text: The concept of energy is related to the first law of thermodynamics, which deals with the conservation of energy and under which the loss in heat will result in a decrease in the internal energy of the thermodynamic system. Thermodynamic entropy provides a comparative measure of the amount of this decrease in internal energy of the system and the corresponding increase in internal energy of the surroundings at a given temperature. A simple and more concrete visualization of the second law is that energy of all types changes from being localized to becoming dispersed or spread out, if it is not hindered from doing so. Entropy change is the quantitative measure of that kind of a spontaneous process: how much energy has flowed or how widely it has become spread out at a specific temperature.

text: The concept of

entity_name: Energy

text: energy

text: is related to the

entity_name: First law of thermodynamics

text: first law of thermodynamics

text: , which deals with the

entity_name: Conservation of energy

text: conservation of energy

text: and under which the loss in heat will result in a decrease in the

entity_name: Internal energy

text: internal energy

text: of the

entity_name: Thermodynamic system

text: thermodynamic system

text: . Thermodynamic entropy provides a comparative measure of the amount of this decrease in internal energy of the system and the corresponding increase in internal energy of the surroundings at a given temperature. A simple and more concrete visualization of the second law is that energy of all types changes from being localized to becoming dispersed or spread out, if it is not hindered from doing so. Entropy change is the quantitative measure of that kind of a spontaneous process: how much energy has flowed or how widely it has become spread out at a specific temperature.

text: Turkey has a national renewable energy action plan, published in 2014 by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.

entity_name: Turkey

text: Turkey

text: has a national

entity_name: Renewable energy

text: renewable energy

text: action plan, published in 2014 by the

entity_name: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey)

text: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources

text: There are a range of feedbacks in the climate system, including water vapour, changes in ice-albedo (snow and ice cover affect how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight), clouds, and changes in the Earth's carbon cycle (e.g., the release of carbon from soil). The main negative feedback is the energy the Earth's surface radiates into space as infrared radiation. According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, if the absolute temperature (as measured in kelvin) doubles, radiated energy increases by a factor of 16 (2 to the 4th power).

text: There are a range of feedbacks in the climate system, including

text: water vapour

text: , changes in

entity_name: Ice-albedo feedback

text: ice-albedo

text: (snow and ice cover affect how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight), clouds, and changes in the Earth's carbon cycle (e.g., the release of carbon from

entity_name: Soil

text: soil

text: ). The main negative feedback is the energy the Earth's surface

entity_name: Radiative cooling

text: radiates

text: into space as

entity_name: Infrared

text: infrared radiation

text: . According to the

entity_name: Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: Stefan-Boltzmann law

text: , if the

entity_name: Thermodynamic temperature

text: absolute temperature

text: (as measured in

entity_name: Kelvin

text: kelvin

text: ) doubles, radiated energy increases by a factor of 16 (2 to the 4th power).

text: Diabatic storage dissipates much of the heat of compression with intercoolers (thus approaching isothermal compression) into the atmosphere as waste; essentially wasting, thereby, the renewable energy used to perform the work of compression.  Upon removal from storage, the temperature of this compressed air is the one indicator of the amount of stored energy that remains in this air. Consequently, if the air temperature is low for the energy recovery process, the air must be substantially re-heated prior to expansion in the turbine to power a generator. This reheating can be accomplished with a natural gas fired burner for utility grade storage or with a heated metal mass. As recovery is often most needed when renewable sources are quiescent, fuel must be burned to make up for the wasted heat.  This degrades the efficiency of the storage-recovery cycle; and while this approach is relatively simple, the burning of fuel adds to the cost of the recovered electrical energy and compromises the ecological benefits associated with most renewable energy sources.  Nevertheless, this is thus far the only system which has been implemented commercially.

text: Diabatic storage dissipates much of the heat of compression with

entity_name: Intercooler

text: intercooler

text: s (thus approaching isothermal compression) into the atmosphere as waste; essentially wasting, thereby, the renewable energy used to perform the work of compression.  Upon removal from storage, the temperature of this compressed air is the one indicator of the amount of stored energy that remains in this air. Consequently, if the air temperature is low for the energy recovery process, the air must be substantially re-heated prior to expansion in the

entity_name: Turbine

text: turbine

text: to power a

entity_name: Electric generator

text: generator

text: . This reheating can be accomplished with a natural gas fired burner for

entity_name: Utility

text: utility

text: grade storage or with a heated metal mass. As recovery is often most needed when renewable sources are quiescent, fuel must be burned to make up for the wasted heat.  This degrades the efficiency of the storage-recovery cycle; and while this approach is relatively simple, the burning of fuel adds to the cost of the recovered electrical energy and compromises the ecological benefits associated with most renewable energy sources.  Nevertheless, this is thus far the only system which has been implemented commercially.

text: The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure, primary energy consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive, EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans every three years. According to Italy’s submission in 2014 the country’s total final energy consumption in 2012 was 119.01 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 163.05 Mtoes. Most of the approximately 37% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in thermal electricity sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. By using more efficient thermal generation the potential remains to reduce energy waste by around a third and to cut CO2 emissions accordingly.

text: The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure,

entity_name: Primary energy

text: primary energy

text: consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive, EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans every three years. According to Italy’s submission in 2014 the country’s total final energy consumption in 2012 was 119.01 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 163.05 Mtoes. Most of the approximately 37% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in

entity_name: Thermal power station

text: thermal electricity

text: sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. By using more efficient thermal generation the potential remains to reduce energy waste by around a third and to cut CO2 emissions accordingly.

method: UNH-qee

text: The three fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas. It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

text: The three

entity_name: Fossil fuel

text: fossil fuel

text: types are

entity_name: Coal

text: coal

entity_name: Petroleum

text: petroleum

text: and

entity_name: Natural gas

text: natural gas

text: . It was estimated by the

entity_name: Energy Information Administration

text: Energy Information Administration

text: that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

text: Because the process uses less silicon, it is far less expensive than conventional photovoltaic modules. It is also more efficient. In a conventional photovoltaic cell, much of the sun's energy is lost as heat because the energy of light varies across the spectrum (red light is less energetic than blue, for example). Only a particular amount of energy is needed to knock an electron free from the silicon atoms. If the sunlight is more energetic than necessary, more energy than usual is lost as heat. Sunlight scatters its energy, but the dye/nanoparticle mix in the GreenSun process delivers plasmons and photons of the right energy to knock electrons free more efficiently.

text: Because the process uses less silicon, it is far less expensive than conventional

entity_name: Solar panel

text: photovoltaic module

text: s. It is also more efficient. In a conventional photovoltaic cell, much of the sun's energy is lost as heat because the energy of light varies across the spectrum (red light is less energetic than blue, for example). Only a particular amount of energy is needed to knock an

entity_name: Electron

text: electron

text: free from the silicon

entity_name: Atom

text: atom

text: s. If the sunlight is more energetic than necessary, more energy than usual is lost as heat. Sunlight scatters its energy, but the dye/nanoparticle mix in the GreenSun process delivers plasmons and

entity_name: Photon

text: photons

text: of the right energy to knock electrons free more efficiently.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

text: The concept of an environmental credit is aligned to Earth Overshoot Day. Earth Overshoot Day is the point in the year at which the world economy moves from generating growth with renewable resources, to generating growth with non-renewable resources. After Earth Overshoot Day, humanity is dependent on environmental credit to sustain its standard of living. Currently just over a quarter of the year is spent living on environmental credit.

text: The concept of an environmental credit is aligned to

entity_name: Earth Overshoot Day

text: Earth Overshoot Day

text: Earth Overshoot Day

text: is the point in the year at which the world economy moves from generating growth with renewable resources, to generating growth with non-renewable resources. After

text: Earth Overshoot Day

text: , humanity is dependent on environmental credit to sustain its standard of living. Currently just over a quarter of the year is spent living on environmental credit.

text: The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is almost 100% because almost all purchased energy is converted to building heat (the only exception being fan noise and indication lights which demand very little electricity and virtually none at all when compared to the extremely large energy draw of the heating itself). However, if a power plant supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a fossil-fuel power station may only deliver 3 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce electric heat is more than if the fuel was burned in a furnace or boiler at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessary good as it removes the ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.

text: The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is almost 100% because almost all purchased energy is converted to building heat (the only exception being fan noise and indication lights which demand very little electricity and virtually none at all when compared to the extremely large energy draw of the heating itself). However, if a

text: power plant

text: supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a

entity_name: Fossil fuel power station

text: fossil-fuel power station

text: may only deliver 3 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce electric heat is more than if the fuel was burned in a

entity_name: Furnace

entity_section: Household furnaces

text: furnace

text: or

entity_name: Boiler

entity_section: Hydronic boilers

text: boiler

text: at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessary good as it removes the ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.

text: The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except in the form of coal dust) because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slow combustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e. chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic.

text: The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called

entity_name: Entropic explosion

text: entropic explosives

text: and include organic peroxides such as

entity_name: Acetone peroxide

text: acetone peroxide

text: It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high

entity_name: Pressure

text: pressure

text: s. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The liberation of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of

entity_name: Nitroglycerin

text: nitroglycerin

text: , the coal cannot be used as an explosive (except

text: in the form of coal dust

text: ) because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slow

entity_name: Combustion

text: combustion

text: ) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast

text: combustion

text: ). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e.

entity_name: Chemical potential

text: chemical potential

text: ) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e.

entity_name: Detonation

text: detonation

text: ) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f.

entity_name: Heat

text: heat

text: and

entity_name: Work (thermodynamics)

text: work (thermodynamics)

text: are equivalent forms of energy. See

entity_name: Heat of combustion

text: Heat of Combustion

text: for a more thorough treatment of this topic.

text: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the World Climate Research Programme intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and  dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes.

text: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the

entity_name: World Climate Research Programme

text: World Climate Research Programme

text: intended to observe, comprehend and

entity_name: Conceptual model

text: model

text: the Earth's

entity_name: Water cycle

text: water cycle

text: . The experiment also observes how much energy the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed.

entity_name: Sunlight

text: Sunlight

text: 's energy

entity_name: Evaporation

text: evaporate

text: s water to produce

entity_name: Cloud

text: cloud

text: s and

entity_name: Rain

text: rain

text: , and  dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for

entity_name: Agriculture

text: agricultural

text: and other processes.

text: Even though energy conservation reduces energy services, it can result in increased environmental quality, national security, personal financial security and higher savings.It is at the top of the sustainable energy hierarchy.It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.

text: Even though energy conservation reduces energy services, it can result in increased

entity_name: Natural environment

text: environmental

text: quality,

entity_name: National security

text: national security

entity_name: Security of person

text: personal financial security

text: and higher

entity_name: Wealth

entity_section: Economic analysis

text: savings

text: .It is at the top of the sustainable

entity_name: Energy hierarchy

text: energy hierarchy

text: .It also lowers energy costs by preventing future

entity_name: Resource depletion

text: resource depletion

text: A shift in thinking is needed in 2030 when almost all of your energy comes from non-dispatchable sources – how much wind or solar power is available depends on the weather conditions, and instead of turning on and off available sources becomes one of either storing or transmission of those sources to when they can be used or to where they can be used. Some excess available energy can be diverted to hydrogen production for use in ships and airplanes, a relatively long term energy storage, in a world where almost all of our energy comes from wind, water, and solar (WWS). Hydrogen is not an energy source, but is a storage medium. A cost analysis will need to be made between long distance transmission and excess capacity. The sun is always shining somewhere, and the wind is always blowing somewhere on the Earth, but is it cost effective to bring solar power from Australia to New York?

text: The Renewable Energy Development and Energy Transition Financing Law (LAERFTE) mandated the Secretary of Energy (SENER) to produce a Special Program for Development of Renewable Energy (PEAER), and a National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Energy Use (ENTEASE), to be updated yearly. The main objective of the law is to regulate the use of renewable energy resources and clean technology, as well as to establish financing instruments to allow Mexico to scale-up electricity generation based on renewable resources. SENER and the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) are responsible for defining those mechanisms and establishing legal instruments.

text: In November 2010, Nye became the face of a new permanent exhibition at the Chabot Space & Science Center in Oakland, California. Bill Nye’s Climate Lab features Nye as commander of the Clean Energy Space Station, and invites visitors on an urgent mission to thwart climate change. Beginning with a view of Planet Earth from space, visitors explore air, water, and land galleries to discover how climate change affects Earth’s connected systems, and how to use the Sun, wind, land, and water to generate clean energy. In an interview about the exhibit, Nye said, “Everything in the exhibit is geared to showing you that the size of the problem of climate change is big. Showing you a lot about energy use ... It’s a huge opportunity ... We need young people, entrepreneurs, young inventors, young innovators to change the world.”

text: In November 2010, Nye became the face of a new permanent exhibition at the

entity_name: Chabot Space and Science Center

text: Chabot Space & Science Center

text: in Oakland, California. Bill Nye’s Climate Lab features Nye as commander of the Clean Energy Space Station, and invites visitors on an urgent mission to thwart climate change. Beginning with a view of Planet Earth from space, visitors explore air, water, and land galleries to discover how climate change affects Earth’s connected systems, and how to use the Sun, wind, land, and water to generate clean energy. In an interview about the exhibit, Nye said, “Everything in the exhibit is geared to showing you that the size of the problem of climate change is big. Showing you a lot about energy use ... It’s a huge opportunity ... We need young people, entrepreneurs, young inventors, young innovators to change the world.”

text: “Energy provides services to meet many basic human needs, particularly heat, motive power (e.g. water pumps and transport) and light. Business, industry, commerce and public services such as modern healthcare, education and communication are highly dependent on access to energy services.  Indeed, there is a direct relationship between the absence of adequate energy services and many poverty indicators such as infant mortality, illiteracy, life expectancy and total fertility rate. Inadequate access to energy also exacerbates rapid urbanization in developing countries, by driving people to seek better living conditions. Increasing energy consumption has long been tied directly to economic growth and improvement in human welfare.  However it is unclear whether increasing energy consumption is a necessary precondition for economic growth, or vice versa. Although developed countries are now beginning to decouple their energy consumption from economic growth (through structural changes and increases in energy efficiency), there remains a strong direct relationship between energy consumption and economic development in developing countries."

text: A renewable energy heating and cooling system which burns no fuel on site is being installed in Cambridge Terrace in 2015.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

text: The fusion reactions release high-energy particles, some of which, primarily alpha particles, collide with the surrounding high density fuel and heat it further. If this process deposits enough energy in a given area it can cause that fuel to undergo fusion as well. However, the fuel is also losing heat through x-ray losses and hot electrons leaving the fuel area, so the rate of alpha heating must be greater than these losses, a condition known as bootstrapping. Given the right overall conditions of the compressed fuel—high enough density and temperature—this bootstrapping process will result in a chain reaction, burning outward from the center where the shock wave started the reaction. This is a condition known as ignition, which will lead to a significant portion of the fuel in the target undergoing fusion and releasing large amounts of energy.  In order for a fusion plasma to generate more energy, over time, than was required to ignite it, the fusion device must meet a set of conditions called the Lawson Criterion.  These conditions are extremely difficult to achieve on Earth, although the cores of stars can do it in nature.

text: The fusion reactions release high-energy particles, some of which, primarily

entity_name: Alpha particle

text: alpha particle

text: s, collide with the surrounding high density fuel and heat it further. If this process deposits enough energy in a given area it can cause that fuel to undergo fusion as well. However, the fuel is also losing heat through

entity_name: X-ray

text: x-ray

text: losses and hot electrons leaving the fuel area, so the rate of alpha heating must be greater than these losses, a condition known as bootstrapping. Given the right overall conditions of the compressed fuel—high enough density and temperature—this bootstrapping process will result in a

entity_name: Chain reaction

text: chain reaction

text: , burning outward from the center where the shock wave started the reaction. This is a condition known as ignition, which will lead to a significant portion of the fuel in the target undergoing fusion and releasing large amounts of energy.  In order for a fusion plasma to generate more energy, over time, than was required to ignite it, the fusion device must meet a set of conditions called the

entity_name: Lawson criterion

text: Lawson Criterion

text: .  These conditions are extremely difficult to achieve on

text: Earth

text: , although the cores of stars can do it in nature.

text: Because living systems involve net movement in terms of chemical movement or body movement, and lose energy in those movements through entropy, energy is required for a living system to exist. The main source of energy on Earth is the sun, but other sources of energy exist for life on Earth, such as hydrogen gas or methane, used in chemosynthesis.

text: Because living systems involve net movement in terms of chemical movement or body movement, and lose energy in those movements through

entity_name: Entropy

text: entropy

text: energy

text: is required for a living system to exist. The main source of energy on Earth is the sun, but other sources of energy exist for life on Earth, such as hydrogen gas or methane, used in

entity_name: Chemosynthesis

text: chemosynthesis

text: The United States Department of Energy has identified a need to find substitutes for rare earth metals in permanent magnet technology, and has begun funding such research. The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy has sponsored a Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies (REACT) program, to develop alternative materials. In 2011, ARPA-E awarded 31.6 million dollars to fund Rare-Earth Substitute projects.

text: The

entity_name: United States Department of Energy

text: United States Department of Energy

text: has identified a need to find substitutes for rare earth metals in permanent magnet technology, and has begun funding such research. The

entity_name: ARPA-E

text: Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy

text: has sponsored a Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies (REACT) program, to develop alternative materials. In 2011, ARPA-E awarded 31.6 million dollars to fund Rare-Earth Substitute projects.

text: Turkey enacted its second Renewable Energy Law, namely Law No. 6094 Concerning the use of Renewable Energy Resources for the Generation of Electrical Energy, in 2010.

text: Turkey enacted its second

text: Renewable Energy Law

text: , namely Law No. 6094 Concerning the use of Renewable Energy Resources for the Generation of Electrical Energy, in 2010.

text: Cool the Earth measures the effectiveness of its climate change program and tracks the number of energy-saving actions taken by participants and pounds of carbon saved at each school through the Cool the Earth website. It is estimated that within 3 months of running the program each school population running Cool the Earth takes an average of 550 new energy-saving actions to reduce their footprint, reducing their carbon emissions by 350,000 pounds annually.

text: The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building's energy consumption usually occur during the design process.  To achieve efficient energy use, zero energy design departs significantly from conventional construction practice. Successful zero energy building designers typically combine time tested passive solar, or artificial conditioning, principles that work with the on-site assets. Sunlight and solar heat, prevailing breezes, and the cool of the earth below a building, can provide daylighting and stable indoor temperatures with minimum mechanical means. ZEBs are normally optimized to use passive solar heat gain and shading, combined with thermal mass to stabilize diurnal temperature variations throughout the day, and in most climates are superinsulated. All the technologies needed to create zero energy buildings are available off-the-shelf today.

text: The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building's energy consumption usually occur during the design process.  To achieve efficient energy use, zero energy design departs significantly from conventional construction practice. Successful zero energy building designers typically combine time tested

text: passive solar

text: , or artificial conditioning, principles that work with the on-site assets. Sunlight and solar heat, prevailing breezes, and the cool of the earth below a building, can provide daylighting and stable indoor temperatures with minimum mechanical means. ZEBs are normally optimized to use

text: passive solar

text: heat gain and shading, combined with

text: thermal mass

text: to stabilize

text: diurnal temperature variation

text: s throughout the day, and in most climates are

text: superinsulated

text: . All the technologies needed to create zero energy buildings are available

text: off-the-shelf

text: today.

text: Tethys (https://tethys.pnnl.gov) is an online knowledge management system that provides the marine renewable energy (MRE) and offshore wind (OSW) energy communities with access to information and scientific literature on the environmental effects of devices. Named after the Greek titaness of the sea, the goal of the Tethys database is to promote environmental stewardship and the advancement of the wind and marine renewable energy communities. The website has been developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind and Water Power Technologies Office. Tethys hosts information and activities associated with two international collaborations known as Annex IV and WREN, formed to examine the environmental effects of marine renewable energy projects and wind energy projects, respectively.

text: Tethys (https://tethys.pnnl.gov) is an online knowledge management system that provides the

text: marine renewable energy (MRE)

text: and

text: offshore wind (OSW)

text: energy communities with access to information and scientific literature on the environmental effects of devices. Named after the Greek titaness of the sea, the goal of the Tethys database is to promote environmental stewardship and the advancement of the wind and marine renewable energy communities. The website has been developed by the

text: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

text: in support of the

text: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

entity_name: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

entity_section: Wind and Water Power Technologies Office

text: Wind and Water Power Technologies Office

text: . Tethys hosts information and activities associated with two international collaborations known as Annex IV and WREN, formed to examine the environmental effects of marine renewable energy projects and wind energy projects, respectively.

text: The Campaign Against Nuclear Energy (CANE) was established in Perth, Western Australia on 14 February 1976 by Friends of the Earth (FOE); this included: Peter Brotherton, FOE coordinator WA and John Carlin, Mike Thomas and Barrie Machin after a meeting at University of WA. CANE was a non-profit grass roots organisation whose aim was to stop the establishment of a nuclear power plant in Western Australia (WA) and to halt uranium mining and it operated out of the Environment Centre in Wellington Street, Perth. The Whitlam Federal government in 1974 had dedicated about A$7,000 per state to set up Regional Environment Centres. Perth's Environment Centre housed other groups including the Australian Conservation Foundation, the Conservation Council of WA, Friends of the Earth, and the Campaign to Save Native Forests.

text: The Campaign Against Nuclear Energy (CANE) was established in

text: Perth

text: Western Australia

text: on 14 February 1976 by

text: Friends of the Earth

text: (FOE); this included: Peter Brotherton, FOE coordinator WA and John Carlin, Mike Thomas and Barrie Machin after a meeting at University of WA. CANE was a non-profit

text: grass roots

text: organisation whose aim was to stop the establishment of a

text: nuclear power

text: plant in Western Australia (WA) and to halt uranium mining and it operated out of the Environment Centre in Wellington Street, Perth. The

text: Whitlam

text: Federal government in 1974 had dedicated about

text: A$

text: 7,000 per state to set up Regional Environment Centres. Perth's Environment Centre housed other groups including the

text: Australian Conservation Foundation

text: , the Conservation Council of WA, Friends of the Earth, and the Campaign to Save Native Forests.

text: Because it is situated in a fairly rural area, the UConn campus at Storrs has facilities that allow it to be virtually self-sufficient. All heat on campus is steam, and where possible sidewalks were laid over the underground connectors to keep the snow off. In 2005, a cogeneration plant was activated, which generates most of the electricity for the campus, and uses the exhaust steam for the campus central heating system. The University also owns its own public water system and waste water treatment facility. With the support of a growing number of industry leaders based in Connecticut, UConn is at the forefront of developing clean, alternative sources of renewable energy using fuel cell technology. In April 2012, UConn commissioned a fuel cell power plant at its Depot Campus that will supply the campus with clean and efficiency energy, cooling and heating. The installation of a ClearEdge Power, former UTC Power, PureCell System is the latest step by UConn to reduce its carbon footprint and build a sustainable community. The fuel cell installation was made possible through a federal stimulus grant from Connecticut’s Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority.The University of Connecticut Police Department is a fully functional police agency with the same statutory authority as any municipal police department in the State of Connecticut. State and internationally accredited, the department is responsible for protecting lives and property at the University of Connecticut and all adjacent areas within the jurisdiction of the UConn Police Department. This includes the main campus in Storrs and the regional campuses. The UConn Division of Public Safety also includes the UConn Fire Department, and Office of the Fire Marshal and Building Inspectors. The UConn Storrs campus is equipped with the blue-light system which allows for students to press one of these emergency buttons which will notify the police and they will come to the location where the button was pushed.

text: Because it is situated in a fairly rural area, the UConn campus at Storrs has facilities that allow it to be virtually self-sufficient. All heat on campus is steam, and where possible sidewalks were laid over the underground connectors to keep the snow off. In 2005, a cogeneration plant was activated, which generates most of the electricity for the campus, and uses the exhaust steam for the campus central heating system. The University also owns its own public water system and waste water treatment facility. With the support of a growing number of industry leaders based in Connecticut, UConn is at the forefront of developing clean, alternative sources of renewable energy using

text: fuel cell

text: technology. In April 2012, UConn commissioned a fuel cell power plant at its Depot Campus that will supply the campus with clean and efficiency energy, cooling and heating. The installation of a

text: ClearEdge Power

text: , former UTC Power,

text: PureCell System

text: is the latest step by UConn to reduce its carbon footprint and build a sustainable community. The fuel cell installation was made possible through a federal stimulus grant from Connecticut’s

text: Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority

text: .The University of Connecticut Police Department is a fully functional police agency with the same statutory authority as any municipal police department in the State of Connecticut. State and internationally accredited, the department is responsible for protecting lives and property at the University of Connecticut and all adjacent areas within the jurisdiction of the UConn Police Department. This includes the main campus in Storrs and the regional campuses. The UConn Division of Public Safety also includes the UConn Fire Department, and Office of the Fire Marshal and Building Inspectors. The UConn Storrs campus is equipped with the blue-light system which allows for students to press one of these emergency buttons which will notify the police and they will come to the location where the button was pushed.

text: Another useful term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels. Food is similar to hydrocarbon fuel and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized, its caloric content is similar (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy).

text: Another useful term is the

text: heat of combustion

text: , which is the energy released due to a

text: combustion

text: reaction and often applied in the study of

text: fuels

text: . Food is similar to hydrocarbon fuel and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized, its caloric content is similar (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see

text: food energy

text: Heat pumps and Thermal energy storage are technologies which use energy sources that are normally cost-prohibitive. Also, heat pumps have the advantage of leveraging electrical power (or in some cases mechanical or thermal power) by using it to extract additional energy from a low-energy-density source (such as sea or lake water, the ground or the air).

text: Heat pumps

text: and

text: Thermal energy storage

text: are technologies which use energy sources that are normally cost-prohibitive. Also, heat pumps have the advantage of leveraging electrical power (or in some cases mechanical or thermal power) by using it to extract additional energy from a low-energy-density source (such as sea or lake water, the ground or the air).

text: On the supply side energy sources have been heavily diversified and now include: wind power (20% of electricity as of 2009); bio-mass including second generation bio-ethanol; gas from the North Sea and the Continent; the most energy-efficient coal fuelled combined heating power plants in the world; and ordinary gasoline fuel mainly used in transportation.

text: Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes; from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system, to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

text: Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the

text: atmosphere

text: ocean

text: s, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes; from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system, to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

text: Like all ground source heat pumps, direct exchange systems indirectly harvest solar energy, by absorbing the solar heat stored at the Earth's surface. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has called ground source heat pumps the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean and cost-effective space conditioning systems available. Geothermal heat pumps offer significant emission reductions potential.

text: The theme was introduced for research in the Eighties and has gained importance over the time. Research activities on non-renewable resources such as coal, iron ore, petroleum and oil, irrigation and water management, solar, biogas and renewable energy technologies have gained momentum at the Institute. Simultaneously, forest related issues and industrial pollution are also treated as high priority subjects.

text: Since 1972, Sister Paula has been freelancing as a futurist and environmentalist, working for more than three decades to promote sustainable living. She supported the work of the Alternate Energy Association of Southwestern Ohio, including serving as president for a while. She has developed audiotape courses in Earth-healing; has written several articles and book chapters on ecospirituality, conservation, renewable energy, and spiritual ecology; and has reached thousands in person by giving over 1800 presentations.

text: Since 1972, Sister Paula has been freelancing as a

text: futurist

text: and

text: environmentalist

text: , working for more than three decades to promote

text: sustainable living

text: . She supported the work of the Alternate Energy Association of Southwestern Ohio, including serving as president for a while. She has developed audiotape courses in Earth-healing; has written several articles and book chapters on ecospirituality, conservation,

text: renewable energy

text: , and

text: spiritual ecology

text: ; and has reached thousands in person by giving over 1800 presentations.

text: The Axons land on Earth, desperately in need of fuel.  They propose to exchange the miracle substance they call Axonite for some much needed energy.  Axonite is a "thinking" molecule that can replicate any substance... or so they claim.  As it turns out, the ship is a single organism called Axos whose purpose is to feed itself by draining all energy through the Axonite (which is just a part of itself), including the energy of every life form on Earth. The deception about the Axonite's beneficial properties was to facilitate the distribution of Axonite across the globe.

text: A 2010 report by Global Subsidies Initiative compared relative subsidies of most common energy sources. It found that nuclear energy receives 1.7 US cents per kWh of energy it produces, compared to fossil fuels receiving 0.8 US cents per kWh, renewable energy receiving 5.0 US cents per kWh and biofuels receiving 5.1 US cents per kWh.

text: is the total conserved energy of the system. The kinetic and potential energies still change as the system evolves, but the motion of the system will be such that their sum, the total energy, is constant. This is a valuable simplification, since the energy E is a constant of integration that counts as an arbitrary constant for the problem, and it may be possible to integrate the velocities from this energy relation to solve for the coordinates. In the case the velocity or kinetic energy or both depends on time, then the energy is not conserved.

text: is the total

text: conserved energy

text: of the system. The kinetic and potential energies still change as the system evolves, but the motion of the system will be such that their sum, the total energy, is constant. This is a valuable simplification, since the energy E is a constant of integration that counts as an arbitrary constant for the problem, and it may be possible to integrate the velocities from this energy relation to solve for the coordinates. In the case the velocity or kinetic energy or both depends on time, then the energy is not conserved.

text: Rosemanowes Quarry, near Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom, was a granite quarry and the site of an early experiment in extracting geothermal energy from the earth using hot dry rock (HDR) technology.

text: Rosemanowes Quarry, near

text: Penryn, Cornwall

text: , United Kingdom, was a

text: granite

text: quarry and the site of an early experiment in extracting

text: geothermal energy

text: from the earth using

text: hot dry rock

text: (HDR) technology.

text: the mean velocity of the inhomogeneous moving medium. While the total energy (the sum of the energies of the mean motion and of the wave motion) is conserved for a non-dissipative system, the energy of the wave motion is not conserved, since in general there can be an exchange of energy with the mean motion. However, wave action is a quantity which is conserved for the wave-part of the motion.

text: All climate models take account of incoming energy as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave (near) infrared, as well as outgoing energy as long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in temperature.

text: All climate models take account of incoming energy as short wave

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: , chiefly

text: visible

text: and short-wave (near)

text: infrared

text: , as well as outgoing energy as long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a

text: change in temperature

text: The Solutions Project is an organization first conceived in 2011 by prominent figures in science, business and the entertainment media with the goal of utilizing the combined efforts of individuals in the fields of science, business and culture to accelerate the transition to 100% renewable energy use in the United States. Based on the results of academic research, the organization maintains that America is capable of meeting its entire energy needs through renewable energy sources, and that this goal can be achieved by the year 2050. (The organization defines renewable energy as solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy and wave/tidal power.) Furthermore, the organization claims that the solutions that will be needed to achieve this goal are primarily social and political, not technical, in nature, as most of the technology necessary to bring about the transition already exists.

text: The Solutions Project is an organization first conceived in 2011 by prominent figures in science, business and the entertainment media with the goal of utilizing the combined efforts of individuals in the fields of science, business and culture to accelerate the transition to

text: 100% renewable energy

text: use in the United States. Based on the results of academic research, the organization maintains that America is capable of meeting its entire energy needs through renewable energy sources, and that this goal can be achieved by the year 2050. (The organization defines renewable energy as

text: solar power

text: wind power

text: hydroelectric power

text: geothermal energy

text: and

text: wave

text: tidal

text: power.) Furthermore, the organization claims that the solutions that will be needed to achieve this goal are primarily social and political, not technical, in nature, as most of the technology necessary to bring about the transition already exists.

text: With the majority of such biofuel companies (Iogen Corporation, SunOpta's BioProcess Group, Genencor, Novozymes, Dyadic International, Inc. (DYAI), Kansas City-based Alternative Energy Sources, Inc. [Nasdaq:AENS], Flex Fuels USA based in Huntsville, Alabama (now owned by Alternative Energy Sources), or BRI Energy, LLC, Abengoa Bioenergy) located in North America, the United States is in a unique position to lead the way in the development, production, and sale of a new source of energy.

text: With the majority of such biofuel companies (

text: Iogen

text: Corporation,

text: SunOpta

text: 's BioProcess Group,

text: Genencor

text: Novozymes

text: , Dyadic International, Inc. (DYAI),

text: Kansas City

text: -based

text: Alternative Energy Sources

text: , Inc. [Nasdaq:AENS],

text: Flex Fuels USA

text: based in

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: (now owned by Alternative Energy Sources), or

text: BRI Energy

text: , LLC,

text: Abengoa Bioenergy

text: ) located in North America, the United States is in a unique position to lead the way in the development, production, and sale of a new source of energy.

text: Solar Cities is an innovative  demonstration programme designed to promote solar power, smart meters, energy conservation and new approaches to electricity pricing to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations throughout Australia. Adelaide, Alice Springs, Blacktown, Central Victoria and Townsville were nominated to be the first Solar Cities of Australia, in the 2007 election campaign the Labor government committed to expanding the programme to include Coburg and Perth. Solar Cities is an innovative program that aims to show how technology, behavior change, and new approaches to energy pricing can combine to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations throughout Australia" (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008, p. 2).

text: Solar Cities is an innovative  demonstration programme designed to promote

text: solar power

text: smart meter

text: s,

text: energy conservation

text: and new approaches to electricity pricing to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations throughout Australia.

text: Adelaide

text: Alice Springs

text: Blacktown

text: Central Victoria

text: and

text: Townsville

text: were nominated to be the first Solar Cities of Australia, in the 2007 election campaign the

text: Labor government

text: committed to expanding the programme to include

text: Coburg

text: and

text: Perth

text: . Solar Cities is an innovative program that aims to show how technology, behavior change, and new approaches to energy pricing can combine to provide a sustainable energy future in urban locations throughout Australia" (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008, p. 2).

text: Energy in many of its forms may be used in natural processes, or to provide some service to society such  as heating, refrigeration, light, or performing mechanical energy to operate machines. For example, an internal combustion engine converts the potential chemical energy in gasoline and oxygen into thermal energy which, by causing pressure and performing work on the pistons, is transformed into the mechanical energy that accelerates the vehicle (increasing its kinetic energy). A thermal or heat energy converts the chemical energy into mechanical energy that can then be used in a party.

text: Energy in many of its forms may be used in natural processes, or to provide some service to society such  as heating, refrigeration,

text: light

text: , or performing mechanical energy to operate machines. For example, an

text: internal combustion engine

text: converts the potential

text: chemical energy

text: in gasoline and oxygen into thermal energy which, by causing pressure and performing work on the pistons, is transformed into the mechanical energy that accelerates the vehicle (increasing its

text: kinetic energy

text: ). A

text: thermal or heat energy

text: converts the chemical energy into mechanical energy that can then be used in a party.

text: Ice cap climates have only existed in ice ages. There have been at least five such ice ages in the Earth's past. Outside these ages, the Earth seems to have been ice-free even in high latitudes. By the geologic definition, Earth is currently in an ice age, in that the planet has permanent ice caps. Factors that cause ice ages include changes to the atmosphere, the arrangement of continents, the energy received from the sun, volcanos, and meteor impacts.

text: Ice cap climates have only existed in

text: ice ages

text: . There have been at least five such ice ages in the

text: Earth

text: 's past. Outside these ages, the Earth seems to have been ice-free even in high latitudes. By the geologic definition, Earth is

text: currently in an ice age

text: , in that the planet has permanent ice caps. Factors that cause ice ages include changes to the atmosphere, the arrangement of continents, the energy received from the sun, volcanos, and meteor impacts.

text: In 1939, in a paper entitled "Energy Production in Stars", Hans Bethe analyzed the different possibilities for reactions by which hydrogen is fused into helium. He defined two processes that he believed to be the sources of energy in stars. The first one, the proton–proton chain reaction, is the dominant energy source in stars with masses up to about the mass of the Sun. The second process, the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle, which was also considered by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1938, is most important in more massive stars. These works concerned the energy generation capable of keeping stars hot. A clear physical description of the proton–proton chain and of the CNO cycle appears in a 1968 textbook. Bethe's two papers did not address the creation of heavier nuclei, however. That theory was begun by Fred Hoyle in 1946 with his argument that a collection of very hot nuclei would assemble into iron. Hoyle followed that in 1954 with a large paper describing how advanced fusion stages within stars would synthesize elements between carbon and iron in mass. This is the dominant work in stellar nucleosynthesis. It provided the roadmap to how the most abundant elements on Earth had been synthesized from initial hydrogen and helium, making clear how those abundant elements increased their galactic abundances as the galaxy aged.

text: In 1939, in a paper entitled "Energy Production in Stars",

text: Hans Bethe

text: analyzed the different possibilities for reactions by which hydrogen is fused into helium. He defined two processes that he believed to be the sources of energy in stars. The first one, the

text: proton–proton chain reaction

text: , is the dominant energy source in stars with masses up to about the mass of the Sun. The second process, the

text: carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle

text: , which was also considered by

text: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker

text: in 1938, is most important in more massive stars. These works concerned the energy generation capable of keeping stars hot. A clear physical description of the proton–proton chain and of the CNO cycle appears in a 1968 textbook. Bethe's two papers did not address the creation of heavier nuclei, however. That theory was begun by

text: Fred Hoyle

text: in 1946 with his argument that a collection of very hot nuclei would assemble into

text: iron

text: . Hoyle followed that in 1954 with a large paper describing how advanced fusion stages within stars would synthesize elements between carbon and iron in mass. This is the dominant work in stellar nucleosynthesis. It provided the roadmap to how the most abundant elements on Earth had been synthesized from initial hydrogen and helium, making clear how those abundant elements increased their galactic abundances as the galaxy aged.

text: In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its aphelion around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.

text: In modern times, Earth's

text: perihelion

text: occurs around 3 January, and its

text: aphelion

text: around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: . The changing Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.

text: In 2009, the global primary energy use corresponded to  oil equivalent corresponding to ). According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 13,6% of that was used by the EU. Within the EU, 75.9% came from fossil fuels, 14.1% from nuclear energy, 7% from biofuels, 2.9 from renewable energy resources.

text: In 2009, the

text: global primary energy use

text: corresponded to

text: oil equivalent

text: corresponding to ). According to the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA) 13,6% of that was used by the

text: EU

text: . Within the EU, 75.9% came from

text: fossil fuel

text: s, 14.1% from

text: nuclear energy

text: , 7% from

text: biofuel

text: s, 2.9 from

text: renewable energy

text: resources.

text: Kazamatsuri is the setting for a secret war being waged by two main groups: Gaia and Guardian. Gaia, an organization under the auspices of the environmental conservation group Martel, is populated by nihilistic and misanthropic people able to contract with familiars, which manifest as constructs fueled by the summoner's life force. Martel itself used to be a church and contains within it a holy maiden group of girls with developmental disabilities. Guardian is dedicated to the destruction of familiars and is composed almost entirely of humans who possess special powers. Gaia and Guardian came to Kazamatsuri in the pursuit of the Earth's familiar named Kagari, who manifests as a young, high school age-looking girl. Kagari, the main heroine of Rewrite, has the power to initiate a period of re-evolution, which restarts the process of evolving another means of intelligent life. However, this is done with the use of the Earth's energy, and by the time the events of Rewrite occur, there is no more energy left to do another re-evolution. Gaia wants to capture Kagari to ensure the destruction of humanity, but Guardian wishes to seek out Kagari to kill her, ensuring that human life continues.

text: Kazamatsuri is the setting for a secret war being waged by two main groups: Gaia and Guardian. Gaia, an organization under the auspices of the environmental conservation group Martel, is populated by

text: nihilistic

text: and

text: misanthropic

text: people able to contract with familiars, which manifest as constructs fueled by the summoner's life force. Martel itself used to be a church and contains within it a holy maiden group of girls with

text: developmental disabilities

text: . Guardian is dedicated to the destruction of familiars and is composed almost entirely of humans who possess

text: special powers

text: . Gaia and Guardian came to Kazamatsuri in the pursuit of the Earth's familiar named Kagari, who manifests as a young, high school age-looking girl. Kagari, the main heroine of Rewrite, has the power to initiate a period of re-evolution, which restarts the process of evolving another means of intelligent life. However, this is done with the use of the Earth's energy, and by the time the events of Rewrite occur, there is no more energy left to do another re-evolution. Gaia wants to capture Kagari to ensure the destruction of humanity, but Guardian wishes to seek out Kagari to kill her, ensuring that human life continues.

text: The world's oceans are warming due to climate change. Climate change is caused by three major factors which are the greenhouse effect, variation in the sun's energy that reaches Earth, and changes in reflectivity within Earth's atmosphere and its surface. The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases that absorb sunlight. Energy from the sun that reaches Earth is either retained or sent into space. Greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor absorb energy which cause a blanketing effect that warms the earth. Aerosols such as black carbon also catalyze the warming effect as they are unreflective and absorb energy from the sun supplementing greenhouse gases in the warming effect.

text: During the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, Noh-Varr locates a secret A.I.M. base. The Avengers assemble where they take out the base and arrest Monica Rappaccini and the rest of the A.I.M. scientists that escaped following Osborn's defeat. After the battle, Noh-Varr checks in with the Supreme Intelligence of the Kree Empire who informs him of the coming Phoenix force and orders him to intercept and contain it at all cost... even if means eliminating his Avenger teammates. In space, after the Avengers fail to stop the Phoenix, Noh-Varr analyzes the reason for their failure and discovers that Thor's Mjolnir hammer can injure and absorb the Phoenix' essence. Before the team can celebrate, Noh-Varr declares that he will take the collected energy back to the Kree. While the Avengers wake up in their spaceship heading to a sun and try to escape death, Noh-Varr takes the Phoenix energy to the Supreme Intelligence. However, the Supreme Intelligence declares that the energy will not be used to save Earth. Noh-Varr turns against the Supreme Intelligence and escapes with the energy. The Avengers meet him, take the energy, and declare him an enemy of the team telling him never to return to Earth. Noh-Varr is left in Hala running for his life from the Kree.

text: During the

text: Avengers vs. X-Men

text: storyline, Noh-Varr locates a secret A.I.M. base. The Avengers assemble where they take out the base and arrest

text: Monica Rappaccini

text: and the rest of the A.I.M. scientists that escaped following Osborn's defeat. After the battle, Noh-Varr checks in with the

text: Supreme Intelligence

text: of the

text: Kree Empire

text: who informs him of the coming Phoenix force and orders him to intercept and contain it at all cost... even if means eliminating his Avenger teammates. In space, after the Avengers fail to stop the Phoenix, Noh-Varr analyzes the reason for their failure and discovers that Thor's

text: Mjolnir

text: hammer can injure and absorb the Phoenix' essence. Before the team can celebrate, Noh-Varr declares that he will take the collected energy back to the Kree. While the Avengers wake up in their spaceship heading to a sun and try to escape death, Noh-Varr takes the Phoenix energy to the Supreme Intelligence. However, the Supreme Intelligence declares that the energy will not be used to save Earth. Noh-Varr turns against the Supreme Intelligence and escapes with the energy. The Avengers meet him, take the energy, and declare him an enemy of the team telling him never to return to Earth. Noh-Varr is left in Hala running for his life from the Kree.

text: For the definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat, it is customarily envisaged that an arbitrary state of interest  is reached from state  by a process with two components, one adiabatic and the other not adiabatic. For convenience one may say that the adiabatic component was the sum of work done by the body through volume change through movement of the walls while the non-adiabatic wall was temporarily rendered adiabatic, and of isochoric adiabatic work. Then the non-adiabatic component is a process of energy transfer through the wall that passes only heat, newly made accessible for the purpose of this transfer, from the surroundings to the body. The change in internal energy to reach the state  from the state  is the difference of the two amounts of energy transferred.

text: .  This variable is the current amount of non-renewable resources divided by the initial amount of non-renewable resources available.  As such

text: The logo is the kala-makara, a symbol of the two sources of energy in nature. Kala is the energy from above (the power of the sun), while makara represents the energy from below (the power of the Earth). The two powers are combined and stylized into a symbol that represents the function of Universitas Indonesia as a source of knowledge.

text: Although in the early 18th century the concepts of force and momentum had been long understood, the idea of energy, as a transferable currency between different systems, was still in its infancy and would not be fully resolved until well into the 19th Century. It is now accepted that the total mechanical momentum of a system is conserved and none is lost to friction. Simply put, there is no 'momentum friction' and momentum can not transfer between different forms, and particularly there is no potential momentum. Emmy Noether proved this to be true for all problems where the initial state is symmetric in generalized coordinates. Mechanical energy, kinetic and potential, may be lost to another form, but the total is conserved in time. The Du Châtelet contribution was the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy, as distinct from momentum. Inspired by the theories of Gottfried Leibniz, she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by Willem 's Gravesande in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay. Each ball's kinetic energy - as indicated by the quantity of material displaced - was shown to be proportional to the square of the velocity. The deformation of the clay was found to be directly proportional to the height the balls were dropped from, equal to the initial potential energy. Earlier workers, such as Newton and Voltaire, had all believed that "energy" (so far as they understood the concept at all) was indistinct from momentum and therefore proportional to velocity. According to this understanding, the deformation of the clay should have been proportional to the square root of the height from which the balls were dropped. In classical physics the correct formula is

text: Although in the early 18th century the concepts of force and

text: momentum

text: had been long understood, the idea of energy, as a transferable currency between different systems, was still in its infancy and would not be fully resolved until well into the 19th Century. It is now accepted that the total mechanical momentum of a system is conserved and none is lost to friction. Simply put, there is no 'momentum friction' and momentum can not transfer between different forms, and particularly there is no potential momentum.

text: Emmy Noether

text: proved this to be true for all problems where the initial state is symmetric in generalized coordinates. Mechanical energy, kinetic and potential, may be lost to another form, but the total is conserved in time. The Du Châtelet contribution was the hypothesis of the conservation of total energy, as distinct from momentum. Inspired by the theories of

text: Gottfried Leibniz

text: , she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by

text: Willem 's Gravesande

text: in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay. Each ball's

text: kinetic energy

text: - as indicated by the quantity of material displaced - was shown to be proportional to the square of the

text: velocity

text: . The deformation of the clay was found to be directly proportional to the height the balls were dropped from, equal to the initial potential energy. Earlier workers, such as

text: Newton

text: and Voltaire, had all believed that "energy" (so far as they understood the concept at all) was indistinct from

text: momentum

text: and therefore proportional to velocity. According to this understanding, the deformation of the clay should have been proportional to the square root of the height from which the balls were dropped. In

text: classical physics

text: the correct formula is

text: The energy efficiency of a system or device that converts energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system ("output energy") to the total amount of energy that is put in ("input energy") or by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy. In the case of fuel cells, useful output energy is measured in electrical energy produced by the system. Input energy is the energy stored in the fuel. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, fuel cells are generally between 40–60% energy efficient. This is higher than some other systems for energy generation. For example, the typical internal combustion engine of a car is about 25% energy efficient. In combined heat and power (CHP) systems, the heat produced by the fuel cell is captured and put to use, increasing the efficiency of the system to up to 85–90%.

text: The energy efficiency of a system or device that converts energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system ("output energy") to the total amount of energy that is put in ("input energy") or by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy. In the case of fuel cells, useful output energy is measured in

text: electrical energy

text: produced by the system. Input energy is the energy stored in the fuel. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, fuel cells are generally between 40–60% energy efficient. This is higher than some other systems for energy generation. For example, the typical internal combustion engine of a car is about 25% energy efficient. In combined heat and power (CHP) systems, the heat produced by the fuel cell is captured and put to use, increasing the efficiency of the system to up to 85–90%.

text: Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. Renewable energy sources, that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which point the predicted increase in heat from the sun is expected to make the surface of the earth too hot for liquid water to exist.

text: Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for

text: energy efficiency

text: exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant

entity_name: Energy security and renewable technology

text: energy security

text: and economic benefits. It would also reduce environmental

text: pollution

text: such as

text: air pollution

text: caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. Renewable energy sources, that derive their energy from the sun, either directly or indirectly, such as hydro and wind, are expected to be capable of supplying humanity energy for almost another 1 billion years, at which point the predicted increase in heat from the

text: sun

text: is expected to make the surface of the earth too hot for liquid water to exist.

text: will be recognized from special relativity as the rest energy of the large body, the earth. This is the sum of the rest energies of all the particles that compose earth. The quantity in the parentheses is then the average rest energy density of a sphere of radius

text: will be recognized from

text: special relativity

text: as the rest energy of the large body, the earth. This is the sum of the rest energies of all the particles that compose earth. The quantity in the parentheses is then the average rest energy density of a sphere of radius

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

text: Renewable energy

text: is generally defined as energy that comes from

text: resources

text: which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: , and

text: geothermal heat

text: . Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:

text: electricity generation

text: , air and water heating/cooling,

text: motor fuel

text: s, and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services. Based on

text: 's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our

text: global energy consumption

text: and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

text: Bae compared the energy need to speed spacecraft for conventional rockets and that for Photonic Railway or PLT-BLP, in terms of specific energy (J/kg) that is the energy required for propelling a unit mass to a given velocity. Fig. 11 shows examples of the specific energy (J/kg) as a function of the spacecraft velocity (km/s) related with the Mars Photonic Railway. Two curves represent the specific energies for conventional rockets with I = 500 s and 3,000 s, respectively.  The upper straight solid line represents the specific energy for BLP and the lower straight solid line for Photonic Railway or PLT-BLP with M=1,000.  Here M is the photon thrust amplification factor.  It is interesting that BPL becomes more energy efficient than rockets with I=500 s, if the travel time needs to be shorter than 1 month.  BPL becomes more energy efficient than rockets with I=3,000 s, if the travel time is shorter than a week. However, Photonic Railway or PLT-BPL with M=1,000 becomes more energy efficient than rockets with I=500 s, if the travel time needs to be shorter than 2 month.  BPL becomes more energy efficient than rockets with I=3,000 s, if the travel time needs to be shorter than two weeks. Eventually, when the flight time needs to be 3 days, for example, both BLP and Photonic Railway or PLT-BLP are more energy efficient than rockets with I=3,000 s.  This estimate demonstrates Photonic Railway is potentially the most energy efficient way to commute to planets in the solar system.

text: In Canada's federal system of government, jurisdiction over energy is divided between the federal and provincial and territorial governments. Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of non-renewable resources, as well as the generation and production of electricity. Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and international trade and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources on federal lands.

text: In Canada's

text: federal system

text: of government, jurisdiction over energy is divided between the

text: federal

text: and

text: provincial and territorial governments

text: . Provincial governments have jurisdiction over the exploration, development, conservation, and management of

text: non-renewable resources

text: , as well as the generation and production of

text: electricity

text: . Federal jurisdiction in energy is primarily concerned with regulation of inter-provincial and

text: international trade

text: and commerce, and the management of non-renewable resources on

text: federal lands

text: The context of the emergence of this branch of artwork is directly related to our current socio-political situation in the world, about the increasing urgency of leaving the use of fossil fuels and gambling on new types of energy, which are much more efficient based on renewable resources. This process of change has a reflection within the art world, which wants to have an active participation in this common objective (sustainable art). Within these numerous artistic initiatives that exist with the ecology as a background, we can find a little group of designers who want to use the science of solar power collection as part of their artistic production. Works of solar art are an illustrative example about how far the relationship could go between art, architecture and the new technologies from the point of an artistic insight, in addition to their practical contribution.

text: The context of the emergence of this branch of artwork is directly related to our current socio-political situation in the world, about the increasing urgency of leaving the use of

text: fossil fuels

text: and gambling on new types of energy, which are much more efficient based on

text: renewable resources

text: . This process of change has a reflection within the art world, which wants to have an active participation in this common objective (

text: sustainable art

text: ). Within these numerous artistic initiatives that exist with the

text: ecology

text: as a background, we can find a little group of designers who want to use the science of solar power collection as part of their artistic production. Works of solar art are an illustrative example about how far the relationship could go between art, architecture and the new technologies from the point of an artistic insight, in addition to their practical contribution.

text: The main advantage to this scheme is the efficiency of the fusion process at high densities. According to the Lawson criterion, the amount of energy needed to heat the D-T fuel to break-even conditions at ambient pressure is perhaps 100 times greater than the energy needed to compress it to a pressure that would deliver the same rate of fusion. So, in theory, the ICF approach would be dramatically more efficient in terms of gain. This can be understood by considering the energy losses in a conventional scenario where the fuel is slowly heated, as in the case of magnetic fusion energy; the rate of energy loss to the environment is based on the temperature difference between the fuel and its surroundings, which continues to increase as the fuel is heated. In the ICF case, the entire hohlraum is filled with high-temperature radiation, limiting losses.

text: The main advantage to this scheme is the efficiency of the fusion process at high densities. According to the Lawson criterion, the amount of energy needed to heat the D-T fuel to break-even conditions at ambient pressure is perhaps 100 times greater than the energy needed to compress it to a pressure that would deliver the same rate of fusion. So, in theory, the ICF approach would be dramatically more efficient in terms of gain. This can be understood by considering the energy losses in a conventional scenario where the fuel is slowly heated, as in the case of

text: magnetic fusion energy

text: ; the rate of energy loss to the environment is based on the temperature difference between the fuel and its surroundings, which continues to increase as the fuel is heated. In the ICF case, the entire hohlraum is filled with high-temperature radiation, limiting losses.

text: The Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) was formed in 1987 and officially ended 30 June 2014. It was initiated as a multilateral agreement under the International Energy Agency (IEA) agreement network, replacing numerous other bilateral agreements. The multilateral agreement was for the international exchange of energy research and development and information. The exchange resulted in a database which was the world's largest collection of energy research, technology, and development (RTD) information (ETDEWEB - described below).  The collection of information was generated from energy RTD literature published in member countries and through other partnering arrangements with organizations such as the International Nuclear Information System (a unit of the International Atomic Energy Agency).  This had the effect of creating a broad spectrum of information that was included in the ETDE database. The range of content included fossil fuels, renewable energies (including Hydrogen), End-Use (Buildings, Industry and Transport), fusion, energy policy, conservation, and efficiency, and cross-sectional activities. This fulfilled the need for timely exchange of global information towards the goal of a sustainable energy future.  ETDE operated under an IEA Implementing Agreement and was governed by an Executive Committee of delegates from ETDE member countries.  Officers of the Executive Committee included a Chair and two Vice-Chairs, elected to three-year terms.  Day-to-day operations were managed through an operating agent organization, which reported to the Executive Committee.

text: The Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) was formed in 1987 and officially ended 30 June 2014. It was initiated as a

text: multilateral agreement

text: under the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA) agreement network, replacing numerous other

text: bilateral agreement

text: s. The multilateral agreement was for the international exchange of

text: energy research

text: and development and information. The exchange resulted in a

text: database

text: which was the world's largest collection of energy research, technology, and development (RTD) information (

text: ETDEWEB

text: - described below).  The collection of information was generated from energy RTD literature published in member countries and through other partnering arrangements with organizations such as the

entity_name: International Nuclear Information System

text: International Nuclear Information System

text: (a unit of the

text: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: ).  This had the effect of creating a broad spectrum of information that was included in the ETDE database. The range of content included

text: fossil fuel

text: s,

text: renewable energies

text: (including

text: Hydrogen

text: ), End-Use (

text: Building

text: s,

text: Industry

text: and

text: Transport

text: fusion

text: , energy policy, conservation, and efficiency, and cross-sectional activities. This fulfilled the need for timely exchange of global information towards the goal of a sustainable energy future.  ETDE operated under an IEA Implementing Agreement and was governed by an Executive Committee of delegates from ETDE member countries.  Officers of the Executive Committee included a Chair and two Vice-Chairs, elected to three-year terms.  Day-to-day operations were managed through an operating agent organization, which reported to the Executive Committee.

text: In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.

text: In general an

text: engine

text: converts energy to mechanical

text: work

text: . Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by

text: Carnot's theorem

text: . Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like

text: exothermic reaction

text: s (such as combustion),

text: absorption

text: of light or energetic particles,

text: friction

text: dissipation

text: and

text: resistance

text: . Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.

text: The heat engine version is a small scale example of cogeneration schemes which have been used with large electric power plants.  The purpose is to utilize more of the energy in the fuel.  The reason for using such systems is that heat engines, such as steam power plants which generate the electric power needed for modern life by burning fuel, are not very efficient.  Due to Carnot's theorem,  a heat engine cannot be 100% efficient; it cannot convert anywhere near all the heat produced from the fuel it burns into useful forms such as electricity. So heat engines always produce a surplus of low-temperature waste heat, called "secondary heat" or "low-grade heat".  Modern plants are limited to efficiencies of about 33–60% at most, so 40–67% of the energy is exhausted as waste heat. In the past this energy was usually wasted to the environment.   Cogeneration systems, built in recent years in cold-climate countries, utilize the waste heat produced by large power plants for heating, piping hot water from the plant into buildings in the surrounding community.

text: The heat engine version is a small scale example of

text: cogeneration

text: schemes which have been used with large electric power plants.  The purpose is to utilize more of the energy in the fuel.  The reason for using such systems is that

text: heat engines

text: , such as

text: steam power plant

text: s which generate the electric power needed for modern life by burning fuel, are not very efficient.  Due to

text: Carnot's theorem

text: ,  a heat engine cannot be 100% efficient; it cannot convert anywhere near all the heat produced from the fuel it burns into useful forms such as electricity. So heat engines always produce a surplus of low-temperature

text: waste heat

text: , called "secondary heat" or "low-grade heat".  Modern plants are limited to efficiencies of about 33–60% at most, so 40–67% of the energy is exhausted as waste heat. In the past this energy was usually wasted to the environment.

text: Cogeneration

text: systems, built in recent years in cold-climate countries, utilize the waste heat produced by large power plants for heating, piping hot water from the plant into buildings in the surrounding community.

text: Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation. Outgoing energy is an important effect in the Earth's energy budget. In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. Convective transport of heat and evaporative transport of latent heat both remove heat from the surface and redistribute it in the atmosphere.

text: Radiative cooling

text: is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation.

text: Outgoing

text: energy is an important effect in the

text: Earth's energy budget

text: . In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. Convective transport of heat and evaporative transport of latent heat both remove heat from the surface and redistribute it in the atmosphere.

text: In 2006 the energy for space heating was 19.5% of total end energy consumption in Finland divided in 44% by fuels, 39% by district heating and 17% by electricity. The district heating systems are mainly monopolies controlled by local politicians or private companies. In practice the owners of the houses with district heating system have no influence in the choice of energy sources or prices.

text: Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions).  The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot.

text: Geothermal energy is

text: thermal energy

text: generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the

text: temperature

text: of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's

text: crust

text: originates from the original formation of the planet and from

text: radioactive decay

text: of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions).  The

text: geothermal gradient

text: , which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous

text: conduction of thermal energy

text: in the form of

text: heat

text: from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot.

text: Ruby drains energy from Sarah Jane's body, and exclaims that she will feast on the Earth and many other planets.

text: Tidal power is the only technology that draws on energy inherent in the orbital characteristics of the Earth–Moon system, and to a lesser extent in the Earth–Sun system. Other natural energies exploited by human technology originate directly or indirectly with the Sun, including fossil fuel, conventional hydroelectric, wind, biofuel, wave and solar energy. Nuclear energy makes use of Earth's mineral deposits of fissionable elements, while geothermal power taps the Earth's internal heat, which comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%).

text: Tidal power is the only technology that draws on energy inherent in the orbital characteristics of the

text: Earth

text: Moon

text: system, and to a lesser extent in the Earth–

text: Sun

text: system. Other natural energies exploited by human technology originate directly or indirectly with the Sun, including

text: fossil fuel

text: conventional hydroelectric

text: wind

text: biofuel

text: wave

text: and

text: solar energy

text: Nuclear energy

text: makes use of Earth's mineral deposits of

text: fissionable

text: elements, while

text: geothermal power

text: taps the Earth's

text: internal heat

text: , which comes from a combination of residual heat from

text: planetary accretion

text: (about 20%) and heat produced through

text: radioactive decay

text: CenterPoint Energy is a Fortune 500 electric and natural gas utility serving several markets in the U.S. states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas. It was formerly known as Reliant Energy (from which it is now separated), NorAm Energy, Houston Industries, and HL&P. The company is headquartered in the CenterPoint Energy Tower at 1111 Louisiana Street in Downtown Houston. Some of its notable subscribers include Retail Electric Providers (REPs), such as NRG Energy, Champion Energy, Dynowatt, Ambit Energy, Texas Power, Bounce Energy, MXenergy, Direct Energy, Stream Energy, First Texas Energy Corporation, Gexa Energy, Cirro Energy, and Kona Energy.

text: CenterPoint Energy is a Fortune 500

text: electric

text: and

text: natural gas utility

text: serving several markets in the

text: U.S. states

text: of

text: Arkansas

text: Louisiana

text: Minnesota

text: Mississippi

text: Oklahoma

text: , and

text: Texas

text: . It was formerly known as

text: Reliant Energy

text: (from which it is now separated), NorAm Energy, Houston Industries, and HL&P. The company is headquartered in the

text: CenterPoint Energy Tower

text: at 1111 Louisiana Street in

text: Downtown Houston

text: . Some of its notable subscribers include Retail Electric Providers (REPs), such as

text: NRG Energy

text: Champion Energy

text: Dynowatt

text: Ambit Energy

text: Texas Power

text: Bounce Energy

text: MXenergy

text: Direct Energy

text: Stream Energy

text: First Texas Energy Corporation

text: Gexa Energy

text: Cirro Energy

text: , and

text: Kona Energy

text: It is not possible to determine delta-v requirements from conservation of energy by considering only the total energy of the vehicle in the initial and final orbits since energy is carried away in the exhaust (see also below). For example, most spacecraft are launched in an orbit with inclination fairly near to the latitude at the launch site, to take advantage of the Earth's rotational surface speed. If it is necessary, for mission-based reasons, to put the spacecraft in an orbit of different inclination, a substantial delta-v is required, though the specific kinetic and potential energies in the final orbit and the initial orbit are equal.

text: It is not possible to determine delta-v requirements from

text: conservation of energy

text: by considering only the total energy of the vehicle in the initial and final orbits since energy is carried away in the exhaust (see also below). For example, most spacecraft are launched in an orbit with inclination fairly near to the latitude at the launch site, to take advantage of the Earth's rotational surface speed. If it is necessary, for mission-based reasons, to put the spacecraft in an orbit of different

text: inclination

text: , a substantial delta-v is required, though the

text: specific kinetic

text: and potential energies in the final orbit and the initial orbit are equal.

text: Renewable energy is generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished).  When comparing the processes for producing energy, there remain several fundamental differences between renewable energy and fossil fuels.  The process of producing oil, coal, or natural gas fuel is a difficult and demanding process that requires a great deal of complex equipment, physical and chemical processes. On the other hand, alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment and natural processes.  Wood, the most renewable and available alternative energy, burns the same amount of carbon it would emit if it degraded naturally. Nuclear power is an alternative to fossil fuels that is non-renewable, like fossil fuels, nuclear ones are a finite resource.

text: Renewable energy is generated from

text: natural resource

text: s—such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: and

text: geothermal heat

text: —which are renewable (naturally replenished).  When comparing the processes for producing energy, there remain several fundamental differences between renewable energy and fossil fuels.  The process of producing oil, coal, or natural gas fuel is a difficult and demanding process that requires a great deal of complex equipment, physical and chemical processes. On the other hand, alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment and natural processes.  Wood, the most renewable and available alternative energy, burns the same amount of carbon it would emit if it degraded naturally. Nuclear power is an alternative to fossil fuels that is non-renewable, like fossil fuels, nuclear ones are a finite resource.

text: To obtain the primary energy factors of cogenerated heat and electricity, the energy prechain needs to be considered.

text: The main source of light on Earth is the Sun. Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps. With the development of electric lights and power systems, electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called bioluminescence. For example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey.

text: The main source of light on Earth is the

text: Sun

text: Sunlight

text: provides the energy that green

text: plants

text: use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of

text: photosynthesis

text: provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps. With the development of

text: electric light

text: s and

text: power systems

text: , electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called

text: bioluminescence

text: . For example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey.

text: The general principle of seismic reflection is to send elastic waves (using an energy source such as dynamite explosion or Vibroseis) into the Earth, where each layer within the Earth reflects a portion of the wave’s energy back and allows the rest to refract through. These reflected energy waves are recorded over a predetermined time period (called the record length) by receivers that detect the motion of the ground in which they are placed.  On land, the typical receiver used is a small, portable instrument known as a geophone, which converts ground motion into an analogue electrical signal. In water, hydrophones are used, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals.  Each receiver’s response to a single shot is known as a “trace” and is recorded onto a data storage device, then the shot location is moved along and the process is repeated.  Typically, the recorded signals are subjected to significant amounts of signal processing before they are ready to be interpreted and this is an area of significant active research within industry and academia.  In general, the more complex the geology of the area under study, the more sophisticated are the techniques required to remove noise and increase resolution. Modern seismic reflection surveys contain large amount of data and so require large amounts of computer processing, often performed on supercomputers or computer clusters.

text: The general principle of seismic reflection is to send

text: elastic waves

text: (using an energy source such as

text: dynamite

text: explosion

text: or

text: Vibroseis

text: ) into the Earth, where each layer within the Earth reflects a portion of the wave’s energy back and allows the rest to refract through. These reflected energy waves are recorded over a predetermined time period (called the record length) by receivers that detect the motion of the ground in which they are placed.  On land, the typical receiver used is a small, portable instrument known as a

text: geophone

text: , which converts ground motion into an

text: analogue

text: electrical signal. In water,

text: hydrophone

text: s are used, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals.  Each receiver’s response to a single shot is known as a “trace” and is recorded onto a

text: data storage device

text: , then the shot location is moved along and the process is repeated.  Typically, the recorded signals are subjected to significant amounts of

text: signal processing

text: before they are ready to be interpreted and this is an area of significant active research within industry and academia.  In general, the more complex the geology of the area under study, the more sophisticated are the techniques required to remove noise and increase resolution. Modern seismic reflection surveys contain large amount of data and so require large amounts of computer processing, often performed on

text: supercomputers

text: or

text: computer clusters

text: The Motivational Intensity theory states that the difficulty of a task combined with the importance of success determine the energy invested by an individual. There are three main layers to the motivational intensity theory. The innermost layer says human behavior is guided by the desire to conserve as much energy as possible. This is simply stating that individuals aim to avoid wasting energy so they invest only the energy that is required to complete the task. The middle layer focuses on the difficulty of tasks combined with the importance of success and how this affects energy conservation. This layer focuses on energy investment in situations of clear and unclear task difficulty. The last layer looks at predictions for energy invested by a person when they have several possible options to choose at different task difficulties. The person is free to choose among several possible options of task difficulty. The motivational intensity theory offers a logical and consistent framework for research. Researchers can predict a person’s actions by assuming effort refers to the energy investment.  The motivational intensity theory is used to show how changes in goal attractiveness cause changes in energy investment.

text: The company used to be engaged in retail industry, but it transferred its business focus to energy in 2009 and changed its name to REX American Resources Corporation one year later. The company operates its business in two segments including Alternative Energy and Real Estate. In Alternative Energy segment, the company's properties include One Earth Energy, NuGen Energy, Patriot Renewable Fuels, Levelland Hockley County Ethanol and a portfolio group. Among the properties, only Levelland Hockley County Ethanol stopped operation now. As for Real Estate segment, the company is engaged in leasing its retail stores (281,000 square feet) to customers. As of March 2014, the company has a market capitalization of $418.23 million with an enterprise value of $412.31 million.

text: The energy needed for transfer between planetary orbits, or  "∆V", is lowest at intervals fixed by the synodic period. For Earth / Mars trips, this is every 26 months (2 years and 2 months), so missions are typically planned to coincide with one of these launch windows. The energy needed in the low-energy windows varies on roughly a 15-year cycle with the easiest windows needing only half the energy of the peaks. In the 20th century, there was a minimum in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows and another low in 1986 and 1988, then the cycle repeated.

text: The energy needed for transfer between planetary orbits, or  "

text: ∆V

text: ", is lowest at intervals fixed by the

text: synodic period

text: . For Earth / Mars trips, this is every 26 months (2 years and 2 months), so missions are typically planned to coincide with one of these

text: launch window

text: s. The energy needed in the low-energy windows varies on roughly a 15-year cycle with the easiest windows needing only half the energy of the peaks. In the 20th century, there was a minimum in the 1969 and 1971 launch windows and another low in 1986 and 1988, then the cycle repeated.

text: Unlike some other renewable power sources such as wind and solar, geothermal energy is dispatchable, meaning that it is both available whenever needed, and can quickly adjust output to match demand. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), of all types of new electrical generation plants, geothermal generators have the highest capacity factor, a measure of how much power a facility actually generates as a percent of its maximum capacity. The EIA rates new geothermal plants as having a 92% capacity factor, higher than those of nuclear (90%), gas (87%), or coal (85%), and much higher than those of intermittent sources such as onshore wind (34%) or solar photovoltaic (25%). While the carrier medium for geothermal electricity (water) must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the Earth's heat, will be available, for most intents and purposes, indefinitely.

text: Unlike some other renewable power sources such as wind and solar, geothermal energy is

text: dispatchable

text: , meaning that it is both available whenever needed, and can quickly adjust output to match demand. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), of all types of new electrical generation plants, geothermal generators have the highest

text: capacity factor

text: , a measure of how much power a facility actually generates as a percent of its maximum capacity. The EIA rates new geothermal plants as having a 92% capacity factor, higher than those of nuclear (90%), gas (87%), or coal (85%), and much higher than those of intermittent sources such as onshore wind (34%) or solar photovoltaic (25%). While the carrier medium for geothermal electricity (water) must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the Earth's heat, will be available, for most intents and purposes, indefinitely.

text: This is also somewhat similar to the situation with a commonly classified renewable source, geothermal energy, a form of energy derived from the natural nuclear decay of the large, but nonetheless finite supply of uranium, thorium and potassium-40 present within the Earth's crust, and due to the nuclear decay process, this renewable energy source will also eventually run out of fuel. As too will the Sun, and be exhausted.

text: This is also somewhat similar to the situation with a commonly classified renewable source,

text: geothermal energy

text: , a form of energy derived from the natural

text: nuclear decay

text: of the large, but nonetheless finite supply of uranium,

text: thorium

text: and

text: present within the Earth's crust, and due to the

text: nuclear decay

text: process, this renewable energy source will also eventually run out of fuel. As too will the

text: Sun

text: , and be

text: exhausted

text: When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in energy. Where there is an energy gradient, skillful application of science and engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans. Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms, it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy.

text: When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in

text: energy

text: . Where there is an energy

text: gradient

text: , skillful application of science and engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans. Assuming the source of deep ocean water is environmentally friendly and replenished by natural mechanisms, it forms a more innovative basis for cleaner energy than current fossil-fuel-derived energy.

text: Hollywood depictions of firearm shooting victims being thrown through several feet backwards are inaccurate, although not for the often-cited reason of conservation of energy. Although energy must be conserved, this does not mean that the kinetic energy of the bullet must be equal to the recoil energy of the gun: in fact, it is many times greater. For example, a bullet fired from an M16 rifle has approximately 1763 Joules of kinetic energy as it leaves the muzzle, but the recoil energy of the gun is less than 7 Joules. Despite this imbalance, energy is still conserved because the total energy in the system before firing (the chemical energy stored in the propellant) is equal to the total energy after firing (the kinetic energy of the recoiling firearm, plus the kinetic energy of the bullet and other ejecta, plus the heat energy from the explosion). In order to work out the distribution of kinetic energy between the firearm and the bullet, it is necessary to use the law of conservation of momentum in combination with the law of conservation of energy.

text: Hollywood

text: depictions of firearm shooting victims being thrown through several feet backwards are inaccurate, although not for the often-cited reason of conservation of energy. Although energy must be conserved, this does not mean that the kinetic energy of the bullet must be equal to the recoil energy of the gun: in fact, it is many times greater. For example, a bullet fired from an M16 rifle has approximately 1763 Joules of kinetic energy as it leaves the muzzle, but the recoil energy of the gun is less than 7 Joules. Despite this imbalance, energy is still conserved because the total energy in the system before firing (the chemical energy stored in the propellant) is equal to the total energy after firing (the kinetic energy of the recoiling firearm, plus the kinetic energy of the bullet and other ejecta, plus the heat energy from the explosion). In order to work out the distribution of kinetic energy between the firearm and the bullet, it is necessary to use the law of conservation of momentum in combination with the law of conservation of energy.

text: Energy is often measured in watt hours, BTUs, therms or calories rather than the SI joule. Residential and commercial electrical energy use is metered and billed in kilowatt hours, kW·h, as in most metric countries. Fuel prices are mostly given in customary units, such as dollars per gallon, barrel, thousand cubic feet, or ton (short or long).  Heating, cooling, and combustion are often measured in BTUs per hour or refrigeration tons and powerplant efficiency is often measured by its "heat rate", in BTU per kW·hour. The rated power of engines, electric motors, and power plant steam turbines is frequently measured in horsepower. Power plant output is generally expressed in megawatts.

text: Energy is often measured in

text: watt hours

text: BTUs

text: therm

text: s or

text: calorie

text: s rather than the SI

text: joule

text: . Residential and commercial electrical energy use is metered and billed in kilowatt hours,

text: kW·h

text: , as in most metric countries. Fuel prices are mostly given in customary units, such as dollars per gallon, barrel, thousand cubic feet, or ton (short or long).  Heating, cooling, and combustion are often measured in BTUs per hour or

text: refrigeration tons

text: and powerplant efficiency is often measured by its "heat rate", in BTU per kW·hour. The rated power of

text: engines

text: electric motor

text: s, and

text: power plant

text: steam turbine

text: s is frequently measured in

text: horsepower

text: . Power plant output is generally expressed in

text: megawatt

text: s.

text: The conservation of energy is a common feature in many physical theories. From a mathematical point of view it is understood as a consequence of Noether's theorem, developed by Emmy Noether in 1915 and first published in 1918. The theorem states every continuous symmetry of a physical theory has an associated conserved quantity; if the theory's symmetry is time invariance then the conserved quantity is called "energy". The energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time; energy conservation is implied by the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself. Philosophically this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se".In other words, if the physical system is invariant under the continuous symmetry of time translation then its energy (which is canonical conjugate quantity to time) is conserved.  Conversely, systems which are not invariant under shifts in time (an example, systems with time dependent potential energy) do not exhibit conservation of energy – unless we consider them to exchange energy with another, external system so that the theory of the enlarged system becomes time invariant again.  Since any time-varying system can be embedded within a larger time-invariant system (with the exception of the universe), conservation can always be recovered by a suitable re-definition of what energy is and extending the scope of your system.  Conservation of energy for finite systems is valid in such physical theories as special relativity and quantum theory (including QED) in the flat space-time.

text: The conservation of energy is a common feature in many physical theories. From a mathematical point of view it is understood as a consequence of

text: Noether's theorem

text: , developed by

text: Emmy Noether

text: in 1915 and first published in 1918. The theorem states every continuous symmetry of a physical theory has an associated conserved quantity; if the theory's symmetry is time invariance then the conserved quantity is called "energy". The energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift

text: symmetry

text: of time; energy conservation is implied by the empirical fact that the

text: laws of physics

text: do not change with time itself. Philosophically this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se".In other words, if the physical system is invariant under the

text: continuous symmetry

text: of time translation then its energy (which is

text: canonical conjugate

text: quantity to time) is conserved.  Conversely, systems which are not invariant under shifts in time (an example, systems with time dependent potential energy) do not exhibit conservation of energy – unless we consider them to exchange energy with another, external system so that the theory of the enlarged system becomes time invariant again.  Since any time-varying system can be embedded within a larger time-invariant system (with the exception of the universe), conservation can always be recovered by a suitable re-definition of what energy is and extending the scope of your system.  Conservation of energy for finite systems is valid in such physical theories as special relativity and quantum theory (including

text: QED

text: ) in the flat

text: space-time

text: In addition, radioisotopes have been used as alternative fuels, on both land and in space. Their use on land is declining due to the danger of theft of isotope and environmental damage if the unit is opened. The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem. Radiothermal generators (RTGs) which use such radioisotopes as fuels do not sustain a nuclear chain reaction, but rather generate electricity from the decay of a radioisotope which has (in turn) been produced on Earth as a concentrated power source (fuel) using energy from an Earth-based nuclear reactor.

text: In addition,

text: radioisotope

text: s have been used as alternative fuels, on both land and in space. Their use on land is declining due to the danger of theft of isotope and environmental damage if the unit is opened. The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem.

text: Radiothermal generator

text: s (RTGs) which use such radioisotopes as fuels do not sustain a nuclear chain reaction, but rather generate electricity from the decay of a radioisotope which has (in turn) been produced on Earth as a concentrated power source (fuel) using energy from an Earth-based

text: nuclear reactor

text: Energy independence, while being attempted by large or resource-rich and economically strong countries like United States, Russia, China and the Near East, is an idealized status that at present can only be approximated through non-sustainable exploitation of a country's (non-renewable) natural resources. Another factor in reducing dependence is of course the addition of renewable energy sources to the energy mix. Usually, a country will rely on local and global energy renewable and non-renewable resources, a mixed-model solution that presumes various energy sources and modes of energy transfer between countries like electric power transmission, oil transport (oil and gas pipelines and tankers), etc.. The European dependence on Russian energy is a case in point.

text: Energy independence, while being attempted by large or resource-rich and economically strong countries like United States, Russia, China and the

text: Near East

text: , is an idealized status that at present can only be approximated through

text: non-sustainable

text: exploitation

text: of a country's (

text: non-renewable

text: natural resource

text: s. Another factor in reducing dependence is of course the addition of

text: renewable energy

text: sources to the

text: energy mix

text: . Usually, a country will rely on local and global energy renewable and non-renewable resources, a mixed-model solution that presumes various energy sources and modes of

text: energy transfer

text: between countries like

text: electric power transmission

text: , oil transport (

text: oil

text: and

text: gas pipeline

text: s and

text: tankers

text: ), etc.. The

text: European dependence on Russian energy

text: is a case in point.

text: The reconnection events are analogues to the magnetic substorms in the Earth's magnetosphere. The difference seems to be their respective energy sources: terrestrial substorms involve storage of the solar wind's energy in the magnetotail followed by its release through a reconnection event in the tail's neutral current sheet. The latter also creates a plasmoid which moves down the tail. Conversely, in Jupiter's magnetosphere the rotational energy is stored in the magnetodisk and released when a plasmoid separates from it.

text: The reconnection events are analogues to the

text: magnetic substorm

text: s in the Earth's magnetosphere. The difference seems to be their respective energy sources: terrestrial substorms involve storage of the solar wind's energy in the magnetotail followed by its release through a reconnection event in the tail's neutral current sheet. The latter also creates a plasmoid which moves down the tail. Conversely, in Jupiter's magnetosphere the rotational energy is stored in the magnetodisk and released when a plasmoid separates from it.

text: Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's internal heat appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal thermal flux. Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood. Neptune, which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the far infrared (i.e. heat) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its atmosphere. In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only  W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m². The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than Neptune.

text: Several solutions have been proposed to explain the calm weather on Uranus. One proposed explanation for this dearth of cloud features is that Uranus's

text: internal heat

text: appears markedly lower than that of the other giant planets; in astronomical terms, it has a low internal

text: thermal flux

text: . Why Uranus's heat flux is so low is still not understood.

text: Neptune

text: , which is Uranus's near twin in size and composition, radiates 2.61 times as much energy into space as it receives from the Sun. Uranus, by contrast, radiates hardly any excess heat at all. The total power radiated by Uranus in the

text: far infrared

text: (i.e.

text: heat

text: ) part of the spectrum is  times the solar energy absorbed in its

text: atmosphere

text: . In fact, Uranus's heat flux is only  W/m², which is lower than the internal heat flux of Earth of about 0.075 W/m². The lowest temperature recorded in Uranus's tropopause is 49 K (−224 °C), making Uranus the coldest planet in the Solar System, colder than

text: Neptune

text: A solar fuel is a synthetic chemical fuel produced directly/indirectly from solar energy sunlight/solar heat through  photochemical/photobiological (i.e., artificial photosynthesis, experimental as of 2013), thermochemical, and electrochemical reaction. Light is used as an energy source, with solar energy being transduced to chemical energy, typically by reducing protons to hydrogen, or carbon dioxide to organic compounds. A solar fuel can be produced and stored for later usage, when sunlight is not available, making it an alternative to fossil fuels. Diverse photocatalysts are being developed to carry these reactions in a sustainable, environmentally friendly way.

text: A solar fuel is a synthetic chemical

text: fuel

text: produced directly/indirectly from solar energy

text: sunlight

text: /solar heat through  photochemical/photobiological (i.e.,

text: artificial photosynthesis

text: , experimental as of 2013),

text: thermochemical

text: , and

text: electrochemical

text: reaction. Light is used as an

text: energy source

text: , with

text: solar energy

text: being

text: transduced

text: to

text: chemical energy

text: , typically by reducing

text: protons

text: to

text: hydrogen

text: , or

text: carbon dioxide

text: to

text: organic compounds

text: . A solar fuel can be produced and stored for later usage, when sunlight is not available, making it an

text: alternative

text: to

text: fossil fuels

text: . Diverse

text: photocatalysts

text: are being developed to carry these reactions in a

text: sustainable

text: environmentally friendly

text: way.

text: Government encouragement in the form of subsidies and tax incentives for energy-conservation efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a smart grid infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely.Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable pollution, including toxic and greenhouse gases from fuel combustion, nuclear waste from the generation of nuclear power, and oil spillages as a result of  petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these externalities form an increasing part of doing business, and the trading of carbon credits and pollution credits on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.

text: Government encouragement in the form of

text: subsidies

text: and

text: tax

text: incentive

text: s for

text: energy-conservation

text: efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a

text: smart grid

text: infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely.Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable

text: pollution

text: , including toxic and

text: greenhouse gas

text: es from fuel combustion,

text: nuclear waste

text: from the generation of nuclear power, and

text: oil spillage

text: s as a result of  petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these

text: externalities

text: form an increasing part of doing

text: business

text: , and the trading of

text: carbon credit

text: s and

text: pollution credit

text: s on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.

text: Among its environmental policies are support for conservation, the development of alternative energy sources and fuels, small businesses and small farms, as well as a respect for the earth. The party also holds the following positions and policies:

text: Since energy is conserved at a sluice gate, the upstream and downstream energies are equal, or

text: This branch maintained an integrated and current inventory of Alberta’s subsurface energy, mineral, and other resources in a geological framework. It provided knowledge, advice, and forecasts about the states of earth-energy resource development in the context of Alberta’s environment, economy, and society. The branch also developed and supported regulatory processes and best practices to conserve earth-energy resources, maintains environmental quality, assures public safety, and guides informed risk taking in regulatory and policy decisions.

text: In pursuit of the supply objective, policy initiatives, particularly with respect to crude oil and natural gas,Malaysia have aimed at both extending the life of domestic non-renewable energy resources, as well as diversification away from oil dependence to include other forms of energy sources.

text: In pursuit of the supply objective, policy initiatives, particularly with respect to

text: crude oil

text: and natural gas,Malaysia have aimed at both extending the life of domestic non-renewable energy resources, as well as diversification away from oil dependence to include other forms of energy sources.

text: There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy.

text: There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired:

text: conservation of momentum

text: and

text: conservation of energy

text: . Recoil is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from

text: energy

text: Although the terms "energy" and "electricity" are often used interchangeably, they should not be confused with one another, as electricity is only one form of energy and does not account for the energy consumed by combustion engines and heat boilers, used in transportation by vehicles and for the heating of buildings.

text: Lebanese government intend to meet 12 percent of its total energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2020.

text: Tracks the 42 Clean Energy companies on US exchanges: specifically, businesses that can benefit substantially from a societal transition toward use of cleaner energy and conservation. Stocks and sector weightings within the WilderHill Clean Energy Index are based on their significance for clean energy, technological influence and relevance to preventing pollution in the first place. The index has six sub-sectors: renewable energy harvesting; power delivery and conservation; energy storage; cleaner fuels; energy conversion; and, greener utilities.  Companies in the Clean Energy Index generally will not have their majority interests in the highest-carbon fuels: oil or coal. Large companies with interests outside clean energy may be included if they are significant to this sector. There is a strong bias in favor of the pure-play companies in wind power, solar power, hydrogen and fuel cells, bio-fuels, and related fields; companies in relevant fields such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wave, tidal, waste heat recapture and others are considered with respect to carbon content, the impacts upon marine and terrestrial biodiversity, and degree to which they advance or reflect the clean energy sector. ECO components are evenly divided within a sector to assign weights.

text: Tracks the 42 Clean Energy companies on US exchanges: specifically, businesses that can benefit substantially from a societal transition toward use of cleaner energy and conservation. Stocks and sector weightings within the WilderHill Clean Energy Index are based on their significance for clean energy, technological influence and relevance to preventing pollution in the first place. The index has six sub-sectors: renewable energy harvesting; power delivery and conservation; energy storage; cleaner fuels; energy conversion; and, greener utilities.  Companies in the Clean Energy Index generally will not have their majority interests in the highest-carbon fuels:

text: oil

text: or

text: coal

text: . Large companies with interests outside clean energy may be included if they are significant to this sector. There is a strong bias in favor of the pure-play companies in wind power, solar power, hydrogen and fuel cells, bio-fuels, and related fields; companies in relevant fields such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wave, tidal, waste heat recapture and others are considered with respect to carbon content, the impacts upon marine and terrestrial

text: biodiversity

text: , and degree to which they advance or reflect the clean energy sector. ECO components are evenly divided within a sector to assign weights.

text: The speed needed to maintain an orbit near the Earth's surface corresponds to a sideways speed of about 7.8 km/s (17,400 mph), an energy of about 30MJ/kg. This is several times the energy per kg of practical rocket propellant mixes.

text: The speed needed to maintain an orbit near the Earth's surface corresponds to a sideways speed of about 7.8 km/s (17,400 mph), an energy of about 30MJ/kg. This is several times the energy per kg of practical

text: rocket propellant

text: mixes.

text: In general relativity conservation of energy-momentum is expressed with the aid of a stress-energy-momentum pseudotensor. The theory of general relativity leaves open the question of whether there is a conservation of energy for the entire universe.

text: In

text: general relativity

text: conservation of energy-momentum is expressed with the aid of a

text: stress-energy-momentum pseudotensor

text: . The theory of general relativity leaves open the question of whether there is a conservation of energy for the entire universe.

text:
|- style="background:#fcc;"| 1| October 29| @Portland| | Russell Westbrook (38)| Ibaka & Perkins (8)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Moda Center
19,411| 0–1|-style="background:#fcc;"|2|October 30| @ L.A.Clippers| | Perry Jones (32)| Steven Adams (7)| Sebastian Telfair (7)| Staples Center
19,060| 0–2|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3| November 1| Denver| | Jones & Ibaka (23)| Roberson & Thomas (8)| Sebastian Telfair (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 4| November 3| @ Brooklyn|  | Reggie Jackson (23)| Ibaka & Adams (9)| Sebastian Telfair (6)| Barclays Center
17,732| 1–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 4| @ Toronto|  | Serge Ibaka (25)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Reggie Jackson (14)| Air Canada Centre
18,877| 1–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 6| November 7| Memphis| | Reggie Jackson (22)| Steven Adams (11)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7| November 9| Sacramento|  | Reggie Jackson (22)| Ibaka & Lamb (9)| Reggie Jackson (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 2–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8| November 11|  @Milwaukee| | Reggie Jackson (29)| Steven Adams (10)| Reggie Jackson (4)| BMO Harris Bradley Center
12,390| 2–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9| November 12| @ Boston| | Jackson & Morrow (28)| Lance Thomas (13)| Reggie Jackson (8)| TD Garden
17,043| 3–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 14| Detroit| | Jeremy Lamb (24)| Ibaka & Lamb (10)| Reggie Jackson (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–7|- style="background:#fcc;"|11| November 16| Houston| | Thomas & Jackson (15)| Reggie Jackson (11)| Reggie Jackson (4)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 12| November 18| @ Utah| | Jeremy Lamb (19)| Thomas & Adams (8)| Reggie Jackson (7)| Energy Solutions Arena
17,190| 3–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 13| November 19| @ Denver| | Serge Ibaka (22)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Reggie Jackson (9)| Pepsi Center
14,140| 3–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 14| November 21| Brooklyn| | Reggie Jackson (21)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 15| November 23| Golden State| | Reggie Jackson (22)| Anthony Morrow (12)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16| November 26| Utah|  | Reggie Jackson (22)| Steven Adams (11)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 4–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 28| New York| | Russell Westbrook (32)| Steven Adams (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5–12|- style="background:#fcc;"| 18| December 2| @ New Orleans|  | Kevin Durant (27)| Andre Roberson (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Smoothie King Center
13,903| 5–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19| December 5| @ Philadelphia|  | Russell Westbrook (27)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Wells Fargo Center
15,092| 6–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| December 7| @ Detroit|  | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Palace of Auburn Hills
13,090| 7–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 9| Milwaukee|  | Russell Westbrook (28)| Durant & Perkins (9)| Durant & Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 11| Cleveland|  | Russell Westbrook (26)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 9–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23| December 12| @ Minnesota|  | Russell Westbrook (34)| Steven Adams (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Target Center
13,557| 10–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 14| Phoenix|  | Russell Westbrook (28)| Kendrick Perkins (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 11–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25| December 16| @ Sacramento|  | Russell Westbrook (32)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Sleep Train Arena
17,317| 12–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 18| @ Golden State|  | Russell Westbrook (33)| Andre Roberson (12)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 12–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 19| @ L.A.Lakers|  | Russell Westbrook (31)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Staples Center
18,997| 13–14|- style="background:#fcc;"| 28| December 21| New Orleans| | Russell Westbrook (29)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 13–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 29| December 23| Portland| | Russell Westbrook (40)| Steven Adams (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 13–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 30| December 25| @ San Antonio| | Russell Westbrook (34)| Steven Adams (15)| Russell Westbrook (11)| AT&T Center
18,581| 14–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 31| December 26| Charlotte|  | Russell Westbrook (29)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 15–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 32| December 28| @Dallas|  | Serge Ibaka (26)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| American Airlines Center
20,417| 15–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33| December 31| Phoenix|  | Kevin Durant (44)| Kevin Durant (10)| Kevin Durant (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 16–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34| January 2| Washington| | Kevin Durant (34)| Kevin Durant (8)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 17–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35| January 5| @Golden State| | Russell Westbrook (22)| Durant & Morrow(10)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 17–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 36| January 7| @ Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (24)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Westbrook & Jackson (4)| Sleep Train Arena
16,037| 17–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37| January 9| Utah| | Kevin Durant (32)| Ibaka & Perkins (7)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 18–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38| January 15| @ Houston|  | Kevin Durant (24)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Toyota Center
18,315| 18–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39| January 16| Golden State|  | Kevin Durant (36)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 19–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40| January 18| @ Orlando|  | Kevin Durant (21)| Kevin Durant (11)| Kevin Durant (8)| Amway Center
16,128| 20–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41| January 20| @ Miami|  | Durant & Westbrook (19)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Kevin Durant (8)| American Airlines Arena
19,735| 21–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42| January 21| @ Washington| | Kevin Durant (34)| Steven Adams (20)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Verizon Center
20,356| 22–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 43| January 23| @ Atlanta|  | Russell Westbrook (22)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Philips Arena
19,203| 22–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 44| January 25| @ Cleveland|  | Kevin Durant (32)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Quicken Loans Arena
20,562| 22–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45| January 26| Minnesota| | Russell Westbrook (18)| Serge Ibaka (19)| Westbrook & Waiters (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 23–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 46| January 28| @ New York| | Russell Westbrook (40)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Westbrook & Jackson (4)| Madison Square Garden
19,812|23–23|-style="background:#fcc;"|47|January 31|@ Memphis|| Kevin Durant (15)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (5)| FedEx Forum
18,119|23–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 48| February 2| Orlando| | Russell Westbrook (25)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 24–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 49| February 4| @ New Orleans| | Russell Westbrook (45)| Steven Adams (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Smoothie King Center
17,156| 25–24|- style="background:#fcc;"| 50| February 6| New Orleans|  | Russell Westbrook (48)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51| February 8| L.A.Clippers| | Kevin Durant (29)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Durant & Jackson (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 26–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 52| February 9| @ Denver|  | Kevin Durant (40)| Mitch McGary (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Pepsi Center
16,511| 27–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53| February 11| Memphis| | Kevin Durant (26)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 28–25|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#cfc;"| 54| February 19| Dallas|  | Russell Westbrook (34)| Serge Ibaka (22)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 29–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 55| February 21| @ Charlotte| | Russell Westbrook (33)| Enes Kanter (13)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Time Warner Cable Arena
19,303| 30–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 56| February 22| Denver|  | Russell Westbrook (21)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 31–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 57| February 24| Indiana|  | Serge Ibaka (23)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 32–25|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58| February 26| @ Phoenix| | Russell Westbrook (39)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (11)| US Airways Center
17,514| 32–26|- style="background:#fcc;"| 59| February 27| @ Portland|  | Russell Westbrook (40)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Moda Center
19,962| 32–27|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60| March 1| @ L.A. Lakers| | Ibaka & Augustin (18)| Enes Kanter (15)| Kanter & Augustin (5)| Staples Center
18,997| 33–27|- style="background:#cfc;"| 61| March 4| Philadelphia| | Russell Westbrook (49)| Russell Westbrook (16)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 34–27|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62| March 5| @ Chicago|  | Russell Westbrook (43)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| United Center
21,696| 34–28|- style="background:#cfc;"| 63| March 8| Toronto| | Russell Westbrook (30)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 35–28|- style="background:#fcc;"| 64| March 11| L.A. Clippers| | Anthony Morrow (26)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 35–29|- style="background:#cfc;"| 65| March 13| Minnesota| | Russell Westbrook (29)| Enes Kanter (15)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 36–29|- style="background:#cfc;"| 66| March 15| Chicago|  | Russell Westbrook (36)| Enes Kanter (18)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 37–29|- style="background:#fcc;"| 67| March 16| @ Dallas|  | Russell Westbrook (24)| Kanter & McGary (13)| Russell Westbrook (12)| American Airlines Center
20,231| 37–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68| March 18| Boston|  | Russell Westbrook (36)| Steven Adams (13)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 38–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69| March 20| Atlanta| | Russell Westbrook (36)| Steven Adams (16)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 39–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70| March 22| Miami|  | Enes Kanter (27)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 71| March 24| L.A. Lakers|  | Russell Westbrook (27)| Enes Kanter (16)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 41–30|- style="background:#fcc;"| 72| March 25| @ San Antonio| | Kanter, Westbrook (16)| Enes Kanter (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| AT&T Center
18,581| 41–31|- style="background:#fcc;"| 73| March 28| @ Utah| | Russell Westbrook (37)| Steven Adams (14)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Energy Solutions Arena
19,911| 41–32|-style="background:#cfc;"|74|March 29| @ Phoenix|| Russell Westbrook (33)| Steven Adams (16)| Russell Westbrook (7)| US Airways Center
17,538| 42–32|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75| April 1| Dallas| | Anthony Morrow (32)| Enes Kanter (16)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 42–33|- style="background:#fcc;"| 76| April 3| @ Memphis|  | Enes Kanter (24)| Enes Kanter (17)| Russell Westbrook (7)| FedExForum
18,119| 42–34|- style="background:#fcc;"| 77| April 5| Houston| | Russell Westbrook (40)| Enes Kanter (17)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 42–35|- style="background:#fcc;"| 78| April 7| San Antonio| | Russell Westbrook (17)| Mitch McGary (9)| DJ Augustin (4)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 42–36|- style="background:#cfc;"| 79| April 10| Sacramento| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Steven Adams (11)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 43–36|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80| April 12| @ Indiana|  | Russell Westbrook (54)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165| 43–37|- style="background:#cfc;"| 81| April 13| Portland|  | Russell Westbrook (36)| Enes Kanter (13)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 44–37|- style="background:#cfc;"| 82| April 15| @ Minnesota|  | Russell Westbrook (37)| Enes Kanter (15)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Target Center
18,250| 45–37

text: |- style="background:#fcc;"| 1| October 29| @

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Ibaka

text: Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Moda Center

text: <br>19,411| 0–1|-style="background:#fcc;"|2|October 30| @

text: L.A.Clippers

text: Perry Jones

text: Steven Adams

text: Sebastian Telfair

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,060| 0–2|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3| November 1|

text: Denver

text: Jones

text: Ibaka

text: Roberson

text: Thomas

text: Sebastian Telfair

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 4| November 3| @

text: Brooklyn

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Ibaka

text: Adams

text: Sebastian Telfair

text: Barclays Center

text: <br>17,732| 1–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 4| @

text: Toronto

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Air Canada Centre

text: <br>18,877| 1–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 6| November 7|

text: Memphis

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Steven Adams

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7| November 9|

text: Sacramento

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Ibaka

text: Lamb

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 2–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8| November 11|  @

text: Milwaukee

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Steven Adams

text: Reggie Jackson

text: BMO Harris Bradley Center

text: <br>12,390| 2–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9| November 12| @

text: Boston

text: Jackson

text: Morrow

text: Lance Thomas

text: Reggie Jackson

text: TD Garden

text: <br>17,043| 3–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 14|

text: Detroit

text: Jeremy Lamb

text: Ibaka

text: Lamb

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–7|- style="background:#fcc;"|11| November 16|

text: Houston

text: Thomas

text: Jackson

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 12| November 18| @

text: Utah

text: Jeremy Lamb

text: Thomas

text: Adams

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Energy Solutions Arena

text: <br>17,190| 3–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 13| November 19| @

text: Denver

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>14,140| 3–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 14| November 21|

text: Brooklyn

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 15| November 23|

text: Golden State

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Anthony Morrow

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16| November 26|

text: Utah

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Steven Adams

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 4–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 28|

text: New York

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5–12|- style="background:#fcc;"| 18| December 2| @

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Andre Roberson

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>13,903| 5–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19| December 5| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br>15,092| 6–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| December 7| @

text: Detroit

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Palace of Auburn Hills

text: <br>13,090| 7–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 9|

text: Milwaukee

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Perkins

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 11|

text: Cleveland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 9–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23| December 12| @

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>13,557| 10–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 14|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 11–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25| December 16| @

text: Sacramento

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>17,317| 12–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 18| @

text: Golden State

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Andre Roberson

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 12–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 19| @

text: L.A.Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 13–14|- style="background:#fcc;"| 28| December 21|

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 13–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 29| December 23|

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 13–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 30| December 25| @

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 14–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 31| December 26|

text: Charlotte

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 15–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 32| December 28| @

text: Dallas

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,417| 15–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33| December 31|

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 16–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34| January 2|

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 17–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35| January 5| @

text: Golden State

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Morrow

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 17–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 36| January 7| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>16,037| 17–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37| January 9|

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 18–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38| January 15| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,315| 18–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39| January 16|

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 19–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40| January 18| @

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Amway Center

text: <br>16,128| 20–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41| January 20| @

text: Miami

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>19,735| 21–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42| January 21| @

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>20,356| 22–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 43| January 23| @

text: Atlanta

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>19,203| 22–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 44| January 25| @

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Quicken Loans Arena

text: <br>20,562| 22–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45| January 26|

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Westbrook

text: Waiters

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 23–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 46| January 28| @

text: New York

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: Madison Square Garden

text: <br>19,812|23–23|-style="background:#fcc;"|47|January 31|@

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedEx Forum

text: <br>18,119|23–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 48| February 2|

text: Orlando

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 24–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 49| February 4| @

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>17,156| 25–24|- style="background:#fcc;"| 50| February 6|

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51| February 8|

text: L.A.Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 26–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 52| February 9| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Mitch McGary

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>16,511| 27–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53| February 11|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 28–25|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"| 54| February 19|

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 29–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 55| February 21| @

text: Charlotte

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Time Warner Cable Arena

text: <br>19,303| 30–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 56| February 22|

text: Denver

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 31–25|- style="background:#cfc;"| 57| February 24|

text: Indiana

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 32–25|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58| February 26| @

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>17,514| 32–26|- style="background:#fcc;"| 59| February 27| @

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Moda Center

text: <br>19,962| 32–27|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60| March 1| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Ibaka

text: Augustin

text: Enes Kanter

text: Kanter

text: Augustin

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 33–27|- style="background:#cfc;"| 61| March 4|

text: Philadelphia

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 34–27|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62| March 5| @

text: Chicago

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: United Center

text: <br>21,696| 34–28|- style="background:#cfc;"| 63| March 8|

text: Toronto

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 35–28|- style="background:#fcc;"| 64| March 11|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Anthony Morrow

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 35–29|- style="background:#cfc;"| 65| March 13|

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 36–29|- style="background:#cfc;"| 66| March 15|

text: Chicago

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 37–29|- style="background:#fcc;"| 67| March 16| @

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kanter

text: McGary

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,231| 37–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68| March 18|

text: Boston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 38–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69| March 20|

text: Atlanta

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 39–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70| March 22|

text: Miami

text: Enes Kanter

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–30|- style="background:#cfc;"| 71| March 24|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 41–30|- style="background:#fcc;"| 72| March 25| @

text: San Antonio

text: Kanter

text: Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 41–31|- style="background:#fcc;"| 73| March 28| @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Energy Solutions Arena

text: <br>19,911| 41–32|-style="background:#cfc;"|74|March 29| @

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>17,538| 42–32|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75| April 1|

text: Dallas

text: Anthony Morrow

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 42–33|- style="background:#fcc;"| 76| April 3| @

text: Memphis

text: Enes Kanter

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedExForum

text: <br>18,119| 42–34|- style="background:#fcc;"| 77| April 5|

text: Houston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 42–35|- style="background:#fcc;"| 78| April 7|

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Mitch McGary

text: DJ Augustin

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 42–36|- style="background:#cfc;"| 79| April 10|

text: Sacramento

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 43–36|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80| April 12| @

text: Indiana

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>18,165| 43–37|- style="background:#cfc;"| 81| April 13|

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 44–37|- style="background:#cfc;"| 82| April 15| @

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>18,250| 45–37

text: When at rest, the loop is at ground level. The rotor is then accelerated up to speed. As the rotor speed increases, it curves to form an arc.  The structure is held up by the force from the rotor, which attempts to follow a parabolic trajectory.  The ground anchors force it to go parallel to the earth upon reaching the height of 80 kilometers.Once raised, the structure requires continuous power to overcome the energy dissipated. Additional energy would be needed to power any vehicles that are launched.

text: Aside from water, life also needs sources of energy to survive. The abundance of superoxides makes life on the surface of Mars very unlikely, which essentially rules out sunlight as a possible source of energy for life. Therefore, alternative sources of energy must be searched for, such as geothermal and chemical energy. These sources, which are both used by life forms on Earth, could be used by microscopic life forms living under the Mars' surface.

text: Aside from water, life also needs sources of energy to survive. The abundance of

text: superoxides

text: makes life on the surface of Mars very unlikely, which essentially rules out sunlight as a possible source of energy for life. Therefore, alternative sources of energy must be searched for, such as

text: geothermal

text: and

text: chemical energy

text: . These sources, which are both used by life forms on Earth, could be used by

text: microscopic life forms

text: living under the Mars' surface.

text: In Hinduism, the sun is considered to be a god, as it is the source of life and energy on earth.

text: In

text: Hinduism

text: , the sun is considered to be a god, as it is the source of life and energy on earth.

text: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource (renewable electricity) and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy. Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy. Renewable Energy Certificates provide a mechanism for the purchase of renewable energy that is added to and pulled from the electrical grid.

text: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States that represent proof that 1

text: megawatt-hour

text: (MWh) of

text: electricity

text: was generated from an eligible

text: renewable energy

text: resource (

text: renewable electricity

text: ) and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.

text: Solar renewable energy certificates

text: (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy. Renewable Energy Certificates provide a mechanism for the purchase of renewable energy that is added to and pulled from the

text: electrical grid

text: Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy resources, in the early 1980s. Its cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) has reached 33.8 GW, of which 66% comes from wind, while solar power contributes 4.59% along with biomass and hydro power.

text: Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the

text: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

text: . India was the first country in the world to set up a ministry of

text: non-conventional energy

text: resources, in the early 1980s. Its cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro) has reached 33.8 GW, of which 66% comes from wind, while solar power contributes 4.59% along with biomass and hydro power.

text: Energy in Cameroon is a growing industry with tremendous potential, especially with the hydroelectric industry. With a total installed capacity of 1,292 MW, the mix of energy production of Cameroon consists of 57% of hydraulic power source, 21% of thermal springs in the gas, 10% of heat source to light fuel oil and 13% of heat source to heavy fuel oil.

text: Energy in Cameroon is a growing

text: industry

text: with tremendous potential, especially with the hydroelectric industry. With a total installed capacity of 1,292 MW, the mix of energy production of Cameroon consists of 57% of hydraulic power source, 21% of thermal springs in the gas, 10% of heat source to light fuel oil and 13% of heat source to heavy fuel oil.

text: Iceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However, since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased significantly per capita. As of 2009, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland and, since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's primary energy and 99.9% of Iceland's electricity. As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States despite using more primary energy per capita, due to the fact that it is renewable and low-cost. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating hydrogen fuel from renewable energy sources.

text: Iceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However, since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased significantly per capita. As of 2009, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly

text: geothermal energy

text: and

text: hydropower

text: renewable energy in Iceland

text: and, since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's

text: primary energy

text: and 99.9% of Iceland's

text: electricity

text: . As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions per capita are 62% lower than those of the

text: United States

text: despite using more primary energy per capita, due to the fact that it is renewable and low-cost. Iceland seeks

text: carbon neutrality

text: and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating

text: hydrogen fuel

text: from renewable energy sources.

text: Both routes require an increase in the combustor fuel flow and, therefore, the heat energy added to the core stream.

text: TXU continued to own transmission and distribution facilities, but was required to open retail sales to competition. Competitors during this time period included Champion Energy, Dynowatt, Texas Power, Reliant Energy, Bounce Energy, Direct Energy, Stream Energy, Gexa Energy, Green Mountain Energy, Cirro Energy, and Commerce Energy. Surprisingly, many utility customers opted to remain with TXU despite active retail competition. [See "Power to Choose: An Analysis of Consumer Behavior in the Texas Retail Electricity Market" with Ali Hortacsu and Seyed Ali Madanizadeh]

text: TXU continued to own transmission and distribution facilities, but was required to open retail sales to competition. Competitors during this time period included

text: Champion Energy

text: Dynowatt

text: Texas Power

text: Reliant Energy

text: Bounce Energy

text: Direct Energy

text: Stream Energy

text: Gexa Energy

text: Green Mountain Energy

text: Cirro Energy

text: , and

text: Commerce Energy

text: . Surprisingly, many utility customers opted to remain with TXU despite active retail competition. [See "Power to Choose: An Analysis of Consumer Behavior in the Texas Retail Electricity Market" with Ali Hortacsu and Seyed Ali Madanizadeh]

text: This simple model readily determines the effect of changes in solar output or change of earth albedo or effective earth emissivity on average earth temperature. It says nothing, however about what might cause these things to change. Zero-dimensional models do not address the temperature distribution on the earth or the factors that move energy about the earth.

text: The environmental movement has emphasized sustainability of energy use and development. Renewable energy is sustainable in its production; the available supply will not be diminished for the foreseeable future - millions or billions of years.  "Sustainability" also refers to the ability of the environment to cope with waste products, especially air pollution.  Sources which have no direct waste products (such as wind, solar, and hydropower) are brought up on this point. With global demand for energy growing, the need to adopt various energy sources is growing. Energy conservation is an alternative or complementary process to energy development.  It reduces the demand for energy by using it efficiently.

text: The

text: environmental movement

text: has emphasized

text: sustainability

text: of energy use and development.

text: Renewable energy

text: is sustainable in its production; the available supply will not be diminished for the foreseeable future - millions or billions of years.  "Sustainability" also refers to the ability of the environment to cope with waste products, especially

text: air pollution

text: .  Sources which have no direct waste products (such as wind, solar, and hydropower) are brought up on this point. With global demand for energy growing, the need to adopt various energy sources is growing.

text: Energy conservation

text: is an alternative or complementary process to energy development.  It reduces the demand for energy by using it efficiently.

text: The two main types of heat pumps are compression and absorption. Compression heat pumps operate on mechanical energy (typically driven by electricity), while absorption heat pumps may also run on heat as an energy source (from electricity or burnable fuels). An absorption heat pump may be fueled by natural gas or LP gas, for example. While the gas utilization efficiency in such a device, which is the ratio of the energy supplied to the energy consumed, may average only 1.5, that is better than a natural gas or LP gas furnace, which can only approach 1.

text: The two main types of heat pumps are

text: compression

text: and absorption. Compression heat pumps operate on mechanical energy (typically driven by electricity), while absorption heat pumps may also run on heat as an energy source (from electricity or burnable fuels). An absorption heat pump may be fueled by

text: natural gas

text: or

text: LP gas

text: , for example. While the gas utilization efficiency in such a device, which is the ratio of the energy supplied to the energy consumed, may average only 1.5, that is better than a natural gas or LP gas furnace, which can only approach 1.

text: Through the end of the 20th century, China has been working to establish long-term energy security. Achieving this goal has required investment in oil and gas fields abroad, diversifying energy resource providers, and incorporating non-traditional energy sources like nuclear, solar and other renewables.

text: Through the end of the 20th century, China has been working to establish long-term

text: energy security

text: . Achieving this goal has required investment in oil and gas fields abroad, diversifying energy resource providers, and incorporating non-traditional energy sources like nuclear, solar and other renewables.

text: Several mandates and proposals have been called over the years to overlook the energy conservation, such as Neon signs were banned and the official weekend was extended from one to two days in an attempt to conserve electricity (Gillani, 2010) and reducing the electricity load used by industrial units by 25% during peak hours (Aziz, 2007), but no comprehensive long-term energy strategies were implemented. Since 1999, many legislative provisions were adopted for energy conservation including the seeking energy from various renewable energy sources. There is also an intense criticism about the unequal distribution of energy, the irresponsible usage of energy sources, and the country's new plan which is aimed to raise country's dependence on imported oil for power generation to 50% by 2030. After much public criticism, the long-term energy security policy was announced in 2013 through the introduction of equal cutting edge energy transmission network, minimising financial losses across the energy system and aligning the ministries involved in the energy sector as well as improving the governance of energy sources.

text: Several mandates and proposals have been called over the years to overlook the energy conservation, such as

text: Neon signs

text: were banned and the official weekend was extended from one to two days in an attempt to conserve electricity (

text: Gillani

text: , 2010) and reducing the electricity load used by

text: industrial units

text: by 25% during peak hours (

text: Aziz

text: , 2007), but no comprehensive long-term energy strategies were implemented. Since 1999, many legislative provisions were adopted for

text: energy conservation

text: including the seeking energy from various

text: renewable energy sources

text: . There is also an intense criticism about the unequal distribution of energy, the irresponsible usage of energy sources, and the country's new plan which is aimed to raise country's

text: dependence

text: on imported oil for power generation to 50% by 2030. After much public criticism, the long-term energy security policy was announced in 2013 through the introduction of equal cutting edge energy transmission network, minimising financial losses across the energy system and aligning the ministries involved in the energy sector as well as improving the governance of energy sources.

text: It is often convenient in calculation that the invariant mass of a system is the total energy of the system (divided by c) in the COM frame (where, by definition, the momentum of the system is zero). However, since the invariant mass of any system is also the same quantity in all inertial frames, it is a quantity often calculated from the total energy in the COM frame, then used to calculate system energies and momenta in other frames where the momenta are not zero, and the system total energy will necessarily be a different quantity than in the COM frame. As with energy and momentum, the invariant mass of a system cannot be destroyed or changed, and it is thus conserved, so long as the system is closed to all influences. (The technical term is isolated system meaning that an idealized boundary is drawn around the system, and no mass/energy is allowed across it.)

text: It is often convenient in calculation that the invariant mass of a system is the total energy of the system (divided by c) in the COM frame (where, by definition, the momentum of the system is zero). However, since the invariant mass of any system is also the same quantity in all inertial frames, it is a quantity often calculated from the total energy in the COM frame, then used to calculate system energies and momenta in other frames where the momenta are not zero, and the system total energy will necessarily be a different quantity than in the COM frame. As with energy and momentum, the invariant mass of a system cannot be destroyed or changed, and it is thus conserved, so long as the system is closed to all influences. (The technical term is

text: isolated system

text: meaning that an idealized boundary is drawn around the system, and no mass/energy is allowed across it.)

text: Superman's powers rely on his cells' ability to absorb and metabolize solar energy from yellow stars like Earth's sun or a blue star. His Kryptonian body is a living "solar battery" that absorbs solar energies and converts them to fuel for vast superhuman abilities that wouldn't otherwise be afforded under Rao, Krypton's red supergiant. His cells also store yellow sun energy so he can use his powers under objects, at night, in dark places, and in space. Thus, Superman is able to breathe in space and does not need to eat, drink or even sleep (although he does them out of habit), so long as he remains under a yellow or blue star.

text: Superman's powers rely on his cells' ability to absorb and metabolize

text: solar energy

text: from yellow

text: star

text: s like Earth's sun or a blue star. His Kryptonian body is a living "solar battery" that absorbs solar energies and converts them to fuel for vast superhuman abilities that wouldn't otherwise be afforded under

text: Rao

text: , Krypton's

text: red supergiant

text: . His cells also store yellow sun energy so he can use his powers under objects, at night, in dark places, and in space. Thus, Superman is able to breathe in space and does not need to eat, drink or even sleep (although he does them out of habit), so long as he remains under a yellow or blue star.

text: In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor ethat is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

text: In the context of

text: chemistry

text: , energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be

text: exergonic

text: if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of

text: endergonic

text: reactions the situation is the reverse.

text: Chemical reaction

text: s are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the

text: activation energy

text: . The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor ethat is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the

text: Arrhenius equation

text: .The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

text: Earth minerals and metal ores are examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are present in vast amounts in Earth's crust, and their extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by natural geological processes (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through plate tectonics, tectonic subsidence and crustal recycling.

text: Earth

text: minerals and

text: metal

text: ores are examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are present in vast amounts in Earth's

text: crust

text: , and their extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by

text: natural geological processes

text: (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through

text: plate tectonics

text: tectonic subsidence

text: and

text: crustal recycling

text: Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal’s 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain’s 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.

text: Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated.

text: Wind turbine

text: s generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal’s 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain’s 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.

text: There is no clear way to define the total energy in the universe using the most widely accepted theory of gravity, general relativity. Therefore, it remains controversial whether the total energy is conserved in an expanding universe. For instance, each photon that travels through intergalactic space loses energy due to the redshift effect. This energy is not obviously transferred to any other system, so seems to be permanently lost. On the other hand, some cosmologists insist that energy is conserved in some sense; this follows the law of conservation of energy.

text: There is no clear way to define the total energy in the universe using the most widely accepted theory of gravity,

text: general relativity

text: . Therefore, it remains controversial whether the total energy is conserved in an expanding universe. For instance, each

text: photon

text: that travels through intergalactic space loses energy due to the

text: redshift

text: effect. This energy is not obviously transferred to any other system, so seems to be permanently lost. On the other hand, some cosmologists insist that energy is conserved in some sense; this follows the law of

text: conservation of energy

text: An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry, which is used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times.   Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between energy crops and Non-food crops. A large variety of lubricants, industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton, copra or hemp, paper derived from wood, rags or grasses, bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical base products like latex, ethanol, resin, sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling.

text: An important renewable resource is

text: wood

text: provided by means of

text: forestry

text: , which is used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times.   Plants provide the main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is made between

text: energy crop

text: s and

text: Non-food crop

text: s. A large variety of

text: lubricants

text: , industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of

text: cotton

text: copra

text: or

text: hemp

text: paper

text: derived from

text: wood

text: rags

text: or

text: grass

text: es,

text: bioplastic

text: are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical base products like

text: latex

text: ethanol

text: resin

text: sugar

text: and

text: starch

text: can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include

text: fur

text: leather

text: , technical

text: fat

text: and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g.

text: animal glue

text: tendon

text: s,

text: casings

text: or in historical times

text: ambra

text: and

text: baleen

text: provided by

text: whaling

text: Additionally, in accordance with the Recovery Act of 2009, DOE specifically reviewed those transmission constraints which had, or were projected to have, a negative impact on the development of renewable energy capacity development. As part of this requirement, DOE added two subcategories of Conditional Congestion Areas: Type I - An area with large availability of renewable resources which could be developed using existing technology if sufficient transmission were available; and Type II - An area with renewable resource potential that is not yet technologically mature but shows promise due to its quality, size and location.

text: In 2008, researchers tagged and recorded the movements of young bull sharks in the Caloosahatchee River estuary. Specifically, they were testing to find out what determined the movement of the young bull sharks. It was found that the young bull sharks synchronously moved downriver when the environmental conditions changed. This large movement of young bull sharks were found to be moving as a response rather than other external factors such as predators. An interesting find was that the movement was directly related to the bull shark conserving energy for itself. One way the Bull shark is able to conserve energy is that when the tidal flow changes, the bull shark uses the tidal flow in order to conserve energy as it moves downriver. Another way for the bull shark to conserve energy is to decrease the amount of energy needed to osmoregulate the surrounding environment.

text: In 2008, researchers tagged and recorded the movements of young bull sharks in the

text: Caloosahatchee River

text: estuary. Specifically, they were testing to find out what determined the movement of the young bull sharks. It was found that the young bull sharks synchronously moved downriver when the environmental conditions changed. This large movement of young bull sharks were found to be moving as a response rather than other external factors such as predators. An interesting find was that the movement was directly related to the bull shark conserving energy for itself. One way the Bull shark is able to conserve energy is that when the tidal flow changes, the bull shark uses the tidal flow in order to conserve energy as it moves downriver. Another way for the bull shark to conserve energy is to decrease the amount of energy needed to osmoregulate the surrounding environment.

text: On 6 April, the television station MTV3 organised a debate for all the incumbent parties represented in the parliament. On the question of Finland's participation in NATO operations in Libya during the 2011 Libyan civil war, Soini, saying "Finland should not be taken into wars," was accompanied by the Left Alliance's leader Paavo Arhinmäki on disagreeing with the other party leaders' stance on supporting Finland's participation. All the opposition parties criticised the government's tax policies which they claimed were aiming towards the establishment of a flat tax. On the question of energy policy, the chairpersons of the NCP, True Finns and SPP were in favour of building more nuclear energy on the grounds of achieving energy self-sufficiency. Jyrki Katainen said that "we need to decide to either import nuclear energy from Russia or produce it ourselves" and Soini pointed out that the steel industry does not get along with mere wind energy,— while the leaders of the other five parties were against it, with some preferring instead to build more renewable energy infrastructure. Anni Sinnemäki of the Green League said that "not all renewable energy is expensive" and Urpilainen insisted that after the summer 2010 decisions to give licences for two nuclear plants, a halt was needed for reconsideration in any decision to further nuclear projects. Stefan Wallin of the SPP was the only party leader willing to force municipalities to take in the refugees allocated to them.

text: On 6 April, the television station

text: organised a debate for all the incumbent parties represented in the parliament. On the question of Finland's participation in NATO operations in

text: Libya

text: during the

text: 2011 Libyan civil war

text: , Soini, saying "Finland should not be taken into wars," was accompanied by the Left Alliance's leader Paavo Arhinmäki on disagreeing with the other party leaders' stance on supporting Finland's participation. All the opposition parties criticised the government's tax policies which they claimed were aiming towards the establishment of a

text: flat tax

text: . On the question of energy policy, the chairpersons of the NCP, True Finns and SPP were in favour of building more nuclear energy on the grounds of achieving energy self-sufficiency. Jyrki Katainen said that "we need to decide to either import nuclear energy from Russia or produce it ourselves" and Soini pointed out that the steel industry does not get along with mere

text: wind energy

text: ,— while the leaders of the other five parties were against it, with some preferring instead to build more

text: renewable energy

text: infrastructure. Anni Sinnemäki of the Green League said that "not all renewable energy is expensive" and Urpilainen insisted that after the summer 2010 decisions to give licences for two nuclear plants, a halt was needed for reconsideration in any decision to further nuclear projects. Stefan Wallin of the SPP was the only party leader willing to force municipalities to take in the refugees allocated to them.

text: The Coalition advocates increased federal support for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.  They also recommend reducing federal support for non-sustainable energy resources (by virtue of their polluting qualities, or safety issues involved in their extraction or waste generation)

text: The Coalition advocates increased federal support for

text: energy efficiency

text: and

text: renewable energy

text: technologies.  They also recommend reducing federal support for non-sustainable energy resources (by virtue of their polluting qualities, or safety issues involved in their extraction or waste generation)

text: Since its inception in 1980, NEED has grown from a one-day celebration of energy awareness to a national organization dedicated o introducing energy into the curriculum at every grade level. This growth would be impossible without the continued support of NEED's sponsors and partners at the national, state, and local level ho provide funding, time, energy, and technical assistance. NEED sponsors and partners believe in the importance of a comprehensive energy education program that helps teachers and students understand energy and its impacts on their world.

text: As it is explained above, earth's four seasons can be contained in yin and yang. Spring and summer represent yang (positive energy) and autumn and winter represents yin (negative energy).

text: As it is explained above, earth's four seasons can be contained in

text: yin and yang

text: . Spring and summer represent yang (positive energy) and autumn and winter represents yin (negative energy).

text: Variable renewable energy (VRE) is a renewable energy source that is non-dispatchable due to its fluctuating nature, like wind power and solar power, as opposed to a controllable renewable energy source such as hydroelectricity, or biomass, or a relatively constant source such as geothermal power or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity. Skeptics of wind and solar power warn of their variable output, but many studies have shown that the grid can cope, and it is doing so in Denmark, Germany, and Spain.

text: Variable renewable energy (VRE) is a

text: renewable energy

text: source that is non-dispatchable due to its fluctuating nature, like

text: wind power

text: and

text: solar power

text: , as opposed to a controllable renewable energy source such as

text: hydroelectricity

text: , or

text: biomass

text: , or a relatively constant source such as

text: geothermal

text: power or

text: run-of-the-river hydroelectricity

text: . Skeptics of wind and solar power warn of their variable output, but many studies have shown that the grid can cope, and it is doing so in

text: Denmark

text: Germany

text: , and

text: Spain

text: Most of Munich airport's electricity and heat is generated by its own cogeneration plant (CHP), which is located south of the northern runway to the west of the airport. CHP has nine so-called cogeneration modules, seven run on diesel fuel, the other two on gasoline. The electrical generating capacity is 18.5 megawatts. The cogeneration modules run smoothly all year long; this creates surplus heat at certain times which is stored in heat storage to be used later. In summer, the heat generated is used for the operation of the absorption refrigerating machine. The total gross utilization rate is 78 percent (diesel) and 83 percent (gasoline). The cogeneration modules are an obligation, from the Renewable Energy Sources Act, so that Munich Airport can generate electricity from renewable energy sources, using biogas. The airport also has a connection to the district heating network of the Zolling power plant.

text: Most of Munich airport's electricity and heat is generated by its own

text: cogeneration

text: plant (CHP), which is located south of the northern runway to the west of the airport. CHP has nine so-called cogeneration modules, seven run on diesel fuel, the other two on gasoline. The electrical generating capacity is 18.5 megawatts. The cogeneration modules run smoothly all year long; this creates surplus heat at certain times which is stored in heat storage to be used later. In summer, the heat generated is used for the operation of the absorption refrigerating machine. The total gross utilization rate is 78 percent (diesel) and 83 percent (gasoline). The cogeneration modules are an obligation, from the Renewable Energy Sources Act, so that Munich Airport can generate electricity from renewable energy sources, using biogas. The airport also has a connection to the district heating network of the Zolling power plant.

text: The SolarFest Renewable Energy music festival began in Vermont in 1995. The stated goals of the nonprofit Solarfest organization are to inspire the conservation of Earth's limited resources, to promote renewable energy, and to support the creation of sustainable communities.Solar Energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the earth.  This energy can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.  In the 1830s, the British astronomer John Herschel used a solar thermal collector box (a device that absorbs sunlight to collect heat) to cook food during an expedition to Africa. Today, Solar energy can be converted to thermal (or heat) energy and used to:  Heat water – for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools. Solar energy can also be used to heat spaces such has homes, buildings or arenas as is seen by SolarFest.

text: The SolarFest Renewable Energy

text: music festival

text: began in

text: Vermont

text: in 1995. The stated goals of the nonprofit Solarfest organization are to inspire the conservation of Earth's limited resources, to promote

text: renewable energy

text: , and to support the creation of sustainable communities.

text: Solar Energy

text: is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the earth.  This energy can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.  In the 1830s, the British astronomer

text: John Herschel

text: used a solar thermal collector box (a device that absorbs sunlight to collect heat) to cook food during an expedition to

text: Africa

text: . Today, Solar energy can be converted to thermal (or heat) energy and used to:  Heat water – for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools. Solar energy can also be used to heat spaces such has homes, buildings or arenas as is seen by SolarFest.

text: Energy is used up and lost as heat as it moves through ecosystems, and new energy is continually added to the earth in the form of solar radiation. The earth is an open system in regards to energy, it is constantly accepting it in the form of solar radiation. Nutrients and other materials at large however are continuously circulated within and among ecosystems. The primary organism within any food system is capable of utilizing energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic precursors, and of storing biochemical energy in the process. The growth of the plant is primary production, this results in the increase of plant biomass to a system. Primary consumers get their energy from primary producers, and thus are able to assimilate the producer’s stored energy. As a generalized trophic level consumers feed on all forms of organisms, and more specifically there are types of consumers by instinct or choice(herbivores, vegetarians, omnivores). Beyond the initial consumer there may be other consumers who derive their energy from consumers preceding them. Primary production provides for all trophic members as it provides energy to primary consumers that in turn provide energy to secondary consumers and so forth. In this way energy is transferred from one form and source to another. The efficiency for consumers to grow is limited by the use of their feed for a metabolic processes and their efficiency of conversion for digested food. The energy that is used for growth is assimilated into new tissue or reproduction and is the net production stored as a result for this process. On average metabolic processes utilize 90% of the gross energy intake, whereas assimilation utilizes 10%. The amount that is assimilated out of all the total energy intake is also the Efficiency of conversion. The collective energy assimilated in one trophic level is the energy available to the succeeding level. There is consecutively less energy available to succeeding trophic levels. Consider a situation where 1000kcalories are available to beef through grain feed and that their net production after consuming feed is 100kcalories, only 100kcalories would be available to the trophic level above, and beyond that 10kcalories for the next.

text: Efficiency of conversion

text: . The collective energy assimilated in one trophic level is the energy available to the succeeding level. There is consecutively less energy available to succeeding trophic levels. Consider a situation where 1000kcalories are available to beef through grain feed and that their net production after consuming feed is 100kcalories, only 100kcalories would be available to the trophic level above, and beyond that 10kcalories for the next.

text: The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, and landfill gas. Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020.

text: The main contributors of

text: waste energy

text: are

text: municipal solid waste

text: manufacturing waste

text: , and

text: landfill gas

text: . Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020.

text: The change in internal energy of a system, measured from state 1 to state 2, is equal to

text: The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure, primary energy consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans every three years and Energy Efficiency Annual Reports every year. According to Spain’s 2016 Energy Efficiency Annual Report the country’s total final energy consumption in 2014 was 79.2 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 112.6 Mtoes. Most of the approximately 42% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in thermal electricity sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. By using more efficient thermal generation the potential remains to reduce energy wastage by almost a third and to cut CO2 emissions accordingly.

text: primary energy

text: consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans every three years and Energy Efficiency Annual Reports every year. According to Spain’s 2016 Energy Efficiency Annual Report the country’s total final energy consumption in 2014 was 79.2 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 112.6 Mtoes. Most of the approximately 42% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in

text: thermal electricity

text: sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. By using more efficient thermal generation the potential remains to reduce energy wastage by almost a third and to cut CO2 emissions accordingly.

text: Rabbit-proof fence- Rabbits in Australia- Rachel Carson- Radiative forcing- Radical environmentalism- Radio Frequency Interference- Radioactive decay- Radioactive waste- Rain garden- Ralph Nader- Ramsar Convention- Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance- RealClimate- Rechargeable battery- Reclaimed water- Reconciliation Ecology- Rectenna- Recumbent bicycle- Recycling- Recycling of PET Bottles- Recycling Symbol- Red panda- Red tide- Reducing environment- Refined resource- Reforestation- Refrigerant- Refurbishment- Regenerative (design)- Regenerative fuel cell- Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals- Remanufacturing- Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory- Renewable energy- Renewable energy commercialization- Renewable energy development- Renewable resource- Renovation- Repair and maintenance- Research institutes- Research Natural Area- Residual fuel- Resin identification code- Resource- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act- Resource curse- Resource depletion- Resource economics- Resource extraction- Resource Management Act 1991- Resource rent- Respect diversity- Respect for diversity- Restoration ecology- Restricted use pesticides- Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive- Resurrection ecology- Reuse- Right of public access to the wilderness- Rimini protocol- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development- Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve- Road pricing- Road verge- Roads Beautifying Association- Roads to Resources Program- Roof garden- Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts- RTECS- Runoff (water)- Rush hour

text: Rabbit-proof fence

text: Rabbits in Australia

text: Rachel Carson

text: Radiative forcing

text: Radical environmentalism

text: Radio Frequency Interference

text: Radioactive decay

text: Radioactive waste

text: Rain garden

text: Ralph Nader

text: Ramsar Convention

entity_name: List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance

text: Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance

text: RealClimate

text: Rechargeable battery

text: Reclaimed water

text: Reconciliation Ecology

text: Rectenna

text: Recumbent bicycle

text: Recycling

text: Recycling of PET Bottles

text: Recycling Symbol

text: Red panda

text: Red tide

text: Reducing environment

text: Refined resource

text: Reforestation

text: Refrigerant

text: Refurbishment

text: Regenerative (design)

text: Regenerative fuel cell

entity_name: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

text: Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals

text: Remanufacturing

entity_name: Research centers and laboratories at the University of California, Berkeley

entity_section: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory

text: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory

text: Renewable energy

text: Renewable energy commercialization

text: Renewable energy development

text: Renewable resource

text: Renovation

text: Repair and maintenance

entity_name: List of environmental research institutes

text: Research institutes

text: Research Natural Area

text: Residual fuel

text: Resin identification code

text: Resource

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Resource curse

text: Resource depletion

text: Resource economics

text: Resource extraction

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: Resource rent

text: Respect diversity

text: Respect for diversity

text: Restoration ecology

text: Restricted use pesticides

entity_name: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

text: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

text: Resurrection ecology

text: Reuse

text: Right of public access to the wilderness

text: Rimini protocol

entity_name: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

text: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

text: Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve

text: Road pricing

text: Road verge

text: Roads Beautifying Association

text: Roads to Resources Program

text: Roof garden

text: Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts

entity_name: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

text: RTECS

text: Runoff (water)

text: Rush hour

text: Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is known as a motor–generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably sized gasoline car, since an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably sized pure gasoline-burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.

text: Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as

text: regenerative brake

text: s, which converts the vehicle's

text: kinetic energy

text: into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an

text: electrical generator

text: (this combination is known as a

text: motor–generator

text: ), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs

text: reduce idle emissions

text: by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a

text: start-stop system

text: . A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably sized gasoline car, since an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably sized pure gasoline-burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.

text: Pásztor has extensive experience of working in the United Nations with previous roles including (2010-2012) Executive Secretary of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (GSP); (2008-2010) Director of UN Secretary-General’s Climate Change Support Team; (2007) Director, UN Environment Management Group (EMG), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); (1993-2006)	Various positions at the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), initially in Geneva, and later in Bonn.  The last position was Coordinator, Project-based Mechanisms Programme; (1990-1992) Senior Programme Officer, Atmosphere and Energy, Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the “Earth Summit ‘92”); and (1986-1989) Energy Programme Officer, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

text: Pásztor has extensive experience of working in the United Nations with previous roles including (2010-2012) Executive Secretary of the UN Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (GSP); (2008-2010) Director of UN Secretary-General’s Climate Change Support Team; (2007) Director, UN Environment Management Group (EMG), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); (1993-2006)	Various positions at the secretariat of the

entity_name: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC), initially in Geneva, and later in Bonn.  The last position was Coordinator, Project-based Mechanisms Programme; (1990-1992) Senior Programme Officer, Atmosphere and Energy, Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or the “Earth Summit ‘92”); and (1986-1989) Energy Programme Officer,

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP).

text: Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to Space.

text: Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low

text: energy

text: to Space.

text: The idea of cleantech first emerged among a group of emerging technologies and industries, based on principles of biology, resource efficiency, and second-generation production concepts in basic industries. Examples include: energy efficiency, selective catalytic reduction, non-toxic materials, water purification, solar energy, wind energy, and new paradigms in energy conservation. Since the 1990s, interest in these technologies has increased with two trends: a decline in the relative cost of these technologies and a growing understanding of the link between industrial design used in the 19th century and early 20th century, such as fossil fuel power plants, the internal combustion engine, and chemical manufacturing, and an emerging understanding of human-caused impact on earth systems resulting from their use (see articles: ozone hole, acid rain, desertification, climate change and global warming).

text: The idea of cleantech first emerged among a group of emerging technologies and industries, based on principles of

text: biology

text: , resource efficiency, and second-generation production concepts in basic industries. Examples include:

text: energy efficiency

text: selective catalytic reduction

text: non-toxic

text: materials,

text: water purification

text: solar energy

text: wind energy

text: , and new paradigms in energy conservation. Since the 1990s, interest in these technologies has increased with two trends: a decline in the relative cost of these technologies and a growing understanding of the link between industrial design used in the 19th century and early 20th century, such as fossil fuel power plants, the

text: internal combustion engine

text: , and

text: chemical manufacturing

text: , and an emerging understanding of human-caused impact on earth systems resulting from their use (see articles:

text: ozone hole

text: acid rain

text: desertification

text: climate change

text: and

text: global warming

text: |-| 26501 Sachiko ||  || Sachiko Nagata, teacher of Oshibana, the Japanese art of arranging pressed flowers |-id=502| 26502 Traviscole ||  || 26502 Traviscole Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Travis Cole Sylvester (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental-management project. He attends the Greybull High School, Greybull, Wyoming, U.S.A.|-id=503| 26503 Avicramer ||  || 26503 Avicramer Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avilash Kalpathy Cramer (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the West Linn High School, West Linn, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=504| 26504 Brandonli ||  || 26504 Brandonli Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Brandon Li (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=505| 26505 Olextokarev ||  || 26505 Olextokarev Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olexandr Tokarev (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Chemical Ecological Lyceum, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.|-id=507| 26507 Mikelin ||  || 26507 Mikelin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lin (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=508| 26508 Jimmylin ||  || 26508 Jimmylin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jimmy Lin (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=513| 26513 Newberry ||  || 26513 Newberry Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Cummings Newberry (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.|-id=518| 26518 Bhuiyan ||  || 26518 Bhuiyan Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mubarrat Nuvid Bhuiyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=522| 26522 Juliapoje ||  || 26522 Juliapoje Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Elizabeth Poje (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, New York, U.S.A.|-id=526| 26526 Jookayhyun ||  || 26526 Jookayhyun Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joo Kay Hyun (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Changduk Girls High School, Seoul, South Korea.|-id=527| 26527 Leasure ||  || 26527 Leasure Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Audrey Christine Leasure (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=528| 26528 Genniferubin ||  || 26528 Genniferubin Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gennifer Reid Rubin (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=530| 26530 Lucferreira ||  || 26530 Lucferreira Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lucas Strasburg Ferreira (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=532| 26532 Eduardoboff ||  || 26532 Eduardoboff Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eduardo Trierweiler Boff (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=533| 26533 Aldering ||  || Greg Aldering (b. 1962), a member of Supernova Cosmology Project studying the use of Type Ia supernovae for determining cosmological parameters. |-id=537| 26537 Shyamalbuch ||  || 26537 Shyamalbuch Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shyamal Buch (b. 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Vista del Lago High School, Folsom, California, U.S.A.|-id=541| 26541 Garyross ||  || Gary Ross (b. 1945) has served on the executive board of the Grand Rapids Astronomical Society and Warren Astronomical Society in southern Michigan. He has also been instrumental in the operation of the James C. Veen observatory in Lowell, Michigan, for over 40 years. |-id=544| 26544 Ajjarapu ||  || 26544 Ajjarapu Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avanthi Sai Ajjarapu (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the Ames High School, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.|-id=545| 26545 Meganperkins ||  || 26545 Meganperkins Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Megan Lynn Perkins (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=546| 26546 Arulmani ||  || 26546 Arulmani Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Dheevesh Arulmani (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.|-id=548| 26548 Joykutty ||  || 26548 Joykutty Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anna Maria Joykutty (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=549| 26549 Tankanran ||  || 26549 Tankanran Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tan Kan-Ran (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=551| 26551 Shenliangbo ||  || 26551 Shenliangbo Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shen Liang-Bo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=557| 26557 Aakritijain ||  || 26557 Aakritijain Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aakriti Jain (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=559| 26559 Chengcheng ||  || 26559 Chengcheng Discovered 2000 Mar. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Cheng Cheng (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=575| 26575 Andreapugh ||  || 26575 Andreapugh Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrea Aleah Pugh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=578| 26578 Cellinekim ||  || 26578 Cellinekim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Celline Kim (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=586| 26586 Harshaw ||  || 26586 Harshaw Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Richard Harshaw (b. 1951) is an Arizona amateur astronomer who makes measurements of double stars. He has served in numerous official positions with astronomy clubs.|-id=591| 26591 Robertreeves ||  || 26591 Robertreeves Discovered 2000 Mar. 2 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Robert Reeves (b. 1946) is the author of several books on digital astronomical imaging and of numerous popular articles on various topics in astronomy and space science.|-id=592| 26592 Maryrenfro ||  || Mary Renfro Reeves (born 1957) is a physical therapist in San Antonio, Texas |-id=593| 26593 Perrypat ||  || Perry Remaklus (b. 1939) and Patricia Remaklus (b. 1941), the founders, owners, and operators of the Willmann-Bell astronomy book publishing firm and long-time members of the Springfield Telescope Makers. |}

text: 26501 Sachiko

text: ||  || Sachiko Nagata, teacher of

text: Oshibana

text: , the Japanese art of arranging pressed flowers |-id=502|

text: 26502 Traviscole

text: ||  || 26502 Traviscole Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Travis Cole Sylvester (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environmental-management project. He attends the Greybull High School, Greybull, Wyoming, U.S.A.|-id=503|

text: 26503 Avicramer

text: ||  || 26503 Avicramer Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avilash Kalpathy Cramer (b. 1993) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the West Linn High School, West Linn, Oregon, U.S.A.|-id=504|

text: 26504 Brandonli

text: ||  || 26504 Brandonli Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Brandon Li (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=505|

text: 26505 Olextokarev

text: ||  || 26505 Olextokarev Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Olexandr Tokarev (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management project. He attends the Chemical Ecological Lyceum, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.|-id=507|

text: 26507 Mikelin

text: ||  || 26507 Mikelin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Michael Lin (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=508|

text: 26508 Jimmylin

text: ||  || 26508 Jimmylin Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Jimmy Lin (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his environomental-management team project. He attends the Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, California, U.S.A.|-id=513|

text: 26513 Newberry

text: ||  || 26513 Newberry Discovered 2000 Feb. 2 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. William Cummings Newberry (b. 1991) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering project. He attends the Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.|-id=518|

text: 26518 Bhuiyan

text: ||  || 26518 Bhuiyan Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Mubarrat Nuvid Bhuiyan (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Jericho High School, Jericho, New York, U.S.A.|-id=522|

text: 26522 Juliapoje

text: ||  || 26522 Juliapoje Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Julia Elizabeth Poje (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, New York, U.S.A.|-id=526|

text: 26526 Jookayhyun

text: ||  || 26526 Jookayhyun Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Joo Kay Hyun (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering project. She attends the Changduk Girls High School, Seoul, South Korea.|-id=527|

text: 26527 Leasure

text: ||  || 26527 Leasure Discovered 2000 Feb. 4 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Audrey Christine Leasure (b. 1993) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=528|

text: 26528 Genniferubin

text: ||  || 26528 Genniferubin Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Gennifer Reid Rubin (b. 1992) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her materials-and-bioengineering team project. She attends the Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=530|

text: 26530 Lucferreira

text: ||  || 26530 Lucferreira Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Lucas Strasburg Ferreira (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=532|

text: 26532 Eduardoboff

text: ||  || 26532 Eduardoboff Discovered 2000 Feb. 6 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Eduardo Trierweiler Boff (b. 1991) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his materials-and-bioengineering team project. He attends the Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|-id=533|

text: 26533 Aldering

text: ||  || Greg Aldering (b. 1962), a member of Supernova Cosmology Project studying the use of Type Ia supernovae for determining cosmological parameters. |-id=537|

text: 26537 Shyamalbuch

text: ||  || 26537 Shyamalbuch Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shyamal Buch (b. 1995) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Vista del Lago High School, Folsom, California, U.S.A.|-id=541|

text: 26541 Garyross

text: ||  || Gary Ross (b. 1945) has served on the executive board of the Grand Rapids Astronomical Society and Warren Astronomical Society in southern Michigan. He has also been instrumental in the operation of the James C. Veen observatory in Lowell, Michigan, for over 40 years. |-id=544|

text: 26544 Ajjarapu

text: ||  || 26544 Ajjarapu Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Avanthi Sai Ajjarapu (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the Ames High School, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.|-id=545|

text: 26545 Meganperkins

text: ||  || 26545 Meganperkins Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Megan Lynn Perkins (b. 1994) was awarded first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.|-id=546|

text: 26546 Arulmani

text: ||  || 26546 Arulmani Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Dheevesh Arulmani (b. 1995) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation project. He attends the Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.|-id=548|

text: 26548 Joykutty

text: ||  || 26548 Joykutty Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Anna Maria Joykutty (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation project. She attends the American Heritage School, Plantation, Florida, U.S.A.|-id=549|

text: 26549 Tankanran

text: ||  || 26549 Tankanran Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Tan Kan-Ran (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=551|

text: 26551 Shenliangbo

text: ||  || 26551 Shenliangbo Discovered 2000 Feb. 29 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Shen Liang-Bo (b. 1993) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his energy-and-transportation team project. He attends the Beijing No. 4 High School, Beijing, China.|-id=557|

text: 26557 Aakritijain

text: ||  || 26557 Aakritijain Discovered 2000 Feb. 28 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Aakriti Jain (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=559|

text: 26559 Chengcheng

text: ||  || 26559 Chengcheng Discovered 2000 Mar. 5 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Cheng Cheng (b. 1992) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her energy-and-transportation team project. She attends the Lynbrook High School, San Jose, California, U.S.A.|-id=575|

text: 26575 Andreapugh

text: ||  || 26575 Andreapugh Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Andrea Aleah Pugh (b. 1994) was awarded second place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.A.|-id=578|

text: 26578 Cellinekim

text: ||  || 26578 Cellinekim Discovered 2000 Mar. 9 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. Celline Kim (b. 1992) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2010 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her environmental-science project. She attends the Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York, U.S.A.|-id=586|

text: 26586 Harshaw

text: ||  || 26586 Harshaw Discovered 2000 Mar. 10 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Richard Harshaw (b. 1951) is an Arizona amateur astronomer who makes measurements of double stars. He has served in numerous official positions with astronomy clubs.|-id=591|

text: 26591 Robertreeves

text: ||  || 26591 Robertreeves Discovered 2000 Mar. 2 by R. Hill at the Catalina Sky Survey. Robert Reeves (b. 1946) is the author of several books on digital astronomical imaging and of numerous popular articles on various topics in astronomy and space science.|-id=592|

text: 26592 Maryrenfro

text: ||  || Mary Renfro Reeves (born 1957) is a physical therapist in

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: 26593 Perrypat

text: ||  || Perry Remaklus (b. 1939) and Patricia Remaklus (b. 1941), the founders, owners, and operators of the Willmann-Bell astronomy book publishing firm and long-time members of the Springfield Telescope Makers. |}

text: Geothermal has a higher capacity factor than many other power sources, and geothermal resources are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. While the carrier medium for geothermal electricity (water) must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the Earth's heat, will be available for the foreseeable future. Geothermal power can be looked at as a nuclear battery where the heat is produced via the decay of radioactive elements in the core and mantle of the earth.

text: Geothermal

text: has a higher capacity factor than many other power sources, and geothermal resources are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. While the carrier medium for

text: geothermal electricity

text: (water) must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the Earth's heat, will be available for the foreseeable future. Geothermal power can be looked at as a nuclear battery where the heat is produced via the decay of radioactive elements in the core and mantle of the earth.

text: It is the ratio of output to that of energy input in the form of fuel. It gives the efficiency with which the chemical energy of fuel is converted into mechanical work. It shows that all chemical energy of fuel is not converted into heat energy.

text: It is the

text: ratio

text: of output to that of energy input in the form of fuel. It gives the efficiency with which the

text: chemical energy

text: of fuel is converted into

text: mechanical work

text: . It shows that all chemical energy of fuel is not converted into

text: heat energy

text: As the resources that have been so crucial to survival in the world to this day start declining in numbers, countries will begin to realize that the need for renewable fuel sources will be as vital as ever. With the production of new types of energy, including solar, geothermal, hydro-electric, biofuel, and wind power. With the amount of solar energy that hits the world in one hour there is enough energy to power the world for one year.  With the addition of solar panels all around the world a little less pressure is taken off the need to produce more oil.

text: For an inviscid flow the mean mechanical energy of the total flow – that is the sum of the energy of the mean flow and the fluctuating motion – is conserved. However, the mean energy of the fluctuating motion itself is not conserved, nor is the energy of the mean flow. The mean energy E of the fluctuating motion (the sum of the kinetic and potential energies satisfies:

text: For an

text: inviscid flow

text: the mean

text: mechanical energy

text: of the total flow – that is the sum of the energy of the mean flow and the fluctuating motion – is conserved. However, the mean energy of the fluctuating motion itself is not conserved, nor is the energy of the mean flow. The mean energy E of the fluctuating motion (the sum of the

text: kinetic

text: and

text: potential energies

text: satisfies:

text: The report Outlook On Renewable Energy In America explains that America needs renewable energy, for many reasons:

text: The report

text: Outlook On Renewable Energy In America

text: explains that America needs renewable energy, for many reasons:

text: Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources.

text: Energy conservation refers to efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased

text: efficient energy use

text: , in conjunction with decreased

text: energy consumption

text: and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources.

text: could be equal or larger than the total energy in the stationary mode; and because this neutron energy is directly  transported from the fuel into the propellant as kinetic energy -unlike the energy from fission fragments which is transported as heat from the fuel into the propellant, then is not constrained by the second law of thermodynamics, meaning that there is no  impediment to transport this energy from the fuel to the propellant even if the fuel is colder than the propellant, in other words, it is possible a " propellant hooter than the fuel"  which is the very limit for specific impulse enhancement in classics NTRs.

text: could be equal or larger than the total energy in the stationary mode; and because this neutron energy is directly  transported from the fuel into the propellant as

text: kinetic energy

text: -unlike the energy from fission fragments which is transported as heat from the fuel into the propellant, then is not constrained by the second law of thermodynamics, meaning that there is no  impediment to transport this energy from the fuel to the propellant even if the fuel is colder than the propellant, in other words, it is possible a " propellant hooter than the fuel"  which is the very limit for specific impulse enhancement in classics NTRs.

text: The retailers are: Contact Energy, Ecotricity, Electra Energy, Electric Kiwi, Energy Direct, Energy Online, Flick Electric, Genesis Energy, Giving Energy, GLOBUG, King Country Energy, megaEnergy, Mercury Energy, Meridian Energy, Nova Energy, Opunake Hydro, Paua to the People, Payless Energy, Powershop, Pulse Energy, Tiny Mighty Power and Trustpower.

text: The retailers are:

text: Contact Energy

text: , Ecotricity, Electra Energy, Electric Kiwi,

text: Energy Direct

text: Energy Online

text: , Flick Electric,

text: Genesis Energy

text: , Giving Energy,

text: GLOBUG

text: King Country Energy

text: , megaEnergy,

text: Mercury Energy

text: Meridian Energy

text: Nova Energy

text: , Opunake Hydro, Paua to the People, Payless Energy,

text: Powershop

text: , Pulse Energy,

text: Tiny Mighty Power

text: and

text: Trustpower

text: Breeder reactors could, in principle, extract almost all of the energy contained in uranium or thorium, decreasing fuel requirements by a factor of 100 compared to widely used once-through light water reactors, which extract less than 1% of the energy in the uranium mined from the earth. The high fuel efficiency of breeder reactors could greatly reduce concerns about fuel supply or energy used in mining. Adherents claim that with seawater uranium extraction, there would be enough fuel for breeder reactors to satisfy our energy needs for 5 billion years at 1983's total energy consumption rate, thus making nuclear energy effectively a renewable energy.

text: Breeder reactors could, in principle, extract almost all of the energy contained in

text: uranium

text: or

text: thorium

text: , decreasing fuel requirements by a factor of 100 compared to widely used once-through

text: light water reactors

text: , which extract less than 1% of the energy in the uranium mined from the earth. The high fuel efficiency of breeder reactors could greatly reduce concerns about fuel supply or energy used in mining. Adherents claim that with

text: seawater uranium extraction

text: , there would be enough fuel for breeder reactors to satisfy our energy needs for 5 billion years at 1983's total energy consumption rate, thus making nuclear energy effectively a

text: renewable energy

text: Release of energy from radioactive potential: Familiar examples of other such processes transforming energy from the Big Bang include nuclear decay, in which energy is released which was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes, such as uranium and thorium. This energy was stored at the time of these elements' nucleosynthesis, a process which ultimately uses the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of type IIa supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. Such energy locked into uranium is triggered for sudden-release in nuclear fission bombs, and similar stored energies in atomic nuclei are released spontaneously, during most types of radioactive decay. In such processes, heat from decay of these atoms of radioisotope in the core of the Earth is transformed immediately to heat. This heat in turn may lift mountains, via plate tectonics and orogenesis. This slow lifting of terrain thus represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the heat energy. The stored potential energy may be released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a kind of mechanical potential energy which has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources.

text: Release of energy from radioactive potential: Familiar examples of other such processes transforming energy from the Big Bang include nuclear decay, in which energy is released which was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes, such as

text: uranium

text: and

text: thorium

text: . This energy was stored at the time of these elements'

text: nucleosynthesis

text: , a process which ultimately uses the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of type IIa supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. Such energy locked into uranium is triggered for sudden-release in

text: nuclear fission

text: bombs, and similar stored energies in atomic nuclei are released spontaneously, during most types of

text: radioactive decay

text: . In such processes, heat from decay of these atoms of

text: radioisotope

text: in the core of the Earth is transformed immediately to heat. This heat in turn may lift mountains, via

text: plate tectonics

text: and

text: orogenesis

text: . This slow lifting of terrain thus represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the heat energy. The stored potential energy may be released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored

text: elastic potential energy

text: in rocks, a kind of mechanical

text: potential energy

text: which has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources.

text: On the Dark Fortress, Andros finds Zordon, who requests his energy tube be shattered. Doing so will release good energy that will destroy the forces of evil and save the universe, but also kill him. Following battles with Astronema and Ecliptor, Andros has no choice but to comply. The many monsters are subsequently turned to dust by the energy wave, while Lord Zedd, Rita Repulsa, Divatox and Astronema are changed into normal, non-evil humans. With the universe now safe, T.J., Cassie, Carlos, Ashley and Alpha 6 intend to settle down on Earth. Though initially intending to remain on KO-35 with their people, Andros, Zhane and Karone decide to join their friends on Earth.

text: On the Dark Fortress, Andros finds Zordon, who requests his energy tube be shattered. Doing so will release good energy that will destroy the forces of evil and save the universe, but also kill him. Following battles with Astronema and Ecliptor, Andros has no choice but to comply. The many monsters are subsequently turned to dust by the energy wave, while

entity_name: Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers

text: Lord Zedd

text: Rita Repulsa

text: Divatox

text: and Astronema are changed into normal, non-evil humans. With the universe now safe, T.J., Cassie, Carlos, Ashley and Alpha 6 intend to settle down on Earth. Though initially intending to remain on KO-35 with their people, Andros, Zhane and Karone decide to join their friends on Earth.

text: Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units:

text: Air mass affects output. In space, where there is no atmosphere, the spectrum of the sun is relatively unfiltered. However, on earth, air filters the incoming light, changing the solar spectrum. The filtering effect ranges from Air Mass 0 (AM0) in space, to approximately Air Mass 1.5 on Earth. Multiplying the spectral differences by the quantum efficiency of the solar cell in question yields the efficiency. Terrestrial efficiencies typically are greater than space efficiencies. For example, a silicon solar cell in space might have an efficiency of 14% at AM0, but 16% on earth at AM 1.5. Note, however, that incident photons in space carry considerably more energy, so the solar cell might produce considerably more power in space, despite the lower efficiency as indicated by reduced percentage of the total incident energy captured.

text: Air mass affects output. In space, where there is no atmosphere, the spectrum of the sun is relatively unfiltered. However, on earth, air filters the incoming light, changing the solar spectrum. The filtering effect ranges from

text: Air Mass

text: 0 (AM0) in space, to approximately Air Mass 1.5 on Earth. Multiplying the spectral differences by the quantum efficiency of the solar cell in question yields the efficiency. Terrestrial efficiencies typically are greater than space efficiencies. For example, a silicon solar cell in space might have an efficiency of 14% at AM0, but 16% on earth at AM 1.5. Note, however, that incident photons in space carry considerably more energy, so the solar cell might produce considerably more power in space, despite the lower efficiency as indicated by reduced percentage of the total incident energy captured.

text: District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly also biomass, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating, heat pumps and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power. District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants. CHPDH is being developed in Denmark as a store for renewable energy, particularly wind energy, that exceeds instantaneous grid demand via the use of heat pumps and thermal stores.

text: District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as

text: space heating

text: and

text: water heating

text: . The heat is often obtained from a

text: cogeneration

text: plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly also

text: biomass

text: , although

text: heat-only boiler station

text: s,

text: geothermal heating

text: heat pump

text: s and

text: central solar heating

text: are also used, as well as

text: nuclear power

text: . District heating plants can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers. According to some research, district heating with combined heat and power (CHPDH) is the cheapest method of cutting carbon emissions, and has one of the lowest carbon footprints of all fossil generation plants. CHPDH is being developed in Denmark as a store for

text: renewable energy

text: , particularly wind energy, that exceeds instantaneous grid demand via the use of heat pumps and thermal stores.

text: In its last moments before its energy fades, Creator explains that the Stone-Like is the guardian of Earth, and sees to it the advancement of the planet, its inhabitants and their way of living. If it deems that things must start over, the Stone-Like will destroy Earth and recreate it again, until humanity realize their nature and change before the Stone-Like delivers the consequences. Creator's purpose was always to ensure that mankind will survive, through their clones, and with these words, Creator stops functioning. As the story ends, the Buster and Reana clone start to wake from their cloning tubes.

text: Implementing energy efficiency measures in a home or business can also lead to behavioral changes. When an energy efficiency change has been made and the energy consumer sees the benefits, more changes are often wanted to further their savings. These small changes create awareness and can be as simple as turning of lights when a room is not in use, or as complex as adding window glazing or installing demand-control ventilation.

text: Implementing energy efficiency measures in a home or business can also lead to

text: behavioral changes

text: . When an energy efficiency change has been made and the energy consumer sees the benefits, more changes are often wanted to further their savings. These small changes create awareness and can be as simple as turning of lights when a room is not in use, or as complex as adding

text: window glazing

text: or installing

text: demand-control ventilation

text: He has also investigated the role played by water vapour in the Earth's energy budget, which considers the energy flows both into and away from the Earth in the form of shortwave radiation from the Sun and outgoing longwave radiation from the Earth and its atmosphere, respectively.

text: He has also investigated the role played by

text: water vapour

text: in the

text: Earth's energy budget

text: , which considers the energy flows both into and away from the

text: Earth

text: in the form of

text: shortwave radiation

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and

text: outgoing longwave radiation

text: from the Earth and its

text: atmosphere

text: , respectively.

text: Magnetorquers are lightweight, reliable, and energy-efficient. Unlike thrusters, they do not require expendable propellant either, so they could in theory work indefinitely as long as sufficient power is available to match the resistive load of the coils. In Earth orbit, sunlight is one such practically inexhaustible energy source, using solar panels.

text: Magnetorquers are lightweight, reliable, and energy-efficient. Unlike

text: thrusters

text: , they do not require expendable

text: propellant

text: either, so they could in theory work indefinitely as long as sufficient

text: power

text: is available to match the

text: resistive

text: load of the coils. In Earth orbit, sunlight is one such practically inexhaustible energy source, using

text: solar panels

text: Whereas the dynamics of Jovian magnetosphere mainly depend on internal sources of energy, the solar wind probably has a role as well, particularly as a source of high-energy protons. The structure of the outer magnetosphere shows some features of a solar wind-driven magnetosphere, including a significant dawn–dusk asymmetry. In particular, magnetic field lines in the dusk sector are bent in the opposite direction to those in the dawn sector. In addition, the dawn magnetosphere contains open field lines connecting to the magnetotail, whereas in the dusk magnetosphere, the field lines are closed. All these observations indicate that a solar wind driven reconnection process, known on Earth as the Dungey cycle, may also be taking place in the Jovian magnetosphere.

text: Whereas the dynamics of Jovian magnetosphere mainly depend on internal sources of energy, the solar wind probably has a role as well, particularly as a source of high-energy

text: proton

text: s. The structure of the outer magnetosphere shows some features of a solar wind-driven magnetosphere, including a significant dawn–dusk asymmetry. In particular, magnetic field lines in the dusk sector are bent in the opposite direction to those in the dawn sector. In addition, the dawn magnetosphere contains open field lines connecting to the magnetotail, whereas in the dusk magnetosphere, the field lines are closed. All these observations indicate that a solar wind driven reconnection process, known on Earth as the

text: Dungey cycle

text: , may also be taking place in the Jovian magnetosphere.

text: On Earth, Kronos pursued experiments into cosmic energies; however, one of these experiments would have results quite different than expected. Exploding in his face, Kronos was atomized, his energies becoming the Titan God of Time, whilst all other Earth Eternals were doused in fallout radiation; these radiations altered the genetics of all Eternals they touched, activating their latent abilities, and ensuring that all born to the Earth Eternals would have similarly activated genes and levels of power.

text: Until recently, Nepal has been focusing on the exploitation of its huge water resources to produce hydro power. Demand side management and energy conservation was not in the focus of government action. In 2009, bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany, has agreed upon the joint implementation of “Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme”. The lead executing agencies for the implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The aim of the programme is the promotion of energy efficiency in policy making, in rural and urban households as well as in the industry.Due to the lack of a government organization that promotes energy efficiency in the country, the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) has established the Energy Efficiency Centre under his roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Centre is a non-profit initiative that is offering energy auditing services to the industries. The Centre is also supported by Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.A study conducted in 2012 found out that Nepalese industries could save 160,000 Megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 Terajoule of thermal energy (like diesel, furnace oil and coal) every year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cut of up to 6.4 Billion Nepalese Rupees.As a result of Nepal Economic Forum 2014, an economic  reform agenda in the priority sectors was declared focusing on energy conservation among others. In the energy reform agenda the government of Nepal gave the commitment to introduce incentive packages in the budget of the fiscal year 2015/16 for industries that practices energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (incl. cogeneration).

text: Until recently,

text: Nepal

text: has been focusing on the exploitation of its huge water resources to produce hydro power. Demand side management and energy conservation was not in the focus of government action. In 2009, bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany, has agreed upon the joint implementation of “Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme”. The lead executing agencies for the implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The aim of the programme is the promotion of energy efficiency in policy making, in rural and urban households as well as in the industry.Due to the lack of a government organization that promotes energy efficiency in the country, the

entity_name: Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry

text: Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI)

text: has established the Energy Efficiency Centre under his roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Centre is a non-profit initiative that is offering energy auditing services to the industries. The Centre is also supported by Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme of

entity_name: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

text: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

text: .A study conducted in 2012 found out that Nepalese industries could save 160,000 Megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 Terajoule of thermal energy (like diesel, furnace oil and coal) every year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cut of up to 6.4 Billion Nepalese Rupees.As a result of Nepal Economic Forum 2014, an economic  reform agenda in the priority sectors was declared focusing on energy conservation among others. In the energy reform agenda the government of Nepal gave the commitment to introduce incentive packages in the budget of the fiscal year 2015/16 for industries that practices energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (incl. cogeneration).

text: Berger is a long-time supporter of alternative energy solutions to global environmental problems.  He has repeatedly called attention to the nation's excessive dependence on foreign oil and the huge economic and environmental costs, and risks.  He has outlined strategies for a clean, renewable energy economy in his books and articles which have appeared in publications such as Huffington Post, Scientific American, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, The Los Angeles Times, Huffington Post, and Renewable Energy World. Berger's writing on energy and natural resource issues has helped to launch the environmental restoration movement, beginning with his book Restoring the Earth in 1985.

text: Berger is a long-time supporter of alternative energy solutions to global environmental problems.  He has repeatedly called attention to the nation's excessive dependence on foreign oil and the huge economic and environmental costs, and risks.  He has outlined strategies for a clean, renewable energy economy in his books and articles which have appeared in publications such as Huffington Post, Scientific American, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, The Los Angeles Times, Huffington Post, and Renewable Energy World. Berger's writing on energy and natural resource issues has helped to launch the

text: environmental restoration

text: movement, beginning with his book Restoring the Earth in 1985.

text: Geothermal power is also considered to be sustainable thanks to its power to sustain the Earth’s intricate ecosystems. By using geothermal sources of energy present generations of humans will not endanger the capability of future generations to use their own resources to the same amount that those energy sources are presently used. Further, due to its low emissions geothermal energy is considered to have excellent potential for mitigation of global warming.

text: Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in the subsurface. ATES is applied to provide heating and cooling to buildings.Storage and recovery of thermal energy is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater from aquifers using groundwater wells. Systems commonly operate in a seasonal mode. The groundwater that is extracted in summer, is used for cooling by transferring heat from the building to the groundwater by means of a heat exchanger. Subsequently, the heated groundwater is injected back into the aquifer, which creates a storage of heated groundwater. In wintertime, the flow direction is reversed such that the heated groundwater is extracted and can be used for heating (often in combination with a heat pump).Therefore, operating an ATES system uses the subsurface as a temporal storage to buffer seasonal variations in heating and cooling demand.When replacing traditional fossil fuel dependent heating and cooling systems, ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to reduce the primary energy consumption of a building and the associated CO2 emissions.

text: Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in the subsurface. ATES is applied to provide heating and cooling to buildings.Storage and recovery of thermal energy is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater from

text: aquifer

text: s using groundwater wells. Systems commonly operate in a seasonal mode. The groundwater that is extracted in summer, is used for cooling by transferring heat from the building to the groundwater by means of a

text: heat exchanger

text: . Subsequently, the heated groundwater is injected back into the aquifer, which creates a storage of heated groundwater. In wintertime, the flow direction is reversed such that the heated groundwater is extracted and can be used for heating (often in combination with a

text: heat pump

text: ).Therefore, operating an ATES system uses the subsurface as a temporal storage to buffer seasonal variations in heating and cooling demand.When replacing traditional fossil fuel dependent heating and cooling systems, ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to reduce the primary energy consumption of a building and the associated CO2 emissions.

text:
There are three types of green revolving funds that target different institutional priorities.
1. Efficiency funds provide capital to energy and/or water efficiency measures. Their goals are to reduce resources and save money. Project ideas are initiated and managed by staff from Facilities, Energy Management and/or Finance Departments. Efficiency funds tend to require a relatively short payback period and are typically not used to engage the broader campus community.
2. Innovation and engagement funds explicitly seek community engagement in project proposals. The projects it funds may have short paybacks, long paybacks, or no payback requirements. Innovation funds often provide loans that require repayment for projects that will result in operational savings, and they use these returns to subsidize grants for projects that will not result in cost savings. Innovation funds are generally administered by a committee and often include significant student participation and/or oversight.
3. Hybrid funds target resource reduction and cost saving, but also consider community engagement and outreach goals. The majority of funds follow this model. They finance efficiency projects in addition to a wider range of initiatives such as renewable energy development, solid waste diversion, and reducing use of materials like paper or synthetic lawn chemicals. Hybrid funds often seek to engage and/or educate the campus community in sustainability efforts. A broad set of campus stakeholder groups tend to provide oversight to hybrid funds while they are administered by facilities or sustainability staff.

text: Different fuels have different energy densities defined by the fuel's heating value. The lower heating value (LHV) is used for internal combustion engine efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below  cannot be put to use.

text: Different fuels have different energy densities defined by the fuel's heating value. The

text: lower heating value

text: (LHV) is used for internal combustion engine efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below  cannot be put to use.

text: In the mythology of the series, Earth is one of countless worlds in the multiverse, created from the primordial Storytime by the dreaming of a being known as Lux, the First Dreamer. Earth, or "Stark" as it is known in the game, is a world of science existing in Balance with its "Twin World" of magic, Arcadia, separated from it by the impassable Divide twelve millennia ago. The game takes place in 2220 CE by Stark's reckoning, and its chief antagonist is Brian Westhouse, a Starkian trapped in Arcadia, who plans to return home by forcibly reuniting the Twin Worlds with the power of the Undreaming, the destructive counterpart to Lux. To strengthen the Undreaming with dream energy, Westhouse, as "the Prophet", conspired with the corrupt officials of the Azadi Empire in Arcadia and an ambitious Starkian scientist Helena Chang to build a giant dream-storing Engine in the recently-conquered Arcadian city-state of Marcuria and to imbue it with the dream energy stolen from Stark by Chang's lucid dream-inducing inventions, the "Dreamachines". Chang had also secretly planned to instead use the stolen dream energy to reshape reality itself with the help of her genetically engineered "Dreamers", i.e. humans with powers equal to Lux. She had deemed her first artificial Dreamer a failure, however, and the girl was instead raised by Chang's partner Gabriel Castillo as his own daughter, Zoë.

text: In the

text: mythology

text: of the series,

text: Earth

text: is one of countless worlds in the

text: multiverse

text: , created from the primordial

text: Storytime

text: by the dreaming of a

text: being

text: known as Lux, the First Dreamer. Earth, or "Stark" as it is known in the game, is a world of

text: science

text: existing in Balance with its "Twin World" of

text: magic

text: , Arcadia, separated from it by the impassable Divide twelve millennia ago. The game takes place in

text: 2220 CE

text: by Stark's reckoning, and its chief antagonist is Brian Westhouse, a Starkian trapped in Arcadia, who plans to return home by forcibly reuniting the Twin Worlds with the power of the Undreaming, the destructive counterpart to Lux. To strengthen the Undreaming with

text: dream

text: energy, Westhouse, as "the Prophet", conspired with the corrupt officials of the Azadi Empire in Arcadia and an ambitious Starkian scientist Helena Chang to build a giant dream-storing Engine in the recently-conquered Arcadian city-state of Marcuria and to imbue it with the dream energy stolen from Stark by Chang's

text: lucid dream

text: -inducing inventions, the "Dreamachines". Chang had also secretly planned to instead use the stolen dream energy to reshape reality itself with the help of her

text: genetically engineered

text: "Dreamers", i.e. humans with powers equal to Lux. She had deemed her first artificial Dreamer a failure, however, and the girl was instead raised by Chang's partner Gabriel Castillo as his own daughter, Zoë.

text: A renewable energy derivative is just that: a cash flow that has been proven historically and demonstrates a statistical predictability. The predictability of the cash flow is achieved by consulting with professionals to ensure that the primary asset, in this case a private home, is equipped with the optimal types of renewable energy sources for its immediate environment. These energy sources are chosen with respect to the location of the home, the weather, and supporting data, including historical wind patterns, heat changes, and earth core temperatures.

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 10 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."

text: The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4  yottajoule (

text: YJ

text: ) or 4 × 10 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as

text: uranium

text: exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of

text: methane clathrates

text: are accurate and become technically extractable. The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption. The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks."

text: Of all the state-based RPS programs in place today, no two are the same. Each has been designed taking into account state-specific policy objectives (e.g.  economic growth, diversity of energy supply, environmental concerns), local resource endowment, political considerations, and the capacity to expand renewable energy production. At the most basic level, this gives rise to differing RPS targets and years (e.g. Arizona's 15% by 2025 and Colorado's 30% by 2020). Other factors in program design include resource eligibility, in-state requirements, new build requirements, technology favoritism, lobbying by industry associations and non-profits, groups cost caps, program coverage (IOUs versus Cooperatives and Municipal utilities), cost recovery by utilities, penalties for non-compliance, rules regarding REC creation and trading, and additional non-binding goals. Since RPS programs create a mandate to purchase renewable energy, they create a lucrative captive market of buyers for renewable energy producers who are eligible in a particular state's RPS program to issue RECs. A state may choose to promote new investment in renewable energy generation capacity by not making eligible existing renewable energy such as hydroelectric plants or geothermal energy to qualify under an RPS program.

text: Of all the state-based RPS programs in place today, no two are the same. Each has been designed taking into account state-specific policy objectives (e.g.  economic growth, diversity of energy supply, environmental concerns), local resource endowment, political considerations, and the capacity to expand renewable energy production. At the most basic level, this gives rise to differing RPS targets and years (e.g. Arizona's 15% by 2025 and Colorado's 30% by 2020). Other factors in program design include resource eligibility, in-state requirements, new build requirements, technology favoritism, lobbying by industry associations and non-profits, groups cost caps, program coverage (IOUs versus Cooperatives and Municipal utilities), cost recovery by utilities, penalties for non-compliance, rules regarding REC creation and trading, and additional non-binding goals. Since RPS programs create a mandate to purchase renewable energy, they create a lucrative

text: captive market

text: of buyers for renewable energy producers who are eligible in a particular state's RPS program to issue RECs. A state may choose to promote new investment in renewable energy generation capacity by not making eligible existing renewable energy such as hydroelectric plants or geothermal energy to qualify under an RPS program.

text: John Locke presented a distinction between primary and secondary qualities in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. For Locke, a quality is an idea of a sensation or a perception. Locke further asserts that qualities can be divided in two kinds: primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities are intrinsic to an object—a thing or a person—whereas secondary qualities are dependent on the interpretation of the subjective mode and the context of appearance. For example, a shadow is a secondary quality. It requires a certain lighting to be applied to an object. For another example, consider the mass of an object. Weight is a secondary quality since, as a measurement of gravitational force, it varies depending on the distance to, and mass of, very massive objects like the Earth, as described by Newton's law. It could be thought that mass is intrinsic to an object, and thus a primary quality. In the context of relativity, the idea of mass quantifying an amount of matter requires caution. The relativistic mass varies for variously traveling observers; then there is the idea of rest mass or invariant mass (the magnitude of the energy-momentum 4-vector), basically a system's relativistic mass in its own rest frame of reference. (Note, however, that Aristotle drew a distinction between qualification and quantification; a thing's quality can vary in degree). Only an isolated system's invariant mass in relativity is the same as observed in variously traveling observers' rest frames, and conserved in reactions; moreover, a system's heat, including the energy of its massless particles such as photons, contributes to the system's invariant mass (indeed, otherwise even an isolated system's invariant mass would not be conserved in reactions); even a cloud of photons traveling in different directions has, as a whole, a rest frame and a rest energy equivalent to invariant mass.  Thus, to treat rest mass (and by that stroke, rest energy) as an intrinsic quality distinctive of physical matter raises the question of what is to count as physical matter. Little of the invariant mass of a hadron (for example a proton or a neutron) consists in the invariant masses of its component quarks (in a proton, around 1%) apart from their gluon particle fields; most of it consists in the quantum chromodynamics binding energy of the (massless) gluons (see Quark).

text: John Locke

text: presented a distinction between primary and secondary qualities in

text: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

text: . For Locke, a quality is an

text: idea

text: of a

text: sensation

text: or a

text: perception

text: . Locke further asserts that qualities can be divided in two kinds: primary and secondary qualities.

text: Primary qualities

text: are

text: intrinsic

text: to an object—a thing or a person—whereas

text: secondary qualities

text: are dependent on the interpretation of the subjective mode and the context of appearance. For example, a

text: shadow

text: is a secondary quality. It requires a certain

text: light

text: ing to be applied to an object. For another example, consider the

text: mass

text: of an object.

text: Weight

text: is a secondary quality since, as a

text: measurement

text: of gravitational

text: force

text: , it varies depending on the

text: distance

text: to, and mass of, very massive objects like the

text: Earth

text: , as described by

text: Newton's law

text: . It could be thought that mass is intrinsic to an object, and thus a primary quality. In the context of

text: relativity

text: , the idea of mass quantifying an amount of

text: matter

text: requires caution. The

text: relativistic mass

text: varies for variously traveling observers; then there is the idea of rest mass or

text: invariant mass

text: (the magnitude of the

text: energy-momentum 4-vector

text: ), basically a system's relativistic mass in its own

text: rest frame

text: of reference. (Note, however, that Aristotle drew a distinction between qualification and quantification; a thing's quality can vary in degree). Only an

text: isolated system

text: 's invariant

text: mass in relativity

text: is the same as observed in variously traveling observers' rest frames, and

text: conserved

text: in reactions; moreover, a system's heat, including the energy of its massless particles such as photons, contributes to the system's invariant mass (indeed, otherwise even an isolated system's invariant mass would not be conserved in reactions); even a cloud of photons traveling in different directions has, as a whole, a rest frame and a rest energy equivalent to invariant mass.  Thus, to treat rest mass (and by that stroke, rest energy) as an intrinsic quality distinctive of physical matter raises the question of what is to count as physical matter. Little of the invariant mass of a

text: hadron

text: (for example a

text: proton

text: or a

text: neutron

text: ) consists in the invariant masses of its component

text: quark

text: s (in a proton, around 1%) apart from their

text: gluon

text: particle field

text: s; most of it consists in the

text: quantum chromodynamics binding energy

text: of the (massless) gluons (see

text: Quark

text: For Masamichi Noro, the most essential elements of training are peace and its realization. Beginning from and adhering to these two elements places Man, like a link, between Earth and Sky. This union, holding in harmony the Way of the Sky, the Way of the Earth and the Way of Man, releases an ascending energy (ki in Japanese, qi in Chinese), from the ground upward, from the feet, through the grasp and beyond. The generation of energy takes its source from the ground and the intent, flows through the energy centers in the body, including the hara located in the abdomen, and is modulated by the heart of the practitioner.

text: For Masamichi Noro, the most essential elements of training are peace and its realization. Beginning from and adhering to these two elements places Man, like a link, between Earth and Sky. This union, holding in harmony the Way of the Sky, the Way of the Earth and the Way of Man, releases an ascending energy (ki in Japanese, qi in Chinese), from the ground upward, from the feet, through the grasp and beyond. The generation of energy takes its source from the ground and the intent, flows through the energy centers in the body, including the

text: hara

text: located in the abdomen, and is modulated by the heart of the practitioner.

text: The main energy source in Cambodia is wood, accounting for 80% of national energy consumption (UNEP, 2010). Most households, even in urban areas, rely on traditional energy sources since fossil fuels are either not available or too expensive. 94% of the population living in rural areas relies on wood, charcoal, car batteries and kerosene (UNCDF, 2010). Most primitive fuels are sourced from forests; in rural areas in the form of fuel wood and in towns and cities as charcoal. The UNDP forecasts that wood-derived fuels will remain the main source of cooking energy in rural areas until 2030.

text: Eco-cities look to employ renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, and biogas, to reduce emissions. Wind turbines present the opportunity of being able to provide both localized districts within eco-cities and the larger region as a whole with emission-free renewable energy that can additionally supplement existing power sources.  Furthermore, by designing buildings with natural ventilation systems, eco-cities reduce the need for air conditioning, thus, drastically decreasing commercial and residential energy use. The energy generated can come from large scale energy production systems such as solar farms which supply many homes and businesses or from individual buildings energying at least in part their own energy from solar photovoltaic or small scale wind turbines or biomass.Many eco-cities additionally look to deploy solar thermal energy. By installing solar collectors, developers will be able to provide hot water for space heating and individual and community needs while reducing dependence on gas fueled boilers. While solar thermal energy appears to be a more efficient source of renewable energy, many urban planners also view photovoltaics as a viable source of energy. Photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into electricity; however, the extensive costs associated with developing this technology on the city-scale may limit its use when compared to its potential payback.  Biogas technology is also deployed as a source of renewable energy as the organic material from wastewater is converted into fuel.

text: Eco-cities look to employ

text: renewable energy

text: sources, such as

text: wind turbines

text: solar panels

text: , and

text: biogas

text: , to reduce emissions. Wind turbines present the opportunity of being able to provide both localized districts within eco-cities and the larger region as a whole with emission-free renewable energy that can additionally supplement existing power sources.  Furthermore, by designing buildings with

text: natural ventilation

text: systems, eco-cities reduce the need for air conditioning, thus, drastically decreasing commercial and residential energy use. The energy generated can come from large scale energy production systems such as solar farms which supply many homes and businesses or from individual buildings energying at least in part their own energy from solar photovoltaic or small scale wind turbines or biomass.Many eco-cities additionally look to deploy

text: solar thermal energy

text: . By installing

text: solar collectors

text: , developers will be able to provide hot water for space heating and individual and community needs while reducing dependence on gas fueled boilers. While solar thermal energy appears to be a more efficient source of renewable energy, many urban planners also view

text: photovoltaics

text: as a viable source of energy. Photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into electricity; however, the extensive costs associated with developing this technology on the city-scale may limit its use when compared to its potential payback.

text: Biogas

text: technology is also deployed as a source of renewable energy as the organic material from wastewater is converted into fuel.

text: First, the turbocharger was split and positioned alongside the Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H)—the generator harvesting heat energy from the exhaust manifold used to power the turbine—and positioned within the cylinder banks forming the 'V' configuration of the engine. In order to make this fit, Honda eschewed the use of a centrifugal fan in its single-stage compressor in favour of using several smaller fans positioned at intervals along a shaft. Although this would limit the ability of the turbocharger to build up the maximum amount of boost pressure, the 100 kg/h fuel flow limit introduced in 2014 minimised the impact of this. The Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K)—the generator harvesting energy from the engine spinning while under braking—was positioned in front of the engine to deliver energy directly to the crankshaft, following the convention established with the introduction of the kinetic energy recovery system in . The batteries housing the energy harvested by the MGU-H and MGU-K were merged with the Electronic Control Unit and positioned in front of the engine. Both the MGU-H and MGU-K were capable of harvesting  of energy per lap. However, under the 2015 regulations, both systems could only deploy  of energy per lap.

text: First, the

text: turbocharger

text: was split and positioned alongside the Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H)—the generator harvesting heat energy from the exhaust manifold used to power the turbine—and positioned within the

text: cylinder bank

text: s forming the 'V' configuration of the engine. In order to make this fit, Honda eschewed the use of a

text: centrifugal fan

text: in its single-stage

text: compressor

text: in favour of using

text: several smaller fans

text: positioned at intervals along a shaft. Although this would limit the ability of the turbocharger to build up the maximum amount of boost pressure, the 100 kg/h fuel flow limit introduced in 2014 minimised the impact of this. The Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K)—the generator harvesting energy from the engine spinning while under braking—was positioned in front of the engine to deliver energy directly to the

text: crankshaft

text: , following the convention established with the introduction of the

text: kinetic energy recovery system

text: in . The batteries housing the energy harvested by the MGU-H and MGU-K were merged with the Electronic Control Unit and positioned in front of the engine. Both the MGU-H and MGU-K were capable of harvesting  of energy per lap. However, under the 2015 regulations, both systems could only deploy  of energy per lap.

text: Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Water

text: can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example,

text: groundwater

text: is usually removed from an

text: aquifer

text: at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (

text: subsidence

text: ) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is

text: fresh water

text: ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: This result is known as conservation of energy and states that the total energy,

text: This result is known as conservation of energy and states that the total

text: energy

text: Energy that can be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants, if the initial and final temperatures are the same. This change in energy can be estimated from the bond energies of the various chemical bonds in the reactants and products. It can also be calculated from

text: Energy that can be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants, if the initial and final temperatures are the same. This change in energy can be estimated from the

text: bond energies

text: of the various chemical bonds in the reactants and products. It can also be calculated from

text: As of 2014, many detailed assessments show that the energy service needs of a world enjoying radically higher levels of wellbeing, can be economically met entirely through the diverse currently available technological and organisational innovations around wind, solar, biomass, biofuel, hydro, ocean and geothermal energy. Debate over detailed plans remain, but transformations in global energy services based entirely around renewable energy are in principle technically practicable, economically feasible, socially viable, and so realisable. This prospect underpins the ambitious commitment by Germany, one of the world's most successful industrial economies, to undertake a major energy transition, Energiewende.

text: As of 2014, many detailed assessments show that the energy service needs of a world enjoying radically higher levels of wellbeing, can be economically met entirely through the diverse currently available technological and organisational innovations around wind, solar, biomass, biofuel, hydro, ocean and geothermal energy. Debate over detailed plans remain, but transformations in global energy services based entirely around renewable energy are in principle technically practicable, economically feasible, socially viable, and so realisable. This prospect underpins the ambitious commitment by Germany, one of the world's most successful industrial economies, to undertake a major

text: energy transition

text: Energiewende

text: In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4 (for other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles). The changing Earth–Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9% in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.

text: In modern times, Earth's

text: perihelion

text: occurs around January 3, and the

text: aphelion

text: around July 4 (for other eras, see

text: precession

text: and

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: ). The changing Earth–Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9% in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.

text: The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).  It is sometimes called the heat of combustion.  There exists two different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel.  One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion.  The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form.  For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form (steam).  Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the latent heat of vaporization of water.  The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%.  This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used.

text: The specific energy content of a fuel is the heat energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram).  It is sometimes called the

text: heat of combustion

text: .  There exists two different values of specific heat energy for the same batch of fuel.  One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or net) heat of combustion.  The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid form.  For the low value, the exhaust has all the water in vapor form (steam).  Since water vapor gives up heat energy when it changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the latent heat of vaporization of water.  The difference between the high and low values is significant, about 8 or 9%.  This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.S. (and the table) the high heat values have traditionally been used, but in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used.

text: The delta-v needed for orbital launch from the Earth's surface is greater than the minimum orbital speed; at least , because of aerodynamic drag, (determined by ballistic coefficient), as well as gravity losses, and potential energy required if higher altitude is desired.

text: The

text: delta-v

text: needed for orbital launch from the Earth's surface is greater than the minimum orbital speed; at least , because of aerodynamic drag, (determined by

text: ballistic coefficient

text: ), as well as

text: gravity losses

text: , and

text: potential energy

text: required if higher altitude is desired.

text: Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998–2013.  The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system has continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the Earth's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade.  Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in the Earth's climate system.

text: Publicity has surrounded claims of a global warming hiatus during the period 1998–2013.  The exceptionally warm

text: El Niño

text: year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the

text: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

text: , and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short-term slowdown. Even though the

text: overall climate system

text: has continued to accumulate energy due to

text: Earth's positive energy budget

text: , the available temperature readings at the Earth's surface indicate slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade.  Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in the

text: Earth's climate system

text: The concept of a "backstop" resource is a resource that is sufficiently abundant and sustainable to replace non-renewable resources. Thus, solar and other renewable energy sources are considered "backstop" energy options for unsustainable fossil fuels. Similarly, Gleick and Palaniappan defined "backstop water sources" to be those resources that can replace unsustainable and non-renewable use of water, albeit typically at a higher cost.The classic backstop water source is desalination of seawater. If the rate of water production is not sufficient in one area, another "backstop" could be increased interbasin transfers, such as pipelines to carry freshwater from where it is abundant to an area where water is needed. Water can be imported into an area using water trucks. The most expensive and last resort measures of getting water to a community such as desalination, water transfers are called “backstop” water sources. Fog catchers are the most extreme of backstop methods.

text: The concept of a "backstop" resource is a resource that is sufficiently abundant and sustainable to replace non-renewable resources. Thus, solar and other renewable energy sources are considered "backstop" energy options for unsustainable

text: fossil fuel

text: s. Similarly, Gleick and Palaniappan defined "backstop water sources" to be those resources that can replace unsustainable and non-renewable use of water, albeit typically at a higher cost.The classic backstop water source is

text: desalination

text: of seawater. If the rate of water production is not sufficient in one area, another "backstop" could be increased interbasin transfers, such as pipelines to carry freshwater from where it is abundant to an area where water is needed. Water can be imported into an area using water trucks. The most expensive and last resort measures of getting water to a community such as desalination, water transfers are called “backstop” water sources. Fog catchers are the most extreme of backstop methods.

text: Energy transition is generally defined as a long-term structural change in energy systems. These have occurred in the past, and still occur worldwide. Historic energy transitions are most broadly described by Vaclav Smil. Contemporary energy transitions differ in terms of motivation and objectives, drivers and governance. In a more narrow sense, a sustainable energy transition is the shift by some countries, most notably Germany (), to decentralised renewable energy, and energy efficiency. Although so far these shifts have been replacing nuclear energy, their declared goal is also the abolishment of coal and other non-renewable energy sources and the creation of an energy system based on 100% renewable energy.

text: Energy transition is generally defined as a long-term structural change in energy systems. These have occurred in the past, and still occur worldwide. Historic energy transitions are most broadly described by

text: Vaclav Smil

text: . Contemporary energy transitions differ in terms of motivation and objectives, drivers and governance. In a more narrow sense, a sustainable energy transition is the shift by some countries, most notably Germany (), to decentralised

text: renewable energy

text: , and

text: energy efficiency

text: . Although so far these shifts have been replacing nuclear energy, their declared goal is also the

text: abolishment of coal

text: and other non-renewable energy sources and the creation of an energy system based on

text: 100% renewable energy

text: According to John Ikerd entropy is a key factor that must be considered when questioning the suitability of capitalism as a vehicle for sustainability. This is because, even though, negative outcomes of capitalism on the environment have been recorded since the 1960's and onward's no real development has thus far solved the problem of applying a form of capitalism that is sustainable. Ikerd suggests that this is because central to the existence of capitalism is the transformation of energy into money. According to him this is directly subjected to first law of thermodynamics which suggests that all materials are "simply concentrated forms of energy, as in Einstein’s famous E=MC2." It thus follows that all "work" is based on the transformation of energy by humans from material things. He argues that, according to the second law of thermodynamics "each time energy is used and reused, some of its usefulness is lost".  He also notes that "Pollution is not only wasted energy but is negative energy, in that pollution requires energy to mitigate its negative impacts of the environment." It thus follows that with this in mind, using the Earth as a closed system can only lead to entropy, as seen in Mars and other dead planets. The only energy the Earth has available is that found outside of its system: the Sun. "Sustainability ultimately depends upon the use of solar energy to offset the inevitable effects of entropy."

text: According to John Ikerd

text: entropy

text: is a key factor that must be considered when questioning the suitability of capitalism as a vehicle for sustainability. This is because, even though, negative outcomes of capitalism on the environment have been recorded since the 1960's and onward's no real development has thus far solved the problem of applying a form of capitalism that is sustainable. Ikerd suggests that this is because central to the existence of capitalism is the transformation of energy into money. According to him this is directly subjected to

text: first law of thermodynamics

text: which suggests that all materials are "simply concentrated forms of energy, as in Einstein’s famous E=MC2." It thus follows that all "work" is based on the transformation of energy by humans from material things. He argues that, according to the

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: "each time energy is used and reused, some of its usefulness is lost".  He also notes that "Pollution is not only wasted energy but is negative energy, in that pollution requires energy to mitigate its negative impacts of the environment." It thus follows that with this in mind, using the Earth as a closed system can only lead to entropy, as seen in Mars and other dead planets. The only energy the Earth has available is that found outside of its system: the Sun. "Sustainability ultimately depends upon the use of solar energy to offset the inevitable effects of entropy."

text: There is a limited amount of fossil fuel inside the Earth.  Since the current world energy resources and consumption is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both transportation and electric power generation.  The Hubbert peak theory predicts that oil depletion will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some alternative fuels. Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of primary energy and of energy storage.  Along with straight vegetable oil and biodiesel, some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

text: There is a limited amount of

text: fossil fuel

text: inside the

text: Earth

text: .  Since the current

text: world energy resources and consumption

text: is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both

text: transportation

text: and

text: electric power generation

text: .  The

text: Hubbert peak theory

text: predicts that

text: oil depletion

text: will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some

text: alternative fuels

text: . Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of

text: primary energy

text: and of

text: energy storage

text: .  Along with

text: straight vegetable oil

text: and

text: biodiesel

text: , some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

text: The incentive to use 100% renewable energy has been created by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. Mark Z. Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power,  and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs. According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA)International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Critics of the "100% renewable energy" approach include Vaclav Smil and James E. Hansen. Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power, NIMBYism, and a lack of infrastructure.

text: The incentive to use

text: 100% renewable energy

text: has been created by

text: global warming

text: and other ecological as well as economic concerns.

text: Mark Z. Jacobson

text: says producing all new energy with

text: wind power

text: solar power

text: ,  and

text: hydropower

text: by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs. According to a 2011 projection by the (IEA)

text: International Energy Agency

text: , solar power generators may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Critics of the "100% renewable energy" approach include

text: Vaclav Smil

text: and

text: James E. Hansen

text: . Smil and Hansen are concerned about the

text: variable output

text: of solar and wind power,

text: NIMBY

text: ism, and a lack of infrastructure.

text: Specific energy is energy per unit mass. (It is also sometimes called "energy density," though "energy density" more precisely means energy per unit volume.) It is used to quantify, for example, stored heat or other thermodynamic properties of substances such as specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific Gibbs free energy, and specific Helmholtz free energy.  It may also be used for the kinetic energy or potential energy of a body.  Specific energy is an intensive property, whereas energy and mass are extensive properties.

text: Specific energy is

text: energy

text: per unit

text: mass

text: . (It is also sometimes called "energy density," though "energy density" more precisely means

text: energy per unit volume

text: .) It is used to quantify, for example, stored

text: heat

text: or other

text: thermodynamic properties

text: of substances such as

text: specific internal energy

text: specific enthalpy

text: , specific

text: Gibbs free energy

text: , and specific

text: Helmholtz free energy

text: .  It may also be used for the

text: kinetic energy

text: or

text: potential energy

text: of a body.  Specific energy is an

text: intensive property

text: , whereas energy and mass are

text: extensive properties

text: Fuel droplets vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.

text: Fuel

text: droplet

text: s vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with the hot gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber.

text: Kovel notes that "events in nature are reciprocal and multi-determined" and can therefore not be predictably "fixed"; socially, technologies cannot solve social problems because they are not "mechanical". He posits an analysis, developed from Marx, that patterns of production and social organisation are more important then the forms of technology used within a given configuration of society. Under capitalism, he suggests that technology "has been the sine qua non of growth" – thus he believes that, even in a world with hypothetical "free energy", the effect would be to lower the cost of automobile production, leading to the massive overproduction of vehicles, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic resource depletion and the "paving over" of the "remainder of nature". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new post-industrial commodities is a "plain illusion", as miniaturized components involve many substances and are therefore non-recyclable (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more pollutants). He is quick to warn "environmental liberals" against over-selling the virtues of renewable energies that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support renewable energy projects, he believes it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on renewable energy technologies alone.

text: Kovel notes that "events in nature are reciprocal and multi-determined" and can therefore not be predictably "fixed"; socially, technologies cannot solve social problems because they are not "mechanical". He posits an analysis, developed from

text: Marx

text: , that patterns of production and social organisation are more important then the forms of technology used within a given configuration of society. Under capitalism, he suggests that technology "has been the sine qua non of

text: growth

text: " – thus he believes that, even in a world with hypothetical "free energy", the effect would be to lower the cost of

text: automobile

text: production, leading to the massive

text: overproduction

text: of

text: vehicle

text: s, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic

text: resource depletion

text: and the "paving over" of the "remainder of

text: nature

text: ". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new

text: post-industrial

text: commodities is a "plain illusion", as

text: miniaturized

text: components involve many substances and are therefore non-

text: recyclable

text: (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more

text: pollutants

text: ). He is quick to warn "environmental

text: liberals

text: " against over-selling the virtues of

text: renewable energies

text: that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support

text: renewable energy

text: projects, he believes it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on

text: renewable energy

text: technologies alone.

text: Founded in 1889 in South Carolina, Clemson University has committed to reduce greenhouse emissions by 20 percent on campus by the year 2020 from 2000 levels as part of their adopted sustainable energy policy in 2008. As part of their plan to further reduce gas emissions, Clemson has adopted a Sustainable Building Policy Plan in 2004 pledging “all new construction and major renovations would achieve at least a Silver LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.” Becoming part of the earliest adopters of this policy, their Advanced Materials Laboratory was the first LEED-certified building in the state. Already resulting in eight more successful projects either certified as LEED-silver or LEED-gold. “Clemson will also pursue opportunities to produce carbon-free energy through three primary approaches:  Determine “big-swing” projects to source renewable/ clean-energy at less than or equal to current prices.  Evaluate other sourcing alternatives.  Evaluate possible on-site power generation and/or energy storage options including: combined Heat 7 Power (CHP), including microturbines; Geothermal heat pump systems (heating & cooling); Bio-fuels; Solar thermal and photovoltaics; and Energy Storage Alternatives (batteries and thermal).”

text: Founded in 1889 in South Carolina,

text: Clemson University

text: has committed to reduce greenhouse emissions by 20 percent on campus by the year 2020 from 2000 levels as part of their adopted sustainable energy policy in 2008. As part of their plan to further reduce gas emissions, Clemson has adopted a Sustainable Building Policy Plan in 2004 pledging “all new construction and major renovations would achieve at least a Silver LEED certification from the

text: U.S. Green Building Council

text: .” Becoming part of the earliest adopters of this policy, their Advanced Materials Laboratory was the first LEED-certified building in the state. Already resulting in eight more successful projects either certified as LEED-silver or LEED-gold. “Clemson will also pursue opportunities to produce carbon-free energy through three primary approaches:  Determine “big-swing” projects to source renewable/ clean-energy at less than or equal to current prices.  Evaluate other sourcing alternatives.  Evaluate possible on-site power generation and/or energy storage options including: combined Heat 7 Power (CHP), including microturbines; Geothermal heat pump systems (heating & cooling); Bio-fuels; Solar thermal and photovoltaics; and Energy Storage Alternatives (batteries and thermal).”

text: The story is set in the year 2050 AD, and mankind has been steadily advancing its space technology. However, the planet is suddenly set upon by a mysterious enemy: the forces of Eldar, who came from 250 years in the future. In their time, 2300 AD, their planet Eldar was invaded by Earth, and soundly defeated by Earth's Trinity Energy, a mysterious energy used in their weaponry that possesses power many times that of a hydrogen bomb. The Eldar people's objective is to steal this Trinity Energy before it can be used against them.

text: The story is set in the year 2050 AD, and mankind has been steadily advancing its space technology. However, the planet is suddenly set upon by a mysterious enemy: the forces of Eldar, who came from 250 years in the future. In their time, 2300 AD, their planet Eldar was invaded by Earth, and soundly defeated by Earth's Trinity Energy, a mysterious energy used in their weaponry that possesses power many times that of a

text: hydrogen bomb

text: . The Eldar people's objective is to steal this Trinity Energy before it can be used against them.

text: Doseon also is considered to have developed the concept of the "Baekdu-daegan", the earth-energy "spine" of the Korean Peninsula, by making many accurate predictions of future changes to the courses of events for individuals and the Kingdom.   Doseon is consequently regarded as a kind of founder-patron-spirit of modern Korean fortune tellers.

text: The generation of alternative energy on the scale needed to replace fossil energy, in an effort to reverse global climate change, is likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. For example, biomass energy generation would have to increase 7-fold to supply current primary energy demand, and up to 40-fold by 2100 given economic and energy growth projections. Humans already appropriate 30 to 40% of all photosynthetically fixed carbon worldwide, indicating that expansion of additional biomass harvesting is likely to stress ecosystems, in some cases precipitating collapse and extinction of animal species that have been deprived of vital food sources. The total amount of energy capture by vegetation in the United States each year is around 58 quads (61.5 EJ), about half of which is already harvested as agricultural crops and forest products. The remaining biomass is needed to maintain ecosystem functions and diversity. Since annual energy use in the United States is ca. 100 quads, biomass energy could supply only a very small fraction. To supply the current worldwide energy demand solely with biomass would require more than 10% of the Earth’s land surface, which is comparable to the area use for all of world agriculture (i.e., ca. 1500 million hectares), indicating that further expansion of biomass energy generation will be difficult without precipitating an ethical conflict, given current world hunger statistics, over growing plants for biofuel versus food.

text: The generation of alternative energy on the scale needed to replace fossil energy, in an effort to reverse global climate change, is likely to have significant negative environmental impacts. For example,

text: biomass energy

text: generation would have to increase 7-fold to supply current primary energy demand, and up to 40-fold by 2100 given economic and energy growth projections. Humans already appropriate 30 to 40% of all photosynthetically fixed carbon worldwide, indicating that expansion of additional biomass harvesting is likely to stress ecosystems, in some cases precipitating collapse and extinction of animal species that have been deprived of vital food sources. The total amount of energy capture by vegetation in the United States each year is around 58 quads (61.5 EJ), about half of which is already harvested as agricultural crops and forest products. The remaining biomass is needed to maintain ecosystem functions and diversity. Since annual energy use in the United States is ca. 100 quads, biomass energy could supply only a very small fraction. To supply the current worldwide energy demand solely with biomass would require more than 10% of the Earth’s land surface, which is comparable to the area use for all of world agriculture (i.e., ca. 1500 million hectares), indicating that further expansion of biomass energy generation will be difficult without precipitating an ethical conflict, given current world hunger statistics, over growing plants for biofuel versus food.

text: International energy statistics are typically broken down by carrier, sector and sub-sector, and country.  Energy carriers ( energy products) are further classified as primary energy and secondary (or intermediate) energy and sometimes final (or end-use) energy.  Published energy datasets are normally adjusted so that they are internally consistent, meaning that all energy stocks and flows must balance.  The IEA regularly publishes energy statistics and energy balances with varying levels of detail and cost and also offers mid-term projections based on this data.  The notion of an energy carrier, as used in energy economics, is distinct and different from the definition of energy used in physics.

text: International

text: energy statistics

text: are typically broken down by carrier, sector and sub-sector, and country.  Energy carriers ( energy products) are further classified as

text: primary energy

text: and

entity_section: Conversion to energy carriers (or secondary energy)

text: secondary

text: (or intermediate) energy and sometimes final (or end-use) energy.  Published energy datasets are normally adjusted so that they are internally consistent, meaning that all energy stocks and flows must

text: balance

text: .  The IEA regularly publishes energy statistics and energy balances with varying levels of detail and cost and also offers mid-term projections based on this data.  The notion of an energy carrier, as used in

text: energy economics

text: , is distinct and different from the definition of

text: energy

text: used in physics.

text: In the field of energetics, an energy carrier corresponds only to an energy form (not an energy system) of energy input required by the various sectors of society to perform their functions. Energy carriers (EC) are produced by the energy sector using primary energy sources (PES). The distinction between "Energy Carriers" and "Primary Energy Sources" is extremely important since these two labels refer to energy forms of different quality so that they cannot be aggregated: 1 megajoule (MJ) of EC is not the same as 1 MJ of PES. Sunlight is a main form of primary energy, which can be transformed into plants and then into coal, oil and gas. Solar power and wind power are other derivatives of sunlight. Note that although coal, oil and natural gas are derived from sunlight, they are considered primary energy sources which are extracted from the earth (fossil fuels). Natural uranium is also a primary energy source extracted from the earth but does not come from the decomposition of organisms (mineral fuel).

text: In the field of

text: energetics

text: , an energy carrier corresponds only to an energy form (not an energy system) of energy input required by the various sectors of society to perform their functions. Energy carriers (EC) are produced by the energy sector using

text: primary energy

text: sources (PES). The distinction between "Energy Carriers" and "Primary Energy Sources" is extremely important since these two labels refer to energy forms of different quality so that they cannot be aggregated: 1

text: megajoule

text: (MJ) of EC is not the same as 1 MJ of PES.

text: Sunlight

text: is a main form of primary energy, which can be

text: transformed

text: into plants and

text: then into coal, oil and gas

text: Solar power

text: and

text: wind power

text: are other derivatives of sunlight. Note that although

text: coal

text: oil

text: and

text: natural gas

text: are derived from sunlight, they are considered primary energy sources which are extracted from the earth (

text: fossil fuel

text: s).

text: Natural uranium

text: is also a primary energy source extracted from the earth but does not come from the decomposition of organisms (mineral fuel).

text: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of

text: renewable energy

text: is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: the vast majority of climate scientists

text: agree will cause major

text: adverse effects

text: .Fuels are a source of energy.

text: The Sun, as the source of energy and light for life on earth has been a central object in culture and religion since prehistory.

text: The

text: Sun

text: , as the source of

text: energy

text: and

text: light

text: for

text: life on earth

text: has been a central object in

text: culture

text: and

text: religion

text: since prehistory.

text: In the 6th century BC, the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus experimented with amber rods and these experiments were the first studies into the production of electrical energy. While this method, now known as the triboelectric effect, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient. It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the electrical battery, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy. The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged. For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines.

text: In the 6th century BC, the Greek philosopher

text: Thales of Miletus

text: experimented with amber rods and these experiments were the first studies into the production of electrical energy. While this method, now known as the

text: triboelectric effect

text: , can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient. It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the

text: electrical battery

text: , store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy. The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged. For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines.

text: China is the world's largest consumer of electricity, and its demand is expected to double by   next decade , and triple by 2035. In 2010, 70 percent of China's electricity generation came from coal-fired power plants, but now the Chinese government is investing heavily in renewable energy technologies. As of 2013, 21 percent of China's electricity generation comes from renewable sources. This represents only 9 percent of China's overall primary energy use coming from renewable resources. China's latest goal is to increase renewable energy to 9.5 percent of overall primary energy use by 2015. To implement China's new clean energy capacity into the national power grid, and to improve the reliability of the country's existing infrastructure, requires significant upgrades and ultimately, a smart grid.

text: China is the world's largest consumer of electricity, and its demand is expected to double by   next decade , and triple by 2035. In 2010, 70 percent of China's electricity generation came from coal-fired power plants, but now the Chinese government is investing heavily in renewable energy technologies. As of 2013, 21 percent of China's electricity generation comes from renewable sources. This represents only 9 percent of China's overall primary energy use coming from renewable resources. China's latest goal is to increase renewable energy to 9.5 percent of overall primary energy use by 2015. To implement China's new clean energy capacity into the national

text: power grid

text: , and to improve the reliability of the country's existing infrastructure, requires significant upgrades and ultimately, a

text: smart grid

text: Earth's mass is constantly changing due to many contributors. Earth primarily gains mass from micrometeorites and cosmic dust, whereas it loses hydrogen and helium gas. The combined effect is a net loss of material, though the annual mass deficit represents an inconsequential fraction of its total mass, or even the uncertainty in its mass. So its inclusion does not affect total mass calculations.A number of other mechanisms are responsible for mass adjustments, and can be classified into two categories: physical transfer of matter, and mass that is gained or lost through the absorption or release of energy due to the mass–energy equivalence principle.  Several examples are provided for completeness, but their relative contribution is negligible.

text: Earth's mass is constantly changing due to many contributors. Earth primarily gains mass from micrometeorites and cosmic dust, whereas it loses hydrogen and helium gas. The combined effect is a net loss of material, though the annual mass deficit represents an inconsequential fraction of its total mass, or even the uncertainty in its mass. So its inclusion does not affect total mass calculations.A number of other mechanisms are responsible for mass adjustments, and can be classified into two categories: physical transfer of

text: matter

text: , and mass that is gained or lost through the absorption or release of energy due to the

text: mass–energy equivalence

text: principle.  Several examples are provided for completeness, but their relative contribution is negligible.

text: A fire requires heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. The energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier for combustion is transferred as heat into the system, resulting in changes to the system’s internal energy.  In a process, the energy input to start a fire may comprise both work and heat, such as when one rubs tinder (work) and experiences friction (heat) to start a fire. The ensuing combustion is highly exothermic, which releases heat.  The overall change in internal energy does not reveal the mode of energy transfer and quantifies only the net work and heat.  The difference between initial and final states of the system’s internal energy does not account for the extent of the energy interactions transpired.  Therefore, internal energy is a state function (i.e. exact differential), while heat and work are path functions (i.e. inexact differentials) because integration must account for the path taken.

text: A rough calculation for the energy gain by using a pulsed thermal nuclear rocket in comparison with the conventional stationary mode, is as follows.The  energy stored into the fuel after a pulsation, is the sensible heat stored because the fuel temperature increase. This energy may be written as

text: A rough calculation for the energy gain by using a pulsed thermal nuclear rocket in comparison with the conventional stationary mode, is as follows.The  energy stored into the fuel after a pulsation, is the

text: sensible heat

text: stored because the fuel temperature increase. This energy may be written as

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from

text: resources

text: that are not significantly depleted by their use, such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: and

text: geothermal heat

text: . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas:

text: electricity generation

text: hot water

text: space heating

text: motor fuel

text: s, and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: Despite being technically non-renewable, fusion power has many of the benefits of renewable energy sources (such as being a long-term energy supply and emitting no greenhouse gases) as well as some of the benefits of the resource-limited energy sources as hydrocarbons and nuclear fission (without reprocessing). Like these currently dominant energy sources, fusion could provide very high power-generation density and uninterrupted power delivery (because it is not dependent on the weather, unlike wind and solar power).

text: Despite being technically

text: non-renewable

text: , fusion power has many of the benefits of renewable energy sources (such as being a long-term energy supply and emitting no

text: greenhouse gas

text: es) as well as some of the benefits of the resource-limited energy sources as hydrocarbons and nuclear fission (without

text: reprocessing

text: ). Like these currently dominant energy sources, fusion could provide very high power-generation density and uninterrupted power delivery (because it is not dependent on the

text: weather

text: , unlike wind and solar power).

text: The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure, primary energy consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. In 2013 Denmark’s total final energy consumption was 607 PJ whilst its primary energy consumption was 763 PJ. Most of the approximately 25% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in thermal electricity sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. Denmark is one of the world’s most fuel efficient countries and the difference between the two measures is smaller than many other countries.

text: primary energy

text: consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. In 2013 Denmark’s total final energy consumption was 607 PJ whilst its primary energy consumption was 763 PJ. Most of the approximately 25% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in

text: thermal electricity

text: sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption. Denmark is one of the world’s most fuel efficient countries and the difference between the two measures is smaller than many other countries.

text: Article 4 of the Renewables Directive required Member States to submit National Renewable Energy Action Plans by 30 June 2010. These plans, to be prepared in accordance with the template published by the Commission, provide detailed roadmaps of how each Member State expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy consumption.Member States must set out the sectoral targets, the technology mix they expect to use, the trajectory they will follow and the measures and reforms they will undertake to overcome the barriers to developing renewable energy. The plans are published by the EC upon receipt in the original language, allowing public scrutiny. The Commission will evaluate them, assessing their completeness and credibility. In parallel, the plans will be translated into English. In addition, the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands was contracted by the European Environment Agency to create an external database and quantitative report of the reports received so far.

text: Article 4 of the

entity_name: EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

text: Renewables Directive

text: required Member States to submit

text: National Renewable Energy Action Plan

text: s by 30 June 2010. These plans, to be prepared in accordance with the template published by the Commission, provide detailed roadmaps of how each Member State expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy consumption.Member States must set out the sectoral targets, the technology mix they expect to use, the trajectory they will follow and the measures and reforms they will undertake to overcome the barriers to developing renewable energy. The plans are published by the EC upon receipt in the original language, allowing public scrutiny. The Commission will evaluate them, assessing their completeness and credibility. In parallel, the plans will be translated into English. In addition, the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands was contracted by the European Environment Agency to create an external database and quantitative report of the reports received so far.

text: Although beyond current technological capabilities, a black hole starship offers some advantages compared to other possible methods. For example, in nuclear fusion or fission, only a small proportion of the mass is converted into energy, so enormous quantities of material would be needed. Thus, a nuclear starship would greatly deplete Earth of fissile and fusile material. One possibility is antimatter, but the manufacturing of antimatter is hugely energy-inefficient, and antimatter is difficult to contain. The Crane and Westmoreland paper continues:

text: Although beyond current technological capabilities, a black hole starship offers some advantages compared to other possible methods. For example, in

text: nuclear fusion

text: or

text: fission

text: , only a small proportion of the mass is converted into energy, so enormous quantities of material would be needed. Thus, a nuclear starship would greatly deplete Earth of fissile and fusile material. One possibility is

text: antimatter

text: , but the manufacturing of antimatter is hugely energy-inefficient, and antimatter is difficult to contain. The Crane and Westmoreland paper continues:

text: A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work. The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing chemical energy but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy such as nuclear energy (via nuclear fission or  nuclear fusion).

text: A fuel is any material that can be made to

text: react

text: with other substances so that it releases

text: chemical

text: or

text: nuclear energy

text: as

text: heat

text: or to be used for

text: work

text: . The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing

text: chemical energy

text: but has since also been applied to other sources of heat energy such as

text: nuclear energy

text: (via

text: nuclear fission

text: or

text: nuclear fusion

text: Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy which has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field, or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, the energy represented by these events had been stored in heavy atoms (or in the gravitational potential of the Earth). The energy stored in heat atoms had been stored as potential ever since the time that gravitational potentials transforming energy in the collapse of long-destroyed stars (supernovae) created these atoms, and in doing so, stored the energy within.

text: Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Renewable energy

text: is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: and

text: geothermal heat

text: electricity generation

text: hot water

text: space heating

text: motor fuel

text: s, and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: ConocoPhillips sponsors a series of free K-12 workshops held throughout the nation. This workshop series presents a unique opportunity for classroom teachers (K-12) to learn about energy in a fun and exciting way! The seminars will create awareness of today’s energy challenges and the importance of using energy wisely.  Participation in this workshop provides educators with more than $500 of curriculum and hands-on kits that teach about energy resources and energy transformations through hands-on activities. Participants receive the NEED Science of Energy Kit, a basic NEED curriculum set and a class-set of NEED's Energy Infobooks at grade level.  Curriculum and training is aligned with state education standards.  ConocoPhillips/NEED homepageConocoPhillips Energy Workshop Videos

text: Interaction energy- Intermittent energy source- Internal energy- Invariant mass

text: Interaction energy

text: Intermittent energy source

text: Internal energy

text: Invariant mass

text: The TERI University is situated at Plot No. 10, Institutional Area,  in a modern green building. The campus was inaugurated by the President of India, Pratibha Devisingh Patil, on 11 September 2008. While inaugurating the green campus, the president observed that it was "an exemplary example of combining traditional values of conservation and preservation of energy while building a state of the art campus." The university puts its theory to practice by building an energy efficient campus showcasing the concept of modern green buildings. Besides an innovative, energy saving architectural design, the building is equipped with a number of other cutting edge technologies that help reduce the energy consumption by 60% and potable water use by 25%. The campus is equipped with three types of cooling systems: the Earth Air Tunnel (EAT), Variable Refrigerant Volume System (VRV) and Thermal Mass Storage (TMS). The EAT used in the hostel block uses the heat sink property of the earth to maintain comfortable temperatures inside the building, saving up to 50% energy as compared to the conventional system.

text: The TERI University is situated at Plot No. 10, Institutional Area,  in a modern

text: green building

text: . The campus was inaugurated by the President of India,

text: Pratibha Devisingh Patil

text: , on 11 September 2008. While inaugurating the green campus, the president observed that it was "an exemplary example of combining traditional values of conservation and preservation of energy while building a state of the art campus." The university puts its theory to practice by building an energy efficient campus showcasing the concept of modern green buildings. Besides an innovative, energy saving architectural design, the building is equipped with a number of other cutting edge technologies that help reduce the energy consumption by 60% and potable water use by 25%. The campus is equipped with three types of cooling systems: the Earth Air Tunnel (EAT), Variable Refrigerant Volume System (VRV) and Thermal Mass Storage (TMS). The EAT used in the hostel block uses the heat sink property of the earth to maintain comfortable temperatures inside the building, saving up to 50% energy as compared to the conventional system.

text: Ignition should not be confused with breakeven, a similar concept that compares the total energy being given off to the energy being used to heat the fuel. The key difference is that breakeven ignores losses to the surroundings, which do not contribute to heating the fuel, and thus are not able to make the reaction self-sustaining. Breakeven is an important goal in the fusion energy field, but ignition is required for a practical energy producing design.

text: Ignition should not be confused with

text: breakeven

text: , a similar concept that compares the total energy being given off to the energy being used to heat the fuel. The key difference is that breakeven ignores losses to the surroundings, which do not contribute to heating the fuel, and thus are not able to make the reaction self-sustaining. Breakeven is an important goal in the

text: fusion energy

text: field, but ignition is required for a practical energy producing design.

text: • Educate Missourians about renewable energy and energy conservation.

text: Contemporary industrial societies use primary and secondary energy sources for transportation and the production of many manufactured goods. Also, large industrial populations have various generation and delivery services for energy distribution and end-user utilization. This energy is used by people who can afford the cost to live under various climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, along with the convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution sources and availability of domestic energy sources.

text: Contemporary

text: industrial societies

text: use primary and

text: secondary energy

text: sources for

text: transportation

text: and the production of many

text: manufactured good

text: s. Also, large industrial populations have

text: various generation

text: and delivery services for

text: energy distribution

text: and

text: end-user

text: utilization. This energy is used by people who can

text: afford the cost to live

text: under various

text: climatic conditions

text: through the use of

text: heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning

text: . Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, along with the convenience, levels of

text: traffic congestion

text: pollution sources

text: and availability of

text: domestic energy sources

text: Since DSR generically (though not necessarily) implies an energy-dependence of the speed of light, it has further been predicted that, if there are modifications to first order in energy over the Planck mass, this energy-dependence would be observable in high energetic photons reaching Earth from distant gamma ray bursts. Depending on whether the now energy-dependent speed of light increases or decreases with energy (a model-dependent feature) highly energetic photons would be faster or slower than the lower energetic ones.However, the Fermi-LAT experiment in 2009 measured a 31 GeV photon, which nearly simultaneously arrived with other photons from the same burst, which excluded such dispersion effects even above the Planck energy.It has moreover been argued, that DSR with an energy-dependent speed of light is inconsistent and first order effects are ruled out already because they would lead to non-local particle interactions that would long have been observed in particle physics experiments.

text: Since DSR generically (though not necessarily) implies an energy-dependence of the speed of light, it has further been predicted that, if there are modifications to first order in energy over the Planck mass, this energy-dependence would be observable in high energetic

text: photon

text: s reaching Earth from distant

text: gamma ray burst

text: s. Depending on whether the now energy-dependent speed of light increases or decreases with energy (a model-dependent feature) highly energetic photons would be faster or slower than the lower energetic ones.However, the

text: Fermi-LAT

text: experiment in 2009 measured a 31 GeV photon, which nearly simultaneously arrived with other photons from the same burst, which excluded such dispersion effects even above the Planck energy.It has moreover been argued, that DSR with an energy-dependent speed of light is inconsistent and first order effects are ruled out already because they would lead to non-local particle interactions that would long have been observed in particle physics experiments.

text: Water, however, is not a finite resource, but rather re-circulated as potable water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than human consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserve in the earth (about 1% of our drinking water supply, which is replenished in aquifers around every 1 to 10 years), that is a non-renewable resource, and it is, rather, the distribution of potable and irrigation water which is scarce, rather than the actual amount of it that exists on the earth. Water-poor countries use importation of goods as the primary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption), since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in water.

text: Water, however, is not a finite resource, but rather re-circulated as potable water in precipitation in quantities many degrees of magnitude higher than human consumption. Therefore, it is the relatively small quantity of water in reserve in the earth (about 1% of our drinking

text: water supply

text: , which is replenished in aquifers around every 1 to 10 years), that is a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , and it is, rather, the distribution of potable and irrigation water which is scarce, rather than the actual amount of it that exists on the earth. Water-poor countries use importation of goods as the primary method of importing water (to leave enough for local human consumption), since the manufacturing process uses around 10 to 100 times products' masses in water.

text: A bill proposed in the South Carolina Legislature in 2007-2008 aimed to classify nuclear power as renewable energy.  The bill listed as renewable energy: solar photovoltaic energy, solar thermal energy, wind power, hydroelectric, geothermal energy, tidal energy, recycling, hydrogen fuel derived from renewable resources, biomass energy, nuclear energy, and landfill gas.

text: A bill proposed in the South Carolina Legislature in 2007-2008 aimed to classify nuclear power as renewable energy.  The bill listed as renewable energy: solar photovoltaic energy, solar thermal energy, wind power, hydroelectric, geothermal energy, tidal energy, recycling, hydrogen fuel derived from renewable resources, biomass energy, nuclear energy, and

text: landfill gas

text: The four different colors of square within the resource gathering area represent flesh, blood, energy and scrap. These must be collected in order to create zombies, the volume of each needed varies according to the type of zombie the player wishes to reanimate. Resources can be collected by clicking on any square which is horizontally or vertically connected to at least two more squares of the same type, without breaks in the chain. The player cannot move resource squares around the grid, only select which square to remove, along with any others if it forms part of a chain. The larger the number of resource squares in a chain, the more of that type of resource will be allocated to the player's reserves.

text: Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena, which with the exception of tidal power, ultimately derive their energy from the sun (a natural fusion reactor) or from geothermal energy, which is heat derived in greatest part from that which is generated in the earth from the decay of radioactive isotopes, as the International Energy Agency explains:

text: Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena, which with the exception of

text: tidal power

text: , ultimately derive their energy from the

text: sun

text: (a

text: natural fusion reactor

text: ) or from

text: geothermal energy

text: , which is heat derived in greatest part from that which is generated in the earth from the

text: decay of radioactive isotopes

text: , as the

text: International Energy Agency

text: explains:

text: It is common to quote the changes in chemical energy for one mole of the substance in question: typical values for the change in molar chemical energy during a chemical reaction range from tens to hundreds of kilojoules per mole.

text: It is common to quote the changes in chemical energy for one

text: mole

text: of the substance in question: typical values for the change in molar chemical energy during a chemical reaction range from tens to hundreds of kilojoules per mole.

text: The gravitational torque between the Moon and the tidal bulge of Earth causes the Moon to be constantly promoted to a slightly higher orbit and Earth to be decelerated in its rotation.  As in any physical process within an isolated system, total energy and angular momentum are conserved.  Effectively, energy and angular momentum are transferred from the rotation of Earth to the orbital motion of the Moon (however, most of the energy lost by Earth (-3.321 TW) is converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid Earth, and only about 1/30th (+0.121 TW) is transferred to the Moon). The Moon moves farther away from Earth (+38.247±0.004 mm/y), so its potential energy (in Earth's gravity well) increases. It stays in orbit, and from Kepler's 3rd law it follows that its angular velocity actually decreases, so the tidal action on the Moon actually causes an angular deceleration, i.e. a negative acceleration (-25.858±0.003 "/century) of its rotation around Earth. The actual speed of the Moon also decreases. Although its kinetic energy decreases, its potential energy increases by a larger amount.

text: The gravitational torque between the Moon and the tidal bulge of Earth causes the Moon to be constantly promoted to a slightly higher orbit and Earth to be decelerated in its rotation.  As in any physical process within an isolated system, total

text: energy

text: and

text: angular momentum

text: are conserved.  Effectively, energy and angular momentum are transferred from the rotation of Earth to the orbital motion of the Moon (however, most of the energy lost by Earth (-3.321 TW) is converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid Earth, and only about 1/30th (+0.121 TW) is transferred to the Moon). The Moon moves farther away from Earth (+38.247±0.004 mm/y), so its

text: potential energy

text: (in Earth's

text: gravity well

text: ) increases. It stays in orbit, and from

text: Kepler's 3rd law

text: it follows that its

text: angular velocity

text: actually decreases, so the tidal action on the Moon actually causes an angular deceleration, i.e. a negative acceleration (-25.858±0.003 "/century) of its rotation around Earth. The actual speed of the Moon also decreases. Although its

text: kinetic energy

text: decreases, its potential energy increases by a larger amount.

text: Energy Saving Trust (EST) is a British organization devoted to promoting energy efficiency, energy conservation, and the sustainable use of energy, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions and helping to prevent man-made climate change. It was founded in the United Kingdom as a government-sponsored initiative in 1992, following the global Earth Summit.

text: Energy Saving Trust (EST) is a British organization devoted to promoting

text: energy efficiency

text: energy conservation

text: , and the

text: sustainable use of energy

text: , thereby reducing

entity_name: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

text: carbon dioxide emissions

text: and helping to prevent man-made

text: climate change

text: . It was founded in the

text: United Kingdom

text: as a government-sponsored initiative in 1992, following the global

text: Earth Summit

text: The term 'synthetic fuel' has several different meanings and it may include different types of fuels. More traditional definitions, e.g. definition given by the International Energy Agency, define 'synthetic fuel' as any liquid fuel obtained from coal or natural gas.  The Energy Information Administration defines synthetic fuels in its Annual Energy Outlook 2006, as fuels produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass feedstocks through chemical conversion into synthetic crude and/or synthetic liquid products.  A number of synthetic fuel's definitions include fuels produced from biomass, and industrial and municipal waste.  The definition of synthetic fuel also allows oil sands and oil shale as synthetic fuel sources, and in addition to liquid fuels, synthesized gaseous fuels are also considered to be synthetic fuels:  in his 'Synthetic fuels handbook' petrochemist James G. Speight included liquid and gaseous fuels as well as clean solid fuels produced by conversion of coal, oil shale or tar sands, and various forms of biomass, although he admits that in the context of substitutes for petroleum-based fuels it has even wider meaning.  Depending on the context, methanol, ethanol and hydrogen may also be included.

text: The term 'synthetic fuel' has several different meanings and it may include different types of fuels. More traditional definitions, e.g. definition given by the

text: International Energy Agency

text: , define 'synthetic fuel' as any liquid fuel obtained from coal or natural gas.  The

text: Energy Information Administration

text: defines synthetic fuels in its Annual Energy Outlook 2006, as fuels produced from coal, natural gas, or

text: biomass

text: feedstock

text: s through chemical conversion into

text: synthetic crude

text: and/or synthetic liquid products.  A number of synthetic fuel's definitions include fuels produced from biomass, and industrial and municipal waste.  The definition of synthetic fuel also allows

text: oil sands

text: and

text: oil shale

text: as synthetic fuel sources, and in addition to liquid fuels, synthesized gaseous fuels are also considered to be synthetic fuels:  in his 'Synthetic fuels handbook' petrochemist James G. Speight included liquid and gaseous fuels as well as clean solid fuels produced by conversion of coal, oil shale or tar sands, and various forms of biomass, although he admits that in the context of substitutes for petroleum-based fuels it has even wider meaning.  Depending on the context,

text: methanol

text: ethanol

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: may also be included.

text: State programs are a vital component of NEED's mission. State coordinators and NEED lead teachers, partners, and sponsors provide day-to-day guidance to local programs, conduct regional and local training programs, design and distribute materials, support teachers, and help develop new NEED programs and activities. These state programs make NEED work at the local level—helping connect the state education standards to NEED programs and materials.NEED stays connected to its network via its newsletters— Energy Exchange and Career Currents—and a variety of resources and opportunities available on NEED's website, www.need.org, and many outreach events each year. Energy Exchange provides teachers, students, and sponsors with information and activities about energy and exciting new technologies and discoveries. NEED’s new newsletter, Career Currents, exposes students to the diversity of energy careers. Both newsletters are distributed bimonthly, and all issues are available on www.need.org.

text: The program was established by Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and has been subsequently amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments of 1988, Energy Policy Act of 1992, Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.  As established by NEPA, the program established "test procedures, labeling, and energy targets for consumer products."  The National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 directed the DOE to set minimum efficiency levels for thirteen appliances. Subsequent amendments have expanded the number of appliances under regulatory control and directed DOE to maintain a schedule for review and update of testing procedures and minimum efficiency standards.

text: The program was established by Part B of Title III of the

text: Energy Policy and Conservation Act

text: of 1975 (EPCA) and has been subsequently amended by the

text: National Energy Conservation Policy Act

entity_name: National Appliance Energy Conservation Act

text: National Appliance Energy Conservation Act

text: National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments of 1988

text: Energy Policy Act of 1992

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: and

entity_name: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

text: Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

text: .  As established by NEPA, the program established "test procedures, labeling, and energy targets for consumer products."  The National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 directed the DOE to set minimum efficiency levels for thirteen appliances. Subsequent amendments have expanded the number of appliances under regulatory control and directed DOE to maintain a schedule for review and update of testing procedures and minimum efficiency standards.

text: Sustainable energy is the ideal that society should serve its energy needs without negatively impacting future generations, and which various organizations, governments, and individuals have been advocating. To meet this ideal, efficiency improvements are required in three aspects of the energy ecosystem:

text: Sustainable energy

text: is the ideal that society should serve its energy needs without negatively impacting future generations, and which various organizations, governments, and individuals have been advocating. To meet this ideal, efficiency improvements are required in three aspects of the energy ecosystem:

text: Because top quarks are very massive, large amounts of energy are needed to create one. The only way to achieve such high energies is through high energy collisions. These occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere as cosmic rays collide with particles in the air, or can be created in a particle accelerator. In 2011, after the Tevatron ceased operations, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN became the only accelerator that generates a beam of sufficient energy to produce top quarks, with a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. There are multiple processes that can lead to the production of top quarks, but they can be conceptually divided in two categories.

text: Because top quarks are very massive, large amounts of energy are needed to create one. The only way to achieve such high energies is through high energy collisions. These occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere as

text: cosmic ray

text: s collide with particles in the air, or can be created in a

text: particle accelerator

text: . In 2011, after the

text: Tevatron

text: ceased operations, the

text: Large Hadron Collider

text: at

text: CERN

text: became the only accelerator that generates a beam of sufficient energy to produce top quarks, with a

text: center-of-mass energy

text: of 7 TeV. There are multiple processes that can lead to the production of top quarks, but they can be conceptually divided in two categories.

text: Renewable Energy is also another example of a technological fix, as technology is being used in attempts to reduce and mitigate the effects of global warming. Renewable Energy refers to technologies that has been designed to be eco-friendly and efficient for the well-being of the Earth. They are generally regarded as infinite energy sources, which means they will never run out, unlike fossil fuels such as oil and coal, which are finite sources of energy. They additionally release no green house gases such as carbon dioxide, which is harmful for the planet as it depletes the ozone layer. Examples of renewable energy can be seen by wind turbines, solar energy such as solar panels and kinetic energy from waves. These energies are regarded as a technological fix as they have been designed and innovated to overcome issues with energy insecurity, as well as to help protect Earth from the harmful emissions released from non-renewable energy sources, and thus overcome global warming. It is also know that such technologies will in turn require their own technological fixes. For example, some types of solar energy have local impacts on ambient temperature, which can be a hazard to birdlife.

text: Renewable Energy

text: is also another example of a technological fix, as technology is being used in attempts to reduce and mitigate the effects of

text: global warming

text: Renewable Energy

text: refers to technologies that has been designed to be eco-friendly and efficient for the well-being of the Earth. They are generally regarded as infinite energy sources, which means they will never run out, unlike fossil fuels such as

text: oil

text: and

text: coal

text: , which are finite sources of energy. They additionally release no

text: green house gases

text: such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: , which is harmful for the planet as it depletes the

text: ozone

text: layer. Examples of renewable energy can be seen by

text: wind turbine

text: s,

text: solar energy

text: such as solar panels and

text: kinetic energy

text: from waves. These energies are regarded as a technological fix as they have been designed and innovated to overcome issues with energy insecurity, as well as to help protect Earth from the harmful emissions released from non-renewable energy sources, and thus overcome global warming. It is also know that such technologies will in turn require their own technological fixes. For example, some types of solar energy have local impacts on ambient temperature, which can be a hazard to birdlife.

text: The rotational angular momentum of Earth decreases and consequently the length of the day increases. The net tide raised on Earth by the Moon is dragged ahead of the Moon by Earth's much faster rotation. Tidal friction is required to drag and maintain the bulge ahead of the Moon, and it dissipates the excess energy of the exchange of rotational and orbital energy between Earth and the Moon as heat. If the friction and heat dissipation were not present, the Moon's gravitational force on the tidal bulge would rapidly (within two days) bring the tide back into synchronization with the Moon, and the Moon would no longer recede. Most of the dissipation occurs in a turbulent bottom boundary layer in shallow seas such as the European Shelf around the British Isles, the Patagonian Shelf off Argentina, and the Bering Sea.

text: The rotational angular momentum of Earth decreases and consequently the length of the day increases. The net tide raised on Earth by the Moon is dragged ahead of the Moon by Earth's much faster rotation. Tidal friction is required to drag and maintain the bulge ahead of the Moon, and it dissipates the excess energy of the exchange of rotational and orbital energy between Earth and the Moon as heat. If the friction and heat dissipation were not present, the Moon's gravitational force on the tidal bulge would rapidly (within two days) bring the tide back into synchronization with the Moon, and the Moon would no longer recede. Most of the dissipation occurs in a turbulent bottom boundary layer in shallow seas such as the

text: European Shelf

text: around the

text: British Isles

text: , the

text: Patagonian Shelf

text: off

text: Argentina

text: , and the

text: Bering Sea

text: Spoiled (stylized as spOILed) is a 2011 documentary film about energy myths, environmental issues with energy, the problems with alternative energy, and the global warming controversy associated with energy. Spoiled also discusses wind energy, solar energy, fossil fuels, green energy, alternative energy, and sustainable energy as a part of its renewable energy documentary scope.

text: Spoiled (stylized as spOILed) is a 2011 documentary film about energy

text: myths

entity_name: Environmental impact of the energy industry

text: environmental issues with energy

text: , the problems with

text: alternative energy

text: , and the

text: global warming controversy

text: associated with energy. Spoiled also discusses

text: wind energy

text: solar energy

text: fossil fuels

text: green energy

text: alternative energy

text: , and

text: sustainable energy

text: as a part of its

text: renewable energy

text: documentary scope.

text: Disturbances of Earth's radiative equilibrium, such as an increase of greenhouse gases, will change global temperatures in response.  However, Earth's energy balance and heat fluxes depend on many factors, such as atmospheric composition (mainly aerosols and greenhouse gases), the albedo (reflectivity) of surface properties, cloud cover and vegetation and land use patterns. Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the inertia of the oceans and the cryosphere. The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.

text: Disturbances of Earth's radiative equilibrium, such as an increase of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, will change global temperatures in response.  However, Earth's energy balance and heat fluxes depend on many factors, such as atmospheric composition (mainly aerosols and greenhouse gases), the

text: albedo

text: (reflectivity) of surface properties, cloud cover and vegetation and land use patterns. Changes in surface temperature due to Earth's energy budget do not occur instantaneously, due to the

text: inertia

text: of the

text: ocean

text: s and the

text: cryosphere

text: . The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the

text: ocean's heat content

text: , until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.

text: Renewable energy in Lithuania by type:

text: Renewable energy in Lithuania by type:

text: Remote sensing depends on the interaction of a source of energy with a target, and energy measured from the target. In the "Remote Sensing" diagram, Source 1a is an independent natural source such as the Sun.  Source 1b is a source, perhaps manmade, that illuminates the target, such as a searchlight or ground radar transmitter. Source 1c is a natural source, such as the heat of the Earth, with which the Target interferes.

text: The Legends series takes place on a flooded Earth. Because of the flooding, only a few sparse islands exist and energy sources are rare. In order to satisfy this increasing demand for energy to power up machinery, quantum refractors found in ancient ruins are used. These refractors are valuable; they serve as an energy source, and their shards are used as currency. However, the main goal of every person is to find the Mother Lode, an item of supposed infinite power that can fill the need for the energy in one swoop. Those who try to excavate these ruins are called "Diggers" ("Digouters" in the Japanese version). The protagonist of the game is Mega Man Volnutt, a Digger living in a ship called Flutter. He lives there alongside Roll Caskett, his Spotter who is searching for her missing father, Barrel Caskett, Roll's grandfather, and Data, a mysterious monkey that talks in gibberish only Mega Man himself can understand. The game's antagonists are pirates known as the Bonnes who want to steal Kattelox's secret treasure in order to become rich. They consist of Teisel Bonne, the leader of the group. His sibling is Tron Bonne, who builds most of their robots used in their elaborate schemes (and develops feelings for Mega Man), and the youngest brother, Bon Bonne, who can only say one word—"Babu!" The Bonnes are accompanied by forty Servbots, robots under the care of Tron.

text: The Legends series takes place on a flooded

text: Earth

text: . Because of the flooding, only a few sparse islands exist and energy sources are rare. In order to satisfy this increasing demand for energy to power up machinery, quantum refractors found in ancient ruins are used. These refractors are valuable; they serve as an energy source, and their shards are used as currency. However, the main goal of every person is to find the Mother Lode, an item of supposed infinite power that can fill the need for the energy in one swoop. Those who try to excavate these ruins are called "Diggers" ("Digouters" in the Japanese version). The protagonist of the game is Mega Man Volnutt, a Digger living in a ship called Flutter. He lives there alongside Roll Caskett, his Spotter who is searching for her missing father, Barrel Caskett, Roll's grandfather, and Data, a mysterious monkey that talks in gibberish only Mega Man himself can understand. The game's antagonists are pirates known as the Bonnes who want to steal Kattelox's secret treasure in order to become rich. They consist of Teisel Bonne, the leader of the group. His sibling is Tron Bonne, who builds most of their robots used in their elaborate schemes (and develops feelings for Mega Man), and the youngest brother, Bon Bonne, who can only say one word—"Babu!" The Bonnes are accompanied by forty Servbots, robots under the care of Tron.

text: In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".

text: In ISO 13602-1:2002, a renewable resource is defined as "a natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the

text: technosphere

text: is equal to or greater than one".

text: Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is connected closely to environmental management, production management, logistics and other established business functions. The VDI-Guideline 4602 released a definition which includes the economic dimension: “Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic objectives”.

text: Energy management includes planning and operation of

text: energy production

text: and

text: energy consumption

text: units. Objectives are

text: resource conservation

text: climate protection

text: and

text: cost savings

text: , while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is connected closely to

text: environmental management

text: production management

text: logistics

text: and other established business functions. The

text: VDI-Guideline

text: 4602 released a definition which includes the economic dimension: “Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement,

text: conversion

text: distribution

text: and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic objectives”.

text: Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency. Costs have fallen dramatically in recent years, and continue to fall. Most of these technologies are either economically competitive or close to being so. Increasingly, effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding. Considerable progress is being made in the energy transition from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems, to the point where many studies support 100% renewable energy.

text: Technologies that promote

text: sustainable

text: energy include

text: renewable energy

text: sources, such as

text: hydroelectricity

text: solar energy

text: wind energy

text: wave power

text: geothermal energy

text: bioenergy

text: tidal power

text: and also technologies designed to improve

text: energy efficiency

text: . Costs have fallen dramatically in recent years, and continue to fall. Most of these technologies are either economically competitive or close to being so. Increasingly, effective government policies support investor confidence and these markets are expanding. Considerable progress is being made in the

text: energy transition

text: from fossil fuels to ecologically sustainable systems, to the point where many studies support

text: 100% renewable energy

text: The Earth's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 terawatts (TW), and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity’s current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flow is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of  is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter.

text: The Earth's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2

text: terawatts

text: (TW), and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity’s current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flow is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of  is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter.

text: The potentials A and G are utilized for a constant temperature process.  In these cases, all energy is free to perform useful work because there is no entropic loss.  A chemical reaction that generates electricity with no associated change in temperature will also experience no entropic loss. (See Fuel cell.)  This is true of every isothermal process. Examples are gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy (on a macroscopic scale), solar energy, electrical energy, and many others. If friction, absorption, electrical resistance or a similar energy conversion takes place that releases heat, the impact of that heat on thermodynamic potentials must be considered, and it is this impact that decreases the available energy.

text: The potentials A and G are utilized for a constant temperature process.  In these cases, all energy is

text: free to perform useful work

text: because there is no entropic loss.  A chemical reaction that generates electricity with no associated change in temperature will also experience no entropic loss. (See

text: Fuel cell

text: .)  This is true of every isothermal process. Examples are

text: gravitational potential energy

text: kinetic energy

text: (on a macroscopic scale),

text: solar energy

text: electrical energy

text: , and many others. If

text: friction

text: absorption

text: electrical resistance

text: or a similar energy conversion takes place that releases heat, the impact of that heat on thermodynamic potentials must be considered, and it is this impact that decreases the available energy.

text: The alien also makes its host secrete a blend of ultra-powerful pheromones that cause tremendous sexual attraction in those around it for the purposes of feeding; those with stronger wills might be able to resist the pheromones. Coupling with the host is fatal, causing the host's partner to disintegrate into a pile of dust at climax and allowing the alien to absorb the energy from the orgasm. It appeared to know human biology well (or at least just enough), knowing it needed the opposite gender in order to get the energy. It was tricked out of its host and left in a portable energy prison until it expired from being poisoned by the earth's air.

text: The alien also makes its host secrete a blend of ultra-powerful

text: pheromone

text: s that cause tremendous sexual attraction in those around it for the purposes of feeding; those with stronger wills might be able to resist the pheromones. Coupling with the host is fatal, causing the host's partner to disintegrate into a pile of dust at climax and allowing the alien to absorb the energy from the orgasm. It appeared to know human biology well (or at least just enough), knowing it needed the opposite gender in order to get the energy. It was tricked out of its host and left in a portable energy prison until it expired from being poisoned by the earth's air.

text: The MIPS method can be used to measure natural resource consumption in five categories, viz. abiotic and biotic resources, earth movements in agriculture and silviculture, water and air. Abiotic resources refer to non-renewable resources like minerals, fossil energy sources and soil excavations. Biotic resources refer to renewable resources like plant biomass. Earth movements include mechanical movements and erosion. Water includes surface, ground and deep ground water used by humans. Air is calculated when it is used in combustion processes or chemically or physically transformed.The concept of total material requirement (TMR) used in many cases used in macro-level statistics and it refers to sum of abiotic and biotic resources and erosion.

text: The MIPS method can be used to measure natural resource consumption in five categories, viz.

text: abiotic

text: and

text: biotic

text: resources, earth movements in agriculture and

text: silviculture

text: , water and air. Abiotic resources refer to non-renewable resources like minerals, fossil energy sources and soil excavations. Biotic resources refer to renewable resources like plant

text: biomass

text: . Earth movements include mechanical movements and erosion. Water includes surface, ground and deep ground water used by humans. Air is calculated when it is used in combustion processes or chemically or physically transformed.The concept of total material requirement (TMR) used in many cases used in macro-level statistics and it refers to sum of abiotic and biotic resources and erosion.

text: Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare.  To this end, a secondary use for this waste product is in cogeneration, the use of a fuel source to provide both heat energy, used in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold on to the consumer electricity grid.

text: Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare.  To this end, a secondary use for this waste product is in

text: cogeneration

text: , the use of a fuel source to provide both heat energy, used in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold on to the consumer

text: electricity grid

text: There is also the possibility of even greater fuel efficiency at the expense of outright power. The Helical Camshaft and the general principle of LIVC also allow the possible use of a very high compression ratio (CR). The idea here being to use a very high geometrical CR but limit the compression pressure by LIVC so as to avoid detonation.  The expansion ratio after combustion still remains high. It is the expansion ratio that fundamentally converts the heat energy of the burning fuel/air mixture into usable mechanical energy. The more the hot gases are expanded by the moving piston the more the heat energy is converted into useful work and the higher the thermal efficiency is. This general principle is usually called the “Atkinson Cycle”. (Strictly speaking the Atkinson Cycle refers to an engine with mechanically different length compression and expansion strokes. In modern practice, the compression pressure is limited by a fixed amount of intake valve late closing - this has exactly the same effect as the different stroke lengths). With the Atkinson Cycle the added efficiency is at the expense of reduced overall power. For example, if an engine had a geometrical CR of 18:1 it would have to be restricted to about half its full charge of air/fuel mixture to avoid detonation. The resulting effect would be that at full load the engine would use half the fuel but the power would be not half but roughly two-thirds or three quarters that of the equivalent “normal” engine – the net result being an increase in thermal efficiency. Such an engine would be economical but it would still suffer from intake pumping losses.

text: There is also the possibility of even greater fuel efficiency at the expense of outright power. The Helical Camshaft and the general principle of LIVC also allow the possible use of a very high compression ratio (CR). The idea here being to use a very high geometrical CR but limit the compression pressure by LIVC so as to avoid detonation.  The expansion ratio after combustion still remains high. It is the expansion ratio that fundamentally converts the heat energy of the burning fuel/air mixture into usable mechanical energy. The more the hot gases are expanded by the moving piston the more the heat energy is converted into useful work and the higher the thermal efficiency is. This general principle is usually called the “

text: Atkinson Cycle

text: ”. (Strictly speaking the Atkinson Cycle refers to an engine with mechanically different length compression and expansion strokes. In modern practice, the compression pressure is limited by a fixed amount of intake valve late closing - this has exactly the same effect as the different stroke lengths). With the Atkinson Cycle the added efficiency is at the expense of reduced overall power. For example, if an engine had a geometrical CR of 18:1 it would have to be restricted to about half its full charge of air/fuel mixture to avoid detonation. The resulting effect would be that at full load the engine would use half the fuel but the power would be not half but roughly two-thirds or three quarters that of the equivalent “normal” engine – the net result being an increase in thermal efficiency. Such an engine would be economical but it would still suffer from intake pumping losses.

text: Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced yields. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

text: Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced

text: yields

text: . Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use or need of non-renewable resources, such as

text: natural gas

text: (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

text: In light of all this, there is a lot of literature surrounding different proposals of what might be done to help Nigeria develop their potential for renewable electricity. Development of the renewable sources energy is important for the future of world. Nigeria has been in an energy crisis for a decade despite numerous attempts to reform the energy sector (Ejiogu, 2012). The only thing that remains is to figure out which energy source is most practical for Nigeria.Development of hydro-electricity does not seem practical because of the dependence on the seasons for amount of water supply (Ajayi, 2009) as well as the amount of greenhouse gases it emits in the first 10 years of being built (Middleton, 2013). Wind energy has potential, but is unreliable for consistent energy supply.

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation.

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn

text: coal

text: or

text: hydrocarbon

text: fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal,

text: petroleum

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: . Another fossil fuel,

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles,

text: industrial process

text: es, or

text: electrical power generation

text: __NOTOC__J. Marvin Herndon (born 1944) is an American interdisciplinary scientist, who earned his BA degree in physics in 1970 from the University of California, San Diego and his Ph.D. degree in nuclear chemistry in 1974 from Texas A&M University. For three years, J. Marvin Herndon was a post-doctoral assistant to Hans Suess and Harold C. Urey in geochemistry and cosmochemistry at the University of California, San Diego. He is the President of Transdyne Corporation in San Diego, California. He has been profiled in Current Biography, and dubbed a “maverick geophysicist” by The Washington Post. He suggested that the composition of the inner core of Earth is nickel silicide; the conventional view is that it is iron–nickel alloy  More recently, he has suggested "georeactor" planetocentric nuclear fission reactors as energy sources for the gas giant outer planets. as the energy source and production mechanism for the geomagnetic field  and stellar ignition by nuclear fission.

text: __NOTOC__J. Marvin Herndon (born 1944) is an

text: American

text: interdisciplinary scientist, who earned his BA degree in

text: physics

text: in 1970 from the

text: University of California, San Diego

text: and his Ph.D. degree in

text: nuclear chemistry

text: in 1974 from

text: Texas A&M University

text: . For three years, J. Marvin Herndon was a

text: post-doctoral

text: assistant to

text: Hans Suess

text: and

text: Harold C. Urey

text: in

text: geochemistry

text: and

text: cosmochemistry

text: at the

text: University of California, San Diego

text: . He is the President of Transdyne Corporation in San Diego, California. He has been profiled in

text: Current Biography

text: , and dubbed a “maverick geophysicist” by

text: The Washington Post

text: . He suggested that the composition of the

text: inner core

text: of Earth is nickel

text: silicide

text: ; the conventional view is that it is iron–nickel alloy  More recently, he has suggested "

text: georeactor

text: " planetocentric

text: nuclear fission reactor

text: s as energy sources for the

text: gas giant

text: outer planets

text: . as the energy source and production mechanism for the geomagnetic field  and

text: stellar ignition

text: by

text: nuclear fission

text: Geothermal energy is obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself. Most systems in Scotland provide heating through a ground source heat pump which brings energy to the surface via shallow pipe works. An example is the Glenalmond Street project in Shettleston, which uses a combination of solar and geothermal energy to heat 16 houses. Water in a coal mine  below ground level is heated by geothermal energy and maintained at a temperature of about 12 °C (54 °F) throughout the year. The warmed water is raised and passed through a heat pump, boosting the temperature to 55 °C (131 °F), and is then distributed to the houses providing heating to radiators.

text: Geothermal energy

text: is obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself. Most systems in Scotland provide heating through a ground source

text: heat pump

text: which brings energy to the surface via shallow pipe works. An example is the Glenalmond Street project in

text: Shettleston

text: , which uses a combination of solar and geothermal energy to heat 16 houses. Water in a coal mine  below ground level is heated by geothermal energy and maintained at a temperature of about 12

text: °C

text: °F

text: ) throughout the year. The warmed water is raised and passed through a heat pump, boosting the temperature to 55 °C (131 °F), and is then distributed to the houses providing heating to radiators.

text: Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources.

text: Bioasphalt is an

text: asphalt

text: alternative made from non-petroleum based

text: renewable resource

text: s.

text: The oil price increases since 2003 and consequent price increases for natural gas and coal have increased the value of biomass for heat generation. Forest renderings, agricultural waste, and crops grown specifically for energy production become competitive as the prices of energy dense fossil fuels rise.  Efforts to develop this potential may have the effect of regenerating mismanaged croplands and be a cog in the wheel of a decentralized, multi-dimensional renewable energy industry.  Efforts to promote and advance these methods became common throughout the European Union through the 2000s. In other areas of the world, inefficient and polluting means to generate heat from biomass coupled with poor forest practices have significantly added to environmental degradation.

text: The

text: oil price increases since 2003

text: and consequent price increases for natural gas and coal have increased the value of biomass for heat generation. Forest renderings, agricultural waste, and

text: crops grown specifically for energy

text: production become competitive as the prices of

text: energy dense

text: fossil fuels rise.  Efforts to develop this potential may have the effect of

text: regenerating mismanaged croplands

text: and be a cog in the wheel of a decentralized, multi-dimensional renewable energy industry.  Efforts to promote and advance these methods became common throughout the

text: European Union

text: through the 2000s. In other areas of the world, inefficient and polluting means to generate heat from biomass coupled with poor forest practices have significantly added to

text: environmental degradation

text: As long as exergy stands for the useful energy required for an economic activity to be accomplished, it is reasonable to evaluate the cost of the energy on the basis of its exergy content. Besides, as exergy can be considered as measure of the departure of the environmental conditions, it also serves as an indicator of environmental impact, taking into account both the efficiency of supply chain (from primary exergy inputs) and the efficiency of the production processes. In this way, exergoeconomy can be used to rationally distribute the exergy costs and CO2 emission cost among the products and by-products of a highly integrated Brazilian electricity mix. Based on the thermoeconomy methodologies, some authors have shown that exergoeconomy provides an opportunity to quantify the renewable and non-renewable specific exergy consumption; to properly allocate the associated CO2 emissions among the streams of a given production route; as well as to determine the overall exergy conversion efficiency of the production processes. Accordingly, the non-renewable unit exergy cost (cNR) [kJ/kJ] is defined as the rate of non-renewable exergy necessary to produce one unit of exergy rate/flow rate of a substance, fuel, electricity, work or heat flow, whereas the Total Unit Exergy Cost (cT) includes the Renewable (cR) and Non-Renewable Unit Exergy Costs. Analogously, the CO2 emission cost (cCO2) [gCO2/kJ] is defined as the rate of CO2 emitted to obtain one unit of exergy rate/flow rate.

text: As long as exergy stands for the useful energy required for an economic activity to be accomplished, it is reasonable to evaluate the cost of the energy on the basis of its exergy content. Besides, as exergy can be considered as measure of the departure of the environmental conditions, it also serves as an indicator of environmental impact, taking into account both the efficiency of supply chain (from primary exergy inputs) and the efficiency of the production processes. In this way,

text: exergoeconomy

text: can be used to rationally distribute the exergy costs and CO2 emission cost among the products and by-products of a highly integrated Brazilian electricity mix. Based on the

text: thermoeconomy

text: methodologies, some authors have shown that exergoeconomy provides an opportunity to quantify the renewable and non-renewable specific exergy consumption; to properly allocate the associated CO2 emissions among the streams of a given production route; as well as to determine the overall exergy conversion efficiency of the production processes. Accordingly, the non-renewable unit exergy cost (cNR) [kJ/kJ] is defined as the rate of non-renewable exergy necessary to produce one unit of exergy rate/flow rate of a substance, fuel, electricity, work or heat flow, whereas the Total Unit Exergy Cost (cT) includes the Renewable (cR) and Non-Renewable Unit Exergy Costs. Analogously, the CO2 emission cost (cCO2) [gCO2/kJ] is defined as the rate of CO2 emitted to obtain one unit of exergy rate/flow rate.

text: Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems, and addressing them requires major changes to energy infrastructures. Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to world energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and provide opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases. Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:

text: Climate change

text: , pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems, and addressing them requires major changes to energy infrastructures.

text: Renewable energy

text: technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to

text: world energy security

text: , reduce dependency on

text: fossil fuel

text: s, and provide opportunities for mitigating

text: greenhouse gases

text: . Climate-disrupting

text: fossil fuels

text: are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy:

text: Definitions of renewable: resources may also include agricultural production, as in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources. In 1962 Paul Alfred Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.

text: Definitions of renewable: resources may also include agricultural production, as in

text: sustainable agriculture

text: and to an extent

text: water resources

text: . In 1962

text: Paul Alfred Weiss

text: defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...". Another type of renewable resources is

text: renewable energy

text: resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as renewable resources.

text: In the Stargate series of television shows, zero point modules are advanced power sources built by the Ancients to power their cities and outposts. Weighing only a few kilograms, a single ZPM has been quoted as able to power the entire city of Atlantis for thousands of years. ZPMs supposedly extract vacuum energy from a small artificially-created region of subspace, based on the concept of zero-point energy. ZPMs are depicted as more powerful and efficient than fictional Naquadah generators or any conventional energy source on present day Earth.

text: In the

text: Stargate

text: series of television shows, zero point modules are advanced power sources built by the Ancients to power their cities and outposts. Weighing only a few kilograms, a single ZPM has been quoted as able to power the entire city of

text: Atlantis

text: for thousands of years. ZPMs supposedly extract vacuum energy from a small artificially-created region of subspace, based on the concept of zero-point energy. ZPMs are depicted as more powerful and efficient than fictional

text: Naquadah generators

text: or any conventional energy source on present day Earth.

text: To ensure that teachers and students are working with accurate information, NEED materials are updated on a regular basis, using the latest data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, as well as from a wide range of energy industry partners. NEED works with educators and students to improve existing materials and develop new ones to meet national and state curriculum requirements. In a special partnership with the Energy Information Administration, NEED helps make energy information and data available to students via the EIA Kid's Page website. In 2006, the Kid’s Page was one of the most popular EIA products—averaging over 350,000 user sessions per month.NEED welcomes partners who vitalize the NEED network with new curriculum materials and new schools. This year, a new partnership with Pacific Gas and Electric Company expanded the PG&E Solar Schools program to over 600 teachers in the PG&E service area. Schools receive NEED Solar Kits, Science of Energy Kits, teacher training and the opportunity to apply for photovoltaic (solar) installations and classroom grants.

text: To ensure that teachers and students are working with accurate information, NEED materials are updated on a regular basis, using the latest data from the U.S.

text: Energy Information Administration

text: , as well as from a wide range of energy industry partners. NEED works with educators and students to improve existing materials and develop new ones to meet national and state curriculum requirements. In a special partnership with the

text: Energy Information Administration

text: , NEED helps make energy information and data available to students via the EIA Kid's Page website. In 2006, the Kid’s Page was one of the most popular EIA products—averaging over 350,000 user sessions per month.NEED welcomes partners who vitalize the NEED network with new curriculum materials and new schools. This year, a new partnership with Pacific Gas and Electric Company expanded the PG&E Solar Schools program to over 600 teachers in the PG&E service area. Schools receive NEED Solar Kits, Science of Energy Kits, teacher training and the opportunity to apply for photovoltaic (solar) installations and classroom grants.

text: It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency. They are also known by other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy systems. The engineering and scientific communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps" to avoid confusion with traditional geothermal power, which uses a high temperature heat source to generate electricity. Ground source heat pumps harvest heat absorbed at the Earth's surface from solar energy. The temperature in the ground below  is roughly equal to the mean annual air temperature at that latitude at the surface.

text: It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a

text: heat sink

text: (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with

text: solar heating

text: to form a

text: geosolar

text: system with even greater efficiency. They are also known by other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy systems. The engineering and scientific communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps" to avoid confusion with traditional

text: geothermal power

text: , which uses a high temperature heat source to generate electricity. Ground source heat pumps harvest heat absorbed at the Earth's surface from solar energy. The temperature in the ground below  is roughly equal to the mean annual air temperature at that latitude at the surface.

text: In 1985, the firm received international acclaim for building the energy-efficient Liberty Elementary School in Boise introduced energy-saving concepts such as solar energy and controllable electronics that took advantage of daylighting. The revolutionary design also entailed berming the earth up to the window sills to conserve energy needed for heating and cooling the building.

text: Since each mole of water requires two moles of electrons, and given that the Faraday constant F represents the charge of a mole of electrons (96485 C/mol), it follows that the minimum voltage necessary for electrolysis is about 1.23 V. If electrolysis is carried out at high temperature, this voltage reduces. This effectively allows the electrolyser to operate at more than 100% electrical efficiency. In electrochemical systems this means that heat must be supplied to the reactor to sustain the reaction. In this way thermal energy can be used for part of the electrolysis energy requirement. In a similar way the required voltage can be reduced (below 1 V) if fuels (such as carbon, alcohol, biomass) are reacted with water (PEM based electrolyzer in low temperature) or oxygen ions (solid oxide electrolyte based electrolyzer in high temperature). This results in some of the fuel's energy being used to "assist" the electrolysis process and can reduce the overall cost of hydrogen produced.

text: Since each mole of water requires two moles of

text: electron

text: s, and given that the

text: Faraday constant

text: F represents the charge of a mole of electrons (96485 C/mol), it follows that the minimum voltage necessary for electrolysis is about 1.23 V. If electrolysis is carried out at high temperature, this voltage reduces. This effectively allows the electrolyser to operate at more than 100% electrical efficiency. In electrochemical systems this means that heat must be supplied to the reactor to sustain the reaction. In this way thermal energy can be used for part of the electrolysis energy requirement. In a similar way the required voltage can be reduced (below 1 V) if fuels (such as carbon, alcohol, biomass) are reacted with water (PEM based electrolyzer in low temperature) or oxygen ions (solid oxide electrolyte based electrolyzer in high temperature). This results in some of the fuel's energy being used to "assist" the electrolysis process and can reduce the overall cost of hydrogen produced.

text: The energy release component (ERC) is a number related to the available energy (BTU) per unit area (square foot) within the flaming front at the head of a fire.  Daily variations in ERC are due to changes in moisture content of the various fuels present, both live and dead.  Since this number represents the potential "heat release" per unit area in the flaming zone, it can provide guidance to several important fire activities.  It may also be considered a composite fuel moisture value as it reflects the contribution that all live and dead fuels have to potential fire intensity.  The ERC is a cumulative or "build-up" type of index.  As live fuels cure and dead fuels dry, the ERC values get higher, thus providing a good reflection of drought conditions.  The scale is open-ended or unlimited and, as with other NFDRS components, is relative.  Conditions producing an ERC value of 24 represent a potential heat release twice that of conditions resulting in an ERC value of 12.

text: The energy release component (ERC) is a number related to the available energy (

text: BTU

text: ) per unit area (square foot) within the flaming front at the head of a fire.  Daily variations in ERC are due to changes in moisture content of the various fuels present, both live and dead.  Since this number represents the potential "heat release" per unit area in the flaming zone, it can provide guidance to several important fire activities.  It may also be considered a composite fuel moisture value as it reflects the contribution that all live and dead fuels have to potential fire intensity.  The ERC is a cumulative or "build-up" type of index.  As live fuels cure and dead fuels dry, the ERC values get higher, thus providing a good reflection of drought conditions.  The scale is open-ended or unlimited and, as with other

text: NFDRS

text: components, is relative.  Conditions producing an ERC value of 24 represent a potential heat release twice that of conditions resulting in an ERC value of 12.

text: Peat energy in Finland describes peat energy use in Finland. Peat has high global warming emissions and high environmental concerns.  It may be compared to brown coal (lignite) or worse than this lowest rank of coal. Peat is the most harmful energy source for global warming in Finland. (Hard coal, which is more harmful, is only used as an emergency back-up source for energy, and not in every year.)  According to IEA the Finnish subsidies for peat in 2007-2010 undermined the goal to reduce  emissions and counteracted other environmental policies and The European Union emissions trading scheme.

text: Peat energy in Finland describes

text: peat

text: energy use in Finland. Peat has high global warming emissions and high environmental concerns.  It may be compared to brown coal (

text: lignite

text: ) or worse than this lowest rank of

text: coal

text: Peat

text: is the most harmful energy source for

text: global warming

text: in Finland. (Hard coal, which is more harmful, is only used as an emergency back-up source for energy, and not in every year.)  According to

text: IEA

text: the Finnish subsidies for peat in 2007-2010 undermined the goal to reduce  emissions and counteracted other environmental policies and

text: The European Union emissions trading scheme

text: Other authors consider different categories of energy needs from "fundamental energy needs" associated to human survival and extremely poor situations. "Basic energy needs" required for attaining basic living standards, which includes all the functions in the previous (cooking, heating and lighting) and, in addition energy to provide basic services linked to health, education and communications. "Energy needs for productive uses” when additionally basic energy needs the user requires energy to make a living; and finally "Energy for recreation", when the user has fulfilled the previous categories and needs energy for enjoyment."Until recently energy poverty definitions took only the minimum energy quantity required into consideration when defining energy poverty, but a different school of thought is that not only energy quantity but the quality and cleanliness of the energy used should be taken into consideration when defining energy poverty.

text: Sports-focused day camps are designed for younger athletes or for high-energy kids who may need a positive outlet for their energy.

text: The stock of a non-renewable resource, being an asset, holds a market value which yields returns to its owner at a certain rate.This rate of return can be determined by three components:

text: The

text: stock

text: of a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , being an asset, holds a market value which yields returns to its owner at a certain rate.This rate of return can be determined by three components:

text: For example, consider a spacecraft travelling from the Earth to Mars. At the beginning of its journey, the spacecraft will already have a certain velocity and kinetic energy associated with its orbit around Earth. During the burn the rocket engine applies its delta-v, but the kinetic energy increases as a square law, until it is sufficient to escape the planet's gravitational potential, and then burns more so as to gain enough energy to get into the Hohmann transfer orbit (around the Sun). Because the rocket engine is able to make use of the initial kinetic energy of the propellant, far less delta-v is required over and above that needed to reach escape velocity, and the optimum situation is when the transfer burn is made at minimum altitude (low periapsis) above the planet. The delta-v needed is only 3.6 km/s, only about 0.4 km/s more than needed to escape Earth, even though this results in the spacecraft going 2.9 km/s faster than the Earth as it heads off for Mars (see table below).

text: For example, consider a spacecraft travelling from the

text: Earth

text: to

text: Mars

text: . At the beginning of its journey, the spacecraft will already have a certain velocity and kinetic energy associated with its orbit around Earth. During the burn the rocket engine applies its delta-v, but the kinetic energy increases as a square law, until it is sufficient to

text: escape the planet's gravitational potential

text: , and then burns more so as to gain enough energy to get into the Hohmann transfer orbit (around the

text: Sun

text: ). Because the rocket engine is able to make use of the initial kinetic energy of the propellant, far less delta-v is required over and above that needed to reach escape velocity, and the optimum situation is when the transfer burn is made at minimum altitude (low

text: periapsis

text: ) above the planet. The delta-v needed is only 3.6 km/s, only about 0.4 km/s more than needed to escape Earth, even though this results in the spacecraft going 2.9 km/s faster than the Earth as it heads off for Mars (see table below).

text: Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature. All of the many forms of energy are convertible to other kinds of energy. In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law of conservation of energy which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.

text: Common energy forms include the

text: kinetic energy

text: of a moving object, the

text: potential energy

text: stored by an object's position in a force

text: field

text: gravitational

text: electric

text: or

text: magnetic

text: ), the

text: elastic energy

text: stored by stretching solid objects, the

text: chemical energy

text: released when a fuel burns, the

text: radiant energy

text: carried by light, and the

text: thermal energy

text: due to an object's

text: temperature

text: . All of the many

text: forms of energy

text: are convertible to other kinds of energy. In

text: Newtonian physics

text: , there is a universal law of

text: conservation of energy

text: which says that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed; however, it can change from one form to another.

text: GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.

text: GE (General Electric) Energy's

text: renewable energy

text: business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for

text: clean energy

text: . Since entering the

entity_name: List of renewable energy companies by stock exchange

text: renewable energy industry

text: in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in

text: renewable energy commercialization

text: . In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include

text: solar power

text: wind power

text: and

text: GE Jenbacher

text: gas engines

text: using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.

text: On the land, almost all primary production is now performed by vascular plants, with a small fraction coming from algae and non-vascular plants such as mosses and liverworts.  Before the evolution of vascular plants, non-vascular plants likely played a more significant role.  Primary production on land is a function of many factors, but principally local hydrology and temperature (the latter covaries to an extent with light, specifically photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the source of energy for photosynthesis).  While plants cover much of the Earth's surface, they are strongly curtailed wherever temperatures are too extreme or where necessary plant resources (principally water and PAR) are limiting, such as deserts or polar regions.

text: On the land, almost all primary production is now performed by

text: vascular plant

text: s, with a small fraction coming from algae and

text: non-vascular plant

text: s such as

text: moss

text: es and

text: liverworts

text: .  Before the

text: evolution

text: of vascular plants, non-vascular plants likely played a more significant role.  Primary production on land is a

text: function

text: of many factors, but principally local

text: hydrology

text: and

text: temperature

text: (the latter covaries to an extent with light, specifically photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the source of energy for photosynthesis).  While plants cover much of the Earth's surface, they are strongly curtailed wherever temperatures are too extreme or where necessary plant resources (principally water and PAR) are limiting, such as

text: desert

text: s or

text: polar region

text: s.

text: The library uses an aquifer ground source system to reduce energy consumption. Cold groundwater is pumped up from within the earth and used in the air conditioning system. The water  flows back into the ground via another drilled well. The use of groundwater as a source of renewable energy lowers the library's carbon dioxide emissions.

text: The library uses an

text: aquifer ground source system

text: to reduce energy consumption. Cold

text: groundwater

text: is pumped up from within the earth and used in the air conditioning system. The water  flows back into the ground via another

text: drilled well

text: . The use of groundwater as a source of

text: renewable energy

text: lowers the library's

text: carbon dioxide

text: emissions.

text: The energy needed to break the shield around Cor Hydrae drains the energy that allows the five major islands to float in the sky, and the islands fall toward the Earth below. However, not only has the air become clean over a thousand years, but life has returned to the Earth. The islands' fall is stopped by the spirits of five ancient gods who, while holding up the islands, turn into giant pillars of stone, connecting the islands once again to the Earth.

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. Non-wood pulp processing requires a high use of water and energy.

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from

text: plantation

text: s or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. Non-wood pulp processing requires a high use of water and energy.

text: Based on REN21's 2016 report, renewables contributed 19.2% to humans' global energy consumption and 23.7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable.

text: Based on

text: 's 2016 report, renewables contributed 19.2% to humans'

text: global energy consumption

text: and 23.7% to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 8.9% coming from

text: traditional biomass

text: , 4.2% as heat energy (modern biomass, geothermal and solar heat), 3.9% hydro electricity and 2.2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and

text: biomass

text: . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$286 billion in 2015, with countries like

text: China

text: and the

text: United States

text: heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Globally, there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with

text: solar photovoltaics

text: being the largest renewable employer. As of 2015 worldwide, more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable.

text: Other considerations about the host lattice include choice of cation and anions. Importantly,  cations should have similar radii to the intended dopant ions: For example, when using lanthanide dopant ions, certain alkaline earth (Ca2+), rare earth (Y+), and transition metal ions (Zr4+) all fulfill this requirement, as well as Na+.  Similarly, the choice of anion is important as it significantly affects the phonon energies and chemical stability.  Heavy halides like Cl- and Br- have the lowest phonon energies and so are the least likely to promote nonradiative decay pathways. However, these compounds are generally hygroscopic and thus not suitably stable.  Oxides on the other hand can be quite stable but have high phonon energies.  Fluorides provide a balance between the two, having both stability and suitably low phonon energies.  As such, it is evident why some of the most popular and efficient UCNP compositions are NaYF4:Yb/Er and NaYF4:Yb/Tm.

text: Government agencies in some countries publish maps (commonly collected together as a national 'wind atlas') of estimated wind resources, which serve to inform policy-making and encourage wind power development. Examples include the Canadian Wind Atlas, the European Wind Atlas, and the Wind Resource Atlas of the United States. Recognizing the lack of knowledge of wind (and solar) resource potential in developing countries, the Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project was initiated by the United Nations Environment Program in 2002, with funding from the Global Environment Facility, to carry out initial mapping using only satellite-based data. More recently the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a program within the World Bank, has launched an initiative to map wind and other renewable energy resources in a number of developing countries, with the intention of developing high quality mapping outputs (and associated datasets) that are validated with specially commissioned ground-based data. There is also an ongoing effort by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to create a Global Atlas for Renewable Energy, which brings together publicly available GIS data on wind and other renewable energy resources.

text: Government agencies in some countries publish maps (commonly collected together as a national 'wind atlas') of estimated wind resources, which serve to inform policy-making and encourage wind power development. Examples include the Canadian Wind Atlas, the European Wind Atlas, and the Wind Resource Atlas of the United States. Recognizing the lack of knowledge of wind (and solar) resource potential in developing countries, the Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) project was initiated by the

text: United Nations Environment Program

text: in 2002, with funding from the

text: Global Environment Facility

text: , to carry out initial mapping using only satellite-based data. More recently the

entity_name: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

text: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

text: (ESMAP), a program within the

text: World Bank

text: , has launched an initiative to map wind and other renewable energy resources in a number of developing countries, with the intention of developing high quality mapping outputs (and associated datasets) that are validated with specially commissioned ground-based data. There is also an ongoing effort by the

text: International Renewable Energy Agency

text: (IRENA) to create a Global Atlas for Renewable Energy, which brings together publicly available

text: GIS

text: data on wind and other renewable energy resources.

text: This means that at very cold temperatures, the change in energy with respect to beta, or equivalently the change in energy with respect to temperature, is also exponentially small. The change in energy with respect to temperature is the specific heat, so the specific heat is exponentially small at low temperatures, going to zero like

text: This means that at very cold temperatures, the change in energy with respect to beta, or equivalently the change in energy with respect to temperature, is also exponentially small. The change in energy with respect to temperature is the

text: specific heat

text: , so the specific heat is exponentially small at low temperatures, going to zero like

text: Since the beginning of mankind, food was important simply for the purpose of nourishment. As primates walked the Earth, they solely consumed food for a source of energy as they had to hunt and forage because food was not easily on hand. By early humans fending for themselves, they had figured out that they needed a high energy diet to keep going on a daily basis to survive.

text: Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. India's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.

text: Geothermal energy

text: is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. India's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant.

text: The following page lists all power stations that run on natural gas, a non-renewable resource. Stations that are only at a proposed stage or decommissioned, and power stations that are smaller than  in nameplate capacity, are not included in this list.

text: The following page lists all power stations that run on

text: natural gas

text: , a

text: non-renewable

text: resource. Stations that are only at a proposed stage or decommissioned, and power stations that are smaller than  in nameplate capacity, are not included in this list.

text: A thermodynamic process might be initiated by a thermodynamic operation in the surroundings, that mechanically increases in the controlled volume of the vapor. Some mechanical work will be done within the surroundings by the vapor, but also some of the parent liquid will evaporate and enter the vapor collection which is the contiguous surrounding subsystem. Some internal energy will accompany the vapor that leaves the system, but it will not make sense to try to uniquely identify part of that internal energy as heat and part of it as work. Consequently, the energy transfer that accompanies the transfer of matter between the system and its surrounding subsystem cannot be uniquely split into heat and work transfers to or from the open system. The component of total energy transfer that accompanies the transfer of vapor into the surrounding subsystem is customarily called 'latent heat of evaporation', but this use of the word heat is a quirk of customary historical language, not in strict compliance with the thermodynamic definition of transfer of energy as heat. In this example, kinetic energy of bulk flow and potential energy with respect to long-range external forces such as gravity are both considered to be zero. The first law of thermodynamics refers to the change of internal energy of the open system, between its initial and final states of internal equilibrium.

text: 5. Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted

text: A photon only needs to have energy greater than that of the band gap in order to excite an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. However, the solar frequency spectrum approximates a black body spectrum at about 5,800 K, and as such, much of the solar radiation reaching the Earth is composed of photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon. These higher energy photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference in energy between these photons and the silicon band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations — called phonons) rather than into usable electrical energy.  The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process called two-photon photovoltaic effect. However, high optical intensities are required for this nonlinear process.

text: A photon only needs to have energy greater than that of the band gap in order to excite an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. However, the solar

text: frequency spectrum

text: approximates a

text: black body

text: spectrum at about 5,800 K, and as such, much of the solar radiation reaching the

text: Earth

text: is composed of photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon. These higher energy photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference in energy between these photons and the silicon band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations — called

text: phonons

text: ) rather than into usable electrical energy.  The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process called

text: two-photon photovoltaic effect

text: . However, high optical intensities are required for this nonlinear process.

text: For people, energy is an overwhelming need and as a scarce resource it has been an underlying cause of political conflicts and wars. The gathering and use of energy resources can be harmful to local ecosystems and may have global outcomes.

text: For people, energy is an overwhelming need and as a scarce

text: resource

text: it has been an underlying cause of political conflicts and wars. The gathering and use of energy resources can be harmful to local ecosystems and may have global outcomes.

text: Geothermal energy production involves harnessing the hot water or steam below the earth’s surface, in reservoirs, to produce energy. Because the hot water or steam that is used is reinjected back into the reservoir, this source is considered sustainable. However, those that plan on getting their electricity from this source should be aware that there is controversy over the lifespan of each geothermal reservoir as some believe that their lifespans are naturally limited (they cool down over time, making geothermal energy production there eventually impossible). This method is often large scale as the system required to harness geothermal energy can be complex and requires deep drilling equipment. There do exist small individual scale geothermal operations, however, which harness reservoirs very close to the Earth’s surface, avoiding the need for extensive drilling and sometimes even taking advantage of lakes or ponds where there is already a depression. In this case, the heat is captured and sent to a geothermal heat pump system located inside the shelter or facility that needs it (often, this heat is used directly to warm a greenhouse during the colder months). Although geothermal energy is available everywhere on Earth, practicality and cost-effectiveness varies, directly related to the depth required to reach reservoirs. Places such as the Philippines, Hawaii,  Alaska, Iceland, California, and Nevada have geothermal reservoirs closer to the Earth’s surface, making its production cost-effective.

text: Geothermal energy production involves harnessing the hot water or steam below the earth’s surface, in reservoirs, to produce energy. Because the hot water or steam that is used is reinjected back into the reservoir, this source is considered sustainable. However, those that plan on getting their electricity from this source should be aware that there is controversy over the lifespan of each geothermal reservoir as some believe that their lifespans are naturally limited (they cool down over time, making geothermal energy production there eventually impossible). This method is often large scale as the system required to harness geothermal energy can be complex and requires deep drilling equipment. There do exist small individual scale geothermal operations, however, which harness reservoirs very close to the Earth’s surface, avoiding the need for extensive drilling and sometimes even taking advantage of lakes or ponds where there is already a depression. In this case, the heat is captured and sent to a

text: geothermal heat pump

text: system located inside the shelter or facility that needs it (often, this heat is used directly to warm a greenhouse during the colder months). Although geothermal energy is available everywhere on Earth, practicality and cost-effectiveness varies, directly related to the depth required to reach reservoirs. Places such as the Philippines, Hawaii,  Alaska, Iceland, California, and Nevada have geothermal reservoirs closer to the Earth’s surface, making its production cost-effective.

text: When viewing the Earth as one large anthroposystem, we are essentially eliminating the uncertainty in material flow. All goods (i.e. fossil fuels) will still exist in the system but in a new form (i.e. pollutants). Therefore, the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Conservation of Energy can be applied to analyze how material flow will impact the environment.

text: When viewing the Earth as one large anthroposystem, we are essentially eliminating the uncertainty in material flow. All goods (i.e. fossil fuels) will still exist in the system but in a new form (i.e. pollutants). Therefore, the Laws of

text: Conservation of Matter

text: and

text: Conservation of Energy

text: can be applied to analyze how material flow will impact the environment.

text: The earth's oceans contain a large amount of hydrogen that could theoretically be used for fusion, and helium byproduct of fusion does not harm the environment, so some consider nuclear fusion a good alternative to supply humanity's energy needs. Experiments to generate electricity from fusion have so far have only partially succeeded. Sufficiently hot hydrogen must be ionized and confined. One technique is to use very strong magnetic fields, because charged particles (like those trapped in the Earth's radiation belt) are guided by magnetic field lines. Fusion experiments also rely on heavy hydrogen, which fuses more easily, and gas densities can be moderate. But even with these techniques far more net energy is consumed by the fusion experiments than is yielded by the process.

text: The earth's oceans contain a large amount of hydrogen that could theoretically be used for fusion, and helium byproduct of fusion does not harm the environment, so some consider nuclear fusion a good alternative to supply humanity's energy needs. Experiments to generate electricity from fusion have so far have only partially succeeded. Sufficiently hot hydrogen must be ionized and confined. One technique is to use very strong magnetic fields, because charged particles (like those trapped in the Earth's radiation belt) are guided by magnetic field lines. Fusion experiments also rely on

text: heavy hydrogen

text: , which fuses more easily, and gas densities can be moderate. But even with these techniques far more net energy is consumed by the fusion experiments than is yielded by the process.

text: The world’s energy systems need a change, they have proved ineffective as well as posing a great threat to the entire population. With an expediated climate change due to human pollution and activity, as well as more than 1.3 billion people[1] still lacking acess to electricity, something needs to be done. While subsidies still continue to support fossil fuel investment, there has been a global shift in more sustainable energy systems. World Resource works with the policymakers of the civil society to transform and change the global energy system. We focus on dramactically reducing greenhouse gas pollution while still providing energy to those in the most poverty-strucken situations.

text: ARES claimed advantages including indefinite storage with no energy losses, low costs when earth/rocks are used and conservation of water resources.

text: The Earth's mean distance from the Sun is approximately , though the distance varies as the Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July. At this average distance, light travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes, 19 seconds. The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather. As recently as the 19th century scientists had little knowledge of the Sun's physical composition and source of energy. This understanding is still developing; a number of present-day anomalies in the Sun's behavior remain unexplained. Sun.§

text: The Earth's mean distance from the Sun is approximately , though the distance varies as the Earth moves from

text: perihelion

text: in January to

text: aphelion

text: in July. At this average distance,

text: light

text: travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes, 19 seconds. The

text: energy

text: of this

text: sunlight

text: supports almost all life on Earth by

text: photosynthesis

text: , and drives Earth's climate and weather. As recently as the 19th century scientists had little knowledge of the Sun's physical composition and source of energy. This understanding is still developing; a number of

text: present-day anomalies

text: in the Sun's behavior remain unexplained. Sun.§

text: According to the cyanobacteria study above, this means the total photosynthetic productivity of earth is between ~1500–2250 TW, or 47,300–71,000 exajoules per year. Using this source's figure of 178,000 TW of solar energy hitting the Earth's surface, the total photosynthetic efficiency of the planet is 0.84% to 1.26% (see also Earth's energy budget).

text: According to the cyanobacteria study above, this means the total photosynthetic productivity of earth is between ~1500–2250 TW, or 47,300–71,000

text: exajoule

text: s per year. Using this source's figure of 178,000 TW of solar energy hitting the Earth's surface, the total photosynthetic efficiency of the planet is 0.84% to 1.26% (see also

text: Earth's energy budget

text: Although renewable energy sources have not played a major role in the UK historically, there is potential for significant use of tidal power and wind energy (both on-shore and off-shore) as recognised by formal UK policies, including the Energy White Paper and directives to councils in the form of PPS 22. The Renewables Obligation acts as the central mechanism for support of renewable sources of electricity in the UK, and should provide subsidies approaching one billion pounds sterling per annum by 2010. A number of other grants and smaller support mechanisms aim to support less established renewables. In addition, renewables have been exempted from the Climate Change Levy that affects all other energy sources.

text: Although

text: renewable energy

text: sources have not played a major role in the UK historically, there is potential for significant use of

text: tidal power

text: and

text: wind energy

text: (both on-shore and

text: off-shore

text: ) as recognised by formal UK policies, including the Energy White Paper and directives to councils in the form of PPS 22. The

text: Renewables Obligation

text: acts as the central mechanism for support of renewable sources of electricity in the UK, and should provide subsidies approaching one billion

text: pounds sterling

text: per annum by 2010. A number of other grants and smaller support mechanisms aim to support less established renewables. In addition, renewables have been exempted from the

text: Climate Change Levy

text: that affects all other energy sources.

text: The installation and integration of variable frequency drives can lower the energy consumption of the building's circulation pumps to about 15% of what they had been using before. A variable frequency drive functions by modulating the frequency of the electricity provided to the motor that it powers. In the USA, the electrical grid uses a frequency of 60 Hertz or 60 cycles per second. Variable frequency drives are able to decrease the output and energy consumption of motors by lowering the frequency of the electricity provided to the motor, however the relationship between motor output and energy consumption is not a linear one. If the variable frequency drive provides electricity to the motor at 30 Hertz, the output of the motor will be 50% because 30 Hertz divided by 60 Hertz is 0.5 or 50%. The energy consumption of a motor running at 50% or 30 Hertz will not be 50%, but will instead be something like 18% because the relationship between motor output and energy consumption are not linear. The exact ratios of motor output or Hertz provided to the motor (which are effectively the same thing), and the actual energy consumption of the variable frequency drive / motor combination depend on the efficiency of the variable frequency drive. For example, because the variable frequency drive needs power itself to communicate with the building automation system, run its cooling fan, etc., if the motor always ran at 100% with the variable frequency drive installed the cost of operation or electricity consumption would actually go up with the new variable frequency drive installed. The amount of energy that variable frequency drives consume is nominal and is hardly worth consideration when calculating savings, however it did need to be noted that VFD's do consume energy themselves. Because the variable frequency drives rarely ever run at 100% and spend most of their time in the 40% output range, and because now the pumps completely shut down when not needed, the variable frequency drives have reduced the energy consumption of the pumps to around 15% of what they had been using before.

text: In society and in the context of humanities, the word energy is used as a synonym of energy resources, and most often refers to substances like fuels, petroleum products and electricity in general. These are sources of usable energy, in that they can be easily transformed to other kinds of energy sources that can serve a particular useful purpose. This difference vis a vis energy in natural sciences can lead to some confusion, because energy resources are not conserved in nature in the same way as energy is conserved in the context of physics. The actual energy content is always conserved, but when it is converted into heat for example, it usually becomes less useful to society, and thus appears to have been "used up".

text: In society and in the context of

text: humanities

text: , the word energy is used as a synonym of

text: energy resources

text: , and most often refers to substances like

text: fuels

text: petroleum

text: products and

text: electricity

text: in general. These are sources of usable energy, in that they can be easily transformed to other kinds of energy sources that can serve a particular useful purpose. This difference vis a vis

text: energy in natural sciences

text: can lead to some confusion, because energy resources are not conserved in nature in the same way as energy is conserved in the context of physics. The actual energy content is always conserved, but when it is converted into heat for example, it usually becomes less useful to society, and thus appears to have been "used up".

text: The future of energy is a complex topic. There are likely not enough new sources of oil in the Earth to make up for escalating demands from China, India, Africa, and other rapidly developing economies, and to replace declining fields, if future energy consumption patterns of these economies mimic the historical patterns of the developed world. Yet as global population saturates and we move further into the Information Age, energy intensity (use of energy per GDP) has been saturating (slowing in rate of growth) or declining in many countries. There are also over a trillion and a half barrels of proven oil reserves in the world, in the hands of owners who want to make sure as much of that oil is sold as possible before we move to alternative sources. They have a strong incentive to keep the price of oil low enough (e.g., below $100 a barrel) to discourage too-rapid emergence of viable alternatives. While many alternative sources of energy exist, their rate of development and their levels of governmental and corporate R&D funding remain slow and low. Some futurists see a gap looming between the effective end of the Age of Oil and the expected emergence of new energy sources. Others see no such gap ahead, and expect we'll leave the Age of Oil to one led by solar, fusion, natural gas, and other sources with lots of oil still remaining in the ground. Social values changes, climate change, accelerating computerization and machine productivity, and other factors may increasingly drive us to more sustainable energy sources with significantly fewer environmental and public health costs than oil and coal.

text: Naturally occurring decay heat is a significant source of the heat in the interior of the Earth.  Radioactive isotopes of uranium, thorium and potassium are the primary contributors to this decay heat, and this radioactive decay is the primary source of heat from which geothermal energy derives.

text: Naturally occurring decay heat is a significant source of the heat in the interior of the

text: Earth

text: .  Radioactive isotopes of

text: uranium

text: thorium

text: and

text: potassium

text: are the primary contributors to this decay heat, and this

text: radioactive decay

text: is the primary source of heat from which

text: geothermal energy

text: derives.

text: The specific energy is computed by the total energy (as defined above relative the Earth's surface) divided by the mass of the vehicle. It is a key element in performance of aircraft and rockets. For a rocket flying vertically (in a vacuum), it is the apogee that the rocket would obtain. It is used extensively in Energy–maneuverability theory that is used to determine the optimal paths for aircraft in dogfights.

text: The specific energy is computed by the total energy (as defined above relative the Earth's surface) divided by the mass of the vehicle. It is a key element in performance of aircraft and rockets. For a rocket flying vertically (in a vacuum), it is the

text: apogee

text: that the rocket would obtain. It is used extensively in

text: Energy–maneuverability theory

text: that is used to determine the optimal paths for aircraft in

text: dogfight

text: s.

text: Energiewende ("energy transition") designates a significant change in energy policy: The term encompasses a reorientation of policy from demand to supply and a shift from centralized to distributed generation (for example, producing heat and power in very small cogeneration units), which should replace overproduction and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased efficiency.

text: Energiewende ("energy transition") designates a significant change in

text: energy policy

text: : The term encompasses a reorientation of policy from demand to supply and a shift from centralized to distributed generation (for example, producing heat and power in very small cogeneration units), which should replace overproduction and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased efficiency.

text: Despite abundant natural resources and a relatively small population, New Zealand is a net importer of energy, in the form of petroleum products. The ratio of non-renewable and renewable energy sources was fairly consistent from 1975 to 2008, with about 70 per cent of primary energy supply coming from hydrocarbon fuels. This ratio decreased to about 60 per cent in 2014. The proportion of non-renewable energy varies annually, depending on water flows into hydro-electricity lakes and demand for energy. In 2014, approximately 60% of primary energy was from non-renewable hydrocarbon fuels and 40% was from renewable sources. In 2007 energy consumption per capita was 120 gigajoules. Per capita energy consumption had increased 8 per cent since 1998. New Zealand uses more energy per capita than 17 of 30 OECD countries.  New Zealand is one of 13 OECD countries that does not operate nuclear power stations.

text: Despite abundant natural resources and a relatively small population,

text: New Zealand

text: is a net importer of energy, in the form of

text: petroleum

text: products. The ratio of non-renewable and

text: renewable energy

text: sources was fairly consistent from 1975 to 2008, with about 70 per cent of primary energy supply coming from

text: hydrocarbon

text: fuels. This ratio decreased to about 60 per cent in 2014. The proportion of non-renewable energy varies annually, depending on water flows into hydro-electricity lakes and demand for energy. In 2014, approximately 60% of

text: primary energy

text: was from non-renewable hydrocarbon fuels and 40% was from renewable sources. In 2007 energy consumption per capita was 120 gigajoules. Per capita energy consumption had increased 8 per cent since 1998. New Zealand uses more energy per capita than 17 of 30 OECD countries.  New Zealand is one of 13 OECD countries that does not operate

text: nuclear power station

text: s.

text: Significant sources of energy include oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, and biomass (primarily the burning of wood). Other energy sources include geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal. The various energy units commonly used to measure these sources (e.g., joules, BTUs, kilowatt hours, therms) are only somewhat familiar to the general public, and their relationships can be confusing. These common energy units are sized for everyday activities (a joule is the energy required to lift a small apple one metre vertically). For regional, national, and global scales, larger energy units, such as the exajoule, the billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE) and the quad are used. Derived by multiplying the small common units by large powers of ten these larger units pose additional conceptual difficulties for many citizens.

text: Significant sources of energy include oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, and biomass (primarily the burning of wood). Other energy sources include geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal. The various energy units commonly used to measure these sources (e.g.,

text: joule

text: s,

text: BTU

text: s,

text: kilowatt hour

text: s,

text: therm

text: s) are only somewhat familiar to the general public, and their relationships can be confusing. These common energy units are sized for everyday activities (a joule is the energy required to lift a small apple one metre vertically). For regional, national, and global scales, larger energy units, such as the

text: exajoule

text: , the

text: billion barrels of oil equivalent

text: (BBOE) and the

text: quad

text: are used. Derived by multiplying the small common units by large

text: powers of ten

text: these larger units pose additional conceptual difficulties for many citizens.

text: In May 2016, the research team published their initial findings, stating that the ring current that encircles Earth behaves in a much different way than previously understood. The ring current lies at approximately 10,000 to 60,000 km (6,200 to 37,000 miles) from Earth.  Electric current variations represent the dynamics of only the low-energy protons. The data indicates that there is a substantial, persistent ring current around the Earth even during non-storm times, which is carried by high-energy protons. During geomagnetic storms, the enhancement of the ring current is due to new, low-energy protons entering the near-Earth region.

text: In May 2016, the research team published their initial findings, stating that the ring current that encircles Earth behaves in a much different way than previously understood. The ring current lies at approximately 10,000 to 60,000 km (6,200 to 37,000 miles) from Earth.  Electric current variations represent the dynamics of only the low-energy protons. The data indicates that there is a substantial, persistent ring current around the Earth even during non-storm times, which is carried by high-energy protons. During

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s, the enhancement of the ring current is due to new, low-energy protons entering the near-Earth region.

text: The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) was established in 2008 and is planning for further development as far out as 2030 to exploit the abundant energy resources in the state (Murum Dam, Baram Dam, Baleh Dam, and coal-based power plants) and to develop 10high priority industries such as aluminium, glass, steel, oil, fisheries, livestock, timber, and tourism. The Regional Corridor Development Authority (RECODA) is the government agency responsible for managing SCORE. The entire central region of Sarawak is covered under SCORE and is to include major areas such as Samalaju (near Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, and Mukah. Samalaju will be developed as an industrial park, with Tanjung Manis as a halal food hub, and Mukah as the administrative centre for SCORE with a focus on resource-based research and development.

text: The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) was established in 2008 and is planning for further development as far out as 2030 to exploit the abundant energy resources in the state (Murum Dam,

text: Baram Dam

text: , Baleh Dam, and coal-based power plants) and to develop 10high priority industries such as aluminium, glass, steel, oil, fisheries, livestock, timber, and tourism. The Regional Corridor Development Authority (RECODA) is the government agency responsible for managing SCORE. The entire central region of Sarawak is covered under SCORE and is to include major areas such as Samalaju (near Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, and Mukah. Samalaju will be developed as an industrial park, with Tanjung Manis as a

text: halal

text: food hub, and Mukah as the administrative centre for SCORE with a focus on resource-based research and development.

text: BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that "we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources."  BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.

text: In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy.  He claims that fast breeder reactors, fueled by naturally replenished uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. While uranium is a finite mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too – thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can last over such time scales, as Cohen contends, then nuclear energy is every bit as sustainable as solar power or any other source of energy, in terms of sustainability over the time scale of life surviving on this planet.

text: In 1983, physicist

text: Bernard Cohen

text: proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy.  He claims that

text: fast breeder reactors

text: , fueled by naturally replenished uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. While uranium is a finite mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too – thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can last over such time scales, as Cohen contends, then nuclear energy is every bit as sustainable as solar power or any other source of energy, in terms of sustainability over the time scale of life surviving on this planet.

text: In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.

text: In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the

text: National Academy of Engineering

text: that

text: solar power

text: will scale up to produce all the energy needs of Earth's people in 20 years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1 part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earth's surface to meet all of humanity's energy needs.

text: Maelstrom and his minions, however, are later revealed to be alive, as courtesy of advanced science their minds were transferred into new, cloned bodies. Maelstrom then attempts to siphon the energies of the Eternals, but is thwarted by the superhero team the Avengers, and after commanding Deathurge to kill him yet again, transfers his consciousness to a new clone body. Maelstrom then attempts to stop the Earth's rotation and absorb the kinetic energy, but is drawn into conflict with the Avengers once more. The android Vision discovers a way to overload Maelstrom's power source and his body becomes discorporate and floats free from Earth.

text: Maelstrom and his minions, however, are later revealed to be alive, as courtesy of advanced science their minds were transferred into new, cloned bodies. Maelstrom then attempts to siphon the energies of the

text: Eternals

text: , but is thwarted by the superhero team the

text: Avengers

text: , and after commanding Deathurge to kill him yet again, transfers his consciousness to a new clone body. Maelstrom then attempts to stop the Earth's rotation and absorb the kinetic energy, but is drawn into conflict with the Avengers once more. The android

text: Vision

text: discovers a way to overload Maelstrom's power source and his body becomes discorporate and floats free from Earth.

text: Technologies of  hydrogen economy, batteries, compressed air energy storage, and flywheel energy storage address the energy storage problem but not the source of primary energy.  Other technologies like fission power, fusion power, and solar power address the problem of a source of primary energy but not energy storage.  Vegetable oil addresses both the source of primary energy and of energy storage. The cost and weight to store a given amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential replacements for fossil fuels.

text: Technologies of

text: hydrogen economy

text: batteries

text: compressed air energy storage

text: , and

text: flywheel energy storage

text: address the

text: energy storage

text: problem but not the source of

text: primary energy

text: .  Other technologies like

text: fission power

text: fusion power

text: , and

text: solar power

text: address the problem of a source of

text: primary energy

text: but not

text: energy storage

text: .  Vegetable oil addresses both the source of

text: primary energy

text: and of

text: energy storage

text: . The cost and weight to store a given amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential replacements for

text: fossil fuels

text: Almost all of the energy that affects Earth's climate is received as radiant energy from the Sun. The planet and its atmosphere absorb and reflect some of the energy, while long-wave energy is radiated back into space. The balance between absorbed and radiated energy determines the average global temperature. Because the atmosphere absorbs some of the re-radiated long-wave energy, the planet is warmer than it would be in the absence of the atmosphere: see greenhouse effect.

text: Almost all of the energy that affects

text: Earth's climate

text: is received as radiant energy from the

text: Sun

text: . The planet and its atmosphere absorb and reflect some of the energy, while

text: long-wave energy is radiated back

text: into space. The balance between absorbed and radiated energy determines the average global temperature. Because the

text: atmosphere

text: absorbs some of the re-radiated long-wave energy, the

text: planet

text: is warmer than it would be in the absence of the

text: atmosphere

text: : see

text: greenhouse effect

text: Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and subsidies create protected markets for renewable energy. RPS require utilities to obtain a minimum percentage of their energy from renewable sources. In some states, utilities can purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (USA), Renewable Energy Certificate System (EU), Renewable Energy Certificates Registry (AUS) to meet this requirement. These certificates are issued to renewable energy producers based on the amount of energy they feed into the grid. Selling the certificates is another way for the renewable producer to supplement its revenues.

text: Renewable Portfolio Standard

text: s (RPS) and subsidies create protected markets for renewable energy. RPS require utilities to obtain a minimum percentage of their energy from renewable sources. In some states, utilities can purchase

entity_name: Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)

text: Renewable Energy Certificates

text: (USA),

text: Renewable Energy Certificate System

text: (EU),

text: Renewable Energy Certificates Registry

text: (AUS) to meet this requirement. These certificates are issued to renewable energy producers based on the amount of energy they feed into the grid. Selling the certificates is another way for the renewable producer to supplement its revenues.

text: This need for energy makes Thaumaturgy simultaneously the most powerful and the least powerful Art, and both the most and least complicated to use.  A Sorcerer, for example, is limited in his power by how much of his own life force he wishes to expend in a spell, but a Thaumaturge may simply build a bigger fire—quite an advantage!  But without a prepared source of energy, the Thaumaturge is limited to what he can do with his body heat, and dare try only the very simplest of cantrips.  Similarly, an Alchemist can simply drink a potion to gain an effect, but a Thaumaturge may need to take an hour to prepare a roaring fire to gain enough energy—or may take no time at all, if he has an existing forest fire to work with!

text: The total energy of a particle moving under the influence of conservative forces is conserved, in the sense that a loss of potential energy is converted to an equal quantity of kinetic energy, or vice versa.

text: The total

text: energy

text: of a particle moving under the influence of conservative forces is conserved, in the sense that a loss of potential energy is converted to an equal quantity of kinetic energy, or vice versa.

text: The Lee III extension is a zero-energy building. Lee III generates as much renewable energy as it uses making it one of the most sustainable buildings in the United States. Its sustainability level is achieved by several factors. On the roof of Lee III, photo-voltaic panels are installed which generate energy from the sun. The design of the large window walls which allow for natural light to enter the building minimizes the need for light during the day. The 42 geothermal walls use the natural temperature of the earth to maintain the temperature inside the building. The building creates natural ventilation through its mechanical windows. The windows are located at the bottom of the building’s base and 30 feet above the floor at the ceiling. Natural ventilation stabilizes the temperature inside and provides for fresh air without using energy. The closed-loop geothermal heat pump offsets the heating and cooling bundle.

text: The Lee III extension is a

text: zero-energy building

text: . Lee III generates as much

text: renewable energy

text: as it uses making it one of the most sustainable buildings in the

text: United States

text: . Its sustainability level is achieved by several factors. On the roof of Lee III,

text: photo-voltaic

text: panels are installed which generate energy from the sun. The design of the large window walls which allow for

text: natural light

text: to enter the building minimizes the need for light during the day. The 42

text: geothermal

text: walls use the natural temperature of the earth to maintain the temperature inside the building. The building creates natural ventilation through its mechanical windows. The windows are located at the bottom of the building’s base and 30 feet above the floor at the ceiling. Natural ventilation stabilizes the temperature inside and provides for fresh air without using energy. The closed-loop

text: geothermal heat pump

text: offsets the heating and cooling bundle.

text: The energy released by these reactions will then heat the surrounding fuel, and if the heating is strong enough this could also begin to undergo fusion. The aim of ICF is to produce a condition known as ignition, where this heating process causes a chain reaction that burns a significant portion of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a pinhead and contain around 10 milligrams of fuel: in practice, only a small proportion of this fuel will undergo fusion, but if all this fuel were consumed it would release the energy equivalent to burning a barrel of oil.

text: The energy released by these reactions will then heat the surrounding fuel, and if the heating is strong enough this could also begin to undergo fusion. The aim of ICF is to produce a condition known as

text: ignition

text: , where this heating process causes a

text: chain reaction

text: that burns a significant portion of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a pinhead and contain around 10

text: milligrams

text: of fuel: in practice, only a small proportion of this fuel will undergo fusion, but if all this fuel were consumed it would release the energy equivalent to burning a barrel of oil.

text: An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.

text: An absorption refrigerator is a

text: refrigerator

text: that uses a heat source (e.g.,

text: solar

text: energy, a fossil-fueled flame,

text: waste heat

text: from factories, or

text: district heating

text: systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.

text: Renewable energy in Pakistan is a relatively underdeveloped sector; however, in recent years, there has been some interest by environmentalist groups and from the authorities to explore renewable energy resources for energy production, in light of the energy crises and power shortages affecting the country. Most of the renewable energy in Pakistan comes from hydroelectricity.

text: Renewable energy in Pakistan is a relatively underdeveloped sector; however, in recent years, there has been some interest by environmentalist groups and from the authorities to explore

text: renewable energy

text: resources for

text: energy production

text: , in light of the energy crises and

text: power shortage

text: s affecting the country. Most of the renewable energy in Pakistan comes from

text: hydroelectricity

text: Ganga is the shakti or the moving, restless, rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise recluse and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth. As water, this moving energy can be felt, tasted, and absorbed. The war-god Skanda addresses the sage Agastya in the Kashi Khand of the Skanda Purana in these words:

text: Ganga is the

text: shakti

text: or the moving, restless, rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise recluse and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth. As water, this moving energy can be felt, tasted, and absorbed. The war-god

text: Skanda

text: addresses the sage

text: Agastya

text: in the Kashi Khand of the

text: Skanda Purana

text: in these words:

text: Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through behaviour change, in addition to using energy more efficiently.  Examples of conservation without efficiency improvements are heating a room less in winter, using the car less, air-drying your clothes instead of using the dryer, or enabling energy saving modes on a computer.  As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels. Energy conservation is a challenge requiring policy programmes, technological development and behavior change to go hand in hand.  Many energy intermediary organisations, for example governmental or non-governmental organisations on local, regional, or national level, are working on often publicly funded programmes or projects to meet this challenge. Psychologists have also engaged with the issue of energy conservation and have provided guidelines for realizing behavior change to reduce energy consumption while taking technological and policy considerations into account.

text: Energy conservation

text: is broader than energy efficiency in including active efforts to decrease energy consumption, for example through

text: behaviour change

text: , in addition to using energy more efficiently.  Examples of conservation without efficiency improvements are heating a room less in winter, using the car less, air-drying your clothes instead of using the dryer, or enabling energy saving modes on a computer.  As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of

text: fossil fuels

text: . Energy conservation is a challenge requiring policy programmes, technological development and behavior change to go hand in hand.  Many energy

text: intermediary

text: organisations, for example governmental or non-governmental organisations on local, regional, or national level, are working on often publicly funded programmes or projects to meet this challenge. Psychologists have also engaged with the issue of energy conservation and have provided guidelines for realizing behavior change to reduce energy consumption while taking technological and policy considerations into account.

text: Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy resource. Movement of tides causes a loss of mechanical energy in the Earth–Moon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around coastlines and consequent viscous dissipation at the seabed and in turbulence. This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since its formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation of the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours; in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power will take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be noticed over millions of years.

text: Because the Earth's tides are ultimately due to gravitational interaction with the Moon and Sun and the Earth's rotation, tidal power is practically inexhaustible and classified as a

text: renewable energy

text: resource. Movement of tides causes a

text: loss of mechanical energy

text: in the Earth–Moon system: this is a result of pumping of water through natural restrictions around coastlines and consequent

text: viscous

text: dissipation at the

text: seabed

text: and in

text: turbulence

text: . This loss of energy has caused the rotation of the Earth to slow in the 4.5 billion years since its formation. During the last 620 million years the period of rotation of the earth (length of a day) has increased from 21.9 hours to 24 hours; in this period the Earth has lost 17% of its rotational energy. While tidal power will take additional energy from the system, the effect is negligible and would only be noticed over millions of years.

text: The boxes worked. Anybody could build an orgone accumulator, and soon engines began to appear that were driven by them, although the source of orgone energy was still a mystery. People built generators, cars, heating and cooling systems fuelled by this free source of energy. Then the major world governments and the fossil fuel consortiums that controlled them realized the seriousness of the situation. Most of them didn't even resist handing over the reins of power, and outside of a few skirmishes in the Middle East and the Houston Riots, a bloodless revolution took place. People learned that orgone and other alternative fuels had been deliberately suppressed for years, and that the "Insider"s, as the corporations and their puppet governments came to be called, had also retarded the development of environmental engineering technology that could dramatically reduce humanity's pressure on Earth's ravaged biosphere. The rhetoric of emerging world leaders capitalized on people's outrage, and hastened worldwide environmental repair. Some of their plans were a little strange, but they were so optimistic that they were leading mankind back to Eden, that no one questioned them.

text: Radiant energy is one of the mechanisms by which energy can enter or leave an open system. Such a system can be man-made, such as a solar energy collector, or natural, such as the Earth's atmosphere. In geophysics, most atmospheric gases, including the greenhouse gases, allow the Sun's short-wavelength radiant energy to pass through to the Earth's surface, heating the ground and oceans. The absorbed solar energy is partly re-emitted as longer wavelength radiation (chiefly infrared radiation), some of which is absorbed by the atmospheric greenhouse gases. Radiant energy is produced in the sun as a result of nuclear fusion.

text: Radiant energy is one of the mechanisms by which energy can enter or leave an

text: open system

text: . Such a system can be man-made, such as a

text: solar energy

text: collector, or natural, such as the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . In

text: geophysics

text: , most atmospheric gases, including the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, allow the Sun's short-wavelength radiant energy to pass through to the Earth's surface, heating the ground and oceans. The absorbed solar energy is partly re-emitted as longer wavelength radiation (chiefly infrared radiation), some of which is absorbed by the atmospheric greenhouse gases. Radiant energy is produced in the sun as a result of

text: nuclear fusion

text: An example of a nuclear magnetic transition degree of freedom which is of importance to heat capacity, is the transition which converts the spin isomers of hydrogen gas (H) into each other. At room temperature, the proton spins of hydrogen gas are aligned 75% of the time, resulting in orthohydrogen when they are. Thus, some thermal energy has been stored in the degree of freedom available when parahydrogen (in which spins are anti-aligned) absorbs energy, and is converted to the higher energy ortho form. However, at the temperature of liquid hydrogen, not enough heat energy is available to produce orthohydrogen (that is, the transition energy between forms is large enough to "freeze out" at this low temperature), and thus the parahydrogen form predominates. The heat capacity of the transition is sufficient to release enough heat, as orthohydrogen converts to the lower-energy parahydrogen, to boil the hydrogen liquid to gas again, if this evolved heat is not removed with a catalyst after the gas has been cooled and condensed. This example also illustrates the fact that some modes of storage of heat may not be in constant equilibrium with each other in substances, and heat absorbed or released from such phase changes may "catch up" with temperature changes of substances, only after a certain time. In other words, the heat evolved and absorbed from the ortho-para isomeric transition contributes to the heat capacity of hydrogen on long time-scales, but not on short time-scales. These time scales may also depend on the presence of a catalyst.

text: An example of a nuclear magnetic transition degree of freedom which is of importance to heat capacity, is the transition which converts the

text: spin isomers of hydrogen

text: A thermoelectric battery stores energy when charged by converting heat into chemical energy and produces electricity when discharged. Such systems potentially offer an alternative means of disposing of waste heat from plants that burn fossil fuels and/or nuclear energy.

text: A thermoelectric battery stores energy when charged by converting heat into chemical energy and produces electricity when discharged. Such systems potentially offer an alternative means of disposing of

text: waste heat

text: from plants that burn fossil fuels and/or nuclear energy.

text: "This principal[sic] advocates employing only sustainable energy technology—solar, wind, ocean and geothermal—that can meet our energy needs indefinitely without negative effects for life on earth." Other authors, such as Paul Hawken, have referred to this as utilizing current solar income.

text: In traditional ICF devices the driver laser is used to compress the target to very high densities. The shock wave created by this process further heats the compressed fuel when it collides in the center of the sphere. If the compression is symmetrical enough the increase in temperature can create conditions close to the Lawson criterion, leading to significant fusion energy production. If the resulting fusion rate is high enough, the energy released in these reactions will heat the surrounding fuel to similar temperatures, causing them to undergo fusion as well. In this case, known as "ignition", a significant portion of the fuel will undergo fusion and release large amounts of energy. Ignition is the basic goal of any fusion device.

text: In traditional ICF devices the driver laser is used to compress the target to very high densities. The shock wave created by this process further heats the compressed fuel when it collides in the center of the sphere. If the compression is symmetrical enough the increase in temperature can create conditions close to the

text: Lawson criterion

text: , leading to significant fusion energy production. If the resulting fusion rate is high enough, the energy released in these reactions will heat the surrounding fuel to similar temperatures, causing them to undergo fusion as well. In this case, known as "ignition", a significant portion of the fuel will undergo fusion and release large amounts of energy. Ignition is the basic goal of any fusion device.

text: Together with the spin-orbit interaction, and for appropriate magnitudes of both effects, one is led to the following qualitative picture: At all levels, the highest j states have their energies shifted downwards, especially for high n (where the highest j is high). This is both due to the negative spin-orbit interaction energy and to the reduction in energy resulting from deforming the potential to a more realistic one. The second-to-highest j states, on the contrary, have their energy shifted up by the first effect and down by the second effect, leading to a small overall shift. The shifts in the energy of the highest j states can thus bring the energy of states of one level to be closer to the energy of states of a lower level. The "shells" of the shell model are then no longer identical to the levels denoted by n, and the magic numbers are changed.

text: The primary goal of ATEGs is to reduce fuel consumption. Forty percent of an IC engine’s energy is lost through exhaust gas heat. By converting the lost heat into electricity, ATEGs decrease fuel consumption by reducing the electric generator load on the engine. ATEGs allow the automobile to generate electricity from the engine's thermal energy rather than using mechanical energy to power an electric generator. Since the electricity is generated from waste heat that would otherwise be released into the environment, the engine burns less fuel to power the vehicle's electrical components, such as the headlights. Therefore, the automobile releases fewer emissions.

text: In many cases the working mass is separate from the energy used to accelerate it. In a car the engine provides power to the wheels, which then accelerates the Earth backward to make the car move forward. This is not the case for most rockets however, where the rocket propellant is the working mass, as well as the energy source. This means that rockets stop accelerating as soon as they run out of fuel, regardless of other power sources they may have. This can be a problem for satellites that need to be repositioned often, as it limits their useful life. In general, the exhaust velocity should be close to the ship velocity for optimum energy efficiency.  This limitation of rocket propulsion is one of the main motivations for the ongoing interest in field propulsion technology.

text: In many cases the working mass is separate from the

text: energy

text: used to accelerate it. In a car the engine provides power to the wheels, which then accelerates the Earth backward to make the car move forward. This is not the case for most rockets however, where the rocket propellant is the working mass, as well as the energy source. This means that rockets stop accelerating as soon as they run out of fuel, regardless of other power sources they may have. This can be a problem for satellites that need to be repositioned often, as it limits their useful life. In general, the exhaust velocity should be close to the ship velocity for optimum energy efficiency.  This limitation of rocket propulsion is one of the main motivations for the ongoing interest in

text: field propulsion

text: technology.

text: Robert Anglin (1806–74) was a Common Councilman for the Town of Kingston in 1843, at the same time that Sir John A. Macdonald was an Alderman on the Town Council. He had emigrated from County Cork, Ireland to Kingston in 1829, leaving Ireland with his wife on his wedding day. His sons W. B. and S. Anglin established the Anglin company as a sawmill at Wellington and Bay streets, at the mouth of the Cataraqui River, employing 23 people by 1850. Coal was soon added as a sideline, gradually displaced by fuel oil from 1953 onward. Anglin once handled a quarter million tons a year of heating and industrial coal and operated substantial lumber, drydock and shipbuilding facilities. In the 1950s, a custom carpentry shop employed 60-70 workers. The last Anglin lumber was sold in 1979. The company remained within the Anglin family until 1997. Its successor, heating company Tri-Heat Anglin Energy Supply, moved to its current Counter Street location (now John Counter Boulevard) in 1999. It was acquired in the early 2000s by local competitor Rosen Fuels and operated as Rosen TriHeat Anglin Fuels until 2012, ultimately becoming Rosen Energy Group.

text: Robert Anglin (1806–74) was a Common Councilman for the Town of Kingston in 1843, at the same time that

text: Sir John A. Macdonald

text: was an Alderman on the Town Council. He had emigrated from

text: County Cork

text: Ireland

text: to Kingston in 1829, leaving Ireland with his wife on his wedding day. His sons W. B. and S. Anglin established the Anglin company as a sawmill at Wellington and Bay streets, at the mouth of the Cataraqui River, employing 23 people by 1850. Coal was soon added as a sideline, gradually displaced by fuel oil from 1953 onward. Anglin once handled a quarter million tons a year of heating and industrial coal and operated substantial lumber, drydock and shipbuilding facilities. In the 1950s, a custom carpentry shop employed 60-70 workers. The last Anglin lumber was sold in 1979. The company remained within the Anglin family until 1997. Its successor, heating company Tri-Heat Anglin Energy Supply, moved to its current Counter Street location (now John Counter Boulevard) in 1999. It was acquired in the early 2000s by local competitor Rosen Fuels and operated as Rosen TriHeat Anglin Fuels until 2012, ultimately becoming Rosen Energy Group.

text: Hydrothermal explosions occur when superheated water trapped below the surface of the earth rapidly converts from liquid to steam, violently disrupting the confining rock. Boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments called breccia are ejected over an area of a few meters up to several kilometers in diameter. Although the energy inherently comes from a deep igneous source, this energy is transferred to the surface by circulating meteoric water rather than by magma, as occurs in volcanic eruptions. The energy is stored as heat in hot water and rock within a few hundred feet of the surface.

text: Hydrothermal explosions occur when

text: superheated water

text: trapped below the surface of the earth rapidly converts from liquid to steam, violently disrupting the confining rock. Boiling water, steam, mud, and rock fragments called

text: breccia

text: are ejected over an area of a few meters up to several kilometers in diameter. Although the energy inherently comes from a deep

text: igneous

text: source, this energy is transferred to the surface by circulating

text: meteoric water

text: rather than by

text: magma

text: , as occurs in

text: volcanic eruptions

text: . The energy is stored as heat in hot water and rock within a few hundred feet of the surface.

text: When a system expands in a fictive quasistatic process, the work done by the system on the environment is the product, ,  of pressure, , and volume change, , whereas the work done on the system is .  Using either sign convention for work, the change in internal energy of the system is:

text: When a system expands in a fictive

text: quasistatic process

text: , the work done by the system on the environment is the product, ,  of pressure, , and volume change, , whereas the work done on the system is .  Using either sign convention for work, the change in internal energy of the system is:

text: The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of a fire. When it comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The resulting self-sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases, including oxygen, when the proper conditions exist. It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.

text: The Energy content of biofuel is a description of the potential energy contained in a given biofuel, measured per unit mass of that fuel, as specific energy, or per unit of volume of the fuel, as energy density. A biofuel is a fuel, produced from living organisms. Biofuels include bioethanol, an alcohol made by fermentation—often used as a gasoline additive, and biodiesel, which is usually used as a diesel additive. Specific energy is energy per unit mass, which is used to describe the energy content of a fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per kilogram (J/kg) or equivalent units. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a fuel per unit volume, expressed in SI units as joule per litre (J/L) or equivalent units.

text: The Energy content of biofuel is a description of the

text: potential energy

text: contained in a given

text: biofuel

text: , measured per unit mass of that fuel, as

text: specific energy

text: , or per unit of volume of the fuel, as

text: energy density

text: . A biofuel is a

text: fuel

text: , produced from

text: living organisms

text: . Biofuels include

text: bioethanol

text: , an

text: alcohol

text: made by

text: fermentation

text: —often used as a

text: gasoline

text: additive

text: , and

text: biodiesel

text: , which is usually used as a

text: diesel

text: additive. Specific energy is

text: energy

text: per unit

text: mass

text: , which is used to describe the

text: energy

text: content of a fuel, expressed in

text: SI

text: units as

text: joule

text: per

text: kilogram

text: (J/kg) or equivalent units. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a fuel per unit

text: volume

text: , expressed in SI units as

text: joule

text: per

text: litre

text: (J/L) or equivalent units.

text: While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. As most of renewables provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: Electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption. In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements, because most renewables don't have a steam cycle with high losses (fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65%).

text: While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to

text: rural

text: and remote areas and

entity_name: Renewable energy in developing countries

text: developing countries

text: , where energy is often crucial in

text: human development

text: United Nations

text: ' Secretary-General

text: Ban Ki-moon

text: has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. As most of renewables provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further

text: electrification

text: , which has several benefits: Electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption. In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements, because most renewables don't have a steam cycle with high losses (fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65%).

text: According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states. When electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by an atom or molecule, the energy of the radiation changes the state of the atom or molecule from an initial state to a final state. The number of states in a specific energy range is discrete for gaseous or diluted systems, with discrete energy levels. Condensed systems, like liquids or solids, have a continuous density of states distribution and often possess continuous energy bands. In order for a substance to change its energy it must do so in a series of "steps" by the absorption of a photon. This absorption process can move a particle, like an electron, from an occupied state to an empty or unoccupied state. It can also move a whole vibrating or rotating system, like a molecule, from one vibrational or rotational state to another or it can create a quasiparticle like a phonon or a plasmon in a solid.

text: According to

text: quantum mechanics

text: atom

text: s and

text: molecule

text: s can only hold certain defined quantities of

text: energy

text: , or exist in specific

text: states

text: . When

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: is absorbed by an atom or molecule, the energy of the radiation changes the state of the atom or molecule from an

text: initial state

text: to a

text: final state

text: . The number of states in a specific energy range is discrete for gaseous or diluted systems, with discrete

text: energy level

text: s.

text: Condensed systems

text: , like liquids or solids, have a continuous

text: density of states

text: distribution and often possess continuous

text: energy bands

text: . In order for a substance to change its energy it must do so in a series of "steps" by the absorption of a

text: photon

text: . This absorption process can move a particle, like an electron, from an occupied state to an empty or unoccupied state. It can also move a whole vibrating or rotating system, like a molecule, from one vibrational or rotational state to another or it can create a

text: quasiparticle

text: like a

text: phonon

text: or a

text: plasmon

text: in a solid.

text: The renewable energy from the sun, wind, wave, biomass and geothermal energies are based on renewable resources. Renewable resources such as the movement of water (hydropower, tidal power and wave power), wind and radiant energy from geothermal heat (used for geothermal power) and solar energy (used for solar power) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.

text: The renewable energy from the

text: sun

text: wind

text: wave

text: biomass

text: and

text: geothermal

text: energies are based on renewable resources. Renewable resources such as the movement of

text: water

text: hydropower

text: tidal power

text: and

text: wave power

text: wind

text: and

text: radiant energy

text: from geothermal heat (used for

text: geothermal power

text: ) and solar energy (used for

text: solar power

text: ) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.

text: Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

text: Based on

text: 's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like

text: China

text: and the

text: United States

text: heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: is resulting in significant

text: energy security

text: climate change mitigation

text: , and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.

text: The energy policy of the United Kingdom has achieved success in reducing energy intensity (but still really high), reducing energy poverty, and maintaining energy supply reliability to date.  The United Kingdom has an ambitious goal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for future years, but it is unclear whether the programs in place are sufficient to achieve this objective (the way to be so efficient as France is still hard).  Regarding energy self sufficiency, the United Kingdom policy does not address this issue, other than to concede historic energy self sufficiency is currently ceasing to exist (due to the decline of the North Sea oil production).  With regard to transport, the United Kingdom historically has a good policy record encouraging public transport links with cities, despite encountering problems with high speed trains, which have the potential to reduce dramatically domestic and short-haul European flights. The policy does not, however, significantly encourage hybrid vehicle use or ethanol fuel use, options which represent viable short term means to moderate rising transport fuel consumption.  Regarding renewable energy, the United Kingdom has goals for wind and tidal energy.  The White Paper on Energy, 2007, set the target that 20% of the UK's energy must come from renewable sources by 2020.

text: The

text: energy policy of the United Kingdom

text: has achieved success in reducing

text: energy intensity

text: (but still really high), reducing energy poverty, and maintaining energy supply reliability to date.  The United Kingdom has an ambitious goal to reduce

text: carbon dioxide emissions

text: for future years, but it is unclear whether the programs in place are sufficient to achieve this objective (the way to be so efficient as France is still hard).  Regarding energy self sufficiency, the United Kingdom policy does not address this issue, other than to concede historic

text: energy self sufficiency

text: is currently ceasing to exist (due to the decline of the

text: North Sea oil

text: production).  With regard to transport, the United Kingdom historically has a good policy record encouraging

text: public transport

text: links with cities, despite encountering problems with high speed trains, which have the potential to reduce dramatically domestic and short-haul European flights. The policy does not, however, significantly encourage

text: hybrid vehicle

text: use or

text: ethanol fuel

text: use, options which represent viable short term means to moderate rising transport fuel consumption.  Regarding

text: renewable energy

text: , the United Kingdom has goals for

text: wind

text: and

text: tidal energy

text: .  The White Paper on Energy, 2007, set the target that 20% of the UK's energy must come from renewable sources by 2020.

text: Nano Flake technology can also help keep the environment cleaner as the sun as the source it produces clean pure sustainable energy that can be converted into electricity. While fossil fuel is the primary energy source for electricity, using solar energy obtained from Nano flakes will lower dependence on fossil fuels. When fossil fuels are burned for use they release a toxic gas which has a huge impact on earth's pollution. Also the process of obtaining these fossil fuels is not good for the environment, whether it be mining for coal, drilling for oil, and hydraulic fracturing the earth's surface to reach the oil and gas.

text: Nano Flake technology can also help keep the environment cleaner as the sun as the source it produces clean pure

text: sustainable energy

text: that can be converted into electricity. While fossil fuel is the primary energy source for electricity, using solar energy obtained from Nano flakes will lower dependence on fossil fuels. When fossil fuels are burned for use they release a toxic gas which has a huge impact on earth's pollution. Also the process of obtaining these fossil fuels is not good for the environment, whether it be mining for coal, drilling for oil, and

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: the earth's surface to reach the oil and gas.

text: However, Red Tornado is still alive in the satellite's wreckage. In Justice League of America Annual Vol. 1, #3 (August 1985), he links with the still-functioning JLA computer to learn more about himself. A bolt of energy sends the wreckage down to Earth (where the Martian Manhunter finds Red Tornado's head), but Red Tornado sends his consciousness into a nearby S.T.A.R. Labs weather-control satellite. Gathering energy to give himself physical form, he uses the satellites to wreak havoc on Earth. The JLA destroys the satellites one by one, eventually freeing the now-corporeal Tornado Champion. Red Tornado tries to contacting Kathy Sutton with several electronic devices. The JLA brings her to Tornado Champion, who says that he now has the power to remake worlds. Kathy convinces him that he needs to be more human to be accepted. Although he seems to believe Kathy, an attack by Superman angers him and he heads off into the universe. The Crisis on Infinite Earths ends when the Spectre confronts the Anti-Monitor at the moment when Krona creates the multiverse; Darkseid and the Earth-Two Superman then destroy the weakened Anti-Monitor.

text: However, Red Tornado is still alive in the satellite's wreckage. In Justice League of America Annual Vol. 1, #3 (August 1985), he links with the still-functioning JLA computer to learn more about himself. A bolt of energy sends the wreckage down to Earth (where the

text: Martian Manhunter

text: finds Red Tornado's head), but Red Tornado sends his consciousness into a nearby

text: S.T.A.R. Labs

text: weather-control satellite. Gathering energy to give himself physical form, he uses the satellites to wreak havoc on Earth. The JLA destroys the satellites one by one, eventually freeing the now-corporeal Tornado Champion. Red Tornado tries to contacting Kathy Sutton with several electronic devices. The JLA brings her to Tornado Champion, who says that he now has the power to remake worlds. Kathy convinces him that he needs to be more human to be accepted. Although he seems to believe Kathy, an attack by Superman angers him and he heads off into the universe. The Crisis on Infinite Earths ends when the Spectre confronts the Anti-Monitor at the moment when Krona creates the multiverse;

text: Darkseid

text: and the

text: Earth-Two Superman

text: then destroy the weakened Anti-Monitor.

text: where the integral can be over all space or, equivalently, where  is nonzero.Magnetic potential energy is the form of energy related not only to the distance between magnetic materials, but also to the orientation, or alignment, of those materials within the field. For example, the needle of a compass has the lowest magnetic potential energy when it is aligned with the north and south poles of the Earth's magnetic field. If the needle is moved by an outside force, torque is exerted on the magnetic dipole of the needle by the Earth's magnetic field, causing it to move back into alignment. The magnetic potential energy of the needle is highest when its field is in the same direction as the Earth's magnetic field. Two magnets will have potential energy in relation to each other and the distance between them, but this also depends on their orientation. If the opposite poles are held apart, the potential energy will be the highest when they are near the edge of their attraction, and the lowest when they pull together. Conversely, like poles will have the highest potential energy when forced together, and the lowest when they spring apart.

text: Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy (that can directly be used by society), such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energetics, these forms are called energy carriers and correspond to the concept of "secondary energy" in energy statistics.

text: Primary energy sources are transformed in

text: energy conversion

text: processes to more convenient forms of energy (that can directly be used by society), such as

text: electrical energy

text: , refined

text: fuels

text: , or synthetic fuels such as

text: hydrogen fuel

text: . In the field of

text: energetics

text: , these forms are called

text: energy carrier

text: s and correspond to the concept of "secondary energy" in energy statistics.

text: Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption.  Resources have been variously categorized as biotic versus abiotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classification.

text: Resources have three main characteristics:

text: utility

text: limited availability

text: , and potential for

text: depletion

text: or

text: consumption

text: .  Resources have been variously categorized as

text: biotic

text: versus

text: abiotic

text: renewable

text: versus

text: non-renewable

text: , and potential versus actual, along with more elaborate classification.

text: May abolished the Department for Energy and Climate Change, which means that now climate change is included in the scope of a new Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The move was criticised by Greenpeace which expressed concern the new government failed to see the threat from climate change; by Friends of the Earth which said climate change is happening now while the new government lowers its priority; and the New Economics Foundation environmental economist, Stephen Devlin, who said: "Tackling climate change is an era-defining challenge that must direct and determine what industries we develop, what transport infrastructure we construct, how we manage our land and what our diets look like. It requires a central co-ordinated strategy; if we leave it to the afterthoughts of other departments we will fail." The future direction of May's government over climate change is uncertain. Rachel Kyte called for commitment to investment in greener energy supply. Kyte claims investment in greener energy would stimulate the economy and boost jobs at a time of economic uncertainty. Kyte also maintains greater clarity in government energy policy is badly needed.

text: May abolished the

text: Department for Energy and Climate Change

text: , which means that now climate change is included in the scope of a new

entity_name: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

text: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

text: . The move was criticised by

text: Greenpeace

text: which expressed concern the new government failed to see the threat from climate change; by

text: Friends of the Earth

text: which said climate change is happening now while the new government lowers its priority; and the

text: New Economics Foundation

text: environmental economist

text: , Stephen Devlin, who said: "Tackling climate change is an era-defining challenge that must direct and determine what industries we develop, what transport infrastructure we construct, how we manage our land and what our diets look like. It requires a central co-ordinated strategy; if we leave it to the afterthoughts of other departments we will fail." The future direction of May's government over climate change is uncertain.

text: Rachel Kyte

text: called for commitment to investment in greener energy supply. Kyte claims investment in

text: greener energy

text: would stimulate the economy and boost jobs at a time of economic uncertainty. Kyte also maintains greater clarity in government energy policy is badly needed.

text: ). Conservation of energy demands that for each engine, the energy which enters,

text: Green economies require green energy generation based on renewable energy to replace  fossil fuels as well as energy conservation and efficient energy use.

text: Green economies require

text: green energy

text: generation based on

text: renewable energy

text: to replace

text: fossil fuels

text: as well as

text: energy conservation

text: and

text: efficient energy use

text: Nigeria has a poor outlook on climate change and this reflects heavily in their policies surrounding climate change. Nigeria has not developed policies surrounding environmental change. What they have created has done so little for the environment as to be close to meaningless (Gujba, Mulugetta & Azapagic, 2011). Their overall lack of control over the oil industry and allowing for the vadalizm and theft of oil leading to oil spills along with the poor maintenance of the pipelines also describes a nation that is not conscious of environmental change (US Energy Administration, 2013). Lastly Nigeria has also done proposals to further develop their non-renewable resources as sources for electricity production instead of reducing it (US Energy Administration, 2013). They seem to not care that they are at high risk of being effected by environmental change and are simply going for the cheapest alternative- coal, instead of developing new renewable sources of energy (Gujba, Mulugetta & Azapagic, 2011). In light of all of these factors I would give Nigeria a grade of “F” (failure) for their ability to deal with their energy crisis and decrease their carbon emissions.

text: The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) was established as part of the Clean Energy Fund, and commenced operations on 1 July 2012. It consolidated existing renewable energy technology innovation programs. It had funds to provide financial assistance to research, develop, demonstrate, deploy and commercialise renewable energy in Australia and related technologies. The government-established but independent Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) commenced investment operations from 1 July 2013, with a focus on investments in renewable energy, low-emissions and energy efficiency technology and the manufacturing companies that produce materials used in such technologies.

text: The

text: Australian Renewable Energy Agency

text: (ARENA) was established as part of the Clean Energy Fund, and commenced operations on 1 July 2012. It consolidated existing

text: renewable energy

text: technology innovation programs. It had funds to provide financial assistance to research, develop, demonstrate, deploy and commercialise

text: renewable energy in Australia

text: and related technologies. The government-established but independent

text: Clean Energy Finance Corporation

text: (CEFC) commenced investment operations from 1 July 2013, with a focus on investments in renewable energy, low-emissions and energy efficiency technology and the manufacturing companies that produce materials used in such technologies.

text: Since 2002, approximately 85% of commercial and industrial consumers have switched power providers at least once. Approximately 40% of residential consumers in deregulated areas have switched from the former incumbent provider to a competitive REP. REPs providing service in the state include NEC Retail Co-op Electricity, Acacia Energy, Now Power, Snap Energy, Clearview Electric, Green Mountain Energy, Iluminar Energy, Conservice Energy, Ambit Energy, Entrust Energy, Bounce Energy, Champion Energy,  Shnye Energy, Cirro Energy, Direct Energy, Dynowatt, First Texas Energy Corporation, Gexa Energy, Glacial Energy, Just Energy, Kinetic Energy, Mega Energy, APG&E, Adjacent Energy, Spark Energy, StarTex Power, Stream Energy, Tech Electricity, Texas Power,  TXU Energy, XOOM Energy and 4Change Energy.

text: Since 2002, approximately 85% of commercial and industrial consumers have switched power providers at least once. Approximately 40% of residential consumers in deregulated areas have switched from the former incumbent provider to a competitive REP. REPs providing service in the state include NEC Retail Co-op Electricity,

text: Acacia Energy

text: Now Power

text: Snap Energy

text: , Clearview Electric, Green Mountain Energy, Iluminar Energy, Conservice Energy,

text: Ambit Energy

text: , Entrust Energy, Bounce Energy,

text: Champion Energy

text: ,  Shnye Energy, Cirro Energy,

text: Direct Energy

text: Dynowatt

text: First Texas Energy Corporation

text: , Gexa Energy,

text: Glacial Energy

text: Just Energy

text: , Kinetic Energy, Mega Energy, APG&E,

text: Adjacent Energy

text: , Spark Energy, StarTex Power,

text: Stream Energy

text: , Tech Electricity,

text: Texas Power

text: TXU Energy

text: XOOM Energy

text: and

text: 4Change Energy

text: As in every economic sector, the construction industry's purchases of materials and services creates a whole chain of processes from raw material selecting in situ, removal from the earth, usually proceeding to cutting, finishing, or processing/manufacturing, then transport, and retailing.  All of these activities have significant upstream (off-site) environmental impacts, whether in terms of energy and raw resource use or emissions to air, land, or water impacting living organisms or the Earth's surface (non-organic).  Life cycle assessment is a method for estimating and comparing a range of environmental performance measures (e.g. global warming, acidification potential, toxicity, ozone depletion potentials) over the full life cycle of a product, a building assembly, or a whole building.  As such, it provides a comprehensive means for evaluating and comparing products rather than prescriptive measures of individual product characteristics.

text: As in every economic sector, the construction industry's purchases of materials and services creates a whole chain of processes from raw material selecting in situ, removal from the earth, usually proceeding to cutting, finishing, or processing/manufacturing, then transport, and retailing.  All of these activities have significant upstream (off-site) environmental impacts, whether in terms of energy and raw resource use or emissions to air, land, or water impacting living organisms or the Earth's surface (non-organic).

text: Life cycle assessment

text: is a method for estimating and comparing a range of environmental performance measures (e.g.

text: global warming

text: , acidification potential, toxicity,

text: ozone depletion

text: potentials) over the full life cycle of a product, a building assembly, or a whole building.  As such, it provides a comprehensive means for evaluating and comparing products rather than prescriptive measures of individual product characteristics.

text: The potential wave energy on coastlines can provide 1/5 of world demand. Hydroelectric power can supply 1/3 of our total energy global needs. Geothermal energy can provide 1.5 more times the energy we need. There is enough wind to power the planet 30 times over, wind power could power all of humanity's needs alone. Solar currently supplies only 0.1% of our world energy needs, but there is enough out there to power humanity's needs 4,000 times over, the entire global projected energy demand by 2050.

text: The fusion reactions release high-energy particles, which collide with the high density fuel around it and slow down. This heats the fuel further, and can potentially cause that fuel to undergo fusion as well. Given the right overall conditions of the compressed fuel – high enough density and temperature – this heating process can result in a chain reaction, burning outward from the center where the shock wave started the reaction. This is a condition known as "ignition", which can lead to a significant portion of the fuel in the target undergoing fusion, and the release of significant amounts of energy.

text: The fusion reactions release high-energy particles, which collide with the high density fuel around it and slow down. This heats the fuel further, and can potentially cause that fuel to undergo fusion as well. Given the right overall conditions of the compressed fuel – high enough density and temperature – this heating process can result in a

text: chain reaction

text: , burning outward from the center where the shock wave started the reaction. This is a condition known as "ignition", which can lead to a significant portion of the fuel in the target undergoing fusion, and the release of significant amounts of energy.

text: Fuel switching on the demand side refers to changing the type of fuel used to satisfy a need for an energy service.  To meet deep decarbonization goals, like the 80% reduction by 2050 goal being discussed in California and the European Union, many primary energy changes are needed. Energy efficiency alone may not be sufficient to meet these goals, switching fuels used on the demand side will help lower carbon emissions. Progressively coal, oil and eventually natural gas for space and water heating in buildings will need to be reduced. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 45 per cent less carbon dioxide than burning coal.  There are various ways in which this could happen, and different strategies will likely make sense in different locations. While the system efficiency of a gas furnace may be higher than the combination of natural gas power plant and electric heat, the combination of the same natural gas power plant and an electric heat pump has lower emissions per unit of heat delivered in all but the coldest climates. This is possible because of the very efficient coefficient of performance of heat pumps.

text: Fuel switching on the demand side refers to changing the type of fuel used to satisfy a need for an energy service.  To meet deep decarbonization goals, like the 80% reduction by 2050 goal being discussed in California and the European Union, many primary energy changes are needed. Energy efficiency alone may not be sufficient to meet these goals, switching fuels used on the demand side will help lower carbon emissions. Progressively coal, oil and eventually natural gas for space and water heating in buildings will need to be reduced. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 45 per cent less carbon dioxide than burning

text: coal

text: .  There are various ways in which this could happen, and different strategies will likely make sense in different locations. While the system efficiency of a gas furnace may be higher than the combination of natural gas power plant and electric heat, the combination of the same natural gas power plant and an electric

text: heat pump

text: has lower emissions per unit of heat delivered in all but the coldest climates. This is possible because of the very efficient

text: coefficient of performance

text: of heat pumps.

text: Non-hydroelectric renewable energy in Russia is largely undeveloped although Russia has many potential renewable energy resources.

text: Non-hydroelectric

text: renewable energy

text: in Russia is largely undeveloped although Russia has many potential renewable energy resources.

text: Their reliance on sunny weather is a limiting factor as a source of renewable energy on Earth but could be tied to thermal energy storage systems for energy production through these periods and into the night.

text: Their reliance on sunny weather is a limiting factor as a source of

text: renewable energy

text: on

text: Earth

text: but could be tied to

text: thermal energy storage

text: systems for energy production through these periods and into the night.

text: In Honduras, there is great potential of untapped indigenous renewable energy resources. Due to the likely long-term trend of high oil prices, such resources could be developed at competitive prices. However, except for the large hydro projects, the potential for the development of renewable energy is yet to be explored.

text: In Honduras, there is great potential of untapped indigenous

text: renewable energy

text: resources. Due to the likely long-term trend of high oil prices, such resources could be developed at competitive prices. However, except for the large hydro projects, the potential for the development of renewable energy is yet to be explored.

text: The world faces the challenge of a global transformation to sustainable energy systems. Substantial up-front investments are needed to improve energy efficiency and switch to renewable energies. At the same time, these investments offer great opportunities, because strategic innovations can be triggered and new markets can develop in the course of the transformation process. Savings on the cost of fossil fuels in conventional technologies could completely offset the investment in renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency by as early as 2040. The private capital needed for the transformation is available and can be mobilised if a suitable political framework is put into place. A corresponding regulatory policy should be introduced to make such investment more attractive for the private sector. The WBGU advocates a proactive state that integrates energy, environmental and climate policy; this could reduce existing investment risks by developing a stable, long-term transformative regulatory framework. At the same time, policy makers should expand the opportunities for participation. Germany is currently leading this transformation, both in terms of technological innovations and in the creation of a suitable policy framework. Our country is able to give the world an example of how the Energiewende (energy-system transformation) can generate more, not less prosperity.

text: The world faces the challenge of a global transformation to sustainable energy systems. Substantial up-front investments are needed to improve energy efficiency and switch to renewable energies. At the same time, these investments offer great opportunities, because strategic innovations can be triggered and new markets can develop in the course of the transformation process. Savings on the cost of fossil fuels in conventional technologies could completely offset the investment in renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency by as early as 2040. The private capital needed for the transformation is available and can be mobilised if a suitable political framework is put into place. A corresponding regulatory policy should be introduced to make such investment more attractive for the private sector. The WBGU advocates a proactive state that integrates energy, environmental and climate policy; this could reduce existing investment risks by developing a stable, long-term transformative regulatory framework. At the same time, policy makers should expand the opportunities for participation. Germany is currently leading this transformation, both in terms of technological innovations and in the creation of a suitable policy framework. Our country is able to give the world an example of how the

text: Energiewende

text: (energy-system transformation) can generate more, not less prosperity.

text: Energy is needed to generate a magnetic field both to work against the electric field that a changing magnetic field creates and to change the magnetization of any material within the magnetic field. For non-dispersive materials this same energy is released when the magnetic field is destroyed so that this energy can be modeled as being stored in the magnetic field.

text: The main climate state change is between periodical glacial and interglacial cycles in Earth history, studied from climate proxies. The climate system is responding to the current climate forcing and adjusts following climate sensitivity to reach a climate equilibrium, Earth's energy balance. Model simulations suggest that the current interglacial climate state will continue for at least another 100,000 years, due to  emissions - including complete deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere.

text: The main climate state change is between periodical

text: glacial

text: and

text: interglacial

text: cycles in Earth history, studied from

text: climate proxies

text: . The climate system is responding to the current

text: climate forcing

text: and adjusts following

text: climate sensitivity

text: to reach a

entity_section: Equilibrium and transient climate sensitivity

text: climate equilibrium

text: Earth's energy balance

text: . Model simulations suggest that the current interglacial climate state will continue for at least another 100,000 years, due to  emissions - including complete

text: deglaciation

text: of the Northern Hemisphere.

text: Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the Pioneer 10 space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet. Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or delta-v.  Entering a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter from low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.  Fortunately, gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration.

text: Since 1973 a number of automated spacecraft have visited Jupiter, most notably the

text: Pioneer 10

text: space probe, the first spacecraft to get close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about the properties and phenomena of the Solar System's largest planet. Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or

text: delta-v

text: .  Entering a

text: Hohmann transfer orbit

text: from Earth to Jupiter from

text: low Earth orbit

text: requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.  Fortunately,

text: gravity assists

text: through planetary

text: flybys

text: can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration.

text: Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Renewable energy is energy that is collected from

text: renewable resource

text: s, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: , and

text: geothermal heat

text: . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas:

text: electricity generation

text: , air and water heating/cooling,

text: transportation

text: , and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: If the force-displacement curve is nonlinear then the complementary strain energy needs to be used instead of strain energy.

text:
|- style="background:#cfc;"| 1| October 26| @ Philadelphia |   | Russell Westbrook (32)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Wells Fargo Center
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 18,203| 2–0|-style="background:#cfc;"| 3| October 30| L. A. Lakers |  | Russell Westbrook (33)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (16)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–0|- style="background:#cfc;"| 4| November 2| @ L. A. Clippers |   | Russell Westbrook (35)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Staples Center
19,060| 4–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 3| @ Golden State |   | Victor Oladipo (21)| Joffrey Lauvergne (7)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 4–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 6| November 5| Minnesota |  | Russell Westbrook (28)| Enes Kanter (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7 | November 7| Miami |  | Enes Kanter (24)| Kanter & Sabonis (10)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8| November 9| Toronto |  | Russell Westbrook (36)| Steven Adams (12)| Russell Westbrook (7) | Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 9| November 11|  L. A. Clippers |   | Russell Westbrook (29)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 13| Orlando |   | Russell Westbrook (41)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (16)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 11| November 14| @ Detroit |  | Russell Westbrook (33)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Palace of Auburn Hills
14,172| 6–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12| November 16| Houston |  | Russell Westbrook (30)| Victor Oladipo (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 7–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 13| November 18| Brooklyn | | Russell Westbrook (30)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 14| November 20| Indiana|  | Russell Westbrook (31)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 15| November 22| @ L. A. Lakers | | Russell Westbrook (34)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Staples Center
18,997| 8–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 16| November 23| @ Sacramento |   | Russell Westbrook (31)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Golden 1 Center
17,608| 8–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 25| @ Denver |   | Russell Westbrook (36)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (18)| Pepsi Center
14,327| 9–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 18| November 26| Detroit|   | Anthony Morrow (21)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 10–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19| November 28| @New York|   | Russell Westbrook (27)| Russell Westbrook (18)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Madison Square Garden
19,812| 11–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| November 30| Washington |   | Russell Westbrook (35)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 12–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 4|  New Orleans | | Russell Westbrook (28)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 13–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 5| @ Atlanta | | Russell Westbrook (32)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Philips Arena
14,654| 14–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 23| December 9| Houston|   | Russell Westbrook (27)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 14–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 11| Boston | | Russell Westbrook (37)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 15–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 25| December 13| @ Portland | | Russell Westbrook (20)| Domantas Sabonis (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Moda Center
19,505| 15–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 14| @ Utah| | Russell Westbrook (25)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Vivint Smart Home Arena
19,911| 15–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 17| Phoenix | | Russell Westbrook (26)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (22)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 16–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 28| December 19| Atlanta | | Russell Westbrook (46)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 16–12|- style="background:#;"| 29| December 21| @ New Orleans | | | | | Smoothie King Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 30| December 23| @ Boston | | | | | TD Garden
| |- style="background:#;"| 31| December 25| Minnesota | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 32| December 27| @ Miami | | | | | American Airlines Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 33| December 29| @ Memphis | | | | | FedEx Forum
| |- style="background:#;"| 34| December 31| L. A. Clippers| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 35| January 2| @ Milwaukee | | | | | BMO Harris Bradley Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 36| January 4| @ Charlotte | | | | | Time Warner Cable Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 37| January 5| @ Houston | | | | | Toyota Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 38| January 7| Denver | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 39| January 9 | @ Chicago| | | | | United Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 40| January 11| Memphis| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 41| January 13| @ Minnesota | | | | | Target Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 42| January 15| @ Sacramento| | | | | Golden 1 Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 43| January 16| @ L.A. Clippers | | | | | Staples Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 44| January 18| @ Golden State | | | | | Oracle Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 45| January 23| @ Utah | | | | | Vivint Smart Home Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 46| January 25| @ New Orleans | | | | | Smoothie King Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 47| January 26| Dallas | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
||-style="background:#;"|48|January 29|@ Cleveland ||||| Chesapeake Energy Arena
||-style="background:#;"|49|January 31|@ San Antonio ||||| AT&T Center
||- style="background:#;"| 50| February 1|  Chicago | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 51| February 3| Memphis | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 52| February 5| Portland| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 53| February 6| @ Indiana | | | | | Bankers Life Fieldhouse
| |- style="background:#;"| 54| February 9| Cleveland| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 55| February 11| Golden State | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 56| February 13| @ Washington | | | | | Verizon Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 57| February 15| New York | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#;"| 58| February 24|  L.A. Lakers | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 59| February 26| New Orleans | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 60| February 28| Utah| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 61| March 2| @ Portland | | | | | Moda Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 62| March 3| @ Phoenix | | | | | Talking Stick Resort Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 63| March 5| @ Dallas | | | | | American Airlines Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 64| March 7| Portland | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 65| March 9| San Antonio | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 66| March 11| Utah | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 67| March 14| @ Brooklyn | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 68| March 16| @ Toronto | | | | | Air Canada Centre
| |- style="background:#;"| 69| March 18| Sacramento | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 70| March 20| Denver | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 71| March 22| Philadelphia| | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 72| March 26| @ Houston | | | | | Toyota Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 73| March 27| @ Dallas | | | | | American Airlines Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 74| March 29| @ Orlando | | | | | Amway Center
| |-style="background:#;"|75|March 31| San Antonio||||| Chesapeake Energy Arena
||- style="background:#;"| 76| April 2| Charlotte | | | | | Charlotte Hornets
| |- style="background:#;"| 77| April 4| Milwaukee | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
| |- style="background:#;"| 78| April 5| @ Memphis | | | | | FedEx Forum
| |- style="background:#;"| 79| April 7| @ Phoenix | | | | | Talking Stick Resort
| |- style="background:#;"| 80| April 9|  @ Denver | | | | | Pepsi Center
| |- style="background:#;"| 81| April 11| @ Minnesota | | | | | Target Center
||- style="background:#;"| 82| April 12| Denver | | | | | Chesapeake Energy Arena
|

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"| 1| October 26| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br> 20,487| 1–0|-style="background:#cfc;"| 2| October 28|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br> 18,203| 2–0|-style="background:#cfc;"| 3| October 30|

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–0|- style="background:#cfc;"| 4| November 2| @

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,060| 4–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 3| @

text: Golden State

text: Victor Oladipo

text: Joffrey Lauvergne

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 4–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 6| November 5|

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7 | November 7|

text: Miami

text: Enes Kanter

text: Kanter

text: Sabonis

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8| November 9|

text: Toronto

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: (7) |

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 9| November 11|

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 13|

text: Orlando

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 11| November 14| @

text: Detroit

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Palace of Auburn Hills

text: <br>14,172| 6–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12| November 16|

text: Houston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Victor Oladipo

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 7–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 13| November 18|

text: Brooklyn

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 14| November 20|

text: Indiana

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 15| November 22| @

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 8–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 16| November 23| @

text: Sacramento

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Golden 1 Center

text: <br>17,608| 8–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 25| @

text: Denver

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>14,327| 9–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 18| November 26|

text: Detroit

text: Anthony Morrow

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 10–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19| November 28| @

text: New York

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Madison Square Garden

text: <br>19,812| 11–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| November 30|

text: Washington

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 12–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 4|

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 13–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 5| @

text: Atlanta

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>14,654| 14–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 23| December 9|

text: Houston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 14–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 11|

text: Boston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 15–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 25| December 13| @

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Domantas Sabonis

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Moda Center

text: <br>19,505| 15–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 14| @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Vivint Smart Home Arena

text: <br>19,911| 15–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 17|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 16–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 28| December 19|

text: Atlanta

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 16–12|- style="background:#;"| 29| December 21| @

text: New Orleans

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 30| December 23| @

text: Boston

text: TD Garden

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 31| December 25|

text: Minnesota

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 32| December 27| @

text: Miami

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 33| December 29| @

text: Memphis

text: FedEx Forum

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 34| December 31|

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 35| January 2| @

text: Milwaukee

text: BMO Harris Bradley Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 36| January 4| @

text: Charlotte

text: Time Warner Cable Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 37| January 5| @

text: Houston

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 38| January 7|

text: Denver

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 39| January 9 | @

text: Chicago

text: United Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 40| January 11|

text: Memphis

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 41| January 13| @

text: Minnesota

text: Target Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 42| January 15| @

text: Sacramento

text: Golden 1 Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 43| January 16| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Staples Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 44| January 18| @

text: Golden State

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 45| January 23| @

text: Utah

text: Vivint Smart Home Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 46| January 25| @

text: New Orleans

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 47| January 26|

text: Dallas

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>||-style="background:#;"|48|January 29|@

text: Cleveland

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>||-style="background:#;"|49|January 31|@

text: San Antonio

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>||- style="background:#;"| 50| February 1|

text: Chicago

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 51| February 3|

text: Memphis

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 52| February 5|

text: Portland

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 53| February 6| @

text: Indiana

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 54| February 9|

text: Cleveland

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 55| February 11|

text: Golden State

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 56| February 13| @

text: Washington

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 57| February 15|

text: New York

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#;"| 58| February 24|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 59| February 26|

text: New Orleans

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 60| February 28|

text: Utah

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 61| March 2| @

text: Portland

text: Moda Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 62| March 3| @

text: Phoenix

text: Talking Stick Resort Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 63| March 5| @

text: Dallas

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 64| March 7|

text: Portland

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 65| March 9|

text: San Antonio

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 66| March 11|

text: Utah

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 67| March 14| @

text: Brooklyn

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 68| March 16| @

text: Toronto

text: Air Canada Centre

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 69| March 18|

text: Sacramento

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 70| March 20|

text: Denver

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 71| March 22|

text: Philadelphia

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 72| March 26| @

text: Houston

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 73| March 27| @

text: Dallas

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 74| March 29| @

text: Orlando

text: Amway Center

text: <br>| |-style="background:#;"|75|March 31|

text: San Antonio

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>||- style="background:#;"| 76| April 2|

text: Charlotte

text: Charlotte Hornets

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 77| April 4|

text: Milwaukee

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 78| April 5| @

text: Memphis

text: FedEx Forum

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 79| April 7| @

text: Phoenix

text: Talking Stick Resort

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 80| April 9|  @

text: Denver

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>| |- style="background:#;"| 81| April 11| @

text: Minnesota

text: Target Center

text: <br>||- style="background:#;"| 82| April 12|

text: Denver

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>|

text: It  was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included hydroelectric 6.3%, nuclear 8.5%, and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%. World energy consumption was growing about 2.3% per year.

text: It  was estimated by the

text: Energy Information Administration

text: that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included

text: hydroelectric

text: nuclear

text: 8.5%, and others (

text: geothermal

text: solar

text: tidal

text: wind

text: wood

text: waste

text: ) amounting to 0.9%. World energy consumption was growing about 2.3% per year.

text: Thermal power plants, that is, those that produce thermal/heat energy, with common low carbon power examples such as biomass, nuclear and geothermal energy stations, directly add heat energy to the earth's global energy balance. According to David JC MacKay, assuming that all future energy is derived from these thermal power stations operating with their present thermal efficiency of ~30%, and that the world population is 10 billion in 100 years time(~2100) with each individual enjoying a per capita energy usage rate similar to that of the average European standard of living of 125 kWh per day, the extra power contributed by this thermal energy use to the planet would be a global surface area average of 0.1 Watt per square meter, which is one fortieth of the 4 W/m that is believed to be likely if a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations occur, and a little smaller than the "0.25 W/m effect" of Solar variations. "Under these assumptions, human power production would just show up as a contributor to global climate change."

text: Thermal power plants

text: , that is, those that produce thermal/heat energy, with common

text: low carbon power

text: examples such as biomass, nuclear and

text: geothermal

text: energy stations, directly add heat energy to the earth's

text: global energy balance

text: . According to

text: David JC MacKay

text: , assuming that all future energy is derived from these thermal power stations operating with their present

text: thermal efficiency

text: of

text: , and that the

text: world population

text: is 10

text: billion

text: in 100 years time(~2100) with each individual enjoying a

text: per capita

text: energy usage

text: rate similar to that of the average

text: European standard of living

text: of 125 kWh per day, the extra power contributed by this thermal energy use to the planet would be a global surface area average of 0.1 Watt per

text: square meter

text: , which is one fortieth of the 4 W/m that is believed to be likely if a

text: doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations occur

text: , and a little smaller than the "0.25 W/m effect" of

text: Solar variation

text: s. "Under these assumptions, human power production would just show up as a contributor to global climate change."

text: An air source heat pump designed specifically for very cold climates can extract useful heat from ambient air as cold as -20F or even -25F (-30C). Manufacturers include Mitsubishi and Fujitsu. One Mitsubishi model provides heat at -35C, but the Coefficient of performance (COP) drops to 0.9, indicating that resistance heating would be more efficient at that temperature. At -30C, the COP is 1.1, according to the manufacturer's data, although the manufacturer's marketing literature also claims a minimum COP of 1.4 and performance to -30C. Although the best air source heat pumps are still less efficient than the best ground source heat pumps, air source heat pumps have lower initial costs and may be the most economic or practical choice. A study by Natural Resources Canada found that cold climate air source heat pumps (CC-ASHPs) do work in Canadian winters, based on testing in Ottawa, Ontario in late December 2012 to early January 2013 using a ducted CC-ASHP. (The report does not explicitly state whether backup heat sources should be considered for temperatures below -30C. The record low for Ottawa is -36C.) The CC-ASHP provided 60% energy (though not energy cost) savings compared to natural gas, when considering only energy efficiency in the home. When considering energy efficiency in electricity generation however, more energy would be used with the CC-ASHP, relative to natural gas heating, in provinces or territories (Alberta, Nova Scotia, and the Northwest Territories) where coal-fired generation was the predominant method of electricity generation. (The energy savings in Saskatchewan were marginal. Other provinces use primarily hydroelectric and/or nuclear generation.) Despite the significant energy savings relative to gas in provinces not relying primarily on coal, the higher cost of electricity relative to natural gas (using 2012 retail prices in Ottawa, Ontario) made natural gas the less expensive energy source. (The report did not calculate the cost of operation in the province of Quebec, which has lower electricity rates, nor did it show the impact of time of use electricity rates.) The study found that in Ottawa a CC-ASHP cost 124% more to operate than the natural gas system. However, in areas where natural gas is not available to homeowners, 59% energy cost savings can be realized relative to heating with fuel oil. The report noted that about 1 million residences in Canada (8%) are still heated with fuel oil. The report shows 54% energy cost savings for CC-ASHPs relative to electric baseboard resistance heating. Based on these savings, the report showed a five-year payback for converting from either fuel oil or electric baseboard resistance heating to a CC-ASHP. (The report did not specify whether that calculation considered the possible need for an electrical service upgrade in the case of converting from fuel oil. Presumably no electrical service upgrade would be needed if converting from electric resistance heat.) The report did note greater fluctuations in room temperature with the heat pump due to its defrost cycles.

text: An air source heat pump designed specifically for very cold climates can extract useful heat from ambient air as cold as -20F or even -25F (-30C). Manufacturers include Mitsubishi and Fujitsu. One Mitsubishi model provides heat at -35C, but the

text: Coefficient of performance

text: (COP) drops to 0.9, indicating that resistance heating would be more efficient at that temperature. At -30C, the COP is 1.1, according to the manufacturer's data, although the manufacturer's marketing literature also claims a minimum COP of 1.4 and performance to -30C. Although the best air source heat pumps are still less efficient than the best

text: ground source heat pump

text: s, air source heat pumps have lower initial costs and may be the most economic or practical choice. A study by

text: Natural Resources Canada

text: found that cold climate air source heat pumps (CC-ASHPs) do work in Canadian winters, based on testing in

text: Ottawa

text: Ontario

text: in late December 2012 to early January 2013 using a ducted CC-ASHP. (The report does not explicitly state whether backup heat sources should be considered for temperatures below -30C. The record low for Ottawa is -36C.) The CC-ASHP provided 60% energy (though not energy cost) savings compared to natural gas, when considering only energy efficiency in the home. When considering energy efficiency in electricity generation however, more energy would be used with the CC-ASHP, relative to natural gas heating, in provinces or territories (

text: Alberta

text: Nova Scotia

text: , and the

text: Northwest Territories

text: ) where coal-fired generation was the predominant method of electricity generation. (The energy savings in

text: Saskatchewan

text: were marginal. Other provinces use primarily hydroelectric and/or nuclear generation.) Despite the significant energy savings relative to gas in provinces not relying primarily on coal, the higher cost of electricity relative to natural gas (using 2012 retail prices in Ottawa, Ontario) made natural gas the less expensive energy source. (The report did not calculate the cost of operation in the province of

text: Quebec

text: , which has lower electricity rates, nor did it show the impact of time of use electricity rates.) The study found that in Ottawa a CC-ASHP cost 124% more to operate than the natural gas system. However, in areas where natural gas is not available to homeowners, 59% energy cost savings can be realized relative to heating with fuel oil. The report noted that about 1 million residences in Canada (8%) are still heated with fuel oil. The report shows 54% energy cost savings for CC-ASHPs relative to electric baseboard resistance heating. Based on these savings, the report showed a five-year payback for converting from either fuel oil or electric baseboard resistance heating to a CC-ASHP. (The report did not specify whether that calculation considered the possible need for an electrical service upgrade in the case of converting from fuel oil. Presumably no electrical service upgrade would be needed if converting from electric resistance heat.) The report did note greater fluctuations in room temperature with the heat pump due to its defrost cycles.

text: Environment and natural resources aspects involve the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction, operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and reuse of excreta practiced and the effects of these, for example reusing the wastewater, returning nutrients and organic material to agriculture, and the protecting of other non-renewable resources, for example through the production of renewable energy (e.g. biogas or fuel wood).

text: Environment and natural resources aspects involve the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction, operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and

text: reuse of excreta

text: practiced and the effects of these, for example reusing the

text: wastewater

text: , returning nutrients and organic material to agriculture, and the protecting of other non-renewable resources, for example through the production of

text: renewable energy

text: (e.g.

text: biogas

text: or fuel wood).

text: Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity. Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to provide that electricity.

text: Energy conservation

text: is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity. Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to provide that electricity.

text: In the catalyzed elementary reaction, catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they have no effect on the chemical equilibrium of a reaction because the rate of both the forward and the reverse reaction are both affected (see also thermodynamics).  The second law of thermodynamics describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction.  Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in a reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy is a necessary result since reactions are spontaneous only if Gibbs free energy is produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the catalyst would also result in reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a perpetual motion machine, a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics.

text: In the catalyzed

text: elementary reaction

text: , catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they have no effect on the

text: chemical equilibrium

text: of a reaction because the rate of both the forward and the reverse reaction are both affected (see also

text: thermodynamics

text: ).  The

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction.  Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in a reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy is a necessary result since reactions are spontaneous only if

text: Gibbs free energy

text: is produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the catalyst would also result in reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a

text: perpetual motion machine

text: , a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics.

text: The specific energy of an object such as a meteoroid falling on the earth from outside the earth's gravitational well is at least one half the square of the escape velocity of 11.2 km/s. This comes to 63 MJ/kg or 15 kcal/g. Comets have even more energy, typically moving with respect to the sun, when in our vicinity, at about the square root of two times the speed of the earth. This comes to 42 km/s, or a specific energy of 882 MJ/kg. The speed relative to the earth may be more or less, depending on direction. If the Hale-Bopp comet (50 km in diameter) had hit the earth, it would have vaporized the oceans and sterilized the surface of the earth.

text: The specific energy of an object such as a

text: meteoroid

text: falling on the earth from outside the earth's gravitational well is at least one half the square of the

text: escape velocity

text: of 11.2 km/s. This comes to 63 MJ/kg or 15 kcal/g.

text: Comet

text: s have even more energy, typically moving with respect to the sun, when in our vicinity, at about the square root of two times the speed of the earth. This comes to 42 km/s, or a specific energy of 882 MJ/kg. The speed relative to the earth may be more or less, depending on direction. If the

text: Hale-Bopp

text: comet (50 km in diameter) had hit the earth, it would have vaporized the oceans and sterilized the surface of the earth.

text: High Temperature Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of minerals (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat.

text: High Temperature Geothermal energy is from

text: thermal energy

text: temperature

text: of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet and from

text: radioactive decay

text: of minerals (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The

text: geothermal gradient

text: , which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of

text: heat

text: from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat.

text: Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. According to, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005. However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western United States, although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of solar thermal power (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following). The IEA CSP Technology Roadmap (2010) suggests that "in the sunniest countries, CSP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak and intermediate loads by 2020, and of base-load power by 2025 to 2030". A dispatchable source is more valuable than baseload power.

text: Solar energy

text: is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. According to, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005. However, according to the

text: SolarPACES

text: programme of the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as

text: Spain

text: or the

text: south-western United States

text: , although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of

text: solar thermal power

text: (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following). The IEA CSP Technology Roadmap (2010) suggests that "in the sunniest countries, CSP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak and intermediate loads by 2020, and of base-load power by 2025 to 2030". A dispatchable source is more valuable than baseload power.

text: The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for the design of programs and actions conducive to the development of renewable energies (through the Renewable Energy Coordination) and energy efficiency (through the Energy Efficiency Coordination) initiatives. Complementarily, the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources.

text: There are various types of certifications globally that declare a home as a Green home. The U.S. Green Building Council is an example of a type of organization that gives out green home certifications. Its certification is titled Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The factors that it considers in its certification system include "the site location, use of energy and water, incorporation of healthier building and insulation materials, recycling, use of renewable energy, and protection of natural resources".

text: There are various types of certifications globally that declare a home as a Green home. The

text: U.S. Green Building Council

text: is an example of a type of organization that gives out green home certifications. Its certification is titled

entity_name: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

text: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

text: . The factors that it considers in its certification system include "the site location, use of energy and water, incorporation of healthier building and insulation materials, recycling, use of renewable energy, and protection of natural resources".

text: Earth's energy budget accounts for the energy Earth receives from the Sun.  Much of this energy is lost when the earth re-radiates it back into outer space, and the rest of the energy is distributed throughout the five components of Earth's climate system.  This system is made up of earth's water, ice, atmosphere, rocky crust, and all living things.

text: Earth's energy budget accounts for the energy Earth receives from the Sun.  Much of this energy is lost when the earth re-radiates it back into

text: outer space

text: , and the rest of the energy is distributed throughout the five components of Earth's

text: climate system

text: .  This system is made up of earth's

text: water

text: ice

text: atmosphere

text: rocky crust

text: , and all

text: living things

text: While most to all speedsters can make a connection and draw upon this force, West "mainlines" power from the Speed Force itself and cannot be cut off from the source. This connection to the Speed Force grants him unique abilities that other speedsters lack, such as lending and taking speed (which manifests in different ways, ranging from becoming speedsters themselves to bolstering others metabolisms and healing abilities, allowing them to recover from injuries in a fraction of the normal time), as well as absorbing kinetic energy in a less direct manner; he once absorbed the kinetic energy of the entire planet Earth while standing at the North Pole when his teammates were forced to move the planet to prevent possible earthquakes. Wally has also found a way to create a costume out of pure Speed Force energy.

text: While most to all speedsters can make a connection and draw upon this force, West "

text: mainline

text: s" power from the Speed Force itself and cannot be cut off from the source. This connection to the Speed Force grants him unique abilities that other speedsters lack, such as lending and taking speed (which manifests in different ways, ranging from becoming speedsters themselves to bolstering others

text: metabolism

text: s and healing abilities, allowing them to recover from injuries in a fraction of the normal time), as well as absorbing

text: kinetic energy

text: in a less direct manner; he once absorbed the kinetic energy of the entire planet Earth while standing at the North Pole when his teammates were forced to move the planet to prevent possible earthquakes. Wally has also found a way to create a costume out of pure Speed Force energy.

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the energy balance for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the

text: energy balance

text: for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

text: The absolute amount of energy in a chemical system is difficult to measure or calculate. The enthalpy change, ΔH, of a chemical reaction is much easier to work with. The enthalpy change equals the change in internal energy of the system plus the work needed to change the volume of the system against constant ambient pressure. A bomb calorimeter is very suitable for measuring the energy change, ΔH, of a combustion reaction. Measured and calculated ΔH values are related to bond energies by:

text: The absolute amount of energy in a chemical system is difficult to measure or calculate. The

text: enthalpy

text: change, ΔH, of a chemical reaction is much easier to work with. The enthalpy change equals the change in internal energy of the system plus the work needed to change the volume of the system against constant ambient pressure. A

text: bomb calorimeter

text: is very suitable for measuring the energy change, ΔH, of a

text: combustion

text: reaction. Measured and calculated ΔH values are related to bond energies by:

text: The National Energy Strategy includes ambitious targets to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources to the national energy supply. The share of renewable energy in the total energy mix is anticipated to reach 7% by 2015 and 10% by 2020. Plans are in place for up to 2,000 MW in solar and wind energy projects by the end of the decade, with 64 international firms expressing interest in various projects across the country. The government is looking to generate 30–50 MW of biomass by 2020. The passage of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law, which aims to streamline investment procedures and paves the way for citizens to sell electricity back to the national grid, would go a long way into breathing life into the alternative energy sector. By November 2014 Jordan had 10 MW of installed capacity from renewable energy, and had over 15 renewable energy power plants in progress to be completed by the end of 2015, raising the installed capacity to 500 MW, representing 14% of the overall installed capacity.

text: The National Energy Strategy includes ambitious targets to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources to the national energy supply. The share of renewable energy in the total energy mix is anticipated to reach 7% by 2015 and 10% by 2020. Plans are in place for up to 2,000 MW in

text: solar

text: and

text: wind energy

text: projects by the end of the decade, with 64 international firms expressing interest in various projects across the country. The government is looking to generate 30–50 MW of biomass by 2020. The passage of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law, which aims to streamline investment procedures and paves the way for citizens to sell electricity back to the national grid, would go a long way into breathing life into the alternative energy sector. By November 2014 Jordan had 10 MW of installed capacity from renewable energy, and had over 15 renewable energy power plants in progress to be completed by the end of 2015, raising the installed capacity to 500 MW, representing 14% of the overall installed capacity.

text: On the island of Samsø, three straw-fueled district heating plants are used (of which one is owned by the Danish energy company NRGi).

text: On the island of

text: Samsø

text: , three straw-fueled district heating plants are used (of which one is owned by the Danish energy company NRGi).

text: AIRS measures the infrared brightness coming up from Earth's surface and from the atmosphere. Its scan mirror rotates around an axis along the line of flight and directs infrared energy from the Earth into the instrument. As the spacecraft moves along, this mirror sweeps the ground creating a scan swath that extends roughly 800 kilometers on either side of the ground track. Within the instrument, an advanced, high-resolution spectrometer separates the infrared energy into wavelengths.

text: AIRS measures the

text: infrared

text: brightness coming up from Earth's surface and from the atmosphere. Its scan mirror rotates around an axis along the line of flight and directs infrared energy from the Earth into the instrument. As the spacecraft moves along, this mirror sweeps the ground creating a scan swath that extends roughly 800 kilometers on either side of the

text: ground track

text: . Within the instrument, an advanced, high-resolution

text: spectrometer

text: separates the

text: infrared

text: energy into

text: wavelength

text: s.

text: A 'renewable resource' is an organic natural resource which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.

text: A 'renewable resource' is an organic

text: natural resource

text: which can replenish to overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its

text: ecosphere

text: . A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability.

text: Mass and energy can be seen as two names (and two measurement units) for the same underlying, conserved physical quantity. Thus, the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of (total) mass are equivalent and both hold true. Einstein elaborated in a 1946 essay that "the principle of the conservation of mass [...] proved inadequate in the face of the special theory of relativity.  It was therefore merged with the energy conservation principle—just as, about 60 years before, the principle of the conservation of mechanical energy had been combined with the principle of the conservation of heat [thermal energy].  We might say that the principle of the conservation of energy, having previously swallowed up that of the conservation of heat, now proceeded to swallow that of the conservation of mass—and holds the field alone."

text: Mass and energy can be seen as two names (and two measurement units) for the same underlying, conserved physical quantity. Thus, the laws of

text: conservation of energy

text: and

text: conservation of (total) mass

text: are equivalent and both hold true. Einstein elaborated in a 1946 essay that "the principle of the conservation of mass [...] proved inadequate in the face of the special theory of relativity.  It was therefore merged with the energy

text: conservation

text: principle—just as, about 60 years before, the principle of the

text: conservation of mechanical energy

text: had been combined with the principle of the conservation of heat [thermal energy].  We might say that the principle of the conservation of energy, having previously swallowed up that of the conservation of heat, now proceeded to swallow that of the conservation of mass—and holds the field alone."

text: Ecological energetics- Electric potential energy- Electrochemical energy conversion- Embodied energy- Encircled energy- Energy- Energy accidents- Energy accounting- Energy amplifier- Energy analyser- Energy applications of nanotechnology- Energy balance (biology)- Energy bar- Energy barrier- Energy being- Energy carrier- Energy Catalyzer- Energy cell- Energy charge- Energy conservation- Energy conversion efficiency- Energy crop- Energy current- Energy density- Energy-depth relationship in a rectangular channel- Energy development- Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy- Energy distance- Energy drift- Energy drink- Energy efficiency gap- Energy-Efficient Ethernet- Energy-efficient landscaping- Energy elasticity- Energy engineering- Energy (esotericism)- Energy expenditure- Energy factor- Energy field disturbance- Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy- Energy transfer- Energy flow (ecology)- Energy flux- Energy forestry- Energy functional- Energy gel- Energy harvesting- Energy input labeling- Energy landscape- Energy level- Energy level splitting- Energy management software- Energy management system- Energy–maneuverability theory- Energy Manufacturing Co. Inc- Energy medicine- Energy–momentum relation- Energy monitoring and targeting- Energy Probe- Energy profile (chemistry)- Energy quality- Energy recovery ventilation- Energy security- Energy (signal processing)- Energy Slave- Energy Star- Energy statistics- Energy Storage Challenge- Energy storage- Energy system- Energy technology- Energy tower (downdraft)- Energy transfer- Energy transfer upconversion- Energy transformation- Energy value of coal- Energy vortex (stargate)- Enthalpy- Entropy- Equipartition theorem- E-statistic- Exertion

text: Ecological energetics

text: Electric potential energy

text: Electrochemical energy conversion

text: Embodied energy

text: Encircled energy

text: Energy

text: Energy accidents

text: Energy accounting

text: Energy amplifier

text: Energy analyser

text: Energy applications of nanotechnology

text: Energy balance (biology)

text: Energy bar

text: Energy barrier

text: Energy being

text: Energy carrier

text: Energy Catalyzer

text: Energy cell

text: Energy charge

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy conversion efficiency

text: Energy crop

text: Energy current

text: Energy density

entity_name: Energy–depth relationship in a rectangular channel

text: Energy-depth relationship in a rectangular channel

text: Energy development

text: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

text: Energy distance

text: Energy drift

text: Energy drink

text: Energy efficiency gap

text: Energy-Efficient Ethernet

text: Energy-efficient landscaping

text: Energy elasticity

text: Energy engineering

text: Energy (esotericism)

text: Energy expenditure

text: Energy factor

text: Energy field disturbance

entity_name: Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy

text: Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy

text: Energy transfer

text: Energy flow (ecology)

text: Energy flux

text: Energy forestry

text: Energy functional

text: Energy gel

text: Energy harvesting

text: Energy input labeling

text: Energy landscape

text: Energy level

text: Energy level splitting

text: Energy management software

text: Energy management system

text: Energy–maneuverability theory

text: Energy Manufacturing Co. Inc

text: Energy medicine

text: Energy–momentum relation

text: Energy monitoring and targeting

text: Energy Probe

text: Energy profile (chemistry)

text: Energy quality

text: Energy recovery ventilation

text: Energy security

text: Energy (signal processing)

text: Energy Slave

text: Energy Star

text: Energy statistics

text: Energy Storage Challenge

text: Energy storage

text: Energy system

text: Energy technology

text: Energy tower (downdraft)

text: Energy transfer

text: Energy transfer upconversion

text: Energy transformation

text: Energy value of coal

text: Energy vortex (stargate)

text: Enthalpy

text: Entropy

text: Equipartition theorem

text: E-statistic

text: Exertion

text: It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2030 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy. Other changes involve use of electric cars and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage.

text: It is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in

text: Energy Policy

text: suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2030 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more

text: wind turbine

text: s and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize

text: bioenergy

text: . Other changes involve use of

text: electric car

text: s and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage.

text: Energy conservation refers to the reducing of energy consumption through using less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant service.Driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques. Energy conservation is a part of the concept of sufficiency.

text: Energy conservation refers to the reducing of

text: energy consumption

text: through using less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from

text: efficient energy use

text: , which refers to using less energy for a constant service.Driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques. Energy conservation is a part of the concept of

text: sufficiency

text: Humans that are given the ability to manipulate Alma Energy by Ixions. Alma Gear is needed to project their Alma Energy.

text: An unnamed gaseous alien parasite that comes to Earth to feed on orgasmic energy in "Day One", claiming that there's no other energy in the universe like it; it's possible that orgasmic energy is like a drug to the gas, and that it's addicted. Composed of vorax and ceranium gases, Earth's atmosphere is poisonous to the alien, so it needs to take a human host to survive for prolonged periods; interestingly, it doesn't show up on cameras. It vies for control with its host, causing physiological changes that will eventually cause the host's internal organs to explode.

text: An unnamed gaseous alien parasite that comes to Earth to feed on

text: orgasm

text: ic energy in "

text: Day One

text: ", claiming that there's no other energy in the universe like it; it's possible that orgasmic energy is like a drug to the gas, and that it's addicted. Composed of vorax and ceranium gases, Earth's atmosphere is poisonous to the alien, so it needs to take a human host to survive for prolonged periods; interestingly, it doesn't show up on cameras. It vies for control with its host, causing physiological changes that will eventually cause the host's internal organs to explode.

text: Spacecraft use chemical energy to launch and gain considerable kinetic energy to reach orbital velocity.  In a perfectly circular orbit, this kinetic energy remains constant because there is almost no friction in near-earth space. However it becomes apparent at re-entry when some of the kinetic energy is converted to heat. If the orbit is elliptical or hyperbolic, then throughout the orbit kinetic and potential energy are exchanged; kinetic energy is greatest and potential energy lowest at closest approach to the earth or other massive body, while potential energy is greatest and kinetic energy the lowest at maximum distance. Without loss or gain, however, the sum of the kinetic and potential energy remains constant.

text: Spacecraft

text: use chemical energy to launch and gain considerable kinetic energy to reach

text: orbital velocity

text: .  In a perfectly circular orbit, this kinetic energy remains constant because there is almost no friction in near-earth space. However it becomes apparent at re-entry when some of the kinetic energy is converted to heat. If the orbit is

text: elliptical

text: or

text: hyperbolic

text: , then throughout the orbit kinetic and

text: potential energy

text: are exchanged; kinetic energy is greatest and potential energy lowest at closest approach to the earth or other massive body, while potential energy is greatest and kinetic energy the lowest at maximum distance. Without loss or gain, however, the sum of the kinetic and potential energy remains constant.

text: All forms of energy are either potential energy (e.g. Chemical, gravitational, electrical energy, temperature differential, latent heat, etc.) or kinetic energy (e.g. momentum). Some technologies provide only short-term energy storage, and others can be very long-term such as power to gas using hydrogen or methane and the storage of heat or cold between opposing seasons in deep aquifers or bedrock.  A wind-up clock stores potential energy (in this case mechanical, in the spring tension), a battery stores readily convertible chemical energy to operate a mobile phone, and a hydroelectric dam stores energy in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy. Ice storage tanks store ice (thermal energy in the form of latent heat) at night to meet peak demand for cooling. Fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived from sunlight by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were then converted into these fuels. Even food (which is made by the same process as fossil fuels) is a form of energy stored in chemical form.

text: All forms of energy are either

text: potential energy

text: (e.g.

text: Chemical

text: gravitation

text: al,

text: electrical energy

text: , temperature differential,

text: latent heat

text: , etc.) or

text: kinetic energy

text: (e.g.

text: momentum

text: ). Some technologies provide only short-term energy storage, and others can be very long-term such as

text: power to gas

text: using

text: hydrogen

text: or

text: methane

text: and the

text: storage of heat or cold between opposing seasons

text: in deep aquifers or bedrock.  A wind-up clock stores potential energy (in this case mechanical, in the spring tension), a

text: battery

text: stores readily convertible chemical energy to operate a mobile phone, and a

text: hydroelectric

text: dam stores

text: energy

text: in a

text: reservoir

text: as gravitational

text: potential energy

text: Ice storage

text: tanks store ice (

text: thermal energy

text: in the form of latent heat) at night to meet peak demand for cooling.

text: Fossil fuel

text: s such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived from sunlight by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were then converted into these fuels. Even

text: food

text: (which is made by the same process as fossil fuels) is a form of energy stored in

text: chemical

text: form.

text: Georgescu points out that Earth is a closed system in the thermodynamic sense of the term: Earth exchanges energy, but not matter (practically) with the rest of the universe. Hence, mainly two sources of 'low entropy' are available to man, namely the stock of mineral resources in the crust of the Earth; and the flow of radiation, received from the Sun. Since the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years to come, the Earth's mineral stock is the scarcer one of these two main sources of low entropy. Whereas the stock of minerals may be extracted from the crust of the Earth at a rate of our own choosing (practically), the flow of solar radiation arrives at the surface of the Earth at a constant and fixed rate, beyond human control. This natural 'asymmetry' between man's access to the stock of minerals and the flow of solar energy accounts for the historical contrast between urban and rural life: The busy urban life, on the one hand, is associated with industry and the impatient extraction of minerals; the tranquil rural life, on the other hand, is associated with agriculture and the patient reception of the fixed flow of solar energy. Georgescu points out that this 'asymmetry' helps explaining the historical subjection of the countryside by the town since the dawn of civilisation, and he criticises Karl Marx for not taking this subjection properly into account in his theory of historical materialism.

text: Georgescu points out that Earth is a

text: closed system

text: in the thermodynamic sense of the term: Earth exchanges energy, but not matter (practically) with the rest of the universe. Hence, mainly two sources of 'low entropy' are available to man, namely the stock of mineral resources in the crust of the Earth; and the flow of radiation, received from the

text: Sun

text: . Since the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years to come, the Earth's mineral stock is the scarcer one of these two main sources of low entropy. Whereas the stock of minerals may be extracted from the

text: crust of the Earth

text: at a rate of our own choosing (practically), the flow of solar radiation arrives at the surface of the Earth at a constant and fixed rate, beyond human control. This natural 'asymmetry' between man's access to the stock of minerals and the flow of solar energy accounts for the historical contrast between urban and rural life: The busy urban life, on the one hand, is associated with industry and the impatient extraction of minerals; the tranquil rural life, on the other hand, is associated with agriculture and the patient reception of the fixed flow of solar energy. Georgescu points out that this 'asymmetry' helps explaining the historical subjection of the countryside by the town since the dawn of civilisation, and he criticises

text: Karl Marx

text: for not taking this subjection properly into account in his theory of

text: historical materialism

text: Lovins viewed the energy problem not as one of an insufficient supply of oil and other conventional energy sources, but rather as one of inefficient energy use, coupled with lack of development of renewable energy sources. Lovins argued that conventional energy production was both energy intensive and a source of substantial pollution. With his reformulation of the energy problem, "environmentalists criticized plans for large-scale energy developments, especially those relying heavily on nuclear power".

text: Lovins viewed the energy problem not as one of an insufficient supply of oil and other conventional energy sources, but rather as one of inefficient energy use, coupled with lack of development of

text: renewable energy

text: sources. Lovins argued that conventional energy production was both energy intensive and a source of substantial pollution. With his reformulation of the energy problem, "environmentalists criticized plans for large-scale energy developments, especially those relying heavily on

text: nuclear power

text: Another type of indirect WIMP signal could come from the Sun. Halo WIMPs may, as they pass through the Sun, interact with solar protons, helium nuclei as well as heavier elements. If a WIMP loses enough energy in such an interaction to fall below the local escape velocity, it would not have enough energy to escape the gravitational pull of the Sun and would remain gravitationally bound. As more and more WIMPs thermalize inside the Sun, they begin to annihilate with each other, forming a variety of particles, including high-energy neutrinos.These neutrinos may then travel to the Earth to be detected in one of the many neutrino telescopes, such as the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan. The number of neutrino events detected per day at these detectors depends on the properties of the WIMP, as well as on the mass of the Higgs boson. Similar experiments are underway to detect neutrinos from WIMP annihilations within the Earth and from within the galactic center.

text: Another type of indirect WIMP signal could come from the Sun. Halo WIMPs may, as they pass through the Sun, interact with solar protons, helium nuclei as well as heavier elements. If a WIMP loses enough energy in such an interaction to fall below the local

text: escape velocity

text: , it would not have enough energy to escape the gravitational pull of the Sun and would remain gravitationally bound. As more and more WIMPs thermalize inside the Sun, they begin to

text: annihilate

text: with each other, forming a variety of particles, including high-energy

text: neutrino

text: s.These neutrinos may then travel to the Earth to be detected in one of the many neutrino telescopes, such as the

text: Super-Kamiokande

text: detector in Japan. The number of neutrino events detected per day at these detectors depends on the properties of the WIMP, as well as on the mass of the

text: Higgs boson

text: . Similar experiments are underway to detect neutrinos from WIMP annihilations within the Earth and from within the galactic center.

text: In most cases, such as room temperature water electrolysis, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released as waste heat. In the case of electrolysis of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the heating value of the produced hydrogen is higher than the electric input. In this case the efficiency relative to electric energy input can be said to be greater than 100%. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a fuel cell is the inverse of that of electrolysis. It is thus impossible to create a perpetual motion machine by combining the two processes.

text: In most cases, such as room temperature water electrolysis, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released as waste heat. In the case of electrolysis of

text: steam

text: into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the

text: heating value

text: of the produced hydrogen is higher than the electric input. In this case the efficiency relative to electric energy input can be said to be greater than 100%. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a

text: fuel cell

text: is the inverse of that of electrolysis. It is thus impossible to create a

text: perpetual motion

text: machine by combining the two processes.

text: Energy efficiency gains in recent decades have been significant, but there is still much more that can be achieved. With a concerted effort and strong policies in place, future energy efficiency improvements are likely to be very large. Heat is one of many forms of "energy wastage" that could be captured to significantly increase useful energy without burning more fossil fuels.

text: The U.S. Department of Energy and ARPA-E awarded $151 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds on October 26, 2009 for 37 energy research projects. It supported renewable energy technologies for solar cells, wind turbines, geothermal drilling, biofuels, and biomass energy crops. The grants also supported energy efficiency technologies, including power electronics and engine-generators for advanced vehicles, devices for waste heat recovery, smart glass and control systems for smart buildings, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), reverse-osmosis membranes for water desalination, catalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, improved fuel cell membranes, and more energy-dense magnetic materials for electronic components. Six grants went to energy storage technologies, including an ultracapacitor, improved lithium-ion batteries, metal-air batteries that use ionic liquids, liquid sodium batteries, and liquid metal batteries.Other awards went to projects that conducted research and development on a bioreactor with potential to produce gasoline directly from sunlight and carbon dioxide, and crystal growth technology to lower the cost of light emitting diodes.

text: The U.S. Department of Energy and ARPA-E awarded $151 million in

entity_name: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

text: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

text: funds on October 26, 2009 for 37 energy research projects. It supported

text: renewable energy

text: technologies for

text: solar cell

text: s,

text: wind turbine

text: s,

text: geothermal drilling

text: biofuel

text: s, and

text: biomass energy crop

text: s. The grants also supported

text: energy efficiency

text: technologies, including

text: power electronics

text: and

text: engine-generator

text: s for

text: advanced vehicle

text: s, devices for

text: waste heat recovery

text: smart glass

text: and control systems for

text: smart building

text: s,

text: light-emitting diode

text: s (LEDs),

text: reverse-osmosis membrane

text: s for

text: water desalination

text: catalyst

text: s to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, improved fuel cell membranes, and more energy-dense

text: magnetic material

text: s for electronic components. Six grants went to

text: energy storage

text: technologies, including an

text: ultracapacitor

text: , improved

text: lithium-ion batteries

text: metal-air batteries

text: that use

text: ionic liquid

text: s,

text: liquid sodium batteries

text: , and

text: liquid metal batteries

text: .Other awards went to projects that conducted research and development on a

text: bioreactor

text: with potential to produce gasoline directly from sunlight and carbon dioxide, and

text: crystal growth

text: technology to lower the cost of light emitting diodes.

text: It is difficult to relate wetlands maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with isopleth or contour lines that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering the same area. This GIS derived map can then provide additional information - such as the viability of water power potential as a renewable energy source. Similarly, GIS can be used to compare other renewable energy resources to find the best geographic potential for a region.

text: It is difficult to relate

text: wetlands

text: maps to

text: rainfall

text: amounts recorded at different points such as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with

text: isopleth

text: or

text: contour line

text: s that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering the same area. This GIS derived map can then provide additional information - such as the viability of

text: water power

text: potential as a

text: renewable energy

text: source. Similarly, GIS can be used to compare other

text: renewable energy

text: resources to find the best geographic potential for a region.

text: These reflect the comments also of the United States Geological Survey in their paper The Future of Planet Earth: Scientific Challenges in the Coming Century. "As the global population continues to grow...people will place greater and greater demands on the resources of our planet, including mineral and energy resources, open space, water, and plant and animal resources." "Earth's natural wealth: an audit" by New Scientist magazine states that many of the minerals that we use for a variety of products are in danger of running out in the near future. A handful of geologists around the world have calculated the costs of new technologies in terms of the materials they use and the implications of their spreading to the developing world. All agree that the planet's booming population and rising standards of living are set to put unprecedented demands on the materials that only Earth itself can provide. Limitations on how much of these materials is available could even mean that some technologies are not worth pursuing long term.... "Virgin stocks of several metals appear inadequate to sustain the modern 'developed world' quality of life for all of Earth's people under contemporary technology".

text: These reflect the comments also of the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: in their paper The Future of Planet Earth: Scientific Challenges in the Coming Century. "As the global population continues to grow...people will place greater and greater demands on the resources of our planet, including mineral and

text: energy resources

text: , open space,

text: water

text: , and plant and animal resources." "Earth's natural wealth: an audit" by

text: New Scientist

text: magazine states that many of the minerals that we use for a variety of products are in danger of running out in the near future. A handful of geologists around the world have calculated the costs of new technologies in terms of the materials they use and the implications of their spreading to the developing world. All agree that the planet's booming population and rising standards of living are set to put unprecedented demands on the materials that only Earth itself can provide. Limitations on how much of these materials is available could even mean that some technologies are not worth pursuing long term.... "Virgin stocks of several metals appear inadequate to sustain the modern 'developed world' quality of life for all of Earth's people under contemporary technology".

text: Another ecological market failure is presented by the overutilisation of an otherwise renewable resource at a point in time, or within a short period of time. Such overutilisation usually occurs when the resource in question has poorly defined (or non-existing) property rights attached to it while too many market agents engage in activity simultaneously for the resource to be able to sustain it all. Examples range from over-fishing of fisheries and over-grazing of pastures to over-crowding of recreational areas in congested cities. This type of ecological market failure is generally known as the 'tragedy of the commons'. In this type of market failure, the principle of Pareto efficiency is violated the utmost, as all agents in the market are left worse off, while nobody are benefitting. It has been argued that the best way to remedy a 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure is to establish enforceable property rights politically — only, this may be easier said than done.

text: Another ecological market failure is presented by the overutilisation of an otherwise renewable resource at a point in time, or within a short period of time. Such overutilisation usually occurs when the resource in question has poorly defined (or non-existing)

text: property rights

text: attached to it while too many market agents engage in activity simultaneously for the resource to be able to sustain it all. Examples range from over-fishing of fisheries and over-grazing of pastures to over-crowding of recreational areas in congested cities. This type of ecological market failure is generally known as the '

text: tragedy of the commons

text: '. In this type of market failure, the principle of Pareto efficiency is violated the utmost, as all agents in the market are left worse off, while nobody are benefitting. It has been argued that the best way to remedy a 'tragedy of the commons'-type of ecological market failure is to establish enforceable property rights politically — only, this may be easier said than done.

text: The highest density sources of energy aside from antimatter are fusion and fission. Fusion includes energy from the sun which will be available for billions of years (in the form of sunlight) but so far (2016), sustained fusion power production continues to be elusive. Power from fission of uranium and thorium in nuclear power plants will be available for many decades or even centuries because of the plentiful supply of the elements on earth, though the full potential of this source can only be realised through breeder reactors, which are, apart from the BN-600 reactor, not yet used commercially. Coal, gas, and petroleum are the current primary energy sources in the U.S. but have a much lower energy density. Burning local biomass fuels supplies household energy needs (cooking fires, oil lamps, etc.) worldwide.

text: The highest density sources of energy aside from antimatter are

text: fusion

text: and

text: fission

text: . Fusion includes energy from the sun which will be available for billions of years (in the form of sunlight) but so far (2016), sustained

text: fusion power

text: production continues to be elusive. Power from fission of uranium and thorium in

text: nuclear power

text: plants will be available for many decades or even centuries because of the plentiful supply of the elements on earth, though the full potential of this source can only be realised through

text: breeder reactor

text: s, which are, apart from the

text: BN-600 reactor

text: , not yet used commercially.

text: Coal

text: gas

text: , and

text: petroleum

text: are the current primary energy sources in the U.S. but have a much lower energy density. Burning local

text: biomass

text: fuels supplies household energy needs (

text: cooking fires

text: oil lamp

text: s, etc.) worldwide.

text: Large, prolific aquifers (notably the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System and the Ogallala Aquifer) containing fossil water are of significant socio-economic value. Fossil water is extracted from these aquifers for many human purposes, notably, agriculture, industry, and consumption. In arid regions, some aquifers containing available and usable water receive little to no significant recharge, effectively making groundwater in those aquifers a non-renewable resource. Extraction rates greater than recharge rates result in lowering of the water table and can lead to groundwater depletion. Extraction of non-renewable groundwater resources is referred to as groundwater "mining" because of their finite nature.

text: Large, prolific aquifers (notably the

text: Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System

text: and the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: ) containing fossil water are of significant socio-economic value. Fossil water is extracted from these aquifers for many human purposes, notably, agriculture, industry, and consumption. In arid regions, some aquifers containing available and usable water receive little to no significant recharge, effectively making groundwater in those aquifers a

text: non-renewable resource

text: . Extraction rates greater than recharge rates result in lowering of the water table and can lead to groundwater depletion. Extraction of non-renewable groundwater resources is referred to as groundwater "mining" because of their finite nature.

text: Energy is a kids way to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Perhaps most alarmingly, peak oil expert Michael Ruppert has claimed that for every calorie of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. Energy plays an important role in the national security of any given country as a fuel to power the economic engine. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others; for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy needs. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, terrorism, and reliance on foreign countries for oil.

text: Energy is a kids way to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Perhaps most alarmingly,

text: peak oil

text: expert

text: Michael Ruppert

text: has claimed that for every

text: calorie

text: of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. Energy plays an important role in the national security of any given country as a fuel to power the economic engine. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others; for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy needs. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, terrorism, and reliance on foreign countries for oil.

text: Aliyu, Ramli  and Saleh, (2013) claim that these blackouts cripple the industrial sector. For example, outages in this area of the world also have implications for the mining industry. When power fails, workers may be trapped in the mines, so as soon as there is a risk of failure the operations are such down, which leads to economic difficulties (Kaseke & Hosking, 2013). Lack of electricity also causes problems for agriculture. Most irrigation lines are run by electricity, so when the power is cut out then the crop yield decreases, (Kaseke & Hosking, 2013). Nigeria’s energy grid is arguably in crisis due to lack of development. The key to making a more reliable energy sector is to find and use a renewable energy resources, rather than simply relying on the country’s non-renewable resources.The crisis of energy is a complex problem stemming from a variety of issues. This paper will cover role of the government in the electricity problem, the environmental impacts of the current system, the effect on the people who live in Nigeria and the potential solutions to the crisis.

text: Charge in the universe is conserved. The electrophorus simply separates positive and negative charges. A positive or negative charge ends up on the metal plate (or other storage conductor), and the opposite charge is stored in another object after grounding (in the earth or the person touching the metal plate). This separation takes work since the lowest energy state implies uncharged objects. Work is done by raising the charged metal plate away from the oppositely charged resinous plate. This additional energy put into the system is converted to potential energy in the form of charge separation (opposite charges that were originally on the plate), so raising the metal plate actually increases its voltage relative to the dielectic plate.

text: Charge in the universe is conserved. The electrophorus simply separates positive and negative charges. A positive or negative charge ends up on the metal plate (or other storage conductor), and the opposite charge is stored in another object after grounding (in the earth or the person touching the metal plate). This separation takes

text: work

text: since the lowest energy state implies uncharged objects. Work is done by raising the charged metal plate away from the oppositely charged resinous plate. This additional energy put into the system is converted to

text: potential energy

text: in the form of charge separation (opposite charges that were originally on the plate), so raising the metal plate actually increases its voltage relative to the dielectic plate.

text: Direct geothermal heating systems contain pumps and compressors, which may consume energy from a polluting source. This parasitic load is normally a fraction of the heat output, so it is always less polluting than electric heating. However, if the electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels, then the net emissions of geothermal heating may be comparable to directly burning the fuel for heat. For example, a geothermal heat pump powered by electricity from a combined cycle natural gas plant would produce about as much pollution as a natural gas condensing furnace of the same size. Therefore, the environmental value of direct geothermal heating applications is highly dependent on the emissions intensity of the neighboring electric grid.

text: Direct geothermal heating systems contain pumps and compressors, which may consume energy from a polluting source. This

text: parasitic load

text: is normally a fraction of the heat output, so it is always less polluting than electric heating. However, if the electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels, then the net emissions of geothermal heating may be comparable to directly burning the fuel for heat. For example, a geothermal heat pump powered by electricity from a

text: combined cycle

text: natural gas

text: plant would produce about as much pollution as a natural gas

text: condensing furnace

text: of the same size. Therefore, the environmental value of direct geothermal heating applications is highly dependent on the emissions intensity of the neighboring electric grid.

text: Energy is a key theme for future world development. Worldwide energy demand is mounting rapidly, particularly in the developing and newly industrialising countries, which seek to catch up with the level of economic development attained by industrialised countries. The great challenge now is to meet this energy demand in a sustainable manner. However, sustainable development will be inconceivable without a deep-seated reconfiguration of worldwide energy systems. One goal in this context must be to protect natural life-support systems and, in particular, to prevent dangerous anthropogenic perturbation of the climate system. If the present path continues and rising energy demand is met mainly from fossil sources, this would trigger intolerable global climate change with high consequential costs, and would thus also jeopardize economic development. A second necessary goal is to eradicate energy poverty in developing countries in order that these countries can make use of development opportunities. It is essential that 2.4 billion people gain access to modern forms of energy so that they can shake off the yoke of energy poverty. To attain these two goals, energy systems need to be turned towards sustainability. To that end, efficiency must be improved at all levels of the energy system, and fossil energy sources must be substituted by renewable ones. The potential of renewable energies, above all solar energy, is almost unlimited and can be harnessed sustainably. Energy system transformation towards sustainability is thus the first step into the solar age. However, without rapid and resolute international policy support, the expansion of renewable energy sources will not be able to develop the necessary dynamics in time. The International Conference for Renewable Energies (renewables 2004) held in Bonn 2004 is a milestone for this process.

text: Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception) are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa.

text: The project assessed the heating and cooling markets, looked for possibilities for more district heating and district cooling in Europe, provided recommendations for policy makers and developed a tool for assessing the efficiency of district heating and cooling systems.  The project showed that district heating and cooling grids make it possible to optimally use and combine a large spectrum of "free" energy inputs: surplus heat from electricity production based on conventional or renewable fuels, from waste incineration and/or from industrial processes as well as different forms of renewable heat (i.e. geothermal, heat/cold from deep-sea or lake water).

text: The project assessed the

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: markets, looked for possibilities for more

text: district heating

text: and

text: district cooling

text: in

text: Europe

text: , provided recommendations for

text: policy makers

text: and developed a tool for assessing the efficiency of district heating and cooling systems.  The project showed that district heating and cooling grids make it possible to optimally use and combine a large spectrum of "free" energy inputs: surplus heat from

text: electricity

text: production based on conventional or

text: renewable fuels

text: , from

text: waste incineration

text: and/or from industrial processes as well as different forms of renewable heat (i.e. geothermal, heat/cold from deep-sea or lake water).

text: Water resources, such as lakes and aquifers, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term fossil water is sometimes used to describe aquifers which don't recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the Ogallala Aquifer, is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be overdrafted or depleted.  Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as nitrates, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean.

text: Water resources, such as

text: lake

text: s and

text: aquifer

text: s, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term

text: fossil water

text: is sometimes used to describe aquifers which don't recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: , is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be

text: overdrafted

text: or depleted.  Forests enhance the recharge of

text: aquifer

text: s in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as

text: nitrate

text: s, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean.

text: One of the widely disputed aspects of the proposed National Energy Policy is the how the plan suggests balancing needs for future sources of renewable energy with the immediate reliance on petroleum. In Chapter Six of the policy, titled "Nature’s Power: Increasing America’s Use of Renewable and Alternative Energy", domestic energy sources such as wind, geothermal, solar and bio-fuel are cited as necessary to stabilize and protect the United States' interests. Future energy sources such as hydrogen and fusion are also cited as long term projects. However, the Policy also states the necessity for plans to improve and expand the current pipeline systems within the US, implying that reliance on oil and natural gas will exist for years to come. The plan then goes on to detail American interests in foreign energy resources. In a section titled "Diversity of Supply", the policy explains why diversifying dependence on foreign oil is a key factor in securing short term stability. Canada, South America and the Caribbean, Africa, Russia and Asia were all detailed as having supplies of oil that could add to the supply of resources available to US consumption.

text: Changing demographics also affects the demand for natural gas, especially for core residential customers. In the US for instance, recent demographic trends indicate an increased population movement to the Southern and Western states. These areas are generally characterized by warmer weather, thus we could expect a decrease in demand for heating in the winter, but an increase in demand for cooling in the summer. As electricity currently supplies most of the cooling energy requirements, and natural gas supplies most of the energy used for heating, population movement may decrease the demand for natural gas for these customers. However, as more power plants are fueled by natural gas, natural gas demand could in fact increase.

text: Education for Sustainable Development- Effective Cycling- Effective population size- Effects of global warming- Effects of the automobile on societies- Efficient energy use- Effluent- Electric bicycle laws- Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms- Electricity meter- Electromagnetic environment- Electromagnetic interference control- Electromagnetic radiation- Electronic pest control- Electronic Road Pricing- Electronic waste- Electronic Waste Recycling Act- Electronic Waste Recycling Fee- Electrosmog- Electrostatic precipitator- Elephant Sanctuary, Hohenwald- Emission factor- Emission Reduction Unit- Emission standard- Emission trading- Emissions trading- Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential- Endangered Australian fauna- Endangered species- Endangered Species Act- Energy Action Coalition- Energy and Environmental Research Center- Energy conservation- Energy conversion- Energy demand management- Energy economics- Energy-efficient landscaping- Efficient energy use- Energy harvesting- Energy Hog- Energy Information Administration- Energy intensity- Energy management system- Energy Star- Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom- English Nature

text: Education for Sustainable Development

text: Effective Cycling

text: Effective population size

text: Effects of global warming

text: Effects of the automobile on societies

text: Efficient energy use

text: Effluent

text: Electric bicycle laws

entity_name: Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms

text: Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms

text: Electricity meter

text: Electromagnetic environment

text: Electromagnetic interference control

text: Electromagnetic radiation

text: Electronic pest control

text: Electronic Road Pricing

text: Electronic waste

text: Electronic Waste Recycling Act

text: Electronic Waste Recycling Fee

text: Electrosmog

text: Electrostatic precipitator

text: Elephant Sanctuary, Hohenwald

text: Emission factor

text: Emission Reduction Unit

text: Emission standard

text: Emission trading

text: Emissions trading

entity_name: Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential

text: Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential

text: Endangered Australian fauna

text: Endangered species

text: Endangered Species Act

text: Energy Action Coalition

entity_name: Energy and Environmental Research Center

text: Energy and Environmental Research Center

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy conversion

text: Energy demand management

text: Energy economics

text: Energy-efficient landscaping

text: Efficient energy use

text: Energy harvesting

text: Energy Hog

text: Energy Information Administration

text: Energy intensity

text: Energy management system

text: Energy Star

text: Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom

text: English Nature

text: The Earth has a limited though renewable supply of fresh water, stored in aquifers, surface waters and the atmosphere. Oceans are a good source of usable water, but the amount of energy needed to convert saline water to potable water is prohibitive with conventional approaches, explaining why only a very small fraction of the world's water supply is derived from desalination. However, modern technologies, such as the Seawater Greenhouse, use solar energy to desalinate seawater for agriculture and drinking uses in an extremely cost-effective manner.

text: The

text: Earth

text: has a limited though renewable

text: supply of fresh water

text: , stored in

text: aquifer

text: s,

text: surface water

text: s and the

text: atmosphere

text: Ocean

text: s are a good source of usable water, but the amount of energy needed to convert

text: saline water

text: to

text: potable water

text: is prohibitive with conventional approaches, explaining why only a very small fraction of the world's water supply is derived from

text: desalination

text: . However, modern technologies, such as the

text: Seawater Greenhouse

text: , use solar energy to desalinate seawater for agriculture and drinking uses in an extremely cost-effective manner.

text: Precise ranging to the Moon can test the SEP since the Earth and the Moon have a different fraction of their mass in the energy component. Precision measurements are needed since this component is very small—if m is the self energy of the Earth — the energy needed to spread the atoms of the Earth out to infinity against the attraction of gravity — then the mass of the Earth is decreased by about m/c =  of the Earth’s total mass. The self energy of the Moon is smaller yet, about  of its mass.  (The contribution for any object of laboratory size is negligible, about , so only measurements of planet-sized or bigger objects have any hope of seeing this effect.)

text: The company has since diversified into natural resources and renewable energy.

text: Significantly, it also carried Verner Suomi's flat-plate radiometer, improved with the help of Robert Parent, that took the first Earth radiation budget measurements from space and initiated the era of satellite studies of the climate. Using both satellite observations of the Earth's heat balance and atmospheric cooling rates measured by net flux radiosondes, Suomi established the important role played by clouds in absorbing radiated solar energy.  These observations established that Earth’s energy budget varies markedly due to the effect of clouds, the surface albedo, and other absorbing constituents.  Using these instruments, Suomi and his team discovered that the Earth absorbed more of the Sun's energy than originally thought and demonstrated that it was possible to measure and quantify seasonal changes in the global heat budget.

text: Significantly, it also carried

text: Verner Suomi

text: 's flat-plate

text: radiometer

text: , improved with the help of

text: Robert Parent

text: , that took the first

text: Earth radiation budget

text: measurements from

text: space

text: and initiated the era of

text: satellite

text: studies of the

text: climate

text: . Using both satellite observations of the Earth's heat balance and

text: atmospheric

text: cooling rates measured by net flux radiosondes, Suomi established the important role played by clouds in absorbing radiated solar energy.  These observations established that Earth’s energy budget varies markedly due to the effect of clouds, the surface albedo, and other absorbing constituents.  Using these instruments, Suomi and his team discovered that the Earth absorbed more of the Sun's energy than originally thought and demonstrated that it was possible to measure and quantify seasonal changes in the global heat budget.

text: Given the correct conditions, the fusion rate in the region highly compressed by the shock wave can give off significant amounts of highly energetic alpha particles. Due to the high density of the surrounding fuel, they move only a short distance before being "thermalised", losing their energy to the fuel as heat. This additional energy will cause additional fusion reactions in the heated fuel, giving off more high-energy particles. This process spreads outward from the centre, leading to a kind of self-sustaining burn known as ignition.

text: Given the correct conditions, the fusion rate in the region highly compressed by the shock wave can give off significant amounts of highly energetic

text: alpha particles

text: . Due to the high density of the surrounding fuel, they move only a short distance before being "thermalised", losing their energy to the fuel as heat. This additional energy will cause additional fusion reactions in the heated fuel, giving off more high-energy particles. This process spreads outward from the centre, leading to a kind of self-sustaining burn known as ignition.

text: and, assuming that fluid velocity makes a negligible contribution to the energy flow, the conservation of energy is simply the conservation of the internal energy:

text: To achieve an orbit, a spacecraft must travel faster than a sub-orbital spaceflight. The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of  is about 36 MJ/kg, which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude. Spacecraft with a perigee below about  are subject to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, which will cause the orbital altitude to decrease. The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite's cross-sectional area and mass, as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere. Below about , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days. Once a satellite descends to , it will start to burn up in the atmosphere. The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about .

text: To achieve an orbit, a

text: spacecraft

text: must travel faster than a

text: sub-orbital spaceflight

text: . The energy required to reach Earth orbital velocity at an altitude of  is about 36

text: MJ

text: /kg, which is six times the energy needed merely to climb to the corresponding altitude. Spacecraft with a

text: perigee

text: below about  are subject to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, which will cause the orbital altitude to decrease. The rate of orbital decay depends on the satellite's cross-sectional area and mass, as well as variations in the air density of the upper atmosphere. Below about , decay becomes more rapid with lifetimes measured in days. Once a satellite descends to , it will start to burn up in the atmosphere. The

text: escape velocity

text: required to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about .

text: Contemplation of the diagram led astronomers to speculate that it might demonstrate stellar evolution, the main suggestion being that stars collapsed from red giants to dwarf stars, then moving down along the line of the main sequence in the course of their lifetimes. Stars were thought therefore to radiate energy by converting gravitational energy into radiation through the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism. This mechanism resulted in an age for the Sun of only tens of millions of years, creating a conflict over the age of the Solar System between astronomers, and biologists and geologists who had evidence that the Earth was far older than that. This conflict was only resolved in the 1930s when nuclear fusion was identified as the source of stellar energy.

text: Contemplation of the diagram led astronomers to speculate that it might demonstrate

text: stellar evolution

text: , the main suggestion being that stars collapsed from red giants to dwarf stars, then moving down along the line of the main sequence in the course of their lifetimes. Stars were thought therefore to radiate energy by converting gravitational energy into radiation through the

text: Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism

text: . This mechanism resulted in an age for the Sun of only tens of millions of years, creating a conflict over the age of the Solar System between astronomers, and biologists and geologists who had evidence that the Earth was far older than that. This conflict was only resolved in the 1930s when nuclear fusion was identified as the source of stellar energy.

text: On March 4, 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed the Home Heating Emergency Assistance Through Transportation Act of 2014 (H.R. 4076; 113th Congress) in reaction to the extreme cold weather. The bill, if it becomes law, would create an emergency exception to existing Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration regulations. The exceptions would allow truckers to drive for long hours if they are delivering home heating fuels, such as propane, to places where there is a shortage. The exemption would last until May 31, 2014. An existing suspension was scheduled to expire on March 15, 2014. According to Majority Leader Eric Cantor, the issue of household energy costs need to be addressed because "the Energy Information Administration predicted that 90 percent of U.S. households would see higher home heating costs this year, and low income families already spend 12 percent of their household budget on energy costs." Rep. Shuster argued in favor of the bill saying that it "will provide relief for millions of Americans suffering from the current propane and home heating fuel emergency." According to the Congressman, an "exceptionally cold winter" increased demand on propane, "which is used for heating approximately 12 million homes in the United States."

text: On March 4, 2014, the

text: United States House of Representatives

text: passed the

entity_name: Home Heating Emergency Assistance Through Transportation Act of 2014

text: Home Heating Emergency Assistance Through Transportation Act of 2014 (H.R. 4076; 113th Congress)

text: in reaction to the extreme cold weather. The bill, if it becomes law, would create an emergency exception to existing

entity_name: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

text: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

text: regulations. The exceptions would allow truckers to drive for long hours if they are delivering home heating fuels, such as

text: propane

text: , to places where there is a shortage. The exemption would last until May 31, 2014. An existing suspension was scheduled to expire on March 15, 2014. According to Majority Leader

text: Eric Cantor

text: , the issue of household energy costs need to be addressed because "the

text: Energy Information Administration

text: predicted that 90 percent of U.S. households would see higher

text: home heating

text: costs this year, and low income families already spend 12 percent of their household budget on energy costs." Rep. Shuster argued in favor of the bill saying that it "will provide relief for millions of Americans suffering from the current propane and home heating fuel emergency." According to the Congressman, an "exceptionally cold winter" increased demand on propane, "which is used for heating approximately 12 million homes in the United States."

text: Early anthropocene -Earth Hour -Earth's atmosphere -Earth's energy budget -EarthLab -Earthshine -East Antarctic Ice Sheet -Eco-efficiency -Ecological Forecasting -Ecotax -Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity -Effects of climate change on marine mammals -Effects of global warming on oceans -Effects of global warming - Effects of global warming on Australia - Effects of global warming on India -Efficient energy use -El Niño (ENSO) -Emission inventory -Emission Reduction Unit -Emission standards -Emissions trading -Energie-Cités -Energy Autonomy -Energy conservation -Energy forestry -Energy poverty -Enteric fermentation -Environmental crime -Environmental impact of aviation -Environmental skepticism -European Climate Forum -Evidence of global warming - Externality

text: Early anthropocene

text: Earth Hour

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: Earth's energy budget

text: EarthLab

text: Earthshine

text: East Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: Eco-efficiency

text: Ecological Forecasting

text: Ecotax

entity_name: Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity

text: Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity

entity_name: Effects of global warming on marine mammals

text: Effects of climate change on marine mammals

text: Effects of global warming on oceans

text: Effects of global warming

text: Effects of global warming on Australia

text: Effects of global warming on India

text: Efficient energy use

text: El Niño

text: (ENSO) -

text: Emission inventory

text: Emission Reduction Unit

text: Emission standards

text: Emissions trading

text: Energie-Cités

entity_name: Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy

text: Energy Autonomy

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy forestry

text: Energy poverty

text: Enteric fermentation

text: Environmental crime

text: Environmental impact of aviation

text: Environmental skepticism

text: European Climate Forum

text: Evidence of global warming

text: Externality

text: Primary energy is the amount of extractable energy present in fuels as they are found in nature. It is often expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) or watt-hour (Wh). Unless stated otherwise the lower heating value is used in the remainder of this text. A portion of primary energy is converted into other forms before it is used, depending on the energy conversion efficiency of the installation and method employed this number differs significantly from the final energy as consumed by end users.

text: Primary energy

text: is the amount of extractable energy present in fuels as they are found in nature. It is often expressed in

text: tonnes of oil equivalent

text: (toe) or

text: watt-hour

text: (Wh). Unless stated otherwise the

text: lower heating value

text: is used in the remainder of this text. A portion of primary energy is converted into other forms before it is used, depending on the

text: energy conversion efficiency

text: of the installation and method employed this number differs significantly from the final energy as consumed by end users.

text: While the financial incentive of burning fossil fuels to create energy is certainly there, there are many negatives associated with it.  A very large argument against the use of fossil fuels is uncertainty.  There is a large debate about how much is left in the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves.  It is estimated that by 2042 and 2112, the planet will be completely out of oil and coal, respectively.  When the Earth eventually runs out of fossil fuels, we will be forced into using strictly renewable sources of energy.  The pending depletion of fossil fuels is a large argument to invest in renewables, because at some point we will need to or it will be too late.  Another argument against using fossils fuels is the level of efficiency.  It is estimated 29% more energy to create a gallon of ethanol than there is energy in a gallon of ethanol.  This level of inefficiency seems very impractical when trying to decide on a method on energy production for the future.  Efficiency and cost aside, it is well documented that the burning of fossil fuels is very bad for the environment.  The burning of fossil fuels releases many harmful chemicals into the air that can lead to air pollution and the deterioration of the atmosphere.

text: Solar energy is a source of inexhaustible energy. There is more solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth each hour than the amount of energy consumed by the world in a year. The challenges of using the sun's energy – energy which can be obtained either from wind power or from solar power – is that the energy needs to either be (1) stored in physical form of fuel for when it can be used in the future, or (2) transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines. Neither is dispatchable, as there is no control over when the sun will shine or when the wind will blow. There are, however, concentrated solar power plants using thermal storage that can store energy efficiently for up to 24 hours.

text: Solar

text: energy is a source of inexhaustible energy. There is more solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth each hour than the amount of energy consumed by the world in a year. The challenges of using the

text: sun

text: 's energy – energy which can be obtained either from

text: wind power

text: or from

text: solar power

text: – is that the energy needs to either be (1) stored in physical form of fuel for when it can be used in the future, or (2) transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines. Neither is

text: dispatchable

text: , as there is no control over when the sun will shine or when the wind will blow. There are, however,

text: concentrated solar power

text: plants using thermal storage that can store energy efficiently for up to 24 hours.

text: Tesla's top priority at Colorado Springs was the development of a wireless system that could transmit electrical energy over great distances, as proposed in his 1900 Century magazine article.  He claimed that it is possible to transmit energy on a worldwide scale, applying a method that involves electrical conduction through the earth and the periodic alteration of Earth's electrostatic charge.  In 1900 he received the patents SYSTEM OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY and APPARATUS FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY.  They describe two hypothetical wireless stations, one consisting of a large Tesla coil magnifying transmitter and the other a similar Tesla coil receiver, each with an elevated air terminal electrode suspended by balloon at an altitude of , where the atmospheric pressure is lower.  Tesla believed atmospheric ionization would allow energy to be transmitted at high voltages (millions of volts) over long distances by electrical conduction.  Another claim was that such a high elevation of the air terminal electrodes is not absolutely necessary.  By 1901 Tesla had come to believe the entire planet could be made to act as a giant electrical resonator and that by driving sufficiently powerful current pulses into Earth at a harmonic of its fundamental resonant frequency using a grounded Tesla coil transmitter working against a relatively short elevated capacitive air terminal electrode, its natural electrostatic potential could be made to oscillate, and this alternating current could be received at any location with a Tesla coil receiver and similar capacitive air terminal electrode arrangement tuned to resonance with the transmitter.  Tesla demonstrated the coupling of a Tesla coil transmitter and a Tesla coil receiver in an experiment at his Experimental Station in Colorado Springs, transmitting enough electrical energy to power a 10-watt incandescent lamp at a distance of 1,938 feet (591 m) from the station's magnifying transmitter.

text: Experimental Station

text: in Colorado Springs, transmitting enough electrical energy to power a 10-watt incandescent lamp at a distance of 1,938 feet (591 m) from the station's magnifying transmitter.

text: Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying insolation or internal energy, leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes, (on Earth), planet-wide dust storms (on Mars), a greater-than-Earth-sized anticyclone on Jupiter (called the Great Red Spot), and holes in the atmosphere (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet, HD 189733 b, has been claimed to have such a weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large.

text: Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying

text: insolation

text: or internal energy, leading to the formation of dynamic

text: weather system

text: s such as

text: hurricane

text: s, (on Earth), planet-wide

text: dust storm

text: s (on Mars), a greater-than-Earth-sized

text: anticyclone

text: on Jupiter (called the

text: Great Red Spot

text: ), and

text: holes in the atmosphere

text: (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet,

text: HD 189733 b

text: , has been claimed to have such a weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large.

text: In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans.

text: In contrast, resources such as

text: timber

text: (when

text: harvested sustainably

text: ) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered

text: renewable resource

text: s, largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans.

text: Life on our planet is an endless exchange of energies among living things and the environment. Most of the energy resources we currently use, such as oil, coal, natural gas and uranium are non-renewable. The supply of them buried in the earth is limited and we are using them up at a rapid pace.Renewable energy resources such as Solar energy, wind energy, small hydroelectricity (e.g. Swimming hydroelectric power plant), geothermal energy and biomass fuels are becoming increasingly attractive. Solar, Photovoltaics, water and wind energy do not send pollutants into the air as occurs with coal and petroleum energy.

text: Life on our planet is an endless exchange of energies among living things and the environment. Most of the energy resources we currently use, such as oil, coal, natural gas and uranium are non-renewable. The supply of them buried in the earth is limited and we are using them up at a rapid pace.Renewable energy resources such as

text: Solar energy

text: wind energy

text: , small hydroelectricity (e.g. Swimming hydroelectric power plant),

text: geothermal energy

text: and biomass fuels are becoming increasingly attractive. Solar,

text: Photovoltaics

text: , water and wind energy do not send pollutants into the air as occurs with coal and petroleum energy.

text: The government considers renewable resources as a vital element of its strategy to diversify energy supply, reduce vulnerability to external shocks, and mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production. The development of large hydropower projects and the provision of further incentives for grid-connected renewable projects are the present priorities of the government in the renewable energy sector. The penetration of renewable energy technologies into rural electrification programs is still limited and most of the rural electrification activities are grid extensions.

text: Oxygen is not the fuel. It is what chemically combines with the fuel to produce the heat for welding. This is called 'oxidation', but the more specific and more commonly used term in this context is 'combustion'. In the case of hydrogen, the product of combustion is simply water. For the other hydrocarbon fuels, water and carbon dioxide are produced. The heat is released because the molecules of the products of combustion have a lower energy state than the molecules of the fuel and oxygen. In oxy-fuel cutting, oxidation of the metal being cut (typically iron) produces nearly all of the heat required to "burn" through the workpiece.

text: The Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC) is the first Research Center of the Cyprus Institute (CyI) formally launched in December 2007. The EEWRC addresses science, technology, economic and policy issues related to major challenges in the energy, environment, climate and water fields of the Eastern Mediterranean. The current program is focused on research into the energy efficiency and renewable energies, most notably solar energy, environmental integrity, and the safeguarding and sustainable and holistic management of water resources in the region and in the EU. The Center’s work covers topics such as integrated assessments of climate change, its impacts and socioeconomic consequences, and adequate adaptation and mitigation strategies; novel observational techniques aimed at assessing atmospheric, oceanic and Earth-surface properties; methodologies aimed at realizing a sustainable built environment, including innovative technologies and materials to harness the region’s plentiful solar energy; and holistic approaches to an efficient and sustainable use of energy and water.

text: A National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) is a detailed report submitted by countries outlining commitments and initiatives to develop renewable energy that all member states of the European Union were obliged to notify to the European Commission by 30June 2010.  The plan provides a detailed road map of how the member state expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their total energy consumption, as required by article 4 of the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC.  In the plan, the member state sets out sectoral targets, the technology mix they expect to use, the trajectory they will follow, and the measures and reforms they will undertake to overcome the barriers to developing renewable energy.

text: A National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) is a detailed report submitted by countries outlining commitments and initiatives to develop

text: renewable energy

text: that all

text: member states of the European Union

text: were obliged to notify to the

text: European Commission

text: by 30June 2010.  The plan provides a detailed road map of how the member state expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of

text: renewable energy

text: in their total energy consumption, as required by article 4 of the

text: Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

text: .  In the plan, the member state sets out sectoral targets, the technology mix they expect to use, the trajectory they will follow, and the measures and reforms they will undertake to overcome the barriers to developing renewable energy.

text: In their response to the 2010 competitive review with input from the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) and the Small Explorers and Producers Association of Canada, Alberta Energy lowered non-renewable resource (NRR) royalty rates.

text: In their response to the 2010 competitive review with input from the

entity_name: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

text: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers

text: (CAPP) and the Small Explorers and Producers Association of Canada, Alberta Energy lowered non-renewable resource (NRR) royalty rates.

text: Although many qualities of an energy source matter (for example oil is energy-dense and transportable, while wind is variable), when the EROEI of the main sources of energy for an economy fall that energy becomes more difficult to obtain and its relative price increases.Therefore, the EROEI gains importance when comparing energy alternatives.  Since expenditure of energy to obtain energy requires productive effort, as the EROEI falls an increasing proportion of the economy has to be devoted to obtaining the same amount of net energy.

text: Although many qualities of an energy source matter (for example oil is energy-dense and transportable, while wind is variable), when the EROEI of the main sources of energy for an economy fall that energy becomes more difficult to obtain and its

text: relative price

text: increases.Therefore, the EROEI gains importance when comparing energy alternatives.  Since expenditure of energy to obtain energy requires productive effort, as the EROEI falls an increasing proportion of the economy has to be devoted to obtaining the same amount of net energy.

text: The Sun is the predominant source of energy input to the Earth. Other sources include geothermal energy from the Earth's core, and heat from the decay of radioactive compounds. Both long- and short-term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.

text: The

text: Sun

text: is the predominant source of

text: energy

text: input to the Earth. Other sources include

text: geothermal

text: energy from the Earth's core, and heat from the decay of radioactive compounds. Both long- and short-term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.

text: The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry considers that CEB, locally called "Dutch brick" is an appropriate technology for a developing country, as are adobe, rammed earth and cob. All use natural building materials.In 2002 the International Institute for Energy Conservation was one of the winners of a World Bank Development Marketplace Award for a project to make an energy-efficient Dutch brick-making machine for home construction in South Africa. By making cheaper bricks that use earth, the project would reduce housing costs while stimulating the building industry.The machine would be mobile, allowing bricks to be made locally from earth.

text: The

text: South Africa

text: n Department of Water Affairs and Forestry considers that CEB, locally called "Dutch brick" is an appropriate technology for a developing country, as are adobe, rammed earth and cob. All use natural building materials.In 2002 the International Institute for Energy Conservation was one of the winners of a

entity_name: World Bank Development Marketplace Award

text: World Bank Development Marketplace Award

text: for a project to make an energy-efficient Dutch brick-making machine for home construction in South Africa. By making cheaper bricks that use earth, the project would reduce housing costs while stimulating the building industry.The machine would be mobile, allowing bricks to be made locally from earth.

text: Human activities influence the natural environment in many different ways. Processes needed to execute these activities need resources, energy and human manpower. Production, delivery and consummation of goods generates emissions and waste. The SPI includes all these different issues affecting the environment. A total area A which would be needed to embed human activities into ecosphere can so be aggregated.A = A + A + A + A + A 	[m] (1)A = A + A + A					[m] (2)A = A + A 							[m] (3)The sum for the total area is the sum of all partial areas (Formel 1). A, the area needed to provide raw materials, is the sum (formula 2) of all areas needed to provide renewable resources (A), fossil resources (A) and non-renewable resources (A). A is the area needed to provide process energy (incl. electricity). A, the area needed to provide the infrastructure for the process is the sum (formula 3) of direct land use (A) and the area needed to provide the area for buildings and process plants (A). A is the area needed for the supply of the staff and A is the area needed for a sustainable embedding of emissions and waste into ecosphere. The SPI aggregates partial footprints from mass, energy and emission inventories of every sub-process and refers them to the end product. This means that a is the total footprint of a considered product per measurement unit. Seven different categories were defined to guarantee a better visibility of the different impact categories:

text: Similarly we can calculate the effective temperature of the Earth T by equating the energy received from the Sun and the energy radiated by the Earth, under the black-body approximation.  The luminosity of the Sun, L, is given by:

text: Similarly we can calculate the

text: effective temperature

text: of the Earth T by equating the energy received from the Sun and the energy radiated by the Earth, under the black-body approximation.  The luminosity of the Sun, L, is given by:

text: One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to use an energy audit. An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy use and flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). This is normally accomplished by trained professionals and can be part of some of the national programs discussed above. In addition, recent development of smartphone apps enable homeowners to complete relatively sophisticated energy audits themselves.

text: One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to use an

text: energy audit

text: . An energy audit is an

text: inspection

text: and analysis of energy use and flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). This is normally accomplished by trained professionals and can be part of some of the national programs discussed above. In addition, recent development of

text: smartphone

text: apps enable homeowners to complete relatively sophisticated energy audits themselves.

text: As the energy beings seize each of the stations and surround the Earth, Dubois relays the demands of the energy beings. Halstead and his crew are taken to Mars where they find the missing stations and the alien base at an automated uranium mine. Exploring the area, they discover the corpses of several Delta-Two crew members who failed to merge with the energy beings because of their "passion and emotion". Dubois reveals that the beings are "Diaphinoids" from the Andromeda Galaxy who need humans as host bodies. Halstead and his team are forced to watch a "hosting" ceremony which results in several more deaths. They rescue a pair of female station crew then start a melee with their captors. Opening a panel in the outer wall, they escape across the surface of Mars to a nearby spacecraft while the air vents from the base, killing all inside. The U.D. fleet arrives to bomb the base but Halstead's ship can't liftoff on its own. Unwilling to let the Diaphinoids escape, Halstead demands the fleet drop its bombs even though it will almost certainly kill them too. Luckily, they are able to use the blast from the U.D. attack to help loft the ship safely into orbit. Back on Earth, Halstead is awarded the U.D. Medal of Honor... and court martialed for dereliction of duty.

text: As the energy beings seize each of the stations and surround the Earth, Dubois relays the demands of the energy beings. Halstead and his crew are taken to Mars where they find the missing stations and the alien base at an automated uranium mine. Exploring the area, they discover the corpses of several Delta-Two crew members who failed to merge with the energy beings because of their "passion and emotion". Dubois reveals that the beings are "Diaphinoids" from the

text: Andromeda Galaxy

text: who need humans as host bodies. Halstead and his team are forced to watch a "hosting" ceremony which results in several more deaths. They rescue a pair of female station crew then start a melee with their captors. Opening a panel in the outer wall, they escape across the surface of Mars to a nearby spacecraft while the air vents from the base, killing all inside. The U.D. fleet arrives to bomb the base but Halstead's ship can't liftoff on its own. Unwilling to let the Diaphinoids escape, Halstead demands the fleet drop its bombs even though it will almost certainly kill them too. Luckily, they are able to use the blast from the U.D. attack to help loft the ship safely into orbit. Back on Earth, Halstead is awarded the U.D. Medal of Honor... and

text: court martial

text: ed for dereliction of duty.

text: Shortly afterwards, Bruno and George arrive at the same theatre, following Bruno's device to an energy source he was tracing. George decides to break in, finding Susarro, Petra, and Flap (who survived falling out of the train in Shadows of the Templars) interrogating Nico about her investigations; George quickly rescues her when Flap is left on his own with her, knocking him out in the process. After the pair reveal what led them to crossing paths with each other, they decide to continue searching the theatre, looking for the source of the energy Bruno detected. In the process, they find two keys - one in a safe, which is made of stone and decorated with crystals, and was the energy source Bruno detected, while the other, a stone, is found in a weird chamber, within a column of energy, bearing an omega symbol on it. Heading outside, after escaping from Susarro and Petra (who had been dealing with a mysterious, hooded man), George is tazed by an unknown assailant, who takes the strange energy key from him.

text: Shortly afterwards, Bruno and George arrive at the same theatre, following Bruno's device to an energy source he was tracing. George decides to break in, finding Susarro, Petra, and Flap (who survived falling out of the train in Shadows of the Templars)

text: interrogating

text: Nico about her investigations; George quickly rescues her when Flap is left on his own with her, knocking him out in the process. After the pair reveal what led them to crossing paths with each other, they decide to continue searching the theatre, looking for the source of the energy Bruno detected. In the process, they find two keys - one in a safe, which is made of stone and decorated with crystals, and was the energy source Bruno detected, while the other, a stone, is found in a weird chamber, within a column of energy, bearing an omega symbol on it. Heading outside, after escaping from Susarro and Petra (who had been dealing with a mysterious, hooded man), George is

text: tazed

text: by an unknown assailant, who takes the strange energy key from him.

text: New materials for energy generation and storage constitute a topic of the greatest significance due to its great economic potential and social impact. Fuel cells, and specially the so-called SOFC´s (solid oxide fuel cells), are one of the most promising alternatives for the production of environmentally friendly energy. Chemical energy storage devices (batteries) and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are among the leading technologies today, critically needed to enable the effective use of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, and to allow the expansion of electrical or hybrid electrical vehicles. A fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical processes that take place in the electrodes, the electrolytes and specially their interfaces is need to design the next generation of high performance ECs. New separators and electrolytes with increased capacity and conductivity are needed to improve efficiency and the possibility of operating at high currents, but also new materials have to be design to increase service life and to reduce the size and the associated unitary cost.

text: New materials for energy generation and storage constitute a topic of the greatest significance due to its great economic potential and social impact. Fuel cells, and specially the so-called

text: SOFC

text: ´s (solid oxide fuel cells), are one of the most promising alternatives for the production of environmentally friendly energy. Chemical energy storage devices (

text: batteries

text: ) and electrochemical capacitors (

text: ECs

text: ) are among the leading technologies today, critically needed to enable the effective use of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, and to allow the expansion of electrical or hybrid electrical vehicles. A fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical processes that take place in the electrodes, the electrolytes and specially their interfaces is need to design the next generation of high performance ECs. New separators and electrolytes with increased capacity and conductivity are needed to improve efficiency and the possibility of operating at high currents, but also new materials have to be design to increase service life and to reduce the size and the associated unitary cost.

text: In addition to enabling the world to meet growing energy demand more sustainably, particularly through the use of renewable power and energy efficiency solutions, Schneider Electric recognizes the responsibility to meet the global energy challenge more inclusively as well. This means extending energy opportunity to the more than 2 billion people on the planet either living without access to energy or to whom it is too expensive to use or for whom it is not provided reliably. Schneider Electric sees access to energy as fundamental human right and commits significant resources each year to bring power to underserved communities around the world.

text: As economies grow, the need for resources growsaccordingly. There is a fixed supply of non-renewableresources, such as petroleum (oil), and theseresources will inevitably be depleted. Renewable resources can also be depleted if extracted at unsustainable rates over extended periods. For example, this has occurred with 'caviar' production in the Caspian Sea. There is much concern as to how growing demand for these resources will be met as supplies decrease. Many organizations and governments look to energy technologies such as biofuels, solar cells, and wind turbines to meet the demand gap after peak oil. Others have argued that none of the alternatives could effectively replace versatility and portability of oil. Authors of the book Techno-Fix criticize technological optimists for overlooking the limitations of technology in solving agricultural and social challenges arising from growth.

text: A diverse energy portfolio, depending on the local availability of natural resources, includes (1) solar, wind, biomass-to-power, ocean, and geothermal energy for power generation, and (2) renewable hydrocarbons, biomass- and algae-derived biofuels, and electric vehicles for transportation.  The private sector and the markets should determine which of those forms of low-carbon energy are most appropriate and cost-effective locally in different parts of the country and the world.

text: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind. Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates; the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.

text: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind.

text: Charged particles

text: are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates; the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.

text: The passing of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act meant that for the first time, New Zealand had a legislative basis for promoting energy efficiency, energy conservation, and renewable energy.

text: In classical mechanics, conservation laws for energy and momentum are handled separately in the two principles of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. With the advent of special relativity, these two conservation principles were united through the concept of mass-energy equivalence.

text: In classical mechanics, conservation laws for energy and momentum are handled separately in the two principles of

text: conservation of energy

text: and

text: conservation of momentum

text: . With the advent of

text: special relativity

text: , these two conservation principles were united through the concept of

text: mass-energy equivalence

text: The availability of renewable resources as well as their fluctuation in electricity production from region to region requires a customized design for each desalination facility.  In order to maintain steady-state operations many facilities utilize renewably produced energy while connected to a smart grid, importing or exporting energy to the plant as required.  The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant utilizes this strategy where 48 wind turbines produce 80MW on the Emu Downs Wind Farm to provide an overall 24MW to the desalination plant.  Electrical energy from the renewable energy can also be stored in storage batteries and utilized when needed.  As seen in the PV-powered RO system in Gillen Bore, Australia; producing 1,200 L/d. Or if the plant is not required full-time, it can operate using the power as it becomes available. In 2005 a PV-powered hybrid UF/RO filtration system providing 764 liters per day tolerated well power variation from changing weather conditions.

text: The availability of renewable resources as well as their fluctuation in electricity production from region to region requires a customized design for each desalination facility.  In order to maintain steady-state operations many facilities utilize renewably produced energy while connected to a smart grid, importing or exporting energy to the plant as required.  The

text: Perth Seawater Desalination Plant

text: utilizes this strategy where 48 wind turbines produce 80MW on the Emu Downs Wind Farm to provide an overall 24MW to the desalination plant.  Electrical energy from the renewable energy can also be stored in storage batteries and utilized when needed.  As seen in the PV-powered RO system in Gillen Bore, Australia; producing 1,200 L/d. Or if the plant is not required full-time, it can operate using the power as it becomes available. In 2005 a PV-powered hybrid UF/RO filtration system providing 764 liters per day tolerated well power variation from changing weather conditions.

text: The 122 PW of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful—almost 10,000 times more than the 13 TW equivalent of average power consumed in 2005 by humans. This abundance leads to the suggestion that it will not be long before solar energy will become the world's primary energy source. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m) among renewable energies.

text: The 122

text: PW

text: of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful—almost 10,000 times more than the 13 TW equivalent of average power consumed in 2005 by humans. This abundance leads to the suggestion that it will not be long before solar energy will become the world's primary energy source. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m) among renewable energies.

text: Radiative cooling by outgoing longwave radiation is the primary way the Earth System loses energy. The balance between this loss and the energy gained by radiative heating from incoming solar shortwave radiation determines global heating or cooling of the Earth system (Energy budget of Earth’s climate).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kiehl|first1=J. T.|last2=Trenberth|first2=Kevin E.|title=Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=February 1997|volume=78|issue=2|pages=197–208|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078

text: Radiative cooling

text: by outgoing longwave radiation is the primary way the Earth System loses energy. The balance between this loss and the energy gained by radiative heating from incoming solar

text: shortwave radiation

text: determines global heating or cooling of the Earth system (

text: Energy budget of Earth’s climate

text: ).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kiehl|first1=J. T.|last2=Trenberth|first2=Kevin E.|title=Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=February 1997|volume=78|issue=2|pages=197–208|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078

text: Amory Lovins advocates "soft energy paths" involving efficient energy use, diverse and renewable energy sources, and special reliance on "soft energy technologies". Soft energy technologies are those based on solar, wind, biofuels, geothermal, etc. which are matched in scale and quality to their task.  Residential solar energy technologies are prime examples of soft energy technologies and rapid deployment of simple, energy conserving, residential solar energy technologies is fundamental to a soft energy strategy.

text: Amory Lovins advocates "

text: soft energy path

text: s" involving

text: efficient energy use

text: , diverse and

text: renewable energy

text: sources, and special reliance on "

text: soft energy technologies

text: ". Soft energy technologies are those based on

text: solar

text: wind

text: biofuel

text: s,

text: geothermal

text: , etc. which are matched in scale and quality to their task.  Residential solar energy technologies are prime examples of soft energy technologies and rapid deployment of simple, energy conserving, residential solar energy technologies is fundamental to a soft energy strategy.

text: Usually however, renewable energy is derived from the mains electricity grid. This means that energy storage is mostly not used, as the mains electricity grid is organised to produce the exact amount of energy being consumed at that particular moment. Energy production on the mains electricity grid is always set up as a combination of (large-scale) renewable energy plants, as well as other power plants as fossil-fuel power plants and nuclear power. This combination however, which is essential for this type of energy supply (as e.g. wind turbines, solar power plants etc.) can only produce when the wind blows and the sun shines. This is also one of the main drawbacks of the system as fossil fuel powerplants are polluting and are a main cause of global warming (nuclear power being an exception). Although fossil fuel power plants too can be made emissionless (through carbon capture and storage), as well as renewable (if the plants are converted to e.g. biomass) the best solution is still to phase out the latter power plants over time. Nuclear power plants too can be more or less eliminated from their problem of nuclear waste through the use of nuclear reprocessing and newer plants as fast breeder and nuclear fusion plants.

text: Usually however, renewable energy is derived from the mains electricity grid. This means that energy storage is mostly not used, as the mains electricity grid is organised to produce the exact amount of energy being consumed at that particular moment. Energy production on the mains electricity grid is always set up as a combination of (large-scale) renewable energy plants, as well as other power plants as

text: fossil-fuel power plant

text: s and

text: nuclear power

text: . This combination however, which is essential for this type of energy supply (as e.g. wind turbines, solar power plants etc.) can only produce when the wind blows and the sun shines. This is also one of the main drawbacks of the system as fossil fuel powerplants are polluting and are a main cause of

text: global warming

text: (nuclear power being an exception). Although fossil fuel power plants too can be made emissionless (through carbon capture and storage), as well as renewable (if the plants are converted to e.g. biomass) the best solution is still to phase out the latter power plants over time. Nuclear power plants too can be more or less eliminated from their problem of nuclear waste through the use of

text: nuclear reprocessing

text: and newer plants as

text: fast breeder

text: and

text: nuclear fusion

text: plants.

text: Fossil fuels (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil), or solid fuels are commonly used for heating water. These may be consumed directly or may produce electricity that, in turn, heats water. Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source, such as nuclear power or renewable energy. Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and geothermal heating can also heat water, often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity.

text: Fossil fuels (

text: natural gas

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: oil

text: ), or

text: solid fuel

text: s are commonly used for heating water. These may be consumed directly or may produce

text: electricity

text: that, in turn, heats water. Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source, such as

text: nuclear power

text: or

text: renewable energy

text: Alternative energy

text: such as

text: solar energy

text: heat pumps

text: hot water heat recycling

text: , and

text: geothermal heating

text: can also heat water, often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity.

text: If the Earth's gravity is to be overcome entirely then sufficient energy must be obtained by a spacecraft to exceed the depth of the gravity potential energy well. Once this has occurred, provided the energy is not lost in any non conservative way, then the vehicle will leave the influence of the Earth. The depth of the potential well depends on the vehicle's position, and the energy depends on the vehicle's speed. If the kinetic energy exceeds the potential energy then escape occurs. At the Earth's surface this occurs at a speed of 11.2 km/s (25,000 mph), but in practice a much higher speed would be needed due to airdrag.

text: Energy. Energy resources are abundant in the subregion. In addition to oil, natural gas and coal resources, EAGA offers investment opportunities in the renewable energy sector, taking advantage of geothermal, biomass, hydro and wind power.

text: The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to  in the direction of 145° east longitude, or perhaps by up to . However, because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 µs per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.

text: The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68

text: microsecond

text: s, due to a decrease in the

text: oblateness

text: of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to  in the direction of 145° east

text: longitude

text: , or perhaps by up to . However, because of tidal effects of the

text: Moon

text: , the length of a day increases at an average of 15

text: µs

text: per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural

text: Chandler wobble

text: of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to , will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.

text: While there are some real positives to using renewable sources of energy, there are also some negatives. In the long run, renewable energy might be more cost effective, in the short term there will be a lot of upfront costs to install the equipment to produce renewable energy.  Due to the large upfront cost, many investors are deterred from renewable sources of energy because it will take longer for their investment to be returned.  In addition to the costs of renewable energy, permitting can be a large issue.  The extraction of coal, oil and other fossil fuels from the Earth is a widely known and understood practice.  Renewable energy is not as well known and takes more effort to gain permits.  As society progresses there will be a set of standards that are adopted for the implementation of renewable energy, however, for now this will just add another barrier of entry.

text: Men in Black informant Frank the Pug, an alien disguised as a dog, explains that the missing galaxy is a massive energy source housed in a small jewel. J deduces that the galaxy is hanging on the collar of Rosenberg's cat Orion, which refuses to leave the body at the morgue. J and K arrive just as the bug takes the galaxy and kidnaps the coroner, Laurel Weaver. The Arquillians deliver an ultimatum to Men in Black: return the galaxy within a "galactic standard week", or an hour of Earth time, or they will destroy Earth.

text: Men in Black informant

text: Frank the Pug

text: , an alien disguised as a dog, explains that the missing galaxy is a massive energy source housed in a small jewel. J deduces that the galaxy is hanging on the collar of Rosenberg's cat Orion, which refuses to leave the body at the morgue. J and K arrive just as the bug takes the galaxy and kidnaps the coroner, Laurel Weaver. The Arquillians deliver an ultimatum to Men in Black: return the galaxy within a "galactic standard week", or an hour of Earth time, or they will destroy Earth.

text: Renewable fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources.  Examples include: biofuels (e.g. Vegetable oil used as fuel, ethanol, methanol from clean energy and carbon dioxide or biomass, and biodiesel) and Hydrogen fuel (when produced with renewable processes).  This is in contrast to non-renewable fuels such as natural gas, LPG (propane), petroleum and other fossil fuels and nuclear energy.  Renewable fuels can include fuels that are synthesized from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar.  Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to their sustainability, low contributions to the carbon cycle, and in some cases lower amounts of greenhouse gases.  The geo-political ramifications of these fuels are also of interest, particularly to industrialized economies which desire independence from Middle Eastern oil.

text: Renewable fuels are

text: fuel

text: s produced from renewable resources.  Examples include:

text: biofuels

text: (e.g.

text: Vegetable oil used as fuel

text: ethanol

text: methanol

text: from

text: clean energy and carbon dioxide

text: or biomass, and biodiesel) and

text: Hydrogen

text: fuel (when produced with renewable processes).  This is in contrast to

text: non-renewable

text: fuels such as

text: natural gas

text: LPG

text: propane

text: petroleum

text: and other

text: fossil fuels

text: and

text: nuclear energy

text: .  Renewable fuels can include fuels that are synthesized from

text: renewable energy

text: sources, such as wind and solar.  Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to their

text: sustainability

text: low contributions

text: to the

text: carbon cycle

text: , and in some cases lower amounts of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es.  The geo-political ramifications of these fuels are also of interest, particularly to industrialized economies which desire

text: independence

text: from

text: Middle Eastern

text: oil.

text: When comparing different heat engines as sources of power, such as electric power or the power to run vehicles, the engine efficiency alone is only one factor.  To give a meaningful comparison, the overall efficiency of the entire energy supply chain from the fuel source to the consumer must be considered.  Although the heat wasted by heat engines is usually the largest source of inefficiency, factors such as the energy cost of fuel refining and transportation, and energy loss in electrical transmission lines to transport it, may offset the advantage of a more efficient heat engine.

text: Arguments have been made that fostering renewable energy through subsidies and other adoption-mechanisms are the path towards increasing the percentage of carbon-neutral renewable technologies that are used. According to IEA (2011) energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers, raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production. "Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits. Subsidies to renewables and low-carbon energy technologies can bring long-term economic and environmental benefits". In November 2011, an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said "subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits". The IEA's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand. "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," the IEA said, and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue."

text: Arguments have been made that

text: fostering renewable energy through subsidies

text: and other adoption-mechanisms are the path towards increasing the percentage of carbon-neutral renewable technologies that are used. According to

text: IEA

text: (2011) energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers, raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production. "Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits. Subsidies to renewables and low-carbon energy technologies can bring long-term economic and environmental benefits". In November 2011, an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said "subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits". The IEA's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand. "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," the IEA said, and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue."

text: Robin Collins responds that energy conservation objections misunderstand the role of energy conservation in physics. Well understood scenarios in general relativity violate energy conservation and quantum mechanics provides precedent for causal interactions, or correlation without energy or momentum exchange.

text: Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires petroleum, a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The Pacific Institute calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of manufactured demand for plastic water bottles,  the end result is shortages of fossil fuels. Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.

text: Because the manufacturing and transportation of disposable water bottles requires

text: petroleum

text: , a non-renewable resource, the single-serve bottled water industry has come under pressure from concerned consumers. The

text: Pacific Institute

text: calculates that it required about 17 million barrels of oil to make the disposable plastic bottles for single-serve water that Americans consumed in 2006. To sustain the consumptive use of products relying on plastic components and level of

text: manufactured demand

text: for plastic water bottles,  the end result is shortages of

text: fossil fuels

text: . Furthermore, it means not only a shortage of the raw materials to make plastics, but also a shortage of the energy required to fuel their production.

text: ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. Most cellular functions need energy in order to be carried out: synthesis of proteins, synthesis of membranes, movement of the cell, cellular division, etc. need energy to be performed. The ATP is the molecule that carries energy to the place where the energy is needed. When ATP breaks into ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and P (phosphate), the breakdown of the last covalent link of phosphate (a simple -P04) liberates energy that is used in reactions where it is needed.

text: ATP transports chemical energy within

text: cells

text: for

text: metabolism

text: . Most cellular functions need energy in order to be carried out: synthesis of proteins, synthesis of membranes, movement of the cell, cellular division, etc. need energy to be performed. The ATP is the molecule that carries energy to the place where the energy is needed. When ATP breaks into

text: ADP

text: (Adenosine diphosphate) and

text: P

text: (phosphate), the breakdown of the last covalent link of phosphate (a simple -P04) liberates energy that is used in reactions where it is needed.

text: Although nuclear power is considered a form of low-carbon power, its legal inclusion with renewable energy power sources has been a subject of debate and classification. Statutory definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear energy technologies, with notable exceptions in the states of Utah, and Arizona in the United States, where only a particular implementation of nuclear fission with "waste"/fuel recycling meets the state's criteria. Dictionary sourced definitions of renewable energy technologies often omit or explicitly exclude mention to every nuclear energy source, with an exception made for the natural nuclear decay heat generated within the Earth/geothermal energy.

text: Although

text: nuclear power

text: is considered a form of

text: low-carbon power

text: , its legal inclusion with

text: renewable energy

text: power sources has been a subject of debate and classification.

text: Statutory

text: definitions of renewable energy usually exclude many present nuclear energy technologies, with notable exceptions in the states of

text: Utah

text: , and

text: Arizona

text: in the United States, where only a particular implementation of

text: nuclear fission

text: with "waste"/

text: fuel recycling

text: meets the state's criteria. Dictionary sourced definitions of renewable energy technologies often omit or explicitly exclude mention to every nuclear energy source, with an exception made for the natural nuclear

text: decay heat

text: generated within the Earth/

text: geothermal energy

text: To find actual energy needed per day (Estimated Energy Requirement), the base metabolism must then be multiplied by an activity factor. These are as follows:

text: Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act established the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products other than Automobiles, which gives the Department of Energy the "authority to develop, revise, and implement minimum energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment."  As currently implemented, the Department of Energy enforces test procedures and minimum standards for more than 50 products covering residential, commercial and industrial, lighting, and plumbing applications.

text: Part B of Title III of the

text: Energy Policy and Conservation Act

text: established the

text: Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products other than Automobiles

text: , which gives the

text: Department of Energy

text: the "authority to develop, revise, and implement minimum energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment."  As currently implemented, the Department of Energy enforces test procedures and minimum standards for more than 50 products covering residential, commercial and industrial, lighting, and plumbing applications.

text: The aim of Free Prior Informed consent (FPIC), is to establish bottom up participation and consultation of an Indigenous Population prior to the beginning of a development on ancestral land or using resources within the Indigenous Population's territory. Indigenous people (IP) have a special connection to their land and resources, they inhabit 20% of the earth's surface, these  areas are environmentally rich in both renewable and non-renewable resources.  The collective ownership style of most Indigenous Peoples conflicts with the modern global market and its continuous need for resources and land. To protect Indigenous peoples rights, international human rights law has created process and standards to safeguard their way of life and to encourage participation in the decision making process. One of these methods is the process of FPIC.There is criticism that many international conventions and treaties only require consultation and not consent, which is a much higher threshold. Without the requirement for consent Indigenous People are not able to veto government projects and developments in their area which directly affects their lives and cultures. FPIC allows Indigenous Peoples to have the right to self-determination and self-governance in national and local government decision making process over projects that concern their lives and resources.

text: The aim of Free Prior Informed consent (FPIC), is to establish bottom up participation and consultation of an Indigenous Population prior to the beginning of a development on ancestral land or using resources within the Indigenous Population's territory.

text: Indigenous people

text: (IP) have a special connection to their land and resources, they inhabit 20% of the earth's surface, these  areas are environmentally rich in both renewable and non-renewable resources.  The

text: collective ownership

text: style of most Indigenous Peoples conflicts with the modern global market and its continuous need for resources and land. To protect Indigenous peoples rights, international human rights law has created process and standards to safeguard their way of life and to encourage participation in the decision making process. One of these methods is the process of FPIC.There is criticism that many international conventions and

text: treaties

text: only require

text: consultation

text: and not

text: consent

text: , which is a much higher threshold. Without the requirement for consent Indigenous People are not able to veto government projects and developments in their area which directly affects their lives and cultures. FPIC allows Indigenous Peoples to have the right to

text: self-determination

text: and

text: self-governance

text: in national and local government decision making process over projects that concern their lives and resources.

text: Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

text: Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables.

text: Benjamin K. Sovacool

text: has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

text: EPA's miles per gallon equivalent metric shown in the window sticker does not measure a vehicle's full cycle energy efficiency or well-to-wheel life cycle. Rather, the EPA presents MPGe in the same manner as MPG for conventional internal combustion engine vehicles as displayed in the Monroney sticker, and in both cases the rating only considers the pump-to-wheel or wall-to-wheel energy consumption, i.e. it measures the energy for which the owner usually pays. For EVs the energy cost includes the conversions from AC from the wall used to charge the battery The EPA ratings displayed in window stickers do not account for the energy consumption upstream, which includes the energy or fuel required to generate the electricity or to extract and produce the liquid fuel; the energy losses due to power transmission; or the energy consumed for the transportation of the fuel from the well to the station.

text: EPA's miles per gallon equivalent metric shown in the window sticker does not measure a vehicle's full cycle

text: energy efficiency

text: or

text: well-to-wheel

text: life cycle. Rather, the EPA presents MPGe in the same manner as MPG for conventional

text: internal combustion engine

text: vehicles as displayed in the

text: Monroney sticker

text: , and in both cases the rating only considers the pump-to-wheel or wall-to-wheel energy consumption, i.e. it measures the energy for which the owner usually pays. For EVs the energy cost includes the conversions from AC from the wall used to charge the battery The EPA ratings displayed in window stickers do not account for the energy consumption upstream, which includes the energy or fuel required to generate the electricity or to extract and produce the liquid fuel; the energy losses due to power transmission; or the energy consumed for the transportation of the fuel from the well to the station.

text: In the North American Deserts there are emerging natural resources within the ecosystem. A few natural resources within the desert consist of oil, sunlight, copper, zinc, and water. Some of these resources are renewable and some are non-renewable. Most of these resources are being exploited by humans and most actions are not sustainable.Sunlight is one of the deserts most important resource as it is renewable and has sustainable exploitations. Deserts within North America tend to have fields of solar panels, so they can reuse the sun as energy. Areas such as New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and the Great Basin area, put up fields for green energy. We monitored how the sun provides energy for resources such as plants and animals; we decided to make solar panels to produce energy for us. Water is also a resource found in the desert that can be reused and has sustainable exploitations.

text: The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to sustainable development and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.

text: The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to

text: sustainable development

text: and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.

text: Abu Dhabi, 17th January 2013. Over 160 countries today endorsed the growth of renewable energy in a balanced global energy portfolio and noted the leading role of the UAE and Middle East.  In the Declaration of the Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference (ADIREC), ministers called for a doubling of the world’s share of renewable energy by 2030 under the leadership of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), capping off three days of discussions among government delegations, business leaders, NGOs, and international organizations.  Held this year as part of Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week, the world’s largest annual sustainable energy event with over 30,000 participants, ADIREC is the fifth IREC, building upon successful outcomes in Delhi in 2010 (DIREC), Washington in 2008 (WIREC), Beijing in 2005, and Bonn in 2004.  ADIREC this year also complements the General Assembly of IRENA, the 159 member country organization headquartered in Abu Dhabi. Dr Sultan Al Jaber, the UAE’s Special Envoy for Energy and Climate Change and Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Masdar, commented: “ADIREC and Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week have brought together the world’s renewable energy leaders in Abu Dhabi, home of IRENA, to debate strategies for the rapid expansion of renewable energy globally. The events spotlight the huge transformation in both global and regional energy markets, with billions of dollars of new renewable energy projects in the Gulf alone.” The renewable energy market in the MENA region is rapidly expanding, with a diverse range of countries announcing projects and policies to harness the region’s abundance of renewable energy resources for economic growth and energy security enhancement.  With its strong demographic growth, urbanization and expanding economy, as well as high temperatures, the MENA region is experiencing marked growth in energy and electricity demand, which conference participants and IRENA estimate could be met by renewable energy on a cost-competitive basis. Supporting the discussions, REN21 launched the Renewables Global Futures Report, providing a mosaic of credible renewable energy futures, as well as the Executive Summary of the MENA Renewables Status Report, which highlights the new investment opportunities in the MENA region and the improving direction of underpinning policy frameworks. Mr. Mohamed El-Ashry, Chairman of REN21, said: “With the world’s energy dynamics becoming increasingly complex, there is a need for greater global integration and collaboration to address how the world will power its future generations. The future of renewable energy looks very different today than it did a decade ago. The recent unanimous declaration by the UN General Assembly designating 2014-2024 as the United Nations Decade of Sustainable Energy for All underscores the importance of energy to sustainable development and the need for increased use of renewable sources of energy, energy efficiency, and the sustainable use of traditional energy resources. The UAE has shown tremendous leadership in this area and will continue to do so. I would like to thank the UAE for the excellent collaboration with REN21 on ADIREC and beyond.” ADIREC is jointly organized by the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate of Energy and Climate Change; Masdar, Abu Dhabi’s multi-faceted clean energy company; and REN21, the -based renewable energy policy network.

text: The mission of the NEED Project is to promote an energy conscious and educated society by creating effective networks of students, educators, business, government and community leaders to design and deliver objective, multi-sided energy education programs.

text: When the fuel is heated to high energies the electrons disassociate from the nuclei, which are left as ions in a gas-like plasma. Any particles in a gas are distributed across a wide range of energies in a spectrum known as the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. At any given temperature the majority of the particles are at lower energies, with a "long tail" containing smaller numbers of particles at much higher energies. So while 100 KeV represents a temperature of over one billion degrees, in order to produce fusion events the fuel does not have to be heated to this temperature as a whole. Even at a much lower temperature, the rate of fusion may be high enough to provide useful power output as long as it is confined for some period of time. Increased density also increases the rate, as the energy from the reactions will heat the surrounding fuel and potentially incite fusion in it as well. The combination of temperature, density and confinement time is known as the Lawson criterion.

text: When the fuel is heated to high energies the

text: electron

text: s disassociate from the nuclei, which are left as ions in a gas-like

text: plasma

text: . Any particles in a gas are distributed across a wide range of energies in a spectrum known as the

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

text: . At any given temperature the majority of the particles are at lower energies, with a "long tail" containing smaller numbers of particles at much higher energies. So while 100 KeV represents a temperature of over one billion degrees, in order to produce fusion events the fuel does not have to be heated to this temperature as a whole. Even at a much lower temperature, the rate of fusion may be high enough to provide useful power output as long as it is confined for some period of time. Increased density also increases the rate, as the energy from the reactions will heat the surrounding fuel and potentially incite fusion in it as well. The combination of temperature, density and confinement time is known as the

text: Lawson criterion

text: There is one major factor that had a dramatic influence on the electricity spot prices in the recent years, which is the wind. The portion of the wind energy in the overall electricity production increased significantly in the last couple of years in many European countries due to heavily subsidized governmental programs favoring investments into renewable energy sources. In some countries such as Germany, the wind power installations are required by law to make full use of the prevailing weather conditions and always produce the maximum possible amount of electric energy.Firstly it has to be stated that the wind is a completely flexible energy source per se, since the head of the wind turbine can be rotated, thereby stopping to turn and to produce electric energy. However, this flexibility is taken away by the prevailing environmental and energy laws in order to maximize the share of renewable energy in the production portfolio to the fullest extent possible.Secondly, wind is a highly unpredictable factor and the schedules for wind installations are often far off, despite major efforts to statistically predict the short-term wind conditions.The two above mentioned factors combined introduce a new source of volatility into an already volatile system that gives rise to electricity prices.

text: Decay energy therefore remains associated with a certain measure of mass of the decay system, called invariant mass, which does not change during the decay, even though the energy of decay is distributed among decay particles. The energy of photons, the kinetic energy of emitted particles, and, later, the thermal energy of the surrounding matter, all contribute to the invariant mass of the system. Thus, while the sum of the rest masses of the particles is not conserved in radioactive decay, the system mass and system invariant mass (and also the system total energy) is conserved throughout any decay process. This is a restatement of the equivalent laws of conservation of energy and conservation of mass.

text: Decay energy therefore remains associated with a certain measure of mass of the decay system, called

text: invariant mass

text: , which does not change during the decay, even though the energy of decay is distributed among decay particles. The energy of photons, the kinetic energy of emitted particles, and, later, the thermal energy of the surrounding matter, all contribute to the

text: invariant mass

text: of the system. Thus, while the sum of the rest masses of the particles is not conserved in radioactive decay, the system mass and system

text: invariant mass

text: (and also the system total energy) is conserved throughout any decay process. This is a restatement of the equivalent laws of

text: conservation of energy

text: and

text: conservation of mass

text: Due to evolution and the continuing and largely unpredictable changes that occur over the lifetime of Earth, it is impossible to create a 100% regenerative system. One can only reach 99.999% efficiency, the ultimate goal. However, with the energy material interchange, it is possible to create enough energy to potentially create the equivalent amount of material used to create the system in the first instance.

text: Due to

text: evolution

text: and the continuing and largely unpredictable changes that occur over the lifetime of Earth, it is impossible to create a 100% regenerative system. One can only reach 99.999% efficiency, the ultimate goal. However, with the energy material interchange, it is possible to create enough energy to potentially create the equivalent amount of material used to create the system in the first instance.

text: Similar to many other countries, development of renewable electricity in Australia has been encouraged by government energy policy implemented in response to concerns about climate change, energy independence and economic stimulus. A key policy that has been in place since 2001 to encourage large-scale renewable energy development is a mandatory renewable energy target, which in 2010 was increased to 41,000 gigawatt-hours of renewable generation from power stations. This was subsequently reduced to 33,000 gigawatt-hours by the Abbott Government with the agreement of the Labor opposition. Alongside this there is the Small-Scale Renewable Energy Scheme, an uncapped scheme to support rooftop solar power and solar hot water and several State schemes providing feed-in tariffs to encourage photovoltaics. In 2012, these policies were supplemented by a carbon price and a 10 billion-dollar fund to finance renewable energy projects, although these initiatives were later withdrawn by the Federal Government.

text: Similar to many other countries, development of renewable electricity in Australia has been encouraged by

text: government energy policy

text: implemented in response to concerns about

text: climate change

text: energy independence

text: and economic stimulus. A key policy that has been in place since 2001 to encourage large-scale renewable energy development is a

text: mandatory renewable energy target

text: , which in 2010 was increased to 41,000 gigawatt-hours of renewable generation from power stations. This was subsequently reduced to 33,000 gigawatt-hours by the

text: Abbott Government

text: with the agreement of the Labor opposition. Alongside this there is the Small-Scale Renewable Energy Scheme, an uncapped scheme to support rooftop solar power and solar hot water and several State schemes providing

text: feed-in tariffs

text: to encourage

text: photovoltaics

text: . In 2012, these policies were supplemented by a

text: carbon price

text: and a 10 billion-dollar fund to finance renewable energy projects, although these initiatives were later withdrawn by the Federal Government.

text: GWP has a long history of supporting renewable energy. In 1937, Glendale became one of the first California cities to contract with the Federal Government to purchase hydropower from Hoover Dam, and has been generating electricity using landfill gas from Scholl Canyon since 1994. More recently, GWP has made long term investments in wind, small hydroelectric and geothermal generation resources. In addition, GWP built a 261 KW solar photovoltaic generating system on top of the parking garage at the local community college.GWP adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) in 2004, which is being updated to comply with recent changes in California law. The GWP RPS recognizes the intent of the Californian Legislature to encourage renewable resources, while taking into consideration the effect on rates, reliability, financial resources, and the goal of environmental improvement. The current GWP RPS sets an initial goal of 20% of its annual energy requirements from renewable energy sources through 2015, with a step-up to 25% in 2016 and another step-up to 33% in 2020. Today, GWP proudly provides well over 20% of its energy requirements from renewable resources.

text: GWP has a long history of supporting

text: renewable energy

text: . In 1937, Glendale became one of the first California cities to contract with the Federal Government to purchase hydropower from Hoover Dam, and has been generating electricity using landfill gas from Scholl Canyon since 1994. More recently, GWP has made long term investments in wind, small hydroelectric and geothermal generation resources. In addition, GWP built a 261 KW solar photovoltaic generating system on top of the parking garage at the local community college.GWP adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) in 2004, which is being updated to comply with recent changes in California law. The GWP RPS recognizes the intent of the Californian Legislature to encourage renewable resources, while taking into consideration the effect on rates, reliability, financial resources, and the goal of environmental improvement. The current GWP RPS sets an initial goal of 20% of its annual energy requirements from renewable energy sources through 2015, with a step-up to 25% in 2016 and another step-up to 33% in 2020. Today, GWP proudly provides well over 20% of its energy requirements from renewable resources.

text: Not all energy brokers are consultants; However, the energy brokers who are also consultants will perform a more detailed analysis of a consumers' usage pattern in order to provide a custom rate, which typically results in more cost savings for the consumer.  Typically, they do not need any more information than that of an energy broker, because they can pull usage information from the local utility company.  There are some national energy brokers that use auditing teams to verify their client's invoices.

text: Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called zero ecological footprint, wherein human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

text: Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called

text: zero ecological footprint

text: , wherein human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

text: Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics. Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation.

text: Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives

text: plate tectonics

text: . Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of

text: Earth's total energy budget

text: at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming

text: solar radiation

text: Natural neutron background. A small natural background flux of free neutrons exists everywhere on Earth. In the atmosphere and deep into the ocean, the "neutron background" is caused by muons produced by cosmic ray interaction with the atmosphere. These high energy muons are capable of penetration to considerable depths in water and soil. There, in striking atomic nuclei, among other reactions they induce spallation reactions in which a neutron is liberated from the nucleus. Within the Earth's crust a second source is neutrons produced primarily by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium present in crustal minerals. The neutron background is not strong enough to be a biological hazard, but it is of importance to very high resolution particle detectors that are looking for very rare events, such as (hypothesized) interactions that might be caused by particles of dark matter. Recent research has shown that even thunderstorms can produce neutrons with energies of up to several tens of MeV.

text: Natural neutron background. A small natural background flux of free neutrons exists everywhere on Earth. In the atmosphere and deep into the ocean, the "neutron background" is caused by

text: muon

text: s produced by

text: cosmic ray

text: interaction with the atmosphere. These high energy muons are capable of penetration to considerable depths in water and soil. There, in striking atomic nuclei, among other reactions they induce spallation reactions in which a neutron is liberated from the nucleus. Within the Earth's crust a second source is neutrons produced primarily by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium present in crustal minerals. The neutron background is not strong enough to be a biological hazard, but it is of importance to very high resolution particle detectors that are looking for very rare events, such as (hypothesized) interactions that might be caused by particles of

text: dark matter

text: . Recent research has shown that even thunderstorms can produce neutrons with energies of up to several tens of MeV.

text: When an energy transfer to or from a body is only as heat, state of the body changes. Depending on the surroundings and the walls separating them from the body, various changes are possible in the body. They include chemical reactions, increase of pressure, increase of temperature, and phase change. For each kind of change under specified conditions, the heat capacity is the ratio of the quantity of heat transferred to the magnitude of the change. For example, if the change is an increase in temperature at constant volume, with no phase change and no chemical change, then the temperature of the body rises and its pressure increases. The quantity of heat transferred, , divided by the observed temperature change, , is the body's heat capacity at constant volume, .

text: When an energy transfer to or from a body is only as heat, state of the body changes. Depending on the surroundings and the walls separating them from the body, various changes are possible in the body. They include chemical reactions, increase of pressure, increase of temperature, and phase change. For each kind of change under specified conditions, the heat capacity is the ratio of the quantity of heat transferred to the magnitude of the change. For example, if the change is an increase in temperature at constant volume, with no phase change and no chemical change, then the temperature of the body rises and its pressure increases. The quantity of heat transferred, , divided by the observed temperature change, , is the body's

text: heat capacity

text: at constant volume, .

text: One option being considered is hydrogen. Hydrogen burns clean, and is an extremely abundant atom on Earth. The problem is that hydrogen does not exist by itself on Earth. Instead, it is lock in hydrocarbon molecules and water molecules. Collecting hydrogen, either from reformed methane or electrolysis of water, is a very expensive and energy intensive. Hydrogen cars, either as hydrogen combustion or fuel cells, require the installation of new infrastructure for hydrogen production, transportation, storage, distribution, and vehicle refueling. The current gasoline infrastructure is designed to operate around a liquid fuel, not a gaseous fuel. Current vehicles are not designed to use hydrogen fuel, which would require existing cars to be retrofitted and future cars to be redesigned.

text: One option being considered is

text: hydrogen

text: . Hydrogen burns clean, and is an extremely abundant atom on Earth. The problem is that hydrogen does not exist by itself on Earth. Instead, it is lock in

text: hydrocarbon

text: molecules and water molecules. Collecting hydrogen, either from

text: reformed methane

text: or

text: electrolysis of water

text: , is a very expensive and energy intensive. Hydrogen cars, either as hydrogen combustion or

text: fuel cell

text: s, require the installation of new infrastructure for hydrogen production, transportation, storage, distribution, and vehicle refueling. The current gasoline infrastructure is designed to operate around a liquid fuel, not a gaseous fuel. Current vehicles are not designed to use hydrogen fuel, which would require existing cars to be retrofitted and future cars to be redesigned.

text: There are two sources of high energy particles entering the Earth's atmosphere from outer space: the sun and deep space.  The sun continuously emits particles, primarily free protons, in the solar wind, and occasionally augments the flow hugely with coronal mass ejections (CME).

text: There are two sources of high energy particles entering the Earth's atmosphere from outer space: the sun and deep space.  The sun continuously emits particles, primarily free protons, in the solar wind, and occasionally augments the flow hugely with

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CME).

text: Your energy needs to go to good use.  Let your intuitions take over, follow them where ever they might take you.  The energy that is not active turns into dead weight that weighs you down, everything will become harder.  Your inner fire (intuition or creativity) uses and renews all the energy brought to the task.  React to what is around you in order to find what you're looking for.  Just be sure that the tasks that you put your energy towards are worthy of the energy you give to them.

text: Your energy needs to go to good use.  Let your intuitions take over, follow them where ever they might take you.  The energy that is not active turns into dead weight that weighs you down, everything will become harder.  Your inner fire (

text: intuition

text: or

text: creativity

text: ) uses and renews all the energy brought to the task.  React to what is around you in order to find what you're looking for.  Just be sure that the tasks that you put your energy towards are worthy of the energy you give to them.

text: The Energy Saving Trust was formally established in November 1992. It was formed, as a public-private partnership, in response both to the director-general of Ofgas's 1991 proposal to increase energy efficiency in natural gas use, and to the global June 1992 Earth Summit call to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent global warming and climate change. In the wake of energy-supplier privatisation in the UK, the EST was also specifically formed as an instrument to ensure energy conservation and carbon-emission reduction in a free-market environment.  The structure, scope, nature, and funding of EST's activities and programmes have varied over the years due to governmental policy changes; however its primary focus – on consumers and households – has remained the same. It is the largest provider of energy-saving advice, and has effected significant and measurable savings of energy, money, and carbon.

text: The Energy Saving Trust was formally established in November 1992. It was formed, as a public-private partnership, in response both to the director-general of

text: Ofgas

text: 's 1991 proposal to increase energy efficiency in

text: natural gas

text: use, and to the global June 1992

text: Earth Summit

text: call to reduce

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions and prevent global warming and climate change. In the wake of energy-supplier privatisation in the UK, the EST was also specifically formed as an instrument to ensure energy conservation and carbon-emission reduction in a free-market environment.  The structure, scope, nature, and funding of EST's activities and programmes have varied over the years due to governmental policy changes; however its primary focus – on consumers and households – has remained the same. It is the largest provider of energy-saving advice, and has effected significant and measurable savings of energy, money, and carbon.

text: A point source of neutrinos could help explain the mystery of the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. These cosmic rays have energies high enough that they cannot be contained by galactic magnetic fields (their gyroradii are larger than the radius of the galaxy), so they are believed to come from extra-galactic sources. Astrophysical events which are cataclysmic enough to create such high energy particles would probably also create high energy neutrinos, which could travel to the Earth with very little deflection, because neutrinos interact so rarely. IceCube could observe these neutrinos: its observable energy range is about 100 GeV to several PeV. The more energetic an event is, the larger volume IceCube may detect it in; in this sense, IceCube is more similar to Cherenkov telescopes like the Pierre Auger Observatory (an array of Cherenkov detecting tanks) than it is to other neutrino experiments, such as Super-K (with inward-facing PMTs fixing the fiducial volume).

text: A point source of neutrinos could help explain the mystery of the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. These cosmic rays have energies high enough that they cannot be contained by

text: galactic magnetic fields

text: (their

text: gyroradii

text: are larger than the radius of the galaxy), so they are believed to come from extra-galactic sources. Astrophysical events which are cataclysmic enough to create such high energy particles would probably also create high energy neutrinos, which could travel to the Earth with very little deflection, because neutrinos interact so rarely. IceCube could observe these neutrinos: its observable energy range is about 100 GeV to several PeV. The more energetic an event is, the larger volume IceCube may detect it in; in this sense, IceCube is more similar to Cherenkov telescopes like the

text: Pierre Auger Observatory

text: (an array of Cherenkov detecting tanks) than it is to other neutrino experiments, such as

text: Super-K

text: (with inward-facing PMTs fixing the fiducial volume).

text: Essentially an earth-sheltered, semi-underground structure, the building envelope combines with high performance systems, such as ground source heat pumps, to dramatically reduce energy consumption. A 66-kilowatt photovoltaic array crowns the shade structure along Kent Avenue. This dynamically angled canopy is both an integral part of the architecture and an energy source, which will supply half of the building's annual usage. Although the building is under a hill, all occupied interior spaces are abundantly daylit.

text: Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy that encourages conservation of natural resources. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, geo-exchange systems save homeowners 30–70 percent in heating costs, and 20–50 percent in cooling costs, compared to conventional systems. Geo-exchange systems also save money because they require much less maintenance. In addition to being highly reliable they are built to last for decades.

text: Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy that encourages conservation of natural resources. According to the U.S.

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: geo-exchange

text: systems save homeowners 30–70 percent in heating costs, and 20–50 percent in cooling costs, compared to conventional systems. Geo-exchange systems also save money because they require much less maintenance. In addition to being highly reliable they are built to last for decades.

text: For a vehicle whose source of power is a heat engine (an engine that uses heat to perform useful work), the amount of fuel energy that a vehicle consumes per unit of distance (level road) depends upon:

text: Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice is a 2011 book by the International Energy Agency. The book analyses the recent successes in renewable energy, which now accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide, and addresses how countries can best capitalize on that growth to realise a sustainable energy future. The book says that renewable energy commercialization must be stepped up, especially given the world’s increasing appetite for energy and the need to meet this demand more efficiently and with low-carbon energy sources. Wind power and other renewable energy sources offer great potential to address issues of energy security and sustainability.

text: Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice is a 2011 book by the

text: International Energy Agency

text: . The book analyses the recent successes in

text: renewable energy

text: , which now accounts for almost a fifth of all

text: electricity produced worldwide

text: , and addresses how countries can best capitalize on that growth to realise a

text: sustainable energy

text: future. The book says that

text: renewable energy commercialization

text: must be stepped up, especially given the world’s increasing appetite for energy and the need to meet this demand more efficiently and with low-carbon energy sources.

text: Wind power

text: and other

text: renewable energy

text: sources offer great potential to address issues of

text: energy security

text: and

text: sustainability

text: To ensure the provision of adequate, secure and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous energy resources both non-renewable and renewable energy resources using the latest cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country.

text: To ensure the provision of adequate, secure and cost-effective energy supplies through developing indigenous

text: energy resource

text: s both

text: non-renewable

text: and

text: renewable energy resources

text: using the latest cost options and diversification of supply sources both from within and outside the country.

text: Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. As of 2013, 19% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable resources, with 9% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, 4% from hydroelectricity 1% from biofuels and 4% from biomass, geothermal or solar heat . Popular renewables (wind, solar, geothermal and biomass for power) accounted for another 1.3% and are growing rapidly.

text: Renewable energy is

text: energy

text: that comes from resources which are naturally replenished such as

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: , and

text: geothermal heat

text: . As of 2013, 19% of global final energy consumption comes from

text: renewable resource

text: s, with 9% of all energy from traditional

text: biomass

text: , mainly used for

text: heating

text: , 4% from

text: hydroelectricity

text: 1% from biofuels and 4% from biomass, geothermal or solar heat . Popular renewables (wind, solar, geothermal and biomass for power) accounted for another 1.3% and are growing rapidly.

text: Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)  is a type of fusion energy research that attempts to initiate nuclear fusion reactions by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains a mixture of deuterium and tritium.

text: Inertial confinement fusion

text: (ICF)  is a type of

text: fusion energy

text: research that attempts to initiate nuclear fusion reactions by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains a mixture of

text: deuterium

text: and

text: tritium

text: Since the 2014 Ofgem investigation began, many energy customers have switched to independent energy companies to get better deals and service. According to research from Cornwall Energy, independents have increased their share from 0.2% to 7.6% and 3.8m customers have accounts with smaller, independent suppliers.In December 2014, Utility Warehouse, part of FTSE 250-listed company Telecom Plus became the UK's biggest independent energy supplier through a £218m deal to buy 770,000 existing customers from npower.In September 2014, First Utility announced it was the first independent utility supplier to reach the milestone of 1m customer accounts for gas and electricity – the equivalent of 550,000 customers, which makes it the seventh-largest energy supplier in the UK and the country’s biggest independent energy provider. Since 2009, other entrants into the market include a number of new energy companies including Ovo Energy, Good Energy, Ecotricity, LoCO2 Energy, Flow Energy, Spark Energy, the UK's first energy co-operative The Co-operative Energy and Robin Hood Energy in 2015 as the first Local Authority owned energy company since 1948. Many of these newer entrants are seeing significant growth in customer numbers, in part due to their greater commitment to renewable energy and, in the case of The Co-op, community renewable energy projects.

text: Since the 2014 Ofgem investigation began, many energy customers have switched to independent energy companies to get better deals and service. According to research from Cornwall Energy, independents have increased their share from 0.2% to 7.6% and 3.8m customers have accounts with smaller, independent suppliers.In December 2014,

text: Utility Warehouse

text: , part of FTSE 250-listed company

text: Telecom Plus

text: became the UK's biggest independent energy supplier through a £218m deal to buy 770,000 existing customers from npower.In September 2014, First Utility announced it was the first independent utility supplier to reach the milestone of 1m customer accounts for gas and electricity – the equivalent of 550,000 customers, which makes it the seventh-largest energy supplier in the UK and the country’s biggest independent energy provider. Since 2009, other entrants into the market include a number of new energy companies including

text: Ovo Energy

text: Good Energy

text: Ecotricity

text: LoCO2 Energy

text: Flow Energy

text: Spark Energy

text: , the UK's first

text: energy co-operative

text: The Co-operative Energy

text: and

text: Robin Hood Energy

text: in 2015 as the first Local Authority owned energy company since 1948. Many of these newer entrants are seeing significant growth in customer numbers, in part due to their greater commitment to

text: renewable energy

text: and, in the case of

text: The Co-op

text: community renewable energy

text: projects.

text: Suppose that two super states of interest, A and B, are given. We assume that they have a common configuration space, i.e., they share all of their micro states, but the energies associated to these (and hence the probabilities) differ because of a change in some parameter (such as the strength of a certain interaction).  The basic question to be addressed is, then, how can the Helmholtz free energy change (ΔF = F − F) on moving between the two super states be calculated from sampling in both ensembles? Note that the kinetic energy part in the free energy is equal between states so can be ignored. Note also that the Gibbs free energy corresponds to the NpT ensemble.

text: Suppose that two super states of interest, A and B, are given. We assume that they have a common configuration space, i.e., they share all of their micro states, but the energies associated to these (and hence the probabilities) differ because of a change in some parameter (such as the strength of a certain interaction).  The basic question to be addressed is, then, how can the

text: Helmholtz free energy

text: change (ΔF = F − F) on moving between the two super states be calculated from sampling in both ensembles? Note that the kinetic energy part in the free energy is equal between states so can be ignored. Note also that the

text: Gibbs free energy

text: corresponds to the NpT ensemble.

text: The law of conservation of energy implies that in the absence of energy dissipation or applied torques, the angular kinetic energy

text: The law of

text: conservation of energy

text: implies that in the absence of energy dissipation or applied torques, the angular kinetic energy

text: In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structures, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants.

text: In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its

text: atomic

text: molecular

text: or aggregate

text: structure

text: . Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structures, it is invariably accompanied by an

text: increase

text: or

text: decrease

text: of

text: energy

text: of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or

text: light

text: ; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants.

text: Heat from Earth's interior can be used as an energy source, known as geothermal energy. The geothermal gradient has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient Roman times, and more recently for generating electricity. As the human population continues to grow, so does energy use and the correlating environmental impacts that are consistent with global primary sources of energy. This has caused a growing interest in finding sources of energy that are renewable and have reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In areas of high geothermal energy density, current technology allows for the generation of electrical power because of the corresponding high temperatures. Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%. In order to extract geothermal energy, it is necessary to efficiently transfer heat from a geothermal reservoir to a power plant, where electrical energy is converted from heat. On a worldwide scale, the heat stored in Earth's interior provides an energy that is still seen as an exotic source. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications. Because heat is flowing through every square meter of land, it can be used for a source of energy for heating, air conditioning (HVAC) and ventilating systems using ground source heat pumps.  In areas where modest heat flow is present, geothermal energy can be used for industrial applications that presently rely on fossil fuels.

text: Heat from Earth's interior can be used as an energy source, known as

text: geothermal energy

text: . The geothermal gradient has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient Roman times, and more recently for generating electricity. As the human population continues to grow, so does energy use and the correlating environmental impacts that are consistent with global primary sources of energy. This has caused a growing interest in finding sources of energy that are renewable and have reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In areas of high geothermal energy density, current technology allows for the generation of electrical power because of the corresponding high temperatures. Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%. In order to extract geothermal energy, it is necessary to efficiently transfer heat from a geothermal reservoir to a power plant, where electrical energy is converted from heat. On a worldwide scale, the heat stored in Earth's interior provides an energy that is still seen as an exotic source. About 10 GW of

text: geothermal electric

text: capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct

text: geothermal heating

text: capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications. Because heat is flowing through every square meter of land, it can be used for a source of energy for heating, air conditioning (HVAC) and ventilating systems using ground source heat pumps.  In areas where modest heat flow is present, geothermal energy can be used for industrial applications that presently rely on fossil fuels.

text: Proponents of degrowth argue that decreasing demand is the only way of permanently closing the demand gap. For renewable resources, demand, and therefore production, must also be brought down to levels that prevent depletion and are environmentally healthy. Moving toward a society that is not dependent on oil is seen as essential to avoiding societal collapse when non-renewable resources are depleted. "But degrowth is not just a quantitative question of doing less of the same, it is also and, more fundamentally, about a paradigmatic re-ordering of values, in particular the (re)affirmation of social and ecological values and a (re)politicisation of the economy".

text: Proponents of degrowth argue that decreasing demand is the only way of permanently closing the demand gap. For renewable resources, demand, and therefore production, must also be brought down to levels that prevent depletion and are environmentally healthy. Moving toward a society that is not dependent on oil is seen as essential to avoiding

text: societal collapse

text: when non-renewable resources are depleted. "But degrowth is not just a quantitative question of doing less of the same, it is also and, more fundamentally, about a paradigmatic re-ordering of values, in particular the (re)affirmation of social and ecological values and a (re)politicisation of the economy".

text: The fuel feed system of the Ayaks engine is also novel. When the aircraft reaches hypersonic speed, it uses the heating energy from air friction to increase the heat capacity of the fuel ("reform" the fuel). The aircraft has double shielding between which water and ordinary, cheap kerosene circulates. The energy of surface heating is used to break up water into hydrogen and oxygen. Thus, the heating capacity of the fuel increases, and the surface of the aircraft cools down. The whole concept is named "Magneto-plasmo-chemical engine" (Магнитоплазмохимический двигатель).

text: The

text: fuel feed

text: system of the Ayaks engine is also novel. When the aircraft reaches

text: hypersonic

text: speed, it uses the heating energy from

text: air friction

text: to increase the heat capacity of the fuel ("

text: reform

text: " the fuel). The aircraft has double shielding between which

text: water

text: and ordinary, cheap

text: kerosene

text: circulates. The energy of surface heating is used to break up water into

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: . Thus, the heating capacity of the fuel increases, and the surface of the aircraft cools down. The whole concept is named "Magneto-plasmo-chemical engine" (Магнитоплазмохимический двигатель).

text: Natural resources can be categorized on the basis of renewability:

text: Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or renewable energy sources (biomass, geothermal, wind or solar energy), when they are used for the energy they contain. Energy is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do work or produce heat. Some energy commodities, called fuels, release their energy content as heat when they burn. This heat could be used to run an internal or external combustion engine.

text: Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as

text: coal

text: crude oil

text: natural gas

text: electricity

text: , or renewable energy sources (

text: biomass

text: geothermal

text: wind

text: or

text: solar energy

text: ), when they are used for the energy they contain.

text: Energy

text: is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do

text: work

text: or produce

text: heat

text: . Some energy commodities, called

text: fuels

text: , release their energy content as heat when they

text: burn

text: . This heat could be used to run an

text: internal

text: or

text: external combustion engine

text: The ocean comprises an enormous energy source. Covering almost two-third of the surface of the earth, the ocean captures 70% of the solar energy that irradiates on earth. It is estimated that the solar energy that is absorbed by the ocean per year, exceeds the human energy consumption more than 4000 times. Recent research concludes that there is between 7 and 30 terawatt of electric potential energy available without having an adverse impact on natural thermal currents and ocean temperatures, this equals three to ten times the global electricity demand. This vast resource has been recognized worldwide in recent reports from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the International Panel on Climate Change.

text: The ocean comprises an enormous energy source. Covering almost two-third of the surface of the earth, the ocean captures 70% of the solar energy that irradiates on earth. It is estimated that the solar energy that is absorbed by the ocean per year, exceeds the human energy consumption more than 4000 times. Recent research concludes that there is between 7 and 30

text: terawatt

text: of electric potential energy available without having an adverse impact on natural thermal currents and ocean temperatures, this equals three to ten times the global electricity demand. This vast resource has been recognized worldwide in recent reports from the

entity_name: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

text: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

text: (IIASA) and the

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: International Panel on Climate Change

text: Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes  e.g. sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Renewable energy

text: refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes  e.g.

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: biomass

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: and

text: geothermal heat

text: . Renewable energy may replace or enhance fossil energy supply various distinct areas:

text: electricity generation

text: hot water

text: space heating

text: motor fuel

text: s, and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different acoustic impedances, the seismic energy is either refracted, reflected back towards the surface or attenuated by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by geophones that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a geophysicist views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

text: Seismic waves are

text: elastic waves

text: that propagate through the

text: Earth

text: with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different

text: acoustic impedance

text: s, the seismic energy is either

text: refracted

text: reflected

text: back towards the surface or

text: attenuated

text: by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by

text: geophone

text: s that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a

text: geophysicist

text: views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

text: Renewable resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.

text: Renewable

text: resources and significant opportunities for

text: energy efficiency

text: exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.

text: Figures of energy consumption used in statistics are energy sources marketed through major energy industries. Therefore, some small scale but frequent consumption of energy source like firewood, charcoal  peat, water wheel, wind mill are not in its count.In countries, which does not have such developed energy industries or people with highly self energy efficient life style, report smaller energy consumption figures.

text: Figures of energy consumption used in statistics are energy sources marketed through major energy industries. Therefore, some small scale but frequent consumption of energy source like

text: firewood

text: charcoal

text: peat

text: water wheel

text: wind mill

text: are not in its count.In countries, which does not have such developed energy industries or people with highly self energy efficient life style, report smaller energy consumption figures.

text: In special relativity, needed for accuracy when large energy transfers between systems is involved, the difference between thermodynamically closed and isolated systems becomes important, since conservation of mass is strictly and perfectly upheld only for so-called isolated systems, i.e. those completely isolated from all exchanges with the environment. In this circumstance, the mass–energy equivalence theorem states that mass conservation is equivalent to total energy conservation, which is the first law of thermodynamics. By contrast, for a thermodynamically closed system (i.e., one which is closed to exchanges of matter, but open to exchanges of non-material energy, such as heat and work, with the surroundings) mass is (usually) only approximately conserved. The input or output of non-material energy must change the mass of the system in relativity theory, although the change is usually small, since relatively large amounts of such energy (by comparison with ordinary experience) carry only a small amount of mass (again by ordinary standards of measurement).

text: In

text: special relativity

text: , needed for accuracy when large energy transfers between systems is involved, the difference between thermodynamically

text: closed

text: and

text: isolated system

text: s becomes important, since conservation of mass is strictly and perfectly upheld only for so-called isolated systems, i.e. those completely isolated from all exchanges with the environment. In this circumstance, the

text: mass–energy equivalence

text: theorem states that mass conservation is equivalent to total energy conservation, which is the

text: first law of thermodynamics

text: . By contrast, for a thermodynamically closed system (i.e., one which is closed to exchanges of matter, but open to exchanges of non-material energy, such as heat and work, with the surroundings) mass is (usually) only approximately conserved. The input or output of non-material energy must change the mass of the system in relativity theory, although the change is usually small, since relatively large amounts of such energy (by comparison with ordinary experience) carry only a small amount of mass (again by ordinary standards of measurement).

text: A nonlinear crystal is used to split photon beams into pairs of photons that, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum, have combined energies and momenta equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon and crystal lattice, are phase-matched in the frequency domain, and have correlated polarizations.  (The state of the crystal is unchanged by the process.) The momentum conservation (by looking only on the Photons) is only valid inside the crystal, what is often not clearly described in Literature. If the Photons would conserve momentum and energy also outside the crystal, they would have to go both to the same direction then the incoming pump photon, which can be proofed easily. So the crystal does get some momentum when the photons leave the crystal.  If the photons share the same polarization it is deemed Type I correlation; if they have perpendicular polarizations it is deemed Type II. There is no polarization correlation between successive photon sets.

text: A

text: nonlinear crystal

text: is used to split

text: photon

text: beams into pairs of photons that, in accordance with the

text: law of conservation of energy

text: and

text: law of conservation of momentum

text: , have combined energies and momenta equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon and crystal lattice, are

text: phase-matched

text: in the frequency domain, and have correlated

text: polarizations

text: .  (The state of the crystal is unchanged by the process.) The momentum conservation (by looking only on the Photons) is only valid inside the crystal, what is often not clearly described in Literature. If the Photons would conserve momentum and energy also outside the crystal, they would have to go both to the same direction then the incoming pump photon, which can be proofed easily. So the crystal does get some momentum when the photons leave the crystal.  If the photons share the same polarization it is deemed Type I correlation; if they have perpendicular polarizations it is deemed Type II. There is no polarization correlation between successive photon sets.

text: Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The lower-energy, longer-wavelength part of the spectrum including visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves is non-ionizing; its main effect when interacting with tissue is heating. This type of radiation only damages cells if the intensity is high enough to cause excessive heating. Ultraviolet radiation has some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. While the part of the ultraviolet spectrum that penetrates the Earth's atmosphere is non-ionizing, this radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than can be accounted for by heating effects, sunburn being a well-known example. These properties derive from ultraviolet's power to alter chemical bonds, even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms.

text: Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of

text: ultraviolet light

text: constitute the ionizing part of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: . The lower-energy, longer-wavelength part of the spectrum including visible light,

text: infrared light

text: microwaves

text: , and radio waves is non-ionizing; its main effect when interacting with tissue is heating. This type of radiation only damages cells if the intensity is high enough to cause excessive heating. Ultraviolet radiation has some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. While the part of the ultraviolet spectrum that penetrates the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: is non-ionizing, this radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than can be accounted for by heating effects,

text: sunburn

text: being a well-known example. These properties derive from ultraviolet's power to alter chemical bonds, even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms.

text: In a world governed by the second law of thermodynamics, all isolated systems are expected to approach a state of maximum disorder. Since life approaches and maintains a highly ordered state, some argue that this seems to violate the aforementioned Second Law implying that there is a paradox. However, since the biosphere is not an isolated system, there is no paradox. The increase of order inside an organism is more than paid for by an increase in disorder outside this organism by the loss of heat into the environment. By this mechanism, the Second Law is obeyed, and life maintains a highly ordered state, which it sustains by causing a net increase in disorder in the Universe. In order to increase the complexity on Earth — as life does — free energy is needed. Free energy for life here on Earth is provided by the Sun.

text: In a world governed by the

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: , all

text: isolated system

text: s are expected to approach a state of maximum disorder. Since life approaches and maintains a highly ordered state, some argue that this seems to violate the aforementioned Second Law implying that there is a paradox. However, since the

text: biosphere

text: is not an isolated system, there is no paradox. The increase of order inside an organism is more than paid for by an increase in disorder outside this organism by the loss of heat into the environment. By this mechanism, the Second Law is obeyed, and life maintains a highly ordered state, which it sustains by causing a net increase in disorder in the Universe. In order to increase the complexity on Earth — as life does —

text: free energy

text: is needed. Free energy for life here on Earth is provided by the Sun.

text: Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission such as occurs in nuclear reactors, and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion.

text: Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring

text: radioisotope

text: s such as

text: , and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with

text: cosmic ray

text: particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are

text: lightning strike

text: s and

text: terrestrial gamma-ray flash

text: es, which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of

text: bremsstrahlung

text: , inverse

text: Compton scattering

text: and

text: synchrotron radiation

text: . A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include

text: fission

text: such as occurs in

text: nuclear reactor

text: s, and high energy physics experiments, such as

text: neutral pion decay

text: and

text: nuclear fusion

text: Natural gas  is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants, gases, and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in natural gas. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and even a lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide.  Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.

text: Natural gas  is a

text: fossil fuel

text: formed when layers of buried plants, gases, and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in natural gas. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. Natural gas is a

text: hydrocarbon

text: gas

text: mixture consisting primarily of

text: methane

text: , but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher

text: alkanes

text: and even a lesser percentage of

text: carbon dioxide

text: nitrogen

text: , and

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: .  Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of

text: plastics

text: and other commercially important

text: organic chemicals

text: In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.

text: In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one

text: mole

text: of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.

text: Interest in renewable energy in the UK has increased in recent years due to new UK and EU targets for reductions in carbon emissions and the promotion of renewable electricity power generation through commercial incentives such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate scheme (ROCs) and Feed in tariffs (FITs) and the promotion of renewable heat through the Renewable Heat Incentive. Historically hydroelectric schemes were the largest producers of renewable electricity in the UK, but these have now been surpassed by wind power schemes, for which the UK has large potential resources.

text: Interest in renewable energy in the UK has increased in recent years due to new UK and EU targets for reductions in carbon emissions and the promotion of renewable electricity power generation through commercial incentives such as the

text: Renewable Obligation Certificate scheme (ROCs)

text: and

text: Feed in tariffs (FITs)

text: and the promotion of renewable heat through the

text: Renewable Heat Incentive

text: . Historically hydroelectric schemes were the largest producers of renewable electricity in the UK, but these have now been surpassed by wind power schemes, for which the UK has large potential resources.

text: In terms of its fields of research the UFZ focuses on three core subject areas as well as three cross-sectional competence areas (see diagram). These are assigned to the Helmholtz Research Fields of Earth and Environment (Research programme „Terrestrial Environment“ / accounting for 85 percent of UFZ resources), Health (Research Programme “Environmental Health“ / 8 percent) as well as Energy (Research Programmes „Renewable Energies“ and „Technology, Innovation and Society“ / 7 percent).

text: In terms of its fields of research the UFZ focuses on three core subject areas as well as three cross-sectional competence areas (see diagram). These are assigned to the Helmholtz Research Fields of Earth and Environment (Research programme „

text: Terrestrial Environment

text: “ / accounting for 85 percent of UFZ resources),

text: Health

text: (Research Programme “Environmental Health“ / 8 percent) as well as

text: Energy

text: (Research Programmes „Renewable Energies“ and „Technology, Innovation and Society“ / 7 percent).

text: According to the United States Department of Energy, the wide range of its current and projected uses, together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement, makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies - even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015.  As of late 2015, there is a nascent rare earth (including dysprosium) extraction industry in Australia.

text: According to the

text: United States Department of Energy

text: , the wide range of its current and projected uses, together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement, makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies - even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015.  As of late 2015, there is a nascent rare earth (including dysprosium) extraction industry in Australia.

text: is the Hilbert stress–energy tensor of the field generated by the earth.

text: is the

text: Hilbert stress–energy tensor

text: of the field generated by the earth.

text: The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons and related oxygen-containing molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.

text: The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted into

text: mechanical energy

text: via a

text: heat engine

text: . Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth,

text: cooking

text: , or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the

text: cells

text: of

text: organisms

text: in a process known as

text: cellular respiration

text: , where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy.

text: Hydrocarbons

text: and related oxygen-containing molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.

text: Geothermal energy could also be used in Albania. It comes from warm water sources from underground soil. Geothermal energy comes from the heat generated by the Earth. There are some spots called hot spots that generate more heat than others. There are natural wells near Albania’s border with Greece. This energy could be used for heating purposes. Geothermal energy in Albania is under study and there have been no attempts to use it yet.

text: As well as material concerns and application issues, economics come into play. Where the traditional textile print industry is accustomed to mass production with long-runs, the digital inkjet business mostly produces short-run non-textile products. This approach to digital textile printing is very different, and so is the expectation. Where sign-makers are familiar with a single process system, traditional textile printing is accustomed to several production steps. In the balance of the economics behind production needs, it is important to understand the entire production flow. An example lies with the choice of fixation equipment and the subsequent implication of energy and resource cost; for example, a steamer needs water and energy, and a calender needs to heat up and uses lots of energy plus considerable amounts of paper.

text: The Sun delivers almost 4 million exajoules (EJ) of energy to the Earth. Various technologies are being developed to exploit this huge energy source.

text: The

text: Sun

text: delivers almost 4 million

text: exajoules

text: (EJ) of energy to the Earth. Various technologies are being developed to exploit this huge energy source.

text: Waste-to-energy   (WtE) or energy-from-waste  (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat  from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

text: Waste-to-energy   (WtE) or energy-from-waste  (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of

text: electricity

text: and/or

text: heat

text: from the primary treatment of

text: waste

text: . WtE is a form of

text: energy recovery

text: . Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as

text: methane

text: methanol

text: ethanol

text: or

text: synthetic fuel

text: s.

text: In 1918 it was proved that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.  That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's theorem).

text: In 1918 it was proved that the law of

text: conservation of energy

text: is the direct mathematical consequence of the

text: translational

text: symmetry

text: of the quantity

text: conjugate

text: to energy, namely

text: time

text: .  That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see

text: Noether's theorem

text: A somewhat different, but equivalent, view of the situation may be noted by considering  conservation of energy.  It is a theorem of classical mechanics that a body moving in a time-independent potential field will have its total energy, E = T + V, conserved, where E is total energy,  T is kinetic energy (always non-negative) and V is potential energy, which is negative.  It is apparent then, since V = -GM/R near a gravitating body of mass M, that seen from a stationary frame, V will be increasing for the region behind M, and decreasing for the region in front of it.  However, orbits with lower total energy have shorter periods, and so a body moving slowly on the forward side of a planet will lose energy, fall into a shorter-period orbit, and thus slowly move away, or be "repelled" from it.  Bodies moving slowly on the trailing side of the planet will gain energy, rise to a higher, slower,  orbit, and thereby fall behind, similarly repelled.  Thus a small body can move back and forth between a leading and a trailing position, never approaching too close to the planet that dominates the region.

text: A somewhat different, but equivalent, view of the situation may be noted by considering

text: conservation of energy

text: .  It is a theorem of classical mechanics that a body moving in a time-independent potential field will have its total energy, E = T + V, conserved, where E is total energy,  T is kinetic energy (always non-negative) and V is potential energy, which is negative.  It is apparent then, since V = -GM/R near a gravitating body of mass M, that seen from a stationary frame, V will be increasing for the region behind M, and decreasing for the region in front of it.  However, orbits with lower total energy have shorter periods, and so a body moving slowly on the forward side of a planet will lose energy, fall into a shorter-period orbit, and thus slowly move away, or be "repelled" from it.  Bodies moving slowly on the trailing side of the planet will gain energy, rise to a higher, slower,  orbit, and thereby fall behind, similarly repelled.  Thus a small body can move back and forth between a leading and a trailing position, never approaching too close to the planet that dominates the region.

text: Aircraft-specific energy is a form of specific energy applied to aircraft and missile trajectory analysis. It represents the combined kinetic and potential energy of the vehicle at any given time. It is the total energy of the vehicle (relative to the Earth's surface) per unit weight of the vehicle and being independent of the mass of the vehicle provides a powerful tool for the design of optimal trajectories. Aircraft-specific energy is very similar to specific orbital energy except that it is expressed as a positive quantity.  A zero value of aircraft-specific energy is at the Earth's surface and increases as speed and altitude increases. Orbital specific energy is zero at infinite altitude and decreases as one approaches the surface of the earth.  As with other forms of specific energy, aircraft-specific energy is an intensive property and is represented in units of length since it is independent of the mass of the vehicle.

text: Aircraft-specific energy is a form of

text: specific energy

text: applied to aircraft and missile

text: trajectory

text: analysis. It represents the combined

text: kinetic

text: and potential energy of the vehicle at any given time. It is the total energy of the vehicle (relative to the Earth's surface) per unit weight of the vehicle and being independent of the mass of the vehicle provides a powerful tool for the design of optimal trajectories. Aircraft-specific energy is very similar to

text: specific orbital energy

text: except that it is expressed as a positive quantity.  A zero value of aircraft-specific energy is at the Earth's surface and increases as speed and altitude increases. Orbital specific energy is zero at infinite altitude and decreases as one approaches the surface of the earth.  As with other forms of specific energy, aircraft-specific energy is an

text: intensive property

text: and is represented in units of length since it is independent of the mass of the vehicle.

text: But shifting the focus of sustainable development from conservation to development has had the imperceptible effect of stretching the original forest management term of sustainable yield from the use of renewable resources only (like forestry), to now also accounting for the use of non-renewable resources (like minerals). This stretching of the term has been questioned. Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall 'sustainable development' in an industrialised world economy that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of Earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources:

text: But shifting the focus of sustainable development from conservation to development has had the imperceptible effect of stretching the original forest management term of

text: sustainable yield

text: from the use of renewable resources only (like forestry), to now also accounting for the use of non-renewable resources (like

text: minerals

text: ). This stretching of the term has been questioned. Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall 'sustainable development' in an industrialised

text: world economy

text: that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of Earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources:

text:
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 36| March 1| @ Orlando| | Kevin Durant (38)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Amway Center
18,846| 29–7|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 37| March 3| @ Atlanta| | Kevin Durant (35)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (4)| Philips Arena
18,087| 29–8|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 38| March 5| Dallas| | Russell Westbrook (24)| Kendrick Perkins (14)| James Harden (4)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 30–8|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 39| March 7| Phoenix| | Russell Westbrook (31)| Serge Ibaka (20)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 31–8|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 40| March 9| Cleveland| | Kevin Durant (23)| Kevin Durant (8)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 31–9|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 41| March 10| Charlotte| | James Harden (33)| Kevin Durant (7)| Reggie Jackson (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 32–9|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 42| March 13| Houston| | Kevin Durant (28)| Kevin Durant (12)| James Harden (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 32–10|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 43| March 15| @ Denver| | Kevin Durant (24)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Pepsi Center
18,458| 33–10|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 44| March 16| San Antonio| | Russell Westbrook (36)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 33–11|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 45| March 18| Portland| | Russell Westbrook (28)| Serge Ibaka (8)| James Harden (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 34–11|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 46| March 20| @ Utah| | Russell Westbrook (23)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (3)| EnergySolutions Arena
18,138| 34–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 47| March 21| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (9)| Kevin Durant
James Harden (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 35–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 48| March 23| Minnesota| | Russell Westbrook (45)| Kevin Durant (17)| James Harden
Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 36–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 49| March 25| Miami| | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 37–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 50| March 27| @ Portland| | Russell Westbrook (32)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Rose Garden
20,626| 38–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 51| March 29| @ L.A. Lakers| | Russell Westbrook (36)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Staples Center
18,997| 39–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 52| April 1| Chicago| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook  (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–12|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 53| April 2| Memphis| | Kevin Durant (21)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| James Harden (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–13|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 54| April 4| @ Miami| | Kevin Durant (30)| Serge Ibaka
Kendrick Perkins
Nick Collison (7)| James Harden (5)| American Airlines Arena
20,104| 40–14|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 55| April 6| @ Indiana| | Kevin Durant (44)| Russell Westbrook  (11)| Russell Westbrook  (9)| Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165| 40–15|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 56| April 8| Toronto| | Kevin Durant (23)| Nick Collison (9)| Russell Westbrook  (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 41–15|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 57| April 9| @ Milwaukee| | Russell Westbrook  (26)| Kendrick Perkins
Russell Westbrook
Nick Collison (7)| Kevin Durant (8)| Bradley Center
14,111| 42–15|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 58| April 11| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (22)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook  (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 42–16|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 59| April 13| Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (29)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Russell Westbrook  (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 43–16|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 60| April 14| @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (43)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook  (8)| Target Center
19,552| 44–16|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 61| April 16| @ L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (24)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| James Harden
Russell Westbrook (3)| Staples Center
19,516| 44–17|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 62| April 18| @ Phoenix| | James Harden (40)| Kevin Durant (11)| | Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (5)| US Airways Center
14,873| 45–17|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 63| April 20| @ Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (29)| Kevin Durant (14)| Kevin Durant (7)| Power Balance Pavilion
16,882| 46–17|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 64| April 22| @ L.A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (35)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Staples Center
18,997| 46–18|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 65| April 24| Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 47–18|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 66| April 25| Denver| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kendrick Perkins
Russell Westbrook (6)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 47–19

text: |- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 36| March 1| @

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Amway Center

text: <br>18,846| 29–7|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 37| March 3| @

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>18,087| 29–8|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 38| March 5|

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 30–8|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 39| March 7|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 31–8|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 40| March 9|

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 31–9|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 41| March 10|

text: Charlotte

text: James Harden

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 32–9|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 42| March 13|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 32–10|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 43| March 15| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>18,458| 33–10|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 44| March 16|

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 33–11|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 45| March 18|

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 34–11|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 46| March 20| @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>18,138| 34–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 47| March 21|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 35–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 48| March 23|

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: James Harden

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 36–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 49| March 25|

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 37–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 50| March 27| @

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Rose Garden

text: <br>20,626| 38–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 51| March 29| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 39–12|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 52| April 1|

text: Chicago

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–12|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 53| April 2|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–13|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 54| April 4| @

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: <br>

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: <br>

text: Nick Collison

text: James Harden

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>20,104| 40–14|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 55| April 6| @

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>18,165| 40–15|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 56| April 8|

text: Toronto

text: Kevin Durant

text: Nick Collison

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 41–15|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 57| April 9| @

text: Milwaukee

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: Nick Collison

text: Kevin Durant

text: Bradley Center

text: <br>14,111| 42–15|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 58| April 11|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 42–16|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 59| April 13|

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 43–16|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 60| April 14| @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>19,552| 44–16|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 61| April 16| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: James Harden

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,516| 44–17|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 62| April 18| @

text: Phoenix

text: James Harden

text: Kevin Durant

text: (11)| |

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>14,873| 45–17|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 63| April 20| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Power Balance Pavilion

text: <br>16,882| 46–17|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 64| April 22| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 46–18|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 65| April 24|

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 47–18|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 66| April 25|

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 47–19

text: In classical thermodynamics, a commonly considered model is the heat engine. It consists of four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A cyclic process leaves the working body in an unchanged state, and is envisaged as being repeated indefinitely often. Work transfers between the working body and the work reservoir are envisaged as reversible, and thus only one work reservoir is needed. But two thermal reservoirs are needed, because transfer of energy as heat is irreversible. A single cycle sees energy taken by the working body from the hot reservoir and sent to the two other reservoirs, the work reservoir and the cold reservoir. The hot reservoir always and only supplies energy and the cold reservoir always and only receives energy. The second law of thermodynamics requires that no cycle can occur in which no energy is received by the cold reservoir. Heat engines achieve higher efficiency when the difference between initial and final temperature is greater.

text: In classical thermodynamics, a commonly considered model is the

text: heat engine

text: . It consists of four bodies: the working body, the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the work reservoir. A cyclic process leaves the working body in an unchanged state, and is envisaged as being repeated indefinitely often. Work transfers between the working body and the work reservoir are envisaged as reversible, and thus only one work reservoir is needed. But two thermal reservoirs are needed, because transfer of energy as heat is irreversible. A single cycle sees energy taken by the working body from the hot reservoir and sent to the two other reservoirs, the work reservoir and the cold reservoir. The hot reservoir always and only supplies energy and the cold reservoir always and only receives energy. The second law of thermodynamics requires that no cycle can occur in which no energy is received by the cold reservoir. Heat engines achieve higher efficiency when the difference between initial and final temperature is greater.

text: The energy provided by tidal flexing drives active geological processes within Europa's interior, just as they do to a far more obvious degree on its sister moon Io. Although Europa, like the Earth, may possess an internal energy source from radioactive decay, the energy generated by tidal flexing would be several orders of magnitude greater than any radiological source. The energy from tidal flexing could never support an ecosystem in Europa's ocean as large and diverse as the photosynthesis-based ecosystem on Earth's surface. Life on Europa could exist clustered around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, or below the ocean floor, where endoliths are known to inhabit on Earth. Alternatively, it could exist clinging to the lower surface of Europa's ice layer, much like algae and bacteria in Earth's polar regions, or float freely in Europa's ocean. If Europa's ocean is too cold, biological processes similar to those known on Earth could not take place. If it is too salty, only extreme halophiles could survive in that environment.

text: The energy provided by

text: tidal flexing

text: drives active geological processes within Europa's interior, just as they do to a far more obvious degree on its sister moon

text: Io

text: . Although Europa, like the Earth, may possess an internal energy source from radioactive decay, the energy generated by tidal flexing would be several orders of magnitude greater than any radiological source. The energy from tidal flexing could never support an ecosystem in Europa's ocean as large and diverse as the photosynthesis-based ecosystem on Earth's surface. Life on Europa could exist clustered around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, or below the ocean floor, where

text: endolith

text: s are known to inhabit on Earth. Alternatively, it could exist clinging to the lower surface of Europa's ice layer, much like algae and bacteria in Earth's polar regions, or float freely in Europa's ocean. If Europa's ocean is too cold, biological processes similar to those known on Earth could not take place. If it is too salty, only extreme

text: halophile

text: s could survive in that environment.

text: With a substantial potential for the renewable energy resources, Turkey holds seventh position in the world (and first in Europe) in terms of geothermal energy. It has also planned to further increase its hydro, wind and solar energy resources. Turkey envisages producing 30% of its electricity need from the renewable by 2023.

text: In the autumn of 2008, Anders Eldrup stated that DONG Energy is to develop from being a company, where most of the electricity and power is produced from fossil fuels to a company where renewable energy dominates. Eldrup calls this the 85/15 vision because today, about 85 percent of DONG Energy's heat and power production comes from fossil fuels whereas 15 percent comes from renewable energy. Eldrup has declared that by 2040 DONG Energy will have changed the fraction, so that 85 percent come from renewable energy and by 2020, half of DONG Energy’s heat and power production will come from renewable energy.

text: Hydro-electric, wind and solar power all derive their energy from the Sun. The Sun emits more energy in one second (3.827 × 10 J) than is available in all of the fossil fuels present on earth (3.9 × 10 J), and therefore has the potential to provide all of our current and future global energy requirements. Since the solar source for renewable energy is clean and free, African nations can protect their people, their environment, and their future economic development by using renewable energy sources to this end they have a number of possible options.

text: Global Wind Day partners organised 250 events around the globe in 2012, from wind farm open days to workshops, fromphoto exhibition to regattas, from kite-flying to charity runs. For the first time, this included events inMexico, Chile, Israel, South Korea and South Africa.Global Wind Day 2012 gained the support of 18 GWD Ambassadors,who were joined by the Danish Presidency of the EU and the United Nations. Kandeh K. Yumkella, the Director-General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and the leader of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s Sustainable Energy for All initiative said, ‘We need to double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. This can be achieved with significant contribution from wind energy, both grid connected andfor small-scale decentralised systems. The ‘Global Wind Day’ on 15 June, does play a central role in contributing to the UNSG’s Sustainable Energy For All initiative through galvanising the much needed support for the wind energy industry from political leaders around the globe’.The ‘Wind in Mind’ photo competition saw 2,300 photos from over 40 countries submitted.

text: Global Wind Day partners organised 250 events around the globe in 2012, from wind farm open days to workshops, fromphoto exhibition to regattas, from kite-flying to charity runs. For the first time, this included events in

text: Mexico

text: Chile

text: Israel

text: South Korea

text: and

text: South Africa

text: .Global Wind Day 2012 gained the support of 18 GWD Ambassadors,who were joined by the Danish Presidency of the EU and the United Nations. Kandeh K. Yumkella, the Director-General of the

entity_name: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

text: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

text: (UNIDO), and the leader of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s Sustainable Energy for All initiative said, ‘We need to double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. This can be achieved with significant contribution from wind energy, both grid connected andfor small-scale decentralised systems. The ‘Global Wind Day’ on 15 June, does play a central role in contributing to the UNSG’s Sustainable Energy For All initiative through galvanising the much needed support for the wind energy industry from political leaders around the globe’.The ‘Wind in Mind’ photo competition saw 2,300 photos from over 40 countries submitted.

text: The resource consent process has favoured non-renewable energy projects.  This century, thermal projects have received consents (Rodney, Stratford) while several renewable energy projects have had consent applications declined (Awhitu, Mokau hydro, Mount Cass, Project Hayes, Te Waka, Waitahora).

text: The

text: resource consent

text: process has favoured non-renewable energy projects.  This century, thermal projects have received consents (

text: Rodney

text: Stratford

text: ) while several renewable energy projects have had consent applications declined (

text: Awhitu

text: Mokau hydro

text: Mount Cass

text: Project Hayes

text: Te Waka

text: Waitahora

text: Renewable energy and energy efficiency are no longer niche sectors that are promoted only by governments and environmentalists. The increasing levels of investment and that more of the capital is from conventional financial actors, both suggest that sustainable energy has become mainstream and the future of energy production, as non-renewable resources decline. This is reinforced by climate change concerns, nuclear dangers and accumulating radioactive waste, high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support for renewable energy. These factors are commercializing renewable energy, enlarging the market and growing demand, the adoption of new products to replace obsolete technology and the conversion of existing infrastructure to a renewable standard.

text: Renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: are no longer niche

text: sector

text: s that are promoted only by governments and environmentalists. The increasing levels of investment and that more of the capital is from conventional financial actors, both suggest that sustainable energy has become mainstream and the future of energy production, as non-renewable resources decline. This is reinforced by

text: climate change

text: concerns, nuclear dangers and accumulating radioactive waste,

text: high oil prices

text: peak oil

text: and increasing government support for renewable energy. These factors are

text: commercializing renewable energy

text: , enlarging the market and growing demand, the adoption of new products to replace obsolete technology and the conversion of existing infrastructure to a renewable standard.

text: The ÖVP saw the lowering of brokerage commissions and the charges for arrears letters of debt collection agencies and winter fuel payments for lower-income households as appropriate measures against the inflation. The SPÖ proposed a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions. FPÖ and BZÖ saw the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demanded a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wanted to reduce taxes on fuels. The BZÖ announced a people's initiative (Volksbegehren) calling for a stop to rising prices (by capping the price of fuel and reducing taxes on fuel, drugs and food); however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people would be able to sign for the initiative would only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact. "Ecology against inflation" was the concept proposed by the Greens; the Greens wanted to facilitate the changeover to renewable energy in order to reduce energy prices. The Greens stated that the rising oil price, which was the main reason for the high inflation, would quickly nullify other attempts at relief (like tax reductions, winter fuel payments or a higher commuter lump sum payment). The lower inflation would also come at a high cost through a higher trade deficit. In contrast, the Greens called for a conversion of oil and gas heating to wood heatings and for a prescribed redevelopment of badly insulated residential houses to reduce energy consumption and thereby costs. On 25 August 2008, the Greens called for a strong increase in funding for public transport, for a nationwide lorry toll and for a moratorium on road construction.

text: The ÖVP saw the lowering of brokerage commissions and the charges for arrears letters of debt collection agencies and winter fuel payments for lower-income households as appropriate measures against the inflation. The SPÖ proposed a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions. FPÖ and BZÖ saw the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demanded a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wanted to reduce taxes on fuels. The BZÖ announced a people's initiative (Volksbegehren) calling for a stop to rising prices (by capping the price of fuel and reducing taxes on fuel, drugs and food); however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people would be able to sign for the initiative would only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact. "Ecology against inflation" was the concept proposed by the Greens; the Greens wanted to facilitate the changeover to

text: renewable energy

text: in order to reduce energy prices. The Greens stated that the rising oil price, which was the main reason for the high inflation, would quickly nullify other attempts at relief (like tax reductions, winter fuel payments or a higher commuter lump sum payment). The lower inflation would also come at a high cost through a higher trade deficit. In contrast, the Greens called for a conversion of oil and gas heating to wood heatings and for a prescribed redevelopment of badly insulated residential houses to reduce energy consumption and thereby costs. On 25 August 2008, the Greens called for a strong increase in funding for public transport, for a nationwide lorry toll and for a moratorium on road construction.

text: Recently, a company called Sunvention Solar Energy created a device very similar to what NASA came up with in 1976 that can pump 100,000 gallons per day purely off of solar energy and usage of the Stirling cycle costing only US$1,250  This apparatus, much like the others, uses a large solar dish to collect heat from the sun creating a high temperature source and also employs the low temperature water it collects from a nearby stream as its low temperature source allowing for a great range in temperature which in turn allows for more work to be done   The work done in Sunvention’s apparatus is used to pump the water into nearby crop fields allowing for a “low-cost, low-technology pump having particular utility in irrigation systems employed in underdeveloped arid regions of the earth”.

text: A consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind cannot exist.  That is to say, no system without an external energy supply can deliver an unlimited amount of energy to its surroundings.

text: A consequence of the

text: law

text: of conservation of energy is that a

text: perpetual motion machine of the first kind

text: cannot exist.  That is to say, no system without an external energy supply can deliver an unlimited amount of energy to its surroundings.

text: Due to their geographical location and low demand compared to the area, rural areas are mainly suitable for renewable energy off grid applications. Renewable energies based mini grids are less dependent on larger-scale infrastructure and could be placed in service faster. Where an electric power distribution grid can be set up single wire earth return is often used. The following technologies are used extensively:

text: Due to their geographical location and low demand compared to the area, rural areas are mainly suitable for renewable energy off grid applications. Renewable energies based mini grids are less dependent on larger-scale infrastructure and could be placed in service faster. Where an

text: electric power distribution

text: grid can be set up

text: single wire earth return

text: is often used. The following technologies are used extensively:

text: In 2007, the center installed geothermal heating to cut its energy costs and reduce the use of fossil fuels. A system using water in vertical pipes to be dug 250 feet (76 m) into the earth beneath the center will both heat and cool the building. It heats the building with up 70% more efficiency and cools up to 40% more efficiently. In addition it is quieter, enhancing the building's acoustics.

text: In 2007, the center installed

text: geothermal heating

text: to cut its energy costs and reduce the use of

text: fossil fuel

text: s. A system using water in vertical pipes to be dug 250 feet (76 m) into the earth beneath the center will both heat and cool the building. It heats the building with up 70% more

text: efficiency

text: and cools up to 40% more efficiently. In addition it is quieter, enhancing the building's

text: acoustics

text: ČEZ Group is an operator of various energy sources. Most important energy sources are listed (in the Czech Republic, if not indicated):

text: Because their energy is strongly focused, the gamma rays emitted by most bursts are expected to miss the Earth and never be detected. When a gamma-ray burst is pointed towards Earth, the focusing of its energy along a relatively narrow beam causes the burst to appear much brighter than it would have been were its energy emitted spherically. When this effect is taken into account, typical gamma-ray bursts are observed to have a true energy release of about 10 J, or about 1/2000 of a Solar mass () energy equivalent—which is still many times the mass-energy equivalent of the Earth (about 5.5 × 10 J). This is comparable to the energy released in a bright type Ib/c supernova and within the range of theoretical models. Very bright supernovae have been observed to accompany several of the nearest GRBs. Additional support for focusing of the output of GRBs has come from observations of strong asymmetries in the spectra of nearby type Ic supernova and from radio observations taken long after bursts when their jets are no longer relativistic.

text: Because their energy is strongly focused, the gamma rays emitted by most bursts are expected to miss the Earth and never be detected. When a gamma-ray burst is pointed towards Earth, the focusing of its energy along a relatively narrow beam causes the burst to appear much brighter than it would have been were its energy emitted spherically. When this effect is taken into account, typical gamma-ray bursts are observed to have a true energy release of about 10 J, or about 1/2000 of a

text: Solar mass

text: () energy equivalent—which is still many times the mass-energy equivalent of the Earth (about 5.5 × 10 J). This is comparable to the energy released in a bright

text: type Ib/c

text: supernova

text: and within the range of theoretical models. Very bright supernovae have been observed to accompany several of the nearest GRBs. Additional support for focusing of the output of GRBs has come from observations of strong asymmetries in the spectra of nearby

text: type Ic supernova

text: and from radio observations taken long after bursts when their jets are no longer relativistic.

text: Characteristic energy- Conservation of energy- Consol Energy

text: Characteristic energy

text: Conservation of energy

text: Consol Energy

text: A low-energy transfer, or low-energy trajectory, is a route in space that allows spacecraft to change orbits using very little fuel. These routes work in the Earth–Moon system and also in other systems, such as between the moons of Jupiter. The drawback of such trajectories is that they take longer to complete than higher-energy (more-fuel) transfers, such as Hohmann transfer orbits.

text: A low-energy transfer, or low-energy

text: trajectory

text: , is a route in

text: space

text: that allows

text: spacecraft

text: to change

text: orbit

text: s using very little fuel. These routes work in the

text: Earth

text: Moon

text: system and also in other systems, such as between the

text: moons of Jupiter

text: . The drawback of such trajectories is that they take longer to complete than higher-energy (more-fuel) transfers, such as

text: Hohmann transfer orbit

text: s.

text: Because of the necessary phase change, the expander cycle is thrust limited by the square-cube rule. As the size of a bell-shaped nozzle increases with increasing thrust, the nozzle surface area (from which heat can be extracted to expand the fuel) increases as the square of the radius.  However, the volume of fuel that must be heated increases as the cube of the radius.  Thus there exists a maximum engine size of approximately 300 kN of thrust beyond which there is no longer enough nozzle area to heat enough fuel to drive the turbines and hence the fuel pumps. Higher thrust levels can be achieved using a bypass expander cycle where a portion of the fuel bypasses the turbine and or thrust chamber cooling passages and goes directly to the main chamber injector. Non-toroidal aerospike engines do not suffer from the same limitations because the linear shape of the engine is not subject to the square-cube law.  As the width of the engine increases, both the volume of fuel to be heated and the available thermal energy increase linearly, allowing arbitrarily wide engines to be constructed.  All expander cycle engines need to use a cryogenic fuel such as hydrogen, methane, or propane that easily reach their boiling points.

text: Because of the necessary phase change, the expander cycle is thrust limited by the

text: square-cube rule

text: . As the size of a bell-shaped nozzle increases with increasing thrust, the nozzle surface area (from which heat can be extracted to expand the fuel) increases as the square of the radius.  However, the volume of fuel that must be heated increases as the cube of the radius.  Thus there exists a maximum engine size of approximately 300

text: kN

text: of thrust beyond which there is no longer enough nozzle area to heat enough fuel to drive the turbines and hence the fuel pumps. Higher thrust levels can be achieved using a bypass expander cycle where a portion of the fuel bypasses the turbine and or thrust chamber cooling passages and goes directly to the main chamber injector. Non-toroidal

text: aerospike

text: engines do not suffer from the same limitations because the linear shape of the engine is not subject to the square-cube law.  As the width of the engine increases, both the volume of fuel to be heated and the available thermal energy increase linearly, allowing arbitrarily wide engines to be constructed.  All expander cycle engines need to use a

text: cryogenic fuel

text: such as hydrogen, methane, or propane that easily reach their

text: boiling points

text: Molecular hydrogen is not available on Earth in convenient natural reservoirs. Most hydrogen in the lithosphere is bonded to oxygen in water. Manufacturing elemental hydrogen does require the consumption of a hydrogen carrier such as a fossil fuel or water. The former carrier consumes the fossil resource and produces carbon dioxide, but often requires no further energy input beyond the fossil fuel.  Decomposing water, the latter carrier, requires electrical or heat input, generated from some primary energy source (fossil fuel, nuclear power or a renewable energy). Hydrogen can also be produced by refining the effluent from geothermal sources in the lithosphere. Hydrogen produced by zero emission renewable energy sources such as electrolysis of water using wind power, solar power, hydro power, wave power or tidal power is referred to as green hydrogen. Hydrogen produced by non-renewable energy sources may be referred to as brown hydrogen. Hydrogen produced as a waste by-product or industrial by-product is sometimes referred to as grey hydrogen.

text: Molecular hydrogen is not available on Earth in convenient natural reservoirs. Most hydrogen in the

text: lithosphere

text: is bonded to oxygen in water. Manufacturing elemental hydrogen does require the consumption of a hydrogen carrier such as a

text: fossil fuel

text: or water. The former carrier consumes the fossil resource and produces carbon dioxide, but often requires no further energy input beyond the fossil fuel.

text: Decomposing

text: water, the latter carrier, requires electrical or heat input, generated from some primary energy source (

text: fossil fuel

text: nuclear power

text: or a

text: renewable energy

text: ). Hydrogen can also be produced by refining the effluent from geothermal sources in the

text: lithosphere

text: . Hydrogen produced by zero emission renewable energy sources such as

text: electrolysis of water

text: using

text: wind power

text: solar power

text: hydro power

text: wave power

text: or

text: tidal power

text: is referred to as green hydrogen. Hydrogen produced by non-renewable energy sources may be referred to as brown hydrogen. Hydrogen produced as a waste by-product or industrial by-product is sometimes referred to as grey hydrogen.

text: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate. Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth's surface, causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere. As explained above, some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, and therefore can affect Earth's energy balance over a long time period. Factors that influence Earth's energy balance can be quantified in terms of "radiative climate forcing." Positive radiative forcing indicates warming (for example, by increasing incoming energy or decreasing the amount of energy that escapes to space), whereas negative forcing is associated with cooling.

text: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate. Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth's surface, causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere. As

text: explained above

text: , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, and therefore can affect Earth's energy balance over a long time period. Factors that influence Earth's energy balance can be quantified in terms of "

text: radiative climate forcing

text: ." Positive radiative forcing indicates warming (for example, by increasing incoming energy or decreasing the amount of energy that escapes to space), whereas negative forcing is associated with cooling.

text: So, for example, shale gas is secondary non-renewable. Wind is a primary renewable.

text: All conservation laws in special relativity (for energy, mass, and momentum) require isolated systems, meaning systems that are totally isolated, with no mass-energy allowed in or out, over time. If a system is isolated, then both total energy and total momentum in the system are conserved over time for any observer in any single inertial frame, though their absolute values will vary, according to different observers in different inertial frames. The invariant mass of the system is also conserved, but does not change with different observers. This is also the familiar situation with single particles: all observers calculate the same particle rest mass (a special case of the invariant mass) no matter how they move (what inertial frame they choose), but different observers see different total energies and momenta for the same particle.

text: Hydrogen is locked up in enormous quantities in water, hydrocarbons, and other organic matter. One of the challenges of using hydrogen as a fuel comes from being able to efficiently extract hydrogen from these compounds.  Currently, steam reforming, or combining high-temperature steam with natural gas, accounts for the majority of the hydrogen produced.  Hydrogen can also be produced from water through electrolysis, but this method is much more energy intensive. Once extracted, hydrogen is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The energy can be delivered to fuel cells and generate electricity and heat, or burned to run a combustion engine. In each case hydrogen is combined with oxygen to form water. The heat in a hydrogen flame is a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. The water molecules are in an excited state on initial formation and then transition to a ground state; the transition unleashing thermal radiation. When burning in air, the temperature is roughly 2000 °C.  Historically, carbon has been the most practical carrier of energy, as more energy is packed in fossil fuels than pure liquid hydrogen of the same volume. The carbon atoms have classic storage capabilities and releases even more energy when burned with hydrogen. However, burning carbon base fuel and releasing its exhaust contributes to global warming due to the greenhouse effect of carbon gases. Pure hydrogen is the smallest element and some of it will inevitably escape from any known container or pipe in micro amounts, yet simple ventilation could prevent such leakage from ever reaching the volatile 4% hydrogen-air mixture. So long as the product is in a gaseous or liquid state, pipes are a classic and very efficient form of transportation. Pure hydrogen, though, causes metal to become brittle, suggesting metal pipes may not be ideal for hydrogen transport.

text: Hydrogen is locked up in enormous quantities in water, hydrocarbons, and other organic matter. One of the challenges of using hydrogen as a fuel comes from being able to efficiently extract hydrogen from these compounds.  Currently, steam reforming, or combining high-temperature steam with natural gas, accounts for the majority of the hydrogen produced.  Hydrogen can also be produced from water through electrolysis, but this method is much more energy intensive. Once extracted, hydrogen is an

text: energy carrier

text: (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The energy can be delivered to fuel cells and generate electricity and heat, or burned to run a combustion engine. In each case hydrogen is combined with oxygen to form water. The heat in a hydrogen flame is a

text: radiant emission

text: from the newly formed water molecules. The water molecules are in an

text: excited state

text: on initial formation and then transition to a

text: ground state

text: ; the transition unleashing

text: thermal radiation

text: . When burning in air, the temperature is roughly 2000 °C.  Historically, carbon has been the most practical carrier of energy, as more energy is packed in fossil fuels than pure liquid hydrogen of the same volume. The carbon atoms have classic storage capabilities and releases even more energy when burned with hydrogen. However, burning carbon base fuel and releasing its exhaust contributes to global warming due to the greenhouse effect of carbon gases. Pure hydrogen is the smallest element and some of it will inevitably escape from any known container or pipe in micro amounts, yet simple ventilation could prevent such leakage from ever reaching the volatile 4% hydrogen-air mixture. So long as the product is in a gaseous or liquid state, pipes are a classic and very efficient form of transportation. Pure hydrogen, though, causes metal to become brittle, suggesting metal pipes may not be ideal for hydrogen transport.

text: Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

text: Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the

text: Big Bang

text: later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as

text: uranium

text: and

text: thorium

text: ), by

text: nucleosynthesis

text: , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the

text: gravitational collapse

text: of

text: supernova

text: e, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear

text: fission bomb

text: s or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a

text: chemical explosion

text: chemical potential

text: energy is transformed to

text: kinetic energy

text: and

text: thermal energy

text: in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a

text: pendulum

text: . At its highest points the

text: kinetic energy

text: is zero and the

text: gravitational potential energy

text: is at maximum. At its lowest point the

text: kinetic energy

text: is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of

text: potential energy

text: . If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no

text: friction

text: or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the

text: pendulum

text: would continue swinging forever.

text: In the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however, non-conservative forces, like frictional forces, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation. In elastic collisions, the mechanical energy is conserved but in inelastic collisions, some mechanical energy is converted into heat. The equivalence between lost mechanical energy (dissipation) and an increase in temperature was discovered by James Prescott Joule.

text: In the

text: physical science

text: s, mechanical energy is the sum of

text: potential energy

text: and

text: kinetic energy

text: . It is the

text: energy

text: associated with the motion and position of an object. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to

text: conservative force

text: s the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the

text: speed

text: (not the

text: velocity

text: ) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however,

text: non-conservative forces

text: , like

text: frictional force

text: s, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation. In

text: elastic collision

text: s, the mechanical energy is conserved but in

text: inelastic collision

text: s, some mechanical energy is converted into heat. The equivalence between lost mechanical energy (

text: dissipation

text: ) and an increase in

text: temperature

text: was discovered by

text: James Prescott Joule

text: The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if a body or system is subjected only to conservative forces, the mechanical energy of that body or system remains constant. The difference between a conservative and a non-conservative force is that when a conservative force moves an object from one point to another, the work done by the conservative force is independent of the path. On the contrary, when a non-conservative force acts upon an object, the work done by the non-conservative force is dependent of the path.

text: The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that if a body or system is subjected only to

text: conservative force

text: s, the mechanical energy of that body or system remains constant. The difference between a conservative and a

text: non-conservative force

text: is that when a conservative force moves an object from one point to another, the work done by the conservative force is independent of the path. On the contrary, when a non-conservative force acts upon an object, the work done by the non-conservative force is dependent of the path.

text: Big companies such as Google, Wipro, Sprint and Softbank have prioritized changing the laws and policies that govern the energy system and incentivise investments in advanced energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy that will have a critical impact in many countries to determine a meaningful break in energy policies.

text: Wind energy is a source of renewable power which comes from air current flowing across the earth's surface. Wind turbines harvest this kinetic energy and convert it into usable power which can provide electricity for home. Many universities have invested in wind energy because it is clean,renewable, and good for the local economy. Wind energy is known for being 'clean' because it produces no pollution or greenhouse gases. Wind is a renewable energy resource, it is inexhaustible and requires no "fuel" besides the wind that blows across the earth; it is also beneficial for the local economy because the energy is harvested and produced locally. For universities this means that their energy costs are lowered while also being more sustainable.

text: Like the author’s bestseller A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World (2006), The End of Energy Obesity examines the energy industry by tracing the historical relationship between technological innovation and societal response. Tertzakian coined the term "break point" to describe both the pressures that force the displacement of an incumbent energy source and the subsequent “rebalancing” around a new energy paradigm. An important catalyst for The End of Energy Obesity appears to be the author’s conviction that the world is currently in the midst of a break point of prodigious significance where oil, "the gold standard of energy utility" (p. 101), will see its market preeminence undermined. Signs of break point pressures are legion and include: the triple digit crude oil prices reached in 2008, accelerated economic growth in the populous BRIC countries, widening prevalence of legislative and fiscal measures to address assumed anthropogenic climate change, energy independence policymaking in support of renewable energy and the energy-price influenced global recession. Historical analogues to the current break point are the shift from wood to coal with the industrial revolution and from coal to oil during the World War I. The current rebalancing of the energy mix is substantively different from historical precedents. With the possible exception of natural gas, there are still no other energy sources with adequate utility to take significant market share from oil, let alone supplant it. The rebalancing underway will be effected only in part by an increase of supply from alternative sources. Tertzakian believes that the cross-fertilization of information, communication and energy technologies promises dramatic improvement in conservation practices and energy efficiency. He cites telepresence technology,  smart grid networks, Skype telephony and virtualization software as potential "break point innovations" that could dramatically change energy needs by reconfiguring the ways people live, work and play.

text: Like the author’s bestseller A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World (2006), The End of Energy Obesity examines the

text: energy industry

text: by tracing the historical relationship between

text: technological innovation

text: and societal response. Tertzakian coined the term "break point" to describe both the pressures that force the displacement of an incumbent

text: energy source

text: and the subsequent “rebalancing” around a new energy paradigm. An important catalyst for The End of Energy Obesity appears to be the author’s conviction that the world is currently in the midst of a break point of prodigious significance where

text: oil

text: , "the gold standard of energy utility" (p. 101), will see its market preeminence undermined. Signs of break point pressures are legion and include: the triple digit crude oil prices reached in 2008, accelerated economic growth in the populous

text: BRIC countries

text: , widening prevalence of legislative and fiscal measures to address assumed anthropogenic

text: climate change

text: energy independence

text: policymaking in support of

text: renewable energy

text: and the energy-price influenced

text: global recession

text: . Historical analogues to the current break point are the shift from

text: wood

text: to

text: coal

text: with the

text: industrial revolution

text: and from coal to oil during the

text: World War I

text: . The current rebalancing of the energy mix is substantively different from historical precedents. With the possible exception of

text: natural gas

text: , there are still no other energy sources with adequate utility to take significant

text: market share

text: from oil, let alone supplant it. The rebalancing underway will be effected only in part by an increase of supply from

text: alternative sources

text: . Tertzakian believes that the cross-fertilization of

text: information

text: communication

text: and energy technologies promises dramatic improvement in

text: conservation practices

text: and

text: energy efficiency

text: . He cites

text: telepresence

text: technology,

text: smart grid networks

text: Skype

text: telephony and

text: virtualization

text: software as potential "break point innovations" that could dramatically change energy needs by reconfiguring the ways people live, work and play.

text: Most sources of electrical energy (mains electricity, a battery, etc.) are best modeled as voltage sources. Such sources provide constant voltage, which means that as long as the current drawn from the source is within the source's capabilities, its output voltage stays constant. An ideal voltage source provides no energy when it is loaded by an open circuit (i.e., an infinite impedance), but approaches infinite power and current when the load resistance approaches zero (a short circuit). Such a theoretical device would have a zero ohm output impedance in series with the source. A real-world voltage source has a very low, but non-zero output impedance: often much less than 1 ohm.

text: Most sources of electrical energy (

text: mains electricity

text: , a

text: battery

text: , etc.) are best modeled as

text: voltage source

text: s. Such sources provide constant voltage, which means that as long as the current drawn from the source is within the source's capabilities, its output

text: voltage

text: stays constant. An ideal voltage source provides no energy when it is loaded by an

text: open circuit

text: (i.e., an infinite

text: impedance

text: ), but approaches infinite power and current when the

text: load resistance

text: approaches zero (a

text: short circuit

text: ). Such a theoretical device would have a zero

text: ohm

text: output impedance

text: in series with the source. A real-world voltage source has a very low, but non-zero

text: output impedance

text: : often much less than 1 ohm.

text: The surface of the Sun radiates light and heat at approximately 5,500 °C. The Earth is much cooler and so radiates heat back away from itself at much longer wavelengths, mostly in the infrared range. The idealized greenhouse model is based on the fact that certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere, including carbon dioxide and water vapour, are transparent to the high-frequency, high-energy solar radiation, but are much more opaque to the lower frequency infrared radiation leaving the surface of the earth. Thus heat is easily let in, but is partially trapped by these gases as it tries to leave. Rather than get hotter and hotter, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation says that the gases of the atmosphere also have to re-emit the infrared energy that they absorb, and they do so, also at long infrared wavelengths, both upwards into space as well as downwards back towards the Earth's surface. In the long-term, thermal equilibrium is reached when all the heat energy arriving on the planet is leaving again at the same rate. In this idealized model, the greenhouse gases cause the surface of the planet to be warmer than it would be without them, in order for the required amount of heat energy finally to be radiated out into space from the top of the atmosphere.

text: The surface of the

text: Sun

text: radiates

text: light and heat

text: at approximately 5,500 °C. The

text: Earth

text: is much cooler and so radiates heat back away from itself at much longer wavelengths, mostly in the

text: infrared

text: range. The idealized greenhouse model is based on the fact that certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere, including

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: water vapour

text: , are transparent to the high-frequency, high-energy solar radiation, but are much more opaque to the lower frequency infrared radiation leaving the surface of the earth. Thus heat is easily let in, but is partially trapped by these gases as it tries to leave. Rather than get hotter and hotter,

text: Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation

text: says that the gases of the atmosphere also have to re-emit the infrared energy that they absorb, and they do so, also at long infrared wavelengths, both upwards into space as well as downwards back towards the Earth's surface. In the long-term, thermal equilibrium is reached when all the heat energy arriving on the planet is leaving again at the same rate. In this idealized model, the greenhouse gases cause the surface of the planet to be warmer than it would be without them, in order for the required amount of heat energy finally to be radiated out into space from the top of the atmosphere.

text: The Association for the Conservation of Energy is a British organisation that promotes energy conservation. It represents the energy conservation industry and does collective research for the industry.The Association for the Conservation of Energy was formed in 1981 and Andrew Warren has been the Director since its formation. It is based in the east of the London Borough of Islington.

text: The Association for the Conservation of Energy is a British organisation that promotes

text: energy conservation

text: . It represents the energy conservation industry and does collective research for the industry.The Association for the Conservation of Energy was formed in 1981 and Andrew Warren has been the Director since its formation. It is based in the east of the

text: London Borough of Islington

text: Chastened, Ron asks their Rorlan advisor what Earth can contribute to the Galactic Federation.  The advisor tells Ron that the aging Federation needs Earth’s energy, drive, and vitality to rejuvenate itself.  Earth will be admitted to the Federation because, instead of seeking a handout as Ron originally intended, the people of Earth will contribute their own talent and will work together with the other races of the Federation as equals.

text: Zero Carbon Australia Renewable Energy Superpower Report 2015 is Beyond Zero Emissions' estimate of the size and value of Australia's economically demonstrated solar photovoltaic and wind resources situated within 10km of the existing electricity grid. The size of the resource is found to be much larger than non-renewable energy resources, and ranks Australia in the global top 3 for quality - and potential cheapness - of its renewable energy.  The report assesses the worlds clean energy transition and its energy-intensive sectors and then suggests that if it were paired with energy intensive ore and resource-processing industries,  potentially worth billions to the economy, Australia's renewable energy resource would position Australia as a renewable energy superpower with a strong sustained and sustainable competitive advantage.

text: The magic lasso has subsequently been shown to produce a wide array of effects. When battling the entity Decay, Wonder Woman used the lasso's link to Gaia, the Greek Goddess of the Earth, as a circuit between the earth and the monster, pumping the entity of death with life-giving energies that destroyed the creature. Diana herself stated that the lasso's connection to Gaea also constantly renews its user with these energies. Wonder Woman has also used it to create a ring of protective fire around people to protect them from Circe's bestiamorphs. The lasso's energies are also shown to be capable of destroying beings forcibly resurrected by the rings of the Black Lantern Corps. As the goddess of truth, Diana also used it to take memories of Donna Troy and restore her to life. In Pre-Crisis comics, the lasso also had the power to effectively control those who were bound within it.

text: The magic lasso has subsequently been shown to produce a wide array of effects. When battling the entity Decay, Wonder Woman used the lasso's link to

text: Gaia

text: , the Greek Goddess of the Earth, as a circuit between the earth and the monster, pumping the entity of death with life-giving energies that destroyed the creature. Diana herself stated that the lasso's connection to Gaea also constantly renews its user with these energies. Wonder Woman has also used it to create a ring of protective fire around people to protect them from

text: Circe

text: 's bestiamorphs. The lasso's energies are also shown to be capable of destroying beings forcibly resurrected by the rings of the

text: Black Lantern Corps

text: . As the goddess of truth, Diana also used it to take memories of

text: Donna Troy

text: and restore her to life. In Pre-Crisis comics, the lasso also had the power to effectively control those who were bound within it.

text: A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are almost always conserved.

text: A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.

text: Earth

text: mineral

text: s and

text: metal

text: ore

text: s,

text: fossil fuel

text: s (

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: ) and

text: groundwater

text: in certain

text: aquifer

text: s are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual

text: element

text: s are almost always conserved.

text: This list of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom presents various renewable resources such as crops for food or fuel, livestock and wood with accompanying information being given on its production and trade by the United Kingdom.

text: This list of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom presents various

text: renewable resources

text: such as

text: crops

text: for

text: food

text: or

text: fuel

text: livestock

text: and

text: wood

text: with accompanying information being given on its

text: production

text: and

text: trade

text: by the

text: United Kingdom

text: IRENA Renewable Energy Learning Partnership (IRELP) is an online educational resource developed by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) to raise awareness of and accessibility to readily available renewable energy education and training.

text: IRENA Renewable Energy Learning Partnership (IRELP) is an online educational resource developed by the

text: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

text: to raise awareness of and accessibility to readily available renewable energy education and training.

text: .  This combines both energy resources and non-energy resources.  Examples of nonrenewable energy resources would include oil and coal.  Examples of material nonrenewable resources would include aluminum and zinc.  This assumption allows costless substitution between any nonrenewable resource.  The model ignores differences between discovered resources and undiscovered resources.

text: The natural environment, with soil, water, forests, plants and animals are all renewable resources, as long as they are adequately monitored, protected and conserved. Sustainable agriculture is the cultivation of plant and animal materials in a manner that preserves plant and animal ecosystems over the long term. The overfishing of the oceans is one example of where an industry practice or method can threaten an ecosystem, endanger species and possibly even determine whether or not a fishery is sustainable for use by humans. An unregulated industry practice or method can lead to a complete resource depletion.

text: The natural environment, with

text: soil

text: water

text: forest

text: s,

text: plant

text: s and

text: animal

text: s are all renewable resources, as long as they are adequately

text: monitored, protected and conserved

text: Sustainable agriculture

text: is the cultivation of plant and animal materials in a manner that preserves plant and animal

text: ecosystem

text: s over the long term. The

text: overfishing

text: of the oceans is one example of where an industry practice or method can threaten an ecosystem, endanger

text: species

text: and possibly even determine whether or not a

text: fishery

text: is sustainable for use by humans. An unregulated industry practice or method can lead to a complete

text: resource depletion

text: The NEED program includes innovative curriculum materials, professional development, evaluation tools, and recognition. NEED teaches the scientific concepts of energy and provides objective information about conventional and emerging energy sources— their use and impact on the environment, economy, and society. The program also educates students about energy efficiency and conservation while providing tools to help educators, energy managers, and consumers use energy wisely.

text: Normally, when a planet's radiation balance is perturbed (e.g., by increasing the amount of sunlight it gets or changing the greenhouse concentration, see Radiative Forcing) it will transition to a new temperature until a stabilizing feedback known as the Stefan-Boltzmann response restores an equilibrium between the amount of energy the body absorbs and that which it emits. For example, if the Earth received more sunlight it would result in a temporary disequilibrium (more energy in than out) and result in warming. However, because the Stefan-Boltzmann response mandates that this hotter planet emits more energy, eventually a new radiation balance can be reached and the temperature will be maintained at its new, higher value.

text: Normally, when a planet's radiation balance is perturbed (e.g., by increasing the amount of sunlight it gets or changing the greenhouse concentration, see

text: Radiative Forcing

text: ) it will transition to a new temperature until a stabilizing feedback known as the

text: Stefan-Boltzmann response

text: restores an equilibrium between the amount of energy the body absorbs and that which it emits. For example, if the Earth received more sunlight it would result in a temporary disequilibrium (more energy in than out) and result in warming. However, because the Stefan-Boltzmann response mandates that this hotter planet emits more energy, eventually a new radiation balance can be reached and the temperature will be maintained at its new, higher value.

text: Objectors claim the development would ruin the scenery, that the hot springs lack the heat needed for success, the energy created would be insignificant and that large quantities of fuel sources would need to be transported to Weardale.

text: Various battery types are used in portable light sources.  They are more convenient and produce less heat than combustion lights.  At least the lower energy density types tend to be safer than fuel use.

text: Various

text: battery types

text: are used in portable light sources.  They are more convenient and produce less heat than combustion lights.  At least the lower energy density types tend to be safer than fuel use.

text: Biological resources include agriculture, forestry, and biologically-derived waste, and there are many other renewable bioresource examples. One of the scientific terms used to denote renewable bioresources is lignocellulose. Lignocellulosic tissues are biologically-derived natural resources containing some of the main constituents of the natural world. 1) Holocellulose is the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose that includes cellulose, a common building block made of sugar (glucose) that is the most abundant biopolymer, as well as hemicellulose. 2) Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer. Cellulose and lignin are two of the primary natural polymers used by plants to store energy as well as to give strength, as is the case in woody plant tissues. Other energy storage chemicals in plants include oils, waxes, fats, etc., and because these other plant compounds have distinct properties, they offer potential for a host of different bioproducts

text: Biological

text: resources include

text: agriculture

text: forestry

text: , and biologically-derived

text: waste

text: , and there are many other

text: renewable

text: bioresource examples. One of the scientific terms used to denote renewable bioresources is

text: lignocellulose

text: . Lignocellulosic tissues are biologically-derived

text: natural resources

text: containing some of the main constituents of the natural world. 1)

text: Holocellulose

text: is the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose that includes

text: cellulose

text: , a common building block made of sugar (glucose) that is the most abundant biopolymer, as well as

text: hemicellulose

text: . 2)

text: Lignin

text: is the second most abundant biopolymer. Cellulose and lignin are two of the primary natural polymers used by plants to store energy as well as to give strength, as is the case in woody plant tissues. Other energy storage chemicals in plants include

text: oils

text: waxes

text: fat

text: s, etc., and because these other plant compounds have distinct properties, they offer potential for a host of different bioproducts

text: Energy conservation has emerged as a major policy objective, and the Energy Conservation Act 2001, was passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2001, 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity. This Act requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms; new buildings to follow the Energy Conservation Building Code; and appliances to meet energy performance standards and to display energy consumption labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement the provisions of the Act. In 2015, Prime Minister Mr. Modi launched a scheme called Prakash Path urging people to use LED lamps in place of other lamps to drastically cut down lighting power requirement. Energy efficient fans at subsidised price are offered to the electricity consumers by the electricity distribution companies (DisComs) to decrease peak electricity load.

text: Energy conservation

text: has emerged as a major policy objective, and the Energy Conservation Act 2001, was passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2001, 35.5% of the population still live without access to electricity. This Act requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms; new buildings to follow the

text: Energy Conservation Building Code

text: ; and appliances to meet energy performance standards and to display energy consumption labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement the provisions of the Act. In 2015, Prime Minister Mr. Modi launched a scheme called

text: Prakash Path

text: urging people to use

text: LED lamps

text: in place of other lamps to drastically cut down lighting power requirement. Energy efficient fans at subsidised price are offered to the electricity consumers by the electricity distribution companies (DisComs) to decrease peak electricity load.

text: A low energy transfer, or low energy trajectory, is a route in space which allows spacecraft to change orbits using very little fuel. These routes work in the Earth-Moon system and also in other systems, such as traveling between the satellites of Jupiter. The drawback of such trajectories is that they take much longer to complete than higher energy (more fuel) transfers such as Hohmann transfer orbits.

text: A low energy transfer, or low energy

text: trajectory

text: , is a route in space which allows spacecraft to change

text: orbit

text: Earth

text: Moon

text: system and also in other systems, such as traveling between the

text: satellites of Jupiter

text: . The drawback of such trajectories is that they take much longer to complete than higher energy (more fuel) transfers such as

text: Hohmann transfer orbit

text: s.

text: The climate forcing is the difference of radiant energy (sunlight) received by the Earth and the outgoing longwave radiation back to space. The radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the tropopause, in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface. Dependent on the radiative balance of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down. Earth radiative balance originates from changes in solar insolation and the concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

text: The

text: climate forcing

text: is the difference of radiant energy (

text: sunlight

text: ) received by the Earth and the outgoing

text: longwave radiation

text: back to space. The radiative forcing is quantified based on the CO amount in the

text: tropopause

text: , in units of watts per square meter to the Earth's surface. Dependent on the

text: radiative balance

text: of incoming and outgoing energy, the Earth either warms up or cools down. Earth radiative balance originates from changes in solar

text: insolation

text: and the concentrations of

text: greenhouse gases

text: and

text: aerosols

text: . Climate change may be due to internal processes in Earth sphere's and/or following external forcings.

text: Jude M. O'Donnell, the editor of the newspaper The Citizens' Voice, in 2011 proposed harnessing the steam generated by the Laurel Run mine fire to use as energy. The Earth Conservancy has also considered harnessing the geothermal energy of the mine fire.

text: Jude M. O'Donnell, the editor of the newspaper

text: The Citizens' Voice

text: , in 2011 proposed harnessing the steam generated by the Laurel Run mine fire to use as energy. The

text: Earth Conservancy

text: has also considered harnessing the

text: geothermal energy

text: of the mine fire.

text: The Israeli Energy Sources Law, 5750-1989 ("Energy Law"), defines what is considered as "energy" and "energy source" and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use.Under the Energy Law, certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the Israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source. In addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources.

text: In 2002, Texas deregulated the electricity market and in 2005, Texas Power joined in. They now compete against other energy companies like Glacial Energy, Champion Energy, TXU, Bounce Energy, Reliant Energy, MXenergy, Direct Energy, Stream Energy, Gexa Energy, Cirro Energy. Jon Fearing, of the company's risk management department, played an integral role in the company's growth over the years.

text: In 2002, Texas

entity_name: Deregulation of the Texas electricity market

text: deregulated the electricity market

text: and in 2005, Texas Power joined in. They now compete against other energy companies like Glacial Energy,

text: Champion Energy

text: TXU

text: Bounce Energy

text: Reliant Energy

text: MXenergy

text: Direct Energy

text: Stream Energy

text: Gexa Energy

text: Cirro Energy

text: . Jon Fearing, of the company's risk management department, played an integral role in the company's growth over the years.

text: A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric power.  In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources, fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power.

text: A thermal power station is a

text: power plant

text: in which

text: heat energy

text: is converted to

text: electric power

text: .  In most of the places in the world the

text: turbine

text: is

text: steam

text: -driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a

text: steam turbine

text: which drives an

text: electrical generator

text: . After it passes through the turbine, the steam is

text: condensed

text: in a

text: condenser

text: and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a

text: Rankine cycle

text: . The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources,

text: fossil fuel

text: dominates here, although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of

text: heat

text: energy

text: into electrical energy. Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of

text: district heating

text: , or

text: desalination

text: of water, in addition to generating electrical power.

text: Thus, in a mechanical system like a swinging pendulum subjected to the conservative gravitational force where frictional forces like air drag and friction at the pivot are negligible, energy passes back and forth between kinetic and potential energy but never leaves the system. The pendulum reaches greatest kinetic energy and least potential energy when in the vertical position, because it will have the greatest speed and be nearest the Earth at this point. On the other hand, it will have its least kinetic energy and greatest potential energy at the extreme positions of its swing, because it has zero speed and is farthest from Earth at these points. However, when taking the frictional forces into account, the system loses mechanical energy with each swing because of the work done by the pendulum to oppose these non-conservative forces.

text: Thus, in a

text: mechanical system

text: like a swinging

text: pendulum

text: subjected to the conservative

text: gravitational force

text: where frictional forces like air drag and friction at the pivot are negligible, energy passes back and forth between kinetic and potential energy but never leaves the system. The pendulum reaches greatest kinetic energy and least potential energy when in the vertical position, because it will have the greatest speed and be nearest the Earth at this point. On the other hand, it will have its least kinetic energy and greatest potential energy at the extreme positions of its swing, because it has zero speed and is farthest from Earth at these points. However, when taking the frictional forces into account, the system loses mechanical energy with each swing because of the work done by the pendulum to oppose these non-conservative forces.

text: Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are production of fossil fuels from these reserves. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primary energy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)) (34.9+23.5+21.2).

text: Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are production of fossil fuels from these reserves. The most important part of primary energy sources are the

text: carbon

text: based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primary energy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)) (34.9+23.5+21.2).

text: Furthermore, the region’s highly educated labour force, access to energy, and non-renewable natural and renewable raw resources would be an excellent basis for a strong manufacturing sector.

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of

text: ultraviolet

text: visible

text: , and

text: near-infrared

text: radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at

text: wavelengths that are much longer

text: than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

text: The energy landscape of Idaho is favorable to the development of renewable energy systems. The state is rich in renewable energy resources but has limited fossil fuel resources. The Snake River Plain and smaller river basins provide Idaho with some of the best hydroelectric power resources in the nation and its geologically active mountain areas have significant geothermal power and wind power potential. These realities have shaped much of the state's current energy landscape.

text: The energy landscape of Idaho is favorable to the development of

text: renewable energy

text: systems. The state is rich in renewable energy resources but has limited fossil fuel resources. The

text: Snake River Plain

text: and smaller river basins provide Idaho with some of the best

text: hydroelectric power

text: resources in the nation and its geologically active mountain areas have significant

text: geothermal power

text: and

text: wind power

text: potential. These realities have shaped much of the state's current energy landscape.

text: In April 2014, McCoy launched a new web-based initiative on energy and the environment for the Canadian context: Your Energy Story.  According to the site, it was designed "to make linkages between energy end uses and energy sources" and provides raw data on energy consumption and generation for both renewable and non-renewable resources, organized by provinces and territories across Canada. It employs one common energy unit for all types of energy – the gigajoule – in order to make comparisons between energy types possible for the average consumer. It also provides greenhouse gas emissions for the production of each energy type and end use.

text: In April 2014, McCoy launched a new web-based initiative on

text: energy

text: and the

text: environment

text: for the Canadian context: Your Energy Story.  According to the site, it was designed "to make linkages between energy end uses and energy sources" and provides raw data on energy consumption and generation for both renewable and non-renewable resources, organized by provinces and territories across Canada. It employs one common energy unit for all types of energy – the

text: gigajoule

text: – in order to make comparisons between energy types possible for the average consumer. It also provides

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: for the production of each energy type and end use.

text: According to M. King Hubbert's Hubbert peak theory, Peak coal is the point in time at which the maximum global coal production rate is reached, after which, according to the theory, the rate of production will enter a terminal decline.  Coal is a fossil fuel formed from plant matter over the course of millions of years.  It is a finite resource and thus considered to be a non-renewable energy source.

text: According to

text: M. King Hubbert

text: 's

text: Hubbert peak theory

text: , Peak coal is the point in time at which the maximum global coal production rate is reached, after which, according to the theory, the rate of production will enter a terminal decline.

text: Coal

text: is a

text: fossil fuel

text: formed from plant matter over the course of millions of years.  It is a finite resource and thus considered to be a

text: non-renewable energy

text: source.

text: Christiania Elektricitetesværk was founded in 1892, with Hammeren power plant in Maridalen in Oslo opening a few years later. The hydro power production increased considerably from the 1920s until 1989 under the name Oslo Lysverker, including the construction of the power plants in Hallingdal and Vinstra in Gudbrandsdalen. In 1991, Oslo Lysverker changed its name to Oslo Energi, and was then split into two divisions: Oslo Energi Nett (later Viken Nett, now part of Hafslund) that operated the power grid and Oslo Energi Holding. The later sold the end-user sale company and thus the brand name in 2001. Thereafter the company changed its name to E-CO Energi. This resulted in a focus on hydro power production, followed by purchases in the Buskerud Kraftproduksjon and Oppland Energi power companies. E-CO has since continued to develop hydro power production in both new and existing regulations.

text: Christiania Elektricitetesværk was founded in 1892, with

text: Hammeren power plant

text: in

text: Maridalen

text: in

text: Oslo

text: opening a few years later. The hydro power production increased considerably from the 1920s until 1989 under the name Oslo Lysverker, including the construction of the power plants in

text: Hallingdal

text: and

text: Vinstra

text: in

text: Gudbrandsdalen

text: . In 1991, Oslo Lysverker changed its name to Oslo Energi, and was then split into two divisions: Oslo Energi Nett (later

text: Viken Nett

text: , now part of

text: Hafslund

text: ) that operated the

text: power grid

text: and Oslo Energi Holding. The later sold the end-user sale company and thus the brand name in 2001. Thereafter the company changed its name to E-CO Energi. This resulted in a focus on hydro power production, followed by purchases in the

text: Buskerud Kraftproduksjon

text: and

text: Oppland Energi

text: power companies. E-CO has since continued to develop hydro power production in both new and existing regulations.

text: China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation, through its subsidiaries, engages in the environmental protection, energy conservation, new and renewable energy, materials, and technology businesses. It involves in the treatment of environment, administration of water resources, production and supply of water, treatment and recycling of waste water, manufacture of anti-pollution equipment, and construction of environmental projects; power generation, and production and supply of heat, as well as manufacture of power transmission, distribution, and control equipment; manufacture of lighting devices and instruments, production of cold rolled steel strips, and manufacture of metal processing machines; hydroelectric and wind power generation, and gas supply; manufacture of new building materials, and mining and dressing of scarce and rare-earth metal ores; and manufacture of communication equipment, electronic devices, information chemical products, and equipment for public society security.

text: China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation, through its subsidiaries, engages in the environmental protection, energy conservation, new and

text: renewable energy

text: , materials, and technology businesses. It involves in the treatment of environment, administration of

text: water resources

text: , production and supply of water, treatment and recycling of

text: waste water

text: , manufacture of anti-pollution equipment, and construction of environmental projects; power generation, and production and supply of heat, as well as manufacture of power transmission, distribution, and control equipment; manufacture of lighting devices and instruments, production of cold rolled steel strips, and manufacture of metal processing machines; hydroelectric and wind power generation, and gas supply; manufacture of new building materials, and mining and dressing of scarce and rare-earth metal ores; and manufacture of communication equipment, electronic devices, information chemical products, and equipment for public society security.

text: Bioliquids are liquid fuels made from biomass for energy purposes other than transport (i.e. heating and electricity).

text: Because the magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity, it performs no work and requires no energy—nor does it provide any. Thus magnetic fields (like the Earth's) can profoundly affect particle motion in them, but need no energy input to maintain their effect.  Particles may also get steered around, but their total energy remains the same.

text: An Energy conservation measure (ECM) is any type of project conducted, or technology implemented, to reduce the consumption of energy in a building. The types of projects implemented can be in a variety of forms but usually are designed to reduce utility costs: water, electricity and gas being the main three for industrial and commercial enterprises. The aim of an ECM should be to achieve a savings, reducing the amount of energy used by a particular process, technology or facility.

text: An

text: Energy conservation

text: measure (ECM) is any type of project conducted, or technology implemented, to reduce the consumption of energy in a building. The types of projects implemented can be in a variety of forms but usually are designed to reduce utility costs: water, electricity and gas being the main three for industrial and commercial enterprises. The aim of an ECM should be to achieve a savings, reducing the amount of

text: energy

text: used by a particular process, technology or facility.

text: Quantum energy teleportation is a quantum protocol which transfers locally available energy, in an operational sense, from one subsystem of a many-body system to another in an entangled ground state by using local operations and classical communication (LOCC). The locally available energy indicates the energy which can be extracted from a subsystem by local operations and harnessed for any purpose. The transfer speed can be much faster than the velocity of energy diffusion of the system. It does not allow energy transportation at superluminal (faster than light) speed, nor does it increase total energy itself contained in a distant place. Though zero-point energy of the ground state exists everywhere in the system and contributes to the amount of the total energy, it is not available by use of ordinary local operations. However, if information about a local zero-point fluctuation, which carries a portion of the zero-point energy, is obtained by a measurement of a distant subsystem via ground-state entanglement, the energy becomes available, and can be extracted by a local operation dependent on the information. The extraction of the energy is accompanied by generation of negative energy density, which is allowed in quantum physics of many-body systems including quantum fields, and retains the local energy conservation law. The remote measurement, which provides the information for energy extraction, injects energy into the measured subsystem. A portion of the injected energy, which amount is larger than that of the energy extracted from the zero-point fluctuation, becomes unavailable because of entanglement breaking by the measurement, and cannot be retrieved by local operations in the measurement region. Thus, during the protocol, the amount of locally available energy decreases in the measurement region, and it increases in the energy extraction region. The injected energy is the input of this teleportation protocol, and the extracted energy is the output.

text: Quantum energy teleportation is a quantum protocol which transfers locally available energy, in an operational sense, from one subsystem of a many-body system to another in an entangled

text: ground state

text: by using local operations and classical communication (

text: LOCC

text: ). The locally available energy indicates the energy which can be extracted from a subsystem by local operations and harnessed for any purpose. The transfer speed can be much faster than the velocity of energy diffusion of the system. It does not allow energy transportation at

text: superluminal

text: (faster than light) speed, nor does it increase total energy itself contained in a distant place. Though

text: zero-point energy

text: of the ground state exists everywhere in the system and contributes to the amount of the total energy, it is not available by use of ordinary local operations. However, if information about a local zero-point fluctuation, which carries a portion of the zero-point energy, is obtained by a measurement of a distant subsystem via ground-state

text: entanglement

text: , the energy becomes available, and can be extracted by a local operation dependent on the information. The extraction of the energy is accompanied by generation of negative energy density, which is allowed in quantum physics of many-body systems including quantum fields, and retains the local energy conservation law. The remote measurement, which provides the information for energy extraction, injects energy into the measured subsystem. A portion of the injected energy, which amount is larger than that of the energy extracted from the zero-point fluctuation, becomes unavailable because of entanglement breaking by the measurement, and cannot be retrieved by local operations in the measurement region. Thus, during the protocol, the amount of locally available energy decreases in the measurement region, and it increases in the energy extraction region. The injected energy is the input of this teleportation protocol, and the extracted energy is the output.

text: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is defined as the difference of insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space. Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter of the Earth's surface. A positive forcing (more incoming energy) warms the system, while negative forcing (more outgoing energy) cools it. Causes of radiative forcing include changes in insolation and the concentrations of radiatively active gases, commonly known as greenhouse gases and aerosols.

text: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is defined as the difference of

text: insolation

text: sunlight

text: ) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space. Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the

text: tropopause

text: in units of

text: watt

text: s per square

text: meter

text: of the Earth's surface. A positive forcing (more incoming energy) warms the system, while negative forcing (more outgoing energy) cools it. Causes of radiative forcing include changes in

text: insolation

text: and the

text: concentrations

text: of

text: radiatively active gases

text: , commonly known as

text: greenhouse gases

text: and

text: aerosol

text: s.

text: Refuse derived Fuels are used in a wide range of specilised waste to Energy Facilities, which are using processed refuse derived fuels with lower calorific values of 8-14MJ/kg in grain sizes of up to 500 mm to produce Electricity and theral energy (Heat/Steam) for district heating Systems or industrial uses.

text: Approximately 78% of earth's atmosphere is N gas (N), which is an inert compound and biologically unavailable to most organisms. In order to be utilized in most biological processes, N must be converted to reactive N (Nr), which includes inorganic reduced forms (NH and NH), inorganic oxidized forms (NO, NO, HNO, NO, and NO), and organic compounds (urea, amines, and proteins). N has a strong triple bond, and so a significant amount of energy (226 kcal mol-1) is required to convert N to Nr. Prior to industrial processes, the only sources of such energy were solar radiation and electrical discharges. Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme nitrogenase, some bacteria and cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N to NH, a process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The anthropogenic analogue to BNF is the Haber-Bosch process, in which fossil fuel H is reacted with atmospheric N at high temperatures and pressures to produce NH. Lastly, N is converted to NO by energy from lightning, which is negligible in current temperate ecosystems, or by fossil fuel combustion.

text: Approximately 78% of earth's atmosphere is N gas (N), which is an inert compound and biologically unavailable to most organisms. In order to be utilized in most biological processes, N must be converted to reactive N (Nr), which includes inorganic reduced forms (NH and NH), inorganic oxidized forms (NO, NO, HNO, NO, and NO), and organic compounds (

text: urea

text: amine

text: s, and

text: protein

text: s). N has a strong triple bond, and so a significant amount of energy (226 kcal mol-1) is required to convert N to Nr. Prior to industrial processes, the only sources of such energy were solar radiation and electrical discharges. Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme

text: nitrogenase

text: , some

text: bacteria

text: and

text: cyanobacteria

text: convert atmospheric N to NH, a process known as biological

text: nitrogen fixation

text: (BNF). The anthropogenic analogue to BNF is the

text: Haber-Bosch

text: process, in which

text: fossil fuel

text: H is reacted with atmospheric N at high temperatures and pressures to produce NH. Lastly, N is converted to NO by energy from

text: lightning

text: , which is negligible in current temperate ecosystems, or by

text: fossil fuel

text: combustion.

text: David Pimentel has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

text: David Pimentel

text: has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

text: Seventy five percent of Earth's crust is unobservable using solely electromagnetic energy-based geodetic techniques. Seafloor geodesy can now expand geodetic positioning to off-shore environments.  Researchers can see the effects of changes in Earth's crust far beyond what we can measure with instruments placed solely on dry land.

text: According to the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of friction and other non-conservative forces. In any real situation, frictional forces and other non-conservative forces are present, but in many cases their effects on the system are so small that the principle of conservation of mechanical energy can be used as a fair approximation. Though energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, it can be converted to another form of energy.

text: According to the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, the mechanical energy of an

text: isolated system

text: remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of

text: friction

text: and other non-conservative forces. In any real situation, frictional forces and other non-conservative forces are present, but in many cases their effects on the system are so small that the principle of conservation of mechanical energy can be used as a fair

text: approximation

text: . Though energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, it can be

text: converted

text: to another form of energy.

text: The goal of Ghana regarding bio-energy, as articulated its energy sector policy, is to modernize and examine the benefits of bio-energy on a sustainable basis. Biomass is Ghana's dominant energy resource in terms of endowment and consumption, with the two primary bio-fuels consumed being ethanol and biodiesel. To that effect, the Ghana ministry of Energy in 2010 developed the energy sector strategy and development plan. Highlights of the key policy objectives strategy for the renewable energy subsector include sustaining the supply and efficient use of wood-fuels while ensuring that their utilization does not lead to deforestation. The plan would support private sector investments in the cultivation of bio-fuel feedstock, extraction of bio-oil and its refining into secondary products, thereby creating appropriate financial and tax incentives. The Ghana Renewal Energy Act provides the necessary fiscal incentives for renewable energy development by the private sector, and also details the control and management of bio-fuel and wood- fuel projects in Ghana. The Ghana National Petroleum Authority (NPA) was tasked by the Renewable Energy Act 2011 to price Ghana's bio-fuel blend in accordance with the prescribed petroleum pricing formula.

text: The goal of Ghana regarding bio-energy, as articulated its energy sector policy, is to modernize and examine the benefits of

text: bio-energy

text: on a sustainable basis.

text: Biomass

text: is Ghana's dominant energy resource in terms of endowment and consumption, with the two primary

text: bio-fuel

text: s consumed being

text: ethanol

text: and

text: biodiesel

text: . To that effect, the Ghana ministry of Energy in 2010 developed the energy sector strategy and development plan. Highlights of the key policy objectives strategy for the renewable energy subsector include sustaining the supply and efficient use of

text: wood-fuels

text: while ensuring that their utilization does not lead to

text: deforestation

text: . The plan would support

text: private sector

text: investments in the cultivation of

text: bio-fuel

text: feedstock, extraction of

text: bio-oil

text: and its refining into secondary products, thereby creating appropriate financial and tax incentives. The Ghana Renewal Energy Act provides the necessary fiscal incentives for

text: renewable energy

text: development by the private sector, and also details the control and management of

text: bio-fuel

text: and

text: wood- fuel

text: projects in Ghana. The Ghana National Petroleum Authority (NPA) was tasked by the

text: Renewable Energy

text: Act 2011 to price Ghana's

text: bio-fuel

text: blend in accordance with the prescribed

text: petroleum

text: pricing formula.

text: In Nigeria, the Lagos State Government is encouraging Lagosians to imbibe an energy conservation culture. The Lagos State Electricity Board (LSEB) is spearheading an initiative tagged “Conserve Energy, Save Money” under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians around the theme of energy conservation by connecting with and influencing their behavior through do-it-yourself tips and exciting interaction with prominent personalities. In September 2013, Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola of Lagos State and rapper Jude ‘MI’  Abaga (campaign ambassador)() participated in the Governor's first ever Google+ Hangout on the topic of energy conservation.

text: In Nigeria, the Lagos State Government is encouraging Lagosians to imbibe an energy conservation culture. The Lagos State Electricity Board (LSEB) is spearheading an initiative tagged “Conserve Energy, Save Money” under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians around the theme of energy conservation by connecting with and influencing their behavior through do-it-yourself tips and exciting interaction with prominent personalities. In September 2013,

text: Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola

text: of Lagos State and rapper Jude ‘MI’  Abaga (campaign ambassador)() participated in the Governor's first ever Google+ Hangout on the topic of energy conservation.

text: Several improvements are still needed to perfect the technique.  Although the angular resolution has now decreased to a few degrees and different species can be separated, one challenge is to expand the energy range upwards to about 500 keV.  This high energy range covers most of the plasma pressure of Earth's inner magnetosphere as well as some of the higher-energy radiation belts so is desirable for terrestrial ENA imaging.

text: Energy occurs in many forms, including chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. These can be categorized in two main classes: potential energy and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the movement energy of an object. Kinetic energy can be transferred between objects and transformed into other kinds of energy.

text: Energy

text: occurs in many forms, including

text: chemical energy

text: thermal energy

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: gravitational energy

text: electric energy

text: elastic energy

text: nuclear energy

text: , and

text: rest energy

text: . These can be categorized in two main classes:

text: potential energy

text: and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the movement energy of an object. Kinetic energy can be transferred between objects and transformed into other kinds of energy.

text: Energy conservation can result in increased financial capital, environmental quality, national security, personal security, and human comfort.  Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs and promote economic security. Industrial and commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximize profit.

text: Energy conservation can result in increased

text: financial capital

text: environmental

text: quality,

text: national security

text: personal security

text: , and

text: human comfort

text: .  Individuals and organizations that are direct

text: consumer

text: s of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce energy costs and promote

text: economic security

text: . Industrial and commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximize

text: profit

text: Renewable energy in Chile is a fast growing sector that in 2014 provided 9% of the country's electricity. Chile has vast geothermal, solar and wind energy resources while fossil fuel resources are limited. It has a legislated renewable energy target of 20% by 2025.

text: Renewable energy in Chile is a fast growing sector that in 2014 provided 9% of the

text: country's electricity

text: Chile

text: has vast

text: geothermal

text: solar

text: and

text: wind energy

text: resources while

text: fossil fuel

text: resources are limited. It has a legislated

text: renewable energy target

text: of 20% by 2025.

text: Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four semi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order not to disturb the tidal dynamics too much.

text: Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (

text: exa

text: joule

text: ). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total

text: rotational energy of the Earth

text: . Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four

text: semi

text: diurnal

text: tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% of the dissipation rate) in order not to disturb the tidal dynamics too much.

text: The hope is that using renewable resources as feedstocks for chemical processes will reduce the environmental footprint by reducing the demand on non-renewable fossil fuels currently used in the chemical industry and reduce the overall production of carbon dioxide, the most notable greenhouse gas. One NOP producer, Cargill, estimates that its BiOH(TM)polyol manufacturing process produces 36% less global warming emissions (carbon dioxide), a 61% reduction in non-renewable energy use (burning fossil fuels), and a 23% reduction in the total energy demand, all relative to polyols produced from petrochemicals.

text: The hope is that using renewable resources as feedstocks for chemical processes will reduce the

text: environmental footprint

text: by reducing the demand on non-renewable

text: fossil fuels

text: currently used in the chemical industry and reduce the overall production of

text: carbon dioxide

text: , the most notable

text: greenhouse gas

text: . One NOP producer, Cargill, estimates that its BiOH(TM)polyol manufacturing process produces 36% less

text: global warming

text: emissions (carbon dioxide), a 61% reduction in non-renewable energy use (burning fossil fuels), and a 23% reduction in the total energy demand, all relative to polyols produced from

text: petrochemical

text: s.

text: The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

text: The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000

text: exajoules

text: (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.  In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100% renewable energy in the future. For example, in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply (electricity, mobility and heating/cooling) to 100% renewable energy by 2050.

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to

text: other energy sources

text: , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: is resulting in significant

text: energy security

text: climate change mitigation

text: , and economic benefits. The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as

text: greenhouse gas

text: (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.  In international

text: public opinion surveys

text: there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Some places and at least two countries, Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have the set a goal to reach

text: 100% renewable energy

text: in the future. For example, in

text: Denmark

text: the government decided to

text: switch the total energy supply

text: (electricity, mobility and heating/cooling) to 100% renewable energy by 2050.

text: Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials.Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. There is also petroleum in oil sands (tar sands). Known oil reserves are typically estimated at around 190 km (1.2 trillion (short scale) barrels) without oil sands, or 595 km (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands. Consumption is currently around  per day, or 4.9 km per year, yielding a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years, if current demand remains static.

text: Due to its high

text: energy density

text: , easy transportability and

text: relative abundance

text: , oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many

text: chemical

text: products, including

text: pharmaceutical

text: s,

text: solvent

text: s,

text: fertilizer

text: s,

text: pesticide

text: s, and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials.Petroleum is found in

text: porous

text: rock formations

text: in the upper

text: strata

text: of some areas of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: . There is also petroleum in

text: oil sands (tar sands)

text: . Known

text: oil reserves

text: are typically estimated at around 190 km (1.2

text: trillion

text: (short scale)

text: barrels

text: ) without oil sands, or 595 km (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands. Consumption is currently around  per day, or 4.9 km per year, yielding a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years, if current demand remains static.

text: Agricultural production and consumption within the economy is the modern human ecosystem. This system has been made feasible as industrial practices and transportation systems have improved, allowing for cost-effective production and distribution across scaled markets. The change of these scales is the expansion of the distance between consumer and producer and the increase in consumer population. Industrial production and distribution of agricultural resources utilizes non-renewable resources and harmful chemicals. As the scales of production and distribution have grown, there has been a corresponding increase in the use of non-renewable and chemical resources.

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

text: Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

text: The Avedøre Power Station () is a combined heat and power station, located in Avedøre, Denmark, just south of Copenhagen, and is owned by DONG Energy A/S. Avedøre Power Plant is a high-technology facility and one of the world's most efficient of its kind, being able to utilize as much as 94% of the energy in the fuel and convert 49% of the fuel energy into electricity. Apart from using coal, petroleum (oil) and natural gas, the plant runs on a wide variety of biomass fuels such as straw and wood pellets. The plant consists of two units with a total capacity of 793 MW of electricity and 918 MW of heat. The combination of producing electricity (combined heat and power) and heat for district heating at the same time is widely used in Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia, due to the need of domestic (and industrial) heating together with the Danish energy companies putting a big effort into optimising the energy plants.

text: The Avedøre Power Station () is a

text: combined heat and power

text: station, located in

text: Avedøre

text: Denmark

text: , just south of

text: Copenhagen

text: , and is owned by

text: DONG Energy

text: A/S. Avedøre Power Plant is a high-technology facility and one of the world's most efficient of its kind, being able to utilize as much as 94% of the energy in the fuel and convert 49% of the fuel energy into electricity. Apart from using

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: (oil) and

text: natural gas

text: , the plant runs on a wide variety of

text: biomass

text: fuels such as

text: straw

text: and

text: wood pellet

text: s. The plant consists of two units with a total capacity of 793 MW of electricity and 918 MW of heat. The combination of producing electricity (

text: combined heat and power

text: ) and heat for

text: district heating

text: at the same time is widely used in

text: Denmark

text: and the rest of

text: Scandinavia

text: , due to the need of domestic (and industrial) heating together with the Danish energy companies putting a big effort into optimising the energy plants.

text: Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, only renew over geological timescales.

text: Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed

text: non-renewable resources

text: , such as

text: fossil fuel

text: s, only renew over geological timescales.

text: The relative competitiveness of renewable electricity and renewable heat depends on a nation's approach to energy and environment policy. Few renewable technologies (whether for heat, electricity or transport) are competitive with fossil fuels without some form of carbon valuation or subsidy. In those countries, such as Sweden, Denmark and Finland, where government intervention has been closest to a technology-neutral form of carbon valuation (i.e. carbon and energy taxes), renewable heat has played the leading role in a very substantial renewable contribution to final energy consumption. In those countries, such as Germany, Spain, the USA, and the UK, where government intervention has been set at different levels for different technologies, uses and scales, the  contributions of renewable heat and renewable electricity technologies have depended on the relative levels of support, and have resulted generally in a lower renewable contribution to final energy consumption.

text: The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity. The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating.

text: The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total

text: energy

text: content of a

text: power plant

text: 's fuel that is converted into

text: electricity

text: . The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as

text: heat

text: unless it is used for

text: district heating

text: Energy transformation or energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to another form of energy. In physics, the term energy describes the capacity to produce certain changes within any system, without regard to limitations in transformation imposed. Changes in total energy of systems can only be accomplished by adding or removing energy from them, as energy is a quantity which is conserved (unchanging), as stated by the first law of thermodynamics. Mass-energy equivalence, which rose up from special relativity, states that changes in the energy of systems  will also coincide with changes (often small in practice) in the system's mass, and the mass of a system is a measure of its energy content. The process of something happening (forming).

text: Energy transformation or energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to another form of energy. In physics, the term energy describes the capacity to produce certain changes within any system, without regard to limitations in transformation imposed. Changes in total energy of systems can only be accomplished by adding or removing energy from them, as energy is a quantity which is conserved (unchanging), as stated by the

text: first law of thermodynamics

text: Mass-energy equivalence

text: , which rose up from

text: special relativity

text: , states that changes in the energy of systems  will also coincide with changes (often small in practice) in the system's

text: mass

text: , and the mass of a system is a measure of its energy content. The process of something happening (forming).

text: The Carnot method is an allocation procedure for dividing up fuel input (primary energy, end energy) in joint production processes that generate two or more energy products in one process (e.g. cogeneration or trigeneration). It is also suited to allocate other streams such as CO-emissions or variable costs. The potential to generate mechanical or electrical work (exergy) is used as the distribution key. For heat this potential can be assessed the Carnot efficiency. Thus, the Carnot method is a form of an exergetic allocation method. It uses mean heat grid temperatures at the output of the process as a calculation basis. The main application area of this method is cogeneration, but it can also be applied to other processes generating a joint products, such as a chiller generating cold and producing waste heat which could be used for low temperature heat demand.  The Carnot method's advantage is that no external reference values are required to allocate the input to the different output streams; only endogenous process parameters are needed. Thus, the allocation results remain unbiased of assumptions or external reference values that are open for discussion.

text: The Carnot method is an allocation procedure for dividing up fuel input (

text: primary energy

text: , end energy) in joint production processes that generate two or more energy products in one process (e.g.

text: cogeneration

text: or trigeneration). It is also suited to allocate other streams such as

text: CO-emissions

text: or variable costs. The potential to generate mechanical or electrical work (

text: exergy

text: ) is used as the distribution key. For heat this potential can be assessed the

text: Carnot efficiency

text: . Thus, the Carnot method is a form of an

text: exergetic

text: allocation method. It uses mean heat grid temperatures at the output of the process as a calculation basis. The main application area of this method is cogeneration, but it can also be applied to other processes generating a joint products, such as a chiller generating cold and producing

text: waste heat

text: which could be used for low temperature heat demand.  The Carnot method's advantage is that no external reference values are required to allocate the input to the different output streams; only endogenous process parameters are needed. Thus, the allocation results remain unbiased of assumptions or external reference values that are open for discussion.

text: Against the background of its long experience with ocean engineering and the development of renewable energy sources, DEME established a fully owned new company in early 2010 which is called DEME Blue Energy. DBE focuses on wave energy and tidal energy, including the development of appropriate technology and prototype equipment that could be used to generate electricity. In 2010 a consortium of industrial partners, named Flanders Electricity from the Sea (FlanSea), submitted a research project for developing a wave energy converter (WEC) which will undergo an instrumented test in the summer of 2012. DEME Blue Energy is a member of the FlanSea consortium, together with Ghent University, the port of Oostende, and others. If successful, the new technology could be installed in between the offshore wind turbines of the Thorntonbank Wind Farm, creating a synergy between two different sources of renewable energy. In September 2010 the Flemish Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) granted a €2.4 million subsidy for the FlanSea project. The FlanSea wave energy converter will be a so-called point absorber, modelled after the B1-device off Southeast Norway which was developed under the European funded SEEWEC project, co-ordinated by Prof. dr. ir. Julien De Rouck of the Department of Coastal Engineering at Ghent University, Belgium. Besides the FlanSea project, DEME Blue Energy is also involved in other initiatives. DEME Blue Energy is a founding member of Friends of the Supergrid, established in London on 8 March 2010 with the objective to help develop a pan-European offshore super grid for renewable energy. DEME Blue Energy is also a partner and shareholder in Renewable Energy Base Oostende (REBO), founded on 28 October 2010 for servicing offshore wind farms in Northwest Europe.

text: Against the background of its long experience with

text: ocean engineering

text: and the development of

text: renewable energy sources

text: , DEME established a fully owned new company in early 2010 which is called DEME Blue Energy. DBE focuses on

text: wave energy

text: and

text: tidal energy

text: , including the development of appropriate technology and prototype equipment that could be used to generate electricity. In 2010 a consortium of industrial partners, named Flanders Electricity from the Sea (FlanSea), submitted a

text: research project

text: for developing a

text: wave energy converter

text: (WEC) which will undergo an

text: instrumented

text: test in the summer of 2012. DEME Blue Energy is a member of the FlanSea consortium, together with

text: Ghent University

text: , the port of

text: Oostende

text: , and others. If successful, the new technology could be installed in between the

text: offshore wind turbine

text: s of the

text: Thorntonbank Wind Farm

text: , creating a synergy between two different sources of

text: renewable energy

text: . In September 2010 the

text: Flemish

text: Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology (IWT) granted a €2.4 million subsidy for the FlanSea project. The FlanSea

text: wave energy converter

text: will be a so-called point absorber, modelled after the B1-device off Southeast Norway which was developed under the European funded SEEWEC project, co-ordinated by Prof. dr. ir. Julien De Rouck of the Department of Coastal Engineering at

text: Ghent University

text: , Belgium. Besides the FlanSea project, DEME Blue Energy is also involved in other initiatives. DEME Blue Energy is a founding member of Friends of the Supergrid, established in London on 8 March 2010 with the objective to help develop a pan-European offshore

text: super grid

text: for

text: renewable energy

text: . DEME Blue Energy is also a partner and shareholder in Renewable Energy Base Oostende (REBO), founded on 28 October 2010 for servicing

text: offshore wind farm

text: s in Northwest Europe.

text: The author further argues that alternative sources of energy will be insufficient. As petroleum sources become scarce, environmentally harmful or risky technologies such as coal and nuclear will become necessary but not sufficient for our energy needs. Hydroelectric, solar, and wind power, even in combination with coal and nuclear, will also be far from sufficient. Kunstler does not consider hydrogen to be a true energy source since one cannot drill into the earth and obtain hydrogen. Hydrogen must be extracted from other energy sources, such as natural gas or using electricity at a total net loss of energy.

text: The author further argues that alternative sources of energy will be insufficient. As petroleum sources become scarce, environmentally harmful or risky technologies such as

text: coal

text: and

text: nuclear

text: will become necessary but not sufficient for our energy needs. Hydroelectric, solar, and wind power, even in combination with coal and nuclear, will also be far from sufficient. Kunstler does not consider

text: hydrogen

text: to be a true energy source since one cannot drill into the earth and obtain hydrogen. Hydrogen must be extracted from other energy sources, such as natural gas or using electricity at a total net loss of energy.

text: In physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy. An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as  water or air. In general, any substance or conserved, extensive quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance.

text: In

text: physics

text: engineering

text: , and

text: earth science

text: s, advection is the

text: transport

text: of a substance. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are

text: conserved

text: properties such as

text: energy

text: . An example of advection is the transport of

text: pollutant

text: s or

text: silt

text: in a

text: river

text: by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or

text: enthalpy

text: . Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as

text: water

text: or

text: air

text: . In general, any substance or conserved,

text: extensive

text: quantity can be advected by a

text: fluid

text: that can hold or contain the quantity or substance.

text: The NEP called for conservation measures to be strictly enforced to ensure rational, economic and efficient use of energy. The major means of energy conservation have been pointed out as energy audit, reduction of wastage, demand management and efficient use. Experts have suggested to initiate the energy conservation act, which would significantly reduce the energy demand of the country.

text: Renewability is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or non-renewable:

text: In bound systems, if the binding energy is removed from the system, it must be subtracted from the mass of the unbound system, simply because this energy has mass. Thus, if energy is removed (or emitted) from the system at the time it is bound, the loss of energy from the system will also result in the loss of the mass of the energy from the system. System mass is not conserved in this process because the system is "open" (i.e., is not an isolated system to mass or energy input or loss) during the binding process.

text: In bound systems, if the binding energy is removed from the system, it must be subtracted from the

text: mass

text: of the unbound system, simply because this energy has mass. Thus, if energy is removed (or emitted) from the system at the time it is bound, the loss of energy from the system will also result in the loss of the mass of the energy from the system. System mass is not conserved in this process because the system is "open" (i.e., is not an

text: isolated system

text: to mass or energy input or loss) during the binding process.

text: OLR is a critical component of the Earth's energy budget, and represents the total radiation going to space emitted by the atmosphere.   Earth's radiation balance is quite closely achieved since the OLR very nearly equals the Shortwave Absorbed Radiation received at high energy from the sun. Thus, the Earth's average temperature is very nearly stable. The OLR is affected by clouds and dust in the atmosphere, which tend to reduce it to below clear sky values.

text: OLR is a critical component of the

text: Earth's energy budget

text: , and represents the total radiation going to space emitted by the atmosphere.   Earth's radiation balance is quite closely achieved since the OLR very nearly equals the Shortwave Absorbed Radiation received at high energy from the sun. Thus, the Earth's average temperature is very nearly stable. The OLR is affected by clouds and dust in the atmosphere, which tend to reduce it to below clear sky values.

text: Another useful term is the heat of combustion, which is the energy mostly of the weak double bonds of molecular oxygen released due to a combustion reaction and often applied in the study of fuels. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see food energy).

text: Another useful term is the

text: heat of combustion

text: , which is the energy mostly of the weak double bonds of molecular oxygen released due to a

text: combustion

text: fuel

text: s. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see

text: food energy

text: Machines converting energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy produce heat as a by-product.

text: Machines

text: converting energy

text: contained in

text: fuels

text: to

text: mechanical work

text: or

text: electric energy

text: produce heat as a by-product.

text: The factors that affect an object's gravitational potential energy are its height relative to some reference point, its mass, and the strength of the gravitational field it is in. Thus, a book lying on a table has less gravitational potential energy than the same book on top of a taller cupboard, and less gravitational potential energy than a heavier book lying on the same table. An object at a certain height above the Moon's surface has less gravitational potential energy than at the same height above the Earth's surface because the Moon's gravity is weaker. Note that "height" in the common sense of the term cannot be used for gravitational potential energy calculations when gravity is not assumed to be a constant. The following sections provide more detail.

text: In many cases the alternative is to heat water in, say, a kettle. If only the amount of water needed is heated, energy usage is less: the same energy is used for heating [needs clarification: only true if the kettle and the dispenser have the same thermal transfer, which is very unlikely], but none for keeping hot. If more water than needed is boiled in a kettle, energy is wasted in heating the unwanted water, which then cools.

text: In many cases the alternative is to heat water in, say, a

text: kettle

text: . If only the amount of water needed is heated, energy usage is less: the same energy is used for heating [needs clarification: only true if the kettle and the dispenser have the same thermal transfer, which is very unlikely], but none for keeping hot. If more water than needed is boiled in a kettle, energy is wasted in heating the unwanted water, which then cools.

text: The government of Iceland states: "It should be stressed that the geothermal resource is not strictly renewable in the same sense as the hydro resource." It estimates that Iceland's geothermal energy could provide 1700 MW for over 100 years, compared to the current production of 140 MW. Radioactive elements in the Earth's crust continuously decay, replenishing the heat. The International Energy Agency classifies geothermal power as renewable. Geothermal power in Iceland is developed in a stepwise development method to ensure that it is sustainable instead of excessive, which would deplete the resource.

text: The government of

text: Iceland

text: states: "It should be stressed that the geothermal resource is not strictly renewable in the same sense as the hydro resource." It estimates that Iceland's geothermal energy could provide 1700 MW for over 100 years, compared to the current production of 140 MW. Radioactive elements in the Earth's crust continuously decay, replenishing the heat. The

text: International Energy Agency

text: classifies geothermal power as renewable. Geothermal power in Iceland is developed in a stepwise development method to ensure that it is sustainable instead of excessive, which would deplete the resource.

text: Because greenhouse gas molecules radiate infrared energy in all directions, some of it spreads downward and ultimately returns to the Earth's surface, where it is absorbed. The Earth's surface temperature is thus higher than it would be if it were heated only by direct solar heating. This supplemental heating is the natural greenhouse effect. It is as if the Earth is covered by a blanket that allows high frequency radiation (sunlight) to enter, but slows the rate at which the low frequency infrared radiant energy emitted by the Earth leaves.

text: The graph on the right shows changes in global energy-related  emissions between 1971 and 2009. Also plotted are changes in world population, world GDP per capita, energy intensity of world GDP, and carbon intensity of world energy use. Over this time period, reductions in energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy use have been unable to offset increases in population and GDP per capita. Consequently, energy-related  emissions have increased. Between 1971 and 2009, energy-related  emissions grew on average by about 2.8% per year.  Population grew on average by about 2.1% per year and GDP per capita by 2.6% per year. Energy intensity of GDP on average fell by about 1.1% per year, and carbon intensity of energy fell by about 0.2% per year.

text: The "soft energy path" assumes that energy is but a means to social ends, and is not an end in itself.  Soft energy paths involve efficient use of energy, diversity of energy production methods (matched in scale and quality to end uses), and special reliance on co-generation and "soft energy technologies" such as solar energy, wind energy, biofuels, geothermal energy, wave power, tidal power, etc.

text: The "soft energy path" assumes that energy is but a means to social ends, and is not an end in itself.  Soft energy paths involve efficient use of energy, diversity of energy production methods (matched in scale and quality to end uses), and special reliance on

text: co-generation

text: and "soft energy technologies" such as

text: solar energy

text: wind energy

text: biofuel

text: s,

text: geothermal energy

text: wave power

text: tidal power

text: , etc.

text: By the early 1960s, Nuckolls and several other weapons designers had developed the outlines of the ICF approach. The D-T fuel would be placed in a small capsule, designed to rapidly ablate when heated and thereby maximize compression and shock wave formation. This capsule would be placed within an engineered shell, the hohlraum, which acted similar to the metal layer on the outside of the secondary. However, the hohlraum did not have to be heated by x-rays; any source of energy could be used as long as it delivered enough energy to cause the hohlraum itself to heat up and start giving off x-rays. Ideally the energy source would be located some distance away, to mechanically isolate both ends of the reaction. In theory a small atomic bomb could be used as the energy source, as it is in a hydrogen bomb, but ideally smaller energy sources would be used. Using computer simulations, the teams estimated that about 5 MJ of energy would be needed from the primary, generating a 1 MJ beam. To put this in perspective, a small fission primary of 0.5 kt releases 2 million MJ in total.

text:
|- style="background:#cfc;"| 1| October 28| San Antonio|  | Russell Westbrook (33)| Enes Kanter (16)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–0|-style="background:#cfc;"|2|October 30| @ Orlando |  | Russell Westbrook (48)| Durant & Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Amway Center
18,846| 2–0|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3| November 1|  Denver|   | Kevin Durant (25)| Enes Kanter (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 4| November 2| @ Houston|  | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Toyota Center
17,224| 3–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 4|  Toronto| | Kevin Durant (27)| Durant & Adams (7)| Russell Westbrook (16)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 6| November 5|@ Chicago| | Kevin Durant (33)| Enes Kanter (8)| Russell Westbrook (10)| United Center
21,861| 3–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7| November 8| Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 4–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 8| November 10|  @Washington|   | Dion Waiters (25)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Verizon Center
20,356| 5–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9| November 13| Philadelphia|  | Russell Westbrook (21)| Russell Westbrook (17)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 15| Boston|   | Russell Westbrook (27)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–4|- style="background:#fcc;"|11| November 16| @ Memphis|  | Russell Westbrook (40)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (14)| FedEx Forum
17,270| 6–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12| November 18|  New Orleans|  | Russell Westbrook (43)| Enes Kanter (11)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 7–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 13| November 20| New York| | Russell Westbrook (34)| Enes Kanter (13)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 7–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 14| November 22| Dallas|   | Russell Westbrook (31)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 15| November 23| @ Utah| | Kevin Durant (27)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Vivint Smart Home Arena
19,911| 9–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16| November 25| Brooklyn| | Kevin Durant (30)| Enes Kanter (9)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 10–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 27| Detroit|  | Kevin Durant (34)| Durant & Adams (13)| Kevin Durant (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 11–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 18| November 30| @Atlanta| | Russell Westbrook (34)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Philips Arena
17,768| 11–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 19| December 3| @Miami|   | Durant & Westbrook (25)| Durant & Roberson (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| American Airlines Arena
19,600| 11–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| December 6| Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (20)| Steven Adams (12)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 12–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 8| @ Memphis|   | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (16)| FedEx Forum
16,415| 13–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 10| Atlanta|   | Kevin Durant (25)| Kevin Durant (12)| Durant & Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 14–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23| December 11| @Utah|   | Russell Westbrook (24)| Durant & Ibaka (8)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Energy Solutions Arena
19,911| 15–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 13| Utah|   | Kevin Durant (31)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 16–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25| December 16| Portland|   | Kevin Durant (24)| Enes Kanter (13)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 17–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 17| @ Cleveland|  | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Quicken Loans Arena
20,562| 17–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 19|  L.A. Lakers|   | Kevin Durant (22)| Enes Kanter (14)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 18–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 28| December 21| @ L.A. Clippers| | Russell Westbrook (33)| Steven Adams (11)| Durant, Westbrook (7)| Staples Center
19,415| 19–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 29| December 23| @ L.A. Lakers|   | Russell Westbrook (23)| Enes Kanter (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Staples Center
18,997| 20–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 30| December 25| Chicago|   | Kevin Durant (29)| Enes Kanter (11)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 20–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 31| December 27| Denver| | Russell Westbrook (30)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 21–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 32| December 29| Milwaukee| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Enes Kanter (8)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 22–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33| December 31| Phoenix|   | Russell Westbrook (36)| Steven Adams (8)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 23–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34| January 2| @ Charlotte|   | Kevin Durant (29)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Time Warner Cable Arena
19,387| 24–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35| January 4| Sacramento| | Serge Ibaka (25)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (15) | Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 24–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 36| January 6| Memphis|  | Kevin Durant (26)| Kevin Durant (17)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37| January 8| @ L.A. Lakers|  | Russell Westbrook (36)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Staples Center
18,997| 26–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38| January 10| @ Portland|   | Kevin Durant (28)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Moda Center
19,393| 26–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39| January 12| @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (30)| Serge Ibaka (8)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Target Center
14,791| 27–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40| January 13| Dallas|  | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 28–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41| January 15| Minnesota|   | Kevin Durant (21)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 29–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42| January 17| Miami|   | Kevin Durant (24)| Kevin Durant & Russell Westbrook (10)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 30–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 43| January 19| @ Denver|  | Kevin Durant (30)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Pepsi Center
12,844| 31–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 44| January 20| Charlotte|  | Kevin Durant (26)| Steven Adams (10)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 32–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45| January 22| @ Dallas|   | Kevin Durant (24)| Nick Collison (11)|Kevin Durant & Russell Westbrook (7)| American Airlines Center
20,284| 33–12|- style="background:#fcc;"| 46| January 24| @ Brooklyn|  | Kevin Durant (32)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Kevin Durant & Russell Westbrook (7)| Barclays Center
16,019| 33–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 47| January 26| @ New York| | Kevin Durant (44)| Serge Ibaka (17)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Madison Square Garden
19,812| 34–13|-style="background:#cfc;"|48|January 27|@ Minnesota|| Kevin Durant (27)| Enes Kanter (10)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Target Center
13,337|35–13|-style="background:#cfc;"|49|January 29| Houston|| Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
 18,203|36–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 50| February 1|  Washington|  | Kevin Durant (28)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 37–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51| February 3| Orlando|   | Kevin Durant (37)| Russell Westbrook (19)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 38–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 52| February 6| @ Golden State|   | Kevin Durant (40)| Enes Kanter (15)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 38–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53| February 8| @ Phoenix|  | Kevin Durant (32)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Talking Stick Resort Arena
16,316| 39–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 54| February 11| New Orleans|   | Durant & Westbrook (23)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–14|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#fcc;"| 55| February 19|  Indiana|  | Kevin Durant (31)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (18)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 56| February 21| Cleveland|   | Kevin Durant (26)| Adams & Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 57| February 24| @ Dallas|  | Durant & Westbrook (24)| Enes Kanter (9)| Russell Westbrook (13)| American Airlines Center
19,805| 41–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58| February 25| @ New Orleans|   | Russell Westbrook (44)| Kevin Durant (14)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Smoothie King Center
16,974| 41–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 59| February 27| Golden State|  | Kevin Durant (37)| Serge Ibaka (20)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 41–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60| February 29| @ Sacramento|  | Kevin Durant (27)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Sleep Train Arena
17,317| 42–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 61| March 2| @ L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (30)| Durant & Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Staples Center
19,304| 42–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62| March 3| @ Golden State| | Kevin Durant (32)| André Roberson (11)| Kevin Durant (9)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 42–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 63| March 6| @ Milwaukee|   | Kevin Durant (32)| Enes Kanter (12)| Russell Westbrook (11)| BMO Harris Bradley Center
16,565| 43–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 64| March 9| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (30)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (20)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 44–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 65| March 11| Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (28)| Steven Adams (13)| Russell Westbrook (8) | Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 44–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 66| March 12| @ San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Kevin Durant (8)| AT&T Center
18,418| 44–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 67| March 14| Portland|   | Enes Kanter (26)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Russell Westbrook (16)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 45–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68| March 16| @ Boston| | Kevin Durant (28)| Enes Kanter (12)| Kevin Durant (9)| TD Garden
18,624| 46–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69| March 18| @ Philadelphia| | Kevin Durant (26)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Wells Fargo Center
20,388| 47–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70| March 19| @ Indiana|  | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165| 48–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 71| March 22| Houston|  | Kevin Durant (23)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (15)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 49–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 72| March 24| Utah| | Kevin Durant (20)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 50–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 73| March 26| San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (31)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 51–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 74| March 28| @ Toronto| | Kevin Durant (34)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Air Canada Centre
19,800| 52–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75| March 29| @ Detroit| | Russell Westbrook (24)| Enes Kanter (14)| Russell Westbrook (6)| The Palace of Auburn Hills
18,201| 52–23|- style="background:#cfc;"| 76| March 31| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (31)| Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 53–23|- style="background:#fcc;"| 77| April 3| @ Houston|   | Kevin Durant (33)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Toyota Center
18,462| 53–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 78| April 5| @ Denver|  | Kevin Durant (26)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Pepsi Center
12,611| 54–24|- style="background:#fcc;"| 79| April 6| @ Portland|  | Enes Kanter (33)| Enes Kanter (20)| Cameron Payne (6)| Moda Center
19,399| 54–25|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80| April 9| @ Sacramento|  | Kevin Durant (31)| Ibaka & Adams (8)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Sleep Train Arena
17,317| 54–26|- style="background:#cfc;"| 81| April 11| L.A. Lakers|  | Kevin Durant (34)| Steven Adams (15)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 55–26|- style="background:#fcc;"| 82| April 12| @ San Antonio|   | Adams, Waiters, Payne & Kanter (17)| Enes Kanter (16)| Cameron Payne (7)| AT&T Center
18,765|55–27

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"| 1| October 28|

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–0|-style="background:#cfc;"|2|October 30| @

text: Orlando

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Amway Center

text: <br>18,846| 2–0|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3| November 1|

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 4| November 2| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>17,224| 3–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 5| November 4|

text: Toronto

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 6| November 5|@

text: Chicago

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: United Center

text: <br>21,861| 3–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 7| November 8|

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 4–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 8| November 10|  @

text: Washington

text: Dion Waiters

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>20,356| 5–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9| November 13|

text: Philadelphia

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 10| November 15|

text: Boston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–4|- style="background:#fcc;"|11| November 16| @

text: Memphis

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedEx Forum

text: <br>17,270| 6–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12| November 18|

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 7–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 13| November 20|

text: New York

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 7–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 14| November 22|

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 15| November 23| @

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Vivint Smart Home Arena

text: <br>19,911| 9–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16| November 25|

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 10–6|- style="background:#cfc;"| 17| November 27|

text: Detroit

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 11–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 18| November 30| @

text: Atlanta

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>17,768| 11–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 19| December 3| @

text: Miami

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Roberson

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>19,600| 11–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20| December 6|

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 12–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21| December 8| @

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedEx Forum

text: <br>16,415| 13–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22| December 10|

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 14–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23| December 11| @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Energy Solutions Arena

text: <br>19,911| 15–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24| December 13|

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 16–8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25| December 16|

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 17–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 26| December 17| @

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Quicken Loans Arena

text: <br>20,562| 17–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 27| December 19|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 18–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 28| December 21| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,415| 19–9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 29| December 23| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 20–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 30| December 25|

text: Chicago

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 20–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 31| December 27|

text: Denver

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 21–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 32| December 29|

text: Milwaukee

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 22–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33| December 31|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 23–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34| January 2| @

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Time Warner Cable Arena

text: <br>19,387| 24–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35| January 4|

text: Sacramento

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: (15) |

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 24–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 36| January 6|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37| January 8| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 26–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38| January 10| @

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Moda Center

text: <br>19,393| 26–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39| January 12| @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>14,791| 27–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40| January 13|

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 28–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41| January 15|

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 29–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42| January 17|

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 30–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 43| January 19| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>12,844| 31–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 44| January 20|

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 32–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45| January 22| @

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Nick Collison

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,284| 33–12|- style="background:#fcc;"| 46| January 24| @

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Barclays Center

text: <br>16,019| 33–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 47| January 26| @

text: New York

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Madison Square Garden

text: <br>19,812| 34–13|-style="background:#cfc;"|48|January 27|@

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>13,337|35–13|-style="background:#cfc;"|49|January 29|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br> 18,203|36–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 50| February 1|

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 37–13|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51| February 3|

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 38–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 52| February 6| @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 38–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53| February 8| @

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Talking Stick Resort Arena

text: <br>16,316| 39–14|- style="background:#cfc;"| 54| February 11|

text: New Orleans

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–14|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#fcc;"| 55| February 19|

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 56| February 21|

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Adams

text: Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–16|- style="background:#cfc;"| 57| February 24| @

text: Dallas

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>19,805| 41–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58| February 25| @

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>16,974| 41–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 59| February 27|

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 41–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60| February 29| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>17,317| 42–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 61| March 2| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,304| 42–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62| March 3| @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: André Roberson

text: Kevin Durant

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 42–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 63| March 6| @

text: Milwaukee

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: BMO Harris Bradley Center

text: <br>16,565| 43–20|- style="background:#cfc;"| 64| March 9|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 44–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 65| March 11|

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: (8) |

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 44–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 66| March 12| @

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,418| 44–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 67| March 14|

text: Portland

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 45–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68| March 16| @

text: Boston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Enes Kanter

text: Kevin Durant

text: TD Garden

text: <br>18,624| 46–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69| March 18| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br>20,388| 47–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70| March 19| @

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>18,165| 48–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 71| March 22|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 49–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 72| March 24|

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 50–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 73| March 26|

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 51–22|- style="background:#cfc;"| 74| March 28| @

text: Toronto

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Air Canada Centre

text: <br>19,800| 52–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75| March 29| @

text: Detroit

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Enes Kanter

text: Russell Westbrook

text: The Palace of Auburn Hills

text: <br>18,201| 52–23|- style="background:#cfc;"| 76| March 31|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 53–23|- style="background:#fcc;"| 77| April 3| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,462| 53–24|- style="background:#cfc;"| 78| April 5| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>12,611| 54–24|- style="background:#fcc;"| 79| April 6| @

text: Portland

text: Enes Kanter

text: Enes Kanter

text: Cameron Payne

text: Moda Center

text: <br>19,399| 54–25|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80| April 9| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>17,317| 54–26|- style="background:#cfc;"| 81| April 11|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 55–26|- style="background:#fcc;"| 82| April 12| @

text: San Antonio

text: Adams

text: Waiters

text: Payne

text: Kanter

text: Enes Kanter

text: Cameron Payne

text: AT&T Center

text: The shift to an environment-conscious approach in Morocco has brought about scores of investment opportunities, most being in the utility and renewable energy industries. In addition to the rise in sales of photovoltaic panels, the business of wind turbines is also surging despite soaring prices on international markets because of the growing demand. To work towards a programme of sustainable development, a number of technological updates need to be made, including improvements to automobiles, the quality of energy products and increasing the number of renewable energy-producing plants. The government also needs to promote water conservation and efficiency in order to prevent further scarcity. Despite these challenges, Morocco is working to conserve and protect its environment and its efforts were recognised when its Mohammed VI Foundation for Environment won the environmental prize National Energy Globe Award in Brussels in 2007.

text: Substituting the energy and momentum operators into the classical energy conservation equation obtains the operator:

text: In the Directive 2001/77/EC, otherwise known as the RES-E Directive, the European Union stated a goal to have 22% of the total energy consumed by member states to be produced from renewable energy resources by 2010. As a result, Ireland, in a report titled "Policy Consideration for Renewable Electricity to 2010", made the commitment to have 4% of its total energy consumption come from renewable energy resources by 2002 and 13.2% by 2010. The Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources (DCMNR) founded the Renewable Energy Group (REG) which established the short term analysis group (STAG) to investigate a means of accomplishing this goal. To meet the 2010 target of 13.2%, 1,432 MW of electricity will need to be generated from renewable resources with 1,100 MW being generated from wind resources both onshore and offshore.

text: In the

text: Directive

text: 2001/77/EC, otherwise known as the RES-E Directive, the

text: European Union

text: stated a goal to have 22% of the total energy consumed by member states to be produced from renewable energy resources by 2010. As a result, Ireland, in a report titled "Policy Consideration for Renewable Electricity to 2010", made the commitment to have 4% of its total energy consumption come from renewable energy resources by 2002 and 13.2% by 2010. The Department of Communications Marine and Natural Resources (DCMNR) founded the Renewable Energy Group (REG) which established the short term analysis group (STAG) to investigate a means of accomplishing this goal. To meet the 2010 target of 13.2%, 1,432 MW of electricity will need to be generated from renewable resources with 1,100 MW being generated from wind resources both onshore and offshore.

text: The incentive to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating and cooling and transport is motivated by global warming, pollution and other ecological as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system. In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated.

text: The incentive to use 100%

text: renewable energy

text: for electricity, heating and cooling and transport is motivated by

text: global warming

text: , pollution and other ecological as well as economic and

text: energy security

text: concerns. Shifting the total global

text: primary energy

text: supply to renewable sources requires a

text: transition of the energy system

text: . In 2013 the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.

text: Renewable energy use

text: has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated.

text: The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (LoTD) and Laws for conservation of matter (LCoM) set limiting conditions for life on earth: The First Law says that energy is conserved; nothing disappears, its form simply changes (e.g. heat, movement).  Another way of stating this is: "Energy cannot be created, or destroyed, only modified in form." The implications of the Second Law and second law of conservation of matter, are that matter and energy tend to disperse over time. For matter this is referred to as "entropy." Putting the different laws together and applying them to our planetary system, the following facts become apparent:

text: The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (LoTD) and Laws for conservation of matter (LCoM) set limiting conditions for life on earth: The

text: First Law

text: says that

text: energy

text: is conserved; nothing disappears, its form simply changes (e.g. heat, movement).  Another way of stating this is: "Energy cannot be created, or destroyed, only modified in form." The implications of the

text: Second Law

text: and second law of conservation of matter, are that

text: matter

text: and energy tend to disperse over time. For matter this is referred to as "

text: entropy

text: ." Putting the different laws together and applying them to our

text: planetary system

text: , the following facts become apparent:

text: Indoor climate control is provided by the region's first earth energy system, also known as a geothermal heat pump system, consisting of an electrically powered compressor and exchanger device connected to a series of small diameter pipes buried in the earth to create an energy exchanger through which heat energy can either be captured from inside the building and rejected into the earth, or reversed to capture heat energy from the earth and deposited into the building.

text: Energy from any grid-tied source is bought and sold with contracts specifying the generator and purchaser. In the trade of renewable energy, RECs specify that a unit of renewable energy was generated.  Because once electricity is placed on the electrical grid it mixes with electricity from multiple sources and becomes indistinguishable, RECs are used to track the ownership of environmental and social benefits of the renewable energy.  The majority of RECs are sold separately from the electricity itself.  In these cases, the electricity is sold as "null" energy without its environmental and social benefits, as if it were generated by non-renewable resources such as coal, nuclear or natural gas.  When RECs are purchased in combination with non-renewable electricity this constitutes the legal purchase of renewable energy.  This is how electrical grid connected renewable energy is traded in the U.S.  Grid-connected renewable energy is used by electric utility companies in meeting their regulatory requirements and by individuals and businesses wishing to lessen their environmental impact.  RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allows the economic forces of supply and demand to spur the further development of renewable energy generation.

text: Energy from any grid-tied source is bought and sold with contracts specifying the generator and purchaser. In the trade of renewable energy, RECs specify that a unit of renewable energy was generated.  Because once electricity is placed on the

text: electrical grid

text: it mixes with electricity from multiple sources and becomes indistinguishable, RECs are used to track the ownership of environmental and social benefits of the renewable energy.  The majority of RECs are sold separately from the electricity itself.  In these cases, the electricity is sold as "null" energy without its environmental and social benefits, as if it were generated by non-renewable resources such as coal, nuclear or natural gas.  When RECs are purchased in combination with non-renewable electricity this constitutes the legal purchase of renewable energy.  This is how

text: electrical grid

text: connected renewable energy is traded in the U.S.  Grid-connected renewable energy is used by electric utility companies in meeting their regulatory requirements and by individuals and businesses wishing to lessen their environmental impact.  RECs allow for purchasers to support renewable energy generation and allows the economic forces of supply and demand to spur the further development of renewable energy generation.

text: In the Post-Crisis DC Comics Universe, Captain Atom's Dilustel skin is tied into the Quantum Field, which enables him to absorb and manipulate theoretically infinite amounts of energy, limited by his willpower and imagination. This energy can be used for flight (which is generally faster than the speed of sound in Earth's atmosphere and up to half-light speed in the vacuum of space), super strength (shown at times to be on par with Martian Manhunter, though another sourcethe DC Heroes Roleplaying Gamedefines his level of strength second only to Superman's among the heroes of the DC universe, though as Monarch he was capable of effortlessly overwhelming three versions of Superman), durability (he has survived exploding nuclear weapons, and even energy sufficient to wipe out all life within the Universe of Earth 51although this was his own energy) self sustenance and life support (allowing him to live and even speak in space), and controlling energy of any form. In addition to high speed flight he has been shown to possess enhanced reflexes. Atom's abilities stem from his link to the Quantum Field, which provides a virtually infinite source of Quantum Energy, which can be used for a vast number of effects. He commonly manipulates his energy into force field bubbles, or explosive "bombs", but the most common form is a simple energy blast. Atom has been shown to be capable of manipulating even exotic energies such as magic, and has a high degree of resistance to such attacks.

text: In the Post-Crisis DC Comics Universe, Captain Atom's Dilustel skin is tied into the Quantum Field, which enables him to absorb and manipulate theoretically infinite amounts of energy, limited by his willpower and imagination. This energy can be used for flight (which is generally faster than the speed of sound in Earth's atmosphere and up to half-light speed in the vacuum of space), super strength (shown at times to be on par with

text: Martian Manhunter

text: , though another source

text: the DC Heroes Roleplaying Game

text: defines his level of strength second only to Superman's among the heroes of the DC universe, though as Monarch he was capable of effortlessly overwhelming three versions of Superman), durability (he has survived exploding nuclear weapons, and even energy sufficient to wipe out all life within the Universe of Earth 51although this was his own energy) self sustenance and life support (allowing him to live and even speak in space), and controlling energy of any form. In addition to high speed flight he has been shown to possess enhanced reflexes. Atom's abilities stem from his link to the Quantum Field, which provides a virtually infinite source of Quantum Energy, which can be used for a vast number of effects. He commonly manipulates his energy into force field bubbles, or explosive "bombs", but the most common form is a simple energy blast. Atom has been shown to be capable of manipulating even exotic energies such as magic, and has a high degree of resistance to such attacks.

text: The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, plate boundary movement and interest rates. Pilot programs like EWEB's customer opt in Green Power Program show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal. But as a result of government assisted research and industry experience, the cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by 25% over the past two decades. In 2001, geothermal energy costs between two and ten US cents per kWh.

text: By 2004 4.65% of the UK's electricity requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including hydroelectricity), up from 2.55% in 1990. This figure rose to 8.7% by 2011. The total contribution of renewable energy to all energy consumption in the UK was 3.8% in 2011. This comprised 8.7% of electricity, 2.2% of heat and 2.9% of transport fuel coming from renewable sources. UK Government energy policy set a target for renewable electricity to provide 10% of all electricity use by 2010. This target was not met. The UK has agreed to the EU wide renewable energy target of 20% of all energy to come from renewables by 2020, in line with the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive. The UK's specific target is to achieve 15% of all energy from renewables. The UK's Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) has announced that the UK will attempt to meet this target with 30% renewable electricity, 12% renewable heat and 10% renewable transport fuel. , the UK was 25th of the 27 EU Member States in terms of the fraction of energy produced from renewables.

text: By 2004 4.65% of the UK's electricity requirements were being generated from renewable energy sources (including

text: hydroelectricity

text: ), up from 2.55% in 1990. This figure rose to 8.7% by 2011. The total contribution of renewable energy to all energy consumption in the UK was 3.8% in 2011. This comprised 8.7% of electricity, 2.2% of heat and 2.9% of transport fuel coming from renewable sources.

text: UK Government energy policy

text: set a target for renewable electricity to provide 10% of all electricity use by 2010. This target was not met. The UK has agreed to the EU wide renewable energy target of 20% of all energy to come from renewables by 2020, in line with the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive. The UK's specific target is to achieve 15% of all energy from renewables. The UK's Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) has announced that the UK will attempt to meet this target with 30% renewable electricity, 12% renewable heat and 10% renewable transport fuel. , the UK was 25th of the 27 EU Member States in terms of the fraction of energy produced from renewables.

text: One of Wawel’s most well-known, but officially unendorsed legends is that of the fabled chakra stone.Chakra stone is believed to be a holy stone, one of seven mysterious energy sources placed in different locations around the world - the seven main energy centres of Earth.

text: Manned space vehicles must be slowed to subsonic speeds before parachutes or air brakes may be deployed. Such vehicles have kinetic energies typically between 50 and 1800 MJoules, and atmospheric dissipation is the only way of expending the kinetic energy. The amount of rocket fuel required to slow the vehicle would be nearly equal to the amount used to accelerate it initially, and it is thus highly impractical to use retro rockets for the entire Earth re-entry procedure. While the high temperature generated at the surface of the heat shield is due to adiabatic compression, the vehicle's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction (viscosity) after the vehicle has passed by. Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gasses and chemical reactions between ionized gasses.

text: Geothermal energy is produced by tapping into the thermal energy created and stored within the earth. It arises from the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium and other elements found in the Earth's crust. Geothermal energy can be obtained by drilling into the ground, very similar to oil exploration, and then it is carried by a heat-transfer fluid (e.g. water, brine or steam). Geothermal systems that are mainly dominated by water have the potential to provide greater benefits to the system and will generate more power. Within these liquid-dominated systems, there are possible concerns of subsidence and contamination of ground-water resources. Therefore, protection of ground-water resources is necessary in these systems. This means that careful reservoir production and engineering is necessary in liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir systems. Geothermal energy is considered sustainable because that thermal energy is constantly replenished. However, the science of geothermal energy generation is still young and developing economic viability. Several entities, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories are conducting research toward the goal of establishing a proven science around geothermal energy. The International Centre for Geothermal Research (IGC), a German geosciences research organization, is largely focused on geothermal energy development research.

text: Geothermal energy

text: is produced by tapping into the thermal energy created and stored within the earth. It arises from the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium and other elements found in the Earth's crust. Geothermal energy can be obtained by drilling into the ground, very similar to oil exploration, and then it is carried by a heat-transfer fluid (e.g. water, brine or steam). Geothermal systems that are mainly dominated by water have the potential to provide greater benefits to the system and will generate more power. Within these liquid-dominated systems, there are possible concerns of subsidence and contamination of ground-water resources. Therefore, protection of ground-water resources is necessary in these systems. This means that careful reservoir production and engineering is necessary in liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir systems. Geothermal energy is considered sustainable because that thermal energy is constantly replenished. However, the science of geothermal energy generation is still young and developing economic viability. Several entities, such as the

text: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

text: and

text: Sandia National Laboratories

text: are conducting research toward the goal of establishing a proven science around geothermal energy. The International Centre for Geothermal Research (IGC), a German geosciences research organization, is largely focused on geothermal energy development research.

text: Energy may be transformed between different forms at various efficiencies. Items that transform between these forms are called transducers. Examples of transducers include a battery, from chemical energy to electric energy; a dam: gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine) and ultimately to electric energy through an electric generator; or a heat engine, from heat to work.

text: Energy may be

text: transformed

text: between different forms at various

text: efficiencies

text: . Items that transform between these forms are called

text: transducer

text: s. Examples of transducers include a battery, from

text: chemical energy

text: to

text: electric energy

text: ; a dam:

text: gravitational potential energy

text: to

text: kinetic energy

text: of moving water (and the blades of a

text: turbine

text: ) and ultimately to

text: electric energy

text: through an

text: electric generator

text: ; or a

text: heat engine

text: , from heat to work.

text: Heat energy is not received from the Sun. Rather, radiant energy is received and this results in change in energy level of receiving bodies in Earth's domain. Different materials have different properties for transmitting back received energy in the form of heat energy at different rates.

text: Heat energy

text: is not received from the Sun. Rather,

text: radiant energy

text: is received and this results in change in

text: energy level

text: of receiving bodies in Earth's domain. Different materials have different properties for transmitting back received energy in the form of heat energy at different rates.

text: According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.

text: According to

text: conservation of energy

text: , energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict

text: global conservation law

text: ; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.

text: Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat. Earth's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface could become warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

text: Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as

text: heat

text: . Earth's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. If this

text: energy balance

text: is shifted, Earth's surface could become warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

text: A broad range of pellet stoves, central heating furnaces, and other heating appliances have been developed and marketed since the mid-1980s. In 1997 fully automatic wood pellet boilers with similar comfort level as oil and gas boilers became available in Austria. With the surge in the price of fossil fuels since 2005, the demand for pellet heating has increased in Europe and North America, and a sizable industry is emerging.  According to the International Energy Agency Task 40, wood pellet production has more than doubled between 2006 and 2010 to over 14 million tons.   In a 2012 report, the Biomass Energy Resource Center says that it expects wood pellet production in North America to double again in the next five years.

text: A broad range of

text: pellet stove

text: s, central heating furnaces, and other heating appliances have been developed and marketed since the mid-1980s. In 1997 fully automatic wood

text: pellet boiler

text: s with similar comfort level as oil and gas boilers became available in

text: Austria

text: . With the surge in the price of

text: fossil fuel

text: s since 2005, the demand for pellet heating has increased in

text: Europe

text: and

text: North America

text: , and a sizable industry is emerging.  According to the

text: International Energy Agency

text: Task 40

text: , wood pellet production has more than doubled between 2006 and 2010 to over 14 million tons.   In a 2012 report, the Biomass Energy Resource Center says that it expects wood pellet production in North America to double again in the next five years.

text:
|- style="background:#cfc;"| 1 | October 30| @ Utah| | Kevin Durant (42)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Reggie Jackson (3)| EnergySolutions Arena
19,911| 1–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 2 | November 1| @ Minnesota| | Jeremy Lamb (16)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Jackson & Fisher (4)| Target Center
17,433| 1–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3 | November 3| Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (33)| Durant & Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 2–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 4 | November 6| Dallas| | Kevin Durant (23)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Kevin Durant (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 3–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 5 | November 8| @ Detroit| | Kevin Durant (37)| Steven Adams (10)| Kevin Durant (7)| Palace of Auburn Hills
15,624| 4–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 6 | November 10| Washington| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (13)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 7 | November 13| @ L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (6)| Durant & Westbrook (10)| Staples Center
19,273| 5–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8 | November 14| @ Golden State| | Russell Westbrook (31)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Kevin Durant (8)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 5–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9 | November 16| @ Milwaukee| | Russell Westbrook (26)| Serge Ibaka (20)| Russell Westbrook (4)| BMO Harris Bradley Center
15,984| 6–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 10 | November 18| Denver| | Kevin Durant (38)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 7–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 11 | November 21| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (28)| Steven Adams (7)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12 | November 24| Utah| | Kevin Durant (19)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Reggie Jackson (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 9–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 13 | November 27| San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (24)| Kevin Durant (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 10–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 14 | November 29| Golden State| | Russell Westbrook (34)| Durant & Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 11–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 15 | December 1| Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (10)| Kevin Durant (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 12–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16 | December 3| @ Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (27)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Sleep Train Arena
15,089| 13–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 17 | December 4| @ Portland| |Kevin Durant (33)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Moda Center
18,950| 13–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 18 | December 6| @ New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Durant, Westbrook &Jackson(4)| New Orleans Arena
17,694| 14–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19 | December 8| Indiana| | Kevin Durant (36)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 15–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20 | December 10| @ Atlanta| | Kevin Durant (30)| Durant & Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Philips Arena
12,503| 16–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21 | December 11| @ Memphis| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Serge Ibaka (7)| Russell Westbrook (9)| FedExForum
16,345| 17–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22 | December 13| L.A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (31)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 18–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23 | December 15| Orlando| | Kevin Durant (28)| Russell Westbrook (12)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 19–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24 | December 17| @ Denver| | Kevin Durant (30)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Pepsi Center
17,035| 20–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25 | December 19| Chicago| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 21–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 26 | December 21| @ San Antonio| | Russell Westbrook (31)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (4)| AT&T Center
18,581| 22–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 27 | December 22| Toronto| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Westbrook &Jackson (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 22–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 28 | December 25| @ New York| | Kevin Durant (29)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Madison Square Garden
19,812| 23–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 29 | December 27| @ Charlotte| | Kevin Durant (34)| Kevin Durant (12)| Kevin Durant (6) | Time Warner Cable Arena
18,129| 24–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 30 | December 29| Houston| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (13)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 31 | December 31| Portland| | Kevin Durant (37)| Kevin Durant (14)| Reggie Jackson (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 32 | January 2| Brooklyn| | Kevin Durant (24)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25–7|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33 | January 4| @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (48)| Steven Adams (9)| Kevin Durant (7)| Target Center
18,065| 26–7|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34 | January 5| Boston| | Reggie Jackson (27)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 27–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35 | January 7| @ Utah| | Kevin Durant (48)| Kevin Durant (7)| Reggie Jackson (6)| EnergySolutions Arena
18,547| 27–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 36 | January 9| @ Denver| | Kevin Durant (30)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Pepsi Center
17,315| 27−9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37 | January 11| Milwaukee| | Kevin Durant (33)| Serge Ibaka (17)| Kevin Durant (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 28–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38 | January 14| @ Memphis| | Kevin Durant (37)| Ibaka & Adams (9)| Kevin Durant (4)| FedExForum
17,177| 28–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39 | January 16| @ Houston| | Kevin Durant (36)| Serge Ibaka (15)| Kevin Durant (7)| Toyota Center
18,231| 29–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40 | January 17| Golden State| | Kevin Durant (54)|Kendrick Perkins (12) | Durant &Jackson (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 30–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41 | January 19| Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (30)| Adams & Collison (7)| Kevin Durant (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 31–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42 | January 21| Portland| | Kevin Durant (46)| Kendrick Perkins (8)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 32–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 43 | January 22| @ San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (36)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Reggie Jackson (8)| AT&T Center
18,581| 33–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 44 | January 24| @ Boston| | Serge Ibaka (21)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| Reggie Jackson (8)| TD Garden
18,624| 34–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45 | January 25| @ Philadelphia| |Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (14)| Kevin Durant (10)| Wells Fargo Center
19,217| 35–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 46 | January 27| Atlanta| | Kevin Durant (41)| Kendrick Perkins (7)| Durant, Jackson & Collison (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 36–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 47 | January 29| @ Miami| | Kevin Durant (33)| Serge Ibaka (8)| Kevin Durant (5)| American Airlines Arena
19,673| 37–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 48 | January 31| @ Brooklyn| | Kevin Durant (26)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Durant & Jackson (7)| Barclays Center
17,732| 38–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 49 | February 1| @ Washington| | Kevin Durant (26)| Ibaka & Jackson (8)| Kevin Durant (7)| Verizon Center
20,356| 38–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 50 | February 3| Memphis| | Kevin Durant (31)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Kevin Durant (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 39–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51 | February 5| Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (26)| Kendrick Perkins (12)| Reggie Jackson (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 52 | February 7| @ Orlando| | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (6)| Kevin Durant (12)| Amway Center
15,599| 40–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53 | February 9| New York| | Kevin Durant (41)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Kevin Durant (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 41–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 54 | February 11| @ Portland| | Kevin Durant (36)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Moda Center
20,018| 42–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 55 | February 13| @ L.A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (43)| Kevin Durant (12)| Kevin Durant (7)| Staples Center
18,997| 43–12|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#fcc;"| 56 | February 20| Miami| | Kevin Durant (28)| Durant & Ibaka (8)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 43–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 57 | February 23| L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (42)| Ibaka, Collison & Adams (6)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 43–14|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58 | February 26| Cleveland| | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Durant & Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 43–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 59 | February 28| Memphis| | Kevin Durant (37)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 44–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60 | March 2| Charlotte| | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Durant & Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 45–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 61 | March 4| Philadelphia| | Kevin Durant (42)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 46–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62 | March 6| @ Phoenix| | Russell Westbrook (36)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| US Airways Center
17,816| 46–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 63 | March 9| @ L.A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka  (15)| Kevin Durant (12)| Staples Center
18,997| 46–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 64 | March 11| Houston| | Kevin Durant (40)| Serge Ibaka (16)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 47–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 65 | March 13| L.A. Lakers| | Durant & Westbrook (29)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 48–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 66 | March 16| Dallas| | Kevin Durant (30)| Nick Collison (7)| Kevin Durant (4)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 48–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 67 | March 17| @ Chicago| | Kevin Durant (35)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (9)| United Center
22,261| 49–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68 | March 20| @ Cleveland| | Kevin Durant (35)| Durant & Ibaka (11)| Durant & Jackson (6)| Quicken Loans Arena
18,246| 50–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69 | March 21| @ Toronto| | Kevin Durant (51)| Durant & Jackson (12)| Kevin Durant (7)| Air Canada Centre
19,800| 51–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70 | March 24| Denver| | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka (7)| Reggie Jackson (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 52–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 71 | March 25| @ Dallas| | Kevin Durant (43)| Westbrook & Collison (7)| Westbrook & Jackson (8)| American Airlines Center
19,607| 52–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 72 | March 28| Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (8)| Durant &Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 53–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 73 | March 30| Utah| | Kevin Durant (31)| Steven Adams (8)| Kevin Durant (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 54–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 74 | April 3| San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (28)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 55–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75 | April 4| @ Houston| | Kevin Durant (28)| Kevin Durant (12)| Reggie Jackson (7)| Toyota Center
18,407| 55–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 76 | April 6| @ Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (38)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (8)| US Airways Center
18,422| 55–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 77 | April 8| @ Sacramento| | Durant & Butler (23)| Nick Collison (7)| Jackson & Fisher (5)| Sleep Train Arena
16,696| 56–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 78 | April 9| @ L.A. Clippers| | Russell Westbrook (30)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Staples Center
19,459| 57–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 79 | April 11| New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Westbrook & Jackson (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 58–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80 | April 13| @ Indiana| | Kevin Durant (38)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165| 58–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 81 | April 14| @ New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (25)| Serge Ibaka (16)| Kevin Durant (6)| Smoothie King Center
17,024| 58–23|- style="background:#cfc;"| 82 | April 16| Detroit| | Kevin Durant (42)| Serge Ibaka (15)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 59–23

text: |- style="background:#cfc;"| 1 | October 30| @

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>19,911| 1–0|- style="background:#fcc;"| 2 | November 1| @

text: Minnesota

text: Jeremy Lamb

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Jackson

text: Fisher

text: Target Center

text: <br>17,433| 1–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 3 | November 3|

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 2–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 4 | November 6|

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 3–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 5 | November 8| @

text: Detroit

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Palace of Auburn Hills

text: <br>15,624| 4–1|- style="background:#cfc;"| 6 | November 10|

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5–1|- style="background:#fcc;"| 7 | November 13| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,273| 5–2|- style="background:#fcc;"| 8 | November 14| @

text: Golden State

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 5–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 9 | November 16| @

text: Milwaukee

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: BMO Harris Bradley Center

text: <br>15,984| 6–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 10 | November 18|

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 7–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 11 | November 21|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 12 | November 24|

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 9–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 13 | November 27|

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 10–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 14 | November 29|

text: Golden State

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 11–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 15 | December 1|

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 12–3|- style="background:#cfc;"| 16 | December 3| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>15,089| 13–3|- style="background:#fcc;"| 17 | December 4| @

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Moda Center

text: <br>18,950| 13–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 18 | December 6| @

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: New Orleans Arena

text: <br>17,694| 14–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 19 | December 8|

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 15–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 20 | December 10| @

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>12,503| 16–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 21 | December 11| @

text: Memphis

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedExForum

text: <br>16,345| 17–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22 | December 13|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 18–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23 | December 15|

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 19–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 24 | December 17| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>17,035| 20–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 25 | December 19|

text: Chicago

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 21–4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 26 | December 21| @

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 22–4|- style="background:#fcc;"| 27 | December 22|

text: Toronto

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 22–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 28 | December 25| @

text: New York

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Madison Square Garden

text: <br>19,812| 23–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 29 | December 27| @

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: (6) |

text: Time Warner Cable Arena

text: <br>18,129| 24–5|- style="background:#cfc;"| 30 | December 29|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25–5|- style="background:#fcc;"| 31 | December 31|

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25–6|- style="background:#fcc;"| 32 | January 2|

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25–7|- style="background:#cfc;"| 33 | January 4| @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Target Center

text: <br>18,065| 26–7|- style="background:#cfc;"| 34 | January 5|

text: Boston

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 27–7|- style="background:#fcc;"| 35 | January 7| @

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>18,547| 27–8|- style="background:#fcc;"| 36 | January 9| @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>17,315| 27−9|- style="background:#cfc;"| 37 | January 11|

text: Milwaukee

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 28–9|- style="background:#fcc;"| 38 | January 14| @

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: FedExForum

text: <br>17,177| 28–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 39 | January 16| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,231| 29–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 40 | January 17|

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: (12) |

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 30–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 41 | January 19|

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Adams

text: Collison

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 31–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 42 | January 21|

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 32–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 43 | January 22| @

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 33–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 44 | January 24| @

text: Boston

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Reggie Jackson

text: TD Garden

text: <br>18,624| 34–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 45 | January 25| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br>19,217| 35–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 46 | January 27|

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Collison

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 36–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 47 | January 29| @

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>19,673| 37–10|- style="background:#cfc;"| 48 | January 31| @

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Barclays Center

text: <br>17,732| 38–10|- style="background:#fcc;"| 49 | February 1| @

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Jackson

text: Kevin Durant

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>20,356| 38–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 50 | February 3|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 39–11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 51 | February 5|

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40–11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 52 | February 7| @

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Amway Center

text: <br>15,599| 40–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 53 | February 9|

text: New York

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 41–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 54 | February 11| @

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Moda Center

text: <br>20,018| 42–12|- style="background:#cfc;"| 55 | February 13| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 43–12|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#fcc;"| 56 | February 20|

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 43–13|- style="background:#fcc;"| 57 | February 23|

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Collison

text: Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 43–14|- style="background:#fcc;"| 58 | February 26|

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 43–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 59 | February 28|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 44–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 60 | March 2|

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 45–15|- style="background:#cfc;"| 61 | March 4|

text: Philadelphia

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 46–15|- style="background:#fcc;"| 62 | March 6| @

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>17,816| 46–16|- style="background:#fcc;"| 63 | March 9| @

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 46–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 64 | March 11|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 47–17|- style="background:#cfc;"| 65 | March 13|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 48–17|- style="background:#fcc;"| 66 | March 16|

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Nick Collison

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 48–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 67 | March 17| @

text: Chicago

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: United Center

text: <br>22,261| 49–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 68 | March 20| @

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Quicken Loans Arena

text: <br>18,246| 50–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 69 | March 21| @

text: Toronto

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Kevin Durant

text: Air Canada Centre

text: <br>19,800| 51–18|- style="background:#cfc;"| 70 | March 24|

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 52–18|- style="background:#fcc;"| 71 | March 25| @

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Collison

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>19,607| 52–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 72 | March 28|

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 53–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 73 | March 30|

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Steven Adams

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 54–19|- style="background:#cfc;"| 74 | April 3|

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 55–19|- style="background:#fcc;"| 75 | April 4| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,407| 55–20|- style="background:#fcc;"| 76 | April 6| @

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>18,422| 55–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 77 | April 8| @

text: Sacramento

text: Durant

text: Butler

text: Nick Collison

text: Jackson

text: Fisher

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>16,696| 56–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 78 | April 9| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,459| 57–21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 79 | April 11|

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Westbrook

text: Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 58–21|- style="background:#fcc;"| 80 | April 13| @

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>18,165| 58–22|- style="background:#fcc;"| 81 | April 14| @

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Smoothie King Center

text: <br>17,024| 58–23|- style="background:#cfc;"| 82 | April 16|

text: Detroit

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 59–23

text: The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (Pub.L. 110-140)  laid out the changes in legislation regarding lighting in the United States in Title III, Subtitle B. In this, the different bulbs being affected by the standards changes are first defined. Along with higher standards being created for bulbs, the ballasts are also required to increase efficiency. It is also outlined within EISA 2007 that there are lighting requirements within public buildings. The General Services Administration (GSA) set minimum energy efficiency standards for leased spaces, which includes energy efficient lighting fixtures and bulbs, including the use of Energy Star and Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) designated products.

text: The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (Pub.L. 110-140)  laid out the changes in legislation regarding lighting in the United States in Title III, Subtitle B. In this, the different bulbs being affected by the standards changes are first defined. Along with higher standards being created for bulbs, the ballasts are also required to increase efficiency. It is also outlined within EISA 2007 that there are lighting requirements within public buildings. The

text: General Services Administration

text: (GSA) set minimum energy efficiency standards for leased spaces, which includes energy efficient lighting fixtures and bulbs, including the use of Energy Star and

text: Federal Energy Management Program

text: (FEMP) designated products.

text: Hot dry rock (HDR) is by far the most abundant source of geothermal energy available to mankind. A vast store of thermal energy is contained in the hot—but essentially dry—impervious crystalline basement rocks found almost everywhere deep beneath the earth’s surface. A concept for the extraction of useful amounts of geothermal energy from HDR originated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1970, and was so groundbreaking that Laboratory researchers were awarded a U.S. patent covering it.

text: Hot dry rock (HDR) is by far the most abundant source of

text: geothermal energy

text: available to mankind. A vast store of thermal energy is contained in the hot—but essentially dry—impervious crystalline basement rocks found almost everywhere deep beneath the earth’s surface. A concept for the extraction of useful amounts of geothermal energy from HDR originated at the

text: Los Alamos National Laboratory

text: in 1970, and was so groundbreaking that Laboratory researchers were awarded a U.S. patent covering it.

text:
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 1| December 25| Orlando| | Kevin Durant (30)| Russell Westbrook
Nazr Mohammed (7)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 2| December 26| @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kendrick Perkins (8)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Target Center
19,406| 2–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 3| December 28| @ Memphis| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (6)| FedExForum
18,119| 3–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 4| December 29| Dallas| | Kevin Durant (30)| Kevin Durant (11)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 4–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 5| December 31| Phoenix| | Russell Westbrook (18)| Kendrick Perkins (8)| James Harden (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5–0|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 6| January 2| @ Dallas| | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka
Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook
James Harden (3)| American Airlines Center
20,108| 5–1|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 7| January 3| Portland| | James Harden (23)| Nick Collison (6)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 8| January 6| Houston| | Kevin Durant (26)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 9| January 7| @ Houston| | Kevin Durant (27)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Toyota Center
14,327| 7–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 10| January 8| San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (21)| Nick Collison
Kevin Durant (10)| Kevin Durant (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 11| January 10| @ Memphis| | Russell Westbrook (30)| Kendrick Perkins (13)| Kevin Durant (5)| FedExForum
13,601| 9–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 12| January 11| @ New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (29)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| New Orleans Arena
13,565| 10–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 13| January 14| New York| | Kevin Durant (28)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 11–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 14| January 16| @ Boston| | Kevin Durant (28)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (7)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (4)| TD Garden
18,624| 12–2|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 15| January 18| @ Washington| | Russell Westbrook (36)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Verizon Center
15,075| 12–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 16| January 21| @ New Jersey| | Russell Westbrook (21)| Kevin Durant (15)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Prudential Center
15,201| 13–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 17| January 23| Detroit| | Russell Westbrook
James Harden (24)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 14–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 18| January 25| New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (25)| Kevin Durant
Serge Ibaka (7)| James Harden (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 15–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 19| January 27| @ Golden State| | Kevin Durant (37)| Kevin Durant (13)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 16–3|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 20| January 30| @ L.A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (36)| Kevin Durant (13)| James Harden (5)| Staples Center
19,404| 16–4|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 21| February 1| @ Dallas| | Russell Westbrook (33)| Kevin Durant (13)| James Harden (9)| American Airlines Center
20,316| 17–4|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 22| February 3| Memphis| | Kevin Durant (36)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 18–4|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 23| February 4| @ San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (22)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| AT&T Center
18,581| 18–5|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 24| February 6| @ Portland| | Kevin Durant (33)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Rose Garden
20,559| 19–5|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 25| February 7| @ Golden State| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (10)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook
James Harden (7)| Oracle Arena
17,971| 20–5|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 26| February 9| @ Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (27)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook
James Harden
Nick Collison (3)| Power Balance Pavilion
17,317| 20–6|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 27| February 10| @ Utah| | Russell Westbrook (28)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (3)| EnergySolutions Arena
19,911| 21–6|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 28| February 14| Utah| | James Harden (22)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Reggie Jackson (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 22–6|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 29| February 15| @ Houston| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook
James Harden (4)| Toyota Center
18,274| 22–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 30| February 17| Golden State| | James Harden (25)| Kevin Durant (10)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 23–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 31| February 19| Denver| | Kevin Durant (51)| Serge Ibaka (15)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 24–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 32| February 20| New Orleans| | Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (31)| Kendrick Perkins (10)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook
Reggie Jackson (4)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203|  25–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 33| February 22| Boston| | Russell Westbrook (31)| Kendrick Perkins (10)| James Harden (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 26–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 34| February 23| L.A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (33)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Kevin Durant
Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 27–7|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 35| February 29| @ Philadelphia| | Kevin Durant (23)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook
James Harden (4)| Wells Fargo Center
19,746| 28–7

text: |- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 1| December 25|

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: Nazr Mohammed

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 2| December 26| @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>19,406| 2–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 3| December 28| @

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: FedExForum

text: <br>18,119| 3–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 4| December 29|

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 4–0|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 5| December 31|

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5–0|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 6| January 2| @

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,108| 5–1|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 7| January 3|

text: Portland

text: James Harden

text: Nick Collison

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 8| January 6|

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 9| January 7| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>14,327| 7–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 10| January 8|

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Nick Collison

text: <br>

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 11| January 10| @

text: Memphis

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Kevin Durant

text: FedExForum

text: <br>13,601| 9–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 12| January 11| @

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: New Orleans Arena

text: <br>13,565| 10–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 13| January 14|

text: New York

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 11–2|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 14| January 16| @

text: Boston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: TD Garden

text: <br>18,624| 12–2|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 15| January 18| @

text: Washington

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>15,075| 12–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 16| January 21| @

text: New Jersey

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Prudential Center

text: <br>15,201| 13–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 17| January 23|

text: Detroit

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 14–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 18| January 25|

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Serge Ibaka

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 15–3|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 19| January 27| @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 16–3|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 20| January 30| @

text: L.A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: James Harden

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,404| 16–4|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 21| February 1| @

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: James Harden

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,316| 17–4|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 22| February 3|

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 18–4|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 23| February 4| @

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 18–5|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 24| February 6| @

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Rose Garden

text: <br>20,559| 19–5|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 25| February 7| @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>17,971| 20–5|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 26| February 9| @

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: <br>

text: Nick Collison

text: Power Balance Pavilion

text: <br>17,317| 20–6|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 27| February 10| @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>19,911| 21–6|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 28| February 14|

text: Utah

text: James Harden

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 22–6|- bgcolor="#ffcccc"| 29| February 15| @

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,274| 22–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 30| February 17|

text: Golden State

text: James Harden

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 23–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 31| February 19|

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 24–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 32| February 20|

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203|  25–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 33| February 22|

text: Boston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: James Harden

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 26–7|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 34| February 23|

text: L.A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: <br>

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 27–7|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- bgcolor="#ccffcc"| 35| February 29| @

text: Philadelphia

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: <br>

text: James Harden

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br>19,746| 28–7

text: The NEED curriculum is divided into eight steps; each builds on the others to form a comprehensive energy unit that encourages even the youngest students to understand how energy is involved in everything that happens in the world.

text: Energy conservation is an important concept when analyzing open channel flows.  For the purposes of the following analysis, energy is conserved for a fluid in an open channel flow, and head losses due to friction will be neglected.  The energy calculated at one location in the flow will be equal to the energy calculated at any other location in the same flow.

text: The heating value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during an exothermic reaction (e.g., combustion) and is a characteristic of each substance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as: kJ/kg, J/mol.

text: The heating value of a

text: fuel

text: is the amount of

text: heat

text: released during an

text: exothermic reaction

text: (e.g.,

text: combustion

text: ) and is a characteristic of each substance. It is measured in units of

text: energy

text: per unit of the substance, usually

text: mass

text: , such as: kJ/kg,

text: J

text: mol

text: Molecular gyroscopes are chemical compounds or supramolecular complexes containing a rotor that moves freely relative to a stator, and therefore act as gyroscopes.  Though any single bond or triple bond permits a chemical group to freely rotate, the compounds described as gyroscopes may protect the rotor from interactions, such as in a crystal structure with low packing density or by physically surrounding the rotor avoiding steric contact.  A qualitative distinction can be made based on whether the activation energy needed to overcome rotational barriers is higher than the available thermal energy. If the activation energy required is higher than the available thermal energy, the rotor undergoes "site exchange", jumping in discrete steps between local energy minima on the potential energy surface. If there is thermal energy sufficiently higher than that needed to overcome the barrier to rotation, the molecular rotor can behave more like a macroscopic freely rotating inertial mass.

text: Molecular gyroscopes are

text: chemical compound

text: s or

text: supramolecular complex

text: es containing a

text: rotor

text: that moves freely relative to a

text: stator

text: , and therefore act as

text: gyroscope

text: s.  Though any

text: single bond

text: or

text: triple bond

text: permits a

text: chemical group

text: to freely rotate, the compounds described as gyroscopes may protect the rotor from interactions, such as in a

text: crystal structure

text: with low

text: packing density

text: or by physically surrounding the rotor avoiding

text: steric

text: contact.  A qualitative distinction can be made based on whether the

text: activation energy

text: needed to overcome rotational barriers is higher than the available

text: thermal energy

text: . If the activation energy required is higher than the available thermal energy, the rotor undergoes "site exchange", jumping in discrete steps between local energy minima on the

text: potential energy surface

text: . If there is thermal energy sufficiently higher than that needed to overcome the barrier to rotation, the molecular rotor can behave more like a

text: macroscopic

text: freely rotating

text: inertia

text: l mass.

text: The definition of an energy source is not rigorous. Anything that can provide energy to anything else can qualify. Wood in a stove is full of potential thermal energy; in a car, mechanical energy is acquired from the combustion of gasoline, and the combustion of coal is converted from thermal to mechanical, and then to electrical energy.Examples of energy sources include:

text: The definition of an energy source is not rigorous. Anything that can provide energy to anything else can qualify. Wood in a stove is full of potential

text: thermal energy

text: ; in a car,

text: mechanical energy

text: is acquired from the

text: combustion

text: of gasoline, and the combustion of coal is converted from thermal to mechanical, and then to

text: electrical energy

text: .Examples of energy sources include:

text: Illustrated above is a unitless E – Y diagram and how Energy and depth of flow changes throughout a Parshall Flume. The two blue lines represent the q values, q for the flow before the constriction, and q representing the value at the constriction (q = Q/b= ft2/s, or flow over width in a rectangular channel). When a constriction (decrease in width) happens Between E and E, the q value changed (and becomes the new critical depth), while the energy remains the same. Then the flume experiences a downward step which results in a gain in energy. This gain in energy is equal to the size of the step (or Δz). From this the principles of conservation of energy are used to develop a set of calculations to predict the flow rate.

text: Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behavior. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.

text: Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a

text: fault plane

text: . The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and

text: aseismically

text: only if there are no irregularities or

text: asperities

text: along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of

text: stick-slip behavior

text: . Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the

text: stored energy

text: . This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic

text: strain

text: seismic waves

text: , frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the

text: elastic-rebound theory

text: . It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake

text: fracture

text: growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available

text: elastic potential energy

text: and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the

text: Earth's deep interior.

text: There are two factors that can change the temperature of a fluid during an adiabatic expansion: a change in internal energy or the conversion between potential and kinetic internal energy. Temperature is the measure of thermal kinetic energy (energy associated with molecular motion); so a change in temperature indicates a change in thermal kinetic energy. The internal energy is the sum of thermal kinetic energy and thermal potential energy. Thus, even if the internal energy does not change, the temperature can change due to conversion between kinetic and potential energy; this is what happens in a free expansion and typically produces a decrease in temperature as the fluid expands. If work is done on or by the fluid as it expands, then the total internal energy changes. This is what happens in a Joule-Thomson expansion and can produce larger heating or cooling than observed in a free expansion.

text: There are two factors that can change the temperature of a fluid during an adiabatic expansion: a change in internal energy or the conversion between potential and kinetic internal energy.

text: Temperature

text: is the measure of thermal kinetic energy (energy associated with molecular motion); so a change in temperature indicates a change in thermal kinetic energy. The

text: internal energy

text: is the sum of thermal kinetic energy and thermal potential energy. Thus, even if the internal energy does not change, the temperature can change due to conversion between kinetic and potential energy; this is what happens in a free expansion and typically produces a decrease in temperature as the fluid expands. If work is done on or by the fluid as it expands, then the total internal energy changes. This is what happens in a Joule-Thomson expansion and can produce larger heating or cooling than observed in a free expansion.

text: Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated atom (gas phase). (The energy -or electron affinity- is a scalar quantity and the direction of that energy -released- defines a reaction for which the change in energy ΔE is a negative quantity). The electron affinity is also defined in the case of electron capture as E(initial) – E(final) in order to maintain the positive value. The reverse definition is that the electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous anion (still a positive quantity, but in which the change in energy ΔE is also a positive quantity). Either convention can be used in practice, but must be consistent in according a scalar, i.e. positive number to the electron affinity.

text: Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated atom (gas phase). (The energy -or electron affinity- is a

text: scalar

text: quantity and the direction of that energy -released- defines a reaction for which the change in energy ΔE is a negative quantity). The electron affinity is also defined in the case of electron capture as E(initial) – E(final) in order to maintain the positive value. The reverse definition is that the electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous anion (still a positive quantity, but in which the change in energy ΔE is also a positive quantity). Either convention can be used in practice, but must be consistent in according a scalar, i.e. positive number to the electron affinity.

text: Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, they are generally considered to be non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made.

text: Although fossil fuels are continually being formed via natural processes, they are generally considered to be

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form and the known viable reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made.

text: In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into global warming, together with solar radiation.

text: In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into

text: global warming

text: , together with

text: solar radiation

text: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

text: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or

text: photochemical

text: . A variety of fuels can be produced by

text: artificial photosynthesis

text: . The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as

text: methanol

text: ) from reduction of

text: carbon dioxide

text: is challenging; a feasible alternative is

text: hydrogen

text: production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

text: South Asian nations have varied but uneven energy resources. However, none has realized the full potential of their energy sources because of insufficient investment in energy infrastructure. The dominance of certain fuel types in certain countries – coal in India, gas in Bangladesh, and hydropower in Bhutan and Nepal – leaves them vulnerable to import dependence. There is also a need to develop renewable energy resources to increase climate change resilience in Maldives and Sri Lanka. This situation could be eased by strengthening cross-border energy networks and trade. Better telecommunications connections would also expand personal and business links, increasing trade at all levels

text: Rain garden -Rainwater tank -Reconciliation ecology -Recycling -Reef Check -Renewable energy development -Renewable energy -Renewable resources -Rio Declaration on Environment and Development -Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth

text: Rain garden

text: Rainwater tank

text: Reconciliation ecology

text: Recycling

text: Reef Check

text: Renewable energy development

text: Renewable energy

text: Renewable resources

text: Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth

text: Sustainable energy is energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, serving the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs as well. Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable energy sources and also technologies designed to improve energy efficiency. Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

text: Sustainable energy is energy obtained from non-exhaustible resources, serving the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs as well. Technologies that promote

text: sustainable

text: energy include renewable energy sources and also technologies designed to improve

text: energy efficiency

text: . Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from

text: resources

text: sunlight

text: wind

text: rain

text: tides

text: waves

text: , and

text: geothermal heat

text: electricity generation

text: , air and water heating/cooling,

text: transportation

text: , and

text: rural (off-grid)

text: energy services.

text: Energy security measures center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy or supplier, exploiting renewable energy resources, and reducing demand by energy conservation. Finland is highly dependent on energy import from Russia: 71% of total energy in 2007: Hard coal 92%, raw oil 75% and natural gas 100%. The support of domestic energy has been mainly based on traditional bioenergy and highly disputed fossil peat energy alternatives.  The new renewable energy alternatives have not been effectively promoted by the end of 2010. This strategy was criticised by the IEA in its country evaluation in 2007. According to the renewable energy statistics of EU countries Finland has low capacities of wind power (19/27), solar power (17/27) and solar heating (23/27) in 2010. Wind power is repeatedly the most favoured power source in Finland with over 90% of support according to the public opinion tests. In this respect the official energy policy of Finland has promoted the market control of traditional energy sources and companies.

text: Energy security

text: measures center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy or supplier, exploiting

text: renewable energy

text: resources, and reducing demand by

text: energy conservation

text: . Finland is highly dependent on energy import from Russia: 71% of total energy in 2007: Hard coal 92%, raw oil 75% and natural gas 100%. The support of domestic energy has been mainly based on traditional bioenergy and highly disputed fossil

text: peat energy

text: alternatives.  The new renewable energy alternatives have not been effectively promoted by the end of 2010. This strategy was criticised by the IEA in its country evaluation in 2007. According to the renewable energy statistics of EU countries Finland has low capacities of

text: wind power

text: solar power

text: (17/27) and

text: solar heating

text: (23/27) in 2010. Wind power is repeatedly the most favoured power source in Finland with over 90% of support according to the public opinion tests. In this respect the official energy policy of Finland has promoted the market control of traditional energy sources and companies.

text: A 2014 study published in Energy Research and Social Science compiled 274 measurements of observed changes in electricity demand caused by Earth Hour in 10 countries, spanning 6 years, and found that the events reduced electricity consumption an average of 4%. The study noted the policy challenge of converting Earth Hour's short-term energy saving into longer-term actions, including sustained changes in behavior and investment.

text: Those not satisfied with the third-party grid approach to green energy via the power grid can install their own locally based renewable energy system. Renewable energy electrical systems from solar to wind to even local hydro-power in some cases, are some of the many types of renewable energy systems available locally. Additionally, for those interested in heating and cooling their dwelling via renewable energy, geothermal heat pump systems that tap the constant temperature of the earth, which is around 7 to 15 degrees Celsius a few feet underground and increases dramatically at greater depths, are an option over conventional natural gas and petroleum-fueled heat approaches. Also, in geographic locations where the Earth's Crust is especially thin, or near volcanoes (as is the case in Iceland) there exists the potential to generate even more electricity than would be possible at other sites, thanks to a more significant temperature gradient at these locales.

text: Those not satisfied with the third-party grid approach to green energy via the power grid can install their own locally based renewable energy system. Renewable energy electrical systems from solar to wind to even local hydro-power in some cases, are some of the many types of renewable energy systems available locally. Additionally, for those interested in heating and cooling their dwelling via renewable energy,

text: geothermal heat pump

text: systems that tap the constant

text: temperature

text: of the earth, which is around 7 to 15 degrees

text: Celsius

text: a few feet underground and increases dramatically at greater depths, are an option over conventional

text: natural gas

text: and

text: petroleum

text: -fueled heat approaches. Also, in geographic locations where the

text: Earth's Crust

text: is especially thin, or near

text: volcanoes

text: (as is the case in

text: Iceland

text: ) there exists the potential to generate even more electricity than would be possible at other sites, thanks to a more significant

text: temperature gradient

text: at these locales.

text: Multiple sources of energy were available for chemical reactions on the early Earth. For example, heat (such as from geothermal processes) is a standard energy source for chemistry. Other examples include sunlight and electrical discharges (lightning), among others. Unfavourable reactions can also be driven by highly favourable ones, as in the case of iron-sulfur chemistry. For example, this was probably important for carbon fixation (the conversion of carbon from its inorganic form to an organic one).<ref group=note>The reactions are:

text: Multiple sources of energy were available for chemical reactions on the early Earth. For example, heat (such as from

text: geothermal

text: processes) is a standard energy source for chemistry. Other examples include sunlight and electrical discharges (lightning), among others. Unfavourable reactions can also be driven by highly favourable ones, as in the case of iron-sulfur chemistry. For example, this was probably important for

text: carbon fixation

text: (the conversion of carbon from its inorganic form to an organic one).<ref group=note>The reactions are:

text: Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still, special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.

text: Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a

text: conserved quantity

text: , which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still,

text: special relativity

text: shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.

text: In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as goods, where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow. David Ricardo in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by Hotelling's rule, which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling. It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "Hotelling rent" for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the rate of interest, reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resources.The Hartwick's rule provides an important result about the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable source.

text: In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as

text: goods

text: , where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow.

text: David Ricardo

text: in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by

text: Hotelling's rule

text: , which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable

text: resource management

text: by

text: Harold Hotelling

text: . It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable conditions, lead to a

text: depletion

text: of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "

text: Hotelling rent

text: " for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the

text: rate of interest

text: , reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resources.The

text: Hartwick's rule

text: provides an important result about the

text: sustainability

text: of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable source.

text: Flywheel energy storage systems using mechanical bearings can lose 20% to 50% of their energy in two hours.  Much of the friction responsible for this energy loss results from the flywheel changing orientation due to the rotation of the earth (an effect similar to that shown by a Foucault pendulum).  This change in orientation is resisted by the gyroscopic forces exerted by the flywheel's angular momentum, thus exerting a force against the mechanical bearings.  This force increases friction.  This can be avoided by aligning the flywheel's axis of rotation parallel to that of the earth's axis of rotation.

text: Flywheel energy storage systems using mechanical bearings can lose 20% to 50% of their energy in two hours.  Much of the friction responsible for this energy loss results from the flywheel changing orientation due to the rotation of the earth (an effect similar to that shown by a

text: Foucault pendulum

text: ).  This change in orientation is resisted by the gyroscopic forces exerted by the flywheel's angular momentum, thus exerting a force against the mechanical bearings.  This force increases friction.  This can be avoided by aligning the flywheel's axis of rotation parallel to that of the earth's axis of rotation.

text: Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if companies would take the heat from the inner core of the earth to heat up water sources we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and efficient options.  Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world, produces a lot of energy, and is very easy to produce the energy as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam.  Biofuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. "Most life cycle analysis results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that biofuels can supplement anthropogenic energy demands and mitigate green house gas emissions to the atmosphere". Using oil to fuel transportation is a major source of green house gases, any one of these developments could replace the energy we derive from oil.

text: Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if companies would take the heat from the inner core of the earth to heat up water sources we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and efficient options.  Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world, produces a lot of energy, and is very easy to produce the energy as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam.

text: Biofuels

text: have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. "Most life cycle analysis results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that biofuels can supplement anthropogenic energy demands and mitigate

text: green house gas emissions

text: to the atmosphere". Using oil to fuel transportation is a major source of green house gases, any one of

entity_section: Replacement of oil by alternative sources

text: these developments

text: could replace the energy we derive from oil.

text: Upon learning what her siblings had degenerated into, Oshtur volunteered to leave the Earth dimension to prevent Gaea's spell from being weakened. After the demon-war, Gaea was the only original Elder God permitted to exist on the planet, and she infused her godly essence into the Earth and into all living things (becoming known as "Mother Earth"). The Demogorge released the energies he had absorbed, reverting to the form of Atum. He then took residence within Earth's Sun. Atum returned to the Earth sometime later when Set threatened to invade the Earth with the rise of the dinosaurs. The struggle between Set and Atum was so great, that many believe the energy released during that period was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. After that battle, Atum would father the Egyptian pantheon of gods and later return to Earth when he assisted the "Odinson" Thor, with whom Atum shared his maternal parent, Gaea. Together, Atum and Thor engaged and defeated the Elder God Set.

text: Upon learning what her siblings had degenerated into, Oshtur volunteered to leave the Earth dimension to prevent Gaea's spell from being weakened. After the demon-war, Gaea was the only original Elder God permitted to exist on the planet, and she infused her godly essence into the Earth and into all living things (becoming known as "Mother Earth"). The Demogorge released the energies he had absorbed, reverting to the form of Atum. He then took residence within Earth's

text: Sun

text: . Atum returned to the Earth sometime later when Set threatened to invade the Earth with the rise of the

text: dinosaur

text: s. The struggle between Set and Atum was so great, that many believe the energy released during that period was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs. After that battle, Atum would father the

text: Egyptian pantheon

text: of gods and later return to Earth when he assisted the "Odinson"

text: Thor

text: , with whom Atum shared his maternal parent, Gaea. Together, Atum and Thor engaged and defeated the Elder God Set.

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Green Power Partnership is a voluntary program that supports the organizational procurement of green power by offering expert advice, technical support, tools and resources. The EPA defines 'green power' as a subset of renewable energy and "represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit", with electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources listed as types of green power.

text: The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: 's Green Power Partnership is a voluntary program that supports the organizational procurement of green power by offering expert advice, technical support, tools and resources. The EPA defines 'green power' as a subset of

text: renewable energy

text: and "represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit", with electricity produced from

text: solar

text: wind

text: geothermal

text: biogas

text: biomass

text: , and low-impact small

text: hydroelectric

text: sources listed as types of green power.

text: 1. Non-renewable energy sources: 62.42%, as follows

text: The earth absorbs the sun's energy and stores it as heat in the oceans and underground. The ground temperature remains constant at a point of  all year round depending on where you live on earth. A geothermal heating system takes advantage of the consistent temperature found below the Earth's surface and uses it to heat and cool buildings. The system is made up of a series of pipes installed underground, connected to pipes in a building. A pump circulates liquid through the circuit. In the winter the fluid in the pipe absorbs the heat of the earth and uses it to heat the building. In the summer the fluid absorbs heat from the building and disposes of it in the earth.

text: Long ago, the realms of Heaven, Earth and the Underworld maintained a harmonious relationship. When a human dies on Earth, its soul would be ferried to the Underworld, some of its energy would be shared among the realms, and the soul would be placed in a new human body. Some of the Underworld demons became greedy for energy; these Old Hell demons filled humans with wickedness, and conspired to take over both Heaven and Earth. Other demons were against the idea, and about 300 years before the start of the series, they allied with the forces of Heaven to seal away the Old Hell demons. The New Hell regime took over the Underworld and introduced many changes in demon society, including democracy, ending barbarism and an energy efficient society. However, ten years ago, runaway spirits, called Loose Souls or Weiss, escaped from the Underworld and came to Earth. In order to stop the Weiss from possessing human girls, the Spirit Hunter squads were created to capture them. Yet unknown to most New Hell demons, the Weiss are in fact the souls of the Old Hell demons who are using their hosts in order to be reincarnated within their children.

text: Energy conservation is broader than energy efficiency in that it encompasses using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, for example through behavioural change, as well as encompassing energy efficiency.  Examples of conservation without efficiency improvements would be heating a room less in winter, driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room.  As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

text: Energy conservation

text: is broader than energy efficiency in that it encompasses using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, for example through behavioural change, as well as encompassing energy efficiency.  Examples of conservation without efficiency improvements would be heating a room less in winter, driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room.  As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

text: Natural resources, known as renewable resources, are replaced by natural processes and forces persistent in the natural environment. There are intermittent and reoccurring renewables, and recyclable materials, which are utilized during a cycle across a certain amount of time, and can be harnessed for any number of cycles.

text: Natural resource

text: s, known as renewable resources, are replaced by

text: natural processes and forces

text: persistent in the

text: natural environment

text: . There are

text: intermittent

text: and reoccurring renewables, and

text: recyclable material

text: s, which are utilized during a

text: cycle

text: across a certain amount of time, and can be harnessed for any number of cycles.

text: In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.

text: In a slower process,

text: radioactive decay

text: of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives

text: plate tectonics

text: and may lift mountains, via

text: orogenesis

text: . This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.

text: In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another. For instance, chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy in the explosion of a stick of dynamite.

text: In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total

text: energy

text: of an

text: isolated system

text: remains constant—it is said to be

text: conserved

text: over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another. For instance,

text: chemical energy

text: can be

text: converted

text: to

text: kinetic energy

text: in the explosion of a stick of

text: dynamite

text: Much of the low luminosity of a red dwarf falls in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with lower energy than the visible light in which the Sun peaks. As a result, photosynthesis on a red dwarf planet would require additional photons to achieve excitation potentials comparable to those needed in Earth photosynthesis for electron transfers, due to the lower average energy level of near-infrared photons compared to visible. Having to adapt to a far wider spectrum to gain the maximum amount of energy, foliage on a habitable red dwarf planet would probably appear black if viewed in visible light.

text: Much of the low luminosity of a red dwarf falls in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with lower energy than the visible light in which the Sun peaks. As a result,

text: photosynthesis

text: on a red dwarf planet would require additional photons to achieve excitation potentials comparable to those needed in Earth photosynthesis for electron transfers, due to the lower average energy level of near-infrared photons compared to visible. Having to adapt to a far wider spectrum to gain the maximum amount of energy, foliage on a habitable red dwarf planet would probably appear black if viewed in visible light.

text: Reduction of energy costs related to transportation.Reduction of material costs due to reduced transportation costs, especially for well-established industries.Support of local businesses and resource bases.Care must be taken to ensure that non-renewable earth materials are not over-extracted. Ecological balance within the region needs to be maintained while efficiently utilizing its resources. Many local suppliers carry materials that have been shipped in from out of the area, so it is important to ask for locally produced/quarried materials.

text: Since the passage of the Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources in 1997, Germany and the other states of the European Union were working towards a target of 12% renewable electricity by 2010. Germany passed this target early in 2007, when the renewable energy share in electricity consumption in Germany reached 14%. In September 2010, the German government announced ambitious energy targets:  After the 2013 elections, the new CDU/CSU and SPD coalition government continued the energy transition, with only minor modifications of its targets in the coalition agreement.These targets include, for renewable energy:

text: Since the passage of the

entity_name: EU Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources 2001/77/EC

text: Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources

text: in 1997, Germany and the other states of the

text: European Union

text: were working towards a target of 12%

text: renewable electricity

text: by 2010. Germany passed this target early in 2007, when the renewable energy share in electricity consumption in Germany reached 14%. In September 2010, the German government announced ambitious energy targets:  After the 2013 elections, the new CDU/CSU and SPD coalition government continued the

text: energy transition

text: , with only minor modifications of its targets in the coalition agreement.These targets include, for renewable energy:

text:
|- style="background:#fcc;"| 1 || November 1 || @ San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (23)| Kevin Durant (14)| Durant, Westbrook & Martin (5)| AT&T Center
18,581| 0–1|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 2 || November 2 || Portland| | Russell Westbrook (32)| Kevin Durant (17)| Kevin Durant (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–1|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 3 || November 4 || Atlanta| | Kevin Martin (28)| Kevin Durant (12)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 1–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 4 || November 6 || Toronto| | Russell Westbrook (19)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 2–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 5 || November 8 || @ Chicago| | Kevin Durant (24)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (12)| United Center
21,737| 3–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 6 || November 9 || Detroit| | Durant & Ibaka (24)| Kevin Durant (13)| Westbrook & Perkins (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 4-2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 7 || November 11 || Cleveland| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 5-2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 8 || November 12 || @ Detroit| | Russell Westbrook (33)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Russell Westbrook (4)| The Palace of Auburn Hills
12,784| 6-2|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 9 || November 14 || Memphis| | Kevin Durant (34)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 6-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 10 || November 16 || @ New Orleans| | Durant & Martin (27)| Durant & Thabeet (9)| Russell Westbrook (12)| New Orleans Arena
15,458| 7-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 11 || November 18 || Golden State| | Russell Westbrook (30)| Kevin Durant (13)| Kevin Durant (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 8-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 12 || November 21 || L. A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (35)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 9-3|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 13 || November 23 || @ Boston| | Kevin Durant (29)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| TD Garden
18,624| 9-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 14 || November 24 || @ Philadelphia| | Kevin Durant (37)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Wells Fargo Center
19,611| 10-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 15 || November 26 || Charlotte| | Kevin Durant (18)| Hasheem Thabeet (10)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 11-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 16 || November 28 || Houston| | Kevin Durant (37)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 12-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 17 || November 30 || Utah| | Kevin Durant (25)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 13-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 18 || December 1 || @ New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (20)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (10)| New Orleans Arena
14,547| 14-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 19 || December 4 || @ Brooklyn| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kendrick Perkins (7)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Barclays Center
17,732| 15-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 20 || December 7 || L. A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (36)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 16-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 21 || December 9 || Indiana| | Kevin Durant (27)| Ibaka & Perkins (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 17-4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22 || December 12 || New Orleans| | Kevin Durant (35)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 18-4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23 || December 14 || Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (31)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 19-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 24 || December 17 || San Antonio| | Serge Ibaka (25)| Serge Ibaka (17)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 20-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 25 || December 19 || @ Atlanta| | Kevin Durant (41)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Philips Arena
16,284| 21-4|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 26 || December 20 || @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (33)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Target Center
17,114| 21-5|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 27 || December 25 || @ Miami| | Kevin Durant (33)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Durant & Westbrook (3)| American Airlines Arena
20,300| 21-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 28 || December 27 || Dallas| | Kevin Durant (40)| Serge Ibaka (17)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 22-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 29 || December 29 || @ Houston| | Russell Westbrook (28)| Ibaka & Collison (10)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Toyota Center
18,460| 23-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 30 || December 31 || Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (30)| Nick Collison (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 24-6|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 31 || January 2 || Brooklyn| | Kevin Durant (27)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 24-7|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 32 || January 4 || Philadelphia| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Serge Ibaka (10)| Russell Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 25-7|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 33 || January 6 || @ Toronto| | Russell Westbrook (23)| Ibaka & Collison (8)| Durant & Westbrook (7)| Air Canada Centre
17,634| 26-7|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 34 || January 7 || @ Washington| | Kevin Durant (29)| Ibaka & Perkins (11)| Durant & Westbrook (8)| Verizon Center
16,917| 26-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 35 || January 9 || Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (26)| Durant & Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 27-8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 36 || January 11 || @ L. A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (42)| Perkins & Collison (9)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Staples Center
 18,997| 28-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 37 || January 13 || @ Portland| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kendrick Perkins (12)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Rose Garden
20,423| 29-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 38 || January 14 || @ Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (41)| Kendrick Perkins (13)| Russell Westbrook (5)| US Airways Center
14,951| 30-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 39 || January 16 || Denver| | Russell Westbrook (32)| Ibaka & Jackson (6)| Reggie Jackson (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 31-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 40 || January 18 || @ Dallas| | Kevin Durant (52)| Serge Ibaka (14)| Russell Westbrook (6)| American Airlines Center
20,434| 32-8|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 41 || January 20 || @ Denver| | Kevin Durant (37)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Pepsi Center
19,155| 32-9|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 42 || January 22 || @ L. A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (32)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Kevin Durant (7)| Staples Center
19,451| 33-9|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 43 || January 23 || @ Golden State| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kendrick Perkins (6)| Kevin Durant (9)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 33-10|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 44 || January 25 || @ Sacramento| | Durant & Martin (24)| Kevin Durant (11)| Russell Westbrook (14)| Sleep Train Arena
15,022| 34-10|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 45 || January 27 || @ L. A. Lakers| | Kevin Durant (35)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Staples Center
18,997| 34-11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 46 || January 31 || Memphis| | Kevin Durant (27)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Durant & Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 35-11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 47 || February 2 || @ Cleveland| | Kevin Durant (32)| Serge Ibaka (12)| Westbrook & Perkins (5)| Quicken Loans Arena
20,562| 35-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 48 || February 4 || Dallas| | Russell Westbrook (24)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 36-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 49 || February 6 || Golden State| | Kevin Durant (25)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Reggie Jackson (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 37-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 50 || February 8 || Phoenix| | Kevin Durant (21)| Kendrick Perkins (9)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 38-12|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 51 || February 10 || @ Phoenix| | Russell Westbrook (24)| Durant & Jackson (7)| Russell Westbrook (6)| US Airways Center
16,773| 39-12|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 52 || February 12 || @ Utah| | Kevin Durant (33)| Kevin Durant (6)| Durant & Westbrook (5)| EnergySolutions Arena
18,552| 39-13|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 53 || February 14 || Miami| | Kevin Durant (40)| Kevin Durant (8)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 39-14|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|All-Star Break|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 54 || February 20 || @ Houston| | Westbrook & Sefolosha (28)| Kevin Durant (12)| Kevin Durant (11)| Toyota Center
18,224| 39-15|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 55 || February 22 || Minnesota| | Russell Westbrook (37)| Durant, Ibaka, Perkins & Westbrook (7)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 40-15|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 56 || February 24 || Chicago| | Russell Westbrook (23)| Kevin Durant (16)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 41-15|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 57 || February 27 || New Orleans| | Russell Westbrook (29)| Kevin Durant (11)| Kevin Durant (10)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 42-15|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 58 || March 1 || @ Denver| | Russell Westbrook (38)| Kevin Durant (14)| Thabo Sefolosha (5)| Pepsi Center
19,521| 42-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 59 || March 3 || @ L. A. Clippers| | Kevin Durant (35)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Staples Center
19,371| 43-16|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 60 || March 5 || L. A. Lakers| | Russell Westbrook (37)| Russell Westbrook (10)| Durant, Martin, & Westbrook (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 44-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 61 || March 7 || @ New York| | Kevin Durant (34)| Serge Ibaka (9)| Kevin Durant (6)| Madison Square Garden
19,033| 45-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 62 || March 8 || @ Charlotte| | Kevin Durant (19)| Hasheem Thabeet (8)| Kevin Durant (7)| Time Warner Cable Arena
18,870| 46-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 63 || March 10 || Boston| | Kevin Durant (23)| Kevin Durant (11)| Kendrick Perkins (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 47-16|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 64 || March 11 || @ San Antonio| | Kevin Durant (26)| Serge Ibaka (16)| Russell Westbrook (6)| AT&T Center
18,581| 47-17|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 65 || March 13 || Utah| | Kevin Durant (23)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 48-17|- style="background:#cfc;"     | 66 || March 15 || Orlando| | Kevin Durant (26)| Kendrick Perkins (12)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,046| 49-17|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 67 || March 17 || @ Dallas| | Russell Westbrook (35)| Serge Ibaka (16)| Russell Westbrook (6)| American Airlines Center
20,284| 50-17|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 68 || March 19 || Denver| | Kevin Durant (34)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Russell Westbrook (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 50-18|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 69 || March 20 || @ Memphis| | Kevin Durant (32)| Kendrick Perkins (16)| Durant & Westbrook (4)| FedExForum
18,119| 50-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 70 || March 22 || @ Orlando| | Kevin Durant (25)| Serge Ibaka (13)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Amway Center
17,429| 51-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 71 || March 24 || Portland| | Kevin Durant (24)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 52-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 72 || March 27 || Washington| | Russell Westbrook (21)| Kendrick Perkins (11)| Kevin Durant (6)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 53-19|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 73 || March 29 || @ Minnesota| | Kevin Durant (36)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Target Center
 18,121| 53-20|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 74 || March 30 || @ Milwaukee| | Kevin Durant (30)| Russell Westbrook (13)| Russell Westbrook (10)| BMO Harris Bradley Center
17,578| 54-20|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 75 || April 4 || San Antonio| | Russell Westbrook (27)| Serge Ibaka (11)| Russell Westbrook (7)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 55-20|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 76 || April 5 || @ Indiana| | Kevin Durant (34)| Kevin Durant (9)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165| 56-20|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 77 || April 7 || New York| | Russell Westbrook (37)| Russell Westbrook (11)| Russell Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 56-21|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 78 || April 9 || @ Utah| | Russell Westbrook (25)| Kevin Durant (12)| Kevin Durant (9)| EnergySolutions Arena
19,610| 57-21|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 79 || April 11 || @ Golden State| | Kevin Durant (31)| Kevin Durant (10)| Russell Westbrook (9)| Oracle Arena
19,596| 58-21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 80 || April 12 || @ Portland| | Russell Westbrook (33)| Ronnie Brewer (7)| Kevin Durant (6)| Rose Garden
20,577| 59-21|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 81 || April 15 || Sacramento| | Kevin Durant (29)| Ronnie Brewer (13)| Durant & Westbrook (8)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 60-21|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 82 || April 17 || Milwaukee| | Reggie Jackson (23)| Perry Jones III (9)| Reggie Jackson (5)| Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203| 60-22

text: |- style="background:#fcc;"| 1 || November 1 || @

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Martin

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 0–1|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 2 || November 2 ||

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–1|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 3 || November 4 ||

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Martin

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 1–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 4 || November 6 ||

text: Toronto

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 2–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 5 || November 8 || @

text: Chicago

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: United Center

text: <br>21,737| 3–2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 6 || November 9 ||

text: Detroit

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Perkins

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 4-2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 7 || November 11 ||

text: Cleveland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 5-2|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 8 || November 12 || @

text: Detroit

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: The Palace of Auburn Hills

text: <br>12,784| 6-2|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 9 || November 14 ||

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 6-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 10 || November 16 || @

text: New Orleans

text: Durant

text: Martin

text: Durant

text: Thabeet

text: Russell Westbrook

text: New Orleans Arena

text: <br>15,458| 7-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 11 || November 18 ||

text: Golden State

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 8-3|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 12 || November 21 ||

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 9-3|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 13 || November 23 || @

text: Boston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: TD Garden

text: <br>18,624| 9-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 14 || November 24 || @

text: Philadelphia

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Wells Fargo Center

text: <br>19,611| 10-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 15 || November 26 ||

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Hasheem Thabeet

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 11-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 16 || November 28 ||

text: Houston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 12-4|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 17 || November 30 ||

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 13-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 18 || December 1 || @

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: New Orleans Arena

text: <br>14,547| 14-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 19 || December 4 || @

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Barclays Center

text: <br>17,732| 15-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 20 || December 7 ||

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 16-4|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 21 || December 9 ||

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 17-4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 22 || December 12 ||

text: New Orleans

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 18-4|- style="background:#cfc;"| 23 || December 14 ||

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 19-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 24 || December 17 ||

text: San Antonio

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 20-4|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 25 || December 19 || @

text: Atlanta

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Philips Arena

text: <br>16,284| 21-4|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 26 || December 20 || @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br>17,114| 21-5|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 27 || December 25 || @

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: American Airlines Arena

text: <br>20,300| 21-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 28 || December 27 ||

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 22-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 29 || December 29 || @

text: Houston

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Ibaka

text: Collison

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,460| 23-6|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 30 || December 31 ||

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Nick Collison

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 24-6|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 31 || January 2 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 24-7|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 32 || January 4 ||

text: Philadelphia

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 25-7|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 33 || January 6 || @

text: Toronto

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Ibaka

text: Collison

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Air Canada Centre

text: <br>17,634| 26-7|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 34 || January 7 || @

text: Washington

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Perkins

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Verizon Center

text: <br>16,917| 26-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 35 || January 9 ||

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 27-8|- style="background:#cfc;"| 36 || January 11 || @

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Perkins

text: Collison

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br> 18,997| 28-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 37 || January 13 || @

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Rose Garden

text: <br>20,423| 29-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 38 || January 14 || @

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>14,951| 30-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 39 || January 16 ||

text: Denver

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Ibaka

text: Jackson

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 31-8|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 40 || January 18 || @

text: Dallas

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,434| 32-8|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 41 || January 20 || @

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>19,155| 32-9|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 42 || January 22 || @

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,451| 33-9|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 43 || January 23 || @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Kevin Durant

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 33-10|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 44 || January 25 || @

text: Sacramento

text: Durant

text: Martin

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Sleep Train Arena

text: <br>15,022| 34-10|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 45 || January 27 || @

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>18,997| 34-11|- style="background:#cfc;"| 46 || January 31 ||

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 35-11|- style="background:#fcc;"| 47 || February 2 || @

text: Cleveland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Westbrook

text: Perkins

text: Quicken Loans Arena

text: <br>20,562| 35-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 48 || February 4 ||

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 36-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 49 || February 6 ||

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 37-12|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 50 || February 8 ||

text: Phoenix

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 38-12|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 51 || February 10 || @

text: Phoenix

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Jackson

text: Russell Westbrook

text: US Airways Center

text: <br>16,773| 39-12|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 52 || February 12 || @

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>18,552| 39-13|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 53 || February 14 ||

text: Miami

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 39-14|- align="center"|colspan="9" bgcolor="#bbcaff"|

text: All-Star Break

text: |- style="background:#fcc;"      | 54 || February 20 || @

text: Houston

text: Westbrook

text: Sefolosha

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Toyota Center

text: <br>18,224| 39-15|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 55 || February 22 ||

text: Minnesota

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Ibaka

text: Perkins

text: Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 40-15|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 56 || February 24 ||

text: Chicago

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 41-15|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 57 || February 27 ||

text: New Orleans

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 42-15|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 58 || March 1 || @

text: Denver

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Thabo Sefolosha

text: Pepsi Center

text: <br>19,521| 42-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 59 || March 3 || @

text: L. A. Clippers

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Staples Center

text: <br>19,371| 43-16|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 60 || March 5 ||

text: L. A. Lakers

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Durant

text: Martin

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 44-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 61 || March 7 || @

text: New York

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Kevin Durant

text: Madison Square Garden

text: <br>19,033| 45-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 62 || March 8 || @

text: Charlotte

text: Kevin Durant

text: Hasheem Thabeet

text: Kevin Durant

text: Time Warner Cable Arena

text: <br>18,870| 46-16|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 63 || March 10 ||

text: Boston

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 47-16|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 64 || March 11 || @

text: San Antonio

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: AT&T Center

text: <br>18,581| 47-17|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 65 || March 13 ||

text: Utah

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 48-17|- style="background:#cfc;"     | 66 || March 15 ||

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,046| 49-17|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 67 || March 17 || @

text: Dallas

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: American Airlines Center

text: <br>20,284| 50-17|- style="background:#fcc;"      | 68 || March 19 ||

text: Denver

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 50-18|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 69 || March 20 || @

text: Memphis

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: FedExForum

text: <br>18,119| 50-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 70 || March 22 || @

text: Orlando

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Amway Center

text: <br>17,429| 51-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 71 || March 24 ||

text: Portland

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 52-19|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 72 || March 27 ||

text: Washington

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kendrick Perkins

text: Kevin Durant

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 53-19|- style="background:#fcc;"       | 73 || March 29 || @

text: Minnesota

text: Kevin Durant

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Target Center

text: <br> 18,121| 53-20|- style="background:#cfc;"      | 74 || March 30 || @

text: Milwaukee

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: BMO Harris Bradley Center

text: <br>17,578| 54-20|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 75 || April 4 ||

text: San Antonio

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Serge Ibaka

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 55-20|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 76 || April 5 || @

text: Indiana

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Bankers Life Fieldhouse

text: <br>18,165| 56-20|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 77 || April 7 ||

text: New York

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 56-21|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 78 || April 9 || @

text: Utah

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: EnergySolutions Arena

text: <br>19,610| 57-21|- style="background:#cfc;"       | 79 || April 11 || @

text: Golden State

text: Kevin Durant

text: Kevin Durant

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Oracle Arena

text: <br>19,596| 58-21|- style="background:#cfc;"| 80 || April 12 || @

text: Portland

text: Russell Westbrook

text: Ronnie Brewer

text: Kevin Durant

text: Rose Garden

text: <br>20,577| 59-21|- style="background:#cfc;"        | 81 || April 15 ||

text: Sacramento

text: Kevin Durant

text: Ronnie Brewer

text: Durant

text: Westbrook

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 60-21|- style="background:#fcc;"        | 82 || April 17 ||

text: Milwaukee

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Perry Jones III

text: Reggie Jackson

text: Chesapeake Energy Arena

text: <br>18,203| 60-22

text: Among the 85 members from 35 European countries there are Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE), Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, Samsø Energy Academy in Denmark, Centre for Alternative Technology in the United Kingdom, Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature (FoE) in Norway; GERES, CLER, Helio from France; Polish Ecological Club (PKE-OG) and KISE from Poland; Atgaja, Green Policy Institute in Lithuania; Mother Earth, Brabant Ecologi, APERe, EREF in Belgium; Zelena Akcija (FoE) in Croatia, Za Zemiata For The Earth in Bulgaria; Eco-svest, Proaktiva, Front21/42 in Macedonia; Green Movement (LGM) in Latvia, and ARIN, TERRA, and Prietenii Pamantului (For the Earth) in Romania.

text: Among the 85 members from 35 European countries there are

entity_name: Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy

text: Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy (OVE)

text: , Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, Samsø Energy Academy in Denmark,

text: Centre for Alternative Technology

text: in the United Kingdom,

entity_name: Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature

text: Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature

text: (FoE) in Norway; GERES, CLER, Helio from France; Polish Ecological Club (PKE-OG) and KISE from Poland; Atgaja, Green Policy Institute in Lithuania; Mother Earth, Brabant Ecologi, APERe, EREF in Belgium; Zelena Akcija (FoE) in Croatia, Za Zemiata For The Earth in Bulgaria; Eco-svest, Proaktiva, Front21/42 in Macedonia; Green Movement (LGM) in Latvia, and ARIN, TERRA, and Prietenii Pamantului (For the Earth) in Romania.

text: But the seasonal and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The effect of sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at latitudes of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent ice ages (see: Milankovitch cycles).

text: But the

text: seasonal

text: and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The

text: effect of sun angle on climate

text: results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at

text: latitude

text: s of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent

text: ice age

text: s (see:

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: Energy efficiency and water conservation are also major considerations in sustainable housing. If using appliances, computers, HVAC systems, electronics, or lighting the sustainable-minded often look for an Energy Star label, which is government-backed and holds stricter regulations in energy and water efficiency than is required by law. Ideally, a sustainable shelter should be able to completely run the appliances it uses using renewable energy and should strive to have a neutral impact on the Earth’s water sources

text: Energy efficiency and water conservation are also major considerations in sustainable housing. If using appliances, computers,

text: HVAC

text: systems, electronics, or lighting the sustainable-minded often look for an

text: Energy Star

text: label, which is government-backed and holds stricter regulations in energy and water efficiency than is required by law. Ideally, a sustainable shelter should be able to completely run the appliances it uses using renewable energy and should strive to have a neutral impact on the Earth’s water sources

text: Attempts to isolate the physical source of the Sun's energy, and thus determine when and how it might ultimately run out, began in the 19th century. At that time, the prevailing scientific view on the source of the Sun's heat was that it was generated by gravitational contraction. In the 1840s, astronomers J. R. Mayer and J. J. Waterson first proposed that the Sun's massive weight causes it to collapse in on itself, generating heat, an idea expounded upon in 1854 by both Hermann von Helmholtz and Lord Kelvin, who further elaborated on the idea by suggesting that heat may also be produced by the impact of meteors onto the Sun's surface. However, the Sun only has enough gravitational potential energy to power its luminosity by this mechanism for about 30 million years—far less than the age of the Earth. (This collapse time is known as the Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale.)

text: Attempts to isolate the physical source of the Sun's energy, and thus determine when and how it might ultimately run out, began in the 19th century. At that time, the prevailing scientific view on the source of the Sun's heat was that it was generated by

text: gravitational contraction

text: . In the 1840s, astronomers J. R. Mayer and J. J. Waterson first proposed that the Sun's massive weight causes it to collapse in on itself, generating heat, an idea expounded upon in 1854 by both

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: and

text: Lord Kelvin

text: , who further elaborated on the idea by suggesting that heat may also be produced by the impact of meteors onto the Sun's surface. However, the Sun only has enough

text: gravitational potential energy

text: to power its

text: luminosity

text: by this mechanism for about 30 million years—far less than the age of the Earth. (This collapse time is known as the

text: Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale

text: The supply of heating energy has been modernized during the last decade (1998–2008). Technological loss in the heat energy system has decreased significantly from 26.2% in the year 2000 to 16.7% in 2008. The amount of air pollution was reduced by one-third. The share of renewable energy resources in the total fuel balance for heat production increased to almost 20%.

text: The supply of heating energy has been modernized during the last decade (1998–2008). Technological loss in the heat energy system has decreased significantly from 26.2% in the year 2000 to 16.7% in 2008. The amount of

text: air pollution

text: was reduced by one-third. The share of

text: renewable energy

text: resources in the total fuel balance for heat production increased to almost 20%.

text: The natural or primary energy sources are not usually included  in the calculation of energy invested, only the human-applied sources.For example, in the case of biofuels the solar insolation driving photosynthesis is not included, and the energy used in the stellar synthesis of fissile elements is not included for nuclear fission.  The energy returned includes usable energy and not wastes such as heat, although depending on source and application, waste heat is used in district heating and water desalination, these cogeneration plants however are rare, globally, and thus usually excluded in EROEI analysis of energy sources.

text: The natural or primary energy sources are not usually included  in the calculation of energy invested, only the human-applied sources.For example, in the case of biofuels the

text: solar insolation

text: driving

text: photosynthesis

text: is not included, and the energy used in the stellar synthesis of

text: fissile

text: elements is not included for

text: nuclear fission

text: .  The energy returned includes usable energy and not wastes such as heat, although depending on source and application,

text: waste heat

text: is used in

text: district heating

text: and

text: water desalination

text: , these

text: cogeneration

text: plants however are rare, globally, and thus usually excluded in EROEI analysis of energy sources.

text: Military forces eventually overwhelm remaining Dreen forces. A few Mree and members of another Dreen slave race are taken prisoner. There is no food on Earth that can provide the nutrients they need. The Mree choose suicide over starvation. The Adar give Weaver a small black box that has an interesting effect when exposed to electricity - having the properties of exponentially increasing the output of energy based on the energy provided to it. Its other properties are explored in sequels.

text: This law is based on the conservation of energy whereby voltage is defined as the energy per unit charge. The total amount of energy gained per unit charge must be equal to the amount of energy lost per unit charge, as energy and charge are both conserved.

text: Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society. These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficiency measures reduce the effect of energy development, and can have benefits to society with changes in economic cost and with changes in the environmental effects.

text: Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient

text: primary energy

text: sources and secondary

text: energy forms

text: to meet the needs of society. These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional,

text: alternative

text: and

text: renewable

text: sources of energy, and for the

text: recovery and reuse of energy

text: that would otherwise be wasted.

text: Energy conservation

text: and

text: efficiency measures

text: reduce the effect of energy development, and can have benefits to society with

text: changes in economic cost

text: and with changes in the

text: environmental effects

text: The United States currently uses over four trillion kilowatt-hours per year in order to fulfill its energy needs. Data given by the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) shows a steady growth in energy usage dating back to 1990, which showed the United States used around 3 trillion kilowatt hours of energy that year. Traditionally, the energy sources used to fulfill the United States energy needs have been oil, coal, nuclear, renewable energy, and natural gas. The breakdown of each of these fuels as a percentage of the overall consumption in the year 1993, according to the data given by the EIA is as follows; coal was 53%, nuclear energy was 19%, natural gas was 13%, renewable energy was 11%, and oil provided 4% of the overall energy needs. In the most recent year where data was analyzed, 2011, the breakdown was as follows; coal was 42%, nuclear was 19%, natural gas was 25%, renewable energy was 13% and oil dropped down to 1%. These figures show a dramatic drop in energy from coal, and a significant increase in both natural gas as well as renewable energy. 	According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) data from 2006, hydroelectric power accounted for most of the renewable energy production in the United States. However, increasing government funding, grants, and incentives have been drawing many companies towards the biofuel, wind, and solar energy production industries.

text: The United States currently uses over four trillion kilowatt-hours per year in order to fulfill its energy needs. Data given by the

text: United States Energy Information Administration

text: (EIA) shows a steady growth in energy usage dating back to 1990, which showed the United States used around 3 trillion kilowatt hours of energy that year. Traditionally, the energy sources used to fulfill the United States energy needs have been oil, coal,

text: nuclear

text: renewable energy

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: . The breakdown of each of these fuels as a percentage of the overall consumption in the year 1993, according to the data given by the EIA is as follows; coal was 53%, nuclear energy was 19%, natural gas was 13%, renewable energy was 11%, and oil provided 4% of the overall energy needs. In the most recent year where data was analyzed, 2011, the breakdown was as follows; coal was 42%, nuclear was 19%, natural gas was 25%, renewable energy was 13% and oil dropped down to 1%. These figures show a dramatic drop in energy from coal, and a significant increase in both natural gas as well as renewable energy. 	According to the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS) data from 2006, hydroelectric power accounted for most of the renewable energy production in the United States. However, increasing government funding, grants, and incentives have been drawing many companies towards the biofuel, wind, and solar energy production industries.

text: Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch from which alcoholic beverages such as whiskey, can be made (such as potato and fruit waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (sometimes unsustainable natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, the waste left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, is the most common fuel in Brazil, while pellets, wood chips and also waste heat are more common in Europe) Waste steam fuels ethanol factory - where waste heat from the factories also is used in the district heating grid.

text: Ethanol fuel

text: is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly

text: in Brazil

text: Alcohol fuel

text: s are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from

text: wheat

text: corn

text: sugar beet

text: s,

text: sugar cane

text: molasses

text: and any sugar or starch from which

text: alcoholic beverage

text: s such as

text: whiskey

text: , can be made (such as

text: potato

text: and

text: fruit

text: waste, etc.). The ethanol production methods used are

text: enzyme digestion

text: (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars,

text: distillation

text: and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (sometimes unsustainable

text: natural gas

text: fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as

text: bagasse

text: , the waste left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, is the most common fuel in Brazil, while pellets, wood chips and also waste heat are more common in Europe) Waste steam fuels ethanol factory - where waste heat from the factories also is used in the district heating grid.

text: Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and gasoline, both important "primary energy" sources. 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required. Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen, these processes generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules, and using fluid catalytic cracking to convert the longer, more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter, simpler ones in the fuels.

text: Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing

text: fuel oil

text: and gasoline, both important "

text: primary energy

text: " sources. 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: . The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted,

text: oil refineries

text: are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required. Because heavier crude oils have too much carbon and not enough hydrogen, these processes generally involve removing carbon from or adding hydrogen to the molecules, and using

text: fluid catalytic cracking

text: to convert the longer, more complex molecules in the oil to the shorter, simpler ones in the fuels.

text: The Reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) is the remaining amount of a non-renewable resource, expressed in time. While applicable to all natural resources, the RPR is most commonly applied to fossil fuels, particularly petroleum and natural gas. The reserve portion (numerator) of the ratio is the amount of a resource known to exist in an area and to be economically recoverable (proved reserves). The production portion (denominator) of the ratio is the amount of resource produced in one year at the current rate.

text: The Reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) is the remaining amount of a

text: non-renewable resource

text: , expressed in time. While applicable to all

text: natural resource

text: s, the RPR is most commonly applied to

text: fossil fuels

text: , particularly

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: . The reserve portion (

text: numerator

text: ) of the ratio is the amount of a resource known to exist in an area and to be economically recoverable (proved

text: reserves

text: ). The production portion (

text: denominator

text: ) of the ratio is the amount of resource produced in one year at the current rate.

text: An energy drink is called "Spaz Juice" and has a slogan, "all the energy you need to annoy everybody else."

text: Living organisms require available energy to stay alive, such as the energy humans get from food.  Civilisation gets the energy it needs from energy resources such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, or renewable energy. The processes of Earth's climate and ecosystem are driven by the radiant energy Earth receives from the sun and the geothermal energy contained within the earth.

text: Living organisms require

text: available energy

text: to stay alive, such as the

text: energy humans get from food

text: .  Civilisation gets the energy it needs from

text: energy resource

text: s such as

text: fossil fuel

text: s,

text: nuclear fuel

text: , or

text: renewable energy

text: . The processes of Earth's

text: climate

text: and

text: ecosystem

text: are driven by the radiant energy Earth receives from the sun and the

text: geothermal energy

text: contained within the earth.

text: Because spontaneous processes are characterized by a decrease in the system's free energy, they do not need to be driven by an outside source of energy.

text: It has also become clear that the ultimate source of most terrestrial energy is nuclear, either through radiation from the Sun caused by stellar thermonuclear reactions or by radioactive decay of uranium within the Earth, the principal source of geothermal energy.

text: It has also become clear that the ultimate source of most terrestrial energy is nuclear, either through radiation from the

text: Sun

text: caused by

text: stellar thermonuclear reactions

text: or by radioactive decay of uranium within the Earth, the principal source of

text: geothermal energy

text: In rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood, animal dung and crop residues are commonly burned. Figures from the International Energy Agency (IEA) show that biomass energy provides around 30% of the total primary energy supply in developing countries; over 2 billion people depend on biomass fuels as their primary energy source.

text: In rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood,

text: animal dung

text: and crop residues are commonly burned. Figures from the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA) show that biomass energy provides around 30% of the total primary energy supply in developing countries; over 2 billion people depend on biomass fuels as their primary energy source.

text: Energy is crucial to society in today's technology-driven world, it powers houses, cars, factories and almost everything else used by humans on a daily basis. With the increase in population and technological advancements, the need for energy is only going to increase. A large topic of controversy is where this energy should come from. Basically there are two main categories: renewable sources energy and fossil fuels.

text: Following the defeat of Norman Osborn and his Dark Avengers, Noh-Varr locates a secret A.I.M. base. The Avengers take out the base and arrest Monica Rappaccini and the rest of the A.I.M. scientists that escaped following Osborn's defeat. After the battle, Noh-Varr checks in with the Supreme Intelligence of the Kree Empire who informs him of the coming Phoenix force and orders him to intercept and contain it at all cost... even if it means eliminating his Avenger teammates. In space, after the Avengers fail to stop the Phoenix, Noh-Varr analyzes the reason for their failure and discovers that Thor's hammer can injure and absorb the Phoenix's essence. Thor (equipped with Beast's device to contain the Phoenix) is able to force it away from Earth. Before the team can celebrate, Noh-Varr declares that he will take the collected energy back to the Kree. While the Avengers wake up in their spaceship heading to a sun and try to escape death, Noh-Varr takes the Phoenix energy to the Supreme Intelligence; however, after the Intelligence declares that the energy will not be used to save Earth, Noh-Varr turns against it and escapes with the energy. The Avengers meet him, take the energy, and declare him an enemy of the team telling him never to return to Earth. Noh-Varr is left in Hala running for his life from the Kree.

text: Following the defeat of Norman Osborn and his

text: Dark Avengers

text: Noh-Varr

text: locates a secret A.I.M. base. The Avengers take out the base and arrest

text: Monica Rappaccini

text: Supreme Intelligence

text: of the

text: Kree Empire

text: who informs him of the coming Phoenix force and orders him to intercept and contain it at all cost... even if it means eliminating his Avenger teammates. In space, after the Avengers fail to stop the Phoenix, Noh-Varr analyzes the reason for their failure and discovers that Thor's

text: hammer

text: can injure and absorb the Phoenix's essence. Thor (equipped with Beast's device to contain the Phoenix) is able to force it away from Earth. Before the team can celebrate, Noh-Varr declares that he will take the collected energy back to the Kree. While the Avengers wake up in their spaceship heading to a sun and try to escape death, Noh-Varr takes the Phoenix energy to the Supreme Intelligence; however, after the Intelligence declares that the energy will not be used to save Earth, Noh-Varr turns against it and escapes with the energy. The Avengers meet him, take the energy, and declare him an enemy of the team telling him never to return to Earth. Noh-Varr is left in Hala running for his life from the Kree.

text: Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include wood (see wood fuel), charcoal, peat, coal, Hexamine fuel tablets, and pellets made from wood (see wood pellets), corn, wheat, rye and other grains. Solid-fuel rocket technology also uses solid fuel (see solid propellants).

text: Solid fuel refers to various types of

text: solid

text: material that are used as

text: fuel

text: to produce

text: energy

text: and provide

text: heating

text: , usually released through

text: combustion

text: . Solid fuels include

text: wood

text: (see

text: wood fuel

text: charcoal

text: peat

text: coal

text: Hexamine fuel tablet

text: s, and pellets made from wood (see

text: wood pellets

text: corn

text: wheat

text: rye

text: and other

text: grains

text: Solid-fuel rocket

text: technology also uses solid fuel (see

text: solid propellants

text: A ground heat exchanger (GHEX) is an area of the earth that is utilized as an annual cycle thermal battery.  These thermal batteries are un-encapsulated areas of the earth into which pipes have been placed in order to transfer thermal energy.  Energy is added to the GHEX by running a higher temperature fluid through the pipes and thus raising the temperature of the local earth.  Energy can also be taken from the GHEX by running a lower temperature fluid through those same pipes.

text: Strong ocean currents are generated from a combination of temperature, wind, salinity, bathymetry, and the rotation of the earth. The sun acts as the primary driving force, causing winds and temperature differences. Because there are only small fluctuations in current speed and stream location with minimal changes in direction, ocean currents may be suitable locations for deploying energy extraction devices such as turbines. Other effects such as regional differences in temperature and salinity and the Coriolis effect due to the rotation of the earth are also major inﬂuences. The kinetic energy of marine currents can be converted in much the same way that a wind turbine extracts energy from the wind, using various types of open-ﬂow rotors.

text: Strong ocean currents are generated from a combination of temperature, wind, salinity, bathymetry, and the rotation of the earth. The sun acts as the primary driving force, causing winds and temperature differences. Because there are only small fluctuations in current speed and stream location with minimal changes in direction, ocean currents may be suitable locations for deploying energy extraction devices such as turbines. Other effects such as regional differences in temperature and salinity and the

text: Coriolis effect

text: due to the rotation of the earth are also major inﬂuences. The

text: kinetic energy

text: of marine currents can be converted in much the same way that a wind turbine extracts energy from the wind, using various types of open-ﬂow rotors.

text: Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

text: Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial

text: nuclear fusion

text: power plants using

text: deuterium

text: or

text: tritium

text: , a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from

text: nuclear fusion

text: of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

text: A Predacon warlord before coming to Earth, Megatron is believed to have decimated numerous planets in his quest for energy. Optimus stated that Megatron left entire planets as "lifeless barren rocks". Needing ever more energy, Megatron targeted Earth's energy; to that end, he kidnapped the human energy-research expert, Doctor Kenneth Onishi, using his psycho-probe to drain information on Earth's energy sources from his mind. But even his subordinates were unaware that Megatron had a greater scheme in motion. In the original Car Robots series, the character was developed as a new, unique villain character called Gigatron; however, the name "Megatron" was used in the US dub due to recognition, as well as maintaining ownership of the trademark. In Korea, the character has been established as being the same character as Beast Wars II Galvatron. In this version of the series, each of Gigatron's modes had its own personality.

text: A Predacon warlord before coming to Earth, Megatron is believed to have decimated numerous planets in his quest for energy. Optimus stated that Megatron left entire planets as "lifeless barren rocks". Needing ever more energy, Megatron targeted Earth's energy; to that end, he kidnapped the human energy-research expert, Doctor Kenneth Onishi, using his psycho-probe to drain information on Earth's energy sources from his mind. But even his subordinates were unaware that Megatron had a greater scheme in motion. In the original Car Robots series, the character was developed as a new, unique villain character called Gigatron; however, the name "Megatron" was used in the US dub due to recognition, as well as maintaining ownership of the trademark. In Korea, the character has been established as being the same character as Beast Wars II

text: Galvatron

text: . In this version of the series, each of Gigatron's modes had its own personality.

text: The private sector comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households. The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of natural resources. Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry and fishery organisations. Environmental resource management undertaken by the private sectors varies dependent upon the resource type, that being renewable or non-renewable and private and common resources (also see Tragedy of the Commons). Environmental managers from the private sector also need skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment.

text: The

text: private sector

text: comprises private corporations and non-profit institutions serving households. The private sector's traditional role in environmental resource management is that of the recovery of

text: natural resources

text: . Such private sector recovery groups include mining (minerals and petroleum), forestry and fishery organisations. Environmental resource management undertaken by the private sectors varies dependent upon the resource type, that being renewable or non-renewable and private and common resources (also see

text: Tragedy of the Commons

text: Environmental managers

text: from the private sector also need skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment.

text: Later, the crew themselves pass out of radiation and wake up several days later. Their hair falls out, their nails as well, and their heads swell to a larger size. Pondering over the changes, the crew realizes that the radiation has vastly increased their evolution, and that they've evolved millions of years in a matter of days. Blake insists on going back to Earth so they can assume control with their powerful minds, while Eller is more cautions. A fight breaks out, and Blake kills Silvia with energy he creates himself. As Blake is about to kill Eller, several large orbs of energy appear and destroy Blake. It is revealed that the orbs of energy are actually the hamsters which have received the radiation first, and have evolved millions of years and are now nothing but pure energy.

text: The International Energy Agency's World Energy Outlook 2006 concludes that rising oil demand, if left unchecked,would accentuate the consuming countries' vulnerability to a severe supply disruption and resulting price shock. Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products. Biofuels from grain and beet in temperate regions have a part to play, but they are relatively expensive and their energy efficiency and CO2 savings benefits, are variable. Biofuels from sugar cane and other highly productive tropical crops are much more competitive and beneficial. But all first generation biofuels ultimately compete with food production for land, water, and other resources. Greater efforts are required to develop and commercialize second generation biofuel technologies, such as biorefineries and ligno-cellulosics, enabling the flexible production of biofuels and other products from non-edible plant materials.

text: The

text: International Energy Agency

text: 's World Energy Outlook 2006 concludes that rising oil demand, if left unchecked,would accentuate the consuming countries' vulnerability to a severe supply disruption and resulting price shock. Renewable biofuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from

text: petroleum products

text: . Biofuels from grain and beet in

text: temperate region

text: s have a part to play, but they are relatively expensive and their energy efficiency and CO2 savings benefits, are variable. Biofuels from sugar cane and other highly productive tropical crops are much more competitive and beneficial. But all first generation biofuels ultimately compete with food production for land, water, and other resources. Greater efforts are required to develop and commercialize second generation biofuel technologies, such as biorefineries and

text: ligno-cellulosics

text: , enabling the flexible production of biofuels and other products from non-edible plant materials.

text: The two main government agencies in charge of developing renewable energy resources are SEMARNAT and SENER. The Environment and Natural Resources Secretariat (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources, while SENER defines the national energy policy. CONAE, the National Commission for Energy Savings, is responsible for promoting energy savings and energy efficiency. Finally, SEDESOL, the National Secretariat for Social Development, includes the promotion and use of renewable energy in some of their projects.

text: For non-conservative forces, the mechanical energy that is lost (not conserved) has to go somewhere else, by conservation of energy. Usually the energy is turned into heat, for example the heat generated by friction. In addition to heat, friction also often produces some sound energy. The water drag on a moving boat converts the boat's mechanical energy into not only heat and sound energy, but also wave energy at the edges of its wake. These and other energy losses are irreversible because of the second law of thermodynamics.

text: For non-conservative forces, the mechanical energy that is lost (not conserved) has to go somewhere else, by

text: conservation of energy

text: . Usually the energy is turned into

text: heat

text: , for example the heat generated by friction. In addition to heat, friction also often produces some

text: sound

text: energy. The water drag on a moving boat converts the boat's mechanical energy into not only heat and sound energy, but also wave energy at the edges of its

text: wake

text: . These and other energy losses are irreversible because of the

text: second law of thermodynamics

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

text: Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and

text: energy efficiency

text: is resulting in significant

text: energy security

text: climate change mitigation

text: , and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

text: In Honduras, there is an important potential of untapped indigenous renewable energy resources. Due to the variability of high oil prices and declining renewable infrastructure costs, such resources could be developed at competitive prices.

text: In Honduras, there is an important potential of untapped indigenous

text: renewable energy

text: resources. Due to the variability of high oil prices and declining renewable infrastructure costs, such resources could be developed at competitive prices.

text: IRELP’s partners include the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT);  Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); La Fundación Centro de Educación a Distancia para el Desarrollo Económico y Tecnológico (CEDDET); York University Faculty of Environmental Studies Sustainable Energy Initiative (SEI);  Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM); Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE); Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (CGC); International Geothermal Association (IGA); International Hydropower Association (IHA); International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA).

text: IRELP’s partners include the

entity_name: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

text: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

text: ; Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT);

entity_name: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership

text: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership

text: (REEEP);

text: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

text: (NREL); La Fundación Centro de Educación a Distancia para el Desarrollo Económico y Tecnológico (CEDDET); York University Faculty of Environmental Studies Sustainable Energy Initiative (SEI);  Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM);

entity_name: Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

text: Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

text: (RCREEE); Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (CGC); International Geothermal Association (IGA);

text: International Hydropower Association

text: (IHA);

text: International Solar Energy Society

text: (ISES) and the

text: World Wind Energy Association

text: (WWEA).

text: The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change. The zero-energy universe states that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero. That is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing, assuming such a zero-energy universe is, already, nothing. Such a universe would need to be flat, a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5% margin of error.

text: The law of

text: conservation of energy

text: states that the

text: total energy

text: of an

text: isolated system

text: cannot change. The

text: zero-energy universe

text: states that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero. That is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing, assuming such a zero-energy universe is, already, nothing. Such a universe would need to be

text: flat

text: , a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5% margin of error.

text: The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a dipole. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is , with global magnetic dipole moment of . The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.

text: The main part of

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: is generated in the core, the site of a

text: dynamo

text: process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a

text: dipole

text: . The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is , with global

text: magnetic dipole moment

text: of . The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes

text: secular variation

text: of the main field and

text: field reversals

text: at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.

text: Earth Charter -Earth observation satellite -Earthscan -Eco hotels -Eco-cities -Eco-efficiency -Eco-industrial park -Eco-sufficiency -Ecoforestry -Ecolabel -Ecological deficit -Ecological economics -Ecological footprint -Ecological humanities -Ecological literacy -Ecological sanitation -Ecological threshold -Ecologically sustainable development -Ecosharing -Ecosystem -Ecotax -Ecotechnology -Ecotourism -Ecovillages -Electric vehicle -Emissions trading -Energy conservation -Energy content of biofuel -Energy crop -Energy density -Energy descent -Energy development -Energy economics -Efficient energy use -Energy Globe Award -Energy Policy Act of 2005 -Energy saving modules -Energy security -Environmental accounting -Environmental and social studies -Environmental archaeology -Environmental audits -Environmental benefits of vegetarianism -Environmental biotechnology -Environmental Change Network -Environmental chemistry -Environmental concerns with electricity generation -Environmental consulting -Environmental control system -Environmental defense -Environmental design -Environmental design and planning -Environmental disaster -Environmental determinism -Environmental economics -Environmental effects of fishing -Environmental effects on physiology -Environmental engineering -Environmental enterprise -Environmental ethics -Environmental factor -Environmental finance -Environmental geography -Environmental geology -Environmental gradient -Environmental hazard -Environmental health -Environmental impact assessment -Environmental impact report -Environmental Information Regulations 2004 -Environmental journalism -Environmental justice -Environmental law -Environmental Law Service -Environmental Life Force -Environmental management -Environmental management scheme -Environmental Measurements Laboratory -Environmental medicine -Environmental microbiology -Environmental Modeling Center -Environmental movement -Environmental movement in New Zealand -Environmental movement in the United States -Environmental planning -Environmental preservation -Environmental pricing reform -Environmental protection in Japan -Environmental psychology -Environmental Quality Improvement Act -Environmental racism -Environmental remediation -Environmental Research Letters -Environmental restoration -Environmental Risk Management Authority -Environmental science -Environmental security -Environmental skepticism -Environmental sociology -Environmental standard -Environmental studies -Environmental suit -Environmental Sustainability Index -Environmental technology -Environmental Technology Laboratory -Environmental Technology Verification Program -Environmental toxins and fetal development -Environmental transport association -Environmental vandalism -Environmental vegetarianism -Environmental, Safety and Health Communication -Environmentalism -EPA Sustainability -Epidemics -Ethanol fuel -Ethical consumerism -Eugenics -European Biofuels Technology Platform -

text: Earth Charter

text: Earth observation satellite

text: Earthscan

text: Eco hotels

text: Eco-cities

text: Eco-efficiency

text: Eco-industrial park

text: Eco-sufficiency

text: Ecoforestry

text: Ecolabel

text: Ecological deficit

text: Ecological economics

text: Ecological footprint

text: Ecological humanities

text: Ecological literacy

text: Ecological sanitation

text: Ecological threshold

text: Ecologically sustainable development

text: Ecosharing

text: Ecosystem

text: Ecotax

text: Ecotechnology

text: Ecotourism

text: Ecovillages

text: Electric vehicle

text: Emissions trading

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy content of biofuel

text: Energy crop

text: Energy density

text: Energy descent

text: Energy development

text: Energy economics

text: Efficient energy use

text: Energy Globe Award

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: Energy saving modules

text: Energy security

text: Environmental accounting

text: Environmental and social studies

text: Environmental archaeology

text: Environmental audits

text: Environmental benefits of vegetarianism

text: Environmental biotechnology

text: Environmental Change Network

text: Environmental chemistry

entity_name: Environmental impact of electricity generation

text: Environmental concerns with electricity generation

text: Environmental consulting

text: Environmental control system

text: Environmental defense

text: Environmental design

text: Environmental design and planning

text: Environmental disaster

text: Environmental determinism

text: Environmental economics

text: Environmental effects of fishing

text: Environmental effects on physiology

text: Environmental engineering

text: Environmental enterprise

text: Environmental ethics

text: Environmental factor

text: Environmental finance

text: Environmental geography

text: Environmental geology

text: Environmental gradient

text: Environmental hazard

text: Environmental health

text: Environmental impact assessment

text: Environmental impact report

entity_name: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental Information Regulations 2004

text: Environmental journalism

text: Environmental justice

text: Environmental law

text: Environmental Law Service

text: Environmental Life Force

text: Environmental management

text: Environmental management scheme

text: Environmental Measurements Laboratory

text: Environmental medicine

text: Environmental microbiology

text: Environmental Modeling Center

text: Environmental movement

text: Environmental movement in New Zealand

entity_name: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental movement in the United States

text: Environmental planning

text: Environmental preservation

text: Environmental pricing reform

text: Environmental protection in Japan

text: Environmental psychology

text: Environmental Quality Improvement Act

text: Environmental racism

text: Environmental remediation

text: Environmental Research Letters

text: Environmental restoration

text: Environmental Risk Management Authority

text: Environmental science

text: Environmental security

text: Environmental skepticism

text: Environmental sociology

text: Environmental standard

text: Environmental studies

text: Environmental suit

text: Environmental Sustainability Index

text: Environmental technology

text: Environmental Technology Laboratory

entity_name: Environmental Technology Verification Program

text: Environmental Technology Verification Program

entity_name: Environmental toxicants and fetal development

text: Environmental toxins and fetal development

text: Environmental transport association

text: Environmental vandalism

text: Environmental vegetarianism

text: Environmental, Safety and Health Communication

text: Environmentalism

text: EPA Sustainability

text: Epidemics

text: Ethanol fuel

text: Ethical consumerism

text: Eugenics

text: European Biofuels Technology Platform

text: In 1997, the station was acquired by Shaw Communications. Following the change in ownership, Energy's format shifted from dance music to mainstream CHR.  Dance, rap, hip-hop, rock, and pop all received equal airplay.  A minor name change also took place, with Energy 108 changing to Energy Radio.  Under Shaw's ownership, several other stations in Ontario, including CKDK in Woodstock, CHAY in Barrie and CKGE in Oshawa, also adopted the Energy Radio format, rebroadcasting CING much of the day. Shaw's radio operations were, in turn, spun off to Corus Entertainment in 1999.

text: In 1997, the station was acquired by

text: Shaw Communications

text: . Following the change in ownership, Energy's format shifted from dance music to

text: mainstream CHR

text: .  Dance, rap, hip-hop, rock, and pop all received equal airplay.  A minor name change also took place, with Energy 108 changing to Energy Radio.  Under Shaw's ownership, several other stations in Ontario, including

text: CKDK

text: in

text: Woodstock

text: CHAY

text: in

text: Barrie

text: and

text: CKGE

text: in

text: Oshawa

text: , also adopted the Energy Radio format, rebroadcasting CING much of the day. Shaw's radio operations were, in turn, spun off to

text: Corus Entertainment

text: in 1999.

text: NEED continues to grow at the national and the local level thanks to the support of committed sponsors and partners. Companies and organizations of all types and sizes work with NEED to invest in the future of energy and energy education. NEED sponsors and partners recognize the value of educating tomorrow’s workforce for careers in energy. Each partnership is unique. Each partnership considers an energy literate public a pathway to overcoming the energy challenges of the future.

text: Rolfing is based on Ida Rolf's proposition that "a human is basically an energy field operating in the greater energy of the earth". Rolf described the body as organized around an axis perpendicular to the earth, parallel to the pull of gravity, and believed the function of the body was optimal when it was organized in that way. She saw the body as continually in a struggle with gravity; in her view, gravity tends to shorten fascia, leading to disorder of the body's arrangement around its axis and creating imbalance, inefficiency in movement, and pain. Rolfers aim to lengthen the fascia in order to restore the body's arrangement around its axis and facilitate improved movement.  Rolf also discussed this in terms of "energy" and said:

text: Rolfing is based on Ida Rolf's proposition that "a human is basically an energy field operating in the greater energy of the earth". Rolf described the body as organized around an axis perpendicular to the earth, parallel to the pull of gravity, and believed the function of the body was optimal when it was organized in that way. She saw the body as continually in a struggle with gravity; in her view, gravity tends to shorten fascia, leading to disorder of the body's arrangement around its axis and creating imbalance, inefficiency in movement, and pain. Rolfers aim to lengthen the fascia in order to restore the body's arrangement around its axis and facilitate improved movement.  Rolf also discussed this in terms of "

text: energy

text: " and said:

text: Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).  The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot.

text: Geothermal energy is

text: thermal energy

text: temperature

text: crust

text: originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from

text: radioactive decay

text: of minerals (80%).  The

text: geothermal gradient

text: heat

text: Hidden on Earth as common, everyday vehicles, the Autobots are forced to emerge when Megatron and his Predacons arrive and wreak havoc in their attempts to attain the power of Earth's various energy sources.

text: Hidden on Earth as common, everyday vehicles, the Autobots are forced to emerge when

text: Megatron

text: and his

text: Predacons

text: arrive and wreak havoc in their attempts to attain the power of Earth's various energy sources.

text: Another possibility for increased efficiency is to convert the frequency of light down towards the bandgap energy with a fluorescent material. In particular, to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit, it is necessary for the fluorescent material to convert a single high-energy photon into several lower-energy ones (quantum efficiency > 1). For example, one photon with more than double the bandgap energy can become two photons above the bandgap energy. In practice, however, this conversion process tends to be relatively inefficient. If a very efficient system were found, such a material could be painted on the front surface of an otherwise standard cell, boosting its efficiency for little cost. In contrast, considerable progress has been made in the exploration of fluorescent downshifting, which converts high-energy light (e. g., UV light) to low-energy light (e. g., red light) with a quantum efficiency smaller than 1. The cell may be more sensitive to these lower-energy photons. Dyes, rare-earth phosphors and quantum dots are actively investigated for fluorescent downshifting. For example, silicon quantum dots enabled downshifting has led to the efficiency enhancement of the state-of-the-art silicon solar cells.

text: Another possibility for increased efficiency is to convert the frequency of light down towards the

text: bandgap

text: energy with a

text: fluorescent

text: material. In particular, to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit, it is necessary for the fluorescent material to convert a single high-energy photon into several lower-energy ones (

text: quantum efficiency

text: > 1). For example, one photon with more than double the bandgap energy can become two photons above the bandgap energy. In practice, however, this conversion process tends to be relatively inefficient. If a very efficient system were found, such a material could be painted on the front surface of an otherwise standard cell, boosting its efficiency for little cost. In contrast, considerable progress has been made in the exploration of fluorescent downshifting, which converts high-energy light (e. g., UV light) to low-energy light (e. g., red light) with a quantum efficiency smaller than 1. The cell may be more sensitive to these lower-energy photons. Dyes, rare-earth phosphors and quantum dots are actively investigated for fluorescent downshifting. For example, silicon quantum dots enabled downshifting has led to the efficiency enhancement of the state-of-the-art silicon solar cells.

text: McCabe first served as a policy advisor to Gary Hart's successful 1974 Senate campaign. From 1975 to 1976, McCabe served as legislative assistant to the Senator, specializing in environmental and energy policy, including the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as Staff Director of the bipartisan Congressional Environmental and Energy Study Conference. In 1980, McCabe organized and directed the national commemoration of the tenth anniversary of Earth Day. From 1981 to 1985, he served as Staff Director of the U.S. House of Representatives Energy Conservation and Power Subcommittee. From 1987 to 1995, McCabe was Senator Joe Biden's Communications and Projects Director serving as senior advisor on Delaware issues.

text: McCabe first served as a policy advisor to

text: Gary Hart's

text: successful

text: 1974 Senate campaign

text: . From 1975 to 1976, McCabe served as legislative assistant to the Senator, specializing in

text: environmental

text: and

text: energy policy

text: , including the promotion of

text: energy efficiency

text: and

text: renewable energy

text: . From 1976 to 1979, he also served as Staff Director of the bipartisan

entity_name: Environmental and Energy Study Institute

text: Congressional Environmental and Energy Study Conference

text: . In 1980, McCabe organized and directed the national commemoration of the tenth anniversary of

text: Earth Day

text: . From 1981 to 1985, he served as Staff Director of the

text: U.S. House of Representatives

text: Energy Conservation and Power Subcommittee. From 1987 to 1995, McCabe was Senator

text: Joe Biden

text: 's Communications and Projects Director serving as senior advisor on Delaware issues.

text: The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth, all the way down to Earth's core –  down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 °F (5,000 °C). Heat conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to .

text: The European Union has also created internationally-transferable "guarantees of origin" to provide proof to consumers of the source of their electricity, as required by Directive 2009/72/EC: these are used by electricity suppliers when calculating the proportions of energy sources (e.g. fossil, nuclear etc.) in their supplied energy; and by government in calculating the "residual mix" (i.e. the blend of different sources of electricity produced in a country, adjusted for imports and exports. Directive 2009/28/EC and Directive 2004/8/EC give life to (respectively) guarantees of origin for renewable energy and highly efficient cogeneration, for use within the European Union and those countries with which it is bound by treaty (currently the European Economic Area and Energy Community of South East Europe countries). The international transfer of guarantees of origin is facilitated by the Association of Issuing Bodies' European Energy Certificate System.

text: The European Union has also created internationally-transferable "guarantees of origin" to provide proof to consumers of the source of their electricity, as required by

entity_name: Internal Market in Electricity Directive

text: Directive 2009/72/EC

text: : these are used by electricity suppliers when calculating the proportions of energy sources (e.g. fossil, nuclear etc.) in their supplied energy; and by government in calculating the "residual mix" (i.e. the blend of different sources of electricity produced in a country, adjusted for imports and exports.

text: Directive 2009/28/EC

text: and

text: Directive 2004/8/EC

text: give life to (respectively) guarantees of origin for renewable energy and highly efficient cogeneration, for use within the European Union and those countries with which it is bound by treaty (currently the

text: European Economic Area

text: and

text: Energy Community

text: of South East Europe countries). The international transfer of guarantees of origin is facilitated by the

text: Association of Issuing Bodies

text: European Energy Certificate System

text: In a broad sense most individuals, especially those that do not engage in public discourse of current economic policies, have little to no awareness of renewable energy. Enlightening communities on the socioeconomic implications of fossil fuel use is a potent mode of rhetoric that can promote the implementation of renewable energy sources. Transparent local planning also proves useful in public discourse when used to determine the location of wind farms in communities supporting renewable energy. According to an article by John Barry et al., a crucial factor communities need to engage discourse on is the principle of "assumption of and imperative towards consensus." This principle claims that a community cannot neglect its energy or climate change responsibilities, and that it must do its part in helping to decrease carbon emissions through renewable energy reformation. Hence, communities that continually engage in mutual learning and discourse by conflict resolution will help progress renewable energy.

text: In 1979, Denmark had granted home rule to Greenland, and in 2008, Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act, which transferred more power from the Danish royal government to the local Greenlandic government. Under the new structure, in effect since 21 June 2009, Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing, judicial system, company law, accounting, and auditing; mineral resource activities; aviation; law of legal capacity, family law and succession law; aliens and border controls; the working environment; and financial regulation and supervision, while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence. It also retains control of monetary policy, providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK 3.4 billion, which is planned to diminish gradually over time. Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources. The capital, Nuuk, held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games. Greenland leads the world in renewable energy. 70% of its energy is from renewable sources, particularly hydropower.

text: In 1979, Denmark had granted

text: home rule

text: to Greenland, and in 2008, Greenlanders voted in favour of the Self-Government Act, which transferred more power from the

text: Danish royal government

text: to the local

text: Greenlandic

text: government. Under the new structure, in effect since 21 June 2009, Greenland can gradually assume responsibility for policing, judicial system, company law, accounting, and auditing; mineral resource activities; aviation; law of legal capacity, family law and succession law; aliens and border controls; the working environment; and

text: financial regulation

text: and supervision, while the Danish government retains control of foreign affairs and defence. It also retains control of monetary policy, providing an initial annual subsidy of

text: DKK

text: 3.4 billion, which is planned to diminish gradually over time. Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources. The capital,

text: Nuuk

text: , held the

text: 2016 Arctic Winter Games

text: . Greenland leads the world in

text: renewable energy

text: . 70% of its energy is from renewable sources, particularly hydropower.

text: The Boston College Club Hockey program is a student-run, club sport at Boston College.  The team is completely student-run, and is partially funded by the school.  The remainder of the needed funds are raised by fundraising efforts and dues paid by the players.  The team does have a coach who has been coaching since the team's origination in 2008.  The season usually consists of approximately 25 to 30 games, depending on whether they make the league playoffs and national tournament.

text: The Boston College Club Hockey program is a student-run, club sport at

text: Boston College

text: .  The team is completely student-run, and is partially funded by the school.  The remainder of the needed funds are raised by fundraising efforts and dues paid by the players.  The team does have a coach who has been coaching since the team's origination in 2008.  The season usually consists of approximately 25 to 30 games, depending on whether they make the league playoffs and national tournament.

text: The Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2007 the primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear 8.5%, hydroelectric 6.3%, and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%. World energy consumption was growing about 2.3% per year.

text: The

text: Energy Information Administration

text: estimates that in 2007 the primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources in 2006 included

text: nuclear

text: hydroelectric

text: 6.3%, and others (

text: geothermal

text: solar

text: tidal

text: wind

text: wood

text: waste

text: His other acting credits include roles in Ambush Bay (1966), In the Heat of the Night (1967), Counterpoint (1968), Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), Tomorrow (1972), The Exorcist (1973), Man on a Swing (1974) and Gardens of Stone (1987).

text: His other acting credits include roles in

text: Ambush Bay

text: In the Heat of the Night

text: Counterpoint

text: Von Richthofen and Brown

text: Tomorrow

text: The Exorcist

text: Man on a Swing

text: (1974) and

text: Gardens of Stone

text: He has a 15 year old daughter Jennifer Hurtado Janina Obregon and 19 year old son David Hurtado Johan Obregon.

text: is independent of z (and similarly for the other pairs), hence:

text: Overarching all its work in 2011, the Real Parenting Revolution calls for a societal understanding and acknowledgement of the challenges facing parents.Throughout 2011, Netmums will be campaigning for support to be there where and when parents need it.

text: The common platform shared by strands of Protestantism was quite unique, although their reasoning was quite different, mainstream Anglicans opposed the Maynooth Grant since it undermined the Established Church whereas non-conformists opposed it since they were opposed to all state religious establishments and Evangelicals opposed the bill since it undermined attempts to convert Irish Catholics to the Protestant Faith.The Maynooth Bill was introduced by Sir Robert Peel in April 1845.

text: The common platform shared by strands of Protestantism was quite unique, although their reasoning was quite different, mainstream Anglicans opposed the Maynooth Grant since it undermined the Established Church whereas non-conformists opposed it since they were opposed to all state religious establishments and Evangelicals opposed the bill since it undermined attempts to convert Irish Catholics to the Protestant Faith.The Maynooth Bill was introduced by Sir

text: Robert Peel

text: in April 1845.

text: Adobe AIR supports ActionScript, in addition to some extended contents, such as the Stage3D engine Adobe has developed. The number of APIs (Application programming interfaces) available to ActionScript 3.0 has also risen dramatically.

text: Adobe AIR

text: supports ActionScript, in addition to some extended contents, such as the Stage3D engine Adobe has developed. The number of

text: API

text: s (Application programming interfaces) available to ActionScript 3.0 has also risen dramatically.

text: Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable but also suitable for contemporary hit radio. Developing from a combination of electronic dance music and pop music, with influences of disco music, post-disco, new wave, synthpop, electropop and house, it is generally characterised by strong beats with easy, uncomplicated song structures which are generally more similar to pop music than the more free-form dance genre, with an emphasis on melody as well as catchy tunes. The genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions.

text: Dance-pop is a

text: pop

text: and

text: dance

text: subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for

text: nightclub

text: s with the intention of being danceable but also suitable for

text: contemporary hit radio

text: . Developing from a combination of

text: electronic dance music

text: and

text: pop music

text: , with influences of

text: disco music

text: post-disco

text: new wave

text: synthpop

text: electropop

text: and

text: house

text: , it is generally characterised by strong beats with easy, uncomplicated song structures which are generally more similar to pop music than the more free-form dance genre, with an emphasis on melody as well as catchy tunes. The genre, on the whole, tends to be

text: producer-driven

text: , despite some notable exceptions.

text: "The most economically feasible strategies for significantly reducing global carbon emissions involve substantial increases in energy production from renewable resources, which presently contribute only 10-13% in the world’s energy portfolio... Renewable energy technologies based on wind energy, marine hydrokinetic energy, and biofuel energy are integral parts of the living Earth-surface environment. The implementation of these technologies should be supported by mechanistic models, which are driven by real-time data, and should be integrated with policy, economics, human health sciences, and ecology. SAFL can provide national leadership on all of these fronts, working with a mindset to actively engage industry, government and state agencies, and other renewable energy stakeholders."

text: As president of the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference he sought to find ways to meet the church's challenge of a decline in priestly vocations, including considering married priests:

text: - Men Basketball Team

text: - Men Basketball Team

text: The work and its follow-up album, The Tunes of Two Cities, became the basis for the Residents' first international tour, the Mole Show.  Penn Jillette, who appeared as MC of the Mole Show, has an uncredited appearance as a weatherman on "Voices of the Air."

text: The work and its follow-up album,

text: The Tunes of Two Cities

text: , became the basis for the Residents' first international tour, the Mole Show.

text: Penn Jillette

text: , who appeared as MC of the Mole Show, has an uncredited appearance as a weatherman on "Voices of the Air."

text: Preservation period of Records

text: Preservation period of Records

text: The partition of India led to the province being divided into East Punjab and West Punjab, belonging to the newly created Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan respectively.

text: The

text: partition of India

text: led to the province being divided into

text: East Punjab

text: and

text: West Punjab

text: , belonging to the newly created

text: Union of India

text: and

text: Dominion of Pakistan

text: respectively.

text: Free will is something many mental health experts dismiss in favor of determinism. According to Rychlak, the modern psychologist dismisses the idea of free will, claiming it as being something disproven by science. Rychlak points out that when dealing with legal matters, free will is abundant and in fact, the Supreme Court maintained their belief on the matter  - “men usually intend to do what they do”. Rychlak claimed that the determinism that psychology holds on to may have had a negative impact on the law. In a courtroom, a lawyer could look at an expert witness for their opinion on whether a person behaved on their own free will or if there were outside influences. This opinion is tainted by the expert witness’ denial of the existence of free will.

text: Free will

text: is something many mental health experts dismiss in favor of

text: determinism

text: . According to Rychlak, the modern psychologist dismisses the idea of

text: free will

text: , claiming it as being something disproven by science. Rychlak points out that when dealing with legal matters, free will is abundant and in fact, the Supreme Court maintained their belief on the matter  - “men usually intend to do what they do”. Rychlak claimed that the determinism that psychology holds on to may have had a negative impact on the law. In a courtroom, a lawyer could look at an expert witness for their opinion on whether a person behaved on their own free will or if there were outside influences. This opinion is tainted by the expert witness’ denial of the existence of free will.

text: In the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor was held by Turstin FitzRolf and already had two watermills.

text: In the

text: Domesday Book

text: of 1086 the manor was held by

text: Turstin FitzRolf

text: and already had two

text: watermill

text: s.

text: Several subspecies are known - the nominate race T. n. nitidulus is found across eastern and northern Australia, specifically New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and the Northern Territory, as well as New Guinea. Other species are found in Southeast Asia.

text: Several subspecies are known - the nominate race T. n. nitidulus is found across eastern and northern Australia, specifically

text: New South Wales

text: Queensland

text: South Australia

text: , and the

text: Northern Territory

text: , as well as

text: New Guinea

text: . Other species are found in

text: Southeast Asia

text: Friedrich of Germany or Frederick of Germany may refer to:

text: Biofuels play a major part in the renewable energy strategy of Denmark towards moving to its target of using 100 percent renewable energy for all its energy uses by 2050. Of all the renewable energy sources in Denmark they provide the largest share when considering all sectors of energy demand, even with Denmark's highly develop renewable energy resources in other areas. During 2014 in the heating and cooling sector they provided an estimated 35.3% of domestic energy demand, in the electricity sector they provided 12.7% of demand and in the transport sector approximately 5.3% of demand.

text: Paul Byrnes writing for the The Sydney Morning Herald said "So many comedies - not just local ones - trade in juvenile and trivial ideas; this one offers a deep observation of human nature, with a sense of the ridiculous that's much more satisfying. Brooks knows that life is weirder than movies make out, but not her movies. She rebuts the conventional wisdom about a story needing a hero's journey. Looking for Grace has no heroes, just ordinary people and multiple journeys, yet it lacks nothing in emotional impact or narrative drive."

text: The governor's summer residence on Mackinac Island was refurbished during Governor Engler's 2nd term in office. Private donations funded the renovations.

text: The governor's summer residence on Mackinac Island was refurbished during

text: Governor Engler

text: 's 2nd term in office. Private donations funded the renovations.

text: Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary - The construction of the city's cathedral began on May 22, 1842 by bishop Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros. In 1885 completed its construction and on January 12, 1975 this church was elevated to the status of basilica by Pope Paul VI.

text: Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary - The construction of the city's cathedral began on May 22, 1842 by bishop Lázaro de la Garza y Ballesteros. In 1885 completed its construction and on January 12, 1975 this church was elevated to the status of basilica by Pope

text: Paul VI

text: Patheingyi is a town in the Mandalay Region of central Myanmar.

text: Patheingyi is a town in the

text: Mandalay Region

text: of central

text: Myanmar

text: 1995 - 99	:	Got elected as Shiv Sena Legislative Assembly member from Chiplun Legislative Assembly Voters Association.

text: As of the end of 2008, China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOC) reported Taiwanese direct investment (TDI) in China to be USD47.7 billion; Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) Investment Commission (hereafter, Investment Commission) announced a total investment value of USD75.6 billion; Taiwan’s Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) estimated the amount at between USD100 billion and USD150 billion; many private sectors in Taiwan estimated the amount to be between USD100 billion and USD200 billion.

text: As of the end of 2008,

entity_name: Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China

text: China’s Ministry of Commerce

text: (MOC) reported Taiwanese direct investment (TDI) in China to be USD47.7 billion;

text: Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs

text: (MOEA) Investment Commission (hereafter, Investment Commission) announced a total investment value of USD75.6 billion;

text: Taiwan’s Mainland Affairs Council

text: (MAC) estimated the amount at between USD100 billion and USD150 billion; many private sectors in Taiwan estimated the amount to be between USD100 billion and USD200 billion.

text: The Alabama Baptist State Convention agreed in 1959 to build and operate a college in Mobile if the community provided sufficient funds, which was achieved. Mobile College was chartered in 1961 and became the University of Mobile in 1993.The University remains affiliated with the ABC.

text: The Alabama Baptist State Convention agreed in 1959 to build and operate a college in Mobile if the community provided sufficient funds, which was achieved. Mobile College was chartered in 1961 and became the

text: University of Mobile

text: in 1993.The University remains affiliated with the ABC.

text: Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Gurulyov (; born 25 May 1994) is a Russian football player.

text: Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Gurulyov (; born 25 May 1994) is a

text: Russia

text: n

text: football

text: player.

text: It was built in 1939 and added to the National Register in 1991.

text: •VEMULAPALLE

text: •VEMULAPALLE

text: Anna Rochester's papers reside in the Special Collections department of Knight Library at the University of Oregon in Eugene.

text: Anna Rochester's papers reside in the Special Collections department of

text: Knight Library

text: at the

text: University of Oregon

text: in

text: Eugene

text: Stew Mathews, Tensing's attorney, said that Tensing was being dragged by the car, and that the officer fired in self-defense while fearing for his life.  Mathews said that video from Lindenschmidt's bodycam helped substantiate that claim.

text: II Corps of Observation – Armée du Var. Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, this army was charged with the suppression of any potential royalist uprisings and to observe General Bianchi's Army of Naples. Its composition in June was:

text: II Corps of Observation –

text: Armée du Var

text: . Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal

text: Guillaume Marie Anne Brune

text: , this army was charged with the suppression of any potential royalist uprisings and to observe General

text: Bianchi's

text: Army of Naples. Its composition in June was:

text: Taqwa Pinero (born Taquan Dean on August 6, 1983) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for Iberostar Tenerife of the Spanish League.

text: Taqwa Pinero (born Taquan Dean on August 6, 1983) is an American professional

text: basketball

text: player who currently plays for

text: Iberostar Tenerife

text: of the

text: Spanish League

text: The broad objectives of BEE are as under:To exert leadership and provide policy recommendation and direction to national energy conservation and efficiency efforts and programs.To coordinate energy efficiency and conservation policies and programs and take it to the stakeholdersTo establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in individual sectors as well as at a macro level.To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of Energy Conservation Act and efficient use of energy and its conservation programs.To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as mandated in the EC bill through private-public partnerships.To interpret, plan and manage energy conservation programs as envisaged in the Energy Conservation Act.ObjectivesProvide a policy recommendation and direction to national energy conservation activitiesCoordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy with shareholdersEstablish systems and procedures to verify, measure and monitor Energy Efficiency (EE)   improvementsLeverage multilateral, bilateral and private sector support to implement the EC Act    2001Demonstrate EE delivery systems through public-private partnerships

text: The broad objectives of BEE are as under:To exert leadership and provide policy recommendation and direction to national energy conservation and efficiency efforts and programs.To coordinate energy efficiency and conservation policies and programs and take it to the stakeholdersTo establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in individual sectors as well as at a macro level.To leverage multi-lateral and bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of Energy Conservation Act and efficient use of energy and its conservation programs.To demonstrate delivery of energy efficiency services as mandated in the EC bill through private-public partnerships.To interpret, plan and manage energy conservation programs as envisaged in the Energy Conservation Act.ObjectivesProvide a policy recommendation and direction to national energy conservation activitiesCoordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy with shareholdersEstablish systems and procedures to verify, measure and monitor

text: Energy Efficiency

text: (EE)   improvementsLeverage multilateral, bilateral and private sector support to implement the EC Act    2001Demonstrate EE delivery systems through public-private partnerships

text: The two processors communicated through four pairs of FIFO buffers in the Tube ULA. Console input/output, error messages, data transfers and system calls each had their own pair of buffers, one for each direction.  The queue capacity varied between 1 and 24 bytes, depending on the dedicated buffer function.  Each buffer had a control register and status register to monitor its state and configure the raising of interrupts.

text: The two processors communicated through four pairs of

text: FIFO

text: buffers in the Tube ULA.

text: Console

text: input/output,

text: error message

text: s, data transfers and

text: system call

text: s each had their own pair of buffers, one for each direction.  The queue capacity varied between 1 and 24 bytes, depending on the dedicated buffer function.  Each buffer had a control register and status register to monitor its state and configure the raising of

text: interrupt

text: s.

text: India census, Papampeta had a population of 9,308. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Papampeta has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 50%. In Papampeta, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

text: India

text: census

text: , Papampeta had a population of 9,308. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Papampeta has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 50%. In Papampeta, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

text: On June 6, 2013, it was reported that the film would bypass a theatrical release and would instead get a VOD release at an unspecified date.

text: On June 6, 2013, it was reported that the film would bypass a theatrical release and would instead get a

text: VOD

text: release at an unspecified date.

text: indexes task, and

text: indexes task, and

text: "The color scheme is derived from nature, symbolizing both the source of energy and the support of man's existence. The blue field represents air and water, green represents mineral resources and the earth itself, and gold represents the creation of energy in the release of natural forces. By invoking this symbolism, the color scheme represents the Nation's commitment to meet its energy needs in a manner consistent with the preservation of the natural environment."

text: "The color scheme is derived from nature, symbolizing both the source of energy and the support of man's existence. The blue field represents

text: air

text: and

text: water

text: , green represents

text: mineral

text: resources and the

text: earth

text: itself, and gold represents the creation of energy in the release of natural forces. By invoking this

text: symbol

text: ism, the color scheme represents the Nation's commitment to meet its energy needs in a manner consistent with the

text: preservation

text: of the

text: natural environment

text: The Conservatives made a net gain of two seats to win 14 of the 17 seats contested. The gains came at the expense of the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties, which each finished one seat down.

text: In 2003, she was appointed to the position of managing director of the Illinois Film Office by Rod Blagojevich. Many people were skeptical of this decision, because Sexton did not have a strong background in the film business. Also, her ex-husband was a generous contributor to Blagojevich, donating $260,000 to his 2002 campaign. He recommended Sexton to Blagojevich.

text: In 2003, she was appointed to the position of managing director of the Illinois Film Office by

text: Rod Blagojevich

text: . Many people were skeptical of this decision, because Sexton did not have a strong background in the film business. Also, her ex-husband was a generous contributor to Blagojevich, donating $260,000 to his 2002 campaign. He recommended Sexton to Blagojevich.

text: Under the brand Tour Bus, the company provides buses to transport passengers to and from flights in the Ben Gurion International Airport.

text: Under the brand Tour Bus, the company provides buses to transport passengers to and from flights in the

text: Ben Gurion International Airport

text: Hammel worked in several occupations before he settled on writing and publishing.  He has been a stringer and contributing editor to Leatherneck Magazine.  He owned and operated a publishing business under the names Pacifica Press and Pacifica Military History.

text: Hammel worked in several occupations before he settled on writing and publishing.  He has been a

text: stringer

text: and contributing editor to

text: Leatherneck Magazine

text: .  He owned and operated a

text: publishing

text: business under the names Pacifica Press and Pacifica Military History.

text: 2000: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature

text: 2000: Fellow of the

text: Royal Society of Literature

text: Ursicollum is a fungal genus in the family Cryphonectriaceae. A monotypic genus, Ursicollum contains the single species Ursicollum fallax.

text: Ursicollum is a fungal

text: genus

text: in the family

text: Cryphonectriaceae

text: . A

text: monotypic

text: genus, Ursicollum contains the single species Ursicollum fallax.

text: Below is the Malaysian football league system in 2007.

text: It's easy to posit that earthbag construction uses the least energy of any durable construction method. Unlike concrete, brick or wood, no energy is needed to produce the necessary materials other than gathering soil. With on-site soil being used, practically no energy is expended on transportation. And unlike rammed earth construction, no energy is required to compact the soil. The energy-intensive materials that are used — plastic (for bags & twine), steel wire, and perhaps the outer shell of plaster or stucco — are used in relatively small quantities compared to other types of construction. The buildings last a long time; however, when they are no longer useful they may simply erode with no serious threat to the environment, or even be recycled into new earthbag-constructed buildings.

text: It's easy to posit that earthbag construction uses the least energy of any durable construction method. Unlike concrete, brick or wood, no energy is needed to produce the necessary materials other than gathering soil. With on-site soil being used, practically no energy is expended on transportation. And unlike

text: rammed earth

text: construction, no energy is required to compact the soil. The energy-intensive materials that are used — plastic (for bags & twine), steel wire, and perhaps the outer shell of plaster or stucco — are used in relatively small quantities compared to other types of construction. The buildings last a long time; however, when they are no longer useful they may simply erode with no serious threat to the environment, or even be

text: recycled

text: into new earthbag-constructed buildings.

text: The University of Holy Cross is a liberal arts college in New Orleans, Louisiana.

text: The University of Holy Cross is a

text: liberal arts college

text: in

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: Grumbla (, meaning the cromlech) is a hamlet in the parish of Sancreed, Cornwall, England, UK.

text: Grumbla (, meaning the

text: cromlech

text: ) is a

text: hamlet

text: in the parish of

text: Sancreed

text: Cornwall

text: , England, UK.

text: Theodore D. "Tito" Maddox (born June 7, 1981) is an American former  professional basketball player who played in the NBA.Maddox was the center of a major illegal benefits scandal while a student-athlete at Fresno State, creating NCAA rules violations.He was drafted in the second round of the NBA draft but played only one season in the NBA.

text: Theodore D. "Tito" Maddox (born June 7, 1981) is an American former  professional

text: basketball

text: player who played in the

text: NBA

text: .Maddox was the center of a major illegal benefits scandal while a student-athlete at Fresno State, creating NCAA rules violations.He was drafted in the second round of the NBA draft but played only one season in the NBA.

text: The Library joined the 10:10 project in 2010 in a bid to reduce their carbon footprint. One year later they announced that they had reduced their carbon emissions according to 10:10's criteria by 18%.

text: The Library joined the

text: project in 2010 in a bid to reduce their

text: carbon footprint

text: . One year later they announced that they had reduced their carbon emissions according to 10:10's criteria by 18%.

text: A criticism is that the BRIC projections are based on the assumptions that resources are limitless and endlessly available when needed. In reality, many important resources currently necessary to sustain economic growth, such as oil, natural gas, coal, other fossil fuels, and uranium might soon experience a peak in production before enough renewable energy can be developed and commercialized, which might result in slower economic growth than anticipated, thus throwing off the projections and their dates. The economic emergence of the BRICs will have unpredictable consequences for the global environment. Indeed, proponents of a set carrying capacity for the Earth may argue that, given current technology, there is a finite limit to how much the BRICs can develop before exceeding the ability of the global economy to supply.

text: A criticism is that the BRIC projections are based on the assumptions that resources are limitless and endlessly available when needed. In reality, many important resources currently necessary to sustain economic growth, such as

text: oil, natural gas, coal, other fossil fuels, and uranium

text: might soon experience a peak in production before enough renewable energy can be developed and commercialized, which might result in slower economic growth than anticipated, thus throwing off the projections and their dates. The economic emergence of the BRICs will have unpredictable consequences for the global environment. Indeed, proponents of a set

text: carrying capacity

text: for the Earth may argue that, given current technology, there is a finite limit to how much the BRICs can develop before exceeding the ability of the global economy to supply.

text: The contract to build her was awarded to New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, New Jersey on 3 March 1959 and her keel was laid down on 9 September 1960.  She was launched on 18 August 1962 sponsored by Mrs. Henry M. Jackson, and commissioned on 16 December 1964, with Commander John G. Williams, Jr. in command.

text: The contract to build her was awarded to

text: New York Shipbuilding

text: Corporation in

text: Camden, New Jersey

text: on 3 March 1959 and her keel was laid down on 9 September 1960.  She was

text: launched

text: on 18 August 1962 sponsored by Mrs.

text: Henry M. Jackson

text: , and

text: commissioned

text: on 16 December 1964, with Commander

text: John G. Williams, Jr.

text: in command.

text: Mclean wanted to carry out Richard senior’s wishes of giving young Richard the best education. It is for this reason that Mclean aided young Richard in traveling to the United States. In hopes of furthering his education, Moore migrated to The United States of America and arrived in New York City on 4 July 1909. However, Moore would not become a naturalised citizen until 11 September 1924. Although African-Americans were free in the United States, they were far from being treated equal to European-Americans in America. Moore was immediately faced with ethnic discrimination when it came to employment and educational opportunities among other things. Although trained in Barbados to do clerical work, Moore was forced to turn to the more unfavourable jobs like an elevator operator and work in a silk manufacturing firm.

text: Mclean wanted to carry out Richard senior’s wishes of giving young Richard the best education. It is for this reason that Mclean aided young Richard in traveling to the

text: United States

text: . In hopes of furthering his education, Moore migrated to The United States of America and arrived in

text: New York City

text: on 4 July 1909. However, Moore would not become a naturalised citizen until 11 September 1924. Although

text: African-American

text: s were free in the United States, they were far from being treated equal to

text: European-Americans

text: in America. Moore was immediately faced with

text: ethnic discrimination

text: when it came to employment and educational opportunities among other things. Although trained in Barbados to do clerical work, Moore was forced to turn to the more unfavourable jobs like an elevator operator and work in a silk manufacturing firm.

text: The Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional (LMGTE Pro) field comprised three manufacturers (Aston Martin, Ford, Ferrari and Porsche), while the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Amateur (LMGTE Am) entrants consisted of six teams: Aston Martin Racing, AF Corse, KCMG, Larbre Compétition, Abu Dhabi-Proton Racing and Gulf Racing. Aston Martin Racing made changes to the driver line-ups in their No. 95 and No. 97 entries. Darren Turner was moved to the No. 97 car alongside Richie Stanaway, while Nicki Thiim and Marco Sørensen remained in the team's No. 95 entry as a two-person crew. The driver change was necessitated to give the team an increased chance of winning the World Endurance Cup for GT Drivers. Jonathan Adam and Fernando Rees remained under contract with Aston Martin but were not slated to take part in any other races in the year; the former concentrated on sharing a TF Sport car with Derek Johnson the British GT Championship. Paolo Ruberti returned to compete in the No. 50 Larbre Compétition car after missing the 24 Hours of Le Mans due to injury.

text: The

text: Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional

text: (LMGTE Pro) field comprised three manufacturers (

text: Aston Martin

text: Ford

text: Ferrari

text: and Porsche), while the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Amateur (LMGTE Am) entrants consisted of six teams:

text: Aston Martin Racing

text: AF Corse

text: KCMG

text: Larbre Compétition

text: Abu Dhabi-Proton Racing

text: and

text: Gulf Racing

text: . Aston Martin Racing made changes to the driver line-ups in their No. 95 and No. 97 entries.

text: Darren Turner

text: was moved to the No. 97 car alongside

text: Richie Stanaway

text: , while

text: Nicki Thiim

text: and

text: Marco Sørensen

text: remained in the team's No. 95 entry as a two-person crew. The driver change was necessitated to give the team an increased chance of winning the World Endurance Cup for GT Drivers.

text: Jonathan Adam

text: and

text: Fernando Rees

text: remained under contract with Aston Martin but were not slated to take part in any other races in the year; the former concentrated on sharing a

text: TF Sport

text: car with Derek Johnson the

text: British GT Championship

text: . Paolo Ruberti returned to compete in the No. 50 Larbre Compétition car after missing the 24 Hours of Le Mans due to injury.

text: The album was released digitally on November 5 and in physical formats on November 11, 2013 by Columbia Records in the United States.

text: The album was released digitally on November 5 and in physical formats on November 11, 2013 by

text: Columbia Records

text: in the United States.

text: Laboratory experiments follow complicated trajectories as the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun. Since the fixed SME background fields are coupled with the particle fields, periodic variations associated with these motions would be one of the signatures of Lorentz violation.

text: Laboratory experiments follow complicated trajectories as the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun. Since the fixed

text: SME

text: background fields are coupled with the particle fields, periodic variations associated with these motions would be one of the signatures of Lorentz violation.

text: Energy expenditure is correlated to a number of factors, listed in alphabetical order.

text: The expression relating changes in internal energy to changes in temperature and volume is

text: The leaders soon discover the reason for Guilala's appearance on Earth was due to a Chinese satellite that fell out of orbit and was the crashed "meteorite" in Sapporo. Assisting the leaders is Dr. Sano, a Japanese scientist who discovers that Guilala is actually a cosmic spore attached to the Probe that was exposed to the Earth's atmosphere, causing it to grow into the monster. He also figures out that the crash caused Guilala to lose a lot of energy and it's searching for "high temperature" energy to recharge. The doctor doesn't think the monster will leave Japan until it finds the energy it needs. Meanwhile, Guilala arrives at the Noboribetsu Power Planet and sucks all of the energy out of the plant.

text: The leaders soon discover the reason for Guilala's appearance on Earth was due to a

text: Chinese

text: satellite that fell out of orbit and was the crashed "meteorite" in Sapporo. Assisting the leaders is Dr. Sano, a Japanese scientist who discovers that Guilala is actually a cosmic spore attached to the Probe that was exposed to the Earth's atmosphere, causing it to grow into the monster. He also figures out that the crash caused Guilala to lose a lot of energy and it's searching for "high temperature" energy to recharge. The doctor doesn't think the monster will leave Japan until it finds the energy it needs. Meanwhile, Guilala arrives at the

text: Noboribetsu

text: Power Planet and sucks all of the energy out of the plant.

text: Industries use a large amount of energy to power a diverse range of manufacturing and resource extraction processes.  Many industrial processes require large amounts of heat and mechanical power, most of which is delivered as natural gas, petroleum fuels and as electricity.  In addition some industries generate fuel from waste products that can be used to provide additional energy.

text: Industries use a large amount of energy to power a diverse range of manufacturing and resource extraction processes.  Many industrial processes require large amounts of heat and mechanical power, most of which is delivered as

text: natural gas

text: petroleum fuels

text: and as

text: electricity

text: .  In addition some industries generate fuel from waste products that can be used to provide additional energy.