improvement of the capital.

text: The area was part of Ottawa's downtown for many years, the site of businesses related to the nearby

text: Rideau Canal

text: , such as Dey's Boat Works. The location was the site of

text: The Arena

text: from 1908 to 1927, where the original

text: Ottawa Senators

text: ice hockey

text: team played. The land bordering the canal was cleared in 1927, including the demolition of the arena. The land was used to build "The Driveway" roadway along the canal, as a scenic improvement of the capital.

text: Recycling through other industries is an attractive and proven option; however, classiﬁcation of SPL as a hazardous waste has greatly discouraged other industries from utilizing SPL, due to the burdensome and expensive environmental regulations. The Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission noted that treated SPL used to construct roads was recovered and placed in secure landfill.

text: Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).  Parties to the UNCLOS are obligated to "protect and preserve the marine environment," including by preventing, reducing, and controlling pollution of the marine environment from any source. The "marine environment" is not defined but is widely interpreted as including the ocean's water, lifeforms, and the air above. "Pollution of the marine environment" is defined in a way that includes global warming and greenhouse gases. The UNCLOS could thus be interpreted as obligating it Parties to use methods such as marine cloud brightening if these were found to be effective and environmentally benign. Whether marine cloud brightening itself could be such pollution of the marine environment is unclear. At the same time, in combating pollution, Parties are "not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or hazards from one area to another or transform one type of pollution into another." If marine cloud brightening were found to cause damage or hazards, the UNCLOS could prohibit it. If marine cloud brightening activities were to be "marine scientific research" -- also an undefined term -- then UNCLOS Parties have a right to conduct the research, subject to some qualifications. Like all other ships, those that would conduct marine cloud brightening must bear the flag of the country that has given them permission to do so and to which the ship has a genuine link, even if the ship is unmanned or automated. The flagged state must exercise its jurisdiction over those ships. The legal implications would depend on, among other things, whether the activity were to occur in territorial waters, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ), or the high seas; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations. It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances. States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with "due regard" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships.

text: Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the

entity_name: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: territorial waters

text: , an

text: exclusive economic zone

text: (EEZ), or the

text: high seas

text: ; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations. It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances. States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with "due regard" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships.

text: The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972, commonly called the "London Convention" or "LC '72" and also abbreviated as Marine Dumping, is an agreement to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention. It covers the deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, and platforms. It does not cover discharges from land-based sources such as pipes and outfalls, wastes generated incidental to normal operation of vessels, or placement of materials for purposes other than mere disposal, providing such disposal is not contrary to aims of the Convention. It entered into force in 1975. As of September 2016, there were 89 Parties to the Convention.

text: The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972, commonly called the "London Convention" or "LC '72" and also abbreviated as Marine Dumping, is an agreement to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention. It covers the deliberate

text: disposal

text: at sea of

text: waste

text: s or other matter from vessels, aircraft, and platforms. It does not cover discharges from land-based sources such as pipes and outfalls, wastes generated incidental to normal operation of vessels, or placement of materials for purposes other than mere disposal, providing such disposal is not contrary to aims of the Convention. It entered into force in 1975. As of September 2016, there were 89 Parties to the Convention.

text: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands.

text: Air Pollution

text: Antarctic Treaty

entity_name: International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

text: Biodiversity

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: In the days of British rule, the number of Chinese burial grounds in Singapore increased very rapidly and the colonial government had little power to control burial spaces because it did not possess sanctions of sufficient strength. Clan associations met all the physical and social needs of the Chinese majority, and the result was the creation of segmented Chinese immigrant communities separated by kinship ties and operating independently of the state, each conducting their own death rites and running their own cemeteries. The local authorities began to view these cemeteries as hazardous sources of disease-causing vectors such as mosquitoes, as well as a form of land waste. There were urgent demands on space in land-scarce Singapore in the name of national development. In the words of E. W. Barker, then the minister for law, environment, science and technology, "The needs of Singapore's young population must require the use of sterilised land, for the economic and social good of all citizens of Singapore."

text: In the days of British rule, the number of Chinese burial grounds in Singapore increased very rapidly and the colonial government had little power to control burial spaces because it did not possess sanctions of sufficient strength. Clan associations met all the physical and social needs of the Chinese majority, and the result was the creation of segmented Chinese immigrant communities separated by kinship ties and operating independently of the state, each conducting their own death rites and running their own cemeteries. The local authorities began to view these cemeteries as hazardous sources of disease-causing vectors such as mosquitoes, as well as a form of land waste. There were urgent demands on space in land-scarce Singapore in the name of national development. In the words of

text: E. W. Barker

text: , then the minister for law, environment, science and technology, "The needs of Singapore's young population must require the use of sterilised land, for the economic and social good of all citizens of Singapore."

text: Pollution from the industrial city and port of Karachi is a threat to habitats in the delta, as is depletion of the Indus as water is extracted. Oil spills are another hazard. Most of the Indus Delta mangroves have been cleared for firewood and to create grazing land but some remains in three protected areas: Marho Kotri, Cut Munarki Chach Wildlife Sanctuaries and Mirpur Sakro Game Reserve.The World Wildlife Fund assesses the status of the mangrove habitat as being critical or endangered.

text: Pollution from the industrial city and port of

text: Karachi

text: is a threat to habitats in the delta, as is depletion of the Indus as water is extracted. Oil spills are another hazard. Most of the Indus Delta mangroves have been cleared for firewood and to create grazing land but some remains in three protected areas:

text: Marho Kotri

text: Cut Munarki Chach

text: Wildlife Sanctuaries and

text: Mirpur Sakro

text: Game Reserve.The World Wildlife Fund assesses the status of the mangrove habitat as being critical or endangered.

text: Air Pollution,Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,Biodiversity,Climate Change,Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification,Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes,Ozone Layer Protection,Wetlands,

entity_name: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

text: Air Pollution

text: ,Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,

text: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides

text: Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Wetlands

text: Water supply was a significant issue for the canal company. As Bradford grew, the basin was surrounded by housing, and pollution from sewage occurred. Further down, mills drew water from the canal, used it for industrial processes, and returned it to the canal. The Company had bought up tracts of land at the end of the 18th century, to obtain water rights, and had dammed Bradford Beck, despite the fact that their authorising Act of Parliament had specifically excluded it as a source of water. The Bradford Board of Surveyors commented on the filth and stench in a report made in 1844, and an outbreak of cholera five years later, in which 406 people died, prompted the city council to take action. A wide-ranging sanitation bill was prepared, which included a clause to buy the canal and close it. The action would be funded by a £100,000 public loan. The bill went before parliament, but concerted opposition by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the Aire and Calder Navigation, the Bradford Canal and other industrialists succeeded in reducing the amount of the loan to £50,000, which was insufficient to enable the canal to be purchased.

text: Water supply was a significant issue for the canal company. As Bradford grew, the basin was surrounded by housing, and pollution from sewage occurred. Further down, mills drew water from the canal, used it for industrial processes, and returned it to the canal. The Company had bought up tracts of land at the end of the 18th century, to obtain water rights, and had dammed

text: Bradford Beck

text: , despite the fact that their authorising Act of Parliament had specifically excluded it as a source of water. The Bradford Board of Surveyors commented on the filth and stench in a report made in 1844, and an outbreak of

text: cholera

text: five years later, in which 406 people died, prompted the city council to take action. A wide-ranging sanitation bill was prepared, which included a clause to buy the canal and close it. The action would be funded by a £100,000 public loan. The bill went before parliament, but concerted opposition by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, the

text: Aire and Calder Navigation

text: , the Bradford Canal and other industrialists succeeded in reducing the amount of the loan to £50,000, which was insufficient to enable the canal to be purchased.

text: Environment - current issues:water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

text: Environment - current issues:

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources;

text: deforestation

text: of tropical

text: rain forest

text: ; land degradation and

text: soil erosion

text: threatens siltation of

text: Panama Canal

text: ; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

text: During the start of the century, S. P. Oswal rallied a few like-minded companies for tackling the issue of hazardous waste disposal. Nine companies, including Vardhman Group, came forward and with the assistance from Punjab Pollution Control Board and the Government of India, a public limited company, Nimbua Greenfield (Punjab) Limited, was floated on 1 March 2004. The primary focus of the company was to develop common facilities for the storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste.

text: During the start of the century, S. P. Oswal rallied a few like-minded companies for tackling the issue of hazardous waste disposal. Nine companies, including Vardhman Group, came forward and with the assistance from Punjab Pollution Control Board and the

text: Government of India

text: , a public limited company, Nimbua Greenfield (Punjab) Limited, was floated on 1 March 2004. The primary focus of the company was to develop common facilities for the storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste.

text: A thermal oxidizer (also known as thermal oxidiser, or thermal incinerator) is a process unit for air pollution control in many chemical plants that decomposes hazardous gases at a high temperature and releases them into the atmosphere.

text: A thermal oxidizer (also known as thermal oxidiser, or thermal incinerator) is a process unit for

text: air pollution

text: control in many

text: chemical

text: plants that decomposes hazardous gases at a high temperature and releases them into the atmosphere.

text: While the health effects of water contamination, as well as air pollution and other potential health hazards due to hydraulic fracturing, is not well understood, studies report concerning findings.  A 2014 retrospective cohort study of 124,842 births between 1996-2009 in rural Colorado reported statistically significant odds of congenital heart disease, including neural tube defects, with resident exposure to hydraulic fracturing.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Environmental Modification

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: Law of the Sea

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Wetlands

text: <br>signed, but not ratified:

text: Marine Dumping

entity_name: Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas

text: Marine Life Conservation

text: The OECD Council also has its own control system that governs the trans-boundary movement of hazardous materials between OECD member countries. This allows, among other things, the OECD countries to continue trading in wastes with countries like the United States that have not ratified the Basel Convention.

text: In his message to Congress explaining his reasons for proposing Reorganization Plan No. 3, President Nixon stated that the national government was "not structured to make a coordinated attack on the pollutants which debase the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land that grows our food."  According to Nixon, the assigned duties and responsibilities regarding pollution control for the environment were spread out among many discrete departments, creating a structure that often defied "effective and concerted action." To create more of an interrelated and effective system for dealing with environmental pollution, he proposed "pulling together into one agency a variety of research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities now scattered through several departments and agencies."

text: One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into Love Canal in Niagara Falls, New York, in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident where the nuclear generating station suffered a partial core meltdown. These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.

text: One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into

text: Love Canal

text: in

text: Niagara Falls, New York

text: , in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the

entity_name: Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station

text: Three Mile Island

text: nuclear accident where the

text: nuclear generating station

text: suffered a partial

text: core meltdown

text: . These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.

text: (Note: Yard waste or "green waste" (particularly "source-separated" yard waste such as from a city leaf collection program) is not hazardous but may be a regulated household waste)

text: In the olden days, when the bund separating the backwaters from the sea was not yet built, the water in the canals moved in and out with the sea tide and it was salty. After the Thanneermukkam bund was constructed, the connection to the open sea was not free anymore, and so the tidal movement of the water in the canals stopped. It stagnated and then plenty of water hyacinths started growing densely in the canals,forming lovely green carpets with pale lilac flowers carpets.

text: In the olden days, when the bund separating the backwaters from the sea was not yet built, the water in the canals moved in and out with the sea tide and it was salty. After the

text: Thanneermukkam bund

text: was constructed, the connection to the open sea was not free anymore, and so the tidal movement of the water in the canals stopped. It stagnated and then plenty of water hyacinths started growing densely in the canals,forming lovely green carpets with pale lilac flowers carpets.

text: Agriculture is one of the largest sectors of the economy in New Zealand and consequently a large volume of waste is produced in relation to other industries. Collection of containers that contained agricultural chemicals is carried out in some regions. The burning of plastic waste was made illegal in recent years due to the release of toxic pollutants.

text: Agriculture

text: is one of the largest sectors of the economy in New Zealand and consequently a large volume of waste is produced in relation to other industries. Collection of containers that contained

text: agricultural chemical

text: s is carried out in some regions. The

text: burning

text: of

text: plastic waste

text: was made illegal in recent years due to the release of toxic pollutants.

text: Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. The ecologic effects of artificial light have been documented. The World Health Organization in 2007  issued a report that noted the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatchlings, frogs during mating season and the migratory patterns of birds. The American Medical Association in 2012 issued a warning that extended exposure to light at night increases the risk of some cancers. Two studies in Israel from 2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers.

text: Light pollution

text: is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. The ecologic effects of artificial light have been documented. The World Health Organization in 2007  issued a report that noted the effects of bright light on flora and fauna, sea turtle hatchlings, frogs during mating season and the migratory patterns of birds. The American Medical Association in 2012 issued a warning that extended exposure to light at night increases the risk of some cancers. Two studies in Israel from 2008 have yielded some additional findings about a possible correlation between artificial light at night and certain cancers.

text: Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

text: Party to:

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: , Hazardous Wastes,

text: Law of the Sea

text: Marine Dumping

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Tropical Timber 83

text: Tropical Timber 94

text: Wetlands

text: Whaling

text: While Russia possesses vast mineral and energy wealth, this does not come without some price both to Russia and to the greater globe. Particularly, oil and gas extraction exacts a heavy cost to the health of the land and people. Drilling waste water, mud, and sludges are accumulated, annual volumes have been estimated at 1.7 million tons of chemical reagents contaminating 25 million cubic meters of topsoil. Considerable geomechanical disturbances, contamination of soils and water, and multiple increases of contaminated waste water ejected into surface water streams, is a serious problem offsetting Russia's profits from the industry. It has been estimated that between 1991-1999 the volume of contaminated waste waters from the Russian oil industry amounted to 200 million cubic meters. Complete utilization of co-extracted gas in oil extraction does not exceed 80% in Russia, it has been variously estimated that annually 5-17 billion cubic meters of un-utilized gas extracted alongside oil is burnt in "gas torches," with 400,000 tons or more hazardous substances released into the atmosphere from this each year, creating the double impact of wasted resource and negative environmental effect. 560 million tons of methane is estimated to leak annually into the atmosphere from oil and gas extraction, not counting accidental outbursts and pipe breakage. Other valuable industries also have their costs, such as the coal industry's release of vast quantities of hazardous, toxic, and radioactive materials. Also the Russian gold industry, with Russia being the only nation for at least a century with high extraction of gold from placer deposits, and having 4000+ large deposits, inevitably creates problems for the river systems. The associated pollution from using mass explosions in mining also can be a problem. Overall, the extensive mineral wealth and riches, brings with it both great benefit to the Russian economy & people, and the greater globe and all people, yet also several difficult problems to be dealt with.

text: While Russia possesses vast mineral and energy wealth, this does not come without some price both to Russia and to the greater globe. Particularly, oil and gas extraction exacts a heavy cost to the health of the land and people. Drilling waste water, mud, and sludges are accumulated, annual volumes have been estimated at 1.7 million tons of chemical reagents contaminating 25 million cubic meters of topsoil. Considerable geomechanical disturbances, contamination of soils and water, and multiple increases of contaminated waste water ejected into surface water streams, is a serious problem offsetting Russia's profits from the industry. It has been estimated that between 1991-1999 the volume of contaminated waste waters from the Russian oil industry amounted to 200 million cubic meters. Complete utilization of co-extracted gas in oil extraction does not exceed 80% in Russia, it has been variously estimated that annually 5-17 billion cubic meters of un-utilized gas extracted alongside oil is burnt in "

text: gas torches

text: ," with 400,000 tons or more hazardous substances released into the atmosphere from this each year, creating the double impact of wasted resource and negative environmental effect. 560 million tons of methane is estimated to leak annually into the atmosphere from oil and gas extraction, not counting accidental outbursts and pipe breakage. Other valuable industries also have their costs, such as the coal industry's release of vast quantities of hazardous, toxic, and radioactive materials. Also the Russian gold industry, with Russia being the only nation for at least a century with high extraction of gold from placer deposits, and having 4000+ large deposits, inevitably creates problems for the river systems. The associated pollution from using mass explosions in mining also can be a problem. Overall, the extensive mineral wealth and riches, brings with it both great benefit to the Russian economy & people, and the greater globe and all people, yet also several difficult problems to be dealt with.

text: For example in mining process currently in Mozambique, an annular fluidised beds are used to preheat and reduce ilmenite ore, ilmenite is hazardous compound as crystalline silica is known to cause lung fibrosis and is a known carcinogen. Companies operating such equipment and detrimental substances must dispose of their waste properly.

text: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment. Wild fisheries flourish in oceans, lakes, and rivers, and the introduction of contaminants is an issue of concern, especially as regards plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, and other industrial and agricultural pollutants which do not disintegrate rapidly in the environment. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into the sea. Pollution from ships is also a problem.

text: Pollution

text: is the introduction of contaminants into an environment. Wild fisheries flourish in oceans, lakes, and rivers, and the introduction of contaminants is an issue of concern, especially as regards plastics, pesticides, heavy metals, and other industrial and agricultural pollutants which do not disintegrate rapidly in the environment. Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into the sea.

text: Pollution from ships

text: is also a problem.

text: The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 moved environmental concerns in a new direction. The standards that they put in place were unattainable with existing technology — they were technology forcing. The standards that the EPA put into place called mainly for state implementation. Each state prepared state implementation plans (SIPs), requiring EPA approval, and each state had to request permits from the EPA to emit pollution into any surface water. Congress also provided for a massive public works program to assist in the construction of water and waste treatment plants for municipalities. The 1970 Clean Air Act also enacted deadlines and penalties for automobile emission standards in new cars, resulting in the development and adoption of catalytic converters and greatly reducing automobile pollution.

text: The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 moved environmental concerns in a new direction. The standards that they put in place were unattainable with existing technology — they were technology forcing. The standards that the EPA put into place called mainly for state implementation. Each state prepared state implementation plans (SIPs), requiring EPA approval, and each state had to request permits from the EPA to emit pollution into any surface water. Congress also provided for a massive public works program to assist in the construction of water and waste treatment plants for municipalities. The 1970 Clean Air Act also enacted deadlines and penalties for automobile emission standards in new cars, resulting in the development and adoption of

text: catalytic converter

text: s and greatly reducing automobile pollution.

text:
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

text: Polluting water may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as externalities for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. Pharmaceuticals consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on aquatic life if they bioaccumulate and if they are not biodegradable.

text: Polluting water

text: may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as

text: externalities

text: for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution.

text: Pharmaceuticals

text: consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on

text: aquatic

text: life if they

text: bioaccumulate

text: and if they are not

text: biodegradable

text: The Freeway Sanitary Landfill is an EPA Superfund site that covers  in Burnsville, Minnesota. In 1971 the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MCPA) licensed the landfill to accept  of household, commercial, demolition, and nonhazardous industrial wastes. The state permit prohibited the disposal of liquids and hazardous wastes; however, heavy metals, acids, and bases were accepted by the landfill from local industries. The landfill also accepted  of battery casings and  of aluminum sweat furnace slag.  Overall, the landfill contains nearly  of waste.  The waste is covered by a low permeability soil cover.

text: The Freeway Sanitary Landfill is an

text: EPA

text: Superfund

text: site that covers  in

text: Burnsville

text: Minnesota

text: . In 1971 the

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MCPA) licensed the landfill to accept  of household, commercial, demolition, and nonhazardous

text: industrial waste

text: s. The state permit prohibited the disposal of liquids and hazardous wastes; however,

text: heavy metals

text: acids

text: , and

text: bases

text: were accepted by the

text: landfill

text: from local industries. The landfill also accepted  of

text: battery casings

text: and  of

text: aluminum

text: sweat furnace slag.  Overall, the landfill contains nearly  of waste.  The waste is covered by a low permeability soil cover.

text: Untreated wastewater is also disposed of in surrounding rivers that run to the sea, but this runoff water polluted with untreated waste water is also used for irrigation as farmers have found the high concentration of fecal bacteria to be an extremely effective fertilizer that increases their crop yield. Though there is a national norm regulating pollution limits in untreated waste water, CONAGUA reported that the Valley of Mexico basin had 50% heavily contaminated, 25% contaminated, 20.8% acceptable, and only 4.2% excellent water quality based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels sampled at selected sites.

text: In addition, MEP also administers engineering and technical research centers related to environmental protection, including: Center for Non-ferrous Metal Industrial Pollution Control, Center for Clean Coal and Ecological Recovery of Mines, Center for Industrial Waste Water Pollution Control, Center for Industrial Flue Gas Control, Center for Hazardous Waste Treatment, and Center for Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal of Mines.

text: In addition, MEP also administers engineering and technical research centers related to environmental protection, including: Center for Non-ferrous Metal Industrial Pollution Control, Center for Clean Coal and Ecological Recovery of Mines, Center for Industrial Waste Water Pollution Control, Center for Industrial

text: Flue Gas

text: Control, Center for

text: Hazardous Waste

text: Treatment, and Center for

text: Solid Waste

text: Treatment and Disposal of Mines.

text: The inventory was first proposed in a 1985 New York Times op-ed piece written by David Sarokin and Warren Muir, researchers for an environmental group, INFORM.  Congress established TRI under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA), and later expanded it in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. The law grew out of concern surrounding Union Carbide's releases of toxic gases in the 1984 Bhopal disaster and a smaller 1985 release in Institute, West Virginia.

text: The inventory was first proposed in a 1985

text: New York Times

text: op-ed piece written by David Sarokin and Warren Muir, researchers for an environmental group, INFORM.

text: Congress

text: established TRI under the

entity_name: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

text: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

text: of 1986 (

text: EPCRA

text: ), and later expanded it in the

text: Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

text: . The law grew out of concern surrounding

text: Union Carbide's

text: releases of toxic gases in the 1984

text: Bhopal disaster

text: and a smaller 1985 release in

text: Institute, West Virginia

text: party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

text: party to:

text: Biodiversity

text: Climate Change

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: Desertification

text: Endangered Species

text: Environmental Modification

text: Hazardous Wastes

text: Law of the Sea

text: Marine Dumping

text: Ozone Layer Protection

text: Ship Pollution

text: Tropical Timber 83

text: Tropical Timber 94

text: Wetlands

text: Whaling

text: Household hazardous waste (HHW), sometimes called retail hazardous waste or "home generated special materials', is post-consumer waste which qualifies as hazardous waste when discarded. It includes household chemicals and other substances for which the owner no longer has a use, such as consumer products sold for home care, personal care, automotive care, pest control and other purposes.  These products exhibit many of the same dangerous characteristics as fully regulated hazardous waste due to their potential for reactivity, ignitability, corrosivity, toxicity, or persistence. Examples include drain cleaners, oil paint, motor oil, antifreeze, fuel, poisons, pesticides, herbicides and rodenticides, fluorescent lamps, lamp ballasts, smoke detectors, medical waste, some types of cleaning chemicals, and consumer electronics (such as televisions, computers, and cell phones).

text: Household hazardous waste (HHW), sometimes called retail hazardous waste or "home generated special materials', is

text: post-consumer waste

text: which qualifies as

text: hazardous waste

text: when discarded. It includes household chemicals and other substances for which the owner no longer has a use, such as consumer products sold for

text: home care

text: personal care

text: automotive

text: care,

text: pest control

text: and other purposes.  These products exhibit many of the same dangerous characteristics as fully regulated

text: hazardous waste

text: due to their potential for

text: reactivity

text: , ignitability,

text: corrosivity

text: toxicity

text: , or

text: persistence

text: . Examples include

text: drain cleaner

text: s,

text: oil paint

text: motor oil

text: antifreeze

text: fuel

text: poison

text: s,

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: herbicide

text: s and

text: rodenticide

text: s,

text: fluorescent lamp

text: s, lamp ballasts,

text: smoke detector

text: s,

text: medical waste

text: , some types of cleaning chemicals, and

text: consumer electronics

text: (such as televisions,

text: computer

text: s, and

text: cell phone

text: s).

text: The area suffers from pollution from leaking oil pipes, industrial waste and agricultural fertilisers.

text: Trade built up steadily, although not quite at quickly as the company had estimated. Tolls produced £2,614 in the year to April 1798. During that year, a packet boat began running between Nottingham and Cromford, and in 1798, a second boat provided a service between Nottingham and Leicester. Income from tolls increased to £4,647 in 1799/1800. Most of the traffic was coal, amounting to 89,500 tons out of a total of 114,227 tons carried. Co-operation between the Cromford Canal and the Nottingham Canal was good, to the benefit of both companies. A brief attempt to poach traffic from the Erewash Canal in 1797 by undercutting their rates was a financial disaster, leading to an agreement to charge the authorised tolls for goods on both canals, and not to try to entice customers from each other. Once the mortgage was redeemed in 1804, the company agreed to pay dividends to the shareholders, at a rate of £12 per £150 share. These were paid twice a year, but from time to time a third payment was made, to reduce the backlog of payments, which were nine years in arrears on the date when the first payment was made. By 1830, tolls raised £9,879, and in 1840, this had risen to £12,825.

text: Carey's tenure in office was marked by a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of New York's strong industrial base, including the designation by the federal government of the Love Canal disaster area. Carey made environmental issues a priority of his administration.

text: Carey's tenure in office was marked by a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of New York's strong industrial base, including the designation by the federal government of the

text: Love Canal

text: disaster area. Carey made environmental issues a priority of his administration.

text: In the United Kingdom, the Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 requires local authorities to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010.There has been criticism in the difference of schemes used in the country such as the colour of bins, whether they are bins boxes or bags, and also the fact that clutter roads and how the additional trucks and collections needed have carbon dioxide emissions too. Some find the colour differences confusing, and people want a national scheme. A typical example is to compare two neighbouring councils in greater Manchester, Bury council and Salford. Bury uses blue for cans, plastic and glass, green for paper and cardboard and brown for garden waste. Salford uses blue for paper and card, brown for cans plastic and glass and pink for garden waste. Most councils use grey or black for general waste, with a few exceptions such as Liverpool, which uses purple for general waste, a colour used by no other council

text: In the United Kingdom, the

text: Household Waste Recycling Act 2003

text: requires local authorities to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010.There has been criticism in the difference of schemes used in the country such as the colour of bins, whether they are bins boxes or bags, and also the fact that clutter roads and how the additional trucks and collections needed have carbon dioxide emissions too. Some find the colour differences confusing, and people want a national scheme. A typical example is to compare two neighbouring councils in greater Manchester, Bury council and Salford. Bury uses blue for cans, plastic and glass, green for paper and cardboard and brown for garden waste. Salford uses blue for paper and card, brown for cans plastic and glass and pink for garden waste. Most councils use grey or black for general waste, with a few exceptions such as Liverpool, which uses purple for general waste, a colour used by no other council

text: Love Canal was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate New York noticed high rates of cancer and an alarming number of birth defects. This was eventually traced to organic solvents and dioxins from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media coverage.

text: Love Canal

text: was one of the most widely known examples of groundwater pollution. In 1978, residents of the Love Canal neighborhood in upstate

text: New York

text: noticed high rates of

text: cancer

text: and an alarming number of

text: birth defect

text: s. This was eventually traced to

text: organic solvents

text: and

text: dioxins

text: from an industrial landfill that the neighborhood had been built over and around, which had then infiltrated into the water supply and evaporated in basements to further contaminate the air. Eight hundred families were reimbursed for their homes and moved, after extensive legal battles and media coverage.

text: Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or the Superfund Act. CERCLA created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. CERCLA also created a National Priorities List, a shortened list of the sites that has priority in cleanup. Love Canal was the first Superfund site on that list. Eventually, the site was cleaned up and deleted off the list in 2004. Because the Superfund Act contained a "retroactive liability" provision, Occidental was held liable for cleanup of the waste even though it had followed all applicable U.S. laws when disposing of it. In 1994, Federal District Judge John Curtin ruled that Hooker/Occidental had been negligent, but not reckless, in its handling of the waste and sale of the land to the Niagara Falls School Board. Curtin's decision also contains a detailed history of events leading up to the Love Canal disaster. Occidental Petroleum was sued by the EPA and in 1995 agreed to pay $129 million in restitution.  Residents' lawsuits were also settled in the years following the Love Canal disaster.

text: Congress

text: passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or the

text: Superfund

text: Act.

text: CERCLA

text: created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. CERCLA also created a

text: National Priorities List

text: , a shortened list of the sites that has priority in cleanup. Love Canal was the first Superfund site on that list. Eventually, the site was cleaned up and deleted off the list in 2004. Because the Superfund Act contained a "retroactive liability" provision, Occidental was held liable for cleanup of the waste even though it had followed all applicable U.S. laws when disposing of it. In 1994, Federal District Judge

text: John Curtin

text: ruled that Hooker/Occidental had been

text: negligent

text: , but not reckless, in its handling of the waste and sale of the land to the

text: Niagara Falls School Board

text: . Curtin's decision also contains a detailed history of events leading up to the Love Canal disaster.

text: Occidental Petroleum

text: was sued by the EPA and in 1995 agreed to pay $129 million in restitution.  Residents' lawsuits were also settled in the years following the Love Canal disaster.

text: The Act exempts the following categories of regulation from the compensation/waiver requirement: (1) laws intended to protect the public health and safety (e.g. building codes, health and sanitation laws, transportation and traffic control, solid and hazardous waste regulations, and pollution controls); (2) law that “[l]imit or prohibit the use or division of real property commonly and historically recognized as a public nuisance under common law”; (3) regulations required under federal law; (4) regulations of adult businesses, housing for sex offenders, liquor, and other undesirable uses; (5) laws necessary to establish locations for utility facilities; (6) laws that “[d]o not directly regulate an owner’s land”; and (7) laws enacted before Proposition 207.

text: Microorganisms are beneficial for microbial biodegradation or bioremediation of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface pollution in soils, sediments and marine environments. The ability of each microorganism to degrade toxic waste depends on the nature of each contaminant. Since sites typically have multiple pollutant types, the most effective approach to microbial biodegradation is to use a mixture of bacterial and fungal species and strains, each specific to the biodegradation of one or more types of contaminants.

text: Microorganisms are beneficial for

text: microbial biodegradation

text: or

text: bioremediation

text: of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes and subsurface

text: pollution

text: in soils, sediments and marine environments. The ability of each microorganism to degrade

text: toxic waste

text: depends on the nature of each

text: contaminant

text: . Since sites typically have multiple pollutant types, the most effective approach to

text: microbial biodegradation

text: is to use a mixture of bacterial and fungal species and strains, each specific to the

text: biodegradation

text: of one or more types of contaminants.

text: The soil in Uzbekistan is also polluted by industrial waste. The improper handling and disposal of industrial waste has polluted the land in Uzbekistan and other countries in Central Asia.  The evaporation of the Aral Sea exposed the “Vozrozhdeniya Island”, also known as Resurrection Island, to the land and environment in Uzbekistan when the island transformed into a large peninsula.  At Resurrection Island, the land and soil was polluted with weaponized and genetically modified pathogens due to a secret biological weapons program carried out by the Soviet military. The island was decontaminated by the Russian military, Government of Uzbekistan, and U.S. experts because of the health and environmental dangers it could have caused with its new connection to the land.

text: The hazardous waste trade has disastrous effects upon the environment and natural ecosystems. Various studies explore how the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants have poisoned the areas surrounding the dump sites, killing numerous birds, fish, and other wildlife. There are heavy metal chemical concentrations in the air, water, soil, and sediment in and around these toxic dump areas, and the concentration levels of heavy metals in these areas are extremely high and toxic.

text: After a brief history of the pollution imperative from before the Industrial Revolution to the present, the film follows a nuclear family polluting its way through an average day. The narrator explains that pollution is a critical part of our culture and keeps our economy strong. The film connects our wasteful, selfish habits with consumerism and its ally, big business. The resulting out-of-control pollution of the air, water and land is displayed in scenes of dismal destruction overlaid with happy music and cheerful calls by the narrator to pollute more for a better tomorrow.

text: After a brief history of the pollution imperative from before the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: to the present, the film follows a

text: nuclear family

text: polluting its way through an average day. The narrator explains that pollution is a critical part of our culture and keeps our economy strong. The film connects our wasteful, selfish habits with consumerism and its ally, big business. The resulting out-of-control pollution of the

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: land

text: is displayed in scenes of dismal destruction overlaid with happy music and cheerful calls by the narrator to pollute more for a better tomorrow.

text: The soil has been polluted by mining and smelting activities due to the spread of metals and other pollutants by wind.  Smelter ash contaminated soil causes environmental risks such as reduction of soil respiration, contamination of microbial biomass, and negatively effecting trophic interactions. Many species of animals are sensitive to metal pollution and are directly exposed to it by living off of the land that has been polluted by the mining and smelting activities. The metals polluting the land and soil include copper, gold, lead, silver, metallic zinc, and others. An example is the metallurgical complex at Almalik in Uzbekistan that manufactures metals and has waste storage sites in surrounding areas, which pollute the soil, groundwater, and air with high amounts of copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, and cadmium. The mining complexes in Uzbekistan have created toxic waste that has spread through the land, groundwater, air, waterways, and soil.

text: Also, mushrooms are sometimes contaminated by concentrating pollutants, such as heavy metals or radioactive material (see Chernobyl disaster effects).

text: Also, mushrooms are sometimes contaminated by concentrating pollutants, such as heavy metals or radioactive material (see

text: Chernobyl disaster effects

text: During the American Civil War the Union used the canal to transport war materials and troops along the border between Maryland, Virginia, and points west. For this reason the canal as well as the aqueducts were often under Confederate attack. There were many Confederate sympathizers among the canal employees, including Thomas Walter, keeper of Lock 27. Walter loved the South, but he loved the Monocacy Aqueduct more. When he learned that Confederate General D. H. Hill had orders to destroy it in order to halt boat traffic during the Antietam campaign in September 1862, Walter convinced Hill that draining the canal would achieve the same end. Walter saved the Monocacy Aqueduct, only for it to be threatened once again a few days later when another Confederate party attempted to blow up the aqueduct. However, the soldiers were unable to drill enough holes into the hard stone to place enough explosives to breach the structure.

text: During the

text: American Civil War

text: the Union used the canal to transport war materials and troops along the border between

text: Maryland

text: Virginia

text: , and points west. For this reason the canal as well as the aqueducts were often under

text: Confederate

text: attack. There were many Confederate sympathizers among the canal employees, including Thomas Walter, keeper of Lock 27. Walter loved the South, but he loved the Monocacy Aqueduct more. When he learned that Confederate General

text: D. H. Hill

text: had orders to destroy it in order to halt boat traffic during the

text: Antietam

text: campaign in September 1862, Walter convinced Hill that draining the canal would achieve the same end. Walter saved the Monocacy Aqueduct, only for it to be threatened once again a few days later when another Confederate party attempted to blow up the aqueduct. However, the soldiers were unable to drill enough holes into the hard stone to place enough explosives to breach the structure.

text: Asimov's defense of civil applications of nuclear power even after the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in "no danger whatsoever" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on Love Canal or near "a Union Carbide plant producing methyl isocyanate", the latter being a reference to the Bhopal disaster.

text: Asimov's defense of civil applications of

text: nuclear power

text: even after the

text: Three Mile Island

text: nuclear power plant incident damaged his relations with some of his fellow liberals. In a letter reprinted in Yours, Isaac Asimov, he states that although he would prefer living in "no danger whatsoever" than near a nuclear reactor, he would still prefer a home near a nuclear power plant than in a slum on

text: Love Canal

text: or near "a

text: Union Carbide

text: plant producing

text: methyl isocyanate

text: ", the latter being a reference to the

text: Bhopal disaster

text: The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that plays a crucial role in regulating the transnational movement of hazardous wastes. The Basel Convention was created in 1989 and attempts to regulate the hazardous waste trade, specifically to prevent the dumping of hazardous waste from more developed countries into less developed countries. The Basel Convention was developed following a series of high-profile cases in which large amounts of toxic waste were dumped into less developed countries, poisoning the people and environment. The Convention seeks to reduce the creation of hazardous wastes, and to control and reduce its trade across borders.

text: The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the

text: Basel Convention

text: , is an international treaty that plays a crucial role in regulating the transnational movement of hazardous wastes. The Basel Convention was created in 1989 and attempts to regulate the hazardous waste trade, specifically to prevent the dumping of hazardous waste from more developed countries into less developed countries. The Basel Convention was developed following a series of high-profile cases in which large amounts of toxic waste were dumped into less developed countries, poisoning the people and environment. The Convention seeks to reduce the creation of hazardous wastes, and to control and reduce its trade across borders.

text: The successful primetime serials of the 1980s included Dallas, Dynasty, Knots Landing and Falcon Crest. These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families, and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, complex storylines examining business schemes and intrigue, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Each of these series featured a wealthy, domineering, promiscuous, and passionate antagonist as a key character in the storyline – respectively, J. R. Ewing, Alexis Colby, Abby Cunningham and Angela Channing. These villainous schemers became immensely popular figures that audiences "loved to hate".

text: The successful primetime serials of the 1980s included

text: Dallas

text: Dynasty

text: Knots Landing

text: and

text: Falcon Crest

text: . These shows frequently dealt with wealthy families, and their personal and big-business travails. Common characteristics were sumptuous sets and costumes, complex storylines examining business schemes and intrigue, and spectacular disaster cliffhanger situations. Each of these series featured a wealthy, domineering,

text: promiscuous

text: , and passionate

text: antagonist

text: as a key character in the storyline – respectively,

text: J. R. Ewing

text: Alexis Colby

text: Abby Cunningham

text: and Angela Channing. These villainous schemers became immensely popular figures that audiences "loved to hate".

text: Pollution of water due to a number of different pollutants has driven the NRCS to take action. Not only do they offer financial assistance but they also provide the equipment needed for private land owners to protect our water resources. Water gets polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus which causes algae to grow proliferously causing the oxygen concentrations to decline rapidly, life is no longer supported in this habitat. Excessive sedimentation is also another concern along with pathogens threats that can find their way into water systems and cause detrimental effects. NRCS works in a way to help both the land owner and the water systems that need prevention or restoration.

text: Robert Whalen, then-New York's Health Commissioner, also visited Love Canal and believed that the Canal constituted an emergency, stating: "Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill constitutes a public nuisance and an extremely serious threat and danger to the health, safety and welfare of those using it, living near it or exposed to the conditions emanating from it, consisting among other things, of chemical wastes lying exposed on the surface in numerous places pervasive, pernicious and obnoxious chemical vapors and fumes affecting both the ambient air and the homes of certain residents living near such sites." Whalen also instructed people to avoid going into their basements as well as to avoid fruits and vegetables grown in their gardens.  People became very worried because many had consumed produce from their gardens for several years. Whalen urged that all pregnant women and children under the age of two be removed from Love Canal as soon as possible.

text: When working with chemicals, safety is a concern in order to avoid problems such as chemical accidents .  In the United States, the law requires that employers provide workers working with chemicals with access to a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for every kind of chemical they work with.  An MSDS for a certain chemical is prepared and provided by the supplier to whoever buys the chemical.  Other laws covering chemical safety, hazardous waste, and pollution must be observed, including statutes such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and regulations such as the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards in the United States.  Hazmat (hazardous materials) teams are trained to deal with chemical leaks or spills.  Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) is used to assess potential hazards in chemical plants.  In 1998, the U. S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board has become operational.

text: When working with chemicals,

text: safety

text: is a concern in order to avoid problems such as

text: chemical accident

text: s .  In the

text: United States

text: , the law requires that employers provide workers working with chemicals with access to a

text: Material Safety Data Sheet

text: (MSDS) for every kind of chemical they work with.  An MSDS for a certain chemical is prepared and provided by the supplier to whoever buys the chemical.  Other laws covering chemical safety, hazardous waste, and pollution must be observed, including statutes such as the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) and the

text: Toxic Substances Control Act

text: (TSCA), and regulations such as the

entity_name: Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards

text: Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards

text: in the United States.

text: Hazmat

text: (hazardous materials) teams are trained to deal with chemical leaks or spills.

text: Process Hazard Analysis

text: (PHA) is used to assess potential

text: hazard

text: s in chemical plants.  In 1998, the

entity_name: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board

text: U. S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board

text: has become operational.

text: Land and water pollution are two of Denmark's most significant environmental issues, although much of the country's household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. The country has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973. To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol. However, the national ecological footprint is 8.26 global hectares per person, which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010. Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land, which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark ( meat annually per capita) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries. In December 2014, the Climate Change Performance Index for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table, explaining that although emissions are still quite high, the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies.

text: Land and water pollution are two of Denmark's most significant

text: environmental issue

text: s, although much of the country's household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. The country has historically taken a progressive stance on

text: environmental preservation

text: ; in 1971 Denmark established a

text: Ministry of Environment

text: and was the first country in the world to implement an

text: environmental law

text: in 1973. To mitigate environmental degradation and

text: global warming

text: the Danish Government has signed the

text: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

text: . However, the national

text: ecological footprint

text: is 8.26 global hectares per person, which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010. Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land, which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark ( meat annually per capita) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries. In December 2014, the

text: Climate Change Performance Index

text: for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table, explaining that although emissions are still quite high, the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies.

text: The canal fell into disuse as did much of the country's old canal system during the 19th and 20th century. However, vegetation continued to grow around the canals. In 1904–1905, a wave of cholera and plague struck Bahrain, killing hundreds. It was thought that the canals harboured deadly microbes and it was transmitted in clothes people washed in the canals. Historian Mohammed Ali Al-Tajir described Manama at the time as "the land of Manama consists of marshes and swamps that pollute the air with increasing epidemics".

text: In the 1980s, agricultural land constituted just under 55% of the country's total land area, and most of this land was suitable for tillage. The soil is relatively fertile in the lowlands but less productive in the mountainous regions. About one-third of the country's territory is forested. Czech forests had serious environmental problems, primarily as a result of "acid rain" pollution from coal-fired power stations. In the 1980s, the authorities acknowledged the seriousness of the problem, and the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990) allocated funding to combat the pollution.

text: In the 1980s, agricultural land constituted just under 55% of the country's total land area, and most of this land was suitable for tillage. The soil is relatively fertile in the lowlands but less productive in the mountainous regions. About one-third of the country's territory is forested. Czech forests had serious environmental problems, primarily as a result of "acid rain" pollution from coal-fired power stations. In the 1980s, the authorities acknowledged the seriousness of the problem, and the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1986-1990) allocated funding to combat the

text: pollution

text: Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct studies on hazardous-waste management to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

text: Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct studies on hazardous-

text: waste management

text: to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers design

text: municipal water supply

text: and

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: systems. They address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of

text: acid rain

text: global warming

text: ozone depletion

text: , water pollution and air pollution from

text: automobile exhausts

text: and

entity_name: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

text: industrial sources

text: 80% of the land use within the Pompeston Creek Watershed is urban, and this contributes to the water quality problem in the watershed. The stormwater runoff is often polluted from the urban landscape and from animal wastes and fertilizers, and this runs into the river through the over 200 stormwater outfalls into Pompeston Creek.

text: According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), wet cleaning is the most environmentally sensitive professional method of garment cleaning. It does not use hazardous chemicals,  it does not generate hazardous waste, nor does the process create air pollution and it reduces the potential for water and soil contamination. The specialized detergents and conditioner used in the wet clean process are milder than home laundry products. All of the products are disposed of down the drain and easily handled by the local waste water treatment facility.  For professional cleaners, wet-cleaning is argued to offer several advantages, such as lowered costs for start-up capital, supplies, equipment and hazardous waste disposal, as well as less reliance on skilled labor.

text: According to the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA), wet cleaning is the most environmentally sensitive professional method of garment cleaning. It does not use hazardous chemicals,  it does not generate hazardous waste, nor does the process create air pollution and it reduces the potential for water and

text: soil contamination

text: . The specialized detergents and conditioner used in the wet clean process are milder than home laundry products. All of the products are disposed of down the drain and easily handled by the local waste water treatment facility.  For professional cleaners, wet-cleaning is argued to offer several advantages, such as lowered costs for start-up capital, supplies, equipment and hazardous waste disposal, as well as less reliance on skilled labor.

text: The principle is employed in all of the major US pollution control laws: Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (solid waste and hazardous waste management), and Superfund (cleanup of abandoned waste sites).

text: The principle is employed in all of the major US pollution control laws:

text: Clean Air Act

text: Clean Water Act

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (solid waste and hazardous waste management), and

text: Superfund

text: (cleanup of abandoned waste sites).

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Polluted groundwater is mapped by sampling soils and groundwater near suspected or known sources of pollution, to determine the extent of the pollution, and to aid in the design of groundwater remediation systems. Preventing groundwater pollution near potential sources such as landfills requires lining the bottom of a landfill with watertight materials, collecting any leachate with drains, and keeping rainwater off any potential contaminants, along with regular monitoring of nearby groundwater to verify that contaminants have not leaked into the groundwater.

text: Environmental issues include deforestation, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; and air pollution.

text: Environmental issues include

text: deforestation

text: , largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching; soil

text: erosion

text: ; coastal marine

text: pollution

text: ; fisheries protection; solid waste management; and air pollution.

text: The 2010 New York State Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Plan also presents important information when evaluating the TSDF’s in each county. Chapter 1 of the siting plan states that ten-day transfer stations, generators who store for less than 90 days, facilities or locations for collecting household hazardous wastes, facilities for collecting non-manifested waste such as universal waste, sanitary landfills, and trucks are not included as TSD facilities in the detailed analyses included in the Plan. This shows that not all hazardous waste facilities are taken into consideration when examining the eligibility of a county for building more facilities. Omitting such facilities from the analyses presents inaccurate calculations and assumptions. Those facilities still emit pollution and wastes, regardless of the size of facility or time-length of the waste transfer.

text: Burning municipal waste does produce significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions to the atmosphere as compared to the smaller amounts produced by burning coal or natural gas. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. However, advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations, as well as public opposition to municipal waste incinerators, have caused large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans produced by waste-to-energy plants.

text: Burning municipal waste does produce significant amounts of

text: dioxin

text: and

text: furan

text: emissions to the atmosphere as compared to the smaller amounts produced by burning coal or natural gas. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. However, advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations, as well as public opposition to municipal waste incinerators, have caused large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans produced by waste-to-energy plants.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both water and air pollution from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both

text: water

text: and

text: air pollution

text: from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from

text: agricultural

text: areas draining into a river, or wind-borne

text: debris

text: blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as

text: smokestack

text: s or car

text: tailpipe

text: s. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with

text: point source pollution

text: , where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

text: Throughout his life, McCraw served on a range of community, professional and public committees, organizations and inquiries. In 1957 he was a member of the organizing committee for the inaugural Alexandra Blossom Festival. He served as president of the Waikato branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand between 1965 and 1966 and was a member of the society's geology and quaternary national committees from 1975 to 1982.  In 1968 he chaired the Waikato branch of the Geological Society of New Zealand. He also served on the National Water and Soil Authority from 1976 to 1985, and the commission of inquiry into the Abbotsford landslip disaster between 1979 and 1980. He chaired the government's 1988 Rabbit and Land Management Task Force and the public consultation committee for the Hamilton City Council pollution control scheme from 1994 to 1996.  He was patron of the Waikato Geological and Lapidary Society.

text: Throughout his life, McCraw served on a range of community, professional and public committees, organizations and inquiries. In 1957 he was a member of the organizing committee for the inaugural Alexandra Blossom Festival. He served as president of the Waikato branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand between 1965 and 1966 and was a member of the society's geology and quaternary national committees from 1975 to 1982.  In 1968 he chaired the Waikato branch of the Geological Society of New Zealand. He also served on the National Water and Soil Authority from 1976 to 1985, and the

text: commission of inquiry

text: into the

text: Abbotsford landslip disaster

text: between 1979 and 1980. He chaired the government's 1988 Rabbit and Land Management Task Force and the public consultation committee for the Hamilton City Council pollution control scheme from 1994 to 1996.  He was patron of the Waikato Geological and Lapidary Society.

text: A U.S. facility that treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit for doing so under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Generators and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through the RCRA, Congress directed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create regulations to manage hazardous waste. Under this mandate, the EPA developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management including the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations.  Furthermore, RCRA allows states to develop regulatory programs that are at least as stringent as RCRA and, after review by EPA, the states may take over responsibility for the implementation of the requirements under RCRA.  Most states take advantage of this authority, implementing their own hazardous waste programs that are at least as stringent, and in some cases are more stringent than the federal program.

text: A U.S. facility that treats, stores, or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a permit for doing so under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: . Generators and transporters of hazardous waste must meet specific requirements for handling, managing, and tracking waste. Through the RCRA, Congress directed the

text: (EPA) to create regulations to manage hazardous waste. Under this mandate, the EPA developed strict requirements for all aspects of hazardous waste management including the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition to these federal requirements, states may develop more stringent requirements that are broader in scope than the federal regulations.  Furthermore, RCRA allows states to develop regulatory programs that are at least as stringent as RCRA and, after review by EPA, the states may take over responsibility for the implementation of the requirements under RCRA.  Most states take advantage of this authority, implementing their own hazardous waste programs that are at least as stringent, and in some cases are more stringent than the federal program.

text: Epistemic communities became institutionalized in the short term because of change into the policy-making process and to persuade others that their approach is the right approach. Long-term effects occur through socialization. There are a myriad of examples of the impact that epistemic communities have had on public policy. Arms control ideas are reflected in the ABM Treaty and agreements following it during Cold War. Epistemic communities brought attention to chlorofluorocarbons and their polluting consequences. This realization led to the creation of environmental international agencies in a majority of the world’s governments. This caused environmental decisions to go through the United Nations Environment Programme rather than though General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) who would normally dispute these issues. Such was the case when the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal.

text: Epistemic communities became institutionalized in the short term because of change into the policy-making process and to persuade others that their approach is the right approach. Long-term effects occur through socialization. There are a myriad of examples of the impact that epistemic communities have had on public policy. Arms control ideas are reflected in the ABM Treaty and agreements following it during

text: Cold War

text: . Epistemic communities brought attention to chlorofluorocarbons and their polluting consequences. This realization led to the creation of environmental international agencies in a majority of the world’s governments. This caused environmental decisions to go through the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: rather than though

text: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

text: (GATT) who would normally dispute these issues. Such was the case when the

text: 1989 Basel Convention

text: on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal.

text: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 97, Wetlands

text: Chalk Point plant is by far the leading polluter in Prince George's County, Maryland, according to pollution research site Scorecard.org. It produced  of air pollution (not counting CO) and  of water pollution in 2002. (The second largest polluter, the USDA's Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, produced  of mostly land pollution in 2002.)

text: Chalk Point plant is by far the leading polluter in

text: Prince George's County, Maryland

text: , according to pollution research site Scorecard.org. It produced  of

text: air pollution

text: (not counting CO) and  of

text: water pollution

text: in 2002. (The second largest polluter, the

text: USDA

text: 's

entity_name: Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center

text: Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center

text: , produced  of mostly

text: land pollution

text: in 2002.)

text: The construction of the LaSalle Expressway indirectly contributed to the Love Canal disaster. When the freeway was built along the southern edge of the neighborhood in the 1960s, it prevented the contaminated groundwater inside the former canal from escaping into the Niagara River. The trapped toxic water was then forced to the surface after the water table rose substantially following a 1977 blizzard.

text: The construction of the LaSalle Expressway indirectly contributed to the

text: Love Canal

text: disaster. When the freeway was built along the southern edge of the neighborhood in the 1960s, it prevented the contaminated

text: groundwater

text: inside the former canal from escaping into the

text: Niagara River

text: . The trapped toxic water was then forced to the surface after the water table rose substantially following a 1977 blizzard.

text: Living and working in La Chureca brings terrible health hazards to churequeros. Often, families need to scavenge food from the waste as they lack the means necessary to purchase food. The food that is scavenged is mostly from restaurants dumping including: meat, dairy products, vegetable, and fruits (Bergin, 2008). The consumption of this rotting food frequently leads to intestinal and digestive problems for Churequeros (ibid).  Because there used to be a slaughterhouse across the lagoon which merges with La Chureca, remains of farm animals such as bones, cow heads, and blood; pollute the land, water, and air in and surrounding La Chureca. In addition, much of the garbage from La Chureca often spills over into Lake Managua, affecting its natural resources. Fish from Lake Managua are an important part of the diet of the population living in poverty at lakeshore yet, there have been high levels of mercury found in native fish species in Lake Managua (Cuadra, &Linderholm, & Athanasiadou, & Jakobsson, 2006; Mc Crary, Castro, McKaye, 2005).

text: Living and working in La Chureca brings terrible health hazards to churequeros. Often, families need to scavenge food from the waste as they lack the means necessary to purchase food. The food that is scavenged is mostly from

text: restaurant

text: s dumping including: meat, dairy products, vegetable, and fruits (Bergin, 2008). The consumption of this rotting food frequently leads to intestinal and digestive problems for Churequeros (ibid).  Because there used to be a

text: slaughterhouse

text: across the lagoon which merges with La Chureca, remains of farm animals such as bones, cow heads, and blood; pollute the land, water, and air in and surrounding La Chureca. In addition, much of the garbage from La Chureca often spills over into Lake Managua, affecting its natural resources. Fish from Lake Managua are an important part of the diet of the population living in poverty at lakeshore yet, there have been high levels of

text: mercury

text: found in native fish species in Lake Managua (Cuadra, &Linderholm, & Athanasiadou, & Jakobsson, 2006; Mc Crary, Castro, McKaye, 2005).

text: Party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

text: To address the growing amount of waste generated in the United States, the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was enacted. In 1976 the Federal government amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, creating the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which requires a "cradle to grave" approach to the proper handling of potentially hazardous materials. RCRA gives authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate and enforce proper hazardous waste disposal.Many countries now have laws that require that household hazardous waste be deposited in a special location rather than sent to landfills with regular refuse. Household hazardous waste includes paints and solvents, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent lights, spray cans, and yard products such as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides. Additionally, medical waste generated at home is considered a hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly.

text: To address the growing amount of waste generated in the United States, the

text: Solid Waste Disposal Act

text: of 1965 was enacted. In 1976 the Federal government amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, creating the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA), which requires a "cradle to grave" approach to the proper handling of potentially hazardous materials. RCRA gives authority to the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) to regulate and enforce proper hazardous waste disposal.Many countries now have laws that require that

text: household hazardous waste

text: be deposited in a special location rather than sent to landfills with regular refuse. Household hazardous waste includes

text: paints

text: and

text: solvents

text: chemicals

text: light bulbs

text: fluorescent lights

text: , spray cans, and yard products such as

text: fertilizers

text: pesticides

text: herbicides

text: and

text: insecticides

text: . Additionally,

text: medical waste

text: generated at home is considered a hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly.

text: Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied.  One such superseding principle is contained in modern hazardous waste laws in developed countries, as the process of diluting hazardous waste to make it non-hazardous is usually a regulated treatment process.  Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases can be confronted by challenging economical and technological barriers.

text: Proposals for "Green and Clean Communities" include a Toxics Task Force at the EPA, fighting air pollution, water pollution and fighting other environmental hazards. Kerry has proposed a "Conservation Covenant." As part of the covenant, Kerry will extend the Endangered Species Act for the benefits of wildlife and habitat protection to public and private lands and reinvest public-land royalties back into land protection.

text: Proposals for "Green and Clean Communities" include a Toxics Task Force at the

text: EPA

text: , fighting

text: air pollution

text: water pollution

text: and fighting other environmental hazards. Kerry has proposed a "Conservation Covenant." As part of the covenant, Kerry will extend the

text: Endangered Species Act

text: for the benefits of wildlife and

text: habitat protection

text: to

text: public

text: and

text: private lands

text: and reinvest public-land royalties back into land protection.

text: Lactational amenorrhea method- Land degradation- Land management- Land reclamation- Land reform- Land rehabilitation- Land trust- Land use- Land use forecasting- Landfill- Law of the Rights of Mother Earth- Le Peuple Migrateur- Lead paint- Lead poisoning- Life cycle energy analysis- Light pollution- Limits to Growth- Lithium ion battery- Litterbug- Livable Streets- Living on Earth- Local food- Local Nature Reserve- Locally unwanted land use- Logging- London commuter belt- London congestion charge- London Cycling Campaign- London sewerage system- Long-term Ecosystem Observatory- Love Canal- Low level waste- Low-carbon economy- Low-energy house- Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate- Lysocline

text: Lactational amenorrhea method

text: Land degradation

text: Land management

text: Land reclamation

text: Land reform

text: Land rehabilitation

text: Land trust

text: Land use

text: Land use forecasting

text: Landfill

text: Law of the Rights of Mother Earth

text: Le Peuple Migrateur

text: Lead paint

text: Lead poisoning

text: Life cycle energy analysis

text: Light pollution

text: Limits to Growth

text: Lithium ion battery

text: Litter

text: bug-

text: Livable Streets

text: Living on Earth

text: Local food

text: Local Nature Reserve

text: Locally unwanted land use

text: Logging

text: London commuter belt

text: London congestion charge

text: London Cycling Campaign

text: London sewerage system

text: Long-term Ecosystem Observatory

text: Love Canal

text: Low level waste

text: Low-carbon economy

text: Low-energy house

text: Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate

text: Lysocline

text: In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards and biotechnology. According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics.

text: In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards and biotechnology. According to the

entity_name: Institute for European Environmental Policy

text: Institute for European Environmental Policy

text: , environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics.

text: Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city. In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500 metric tonnes of solid waste, and increased to 5000 metric tonnes in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites. The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub, Whitefield region is the most polluted area in Bangalore. Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.

text: Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of

text: solid waste

text: per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to

text: composting

text: units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city. In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500

text: metric tonnes

text: of

text: solid waste

text: , and increased to 5000

text: metric tonnes

text: in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near

text: Hesaraghatta Lake

text: , to the garbage dumping sites. The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub, Whitefield region is the most polluted area in Bangalore. Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.

text: The industry continues to have a serious impact on the environment. In 2012, it produced about 70% of Estonia's ordinary waste, 82% of its hazardous waste, and more than 70% of its greenhouse gas emissions. Its activities lower groundwater levels, alter water circulation, and spoil water quality. Water pumped from the mines and used by oil shale-fired power stations exceeds 90% of all water used in Estonia. Leachates from waste heaps pollute surface and groundwater. Former and current oil shale mines cover about one percent of Estonia's territory.

text: The industry continues to have a serious

text: impact on the environment

text: . In 2012, it produced about 70% of Estonia's ordinary waste, 82% of its

text: hazardous waste

text: , and more than 70% of its

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: . Its activities lower groundwater levels, alter

text: water circulation

text: , and spoil water quality. Water pumped from the mines and used by oil shale-fired power stations exceeds 90% of all water used in Estonia.

text: Leachates

text: from waste heaps pollute surface and groundwater. Former and current oil shale mines cover about one percent of Estonia's territory.

text: An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and meteorology that gives rise to high levels of air pollution over a large area.  Examples of air pollution episodes include:

text: An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and

text: meteorology

text: that gives rise to high levels of air pollution over a large area.  Examples of air pollution episodes include:

text: Prior to the implementation of the WEEE directive in the UK, waste electronic and electrical equipment was disposed of in the household (municipal) waste stream. Post the introduction of the Hazardous Waste Regulations, exclusions apply to  electrical and electronic equipment that are deemed hazardous. Hazardous wastes are derived (issued with a universal EU descriptor) from the European Waste Catalogue (known in the UK as the List of Wastes), which denotes wastes with a six digit number in three sets of two.  Hazardous wastes are denoted with an asterisk at the end of the number. Hazardous electronic wastes comprise:

text: Conversely, industry groups criticize the EPA's rules as overly stringent. Industry groups vocally opposed the requirement in the 2008 rule (since struck down by the Fifth Circuit) that required CAFOs to seek a permit if they "propose to discharge" into waters of the United States. Generally speaking, the farm industry disputes the presumption that CAFOs do discharge pollutants and it therefore objects to the pressure that the EPA places on CAFOs to voluntarily seek an NPDES permit. As a starting point, farm industry groups "emphasize that most farmers are diligent stewards of the environment, since they depend on natural resources of the land, water, and air for their livelihoods and they, too, directly experience adverse impacts on water and air quality." Some of the agricultural industry groups continue to maintain that the EPA should have no authority to regulate any of the runoff from land application areas because they believe this constitutes a nonpoint source that is outside the scope of the CWA. According to this viewpoint, voluntary programs adequately address any problems with excess manure.

text: Ada Kong, toxics campaign manager for Greenpeace, an environmental organization, said the students' illness "...shows just how dangerously lax China’s hazardous chemical management is." Ma Jun said corporations responsible for pollution would have to face public scrutiny, and urged the industry "...to really recognize the fundamental change that is happening [in public opinion]". He compared the incident to the Love Canal disaster of 1978, in which families of a residential New York neighborhood were contaminated by radioactive waste, resulting in severe health issues.

text: Ada Kong, toxics campaign manager for

text: Greenpeace

text: , an environmental organization, said the students' illness "...shows just how dangerously lax China’s hazardous chemical management is."

text: Ma Jun

text: said corporations responsible for pollution would have to face public scrutiny, and urged the industry "...to really recognize the fundamental change that is happening [in public opinion]". He compared the incident to the

text: Love Canal disaster

text: of 1978, in which families of a residential New York neighborhood were contaminated by radioactive waste, resulting in severe health issues.

text: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Sewage treatment

text: is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Another issue with the Basel Convention and other international agreements to regulate the waste trade is the difficulty of establishing clear, uniform definitions regarding wastes. These overly broad and ambiguous definitions cause problems with the international agreements, as different parties interpret the language of the agreements differently and thus act accordingly. For example, the “‘lack of distinction between ‘waste’ and ‘products’ in the convention and its vague criteria for ‘hazardous’ allowed the continued export of 'hazardous waste’ under the label of commodities or raw materials, despite the fact that these wastes still present environmental and health risks to developing countries.”

text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the Clean Water Act, which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste. Point source water pollution is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

text: Point source water pollution is largely regulated through the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , which gives the EPA the authority to set limits on the acceptable amount of pollutants that can be discharged into waters of the United States. The Act broadly defines a pollutant as any type of industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water, such as: dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste.

entity_name: United States regulation of point source water pollution

text: Point source water pollution

text: is discharged into waters through both direct and indirect methods.

text: Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores is ocean-based. A wide variety of anthropogenic artifacts can become marine debris; plastic bags, balloons, buoys, rope, medical waste, glass bottles and plastic bottles, cigarette stubs, cigarette lighters, beverage cans, polystyrene, lost fishing line and nets, and various wastes from cruise ships and oil rigs are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore. Six pack rings, in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem.The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs, UXO, landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of ordnance were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, nor is the US the only country who has practiced this, safely dismantling and recycling explosives being a very dangerous and costly procedure).

text: Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the

text: United Nations

text: Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores is ocean-based. A wide variety of

text: anthropogenic

text: artifacts can become marine debris;

text: plastic bag

text: s,

text: balloon

text: s,

text: buoy

text: s,

text: rope

text: medical waste

text: glass bottles

text: and

text: plastic bottles

text: , cigarette stubs,

text: cigarette lighter

text: s,

text: beverage can

text: s,

text: polystyrene

text: lost fishing line and nets

text: , and various wastes from

text: cruise ships

text: and

text: oil rig

text: s are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore.

text: Six pack rings

text: , in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem.The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs,

text: UXO

text: , landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of ordnance were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, nor is the US the only country who has practiced this, safely dismantling and recycling explosives being a very dangerous and costly procedure).

text: At the turn of the century, almost every major river in Israel had become significantly polluted due to many years of waste discharge from industrial and agricultural sources. One of the more famous examples is the pollution of Israel’s third largest river, the Kishon River. In 1994, a study was conducted testing pollution in the Kishon at sources close to several industrial plants. Decades of dumping hazardous effluents had all but eradicated aquatic life in the river, causing the Israel Union for Environmental Defense (IUED) to file several successful lawsuits against two of the biggest polluters, Deshanim Ltd. And Haifa Chemicals.  By 1998, most of Israel’s surface water, rivers and streams, as well as its groundwater reserves, were polluted to a certain degree by industrial and civil waste. According to Israel’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, the construction of wastewater treatment facilities have reduced sources of river pollution from 250 to 100 in the period between 1990 and 2010.

text: At the turn of the century, almost every major river in Israel had become significantly polluted due to many years of waste discharge from industrial and agricultural sources. One of the more famous examples is the pollution of Israel’s third largest river, the

text: Kishon River

text: . In 1994, a study was conducted testing pollution in the Kishon at sources close to several industrial plants. Decades of dumping hazardous effluents had all but eradicated aquatic life in the river, causing the

text: Israel Union for Environmental Defense

text: (IUED) to file several successful lawsuits against two of the biggest polluters, Deshanim Ltd. And Haifa Chemicals.  By 1998, most of Israel’s surface water, rivers and streams, as well as its groundwater reserves, were polluted to a certain degree by industrial and civil waste. According to Israel’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, the construction of wastewater treatment facilities have reduced sources of river pollution from 250 to 100 in the period between 1990 and 2010.

text: As a harbor almost completely surrounded by shipping and industrial activities, the waters of the bay suffer from environmental stress. This in turn affects the water quality of the Caribbean Sea into which it flows. Water entering the bay as river flows or effluent from industrial processes has a residence in the harbor of 8 days, on average. It receives approximately 48,000 m3 of waste water per day, which carries about 4,800 kg of nitrogen and 1,200 kg of phosphorus, which results in elevated concentrations of nutrients. Havana Bay is strongly affected by sewage dumping, and it also receives suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and pollutants from agriculture, industry and port activities. The leading sources of pollution in the bay have been identified as the Luyano River which contains organic material, nutrients, sewage, solid waste, the Regla oil refinery, fish hatcheries, and port activities. The high concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants is of concern as the harbor is an important fishing port.

text: As a harbor almost completely surrounded by shipping and industrial activities, the waters of the bay suffer from environmental stress. This in turn affects the water quality of the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: into which it flows. Water entering the bay as river flows or effluent from industrial processes has a residence in the harbor of 8 days, on average. It receives approximately 48,000 m3 of waste water per day, which carries about 4,800 kg of nitrogen and 1,200 kg of phosphorus, which results in elevated concentrations of nutrients. Havana Bay is strongly affected by sewage dumping, and it also receives suspended solids, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and pollutants from agriculture, industry and port activities. The leading sources of pollution in the bay have been identified as the

text: Luyano River

text: which contains organic material, nutrients, sewage, solid waste, the Regla oil refinery, fish hatcheries, and port activities. The high concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants is of concern as the harbor is an important fishing port.

text: General topical or subject coverage includes air, marine, and freshwater pollution; detection, monitoring, and analysis of pollution; effects of oil spills; point and non-point pollution; sewage and wastewater treatment; industrial and municipal disposal of sludge; hazardous wastes and refuse; toxicology of pesticides; heavy metals; agricultural chemicals; risk assessment, and environmental action; among other topics. Coverage of sources spans journal articles, conference proceedings, books and government publications.

text: The Damanganga River downstream of Vapi up to its confluence with the sea is polluted from the effluents emerging from the industrial and domestic wastes of the Vapi town, Silvassa, Daman and Kachigaon. According to the Central Pollution Control Board’s report the BOD value recorded at its monitoring station downstream of Kachogaon was a high of 30 mgl per liter. According to a study report of the Machhimar Adhikar Rahstriya Abhiyan due to the industrial effluents from the Vapi town the dissolved oxygen level is very low ar 0.1-mg/1 and Mercury content in the groundwater in the town is about ninety six times higher than the standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Untreated effluents are directly discharged into the Damanganga and Kolak Rivers. This has resulted in pollution of the sea water to a limit of five nautical miles seriously affecting fish life. The Common Effluent Treatment was also reported to dis-functional with about 1000 small-scale and artisanal fishers in four to five villages getting affected on account of  the Sarigam Industrial Association’s effluent disposal pipeline.

text: This controversy reappeared during the project period. In 2010 summer, there was damaged in nearby Ara canal region due to heavy rain. Environment groups insisted that this project has no effect to prevent disaster, like flood or heavy rain. Also they said that Ara canal has no plan to build 'rain water pump station', 'rain water pipe' and so on to. So they insisted that this project reexamined. But Korea Water Resource Corporation insisted that if Ara canal has not existed, this had great damage. This damage was due to lack of capacity in pipe conduit. Ara canal help to prevent a great damage to flow rainwater. Also Ara canal's role is to flow rainwater to Yellow sea by preventing flood. So installing 'rain water pump station' and 'rain water pipe' and others are not related to this project.

text: This controversy reappeared during the project period. In 2010 summer, there was damaged in nearby Ara canal region due to heavy rain. Environment groups insisted that this project has no effect to prevent disaster, like

text: flood

text: or heavy rain. Also they said that Ara canal has no plan to build 'rain water pump station', 'rain water pipe' and so on to. So they insisted that this project reexamined. But Korea Water Resource Corporation insisted that if Ara canal has not existed, this had great damage. This damage was due to lack of capacity in pipe conduit. Ara canal help to prevent a great damage to flow rainwater. Also Ara canal's role is to flow rainwater to Yellow sea by preventing flood. So installing 'rain water pump station' and 'rain water pipe' and others are not related to this project.

text: The first step in characterising waste is to decide on the appropriate EWC code. These codes carry three categories - absolute non-hazardous, mirror entries and absolute hazardous.  Initial assessment for the majority of wastes follows a simple derivation of industry (some 20 main categories) from which they were originally obtained (Agricultural, wood working (furniture), Electronics, etc. ).  Each Derived section (denoted by the first 2 sets of 2 numbers refers to a particular industry or sector).  The final set of 2 numbers relates directly to the waste. Where a waste is hazardous by its very composition, the EWC is followed by an Asterix).

text:
|-| Continent || Europe / Asia|-| Subregion || Southwest Asia / Eastern Europe|-| Geographic coordinates || |-| Area || |-| Coastline || 310 km|-| Land boundaries || 1,814 km|-| Countries bordered || Russia 894 km, Turkey 273 km, Armenia 219 km, Azerbaijan 428 km|-| Maritime claims || |-| Highest point || Mount Shkhara, 5,201 m|-| Lowest point || Bogs between Poti and Kulevi, (-1.5-2.3 m)|-| Longest river || Kura River, 1,364 km|-| Land Use
 - Arable land
 - Permanent
   crops
 - Other ||
5.76%

1.80%

92.44% (2012)|-| Climate: || Temperate to Subtropical, warm and pleasant, Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast|-| Terrain: || plains, mountains, valleys|-| Natural resources ||  timber, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and petroleum deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth|-| Natural hazards || earthquakes|-| Environmental issues || air and water pollution, soil pollution from toxic chemicals|}

text: |-| Continent || Europe / Asia|-| Subregion ||

text: Southwest Asia / Eastern Europe

text: |-| Geographic coordinates || |-| Area || |-| Coastline || 310 km|-| Land boundaries || 1,814 km|-| Countries bordered || Russia 894 km, Turkey 273 km, Armenia 219 km, Azerbaijan 428 km|-| Maritime claims || |-| Highest point ||

text: Mount Shkhara

text: , 5,201 m|-| Lowest point ||

text: Bog

text: s between

text: Poti

text: and

text: Kulevi

text: , (-1.5-2.3 m)|-| Longest river ||

text: Kura River

text:
, 1,364 km|-| Land Use
 - Arable land
 - Permanent
   crops
 - Other ||
5.76%

1.80%

92.44% (2012)|-| Climate: ||

text: Temperate

text: to

text: Subtropical

text: , warm and pleasant,

text: Mediterranean

text: -like on Black Sea coast|-| Terrain: ||

text: plain

text: s,

text: mountain

text: s,

text: valley

text: s|-| Natural resources ||  timber, hydropower,

text: manganese

text: deposits,

text: iron ore

text: copper

text: , minor

text: coal

text: and

text: petroleum

text: deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important

text: tea

text: and

text: citrus

text: growth|-| Natural hazards ||

text: earthquake

text: s|-| Environmental issues ||

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: soil pollution

text: from toxic chemicals|}

text: Energy development – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

text: Energy development

text: – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

text: The HWD received delegation of the Federal RCRA hazardous waste-management program from the EPA. State and Federal hazardous waste-management regulations and requirements are merged into a single reference document, APCEC Regulation 23 (Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, 2012a). The HWD relies on record keeping to maintain a "cradle- to-grave" tracking system for all generated hazardous wastes. Proper management and pollution-prevention techniques are designed to ensure against contamination of groundwater. If there is improper management of hazardous wastes, the program requires that actions be taken to remedy the situation and to restore, to the extent possible, quality of the affected groundwater. A strong oversight and enforcement effort are maintained to provide high visibility as a deterrent against future violations. Certain permitted facilities that are used to manage hazardous wastes have specific construction criteria designed to protect groundwater quality. Permit conditions for these facilities include the requirement for groundwater monitoring that meets the requirements of APCEC Regulation 23.

text: The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as "a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like DDT, endosulfan, hexa and trivalent chromium, lead, cyanide, BHC". Several studies have pointed out that the riverbed has deposits of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc and the ecosystem of the river has many dead zones. Some of the major recommendations are ensuring zero effluent discharge from the industrial units in the Eloor-Edayar stretch and zero emission from companies. Pollution of the river and surrounding wetlands has almost wiped out traditional occupations, including fishing and farming.

text: The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as "a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like

text: DDT

text: endosulfan

text: hexa

text: and

text: trivalent chromium

text: lead

text: cyanide

text: BHC

text: ". Several studies have pointed out that the riverbed has deposits of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc and the ecosystem of the river has many dead zones. Some of the major recommendations are ensuring zero effluent discharge from the industrial units in the Eloor-Edayar stretch and zero emission from companies. Pollution of the river and surrounding wetlands has almost wiped out traditional occupations, including fishing and farming.

text: Semi-treated sewage has been polluting Gweru River over the years. but the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is taking steps to harness water pollution in this and other rivers nationwide.

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the state departments oversee the rules that regulate hazardous waste. The EPA requires that toxic waste be handled with special precautions and be disposed of in designated facilities around the country. Also, many cities in the United States have collection days where household toxic waste is gathered. Some materials that may not be accepted at regular landfills are ammunition, commercially generated waste, explosives/shock sensitive items, hypodermic needles/syringes, medical waste, radioactive materials, and smoke detectors.

text: In the United States, the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and the state departments oversee the rules that regulate hazardous waste. The EPA requires that toxic waste be handled with special precautions and be disposed of in designated facilities around the country. Also, many cities in the United States have collection days where household toxic waste is gathered. Some materials that may not be accepted at regular landfills are ammunition, commercially generated waste, explosives/shock sensitive items, hypodermic needles/syringes,

text: medical waste

text: , radioactive materials, and smoke detectors.

text: Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund legislation of 1980.  The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.

text: Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness.

text: PCB

text: dumping in the

text: Hudson River

text: resulted in a ban by the

text: EPA

text: on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term

text: dioxin

text: contamination at

text: Love Canal

text: starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the

text: Superfund

text: legislation of 1980.  The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name

text: brownfield

text: , a term now common in

text: city planning

text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air pollution in the national capital and urban centers along the US-Mexico border; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;

text: deforestation

text: ; widespread

text: erosion

text: desertification

text: ; serious air pollution in the

text: national capital

text: and urban centers along the

text: US-Mexico border

text: ; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

text: Hypoxia may also occur in the absence of pollutants. In estuaries, for example, because freshwater flowing from a river into the sea is less dense than salt water, stratification in the water column can result. Vertical mixing between the water bodies is therefore reduced, restricting the supply of oxygen from the surface waters to the more saline bottom waters. The oxygen concentration in the bottom layer may then become low enough for hypoxia to occur. Areas particularly prone to this include shallow waters of semi-enclosed water bodies such as the Waddenzee or the Gulf of Mexico, where land run-off is substantial. In these areas a so-called "dead zone" can be created. Low dissolved oxygen conditions are often seasonal, as is the case in Hood Canal and areas of Puget Sound, in Washington State. The World Resources Institute has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones around the world, concentrated in coastal areas in Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and East Asia, particularly in Japan.

text: Hypoxia may also occur in the absence of pollutants. In estuaries, for example, because freshwater flowing from a river into the sea is less dense than salt water, stratification in the water column can result. Vertical mixing between the water bodies is therefore reduced, restricting the supply of oxygen from the surface waters to the more saline bottom waters. The oxygen concentration in the bottom layer may then become low enough for hypoxia to occur. Areas particularly prone to this include shallow waters of semi-enclosed water bodies such as the

text: Waddenzee

text: or the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , where land run-off is substantial. In these areas a so-called "

text: dead zone

text: " can be created. Low dissolved oxygen conditions are often seasonal, as is the case in

text: Hood Canal

text: and areas of

text: Puget Sound

text: , in Washington State. The

text: World Resources Institute

text: has identified 375 hypoxic coastal zones around the world, concentrated in coastal areas in Western Europe, the Eastern and Southern coasts of the US, and East Asia, particularly in Japan.

text: Hanshou’s economy relies mainly on agriculture. Rice, cotton, canola oil, green ramie, Italian aspens, various fishes from the Dongting lake, fleshes are the major products in the county. The settle-in of Zoomlion industrial park is deemed as a milestone for the industry development in this county. It brings as well a large amount of jobs to this region. Raw agricultural products are processed by some local companies and exported abroad, for example, onions are cooked and canned to export to Japan by private JiaodeChang, Italian aspens are fabricated by private Guozhen Wooden Co. into shining fire-resistant wedge joint board for house construction in North America. Other state-owned factories such as paper-making company, spinning mill went into bankruptcy several years ago due to environmental pollutions, corruption and low efficiency to compete in the market.  Industry in this country is developing gradually with vast configuration change. The eastern part of the county is protected by the state law as a wet land conservation area. Thousands of acres of reeds sprawl across the wet land. Thanks to the enforcement of state law, the ecological system is minimally disturbed by anthropogenic activities in the conservation area and hosts hundreds types of fishes, birds and wild animals. A lot of tourists are attracted to the Western Dongting Lake National Wet Land Park to enjoy the peace and harmony of nature of Dongting Lake.

text: International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.

text: International catastrophes such as the wreck of the

text: Amoco Cadiz

text: oil tanker off the coast of

text: Brittany

text: in 1978 and the

text: Bhopal disaster

text: in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as

text: PBDE

text: s and

text: PFCs

text: among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.

text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO), ozone (O), sulfur dioxide (SO), and carbon monoxide (CO). The board also displays the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of

text: particulate matter

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: (NO), ozone (O),

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO), and

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO). The board also displays the

text: Pollutant Standards Index

text: (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

text: The European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is a Pollutant Release and Transfer Register providing access to information on the annual emissions of industrial facilities in the Member States of the European Union (EU), as well as Norway. This has since been replaced and improved upon by the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR).

text: The European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is a

text: Pollutant Release and Transfer Register

text: providing access to information on the annual

text: emissions

text: of industrial facilities in the Member States of the

text: European Union

text: (EU), as well as

text: Norway

text: . This has since been replaced and improved upon by the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR).

text: Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions, especially related to tropical forest destruction. Factors contributing to habitat loss are: overconsumption, overpopulation, land use change, deforestation, pollution (air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination) and global warming or climate change.

text: Habitat

text: destruction has played a key role in extinctions, especially related to

entity_name: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

text: tropical forest

text: destruction. Factors contributing to habitat loss are:

text: overconsumption

text: overpopulation

text: land use change

text: deforestation

text: pollution

text: air pollution

text: water pollution

text: soil contamination

text: ) and

text: global warming

text: or climate change.

text: Since the early 1980s, the purchase and use of PCP in the U.S has not been available to the general public. Nowadays most of the PCP used in the U.S is restricted to the treatment of utility poles and railroad ties. In the United States, any drinking water supply with a PCP concentration exceeding the MCL, 1 ppb, must be notified by the water supplier to the public.  Disposal of PCP and PCP contaminated substances are regulated under RCRA as F-listed (F021) or D-listed (D037) hazardous wastes. Bridges and similar structures like piers can still be treated with pentachlorophenol.

text: Since the early 1980s, the purchase and use of PCP in the U.S has not been available to the general public. Nowadays most of the PCP used in the U.S is restricted to the treatment of

text: utility pole

text: s and

text: railroad ties

text: . In the United States, any drinking water supply with a PCP concentration exceeding the

text: MCL

text: , 1

text: ppb

text: , must be notified by the water supplier to the public.  Disposal of PCP and PCP contaminated substances are regulated under

text: RCRA

text: as F-listed (F021) or D-listed (D037) hazardous wastes. Bridges and similar structures like piers can still be treated with pentachlorophenol.

text: Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.

text: Pollution control is a term used in

text: environmental management

text: . It means the control of

text: emissions

text: and

text: effluents

text: into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the

text: waste

text: products from

text: overconsumption

text: , heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the

text: environment

text: . In the hierarchy of controls,

text: pollution prevention

text: and

text: waste minimization

text: are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of

text: land development

entity_name: Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)

text: low impact development

text: is a similar technique for the prevention of

text: urban runoff

text: The construction of the Vakhsh Canal is underway which is one of the largest constructions of the first Five-Year Plan. Two Americans come by contract; a grizzled spy Colonel Bailey (Boris Vinogradov), who introduces himself as a harmless traveler by the name of Mr. Murray, only later to be caught red-handed and unmasked, and Mr. Clark (Sergei Kurilov), who arrives to the canal to "make money" and gradually becomes convinced that work and politics are not that different concepts. Not accepting socialism he is quite sympathetic to the enthusiasm of the Soviet people. Love for the Komsomol translator Maria Polozova (Izolda Izvitskaya) helps Clark to comprehend what is happening. In the middle of the construction is the engineer Urtabaev (Gurminch Zavkibekov), a strong, bright man, one of the first representatives of the Tajik intelligentsia. He is suspected of sabotage. However Urtabaev is not one of those who breaks under pressure - he proves his innocence concerning the sabotage and remains as one of the main construction authorities. On the festive opening day of the canal the last Basmachi gang is defeated in a fight which kills Komsomol leader Karim (Djakhon Sidmuradov).

text: The construction of the

text: Vakhsh Canal

text: is underway which is one of the largest constructions of the first

entity_name: Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

text: Five-Year Plan

text: . Two Americans come by contract; a grizzled spy Colonel Bailey (Boris Vinogradov), who introduces himself as a harmless traveler by the name of Mr. Murray, only later to be caught red-handed and unmasked, and Mr. Clark (Sergei Kurilov), who arrives to the canal to "make money" and gradually becomes convinced that work and politics are not that different concepts. Not accepting socialism he is quite sympathetic to the enthusiasm of the Soviet people. Love for the

text: Komsomol

text: translator Maria Polozova (

text: Izolda Izvitskaya

text: ) helps Clark to comprehend what is happening. In the middle of the construction is the engineer Urtabaev (Gurminch Zavkibekov), a strong, bright man, one of the first representatives of the

text: Tajik

text: intelligentsia

text: . He is suspected of sabotage. However Urtabaev is not one of those who breaks under pressure - he proves his innocence concerning the sabotage and remains as one of the main construction authorities. On the festive opening day of the canal the last

text: Basmachi

text: gang is defeated in a fight which kills Komsomol leader Karim (Djakhon Sidmuradov).

text: By the evening of 28 January, most of the fires were under control and people began returning to the city and attempting to find loved ones lost in the stampede. Many of the dead were children, separated from their families in the confusion and subsequently crushed in the crowds that filled the streets and canal. On top of the dead from the canal, several hundred people had died in the city itself: killed by falling munitions, trampled by the crowds, or trapped in the fires.

text: Proponents argue that the problems of nuclear waste "do not come anywhere close" to approaching the problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article from the BBC states: "The World Health Organization (WHO) says 3 million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel." In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000 people each year. A coal power plant releases 100 times as much radiation as a nuclear power plant of the same wattage. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island accident.  The World Nuclear Association provides a comparison of deaths due to accidents among different forms of energy production. In their life-cycle comparison, deaths per TW-yr of electricity produced from 1970 to 1992 are quoted as 885 for hydropower, 342 for coal, 85 for natural gas, and 8 for nuclear. The figures include uranium mining, which can be a hazardous industry, with many accidents and fatalities.

text: Proponents argue that the problems of nuclear waste "do not come anywhere close" to approaching the problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article from the BBC states: "The

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO) says 3 million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel." In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000 people each year. A coal power plant releases 100 times as much radiation as a nuclear power plant of the same wattage. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the

text: Three Mile Island accident

text: .  The

text: World Nuclear Association

text: provides a comparison of deaths due to accidents among different forms of energy production. In their life-cycle comparison, deaths per TW-yr of electricity produced from 1970 to 1992 are quoted as 885 for hydropower, 342 for coal, 85 for natural gas, and 8 for nuclear. The figures include

text: uranium mining

text: , which can be a hazardous industry, with many accidents and fatalities.

text: The division is engaged in the creation and an upkeep of an uptodate database with regard to the soil pollution due to unfair use of fertilizers, city, industrial and agricultural wastes for crop production and for the development of suitable remedial technologies including recycling of wastes. It also assesses the sink capacity of soils for heavy metal pollutants and major environmental issues related to organic farming.

text: The division is engaged in the creation and an upkeep of an uptodate database with regard to the soil pollution due to unfair use of fertilizers, city, industrial and agricultural wastes for crop production and for the development of suitable remedial technologies including

text: recycling of wastes

text: . It also assesses the sink capacity of soils for heavy metal pollutants and major environmental issues related to organic farming.

text: Perkins was one of the largest land owners in the state.  Portage County, Ohio records of 1815 show that he paid one-eleventh of all state real estate taxes from the county.  Some of the townships listed are now in present-day Summit County, Ohio.  Most of these holdings were acquired through outright purchases.  Some of his holdings were in what is now Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio and western Akron, Ohio.  On March 25, 1815, he purchased 1,298 acres from Samuel Parkman for $2.08 an acre.  This tract would become most of downtown Akron.  When he learned of plans for a canal system that would run from Cleveland to the Ohio River, he immediately began to make more purchases of more land in this area.  Some of this land was located near Summit Lake, located in what is now south Akron.  He hoped that the new canal would be routed through this lake, increasing the value of the land.  In 1825, he was successful in convincing the other canal commissioners of this route and therefore donated land to the state for the canal right-of-way.  Also in 1825, he and Paul Williams (a settler from Connecticut) donated 100 lots of land to the state, thus founding the City of Akron.  It was recorded on December 6, 1825 at the Portage County seat of Ravenna.  Due to its location at the highest point on the new canal, Akron quickly became a prosperous town.  However, Gen. Perkins never lived in Akron.  His oldest son, Colonel Simon Perkins, moved to the Akron area in 1834 to oversee his father's holdings in the area.  His large house, the Perkins Stone Mansion, was completed in 1837 and remains to this day, now operated as a house museum by The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio. Col. Perkins also operated a large sheep farm and wool business, among other concerns, which for a time was managed by the abolitionist John Brown.

text: Perkins was one of the largest land owners in the state.

text: Portage County, Ohio

text: records of 1815 show that he paid one-eleventh of all state real estate taxes from the county.  Some of the townships listed are now in present-day

text: Summit County, Ohio

text: .  Most of these holdings were acquired through outright purchases.  Some of his holdings were in what is now

text: Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio

text: and western

text: Akron, Ohio

text: .  On March 25, 1815, he purchased 1,298 acres from Samuel Parkman for $2.08 an acre.  This tract would become most of downtown Akron.  When he learned of plans for a canal system that would run from Cleveland to the Ohio River, he immediately began to make more purchases of more land in this area.  Some of this land was located near Summit Lake, located in what is now south Akron.  He hoped that the new canal would be routed through this lake, increasing the value of the land.  In 1825, he was successful in convincing the other canal commissioners of this route and therefore donated land to the state for the canal right-of-way.  Also in 1825, he and Paul Williams (a settler from Connecticut) donated 100 lots of land to the state, thus founding the City of Akron.  It was recorded on December 6, 1825 at the Portage County seat of Ravenna.  Due to its location at the highest point on the new canal, Akron quickly became a prosperous town.  However, Gen. Perkins never lived in Akron.  His oldest son,

text: Colonel Simon Perkins

text: , moved to the Akron area in 1834 to oversee his father's holdings in the area.  His large house, the

text: Perkins Stone Mansion

text: , was completed in 1837 and remains to this day, now operated as a house museum by

entity_name: The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio

text: The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio

text: . Col. Perkins also operated a large sheep farm and wool business, among other concerns, which for a time was managed by the abolitionist

text: John Brown

text: The Telangana Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution, industrial waste, sound pollution and water pollution. The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from particulate matter are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.<ref>

text: The

text: Telangana Pollution Control Board

text: (TSPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution,

text: industrial waste

text: sound pollution

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from

text: particulate matter

text: are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.<ref>

text: Whether domestically generated by residents of Ghana or imported, concern remains over methods of waste processing - especially burning - which emit toxic chemicals into the air, land and water. Exposure is especially hazardous to children, as these toxins are known to inhibit the development of the reproductive system, the nervous system, and especially the brain. Concerns about human health and the environment of Agbogbloshie continue to be raised as the area remains heavily polluted. In the 2000s, the Ghanaian government, with new funding and loans, implemented the Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project (KLERP), an environmental remediation and restoration project that will address the pollution problem by dredging the lagoon and Odaw canal to improve drainage and flooding into the ocean.

text: Whether domestically generated by residents of Ghana or imported, concern remains over methods of waste processing - especially burning - which emit toxic chemicals into the air, land and water. Exposure is especially hazardous to children, as these toxins are known to inhibit the development of the reproductive system, the nervous system, and especially the brain. Concerns about human health and the environment of Agbogbloshie continue to be raised as the area remains heavily polluted. In the 2000s, the Ghanaian government, with new funding and loans, implemented the Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project (KLERP), an

text: environmental remediation

text: and restoration project that will address the pollution problem by dredging the lagoon and Odaw canal to improve drainage and flooding into the ocean.

text: First, Sly and Bentley seek Murray, who had left the team due to guilt for causing Bentley's leg injury, which would end up paralyzing him. They learn about a mob boss, Octavio, who operates in Venice, Italy, where Murray was. Sly finds Dimitri in a cell at the local police station. He agrees to find Murray if Sly helps him escape. Sly finds Murray, while evading Carmelita Fox. Murray had become a trainee for a peace-loving figure known as the Guru in order to become more peaceful. Murray refuses to rejoin Sly and Bentley until the canals are clean, the task the Guru gave to him. Sly and Bentley take down Octavio, who had been polluting the canals with tar as part of a scheme to threaten the city into liking opera again. After putting together some plans, they destroy Octavio's comeback recital, but Octavio injures Bentley, making Murray so mad that he quits his training and battles Octavio and defeats him. Octavio is arrested, and Murray rejoins the team.

text: First, Sly and Bentley seek Murray, who had left the team due to guilt for causing Bentley's leg injury, which would end up paralyzing him. They learn about a mob boss,

text: Octavio

text: , who operates in

text: Venice, Italy

text: , where Murray was. Sly finds

text: Dimitri

text: in a cell at the local police station. He agrees to find Murray if Sly helps him escape. Sly finds Murray, while evading

text: Carmelita Fox

text: . Murray had become a trainee for a peace-loving figure known as the

text: Guru

text: in order to become more peaceful. Murray refuses to rejoin Sly and Bentley until the canals are clean, the task the Guru gave to him. Sly and Bentley take down Octavio, who had been polluting the canals with tar as part of a scheme to threaten the city into liking opera again. After putting together some plans, they destroy Octavio's comeback recital, but Octavio injures Bentley, making Murray so mad that he quits his training and battles Octavio and defeats him. Octavio is arrested, and Murray rejoins the team.

text: ASR often contains hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, and PCB. Therefore, some countries have classified ASR as hazardous waste and have established legislative controls.

text: ASR often contains

text: hazardous substance

text: s such as

text: lead

text: cadmium

text: , and

text: PCB

text: . Therefore, some countries have classified ASR as

text: hazardous waste

text: and have established legislative controls.

text: The reservoir was opened on 5 December 1811 as one of the feeder reservoirs for the Grand Junction Canal by engineer John Rennie and constructor Hugh Mackintosh. The link to the canal did not fulfil its intended purpose, since the water became polluted by the land and was eventually stopped as a feeder in 1851.

text: The reservoir was opened on 5 December 1811 as one of the feeder reservoirs for the

text: Grand Junction Canal

text: by engineer

text: John Rennie

text: and constructor Hugh Mackintosh. The link to the canal did not fulfil its intended purpose, since the water became polluted by the land and was eventually stopped as a feeder in 1851.

text: Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean.  Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural runoff and wind blown debris are prime examples.

text: Pollution is often classed as

text: point source

text: or

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: . Point source pollution occurs when there is a single, identifiable, and localized source of the pollution. An example is directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean.  Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing nations. Nonpoint source pollution occurs when the pollution comes from ill-defined and diffuse sources. These can be difficult to regulate. Agricultural

text: runoff

text: and wind blown

text: debris

text: are prime examples.

text: The portion of the wetland, now intact, is mainly on the eastern periphery of the Eranhipalam-Arayedathupalam stretch of Canoly Canal. Studies conducted by Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM)) and others have highlighted the efficacy of this wetland in the ecosystem of Kozhikode. It is a major receptacle of flood water from the city, a primary recharge source for wells in the vicinity, sink for pollutants including city and hospital waste and a rich mangrove habitat.

text: The destruction of the last of these canals began in the 1950s. At that time, groundwater pumping under the city center was causing severe subsidence. These wells were closed and new ones dug in Xochimilco and other southern boroughs. High rates of extraction have had the same effect on water tables and canals began to dry.  Since then reclaimed wastewater has been recycled to flow into the Xochimilco canals to supplement water from natural sources. However, this water is not potable, containing bacteria and heavy metals and the canals still receive untreated wastewater and other pollution  Another major problem, especially in the past two decades has been the population explosion of Mexico City, pushing urban sprawl further south into formerly rural areas of the Federal District. This prompted authorities to seek World Heritage Site status for the canals and the pre-Hispanic chinampa fields to provide them more environmental protection. This was granted in 1987, but these same major environmental problems still exist. A 2006 study by UNESCO and Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana has shown that there are still very high levels of pollution (both garbage and fecal matter) in the canals and there still a rapid rate of deterioration 2,000 hectares of protected area. UNESCO has placed the most blame for the problems on the proliferation of illegal human settlements in the protected zone. Each year the borough loses six hectares of former lakebed to illegal settlements. According to the borough, about 90,000 people in Xochimilco live in illegal settlements, such as those in ecological zones and 33,804 families live illegally on the chinampas. The most problematic are those closest to the canals, which cause the most pollution. The area is also sinking  per year due to over pumping of groundwater, and canals are being filled in illegally. The deterioration is happening so fast, that UNESCO has threatened to pull Xochimilco World Heritage Site status.

text: The destruction of the last of these canals began in the 1950s. At that time, groundwater pumping under the city center was causing severe subsidence. These wells were closed and new ones dug in Xochimilco and other southern boroughs. High rates of extraction have had the same effect on water tables and canals began to dry.  Since then reclaimed wastewater has been recycled to flow into the Xochimilco canals to supplement water from natural sources. However, this water is not potable, containing bacteria and heavy metals and the canals still receive untreated wastewater and other pollution  Another major problem, especially in the past two decades has been the population explosion of Mexico City, pushing urban sprawl further south into formerly rural areas of the Federal District. This prompted authorities to seek World Heritage Site status for the canals and the pre-Hispanic chinampa fields to provide them more environmental protection. This was granted in 1987, but these same major environmental problems still exist. A 2006 study by

text: UNESCO

text: and

text: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana

text: has shown that there are still very high levels of pollution (both garbage and fecal matter) in the canals and there still a rapid rate of deterioration 2,000 hectares of protected area. UNESCO has placed the most blame for the problems on the proliferation of illegal human settlements in the protected zone. Each year the borough loses six hectares of former lakebed to illegal settlements. According to the borough, about 90,000 people in Xochimilco live in illegal settlements, such as those in ecological zones and 33,804 families live illegally on the chinampas. The most problematic are those closest to the canals, which cause the most pollution. The area is also sinking  per year due to over pumping of groundwater, and canals are being filled in illegally. The deterioration is happening so fast, that UNESCO has threatened to pull Xochimilco World Heritage Site status.

text: In the aftermath of the Warren County protests, the 1984 Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act focused on waste minimization and phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as corrective action for releases of hazardous materials. Other measures included in the 1984 amendments included increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.<ref>.

text: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty,

text: Biodiversity

text: , Climate Change, Climate Change-

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: , Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

text: Treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) manage hazardous waste under RCRA Subtitle C and generally must have a permit in order to operate. While most facilities have RCRA permits, some continue to operate under what is called "interim status."  Interim status requirements appear in 40 CFR Part 265.

text: Agriculture, the land’s traditional and main occupation, is being phased out. Poor availability and high cost of labour coupled with low returns is the root cause. Industries like wooden handicrafts, burnt bricks manufacturing, sand rigging etc. have cropped up. Some of these unregulated industries add to the severe environmental hazards and pollution that is already contributed by Hindustan Newsprint Limited, a newspaper manufacturing giant which is located in a nearby village.

text: Some HW can be processed so that the hazardous component of the waste is eliminated making it a non-hazardous waste. An example of this might include a corrosive acid that is neutralized with a basic substance so that it is no-longer corrosive. (See acid-base reactions.)

text: Some HW can be processed so that the hazardous component of the waste is eliminated making it a non-hazardous waste. An example of this might include a corrosive

text: acid

text: that is neutralized with a basic substance so that it is no-longer corrosive. (See

text: acid-base

text: reactions.)

text: Numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zooplankton found in eutrophic(nutrient-rich and highly productive) as compared to oligotrophic (low nutrient) aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) reduce the input of mercury, and other heavy metals, into aquatic food webs through this biodilution effect. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells. The higher the population of phytoplankton, the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells. Once consumed by primary consumers, such as zooplankton, these phytoplankton-bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer’s cells. Higher phytoplankton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zooplankton, and so on up the food web. This effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web. That is, the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zooplankton than the phytoplankton in a high bloom condition.

text: Numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zooplankton found in

text: eutrophic

text: (nutrient-rich and highly productive) as compared to

text: oligotrophic

text: (low nutrient) aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) reduce the input of mercury, and other heavy metals, into aquatic food webs through this biodilution effect. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells. The higher the population of phytoplankton, the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells. Once consumed by primary consumers, such as zooplankton, these phytoplankton-bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer’s cells. Higher phytoplankton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zooplankton, and so on up the food web. This effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web. That is, the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zooplankton than the phytoplankton in a high bloom condition.

text: This also cleared the way for her scrapping at Alang, in Gujarat, pending an inspection of the on-board asbestos by experts from the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB).After GPCB chairman, K.Z. Bhanujan, said the Board had constituted an experts' committee for inspection, the Blue Lady was docked in Pipavav, Kutch District. On 2 August 2006, after a five-day inspection, the experts declared the ship safe for beaching and dismantling in Alang.  However, this prompted a fury of controversy over the legality of such an act, including a press release from the NGO Platform on Shipbreaking that critiqued the technical report, alleging that the Technical Committee was under undue pressure to allow the ship to be beached, and had failed to follow the Basel Convention and the Supreme Court of India's order that ships must be decontaminated of hazardous substances such as PCBs and asbestos, and, in any case, must be fully inventoried and formally notified prior to arrival in the importing country.  No such notification was made by either Malaysia (last country of departure) nor Germany (country where the ship became waste).

text: This also cleared the way for her scrapping at

text: Alang

text: , in

text: Gujarat

text: , pending an inspection of the on-board asbestos by experts from the

text: Gujarat Pollution Control Board

text: (GPCB).After GPCB chairman, K.Z. Bhanujan, said the Board had constituted an experts' committee for inspection, the Blue Lady was docked in

text: Pipavav

text: , Kutch District. On 2 August 2006, after a five-day inspection, the experts declared the ship safe for beaching and dismantling in

text: Alang

text: .  However, this prompted a fury of controversy over the legality of such an act, including a press release from the NGO Platform on Shipbreaking that critiqued the technical report, alleging that the Technical Committee was under undue pressure to allow the ship to be beached, and had failed to follow the Basel Convention and the Supreme Court of India's order that ships must be decontaminated of hazardous substances such as PCBs and asbestos, and, in any case, must be fully inventoried and formally notified prior to arrival in the importing country.  No such notification was made by either

text: Malaysia

text: (last country of departure) nor

text: Germany

text: (country where the ship became waste).

text: Increasingly, agriculture is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

text: Increasingly,

text: agriculture

text: is using untreated wastewater for irrigation. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water.

text: While in India, the Romani people followed the Hindu religion. This theory is supported by the Romani word for "cross", trushul, which is the word which describes Shiva's trident (Trishul). A Hindu foundation means that the concept of kuntari, a universal balance, is central to the people's spirituality. Kuntari means that all things belong in the universe according to their natural place. However, animals such as the flightless hen and frogs, an animal with the ability to negotiate land and water, are considered to be out of balance and are, therefore, inherently unlucky. Consequently, Romani avoid hens' eggs and frogs. The Romani believe in the notion of "pollution", whereby the human body is vulnerable to pollution following the breaking of certain taboos—pollution leads to a person becoming out of balance, like the frog and the hen.

text: While in

text: India

text: , the Romani people followed the

text: Hindu

text: religion. This theory is supported by the Romani word for "cross", trushul, which is the word which describes

text: Shiva

text: 's

text: trident

text: Trishul

text: ). A Hindu foundation means that the concept of kuntari, a universal balance, is central to the people's spirituality. Kuntari means that all things belong in the universe according to their natural place. However, animals such as the flightless hen and frogs, an animal with the ability to negotiate land and water, are considered to be out of balance and are, therefore, inherently unlucky. Consequently, Romani avoid hens' eggs and frogs. The Romani believe in the notion of "pollution", whereby the human body is vulnerable to pollution following the breaking of certain taboos—pollution leads to a person becoming out of balance, like the frog and the hen.

text: The group contacts Duff Wilson in 1996, and he begins investigating. He finds that most government agencies don't know much about fertilizer, but he's eventually referred to EPA scientist Alan Rubin, "the king of biosolids". Rubin comments in 1997 that while the purely organic, heavily studied and regulated biosolids are vilified, there is "almost no federal regulation on fertilizer" and that "I have never seen a state or federal limit on heavy metals in fertilizer" (105). Wilson discovers that the only group researching these health risks, the Heavy Metal Task Force, was industry-funded despite being established by the state of California. The group was concerned about California's Proposition 65, which required that people be informed if they were being subjected to toxins. However, the group crafted a loophole to get around laws on hazardous wastes. Products were not waste: thus the limits of heavy metals in wastes did not apply to fertilizers, which were products rather than waste (133). One of the particular loopholes is electric arc furnace dust K061 (its hazardous waste ID), which is "simply not considered hazardous waste if it was [is] used to make fertilizer" (154).  Wilson and a couple others travel to a meeting held in February 1997. They count 15 industry officials and 5 state officials. The meeting begins with fly ash; one of the men claims that 4 million tons of coal ash and 2.1 million tons of flue dust was recycled into agricultural fertilizer and sold under names such as Lime Plus. Also in attendance is Dr. John Mortvedt, a researcher whose study which found that cadmium did not build up in soils because it was absorbed by growing plants (173). At the meeting, one of the members suggests that Wilson examine Bay Zinc Company in Washington state, a leading manufacturer of the recycled "fertilizer". Before meeting with Dick Camp Jr. of Bay Zinc, Wilson looks online and finds Cozinco, whose founder Kipp Smallwood is concerned about the metals in zinc fertilizers. The company has a comparison table and offers a free test, while claiming that most zinc fertilizers are 3 percent lead (148). Wilson later cites Zinc Nacionale, a Mexican recycling company, as another source of good zinc through high-temperature purification.

text: The group contacts Duff Wilson in 1996, and he begins investigating. He finds that most government agencies don't know much about fertilizer, but he's eventually referred to EPA scientist Alan Rubin, "the king of

text: biosolids

text: ". Rubin comments in 1997 that while the purely organic, heavily studied and regulated biosolids are vilified, there is "almost no federal regulation on fertilizer" and that "I have never seen a state or federal limit on heavy metals in fertilizer" (

text: ). Wilson discovers that the only group researching these health risks, the Heavy Metal Task Force, was industry-funded despite being established by the state of California. The group was concerned about California's

text: Proposition 65

text: , which required that people be informed if they were being subjected to toxins. However, the group crafted a loophole to get around laws on hazardous wastes. Products were not waste: thus the limits of heavy metals in wastes did not apply to fertilizers, which were products rather than waste (

text: ). One of the particular loopholes is electric arc furnace dust K061 (its hazardous waste ID), which is "simply not considered hazardous waste if it was [is] used to make fertilizer" (

text: ).  Wilson and a couple others travel to a meeting held in February 1997. They count 15 industry officials and 5 state officials. The meeting begins with fly ash; one of the men claims that 4 million tons of coal ash and 2.1 million tons of flue dust was recycled into agricultural fertilizer and sold under names such as Lime Plus. Also in attendance is Dr. John Mortvedt, a researcher whose study which found that cadmium did not build up in soils because it was absorbed by growing plants (

text: ). At the meeting, one of the members suggests that Wilson examine Bay Zinc Company in Washington state, a leading manufacturer of the recycled "fertilizer". Before meeting with Dick Camp Jr. of Bay Zinc, Wilson looks online and finds Cozinco, whose founder Kipp Smallwood is concerned about the metals in zinc fertilizers. The company has a comparison table and offers a free test, while claiming that most zinc fertilizers are 3 percent lead (

text: ). Wilson later cites Zinc Nacionale, a Mexican recycling company, as another source of good zinc through high-temperature purification.

text: RCRA's record keeping system helps to track the life cycle of hazardous material and reduces the amount of hazardous waste illegally disposed. Regulators can monitor hazardous waste by following the 'trail' of the waste as is transferred from one entity to another from the time it is generated until it is disposed.

text: Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant.  Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradable pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants.

text: Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant.  Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of

text: biodegradable

text: pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants.

text: The Dasmariñas Bagong Bayan – NHA Industrial Estate is all of 8.6 hectares in Dasmariñas. The Local Waterworks Utilities Administration manages the water system. Its 18 pumps and its 18 elevated storage tanks, having an average capacity of 60,000 gallons each, can very well serve the needs of the occupants. Labor-intensive, export-oriented, non- hazardous, and non-pollutive industries are best situated in the area. GMA-NHA Industrial Estate The General Mariano Galvez – NHA Industrial Estate compromises 10 hectares of land in the municipality of Gen. Mariano Alvarez. Types of industries preferred for this estate are those, which are non-pollutive, labor-intensive, export-oriented, and non-hazardous such as the 6 companies that have located therein.

text: In 1877, it was reportedly the case that, due to the pollution of a local Leblanc alkali works, "The mud deposited in the Sankey Brook, near St Helens, has been found to contain no less than 2.26 percent of arsenic...The water of the Sankey Brook is so acid that iron fittings cannot safely be used in the barges and lock gates." Reportedly, by 1891,  of nearby Widnes and Ditton Marshes were buried under an average depth of  of toxic galligu from alkali operations near the Sankey Canal. The galligu detritus was estimated at 10 million tonnes in total weight. It is unknown what level of pollution exists in said brook as of 2009, though galligu, soap and ash waste have been reported in the vicinity. In the present, discoveries of arsenic, lead and mercury have been found as common contaminants in the soil of local gardens.  On top of this, St Michael’s Golf Course, a municipal golf course in nearby Widnes built atop "30 hectares of land from old chemical waste tips", was forced to close due to high levels of arsenic found in the soil, that created a public hazard.

text: In 1877, it was reportedly the case that, due to the pollution of a local

text: Leblanc alkali works

text: , "The mud deposited in the Sankey Brook, near St Helens, has been found to contain no less than 2.26 percent of

text: arsenic

text: ...The water of the Sankey Brook is so acid that iron fittings cannot safely be used in the barges and lock gates." Reportedly, by 1891,  of nearby

text: Widnes

text: and

text: Ditton Marshes

text: were buried under an average depth of  of toxic

text: galligu

text: from alkali operations near the Sankey Canal. The galligu detritus was estimated at 10 million tonnes in total weight. It is unknown what level of pollution exists in said brook as of 2009, though

text: galligu

text: soap

text: and

text: ash

text: waste have been reported in the vicinity. In the present, discoveries of arsenic, lead and mercury have been found as common contaminants in the soil of local gardens.  On top of this, St Michael’s Golf Course, a municipal golf course in nearby Widnes built atop "30 hectares of land from old chemical waste tips", was forced to close due to high levels of

text: arsenic

text: found in the soil, that created a public hazard.

text: Health & Safety Executive- Healthcare Waste- High Density Polyethylene- High Impact Polystyrene- High Level Waste- High Temperature Incineration- Household Hazardous Waste- Household Waste- Household Waste Recycling Centre- Hydrofluorocarbon

text: Health & Safety Executive

text: Healthcare Waste

text: High Density Polyethylene

text: High Impact Polystyrene

text: High Level Waste

text: High Temperature Incineration

text: Household Hazardous Waste

text: Household Waste

text: Household Waste Recycling Centre

text: Hydrofluorocarbon

text: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

text: Originally announced in 1998, at an expected cost of $5million or $10million, Nader sought a way to turn abstract legal cases, on which he has spent significant time working, into interesting displays for the public. The museum planned to include exhibitions on some famous cases including McDonalds' scalding coffee, flammable pajamas, asbestos, breast implants, medical malpractice, the pollution of Love Canal, and a Ford Pinto with the exploding gas tank.

text: Originally announced in 1998, at an expected cost of $5million or $10million, Nader sought a way to turn abstract legal cases, on which he has spent significant time working, into interesting displays for the public. The museum planned to include exhibitions on some famous cases including

text: McDonalds' scalding coffee

text: flammable

text: pajamas

text: asbestos

text: breast implants

text: medical malpractice

text: , the pollution of

text: Love Canal

text: , and a

text: Ford Pinto

text: with the exploding gas tank.

text: After graduating, Davis opened a studio in New York City where he was part of the art scene in the 1980s, socializing with artists including Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, Mark Kostabi, and Keith Haring. During this period Davis exhibited widely, including a one-person show at Arras Gallery on 57th Street in New York and an exhibit at the New York Historical Society.Davis supported himself largely with commercial photography assignments, specializing in photographing jewelry and architecture. Assignments took him across the Brooks Range in Northern Alaska on foot, to the environmental disaster at Love Canal, and above the World Trade Center Towers where he hung out the door of a helicopter by a strap to attain the photograph.

text: After graduating, Davis opened a studio in New York City where he was part of the art scene in the 1980s, socializing with artists including

text: Basquiat

text: Julian Schnabel

text: Mark Kostabi

text: , and

text: Keith Haring

text: . During this period Davis exhibited widely, including a one-person show at Arras Gallery on 57th Street in New York and an exhibit at the

text: New York Historical Society

text: .Davis supported himself largely with commercial photography assignments, specializing in photographing jewelry and architecture. Assignments took him across the

text: Brooks Range

text: in Northern

text: Alaska

text: on foot, to the environmental disaster at

text: Love Canal

text: , and above the

text: World Trade Center

text: Towers where he hung out the door of a helicopter by a strap to attain the photograph.

text: Due to extensive mining and smelting operations in the Panhandle during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was hazardous waste in water discharges and pollution in air emissions. The mining industry "left several thousand acres of land and tributaries, connected to the Coeur d’Alene Basin, contaminated with heavy metals." These mining operations have contributed "an estimated 100 million tons of mine waste to the river system."

text: In 1965, Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He regularly visited Canberra in Australia, where the Mount Stromlo Observatory allowed him to study M-type dwarf stars in the southern sky. He was senior research fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra from 1974 to 1976. He retired in 1985 to live in Honolulu, but moved to Sedona, Arizona, in 1995.

text: In 1965, Kron became director of the

text: United States Naval Observatory

text: in

text: Flagstaff, Arizona

text: . He regularly visited

text: Canberra

text: in Australia, where the

text: Mount Stromlo Observatory

text: allowed him to study

text: M-type dwarf

text: stars in the southern sky. He was senior research fellow at the

text: Australian National University

text: in Canberra from 1974 to 1976. He retired in 1985 to live in

text: Honolulu

text: , but moved to

text: Sedona, Arizona

text: , in 1995.

text: Despite being one of the main sources of Bandung's water supply, the river is classified as heavily polluted. Domestic waste, including human waste and detergents, is the main source of pollution as more people are living along the river banks. Other sources of pollutants are industry agriculture and farming.

text: Far-reaching fission power reactor accidents, or accidents that resulted in medium to long-lived fission product contamination of inhabited areas, have occurred in Generation I & II reactor designs, blueprinted between 1950 and 1980. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the more contained Three Mile Island accident (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that fission-electric reactors have caused fewer fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. Four years after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident, there have been no fatalities due to exposure to radiation, and no discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects are expected among exposed members of the public and their descendants. The Japan Times estimated 1,600 deaths were the result of evacuation, due to physical and mental stress stemming from long stays at shelters, a lack of initial care as a result of hospitals being disabled by the tsunami, and suicides.

text: Far-reaching

text: fission power reactor accidents

text: , or accidents that resulted in medium to long-lived

text: fission product

text: contamination of inhabited areas, have occurred in

text: Generation I & II reactor

text: designs,

text: blueprint

text: ed between 1950 and 1980. These include the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: which occurred in 1986, the

text: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: (2011), and the more contained

text: Three Mile Island accident

text: (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that fission-electric reactors have caused fewer fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and

text: energy accident

text: effects. Four years after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident, there have been no fatalities due to exposure to radiation, and no discernible increased incidence of radiation-related health effects are expected among exposed members of the public and their descendants. The Japan Times estimated 1,600 deaths were the result of evacuation, due to physical and mental stress stemming from long stays at shelters, a lack of initial care as a result of hospitals being disabled by the

text: tsunami

text: , and suicides.

text: The New York Times described it as a "confectionary love song". Billboard deemed it a "dreamy love song" with lyrics that "drool sentimentality and dedication". The Importance of Being Barbra deemed the song "somewhat forgettable". Out described it as a "summer hit". The Freelance-Star called it "warm and cuddly". Calhoun Times wrote that the song was "almost lullaby-like in its delicateness", "genuinely sweet" and "touching".

text: Environmental issues are water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion.

text: Environmental issues are

text: water pollution

text: from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw

text: sewage

text: ; oil pollution of beaches;

text: deforestation

text: soil erosion

text: As an actor and musician during the 1970s, Sandborgh was a member of the Swedish progg band Fria Proteatern.

text: As an actor and musician during the 1970s, Sandborgh was a member of the Swedish

text: progg

text: band

text: Fria Proteatern

text: Mordella subnotata is a species of beetle in the Mordella genus that is in the Mordellidae family, which is a part of the Tenebrionoidea superfamily. It was discovered in 1875.

text: Mordella subnotata is a species of

text: beetle

text: in the

text: Mordella

text: genus that is in the

text: Mordellidae

text: family, which is a part of the

text: Tenebrionoidea

text: superfamily. It was discovered in 1875.

text: While shooting at a Heinkel He 111 bomber, the rear gunner hits Karel's Spitfire fighter aircraft. However, he manages to bail out and find his way to a farm. There he meets and falls in love with Susan (Tara Fitzgerald), although she thinks he is far too young. The next day, after returning to the aerodrome, Karel brings Franta to meet Susan. The latter begins to get on well with Susan, although Karel believes that he is still Susan's boyfriend.

text: While shooting at a

text: Heinkel He 111

text: bomber, the rear gunner hits Karel's

text: Spitfire

text: fighter aircraft. However, he manages to bail out and find his way to a farm. There he meets and falls in love with Susan (Tara Fitzgerald), although she thinks he is far too young. The next day, after returning to the

text: aerodrome

text: , Karel brings Franta to meet Susan. The latter begins to get on well with Susan, although Karel believes that he is still Susan's boyfriend.

text: Sims may work here but it lowers land values and pollutes the air.

text: Sims may work here but it lowers land values and

text: pollutes the air

text: keychain, typically unlocked on login by the user's login password, although the password for this keychain can instead be different from a user’s login password, adding security at the expense of some convenience.  The Keychain Access application does not permit setting an empty password on a keychain.

text: Party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

text: Party to:

text: Biodiversity

text: , Climate Change,

text: Desertification

text: , Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

text: Law of the Sea

text: , Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

text: Strangeways devised and implemented the deception Operation Quicksilver, a significant part of Operation Fortitude, with the intent of fooling the Germans that the Allied invasion would take place in the Pas-de-Calais area. After the Allied landings in Normandy in June 1944, R Force moved to the continent where it operated under the 21st Army Group. It was one of the first units to enter Brussels and Rouen, and later conducted a deception campaign for the crossing of the Rhine River.

text: Strangeways devised and implemented the deception

text: Operation Quicksilver

text: , a significant part of

text: Operation Fortitude

text: , with the intent of fooling the Germans that the Allied invasion would take place in the

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: area. After the

text: Allied landings in Normandy

text: in June 1944, R Force moved to the continent where it operated under the 21st Army Group. It was one of the first units to enter

text: Brussels

text: and

text: Rouen

text: , and later conducted a deception campaign for the

text: crossing of the Rhine River

text: Early Years: Issue #58

text: Early Years: Issue #58

text: Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of water, energy, and industrial chemicals; increasing pollution in the arable land, usable water and atmosphere. Herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers are accumulating in ground and surface waters. "Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture are remote from fields and farms. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems -- for example, the rapidly developing resistance among pests is rendering our arsenal of herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective.". Agrochemicals and monoculture have been implicated in Colony Collapse Disorder, in which the individual members of bee colonies disappear. Agricultural production is highly dependent on bees to pollinate many varieties of fruits and vegetables.

text: Industrial agriculture uses huge amounts of

text: water

text: energy

text: , and

text: industrial chemicals

text: ; increasing

text: pollution

text: in the

text: arable land

text: usable water

text: and

text: atmosphere

text: Herbicide

text: s,

text: insecticide

text: s and

text: fertilizer

text: s are accumulating in

text: ground

text: and

text: surface water

text: s. "Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture are remote from fields and farms. Nitrogen compounds from the Midwest, for example, travel down the Mississippi to degrade coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems -- for example, the rapidly developing resistance among pests is rendering our arsenal of herbicides and insecticides increasingly ineffective.".

text: Agrochemical

text: s and

text: monoculture

text: have been implicated in

text: Colony Collapse Disorder

text: , in which the individual members of bee colonies disappear. Agricultural production is highly dependent on bees to

text: pollinate

text: many varieties of fruits and vegetables.

text: Common dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics include:

text: City Wall and Moat is located in Beirut, Lebanon.

text: City Wall and Moat is located in

text: Beirut

text: Lebanon

text: The helicopter crash landed into the roof of an Army Public School building in Naltar while it was preparing to land at the helipad nearby. A local farmer who lived about 100 metres away from the school told Reuters that the school was closed at the time of the crash. According to eyewitnesses, while the helicopter was landing, it lost control, began swinging, whirling and stalled mid-air, and dropped suddenly, crashing onto the school building roof. The crash was followed by an explosion and the helicopter caught fire, followed by the school building. Police and emergency medics rushed to the site, breaking the helicopter windows and dragged people out for evacuation. An explosion occurred a few minutes later injured some medics. The injured were immediately air lifted to the local Combined Military Hospital. The Police cordoned off the area, following up on security arrangements which had been made three days earlier ahead of the Prime Minister's visit.

text: The helicopter crash landed into the roof of an

text: Army Public School

text: building in Naltar while it was preparing to land at the helipad nearby. A local farmer who lived about 100 metres away from the school told

text: Reuters

text: that the school was closed at the time of the crash. According to eyewitnesses, while the helicopter was landing, it lost control, began swinging, whirling and stalled mid-air, and dropped suddenly, crashing onto the school building roof. The crash was followed by an explosion and the helicopter caught fire, followed by the school building.

text: Police

text: and emergency medics rushed to the site, breaking the helicopter windows and dragged people out for evacuation. An explosion occurred a few minutes later injured some medics. The injured were immediately air lifted to the local

text: Combined Military Hospital

text: . The

text: Police

text: cordoned off the area, following up on security arrangements which had been made three days earlier ahead of the Prime Minister's visit.

text: Most waste-to-energy plants burn municipal solid waste, but some burn industrial waste or hazardous waste. A modern, properly run waste-to-energy plant sorts material before burning it and can co-exist with recycling. The only items that are burned are not recyclable, by design or economically, and are not hazardous.

text: Most waste-to-energy plants burn

text: municipal solid waste

text: , but some burn

text: industrial waste

text: or

text: hazardous waste

text: . A modern, properly run waste-to-energy plant sorts material before burning it and can co-exist with

text: recycling

text: . The only items that are burned are not recyclable, by design or economically, and are not hazardous.

text: Settlers recognized the agricultural possibilities of the Drowned Lands almost as soon as they moved in. Efforts to divert the river and create more farmland appear to have begun as early as 1760. It would take 66 years, however, before a canal succeeded in draining the land and making enough available to profitably cultivate.

text: Settlers recognized the agricultural possibilities of the Drowned Lands almost as soon as they moved in. Efforts to divert the river and create more farmland appear to have begun as early as 1760. It would take 66 years, however, before a

text: canal

text: succeeded in draining the land and making enough available to profitably cultivate.

text: CUPAs have statutory authority to require permits, inspect facilities, issue violations, and perform enforcement actions - including the authority to photograph any hazardous material or hazardous waste, container, container label, vehicle, waste treatment process, waste disposal site, or condition constituting a violation of law found during an inspection (California Health and Safety Code, Chapter 6.95, Section 25511(a) and Chapter 6.5, Section 25185(a)(5)).

text: Dr. Rathje (also known affectionately as "Captain Planet") and his students studied the contents of Tucson residents' waste in order to examine patterns of consumption. Quantitative data from bins was compared with information known about the residents who owned them. The results have shown that information people freely volunteered about their consumption habits did not always tally with the contents of their waste bins. For example, alcohol consumption was proven to be significantly higher in reality than in the questionnaires completed by the people studied. Such findings have highlighted the difference between people's self-reported and actual behaviours.

text: Dr. Rathje (also known affectionately as "Captain Planet") and his students studied the contents of Tucson residents'

text: waste

text: in order to examine patterns of consumption.

text: Quantitative

text: data from

text: bin

text: s was compared with information known about the residents who owned them. The results have shown that information people freely volunteered about their consumption habits did not always tally with the contents of their waste bins. For example, alcohol consumption was proven to be significantly higher in reality than in the questionnaires completed by the people studied. Such findings have highlighted the difference between people's self-reported and actual behaviours.

text: The organization has increasingly focused on environmental health issues, including landfills, hazardous waste dumps, groundwater and wellfield protection, incinerators, pesticides, and especially, industrial pollution.

text: The organization has increasingly focused on environmental health issues, including

text: landfills

text: , hazardous waste dumps, groundwater and wellfield protection,

text: incinerator

text: s,

text: pesticides

text: , and especially, industrial pollution.

text: For Marine City, Kikutake proposed a city that would float free in the ocean and would be free of ties to a particular nation and therefore free from the threat of war. The artificial ground of the city would house agriculture, industry and entertainment and the residential towers would descend into the ocean to a depth of 200 metres. The city itself was not tied to the land and was free to float across the ocean and grow organically like an organism. Once it became too aged for habitation it would sink itself.